The Sphinx is a 1933 American Pre-Code mystery drama film directed by Phil Rosen. The film was remade by William Beaudine as Phantom Killer in 1942.

Plot
A man comes out of the office of "Garfield Investment Company". He meets the janitor in the stairs and asks him for a match, and then what time it is. "It's nine" the Italian-American janitor Luigi Bacciagalupi answers and wants to know from which apartment he came out. The man leaves without answering. Shortly after, the janitor finds a dead man in the office of "Garfield Investment Company". Newspaperman Burton from the Chronicle is there to talk with the inspector. Before he can see him he talks with the watching police officer, and after a while, realizes that the Garfield Investment Company just that morning went bankrupt. "Another broker went down the flush". The janitor recognizes on the police records the man who came out of the office, Mr. Breen. During the trial he sticks to what he has seen and what he has heard, though two different doctors testify that Mr. Breen is deaf and mute since birth.

Young chronicle newspaperman Jerry Crane, in love with his good-looking girl colleague, has a feeling that Breen is a strange guy and tries to convince her not to go for interview to his house. Meantime a young broker tells him he has a hint, if he gets enough money for it. Breen comes to see the young broker before at half past eight the Burton comes to his house. A second time Mr. Breen asks for the time after seeing his victim. The puzzling case has the parallel love story of the two newspaper-people of the Chronicle. While Burton, who wants to marry Crane, is skeptical about Breen, Crane is fascinated, and dedicates him a series of articles. When Inspector Riley thinks he saw Breen hearing the playing of the piano when they are in his house, the next morning a third dead man is on the list.

Cast
 Lionel Atwill as Jerome Breen
 Sheila Terry as Jerry Crane
 Theodore Newton as Jack Burton
 Paul Hurst as Detective Terrence Aloysius Hogan
 Luis Alberni as Luigi Baccigalupi
 Robert Ellis as Inspector James Riley
 Lucien Prival as Jenks, the Butler
 Lillian Leighton as Mother Werner
 Paul Fix as Dave Werner
 George 'Gabby' Hayes as Det. Casey

References

External links

1933 films
American mystery films
American black-and-white films
1930s mystery films
Films directed by Phil Rosen
Films directed by Wilfred Lucas
Monogram Pictures films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

The Sphinx (1933 film)


Docodonta is an order or suborder of extinct mammaliaforms. They lived during the mid- to late-Mesozoic era.

They had sophisticated molars, from which the suborder gets its name. In the fossil record, isolated teeth and bits of jawbones are found.

Docodonts are not quite as closely related to the placentals and marsupials as the monotremes are, so they are not included among the  crown-group mammals.

Because of their molars and their lower jaw being a single bone (the dentary), they are generally regarded as mammals. However, those authors who limit the term "Mammalia" to the (living) crown group exclude docodonts. They use the term mammaliaformes instead.

Docodonts were primarily herbivorous or insectivorous. However, Castorocauda, adapted to a semi-aquatic life, has teeth which suggest it ate fish.

Castorocauda is important because the first find was an almost complete skeleton (a real luxury in paleontology). It breaks the "small nocturnal insectivore" stereotype.
It was noticeably larger than most Mesozoic mammaliaform fossils, and gives absolutely certain evidence of hair and fur. Of course, this strongly suggests mammalian-type temperature regulation.

Related pages
Agilodocodon
Castorocauda

References

Docodonta


The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (abbreviated ANWR) is in northeastern Alaska. It was created to protect and keep the area's Wildlife and wilderness.  Some of these are polar bears, grizzly bears, grey wolves, and caribou. Fish species include Dolly Varden, Arctic char, Lake trout and several kinds of salmon. There are at least 194 species of birds that visit or live here. The refuge totals 19,286,722 acres.

In the ground under ANWR is one of the last major oil reserves in the United States. There are debates on whether or not to allow oil drilling. Those in favor have argued that removing the oil will make the U.S. less dependent on foreign supplies of oil. In the 1990s, the U.S. imported over half of the oil it used.  ANWR is also near the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. It contains large oil deposits that are already providing oil.  But, the refuge land is a fragile natural environment. The area proposed for oil drilling is also the calving grounds for the Porcupine caribou herds.

References

Geography of Alaska
Environmental issues
Ecology

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge


Alluitsup Paa (old spelling prior to the orthography reform in 1973: Agdluitsup pâ) is a village in the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland. Alluitsup Paa had 202 residents in 2020. Presently, the community's religious activities take place in Qaqortoq.

History
The Alluitsup Paa area was the southern point of a district known to the Norse as Vatnahverfi during the 10th–15th centuries. There are seven known sites from the Norse period within a few kilometres of the modern village, although the Norse generally preferred to settle further inland.

The settlement was founded as the trading station Sydprøven ("South Prøven") in 1830, to distinguish it from Nordprøven ("North Prøven", modern day Narsaq) which had been established earlier the same year. The Greenlandic name simply means "outside of Alluitsoq", further giving emphasis to the now-abandoned village of Alluitsoq.

Until 31 December 2008 the town was the second-largest population center of Nanortalik Municipality in the Kitaa amt. On 1 January 2009 Alluitsup Paa became part of the Kujalleq municipality, when the Kitaa amt, as well as the municipalities of Narsaq, Qaqortoq, and Nanortalik ceased to exist as administrative entities.

Before the municipal reform of 2009, Alluitsup Paa was Greenland's largest settlement without municipal status.

Uunartoq geothermal springs

On the Uunartoq Island in the vicinity of the town there are geothermal springs with temperatures between 34 and 38 degrees Celsius. There are drifting icebergs and many whales offshore.

Qerrortuut Inuit ruins of previous settlements from late 18th and early 19th centuries can be found to the west of the village, on the same island. There are also ruins of a nunnery built near the hot springs after Greenland was first introduced to Christianity around 1000, and is the site where the Uunartoq Disc was discovered.

Infrastructure and economy

Infrastructure
The school aged children attend the local Atuarfik Anders Nielsen school. The school has 50 pupils in 11 grades. The school also operates a small sports hall, and it has its own dentist. Due to the relatively large size of the school it has its own headmaster.

The trading conglomerate KNI operates a Pilersuisoq supermarket in the village and there are two smaller kiosks for purchase of smaller items. There is also a post office and an Internet-café. The village also houses a first-aid clinic and a dentist. The dentist operates in conjunction with the local school.

Economy
The fishing industry is the major employer, employing the majority of the work force. Shrimp, Greenlandic halibut, and cod is the main catch, and a small fishing factory focusing on shrimp production officiates in the village.

There is also a small but significant tourism industry. Two hotels operate in the village; Qaannivik Hotel and, since 2006, Seaside Whale Hotel. The hotels offer tourists trips to the nearby sights; the Uunarteq warm springs, the abandoned Amitsoq copper and graphite mine, the nearly abandoned village of Alluitsoq (Lichtenau), the nearby quaint settlements of Akuliaruseq and Qarsorsat, and the village of Ammassivik (Sletten). The hiking route along the Vatnahverfi peninsula is among the most popular tourist destinations in Greenland.

Operated by Greenland Homerule Government the local Integrated Office in the district employs two people.

Transport
Alluitsup Paa Heliport  operates year-round, linking Alluitsup Paa with Narsarsuaq Airport  and indirectly with the rest of Greenland and Europe. Air Greenland operates four flight to Nanortalik and Qaqortoq per week.

The port authority for Alluitsup Paa is Royal Arctic Line, located in Nuuk.

As is true of all populated places in Greenland, Alluitsup Paa is not connected to any other place via roads. Fairly well trodden hiking trails lead northwards from the town, but for any motorized transportation terrain vehicles are needed. During winter, dog sled routes are vital transport links to the surrounding area. Alluitsup Paa is connected to mainland Greenland via a small land bridge, making motorized transportation possible.

Population
Most towns and settlements in southern Greenland exhibit negative growth patterns over the last two decades, with many settlements rapidly depopulating. Alluitsup Paa has been losing population faster than most of its neighbors: its population decreased over 40% between 2000 and 2010.

Twin Town
Alluitsup Paa is twinned with:
  Rudersdal Municipality, Denmark

References

Kujalleq
Populated places in Greenland
Populated places established in 1830
1830 establishments in Greenland

Alluitsup Paa


Gozamn () is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Part of the East Gojjam Zone, Guzamn is bordered on the southeast by Baso Liben, on the south by the Abay River which separates it from the Oromia Region, on the west by Debre Elias, on the northwest by Machakel, on the north by Sinan, and on the east by Aneded; the Chamwaga River defines part of the border between the Guzamn and Baso Liben woredas. The town and woreda of Debre Marqos is an enclave inside Guzamn. Towns in Guzamn include Chemoga and Yebokile. Sinan woreda was separate from Guzamn.

Landmarks include the fortified mountaintops of Jebelli and Mutera, which was used as a stronghold of the rulers of Gojjam until Birru Goshu was defeated and captured by Kassa Hailu (later known as Tewodros II) in the Battle of Amba Jebelli.

Demographics
Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 132,883, of whom 66,348 are men and 66,535 women; 2,584 or 1.94% are urban inhabitants. With an area of 1,173.80 square kilometers, Guzamn has a population density of 113.21, which is less than the Zone average of 153.8 persons per square kilometer. A total of 30,180 households were counted in this woreda, resulting in an average of 4.4 persons to a household, and 29,565 housing units. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 95.3% reporting that as their religion, while 4.66% of the population said they were Muslim. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 99.97% reporting that as their religion.

The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 190,631 in 40,894 households, of whom 95,688 were men and 94,943 were women; 9,439 or 4.95% of its population were urban dwellers. The largest ethnic group reported in Guzamn was the Amhara (99.95%). The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 99.94% reporting that as their religion.

Notes

Districts of Amhara Region
East Gojjam Zone

Gozamin


Antoine Godeau (24 September 1605, in Dreux – 21 April 1672, in Vence) was a French bishop, Baroque Précieuses poet and exegete. He is now known for his work of criticism Discours de la poésie chrétienne from 1633.

Biography

His verse-writing early won the interest of a relative in Paris, Valentin Conrart, at whose house the literary world gathered. The outcome of these meetings was the foundation of the Académie française, of which Godeau was one of the first members and the third whose lot it fell to deliver the weekly address to that body.

