Saint Augustine in His Study is a fresco painting of Augustine of Hippo executed in 1480 by the Italian Renaissance master Sandro Botticelli. It is in the church of Ognissanti in Florence.

Botticelli was born in a house in the same street as the church, still called Via Borgo Ognissanti.  He was to live within a minute or two's walk of this all his life, and to be buried in the church.

History
In 1464 Botticelli's father bought a house in Via Nuova nearby (modern Via della Porcellana), which Sandro took over in 1470 and lived in for the rest of his life.  Here the notable family on the street were the Vespucci, including Amerigo Vespucci, born in 1454, after whom the Americas were named.  The Vespucci were close Medici allies, and would become regular patrons of Botticelli.

The work was commissioned by the Vespucci family, probably Amerigo's father Nastaglio, a notary, and his brother Giorgio Antonio, both neighbours of Botticelli.  Someone else, probably the order running the church, commissioned Domenico Ghirlandaio to do a facing Saint Jerome; both saints were shown writing in their studies, which are crowded with objects.  As in other cases, such direct competition "was always an inducement to Botticelli to put out all his powers", and the fresco, now his earliest to survive, is regarded as his finest by Ronald Lightbown.  Both depicted two Doctors of the Church in their studies, with a number of objects which mark them as scholars and precursors of Renaissance Humanism.  There is known to have been a small painting of Jerome in his study said to have been by Jan van Eyck in the Medici collection, which is now lost.  This may have influenced both frescos.

They decorated the screen of the unusually located choir, which was demolished in 1564–1566, when they were detached and moved to the nave.  They are now in the refectory, moved there after sustaining slight damage in the 1966 flood of the Arno.  In the first move part of the frame with its inscriptions went lost, and all of Jerome's.

Description
It portrays Augustine of Hippo in meditation inside his study.  The precise subject is a legend, probably first found in the 13th century, of a vision Augustine had as he began to write a letter to Jerome in his study at Hippo in 420.  The time is shown on the clock by his head as the end of the twenty-fourth hour, counting from the previous sunset.  This is the hour of Compline, specified in the legend.  A light and sweet odour came into his study and a voice told him that "he might as soon enclose the ocean in a small vessel, as soon clasp the whole earth in his fist, as soon halt the movement of the heavens as describe the beatitude of the saints without having experienced it", as the speaker was now doing.  When Augustine asked who he was, he replied he was Jerome. Augustine later heard that Jerome had died in Jerusalem at exactly that hour.

The coat of arms visible in the upper part is that of the Vespucci family; Jerome has no equivalent arms.

The lines in the book over the saint's head are mostly meaningless, apart from a line in which reads: Dov'è Frate Martino? È scappato. E dov'è andato? È fuor dalla Porta al Prato ("Where is Brother Martino? He went out. And where did he go? He is outside Porta al Prato"), probably referring to the escapades of one of the Uumiliati, the order who ran the church.  Lightbown suggests that this shows Botticelli thought "the example of Jerome and Augustine likely to be thrown away on the Umiliati as he knew them".

See also
List of works by Sandro Botticelli
Saint Augustine in His Study (Botticelli, Uffizi), a later version of the same subject
St. Augustine in His Study (Carpaccio)

Notes

References
Legouix, Susan, Botticelli, 2004 (revd edn), Chaucer Press,
Lightbown, Ronald, Sandro Botticelli: Life and Work, 1989, Thames and Hudson

1480 paintings
Fresco paintings in Florence
Paintings by Sandro Botticelli
Books in art
Paintings of Augustine of Hippo

Saint Augustine in His Study (Botticelli, Ognissanti)


The Yaqui Uprising, also called the Nogales Uprising, was an armed conflict that took place in the Mexican state of Sonora and the American state of Arizona over several days in August 1896. In February, the Mexican revolutionary Lauro Aguirre drafted a plan to overthrow the government of President Porfirio Díaz. Aguirre's cause appealed to the local Native Americans, such as the Yaqui, who organized an expedition to capture the customs house in the border town of Nogales on August 12.

During the battle that followed, several people were killed or wounded and the rebels were ultimately forced to retreat, ending the conflict after one encounter. It is notable for being one of the final episodes of the American Indian Wars, and for having involved simultaneous participation from American militia and Buffalo Soldiers, Mexican infantry, and local police, all of whom participated in an inconclusive pursuit of the hostiles.

Background
The conflict stemmed from resistance to dictator Porfirio Díaz and his "anti-agrarian and anti-indigenous Mexican policies". It was propagated by the fact that the Mexican Army and the Yaquis had been fighting a largely uninterrupted war against one another for several decades prior to 1896. The war forced many of the natives to flee north into the U.S. state of Arizona, where they settled around Tucson and Phoenix, occasionally recrossing the border to fight the Mexican soldiers. Díaz was known for censoring his critics in the media, which created unrest among the civilian population of Mexico and in the United States.

At the town of Solomonville, in southern Arizona, journalist Lauro Aguirre and Flores Chapa established the anti-Díaz newspaper El Independiente, and on February 5, 1896, they wrote the Plan Restaurador de Constitucion y Reformista. The plan claimed that Díaz had violated the Constitution of 1857 in multiple ways and was mistreating native Mexicans, particularly by deporting them to the Yucatán. It also proposed free elections and the use of force to overthrow the Díaz regime. The Yaqui and the Pima were long-time enemies of Mexico, so Aguirre had no trouble in recruiting local natives to support his cause.

Uprising
In March 1896, the United States government arrested Aguirre and Chapa because the Mexican consul accused them of conspiring to re-enter Mexico and engage in revolutionary actions, but both of the men were acquitted in federal court after the American consul's investigation concluded that they were innocent of any wrongdoing. However, the plan was signed by twenty-three people, including Aguirre, and one other man believed to be Tomas Urrea, the father of the revolutionary Teresa Urrea. Because Tomas Urrea had close relations with many of the people involved in the uprising, Teresa Urrea was suspected of being the mastermind. Sixty to seventy Yaqui, Pima and Mexican revolutionaries, many of them employees of the Southern Pacific Railroad, united in a rebel band calling themselves "Teresitas" to participate in a raid, with the goal being to "capture the arms, ammunition, and money in the Mexican custom-house at Nogales."

Nogales, Sonora, and Nogales, Arizona are immediately opposite each other on the U.S.–Mexico border, so on August 12, when the Teresitas attacked, the Mexican consulate, Manuel Mascarena, requested aid from the Americans in or around the American Nogales. A militia was hastily assembled on the Arizona side of the border and sent in to help rout the rebels during the battle. On the next day Brigadier General Frank Wheaton dispatched elements of the 24th Infantry. At least three men were killed in the fighting and several others were wounded, but other sources claim that seven Mexicans died while the Teresitas lost about the same amount. When the rebels retreated they were pursued by a posse of Sonoran policemen. The police eventually caught up with the Teresitas later that day and fought another skirmish which left the Mexican commander dead. On the day after that, a large force of Mexican Army troops, under the command of Colonel Emilio Kosterlitzky, joined in the pursuit while two companies of the 24th Infantry conducted their own separate operations. Both of the pursuing parties failed to catch up with the rebels, a portion of whom dispersed to their homes in southern Arizona. After that there was no further conflict, and the successful defense of Nogales was effective in suppressing the uprising.

Aftermath
Aguirre continued to print and circulate news critical of the Díaz regime but in 1902 he was forced to leave his home in Mexico out of fear that Díaz was trying to kidnap him. Aguirre continued writing in the United States and later attempted to take over the city of Ciudad Juárez, but this plot was foiled. On September 11, 1896, Teresa Urrea publicly denied having had anything to do with the uprising, but Porfirio Díaz held her responsible so he pressured the American government into moving Urrea from El Paso, Texas to Clifton, Arizona, away from the volatile border region.

See also
Yaqui Wars
Texas Band of Yaqui Indians
Garza Revolution
Battle of Nogales (1913)
Battle of Nogales (1915)
Battle of Ambos Nogales
Crawford Affair
Crabb Massacre

References

History of Mexico
History of Arizona
19th-century military history of the United States
American frontier
Wars involving Mexico
Wars involving the United States
Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America
Battles involving Mexico
Battles involving the United States
Battles involving the Yaqui
1896 in Mexico
1896 in Arizona Territory
Conflicts in 1896
Arizona folklore
Wars fought in Arizona
Buffalo Soldiers
Yaqui Wars

Yaqui Uprising


A ring announcer is an in-ring (and sometimes on-camera) employee or contractor for a boxing, professional wrestling or mixed martial arts event or promotion, who introduces the competitors to the audience.

In boxing and mixed martial arts bouts, introductions occur after both fighters have entered the ring or cage. Along with each fighter's name, the announcer typically also announces their height, weight, town, nickname, win–loss record and any current or past titles the fighter has won. In MMA, the fighting discipline is usually announced. In professional wrestling, wrestlers are similarly introduced, though usually before or as they come to the ring (the weight of each female wrestler is unannounced in most promotions). In-ring introductions are sometimes used for title matches or other major bouts, to add a "big fight feel".

The ring announcer often states the rules of the match. In boxing and MMA, this is usually limited to the number of scheduled rounds and the length of each round. In professional wrestling, the variations are much more numerous and so the announcer may have to explain significantly more to the audience.

When an MMA or boxing bout concludes, the ring announcer announces the winner, time of finish and method. If the fight lasts all scheduled rounds, the announcer will read the fight judges' scorecard totals, before announcing a unanimous, majority, or split decision victory for one of the fighters, or a draw. This is typically done from inside the ring or cage.

In professional wrestling, the announcement is usually performed outside the ring, and typically doesn't mention the time or method of victory unless it is from disqualification, submission, or knockout; however, as professional wrestling shows do incorporate an official timekeeper at ringside, much like boxing and MMA, some ring announcers may be informed of the time of the fall at the match's conclusion and will relay that information to the audience as well.

Even further to this, some professional wrestling matches will stipulate a time limit, within which a wrestler must win if they wish to avoid a time-limit draw. In cases like this, the ring announcer may inform the audience of how much time has passed (and will ordinarily do so every five minutes) and how much time remains.

In a championship match, the announcer specifies that the winner is either still the champion or the new champion.

