The Cardwell Reforms were a series of reforms of the British Army undertaken by Secretary of State for War Edward Cardwell between 1868 and 1874 with the support of Liberal prime minister William Ewart Gladstone. Gladstone paid little attention to military affairs but he was keen on efficiency. In 1870, he pushed through Parliament major changes in Army organisation. The German Empire's stunning triumph over the Second French Empire in the Franco-Prussian War proved that the Prussian system of professional soldiers with up-to-date weapons was far superior to the traditional system of gentlemen-soldiers that Britain used.

The Reforms were not radical; they had been brewing for years and Gladstone seized the moment to enact them. The goal was to centralise the power of the War Office, abolish the purchase of officers' commissions, and create reserve forces stationed in Britain by establishing short terms of service for enlisted men.  Ending the purchase system was controversial. The families of officers had invested millions of pounds in the commissions and when a man was promoted he sold his junior commission to help pay for the more expensive senior commission. Legislation in the Commons would reimburse the officers for their full purchase price but the measure was defeated, whereupon the government announced that all purchases were abolished, thereby destroying the value of those commissions. The House of Lords passed the remedial legislation and the final expenditure made by officers was reimbursed.

Background

Five royal commissions dealt with Army reforms before 1870. The one in 1857 was most controversial, with Sir Charles Trevelyan campaigning for the abolition of purchase of commissions.  The going rate was £2400 for a captaincy and £7000 for promotion to Lieutenant Colonel. The middle class  ideal of selection by merit and education was found only in the artillery and engineers, with the other branches in the hands of the rich landed gentry.  The pool was limited so that the provision of an army of only 25,000 in the Crimea had stripped Britain of almost every trained soldier. The lesson was reinforced by the Indian Mutiny, which once again required almost the entire usable British Army to suppress. The Commission reported in 1862, but few of its lessons were immediately implemented. The main obstacle had been objections by the defunct East India Company and its directors, who wished to maintain their own military establishment, and by the "die-hards", senior officers who opposed almost any reform on principle. The arch-conservatives among the Army's officers were led by the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, who was Queen Victoria's cousin, and:

... almost the last of the typically Hanoverian characters thrown up by the English ruling dynasty, and derived his ideas on drill and discipline from Butcher Cumberland and the Prussian school of Frederick the Great.

On 2 August 1870, Parliament voted for 20,000 additional men for the army and two million pounds on a vote of credit. This was followed by one of the most successful military pamphlets to appear in all Victorian England, titled The Battle of Dorking. Written by Colonel (later General) Sir George Tomkyns Chesney, head of the Indian Civil Engineering College, it raised the idea that, despite the acts of Parliament during the previous year in regard to the military, Britain faced the possibility of a German invasion.

Cardwell, protégé of Gladstone and Secretary of State for War since 1868, was determined not merely to increase the British military but to reform it as well. Both were to be an uphill battle, but the need was great. Even the hard lessons of the Crimea had been dismissed, ignored or forgotten by this time, leaving critical needs unmet.

As R. C. K. Ensor wrote about that era:

If ... [any] criticism had made headway, it was that England had no notion of the art of war. British officers were expected to be gentlemen and sportsmen; but outside the barrack-yard they were ... 'entirely wanting in military knowledge'. The lack of it was deemed no drawback, since Marlborough's and Wellington's officers got along without it. Only the rise of the Prussian military ... availed to shake this complacency."

First reforms
Cardwell set about with three initial reforms:
In 1868, he abolished flogging and other harsh disciplinary measures in the Army during peacetime. This action was opposed by nearly every senior officer, who used the opinions of the Duke of Wellington to validate their objections. Yet, it was imperative to attract good quality recruits by ensuring the private soldier's life was better than a kind of penal servitude. Flogging was retained as a punishment on active service, on the pretext that extraordinary powers of punishment might be required in the field, until finally abolished in 1881.
In 1869, troops were withdrawn from self-governing colonies, which were encouraged to raise their own local forces. This scattering of troops over far-flung colonies was likewise a Wellingtonian policy. Its initial motives had been to avoid the traditional British suspicion of a standing army (led by the Whigs). The policy was a failure on economic practicality, and also prevented training at any level above that of battalion. By 1871, 26,000 British troops had been withdrawn from overseas territories and returned to Great Britain.
1870 saw the abolition of bounty money for recruits, and the setting out of guidelines for the swift discharge of known bad characters from both the army and the navy.

Army Enlistment Act
As his first major legislative step towards military reform, Cardwell introduced the Army Enlistment (Short Service) Act 1870, which reached the floor of the House of Commons in late spring, 1870.

From the end of the Napoleonic Wars until 1847, men were enlisted for twenty-one years, practically for life (the seven year short service option available during the wars ended when the wars did). Together with the continued existence of flogging, it had given the army its character of a near prison. A shortfall in Army numbers had resulted in the Time of Service in the Army Act 1847, under which enlistment was for ten years, later increased to twelve; but this was still too long. On completion of their enlistment, soldiers had the choice between accepting discharge without pension or signing on for a further ten- or twelve-year term. If they chose the latter, they would be rewarded with two months furlough, another enlistment bounty, and a pension on completion of their term. After many years with no trade other than that of soldiering, more than half of all discharged soldiers chose to re-enlist immediately. Of those who took a voluntary discharge, fully one in five signed on again within six months.

The Army's existing system of enlistment therefore produced an army of experienced or even veteran soldiers, but no class of reserves that could be recalled to serve in case of a national emergency. The lesson of the Franco-Prussian War was the absolute necessity of a trustworthy army reserve of well trained men in good health and vigour. Almost every British soldier served more than half his enlistment abroad, most often in tropical climates, such as India. After returning to Britain, their physique was seldom good.

Under the Army Reserve Act of 1867, a "First Class Army Reserve" had been created, of soldiers released from active service who had not completed their terms of service, to have an establishment of 20,000 men in theory. In practice, as of 1868, only 2,033 were in this body of men. The "Second Class Army Reserve" was to consist of army pensioners and of discharged soldiers having at least five years regular service. The First Class Army Reserve was liable for overseas service in the event of war, whereas the Second Class Army Reserve was for home service to defend against invasion.

Cardwell therefore brought before Parliament the idea of "short service". The Act of 1870 allowed a soldier to choose to spend time in the reserves rather than the regulars and be paid fourpence a day, in return for a short period of training each year and an obligation to serve when called up. Men now enlisted for a maximum term of twelve years. The minimum length of actual service required varied according to branch: six years for infantry, eight years for line cavalry and artillery, twelve years for the Household Cavalry, three years for the Army Service Corps. On discharge, a soldier in any corps would now remain with the reserves for the remainder of his twelve-year term, under the umbrella of the First Class Army Reserve. (In subsequent years, soldiers entering the reserve to serve the remainder of their time would be classified as either Section A or Section B Army Reserve.) As to the proportion of time spent on active service with the colours versus the balance in the reserve, this was to be laid down from time to time by the  Secretary of State for War. In 1881, short service for the infantry was increased to seven years with the colours, and five with the reserve, of the twelve-year enlistment period.

There was opposition to short-term enlistment both in Parliament and among the Army's senior officers. The Queen is said to have signed the Act into Law "most reluctantly", but the system worked, producing an immediate increase in the army's strength. While a number of long-service NCOs still chose to remain with the colours for the maximum service permitted of twenty-one years, the great majority of soldiers passed into the reserve at the end of their initial enlistments. By 1900 the reservists numbered about 80,000 trained men, still relatively young and available to be recalled to their units at short notice in the event of general mobilisation.

Localisation scheme
Cardwell then passed the comprehensive Regulation of the Forces Act 1871. Previously, soldiers had enlisted for General Service, and were liable to be drafted into any regiment regardless of their own preferences, another factor that had made service harsh and unpopular. It had been recognised as early as 1829 by Lord Palmerston that:

... there is a great disinclination on the part of the lower orders to enlist for general service; they like to know that they are to be in a certain regiment, connected, perhaps, with their own county, and their own friends, and with officers who have established a connection with that district. There is a preference frequently on the part of the people for one regiment as opposed to another, and I should think there would be found a great disinclination in men to enlist for general service, and to be liable to be drafted and sent to any corps or station.

Nevertheless, the Army had insisted for years that it could be administered only on the basis of General Service.

Under Cardwell's localisation scheme, the country was divided into 66 Brigade Districts (later renamed Regimental Districts), based on county boundaries and population density. All line infantry regiments would now consist of two battalions, sharing a depot and associated recruiting area. One battalion would serve overseas, while the other was stationed at home for training. The militia of that area then (usually) became the third battalion. There were limitations to the extent that localisation could be implemented. Certain recruiting regions (for example London and much of Ireland) offered more recruits than could be absorbed by the linked regiment. Equally, thinly populated rural areas in some English counties or the Scottish Highlands could not always provide the numbers needed.

The senior twenty-five regiments of the line already consisted of two battalions, but almost all the higher-numbered regiments had only one battalion. Many regiments were linked to produce two-battalion regiments, a complicated internal process involving much debate over regimental traditions and seniority, which was not finally completed until the ensuing Childers Reforms of 1881.

Other reforms
In addition to his two major pieces of legislation, Cardwell also introduced a number of reforms through Orders in Council or other Statutory Instruments.