He was induced to settle in Paris, where he soon became a favorite at the Hôtel de Rambouillet, rivalling the famous writers of his period. At that time, to say of any work c'est de Godeau was to stamp it with the seal of approval. Perhaps best known among the works of his early days is his Discours sur les œuvres de Malherbe (1629), which shows some critical power and is valuable for the history of the French prose of the seventeenth century.

Ordained priest in Paris on May 7, 1636, he was named on June 21 Bishop of Grasse by Richelieu, to whom he had dedicated his first religious composition, a poetical paraphrase of the Psalm Benedicite omnia opera Domini. He proved a model prelate. By a Bull of Pope Innocent X he was empowered to unite the Dioceses of Grasse and Vence under his administration, but seeing the dissatisfaction of the clergy of the latter diocese, he relinquished the former in 1653 and established himself at Vence.

Godeau by no means gave up other interests. In 1645 and 1655 he took a prominent part in the General Assembly of the French Clergy, and under the regency of Anne of Austria was deputy from the Estates of Provence. He was stricken with apoplexy and died in his episcopal city at the age of sixty-seven.

Works

He turned his talent for versification to religious uses, his best known productions being a metrical version of the Psalms, poems on St. Paul, the assumption, St. Eustace, Mary Magdalen, and one of 15,000 lines on the annals of the Church. The monotony and mechanical arrangement of the poems are relieved at intervals by passages remarkable for thought or expression, among others those lines embodied by Corneille in his Polyeucte:

Leur glore tombe par terre,

Et comme elle a l'éclat du verre,

Elle en a la fragilité.

The Jesuit poet François Vavasseur (1605-1681) published, in 1647, a satire on Godeau, Antonius Godellus, episcopus Grassensis, the verdict of which was echoed by Boileau in a letter to Maucroix.

His Eloges des evesques, qui dans tous les siècles de l'Eglise ont fleury en doctrine et en sainteté (Paris, 1665) was republished in 1802 by M. Sauffret. His Histoire de l'Eglise (Paris, 1633) was translated into Italian by Sperone Speroni and into German by Hyper and Groote (Augsburg, 1768–96), and is still cited. Of this work Johann Baptist Alzog says that "although written in an attractive and popular style, it is lacking in solid worth and original research" (Manual of Universal History, I, Dublin, 1900, 33). It is related that during the publication of this work the author chanced one day in a library to engage in conversation with the Oratorian, Père Le Cointe, who, ignorant of Godeau's identity, indicated some grave defects in the volumes which had already appeared, criticisms of which the author availed himself in correcting the work for a new edition. The same Père Le Cointe, later a staunch friend of Godeau's, while conceding to the complete work many excellencies, calls attention to its frequent inaccuracies and lack of critical balance. Minor writings of Godeau's include L'Idée du bon magistrat en la vie et en la mort de Mr de Cordes, conseiller au Chastelet de Paris (1645) and Eloges historiques des empereurs, des roys, des princes..... qui dans tous les Siècles ont excellé en piété (1667).

Among Godeau's works of a religious character are: Prières, méditations (Paris, 1643); Avis à Messieurs de Paris pour le culte du Saint Sacrement dans les Paroisses, & de la façon de le porter aux malades (1644); Ordonnances et Instructions synodales (1644); Vie de Saint Paul Apôtre (1647); La vie de saint Augustin (1652); La panégyrique de saint Augustin (1653); La vie de saint Charles Borromée (1657); Eloge de Saint François de Sales (1663). His chief title to fame, however, rests on his work in Holy Scripture. His paraphrases of the following books: Romans (Paris, 1635); Corinthians, Galatians, and Ephesians (1632); Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon (1641); Hebrews (1637); the Canonical Epistles (1640), are still recommended and useful, the sense and connexion of ideas being brought out clearly by the insertion of the fewest possible words (Simon in Hist. Critique des principaux commentateurs du N.T., c. lvii). His Version expliquée du Nouveau Testament de Nostre Seigneur Jésus-Christ (1668) is something between a literal translation and a paraphrase. The greatest of all his works, according to Nicéron, is La morale chrétienne pour l'instruction des Curez et des Prêtres du diocèse de Vence (Paris, 1709), intended to combat the Casuists, a model of force, clearness, and revealing a precision rarely to be found in the other writings of the same author. In the Latin translation, which appeared at Augsburg in 1774 under the title Theologia moralis ex purissimis s. Scripturæ, patrum ac conciliorum fontibus derivata, notis theologicis illustrata, the arrangement of the matter is greatly improved.

See also
 Hercule Audiffret

References

Attribution

Further reading
Dupin, Louis Ellies, Bibliothèque des auteurs ecclésiastiques du XVIIe siècle (1719)
Jauffret, Gaspard-Jean-André-Joseph, Vie de Godeau in Eloges des évêques français qui se sont rendus les plus illustres par leur doctrine et leur sainteté, (Metz, 1802)
Kerviler, René, Antoine Godeau, évêque de Grasse et de Vence (Paris: H. Champion 1879).
Nicéron, Jean-Pierre, Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire (Paris, 1743), 1295, 314, 896.
Racine, Bonaventure (Abbé), Abrégé de l'histoire ecclésiastique (1748–56), XIII, Utrecht (1748-1756)
Simon, Richard (Prêtre), Histoire critique du texte du Nouveau Testament: où l'on établit la Vérité sur lesquels les Actes de la Religion Chrêtienne est fondée (1689)
Speroni, Sperone, Vita de A. Godeau, vescovo di Vence (Venice, 1761)

External links
 Fauteuil 10 (PDF)

1605 births
1672 deaths
Writers from Dreux
French poets
Members of the Académie Française
Bishops of Grasse
Bishops of Vence
17th-century French poets
17th-century French male writers
French male poets

Antoine Godeau


The Rōshānī movement (, ) was a populist, nonsectarian Sufi movement that was founded in the mid-16th century, in the Pashtunistan region of present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, and arose among the Pashtun tribes. The movement was founded by Pir Roshan, an Ormur warrior, Sufi poet and revolutionary. Roshan challenged the inequality and social injustice that he saw being practiced by the ruling powers of the Mughal Empire. He advocated for a system of egalitarian codes and tenets that his followers, the Roshaniyya, promulgated within Islam. Pir Roshan educated and instructed followers of the movement through new and radical teachings that questioned basic Islamic canons during that time, and propagated egalitarian principles. His teachings resonated among the Afridi, Orakzai, Khalil, Mohmand, and Bangash tribes.

The Roshaniyya were a millenarian Sufi group popular with the Pashtun populations in the northwestern regions of the Mughal Empire. The group achieved strong influence and authority among the eastern Pashtun tribes and played a significant role in Pashtun history and in the policy of the Mughal Empire on its western frontiers. The movement itself was a challenge to Pashtun tribal society, and its purpose was to raise issues of leadership, authority, and social ethics. Its leaders were the followers and disciples of Pir Roshan, and membership within the movement threatened to undermine traditional tribal leadership. The Roshaniyya movement went through three phases: the first phase lasted from 1565 to 1585, the second phase from 1585 to 1605, and the third phase from 1605 to 1632.

Bayazid Ansari, Pir Roshan
Bayazid Ansari was born in 1525, and had an early experience of victimization at the hands of the Mughals that persisted throughout his lifetime and ultimately led to his leadership of an insurrection against the Mughal government in Kabul. At a young age, Bayazid was sent to master the Qur'an and through his studies he became more devout in his worship of God. He was educated, well-traveled, familiar with mysticism, and had firsthand experience with resentment of the Afghans over the Mughal monopoly of political and military power. For a few years during his studies, he attained what he considered to be union with God but kept his mystical experiences to himself. Eventually, he began to accept disciples.

Bayazid preached a life of poverty, fasting, and remembrance of God which appealed to the poorer classes of Kaniguram. As his disciples grew, the local ulama and Sufi pirs claimed Bayazid and his disciples were frauds who sought worldly wealth and knew nothing of true religion. When asked which Sufi tradition he followed, he responded that he followed the divine tradition. The millenarian quality of his messages came through his emphasis on the renunciation of worldly pursuits and on the imminence of the day of resurrection.

Followers
Since Pashtun tribesmen have traditionally considered religious law and religious leaders to be at odds with tribal law or Pashtunwali, they may have been attracted to Bayazid's particular emphasis on mysticism at the expense of the shari'at and his condemnation of the religious establishment. However, by accepting Bayazid's message and Bayazid, they simply swapped one religious leader for another. Furthermore, some tribal sardars viewed the Roshaniyya movement as a source of possible strength for themselves within their own intratribal rivalries. Poorer individuals, lineages, and tribes were attracted to Bayazid's teachings about the need for prayer, fasting, and poverty in preparation for the Day of Judgement, because it gave meaning to their lives. Lastly, poorer tribes were attracted to Bayazid's assertion that anyone who failed to adhere to the movement could be prosecuted as an infidel and that such person's lands and possessions would be plundered. It is also important to note that Bayazid originally wrote his Khair al-Bayan in Pashto, which meant that the text was more accessible to the Pashtuns than the Arabic Quran and that those followers took some measure of pride in its composition.

Bayazid's millenarian message of repentance and preparation for the Day of Judgement struck a particularly sympathetic chord in the religious sensibilities of Pashtuns. Pashtuns were also attracted to his more mystical approach to religion that deemphasized outward practices of the shari'at.

Response
In terms of disseminating his message, Bayazid publicized it extremely well. Messages and letters were sent continuously to surrounding areas and places in India and Central Asia. In the late 1560s while living in Hashtnaghar (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan), he sent his disciples with letters calling on people to join the movement, and accept him as a perfect guide.

A turning point for the movement happened in 1570 when the Tu'i tribe in Nangrahar, which had accepted Bayazid as the Pir-e-Kaamil, attacked a caravan and plundered it. When Bayazid got word that the caravan had been attacked, he sent an apology to Mirza Hakin in Kabul. Yet, Mirza Hakim's councilors had convinced him that Bayazid was responsible for the actions of the Tu'i tribe and sent a farman to either kill or capture Bayazid.

Shortly before his death and after spending time in hiding and on the run, Bayazid helped the Afridis and Orakza'is drive the Tirahis from Tirah.

