The Lakshmi Narasimha temple was built in 1246 CE by Bommanna Dandanayaka, a commander in the Hoysala Empire during the rule of King Vira Someshwara. It is a good example of 13th-century Hoysala architecture.  Located a short distance away in Nuggehalli, and built around the same time is the Sadashiva temple. The town was called Vijaya Somanathapura in ancient times and gained importance as an agrahara (place of learning) during the time of Bommanna Dandanayaka. Nuggehalli, (also spelled "Nuggihalli"), is a town in Hassan district of  Karnataka, India. It is located on the Tiptur-Channarayapatna state highway and is about 50 km from Hassan city. It is well connected by road with Bangalore, the state capital.

Description

This is a good example of a richly decorated Hoysala temple built in the trikuta (three towers) vimana (shrine) style with fine sculptures adorning the walls. The material used is Chloritic Schist, more commonly known as Soapstone) and the temple is built on a jagati (platform) that closely follows the plan of the temple. The size of the original temple can be considered small, to which a larger open mantapa(hall) was later added. The three shrines are located around a central closed mantapa with 9 "bays" (compartment between four pillars). The ceiling of the closed mantapa is supported by four lathe turned pillars which is deeply domed in the center. The central shrine is the most prominent one and has a large tower. This shrine has a vestibule that connects the shrine to the mantapa (hall). Consequently, the vestibule also has a tower (or superstructure, shikhara) that looks like a shorter extension of the main tower. It is called the sukanasi. According to Foekema, it looks like the "nose" of the main tower. The other two shrines have smaller towers and because they have no vestibule to connect them to the central mantapa, they have no sukanasi.

From outside, the temple actually looks like a ekakuta (single tower and shrine) temple because the two lateral shrines are simple extensions of the wall of the mantapa. Their towers are a later addition. This is a classic example of a trikuta (three shrines and towers) that looks like a ekakuta. A large open hall with tall pillars was added during later times making the original porch and closed mantapa look like the inner portion of the temple. The central shrine has five projections per side and the tower is complete though without the kalasha (decorative structure on top). Since the shrine is square in plan, the topping roof (a helmet like sculptured stone) follows the same plan. There are three tiers of decorative smaller roofs bearing their own kalasa that form the body of the main tower. The superstructure on top of the vestibule (forming the nose) has only two tiers of decorative roofs. This is why the sukanasi looks like an extension of the main tower. The two lateral shrines also have five projections per side. The top of these shrines and the wall of the mantapa are crowned with a row of decorated roofs just like the main shrine.

According to art critic Gerard Foekema, the temple is of a "newer" Hoysala style, and below the superstructure of the vimana where the roof meets the outer walls of the temple, two eaves all round the temple. The upper eaves projects about half a meter from the wall. There is a second eaves running about a meter below the upper eaves with decorative miniature towers (aedicule) between them. The wall images of Hindu gods and goddesses and their attendants are below the lower eaves, and there are 120 such sculptured panels in all. Below these are six moldings of equal size with decorations in frieze. This according to historian Kamath is broadly called "horizontal treatment". The six moldings at the base of the wall is divided into two sections. Starting from the base where the wall meets the jagati, the first horizontal lmolding contains procession of elephants, above which are a horsemen, and a band of foliage on the third. The second horizontal section starts with depictions from the Hindu epics and puranic scenes executed with detail. Above this are two friezes of yalis (or makara, an imaginary beast) and hamsas (swans). The vimana tower is divided into three horizontal sections and is even more ornate than the walls.

The images in the panels are mostly Vaishnava in faith and they are attributed to two well known Hoysala sculptors, Baichoja and Mallitamma. There are a few images of the god Shiva in the form of Bhairava along with his consort Bhairavi. Baichoja's sculptures are on the south side of the temple and according to Foekema, have a certain peace and dignity about them. Mallitamma's sculptures are on the north side. According to him, while they are not as fine, they are lively and have greater variety. The three shrines contain the images of Venugopala, Keshava and Lakshminarasimha, all avatars of Vishnu.

Gallery

See also
 Sadasiva Temple

Notes

References
 Suryanath U. Kamath (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).
 Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Abhinav, 1996

External links

 Nuggehalli, A haven for architecture lovers
 Nuggehalli Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Seva Samithi
 Krishna history in Frieze
 Photos in Flickr of Nuggehalli Temple and village

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1246
Devi temples in Karnataka
Hindu temples in Hassan district
13th-century Hindu temples
Narasimha temples

Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Nuggehalli


Jaime Felipe José Bosch (in Catalan: Jaume Bosch i Renard, in France known as Jacques Bosch) (26 May 1825 – 31 March 1895) was a Catalan guitarist and song composer who established himself in Paris.

Biography
Bosch was born in Barcelona and educated at the school of the Convent de la Mercè in Barcelona, where he began his studies in piano and guitar.

Before he emigrated, Bosch gave successful concerts in Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia between 1849 and 1852. From 1853 he settled in Paris and from 1857 toured frequently in France, the Netherlands and Germany. Bosch was a very good friend of the painter Édouard Manet and posed for him many times, one portrait being used as illustration for one of Bosch's publications, Plainte Moresque, Op. 85, which is also dedicated to Manet. Besides many original compositions he wrote a Méthode de guitare (1891, see below) and an opera (Roger de Flor, 1868), which was not performed. In Paris, Bosch was much praised at the aristocratic salons and had a large number of pupils, including the brothers Alfred and Jules Cottin. His best-known piece was to be his song collection Dix Mélodies, which was praised by Felipe Pedrell as a "true model of what a composer's inspiration may create in this genre". Bosch died in the 17th arrondissement of Paris.

Most of Bosch's guitar works were not published at the time they were written but in collections of Dix Pièces (ten pieces) in 1887 and 1894, 12 Pièces faciles (12 easy pieces) in 1892 and a further six easy pieces in 1894. A later edition of ten easy pieces (1923) reprints some previously published pieces together with seven pieces that had apparently not previously been published.

Bosch's Méthode de guitare is very much a composer's method insofar as it contains numerous original compositions of varying length and difficulty. In the course of its 116 pages there are 16 Leçons (distributed over pages 3–14), 31 Exercises (pages 22–92) and 39 original compositions, ranging in length from one to five pages. Most of them are dedicated to one of his pupils, who included Guy de Polignac, member of a famous French noble family. Among the more substantial works there are two movements of a Sonata dialogue, dedicated to the memory of Fernando Sor (an Adagio on pp. 63–4, and an Allegro on pp. 102–4), a Jota (pp. 69–72), and Iberia (subtitled Valse de concert), pp. 110–4 (see below for full listing).

Selected compositions
Guitar solo
 Duettino, Op. 10 (published in Dix Pièces pour guitare, no. 1, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1887)
 Brimborion, Op. 11 (in Dix Pièces pour guitare, no. 5, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1887)
 Étoiles et fleurs, Op. 12 (in Dix Pièces pour guitare, no. 2, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1887)
 Celia. Jota-valse, Op. 13 (in Dix Pièces pour guitare, no. 3, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1887)
 Fantaisie dramatique sur un opéra de l'auteur, Op. 14 (in Dix Pièces pour guitare, no. 4, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1887)
 Souvenir de Barcelone, Op. 15 (in Dix Pièces pour guitare, no. 6, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1887)
 Retraite espagnole, Op. 16 (in Dix Pièces pour guitare, no. 7, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1887)
 Allegro de sonate, Op. 17 (in Dix Pièces pour guitare, no. 10, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1887)
 Méditation, Op. 18 (in Dix Pièces pour guitare, no. 8, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1887)
 Ballade, Op. 19 (in Dix Pièces pour guitare, no. 9, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1887)

 Plainte Moresque, Op. 85 (Paris: [s.n.], 1866, again 1883)
 Pasa calle. Sérénade, Op. 86 (Paris: H. Lemoine, 1885)
 12 Pièces faciles (Paris: Veuve Girod, 1892). Contains: 1. Habanera; 2. Valse échantillon; 3. Récit sans paroles; 4. Romance; 5. Banjo; 6. Scherzo-valse; 7. Anda salero; 8. Mélancolie; 9. Barcarolle; 10. Hymne national russe; 11. Espoir; 12. Tango danse des nègres.
 La Rose. Valse, Op. 88, with mandolin ad lib. (Paris: H. Lemoine, 1893)
 Six Pièces faciles, Op. 89 (itself published as part of a second series of Dix Pièces, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1894; in this series they are nos. 5 to 10). Contains:  1. Enfantillage; 2. 1er Guagirana; 3. 2e Guagirana; 4. Les Adieux; 5. Lamento; 6. Gitanilla.
 L'Amazone. Polka, Op. 90  (published in Dix Pièces pour guitar, second series, no. 1, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1894)
 Au sons des cloches, Op. 91 (in Dix Pièces pour guitar, second series, no. 2, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1894)
 Venise, Op. 92 (in Dix Pièces pour guitar, second series, no. 3, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1894)
 Les Echos, Op. 93 (in Dix Pièces pour guitar, second series, no. 4, Paris: H. Lemoine, 1894)
 Cello (Paris: H. Lemoine, 1896)
 Dix Pièces faciles pour l'étude de la guitare (Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1923). Contains the following works without dates or opus numbers: 1. Habanera; 2. Cantilena; 3. Romancero; 4. Banjo; 5. Nineria; 6. Anda salero; 7. Soledad; 8. Venecia; 9. Sueño; 10. Tango flamenco.

Guitar duo
 La Catalane (Paris: Léon Grus, 1898) – score online at BnF

Guitar method
 Méthode de guitare (Paris: Veuve E. Girod, 1891). Contains the following 39 original compositions: 1re Récréation (Petit danse espagnole); 2me Récréation (Solear); 3me Récréation (Imité de Schumann); 4me Récréation (Minuetto); 5e Récréation (Rêverie); Petite romance; Air varié; Boleras; Rêverie; Matine; Fantaisie de salon; Scherzo (= 12e Exercise); La Gaditana; Seguidillas gitanas de Grenade; Tita (Havanaise); Divertissement; Après la chasse (Rêverie); Les Etincelles; Fantaisie caprice; Zapateado; Fantaisie espagnole; Feuilles et Zéphirs; Joie matinale; Alma viva; Boléro rêverie; Sonate dialogue (Adagio); Morceau brillant (Vieille manière); Variation; Finale (Tremolo étude); Jota; Alla Mendelssohn; Barbéro; Valse espagnole; Rêverie (duo); Valse (duo); Colorado (Valse brillante); Jaleo; Petite marche funèbre; Sonate dialogue (Allegro); Iberia (Valse de concert).

