Daniela Droz (born August 16, 1977) is a Puerto Rican actress, singer, and television host.

Early years
Daniela [Yesenia Droz Serrano] started her acting career during childhood.  Her stage debut took place in 1987, at age 10, in the San Juan production of the musical play Annie at Santurce Performing Arts Center. The Spanish-language production was produced by Benito Mateo, and also featured Nilka Desiree as "Annie", Kate Garrity as "Miss Hannigan", Luis Antonio Cosme as "Oliver Warbucks", and Claribel Medina as "Grace", among other noted performers.  In 1988, she won the first prize award in 'Miss Maja Infantil' of Puerto Rico. Shortly after, she performed for several seasons, in a television comedy serial called: Maripili, opposite Puerto Rican leading lady Alfonsina Molinari, broadcast by WLUZ-TV, as well as various supporting roles in several sitcoms, such as Cuqui, and Carmelo y Punto, (Carmelo and Period), broadcast by WAPA-TV.

Daniela Droz lived in Laguna Gardens in her early years, while studying at Carvin High School in Carolina, Puerto Rico.

Singing career
As the years came about, Daniela Droz became a young woman and her interests inclined to the music business, even though she had an alternate career as a fashion model.  She became part of a merengue vocal group, studied communications at college, and after several attempts to fulfill her dreams of becoming a singer, in 1999, at age 22, she was signed by the EMI Latin recording label, and recorded her first album called: Cosas de Mujeres (Women talk), in the merengue genre. By then, Daniela was also known by the cognomen: La Dama de Hierro, (The Iron Lady).  This surname is also the title of her first video clip, & her first hit single, composed by Marco Antonio Solís.  The second hit single was Debo contar hasta diez,(I must count to ten), and her opposite leading man in the video clip was Cuban–Mexican actor Francisco Gattorno. Droz toured in Dominican Republic, and was the guest star of the television variety show Sábados de Corporán, in which she sang a duet with Dominican merengue singer, Kinito Mendez. After touring for a while throughout the Caribbean, she returns to Puerto Rico, and performed as the guest star of Mexican singer Alejandro Fernández's concerts at the Santurce Performing Arts Center.

In 2000, Daniela was acknowledged as 'The best young artist of the year' at the Paoli Awards, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. In the same year she participated along with Robert Avellanet in the play "The Sleeping beauty". Later on she participated in the especial show for "Vamos a encascarnos" with the Puerto Rican comedian Johnny Ray.

In 2008, Droz was recorded a song duet the Puerto Rican singer Osvaldo "Junny" Ramos, named "En una Cuerda Floja", in bachata, that song is planned to be in the next album of Daniela like a featuring.

Acting career
As the year 2000 came about, she performed the leading role, on the stage production: La Bella Durmiente (Sleeping Beauty), alongside Gladys Rodríguez, and Lou Briel, among others, and opposite leading man, Robert Avellanet, again at Santurce Performing Arts Center.
In 2001, she played "Sandy" in Grease, the musical, performed in English at the Arena Pier 10 showspot, opposite leading man Charlie Masso.

In 2004, she portrayed 'Elena', the leading lady of the Puerto Rican musical play: El Bombón de Elena, (Helen's Sweet), at Santurce Performing Arts Center, alongside Choco Orta and Andy Montañez, among others.

In 2006, she played opposite leading lady Karla Monroig in the Telemundo soap opera: Dueña y Señora.  Her performance was acknowledged by the critics, as the villain of the telenovela.  At the end of this year, she played "Sheila" in the well-received Puerto Rican production of the musical play A Chorus Line, staged at Caguas Performing Arts Center, alongside Marian Pabón & Braulio Castillo, hijo.

Career as host
Daniela Droz has been the host of various television specials, and daily shows as Anda Pa'l Cará, and Objetivo Fama for several seasons.
In 2007, she joined Antonio Sánchez "El Gangster" and "Funky Joe" as co-host of the daily radio show El Bayú de la Mañana on SalSoul. In January 2008, she joined them again on their new radio show, El Circo de La Mega. She also started co-hosting Sánchez television program No te Duermas.

See also
List of Puerto Ricans
Dueña y Señora

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
People from Carolina, Puerto Rico
21st-century Puerto Rican actresses
21st-century Puerto Rican women singers
21st-century Puerto Rican singers
Puerto Rican soap opera actresses
Puerto Rican stage actresses
Puerto Rican telenovela actresses
Puerto Rican television actresses
Women in Latin music

Daniela Droz


Pompeys Pillar National Monument is a rock formation located in south central Montana, United States. Designated a national monument on January 17, 2001, and managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management in conjunction with The Friends of Pompeys Pillar, it consists of only , making it one of the smallest National Monuments in the U.S. The community of
Pompeys Pillar lies just east of the monument.

History

It was previously designated a National Historic Landmark on July 25, 1965. The new Pompeys Pillar Interpretive Center opened in 2006. Exhibits in the 5,700-square foot center relate the journey of Captain William Clark and his detachment, including Sacagawea and her son Pomp, down the Yellowstone River Valley in 1806.

The pillar itself stands 150 feet (45 m) above the Yellowstone River and consists of sandstone from the late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, 75 – 66 million years ago. The base of the pillar is approximately .

The pillar features an abundance of Native American petroglyphs, as well as the signature of William Clark, co-leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Clark's inscription is the only remaining physical evidence found along the route that was followed by the expedition.

The inscription consists of his signature and the date, July 25, 1806. Clark wrote that he climbed the sandstone pillar and "had a most extensive view in every direction on the Northerly Side of the river". He named the outcropping after Jean Baptiste Charbonneau—the son of expedition member Sacagawea—whom he nicknamed "Pompey". His original name for it was "Pompey's Tower"; it was changed to the current title in 1814.

Situated 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Billings, Montana, along Interstate 94, the pillar gets 50,000 visitors annually. Archeological evidence suggests that the outcropping has been witness to 11,000 years of human involvement in the area. Consequently, in addition to the pictographs and the signature of William Clark, hundreds of other people have carved their initials into the rock, including early pioneers to the area.

See also
List of national monuments of the United States
List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
National Register of Historic Places listings in Yellowstone County, Montana

References

External links

National Monuments in Montana
Bureau of Land Management National Monuments
Bureau of Land Management areas in Montana
Archaeological sites in Montana
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Hell Creek Formation
Native American history of Montana
Natural features on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
National Historic Landmarks in Montana
2001 establishments in Montana
Protected areas established in 2001
Units of the National Landscape Conservation System
National Register of Historic Places in Yellowstone County, Montana
Federal lands in Montana
Cultural depictions of Sacagawea

Pompeys Pillar National Monument


David George (–1810) was an African-American Baptist preacher and a Black Loyalist from the American South who escaped to British lines in Savannah, Georgia; later he accepted transport to Nova Scotia and land there. He eventually resettled in Freetown, Sierra Leone where he would eventually die.
With other slaves, George founded the Silver Bluff Baptist Church in South Carolina in 1775, the first black congregation in the present-day United States.  He was later affiliated with the First African Baptist Church of Savannah, Georgia.  After migration, he founded Baptist congregations in Nova Scotia and Freetown, Sierra Leone.  George wrote an account of his life that is one of the most important early slave narratives.

Early life and escapes

David George was born in Essex County, Virginia, in 1742 to African parents John and Judith, as the slave of a man called 'Chapel'. George ran away after witnessing his mother's horrible whipping. He also personally experienced a traumatic severe whipping. George received help to run away from some white travelers and worked for these men for some time. It was not until his master offered a reward for George that he ran away and worked for another white man whom he encountered (this time for many years). Because his master continued to pursue him, George migrated to South Carolina.

He was captured by a Creek Indian chief named Blue Salt. He considered George his prize and made him work.  When George's owner found out that he was working for Blue Salt, he brought rum, linen and a gun to exchange for the slave, but Blue Salt refused to give him up.  For several years, George worked for Creek and Natchez Indians.

George escaped and ran away again, this time encountering a Scottish trader named George Galphin (appears in some records as Gaulfin, Gaulphin), for whom he worked four years at Silver Bluff, South Carolina.  Because of his close association with the Native Americans, Galphin had many slaves who had intermarried with the Creek.

George received help to read and write from the children of Galphin. He primarily used the Bible while learning how to read and write.

Marriage and family

During this time, George met and married Phyllis, who was part Creek.  Together they had four children born in what is now the United States.  They had two more children born while in Nova Scotia, and four more children born in Sierra Leone.

Baptism

In 1773 George met an old childhood friend and former slave, George Lisle, who had been converted to the Baptist faith. During the Great Awakening, Baptist preachers had traveled throughout the South, converting both whites and blacks, free and slave. Brother Palmer was a white Minister that uplifted and spread the word of God to David George and other Black people. Palmer was the start of the Church in Silver Bluff. Impressed with Liele's conversion, George, his wife and eight others were baptized at Silver Bluff.  In 1775 George and eight other slaves formed one of the first African-American Baptist congregations in the United States.

A somewhat different account of George during these years is presented by Mark A. Noll, American church historian:

"The first continuing black church was the Silver Bluff Church in Aiken County, South Carolina, where an African-American preacher, David George (1742-1810), established a congregation around 1773 or 1774. George's pilgrimage marked him as one of the most remarkable religious figures of his century. After serving as a slave, he was converted through the influence of an-other slave named Cyrus. Soon George began to exhort his fellow bondsmen, an activity that led to his becoming, in effect, the pastor of the Silver Bluff Church. ... American patriots were trying to throw off the "slavery" of Parliament, but for those in chattel bondage like David George, the British were the agents who combated racial, chattel slavery."

Three years later during the American Revolutionary War, the slaves escaped to Savannah, where they gained freedom behind British lines, as they had occupied the city.  George continued to minister to a Baptist congregation.

Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone

As they had promised, in 1782 the British began transportation of Black Loyalist freedmen to Nova Scotia and other colonies.  They transported George, his wife and three children (Jesse, David and Ginny) to Shelburne, Nova Scotia for freedom after the defeat of the British during the American War of Independence.  This was part of an evacuation of nearly 3500 former slaves from the United States to Nova Scotia. George established a church in Shelburne and became the leader of the Baptist contingent of the African-American Loyalists, and he also attracted whites to his congregation. Some whites resented his influence in the community. His house and those of many of his followers were attacked and destroyed in July 1784 by racist mobs in the Shelburne Riots. George and his wife moved to the nearby Free Black settlement of Birchtown and became one of the influential African-American families at the center of black settlement.

