is a Japanese idol girl group, commonly abbreviated as MCZ or .

The four members of MCZ are known for energetic performances, incorporating elements of ballet, gymnastics, and action movies.

MCZ is notable for being the first female group to hold a solo concert at National Olympic Stadium in Japan, as well as providing theme music for anime television series such as Sailor Moon, Dragon Ball, and Pokémon.

In 2013, the group grossed the fourth highest total sales revenue by a music artist in Japan, with over ¥5.2 billion. During 2016, about 636,000 people attended their live concerts, the most ever for a Japanese female group. MCZ was ranked as the most popular female Japanese group from 2013 to 2018, and 2020 to 2022.

MCZ has collaborated with other performers, including a 2015 recording with American hard rock band KISS, marking KISS's first collaborative recording. In 2016, their first overseas tour titled Trans America Ultra Live was held in Hawaii, Los Angeles, and New York. They sold more than 3 million physical copies in Japan.

Members

On stage, Momoiro Clover Z members are easily distinguished by the colors of their clothes, similar to the characters from Super Sentai or Power Rangers. In some songs and music videos, the group loosely parodies them.

Before the group made its debut, other girls were in the lineup: Sumire Fujishiro, Manami Ikura, Yukina Kashiwa (later a member of Nogizaka46), Tsukina Takai (later became a member of SKE48), Miyū Wagawa, and Runa Yumikawa.

Timeline

History

2008–2009: Conception and beginnings
The group was formed in the spring of 2008 as a 5-member unit, originally named Momoiro Clover ("Pink Clover" or, literally, "Peach-Colored Clover"). The name was chosen to imply that the group was composed of innocent girls who wanted to bring happiness to people. Ariyasu Momoka joined the group after their first single. Later in 2011, after the departure of Akari Hayami from the group, management added the letter "Z" to the group's name. The group's slogan is .

Momoiro Clover began as a street act in 2008, performing for bystanders in Tokyo's Yoyogi Park. As most members were students attending school on weekdays, the group was active mainly on weekends, leading them to be nicknamed . In a one-year period, Momoiro Clover had a number of line-up changes. In March 2009, they became a five-member unit composed of Reni Takagi, Kanako Momota, Akari Hayami, Shiori Tamai, and Ayaka Sasaki.

To support and promote their first indie single, "Momoiro Punch", Momoiro Clover took advantage of school holidays from May to August and went by minibus on a long tour across Japan. They gave a total of 104 concerts in 24 electronic stores of the Yamada Denki network. The girls slept in the minivan, and group's managers drove. In the middle of the tour, Momoka Ariyasu was added to the group as a sixth member. The single was sold only at the group's live events and those sales were enough for it to place 11th in the Oricon Daily Singles Chart and 23rd in the weekly chart.

2010: Major debut
In March 2010, the girls stated their goals: to take first place on Oricon, to participate in Kōhaku Uta Gassen, to perform at Budokan. They usually performed in a small club with live music or on a roof of a department store. They sometimes set a simulated stage of National Olympic Stadium, where notable musicians are allowed to perform.

Their first major-label single "Ikuze! Kaitō Shōjo" was released in May. The single debuted on Japan's Oricon Daily Singles Chart at the first position, and at number 3 for the week. Momoiro Clover then moved to King Records. The group's first single with King was "Pinky Jones", composed by Narasaki from the Japanese rock band Coaltar of the Deepers with a "more chaotic" approach than previous songs. December 24 marked Momoiro Clover's first solo concert at a concert hall. Nihon Seinenkan, a venue with a capacity of 1,300 seats, was sold out in 30 minutes.

2011: Shift to Momoiro Clover "Z"

In January 2011 at the release event for a new song, sub-leader Akari Hayami stated that she had decided to withdraw from the group in April. Hayami explained that her character was not suited to being an idol and that her dream was to become an actress. At the April 10 Akari Hayami "graduation" concert, the group's management announced the name change to Momoiro Clover Z after Hayami's departure. In Japan,  symbolizes ultimateness and this letter is often appended to a  title (e.g., Mazinger Z and Dragon Ball Z). Z is officially pronounced as  (British pronunciation) when the name is used in spoken English. The band has gone on record saying in an interview that the Z in the title is a reference to the famous anime series, Dragon Ball Z stating "The Z in our name is a very obvious reference to Dragon Ball Z" and that "It's a awesome and very influential series".

Momoiro Clover Z's first single after Hayami's departure was "Z Densetsu: Owarinaki Kakumei", accompanied by a new group image and stage performance. The girls wore outfits with helmets and so-called "transformation belts" reminiscent of Japanese superhero movies, and the music video also borrowed from such "Super Sentai" imagery. In July, Momoiro Clover Z released their first album, Battle and Romance. Later in December, Hotexpress described the band as the number-one breakthrough idol artist of 2011 and stated that the album became a big turning point for them. Next February, Battle and Romance won the Grand Prix at the CD Shop Awards as the best CD of the year selected by music shop employees from all over the country. Momoiro Clover Z was the first idol group to win the award. On Christmas Day, 2011, Momoiro Clover Z gave a concert at Saitama Super Arena to their biggest audience to date: all 10,000 tickets were sold out.

2012: Rising popularity in Japan
In May 2012, Momoiro Clover Z performed in Putrajaya, Malaysia. The former Prime Minister, Najib Razak, personally greeted the group. In June, Momoiro Clover Z opened a national tour, which closed with a sold-out show at Seibu Dome in August to a capacity crowd of 37,000 fans. Both dates were broadcast live to selected cinemas across Japan, the latter also to Taiwan and Hong Kong.

The group recorded an ending theme song for Pokémon's Best Wishes series (titled "Mite Mite Kocchichi" and included in the eighth single "Otome Sensō" as a coupling track). In July, Momoiro Clover Z performed at Japan Expo 2012 in Paris.

Momoiro Clover Z's ninth single "Saraba, Itoshiki Kanashimitachi yo", which appeared in November, topped the Billboard Japan Hot 100 chart, becoming their first single to do so. They contributed to the anime Joshiraku with "Nippon Egao Hyakkei" as the ending theme which was released on 5 September with a prior early release in iTunes Japan on 22 August.

On December 31, Momoiro Clover Z performed at Kōhaku Uta Gassen, an annual New-Year-Eve music show hosted by NHK, for the first time. Going to Kōhaku had been the group's goal for a long time.  During the January 1 Ustream broadcast, Momoiro Clover Z made several announcements: that the band set a new goal for itself — to give a concert at the National Olympic Stadium, an arena with 60–70,000 capacity, that they would release a new album in spring, and that Momoka Ariyasu had to undergo a throat treatment and she would not sing or even talk until the end of January. The treatment was subsequently prolonged for another month, until the end of February. During the group's live Ustream broadcasts, Momoka communicated by drawing and writing on a markerboard. At live performances, other members took turns in singing her parts.

2013: 5th Dimension
Momoiro Clover Z's second full-length album 5th Dimension was released in April. It sold 180,000 copies in the first week and debuted on top of the Oricon charts, with the first album Battle and Romance resurging to number two. Finally, it won a platinum disk award. In August, Momoiro Clover Z held a concert at Nissan Stadium. It has the largest capacity in Japan.

2014: Dream come true
In March, the group held a solo concert at National Olympic Stadium, realizing one of their dreams since the debut. Such solo concerts had only been performed by six groups until then. Momoiro Clover Z was the first female group and also became the fastest group ever, which achieved that in six years. As a two-day concert, a total of 150,000 people watched in the stadium and at live viewing venues.

