OnlyFans is an internet content subscription service based in London, United Kingdom. The service is used primarily by sex workers who produce pornography, but it also hosts the work of other content creators, such as physical fitness experts and musicians.

Content on the platform is user-generated and monetized via monthly subscriptions, tips, and pay-per-view. Creators are paid 80% of these fees. The company launched a free safe-for-work streaming platform, OFTV, in 2021. The website grew in popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic; as of May 2023, OnlyFans had more than 3 million registered creators and 220 million registered users.

The company has been criticized for insufficiently preventing child sexual abuse material from circulating on the platform, though statistical evidence on the severity of the problem is mixed. In August 2021, a campaign to investigate OnlyFans began in the United States Congress, and it was reported that from October 2021 onward OnlyFans would no longer allow sexually explicit material, due to pressure from banks that OnlyFans used for user payments. However, this decision was reversed six days later due to backlash from users and creators alike.

Company overview
OnlyFans is a British subscription-based video on demand service and social media network. It acts as a video hosting service, allowing content creators to upload videos and garner subscribers to their content. As such, it is part of the creator economy. Subscribers pay creators in monthly instalments, in one-time tips, or via pay-per-view. The company takes 20% of these fees.

OnlyFans is mainly used by pornographic creators, both amateur and professional, but it also has a market with other content creators—including chefs, fitness trainers, and musicians.

As of May 2023, OnlyFans had 3 million registered creators and 220 million registered consumers. Research from the Archives of Sexual Behavior found that the typical user of OnlyFans is white (68.9%), married (89.5%), male (63.1%) and heterosexual (59%). The study found that the sexual attitudes of OnlyFans users were not significantly different from the general population.

The company employs approximately 1,000 people, 80% of whom focus on content moderation and support. It had 2021 revenues of 932 million. It is led by chief executive officer (CEO) Keily Blair and owned by Fenix International Limited.

In April 2021, Time named OnlyFans in its Time 100 Most Influential Companies list. Additionally, Fast Company named OnlyFans as one of the 10 most innovative social media companies in 2021. The Financial Times named OnlyFans one of the fastest-growing companies in Europe in 2022 and 2023.

History

Key figures
Tim Stokely ran the softcore pornography website GlamGirls before founding Customs4U, a website where customers could request custom videos from pornographic models. In November 2016, he founded OnlyFans as a platform for performers to monetise their content and interactions directly. Stokely founded the company with a £10,000 loan from his father, Guy Stokely, who told him "Tim, this is going to be the last one". Tim's brother Thomas Stokely became the company's chief operating officer and Guy Stokely became head of finance for OnlyFans.

Two years later, the businessman Leonid Radvinsky, owner of MyFreeCams, acquired 75% ownership of Fenix International Limited and became one of its directors. After this, OnlyFans became increasingly focused on not safe for work (NSFW) content and "gained a pop culture reputation for being a hive of pornography", according to The Independent.

In December 2021, Tim Stokely announced that he would be stepping down and that Amrapali Gan would be taking over from him. Keily Blair was appointed CEO in July 2023.

Growth in 2020
Amateur and professional sex workers drove OnlyFans' early growth, a process further accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the recession it caused. Between March and April in 2020, the user and creator base grew by 75%.

The site grew rapidly after it was mentioned by Beyoncé in the remix of the Megan Thee Stallion song, "Savage", released in April 2020. Traffic increased by 15% and CEO Tim Stokely claimed OnlyFans was seeing approximately 200,000 new users and 6,0008,000 new creators register daily. 2020 also saw numerous celebrities, including Cardi B, Rebecca Minkoff, and Tyler Posey, as well as media companies like Munchies and Barstool Sports join the platform, which further boosted interest in the site. By December 2020, OnlyFans had 85 million users and more than 1 million creators, generating more than 2 billion in sales that year.

Sky News reported that OnlyFans had not paid value-added tax for three years and could face heavy penalties from tax authorities; it began charging value-added tax in July 2020 after conversations with HM Revenue and Customs.

By March 2021, OnlyFans' user base topped 120 million and creators collectively earned $3 billion in revenue. OnlyFans stated that it pays out more than $200 million a month to creators. In 2021, they reached a company valuation of $1billion. Their revenue was around $900million for 2021, a rise from $350million in the previous year. Owner Leonid Radvinsky received $500million in dividends in a roughly two-year period from 2021 to 2022.

Restrictions on pornographic creators
Shortly following increased campaigning against OnlyFans due to concerns about child sexual abuse material, on 19 August 2021, the company announced that from 1 October 2021 onwards it will not be allowing sexually explicit content. The company pushed the update through a new Terms of Service Policy. The company would still have allowed nudity on some grounds.

The reason for this shift was initially reported as pressure from credit card companies including Mastercard, but CEO Tim Stokely later told Financial Times that it was due to withdrawn support from banks such as BNY Mellon and JPMorgan Chase, and that Mastercard had "no bearing on the decision". Stokely said that BNY Mellon had "flagged and rejected" each transaction from the company and that Metro Bank had withdrawn support abruptly in 2019.

The decision was met with widespread backlash by creators and consumers of OnlyFans. Six days after the initial announcement, OnlyFans said that it would be reversing the decision and that adult content would be allowed on the site indefinitely, citing that they had "secured assurances necessary" to do so.

The website Fansly surged in popularity as an alternative to OnlyFans for sex workers after the retracted ban announcement. Originally beginning operations in November 2020, Fansly's website design and functionality has been regarded by MEL Magazine as "nearly identical" to OnlyFans.

In August 2022, a series of lawsuits were filed which alleged that OnlyFans had bribed employees of Meta to add Instagram accounts whose users sold content on OnlyFans' competitor websites to a terrorist blacklist. According to the lawsuits, adult performers including Alana Evans had traffic driven away from their Instagram accounts after being falsely tagged as terror-related, effectively shadow banning them and diminishing their ability to promote their content on rival websites. OnlyFans denied awareness of such activity. The plaintiffs withdrew the bribery claim in July 2023 and the case was dismissed in August 2023, with the court noting that it did not have jurisdiction over OnlyFans.

Content creators from Russia and Belarus reported that they were not able to withdraw their funds or were excluded from the platform as part of the economic sanctions following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. OnlyFans said that this was because "worldwide financial restrictions" led them to have "very limited methods to pay Creator accounts linked to Russia and Belarus". OnlyFans later said that they had restored full functionality to these accounts. On 21 April 2022, OnlyFans "temporarily paused" Russian creators' accounts.

Safety and security

Child sexual abuse material
Since 2019, OnlyFans's account verification process has involved a selfie headshot including an ID photo. However, BBC News reported in 2021 that it was able to circumvent the system. OnlyFans was criticised by UK police for not doing enough to protect children;  however, the country's government regulator, Ofcom, praised the site in 2022 for its use of third-party verification tools.

A BBC Three documentary alleged in 2020 that a third of Twitter profiles globally advertising 'nudes4sale' (or similar) belong to underage individuals, many of whom used OnlyFans to share their content. In May 2021, the BBC reported that OnlyFans was "failing to prevent underage users from selling and appearing in explicit videos" after an investigation. This included reports from UK Police, schools and Childline. However, the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children reported under 100 instances of child sexual abuse material on OnlyFans per year, while MindGeek-owned companies accounted for around 13,000 cases, Twitter accounted for 65,000 and Facebook accounted for 20 million instances.

On 10 August 2021, US Representative Ann Wagner announced a bipartisan coalition pressuring the Department of Justice to investigate OnlyFans for child exploitation, citing increasing reports by law enforcement and child safety organizations that minors are being sold on OnlyFans, as well as instances of sex trafficking and image-based abuse. Over 100 members of Congress signed the petition. The Christian pressure group Exodus Cry and the National Center on Sexual Exploitation, founded as a Catholic organization, were cited as influencers in the campaign against the website.

Later in August 2021, OnlyFans released its first transparency report regarding the company's safety compliance program. OnlyFans said that it uses machine learning classifiers to locate child sexual abuse material (CSAM) and hashes to keep track of CSAM content, passing such information on to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC). However, in July 2021 it only passed one hash and details of 14 accounts, out of the 15 suspended for CSAM, onto the NCMEC. Gizmodo and The Verge commented on the unclarity of the reports' figures, which are limited to July 2021 and combine requests for data from law enforcement and from charity helplines.

The company gave $500,000 to the Child Rescue Coalition in 2022 for a project intended to investigate adult online behavior that is sexually threatening to children. It partnered with StopNCII.org in 2023, an online tool that uses a hash function system to prevent the spread of revenge porn and other non-consensual image sharing.

Data security
In February 2020, BuzzFeed News reported that up to four terabytes of hacked OnlyFans content went viral on social media. It is supposed to come from hundreds of different accounts and was spread on Mega cloud storage and Google Drive.  Daly Barnett, a technologist from the Electronic Frontier Foundation, told BuzzFeed News that "These platforms routinely have terrible security posture and reprehensible incident response". OnlyFans denied that any breach had occurred.

In August 2020, Forensic News reported that the company was facing multiple allegations of fraud and theft after content creators and users said they had money stolen from their accounts. Radvinsky's previous business ventures were flagged by banks for indicators of money laundering.

Non-pornographic content
In March 2021, the company launched its creative fund to provide £20,000 grants to four emerging musicians in the United Kingdom, as selected by Stokely and Stefflon Don. Later that year, OnlyFans soft launched OFTV, an app and streaming site with a collection of its safe for work content. Professional boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr., DJ Khaled and Fat Joe, and Terrell Owens were among the new content creators during the year.

A second initiative, the following year, was the OFTV program Creative Fund: Fashion Edition, a reality fashion show featuring designer Rebecca Minkoff. It was judged by Law Roach, Sir John, and Maeve Reilly; the winner received $50,000, and $25,000 was awarded to second and third place. A four-part Comedy Edition of the program in the U.K. and Ireland is set to air in 2023, with a similar prize fund. It was be judged by London Hughes, Jamali Maddix and Mae Martin; Jack Guinness hosted and Sofie Hagen appeared.

In 2022, OFTV released Model Farmers, a reality television show hosted by Becky Houze. The show features celebrities working on a farm in the United Kingdom. In 2022, OnlyFans signed deals with the Sims family, who starred in the English reality television show The Only Way is Essex, and Whitney Cummings to star in shows for OFTV, set to release in 2023. Cummings also started an account on OnlyFans' main site.

