The National Cyber Defence Centre (NCDC or Cyber-DC) is a cooperation, communication and coordination platform of German Federal agencies and other institutions from different ministries dealing in particular with cyber-related matters of nationwide relevance.

On the basis of an exchange on cyber-related matters or incidents every working day, a joint, overall cyber-security situation report for Germany is regularly prepared and updated. To handle issues of (potentially) national importance, the participants in the Cyber Defence Centre harmonise and coordinate the individual authorities' activities. Their implementation remains the responsibility of the respective authority or institutions.

The Cyber Defence Centre is not an authority of its own. The Federal Office for Information Security is the host of the Cyber Defence Centre and thus provides premises and technology in Bonn so that the Cyber Defence Centre is able to perform its tasks.

Creation
In the course of the implementation of the Cybersecurity Strategy for Germany, the Cyber Defence Centre was created in 2011 as a joint, inter-authority and interinstitutional platform for an improved and accelerated information exchange between the participating authorities and institutions and for an increased coordination of protective measures and countermeasures against IT security incidents in Germany.

On the basis of a cabinet decision dated 23 February 2011, the Cyber Defence Centre took up its work on 01 April 2011 - initially under the leadership of the BSI and with the direct involvement of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz / BfV) as well as the Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe / BBK).

During this stage, the Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt / BKA), the Federal Police (Bundespolizei / BPOL), the Central Office of the German Customs Investigation Service (Zollkriminalamt / ZKA), the Federal Intelligence Service (Bundesnachrichtendienst / BND) and the Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr) participated as so-called associated authorities. Based on an administrative agreement, the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht / BaFin) has also been involved since 2015.

Current organisational set-up
With the entry into force of the currently valid rules of procedure on 01 September 2019, the Cyber Defence Centre underwent a significant further development.

Taking into account their respective tasks, responsibilities and legal powers, now eight core authorities with equal rights - the BBK, BSI, BfV, BKA, BND, the Federal Police Headquarters as well as for the Bundeswehr the Military Counterintelligence Service (Militärischer Abschirmdienst / BAMAD) and the Cyber and Information Domain Service (Kommando Cyber- und Informationsraum / KdoCIR) - work together even more intensively in the Cyber Defence Centre.

The ZKA and the BaFin continue to be involved as associated authorities. The involvement of further relevant institutions at federal and Länder level is currently being tested. This includes representatives of the judiciary as well as the German Länder, which underlines the whole-of-government and federal approach to maintaining Germany's cyber-security.

In addition, the position of a coordinator was created: This position is filled by the different authorities on a rotating basis for two years at a time. The BKA has provided the first coordinator since December 2019. The coordinator is supported by two deputies, who are currently provided by the BfV and the KdoCIR. The BND and the BSI will follow.

Tasks
The mission statement of the Cyber Defence Centre defines its core tasks as follows:

The Cyber Defence Centre is the cooperation, communication and coordination platform of the appropriate (security) authorities of the different ministries which, in particular through a joint, up-to-date and comprehensive cyber-security situation report for Germany, strategic reporting and the coordinating operational and interdisciplinary case management, provides indispensable contributions to Germany's national cyber-security and thus - also in the event of a crisis - to the Federal Government's capacity to act.

The focus is on the whole-of-government, i.e. cross-authority and cross-ministry approach to the handling of matters without interfering with the individual responsibilities of the authorities. To this end and in compliance with legal provisions, the authorities and institutions involved in the Cyber Defence Centre exchange information on cyber-relevant matters on a daily basis and jointly derive implications for Germany's cyber-security. Resulting measures are coordinated and implemented under the jurisdiction and responsibility of the appropriate authority.

See also
CCDCOE
Cyber Command
ENISA
Central Office for Information Technology in the Security Sector (ZITiS)
Federal Office for Information Security
National Cyber Security Centre (disambiguation) – similar bodies in other countries

References

External links
 Official website of the Federal Office for Information Security for the NCDC
 Official website of the Federal Criminal Police Office for the NCDC
 Official website of the Federal Ministry of Defence for the NCDC
 Official website of the Bundeswehr for the NCDC
 National Cyber Security Framework Manual

Cyberwarfare
German federal agencies
National cyber security centres

National Cyberdefence Centre


Ignatius Knoblecher ( or Knobleher; 6 July 1819 – 13 April 1858), also known by his Arabian nickname Abuna Soliman (meaning "Our Father Solomon"), was a Slovene Roman Catholic missionary in Eastern North Africa. He was one of the first explorers of the White Nile basin.

Life
Knoblecher was born in the small village of Škocjan in Lower Carniola. He studied at the secondary school in Rudolfswerth (now Novo Mesto), at the lyceum and the theological seminary in Laibach (now Ljubljana), and at the College of Propaganda in Rome. On 9 March 1845 he was ordained a priest, and a year later graduated as a doctor of theology.

When the Vicariate Apostolic of Sudan was established on 3 April 1846, the Congregation of Propaganda selected Knoblecher as one of the missionaries for the region. Before leaving for central Africa he spent eight months in Lebanon and at other places in Syria to acquaint himself with the rites and customs of the Oriental Christians. Towards the end of September, 1847, he left Cairo in company of Maximilian Ryllo, S.J., the Pro-Vicar Apostolic of Central Africa, and four other missionaries, and arrived at Khartoum on 11 February 1848. Here they established a school for young Africans whom they had purchased in the slave-market and who subsequently assisted them on their missions. Through them Knoblecher became acquainted with languages spoken in the interior of Africa, and was soon enabled to compile a sort of dictionary of these languages.

When Father Ryllo died on 17 June 1848, Knoblecher succeeded him as pro-vicar apostolic. From Khartoum Knoblecher made an expedition into the interior of Africa in the fall of 1849. He ascended the White Nile (Bahr-el-Abiad) and was the first European to penetrate into the land of the Bari people, as far as 4° 10′ N. In 1850 he went back to Austria to recruit missionaries and collect money for the African missions. He returned to Africa in 1852 with five new missionaries, established a mission among the Bari tribe at Gondokoro, and in 1854 another among the Dinka or Jangeh people at Angweyn (Heiligenkreuz).

The missionaries were hampered by European merchants and slave-traders. Bad health cut short the lives of many of them, and Knoblecher himself died in Naples while making a journey to Europe to convalesce.

Accounts of his travels in Eastern North Africa were published in Jahresberichte des Marienvereins (Vienna, 1852–58). His extensive ethnographical and ornithological collections are preserved in museums in Vienna and Ljubljana, and the studies that he prepared on the Dinka and Bari languages are in the Austrian National Library.

Knoblecher was baptized Ignatius Knoblecher in 1819. The spelling of his surname as Knobleher appears in Slovene publications by 1846, and Knoblehar by 1849.

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
Mitterrutzner, Dr. Ignaz Knoblecher, apostolischer Provicar der Kath. Miss. In Central-Africa (Brixen, 1869).
 Peter Rohrbacher: Logwit-lo-Ladú (1848–1866): Seine Bedeutung als afrikanische Gewährsperson in der Frühphase der österreichischen Afrikanistik in: Michel Espagne; Pascale Rabault, David Simo (Hg.), Afrikanische Deutschland-Studien und deutsche Afrikanistik – ein Spiegelbild. Würzburg 2014, 49–72.