In May, the group released their 11th single "Naite mo Iin Da yo"; B-side "My Dear Fellow" made its debut at Yankee Stadium when it was used for Masahiro Tanaka's warm up for his first game with the New York Yankees. The group also provided the theme music for the anime Sailor Moon Crystal. The title is "Moon Pride" (the group's 12th single released in July).

In August, the group performed at Lady Gaga's concert as an opening act. It was a part of Gaga's world tour named "ArtRave: The Artpop Ball" and held in Japan. Momoiro Clover Z was selected by Gaga herself.

2015: Collaboration with KISS
On January 28, 2015, Momoiro Clover Z released a collaboration single with the American hard rock band KISS, titled "Yume no Ukiyo ni Saitemina". It was the first time for KISS to release a collaboration CD with another artist. In Japan, it was released physically in two versions: Momoiro Clover Z edition (CD+Blu-ray) and KISS edition (CD only). An alternate mix of the single's title song was also included as an opening track on the Japanese-only SHM-CD album Best of KISS 40, released in Japan on the same day.

In February 2015, a joint performance recorded by Momoiro Clover Z and Rats & Star for the Fuji TV show Music Fair was removed from broadcast due to controversy over the appearance of both groups in blackface in the performance, a photo of which Rats & Star had tweeted before the broadcast date after recording. A Change.org petition had been started after the tweet by Japan Times contributor Baye McNeil, who is African American, amid conversations over racism in Japan. Amid the controversy, Momoiro Clover Z cancelled their appearance at a Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan film screening.

Momoiro Clover Z provided the theme song, "Z no Chikai" which was released as their fifteenth single on April 29, 2015, for the Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' theatrical anime film. The group also voiced the Angels at the end of the film.

2016: Amaranthus/Hakkin no Yoake and Trans America Ultra Live
The group released their third studio album Amaranthus and fourth studio album Hakkin no Yoake in a double release in Japan on February 17, 2016. The albums debuted at #1 and #2 in the Oricon weekly albums chart. The group held a dome trek tour for the two albums.

In early April 2016, the group announced their first overseas tour titled Trans America Ultra Live and appeared in Hawaii, Los Angeles and New York

2017: MTV Unplugged

2018: 10th Anniversary Best Album
On January 21, Momoka Ariyasu graduated from the group, leaving MCZ with only four members. In April, they released their 18th single, "Xiao yi Xiao". On May 23, they released a new best of album for their tenth anniversary called Momo mo Juu, Bancha mo Debana.

2019–2021: Self-Titled Album
On May 17, 2019, Momoiro Clover Z released their self-titled fifth studio album, their first studio album to not feature Momoka Ariyasu and their first as a four-member group. In 2021, they performed the theme song for the Sailor Moon Eternal movie.

2021–2022: Shukuten

2023–present: Upcoming Seventh album studio

Music style

The band's songs are intentionally ridiculous "hyperactive J-pop numbers". Their live performances are heavily choreographed and feature acrobatic stunts. The group is noted for their "anarchic energy" that is similar to that of punk bands. The response from the audience has been characterised as "seismic".

Some of Momoiro Clover's works are quite complex, switching from one musical style to another during one song and connecting "seemingly unconnected melodies". The group has worked with many noted songwriters and musicians, belonging to different genres of music, from pop to punk and heavy metal.  Overall, the group and its music has been noted as progressive and forward-thinking. Ian Martin from The Japan Times dubbed Momoiro Clover "a pop group who provoke squealing, teenage admiration from punks, indie kids, noise musicians and heavy-psychedelic longhairs throughout the Japanese underground music scene".  Momoiro Clover "is known for upbeat tunes, eccentric choreography and the members' costumes". A music critic from The Japan Times cites Momoiro Clover as an example of "a seamless integration of personality, image, and music, with each element mutually complementary".

Discography

 Battle and Romance (2011)
 5th Dimension (2013)
 Amaranthus (2016)
 Hakkin no Yoake (2016)
 Momoiro Clover Z (2019)
 Shukuten (2022)

Collaboration
Momoiro Clover Z have collaborated with overseas artists.
 Kiss released a collaboration single with Momoiro Clover Z, titled "Yume no Ukiyo ni Saitemina" (January 2015).
 Lady Gaga designated Momoiro Clover Z for an opening act of  her concert (August 2014).
 Marty Friedman participated as a guitarist in "Mōretsu Uchū Kōkyōkyoku Dai 7 Gakushō "Mugen no Ai"" (March 2012) and "Moon Pride" (July 2014).
 Yngwie Malmsteen participated as a guitarist in "Mōretsu Uchū Kōkyōkyoku Dai 7 Gakushō "Mugen no Ai" -Emperor Style-" (June 2014).

The group sings the theme music for the following anime.
 Yosuga no Sora - "Pinky Jones" (November 2010)
 Dragon Crisis! - "Mirai Bowl" (January 2011)
 Bodacious Space Pirates - "Mōretsu Uchū Kōkyōkyoku Dai 7 Gakushō "Mugen no Ai"" (March 2012)
 Pokémon - "Mite Mite Kocchichi" (June 2012)
 Joshiraku - "Nippon Egao Hyakkei" (June 2012) in collaboration with Yoshida Brothers
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal - "Moon Pride",  (July 2014)
Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal Season III -  (June 2016)
Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Eternal: The Movie -  (January 2021, with main voice actresses: Kotono Mitsuishi, Hisako Kanemoto, Rina Sato, Ami Koshimizu, and Shizuka Ito)
 Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' - "Z no Chikai (April 2015)
 Crayon Shin-chan: Burst Serving! Kung Fu Boys ~Ramen Rebellion~ - "Xiao Yi Xiao" (April 2018).

Overseas performances
 Japan Media Arts Festival 2011 in Dortmund, Germany (September 9)
 Hari Belia Negara 2012 in Putrajaya, Malaysia (May 26)
 Japan Expo 2012 in Paris, France (July 5)
 Anime Expo 2015 in Los Angeles, California (July 2)
Japan SAKURA Festival 2016 in Hanoi, Vietnam (April 16, 17)
Bilibili Macro Link 2016 in Shanghai, China (July 23)
Trans America Ultra Live 2016 in Hawaii, Los Angeles and New York (November 15–19)

Awards
In 2012, their first album Battle and Romance won the CD Shop Award as the best CD of the previous year as voted by music shop salesclerks from all over Japan. It was the first time an idol (group) got this prize.

|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2012
| Battle and Romance
| CD Shop Awards — Grand Prix
|
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| 2013
| rowspan="2"| "Saraba, Itoshiki Kanashimitachi yo"
| Space Shower Music Video Awards — Special Award
|
|-
| MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Choreography
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| Momoiro Clover Z
| MTV Europe Music Award for Best Japanese Act
|
|-
| MTV Europe Music Award for Best Japan and Korea Act
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| rowspan="2"| Maku ga Agaru
| 39th Japan Academy Prize — Popularity Award
|
|-
| The 40th Hochi Film Award — Special Award
|

Filmography
  - August 2010
Horror film. During filming, the girls were reportedly led to believe they were participating in a documentary about an urban legend and that everything happening was genuine.
  - March 2011
 Ninifuni - February 2012
  - February 2012
5-episode internet drama omnibus film.
  - February 2015
The five members played leading roles and later won Japan Academy Prize.