An Order of 1871 abolished some little-used disciplinary practices such as branding;
The sale of commissions was abolished, as were the subaltern ranks of cavalry Cornet and infantry Ensign, replaced with Second Lieutenant. (In practice, the style "Cornet" is still used for Second Lieutenants in the Blues and Royals and the Royal Hussars, and the term "Ensign" is still used by the Foot Guards regiments, for instance during the ceremony of Trooping the Colour.)
Units were assigned to the same establishment whether serving at home (a definition which included not only the UK but also the Channel Islands, Gibraltar and Malta) or overseas. (To an extent, this was made possible by steamship transport and the Suez Canal.) Units serving overseas had previously had a larger authorised troop strength, to provide for losses to disease or climate, which would be difficult to replace, but this left the units at home chronically undermanned as they were stripped of soldiers to bring units departing overseas up to their authorised strength. With the separate establishments removed, the home units could now be used to form an effective expeditionary force.

Cardwell also reformed the administration of the War Office, preventing infighting and bickering between the various departments and abolishing the separate administration of the Reserves and Volunteers. The defence policy of Canada, the Australian colonies and New Zealand was devolved to those dominions, and several small garrisons were replaced by units raised locally.

Role of Garnet Wolseley

Then-Colonel (later Field Marshal Lord) Garnet Wolseley was appointed assistant adjutant-general at the War Office in 1871, and was regarded by Cardwell as his principal military adviser and protégé. He played a critical role in the Cardwell schemes of army reform. As he rose rapidly through the ranks, Wolseley continued to battle for what he saw as the main pillar of the reforms: providing a double framework for large scale expansion in war, namely regular reserves, generated by short service, together with revitalised militia integrated into the new geographic regimental structure.

Cardwell lobbied for him to command the Ashanti expedition in 1873. On his return he was appointed inspector-general of auxiliary forces in April 1874. In this role, he directed his efforts to building up adequate volunteer reserve forces. Finding himself opposed by the senior military, he wrote a strong memorandum and spoke of resigning when they tried to persuade him to withdraw it. He became a lifelong advocate of the volunteer reserves, later commenting that all military reforms since 1860 in the British Army had first been introduced by the volunteers. Long after Cardwell's departure, on his appointment back at the War Office as Quartermaster-General to the Forces in July 1880, he found that there was still great resistance to the short service system and used his growing public persona to return to the fight, including making a speech at a banquet in Mansion House in which he commented: '...how an Army raised under the long service system totally disappeared in a few months under the walls of Sevastopol'. The unexpectedly large force required for the initial phase of the Second Boer War in 1899 was mainly furnished by means of the system of reserves Cardwell had designed and Wolseley had built. By drawing on regular reservists and volunteer reserves, Britain was able to assemble the largest army it had ever deployed abroad.

Evaluation
These reforms started to turn British forces into an effective Imperial force. A change of government put Cardwell out of office in 1874, but his reforms remained despite attempts from the Regular Army to abolish them and return to the comfortable and familiar old post-1815 situation.

The Reserve Force Act of 1867 had failed to meet the aim of recruiting the numbers of reserves which were needed, so low a rate of pay having been offered for the First Class Army Reserve that very few joined it. To address this, their pay was doubled, subject to their accepting the new conditions of service contained in the Army Enlistment Act of 1870. Unlike its predecessor, recruiting under this new Act was very satisfactory and had the desired effect of filling up their numbers to the regulated strength.

Historians of the British army have generally praised the Cardwell reforms as essential to full modernisation. They point out that the Duke of Cambridge blocked many other reforms, such as the adoption of a general staff system as pioneered by the successful Prussian army.

However a minority of historians, chiefly political specialists, have criticised the limited nature of the reforms. Theodore Hoppen says these reforms were at best partial, at worst ineffective.... No planning department was established and no chief of staff appointed to set out the purpose and strategy of the army as a whole because politicians, Civil Servants, and soldiers all proved reluctant to take seriously the idea that Britain could ever again be involved in a large scale European war.

See also
List of Regiments of Foot
List of British Army regiments (1881)
First Gladstone Ministry
Recruitment in the British Army

Further reforms of the British Army
Childers Reforms of 1881
Haldane Reforms of 1906–1912

Footnotes

Further reading
 Bailes, Howard. "Patterns of thought in the late Victorian army." Journal of Strategic Studies 4.1 (1981): 29–45.
 Barnett, Correlli (1970). Britain and her army 1509-1970: a military, political and social survey pp 299–324.
 Bond, B. "The Effect of the Cardwell Reforms in Army Organisation 1874–1904" Royal United Services Institute Vol. 105 (1960), pp. 515 – 524.
  Erickson,  Arvel B. "Edward T. Cardwell: Peelite" Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (1959) 49#2 pp. 1–107 online

 Gallagher, Thomas F. "'Cardwellian Mysteries': The Fate of the British Army Regulation Bill, 1871." Historical Journal 18#2 (1975): 327-348. online
 Gosling, Edward Peter Joshua. "Tommy Atkins, War Office Reform and the Social and Cultural Presence of the Late-Victorian Army in Britain, c. 1868–1899." (PhD thesis, Plymouth U. 2016). Bibliography, pp 375–95.online

 Spiers, Edward. "The late Victorian Army 1868-1914"  in  David  Chandler, ed, The Oxford history of the British Army (1996) pp 187–210.
 Stockings, Craig (2015). Britannia's Shield: Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Hutton and Late-Victorian Imperial Defence Cambridge UP, .
 Tucker, Albert V. "Army and Society in England 1870–1900: A Reassessment of the Cardwell Reforms" Journal of British Studies (1963) 2#2 pp. 110–141 in JSTOR

External links
 The Highland Regiments

1868 establishments in the United Kingdom
1874 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1860s in military history
1870s in military history
19th-century history of the British Army
British defence policymaking
Military reforms
Reform in the United Kingdom
William Ewart Gladstone

Cardwell Reforms


Pioneer Village is located inside of the Lagoon Amusement Park in Farmington, Utah. Meant to be a "living museum," Pioneer Village includes artifacts and mementos housed in over two dozen structures, intended to make the history of Utah come alive. It was founded in 1938 near Salt Lake City by Horace and Ethel Sorensen. In April 1975, Lagoon bought the collection from the Sons of Utah Pioneers, and it opened at the amusement park in 1976.

Mormon Furniture Exhibit (Historic Rock Building)

The Mormon furniture exhibit contains furniture on loan from the Historical Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Most of the furniture pieces are made of pine, since hardwoods were scarce in the time of the pioneers. However, special coats of paint were used to give the pine furniture the appearance of oak, cherry, mahogany, birds eye, maple, walnut, and other hard woods. Most of the furniture was based on patterns from the East such as Empire, Federal, and Gothic Revival. However, Utah furniture was generally simpler and heavier than the styles it imitated. Some of the pieces in the exhibit include:
 The octagon top table: Carved with elaborate flowers and foliage and made out of pine, this table was made by William Bell in 1860. William Bell was an expert cabinet maker from London, England.
 The Double Lounge (or Mormon Couch): This couch was made in Utah in 1860. It could be pulled out to form a double bed. Pieces similar to this one were used by passengers on sailing ships.
 The Rocking Chair: Also carved in 1860 and made out of pine, this rocking chair was built to be large and sturdy, and closely resembles the "Boston Rocker."

Print Shop

The presses in the Pioneer Village Print shop are from Intermountain Stamp, Patterson's Print, Ogden Standard Examiner, and the Salt Lake Stamp Company. Since communication was limited in those days, newspapers were a popular commodity and were printed in many communities throughout the state.

Charles T. Baxter Shoe Shop and Repair

This building contains the repair tools and leather working machines of Charles T. Baxter, a cobbler in American Fork, Utah around the start of the 20th century. Up until 1900, the primary mode of transportation in the Western states was walking. For a nation of walkers, the cobbler was vital.

Rockport Coop

This structure was built in 1885 and was the official Coop store of Rockport in Summit County, Utah. It was organized by farmers from the Wanship area and functioned all the way up until the 1930s. This store has a false front, which was typical of the period.

Village China Shop

This china shop contains pieces made from 1830 to 1910. Many of the pieces were carried across the plains by pioneers who knew that there would only be enough room in their covered wagons for a few of their most precious possessions.

Pioneer Stove & Hardware Museum

The Hardware Museum is the home of the Sovereign Jewel. The Sovereign Jewel is a stove that is an excellent example of how early Americans would create works of art out of ordinary household items. The bronze dome of the Sovereign Jewel is covered in gems and its doors are illuminated mica. The drapery is carved from nickel. Many years of research have gone into studying the history of the Sovereign Jewel, and as far as it can be determined, it is unique. It originally sold for $36.00, but its replacement value today would be $12,500.

Post Office

The Post office was built in Charleston, Wasatch County, Utah in 1905 and operated until 1955. Today it contains the original postmaster's desk and dozens of postal boxes, each with their own combination lock. Like most rural towns in Utah, Charleston did not have mail delivery until recently, so residents would have to come to the post office to pick up their letters.

Bakery

The bakery in Pioneer Village sells many baked goods and is the home of the first soda fountain in Utah. The soda fountain came across the plains by wagon which was no easy feat, since the fountain consists primarily of a large marble slab. It was housed in the store of William S. Godbe, which was built in 1855. Customers at the store could choose between strawberry, raspberry, sarsaparilla, and cream soda. In those days, a glass of soda cost 10 cents.

David E. Sperry's Model Train Museum

The David E. Sperry Model Train Museum contains dozens of model trains, most of which are from the collection of David E. Sperry. Sperry's fascination with trains began in 1928 when he saw an electric train in a friend's sandbox. From 1930 to 1934 he went through many catalogs and store displays in an effort to increase his collection. In 1935 he was hired by ZCMI as a model train salesman. Over the next sixteen years, he helped customers build their own train layouts both in the store and in their homes. He later joined the local and national train collectors clubs where he received the title, "The Repairman's Repair Man."