1819 births
1858 deaths
Slovenian Roman Catholic missionaries
Slovenian theologians
19th-century Slovenian Roman Catholic priests
Explorers of Africa
Slovenian explorers
People from the Municipality of Škocjan
Roman Catholic missionaries in Sudan

Ignatius Knoblecher


Matthew John Gadsby (6 September 1979 – 9 September 2006) was an English professional footballer. Born in Sutton Coldfield, he played for Walsall, Mansfield Town, Kidderminster Harriers, Forest Green and Hinckley United as a defender and midfielder.

Playing career
Born in Sutton Coldfield, Gadsby began his career at Walsall, where he graduated from the youth team. He made his professional debut on 2 May 1998, replacing Adi Viveash for the final nine minutes as they lost 1–0 to Wycombe Wanderers at the Bescot Stadium in the Second Division. On 30 September, he made his first career start, in a 2–0 home defeat against Reading. He was an extra-time substitute on 27 May 2001, when Walsall defeated Reading 3–2 at the Millennium Stadium to win the play-off final for promotion to the First Division.

After a season at Mansfield Town in the Second Division, in 2003 Gadsby returned to the West Midlands, joining Third Division club Kidderminster Harriers. On 15 November, he scored the first goal of his professional career, the only one in a victory over Rochdale at Spotland. He scored his only other league goal on 13 December, the winner from Bo Henriksen's cross as they came from a goal down to defeat Leyton Orient at Aggborough.

Ahead of the 2004–05 season, Gadsby moved to a new club in the next division down for the third consecutive year, joining Football Conference side Forest Green Rovers. His first goal for the club came on 9 October, equalising in a 2–1 defeat away to Canvey Island with a shot from outside the penalty area. On 20 November, with another long-range goal, he began a 79th-minute comeback as Forest Green came from 2–0 down to defeat Burton Albion 3–2 at The New Lawn.

He signed for Hinckley United in July 2006 from Forest Green Rovers, scoring the winning goal in a 2-1 victory over Farsley Celtic on 19 August.

Death
Gadsby collapsed on the pitch on 9 September 2006, playing for Hinckley United in a Conference North game against Harrogate Town. Despite efforts by paramedics to revive him, he died soon afterwards in Harrogate District Hospital, three days after his 27th birthday. Medical tests revealed that Gadsby died from a heart condition known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, an inherited condition that affects the muscle of the right ventricle of the heart.

Hinckley United's next game away at Moor Green was postponed after his death. The club, after consultation with the Football Conference, also decided to withdraw the number 5 shirt worn by Gadsby for the remainder of the season. It was replaced by the number 18 shirt in the starting line-up. A remembrance area was set up at the Marston's Stadium by the turnstiles, and a memorial game was played on 29 October 2006, at the Newton Regis recreational ground, between Tamworth Sunday league team Newton Thistle and a Leicester City old stars side.

Honours
Walsall
Football League Second Division play-off winner: 2001

See also
List of footballers who died while playing

References

External links
Hinckley Independent Memorial Page
Soccerbase.com
BBC News Coverage
BBC News Memorial match

1979 births
2006 deaths
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Association football players who died while playing
Forest Green Rovers F.C. players
Hinckley United F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Footballers from Sutton Coldfield
Walsall F.C. players
Sport deaths in England
English Football League players
National League (English football) players

Matt Gadsby


Marshal is a term uised in several offeecial teetles in various branches o society. As marshals acame trusted members o the coorts o Medieval Europe, the teetle grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it haes been uised for elevatit offices, such as in militar rank an ceevilian law enforcement.

Militar ranks
Legal perfaisions

Marshal


The dorsal ramus of spinal nerve (or posterior ramus of spinal nerve, or posterior primary division) is the posterior division of a spinal nerve. The dorsal rami provide motor innervation to the deep (a.k.a. intrinsic or true) muscles of the back, and sensory innervation to the skin of the posterior portion of the head, neck and back.

A spinal nerve splits within the intervertebral foramen to form a dorsal ramus and a ventral ramus. The dorsal ramus then turns to course posterior-ward before splitting into a medial branch and a lateral branch. Both these branches provide motor innervation to deep back muscles. In the neck and upper back, the medial branch is also responsible for providing sensory innervation of the skin; in the lower back, the lateral branch does so. All medial branches additionally also provide sensory innervation to the zygapophyseal joints and periosteum of the vertebral column.

Structure
Ventral root axons join with dorsal root ganglia to form mixed spinal nerves (below). These then merge to form peripheral nerves.  Shortly after this spinal nerve forms, it then branches into the dorsal ramus and ventral ramus. Spinal nerves are mixed nerves that carry both sensory and motor information. It also branches to form the grey and the white rami communicantes which make connections with the sympathetic ganglia.

After it is formed, the dorsal ramus of each spinal nerve travels backward, except for the first cervical, the fourth and fifth sacral, and the coccygeal. Dorsal rami divide into medial, intermediate, and lateral branches.  The lateral branch supplies innervation to the iliocostalis muscle, as well as the skin lateral to the muscle on the back.  The Intermediate branch supplies innervation to the spinalis muscle and the longissimus muscle.  The medial branch supplies innervation to the rest of the epaxial derived muscles on the back (including the transversospinales, intertransversarii muscles, interspinalis muscles, suboccipital muscles, and splenius), and the zygapophyseal joints.

Function
Because each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information, spinal nerves are referred to as mixed nerves. Posterior rami carry visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the skin and deep muscles of the back. The posterior rami remain distinct from each other, and each innervates a narrow strip of skin and muscle along the back, more or less at the level from which the ramus leaves the spinal nerve.

References

Additional images

External links
  ()

Spinal nerves

Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve


Belle is a brown haired Disney princess. She is in the Disney movie, Beauty and the Beast. She is a normal girl who loves to read and help her father. She hates the Beast till she finds out he is not a beast. He has a loving heart and was cursed by an old woman. Belle has brown eyes, brown hair, and a loving heart.

Disney characters

Belle (Disney)


Bloor West Village is a residential neighbourhood and shopping district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Bordered on the south by Bloor Street, it encompasses all businesses along Bloor Street between South Kingsway and Ellis Park Road, consisting of more than 400 shops, restaurants and services, plus the residential neighbourhood to the north. The official City of Toronto name of the neighbourhood is Runneymede-Bloor West Village.

Runneymede-Bloor West Village is bordered by High Park-Swansea to the south, Lambton-Baby Point to the west, Rockcliffe-Smythe to the north, and High Park North to the east.

Along the Bloor high street, the mix of stores include specialty clothing stores, book stores, restaurants and cafes. The businesses organized in 1970 into the first mandatory business improvement district, an idea that has spread to numerous other commercial streets in Toronto and internationally.

History

Runnymede-Bloor West Village is also considered the name of the immediate vicinity of Bloor Street.

On February 25, 1966, the Bloor–Danforth subway line opened in the area, allowing shoppers to shop downtown instead of the businesses along Bloor Street. Competition was also developing from enclosed shopping centres. Businessmen of the district attempted to set up a business association to pay for improvements to the area, but received only partial support from businesses in the area, and not enough to pay the estimated expenses to renovate and market the area. The businessmen lobbied the Toronto and Ontario governments for legislation to compel all business owners within a designated area to pay towards improvements, as directed by an elected body.

The Ontario Municipal Act was amended in 1970 and the Bloor West Village Business Improvement Association (BIA) was founded as the first of its kind in the world, first chaired by Alex Ling.