Individual creators
A trend on OnlyFans saw creators giving away sexual content in exchange for proof of charity donations, beginning with Kaylen Ward raising US$1 million in contributions to charity during the Australian wild bushfires in Australia in January 2020.

Bella Thorne broke OnlyFans earnings records when she joined the platform in August 2020, generating 2 million in a week, including 1 million in a 24-hour period. Thorne promised subscribers nude photos, but instead provided only photos in lingerie, leading to a large number of chargebacks. Following the chargebacks, OnlyFans limited the amount creators could charge and how quickly creators could receive their payouts, though the company said it was unrelated to Thorne and part of "an evolving process." Sex work advocates called Thorne a "tourist" in the sex work industry and blamed her for the policy change, saying it would cause them to lose a portion of their income. Thorne's record was broken in April 2021 by Bhad Bhabie, who garnered 1 million in six hours. The broken record led to social media criticism of Bhabie's subscribers, as her OnlyFans account launched shortly after she turned 18.

In May 2022, Carmen Electra joined the site, debuting her account with photos from her 50th birthday. The same year, Pennsylvania congressional candidate Alexandra Hunt joined the platform and announced that her campaign had raised around $100,000 in one month.

In September 2022, the Twitch streamer Amouranth told Insider that she was earning $1.5 million every month on the site and had grossed more than $33 million in total since joining in early 2020. On December 9, 2022, YouTuber Markiplier launched an OnlyFans account page and the influx of traffic caused the site to crash.

See also

 Chatroulette
 Pornhub
 Patreon

References

External links

2016 establishments in England
British companies established in 2016
British erotica and pornography websites
Companies based in London
Social media companies
Video hosting

OnlyFans


A Blockchain (or block chain) is a series of digital entries, which cannot be easily changed once they are created. It is commonly used in cryptocurrency. It is how digital transactions are recorded and verified. This is done by using several concepts from cryptography, including digital signatures and hash functions. In very basic terms, a blockchain combines the following two ideas:

 Given some data, it is easy to calculate a checksum over the data.  Special hash functions can be designed to calculate this checksum. These functions can be designed to return a value that always has the same length, which is not dependent on the length of the input. This value is called hash value, or message digest. The functions also have another property: Given the same input, they must return the same output (hash value/message digest).
 In addition to the hash values, a block typically also contains a timestamp, and some payload. Each block uses a digital signature, which allows detecting any change in the data since the signature was made. When new blocks of data are created, the newly created block will also contain the hash value of the previous block.

In most cases, a blockchain is managed by a peer-to-peer network. All peers use a common protocol that specifies how they should communicate with each other, how a new block is created and validated. Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be changed easily any more. Changing the block means all the blocks after it need to be changed as well. Depending on the protocol, this will require a majority of the peers, or even all the peers, to agree.

Blockchains are secure by design. Blockchain technology is used where keeping a correct record is important. Use cases include medical records, identity management, food traceability, gaming and voting.

Blockchain was invented by Stuart Haber and Scott Stornetta in 1991 as a means to assure the integrity of digital records. Haber and Stornetta launched the world's first commercial blockchain; Surety in 1995.

In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto included as references 3 and 4 of Bitcoin: A Peer to Peer Electronic Cash System, the two papers by Haber and Stornetta   to serve as the public transaction ledger of the cryptocurrency bitcoin.  Because of its blockchain, bitcoin became the first digital currency to solve the double-spending problem without the need of a trusted authority or central server.  The bitcoin design has inspired other applications.

References

External links
 ETH Blockchain Initiative – ETH Blockchain Initiative | ETH Zurich

Computer science
Cryptocurrency

Blockchain


Old Man Logan is an alternative version of the fictional character Wolverine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. This character is an aged version of Wolverine set in an alternate future universe designated Earth-807128, where the supervillains overthrew the superheroes. Introduced as a self-contained story arc within the Wolverine ongoing series by writer Mark Millar and artist Steve McNiven, the character became popular with fans. After the death of Wolverine, Laura Kinney took the Wolverine mantle but an Old Man Logan from the similar Earth-21923 was brought in to serve as an X-Man and featured in his own ongoing series.

Old Man Logan was a principal inspiration for the 2017 film Logan, starring Hugh Jackman as the title character.

Publication history
Old Man Logan debuted as a character in Mark Millar's run on Fantastic Four, which featured characters who are heavily implied to be the aged Wolverine and Bruce Banner Jr. as an adult. Wolverine: Old Man Logan started as an eight-issue storyline from the third volume of Wolverine ongoing series by writer Mark Millar and artist Steve McNiven, published by Marvel Comics in June 2008. The series ran through Wolverine (volume 3) #66–72 (June 2008 – June 2009) and ended in Wolverine Giant-Size Old Man Logan #1 on September 9, 2009.

Old Man Logan debuted in his solo series during the 2015 Secret Wars storyline, written by Brian Michael Bendis with art by Andrea Sorrentino. This story is continued in an ongoing series with the same name beginning in January 2016, written by Jeff Lemire with Sorrentino returning as artist.

Fictional character biography

Original story
The United States and the world of Earth-807128 has been conquered and divided among supervillains, with territories belonging to the Abomination (later conquered by the Hulk), Magneto (later conquered by a new Kingpin), Doctor Doom, and the Red Skull, who has named himself president of the United States. Superheroes have been wiped out of existence, with the few survivors in hiding. Logan lives with his wife Maureen and young children Scotty and Jade on a barren plot of land in Sacramento, California, now part of the territory known as Hulkland. Needing money to pay rent to his landlords the Hulk Gang (the incestuous hillbilly grandchildren of the Hulk and his first cousin She-Hulk), Logan accepts a job from a blind Clint Barton to help him travel east to the capital of New Babylon and deliver a secret package (which Logan assumes to be drugs).

Logan and Barton encounter several diversions on their journey. They rescue Barton's estranged daughter Ashley (who seems to be an aspiring Spider-Girl) from the clutches of the new Kingpin. However, she then murders Kingpin and reveals her intention to seize his territory of Hammer Falls (formerly Las Vegas) herself as the new Kingpin and "Spider-Bitch" before attempting to kill her father. Logan rescues him and the pair escape, as Spider-Bitch sends her forces after them.

They escape a cluster of Moloids who are destroying cities by sinking them from beneath the surface. They then get chased by a Venom symbiote-infused Tyrannosaurus (imported from the Savage Land), but they are rescued and teleported by the White Queen and Black Bolt.

Throughout the story it is reiterated that the "Wolverine" persona died the day the villains attacked and that since then, Logan has refused to use his claws. Flashbacks reveal that on the night the attack happened, a group of 40 supervillains attacked the X-Mansion. Unable to locate his teammates, Logan slaughtered the attackers to ensure the safety of the mutant children. As the last "attacker" Bullseye was killed, Logan realized that the entire assault was an illusion created by Mysterio and his perceived enemies were actually his fellow X-Men. This destroyed Wolverine emotionally and mentally and he fled the mansion and wandered away to a train track in shock and shame. Though he made a subsequent suicide attempt by allowing a freight train to run him over, Logan could not actually kill himself, but had effectively killed "Wolverine".

When they arrive at the capital, Hawkeye delivers his package to an underground resistance group hoping to begin a new team like the Avengers. The package contains super-soldier serum, enough to form an army, but Barton's clients expose themselves as undercover S.H.I.E.L.D. agents. They shoot and kill Logan and Barton. Logan's body heals and he awakens in Red Skull's trophy room amongst the armaments and costumes of fallen superheroes. Without using his claws, he kills Red Skull's men and engages Red Skull himself, eventually decapitating him with Captain America's shield. He grabs a briefcase of money (their intended reward for the delivery) and uses pieces of Iron Man's armor to fly back home. Upon arriving, Logan discovers that the Hulk Gang murdered his family and left the bodies unburied in his absence. His neighbor Abraham Donovan states that Logan's family was killed when the Hulk Gang got tired of waiting for their payment. This results in Logan finally unleashing his claws.

Logan seeks out and slaughters the Hulk's grandchildren Beau, Bobbie-Jo, Charlie, Elrod, Eustace, Luke, Otis, Rufus, and Woody before encountering Old Man Banner himself who displays monstrous strength, even in his human form. It is implied that the gamma poisoning in his body had begun to deteriorate his sanity in his old age. Banner reveals that while the murder of Logan's family was intended as a message to others, he really just wanted to get Logan angry enough to fight him because he had gotten bored with being a "super-villain landlord" like the others. In his Hulk form, Banner easily defeats Logan and then consumes him. Logan recuperates within Banner's stomach and bursts out, killing the Hulk. Afterward, he discovers a baby Hulk named Bruce Banner, Jr. A month later, Logan and his neighbors hold a small memorial for Logan's family. With nothing left of his old home, Logan then says he plans to defeat all the new world villains and bring peace to the land—with himself and Bruce Banner, Jr. being the first members of a new group of superheroes—before riding off into the sunset.

After a fight with the Ghost Riders, Old Man Logan finds that Pappy Banner's head was placed on a gamma-powered robot made from adamantium by Tinkerer. He uses it in his revenge on Old Man Logan. Before Old Man Logan can be finished off by Pappy Banner, he is suddenly attacked by Bruce Banner Jr. who separates Pappy Banner's head from the adamantium armor. Rather than kill the head, Old Man Logan buries it and plants a tree over it so that its roots can slowly dig into his skull.

Fantastic Four
Some time later, Old Man Logan and the now adult Bruce Banner Jr. are featured during a scene when the new Defenders, led by an older Susan Storm, travel back in time to use cosmic energy to restore their dying Earth. Now calling himself the Hooded Man, Old Man Logan accompanies Gaia back to his original timeline in order to repopulate the now desolate Earth and keep her from going insane from the lack of inhabitants. He is later seen gardening with Gaia who is now pregnant with his child.