Several years later, the George family chose to migrate with other Black Loyalists to Freetown, Sierra Leone, where the British provided some assistance in setting up a new colony and settlement in West Africa.

William Gwinn, his wife and daughter also emigrated to Sierra Leone. George founded the first Baptist church there. George was very influential; he was elected a tythingman, a position of power in the colony at that time. George wrote a memoir that is considered one of the important slave narratives. He died in Freetown in 1810.

His descendants are part of the Sierra Leone Creole people of the Western Area of Freetown. Many of George's descendants belong to the Masonic Lodges of Sierra Leone.  One of his descendants, also named David George, is a member of the organization Amistad Sankofa, working to educate students about international issues and bridge the racial divide.

In August 2007, the African United Baptist Association of Nova Scotia and the Atlantic Baptist Convention had a joint convention and liturgy, to acknowledge earlier racism by the white convention, and seek reconciliation.  They had had separate associations since the 19th century.

George in film

 George was portrayed by Joseph Marcell in the BBC television production of Rough Crossings (2007), based on the history of Black Loyalists and the formation of Freetown by Simon Schama.

See also

Black Nova Scotians

External links

 An Account of the Life of Mr. David George from S.L.A. given by himself.. Republished online by Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People

References and notes

Further reading

 Walter H. Brooks, The Silver Bluff Church: A History of Negro Baptist Churches in America (Washington, D.C.: Press of R. L. Pendleton, 1910)
 James St G. Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870 (New York: Africana Publishing Co., 1976)
 Robin W. Winks, The Blacks in Canada: A History, 2nd ed. (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1997)
 Pearleen Oliver, A Brief History of the Coloured Baptists of Nova Scotia (Halifax, N.S.: s.n., 1953)
Grant Gordon, From Slavery to Freedom: The Life of David George, Pioneer Black Baptist Minister (Hantaport, N.S.: Lancelot Press for Acadia Divinity College and The Baptist Historical Committee of the United Baptist Convention of the Atlantic Provinces, 1992).

1740s births
1810 deaths
18th-century American slaves
19th-century Sierra Leonean people
African-American Christians
African Americans in the American Revolution
African-American writers
American emigrants to Sierra Leone
Baptist abolitionists
Baptists from Virginia
Baptist ministers from the United States
Black Loyalists
Black Nova Scotians
British emigrants to Sierra Leone
Canadian abolitionists
Clergy of historically African-American Christian denominations
Converts to Baptist denominations
People from Essex County, Virginia
People who wrote slave narratives
Virginia colonial people
 Sierra Leone Creole people

Year of birth uncertain

David George (Baptist)


The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is the navy of Australia. It is part of the Australian Defence Force. It was created in 1901, and was formed out of the Commonwealth Naval Forces to become the small navy of Australia. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom continued to defend Australia in the Pacific Ocean until World War II, when the RAN became much bigger and modern, adding many ships including aircraft carriers.

Today the RAN is one of the largest naval forces in the Pacific region and the Indian Ocean. As of December 2011, the RAN fleet consisted of 54 vessels. This includes frigates, submarines, patrol boats and auxiliary ships. Ships commissioned into the RAN are given the prefix "Her Majesty's Australian ships" (Or HMAS for short), because by constitution the Queen owns them and has command over them.

Organisation
The head of the Royal Australian Navy is the Monarch presently Queen Elizabeth II. The professional head of the force is the Chief of the Navy who holds the rank Vice-Admiral. The present Chief is Vice-Admiral Ray Griggs. He was appointed in 2011. The Navy is ran by the Department of Defence and the Naval Headquarters (NHQ).
Beneath NHQ are two subordinate commands:
 Fleet Command – fleet command is led by Commander Australian Fleet (COMAUSFLT). COMAUSFLT holds the rank of Rear Admiral; previously, this post was Flag Officer Commanding HM's Australian Fleet (FOCAF), created in 1911, but the title was changed in 1988 to the Maritime Commander Australia. On 1 February 2007, the title changed again, becoming Commander Australian Fleet. The nominated at-sea commander is Commodore Flotillas (COMFLOT), a one-star deployable task group commander. Fleet command has responsibility to CN for the full command of assigned assets, and to Joint Operations command for the provision of operationally ready forces.
 Navy Strategic Command – the administrative element overseeing the RAN's training, engineering and logistical support needs. Instituted in 2000, the Systems Commander was appointed at the rank of Commodore; in June 2008, the position was upgraded to the rank of Rear Admiral.

Fleet Command was previously made up of seven Force Element Groups. Due to changes it was made into four Force Commands:
Surface Force, covering the RAN's surface combatants (generally ships of frigate size or larger)
Submarine Force, operating the Collins class submarines
Mine Warfare, Hydrographic and Patrol Boat Force, an amalgamation of the previous Patrol Boat, Hydrographic, and Mine Warfare and Clearance Diving Forces, operating what are collectively termed the RAN's "minor war vessels"
Fleet Air Arm, responsible for the navy's aviation assets

Current Role
The RAN currently has forces deployed on three major operations:
Operation Anode – Australia's contribution to the Regional Assistance Mission in the Solomon Islands.
Operation Slipper – Australia's commitment to the International Coalition forces in Afghanistan and against Terrorism (ICAT). The RAN's contribution is normally one ship in the Persian Gulf.
Operation Resolute – the ADF's contribution to patrolling Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone. The RAN's contribution to Resolute is at least seven Armidale class patrol boats, plus a large surface combatant on standby.

Bases
The RAN has two primary bases for its fleet:
Fleet Base East, located at HMAS Kuttabul, Sydney
Fleet Base West, located at HMAS Stirling, near Perth.
In addition, three other bases are home to the smaller warships (e.g. Patrol boats):
HMAS Coonawarra, Darwin;
HMAS Cairns, Cairns
HMAS Waterhen, Sydney.
HMAS Moreton, Brisbane.

Personnel
As of June 2011, the RAN has 14,215 permanent full time personnel, 161 gap year personnel, and 2,150 reserve personnel. The permanent full time force consisted of 3,357 commissioned officers, and 10,697 enlisted personnel. As of June 2010 male personnel make up 82% of the permanent full time force, while female personnel make up 18%. The RAN has the highest percentage of women in the ADF, compared to the RAAF's 17.8% and the Army's 9.7%.

References

Other websites
 Royal Australian Navy home page
 Historical listing of RAN ships and badges
 'Virtual Fleet'  - on-line computer based 'tour' of ships and aircraft
 Maritimequest Royal Australian Navy photo gallery
 Official Biographies:
 Chief of Navy
 Maritime Commander
 Commander Australian Navy Systems Command
 Royal and Dominion Navies in World War II, Campaigns, Battles, Warship losses
 Royal and Dominion Navies, Victoria Cross at Sea, 1940-45

Australian military organisations
Australia

Royal Australian Navy


NWA Mid-America was a professional wrestling promotion territory under the umbrella of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) that promoted shows in Tennessee, Kentucky and Alabama from the 1940s until 1981. The company was founded in the 1940s by Nick Gulas and Roy Welch and was one of the first promotions to join the NWA after it was founded in 1948. From 1953 until late 1974, John Cazana promoted the Knoxville area and Joe Gunther promoted the Birmingham area from around 1940 until some point in the 1970s. In 1977, promoter Jerry Jarrett and wrestler Jerry Lawler broke away from NWA Mid-America, breaking the Memphis area off to start on the own under the name the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA). Mid-America stopped promoting in 1981 and the CWA took over most of their territory as well as some of the championships promoted by NWA Mid-America

History
In the 1940s, wrestler and promoter Roy Welch started promoting shows on a regular basis in and around Memphis, Tennessee and would later be joined by Nick Gulas who had been promoting shows in Florida between 1945 and 1947 before joining with Welch to create the Gulas Welch Enterprises Inc. company in the mid 1940s as they began promoting shows primarily in Memphis and Nashville with occasional shows in Chattanooga, Jackson, Louisville, Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, Bowling Green, Kentucky. They also worked with Joe Gunther, a promoter working out of Birmingham, Alabama to expand their promotion into Alabama as well as occasional shows in Mississippi, Ohio, West Virginia, Missouri, Georgia and North Carolina. In 1949, The group joined the National Wrestling Alliance, a national sanctioning body that divided the US into territories. The promotion became known as the NWA Mid-America. In 1953, they added Knoxville, Tennessee to their territory as promoter John Cazana joined the group. The group recognized a number of NWA "World" Championships that were shared across the territories as well as promoting their own NWA branded championships that were mainly defended in the Mid-America territory.

Over the years tag team wrestling became very popular in the Mid-America territory leading to seven different tag team championships being recognized at the same time in the 1970s by NWA Mid-America: NWA World Tag Team Championship, NWA United States Tag Team Championship, NWA Southern Tag Team Championship, NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship, NWA Tennessee Tag Team Championship, NWA Kentucky Tag Team Championship and the NWA Tri-State Tag Team Championship. This also meant that a host of well known tag teams either worked in NWA Mid-America on a regular basis or passed through the territory at one point, teams such as The Von Brauners, The Interns, The Infernos, The Bounty Hunters, Tojo Yamamoto and Jerry Jarrett, The Heavenly Bodies (Don and Al Green), Bobby Hart and Lorenzo Parente, The Fabulous Kangaroos, Jerry Lawler and Jim White, The Fabulous Fargos, and a host of other teams were regulars.

In the mid-1970s, the territory was split as Memphis promoter Jerry Jarrett broke away from the Mid-America territory due to disagreements over how Gulas was promoting his son George Gulas, pushing him as one of the top names in the promotion despite not being very talented in the ring. Many of the wrestlers in the promotion were upset at Nick Gulas for over-booking his son George Gulas in the extremely profitable Memphis half of the territory. At this point Roy Welch retired from promotion, leaving Nick Gulas as the man in charge of a dwindling territory. With Gulas' insistence on pushing his son and Jarrett's Continental Wrestling Association (CWA) becoming very popular led to a drop in ticket sales and by 1981, Gulas closed the promotion and sold the territory and its championships to the CWA.