In 1980, Ling founded the Toronto Association of Business Improvement Areas (TABIA), an organization that now represents 66 BIAs across Toronto. Ling was chairman of the Bloor West Village BIA for 24 years.  The organization promotes business activity in the area by holding several annual events and festivals.  It also puts efforts into the beautification of the area.

The BIA hosts:
Annual Ukrainian Festival in September (music, foods and crafts).
 July Festival, which is a local fair of amusements and entertainment.
Halloween Festival on Armadale Avenue, Beresford Avenue and Glendonwynne Road (family-friendly activities).
Participates in the Toronto citywide "Cavalcade of Lights" (December)

In Fall 2017, the City of Toronto started a study to designate Bloor West Village as a Heritage Conservation District. The city explained that the neighbourhood has an established main street that was developed in early to mid-20th century, and it has been historically demarcating road, dividing distinct communities such as Swansea, West Toronto, Brockton Village prior to amalgamation. It also reflects past communities and broader city developments, such as opening of Bloor streetcar line in the 1920s and opening of Bloor-Danforth subway line in the 1960s.

References

External links
 Official BIA website

Neighbourhoods in Toronto
Shopping districts and streets in Canada
Business improvement districts in Canada

Bloor West Village


Jimmy Levale Speigner (born  September 24, 1980 in Thomasville, Georgia) is an American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher who played for the Washington Nationals. Speigner attended college, and played NCAA ball for four years, at Auburn University.

Professional career
A 14th-round pick by the Minnesota Twins in , Speigner worked his way up the minor league chain, having a solid year in  for the Double-A New Britain Rock Cats, and spent a short time with the Triple-A Rochester Red Wings. After the season, he was selected by the Washington Nationals as a Rule 5 Draft pick.

Speigner worked as a middle reliever and appeared in 12 games in 2007, with a respectable 3.77 ERA through mid-May. But by then, four of the National's five starters were on the disabled list, and, Speigner, along with a few other Nats relievers, was pressed into service as a starter. From May 16 through June 2, Speigner started four times, each time a disaster. His longest outing was 4 innings, and over the four-game span compiled a record of 0-2 and an ERA of 14.44. In his June 2 start, however, while he gave up 6 runs on 6 hits in the first inning, he then retired 10 of the final 11 batters he faced.  This gave Manager Manny Acta enough confidence to try Speigner one more time. On June 9, facing two-time Cy Young award winner Johan Santana, Speigner threw a gem, six innings, two hits, and one run, earning a 3-1 victory over the Minnesota Twins.  Speigner gave credit to pitching coach Randy St. Claire for correcting a number of errors. But he followed that with a game against the Toronto Blue Jays in which he surrendered seven runs in 3 innings. Three days later, he appeared in relief and surrendered 2 runs in 2 innings, and the following day he was designated for assignment. The Nationals and the Twins worked out a deal allowing the Nationals to send Speigner to Triple-A Columbus. The Nationals gave up minor league outfielder Darnell McDonald.

Personal life

Speigner currently lives just outside of his college alma mater, (Auburn), in Opelika, Alabama, with his wife, Perri Wilson Speigner, along with their two children, Campbell and Grant, where he coaches baseball. Both in little leagues with his son, as well as at the high school level.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Washington Nationals players
Auburn Tigers baseball players
Baseball players from Georgia (U.S. state)
Major League Baseball pitchers
Elizabethton Twins players
Fort Myers Miracle players
Quad Cities River Bandits players
Rochester Red Wings players
New Britain Rock Cats players
Columbus Clippers players
Harrisburg Senators players
Jacksonville Suns players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Atenienses de Manatí (baseball) players
Gigantes de Carolina players
Lobos de Arecibo players
Sportspeople from Thomasville, Georgia

Levale Speigner


Aloe africana (known as the Uitenhage aloe) is an arborescent (tree-like) species of aloe plant, indigenous to the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.

Description

The plant grows slowly and flowers when it is four to five years old. Flowering time is from winter to early spring (July to September in South Africa). Its large raceme is erect and may be unbranched or have up to four branches, and has tubular flowers that are orange or yellow.

Uniquely, the small flowers are each up-turned, with a distinctive bend. As this aloe species can sometimes look very similar to related species (e.g. Aloe excelsa, Aloe lineata or Aloe ferox), this feature is useful for identification.

The thin, narrow leaves are more messy or disorderly than the neat symmetrical rosettes of other arborescent Aloe species. The leaves are also more recurved.
They are arranged in a dense apical rosette and are spreading to recurved, firm linear-lanceolate, with a grey-green surface; each leaf's margins and lower side are armed with lines of small, reddish teeth, a feature common in the genus Aloe.

The distinguishing features of this species therefore include: yellow-orange flowers that are bent to almost 90 degrees; racemes that are large, tall and tapering to a point; narrow spreading or recurved leaves, arranged in a relatively untidy rosette.

Distribution and habitat

This attractive species occurs in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, where its distribution is centred on the area around Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage.

It is mainly confined to hills and flats, growing in thicket and renosterveld vegetation. However it is able to adapt to a wide range of conditions. It often grows in association with Aloe ferox, A. pluridens and A. speciosa, and hybrids are not uncommon. The climate is moderate, without frost, and hot and humid during summers. Rainfall occurs throughout the year, from 600 to 700 mm per annum.

See also
Aloe
Asphodeloideae
Succulent plants

References

africana
Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces
Renosterveld
Taxa named by Philip Miller
Plants described in 1768

Aloe africana


The Alabama waterdog (Necturus alabamensis) is a medium-sized perennibranch salamander inhabiting rivers and streams of Alabama. It is listed as endangered by the IUCN and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

Description
The Alabama waterdog is medium-sized at , with four toes and a laterally compressed tail. Its gills are permanent, bushy, and red. Typical adults exhibit a brown or black dorsum with minimal or no spotting, and the ventral side is white and often not spotted.

Distribution and habitat
The Alabama waterdog is found in the Appalachian headwaters of the Black Warrior River drainage basin in Alabama. Its range includes the Sipsey Fork and Brushy Creek in Winston County, the Mulberry Fork, Blackwater Creek, and Lost Creek in Walker County, the North River and Yellow Creek in Tuscaloosa County, and the Locust Fork and Blackburn Fork in Blount County. It is found in unsilted small and medium-sized streams in clay areas. It is more likely to be present when the larvae of the northern dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) are present and less likely in streams where Asiatic mussels  are abundant. The areas of dead leaves and detritus sometimes found in backwaters are important for this species.

Diet
N. alabamensis typically consumes invertebrates such as crayfish, amphipods, and insect larvae, as well as vertebrates such as small fish.

Taxonomy
The taxonomy of N. alabamensis is poorly understood. It is believed to be related to N. maculosus and N. beyeri. It is known to hybridize with N. beyeri, though electrophoretical evidence suggests they are separate species.

Status
The survival of N. alabamensis is threatened by habitat fragmentation and pollution and the IUCN has listed it as "Endangered". The quality of the water has deteriorated due to industrial, mining, agricultural, and urban pollution, and various impoundments have been made inhibiting its free movement. Even within the best habitats in their range, they are uncommon and their abundance may fluctuate.
On 2 January 2018, the Alabama waterdog gained federal protection under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.
Along with its listing, 420 river miles of critical habitat gained protection from activities that could be injurious to the salamander.
Parties wishing to undertake actions that may damage the salamander's critical habitat must now apply for a federal permit to do so.

