In the United States, a state college or state university is one of the public colleges or universities funded by or associated with the state government. In some cases, these institutions of higher learning are part of a state university system, while in other cases they are not. Several U.S. territories also administer public colleges and universities.

Although most of these institutions are associated with state governments, a small number of public institutions are directly funded and governed by the U.S. federal government, including the service academies, the Community College of the Air Force, the Naval Postgraduate School, the Air Force Institute of Technology, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, military War colleges and staff colleges, and Haskell Indian Nations University. A few universities - George Washington University, Georgetown University, Gallaudet University, Howard University, and American University - are private universities in the District of Columbia that are federally chartered by the United States Government.

Most state universities receive at least part of their funding from the state, although many have substantial income from tuition and fees, endowment proceeds, donations (such as from alumni or philanthropists), and revenue from royalties. State universities usually offer lower tuition costs to in-state residents. Substantial financial support is also provided by the federal government, particularly through federal financial aid.

In some states, there is a campus designated as the "flagship" campus in the state's university system. The flagship campus is the most prestigious or the one with the largest student population, e.g. the University of Maryland, College Park campus in the University System of Maryland, the Indiana University Bloomington campus in the Indiana University System, and the University of Tennessee, Knoxville campus in the University of Tennessee System.

There are a number of states that have more than one university system, e.g. California with 2; Colorado with 2; Indiana with 2; New York with 2; Tennessee with 2; and Texas with 7 (the most).

Notes:
The list includes schools that grant first-professional doctorates only (e.g., medical schools, law schools, or veterinary schools) that are independent of any other school in a state system.
Satellite campuses that do not have accreditation separate from the mother institution are not included in the list, e.g. University of Washington Tacoma remains an integral part of the University of Washington, which is based in Seattle. On the other hand, institutions like University of Houston–Downtown and University of California, Santa Cruz are provided separate entries as they are considered independent, autonomous institutions.
To see a list of community colleges and technical centers in the United States that offer only associate's degrees, visit the community colleges list.
To see a list of tribal colleges and universities in the United States, visit the tribal colleges and universities list.
Non-bachelor's degree-granting institutions, such as graduate schools, are listed in italics.

Alabama
Alabama A&M University
Alabama State University
Athens State University
Auburn University system
Auburn University
Auburn University at Montgomery
Jacksonville State University
Troy University
University of Alabama System
University of Alabama (Alabama) (Tuscaloosa – flagship/main campus)
University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)
University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH)
University of Montevallo
University of North Alabama (UNA)
University of South Alabama (USA)
University of West Alabama (UWA)

Alaska
University of Alaska System
University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) (Fairbanks – flagship/main campus)
University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA)
University of Alaska Southeast (UAS)

Arizona
Arizona Board of Regents
Arizona State University (ASU)
Northern Arizona University (NAU)
University of Arizona (UofA)

Arkansas
University of Arkansas System
University of Arkansas (Arkansas) (Fayetteville – flagship/main campus)
University of Arkansas–Fort Smith
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
University of Arkansas at Monticello
University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
Arkansas State University System
Arkansas State University
Henderson State University
Arkansas Tech University
University of Central Arkansas (UCA, Central Arkansas)
Southern Arkansas University (SAU)

California
University of California system
University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Cal, UCB)
University of California, Davis (UC Davis, UCD)
University of California, Irvine (UC Irvine, UCI)
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
University of California, Merced (UC Merced, UCM)
University of California, Riverside (UC Riverside, UCR)
University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego, UCSD)
University of California, San Francisco  (UCSF)
University of California, Santa Barbara (UC Santa Barbara, UCSB)
University of California, Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz, UCSC)
University of California College of the Law, San Francisco (UC Law SF) (law school; administered separately from the other UC campuses)
California State University system
California State University, Bakersfield (CSUB)
California State University, Channel Islands (CSUCI)
California State University, Chico (Chico State)
California State University, Dominguez Hills (CSUDH)
California State University, East Bay (CSUEB)
California State University, Fresno (Fresno State)
California State University, Fullerton (CSUF, Cal State Fullerton)
California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt (Cal Poly Humboldt)
California State University, Long Beach (Long Beach State, LBSU, Cal State Long Beach, CSULB)
California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA, Cal State LA)
California Maritime Academy (Cal Maritime, The Academy)
California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB)
California State University, Northridge (CSUN)
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona, CPP)
California State University, Sacramento (Sacramento State, Sac State)
California State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB)
San Diego State University  (SDSU, San Diego State)
San Francisco State University (SFSU)
San Jose State University  (SJSU, San Jose State)
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly SLO)
California State University, San Marcos (CSUSM)
Sonoma State University (SSU)
California State University, Stanislaus (Stan State)

Colorado
Adams State University
University of Colorado system
University of Colorado Boulder (Colorado or CU) (Boulder – flagship/main campus)
University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS)
University of Colorado Denver (CU-Denver)
Colorado Mesa University
Colorado School of Mines
Colorado State University System
Colorado State University (Colorado State) (Fort Collins – flagship/main campus)
Colorado State University–Pueblo (CSU-Pueblo)
Colorado State University–Global Campus (CSU–Global) – online only
Fort Lewis College
Metropolitan State University of Denver
University of Northern Colorado
Western Colorado University (Western)

Connecticut
Charter Oak State College (COSC)
Connecticut State University System
Central Connecticut State University (CCSU)
Eastern Connecticut State University (ECSU)
Southern Connecticut State University (SCSU)
Western Connecticut State University (WCSU)
University of Connecticut (UConn)

Delaware
University of Delaware (UD)
Delaware State University

District of Columbia
University of the District of Columbia (UDC)

Universities chartered by Congress (Congressional Charter) are not public state or territorial universities; they are private non-profit universities that do not grant in-state tuition discounts to District of Columbia residents unlike other government-funded state or territorial universities. The United States Federal Government provides tuition grants to District of Columbia residents through the DC Tuition Assistance Grant (DC TAG) towards the difference in price between in-state and out-of-state tuition at public four-year colleges/universities and private Historically Black Colleges and Universities throughout the U.S., Guam, and Puerto Rico. Small amounts of the grant can be used for Washington Metropolitan Area private universities within close proximate of the District.

Florida
State University System of Florida
Florida A&M University (FAMU)
Florida Atlantic University (FAU)
Florida Gulf Coast University (FGCU)
Florida International University (FIU)
Florida Polytechnic University (Florida Poly or FPU)
Florida State University (FSU)
New College of Florida (New College or NCF)
University of Central Florida (UCF)
University of Florida (UF)
University of North Florida (UNF)
University of South Florida System
University of South Florida (USF)
University of South Florida Sarasota–Manatee (USFSM)
University of South Florida St. Petersburg (USFSP)
University of West Florida (UWF)
Florida College System (community college system which offers bachelor's degrees at most of its institutions)
Broward College
Chipola College
College of Central Florida
Daytona State College
Eastern Florida State College
Florida Gateway College
Florida SouthWestern State College
Florida State College at Jacksonville
Gulf Coast State College
Indian River State College
Lake–Sumter State College
Miami Dade College
Northwest Florida State College
Palm Beach State College
Pasco–Hernando State College
Pensacola State College
Polk State College
Santa Fe College
Seminole State College of Florida
South Florida State College
St. Johns River State College
St. Petersburg College
State College of Florida, Manatee–Sarasota
Tallahassee Community College
Valencia College

Georgia

University System of Georgia
Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College (Abraham Baldwin)
Albany State University
Atlanta Metropolitan State College
Augusta University (Augusta)
Clayton State University
College of Coastal Georgia (Coastal)
Columbus State University
Dalton State College
East Georgia State College
Fort Valley State University (Fort Valley)
Georgia College and State University (Georgia College)
Georgia Gwinnett College
Georgia Highlands College (Highlands)
Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech)
Georgia Southern University
Georgia Southwestern State University (GSW)
Georgia State University (GSU)
Gordon State College
Kennesaw State University (KSU)
Middle Georgia State University
Savannah State University
South Georgia State College (SGSC)
University of Georgia (UGA)
University of North Georgia (UNG)
University of West Georgia (UWG)
Valdosta State University (VSU)

Guam
University of Guam

Hawaii

University of Hawaiʻi System
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (Hawaii or UH) (Honolulu – flagship/main campus)
University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo (UH Hilo)
University of Hawaiʻi Maui College
University of Hawaiʻi – West Oʻahu (UHWO, pronounced "UH WO")

Idaho
Boise State University (Boise State or BSU)
University of Idaho (U of I or UI)
Idaho State University (Idaho State or ISU)
Lewis–Clark State College

Illinois
Chicago State University (Chicago State)
Eastern Illinois University (Eastern Illinois, EIU)
Governors State University
Illinois State University (Illinois State, ISU)
University of Illinois system
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (Illinois, U of I, UIUC) (Urbana and Champaign – flagship/main campus)
University of Illinois Chicago (UIC)
University of Illinois Springfield (UIS)
Northeastern Illinois University
Northern Illinois University (Northern Illinois, NIU)
Southern Illinois University system
Southern Illinois University Carbondale (Southern Illinois, SIU) (Carbondale – flagship/main campus)
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE)
Western Illinois University (Western Illinois, WIU)

Indiana
Ball State University
Indiana University system
Indiana University Bloomington (Indiana or IU) (Bloomington – flagship/main campus)
Indiana University East
Indiana University Fort Wayne
Indiana University Kokomo (IUK)
Indiana University Northwest
Indiana University South Bend (IUSB)
Indiana University Southeast
Indiana University – Purdue University Columbus (IUPUC)
Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) (IU appoints chancellor; joint academics with Purdue)
Indiana State University
Purdue University system
Purdue University (West Lafayette – flagship/main campus)
Purdue University Fort Wayne (PFW)
Purdue University Northwest – (2016 Merger of Purdue University Calumet and Purdue University North Central)
University of Southern Indiana (USI)
Vincennes University (VU)

Iowa
University of Iowa (Iowa)
Iowa State University (ISU)
University of Northern Iowa (UNI)

Kansas
Emporia State University (Emporia State or ESU)
Fort Hays State University (FHSU)
University of Kansas (Kansas or KU)
Kansas State University (K-State or KSU)
Pittsburg State University
Wichita State University

Note: Washburn University in Topeka is a municipally-chartered university.

