Dicynodontoides is a genus of small to medium-bodied, herbivorous, emydopoid dicynodonts from the Late Permian. The name Dicynodontoides references its "dicynodont-like" appearance (dicynodont = two-dog-tooth) due to the caniniform tusks featured by most members of this infraorder. Kingoria, a junior synonym, has been used more widely in the literature than the more obscure Dicynodontoides, which is similar-sounding to another distantly related genus of dicynodont, Dicynodon. Two species are recognized: D. recurvidens from South Africa, and D. nowacki from Tanzania.

Dicynodontoides is primarily known from fossil localities in South Africa and Tanzania, though several specimens unidentified to the species level are known from Zambia, Malawi, and India. Unlike several other members of the remarkably disparate emydopoid clade, Dicynodontoides did not survive into the Triassic, and its temporal distribution is restricted to the Late Permian.

History and discovery

Dicynodontoides was first described by Owen in 1876 based on a poorly preserved, but fairly complete skull and mandible, and was originally referred to the genus Dicynodon. The specimen was found in Fort Beaufort, South Africa, in the Dicynodon Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin. However, it wasn't until Broom's 1940 publication including Dicynodontoides parringtoni, a junior synonym for Owen's D. recurvidens, that the genus was used. A second species, produced by the Usili Formation, D. nowacki, was first described by von Huene in 1942 from Kingori Mountain, Tanzania, and was originally referred to as Dicynodon nowacki.

Cox pointed out several features, most notably the hindlimb and girdle morphology, that differentiated this genus from other members of Dicynodon, and erected a new genus, Kingoria. Since, many researchers have attempted to place these ambiguous specimens within Dicynodontia. Not until the last decade has significant light been shed upon the matter, solidifying the place of the senior synonym, Dicynodontoides, and affirming the presence of only two species, D. recurvidens and D. nowacki.

Description

Skull

In dorsal view, the skull is oval in shape with a broad snout, and reaches its widest point posterior of the pineal foramen, which is slightly raised. Its intertemporal bar is narrower than the interorbital bar. Although belonging to the infraorder Dicynodontia, the caniniform tusks may be present or absent in the genus. When present, they are fairly gracile. Post-caniniform keels on the maxilla are present even in specimens lacking tusks. However, pre and post-canine teeth are always absent in this genus.

Dicynodontoides features a jaw symphysis that narrows anteriorly, tapering to a blunt point, and forming a shovel-shaped snout, which contrasting with the normally flattened area present in other dicynodont forms. Its palatine bone is smooth and significantly reduced to the lateral border of the internal nostril, having important implications for food processing (see below).

Post-cranial skeleton

Dicynodont evolution is often observed through changes in skull morphology due to the generalized post-cranial morphology in a majority of dicynodonts. However, Dicynodontoides is an exception to this statement. Although its size (small-medium) is unexceptional, aspects of the post-cranial morphology are very specialized and have been studied thoroughly.

Most notable of this specialization is the hindlimb morphology. The pelvic girdle consists of a small pubis and an ilium with anteriorly extensive but posteriorly rudimentary processes. The femoral head is offset from the bone, forming an s-shape, and the attachments for the ilio-femoralis muscles are significant. The foot is elongate with pointed claws and does not appear to be particularly specialized.

The shoulder girdle and forelimbs are more representative of Dicynodontia as a whole than the hindlimbs. The girdle is high and narrow, reflecting a reduction in the backward-forward pulling muscles, which would have been situated above and below the humerus. The humerus suggests an emphasis of long-axis rotation, a much more conservative morphology than that of the hindlimb structure.

In sum, the structure of the palate, the lower jaw, and the sacrum distinguish the morphology of Dicynodontoides from its Permo-Triassic dicynodont counterparts.

Paleobiology

Feeding ecology

The dicynodont feeding mechanism, though conservative, is often a variation of a generalized pattern. All members of this infraorder were likely herbivorous, though both the exact nature of this dietary pattern (i.e. the inclusion of cones, roots, etc.) and the possible degree of omnivory or insectivory is not fully understood.

Based on the habitual downward orientation of its skull, Dicynodontoides was likely a substrate-targeted feeder, or grazer, rather than a browser. The narrow anterior portion of the jaw could have allowed highly mobile movement of the tongue for the collection of surface vegetation, though other explanations for this feature are equally possible (see below).

In most members of Dicynodontia, both the reduced dentition and sharp cutting edge around the anterior end of the lower jaw suggest a scissor-like mode of food collection. After collection, mastication would have occurred via a back-and-forth grinding process. However, Dicynodontoides strays from this general pattern of food processing. Its caniniform blades, though periodically absent in this genus, are likely to have functioned as a paper cutter. However, the short mouth, blunted edges of the lower jaw, and the lack of a tough palatal surface against which the jaw could grind downplay the significance of this apparent shearing component. The morphology of the jaw hinge prevents the anterior end of the lower jaw from meeting the palate, only allowing palatal contact with the more posterior portion of the dentary. While there is little possibility of any transverse movement in the lower jaw, a crushing function is possible, and consistent with the feeding mechanism observed in other Emydopoids.

Unlike other members of the infraorder, the front of the lower jaw is not flattened, but curved and tapering anteriorly. Cox  suggests this feature, as well as the strong jaw musculature, indicated by the large lateral wing on the dentary, may point towards grubbing in the dirt for food. However, subsequent analyses of other specimens have not featured the same degree of bluntness of the anterior end of the lower jaw, and call this theory into question. Nevertheless, the significant reduction of the tough, horny covering of the palate in Dicynodontoides suggests that whatever it may have grubbed up and consumed would have been both small, soft, and required minimal preparation. Roots or small invertebrates could provide the answer to this problem.  Nevertheless, the exact nature of the feeding ecology of Dicynodontoides continues to elude researchers.

Locomotion

While most dicynodonts fall under a generalized body shape, Dicynodontoides departs from the standard. This genus was likely adapted to fast, agile locomotion.

Muscle restoration of the acetabular-femoral articulation reveals the diverging pattern of locomotion of Dicynodontoides from the typical sprawling gait of most Permian dicynodonts. The hindlimb would have been retracted by a simple rotation of the femoral head, playing a more significant role in the retraction component of the gait than in most other dicynodonts. This feature, though rare in Permian dicynodonts, becomes increasingly more common in the Triassic forms, and Dicynodontoides represents one of many incremental transitions toward upright hindlimb posture in the dicynodont locomotor pattern.

However, the glenohumeral articulation suggests a more conservative forelimb and girdle morphology than that of the pelvic girdle. Evidence points toward a sprawling position of the forelimbs, with an emphasis on long-axis rotation. This likely allowed for manoeuvrability, while the hindlimbs powered the animal.

Metabolism and thermoregulation

Members of Dicynodontia were most likely ectothermic. However, inertial homeothermy may have been possible, though less likely. These ectothermal dicynodonts would have had lower feeding demands than extant endothermal mammalian herbivores.

The large pineal foramen apparent in the skull roof in dicynodonts, including Dicynodontoides, is also found in lizards. This light-sensitive organ played a crucial role in increasing the rate of digestion in these herbivores. The pineal foramen would have monitored solar intensity, allowing the correlation of the dicynodont's daily cycle of activity with the cycling availability of solar radiation throughout the day. As Cox points out, this would have enabled the animal to function nearer the upper end of its optimal temperature range.

Histology

A study conducted by Botha-Brink and Angielczyk reviewed the bone histology of Permo-Triassic dicynodonts. Their findings suggest that Dicynodontoides had a slower growth rate than other dicynodonts. The presence of LAGs, or growth rings, in most dicynodonts indicates that growth rates decreased around sexual maturity. However, the presence of these growth rings in Dicynodontoides at only 47% adult size is significantly earlier than the general pattern. Moderately vascularized fibrolamellar bone and small, narrow vascular canals suggest a relatively decreased intake of oxygen and nutrients compared with other dicynodonts. This is consistent with the slow rate of growth of Dicynodontoides.

Species

Recent studies have aimed to clarify the ambiguity surrounding the taxonomic classification of Dicynodontoides and its junior synonym Kingoria (see ). Part of this effort has included an analysis of the two species currently comprising the genus, D. nowacki and D. recurvidens.

D. recurvidens is known only from the South African Karoo Basin. It is distinguished from the other member of its genus based on a generally smaller and more gracile morphology. It typically has a relatively smaller head (mean = ), more frequently features tusks (69% of specimens), and a more gracile humerus with narrower proximal and distal ends and a prominent humeral head. Additionally, D. recurvidens exhibits slight differences in the fibular and pelvic morphologies.

D. nowacki is known exclusively from the Ruhuhu Basin of Tanzania. This species is generally recognized by a larger and more robust morphology. It has a larger head (mean = ), often lacks tusks (featured in only 38% of specimens), features a flatter deltopectoral crest, and differs from D. recurvidens by its robust humeral morphology.

D. recurvidens has previously been referred to as Dicynodon recurvidens, Dicynodontoides parringtoni, Kingoria recurvidens, Udenodon gracilis, Dicynodon gracilis, Kingoria gracilis, Dicynodon howardi, Kingoria howardi, and Dicynodon clarencei according to more recent analyses of these specimens.

The same studies have shown that previous references to Dicynodon nowacki, Dicynodontoides parringtoni, and Kingoria nowacki can be attributed to Dicynodontoides nowacki.

Classification

Dicynodontoides belongs to the clade Emydopoidea, a sub-group of Dicynodontia. Dicynodontoides and its Triassic sister taxa (see Kombuisia, Niassodon) comprise the family Kingoriidae. A comprehensive taxonomic revision of Dicynodon and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of Dicynodontia reveal these relationships within Anomodontia below:

Stratigraphic and geographic range

Dicynodontoides is primarily known from the Upper Permian formations of the Karoo Basin of South Africa (D. recurvidens) and the Ruhuhu Basin of Tanzania (D. nowacki), both of which have been stratigraphically correlated. The stratigraphic range of D. recurvidens begins in the Teekloof Formation of the Karoo Basin in the upper Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone (below the previously assumed Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone), although the genus seems to have been particularly rare below the Cistecephalus Zone. Its last appearance occurs in the upper Dicynodon Assemblage Zone from the Balfour Formation of the Karoo Basin. However, whether or not Dicynodontoides was a victim of the end-Permian biotic crisis or became extinct previous to this event remains unclear despite collecting efforts near the Permo-Triassic boundary.