References

General references
Petranka, James W. (1998) Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Proteidae
Endemic fauna of Alabama
Endemic amphibians of the United States
Ecology of the Appalachian Mountains
Amphibians described in 1937
Endangered fauna of the United States
ESA endangered species
Species endangered by habitat fragmentation

Alabama waterdog


William Nash  (23 April 1824 – 6 April 1875) born in Newcastle, County Limerick he was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
He was a 33-year-old corporal in the 2nd Battalion, The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:

On 11 March 1858 at Lucknow, India, Corporal Nash's company was engaged with a large number of the enemy near the Iron Bridge. At one stage a captain (Henry Wilmot) found himself at the end of a street with only four of his men opposed to a considerable body of the enemy. One of the men was shot through both legs and Corporal Nash and a private (David Hawkes) (who was himself severely wounded) lifted the man up and they then carried him for a considerable distance, the captain covering the retreat of the party.

He later achieved the rank of sergeant. He died Hackney, Middlesex, 6 April 1875 and was buried at the Church of St John-at-Hackney.

References

The Register of the Victoria Cross (1981, 1988 and 1997)

Ireland's VCs  (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

External links
Location of grave and VC medal (E. London)

Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross
Rifle Brigade soldiers
1824 births
1875 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Irish soldiers in the British Army
People from Newcastle West
Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Military personnel from County Limerick
Burials in England

William Nash (VC)


Robert Patterson Clark Wilson (August 8, 1834 – December 21, 1916) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri.

Born in Boonville, Missouri, Wilson moved with his parents to Platte County.
He attended William Jewell College, Liberty, Missouri, and was graduated from Centre College, Danville, Kentucky, in 1853.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1854 and commenced practice in Seguin, Texas, in 1855.
He returned to Missouri in 1858.
He moved to Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1860.
He was a member of the first Kansas House of Representatives from March to June 4, 1861.
He returned to Missouri in 1861.
He served as member of the Missouri House of Representatives in 1871 and 1872 and served as Speaker of the Missouri House of Representatives both years.
He served as member of the Missouri State Senate in 1879 and 1880.
He served as delegate to the 1888 Democratic National Convention.
He served as president of the school board of Platte City, Missouri.

Wilson was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-first Congress.
He was reelected to the Fifty-second Congress and served from December 2, 1889, to March 3, 1893.
He served as chairman of the Committee on Pensions (Fifty-second Congress).
He resumed the practice of his profession in Platte City, Missouri.
He died in Kansas City, Missouri, December 21, 1916.
He was interred in Marshall Cemetery, Platte City, Missouri.

References

1834 births
1916 deaths
People from Boonville, Missouri
People from Platte City, Missouri
Democratic Party members of the Kansas House of Representatives
Speakers of the Missouri House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the Missouri House of Representatives
Missouri state senators
William Jewell College alumni
Centre College alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri
19th-century American politicians

Robert Patterson Clark Wilson


Rehumanization is the process by which one reverses the damage done by dehumanization.  That is, in individuals or groups, the process of rehabilitating one's way of perceiving the other(s) in question in one's mind and in consequent behavior.

A study conducted at Princeton by Mary Wheeler and Susan Fiske (2005) showed that rehumanization can be reached by blocking brain activation which is usually suitable with the appearance of an individual.  Wheeler and Fiske were able to help subjects unconsciously suppress the activation of "fight or flight" , and rehumanization was achieved when he or she was seen not as a category, racial or other, but as an individual: the researchers "primed" the subjects by asking them to guess whether the person whose face they were about to see liked coffee or tea, etc.

In general, rehumanization can usually be achieved by avoiding labels and stereotypes in one's language and thoughts.  Other techniques that have been found to be effective include:

 "deep listening," involving the use of the imagination to see through what another is saying (in words or action).  This technique is often taught, among other places, in the system called Nonviolent Communication.
 remembering that all humans share certain core needs and values; as Einstein said, "remember our humanity; and forget all the rest"
 guarding one's thoughts and language to keep out stereotypes and labels
 avoiding media depictions and other outside influences that encourage such stereotyping.

References

Psychiatric rehabilitation
Psychotherapy
Sociological terminology

Rehumanization


Mino del Reame, also known as Mino dal Reame, was a 15th-century Neapolitan Italian Renaissance sculptor from Naples.

History
He was active in Rome from about 1460 to 1480.

Giorgio Vasari in his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects recounts that Mino del Reame was a boastful sculptor whose work was inferior to that of his modest contemporary Paolo Romano.

The Cleveland Museum of Art has sculptures by Mino del Reame in its collection.

References
 Douglas, R. Langton, Mino del Reame, The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 88, No. 514 (Jan., 1946), 23.
 Vasari, Giorgio, Le Vite delle più eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori, many editions and translations.

Italian Renaissance sculptors
Artists from Naples
15th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
15th-century Neapolitan people

Mino del Reame


Gareth Coppack (born 10 April 1980 in Rhyl) is a Welsh former professional snooker player.

He competed on the main tour for one season, between 2007 and 2008, but lost his place at the end of that season.

Career

Coppack first played competitive snooker in 2001, entering several Challenge Tour events and qualifying for the 2002 World Championship. He continued to play on both the Challenge Tour and the Pontin's International Open Series, which replaced it, until he earned a place on the professional main tour in 2007.

Coppack's first match as a professional was a 5–3 victory over James McBain in the Shanghai Masters, but he lost 1–5 in the next round to Judd Trump. In his qualifying group for the 2007 Grand Prix, he lost 0–4 to James Wattana, Tom Ford, McBain and Andrew Higginson and 1–4 to Jimmy Michie, but managed 4–1 wins over Tony Drago and Michael White; he did not qualify for the tournament itself.

At the 2008 World Championship, Coppack defeated Kurt Maflin 10–9 and Paul Davies 10–8 to record his first run to the last 64 at a ranking event. He was drawn against 1991 World Champion John Parrott and, after falling 0–8 behind, could not recover, losing 3–10.

Coppack was ranked 83rd at the end of the season, which was not sufficient for him to retain his place on the tour, and he was relegated immediately thereafter.

References

External links
 Gareth Coppack at worldsnooker.com
 Gareth Coppack at globalsnookercentre.co.uk

Welsh snooker players
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1980 births
Sportspeople from Rhyl

Gareth Coppack


Harry Warner Jr. (December 19, 1922 – February 17, 2003) was an American journalist. He spent 40 years working for the Hagerstown, Maryland, Herald-Mail.

He was also an important science fiction fan and historian of fandom and Washington County, Maryland, as well as a classical musician.

Biography

Warner was born in 1922 in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Due to poor health, he dropped out of Hagerstown High School by the 10th grade.

Despite his lack of formal education, he was a well-read and learned man, an autodidact who taught himself seven languages. During World War II, he translated letters from overseas to families of American soldiers.

Warner never married. On his death, he left most of his possessions to a Hagerstown Lutheran church.

Career

Warner started as a reporter at The Herald-Mail on May 17, 1943, covering governmental agencies and the farming community, along with obituaries and general news. A rapid typist and fast writer, Warner would often begin composing his stories while taking down information from sources. He also excelled at page layouts and writing headlines, and took a weekly stint as editor in charge. "He was amazing," a colleague, Gloria Dahlhamer, recalled.

