The Château de Malmaison () is a French château situated near the left bank of the Seine, about  west of the centre of Paris, in the commune of Rueil-Malmaison.

Formerly the residence of Empress Joséphine de Beauharnais, along with the Tuileries it was the headquarters of the French government from 1800 to 1802, and Napoleon's last residence in France at the end of the Hundred Days in 1815.

History

Joséphine de Beauharnais bought the manor house in April 1799 for herself and her husband, General Napoléon Bonaparte, the future Napoléon I of France, at that time away fighting the Egyptian Campaign. Malmaison was a run-down estate, seven miles (12 km) west of central Paris that encompassed nearly  of woods and meadows.

Upon his return, Bonaparte expressed fury at Joséphine for purchasing such an expensive house with the money she had expected him to bring back from the Egyptian campaign. The house, for which she had paid well over 300,000 francs, needed extensive renovations; she spent a fortune doing them. However, Malmaison would bring great happiness to the Bonapartes. Joséphine's daughter, Hortense de Beauharnais would call it "a delicious spot".

Joséphine endeavored to transform the large estate into "the most beautiful and curious garden in Europe, a model of good cultivation". She located rare and exotic plants and animals to enhance the gardens. Joséphine wrote: "I wish that Malmaison may soon become the source of riches for all [of France]." In 1800, she built a heated orangery large enough for 300 pineapple plants. Five years later, she ordered the building of a greenhouse, heated by a dozen coal-burning stoves. From 1803 until her death in 1814, Josephine cultivated nearly 200 new plants in France for the first time.

The property achieved enduring fame for its rose garden. Empress Joséphine had the Belgian artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840) record her roses (and lilies), and prints of these works sell quite well, even today. She created an extensive collection of roses, gathering plants from her native Martinique and from other places around the world. She grew some 250 varieties of roses. From the foreword to Jardin de la Malmaison (1803):

Birds and animals of all sorts began to enrich her garden, where they were allowed to roam free among the grounds. At the height of her days at Malmaison, Joséphine had the company of kangaroos, emus, black swans, zebras, sheep, gazelles, ostriches, chamois, a seal, antelopes and llamas to name a few. Some were from the Baudin expedition.

After her divorce from Napoléon, Joséphine received Malmaison in her own right, along with a pension of 5 million francs a year, and remained there until her death in 1814. Napoléon returned and took residence in the house after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo (1815), before his exile to the island of Saint Helena. After Josephine's death in 1814, the house was vacant at times, the garden and house ransacked and vandalised, and the garden's remains were destroyed in a battle in 1870.

In 1842, Malmaison was purchased by Queen mother Maria Christina, widow of King Ferdinand VII of Spain. She lived there with her second husband Agustín Fernando Muñoz, Duke of Riánsares (made a duke by his step-daughter, Isabella II of Spain, in 1844). In 1861, Maria Christina sold the property to Napoleon III, Josephine's grandson through her daughter Hortense.

Malmaison was fully restored by the famous French architect Pierre Humbert in the early 20th century. It is now considered an important historical monument.

Present times
The public can visit the manor house as a Napoleonic musée national. The museum lies on RN 13 (route nationale 13) from Paris and bus 258 from RER A "Grande Arche" station.

Gallery
 Exterior

 Interior

References

External links

Official site
"Josephine's garden", Orient Express Magazine, Vol. 19, No. 1, by HRH Princess Michael of Kent.

Malmaison
Malmaison
Palaces and residences of Napoleon
Malmaison
Malmaison
Biographical museums in France
Museums in Hauts-de-Seine
National museums of France
Napoleon museums
Réunion des Musées Nationaux
Joséphine de Beauharnais

Château de Malmaison


89.0 RTL is a German radio channel whose studios are located in Halle (Saale). It aims at the 14-29 age bracket.

It aired first on 24 August 2003 and replaced the radio channel Project 89.0 Digital. While it is licensed to Saxony-Anhalt, the exposed position of the Brocken at 3,743 ft allows the channel to cover large parts of central Germany, including Lower Saxony, Thuringia, Brandenburg and Saxony. The channel can be received on FM 89.0 and on DAB channel 12C.

References

External links

Radio stations in Germany
RTL Group
Mass media in Halle (Saale)
Contemporary hit radio stations
Radio stations established in 2003

89.0 RTL


The Hartvig Nissen School (), informally referred to as Nissen, is a gymnasium in Oslo, Norway. It is located in the neighborhood Uranienborg in the affluent West End borough of Frogner. It is Norway's oldest high school for girls and is widely considered one of the country's two most prestigious high schools alongside the traditionally male-only Oslo Cathedral School; its alumni include many famous individuals and two members of the Norwegian royal family.

Originally named Nissen's Girls' School, it was founded by Hartvig Nissen and was originally a private, progressive girls' school which was owned by its headmasters and which served the higher bourgeoisie. The school formerly also had its own teachers college. The school and its teachers college have the distinction of being both the first gymnasium and the first higher education institution in Norway which admitted girls and women, and the school and its owners played a key role in promoting female education during the 19th and early 20th century. The school was described in the British House of Commons in 1907 as "the pioneer of higher girls' schools in Norway."

The school was located at the address Rosenkrantz' Gade 7 from 1849 to 1860 and at the address Øvere Voldgade 15 from 1860 to 1899. Then-owner-headmaster Bernhard Pauss moved the school to its current address, Niels Juels gate 56, and commissioned the construction of the current school building which was completed in 1899. In 1991 the school also acquired the building of its former neighbours Frogner School and Haagaas School at Niels Juels gate 52.

The TV series Skam was centered on the school. The then relatively new progressive girls' school is also referenced in the 1862 play Love's Comedy by Henrik Ibsen.

History

It was established in 1849 by Hartvig Nissen and was originally a private girls' school, named Nissen's Girls' School (Nissens Pigeskole, later changed to the modern spelling Nissens Pikeskole). The school was privately owned, usually by its headmasters, until it was sold to Christiania Municipality in 1918. Nissen's Girls' School was the first institution in Norway to offer examen artium—the university entrance exam—for women. Then-owner Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss also established the first tertiary education for women in Norway, a women's teacher's college named Nissen's Teachers' College (Nissens Lærerinneskole).

Nissen's Girls' School mainly served the higher bourgeoisie, and was one of three leading private higher schools in Oslo, alongside Frogner School and Vestheim School. Due to its location in the wealthy borough of Frogner and also because few working-class Norwegians attended gymnasium before the "education revolution" that started in the 1960s, it remained a school of choice for pupils from affluent families also after it was acquired by the municipality, although today, it has pupils from all parts of Oslo and with more diverse backgrounds. Its alumni include two members of the Norwegian royal family, Princess Ragnhild and Princess Astrid.

From 1860 to 1899, the school was located in a building in Øvre Vollgate 15 in central Oslo. The current school building in Niels Juels gate 56 was commissioned by then-owner Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss in 1897, designed by Hartvig Nissen's son, architect Henrik Nissen, and built by Harald Kaas. The girls' school gradually became a co-educational school from the mid-1950s, after four boys were admitted in 1955 alongside hundreds of girls. Nissen's Girls' School changed its name to Nissen School in 1957 and to Hartvig Nissen School in 1963. In 1991, it also acquired the buildings of its neighbour, the former Frogner School and the former Frogner Trade School. The school is famous for its focus on theatre, having many actors among its alumni. It was also the first school in Norway to introduce a pupil's council, in 1919.

Cultural depictions
The school is referenced in the play Love's Comedy by Henrik Ibsen; Ibsen scholar Ivo de Figueiredo notes that "Love's Comedy is rich in so many ways. (...) Its most striking references, however, were to contemporary Christiania, and alert readers could spot references to places such as Kurland, a Kristiania 'Lover's Lane', and institutions such as Hartvig Nissen's girls' school."

The TV series Skam revolved around the school. The show is about teen Norwegian girls and boys who live in Oslo and who attend Hartvig Nissen School.

Owners

Hartvig Nissen (1849–1872, sole owner until 1865, then one third)
Johan Carl Keyser (1865–1899, one third)
Einar Lyche (1865–1899, one third)
Andreas Martin Corneliussen (1899–1900, one half)
Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss (1872–1903, one third until 1899, one half until 1900 and sole owner 1900–1903)
Frogner skoles interessentskap (Thorvald Prebensen, Theodor Haagaas and others) (1903–1918, sole owner)
Christiania/Oslo municipality (sole owner from 1918)

Notable faculty
Notable people who have taught at Nissen's Girls' School/Hartvig Nissen School include:

 Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow, mathematician who proved foundational results in group theory.
Ole Jacob Broch, mathematician, physicist, economist and government minister.

Notable alumni

Notable people who have graduated from Nissen's Girls' School/Hartvig Nissen School include:

Princess Ragnhild
Princess Astrid
Eva Nansen, mezzo-soprano and wife of Fridtjof Nansen
Margrethe Munthe, children's writer, songwriter and playwright
Clara Holst, first woman to obtain a doctorate in Norway
Margrethe Parm, Christian leader and scout leader
Ragnhild Jølsen, writer
Harriet Backer, painter
Alette Engelhart, women's activist
Lillebjørn Nilsen, songwriter
Toril Brekke, novelist
Ragna Nielsen, pedagogue
Triana Iglesias, model
Tarjei Sandvik Moe, actor
Hege Schøyen, comedian
Jon Balke, jazz musician
Maria Bonnevie, actress
Ulrik Imtiaz Rolfsen, film director
Lea Myren, actress and fashion model

References

External links
Official website

Further reading
Nissens Pigeskole og Privatseminar, Nissens Pigeskole, Christiania, 1900
 Einar Boyesen (ed.): Nissens pikeskole 1849–1924, Oslo 1924
 Nils A. Ytreberg: Nissen pikeskole 1849–1949, Oslo 1949
 Maja Lise Rønneberg: Hartvig Nissens skole 150 år: 1849–1999, Oslo 1999

1849 establishments in Norway
Educational institutions established in 1849
Schools in Oslo
Secondary schools in Norway

Hartvig Nissen School


Tommy Joe Crutcher (August 10, 1941 – February 16, 2002) was an American football player who played for the Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL).  He played college football at Texas Christian University.

