John Mitchell Finnis   (born 28 July 1940) is an Australian legal philosopher and jurist specializing in jurisprudence and the philosophy of law.  He is an original interpreter of Aristotle and Aquinas, and counts Germain Grisez as a major influence and collaborator.  He has made contributions to epistemology, metaphysics, and moral philosophy.

Finnis was Professor of Law and Legal Philosophy at the University of Oxford from 1989 to 2010, where he is now Professor of Law and Legal Philosophy Emeritus. He is also the Biolchini Family Professor of Law, emeritus, at Notre Dame Law School and a Permanent Senior Distinguished Research Fellow at Notre Dame's de Nicola Center for Ethics and Culture. He acted as adviser to several Australian State governments, especially Queensland and Western Australia, mostly on the States' relations with the federal Government and with the United Kingdom.

His practice at the English Bar saw him in cases in the High Court and in the Court of Appeal. He is a member of Gray's Inn. He was appointed an honorary Queen's Counsel in 2017. In the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours for Australia, Finnis was appointed a Companion in the General Division of the Order of Australia, the country's highest civilian honour, for his eminent service as a jurist and legal scholar. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2023 New Year Honours for services to legal scholarship.

He has supervised several doctoral students including Neil Gorsuch, Justice Susan Kenny of the Federal Court of Australia, Robert P. George of Princeton University, and John Keown of Georgetown University. In 2013 George and Keown summarised some of Finnis's media work as "He has, for example, debated embryo research with Mary Warnock on BBC's Newsnight and with Jonathan Glover in the Channel 4 Debate; discussed euthanasia with a leading Dutch euthanasiast on the same channel's After Dark, and written on eugenic abortion in The Sunday Telegraph".

Early life and education

Finnis was educated at St. Peter's College, Adelaide, and the University of Adelaide, where he was a member of St. Mark's College. He obtained his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree there, winning a Rhodes scholarship to University College, Oxford, in 1962, where he obtained his Doctor of Philosophy degree with a thesis on the concept of judicial power, with reference to Australian federal constitutional law. Also in 1962, Finnis converted to Roman Catholicism.

Finnis is a friend of Aung San Suu Kyi, also an Oxford graduate, and, in 1989, nominated her for the Nobel Peace Prize. Aung San Suu Kyi won the prize but did not receive it until June 2012, when she recalled how her late husband, Michael Aris, had visited her under house arrest and brought her the news "that a friend, John Finnis" had nominated her for the prize.

Publications

Finnis is an author of several philosophical works.  His best known work is Natural Law and Natural Rights (1980, 2011), a seminal contribution to the philosophy of law and a restatement of natural law doctrine. For Finnis there are eight basic goods; life, knowledge, play, aesthetic experience, sociability of friendship, practical reasonableness, religion and marriage. His Fundamentals of Ethics collect six Carroll Lectures Finnis delivered at Georgetown University in 1982.  He has published five collections of essays:  Reason in Action, Intention and Identity, Human Rights and Common Good, Philosophy of Law, Religion and Public Reasons. Below is a complete list of his publications.

 Natural Law and Natural Rights, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980; 2nd ed., 2011. .
 Fundamentals of Ethics, Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1983. .
 Nuclear Deterrence, Morality, and Realism, with J. M. Boyle Jr. and Germain Grisez, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. .
 Natural Law, 2 vols (as editor), New York: New York University Press, 1991.  and .
 Moral Absolutes: Tradition, Revision and Truth, Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1991. .
 Aquinas: Moral, Political, and Legal Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. .
 The Collected Essays of John Finnis, 5 vols, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. .

Selected Contributions

Introduction

A unifying theme running through Finnis' writings is the importance he attributes to human freedom, as the ability to make decisions about the kind of life one wants to live. Such decisions involve choices among incommensurable basic goods, which practical reason must order to achieve desired ends.  A mature exercise of freedom would avoid intentionally infringing any of the basic goods, and would in different ways and to different extents, foster their realization.  At the collective level, we find a similar logic guiding the making of Laws (Natural Law and Natural Rights) and political decisions.  In view of this, the discussion has been largely structured around notions of intentionality, prudence, moral choices, and notions of fairness. The discussion on Religion appeals to wider considerations.  This is followed by a brief discussion of Finnis's Philosophy of Law. The last section summarises the epistemological and ontological underpinnings of Finnis' philosophy, as captured in his Fundamentals of Ethics.  This selection of topics included in this short article cannot do justice to the vast corpus of Finnis' writings, encompassing philosophical, legal, political and religious topics, and argumentation with leading thinkers in those fields.  The reader is directed to explore his writings.

Morality

On the basis of experience of facts, possibilities and outcomes, one easily understands basic forms of human good as good for oneself and other human beings, and one's will is fundamentally one's response to this understanding.  "Ought" does not follow from "is", since the first principles of practical reasoning are not deduced logically but are understood immediately by the intellect. Morality is a consequence of reflecting on the basic goods as a whole and their implications for human flourishing.  Finnis dismisses David Hume's identification of morality as a sentiment of sympathy leading to approbation or disapprobation, by noting that Hume also expected such sentiments to be recognised and agreed to by others.  Thus, Hume's morality is based on reasonableness rather than sympathy, notwithstanding "Hume's formal and vigorous protestations to the contrary".  Finnis identifies reasonableness with the disinterested and impartial perspective which seeks to understand what is best for everyone at a certain point in time.  According to Finnis, Ludwig Wittgenstein "wavers on one of the central matters in issue in his meditations", since propositions of empirical fact are not necessarily true. Yet, Finnis defends the self-evidence of truth using formal logic by appealing to "retorsive arguments".

Intention

Finnis' writings evidence a keen concern to protect the individual from abuse by the institution, by highlighting the preeminence of the individual's subjectivity. Thus, using Plato's dialogue of the Gorgias, Finnis argues (against Jurgen Habermas's discourse ethics) that silence is ethical and meaningful since it is a locus of reflection and inner deliberation.  He further argues (against extant UK Law) that the courts must distinguish direct intention from unintended side-effects, and cannot impute an intention based simply on foreseeability.  "Of course, causing death as an unintended side effect is often an injustice, but that wrong is relative to the circumstances whereas the commandment protecting at least innocent human beings is not" The person who blows up a plane to receive the insurance money thereby killing the pilot, may not have intended to kill the pilot even if the pilot's death was foreseeable. On the other hand, Finnis charges with moral and legal responsibility anyone who consents to doing something conditionally on something else happening (preparatory intention) - as in the UK policy on nuclear deterrence, which includes the possibility of targetting civil populations in the event of a nuclear attack on UK cities.  Finnis argues that Veritatis Splendor requires the adoption by the moralist of the perspective of the acting person. The implication is that no act in intrinsically sinful, rather its sinfulness is a function of the acting person's intention, will or purpose (in line with Aquinas' distinction between in genere naturae vs in genere moris).  The traditional notion that means are intended in view of the end is thus rejected in favour of the distinction between intended ends (direct effect) and unintended side-effects (indirect effects).  This explains, for example, why shooting out of a desire to kill the enemy is wrong whilst simply shooting to defend oneself is not.  He further distinguishes between formal (intended) and material cooperation (side effects) in evil; voting for an amendment permitting abortion that has the effect of reducing the availability of abortion is not formal cooperation in the procurement of abortion, but may be material cooperation involving, for example, scandal to third parties.  Finnis departs in several ways from Anscombe's understanding of intention.

Prudence

Finnis notes that Aristotle's discussion of prudence (Phronesis) fails to offer ethical guidance because it is concerned with the selection of means and fails to specify what the ends are; yet, Aquinas' solution of this problem has often been misinterpreted.  Ends are the basic goods and prudence is concerned with deliberation both about them and about the means of achieving them, in both cases guided by practical reasoning. Virtue is not simply the outcome of synderesis but it also requires an attraction towards the end and the selection of means.  The choice of some basic goods may result in the detriment or even the suppression of others, provided that the latter is not intended. Contraception, abortion and euthanasia are wrong insofar as they involve direct choices against the basic good of life, which they ordinarily do.  Against Leo Strauss and others, Finnis argues that it is wrongful to intentionally take innocent life even in extreme situations in which the very existence of society is at stake. Following Aristotle, Finnis gives great importance to the basic good of friendship in his own deliberation because it involves disinterested love, which goes beyond a mere sense of obligation towards others, and is thus an ideal foundation for morality (contra Philippa Foot); however, this ideal remains imperfect unless it extends to friendship with God as a universalising principle.  Finnis argues that eudamonia in Aquinas is the outcome of the harmonious development of all basic goods but that it cannot be achieved in this life (imperfect beautitude).

Moral Choices

By choosing not to become a murderer, Socrates shaped the World in the way he thought best - that it is better to suffer wrong than do it. Any attempt to justify Socrates's choice through looking at foreseeable consequences (consequentialism), or by commensurating good with bad (utilitarianism), or by comparing values with 'disvalues' (proportionalism), fail, as they would all conclude that two murders is worse than one. Kantian arguments also fail because they are concerned with the avoidance of internal contradiction through universalization. But logic cannot explain moral choices, which concern who one wants to be or become. Neither can Kant's claim that 'nature's end' should be respected, since by nature he meant the natural sciences. Finnis notes that Aquinas never sought to resolve moral problems on proportionalist arguments such as the notion of "choosing the lesser evil"; yet, Kant in his 'casuistical questions' falls into both intuitinism and consequentialism "like nothing so much as late twentieth-century academic ethics".  Finnis claims that utilitarianism appeals to sub-rational desires (happinesss, desire, sensible impulse, sensous motives...).  Moreover, utilitarianism is not undermined by pluralism, since pluralism is neither concerned with truth or attention to evidence or insight, but rather with opinions - thereby resorting to lust, terror, self-preference or inertia as the basis for decision-making.

Fairness

Moral decision-making involves seeking integral human fulfilment by responding to "the reasons for action, the practical reasons, that each basic good provides".  From this it follows that one must not intentionally do harm to others, or intend evil to achieve good; on the contrary, one must act fairly towards others.  Fairness does not involve rational commensuration of goods vs bads; rather it is guided by the Golden Rule through commensuration of alternative options based on "one's own differentiated feelings toward various goods and bads as concretely remembered, experienced, or imagined" in view of integral human fulfilment (cf, the Aristotelian mature person of reasonable character).  Analoguously, decisions about what speed to drive on a private road, or whether to have the institution of trusts in English Law, are made by communities not based on rational judgement but on decisions reached as aforesaid. Rival interpretations of the Law can be compared on two dimensions: the fit with the legal materials (e.g., precedent) and moral soundness.  Hard cases occur when the best interpretation on fit is different from he best interpretation on moral soundness.  Since fit and moral soundness are incommensurable, there cannot be a uniquely right interpretation of the hard case, and the solution must be achieved on the basis of fairness.