A specimen belonging to Dicynodontoides was found in the Upper Permian Kundaram Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley of India, but has not been identified to the species level.

Similarly, two specimens have been identified as Dicynodontoides from the Chiweta Beds of Malawi. Whether these represent a previous or new species remains unknown, and the age of the Chiweta Beds has yet to be sufficiently constrained.

Additionally, a Zambian specimen collected from the Luangwa Basin, likely correlating with the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa, was rediscovered and identified as belonging to the genus.

Paleoenvironment

Although areas outside of South Africa and Tanzania have not produced as many specimens of Dicynodontoides, it is safe to assume these southern Pangaean continents were home to similar habitats which were colonized by Dicynodontoides and its relatives during the Late Permian. The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone and its stratigraphic correlates, although trending toward more arid conditions, can be categorized as a terrain of extensive flats covered by crisscrossing channels. Concentrations of plant and animal life would have gathered around these river banks where rich soil would have provided plenty of vegetation and good conditions for substrate-targeted feeders.

See also

 Therapsids
 Anomondonts
 Dicynodonts
 Emydopoidea
 Kingoriidae
 Kombuisia
 Niassodon

References

External links
 The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Dicynodonts
Anomodont genera
Lopingian genus first appearances
Lopingian genus extinctions
Lopingian synapsids of Africa
Permian South Africa
Fossils of South Africa
Fossils of Tanzania
Fossils of Zambia
Fossil taxa described in 1940
Taxa named by Robert Broom
Permian India

Dicynodontoides


Ravensword: Shadowlands is a role-playing game created by American indie studio Crescent Moon Games. It is the successor of Ravensword: The Fallen King. It was released originally only for iOS and Android compatible devices, but later was also released to Windows, due to it being greenlit on Steam.

Gameplay
The game has received many comparison to open world role-playing games in the Elder Scrolls series of games, such as The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.

Combat has three main types, with exceptions. Two, melee and ranged, are equipment based. There are various melee and ranged combat styles. Each style has separate skills and equipment, that are individually trained. Magic also has different spells, but all are trained similarly using similar equipment and the same skills.

Speedrunning
In 2022 the game received some notoriety when it was featured in the charity speedrunning live stream ESA 2022.
The 4th fastest speedrunner is TharBeFungus with a time of 41 minutes and 21 seconds.

Reception

Ravensword: Shadowlands has been generally well received by critics. It has received a 76 out of 100 rating on review aggregator Metacritic based on 12 reviews. TouchArcade strongly praised the game, giving it a perfect 5 out of 5 score and stating that "its hard to believe I'm playing a game of this caliber on iOS...Other than a few minor glitches, Ravensword: Shadowlands is the real deal, and is an excellent open-world RPG with a decent story, ample content, deep character customization and beautiful visuals". Slide to Play awarded the game a 3 out of 4 rating, stating that the game was "...a beautiful game that stumbles often, but only because it reaches so high" and concluded that it was ultimately "not as polished as a game like Skyrim, but there's plenty here for an action RPG fan to love." Gamezebo also compared it favorably to The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, and The Elder Scrolls: Oblivion, stating "If you're going to borrow, you may as well borrow from the best...The open world aspect of Ravensword: Shadowlands is one of its big selling points, and it is fun to explore some non-linear adventures on your iOS device. It does have some limitations though, as there are physical barriers out in the world that prevent you from reaching certain parts of the map as freely as you might think." Pocket Gamer described it as "...as big and open an RPG as you're likely to get on iOS" but cited uneven combat as a major weakness of the game, describing it as both "frustratingly punishing and ridiculously easy" at certain points.

AppSpy was more negative towards the game, stating that the difficulty and glitches overshadowed the game's technical feats.

References

2013 video games
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
Linux games
MacOS games
Ouya games
Role-playing video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Crescent Moon Games games

Ravensword: Shadowlands


is one of five major general contractors in Japan. Takenaka provides architectural, engineering, and construction services and has its headquarters located in Chūō-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture. Takenaka has eight domestic offices in Japan with overseas offices in Asia, Europe, and the United States. It has remained under family control since the founding of Takenaka Corporation in 1609, and is currently led by the 17th generation of the family.

The Takenaka corporation designed and built the Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum.

About Takenaka
In 1610 Tobei Masataka Takenaka (竹中 藤兵衛正高), a shrine and temple carpenter, started a business in Nagoya. The business continued as a family business and built some of the first Western-style buildings in Japan during the last half of 19th century, most of them in Nagoya. In 1899 Toemon Takenaka (竹中 藤右衛門), a 14th generation descendant of the original founder established a branch office in Kobe and founded Takenaka Corporation as an official company.

The company grew during the 20th century; its capital in 1909 was about ¥100,000. This rose to ¥6 million in 1938, ¥1.5 billion in 1959 and ¥50 billion in 1979. Today, Takenaka Corporation is a multinational company with offices in 18 different countries. The current president is Toichi Takenaka (竹中 統一) (since June 2004).

The Takenaka Corporation claims to be the oldest operating firms of its type in the world. In 2006 Takenaka acquired competing family architect-carpentry business (Miyadaiku) Kongō Gumi which had been in operation for 1,427 years.

The company is now regarded in Japan as one of the "Big Five" contractors ranked alongside Kajima, Obayashi, Shimizu and Taisei. The firm has built some of the most important buildings in Japan, including the Tokyo Tower, the Tokyo Dome (the first large-scale stadium with an air-supported membrane roof in Japan), the Fukuoka Dome (Japan's first large-scale stadium with a retractable roof), and the Kobe Meriken Park Oriental Hotel among others.

Among its current proposals is the Sky City 1000 project.

Takenaka reconstructed the Suzakumon in Nara.

History timeline
1610 (Keicho 15 years) – Takenaka Tobei Masataka, a former vassal of Oda Nobunaga, established a carpentry team in Nagoya. His work mainly involved erecting shrines and temples.
1899 (Meiji 1957) – Takenaka Tozaemon XIV moved to Kobe, and founded the official company. They built Mitsui Bank Kobe Onohama warehouse.
1923 (Taisho 12 years) – the head office in Osaka is moved to Kobe.
1935 – Kobe mosque construction.
1937 (Showa 12 years) – Established Takenaka Corporation. ¥1.5 million in capital. President Takenaka Tozaemon.
1945 – Tozaemon Takenaka appointed as Chairman of the Board and Renichi Takenaka appointed as President.
1958 – Tokyo Tower construction.
1980 – Takenaka Renichi appointed as Chairman of the Board and Takenaka Toichi appointed as President.
1984 – Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum opened.
1988 – Tokyo Dome completed.
1993 (Heisei 5 years) – Fukuoka Dome completed, Japan's first roof-retractable multi-purpose stadium
1997 – Osaka Dome, Nagoya Dome, International Stadium Yokohama completed.
2004 – The Tokyo Main Office moves to new building in Koto-ward in Tokyo.
2006 – Midland Square (Nagoya) completed.
2007 – Tokyo Midtown, Shin-Marunouchi Building completed.
2010 – 400th anniversary of the company.
2013 – Masahiro Miyashita becomes president, the first from outside the founding family.

Issues

Insufficient reinforcement
 On November 19, 2007, during the construction of a 27-story (94 meter high) highrise condominium in Minato, Tokyo, the whole 8th and 9th floors of the building had to be dismantled and rebuilt because the reinforcing steel used was of insufficient strength.

Industrial accident cover-ups
 According to a report of December 28, 2007, a 52-year-old foreman of a Takenaka condominium construction site in Fukushima ward, Osaka, reported an industrial accident in which a falling concrete hose seriously injured a worker of sub-contractor, Airtech Co., Ltd. The accident was reported as having happened at a different demolition site that the foreman was also in charge of. Takenaka and Airtech were issued a summary indictment by the Osaka prosecutor's office for violating the Industrial Safety and Health Act.
 Takenaka also announced on December 19, 2007, that it had failed to report an industrial accident at a Toyota factory it was building in Kariya City, Aichi Prefecture, and that it was under investigation for violation of the Industrial Safety and Health Act.

Tax evasion (non-reporting of income)
 In March 2013, it was discovered that the Osaka National Tax Office had reprimanded the company for failing to declare about ¥30 million of income (¥9 million of it intentionally) between 2008 and 2011.
 In April 2015, the same office reprimanded the company again for underreporting its income for the four years between 2010 and 2013 by about ¥150 million.

Leaky subway
 On September 25, 2014, train services at Nagoya Station on the Higashiyama Subway Line were suspended for nine hours due to water leaking into the station as a result of construction work the company was carrying out on the JR Tower Nagoya building.

Falling window
 On February 17, 2015, a window frame weighing approximately 100 kg fell from the 4th floor of the Kofu City Hall building, which had been built by the company and two other companies. A subsequent investigation by Kofu City found 87 defects in the building. Executives of Takenaka and the other two companies involved, Nihon Sekkei and Sankyo Tateyama, visited the mayor of Kofu on March 20, 2015, to apologize.