Tommy Joe Crutcher (6' 3" 192) with 10.5 speed, was one of the finest fullbacks and defensive linebackers in Texas High School football during the late 1950s. As a junior in 1958, Crutcher was a strong, punishing runner who rushed for 1,070 yards in 13 games to lead the McKinney Lions offense.

Crutcher was an All-District as a junior and also an outstanding outside linebacker that had numerous unassisted tackles as the Lions lost in the 1958 AAA semi-final game to eventual AAA state champion Breckenridge.

Despite missing 3 games with a shoulder injury his senior year in 1959, Crutcher still managed to lead the Lions with 850 yards rushing on 143 carries over 7 games. He was also well known for his crushing tackles from his defensive linebacker position. He was co-captain of the football team and a 1959 AAA Honorable Mention All-State selection. Tommy Joe, a High School Football All-American, was highly respected by his coaches, teachers, teammates, and the people of McKinney.

Crutcher attended Texas Christian University where he was first-team All-America in 1963. As a TCU sophomore in 1961, he rushed for 580 yards. During his junior year in 1962, Crutcher rushed for 542 yards on 108 carries and was an All-Conference selection, while in 1963, he rushed for 473 yards on 108 carries to lead the Hornfrogs offense. He was also Co-Captain and played fullback on offense and linebacker on defense.

He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the third round of the 1964 NFL draft and he played linebacker on the Packers' Super Bowl teams of '66 & '67. He also played with the New York Giants, Los Angeles Rams, and was later traded back to the Green Bay Packers. He had been dealt by the Giants to the Rams for 1972 third- (69th overall–Houston running back Tom Mozisek) and seventh-round (177th overall–Notre Dame defensive tackle Mike Zikas) selections on May 30, 1970. He finished his 8-year pro career in 1972.

Crutcher died at age 60 in Port Isabel, Texas, on February 16, 2002. He was managing the Southwest Grain Company in McCook, Texas, prior to his death.

References

External links

1941 births
2002 deaths
Players of American football from McKinney, Texas
American football linebackers
TCU Horned Frogs football players
Green Bay Packers players
New York Giants players

Tommy Joe Crutcher


Pobedim () is a village and municipality in Nové Mesto nad Váhom District in the Trenčín Region of western Slovakia. A Slavic hill fort from the pre-Great Moravian period has been uncovered in the locality Hradištia. The hill fort belongs to Early Medieval sites with the highest number of artifacts found in Slovakia.

Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 169 metres and covers an area of 8.609 km2. It has a population of about 1,218 people.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1392, but the area was occasionally inhabited from the Late Stone Age. The settlement is documented also from the Early Bronze Age and especially in the Late Bronze Age. The people of Lusatian culture built their settlement in the local swamps and left numerous artifacts (cultic artifacts, metallurgical tools, fragments of bronze, ceramics, etc.). The area was then settled by the Celts. In the Roman period, it was more or less uninhabited and only one finding is known from the Migration period.

The locality had been intensively colonized by the Slavs at the end of the 5th and in the 6th century (localities Horné Pole and Dolné Pole).  The Slavic hill fort was built at the end of the 8th century and was destroyed for the first time at the end of the first third the 9th century. The destruction of the hill fort is usually associated with the unification of the Principality of Nitra and the Principality of Moravia (the attack of Mojmír's army or Pribina's attack preceding his expulsion, depending on principality to which is Pobedim attributed; neither destruction during other internal conflict related to integration processes of the Slavs cannot be excluded). Radiocarbon dating indices that construction activities were realized also in the turnover of the 9th/10th century.

The hill fort consists of two parts, probably not built at once. The whole hill fort was protected by 3 meters high wall with a palisade on top and external ditch. An archeological research uncovered 114 graves from the Early Middle Ages, residential buildings, outbuildings, workshops and in particular, one of the largest collection of ceramics from the 9th century in Slovakia. Twenty large metal depots contained hundreds of old Slavic hrivnas (semifinished iron products), tools, stirrups, keys and further artifacts. Weapons except axes are nearly missing what led to a hypothesis that the depots were hidden before an external attack and weapons were left for defense.

Nowadays, the area of the hill fort is a part of an agricultural field. The findings can be seen in the local museum in Pobedim.

References

Sources

External links

http://www.e-obce.sk/obec/pobedim/pobedim.html
http://www.pobedim.sk - official site of Pobedim

Villages and municipalities in Nové Mesto nad Váhom District
Great Moravia

Pobedim


The animated television series Rugrats has been noted for its portrayal of Judaism, a dynamic rarely represented in American animated programming during the series' broadcast run (1991–2004). Six episodes of the series are devoted to Jewish holidays and to explaining their history, and the Pickles family is shown to be part-Jewish.

The first Rugrats Jewish holiday special was suggested to the production staff in 1992 by Nickelodeon executives as a special devoted to Hanukkah. One of the show creators, Paul Germain, instead refashioned it into a Passover episode, and the series did not explore a Hanukkah special until 1996. Critical reaction to Jewish themes in Rugrats was largely positive. Each holiday special achieved high viewing numbers according to Nielsen Media Research and received positive reviews. However, Jewish character Grandpa Boris' portrayal in a 1998 Rugrats comic strip was criticized by the Anti-Defamation League for apparent antisemitism.

Jewish themes

Background
In Rugrats, the root of Jewish themes stem from Boris and Minka Kropotkin, the Russian Jewish maternal grandparents of Tommy Pickles. Boris and Minka follow traditional Ashkenazi Jewish practices and speak in heavy Yiddish accents. Tommy and the Pickles family therefore partake in several Jewish activities throughout the series, particularly through holidays. However, while Boris and Minka appear to practice their faith regularly, the Pickles are rarely shown to participate in religious activities outside of major holidays.

Rugrats (1991–2004)

A Rugrats Passover (1995)
"A Rugrats Passover" (Season 3, Episode 26) follows the main characters, Tommy, Phil, Lil, Chuckie, and Angelica, as they arrive at the Kropotkin residence to celebrate Passover Seder alongside Boris and Minka, and imagine themselves as Jewish figures, notably Tommy as Moses and Angelica as the pharaoh of Exodus as it's told by Boris, who has accidentally locked the group in the attic.

A Rugrats Chanukah (1996)
In "A Rugrats Chanukah" (Season 4, Episode 1), though the opening title card for the episode simply reads Chanukah, the main characters are told the story of the Maccabean Revolt by Tommy's Jewish grandfather, Boris, and imagine themselves as Biblical characters, with Tommy seeing himself as Judas Maccabeus while others play nameless Jewish characters. A reference to the song "I Have a Little Dreidel" is made, with Chuckie telling a Greek guard baby that the two are just playing with their dreidels, to which Tommy adds that they made out of clay, and Tommy's famous line, "A baby's gotta do what a baby's gotta do", is modified to "A Macca-baby's gotta do what a Macca-baby's gotta do", a reference to Maccabees. The tradition of giving chocolate coins was also mentioned. It was groundbreaking in that it was the first children's series to air a Hanukkah special, in a time when children's shows frequently released Christmas-themed episodes during the holiday season.

The Rugrats Movie (1998)
In The Rugrats Movie, a 1998 animated film produced by Nickelodeon Movies meant to introduce Tommy's younger brother Dil to audiences, makes a possible indirect reference to Judaism. Tommy almost sacrifices Dil to hungry monkeys by pouring baby food made from bananas on him; the scene parallels the Sacrifice of Isaac.

All Grown Up! (2003–2008)
In All Grown Up! (2003–2008), a continuation of Rugrats that follows the characters into their adolescent years, Tommy, now 11 years old, appears apathetic towards his Jewish heritage. In "Rachel, Rachel" (Season 4, Episode 4), Tommy argues with Didi over being made to attend Hebrew school and shows no interest in going until he develops a crush on his female classmate, the titular Rachel. In a stark contrast to Rachel's piety, Tommy is shown to have no basic knowledge of Judaism, unfamiliar with the concept of shabbat and never having followed a kosher diet. Tommy's younger brother Dil is similarly disinterested in Judaism and, to avoid being made to attend Hebrew school in the future, founds his own religion. While the depiction of Tommy and Dil's laxity towards their faith may not necessarily be positive, they are realistic; in 2006, the year the episode aired, statistics showed that 61% of American Jewish youth believed in God, with 14% saying that religion played a role in their daily life.

Background

Boris and Minka were based on the Eastern European great aunts and uncles of Rugrats co-creator Arlene Klasky, who herself is Jewish. Including Jewish themes in the series was deemed essential by Klasky; in particular, she believed that making Didi Jewish and Tommy's father Stu a Christian was a crucial dynamic, as "it was important to show that difference between family." Klasky herself grew up with a Jewish mother and a non-Jewish father.

Boris and Minka first appeared in the series' first episode, "Tommy's First Birthday". Melanie Chartoff, voice of Minka and Jewish herself, had already been cast to play Didi when she was called by her agent to try out for a second voice role on the series as Minka. When given the description of the character, Chartoff felt she was incredibly clichéd, but still wanted to try out for the role. When reading her lines, she found it difficult to grasp the character's personality, as "Although the show had been created by Jews, this script had clearly not been written by them;" so she took a break so she could do research into her family memorabilia and conceive a personality to reflect in the character's voice.

In 1992, Nickelodeon executives pitched the idea of making a Chanukah special to the Rugrats production team. Germain, however, responded with a Passover special instead, as he considered it to be a "funny idea" and of "historical interest". While scripting the episode, now entitled "A Rugrats Passover", the writers were forced to audit many elements of the portrayal of the Ten Plagues, particularly the last one, so that the episode would remain accessible to children and not too frightening. Due to the overall success of "A Rugrats Passover", the Rugrats staff decided to revisit the Hanukkah special and created "A Rugrats Chanukah". One of the co-writers of the episode, David Weiss, had converted from Christianity to Judaism shortly before penning the teleplay. (He was also raised a Reform Jew when he was growing up)

Reception

Rugrats was unusual among contemporary animations in its attention to Jewish ritual and tradition. "A Rugrats Passover"s portrayal of a Seder dinner received press attention as a rare occurrence in children's programming. The episode also marked the first Passover special Nickelodeon had broadcast, while "A Rugrats Chanukah" marked the first televised animated Hanukkah program.