The train museum is also home to "The Lagoon Miniature Railroad." Built in 1925 in Ogden, Utah, the engine was powered by coal and steam. Originally the train ran two routes: one around the northeast of the Carousel and then north of the White Roller Coaster, and one through the midway and the picnic boweries. For many years the train was on display next to the Lagoon Lake and in 1974 it was rebuilt and ran again until 1986 when it was finally retired.

Just outside the museum is the Union Pacific Semaphore. Built in 1920 in Swissvale, Pennsylvania, this style B lower quadrant semaphore was originally located in Nephi, Utah along the Union Pacific Railroad line. It was used to signal trains to either slow down and pick up orders, or proceed to the next signal. It is said that the design of traffic stoplights were adopted from this type of device.

Village Blacksmith

This blacksmith shop was built in 1858 and was used to meet the needs of Johnston's Army stationed at Camp Floyd. The original tools are still on display in the building.

Carriage Hall
Most people are aware of the covered wagons used by early pioneers who settled the territory. But not everyone is aware of the wide variety of horse-drawn vehicles used in those times. This museum contains some of the major styles of carriages used in that era. Some of them include the following:
 The White Top: With the seats in place, the White Top could be used for family transportation. With the seats removed, it could be used for light work. The White Top could be found in farms across America.
 The Buckboard: The Buckboard was a light wagon and was often used by Peddlers. The wagon was equipped with drawers, hangers, racks and compartments, all for the storage and display of the peddler's goods.
 The Harney Coach: The Harney Coach was one of the most expensive coaches in the U.S. and only one of it was ever made. It was originally bought in Europe and was shipped to New Orleans where it was floated on a barge to Tippets, Missouri. There it was picked up by Captain Harney (the second in command of Johnston's Army) who drove the coach across the plains to Fort Bridger, Wyoming where Harney presented it to the wife of Judge W.A. Carter, the First Lady of the Territory. The style of the Harney Coach is called "the Berlin," which has a large coach body set on a double perch.
 The Victoria Carriage: The Victoria Carriage started to be popular in 1869 when Edward the VII (the Prince of Wales) presented one to his mother, Queen Victoria.
 The Rockaway: The Rockaway was especially popular among the upper and middle classes. In 1900, there were 3,166 Rockaways built in the U.S.
 The Brougham: The Brougham was designed by Lord Brougham in England in 1837. If a high class gentleman were to only have one carriage, the Brougham would usually be it. The Brougham could seat one coachman and one passenger.
 The Light delivery wagon Studebaker: The Light Delivery Wagon was part of the delivery and merchandising scene in America for nearly 100 years. Oil wagons were used to carry kerosene. Linen wagons were used to carry laundry. Ice wagons would carry about 700 pounds of ice that was harvested in the winter from frozen ponds. Deseret News delivery wagons would carry newspapers. Rural Free Delivery wagons would carry letters, booklets, and magazines.
 Peter Schuttler Wagon: This wagon weighed 1600 pounds and could be used to haul three tons.
 The Mormon Handcart: The Mormon Handcart was usually made according to the specifications which Brigham Young set forth. Its wheels were four feet in diameter with 10 spokes. Its bed was 36" by 48" and was 9" deep. This design was used by the pioneers from 1856 to 1860. Nearly 3,000 people made their way west with this type of vehicle. These carts typically weighed from 100 to 160 pounds and could only carry 500 to 600 pounds (or the possessions of 6 or 7 people). The handcart pioneers traveled over 1,300 miles, and the journey usually took four to five months.
 The Surrey Sleigh: The Surrey Sleigh was large and roomy. It had a curved dash and was mounted with a nickel-plated snow screen.

Barber Shop
The Pioneer Village Barber Shop contains a large collection of shaving mugs and other barber shop equipment from the 1890s. In addition to offering a shave and a hair cut, the barber shop also provided bathing facilities. Because of this, it contains a tin tub and a pot-bellied stove where water was heated.

Gun Collection
The Pioneer Village Gun Exhibit Building is modeled after the Fort Douglas Ordnance Building built in 1860. The weapons displayed in the building range from guns used in medieval times to weapons used today. Many of the guns on display were used in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars, and several were used by gunfighters in the Old West.

The Gun Exhibit Building also contains a safe that belonged to Porter Rockwell.

Bigler Cabin
The Bigler Cabin was built by Jacob G. Bigler, a Pioneer Weaver who was an early settler in the Nephi area. Mr. Bigler lived and worked in this house, and wove cloth that he traded with other settlers.

Gingerbread House
The Pioneer Village Gingerbread house was built by Alma Gibbons in 1904. Alma Gibbons cut the trees, hauled them to his saw mill, and then built this home with his own hands. Supposedly the building is haunted (much like the rest of the village) and anyone in it alone at six in the evening is invited to dinner.

Little Rock Chapel
The Little Rock Chapel was constructed in 1863 and originally served as a fort. It then became a courthouse with a jail attached. After that it became a schoolhouse, and in 1869 it was designated by Brigham Young as an LDS church. Today the building contains the original pews, pot-bellied stove and lectern.

Erastus Bingham Cabin
This log cabin was built by Erastus Bingham in North Ogden in 1853. Bingham was a farmer and a father of ten children. Two of those children discovered the Bingham Copper mines, which were named after them.

Rockport School House
The Rockport School House was constructed in 1870 out of "squared-off" pine logs. In the winter, the school children they would have to huddle around the pot-bellied stoves to keep warm since it was impossible to adequately heat the entire cabin. The building also served as an LDS chapel until a few years later when the LDS settlers could afford to construct a church.

Wanship Cabin
The Wanship cabin was the first two-story home built in Summit County. It contains a great deal of pioneer era furniture including a pine rocking chair, a high post bed, and a Mormon Couch.

Past attractions of Pioneer Village
The following rides and attractions no longer exist in Pioneer Village:
 Ute Indian Museum – Located north of the Blacksmith.
 General Store – Located in what is now Arby's.
 Pony Express Museum
 Ox-Drawn Wagon Rides
 Pioneer Village Railroad – Circled the entire village. The station is now the Model Railroad Museum.
 Lagoon Miniature Railroad – Smaller train which circled the northern portion of the village. The locomotive and tender are now on display in the Model Railroad Museum.

See also
 This Is the Place Heritage Park

Sources
 Lagoon Corp.

External links
 Official Lagoon Website
 Lagoon History Project: Pioneer Village An unofficial history of Lagoon.

1938 establishments in Utah
Carriage museums in the United States
Lagoon (amusement park)
Landmarks in Utah
Museums established in 1938
Museums in Davis County, Utah
Open-air museums in Utah
Pre-statehood history of Utah
Transportation museums in Utah
Western false front architecture
American West museums

Pioneer Village (Utah)


Samuel J. Halloin (March 20, 1923 - January 11, 2013) was an American politician who served as the Mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin from 1979 to 1995. Halloin, who served for four consecutive terms, is the second longest-serving Mayor of Green Bay in history.

Biography
Halloin was born on March 20, 1923, to Louis Joseph and Laura Halloin in Lincoln, Wisconsin. Halloin attended, but never finished college, which he described as his one major regret.

Halloin served in the United States Army during World War II. He was a participant in the D-Day invasion of Normandy and the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp. He married Isabelle Mastriocola on June 18, 1949.

He was elected to the Green Bay City Council for the first time in 1962. He served for eight terms as an alderman and supervisor representing Green Bay's west side.

Halloin served as the city's mayor for sixteen years from 1979 to 1995. During his tenure, Halloin obtained funding for the construction of a new Walnut Street Bridge, which crosses the Fox River. Halloin helped to upgrade Lambeau Field, the home stadium of the Green Bay Packers,  and acquired land for the present-day riverwalk along the Fox River.

He declined to seek re-election in 1995 and retired from office after four-consecutive, four-year terms. He was succeeded by Paul Jadin.

Sam Halloin died on January 11, 2013, at the age of 89. His wife, Isabelle, died in 2010.

References

1923 births
2013 deaths
Mayors of Green Bay, Wisconsin
Wisconsin city council members
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War II
People from Kewaunee County, Wisconsin

Sam Halloin


Dunkaroos are a snack food from Betty Crocker, first launched in 1990. It consists of a snack-sized package containing cookies and frosting; as the name implies, the cookies are meant to be dunked into the frosting before eating. Individual snack packages contain about ten small cookies and one cubic inch of frosting. The cookies are made in a variety of shapes, including a circle with an uppercase "D" in the center (the only shape featured in the 2020 version), feet, the mascot in different poses, and a hot air balloon.

Marketing
The Dunkaroos mascot is a cartoon kangaroo, explaining the product's name which is a portmanteau of dunk and kangaroos. The original mascot was Sydney, a caricature of modern Australian culture, who wore a hat, vest, and tie and spoke with an Australian accent, and was voiced by John Cameron Mitchell. At the height of their popularity in 1996, a contest known as "Dunk-a-roos Kangaroo Kanga-Who Search" was held, resulting in the new mascot: Duncan, named the dunkin' daredevil.

History
The product was discontinued in the United States in 2012 but continued to be sold in Canada. In 2016, General Mills announced a campaign called "Smugglaroos", which encouraged Canadians travelling to the United States to bring the snack to Americans who wanted it. Dunkaroos continued being sold in Canada until January 2018, with no comment by General Mills. In December 2019 Dunkaroos were brought back unofficially by Nestlé with a chocolate-hazelnut flavour. The biscuits are shaped like a kangaroo biscuit.
This is only available in Australia as Nestlé does not have the right to sell Dunkaroos worldwide.