Notes

References

External links

 YouTube channel (videos up to 2013; a shared channel with sister groups)
 YouTube channel (videos from 2014)
 Ustream channel

Japanese pop music groups
Japanese rock music groups
Japanese dance groups
Japanese idol groups
Japanese girl groups
Child musical groups
Vocal quartets
2008 establishments in Japan
Musical groups established in 2008
Musical groups from Tokyo
Stardust Promotion artists
King Records (Japan) artists
Universal Music Japan artists
MTV Europe Music Award winners

Momoiro Clover Z


Kamerun National Democratic Party (KNDP) was a pro-independence political party active in Southern Cameroons (now known as Ambazonia) during the period of British Mandate rule.

Pre-independence
The KNDP was formed in 1955 by John Ngu Foncha. The party initially sought a close relationship with the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon of Cameroun and in the early days contained a number of UPC members who had fled persecution in the French zone. However whilst Foncha supported autonomy for the South this was rejected by the UPC who wanted full reunification. The KNDP ended their relationship with the UPC in 1957 and the Francophone party were banned in the British territory. The party also split from the Kamerun National Congress (of which Foncha had previously been a member) and the two parties became bitter rivals over the KNC's support for incorporation into Nigeria. The KNDP's stance proved the most popular and they won the legislative elections in 1959, forcing the KNU into opposition. As the governing party they supported a united independent Cameroon but one organised along federal lines and this was endorsed by a referendum in 1961. As a result E. M. L. Endeley's Cameroon People's National Convention (CPNC), which supported the Nigeria, emerged as the main source of opposition to KNDP hegemony, with attempts by the KNDP to absorb the party floundering due to personality clashes.

Post-independence and merger
Following independence, democracy largely receded in Cameroon as the KNDP in what became known as West Cameroon and the Cameroon Union (UC) in East Cameroon established their respective hegemonies. However whilst Ahmadou Ahidjo and the UC enjoyed full control in the East, the KNDP initially did not enjoy the same levels of endorsement, their 78% of the vote in 1964 parliamentary elections some way behind the 98% won by the UC.

Foncha was forced to relinquish his position as Prime Minister of West Cameroon in 1965 when he was elected Vice-President to Ahidjo on a joint ticket as the Constitution of Cameroon stated that both offices could not be held simultaneously. As a consequence Augustine Ngom Jua was chosen as the new Prime Minister, although not before a round of bitter in-fighting which saw Solomon Tandeng Muna, who had been an important figure in the foundation of the KNDP, split away to form his own Cameroon United Congress (CUC). Initially this put the KNDP in a weaker position, particularly with regards to the UC which was the only effective party in the East. However before long KNDP dominance became as complete when both the CPNC and the CUC were absorbed by the KNDP. Finally the two dominant parties merged into one, the Cameroonian National Union, in 1966 and almost immediately this group became the sole party in a unitary state.

Attempted revival
In 1990 Victorin Hameni Bieleu mooted the possibility of re-establishing the KNDP and contacted Foncha with a view to securing his support. However this did not prove forthcoming and so the plans were shelved in favour of Bieleu forming his own party the Union of Democratic Forces of Cameroon.

References

Political parties established in 1955
Defunct political parties in Cameroon
British Cameroon
1955 establishments in British Cameroon

Kamerun National Democratic Party


Douglas N. Abra  (born April 1, 1947 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian judge. He was appointed a judge of the Court of King's Bench of Manitoba on July 10, 2007. He replaced Alan D. MacInnes, upon his appointment to the Manitoba Court of Appeal.

Mr. Justice Abra received a Bachelor of Arts in 1968 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1972 from the University of Manitoba.  He was admitted to the Bar of Manitoba in 1973. He practised as an associate with Monk Goodwin & Company, then as a Crown Attorney with the provincial Crown (1974–1979) before returning to private practice with Thompson Dorfman Sweatman (1980–1989) and with Hill Abra Dewar (1989–2007).  At the time of his appointment to the bench, Mr. Justice Abra was a partner with Hill Abra Dewar.

Prior to his appointment, Mr. Justice Abra practiced in the areas of administrative law, civil litigation, criminal law, insurance and professional liability litigation, regulation of professions and professional discipline, employment law and labour law. Mr. Justice Abra received his King's Counsel designation in 1992.  He has also acted as President of the Law Society of Manitoba (1993–1994), as a member of the Court of Queen's Bench Rules Committee, as a frequent lecturer for the Law Society of Manitoba Continuing Legal Education Programs and as Chair of the Board of Trustees of Westminster United Church.

References
 Government of Canada News Release (accessed December 4, 2010)
 Lawyers.com Profile (accessed July 31, 2007)

1947 births
Living people
Judges in Manitoba
People from Winnipeg
University of Manitoba alumni
Canadian King's Counsel
Robson Hall alumni

Douglas Abra


Jeffery Stuart Pettis is an American-born biologist and entomologist known for his extensive research on honeybee behavior. He is currently head of Apimondia. He was the research leader at the United States Department of Agriculture's Beltsville Bee Laboratory (BBL). His research has led to significant breakthroughs in understanding and managing CCD, a primary cause of North American bee population decline. He is also known for discovering with Dennis vanEngelsdorp, then at Pennsylvania State University, the ability of bees to detect pesticides and harmful fungi in collected pollen and subsequently quarantine the harmful substances from the rest of the hive. His research has also studied the synergistic effects of Imidacloprid on bees, an insecticide derived from nicotine which has been shown to contribute to CCD.

References

1955 births
Living people
American entomologists
Texas A&M University alumni
University of Georgia alumni
Beltsville Agricultural Research Center scientists

Jeffery Pettis


Val Sears (December 5, 1927 – January 21, 2016) was a Canadian journalist. He was a reporter, editor, Ottawa Bureau Chief and foreign correspondent in London, England and Washington, D.C. for the Toronto Star. Sears won numerous awards for his reporting including a National Newspaper Award for feature writing and for news as well as a science writing Award. He is author of the book  Hello Sweetheart: Get Me Rewrite, which is a lively account of the 1950s newspaper wars between the Toronto Telegram and the Toronto Star, both of which employed him. After retiring from the Toronto Star, Sears became a columnist for the Ottawa Sun from 1998 to 2005.

Sears always had an intense interest in the career of the Prairie populist conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker. He was commissioned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to write a trilogy of television plays detailing the life of John Diefenbaker, which were ultimately not produced due to budget cuts at the CBC.

In 1991, Sears accepted the Bell Chair as Visiting Professor of Journalism at the University of Regina. In 1999 he was made a lifetime member of the Ottawa Press Gallery, until his death.

Sears was the father of Robin Sears, a communications, marketing and public affairs advisor, and of Kit Melamed, a producer for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation investigative journalism program, the Fifth Estate. He was married to Edith Cody-Rice, senior legal counsel for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. He died in Almonte, Ontario on January 21, 2016, aged 88.

References

Canadian newspaper reporters and correspondents
2016 deaths
1927 births
Toronto Star people

Val Sears


Delaware Route 82 (DE 82) is a state highway in the northwest suburbs of Wilmington in New Castle County, Delaware. The route runs  from DE 52 near Greenville to the Pennsylvania border near Yorklyn. There it continues as Pennsylvania Route 82 (PA 82). The route passes through areas of trees and fields in the north part of New Castle County. A lot of the route passes next to the Red Clay Creek. All of the route is a part of the Red Clay Valley Scenic Byway, made in 2005. DE 82 was first given its number by 1952. It was signed onto the same road it is on today. In 2010, DelDOT had planned to remove the route number. But it did not happen because people did not want the route number to be removed.