Fan reaction to Jewish themes in Rugrats have been overwhelmingly positive. "A Rugrats Passover" and "A Rugrats Chanukah" are two of the most popular episodes in the series broadcast run. The Passover special achieved a Nielsen Rating of 3.1 with a 4.8% share of American viewers, making it the sixth most watched American cable broadcast that week. The Hanukkah special, meanwhile, received a 7.9 Nielsen rating in Kids 2–11, the show's key demographic. Chartoff received an abundance of fan letters praising the series for detailing Judaism in sensitive fashion. She only received one complaint, from her mother, who claimed that the characterizations of Boris and Minka were anti-Semitic.

Critically, Rugrats treatment of Judaism has also been acclaimed. Danny Goldberg wrote in his book How The Left Lost Teen Spirit: "I cannot think of any other TV show, animated or otherwise, in which Jewish traditions were so clearly expressed in the context of a mass appeal entertainment [than in Rugrats]." Authors Michael Atkinson and Laurel Shifrin, in their book Flickipedia: Perfect Films for Every Occasion, Holiday, Mood, Ordeal, and Whim praised the series for celebrating "secular Jewishness in the wisest and most entertaining fashion". TV Guide listed "A Rugrats Chanukah" number 5 in their 1999 "10 Best Classic Family Holiday Specials" list, opining that with the episode, "Nickelodeon's Rugrats secured its place in television history." Jewish online magazine Schmooze listed Tommy as the number 1 fictional Jewish character of all time. They also wrote that if someone had yet to see either one of the holiday specials, their "Jewish education is incomplete."

The series has received several accolades for its Jewish themes. In 2001, Rugrats won a Jewish Image Award for "Outstanding Achievement". "A Rugrats Passover" itself received three nominations from different television award programs. It was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the category "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)", but lost to The Simpsons episode "Lisa's Wedding". At the 23rd Annual Annie Awards it was nominated in the category "Best Individual Achievement for Writing in the Field of Animation", but was beaten by the episode "The Tick vs. Arthur's Bank Account" from Fox Kids' animated series The Tick. In 1995, it was Rugrats' submission for a CableACE award; it received a nomination but did not win. In 2007 the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma opened an exhibition of Biblical images in art and pop culture, including a poster for Let My Babies Go!: A Passover Story, the picture book based on "A Rugrats Passover".

Controversy

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) criticized the design of Grandpa Boris and charged it with being antisemitic. The controversy erupted when a 1998 Rugrats comic strip was published, featuring Boris in a synagogue reciting the Mourner's Kaddish. The ADL issued a statement saying that the design resembled Nazi-era depictions of Jews, and the fact that the character was reciting the sacred prayer perverted its solemnity. The Washington Post, the newspaper who published the strip, issued a similar statement in their Editor's Note section, criticizing Nickelodeon for not showing better judgment in editing the strip.

Though former Nickelodeon president Albie Hecht, a Jew himself, was dumbfounded by the accusation and deemed it absurd, Herb Scannell, president of the company in 1998, responded to the complaints and apologized to ADL. Scannell issued a statement promising that neither the strip nor the character would ever be published again. In the statement, he also noted, "Unfortunately, the creators of the strip made an error in judgment by referencing the Kaddish. I agree with you that, however well-meaning, the use of the Kaddish in the comic strip was inappropriate." Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director, responded via a press release in which they thanked Scannell for his speedy response and commended the company in general for understanding the issue at hand; Foxman concluded by saying, "We appreciate Nickelodeon's long record of creative and quality programming and understand that it was not their intention to offend."

See also
List of fictional Jews

References

Rugrats (franchise)
Rugrats
Jewish television

Judaism in Rugrats


Narayan Govind Kalelkar (Devanagari: नारायण गोविंद कालेलकर) (11 December 1909 - 1989) was a  linguist from Maharashtra, India.

He was born in the village of Bambuli in Ratnagiri District. He received his early college education in Baroda and Mumbai with specialization in French language, and a D.Lit. Degree from a university in Paris.

He taught French and Literature at Baroda Vidyapeeth, and Indo-Aryan/Indo-European languages at Deccan College in Pune.

Kalelkar authored several books on linguistics in Marathi, they being the first of their kind in Marathi. His Dhwanivichar (ध्वनिविचार) (1955) and Bhasha Ani Samskruti (भाषा आणि संस्कृति) (1960) received Maharashtra state's literary prizes; and his  Bhasha: Itihas Ani Bhoogol (भाषा: इतिहास आणि भूगोल) (1964) received a Sahitya Akademi award in 1967.

Contribution to Konkani language
Kalekar's study of Konkani was instrumental in Sahitya Akademi's decision in 1975 to recognize Konkani as an independent Indian language (rather than being a dialect of Marathi).

20th-century Indian linguists
Kalelkar, Narayan Govind
1909 births
1989 deaths
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi

Narayan Govind Kalelkar


The Ćuk converter (, ) is a type of buck-boost converter with low ripple current. A Ćuk converter can be seen as a combination of boost converter and buck converter, having one switching device and a mutual capacitor, to couple the energy.

Similar to the buck-boost converter with inverting topology, the output voltage of non-isolated Ćuk converter is typically inverted, with lower or higher values with respect to the input voltage. Usually in DC converters, the inductor is used as a main energy-storage component. In ćuk converter, the main energy-storage component is the capacitor. It is named after Slobodan Ćuk of the California Institute of Technology, who first presented the design.

Non-isolated Ćuk converter
There are variations on the basic Ćuk converter. For example, the coils may share single magnetic core, which drops the output ripple, and adds efficiency. Because the power transfer flows continuously via the capacitor, this type of switcher has minimized EMI radiation. The Ćuk converter allows energy to flow bidirectionally by using a diode and a switch.

Operating principle
A non-isolated Ćuk converter comprises two inductors, two capacitors, a switch (usually a transistor), and a diode. Its schematic can be seen in figure 1. It is an inverting converter, so the output voltage is negative with respect to the input voltage.

The main advantage of this converter is the continuous currents at the input and output of the converter.  The main disadvantage is the high current stress on the switch.

The capacitor C1 is used to transfer energy. It is connected alternately to the input and to the output of the converter via the commutation of the transistor and the diode (see figures 2 and 3).

The two inductors L1 and L2 are used to convert respectively the input voltage source (Vs) and the output voltage source (Vo) into current sources. At a short time scale, an inductor can be considered as a current source as it maintains a constant current. This conversion is necessary because if the capacitor were connected directly to the voltage source, the current would be limited only by the parasitic resistance, resulting in high energy loss. Charging a capacitor with a current source (the inductor) prevents resistive current limiting and its associated energy loss.

As with other converters (buck converter, boost converter, buck–boost converter) the Ćuk converter can either operate in continuous or discontinuous current mode. However, unlike these converters, it can also operate in discontinuous voltage mode (the voltage across the capacitor drops to zero during the commutation cycle).

Continuous mode

In steady state, the energy stored in the inductors has to remain the same at the beginning and at the end of a commutation cycle. The energy in an inductor is given by:

This implies that the current through the inductors has to be the same at the beginning and the end of the commutation cycle. As the evolution of the current through an inductor is related to the voltage across it:

it can be seen that the average value of the inductor voltages over a commutation period have to be zero to satisfy the steady-state requirements.

If we consider that the capacitors C1 and C2 are large enough for the voltage ripple across them to be negligible, the inductor voltages become:

 in the off-state, inductor L1 is connected in series with Vs and C1 (see figure 2). Therefore . As the diode D is forward biased (we consider zero voltage drop), L2 is directly connected to the output capacitor. Therefore
 in the on-state, inductor L1 is directly connected to the input source. Therefore . Inductor L2 is connected in series with C and the output capacitor, so

The converter operates in on state from  to  (D is the duty cycle), and in off state from D·T to T (that is, during a period equal to ). The average values of VL1 and VL2 are therefore:

As both average voltage have to be zero to satisfy the steady-state conditions, using the last equation we can write:

So the average voltage across L1 becomes:

Which can be written as:

It can be seen that this relation is the same as that obtained for the buck–boost converter.

Discontinuous mode
Like all DC/DC converters, Ćuk converters rely on the ability of the inductors in the circuit to provide continuous current, in much the same way a capacitor in a rectifier filter provides continuous voltage. If this inductor is too small or below the "critical inductance", then the inductor current slope will be discontinuous where the current goes to zero. This state of operation is usually not studied in much depth as it is generally not used beyond a demonstrating of why the minimum inductance is crucial, although it may occur when maintaining a standby voltage at a much lower current than the converter was designed for.

The minimum inductance is given by:

Where  is the switching frequency.

Isolated Ćuk converter

For isolated version of Ćuk converter, an AC transformer and an additional capacitor must be added. Because the isolated Ćuk converter is isolated, the output-voltage polarity can be chosen freely.

As the non-isolated Ćuk converter, the isolated Ćuk converter can have an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude, even with a 1:1 AC transformer. However, the turns ratio can be controlled to reduce device stress on the input side. Additionally, the parasitic elements of the transformer, namely leakage inductance and magnetizing inductance can be used to modify the circuit into a resonant converter circuit which has much improved efficiency.

Related structures

Inductor coupling
Instead of using two discrete inductor components, many designers implement a coupled inductor Ćuk converter, using a single magnetic component that includes both inductors on the same core. The transformer action between the inductors inside that component gives a coupled inductor Ćuk converter with lower output ripple than a Ćuk converter using two independent discrete inductor components.