Selected projects

Public facilities
Nagoya TV Tower
Tokyo Tower
Nippon Budokan
Kansai-kan of the National Diet Library
Okinawa Convention Center
Hankyu Umeda Station
Kobe Port Tower

Commercial facilities
Prada Tokyo (with Herzog and de Meuron)
Miu Miu Tokyo (with Herzog and de Meuron)
Maison Hermes (with Renzo Piano)
Expocity

Historic buildings and religious architecture
Suzakumon
Church of St. Ignatius
Meiji Seimei Kan
Seishoji temple
Imperial Military Academy
Kobe Union Church

Schools
Kwansei Gakuin University UekeHara Campus Mita Campus
Keio University (Shinanomachi) School of Medicine Integrated Medical Research Building
Sophia University Building No. 2
Meiji University Liberty Tower
Konan University 13 Building
Kobe Gakuin University Port Island campus
Kobe International University
Kansai University Naofumikan
Kansai University Takatsuki Muse campus
Kawasaki College of Allied Health Professions gymnasium
Tokyo University of Science Oshamambe campus

Sports stadiums
Tokyo Dome
Osaka Dome
Sapporo Dome
Fukuoka Dome
Nagoya Dome
International Stadium Yokohama
Okayama Prefecture athletics stadium Momotaro Stadium
Ibaraki Prefectural Kashima Soccer Stadium

Office buildings
Abenobashi Terminal Building – Harukas tallest building in Japan, design collaboration with César Pelli
Midland Square
Shin-Marunouchi Building
Tokyo Midtown
Crystal Tower
TV Asahi new headquarters
Umeda Hankyu Building
Kobe Hankyu Building
Tokyo Shiodome Building
Second Yoshimoto Building
Shin Umeda City, Umeda Sky Building
Nippon Club Tower
Tokyo Sankei Building
Pacific Century Place Marunouchi
Chuo Mitsui Trust and Banking Co., Ltd. Head Office Building
Nintendo headquarters building
Kikkoman Noda headquarters
Kyocera headquarters building
Tokyo Opera City
Morita headquarters building
Asahi Broadcasting Corporation building (firefly town) Asahi Broadcasting Corporation old building, Osaka Tower, Hotel Plaza demolition
Audio-Technica new Headquarters
CapitaGreen, Singapore

Museums and theme parks
21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Kanazawa (with SANAA)
Sagawa Art Museum
Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo
Otsuka Museum of Art
MOA Museum of Art
Ikuo Hirayama Museum of Art
Pola Museum of Art
Izumi City Kubo Sou Memorial Museum of Art
Tempozan Harbor Village, Kaiyukan
Shima Spain Village
Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum

Dwellings
Kuzunoha Tower City
Moto-Azabu Hills
Rokko Island City, "East Court 11 Avenue"
Elsa Tower 55
Tennozu View Tower
CapitaGreen (with Toyo Ito)
Toranomon Hills residential tower (with ingenhoven associates)

Plants and research laboratories
Suntory World Research Center
Zeria Pharmaceutical Tsukuba Plant
Toyota Industries Corporation Information Technology Institute
Nichia headquarters third research building
Tateyama brewing headquarters factory
Sanyo Denki Technology Center
Yanmar Diesel Co., Ltd. Biwa Plant
Stanley Electric Hatano new Building 2

Hotels
Kobe Meriken Park Oriental Hotel
Kanazawa Manten Hotel Station

Hospitals
Jichi Medical University Hospital New Building
Kawasaki Medical School Hospital West Wing Building
Kyushu University Hospital South Tower
Kitasato University Hospital new building

See also

 Nippon Club (New York)

References

External links
 Takenaka Corporation
 Takenaka Corporation

Engineering companies of Japan
Construction and civil engineering companies of Japan
Companies based in Osaka Prefecture
1610 establishments in Japan
Companies established in 1610
Science and technology in Japan
Japanese brands

Takenaka Corporation


The Battle of Rhode Island Site is the partially preserved location of the Battle of Rhode Island, fought August 29, 1778 during the American Revolutionary War.  The battle took place in the town of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, located on Aquidneck Island north of Newport, and was the only major action of the war that took place in Rhode Island.  It was also significant as the only battle of the war in which an entirely segregated unit of African-American soldiers fought.  At the time of the action, the 1st Rhode Island Regiment consisted of companies of locally recruited African Americans and Native Americans with white officers.  The two main areas associated with the battle were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974.

History

In December 1776, a British force occupied Newport, Rhode Island.  France decided to enter the war as an ally of the United States following the pivotal Battles of Saratoga in September and October 1777.  The two militaries then sought possibilities for working together to defeat the British in North America.  The first significant effort in this regard took place in July 1778, when a French fleet commanded by the Comte d'Estaing arrived off the east coast of North America.  The ships originally were ordered to blockade Delaware Bay, but d'Estaing altered his target to New York City after learning that the British had evacuated the city of Philadelphia.  However, he concluded that the bar at the mouth of New York Harbor was such that his largest ships could not safely enter.  As a result, French and American military leaders decided to operate against the British at Newport.

American Continental Army forces were dispatched to Rhode Island, and militia were raised from surrounding states to assist in the effort.  A storm arose at a critical moment when the French and British fleets were about to do battle, scattering both fleets.  By this time, the American forces led by Major General John Sullivan had already occupied the northern end of Aquidneck Island (called Rhode Island at the time).  The French fleet withdrew on August 22 to Boston to repair, while Sullivan engaged in preliminary siege operations against Newport.

The French withdrawal prompted an exodus of militia from the American camp.  News also arrived that a relief force was being organized by the British in New York, so Sullivan decided to withdraw from Aquidneck Island.  Newport's British commander Major General Robert Pigot led his forces out of Newport in pursuit and engaged the American forces on August 29 in the Battle of Rhode Island.  The battle was tactically inconclusive in its outcome. The British failed to overwhelm the American force, which continued its orderly retreat from the island.

Battlefield
The main area in which the battle was fought is a valley bounded by Lehigh Hill to the north and Turkey and Almy Hills to the south, an area of about .  This area is sparsely populated today, and had few structures at the time of the battle.  Turkey Hill was one of the major objectives of the British advance, and Lehigh Hill was one of the anchors of the American line.  Barker Brook was an area that saw intense fighting, now largely obscured due to the construction of Rhode Island Route 24.

The second site of importance was Butts Hill which is located about  northeast of the battle area.  It was fortified with earthworks and served as a command post and fall-back defensive position for the Americans.  Its earthworks are well defined and roughly  by  and are still in good condition.

African-American participation

The 1st Rhode Island Regiment was raised in early 1778 as a specifically African-American unit in order to help meet the state's obligations for manning the Continental Army.  The unit joined Sullivan's force in Providence in July 1778 and participated in the occupation of Aquidneck Island.  When the battle lines were drawn, the 1st Rhode Island was placed on Turkey Hill, the rightmost end of the American front line.  The British made three separate assaults on Turkey Hill and were repulsed each time.  The 1st Rhode Island suffered relatively light casualties with one killed and ten wounded, despite the severity of the action.  This is attributed at least in part to the strong defensive position afforded by the hill.

The Rhode Island legislature repealed the act allowing African Americans to enlist in June 1778. The unit thereafter began to lose membership due to attrition and combat, which was compensated for by adding white recruits.  Rhode Island's two regiments merged in January 1780, resulting in an integrated unit for the remainder of the war.

Legacy
The battleground site and the fort at Butts Hill were declared National Historic Landmarks and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.  The site includes two separate areas.  The principal battle site is roughly centered at , and Butts Hill () is also preserved, one of the high points on Aquidneck Island.

See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island

Gallery

References

Sources

National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
American Revolutionary War sites
Conflict sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Portsmouth, Rhode Island
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island

Battle of Rhode Island Site


The Hokkaido dog is one of the Japanese dogs which is from Hokkaido prefecture in Japan. There are six types of purebred dogs that originated in Japan. They are Hokkaido, Akita, Shiba, Kai, Kishuu, and Shikoku. These are said to have the same ancestry. In the public interest incorporated foundation "Nihon Ken Hozonkai'' has designated those six ones as the Japanese dogs and each of which is a national natural memorial. The Hokkaido dog is known as a character of the Japanese mobile company SoftBank. Therefore many Japanese people may know or see this breed at least once through the animal TV programs or TV commercials even if they are not familiar with it.

Appearance
Hokkaido dog is a relatively rare breed in those six types, and it is estimated that there are only about 7,000 dogs currently in Japan. Their lifespan is about 13 to 15 years old. It is generally said that medium dogs have a lifespan of 10 to 14 years old, so Hokkaido dogs are the same as those. Also, the height is about 42 to 53 centimeters and the weight is about 15 to 30 kilograms. It is a little bigger than the other medium dogs. Some people may be mistaken for the Shiba dogs because they and Hokkaido dogs look similar in their figures a bit, but the size is a little different. It is one size larger than Shiba dogs, and the chest of the Hokkaido dog is deeper and the muscles are firm.

They have the double coat with long hard and short soft. Because they are from the Hokkaido area, so it prevents cold weather and the air. It consists of an over coat which is bristle and an under coat which is a soft one that can adjust their body temperature. Some people may know white colored ones. However there are various colors such as sesame, tiger, red, dark brown, wolf ash and white. In addition, their small triangular "standing ears" is eye catching.

History
The ancestors of it lived in Honshu and moved to Hokkaido with humans, and became a pure breed. It has lived with the Ainu people there for a long time, so it is also popular as an Ainu dog. In Ainu language, it is called "Seta." It was designated as a national natural monument in 1937.

Character

Ainu people have long been hunting large beasts, so dogs are brave and strong to hunt. Furthermore, they affectionately treat their owners who are recognized as leaders by dogs, and they have a strong loyalty to protect their owners.

References

Dog breeds originating in Japan
Rare dog breeds

Hokkaido (dog)


Rosa-Linda Fregoso is the Professor and former Chair of Latin American and Latino Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Biography
Fregoso was born in Corpus Christi, Texas.
She received her Bachelor of Journalism degree from the University of Texas at Austin, and her Ph.D. in Comparative Studies:  Language, Society and Culture from the University of California, San Diego, where she studied under American media critic and scholar, Herbert Schiller, and literary scholar, Rosaura Sánchez.