Roshani tribal insurrection
Following the death of Bayazid Ansari, Father Monserrate, also known as "Jalala", became the leader of the Roshani Movement. He first went to Tirah, where he organized the Afridi and Orakza'i tribes in an outbreak of violence. The Afridis and Orakza'i attacked and plundered caravans, performed raids, and killed Afghans, Mughals, and Hindus indiscriminately. This provoked counter-attacks and after a series of defeats, many tribesmen deserted Jalala and he fled from Tirah to the Yusufza'is. In 1601, twenty years after assuming leadership of the Roshaniyya movement, Jalala and the Roshanis went to the aid of the Lohani Pashtuns in Ghazni. The Hazaras of that area however, attacked the Lohanis and when the Lohanis appealed to the Roshanis, they attacked the Roshanis too. The Roshani were pursued until they were eventually caught up with, and Jalala was killed. Jalala's death, however, was not the end of the movement.

In Afghan history
The Roshaniyya movement was a religious, social, and political challenge to individual Afghans and non-Afghans, as well as to the Afghan Pashtun tribes. Bayazid's emphasis on the ascetic life, mysticism, and repentance in anticipation of the Day of Judgement were themes that attracted numerous people and provoked an initially positive reaction from Afghan tribesmen. During Bayazid's lifetime and position as leader of the movement, the pantheistic Sufi character of the Roshaniyya movement and its mass millenarian appeal were overwhelming. After Bayazid's death in 1575 the pantheistic Sufi character of the movement became less and less prominent.

Roshaniyya doctrines were more mystical and less overtly legal, which made them more attractive to Afghans who found the shari'at to conflict with the tribal customs of Pashtunwali. The biggest challenge of the Roshaniyya movement to Pashtun tribal society happened when religious leaders competed with traditional lineage headmen for leadership of the tribesmen.

Contribution to Pashto language
The founder of the Roshani movement, Bayazid Pir Roshan, is credited with inventing a Pashto alphabet and writing one of the earliest known prose in Pashto. His alphabet paved the way for writing further literature and poetry in Pashto. The Roshani movement gave Pashto some famous poets in the 16th and 17th centuries.

References

Sufi orders
Liberal and progressive movements within Islam

Roshani movement


Michael Gitlin (born 1943 in Cape Town, South Africa) is a contemporary sculptor.

Life and work
Michael Gitlin's family emigrated from South Africa to Israel in 1948. Gitlin received his BA in English Literature and Art History from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1967). He simultaneously studied at the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design in Jerusalem, graduating in 1967. Gitlin moved to New York City in 1970 and received an MFA from Pratt Institute (1972). His first museum show was at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem in 1977. That same year, his work was exhibited at the Documenta in Kassel, Germany. Gitlin was represented by the Schmela Gallery in Düsseldorf and works of his were acquired by such institutions as the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam and the Gugghenheim Museum in New York. In the 1980s, Gitlin taught sculpture at the Parsons School of Design and Columbia University in New York, the Bezalel Academy of Art in Jerusalem, and the University of California in Davis.

Gitlin's one-person museum shows have included: the Israel Museum, Jerusalem (1977); the ICC Antwerp (1980); Exit Art, New York (1985); Kunstraum Munchen (1986); Bonn Kunstverein (1988); Kunsthalle Mannheim (1989); Carnegie Mellon Art Gallery (1989); Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst Antwerpen (1991).
Gitlin is a member of the generation of Post-Minimalist artists working in Manhattan and Europe in the early 1970s that included Gordon Matta-Clark, Benni Efrat, Joel Shapiro, Joshua Neustein, Robert Grosvenor, Nahum Tevet, and Ulrich Rückriem, among others.

Gitlin's work can be characterized as abstract and reductive. He began his career working three-dimensionally, first with paper and later with wood, using paper as a medium rather than a support. His sculptures are mostly wall pieces, which depend on architecture for their physical and contextual support. In a 1996 catalogue for a show at Katrin Rabus Gallery in Bremen, Germany, Barry Schwabsky describes Gitlin's work as "characterized above all by its restlessness [...]. The object in crisis – for Gitlin at least, and perhaps only for him, such is the risk of the artist – implicates the subject of sculpture more than its means. For the sculptor, there is the object and there is the space it inhabits, and these must have a determinate relationship. This relationship is perhaps the true subject of the work."

In recent years, Gitlin has worked with steel wool, copper wire, foam, and black spandex. Drawing too has always been a demanding part of Gitlin's project.

Education

 M.F.A, Pratt Institute, New York, 1970–1972
 Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1964–1967
Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design Academy, Jerusalem, 1963–1967

Teaching
 Columbia University, 1987
 Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design Academy, Jerusalem, 1977–1978 and 1985
 Parsons School of Design, New York, 1976–1977 and 1981–1984
 New School, New York, 1973–1974
 Pratt Institute, New York, 1971–1972

Awards and Prizes
 1984 National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship, National Endowment for the Arts, USA
 1987 Guggenheim Fellowship—Sculpture and Drawing
 1988 Augustus St. Gaudens Memorial Fellowship
 1989 Israel Museum Sandberg Prize
 1991 Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant
 2000 George and Janet Jaffin Prize, America Israel Cultural Foundation
 2005 New York Foundation for the Arts (NYFA) Fellowship

Selected Museum Collections
British Museum, London
Brooklyn Museum, New York
Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit
Fogg Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Haifa Museum of Modern Art, Haifa, Israel
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington D.C.
Leopold Hoesch Museum, Duren, Germany
Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel
Jewish Museum, New York
Kaiser Wilhelm Museum, Krefeld, Germany
Kunstverein Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany
Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany
Kunsthalle Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
Marl Sculpture Museum, Marl, Germany
MUSMA, Museum of Contemporary Sculpture, Matera, Italy
Neues Museum Weserburg, Bremen, Germany
MOMA Museum of Modern Art, New York/>

New York Public Library, New York
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, Netherlands
Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich, Germany
Städtische Galerie, Erlangen, Germany
Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv, Israel
Wilhelm-Hack- Museum, Ludwigshafen, Germany
Wilhelm-Lehmbruck-Museum, Duisburg, Germany

External links

  Michael Gitlin's official website
  Michael Gitlin on artnet
 :de:Documenta 6 Michael Gitlin in Documenta 6 exhibition
  AbsoluteArts on Michael Gitlin's 2003 exhibition at the Slought Foundation in Philadelphia: "Unconventional Three-Dimensional: Michael Gitlin and Michael Zansky"
  12 April 1987 The New York Times article on Guggenheim Fellowship recipients who are also New York residents
  Augustus Saint-Gaudens in New York
  Michael Gitlin at the Hirshhorn Museum
  Michael Gitlin at the Nelly Aman Gallery
  Michael Gitlin bio at Art Affairs, recent September 2009 Amsterdam exhibition
  Michael Gitlin at Weserburg Museum in Germany

Artists from Cape Town
South African sculptors
South African emigrants to Israel
Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design alumni
Living people
1943 births
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Pratt Institute alumni
Columbia University faculty
University of California, Davis faculty
Academic staff of Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design
Israeli sculptors
Israeli painters
Sandberg Prize recipients

Michael Gitlin


Michael Jabez Foster (born 26 February 1946) is a British lawyer and Labour politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hastings and Rye from 1997 to 2010, and served in government as a Minister for Equalities from 2009 to 2010.

Early life
Michael Foster was born in Hastings, Sussex and attended the local Hastings Secondary School for Boys and the Hastings Grammar School before attending the University of Leicester where he received a Master of Laws (LLM) degree. Between 1963 and 1972 he worked as a litigation clerk; he was admitted as a solicitor in 1980 and later worked as a partner of Fynmores Solicitors in Bexhill-on-Sea specialising in employment law until 1998.

He was elected as a councillor to the Hastings Borough Council in 1970, becoming the Labour group leader for a year in 1973, serving on the council until 1977, he was again elected to the Borough Council 1981–1985. He received a dual mandate in 1974 when he was also elected as a councillor to the East Sussex County Council, becoming the deputy Labour group leader 1984–1992, he stood down from the county council in 1997.

Parliamentary career
He unsuccessfully contested Hastings at both the February and October 1974 general elections and again at the 1979 General Election, and on each occasion was defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Kenneth Warren. He won Hastings and Rye at the 1997 General Election when he became the second least expected Labour MP in the landslide. He defeated the new sitting Conservative MP Jacqui Lait by 2,560 votes and remained the MP until 2010. He made his maiden speech on 21 November 1997.

In parliament he was a member of the social security select committee in 1998 until he became the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Attorney General Gareth Williams in 1999 and his successor Peter Goldsmith until the 2005 General Election. From 2005 he served as a member of the work and pensions and standards and privileges select committees.

In 2009, Foster was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Equality in the Government Equalities Office, responsible for the progress of the Government's Equalities Bill through the House of Commons.

Michael Foster resigned as a PPS in 2003 over the Iraq War, which he regarded as being illegal without a mandate from the United Nations. He subsequently returned to Government.

Foster lost his seat at the 2010 as part of the national swing to the Conservatives.

Personal life
Foster married Rosemary Kemp on 13 September 1969 in Hastings and they have two sons. He is a member of the Christian Socialists and the Society of Labour Lawyers. Other interests include pensioners rights, child poverty and animal welfare. He is a Deputy Lieutenant of East Sussex, a position he has held since 1993, and was High Sheriff of East Sussex for 2016–17.

He currently runs his own law practice, specialising in employment law.

External links
 Guardian Unlimited Politics Ask Aristotle - Michael Jabez Foster MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com - Michael Jabez Foster MP

News items
 Calling on a killer to be deported in March 2003

Video clips

References

1946 births
Living people
People from Hastings
People educated at Hastings Grammar School
Alumni of the University of Leicester
Members of East Sussex County Council
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Deputy Lieutenants of East Sussex
High Sheriffs of Sussex

Michael Foster (Hastings and Rye MP)


Christianity and its beliefs about alcohol have changed since Christianity was started about 2,000 years ago.

Wine and Christianity
Wine has always been important in Christianity.  Christians believe that Jesus turned water into wine at a wedding where there was not enough to drink (see the picture at the right).

The Bible says that wine was also important at the Last Supper - the last time Jesus ate with his disciples before he was arrested.  The Bible's Gospel of Matthew 26:27 says that Jesus held up a cup of wine and told all of his disciples:

"Take this [cup] all of you and drink from it. This is the cup of my blood ... My blood will be shed for you and for all so that sins may be forgiven."