Songs for voice and guitar
 Dix Mélodies (Georges Montière) (Paris: [s.n.], 1892). Contains: Chanson maure, Clochettes, Crépuscule d'automne, Rondeau, La Femme du chef, Aubade, À l'aimée, À Seville, Fleurs d'antan, Retraite chantée.
 Charmant ruisseau (Stephan Bordèse), accompaniment by violin and guitar (Paris: Veuve E. Girod, 1890)

Songs for voice and piano
 Rêvez toujours. Mélodie (no text author named, published in La Tribune musicale, 1 September 1861)
 Tout dort. Sérénade (text by "E. F.") (Paris: E. Girod, 1862)
 Sous mes blanches voiles. Barcarolle (Comtesse Jules de C.) (Paris: A. O'Kelly, 1876)

Chamber music
 Boléro, for two mandolins and guitar (Paris: H. Lemoine, 1893)
 Jaleo. Danse andalouse, for mandolin and guitar (Paris: H. Lemoine, 1895)
 Zapateado. Valse, for mandolin and guitar (Paris: H. Lemoine, 1896)
 Chant divin. Hymne, for cello and piano (Paris: G. Gross, 1907)

Recordings
 Música para canto y guitarra del siglo XIX. Francisco Heredia (tenor), Javier Chamizo (guitar). Fonoruz CO 505 (CD, 1997). Contains four of the 10 Mélodies: Rondeau, Aubade, À l'aimée, À Seville.
 Bosch: Obres per a Veu i Guitarra. Maria Teresa Garrigosa (soprano), Miguel Javaloy (guitar). La Mà de Guido LMG 2098 (CD, 2011). Contains: 10 Mélodies pour guitare et chant, Passacaille, Brimborion, Op. 11, Étoiles et fleurs, Op. 12, Fantaisie dramatique sur un opéra de l'auteur, Op. 14, Retraite espagnole, Op. 16, Méditation, Op. 18, Ballade, Op. 19, Plainte moresque. Mélodie pour la guitare, Op. 85, Cello, Op. posth.
 Souvenir de Barcelone. Miguel Javaloy (guitar). La Mà de Guido LMG 2119 (CD, 2012). Contains: Souvenir de Barcelone, Op. 15, Au sons des cloches, Op. 91, Venise, Op. 92.

References

External links
Free scores by J. Bosch at IMSLP

1825 births
1895 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Spanish male musicians
Composers for the classical guitar
Composers from Catalonia
Musicians from Barcelona
Musicians from Catalonia
Spanish classical composers
Spanish emigrants to France
Spanish male classical composers
Spanish male guitarists
Spanish Romantic composers
19th-century guitarists

Jacques Bosch


Vladimir Guerrero Alvino Sr. (born February 9, 1975), nicknamed "Vlad the Impaler", is a Dominican former professional baseball player who spent 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right fielder and designated hitter. He played for the Montreal Expos (–), Anaheim Angels / Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (–), Texas Rangers (), and Baltimore Orioles ().

A nine-time All-Star, Guerrero was widely recognized for his impressive offensive production — regularly hitting for power and average — as well as his defensive range and strong throwing arm. In 2004, he was voted the American League (AL) Most Valuable Player (MVP). Guerrero helped lead the Angels to five AL West championships between 2004 and 2009 and was voted one of the most feared hitters in baseball in a 2008 poll of all 30 major league managers.

Regarded as the game's premier "bad-ball hitter", Guerrero consistently hit balls thrown well outside the strike zone, a skill evident on August 14, 2009, when he hit a pitch after it bounced in front of home plate. With his aggressive batting style, he hit more than 30 home runs (HR) in each of 8 seasons and surpassed 100 runs batted in (RBI) 10 times, though he had just 2 seasons with at least 65 walks. In the first pitch of an at-bat, Guerrero hit 126 home runs and put 1,780 balls in play.

On September 26, 2011, Guerrero surpassed Julio Franco as the all-time MLB leader for hits by a Dominican player, a record since broken by Adrián Beltré in 2014. He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2018. In 2021, Guerrero and his son became the second father-son duo in MLB history to each have a 40-home run season in their careers, joining Cecil and Prince Fielder.

Early life and career
Guerrero was raised in Don Gregorio, Dominican Republic, in a house made of mud and brick and a palm-leaf roof. Guerrero's mother, Altagracia, made money selling food on the street until Hurricane David ravaged the country in 1979. After the hurricane, his mother traveled between the Dominican Republic and Venezuela in order to find work, while Guerrero and his siblings were in the care of a great aunt.

One of nine children, Guerrero is the younger brother of ex-major leaguer Wilton Guerrero of the Montreal Expos, where the two were teammates for several seasons. Guerrero and his brothers played baseball using makeshift gloves assembled from milk cartons and socks filled with plastic bags as baseballs. Guerrero did not own a real baseball glove until he was 15 years old, when he received one from his older brother, a minor leaguer. Guerrero's brothers, Eleazar and Julio Cesar, played in the farm systems of the Boston Red Sox and Los Angeles Dodgers, respectively. Guerrero is also the cousin of minor leaguers Armando Guerrero and Cristian Guerrero, and the uncle of major leaguer Gabriel Guerrero.

As a teenager, Guerrero worked out for the Dodgers at their baseball complex in the Dominican Republic but he was ultimately sent home after eight months  without a contract. In 1993, scout Arturo DeFreites convinced the Montreal Expos to sign Guerrero for $2,100 (). During the process he lied about his age, claiming to be born February 9, 1976. It was not until March 2009 that he inadvertently revealed to Major League Baseball that he was born in 1975.

Career

Montreal Expos
Guerrero was signed by the Montreal Expos as an unsigned amateur free agent, on March 1, 1993. He advanced quickly through the Expos' Minor League Baseball (MiLB) farm system, making his MLB debut on September 19, 1996. That night, Guerrero went 1 for 5 at the plate; his first big league hit, a single to center field, came against Atlanta Braves starting pitcher Steve Avery, in the top of the fourth inning, at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium. Two nights later, on September 21, 1996, Braves closer Mark Wohlers yielded Guerrero's first career home run (HR) — a ninth-inning blast that capped Montreal's scoring, in a 5-4 loss. That contest is also significant, in that it marks Guerrero's first multi-hit game.

Guerrero was criticized during his first full season, in 1997 (he had played only 9 games, in 1996), for being too aggressive at the plate. Nonetheless, he put up solid numbers for a rookie, batting .302, with 11 home runs and 40 runs batted in (RBI), in just 325 at bats (AB).

Guerrero led all big league outfielders in errors, in 1997 (12; tied), 1998 (17), 1999 (19), 2000 (10; tied), and 2001 (12; tied). He also led all NL outfielders in errors in 2002 (10), and led all AL outfielders in 2006 (11), and 2007 (9).

Scorn for Guerrero's free-swinging ways changed into admiration, in 1998. While he continued to swing at pitches that were clearly balls, he also continued to hit them with authority. In one instance, Guerrero got a base hit off a pitch that bounced before arriving at home plate. His superior hand-eye coordination and prodigious strength allowed him to be unusually aggressive at the plate, but still put up high batting averages year after year. Despite Guerrero's freeswinging style, he never struck out 100 times in a season.

Guerrero batted .324, with 38 home runs, and 109 RBI, in 1998. Before the end of the 1998 season, he agreed to a $28 million deal. Guerrero represented the Expos at the 1999 All-Star Game. During the 1999 season, he maintained a 31-game hitting streak' the longest in the majors in 12 years. Guerrero finished 1999 with 131 RBI, and in 2000, he hit 44 home runs; both figures are career highs.

On July 7, 2001, Guerrero threw out Alberto Castillo in one of the best throws in MLB history. After a base hit by Toronto, Castillo, then a baserunner on second base, saw an opportunity to score a run, as the batter had hit the ball well into deep right field. Guerrero caught the ball off a bounce and threw it to his catcher, who caught it squarely. Castillo was tagged out short of home plate. The throw's distance has been estimated to have been roughly three hundred feet, with its vertical arch peaking at merely twenty-one feet.

Guerrero posted similar or slightly improved numbers through the 2002 season. He had also developed a running game, stealing 37 bases in 2001. Guerrero also hit 34 home runs, joining the 30–30 club for the first time in his career and leading the major leagues in power-speed number (35.4).

In 2002, Guerrero led the National League with 206 base hits and 364 total bases. He also stole a career-high 40 bases and fell one home run short of becoming the fourth member of the 40–40 club. He became the first player in major league history to hit 30 home runs, steal 40 bases, and hit above .330 in one season. However, Guerrero led the majors in times caught stealing (20).

Guerrero's 2003 season was shortened due to a back injury. In 394 at-bats, he hit .330, with 25 home runs, and 79 RBIs. Because of the injury, some in the media thought signing him would be a risk. While Guerrero was playing injured, though, he still managed to hit for the cycle, on September 14, 2003. He would be the final Expo to hit for the cycle before their relocation to Washington after the 2004 season.

Throughout his career, Guerrero set single season Expos records in batting average, slugging, on-base plus slugging (OPS), home runs, RBI, total bases (TB), hits, extra base hits (XBH), TOB, IBB, as well as several other records. He is the all time Expos career leader in batting (.323), homers (234), slugging (.588), and OPS (.978). Guerrero won the Montreal Expos Player of the Year award in 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2002.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Guerrero was a free agent for the first time after the 2003 season, and signed a five-year, $70 million deal with the Anaheim Angels on January 14, 2004 after being courted by several teams. The owner of the Angels, Arte Moreno, was the first Hispanic controlling owner of a Major League ballclub, and Guerrero cited Moreno's heritage as a motivating factor for choosing the Angels over other teams.

2004 MVP season
During his first season with Angels, Guerrero led his club, and in some cases the American League (AL), in several offensive categories, including 124 runs (set new club record and led the AL), 13 outfield assists (Tied for 1st in AL), 366 total bases (tied club record and led AL), and a season ending batting average of .337 (3rd in AL). He was the second player in club history with .300/30/100 numbers. Among AL leaders, he finished in the top 10 of 20 major offensive categories,
which led to Guerrero being voted the Gene Autry Trophy (Team MVP) by his teammates. Making his fifth MLB All-Star game appearance in July, he led AL outfielders with 3,024,870 votes and was the first Angel outfielder to be a starter since Reggie Jackson in 1984.

Guerrero continued his offensive dominance in September, earning American League Player of the Month after batting .371 with 24 runs scored, six doubles, a triple, 10 home runs and 23 RBI. Guerrero was clutch down the stretch. Over the final seven games of the season, his 10 runs, six home runs and 11 RBI helped the Angels overcome a 3-game deficit, which ultimately led to an American League West Division Crown.