Kentucky
Eastern Kentucky University (EKU)
University of Kentucky (Kentucky or UK)
Kentucky State University
University of Louisville (Louisville, U of L, or UL)
Morehead State University
Murray State University
Northern Kentucky University (NKU)
Western Kentucky University (WKU)

Louisiana
Louisiana State University System
Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College (LSU) (Baton Rouge – flagship/main campus)
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
Louisiana State University at Eunice (LSU-Eunice)
Louisiana State University of Alexandria (LSU-Alexandria)
Louisiana State University Shreveport (LSU-Shreveport)
LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans
LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport
Paul M. Hebert Law Center (law school on the main Baton Rouge campus, separate institution)
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
University of Louisiana System
Grambling State University (GSU)
Louisiana Tech University (Louisiana Tech or La Tech)
McNeese State University (MSU)
Nicholls State University
Northwestern State University (NSULA)
Southeastern Louisiana University (SELU)
University of Louisiana at Lafayette (UL Lafayette)
University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM)
University of New Orleans (UNO)
Southern University System
Southern University (Baton Rouge – flagship/main campus)
Southern University at New Orleans (SUNO)
Southern University at Shreveport (SUSLA)

Maine
Maine Maritime Academy
University of Maine System
University of Maine (UMaine or Maine) (Orono – flagship university)
University of Maine School of Law
University of Maine at Augusta (UMaine Augusta, UM-Augusta, or UMA)
University of Maine at Farmington (UMaine Farmington, UM-Farmington, or UMF)
University of Maine at Fort Kent (UMaine Fort Kent, UM-Fort Kent, or UMFK)
University of Maine at Machias (UMaine Machias, UM-Machias, or UMM, pronounced "UM M")
University of Maine at Presque Isle (UMaine Presque Isle, UM-Presque Isle, or UMPI, pronounced "UM PI")
University of Southern Maine (Southern Maine or USM)

Maryland
Morgan State University
St. Mary's College of Maryland
University System of Maryland
University of Maryland, College Park (Maryland or UMD) (College Park – flagship/main campus)
Bowie State University
Coppin State University
Frostburg State University
Salisbury University
Towson University (Towson)
University of Baltimore (UB)
University of Maryland, Baltimore (UM Baltimore or UMB)
University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC)
University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES)
University of Maryland Global Campus (UMGC)
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute

Massachusetts
University of Massachusetts system
University of Massachusetts Amherst (Massachusetts, UMass, UMass Amherst) (Amherst – flagship/main campus)
University of Massachusetts Boston (UMass Boston)
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth (UMass Dartmouth)
University of Massachusetts Lowell (UMass Lowell)
University of Massachusetts Medical School
State University system
Bridgewater State University
Fitchburg State University
Framingham State University
Salem State University
Westfield State University
Worcester State University
Massachusetts College of Art and Design (MassArt)
Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts
Massachusetts Maritime Academy

Michigan
Central Michigan University (CMU)
Eastern Michigan University (EMU)
Ferris State University (Ferris State)
Grand Valley State University (Grand Valley State or GVSU)
Lake Superior State University
University of Michigan system
University of Michigan (Michigan) (Ann Arbor – flagship/main campus)
University of Michigan–Dearborn
University of Michigan–Flint
Michigan State University (Michigan State or MSU)
Michigan Technological University (Michigan Tech)
Northern Michigan University (NMU)
Oakland University (OU)
Saginaw Valley State University
Wayne State University (Wayne State or WSU)
Western Michigan University (WMU)

Minnesota
Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system (Listed below are the state universities. The Minnesota State system also includes the state's community and technical colleges.)
Bemidji State University
Minnesota State University, Mankato (Mankato- flagship campus)
Minnesota State University Moorhead
Metropolitan State University
Southwest Minnesota State University
St. Cloud State University
Winona State University
University of Minnesota system
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (U of M or Minnesota) (Minneapolis – flagship/main campus)
University of Minnesota Crookston
University of Minnesota Duluth
University of Minnesota Morris
University of Minnesota Rochester

Mississippi
Alcorn State University (Alcorn)
Delta State University (Delta State)
Jackson State University (Jackson State or JSU)
Mississippi State University (Mississippi State or MSU)
Mississippi University for Women (MUW)
Mississippi Valley State University
University of Mississippi (Ole Miss)
University of Southern Mississippi (Southern Miss or USM)

Missouri
University of Central Missouri (UCM)
Harris–Stowe State University
Lincoln University of Missouri
University of Missouri System
University of Missouri (Missouri or Mizzou) (Columbia – flagship/main campus)
University of Missouri–Kansas City (UMKC)
Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T)
University of Missouri–St. Louis (UMSL)
Missouri Southern State University
Missouri State University
Missouri Western State University
Northwest Missouri State University
Southeast Missouri State University
Truman State University (formerly Northeast Missouri State University)

Montana
Montana University System (Listed below are the state universities. The MUS also includes the state's community, technical, and tribal colleges.)
Montana State University System
Montana State University (Montana State) (Bozeman – flagship/main campus)
Montana State University Billings (Billings)
Montana State University–Northern (Havre)
University of Montana System
University of Montana (Montana) (Missoula – flagship/main campus)
Montana Technological University (Montana Tech)
University of Montana Western (Dillon)

Nebraska
 Nebraska State College System
 Chadron State College
 Peru State College
 Wayne State College
 University of Nebraska system
 University of Nebraska–Lincoln (Nebraska or UNL) (Lincoln – flagship/main campus)
 University of Nebraska at Kearney (UNK)
 University of Nebraska Omaha (UNO)
 University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)

Nevada
Nevada System of Higher Education
University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) (Reno – flagship/main campus)
College of Southern Nevada (community college; in addition to associate's degrees, offers a bachelor's degree program)
Great Basin College (community college; in addition to associate degrees, offers a few bachelor's degrees)
Nevada State College
University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV)
Western Nevada College (community college; in addition to associate degrees, offers a bachelor's degree program)
Truckee Meadows Community College (Community college located in Northern Reno. Offers a variety of associate degree programs, as well as bachelor's degrees, which are provided through a partnership with Sierra Nevada College)

New Hampshire
University System of New Hampshire
Granite State College
Keene State College
Plymouth State University
University of New Hampshire (UNH) (Durham- flagship/main campus)

New Jersey
The College of New Jersey
Kean University
Montclair State University
New Jersey City University
New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT)
Ramapo College of New Jersey
Rowan University
Rutgers University system
Rutgers University–New Brunswick (Rutgers) (New Brunswick and Piscataway – flagship/main campus)
Rutgers University–Newark
Rutgers University–Camden
Stockton University
Thomas Edison State University
William Paterson University of New Jersey

New Mexico
Eastern New Mexico University (ENMU)
University of New Mexico (New Mexico or UNM)
New Mexico Highlands University
New Mexico State University (NMSU)
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (New Mexico Tech)
Northern New Mexico College
Western New Mexico University (WNMU)

New York
State University of New York (SUNY) system
University centers
 The State University of New York at Buffalo (University at Buffalo, UBuffalo)
 University at Albany (Albany, UAlbany)
 Binghamton University (Binghamton)
 Stony Brook University (Stony Brook)
Other doctoral-granting institutions
 Health Science Center Brooklyn
 State University of New York Upstate Medical University
 State University of New York Polytechnic Institute (SUNY Poly)
 New York State College of Ceramics (contract college at Alfred University)
 College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (contract college at Cornell University)
 College of Human Ecology (contract college at Cornell University)
 College of Veterinary Medicine (contract college at Cornell University)
 School of Industrial and Labor Relations (contract college at Cornell University)
 State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry
 State University of New York State College of Optometry
Comprehensive colleges
Buffalo State University
Empire State College
State University of New York at Brockport (SUNY Brockport)
State University of New York at Cortland (SUNY Cortland)
State University of New York at Fredonia (SUNY Fredonia)
State University of New York at Geneseo (SUNY Geneseo)
State University of New York at New Paltz (SUNY New Paltz)
State University of New York at Old Westbury (SUNY Old Westbury)
State University of New York at Oneonta (SUNY Oneonta)
State University of New York at Oswego (SUNY Oswego)
State University of New York at Plattsburgh (SUNY Plattsburgh)
State University of New York at Potsdam (SUNY Potsdam)
State University of New York at Purchase (SUNY Purchase)
Technology colleges
Alfred State College
Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) (a SUNY community college; in addition to associate's degrees, also offers bachelor's and master's degrees)
State University of New York at Canton (SUNY Canton)
State University of New York at Cobleskill (SUNY Cobleskill)
State University of New York at Delhi (SUNY Delhi)
State University of New York at Farmingdale (SUNY Farmingdale)
Morrisville State College
State University of New York Maritime College (SUNY Maritime)
City University of New York (CUNY) system
Colleges
Baruch College
Brooklyn College
City College of New York
College of Staten Island
Hunter College
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
Lehman College
Medgar Evers College
New York City College of Technology
Queens College
York College
Graduate and professional schools
CUNY Graduate Center
CUNY Graduate School of Journalism
CUNY School of Law
CUNY School of Medicine
CUNY School of Professional Studies
CUNY School of Public Health
William E. Macaulay Honors College

North Carolina
University of North Carolina system
Appalachian State University (Appalachian State or App State)
East Carolina University (ECU)
Elizabeth City State University (ECSU)
Fayetteville State University (FSU)
North Carolina A&T State University (North Carolina A&T)
North Carolina Central University (North Carolina Central or NCCU)
North Carolina State University (North Carolina State, NC State, NCSU)
University of North Carolina at Asheville (UNC Asheville or UNCA)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC Chapel Hill or UNC—flagship/main campus)
University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte or Charlotte)
University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNC Greensboro or UNCG)
University of North Carolina at Pembroke (UNC Pembroke)
University of North Carolina at Wilmington (UNC Wilmington or UNCW)
University of North Carolina School of the Arts (UNC School of the Arts)
Western Carolina University (WCU)
Winston-Salem State University (WSSU)