A lover of classical music, who played the piano and oboe in local recitals and on radio, he became the paper's classical music critic. He also wrote a column focusing on local history and served as the media representative on the Washington County government's Historical Advisory Committee; he received the county's Historical Preservation Award for 1982.

He retired in 1983.

Science fiction fandom

Warner became active in science fiction fandom in 1936, although he was extremely reclusive, earning the nickname "The Hermit of Hagerstown" by the 1950s. He rigidly kept his professional life in Hagerstown and his science fiction world separate, and few people in his hometown knew of his science fiction activities until after his death.  He hated to travel, and almost never attended science fiction conventions. Although in the 1930s he welcomed such visitors as Frederik Pohl, Jack Speer, Wilson "Bob" Tucker, Milt Rothman and Russ Chauvenet, ultimately, he discouraged the visits from other fans.

In 1938, he published the first issue of Spaceways, one of the most important science fiction fanzines of its period, and beginning in 1939, supplemented it with Horizons, which was for decades a mainstay of the Fantasy Amateur Press Association. Horizons had its first
issue in October 1939 and its 252nd and final issue in February 2003. He also wrote prolifically for other zines. He won Hugo Awards for Best Fan Writer in 1969 and 1972.

Fanzine fans revered him for his letter writing. His home at 423 Summit Avenue, Hagerstown, became the most famous mailing address in fandom. Using a manual typewriter, Warner wrote literally tens of thousands of letters commenting on fanzines. His reputation became such that nearly every fanzine publisher in the country sent him free copies of every issue as a matter of course. Almost without fail, Warner would reply with a thoughtful, two-page letter. Editors have described getting their first letter from Warner as a rite of passage.

Film critic and one-time fan Roger Ebert wrote: "Locs (letters of comment) were the currency of payment for fanzine contributors; you wrote, and in the next issue got to read about what you had written. Today I can see my name on a full-page ad for a movie with disinterest, but what Harry Warner or Buck Coulson had to say about me — well, that was important."

Warner was announced as associate editor of the professional science fiction magazine Odd Tales in the 1940s.; however this was revealed to be a hoax by Warner and Julius Unger. In the 1950s, he tried his hand at science fiction itself, publishing a few short stories in various magazines, such as "Rattle OK" in the December 1956 Galaxy.

He was the fan guest of honor at the 1971 World Science Fiction Convention, a tribute he accepted with reluctance.

In 1995, Warner received the First Fandom Hall of Fame award. He remained active in fanzine fandom until the end of his life.

Histories
Warner wrote two book-length histories of fandom, essential references in the field: All Our Yesterdays (), covering the 1940s, first published in 1969, and A Wealth of Fable (), covering the 1950s, first published in 1977. The second book's expanded edition won the Hugo Award in 1993 for Best Related Book. "All Our Yesterdays" was also the title of a series of historical columns Warner wrote.

References

External links

Spaceways #1, 1938
"All Our Yesterdays" columns
Publisher's information on All Our Yesterdays
Publisher's information on A Wealth of Fable

1922 births
2003 deaths
American columnists
American editors
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
American male journalists
American male musicians
American literary critics
American music critics
Hugo Award-winning fan writers
People from Hagerstown, Maryland
20th-century American musicians
20th-century male musicians
Historians from Maryland
20th-century American male writers
Hugo Award-winning writers

Harry Warner Jr.


Silwan necropolis (also called Kidron Valley necropolis) is a row of ancient Jewish burial caves in the Kidron Valley. The valley is between the City of David and the north-west slope of the Mount of Olives. The ancient caves face towards the City of David to the west under the houses of the Arab neighborhood of Silwan in East Jerusalem. The row of ancient burial sites ends at the Tomb of Pharaoh's daughter monument. It is the continuing of the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery from the south beside the Arab neighborhoods.

References

Other websites

  Kidron Valley necropolis in Tel Aviv University website

Mount of Olives
Monuments and memorials in Jerusalem
1st millennium BC buildings and structures

Silwan necropolis


Porthmadog Football Club (, also abbreviated Port) are a football team, playing in the Cymru North, the second tier of the Welsh football pyramid. The club was founded in 1872 and plays at Y Traeth, Porthmadog, which accommodates 3,000 spectators (800 seated).

Management team
Manager – Craig Papirnyk
Assistant Manager – Stephen Williams
Coach - Ben Ogilvy
Fitness Coach - Cedri Roberts

Management Board
 Chairman: Phil Jones
 Vice Chairman: Chris Jones
 Director: Richard Jones
 Director: Richard Harvey
 Secretary: Chris Blanchard
 President: Dylan Rees

History

Beginning
Porthmadog Football Club were founded in October 1872 (originally thought to be 1884 until the actual foundation date was discovered in November 2020) and played their first ever match against Pwllheli. The first captain of the club was Mr R Humphreys. This makes them one of Wales' oldest clubs. In 1900, the club joined the North Wales League, which it won the league in the 1902–03 season.

The 1950s–70s were successful decades for Port. The club won the Welsh Amateur Cup in 1955–56 and 1956–57. After losing its amateur status, and signing Mel Charles, the team had more success. In 1966, its played against Swansea City in the Welsh Cup and the replay at the Vetch attracted Swansea's largest crowd of the season, 10,941. Port then won the Welsh League (North) in five of the next nine years.

It was not until 1989–90 that Port had its next championship win, when it won the Daily Post Welsh Alliance. This was enough to ensure Port's place as inaugural members of the Cymru Alliance League in 1990. In 1992, Port became inaugural members of the League of Wales, then known as the Konica League.

League of Wales
The team struggled to make an impact on the pitch early in 1992–93 the season, but a late surge in the final months, thanks mainly to the signing of striker Dave Taylor, helped the team finish in a respectable ninth place and earned manager Meilyr Owen a manager of the month award. In his second season, Taylor went on to become both the league's and Europe's top scorer, earning him the European Golden Boot. During his spell at the club, he scored 62 goals in 66 games.

Despite the 70 goals netted by Taylor and Marc Lloyd-Williams, in the 1993–94 season, the team finished in eleventh. Port did, however, break another record—the biggest attendance in the League of Wales. A crowd of 3,250 came to see Bangor City push for the league title. Bangor City won the game 2–0 and therefore won the league and the right to play in Europe.

The third season started with a new manager, following the surprising decision to sack Owen. Ian Edwards, ex-Wales International, became manager, but after a good start, the team dropped from fourth position and he was also sacked. After Mickey Thomas, the former Manchester United, Wrexham and Wales player took over, the team continued to play poorly and was nearly relegated.

The fourth season started with another change of manager, as assistant Colin Hawkins was promoted to the job. While it was a quiet season on the field, events off the field were anything but quiet. The club nearly folded because of financial troubles but was re-launched as a limited company. £10,000 was raised through the sale of shares and extra money was raised through friendly matches, such as against Blackburn Rovers and a team of stars from S4C.

The financial situation improved in 1996–97, and the team started the season well, winning all home games until the New Year and losing to Barry Town by only one goal. One of Port's most influential players during the good start was Paul Roberts. Before leaving the club to join Wrexham for £10,000, Roberts had played for Wales Under-21 and was the league's top scorer. His chance to play for the Welsh youngsters came after he had scored for Port to beat them in a friendly match [Port 1–0 Wales U21].

