Capital punishment in Portugal has been abolished. Portugal was a pioneer in the process of abolition of capital punishment. No executions have been carried out since 1846, with the formal abolition of capital punishment for civil wrong occurring in 1867.

History
The method of capital punishment used in Portugal was by hanging. Portugal was the first country in the world to begin the process to abolish the death penalty, abolishing it in stages. For political crimes capital punishment was abolished in 1852, for all crimes except the military in 1867, and for all crimes in 1911. In 1916, Portugal entered in World War I and it was re-established for military crimes in wartime with a foreign country in the theatre of war.

With the new Constitution in 1976, capital punishment was again abolished for all crimes.

==
The last execution in Portugal took place in Lagos in 1846. The execution of a soldier of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps carried out in France during World War I was poorly documented until recently. Soldier João Augusto Ferreira de Almeida underwent an execution by firing squad on 16 September 1917. He was issued a "moral rehabilitation" by the Council of Ministers and the President of Portugal, also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces in 2017, which was the 100th anniversary of his execution and 150th anniversary of the end of capital punishment for civil crimes in Portugal. The action was purely symbolic, and not a reappreciation of the facts of the case, an exoneration, or a pardon. This was merely the "rehabilitation of the memory of a soldier convicted to a sentence contrary to human rights and the values and principles that have been long ingrained in Portuguese society."

Public opinion
In the 2008 European Values Study (EVS), 51.6 percent of respondents in Portugal said the death penalty can never be justified, while only 1.5% said it can be always justified.

Politics
Today, most political circles are opposed to the idea of reintroducing the death penalty, although it has support from some members of the Chega, a far right, anti-immigration and nationalist political party. In a 2020 Chega party referendum, 44 percent voted in favor of death penalty for crimes such as terrorism or child abuse.

References

Portugal
Capital punishment
Capital punishment
Capital punishment
Death in Portugal
1911 disestablishments
1867 disestablishments
1976 disestablishments in Portugal

Capital punishment in Portugal


Michael Stanley Dukakis ( ; born November 3, 1933) is an American retired lawyer and politician who served as governor of Massachusetts from 1975 to 1979 and again from 1983 to 1991. He is the longest-serving governor in Massachusetts history and only the second Greek-American governor in U.S. history, after Spiro Agnew. He was nominated by the Democratic Party for president in the 1988 election, losing to the Republican nominee, Vice President George H. W. Bush.

Born in Brookline, Massachusetts, to Greek immigrants, Dukakis attended Swarthmore College before enlisting in the United States Army. After graduating from Harvard Law School, he won election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, serving from 1963 to 1971. He won the 1974 Massachusetts gubernatorial election but lost his 1978 bid for re-nomination to Edward J. King. He defeated King in the 1982 gubernatorial primary and served as governor from 1983 to 1991, presiding over a period of economic growth known as the "Massachusetts Miracle".

Building on his popularity as governor, Dukakis sought the Democratic presidential nomination for the 1988 presidential election. He prevailed in the Democratic primaries and was formally nominated at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. Dukakis chose Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas as his running mate, while the Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of George H. W. Bush and Senator Dan Quayle. Dukakis made history as the first non-Western European American nominated for president by a major party, and was, until President Obama's nomination in 2008, the only major presidential nominee in history with ancestry from outside Western or Northern Europe. Although he lost the election, carrying only ten states and Washington, D.C., he improved on the Democratic performances in the previous two elections. After the election, Dukakis announced that he would not seek another term as governor, and he left office in 1991.

Since leaving office, Dukakis has served on the board of directors for Amtrak and has taught political science at Northeastern University and UCLA. He was mentioned as a potential appointee to the Senate in 2009 to fill the vacancy caused by Ted Kennedy's death, but Governor Deval Patrick chose Paul G. Kirk. In 2012, Dukakis backed the successful Senate campaign of Elizabeth Warren, whom he also supported in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. With the death of nonagenarian Bob Dole on December 5, 2021, Dukakis is the oldest living losing major party presidential candidate (outside of incumbents).

Early life and education
Dukakis was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father Panos (1896–1979) was a Greek immigrant from Edremit in Anatolia. Panos Dukakis settled in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1912, and graduated from Harvard Medical School twelve years later, subsequently working as an obstetrician. Dukakis's mother Euterpe (née Boukis; 1903–2003) was born in Larissa, to Aromanian parents from Vrysochori. She and her family emigrated to Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1913.
Dukakis attended Brookline High School in his hometown, where he was an honor student and a member of the basketball, baseball, tennis, and cross-country teams. As a 17-year-old senior in high school, he ran the Boston Marathon. He graduated from Swarthmore College in 1955 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science. Although Dukakis had been accepted into Harvard Law School, he chose to enlist in the United States Army. After basic training at Fort Dix and advanced individual training at Camp Gordon, he was assigned as radio operator to the 8020th Administrative Unit in Munsan, South Korea. The unit was a support group to the United Nations delegation of the Military Armistice Commission Dukakis served from 1955 to 1957. He then received his J.D. degree from Harvard Law School in 1960. Dukakis is also an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. Dukakis began his political career as an elected Town Meeting Member in the town of Brookline.

State legislature

Dukakis served four terms in the Massachusetts House of Representatives between 1962 and 1970. In 1966, Dukakis unsuccessfully ran for Attorney General of Massachusetts. In 1970, Dukakis was the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor on a ticket led by Boston mayor Kevin White. However, the Democratic ticket lost the 1970 gubernatorial election. After losing his bid for lieutenant governor, Dukakis returned to the private sector, practicing law and becoming a partner at Hill and Barlow.

Governor of Massachusetts

1974 election

First term

Dukakis was elected governor in 1974, defeating the incumbent Republican Francis Sargent during a period of fiscal crisis. Dukakis won in part by promising to be a "reformer" and pledging a "lead pipe guarantee" of no new taxes to balance the state budget. He would later reverse his position after taking office. He also pledged to dismantle the powerful Metropolitan District Commission (MDC), a bureaucratic enclave that served as home to hundreds of political patronage employees. The MDC managed state parks, reservoirs, and waterways, as well as the highways and roads abutting those waterways. In addition to its own police force, the MDC had its own maritime patrol force, and an enormous budget from the state, for which it provided minimal accounting. Dukakis's efforts to dismantle the MDC failed in the legislature, where the MDC had many powerful supporters. As a result, the MDC would withhold its critical backing of Dukakis in the 1978 gubernatorial primary.

Governor Dukakis hosted President Gerald Ford and Britain's Queen Elizabeth II during their visits to Boston in 1976 to commemorate the bicentennial of the United States. He gained some notice as the only politician in the state government who went to work during the Blizzard of 1978, during which he went to local TV studios in a sweater to announce emergency bulletins. Dukakis is also remembered for his 1977 exoneration of Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists whose trial sparked protests around the world. During his first term in office, Dukakis commuted the sentences of 21 first-degree murderers and 23 second-degree murderers.

His first term performance proved to be insufficient to offset a backlash against the state's high sales and property tax rates, which turned out to be the predominant issue in the 1978 gubernatorial campaign. Dukakis, despite being the incumbent Democratic governor, was refused renomination by his own party. The state's Democratic Party chose to support Director of the Massachusetts Port Authority Edward J. King in the primary, partly because King rode the wave against high property taxes, but more significantly because state Democratic Party leaders lost confidence in Dukakis's ability to govern effectively. King also enjoyed the support of the power brokers at the MDC, who were unhappy with Dukakis's attempts to dismantle their powerful bureaucracy. King also had support from state police and public employee unions. Dukakis suffered a scathing defeat in the primary, a disappointment that his wife Kitty called "a public death".

Cabinet

Between governorships
Following his first governorship, Dukakis taught at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. In 1980, Dukakis published his book State and Cities: The Massachusetts Experience.

Second term

Four years later, having made peace with the state Democratic Party, MDC, the state police and public employee unions, Dukakis defeated King in a re-match in the 1982 Democratic primary. He went on to defeat his Republican opponent, John Winthrop Sears, in the November election. Future United States Senator, 2004 Democratic presidential nominee, and US Secretary of State John Kerry was elected lieutenant governor on the same ballot with Dukakis, and served in the Dukakis administration from 1983 to 1985.

Dukakis served as governor during which time he presided over a high-tech boom and a period of prosperity in Massachusetts while simultaneously earning a reputation as a 'technocrat'. The National Governors Association voted Dukakis the most effective governor in 1986. Residents of the city of Boston and its surrounding areas remember him for the improvements he made to Boston's mass transit system, especially major renovations to the city's trains and buses. He was known for riding the subway to work every day as governor.

In 1988, Dukakis and Rosabeth Moss Kanter, his economic adviser in the 1988 presidential elections, wrote a book entitled Creating the Future: the Massachusetts Comeback and Its Promise for America, an examination of the Massachusetts Miracle.

Cabinet

1988 presidential campaign

Primaries

Using the phenomenon termed the "Massachusetts Miracle" to promote his campaign, Dukakis sought the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States in the 1988 United States presidential election, prevailing over a primary field that included Jesse Jackson, Dick Gephardt, Paul Simon, Gary Hart, Joe Biden and Al Gore, among others. Composer John Williams wrote "Fanfare for Michael Dukakis" in 1988 at the request of Dukakis's father-in-law, Harry Ellis Dickson. The piece was premiered under the baton of Dickson (then the Associate Conductor of the Boston Pops) at that year's Democratic National Convention. Dukakis won the Democratic nomination, with 2,877 out of 4,105 delegates. He chose Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas to be his vice presidential running mate. Dukakis was pro-choice on the issue of abortion.