Before pursuing a career in academia, she was a television and radio journalist.  From 1977-79, she produced and hosted Telecorpus, a daily talk show that aired on KORO-TV in Corpus Christi.  She later moved to Austin, Texas, and from 1979–82, she produced and hosted a weekly radio program, The Mexican American Experience, for the Longhorn Radio Network and KUT-FM (a National Public Radio affiliate).  The Mexican-American Experience was the first nationally syndicated radio program dealing with Mexican-American issues to air on public and commercial radio programs.  It was the predecessor to KUT-FM's Latino USA (launched in 1993), a radio program that Fregoso contributed to as a film critic in its early years.

Awards and honors
Fregoso has won a number of honors and awards, including a Ford Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship (1990); the Rockefeller Foundation Resident Scholar award (1997); and the MLA Book Prize (2004) for meXicana encounters:  The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands.

Fregoso currently lives in Oakland, California.

Published works

Books
Terrorizing Women:  Feminicide in the Américas (2010), co-edited with Cynthia Bejarano, Duke University Press.
meXicana encounters:  The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands (2003), University of California Press.
Lourdes Portillo:  The Devil Never Sleeps and Other Films (2001), University of Texas Press.
Miradas de mujer (1998), co-edited with Norma Iglesias.
The Bronze Screen:  Chicana and Chicano Film Culture (1993), University of Minnesota Press.

Chapters in books
(2009) "Lupe Vélez: Queen of the Bs," From Bananas to Buttocks: The Latina Body in Popular Film and Culture, edited by Myra Mendible, Austin:  University of Texas Press.
(2007) "Fantasy Heritage: Tracking Latina Bloodlines," Latino Studies Companion, edited by Juan Flores and Renato Rosaldo, Blackwell Press.
(2006) "Toward a Planetary Civil Society", Women in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands:  Structural Violence and Agency in Everyday Life, edited by Denise Segura and Patricia Zavella, Duke University Press.
(2003) "Reproduction and Miscegenation on the Borderlands: Mapping the Maternal Body of Tejanas", Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader, co-edited with Aída Hurtado, Olga Nájera-Ramírez, Norma Klahn and Pat Zavella, Duke University Press.
(2003) "In the Time of the Butterflies" Julia Alvarez, Reading U.S. Latina Writers, edited by Alvina Quintana, Palgrave MacMillan. (Paperback edition 2005)
(2001) "California Filming: Re-imagining the Nation," Parallels and Intersections: A Remarkable History of Women Artists in California 1950–2000, edited by Diana Fuller, University of California Press.
(2001) "Devils and Ghosts, Mothers and Immigrants: A Critical Retrospective of the Works of Lourdes Portillo", Lourdes Portillo: The Devil Never Sleeps and Other Films, edited by Rosa Linda Fregoso, Austin:  University of Texas Press, pp. 81–101.
(1999) "Sacando los Trapos al Sol (Airing Dirty Laundry) in Lourdes Portillo's 'The Devil Never Sleeps'", Redirecting the Gaze: Third World Women Filmmakers, edited by Diana Robin and Ira Jaffe, SUNY Press.

Selected articles
(2010) "Witnessing and the Poetics of Corporality", Kalfou, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 21–31.
(2010) "Maquilapolis: An Interview with Vicky Funari and Sergio de la Torre" (Interview and Introduction), Camera Obscura, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 173–81.
(2009) "Las queremos vivas!" La política y la cultura de los derechos humanos, Debate Feminista, Vol. 39, pp. 209–243, Mexico City.
(2007) "The Disasters of Border Crossing" (Internet news blog), Truthdig.  (Posted on September 7, 2007.)
(2007) "We Want Them Alive!: The Culture and Politics of Human Rights" (Keynote Address), Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice (formerly Berkeley Women's Law Journal), Vol. 22, pp. 367–79.
(2006) "'We Want Them Alive!': The Politics and Culture of Human Rights," Social Identities, Vol. 12, No. 2 (March issue).
(2006) "The Complexities of 'Feminicide' on the Border", Color of Violence:  The Incite! Anthology, Incite! Women of Color Against Violence, Cambridge, South End Press, pp. 130–4.
(2006) "Introduction:  Chicano/a Cultural Representations: Reframing Alternative Critical Discourse," The Chicana/o Cultural Studies Reader, edited by Angie Chabram-Dernersesian, London: Routledge, pp. 24–30.
(2000) "Voices Without Echo: The Global Gendered Apartheid," Emergences: Journal for the Study of Media and Composite Cultures, Vol. 10, No. 1.
(1999) "Imagining Multiculturalism: Race and Sexuality on the Tejas Borderlands," The Review of Education/Pedagogy/Cultural Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2.
(1999) "On the Road With Angela Davis," Cultural Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2 (April issue).
(1995) "Homegirls, Cholas, and Pachucas in Cinema: Taking Over the Public Sphere", California History (Fall issue).

References

External links
Deborah Eade, Book Review of Terrorizing Women: Feminicide in the Américas
Barbara Sutton, Book Review of Terrorizing Women: Feminicide in the Américas
Toby Lapan, UC Professor Explores Feminicide in the Americas, Santa Cruz Sentinel, November 14, 2010
Alicia Gaspar de Alba, Book Review of Terrorizing Women: Feminicide in the Américas
Alma Garcia, Book Review of meXicana encounters:  The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands
Stop Terrorizing Women, website for Terrorizing Women:  Feminicide in the Américas (2010), edited by Rosa Linda Fregoso and Cynthia Bejarano, Duke University Press.

Living people
American academics of Mexican descent
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
Moody College of Communication alumni
University of California, San Diego alumni
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
Latin Americanists
American radio journalists
American television talk show hosts
Ford Foundation fellowships
American social sciences writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American academics
21st-century American academics
American women academics
Academics from Texas

Rosa-Linda Fregoso


In the post-production process of film editing and video editing, a cut is an abrupt, but usually trivial film transition from one sequence to another. It is synonymous with the term edit, though "edit" can imply any number of transitions or effects. The cut, dissolve, and wipe serve as the three primary transitions. The term refers to the physical action of cutting film or videotape, but also refers to a similar edit performed in software; it has also become associated with the resulting visual "break".

History
Due to the short length of early film stock, splicing was necessary to join together segments into long-form. Actuality directors spliced together reels prior to shooting to record for longer periods of time. Narrative directors, on the other hand, preferred shooting for shorter lengths, editing together shot footage. In either case, film was cut (and subsequently joining the cut segments) to remove excess footage, focusing attention on significant elements.

The cut has retained its purpose to this day, with alternative uses arising to achieve special effects.

Verbal command
To signal the end of media capture, this command is issued primarily by the director, to cast and crew. (It is very unusual for others to yell "cut" without an exceptional reason; mistakes are reshot during the same take, if possible.) In contrast, a "roll" command signals the beginning of shooting.

In between these commands and the actual footage to be captured, various marking elements (the slate), preparatory actions (extras, effects, or other costly elements), and the director's "Action!" command are also recorded. These are edited out to effect a seamless presentation.

Proper cut
In practice, the cut does not break the suspension of disbelief necessary to keep an audience engaged to a narrative or program. The cut represents a continuous transition in setting and time—in turn, the dissolve and wipe respectively identify changes in time and setting. In many cases, cuts are also used in place of dissolves or wipes for minor changes, or to edit away insignificant details to maintain pace. Usage of the cut in this manner conforms to the goals of continuity editing, which deemphasizes the presence of the film crew.

Cuts serve as transitions between camera angles, such a wide establishing shot and a medium shot. Footage of a moving character may be captured from multiple angles rather than a tracking shot, either for aesthetic reasons or to lessen the risk of damaging a camera while in motion.

Cuts are often used in sections of dialogue so that the director may employ close-ups without unnecessary (and visually disturbing) movement of the camera. Such cuts usually follow the 180-degree rule, where the camera angles are kept on the same side of an imaginary border drawn between the subjects.

On a broadcast television multiple-camera setup, cuts are performed at the vision mixer by the technical director by simply selecting a different source. On single camera or film setups, cuts are performed by the editor using either a linear or non-linear editing system. Film may still be cut and spliced, but today's editing systems have made such "destructive" edits unnecessary. Instead, edit points identify where the system duplicates source footage onto the master reel.

Variations
An L-cut is when video and audio are edited asynchronously. For example, the sound of approaching cars in an interior shot alerts the viewer that the next scene will most likely involve traffic or take place outside.
A jump cut is a cut, within the setting and time frame of a scene, where continuity is visibly broken. Though a mistake in many cases, it can also be used for dramatic effect. It is not to be confused with a cut used where a dissolve or wipe would be (perhaps more) appropriate.
A cutaway is when footage extraneous to a scene is overlaid, visually interrupting the narrative but perhaps displaying some important action taking place simultaneously, or an action referenced in dialogue. Audio cutaways are much less common, as they do not achieve the same effect.
A cross cut is similar to a cut used in dialogue, but where the subjects are not necessarily in the same setting (or even time frame). It establishes the same intimate relation as a dialogue cut.
A match cut, like the cross cut, links together two scenes that visually or otherwise resemble each other.
Cutting on action refers to a cut that links together two compositionally similar scenes. For example, the imminent pulling of a gun trigger may, prior to the gunshot, cut to a champagne cork firing off.

See also
Long take
Fast cutting
Slow cutting
Cutting on action
Jump cut
Cinematic techniques
Film editing

Cut (transition)


Zaac Pick is a Canadian singer-songwriter.  Born in Medicine Hat, Alberta, he currently resides in Vancouver, British Columbia.  Formerly part of the Vancouver based band Doubting Paris as a guitarist, Pick began his solo project and released his debut EP Fierce Wind in 2009. The record was produced by producer and friend Daniel Mendez who has also worked on Dashboard Confessional and Duran Duran albums.  Pick's music was featured in a few television shows, including CW network drama One Tree Hill and CBS'sThe Ghost Whisperer.  His former band Doubting Paris has also earned spots on MTV hits Joan of Arcadia, The Real World, and America's Next Top Model.  The band has also opened for Pilot Speed, Keane, and David Usher. Recently, Pick was selected as the winner of the 104.3 Shore FM competition with a grand prize of $20,000. In October 2010, he played a show to help raise funds for flood victims in Pakistan. Pick has performed extensively in Western Canada and will be performing in the Canadian Music Fest in Toronto in 2011. He can be heard with a band that consists of drums, bass, electric guitar, cello, and violin in addition to solo performances. He is a frequent collaborator with composer and violinist Caleb Chan and cellist Brian Chan.
According to an interview with Scout Magazine, Pick was a former league bowler.