Down the stretch of the 2004 MLB season, Guerrero was impressive. Mike Scioscia, the Angels manager, said that Guerrero "really carried us on his back" in the last month of the season, as the Angels overtook first place from the faltering Oakland Athletics who finished the season one game behind in the standings. Guerrero leading the Angels to their first Western Division title since 1986 (The Angels won the 2002 World Series as the American League Wild Card). These late-season heroics led to Guerrero being chosen as the second Angel to win the AL MVP in franchise history. He finished with 354 points, 100 more than second-place finisher Gary Sheffield.

In the opening best-of-5 round of the playoffs, the Angels were swept by the Boston Red Sox, and Guerrero had an odd batting line: just a .167 average, but six RBIs in three games. He would also have a grand slam in Game 3.

2005 season

The Angels won the Western Division again in 2005, with Guerrero batting .317 with 32 home runs and 108 RBIs in 520 at bats. Late in the season, Guerrero became the 12th player to hit his 300th home run before the age of 30 (along with Hank Aaron, Jimmie Foxx, Mickey Mantle, Eddie Mathews, Harmon Killebrew, Mel Ott, Frank Robinson, Alex Rodriguez, Ken Griffey Jr., Juan González, and Andruw Jones, who achieved the mark about the same time as Guerrero).

Guerrero had an up-and-down 2005 postseason, batting .389 in ALDS victory over the New York Yankees, but just .050 in the ALCS against the eventual world champion Chicago White Sox. He fared better in a national TV ad for Pepsi with the Yankees' third baseman Alex Rodriguez; the two engaged in a personal home run competition that ended up with the moon being broken. Guerrero also appeared at Game Four of the 2005 World Series, where he was introduced as a member of Major League Baseball's Latino Legends Team.

Guerrero recorded his 1,000th career RBI on July 15, 2006 at home against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays.

Making his 8th Major League Baseball All-Star Game appearance, Guerrero subsequently won his first career Home Run Derby in the 2007 season, highlighted by a  home run. He is the third Angel to win the Derby (after Wally Joyner in 1986, and Garret Anderson in 2003). Guerrero was chosen for the All-Star Game in each of his first four seasons with the Angels (2004–2007). Guerrero's stellar fielding talent dwindled in the later 2000s due to age and injuries, prompting the long-time outfielder to be reassigned as a designated hitter at the start of the 2009 season.

2009 season

In 2009, Guerrero was named number 37 on the Sporting News''' list of the 50 greatest current players in baseball. A panel of 100 baseball people, many of them members of the Baseball Hall of Fame and winners of major baseball awards, was polled to arrive at the list.

On August 10, Guerrero hit his 400th career home run off Tampa Bay Rays pitcher Russ Springer. On August 26, he recorded his 1,000th career hit as an Angel, a single off Detroit Tigers pitcher Edwin Jackson. This hit made Guerrero only the fourth player (following Frank Robinson, Dave Winfield, and Fred McGriff) to record 1,000 hits as both a National League player and'' as an American League player.

On October 11, in the ninth inning, Guerrero delivered a two-run single, off Jonathan Papelbon of the Boston Red Sox, scoring Bobby Abreu and Chone Figgins. The clutch base knock gave the Angels a 7–6 lead and eventually the win to finally advance to the ALCS, beating the Red Sox for the first time ever in the postseason. It was called "the biggest hit in Vlad's career."

2009 was the first time that Guerrero had a batting average below .300 (.295), an OPS below .800 (.794), or a doubles total less than 20 (16).

Texas Rangers

On January 11, 2010, Guerrero signed a one-year, $5.5 million deal with incentives and a 2011 option with the Texas Rangers.

He broke up a no-hitter by Shaun Marcum in the seventh inning of the Opening Day game against the Toronto Blue Jays on April 5, 2010.
On May 6, 2010 Guerrero hit two home runs versus the Kansas City Royals to secure a 13–12 win. On May 13, 2010, Guerrero's walk off line drive to left field won the final game of a three-game series against the Oakland Athletics in the bottom of the 12th. On May 25, 2010 he hit two more home runs to secure another win over the Kansas City Royals. On June 30, 2010, against his former team, the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Guerrero hit two home runs and went 4-for-4 with 5 RBIs.

Guerrero wound up appearing in 152 games with a batting average of .300, 29 home runs and 115 RBIs. He earned a Silver Slugger Award in the regular season for a Texas Rangers club that wound up winning its division and ultimately, the first pennant in Rangers history. He also won the Edgar Martínez Award and earned his ninth invitation to the All-Star Game. On October 22, 2010, Guerrero drove in 3 runs during game 6 of the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees, capturing the first American League pennant for the Texas Rangers. The Rangers would go on to lose the World Series to the San Francisco Giants in five games. On November 3 the Rangers declined to pick up Guerrero's 2011 option making him a free agent.

Baltimore Orioles

Guerrero signed a one-year, $8 million contract with the Baltimore Orioles on February 18, 2011. He became the all-time MLB hits leader among Dominican-born players when he singled off Josh Beckett in the sixth inning of a 6–3 victory over the Boston Red Sox at Camden Yards on September 26, 2011. In 2011, Guerrero hit .290, his lowest batting average since his rookie year with the Montreal Expos in 1996. He also had 13 home runs, 63 RBIs, and 163 base hits for Orioles.

Toronto Blue Jays
Guerrero remained unsigned by any team going into the 2012 Major League Baseball season, leading to much speculation about his potential retirement, though Guerrero insisted that he would not retire. On May 10, 2012, Guerrero signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays. During his first game for the Class-A Dunedin Blue Jays on Sunday May 27, 2012, Guerrero hit a home run. Guerrero played in 4 games for Dunedin, with 9 hits in 20 at bats, including 4 home runs and was then promoted to the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s. With the 51s he played in 8 games, with 10 hits in 33 at-bats (.303 avg). He asked for, and was granted, his release on June 12, 2012.

Dominican Professional Baseball League
He started playing in the Dominican Professional Baseball League with the San Pedro de Macorís team Estrellas Orientales. On November 4, 2012 Guerrero came back to the Liga de Béisbol Profesional de la República Dominicana with Tigres del Licey. He played only eight games with Tigres logging a batting average of .188 without a home run. On November 20, 2012, Guerrero quit the team after he was informed by team management that he would be used only as a pinch hitter.

Long Island Ducks
On April 4, 2013, Guerrero signed with the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League. He informed the team that he had family issues to attend to and would not be joining them to start the season. He never appeared with the team in the 2013 season.

Retirement and Hall of Fame induction

On March 31, 2014, Guerrero signed a one-day contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and officially retired from professional baseball. Having played his last game in 2011, he became eligible for induction to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2017 and was inducted in 2018 along with Chipper Jones, Jim Thome, and Trevor Hoffman, earning 92.9% of the vote. Guerrero is the first member of the Hall to be depicted with an Angels cap, even though he appeared in more games (1004-846) and played in more seasons (8-6) as a Montreal Expo.

Career statistics
In 2,147 games over 16 seasons, Guerrero posted a .318 batting average (2,590-for-8,155) with 1,328 runs, 477 doubles, 46 triples, 449 home runs, 1,496 RBI, 181 stolen bases, 737 bases on balls, .379 on-base percentage and .553 slugging percentage. Defensively, he finished his career with a .963 fielding percentage. In 44 postseason games, he hit .263 (45-for-171) with 17 runs, 7 doubles, 2 home runs, 20 RBI, 2 stolen bases and 14 walks.

Batting style
Guerrero batted without wearing batting gloves, a custom rarely seen in modern baseball. In an interview with Yahoo! Sports, he attributed this to helping his grandfather pull cows home barehanded as a young boy in the Dominican Republic. To improve his grip on the bat, Guerrero coated his helmet with pine tar and rubbed his helmet before going to the on-deck circle. As the season progressed, his batting helmet would become covered in the substance.

Guerrero batted over .300 from 1997 to 2008. He drove in over 100 runs every season between 1998 and 2007, except for 2003. Along with his 2004 MVP season, he finished 6th (2000), 4th (2002), 3rd (2005), 9th (2006), and 3rd (2007) in MVP voting.

In 2008, Guerrero swung at a higher percentage of pitches outside the strike zone, 45.5%, than any other hitter in major league baseball up to that time.

Guerrero had a 44-game hitting streak exclusively against the Texas Rangers, from 2004 to 2006, the longest such player-vs.-team streak in MLB history, since 1969. The streak occurred over his first 44 appearances against the Rangers. The streak finally came to an end in August 2006 in a game in which Guerrero was intentionally walked three times, walked four times overall, and finished 0-for-1. He decimated Ranger pitching over the course of his major league career, putting up a career batting line of .395/.461/.661/1.122, with 25 home runs, 34 doubles, and 70 RBI, in 108 games played. During the 2009 postseason, Cal Ripken Jr. commented during a TBS postgame report that Guerrero was "the best bad-ball hitter I've ever seen." On one occasion in a game against the Baltimore Orioles, Guerrero hit a pitch that bounced in the dirt before home plate. Even more unusual, his bat struck the ground as well before hitting the ball.

World Baseball Classic
Guerrero was named to the Dominican Republic's roster for the 2006 World Baseball Classic, although he eventually withdrew due to the death of three cousins in a car accident immediately before the tournament.

Personal life
His son, Vladimir Guerrero Jr., was born in Montreal in 1999 during the elder Guerrero's time with the Expos. Vladimir Jr. signed with the Toronto Blue Jays on July 2, 2015, made his major league debut on April 26, 2019, and won the All-Star Game MVP on July 13, 2021. Another son, Pablo, signed with the Texas Rangers as an international free agent in January 2023. Guerrero has provided job opportunities in his hometown in the Dominican Republic through his business ventures: a concrete-block factory, a propane distribution company, a supermarket, a livestock and vegetable farm, and a women's clothing store.