List of notable ring announcers

Fighting

 Bob Alexander (Boxing, MMA, Kickboxing)
 Michael Buffer (Boxing, K1, MMA, formerly WCW)
 Bruce Buffer (UFC)
 Dom Lau (ring announcer) ONE Championship
 Lupe Contreras (Boxing, MMA)
 Tina Schüßler (Boxing, K1, MMA, Kickboxing) Germany
 Setrha Ejdaharian (1937-2014), Philadelphia-area boxing.
Barrie Eget (Championship Boxing, MMA & Arm Wrestling)
 Cyrus Fees (Xtreme Fighting Championships, Extreme Fighting Championship (EFC))
 Jeff Houston (ROAD FC, Absolute Championship Akhmat, Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship, ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship)
 David Diamante (Boxing, MMA, Muay Thai)
 Bret "Hollywood" Freeman (Cage Rage Ultimate Challenge, Cage Warriors, Cage Contender and IFPA)
 Joe A. Martinez (WEC, Cage Warriors Fighting Championship, Solo Boxeo-Tecate Golden Boy Promotions)
 Jimmy Lennon (Boxing, father of Jimmy Lennon, Jr.)
 Jimmy Lennon Jr. (Boxing, MMA Strikeforce)
 Lenne Hardt (MMA PRIDE, DREAM, ONE Championship, GLORY)
 Ricky Wright (Boxing, MMA IMMAF)
 Jamie Grant (Attitude MMA)
Alexander Zagorsky - Russia (Fight Nights, ACB, M-1)
Krzysztof Skrzypek - Poland (Polsat Boxing Night, ACA (former ACB), Babilon MMA, FEN, PROMMAC, DSF Kickboxing Challenge, Professional MMA League, ...)

Professional wrestling
 Alexa Bliss (WWE)
 Jeremy Borash (WCW and TNA)
 Scarlett Bordeaux (ROH)
Francesca Brown (WWE)
 Michael Buffer (WCW)
 Gary Cappetta (WWF, AWA, NWA, WCW, and AEW)
 Tony Chimel (WWE and WWF)
 Bill Dunn (WWF)
 Howard Finkel (WWE and WWF)
 Dasha Fuentes/Gonzalez (WWE and AEW)
 Mickey Garagiola (Wrestling at the Chase)
 Lilian Garcia (WWE)
 Shaul Guerrero (AEW)
Bob Artese (ECW)
Stephen DeAngelis (ECW)
Greg Hamilton (WWE)
 Christy Hemme (TNA)
 JoJo (WWE)
 Kelly Kelly (OVW)
 Kevin Kelly (ROH)
 Lauren Mayhew (WWE)
 Mike McGuirk (WWE)
 Mike Rome (WWE)
 Joe McHugh (WWWF/WWF)
 Rosa Mendes (FCW)
 "Mean" Gene Okerlund (AWA, WWF/WWE, and WCW)
 David Penzer (WCW and TNA)
 Summer Rae (FCW and WWE)
 Justin Roberts (WWE and AEW)
 Ricardo Rodriguez (WWE)
 Savannah (FCW and WWE)
 Byron Saxton (WWE)
 Eden Stiles/Brandi Rhodes (WWE and AEW)
 Alicia Taylor (WWE)
Tiffany (FCW)
 Caylee Turner (WWE)
 SoCal Val (TNA)

See also

Sports commentator

References

Broadcasting occupations
Sports terminology
Television terminology

Ring announcer


In humans and some other mammals, the soleus is a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider it to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the Latin word "solea", meaning "sandal".

Structure

The soleus is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg.

The soleus exhibits significant morphological differences across species. It is unipennate in many species. In some animals, such as the rabbit, it is fused for much of its length with the gastrocnemius muscle.

The soleus is a complex, multi-pennate muscle in humans, usually having a separate (posterior) aponeurosis from the gastrocnemius muscle. Most soleus muscle fibers originate from each side of the anterior aponeurosis, attached to the tibia and fibula. Other fibers originate from the posterior (back) surfaces of the head of the fibula and its upper quarter, as well as the middle third of the medial border of the tibia.

The fibers originating from the anterior surface of the anterior aponeurosis insert onto the median septum, and the fibers originating from the posterior surface of the anterior aponeurosis insert onto the posterior aponeurosis. The posterior aponeurosis and median septum join in the lower quarter of the muscle and then join with the anterior aponeuroses of the gastrocnemius muscles to form the calcaneal tendon or Achilles tendon and inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus, or heel bone.

In contrast to some animals, the human soleus and gastrocnemius muscles are relatively separate, so shear can be detected between the soleus and gastrocnemius aponeuroses.

The Soleus is vestigial in the horse.

Relations

The gastrocnemius muscle is superficial to (closer to the skin than) the soleus, which lies below the gastrocnemius.

The plantaris muscle and a portion of its tendon run between the two muscles. Deep to it (farther from the skin) is the transverse intermuscular septum, which separates the superficial posterior compartment of the leg from the deep posterior compartment.

On the other side of the fascia are the tibialis posterior muscle, the flexor digitorum longus muscle, and the flexor hallucis longus muscle, along with the posterior tibial artery and posterior tibial vein and the tibial nerve.

Since the anterior compartment of the leg is lateral to the tibia, the bulge of muscle medial to the tibia on the anterior side is the posterior compartment. The soleus is superficial middle of the tibia.

Function

The action of the calf muscles, including the soleus, is plantarflexion of the foot (that is, they increase the angle between the foot and the leg). They are powerful muscles vital in walking, running, and keeping balance. The soleus plays an important role in maintaining standing posture; if not for its constant pull, the body would fall forward.

Also, in upright posture, the soleus is responsible for pumping venous blood back into the heart from the periphery, and is often called the skeletal muscle pump, peripheral heart or the sural (tricipital) pump.

Soleus muscles have more slow muscle fibers than many other muscles. In some animals, such as the guinea pig and cat, soleus consists of 100% slow muscle fibers. Human soleus fiber composition is variable, containing between 60% and 100% slow fibers.

The soleus is the most effective muscle for plantarflexion in a bent knee position (Hence called the first gear muscle). The gastrocnemius originates on the femur, so bending the leg limits its effective tension. During regular movement (i.e., walking) the soleus is the primary muscle utilized for plantarflexion due to the slow-twitch fibers resisting fatigue.

Innervation
The Soleus is Innervated by the Tibial Nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2)

Clinical significance

Disease
Due to the thick fascia covering the leg muscles, they are prone to compartment syndrome. This pathology relates to tissue inflammation affecting blood flow and compressing nerves. If left untreated compartment syndrome can lead to atrophy of muscles, blood clots, and neuropathy.

Additional images

References

 Gray, Henry. Pick, T. Pickering, & Howden, Robert (Eds.) (1995). Gray's Anatomy (15th ed.). New York: Barnes & Noble Books.
 Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2007. Print.

External links

 A. Agur. Architecture of the human soleus muscle, three-dimensional computer modelling of cadaveric muscle and ultrasonographic documentation in vivo. University of Toronto (PhD Thesis). ((https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/16553/1/NQ59030.pdf))
 Soleus Muscle - Your Second Heart

Calf muscles
Muscles of the lower limb

Soleus muscle


Jan Gerrit van Gelder (Alkmaar, 27 February 1903 – Utrecht, 9 December 1980) was a Dutch art historian.

Life and work
Van Gelder was the son of the archivist and museum director, Hendrik Enno van Gelder. He grew up in The Hague. In 1923, he began studying art history at the University of Utrecht. In 1924 he was appointed by the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam, where he worked as an assistant and later as curator in the print room and the library. In 1933, he completed his Ph.D. dissertation under Willem Vogelsang on Jan van de Velde. In 1936, he was appointed lecturer in art history at Leiden University and in 1940 acting director of the Netherlands Institute for Art History in The Hague. From 1945 on, Van Gelder was director of the Mauritshuis. In the same year, he succeeded Hans Schneider as director of Netherlands Institute for Art History. In 1946 he was appointed professor of art history at the University of Utrecht.

In 1947, he created the art historical magazine, Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek, and in 1966, Simiolus. He was also an active member of the editorial board of Oud Holland and a regular contributor to The Burlington Magazine and many other art historical journals.

In 1951 he became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was also a member of the Fondation Custodia and the Institut Néerlandais, both in Paris, and the Istituto Universitario Olandese di Storia dell'Arte in Florence.

Employing a social history approach in his research, Van Gelder wrote about Rembrandt, Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Adam Elsheimer, Aelbert Cuyp, Jan van Scorel, Jan Vermeer, Vincent van Gogh and (with his wife Ingrid Jost) Jan de Bisschop.

Select publications
Jan van de Velde, 1593-1641, teekenaar-schilder. The Hague 1933.
Kunstgeschiedenis en Kunst, The Hague, 1946.
Vincent van Gogh: the Potato Eaters, in the Collection of V. W. Van Gogh, Amsterdam. London 1947.
Prenten en tekeningen. Amsterdam 1958.
(with J. A. Emmens), De schilderkunst van Jan Vermeer: een voordracht. Utrecht 1958.
Dutch Drawings and Prints. New York 1959.
(with Ingrid Jost), Jan de Bisschop and his Icones & Paradigmata. Classical Antiquities and Italian Drawings for Artistic Instruction in Seventeenth Century Holland. Edited by Keith Andrews. Doornspijk 1985.

References

Further reading
Chris Stolwijk, Die wetenschap noemen Gij en ik kunstgeschiedenis ... Denken over kunstgeschiedenis in Nederland: J.G. van Gelder (1903-1980). Steenwijk 1991.
Josua Bruyn, "J. G. van Gelder". The Burlington Magazine 123 (1981), pp.236-239.
Eddy de Jongh, "In memoriam J. G. van Gelder, February 27, 1903 - December 9, 1980". Simiolus'', 11 (1980), pp. 119–124.

External links
R.E.O. Ekkart, "Gelder, Jan Gerrit van (1903-1980)", in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland 3 (1989), pp.187-188.
Dictionary of Art Historians: van Gelder, J(an) G(errit).
Jan Gerrit van Gelder papers Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, Accession No. 840021. The archive consists of correspondence, notes, photographs, offprints, and annotated books and journals,

Dutch art historians
1903 births
1980 deaths
People from Alkmaar
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

Jan Gerrit van Gelder


Ponthieu is a former province in northern France. Its chief town is Abbeville. It lies centered on the mouth of the Somme River. It includes the townships of Crecy-en-Ponthieu, Nouvion-en-Ponthieu and Ailly-le-Haut-Bell.