Route description

DE 82 heads to the west of DE 52 near Greenville as Campbell Road.  The road has two lanes cars can travel on without a median, which is a physical divider between the travel lanes in each direction. East of DE 52, the road continues to DE 100 as Kirk Road. The road passes areas of homes with trees and fields. Then it crosses over the Hoopes Reservoir. Not far after the reservoir, DE 82 makes a left turn onto New London Road to go south. The route passes through large areas of trees, turning to the west as it makes many turns. The road goes near more fields and homes in a rural area before coming to an intersection with Mt. Cuba Road. Here, DE 82 goes northwest on Creek Road and passes next to the Red Clay Creek and the Wilmington and Western Railroad on a road with many trees. It makes more turns and goes over the creek two times before crossing the railroad two times.  In this area, the route passes the Ashland Nature Center. The route comes to the community of Yorklyn, where the route turns southwest for a short time and passes a few buildings in rural areas. After making a turn to the northwest to go on Creek Road, DE 82 heads north next to the Red Clay Creek. The Wilmington and Western Railroad turns to the southwest away from the road. A short distance past Yorklyn, the route comes to the Pennsylvania border, where it becomes PA 82 and goes toward Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. All of DE 82 is a part of the Red Clay Valley Scenic Byway, a scenic byway (road) name given to many roads in the Red Clay Creek valley.

History
When Delaware started giving numbers to state highways in the 1930s, the road that is DE 82 today did not have a number. By 1952, DE 82 was made on the road it follows today to go between PA 82 to DE 52 near Greenville. DE 82 became part of the Red Clay Valley Scenic Byway, the second scenic byway in Delaware, in 2005. In 2010, DelDOT planned to remove the DE 82 signs in order to keep the route as a scenic byway. After a public workshop on the proposed sign removal was held, DelDOT decided in April 2010 to keep the DE 82 signs because
people in the area did not like the plan to remove the signs.

Major intersections
The entire route is in New Castle County.

References

Other websites

Roads in Delaware
1952 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Delaware

Delaware Route 82


Degory Priest ( 1579–1621)

The name of Digory Priest or Prust is common in Devon, Cornwall and London England.

Priest was a member of the Separatists church.  This religion was not allowed in England and many people moved to Leiden Netherlands  Priest was one of those families.

Priest was a hat-maker from London. There are many legal documents in Leiden which show that he was born in 1579. In 1611 Priest married a widow named Sarah Vincent.  Sarah was a sister of Mayflower passenger Isaac Allerton.  Priest's became a citizen of Leiden on November 16, 1615 with Isaac Allerton and Roger Wilson.

On June 28, 1617 Priest asked two men to sign a legal document that said that he had not hit John Cripps but only "touched his Jabot".  This was the frill on the front of his shirt.

Leiden records show that Degory Priest was a witness to a statement signed on January 18, 1618.  The statement was  signed by Tailor Isaac Allerton.  It was about the cost of a crimson coat.

On April 9, 1619, Degory Priest and Samuel Lee signed a document for Nicholas Claverly, a Tobacco pipe maker.  This document was a promise for Claverly's good behavior.  Claverly had arrived in Leiden about 1615 and lived in a house owned by Degory Priest.

Records show that on May 3, 1619 Degory Priest was a witness to a document signed by Richard Tyrill.  Priest said that Nicholas Claverly was not connected with the murder of Tyrill's brother John Tyrill.

On the Mayflower

Priest came alone of the Mayflower. His family came over later in another ship.

Priest left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.  Degory was one of the signers. The Mayflower was supposed to land in the Colony of Virginia, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

William Bradford wrote that seven men died soon after the ship landed. "Digerie Preist" was among them.  Bradford said that all these died soon after their arrival in the general sickness. He added that Priest's had his wife and children were sent for because she was Mr. Allerton's sister.

Degory Priest married Sarah Vincent on November 4, 1611. She was a widow. They had two daughters.  Their names were Marah and Sarah.  Sarah Priest married a second time. His was also a hat-maker from Leiden. Their burial places are unknown.

Priest died early in the first winter, on January 1, 1621 of the "general sickness". He was 42 years of age. He was buried in an unmarked grave.  This was the custom that first winter of 1620–1621.  His name appears on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb, located on Cole's Hill in Plymouth.

References

Mayflower passengers
1570s births
1621 deaths
Year of birth unknown
People buried in Cole's Hill

Degory Priest


An imp is a European mythological being similar to a fairy or demon, frequently described in folklore and superstition. The word may perhaps derive from the term ympe, used to denote a young grafted tree.

Imps are often described as troublesome and mischievous more than seriously threatening or dangerous, and as lesser beings rather than more important supernatural beings. The attendants of the devil are sometimes described as imps. They are usually described as lively and having small stature.

Etymology

The Old English noun impa meant a young shoot or scion of a plant or tree, and later came to mean the scion of a noble house, or a child in general. Starting in the 16th century, it was often used in expressions like "imps of serpents", "imp of hell", "imp of the devil", and so on; and by the 17th century, it came to mean a small demon, a familiar of a witch. The Old English noun and associated verb impian appear to come from an unattested Late Latin term *emputa (impotus is attested in the Salic law), the neuter plural of   'natural, implanted, grafted'.

History

Originating from Germanic stories, the imp was a small lesser demon. Unlike the Christian folklore, demons in Germanic legends were not necessarily always evil. Imps were often mischievous rather than evil or harmful. In some religions, they were attendants of the gods.

The Lincoln Imp

A legend in Lincolnshire dating  to the 14th-century recounts that the devil, being annoyed with the completion of the cathedral, paid a visit, accompanied by two imps who proceeded to wreak havoc in the building. An angel appeared and ordered them to stop. One turned to throw a rock at the angel and was instantly petrified.
For the tiniest angel, with amethyst eyes,
And hair spun like gold, 'fore the alter [sic] did rise,
Pronouncing these words in a dignified tone
"O impious imp, be ye turned to stone!"
While his companion fled, the unfortunate imp remains enslaved by the Angel Choir at the east end of the cathedral.
The imp is also depicted on the emblem of the local football team Lincoln City F.C. They are also nicknamed The Imps.

Other descriptions
Imps are often shown as small in stature and not very attractive. Their behaviour is described as being wild and uncontrollable, much the same as fairies', and in some cultures they are considered the same beings, both sharing the same sense of free spirit and enjoyment of all things fun. It was later in history that people began to associate fairies as being good and imps as being malicious and evil. However, both creatures were fond of pranks and misleading people. Most of the time, these pranks were harmless fun, but some could be upsetting and harmful, such as the switching of babies or leading travelers astray in places unfamiliar to them. Although imps are often thought of as being immortal, they can be damaged or harmed by certain weapons and enchantments, or be kept out of people's homes by wards.

Imps were also portrayed as lonely little creatures in search of human attention, using jokes and pranks to attract human friendship. This often backfired when people became annoyed with the imp's endeavours, usually driving it away.

Even if the imp was successful in getting the friendship it sought, it still often played pranks on its friend, either out of boredom or simply because this was the nature of the imp. This trait led to using the word "impish" for someone who loves pranks and practical jokes. Eventually, it came to be believed that imps were the familiar spirit servants of witches and warlocks, where the little demons served as spies and informants. During the time of the witch hunts, supernatural creatures such as imps were sought out as proof of witchcraft, though often the so-called imp was merely a black cat, a lizard, a toad or some other form of uncommon pet.