Zeta converter
A zeta converter is a non-isolated, non-inverting, buck-boost power supply topology.

Single-ended primary-inductance converter (SEPIC)

A SEPIC converter is able to step-up or step-down the voltage.

Patents
 US Patent 4257087, filed in 1979, "DC-to-DC switching converter with zero input and output current ripple and integrated magnetics circuits", inventor Slobodan Ćuk.
 US Patent 4274133, filed in 1979, "DC-to-DC Converter having reduced ripple without need for adjustments", inventor Slobodan Ćuk and R. D. Middlebrook.
 US Patent 4184197, filed in 1977, "DC-to-DC switching converter", inventor Slobodan Ćuk and R. D. Middlebrook.

Further reading
 Power Electronics, Vol. 4: State-Space Averaging and Ćuk Converters; Ćuk Slobodan; 378 pages; 2016; .

References

External links
 Topology Background

DC-to-DC converters
Voltage regulation

Ćuk converter


The Tudor architectural style is a mediaeval  architectural style in England during the Tudor period (14851603).

Tudor House, Chester is a good example of a wealthy merchant's house. Tudor House is constructed in sandstone, in brick, and in timber framing with plaster panels. It is roofed in slate. It has four storeys plus a cellar. It is a grade II* listed building on the National Heritage List for England.

Architectural styles

Tudor architecture


Write once, compile anywhere (WOCA) is a philosophy taken by a compiler and its associated software libraries or by a software library/software framework which refers to a capability of writing a computer program that can be compiled on all platforms without the need to modify its source code. As opposed to Sun's write once, run anywhere slogan, cross-platform compatibility is implemented only at the source code level, rather than also at the compiled binary code level.

Introduction

There are many languages that follow the WOCA philosophy, such as C++, Pascal (see Free Pascal), Ada, Cobol, or C, on condition that they don't use functions beyond those provided by the standard library. Languages like Go go even further in as far that no system specific things are used, it should just work, and for system-specific elements a system of platform-specific files is used. A computer program may also use cross-platform libraries, which provide an abstraction layer hiding the differences between various platforms, for things like sockets and GUI, ensuring the portability of the written source code. This is, for example, supported by Qt (C++) or the Lazarus (Pascal) IDE via its LCL and corresponding widgetsets.

Today, we have very powerful desktop computers as well as computers in our phones, which often have sophisticated applications such as word processing, Database management, and spreadsheets, that can allow people with no programming experience to, sort, extract, and manipulate their data. and create documents (such as PDF files) showing their now organized information, or printing it out. Before 2000, some of these were not available, and prior to 1980, almost none of them were.

From the start of computer automation in the early 1960s, if you wanted a report from data you had, or needed to print up invoices, payroll checks, purchase orders, and other paperwork businesses, schools and governments generated, you typed them up on a physical typewriter, possibly using pre-printed forms. Otherwise, if you did have information stored in a computer, and wanted it sorted, manipulated, or printed, it required someone to write a program to do so. In some cases, the person needed information that professional programmers either could not understand how to provide a program to do what they wanted; the available programmers could not produce something in a reasonable amount of time; or there weren't any programmers they could use, caused some non-programming professionals to learn some programming skills, at least to know how to manipulate and print out information they needed from their data.

Whether the work was done by a professional programmer, or an end-user writing a program to provide them information for their own use, the means to do this in either case is the same. Write a program, submit it to a compiler (another program that converts written programs into instructions the computer can understand), fix any errors, then repeat until the program worked.

While this helped fix part of the problem, it created a new one. People who wrote programs, or hired someone to write them (purchasing software was not a thing until the 1970s or 1980s), discovered when their employer or school bought a new computer, their programs no longer worked.

History
Originally, programming at the written level was done by writing programs in assembly language. The problems with this are that
 It is the ultimate in vendor lock-in as your programs are not only tied to that vendor's hardware, but to that particular model of that manufacturer's hardware.
 If you want to move to a more capable or more powerful machine, your code might not work, requiring everything to be done over.
 If your vendor goes out of business, or does not provide a better model, when you want to upgrade you have to move to another vendor's equipment, and your entire investment is lost, for the same reason as the previous example.
 Assembly language is slow to develop. A program in a high-level language today, (like C++, Python, PHP, or Go) can have one line of code that would require dozens of assembly-language statements.
 Many people who want to develop solutions for a particular problem and want to create a program to do so, may not want to take the time to learn the machine language of a computer, but would be willing to learn to learn to write programs to solve their problems using something less complicated.

Development of high-level programming languages
To combat these problems, various high-level languages were developed that were usable for general purpose application program development, but could be used to provide reports and information for people with specialized requirements.

These include:
 BASIC, a simplified programming language which could be used to build "real world" complex applications, as well as simple programs to solve a problem, and was very accessible for amateur programmers. Its ease of use made BASIC well suited as an introductory computer programming class in many colleges.
 C, a general-purpose programming language often suitable for writing programs which would otherwise require assembly language.
 Cobol, a general-purpose programming language which tended to be used for developing business applications.
 Fortran, a general-purpose programming language which is well suited for scientific and engineering problems.
 Pascal, a general-purpose programming language, which tended to be targeted toward use in schools as an introductory class to teach programming as an alternative to BASIC. Pascal became commonly used for hobbyist programmers in the 1970s and 1980s due to them being part of an integrated development environment allowing a person to edit, compile, and run their programs, providing immediate results. Programs such as UCSD Pascal and Turbo Pascal opened up the world of programming to millions of people,
 RPG, a domain-specific programming language designed to take the contents of data files, manipulate data and do calculations, then produce printed reports, similar to the way a person can use a spreadsheet to organize data and create PDF files today.

While compilers and interpreters of all of these languages, and dozens of others, were available for different machines and different vendors, often each manufacturer would develop proprietary enhancements which made programing on that machine easier, but again, made programs difficult to port (move the program to a different type of computer or a different vendor's computers), and increased vendor lock in. Something had to change.

Standardization
Starting in the late 1960s and early 1970s, efforts came into play to create standards and specifications of how machine-independent programs could be written using compilers from any vendor. Standards-making organizations, like the International Standards Organization (ISO), and ANSI, among others, in cooperation with large users of computers and software (like governments, financial institutions and manufacturers), and computer manufacturers, to create standardized specifications to provide a description of how each specific language should be implemented.

Computer manufacturers could still have their own proprietary extensions to a programming language, but if they wanted to be able to claim compliance with the standard, they had to specify the differences in the reference manual, so that a program written according to the standard able to compile and operate on their machine would also operate, without further change, on a different manufacturer's computer whose compiler also followed the standard. The requirements of the standard were enforced by large software buyers, such as military, government, and manufacturing companies, by refusing to buy such computing equipment if the vendor only offered a compiler for the programming languages they used which wasn't compliant with the standard,

Results
Currently, there are more than a dozen programming languages that have standards describing how programs in the language are supposed to be written, including Ada, APL, BASIC, C++, COBOL, ECMAScript (the generic name for JavaScript), Forth, FORTRAN, Pascal, PL/I, Ruby and SQL. Many of these are still in use, in some cases, because customers were able to take their source code to a different manufacturer's computer, where it was recompiled, often without change, because of the standardization of programming languages.

While the standards helped, the WOCA philosophy works only when the makers of compilers ensure that they follow the standard.

See also
Pivot language

Software engineering folklore
Computer programming folklore
Programming language folklore
Interoperability
Software development philosophies

Write once, compile anywhere


Bending can refer to the following:

 Bending - the behavior of a structural element subjected to a lateral load
 Bending (metalworking) - a sheet metalworking process used in manufacture
 Elemental Bending - the mental manipulation of the four classical elements - Water, Earth, Fire, Air as seen in Avatar: The Last Airbender
 The flection of a tone, frequently utilized in blues and jazz music. A famous example is Gershwin's clarinet intro in Rhapsody in blue. See glissando

Bending (disambiguation)


Bait is something used to attract prey. People have used it for thousands of years. Fishermen use bait to catch fish. There are many different types of bait depending on the kind of animal.  Frequently the bait is cast using a fishing rod and reel.  For a shark, adult squid is often used. When trying to get a salmon, crab is commonly used. Some fishermen use plastic bait. Recently, fishermen have been using electronic lures. Bait can be used to catch most animals.

Fishing

Bait


José María Usandizaga (31 March 1887–5 October 1915) was a Spanish Basque composer.

A native of San Sebastián, Usandizaga began his musical studies in his hometown before moving to the Schola Cantorum in Paris. There, he was a composition pupil of Vincent d'Indy, and he took piano lessons from Gabriel Grovlez. From 1906 he was back in Spain, where he won success with his works for the stage and a number of other pieces. Usandizaga succumbed to tuberculosis in 1915.

Most of Usandizaga's music is based on Basque themes; among his works are several chamber pieces, some rhapsodies, and the operas Mendi Mendiyan ("High in the Mountains", a Basque language opera) and Las golondrinas (The Swallows), initially a zarzuela which was arranged as an opera after the composer's death by his brother Ramón and premiered in 1929 at the Liceu in Barcelona. A third opera, the lyric drama La llama ("The Flame"), was left incomplete after his death; this, too was completed by his brother Ramón and premiered in 1918 in San Sebastián.

References

Naxos.com biography

1887 births
1915 deaths
Basque classical musicians
Basque classical composers
People from San Sebastián
Schola Cantorum de Paris alumni
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Spanish musicians
Pupils of Vincent d'Indy
20th-century French male musicians

José María Usandizaga


Simon Webb (10 June 1949 – 14 March 2005) was a British chess player and writer who held the chess titles of International Master and Correspondence Chess Grandmaster.

Born in London, he was joint British under-18 champion in 1966, and fourth in the European Junior Championship in 1969. Webb was briefly a professional player in the late 1970s, participated in a number of strong tournaments, and met some strong players, including a 17-year-old Garry Kasparov at the 1980 European Team Championship (Webb lost). At one event, he was assigned a lady translator. Webb married her and took her to England. He was joint second in the 1975 British Championship behind William Hartston. Perhaps his best tournament result was joint first with Liuben Spassov at Hamburg 1977, ahead of István Csom and Milan Matulović. He was famous for his ability to save or even win from hopelessly lost positions, which earned him the nickname "Houdini". He became an International Master in 1977. His final FIDE Elo rating was 2420.