History

Norman conquest of England

Ponthieu played a small role in the events that led up to the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Harold Godwinson of England was blown ashore at Ponthieu in 1064. He was taken captive by the men of Guy I and held for ransom at the castle of Beaurain. Thinking Harold might be useful to him William II, Duke of Normandy, secured his release. William escorted him to Rouen and gave him many gifts.
william then had Harold take 'many oaths' to support his claim to the English throne and to become William's vassal. But a year after Harold's return to England when king Edward the Confessor died, Harold quickly forgot his oaths and took the crown for himself. That same year Harold was killed at Battle of Hastings and William became King of England.

In 1067 the chaplain of Matilda of Flanders, Guy, Bishop of Amiens, composed Carmen de Hastingae Proelio, a Latin poem on the battle of Hastings.

In 1150 the Count of Ponthieu built a fortress for himself at Crotoy, a strategic point on the mouth of the river Somme.

The Hundred Years' War

During the Hundred Years' War, Ponthieu changed hands a number of times.  The English claimed control of it from 1279–1369 and again until 1435. During English control of Ponthieu, Abbeville was used as the capital.

In late August 1346 Edward III of England reached the region of Ponthieu.  While he was there rebuilt the fortress at Crotoy.  He forced a passage of the Somme at the ford of Blanchetaque.  The army led by Philip VI of France caught up with him at nearby Crécy-en-Ponthieu, leading to the famous Battle of Crécy.

In 1360, the Treaty of Bretigny between King John II of France and Edward III of England gave control of Ponthieu (along with Gascony and Calais) over to the English, in exchange for Edward relinquishing his claim to the French throne.  Edward took the land but still refused to surrender his claim.

In April, 1369 Charles V of France conquered Ponthieu. A month later he declared war on England.  As a result, Edward publicly reassumed the title 'King of France' in June.

In 1372 an English army under the leadership of Robert Knolles invaded Ponthieu. They burned the city of Le Crotoy before crossing the Somme at the ford of Blanchetaque.

In the Treaty of Arras (1435), Charles VII of France convinced Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to break his alliance with the English. In exchange he gave him Ponthieu. This marked a turning point that led to the end of England's part in the conflict 40 years later.

In 1477 Ponthieu was reconquered by King Louis XI of France.

In World War I between 1 July and 18 November 1916 the Battle of the Somme was fought in Ponthieu. It was one of the most costly battles ever fought with over 1,000,000 men killed or wounded.

Notes

References

Subdivisions of France
History of France
Provinces

Ponthieu


In music production, a sampler is a device or software program that allows you to record, store, and manipulate digital audio samples. A sample is a short audio clip, usually a few seconds long, that can be played back at various pitches and speeds to create musical phrases and patterns.

Samplers can be used to record and manipulate virtually any sound, including acoustic instruments, vocals, and environmental sounds. Once a sample is recorded, it can be edited, trimmed, looped, and manipulated in a variety of ways to create new musical ideas.

In addition to their use in music production, samplers are also often used in live performance, allowing musicians to trigger and manipulate samples on the fly. Some popular sampler software programs include Native Instruments' Kontakt and Ableton Live's Sampler.

Sampler (musical instrument)


The Merivale Bridge is a double track railway bridge crossing the Brisbane River.  It crosses the Milton Reach of the river, located in between the Go Between Bridge and the William Jolly Bridge. Exclusively a railway crossing, it is located between the stations of South Brisbane and Roma Street, linking the northern and southern elements of the Queensland Rail City network. The Merivale Bridge is the only inner-city rail crossing in Brisbane. By 2016 it was expected to be over capacity, leading the Queensland Government to announce the Cross River Rail project.

The Merivale Bridge opened on 18 November 1978 by Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen. At the opening with 850 guests, the Premier, described the occasion as "the start of the second stage in the history of Queensland Railways".

It formed a more direct route into the city for Brisbane's southern system suburban trains than the existing route via Corinda. Since 1986 it also has carried the standard gauge line from New South Wales. It was designed by Cameron McNamara Pty Ltd (consulting engineers) and was fabricated and erected by Transfield.

The bridge has been recognised with a number of awards. In 1980 it was named the most outstanding engineering project from the Association of Consulting Engineers of Australia. Judges appreciated the combination of aesthetics and functionality. It also won the 1979 Steel Award.

History
It had taken almost a century to get Brisbane's north and south rail networks joined by a bridge over the Brisbane River. As far back as 1885, the then Engineer-in-Chief for the Southern Division Railways arranged for the trial rail survey being done in South Brisbane to be extended across the river to the main western line near Countess Street.

In 1889, he arranged to have levels taken for alternative routes to Roma Street tunnel via Herschel Street, and to Central station via a direct route between Turbot and Ann Streets. The Herschel Street route was recommended for adoption, and plans subsequently prepared. However the government decided not to proceed and requested an alternative survey, but that too was held over.

Worried at losing trade to central city businesses, the merchants of South Brisbane fought against the bridge. In 1913, the then Premier requested that plans for a direct route through Ann Street to Albert Square (now King George Square) be put in hand. In 1919, the matter was raised again, but after further pressure from antilobbyists, was once more allowed to lapse.

In 1950, the issue was raised in connection with proposals to electrify the Brisbane suburban network. Surveys and plans were finalised in 1954, and in 1955 the State Government announced its decision to proceed with the construction and initiated land resumptions. However, financial constraints again caused a deferment.

This study was submitted to the Government in 1970. It recommended that the crossing should follow the route, as surveyed in 1890. The Queensland State Cabinet approved the bridge in October 1971. In 1975, a contract was let to Transfield for the construction of the bridge and the line into South Brisbane station. The first pile was driven on 21 August 1975. The bridge took a period of three years and three months to be built.

The Merivale Bridge opened on 18 November 1978 by Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen. At the opening with 850 guests, the Premier, described the occasion as "the start of the second stage in the history of Queensland Railways". The first train to use the train was Diesel electric locomotive no. 2422.

The bridge was named after Merivale Street in South Brisbane with which the bridge is aligned.

The bridge was refurbished in 2016.

References

External links

 31653 Merivale Bridge Cross River Rail Link opening photographs, State Library of Queensland

Bridges completed in 1978
Bridges in Brisbane
Bridges over the Brisbane River
Railway bridges in Queensland
Steel bridges in Australia
Through arch bridges
1978 establishments in Australia

Merivale Bridge


Mercer County is located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 42,528. Its county seat is Celina. The county was created in 1820 and later organized in 1824. It is named for Hugh Mercer, an officer in the American Revolutionary War.

Mercer County comprises the Celina, Ohio  Micropolitan Statistical Area

History

Mercer County was founded in 1820 which set it apart from Darke County. Land south of the Greenville Treaty Line was still part of Darke County. An act establishing Mercer County took place on January 2, 1824. In 1837 Van Wert County was detached and the county line established is the current northern border of Mercer County. In 1839 Celina was established as the capital of Mercer County, St. Marys, Ohio was the previous capital. In 1848 the area south of the Greenville Treaty Line to the current southern county line, was attached. When Auglaize County, Ohio was formed, Mercer County's eastern border was moved 6 miles west with the exception of the area south of the Greenville Treaty line. This created the sharp point at Mercer County's south-east corner and was the last county line modification.

In the mid to late 1800s Mercer county became home to many German immigrants, most of whom became farmers in the new world. Many of these German immigrants migrated from northwestern Germany.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (2.3%) is water. The entire county has an elevation difference of less than 300 feet. The highest point is on the southern county line at 1071 feet above sea level. This is in proximity to the head waters for the Wabash River. The lowest point in the county is 780 feet above sea level. This point is located on the northern county line where the St. Marys River crosses over.

Drainage basins
Mercer County has two rivers running through it; the Wabash and the St. Marys. The Wabash watershed is part of the Gulf of Mexico's watershed. The St. Marys watershed is part of Lake Erie's watershed. Creeks between these two watersheds are within a mile of each other at some places in Mercer County. This area/line that divides the drainage basins is known as the St. Lawrence Continental Divide

Beaver Creek
Beaver Creek is the longest and largest creek in Mercer County. It stretches 19.7 miles and has two sections. The first section begins in southern farmland in the county and flows through the town of Montezuma, Ohio and into Grand Lake St. Marys. The other section of the creek begins as a spillway and empties into the Wabash River. Beaver Creek was originally one piece, but was split into two sections after the construction of Grand Lake. The creeks' spillway, and last section, has been the subject of controversy and multimillion-dollar lawsuits. Farmers along Beaver Creek claim their land floods because of the spillway that was put up in 1997, replacing the previous spillway, built in 1913.

Government
Mercer County has a 3-member Board of County Commissioners that oversee the various County departments, similar to all but 2 of the 88 Ohio counties. Mercer County's elected commissioners are: Jerry Laffin, Rick Muhlenkamp, and Greg Homan.

Adjacent counties
 Adams County, Indiana (northwest)
 Van Wert County (north)
 Auglaize County (east)
 Shelby County (southeast)
 Darke County (south)
 Jay County, Indiana (southwest)

Demographics

2000 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 40,814 people, 14,756 households, and 11,022 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 15,875 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 98.44% White, 0.10% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. 1.15% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 14,756 households, out of which 37.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.10% were married couples living together, 7.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.30% were non-families. 22.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.24.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 29.60% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 21.20% from 45 to 64, and 14.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 99.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $42,742, and the median income for a family was $50,157. Males had a median income of $35,508 versus $22,857 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,531. About 4.60% of families and 6.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.90% of those under age 18 and 7.80% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 40,814 people, 15,532 households, and 11,172 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 17,633 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 97.4% white, 0.4% Asian, 0.2% Pacific islander, 0.2% American Indian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.6% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.5% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 58.7% were German, 8.8% were American, 8.3% were Irish, and 6.2% were English.

