Tuor Eladar and Idril Celebrindal are fictional characters from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. They are the parents of Eärendil the Mariner and grandparents of Elrond Half-elven: through their progeny, they become the ancestors of the Númenóreans and of the King of the Reunited Kingdom Aragorn Elessar. Both characters play a pivotal role in The Fall of Gondolin, one of Tolkien's earliest stories; it formed the basis for a section in his later work, The Silmarillion, and was expanded as a standalone publication in 2018.

Tuor and Idril's marriage was one of only three between Men and Elves in Tolkien's writings. Scholars have compared Tuor to Odysseus in Greek mythology, and to Aeneas in Roman mythology, while Idril's story has been likened to those of Cassandra and of Helen of Troy.

Fictional history

Tuor Eladar, also known as Ulmondil ("The Blessed of Ulmo"), is the central character of The Fall of Gondolin. He is a great hero of the Third House of Men in the First Age of Middle-earth, the only son of Huor and Rían and the cousin of the ill-fated Túrin Turambar. Huor is killed covering the retreat of Turgon, King of Gondolin, in the Battle of Tears Unnumbered, the Nírnaeth Arnoediad. Rían, having received no news of her husband, becomes distraught and wanders into the wild. She is taken care of by the local Grey-elves, and before the end of the year she bears a son and calls him Tuor. But she delivers him to the care of the Elves and departs, dying upon the lonely green grave-mound, the Hill of the Slain, at the site of the Battle of Tears Unnumbered.

Tuor is fostered by the Elves in the caves of Androth in the Mountains of Mithrim, in the Hithlum region of Beleriand, living a hard and wary life. When Tuor is sixteen their leader Annael decides to leave, but during the march his people are scattered. Tuor is captured by the Easterlings, Men who had been sent there by the Dark Lord Morgoth and who had cruelly oppressed the few people left there. After three years of thraldom under Lorgan the Easterling, Tuor escapes and returns to the caves.

For four years he lives as an outlaw, seeing no way of escape from the region of Dor-lómin, which is bordered by mountains. He kills many of the Easterlings that he comes upon during his journeys, and his name is feared. Meanwhile, the godlike Vala Ulmo, Lord of Waters, hears of Tuor's plight and chooses Tuor to bear a message of warning to Turgon, Lord of the Hidden City of Gondolin. By Ulmo's power a spring near Tuor's cave overflows, and following the stream Tuor crosses Dor-lómin to the mountains of Ered Lómin. Under the guidance of two Elves sent there by Ulmo, Gelmir and Arminas, he passes through the ancient Gate of the Noldor into the land of Nevrast, becoming the first Man to reach the shore of the Great Sea, Belegaer. From there he is led by seven swans, arriving at last at Turgon's old dwellings at Vinyamar.

Tuor finds arms and armour in the ruins of Vinyamar, and meets Ulmo himself on the seashore. Ulmo appoints Tuor to be his messenger, and tells him to seek King Turgon in Gondolin. He gives Tuor the Elf Voronwë as his guide. Voronwë leads Tuor along the southern slopes of Ered Wethrin, and they catch a brief glimpse of Tuor's cousin Túrin near the Pools of Ivrin, the only time the paths of the two ever cross. Journeying through the harsh winter, they reach the hidden city of Gondolin. Tuor tells Turgon of Ulmo's warning that Morgoth now knows of Gondolin's existence, and is about to destroy it, but Turgon refuses to abandon the city.

Tuor remains in the city and falls in love with Turgon's only child, Idril Celebrindal, whose mother Elenwë died crossing the northern ice during the Elves' return from Valinor. In contrast to the first union of Elves and Men, that between Lúthien and Beren, Tuor and Idril are allowed to marry without difficulty. Their wedding is celebrated with great mirth and joy, as King Turgon had grown fond of Tuor. He makes Tuor the leader of the House of the Swan Wing, one of the twelve houses of Gondolin. Turgon also remembers the last words of Huor, which prophesied that a "star" would arise out of his and Turgon's lineage which would redeem the Children of Ilúvatar (Elves and Men) from Morgoth. However, the marriage angers Turgon's influential nephew Maeglin, who had desired Idril for himself. Maeglin defies Turgon's order to stay within the mountains, and is captured by Orcs during a trip to gather resources. Morgoth promises Maeglin both Gondolin and Idril in return for telling him where the hidden city is. Noticing that Maeglin is behaving suspiciously, Idril decides to construct a secret passage out of Gondolin.

During the ensuing sack of Gondolin, Tuor defends Idril and their only child Eärendil from Orcs and the traitorous Maeglin, who threatens to murder the child by throwing him from the city wall. After killing Maeglin, they lead a remnant of the people of Gondolin to escape through the secret passage. In the mountain heights they meet a Balrog, which Glorfindel, chief of the House of the Golden Flower, fights and defeats. They reach the estuary of the Mouths of Sirion; Tuor and his people live there for a while, also founding a town on the Isle of Balar.

Longing for the Sea, Tuor builds the ship Eärramë ("Sea-wing"). He and Idril sail to the West; the Elves and Men of Beleriand believe that the two of them arrived in Valinor, bypassing the Ban of the Valar that prohibited mortals from entering the Undying Lands, and that Tuor alone of Men is allowed to be treated as an Elf. Eärendil inherits the Elfstone Elessar from Idril; it is a magical green gem which bestows healing powers on those who touch it. The Elfstone is passed down to their descendant Aragorn by the end of the Third Age, as narrated in The Lord of the Rings; when he becomes king, he takes the name Elessar.

Family tree

Concept and creation

The story of Tuor and Idril is told briefly in the 23rd chapter of The Silmarillion, which recounts the fall of the Noldor city of Gondolin. A very early version, written circa 1916–17, is found in The Book of Lost Tales. The start of a more complete and developed narrative, which Tolkien began after finishing The Lord of the Rings in the 1950s, is included in Unfinished Tales. However, the narrative gets no further than Tuor's first sight of Gondolin.

In the original Fall of Gondolin story, Tuor is said to have carried an axe named Dramborleg, "Thudder-Sharp", that "smote both a heavy dint as of a club and cleft as a sword". Later writings state that the Axe of Tuor is preserved in Númenor as an heirloom of the Kings.

Analysis

Tuor

Scholars have stated that Tuor demonstrated wisdom by listening to his wife, whose wise counsel is her defining trait, whereas a leader of greater stature like Thingol, the Elvenking of Doriath, was brought low by his recklessness and pride. Jennifer Rogers writes in Tolkien Studies that Christopher Tolkien seamlessly introduces the story in his book The Fall of Gondolin by providing short extracts of his father's 1926 "Sketch of the Mythology" and "The Flight of the Noldoli from Valinor", thus setting "Tuor's story in the context of the Doom of Mandos and the Oath of Fëanor", in other words within the legendarium. The Tolkien scholar Linda Greenwood notes that Tuor is the only mortal Man in the legendarium permitted to live as an immortal. Tolkien suggests an explanation in a letter, namely that Eru Ilúvatar, the One God, directly intervenes as a unique exception, just as in Lúthien's assumption of a mortal fate.

David Greenman, in Mythlore, compares Tuor both with the Hobbit heroes of The Lord of the Rings, and with classical heroes:

Tolkien's biographer John Garth writes in his book Tolkien's Worlds that the windswept treeless hills of Nevrast, where Tuor reaches the cliffs and becomes the first Man to see the sea in the legendarium, are "perfectly Cornish". Garth notes that Tuor stands there at sunset with his arms outspread until the sea-Vala Ulmo appears from the water to prophesy the birth of Tuor's son Eärendil, who ends up with a Silmaril in the sky as the Evening Star. The German artist Jenny Dolfen has painted the scene in her 2019 "And His Heart Was Filled With Longing" as a Cornish landscape, with Tuor surrounded by seagulls. Garth states that this means that the Evening Star was not in the western sky that Tuor saw, whereas when Tolkien visited the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall in 1914, the planet had risen and set "due west", an uncommon sight. A few weeks later, Tolkien wrote the first poem of his legendarium, "The Voyage of Earendel the Evening Star".

Idril

The Tolkien scholar Melanie Rawls identifies Idril as a female character with agency in Tolkien's works: she is shown to be capable of taking action once she has achieved understanding. Idril counsels her father, Turgon, who "is very masculine and in need of a feminine counterpart", in his rule of Gondolin. Rawls states, too, that Idril is a "well-balanced personality", and that Tuor, who combines masculine (warrior) and feminine (counsellor) qualities, "matches her well". In Tor.coms series on the people of Middle-earth, Megan N. Fontenot praises the characterisation of Idril's wisdom and forbearance as told in the story of the Fall of Gondolin. In Fontenot's view, Idril's story represents "a significant milestone in Tolkien's storytelling career", as she saw in it many echoes of several other female characters of Middle-earth.

Greenman compares and contrasts Idril's part in the story to Cassandra and Helen of Troy, two prominent female figures in accounts of the Trojan War: like the prophetess, Idril had a premonition of impending danger and like Helen, her beauty played a major role in instigating Maeglin's betrayal of Gondolin, which ultimately led to its downfall and ruin. Conversely, Greeman notes that Idril's advice to enact a contingency plan for a secret escape route out of Gondolin was heeded by her people, and that she had always rejected Maeglin's advances and remained faithful to Tuor.

In Tolkien's fictional language of Sindarin, the name Idril is a form of the Quenya name Itarillë, Itarildë, or Itaril, meaning "sparkling brilliance". The epithet Celebrindal means "Silverfoot": according to the early Sketch of the Mythology (the first version of the Silmarillion from 1926), she was so named "for the whiteness of her foot; and she walked and danced ever unshod in the white ways and green lawns of Gondolin." Tolkien describes her thus in this text: "Very fair and tall was she, well nigh of warrior's stature, and her hair was a fountain of gold." Christopher Tolkien comments that this description may be the prototype of that of Galadriel. The account is present in the earliest form of the story The Fall of Gondolin, in which "the people called her Idril of the Silver Feet in that she went ever barefoot and bareheaded, king's daughter as she was, save only at pomps of the Ainur"; then she is called Talceleb or Taltelepta.