North Dakota
North Dakota University System (Listed below are the state universities. The NDUS also includes the state's community colleges.)
Dickinson State University
Mayville State University
Minot State University
University of North Dakota (UND) (Grand Forks)
North Dakota State University (North Dakota State or NDSU)
Valley City State University

Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Marianas College (community college; offers associate's degrees, Bachelor of Science degrees in Education and Business Management)

Ohio
University System of Ohio
University of Akron (Akron)
Bowling Green State University (BGSU)
Central State University
University of Cincinnati
Cleveland State University
Kent State University
Miami University
Northeast Ohio Medical University
Ohio State University
Ohio University
Shawnee State University
University of Toledo
Wright State University
Youngstown State University

Oklahoma
Cameron University
East Central University
Langston University
Northeastern State University
Northwestern Oklahoma State University
University of Oklahoma system
University of Oklahoma (Oklahoma) (Norman – flagship/main campus)
University of Oklahoma-Tulsa Schusterman Center
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Oklahoma Panhandle State University
Oklahoma State University System
Oklahoma State University–Stillwater (Oklahoma State) (Stillwater – flagship/main campus)
Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences
Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology
Oklahoma State University–Oklahoma City
Oklahoma State University–Tulsa
Rogers State University
University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma
Southeastern Oklahoma State University
Southwestern Oklahoma State University
University of Central Oklahoma

Oregon
Eastern Oregon University (EOU)
Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU)
Oregon Institute of Technology (Oregon Tech or OIT)
Oregon State University (Oregon State or OSU)
Oregon State University-Cascades (OSU Cascades)
Portland State University (Portland State or PSU)
Southern Oregon University (SOU)
University of Oregon (Oregon or UO)
Western Oregon University (WOU)

Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PaSSHE)

The 14 universities in PaSSHE are state-owned. They are directly governed by gubernatorial appointees sitting on the PaSSHE Board of Governors. Each university also has an independent Council of Trustees appointed by the Commonwealth's governor.
 State-owned universities:
 Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania
 California University of Pennsylvania
 Cheyney University of Pennsylvania
 Clarion University of Pennsylvania
 East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania
 Edinboro University of Pennsylvania
 Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP)
 Kutztown University of Pennsylvania
 Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania
 Mansfield University of Pennsylvania
 Millersville University of Pennsylvania
 Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania
 Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania
 West Chester University of Pennsylvania

Commonwealth System of Higher Education

Universities of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education receive public funds and reduce tuition for residents of Pennsylvania. Gubernatorial appointees are always a minority of their respective governing boards. Each university is a multi-campus institution through out the state.
State-related institutions:
 Lincoln University
 Pennsylvania State University
 Penn State University Park (PSU-University Park, administrative hub)
 Penn State Abington (PSU-Abington)
 Penn State Altoona (PSU-Altoona)
 Penn State Berks (PSU-Berks)
 Penn State Beaver (PSU-Beaver)
 Penn State Brandywine (PSU-Brandywine)
 Penn State College of Medicine
 Penn State Dickinson Law
 Penn State DuBois (PSU-DuBois)
 Penn State Erie, The Behrend College (PSU-Erie or Behrend)
 Penn State Fayette (PSU-Fayette)
 Penn State Great Valley (PSU-Great Valley)
 Penn State Greater Allegheny (PSU-Greater Allegheny)
 Penn State Harrisburg (PSU-Harrisburg)
 Penn State Hazleton (PSU-Hazleton)
 Penn State Lehigh Valley (PSU-Lehigh Valley)
 Penn State Mont Alto (PSU-Mont Alto)
 Penn State New Kensington (PSU-New Kensington)
 Penn State Schuylkill (PSU-Schuylkill)
 Penn State Scranton (PSU-Scranton)
 Penn State Shenango (PSU-Shenango)
 Penn State Wilkes-Barre (PSU-Wilkes-Barre)
 Penn State World Campus
 Penn State York (PSU-York)
 Temple University
 Temple University (Temple or TU)
 Temple University Ambler (TU-Ambler)
 University of Pittsburgh
 University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh or Pitt)
 University of Pittsburgh at Bradford
 University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg
 University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown
 University of Pittsburgh at Titusville

Puerto Rico
University of Puerto Rico system
University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras (UPR-RP) (Rio Piedras – flagship/main campus)
University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (UPRM)
University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo (UPRA)
University of Puerto Rico at Bayamón (UPRB)
University of Puerto Rico at Carolina (UPRC)
University of Puerto Rico at Cayey (UPR-Cayey)
University of Puerto Rico at Humacao (UPRH)
University of Puerto Rico at Aguadilla (UPRAG)
University of Puerto Rico at Ponce (UPRP)
University of Puerto Rico at Utuado (UPRU)
University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus (UPR-CM)
Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico
Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico

Rhode Island
Rhode Island College (RIC)
University of Rhode Island

South Carolina
The Citadel
Clemson University
Coastal Carolina University (Coastal Carolina or CCU)
College of Charleston (Charleston or CofC)
Francis Marion University
Lander University
Medical University of South Carolina
University of South Carolina System
University of South Carolina (Carolina, USC, or SCar) (Columbia – flagship/main campus)
University of South Carolina Aiken (USC-Aiken)
University of South Carolina Beaufort (USC-Beaufort)
University of South Carolina Lancaster (USC-Lancaster)
University of South Carolina Salkehatchie (USC-Salkehatchie)
University of South Carolina Sumter (USC-Sumter)
University of South Carolina Union (USC-Union)
University of South Carolina Upstate (USC-Upstate or Upstate)
South Carolina State University (SCSU)
Winthrop University (WU)

South Dakota
Black Hills State University
Dakota State University
Northern State University

University of South Dakota (South Dakota or USD)
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (South Dakota School of Mines, South Dakota Tech, or SDSM&T, pronounced "SDSM and T")
South Dakota State University (South Dakota State or SDSU)

Tennessee
Austin Peay State University (Austin Peay or APSU)
East Tennessee State University (ETSU)
Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU)
Tennessee State University (TSU)
Tennessee Technological University (Tennessee Tech or TTU)
University of Memphis (U of M) (Memphis – flagship/main campus)
University of Tennessee System (UT, UTC, and UT Martin are primary campuses of the UT System, whereas the UTHSC, UT Southern, and the Space Institute are three other educational campuses.)
University of Tennessee at Knoxville (UT Knoxville, UTK, or UT) (Knoxville – flagship/main campus)
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UT Chattanooga or UTC)
University of Tennessee at Martin (UT Martin or UTM)
University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC or UT Medical School) (Memphis)
University of Tennessee Southern (formerly Martin Methodist College) (Pulaski)
University of Tennessee Space Institute (UT Space Institute) (Tullahoma)

Texas
University of Houston System
University of Houston (Houston- flagship/main campus)
University of Houston–Clear Lake
University of Houston–Downtown
University of Houston–Victoria
University of North Texas System
University of North Texas (Denton- flagship/main campus)
University of North Texas at Dallas
University of North Texas Health Science Center
The University of Texas System
 Academic institutions
 The University of Texas at Arlington
 The University of Texas at Austin (Austin- flagship/main campus)
 The University of Texas at Dallas
 The University of Texas at El Paso
 The University of Texas Permian Basin
 The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
 The University of Texas at San Antonio
 The University of Texas at Tyler
Stephen F. Austin State University
 Health institutions
 University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
 University of Texas Medical Branch
 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
 University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)
 University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
 University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler
Texas A&M University System
 Texas A&M University (Texas A&M or A&M) (College Station, Galveston, Doha- flagship/main campus)
 Prairie View A&M University
 Tarleton State University
 Texas A&M International University
 Texas A&M University–Central Texas
 Texas A&M University–Commerce
 Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
 Texas A&M University–Kingsville
 Texas A&M University–San Antonio
 Texas A&M University–Texarkana
 West Texas A&M University
Texas Southern University
Texas State University System
 Lamar University
 Sam Houston State University
 Sul Ross State University
 Texas State University
Texas Tech University System
 Academic institutions
Angelo State University
Midwestern State University
Texas Tech University (Texas Tech) (Lubbock- flagship/main campus)
 Health institutions
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso
Texas Woman's University System-The system was created in 2021. Texas Woman's University in Denton is currently the only system component; however, the establishing legislation anticipates the university's branch campuses becoming standalone institutions within the system.
Texas Woman's University
Dallas branch
Houston branch

Utah
Utah System of Higher Education
Snow College (community college; in addition to associate degrees, offers a few bachelor's degrees)
Southern Utah University (Southern Utah or SUU)
University of Utah (Utah, U of U, or UU)
Utah State University (Utah State or USU)
Utah State University Eastern (USUE)
Utah Tech University (Utah Tech or UT)
Utah Valley University (Utah Valley or UVU)
Weber State University (Weber State)

Vermont
Vermont State Colleges (Listed below are the state universities. The VSC also includes the state's community college.)
Vermont State University Castleton, Johnson, Lyndon, and Randolph
University of Vermont (UVM)

Virginia
Christopher Newport University (CNU)
Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS)
George Mason University (George Mason, GMU, or Mason)
James Madison University (JMU or James Madison)
Longwood University
University of Mary Washington (Mary Washington, Mary Wash, or UMW)
Norfolk State University
Old Dominion University (Old Dominion or ODU)
Radford University
University of Virginia (UVA)
University of Virginia's College at Wise (UVA at Wise or UVA-Wise)
Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU)
Virginia Military Institute (VMI)
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech or VT)
Virginia State University (VSU)
The College of William & Mary (William and Mary, W&M)

Virgin Islands
University of the Virgin Islands system
University of the Virgin Islands – St. Croix campus (UVI-St. Croix)
University of the Virgin Islands – St. Thomas campus (UVI-St. Thomas)

Washington
Central Washington University (CWU)
Eastern Washington University (EWU)
Evergreen State College
University of Washington
Washington State University System
Washington State University (Pullman – flagship/main campus)
Washington State University Everett
Washington State University Spokane
Washington State University Tri-Cities
Washington State University Vancouver
Washington State University Global Campus
Western Washington University (WWU)

West Virginia
Bluefield State University
Concord University
Fairmont State University
Glenville State University
Marshall University
Shepherd University
West Liberty University
West Virginia University at Parkersburg
West Virginia University system
West Virginia University (WVU) (Morgantown – flagship/main campus)
Potomac State College of West Virginia University (Potomac State College or Potomac State) (community college; in addition to associate's degrees, offers a bachelor's degree program)
West Virginia University Institute of Technology (WVU Tech or West Virginia Tech)
West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine
West Virginia State University (WVSU)

Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin System
University of Wisconsin–Madison (Wisconsin) (Madison – flagship/main campus)
University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire
University of Wisconsin–Green Bay
University of Wisconsin–La Crosse
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh
University of Wisconsin–Parkside
University of Wisconsin–Platteville
University of Wisconsin–River Falls
University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point
University of Wisconsin–Stout
University of Wisconsin–Superior
University of Wisconsin–Whitewater

Wyoming
University of Wyoming

References

ru:Университет штата

List of state and territorial universities in the United States


Patricia Griffin (24 October 1907 – 1986) was a nurse and volunteer social worker from Montserrat. In addition to providing nursing services, she founded the Old People's Welfare Association, was instrumental in developing the pre-school program and established a consumer protection association on the island. An educational scholarship is granted in her name and she was honoured by a stamp depicting her likeness.