On February 3, 2020, a BuzzFeed article was published claiming that General Mills sent them exclusive info regarding a return of Dunkaroos. The official Twitter account for Dunkaroos claimed that they were scheduled to be re-released during the summer of 2020. It also used to link to the BuzzFeed article in the bio, but this was later changed to their official website.

In May 2020, Dunkaroos began arriving at 7-Eleven stores in the United States until being brought to other stores, including Walmart, Target, and Kroger, a few months afterwards. The new single serving package went from 1oz to 1.5oz, and the sugar was reduced significantly.

On July 22, 2020, limited edition merchandise based on the brand was released, with each order coming with a pack of the aforementioned snack.

On November 23, 2020, limited edition Dunkaroos cookie dough, complete with frosting, was released.

Around early January 2021, a Dunkaroos cereal was released by General Mills.

Around January 2021, Dunkaroos yogurt was released under Yoplait's Go-Gurt product line.

In 2022, a new, limited-time only orange sherbet flavor was released, alongside a variant with chocolate cookies and chocolate chip frosting.

Varieties

Dunkaroos come in rainbow sprinkle frosting with vanilla cookies, vanilla frosting with chocolate cookies, chocolate frosting with graham cookies, strawberry frosting with vanilla cookies, and rainbow sprinkle frosting with chocolate chip graham cookies.

Cookie dough, a cereal, yogurt, pancake mix, and a separate frosting pack also spawned from the 2020 version.

Previously, the cookies were cinnamon flavored. There was a special SpongeBob SquarePants edition, featuring yellow frosting. The cookies also collaborated with DreamWorks in 2010 to add varieties based on their movies, like Megamind and Shark Tale.

References

External links

 Dunkaroos Twitter
 Official Website

Products introduced in 1990
Products and services discontinued in 2012
Products introduced in 2020
General Mills brands
Brand name cookies
Fictional kangaroos and wallabies
Cartoon mascots
Historical foods in American cuisine

Dunkaroos


Abraham Laboriel Jr. (born March 23, 1971) is an American session drummer. He is the son of Mexican bass guitarist Abraham Laboriel, nephew of Mexican rocker Johnny Laboriel, and brother of record producer, songwriter and film composer Mateo Laboriel. He has been the drummer for Paul McCartney's touring and recording band since 2001, as well as for Eric Clapton among others.

Early life
The son of jazz bass player Abraham Laboriel, Abe grew up playing drums starting at age four. His mother is a classically trained singer.

Laboriel was mentored by well-known percussionists and drummers, including Jeff Porcaro, Chester Thompson, along with Bill Maxwell and Alex Acuña, who had formed the band Koinonia with his father in the 1980s.

He attended the Dick Grove School of Music, studying with Peter Donald, during his junior year in high school. He also attended the Hamilton High School Academy of Music in Los Angeles in his senior year. Here he first experienced the use of programming and became a member of a marching band. He formed a jazz trio with Vernell Brown and Mike Elizondo. In 1989, he was honored by the National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts and Down Beat magazine. He then enrolled at the Berklee College of Music, where he graduated in 1993.

Career
Laboriel's first break as a drummer was a tour with guitarist Steve Vai. He then toured with Seal, where he was seen by record producers around Los Angeles which led to session work. Laboriel next toured with k.d. lang where Sting saw him and invited Laboriel to join Sting's touring band.  He also toured and recorded in studio with former Menudo member Robi Draco Rosa on his album Vagabundo.

Laboriel has also recorded and performed with Fiona Apple, Jonatha Brooke, Crystal Lewis, Shakira, B.B. King, Steven Curtis Chapman, Eric Clapton, Johnny Hallyday, Jenifer, Steve Winwood, Les Paul, Ashlee Simpson, LeAnn Rimes, Mylène Farmer, Letters to Cleo, Vanessa Carlton, Kelly Clarkson, Lady Gaga, Tyler Bryant, Steve Lukather, Jerry Cantrell and others. Lewis and Laboriel were also both a part of the Nickelodeon television series, Roundhouse in the 1990s.

For his 2001 album, Driving Rain, Paul McCartney told producer David Kahne he wanted to return to the spontaneity he remembered when working with The Beatles. He recalled that his bandmates and producer would often be hearing the songs he had written for the first time at the start of the recording session, having had no time to learn or rehearse. McCartney felt this made the recordings sound "fresh," and told Kahne he wanted to record this album the same way. To achieve this, Kahne assembled a band of session musicians, Laboriel included, who had never met McCartney until their first day in the studio together. Laboriel has been part of McCartney's recording and touring band ever since.

Laboriel was part of a power trio called The Raging Honkies, together with Michael Landau. He is part of the collective that is Chocolate Genius, Inc.

In 2006 during the show "Avant que l'ombre... à Bercy" ("Before the shadow... at Bercy"), Laboriel sang a duet "Les Mots" ("The words")  with Mylène Farmer. He also played with Sting at the Montreux Jazz Festival that year. Laboriel toured with Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood on their 14-date American Tour in 2009 following their Japanese tour the year before. He made his live debut with Paul McCartney at The Concert for New York City in 2001, and has played on every McCartney tour since then.

In addition to drums, Laboriel also sings and plays bass, guitar and keyboards. When touring with McCartney, he will occasionally switch to one of these instruments to accommodate certain songs and on his 2013 solo album Naked, he played every instrument.

In 2021, Laboriel played drums on Jerry Cantrell's album Brighten. In 2022, he contributed drums and percussion to "Mrs. Mills" on the new solo album Earthling from Pearl Jam singer Eddie Vedder.

Style
About his playing, Laboriel noted: "As much as I would love to say I have an original sound, I think the truth is I have an original filter. I'd listen so much and so hard to so many different people that what's original about me is not necessarily what I play but how I play it, how I interpret it hasn't already been done. It's more about the energy and the intensity, it's not about the specific fills, it's more about the intention."

Equipment

Laboriel endorses Drum Workshop drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drumheads and Vic Firth drumsticks.

DW Collector's series drums:
26x14" or 28x20" kick drum
14x10" or 15x12" rack tom
16x14" or 18x16" floor tom
18x16" or 20x16" floor tom
14x7" or 14x8" snare drum

Paiste cymbals:
15" 2002 Sound Edge Hi Hats
20" 2002 Crash
22" 2002 Crash
24" 2002 Ride
24" Giant Beat Crash
24" 2002 Crash

Laboriel has his own signature Vic Firth drumstick which is similar to a regular 2B wood tip drumstick but in 17" length.

Discography

References

External links

 Abe Laboriel Jr. at Squarespace

1971 births
Living people
20th-century American drummers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American drummers
21st-century American male musicians
American male drummers
American musicians of Mexican descent
American rock drummers
American session musicians
Berklee College of Music alumni
Hispanic and Latino American musicians
Musicians from Los Angeles
Paul McCartney Band members

Abe Laboriel Jr.


Eoghan Casey is a digital forensics professional, researcher, and author. Casey has conducted a wide range of digital investigations, including data breaches, fraud, violent crimes, identity theft, and on-line criminal activity. He is also a member of the Digital/Multimedia Scientific Area Committee of the Organization for Scientific Area Committees. He helps organize the digital forensic research DFRWS.org conferences each year, and is on the DFRWS Board of Directors. He has a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, an M.A. in Educational Communication and Technology from New York University, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from University College Dublin.

Career
Casey has worked as Lead Cyber Security Engineer at The MITRE Corporation, and as R&D Team Lead in the Defense Cyber Crime Institute (DCCI) at the Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center (DC3). He was Director of Digital Forensics and Investigations at the DC office of Stroz Friedberg, and he later co-founded cmdLabs with Christopher Daywalt and Terrance Maguire.

In 2012, he founded the company CASEITE and co-managed the Risk Prevention and Response business unit at DFLabs. Eoghan has helped organizations investigate and manage security breaches, including network intrusions with international scope. He has delivered expert testimony in civil and criminal cases, and has submitted expert reports and prepared trial exhibits for computer forensic and cyber-crime cases.

He has authored a number of books in the field of digital forensics including Digital Evidence and Computer Crime now in its third edition, the Handbook of Digital Forensics and Investigation, and Malware Forensics.

Casey taught digital forensic to graduate students at Johns Hopkins University Information Security Institute. He also created Smartphone Forensics courses taught worldwide. He has delivered keynotes and taught workshops around the globe on various topics related to data breach investigation, digital forensics and cyber security.

Casey is Editor-in-Chief of the journal Digital Investigation: The International Journal of Digital Forensics and Incident Response.

Books

References

External links
 DFRWS
 OSAC
 CASEITE
 DFLabs
 Elsevier
 Amazon

American non-fiction writers
Digital forensics people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Eoghan Casey


Xavier de Planhol (3 February 1926 – 17 May 2016) was a Professor of Geography at the University of Paris-Sorbonne and a widely acknowledged authority on political geography. From 1958, when he began to publish monographs and articles during his first fieldwork in Azerbaijan, and later in the Alborz region of Iran, to his monumental and highly acclaimed, Les Nations du Prophète (1993) and Minorités en Islam (1997), he has maintained his deep interest in Persia and the Iranian civilization. He was also a contributor to Encyclopædia Iranica, submitting articles ranging from "Abadan" to "Boundaries", "Cholera", "Darya?", "Earthquakes", "Famines", and a series of forthcoming articles on "Geography".  A bibliography of de Planhol's wide-ranging publications up to 1995 has been compiled and published by Professor Daniel Balland in Geographie Historique et Culturelle de l'Europe: Hommage au Professor Xavier de Planhol, by Jean-Robert Pitte (1995).