Objects
Imps have also been described as being "bound" or contained in some sort of object such as a sword or a crystal ball. In other cases, imps were simply kept in a certain object, and then summoned only when their masters had need of them. Some even had the ability to grant their owner's wishes, much like a genie. This was the object of the 1891 story The Bottle Imp by Robert Louis Stevenson, which told of an imp contained in a bottle that would grant the owner their every wish, but their soul would be sent to Hell if they didn't sell the bottle to a new owner before their death.

Culture
Imps can be found in art and architecture throughout the world, most of the time carefully and painstakingly hidden and only being found by the most interested and observant of people.

References

External links

17th-century neologisms
Devils
European demons
European witchcraft
Goblins
Immortality

Imp


"Come Down, O Love Divine" is a Christian hymn usually sung for the festival of Pentecost. It makes reference to the descent of the Holy Spirit as an invocation to God to come to into the soul of the believer. It is a popular piece of Anglican church music and is commonly sung to the tune "Down Ampney" by Ralph Vaughan Williams.

History
The text of "Come down, O Love divine" originated as an Italian poem, "Discendi amor santo" by the medieval mystic poet Bianco da Siena (1350-1399). The poem appeared in the 1851 collection Laudi Spirituali del Bianco da Siena of Telesforo Bini, and in 1861, the Anglo-Irish clergyman and writer Richard Frederick Littledale translated it into English. The first publication of the English version was in Littledale's 1867 hymn-book, The People's Hymnal.

For the hymn's publication in The English Hymnal of 1906, the hymnal's editor Ralph Vaughan Williams composed a tune, "Down Ampney", which he named after the Gloucestershire village of his birth. This publication established the hymn's widespread popularity. When Vaughan Williams died in 1958, "Come Down, O Love Divine" was sung at his funeral in Westminster Abbey as the composer's ashes were ceremonially interred in the Musicians' Corner.

Text

Come down, O Love divine,
Seek Thou this soul of mine,
And visit it with Thine own ardour glowing;
O Comforter, draw near,
Within my heart appear,
and kindle it, Thy holy flame bestowing.

O let it freely burn
Till earthly passions turn
To dust and ashes in its heat consuming:
And let Thy glorious light
Shine ever on my sight,
And clothe me round, the while my path illuming.

Let holy charity
Mine outward vesture be,
And lowliness become my inner clothing,
True lowliness of heart,
Which takes the humbler part,
And o'er its own shortcomings weeps with loathing.

And so the yearning strong,
With which the soul will long,
Shall far outpass the power of human telling;
For none can guess its grace,
Till he become the place
Wherein the Holy Spirit makes His dwelling.

Tune
The following setting of the tune appears in The English Hymnal (1906):

References

Citations

Sources

See also
Veni Creator Spiritus

English Christian hymns
Hymns for Pentecost
Songs based on poems
20th-century hymns
Compositions by Ralph Vaughan Williams
1906 in Christianity
1906 in music
Hymns in The English Hymnal
14th-century hymns
Hymns in The New English Hymnal

Come Down, O Love Divine


The Clutching Hand (in full, The Amazing Exploits of the Clutching Hand) is a 15-episode serial produced by the Weiss Brothers in 1936, based on the final 1934 Craig Kennedy novel of the same name by Arthur B. Reeve. A 70-minute feature film using a condensed version of the serial was also released in the same year.

In it, the famous detective (portrayed by Jack Mulhall, who had portrayed the Black Ace in the serial The Mystery Squadron three years before) is assigned to solve the disappearance of Dr. Paul Gironda (Robert Frazer), a scientist who has developed a formula for synthesizing gold but vanishes before he has a chance to reveal it to his board of directors.

The Clutching Hand was the last Craig Kennedy serial and the only one to be filmed as a talkie.  One of the criminals, Hobart, is played by Charles Locher, who is better known nowadays as Jon Hall, and it appears that Gironda is being held prisoner by Craig Kennedy's old foe, the Clutching Hand (a faceless presence apparently played by Bud Geary, an actor who was frequently cast in such roles, and voiced by Robert Frazer).

Plot

The serial was based very loosely on Arthur Reeve's final novel and in it, the Clutching Hand has a new secret identity: Dr. Paul Gironda, the very man whom Kennedy is looking for.  Having almost exhausted the estate of his young ward Vera, he has come up with the idea of using a fake synthetic gold formula to recoup his losses on the stock market, but just before he disappears, one of his assistants steals the notebook containing the formula.  Unable to find it, he fakes his disappearance and goes into hiding, assuming the identity of Craig Kennedy's foe, the Clutching Hand, who was seemingly disposed of in The Exploits of Elaine years before.  (The Clutching Hand had a totally different identity in that serial.) Supposedly holding Gironda captive in an induced coma, the Hand demands the missing pages of the gold formula from his wife and "daughter."  At the same time as Gironda vanishes, Mitchell -–Vera's real father and Mrs. Gironda's first husband – is released from prison after serving a full sentence on a blackmail charge, forcing the Hand to try to dispose of Mitchell before Vera can learn of her true identity.

Cast
Jack Mulhall as Craig Kennedy
Ruth Mix as Shirley McMillan
Rex Lease as Walter Jameson
Marion Shilling as Verna Gironda
Mae Busch as Mrs. Gironda
Gaston Glass as Dr. Louis Bouchard
Bryant Washburn as Dr. Denton
Franklyn Farnum as Lab Tech Nicky
William Farnum as Insp. Gordon Gaunt
Robert Walker as Joe Mitchell
Charles Locher as Frank Hobart
Reed Howes as Sullivan, private eye
Frank Leigh as Wickham the butler
George Morrell as Jenkins the butler
Yakima Canutt as "Number 8"
Bob Kortman as "Number 6"
Ray Cardona as "Number 2"
Joseph W. Girard as Attorney Cromwell
Knute Erikson as Capt. Hansen
Richard Alexander as Mate Olaf
Robert Frazer as Dr. Paul Gironda

Chapter listing
This is a partial list of chapters:

Chapter 1 - Who Is The Clutching Hand?
Chapter 2 - Shadow
Chapter 3 - House of Mystery
Chapter 4 - The Phantom Car
Chapter 5 - The Double Trap
Chapter 6 - Steps of Doom
Chapter 7 - The Invisible Enemy
Chapter 8 - A Cry in the Night
Chapter 9 - Evil Eyes
Chapter 10 - A Desperate Chance
Chapter 11 - The Ship of Doom
Chapter 12 - Hidden Danger
Chapter 13 - The Mystic Menace
Chapter 14 - The Silent Spectre
Chapter 15 - The Lone Hand

Chapter Thirteen is titled "The Mystic Menace," and yet nothing mystical happens – it is a pretty standard serial chapter.  However, the serial makers – the Weiss Brothers, in this case – could not alter the chapter titles for some reason.  This was apparently the brothers' final serial and their last Craig Kennedy adaptation, although in 1952 the Weiss Brothers produced a television show called Craig Kennedy, Criminologist.

Notes

External links

 The Clutching Hand at Internet Archive
 The serial itself can be found at CamelotBroadcasting.com
 The Clutching Hand complete Series on YouTube (public domain)

1936 films
1936 mystery films
American black-and-white films
American mystery films
Films scored by Bernard B. Brown
Film serials
Films based on American novels
Films based on mystery novels
Articles containing video clips
1930s American films

The Clutching Hand


Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders. When a company earns more money than it spends, the extra money can either be spent on making the company better or it can be given to the people who own stock in the company as a dividend.