Webb took up correspondence chess in the early 1980s, and all but gave up over-the-board play for a long time. He gained the International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster title in 1983 and scored a number of impressive results. In the 14th World Correspondence Chess Championship, won by Tõnu Õim, Webb finished fifth of the 15 participants with 8.5/14. His final ICCF Elo rating was 2609.

Webb was perhaps best known for his humorous book on practical tournament play, Chess for Tigers (Oxford University Press, 1978, ). As well as his chess achievements, he also represented England at bridge, partnered by his brother Roger.

In the 1980s, Webb moved to Sweden. Since the late 1990s, he played in the Swedish team championship.

On 14 March 2005, he was fatally stabbed in the family hallway by his 25-year-old son, Dennis. Dennis subsequently drove into a wall at some 130 km/hour but survived with a broken nose.

References

External links

1949 births
2005 deaths
Chess International Masters
Correspondence chess grandmasters
Chess players from London
British non-fiction writers
British chess writers
British expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
English murder victims
British male writers
20th-century chess players
Male non-fiction writers

Simon Webb (chess player)


François-Xavier Wurth-Paquet (16 April 1801 – 4 February 1885) was a Luxembourgian politician, jurist, and archaeologist.

Born in Luxembourg City, he studied law in Liège and then became a lawyer, judge, prosecutor and in 1848 president of the Superior Court.

From 1845 to 1848 he was a member of the Assembly of Estates. He was elected to represent the canton of Esch-sur-Alzette on the Constituent Assembly, in 1848. An Orangist, he served in the cabinet of Charles-Mathias Simons as Administrator-General for Justice from 1853 to 1856, and as Administrator-General for the Interior from 1856 to 1858. He later was a member of the Council of State from 6 October 1858 to 4 February 1885, and was its President from 1870 until 1871.

Wurth-Pacquet was the founding President of Luxembourg's Archaeological Association, the forerunner of the Historical Section of the Grand Ducal Institute. He held that office from 1845 until 1853, when he entered government, and again from 1876 until his death in 1885.

In the publications of this institution, he made inventories of old Luxembougish documents, also publishing extracts. He managed to examine 18,000 documents, and also copies of 60,000 documents from abroad. He granted this collection to the Institute after his death. He also helped established what has now become the National Museum of History and Art.

He died in 1885 in Luxembourg City.

Wurth-Pacquet's daughter was Hélène Wurth, who married into the Brasseur family.  Her husband, Pierre Brasseur, was a mining magnate that founded the company that would later become ARBED.  The couple in turn had five children, including politician Xavier Brasseur.

Footnotes

|-

Ministers for Justice of Luxembourg
Presidents of the Council of State of Luxembourg
Members of the Constituent Assembly of Luxembourg
Members of the Council of State of Luxembourg
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg from Esch-sur-Alzette
Luxembourgian Orangists
Independent politicians in Luxembourg
19th-century Luxembourgian judges
1801 births
1885 deaths
Politicians from Luxembourg City
19th-century Luxembourgian historians
Luxembourgian archaeologists
19th-century Luxembourgian politicians

François-Xavier Wurth-Paquet


Blog for America was the title of the official Howard Dean campaign blog from March 2003 to March, 2004. It was previously known as the Dean Call To Action blog, the first presidential campaign weblog, founded by Mathew Gross on March 15, 2003, but became BFA when it was rebuilt using Movable Type by Marc Chadwick and Mathew Gross. It is widely recognized as the first effective campaign blog, and is credited (along with the Howard Dean Meetup) with enabling a new paradigm for grassroots campaigning. Using the blog, Dean campaign members were able to effectively communicate with supporters, posting frequent updates on the candidate, his supporters, his organization, his views, and his detractors. The comments section of Blog for America was noted for high activity and loyalty, and was an effective means of self-organization for Dean's committed followers. The blog is also credited with powering the Dean campaign's impressive fundraising abilities during the 2004 Democratic presidential primary.

However, the limits of the blog's effectiveness as a campaign tool were seen in Iowa and New Hampshire, where despite a large financial, media, and organizational head start, Dean made a poor showing in voter support.

Technological issues often created havoc for the blog's administrators and visitors. For example, a common device used by trolls was to spoof the usernames of existing members using a loophole in the member naming conventions. Although the bug in the blog software was never found, to the administrators' credit, these trolls were quickly blocked. In October 2006, new blog software was released which corrected the spoofing problems of the previous version.

Blog for America was transformed in March, 2004 into the house blog for the grassroots recruitment organization Democracy for America, paralleling the conversion of the campaign into a Democratic non-profit organization.

Selected Bloggers
Mathew Gross (March 2003 - January 2004)
Zephyr Teachout (March 2003 - February 2004)
Joe Rospars (July 2003 - February 2004, as a consultant April 2004 - February 2005)
Alison Stanton (March 1, 2004 - July 31, 2004)
Tanner Brooks (March 1, 2004 - July 2004)
Tara Liloia (July 2004 – present)

See also
Internet activism

External links

American political blogs

Blog for America


Earl Randall Parker (November 22, 1912 — May 9, 1998) was an American engineer and professor. Parker began his metallurgy career in the mid 1930s as a researcher for the General Electric Research Laboratory. In the mid 1940s, Parker began teaching metallurgy at the University of California, Berkeley and remained in his teaching position until 1978. While at Berkeley, Parker was chair of the material sciences department and director of engineering research between the 1950s and 1960s. For awards, Parker received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1960 and was named a National Medal of Science recipient in 1979.

Early life and education
On November 22, 1912, Parker was born in Denver, Colorado. For his post-secondary education, Parker graduated from the Colorado School of Mines with a  metallurgy degree in 1935.

Career
After graduating, Parker was a metallurgy researcher at the General Electric Research Laboratory from 1935 to 1944. During this time period, Parker conducted research on copper, silver and steel to determine their mechanical properties. In 1944, Parker studied Liberty ships at the University of California, Berkeley to determine the cause of their damages. During the mid-1940s, Parker began teaching metallurgy at Berkeley as an associate professor before being promoted to professor in 1949. Parker remained at Berkeley as a professor until his retirement in 1978 and held the position of professor emeritus from 1978 to 1988. Apart from academics, Parker was the chair of the material sciences department for Berkeley from 1953 to 1957. After directing Berkeley's school of engineering research between 1957 and 1964, Parker returned to his chair position with the material sciences department for two additional years.

Awards and honors
In 1960, Parker was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in engineering. In 1979, Parker was named a recipient of the National Medal of Science.

Personal life
Parker died on May 9, 1998, in Sacramento, California. He was married and had two children.

References

1912 births
1998 deaths
University of California, Berkeley faculty
National Medal of Science laureates
Fellows of the American Physical Society

Earl R. Parker


The Basaltic Prisms of Santa María Regla are tall columnar joints of basalt rock near Huasca de Ocampo in the Mexican state of Hidalgo, that line a ravine through which water runs from the San Antonio Dam. This ravine area was part of the Santa María Regla Hacienda and was first promoted by Alexander von Humboldt in 1803.

The canyon walls, called the Barranca de Santa María Regla, are lined by polygonal columns between  high, with five or six sides each. The basalt columns were created by the slow cooling of volcanic lava. The visible columns are backed by even more polygonal basalt columns. There are two waterfalls. The higher one has its water supplemented by diversions from nearby dams. The lower one is called the Cascada de la Rosa. The natural canyon has been modified by the addition of stairs, walkways and hanging bridges for easier access.

See also
 Columnar jointing

References

Landforms of Hidalgo (state)
Waterfalls of Mexico
Rock formations of Mexico
Columnar basalts

Basaltic Prisms of Santa María Regla


Future Pinball ("FP") is a freeware 3D pinball editing and gaming application for Microsoft Windows. It is similar to Visual Pinball ("VP") and other modern pinball simulation applications. Just as with VP's partnership with Visual PinMAME, FP uses partner applications to emulate original pinball ROM code.  In FP's case, the end results of ROM code are simulated by Better Arcade Mode ("BAM") and tools such as "Pinball Browser" and dot-matrix display software plugins.  Core FP development was discontinued in 2010, but resumed in 2013 via BAM.  BAM features many new developments, such as enhanced physics, optics, and virtual reality support.

Design
Future Pinball is a simulator and editor which indirectly emulates hardware found in physical pinball machines. Tables are designed using 3D models found within the editor, and rendered using a 3D real-time engine. Pinball table layout, graphic design, and audio are provided by users during the construction and development of table design.

Future Pinball allows users to create original tables based upon a default table which only contains flippers, slingshots, shooter lane, and shooter. Additional playfield components are added from a library containing surface, guide, objects, rubber, targets, lights, triggers, ramps, and displays. User-created artwork can be added to the playfield, plastics, and backglass translite. Game coding is required, and is accomplished through Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting (VBS) via an embedded script editor. The core FP program uses Newton Game Dynamics for physics.

With the introduction of BAM and discrete plug-n-play code (such as "FizX," "Dynamic Flippers" and "Shiva Flippers") any of which can easily be dropped in to table scripts, the general physics and flipper-specific physics have since been greatly improved.  BAM also adds many new features, such as dynamic light settings, enhanced camera settings, post-processing effects, a plug-in system, custom game rooms, balls, and animated mini-playfields.  The mini-playfields allow for creation of a wide variety of games unrelated to pinball, such as billiards and BRIO's Labyrinth (marble game).

Several game magazines published tutorials on how to build one's own tables, such as PCWorld, PC Format and c't.

"Starter tables" can also greatly aid the process, such as the powerful fpxEngine, specifically designed for non-coders.

Playing
Future Pinball completed tables can be downloaded and played in the same application. Standard computer keyboards are often used, although there is a growing number of custom pinball cabinet designs that interface buttons to the software.