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
French geographers
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Iranologists
French Iranologists
Members of Academia Europaea
Travelers in Asia Minor

Xavier de Planhol


"On the Writing of Speculative Fiction" is an essay by American science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein. It was first published in 1947, also appearing in Writing Science Fiction & Fantasy: 20 Dynamic Essays By the Field's Top Professionals in 1993, and The Nonfiction of Robert Heinlein: Volume I in 2011.

Advice, turned essay
When fellow writers, or fans, wrote Heinlein asking for writing advice, he famously gave out his own list of rules for becoming a successful writer:
 You must write
 Finish what you start
 You must refrain from rewriting, except to editorial order
 You must put your story on the market
 You must keep it on the market until it has sold

About which he said:

Heinlein later published an entire article under the title "On the Writing of Speculative Fiction," which included his rules, and from which the above quote is taken. When he says "anything said above them", he refers to his other guidelines. For example, he describes most stories as fitting into one of a handful of basic categories:

 The Gadget Story
 The Human Interest Story
 Boy Meets Girl
 The Little Tailor
 The Man-Who-Learned-Better
In the article, Heinlein credits L. Ron Hubbard as having identified "The Man-Who-Learned-Better".

References

Article

Essays about literature
Robert A. Heinlein

On the Writing of Speculative Fiction


Coco the Clown (or Theo de Kovel) is a clown character who is very famous in Britain and later became famous in America. Coco was not a whiteface clown but an auguste.This type of clown is supposed to be a bit stupid, so he gets teased by another clown who is supposed to be much cleverer.  Coco always gets buckets of water thrown at him or custard pies in his face.

Theo de Kovel (or Polakovs) (1900–74) made the character of Coco the Clown famous.  Later his son Elwin de Beer (1923-2009) made him famous in the Netherlands

After retiring from the circus, Nicolai Poliakoff toured schools in the UK as Coco promoting road safety. He had a walking stick in the shape of a Bolesha Beacon. For this work he was awarded the OBE by the Queen.

Clowns

Coco the Clown


Keeramangalam is a panchayat town in Pudukkottai District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

It is located in Alangudi taluk.

81 feet statue of Meinindranaadha swami(Lord Shiva) & 7.25 feet statue of the chief poet "Nakkeerar" are situated at Meinindranaadha swami Temple, Keeramangalam, which is near to Keeramangalam bus stand.

The original name of the village is said to be Nakeerarmangalam named after the great Tamil chief poet "Nakkeerar".

Demographics
 India census, Keeramangalam had a population of 9360. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Keeramangalam has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 66%. In Keeramangalam, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

References

Cities and towns in Pudukkottai district

Keeramangalam


Schwarzatal is a Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("municipal association") in the district Saalfeld-Rudolstadt, in Thuringia, Germany. The seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft is in Schwarzatal. It was created on 1 January 2019.

The Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Schwarzatal consists of the following municipalities:
Cursdorf
Deesbach
Döschnitz
Katzhütte
Meura
Rohrbach
Schwarzatal
Schwarzburg
Sitzendorf
Unterweißbach

References

Verwaltungsgemeinschaften in Thuringia

Schwarzatal (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft)


Palaiokastro () is a coastal village and a community in the municipality of Malevizi. 9 km west of Heraklion on the island of Crete. In 2011 Palaiokastro had a population of 255 for the village and over 1000 of people that have their country house.  It is situated in front of a 70 meter long pebbled beach leading to a cove with rapidly deepening waters that are protected from the prevailing northerly winds. On the southern end of the beach rises a steep calcareous rock. During the Venetian occupation of Crete extensive fortifications were built on this rock, housing cannons that secured the bay of Heraklion. Ruins of the fortress walls survive until today.

Population

Venetian fortress of Palaiokastro

The Venetian fortress of Palaiokastro is located 9 km west of Heraklion, on the west side of Heraklion Bay. Today, only a part of the walls of the triangular fort remains. The fort was built on a high rock, near the modern Heraklion - Chania highway.

In 1204, when the Genoese pirate Enrico Pescatore conquered Crete, he built 14 forts in order to protect it. Among them was the fort of Palaiokastro, which could protect the bay of Heraklion and make the landing of enemy on the nearby shores very difficult. The Genoeses thought that this castle was very important, thus when the Venetians managed to conquer Crete, they kept only this castle. Later, in 1211, they had to leave the island.

Palaiokastro fortress is one of the most important medieval monuments of the island. In approximately the same position existed an older fortress built by Enrico Pescatore, immediately after the conquest of Crete by the Genoese in the early 13th century.
The Palaiokastro fortress built later is an integral element of the fortifications of Candia and was built when it became clear that the fortress of Candia could not effectively prevent the penetration of enemy ships in the adjacent bay of Fraskia.
Construction of Palaiokastro fortress begun in 1573, was completed in 1595 and was based on a design prepared based instruction Commander Latino Orsini. The fort has triangular shape adopted by the natural topography of the location and the steepness of the rock was met with the overshoot of the walls that were parallel to the sea.

, 1618]]
The impressive and well preserved today arched entrance of the fort stood on the south side and is partially carved into the rock.
As shown in the map of the report produced later by Francesco Basilicata to the Venetian authorities inside the fortress created three uneven squares of the "Up", the "Medium" and "Low Square" in order to ensure adequate space and flat area that would meet the needs of the defenders and stood barracks, garrison headquarters, church, Purpose, arms depots and water tanks.
The walls of the fort still impressed with the diligence of the construction of massive walls and impeccable details. In the northeast corner there are the reliefs of the winged lion of St. Mark and the emblems of the era officials.
In the report mentioned the Venetian Francesco Basilicata reveals the basic military operation of the fortress, "the shot of the gun reaches to the Salty, cape beach of the Bridge and also intersects with the shot of the rules of the city of Candia, although far. Fortress is capable, with moderate activity, to withstand any attack and to effectively protect ships that would carry help, because there is no good anchorage. "That passage is easy to appreciate the enormous importance of the Palaiokastro fortress and the key role it played during the 20 year siege of Candia to the Ottomans (1645-1669), which is recorded as the longest siege in world military history. Palaiokastro The beach is still preserved in excellent condition a lime of the same era, and is known from the design of Basilicata, the which is one of the best examples of such structures throughout the island.
At the beginning of the Venetian Era, the castle lost its original importance because the Bay of Heraklion could be now protected by the Venetian ships. But when Venice was threatened by the presence of the Ottomans, the castle regained its value. Thus, during the years 1573-1595 they rebuilt the old castle, just like many other castles throughout the island. The castles of the Bay were then able to control the entire region, since the cannon shots from Palaiokastro crossed with the shots from the ramparts of St Andrew (Heraklion Walls).

The main gate was located on the south edge of the castle and lead to the lower square, which had many small rooms. In one of them you can still see a small church dedicated to Agios Markos (celebr. on Easter Tuesday), which was built with the ruins of the castle.
North of the castle, there was an armory with solid and very strong walls. Right next to it was a water tank. Upon entering, there was a staircase leading to the second level, where the barracks were. Finally, the upper level hosted the church of the castle.
On the northeast corner of the castle you could see the winged lion of St. Mark, the emblem of Venice. The fort was under Venetian occupation until the last years of the siege of Candia that finally "fell" in 1669.
The Ottomans gave great importance to the occupation of the castle, so that they could land on the shores of Heraklion Bay safely.
Thus, when the ships of Venice were still in Chania, the Turks surrounded the fort, which was surrendered. Then the Turks destroyed it in order to prevent the enemies from using it.

Other points of interest

Kytaion
The English captain Spratt (1865) observing the morphological characteristic of the area (abdomen theater) where supported to place the Cretan city of the north coast of the island, the so-called Kytaion (Κύταιον; 'hull' or 'abdomen'), which is mentioned by Pliny, the Nonnus and Ptolemy, at this point. Suppose indeed that this rock Palaiokastro was the acropolis of the ancient city. However much earlier (1837) compatriot Pashley had also, and perhaps for the first time placed the Kytaion in this position, not because of the concave terrain, but because he was convinced that the name "Palaiocastro" always referred back to ancient cities. Placed even the city itself over the cliff. Before him the Venetians placed the unknown ancient city in various regions of the northern coast of Candia to Sitia. However, many archaeologists (Mariani, Faure, Plato) are persuaded by the arguments of both English Champion. He expressed the view that the ancient place name should be associated with the Mycenaean place name Kutato (from Hittite word kutta = wall). According to this interpretation, the Kytaion as "city teichioessa" shows worthy ancestor's historic Old Castle (Palaeokastro). The public works engineer Basilicata places to rock the ancient city of Elea "Elea citadel and traces on the rock that protrudes near the port Fraskia"

Venetian lime kiln
The Venetian lime kiln (Ενετική Ασβεστοκάμινος) of Palaiokastro is located on the settlement's namesake beach just below the western slope of the hill occupied by the impressive Venetian fortress. Is a rare monument of the era of Venetian rule in Crete that seems to be linked to the Venetian fortress with which coexisted for centuries.

The importance of lime kiln is that it is a remarkable and rare example crafts building at the Venetian era, which is known primarily from the fortification of architecture and religious architecture. Particularly important is the fact that the monument is shown, with the same format, in a 1618 map by Basilicata.

In previous years, the competent 13th Byzantine Antiquities carried exemplary, full restoration and maintenance of the monument, which was released simultaneously from around arbitrary constructions. The monument is completely restored and is one of the numerous attraction of the area.