Religion

Religion is a free act to collaborate with God's expectations of our human flourishing.  Friedrich Nietzsche's rejection of truth 'by way of experiment' speaks against the seriousness of his tenets, whilst Karl Marx's refusal to countenance questions about ultimate origins led to "the fantasy of self-creation". Faith follows from the "rational necessity of adhering to those norms of rational inquiry and judgment needed... to overcome ignorance, illusion and error"; science seeks causes and treats chance as residuum of coincidence.  An argument for necessity or causeless-ness of the Universe is not reasonable, since neither is discoverable in any of the Universe's component entities or states of affairs. Finnis rejects Richard Dawkins' appeal to ever increasing complexity in The God Delusion and quotes Charles Darwin's 'conviction of the existence of God', which "follows from the extreme difficulty or rather impossibility of conceiving this immense and wonderful universe, including man with this capacity of looking far backwards and far into futurity…I deserve to be called a Theist".  Divine revelation enhances and corrects the understanding of natural reason, so that there is epistemic interdependence, a reflective equilibrium, between the two. In ideal epistemic conditions (absent self-interest and passions), there would be broad consensus on matters of right and wrong, which supports the appeal to a higher ordering principle (God).  The belief in God has implications for how we act in the World. John Dewey's conflation of knowledge with practical control undermines "human rights which had to be insisted on in the aftermath of Nazism and the like". Since religious argument appeals to reasons, it is a valid exercise in public reason, and neither atheism nor agnosticism must be treated as the default position in public reason, deliberation, and decisions. Religion deserves constitutional protection and should be critically analysed by the courts for its soundness with general principles of natural reason.  Rawls' thesis could not stand against certain versions of Islam that would remove religious freedom (NB in n. 21 Finnis argues that Aquinas' support for coercion against heretics was inherently unsound). Contra Augustine, Finnis argues that eternal life is not a beatific vision detached from our human experience but is the perfection of our morally significant choices

Philosophy of Law
Finnis's concept of Law is elaborated in Natural Law and Natural Rights. This section summarises some of his contributions in Parts one and two of his Philosophy of Law. In Part Three of his Philosophy of Law Finnis offers a critical account of legal reasoning (incl. notions of rights and analogical reasoning), and in Part Four he addresses the legal challenges posed by revolutions and the possibility of voting for unjust laws.

Positive laws do not acquire their authority from conceptual coherence (in fact, contradictory laws can coexist) or derivation from an established process. Instead, their authority derives from morality; Law "occupies the same place in the world as morality: […] what I should do and what type of person I should be".  This is the central (or most meaningful) feature of the Law, against which the improvement of any legal system is predicated. Individuals will only obey specific laws that work against their interests or are unjust, if they consider the overall system of Law to be fair (the Golden rule) because it supports shared interests grounded on the promotion of basic goods. Unjust laws are not laws in the proper sense, "though they may still count in reasonable conscious deliberations, and certainly warrant attention and description".  Against Joseph Raz, Finnis argues that morality is not external to the Law since the Law makes moral pursuits (e.g., cooperation among people) possible - "the Law presents itself as a seamless web" of people and transactions.  A specific law or legal determination is an application of a general moral principle that can take many different forms. Thus, the process of practical reasoning leading to the elaboration of laws is not like "the omelette that can be made by following a recipe" (a concept further developed in Finnis' critique of Dworkin's Law's Empire).  Finnis rejects the following as valid accounts of legal practical reasoning: the Economic Analysis of the Law, Game Theory, the Co-ordination problem, Kant's rationality, and John Rawls' original position.  Against H. L. A. Hart, Finnis rejects "survival" as a central feature of the Law: "human rationality can also reflect that the arbitrariness involved in unrestricted self-preference is itself a deviation from 'rationality'…".  He further rejects Hart's theory of action, so that normativity follows from reasons not decisions.  In his Grand Tour of Legal History, Finnis shows that the Natural Law tradition offers a superior account than Legal Positivism of every aspect of Law, including the meaning of rights, authority, legal methodology, institutionality, tort law, contract law, criminal law, international law, and so on. Finnis argues that the definition of Law "cannot be resolved by any purely 'analytical' technique aspiring to be neutral", it must "engage to some extent in reflexion on the moral order…" with implications for anyone involved in the making and application of laws.  Hart's internal point of view only makes sense as a method in social science if it presupposes the understanding of the basic goods.  Patrick Devlin's "positive morality" cannot serve as a foundation for the Law because it is simply a set of opinions held by a group of people, lacking critical reflexivity.William Blackstone's notion of natural law served no purpose in his conception of law because it is impoverished, as it took "the naked individual in his state of nature as the standard".  Max Weber dismissed natural law because he refused to accept the objectivity of values, that is, their accessibility to the intellect (as did Hart).  Finnis provides an account of positive law according to Aristotle and Aquinas, and engages in a sharp critique of postmodernism and critical legal studies as failing on their own terms.

Fundamentals of Ethics

This book sets out the ontological and epistemological foundations of Finnis' work. This includes rejection of the notion that human goods result from human desires, in favour of the view that they are actualizations of, and participation in, basic goods.  Thus, "epistemology is not the 'basics of ethics'" (p. 21), rather ethics is concerned with reasoning about basic goods as experienced by the individual. Robert Nozick's metaphor of the 'experience machine' shows that desires cannot guide ethics, since no one would choose a lifetime of pleasure over one of achievement. People are attracted to the basic goods in the search for "perfection", rather than Humean satisfaction. Thin theories of the good that pretend to satisfy the needs of everyone, such as that offered by John Rawls, result in a thin account of practical reason. Finnis rejects arguments from queerness and naturalism that would deny objectivity to statements of value. Such objectiviy can be compared to that of colour: "postboxes in England are seen as red because they are red..."Red postbox" is not short for "red to human beings postbox" (p. 65).  Redness is an 'anthropomorphic category'" (i.e. distinct from the object itself but still objectively true and valid). Finnis proposes the "transparency of reason", so that 'I think that p (since...)' is transparent for 'It is the case that p' or simply 'p'; and associates this line of reasoning to the nature of questions of (rather than about) conscience. Practical reasonableness operating along eight or nine basic requirements offers an intermediate principle that bridges the gap between basic goods and values.  Finnis defends the possibility of freedom, the positing of which already involves an exercise in freedom (whether to believe in it or not).  Any choice among basic goods must involve the exercise of freedom, since they are incommensurable. Such choices create vital commitments (through the expectation of consistency in future choices and actions) until such time as an incompatible choice is made (involving repentance from the previous choice).  Choosing is apprehended by the intellect not only as A or B but much like knowledge or understanding, as involving a choice of character.  The book also contains an extensive methodological critique of Kantian and utilitarian ethics.

Critics

In his book on Finnis' student Neil Gorsuch while at Oxford University, John Greenya has described Finnis's views by stating: "Some of John Finnis's views are very controversial. For example, in defending his long-held position against same-sex marriage and same-sex coupling, he once compared them to bestiality."

Philosopher Stephen Buckle sees Finnis's list of proposed basic goods as plausible, but notes that "Finnis's account becomes more controversial when he goes on to specify the basic requirements of practical reasonableness". He sees Finnis's requirement that practical reason requires "respect for every basic value in every act" as intended both to rule out consequentialism in ethics and also to support the moral viewpoint of the Catholic Church on a range of contentious issues, including contraception and masturbation, which in his view undermines its plausibility.

Finnis's work on natural law ethics has been a source of controversy in both neo-Thomist and analytical circles. Craig Paterson sees his work as interesting because it challenges a key assumption of both neo-Thomist and analytical philosophy: the idea that a natural law ethics must be based upon an attempt to derive normative (or "ought") statements from descriptive (or "is") statements.

According to Andrew Sullivan, Finnis has articulated "an intelligible and subtle account of homosexuality" based on the new natural law, a less biologically-based version of natural law theory. Finnis argues that the state should deter public approval of homosexual behaviour while refusing to persecute individuals on the basis of their sexual orientation, basing this position not on the claim that homosexual sex is unnatural but on the idea that it cannot involve the union of procreation and emotional commitment that heterosexual sex can, and is therefore an assault on heterosexual union. The following excerpts, for example, come from his 1994 essay "Law, Morality, and 'Sexual Orientation'":In short, sexual acts are not unitive in their significance unless they are marital (actualizing the all-level unity of marriage) and (since the common good of marriage has two aspects) they are not marital unless they have not only the generosity of acts of friendship but also the procreative significance.

...The plain fact is that those who propound 'gay' ideology have no principled moral case to offer against (prudent and moderate) promiscuity, indeed the getting of orgasmic sexual pleasure in whatever friendly touch or welcoming orifice (human or otherwise) one may opportunely find it. Finnis earlier argues in the article that same-sex activity "cannot express or do more than is expressed or done if two strangers engage in such activity to give each other pleasure, or a prostitute pleasures a client to give him pleasure in return for money." Sullivan believes that such a conservative position is vulnerable to criticism on its own terms, since the stability of existing families is better served by the acceptance of those homosexuals who are part of them. Other scholars, such as Stephen Macedo and Michael J. Perry, have also criticised Finnis's views.

A Selection of Articles and Video Lectures

 Aquinas' Moral, Political and Legal Philosophy
 The Profound Injustice of Justice Posner on Marriage
 Natural Law: The Classical Tradition PDF (Internet Archive)
 The Priority of Persons PDF

 The Good of Marriage and the Morality of Sexual Relations PDF
 Law, Morality and "Sexual Orientation" PDF

Video lectures

 God and Man
 Religious Liberty

References

1940 births
20th-century Australian philosophers
21st-century Australian philosophers
Australian legal scholars
Australian political philosophers
Fellows of University College, Oxford
Living people
Philosophers of law
Catholic philosophers
Adelaide Law School alumni
University of Notre Dame faculty
Notre Dame Law School faculty
Legal scholars of the University of Oxford
Companions of the Order of Australia
Honorary King's Counsel
Fellows of the British Academy
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Australian Rhodes Scholars
Academic staff of the University of Malawi
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Australian emigrants to England
Analytic theologians
Analytical Thomists
Natural law ethicists

John Finnis


Bourne Free is an annual pride festival in Bournemouth, England.