Adaptations

Tolkien suspected that his fellow writer and friend C.S. Lewis had borrowed his ideas; he felt that the characters of Tor and Tinidril in Lewis' Perelandra or Voyage to Venus, published by The Bodley Head in 1943, had a "certain echo of Tuor and Idril", and that Tinidril in particular was a pastiche of both Idril and Tinúviel, an earlier version of his Lúthien character.

In Peter Jackson's film adaptations of Tolkien's Middle-earth, Idril was supposed to be the original owner of the sword Hadhafang, an original invention by the affiliated production company Weta Workshop. It is wielded by Idril's descendants Elrond and Arwen in certain scenes of both The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series.

References

Primary

Secondary

Sources

Middle-earth Edain
Middle-earth Elves
Fictional married couples
Fictional outlaws
Characters in The Silmarillion
Literary characters introduced in 1977

de:Figuren in Tolkiens Welt#Tuor

Tuor and Idril


The Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists (Traditional Chinese: 香港精神科醫學院) is a member College of the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine (Traditional Chinese: 香港醫學專科學院). It oversees the provision of specialist training and continuing medical education in psychiatry in Hong Kong.

About
There are differences between a psychiatrist (Traditional Chinese: 精神科專科醫生) and a clinical psychologist (Traditional Chinese: 臨牀心理學家). A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders (i.e. behavioural, cognitive and/or emotional disorders), and can thus prescribe medications in treating such disorders - as well as to provide psychotherapy and other supportive counselling. A clinical psychologist is not a medical doctor - but a licensed mental health professional (who usually holds a Master's or Doctoral degree in clinical psychology) who specializes in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. S/he may provide psychological evaluation, assessment, testing, and treatment, but may not prescribe medications.

The objectives of the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists are:
to promote the study and advancement of the science and practice of psychiatry and ancillary sciences and branches of medicine;
to further public education therein;
to contribute to the improvement of mental health care for Hong Kong citizens through the provision of specially trained psychiatrists.

There are 4 categories of members: Fellow, Member, Inceptor and Affiliate. In May 2004, there were 168 Fellows, 64 Members, 96 Inceptors and 26 Affiliates.

Fellow
A registered medical practitioner who (i) has completed at least 6 years of recognized supervised training, (ii) has held a recognized higher qualification in psychiatry, and (iii) if the qualification in (ii) is obtained after 31 December 1993, has passed the Part III Examination of the College, is eligible to apply for Fellowship. If the applicant is from overseas, a certain number of years of local experience is required. The recognized higher qualification in psychiatry will be decided by the College and be reviewed by the College from time to time.

Member
A registered medical practitioner who (i) has passed the Part II Fellowship Examination of the College or (ii) has held a recognized higher qualification in psychiatry, and who is receiving accredited training in Psychiatry, is eligible to apply for Membership. The recognized higher qualification in psychiatry will be decided by the College and be reviewed by the College from time to time.

Currently, the recognized higher qualifications mentioned above are:
Member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, United Kingdom (MRCPsych)
Fellow of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (FRANZCP)
Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada (Psychiatry) (FRCPC)
Diploma of the American Board of Psychiatry

Inceptor
A registered medical practitioner receiving accredited training in psychiatry shall apply for Inceptorship in accordance with such regulation and subject to such conditions as the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine may from time to time prescribe.

Affiliate
Registered medical practitioner not satisfying the requirement for Fellowship, Membership and Inceptorship and non-medically qualified allied professionals may apply for registration as Affiliate in accordance with such regulations and subject to such condition as the Council may from time to time prescribe.

See also
American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
American Psychiatric Association
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Royal College of Psychiatrists (UK)
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists

External links
The Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists
Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatrists
Hong Kong Academy of Medicine
The Royal College of Psychiatrists (UK)
American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
American Psychiatric Association
The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Canadian Psychiatric Association
The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists

Medical education in Hong Kong
Psychiatrists, Hong Kong College of
Mental health in Hong Kong
Psychiatry education

Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists


Archibald Montgomery Low (17 October 1888 – 13 September 1956) developed the first powered drone aircraft. He was an English consulting engineer, research physicist and inventor, and author of more than 40 books.

Low has been called the "father of radio guidance systems" due to his pioneering work on planes, torpedoes boats and guided rockets.  He was a pioneer in many fields though, often leading the way for others, but his lack of discipline meant he hardly ever saw a project through, being easily distracted by new ideas.  If not for this inability to see things to a conclusion, Low could well have been remembered as one of the great men of science.  Many of his scientific contemporaries disliked him, due in part to his using the title "professor", which he was not entitled to do as he did not occupy an academic chair.  His love of the limelight and publicity probably also added to the dislike.

Low was working on the invention of television before World War I and promoting its development through the 1920s.

Early life

Low was born in Purley, London, the second son of John and Gertrude Low.  His father was an engineer with experience in steam boilers and Low's interest in all things mechanical and scientific was fired by visits to his father's place of work.  The family moved to Erith in Kent when Low was still a baby.  He was sent to Preparatory school at Colet Court when his father moved to Australia as a director of the Paddy Lackey Deep-level Company
 gold mine. In 1896 Archibald was only 7 when he sailed with his mother, his elder brother and a maiden aunt on the ship Thermopylae to Sydney for a visit. He recalls being amazed to find that telephones were fitted in every house. As a young boy Low was forever experimenting at home, building homemade steam turbines or conducting chemical experiments that brought havoc to his local neighbourhood and caused his parents to receive many complaints about the bangs, smells and gases created by young Archie.

At the age of 11 he was enrolled into St Paul's School, an institution where he did not fit in; Low described himself as having been "too much of an individual". One of his classmates for several years was Bernard Montgomery, whom Low recalled as being "rather dull".

Aged 16 Low entered the Central Technical College, an institution far more to his liking, where he began to more fully develop his abilities. Under the guidance of his mentor Professor Ashcroft, Low's mercurial mind was given free rein over many of the scientific disciplines. During his time at the CTC Low designed a drawing device which he called "The Low flexible and adjustable curve". This device, along with a dotted line pen and a self filling draughtsman's pen, were marketed by Thornton's, a renowned instrument manufacturer based in Manchester. He also spent a year devising and making a selector mechanism which allowed a lever when moved to fall into a pre-selected slot. It would be 32 more years before pre-selected gears became commercially available, long after Low had originally thought of them.

Early career

Low joined his uncle, Edward Low's engineering firm, Low Accessories and Ignition Company, which at the time was the second oldest engineering firm in the City of London.  Unfortunately the company was in a constant struggle for solvency.  Edward Low did what he could financially to help get his nephew's ideas off the ground, but what was really needed was a rich investor.  During this pre-war period Low was constantly coming up with big new ideas, such as his forced induction engine (which in modern parlance would be called a petrol direct injection engine), which was further developed with the large engine builder F. E. Baker Ltd and exhibited on their stand at the Olympia Motor Cycle Show in November 1912. He also invented gadgets like the whistling egg-boiler which he christened "The Chanticleer".  It went on to sell very well, earning him some much-needed money.  He also experimented with gas turbines, but the alloys available at that time were unable to tolerate the required heat. A prototype of Low's unique invention, the "petrol direct injection engine", was produced and displayed in 1912.

In May 1914 Low gave the first demonstrations of what was to become television, he called it TeleVista.  The first of these demonstration was given to the Institute of Automobile Engineers. Harry Gordon Selfridge then arranged to included one at the famous Selfridge Store Exhibitions. Reports of these were entitled "Seeing By Wireless".  Low's invention was crude and under-developed but the idea was there. The main deficiency was the selenium cell used for converting light waves into electric impulses, which responded too slowly thus spoiling the effect. The demonstration certainly garnered a lot of media interest with The Times reporting on 30 May;

On 29 May the Daily Chronicle reported;

Low failed to follow up this early promising work, due in part to his temperamental failings as well as to the outbreak of World War I later that year. Nature commented that the work was overblown in "Sensational paragraphs on seeing by wire". However, a US consular report from London by Deputy Consul General Carl Raymond Loop provided a different story and considerable detail about Low's system. Low finally applied for his "Televista" Patent No. 191,405 for "Improved Apparatus for the Electrical Transmission of Optical Images" in 1917 but its release was delayed (possibly for security reasons). It was finally published in 1923. In this patent A. M. Low states "..I do not confine myself to the use of wires for actually transmitting the current as this may be accomplished by electric radiation."  In 1927 Ronald Frank Tiltman asked Low to write the introduction to his book in which he acknowledged Low's work, referring to Low's various related patents with an apology that they were of "too technical a nature for inclusion". Although it employed an electro-mechanical scanning mechanism, with its matrix detector (camera) and mosaic screen (receiver) it is unlike all of the later intervening systems of the 20th century. In these respects, Low had a digital television system 80 years before the advent of today's digital TV and deserves his place in the history of television. Furthermore, Carl Loop's report said "the selenium in the transmitting screen may be replaced by any diamagnetic material" and in his patent of 1938 A. M. Low stated "It has also been proposed....... a photo-electric cell embodying a plate coated with a photo-sensitive substance which is subdivided into a number of cells by incising the coating lengthwise and crosswise...", essentially the process used today to create megapixel image sensors.