References

External links

Official Website
Myspace

Canadian guitarists
Canadian male singers
Musicians from Alberta
People from Medicine Hat
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian male guitarists
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian singer-songwriters

Zaac Pick


The Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) was the war between the Kingdom of Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order over Pomerelia, fought from 1326 to 1332.

Background
Until the death of Duke Mestwin II in 1294, the Duchy of Pomerelia on the Baltic coast, stretching from the border with the Imperial Duchy of Pomerania in the west to the Prussian territory of the Order state at the Vistula river in the east, had been held by the Samborides dynasty, liensmen of the Polish Piast rulers. Przemysł II, King of Poland since 1295, incorporated Pomerelia () into the Lands of the Polish Crown, against the protest of the Imperial Margraviate of Brandenburg referring to the Treaty of Arnswalde signed with Duke Mestwin in 1269. The next year, the Ascanian margraves instigated the kidnapping and killing of King Przemysł, probably backed by King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, who aimed for the Polish crown.

King Wenceslaus II prevailed against his Piast rival Władysław I the Elbow-high and was crowned King of Poland in 1300. He ruled in Pomerelia with the assistance of the local Swenzones noble family. Upon the assassination of his son Wenceslaus III in 1306, the Přemyslid dynasty became extinct and Duke Władysław was able to occupy the Pomerelian lands. The Swenzones, fearing for their assets and sinecures, called for Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg, whose troops occupied the territory up to the city of Gdańsk. Władysław reacted by calling the forces of the Teutonic Order, who under the command of Heinrich von Plötzke in 1308 re-conquered Gdańsk and most of Pomerelia.

However, after the Teutonic takeover they denied the handover to Władysław, as the duke refused to pay the requested expense allowance. Instead they concluded the 1309 Treaty of Soldin with Margrave Waldemar, whose resistance from the beginning had been relatively weak and who now was willing to sell off his claims to Pomerelia.

The battles

Władysław, chafing under his defeat, unsuccessfully sued the Teutonic Order at the Roman Curia. However, he was crowned Polish king in 1320 and forged new alliances with the Kingdom of Hungary and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, when he married his daughter Elisabeth to King Charles I in 1320 and his son Casimir to Aldona of Lithuania, daughter of Grand Duke Gediminas. On the other hand, the Kingdom of Bohemia, since 1310 under the rule of the mighty House of Luxembourg, rose again and King John the Blind himself claimed the Polish crown as a heritage from the Přemyslids. The Teutonic Knights supported King John, who joined them in crusades against the pagan Lithuanians, and furthermore were allied with Władysław's enemy in Masovia, Duke Wenceslaus of Płock.

In 1326 the forces of King Władysław with Lithuanian support devastated the Neumark region and the next year turned against the Teutonic Order, while in the south King John the Blind marched against Kraków. Though he was urged by King Charles I of Hungary to retreat, he vassalized many of the Duchies of Silesia. Taking advantage of the weakness of Poland due to the internal fragmentation, the Teutonic knights pillaged and conquered the Polish Kuyavian region and the Dobrzyń Land. King Władysław received help from Lithuania and Hungary – commanded by William Drugeth – and in turn pillaged the Kulmerland of Teutonic Prussia up to the Osa River near Grudziądz.

The Teutonic Knights counterattacked, taking many towns in Kuyavia and Dobrzyń. A Polish and Lithuanian counterattack in 1330 resulted in a temporary peace, with the Order returning part of its military gains to Poland, but over the next year, the fighting continued. After the indecisive Battle of Płowce in 1331, the Order gained the upper hand and retook Kuyavia and Dobrzyń Land. Both sides agreed on an armistice, while King Władysław died in 1333.

Aftermath
In 1343, the territorial claims of the parties were settled in the Peace of Kalisz signed by Władysław's son King Casimir III, formally ending the war. He thereby regained Kuyavia and Dobrzyń, but finally lost Pomerelia. Nevertheless, he retained the title of a Pomeraniæ dominus et heres ("Lord and Heir of Pomerania").

The Pomerelian lands and the Polish access to the Baltic Sea remained a matter of conflict: regained as the Polish fief of Royal Prussia after the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the course of the First Partition of Poland in 1772, and part of the "Polish Corridor" created by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, the ongoing dispute over the region for centuries put a strain on German–Polish relations.

Notes

References
 Wojny polsko-krzyżackie, WIEM Encyklopedia

Wars involving Poland
Wars involving the Teutonic Order
Wars of the Middle Ages
Polish–Teutonic wars
1320s conflicts
1330s conflicts
1320s in Europe
1330s in Europe
14th century in Poland
14th century in the State of the Teutonic Order

Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)


The Austin Ambassador wis a medium-tae-lairge hatchback introduced bi Breetish Leyland (BL) in 1982. The caur wis a heavily updated version o the Princess, an agein model which lacked a hatchback. Anerlie the doors an inner structur wur carried ower, but the slichtly wedge-shaped design betrayed the caur's Princess origins, an it wis na considered a truly new model.

Tae some extent a competitor tae smawer-engined models o the Austin Rover Group's awn Rover SD1, sales wur law an the model wis discontinued in 1984.

Unlik the Princess, thare wis nae 6-cylinder 2.2 litre version; the Ambassador wis initially offered in 4-cylinder 1.7 litre an 2.0 litre (single carburettor) variants, in "L", "HL" an "HLS" trims. Instead o the previous premium 2.2 litre models, thare wur the HLS an later Vanden Plas trim levels, baith wi a twin-carburettor version o the 2.0 litre ingine. In 1983, the 2.0 litre HL wis upgraded tae an aa uise the mair powerful twin-carburettor ingine. A fower-speed manual gearbox (an automatic) wur the anerlie transmissions offered, wi commentators citin the lack o a fift gear for the manual tranmission as ane o the caur's drawbacks.

The Ambassador wis na anerlie biggit in right haund drive an sicweys wis exportit in continental Europe, at less in Fraunce, an few remain the day — in Breetain, approximately 250 oot o 43,500.  The quick succession o its replacement meant the caur anerlie ever serves as a stap-gap in the Austin range.

The Ambassador wis discontinued in 1984, wi nae offeecial replacement. The gap it left in the Austin-Rover range wis effectively filled bi the slichtly smawer Montego, an bi the new generation o smawer Rovers.

Special versions
As wi the Princess 'fore it, Ambassadors wur converted bi specialist coachbuilders intae hearse an limousine variants.

Parts bin components
The headlights wur shared wi the Morris Ital. Ither minor components includin much o the interior trim wis an aa shared wi ither BL products.  Accordin tae Breetish Leyland, anerlie the front an door skins wur directly shared wi the Princess.

Sales

The Ambassador achieved domestic sales o 43,427 in the twa years which it wis available.  O thir 43,427, anerlie aroond 250 ar thocht tae be still on-the-road (awtho the nummer SORN is unkent).  Thir sales figures houiver ar still somewhat slower than that o its successor, the Montego, which despite bein hit bi strikes at Cowley an Longbridge remained a strong seller an achieved sales o 436,000, albeit ower a langer era.

Media appearances
 A fleet o reid Austin Ambassadors wis shawn on a production line in a 1982 Not the Nine O'Clock News skit – aw the actor employees on the line, includin Rowan Atkinson, wur kent as Bob. The end o the skit proclaimed "The BL Ambassador – Hand Built by Roberts"
 The Austin Ambassador wis the subject o the sang "My Austin Ambassador Y Reg" bi comedian Graham Fellows, in which he speaks o how great the caur is.

External links

Ambassador
British Leyland vehicles
1980s automobiles

Austin Ambassador


In its own right Jersey participates in the Commonwealth Games and in the bi-annual Island Games, which it last hosted in 2015. Jersey is a founder member of the Island Games Association and has participated in every Games since the first in 1985. Jersey first competed in 1958 in the British Empire and Commonwealth Games and has since participated in every staging of what became the Commonwealth Games. Youth sports participation includes the Commonwealth Youth Games and Jeux des Isles.

In sporting events in which Jersey does not have international representation, when the British Home Nations are competing separately, islanders that do have high athletic skill may choose to compete for any of the Home Nations. There are, however, restrictions on subsequent transfers to represent another Home Nation.

Redevelopment of sports facilities
In 2021, the Government of Jersey published a report Inspiring Active Places Strategy. The strategy will have a total cost of circa £100 million.

The plan proposes the removal of sports facilities from Fort Regent by early 2022, which is "beyond the end of its useful life". The report states it is not the best location for health and fitness facilities for St. Helier residents. By the end of 2021, there will therefore be the need to create temporary or alternative facilities to enable sport relocation from Fort Regent.

Les Quennevais in St. Brelade will be redeveloped in two phases. First will be to provision of a new skate park and a four court netball facility as well as a 3G football pitch. The Jersey indoor netball facility is current at Les Ormes, which is being closed and redeveloped by March 2023. The target date for this phase of development is 2024. By 2032, phase 2 will be complete: the existing sports centre buildings will be demolished and replaced with parking after the construction of a new leisure centre, incorporating an eight lane 25 m swimming pool, an eight court sports hall, a permanent recreational gymnastics facility and a large fitness suite. The site will also be the new home of the Jersey Library Les Quennevais Branch.

A new facility will be constructed at Le Rocquier school to replace the existing school facilities. The target date for this is 2024/25. This will also provide a hub for public sports in the east of the island. It includes a large sports hall, a 3G football pitch, a permanent specialist gymnastics facility and a large fitness suite. There is the potential to provide a new swimming pool.