Since that time, Roman Catholic church services have always included something called the Eucharist (also called "Holy Communion").  A priest holds up a cup of wine and says a prayer.  At that point, Catholics believe the wine is turned into Jesus's blood.  They believe drinking the wine is a way of remembering that Jesus was willing to die so their sins would be forgiven.

Early Christian Beliefs
In the first 1,800 years of church history, Christians often enjoyed alcoholic drinks as a part of their everyday life.  At church, during the Eucharist, they almost always used wine.

Early Christians believed the Bible and Christian tradition both said alcohol is a gift from God.  They taught that this gift made life happier, but that drinking too much alcohol and becoming drunk was a sin.

Protestant Beliefs
In the early 1500s, the Protestant Church split off from the Roman Catholic Church.  Over time, these two Christian churches started to believe some different things.

By the mid-1800s, some Protestant Christians moved away from the traditional belief that drinking a moderate (small) amount of wine was not bad.  (This belief was sometimes called moderationism).  Some Protestants decided that not drinking wine at all was wisest (this was called abstentionism).  Others decided that drinking any alcohol was sinful (this was called prohibitionism).

Beliefs About Alcohol Today
Today, there are many different types of Christianity, with many different beliefs.  Most people still believe in the traditional position: that drinking some wine is all right, just not too much.  Most Christians' opinions about alcohol depend on how they understand what the Bible says about it.

Alcohol in the Bible

The Bible often mentions alcoholic drinks.  Sometimes it talks about real wine.  Other times, it uses the word "wine" to mean something else.

The Bible says that alcohol is a blessing from God that makes people happy, but it can also be dangerously and sinfully used.

The Bible uses a few different words for alcoholic drinks.  Though prohibitionists and some abstentionists disagree, most people agree that the words were usually meant to be about intoxicating drinks (drinks that can make a person drunk).

Wine was an important and common drink in Biblical times.  Because of this, the Bible sometimes uses wine as a symbol to teach about good and bad.  Some parts of the Bible use wine as a symbol for good things, like abundance and health.  However, the Bible also calls wine a mocker and beer a brawler (a person who fights too much).  Other parts of the Bible use drinking a cup of strong wine and getting drunk as a symbol of God's anger.

References

Alcohol drinking habits
Christian ethics

Christianity and alcohol


Fabian John Blattman, OAM (born 28 December 1958) is an Australian Paralympic athlete. He became disabled after a motorbike accident.  He started playing disabled bowls, before switching to athletics. As a Paralympic athletics competitor, he has set several world records and won two Paralympic gold medals.

Personal
Blattman was born on 28 December 1958 in the New South Wales town of Narrandera. He attended Springwood High School, leaving the school in 1975 to take up an apprenticeship. A 1978 motorcycle accident left him a quadriplegic. Following the accident, he spent eighteen months in rehabilitation at the Mt Wilga Rehabilitation Centre in Hornsby, New South Wales. After rehabilitation, Blattman moved into his parents' home in Springwood, New South Wales. The house was retrofitted with a lift to enable him to reach his third floor bedroom. Blattman moved out of his parents' home, and independently travels around the world. He played table tennis socially.

Sporting career

Bowls
In 1985, Blattman competed at the Royal North Shore Paraplegic Games in the bowls event.

Athletics

Blattman started participating in wheelchair athletics to improve his general fitness level. At the 1988 Seoul Games, he came fifth in the first heat of the Men's 200 m 1A – event. He competed in the Stoke Mandeville Games in 1989 and 1990. In 1990, at the World Championships and Games for the Disabled in Assen, Netherlands he won a gold medal in the men's 4x100 m relay T1 event and two bronze medals in the 100 m and 200 m T1 events. He won a silver medal in the 4×100 m event and a bronze medal in the 4×400 m event at the 1992 Summer Paralympics. At the 1996 Atlanta Games, he won a gold medal in the 1500 m event, for which he received a Medal of the Order of Australia, and a silver medal in the 800 m event. In 1998, Blattman won the Men's Marathon (T51) event at the World Championships. At the 2000 Sydney Games, he won a gold medal in the men's 400 m T51 event, a silver medal in the men's 1500 m T51 event, and a bronze medal in the men's 800 m T51 event. That year, he received an Australian Sports Medal. In 2002, Blattman came in first in the T51 Quads event at the Arrive Alive Summer Down Under Wheelchair Track and Road Racing Series 10k event, with a time of 37.52. He competed at the 2010 Optus Grand Prix in Canberra in the Men & Women 5,000 metres wheelchair event, but he did not finish.

He won the Oz Day 10K Wheelchair Road Race T51 event nine times, firstly in 1992 and then in each year from 1995 to 2002.

Blattman has held several world records in athletics. These include:
1990: 4x100 and 4x400 m events at the 1990 Stoke Mandeville Games
1991: 1500 m
1995: 2:40.15 in the men's T51 800 m event in Etobicoke, Canada on 25 June
1998: 05:01.49 in the 1500 m and 16:51.81 in the 5000 m at the Summer Down Under international wheelchair track meeting at Sydney International Athletic Centre on 28 January
1999: 16:46.95 in the 5000 m at the Summer Down Under international wheelchair track meeting at Sydney International Athletic Centre on 29 January

He had an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship from 1994 to 2000 in Athletics. His coach was Andrew Dawes, who has worked with Paralympic gold medalists Louise Sauvage and Greg Smith.

References

External links
Fabian Blattman – Athletics Australia Results

Paralympic athletes for Australia
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Australia
Paralympic silver medalists for Australia
Paralympic bronze medalists for Australia
World record holders in para-athletics
Wheelchair category Paralympic competitors
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Sportsmen from New South Wales
People with paraplegia
Australian Institute of Sport Paralympic track and field athletes
1958 births
Living people
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Australian male wheelchair racers

Fabian Blattman


HMT Gulland was one of a number of s built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War for a variety of tasks, including anti-submarine patrol. She was launched placed on the disposal list after the war and sold to Belgian owners in March 1946. The following year the ship changed hands and was renamed Henken and two years later sold to Arab Navigation & Transport Co. in Aden and renamed Arab Trader.

On 13 April 1951 the ship grounded three miles north of Mombasa, Kenya, while on a voyage from Aden to Mauritius with a cargo of lentils. Within a day or two the heavy seas flooded the engine and boiler room, and the wreck settled on the reef with the main deck awash at high water. With a cargo that was now worthless and no one in Mombasa capable of salvaging the ship, she was abandoned as a total loss. The wreck broke up in the surf and at a later date the remains were demolished with explosives. What was left of the wreck was rediscovered in the 1970s on an extremely low tide in front of the Reef Hotel consisting of a pile of steel plate and machinery on the edge of the reef at its current location.

Isles-class trawlers
Ships built on the Humber
1943 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United Kingdom
World War II patrol vessels of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of Belgium
Maritime incidents in 1951
Shipwrecks of Africa

HMT Gulland


Lady Adela Jaff or Adela Khanem, called the Princess of the Brave by the British was a Kurdish ruler of the Jaff tribe and one of the first famous woman leaders in the history of Kurdistan. The Jaff tribe is the biggest tribe in Kurdistan and is native to the Zagros area, which is divided between Iran and Iraq. Adela Khanem was of the famous aristocratic Sahibqeran family, who intermarried with the tribal chiefs of Jaff. Lady Adela exerted great influence in the affairs of Jaff tribe in the Sharazor plain. The Brits appointed her the title "Lady" due to the restoration of trade and law in the region and succeeded in saving the lives of hundreds of British soldiers.

Biography
She was born in 1847 the ruling family in Sanandaj, second largest city of Iranian Kurdistan. She married Kurdish King Osman Pasha Jaff, whose headquarters was in Halabja. Her husband Osman Pasha Jaff, was a Pasha and she ruled in his place at her husband's absence. Her father was the grand vizier of Persia and her uncles were grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire and Saudi Arabia. Adela Jaff was one of the few rulers that were women in the region. The British invaded German Ottoman Iraq during World War I and conquered it with the treaty of Mudros in 1917. They wished to give the Kurds Autonomy by setting up the Mosul commission in 1918. They gave Mahmud Barzanji power, but he revolted and launched a campaign to murder all British political officers assigned to each tribe in 1919. She was even revered by the British because of her acts of mercy towards British captives, who were a part of the Mesopotamian invasion during World War I.
Adela Khanum Jaff gave all British political officers refugee within her houses. This is when Adela Khanum defended, supported, fed, and gave the British refuge.Then they would ultimately give her the title Khan-Bahadur by Major Fraser, called her Princess of the Brave, and she would reign with the British far beyond the death of Osman Pasha Jaff in 1909.

The Jaff dialect (called Jaffi) is part of Sorani, a south-southeastern branch of Kurdish language family. The region inhabited by this tribe is southwest of Sanandaj all the way to Javanroud, and also areas around the city of Sulaimaniyah in Southern Kurdistan. Once nomadic, the Jaffs have more recently settled into a predominantly agricultural way of life and are often known as the most educated and intellectual tribe of the Kurds.

Writings about her

Gertrude Bell, British politician and writer, describes Adela Khanem in a letter in 1921 as follows: " The feature of Halabja is 'Adlah Khanum the great Jaff Beg Zadah lady, mother of Ahmad Beg. She is the widow of Kurdish King Osman Pasha Jaff, sometime dead, and continues to rule the Jaff as much as she can and intrigue more than you would think anyone could, and generally behave as great Kurdish ladies do behave. She has often written to me, feeling, I've no doubt, that we must be birds of a feather, and I hastened to call on her after lunch. She is a striking figure in her gorgeous Kurdish clothes with jet black curls (dyed, I take it) falling down her painted cheeks from under her huge headdress. We carried on in Persian, a very complimentary talk in the course of which I managed to tell them how well 'Iraq was doing under Faisal and to assure them that all we wished was that our two children, 'Iraq and Kurdistan, should live in peace and friendship with one another". Vladimir Minorsky has reported his meeting with Lady Adela in the region of Halabja in 1913.

Major Soane wrote about her in his book To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise: "a woman unique in Islam, in the power she possesses, and the efficacy with which she uses the weapons in her hands.... In a remote corner of the Turkish Empire, which decays and retrogrades, is one little spot, which, under the rule of a Kurdish woman has risen from a village to be a town, and one hill-side, once barren, now sprinkled with gardens; and these are in a measure renovations of the ancient state of these parts."