Of the 15,532 households, 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 28.1% were non-families, and 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.11. The median age was 39.4 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $49,719 and the median income for a family was $60,215. Males had a median income of $42,441 versus $31,069 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,348. About 6.3% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.9% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
Prior to 1940, Mercer County was primarily Democratic, only voting Republican once from 1856 to 1936 for Ohioan Warren G. Harding in 1920.
From 1940 to 1968, the county was a Republican-leaning swing county, voting for Republican candidates four times and Democratic candidates three times, although John F. Kennedy came within 5 votes of carrying it in 1960. The 1972 election began the county's streak of being a Republican stronghold presidentially, with the party's margins of victory increasing to well over 50 percent in recent elections.

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Communities

City
 Celina (county seat)

Villages

 Burkettsville (part)
 Chickasaw
 Coldwater
 Fort Recovery
 Mendon
 Montezuma
 Rockford
 St. Henry

Townships

 Black Creek
 Butler
 Center
 Dublin
 Franklin
 Gibson
 Granville
 Hopewell
 Jefferson
 Liberty
 Marion
 Recovery
 Union
 Washington
 Wayne (defunct, now part of Celina)

Unincorporated communities
 Carthagena
 Cassella
 Chattanooga
 Cranberry Prairie
 Erastus
 Macedon
 Maria Stein
 Mercer
 Padua
 Sebastian

In popular culture
The county is the fictional setting of the Amazon Prime Video series Tales from the Loop.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, Ohio

References

External links

 County website
 Mercer County, Ohio American History and Genealogy Project

1824 establishments in Ohio
Populated places established in 1824

Mercer County, Ohio


Malcolm John Perry (born 13 November 1951) is a British theoretical physicist and emeritus professor of theoretical physics at University of Cambridge and professor of theoretical physics at Queen Mary University of London. His research mainly concerns quantum gravity, black holes, general relativity, and supergravity.

Biography
Perry attended King Edward's School, Birmingham before reading physics at St John's College, Oxford. He was a graduate student at King's College, Cambridge, under the supervision of Stephen Hawking. He obtained his doctorate in 1978 with a thesis on the quantum mechanics of black holes. In these early years, he worked on several very influential papers on Euclidean quantum gravity and black hole radiation with Gary Gibbons and Hawking.

After his graduate studies, he worked in Princeton, New Jersey from 1978 to 1986. With his student Rob Myers, he found the Myers-Perry metric, which describes the higher-dimensional generalization of the Kerr metric. He also started working on supergravity, string theory and Kaluza–Klein theory. In his final years in Princeton he worked with Curtis Callan, Emil Martinec and Daniel Friedan to calculate the low-energy effective action for string theory.

In 1986, he returned to Cambridge, being elected a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he has worked ever since. In 2010, his attention has focused on generalised geometry and the doubled formalism for string theory, extending these ideas to M-theory in collaboration with David Berman. In 2016, he returned to black hole physics with Hawking and Andrew Strominger and began a series of highly influential works attempting to solve long standing problems in black hole thermodynamics.

References

External links
Malcolm Perry's faculty page at Queen Mary University of London

1951 births
Living people
British theoretical physicists
English physicists
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Cambridge mathematicians

Malcolm Perry (physicist)


Andrea Gibb is a Scottish screenwriter and actress.

Early life and education
Andrea Gibb was born in Greenock, Scotland. She studied drama and sociology at Glasgow University and then did a post-graduate teaching degree at Manchester Polytechnic before going on to do an acting course at the Drama Studio London.

Career

She acted regularly in theatre and television before she started writing. Her most high-profile role was as Deirdre, Calum Buchanan's girlfriend in All Creatures Great and Small. "When I was doing All Creatures, I had absolutely no desire, no intention, no belief that I could write," recalled Gibb in 2016. "It never occurred to me, and it was never something I imagined myself doing in the future. My writing career just happened, almost accidentally, and now I don't act very much at all. Occasionally I'll do the odd short film for a friend. I did a theatre job about three years ago that I absolutely loved. I miss actors and I miss that sense of camaraderie. You become a family." "I had just moved from London up to Liverpool and was doing a fair bit of acting in the North West around Liverpool, including at the Everyman, but I still had a London agent, so I was going down for auditions all the time. She rang me and asked if I'd be interested in going up for All Creatures Great and Small because they were looking for a Scottish character. At first I thought it was to play a vet and I was really excited, then I read the script and, of course, it transpired that Deirdre worked at the Ministry of Agriculture."

Gibb was also a regular presenter on the children's television programme Let's Pretend.

She was shortlisted for The Dennis Potter Award with her screenplay Lucky Bag and then went on to win a Mental Health Media Award for the film Golden Wedding, which she wrote for BBC Scotland. She then wrote the screenplays for Dear Frankie and AfterLife. Both these films were shot in her home town of Greenock at exactly the same time. She has a small cameo role in Dear Frankie.  Gibb was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer and the BAFTA Scotland award for best Screenwriter.  She was nominated for a Scotland on Sunday/Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award and won the Scottish Screen Bowmore filmmaker of the year award in 2005. She also won the  Women in Film and Television Script award for her work on these two films.

Gibb is currently in development with several projects including high-profile adaptations of Swallows and Amazons for BBC Films, Vikram Seth's An Equal Music for Cuba Pictures, Rose Tremain's The Road Home for BBC 2 and Andrea Gillies's Keeper and Andrew O'Hagan novel
Mayflies for BBC1.

References

External links
Afterlife film review

Living people
Scottish screenwriters
British women screenwriters
People from Greenock
20th-century Scottish actresses
Date of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)

Andrea Gibb


Erin Parish (born 1966 in St. Louis, MO) is an American painter and independent curator.

Early life and education

She graduated from Bennington College in 1988 with a B.A. and Queens College with an M.F.A. in 1990.

Parish is the daughter of four artists. As a child growing up, talk in her family focused on the New York Times and the changing commercial and philosophical views of the art world. She has been exhibiting regularly since the age of 18 and has been a practicing artist for nearly four decades.

Career

While her early influences range from Joseph Cornell to the German Expressionists and the Neue Wilde artists of the 1980s, she now draws inspiration from the Hudson River School artists, as well as Mariko Mori, Yayoi Kusama and Japanese woodcuts by Hokusai and Hiroshige.

She is also influenced by the Japanese principles of Wabi-sabi and Yugen.

She has been represented by Winston Wachter Fine Art, New York, NY, since 2000.

Residencies and grants
2001, Peter S. Reed Foundation Grant (New York City, NY)
1997, Fine Arts Work Center, Fellowship Grant from the Hand Hollow Foundation (Provincetown, MA)
1991, Vermont Studio Center, Critic's Grant (Johnson, VT)

References

External links
 Official Website of Erin Parish

American women painters
1966 births
Living people
American art curators
Bennington College alumni
21st-century American women artists

Erin Parish


William Leopold Doak (January 28, 1891 – November 26, 1954) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher who played for three teams between 1912 and 1929. He spent portions of 13 seasons with the St. Louis Cardinals. He was nicknamed "Spittin' Bill" because he threw the spitball. He led the National League in earned run average in 1914, and he won 20 games in the 1920 season.

Early life
Doak was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Bertha Schaltenbrand Doak and William E. Doak, a civil engineer. Both sides of Doak's family originated from Germany. He had one sibling, a younger sister. Doak's father pressured him to become a mining engineer, but Doak began playing semipro baseball in 1909. He was in the minor leagues by the next year, and made it to the major leagues by 1912.

Career
The St. Louis Cardinals purchased Doak's contract in the summer of 1913, and he spent the majority of his career with that team. In  he went 19–6 and led the league with an ERA of 1.72. Doak won 20 games in , and led the NL in ERA again in 1921.  On June 14, 1924, Doak was traded by the Cardinals to the Brooklyn Robins for Leo Dickerman.

He returned to St. Louis for a short time in 1929 before retiring. His lifetime record is 169–157, with an ERA of 2.98 and 1,014 strikeouts.  Even though Doak played with many unremarkable teams, he is among the Cardinals' top 10 in eight pitching categories; his 32 shutouts rank second behind Bob Gibson.

Doak's main pitch, the spitball, earned him the nickname "Spittin' Bill".  When the pitch was outlawed in 1920, Doak was one of 17 pitchers allowed to continue throwing the spitball.

Doak made his most lasting contribution to baseball by innovating the design of the baseball glove.  In 1920, he suggested to Rawlings that a web should be laced between the first finger and thumb, saying it would create a natural pocket. The Bill Doak glove soon replaced all other baseball gloves and is the standard to this day.

Later life
Doak retired to Bradenton, Florida, where he owned a candy shop (Bill Doak's Sweet Shop), and also coached the Bradenton High School baseball team, which made it to the state championship. He died in Bradenton, aged 63.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
 List of St. Louis Cardinals team records

References

External links

 Bill Doak Biography

1891 births
1954 deaths
St. Louis Cardinals players
Brooklyn Robins players
Cincinnati Reds players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Pittsburgh
Baseball players from Bradenton, Florida
National League ERA champions
Wheeling Stogies players
Akron Rubbermen players
Columbus Senators players
Akron Giants players

Bill Doak


Corrado della Torre, also called Mosca ( – 24 October 1307) was an Italian medieval politician and condottiero, a member of the Torriani family.

Biography
Corrado was the son of Napo della Torre and Marguerite of Baux, a Provençal noblewoman. Around 1266 he was podestà of Mantua and in 1277 he took part in the battle of Desio, in which he was captured and imprisoned in the Castello Baradello, near Como, together with his father and brothers. Napo died there in 1278, while Corrado and his brother were later able to escape. He became governor of Istria in 1277–1278 and 1293–1297, and, in 1293, podestà of Trieste, all under the aegis of his uncle Raimondo, then patriarch of Aquileia. In 1284–1285 he took part in the defence of Trieste, besieged by the Venetians. In 1289 he fought against Asti alongside William VII of Montferrat.

In 1302 he participated in the anti-Visconti alliance which forced Matteo Visconti to leave Milan, which was returned to the della Torre. In 1305 he led an expedition against Matteo in Brescia, defeating him. Two years later, Visconti set a plot to kill Corrado and his cousin Guido, but the attempt failed; Corrado died  in October 1307, at Milan. He was buried in the church of San Francesco Grande.