Early life
Patricia Constance Wilhelmina Haines was born on 24 October 1907 in Saint Anthony Parish, Montserrat to Jane (née Bell) and F. W. Haines. Her mother, of Irish descent, was an immigrant from Antigua and her father was an English rector who served as canon of Saint Anthony Parish for forty years. Haines, as was customary for her time, was educated in England, taking nursing classes at St Thomas' Hospital and Battersea Maternity Hospital in London.

Career
In 1939, Haines returned to the Caribbean and began working as Matron at the Roseau Hospital of Dominica. She then worked at Antigua's Holberton Hospital and Nevis' Alexandra Hospital, before marrying Dr. Charles Norman Griffin in 1942.

After her marriage, Griffin lived in various of the Leeward Islands where her husband worked as a physician and in England. The couple had three children, Mary Patricia and Elizabeth Constance, who were born in Antigua and a son, John. Mary became an art teacher and worked to develop the art program at the Montserrat Secondary School, in Plymouth, Montserrat. Elizabeth would become the first woman lawyer of Montserrat and her son, John, would become an English physician. In 1964, the family returned to Montserrat, where Griffin worked as a nurse in her husband's surgery.

In 1964, Griffin founded the Old People's Welfare Association (OPWA) to care for disabled or special needs youth and elderly citizens over 70 years of age. She organized the OPWA by dividing the country into districts and assigned scouts to evaluate lack of care, housing, and nutrition in these vulnerable populations. Serving as chief fundraiser of the organization she raised money to provide in-home care or home repair for citizens unable to provide for themselves. She designed a resident project for the elderly which she envisioned would have nine cottages, as well as community services. She raised funds for four units and the government funded an additional two units.

Griffin served as an executive of the Red Cross and for the YWCA, and helped establish the first pre-school program on the island. Her work with these organizations led to the development between 1966 and 1972 of the Montserrat Consumers Association, with the goals of increasing education about consumer goods. The organization addressed such things as nutrition and quality of goods, publishing a periodical known as Consumer Concern. When her husband died in 1976, Griffin moved to England to be near her son.

Death and legacy
Griffin died in 1986 in Darwen, Lancashire, England. In 1987, her children established the Norman and Patricia Griffin Trust Fund to assist secondary and tertiary students on the island with educational scholarships. In 2006, she was posthumously honoured by a stamp issued by the Government of Montserrat, recognizing her contributions to the social welfare of the island.

References

Citations

Bibliography

1907 births
1986 deaths
British people of Montserratian descent
Caribbean women
Women nurses

Patricia Griffin


The British Engineering Excellence Awards (BEEAs) were established in 2009 as a means to demonstrate the high calibre of engineering design and innovation within the UK. Small and large British companies are encouraged to submit their entries into the appropriate categories for consideration. Here they compete on a level playing field where the quality of engineering design is the primary factor.

Organised by Dartford based Eureka and New Electronics, the BEEAs have received support from individuals with a vested interest in the future of UK engineering, such as Richard Nobel (Director of The BLOODHOUND Project) and Kate Bellingham.

The most prestigious award offered by the BEEAs is the British Engineering Excellence Grand Prix, chosen by judges from winning entries in the programme. In 2009 the award was received by Flybrid Systems, and then in 2010 by Andrew Burrows of i20 Water.

The Judges' Special Award, an award issued at the judges' discretion to an entrant of any of the award categories, was received in 2009 by Lotus Engineering and then by Dexela in 2010.

Categories
The award categories for the BEEAs are as follows:

 Design Engineer of the Year
 Young Design Engineer of the Year
 Consultancy of the Year
 Small Company of the Year
 Start Up of the Year
 Green Product of the Year
 New Product of the Year (Electronic)
 New Product of the Year (Mechanical)
 Mechatronic Design of the Year
 British Engineering Excellence Grand Prix
 Judges' Special Award

Venue
The venue for the British Engineering Excellence Awards has been the UnderGlobe in London's Shakespeare's Globe Theatre and, as of the 2015, The Hurlingham Club.

See also

 List of mechanical engineering awards

References

External links

British science and technology awards
Mechanical engineering awards
Recurring events established in 2009
2009 establishments in the United Kingdom

British Engineering Excellence Awards


Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity is the change in reactivity of the nuclear fuel per degree change in the fuel temperature. The coefficient quantifies the amount of neutrons that the nuclear fuel (such as uranium-238) absorbs from the fission process as the fuel temperature increases. It is a measure of the stability of the reactor operations. This coefficient is also known as the Doppler coefficient due to the contribution of Doppler broadening, which is the dominant effect in thermal systems.

Contributing effects

Doppler broadening
Increased thermal motion of atoms within the fuel results in a broadening of resonance capture cross-section peaks, resulting in an increased neutron capture rate in the non-fissile portions of the fuel, resulting in an overall reduction of neutron flux.

Thermal expansion
Thermal expansion of the fuel at higher temperatures results in a lower density which reduces the likelihood of a neutron interacting with the fuel.

See also
Nuclear fission
Nuclear reactor physics
Void coefficient

References

USNRC Glossary

Nuclear technology


La Excepción que Confirma la Regla (The Exception That Proves The Rule; often shortened to La Excepción) is a rap band from Madrid. The band is composed of two MCs, El Langui (Juan Manuel Montilla), and Gitano Antón (Antonio Moreno), and one DJ, DJ La dako style (Javier Ibañez).

Biography
The group started a small revolution in the Spanish hip-hop scene, opening new doors with a self-assured and personal style that integrates flamenco, Cheli slang, and a lot of  humor, without losing the social critique so central to hip-hop. They have made, from a very local identity, a universal rap that has become popular around the whole country and has achieved rankings not normally held by hip-hop. They won Best Disc of the Year in Rolling Stone Magazine for their first work ""Cata Cheli"" and Best New Group from PEMOC (Group of Musical Journalists)please cite the source information.

They have known each other since childhood, and began testing the waters with the rest of their friends in their amateur group ""Amenaza Criminal"". With time, only the actual members of the group continued in the world of hip-hop, completing the formation of La Excepción. They discovered they could make rap using their own gypsy slang, and they continued to polish their style in small concerts. In one of these they met MC and producer Frank T, who helped them make their first single "En tu carro paio!" (2002) and then their first record, ""Cata Cheli"", as well as interpreting with them the song "El negro, el cojo y el gitano". In addition to the basis provided by Frank T, they relied upon the French musician Super Jeff Dominguez, to mix their first CD. Their success among critics and sales has led them to perform in festivals across the county, such Viña Rock, the Monegros Desert Festival, and the Urban Culture de Madrid. All this brought about the re-release of the disc with a DVD and two new tracks.

La Excepción are teetotal towards drugs and alcohol. Their lyrics show a sense of commitment to ""El Barrio"" (the hood), happiness, and a positive attitude towards life and its hardships. Much of their music has tones of "el Langui", that in "Zapato ortopédico" ("Orthopedic Shoe"), jeers at his misfortune of being paralysed, and the Gypsy Anton, that in "Nos late fuerte" ("It Barks At Us Loudly"), and with the help of Antonio Carmona de Ketama also comments on the bad reputation of the Gypsies.

In May 2006, their second disc was released, produced by Frank T and Óscar "Acción Sánchez", called ""Aguantando el Tiron"" ("Withstanding The Pull"), with collaborations like that of MC Randy. Recently they won a prize Best Spanish Group at the MTV Europe Music Awards.

Discography

"En tu carrino paio" (Zona Bruta, 2002)
"Cata cheli" (Zona bruta, 2003)
"Aguantando el tirón" (DRO/Zona bruta, 2006)
" La verdad mas verdadera" (2009)
"Cata Cheli" (2020)

Collaborations

"Tenemos que hablar", with Presuntos Implicados
"El negro el cojo y el gitano" with Frank T
"Gorrión Bernardino" with Kultama
"Nos late fuerte" with Antonio Carmona
"Alma de molino" with Las Sister Bautista
"Tres chaborros y un destino" with Rachid Kamikaze Baggasse
"Hoy" with Aqeel
"Agustito" with Ketama
"Quijote Hip Hop" (with Zenit, Korazón Crudo y Artes, musical direction by Frank T)
"Pirata del Estrecho", with Los Delinqüentes
"Horizontes", with Rosendo (singer)
"Ruido", with Muchachito Bombo Infierno
"Rap Contra El Racismo", El Chojin and others

  references  =
                https://web.archive.org/web/20130526103437/http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/la-excepcion
                http://www.erreape.com/el-langui-y-el-truco-del-manco-triunfan-en-los-goya/comment-page-1/
                http://www.sgae.es/recursos/pdf/comunicacion/finalistas_XI_PM.pdf
                http://blogs.20minutos.es/entradagratuita/2012/11/07/la-excepcion-contra-warner/

External links
 La Excepción official site

Spanish hip hop groups
MTV Europe Music Award winners

La Excepción


The Ingham Incident, or the Montezuma Affair, was a naval battle fought in 1835, the first between Mexico and the United States. The Mexican warship Montezuma patrolled the coast of Texas to prevent the smuggling of contraband into the territory. During the cruise, the Mexicans captured the American merchant ship Martha and later the Texan ship Columbia which led to a response by the United States Revenue-Marine revenue cutter USRC Ingham. A bloodless engagement was fought on June 14, and ended when the Montezuma was purposely run aground to prevent capture.