The Great War

When war broke out, Low joined the military and received officer training.  After a few months he was promoted to captain and seconded to the Royal Flying Corps, the precursor of the RAF.  His brief was to use his civilian research on Televista to remotely control the RFC drone weapons proposed by the Royal Aircraft Factory, so it could be used as a guided missile.  With two other officers (Captain Poole and Lieutenant Bowen) under him, they set to work to see if it were possible.  This project was called "Aerial Target" or AT a misnomer to fool the Germans into thinking it was about building a drone plane to test anti-aircraft capabilities.  After they built a prototype, General Sir David Henderson (director-general of Directorate of Military Aeronautics) ordered that an Experimental Works at Feltham should be created to build the first proper "Aerial Target" complete with explosive warhead.  As head of the Experimental Works, Low was given about 30 picked men, including jewellers, carpenters and aircraftsmen in order to get the pilotless plane built as quickly as possible.  The AT planes were from manufacturers such as Airco, Sopwith Aviation Company and the Royal Aircraft Factory. The de Havilland-designed Airco ATs had their first trial on 21 March 1917 at Upavon Central Flying School near Salisbury Plain, attended by 30–40 allied generals.  The AT was launched from the back of a lorry using compressed air (another first).  Low and his team successfully demonstrated their ability to control the craft before engine failure led to its crash landing. A subsequent trial of the RAF ATs on 6 July 1917 was cut short as an AT had been lost at takeoff. At a later date an electrically driven gyrocompass (yet another first) was added to the plane. In 1918 Low's Feltham Works developed the airborne controlled Royal Navy Distance Control Boats (DCB), a variant of the Coastal Motor Boat.
In 1917 Low and his team also invented the first electrically steered rocket (the world's first wireless, or wire-guided rocket), almost an exact counterpart of the one used by the Germans in 1942 against merchant shipping.  Low's inventions during the war were to a large extent before their time and hence were under-appreciated by the government of the day, although the Germans were well aware of how dangerous his inventions might be. In October 1914 two attempts were made to assassinate him; the first involved shots being fired through his laboratory window in Paul Street; the second attempt was from a visitor with a German accent who came to Low's office and offered him a cigarette, which upon analysis contained enough strychnine chloride to kill.

In 1917 the priority for Low's control system changed; the new imperative being to counter the submarine threat. Low was transferred into the Royal Navy along with Lieutenant Ernest Windsor Bowen to adapt the AT system to control the DCBs but Low still commanded the RFC works at Feltham where the work was carried out. The Feltham guidance system was adopted by the Royal Navy secret D.C.B. Section that was commanded by Eric Gascoigne Robinson VC and was based at Calshot. During 1918, trials and rehearsals controlling Royal Naval boats from RAF aircraft had been completed by the D.C.B. Section and the Admiralty Plans Division had detailed a number of potential targets. On 13th. March.1918 Robinson request 12 sets of the radio guidance equipment be ordered from Feltham. An order for 12 new D.C.B. boats was approved but they were not expected to be ready before the end of 1918.

Although none of these potential weapons were deployed in the war the pre-dreadnought battleship HMS Agamemnon was converted into a remote control target ship in 1920 and the Feltham "Aerial Target" project was taken up by Royal Aircraft Establishment who tested a series of Royal Aircraft Factory 1917 type AT with a 45 h.p Armstrong Siddeley engines in 1921. Low's principles were adopted by the Air Ministry for the RAE Larynx (from "Long Range Gun with Lynx Engine"), and explosive-laden autopiloted aircraft which was developed by the Royal Aircraft Establishment from 1925 and this drone development work culminated in the fleet of Queen Bee aerial target variants of the de Havilland Tiger Moth of the 1930s.  Further developments continued by the British before and during the Second World War.

During World War II the Germans also made good use of Low's 1918 rocket guidance system and used it as one of the foundations for their guided weapons, the Henschel Hs 293, and Fritz X and for their V1 Doodlebug.

As Low developed these inventions while employed by the War Department, they were considered to have been invented as part of his duties, preventing him from benefitting financially from them.

Low was commended for this work by a number of senior officers including Sir David Henderson and Admiral Edward Stafford Fitzherbert. Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet a technically competent radio engineer and distinguished politician wrote to Low in March 1918 saying "I know of no man who has more extensive and more profound scientific knowledge, combined with a greater gift on imaginative invention than yourself". res.

Inter-war years

Not long after the war Low started the Low Engineering Company Ltd in association with the Hon. C. N. Bruce (later Lord Aberdare).  The company offices were on Kensington High Street, and Low spent much of his time trying to bring his inventions to fruition.  As usual though he was easily distracted by gadgets that he devised, taking his attention away from the more important work.  One of the better gadgets was a motor scooter that Low invented and manufactured in conjunction with Henry Norman.

In 1926, Low was reported to be working with Ivor Halstead, editor of the Daily Sketch, on the script of a film to be called Cosmos, about the history of the world from the beginning of time.

Despite his best efforts, he struggled to succeed in business. An example of this is the magazine he started up with his friend Lord Brabazon and others. It was titled Armchair Science; Low helped edit it, and at one point the sales were 80,000 a month, yet it never achieved a profit and was ultimately sold off. Another of Low's hobbies was racing cars and motorbikes.  He was a regular attendee at Brooklands and at one point invented a rocket-propelled bike, as well as numerous other gadgets and improvements for the internal combustion engine. Low was worried about the number of road traffic accidents that were occurring, and believed speed in cities should be restricted to 25 mph using modern radio methods to enforce it. Low was also annoyed by excess noise, to this end he invented an audiometer to measure and record noise in a visual form. He conducted experiments on the London Underground and achieved some success in pinpointing trouble spots and reducing their impact by use of shields over the wheels and padding of the interior panels.

In 1938 Low had lunch with a gentleman called William Joyce. Joyce wanted Low to contribute an article to a paper he helped run. Low declined the offer being too busy; it was only a couple of years later that Joyce gained infamy as Lord Haw-Haw.

A few of Low's inventions from this period are:

Using infra-red photography to check head space in engines;
A machine for reproducing photographs by radio;
An audiometer that was a forerunner of sound photography at high speed (used in engineering and architectural work);
A device for converting ordinary print to Braille using photo electric cells;
Cap-detonating sparkplug.

Second World War and later

At the outbreak of the Second World War Low initially joined the Air Ministry in a civil capacity.  His job was to examine captured German aircraft and prepare reports for British pilots to enable them to identify the weak points of the enemy aircraft.  Later on he joined the Royal Pioneer Corps and was promoted to major.  Between experiments in his back garden laboratory, he gave frequent talks to service personnel on scientific matters.  Low was frequently in bad health from the late 1930s onwards, having never fully recovered from a bout of pneumonia he suffered a few years earlier.  Although nothing that he experimented with during the war ultimately came to fruition, he did work on some interesting projects:

The 'W' bomb – a riverine mine for Operation Royal Marine being designed by MD1. It floated just beneath the surface, came up when needed and spread a kind of umbrella out of itself which would detonate when touched. The primary inventors were Millis Jefferis and Stuart Macrae; the latter was formerly an editor of Armchair Science with whom Low was on friendly terms.
A bomb that when dropped on airfields would be buried to the hilt but leave trailing wires on the surface.  An aircraft touching these wires would detonate the bomb.
A notable humanitarian example involved the incorporation of a flap on a carrier pigeon's cage secured by sugar so that if the pigeon was trapped after a crash or incident moisture would soak into the sugar and release the bird.

Quotations

Later life
Low died at his London home in 1956 aged 68. The cause of his death was a malignant tumour on his lung.  He is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.

In 1976 Low was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame.

Works

Low was a prolific author of science books. He aimed several of his books at the layman to try to nurture interest in science and engineering. Quite a few of his books contained predictions on scientific advancements. In addition to his non-fiction books, Low wrote four science fiction novels for young readers.

Non-fiction

The Two Stroke Engine: A Manual of the Coming Form of the Internal Combustion Engine (1916)
Wireless Possibilities (1924)
The Future (1925)
Tendencies of Modern Science (1930)
On My Travels(1930)
The Wonder Book of Inventions (1930)
Popular Scientific Recreations (1933)
Science in Wonderland (1935)
Recent Inventions (1935)
Great Scientific Achievements (1936)
Conquering Space and Time (1937)
Life and its Story (1937)
Home Experiments (1937)
Electrical Inventions (1937)
Science for the Home (1938)
What New Wonders! (1938)
Science in Industry (1939)
Modern Armaments (1939)
How We Find Out (1940)
Mine and Countermine (1940)
The Way It Works (1940)
The Submarine at War (1941)
Romance of Fire (1941)
Science Looks ahead (1942)
Tanks (1942)
Musket to Machine-Gun (1942)
Facts and Fancies (1942)
Parachutes in Peace and War (1942)
Benefits of War (1943)
Tick-Tock (1944)
Six Scientific Years (1946)
How Secrets Work (1946)
Your World Tomorrow (1947)
They Made Your World (1949)
Look, Listen and Touch (1949)
It's Bound to Happen (1950)
The Past Presented (1952)
Electronics Everywhere (1952)
Wonderful Wembley Stadium (1953)
Thanks to Inventors (1954)

Fiction

Peter Down the Well (1933)
Adrift in the Stratosphere (1937)
Mars Breaks Through, or The Great Murchison Mystery
Satellite in Space (1956)

Appointments

Associate of the City and Guilds of London Institute
Member of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers
Fellow of the Chemical Society
Fellow and President of the British Institute for Radio Engineers
Chairman for 24 years of the AutoCycle Union
President for 32 years (1925-1956) of the South Eastern Centre of the AutoCycle Union
Chairman of the RAC Motor Cycle Committee
Honorary technical advisor to the Women's Automobile and Sports Association1929
Vice-chairman and chairman for 20 years of the British Automobile Racing Club
Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
Principal of the British Institute of Engineering Technology
Fellow of the Institute of Electronics
One of the founder members, and 2nd President (1936–1951) of the British Interplanetary Society
Associated Hon. Asst, Professor of Physics at the Royal Ordnance College, by the Army Council
Membership of the Magic Circle from 5 September 1950

Recognition
In 1976 Low was included in the 35 pioneers listed by the International Academy of Astronautics and inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1976. He has been called the "Father of Radio Guidance Systems" and the "founder of the field of radio guidance systems".  Alternatively,  it was suggest A. M. Low was the "Father of Remotely Piloted Vehicles".

Notes

References

Low's patents
Low's bibliography at Copac.
Low's bibliography at WorldCat.

External links

IWM catalogue. For example, the Aerial Target Model can be found at Q 68008 Other images are Q 66031, Q 67984 to Q 67991, Q 68002 to Q 68012, Q 68036 to Q 68040, Q 66711, Q 69509, Q 69929, Q 69930 and H 10307.