History
Future Pinball 1.0 was first released to the public on October 22, 2005 by creator and programmer Christopher Leathley after 20 months of development.

On July 17, 2008, NanoTech Entertainment entered into an agreement with Future Pinball to incorporate Future Pinball into a commercial product called MultiPin.

The core FP application reached its final version in December 2010, and BAM picked up development in March 2013.  BAM continues to be developed through 2023.

See also
Visual Pinball
The Pinball Arcade

References

External links
Official Future Pinball Site - Future Pinball application
 Official BAM (Better Arcade Mode) site - Future Pinball partner / development application
 Future Pinball de facto community forums

2005 software
Freeware games
Pinball video games
Video game level editors
Windows-only freeware
Freeware game engines

Future Pinball


The Vulgar Boatmen are an American rock band, formed in Gainesville, Florida, United States, in 1982
 by a group of students at the University of Florida, including John Eder and Walter Salas-Humara, later of The Silos. In its original configuration the group issued several cassette-only releases, including Women and Boatmen First (1982) and All Bands on Deck (1984). As first Eder and then Salas-Humara departed, the group coalesced around Robert Ray, a film studies professor at the university, who became one of the group's two principal songwriters and vocalists, the other being Indiana musician Dale Lawrence, a former student of Ray's who was a veteran of the early punk band the Gizmos. The band was named as a play on the Russian folk song The Volga Boatmen.

Though they lived and worked in different states, Ray and Lawrence composed songs by exchanging cassette tapes through the mail. Eventually Lawrence merged his own band, Right to Left, into the Boatmen, who until that time had existed as two distinct performing units. In their revised lineup the Boatmen are known for their straightforward but infectious pop melodies, stark lyrics—many of which focus on women and automobile travel—and frequent employment of the viola, an instrument relatively uncommon in rock. At least sixteen musicians have been members of the group at one time or another. In addition to Robert Ray and his wife Helen Kirklin, who plays viola, members of the Florida (recording) branch have included Carey Crane (vocals), Jonathan Kaley-Isley (drums, organ, vocals), and Michael Derry (guitar and drums). Current or former members of the Indiana (touring) Boatmen include Dale Lawrence, Kathy Kolata (viola), Andy Richards (drums), Jake Smith (bass), and Matt Speake (guitar).

Since 1989 the Boatmen have recorded three albums, You and Your Sister (1989), Please Panic (1992), and Opposite Sex (1995), the last of which was released by Warner Bros (East/West) in the UK and Europe, but was never released in the US. In 2003, the band issued a compilation album on CD, Wide Awake. As of 2020, the Indiana branch of the Boatmen remains active under the leadership of Lawrence, though the Florida branch appears to be dormant or defunct.

Legacy
Author Jonathan Lethem titled his 2007 novel You Don't Love Me Yet in honor of two (otherwise unconnected) songs of the same title by Roky Erickson and The Vulgar Boatmen.

In 2010, Fred Uhter released a documentary about the group, entitled Drive Somewhere: The Saga of the Vulgar Boatmen.

Discography
Women and Boatmen First (1982)
All Bands on Deck (1983)
You and Your Sister (1989; re-issue with bonus tracks 2015)
Please Panic (1992)
Here No Evil: A Tribute to the Monkees (1993)
Opposite Sex (1995)
Opposite Sex – UK EP (1996)
Wide Awake (2004)

References

External links
An Obsessive Listen to a Twenty-Five-Year-Old Album
Dale Lawrence, part three
Vulgar Boatmen (Trouser Press)
We Can Figure This Out: Reintroducing the Vulgar Boatmen
"Mary Jane"- The Vulgar Boatmen. 10/12/2001
Dale Lawrence from The Vulgar Boatmen on NPR talking about Buddy Holly's 'Apartment Sessions' and Bob Dylan's 'Minnesota Hotel Tapes'
Drive Somewhere: The Saga of the Vulgar Boatmen
Drive Somewhere - The Documentary

Rock music groups from Florida
Musical groups from Gainesville, Florida
1980s establishments in Florida
Musical groups established in the 1980s

The Vulgar Boatmen


UT Video Codec Suite is a fast, lossless video codec, developed by  and released under the free GNU General Public License. The algorithm of UT video is based on the Huffman code.

UT video was developed as an alternative to HuffYUV, in order to achieve better compression. It can handle color spaces such as YUV422 (ULY2), RGB (ULRG), RGBA (ULRA) and, most recently, YUV420 (ULY0).

It has both x86 and x64 builds. Due to its multithreading support, this codec is also capable of encoding HDTV material in real time. The codec requires support for the SSE2 instruction set because it is heavily used for speed optimizations.

UT video uses the following FOURCC codes: ULY0, ULY2, ULRA, ULRG.

References

2008 software
Free video codecs
Lossless compression algorithms

Ut Video Codec Suite


Georg H. Endress (9 January 1924, in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany – 14 December 2008, in Arlesheim, Switzerland) was a German-Swiss entrepreneur in the area of measurement and control technology, and founder of the company Endress+Hauser.

Life and work
Georg Endress was born the son of a factory director. As a young man he moved to Zagreb with his family, where he went to school. He attended further schools in Basle (Switzerland) where he passed school-leaving exams, and then took an apprenticeship as a mechanic, after which he studied engineering in Zürich.

He worked for several Swiss companies, and one English firm, before founding a sales company for level measuring devices in Loerrach in 1953 together with  the banker Ludwig Hauser, which later became Endress+Hauser AG. The firm began producing its own instruments in 1956. After achieving success in Europe subsidiaries were opened in the USA and Japan (1970) and China (1980). In 1995 Georg Endress handed over control of the firm to his son Klaus Endress.

Georg Endress felt a particular responsibility towards the Dreiländereck ("three-country-corner") where Germany, France and Switzerland meet, where he wanted, as he himself said, to remove psychological national barriers. He initiated Tri-Nation Apprentice and Engineering education opportunities in the upper Rhine area, promoted international courses at the University Loerrach. The tri-nation BioValley-Organisation was formed on his initiative.

In addition, he was involved in Baden Trade Organisation (WVIB, Wirtschaftsverband industrieller Unternehmen Baden) and the Regional Trade Association Black Forest and Upper Rhine.  (Regio-Gesellschaft Schwarzwald-Oberrhein)

He married Alice Vogt in 1946; of their eight children five were active in Endress+Hauser AG at the end of 2008.

Honours and awards
Federal Cross of Merit, 1st Class
Honorary Doctorate of the University of Basle
Honorary Doctorate of the University of Freiburg
Medal of Service of the State of Baden-Württemberg
Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur 2000
Honorary President of the Bio-Valley and Trade Association WVIB
Honorary Citizenship of Indianapolis (USA) and the community of Maulburg (Baden-Wuerttemberg)
The Upper Rhine University Prize Prix Bartholdi was awarded to Georg Endress posthumously in 2011.

Works
Together with Lothar Spaeth, Martin Saettler, Rainer Roeder und Dieter Pfister) Technologietransfer in Konzeption und Praxis (Technology Transfer, Conception and Practice). Poller, Stuttgart 1987,
Veröffentlichungen des International Hightech Forum, Basel 3). (Publication International Hightech Forum, Basel 3).

Bibliography
Knowledge, Education, Quality. Georg H. Endress on his 80th birthday The Significance of the Educated Entrepreneur and Manager for a Complete and Sustainable Development in Space and Time, Basle, 2005)
Felix Erbacher: Out of the Garage and into the World. Georg H. Endress (1924-2008), a charismatic thinker and visionary, in:Basler Zeitung, 29. Juli 2013, S. 27.

References

External links
 Endress+Hauser AG

1924 births
2008 deaths
Businesspeople from Basel-Stadt
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
German emigrants to Switzerland

Georg Endress


An Oudemannenhuis, or Old Men's house is a Dutch term for a home for poor men older than sixty, who could spend their final days enjoying regular meals and a clean place to sleep. It can be regarded as an early type of retirement home, which lasted up to the 19th century. As an institution, they were an improvement over almshouses for the elderly poor known as hofjes. Because older men were generally less able to care for themselves than women, the city councils of the Netherlands built special purpose houses. After the introduction of Oudemannenhuizen, the hofjes were designed almost exclusively for women, because women could organize themselves more efficiently. For women who became too feeble to take part in hofje life, special "old houses" for woman were opened, that were often combined with old men's houses. Like the hofjes, living in an old man's house was usually free of charge and was considered a favor.

Similar to hofjes, the regents of old men's houses had a regent's room for meetings. The regents made and enforced the house rules, such as making church attendance mandatory and ladies visit or drunkenness prohibited. Breaking the rules was usually followed by house arrest. The old men lived in a room where they only had a bedstead, and occasionally they were assigned two to a room. A few old men's houses have been preserved, but they have been given a different purpose.

Older men with means could buy a room in a Proveniershuis, which was cheaper than a rental or hotel, but afforded more luxury than an Oudemannenhuis.

References
 :nl:Oudemannenhuis

Social history of the Netherlands
Culture of the Netherlands

Oude Mannenhuis


Desert Runners is a 2013 documentary film directed by Jennifer Steinman that follows a group of non-professional runners that attempt to complete 4 Deserts, a series of ultramarathon races often considered the most difficult in the world.
Their journeys take them through some of the world's most beautiful places while pushing the limits of their minds and bodies.
It provides a look into the mindset of endurance athletes, and the ways in which humans deal with both heartbreak and achievement.

Development
Director Jennifer Steinman became interested in creating a film about the 4 Deserts series after meeting one of the participants at a nutrition conference. Originally it was to focus on just one athlete, but expanded to four just before the first race when Steinman decided she wanted to add more storylines. Filming for Desert Runners began in the Atacama Desert and continued through the four stages of 4 Deserts in 2010. From October 8 through November 8, 2011, the producers used the crowdfunding website Kickstarter to help finance the final portion of the film project. In 30 days they reached their goal of $25,000. With more than 80 hours of footage, the editors began putting the 90-minute film together in late 2011.