Last show
These are the results of the last known NWA Mid-America show held on September 13, 1980.

Championships

Further reading

NWA Mid-America in Memphis

NWA Mid-America in Tennessee

NWA Mid-America in Nashville

See also
List of National Wrestling Alliance territories
List of independent wrestling promotions in the United States

References

External links

Independent professional wrestling promotions based in Tennessee
Entertainment companies disestablished in 1981
National Wrestling Alliance members
Professional wrestling in Alabama
Professional wrestling in Kentucky

NWA Mid-America


Kurtziella newcombei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

Description
The length of the shell attains 11 mm, its diameter 4 mm.

(Original description) The small shell is brownish, with a tendency to banding, paler at the shoulder and on the base. It contains six whorls, including a small, smooth protoconch whorl. The suture is distinct, slightly appressed, with no fasciolar constriction. The spiral sculpture consists of fine flattish threads separated by narrow striae very minutely reticulated by the incremental lines and most conspicuous in the intervals between the ribs, practically covering the whole surface of the shell. The axial sculpture, beside almost microscopic lines of growth, consists of (on the body whorl 14) short rounded
ribs, slightly angulated at the shoulder and extending from the suture to the siphonal canal with subequal interspaces. The anal sulcus is shallow. The aperture is narrow and simple. The inner lip is erased. The siphonal canal is short, and straight.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off Vancouver Island, Canada.

References

External links
  Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1–1295.

newcombei
Gastropods described in 1919

Kurtziella newcombei


Astragalus lentiginosus var. iodanthus, synonym Astragalus iodanthus, is a variety of Astragalus lentiginosus, a flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is known by the common names Humboldt River milkvetch and violet milkvetch. It is native to the western United States, where its range includes California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah. It grows on hills and in valleys in barren sandy and volcanic soils in habitat such as sagebrush.

This perennial herb produces several prostrate stems up to 40 centimeters long. The compound leaves are made up of 9 to 21 rounded or teardrop-shaped leaflets each up to 1.8 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a raceme of flowers in shades of reddish purple or white to cream with a purple tip on the keel petal. There are up to 25 flowers in a raceme, and they are crowded when first blooming but spread out over time. The fruit is a legume pod up to 4 centimeters long, becoming dark, mottled, and papery to leathery with age.

References

lentiginosus iodanthus
Flora of the Western United States

Astragalus lentiginosus var. iodanthus


The Stockade Building System was designed by Richard Buckminster Fuller and his father-in-law, James Monroe Hewlett, and was patented in 1927. Both of them had previously formed a company, in 1922, which made bricks out of compressed wood shavings with vertical holes cast in them.

Design
The blocks were made up of a fibrous material with large interstices between the fibers. (One suggested fiber was excelsior, which is also known as wood wool.) Despite having large interstices, Fuller and Hewlett designed the blocks so they would not be absorbent. To make the blocks, the fibers were coated with plaster and molded in a form. This is called the Stockade Pneumatic Forming Process.

These blocks were cast with large holes in them so that a weight-bearing structure, such as concrete, could be poured inside them. The block's fibers were designed to be easily sawed so workers could cut holes in them to rest floor joists on the weight-bearing structure. The blocks came in various shapes and sizes. Some had two vertical holes for filling with concrete. Other blocks were much larger, with openings in the side for inserting large beams.

Field trials
The system was evaluated at a residence in Tarpon Springs, Florida, in 1926.

Patent
On October 8, 1926, Fuller and Hewlett filed for a patent for their brick design. After several months, on June 28, 1927, they received US patent #1,633,702 entitled Building System. It was an extension of Fuller's previous patent (US patent #1,604,097) from October 19, 1926.

See also

References

Bricks

Stockade Building System


The origin of the Moon is usually explained by a Mars-sized body striking the Earth, making a debris ring that eventually collected into a single natural satellite, the Moon, but there are a number of variations on this giant-impact hypothesis, as well as alternative explanations, and research continues into how the Moon came to be formed.  Other proposed scenarios include captured body, fission, formed together (condensation theory, synestia), planetesimal collisions (formed from asteroid-like bodies), and collision theories.

The standard giant-impact hypothesis suggests that a Mars-sized body, called Theia, impacted the proto-Earth, creating a large debris ring around Earth, which then accreted to form the Moon. This collision also resulted in the 23.5° tilted axis of the Earth, thus causing the seasons. The Moon's oxygen isotopic ratios seem to be essentially identical to Earth's. Oxygen isotopic ratios, which may be measured very precisely, yield a unique and distinct signature for each Solar System body. If Theia had been a separate protoplanet, it probably would have had a different oxygen isotopic signature than proto-Earth, as would the ejected mixed material. Also, the Moon's titanium isotope ratio (50Ti/47Ti) appears so close to the Earth's (within 4 parts per million) that little if any of the colliding body's mass could likely have been part of the Moon.

Formation

Some theories have been stated that presume the proto-Earth had no large moons early in the formation of the Solar System, 4.425 billion years ago, Earth being basically rock and lava. Theia, an early protoplanet the size of Mars, hit Earth in such a way that it ejected a considerable amount of material away from Earth. Some proportion of these ejecta escaped into space, but the rest consolidated into a single spherical body in orbit about Earth, creating the Moon.

The hypothesis requires a collision between a proto-Earth about 90% of the diameter of present Earth, and another body the diameter of Mars (half of the terrestrial diameter and a tenth of its mass). The latter has sometimes been referred to as Theia, the name of the mother of Selene, the Moon goddess in Greek mythology. This size ratio is needed in order for the resulting system to have sufficient angular momentum to match the current orbital configuration. Such an impact would have put enough material into orbit around Earth to have eventually accumulated to form the Moon.

Computer simulations show a need for a glancing blow, which causes a portion of the collider to form a long arm of material that then shears off. The asymmetrical shape of the Earth following the collision then causes this material to settle into an orbit around the main mass. The energy involved in this collision is impressive: possibly trillions of tonnes of material would have been vaporized and melted. In parts of the Earth, the temperature would have risen to .

The Moon's relatively small iron core (compared to other rocky planets and moons in the Solar System) is explained by Theia's core mostly merging into that of Earth. The lack of volatiles in the lunar samples is also explained in part by the energy of the collision. The energy liberated during the reaccretion of material in orbit around Earth would have been sufficient to melt a large portion of the Moon, leading to the generation of a magma ocean.

The newly formed Moon orbited at about one-tenth the distance that it does today, and spiraled outward because of tidal friction transferring angular momentum from the rotations of both bodies to the Moon's orbital motion. Along the way, the Moon's rotation became tidally locked to Earth, so that one side of the Moon continually faces toward Earth. Also, the Moon would have collided with and incorporated any small preexisting satellites of Earth, which would have shared the Earth's composition, including isotopic abundances. The geology of the Moon has since been more independent of the Earth.

A 2012 study on the depletion of zinc isotopes on the Moon found evidence for volatile depletion consistent with the giant-impact origin for Earth and the Moon. In 2013, a study was released that indicated that water in lunar magma is indistinguishable from that in carbonaceous chondrites and nearly the same as that of Earth in isotopic composition.

Derivatives of the hypothesis
Although the giant-impact hypothesis explains many aspects of the Earth–Moon system, there are still a few unresolved problems, such as the Moon's volatile elements not being as depleted as expected from such an energetic impact.

Another issue is lunar and Earth isotope comparisons. In 2001, the most precise measurement yet of the isotopic signatures of Moon rocks was published. Surprisingly, the Apollo lunar samples carried an isotopic signature identical to Earth rocks, but different from other Solar System bodies. Because most of the material that went into orbit to form the Moon was thought to come from Theia, this observation was unexpected. In 2007, researchers from Caltech showed that the likelihood of Theia having an identical isotopic signature as the Earth is very small (less than 1 percent chance). Published in 2012, an analysis of titanium isotopes in Apollo lunar samples showed that the Moon has the same composition as Earth, which conflicts with the Moon forming far from Earth's orbit.

Merger of two planets
To help resolve these problems, a theory published in 2012 posits that two bodies—each five times the size of Mars—collided, then recollided, forming a large disc of mixed debris that eventually formed Earth and the Moon.

Immediate origin of the Moon as a post-impact satellite

The Moon is traditionally thought to have coalesced from the debris ejected by a giant impact onto the early Earth. However, such models struggle to explain the similar isotopic compositions of Earth and lunar rocks at the same time as the system's angular momentum, and the details of potential impact scenarios are hotly debated. Above a high resolution threshold for simulations, a study published in 2022 finds that giant impacts can immediately place a satellite with similar mass and iron content to the Moon into orbit far outside Earth's Roche limit. Even satellites that initially pass within the Roche limit can reliably and predictably survive, by being partially stripped and then torqued onto wider, stable orbits. Furthermore, the outer layers of these directly formed satellites are molten over cooler interiors and are composed of around 60% proto-Earth material. This could alleviate the tension between the Moon's Earth-like isotopic composition and the different signature expected for the impactor. Immediate formation opens up new options for the Moon's early orbit and evolution, including the possibility of a highly tilted orbit to explain the lunar inclination, and offers a simpler, single-stage scenario for the origin of the Moon.

Multiple impacts
In 2004, Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Gorkavyi proposed a novel model titled the multiple large asteroid impacts model, which found support from a notable group of Russian astronomers in 2013 and later, in 2017, by planetary researchers at Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel. In general terms, the main idea of the model suggests that the Moon was formed as a result of a violent rain of large asteroids (1–100 km) that repeatedly hammered the fledgling Earth over millions of years. Such a series of smaller impacts, which were likely more common in the early Solar System, could blast enough rocky Earth debris into orbit to form a protosatellite disk which later forms into a small moonlet. As repeated impacts created more balls of debris, the moonlets could merge over time into one large moon.

Synestia hypothesis
In 2018 researchers at Harvard and the UC Davis developed computer models demonstrating that one possible outcome of a planetary collision is that it creates a synestia, a mass of vaporized rock and metal which forms a biconcave disc extending beyond the lunar orbit. The synestia will eventually shrink and cool to accrete the satellite and reform the impacted planet.