Stock market
Income

Dividend


The Grammy Award for Album of the Year is an award category at the Grammys.

History
It has been awarded since 1959, and while originally awarded only to the artist, the award is now given to the artist, the producer, the engineer and/or mixer and mastering engineer. In 1962, the name of the award was expanded to Album of the Year (other than classical) but it returned to the shorter name in 1965. It was not until until 1968, 1999, and 2002 that the award was won by a rock album, a hip hop album, or a country album, respectively.

Winners
Frank Sinatra, Stevie Wonder, and Paul Simon are the biggest winners in this category with 3 wins each. Paul McCartney leads all artists with 9 nominations: 5 as a member of The Beatles, 3 for solo albums, and 1 as a member of Wings. Frank Sinatra leads solo artists with 8 nominations, 7 for solo albums and 1 for a duet album. Paul McCartney and Paul Simon are the artists with the most nominations in most decades, 5 - the 1960s, the 1970s, the 1980s, the 1990s and the 2000s, if counting 1960s nominations as part of their respective groups, The Beatles, and Simon & Garfunkel.

Years reflect the year the Grammy Awards were awarded, for music released the previous year.

Differences
Many wonder what the difference is between Record of the Year and Album of the Year. Record of the Year is awarded for either a single or an album track. This award goes to the performer, producer, recording engineer, and/or mixer for that song. Album of the Year is awarded for an entire album, with the award being given to the artist, producer, recording engineer, and mastering engineer for that album. So, in this context, "record" means one song and "album" means the entire collection of songs on a CD or LP.

Unlike Record of the Year, which goes to the artist and production team of a single song, Song of the Year goes to the songwriter(s) of the song. Therefore, Record of the Year is awarded to the best recording.

Grammy Awards

Grammy Award for Album of the Year


Tropico 4 is a city management and political manipulation game. Developed by Haemimont Games and published by Kalypso Media, it was first released in August 2011 for the Microsoft Windows platform. Like the first and third games in the series, Tropico 4 centers on a customizable main character titled "El Presidente" – the ruler who runs an island-based banana republic. The Mac OS X version of the game (Tropico 4: Gold Edition, which includes the Modern Times expansion pack) was released by Feral Interactive on July 25, 2013, as well as DLC packs Dash for Growth and Captain of Industry. The State of Emergency DLC pack was released by Feral on April 3, 2014.

Changes in Tropico 4 include the added ability to monitor imports (in previous versions, only exports could be monitored), more interactions with factions and foreign countries, and support for Facebook and Twitter status updates.

Gameplay

The game has 10 preconfigured maps, but the player can make their own island by choosing "Random Island". Upon choosing a random island, a player may customize the size of the island, vegetation, mineral deposits, and elevation, as well as other game parameters. There are various expansion packs which give access to more islands.

After choosing the island, the player may choose a premade avatar, some based on various Latin American and Caribbean leaders (such as Fidel Castro, Augusto Pinochet, "Papa Doc" Duvalier), or they can create their own avatar. For custom avatars, players may choose: gender, costumes, skin tone, hat, hairstyle, accessories, mustache, beard, earrings, traits, quality, and rise to power. After completing one mission, the character's current traits will level up.

As El Presidente, the player can see every citizen's needs, happiness, skills, thoughts, and political ideology. The demands of Tropicans include food, health, leisure, and faith. These are fulfilled by erecting specific buildings. For example, if the citizens demand leisure, then the player must try to build a pub, restaurant, movie theater, or some other form of entertainment. Each individual citizen has a unique set of characteristics that influences their motivation, priorities and actions.

A citizen unable to satisfy their needs will become unhappy and may protest peacefully, become a criminal, or join the rebels. Individual protesters negatively affect nearby citizens' respect for El Presidente, potentially influencing the next election, though El Presidente may personally calm the protester down. The player loses the game if El Presidente loses an election. As a group, rebels will periodically attack and attempt to destroy buildings. If they destroy the palace, the game is lost. Palace guards and an army are needed to defend against rebel attacks.

There are a variety of factions in Tropico, each influencing the player's strategy. Tropicans join factions in different ways: some will fanatically support one faction, some are less fanatical but remain loyal, some switch sides according to the situation, and some prefer not to join certain factions or any faction at all. Appealing to the factions' needs is crucial to keeping the populace under control and avoiding being overthrown, be it by a coup d'état or by losing one of the elections held occasionally. However, some factions' policies and demands conflict with those of others.

Campaign
The game's campaign consists of 20 missions spread over 10 different maps. They start out with the player character, "El Presidente", having seized control of the island of Tropico. Imports can be monitored as well as exports (whereas the previous games in the series only allowed for monitoring of exports). Tropico 4 also includes more countries to negotiate with. A council of ministers exists which the player can consult on a range of different issues. The player will have to deal with natural disasters and the demands of different political factions each with its own ideological outlook.

The game has a variety of humorous elements including running satirical commentary by the fictional radio station Tropico News Today, and subtle touches such as liaisons between priests and cabaret girls. The "loading" and "saving" screens show quotes from various leaders, politicians, and revolutionaries such as Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, Vladimir Lenin, Karl Marx, John F. Kennedy, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Augusto Pinochet, Nikita Khrushchev, Leon Trotsky, Mobutu Sese Seko, Todor Zhivkov, Vladimir Putin, Josip Broz Tito, Muammar Gaddafi, Ferdinand Marcos, Imelda Marcos, and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The soundtrack of Tropico 4, like its predecessors, features Latin music drawn mainly from the albums Elementos and Oñejo by Alex Torres and His Orchestra.

Factions
Communists are the largest faction. They are concerned about the quality of housing and healthcare on the island. Comrade Vasquez, their leader, is an eccentric who frequently spouts communist slogans. If the Communists become upset, rebels from Cuba will begin to infiltrate your island and fight against your regime.

Capitalists are the wealthy and enterprising people of the island. Naturally, their agenda pits them against the Communists. They desire a low crime rate, charging money for housing, and a diverse and competitive economy. They are led by Antonio Lopez, a wealthy opportunist who promotes the sale of dangerous products and even sells firearms to the rebels for a quick buck. If the Capitalists' demands are not met, they will resort to thievery to make money and will steal a portion of all income, mainly from exports.

Environmentalists strive to preserve the natural beauty of Tropico. Led by the hippie Sunny Flowers, an anchorwoman and conspiracy theorist, they oppose any efforts to scar the environment, even for economic purposes like logging and mining, and thus are opponents of the Capitalists. Passing anti-pollution laws appeases them. If not appeased, Environmentalists will attempt to blockade your industrial buildings.

The Religious are a conservative Catholic faction led by Reverend Estaban, a drunkard who uses rum during his sermons to worship God. They are very concerned about faith among Tropicans, and building churches and cathedrals increases their influence. If the Religious faction is upset, priests and bishops will speak against you, spreading dissent among any who attend sermons on the island.

Militarists are interested in the defense of Tropico. They are quite sizeable, and lack of support might result in rebellions, terrorist attacks, or invasions. General Rodriguez leads the militarists. The Militarists are mostly detractors of the Intellectuals, and are thus mostly illiterate. Low wages or low overall satisfaction of soldiers may cause the Militarists to stage a coup.