See also

 Kurdistan
 Kurdish women
 Jaff tribe

References

Notes
 Minorsky, The Tribes of Western Iran, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 73–80, 1945.
 Ely Banister Soane, Report on the Sulaimania district of Kurdistan. 1910
 Ely Banister Soane, Notes on the Southern Tribes of Kurdistan, Civil commissioner, Baghdad. 1918
 Personalities in Kurdistan, Civil Commissioner, Baghdad. 1918

Bibliography

Iranian Kurdish women
1847 births
1924 deaths

Lady Adela


The ansa lenticularis (ansa lentiformis in older texts) is a part of the brain, making up the superior layer of the substantia innominata. Its fibers, derived from the medullary lamina of the lentiform nucleus, pass medially to end in the thalamus and subthalamic region, while others are said to end in the tegmentum and red nucleus.
It is classified by NeuroNames as part of the subthalamus.

References

External links

Thalamic connections
Basal ganglia connections

Ansa lenticularis


The pupil is the opening in the centre of the eye. Light enters through the pupil and goes through the lens, which focuses the image on the retina.

The size of the pupil is controlled by muscles. There is a circular group, which squeezes the iris smaller, and another group which pulls the iris wider. When more light is needed, the pupil is made larger. In brighter light, the pupil is made smaller. The pupil can be compared with the aperture of a camera. It is surrounded by the iris which is the colored part of the eye.

The lens changes its shape depending on how far away the eye focuses. The focus point is where the eye is focusing on. The light makes the pupil change its size. When it is darker, the pupils will dilate (get bigger) because they need to allow more light into the eye to see. When it is bright, the pupil will constrict (get smaller) to restrict the amount of light there is getting into the eye so we can see. The pupil is normally black in most animals, but in some reptiles, it can be a different colour.

The main reason why we have a pupil is to regulate the light which travels to the retina. The reason why it has no colour is because the light that travels through the pupil is absorbed by the tissues in the inside of the eye. In humans, the pupil is round, but in some other animals, like cats, it is shaped like a slit.

Pupils and health
In humans, the pupils can tell us many things about how healthy a person's brain is.  For example:

Size

Normal pupils are about 4mm across.  Pupils that are a normal size are called "regular."

Pupils that are both "pinpoint" (the size of the point of the end of a pin - about 1mm across) are a sign that a person may have one of these problems:
 They have overdosed on an opiate (like heroin or oxycodone)
 They have been poisoned with a type of chemical called an organophosphate, which includes things like some pesticides as well as nerve gases like sarin
 They are bleeding in a part of their brainstem called the pons (this is very rare)

A person's pupils may also be smaller than usual if they are in very bright light.

Pupils that are both "dilated" (larger than usual, up to 8mm across) are a sign that a person may have one of these problems:
 They are hypoxic (their brain is not getting enough oxygen)
 They have used drugs like methamphetamine, LSD, marijuana, or Ecstasy
 The person has died

A person's pupils may also be dilated if they are in a dark place, or if they have used some kinds of eyedrops.

Equality
In most healthy people, the pupils should be the same size ("equal").  Pupils that are "unequal" (one is bigger than the other) are usually a sign that something is wrong with the brain.  For example, their brain may be injured, or they may have had a stroke.

However, up to 20% of healthy people have pupils that are different sizes.  In these people, this is normal and does not signal a problem.  Usually, there is only a small difference in size.

Shape
Healthy pupils are round.  When one pupil is a different shape, usually the person has had an injury to the eye.

Reactivity
When a light is shined in one pupil, both pupils should get smaller at the same time.  When the light is taken away, both pupils should get bigger at the same time.  This is called being "light-reactive" (the pupils are reacting to changes in light).

If both pupils change size at the same time, but the change happens slowly, the pupils are called "sluggish."  This can be a sign of illegal drug use, hypoxia (not getting enough oxygen to the brain), or injury.

If only one pupil changes size, there is usually a problem with the brain, or with the optic nerve (the nerve that runs from the brain to the eye).

If neither pupil changes shape when light is shined in it, the pupils are called "fixed."  This is a sign of a very serious brain problem.  The brain is supposed to make the pupils change shape, so if this is not happening, it means the brain is not working normally.  When a person is in a coma or has died, their pupils will be both fixed and dilated (large).

Healthy pupils
Since the brain controls the pupils, healthy pupils are one sign of a healthy brain.  Medical professionals describe healthy pupils with the abbreviation PERRL:
 Pupils are
 Equal,
 Round,
 Regular, and
 Light-reactive

References

Eye anatomy

Pupil (eye)


John Douglas may refer to:

Politics and war
John Douglas, Lord of Balvenie (c. 1433–1463), Scottish soldier
John Douglas, 2nd Earl of Morton (died 1513), Scottish nobleman
John Douglas Sr. (1636–?), politician in Maryland
John Douglas of Broughton (c. 1698–1732), Member of Parliament for Peebleshire 1722–32
Sir John Douglas, 3rd Baronet, of Kelhead (c. 1708–1778), Member of Parliament for Dumfriesshire, 1741–47
John Erskine Douglas (c. 1758–1847), Royal Navy admiral
John Douglas (Royal Marines officer) (died 1814), British officer involved in a scandal regarding an allegedly illegitimate child born to the Princess of Wales, Caroline of Brunswick
John Douglas (died 1838) (1774–1838), Tory politician, Member of Parliament for Orford 1818–21 and for Minehead 1822–26
John Douglas, 7th Marquess of Queensberry (1779–1856), Scottish Whig politician
John Douglas (British Army officer) (1817–1888), British general
John Douglas (Connecticut politician), member of the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut in 1669–70
John Douglas (Queensland politician) (1828–1904), Premier of Queensland
John Douglas (colonial administrator) (1835–1885), Irish governor of Ceylon
John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry (1844–1900), Scottish nobleman
John Carey Douglas (1874–1926), politician in Nova Scotia, Canada
John Henry Douglas (1851–1930), politician in Ontario, Canada
John Taylor Douglas (1892–1976), politician in Saskatchewan, Canada
John Douglas (Irish politician) (1912–1982), senator 1954–57
John Douglas, 21st Earl of Morton (1927–2016), Scottish peer and landowner
John St Leger Douglas, British member of parliament for Weobley

Religion
John Douglas (archbishop of St Andrews) (1494–1574), Scottish archbishop and Chancellor of the University of St. Andrews
John Douglas (bishop of Salisbury) (1721–1807), Scottish bishop and literary critic
John Waldo Douglas (1818–1883), American minister
John Albert Douglas (1868–1956), Church of England priest

Sport
Johnny Douglas (1882–1930), English cricket captain and 1908 Olympic middleweight boxing champion
John Douglas (baseball) (1917–1984), American baseball player
John Douglas (boxer) (born 1971), Guyanese boxer
John Douglas (rugby union) (born 1934), Scottish international rugby player
John Douglas (fencer) (born 1943), Australian Olympic fencer
John Douglas (defensive back) (1945–2005), American football player
John Douglas (linebacker) (born 1945), American football player
John Douglas (sportsman) (born 1951), Australian rules footballer and cricketer
John Douglas (basketball) (born 1956), American basketball player
John Douglas (footballer) (born 1961), English footballer
Jon Douglas (1936–2010), American tennis and American football player

Other
John Douglas (lithotomist) (died 1743), Scottish surgeon
John Douglas (Scottish architect) (c. 1709–1778)
John William Douglas (1814–1905), English entomologist
John Douglas (English architect) (1830–1911), British architect
Johnny Douglas (conductor) (1920–2003), English composer, musical director and string arranger
John W. Douglas (1921–2010), American attorney and civil rights advocate
John E. Douglas (born 1945), FBI criminal profiler
John Douglas (conductor) (1956–2010), American conductor
John Primrose Douglas, honorary surgeon to the Queen

See also
Jack Douglas (disambiguation)
John Douglass (disambiguation)
Jonathan Douglas (disambiguation)

John Douglas


Charles Joseph Genster (September 5, 1917 – August 17, 2010) was an American business executive at the nutrition company Mead Johnson who oversaw the development and marketing of Metrecal, a liquid diet drink that became a weight loss craze in the early 1960s.

Genster was born September 5, 1917, in Sheffield, Illinois, where he graduated from high school when he was 16 years old and spent a year working on a farm before attending college. While in college he enlisted in the United States Army during World War II and saw action in North Africa and Italy, winning a Silver Star and attained the rank of captain. He returned to college and earned his undergraduate degree in economics from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and earned a master's degree at Harvard Business School. He was recalled to Army duty during the Korean War and was ultimately hired by Mead Johnson in 1957.

As group director for nutritional specialties, the firm made nutrition products for infants and children. His team conceived of using many of the same ingredients to create a weight loss product. Originally sold in powder form, the name was generated by an IBM computer program. The Metrecal plan had dieters consume four cans daily, with each can providing 225 calories for a total of 900 calories per day, a quantity that was far lower than adults typically consumed and that would guarantee weight loss of a half pound per day if no other food was consumed. It was a marketing success from its launch in 1959, and Time gushed the following year that "no diet fad has ever taken the U.S. so overwhelmingly as the craze for the food supplement Metrecal". The main criticism was taste, with Betty Friedan describing in her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique that women "ate a chalk called Metrecal".

Genster was named president of the Edward Dalton Company, a new division within Mead Johnson that was centered on Metrecal. In that role he won advertising awards for campaigns that used the term "figure enhancement" rather than "weight loss". Genster oversaw the addition of chocolate, butterscotch and several other flavors, and created brand extensions such as Metrecal cookies and clam chowder, many of which were first tested on his own children. In 1963, Peter Wyden wrote in The Overweight Society that "the American consumer made clear that Joe Genster and his teammates had won a hallowed place in the hearts of their countrymen". Genster himself lost 20 pounds while he was on the diet, but Wyden noted that "even reasonably steadfast diners simply grew tired" of consuming the product several times daily, day after day, and the fad faded.

Genster died at age 92 on August 17, 2010, at his home in Princeton, New Jersey. He was survived by four daughters, one son and 10 grandchildren. His wife, the former Barbara Anna Burke, died in 2006.