Part of the plan includes providing a new Island Stadium by 2025/26. This will be partly privately funded. The stadium will serve the Jersey Bulls football club and the Jersey Reds rugby club. It will have capacity for over 2500, of which 1500 will be covered. The facility will also have a large snooker, billiards and darts facility located on site. Springfield, the current football stadium, will be refurbished to provide better public active facilities and a new town community park, with the single stadium pitch replaced with two smaller 5-a-side pitches by 2026/27. However, in the interim, parts of Springfield will be redeveloped to provide more parking.

The plan includes the reprovision of facilities from Fort Regent. By 2030, a new leisure centre will be constructed in the town centre, on the site of the Waterfront centre. The leases on the current Waterfront development terminate in 2027. It will include a large swimming pool, with minimal spectator provision, and  of health and fitness space. This will re-accommodate the Aquasplash facility, which will be demolished, and the current fitness facilities at the Fort. Due to the high-density town centre location, there is the opportunity to construct a three-storey residential site above the facility.

Action sports

There is a skate park located on the New North Quay in St Helier. The equipment has been there since around 2008. It was temporarily closed in 2018 over safety concerns. There is also a skate park at St John's Recreation Centre.

There is currently a debate over where to construct a new skate park on the island. In 2018, the Sports Minister appointed a consultant to find a new site for a modern skate park in St Helier. His preferred location was 'somewhere on the waterfront'. The skate park was allocated funding under the Government Plan. On 26 January 2020, a site at the Les Quennevais sports centre was confirmed as the site for the park, with the aim for the site to be opened by the end of 2020. There was also plans for "additional skate-friendly areas across the island".

On 9 June 2020, it was announced the building on the skate park had been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but that the project would still go ahead. Jersey BMX Olympian Alex Coleborn said in 2021, 'the Island just needs something better ... we haven't had something that good in years'.

Some plans for the regeneration of Fort Regent included facilities for action sports.

Association football
The Jersey Football Association supervises football in Jersey. The Jersey Football Combination has nine teams in its top division. The Jersey national football team plays in the annual Muratti cup and the bi-annual Island Games competition among others. Jersey Bulls F.C. is the first team from the island to play in the English football league system after they joined the Combined Counties Football League in August 2019.

Graeme Le Saux was the first Jersey footballer to play for England.

Athletics
The Jersey Marathon has been an annual event since 2006.

Jersey hosts an annual around-the-island endurance walk, The Itex-Rotary Walk.  This walk goes anti-clockwise around the coast of Jersey for 48.1 miles and has for a number of years started and finished at the Harbour Terminal in St Helier.  The walk starts at 3 AM and as an example of the difficulty in completing the walk, in 2009 of the 1,308 starters only 779 finished.

The Jersey Spartan Athletics Club was founded in 1978.

Jersey track athlete Colin Campbell represented Great Britain at the 1968 Mexico Olympics and 1972 Munich Olympics. He also competed in the bobsleigh discipline in the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck.

Cricket
Jersey is an associate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). The Jersey cricket team plays in the Inter-insular match among others. Cricket has seen massive crowd support for twenty-20 representative matches.  The main cricket ground is the Grainville Cricket Ground at Saint Saviour and has hosted international cricket competitions, including hosting Women's One Day Internationals for England Women.

Cycling

Velo Sport Jersey Cycling Club and Caesarean Cycling Club organise cycle sport events. The Jersey Cycling Association Youth Academy promotes youth participation.  Equipe Flamme Rouge concentrates on coaching, mentoring and European Sportive events.

The Rubis International Criterium and Road Race Weekend was formed in 2009 by Velo Sport Jersey Cycling Club. Jersey hosted time trials of the Tour de Bretagne in 2007, and a full leg in 2010.

Golf
There are a number of golf courses, including La Moye Golf Club.

Two golfers from Jersey have won The Open Championship seven times between them, Harry Vardon winning six times and Ted Ray winning once. Harry and Ted also won the U.S. Open one time each and Harry's brother Tom Vardon had some smaller wins on European Tours. Tommy Horton is a long-term Jersey resident.

Gymnastics
There are four gymnastics clubs in Jersey. Jersey Gymnastics Club, Regent Gymnastics Club, De Monde Gymnastics Academy and Jersey Special Gymnastics Club. Jersey Gymnastics Club is the largest, and has a training facility in St. John. Gymnasts regularly compete in the island Games.

Horse racing
For horse racing, Les Landes Race Course can be found at Les Landes in St Ouen next to the ruins of Grosnez Castle.

Motorsports
Jersey also has a small selection of motorsports available. The most well-known of these is hill climbs at Bouley Bay, which hosts both national and international hill climbs. There are a few events which take place on the beach at St Ouen. One of these is sand racing and this takes place throughout the year. Finally there is also a go kart track at the Living Legend, which features electric go karts with speeds of up to 35 mph. Karting events on the island are organised by the Jersey Kart & Motor Club, which has been operational on the island since 1960.

Several former motor racing drivers live in the island. 1992 Formula 1 world champion Nigel Mansell and ex F1 driver Derek Warwick both live there. Warwick is the owner of Honda garages in Jersey, which are named Derek Warwick Honda.

There is also one locally born racing driver: James Walker. Walker took part in British F3 from 2004 to 2006 and raced for Fortec Motorsport in the Renault World Series in 2007–2008, He then switched to P1 Motorsport for 2009. He has also raced in Superleague Formula and the Daytona 24 hours.

Pétanque

There are a number of pétanque pitches around the island, including in central Saint Helier.  Petanque is a boules sport. The Jersey Petanque Association is the governing body.

Rugby union

There are several rugby union clubs in the island including a rugby academy for under 18s and Les Quennevais Rugby Club. The island's main side, Jersey Reds, enjoyed a meteoric rise through the English pyramid beginning in 2005 and culminating in promotion to England's second level, the RFU Championship, for 2012–13. The team survived relegation scares in both of its first two seasons in the Championship, finishing in the final safe spot of 11th in both seasons.

Shooting
Colin Mallett won Jersey's sole Commonwealth Games gold medal in Auckland in 1990 for men's fullbore rifle.

Table tennis

The Jersey Table Tennis Association (Table Tennis Jersey) is the governing body responsible for table tennis in Jersey. The organisation has been affiliated to the ITTF (International Table Tennis Federation) since 1935 and is also affiliated to the European Table Tennis Union, the Commonwealth Games Association of Jersey, the Commonwealth Table Tennis Federation, Island Games Association, Jeux des îles, and the Jersey Sports Council. Table Tennis Jersey has its own purpose built sports hall, the Geoff Reed Table Tennis Centre at FB Fields, which was the venue for table tennis at the 2015 Island Games.

Swimming

Jersey has two public indoor swimming pools; a third is used by schools, clubs and associations. Swimming in the sea, surfing, windsurfing and other marine sports are practised. Jersey Swimming Club have organised an annual swim from Elizabeth Castle to Saint Helier Harbour for over 50 years. A round-island swim is a major challenge which a select number of swimmers have achieved.

Simon Militis has represented Great Britain at the 2000 Sydney Olympics and England at the 2002 Commonwealth Games.

Triathlon
The Jersey Triathlon Club is amongst the earliest formed in the UK (1985).  With sheltered bays, clear blue seas and golden sandy shores, it makes for an idyllic venue for the sport of Triathlon. Members range from novices right up to Commonwealth Games athletes. A full calendar of Triathlon and, in the winter Duathlon, races are organised by the club which is affiliated to British Triathlon.

The club has a successful junior section (Aztec Jersey Tristars) which boasts a membership of over 100 athletes aged 6 to 16.  In 2015 Jersey was permitted to enter Tristars athletes in British Triathlon's Inter Regional Championships for the first time as a separate 'region' (without being an official region of British Triathlon) as athletes were not eligible for selection by the South Central region which is the region to which Jersey belongs. In 2018 Jersey finished 2nd overall at the Tristars Inter Regional Championships at Mallory Park in Leicester, behind Scotland and above all of the larger English regions.

In the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow professional Jersey triathlete Daniel Halksworth made a name for himself by breaking from the chase pack to complete the cycle section in a clear third position behind Olympic medalists Alastair and Jonny Brownlee, going on to finish in 17th position.  Halksworth is Jersey's most well known triathlete having turned professional after representing Jersey at the 2007 Island Games in Rhodes.  The highlights of his professional career include victories at Ironman UK in 2012 and 2013, twice qualifying for the Hawaii Ironman World Championships (Kona) and a dominant victory in his home Island Games in 2015.

Ollie Turner represented Jersey in Triathlon at the Gold Coast Commonwealth Games, finishing in 26th position and in the 2022 Games in Birmingham where he finished in 15th.   Ollie was included in the professional triathlete roster of Super League Triathlon having qualified for a 'Golden Ticket' at the Super League Triathlon Jersey 2018.

At the 2023 Commonwealth Youth Games in Trinidad and Tobago Luke Holmes and Siena Stephens became the first Jersey Triathletes to be included in the Jersey team at a Youth games.  Holmes went on to win the gold medal in the individual event with Stephens finishing fifth, and the pair combined in the mixed team relay to bring home a bronze medal for Jersey.   Holmes' gold medal was only the second every gold medal for Jersey following Daniel Halksworth's gold medal in swimming 19 years earlier.

Other sports

Basketball in Jersey is governed by the Jersey Basketball Association. Its teams have been playing in an annual Inter Insular match against Guernsey Basketball since 1970 where each Island takes turn to host.

There are few facilities for extreme sports and youth sports such as skateboarding, BMX, and inline skating. Coastal cliffs provide opportunities for rock climbing.

The Royal Channel Island Yacht Club is based in Jersey.

Champion Tenpin Bowler siblings Robbie Rive and Kris Marie Rive were selected to represent Jersey in the 2013 QubicaAMF World Cup in Krasnoyarsk, Russia.