Among his sons, Cassone (or Gastone) was Archbishop of Milan from 1308 to 1316 and patriarch of Aquileia from 1317 to 1318.

Sources
Page at the Dizionario biografico degli Italiani

1250s births
1307 deaths
Corrado
13th-century condottieri
14th-century condottieri
Military personnel from Milan

Corrado della Torre


Musokios or Mužok was a 6th-century (Antes) monarch that ruled around 592, during Maurice's Balkan campaigns.

Menander Protector writes about Musokios in his works.

Raid on Ardagast
Ardagast, a commander of Musokios, was sent and raided Thrace, which prompted Emperor Maurice to deal with the Antae - sending an army with commander-in-chief Priscus and infantry commander Gentzon to cross the Danube at Dorostolon (present-day Silistra) and surprise attack the Slavs in their own territory (as the Slavs had long been pillaging the Byzantine Empire). The Army arrived at the Antae camp at midnight, surprising the Slavs who fled in confusion, Ardagast fell on a tree stump and was almost captured, but luckily he was near a river and eluded the caption.

Priscus sent his lieutenant Alexander across the Helibakion (Ialomiţa River) to find Slavs who were hiding in the woods and swamps, they failed to burn out the people hiding, but a Gepid Christian who was associated with the Slavs deserted and showed a secret passage after which the army easily captured the Slavs, who according to the Gepid, were spies sent by King Musokios that just heard about the attack on Ardagast.

End
When lieutenant Alexander returned with the Gepid and captives, the Gepid received handsome presents and arranged a strategy to bring Musokios and his army into the hands of the Byzantines.

The Gepid contacted Musokios and asked him to send a transport across the Paspirion river for the remaining army of Ardagast, Musokios assembled 150 monoxyles and 30 oarsmen which crossed the river. Meanwhile, Priscus approached the banks and met with the Gepid and arranged an ambush with 200 men in the guidance of Alexander.

On the following night, the boatmen were heavily intoxicated of wine and fell asleep. The Gepid gave the signal and the Slav colony was slaughtered, with the boats taken into Byzantine possession and filled with 300 soldiers heading towards Musukios.

A funeral ceremony of the brother of Musukios took place at the camp, with the people, as the boatsmen, being heavily intoxicated. Musukios was surprised and taken alive, a massacre lasted til the morning. Some Slavs escaped and returned to kill some of the army, as a result, Priscus hanged the negligent guards.

References

Sources
J B Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol 2, p. 129, 130 and 172

South Slavic history
6th-century monarchs in Europe
6th-century Slavs
Slavic warriors

Musokios


Crispus Attucks (circa 1723 – March 5, 1770) was the first person to die in the Boston Massacre.  This made him the first American to die in the American Revolutionary War.  After being killed at the Boston Massacre, Attucks became a martyr of the American Revolution.  He also became a symbol for the abolitionist (anti-slavery) movement, both in the 18th century and the 19th century.

Attucks had a big impact on important historical events like the American Revolution and the abolitionist movement.  However, he continues to have an impact on American culture today.  Even 250 years after his death, modern songs, stories, and television shows still talk about Attucks.  Children go to schools that are named after him.  In 2002, Attucks was named one of the "100 Greatest African Americans" in United States History.

Early life
Aside from how he died, historians do not know much about Attucks' life.  His father, Prince Yonger, was a slave who had been born in Africa; his mother, Nancy Attucks, was a Wampanoag Native American.  One of Crispus Attucks' ancestors was John Attucks of Massachusetts, who was hanged during King Philip's War.

Attucks himself may have been a freeman, or may have escaped slavery.  However, some evidence suggests that Attucks was born a slave in Framingham, Massachusetts, but escaped from slavery.  In 1750, William Brown, a slave-owner in Framingham, put out an advertisement about a runaway slave named Crispus. In the advertisement, Brown offered a reward of 10 pounds to whoever found and returned Attucks to him. The description in the advertisement fit Crispus Attucks.  This suggests that Attucks was a runaway slave.  Still, people have argued for decades about whether Attucks was a free black man or a runaway slave.

Attucks may have worked as a dockworker or a merchant seaman.  He definitely became a sailor and spent most of the rest of his life at sea.  He often worked on whalers, which involved long trips at sea. Many historians also believe that he went by the alias "Michael Johnson" in order to avoid being caught and sent back to slavery. He may only have been temporarily in Boston in early 1770, having recently returned from a voyage to the Bahamas. He was due to leave shortly afterwards on a ship for North Carolina.

Reaction and trials

John Adams successfully argued that most of the accused British soldiers fired their guns in self-defense.  He got all but two of the soldiers acquitted of murder (found not guilty). Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter. They were punished by being branded (burned) on their thumbs.  While defending the British soldiers, Adams called the crowd "a motley rabble of saucy boys, negros and molattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish Jack Tarrs." In particular, he accused Attucks of having decided "to be the hero of the night," and of having started a conflict with his "mad behavior."

The five people killed in the Massacre were buried as heroes in the Granary Burying Ground, which also contains the graves of Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other important people.

Importance in history
After being killed in the Boston Massacre, Attucks was held up as the first martyr of the American Revolution.  The deaths of Attucks and four other Americans enraged the American people and helped trigger the start of the American Revolution.

Attucks also became a symbol of the abolitionist (anti-slavery) movement in the 18th century.  In the early 19th century, as the abolitionist movement gained strength in Boston, supporters praised Attucks as an African American who played a heroic role in the history of the United States.  Because Attucks was of mixed African and Native American heritage, he also became an important figure in Native American history.

Legacy and honors

 1858: Boston-area abolitionists, including William Cooper Nell, created "Crispus Attucks Day" to honor Attucks.
 1888: A monument honoring Attucks and the other victims of the Boston Massacre was created on Boston Common. It is over 25 feet high and about 10 feet wide. It shows the Boston Massacre, with Attucks lying in the foreground. Under the scene is the date: March 5, 1770. Above the scene stands a female figure, Free America, holding the broken chain of oppression in her right hand. Beneath her right foot, she crushes the royal crown of England. At the left of the figure is an eagle. Thirteen stars are cut into one of the faces of the monument. Beneath these stars in raised letters are the names of the five men who were killed that day: Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, Samuel Maverick, and Patrick Carr. Some men died a day later.
 In 1888, the Massachusetts Historical Society and the New England Historic Genealogical Society did not want the Attucks memorial to be created.  However, since the 20th century, both organizations have acknowledged his importance in history, and have created museum exhibits about black history and genealogy.
 1998: The United States Treasury released "The Black Revolutionary War Patriots Silver Dollar" featuring Attucks' image.  Funds from sales of the coin were intended for a proposed Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial in Washington, DC.
 2002: The Afrocentrist scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Crispus Attucks as among the 100 Greatest African Americans.
 Places named for Attucks include the Crispus Attucks High School in Indianapolis, Indiana; Attucks Middle School in Sunnyside, Houston, Texas; the Crispus Attucks Elementary School in Kansas City, Missouri; the Attucks Theatre in Norfolk, Virginia; the Crispus Attucks Association in York, Pennsylvania; Crispus Attucks Road in Spring Valley, New York; Crispus Attucks Elementary School in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn; Crispus Attucks Park in Carbondale, Illinois; Crispus Attucks Elementary School in East St. Louis, Illinois; Crispus Attucks Park in Washington, D.C.; the Crispus Attucks Center in Dorchester, Massachusetts; and the Crispus Attucks Bridge in Framingham, Massachusetts.

In popular culture
 "First man to die for the flag we now hold high was a black man" is a line from Stevie Wonder's song "Black Man".
 "Crispus Attucks, the first blasted" is a line from Nas's song "You Can't Stop Us Now".
 The poet John Boyle O'Reilly wrote the following poem when the monument was finally unveiled:
And to honor Crispus Attucks who was the leader and voice that day: The first to defy, and the first to die, with Maverick, Carr, and Gray. Call it riot or revolution, or mob or crowd as you may, such deaths have been seeds of nations, such lives shall be honored for aye...
 Melvin Tolson begins his poem "Dark Symphony" with the lines:
 "Black Crispus Attucks taught / Us how to die / Before white Patrick Henry's bugle breath / Uttered the Vertical / Transmitting cry: / 'Yea, give me liberty or give me death.'"
 Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke about Attucks in the introduction of Why We Can't Wait (1964), as an example of a man whose contribution to history provided a strong message of moral courage.
 In an unsourced, popular book about Attucks, James Neyland wrote his appraisal of the man's significance:
He is one of the most important figures in African-American history, not for what he did for his own race but for what he did for all oppressed people everywhere. He is a reminder that the African-American heritage is not only African but American and it is a heritage that begins with the beginning of America.
 Attucks is discussed at length in the book "Rush Revere and the First Patriots" by Rush Limbaugh. The book is second in a series celebrating "Exceptional Americans."
 Nat King Cole mentions Crispus Attucks in the spoken introduction to his Capitol Records recording of "We Are Americans, Too".

References

1723 births
1770 deaths
People from Massachusetts
African-American people
Murdered African-American people
American revolutionaries
Slaves
Native American people
Murdered Native American people
Deaths by firearm in the United States

Crispus Attucks


Chaabi ( in Arabic), also known as Chaâbi, Sha-bii, or Sha'bii meaning "folk", refers to different music genres in  North Africa such as Algerian chaabi, Moroccan chaabi and Egyptian Shaabi.

Chaabi music is frequently found in weddings and this style is often associated with the festivals. The use of popular language and the creation of new rhythms have made this style an essential complement to the dance.

Popular artists

 Hakim
 Hassan El Asmar
 Bahaa Sultan
 Hicham.Bajit
 Jedwan
 Yassin Bounous
 Daoudi Abdellah
 Saïd Senhaji
 El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka
 El Hachemi Guerouabi
 Amar Ezzahi
 Dahmane El Harrachi
 Kamel Messaoudi
 Hamada Helal
 Bab L' Bluz

External links
 Hicham.Bajit
 MaghrebSpace
 nachattube
 dailyzik
 NYTimes feature

North African music
Middle Eastern music

fr:Chaâbi algérois

Chaabi


Farah Mahbub (born April 10, 1965) aka Farah Jee is a Pakistani fine art photographer and a photography professor teaching at Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture, Karachi, Pakistan. Mahbub was awarded second prize in the fine art category at Px3 (Prix de la Photographie, Paris).