Release
The film made its world premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in June 2013, its US premiere at the Mill Valley Film Festival in October 2013, and its theatrical premiere in the US on November 29, 2013.

On November 21, 2013, Desert Runners made its television debut on DirecTV's Audience Network.

The film is currently available on DVD and as a digital download.

Reception

Critical response
Desert Runners has received mostly positive reviews from movie critics. Dennis Harvey from Variety states: "despite the sometimes excruciating, arguably foolhardy nature of these races...there's an upbeat tenor to "Desert Runners" that develops real rooting value for the protags. The frequently spectacular surroundings don't hurt, of course, and the pic is nicely turned in all tech departments."
Mike Williams of Yahoo! Movies claims: "'Desert Runners' is an eye-opening piece of documentary making. It'll leave you broken by the end of it because you really feel the pain and limits each competitor pushes his or herself to. It's a bonding process, both for Steinman as a filmmaker, but more significant is the connection between the audience and those featured that cements a strong and genuine adoration and concern. Inspiring." In Lee Stobbs of GQ's review, he says "You are hooked from the first minute to the 95th..and by the end feeling almost as exhausted."

The film was selected for the Edinburgh International Film Festival's "Best of the Fest" encore screenings, which took place on June 30, 2013 and featured films which had the most positive reaction from the festival's audience.

Accolades

References

External links

 Desert Runners Facebook Page

 4 Deserts Official website

2013 films
2013 documentary films
American documentary films
Kickstarter-funded documentaries
Crowdfunded films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Desert Runners


Rudolf Ulrich Krönlein (19 February 1847 – 26 October 1910) was a Swiss surgeon who was a native of Stein am Rhein.

Biography
Krönlein studied medicine in Zurich, where he was a student and assistant to surgeon Edmund Rose (1836–1914). In 1872, he received his medical doctorate at Zurich with a dissertation on treatment of open wounds. Later he furthered his studies in Berlin under Bernhard von Langenbeck (1810–1887), and in 1874 became director of the surgical clinic at Giessen. In 1881, he was appointed professor of surgery at the University of Zurich. After his death, he was succeeded by Ferdinand Sauerbruch (1875–1951) as chair of surgery at Zurich.

In 1886, Krönlein published an account of an 1884 appendectomy that he performed on a 17-year-old boy. Although the patient died two days after the surgery, it was the first documented case of an appendectomy. He was also a pioneer involving lung resections, and his name is associated with "Krönlein's operation", which is a lateral orbitotomy of the eye. This surgery involves removal of an orbital tumor without excision of the eye.

In 1899, he described evisceration of brain in a high velocity gunshot wound to the head.

Associated eponym
 "Krönlein's hernia": A properitoneal inguinal hernia; a hernia having a double sac, one part in the inguinal canal, and the other part projecting from the deep inguinal ring in the subperitoneal tissues.
 "Krönlein shot" is a high velocity gunshot wound to the head which has caused evisceration of brain.

Notes

References
 Parts of this article are based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia, whose sources include: Krönlein, Rudolf Ulrich In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 13, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1982, , S. 64 f.
 History of Appendicitis Vermiformis, Its diseases and treatment by Arthur C. McCarty, M.D.

1910 deaths
1847 births
People from the canton of Schaffhausen
Swiss surgeons
Academic staff of the University of Zurich
Academic staff of the University of Giessen

Rudolf Ulrich Krönlein


Andheri (station code: A (Western)/AD (Harbour)/ADH (Indian Railways)) is a passenger rail station located at Andheri suburb of Mumbai. It serves the Western line and Harbour lines of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. It is also a stop for some express trains and August Kranti Rajdhani Express. The station also inter-connects the Line 1 of the Andheri metro station. Andheri station first came under prominence after the development of Salsette–Trombay Railway services in 1928 by the British Empire of India during the pre-independence period.

With a pre-eminent number of passengers boarding daily, it has been termed "one of the busiest stations" in Mumbai surpassing Ghatkopar station on the Central line. In 2014, the station, along with  and  stations, was re-developed and expanded with the expenditure of . In addition, the station has two bus stations operating more than 30 bus routes.

History

Salsette–Trombay railway service
The Indian Railways was first established by British Empire of India in 1853 and it connected its first railway service between Bombay (now Mumbai) and Thane. In 1928, the British Empire connected Andheri station with Trombay by the Great Indian Peninsular Railway under the Bombay Improvement Trust as "Salsette–Trombay Railway line" with a view for the opening up of a railway line running West to South-east and linking up Andheri and Kurla station. However, in 1934 the line had shut down due to the development of Santacruz Airport.

Metro–Local connection
In February 2014, It was proposed by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority to integrate the Andheri metro station with the suburban station with the development of the skywalk and the same was proposed for the Ghatkopar metro station.

After the establishment of Mumbai Metro services In June 2014, a skywalk of  has been developed by the MMRDA for the passengers traveling from local station to the metro station. The skywalk has been built opposite to the auto-rickshaw terminal of the station with an expenditure of .

Proposed expansion and re-development
The Harbour line of the Andheri station towards Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and  serves a total number of 55 trains per day, with 46 running to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus and only 9 towards Panvel. The extension between Andheri and Goregaon of the Harbour Line was completed and had started to operate in 2018.

The station was renovated in early 2015 with the establishment of automated escalators and new Automated Ticket Vending Machines (ATVM) for the ease of booking tickets to the daily passengers. According to the statistics of April 2014 to January 2015, the number of passengers using vending machines was 6,933, whereas in April 2015 to January 2016, it had the higher number of bookings with a total number of 18,316 passengers.
Due to the increasing number of passengers travelling on the rooftop of the train coaches, Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) electrified the train coaches rooftops containing 25,000 volts.

The station has nine platforms, with platform number 1 and 2 serving the Harbour line. Further, the Harbour lines now serves a 12-coach train services.  In 2012, it was proposed by the Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation that the Harbour line trains may get an extension of 12-coaches for the ease of passengers boarding daily from the Western lines. However the MRVC announced that extension of some stations has been completed and the services may start from 2016.

In February 2016, it was reported that the main road of the eastern zone of the station will be re-constructed in according for development of a long delayed elevated auto-rickshaw terminal. The Bombay High Court had ordered to evict the stalls blocking the road. Counsel Anil Sakhare had stated to the court that the stall vendors blocked the construction and infrastructure development and most of the vendors opposed the eviction notice given to them. The work was originally started in 2011 and was to complete in December 2013 but as the corporation was unable to evict the stalls, the work was kept on hold. However, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation had removed the stalls from the road and the construction for the terminal had been started. It has a two-lane terminal measuring the height of  and a width of  which connects the Andheri-Kurla road. Under the second phase of MUTP, three escalators and 2 lifts will be installed.

Platforms

Traffic
Andheri is the busiest station on the Western Railway network. Over 99.6 million passengers' journeys originated at the station during the 2016–17 fiscal year. During the same period, the station sold  worth of tickets (or 9% of all tickets sold on the Western Line) and 890,000 season passes, earning WR a total revenue of . An average of 66,152 tickets and 2,441 season passes were sold at the station daily, and an average of 256,561 passengers began their journeys at Andheri per day contributing  of average daily revenue.

Station layout

The station consists of a -long auto-rickshaw terminal at the eastern zone of Andheri. It has been built between the northern and middle foot-over bridges of the station and its connected to the northern bridge and continues down a road to the MV Road. In addition, the auto-rickshaw services are used for the passengers crossing through the Nityanand Road from the northern bridge to get down the road at the eastern bridge of the station. However, the designed structure was used for commuters serving as the only foot overbridge for the metro station as the terminal was kept unused.

Bus connections

The Oshiwara depot serves as a major hub and transfer point for Andheri bus routes serving the western area. All routes pull into the station's busway off Yari Road bus station, though some can be caught at Goregaon via the station's bus depot entrance as well. The eastern area is connected by buses between Agarkar Chowk Depot and Majas Depot, Ghatkopar Depot, Kurla Depot and Mulund Depot. But due to the increment of the Mumbai Metro service fare rates, the Ghatkopar-Andheri bus services proved to be a beneficial deal for the passengers.

References

External links

Andheri railway station at WR official portal
Andheri station at Go4Mumbai

Railway stations in India opened in 1928
Railway stations in Mumbai Suburban district
Mumbai Suburban Railway stations
Mumbai WR railway division
Andheri

Andheri railway station


Debra L. Lee (born August 8, 1954) is an American businesswoman. She was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of BET, the parent company for Black Entertainment Television from 2005 to May 28, 2018. Lee has sat on the board of directors for a number of companies/organizations, including the National Cable & Telecommunications Association the Ad Council, and the National Cable Television Association. Debra Lee is named one of the "100 Most Powerful Women in Entertainment" by The Hollywood Reporter due to her many achievements in her 30-plus year career at BET.

Early life and education
Debra L. Lee was born in Fort Jackson, South Carolina and grew up in Greensboro, North Carolina. She attended James B. Dudley High School. In 1976, Lee graduated from Brown University with a bachelor's degree in political science with an emphasis in Asian politics. She went on to earn a master's degree in public policy from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and a J.D. degree at Harvard Law School, where she was a member of the Board of Student Advisers, in 1980.

Early career
From August 1981 through September 1981, Lee served as a law clerk to Barrington Parker of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.

Lee joined BET as Vice President of BET's legal affairs department and general counsel in 1986 after over five years as an attorney with Washington, D.C. based Steptoe & Johnson, a corporate law firm. She has also served as BET's corporate secretary and president and publisher of BET's publishing division, which published Emerge magazine, YSB magazine, BET Weekend, and Heart & Soul magazine.

Career

In March 1996, Lee became president and Chief Operating Officer (COO) of BET Holdings, Inc., replacing departing network founder, Robert L. Johnson. In 2005, she became president and Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The company had nearly $100 million in revenue last year.