Dukakis made history as the first non-Western European American nominated for president by a major party, and was, until President Obama's nomination in 2008, the only major presidential nominee in history with ancestry from outside Northwestern Europe. Every United States presidential nominee except for Martin van Buren (who was of entirely Dutch ancestry) has had ancestry from the British Isles. As the first ethnic Greek nominated for the Presidency by a major party, Dukakis enjoyed strong support among the Greek American community. The Associated Press reported in April 1988 that there was an "outpouring of pride in Dukakis", which was especially strong and sentimental among older generations of Greek Americans. Dukakis stressed his working-class background as the son of impoverished immigrants, and his fluency in Greek among several other languages. Touching on his immigrant roots, Dukakis used Neil Diamond's ode to immigrants, "America", as the theme song for his campaign. This was seen as a sharp departure from his previous political campaigns in heavily white Massachusetts, in which the Washington Post reported that Dukakis rarely, if at all, made a point of his ethnicity (hence the reported colloquial saying "I knew Michael Dukakis before he was Greek"). Although George H.W Bush's campaign did not make a point of it in their attack ads, researchers and pollsters often discussed the vulnerability of Dukakis embracing his heritage. Conservative analyst William Schneider Jr. said that Dukakis' Greekness was the "great unspoken issue" of the election. The Post assessed that Bush's desirability as a WASP would inevitably make a victory more difficult for Dukakis in the long run.

Regardless of community support, Dukakis had trouble with the personality that he projected to the voting public. His reserved and stoic nature was easily interpreted to be a lack of passion; Dukakis was often referred to as "Zorba the Clerk". Nevertheless, Dukakis is considered to have done well in the first presidential debate with George H.W. Bush, with The New York Times reporting, "Democratic and Republican analysts generally agreed that Mr. Dukakis had turned in the better performance in the first of two Presidential debates, frequently managing to put Mr. Bush on the defensive." In the second debate, his performance was poor and played to his reputation as being cold.

During the campaign, Dukakis's mental health became an issue when he refused to release his full medical history and there were, according to The New York Times, "persistent suggestions" that he had undergone psychiatric treatment in the past.  The issue gained further traction after a White House press conference, during which President Ronald Reagan flippantly referred to Dukakis as an "invalid". In the 2008 film Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story, journalist Robert Novak revealed that Republican strategist Lee Atwater had personally tried to get him to spread these mental health rumors. Editors at The Washington Times contributed to these rumors when they ran a story headlined "Dukakis Kin Hints at Sessions", suggesting that a member of the Dukakis family had said "it is possible" that Dukakis saw a psychiatrist. A week later the reporter, Gene Grabowski, revealed that Times editors had taken the full quote out of context. The full quote was "It's possible, but I doubt it."

Dukakis's general election campaign was subject to several criticisms and gaffes on issues such as capital punishment, the pledge of allegiance in schools, and a photograph of Dukakis in a tank which was intended to portray him as a sound choice for commander-in-chief but which was widely perceived to have backfired. Like the allegations of psychiatric problems, these were vulnerabilities which Atwater identified and exploited. In 1991, shortly before his death from a brain tumor, Atwater apologized to Dukakis for the "naked cruelty" of the 1988 campaign.

Crime

During the campaign, Vice President George H. W. Bush, the Republican nominee, criticized Dukakis for his traditionally liberal positions on many issues, calling him a "card-carrying member of the ACLU". Dukakis's support for a prison furlough program was a major election subject. During his first term as governor, he had vetoed a bill that would have stopped furloughs for first-degree murderers. During his second term, that program resulted in the release of convicted murderer Willie Horton, who committed a rape and assault in Maryland after being furloughed. George H. W. Bush mentioned Horton by name in a speech in June 1988, and a conservative political action committee (PAC) affiliated with the Bush campaign, the National Security Political Action Committee, aired an ad entitled "Weekend Passes", which used a mug shot image of Horton. The Bush campaign refused to repudiate the ad. It was followed by a separate Bush campaign ad, "Revolving Door", criticizing Dukakis over the furlough program without mentioning Horton. The legislature canceled the program during Dukakis's last term.

Tank photograph

Dukakis was criticized during the campaign for a perceived softness on defense issues, particularly the controversial "Star Wars" program, which he promised to weaken. In response to this, Dukakis orchestrated what would become the key image of his campaign, although it turned out quite differently from what he intended. On September 13, 1988, Dukakis visited the General Dynamics Land Systems plant in Sterling Heights, Michigan, to take part in a photo op in an M1 Abrams tank. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher, had been photographed in 1986 riding in a Challenger tank while wearing a scarf, which turned out very successful and helped in her 1987 reelection. General Dynamics protocol requires one to wear the protective helmet for safety and communication when the tank was running at full speed, although Dukakis campaign staffers were aware that a politician putting on any headgear was a faux pas. A member of the press did photograph Dukakis without the helmet when the tank exited the garage at slow speed, however the rest of the photographers snapped shots of Dukakis wearing a helmet when the tank made a high speed pass.

The image of Dukakis wearing a helmet while riding the tank was ridiculed by Bush and the media. The following week, a poll found that 25 percent of respondents said they were less likely to support him because of the tank ride. Footage of Dukakis in the tank was used in a television ad by the Bush campaign, which aired during the World Series. The Dukakis campaign produced a 60-second response ad that featured a television set playing Bush's ad, which is flicked off the screen by a finger later revealed to be Dukakis as he proclaims that he is fed up with "George Bush's negative TV ads", but this "pin-the-tail-on-the-donkey advertising" only ended up drawing further attention to the tank ride.

The phrase "Dukakis in the tank" remains a shorthand for backfired public relations outings. In 2008, when asked about the photograph, Dukakis said "Should I have been in the tank? Probably not, in retrospect. But these days when people ask me, 'Did you get here in a tank?' I always respond by saying, 'No, and I've never thrown up all over the Japanese prime minister'."

Result
The Dukakis/Bentsen ticket lost the election by a decisive margin in the Electoral College to George H. W. Bush and Dan Quayle, carrying only 10 states and the District of Columbia. Many believed he should have been campaigning across the country. During this time, his 17-point lead in opinion polls completely disappeared, as his lack of visibility allowed Bush to define the issues of the campaign. A large number of Democrats believed that the loss was to blame on Dukakis's delayed response to Bush and underestimating Bush's strength as a candidate. Dukakis has since stated that the main reason he lost was his decision "not to respond to the Bush attack campaign, and in retrospect it was a pretty dumb decision."

Despite Dukakis's loss, his performance was a marked improvement over the previous two Democratic efforts, both in the popular vote and the Electoral College. Though Bush still won a majority of the popular vote, Dukakis's margin of loss (7.8%) nationally was narrower than Jimmy Carter's in 1980 (9.7%) or Walter Mondale's in 1984 (18.2%), and earned 41.8 million votes nationally.

Dukakis made some strong showings in states that had voted for Republicans Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford. He managed to pull off a close win in New York which at the time was the second largest state in terms of electoral votes, he also scored victories in Rhode Island, Hawaii, his home state of Massachusetts, Oregon, and Washington; Walter Mondale had lost all six states, and since then, all six states have remained in the Democratic column at presidential elections. He swept Iowa, winning by 10 points in a state that had voted Republican in the last five presidential elections. His proportion of the popular vote would not be matched by any subsequent Democratic presidential candidate in South Dakota (46.51%), Kansas (42.56%), Oklahoma (41.28%), Wyoming (38.01%), or Idaho (36.01%).

Although Dukakis cut into the Republican hold in the Midwest, he failed to dent the emerging GOP stronghold in the South that had been forming since the end of World War II with a temporary reprieve with Jimmy Carter (along with future President and Southern Democrat Bill Clinton, albeit to a much lesser extent). He lost most of the South by a wide margin, with Bush's popular vote margins exceeding 15% in most states. He carried most of the southern-central parishes of Louisiana, which was also his best Southern popular vote margin. His second-lowest Southern margin was Texas, where four overwhelmingly Mexican-American counties of South Texas delivered more than 81% of the vote to Dukakis, and were among his top five counties or county-equivalents nationally.

In 2008, he stated during an interview with Katie Couric that he "owe[d] the American people an apology" because "if I had beaten the old man [i.e. George H. W. Bush], we never would have heard of the kid [i.e. George W. Bush], and we wouldn't be in this mess."

Post-1988 political career

His final two years as governor were marked by increased criticism of his policies and significant tax increases to cover the economic effects of the U.S. economy's "soft landing" at the end of the 1980s and the recession of 1990. He did not seek reelection to a fourth term.

After the end of his term, he served on the board of directors for Amtrak, and became a professor of political science at Northeastern University, a visiting professor of political science at Loyola Marymount University, and visiting professor in the Department of Public Policy at the Luskin School of Public Affairs at UCLA. Along with a number of other notable Greek-Americans, he is a founding member of The Next Generation Initiative: a leadership program aimed at getting students involved in public affairs. In November 2008, Northeastern named its Center for Urban and Regional Policy after Michael Dukakis and his wife Kitty.  Dukakis is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.

In August 2009, the 75-year-old Dukakis was mentioned as one of two leading candidates as a possible interim successor to Ted Kennedy in the U.S. Senate, after Kennedy's death. Instead, Gov. Patrick named Paul G. Kirk, the other leading candidate and favorite of the Kennedy family who promised not to run in the special election, to fill the seat.

In 2012 he worked to support the successful candidacy of fellow Democrat Elizabeth Warren to the U.S. Senate. He has also been an advocate for effective public transportation and high-speed rail as a solution to automobile congestion and the lack of space at airports; and for extended learning time initiative in public schools.

Dukakis stated on January 31, 2014, that he was not in favor of an effort to rename South Station as the "Gov. Michael S. Dukakis Transportation Center", although it was later renamed to that name. He went on to state that he would not object to the naming of the as-yet unbuilt North-South Rail Link after him.

Dukakis endorsed Elizabeth Warren's candidacy in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. He later endorsed Democratic nominee, Joe Biden during the general election. He and his wife also endorsed Ed Markey for reelection to his Massachusetts U.S. senate seat in 2020 during the primary and general elections of that race.