1888 births
1956 deaths
English physicists
Royal Flying Corps officers
Royal Pioneer Corps officers
English science writers
English science fiction writers
Television pioneers
Futurologists
People from Purley, London
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
People educated at St Paul's School, London
20th-century British novelists
20th-century British inventors
English male novelists
20th-century British engineers
20th-century English male writers
Radio-controlled aircraft
History of television in the United Kingdom
British Army personnel of World War I
Military personnel from London

Archibald Low


The Mathematical Intelligencer is a mathematical journal published by Springer Science+Business Media that aims at a conversational and scholarly tone, rather than the technical and specialist tone more common among academic journals. Volumes are released quarterly with a subset of open access articles. Some articles have been cross-published in the Scientific American. Karen Parshall and Sergei Tabachnikov are  currently the co-editors-in-chief.

History
The journal was started informally in 1971 by Walter Kaufmann-Buehler and Alice and Klaus Peters. "Intelligencer" was chosen by Kaufmann-Buehler as a word that would appear slightly old-fashioned. An exploration of mathematically themed stamps, written by Robin Wilson, became one of its earliest columns.
Prior to 1977, articles of the Intelligencer were not contained in regular volumes and were sent out sporadically to those on a mailing list. To gauge interest, the inaugural mailing included twelve thousand people of whom four thousand requested further copies via postcard. One of the latter was André Weil, who mocked the mailing's admittedly idiosyncratic typography.

In 1978, the founders appointed Bruce Chandler and Harold "Ed" Edwards Jr. to serve jointly in the role of editor-in-chief. The volumes started again with 0 (introductory volume in August 1977) and the first issue of volume 1 appeared in March 1978.

Subsequent editors-in-chief were John Ewing from 1979 to 1986, Sheldon Axler from 1987 to 1991, and Chandler Davis from 1991 to 2004. Beginning in 2004, Davis shared editing responsibilities with long-time contributor Marjorie Senechal. She became the sole editor on Davis's retirement in 2013 and continued to edit the journal through the end of 2020. Parshall and Tabachnikov took over from her in 2021.

Almost from the beginning, the journal's editors have shown a "willingness to deal with controversial topics." For example, Chandler and Edwards excerpted Morris Kline's controversial 1977 book, Why the Professor Can't Teach, prompting numerous reactions.  Their successor, Ewing, acknowledged that "the purpose of the Intelligencer remains the same: to inform, to entertain, and to provoke."  Axler was even more categorical: "Controversies can make for interesting reading, especially in mathematics where we rarely argue about the scientific validity of a result. … [They] keep the publication edgy."   Indeed, Axler identified at least three controversies that erupted during his editorship.  One was a book review by Steven Krantz in 1989 which expanded to criticize research interest in fractals; "Fractal geometry has not solved any problems. It is not even clear that it has created any new ones." This prompted Benoit Mandelbrot to publish a rebuttal in the same journal. The rebuttal format was initially planned for a paper accepted by Senechal that was authored by Theodore Hill and Sergei Tabachnikov on the variability hypothesis. In the end, however, it was not published. Further controversy arose when a revised version of the paper, by Hill alone, was published by The New York Journal of Mathematics but then retracted without a notice.

Contents
The Mathematical Intelligencer publishes a variety of contributions on and about mathematics. In addition to articles of a strictly mathematical nature, shorter "notes," poetry, short fiction, and the occasional interview, the journal currently features regular columns on the history of mathematics ("Years Ago" overseen by Jemma Lorenat), humor ("Mathematically Bent" written by Colin Adams), "Mathematical Gems and Curiosities" (edited by Valentin Ovsienko and Sophie Morier-Genoud), "Mathematical Communities" (edited by Marjorie Senechal), "The Mathematical Tourist" (edited by Ma. Louise Antonette De Las Peñas), and mathematically themed stamps ("Stamp Corner" edited by Robin Wilson).  Long-time contributor, Jim Henle also authored a column on "Cucina Matematica" until 2015 as well as, until 2022, one "For Our Mathematical Pleasure." Under John McCleary, the book review section covers books, both non-fiction and fiction, of interest to the mathematically inclined.

Reception
The Mathematical Intelligencer has been described as a journal that publishes articles about front-line research rather than research per se. In 2001, Branislav Kisacanin opined that it belongs in "every good mathematics library". Apart from the Intelligencer's main articles, a humor column written by mathematician Colin Adams has also been well received.

References

Mathematics journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1971

The Mathematical Intelligencer


Charles Sebastian "Red" Dooin (June 12, 1879 – May 12, 1952) was an American professional baseball player and manager. A catcher in Major League Baseball during the first two decades of the 20th century, he played 1,219 of his 1,290 games as a member of the Philadelphia Phillies and managed the Phils from 1910 through 1914.

Biography
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dooin began his career with the St. Joseph, Missouri, club of the Western League in 1900. Two years later, he reached the Phillies and the National League, catching in 84 games. He was the club's regular catcher from 1904 through 1910, and although a broken ankle and a broken leg – suffered in plays at home plate in 1910 and 1911 – curtailed his playing career, he stayed in the majors as a catcher through 1916. A right-handed hitter, he batted .240 with ten career home runs.  Oddly, six of those home runs came in one season: 1904, Dooin's first season as a full-time regular.

In 1910, Dooin succeeded Billy Murray as manager of the Phils; under Murray, the Quakers had placed fifth in 1909. Player-manager Dooin piloted the Phillies for five years and compiled a winning record (392–370, .514). Moreover, along with fellow catcher and player-coach Pat Moran, he nurtured the great pitcher Grover Cleveland Alexander to stardom in his earliest big league seasons. The Phillies rose to second place in the 1913 NL, but when they fell to sixth the following season, Dooin was replaced by Moran as the team's skipper.

Still an active player, he then was traded to the Cincinnati Reds and, ultimately, the New York Giants, where he played his final two seasons in the Majors. He caught 111 shutouts during his career, ranking him 20th all-time among major league catchers.

Dooin died of a heart attack in Rochester, New York at the age of 72, and was buried at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery.

See also
List of Major League Baseball player–managers

References

External links

1952 deaths
1879 births
Baseball players from Cincinnati
Cincinnati Reds players
Columbus Senators players
Grand Rapids Furniture Makers players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball player-managers
Minor league baseball managers
New York Giants (NL) players
Ottumwa Giants players
Philadelphia Phillies managers
Philadelphia Phillies players
Reading Coal Barons players
Rochester Hustlers players
Rock Island-Moline Islanders players
St. Joseph Saints players
Springfield Wanderers players
Xavier Musketeers baseball players
Rock Island Islanders players

Red Dooin


The Andean Railway (native name: Ferrocarril Andino) was a state-owned railway company in Argentina which, towards the end of the 19th century, built and operated a line connecting Villa María in Córdoba Province with the cities of Mendoza, San Luis and San Juan. The  network was later sold to a number of British-owned railway companies.

History
The first plan to reach the Andes through railway had been carried out with a concession granted to Central Argentine Railway (CAR) and later with the project to make Buenos Aires Western Railway a trans-andean line. The aim of the railway was linking the three provinces of the Cuyo region, San Juan, San Luis and Mendoza with the city of Rosario, via the CAR.

The AR was the first state-owned railway in Argentina and was founded on 15 November 1867 by decree promulgated in November 1867, from Villa María to Villa Nueva, then extending to Río Cuarto.

At the beginning of 1870 the Government signed an agreement to British entrepreneur John Simmons who committed to finish the railway within 3 years at a cost of A$ 26,200 per mile. In November that same years works began.

On October 24, 1873, the Villa María–Río Cuarto section was finished. That same the company started works to extend the line to Villa Mercedes, San Luis, opening the line two years later, totalizing 254 km. President of Argentina Nicolás Avellaneda attended the ceremony.

Once the works finished, the National Government hired J. E. Rogers (whose company had been one of the constructors) to operate the line. The Government required Rogers his employees had to be Argentina-born.

Details of the building of the line are as follows:

In 1886 the AR bought the branch line from Villa Mercedes to La Toma from the ex-Ferrocarril Noroeste a La Rioja and extended it to Villa Dolores to give a branch line with a total length of 226 km.

The construction costs and tariffs of the AR were the lowest of any railway company in Argentina at that time, and when it began to make a profit, the network was sold off to British-owned companies as detailed in Table 2.

See also
 Transandine Railway

Bibliography
 British Railways in Argentina 1857-1914: A Case Study of Foreign Investment by Colin Lewis - Athlone Press (for the Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London), 1983

Defunct railway companies of Argentina
Railway companies established in 1867
Railway companies disestablished in 1909
5 ft 6 in gauge railways in Argentina
a
a
a

Andean Railway


EKSPLA is a laser manufacturing company based in Lithuania. EKSPLA is known for their lasers and laser systems, as well as other photonics components. The company is supplying their products for scientific, OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) & industrial applications.

History
All Lithuanian laser technology companies trace their roots to Vilnius University and the Institute of Physics. Members of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and of the Institute of Physics organised an experimental workshop and established the EKSMA company in 1983. It represented the scientific instrumentation of the former Soviet Union.

In 1992, an EKSMA laser design and manufacturing spin-off named EKSPLA started operating as a separate legal entity. Gradual development of the company can be illustrated by its customer base expansion to Japan in 1993, and United States in 1996. Today it covers all the world.

The first EKSPLA commercial picosecond diode-pumped laser was developed in 2002. Currently, (2007) the company supplies more than 20 types of diode-pumped solid-state lasers.

In 2004, EKSMA became a holding company through acquisition of EKSPLA. The shareholders agreed to consolidate all laser and photonics related businesses of both companies into EKSPLA, and two divisions were established: Laser & Laser Systems and Photonics Components. Although company operates under the EKSPLA name, both EKSPLA and EKSMA trademarks are used for laser and components businesses.

Effective from 1 July 2008, all components business activities (covering optical components, laser & nonlinear crystals, positioning mechanics, mounts and optical tables) were moved from EKSPLA to an Optolita company with the brand name of and doing business as EKSMA OPTICS.

Awards
In 2005, EKSPLA was awarded as the knowledge economy company of the year. The award was given as an acknowledgement of the company's constant investments and achievements in development and marketing of knowledge-based products, cooperation with research institutions, and support to the knowledge-based economy development projects.