Earth-21923 version
The history of this Old Man Logan is the same as the one on Earth-807128. When the multiverse was destroyed and Battleworld was created, a different version from an altered universe version of "Old Man Logan" called Earth-21923 is reborn on the Battleworld domain called the Wastelands, a recreation of his native reality with his memories still intact, although he does not know how he arrived in Battleworld. After having declared the intention to set his world right, Logan disrupts a poker game between the Gladiator and his Flying Devils, and he ends their human trafficking ring by killing them, freeing those imprisoned. While on the way back to meet with Danielle Cage, Logan witnesses the head of an Ultron Sentinel fall from above. Wishing to investigate further, he brings it along with him back home, where Bruce Jr. and Danielle also reside. After explaining this new development, he investigates the head's origins. He visits Hammer Falls and meets with the dying Emma Frost, and he learns that the head is from beyond the Wastelands, so he begins traveling beyond his domain.

When Logan trespasses upon its borders, he is approached by an unidentified Thor of the Thor Corps. She attacks Logan with a lightning bolt for breaking Doctor Doom's laws, falling into the Domain of Apocalypse in the process. Already healed from the burns caused by the Thor's attack, Logan is attacked by Victor Creed (who is one of the Horsemen of Apocalypse) and his soldiers, but Logan is rescued by the X-Men and taken to their hideout, where they are attacked by Apocalypse and his other Horsemen.

The battle that ensues is intervened by the Thor who attacked Logan earlier and as she argues with Apocalypse, Logan flees and hides. The Thor then demands to know to where he had run, but no one answers. Angry, she attacks both the X-Men and the Horsemen with a lightning bolt and then looks for Logan through the domain. When she is near the domain's walls, Logan climbs it and attacks her from behind. Enraged, the Thor attacks him with another lightning bolt and lets him fall into the neighboring domain of Technopolis as she is attacked by Apocalypse's Infinite Soldiers. Logan is taken to Stark Tower by Baron Stark and Grand Marshal Rhodes, the Thor of that domain. After healing from his injuries, Logan awakens only to find himself in a totally different domain from the one where he was. He ends up fighting Rhodes, but is defeated and sent to the Deadlands as punishment for breaking Doom's laws.

Due to his healing factor, Logan succeeds in fighting through hordes of zombies in the Deadlands. He takes shelter inside a cave where he finds an uninfected She-Hulk who has been there for a long time. He tries to convince her to throw him out of the Deadlands when the zombies find them. In a desperate attempt to save Logan's life, She-Hulk grabs him and jumps as high as she can to throw him out of the Deadlands as he had suggested, ultimately sacrificing her own life to do so. Afterwards, Logan finds himself in the Battleworld domain called the Kingdom of Manhattan.

While wandering the city he has not seen in years, Logan meets this domain's Jean Grey and Emma Frost. They take him to meet the rest of the X-Men, as well as "his" son Jimmy Hudson. Logan later leads the superhero population of the Kingdom of Manhattan in a rebellion against God Emperor Doom. Subsequently, Logan finds himself in a new world.

All-New All-Different Marvel
Logan wakes up in the past on Earth-616 and decides to prevent his apocalyptic future. He targets the minor villain Black Butcher and easily kills him. He seeks Mysterio's location and is joined by Kate Bishop. Logan meets Commander Steve Rogers, who shows him his adamantium-coated corpse from the future. Logan appears in Extraordinary X-Men but declines to rejoin the team. He decides to protect Maureen from the Reavers but gets wounded. Later, he decides to hunt down Lady Deathstrike.

Logan experiences nightmares about a villain uprising, and Jean Grey convinces him to change his mind. He seeks help from experts to rescue Bruce Banner Jr. from the Wastelands. In the current time, he defeats the Hulk Gang with help from Hawkeye. He is also involved in the "Civil War II" and "Inhumans vs. X-Men" storylines. Logan becomes part of Kitty Pryde's Gold Team of X-Men and confronts the Weapon X organization.

Logan tracks down the Regenix drug and confronts the Crazy Thunder Gang. He helps Silver Samurai rescue Mariko Yashida from the Hand's control. Later, Logan, Lady Deathstrike, and Sabretooth are captured by the Orphans Of X but eventually rescued and revived.

Dead Man Logan
After defeating an alternate version of the Maestro, Logan recognized that he was dying of old age, now relying on regenix to supplement his failing healing factor. He decided to set out to return to his original timeline after sorting out a few loose ends in this one, which included eliminating Mysterio so that the villain could never attempt the same feat he accomplished in Logan's past. Mysterio was recruited by Neo-HYDRA and Miss Sinister when they learned about Logan's history, but Mysterio eventually turned against Neo-HYDRA to aid the Avengers when he learned that Neo-HYDRA intended to kill him once they had won. Mysterio subsequently faked his death after Logan and the Avengers defeated Neo-HYDRA.

After a meeting with his resurrected counterpart, Logan asked Mariko to keep an eye on the version of his future wife in this timeline before he returned to the Wasteland via a time portal created by Forge. Returning to the Wastelands, Logan engaged Joseph Manfredi and his henchmen who are allied with Lizard in Florida, the Creel Gang in Georgia, and the Phantom Riders in Nashville, Tennessee. When Logan was captured by cannibals operating in the Ozarks, he is saved by Danielle Cage and Bruce Banner Jr. who inform him that a lot of villains like the Punisher Gang are looking for him after what he did to Red Skull and Hulk. What happened to Red Skull and the Hulk Gang caused a power vacuum in the Wastelands. After a fight with the Tranquility Temple that tried to kill him and Bruce Banner Jr., Logan drove his group to the Badlands where they met with Forge and Dwight Barrett. Forge's lair was attacked by Sabretooth and his clones. Forge unleashed an unstable Speedball from him container who destroyed the Sabretooth clones as Sabretooth made off with Bruce Jr. Tracking Sabretooth to a Weapon X facility, Logan and Danielle discovered that the head of the Weapon X facility is Mister Sinister who created the Sabretooth clones and claimed that he orchestrated the villains' rise to power which Red Skull took the credit for. After Logan and Danielle Cage rescued Bruce Banner Jr., they got chased by the Sabretooth clones until Danielle picked up Mjolnir and became the new Thor. Logan would eventually meet his end after killing Sabretooth and Mister Sinister, weakly affirming that his healing factor has finally worn out and he just exhausted his final vial of Regenix. Dani and Bruce take him back to the graves of his deceased family and he dies looking up into the sun. After burying Logan with his family, Danielle Cage, now acting as the new Thor, Bruce Banner Jr. as the new Hulk, and Dwight Barrett as the new Ant-Man, formed a new incarnation of the Avengers and vow to keep fighting the opposition until they can find a place they can call home.

Other versions

Venomverse
In the Venomverse crossover, the Earth-21923 version of Old Man Logan raises Bruce Jr. for fifteen years before telling him of his true parentage. Bruce Jr. leaves his adoptive father in anger as Logan is eventually found by Archangel, who evaded being killed by the villains. Archangel (seeking revenge for the massacre of the X-Men) is then revealed to be working with Bruce Jr. and Spider-Bitch, who viewing Logan's escape with her father fifteen years earlier as the only blemish on her career as Kingpin of the Wastelands, restrains him with web-shooters she had gotten from her grandfather Peter Parker's corpse and attempts to feed him to her captured Venom symbiote-infused  T-rex; due to Ashley not inheriting a spider-sense, Logan pulls on the webs to feed her to the T-rex instead, only to be successfully fed to the T-rex himself by Archangel and Bruce Jr.. Emerging from the T-rex (killing it) with the symbiote bonded to himself as the Old Man Venom, Logan kills Archangel before berating Bruce Jr. for his actions. After considering killing him, Logan tells him that he cannot because he loves him, only to be transported to another reality before he can finish his sentence, where a Venomized Captain America tells him to prepare for war with the Poisons. Logan then spends much of the war fighting alongside a Venomized Laura Kinney, before he is apparently killed when the Venoms destroy the Poisons' ship.

In other media

Film
 Elements of Old Man Logan were incorporated into the 2013 film The Wolverine. Much like the aftermath of Logan killing the X-Men in the original comic  story, in the film Logan is consumed with guilt and depression following the death of Jean Grey - and has apparently refrained from popping his claws for several years at the start of the film. Additionally, the character's finds his healing factor failing him - though it is due to a weaponized parasite implanted by Viper rather than naturally degrading as in the comics and stand-alone sequel film.

 Old Man Logan was an inspiration for the 2017 film Logan. While featuring an original premise and being set in an alternate timeline to the comic, the film likewise features an aging Logan suffering from a degrading healing factor while going on a journey across the country with an old friend in a bleak future after the deaths of his fellow X-Men (implied to be due to Professor X suffering a psychic seizure due to old age).

Novels
In November 2021, author Eoin Colfer expressed interest in writing a future "superviolent" sequel to his Artemis Fowl series inspired by Old Man Logan. Colfer has written the novel Iron Man: The Gauntlet, adapted from the Iron Man comics.

Podcast
In 2021, Marvel New Media and Sirius XM announced Marvel's Wastelanders, a series of podcasts set in a version of the Old Man Logan/Wastelands universe, with Robert Patrick voicing Wolverine. The 10-episode Marvel's Wastelanders: Wolverine story arc began in June 2022 and featured a guilt-ridden Wolverine working to help a young mutant reach safety as the President Red Skull tries to hunt him down.

Video games
 The Old Man Logan incarnations of Emma Frost, Hawkeye and Wolverine are available as alternate costumes for the respective characters in Marvel Heroes.
 Old Man Logan is a playable character in Marvel: Contest of Champions.
 Old Man Logan is a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.

Collected editions

Notes

References

External links
 Old Man Logan of Earth-807128 at Marvel Wiki
 Old Man Logan of Earth-21923 at Marvel Wiki
 Old Man Logan Reading Order Guide at How to Love Comics

Comics by Mark Millar
Wolverine (comics) titles
Cannibalism in fiction
Cyberpunk comics
Incest in fiction
Fictional characters from parallel universes
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman senses
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics martial artists
Marvel Comics mutants
Fictional characters from Sacramento, California
Fictional Canadian people in comics
Fictional fist-load fighters
Fictional pacifists
Wolverine (comics)
X-Men members

Old Man Logan


VfR Neumünster is a German association football club based in Neumünster, Schleswig-Holstein. The club was established on 3 March 1910 as FV Neumünster by members of FC Germania 1907 Neumünster and FC Viktoria 1909 Neumünster. In 1924, FV was joined by VfR 1923 Neumünster – which was the football department of TV Gut-Heil Neumünster – to form the present day club.