Electoral history

Family

Dukakis is married to Katharine D. (Kitty) Dukakis. They have three children: John, Andrea, and Kara. During the second presidential debate on October 13, 1988, in Los Angeles, Dukakis revealed that he and his wife had had another child, who died about 20 minutes after birth. Dukakis is the cousin of Academy Award–winning actress Olympia Dukakis.

The Dukakises continue to reside in the home that they bought in the early 1970s in Brookline, Massachusetts, where they both grew up, but live in Los Angeles during the winter while he teaches at UCLA.

See also
 Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign
 Ward Commission

References

Further reading

External links

 Faculty Page at the Northeastern University Department of Political Science
 Faculty Page at UCLA ()
 The Michael S. Dukakis Presidential Campaign records, 1962–1989 (bulk 1987–1988) () are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
 The Joseph D. Warren papers, 1972–2003 (bulk 1980–1990) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
 Dukakis discusses presidential debates as reported in the Harvard Law Record
 Dukakis mentioned on MSNBC's Morning Joe: The Scoop on 'Boogie Man'

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1933 births
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Greek Americans
American Civil Liberties Union people
American anti–death penalty activists
American people of Aromanian descent
American people of Greek descent
Brookline High School alumni
Candidates in the 1988 United States presidential election
Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees
Democratic Party governors of Massachusetts
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Dukakis family
Eastern Orthodox Christians from the United States
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
Massachusetts lawyers
Military personnel from Massachusetts
Northeastern University faculty
Politicians from Brookline, Massachusetts
Swarthmore College alumni
United States Army soldiers

Michael Dukakis


Kosmos 23 ( meaning Cosmos 23), also known as Omega No.2, was a satellite which was launched by the Soviet Union in 1963. It was an Omega satellite, derived from the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik series. It was a  spacecraft, which was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Office, and was used to conduct experiments with the use of gyroscopes to control spacecraft, for VNIIEM.

Spacecraft
Kosmos 23 was a test platform orbited by the Soviet Union for the purpose of evaluating electrotechnical systems later used to ensure the orientation and stabilization of weather satellites. Like its predecessor, Kosmos 14, the satellite was in the form of a cylinder, with two hemispherical ends, and was  long and  in diameter. Tests were made of power supplies that used solar cell batteries, and equipment on board monitored the operation of automatic devices that controlled the solar and chemical batteries. The control stabilization system consisted of flywheels driven by electric motors. The kinetic energy of the flywheels was dampened by using electromagnets that produced torque by interacting with the Earth's magnetic field. This system provided three-axis stabilization and oriented the satellite to Earth. The satellite communicated via a "Mayak" radio transmitter operating at 20 MHz. Kosmos 23 may have also carried the first Soviet meteorological scanning infrared radiometer to obtain crude nighttime pictures of the cloud cover of the Earth. The results of these tests and similar ones conducted 8 months earlier on Kosmos 14 were incorporated in Kosmos 122 and subsequent launches in the "Meteor" system. These two flights comprised the first stage in the development of Soviet weather satellites.

Launch
Kosmos 23 was launched from Mayak-2 at Kapustin Yar, aboard a Kosmos-2I 63S1 carrier rocket. The launch occurred at 13:55 GMT on 13 December 1963, and resulted in the successful insertion of the satellite into a low Earth orbit. Upon reaching orbit, the satellite was assigned its Kosmos designation, and received the International Designator 1963-050A. The North American Air Defense Command assigned it the catalogue number 00707.

Mission
Kosmos 23 was the second of two Omega satellites to be launched, after Kosmos 14. It was operated in an orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , an inclination, and an orbital period of 92.3 minutes. It remained in orbit until it decayed and reentered the atmosphere on 27 March 1964.

See also

 1963 in spaceflight

References

Spacecraft launched in 1963
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft which reentered in 1964
Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik program

Kosmos 23


Pamela Irving (born 1960) is an Australian visual artist specialising in bronze, ceramic and mosaic sculptures as well as printmaking and copper etchings. In addition to her extensive art work, Irving has lectured in art and ceramics at Monash University, the Melbourne College of Advanced Education, the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) and the Chisholm Institute of Technology. She also worked as an art critic for the Geelong Advertiser and was a councillor on the Craft Council of Victoria.

Education

Born in Victoria, Australia, Irving was formally educated at the Melbourne State College (1979–1982) where she undertook a Bachelor of Education (Art/Craft) and she completed a Master of Arts degree by research at the Melbourne College of Advanced Education. Supervised by Professor Noel John Flood, (ceramicist and the Head of Ceramics Department), Irving was one of the first two candidates to be approved to undertake the Master of Arts Degree in Visual Arts in what was, at that time, the Melbourne CAE.

Irving's thesis for her master's degree examined 'the reasons and meaning behind the presence and mythology imagery in the works of Arthur Boyd, John Perceval and Mirka Mora (those artists being nominated because of the relevance to my own work)'.

Style and influences

Pascoe observes that Irving's work is derived from 'a mixture of personal experience, myth and virulent imagination'. Hammond has described Irving's early ceramic work as 'humorous, figurative and cheerfully contemptuous of pottery traditions.

Irving's early art was influenced by artists including Arthur Boyd, John Brack, Noel Connihan, Mirka Mora, Sidney Nolan and John Perceval. In recent years, Irving has been influenced ″by the honest and direct expressiveness of 'outsider art' (the art of self-taught or 'naive artists') and the craft of 'memoryware'″ Significantly, this interest grew following Irving's visit to Nek Chand's Rock Garden in Chandigarh, India.

Notable work

Irving's most famous work is the bronze sculpture of Larry La Trobe, commissioned in 1992 as a part of the Swanston Street redevelopment in Melbourne, and stolen by a thief or thieves unknown during 1995. The resulting media attention rallied significant public support for the recovery of the sculpture. Although never recovered, the statue was recast by the foundry owner, Peter Kolliner, with some minor changes by Irving and was replaced in September 1996. The Larry sculpture is located at the corner of Swanston Street and Collins Street, Melbourne.

Another notable commission is a large mosaic mural covering the Luna Palace building inside Melbourne's Luna Park. This large scale public artwork was commissioned for the centenary of Luna Park and took four years to complete.

Professional associations

Active in mosaic art in Australia, Irving served as a councilor on the Craft Council of Victoria during the 1980s and became vice-president of the Mosaic Association of Australia and New Zealand between 2007 - 2017.

Exhibitions

Between 1981 and 2018, Irving took part in 27 solo exhibitions, 16 joint exhibitions and more than 100 group exhibitions.

Collections

Irving's work is held in the following collections:

Museums and galleries

Museum Victoria
Collezione Mosaici Moderni
University of Melbourne including Trinity College
Deakin University
Australian Catholic University
Burnie College of TAFE, Tasmania
Artbank
Melbourne City Council
Shepparton Art Gallery
Bendigo Art Gallery
Colac Otway Shire
Footscray City Art Collection
Geelong Art Gallery
City of Glen Eira
City of Hume
Wangaratta Exhibitions Gallery
City of Whitehorse
City of Wyndham

Corporate and private collections

ANZ Bank
Art Horses Pty Ltd
L'Oreal Australia
Monash Medical Centre, Clayton
Murray Goulburn Co-operative
Northern Hospital
Pacific Shopping Centres
Polypacific
Sushi King
Yooralla Society
Zart Art
Private collections throughout Australia, the US and Hong Kong including that of Germaine Greer, Tuscany

School collections

Abbotsleigh School for Girls, Sydney
Camberwell Grammar School, Melbourne
Corio North High School
Grimwade House, Melbourne Grammar School
Kew High School
Lara Lake Primary School
Lilydale West Primary School
Lowther Hall Anglican Grammar School
Mentone Girls Grammar School, Melbourne
Mentone Grammar School, Melbourne
Merton Hall, Melbourne Girls Grammar School
Methodist Ladies' College (MLC), Melbourne
Scotch College, Melbourne
Star of the Sea College, Gardenvale
Tintern Girls' Grammar School, Melbourne
Wesley College, Melbourne (Elsternwick Campus)

Awards and grants

1981 Nominated Kamel Kiln Award
1985 Ceramic Prize, City of Box Hill
1985 Ceramic Prize, City of Footscray
1987 Ministry for the Arts and Ministry for Education Artist in Schools Project
1988 Australia Council Grant To Develop a Body of Ceramic Work.
1988 Ministry for Arts and Ministry for Education, Artist in Schools Project
1989 Tasmanian Arts Council Grant-Artist in Residency, Tasmania
1991 Pat Corrigan Artist Grant, N.A.V.A.
1994 Winner, Australia Day Ceramic Award Shepparton Arts Centre.
1995 City of Glen Eira Artist Award
1999 Artist and Designers in Schools Grant, resident artist at Kew High School
2005 Artist in School Grant, Ministry for the Arts and Education
2010 Arts Victoria Grant
2012 Keep Australia Beautiful Award, Community Action for mosaics at Patterson Station, Bentleigh
2015 Cancer Council CEO Awards, Volunteer Group of the Year, Tuxedo Junction Committee
2017 Arts Council Grant, Tasmania

See also
Art of Australia
List of Australian artists
Larry La Trobe

Notes

Further reading

 Hammond, Victoria., City of Whitehorse collection, Ceramics Art and Perception, No 50, 2002, pp. 80–82.
 Hedger, Michael., 1995, Public sculpture in Australia / Michael Hedger, Craftsman House, G+B Arts International, Roseville East, N.S.W.
 Kinneally, Susan., Pamela Irving: Happy as Larry  - ceramics, mosaics, printmaking, CD-ROM, Susan Kinneally and Pamela Irving, 2008
 McCulloch, Alan, & McCulloch, Susan. & McCulloch, Emily. 2006, The new McCulloch's encyclopedia of Australian art / Alan McCulloch, Susan McCulloch, Emily McCulloch Childs Aus Art Editions in association with The Miegunyah Press, Fitzroy, Vic.
 National Association for the Visual Arts (Australia). 1995, Who's who of Australian visual artists D.W. Thorpe in association with National Association for the Visual Arts, Port Melbourne, Vic.
 Pascoe, Joseph., Pamela Irving: Decade of images, Ceramics; Art and Perception, No 37, 1999, pp. 37–39.