History

The festival was established in 2004 when a far right organisation was due to come to Bournemouth to demonstrate against homosexuality. Many prominent figures and active members of the LGBT community in the area came together to organise an event in the Lower Gardens to defend LGBT people from the event and create a day of celebration rather than hostility.

The event included entertainment at The Bandstand, a balloon release with a two-minute silence for victims of hate crime, and Bournemouth's first Gay Pride march. The Bourne Free committee that had organised the event continued organising Bourne Free as an annual charity event. In 2006, event was renamed as the Bourne Free Pride Festival.

In 2008 the Pride Parade moved onto the streets of Bournemouth. An estimated more than 4,000 people attended the event that year.

In 2020 the event was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The event returned in person in 2021.

Themes for the event include "Paint the World with your Pride" (2019) and "Stronger Together" (2021).

External links
Official Bourne Free Pride Festival website

References

Pride parades in England
Tourist attractions in Bournemouth
Festivals in Dorset
Recurring events established in 2004
2004 establishments in England

Bourne Free


Fama is a Regional Mexican/Tejano band originally from Houston, Texas. Formed in 1989, at the height of their popularity, the band consisted of lead vocalist Javier Galvan, bassist Oscar Galvin, Saxophonist Edgar Galvan, Trumpet Eddie Gonzalez, Accordion/Keyboardist Israel Dominguez, Guitarist John Barraza, Keyboardist Rogelio Zavala Jr, Guitarist Steve Ochoa, Drummer Eddie Dominguez (1990–94), Drummer Ruben Enriquez (1994–96), and Drummer Joel Garza (1996–98)

Biography
Fama was formed in 1989 by brothers Javier, Oscar, and Edgar Galvan, and friend of the brothers Eddie Gonzalez, the band gained prominence in the mid-1990s with a string of hit albums. They were given the nickname "The Golden Boys" by Tejano music DJs.

Fama signed with Discos CBS International in 1989 which became Sony Discos in 1992. Javier Galvan was then signed with Joey Records and is now under his own label (Famuz).
Javier was nominated for "Song of the Year" in the BMI Awards in 1994.
Fama was awarded the "Premio Lo Nuestro" for "Revelacion Del Año" in 1994.
In 2007 Javier won "Mejor Vocalista Masculino" and Fama won "Mejor Grupo Tejano" in the "Premios de la Musica Latina"

Fama would perform on The Johnny Canales Show in 1993

Fama has earned recognition as one of the most dominating bands in the Latin music industry across the nation. A string of career hit singles came their way in the mid '90s' when "Lagrimas De Alegria", "Quiero Volverte A Ver", "Querer Tu Amor", "Te Voy A Enseñar", "Ojitos Color Cafe", "Amor Perdoname", "Boulevard De Sueños" and "Llorando" dominated the airwaves as they spent numerous weeks atop Latin Billboard airplay charts, earning numerous awards and nominations from BMI, Premios Lo Nuestro, and Univision's Premios A La Musica Latina. In the process, Fama also appeared on numerous international Latin television programs such as: Despierta America, El Gordo y La Flaca, Escadalo TV, Padrisimo,
Control, and Sabado Gigante. Statistically speaking, Fama have scaled unbelievable heights, carving a permanent place in the music scene. Fama are one of the few artists to have shattered international barriers. With 18 recorded albums, of which four were certified gold, three platinum, and one double platinum, it is undeniably clear of how or why FAMA's fans by the thousands have responded positively and passionately. Fama's last album entitled "Con La Misma Pasión" solidifies their commitment to their music, their style, and their fans. As that CD proves, they are stronger than ever. This commitment to their fans, without question, displays another measurement of the talent and versatility that will genuinely take Fama to new heights of achievement in their musical career. Fama continues its saga as a band whose music has truly stood the test of time. Fama's sound represents the past, present and future of their genre.

In August 2009 Javier Galvan retired from Fama and signed over the Fama name to John Barraza and Eddie Dominguez. The band continues to tour nationally.

May 2010, Fama signed to the record label AMMX Records.

Discography
 1989 - Amor, Amor, Amor (Discos CBS)
 1990 - Heart & Soul (Discos CBS)
 1992 - Como Nunca (Sony Discos) #12 Latin
 1993 - En Grande (Sony Discos) #9 Latin
 1994 - Enamorate (Sony Discos) #14 Latin
 1995 - Lagrimas de Alegria (Sony Discos) #20 Latin
 1996 - Al Punto (Sony Discos)
 1997 - Sin Duda (Sony Discos)
 1998 - Todo por Ti (Sony Discos)
 2000 - Amor y Placer (Sony Discos)
 2001 - Te Llegó el Amor (Sony Discos)
 2002 - Grandpa Got Run Over by a Burro (Famuz)
 2002 - Live the Reunion (Famuz)
 2003 - One Nation Under God (Famuz)
 2004 - Mis Raices (Famuz)
 2005 - On Air (Joey International)
 2006 - El Gigante (Joey International)
 2007 - Como Antes (Joey International)
 2008 - Nostalgia (Famuz)
 2008 - "Si Se Puede" (Famuz)
 2009 - "Un Dia a La Vez" (Famuz)
 2011 - "Con La Misma Pasión" (AMMX Records)

References

External links

Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups from Houston
Tejano music groups

Fama (band)


Golden Words is a weekly humour publication produced by students at Queen's University at Kingston in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. It claims to be the only humour weekly in Canada.

The paper was founded by the Engineering Society in 1967 to give the Engineering Society a voice on campus.  Its very first cartoon contained an Engineer reading a copy of the Queen's Journal, thinking to himself "Oh, what crap is this?".  It has been published more or less continuously since inception, appearing every Wednesday for most of the Fall and Winter terms, unless the editors have tricked the readers into believing it had been shut down (as was the case in November 1985).  Recent volumes have run 25 issues.

Along with the Queen's Journal, it is one of the two main student-run publications on campus, and claims a circulation of roughly 4,000 copies.

The paper's humour style reflects its motto: "Sola Veritas Est Qui Facit Ut Me in Merda", which translates to "Only The Truth Gets Me In Shit".  Its printed humour is diverse, running the gamut from absurdist sketches and short stories to political satire and commentary on current events.  Practical jokes have also figured prominently in its history, and are typically revealed in subsequent issues.  Published parodies have included Queen's Journal (often appearing more than 24 hours early to coincide with the Journal's publication day), the Queen's Gazette (for faculty and staff), the Kingston Whig-Standard, and a national newspaper, The Globe and Mail.  (When parodied in the 1980s, The Globe and Mail itself reported that the engineers had actually inserted the ersatz versions into the coin boxes in the Globe's own lobby.)  In September 1989, the masthead staff stole the Greasepole (an engineering icon) from the first year students charged with protecting it - and ransomed it back to them for 100 cases of beer. The paper maintains a friendly rivalry with the Journal.

Although Golden Words is owned by the Engineering Society, the paper attracts contributors (writers, artists, and editorial staff) from across the undergraduate population. Notable Golden Words alumni include humourist Jay Pinkerton, game designer Erin Robinson, screenwriter Elan Mastai, and 1000 Awesome Things author Neil Pasricha. Robertson Davies serially published the first few chapters of his work The Manticore in the Golden Words, with the mythical title character originally a Mexican hairless cat who could read German.

See also
List of student newspapers in Canada
List of newspapers in Canada
Harvard Lampoon

References

External links

1967 establishments in Ontario
Queen's University at Kingston
Student magazines published in Canada
Satirical magazines published in Canada
College humor magazines
Mass media in Kingston, Ontario
Humour magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1967
Magazines published in Ontario

Golden Words


Brian Wong (born April 14, 1991) is a Canadian Internet entrepreneur. In 2010, Wong co-founded Kiip (pronounced "keep"), a company offering a mobile app rewards platform through which computer game players would receive real-world rewards from brands and companies for in-game achievements.

He was replaced as Kiip CEO in March 2019 after being indicted for sexual assault.

Early life and education
Wong was born and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia, to parents of Hong Kong descent. His father was an accountant and his mother was a nurse. He received his high school diploma at the age of 14, after twice skipping two grades at the University Transition Program at the University of British Columbia (UBC). Wong received a bachelor's degree from UBC at the age of 18. While at university, Wong launched his first company, FollowFormation, which Mashable called "the easiest way to follow the top Twitterers by subject matter or topic." One of his most recent ventures, Kiip, made him one of the youngest internet entrepreneurs to raise venture capital.

In 2010, Wong worked in business development for the news aggregator Digg, leading the development and release of the Digg Android Mobile App. Soon after a joining and after a disastrous redesign, Digg had a round of corporate layoffs. Wong was let go after five months, an experience that eventually led to him opening his own business.

Kiip
Wong received the initial inspiration for Kiip on an airplane at age 19 as he observed his fellow passengers interacting with their iPads. He noticed that many passengers were playing games, and felt that the games' advertisements took up screen space without adding any real value. Because he perceived that games are a "holy grail of achievement", Wong wanted to leverage key moments of achievement—such as level ups and high scores—with a targeted, relevant rewards program that enabled brands to reach consumers when they were most engaged.

In July 2010, Wong teamed with his fellow former Digg employees Courtney Guertin and their mutual friend Amadeus Demarzi to found Kiip. As of 2017, Kiip was sending achievement-based rewards such as coupons to 100 million consumers per month, and had raised more than $32 million of venture capital from various sources, including Relay Ventures, Hummer Winblad Venture Partners, True Ventures, Verizon Ventures, and Crosslink Capital. Kiip has offices in San Francisco, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Tokyo and London. The company established strategic partnerships with more than 40 major brands, including 1-800-Flowers, Amazon.com, American Apparel, Best Buy, Carl's Jr., Disney, Dr. Pepper, GNC, KY Jelly, Pepsi, Playboy, Popchips, Sephora, Victoria's Secret, and Vitamin Water. Kiip was on track to do more than $20 million in revenue in 2017.

In March 2019, after Wong was accused of sexual assault, Kiip replaced Wong as CEO. His removal came after an indefinite leave of absence, with Kiip CRO Bill Alena serving as interim CEO in his stead.

Recognitions
In 2010, Wong became one of the youngest company leaders to ever receive funding from a venture capital firm. He was called a self-made millionaire by the time he was 20 years old. By 2012 he had spoken at several popular conferences, including TEDx and South by Southwest. Wong and Kiip were profiled in such global publications such as Forbes, Entrepreneur, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, and Inc. Magazine, and he was on the cover of the September 2014 issue of Entrepreneur as one of the young millionaires changing the world. Wong was named in the Forbes 30 Under 30 Social/Mobile list in 2011.