Biography
Mahbub graduated from PECHS College Karachi with Bachelor of Arts degree in 1987. She has been working as a professional photographer since 1988, doing fine art photography for personal self-expression and freelancing for publications. She has taught photography at Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture since 1997.

Publications with contributions by Mahbub
Chobi Mela IV. International Festival of Photography, Bangladesh, 2006.
Blue Print to Cyanotypes: Exploring Historical Alternative Photographic Processes. Stockholm, Sweden, 2006. By Malin Fabbri and Gary Fabbri.
Px3 Annual Book. 2007.
Journeys of the Spirit – Pakistan Art in the New Millennium. Salwat Ali. Pakistan, 2008.
Mazaar, Bazaar, Design and Visual Culture in Pakistan. Edited and designed by Saima Zaidi. 2009.
K' Architecture. Edited by Arshad Faruqui and Amean J.. Black Olive Publication and the Institute of Architects of Pakistan, 2010.
Kam Sukhan, 9 Years of Kiran Fine Jewellery. Pakistan: Markings, 2013.

Exhibitions

Solo exhibitions
 September 1993: Rendezvous with France, Alliance Française, Karachi
 December 1996: Intention, Sadequain Gallery, Frere Hall, Karachi
 February 2000: Hues Within, Sadequain Gallery Frere Hall, SG Forum Art Gallery (Alliance Française), Karachi
 November 2005: Ethereal Ether Echoes, V.M Art Gallery, Karachi
 March 2012: Baraka Silsila.e.Nisbat, V.M Art Gallery, Karachi

Group exhibitions
 15 June - 14 July 2007: The Art of Digital Imagery, Center for Fine Art Photography Gallery, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2004, 2006, 2007: PSK (Photographic Society of Karachi)
 September 2001: Karavan Karachi, Photography, Gallery Sadequain, Karachi, Pakistan.
 February 2002: An Idea of Perfection, (PNCA) Pakistan National Council of the Arts Alhamra Gallery, Lahore, Pakistan
 1 February - 13 March 2002: Interrogating Diversity, Betty Rymer Gallery, Chicago, IL, USA, online exhibition
 2002: Center for Contemporary Art, Sacramento, USA for the show Digital Visions.
 15 January – 2 February 2004: 11th Asian Art Biennale, Osmani Memorial Hall, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 10–12 June 2004: Kodak Photo Vision 2004, PSK Photographic Society of Karachi at The Arts Council Of Karachi, Pakistan
 15–18 January 2005: Photo Exhibition Singular Medium: Multiple Frames at the Italian Cultural Center, New Delhi, India
 28 March – 3 April 2006: Artists' Voices: Calligraphy, Amin Gulgee Gallery, Karachi, Pakistan. Co-curated by Sheherbano Hussain and Amin Gulgee.
 6–12 April 2006: Artists' Voices: Body, Amin Gulgee Gallery, Karachi, Pakistan. Co-curated by Sheherbano Hussain and Amin Gulgee.
 31 May – 15 June 2006: Karachi 6 X 6: the Labyrinth, VM Art Gallery, Karachi. Co-curated by Abdullah Syed and Roohi Ahmed.
 12–21 October 2006: Special Exhibition: By a group of students and faculty of the IVS, the work depicts the rural Badin district of Sindh, Canvas, Karachi.
 20-30 Nov 2006: Chobi Mela IV International Festival of Photography, National Art Gallery, Bangladesh, Shilpakala Academy Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
 June–July 2007: Px3, Prix de la Photographie, 13 Sévigné Gallery, Paris
 2005–2011: Faculty Art 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, IVS Gallery
 29–31 May 2009: 'K'architecture', Karachi Expo Center, Karachi | IVS Gallery Karachi
 9 December 2009: There and Then, Mohatta Palace Museum, Karachi
 18–30 April 2011, The Family, VM Art Gallery, Karachi
 21 May – 8 June 2013: Kam Sukhan, IVS Gallery, Karachi

Awards
1993: Camera & Darkroom: Runner-up in Inclement Weather Contest, March 1993, CA, USA.
2007: "The Art of Digital Imagery", Center for Fine Art Photography, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 15 June – 14 July 2007. Work by 50 photographers.
2007: Second Prize in Fine Art category, Px3, Prix de la Photographie, 13 Sévigné Gallery, Paris, June/July 2007, for "Lifelines & Manuscripts 25."

References

External links

 INCOGNITO ...the weird and wonderful world of Photography
 Communication Design Faculty, Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture, Karachi
 PX3 2007 Honorable Mentions

1965 births
Living people
Pakistani photographers
Pakistani women photographers
Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture alumni

Farah Mahbub (photographer)


Shaker or Shakers may refer to:

Religious groups
 Shakers, a historically significant Christian sect
 Indian Shakers, a smaller Christian denomination

Objects and instruments
 Shaker (musical instrument), an indirect struck idiophone
 Cocktail shaker, a device used to mix beverages (usually alcoholic) by shaking
 Shaker (salt and pepper), condiment dispensers designed to allow diners to distribute grains of edible salt and ground peppercorns
 Shaker (laboratory), a device used to stir liquids in chemistry and biology
 Shaker (testing device), a vibration device used in endurance testing or modal testing
 Shaker scoop, an auto component
 Shale shakers, a type of solids control equipment

Music
 Shaker (musical instrument), an indirect struck idiophone
 Shaker (Lil Shaker), a Ghanaian recording artist, songwriter, producer and performer
 The Shakers (band) a pseudonym for the band Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes
 Los Shakers, a Uruguayan band
 Shaker (David Johansen album), 2002
 Shaker (Akina Nakamori album)
 "Shaker", a song by Nebula from the 2001 album Charged

People with the name
 Shaker Aamer (born 1966), Saudi citizen held in Guantanamo Bay
 Shaker Ahmed (born 1992), a Bangladeshi cricket player
 Shaker Al-Nabulsi (1940-2014), an American author
 Shaker Asad (born 1979), a Palestinian former soccer midfielder
 Shaker Elsayed (born 1951), the Imam of the Dar Al-Hijrah mosque
 Shaker Ismail (born 1927), an Iraqi former international football player
 Shaker Mahmoud (born 1963), an Iraqi football midfielder
 Shaker Zahra, professor of strategy and entrepreneurship, Carlson School of Management
 Hakeem Shaker (born 1963), a former Iraqi football player and manager
 Hany Shaker (born 1952), an Egyptian singer, actor and composer
 Huda Sajjad Mahmoud Shaker (born 1978), an Iraqi politician
 Jalal Shaker, a former Iraqi football defender
 Mahmoud Shaker (1926-1980), a senior commander in the Egyptian Air Force
 Masihuddin Shaker, Bangladeshi film director and writer
 Mohamed Shaker (1933-2018), an Egyptian diplomat and political scientist
 Mohammed Ali Shaker (born 1997), an Emirati footballer
 Mohammad-Hossein Shaker, an Iranian retired military officer
 Nadhim Shaker (1958-2020), Iraqi football player and coach
 Noor Shaker, a Syrian entrepreneur and computer scientist
 Salam Shaker (born 1986), a former Iraqi professional footballer
 Samir Shaker (born 1958), Iraqi former professional footballer
 Tarek Shaker, an Egyptian politician
 Thamer Shaker (born 1975), a Saudi businessman, management consultant, and writer
 Zaid ibn Shaker (1934-2002), former commander-in-chief of the Jordanian military
 Lisa Sthalekar "Shaker" (born 1979), Indian-Australian cricketer

Other uses
 Shaker, one of the players executing the shake and bake strategy in the sport pickleball
 Baker University, Baldwin City, Kansas, US
 Shaker (gene), an animal gene
 The Shakers (film), a 1974 documentary film
 Bury F.C. or the Shakers, an English football club
 Shaker (Diagnosis: Murder episode)

See also
 Shaker furniture, distinctive furniture developed by the Shakers
 Shaker Heights, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland in the USA
 Shakir (name)
 Chaker (disambiguation)

Shaker


Asfandyar Wali Khan (; ; born 19 February 1949) is a Pakistani politician from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa who is the president of the Awami National Party (ANP). His father, Abdul Wali Khan, was the party's first president. He is the grandson of Abdul Ghaffar Khan, better known as Bacha Khan; Abdul Ghaffar was the founder of the non-violent political movement in NWFP, Khudai Khidmatgar ("Servants of the God") during British colonial rule in India and a companion of Mahatma Gandhi. Asfandyar's Granduncle Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan was the Indian National Congress's Chief Minister of the North West Frontier Province, during the waning days of the British Raj, and also the Chief Minister of the province during the early days of independent Pakistan. Asfandyar is the present president of the Awami National Party and has served as Member of Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan and senator in the Senate of Pakistan. Asfandyar Wali Khan got credit of provincial autonomy in Pakistan and the renaming of North West Frontier Province as Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa with support of coalition partner PPP during 18th amendment 2010.

Personal background

Asfandyar Wali Khan was born in Charsadda, then a small village outside of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. He is the eldest son of Abdul Wali Khan and his first wife Taj Bibi. After the death of his mother in February 1949 his father married Nasim Wali Khan in 1954. Sangeen Wali Khan was his half brother and eldest son of Nasim Wali Khan.

Education
Asfandyar Wali Khan completed his early education from Aitchison College, Lahore, High School from Islamia Collegiate School and his BA from Islamia College, Peshawar Pakhtoon Khwa University of Peshawar.

Political career
Asfandyar Wali Khan joined the opposition to Ayub Khan as a student activist. In 1975, Asfandyar was imprisoned and tortured by the Government. His nails and hairs were plugged off and he was kept in C class jail just because his father Wali Khan was in opposition to Bhutto. by the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and convicted as part of the Hyderabad tribunal for 15 years. Released in 1978, he stayed away from electoral politics till 1990..

Asfandyar Wali Khan served as leader of the Pakhtun Student Federation prior to being elected to the provincial Assembly in the 1990 election, while in the 1993 election he was elected to Pakistan's National Assembly. A seat to which he was re-elected to the National Assembly in the 1997 election and served as Parliamentary leader of the ANP and Chairman of the standing committee on inter-provincial co-ordination.