Awards and honors
 Inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame (2018)
 American League Most Valuable Player (2004)
 Edgar Martínez Outstanding Designated Hitter Award (2010)
 9× MLB All-Star (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010)
 8× Silver Slugger Award winner (1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010)
 2× Montreal Expos Minor League Player of the Year (1995, 1996)
 4× Montreal Expos Player of the Year (1998, 1999, 2000, 2002)
 4× Los Angeles Angels Player of the Year (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007)
 2× Baseball America First-Team Major League All-Star OF (2000, 2004)
 3× Baseball America Second-Team Major League All-Star OF (1998, 1999, 2005)
 South Atlantic League All-Star OF (1995)
 Eastern League MVP (1996)
 Double-A Player of the Year (1996)
 Baseball America 1st team Minor League All-Star OF (1996)
 Double-A All-Star OF (1996)
 Eastern League All-Star OF (1996)
 Eastern League Rookie of the Year (1996)

Career statistical highlights

League top ten
 Top 10 in MVP voting (2000, 2002, 2004(won), 2005, 2006, 2007)
 Top 10 in AVG (1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007)
 Top 10 in home runs (1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010)
 Top 10 in RBI (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010)
 Top 10 in slugging percentage (1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008)
 Top 10 in OBA (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007)
 Top 10 in OPS (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008)
 Top 10 in hits (1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006)
 Top 10 in runs (2002, 2004)
 Top 10 in stolen bases (2001, 2002)

See also

 List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career extra base hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of Washington Nationals team records
 Los Angeles Angels award winners and league leaders

References

External links

1975 births
People from Nizao
Albany Polecats players
American League All-Stars
American League Most Valuable Player Award winners
Anaheim Angels players
Baltimore Orioles players
Brevard County Manatees players
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Gulf Coast Expos players
Harrisburg Senators players
Las Vegas 51s players
Living people
Los Angeles Angels players
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball right fielders
Montreal Expos players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Texas Rangers players
West Palm Beach Expos players
Age controversies in sports

Vladimir Guerrero


Fast Company is a monthly American business magazine published in print and online that focuses on technology, business, and design. It publishes six print issues per year.

History
Fast Company was launched in November 1995 by Alan Webber and Bill Taylor, two former Harvard Business Review editors, and publisher Mortimer Zuckerman. The publication's early competitors included Red Herring, Business 2.0 and The Industry Standard.

In 1997, Fast Company created an online social network, the "Company of Friends" which spawned a number of groups that began meeting. At one point the Company of Friends had over 40,000 members in 120 cities, although by 2003 that number had declined to 8,000.

In 2000, Zuckerman sold Fast Company to Gruner + Jahr, majority owned by media giant Bertelsmann, for $550 million. Just as the sale was completed, the dot-com bubble burst, leading to significant losses and a decline in circulation. Webber and Taylor left the magazine two years later in 2002, and John A. Byrne, previously a senior writer and former management editor with BusinessWeek, was brought in as the new editor. Under Byrne, the magazine won its first Gerald Loeb Award, the most prestigious honor in business journalism. But the magazine could not reverse its financial decline in the wake of the dot-com bust. Although the magazine was not specifically about Internet commerce, advertising pages continued to drop until they were one-third the 2000 numbers.

In 2005, Gruner + Jahr put the magazine, as well as Inc. magazine, up for sale. Byrne contacted entrepreneur Joe Mansueto and helped guide him through the sale. A bidding war ultimately ensued, pitting The Economist against Mansueto's company Mansueto Ventures. Mansueto, the only bidder who promised to keep Fast Company alive, ultimately won the contest, buying both magazine titles for $35 million.

Under former editor-in-chief Robert Safian, Fast Company was named by the American Society of Magazine Editors as the magazine of the year in 2014.

Stephanie Mehta was named editor-in-chief in February 2018, having previously worked at Vanity Fair, Bloomberg, Fortune, and The Wall Street Journal. Fast Company is owned by Mansueto Ventures and is headquartered in Manhattan.

In September 2022 the Fast Company website, fastcompany.com, fell victim to an attack and racist messages were sent. The site was compromised and access to the site was used to send push notifications that the company identified as "obscene and racist." The site was taken offline for eight days as a result.

Website
Launched in 1995, FastCompany.com covers leadership and innovation in business, environmental and social issues, entertainment and marketing, and, through its Co.Design site, the intersection of business and design, from architecture to electronics, consumer products to fashion. Fast Company also previously operated sites called Co.Labs, Co.Exist, and Co.Create. Co.Exist and Co.Create were rebranded as Ideas and Entertainment sections in 2017. Co.Labs was shut down in early 2015.

Franchises
Fast Company operates several franchises, such as "Most Innovative Companies", "World Changing Ideas", "Innovation By Design", and "Most Creative People". For its Most Innovative Companies feature, Fast Company assesses thousands of businesses to create a list of 50 companies it considers the most innovative. The Most Creative People in Business is a list of 100 people from different industries.

References

External links

1995 establishments in the United States
Business magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1995

Fast Company


John Lombe (1693 in Norwich – November 20, 1722 in Derby) was a silk spinner in the 18th century Derby, England.

Biography
Lombe was born in Norwich in approximately 1693, the son of a worsted weaver. He was a younger half-brother of Thomas Lombe who, after John's death, would go on to amass a fortune as a silk merchant in Norwich and London.

In the early 18th century, the centre for producing silk stockings by framework knitting had moved to the Midlands from London and the demand for spun silk was outstripping supply. Lombe had obtained employment at an abortive silk mill built in Derby by George Sorocold for the silk spinner Thomas Cotchett of Derby, built on the River Derwent.

The Italians had been using power spinning since the early 15th century, with a description published by Vittorio Zonca. Leonardo da Vinci had sketched a similar model, but Zonca's was more complete; it is unknown if there was contact. Lombe was sent by his brother Thomas to investigate the Italian machines spinning organzine thread (raw silk warp threads used for weaving fine silk cloth). William Hutton gave an account of Lombe's time in Italy, in his History of Derby.

In 1718, Thomas Lombe was able to obtain a patent for silk throwing machinery, granted for fourteen years. John Lombe died suddenly, in 1722. According to legend, the King of Sardinia, having heard of the success of the Lombe's undertaking, instructed a female assassin to travel to England to kill the brothers. A bas relief sculpture of John Lombe is on Derby's Exeter Bridge.

Lombe's Mill

The Lombes engaged Sorocold to build a new and larger mill on the site of the old one in Derby: Lombe's Mill was completed in 1722, the year of John Lombe's death.

References

Cooper, B., (1983) Transformation of a Valley: The Derbyshire Derwent Heinemann, republished 1991 Cromford: Scarthin Books

1693 births
1722 deaths
Businesspeople from Norwich
People of the Industrial Revolution
British textile industry businesspeople
Silk
People from Derby

John Lombe


The Tribe of Joseph is one of the Tribes of Israel in biblical tradition. Since the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh (often called the "two half-tribes of Joseph") together traditionally constituted the "tribe of Joseph", it was often not listed as one of the tribes, in favour of Ephraim and Manasseh being listed in its place; consequently it was often termed the House of Joseph, to avoid the use of the term tribe.  Even though Ephraim and Manasseh were Joseph's sons, they were considered heads of two of the twelve tribes of Israel because Joseph's father, Jacob (renamed in later life by God as "Israel"), adopted Ephraim and Manasseh as his own sons (Genesis 48:1-16).

According to the Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, the ensign of both the House of Joseph (Ephraim and Manasseh) and the Tribe of Benjamin was of silk of three colours, corresponding with the precious stones in the priestly breastplate, leshem, shəvo, and aḥlamah (amber, agate, and amethyst); and upon it expressed and set forth the names of the three tribes, Ephraim, Manasseh and Benjamin; having the figure of a young man upon it, with the inscription: "And the Cloud of the LORD was over them by day, when they set forward from the camp." (Numbers 10:34).

There were obvious linguistic differences between at least one portion of Joseph and the other Israelite tribes. At the time when Ephraim were at war with the Israelites of Gilead, under the leadership of Jephthah, the pronunciation of shibboleth as sibboleth was considered sufficient evidence to single out individuals from Ephraim, so that they could be subjected to immediate death by the Israelites of Gilead.

At its height, the territory of Joseph spanned the Jordan River, the eastern portion being almost entirely discontiguous from the western portion, only slightly touching at one corner—northeast of the western portion and southwest of the eastern portion. The western portion was at the centre of Canaan, west of the Jordan, between the Tribe of Issachar on the north, and the Tribe of Benjamin on the south; the region which was later named Samaria (as distinguished from Judea or Galilee) mostly consisted of the western portion of Joseph. The eastern portion of Joseph was the northernmost Israelite group on the east of the Jordan, occupying the land north of the tribe of Gad, extending from the Mahanaim in the south to Mount Hermon in the north, and including within it the whole of Bashan. These territories abounded in water, a precious commodity in Canaan, and the mountainous portions not only afforded protection, but happened to be highly fertile; early centres of Israelite religion—Shechem and Shiloh—were additionally situated in the region. The territory of Joseph was thus one of the most valuable parts of the country, and the House of Joseph became the most dominant group in the united Kingdom of Israel.

Origin
According to the Old Testament, the tribe consisted of descendants of Joseph, a son of Jacob and Rachel, from whom it took its name; however, some Biblical scholars view this also as postdiction, an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation. In the Biblical account, Joseph was the brother to Benjamin, the other son of Rachel and Jacob, and the eponym of the Tribe of Benjamin, which was located to the immediate south of the tribe of Joseph.

Though the biblical descriptions of the geographic boundary of the House of Joseph are fairly consistent, the descriptions of the boundaries between Manasseh and Ephraim are not, and each is portrayed as having exclaves within the territory of the other. In the Blessing of Jacob, and elsewhere ascribed by textual scholars to a similar or earlier time period, a single tribe of Joseph appears where passages written later place separate tribes of Ephraim and of Manasseh. From this scholars believe that Joseph was originally considered a single tribe, and only split into Ephraim and Manasseh later.

A number of biblical scholars and archaeologists (most notably William G. Dever) theorize that the Joseph tribes represent a second migration of Israelites to Israel, later than the main tribes; and that it was only the Joseph tribes who were enslaved into Egypt and returned, while the main Israelite tribes simply emerged as a subculture from the Canaanites and had remained in Canaan throughout. In the narrative in the Book of Joshua, which concerns the arrival in (and conquest of) Canaan by the Israelites from Egypt, the leader is Joshua, who was a member of the Ephraim tribe.

According to this view, the story of Jacob's visit to Laban to obtain a wife began as a metaphor for the second migration, with Jacob's new family, possessions, and livestock, obtained from Laban, being representations of the new wave of migrants. According to textual scholars, the Jahwist version of the story is notable as having only the Joseph tribes among these migrants, since it recounts only Jacob as having met Rachel, and the matriarchs of the other Israelite tribes—Leah, Bilhah, and Zilpah—do not appear.

Fate
As part of the northern Kingdom of Israel, the territories of Manasseh and Ephraim were conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and the tribe was exiled; the manner of their exile led to their further history being lost.

Despite the loss of the additional history of Manasseh and Ephraim, several modern-day groups claim descent from them, with varying levels of academic and rabbinical support. The Yusufzai tribe (literal translation The Sons of Joseph) of the Pashtuns of Afghanistan, India and Pakistan, who collectively refer to themselves as the "Bani Israel", have a long tradition connecting them to the exiled Kingdom of Israel. The Samaritans claim that some of their adherents are descended from these tribes, and many Persian Jews claim to be descendants of Ephraim. Many Samaritans claim descent from the grandchildren of Joseph under four main septs, his grandsons Danfi, Tsedakah, Mafraj and Sarawi.