In 2007, EKSPLA CEO Kestutis Jasiunas, together with other scientists and entrepreneurs (Dr. Romualdas Danielius, Dr. Rimantas Kraujalis and Prof. Habil. Dr. Algis Petras Piskarskas), received the Partnership Award of the National Advancement Awards. This was an acknowledgement of major contributions to Lithuania laser science and industry consolidation.

Products
EKSPLA has 8 product lines: scientific lasers and laser systems, industrial lasers, laser spectroscopy, and laser electronics components. The company manufactures and supplies photonic products and services for OEM and R&D applications.

Lasers and laser systems
Since its foundation, the company was manufacturing only flash-lamp pumped lasers. But as diode pumping results in better overall efficiency and beam quality, a decision was made to replace them with diode-pumped lasers. Currently the EKSPLA laser product line comprises mainly tunable wavelength and diode-pumped lasers.

If classified by pulse duration, the company manufactures femtosecond,  nanosecond and picosecond lasers.

Most common EKSPLA lasers applications:
 Research and Development
 Spectroscopy
 Ti:Sapphire and dye laser pumping
 OPG/OPA, OPO pumping
 Plasma studies
 LIDAR
 Photobiology, photochemistry
 Micromachining
 Marking
 Seeding
 Engraving
 Ablation
 Other applications

Laser micromachining
In 2007, EKSPLA developed the Master Series laser marking systems for material processing. A diode-pumped laser integrated in the system enables higher productivity. This product line has been designed with industrial applications in mind.

Laser marking systems can be used to perform various tasks: to mark serial numbers, barcodes for identification, small "invisible" signs for trademark protection or even to scribe semiconductors or plastics. Laser marking systems are suitable for creating 2D and 3D patterns inside glass.

Later all laser material processing workstation business was transferred to ELAS – laser micromachining workstations manufacturer.

Opto-electronic components
The following opto-electronic components are produced:
 Pockels cells. The material for Pockels cells are BBO and KD*P nonlinear crystals. Pockels cells are used in DPSS Q-switching lasers and are the basic components of electro-optic modulators. Pockels cells applications: high repetition rate regenerative amplifier control, beam chopper, cavity dumping.
 Drivers for Pockels cells. These have been designed to enable Q-switching of nanosecond lasers without the use of phase retardation plates. High voltage applied to the Pockels cell inhibits oscillation. At a certain time HV is switched to ground, thus allowing the laser to radiate.
 Crystal Ovens. Ovens accommodate temperature-sensitive nonlinear crystals. They are used for precise temperature stabilization of laser harmonic crystals of various sizes, and for heating of both bulk and thin periodically poled crystals.
 Flashlamp drivers
 Laser cooling units
 Laser crystal ovens

Partnership
Ekspla has a successful track record of international collaboration in NATO and EUREKA programs. In 2002, Ekspla was appointed the first Lithuania-based coordinator of a European Union FP5 project.

The company participates in a number of research projects of Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation, with research groups from the Institute of Physics and Laser Research Centre at Vilnius University.

Ekspla is closely collaborating with other Lithuanian enterprises in the photonics field: Standa, Optida, and Light Conversion. In 2005–2007, these four companies carried out a successfully completed research and technological development project "Lasers for microprocessing and diagnostics" partially financed from EU Structural Funds. The purpose of the project was to develop a new type of laser meeting the requirements for industrial applications. Light Conversion and EKSPLA did the research work for development of high repetition rate, short pulse, high medium power diode-pumped lasers and investigated harmonic generation, and tunable optical parametric radiation. Such sources of radiation are supposed to be used in microprocessing. as well as other applications.

The company sells its products directly or through distributors. Distributors are found in  China, Germany, Great Britain, France, India, Israel, Japan, Liechtenstein, Mexico, Poland, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, Taiwan, United States.

References

Manufacturing companies of Lithuania
Manufacturing companies of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Vilnius
Companies established in 1983
1983 establishments in Lithuania
Science and technology in Lithuania
Lithuanian brands

Ekspla


A carol is a festive song. It is generally religious but not necessarily connected with church worship. It is also often with a dance-like or popular character.

Today the carol is represented almost by the Christmas carol, the Advent carol, and to a much lesser extent by the Easter carol, however despite their present association with religion, this has not always been the case.

History
The word carol is thought to have been derived from the French word caroller. That was a circle dance accompanied by singers (in turn derived from the Latin choraula). The carol was very popular as a dance song from the 1150s to the 1350s. That was after which its use expanded as a processional song sung during festivals. That was while others were written to accompany religious mystery plays (such as the Coventry Carol, written in 1591).

Song forms
Christian music

Carol (music)


Ars cantus mensurabilis (Latin for the art of the measurable song) is a music theory treatise from the mid-13th century, c. 1250–1280 written by German music theorist Franco of Cologne. The treatise was written shortly after De Mensurabili Musica, a treatise by Johannes de Garlandia, which summarised a set of six rhythmic modes in use at the time. In music written in rhythmic modes, the duration of a note could be determined only in context. Ars cantus mensurabilis was the first treatise to suggest that individual notes could have their own durations independent of context. This new rhythmic system was the foundation for the mensural notation system and the ars nova style.

References

Ars antiqua
Musical notation
European rhythm
Medieval music manuscript sources
Music textbooks
13th-century Latin books
Medieval music theory

Ars cantus mensurabilis


University Place is a short north-south thoroughfare in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States, which runs from Washington Square Park in the south as a continuation of Washington Square East, taking the position of Madison Avenue uptown, and terminates at East 14th Street just southwest of Union Square. Although the roadway continues north of 14th Street as Union Square West, traffic on the two streets run in opposite directions (University Place uptown, and Union Square West downtown), both feeding into 14th Street. Until the late 1990s, University Place was a two-way street. The street contains numerous cafes, shops, and restaurants, many of which cater to students at NYU and The New School.

History
University Place was formerly part of Wooster Street, but received a new name in 1838, a year after New York University's first building opened on Washington Square. The street was the original location of the Union Theological Seminary in 1838, and the New York Society Library moved there in 1856. The Industrial Education Association, precursor to Teachers College, occupied the Union Theological Seminary building in the late 1880s.

See also
 Buegeleisen and Jacobson, musical instrument distributor

References

Greenwich Village
Streets in Manhattan
Union Square, Manhattan

University Place (Manhattan)


Numa Marcius, son of Marcus, was the first Pontifex Maximus of Ancient Rome.

He was appointed by the King Numa Pompilius who assigned to him the entire system of religious rites, which system was written out for him and sealed and included the manner and timing of sacrifices, the supervision of religious funds, authority over all public and private religious institutions, instruction of the populace in the celestial and funerary rites including appeasing the dead, and expiation of prodigies.

Family
He had a son also named Numa Marcius, who served as praefectus urbi under Tullus Hostilius.  The younger Marcius married Pompilia, daughter of Numa Pompilius, and was the father of Ancus Marcius.

References

Pontifices maximi of the Roman Kingdom
Marcii
8th-century BC Romans
7th-century BC Romans
8th-century BC clergy
7th-century BC clergy

Numa Marcius


The Italian language is the third most spoken language (after Croatian and Serbian) in the Republic of Croatia today. It is an officially recognized minority language in Istria County (where it is spoken by 7.69% of the population).

Speaker Population
The 2001 census in Croatia reported 19,636 ethnic Italians in the country (some .44% of the total population). Ethnologue reported 70,000 speakers in 1998: 40,000 ethnic Italians and 30,000 ethnic Croats and Istrian people. Native Italian speakers are largely concentrated along the Adriatic coast. In addition, roughly 120,000 Italian tourists visit Croatia each year, so many in the service and tourist industries have some knowledge of the language.As the 3/4 of the Italian community is concentrated in Istria, according to Ethnologue's estimates ( 70.000 ),  at least 20% of the population of Istria is Italian mother tongue, although many simply declare themselves as  Istrian.

Historically, the language had a much larger population than it does now. Italians have lived on the Adriatic coast for hundreds of years, and Istria was part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1919 until 1947. However the Istrian exodus after the Second World War and Yugoslavian ethnic cleansing in the form of the Foibe massacres forced the greater part of the Istrian Italians to flee to Italy.
During the Italian exodu, about 350000 people left Istria, Dalmatia and the isles of Croatia.

Italian in Use
Government services are provided in Italian and Croatian in Istria County, including the official government website (which is also available in English). There are four Italian-language schools in Istria: primary schools in Buje (Buie) and Novigrad (Cittanova) and secondary schools in Pula (Pola) and Rovinj (Rovigno).

Related pages
 Dalmatian Italians
 Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
 Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
 List of Italian place names in Dalmatia

References
Ethnologue Report for Italian
Region of Istria Official Website
Republic of Croatia Central Bureau of Statistics

Languages of Croatia

Italian language in Croatia


Partible inheritance is a system of inheritance in which property is apportioned among heirs. It contrasts in particular with primogeniture, which was common in feudal society and requires that the whole or most of the inheritance passes to the eldest son, and with agnatic seniority, which requires the succession to pass to next senior male.

Partible inheritance systems are common ones to be found in legal systems based on both common law and the Napoleonic Code. In the latter case, there may be a further requirement implying division according to a scheme, such as equal shares for legitimate children.

Partible inheritance has been common in ancient Celtic and Germanic tribal societies, an example of the latter pattern is the so-called Salic patrimony.
Historically speaking, non-partible inheritance has been associated with monarchies and the wish for landed estates to be kept together as units. In the Middle Ages, the partible inheritance systems, for example, of the Merovingian dynasty, the Carolingian Empire and the Kievan Rus had the effect of dividing kingdoms into princely states, and are often thought to be responsible for their gradual decline in power.

Partible inheritance was the generally-accepted form of inheritance adopted in New England in the 18th century. The southern colonies adopted a system of male primogeniture in cases of intestacy, and the northern colonies adopted a system of partible inheritance in cases of intestacy, with the eldest son receiving a double portion of the estate. In practice, a strong bequest motive in the colonies adopting multigeniture reduced the variability in demographic experiences across colonies with different inheritance systems.