Panagia Spiliotisa
The Church of Panagia Spiliotissa (Εκκλησία της Παναγίας της Σπηλιώτισσας) is built in a cave inside the canyon of Palaiokastro. A spring stems directly beside the church.

References

External links
Paleocastro map by Marco Boschini
Παλαιόκαστρο: ο φρουρός μιας πρωτεύουσας, archived here (in Greek)
Παλαιόκαστρο:Paliokastro Villas

Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit)
Malevizi
Archaeological sites in Crete
Venetian fortifications in Crete
Venetian archaeological sites in Greece

Palaiokastro, Heraklion


The Mike Flowers Pops (also known as MFP, The Pops or The Mike Flowers Pops Orchestra) are a British easy listening band fronted by Mike Flowers (real name Michael Roberts).

The title "MFP" parodies the budget record label Music for Pleasure, also known as MFP, which produced a series of "Hot Hits" cover version albums in the 1960s and 1970s.

History

The band became famous in the UK in 1995 when they released a cover version of Oasis' hit song "Wonderwall". After seeing the band perform, BBC radio producer Will Saunders recruited Flowers for BBC Radio 1 DJ Kevin Greening in order to cover the 'Hits of 95' for Greening's Saturday show; "Wonderwall" was his first week's project. Chris Evans heard the song and made it 'single of the week' on his Radio 1 breakfast show, telling listeners that this was the original version of the song. The single, issued by London Records under the name The Mike Flowers Pops, was released while the Oasis original was still in the UK Singles Chart, and itself reached the Top 10. Flowers' version peaked at number 2 in the UK Christmas 1995 chart and got to number one in Scotland.
Lou Reed, when asked at the time whether he had heard anything by Oasis, claimed: "Not that I would know. Oh, Wonderwall? The one I know is the Mike Flowers one. That is one of the funniest things I've ever heard in my life."

Following the success of "Wonderwall", The Mike Flowers Pops quickly advanced from performing shows in nightclubs and small concert halls to touring festivals and larger venues across Britain and Europe. A Groovy Place was released on 24 June 1996. At the end of 1996 they toured Britain with Gary Glitter on his last 'Who's in the Gang' tour. They played large venues including Wembley Arena and Birmingham NEC. Cover versions of The Doors' "Light My Fire" and "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" also reached the top 40 of the UK chart.

The Mike Flowers Pops played at the Shiiine On Weekender in November 2016 and at the 100 Club in London in December 2016 and December 2017.

Mike Flowers

Micheal Roberts was (born 1960), known professionally as Mike Flowers, is an English pop singer.

Career
In the mid-1990s he enjoyed an unlikely pop profile as easy listening bandleader Mike Flowers of The Mike Flowers Pops, including a UK No. 2 chart hit with his version of the Oasis song 'Wonderwall' (which Lou Reed said was one of the funniest things he'd ever heard). Formed in 1993, The Mike Flowers Pops there can be up to fourteen members on stage at any time, and they are principally known for easy listening or lounge music covers of both 'classic' and contemporary pop music.

He has since scored music for film and television, and made music documentaries for Sky Arts and London's Barbican Centre. How Art Made Pop is his first book and supported by the "Sounds Superb Singers" and "Super Stereo Brass".

Personal life
He lives in London, is married and has two children. He studied Painting at Chelsea School of Art (1978-81) and did an MA in Music at Goldsmiths (2012-14).

Discography

Albums

Extended plays

Singles

References

External links

English pop music groups
British parodists
Parody musicians
Musical groups established in 1992
Comedy rock musical groups

The Mike Flowers Pops


The story cycle around Kae and Sinilau is a well known entity in Polynesian mythology, found back on several places (see notes). This article describes the Tongan version, of which the main source is an old poem (Ko e folau ʻa Kae – The voyage of Kae) published in 1876, and some other, incomplete manuscripts.

Kae is the Tongan version of the Sāmoan word ʻae, meaning "shit", of which not only a heap features in the story, but its use also made directly clear to the native listeners that Kae is the anti-hero in the epos.

The third player Longopoa in this respect is an outsider.

Loʻau
It started all with Loʻau from Haʻamea, one of the many Loʻau known in Tongan history. He ran a famous navigation school on an artificial lake (lepa) near Fualu, and his boat was either a tongiaki (an old sailing boat of Tongan design) or a kalia (a better, more modern design originating from Fiji).

One day Loʻau got tired of people taunting him all the time when he would go for a real trip. So he had his big canoe dragged to the sea and told his matāpule Kae and Longopoa, to accompany him to some nearby islands. So they went. But when they passed Haʻapai, Loʻau told to 'sail on past the shore'. The same thing happened at Vavaʻu and then Niuatoputapu, and then Sāmoa, and then Niuafoʻou, and then ʻUvea, and then Futuna. No one knew that Loʻau had already decided silently from the beginning to go beyond the horizon and not to return. He wanted to go to the land of the talking puko trees, probably Pulotu.

The ship steered on downwards (i.e. south or west in Tongan navigation sense). They came at a white sea; they came at a floating pumice sea; they came at a slimy sea. Then they reached the horizon at the end of the sky. There is a hole in the sky and a great whirlpool in the ocean, because of the waters going in when there is ebb in Tonga, and coming out at flood. There was also a reef with a pandanus tree and a large rock. The mast of the ship got stuck in the branches of the tree and was to be freed. It was done with a push, and that push caused the ship either to disappear in the whirlpool or through the opening in the sky, lost in space, never to be seen back anymore.

Kae and Longopoa did not await this happening. They had agreed to desert this foolish trip and they made it back to the reef, Kae clinging to the tree, and Longopoa to the stone.

Kae
When it got dark and the flood current came out again, Kae suggested Longopoa that they better found a way to escape from the island, everybody for himself. He plunged in the sea and swam away. At midnight he landed on a sandy island; (other sources tell: many days later). He saw 8 dead whales on the shores and hundreds on neiufi fish, or (according to others) less whales but 2 huge man eating sharks, luckily also dead. It was the lair of the kanivatu a giant bird (like the roc), which was known to be a man eater too. Kae wisely hid for the night between two of the whales. The bird returned to his nest in the morning. When it was preening its feathers, Kae emerged and clung to one of its legs (or the feathers of its breast according to some, or of its wing according to some). At midday the bird flew away over the ocean, with his passenger, and when Kae saw they were over land, he let go. The place were he landed was on the coralsand beach of ʻAkana (Aʻana in Sāmoan), the western part of ʻUpolu. He was friendly received by the high chief of the area, Sinilau, who gave him status, more than he ever had gotten in Tonga, but not enough to enter the kava circle. So Kae stayed in Sāmoa for some time. But then he was seized by a longing for Tonga to tell about all the wonderful things he had seen, and he announced to Sinilau that he wanted to go. Sinilau agreed and presented him with a farewell gift. He would be allowed to ride on the back of his twin whales.

Tonga and Tununga
Sinilau's aunt had a daughter who one day ate a piece of whalemeat, which was leftover in the house. She got pregnant and bore a twin, who were named Tonga and Tununga-tofuaʻa (tofuaʻa whale). They were whales. Sinilau spoke: "Go well Kae, just tell the whales whereto to go. But leave them in deep water at the weathercoast. And when you have reached your home, before you go to your relatives, prepare a bunch of coconuts, scented oil, some unpainted tapa and a floormat, give it to them to return to me." Which was a very modest request, and Kae agreed.

Kae had the trip of his life. Too soon he was back at Tongatapu, at Poloʻa, where the tidal flats start, and it was just low tide. He left the whales in shallow water a speeded to Haʻamea. He told his relatives what had happened, and then shouted out to all his friends from Fatai and Matafonua and Lakepa and so on, that they came with knives and spears and axes to slaughter those whales on the beach. Tununga was killed, cut in pieces, the meat was distributed to all the chiefs of the different districts, and eaten by the people of the whole island. But Tonga was able to escape. A depression in the middle of the tidal flats, a fishing pool is still visible as a result of its struggle to get away.

Sinilau's revenge
Sinilau was extremily displeased about Kae's behaviour, when Tonga told him what had happened, after he had arrived at ʻAkana; with his back full with spears, and without the promised items. Sinilau called all the gods of Sāmoa to a council and ordered them to assemble at both Hunga Haʻapai and Hunga Tonga. There they would have to cut coconut tree leaves to plait some baskets out of it. "Then tonight go around", Sinilau said, "and collect the dung of all the people who partook in the meal. From Muifonua to ʻEua to Fangaleʻounga to Hihifo district (Tongatapu) to Nāpua. Finally put Kae on top of the shit and bring everything back to me." So it was done, and Kae was brought into Sinilau's boatshed, he even did not wake up.

Night was awaiting the dawn, a rooster crowed. "That stupid rooster", Kae mumbled half asleep, "he just crows like Sinilau's rooster. At daylight I shall kill it and eat it."  He thought he was still at home on Tongatapu. But when daylight had come he saw that he was there no longer but in a certain boatshed in Sāmoa. And a stern Sinilau with a royal turban on his head sat at the entrance. Kae had nothing to say.

Sinilau threw him out, to the waiting gods, who fell on him and ate him. Although others say that Sinialu threw him in a pre-dug grave, noting that Kae was not worth more, once a commoner, always a commoner.

Meanwhile a big kava bowl was brought and all the parts and shit the gods had collected in Tonga was thrown in, and see after having left it to itself for a while, suddenly Tunungatofuaʻa came back to life. He was only missing one tooth, as the Tongans had brought that as a gift to the Tuʻi Tonga in Muʻa, which had made it even for the gods untouchable. Sinilau suggested that Tununga should not try to smile too much.