Publications
Wong is the author of The Cheat Code: Going Off Script to Get More, Go Faster, and Shortcut Your Way to Success, a book that is "aimed at helping young people just starting their careers". It was published in September 2016.

References

External links

 Kiip press page with profile of Wong

1991 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Vancouver
Canadian company founders
Canadian computer businesspeople
Canadian technology chief executives
Canadian expatriates in the United States
Canadian people of Hong Kong descent
UBC Sauder School of Business alumni

Brian Wong


Demetrio Albertini  (; born 23 August 1971) is the sporting director of Parma and a former professional Italian football midfielder and vice-president of the Italian Football Federation (FIGC). He is widely considered one of the legends of the A.C. Milan side of the 90s and a fundamental player for the Italy national team of the same period. He spent most of his career with Milan of Italy's Serie A, winning many trophies, including five Serie A titles and two UEFA Champions League titles with the club. He also played his final season for FC Barcelona, winning the Spanish League before retiring that year.

A vital member of the Italy national team, Albertini was part of the squads that competed at the World Cups of 1994 and 1998, as well as the 1996 and 2000 European Championships, reaching the finals of the 1994 World Cup and Euro 2000.

Club career

Albertini, born in Besana in Brianza, province of Monza e Brianza near Milan, emerged as a product of A.C. Milan's youth system, and went on to spend 14 highly successful years with the senior club after debuting in Serie A as a 17-year-old during the 1988–89 season under Arrigo Sacchi, on 15 January 1989, in a 4–0 home win over Como. He spent part of the 1990–91 season on loan at Padova Calcio in Serie B, collecting 28 appearances and 5 goals, in order to gain experience, and was subsequently awarded a prize by Diadora as one of the most promising young Italian stars. After a successful season with Padova, he soon established himself in the starting lineup of the Milan senior side during the 1991–92 season under Fabio Capello, wearing the number 4 shirt, and helping Milan to win the title undefeated that season; he would go on to make almost 300 Serie A appearances for the club (293 in total, scoring 21 goals), and 406 total career appearances for Milan, scoring 28 goals in all competitions.

Albertini won many titles during his years at Milan, and claimed three successive Serie A titles in 1992, 1993 and 1994, and he also managed to capture two further scudetti in 1996 and 1999. In addition, he made 41 Champions League appearances, helping the Rossoneri to reach three consecutive finals between 1993 and 1995, lifting the trophy in 1994. He also won two UEFA Super Cups, three Italian Super Cups, and an Intercontinental Cup during his time at the club. Albertini remained at Milan until 2002, when his manager and former mentor Carlo Ancelotti preferred to play the emerging Andrea Pirlo in his position. During his time at the club, he managed 28 goals in 406 appearances; he also scored a personal record of 8 goals during the 1996–97 season.

After leaving Milan, Albertini bounced around different teams. He spent the 2002–03 season on loan to Atlético Madrid, scoring 2 goals in 28 caps for the Spanish club. He was eventually traded to Lazio in exchange for Giuseppe Pancaro during the 2003–04 season, with great bitterness, where he finally won the Coppa Italia which had eluded him at Milan, scoring 2 goals in 23 appearances for the club. He started the 2004–05 season with Atalanta, playing 14 matches and scoring a goal on his debut, before transferring to FC Barcelona in January, where he joined his former midfield mentor, manager Frank Rijkaard, and was able to capture La Liga during the final season of his career, with five  appearances .

International career
For the Italy national team, Albertini has been capped 79 times between 1991 and 2002, scoring 3 goals. He made his debut on 21 December 1991, at the age of 20, in a 2–0 win against Cyprus in Foggia. In 1992, he competed with the national squad at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, and he won the 1992 UEFA European Under-21 Championship with the Italian Under-21 side. He played for his country at the 1994 and 1998 World Cups, Euro 96, and Euro 2000. Although he was still an Italy regular at the time, he was unable to participate in the 2002 World Cup due to an injury to his Achille's tendon a few months before the competition. His final international appearance came in a 2–1 away win over England in Leeds, in an international friendly match on the March 2002, with Albertini coming on during the second half. Albertini captained Italy on 6 occasions.

1994 World Cup
Albertini's first major tournament for Italy came at the 1994 FIFA World Cup in USA, under manager Arrigo Sacchi. Alongside Milan teammate Roberto Donadoni, as well as Dino Baggio, Albertini formed the "engine room" of the Italian midfield throughout the World Cup. In the last group game against Mexico, Albertini assisted a crucial goal for Daniele Massaro, which allowed Italy to qualify for the second round as the best third placed team. In the semifinal against Bulgaria, Albertini gave a dominant performance, taking several shots on goal and even hitting the post. Albertini also created several chances during the match, dictating the tempo of his team's play; he notably helped to set up Roberto Baggio's second goal of the match, with a lobbed throughball, which allowed Italy to progress to the final with a 2–1 victory. In the final against Brazil, a balanced, scoreless game after extra-time led to a penalty shoot-out; Albertini scored his penalty, but his effort did not prove to be sufficient, as his teammates Franco Baresi, Daniele Massaro, and Roberto Baggio missed their penalties.

Euro 1996
Italy went to the European championship in England and many saw Sacchi's team as the key contender for the title along with Germany, and saw Albertini as Italy's key player, wearing the number 10 shirt. However, the tournament ended in frustration for the Italians. Arrigo Sacchi's team selection for the second group game against Czech Republic was based on the presumption that, after the victory over Russia and in the light of the upcoming clash with Germany, Italy could afford playing without a series of key players including Albertini. Italy lost 2–1 to the Czech Republic and then were knocked out of the tournament following a 0–0 draw with future champions Germany, a match the "Azurri" dominated thanks to Albertini's presence in midfield. Sacchi in one of his interviews admitted the early departure was due to his mistakes and the 1996 squad was his best Italy team, even better than the one that got the second place in USA 1994.

World Cup 1998
Albertini played a key role in helping Italy to qualify for the 1998 World Cup: during the first leg of the 1998 World Cup qualification play-off against Russia, in Moscow, on 29 October 1997, he set up Christian Vieri's goal in a 1–1 draw; he also set up Pierluigi Casiraghi's goal in the second leg in Naples, which allowed Italy to qualify for the World Cup 2–1 on aggregate.

At the 1998 World Cup, Albertini's presence was not as central or explicit as it was in the previous major tournaments, but Cesare Maldini relied on him as one of the team's key central midfielders and creative players. Out of the games that Italy played in France, Albertini was not involved only when Italy faced Austria in the final match of the group stage. In the quarter-final clash, a Zidane-led France managed to overcome the masters of insurmountable defence only on penalties, during which Albertini's surprising failure did induce the tides to turn against la "Squadra Azzurra". Ironically, the midfielder could have been the creator of Italy's golden goal; during extra-time, his superb delivery into the area to Roberto Baggio, from a lobbed pass, left the latter alone in front of French keeper Fabien Barthez, but the volley went just inches wide. Having won the most difficult match of the tournament, France went on to claim the nation's first World Cup title on home soil.

Euro 2000

In Dino Zoff's formation at Euro 2000, Albertini was the unquestionable leader of Italy's midfield, starting alongside Di Biagio, behind either Stefano Fiore or Francesco Totti. His pace-setting and creative role in creating chances and controlling the Italian midfield was paramount to Italy's successful run in the tournament, as he provided two assists for his team (one for Totti's goal against Belgium, and the other for Inzaghi's goal against Romania), finishing the tournament as his country's top creator, although the Italians ultimately missed out on the trophy. The azzurri progressed to the final undefeated, winning all three of their group matches against Turkey, co-hosts Belgium, and Sweden. Italy went on to defeat Romania 2–0 in the quarterfinal, and overcame co-hosts the Netherlands in the semi-final on penalties after a 0–0 draw following extra time. Italy eventually lost out once again to the 1998 World Champions France 2–1 in the final, on a golden goal in extra-time. Albertini was chosen to be part of the Team of the Tournament due to his performances throughout the Cup.

Retirement
Despite being a key part of Giovanni Trapattoni's Italy squad, Albertini missed the 2002 World Cup due to an injury sustained on 14 April 2002, less than two months before the tournament, in the away Serie A game for Milan against Juventus, effectively putting an end to his international career at the age of 30.

After retirement
On 5 December 2005, Albertini announced his retirement from professional football and expressed his desire to one day become a full-time football manager. On 15 March 2006, a Milan vs Barcelona celebration match was organised in Albertini's honour, featuring great footballing names from both past and present (such as Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit, Frank Rijkaard, and Franco Baresi). Milan won the match 3–2 at the San Siro, with Albertini scoring the first goal from a textbook swerving free kick. Following the match, a visibly emotional Albertini was given a standing ovation from the fans.

In 2006, Albertini was involved in a project to create a Footballing Academy in his name, "Scuola calcio Demetrio Albertini", in Selvino (Bg), which took place in Milan and Lecchese, involving over 1000 young players.

Sporting director with FIGC
On 18 May 2006, following the Italian football Calciopoli scandal involving Juventus and Luciano Moggi, among others, which led to the resignation of Franco Carraro from the Italian Football Federation presidency and the appointment of a temporary commissioner, Guido Rossi, by the National Olympic Committee, Albertini was named vice-commissioner of the Italian Football Federation (FIGC).

On 19 September, following the resignation of Rossi, who was in the meanwhile appointed as chairman of Telecom Italia, Albertini also announced his resignation. He was later appointed vice-president of the FIGC in 2007, under Giancarlo Abete, and was re-elected in 2013.

On 27 July 2014, Albertini nominated himself for the position of the president of the FIGC, but ultimately lost controversially to his former co-vice-president Carlo Tavecchio on 11 August, despite having the support of the A.I.C. (the Italian Footballers' Association).

Parma board member
Following the bankruptcy of Parma F.C., Demetrio Albertini was appointed to the club's board as a football advisor for the club's administrators.

Researcher for Football Manager
Albertini is a researcher for Football Manager, the football management simulation game franchise.