After Roberts' departure, Port performed poorly and finished in tenth place. The season ended on a high note with a win against local rivals Caernarfon Town in the North Wales Coast Challenge Cup Final, following victories over Caernarfon Town and Colwyn Bay in earlier rounds.

The 1997–98 season was Port's final in the League of Wales. Despite looking safe at the end of April, a string losses in May proved too much for Port. On 2 May, at Farrar Road, Bangor, Port's destiny was decided by a match between Bangor City and Haverfordwest County. Port needed a Bangor win, but the final score was Bangor City 1, Haverfordwest County 2, and Port finished fourth from the bottom.

There was still a chance that the decision to relegate Port to the Cymru Alliance could be overturned, with legal action against the League of Wales considered. It was alleged that the decision to relegate four clubs was taken during the season and was therefore illegal. When Ebbw Vale was banned from the league, Port felt that the battle had been won. But Port was made to join the Cymru Alliance, when the south Wales club decided to appeal against the decision at the last minute.

Cymru Alliance
After occupying the second spot for most of the 1998–99 season, in the New Year it was reported that Port would not be promoted due to a lack of facilities. Port descended into a mid-table finish for the season. Port won the League Cup after beating Rhydymwyn in the final. The club finished in fifth place in the 1999–2000 season despite a run of victories after Viv Williams took charge following the departure of Hawkins. After another disappointing season in 2000–01, the club then took some positive steps forward in 2001–02, with Williams rebuilding the squad.

Port went on to have one of the most successful seasons in their history in 2002–03, winning every home game and losing only twice after securing promotion with a 3–2 victory away at Buckley. Port was promoted to the Welsh Premier with an advantage of 19 points at the top of the Cymru Alliance. Port was accused of playing Richard Harvey without international clearance after signing him from Cemaes Bay, but was found only technically guilty, as he had played in Wales for a year before being signed. Port went on to add two cups (North Wales Coast Challenge Cup and League Cups) to their haul.

Welsh Premier League

On 16 January 2007, Port was docked three Welsh Premier League points and fined £13,500 (£1,000 payable upfront with the remaining £12,500 suspended until 1 January 2008) after the Football Association of Wales charged the club with failing to control its supporters after racial abuse was directed at assistant referee Gary Ismial by an individual during the Welsh Premier League match against Cwmbran Town on 9 December 2006. The punishment led to outcry by followers of Welsh football—an on-line petition protesting against the punishment was signed by over 750 people from across Wales and worldwide. Porthmadog banned the individual from all matches at Y Traeth. The club's appeal to independent arbitrators was successful—the fine was slashed by £12,500 and the arbitrators ordered the Football Association of Wales to pay £4,000 towards the costs incurred by the club in having to take the matter so far. The arbitrators also decided that the decision to deduct three points should be reversed.

Porthmadog announced on 7 May 2007 that their management team—  Osian Roberts  and Viv Williams—were leaving the club. Roberts had just been appointed the Football Association of Wales's Technical Director of Football and could not devote enough time to the job, while Williams cited personal reasons. Former Wales and Manchester United star Clayton Blackmore, who signed for the club as a player earlier in the season, took over as manager but was sacked after three months due to a string of poor results. Following Blackmore's departure, Williams agreed to take over management again, initially on a temporary basis. Former Airbus UK Broughton assistant manager Alan Bickerstaff later agreed to join Williams as assistant manager.

The season continued poorly, especially at home, where Porthmadog failed to win a league game until the last day of the season against Rhyl. This win helped take Porthmadog out of the bottom two and into safety. Williams, as agreed, left Porthmadog and became manager at Llangefni, and Bickerstaff has since joined Rhyl.

Former player Paul Whelan was appointed the new manager in May 2008. After only eight months at the helm and with relegation looming, Whelan was replaced by former Welshpool manager Tomi Morgan. With the transfer-window already closed, Morgan was unable to augment the team, which eventually finished the season in sixteenth place, just above the two relegation places again. The goals of Marc Lloyd Williams, who re-signed for the club where he started his career, were the high points of a disappointing season, with the striker scoring 24 from 33 league starts.

The 2009–10 season saw Morgan make numerous changes to the squad and bring in many player from his former club. Despite the new squad, the team failed to make an impact on the pitch, finishing in fifteenth place with fewer points than the previous season. The FAW's decision to restructure the Welsh Premier by introducing the Super 12 for the season 2010–11 meant that Porthmadog, along with six others, was relegated to the Cymru Alliance League. Following Morgan's departure for Carmarthen during the close-season, the club appointed from within, with midfielder Gareth Parry taking over the reins in June 2010.

Biggest victories and losses
Biggest League of Wales win: 9–0 v Abergavenny Thursdays in 1993 and v Haverfordwest County in 1994.
Biggest League of Wales defeat: 0–7 by Total Network Solutions in 2006.

Honours
Huws Gray Cup
Champions: 1998–99, 2002–03
Cymru Alliance
Champions: 2002–03
Welsh Amateur Cup
Champions: 1955–56, 1956–57
Welsh League North
Champions: 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69
Welsh Alliance
Champions: 1989–90
Ardal Northwest
Runners-up: 2021–22
Ardal North Playoff – Winners: 2021–22

Current squad

Fans
Porthmadog are among the best supported clubs in the Cymru Alliance and also draw support from further afield with supporters clubs in Manchester and Leicestershire.

References

External links

Football clubs in Wales
Association football clubs established in 1884
Sport in Gwynedd
1884 establishments in Wales
Cymru Premier clubs
Cymru Alliance clubs
Cymru North clubs
Ardal Leagues clubs
Welsh Alliance League clubs
Welsh League North clubs
Bangor & District League clubs
North Wales Coast League clubs

Porthmadog F.C.


Douglas is an unincorporated community in Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States.  The community is located along 75th Street NW (County 14) near its junction with County Road 3.  Douglas is located within Kalmar Township and New Haven Township.  Nearby places include Oronoco, Rochester, and the Douglas State Trail.  The community is about two miles from the city of Rochester.

It was named for Harrison Douglass, the original owner of the town site. A post office was established at Douglas in 1878, and remained in operation until 1963.

References

Unincorporated communities in Olmsted County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota

Douglas, Olmsted County, Minnesota


Angelina County ( ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. It is in East Texas and its county seat is Lufkin.

As of the 2020 census, the population was 86,395. The Lufkin, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Angelina County.

It was formed in 1846 from Nacogdoches County. It is named for a Hasinai Native American woman who assisted early Spanish missionaries and was called Angelina by them.

History
The county's first Anglo settlers were what John Nova Lomax described as "Scotch-Irish backwoods folk." Cotton farmers and slaves did not come to Angelina County because it had poor soil. Lomax added that "Culturally, the county was less moonlight-and-magnolias Dixie than a little pocket of Appalachia, where pioneers, often from similarly hardscrabble areas of Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, wanted nothing more than to carve homesteads out of the Piney Woods and river thickets, farm a little, maybe raise a scraggly herd of tough cattle to drive to market in New Orleans." Lomax added that "[t]hey also wanted to brew up a little whiskey and subsist on the bass, catfish and perch they hauled from the Neches and Angelina rivers and whatever they could trap and shoot on dry land."