In Northeast India, the Mizo Jews claim descent from Manasseh and call themselves Bnei Menashe; in 2005 Shlomo Amar, Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel, announced that he regarded this claim to be true, which under the Law of Return allows them to migrate to Israel as long as they formally convert to Israel's Orthodox form of Judaism. Similar traditions are held by the Telugu Jews in South India, who claim descent from Ephraim and call themselves Bene Ephraim.

Considered less plausible by academic and Jewish authorities are the claims of several western Christian and related group. Some adherents of Messianic Judaism also identify as part of Joseph on the basis that, regardless of any genetic connection which may or may not exist, they observe the Torah and interpret parts of the Bible in certain ways.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that a significant portion of its members are descended from or adopted into the tribe of Ephraim, believing that they are charged with restoring the lost tribes in the latter days, as prophesied by Isaiah. Along with members of the tribe of Judah, members of the tribe of Ephraim are believed to be playing an important leadership roles for covenant Israel in the last days. Members' lineage is declared through patriarchal blessings.

Latter-day Saints also believe that the main groups of the Book of Mormon (Nephites and Lamanites) were part of the tribe of Manasseh. They believe that this would be the fulfilment of part of the blessing of Jacob, where it states that "Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a well; whose branches run over the wall" (Genesis 49:22, interpreting the "wall" as the ocean). The idea being that they were a branch of Israel that was carefully led to another land for their inheritance.

See also
Ephraim
Joseph
Manasseh
Yousafzai
House of Joseph (LDS Church)
 Gathering of Israel

References

 McConkie, Bruce R, The Millennial Messiah, 1982, Chapter 16.

Joseph, Tribe of
Joseph
Joseph (Genesis)
Gilead

Tribe of Joseph


National Football League Properties, also known as NFL Properties (abbreviated NFLP), is the merchandising and licensing arm of the National Football League (NFL). The subsidiary of the league was founded in 1963 to maintain control of the brands of the league and its franchises and to license and negotiate with vendors to create official NFL merchandise. The NFL Properties head office is located in New York City.

Team NFL Heroes "mascot" program
A line of mascot-like characters representing each team in the NFL was developed by NFL Properties in the early 1990s. Named "Team NFL Heroes", various types of merchandise such as stuffed dolls, school supplies, t-shirts, and lamps featuring the characters were manufactured and marketed mainly to children and teenagers. Mascot costumes of each character were created and people wearing these costumes made an appearance at the 1995 Pro Bowl. (Pictures of the costumes at the game can be seen online.)  Most of the Team NFL Heroes characters only lasted a season or two but a handful ended up being adopted as official mascots by their respective teams, either immediately after the Team NFL Heroes project was canceled or years later; Revere, the New England Patriots Team NFL Hero (name later changed to Pat Patriot after becoming the team's live mascot), is an example of the former while Miles the Denver Broncos Team NFL Hero is an example of the latter.

During the Team NFL Heroes campaign the Green Bay Packers had a bear for a mascot despite their arch rivals being the Chicago Bears.  Specifically a polar bear, the Packers' Team NFL Hero's name was "Bayer", a play on Green Bayer (meaning a citizen of Green Bay, Wisconsin) while simultaneously being a homonym of "bear".

Comic books
The NFL branched out into comic books in the early 1990s when Marvel Comics created the character NFL SuperPro. The comic book and character was widely panned and only 12 issues of the comic book were printed. The NFL also promoted SuperPro at some events by using a mascot.

Video games
Long before video games, The National Football League began licensing Electric Football in 1967. The Game was produced by Tudor Games. There have been several American football video games based on NFL teams created for various consoles and computers over the years, from NFL Pro League by Micro Sports Inc.  to 10-Yard Fight and the Tecmo Bowl series for the NES to the more well known Madden series that have been released annually since 1988. The Madden series is named after former coach and American football commentator John Madden. Prior to the 2005–2006 football season, other NFL games were produced by competing video game publishers, such as 2K Games and Midway Games. However, in December 2004, Electronic Arts signed a five-year exclusive agreement with the NFL, meaning only Electronic Arts will be permitted to publish games featuring NFL team and player names. This prompted video game developer Midway Games to release a game in 2005 called Blitz: The League, with fictitious teams and players. In February 2008, EA Sports renewed their exclusivity agreement with the league through Super Bowl XLVII in 2013. According to The Sporting News, as of October 2015 "it's not publicly known when, or if, the contract will end."

Legal issues
NFL Properties was taken to court by former supplier American Needle, Inc over antitrust violations. The issue was NFL Properties granting exclusive license to one supplier over making a product.

Court decisions varied on whether the league and it franchises were acting as a single entity, or whether franchises were competing with each other off the field in merchandising sales. The case was eventually appealed all the way to the United States Supreme Court.

References

properties

National Football League Properties


The SECM-Amiot 130 R.2 was a contender for a French government contract for a long range, two seat reconnaissance aircraft, issued in 1928. There were eight prototypes in the 1931–32 contest and the Amiot 130 was not selected for production.

Design and development

The French R.2 specification of 1928 called for an all-metal two seat reconnaissance aircraft, fast and with a rapid climb rate and large radius of action. It led to prototypes from eight manufacturers, the Amiot 130,  Breguet 33, Latécoère 490, Les Mureaux 111, Nieuport-Delage Ni-D 580, Potez 37, Weymann WEL-80 and the Wibault 260. One of the terms of the specification required the manufacturers to use a Hispano-Suiza 12Nb water-cooled V-12 engine.

Like all but two of the competing prototypes, the Amiot 130 was a parasol wing aircraft.  The two-part, straight-edged, tapered wing had sweep only on the leading edge and blunt, angled tips.  There was a large, semi-circular cut-out over the cockpits to enhance upward visibility.  The wing was built around two spars and covered with finely corrugated duralumin.  It was braced from the lower fuselage on each side with parallel pairs of flying struts to the spars near mid-span.  The wing was held centrally over the fuselage on cabane struts.

The Amiot 130's engine was housed in a close-fitting cowling which followed the contours of its two-cylinder banks. Its low-profile radiators were mounted vertically on the fuselage sides, just behind the engine. Amiot put considerable effort into silencing the engine, streaming the exhaust via a long duralumin tube into a gutter extending almost to the tail.  The two open cockpits were in tandem, with the pilot under the rear part of the wing and the observer close behind.  He had a flexible mount for a pair ofdefensive machine guns.

The fuselage of the Amiot 130, built around four longerons,  was long and slender, with a rounded upper surface. Its vertical tail was oval. The horizontal tail was straight-tapered but the elevators had prominent horn balances.

The Amiot had a conventional fixed undercarriage with its mainwheels on axles mounted at the vertices of V-struts, with the forward components hinged on the central fuselage underside and the rear drag struts on the lower fuselage longerons. Each axle had a long oleo strut mounted on the mid-side of the fuselage, just aft of the engine.

The type 130 first flew in April 1931.  Although the STAé Concours des avions de grande reconnaissance (Long range reconnaissance aircraft competition) at Villacoublay began in April 1931 lasted about a year, there are no reports of it taking part. Having flown it long enough to receive payment from the French government, Amiot concentrated on other projects. It was used five years later in experiments with early gyroscopic autopilot experiments.

Specifications

References

Amiot aircraft
1930s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931

Amiot 130


The Client to Authenticator Protocol (CTAP) or X.1278 enables a roaming, user-controlled cryptographic authenticator (such as a smartphone or a hardware security key) to interoperate with a client platform such as a laptop.

Standard
CTAP is complementary to the Web Authentication (WebAuthn) standard published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). WebAuthn and CTAP are the primary outputs of the FIDO2 Project, a joint effort between the FIDO Alliance and the W3C.

CTAP is based upon previous work done by the FIDO Alliance, in particular the Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) authentication standard. Specifically, the FIDO U2F 1.2 Proposed Standard (July 11, 2017) became the starting point for the CTAP Proposed Standard, the latest version of which was published on January 30, 2019.

The CTAP specification refers to two protocol versions, the CTAP1/U2F protocol and the CTAP2 protocol. An authenticator that implements CTAP2 is called a FIDO2 authenticator (also called a WebAuthn authenticator). If that authenticator implements CTAP1/U2F as well, it is backward compatible with U2F.

The protocol uses the CBOR binary data serialization format.

The standard was adopted as ITU-T Recommendation X.1278.

References

External links
 FIDO Specifications Overview
 FIDO Specifications

Authentication
Identification
Internet security
ITU-T recommendations
ITU-T X Series Recommendations

Client to Authenticator Protocol


William James Lewis F.R.S. (10 January 1847 – 16 April 1926) was a Welsh mineralogist.

Life and career
Lewis was born in Llanwyddelan, Montgomeryshire, the second son of clergyman John Lewis, and educated at Llanrwst grammar school and Jesus College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1865. He obtained first-class degrees in mathematics (1868) and in natural science (1869).  After a short spell as a tutor at Cheltenham College (1870–71), he was elected a Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford – a position he retained until his death.  He carried out some research at Cambridge University before holding a position at the British Museum from 1875 to 1877; he resigned on the grounds of ill-health.  In 1879, he returned to Cambridge to lecture on mineralogy and became Professor of Mineralogy in 1881.  His publications were few, but included the standard work A Treatise on Crystallography (1899).

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1909. His candidature read: "Professor of Mineralogy in the University of Cambridge since 1881. Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, since 1872. First Class in Mathematical Moderations and Finals. First Class in the School of Natural Science. Senior University Mathematical Scholarship, 1871. Author of a Treatise on Crystallography (Cambridge University Press, 1899), which has become a recognised and authoritative Text-book for English students. (This work contains a number of original crystallographic investigations; the mathematical treatment of many of the problems and methods discussed is highly original and in many respects more exhaustive than that of other Treatises). Author of various papers on the crystallography of minerals and of artificial products; in particular, a paper 'On Barium Nitrate, which definitely established the Symmetry of that Substance' (Phil Mag, vol iii, 1877); 'An Exhaustive Monograph on the Crystallography of the rare mineral Miargyrite' (Proc Camb Phil Soc, vol iv, 1883); 'Researches on Minerals from the Binnenthal' (Min Mag, vol xiii, 1903); several papers concerning methods of calculation, the determination of possible errors in crystal measurements, the representation of crystals, &c. Prof Lewis has maintained at Cambridge a School of Mineralogy which has earned a high reputation."

Lewis is buried in Holywell Cemetery, Oxford.