Style of play
Albertini was a complete, experienced and composed midfielder, who was gifted with stamina, power, technique, and class, which allowed him to be regarded as one of the best midfielders of his generation. His key strengths as a player were his mentality, his excellent vision, tactical knowledge, ability to read the game, and ball control, but above all, his brilliant passing range, which made him a key member of the Milan and the Italy national sides of the 90s and early 2000s; he was also known for his powerful and accurate shots from distance, which also enabled him to contribute to his team's offensive play with goals as well as assists. Few players were able to replicate Albertini's precise long passing and powerful distance shooting adeptness, and many have likened his abilities in these areas to those of Ronald Koeman. Albertini was also an accurate penalty kick and set piece taker, who could curl the ball well, but also kick with power, and was known for often striking the ball without a run-up during dead ball situations. Although he was fundamentally a hardworking, intelligent, and creative central midfielder or deep-lying playmaker with excellent technical ability, he was able to complete himself tactically and improve upon the defensive and offensive aspect of his game play throughout his career, demonstrating his adeptness as a ball-winner; his wide range of skills made him a versatile player, allowed him to play in several other midfield positions, including out on the wing, due to his crossing ability.

In the Milan side and Italy side, he was seen as the heir to Carlo Ancelotti, and later also as the predecessor to Andrea Pirlo as the playmaking pivot of the teams' midfield, due to his ability to create goalscoring opportunities or control the game in midfield and set the tempo of his team's play with his distribution, and he was often regarded as the "creative brain" and "metronome" of his teams. Many football experts draw parallels between Albertini and Pirlo, the midfield ace of European and world football, who emerged as his heir in Italian football, both for Milan and for the Italy national side. Like Albertini, Pirlo is a deep-lying playmaker who also possesses excellent technique, ball skills, vision and passing range, and who is also a set-piece specialist and a goal threat from distance. In addition his footballing skills, Albertini was also known for his correct behaviour on the pitch, and was seen as a symbol and leader for both his club and national sides.

Personal life
Albertini is a practising Roman Catholic. He married to Uriana Capone in 1996 in Oria, Italy. He has a son named Guillermo who is born in Den Bosch, Holland.

Career statistics

Club

*European competitions include the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup, and UEFA Super Cup

International

Honours

Club
A.C. Milan
Serie A (5): 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99
Supercoppa Italiana (3): 1992, 1993, 1994
UEFA Champions League (1): 1993–94
UEFA Super Cup (2): 1989, 1994

S.S. Lazio
Coppa Italia (1): 2003–04

F.C. Barcelona
La Liga (1): 2004–05

International
Italy
UEFA European Under-21 Championship (1): 1992
FIFA World Cup runner-up (1): 1994
UEFA European Championship runner-up (1): 2000

Individual
UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2000
A.C. Milan Hall of Fame

Orders
 4th Class / Officer: Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2006

 5th Class / Knight: Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2000

References

External links

Statistics at FIGC official site
Biografia di Demetrio Albertini

1971 births
Living people
Italian Roman Catholics
Footballers from the Metropolitan City of Milan
People from Brianza
Italian men's footballers
Italy men's international footballers
AC Milan players
Calcio Padova players
SS Lazio players
Atalanta BC players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Atlético Madrid footballers
FC Barcelona players
La Liga players
Footballers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Italy
1994 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
Men's association football midfielders
Italy men's youth international footballers
Italy men's under-21 international footballers
Italian expatriate men's footballers
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
UEFA Champions League winning players
Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

Demetrio Albertini


The Shishigatani incident (鹿ケ谷事件, Shishigatani jiken, 鹿ヶ谷の陰謀, Shishggatani no inbou) of June 1177 was a failed uprising against the rule of Taira no Kiyomori in Japan. The conspiracy was discovered, and its perpetrators arrested and punished before any part of their plan was put into action.

The incident is also known in Japanese as Shishigatani no Inbō (鹿ケ谷の陰謀), the Shishigatani Conspiracy or Plot. The name comes from the location where the conspirators met, a mountain villa belonging to Jōken Hōin, in the Shishi Valley (Shishigatani) in the Higashiyama area of Kyoto.

Background
This is the most famous of a number of conspiracies and uprisings against Kiyomori. He rose quickly to power in the 1160s and dominated rather than guided the Imperial Court, taking advantage of his position to install members of his own family into high court positions, and marrying them into the Imperial family. In a number of ways, and on a number of occasions, he offended and opposed the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa and the Fujiwara family of court nobles and regents.

Incident
Fujiwara no Narichika, his son Fujiwara no Naritsune, Saikō (the religious name of Fujiwara no Moromitsu), Taira no Yasuyori (Hei-Hogan, or Taira police lieutenant), Tada no Kurando Yukitsuna (a Genji from Settsu province), and the monk Shunkan gathered, along with others, in a small country villa in Shishigatani, to conspire against Kiyomori and the Taira clan as a whole.

However, Tada Yukitsuna was a spy for Kiyomori, and reported the conspiracy to his lord. Saikō, a monk, was tortured and then executed, angering monastic groups already opposed to his considerable secular authority. Kiyomori then rebuked Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who had been aware of the plot, seized a number of mansions belonging to the Fujiwara, and dismissed a number of officials from office, including Regent Fujiwara no Motofusa. He then filled the vacated Court positions with members of his own family. Shunkan, Yasuyori, and Naritsune were exiled to a remote island south of Kyūshū called "Kikai Island", which has been identified with at least three different islands.

Cultural references
The events, and their consequences, are related in the classical epic Heike monogatari, and in a number of derivative works such as the Noh play Shunkan and the jōruri (puppet theater) production Heike Nyogo-ga-Shima which concern themselves with the exiles on Kikai-ga-shima.

References

"Mystery of a Grave in Iojima." Global Citizens News Vol 78. 1 March 2005. Accessed 21 May 2007.

1170s in Japan
1177 in Asia
Rebellions in Japan
Conflicts in 1177
12th-century rebellions

Shishigatani incident


Hard-Boiled Haggerty (aka  Hard Boiled Haggerty) is a 1927 American silent war film directed by Charles Brabin. The film stars Milton Sills and Molly O'Day, taking on two roles as both the character Germaine and her look-alike sister. Hard-Boiled Haggerty was one of the first American films to portray aerial combat in World War I.

Plot
After bringing down yet another German pilot and escaping uninjured from his burning aircraft, Haggerty (Milton Sills) and his buddy, aircraft machinist Klaxon (Arthur Stone), head for Paris, albeit without an official leave of absence. In escaping from M.P.'s, Haggerty takes refuge in a room occupied by Germaine Benoit (Molly O'Day). Love soon springs up, and Haggerty decides to reform, returning to Major Cotton (Mitchell Lewis) with this resolution. He is unprepared, however, to be awarded a medal for his actions as a fighter pilot.

Major Cotton, when introduced to Germaine at the officers' ball, recognizes her as "Go-Go" (Molly O'Day), a notorious cabaret dancer, and tries to tell Haggerty who she really is. Haggerty angrily knocks him down, and they are both arrested. At the trial, the major tells his story and Germaine confesses. After the Armistice, it develops that Go-Go is actually Germaine's sister, and that Germaine was trying to protect her. The two lovers Germaine and Haggerty are finally reunited.

Cast

 Milton Sills as Hard-Boiled Haggerty
 Molly O'Day as Germaine Benoit / "Go-Go" Benoit
 Mitchell Lewis as Major Cotton
 Arthur Stone as Klaxon, the mechanic
 George Fawcett as Brigadier-General
 Yola d'Avril as Cafe dancer

Production
Hard-Boiled Haggerty was based on a story by former World War I pilot Elliot White Springs, but was more of a romantic comedy than an aviation film. Nevertheless, a number of aircraft were used in the production: Travel Air 4000, Travel Air 4000, Fokker D.VII and Thomas Morse S-4C.

Reception
Aviation film historian James Farmer considered Hard-Boiled Haggerty, although one of the first films to depict the aerial conflicts of World War I, as light weight fare. Aviation film historian Stephen Pendo noted that more action took place on the ground than in the air.

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Farmer, James H. Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: Tab Books Inc., 1984. .
 Orriss, Bruce W. When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War I. Los Angeles: Aero Associates, 2013. .
 Paris, Michael. From the Wright Brothers to Top Gun: Aviation, Nationalism, and Popular Cinema. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1995. .
 Pendo, Stephen. Aviation in the Cinema. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1985. .

External links

1927 films
1927 war films
World War I aviation films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
American war films
First National Pictures films
Films directed by Charles Brabin
Silent war films
1920s American films
1920s English-language films

Hard-Boiled Haggerty (film)


Constanța Shipyard  () is the largest shipyard in Romania and one of the largest in Europe having a market share of 20% in the Black Sea basin. The shipyard has two drydocks, one used for the construction of ships up to , and the second one used for the construction of ships up to , and two floating docks with a capacity of 8,000 tonnes and 15,000 tonnes.

History
The Constanța Shipyard was first mentioned as the Craft Repair Shop within the Constanța Harbour area in 1892 by the Ministry for Public Works. In July 1905, the shipyard housed the  Russian battleship Potemkin and refloated her after she was half scuttled by her mutinous crew. The first ship ever constructed by the shipyard and launched to sea on May 31, 1936 was a  long yacht named Crai Nou, designed and built by Alexandru Theodoru a student at the Naval School in Constanța and graduate of the French Naval School. During World War II, the shipyard provided repair and maintenance to the Italian flotilla of midget submarines operating in the Black Sea. Together with the Galați shipyard, it also rebuilt, maintained and repaired numerous German R-boats during the War. 1950 the shipyard began to construct ships, pontoons, tugboats and towboats. In 1975 the shipyard constructed one bulk carrier of  which was the first large ship ever constructed in Romania.

After the construction of a large bulk carrier Giuseppe Lembo in 1994, the shipyard reprofiled its activity to construct only small ships. Only after the privatisation in 2002 the shipyard restarted to construct large-scale ships.
In the 114 years of existence the Constanța Shipyard constructed 432 ships, 365 for Romanian shipping companies and 67 for shipping companies from Egypt, Russia, Greece, Japan, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Czech Republic, South Africa, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Norway, France, Panama and Netherlands, which have a total of .

References

Buildings and structures in Constanța
Shipyards of Romania
Privatized companies in Romania
Companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange
Companies based in Constanța

Constanța Shipyard


Salomon Jadassohn (13 August 1831 – 1 February 1902) was a German pianist, composer, and teacher at the Leipzig Conservatory.

Life

Jadassohn was born to a Jewish family living in Breslau, the capital of the Prussian province of Silesia. This was a generation after the emancipation of the Jews in Central European German-speaking lands and during a time of relative tolerance. First educated locally, Jadassohn enrolled at the Leipzig Conservatory in 1848, just a few years after it had been founded by Felix Mendelssohn. There he studied composition with Moritz Hauptmann, Ernst Richter and Julius Rietz, as well as piano with Ignaz Moscheles. At the same time, he studied privately with Franz Liszt in Weimar. On 13 April 1851 in Weimar he was the soloist at the first performance, under Liszt's baton, of Liszt's arrangement for piano and orchestra of Carl Maria von Weber's Polonaise (Polacca) brillante "L'hilarité" in E major, Op. 72.