Background
The conflict began at Galveston on May 7 of 1835 before the outbreak of fighting between the Texans and the Mexicans. That day the Mexican Navy schooner Montezuma, under the command of Lieutenant Juan Calvi, seized the American schooner Martha for "customs violations" and because the passengers were not carrying passports, they were arrested and put in the brig. Two of the passengers, Thomas J. and Francis S. Early, were the sons of the former Governor Peter Early of Georgia. The brothers recalled that on previous encounters in Mexico the authorities did not ask for passports so they assumed they didn't need one. Ten days later Calvi captured the Texan ship Columbia for similar infractions. Both incidents sparked anger in Texas and a debate on whether the seizures were legal. The smuggling of contraband into Texas had become a major concern to the Mexicans by 1835, according to author William R. Wells II, most American and Texan ships were involved in the illegal trade and openly defiant of the Mexican laws against such activities. Mill equipment owned by Robert Wilson was part of the cargo aboard the Martha when she was taken. Wells sent a message about the outrage to Lieutenant Colonel William B. Travis.

Travis responded with a letter dated July 7, informing Wilson that the revenue cutter USRC Ingham had been dispatched by Customs Agent James W. Breedlove, as she was the only armed American naval ship in the western Gulf of Mexico. The Ingham was cruising the Mississippi River south of New Orleans when her commander, Captain Ezekiel Jones, received orders to sail to Texas. Though the seizures of the two ships were deemed legal by the Texans and the Americans, a critical press, politics, and the "unofficial urging" of the use of force by President Andrew Jackson eventually resulted in the operation and a subsequent naval battle. Due to an incident at Havana, Cuba, sometime before, Agent Breedlove attempted to establish an American naval force in the western Gulf by claiming that a slave ship was sailing from Havana to Texas but his scheme was thwarted by Assistant Navy Secretary John Boyle. One vessel was dispatched, the USS St. Louis, which sailed for Cuba where her commander discovered that the so-called slave ship was carrying free negroes to Brazoria.

The official report states that Captain Jones was sailing the Ingham on a twenty-five-day cruise for an anti-slavery operation, though his real intentions were to liberate the captured ships and the American citizens. Upon reaching the Sabine River, Jones patrolled the area for a few days for slavers before crossing into Mexican waters disguised as a merchantman. First the captain sailed past Galveston for Matagorda, Texas, but heavy seas prevented him from entering so Jones headed for the Brazos River, where on June 3 he was informed by a local pilot that "several Acts of Piracy" had been committed by the Montezuma and that there were no slave ships in the area. Captain Jones sent a landing party ashore to uncover the truth of these claims and he ordered that the three vessels in port be examined, none of which were found to be carrying slaves. Following that the Americans cruised back to Matagorda and crossed the bar on June 5; two more ships were boarded but they were found to be legal. At the same time a crewman from one of the merchant ships informed the Americans that a vessel with 100 slaves on board was expected to arrive at Matagorda shortly.

Jones dismissed this rumor and continued on to search the bay for the Montezuma which was suspected of being in the area. Another shore party was landed with the mission of investigating various rumors about the Martha affair and to recruit spies to report on the Montezumas presence. Ultimately USRC Ingham would sail the Texas coast for another two weeks without finding the Mexican schooner. Jones used the time to board suspected slavers and to drill his men for a possible encounter with the Montezuma. Eventually Jones decided to head for Matamoros on June 12 "with the avowed intention of seeking the Montezuma."

Incident

On June 13, the Ingham passed the bar at Passo Cabello where she struck the ground several times, so a pilot was hired to take the ship to Brazos Santiago which was reached on July 14. While six miles off the port, Jones proceeded with caution by having "all hands preparing grape shot & getting the Battery in fighting order & exercising the great guns & small arms." At 5:00 pm Jones tacked toward shore and a lookout sighted a vessel anchored off Brazos Santiago. An hour later the vessel was identified as a "clipper built Schooner" and at 6:30 the vessel hoisted sails and "bore down" on the Ingham. Ten minutes after that the Mexicans opened fire on the Americans with one shot and at 7:40 her crew raised their ensign, revealing that the vessel was a warship. According to Captain Jones, he returned the Mexican's fire only after receiving it, though it remains unknown as to who fired the first shots. The former master of the captured Texan ship Colombia was on board the Montezuma throughout the incident and he claimed that the Mexicans opened fire after the Ingham discharged a lee gun as a signal to communicate. Jones reported that Lieutenant Calvi must have thought the Ingham was a merchant ship due to the disguise and as soon as he realized that the American ship was armed, he "hauled his wind & made all sail from us." The Americans were now chasing the Montezuma and they opened fire with a 9-pounder chaser to prevent the Mexicans from moving into position for a broadside.

After that Lieutenant Calvi had his men open fire again, making Jones believe that a battle had begun in earnest so he slowed his ship to allow the Inghams broadside guns to be brought into action. Calvi exploited this opportunity to disengage and he headed for the shore, jettisoning gear and weapons along the way to lighten the schooner, increase her speed, and to shorten the vessel's draft in order to cross the bars of the Rio Grande. Calvi, for unknown reasons, did not sail into port; instead he anchored with his broadside facing the Ingham. The alarm was also raised and Mexican Army troops reinforced the Montezuma. Soon after that the Mexicans were back in sail and they resumed their firing on the American cutter. Calvi stayed close to shore so the remainder of the engagement was a long range gunnery duel. Captain Jones attempted to cut the Mexicans off by getting in between the Montezuma and the harbor's entrance but Calvi was "too far to the leeward" for that to be done. By 12:00 the Mexicans were unable to escape the pursuing Ingham so Clavi chose to run his ship "into the Breakers & on the Bar" which caused heavy damage to the Montezuma. Jones considered shelling the wreck but he later decided against this and broke off the action now that the enemy was no longer a threat.

American forces discharged only thirteen shots during the entire battle according to Jones' report; he did not mention how many rounds the Mexicans had fired. In the following months, an anonymous person claimed that the Ingham had purposely remained out of the Montezumas range; this was contested by a sailor named Harby, who commanded the ship's guns. Harby said that the Mexican schooner was within "easy reach" of his last six shots and that Captain Jones had ordered that the Montezuma should not be struck but, if possible, intimidated. There were no casualties on either side. After the battle, Jones sailed back for New Orleans where he prepared for another expedition with the objective of capturing the Mexican warship Correo de Mexico. However, hostilities broke out in Texas first and the rebels engaged and captured the Correo de Mexico on September 1 off Brazoria. The American prisoners captured by Lieutenant Calvi were all released on June 15 and the cruise of the Ingham was declared a success. A newspaper called the Ingham "Semper Paratus" for her response to the Martha affair and the term would eventually become the motto of the United States Coast Guard. The Ingham was later sold to the Texas Navy and renamed Independence.

See also
"Semper Paratus" – the official march of the United States Coast Guard
 Crawford Affair
 Single ship action
 Gunboat diplomacy

References

Naval battles involving the United States
Naval battles involving Mexico
History of the United States Coast Guard
19th-century military history of the United States
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
Combat incidents
Maritime incidents in June 1835
Conflicts in 1835
1835 in Texas
June 1835 events

Ingham incident


Nevin Donald Harkness (September 19, 1919 – September 19, 2008) was an NCAA head coach of ice hockey and lacrosse at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and Cornell University and of ice hockey at Union College. Harkness was also head coach of the Detroit Red Wings and later was the team's general manager. He was inducted into the Lake Placid Hall of Fame in 1993, the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 2001 and into the RPI Hockey Ring of Honor in 2007. He is also a member of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in Eveleth, Minnesota, having been inducted in 1994.

Early years
Harkness grew up in Ontario, but before coming of age, his family moved to the Glens Falls, New York, region north of Albany (Harkness became a naturalized American citizen in 1949 ). He graduated from the Worcester Academy in 1939.

RPI Lacrosse
In 1941, Harkness became a volunteer coach for a group of students at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy who were interested in forming a lacrosse club. Through that year and the next, the team practiced and scrimmaged with Harkness leading the way, eventually playing games against four varsity programs. World War II led to the disbanding of the team, but when the school formally established a varsity lacrosse program in 1945, Harkness was asked to become its first coach.

Within a year of its establishment, Ned Harkness had Rensselaer ranked among the best lacrosse teams in the country. In 1948, coming off an undefeated season of collegiate play, he took the team to the Olympic Games in London, England, where the team, representing the United States, would tie the British All-Star team before 60,000 at Wembley Stadium while amassing an 8–0–1 record in nine games played in England.

In 1952, while continuing to establish a serious hockey program, he coached the lacrosse team to an undefeated record and the national lacrosse championship, winning the Wingate Memorial Trophy, which predated the NCAA lacrosse title.

Harkness' combined lacrosse coaching record, both at RPI and Cornell, was 147 wins, 27 losses and 2 ties, in 16 seasons for a .841 winning percentages, one of the best performances by any college lacrosse coach. Harkness was inducted into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 2001.

Reviving RPI Hockey
Following World War II, RPI President Livingston Houston began looking for a way to re-establish hockey at the Institute, and Harkness was willing to lend his assistance. After the construction of the Houston Field House was completed in late 1949, the team began play under Harkness in January 1950.