References

1847 births
1926 deaths
Welsh mineralogists
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
Professors of Mineralogy (Cambridge)
People from Montgomeryshire

William Lewis (mineralogist)


Fiona Cheong (born 1961) is a Singaporean-born novelist and academic. Cheong is currently an assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh since 1995. She has written two novels, The Scent of the Gods (1991), which was nominated for a National Book Award, and Shadow Theatre (2002).

Education
Although her father discouraged Cheong from pursuing a writing career, Cheong earned a B.A. in English and an M.F.A in creative writing from Cornell University. She has taught at Howard University, Cornell University, and at the Hurston-Wright Writers Workshop. She has also been a judge for the Drue Heinz Literature Prize and the Massachusetts Council for the Arts Awards. Alongside her teaching, she is also the co-founder of the Asian American Writers Forum and The Writers of Color Workshop at the University of Pittsburgh.

Writing
Cheong's fiction primarily focuses on adolescent sexuality, postcolonial themes, and politics. Alongside The Scent of the Gods and Shadow Theatre, Cheong's work has also appeared in Charlie Chan is Dead: An Anthology of Contemporary Asian American Literature (1993), Tilting the Continent: Southeast Asian American Writing (2000).

She is also writing a book about teaching and writing. In addition to being a fiction writer, Cheong is interested in new ways of teaching students how to write and identifying how writers can overcome writer's block. She addresses the writing process in her graduate-level course, Studio for Creativity.

Awards
Cheong received the Innovation in Education Award from the University of Pittsburgh's Provost Office in 2006. She also received an artist's fellowship from the Pennsylvania Council on the Arts in 2007, and a "Make It Your Own" Award from the Case Foundation for her project, Re-Imagining Our City, in 2008. The project aims to collaborate with youths in the area to create green space for the Hill District.

References

Singaporean academics
Singaporean novelists
Singaporean women novelists
Cornell University alumni
Singaporean women writers
1961 births
Living people
21st-century Singaporean writers
20th-century Singaporean writers
20th-century Singaporean women writers
21st-century Singaporean women writers

Fiona Cheong


Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II beta chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CAMK2B gene.

Function

The enzyme belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family and to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signalling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells, the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is a beta chain. It is possible that distinct isoforms of this chain have different cellular localizations and interact differently with calmodulin. Eight transcript variants encoding eight distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.

Interactions

CAMK2B has been shown to interact with Actinin alpha 4.

References

Further reading

External links

EC 2.7.11

CAMK2B


Patrick Kelly (1756–1842) was a British metrologist, best known for his comparative studies of weights and measures collected in his works Universal Cambist (1811) and Oriental Metrology (1832). Kelly was Master of the Finsbury Square Academy, London. He was also instrumental in the establishment of the Imperial system of measurement through the Weights and Measures Act 1824.

Life
He was for many years master of a successful private school, the Mercantile School, in Finsbury Square, London. He was appointed mathematical examiner at Trinity House, and in 1813 had the degree of LL.D. conferred on him by the University of Glasgow. Charles Hutton's 1815 list of England's most notable private observatories included Kelly's observatory at Finsbury Square.

Kelly knew Nevil Maskelyne, John Herschel, James Hutton, and other men of science. He was consulted by committees of the House of Commons as an authority on questions of coinage and currency. He died at Brighton, 5 April 1842. A portrait of him by Harry Ashby was engraved by Thomas Woolnoth.

Bibliography
A Practical Introduction to Spherics and Nautical Astronomy; being an attempt to simplify those ... Sciences. Containing ... the discovery of a projection for clearing the lunar distances in order to find the Longitude at Sea; with a new method of calculating this ... problem. London, 1796.  8º. Reprinted 1813, 1822.
Elements of Book-keeping, both by single and double entry, comprising a system of merchants accounts, etc. London, 1801. 8º. Reprinted 1802, 1811, 1815, 1821.
The Universal Cambist, and commercial instructor; being a general treatise on exchange, including the monies, coins, weights and measures of all trading nations and colonies: with an account of their banks and paper currencies. 2 vol. London, 1811. 4º. Reprinted 1821. Second edition 1831, reprinted 1835.
Metrology; or, an exposition of weights and measures, chiefly those of Great Britain and France, comprising tables of comparison, and views of various standards, etc. [With an appendix containing a general view of the Bill for establishing uniformity of weights and measures, etc.] London, 1816. 8º.
A Dissertation on weights and measures, and the best means of revising them:, etc. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1817. 8º.
Oriental Metrology; comprising the monies, weights, and measures of the East Indies, and other trading places in Asia, reduced to the English standard. ... To which is added an Appendix on Oriental measures of time. London, 1832. 8º.
For Rees's Cyclopædia he wrote articles on:
Coinage, Vol 8, 1807
Exchanges, Vol 13, 1809
Standard, Vol 33, 1816
Weights, Vol 38, 1818

References

Attribution

1756 births
1842 deaths
Heads of schools in London
Metrologists
18th-century British mathematicians
19th-century British mathematicians

Patrick Kelly (metrologist)


Darren Keith Woods (born 1958, Texas) is an American opera director and operatic tenor. A graduate of the Moores School of Music at the University of Houston, he began his career as an opera singer in 1982, making his professional debut at the Santa Fe Opera (SFO) as Don Curzio in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro. He spent most of his singing career portraying comprimario roles with opera companies throughout North America. Some of his performance credits include appearances with the Opera Theatre of Saint Louis, the Connecticut Grand Opera, Glimmerglass Opera, the Lyric Opera of Kansas City, and the Seattle Opera among others. He was a frequent performer at the SFO during the 1980s and 1990s.

Towards the end of his singing career, Woods became the Artistic Director of both the Shreveport Opera and the Seagle Music Colony in upstate New York. He retired from the stage in 2001, at which time he left his post in Shreveport to assume the position of General Director of the Fort Worth Opera until his recent firing on Feb 13, 2017. He also currently serves on the board of directors of OPERA America.

Woods has been married to wig and makeup designer Steven William Bryant since June 2012.

References

1958 births
Living people
American opera directors
American operatic tenors
University of Houston alumni
20th-century American male opera singers
Singers from Texas
American LGBT singers
LGBT people from Texas
LGBT classical musicians
Classical musicians from Texas
21st-century American LGBT people

Darren Keith Woods


Dallas is the ninth-most populous city in the United States and the third-most populous in the state of Texas.

Dallas may also refer to:

Places

Australia
 Dallas, Victoria, a suburb near Melbourne

Canada
 Dallas, Kamloops, British Columbia, a neighbourhood of the city of Kamloops
 Dallas Road, an important thoroughfare in Victoria, British Columbia
 Dallas/Red Rose, Manitoba, a small town

Scotland
 Dallas, Moray

United States
 Dallas, Arkansas
 Dallas, Colorado
 Dallas, Georgia
 Dallas, Iowa
 Dallas, North Carolina
 Dallas, Oregon
 Dallas, Pennsylvania
 Dallas, South Dakota
 Dallas, West Virginia
 Dallas, Wisconsin, a village within the town below
 Dallas (town), Wisconsin
 Dallas Plantation, Maine
 Marble Hill, Missouri, formerly known as Dallas
 Bethany, Missouri, formerly known as Dallas
 Dallas County (disambiguation)
 Dallas Township (disambiguation)

Outer space
 8084 Dallas, an asteroid

Naval vessels
 , the name of two commissioned and two cancelled ships
 USCGC Dallas, the name of various United States Coast Guard and United States Revenue Cutter Service ships

People
 Dallas (name), a given name and surname
 Dallas, a female professional wrestler from the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling
 Dallas, a member of the TV show American Gladiators

Arts and entertainment

Films
 Dallas (film),  a 1950 Warner Bros. Western
 Dallas (Alien), the captain of the Nostromo in the 1979 movie Alien

Music
 Dallas Records, a Croatian record label
 Dallas (album), a 2002 album by Randy Meisner
 "Dallas" (Connie Smith song), a 1974 country music song by Connie Smith
 "Dallas" (Alan Jackson song), a 1991 country music song by Alan Jackson
 "Dallas" (Steely Dan song), the first single of jazz-rock band Steely Dan
 "Dallas", a song from Jimmy Buffett's 1974 album A1A
 "Dallas", a song from Joe Ely's 1981 album Musta Notta Gotta Lotta
 "Dallas", a song from the Silver Jews' 1996 album The Natural Bridge

Television
 Dallas (1978 TV series), a 1978–1991 U.S. prime-time soap opera
 Dallas (2012 TV series), a 2012–2014 revival of the 1978 series
 Dallas, a recurring minor character in the U.S. family sitcom Austin & Ally
 Dallas Royce, a character in the U.S. TV series Suburgatory

Other uses
 Dallas (role-playing game), a 1980 role-playing game based on the TV show
 The Umbrella Academy: Dallas, the second volume of The Umbrella Academy comic book series

Other uses
 Dallas (jeep), a French car made from 1980s to 1998
 Dallas Semiconductor, now a subsidiary of Maxim Integrated Products

See also
 Dallas Divide, a high mountain pass in Colorado, U.S.
 Dallas Plantation, Maine, U.S.
 Dallastown, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 Dalles (disambiguation)
 Dellys, Algeria
 Fort Dallas, near Miami, Florida, U.S.
 Melcher-Dallas, Iowa, US, formed from merger the cities of Dallas and Melcher in 1986

Dallas (disambiguation)


Ann Hobson Pilot (born November 6, 1943) is an American musician and the former principal harpist of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Boston Pops. She has performed with the National Symphony Orchestra, the Pittsburgh Symphony, and as a soloist with many orchestras in the United States. She was one of four African American musicians who were the first to play in United States symphony orchestras during the 1960s.

Biography
Ann Hobson was born on November 6, 1943, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in an African American family. Her mother was a concert pianist.

She began studying the harp when she was 14. Though she achieved a concert caliber by her senior year of high school, she encountered obstacles due to her race early on. The Maine Harp Colony rejected her application to study there during the summer because of her race. Following her graduation from the Philadelphia Girls High, she was able to attend the Maine Harp Colony, where she met pioneering woman harpist Alice Chalifoux.

After returning from Maine, Hobson studied at the Philadelphia Musical Academy. She later transferred to the Cleveland Institute of Music where she could study with Chalifoux. She received a Bachelor of Music degree there.

Hobson was selected to play as master harpist in the National Symphony Orchestra in 1966, its first black member, replacing Sylvia Meyer. She continued with the National Symphony till 1969.

Hobson was the second harpist with the Pittsburgh Symphony before joining the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1969 as Assistant Principal Harp and Principal Harp of the Boston Pops. She was named Principal Harpist of the BSO in 1980.