Settlement was still thin when Texas won its independence. Angelina County was organized on April 22, 1846, when Nacogdoches County was divided. The first permanent settler after the county was formed is thought to have been George W. Collins. The population increased quickly thereafter due to the good farming land and to the rivers, which made steamboat transportation possible. The population reached 1,165, of whom 196 were slaves, in 1850. The first county seat was Marion; successively, Jonesville became county seat in 1854, Homer in 1858, and Lufkin in 1892. Lufkin was favored by the route of the Houston, East and West Texas Railway (now the Southern Pacific), which had been built in 1882 from Houston to Shreveport.

Angelina County was settled predominantly by natives of the southern United States, some of them slaveowners who established plantations in their new Texas home. Large plantations were owned by the Stearns, Oates, Kalty, Stovall, and Ewing families. However, many Angelina County farmers were relatively poor men who owned no slaves. In 1847 slaves numbered 154, out of a total population of 834. In 1859 the number of slaves had grown to 427, valued at $269,550, and the total population was 4,271. Cotton culture, however, occupied only 2,048 acres of county land in 1858, a relatively small area for East Texas. Between 1850 and 1860 improved land in the county increased from about 3,000 to about 16,000 acres.

In 1861 Angelina County was the only county in East Texas, and one of only a handful of other Texas counties, to reject secession. This election result was startling when compared with that of Angelina County's neighbor to the immediate south, Tyler County, which supported secession by a 99 percent vote. Angelina County had also given the Constitutional Union party candidate, John Bell, a strong minority vote in the 1860 election. Two companies of county men were organized to fight in the Civil War, but they saw only limited action; only nineteen Angelina County men lost their lives in the war, and no Union soldiers entered the county before 1866.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (7.7%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 Nacogdoches County (north)
 San Augustine County (northeast)
 Jasper County (southeast)
 Tyler County (south)
 Polk County (southwest)
 Trinity County (west)
 Houston County (west)
 Cherokee County (northwest)

National protected area
 Angelina National Forest (part)

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 80,130 people, 28,685 households, and 21,255 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 32,435 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 75.10% White, 14.72% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.67% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 7.77% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. 14.35% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 28,685 households, out of which 36.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.80% were married couples living together, 12.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.90% were non-families. 22.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.18.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 27.70% under the age of 18, 9.70% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 21.50% from 45 to 64, and 12.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 96.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $33,806, and the median income for a family was $39,505. Males had a median income of $30,373 versus $20,221 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,876. About 12.40% of families and 15.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.90% of those under age 18 and 12.30% of those age 65 or over.

Government and infrastructure
The Angelina County Sheriff's Office is the county law enforcement agency. The Sheriff is Tom Selman.

Angelina County is governed by its Commissioners Court of which Keith Wright presides over as County Judge

It is a "partly-wet" county, with beer and wine generally authorized for off-premises consumption. However, the small community of Burke voted to restrict alcohol sales only to restaurants holding permits.

County government

Politics

John Nova Lomax of the Houston Press said that the residents of Angelina County "were, and are, a self-sufficient breed, good with their hands, bluntly honest and leery of all central authority." (In 1861, Angelina County voted against seceding from the United States, the only East Texas county to do so.) He also said "[t]heir electoral peculiarity continued through the 20th Century." Angelina County was the seat of power of Charlie Wilson, a politician labeled the "Liberal from Lufkin".

The current state representative from Angelina County is Republican Trent Ashby, first elected in 2012.

Crime
In earlier days, criminals established moonshine stands. During the 1970s, some criminals established marijuana farms. , the main drug dealing activity was the methamphetamine trade. Allen Hill, formerly of the Angelina County Narcotics Squad, said that the local meth trade is doing more damage to the county than drug couriers passing through the county, crack cocaine, and heroin. According to Hill, many Hispanic drug dealers increasingly sold imported "ice"-style meth made by drug cartels instead of crack cocaine or powdered cocaine, because they make more money than they did selling crack. Hill said that many of the drug dealers claim to be affiliated with Mexican drug cartels or gangs like MS-13.

Education

Primary and secondary education

The following school districts serve Angelina County (districts marked with (*) are located partly within the county and partly outside it):
 Central Independent School District
 Colmesneil Independent School District (*)
 Diboll Independent School District
 Hudson Independent School District
 Huntington Independent School District
 Lufkin Independent School District
 Wells Independent School District (*)
 Zavalla Independent School District

Colleges and universities
Angelina College, a community college, serves all of Angelina County.

Stephen F. Austin State University is located in Nacogdoches, which is located in neighboring Nacogdoches County.

Transportation

Major highways
  U.S. Highway 59
  Interstate 69 is currently under construction and will follow the current route of U.S. 59 in most places.
  U.S. Highway 69
  State Highway 7
  State Highway 63
  State Highway 94
  State Highway 103
  State Highway 147
  Farm to Market Road 1818

Bus
Greyhound Lines operates the Lufkin Station at the Kerrville Bus Company station in Lufkin.

Airport

Angelina County Airport is located seven miles southwest of Lufkin.

Communities

Cities

 Burke
 Diboll
 Hudson
 Huntington
 Lufkin (county seat and largest municipality)
 Zavalla

Census-designated place
 Redland

Unincorporated communities
 Bald Hill
 Central
 Clawson
 Herty
 Homer
 Moffett
 Pollok

Ghost towns

 Alco
 Beulah
 Boynton
 Concord
 Dunagan
 Durant
 Ewing
 Granville
 Manning
 Monterey
 Nancy
 Ora
 Peavy
 Platt
 Rocky Springs
 Shawnee

Gallery

See also

 National Register of Historic Places listings in Angelina County, Texas
 Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Angelina County
 List of counties in Texas

References

External links
 Angelina County government

 Angelina County from the Texas Almanac
 Angelina County from the TXGenWeb Project

1846 establishments in Texas
Populated places established in 1846

Angelina County, Texas


Bayfield is a town in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 680 at the 2010 census. The unincorporated communities of Pureair and Salmo are located in the town, as are Eagle Island and Sand Island of the Apostle Islands.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 33.45%, is water.

The town of Bayfield has the shape of a capital "L", extending north into the main body of Lake Superior and east into a channel of the lake between the mainland and Madeline Island. The city of Bayfield is located on the shore of Lake Superior and is surrounded by the eastern leg of the town of Bayfield.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 625 people, 261 households, and 194 families residing in the town. The population density was 7.0 people per square mile (2.7/km2). There were 491 housing units at an average density of 5.5 per square mile (2.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 79.52% White, 14.72% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.48% from other races, and 5.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.12% of the population.

There were 261 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.5% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.3% were non-families. 18.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.67.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.4% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 35.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,342, and the median income for a family was $42,750. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $25,179 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,890. About 6.6% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
Wisconsin Highway 13, County Road I, and County Road J are the main routes in the town of Bayfield.

References

External links
Town of Bayfield official website

Towns in Bayfield County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Bayfield (town), Wisconsin


Colonel  was one of the original plotters in a scheme to prevent the Emperor's declaration of surrender at the end of World War II. He was the chief of the War Affairs section of the Military Affairs Bureau of the Imperial Japanese Army.

Conspiracy
Given his relatively high station, Arao acted as the representative of the plotters to some extent, hoping to enlist the aid of Minister of War Korechika Anami. Meeting with Anami on the night of August 13 (two days before the surrender), Arao was informed that the Minister stood behind the Emperor's decisions, and that in any case, Japan could not afford to continue fighting. Unthinkable as it was, surrender was the only option.