Longopoa
Meanwhile we still have Longopoa left behind on his rock at the end of the world. Once Kae had left his pandanus tree, the other hesitated a while, but then finally he swam away too. He reached a small deserted island where only a puko tree grew. But it was a magic tree, it talked. And when Longopoa cried that he was hungry, the tree instructed him to make and light a ʻumu, and then to break off one of its branches and to roast it. When at the end he opened the oven, see it was full with roasted pig, fowl, yams and so forth. He ate his belly full and slept.

But next day he cried again: he wanted to go back home, to Tonga. The tree then told him that tonight the gods would go fishing. He should ask them to let him go with them, and he would carry their bag for them. "Make a hole in the basket so that the fish drops out and it does not fill too swiftly. Because once the basket is full, the gods will stop. But if not, they will go on and on. And when you reach your home island, crow like a rooster so the gods will think the night is over. Now also break off another branch of me and take it with you. As soon as you come home and while it is still night, plant it. A young puko tree will grow out of it, and provide you and your people with food as I did yesterday. Do not go to see your relatives first, because if you plant this branch after the day has dawned, it will grow to just an ordinary tree."

So the friendly puko tree said, and so it happened. The gods fished and fished, and when they reached Sāmoa they were surprised to hear from their new carrier that the basket was not yet full. And at Niuatoputapu still not full. Next they reached Tonga. Longopoa jumped overboard, ran ashore and crowed like a rooster. The gods made themselves scarce. Overjubilant Longopoa directly went to see his family. Only when the new day had come he remembered the love of the puko tree. But then it was too late, the blessings were spoilt and the puko trees of nowadays produce no food whatsoever.

Notes

Translations

The voyage of Kae
 Vessel was built in Haʻamea,
 hoisted sail inland and loaded;
 the vessel that took cargo in a pool.
 «This land is tiresome,
 let each person prepare his own things
 for us to voyage to the talking puko tree,
 leave Tongatapu and run before the wind.»
 Clap!

 Haʻapai was sighted,
 Vavaʻu was sighted,
 reported the navigators.
 Shook the head Loʻau, «No,
 the lies of the navigators,
 let us take these friends,
 and leave (them) at the horizon.»
 Clap!

 And steered down their vessel,
 and arrived at the white sea,
 and the floating pumice sea,
 and the slimy sea that was foretold.
 «Stand to sea and ward off!
 Why are you crying?
 Is it not the treachery of the navigators
 whereby we win all be lost!»
 Clap!

 Turning place of voyagers is the great pandanus tree
 there became entangled their mast.
 Longopoa and Kae climbed;
 They swarmed into its branches
 and they pushed the vessel free.
 It was lost through the sky opening
 into the land of space.
 That was the cause of the loss of the vessel.
 Clap!

 Longopoa and Kae, two gods,
 those two men were clever,
 well done was their meditation.
 «Come, let us await the flooding tide,
 and we two swim in it
 each seeking a land of his own.»
 Clap!

 Came up Kae from his swim,
 landing at the island of Kanivatu,
 sandy with no reef.
 Aground were eight whales
 and neiufi fish about a hundred.
 «My murder, what a waste,
 I may be caught by the bird Kanivatu.»
 Clap!

 Slept Kae between two whales,
 returned the bird from its fishing.
 Lay under (it) Kae and laughed:
 «Was there ever such a bird enormous
 I wish that I might seize it for my token
 to let Tonga know one thing.»
 Clap!

 Preparing the break of dawn
 preening and stretching,
 preparing to fly, fluttering.
 Kae holding on its breast,
 fished the bird over mid-ocean,
 While hanging the big man,
 glancing down to the coral sand,
 falling with a thud at ʻAkana.
 And went to get his morning kava
 with Sinilau, who befriended him,
 and gave him social standing.
 But Kae did not sit in the kava ring.
 Clap!

 Fish of Sāmoa were fed,
 the longoʻuli and the whale,
 in a small muddy water hole which they unsettled.
 (Whale) caught by Sāmoa and divided,
 And brought was its shoulder
 and hung in the house 1oft.
 The adopted daughter of Sinilau's father's sister
 swallowed it at a mouthful,
 and wept away pregnant;
 gave birth to twin (whales),
 Tonga and Tununga-tofuaʻa.
 Clap!

 Dwelt there Kae but wished to go,
 and he asked Sinilau:
 «To bring the twins alike
 for me to ride on,
 and I will tell Tongatapu,
 that the yoke of Sinilau's
 is wonderfully strong.»
 Clap!

 Then spoke Sinilau,
 «Tununga and Tonga, you go on an errand;
 take Kae to Tongatapu
 but remember to return for me.
 Stand up and go.
 Bring a bunch of coconuts and scented oil
 and uncolored tapa and coconut mats,
 and leave satiated for our voyage,
 returning for me to come.»
 Clap!

 Vavaʻu glided by;
 Haʻapai glided by;
 appeared Tongatapu at the prow:
 «Tununga and Tonga, to the shallow water,
 while I go to Haʻamea and tell
 that I have come with the twins,
 Tonga and Tununga-tofuaʻa.»
 Clap!

 Landed Kae and kept shouting:
 «Come all Haʻamea and see,
 collect your weeding sticks,
 bamboo lances, and come in a mass,
 for us to drag out my vesse1.»
 Clap!

 And escaped Tonga and told
 sat Sinilau and greeted,
 «Oh Tonga, where is Tununga?»
 «Observe you my back;
 it is thick with lances.
 Were we two not chal1enged?
 And Tununga was overtaken,
 but Tonga escaped because cunning.»
 Clap!

 Sat Sinilau and complained:
 «Sāmoa, collect the gods,
 and assemble at Hunga and Hunga,
 and plait a basket first,
 the large double basket,
 with handles threaded double,
 made long fore and aft,
 and call it a Hunga basket.»
 Clap!

 «And you assemble at Land's End
 and carry it and fi11 from ʻEua,
 and fi11 at Fangaleʻounga,
 and fi11 at all Hihifo,
 and lastly fil1 at Napua,
 and put Kae on the top.»
 And then went the gods,
 but forgot the (whale's) tooth at Muʻa.
 Clap!

 «Sinilau, here we are;
 we have brought this man,»
 Stood at once (Sinilau) and gave thanks.
 «Leave him there as you have brought him;
 you go, but return in the early morning;
 Wait till day, then we will inquire,
 why he came to betray.»
 Clap!

 Crowed the cocks-like old friends,
 (Thought Kae,) «Cocks have voices like
 the pair at Sinilau's.»
 Then expressed a wish he was there,
 whereas he was lying at (Sinilau's) boat shed.
 At early morn he looked out,
 and saw sitting there Sinilau with his turban.
 Clap!

 (Said Sinilau,) «This petty chief is a fool,
 especially after my telling him
 lest my mother be sterile.
 With all respect to Tongatapu,
 Kae (is) a commoner from a swamped vessel.
 Is dug his grave in the green.»
 Then he was brought and sat with legs crossed,
 while he was cursed.
 Clap!

 Bring the trough and make clear (the water).
 sat (up in it) Tununga and chirped
 but he lacked one tooth.
 «What is that to conceal!
 I will arrange when at peace,
 while Kae is seeking a body.»
 Clap!

The explanation
Loʻau was a chief who dwelt at Haʻamea, and he built a vessel to sail in his pool, that pool the depression of which can still be seen at Fatai. There was a lot of talk and derision by the people, because the vessel was not dragged to the sea. «Why sail it in at pool ?» And Loʻau told his people to prepare provisions to load for the voyage, to see the big talking puko tree, and all the wonderful things at Pulotu (the residence of the gods). And they did so; and when they sighted Haʻapai and Vavaʻu, the navigators advised that they call in, because the canoe was not suitable for a long voyage. But Loʻau would not listen, so they went on.

Loʻau refused, and they continued their voyage to the horizon. By-and-bye they reached the shallow sea, and came next the floating pumice-stone sea. After that they came to the place, which traditions say, was the slimy sea. There they lowered the sail, and jumped into the sea, and dragged the vessel, till they reached the big pandanus tree, that stood at the edge of the world. The mast got entangled in its branches, so the two men Kae and Longopoa jumped and clung to its branches. And the sky had a hole in it at this place, and when they gave the vessel a strong shove it glided through, and was lost with Loʻau and his friends.

Then the two men decided to swim, when the tide came in, each seeking his own land. This they did, and after many days Kae landed at an island, where dwelt the Kanivatu, an enormous bird, whose size was terrifying. The man was disheartened when he saw the state of the island, for aground were eight whales and countless neiufi (fish). It was not that that made him afraid, but he feared lest the Kanivatu should come, as it was a man-eater.

That night he slept between two whales, and when the Kanivatu came he hid under the whale, and though he was surprised at the size of the tremendous bird, he thought, and it appeared to him, that was the means for him to return to earth. So one day while the bird was fluttering to fly, he caught hold of its breast, but the bird took no notice of him; he felt to the bird just like a flea. Kae was taken about by the bird, but he held on, as it was midocean, but when he saw that they were near land he let go and he fell in Sāmoa, at the place called ʻAkana.

The chief of the place, Sinilau, was kind to him, and made him his friend. And had Kae wished to stay he would have been all right. But the man was restless to return to Tonga, to tell of all the wonderful things he had seen. There were two whales belonging to Sinilau, Tonga and Tunungatofuaʻa; they were twins, and though they were whales their mother was a relative of Sinilau's. Sinilau told the whales to come and take Kae to Tongatapu, and to return. And it was arranged that the people of Sāmoa were to bring presents, so that the man should not return empty handed, who had sojourned with Sinilau. So Kae got on the two fishes and voyaged to Tonga.