In addition to solo appearances with the BSO and Boston Pops, she has appeared as a soloist with many American orchestras. She has played at the Marlboro Festival, with the Boston Symphony Chamber Players and the contemporary music ensemble Collage, and is founder of the New England Harp Trio. Honors she has received include Sigma Alpha Iota's Distinguished Woman of the Year Award in 1991, the Philadelphia College of Performing Arts School of Music Alumni Achievement Award in 1992, and the Distinguished Alumni Award from the Cleveland Institute of Music in 1993. In addition to New England Conservatory, Pilot is on the faculties at Boston University, Tanglewood Music Center, and the Boston University Tanglewood Institute.

Pilot retired from her position as harpist of the Boston Symphony in 2009 ending a 40-year career in the orchestra.

Besides her concert career, Pilot was also a music teacher. She taught at the New England Conservatory from 1973 to 2013.

In 2020, she delivered a TED (conference) Talk: "A Black Harpist's Story".

Notes

Further reading

External links
 Official website

1943 births
Living people
American classical harpists
Boston University faculty
Cleveland Institute of Music alumni
New England Conservatory faculty
Bridgewater State University alumni
Philadelphia High School for Girls alumni

Ann Hobson Pilot


ARA Buenos Aires was the lead ship of her class of destroyer built for the Argentine Navy, in service from 1938 to 1971.

Design
The ship's design was based on the British Royal Navy's G class destroyer.

The Argentine Navy initially classified it as a "torpedo boat" ( torpedero), and in the 1950s as a "destroyer".

History

Buenos Aires was laid down by Vickers Armstrong at Barrow and launched on 21 September 1937. After completion on 4 April 1938, she was turned over to the Argentine Navy, and remained in service until she was stricken in 1971.

It was the fifteenth ship of the Argentine Navy with this name. It entered in service in 1938, in the 1st torpedo squadron.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Online sources

See also
 List of ships of the Argentine Navy

Further reading

External links

Buenos Aires-class destroyers
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1937 ships
World War II destroyers of Argentina

ARA Buenos Aires (D-6)


Hans Jorritsma (born 19 March 1949) is a retired field hockey player from the Netherlands. He competed at the 1976 Olympics and 1978 World Cup, where his teams finished in fourth and second place, respectively. For political reasons Jorritsma refused to receive his World Cup silver medal from the hands of Jorge Rafael Videla. He retired from competitions the same year.

Between 1975 and 1978 Jorritsma played 65 international matches and scored 1 goal.

Jorritsma was the national field hockey coach in 1987–1990 and 1991–1993. After that he headed the national teams of South Africa and Pakistan, and in 1996 was appointed as the manager of the Dutch association football team.

References

External links

1949 births
Living people
Dutch male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for the Netherlands
Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
People from Lochem
1978 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players from Gelderland
20th-century Dutch people

Hans Jorritsma


Cerro de la Estrella is a Mesoamerican archaeological site located in southeastern Central Mexico's Valley of Mexico, in the Iztapalapa alcaldía () of Mexico City at an elevation of 2460 meters (8070 ft) above sea level, hence its Summit is 224 m over the Valley of Mexico level. At the southeast edge of what was the Great Texcoco Lake.

Historical sources establish that ancient inhabitants of the Mexican Plateau knew this place as Huizachtecatl. The site was very important since the "New Fire" ritual ceremony was performed here; it had a profound meaning for the population here and in surrounding regions.

Occupation stages

The oldest traces of human occupation in the Iztapalapa territory originated at Santa María Aztahuacan village. In 1953 remains of two individuals were found and, according to analysis performed by National University of Mexico (UNAM) and by Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, these human remains are approximately nine thousand years old.

More recent archaeological materials indicate continued occupation of the Cerro de la Estrella slopes, at least from the Preclassical period. At that time, a village related to the Cuicuilco culture was established here. Cuicuilco, in the South of the Valley of Mexico, declined approximately in 150 CE possibly due to the eruption of the Xitle volcano.

Towards the end of the Preclassical period commenced occupation by Culhuacán. During the classical period, Culhuacán, as most cities in the Valley of Mexico and Mesoamerica, was part of a trade system centered in Teotihuacan. After the fall of this city, approximately in the 8th century d. C., some of its inhabitants took refuge in the ancient coastal towns of Texcoco Lake such as Culhuacán. A cultural Teotihuacan haven remained there, later merged with warrior peoples, migrating towards the center of México.

Site
Archaeological investigations reveal indications of constructions built as early as 100 to 650 AD, and it was inhabited from the mid preclassical period (1000 AD) up to the Spaniards arrival. First settlers of the site used the Huizachtecatl slopes, where villages were founded; they had early farming systems and had a rudimentary social organization. It is believed that these groups made the stone glyphs found in the place known as "Cerro Chiquito" or small hill.

Ceramic and stone sculpture materials were discovered in the west side of Huizachtecatl, apparently made within the 100 to 500 years AD; these resemble other similar pieces found in Zacatenco, north of México City. The constructions here were built between the year 100 and 650 AD and are located in the North side, the remains consist of foundations and walls of palaces that indicate Teotihuacán's influence.

Archaeological evidence reveals the existence of a housing zone in the middle of the hill, built during the late Classic period (600 to 900 AD). At that time numerous civil type structures were constructed because of the increased population. Unfortunately, remains are lost under present constructions.

Sahagún, Motolinia, Torquemada and the Cuautitlán Annals, among other sources, indicate that between the period 900 to 1300 AD, Chichimecan peoples inhabited the western section of the hill, where they founded the town of Colhuacan. These settlers achieved important technological and social development; apparently a theocratic system prevailed and later by a dynasty of kings. Between years 1300 and 1521 AD, the Aztecs conquered the area and established a settlement, naming it Ixtapalapa. They hoped that Ixtapalapa, in conjunction with the neighboring altepetl Colhuacan, would serve as a barrier to protect the area south of Tenochtitlan, in addition to providing the empire with staples. It is known that at that time, the Aztecs constructed platforms the top of the hill.

New Fire ceremony

The Mexicans conceived the universe as a four petal great flower of, at the center of which was Tenochtitlan. Each petal represented one of the four cardinal points; the region to the east was symbolized by the acatl glyph (cane), the west by calli (house), the north by tecpatl (flint stone knife) and the south by tochitl (rabbit). As an inherited Toltec tradition, they worshiped the Sun, deity that governed life of all beings and thought that human hearts were required to please him in addition to the blood on prisoner soldiers.

For that reason, every 52 years, when the beginning of the calendars (Civil and Religious) coincided, the sacerdotal class performed the New Fire ceremony, to prevent the Sun's death, as they thought, would cause total darkness of the universe, allowing the sprouting of tsitsimeme, entities that ate human beings.

At dusk of the great day the main priests wore their best clothes and headed by the priest of Copilco, went to the top of Huizachtecatl to initiate the ceremony. Previously, a prisoner was placed in the main temple altar, and when the time came, a log or mamahuastli was placed on his chest and set on fire to ignite the New Fire; meanwhile, Tenochtitlan and towns surrounding the great lake remained in complete darkness. The Copilco priest took the fire from the chest and transmitted it to a bonfire. Later the prisoner was sacrificed, his heart extracted and thrown into the flames. There were messengers responsible to deliver torches lit with the New Fire to priests of towns that had attended the ceremony at Huizachtecatl.

At Tenochtitlan the fire was placed before the main deity, from where it was taken to other Gods temples, and from there to people's quarters.

Based on archeological investigations, Colhuas were the first to use the top of the hill for the New Fire or Toxiuhmopolli ceremony; historical sources indicate that four such ceremonies took place; in 1351, 1403, 1455 and 1507. Tenochtitlan was conquered before the fifth ceremony could take place.

See also
List of pre-columbian archaeological sites in Mexico City

References

Further reading

Aztec sites
Iztapalapa
Archaeological sites in Mexico City
Mesoamerican sites
Former populated places in Mexico
1st-millennium establishments in North America
1953 archaeological discoveries
Indigenous peoples in Mexico City

Cerro de la Estrella (archaeological site)


2-Furonitrile is a colorless derivative of furan possessing a nitrile group.

Synthesis
Industrial synthesis is based on the vapor phase ammoxidation of furfural with ammonia over bismuth molybdate catalyst at 440-480 °C.

Numerous laboratory methods also exist; for the instance oxidative dehydration of furfural with ammonia salts using hypervalent iodine reagents or n-bromosuccinimide. From furfural aldoxime (with thionyl chloride-benzotriazole, triphenylphosphine-iodine reagents, or heating in DMSO) and furoic acid amide (flash vacuum pyrolysis).

Applications
2-Furonitrile currently has no major applications but it is used as an intermediate in pharmaceutical and fine chemical synthesis. It has been suggested as a potential sweetening agent, as it has about thirty times the sweetening power of sucrose.

References

2-Furyl compounds
Nitriles

2-Furonitrile


Alice Lynne "Lindy" Chamberlain-Creighton (née Murchison; born 4 March 1948) is a New Zealand-born Australian woman who was wrongfully convicted of the death of her nine-week-old daughter daughter Azaria in 1980. The event happened at a campsite near Uluru, Northern Territory. It was one of Australia's most notable murder trials. Chamberlain said that she saw a dingo leave the tent where Azaria was sleeping.

Chamberlain was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of her daughter in 1982. Her appeals to the Federal Court of Australia and High Court of Australia were dismissed. On 7 February 1986, after the discovery of new evidence, Chamberlain was released from prison. She and her husband Michael Chamberlain were officially pardoned in 1987.

Chamberlain was born in Whakatāne, New Zealand. She married Michael Chamberlain in 1969. Aside from Azaria, the couple had three other children. They divorced in 1991. She married Rick Creighton in 1992.

In the movie Evil Angels (1988), Meryl Streep played the role of Chamberlain. Streep's performance earnt her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress in 1989.

References

Other websites

1948 births
Living people
Australian writers
Naturalised citizens of Australia
People from North Island

Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton


Christoph Kreuzer (born 9 September 1982 in Villach, Austria) is a Dutch former ski jumper. He holds the Dutch national record with 162 metres.

Kreuzer trained in Villach. He later started for the Villach and Netherlands Ski Federation. On January 2, 2002, he started for the first time in his adopted home of Austria jumping in the Ski Jumping Continental Cup 2001/02 in Innsbruck . After three luckless competitions in Austria on January 19, 2002, he succeeded for the first time in the COC points. So he finished the jumping in the French Courchevel in 22nd place. Then, he was in the squad for the World Cup Jumping on January 26, 2002 in Sapporo, Japan. He was able to win the first points here in his first competition of this series and finished the jumping on the 29th place. In the team competition, he was only eleventh with the Dutch team. After one year he did not compete in the World Cup anymore and continued in the Continental Cup. At the Ski Flying World Championships 2002 in Harrachov he was 44th.. At the Nordic World Ski Championships 2003 in the Val di Fiemmehe was on the normal hill 50th. After further jumping in the Continental Cup, he finished his active ski jumping career after jumping on January 18, 2004 in Bischofshofen.