External links

1960 births
Living people
20th-century Australian sculptors
Australian women sculptors
20th-century Australian women artists
Australian ceramicists
Artists from Melbourne
Mosaic artists
Victorian College of the Arts alumni
University of Melbourne women
Australian women ceramicists
Academic staff of Monash University
Australian art critics
Australian women art critics
Academic staff of RMIT University

Pamela Irving


Larry Florman, known as Brother Love is an American musician.

He is perhaps the first artist to receive truly large-scale recognition through his involvement in podsafe music. His music was popularized to a large audience of podcast listeners when his song Push was featured on the Daily Source Code, and received airtime through many more podcasts via the Podsafe Music Network.

His rise to the top of the PMC Top10, a podsafe music chart, further propelled him into podcast fame. His song Summertime spent eleven weeks in the countdown including an unprecedented six weeks at the No. 1 spot. His follow-up song, There She Goes was No. 1 for three weeks.

Brother Love currently works closely with the Keith and The Girl podcast, making many guest appearances commencing September 2006 till present, as well as touring with KATG on their live audience shows.

His first major commercial was Saturn Cars during Memorial Day Weekend 2007, and a Reese's Puff cereal commercial.

Brother Love played drums for NYC-based southern rock band, Her and King's County for a few years. After leaving this band, he and guitarist Alex Haddad sought out to make straight forward honest rock with their new band Them Vibes.

Discography
Album of the Year (2004, independent)
Turn It Up! (2007, independent)
Shine On (2013, independent)

References

External links
Official website
Them Vibes official website

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Singers from New York City
Year of birth missing (living people)
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)

Brother Love (rock musician)


Girolamo Cappello (born 13 April 1538) was a Venetian ambassador.

Cappello's first appointment as a Venetian ambassador came in 1567 when he was appointed Ambassador to Austria.  From 1570-1573 he was Ambassador to Savoy, then for a short time Ambassador to Poland, and from 1576-1579 he was Ambassador to France.  He served in some temporary ambassadorships and then was a member of the council that elected the Doge prior to his appointment as Bailo of Constantinople in 1589.

Sources
Eric R. Dursteler. "The Bailo in Constantinople: Crisis and Career in Venice's Early Modern Diplomatic Corps" in Mediterranean Historical Review; Vol. 16 (2001): 1-25.

1538 births
Year of death missing
Ambassadors of the Republic of Venice to Austria
Ambassadors of the Republic of Venice to France
Ambassadors of the Republic of Venice to Poland
Republic of Venice diplomats
Republic of Venice politicians
Baili of Constantinople
16th-century Italian diplomats
16th-century Venetian people

Girolamo Cappello


Honoré Blanc (1736–1807) was a French gunsmith and inventor. He was one of the first to use the concept of interchangeable parts. Blanc was born in Avignon, France in 1736. At age 12 he became an apprentice to a gunsmith. He was an armorer at the Charleville armory in Charleville-Mézières, Ardennes, France. In 1763 he became the controller of gunlocks at the Saint-Étienne arms factory. Just before the French Revolution, he came up with the idea of interchangeable parts for gun locks.

Interchangeable parts

By the 1760s, Blanc was making specialized machinery and tools to make gunlocks. His design for the Musket Model 1777 was accepted and he was made chief controller for three arms factories. In 1785, in an experiment, Blanc mixed parts from 25 gunlocks and assembled several models with ease. His demonstration showed the benefit of interchangeable parts and how it worked. He repeated the experiment for military policy makers in 1790. The French Academy of Sciences supported his idea in 1791. But the Legislative assembly would not fund his work. Blanc shifted his attention to setting up a private company to produce gunlocks using interchangeable parts in 1791. Even after receiving permission and funds from the French government, he was very slow in getting started. He did not produce any gunlocks until 1796. His factory was still making gunlocks in 1807 when Blanc died.

In the United States
While European gunsmiths were not impressed by the idea, he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson quickly saw that mass production of weapons parts would free America from dependence on European sources for parts. He could not get Blanc to move to the United States but he did convince President George Washington it was a good idea. In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 10,000 muskets to be delivered within two years. Whitney used a large force of unskilled workers and machinery to produce standardized identical parts at a low cost. This was the first time in the US Blanc's ideas of mass production were put to use. Congress had already decided to pattern the new musket after the 1763 French Charleville musket. This was one that Blanc had worked on early in his career. What resulted was the Springfield Model 1795 Musket, the first military musket made in the United States.

References

Other websites
 LeBlanc and Interchangeable parts
 History of Interchangeable Parts

1736 births
1807 deaths
French inventors
People from Avignon
Charleville-Mézières
People from Ardennes

Honoré Blanc


Stone State Park is a state park of Iowa, USA, located in the bluffs and ravines adjacent to the Big Sioux River. The park is located on the northwestern edge of Sioux City and consists of  in Woodbury and Plymouth Counties, and overlooks the South Dakota-Iowa border. Stone Park is near the northernmost extent of the Loess Hills, and is at the transition from clay bluffs and prairie to sedimentary rock hills and bur oak forest along the Iowa side of the Big Sioux River. A variety of prairie plants can be found on the steep slopes and ridges, including yucca, penstemon, rough blazing star, silky aster, and pasque flower. Wild turkey, white-tailed deer, coyote, and red fox are found in the park. Birdlife includes the turkey vulture, barred owl, rufous-sided (eastern) towhee, and the ovenbird. Exposed bedrock in the park is composed of lignite, shale, sandstone, and limestone, and dates to the Cretaceous period; it is rich in marine fossils. The park contains many miles of hiking and equestrian trails, and is a popular destination for day visitors, overnight campers, mountain bike enthusiasts, and picnickers.

Mount Talbot State Preserve
The northern part of Stone State Park extending from Woodbury County into Plymouth County is the  Mount Talbot State Preserve. The property, which includes that of the state park, was acquired by Daniel Talbot in 1885. The high grassy ridge where his farm was located became known as Mount Talbot. Biological surveys by The Nature Conservancy and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources were conducted in the 1980s and this section of Stone State Park was dedicated as a biological state preserve in 1989. It contains about  of prairie on narrow ridge tops that are adjacent to oak woodlands that are located in deep ravines. It features over 75 native plants and 42 species of butterflies.

Dorothy Pecaut Nature Center
The Dorothy Pecaut Nature Center in Sioux City is a destination nature preserve for Woodbury County, and is located within the boundaries of Stone Park. The butterfly garden is unique to the area; wild turkeys and white-tail deer are commonly sighted from the well-marked trails.

References

External links
 Stone State Park
 Dorothy Pecaut Nature Center

State parks of Iowa
Nature centers in Iowa
Protected areas established in 1935
Protected areas of Plymouth County, Iowa
Protected areas of Woodbury County, Iowa
1935 establishments in Iowa

Stone State Park


Marah gilensis, commonly known as the Gila manroot, is a species of flowering plant in the family Cucurbitaceae, endemic to Arizona and New Mexico in the United States.

Description
Marah gilensis is a perennial vine growing from a large, branched tuber. This produces fleshy climbing shoots in spring, which grow to a height of  or more, and scramble over trees and shrubs, clinging to them with coiled tendrils. The leaves are rather variable, glossy green and palmately-lobed, with three to seven lobes which are oblong-lanceolate or triangular, smooth above and hairy below. The flowers are white, yellow or greenish-white and have four or five corolla-lobes, separate male and female flowers being borne on the same plant. The flowers are  in diameter. The fruit is  in diameter, fleshy and bright green, with strong, smooth spines.

Distribution and habitat
Marah gilensis is an uncommon plant with a restricted rage in the Southwestern Region of the United States. It is present in Arizona where it is found in the northwestern, central and southern parts of the state at altitudes of up to . It is also listed in New Mexico. It typically grows near streams in wooded thickets, or in sandy washes.

Ecology
Marah gilensis is a desert plant, adapted to the climate of hot dry summers and cold winters. The foliage dies back in the fall and sprouts again from the tuber in the spring. The sprouts may be damaged by late frosts but the tubers resprout. Some of the plants which grow in association with Marah gilensis are Celtis ehrenbergiana, Ziziphus obtusifolia, Senegalia greggii, Opuntia engelmannii, Eragrostis lehmanniana, Calliandra eriophylla, Ericameria laricifolia, Bouteloua aristidoides, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua hirsuta and Bouteloua eriopoda.

References

Cucurbitoideae
Flora of Arizona
Flora of New Mexico

Marah gilensis


Rudy Provoost (born 16 October 1959) is a Belgian businessman and entrepreneur.

About

Education
Provoost holds a Master's degree in Psychology from Ghent University (1982), and a Master's degree in Business Management from the Vlerick Business School (1983) in Belgium.

Professional career

Early career
Provoost started his career at Procter & Gamble in 1984, before moving to Canon in 1987.

In 1992, he joined Whirlpool Corporation as Managing Director for Belgium and was later promoted to Vice-President, Consumer Services for Europe (based in Germany). He became Vice-President, Group Sales, Whirlpool Europe, Senior Officer and Member of the Chairman's Council of Whirlpool Corporation in 1994 (based in Italy). In 1996, Rudy Provoost moved on to become Vice-President, Group Marketing, Europe, and a member of Whirlpool Corporation's Brand Council. In early 1999, he was promoted to Vice-President, Whirlpool Brand Group, Europe.

Philips
In 2000, Provoost joined Royal Philips to lead the European Philips Consumer Electronics business (based in The Netherlands).