Other hypotheses

Capture
This hypothesis states that the Moon was captured by the Earth. This model was popular until the 1980s, and some points in its favor are the Moon's size, orbit, and tidal locking.

One problem is understanding the capture mechanism. A close encounter of two planetary bodies typically results in either collision or altered trajectories. For this hypothesis to work, there might have been a large atmosphere around the primitive Earth, which would slow the movement of the Moon by aerobraking before it could escape. That hypothesis may also explain the irregular satellite orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. However, this hypothesis does not adequately explain the essentially identical oxygen isotope ratios of the two bodies.

Fission
This is the now discredited hypothesis that an ancient, rapidly spinning Earth expelled a piece of its mass.  This was proposed by George Darwin (son of the famous biologist Charles Darwin) in 1879 and retained some popularity until Apollo. The Austrian geologist Otto Ampferer in 1925 also suggested the emerging of the Moon as cause for continental drift.

It was proposed that the Pacific Ocean represented the scar of this event. Today it is known that the oceanic crust that makes up this ocean basin is relatively young, about 200 million years old or less, whereas the Moon is much older. The Moon does not consist of oceanic crust but of mantle material, which originated inside the proto-Earth in the Precambrian.

Accretion
The hypothesis of accretion suggests that the Earth and the Moon formed together as a double system from the primordial accretion disk of the Solar System or even a black hole.
The problem with this hypothesis is that it does not explain the angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system or why the Moon has a relatively small iron core compared to the Earth (25% of its radius compared to 50% for the Earth).

Nuclear explosion
Dutch scientists Rob de Meijer and Wim van Westrenen suggested in 2010 that the Moon may have formed from a nuclear explosion caused by the centrifugal force of an earlier, spinning proto-Earth. The centrifugal force would have concentrated heavy elements such as thorium and uranium on the equatorial plane and at the boundary between the Earth's outer core and mantle. If the concentrations of these radioactive elements were high enough, this could have led to a nuclear chain reaction that became supercritical, causing a nuclear explosion ejecting the Moon into orbit. This natural nuclear fission reactor has been observed on Earth at a much smaller scale.

Additional theories and studies

2011
In 2011, it was theorized that a second moon existed 4.5 billion years ago, and later had an impact with the Moon, as a part of the accretion process in the formation of the Moon.

2013
One hypothesis, presented only as a possibility, was that the Earth captured the Moon from Venus.

2017
Uranium–lead dating of Apollo 14 zircon fragments shows the age of the Moon to be about 4.51 billion years.

2020
A team of researchers of the Miniature Radio Frequency (Mini-RF) instrument on NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft concluded that the Moon's subsurface may be richer in metals, like iron and titanium, more than scientists had believed.

In July 2020 scientists report that the Moon formed 4.425 ±0.025 bya, about 85 million years later than thought, and that it hosted an ocean of magma for substantially longer than previously thought (for ~200 million years).

See also

  (Lunar lander proposal)
 Spaceship Moon, a non-scientific hypothesis of the Moon's origin
 Phaeton, another non-scientific hypothesis of the Moon's origin
Magma Ocean, general description of magma oceans and their formation

References

External links
Lunar formation Case Western Reserve University
The Once and Future Moon (September 28, 2012)
Nature - Moon-forming impact theory rescued

Lunar science
Articles containing video clips
Moon
Pre-Nectarian

Origin of the Moon


The Miami RedHawks are the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, United States. Miami is a member of the Mid-American Conference (MAC) East Division and sponsors teams in nine men's and ten women's NCAA sanctioned sports; the RedHawks hockey team is a member of the National Collegiate Hockey Conference. The football team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), the highest level for college football. The Redhawks are arch-rivals with the Ohio Bobcats. In box scores for sporting events, the RedHawks sports teams are usually referred to as Miami (OH) to differentiate from the Miami Hurricanes, a Division I school in Florida.

Sports sponsored

Football

The Miami University RedHawks football team is one with a rich tradition of history. The school boasts the longest continuous college football rivalry west of the Allegheny Mountains against the Cincinnati Bearcats, and has one of the oldest football programs in the country, dating to the year 1888.

Cradle of Coaches

Miami University is most notable for having many quality coaches start their coaching career in some capacity at its school. Some notable college football coaches who coached at Miami University include John Pont, Ara Parseghian, Woody Hayes, Bo Schembechler, Weeb Ewbank, Jim Tressel and Terry Hoeppner.

Baseball

Beginning play in 1915, and Mid-American Conference (MAC) play in 1948, Miami has made the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship 7 times. The team has won 4 MAC conference championships, 3 MAC East Division titles (divisional play in the MAC was held from 1998 to 2017), and 3 MAC Tournament titles (the tournament began in 1981).  The team plays its home games at McKie Field at Hayden Park in Oxford, Ohio.

Ice hockey

The RedHawks on ice played in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) before its disbanding in 2013, and fielded one of the best teams in the league in recent years. In 2006, the RedHawks earned the first #1 national ranking in school history and were CCHA regular season champs. They made it to the championship game, but lost to Michigan State. Beginning in the 2013–2014 season, they will play in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference.

Instead of playing in the Mid-American Conference ("MAC"), the mid-major conference most Miami varsity sports play in, the RedHawks competed against the larger schools of the CCHA such as the Michigan Wolverines and the Michigan State Spartans, who normally compete in the Big Ten.

In 2006 Miami University replaced the old Goggin Ice Arena from 1976 with the new $34.8-million state-of-the-art Goggin Ice Center, with a capacity of around 4,000. Both buildings are named for former University vice-president Lloyd Goggin.

In 2008 the RedHawks set team records for winning percentage and wins with .797 and 33 respectively. That year the RedHawks captured their first #1 seed in school history and advanced to the quarterfinals in the NCAA tournament, losing to Boston College. The team was led that year by All-Americans Ryan Jones and Alec Martinez.

The 2009 RedHawks became the first Miami team to reach the Frozen Four in the history of the program. The team made it to the championship game and carried a 3–1 lead into the final minute before giving up 2 goals 6 on 5 with the opposition net empty, and ultimately lost in overtime on an unlucky deflection, 4–3 to college hockey powerhouse Boston University.

Synchronized skating
Miami's synchronized skating team began in August 1977 as a "Precision Skating Club" at Goggin Ice Center. The program achieved varsity status by 1996, and is also home to one of the first varsity synchronized skating teams in the country.

They are the 1999, 2006, and 2009 U.S. national champions. Miami won a silver medal at the 2007 International Skating Union World Synchronized Skating Championships. This is the highest finish for any US skating team and the first medal ever won by Team USA for synchronized skating.

Miami created a junior-varsity level team beneath the senior level. After serving as the coach of Miami's program for 25 years, Vicki Korn announced her retirement in May 2009.

(Note: Synchronized skating is sanctioned by U.S. Figure Skating, not by the NCAA. Most synchronized skating teams are clubs not affiliated with any college or university; Miami is one of about 15 schools that sponsor varsity or club teams.)

Golf
The men's golf team has won 13 Mid-American Conference championships: 1948, 1950, 1970, 1974, 1981, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 (co-champions), 1996, 2015. RedHawks who have had success at the professional level include: Bob Lohr (one PGA Tour win) and Brad Adamonis (one Nationwide Tour win).

Tennis

Dave Abelson played tennis for the school, and later represented Canada in the Pan American Games and the Maccabiah Games.

Club sports

Water Ski (Men's and Women's)
The men's and women's team compete in the National Collegiate Water Ski Association (NCWSA) in slalom, jump and trick events. They compete around the Midwest in the Great Lakes Region to qualify to the national competition. The Redhawks won the Division II National Championship 2016, 2017 and 2019.

Men's lacrosse
The men's lacrosse team represents Miami University and currently competes in non-varsity lacrosse in the Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association (MCLA) Division I level as a member of the Great Rivers Lacrosse Conference (GRLC). The RedHawks lacrosse team plays home games in Yager Stadium located in Oxford, Ohio. The team is coach Chuck Wilson. Miami finished the 2010 season second place in the CCLA and won its first CCLA play off game in over ten years. Miami boasted a 9–4 record, including 5–0 at home.

Rugby
Founded in 1968, the Miami University Rugby Football Club plays college rugby in Division I in the MAC Conference. Miami reached the national playoffs in 2009 and again in 2010. Miami rugby was named the school's top performing and respected club among all of Miami's club sports in 2009 and in 2010. Miami rugby is supported by the Miami University Men's Rugby Football Club Alumni Association, which provides resources to the team. Miami rugby has been led since 2007 by Jared Moore.

Discontinued sports

Wrestling

At one time, Miami had a very competitive wrestling program. They won eight Mid-American Conference Titles (1961, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1984, 1991 & 1992) and produced 51 NCAA qualifiers who earned 81 qualifications to the NCAA Division I tournament. Seven of their wrestlers earned All American status with HWT Mike Holcomb placing twice (5th in 1982, 3rd in 1984).

The program was reinstalled as a club sport by Seth Preisler in 2002. In 2003, the club team took second in their regional tournament.

Team name

Before the early 1930s, the Miami University nicknames were interchangeable, including the Miami Boys, the Big Reds, and the Reds and Whites. The first glimpse of the Miami University "Redskins" was in 1928, when a Miami student referred to their team as the "Big Red-Skinned Warriors". By 1931, the Redskins had stuck as the Miami University nickname, and was the official nickname of the Miami University athletics program for nearly seventy years.

In the 1992–1994 academic year, at the urging from students in the Honors College by Gregory T. Wilkins, who went to the Oklahoma-based Miami Tribe for support, the Miami University Redskins officially changed their names to the "RedHawks", which they remain today. It was during the 1997–1998 basketball season that the new mascot of Miami, Swoop the Redhawk, was revealed during a game.