Intellectuals are more progressive, in contrast to the Religious and Militarist factions. They are led by Miss Pineapple, who is also El Presidente's lover and a cabaret dancer. The Intellectuals prefer edicts that benefit the educational sector. Policies that interfere with the free spread of knowledge, such as book burning, upset them deeply. Upsetting the Intellectuals will cause student protests, and result in the cessation of Tropicans graduating from high schools and colleges.

Nationalists are concerned with caring for and preserving the Tropican people and their customs. They generally oppose immigrants (especially open-door immigration policies), who, according to leader El Diablo, a violent skinhead, take lucrative jobs away from Tropicans. They will oppose any foreign-friendly policies and are at loggerheads with Communists and Capitalists. When ignored, Nationalists will start riots on the island. These riots quickly escalate into battles between Tropicans and immigrants.

Loyalists are a faction who are always loyal to El Presidente. They are led by El Presidente's personal advisor, Penultimo. Most of their members have below-average intelligence and have been brainwashed with all the propaganda glorifying El Presidente. They will never rebel; in return, they demand that El Presidente act like a "true leader", shun democracy, and cultivate his image through facilities such as a museum dedicated to El Presidente's childhood. Should they become upset, the Loyalists will begin to lose supporters.

Plot

The game follows the protagonist, El Presidente, as he works towards restoring the power that he lost in the Caribbean after averting a nuclear war that the US vice president perpetrated in order to facilitate his own rise to power. It is divided into three acts:

El Presidente arrives at his new island where he begins to work toward his goal of building an ideal nation for his people. To do so, he focuses his administration on several islands, developing the economic potential of each one, until he is ousted from power after being framed for the murder of the current US president. El Presidente is then forced to flee his country and travels to other parts of Tropico.

After fleeing his country and assuming a new identity, El Presidente begins his revenge by establishing a base of power at Isla Oscura. There, he learns that he was the victim of a conspiracy involving Keith Preston, the CEO of Fruitas Inc. (a parody of the United Fruit Company); the rebel leader Marco Moreno (a parody of Che Guevara); UN Inspector Brunhilde Van Hoof (a parody of Margaret Thatcher); and his former mentor Generalissimo Santana (a parody of Fidel Castro). After enacting his revenge on the conspirators and clearing his name, El Presidente regains his position as the rightful ruler of Tropico.

Reinstated into power, El Presidente focuses on rebuilding his nation, until his former enemies reappear and sell him information about the true mastermind behind his downfall, the US vice president Nick Richards (a parody of Richard Nixon), who had the US president killed so he could become president himself. Around this time, perestroika hits the USSR and Tropico offers their assistance to the nation in exchange for evidence incriminating Nick Richards that leads to his demise. El Presidente and his antagonists show parallels to Salvador Allende and his ousting, with El Presidente having socialist policies by default and being overthrown by a dictator backed by both Richard Nixon and Margaret Thatcher stand-ins.

Development
The game was announced in the middle of August 2010 in a press release by publisher Kalypso Media. Tropico 4 was released on both Xbox 360 and PC, as was its predecessor Tropico 3. Unlike its predecessors, Tropico 4 was available through the Onlive platform.

Expansion
An expansion, titled Modern Times, was released on March 27, 2012. It features a new single-player 12-mission campaign which takes place one year after the events of Tropico 4. After El Presidente's success in rebuilding Tropico, he leaves on a well-deserved vacation, only to find when he returns that his lackey Penultimo has predictably run the entire nation into the ground amid the financial crisis of 2007–2008. While working to put the country back on track, El Presidente crosses paths with the elusive shadow organization "The Conclave", and it's up to him to help save the world again while lining his pockets.

Modern Times also adds a timeline element, where real-world historical events affect gameplay. In addition, new buildings are introduced in accordance to the timeline.

On November 3, 2011, the first of many DLC packs was released, titled Junta Military. Subsequent DLC packs include Plantador, Quick Dry Cement, Pirate Heaven, Megalopolis, Vigilante, Voodoo, Propaganda!, The Academy and Apocalypse. Each DLC pack includes new buildings, a new island, a new mission, a new trait, and, depending on the DLC, new clothing options for El Presidente and new decor.

Demo
A demo version was released on the Xbox Live Marketplace and Steam. It contains 4 tutorial missions and 1 campaign mission. However, many buildings are not available for construction in this version.

Reception

The game has received generally positive reviews and holds a 78/100 score on Metacritic based on 46 reviews for the PC version and 77/100 based on 18 reviews for the Xbox 360 version. Certain reviewers praised the game's visuals and attention to detail, while describing it as not particularly challenging. GameSpot commented that "Tropico 4 is a likable and engaging sequel that expands on its predecessor but doesn't offer much new depth." IGN stated that "if you're the type that's spent hours with the likes of Civilization or SimCity, or has an unhealthy need to be in control, then it's time to become El Presidente." Destructoid and Game Informer noted that the game didn't do enough to iterate upon its predecessor, but praised it for being better, with both outlets ultimately recommending the game. Eurogamer wrote that the game didn't address enough of Tropico 3's limitations, stating, "It's hard not to like Tropico 4, because it's based on a solid foundation that is naturally engaging...Its tragedy is that it hasn't bothered to build anything worthwhile on top of that foundation..." GamesRadar+ praised the game for its accessibility and the vast breadth of freedom present, while lamenting its lack of depth.

References

External links

2011 video games
Business simulation games
City-building games
Cold War video games
Feral Interactive games
Games for Windows
Government simulation video games
Kalypso Media games
MacOS games
Single-player video games
Tropico (series)
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Bulgaria
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games set in the Caribbean
Video games set on fictional islands
Video games set on islands
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Haemimont Games games

Tropico 4


The Theatre Royal is the oldest theatre in Glasgow and the longest running in Scotland. Located at 282 Hope Street, its front door was originally round the corner in Cowcaddens Street. It currently accommodates 1,541 people and is owned by Scottish Opera. The theatre opened in 1867, adopting the name Theatre Royal two years later. It is also the birthplace of Howard & Wyndham Ltd, owners and managers of theatres in Scotland and England until the 1970s, created by its chairman Baillie Michael Simons in 1895. It was Simons who as a cultural entrepreneur of his day also promoted the building of Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum and Glasgow's International Exhibitions of 1888 (the International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry) and 1901.

History

The theatre was opened in 1867 as the Royal Colosseum and Opera House by James Baylis. Baylis also ran the Milton Colosseum Music Hall  at Cowcaddens Cross, and had opened the Scotia Music Hall, later known as the Metropole, in Stockwell Street in 1862. The Royal, and its shops and adjoining Alexandra Music Hall, were designed by George Bell of Clarke & Bell, who became the founding President of the Glasgow Institute of Architects.

Baylis presented a range of performance activity in its auditorium: pantomimes, plays, comedies, harlequinades and opera. This early mention of opera seems significant given the theatre's later role since 1975 as the home of Scottish Opera. Despite the financial importance of pantomime, then as now, opera in the time of Baylis was still viable as a commercial venture. The Mitchell Library`s archives record that other venues in Glasgow performed opera – in 1868 there were 76 performances of 23 different operas; and recent research increasingly underlines its presence down the years. Many operas, both famous and forgotten, had their Scottish premiere at the Theatre Royal. Certainly among surviving Scottish theatres, in this respect the Theatre Royal is head and shoulders above others even on the basis of a selective listing.

In 1869 Baylis leased the theatre to Glover & Francis who previously ran the old Theatre Royal in Dunlop Street, which had been demolished to make way for St Enoch railway station. William Glover brought the name Theatre Royal with him and its company of artistes, orchestra and stage staff, presenting drama, opera, revues and pantomime.