History
 VfR enjoyed only modest success in its early years, taking part in second division competition for a single season in 1937–38. They advanced to the first division Oberliga Nord in 1955, with their best result coming as a third-place finish there in 1959. After the formation of the Bundesliga, Germany's first top flight professional league, in 1963, VfR found itself in the second division Regionalliga, but quickly slipped from the professional ranks. During the late 50s and early 60s, until the formation of the Bundesliga, the club's amateur side played second-division football in the Amateurliga Schleswig-Holstein.

In the mid-90s the team returned to the Oberliga Nord (IV) and finished as vice-champions in 2002–03. That earned the club a place in the promotion playoffs for the Regionalliga Nord where they beat Kickers Emden to move up. Their third division adventure lasted only a single season and they were promptly relegated after an 18th-place finish. This was followed by financial problems leading to bankruptcy proceedings in 2005. VfR briefly recovered itself but was forced back into bankruptcy in 2007. The club has since recovered, winning promotion back to the Regionalliga Nord in 2012 but being relegated in 2015.

Stadium
The club plays its home fixtures in the Grümmi-Arena (former known as VfR-Stadion an der Geerdtsstraße) built in 1927 and having a current capacity of 10,000.

Honours
The club's honours:
 Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein (IV): 2003
 Schleswig-Holstein-Liga (II/III/IV/V): 1953, 1966, 1976, 1980, 2000, 2011, 2012
 Schleswig-Holstein Cup (Tiers III-V): 1974, 2004, 2013

References

External links

Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables (in German)

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Schleswig-Holstein
Neumünster
Association football clubs established in 1910
1910 establishments in Germany
VfR Neumünster

VfR Neumünster


Moorabool is a closed railway station on the Geelong–Ballarat railway line, in the locality of Moorabool, Victoria, Australia. Until 1864 it was called Steiglitz Road. The station building was constructed for the Victorian Railways in 1861, by a private contractor, and comprises a single-storey, gable-roofed, bluestone station building, with an attached two-storey residence.

The station was closed to all traffic on 21 December 1976, but is still passed by The Overland and freight trains. The station building was sold in 1977 and currently serves as a private residence. The building is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and the Register of the National Estate. It is located about 1.6 km east of another heritage railway structure, the Moorabool Viaduct.

References

External links

 Rail Geelong: photos of the station

Railway stations in Australia opened in 1861
Heritage-listed buildings in Greater Geelong
Disused railway stations in Victoria (state)
Listed railway stations in Australia

Moorabool railway station


Oakland's Broadway Auto Row is the area north of downtown Oakland along Broadway between Grand Avenue (Uptown) at the Southwest and I-580, 40th Street or even 51st Street to the Northeast. The strip has a history of car dealerships and other automotive service businesses as far back as 1912. The businesses and sales in the area are a part of Oakland's economic base.  In recent years, the area is seen as ripe for mixed-use development intensification, and other bicycle and pedestrian improvements

Tax base
With annual tax revenues of more than $3 million for years, the dozen or so dealerships on Broadway have historically been one of the city's largest sources of sales tax revenue. During his term in office, former Oakland Mayor Jerry Brown appeared in a series of televised "Buy Oakland" commercials.

Transportation infrastructure
Originally developed as Oakland's first street leading from the Jack London Square waterfront, Broadway remains one of Oakland's busiest streets, carrying copious quantities of peak period private automobile trips, in addition to bus, bicycle and pedestrian traffic.

AC Transit's 51A line runs through the area down Broadway to connect the people of the Rockridge district, and other neighborhoods of North Oakland, with Oakland's Downtown.  The 51A line is one of the system's busiest, carrying a large volume of passengers through the corridor.

A lighted, flashing pedestrian crosswalk is located on a long block of Broadway near 30th street, in-between intersections, to give greater visibility to pedestrian traffic in the area.

A Class 2 bicycle lane runs along the right-hand edge of Broadway, but only between 27th Street and MacArthur Blvd.  As of the summer of 2008, an Oakland bicycle and pedestrian advocacy organization: Walk Oakland Bike Oakland (WOBO) has advocated for expansion of the bike lane to a greater portion of Broadway.

References

Geography of Oakland, California
Auto rows

Broadway Auto Row, Oakland, California


In Inner Mongolia, China, a sum (Mongolian: , сум, SASM/GNC romanization: sum; , pinyin: sūmù), sometimes known as a sumu, is a township-level political/administrative division. The sum division is equivalent to a township but is unique to Inner Mongolia. It is therefore larger than a gaqa (Mongolian: , village) and smaller than a banner (the Inner Mongolia equivalent of the county-level division). Examples include Shiwei, Inner Mongolia and Honggor Sum, Siziwang Banner.

Sum whose population is predominated by ethnic minorities are designated ethnic sum – parallel with the ethnic township in the rest of China.  , there is only one ethnic sum in China, the Evenk Ethnic Sum. The Enhe Russian Ethnic Township of Inner Mongolia is not called sum.

History
The past century saw immense change in the local administrative processes within China, invoked by political movement, civil wars and the changing role of rural regions. This eventually turned in the sum system in 1983.

1961-1982
In the period of 1961–1983, China introduced the commune-brigade system to locally administrate "socio-economic functions" under the rule of Mao Zedong.

The commune is the lowest rank of authority in the Chinese government underneath the "central government, provincial (autonomous region) government and county government."  The commune authority had the responsibility of specific key functions including supplementing reinforcement to the army regime, fluent connections between party members, administration of economic goals and ensuring correct was carried out in response to crime. It helped orchestrate and maintain three integral organisations that overlooked women's role in society, developing the youth generation and fulfilling needs of herdsman.

The brigade authority supplemented the commune role, through the organisations of meetings that enacted the plans and policies defined by the commune. It oversaw grassland protection schemes, preservation of livestock, the family planning programme, taxation processes and financially supported herdsman. Resources such as tractors, storage houses and general equipment required to carry out economic functions were organised by the unit. The brigade provided resources needed to carry out infrastructure projects directed by upper authorities.

1983
The 1980s was the period of decentralisation and mass reformation within the domestic economic, trading systems and finance. This included greater integration of rural government in economic decisions. 1983 was China's first administrative reform, aimed to restructure the government and establish a "retirement and tenure system." This aimed to reduce individuals in government positions for long periods of time. It meant the dissolvement of commune-brigade system, reforming into the sum-gaca system. This system still retains the political and administrative functions, however, not involved in the agricultural organisation.

The collective livestock was redistricted to households within the gaca (previously called the brigade) based on the capacity of the households, roughly equating to over 50 per person. This determined the territory distributed according to the size and needs of animals. Native herdsmen were given favoured distribution due to their experience and knowledge.

The reform meant some government roles were united, reducing the number of overall positions within the sum. This reduced total number of agencies from 60 to 50 in provinces, 40 to 30 in the autonomous regions and 40 to 25 in counties. In regional provinces within China and Mongolia, "staffing decreased from over 180,000 to about 120,000"  This reformation involved a significant time lag in implementation due to the large scope of townships and their cultural differences. The reform was due to the economic needs of China, and increased demand for economic improvement. The restructure of government-based institutions was to redistribute the sum's role in responding to economic shocks and high-level authority requests.

Impact on population

Migration
Migration saw an increase under the previous commune-brigade system, due to the introduction of collective hard labour tasks requiring migrants with agricultural background. The shift to the sum system meant the removal of work assignments by higher authorities. This saw a spike of migrants moving back out of sums in conquest for stable employment opportunities. The Chinese State Statistical Bureau released a national survey in 1987 showing that between the years 1982 and 1987 there was a net rural-urban migration of 13 million, in comparison to the 35 million in the period of 1978 and 1982. The old system provided work points and residential registration, in exchange for the completion of tasks rejected by the native's herdsman. These tasks included gardening, supply of food chain, use of gardening equipment, construction work and other one-off tasks enforced by the government.

Impact on agriculture

Distribution of land
Despite the productivity gains land distribution was still skewed under the idea that land was owned by every member of the sum, neglecting the arduous nature of agricultural maintenance. The entirety of the population had claim on land property and the distribution was primarily based on size of household members and villager stater commonly disregarded accumulation of skill and experience. This eligibility system increased the worry in farmers about losing land and investment. This partially stagnated growth and reduced motivation to develop agricultural infrastructure. The irrigation system remained unchanged in the 1980s, due to the technical difficulty and risk induced nature of developing it.

The distribution of land caused disputes amongst livestock keepers, as the natural requirement for certain pasturage was not taken into account in the division of land.  Farmland in these areas differed in terms of soil types, access to irrigation resources and the types of plants they can foster. The reformation left unconsidered the "indivisibility of pasture necessary for seasonal pasturage" and how different locations change according to the soil type and exposure to extreme conditions. Cultivated was left to waste seasonally and commonly fragmented as boundaries were formed to separate households and create divisions.

A survey conducted by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture of 7983 sample villages within the Chinese provinces showed that in 1986, "average cultivated area per household 0.466 ha (7 mu),3 fragmented into 5.85 plots, each plot on average 0.08 ha"  This method of division has remained in modern society limiting these areas in using more advanced methods of production that capitalise on technical infrastructures. The constant redistribution of land was embedded with additional costs and time, reducing the efficiency of the implementation process.

Before the introduction of sums, pasture of herdsman would shift from mountains to lowlands, in response to seasonal change. The territorial-administrative division meant that within Mongolia, 60 sums were strictly in high mountain regions and 40 were in forage dense areas. The homogenisation initially restricted gross pasture produced by each sum and overall health of livestock.

The land currently owned by the Ogiinuur Sum, in Mongolia, was previously used for strictly summer and fall pasture due to the seasons. In 1983, the redistribution of land meant the sum allocated to the land had no appropriate pasture for the remaining two seasons. This caused high fatality rates in livestock. In 1983, this Ogiinuur Sum faced the highest percentage of deaths in total livestock within Mongolia.

Non-agricultural business
The sum administration shift saw an increase in productivity which led to decline in the need for rural workers. However, rural townships that's predominant income was derived from non-agricultural activities had significant growth.  The shift to sum administration relaxed restrictions surrounding access to machinery and processing materials, facilitating for growth in production fields. These towns become major contributors to economic growth of China. Their availability to resource allows them to quickly respond to changing demand in the urban areas.  Employment in these towns increased from 23 million in 1977 to 52 million in 1984. This heavily benefits farmers who saw an increase in income of 15.7 percent from 1978 to 1984.