As a Jew, Jadassohn could not qualify for the many church jobs as music directors or organists which were usually available to Christian graduates of a conservatory such as Leipzig, as they required deep knowledge of Christian liturgy and practice. Instead he worked for a Leipzig synagogue and a few local choral societies as well as teaching privately. Eventually, he was able to qualify for a position at the Leipzig Conservatory, teaching piano and composition.

Over the years, he became a renowned teacher, and Ferruccio Busoni, Frederick Delius, Paul Homeyer, Richard Franck, Sergei Bortkiewicz, Sigfrid Karg-Elert, Ruben Liljefors, Elisabeth Wintzer, Emil Reznicek and Felix Weingartner, Bernard Zweers and Cornelis Dopper were among his many students. Americans also studied with him, including the song composer Jean Paul Kürsteiner and George Strong, a composer of the late 19th and early 20th century. He died in Leipzig, aged 70.

His daughter, Bertha, was married to operetta composer Leo Fall.

Reputation
Since Jadassohn's death, his music has been seldom performed, but in the 21st century a reevaluation of it has begun with new performances and recordings.  Cameo Classics commenced a programme of recording his neglected orchestral works. His Symphony No. 1 was recorded with the Belarusian SSO with Marius Stravinsky conducting. The Piano Concerto No. 1 was performed to acclaim at a public premiere (since his death) by soloist Valentina Seferinova and the Karelia State Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Denis Vlasenko in Petrozavodsk, Russia on 20 December 2008. A CD including these works was issued by Cameo Classics in January 2009. Jadassohn composed four Serenades for Orchestra and the first three received their premiere recordings from Cameo Classics in 2011, along with his Serenade for Flute and Strings (Soloist Rebecca Hall) with the Malta Philharmonic Orchestra.

Hyperion Records released a recording of Jadassohn's two piano concertos.

The record label cpo has released recordings of the four symphonies and both cavatinas by the Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester Frankfurt conducted by Howard Griffiths.

Selected list of works

Symphonies
Symphony No. 1 in C major, Op.24 (1861)
Symphony No. 2 in A major, Op.28 (1865)
Symphony No. 3 in D minor, Op.50 (1876)
Symphony No. 4 in C minor, Op.101 (1889)

Concertante works with orchestra
Piano Concerto No. 1 in C minor, Op.89 (1887)
Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op.90 (1888)
Cavatina for Violin and Orchestra in F major, Op.69 (1882)
Cavatina for Cello and Orchestra in F major, Op.120 (1894)

Organ works
Fantasie in G minor, Op. 95

Chamber music
Sextet for piano 4 hands, 2 violins, viola, cello, Op.100 (1888)
Piano Quintet No. 1 in C minor, Op.70 (1883)
Piano Quintet No. 2 in F major, Op.76 (1884)
Piano Quintet No. 3 in G minor, Op.126 (1895)
Piano Quartet No. 1 in C minor, Op.77 (1884)
Piano Quartet No. 2 in G major, Op.86 (1887)
Piano Quartet No. 3 in A minor, Op. 109 (1890)
String Quartet in C minor, Op.10 (1858)
Piano Trio No. 1 in F major, Op.16 (1858)
Piano Trio No. 2 in E major, Op.20 (1860)
Piano Trio No. 3 in C minor, Op.59 (1880)
Piano Trio No. 4 in C minor, Op.85 (1887)
Violin Sonata in G minor, Op.5 (1857)
Notturno op.133 for flute and piano
Capriccio op.137 for flute and piano

Other
 Serenade No. 3 in A major, Op. 47 (1876)

See also

References

 Cobbett's Cyclopedic Survey of Chamber Music, Oxford University Press, 1963
 The New Grove Dictionary of Music, MacMillan, 1980
 Some of the information on this page appears on the website of Edition Silvertrust but permission has been granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
 Piano Concerto No. 1 in C minor, Op. 89 and Symphony No. 1, Op. 24; CD issued as
Piano Concerto No. 1 & Piano Concerto No. 2 recorded on Hyperion CDA 67636

External links

 Salomon Jadassohn Piano Trio No.4, Op.85 & Piano Quartet No.1, Op.77, Piano Quintet No.3, Op.126, sound-bites (recorded on Real Sound CD # RS 051-0036, 2002)

 Concert Pianist Valentina Seferinova

1831 births
1902 deaths
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century German musicians
19th-century German male musicians
German classical pianists
19th-century German Jews
German male classical composers
German male pianists
German music educators
German music theorists
German Romantic composers
Jewish classical composers
Male classical pianists
Musicians from Leipzig
Musicians from Wrocław
Musicians from the Province of Silesia
Piano pedagogues
Academic staff of the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig
20th-century German male musicians
19th-century German musicologists

Salomon Jadassohn


The 2011–12 Savannah State Tigers basketball team represents Savannah State University in the 2011–12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Their head coach is Horace Broadnax in his seventh year. The Tigers play their home games at the Tiger Arena. After previously playing as a Division I Independent, the Tigers are new members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference. The Tigers were the 2011–12 MEAC regular season champions and received an automatic bid into the 2012 NIT, their first ever appearance in any Division I tournament as a Division I member. The team posted a 21–10 overall mark and lead the MEAC in scoring defense, only allowing 58.9 points per game and were second in the conference in scoring margin (+5.4). In his sixth year as the head coach of the Tigers, Horace Broadnax was named the MEAC Coach of the Year as he guided the team to a 14–2 conference record and the school's first MEAC regular season title.

Roster

Source:  Savannah State Men's Basketball Roster

Schedule

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!colspan=8| Exhibition

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!colspan=8| Regular Season

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!colspan=8| MEAC Tournament

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!colspan=8| 2012 NIT

Source:  2011–12 Savannah State Men's Basketball Schedule

References

Savannah State Tigers
Savannah State Tigers basketball seasons
Savannah State Tigers
Savannah State Tigers basketball team
Savannah State Tigers basketball team


Arthur John Langguth (July 11, 1933 – September 1, 2014) was an American author, journalist and educator, born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was professor of the Annenberg School for Communications School of Journalism at the University of Southern California. Langguth was the author of several dark, satirical novels, a biography of the English short story master Saki, and lively histories of the Trail of Tears, the American Revolution, the War of 1812, Afro-Brazilian religion in Brazil and the United States, the Vietnam War, the political life of Julius Caesar and U.S. involvement with torture in Latin America.
A graduate of Harvard College (AB, 1955), Langguth was South East Asian correspondent and Saigon bureau chief for The New York Times during the Vietnam war, using the byline "Jack Langguth". He also wrote and reported for Look Magazine in Washington, DC and The Valley Times in Los Angeles, California. Langguth joined the journalism faculty at USC in 1976. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1976, and received the Freedom Forum Award, honoring the nation's top journalism educators, in 2001. He retired from active teaching at USC in 2003.

Langguth lived in Hollywood.

Published works
After Lincoln: How the North Won the Civil War and Lost the Peace Simon & Schuster, 2014
Driven West: Andrew Jackson and the Trail of Tears to the Civil War Simon & Schuster, 2010
Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence Simon & Schuster, 2006
Our Vietnam: The War 1954-1975 (Simon & Schuster, 2000), Touchstone Press (paper), 2002
A Noise of War: Caesar, Pompey, Octavian and the Struggle for Rome (Simon & Schuster, 1994)
Patriots, The Men Who Started the American Revolution (Simon & Schuster, 1988); Touchstone Press (paper), 1989, 2002
Saki, A Life of Hector Hugh Munro (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1981);(Hamish Hamilton, London, 1981); (Oxford University Press [paper],1982.) Figueroa Press (Los Angeles, 2003)[paper]
Hidden Terrors (Pantheon Books, New York, 1978); Pantheon (paper), 1979; Portuguese language translation, 1979; Circulo do Livro, Brazilian book club edition, 1983; Russian language edition, Moscow, 1985
Macumba, White and Black Magic in Brazil (Harper & Row, 1975)
Marskman (fiction) (Harper & Row, 1974)
Wedlock (fiction) (Alfred A. Knopf, 1972); Ballantine Books [paper], 1973
Jesus Christs (fiction) (Harper & Row, 1968); (Victor Gollancz, London, 1968); Ballantine Books [paper], 1969; Figueroa Press (Los Angeles, 2003)[paper]

See also
History of Uruguay
History of Brazil (1964-1985)
Lincoln Gordon
Office of Public Safety (OPS)

References

External links
A.J. Langguth's personal website

1933 births
2014 deaths
American male writers
Writers from Minneapolis
Historians of the Vietnam War
Harvard College alumni
University of Southern California faculty
20th-century American historians

A. J. Langguth


Cast stone or reconstructed stone is a highly refined building material, a form of  precast concrete used as masonry intended to simulate natural-cut stone.  It is used for architectural features: trim, or ornament; facing buildings or other structures; statuary; and for garden ornaments. Cast stone can be made from white and/or grey cements, manufactured or natural sands, crushed stone or natural gravels, and colored with mineral coloring pigments. Cast stone may replace such common natural building stones as limestone, brownstone, sandstone, bluestone, granite, slate, coral, and travertine.

History
The earliest known use of cast stone dates from about 1138 in the Cité de Carcassonne, France. Cast stone was first used extensively in London in the 19th century  and gained widespread acceptance in America in 1920.

One of the earliest developments in the industry was Coade stone, a fired ceramic form of stoneware.  Today most artificial stone consists of fine Portland cement-based concrete placed to set in wooden, rubber-lined fiberglass or iron moulds. It is cheaper and more uniform than natural stone, and widely used. In engineering projects, it allows transporting the bulk materials and casting near the place of use, which is cheaper than transporting and carving very large pieces of stone.

According to Rupert Gunnis a Dutchman named Van Spangen set up an artificial stone manufactury at Bow in London in 1800. Having later gone into partnership with a Mr. Powell the firm was broken up in 1828, and the moulds sold to a sculptor, Felix Austin.
Another well-known variety was Victoria stone, which is composed of three parts finely crushed Mount Sorrel (Leicestershire) granite to one of Portland cement, carefully mechanically mixed  and filled into moulds. After setting the blocks are placed in a solution of silicate of soda to indurate and harden them.

Many manufacturers turned out a very non-porous product able to resist corrosive sea air and industrial and residential air pollution.