But Kae was not grateful for all of Sinilau's kindness. He decided to kill the two fishes. So he told them to go into the shallow water so that they would be aground, while he collected the people. Then they went down and speared them, and poor Tununga was killed, but Tonga was cautious and escaped. Then Kae commanded them to cut up the whale that was caught, and he divided it out to all the chiefs from the different districts, and they cooked and ate it.

By-and-bye Tonga reached Sāmoa, and Sinilau was surprised that he was by himself. Then Tonga told him of the treachery that had been done, and how his twin sibling was killed; and how he was nearly caught and his back was like a spear house. Sinilau was very angry, and assembled all the gods of Sāmoa, and he told them to go and plait baskets and collect all the excrement from the places where they had eaten Tununga, and to see that they brought back Kae. And they did so, and they found the man while asleep, and brought him and put him into the canoe shed of Sinilau's.

The cock crowed and awakened Kae, who said, «That sounds just like the voice of Sinilau's cock in Sāmoa,» which he had often heard, and then he wished he was in Sāmoa again; however, he was already there but he thought that he was in Tongatapu. When it was day Kae was very much surprised to see Sinilau sitting at the door of the canoe shed.

It was grievous the reproof he gave Kae for his ingratitude; and Kae was then brought to the graveyard. And all the people assembled on the green and cursed him, then killed him, and buried him. That was the end of Kae the ungrateful.

But that was not the end of the poor whale, that he deceived; because a big tub was brought and the pieces that were found were put into it, and suddenly poor Tununga squeaked, and was alive. But the annoying part was that one of his teeth was forgotten at Muʻa, because Kae had taken it to the Tuʻi Tonga; but Sinilau said it would be all right, and if he did not open his mouth too wide no one would know.

A variant
And they sailed on and reached Niua, and still they went on, and sighted Sāmoa, and still they went on; and they sailed on, and on till they reached the white sea; and they sailed on, and reached the floating pumice-stone sea; and still they sailed on, and reached the slimy sea; they jumped into the sea and dragged the canoe, and cried. Then Loʻau said: «We will not stop our voyage. Why are you crying, is it not through your treachery, that we will be lost?»

And they voyaged on and on, till they reached the enormous pandanus tree, the turning place of all voyagers; and there their mast got entangled, and two men jumped from the canoe to the big pandanus tree, and pushed the canoe from the tree, which is said to have caused the canoe to enter the hole, and that was the reason of the loss of the vessel; but the two men that jumped into the tree were saved. They agreed to wait till the tide came in, then they would swim.

And Kae swam, and reached an island; where lived a bird called Kanivatu. Kae landed and found there eight whales and Kae slept between two whales. Then came the bird in its flight, and stood one leg on one whale, and the other leg on the other whale, and slept over Kae, and Kae slept and laughed, for he felt confident. And when day was nearly breaking he heard the flutter of the bird before springing into the air and flying. Kae rushed and clung to its breast, and the bird flew to midocean, with Kae clinging to its breast, and Kae looked down, and saw some sand, and he let go and fell on to the sand. When he got up he found that it was Sāmoa, and the land he had fallen on was ʻAkana. Then he went for morning kava to Sinilau's and Sinilau made him one of his attendants (not a matapule).

The fish that were fed at Sāmoa were the longoʻuli and the whale, and they were taken to a pool as playthings, and (the whale) was caught by another district and cut up, and its shoulder was taken and hung up in the house loft. The wife of Sinilau went there and saw it hanging, she rushed to it and swallowed it, and went away pregnant. Then she gave birth to the twins (whales) Tonga and Tunungatofuaʻa.

Kae dwelt there but wished to go to Tonga, so he asked Sinilau to give him the two whales for transport. So Sinilau told the two whales to go and take Kae to Tonga. And Sinilau instructed the two whales: «Go you to Tonga, and bring with you a bunch of coconuts, and scented oil, also native cloth and mats, and leave satiated for the voyage; when you return then I will go.»

When they reached Tonga, Kae was ungrateful to the two whales and instructed his friends to go down and spear them; Tununga was killed, but Tonga escaped. And Tonga returning to Sāmoa found Sinilau waiting for him, and Sinilau asked Tonga, «Where is Tununga?» So Tonga told him they were intercepted and Tununga was caught and killed.

Sinilau sat down and complained, and he assembled the gods of Sāmoa, and commanded that they gather at Hunga and Hunga (two islands near Tongatapu), and for them to stay there and plait baskets, and for them to go first to Land's End, and first collect from ʻEua and then collect from Fangaleʻounga, and then collect from Hihifo, and collect lastly from Napua, and then put Kae on the top.

Folau ʻa Kae/en


Arthur C. Custance (1910–1985) was a Canadian physiologist and writer, best known for his advocation of gap creationism.

Early life and career

Custance was born in Norfolk, England. He received his early education there and moved to Canada at age 19. He attended the University of Toronto where he obtained B.A. and M.A. degrees in biblical languages. He also became a Christian during this time. Custance obtained a Ph.D. in education from the University of Ottawa, which has been incorrectly cited in creationist literature as a Ph.D. in anthropology or physiology.

Between 1957 and 1972 he wrote the ten volume "Doorway Papers" that attempt to bridge the gap between a scientific and a Christian worldview. In his scientific career, Custance "developed and designed respirator mask, mask-sizing meter, anthropometric facial contour measuring device. and the Custance Sudorimeter for accurate measurement of levels of heat stress". (see http://custance.org)

He also wrote Without Form and Void (1970), an in-depth treatment of Gap creationism. An expert on the most ancient Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek versions of the bible, he concluded that the opening lines of the English version of Genesis should be translated as "In a former state God perfected the heavens and the earth; but the earth had become a devastated ruin."

Seed of the Woman

Writing on the virgin birth, The Seed of the Woman, Custance explains the necessity of the virgin birth for the Messiah to be sinless. Custance asserts that the sin nature or the propensity to sin (in Hebraic writings the yetzer hara) is passed through the male line genetically, starting from the first Adam, thus allowing a full human genetic complement through Mary. This understanding of male transmission of the sin nature is one alternative to two other theories that consider the virgin birth as intrinsically connected to the sinless nature of the Messiah, necessary for the atoning sacrifice.  One is the Roman Catholic conception of the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Another has the virgin birth as a divine implantation in which Mary did not contribute genetically.

The viewpoint expounded by Custance is popular in Christian evangelical circles, although usually given without the type of in depth exposition supplied by Custance. Apologist Matt Slick of CARM expresses this position in Why wasn't Jesus born with original sin?. Robert L. and Charles W. Asbell studied directly with Arthur Custance and write of these ideas in Scripture Research Vol 4, No 5, 2007. Charles Spurgeon, in writing "He is born of a woman, that he might be human; but not by man, that he might not be sinful." in "A Popular Exposition to the Gospel According to Matthew" is essentially expounding a short summary of this understanding.

There are additional theories that only look at the virgin birth as historically, but not intrinsically, significant to the question of the sinless Messiah.  Those theories can see the virgin birth as related to incarnational or Biblical terminology, such as the Son of God, without directly being causal to the sinless nature of the Messiah.

Lambert Dolphin summarizes the Custance view from an evangelical perspective in The Seed of the Serpent:

Some years ago, a Canadian scholar, Arthur Custance, suggested the possibility that "original sin" (which causes the death of the body, and our innate and total predisposition to sin)—is transmitted to the next generation through the male sperm, not through the female ovum ... Custance suggests that a child born to an ordinary woman, a descendant of Eve, could be a sinless child if her ovum were fertilized supernaturally. Thus he is suggesting a mechanism for the virgin birth of our Lord Jesus. Most scholars consider that the phrase the seed of the woman in Genesis 3:15 does refer to the virgin birth of Jesus as the Redeemer and Savior of our race. In fact verse 15 is often called "the protevangelium," or first announcement of the gospel.

Works
 "Journey Out of Time" Doorway Papers, 1981
 Was Adam evolved or created? Does it really matter?. London: Evolution protest movement pamphlets. 1960
 Without Form and Void. Doorway Publications. 1970
 Noah's three sons: human history in three dimensions. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Pub. House. Doorway papers Vol. 1. 1975
 Genesis and early man. Zondervan. Doorway papers. Vol. 2. 1975
 Man in Adam and in Christ. Zondervan. Doorway papers. Vol. 3. 1975
 Time and Eternity and other biblical studies. Zondervan. Doorway papers. Vol. 6. 1977
 Hidden things of God's revelation. Zondervan. Doorway papers. Vol. 7. c1978.
 Science and faith. Zondervan. Doorway papers. Vol. 8. c1978.
 The Flood: local or global?. Zondervan. Edinburgh; Academie Books; B. McCall Barbour. Doorway papers. Vol. 9. 1979.
 The Sovereignty of Grace. P&R Publishing. Harmony Township, NJ. ISBN 0801024331
 Indexes of the Doorway Papers. Zondervan, Doorway papers. Vol. 10. 1980
 The seed of the woman Ontario: Doorway, 1980
 The mysterious matter of mind, with a response by Lee Edward Travis. Zondervan. Christian free university curriculum, Psychology series. c1980.

References

1910 births
1985 deaths
Canadian physiologists
Christian creationists
Christian writers
University of Toronto alumni
British emigrants to Canada

Arthur Custance