See also
List of township-level divisions of Inner Mongolia

References

 Townships
Types of administrative division
Articles containing Mongolian script text
Township-level divisions of China

Sums of Inner Mongolia


The Institute of Geosciences is a unit of instruction of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). It includes the undergraduate courses of Geography, Geomatics Engineering, Geology. It has a department of study of vertebrate paleontology which has made great contributions to the geopark of Paleorrota.

The unit is also responsible for the maintenance of three museums, the Journal of Research in Geosciences, and post-graduate education and research.

Departaments
The Institute of Geosciences is composed into five departments:
 Department of Geography
 Department of Geology
 Department of Mineralogy and Petrology
 Department of Paleontology and Stratigraphy
 Department of Geodesy

Undergraduate programs
The Institute of Geosciences includes three undergraduate courses: Geography, Geomatics Engineering and Geology.

Graduate programs
The Institute of Geosciences maintains two graduate programs: the Graduate Program in Geography (PPGEA) and in Geology (PPGEO).

Graduate Program in Geology
The PPGEO includes four areas of focus: Stratigraphy, Marine Geology, Geochemistry and Paleontology. In total it has 275 enrolled students, of which 137 are PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) candidates and 138 Master' candidates. The program has already graduated more than 698 Master and 302 Doctors of philosophy.

Academics and faculty
Both graduate programs (PPGEA and PPGEO) have achieved high standards (6 and 7 grades out of 7) according to the Brazilian Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES).

Museum of Paleontology "Irajá Damiani Pinto"
Located in the Valley Campus (), Avenida Bento Gonçalves in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

It is named after Irajá Damiani Pinto, professor at UFRGS.

The museum displays various fossils of the geopark of Paleorrota. In the same building, the Laboratory of Paleontology furthers the knowledge about the geopark, as many fossils are cleaned and prepared there.

See also

Paleorrota Geopark
 Porto Alegre Botanical Garden
 Museum of Science and Technology (PUCRS)
 Museum Education Gama D'Eça.
 Museum Vincente Pallotti.
 Museum Aristides Carlos Rodrigues.
 Museum Paleontologic and Archaeological Walter Ilha.
 Museum Daniel Cargnin.

Notes and references

External links
 Institute of Geosciences of UFRGS (Portuguese)
 Graduate Program in geology (PPGEO) https://www.ufrgs.br/ppggeo/ (Portuguese)

Geology museums in Brazil
Natural history museums in Brazil
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Museums in Porto Alegre
Fossil museums

Institute of Geosciences of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul


Ablaq (; particolored; literally 'piebald') is an architectural technique involving alternating or fluctuating rows of light and dark stone. It is an Arabic term describing a technique associated with Islamic architecture in the Arab world. It may have its origins in earlier Byzantine architecture in the region, where alternating layers of white stone and orange brick were used in construction. The technique is used primarily for decorative effect.

Origins
The ablaq decorative technique is thought to maybe be a derivative from the ancient Byzantine Empire, whose architecture used alternate sequential runs of light colored ashlar stone and darker colored orange brick. The first clearly recorded use of ablaq masonry is found in repairs to the north wall of the Great Mosque of Damascus in 1109.

The technique may have originated in Syria, where the local stone supply may have encouraged the use of alternating courses of light and dark stone. In the southern part of Syria there is abundance of black basalt as well as white-colored limestone. The supplies of each are about equal, so it was natural that masonry techniques of balanced proportions were used.

Use in Islamic architecture

The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, originally built in the late 7th century during the Umayyad period, features ablaq light and dark stone voussoirs in the arches of its inner colonnade. The origins of the marble ablaq treatments at the Dome of the Rock are controversial, with some scholars theorizing them to be from the original construction, and some saying they were later additions (and differing then as to the dates and identity of the builders). The alternating red and white masonry in the voussoirs of arches at the Great Mosque of Córdoba – built in the late 8th century and expanded up to the 10th century – is another early example of such a technique, which could be related to earlier examples in Jerusalem and Damascus that the Umayyad rulers of Córdoba were familiar with. Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic art and archeology, states that ablaq (alternating courses of white limestone and black basalt) is "a characteristic of the monumental masonry of Damascus."

Ablaq masonry appears in some 12th and 13th-century buildings in Diyarbakir built under the Artuqids, as well as in some late Ayyubid buildings in Damascus. It also appears in the portals of some 13th-century Seljuk monuments in Konya, such as the Alaeddin Mosque the Karatay Madrasa, possibly due to the influence of Syrian craftsmen.

Ablaq became a prominent feature of Mamluk architecture in Syria, Egypt and Palestine in the 14th and 15th centuries. During this period, black and white stone were often used as well as red brick in recurring rows, giving a three colored striped building. Ablaq masonry supplemented other decorative techniques such as the use of "joggled" voussoirs in arches, where stones of alternating colours were cut into interlocking shapes.

In 1266 the Mamluk sultan al-Zahir Baybars al-Bunduqdari built a palace in Damascus known as the  ("Ablaq Palace"), which was constructed with alterations of light and dark masonry. This name shows that the term ablaq was in regular usage for this type of masonry in the 13th century.

In Jordan, the Mamluk fortified khan at Aqaba is a medieval fortress modeled after those used by the Crusaders. It contains an arch above the protected entrance. The horseshoe arch has ablaq masonry, harkening to Mamluk architecture in Egypt.Construction with alternating layers of brick and stone was often used in early Ottoman architecture in Anatolia and the Balkans, but it fell out of fashion in later Ottoman imperial architecture. The traditional ablaq technique continued to be used regionally in the architecture of Ottoman Syria (16th century and after). Examples in Damascus include the Sulaymaniyya Takiyya (16th century), the Azm Palace (18th century), and the Khan As'ad Pasha (18th century).

Use in Christian Europe

The technique of alternating light and dark stone constructions also appeared in Christian Europe around the mid 12th century, but it is uncertain whether this development occurred independently or was influenced by existing examples in Syria. Notable examples include the 13th-century cathedrals of Monza, Siena, and Orvieto, as well as a palace in Genoa.

Pisan ecclesiastical monuments—particularly the Cathedral of Pisa and Church of San Sepolcro (commenced building 1113)—used ablaq, not simple "black and white in revetment" between the conquest of Jerusalem in the First Crusade (1099) and the completion of the latter ca. 1130. Various architectural motifs—ablaq, the zigzag arch, and voussoir (rippled and plain) were used. According to scholar Terry Allen, these embellishments were a direct appropriation of Muslim architecture, resulting from pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the wars in the Levant from resulting from the First Crusade. Visitors to Jerusalem could see ablaq at the Dome of the Rock and at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, as well as other examples that may no longer be extant. Thus zigzags and ablaq became part of the repertoire of Romanesque architecture.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Arches and vaults
Architecture in Syria
Byzantine architecture
Arabic architecture
Islamic architectural elements
Mamluk architecture
Masonry
Moorish architecture
Ottoman architecture
Ornaments (architecture)
Architecture in Lebanon
Architecture in the State of Palestine
Architecture in Jordan
Architecture in Egypt

Ablaq


"Come with Me (Pure Imagination)" is a song by American music duo Karmin. It was released via Checkbook records on February 19, 2016 as the fourth single from their second studio album based on the zodiac "Leo Rising".

The song is a cover remix of Pure Imagination, specifically written for the 1971 American movie Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, by British composers Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, and sung by Gene Wilder, who played the title character. The 2016 song was written by Amy Heidemann, Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley, and Nick Noonan, and produced by the latter. It is the Leo track from Leo Rising.

Background
Karmin released their debut album Pulses through Epic Records on March 25, 2014. In September of the same year, Karmin announced that they had split with Epic Records to once again become independent artists. The successor to their debut album Pulses, Leo Rising, is set to be released sometime in 2016 and is wholly recorded by only Karmin with Nick Noonan producing every track. It is a concept album based on the zodiac sign where every song released on the album is based on a zodiac sign, "Come with Me (Pure Imagination)" is the Leo track.

Promotion
Karmin released "Come with Me (Pure Imagination)" to their mobile app on Christmas Day as a Christmas gift to their fans. It was available for pre-order a week before its release on February 19, 2016.

Critical reception
Luiz Gonzalez from Album Confessions gave a positive review saying; "a sense of the duo's own style is present. With minimal, raw production (the hand claps, the backing vocals) and emotive delivery, the release sounds like an honest creation with R&B flare, not a desperate label push." Hayden Manders from Nylon called said that "This song dives deep into the creative part of the sign and is a track about finding courage within yourself."

Music video
On the day of the single's release, an audio video was released with a gif of a lagoon repeating as the song played. According to a comment left by Karmin on the video, the lagoon is the setting of the upcoming music video set to be released "soon". The music video was released on March 2, 2016.

Track listing

References

2016 songs
Karmin songs
Songs written by Leslie Bricusse
Songs written by Anthony Newley
American contemporary R&B songs

Come with Me (Pure Imagination)


Ferdinand Peroutka (6 February 1895 – 20 April 1978) was a Czech journalist and writer. He is considered to be one of the most important journalists in Czech history.

Life

Early career
From 1919 to 1924 he worked as editor of magazine Tribuna (Tribune), then from 1924 to 1939 he was editor-in-chief of revue Přítomnost (Presence). His activity was supported by T. G. Masaryk, who also contributed to his magazines. Peroutka was also wrote about politics in Lidové noviny, where he wrote against Nazis and communists, whose idelogies he saw as dangerous. For this he was frequently attacked by members of those parties. He also openly criticiced Adolf Hitler, for his lies and false promises.

World War II
After German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939, Peroutka was forced to write propaganda for the Nazis. He didn't listen and in April 1939 issue of Přítomnost he wrote an article Dynamický život (Dynamic life) about the 50th birthday of Adolf Hitler. In this article he acknowledged Hitler's power, but refused that Czechs should listen to him. For this he was sent to concentration camp, but was released after few days. Although, a few months later in September 1939 he was jailed again, along with other potential enemies of Nazi regime.

Peroutka was jailed in concentration camps Dachau and Buchenwald, where he was liberated by American army in 1945.

After the war
After the war Peroutka became editor-in-chief of Svobodné noviny and Dnešek, that replaced his previous magazines.