In 1999, he was elected party president for the first time. He was defeated in the 2002 election, in what was a repeat of his father's defeat in 1990, when a tactical alliance was formed by all the anti-ANP groups against him. After his defeat he resigned as President of his party, only to be re-elected unopposed in the subsequent party election. In 2003 he was elected to the Senate for a 6-year term. He was re-elected to the National Assembly in the parliamentary elections that was held in February 2008, leading his party to power both provincially and nationally, the former for the first time since 1947 and the latter since 1997.

In September 2008, he was elected as Chairman of the standing committee on foreign Affairs.

In 2008 it was reported by Dawn that he made a secret visit to the United States in which he made high level contacts with the U.S Central Command.

Assassination attempt
On 3 October 2008, he was targeted by a suicide bomber who attempted to kill him while he was greeting guests during Eid ul-Fitr. Asfandyar Wali Khan remained Steadfast and challenged the Terrorists.The story that opposition propagated about leaving to London is fake.Asfandyar remained in Charsadda and his party fought against terrorists

References

External links
Awami National Party
Awami National Party
Khan Abdul-Ghaffar Khan/Badshah Khan, Wali Khan, ANP
Interview with Asfandyar Wali Khan
Asfandyar Wali: Profile of Pakistan's Progressive Pashtun Politician By Hassan Abbas

1949 births
Living people
Aitchison College alumni
Awami National Party politicians
Asfandyar Wali
North-West Frontier Province MPAs 1990–1993
Pakistani MNAs 1993–1996
Pakistani MNAs 1997–1999
Pakistani prisoners and detainees
Pashtun nationalists
Pashtun politicians

Asfandyar Wali Khan


Henry & June is a 1990 American biographical drama film directed by Philip Kaufman, and starring Fred Ward, Uma Thurman, and Maria de Medeiros. It is loosely based on the posthumously published 1986 Anaïs Nin book of the same name, and tells the story of Nin's relationship with Henry Miller and his wife, June.

The film was nominated for Best Cinematography at the 63rd Academy Awards.

It was the first film to be given an NC-17 rating by the MPAA.

Plot
In 1931 in Paris, France, Anaïs Nin is in a stable relationship with her husband Hugo, but longs for more out of life. When Nin first meets Henry Miller, he is working on his first novel. Nin is drawn to Miller and his wife June, as well as their bohemian lifestyle. Nin becomes involved in the couple's tormented relationship, having an affair with Miller and also pursuing June. Ultimately, Nin helps Miller to publish his novel Tropic of Cancer, but catalyzes the Millers' separation, while she returns to Hugo.

Cast

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was arranged by Mark Adler, consisting of period popular songs.
 Jean Lenoir, "Parlez-moi d'amour" (Lucienne Boyer)
 Claude Debussy, Six épigraphes antiques: Pour l'égyptienne (Ensemble Musical de Paris)
 Francis Poulenc, "Les chemins de l'amour" (Ransom Wilson and Christopher O'Riley)
 Debussy, Petite Suite: "Ballet" (Aloys and Alfons Kontarsky)
 Harry Warren, "I Found a Million Dollar Baby" (Bing Crosby)
 Erik Satie, "Gnossienne No. 3" (Pascal Rogé)
 Satie, "Je te veux" (Jean-Pierre Armengaud)
 Debussy, "Sonata for Violin and Piano" (first movement) (Kyung-wha Chung and Radu Lupu)
 Frédéric Chopin,  Nocturne No. 1 in C Major [sic] (Paul Crossley)
 Georges Auric, "Sous les toits de Paris" (Rene Nazels)
 Jacques Larmanjat, lyrics by Francis Carco, "Le doux caboulot" (Annie Fratellini)
 Debussy, "La plus que lente" (Josef Suk)
 "Je m'ennuie" (Mark Adler)
 "Coralia" (Mark Adler)
 Irving Mills, "St. James Infirmary Blues" (Mark Adler)
 Francisco Tárrega, "Gran Vals" (Francisco Tárrega)
 Joaquin Nin-Culmell, "Basque Song" (Joaquin Nin-Culmell)
 Vincent Scotto, lyrics by George Koger and H. Vama, "J'ai deux amours" (Josephine Baker)

Reception

Box office
Henry & June grossed $11,567,449 in the domestic market.

Critical reception
The film received mixed reviews from critics. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B−, but felt that, "Kaufman, trying to deepen the erotic explorations of Unbearable Lightness, ends up with a triangle movie that's watchable but also arty and rather stilted. The biggest disappointment of the film is that, after all the ratings brouhaha, it's not very sexy." Janet Maslin of The New York Times noted the film's efforts to present sex in a more artistic, highbrow manner, remarking, "The film's sex scenes, photographed delicately by Philippe Rousselot and directed with great intensity by Mr. Kaufman, are particularly lofty. These sequences, often tinged with symbolism (a hand playing a guitar juxtaposed with a hand on a woman's breast), tend to be self-consciously bold," but felt the film lacked daring.

The film has a 60% approval rating on review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's consensus reads, "Henry & June celebrates sensuality and passion, though the portentous filmmaking drags it down by a large degree".

References

External links

1990 films
1990 drama films
1990s English-language films
1990s erotic drama films
1990 LGBT-related films
1990s biographical drama films
American biographical drama films
American erotic drama films
American erotic romance films
American independent films
American LGBT-related films
Biographical films about LGBT people
Biographical films about writers
Female bisexuality in film
Fictional married couples
Films about sexuality
Films based on biographies
Films based on diaries
Film controversies
Films directed by Philip Kaufman
Films set in 1931
Films set in Paris
Films shot in France
Henry Miller
Lesbian-related films
LGBT-related controversies in film
Rating controversies in film
Universal Pictures films
1990s American films
1990 independent films
English-language biographical drama films
Films with screenplays by Philip Kaufman

Henry & June


John Ranby (1703–1773) was a prominent English surgeon, who served in the household of King George II and wrote books on surgery. His influence helped to instigate a corporation of surgeons distinct from barbers.

Life
The son of Joseph Ranby of St. Giles-in-the-Fields in Middlesex, an innholder, he put himself apprentice to Edward Barnard, foreign brother of the Company of Barber-Surgeons, on 5 April 1715. On 5 October 1722 he was examined on his skill in surgery. His answers were approved, and he was ordered the seal of the Barber Surgeons Company as a foreign brother.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 30 November 1724. He was appointed surgeon-in-ordinary to the king's household in 1738, and in 1740 he was promoted sergeant-surgeon to George II. He became principal sergeant-surgeon in May 1743, and in this capacity accompanied the king in the German campaign of that year. He was present at the battle of Dettingen, and there had as a patient Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, the king's second son.

In 1745 Ranby's interest with the king and the government of the day helped the passing of the act of parliament constituting a corporation of surgeons distinct from that of the barbers. He was the nominated as the first master of the newly founded surgeons' company, though he had  held no office in the old and united company of Barber-Surgeons. Joseph Sandford, the senior warden of the old company, and William Cheselden, the junior warden, took office under him as the first wardens. He was re-elected master of the company in 1751, when the company entered into occupation of their new theatre in the Old Bailey, and for a third time in 1752. Ranby was appointed surgeon to the Chelsea Hospital on 13 May 1752 in succession to Cheselden.

John Ranby died on 28 August 1773, after a few hours' illness, at his apartments in Chelsea Hospital, and was buried in the south-west portion of the burying-ground attached to the hospital, in a square sandstone tomb with a simple inscription.

Reputation
Ranby had a large surgical practice, and Henry Fielding introduced him into Tom Jones. He was a man of strong passions, harsh voice, and inelegant manners. Queen Caroline of Ansbach called him "the blockhead" before submitting to an operation for hernia, of which she died.

Messenger Monsey, a fellow medic, had a low moral opinion of him: "Ra[i]nby was the only man I ever heard coolly defend the use of laudanum in effecting his designs on women, which he confessed he had practised with success."

Works
The Method of Treating Gunshot Wounds. London, 1744, 2nd edit. 1760; 3rd edit. 1781; an account of some of the surgical cases which came under Ranby's care when he served under Lord Stair in the German campaign up to the battle of Dettingen. He extols the use of Peruvian bark in the suppuration following upon gunshot wounds, and makes observes that its virtue is increased if the elixir of vitriol be given with it; he thus anticipates the use of quinine. He also gives a detailed account of a wound in the leg sustained by the Duke of Cumberland; and relates cases of death from tetanus occurring after gunshot wounds. The book was translated into French by Pierre Demours a year after its first edition.
A Narrative of the last illness of the Earl of Orford, from May 1744 to the day of his decease, 18 March following, London, 1745; 2nd edit. 1745. This pamphlet, relating to the last illness of Sir Robert Walpole, gave offence to the physicians, for utterly condemning the use of the lithontryptic lixivium in the treatment of the stone.
The True Account of all the Transactions before the Right Honourable the Lords and others Commissioners for the affairs of Chelsea Hospital as far as relates to the Admission and Dismission of Sam. Lee, Surgeon, London, 1754. This work mentions the methods adopted by a hernia-curing quack to whom the government of the day had paid large sums of money.
Three Curious Dissections by John Ranby, esq., Surgeon to His Majesty's Household and F.R.S. 1728, printed in William Beckett's 'Collection of Chirurgical Tracts, London, 1740.
Paper in the Philosophical Transactions, 1731, vol. xxxvii.

Family
Ranby married, in 1729, Jane, the elder daughter of the Hon. Dacre Barrett-Lennard. An illegitimate  son, John Ranby (1743–1820), became known as a pamphleteer. His daughter Hannah married Walter Waring, MP for Bishops Castle and Coventry.

References

Notes

Attribution

1703 births
1773 deaths
English surgeons
Fellows of the Royal Society

John Ranby


HyperNormalisation is a 2016 BBC documentary by British filmmaker Adam Curtis. It argues that governments, financiers, and technological utopians have, since the 1970s, given up on the complex "real world" and built a simpler "fake world" run by corporations and kept stable by politicians. The film was released on 16 October 2016 on BBC iPlayer.