After leading the team to a 4–6–0 record in its first year, Harkness helped form the Tri-State League, which would become the first attempt at league organization of college hockey in the east. Later that year, Harkness devised the RPI Holiday Tournament, which has taken place every year since 1951, making it the oldest in-season tournament in the nation.

Harkness coached both hockey and lacrosse at Rensselaer throughout most of the 1950s and continued coaching hockey into the 1960s.

That same year, Harkness led the hockey team to its first Tri-State title with a 15–3 overall record, though the title was later revoked when the team was found to be using an ineligible player.

The team continued to improve rapidly on the ice under Harkness' guidance. In 1953, the team won its first official Tri-State championship and was invited to the NCAA Tournament for the first time, winning third place. The next season, Harkness guided RPI to an 18–5 overall record, a second straight Tri-State title, and a second straight trip to Colorado Springs for the NCAA Tournament. Though heavy underdogs, Harkness and his team upset traditional powerhouses Michigan and Minnesota to win the 1954 NCAA Championship.

Harkness was the head coach of the men's ice hockey team at Rensselaer beginning with the 1949–1950 season through the 1962–1963 season.  He led the team to a record of 176–96–7 and NCAA tournament appearances in 1953, 1954, and 1961, winning the NCAA title in 1954.  His 1951–52 team averaged 8.28 goals per game, an NCAA record which stands today. He would leave the lacrosse team in 1958 to focus on RPI hockey after leading the team to a record of 112–26–2 in 14 years, and left RPI hockey in 1963 after three NCAA appearances, two Tri-State titles, one NCAA championship, and a record of 176–96–7 over 14 years.

Moving to Ithaca
In 1963, Harkness moved to Cornell University, where he replaced Paul Patten as the head coach of the hockey team. In his first year at Cornell, Harkness helped the team to a 12–10–1 record in the fledgling ECAC league. His second season saw the team record improve to 19 wins. His stature rose to legendary status with the recruitment of Ken Dryden.

In 1966, Harkness bested the previous year's total by winning 22 games while losing only 5 times. The following season, Ken Dryden came to Ithaca to play in net, and the team began reaping dividends immediately. The 1967 record was 27–1–1. Cornell participated in the NCAA Tournament for the first time in school history, with Harkness' second NCAA championship as the Big Red defeated North Dakota and Boston University for the title.

The domination continued for the remainder of Harkness' time at Cornell. The next season, Cornell again went to the NCAA Tournament, again with 27 victories, but would lose to North Dakota in the semifinals before defeating Boston College for third place. Harkness again won 27 times in the 1968–69 campaign, the only regular season loss coming at the hands of his old team at Rensselaer in a game which later proved to save hockey at his old school a second time. Cornell would defeat Michigan Tech in the NCAA Tournament before dropping the championship game to the Denver Pioneers.

Seemingly with little opportunity to improve upon the team's success, Harkness and his Cornell team achieved a perfect record, undefeated and untied, in 1970. Cornell capped the 29–0–0 season with victories over Wisconsin and Clarkson University in the NCAA Tournament, bringing Harkness his third and final NCAA championship, and Cornell's second title in four years. Ironically, Harkness and his team accomplished this feat without Dryden, who is most often associated with the dominance of Cornell during the late 1960s.

While coaching ice hockey at Cornell, his overall record was 163–27–2 over seven seasons, and his teams won 2 NCAA titles, one in 1967 and one in 1970.

Amidst his success at Lynah Rink, Harkness returned to coaching lacrosse, coaching the Cornell lacrosse team to the 1966 and 1968 Ivy League titles, and reaching an astounding 35–1 record during his three years at the helm. Following the 1970 regular season, Harkness left Cornell on top to coach in the National Hockey League.

The NHL
Ned Harkness was hired by the Detroit Red Wings to become head coach on May 22, 1970.  He replaced Sid Abel, an interim replacement for Bill Gadsby. Harkness was 12–22–4 with the Red Wings before Doug Barkley was hired to complete the season. Harkness was promoted to general manager of the Red Wings in January 1971, where he remained for three seasons.

Despite his success in the college ranks, Harkness was not a successful coach or general manager in the National Hockey League.  A veteran and aging Detroit roster had resisted adapting to Harkness's more progressive methods.  Things that are commonplace and obvious today, such as no cigar smoking in the locker room between periods and shorter ice shifts caused a mutiny by the veteran players.

Detroit fans still remember this era as "Darkness with Harkness", one of the worst periods in franchise history.

Union College

After his departure from the NHL, Harkness set his sights on college hockey once again. He returned to New York's Capital District, where he had lived in Glens Falls and coached the RPI Engineers.

Union College had fielded a hockey team in the early 20th century but had been unable to bounce back from the loss of the program during World War II. Harkness went to Union and helped create a new program from the ground up. Achilles Center was built, and Harkness was made rink manager and the team's coach. The school began play in NCAA Division III and with Harkness behind the bench, the team was instantly successful. The Skating Dutchmen finished with a 20–4–1 record in the 1975–76 season, their first since the 1940s, with a roster full of freshmen. Harkness followed up this initial success with a 22–3–1 season, and the young program was well on its way to becoming a Division II powerhouse.

The 1977–78 season started off well for the Skating Dutchmen, as Harkness guided the team to a 4–1–1 record in their first 6 games. However, in late December, Harkness abruptly quit the team, and news began to leak that he had been having disputes with Union administration for quite some time.  It was alleged that Harkness had violated NESCAC recruiting rules (and then lied to Union College President Thomas Bonner about it), but there was widespread suspicion on campus that admission standards for hockey players had been compromised. Many of the Union players had come in as freshmen well into their twenties, having played in Canadian Senior A teams (much like Harkness's Cornell protégé Dick Bertrand, a Toronto cop who joined Harkness's squad in his late twenties, was a captain of the undefeated team, and then succeeded Harkness as Cornell coach, continuing in that capacity for 11 seasons); others were NHL draftees drawn by the chance to play for the legendary Harkness and his plan to jump the team to Division I. Upon hearing of their coach's decision to leave, the entire varsity roster of the Skating Dutchmen refused to play the remainder of the season in a show of solidarity with their coach. With a team made up of Junior Varsity and intramural players coached by an inexperienced coach, the Skating Dutchmen would lose their next game 19–1 and go on to lose every game remaining on their schedule.

Later years
In the spring of 1978, Harkness was a finalist for the North Dakota head coach position that was ultimately given to John "Gino" Gasparini.
Harkness later served as director of the Glens Falls Civic Center and president of the New York Olympic Regional Development Authority, which ran the facilities in Lake Placid, New York, which hosted the 1980 Olympic Winter Games.  He was responsible for the construction of the US Olympic Training Center from 1989–1990. He retired from these duties in August 1993. He died on September 19, 2008, on his 89th birthday.

Head coaching record

College ice hockey

† Resigned midseason

NHL

See also
 List of members of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame
Sports in New York's Capital District

References

External links

Recalling Ned Harkness
Coaching record at College Hockey News

1919 births
2008 deaths
American ice hockey coaches
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Cornell Big Red men's lacrosse coaches
Detroit Red Wings coaches
Detroit Red Wings general managers
RPI Engineers men's ice hockey coaches
RPI Engineers men's lacrosse coaches
Union Garnet Chargers men's ice hockey coaches
Sportspeople from Glens Falls, New York
Ice hockey people from Ottawa
United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Worcester Academy alumni
Lacrosse people from Ontario
Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey coaches
Adirondack Red Wings

Ned Harkness


The 2012 Philippine Peace Cup was the inaugural edition of the tournament, four-nation international football competition organized by the Philippine Football Federation (PFF).  It was originally slated for October 12–16 but the PFF moved it to September 25–29 to give way to the participation of local side Loyola Meralco Sparks in the 2012 Singapore Cup. ABS-CBN covered the games on Studio 23.

The tournament was due to be the third annual Long Teng Cup, however, the organizers, the Chinese Taipei Football Association (CTFA), withdrew from staging the 2012 edition and requested the PFF to host it.  The PFF then renamed it as the Paulino Alcántara Cup, after Filipino–Spanish football legend who played for FC Barcelona.  It was again renamed to the Paulino Alcántara Peace Cup and eventually to the Philippine Peace Cup as the Philippine Sports Commission, which operates the Rizal Memorial Stadium where the tournament will be held, has a rule against events named after an individual.  The month of September is also peace month in the Philippines and the tournament saw involvement of the office of the presidential adviser on the country's peace process.

After 99 years, the Philippines won their first international title since the 1913 Far Eastern Games.

Competing teams
This tournament was due to be the third staging of the Long Teng Cup, all four participants of the tournament were to take part. However, Hong Kong withdrew from participating with Pakistan initially being mooted as their replacement. The PFF then invited Guam which they eventually accepted, thus replacing Hong Kong as the fourth team.

The four national teams that will take part are:

Venue
The tournament was supposed to be held at Panaad Stadium in Bacolod, Negros Occidental. This was due to it supposedly being more financially feasible and that renovations were going to take place from August to September at Rizal Memorial Stadium. However, at the end of August 2012, PFF president Mariano Araneta announced that it will be moved back to the Rizal Memorial Stadium because the project, funded by FIFA which will turn the football field into an artificial turf, didn't push through. Araneta added that conducting the tournament in Manila will lessen the expenses of the PFF in the event, which is estimated at ₱6 million.

Matches
All times listed are UTC+8.

Group A

Awards
The following were awarded by the PFF after the tournament:

Top Goalscorers
4 goals
  Denis Wolf

2 goals
  Marcus Lopez
  Patrick Reichelt

1 goal

 Chang Han
 Lo Chih-an
 Lo Chih-en
 Yang Chao-hsun
 Dylan Naputi
 Chan Kin Seng
 Ricardo Torrão
 Emelio Caligdong
 Carli de Murga
 OJ Porteria

1 own goal
  Scott Guerrero (against Chinese Taipei)

References

2012
2012 in Philippine football

2012 Philippine Peace Cup


Discovr is a series of apps for the Apple iOS platform by David McKinney, which is characterized by using nodes to represent relationships between media in a tactile and visual way. There are apps for browsing music and movies.