References

1917 births
2010 deaths
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
United States Army personnel of World War II
American food industry business executives
Diet food advocates
Harvard Business School alumni
People from Bureau County, Illinois
People from Princeton, New Jersey
Recipients of the Silver Star
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni

C. Joseph Genster


Brian Phillips (born March 30, 1954) is a Canadian former competitive swimmer who won four medals in major international championship events during the early 1970s.  Phillips won a total of six medals in major international championships, including the FINA World Championships, Pan American Games and Commonwealth Games.

As a 17-year-old at the 1971 Pan American Games in Cali, Colombia, Phillips won silver medals as a member of the second-place Canadian teams in the 4x100-metre freestyle and 4x200-metre freestyle relay events.  The following year, he represented Canada at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, where he competed in three events.  He was again a member of the Canadian relay teams in the 4x100 and 4x200-metre freestyle relay events, finishing fifth and seventh, respectively, in the event finals.

In 1973, he won a bronze medal swimming for the Canadian team in the men's 4×100-metre medley relay at the 1973 World Aquatics Championships in Belgrade.  In his final international appearance at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, New Zealand, he won a gold medal in the 4×100-metre freestyle relay with teammates Bruce Robertson, Gary MacDonald and Ian MacKenzie, and another gold in the 4x100-metre medley relay with Robertson, Steve Pickell and William Mahony.  Individually, he also won a bronze in the men's 100-metre freestyle.

See also
 List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)

References

1954 births
Living people
Swimmers from Winnipeg
Canadian male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Canada
Swimmers at the 1971 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1971 Pan American Games
Medallists at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games

Brian Phillips (swimmer)


Amphilochius of Iconium () was a Christian bishop of the fourth century, son of a Cappadocian family of distinction, born, perhaps at Caesara, ca. 339/340, died probably 394–403. He is venerated as a saint on November 22 in the Roman Catholic Church and on November 23 in the Orthodox Church.

Life
Amphilochius' father was an eminent lawyer, and his mother Livia was remarkable for gentleness and wisdom. He was probably first cousin to Gregory of Nazianzus, and was brought up in the peculiarly religious atmosphere of the Christian aristocracy of his native province. He studied law in Antioch with Libanius, practised at Constantinople, but soon retired to lead a religious life in the vicinity of his friend and relative, the "theologian" of Nazianzus.

He was soon drawn within the circle of influence around Basil of Caesarea, and seems to have been for a while a member of the Christian "City of the Poor" that Basil had built at Cæsarea. Early in 374 he was bishop of the important see of Iconium, probably placed there by Basil, whom he continued to aid in Cappadocian ecclesiastical affairs until Basil's death (379). Thenceforth he remained in close relations with Gregory of Nazianzus, and accompanied him to the Council of Constantinople (381), where Jerome met and conversed with him (De Vir. Ill., c. 133).

In the history of theology he occupies a place of prominence for his defence of the divinity of the Holy Spirit against the Macedonians. It was to him that Basil dedicated his work "On the Holy Spirit". He wrote a similar work, now lost. We know, however, that he read it to Jerome on the occasion of their meeting at Constantinople.

His attitude towards Arianism is illustrated by the well-known anecdote concerning his audience with Theodosius I and his son Arcadius. When the Emperor rebuked him for ignoring the presence of his son, he reminded him that the Lord of the universe abhorreth those who are ungrateful towards His Son, their Saviour and Benefactor.

He was very energetic against the Messalians, and contributed to the extirpation of that group. Basil, who appointed him to his bishopric, had a high opinion of Amphilochius. In the next generation Theodoret described him in very flattering terms, and he is quoted by councils as late as 787. Jerome also includes him as one of the Cappadocians in a list of Christian exemplars of secular erudition. Because Amphilochius only started to study theology after he became a bishop, his work retains a certain simplicity. According to Georges Florovsky, it becomes evident in his theological writing that he had no philosophical background or particular interest in it. His writing was contingent upon his needs as a pastor and teacher in the struggle against heresy. That said, Florovsky also praises his writing as "inspired by a calm and sincere faith" and his homiletic use of rhetoric, describing it as "reminiscent of Gregory the Theologian."

Works
Most of Amphilochius' work has been lost. Eight homilies have survived, including the oldest known sermon on the Feast of the Purification of the Lord (In Occursum Domini). The Oration at Midpentecost (In Mesopentocostem), which refers to the feast of Mid-Pentecost is spurious.
His style and concern for historical accuracy puts Amphilochius in the place of predecessor to John Chrysostom, who may have been influenced by him.
In addition to his homilies, there is also an epistle to the council of Iconium of 376, and a didactic work (of questionable authenticity) Epistula Iambica ad Seleucum. The spurious "Iambics to Seleucus" offers an early and important catalogue of the canonical writings; other spurious fragments, current under his name, are taken from scriptural discourses, dogmatic letters and controversial writings. The polemical treatise Against False Asceticism of Amphilochius of Iconium is expressly directed against the beliefs and practices of the 'Encratites' and 'Apotactites' of rural Lycaonia. It seems to be written in the second half of the 370s.

His only genuine extant work is, according to Bardenhewer, the "Epistola Synodica", a letter against the Macedonian heresy in the name of the bishops of Lycaonia, and probably addressed to the bishops of Lycia.

Thought
Amphilochius' theology typically follows in the footsteps of his Cappadocian peers, and he defines the Trinity by the hypostatic properties of the Son as generation and the Spirit as procession. He does, however, innovate in designating the hypostases with a new phrase, "mode of being" (τρόποι τῆς ὺπάρξεως). This expression had not been used by the Cappadocian Fathers and was a step toward understanding the Trinity with language not aimed at essence, but relations. By the beginning of the fifth century, this phrase was generally accepted in theological uses.

Besides his Trinitarian thought, Amphilochius also anticipated later theological usage with his Christological terminology of "hypostasis." In his insistence on the human nature of Christ, he was led to conclude that Christ had two wills and two natures.

See also
Saint Amphilochius (Konya)

References

Editions
 G. Ficker, Amphilochiana, I. Teil (Leipzig, 1906).
 C. Datema, Amphilochii Iconiensis Opera, Turnhout, Brepols 1978 (Corpus Christianorum, Series Graeca, 3).

Studies
 K. Holl, Amphilochius von Ikonium in seinem Verhältnis zu den grossen Kappadoziern (Tübingen, 1904).
 C. Bonis, 'The heresies combatted in Amphilochios' "Regarding False Asceticism"', Greek Orthodox Theological Review, 9,1 (1963), 79–96.
 E. Rossin, 'Anfilochio di Iconio e il canone biblico "Contra Haereticos"', Studia Patavina 43,2 (1996), 131–157.

4th-century births
4th-century deaths
5th-century deaths
4th-century Byzantine bishops
4th-century Romans
4th-century Christian saints
4th-century Christian theologians
Church Fathers
Cappadocian Greeks
Eastern Orthodox bishops of Iconium
4th-century writers

Amphilochius of Iconium


The Battle of Kokenhausen (Kokenhuza, ) was a major battle opening the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611). It took place on the 13 June (O.S.) or 23 June (N.S.) 1601 near Koknese (in Baltic German Kokenhausen) in Livonia (now in Latvia). In the battle, Polish forces defeated the Swedish relief force and captured the besieging force, relieving the Polish garrison. The battle is notable as one of the greatest victories of the Polish hussars, who defeated their numerically superior Swedish adversaries.

Prelude
Kokenhausen was one of three major forts blocking the Swedish progress on the line of the Daugava River. Swedish forces of about 2,000 under Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm had been blockading the fortified town of Kokenhausen, located on Daugava River, between Riga and Daugavpils -  since 10 March - after the arrival of Duke Charles with heavy artillery - laying a siege to it since 28 March. On 1 April the Swedes had taken the town but not the inner castle, which was still defended by a Polish-Lithuanian garrison. Charles left about 2,600 strong besieging force, and moved north to Erlaa.

The Polish-Lithuanian relief army of 800 men under Krzysztof Mikołaj "the Thunderbolt" Radziwiłł arrived around 11 May and in turn started to besiege the Swedes; it grew to over 4,000 with 16 cannons by mid-June.  The Swedes decided to prioritize the relief of the Kokenhausen siege force. They had been reinforcing it with supplies through the river, but many of them had been captured by Commonwealth troops on 29 May. A major Swedish relief force of about 2,000 under Carl Gyllenhielm had been defeated at Erlaa by 1,000 Poles under Jan Siciński in early June. Emboldened by the victory, other Polish detachments captured some nearby strongholds and harassed the Swedish units. The Poles did not assault Kokenhausen, however, as they were waiting for more artillery, and were content to starve the Swedes out. The Swedes did not give up on securing the site, however, and reinforced to 5,000 the Swedes under Gyllenhielm arrived on the morning of 23 June at Kokenhausen and attempted to break the Polish encirclement.

Battle

The field of battle was raised along its edge with the Daugava for some one and a half kilometers to a width of about half a kilometer with the side nearest the river being steep and falling more gently towards the field.

Gyllenhielm had about 900 infantry, 4000 cavalry, and 17 cannons. Radziwiłł left about 500 infantry under Otto Denhoff with orders to maintain the siege, 150 men to guard the camp,and took the field with the rest (around 3,000 men, of which some 400 were infantry, 1000 Polish hussars, and 9 cannons). In addition to Grand Lithuanian Hetman Radziwiłł, the Polish-Lithuanian forces also included the Field Lithuanian Hetman, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz.

Polish-Lithuanian cavalry first broke the Swedish left flank. The Swedish counterattack on the right flank, which while initially successful, was in turn broken by the Polish hussar counterattack. The Swedish infantry still held against the Polish cavalry, until being broken by artillery fire. Gyllenhielm gathered some 2,000 cavalry but his troops refused to return to aid the infantry, and he was forced to retreat.

Aftermath
The Poles and Lithuanians lost about 200 men, the Swedes - 2,000 (including almost all of their infantry). After the battle, the Swedish force besieging the Kokenhausen castle, which took no part in the battle, surrendered to the Commonwealth. Swedish siege artillery was also captured.

Both the hussar charges and artillery fire proved decisive in this engagement. The battle is notable as one of the greatest victories of the Polish hussars, who defeated their numerically superior Swedish adversaries.

References

External links
Map - Livonia at the start of the 17th Century
Winged Hussars, Radoslaw Sikora, Bartosz Musialowicz, BUM Magazine, 2016.