Under Lee, Black Entertainment Television has begun to move in a different format direction for the network. She increased the production budget by 50% and looked into incorporating original programming by getting 16 new shows for the new 2007 season. Lee has also redesigned BET's mission statement by supporting families, encouraging their dreams, and presenting fresh talent by creating new shows for its network. She created a new entertainment network, CENTRIC, in September 2009 that features new artists, reality shows, and movies.

In 2023, her memories under the title I am Debra Lee were published by Legacy Lit. She also became an honorary member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority in 2023.

Directorships
Lee serves on board of directors  of Marriott, and Revlon.  Lee is also a director of Washington Gas Light Company,  WGL Holdings (since 2000) and the Monsanto subsidiary Genuity. In May 2016, Lee was added to the board of directors of Twitter, following an attempt by returning CEO Jack Dorsey to boost diversity across the social media company's board.

Awards and honors
 Broadcasting and Cable Hall of Fame
 2002: Women of Vision Award by Women in Film & Video - DC
 2014: Received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Brown University.

References

External links
BET
NYT Article: At BET, Fighting the Rerun

1955 births
20th-century African-American businesspeople
20th-century African-American lawyers
20th-century African-American women
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesswomen
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American women lawyers
21st-century African-American businesspeople
21st-century African-American women
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesswomen
African-American business executives
American chief executives
American chief operating officers
American corporate directors
American women business executives
American women chief executives
Brown University alumni
Businesspeople from Greensboro, North Carolina
Chief executives in the media industry
Corporate lawyers
Directors of Twitter, Inc.
Harvard Law School alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Living people
Marriott International people
Lawyers from Columbia, South Carolina
Women corporate directors
Women corporate executives

Debra L. Lee


Renana Jhabvala är en indisk socialarbetare baserad i Ahmedabad, som i decennier arbetat för förbättrade villkor och möjligheter för fattiga kvinnor och för personer i den informella ekonomin. 1990 fick hon motta Padma Shri-utmärkelsen från Indiens regering för detta arbete och engagemang.

Bibliografi

Böcker
 Basic Income : A Transformative Policy for India: Co-edited by Sarath Davala, Soumya Kapoor Mehta & Guy Standing, Bloomsbury Publication, 2015
 The Idea of Work: Co-authored with Ela Bhatt, Indian Academy For Self Employed Women, 2012.
 Social Income and Insecurity: A Study in Gujarat: Co-authored with Guy Standing, Jeemol Unni, and Uma Rani. Routledge, 2010.
 Empowering Women in an Insecure World: Joining SEWA Makes a Difference: Co-authored with Sapna Desai and Jignasa Dave. SEWA Academy, 2010.
 Membership-Based Organization of the Poor: Co-edited with Martha Chen, Ravi Kanbur and Carol Richards. Routledge, 2007.
 Women, Work and Poverty: Co-authored by Martha Chen, Joann Vanek, Francie Lund, James Heinz, with Renana Jhabvala and Christine Bonner. UNIFEM, New York, 2005.
 Informal Economy Centrestage: New Structures of Employment: Co-edited with  Ratna M. Sudarshan and Jeemol Unni. Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2003.
 The Unorganised Sector: Work Security and Social Protection: Co-edited with R.K.A. Subrahmanya. Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2000.
 Speaking Out: Women's Economic Empowerment in South Asia: Co-edited with Martha Chen and Marilyn Carr. IT Publications, 1996.

Utvalda artiklar
 "Basic Income should have maximum inclusion",  Governance Now, February 2017.
 "There Are No Brick-and-Mortar Banks in a Radius of Even Ten Kilometers: Renana Jhabvala on Demonetisation and the Rural Economy",  The Caravan, November 2016
 "India's time for unconditional cash transfers – we need to move towards a basic income regime, but cautiously, so that the vulnerable population does not suffer" in The Financial Express, May 2016
 "Cash gets stuck in that last mile – Banks need to focus on getting the banking correspondent model right" in The Financial Express, December 2015
 "Column: Empowering women through cash transfers – Unconditional cash transfers could transform the lives of women and make them more assertive" (with Dr. Guy Standing) in The Financial Express, May 2015
 "No conditions apply" in The Indian Express, December 2014
 "Let's use CSR to strengthen people's sector" in Governance Now, May 2014
 "The unaccounted" in The Indian Express, 2014
 "Women Home-Based Workers Creating Ties Across South Asian Countries: Experience of SEWA and Homenet" (with Donna Doane) in SAARC Journal on Human Resource Development, Vol. 7, No. 1, December 2011.
 "Clogged Pipes and Bureaucratic Blinkers" (with Guy Standing) in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XLV, Nos. 26  & 27, 2010.
 "Social Protection for Women Workers in the Informal Economy" (with Shalini Sinha) in Comparative Labour Law & Policy Journal, Vol. 27, No. 2, Winter 2006.
 "The Idea of Work" (with Ela Bhatt) in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXIX, No. 48, 2004.
 "Indian Women Use Video to Spark Collective Action" in Communication for Change, 2003.
 "New Forms of Workers' Organisations: Towards A System of Representation and Voice" in The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 46, No. 2, April–June 2003.
 "Liberalisation and the Woman Worker" (with Shalini Sinha) in Economic and Political Weekly, 25 May 2002.
 "Humanitarian Trade Unionist: Jhabvala's Pioneering Efforts for Workers' Rights" in Manushi, Issue 127, November–December 2001.
 "In the Wake of a Quake: SEWA's Relief Efforts in Kutch" in Manushi, Issue 122.
 "Social Security for Women Workers in the Unorganised Sector," (with Shalini Sinha) in The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, October–December 2001 (Conference Issue).
 "Liberalisation and Women" in Seminar, Special Issue on Footloose Labour, November 2000.
 "Roles and Perceptions" in Seminar, Special Issue on Street Vendors, July 2000.
 "Minimum Wages Based on Workers' Needs" in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 33, No. 10, 1998.
 "Social Security for the Unorganised Sector" in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXIII, No. 22, May 1998.
 "A Case Study of Interventions in the Labour Market in Gender, Employment and Health", National Council of Applied Economic Research Publication, 1998.
 "Policies Affecting the Unorganised Sector: Lesson from the SEWA Experience" in Margin, Vol. 30, No.1, NCAER Publication, October–December 1997.
 "Women in the People's Sector: Experiences of SEWA" in Social Welfare, Vol. 44, No. 5-6, August–September 1997.
 "Wages for Unorganised Labour" in Seminar, April 1997.
 "Out of the Shadows: Home-based Workers Organise for International Recognition" (with Jane Tate) in SEEDS, No. 18, 1996.
 "India Can Take the Lead" in Labour File, Vol. 2, No. 4, Centre for Communications, New Delhi, April 1996.
 "Invisible Workers Reach International Heights", Economic and Political Weekly, 9 December 1995.
 "Ahmedabad 2001: Planning for the Poor—A Focus on Self employed Women", by Renana Jhabvala and Usha Jumani, reprint from Nagarlok, Vol. XX, No.4, October–December 1988.
 "Claiming What Is Theirs: Struggle of Vegetable Vendors in Ahmedabad", Manushi, Issue 32, January–February 1986.
 "From the Mills to the Streets: A Study of Retrenchment of Women from the Ahmedabad Textile Mills", Manushi, Issue 26, 1985.
 "Neither A Complete Success Nor A Complete Failure: SEWA Organises "Bidi" Workers", Manushi, Issue 22, May–June 1984.

Referenser

Externa länkar
 Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA)
 SEWA Bank
 SEWA Bharat
 Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO)
 Law for Social Security of Unorganised Workers
 National Policy for Street Vendors
 Mahila Housing SEWA Trust

Kvinnor
Levande personer

Renana Jhabvala


The Saint Lawrence River HVDC Powerline Crossing is the crossing of Hydro-Québec's Quebec-New England HVDC transmission line over (and later, under) the Saint Lawrence River  between Grondines and Lotbinière, Quebec, Canada. The crossing is remarkable, for being first implemented as an overhead crossing, and then later replaced by a cable tunnel. Hydro-Québec wanted to complete the transmission line in time, which was only possible with an overhead crossing of Saint Lawrence River. However, due to the negative visual impact of the large towers of the overhead crossing on the local populations of Grondines and Lotbinière, it was decided to build a cable tunnel under the river, although this made the project more expensive.

Overhead crossing construction
In 1988 construction work for three artificial islands in the Saint Lawrence River, which were connected with jetties to the mainland as construction for the pylons of the overhead crossing started. Between July 1988 and spring 1989, 20,000 truck loads of  were transported. In 1989 the towers of the temporary overhead line crossing were erected. The suspension pylons on each side of the waterway were 140 meters (459 ft) tall to ensure the required clearance. Building these towers required five months construction time and approximately 40 specially trained workers. At the end of 1989 the overhead crossing, which consisted of five towers, was completed. After the tunnel was completed the overhead line and pylons used for it were dismantled. One of the pylons would later be used for the construction of the La Cité de l'Énergie observation tower.

Underground crossing construction
In spring 1989 work on the  long cable tunnel started, which took six months of drilling in two 12-hour shifts. The average drilling rate was  a day, but achieved in horizontal sections over  a day. On March 26, 1990, the tunnel boring machine reached the surface  away from its target point. Later the tunnel was covered with concrete, and troughs for the cable support were installed. On November 1, 1990, the underground HVDC transmission line went in service with a transmission rate of 1200 MW, which was increased to 2250 MW on July 1, 1991.

In 1992 the overhead line over the Saint Lawrence River, including the artificial islands and the jetties were dismantled. Portions of one of these towers would later be used as part of the observation tower at La Cité de l'Énergie in Shawinigan. The costs for dismantling was .

See also
 Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system
 Quebec - New England Transmission

References

Tunnels in Canada
Electric power transmission systems in Canada
Hydro-Québec
Powerline river crossings
Saint Lawrence River
HVDC transmission lines
Tunnels completed in 1991
Electric power infrastructure in Canada
Buildings and structures in Quebec
Energy in Quebec
1991 establishments in Quebec