With his personal best of 162 meters, set up in Planica 2002, he holds the Dutch record in ski flying .

He was 50th in the normal hill competition in World Championships 2003 in Val di Fiemme, Italy. His best individual World Cup placement is 29th place from Sapporo 2002. Kreuzer retired in 2005.

References

1982 births
Living people
Dutch male ski jumpers
Dutch people of Austrian descent
Sportspeople from Villach

Christoph Kreuzer


Lorne Everett Greenaway (8 May 1933 – 13 September 2010) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was a rancher and veterinarian by career.

Greenaway was born in Bella Coola, British Columbia in 1933. In 1952, he graduated from Kelowna Senior Secondary School and went on to attend Ontario Veterinary College in Guelph, Ontario, where he graduated at the top of his class and served as class president.

Greenway went on to establish a small and large animal practice in Kamloops that served many of the farms in the area. In 1968, he served as an associate professor at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan for one year before returning to British Columbia. Upon his return, he delved into ranching in the Kelowna and Williams Lake areas. In 1974, he and his family moved to Southlands in Vancouver where he established a small veterinary practice in Steveston.

Greenaway's initial attempt to enter federal politics was unsuccessful, as he was defeated in the Coast Chilcotin electoral district in the 1974 federal election. Greenaway was successful at the Cariboo—Chilcotin electoral district in the 1979 election and won re-election there in the 1980 and 1984 elections. After serving in the 31st, 32nd and 33rd Canadian Parliaments, he left federal politics in 1988 and did not campaign for another term of office.

After leaving elected office, Greenaway continued to serve in the public sector as a Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Food, and Fisheries and as the Chair of the British Columbia Land Commission. He later represented the federal government as one of the first Commissioners on the British Columbia Treaty Commission.

On 13 September 2010, Greenaway died in Victoria after a long battle with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

References

External links

1933 births
2010 deaths
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Neurological disease deaths in British Columbia

Lorne Greenaway


The duo of Pete and Geoff were DJs Pete Mitchell and Geoff Lloyd, who from January 2003 to December 2005 hosted the breakfast show on Virgin Radio. In the early 1980s, Mitchell was an aspiring musician who moved into management and production. In 1988 he joined Manchester's Piccadilly Radio and went on to be an enthusiastic champion of indie bands of the "Madchester" scene in the early nineties. Around this time, Craig Cash introduced him to Geoff Lloyd. Lloyd was an aspiring comedy writer and performer, and a fellow radio presenter. In 1996 they were asked by Key 103 to co-present its afternoon show.

The duo rapidly established a cult following with their witty and slightly risque banter, and in 1998 won a Sony Radio Academy Award for their show. They were subsequently recruited by Virgin Radio and again rapidly built up a significant audience for its Drivetime Show. By 2003 they were the most popular DJs on the station, and were moved to the Breakfast Show in order to increase the audience. This they did very successfully, sticking to their well-established formula of slightly risque banter about contemporary news and culture, with Mitchell tending to play the "straight man" to the more outrageous Lloyd. Lloyd occasionally courted controversy with some of his remarks, most notoriously when he expressed willingness to eat the limbs of a dead baby to ease poverty. A complaint against the station was upheld, and Lloyd was reprimanded for his comments. Nevertheless, the audience for the show remained strong, despite (or possibly because of) Lloyd's willingness to stray to the edge of acceptability with his remarks.

On 28 November 2005 the duo announced that they were splitting up and leaving the Breakfast Show on Virgin Radio.  Their final show together took place on 16 December. Geoff Lloyd remained at Virgin Radio, hosting the Late Show, whilst Pete Mitchell left the station to pursue other projects. Christian O'Connell, from the Breakfast Show on Xfm London, replaced the pair as host of the Breakfast Show.

Pete Mitchell died on 12 March 2020.

References

Virgin Radio (UK)
British radio personalities
British radio DJs

Pete and Geoff


Otto II, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg (about 1266 – 10 April 1330), also known as Otto the Strict (Otto der Strenge), came from the House of Welf and was Prince of Lüneburg from 1277 to 1330.

Life
Otto the Strict was born around 1266, the son of John of Lüneburg (d. 1277) and Duchess Liutgard of Holstein.
Otto was underage when his father died, so the administration of the duchy went initially to his uncle, Duke Albert (d 1279) and, after his death, to his uncle, Conrad I, Prince-Bishop of Verden. From 1282 Otto ruled in his own right.
His rule was marked by several feuds, financed by pledges (Verpfändungen), involving border and property disputes with his neighbours. Otto restricted the rights of the knights and safeguarded public order. The settlements of Harburg, Dahlenburg (1289) and Celle (1292) were given town rights. In 1302 he bought the County of Wölpe for 6,500 silver marks. Following the controversial election of the king in 1313, Otto linked up with his brother-in-law, Louis of Bavaria, from whom he was enfeoffed with an imperial fiefdom in 1315. On 28 November 1315 Otto passed a law of succession that granted the duchy after him to his two sons, Otto and William, jointly.

Otto died on 10 April 1330 and was buried in St. Michael's in Lüneburg, the monastery he had built.

Successors
Otto married Matilda of Bavaria (1275 – 1319) in 1288, the daughter of Duke Louis the Strict of Bavaria (d. 1294). The following children came from this marriage:

 John (d. 1324), Apostolic administrator of the Archdiocese of Bremen
 Otto III (1296–1352), Prince of Lüneburg
 Louis (d. 1346), Bishop of Minden (1324–1346)
 William (d. 1369), Prince of Lüneburg
 Matilda (d. 1316) married after 1308 Nicholas II, Prince of Werle

Footnotes and references

External links

 The Welfs

1260s births
1330 deaths
Princes of Lüneburg
Old House of Lüneburg

Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg


Hislop Park, also known as Hislop Reserve, is a park in the suburb of Balwyn North, Melbourne, Australia. It is situated between Balwyn Road and the North Balwyn Tennis Club in a portion of a valley through which the Glass Creek runs, now largely through underground drains. It has a number of entrances accessible on foot, including from Albury St and Balwyn Road. The park contains three informal ovals, which are used by sporting clubs throughout the year.

See also
 Balwyn North

References

Parks in Melbourne
City of Boroondara

Hislop Park


Mission Mountain School was a therapeutic boarding school for girls located in Condon, Missoula County,  Montana. It operated from October 1, 1990, to August 16, 2008. On that date, the school graduated its last class and ceased operation, announcing that its founders would be on sabbatical.

Program description
The school enrolled girls ages 13 to 18, offering therapy, college preparatory education, and recreation for girls of above average intelligence who were "in crisis." It operated year-round and the average length of enrollment was 18 to 22 months. The curriculum was divided into four program components: daily life skills, outdoor recreation, emotional growth and academics. An equine-guided education program was offered.

A graduate of the program stated that the school used behavior modification to give students structure and provided psychoanalytic counseling to help students understand the sources of their negative behaviors.

Controversy
The appropriateness of practices at the school have been disputed.  One alumnus testified before Congress regarding abusive practices, exploitative interventions, educational neglect and the lack of mental health training of staff.
 One psychiatrist who also testified before Congress noted his own horror at the accounts of 'blatant abuse in the name of treatment and therapy' at the school and other poorly regulated therapeutic boarding schools.

Yet another former participant has said that the program induced students into "self-obliterating submission" by instilling fear.

Accreditation and affiliations
Mission Mountain School operated as an accredited member of the Pacific Northwest Association of Independent Schools (PNAIS) and the Northwest Association of Accredited Schools (NAAS), and was a full member of the National Association of Therapeutic Schools and Programs (NATSAP). It was also affiliated with the Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association (EAGALA).

References

External links
cafety.org - Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth
Mission Mountain School official site
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Education and Labor, "Child Abuse and Deceptive Marketing by Residential Programs for Teens", Full Committee Hearing on HR 5876, April 24, 2008.

Behavior modification
Special schools in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1990
Educational institutions disestablished in 2008
Defunct schools in Montana
Schools in Missoula County, Montana
Boarding schools in Montana
1990 establishments in Montana
Therapeutic boarding schools in the United States

Mission Mountain School


VirtualDJ (VDJ) is audio and video mixing software for Microsoft Windows and macOS, developed by Atomix Productions.

History
The first version of VirtualDJ appeared on 1 July 2003. VirtualDJ is the successor to AtomixMP3, the first version of which dates from September 2000. The development of AtomixMP3 stopped in December 2003 as soon as its successor VirtualDJ was marketed. VirtualDJ existed in three different versions until 2009:  Home Edition  (sold in stores),  PRO  (only available online), and  Limited Version  (free with certain MIDI controllers). In late 2009, a new version called  VirtualDJ Basic  went on sale as a budget-friendly alternative to VirtualDJ Pro, without MIDI control. Since May 2014, (the release of version 8 ) 5 licence options are available:  Pro Infinity  (the full version, one time purchase, free updates),  Pro Subscription  (same access as Pro Infinity but a monthly subscription charge),  Business  (same access as Pro Infinity with addition support severices), Home Plus  (Hardware control limited to a single device type),  Home User '' (No hardware control other than a 10 minute trial when you start the software) .

In 2010, VirtualDJ won the prize for best mixing software at the 25th edition of the Annual International Dance Music Awards in Miami.

Features
The software has a default layout made of two turntables (vinyl or CD) associated with a central mixer. It includes a bar for viewing the status of the two audio tracks as well as the management of the playlist and of current readings with a search function in the database.    The current track of the different decks appears in a graphical window at the top of the screen which visualizes the curve (waveform) of the live sound. The user can also perform loops of variable duration.
As a professional DJ software, VirtualDJ allows users to plug in their DJ controllers. It also works with custom DJ systems built by users and it recognizes any different hardware turntable or mixer.

VDJ has a scripting language, vdjscript, that allows mapping actions to hardware controls or the computer keyboard.

SoundCloud Go+ subscribers can integrate SoundCloud with VirtualDJ to allow streaming and mixing of the entire SoundCloud catalogue.

References

External links

Audio mixing software
DJ software
MacOS multimedia software
Windows multimedia software
Freeware

VirtualDJ


The set of numbers used to describe the position and energy of the electron in an atom are called quantum numbers. The tally of quantum numbers varies from system to system and has no universal answer.

Four quantum numbers can describe an electron in an atom completely:

Principal quantum number ()
Azimuthal quantum number
Magnetic quantum number
Spin quantum number ()

Quantum mechanics

Quantum number