Jersey has a strong touch (rugby) presence with a mixed open team having representing the island at the world cup, European championships and the home nations. Currently Jersey is 4th in Europe. Every year the island competes in an inter-insular with Guernsey.  Most recently, in 2023, jersey won the entire event including the men's,  women's and mixed open games.  In 2016 Jersey hosted the European championship with 1000 competitors from around Europe, and have continued to travel to attend the competition worldwide.

References

See also
Jersey at the Commonwealth Games
 Springfield Stadium
 Sport in the United Kingdom
 Sport in Guernsey
 Sport in Alderney

Sport in Jersey


The May Uprising took place in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony in 1849; it was one of the last of the series of events known as the Revolutions of 1848.

Events leading to the May Uprising
In the German states, revolutions began in March 1848, starting in Berlin and spreading across the other states which now make up Germany. The heart of the revolutions was in Frankfurt, where the newly formed National Assembly, the Frankfurt Parliament, met in St Paul's Church from May 1848, calling for a constitutional monarchy to rule a new, united German nation. To form the Assembly, near-democratic elections had taken place across the German states; the majority of the members were Saxon democrats. On 28 March 1849 the Assembly passed the first Reichsverfassung (constitution) for Germany, and in April 1849, Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia was offered the crown.

Despite its apparent progress, the National Assembly really depended upon the co-operation of the old leaders and Emperor; this became all too clear when Friedrich Wilhelm IV refused to accept the crown in disgust.  Movements sprang up across the German states to force through the new constitution but the National Assembly disintegrated. In Saxony, Frederick Augustus II had never recognised the constitution, and now also disbanded the Saxon parliament.

In Württemberg the more radical elements of the National Assembly formed a rump parliament in Stuttgart, which was defeated by Prussian troops. At the same time, the people of Saxony began to react to the repression of the democratic movement — the May Uprising began.

The uprising

At first the Saxon town councillors attempted to persuade Frederick Augustus II to accept the constitution in public speeches. The municipal guards who should have controlled them were on their side and made an address to the King, also calling for acceptance of the constitution. The King was unyielding, however, and called them to order. This led to further unrest, which in turn caused the king to bring in Prussian troops; the situation exploded.

On 3 May 1849, the municipal guards were told to go home, but the town councillors organised them into defensive units to stop expected Prussian intervention. As the people's anger grew, the government withdrew into the castle and the armoury (Zeughaus), protected by Saxon troops. The municipal guards were undecided whether or not to support the people, who threatened to use explosives to get the government out. In response the Saxon troops fired on the crowd. Within hours the town was in chaos, with 108 barricades erected. In the early hours of 4 May 1849, the king and his ministers managed to escape and fled to the fortress of Königstein.

Three members of the dissolved Democratic parliament now became the leaders of the revolution: Samuel Erdmann Tzschirner, Karl Gotthelf Todt and Otto Leonhard Heubner formed a provisional government with the aim of forcing the acceptance of the constitution. Tzschirner called in another member, Alexander Heinze, to organise fighting and bring in more communal guards from outside Dresden.

Reinforcements joined the revolutionaries from as far away as Chemnitz, Zwickau and Marienberg, and the struggle grew extremely violent. The Saxon troops were also backed up by arriving Prussian soldiers. They planned to encircle the rebels and corner them on the Altmarkt (Old Market), but the number of barricades meant they had to fight for every street, even in the houses.

Recent studies place the number of revolutionaries at around 3,000, compared with 5,000 government  troops from Saxony and Prussia. Apart from being outnumbered, the rebels were also untrained in battle, disorganised and lacked weapons, so they stood little chance of success. On 9 May the majority (1,800) were forced to flee. Most of the others gave up, and the rest were tracked down to the Frauenkirche and arrested.

Prominent figures amongst the revolutionaries
Before the events of May 1849, Dresden was already known as a cultural centre for liberals and democrats; the anarchist Dresdner Zeitung newspaper was partly edited by the music director August Röckel and contained articles by Mikhail Bakunin, who came to Dresden in March 1849. The Saxon government later accused Bakunin of being the revolutionaries' ringleader, although this is unlikely to have been the case. Röckel also published the popular democratic newspaper Volksblätter.

Richard Wagner the composer, at the time Royal Saxon Court Conductor, had been inspired by the revolutionary spirit since 1848 and was befriended by Röckel and Bakunin. He wrote passionate articles in the Volksblätter inciting people to revolt, and when fighting broke out he took a very active part in it, making hand grenades and standing as a look out at the top of the Kreuzkirche. The architect Gottfried Semper was until 1849 less politically active, but had made known his democratic beliefs and felt compelled to stand up for them, also taking a lead role on the barricades. Others on the barricades included Pauline Wunderlich, Gustav Zeuner, Ludwig Wittig (main editor of the Dresdner Zeitung); the actress and singer Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient supported the uprising.

Results of the uprising
The struggle left some Dresden buildings in ruins: the old Opera, two sides of the Zwinger and six houses were burned down. The number of dead rebels is uncertain but in 1995 the figure was estimated at around 200; 8 Saxon and 23 Prussian soldiers died.

The Saxon government arrested Bakunin and Röckel in Chemnitz, but Tzschirner, Heubner and Todt escaped. Todt died early in his Swiss exile at Rießbach in 1852. Semper and Wagner were on the government's wanted list, but also escaped, to Zürich, where Wagner remained. From 1849 the German states saw a sharp rise in emigration as thousands deserted their homeland for political reasons, many of them artists, writers and other well-educated, prominent members of society.

The revolution had a slight effect on the political system, in that the nobility lost some of its power in the lower house, but otherwise was a complete failure.

See also
Revolutions of 1848 in the German states

Citations

References
 Dresdner Hefte, Heft 43 (1995), Der Dresdner Maiaufstand von 1849 (The Dresden May Uprising of 1849), published by Dresdner Geschichtsverein e.V.

History of Dresden
Conflicts in 1849
Kingdom of Saxony
1849 in Saxony
German revolutions of 1848–1849
May 1849 events

May Uprising in Dresden


Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) is a technique used extensively to study the effect of low serotonin in the brain. This experimental approach reduces the availability of tryptophan, an amino acid which serves as the precursor to serotonin. The lack of mood-lowering effects after ATD in healthy subjects seems to contradict a direct causal relationship between acutely decreased serotonin levels and depression, although mood-lowering effects are observed in certain vulnerable individuals.

References

Serotonin

Acute tryptophan depletion


The Maria fold and thrust belt (MFTB) is a portion of the North American Cordillera orogen in which geological structures accommodate roughly north–south to northwest-southeast vergent Mesozoic age crustal shortening. This lies in contrast to the remainder of the Cordillera, in which shortening is predominantly east–west. Structures associated with the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt are exposed in a series of mountain ranges in southeastern California and western Arizona. Many of the deep structures of the MFTB have been exposed due to east–west to northeast-southwest Cenozoic age extension and unroofing.

In some parts of this fold-and-thrust-belt region, the extension resulted in the emplacement of metamorphic core complexes, the 'type example' of which is defined by the Whipple Mountains in southeastern California.

Geology

The Maria fold-and-thrust-belt is defined as the region where the compression that helped create the North American Cordillera – abruptly changed directions. North of the Maria fold-and-thrust-belt, the mountain ranges trend north–south, with east–west compression due to the subduction of the Farallon slab beneath western North America. At the Maria fold-and-thrust-belt, compressional deformation shifts to being generally north–south, with the front of the mountain ranges being defined by a roughly east–west line. This line then shifts gently to the east-southeast, where the Cordilleran deformation diffuses into a broad shear zone in northeastern Mexico.

Another notable feature that differentiates it from the rest of the Cordillera is that the deformation involves the rocks of the North American craton. Deformation in the remainder of the Cordillera only involves rocks that were part of the near-shore and offshore, sedimentary sequences.

Ecology
Since soils and climate differ across the Maria fold-and-thrust-belt, this regional geologic structure can be considered a "dividing line" for a number of flora and fauna species. For example, the species range of the endangered California Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera does not extend north of the Maria fold-and-thrust-belt, or more specifically the Turtle Mountains.

Ranges

The Maria fold-and-thrust-belt comprises a large number of ranges in the south-eastern Mojave and north-western Sonoran deserts, including the:

Regional landforms
List of some regional landforms. (The ~east-west Bill Williams River appears as part of the central and northern perimeter of the Maria fold-and-thrust-belt, approximately paralleling the Rawhide Mountains, a slight northwest range on west end.)

See also
List of mountain ranges of Arizona
List of mountain ranges of California
List of mountain ranges of the Lower Colorado River Valley

References

External links
 Maria Fold and Thrust Belt, University of Colorado Western US Tectonics Course

Orogeny
Geology of Arizona
Geology of California
Basin and Range Province
North American Cordillera
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Geography of Imperial County, California
Geography of San Bernardino County, California
Geography of Riverside County, California
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Maria fold and thrust belt


BBC News Ukrainian () is the Ukrainian service of BBC News which conveys the latest political, social, economical and sport news relevant to Ukraine and the world. It started broadcasts in 1992. Its headquarters are in London, United Kingdom. The first BBC Ukrainian program was aired on 1 June 1992. It featured President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk and UK Prime Minister John Major. It has had an office in Kyiv since 1993 with around ten staff, in 1993 the office was staffed by one correspondent. BBC Ukrainian has a few dozen reporters - both in Ukraine and abroad.

From June 2009 BBC Ukrainian aired hourly news broadcasts outside its morning and evening broadcasts. Radio broadcasts ceased on 29 April 2011, leaving only Internet publication.

Programs

"Morning with the BBC" and "Good evening from London" were two the most popular programmes broadcast directly from the British capital and from Kyiv, the latter was interactive. On Fridays BBC editors invited guests, well known people in Ukraine, who were specialists in various fields: politicians, analysts, scientists etc.
"Morning with the BBC" started at 6 a.m. Kyiv time on weekdays and was broadcast for one hour by Radio Era and other partner stations. It was on air on ultra-short waves in Kharkiv and Kyiv regions.