Notable athletics alumni

 Kevyn Adams, Hockey
 Walter Alston, Baseball
 Jacob Bell, Football
 Dan Boyle, Hockey
 Alain Chevrier, Hockey
 Charlie Coles, Basketball
 Wayne Embry, Basketball
 Andy Greene, Hockey
 Ron Harper, Basketball
 Ryan Jones, Hockey
 Charlie Leibrandt, Baseball
 Alec Martinez, Hockey
 Tim Naehring, Baseball
 Martin Nance, Football
 Terna Nande, Football
 Ira Newble, Basketball
 Adam Eaton, Baseball
 John Harbaugh, Football
 Brian Pillman, Football
 Travis Prentice, Football
 Ryne Robinson, Football
 Ben Roethlisberger, Football
 Brian Savage, Hockey
 Milt Stegall, Football
 Wally Szczerbiak, Basketball
 Brandon Brooks, Football
 Randy Walker, Football

See also
List of college athletic programs in Ohio

References

External links

Miami RedHawks


Carroll William Hardy (May 18, 1933 – August 9, 2020) was an American professional athlete who played in the National Football League for the San Francisco 49ers (1955) and in Major League Baseball for the Cleveland Indians (1958–1960), Boston Red Sox (1960–1962), Houston Colt .45s (1963–1964) and Minnesota Twins (1967). Born in Sturgis, South Dakota, he batted and threw right-handed and was listed as  tall and .

Amateur career
Hardy attended the University of Colorado from 1951 to 1955, where he lettered in football, baseball and track. He was all-Big Seven Conference as a halfback, running from a single-wing formation under head coach Dallas Ward, and All-Conference in baseball under head coach Frank Prentup.

Professional football
A third-round pick in the 1955 NFL Draft, Hardy chose baseball over football after one year in the National Football League (NFL). He caught 12 passes—four for touchdowns— while he played halfback with the San Francisco 49ers in 1955, but his biggest claim to fame will always be related to baseball, even though he was named the Hula Bowl MVP that year.

As a 49er, he shared the field with Pro Football Hall of Famers Y. A. Tittle, Joe Perry and Hugh McElhenny.

Major League Baseball
Most diehard baseball fans know that Hardy had the honor of being the only player ever to have pinch-hit for Ted Williams, but few know that his pinch-hit résumé goes well beyond this claim to immortality: he also pinch hit for Carl Yastrzemski, Williams's replacement in left field, and also pinch-hit for Roger Maris.

Indians
Hardy spent two seasons, 1957–58, with the Indians' farm team, the San Diego Padres, owned at the time by C. Arnholt Smith, founder and owner of San Diego's U.S. National Bank. A reserve for the majority of his career, he debuted with the Cleveland Indians in the 1958 season. On May 18, celebrating his 25th birthday, he pinch-hit for Roger Maris and belted his first major league home run, a three-run blast off Billy Pierce, to lead Cleveland to a 7–4 victory over the Chicago White Sox.

Red Sox
Hardy was on the bench for the Boston Red Sox on September 20, 1960. Ted Williams, in the final days of his Hall of Fame career, fouled a ball off his foot in the first inning of a game on September 20. After he limped off the field, Hardy finished the at bat for him, becoming the only player ever to pinch hit for Williams. Hardy lined into a double play.

On September 28 at Fenway Park, in his final major league appearance, Williams hit his 521st and last home run off Jack Fisher of the Baltimore Orioles. In the ninth inning, he was replaced by Hardy in left field. "They booed me all the way out and cheered him all the way in", Hardy later remembered. Then, on May 31, 1961, Hardy pinch-hit for rookie Carl Yastrzemski, making him the only player in major league history to go in for both future Hall of Famers.

Hardy saw the most action in 1962, posting career highs in games (115), at-bats (362), hits (78), runs, home runs (eight) and runs batted in (36), but hit for just a .215 average. On April 11, Hardy enjoyed another career highlight at Fenway Park when he broke up a scoreless pitching duel between Cleveland's Ron Taylor and Boston's Bill Monbouquette, hitting a 12th-inning walk-off grand slam for a 4–0 Red Sox victory over the Indians.

Remaining career
On December 10, 1962, Hardy was traded to the Houston Colt .45s for another outfielder, Dick Williams, who eventually became Boston's manager, leading them to the 1967 American League pennant, and enjoyed a long Hall of Fame career as a manager.

Hardy spent most of the remainder of his playing career at the Triple-A level, with brief appearances for Houston and Minnesota. On the last day of the 1967 season, the Twins lost a chance to clinch the American League pennant to the Red Sox, losing 6–2, at Fenway Park. With two outs in the ninth inning, Rich Rollins pinch hit for catcher Russ Nixon, popping out to Rico Petrocelli for the last out of the game. Had Rollins reached base, Hardy likely would have pinch hit for Twins pitcher Mudcat Grant.

Hardy managed in the Twins' farm system at the Class A level in 1968.

In an eight-season career, Hardy was a .225 hitter with 17 home runs and 113 RBI in 433 games.

After baseball
With his baseball career behind him, Hardy worked for 20 years in the Denver Broncos' front office. As a player personnel director, he was the key figure in building the Orange Crush Defense in the 1970s. Hardy was also with the Broncos when they went to Super Bowl XII in 1977. He also worked for the city of Steamboat Springs, Colorado.

Hardy died as a result of complications of dementia in 2020 at the age of 87.

See also
 List of NCAA major college yearly punt and kickoff return leaders

References

External links

1933 births
2020 deaths
American football halfbacks
Baseball players from South Dakota
Boston Red Sox players
Colorado Buffaloes baseball players
Colorado Buffaloes football players
Cleveland Indians players
Deaths from dementia in Colorado
Denver Bears players
Denver Broncos executives
Houston Colt .45s players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Minnesota Twins players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
People from Sturgis, South Dakota
Players of American football from Colorado
Players of American football from South Dakota
Reading Indians players
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San Francisco 49ers players
Seattle Rainiers players

Carroll Hardy


Mount Orville is a high peak of the Fairweather Range, the southernmost part of the Saint Elias Mountains. It is included in Glacier Bay National Park. The peak is the lower of a pair of peaks, Mounts Wilbur and Orville, named after the Wright Brothers.

Though not a particularly high peak in absolute terms, Mount Orville does stand quite high above local terrain, due to its proximity to the ocean: the summit is only 7.5 miles from tidewater at the head of Lituya Bay to the southwest.

Ascents
The first and only summit to date was achieved in 1995 by seasoned climbers Steven Carroll, Philip Kauffman, and Patrick Simmons. Despite the climbers' preparedness and experience, the climb was ill-fated. The three climbers were killed in an avalanche, on the descent, that was caused by unseasonable changes in weather conditions.

In April 2012 professional mountaineer Florian Hill and Will Wacker attempted Mount Orville several times but had to cut off the expedition due bad weather.

References

Mountains of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve
Mountains of Alaska
Saint Elias Mountains
Landforms of Hoonah–Angoon Census Area, Alaska
Wright brothers
Mountains of Unorganized Borough, Alaska

Mount Orville


Konrad Ryushin Marchaj was from October 2009 to January 2015 abbot of Zen Mountain Monastery, the main house of the Mountains and Rivers Order (MRO) of Zen Buddhism, founded by John Daido Loori, Roshi, from whom Marchaj received shiho in June 2009. Ryushin entered into full-time residence at the Monastery in 1992 and became abbot there following Daido Roshi's death in 2009.

As abbot and resident teacher, Ryushin oversaw the training and operations of the Monastery, working closely with Geoffrey Shugen Arnold, Roshi, who is the head of the Mountains and Rivers Order.

Ryushin came to the dharma through Vipassana meditation, eventually shifting to Zen practice and taking Daido Roshi as his teacher. Prior to ordination, Ryushin was a pediatrician and a psychiatrist.

In January 2015 at the request of Shugen Roshi, Ryushin stepped down as abbot after it became known he had been involved in a brief affair.

He is now teaching independently.

References

External links
  Marchaj's appearance on PBS

Living people
American Zen Buddhists
1953 births

Konrad Ryushin Marchaj


Henry Carpenter Longhurst CBE (18 March 1909 – 21 July 1978) was a British golf writer and commentator. For 45 years, he was golfing correspondent of the Sunday Times. During World War II, Longhurst was also a member of parliament (MP) for Acton in west London, England. Longhurst was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2017.

Biography
Longhurst was born at Bromham, Bedfordshire, the son of (William) Henry Longhurst who established the firm of Longhurst & Skinner, a house-furnishing business at Bedford, and his wife Constance (née Smith). He was educated at St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne, close to the Royal Eastbourne Golf Club, where he records "gazing at them – the caddies, not the golfers – with deepest envy as I peered surreptitiously up from the Greek unseen." He was "hooked for life" during a family holiday in 1920 at Yelverton in Devon, where he started playing golf on a home-made three-hole course on a common. Here Longhurst was encouraged by the local professional. He was subsequently educated at Bedford School before winning a scholarship to Charterhouse School and in 1928 went to Clare College, Cambridge. He played for Cambridge University Golf Club from 1928 to 1931 and was captain in 1931. He was German Amateur Champion in 1936 and runner-up in the Swiss Amateur in 1928 and the French Amateur in 1937, beaten 1 hole by Jacques Léglise.

After starting work in the family business, he found a post selling advertising space for the Hardware Trade Journal. He had been attracted by the politics of the proprietor, Sir Ernest Benn, and had become a member of the Individualist Society, which Benn founded. Longhurst started writing for a monthly golf magazine called Tee Topics and came to the attention of the editor of the Sunday Times who invited him to contribute to the sporting page. Thus, he became the golf correspondent of the Sunday Times, and retained that position for 40 years. He was also a regular contributor to Golf Illustrated.

In 1943, Longhurst was elected at a by-election as Conservative MP for Acton in West London, but lost the seat at the 1945 general election. During the 1931 general election, Longhurst had spoken at a campaign meeting supporting Bedford's Conservative candidate, which he described as "a heady introduction to politics, and once you have been bitten by the bug it is almost impossible, as in golf, to throw it off."

During the second part of the 1940s, Longhurst visited Middle Eastern oilfields and supported the development of air travel to the Far East, representing the airline Skyways in various projects to develop services between UK and Hong Kong, Singapore and China.  Later attempts were made to add services to West Africa and the Bahamas.  These travels were recorded in his 1949 book 'You never know till you get there'.

From the late 1950s to the end of his life, he was BBC Television's senior golf commentator. Longhurst featured on US Golf telecasts working for both CBS and ABC. CBS golf producer Frank Chirkinian hired Longhurst to work selected broadcasts starting with the Carling Tournament in 1965. He is best remembered by American audiences for his calls at the 16th hole of the Masters Tournament including Jack Nicklaus' 40-foot birdie putt that led to victory in 1975. Longhurst's call of the putt ("My my.... in all my life I have never seen a putt quite like that.") is a regular feature in Masters broadcasts. He had many lifelong friends including the cricket writer and commentator E.W. Swanton, and Alistair Cooke. Cooke referred to his writing as "the prose style, which was as effortless as falling out of bed."