See also
Gavelkind
Gavelkind in Ireland

References

Inheritance
Legal terminology
Sibling

Partible inheritance


Sooryavansham is a 1999 Indian Hindi-language romantic musical drama film directed by E. V. V. Satyanarayana. It stars Amitabh Bachchan in dual roles, along with Soundarya, Jayasudha, Rachna Banerjee, Anupam Kher, and Kader Khan. The film is a remake of the 1997 Tamil-language film Suryavamsam. The story revolves around a traditional father and his uneducated yet obedient son, following their tense relationship and showing how the strict patriarchy causes them to fall apart.

Plot
Bhanu Pratap Singh, the village head, does not accept his youngest son, Heera, due to his illiteracy. However, he is determined to overcome all obstacles to fulfil his father's dream of building a hospital.

Cast
 Amitabh Bachchan as Thakur Bhanu Pratap Singh/Heera Thakur (Dual Role)
 Jayasudha as Sharda Thakur
 Soundarya as Radha Thakur
 Rachana Banerjee as Gauri Singh
 Anupam Kher as Dharmendra Tripathi
 Kader Khan as Rtd. Major Ranjeet Singh
 Shivaji Satam as Ramesh Lawyer, Radha's father
 Bindu as Mona Lawyer, Radha's mother
 Mukesh Rishi as Deshraj Thakur/Kewda Thakur
 Imran Khan as Arjun Thakur
 Rajesh Khattar as Varun Thakur
 Neelima Azeem as Mrs. Varun
 Ahuti Prasad as Karan Thakur
 Chalapathi Rao as Police Commissioner
 Brahmanandam as Dr. P. K. Mare
 Ananda Vardhan as Sonu
 Kallu Chidambaram as Bus Service Customer
 Fahad Fazil as Atish Naran

References

Sooryavansham


Thermoplastic olefin, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), or olefinic thermoplastic elastomers refer to polymer/filler blends usually consisting of some fraction of a thermoplastic, an elastomer or rubber, and usually a filler.

Outdoor applications such as roofing frequently contain TPO because it does not degrade under solar UV radiation, a common problem with nylons. TPO is used extensively in the automotive industry.

Materials

Thermoplastics
Thermoplastics may include polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), block copolymer polypropylene (BCPP), and others.

Fillers
Common fillers include, though are not restricted to talc, fiberglass, carbon fiber, wollastonite, and MOS (Metal Oxy Sulfate).

Elastomers
Common elastomers include ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), EPDM (EP-diene rubber), ethylene-octene (EO), ethylbenzene (EB), and styrene ethylene butadiene styrene (SEBS). Currently there are a great variety of commercially available rubbers and BCPP's. They are produced using regioselective and stereoselective catalysts known as metallocenes. The metallocene catalyst becomes embedded in the polymer and cannot be recovered.

Creation
Components for TPO are blended together at 210 - 270 °C under high shear. A twin screw extruder or a continuous mixer may be employed to achieve a continuous stream, or a Banbury compounder may be employed for batch production. A higher degree of mixing and dispersion is achieved in the batch process, but the superheat batch must immediately be processed through an extruder to be pelletized into a transportable intermediate. Thus batch production essentially adds an additional cost step.

Structure
The geometry of the metallocene catalyst will determine the sequence of chirality in the chain, as in, atactic, syndiotactic, isotactic, as well as average block length, molecular weight and distribution. These characteristics will in turn govern the microstructure of the blend.

As in metal alloys the properties of a TPO product depend greatly upon controlling the size and distribution of the microstructure. PP and PE form lamellar crystallites separated by amorphous regions that can grow into a variety of microstructures ranging from single crystals from dilute solution crystallization to fiberous crystals and shish-kabob structures. Thin films from quiescent melts can form spherulitic impinging structures that display cylindrically symmetric birefringence. The PP and PE components of a blend constitute the "crystalline phase", and the rubber and branched PE chains and PE/PP end groups gives the "amorphous phase".

If PP and PE are the dominant component of a TPO blend then the rubber fraction will be dispersed into a continuous matrix of "crystalline" polypropylene. If the fraction of rubber is greater than 40% phase inversion may be possible when the blend cools, resulting in an amorphous continuous phase, and a crystalline dispersed phase. This type of material is non-rigid, and is sometimes called TPR for ThermoPlastic Rubber.

To increase the rigidity of a TPO blend, fillers exploit a surface tension phenomena. By selecting a filler with a higher surface area per weight, a higher flexural modulus can be achieved. Specific density of TPO blends range from 0.92 to 1.1.

Application
TPO is easily processed by injection molding, profile extrusion, and thermoforming. However, TPO cannot be blown, or sustain a film thickness less than 1/4 mil (about 6 micrometers).

References

Thermoplastic elastomers
Materials science
Polymer physics

Thermoplastic olefin


Sacks is a German surname meaning "man from Saxony" and may refer to:
 Alan Sacks, US television producer
 Andrew Sacks, US attorney
 C. Jared Sacks, US founder of Channel Classics Records
 David O. Sacks (b. 1972), South Africa-born US internet businessman and film producer
 David Sacks (writer) (fl. 21st century), US television writer and producer
 Gerald Sacks (b. 1933), US logician
 Glenn Sacks (fl. 21st century), US radio personality
 Greg Sacks (b. 1952), US racing car driver
 Harvey Sacks (1935–1975), US sociologist
 Hayley Anne Sacks (b. 1991), US figure skater who competed for Israel
 Joel Sacks (b. 1989), Argentine football (soccer) player
 Jonathan Sacks (1948–2020), Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom's main body of Orthodox synagogues
 Jonathan Sacks (composer) (b. 1950), US musician and composer
 Leon Sacks (1902–1972), Democratic member of US House of Representatives
 Leslie Sacks (1952-2013), US art dealer and collector
 Mark Sacks (1953-2008), British philosopher
 Martin Sacks (b. 1959), Australian actor
 Michael Sacks (b. 1948), US actor
 Mike Sacks, US author, humor writer, and magazine editor
 Nathan Sacks, South African football (soccer) player
 Oliver Sacks (1933-2015), English-born US neurologist and author
 Peter M. Sacks (b. 1950), South African-born US artist and poet
 Rodney Sacks American businessman
 Ruth Sacks (b. 1977), South African artist
 Yonason Sacks (fl. 21st century), US rabbi

See also

 Sachs, a variant of the surname Sacks
 Sachse, Texas, United States
 Sack (disambiguation)
 Saks (disambiguation)
 Sax (disambiguation)
 Saxe (disambiguation)
 Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
 Zaks (disambiguation)
 Zaks, a building toy
 Zax (disambiguation)

Sacks (surname)


Jean Vauquelin de la Fresnaye (or de La Fresnaye) (1536–1606/8) was a French poet born at the château of La Fresnaye-au-Sauvage or Caen in Normandy in 1536.

He studied the humanities at Paris and law at Poitiers and Bourges. He fought in the Wars of Religion under the maréchal de Matignon and was wounded at the siege of Saint-Lô (1574). Most of his life was spent at Caen, where he was president, and he died there in 1608. He was the owner of the Chateau des Yveteaux in Les Yveteaux.

La Fresnaye was a disciple of Ronsard, but, while praising the reforms of the Pléiade he laid stress on the continuity of French literary history. He was a student of the trouvères and the old chroniclers, and desired to see French poetry set on a national basis. These views he expounded in an Art poetique, begun at the desire of Henry III in 1574, but not published until 1605.

His Forestries appeared in 1555; his Diverses poésies, including the Art poétique, the Satyres françoises, addressed to various distinguished contemporaries, and the Idylles, with some epigrams and sonnets, appeared in 1605. Among his political writings in the context of the civil wars may be noted Pour la monarchie du royaume contre la division (1569).

References

1536 births
1608 deaths
Writers from Normandy
16th-century French poets
University of Poitiers alumni
French male poets
People from Orne

Jean Vauquelin de la Fresnaye


The Incheon Stadium, commonly known as the Incheon Asiad Main Stadium (), is a stadium located in Incheon, South Korea. Completed in July 2014, it is used mostly for athletics meets and was the main venue of the 2014 Asian Games. The stadium has been designed with an initial capacity of roughly 60,000 spectators. After the 2014 Asian Games, capacity was reduced to 30,000 spectators. The stadium has an oval running track enclosing a regulation-size soccer field. Outside, there's a tennis court, a subsidiary stadium, and the 1,415.13 m2 Yeonhui Cricket Ground.

The main stadium was used for the opening and closing ceremony and athletics competitions of the 2014 Asian Games and 2014 Asian Para Games.  Utilizing the long linear landscape from South to North to actively connect to surrounding parks, and the natural continuity of the rooftops to facilitate the approach by spectators, in order to overcome the difficulty of approaching the long site while emphasizing the potential of the area. It attempts to depict the movements of people with the lines and soft curvatures of dancing in order to link with Seungmu (Buddhist dance), and to express dynamic movement with the tide and wind, which represent the sea of Incheon.

Design and construction
On April 17, 2007, Incheon was chosen as the venue for the 15-day Asiad that will be held from September to October 2014.Forecasts at the time indicated that around 20,000 people would participate in the event, with 13,000 athletes and delegates from the 43 National Olympic Committees from Asia were going to represent their countries, while around 7 thousand media representatives could to cover the event.

Due to the lack of a stadium or a suitable place in the city for athletics events, the Bid Committee decided to build a stadium that suited the needs of the Games. But, at the same time as it was built for the event, could not become a "white elephant", as the city's main stadium was Munhak Stadium. However, Olympic Council of Asia rules state that the minimum capacity for a stadium to host ceremonies and athletics during the Asian Games is of more than 45 thousand people.Due this conditions,the bid committee made an international competition winning by the global architeture firm Populous that also designed London's London Olympic Stadium has designed the stadium in collaboration with Heerim Architects and Planners. The chief feature of the stadium is its sustainability. The design configures the main facilities towards the permanent western side, while the temporary seating spaces towards the eastern side. The temporary seating will be removed after the games.

In the beginning of the stadium, the reflections of the traditional Buddhist ritual Seung Moo Dance is seen. It exhibits form and space around active movement. The forces of yin and yang form the nucleus of the architectural design.  The stadium was built based on the three concepts of "incorporating light", "bringing in the rising wind", and "dancing with joy" to embody the energy of Incheon and the excitement shared by the participating countries through sporting events.