In 2004 he was appointed CEO of Philips Consumer Electronics, and in 2006 became a member of the Management Board of Royal Philips. Under his tenure, the consumer electronics division was restructured
with a focus on innovation.

In 2008, Provoost became CEO of the Philips Lighting division.

Rexel
Provoost joined Rexel in October 2011 and became CEO and Chairman of the Management Board at the beginning of 2012 (based in France).
Shortly after joining Rexel, he announced the "Energy in Motion" company plan.

In May 2013, Rudy Provoost became Chairman of the Rexel Foundation for a better energy future, which was launched under the auspices of the Fondation de France.

In May 2014, Rudy Provoost was named Chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO of Rexel. At the end of June 2016, Rudy Provoost relinquished his positions of Chairman and CEO. Provoost is also a board member for Elia and Vlerick Business School.

Directorships and publications

Provoost is the Founder and Managing Director of YquitY, a company delivering advisory, consultancy and business development, investment and management services.

He is a Member of the Supervisory Board and the Strategic Committee of Randstad, as well as a Member of the Board of Directors of Elia. He is also a member of the board of directors of the Vlerick Business School.

He was a member of the board of directors of the TCL Corporation (headquartered in China) between 2007 and 2009, and Chairman of the Board of Directors of LG.Philips LCD (later renamed LG Display, headquartered in South Korea) between 2006 and 2008.
From 2008 until 2010, he was a Member of the Board of the European Federation of Quality Management (EFQM).
Rudy Provoost also served as President and Chairman of the Executive Board of DIGITALEUROPE (formerly called EICTA, the European Information & Communications Technology Industry Association).

Provoost is a contributing author to the book The balancing act of innovation  as well as the Knowledge@Wharton series.

He is also author of Energy 3.0, a book which discusses the digital transformation of the energy world. The book is published in English and French by Cherche Midi.

References

1959 births
Belgian businesspeople
Belgian chief executives
Ghent University alumni
Living people
Vlerick Business School alumni

Rudy Provoost


The Rome-Berlin Axis is a 1949 book by British historian Elizabeth Wiskemann. It is a study of the Axis alliance between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, with particular emphasis on the relationship between Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler.

It was published by Oxford University Press as a 376-page hardcover, in 1949.  In 1966, Collins (London) published a 446-page revised edition.

Focus
The book focuses on the background and the personalities of Mussolini and Hitler. The most crucial aspect is the will of Hitler partnered with Mussolini to overcome another possible German isolation and later be able to conduct military operations through the Balkans and replace Italy; nevertheless, the matter never resolved of the German minority in South Tirol (and the consequent Italianization promoted by Rome). This began a progressive deterioration of the collaborations between Germany and Italy which ended in an enslavement of Italian Social Republic by the Nazis.

Style
The author utilizes diplomatic documents from Italy, Germany and Great Britain and various memories such as those of Galeazzo Ciano, Filippo Anfuso, Rudolf Rahn. The author describes history following a chronological order of the events to demonstrate the development of the relationships which led to the formation of the Axis and the outbreak of the war.

Structure
The book includes in its fifteen chapters the background and the personal life of the Hitler and Mussolini, their relations under different events like the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Spanish Civil War, Austria Anschluss, the diplomatic missions of Mussolini in Germany and Hitler in Italy, the Munich crisis, the Pact of Steel, the outbreak of the war and the alliance during the war since the fall of the regimes.

Reviews
Raimond J. Sontag judges this book as a good historical study of the negative period, the different personalities of the dictators and how their background influenced the developing their future agendas (Mussolini was a journalist and Hitler was an abnormal adolescent).

Martin Wight analyzes how the alliance between Italy and Germany got influenced by the personalities of the two dictators. Before the war Mussolini started a campaign of Italianization through all the regions close the boundaries eventually changing his political view after Hitler came to power. During the war and the following the armistice of Italy it became clear that the territories occupied by the Nazis (especially in the northern borders) discovered a renewed anti-Italian sentiment declaring de facto a complete deprivation of power of Mussolini.

Criticism
The book describes the two dictators as originating under Nietzsche's culture, but the Nazism that originated from Hitler's Mein Kampf which turned to be a culture destroying medium promoting racism especially against Jews and other minorities. Mussolini and Fascism were born in a different historical context. The translation of the book itself is often inaccurate and the unpublished sources are not always clear and defined.

See also
 Bibliography of Adolf Hitler

References

Citations
Raymond J. Sontag in American Historical Review Vol. 55, No. 1 (Oct., 1949), pp. 139–140.
Martin Wight in International Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Jul., 1949), pp. 370–371.
Martin Wight in International Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Jul., 1949), pp. 370–371.

External links
 Review of The Rome-Berlin Axis by Raymond J. Sontag in American Historical Review, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Oct., 1949), pp. 139–140.
 Review of The Rome-Berlin Axis by Eric C. Kollman in The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 23, No. 2 (1951), pp. 177–178.
 Review of The Rome-Berlin Axis by Beatrice McCown Mattison in The American Political Science Review, Vol. 43, No. 5 (1949), pp. 1,048–1,049.
 Review of The Rome-Berlin Axis by Martin Wight in International Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Jul., 1949), pp. 370–371.]

1949 non-fiction books
Books about Nazism
History books about World War II
Books about the far right
Works about Italian fascism
Oxford University Press books

The Rome–Berlin Axis


Phat Girlz is a 2006 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Nnegest Likké and starring Mo'Nique, as well as Kendra C. Johnson, Jimmy Jean-Louis, Godfrey, and Joyful Drake.

Plot

Jazmin Biltmore is a smart-mouthed, plus-sized, aspiring fashion designer and department store employee who is obsessed with her weight. Jazmin has always been overweight, constantly battling with diets, weight loss aids, and even her own clothes. Because of her battle with finding trendy clothes that fit her full figure, despite working in a clothing department store, Jazmin creates and designs her own outfits. Even going as far as attempting to get a business loan to get her clothing line up and running.

During a bout of depression, Jazmin is contacted from one of her diet plan agencies and told she won a trip for 3 to Palm Springs for the weekend at a five-star resort.  She and best friend Stacey find the first day at the spa disappointing, since nothing was plus sized friendly, including the other hotel guests.  They leave in frustration to join Mia, who has been ogling a Nigerian man swimming in the pool. Despite Mia's obvious flirting, he expresses interest in Jazmin. He introduces himself as Dr. Tunde, but Jazmin is tongue tied, too distracted by his good looks. He and his friends find Jazmin and Stacey beautiful. However, they think Mia is too skinny and wonder if she is sick.  They invite the women to a Nigerian party, Tunde, speaking Nigerian with his friends Dr. Akibo and Dr. Godwin, tells them he has never seen such beautiful full figured women in America.

Upon their night out, Tunde expresses even more interest with her outspoken behaviour and strong opinions. Akibo shows his desire for Stacey and she reciprocates, fighting her shy nature. Meanwhile Godwin attempts to flirt with other full figured guests, ignoring Mia. Even going as far as to tell a woman she was a patient, mocking her fit figure. Akibo and Stacey go on to have days packed with vigorous sex and Mia leaves the party early to go back to the hotel and wallow in self pity over not finding an attractive doctor like Stacey and Jazmin.
Jazmin and Tunde begin dating with Jazmin constantly questioning his attraction to her. Going as far as to ask him if he is truly interested in her, she wonders why he hasn't tried to sleep with her. Tunde tells Jazmin he was trying to be respectful but will gladly sleep with her the next day, due to work obligations but before they consummate their relationship she grows jealous and makes a scene when she sees him having dinner with a beautiful, thin woman; instead of having dinner with a colleague like he told her. Tunde reveals the woman was his colleague, but Jazmin, realizing she is too insecure to be comfortable in a relationship with Tunde, breaks up with him and leaves Palm Springs, along with Stacey and Mia.

At home, she is depressed, ignoring phone calls, comforting herself with food and television before having a breakthrough and realizing she is beautiful and worthy of being loved. Bursting with new confidence, Jazmin approaches the head buyer of the Bloomfields where she works and shows him her designs. Impressed he helps develop Jazmin's fashion line "Thick Madame" becomes popular and is launched worldwide.

One year later, she travels to Nigeria to apologize to the man she realizes she loves. A woman opens the door holding a baby.  Jazmin asks if she is Tunde's wife, and the woman agrees. Jazmin has the girls go to the taxi because she did not wish to be rejected with an audience.  She tells Tunde that he has changed her life, and she is sorry she could not accept his love when she had the chance. Explaining she could not accept love from someone when she did not love herself and though she still cares for him she is not a "homewrecker" and will not pursue him. Tunde clarifies that the woman is a maid, he delivered the baby, and the maid doesn't understand English, and that he is still single. He says his prayers have been answered, as he has loved Jazmin all along and they share a passionate kiss. Stacey also reunites with their partner, and they join Tunde's family for dinner.  Mia piles food on her plate, stating that she wants to bulk up so she can find a rich Nigerian doctor as well.  The film ends with Jazmin and Tunde in bed, while Jazmin insists on having the lights on to see every sexy thing on Tunde's body, with the credits ending.

Cast
 Mo'Nique as Jazmin Biltmore
 Raven Goodwin as Young Jazmin Biltmore
 Jimmy Jean-Louis as Dr. Tunde Jonathan
 Godfrey as Akibo
 Kendra C. Johnson as Stacey
 Joyful Drake as Mia
 Dayo Ade as Goodwin
 Felix Pire as Ramón
 Charles Duckworth as Jack
 Jack Noseworthy as Richard "Dick" Eklund
 Eric Roberts as Robert Myer
 Crystal Rivers as Aimee

Production
The food facility used to film the FatAssBurger scene was the Fatburger in Palm Springs, California. It is located near the Palm Springs International Airport.

Box office
Though critically panned, the film is considered to be a financial success because it recouped its $3 million production budget from theatrical and rental revenues, totaling over $18.6 million.