In 1879 the auditorium was destroyed by fire and was rebuilt to the classical French Renaissance design seen today of the renowned theatre architect Charles J. Phipps, creating three galleries instead of two and making the front door face Hope Street instead of Cowcaddens Road. It continued to accommodate about 3,000 people. It is now the largest surviving example of Charles Phipp's theatre work in Britain.

In the early 1880s a number of managers ran it until Baillie Michael Simons arranged for it to be made available to two actor managers, James Howard and Fred Wyndham, in 1888. They announced that in addition to plays, opera, musicals and summer revues it would be known above all as a pantomime house, their first being The Forty Thieves. The new company, Howard & Wyndham, went on to produce pantomimes across Britain for almost 80 years. Howard & Wyndham also presented from the 1930s onwards the famous Half Past Eight Shows which later became the record-breaking Five Past Eight Shows. They were not operators of music-halls nor presented variety, which was the forte of Moss Empires.

In 1895 the company became Howard & Wyndham Ltd, quoted on Stock Exchanges, and growing to own and operate the largest group of quality theatres in Scotland and England, with the Royal as its flagship. In the same year a fire destroyed the auditorium again, but was rebuilt six months later under the attention of Charles Phipps with few visible changes. Howard & Wyndham Ltd soon added to their stock of theatres by building the Frank Matcham designed King's Theatre across the city centre in 1904.

In 1957, the theatre was sold to Scottish Television in a joint venture with Howard & Wyndham Ltd (who moved their own shows to their new flagship the Alhambra Theatre in Waterloo Street) for conversion of the Royal into a Scottish Television Theatre, studios and offices, becoming the main home for the commercial ITV network in central Scotland.  Live performances in music, dance and comedy were transmitted across Scotland and networked to ITV areas south of the border. STV also transmitted concerts and operas from other venues and became the first and largest sponsors of Scottish Opera started by Sir Alexander Gibson in 1962

In 1974, Scottish Television moved to custom-built premises next door and offered the Theatre Royal to Scottish Opera who bought it with public support, converting it to become its home theatre and  Scotland's first national opera house. A major rebuild and refurbishment ensued, involving the creation of an enlarged foyer, new main staircase, orchestra pit enlarged to accommodate 100 players, extended backstage areas and modernised dressing rooms. The auditorium was restored to its full glory and plasterwork once more in its original cream and gold and colour highlights, with the ornate ceiling picked out in its original colours of gold, cream and pale blue. William Morris wallpaper was added to the principal walls. It re-opened in October 1975 with a gala performance of Die Fledermaus, televised live.

The Duke of Edinburgh officially opened the refurbished Theatre Royal in October 1975, the Queen was not in attendance. The Duke spent the day on walkabout with the Opera House management and ARUP Associates engineers. He even took the time to speak with construction management, tradesmen and supervisors before opening the bars to toast the construction personnel on a job well done.

A few months later the Theatre Royal also became the home theatre of Scottish Ballet started in 1969, and became the main home of the Scottish Theatre Company during its existence in the 1980s. It became a principal venue of the city's Mayfest Festival each year, and continues to attract visiting companies. Since 1977 it has been protected as a category A listed building of architectural and historic importance.
It is the largest example of Charles Phipps' architecture in Britain.

In 1997 a lottery-funded refurbishment allowed for extensive rewiring and redecoration. Cherry red walls, turquoise seating, and red and turquoise carpeting replaced the 1975 scheme. In 2005 Scottish Opera leased the theatre management to the Ambassador Theatre Group, although the building continues to be the performance home of Scottish Opera, and of Scottish Ballet.

Funding from the Scottish Government, Heritage Lottery and others from 2012 onwards enabled Scottish Opera to build new foyers at the corner of Hope Street and Cowcaddens, partly on the site of the former Alexandra Music Hall. Costing £14m, it opened in December 2014 and is a largely elliptical building, containing new entrances, foyers, bars, cafe, hospitality areas, education space and heritage exhibition areas together with lifts to all levels, including an open roof terrace, and centred by an open spiral staircase.

When winning the design competition, the architects Page & Park observed:
One of the challenges of the design team has been to make a special and memorable corner at the junction of Hope Street and Cowcaddens Road. It will be as if a little bit of the splendid interior has escaped and flourished on the street edge, the auditorium and the lantern crowning the busy junction, working together to celebrate performance in the city. It will be a fun building to visit (and open all day); to climb through the levels will be exhilarating, guiding the visitor to the entrance to the auditoriums but at the same time framing the city around.

The theatre is home to Young Theatre Royal, classes for young people ages 3–18 run in partnership with Showworks Theatre.

See also
Culture in Glasgow
 List of Category A listed buildings in Glasgow
 List of theatres in Scotland
List of opera houses
Theatre Royal disaster (1849, Dunlop Street building)

References
Notes

External links

OperaScotland performance history website - select list of operas given their Scottish premieres at Theatre Royal
Theatre Royal Glasgow official website
Photographs of the interior
  Arthur Lloyd website for History of Theatres Royal in Glasgow
 Scottish Opera website and performances from 1962 onwards
 Glasgow Theatre Royal Heritage project website
Theatre Royal Glasgow

Category A listed buildings in Glasgow
Opera houses in Scotland
Theatres in Glasgow
Charles J. Phipps buildings
Listed theatres in Scotland
Theatres completed in 1867
Music venues completed in 1867
1867 establishments in Scotland

Theatre Royal, Glasgow


A nuclease is an enzyme which cuts the bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. These enzymes act like molecular scissors, cutting the phosphodiester bonds that hold nucleotides together in these genetic molecules. Nucleases are essential in various cellular processes, including DNA repair, replication, and gene regulation. Well known nucleases are deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease.

Kinds of nuclease
Nucleases may have the prefix "endo" or "exo" added to the name.  Endonucleases break nucleic acid chains somewhere in the middle of the molecule. Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of DNA molecules.

A restriction endonuclease does a specific job. It scans the length of a DNA molecule. Once it finds a particular sequence, it binds to the DNA molecule and makes a cut in each of the two sugar-phosphate backbones.

Different endonucleases cut in different places, but one endonuclease will always cut a particular base sequence the same way, no matter what DNA molecule it is acting on. Once the cuts have been made, the DNA molecule breaks into fragments. In fact, more than 900 restriction enzymes, some sequence specific and some not, have been isolated from over 230 strains of bacteria since their discovery.

These enzymatic tools were important to scientists who were gathering the tools needed to "cut and paste" DNA molecules. They needed a tool to cut DNA at specific sites, rather than at random sites along the length of the molecule. This way they could cut DNA molecules in a predictable way.

This whole field of research started many years ago with the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment.

References

Enzymes
Genetic engineering

Nuclease


Mentor Court is a bungalow court located at 937 E. California Blvd. in Pasadena, California. The court is located on a  wide property, which is considered narrow for bungalow courts, and comprises five buildings containing eleven residential units; the buildings include single-unit, duplex, and triplex houses, an unusual combination in a bungalow court. The buildings are designed in the English Cottage Revival style and feature jerkinhead roofs, arched doors with glass paneling, and a stoop at each entrance covered by an eyebrow hood. The Delux Building company built the court in 1923.

The court was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 1994.

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Bungalow courts
Houses in Pasadena, California
Houses completed in 1923
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, California
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California

Mentor Court