In those years he was repeatedly accused  by communists of sympathizing with Nazis. Peroutka refused those claims. The alleged evidence of the communists were articles Dynamický život and Hitler po lidské strance (Hitler with a human face), that Peroutka didn't actually write.

Many years later in 2015, Czech president Miloš Zeman claimed that Peroutka was fascinated by Nazism and wrote an article called Hitler je gentleman (Hitler is gentleman). Although this was not proved, Zeman refused to offer an excuse. Zeman was eventually forced by the court to apologize for his false statement.

In the years 1945-1946 he was a member of the parliament for Czech National Social Party.

Exile
After Soviets assumed control over Czech government in 1948 Peroutka went to exile. First he went to England and later to United States. He worked for Radio Free Europe in Munich and was one of the members of The Council of Free Czechoslovakia.

Peroutka became one of the most important anti-communist personalities and his works were banned behind Iron Curtain. Reading and spreading his work was illegal and Communist government pretented he never existed. Because of this Czechs growing up after normalization had practically no way to find out who he was.

Peroutka died in 1978 in New York. After Velvet revolution he was buried on Vyšehrad in 1991.

1895 births
1978 deaths
Czechoslovak journalists
Czech writers

Ferdinand Peroutka


The klaxophone is a musical instrument created by the American composer Henry Fillmore. Made of twelve car horns, it was created for use in his march The Klaxon: March of the Automobiles, which was composed in 1929 for the 1930 Cincinnati Automobile Show. This piece featured the instrument mounted onto a table and powered by a car battery.

References

Aerophones
Experimental musical instruments

Klaxophone


Raynor Taylor (1747 – 17 August 1825) was an English organist, music teacher, composer, and singer who lived and worked in the United States after emigrating in 1792. Active in composing music for the theater, outdoor pleasure garden, and the Anglican Church and Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, he was one of the first notable composers active in America.

Biography
Raynor Taylor was born in Soho, in Westminster, London, England, between August and November 1747. As a boy he sang in the choir at the Chapel Royal for many years, notably singing at the funeral of George Frideric Handel in 1759. Music historian J. R. Parker reported that Taylor's hat accidentally dropped into the composer's grave during the funeral ceremony. He studied organ, singing, and music composition with Samuel Arnold in London as a teenager, and at the age of eighteen became the organist at Chelmsford. In 1765 he was appointed the resident composer and musical director for the Sadler's Wells Theatre and the Marylebone Gardens, serving in both positions for more than 25 years.

In 1792 Taylor immigrated to the United States, partially due to the encouragement of his pupil Alexander Reinagle. He initially settled in Baltimore where he taught music and gave musical extravaganzas. Music historian O. G. Sonneck wrote of these concerts, "As a specialty he cultivated burlesque olios or 'extravaganzas' which came dangerously near being music hall skits."  Taylor then briefly worked as the organist for St Anne's Church in Annapolis before moving to Philadelphia in 1795 to become the organist at St. Peter's Church, serving in that capacity until 1813. He also is noteworthy for having the first sheet music published under US copyright, "The Kentucky Volunteer" in 1794, his friend Benjamin Carr as the publisher.

Taylor became one of the major figures in the musical life of Philadelphia during the first quarter of the nineteenth century. He was one of the most sought after music teachers in the city and was active both as a performer and composer in the church and the theatre. He moved in the most important musical circles in Philadelphia, counting among his close friends Benjamin Carr, J. G. Schetky, and his former pupil Alexander Reinagle. He was one of the founding members of the Musical Fund Society in 1820. As a performer he was particularly admired for his organ improvisations as well as for his renditions of comic theatre songs. He died in Philadelphia on 17 August 1825 and was buried at St. Peter's Church.

Works
Taylor's extant instrumental works are chiefly pedagogical piano pieces. Of greater interest are his church anthems, glees and particularly the theatrical songs which show a gift for setting comic texts. His one complete extant American theatrical score, The Aethiop, based on William Dimond's oriental drama The Aethiop, or Child of the Desert (London 1813), has vocal and instrumental parts of great vitality. The scholar, Victor Fell Yellin, wrote about Raynor Taylor's theatrical work, "His overture to The Aethiop is perhaps the finest theatrical overture that has survived from the Federal period."

Selected works
Capocchio and Dorinna, (1793)
Old Woman of Eighty Three (1793)
The Kentucky Volunteer (1794)
The American Captives Emancipation (1806)
The Beech Tree's Petition / the words by Campbell (1810 and 1815)
Bonny Willy / the words by Mr. C. Harford  (1798 and 1804)
The Camel's Bell (1813 or 1814)
Hark Hark the Joy Inspiring Horn (1805 and 1809)
The Lass of the Cot (1795)
Ma Chere, et Mon Cher (1798 and 1804)
The Queen of Flowers: as sung at the Amateurs concert by Mr. Gillingham (1812)
Rustic Festivity (1807 and 1811)
The Wand'ring Village Maid (1795)
When Death's Gloomy Angel Was Bending His Bow (1814)
The Wounded Soldier (1794)
The Iron-Chest
The Shipwreck'd Mariner
Monody (1799)
Buxom Joan (1778)
Songs
Amyntor: a pastoral song (1795)
The Merry Piping Lad: a ballad in the Scots taste (1795)
Nancy of the Vale: a pastoral ballad (1795)
Vive la Liberté: a new song (1795)
While the Morn is Inviting to Love: a favorite song (1797 and 1799)
Operas
Pizarro, or The Spaniards in Peru (opera, 1800)
The Aethiop, or The Child of the Desert (opera, 1813, premiered on January 1, 1814)

References

American opera composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
English opera composers
Male opera composers
English male classical composers
English classical composers
1747 births
1825 deaths
English emigrants to the United States
American classical organists
British male organists
English classical organists
Musicians from Philadelphia
People from Soho
Composers from London
Burials at St. Peter's churchyard, Philadelphia
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
Male classical organists

Raynor Taylor


Rick Rickert (born February 11, 1983) is a former American professional basketball player. He is a 2001 graduate of Duluth East High School where he was a basketball star and highly recruited college prospect. He was named 2001 Minnesota Mr. Basketball.

Career
Rickert played collegiately for the University of Minnesota, where after averaging 15 points and 5 rebounds per game in 2001–02 he became the first Gopher player ever to win the Big Ten Freshman of the Year award.  After averaging 16 points and 6 rebounds his sophomore season Rickert declared for the 2003 NBA draft.

ESPN.com - 2003 NBA Draft: College seniors score first-round knockout</ref> Rickert was drafted 55th overall (26th in the second round) by the Minnesota Timberwolves.  Rickert failed to make the team and went to play in Slovenia for Novo Mesto. Rickert has played with: Krka Novo Mesto (Adriatic League/Euroleague), Minnesota Timberwolves (NBA - preseason only), Asheville Altitude (D-League), Panellinios B.C. Athens (Greece), Lleida Bàsquet (Spain - 2nd Division), Fayetteville Patriots (D-League), Detroit Pistons (NBA - preseason only), Colorado 14ers (D-League), the D-League All Star Team that traveled to China, representing the U.S. in the world tournament (D-League), and the New Zealand Breakers (Australasian National Basketball League).

Kevin Garnett punched Rickert during a 2004 pick-up game, leading to stitches and a chipped tooth.

In 2007, Rickert signed to play with the New Zealand Breakers in the Australasian NBL. In June 2008, he re-signed with the New Zealand Breakers. In the 2008–09 season, he averaged 13.6 points and 8.1 rebounds. He played 73 game overall for the Breakers. Rick played for the Harbour Heat during the 2010 New Zealand NBL season.

After Rickert played in the Australian League with the NZ Breakers for 3 seasons, his career took him back to Europe playing for ENBW Ludwigsburg in Germany's BEKO BBL top league. During this season, Rickert broke his nose and cheek during a game going up for a rebound leading to months wearing a face mask during practice and games.

In 2011, Rickert played in Puerto Rico for the Bayamon Vaqueros in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN). Rickert was a leading scorer and rebounder in this league.

In 2011, Rickert signed with Kyoto, Hannaryz in Japan. His impact in Japan as a player and person was successful and welcomed leading to 7 seasons playing for top teams in Japan's professional leagues. Rickert is one of the few players who have played in all of the Japanese professional leagues. He played in both of the top leagues called The BJ League and The NBL League, as well as the recently developed professional league which combined both leagues, now named the B League. During Rickert's basketball career in Japan, he played for Kyoto Hannaryz, Osaka Evessa, Wakayama Trians, Chiba Jets, and Ibraki Robots.

After Rickert finished his season with Osaka Evessa, he was signed to play for the Wellington Saints. On 6 June 2013, the Wellington Saints signed Rickert for the rest of the 2013 season.

In 2018, Rickert retired after 15 professional basketball seasons.

References

External links
Profile at Eurobasket.com
Profile at andthefoul.net
Euroleague.net Profile

1983 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American expatriate basketball people in New Zealand
American expatriate basketball people in Slovenia
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
Asheville Altitude players
Basketball players from Minnesota
Centers (basketball)
Chiba Jets Funabashi players
Colorado 14ers players
Cyberdyne Ibaraki Robots players
Fayetteville Patriots players
Greek Basket League players
Harbour Heat players
KK Krka players
Kyoto Hannaryz players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Riesen Ludwigsburg players
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball players
Minnesota Timberwolves draft picks
New Zealand Breakers players
Osaka Evessa players
Panellinios B.C. players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Power forwards (basketball)
Sportspeople from Duluth, Minnesota
Wakayama Trians players
Wellington Saints players
Vaqueros de Bayamón basketball players

Rick Rickert


The Cottager and his Cat is an Icelandic fairy tale collected in Islandische Marchen.  Andrew Lang included it in The Crimson Fairy Book.

Synopsis

A man lived with his wife and son in a wretched hovel; he was secretly rich, but so great a miser that he could not spend the money.  One day, however, he spent too little on food and died. a man appeared to the son in a dream and said that his mother would die soon; half the wealth, being ill-gotten, was to be given to the poor, and he should throw the other half into the sea, and catch whatever swam by.

The son was troubled by the prospect because he had thought he could now be comfortable, but in the end, he obeyed.  A tiny scrap of paper floated by when he had sunk the money; it contained six shillings.