In its opening weekend, the film grossed a total of $3,109,924 in the United States. The film has grossed a total of $7,061,128 in theaters in the United States. It also made $340,762 overseas, thus totaling $7,401,890 in theaters worldwide.

It also made an additional $11,250,000 on DVD and home video rentals in 2006.

Critical reception
The film received mostly negative reviews, with Rotten Tomatoes reporting that out of 47 reviews, 10 were "Fresh" and 37 "Rotten", making for an overall 21% approval rating and the consensus: "Although Phat Girlz has good intentions, it is sloppily made and thin on laughs." The film has a slightly higher score of 36/100 on Metacritic, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews. The San Francisco Chronicle praised the film, saying "Clumsily directed yet entertainingly written by Oakland native Nnegest Likké, Phat Girlz is like Rocky with cellulite. Or maybe Pretty Woman without all the bony butts. It has a lot of heart and soul, but it's almost never mean-spirited."

Variety magazine's Joe Leydon said that the film "feels torturously padded at an overlong 98 minutes", and also claims that the romance between Jazmin (Mo'Nique) and Tunde (Jean-Louis) is too drawn out, "quite possibly because writer-director Nnegest Likke has nothing else in her scenario to sustain audience interest". Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D grade, remarking that "Mo'Nique is fat. Almost every scene in Phat Girlz — the fancy z is for Z-grade — is about how she's fat", and concluding that "the movie reduces her to a single discernible characteristic, which is a telltale mark of many a wholly awful comedy."

References

External links

2006 films
2006 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
Body image in popular culture
Films set in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Phat Girlz


Midreshet HaRova () is a Religious Zionist Jewish seminary located in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem's Old City. The all-female seminary is known for its strong push for Aliyah. Amongst the plethora of post-High School seminaries for non-Israelis, the Overseas program is regarded as  well rounded, inviting for all levels of learning.

Founded in 1993, it now has more than a dozen programs, for women of all ages from a variety of backgrounds and nationalities. The post-high school yearlong Overseas Program attracts students across the globe; students in previous years have come from Argentina, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Canada, and from  different states in the U.S.. Israelis who have completed their Sherut Leumi (mandatory national service) also partake in a yearlong study program in the Midrasha. Overseas students are able to live alongside the Israelis in several HaRova-owned apartments, while those who choose to live in the dorm building only live with non-Israelis.

Between 50%-60% of the classes are taught in Hebrew, and the rest are given in English. An Ulpan is also offered for students wishing to learn Hebrew. Classes are offered in various subjects such as Torah, Nevi'im (Prophets), Ketuvim (Writings), Machshava (Jewish thought), Gemara, Halacha (Jewish Law), and independent study.

The director is Rabbi David Milston, a British national and alumni of Yeshivat Har Etzion.

References

External links

Jewish seminaries
Orthodox Jewish schools for women
Modern Orthodox Judaism in Israel
Educational institutions established in 1993
1993 establishments in Israel

Midreshet HaRova


Written on the Wind is a 1956 romantic drama movie. It stars Rock Hudson, Lauren Bacall, Robert Stack, and Dorothy Malone. Douglas Sirk directed. The movie is based on Robert Wilder's 1945 novel of the same name.  The book is a thinly disguised account of the real-life scandal involving torch singer Libby Holman and her husband, tobacco heir Zachary Smith Reynolds. Dorothy Malone won the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for her performance.

Story
Marylee is a self-destructive, alcoholic nymphomaniac. Her brother Kyle is an insecure, alcoholic playboy. They are the spoiled children of Texas oil baron Jasper Hadley. The two are crippled by their personal demons. Neither is able to sustain a personal relationship.

Problems begin when Kyle marries Lucy Moore. He resumes drinking after failing to father a child. He turns against his childhood friend, Mitch Wayne. Kyle's anger and depression deepen after the death of his father. Jasper had admired Mitch, but was disgusted with his own two children.

Mitch is secretly in love with Lucy. He keeps these feelings private. Kyle is diagnosed with a low sperm count. Lucy announces she is pregnant. Kyle assaults her. He thinks the baby belongs to Mitch. The assault results in a miscarriage. Mitch vows to leave town with Lucy as soon as she's well enough to travel. A drunken Kyle grabs a pistol. He intends to shoot Mitch. Marylee struggles with her brother. The pistol accidentally fires. Kyle is killed.

Marylee has long been infatuated with Mitch. He has repeatedly spurned her. She spitefully threatens to name Mitch as Kyle's killer. At the inquest, she first testifies that he killed Kyle. At the last moment she admits the truth. Mitch and Lucy leave. Marylee is left alone to mourn her brother's death.

What the critics thought
Bosley Crowther  wrote in the New York Times, "The trouble with this romantic picture ... is that nothing really happens, the complications within the characters are never clear and the sloppy, self-pitying fellow at the center of the whole thing is a bore."  TV Guide describes the film as "the ultimate in lush melodrama ... Douglas Sirk's finest directorial effort ... one of the most notable critiques of the American family ever made."

Roger Ebert writes, "a perverse and wickedly funny melodrama in which you can find the seeds of Dallas, Dynasty, and all the other prime-time soaps. Sirk is the one who established their tone, in which shocking behavior is treated with passionate solemnity, while parody burbles beneath ... To appreciate a film like Written on the Wind probably takes more sophistication than to understand one of Ingmar Bergman's masterpieces, because Bergman's themes are visible and underlined, while with Sirk the style conceals the message. His interiors are wildly over the top, and his exteriors are phony - he wants you to notice the artifice, to see that he's not using realism but an exaggerated Hollywood studio style ... Films like this are both above and below middle-brow taste. If you only see the surface, it's trashy soap opera. If you can see the style, the absurdity, the exaggeration and the satirical humor, it's subversive of all the 1950s dramas that handled such material solemnly. William Inge and Tennessee Williams were taken with great seriousness during the decade, but Sirk kids their Freudian hysteria."

References

Other websites

 Criterion Collection essay by Laura Mulvey

1956 romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Universal Pictures movies
Women's movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Douglas Sirk
Movies based on books
Movies about alcoholism
Movies about depression
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies set in Texas
Movies set in Rhode Island

Written on the Wind


Sir Cresswell Cresswell, PC (20 August 1794 – 29 July 1863), born Cresswell Easterby, was an English lawyer, judge and Tory politician. As a judge in the newly created divorce court, Cresswell did much to start the emergence of modern family law by setting divorce on a secular footing, removed from the traditional domain of canon law.

Family
Born at Bigg Market, Newcastle, Cresswell's father was Francis Easterby (died 1834), a merchant and sailor. His mother was Frances Dorothea née Cresswell (1768–1832), daughter of a distinguished northern family that could trace its ancestry back to the twelfth century and service in the Crusades. The family owned land in Northumberland and were scions of the Cresswells of Bibury, Sidbury and Sherston Pinkney, ancestors of Edward I. Francis adopted the name Cresswell in 1807 when his wife inherited much of the ancestral wealth.

His brother Addison was the Tory MP for North Northumberland between 1841 and 1857.

Education
Cresswell was educated at Charterhouse School, where he was a contemporary of Connop Thirlwall, George Grote and Henry Havelock. He attended Trinity and then Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where William Henry Maule was his tutor. Graduating BA in 1814, he received the lowest place in the honours list of the entire university. Nonetheless, he was awarded an MA in 1818 and was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1819.

Early career
Cresswell began his practice on the northern circuit and fell under the guidance and mentorship of Henry Brougham. Cresswell found his familiarity with his father's nautical career an advantage in the maritime city of Liverpool and he soon established a reputation in commercial and shipping cases. From 1822 to 1830 he was co-author, with Richard Barnewall, of a well-received series of law reports.

From the 1820s, Brougham's and James Scarlett's energies were directed elsewhere and Cresswell became a leader of the northern circuit, being made recorder of Hull in 1830. In 1834 he was made KC and the same year became Attorney General for the County Palatine of Durham.

Cresswell had gained a reputation as a "violent Tory" but was elected as Conservative Party Member of Parliament for Liverpool in the 1837 United Kingdom general election and again in 1841 when he defeated William Ewart. Cresswell was knighted in 1842. A dedicated party-man who loyally followed Sir Robert Peel, Cresswell made little contribution to parliamentary debate. He resigned his parliamentary seat in 1842 when he was made a judge of the Court of Common Pleas by Peel, being knighted at the same time. Cresswell's contributions to the common law were modest. He was a cautious judge, somewhat in awe of chief justice Tindal, and was all too willing to concur rather than to take the lead.

In 1856 Cresswell sat in the Swynfen will case, the case of a contested will that generated extensive satellite litigation including a claim that the plaintiff's counsel, Sir Frederic Thesiger, had been guilty of malpractice in agreeing a settlement without authority. It was further alleged that Cresswell had induced the agreement by suggesting to Thesiger at an early stage that he had formed an unfavourable view of his client's case. At Thesiger's trial, counsel Charles Rann Kennedy described Cresswell's behaviour as being of a "highly criminal nature" amounting to a "fraud" and a "misdemeanour". Cresswell admitted having shared his impressions with Thesiger saying, "If any gentleman had asked me a question about [the trial] I should have answered him", sharing his adverse opinion. While this case raised some negative publicity, no legal action was taken against Cresswell.

The divorce court

In 1858 he was named the first divorce judge-in-ordinary of the new Probate, Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Court which replaced the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts and created the remedy of civil divorce. He was reputedly offered a peerage at the time but declined. He did, however, become a privy councillor. Appointed with bipartisan support, such was the sensitivity of the office, there was some disquiet that a notoriously bad-tempered, confirmed bachelor had been appointed in such a role but Cresswell succeeded superbly in establishing tone, procedure and practice.