Manufacturing
Cast stone is commonly manufactured by two methods, the first method is the dry tamp method and the second is the wet cast process. Both methods manufactured a simulated natural cut stone look. Wood, plaster, glue, sand, sheet metal, and gelatin are the molding materials that are used to manufacture drawing work and casting molds like delineate section, bed, and face templates. A low slump mixture is required for the dry tamp method that should be tamped into the mold. The dry stone consists of two layers, an inner layer of concrete and an outer layer of decoration which is also known as the facing layer. In the wet cast method, to flow material easily on the mold mixture of integrally colored with water and plastic is used. In dry tamp mixtures molds can be used many times, but in wet cast mixtures molds only can be used once.

Standards

In the US and some other countries, the industry standard today for physical properties and raw materials constituents is ASTM C 1364, the Standard Specification for Architectural Cast Stone.  Membership in ASTM International (founded in 1898 as the American Chapter of the International Association for Testing and Materials and most recently known as the American Society for Testing and Materials) exceeds 30,000 technical experts from more than 100 countries who comprise a worldwide standards forum.  The ASTM method of developing standards has been based on consensus of both users and producers of all kinds of materials.  The ASTM process ensures that interested individuals and organizations representing industry, academia, consumers, and governments alike, all have an equal vote in determining a standard's content.

In the UK and Europe, it is more normal to use the Standard "BS 1217 Cast stone - Specification" from the BSI Group.  The European Commission's "Construction Products Regulations" legislation states that by mid-2013 CE marking becomes mandatory for certain construction products sold in Europe, including some Cast Stone items".

See also
Geopolymers
Anthropic rock
Fambrini & Daniels Cast stone manufacturers.

References

Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle/Béton

Concrete
Building materials
Masonry
Building stone
Artificial stone

Cast stone


In law enforcement and criminology booking refers to the intake process of admitting an arrestee or convict into a prison or police station. In the United States and United Kingdom, this process involves being fingerprinted, photographed (having a mugshot taken), and having one's possessions confiscated. What an arrestee is allowed to keep in their possession varies depending on the exact facility, county, etc, inmates are usually allowed to keep prescription glasses with no tint on the lenses, hearing aids and other approved medical devices, their legal papers and a few other things. In the United States, if an arrestee can't bail out of jail, or they're beginning a prison term, they're issued a prison uniform and other jail issued items and informed of the facility's rules and regulations.

Booking also means making an appointment of some kind.
Law enforcement

Booking


"Moon Six" is a science fiction short story by British writer Stephen Baxter.  It originally appeared in Science Fiction Age in the March 1997 issue.

"Moon Six" concerns an American astronaut named Bado.  During a visit to the moon, Bado witnesses a sort of "heat haze," and then finds himself in an alternate reality.  This happens numerous times during the story.  These shifts cause various circumstances to change for Bado throughout the story, including the disappearance of his spacecraft, the disappearance of a fellow astronaut, the appearance of other space travellers, and eventually his release back into a society with a history different from the history he knows.

The narrative has two threads.  One narrative proceeds as described above, with Bado enduring various shifts into different realities.  The second thread portrays Bado as existing in an alternate United States of the late twentieth century, in a country (and world) which is experiencing a slower rate of technological growth than Bado has experienced.  Bado uses materials and technologies borrowed from his spacesuit to obtain patents and earn himself a small fortune.  However, Bado's unique experiences and knowledge are of limited use in a world where he has little influence.

"Moon Six" was a nominee for the Hugo Award for the best novelette in 1998.

1997 short stories
Short stories by Stephen Baxter
Works originally published in American magazines
Works originally published in science fiction magazines

Moon Six


Institutional racism is a form of racism that are in social institutions. It is also called systemic racism because it is in the systems that make up society. People usually think of racism as being thoughts of hate and prejudice against other races, but institutional racism means that those feelings are present in the ways people interact with each other.

Institutional racism is not new, but the term is. It was invented by civil rights leaders Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton.

North America

United States
Institutional racism is a huge issue in the US.

Housing
In the past, Black Americans were not allowed to live in certain neighborhoods. For example, banks would not give them loans to live in the same neighborhoods as white people. As a result, many Black people now live in places that have high rates of poverty and lack of access to resources like parks and good schools.

References

Racism

Institutional racism


The Pakistan Rangers are part of the paramilitary force command in Pakistan.

It consists of members of the paramilitary forces of Sindh and Punjab under the direct control of the Ministry of the Interior of the Pakistan Government. The prime objectives of Rangers are to provide and maintain security in hot conflict and crime ridden areas as well as other duties not acceptable for civilian police.

Law enforcement agencies

Pakistan Rangers


The Fascinations were an American pop vocal group most active in the mid-1960s. They are best remembered for the Curtis Mayfield-penned hit "Girls Are Out to Get You", a minor pop hit in the US in 1967 that was re-released in the UK in 1971, where it reached the top 40.

History

Early years (1960–1963)
The group was formed in 1960 by Shirley Lawson and Martha Reeves, who originally planned on calling their group the Sabre-ettes. Sisters Joanne and Bernadine Boswell joined the group through an audition process. Fern Bledsoe joined the group right around the time they changed their name to the .

Before the group got its chance at recording, in late 1960 founding member Reeves left over disagreements with the other members. Reeves went on to re-join her previous group, the Del-Phis. This group signed to the Motown Records label, and later became Martha & The Vandellas. Bernadette Boswell would be the Fas(c)inations' lead singer from this point on.

In late 1962, the Fasinations were signed to the ABC-Paramount label. There they met Curtis Mayfield (of the Impressions) who wrote and produced their first single, "Mama Didn't Lie", a track he had previously cut with Jan Bradley. While the track was initially issued as by the Fasinations, the group quickly changed their name to the more conventionally spelled "The Fascinations", and subsequent pressings of this single (and all future singles) were accordingly credited to the Fascinations.

Bradley's version of "Mama Didn't Lie" had been a regional hit, but had not broken nationally when the Fascinations recorded their version. However, Bradley's recording of "Mama" began to take off nationally just as the Fascinations released their record. As it turned out, Bradley's recording of "Mama Didn't Lie" entered the Billboard chart in the first week of 1963, while the Fascinations version of the same song debuted in the "Bubbling Under" charts one week later. Bradley took "Mama Didn't Lie" all the way to number 14 while the Fascinations' version stalled at number 108. The group then followed up with "Tears in My Eyes", which flopped, and ABC dropped them from their label roster.

Hiatus (1964–1965)
The Fascinations continued to rehearse and make club appearances over the next few years, but also had to take on other jobs to make ends meet. Bledsoe worked as a secretary at Motown Records, and also sang lead on two 1964 singles by obscure girl-group the Aprils (the second credited to "Fern and the Aprils").

White, under the name "Shirley Lawson", also issued two obscure solo singles during these years.

Return to recording (1966–1968)
After a gap of a few years, the Fascinations found themselves back in the studio with Curtis Mayfield — when Mayfield started his Mayfield Records label in 1966, one of the first acts he signed was The Fascinations. Their first single for that label was "Say It Isn't So"/"I'm So Lucky", taking its style from Motown. While the record did not make the Hot 100 chart, it was a hit on the R&B chart, eventually landing in the Top 50.

Mayfield also wrote and produced their next single, "Girls Are Out to Getcha," which was their most commercially successful song: it reached number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100, and on the R&B chart it climbed to number 13.

In mid-1967 the group's third Mayfield single, "I'm In Love," produced in similar fashion to "Girls Are Out to Getcha", became the group's third Top 50 single on the R&B chart.  However, the group's follow-up release of "Hold On"/"Such a Fool" went virtually unnoticed, as did the Fascinations' final release on the Mayfield label, "Just Another Reason"/"Okay for You". The Mayfield label closed up shop with this release and Curtis Mayfield would have more success with his next label, Curtom.

In early 1968, label-less and with bookings for live appearances dwindling, the Fascinations decided to retire.

UK success, and a brief reunion (1971)
The group reunited briefly in 1971, after their 1966 single "Girls Are Out to Get You" became popular in England as a part of the Northern soul movement. Upon re-issue on the Polydor Records subsidiary Mojo label, "Girls Are Out to Get You" reached number 32 in the UK Singles Chart in 1971, and the Fascinations took advantage of this unexpected resurgence in their popularity and reformed for their first overseas tour. They have not reformed since.

Members
Bernadine Boswell (Smith)
Joanne Boswell (Leavell)
Fern Bledsoe
Martha Reeves (early 1960 only)
Shirley Lawson

Discography

Singles

Compilation album
 ...Out to Getcha (1997, Sequel Records)

References

External links

American vocal groups
American girl groups
Northern soul musicians
Mojo Records (UK) artists

The Fascinations


Dysplasia is any of various types of abnormal growth or development of cells (microscopic scale) or organs (macroscopic scale), and the abnormal histology or anatomical structure(s) resulting from such growth. Dysplasias on a mainly microscopic scale include epithelial dysplasia and fibrous dysplasia of bone. Dysplasias on a mainly macroscopic scale include hip dysplasia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and multicystic dysplastic kidney.

In one of the modern histopathological senses of the term, dysplasia is sometimes differentiated from other categories of tissue change including hyperplasia, metaplasia, and neoplasia, and dysplasias are thus generally not cancerous. An exception is that the myelodysplasias include a range of benign, precancerous, and cancerous forms. Various other dysplasias tend to be precancerous. The word's meanings thus cover a spectrum of histopathological variations.

Microscopic scale

Epithelial dysplasia

Epithelial dysplasia  consists of an expansion of immature cells (such as cells of the ectoderm),  with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells. Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process. The term dysplasia is typically used when the cellular abnormality is restricted to the originating tissue, as in the case of an early, in-situ neoplasm.

Dysplasia, in which cell maturation and differentiation are delayed, can be contrasted with metaplasia, in which cells of one mature, differentiated type are replaced by cells of another mature, differentiated type.

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature and therefore do not become healthy blood cells. Problems with blood cell formation result in some combination of low red blood cells, low platelets, and low white blood cells. Some types have an increase in immature blood cells, called blasts, in the bone marrow or blood.

Fibrous dysplasia of bone

Fibrous dysplasia of bone is a disorder where normal bone and marrow is replaced with fibrous tissue, resulting in formation of bone that is weak and prone to expansion. As a result, most complications result from fracture, deformity, functional impairment and pain.

Macroscopic scale

Hip dysplasia

Hip dysplasia is an abnormality of the hip joint where the socket portion does not fully cover the ball portion, resulting in an increased risk for joint dislocation. Hip dysplasia may occur at birth or develop in early life. Regardless, it does not typically produce symptoms in babies less than a year old. Occasionally one leg may be shorter than the other. The left hip is more often affected than the right. Complications without treatment can include arthritis, limping, and low back pain.