In 2022, following Russia's invasion the BBC launched a 30 minute daily TV news bulletin. On the first week of the Russia invasion, BBC News Ukraine reached a record 5.6 million people across the website bbc.ua and social platforms. Over the following two months, the service has maintained a weekly digital audience that is more than double its average for previous years.

BBC Ukraine staff

 Olha Burda, has started her career as a teacher, she has worked in Donetsk Oblast. She has worked at the leading Ukrainian newspapers and TV channels, and then she became a radio journalist.
 Oleksandr Bondarenko, has a Diploma in Ukrainian philology, graduate of Luhansk Pedagogical University, worked at several Ukrainian TV channels.
 Svitlana Dorosh, is the chief correspondent of BBC-Kyiv office, obtained a degree in journalism at the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, she worked in the editors offices of Kyiv newspapers, information agencies and radio stations.
 Anastasiia Zanuda is an economist, graduated from Kyiv Institute of National Economy, yet had worked as a translator, and then mastered journalist's skills.
 Oles Konoshevych  is an international lawyer, graduated from the International Relations Department, Kyiv National University
 Lubomyr Krupnytskyy is a historian by qualification, graduated from Ternopil Pedagogical University. Yet, has a very vast professional experience as a journalist. Before joining the BBC service he worked as a correspondent for a number of well-known Ukrainian newspapers.
 Svitlana Pyrkalo, is the producer of the Ukrainian Service, writer, journalist
 Roman Lebed was the youngest journalist at BBC-Ukraine, graduated from Lviv State University, before joining BBC he had worked at the local radio in Rivne
 Olha Makarchuk, has a degree of translator of English and German languages. She worked on television and radio, was correspondent for BBC Ukrainian Service in Germany
 Marta Shokalo, is a graduate of University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, with a degree in Philosophy, worked at BBC-Ukraine as a journalist
 Olga Malchevska is a producer and presenter.  She received the Honor of Profession Award in Ukraine («Честь Професії») for the best interview in 2020. Before joining the BBC, she was awarded with the Vaclav Havel Fellowship for outstanding journalists, representing Ukraine, and directed an investigative documentary Kremlin's Czech Friends. Prior to that Ms Malchevska worked as a Correspondent for the leading Ukrainian TV Channel of 1+1 TV ( 1+1 Media) and its accoladed flagship weekly current affairs program ТСН-Тиждень (TSN-Week). She had also worked as a reporter and news editor for other Ukrainian TV channels including Channel 5, Novyi Kanal, TRK Ukraine.

References

External links

Ukrainian
Radio stations in Ukraine
Ukraine–United Kingdom relations
Ukrainian-language radio stations
Radio stations established in 1992

BBC News Ukrainian


Peruvian territory was inhabited 14,000 years ago by hunters and gatherers.  Subsequent developments include the appearance of sedentary communities that developed agriculture and irrigation, and the emergence of complex socio-political hierarchies that created sophisticated civilizations, technology and monumental construction.

Andean cultural formations
According to some, lithics found in the caves of Pikimachay, Chivateros, Lauricocha, Paiján, and Toquepala provide the evidence for the date.
The oldest securely dated remains appear in 10000 BCE in the Guitarrero Cave, Yungay, then in the coast (in the districts Chilca and Paracas) and in the highlands (in the Callejón de Huaylas).
3000 years later (7000 BCE), people became sedentary (Jisk'a Iru Muqu, Kotosh, Huaca Prieta) so they began to cultivate plants such as gourds and cotton (Gossypium barbadense). These early crops were mainly industrial, and were used in fishing. The cotton was used to make nets and lines, while the gourds were used as floats. Larger, more complex societies formed around 3000 BCE, and this is now known as the Cotton Preceramic Period, which was part of the Andean preceramic period. These early societies focused on the gathering of marine resources and did not rely on maize, as later civilizations did. Subsequent technical developments include innovations in spinning and knitting of cotton and wool. There is also evidence for some basketry, and metalwork (gold beads) during this period. Pottery developed in the Amazon Basin and spread to the Andean culture region around 4000 years ago. The period that ensued is now called the Initial or Ceramic. Maize was adopted as a staple crop, creating population growth because of its high carrying capacity. The population distribution moved from the coasts to river valleys because of the growing importance of farming.
Zaña Valley, northern Peru, irrigation canals have been dated to 5400 and 6700 years ago (3400 BCE and 4700 BCE) and show communal work.
A frieze at the Sechin Bajo site of the Casma/Sechin culture has been dated to 3600 BCE, the oldest monument found in Peru.
Norte Chico civilization (Also known as the Caral-Supe civilization, nearly from 3,500 BCE to 1,800 BCE)"
El Paraíso, Peru, a Late Preceramic cite in the Lima region (3500-1800 BC)
Buena Vista, Peru, 4200-year-old observatory, Lima Region (2200 BCE)
Ventarrón, 4000-year-old temple, Lambayeque Region, northern Peru (2000 BCE)
Cupisnique culture (1500-1000 BCE)
Chavín (900 BCE to 200 BCE)
Paracas
Moche
Nazca
Tiahuanaco
Wari
Chimú

These cultures developed advanced techniques of cultivation, gold and silver work, pottery, metallurgy and weaving. Some of the social structures that later (around the 12th century) formed the base of the Inca Empire may be traced back to these previous periods.

Archaeological findings
Archaeologists led by Gabriel Prieto revealed the largest mass child sacrifice with more than 140 children skeleton and 200 Llamas dating to the Chimú culture after he was informed about some children had found bones in a dune nearby Prieto's fieldwork in 2011.

According to the researchers' notes in the study, there was cut marks on the sterna, or breastbones some of the children and the llamas. Children's faces were smeared with a red pigment during the ceremony before their chests had been cut open, most likely to remove their hearts.Remains showed that these kids came from different regions and when the children and llamas were sacrificed, the area was drenched with water.

"We have to remember that the Chimú had a very different world view than Westerners today. They also had very different concepts about death and the role each person plays in the cosmos, perhaps the victims went willingly as messengers to their gods, or perhaps Chimú society believed this was the only way to save more people from destruction" said anthropologists  Ryan Williams.

Gallery

Ancient Cultures in Peruvian History Time Line

References

See also
Cultural periods of Peru
Inca Empire
Amazonas before the Inca Empire

Andean civilizations
Former countries in South America
History of Peru

Pre-Columbian Peru


The Minneapolis Mayhem Rugby Football Club is one of the nation's few male rugby clubs that makes the sport accessible to traditionally underrepresented groups, including people of color and gay men.

"Our goal is to foster local, regional, national and international participation and competition in the game of Rugby Union Football, and to create an environment where members of the community can learn the laws and practice of Rugby, thus improving their capabilities as players."

Since forming in 2004, the Mayhem have been fortunate enough to play against teams from Minnesota, across the country, and around the world.  Mayhem RFC is a member of the Minnesota Rugby Football Union (MNRFU), the Midwest Rugby Football Union (MRFU), USA Rugby, and International Gay Rugby Association and Board (IGRAB). The Division III club trains and plays regularly in Minneapolis at Harrison Park.

History
Dave Peil, then owner of Grumpy's Bar in Minneapolis, worked with a local rugby club The Metropolis RFC hosting fundraisers and third halves, tossed around the idea of starting a new predominantly gay rugby club.

Following the model laid out in the "" primer by San Francisco Fog RFC founder Derrick Mickle, Peil set out generating interest through posters in bars, talking to whoever would listen, and starting a Yahoo Group (TCGayRugby) to communicate with interested people.  The interest came in from around the country, board members from clubs in larger cities offering advice and words of caution that it may take a year to get enough players to field a team.

By November 2004 the outline for the future of the club was in place.  A short-term goal was enough members to make strong showing at the Pride Festival in June 2005, a major recruiting opportunity.

The first board was elected on February 26 2005, naming newly founded team the Minneapolis Freeze.  The name was then officially changed on March 6 when it was discovered there was an inactive club in Northern MN who had that name.  The second choice of The Minneapolis Mayhem was chosen and continues today.

The first practice was on March 2 2005, held under the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis.  22 people came out for the first practice.

The cheer of the Mayhem is "Tahi! Rua! Toru! Mayhem! Mayhem! Mayhem!" which is "1, 2 ,3..." in Maori.

Bingham Cup
The Mayhem played in their first Bingham Cup in 2006, hosted by the Gotham Knights in New York, NY.  Just over 12 months after forming, the Minneapolis Mayhem placed 5th out of 10 teams in the Plate Division.

The Minneapolis Mayhem submitted a bid to host the Bingham Cup in 2010. The only other team to submit a bid was the Sin City Irish RFC, a non-IGRAB, team. On January 21, 2009, it was announced that the Minneapolis Mayhem will host the 2010 Bingham Cup at the National Sports Center in Blaine, Minnesota.

References

External links

Rugby union teams in the United States
International Gay Rugby member clubs
Sports in Minneapolis
Rugby union teams in Minnesota

Minneapolis Mayhem


St. Paul's Church () is a Reformed Church in Bern, Switzerland built by Swiss architect Karl Moser from 1902 to 1905 in an Art Nouveau style. It a cultural property of national significance in Switzerland and one of the best examples of Art Nouveau in the country. The bell tower is 36 m high and contains 5 bells. The facade of the church features a relief sculpture with a representation of the Apostle Paul with a sword. The stained glass windows are by the artist Max Laeuger from Lörrach. The interior features blue and green hues, with rich gold decoration painting.

Restorations on the church were carried out in 2009, which included the replacement of the organ. The contract for the construction of the new organ was given to Metzler in Dietikon. The new organ, which features 37 stops and 2294 pipes, was returned to its original 1905 location at the front of the church, having previously been moved during renovation carried out during 1969–70. Restoration was also carried out on the "Angel Window", which was to be returned to the North gallery, as well as the painting of the vault.

References

External links

Reformed churches in Bern
Bern Paulus
Bern St Paul
Churches in the canton of Bern
1905 establishments in Switzerland
20th-century churches in Switzerland

St. Paul's Church, Bern