The new law increased petitions for divorce one hundredfold and there were fears of chaos but Cresswell took a managerial role in regulating the new flood of litigation. He showed great sensitivity in dealing with genuine grievances but upheld the sanctity of marriage and was capable of being severe when necessary. However, he was also instrumental in moving the legal view of marriage from that based on a sacrament to that based on contract. He worked with colossal speed and energy, deciding over one thousand cases in six years, only one of which was reversed on appeal. He achieved some public fame and huge respect popularly being held as representing the five million married women of Britain. His activities in this field are referred to in Anthony Trollope's Framley Parsonage; "most marriages are fairly happy, in spite of Sir Cresswell Cresswell".

Death
Cresswell died in office, from complications after a fall from his horse in London, and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. He was unmarried and had no children so he left his considerable fortune of £35,000 (£2.8 million at 2003 prices) to charity.

References

Bibliography
, 9.184–7
Getzler, J. S. (2004) "Cresswell, Sir Cresswell (1793–1863)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 12 August 2007

Swabey & Tristram (1858–65) Probate and Divorce Reports, vols.1–4, English Reports, vol.164

External links

1794 births
1863 deaths
English lawyers
Justices of the Common Pleas
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People educated at Charterhouse School
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Liverpool
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

Cresswell Cresswell


Richard Nero (born April 5, 1971) is a former Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives, who represented the 42nd District briefly in 2008.

Life and career
Nero is a graduate of Kent State University, and has worked for Oracle, which is a computer software company. He also has worked in the past for Cleveland State University. He is married with two children.

Ohio House of Representatives
Former Ohio House Representative John Widowfield resigned his seat in 2008, allowing House Republicans to name a replacement through appointment.  Nero sought the seat, and was named the replacement. He was sworn into office on June 12, 2008.

With the seat up for election in 2008, Nero had to run for election to a full term to retain the seat. However, with the year favoring Democrats, and with Barack Obama topping the ballot, Nero was defeated by Mike Moran, a Democrat. The final tally was 55.87% to 44.13%.

Nero spent six months in the Ohio House. He has since returned to the private sector.

References

Republican Party members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Kent State University alumni
Living people
1971 births
21st-century American politicians

Richard Nero


Johnnie Walker, MBE (born Peter Waters Dingley; 30 March 1945) is an English radio disc jockey and broadcaster. He began his career on pirate radio, most notably on Radio Caroline. He joined BBC Radio 1 in 1969. He joined BBC Radio 2 in 1998 and currently presents Sounds of the 70s on Sunday afternoons and The Radio 2 Rock Show on Friday nights.

Early life
Walker's father sold electroplating equipment for car parts, at W. Canning & Co. Johnnie Walker was educated at two independent schools in Solihull. He attended Ruckleigh School until the age of eight and went on to Solihull School, where he enjoyed music lessons and playing rugby, but he failed his O-Level examinations. He then was a garage manager apprentice, studied for a City and Guilds qualification in motor mechanics at Gloucester Technical College and aspired to be a car salesman, before becoming a DJ in bars and ballrooms.

Early career

Offshore radio
Walker's broadcasting began in May 1966 on offshore (pirate) radio station Swinging Radio England, before moving to Radio Caroline. When government action forced the pirate stations to close in 1967, three presenters were still broadcasting: Walker, Robbie Dale and Ross Brown.

BBC Radio 1
Walker joined BBC Radio 1 in April 1969, presenting a two-hour Saturday show from 2 to 4pm. A year later, in 1970, Walker presented a one-hour weekday morning slot from 9 to 10am, moving to the weekday early afternoon show in 1971, from 1 to 3pm, which then went out from noon to 2pm in 1973. The show featured the music quiz "Pop the Question" and the Tuesday chart rundown as the new weekly chart was published from the research figures provided by the British Market Research Bureau (BMRB) on Tuesdays at this time.

United States
In 1976, Walker had a dispute with station management over the music he played, and about how it was deemed to "not fit" the station's daytime music line-up. He was also reprimanded for criticising The Bay City Rollers – then at the height of their popularity – on air, describing them as "musical garbage". As a result, he left Radio 1 for a while and moved to the United States, where he stayed for five years. During his time in the states Walker worked for radio stations KSAN in San Francisco,  KPFA in Berkeley, California, in January 1981, WHFS in Bethesda, Maryland, and also recorded some shows for Radio Luxembourg, until he taped a record at the wrong speed, while partying in the studio. He was also involved in Deaf Club and Silicon Valley real estate.

Return to UK

Local radio
Walker returned to the UK in the early 1980s and in 1982 presented Radio West's evening show The Modern World. In September 1983 he joined Wiltshire Radio, presenting the 11am2pm slot. He was subsequently heard on GWR, which was formed out of the merger of Radio West and Wiltshire Radio.

Return to Radio 1
On 17 January 1987, Walker re-joined Radio 1, presenting the Saturday afternoon show The Stereo Sequence (so named owing to the fact that at the time, Radios 1 and 2 shared the same FM frequencies, with much of Radio 1's output transmitted on medium wave only at times when Radio 2 were in occupation of the FM frequency). The show was later renamed The Saturday Sequence once Radio 1 began regular FM broadcasting in the late 1980s; the shows ran from 2pm to 7:30pm, before Roger Scott took over in mid-1988. In July 1988, he was briefly heard on Richard Branson's syndicated service The Superstation which provided overnight programming to some ILR stations.

BBC GLR and BBC Radio 5
In October 1988, Walker was one of the original presenters on the new BBC local station in London BBC GLR, as part of a lineup which included Nick Abbot, Emma Freud, Tommy Vance and Dave Pearce and was run by future Radio 1 controller Matthew Bannister. Walker presented the weekday slot from noon to 3pm. Then after a few months, he took over from Emma Freud from 10am to 1pm.

In 1990, Walker joined the newly-launched BBC Radio 5, presenting This Family Business three days a week on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays from 11am to 12.30pm. As a result, he took over the weekday show on BBC GLR from 7 to 9pm, where he remained until later that year, when he was dismissed from the station by Matthew Bannister after commenting that people would be "dancing in the streets" following the resignation of Margaret Thatcher as prime minister.

Following his dismissal from BBC GLR, he took the BBC Radio 5 show five days a week and his show was expanded to 9:30am to noon Mondays to Fridays and was rebranded as The AM Alternative. He remained with Radio 5 until March 1994 when the station re-launched as BBC Radio 5 Live.

Return to Radio 1
In September 1991, as well as presenting for Radio 5, Walker returned to Radio 1, taking over from Richard Skinner on The Saturday Sequence (renamed from its original The Stereo Sequence, as that appellation was now deemed irrelevant as both Radios 1 and 2 had by then long had their own separate stereo FM frequencies) every Saturday from 3 to 7pm. He went out from 3 to 6pm in March 1992.

He remained until October 1993, moving to Saturday the 711pm slot, before moving back to Saturday afternoons in November 1994 from 2 to 5pm, where he remained until he left Radio 1 for good in October 1995.

In early 1996, Walker joined London talk station LBC, presenting the weekend programme from 6 to 10am. In addition, he was heard on Classic Gold stations around the UK on Saturday from noon to 2pm.

BBC Radio 2
In 1997, in addition to his Classic Gold shows, Walker was on BBC Radio 2 presenting documentaries and filling in for presenters.

In April 1998, Walker was offered his own weekly show on Radio 2, Saturday from 3:30 to 5:30pm, then six months later, as well as Saturday afternoons, Walker took over from John Dunn from 5 to 7pm Monday to Thursday. Des Lynam presented Friday's edition.

In early 1999, Walker's show was temporarily suspended after he became the subject of a tabloid exposé over his cocaine use. He was temporarily suspended by the BBC when the drug allegations were published in the News of the World in April 1999. He was subsequently fined £2,000 for possession of cocaine. During Walker's absence, Richard Allinson filled in for him on Drivetime while Billy Bragg took over Saturday afternoon. Walker returned to his drivetime show, now presenting from Monday to Friday, towards the end of 1999. Janice Long then took over Saturday afternoons.

Illness announced
Walker told listeners in June 2003 that he was suffering from cancer. He ended his show by stating he was beginning treatment and would be taking time off to recover, after which he played "Bridge over Troubled Water" by Simon & Garfunkel. Stuart Maconie filled in for him, then on Thursday 24 July 2003, the BBC announced that Noel Edmonds would join Radio 2 to present Drivetime for eight weeks. Edmonds took over from Monday 4 August until Friday 3 October. Walker's recovery continued, but there was to be no return after Edmonds. Stuart Maconie continued as stand-in, and at the beginning of Monday 6 October's Drivetime show, he played Bruce Springsteen's "Born to Run" for Walker, remarked that he was "doing well", and that he was due to return at the end of the year.

Walker returned on 1 March 2004, with his first record being Eric Clapton's "Hello Old Friend". Walker and Clapton were born on the same day and Walker later presented a Radio 2 show to celebrate the fact that they were both turning sixty.

He was made an MBE in the New Year Honours 2006.

New projects
In February 2006 it was announced that Walker would step down as host of Radio 2 Drivetime to take over from Ed Stewart on Sunday afternoons and conduct interviews with musicians. His last Drivetime show was on 31 March, with Neil Diamond as a guest. The final song played by Walker on the show was "Human Touch" by Bruce Springsteen. From 23 April, Walker took over a show on Sundays from 5 to 7 pm. As well as his Sunday show, Walker also deputised for Brian Matthew on Sounds of the 60s when Matthew had to temporarily step down due to ill health. Walker presented the show from 2 September to 25 November 2006, when he too had to step down for medical reasons. He returned to the programme on 6 January 2007 and continued to host the show until Matthew's return on 10 February. He also returned to his own Sunday show the following day.

Since 2007
From 28 January 2007, his Sunday show was broadcast from 4:30 to 6:30pm. In addition, he also deputised for Terry Wogan on Radio 2's Breakfast show up until the end of 2009. His autobiography was published on 31 May 2007 – while the previous year another book, Johnnie Walker – Cruisin' The Formats, put his radio work in the context of radio development over forty years.