The five-story main stadium stretches across a total ground area of 113,620 m2 and is designed to seat over 60,000 spectators. Its two huge roofs form delicate undulating curves and its overall shape looks like a spaceship, which blends perfectly with the vast lawn plaza. The surrounding areas of the main stadium were designed in an environment-friendly manner, including the Eco Canal that connects two streams flowing nearby and Biotope, a small-scale ecological habitat. The sculptures throughout the stadium grounds are also noteworthy. After Asian Games come to an end, the main stadium will be re-purposed into a multi-use space for a wider range of cultural events The stadium uses eco-friendly energy, such as solar heat and terrestrial heat, as well as state-of-the-art information technologies (IT). Seven sports facilities such sports as swimming, volleyball, tennis and bowling will get under way.

Transport
The stadium has a total of 1,977 parking spaces. The stadium is served by 10 different bus stops (Line 1, 7, 13, 17, 17-1, 70, 77, 700, 700-1 and 903) and also 42-1 for 78m that is linked to downtown. Geomam station (Airport Railroad Line), Exit 1 is other transport link. Incheon Subway Line 2 has a total of 4 stations in the Asiad Park.

See also
Sports in South Korea
Incheon Munhak Stadium
Incheon Football Stadium
Yeonhui Cricket Ground
Seoul Olympic Stadium
Asian Games

References

External links

Stadium information
Stadium information
Stadium design

Sports venues in Incheon
Stadiums of the Asian Games
Multi-purpose stadiums in South Korea
Venues of the 2014 Asian Games
Asian Games athletics venues
Sports venues completed in 2014

Incheon Asiad Main Stadium


Everett Thayer Gaston (July 4, 1901 – 1970) was a psychologist active in the 1940s–1960s who helped develop music therapy in the United States,  describing the qualities of musical expression that could be therapeutic. He worked at the University of Kansas, as Professor of Music Education and Director of Music Therapy. He was named to the Music Educators Hall of Fame in 1986.

Values
He outlined three principles (values) that are a primary source of direction for the use of music in therapy:
 The establishment or re-establishment of interpersonal relationships.
The bringing about of self-esteem through self-actualization.
The utilization of the unique potential of rhythm to energize and bring order.

The values are further explained in Gaston's book "Music in Therapy".

Views
Music is a means of nonverbal communication deriving potency from its wordless meaning.
Music is the most adaptable of the arts being utilized with individuals, groups, and in various locations.
Through participation or listening, music may lessen feelings of loneliness.
Music elicits moods derived from emotions and has the capability of communicating one's good feeling for another.
Music can dissolve fears of closeness because its nonverbal nature allows an intimacy that is nonthreatening.
Music, in most cases, is sound without associated threat.
The shared musical experience can be a form of structured reality upon which the therapist and the patient can form a relationship with some confidence.
Musical experiences possess an intimacy because listeners and performers derive their own responses from each musical experience.
Preparation and performance of music can bring about a feeling of accomplishment and gratification.

References

1901 births
1970 deaths
Music therapists
American music educators
20th-century American psychologists

E. Thayer Gaston


James John (J.J.) Hagerman (March 23, 1838 – September 13, 1909) was an American industrialist who owned mines, railroads and corporate farms in the American West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was one of the most influential men in territorial New Mexico.

Early life
J. J. Hagerman was born March 23, 1838, near Port Hope, Ontario, in Canada. His parents were James and Margaret (Crawford) Hagerman, immigrants of Scandinavian descent. The family moved to Newport, Michigan, in 1843. The family became naturalized United States citizens in 1848.

Hagerman went to the University of Michigan in 1857. While in college, Hagerman took a job as a clerk with the Milwaukee Iron Company, a manufacturer of railroad ties. He continued working there after graduation in 1861, and by 1863 had so impressed the company's owners that he was made business manager of the firm.

Hagerman married Anna Osborne in 1867. The couple had two sons, Percy and Herbert.

J. J. Hagerman contracted pulmonary tuberculosis in 1873. Although he recovered, his health was greatly weakened for the remainder of his life.

As the country recovered from the Panic of 1873, Hagerman anticipated the increased need for iron ore. When the Menominee Mining Company was organized in 1877, Hagerman became an investor in and president of the firm. Using his knowledge of iron deposits gained while working for the Milwaukee Iron Co., Hagerman enabled the firm to become highly successful. The company's first successful iron operation was the Norway Mine. Hagerman built the nearby town of Norway, Michigan, to provide housing and services for the company's employees.

Hagerman's health deteriorated in 1881, and he moved to Switzerland. The family soon left for Italy, and purchased a residence in Milan.

Colorado ventures

With Hagerman's health somewhat restored, and he and his family returned to the U.S. in 1884. He moved to Colorado Springs, Colorado, hoping that the dry air and high altitude would continue to improve his health. (See Tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs).

Hagerman built the Hagerman Mansion and quickly became involved in local business. He built an office building and became a major stockholder in the First National Bank.

Colorado Midland Railway
Hagerman's new-found interest, however, was in railroads. In June 1885, Hagerman gained control of the Colorado Midland Railway, which ran from Colorado Springs to Buena Vista. Hagerman sought to expand the railroad to Aspen and Grand Junction, and possibly west to Utah. He bored the Hagerman Tunnel through the Sawatch Mountains, and completed the line to Grand Junction in 1888. Hagerman also used lucrative coal mines to not only power his railroad but also to sell coke to the Leadville smelters. In 1890, Hagerman sold the railroad to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.

Mollie Gibson mine

A miner at heart, Hagerman was not about to be left out of the silver boom hitting the region.  H.B. Gillespie, a mine owner in the region who had been involved in several major silver strikes, owned the Mollie Gibson mine, near Aspen. A major silver vein had been discovered in the mine, but Gillespie was convinced that the vein also ran under a number of other, nearby mines. Seeking capital to purchase these properties before news of the strike got out, Gillespie contacted Hagerman, who agreed to invest heavily in the new company. In 1890, the Mollie Gibson Mining & Milling Company was organized with Gillespie as manager and Hagerman as president. The company quickly purchased the Lone Pine, Silver King and Sargent mines and invested heavily in the Emma and other smaller mines. The company announced its silver strike on December 9, 1890. The combined Mollie Gibson mine became the richest silver mine in the world until that time.

Still suffering from the effects of tuberculosis, Hagerman moved to New Mexico in 1892. But he retained his Colorado holdings, and took an active hand in managing his interests there.

The Panic of 1893 and repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act caused the value of silver to collapse. But the price of gold remained unaffected, and the gold mining industry was still strong. A major gold strike near Cripple Creek, Colorado, led Hagerman to become involved in gold mining.

Isabella gold mine and the Cripple Creek strike

Hagerman was approached by the owners of the Buena Vista mine, who were convinced that properties adjacent to their claim also contained gold. Following the pattern established in Aspen, Hagerman and his partners purchased 22 adjoining properties and formed the Isabella Gold Mining Company. The mine became a major success.

Hagerman was one of three mine owners to precipitate the Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894. The mine owners, who employed about a third of the miners in the area, extended the work-day to 10 hours while refusing to increase pay. The workers, represented by the Western Federation of Miners, struck. Although some smaller mining companies capitulated immediately, the remaining owners (including Hagerman) raised a paramilitary force under the legal protection of the local sheriff.  After a tense and somewhat violent standoff, the governor sent in the state militia to protect the miners. Hagerman and the other mine owners agreed to return to the eight-hour day. It was a major victory for the union.

In 1898, Hagerman sold his stake in the Isabella Gold Mining Company and turned his remaining Colorado interests over to his son, Percy.

New Mexico ventures
J. J. Hagerman took up residence in New Mexico in 1892. Hagerman had purchased John Chisum's Jingle Bob Ranch (now known as the Old South Spring Ranch) near Roswell in Chaves County. He built extensively on the ranch, and founded the nearby town of Hagerman to accommodate his family's needs and his financial interests.

Hagerman quickly decided to build rail and irrigation concerns in the region to enlarge his holdings.

In 1895 Hagerman donated the flat land atop North Hill in Roswell to New Mexico Military Institute, allowing the school to reopen in Fall 1898.

Pecos Valley Railroad
Prior to his move to New Mexico, in 1890 Hagerman incorporated the Pecos Valley Railroad to construct a railroad from Pecos, Texas, to Eddy (now Carlsbad), New Mexico, along the Pecos River. Hagerman wanted his line to connect with the Texas and Pacific Railway to improve local access to markets. The Pecos Valley Railroad was completed in 1890.

The discovery of a major artesian aquifer in the area in 1891 led Hagerman to extend his railroad. Hagerman reorganized the company and formed the Pecos Valley and Northeastern Railroad. Work began on extending the line toward Amarillo, Texas. The line reached Roswell and Portales in 1894, and connected to the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railroad at Texico. The line opened in 1899.

Irrigation projects
Hagerman also sought to create farmland out of the New Mexican desert, and transport this produce on his railroad. In early 1890, Hagerman formed the Pecos Irrigation and Improvement Company. On July 1, 1890, this company absorbed the assets of the Pecos Irrigation and Investment Company, revising its charter in order to turn it into a land holding enterprise. Through the new company, Hagerman slowly assumed control of private irrigation project throughout the Pecos Valley.

Hagerman's irrigation company began designing an irrigation system for the entire Pecos Valley. The company built the Avalon Dam on the Pecos River in 1891, creating a six-mile (10 km)-long reservoir. The Avalon Dam's rockfill structure with impervious earthfill facing was the first of its type to be used for irrigation in the United States. It was  high and  long at its crest. An irrigation canal paralleling the Pecos River was also built. The canal crossed over the Pecos three miles (5 km) south of the dam by a massive  long,  wide wooden flume built in 1890. Hagerman's company began building a second dam, the Mcmillan Dam, in 1892. It was nine miles (14 km) upstream from the Avalon site.