In 1953, Longhurst acquired the Clayton Windmills (Jack and Jill) near Brighton in Sussex. He lived for a number of years at "Jack", first in the mill itself and then in a modern house next to it built for him in 1963 by the architect Peter Farley who also designed Brighton Marina. "Jill" was derelict but with a grant from East Sussex County Council it was restored and opened for visitors.

In his memoirs, My Life and Soft Times, (1971), he defended St Cyprians, the school he had arrived at in 1915, from critics like Gavin Maxwell, and George Orwell who had attacked it in his polemic Such, Such Were the Joys. Notwithstanding, Longhurst's mention of being made to eat up a bowl of porridge into which he had been sick has been described as 'an own goal'.

He died in Cuckfield, Sussex, in 1978, aged 69.

Quotes

Publications
 My Life and Soft Times, Cassell 1971.
 Golf, Dent
 It was Good while it Lasted, Dent
 You never know till you get there, Dent
 I wouldn't have missed it, Dent
 Golf Mixture, Laurie
 Round in Sixty-Eight, Laurie
 The Borneo Story, Newman Neame
 Adventure in Oil, Sidgwick & Jackson
 Spice of Life, Cassell
 Only on Sundays, Cassell
 Never on Weekdays, Cassell

References

Sources
 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography -E. W. Swanton, Longhurst, Henry Carpenter (1909–1978), rev., first published Sept 2004
Mark Wilson And Ken Bowden (eds) The Best of Henry Longhurst on Golf and Life Collins 1979

External links

1909 births
1978 deaths
British sportswriters
Golf writers and broadcasters
World Golf Hall of Fame inductees
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1935–1945
People educated at Charterhouse School
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Sportspeople from Bedford
British sportsperson-politicians
People educated at Bedford School
People educated at St Cyprian's School

Henry Longhurst


Fragosa Beach (Praia da Fragosa in Portuguese) is an extensive maritime beach of  Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal. It is located in the parish of A Ver-o-Mar. The beach is popular in the summer, but very calm during winter. The beach has white sand and no or very few rocks.

In front of the beach there's Forcado Islet, small and rocky, the islet has the shape of a camel's double hump.

External links
Fragosa Beach in Google Maps

Beaches of Póvoa de Varzim

Fragosa Beach


The New York Academy of Medicine (the Academy) is a health policy and advocacy organization founded in 1847 by a group of leading New York metropolitan area physicians as a voice for the medical profession in medical practice and public health reform. The early leaders of the academy were invested in the reform movements of the day and worked to improve public health by focusing on the living conditions of the poor. In 1866, the academy was instrumental in the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Health, the first modern municipal public health authority in the United States and the precursor of today's Department of Health. In recent years the academy has functioned as an effective advocate in public health reform, as well as a major center for health education. The academy's work now focuses on advancing urban health in New York City and around the world. Today, the academy has over three-thousand fellows, that include doctors, nurses, health care administrators, and professionals in all fields dedicated to maintaining and improving health.

History

Founding
The New York Academy of Medicine was founded on January 6, 1847. It began on December 8, 1846 with a notice being published in newspapers, requesting the city's doctors to meet three days later at the Lyceum of Natural History. It asked for cooperation of medical professionals in elevating the profession's character, advancing its interests, creating medical facilities, promoting harmony among members, and offering means of mutual improvement. The three signatories were doctors Valentine Mott, president of the New York University School of Medicine, Alexander H. Stevens, president of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Isaac Wood, president of the Medical Society of the City and County of New York. John Stearns, later first president of the academy, was made chairman for the first meeting.

In 1854, the academy was divided into sections by medical specialty or scientific discipline. Early sections included Theory and Practice, Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, Anatomy, Surgery, and Chemistry.

In 1939, the academy prepared Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia's LaGuardia Commission report, which when released in 1944 infuriated Harry Anslinger and his campaign against marijuana.

During World War I, the academy made plans to sell its building at 10 West 44th Street in order to build an addition to its building on 15 West 43rd Street. A man named Louis Sherry (of Sherry's hotel and restaurant) made an offer on the property, which the academy reluctantly accepted around 1918. Sherry's offer included renting the building for $5,000 per year for ten years with the option to purchase the property outright for $100,000 within five years. While the academy originally paid $120,000 for the property, their special advisory Finance Committee urged them to take the deal. A peripheral fallout of this agreement was that the academy's live-in janitor, Felix Wesstrom, lost his living quarters. To compensate him for the loss, the academy increased his monthly salary by $30.

Architecture

In 1926, the Academy moved to a new six-story building designed by York and Sawyer in an eclectic style; including touches of the Byzantine Revival and Lombardian Romanesque styles. The building is at East 103rd Street at the corner of Fifth Avenue, across from Central Park in the East Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Initial funding for the new building came from the Carnegie Corporation, approximately one million dollars towards the building, and the Rockefeller Foundation, providing 1.25 million dollars for an endowment.

Exterior
The building's exterior uses a combination of varieties of limestone and sandstone. The main entrance, at 103rd Street, uses a series columns with Romanesque caps, topped with statues of lions. The doors are ornate bronze with floral designs and small figures of Asclepius, god of medicine and physicians, and Hygieia, daughter of Asclepius and goddess of health. The two gods are also carved into the entranceway's tympanum, attended by dogs, symbolizing vigilance and keeping death and illness away. The exterior also features many Latin inscriptions from notable authors, including Cicero, Hippocrates, Juvenal, Seneca the Younger, and Virgil. The first floor windows have exterior ornamental bronze grills, decorated in a Romanesque design. Those windows' lintels have figures of gods and fauna symbolic of medicine and additional Latin inscriptions.

Interior
The building's design includes many decorative elements that evoke health and the history of the medicine. In addition to the exterior designs, other animals feature as bronze insets of the Levanto marble main lobby floor such as the goat (symbolizing lusty, reproductive power), snakes (the symbol of the god Asclepius, signifying long life and rejuvenation), rooster (emblem of fatherhood and restorer of health), goose (emblem of motherhood), and the mandrake root (believed in folklore to have curative properties). The lobby floor also has a variegated marble mosaic pattern and white Traniville marble border. The walls are made of Mankato marble, and the ceiling is square-beamed with hand-painted Arabesque designs of fauna symbolic of medicine.

Library

The Academy Library is home to one of the most significant collections of medicine and public health and is open to the general public. It was first opened in 1847 when the academy first opened, but was not open to the public until 1878. The library includes about 550,000 volumes and original writings by Sigmund Freud and a prototype of George Washington's dentures, constructed from actual teeth that were donated. The library is part of the New York Academy of Medicine's Center for the History of Medicine and Public Health and also includes the Coller Rare Book Reading Room. The library's historical materials are conserved in the Gladys Brooks Book and Paper Conservation Laboratory.

Under President Walter Belknap James (served 1915-1918), in May 1918, the Library Council decided to build an addition on its building at 15 West 43rd Street and, consequently, to sell its property at 10 West 44th Street. Around this same time, the academy increased its number of fellows from 1,200 to 1,300. There was also a requirement for the fellows to be in practice for five years (as opposed to its previous requirements of three years).

Wartime years
During World War I, the library (at its 15 West 43rd Street location) opened its doors to aid in wartime efforts. Not only was the library open to all, including soldiers, it also allowed the use of one of its prime spaces, Hosack Hall, for events related to the war, and additional rooms within the building for Medical Reserve Corps examinations.

Later years
By 1947, the library had 252,000 volumes and was the second-largest medical library in the U.S., after the Surgeon General's Library (now the National Library of Medicine). The library was open to the public, although only fellows and some paid subscribers had borrowing privileges. At the time, the Librarian was Archibald Malloch, who had doubled the collection while Librarian, 1935 to 1949. Janet Doe succeeded him, followed by Gertrude L. Annan. These individuals were regarded by peers as "giants in their field". The library also has a Rare Book Room, which contains rare bibliographic works and medical artifacts, including a collection of cookbooks. In the early 1900s, the New York Public Library ceased adding to its own medical collection and donated approximately 22,000 medical works, in 1949, to the New York Academy of Medicine. This led the academy, for a time, to be the only public medical source in the New York metropolitan area.

Holdings
The library holds the Edwin Smith Papyrus, an ancient Egyptian medical text and the oldest known surgical treatise on trauma. In 1928, the New York Academy of Medicine purchased the collection of incunable manuscripts of E.C. Streeter which was exhibited during the History of Science Society's meeting held in New York on 28th and 29th December. There were at least 130 books printed before 1501 which had strongly influenced the history of medicine at the time of their publication. Contents to be exhibited were mainly selected by Arnold C. Klebs.

The library also houses the archives of many health-related organizations that serve as primary sources for the history of medical education and practice in New York.

The academy produces a website for providing context and search capability to grey literature through its Grey Literature Report, which is published bimonthly. The resources cited in the Grey Literature Report are cataloged and indexed using Medical Subject Headings.

Awards
Every year since 1929, the academy has rewarded individuals who delivered exceptional contributions. There are currently five categories in these awards:
 John Stearns Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Medicine. Awarded since 1992 and named after John Stearns, the first president of the academy.
 Stephen Smith Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Public Health. Awarded since 2005 and named after Stephen Smith, a public health pioneer.
 Academy Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Health Policy. Awarded since 2008.
 Academy Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Biomedical Science. Awarded since 1929, it is the Academy's oldest prize.
 Academy Plaque for Exceptional Service to the Academy. Awarded since 1952.

See also

Journal of Urban Health, the New York Academy of Medicine's journal

Further reading
  A history of the Academy of Medicine's first hundred years.
  A history of the Academy of Medicine's following fifty years.

References

External links

1847 establishments in New York (state)
Charities based in New York City
Byzantine Revival architecture in New York City
Companies based in Manhattan
Eclectic architecture
Education in New York City
Libraries in Manhattan
Medical associations based in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in New York City
Organizations established in 1847
Romanesque Revival architecture in New York City
Medical and health organizations based in New York City
Research libraries in the United States

New York Academy of Medicine


Francis Lee Jaques (September 28, 1887 – July 24, 1969) was an American wildlife painter.