He worked in the garden for a few weeks, supporting himself and his mother on the vegetables; then his mother died.  He wandered off into the woods.  There he found a hut, where he stayed the night.  He saw a strange creature there; they told him it was a cat; he bought it for the six shillings, so that it would be company for him.

He traveled and found another hut, where he stayed the night.  Everyone was much taken with the cat.  The old man there directed him to the castle, where there were strange creatures.  The king told him they were rats.  Then the cat caught them.  The king offered to make him Prime Minister, or to marry him to his daughter and give him his kingdom when he died.  The man chose the princess and the kingdom.

See also

Dick Whittington

References

Fictional cats
Icelandic fairy tales
Animal tales

The Cottager and his Cat


Alamu Atatalo was a pioneer of sekere, a type of traditional Yoruba music. A native of Ibadan, he was popular in Yorubaland throughout the 1950s and early 1960s. By the middle of the 1960s, however, his popularity began to wane when he was incriminated, in a criminal frame-up, by his detractors. As a result, he struggled relentlessly, for more than a decade, to clear his name. Ultimately, he bounced back and reclaimed his position as the "king of sekere" in the mid-70s by releasing several hit LP records. His version of sekere music and Alhaji Dauda Epo-Akara's were music dominated the Ibadan party scenes until the advent of Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister's fuji music.

Yoruba musicians
Nigerian male musicians
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Musicians from Ibadan

Alamu Atatalo


Poseur (or poser) is a negative term used by some subcultures. It describes a person who copies the style or mannerisms of a subculture, but who is not considered to belong to it. It implies that the person is fake, and is considered not to share or understand the values or philosophy of that culture.

A person may copy the style of a particular subculture to be accepted within that group or for popularity among various other groups.

The term is often used in the punk, heavy metal, hip hop, and goth subcultures, or the skateboarding and surfing communities. For example, in the hardcore punk scene, older punks may view a young punk with an "anarchy" symbol on their shirt as a poseur if the older punks think the young punk does not understand what the symbol means.

Slang
Subculture

Poseur


Jonah Hill (born Jonah Hill Feldstein; December 20, 1983) is an American actor. He is known for his comedic roles in films including Superbad (2007), Knocked Up (2007), Get Him to the Greek (2010), 21 Jump Street (2012), This Is the End (2013), and 22 Jump Street (2014). For his performances in Moneyball (2011) and The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Hill ranked 28th on Forbes list of highest-paid actors from June 2014 to June 2015, at $16million. In 2020, he was found to have sworn on film more than any other actor. As a screenwriter, he contributed to the stories of 21 Jump Street, 22 Jump Street, Sausage Party, Why Him?, and You People. He is also known for his roles in Cyrus (2010), War Dogs (2016), Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far on Foot (2018), and Don't Look Up (2021). In 2018, he starred in the Netflix miniseries Maniac and made his directorial debut with the film Mid90s, for which he also wrote the screenplay. He directed and produced the documentary Stutz (2022).

Hill has provided voices for the animated films Horton Hears a Who! (2008), Megamind (2010), the How to Train Your Dragon trilogy (2010–2019), The Lego Movie (2014), Sausage Party (2016), and The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019).

Early life and education
Hill was born on December 20, 1983, in Los Angeles. His parents are Sharon Lyn (), a costume designer and fashion stylist, and Richard Feldstein, a tour accountant for Guns N' Roses. He has a younger sister, actress Beanie Feldstein (b. 1993). Their older brother, Jordan Feldstein (1977–2017), was a music manager for Robin Thicke and Maroon 5 until his sudden death at age 40 from a DVT/pulmonary embolism. Their parents were originally from Long Island, New York, and the family vacationed in the Catskill Mountains.

Hill and his siblings were raised in the wealthy Los Angeles neighborhood of Cheviot Hills, where he continues to reside, and attended the Center for Early Education, Brentwood School, and then Crossroads School in Santa Monica. He worked at Hot Rod Skateboard Shop on Westwood Boulevard in Los Angeles. After graduating from high school in 2002, he attended The New School, Bard College and the University of Colorado Boulder, but did not earn a degree.

Hill is Jewish and had a bar mitzvah ceremony.

Career

2000s: Comedy roles

In college, Hill began writing his own plays and performing them in the Black and White bar in the East Village neighborhood of New York City. His plays developed a small following and helped him realize that his true desire was to act in films. He was befriended by Dustin Hoffman's children, Rebecca and Jake, who introduced him to their father. The elder Hoffman asked him to audition for a role in I Heart Huckabees, in which Hill made his film debut.

Hill then made a brief appearance in Judd Apatow's directorial debut, The 40-Year-Old Virgin, which led to his appearing in the role of a virgin video game tester in the comedy Grandma's Boy (2006), and roles in the comedies Accepted and Click, playing Adam Sandler's character's son in the latter. He had a larger supporting role in the Apatow-directed Knocked Up (2007). On television he played the "RA Guy" on the first season of the Oxygen Network sitcom Campus Ladies, and guest-starred in an episode of Clark and Michael.

His first leading role was in the Apatow-produced comedy Superbad, where he appeared with Michael Cera, in roles based on the teen years of the film's writers, Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg. It is often cited as the film that launched Hill's and Cera's careers. He followed it with an uncredited role as Dewey Cox's brother Nate in Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story in December 2007. He hosted Saturday Night Live on March 15, 2008, featuring musical guest Mariah Carey.

He next starred in Judd Apatow's third directorial feature, Funny People (2009) which also starred Adam Sandler, Eric Bana and Seth Rogen. He played Cooker in Fred Wolf's Strange Wilderness. He was an associate producer of the 2009 Sacha Baron Cohen mockumentary Brüno. He guest starred in The Simpsons episode "Pranks and Greens", portraying an immature man named Andy Hamilton who was hailed the best prankster in Springfield Elementary School history. He had an uncredited role in Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian as a security guard.

2010s
After co-starring in Get Him to the Greek with Russell Brand, Hill started seeking more work in independent film. He turned down a role as one of the three principals in The Hangover to work with directors Jay Duplass and Mark Duplass in Cyrus (2010).

In July 2011, he appeared at ESPN's ESPY Awards sporting a much slimmer physique, stating he had lost . In November 2011, along with Sam Worthington and Dwight Howard, he starred in commercials for the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, making his first appearance with his new look. Also in 2011, he created the Fox animated series Allen Gregory with Andrew Mogel and Jarrad Paul. It received very negative reviews and was canceled by Fox on January 8, 2012.

In 2011, Hill starred in Bennett Miller's feature film Moneyball with Brad Pitt and Philip Seymour Hoffman. It garnered favorable reviews. Critics noted Hill's performance as a departure from his usual comedy roles. He received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture; and in late January 2012, received his first Oscar nomination for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for the role.

In 2012, Hill co-starred with Channing Tatum in the film 21 Jump Street. It received an 84% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.
Later that year, Hill starred in the film The Watch with Ben Stiller and Vince Vaughn.

In 2011, it was announced that Hill was in talks to appear in Quentin Tarantino's film Django Unchained. Citing a possible conflict with his commitment to The Watch, Hill lamented that to act in a Tarantino movie was "the perfect next step" in his career. He was able to join the Django Unchained cast in a minor role, and it was released in 2012. He was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2012.

In 2013, Hill appeared in This Is the End as himself, and in the biographical film The Wolf of Wall Street, and received his second Academy Award nomination for his work on the latter. In an interview with Howard Stern on January 21, 2014, Hill said he had accepted SAG's minimum wage of 60,000 for Wolf of Wall Street.

He voiced the Green Lantern in the adventure comedy The Lego Movie in February 2014, which blends computer animation and live action. He reprised his role as Morton Schmidt in 22 Jump Street (2014), the sequel to 21 Jump Street. His next performance was as Michael Finkel in the mystery thriller True Story (2015), with James Franco. In 2016, he played a surety agent for a production company in the Coen brothers' period comedy Hail, Caesar! and starred alongside Miles Teller in the biographical crime war comedy-drama War Dogs (2016) playing arms dealer Efraim Diveroli. In The Guardian, Wendy Ide wrote of his performance: "Jonah Hill is so repellent — all swagger, sweat and unapologetic sexism — in War Dogs, that for a while, you don't immediately realise what a blitzkrieg of a performance he delivers." That month, Hill also co-starred as a sausage named Carl in adult computer-animated comedy film Sausage Party, with Seth Rogen, Kristen Wiig, Bill Hader, Michael Cera, and James Franco.

Hill starred with Joaquin Phoenix, Rooney Mara, and Jack Black in Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far on Foot directed by Gus Van Sant. He directed the music video for Danny Brown's song "Ain't It Funny" in 2017, featuring Van Sant. Hill made his directorial debut from a screenplay he wrote with the film Mid90s (2018) starring Sunny Suljic, Lucas Hedges, and Katherine Waterston. which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2018, and was positively received. It was theatrically released in the United States on October 19, 2018. Also in 2018, Hill starred as Owen Milgrim in the Netflix dark comedy miniseries Maniac alongside Emma Stone. In the October 2018 issue of Vanity Fair, he was named to the magazine's best dressed list. In 2019, Hill played Lewis, a heavily Southern-accented book agent, in the comedy The Beach Bum.

On September 23, 2019, it was reported that Hill was in final negotiations to play the villain in Matt Reeves's The Batman. However, an agreement was not reached and Hill eventually departed the project.

2020s
In 2020, Hill appeared alongside director Martin Scorsese in a commercial for Coca-Cola Energy, titled Show Up which aired during Super Bowl LIV.

Hill was cast in Adam McKay's political comedy satire Don't Look Up alongside Meryl Streep, Leonardo DiCaprio, Cate Blanchett, Jennifer Lawrence, Timothée Chalamet and Mark Rylance. Streep said on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert that she would be playing the President of the United States, with Hill playing the role of her son and Chief of Staff. The film is set around a global catastrophe and is described by Streep as a Dr. Strangelove type of satirical film and a "metaphor for global warming". The film was filmed in Massachusetts during the COVID-19 pandemic and was released on Netflix in December 2021.

In November 2021, Hill was cast as Jerry Garcia in the biopic feature of the Grateful Dead directed by Martin Scorsese. He will also produce the project under his Strong Baby banner along with Matt Dines.

In 2023, he starred in You People, together with Eddie Murphy, Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Lauren London.