Koknese
Battles involving the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Battles involving Poland
Battles involving Sweden
Conflicts in 1601
1601 in Europe
17th century in Latvia
Battles in Latvia

Battle of Kokenhausen


Robert Adrian (1935–2015), also known as Robert Adrian X, was a Canadian artist who made radio and telecommunications art. Adrian moved from Canada to Vienna, Austria in 1972 where he became known for creating experimental artworks using radio and communications technologies. His work The World in 24 Hours, which connected artists in different cities and continents through telephone lines and radio, is considered to be one of the first experiments in online culture. Adrian is considered to be a pioneer in the field of telecommunications art and media art.

Life
Adrian was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on February 22, 1935. He moved to Vienna in 1972.

Work
Adrian was an early user of telecommunications and electronics technologies for artistic purposes. One of his earliest telecommunications projects, in collaboration with Bill Bartlett, was a work that used the business computer network of the company I. P. Sharp Associates, which Adrian had learned about and gained access to through fellow artist Norman White. Called Interplay, the piece was a telecommunications event that linked a dozen cities in Canada, the US, Australia, Austria and Japan on April 1, 1979.

Following Interplay, Bartlett and Adrian organized and implemented of one of the first electronic mail systems for artists in 1979/1980. This again used the I. P. Sharp Associates computer network, this time from  its Vienna office. Adrian was instrumental in setting up the system ARTBOX (later renamed to ARTEX) in 1979 for mail and media artists to use to communicate between each other.

In 1982, Adrian organized Die Welt in 24 Stunden (The World in 24 Hours), a telecommunications work that used telephone lines and slow-scan television to link sixteen cities on three continents together. The piece is widely cited as an early example of networked electronic art and online culture. It was commissioned by and presented at Ars Electronica Linz.

Awards
In 2009, Adrian was a co-recipient of the US$50,000 Nam June Paik Art Center Prize.

Death

Adrian died in Vienna on September 7, 2015. At the time of his death, the Austrian minister of culture Josef Ostermayer called Adrian "einen Pionier der Medienkunst" (a pioneer of media art).

See also
 Hank Bull
 Norman White
 Telematic art
 Radio art
 Electronic art
 Internet art

References

1935 births
2015 deaths
Canadian performance artists
Canadian conceptual artists
Artists from Toronto
Canadian digital artists

Robert Adrian


Detentionaire is a Canadian mystery thriller animated series produced by Nelvana and aired on Teletoon from September 12, 2011, to January 29, 2015, for total of 53 episodes, spanning 4 seasons. It was created by Daniel Bryan Franklin and Charles Johnston and produced by Tracey Dodokin. It currently airs reruns on Télétoon, Cartoon Network, Boomerang and Disney XD in Canada. Also was aired on Pop (British and Irish TV channel) and Pop Max in the United Kingdom

Plot
The story revolves around high school student Lee Ping, a teenager who on his first day of 10th grade is framed for a major prank and punished with a full year of detention. Every day with the help of his friends, Lee sneaks out of detention to try to find who was really behind the prank, all while trying to avoid being caught by the school's principal, Barrage. In his quest to clear his name, Lee uncovers a conspiracy within the school that is tied to his family.

Characters

Main characters
Lee Ping (Jonathan Tan) - Lee is the main protagonist of the series. He was born in Korea and raised in Canada and is a straight-A student, except for a C in gym class. On his first day of school, he is framed for a mind-blowing prank and receives detention for one full year and grounding for the same length of time by his mother. Every day since he sneaks out of detention to collect evidence to clear his name.  It turns out that he has a crush on Tina Kwee since the Fifth Grade. His first name is common in the West and his surname is an actual Korean family name under the McCune-Reischauer romanization; his full name is mistaken for the word "leaping" in the first few episodes by Brandy Silver.
Camillio "Cam" Martinez (Fabrizio "Fab" Filippo) - Camillio or 'Cam' is Lee's childhood best friend. Though he is loyal to Lee and helps with his endeavors when he can, he'd just as soon ride Lee's newfound wave of popularity as long as it lasts (as being blamed for the prank had made Lee the most popular student in school). Cam shows a rather strong interest in finding a girlfriend, which drives his motivation to try to keep Lee from openly denying his status as the prank perpetrator, as Lee's fame helps Cam score attention with girls. It is hinted he has a crush on Lee's girlfriend Brandy, they went to a concert together with Holger and his date. In "The Curse of Earl Nigma", Cam buys a finished book report from a genius and ends up getting blackmailed by an unknown person.
Holger Holgaart (Ryan Belleville) - Holger is Lee's overly loyal friend and A. Nigma High's Scandinavian exchange student. Though he appears and acts incompetent in all things, on occasion having to be bailed out of trouble by his friends, the value of his few skills has proven to exceed his incompetence. He has proven to be stealthy, easily running circles around Barrage, and his knowledge of spa and cooking gets him the position of waterboy, which he used to find out whose hand was in a picture of someone messing with Lee's bag. He has a crush on the uni-browed mathlete Greta, who likes him back.
Bifford "Biffy" T. Goldstein (Zachary Bennett) - Though he is publicly a bully, Biffy is a gentle giant with a soft spot for his "Rumple Kitty Cat." Biffy helps Lee for his own reasons, using his technological savvy, ingenuity, and intimate knowledge about the school to guide Lee and track people of interest throughout the school. Despite Biffy helping him on numerous occasions, Lee remains afraid of him throughout much of the first season. His favourite band is the Dudes of Darkness, and he loves a good rock tune. Later on, it is hinted that he and Kimmie knew each other, and (in the present) might have a "thing" for each other. In later episodes, he often shows compassion to Holger, who is riddled with misfortune.
Principal General Wendell Barrage (Seán Cullen) - Barrage is the new principal of A. Nigma High, a former Black Ops general with a classified pass and a war amputee with cybernetic parts. He has a no-nonsense attitude and is ruthless in all things. He firmly believes that Lee Ping was responsible for the prank and drags him to detention at every available moment. Barrage is not shy about his experience in the military, taking much of his enjoyment, standards, and training methods with him to the school. He holds the football tryouts using artillery cannons to throw the balls at the new 'recruits'. He is easily distracted by things military-related, as he confiscated a phone which at the time had a game playing on it involving tanks, which distracted Barrage for most of Lee's detention period.
Tina Kwee (Krystal Meadows) - Tina is another childhood friend of Lee, and his secret crush. She's one of the school's news reporters and shows a strong passion for it, but her rivalry with her senior school reporter Chaz Moneranian tends to make it harder for her to get what she wants. She also helps Lee and his friends, as she helped find the owner of the e-mail address which sent the e-mails to different people who participated in the prank. She is also out to unravel the mystery of A. Nigma High's growing list of missing teachers and staff (all being replaced by Barrage) shown in a series of shorts that were available exclusively on Teletoon's website.
 The Tazelwurm - The Tazelwurm is a red lizard-like creature that serves as the mascot of the school. It is usually seen either chained to the ground, being chased by Principal Barrage's "cleaner freaks", or crawling through the school vents. In "28 Sneezes Later", it is revealed that the Tazelwurm is highly intelligent and knows about what happened on the day of the prank. It gives Lee a file containing all the information regarding the prank, and even information regarding Lee's own past which appears to be intertwined with the prank. It later helps Lee on numerous occasions, which leads to Lee calling it 'Taz'. "Tazelwurm" comes from a Bavarian mythical animal, the Tatzelwurm, which is supposed to have the front of a cat and the hind of a lizard with no hind legs.
Brandy Silver (Melanie Leishman) - Brandy is bossy and popular. She told Lee that she was his girlfriend after the prank and Lee was her first kiss (episode 3). She is in the clique of Glamazons who think Brandy is not always what a 'Glamazon Girl' should be. She has blackmailed Lee a few times, threatening to tell Barrage that Lee has been sneaking out of detention. She doesn't like Tina because she knows that Lee likes her.  She cares about her appearance and popularity and is commonly seen in the hallways ordering people around or putting them down, but she does seem to have a kind heart.  She later gives up on Lee and starts a relationship with Cam.
Chaz Monarainian (David Berni) - Tina's competition and co-anchor on the school's news program. He continually pushes Tina out of the camera and reads out her share of news. Chaz hosts his own show called 'Chaz's Corner'. He is self-absorbed, obsesses about his appearance, and likes to hog the camera. He had footage of the prank, which Lee obtains to discover who switched his bag. He is also scared of getting sick and having messy hair. He has flirted with 'Glamazon' Queen Kimmie. His father (seen in episode 5) is also a news presenter.
Jenny Jerkins (Stacey DePass): Jenny is one of the Outcasts, who are cursed with repulsive habits (later revealed to be due to brainwashing experiments), hers being chronic nose-picking. Originally introduced as a minor character, Jenny gets promoted to the main cast later in the series. After witnessing Lee risk his life to save her and her friends, she feels immense gratitude and develops a crush on him, later becoming a part of Lee's team. Due to Lee's relationship with Tina, Jenny initially showed immense hostility towards her but the two gradually become friends after learning to work together.

Antagonists
Lynch Webber (Brian Froud) - The main antagonist of the first two seasons, Lynch runs the school server system. At the beginning of the series, he seems to worship Lee and tries to be cool like him. He loves peanuts and leaves a trail of them behind him. Lee initially thought his dad owned Green Apple Splat, but it was revealed that Lynch is an adult who has had surgery to make him look younger, and actually owns the company. His alias is Radcircles, the person who framed Lee for the prank.
 Vice Principal Veronica Victoria (Hélène Joy) - An attractive young woman who seems mysterious, Victoria is the Vice-Principal of A. Nigma High and is much more understanding and calm than Principal Barrage. She was fired at the end of Season 2/Series 1,  though she was shown at Coral Grove in the last couple of episodes.
Cassandra Mann McAdams (Julie Lemieux) - The co-main antagonist of seasons 3 and 4. She is the head of the evil parent's council, a business magnate of great power, and Kimmie's mother. After Victoria is fired, Barrage was sent to 'Coral Grove' where Cassandra hacked into Barrage's cybernetics so she could control him.
 Li "The Serpent" Ping (Karl Ang): The co-main antagonist of the first half of season 4. The Serpent is a mysterious man of seemingly Asian descent who has a striking resemblance to Lee Ping. In earlier seasons he is often seen secretly watching or photographing other characters. He owns a pet snake named Priscilla. He has clashed with Lee and his friends on numerous occasions, and enjoys tormenting others, such as tying Holger in a chair and threatening to cut his hair. He often threatens to feed people to Priscilla. Lee views him as his nemesis, while the Serpent views Lee as an inferior copy of him. He also sees his battles with Lee as a game of "cat-and-mouse", going so far as to call Lee "Mr. Lee-Mouse-Ping". During early appearances, Lee calls him the "Stink Ninja" because of his ninja-like ability to disappear, and his pungent odor of rotten eggs (revealed to be from the necklace he wears). He has also seduced Jenny Jerkins and posed as her boyfriend to exploit her. It was initially implied that he is Dr. Ping and Sue's secret son, explaining his resemblance to Lee, the birthmark (covered up by a tattoo they both have), and being allergic to fish just as Dr. Ping is. This was later confirmed, along with the revelation that he was kidnapped by Cassandra and raised to be a vengeful assassin. He later reforms, rebelling against his previous masters and aiding Lee and his friends.
 The Leader: Also called His Eminence, the Leader is the mysterious head of the council and the true main antagonist of the series. He is an immortal humanoid reptilian creature from an ancient civilization who wanted his race to become the dominant race, but he is betrayed by Cassandra.