Jaques hunted and trapped with his father and connected with editors and writers from major hunting magazines. While still a teenager, Jacques paid ten dollars to buy a taxidermy shop in Aitkin, Minnesota. He toughed out a few winters scarcely earning enough money to survive and bartering paintings to pay for services. He alternated railroad work in northern Minnesota and taxidermy in Aitkin to make ends meet.

In 1918, Jaques was drafted into the army. During his six-month stay in St. Emilione, France, he recorded his surroundings in several small pencil drawings and watercolor paintings. He came home with a rank of Private First Class and returned to Duluth, Minnesota. There he met Clarence C. Rosenkranz, an artist of the impressionist style, who helped him mix color and express his feelings through art.

In 1924, Jaques sent some of his paintings to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. His talent was recognized, and he was invited to join the museum's team as a background painter. The team traveled around the world gathering exhibit specimens. Jaques recorded his experiences throughout.

Jaques was almost 40 years old when he met Florence Page, a friend of his landlord. She was a budding writer just out of a prestigious school in the East, but was originally from Decatur, Illinois. Jaques and Florence found common ground in nature and developed a friendship. They were married in 1927.

Francis and Florence Page Jaques spent time camping in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area of Minnesota. The time provided inspiration for their now-famous books, Snowshoe Country and Canoe Country. Sales from these two books helped fund the Jaqueses' involvement in the conservation project at Susie Island in Lake Superior. The conservation area was later named The Francis Lee Jaques Memorial Preserve in his honor.

The Jaqueses lived in New York City for over 25 years before returning to Minnesota to work at the James Ford Bell Museum of Natural History on the University of Minnesota campus. Jaques worked designing and painting diorama backgrounds until his retirement.

The Jaqueses' final years were spent living in North Oaks, a few miles north of Saint Paul, Minnesota. Jaques painted daily and created a mountainous body of work. Upon his death Florence completed and arranged for publication of his biography, Francis Lee Jaques: Artist of the Wilderness World. She donated his remaining art works to the James Ford Bell Museum of Natural History in Minneapolis and to the Saint Louis County Historical Society, Duluth, Minnesota. The second largest collection of Jaques art outside of the James Ford Bell Museum is located at the Jaques Art Center (121 2nd Street NW, Aitkin, MN 56431). Besides the permanent displays Jaques Art Center holds annual celebrations of his art that regularly include additional pieces on loan from the James Ford Bell Museum.

Frances Lee Jaques died July 24, 1969, at the age of 81. His wife, Florence Page Jaques, died January 1, 1972, at 82 years of age.

Partial bibliography
Books by Florence Page Jaques – Illustrated by Francis Lee Jaques
 Canoe Country – 1938 – The University of Minnesota Press
 The Geese Fly High – The University of Minnesota Press
 Birds Across The Sky – The University of Minnesota Press
 Snowshoe Country – 1944 – University of Minnesota Press (Awarded 1946 John Burroughs Medal)
 Canadian Spring – 1947 – Harper & Brothers
 As Far As The Yukon – 1951 – Harper & Brothers

See also
List of wildlife artists

References

External links
 Francis Lee Jaques: Master Artist of the Wild
 Jaques Art Center- includes brief biography
 Russel Fink Gallery
 American Museum of Natural History—Milstein Hall of Ocean Life, information on murals by Francis Lee Jaques

1887 births
1969 deaths
American naturalists
American bird artists
20th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century naturalists
20th-century American male artists

Francis Lee Jaques


Rune Larsen (born 8 August 1948) is a Norwegian journalist, singer, musician, record producer and television presenter.

He was born in Bergen. He made his stage debut in 1957, and his television debut in 1964. By that time, he had already played with two bands, The White Shirts and The Black Diamonds, and rejected a contract offer for a solo career. After appearing on television, however, he bumped into Philips Records manager Per W. Kilde at a concert, and was promptly offered a solo contract. Larsen accepted, and released his first single with Teen Beats ("Cinderella/Y'arriva") in October of the same year (Philips 353.264 PF). Not long after, Larsen joined the group The Stringers. He succeeded Helge Nilsen, who soon rejoined.

Larsen started working as a journalist in Bergens Arbeiderblad in 1967. He came to refer to himself as a Christian socialist. He became involved in the YMCA in 1968, and was a devout Christian from 1969. He did not leave music as he founded a choir in Bergen named Gospel. In July in the same year he also married nurse Edle Tornes, born 1947. Gospel released LPs in 1970 and 1972. With the choir, Larsen made his debut as a television presenter in 1970, in the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation show Gospel synger gospels.

In 1972, Larsen formed the gospel group Frisk Luft together with Kjell Fjalsett, Ivar Skippervold and Arnold Børud. The group formed by coincidence in 1972, when Larsen and Børud, performing at Hedmarktoppen, spotted the already-known Fjalsett and Skippervold in the audience and invited them onto the stage. Frisk Luft released two LPs in the 1970s, and participated in a television show named Gospelkveld. It was said to be the first Christian supergroup in Norway. Larsen's third television show aired from 1975, and was Hele menigheten synger, a copy of the Swedish Hela kyrkan sjunger. Songs from the show were released on LP and sold well.

Larsen had left the journalist job to become secretary for the YMCA in Trondheim from 1974. He held the same job in Bergen from 1976 to 1978 before returning to journalism, working in Bergens Tidende from 1978 to 1981. He still performed sporadically, trying himself in the national Melodi Grand Prix event with the song Robåtrock in 1977. In 1981, he founded the record company Noah. He also released the album Sweet Mints together with Helge Nilsen, under the name Helge & Rune. The album was produced by Trygve Thue of the band Saft. Several releases followed. In 1983 Larsen discovered later world-famous singer Sissel Kyrkjebø via the television show Syng med oss presented by Nils Abrahamsen. Her first three records (Sissel, Glade jul, Soria Moria) were released on Noah. In 1984 Larsen discovered Karoline Krüger.

Larsen presented the show Lollipop from 1989, together with Trygve Thue, Tor Endresen and the backing band The Lollipops. The signature song was "Lollipop" by The Chordettes, 1958, and the material was taken from that time. Three records were released following the show, and all sold well. Later shows during the 1990s were Scala, Casablanca (TV 2, 1992), Noteknekk, Larsen spesial and Absolutt norsk, the latter co-hosting with Jan Eggum. Another outing in Melodi Grand Prix came in 1993, when Larsen performed Det skulle vært sommer together with Helge Nilsen. In 1997, he released Nære ting with Tor Endresen. Also, Frisk Luft made a public comeback performing live in 1998, and released the record Lifetime Friends in 2000. In 2004, they followed with I'll Never Find Another You.

References

1948 births
Living people
Journalists from Bergen
Norwegian gospel singers
Norwegian rock singers
Norwegian rock musicians
Norwegian record producers
Norwegian television presenters
NRK people
Norwegian Christians
Musicians from Bergen
Mass media people from Bergen

Rune Larsen


Rudolphina Menzel (1891–1973) was a cynologist, best known for her work in the field of animal behavior, from Vienna, Austria. She was responsible for gaining recognition for the Canaan Dog; and she wrote the breed standard, which was accepted by the FCI in 1966.

Biography
Rudolphina Menzel immigrated with her husband Dr Rudolph Menzel to Palestine in 1938.

Scientific career
She was asked by the Haganah for help in setting up a dog section (forerunner to what would become Unit Oketz). Dr. Menzel found that the standard breeds used for guarding, tracking and other tasks were unable to cope with the harsh climate and terrain, so she sought an alternative, turning to the local pariah dog.

She began a redomestication program of the pariah dogs living on the outskirts of settlements and with the Bedouin in the desert. She collected puppies and adults, and found them to be highly adaptable, amenable to domestication, and quick to learn.

Menzel's Canaan Dog breeding program was concentrated with the Institute where a foundation of kennel-raised Canaan Dogs was established, carrying the name "B'nei Habitachon".

In 1965, she exported four Canaan Dogs to the United States, and later sent specimens of the breed to Germany.

Menzel sent a male Canaan Dog to Mrs. Connie Higgins in the United Kingdom. In 1964, Mrs. Higgins had already acquired a female puppy from a wild litter in Damascus, and on 28 December 1969, she bred the first known litter of Canaan Dogs born in the United Kingdom.

In 1970, Shaar Hagai Kennels, located near Jerusalem, worked closely with Dr. Menzel in the development and breeding of the breed, and continued her work after her death in 1973.

References

External links
 The personal papers of Rudolphina Menzel are kept at the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. The notation of the record group is A293.

Canaan Dogs from Bnei HaBitachon Kennel Web page displaying the Canaan dogs belonging to Drs. Rudolph and Rudolphina Menzel, the founders of the breed
History of The Canaan Dog
A Biblical dog in modern times

Report on the Canaan Dog Report by the Israel Nature Reserves and National Parks Authority on the Canaan Dog, written by Dr. Tamar Ron, October 1999
Pariahunde - Pariah Dogs, written by Rudolf Menzel & Rudolphina Menzel, translated by Bryna Comsky

1891 births
1973 deaths
20th-century Austrian zoologists
Austrian Jews
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to Mandatory Palestine
Cynologists
Scientists from Vienna

Rudolphina Menzel


Maritime security is concerned with the prevention of intentional damage through sabotage, subversion, or terrorism.  Maritime security is one of the three basic roles of the United States Coast Guard has gradually developed in response to a series of catastrophic events, which began in 1917.

There are three main maritime security activities conducted by the Coast Guard:
  Port Security.
  Vessel Security.
  Facility Security.

Legal Background
The principle laws that support this mission of the United States Coast Guard are:
Espionage Act of 1917 - This act empowered the Coast Guard to make regulations to prevent damage to harbors and vessels during national security emergencies.
Magnuson Act, 1950 - Enacted as a result of the "Red Scare," this act provided permanent port security regulations, and broad powers to search vessels in U.S. waters and control the movement of foreign vessels in U.S. ports.
Ports and Waterways Safety Act, 1972 – Resulting from several major groundings and oil spills, this act provided port safety authority beyond the Magnuson Act to protect the use of port transportation facilities, and to enhance efforts against the degradation of the marine environment.
Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 or MTSA – Enacted as a result of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States. This Act provided sweeping new authorities for preventing acts of terrorism within the U.S. maritime domain.
The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, 2002 – Adopted by the International Maritime Organization as new provisions to the International Convention for SOLAS to enhance maritime .