In October 2011, Discovr announced that the apps had passed one million downloads and $1.1 million in revenue.

Operation
The user interface is based on radial layouts where a node is connected to 1-6 other nodes. It displays an interactive, graphic map. The user begins by searching or browsing a pre-selected set of recommended items. Tapping causes a node to expand, to display related items. Double-tapping takes the user to a page of content about the artist or app.  The interface uses a force-based layout algorithm which causes the new child nodes to pop out of the parent node, repelling nearby nodes, and quickly settle into positions that minimize overlap. The graph algorithm was developed by Tamás Nepusz, a PhD in graph theory who previously worked at Last.fm as a research engineer.

See also
 Radial tree – the general type of layout algorithm

References

External links
 Main corporate site

Graph drawing software
IOS software

Discovr


Stephen McKeon is an Irish composer of film and television soundtrack music. He has received two Irish Film and Television Awards both for John Boorman films, Queen & Country in 2014 and The Tiger's Tail in 2004 and was previously nominated for Blind Flight, Savage and the children's animated feature Niko 2 - Little Brother, Big Trouble. His other works include: The Nephew (1998) and Borstal Boy (2000). He scored the 2011 biopic Hattie.

McKeon has written the scores of over 80 films, plus a number of Hercule Poirot TV movies, as well as many TV drama series including Black Mirror. He has also scored the fourth and fifth seasons of the British fantasy drama, Primeval.

He is a multi-instrumentalist whose work covers a wide spectrum from large orchestral scores to ambient guitar based music such as that written for the Scottish BAFTA winning film Summer.

External links
Official website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Irish film score composers
Male film score composers
Television composers

Stephen McKeon


Southend-on-Sea is a city and unitary authority borough in the East of England. It is a seaside resort in the south-eastern corner of the county of Essex.

History

It was built in 1790s when the Grand Hotel (now Royal Hotel) was made. It had a decline in 1960's. On 15 October, 2021, Sir David Amess, the MP was killed in the church. Three days later, the Prime Minister and the Queen told them it would become a city. It became a city on 1 March, 2022.

The Pier

Southend is known for the longest pier in United Kingdom. The pier is 2,158 meters
(1.34 miles) long. It has a railway line that runs to the pier head. It had been badly damaged by big fires five times in 1959, 1976, 1977, 1995 and 2005. It was made in 1830 as wood which had to be longer three times. It had turned to a iron pier in 1889. Near that, there are arcades, two hotels, casinos and a theme park with rides called Adventure Island.

Transport

Railway

Southend has ten railway stations. Two are the biggest and both found near the centre.

Airport

Southend has a airport called London Southend Airport It had made the runway longer in 2012.

Other websites
 Southend Pier

Essex boroughs
Towns in Essex

Southend-on-Sea


An Iframe virus is malicious computer code, being considered as form of malware, that infects web pages on websites, most of them using iframe HTML code, to cause damage by injecting  tags into the website.  Code may be injected into HTML, PHP or ASP source files. The virus may make its presence known by scanning for home page files such as index.php, index.html or default.html and inject the iframe code in them. The iframe code is usually found near the beginning on the web page. They may also infect through themes or templates of content management systems. The virus will also modify .htaccess and hosts files, and create images.php files in directories named 'images'. The infection is not a server-wide exploit, it will only infect sites on the server that it has passwords to.

This recent surge in compromised web servers has generated discussions in online forums and blogs. Web malware infections hurt businesses; Google,
Firefox, Internet Explorer and anti-virus companies blacklist infected sites, businesses lose revenue and sites suffer damage to their brand and reputation.

An iframe virus is a type of badware. "Badware producers are constantly developing new, creative ways to install badware onto your computer". Badware distribution has been expanded beyond traditional channels like email viruses to harder-to-avoid methods like automated "drive-by downloads" that are launched by compromised web pages.

Iframe variants
Sometimes iframe virus variants come in the form of JavaScript. iframe tags may not be seen in plain text in the source because it is encoded. If the encoded script code is decoded, it will contain code to invoke iframe via JavaScript.

References

Computer viruses

Iframe virus


Religion in Burundi is diverse, with Christianity being the dominant faith. Catholicism is the largest Christian denomination in the country.

Burundi is a secular country and its constitution grants complete freedom of religious practice.

Overview

According to a 2017 estimate in CIA Factbook, about 94% of the population of Burundi is Christian (58.6% being Roman Catholic, 35.3% being Protestant), 3.4% is Muslim (mainly Sunni), while 2.3% or 'other' or 'none'.

An estimate by the Encyclopedia of Africa in 2010, states that 67% of the Burundi's people are Christians, 23% follow traditional religions, and 10% are Muslims or adherents of other faiths.

History

Christianity

The earliest Christian missions arrived in 1879, but the missionaries were killed and the king of Burundi who ruled through 1908 had no interest in foreign theology or imported goods.

Larger Christian missions arrived in Burundi in the early 20th century, during its German colonial rule era, and followed by its Belgian colonial rule era. Catholic and Protestant missionaries arrived in the first two decades of the 20th century, while the 1920s saw the arrival of Baptists, the 1930s the arrival of Free Methodists and Anglican missionaries. These missions were closely involved with the colonial project. In post-colonial independent Burundi, Christianity has had a deep engagement with political leaders of Burundi, a country with nearly 11 million citizens and one of the most densely populated nations in Africa (over 1000 people per square mile).

The religious institutions within Burundi have both been called upon to help heal social divisions, help end civil chaos after political assassinations, and close wounds of mass violence, but they have also been criticized. Some, such as Timothy Longman - a professor and director of the African Studies Center, state that the colonial officials and Christian missionaries assumed the people of the newly conquered lands to be "savage and anarchic", then worsened the ethnic divisions within the Burundi society by assuming that "the peoples of the world could be neatly divided into distinct racial categories and subcategories" in order to competitively convert them to Christianity. The missionaries did not invent ethnic groups, states Longman, because they pre-existed. However, they did create racial significance when these didn't exist before, inadvertently creating ideological divisions and inequalities.

Initial conversions to Catholicism in Burundi were almost exclusively among the Hutu people – the majority in Burundi but one who neither were the rulers nor were part of economic elite. In contrast, the Protestant missionaries gained early conversions in the elite but minority Tutsi people of Burundi. The assumptions about the ethnic differences, states Longman, led to discriminatory practices, questionable distribution of property. The resulting conflicts and retaliatory genocide among Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups, in Burundi - and Rwanda with which Burundi shares history and culture - have attracted widespread dismay and attention.

In the post-colonial contemporary era, Mushasha in the Gitega Province of Burundi serves as its archbishop's seat. The traditional Catholic and Protestant community has been losing members to more emotional Evangelical Protestantism.

Islam

Islam arrived in Burundi some 200 years before Christianity through Sunni Arab-Swahili traders active in the Lake Tanganyika region. However, Islam has been a minority religion with some presence in the trading towns near the Lake.

Freedom of Religion

In 2022, Freedom House rated Burundi religious freedom as 3 out of 4, noting that relations between the government and the Roman Catholic Church have worsened in recent years.

See also

 Christianity in Burundi
 Islam in Burundi
 Bahá'í Faith in Burundi
 Freedom of religion in Burundi

References

Religion in Burundi


The Parable of the Mustard Seed is one of the shorter parables of Jesus. It appears in Matthew (13:31–32), Mark (4:30–32), and Luke (13:18–19). In the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, it is immediately followed by the Parable of the Leaven, which shares this parable's theme of the Kingdom of Heaven growing from small beginnings. It also appears in the non-canonical Gospel of Thomas (verse 20).

Narrative
In the Gospel of Matthew the parable is as follows:

In the Gospel of Mark:

In the Gospel of Luke:

Interpretation

The plant referred to here (Greek , ) is generally considered to be black mustard, a large annual plant up to  tall, but growing from a proverbially small seed (this smallness is also used to refer to faith in Matthew 17:20 and Luke 17:6). According to rabbinical sources, Jews did not grow the plant in gardens, and this is consistent with Matthew's description of it growing in a field. Luke tells the parable with the plant in a garden instead; this is presumably recasting the story for an audience outside the Levant.

I. Howard Marshall writes that the parable "suggests the growth of the kingdom of God from tiny beginnings to worldwide size." The Parable of the Leaven (which in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke immediately follows) shares this theme of large growth from small beginnings. As with the Parable of the Sower, which in Matthew and Mark occurs earlier in the same chapter, the man sowing the seed represents Jesus, and the plant is the Kingdom of God.

New Testament scholar Adolf Jülicher viewed the parable of the mustard seed as a similitude, or an extended simile/metaphor, that has three parts: a picture part (), a reality part (), and a point of comparison (tertium comparationis). The picture part is the mustard seed that grows into a large plant, the reality part is the kingdom of God, and the point of comparison is the growth of the kingdom from small beginnings.

The nesting birds may refer to Old Testament texts which emphasize the universal reach of God's empire, such as Daniel 4:12. However, a real mustard plant is unlikely to attract nesting birds, so that "Jesus seems deliberately to emphasize the notion of astonishing extravagance in his analogy." Other commentators have suggested that the birds represent Gentiles seeking refuge with Israel or the "sinners" and tax collectors with whom Jesus was criticised for associating. A few commentators view the birds negatively, as representing false teachers invading the church.

Some have identified a "subversive and scandalous" element to this parable, in that the fast-growing nature of the mustard plant makes it a "malignant weed" with "dangerous takeover properties". Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History (published around AD 78) writes that "mustard... is extremely beneficial for the health. It grows entirely wild, though it is improved by being transplanted: but on the other hand when it has once been sown it is scarcely possible to get the place free of it, as the seed when it falls germinates at once."

Ben Witherington notes that Jesus could have chosen a genuine tree for the parable, and that the mustard plant demonstrates that "Though the dominion appeared small like a seed during Jesus' ministry, it would inexorably grow into something large and firmly rooted, which some would find shelter in and others would find obnoxious and try to root out."