Etymology
The word hypernormalization was coined by Alexei Yurchak, a professor of anthropology who was born in Leningrad and later went to teach at the University of California, Berkeley. He introduced the word in his book Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation (2006), which describes paradoxes of Soviet life during the 1970s and 1980s. He says that everyone in the Soviet Union knew the system was failing, but no one could imagine an alternative to the status quo, and politicians and citizens alike were resigned to maintaining the pretense of a functioning society. Over time, this delusion became a self-fulfilling prophecy and the fakeness was accepted by everyone as real, an effect that Yurchak termed hypernormalisation.

Chapters
The film contains nine chapters, and is composed primarily of montage with voice-over.

1975
The fiscal crisis in New York City and the emergent idea that financial systems could run society; shuttle diplomacy between then-US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and Middle Eastern leaders in the Arab-Israeli dispute and the subsequent retreat by Hafez al-Assad of Syria; and the onset of hypernormalisation in the Soviet Union.

The Human Bomb
Following the United States' involvement in the 1982 Lebanon War, a vengeful al-Assad made an alliance with Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran. They planned to force the US out of the Middle East by encouraging civilians to carry out suicide bombings on American targets in the region, thereby avoiding reprisals. In February 1984, the US withdrew all its troops from Lebanon because, in the words of then-US Secretary of State George P. Shultz, "we became paralysed by the complexity that we faced".

Altered States
By the mid-1980s, banks and corporations were connecting through computer networks to create a hidden system of power, and technological utopians whose roots lay in the counterculture of the 1960s also saw the internet as an opportunity to make an alternative world that was free of political and legal restraints.

Acid Flashback
John Perry Barlow's vision of cyberspace as the 1990s equivalent of the Acid Tests. Barlow had been part of the LSD (also known as "acid") counterculture in the 1960s and founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation. He wrote a manifesto called A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. Addressed to politicians, it declared "the global social space we are building to be naturally independent of the tyrannies you seek to impose upon us". Two computer hackers, Phiber Optik and Acid Phreak, knew that in reality corporations were using the internet to exert more control over the lives of people than governments had done in the past, and they demonstrated that hierarchies did exist online by obtaining Barlow's credit record from TRW Inc. and posting it on the internet.

The Colonel
This chapter describes the Reagan administration using Muammar Gaddafi as a pawn in their public relations (PR) strategy of creating a simplified, morally unambiguous foreign policy by blaming him for the 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks and the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing that killed US soldiers, both of which European security services attributed to Syrian intelligence agencies. Gaddafi is described as playing along for the sake of increasing his profile in the Arab world as a revolutionary. The 1986 United States bombing of Libya, 10 days after the disco bombing, is described as an operation carried out mainly for PR reasons, because attacking Syria would have been too risky.

The Truth Is Out There

This chapter begins with a montage of unidentified flying object (UFO) sightings recorded by members of the public in the United States. It argues that the phenomenon surrounding UFOs in the 1990s was born out of a counter-intelligence operation designed to make the public believe that secret airborne high-technology weapons systems tested by the US military during and after the Cold War were alien visitations. Top secret memos forged by the United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations were allegedly leaked to ufologists who spread the manufactured conspiracy theory of a government cover-up to the wider public. The method, called perception management, aimed to distract people from the complexities of the real world. American politics are described as having become increasingly detached from reality. Curtis uses the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s as an example of an event that took the West by surprise because reality had become less and less important. A Jane Fonda workout video is shown to illustrate that socialists had given up trying to change the real world and were instead focusing on the self and encouraging others to do the same, though it is notable that Fonda used the profits from these videos to fund activism. The video is intercut with footage of Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife, Elena, being executed by firing squad and buried following the Romanian Revolution in 1989.

Managed Outcomes
Ulrich Beck is identified as a left-wing German political theorist. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, he saw the world as too complex to change, and Beck asserted that politicians should merely keep the West stable by predicting and avoiding risks. Curtis looks at Aladdin, a computer that manages about 7% of the world's financial assets, analysing the past to anticipate what may happen in the future; and how anti-depressant drugs and social media both stabilise the emotions of individuals.

A Cautionary Tale
The start of this chapter is about the flaws of trying to predict the future by using data from the past. Curtis tells the story of how a card counter was recruited by Donald Trump to analyse the gambling habits of Akio Kashiwagi at his casino, the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City, after Trump had lost millions of dollars to Kashiwagi. In an effort to avert the impending bankruptcy of the casino, a model was devised that predicted a way of recouping the money from Kashiwagi, who lost US$10 million. However, before he could pay, he was killed by yakuza gangsters and the casino went bankrupt, with Trump having to sell many of his assets to the banks.

Attention turns back to the Middle East and the Lockerbie Bombing in 1988. Curtis says that immediately after the bombing, journalists and investigators blamed Syria for carrying out the attack on behalf of Iran in revenge for the shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by the United States Navy. It was generally accepted as true until US security agencies announced that Libya was behind the attack. Some journalists and politicians believed that the West had made the volte-face to appease Syria's leader, who the US and the United Kingdom required as an ally in the coming Gulf War.

He focuses on the spread of suicide bombing tactics from Shia to Sunni Islam and the targeting of civilians in Israel by Hamas during the 1990s. The resulting political paralysis led to a stalling of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. It is described as an unintended consequence of Israel's response to the 1992 killing of an Israeli border guard.

A montage is shown of clips from pre-9/11 disaster films in which New York City landmarks are variously destroyed by alien invaders, meteorites, and a tsunami. Curtis argues that such films were characteristic of a mood of uncertainty that pervaded the United States at the end of the 20th century.

Curtis shows how Muammar Gaddafi was turned into the West's "new best friend."

A World Without Power
The effect of the Iraq war wreaks havoc on the American psyche and people retreat into cyberspace. Judea Pearl creates Bayesian networks that mimic human behaviour. Judea's son, Daniel Pearl is the first American to be beheaded on a video uploaded to YouTube.

Meanwhile, social media algorithms show information that is pleasing to their users and hence does nothing to challenge their beliefs. Despite this, Occupy Wall Street emerges in an attempt to disrupt the system by imitating the leaderless system that the internet was once imagined to become. Using a similar method, the Egyptian revolution of 2011 commenced.

Britain, France and the US turn their backs on Muammar Gaddafi once Libyans rise up against him. The US drops bombs using drones, and then footage is shown of Gaddafi being captured by rebels.

Neither Occupy Wall Street nor the Arab Spring turn out very well for the revolutionaries.

In Russia, Vladimir Putin and his cabinet of political technologists create mass confusion. Vladislav Surkov uses ideas from art to turn Russian politics into a bewildering piece of theatre. Donald Trump used the same techniques in his presidential campaign by using language from Occupy Wall Street. Curtis asserts that Trump "defeated journalism" by rendering its fact-checking abilities irrelevant.

The American Left's attempt to resist Trump on the internet had no effect. In fact, they were just feeding the social media corporations who valued their many additional clicks.

Syria's revolution becomes more vicious and violent. The technique of suicide bombing that Curtis argues Hafez al-Assad introduced in order to unite the Middle East has instead torn it apart. Russia uses Surkov's concept of "non-linear warfare" to fight against the Syrian rebels. Russia claims to leave Syria, but doesn't.

Abu Musab al-Suri in Syria suggests that terrorists should not carry out large-scale attacks such as Osama bin Laden's, but instead carry out "random" small-scale attacks throughout the West to create fear and chaos, against which it would be more difficult to retaliate.

Destabilisation of the West's psyche leads to the vote for Brexit and the popularity of Donald Trump.

Music
Music used at any stage or repeatedly includes:

Clips
HyperNormalisation makes extensive use of footage from the BBC Archives and includes material shot specially for the documentary.

Critical reception
The Independent described it as "A rare documentary that respects the viewer's intelligence... Nearly all of the political moments Curtis drops in on are well known, but he recontextualises them in an engrossing way. [He] is to be applauded for making a documentary that, in creating deliberately disorientating world narratives, those in power are trying to prevent.". The New Yorker described it as "a searching and essential document of our times, a movie that leaves us, as in its opening shot, groping through a pitch-black forest with only a flashlight, wondering what lies in all that terrifying darkness that no one has found a way through".

In The Guardian, reviewer Charlie Lyne wrote, "[this] 165-minute opus makes a feature of its sheer unwieldiness, as Curtis veers from social history to conspiracy theory via the odd rambling bar-room anecdote, like a man who's two-dozen browser tabs into a major Wikipedia binge... the film embraces the peculiarities of online viewing, trusting that its audience – if confused – will skip back 20 minutes to refresh their memories, or supplement Curtis's argument with research of their own." For The Hollywood Reporter, Stephen Dalton wrote, "A rich gumbo of occult conspiracy theory, dystopian science-fiction thriller and Noam Chomsky-style Marxist critique, Hypernormalisation is highly compelling even when its arguments are not wholly convincing... This fascinating assemblage of half-explored ideas should inspire curious viewers to conduct further research of their own, which is an entirely healthy and positive response".

Phil Harrison, in a review for The Quietus, wrote "it could be argued that Curtis himself is just another master manipulator... piecing together a diverting collage out of various picaresque shards of recent history and presenting it as the truth." In Little White Lies, David Jenkins wrote that the film is a "constantly compelling roundelay of political tidbits presented as fragments of a larger, vaguely unfathomable puzzle... The pieces all (just about) fit together, but the image they produce is blurred and indistinct... [Curtis's] wall-to-wall voiceover narration is rife with sweeping statements which act as the teetering tentpoles of his thesis."

Awards and nominations

See also
Bitter Lake
Potemkin village

Notes

References

External links

Reviews:
Adam Curtis on chatbots, A.I. and Colonel Gaddafi at The Register
Adam Curtis continues search for the hidden forces behind a century of chaos at The Guardian
Virtual unreality: Adam Curtis on why your life doesn't make sense at BBC Arts
A masterfully dark dive into our experience of reality at The Independent
TV Review of the Week: HyperNormalisation at The National

2016 documentary films
2016 films
2016 in British television
2010s British films
2010s English-language films
BBC television documentaries about history during the 20th Century
BBC television documentaries about history during the 21st Century
BBC television documentaries about politics
Collage film
Collage television
Documentary films about politics
Films about philosophy
Films directed by Adam Curtis

HyperNormalisation