Port Security
The Port Security requirements found in the MTSA requires security measures for U.S. ports in order to reduce the risks and to mitigate the results of an act that threatens the security of personnel, facilities, vessels, and the public. The regulations draw together assets within port boundaries to provide a framework to communicate, identify risks, and coordinate resources to mitigate threats and consequences. The COTP must ensure that the total port security posture is accurately assessed, and that security resources are appropriate to meet these programs. The COTP must identify critical assets within a port, develop a prioritized list of those most susceptible to acts of sabotage, and plan for adequate security measures to meet specific needs.

Vessel Security
Both MTSA and the ISPS Code regulate vessel security. The regulations within these two documents require the owners or operators of vessels to designate security officers for vessels, develop security plans based on security assessments, implement security measures specific to the vessel's operation, and comply with current Marine Security levels.

Facility Security
A facility is defined as: any structure or facility of any kind located in, on, under, or adjacent to any waters subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. and used, operated, or maintained by a public or private entity, including any contiguous or adjoining property under common ownership or operation. Some examples of facilities are:
  Barge fleeting facilities.
  Container terminals.
  Oil storage facilities.
  Passenger vessel terminals.

Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Facilities are generally offshore fixed platforms in water depths ranging up to 1,000 feet deep whose primary purpose is the exploration, development, and/or product of offshore petroleum reserves. This definition also includes novel floating design such as:
  Tension Leg Platforms (TLP).
  Floating Production Facilities (converted MODUs).
  Floating Production Storage Offloading units (FPSO).

Both MTSA and the ISPS Code regulate facility security. The regulations within these two documents require the owners or operators of facilities to designate security officers for facilities, develop security plans based on security assessments, implement security measures specific to the facility's operation, and comply with current Marine Security levels. Those facilities designated as Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) facilities
must meet the same security requirements as those designated as waterfront facilities.

When US Navy merchant vessels are in dangerous waters, security detachments are posted on the vessel.  Security forces have helped deter piracy as well as terrorist attacks, such as the Maersk Alabama and the USS Cole.  US Navy merchant vessels normally train the deck department in firearms training, but the added Navy security detail provides for extra security.  Additionally, Navy escorts might sometimes accompany the vessels, such as traveling through the Straights of Gibraltar.

See also
 Maritime Safety and Security Team
 Port Safety mission covers accidental damage rather than intentional damage.
 Port Security Unit

References

External links
A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower
The Naval Institute On Maritime Security
Maritime Security Specialists for the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean
Port and Maritime Security Online
PMSO.net Maritime Security Knowledgebase
Maritime Security Research Center
Maritime Piracy: Implications for Maritime Energy Security

United States Coast Guard
Nautical terminology

Maritime security (USCG)


The Dominican Summer League Cardinals  or DSL Cardinals are a rookie league affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals based in the Dominican Republic.  The team plays in the Boca Chica South division of the Dominican Summer League.

History
The team first came into existence in 1989 as a shared affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates and the New York Mets.  In 1990, they shared an affiliation with the Houston Astros.  From 1991 to 1993, they shared an affiliation with the Detroit Tigers and from 1994 to 1995, they shared an affiliation with the Philadelphia Phillies.  The team became an independent Cardinals affiliate in 1996 and has remained so ever since, with the exception of the 2004 season during which team operations were suspended.

Roster

References

External links

Dominican Summer League teams
Baseball teams in the Dominican Republic
St. Louis Cardinals minor league affiliates

Dominican Summer League Cardinals


Modes:

Oracle XML Publisher (XMLP) is Oracle Corporation's latest reporting technology. It was originally developed to solve the reporting problems faced by Oracle Applications. Osama Elkady from the Applications Technology Group and Tim Dexter from the Financials Group were the main drivers for the product. It was first released with Oracle E-Business Suite 11.5.10 in 2003. Since then it has been integrated into most of Oracle Products including JD Edwards EnterpriseOne application 8.12 and PeopleSoft Enterprise 9, and as a standalone version, XML Publisher Enterprise with no dependency on Oracle Applications. When XML Publisher became part of the Oracle BI Enterprise Edition Suite it was re-branded as Oracle BI Publisher.

BI Publisher separates the creation of data from the process of formatting it for different uses. The engine can format any well-formed XML data, allowing integration with any system that can generate XML, including Web Services or any data source available through JDBC. BI Publisher can merge multiple data sources into a single output document.

Oracle Corporation's most recent reporting technology is called Oracle XML Publisher (XMLP). It was initially created in order to help Oracle Applications with its reporting issues. Tim Dexter from the Financials Group and Osama Elkady from the Applications Technology Group were the key architects of the project. In 2003, it was originally made available alongside Oracle E-Business Suite 11.5.10. Since then, it has been included in the majority of Oracle Products, such as PeopleSoft Enterprise 9 and JD Edwards EnterpriseOne application 8.12, as well as a standalone version of XML Publisher Enterprise that is independent of Oracle Applications. Its name was changed to Oracle BI Publisher when XML Publisher was integrated into the Oracle BI Enterprise Edition Suite. With the help of BI Publisher, data production and data formatting are kept separate.

Template design
BI Publisher report templates can be designed using the Microsoft Word, Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft Excel (standalone only) and Adobe Flash (standalone only).  Templates created using these tools contain embedded fields with properties that determine how the XML data will be merged into the template, using Extensible Stylesheet Language syntax to precisely match the server's engine.

Template Builder for Word
Template Builder is an extension to Microsoft Word that simplifies the development of Rich Text Format templates.  Templates created using Template Builder are transformed into XSL Stylesheets that can be used to generate
PDF, RTF, Microsoft Excel and HTML outputs.

Layout Editor
Starting with the 11g release, BI Publisher also offers a pure web based layout editor that allows users to create management
reports and simple production reports in a WYSIWYG layout editor. The layout editor is written in pure DHTML.
As with  Rich Text Format templates Reports created in the web based layout editor are transformed into XSL stylesheets
and can be viewed in the same output formats. In addition, the layout editor templates (.xpt) can also be viewed in an interactive viewer which allows re-sorting and interactive filtering of existing reports.

Adobe Acrobat
XML Publisher templates can be designed in Adobe Acrobat 5.00 and above, using the native form field capabilities.

Adobe Flash
The 10.1.3.3 release of Oracle BI Publisher offers support for Adobe Corporation's new document format for building interactive forms and reports, called Flex. You can build Flex templates, test them on your desktop, and deploy them to the BI Publisher server to generate Flash output. Users are then able to run the reports from the BI Publisher user interface or schedule them for delivery to report consumers.

XSL Stylesheet
In addition to using the tools mentioned above, users can also upload existing XSL stylesheets to run with BI Publisher.

Data Template/Model design
BI Publisher supports the generation of XML data from SQL queries, web services, XML files and XML HTTP servers,
LDAP queries, MDX queries (starting 10.1.3.4.1), Oracle ADF view objects (11g) and Microsoft EXCEL files (11g).
While previous version allowed the simple addition through a UI, linking of queries required the creation of an XML
configuration file. In 11g the data model can be created using a web based visual data model builder.

Server
The server is a Java EE application that can be deployed to any Java EE container.  The XML data is fed through the templates to produce XSL Formatting Objects, which can be transformed into most popular output formats:
 Portable Document Format
 Rich Text Format
 HTML
 PPT
 Flash
 Plain Text (e.g. EFT/EDI)

Delivery Manager
The Delivery Manager is responsible to deliver the output to different destinations, such as fax and email, with the flexibility of delivering the same output to different destinations; e.g. HTML format can be sent to email while a PDF format sent to the printer.

The following protocols are supported:
 SMTP
 Internet Printing Protocol (IPP)
 WebDAV
 FTP
 SFTP
 AS2

The Delivery Manager provides an open architecture that allows custom delivery channels to be implemented.

References

External links
 Official Oracle Page
 Official Blog
 Official Youtube Channel
 Official Facebook Page
 Official Twitter Account

Oracle software
Reporting software
XML software

Oracle BI Publisher


Joseph Honoré Simon Beau (8 May 1806 in Collonges, department of Ain – 11 August 1865) was a French physician, who is famous for his investigations of the physiology of the heart and the lungs.

In 1836 he obtained his doctorate in Paris with the thesis De l'emploi des évacuants, etc. From 1840 he was an assigned as a physician to the "Bureau central", earning his agrégation several years later (1844). In July 1856 he became a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine.

He was a leading advocate of pathological physiology. Treatises involving his studies of the heart and lungs were initially published in the Archives générales de médecine (1834 to 1845), and compiled in his Traité expérimental et clinique d'auscultation appliqué à l'étude des maladies du poumon et du coeur (1856).

Selected writings
 Traité expérimental et clinique d'auscultation, appliquée à l'étude des maladies du poumon et du coeur, 1856 – Treatise on experimental and clinical auscultation, applicable to the study of lung and heart diseases.
 De la Valeur thérapeutique des saignées générales dans les phlegmasies, leçons cliniques faites à la Charité, 1859 – On the therapeutic value of general bloodletting for phlebitis, clinical lessons performed at the Charité.
 De la Diastole ventriculaire dans l'ordre de succession des mouvements du coeur, extrait de leçons cliniques sur les maladies du coeur, 1861 – On ventricular diastole, etc.; excerpt of clinical lessons on diseases of the heart.
 Nouvelles Réflexions sur un nouveau tracé cardiographique de MM. Chauveau et Marey, 1864 – On the new tracé cardiographique of Auguste Chauveau and Étienne-Jules Marey.
 Traité de la dyspepsie, 1866 – Treatise on dyspepsia.

See also
 Beau's lines: Transverse grooves on the nail plate, usually an indication of systemic disease.
 Beau's syndrome: Defined as myocardial insufficiency and inability of the heart to perform a complete systole.

References

1806 births
1865 deaths
19th-century French physicians
People from Ain

Joseph Honoré Simon Beau