In Mormonism, Joseph Smith interpreted it as follows: "Now we can discover plainly that this figure is given to represent the Church as it shall come forth in the last days. … Let us take the Book of Mormon, which a man took and hid in his field, securing it by his faith, to spring up in the last days, or in due time; let us behold it coming forth out of the ground, which is indeed accounted the least of all seeds, but behold it branching forth, yea, even towering, with lofty branches, and God-like majesty, until it, like the mustard seed, becomes the greatest of all herbs. And it is truth, and it has sprouted and come forth out of the earth, and righteousness begins to look down from heaven, and God is sending down His powers, gifts and angels, to lodge in the branches thereof.

Commentary from the Church Fathers
Chrysostom: "Seeing the Lord had said above that three parts of the seed perish, and one only is preserved, and of that one part there is much loss by reason of the tares that are sown upon it; that none might say, Who then and how many shall they be that believe; He removes this cause of fear by the parable of the mustard seed: therefore it is said, Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is like unto a grain of mustard seed."

Jerome: "The kingdom of heaven is the preaching of the Gospel, and the knowledge of the Scriptures which leads to life, concerning which it is said to the Jews, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you. (Mat. 21:43.) It is the kingdom of heaven thus understood which is likened to a grain of mustard seed."

Augustine: " A grain of mustard seed may allude to the warmth of faith, or to its property as antidote to poison. It follows; Which a man took and sowed in his field."

Jerome: "The man who sows is by most understood to be the Saviour, who sows the seed in the minds of believers; by others the man himself, who sows in his field, that is, in his own heart. Who indeed is he that soweth, but our own mind and understanding, which receiving the grain of preaching, and nurturing it by the dew of faith, makes it to spring up in the field of our own breast? Which is the least of all seeds. The Gospel preaching is the least of all the systems of the schools; at first view it has not even the appearance of truth, announcing a man as God, God put to death, and proclaiming the offence of the cross. Compare this teaching with the dogmas of the Philosophers, with their books, the splendour of their eloquence, the polish of their style, and you will see how the seed of the Gospel is the least of all seeds."

Chrysostom: "Or; The seed of the Gospel is the least of seeds, because the disciples were weaker than the whole of mankind; yet forasmuch as there was great might in them, their preaching spread throughout the whole world, and therefore it follows, But when it is grown it is the greatest among herbs, that is among dogmas."

Augustine: " Dogmas are the decisions of sects, the points, that is, that they have determined."

Jerome: "For the dogmas of Philosophers when they have grown up, show nothing of life or strength, but watery and insipid they grow into grasses and other greens, which quickly dry up and wither away. But the Gospel preaching; though it seem small in its beginning, when sown in the mind of the hearer, or upon the world, comes up not a garden herb, but a tree, so that the birds of the air (which we must suppose to be either the souls of believers or the Powers of God set free from slavery) come and abide in its branches. The branches of the Gospel tree which have grown of the grain of mustard seed, I suppose to signify the various dogmas in which each of the birds (as explained above) takes his rest. Let us then take the wings of the dove, that flying aloft we may dwell in the branches of this tree, and may make ourselves nests of doctrines, and soaring above earthly things may hasten towards heavenly. (Ps. 55:6.)"

Hilary of Poitiers: "Or; The Lord compares Himself to a grain of mustard seed, sharp to the taste, and the least of all seeds, whose strength is extracted by bruising."

Gregory the Great: " Christ Himself is the grain of mustard seed, who, planted in the garden of the sepulchre, grew up a great tree; He was a grain of seed when He died, and a tree when He rose again; a grain of seed in the humiliation of the flesh, a tree in the power of His majesty."

Hilary of Poitiers: "This grain then when sown in the field, that is, when seized by the people and delivered to death, and as it were buried in the ground by a sowing of the body, grew up beyond the size of all herbs, and exceeded all the glory of the Prophets. For the preaching of the Prophets was allowed as it were herbs to a sick man; but now the birds of the air lodge in the branches of the tree. By which we understand the Apostles, who put forth of Christ's might, and overshadowing the world with their boughs, are a tree to which the Gentiles flee in hope of life, and having been long tossed by the winds, that is by the spirits of the Devil, may have rest in its branches."

Gregory the Great: " The birds lodge in its branches, when holy souls that raise themselves aloft from thoughts of earth on the wings of the virtues, breathe again from the troubles of this life in their words and comfortings."

See also
 Five Discourses of Matthew
 Life of Jesus in the New Testament
 Ministry of Jesus
 Mustard seed and mustard seed growing

References

External links

Mustard Seed, Parable of the

Parable of the Mustard Seed


IBU or Ibu may refer to:

Acronyms

Education
 International Buddhist University (Shitennoji University), in Habikino, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
 Istanbul Bilgi University, a for-profit university in Istanbul, Turkey

Sports
 International Biathlon Union, the international governing body of biathlon
 International Boxing Union (1911–1946), Paris, France
 International Boxing Union (since 1996), a professional boxing sanctioning body founded in Atlanta, Georgia, United States

Other acronyms
 IBU, Par Pharmaceutical brand name for ibuprofen
 Ibu-Tab and Ibu-Vivimed, Ibuprofen brand names
 IBU scale (International Bitterness Unit), measurement of bitterness in beer
 Inshore Boat Unit, a Naval Coastal Warfare unit of the United States Navy
 International Broadcasting Union, an alliance of European radio broadcasters
 Information Broadcast Unlimited, a Philippine radio and television network

Other uses
 Ibrahim Mohamed Solih (born 1964), a Maldivian politician known as Ibu
 Ibu language, a dialect of Sahu language
 Ibu Pertiwi, a national personification of Indonesia (Ibu meaning mother)
 Ibu River, a river in Nigeria that runs near Sagamu
 Mount Ibu, an active volcano in Indonesia
 Ibu Hatela, a character played by Harish Patel in the 1998 film Gunda

See also
 International Boxing Union (disambiguation)

IBU


Split Rock Lighthouse is a lighthouse located southwest of Silver Bay, Minnesota, US on the North Shore of Lake Superior.  The structure was designed by lighthouse engineer Ralph Russell Tinkham and was completed in 1910 by the United States Lighthouse Service for $75,000, including the buildings and the land. It is considered one of the most picturesque lighthouses in the United States.

History
 Split Rock Lighthouse was built in response to the great loss of ships during the famous Mataafa Storm of 1905, during which 29 ships were lost or damaged on Lake Superior. One of these shipwrecks, the Madeira, is located just north of the lighthouse.

The lighthouse stands on a  sheer cliff eroded by wave action from a diabase sill containing inclusions of anorthosite.  The octagonal building is a steel-framed brick structure with concrete trim on a concrete foundation set into the rock of the cliff.  It is topped with a large, steel lantern which features a third order, bi-valve type Fresnel lens manufactured by Barbier, Bernard and Turenne Company in Paris. The tower was built for a second-order lens, but when construction went over budget, only enough funding remained for the smaller third-order lens.  The lens floats on a bearing surface of liquid mercury which allows near frictionless operation.  The lens is rotated by an elaborate clockwork mechanism that is powered by weights running down the center of the tower which are then reset by cranking them back to the top.  When completed, the lighthouse was lit with a kerosene oil vapor lamp.

At the time of its construction, the area had no roads. All building materials and supplies arrived by water and were lifted to the top of the cliff by crane.  The lamp was first lit on July 31, 1910.  The lighthouse soon became a tourist attraction for sailors and excursion boats thanks to its scenic location.  So much so, that in 1924 a road (now Minnesota State Highway 61) was built to allow land access.

In 1940, the station was electrified, the lamp was replaced with a 1000-watt electric bulb, and the incandescent oil vapor lamp was moved to Au Sable Point Lighthouse in Northern Michigan.  Split Rock was upgraded with a fog signal housed in a building next to the light tower.  The original signal was a pair of sirens driven by two Franklin  gasoline-driven air compressors manufactured by Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company.  In 1932 gasoline engines were replaced with diesel engines.  The steam sirens were replaced with a Type F-2-T diaphone (be-you) type signal in 1936.  The station and the fog signal were electrified four years later, but discontinued in 1961.

The light was retired in 1969 by the U.S. Coast Guard.  The lighthouse is now part of the Split Rock Lighthouse State Park and is operated by the Minnesota Historical Society.  The site includes the original tower and lens, the fog signal building, the oil house, and the three keepers' houses.  It is restored to appear as it did in the late 1920s.  The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.  Notwithstanding its retirement, every November 10 the lighthouse emits a light in memory of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald which sank on that date in 1975.  On June 30, 2011, the lighthouse was designated as a National Historic Landmark.

The lighthouse keeper, Lee Radzak, worked at the lighthouse from 1982 to 2019, the longest tenure of any lighthouse keeper at the site.

In art
The United States Postal Service issued a stamp that featured the light on June 17, 1995.  It was one of five lighthouses chosen for the "Lighthouses of the Great Lakes" series postage stamp designed by Howard Koslow in 1995.  There was one lighthouse chosen on each of the Great Lakes.  The five lighthouses are Split Rock Light on Lake Superior, St Joseph Light on Lake Michigan, Spectacle Reef Light on Lake Huron, Marblehead Light (Ohio) on Lake Erie and Thirty Mile Point Light on Lake Ontario.

Because of its picturesque form and location, it has been the subject of many photographs and postcards.
The lighthouse was also in the 2013 film The Great Gatsby.

Gallery

Records
Original, microfilmed, and photocopied records of the lighthouse keepers, containing daily entries on station activities and upkeep; expenditures; weather; shipping conditions; visitors; and social events on Lake Superior's north shore during the shipping season are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lake County, Minnesota

References

External links

Minnesota Historical Society: Split Rock Lighthouse
Split Rock Lighthouse Weblog - Official Blog
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under Off Highway 61, 38 miles northeast of Duluth, Two Harbors, Lake County, MN:

Historic American Engineering Record in Minnesota
Lighthouses completed in 1910
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Minnesota Historical Society
Minnesota state historic sites
National Historic Landmark lighthouses
National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
Octagonal buildings in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Lake County, Minnesota
1910 establishments in Minnesota

Split Rock Lighthouse