Writing, producing and directing
Hill wanted to be a writer since he was young and dreamed of joining the writing teams of The Simpsons, Saturday Night Live, and The Larry Sanders Show. At one point, Hill was writing a screenplay with close friend and I Heart Huckabees co-star Jason Schwartzman. He wrote Pure Imagination, a comedy for Sony about a man who develops an imaginary friend after a traumatic experience. Filming was expected to begin in 2008 but it has been stuck in development hell since then. Hill was a co-producer on the movie Brüno and did some writing for Sacha Baron Cohen, who "taught him how to become a better writer". Hill co-wrote the treatment for the 2012 film 21 Jump Street with screenwriter Michael Bacall.

Hill directed the music videos for the Sara Bareilles song "Gonna Get Over You" from her 2010 album Kaleidoscope Heart, the Danny Brown song "Ain't it Funny" from his 2016 album Atrocity Exhibition, Travis Scott's song "Wake Up" from his 2018 album Astroworld, and the Vampire Weekend song "Sunflower" from their 2019 album Father of the Bride.

Hill wrote and directed (but did not appear in) the 2018 coming-of-age film Mid90s. Hill directed (and appears in) Stutz, a 2022 Netflix documentary.

Personal life
In July 2011, Hill appeared at the 2011 ESPN ESPY Awards having lost a significant amount of weight; he later said he had done so to seek more serious roles. He explained that he consulted with a trainer and a nutritionist, and had changed his diet to mainly sushi. In October 2021, Hill asked fans to stop making comments about his physical appearance, stating: "I know you mean well but I kindly ask that you not comment on my body, good or bad I want to politely let you know it's not helpful and doesn't feel good. Much respect."

Hill is known to train in Brazilian jiu jitsu and described it as "humbling". In October 2019, he and Gianna Santos were engaged; they ended the engagement in October 2020. Hill says: "TM [transcendental meditation] along with surfing, I'd say that those two things have changed my happiness level and my ability to cope with stress, anxiety and depression… [they've] really helped."

In 2016, Architectural Digest reported that Hill bought a four-bedroom loft in the Noho neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City.

In November 2022, Hill filed a petition to legally drop "Feldstein" from his name. His petition was granted the following January.

In June 2023, People reported that Hill welcomed his first child with girlfriend Olivia Millar.

Allegations
In July 2023, Hill was accused of being emotionally abusive and a "misogynist narcissist" by ex-girlfriend Sarah Brady. Brady, a surfing instructor and law student, publicly shared several text exchanges between the pair in which Hill said he could not continue the relationship if she continued surfing with other men, posting pictures of herself in a swimsuit, and spending time with friends he did not approve of.

During the same month, former child actress Alexa Nikolas accused Hill of shoving her against a door and kissing her without her consent during a party at Justin Long's house when she was 16 years old and he was 24. Nikolas recounted to Business Insider that Hill and Long were plying her with alcohol the entire night and stated that what Hill did to her "was a crime".

A litigation attorney working for Hill called Nikolas' accusations "a complete fabrication", stating that the event "never happened" and that Nikolas is "demonstrably unreliable" and a "serial accuser". A representative for Justin Long also reacted to the allegations, writing: "This is the first time Justin has been made aware of this situation that allegedly happened nearly two decades ago. While Justin is sympathetic to any and all victims of any abuse, the simple fact remains he has no knowledge of what may or may not have happened concerning Ms. Nikolas".

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male actors
American film producers
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Bard College alumni
Comedians from California
Crossroads School alumni
Film producers from California
Film producers from New York (state)
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American male comedians
Jewish male comedians
Male actors from California
Male actors from Los Angeles
The New School alumni
University of Colorado Boulder alumni

Jonah Hill


James Pugh Kirkwood (27 March 1807 – 22 April 1877) was a 19th-century American civil engineer, and general superintendent of the Erie Railroad in the year 1849–1850. He left the Erie to go to the southwest to construct railroads, and he made the first survey for the Pacific Railroad (later the Missouri Pacific Railroad) west from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. The towns of Kirkwood, Missouri (outside St.Louis and a current Amtrak stop) and Kirkwood, New York are named in his honor. In the late 1860s he served as president of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Biography
Kirkwood was born in Edinburgh, Scotland He graduated at the Edinburgh College, and learned civil engineering on the Boston and Albany Railroad, an early work from which a number of engineers and contractors came to the Erie when it was building.

Kirkwood had come to the United States in 1832 with letters to McNeill, who arranged work for him on the Norwich Worcester Railroad. He served on the Boston & Providence Railroad, and in 1835 became Assistant Engineer of the Stonington Railroad. In that same year he surveyed the route for the Long Island Rail Road, which was opened from the foot of Atlantic street to Hicksville in 1837. He had charge of the construction of that road until operations were stopped by the panic of 1837.

In 1840 Kirkwood was Resident Engineer on the Mountain Division of the Western Rail Road., where he remained until its completion in 1843. He located and constructed the Springfield & Northampton Rail Road. In 1848 he completed the Starrucca Viaduct as Superintendent in one season; The Starrucca Viaduct near Lanesboro, Pennsylvania, considered to be the most expensive railroad bridge at the time, as well as the largest stone viaduct, and for its first use of concrete in American bridge construction. This success led to his appointment as General Superintendent of the Erie Railroad on 1 April 1849, where he succeeded Hezekiah C. Seymour.

Only one year later at Erie Railroad, 1 May 1850, Kirkwood was succeeded by Charles Minot, and became Chief Engineer of the Missouri Pacific Railroad. the Pacific Railroad, and was responsible for the construction of the road from St. Louis to Pacific, Missouri. The towns of Kirkwood, Missouri, and Kirkwood, New York, are named after him. Late 1860s he consulted on and completed the Bergen Tunnel in 1858–9. At this time he was Engineer of the Brooklyn Water Supply, whose successful completion was largely due to his efforts.

In 1865 he was appointed Chief Engineer of St. Louis, Missouri, in charge of the design of a state-of-the-art waterworks. He served in that capacity until 1867, when he was replaced by Thomas Jefferson Whitman, brother of Walt Whitman. In 1867 he moved back to New York and served as president of the American Society of Civil Engineers from 1867 to 1868. In the last years of his life he was consulting engineer at the Lynn, Massachusetts water-works.

In 1877 Kirkwood died in Brooklyn, New York at the age of 70 and was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery.

Work

Starrucca Viaduct

The Starrucca Viaduct was designed by Julius W. Adams and James P. Kirkwood and built in 1847–1848 by New York and Erie Railroad, of locally quarried random ashlar bluestone, except for three brick interior longitudinal spandrel walls and the concrete base portions of the piers and deck covering. This may have been the first structural use of concrete in American bridge construction.

The viaduct was built to solve an engineering problem posed by the wide valley of Starrucca Creek. The railroad initially considered building an embankment, but abandoned the idea because it was impractical.  The Erie Railroad was well-financed by British investors, but even with money available, most American contractors at the time were incapable of the task.

Julius W. Adams, the superintending engineer of construction in the area, hired James P. Kirkwood, a civil engineer who had previously worked on the Long Island Rail Road. Accounts differ as to whether Kirkwood worked on the bridge himself, or whether Adams was responsible for the plans with Kirkwood working as a subordinate. It took 800 workers, each paid about $1 per day, equal to $ per day today, to complete the bridge in a year.  The falsework for the bridge required more than half a million feet of cored and hewn timbers.

General superintendent of Erie Railroad

The first general superintendent, Hezekiah C. Seymour, came from Oneida County, and got the name on the road of the "Oneida Chief." In 1849 a successor to Superintendent Seymour was to be appointed, as he intended to quit the service. S. S. Post was superintendent of transportation. He was in the line of promotion to the general superintendency, and as he was very popular with the employees, they were delighted with the prospect of having him as their superintendent.

James P. Kirkwood was also mentioned in connection with the place. W. H. Stewart ran what was called the night line, and, in expectation of hearing the news somewhere along the line that Post had been elected superintendent, he had a big transparency, inscribed "S. S. Post, General Superintendent", all ready to light and display on his train. The news came, however, that Kirkwood was the choice of the Directors, and there was great disappointment among the "boys." This was in April, 1849. It is highly probable, though, that S.S. Post's long connection with the Railroad Company, and his popularity, would have secured him the place; if he had not shown an inclination to answer, in a non-committal way, queries put to him by the Directors, and a disposition to respond to them by asking questions himself.

Superintendent Kirkwood became known among the railroad men as the "Silent Man", from a peculiarity of his disposition. His office was at 56 Wall Street, New York. Audience with him was easily obtained, and as the caller entered, the superintendent would look up at him a moment. If the caller did not at once go on to mention the business that had brought him there, Kirkwood would turn his eyes back to his work without a word. Then the visitor might stand or sit there all the rest of the day without the Superintendent paying any more attention to him, or until the visitor broke the silence himself by speaking and making known his errand.

See also
 Compton Hill Reservoir Park
 Long Dock Tunnel

Selected publications
 James Pugh Kirkwood (1867) Brooklyn Water Works and Sewers: A Descriptive Memoir
 James Pugh Kirkwood, Saint Louis (Mo.). Board of Water Commissioners (1869) Report on the filtration of river waters: for the supply of cities, as practised in Europe, made to the Board of water commissioners of the city of St. Louis. D. Van Nostrand.

References
 This article incorporates public domain material from
Edward Harold Mott Between the Ocean and the Lakes: The Story of Erie. Collins, 1899. p. 405;

External links
 James Pugh Kirkwood, American Society of Civil Engineers
 A History of the St. Louis Water Works (1764-1968)

1807 births
1877 deaths
American people in rail transportation
Scottish civil engineers
American civil engineers
People from Franklin County, Missouri
People from St. Louis
Viaduct engineers
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Engineers from Edinburgh

James P. Kirkwood


In geology, mineralogy, and petrology, a bleb is a small bubble-like inclusion of one mineral within a larger mineral. An example is a bleb of sylvite within chlorite. Blebs tend to be brightly coloured.

References
Kamenetsky VS et al. Chloride and carbonate immiscible liquids at the closure of the kimberlite magma evolution (Udachnaya-East kimberlite, Siberia) Chemical Geology, Volume 237, Issues 3-4, 5 March 2007, Pages 384-400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.07.010

Mineralogy

Bleb (mineralogy)