Multicystic dysplastic kidney

Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is a condition that results from the malformation of the kidney during fetal development. The kidney consists of irregular cysts of varying sizes. Multicystic dysplastic kidney is a common type of renal cystic disease, and it is a cause of an abdominal mass in infants.

Etymology
From Ancient Greek δυσ- dys-,  "bad" or "difficult" and πλάσις plasis, "formation". The equivalent surface analysis, in parallel with classical compounds, is dys- + -plasia.

See also
 Pleomorphism
 List of biological development disorders

References

Further reading

Oncology
Histopathology
Induced stem cells
Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract

Dysplasia


Michi Kawai is the founder of Keisen University. She was born in Ise Yamada, Mie Prefecture, in 1877. Her father was a Shinto priest and her mother was a housewife. Michi had one younger brother. Michi's family moved to Hokkaido in 1885. There she met an American missionary called Sarah Smith, and later moved to live with her in Sapporo. Ms. Smith became Michi's teacher, and Michi studied English and History with Ms. Smith.

After graduating from Ms. Smith's school, Michi moved back to Tokyo, and then moved to the United States when she was 21 years old. In the US she studied at Bryn Mawr College, and had many challenging and exciting experiences. After graduating from college, Michi moved back to Japan and worked for the Young Women's Christian Association for 20 years.

At the age of 51, Michi finally opened her own school in Tokyo. She called her school "Keisen Jogaku-en" which in English means "Fountain-of-blessings Girls' Learning-garden".

Japanese school teachers
1877 births
People from Mie Prefecture

Kawai Michi


Lili Kraus (3 April 19036 November 1986) was a Hungarian-born pianist.

Biography
Lili Kraus was born in Budapest in 1903. Her father was from Czech Lands, and her mother from an assimilated Jewish Hungarian family.

She enrolled at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music, and at the age of 17 entered the Budapest Conservatory where she studied with Zoltán Kodály, and Béla Bartók. In the 1930s, she continued her studies with Severin Eisenberger, Eduard Steuermann in Vienna and Artur Schnabel in Berlin, who focused her interest in the classical tradition.

Lili Kraus soon became known as a specialist in Mozart and Beethoven. Her early chamber music performances and recording with violinist Szymon Goldberg helped gain the critical acclaim that launched her international career. In the 1930s, she toured Europe, Japan, Australia and South Africa. In 1940, Kraus embarked on a tour of Asia where, while in Java, she and her family were captured and interned in a concentration camp by the Japanese from June 1943 until August 1945.

After the war, she settled in New Zealand, where she spent many happy years playing, performing, and teaching.  She became a New Zealand citizen and resumed her career, teaching and touring extensively. In the early 1950s she performed the entire Beethoven sonata cycle with violinist Henri Temianka. From 1967 to 1983, she taught as artist-in-residence at Texas Christian University in Fort Worth.

In 1982 she served on the jury of the Paloma O'Shea Santander International Piano Competition. After that she made her home in Asheville, North Carolina, where she died in 1986.

Kraus's husband was Otto Mandl (1889-1956), a wealthy Jewish (later converted to Catholicism) mining engineer and philosopher.
They were married on 31 October 1930 and Mandl sold his business in order to devote himself to the furtherance of Kraus's career. The couple had two children, Ruth and Michael.

External links
 Biography at Bach Cantatas
 European Archive Copyright free LP recording of Lili Kraus playing two Haydn piano sonatas at the European Archive (for non-American viewers only).
 Naxos: Lili Kraus
 'Camera Three' episode: Lili Kraus on Schubert 'Grazer' Fantasy (11/2/1969) (audio only)

References

1903 births
1986 deaths
20th-century Hungarian people
20th-century classical pianists
Hungarian classical pianists
Hungarian women pianists
New Zealand classical pianists
New Zealand women pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni
Texas classical music
Hungarian refugees
Hungarian expatriates in Italy
Hungarian expatriates in Indonesia
Hungarian emigrants to New Zealand
Hungarian people of Czech descent
Hungarian Roman Catholics
Hungarian people of Jewish descent
Musicians from Budapest
Women classical pianists
20th-century British musicians
Pupils of Béla Bartók
Pupils of Artur Schnabel
20th-century composers
Music & Arts artists
20th-century women composers
20th-century women pianists

Lili Kraus


Hajj Dr Mohamed Ali al-Nasiri (born 1 July 1944) is an Arabic journalist, author and academic based in the United Kingdom. His father was Sheikh Abbas of the Al-Juaber tribal confederation.

Biography
Born in Nasiriyah in 1944, al-Nasiri is an Arab scholar, author and journalist of Shiite descent. In his published works he has dealt with a range of subject areas, but particularly Arabic literature, language and history and Islamic studies. He is currently a member of the Islamic Dawa Party of Iraq in the United Kingdom and has worked for BBC, Al-jazeera, Sawt al-Iraq, International Colleges of Islamic Sciences.

He completed first and secondary level education in Nasiriyah in Iraq. He then went on to study at the Al-Fiqh college in Najaf. In 1970 he graduated with a bachelor's degree in Arabic language and Islamic sciences.

After working as a secondary school teacher in both Algeria and Iraq for twenty years he went on to complete his Masters in the philosophy of Islamic Law in London in 1999 before completing his Doctorate in Islamic Studies in 2002.

Amongst his many published works and books are French Politics in the Middle East (1984) and France in Algeria (1984) and the editing of the core Islamic Beliefs by the late Sheikh Abbas Al-Nasiri(2004).

He has often been invited to speak at debates and seminars around the world and edited on numerous occasions the magazine Sawt al-Iraq which was based in London and had been in print for nearly 20 years.

Bibliography

French Politics in the Middle East (1984)
France in Algeria (1984)

References

1944 births
Living people
Iraqi journalists

Mohamed Ali al-Nasiri


Hahn Air is a minor German airline headquartered in Dreieich, offering business jet scheduled and charter flights within Europe from its base at Düsseldorf Airport.

The company's core business, however, is a ticketing solution that gives travel agencies access to airlines via computer reservation systems and allows them to issue tickets on the Hahn Air HR-169 document. The company also offers distribution services for other airlines, such as tariff and flight plan transmission. Hahn Air has signed contracts with more than 350 air, rail and shuttle partners. Internationally, over 100,000 travel agencies use Hahn Air's services.

Hahn Air is a wholly owned subsidiary of Saspo Holding GmbH, with its headquarters in Dreieich near Frankfurt. The company is owned by Hans Nolte and Nikolaus Gormsen.

History

Early years
Hahn Air was founded as a domestic German airline in 1994.
Its home base was the former Hahn US military air base (now Frankfurt-Hahn Airport), from which the company's name originates. In 1997, Hahn Air joined its first Billing and Settlement Plan (BSP) in Germany. The airline has the 2 letter code HR and the invoice number (IATA prefix code) 169. Hahn Air flights have been sold via the Amadeus computer reservation system since 1999.

That same year the first agreements were signed with airlines from Latin America, namely Aerolíneas Argentinas, Avianca, LAN Airlines and Varig, which formed the foundation for the ticketing platform. In 2001, Hahn Air became an IATA member and joined BSPs including France, the United Kingdom and Spain. Hahn Air also joined the Sabre, Galileo and Worldspan computer reservation systems. Further BSP memberships were concluded and, in 2003, the company's headquarters moved from Hahn to Dreieich, near Frankfurt am Main. One year later, Hahn Air became a member of the Airlines Reporting Corporation in the US and is represented together with its partners in the Abacus computer reservation system. The company's 100th interline agreement was also signed that year. In 2006, Hahn Air issued its first e-ticket and its first interline e-ticket on its computer reservation system. The same year, Hahn Air Systems was founded and offers Computer Reservation Services (CRS). The Hahn Air flight operations went through IOSA certification for the first time in 2007. The same year, Hahn Air entered the Japanese and Korean markets by connecting to the Axess, Infini and Topas reservation systems.

Development since 2010
In 2010, it started operating flights twice a week between Düsseldorf and Luxembourg with a Cessna Citation CJ4. This route has been part of a codeshare with Luxair since 2011. Scheduled flights to and from Luxembourg can be booked by travel agencies worldwide. Since 2016 Hahn Air Lines also operates from the Egelsbach airport near Frankfurt am Main.

Due to a contract with Generali Insurance in 2010, travel agents are able to offer e-tickets via Hahn Air (HR-169) that include insurance in the event of an insolvency of the operating carrier. Since joining the Kosovo BSP in 2010, Hahn Air is present in all European markets.

Over the next several years, Hahn Air introduced further products, including the extended insolvency insurance Securtix and the distribution product e-alliance (H1-Air) for airlines with no or only limited GDS connectivity. It also opened The Aircraft at Burghof, the training and event location in Dreieich designed to look like an airplane. A distribution solution for rail and shuttle partners began under the name speed-alliance (5W-Rail&Shuttle). The first railway partner was the Austrian WESTbahn, followed by the Spanish rail operator RENFE in the summer of 2013. The Italian train company, NTV, joined in 2014. In 2012, Hahn Air established the Hahn Air Foundation. It offers financial support to social projects around the world, especially initiatives focused on disadvantaged women and children. HR Ventures, the venture capital company of the Hahn Air Group, was founded in the same year. It offers early-stage investments in disruptive technologies and scalable business models.

Development since 2015
Hahn Air Systems signs its first shuttle partner, Tinker from the Netherlands, in 2015. Since the introduction of Securtix in 2010, over 30 million insolvency-safe tickets have been sold.
Hahn Air supports Interline Electronic Miscellaneous Documents (IEMDs). This service enables interline partners to offer ancillary services in markets where they do not participate in the local settlement system (BSP).

Destinations
As of August 2022, Hahn Air offers charter flights within Europe.

Charter flights
Hahn Air has been offering charter flights since 2004. The purchase of a Cessna Citation Sovereign in 2015 has helped extend its reach to medium and long-distance routes. In 2016, the airline's charter business further expanded thanks to an additional Cessna Citation Sovereign aircraft.

Scheduled flights
As of November 2020, Hahn Air offered one single scheduled route which currently is no longer operated:

Germany
 Düsseldorf - Düsseldorf Airport base

Luxembourg
 Luxembourg - Luxembourg Findel Airport

Fleet
As of January 2022, the Hahn Air fleet consists of the following aircraft:

References

External links
Official website

Airlines of Germany
Companies based in Hesse
Airlines established in 1994
German companies established in 1994

Hahn Air