From 9 to 14 August 2007, Walker was one of several former pirate radio disc jockeys at BBC Essex's six-day revival of pirate radio marking the 40th anniversary of the Marine Offences Act. He was also part of "Pirate BBC Essex" programmes broadcast over Easter 2009 to celebrate 45 years since the launch of Radio Caroline.

On Saturday 7 February 2009, Walker began a new ten-week series called Pirate Johnnie Walker on BBC Radio 2. This show recreated the sounds of pirate radio from the 1960s, and had other Pirate DJs from the era as guests.

From 5 April 2009, Walker started a new Sunday afternoon (35pm) show on Radio 2 called Sounds of the 70s. The show was previously presented by Steve Harley, who broadcast his final show on Thursday 27 March 2008, but parts of the format are different and often features interviews with guest artistes.

On 30 March 2012, he launched his "Alternative Johnnie Walker" podcast which aimed to "Open the door to an alternative view of the world featuring inspirational and radical thinkers dedicated to improving life on Planet Earth."

In January 2019, it was announced that Walker would step down from The Rock Show and Sounds of the 70s "for a number of weeks", to receive treatment for a heart condition. He returned to Radio 2 on 16 March.

Since March 2020, Walker has broadcast from his home in Shaftesbury, Dorset, with contributions from his wife Tiggy. The couple also collaborate on a podcast called Consciously Coupling.
On August 14, 2022, Walker hosted a show on Boom Radio as part of the station's celebration of Offshore Radio. At midnight, on that date in 1967, the Marine Offences Act came into force, outlawing the pirates.

Other work
Walker has done voice-over work for television adverts. He has appeared on GMTV several times, and was an advisor to the film The Boat That Rocked, released in April 2009.

Walker and his wife Tiggy have both cared for each other through serious illness, and are patrons of Carers UK. After having been diagnosed herself with breast cancer in 2013, in September 2015 Tiggy published the book Unplanned Journey, a photographic journal charting her experience of cancer diagnosis and treatment. All royalties from the book are to be donated to Carers UK. Walker also compered the Concert at the Kings show in 2015.

Personal life
Walker is a 2013 recipient of the BASCA Gold Badge Award, for "individuals who make outstanding contributions to Britain's music and entertainment industry, sponsored annually by PRS for Music. In 2014 Walker and his wife became patrons on Carers UK.

Works

Further reading

References

External links

The Rock Show with Johnnie Walker (BBC Radio 2)
Sounds of the 70s with Johnnie Walker (BBC Radio 2)
Music played on Johnnie's shows
Johnnie's Jukebox, a curated playlist from listeners nominations
Johnnie Walker, British special on KSAN live radio at Museum of Performance & Design via ArchiveGrid
Martin Clarke. live tape list
 Tom Read M1EYP, G-20843, BDXC-1040 Pirate BBC Essex 2007
Greil Marcus. Real Life Rock 1978-07-31

Living people
1945 births
English radio DJs
Offshore radio broadcasters
Pirate radio personalities
BBC Radio 2 presenters
BBC Radio 1 presenters
People educated at Solihull School
People from Olton
Members of the Order of the British Empire

Johnnie Walker (DJ)


BBC Parliament is a British television channel from the BBC. It broadcasts live and recorded coverage of the British House of Commons and House of Lords, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly, and occasionally from the General Synod of the Church of England. The channel does not broadcast reports from the European Parliament. It is available on Sky Channel 504, terrestrial (Freeview) Channel 230 and Virgin Media Channel 609.

Before being taken over by the BBC, the channel was known as The Parliamentary Channel (from 1992-1998).

References

1992 establishments in the United Kingdom
Parliament

BBC Parliament


Rush Lake is a high altitude lake near Rush Pari Peak (5,098 m) in Pakistan. At over , Rush is one of the highest alpine lakes in the world. It is about  north of Miar Peak and Spantik (Golden Peak), which are in the Nagar valley. Rush Lake and Rush Peak can be reached via Nagar and Hopar and via the Hopar Glacier (Bualtar Glacier) and Miar Glacier, which rises from Miar and Phuparash peaks. The trek to Rush Lake provides spectacular views of Spantik, Miar Peak, Phuparash Peak and Ultar Sar.

Lakes of Pakistan

Rush Lake


Robin Morgan (born January 29, 1941) is an American activist, poet, and actress. She is most well known for her work as a key member of the feminist movement. She is most well known for organizing the 1968 Miss America Protest in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Early life
She attended The Wetter School in Mount Vernon, and graduated in the year 1956. Although, after finishing her high school degree, her mother did not let her attend a formal university. Instead, she had a private tutor teach her college level courses and took some classes from Columbia University as a part-time student there.

Career
Her career started very young as a child model and actress. In 1945, she had her own radio show called The Little Robin Morgan Show. At that same time, she appeared multiple times as a consistent guest star on Juvenile Jury. Her best known work as an actress was on Mama, where she was one of the main characters for 7 years.

Then, at age 14 she decided to switch her focus to her writing. Starting in the 1950s, she published her poems and other writing pieces. In the 1960s, she also worked as a literary agent and freelance editor in New York City.

In 1968, she helped to organize the Miss America Protest in Atlantic City, New Jersey. This protest fought to end the Miss America annual beauty pageants because they enforced sexist beauty standards. This work spurred her on to join more committees and have a larger voice in the feminist movement as well as other activist movements. From 1989 to 1994 she was the editor-in-chief of Ms. Magazine, the first national liberal feminist news magazine.

She did most of her activism work during the late 1900's and early 2000's. She has protested both nationally and globally.   Her other work nationally includes protesting against pornography in the media, unequal pay, sexual harassment and assault, and many more feminist issues. Globally she traveled all around the world (especially in the late 1980's) to fight for women's rights, racial equality, and more. Her career started as a child actress and model, before she ultimately decided to focus on her writing.

She is now an award-winning author who has published poetry, nonfiction books, and fictional novels. She has also founded and/or been an important member of the National Battered Women's Refuge Network, the Student Nonviolence Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Women's Media Center, the National Network of Rape Crisis Centers, the Feminist Writers' Guild, the Women's Foreign Policy Council, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the National Museum of Women in the Arts, the Sisterhood Is Global Institute, the Anti-Vietnam War movement, GlobalSister.org, New York Radical Women, W.I.T.C.H., and Greenstone Women's Radio Network. Now, she also works as a lecturer across the globe in universities and workplace settings. She also still is publishing her writing work.

Publications
In order of date published:
 Saturday's Child – 1950
 Monster – 1972
 Lady of the Beasts – 1976
 Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist – 1977
 Death Benefits: Poems – 1981
 Against Sadomasochism – 1982
 Death Perceptions: Poems and a Masque – 1982
 The Anatomy of Freedom – 1982
 Sisterhood is Global – 1984
 Dry Your Smile: A Novel – 1987
 Manpower – 1987
 Bullion, Brink's-Mat: The Story of Britain's Biggest Gold Robbery – 1988
 The Demon Lover – 1989
 Upstairs in the Garden – 1990
 The Mer-Child: A Legend for Children and Other Adults – 1991
 The Word of a Woman – 1992
 A Hot January – 1999
 Sisterhood is Forever – 2003
 Chasing a Dream: Poems – 2006
 Fighting Words: A Toolkit for Combating the Religious Right – 2006
 The Burning Time – 2006
 I Kissed A Ghost – 2012
 Micro Fiction: An Anthology – 2014
 Icky Sticky Prickly Pine – 2015
 Dark Matter: New Poems – 2018
 Parallax: A Novel – 2019
 Parallax: New Poems – 2019

Filmography
In order of date released:

 Citizen Saint 1947
 Tales of Tomorrow (TV Series) 1951
 Suspense (TV Series) 1951
 Mr. I. Magination (TV Series) 1952
 Danger (TV Series) 1952
 Mama (TV Series) 1949-1956
 Kraft Theatre (TV Series) 1954
 Pond Theaters (TV Series) 1954
 Robert Montgomery Presents (TV Series) 1955-1956
 Juvenile Jury (TV Series) 1955
 Star Stage (TV Series) 1955
 The Alcoa Hour (TV Series) 1956
 Not A Love Story: A Film About Pornography (Documentary) 1981
 American Experience (TV Series documentary) 2002
 1968 with Tom Brokaw (TV Movie documentary) 2007
 The Seventies (TV Mini Series documentary) 2015
 1968: The Year That Changed America (TV Series documentary) 2018
 Freethought Matters (TV Series) 2021

References

1941 births
American feminists
Living people
American poets
American activists

Robin Morgan


Avondale Park is a 1.7 acre park in the Avondale community area of North Side, Chicago, Illinois.

The park stretches between School Street to the south to the Kennedy Expressway to the north and east, with the alley behind Drake Street to the West. The park has recreational facilities including a playground, a fieldhouse, as well as an outdoor pool.

History
Created by the Irving Park District, Avondale Park takes its name from the surrounding neighborhood of Avondale. In 1929, the Irving Park District board drew up plans for a 5 acre park. That year an attractive brick fieldhouse designed by Clarence Hatzfeld was built, and lawn, shrubbery, trees, and flowers soon graced Avondale Park's landscape. By the early 1930s, the park included a playfield, separate boys' and girls' playgrounds, a wading pool, a sand box, and tennis courts.

With the creation of the Chicago Park District in 1934, the Great Depression forced consolidation of the city's 22 independent park agencies, including the Irving Park District.

In 1959 the park's size was greatly reduced to just over 1 acre, when its entire northeast portion was destroyed to build the Kennedy Expressway. The result was the loss of Avondale Park's playfield and tennis courts, with the site redesigned to incorporate new volleyball and basketball courts.

Parks in Chicago
North Side, Chicago
1929 establishments in Illinois

Avondale Park (Chicago)