Supporting characters
Hazmats - Nicknamed Psycho Cleaner Freaks, the Hazmats act as Barrage's minions and maintain order around the school. Their speech resembles an electronic speech synthesis and the sound of swarming bees. They are later revealed to be robots, and have a much greater role than just being school cleaners, taking orders from a greater evil. They are sometimes used to make a person "disappear", clearing every belonging out of their house and moving it away.
 There are also different types of Hazmats:
 Steam Mats: 'Good' Hazmats which serve Finnwich
 Green Hazmats: Gigantic green Hazmats that carry scythes. They are more potent than standard white Hazmats and are typically used to guard important things.
 Fancy Bots: Blue, hovering Hazmats that can emit an energy pulse that knocks people out, as well as firing an energy field that can suspend people in the air. They also guard Coral Grove.
Sue Ping (Marjorie Chan) - Lee's strict mother who is also a math teacher at his school, and the one who grounds him. She does not always abide by the rules and will rebel against regulations if she feels it isn't right, as shown when she stands up to insane Principal Blompkins and engages in a clog-cannon battle with him. Despite her harsh exterior and her menacing accent, deep down she cares for Lee. It is revealed that she, along with every other teacher, is a clone. While all other teachers are clones of intelligent figures in history, such as Benjamin Franklin and Albert Einstein, she is a clone of the actual Mrs. Ping, whose birth name is Shi-hoo Kim. Lee is later reunited with his original non-clone mother.
 Dr. Alfred Ping -  Lee's father and Sue's husband, who unlike his wife is more liberal with Lee. He has a secret past involving being hunted and constantly on the run. He is somehow tied with the Council who were his former allies, but were revealed to be evil.
Irwin Dexter - (Lyon Smith): Lee's self-proclaimed arch-rival and former Mathlete teammate. He feels that Lee betrayed them and is jealous of how Lee has all their smarts, but still gets popularity. He makes constant attempts to thwart Lee's reputation to no avail, and Lee mostly views him as a nuisance.
 Cyrus Xavier (Dan Petronijevic): The lead singer of the Dudes of Darkness. Cyrus wears an oversized hat that obscures his eyes, always carries around his guitar, and is known to randomly break into song. He was first introduced as the missing band member of the Dudes of Darkness due to being hypnotized by the prank song, but Lee helps him break free. In later episodes, many students around the school are anonymously blackmailed to do humiliating dares. Cyrus and Cam discover this and they team up to try to take down the blackmailer, but the blackmailer, who is one step ahead, makes them perform dares together. They later find other students who are also being blackmailed and join forces with them to take down the blackmailer.
 Dr. Finnwich (Paul Soles): A mysterious man with alleged "magic", who Lee spends the first few seasons seeking. It is revealed he was one of the original four to encounter "The Leader" and be tagged by him, along with Mann, Wurst, and Ping (Lee's grandfather Lo). He is responsible for many of the odd events that occurred, such as rejuvenating Lynch and cybernetically enhancing Barrage.
Niles Pegg - This teacher is always seen sleeping in the detention room. It is later revealed that he took the strange book and attempted to open the "Pyramid of Doom", but failed (due to not doing so during an eclipse), which rendered him in his comatose state.
Ruby Kwee (Kristin Fairlie) is Tina's 11-year-old sister who is a grade above her. She is a member of the geniuses.

Cliques
Detentionaires is a term coined by Barrage to refer to students who are regulars in the detention room. They mainly consist of Lee Ping, Biffy Goldstein, and later on Jenny Jerkins and Tina Kwee.
The Jocks are a group of big strong guys with small brains. They are popular and go out with the cheerleaders and Glamazons. Their leader is Steve, who originally hated Lee as he considered him a rival for team captain, but after Lee found his beloved towel he became Lee's ally. Ed was formerly the Waterboy for the team, who suffered from kleptomania and was unmasked as the school thief. Holger auditioned for his position of Waterboy and won so he was fired. He is a member of the Down With Lee Club and harbors a deep hatred for Holger.
The Glamazons are a group of four girls that are popular, pretty, and glamorous. Their leader is a rich girl named Kimmie who looks down on everyone. Brandy is the newest member of this group and Kimmie doesn't always think she belongs in her group. They are mean and snooty to less popular students and tease people about their appearances e.g. Tina's hair. Kimmie seems to have had a childhood friendship with Biffy.
The Skaters have short attention spans and no patience. They don't care about learning and love to cause trouble, setting up the paint part of the prank. Their leader is Zed.
The Emos write poetry and don't talk much. Joseph ( a.k.a. Emo Joe) is the only member that speaks and is in the "Down With Lee Club" due to getting blamed for the food fight Lee started. The girls wear heavy makeup and the guys wear guyliner. Joseph works at a store in the mall, where a bag identical to Lee's was bought for the prank. They do not like Holger or Lee.
The Mathletes are four math whizzes who all wear sweaters with math operations on them (− × ÷ and π symbols). They are led by Irwin, Lee's arch-enemy, although Lee seems to be better at math than him. Greta, a member of this group, is in a relationship with Holger.
The Dudes of Darkness are a rock band with four members. Their whole life is music, although they hate techno music. Cyrus the leader of the band gave Lee the prank song that has strange hypnotizing powers.
The Greenies are tree-huggers who are against animal cruelty. They were responsible for the frogs in the prank, as they were trying to free them during the first-day assembly, but the frogs escaped into the school hall.
The Outcasts are the school's most unpopular students and former friends of Lee Ping. They are ostracized because of their unusual habits. They are Lou (a thumb-sucker), Deuce (who eats gross things), and Jenny (a nose-picker). It is implied that their habits are the result of being brainwashed after testing the prank song. Lee helps them get a Red Tazelwurm whisker to help lift their curse, but they accidentally burn it.
The Down With Lee Club are a group of students who want to get revenge on Lee Ping for getting them all in trouble and sending them to detention.
The Geniuses are a group that works in a secret passage in the library. They are (unofficially) led by Irwin Dexter. They include Tina's sister Ruby, Grayson, who is in a wheelchair, an unnamed 9th grader, and Nadene, a black girl who wears a hoodie and breakdances.
The Cheerleaders are the cheerleaders of A. Nigma High. Three of them are usually seen together giggling. Camillio has a crush on Toni, a tall black one.
 The Fifteenth Graders are a group of older students led by Chopper, who have not graduated from high school and love beating up younger students. They hang out in the shop classroom (best described as a garage), where they work on fixing up cars. It was in their hallway, in the only non-destroyed locker, that Lee's original bag was hidden. Lee had been directed and given the combination to this locker by the Tazelwurm. Whenever someone goes into the fifteenth graders' hallway, they torment the school, then beat up the student who entered their hallway after school. One of the fifteenth graders, Stinky, dreams of one day going to clown school and becoming a clown.

Episodes

Production
The development of the pilot episode was announced on September 21, 2009. As of October that year, 26 episodes were scheduled to be produced with a budget of US$275,000–325,000 per episode; production of the pilot was set to begin in spring 2010.

The series was inspired by the school experiences of the creators, particularly in depicting various cultural backgrounds and dealing with school rules and restrictions. A major focus of the show was the defiance of stereotypes, especially those regarding cliquishness.

For season 4, a very different concept for the plot was initially created than that which was eventually produced, with a prominent role for the character of Niles Peg and a special title for Lee.

Reception
The series has been reviewed by Strange Kids Club and Toon Zone, with the former also conducting interviews with both of the co-creators.

Awards and nominations

Broadcast
In Canada, the series was first shown during the week of September 12, 2011 on Teletoon with a preview of the first 5 episodes, and began airing regularly on January 5, 2012. On the French-language Télétoon, the show was aired as La Retenue.

The show first aired in Australia on ABC3 (now ABC Me) on May 12, 2012. The fourth-season finale premiered in Australia on January 31, 2014.

The series premiered on the "Always On" digital platform of Cartoon Network in the United States as part of the platform's 2014–2015 lineup. Some, but not all, episodes of the show were made available on Cartoon Network's website on September 29, 2014, spanning most of seasons 1 and 2.

In September 2019, the Nelvana-owned YouTube channel Retro Rerun began uploading episodes. The series has also aired in the United Kingdom on Pop Max.

The show currently airs reruns on Télétoon, Cartoon Network, Boomerang and Disney XD in Canada.

International broadcasts

Home video releases
Episodes have been made available in standard definition (seasons 2 and 3 also in high definition) on the Canadian iTunes Store as they aired on Teletoon, currently spanning seasons 1, 2, and 3.

All four seasons are available for purchase on Amazon Video in the United States, both in high and standard definition.

The series has also been released on Ameba TV, Tubi TV and on Youtube.

References

External links

2011 Canadian television series debuts
2015 Canadian television series endings
2010s Canadian animated television series
2010s Canadian comedy-drama television series
2010s Canadian comic science fiction television series
2010s Canadian high school television series
Canadian children's animated comic science fiction television series
Canadian children's animated drama television series
Canadian children's animated action television series
Canadian children's animated adventure television series
Canadian flash animated television series
English-language television shows
Teen animated television series
Teletoon original programming
Television series by Nelvana
Television shows set in Toronto

Detentionaire