In August 1893, flooding washed out the Avalon Dam and the flume across the Pecos River, and damaged the Mcmillan Dam. Despite the economic depression which had hit the nation, Hagerman poured money into reconstruction and repair of the structures, completing the dams in 1894. Similar to the Avalon structure, the McMillan Dam was a rockfill dam,  long and  high. The Mcmillan Dam served as a water storage facility, while the Avalon Dam served as a water distribution center for the irrigation system. The Avalon Dam, meanwhile, was raised by five feet and extended by . The flume was also rebuilt.

The irrigation project, however, began to slowly collapse. Hagerman's local business partners sold their interests in the Pecos Irrigation and Improvement Company in 1894. Experiments in growing a number of crops in the region had not met with much success. The company began to hemorrhage money, Hagerman's interest in the project began to wane, and additional financial support was not forthcoming. The company declared bankruptcy in 1898. Another flood washed out the wooden flume the same day. The company was sold to the Pecos Irrigation Company on August 17, 1900. That same year, Hagerman moved from his ranch into the town of Roswell.

Death
J. J. Hagerman's son, Herbert James Hagerman moved to New Mexico shortly thereafter. He worked the Hagerman ranch while his father lived in Roswell.  Herbert was named territorial governor of New Mexico in 1906.

Hagerman's health failed toward the end of 1900. He returned to Italy, and died in Milan on September 13, 1909.

J. J. Hagerman is considered one of the most important men in New Mexico history.  Along with John Chisum, Charles Eddy and Robert Tansill, Hagerman deeply influenced development of the Carlsbad area. The development of railroads and irrigation in the region would not have occurred nearly as quickly without his financial backing and business acumen. He founded and built up towns and cities, donated large plots of land for public and educational use, and in general is considered one of the 'founders' of modern New Mexico.

References

1838 births
1909 deaths
Pre-Confederation Canadian emigrants to the United States
Businesspeople from Colorado Springs, Colorado
People of the New Mexico Territory
19th-century American railroad executives
People from Northumberland County, Ontario
University of Michigan alumni
People from Chaves County, New Mexico

J. J. Hagerman


Stockholm South, Stockholms södra, Stockholm S, locally known as Södra Station (Southern Station) is a railway station in Södermalm, Stockholm, Sweden.

The Stockholm South railway station was originally opened in the year 1860, and was originally the northern terminus of the Västra Stambanan railway line until the construction of Stockholm Central Station (Stockholm C). The 1860 building was replaced with a new building in 1926. The current station, which includes a large apartment complex above it, began construction in 1986 on the site of the original station, and was opened in 1989. The new station is underground, situated below the site of the old station, and on the railway line it is between Årstaberg and Stockholm C. The trains of the Stockholm commuter rail network stop at this station. About 5 minutes walk on Swedenborgsgatan is the Mariatorget metro station, located 350 metres away.

Stockholm South station is also connected to the Södra station–Hammarbyhamnen–Stadsgården freight branch line (sv:Industrispåret Södra station–Hammarbyhamnen–Stadsgården), which was built between 1925 and 1939 and which formerly provided access to the ports and wharves located at Hammarby and Stadsgården and also provided the only mainline connection with the Saltsjöbanan commuter rail system until 2000. A 550-metre underground spur line also branched off from said freight line to the underground complex at Södersjukhuset hospital (constructed 1937–1944).

City Line
The Stockholm City Line commuter rail tunnel under central Stockholm opened on 10 July 2017; the section of it under Södermalm starts at Stockholm South Station. The two northernmost platforms of the station, platforms 1 and 2, are used by commuter rail trains, and connect to the tunnel going north. The two southern platforms (3 and 4) are used by long-distance passenger trains and passing freight trains.

When the long-distance rail connection between Stockholm South and Stockholm Central stations is interrupted (as for rail maintenance works during the summers of 2018 to 2020), Stockholm South becomes the terminus for long-distance trains between Stockholm and locations further south and east, with passengers able to continue the journey through commuter trains through the City Line.  Passengers will however need to purchase an SL fare in addition to their long distance ticket to be able to transfer to services running between Stockholm South and Stockholm City.

References

Railway stations located underground in Stockholm
1860 establishments in Sweden
Railway stations in Sweden opened in 1860
Transit centers in Sweden

Stockholm South Station


The Collected Works of Johann Christian Bach is a 48 volume edition of the music of J.C. Bach published by Garland Publishing from 1984 to 1999. The general editor was the musicologist and J.C. Bach expert Ernest Warburton. Vol. 48 of the edition is a Thematic Catalog of this composer's work prepared by Warburton.

One notable feature of the edition is that it includes material which the obituary of Warburton in The Musical Times described as "drawn in Warburton's own elegant calligraphy." Rather than having scores set in musical type, much of the edition has been printed from scores transcribed by hand for the publication and then reproduced. It also includes some facsimiles of manuscript sources and librettos to vocal works by J.C. Bach.

Noted music scholar Richard Maunder (best known for his completion of Mozart's Requiem) also contributed to the edition.

Sources

Obituary of Ernest Warburton (retrieved 28 Feb 2011 from archive.org).
Summary of a review of the edition by Sterling E. Murray

Bach, JC
Compositions by Johann Christian Bach


Sanka is a brand of instant decaffeinated coffee, sold around the world, and was one of the earliest decaffeinated varieties. Sanka is distributed in the United States by Kraft Heinz.

History
Decaffeinated coffee was developed in 1903 by a team of researchers led by Ludwig Roselius in Bremen, Germany. It was first sold in Germany and many other European countries in 1905–1906 under the name Kaffee HAG (short for Kaffee Handels-Aktien-Gesellschaft, or Coffee Trading Public Company). In France, the brand name became Sanka, derived from the French words sans caféine ("without caffeine"). The brand came to the United States in 1909–1910, where it was first marketed under the name "Dekafa" or "Dekofa" by an American sales agent.

In 1914, Roselius founded his own company, Kaffee Hag Corporation, in New York. When Kaffee Hag was confiscated by the Alien Property Custodian during World War I and sold to an American firm, Roselius lost not only his company, but also the American trademark rights to the name. To re-establish his product, he began to use the Sanka brand name in America.

In Europe, the Hag company used the Sanka brand in many countries (the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland, amongst others) as a cheaper alternative to the premium brand Coffee Hag. The brand disappeared in these countries after World War II, but it continued until the 1970s as the premium brand in France. First marketed in the U.S. in 1923, Sanka was initially sold only at two Sanka Coffee Houses in New York, but it soon was brought into retail.

Advertising
The intensive American advertising campaigns included the 1927 broadcasts of Sanka After-Dinner Hour (or Sanka Music, Sanka After-Dinner Music, Sanka Music Hour, and Sanka After-Dinner Coffee Hour), heard at 6:30 pm Tuesdays on New York's WEAF.  Sanka was a sponsor of I Love Lucy, The Twilight Zone, and The Andy Griffith Show during their respective runs on CBS television in the 1950s and early 1960s. The Andy Griffith Show Sanka sponsor spots featured the cast members.  It was also a sponsor of The Goldbergs (1920s to about 1960 on radio and television, unrelated to the U.S. 2013 ABC television series) where, on many episodes, Mrs. Goldberg (Gertrude Berg) would address the camera and talk to the TV audience and tell them about Sanka coffee. After the sales pitch, she would walk away, usually from the window, and start the show.

With such promotion, Sanka became a nationwide sales success, with General Foods Corporation taking over distribution in 1928 as a defensive measure, since Sanka directly competed with its noncaffeine coffee substitute Postum. The bright orange label that made Sanka easily identifiable to consumers found its way into coffee shops around the country in the form of the decaf coffee pot. Coffee pots with a bright orange handle are a direct result of the American public's association of the color orange with Sanka, no matter which brand of coffee is actually served. Businesses that serve rival Folgers decaffeinated coffee usually have green-handled pots.

From 1976 to 1982, veteran actor Robert Young was Sanka's television spokesman, appearing in a whole series of commercials. During the mid-1980s, a series of Sanka television commercials aired featuring Lena Horne.

References

External links

Coffee brands
Kraft Foods brands
Products introduced in 1903

Sanka


Igor Alekseyevich Malkov () (born 9 February 1965 in Pervouralsk, Russian SFSR) is a former speedskater.

Igor Malkov trained at VSS Trud in Sverdlovsk. Skating for the USSR, he became Olympic 10,000 m Champion at the 1984 Olympic Games in Sarajevo, only 0.05 seconds ahead of Tomas Gustafson, becoming the youngest male Olympic champion in the history of Olympic speed skating at an age of 19 years and 9 days. (The youngest female Olympic speedskater winner is American Anne Henning, who won the 500 m in 1972 at the age of 16.)

Earlier at those Olympics, he had lost the 5,000 m race by only 0.02 seconds to Gustafson. Before that, during the same winter, Malkov had sent shock waves into the speed skating world when he skated 13:54.81 on the 10,000 m, thus becoming the first to break the 14 minutes barrier (and almost 30 seconds ahead of the time set by then-current world record holder Gustafson) during the Christmas races at Medeu in December 1983. However, this time was never recognised as a world record by the International Skating Union. He set a new, official, world record later the same season, when he finished in a time of 14:21.51 at Medeo in March 1984, almost 30 seconds behind his personal best. His official world record would last for almost two years (until broken by Geir Karlstad on 16 February 1986) and his internationally unrecognised record was unbroken for four years (until broken by, again, Geir Karlstad, on 4 December 1987). The following seasons were not so good for Malkov, and he quit top skating after the 1988 season, although he made one more appearance at the Soviet Allround Championships of 1990.

Malkov was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples in 1984.

Records

World records
Over the course of his career, Malkov skated one officially ISU-recognised world record, in addition to his more famous but not ISU-recognised 13:54.81:

Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com

Personal records

Malkov has an Adelskalender score of 160.405 points. In 1984, he had his highest ranking on the Adelskalender when he was third, allowing only his fellow countrymen Viktor Shasherin and Andrey Bobrov before him.

References

Igor Malkov at SpeedSkatingStats.com
Adelskalender
Photo and an interview with Igor Malkov (in Russian)
Soviet-Russian allround championships

1965 births
Living people
Russian male speed skaters
Soviet male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Speed skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
World record setters in speed skating
Medalists at the 1984 Winter Olympics
People from Pervouralsk
Sportspeople from Sverdlovsk Oblast

Igor Malkov