As one of his chief contributions to the coup, Arao drafted an 'Instruction to the Troops' which was to be broadcast to all of Japan's soldiers, encouraging them to keep fighting. This was originally supported and approved by General Anami; however, while he spoke with the War Minister, several of the more rash members of the conspiracy broadcast an earlier, more inflammatory, draft.

The following morning, Arao and the other conspirators met to plot the actual details of their plan to take over the Imperial Palace, placing the Emperor under house arrest, and preventing the surrender speech from being delivered. Arao drafted the orders that were to be given to those elements of the Imperial Guards Division and other groups involved in the coup. The conspirators then met with Anami once more; the Minister, having wavered back and forth several times in his support of their plan, once again told them the coup would have to be abandoned. He said that Army Chief of Staff Yoshijirō Umezu felt that employment of armed forces within the Palace grounds would be sacrilege.

Though he was one of the original conspirators, Arao in the end turned his back on the coup, and helped write the generals' agreement document stating that those military commanders who signed swore to abide by the Emperor's decision.

Unlike many of the other conspirators, Arao survived through the events of August 15, 1945, and would, many years later, continue to admire General Anami, and the devotion and strength it took to bring the war to an end in the way he did.

See also
Kenji Hatanaka, the chief conspirator.

References
 Brooks, Lester (1968). "Behind Japan's Surrender: The Secret Struggle That Ended an Empire." New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

Arao Okitsugu
Imperial Japanese Army officers
1902 births
1974 deaths
Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II

Okikatsu Arao


Filippo di ser Brunellesco di Lippo Lapi (1377 – 15 April 1446), commonly known as Filippo Brunelleschi ( , ) and also nicknamed Pippo by Leon Battista Alberti, was an Italian architect, designer, goldsmith and sculptor. He is considered to be a founding father of Renaissance architecture. He is recognized as the first modern engineer, planner, and sole construction supervisor. In 1421, Brunelleschi became the first person to receive a patent in the Western world. He is most famous for designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral, and for the mathematical technique of linear perspective in art which governed pictorial depictions of space until the late 19th century and influenced the rise of modern science. His accomplishments also include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering, and ship design. Most surviving works can be found in Florence.

Biography

Early life
Brunelleschi was born in Florence, Italy, in 1377. His father was Brunellesco di Lippo (born ), a notary and civil servant. His mother was Giuliana Spini; he had two brothers. The family was well-off; the palace of the Spini family still exists, across from the Church of the Trinità in Florence. The young Filippo was given a literary and mathematical education to enable him to follow the father's career. Being artistically inclined, however, Filippo, at the age of fifteen, was apprenticed at the Arte della Seta, the silk merchants' guild, the wealthiest and most prestigious guild in the city, which also included jewellers and metal craftsmen. In December 1398, he became a master goldsmith and a sculptor working with cast bronze.

Sculpture – Competition for the Florence Baptistry doors
Brunelleschi's earliest surviving sculptures are two small bronze statues of evangelists and saints (1399–1400) made for the altar of the Crucifix Chapel Pistoia Cathedral. He paused this project in 1400, when he was chosen to simultaneously serve two representative councils of the Florentine government for about four months.

Around the end of 1400, the city of Florence decided to create new sculpted and gilded bronze doors for the Florence Baptistery. A competition was held in 1401 for the design, which drew seven competitors, including Brunelleschi and another young sculptor, Lorenzo Ghiberti. Each sculptor had to produce a single bronze panel, depicting the Sacrifice of Isaac within a Gothic four-leaf frame. The panels each contained Abraham, Isaac, an angel and other figures imagined by the artists, and had to harmonize in style with the existing doors, produced in 1330 by Andrea Pisano. The head of the jury was Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, who later became an important patron of Brunelleschi. The jury initially praised Ghiberti's panel. When they saw Brunelleschips work, they were unable to choose between the two and suggested that the two artists collaborate on the project. Brunelleschi refused to forfeit total control of the project, preferring it to be awarded to Ghiberti. This divided public opinion.

Brunelleschi would eventually abandon sculpture and devote his attention entirely to architecture and optics, but continued to receive sculpture commissions until at least 1416.

Rediscovery of antiquity (1402–1404)
During the Early Renaissance, there was a growing interest in ancient Greek and Roman art compared to medieval art, which was largely dominated by Byzantine art. Initially this cultural interest was borne by a few scholars, writers, and philosophers. It later became more influential across the visual arts. In this period (1402–1404), Brunelleschi visited Rome, almost certainly accompanied by his younger friend, the sculptor Donatello, to study its ancient ruins. Donatello may have been trained as a goldsmith, like Brunelleschi, and later worked in the studio of Ghiberti. Although the glories of Ancient Rome were a matter of popular discourse at the time, few people had actually studied the physical conditions of its ruins in any detail until Brunelleschi and Donatello did so. Brunelleschi's study of classical Roman architecture influenced his building designs including even lighting, the minimization of distinct architectural elements within a building, and the balancing of those elements to homogenize the space.

It has been speculated that Brunelleschi developed his system of linear perspective after observing the Roman ruins. However, some historians dispute that he visited Rome then, given the number of projects Brunelleschi had in Florence at the time, the poverty and lack of security in Rome during that period, and the lack of evidence of the visit. His first definitively documented visit to Rome was in 1432.

The Foundling Hospital (1419–1445)

Brunelleschi's first architectural commission was the  (1419–c. 1445), or Foundling Hospital, designed as a home for orphans.  The Guild of the Silk Merchants' Guild owned, funded and managed the hospital. As with many of Brunelleschi's architectural projects, the building was completed after a significant time lapse and with considerable modifications by other architects. He was the official architect until 1427, but he was rarely on site after 1423. The hospital was completed by the Florentine architect  in 1445.

The major portion completed by Brunelleschi was an arcade or loggia with nine arches, supported on each side by pilasters, which gave the appearance of columns, and opening to the interior by a small door. The arcade was supported by slender columns with Corinthian capitals. This first arcade, with its columns, rounded arches and simple classical decoration, became an established model for a numerous Renaissance building across Europe. Its long loggia and the 8m high arches were an outstanding sight along the narrow and bending streets of Florence. The building's style was dignified and sober, with no displays of fine marble or decorative inlays. It was also the first building in Florence to make clear reference—in its columns and capitals—to classical antiquity.

Thereafter Brunelleschi was awarded additional commissions, like the Ridolfi Chapel in the church of San Jacopo sopr'Arno (not surviving), and the Barbadori Chapel in Santa Felicita (since modified). In both projects Brunelleschi devised elements already used in the Ospedale degli Innocenti, and which would also be used in the Pazzi Chapel and the Sagrestia Vecchia. He was using these relatively small projects to pilot ideas which he would later employ in his most famous work, the dome of the Cathedral of Florence.

Basilica of San Lorenzo (1421–1442)
Brunelleschi undertook the major project of the Basilica of San Lorenzo soon after he had begun the Foundling Hospital. The Basilica was the largest church in Florence, sponsored by the Medici family (the church hosted the family's mausoleum). Numerous architects worked at the church, including, later, Michelangelo. Brunelleschi designed the central nave, with the two collateral naves on either side lined by small chapels, and the old sacristy.

The first stage of the project was the Old Sacristy, built between 1419 and 1429. It contains the tomb of Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici and his wife, beneath a central dome, simply decorated. The chapel is a cube of about  on each side, covered with a hemispheric dome. A level of ornamental entablements divides the vertical space into two parts, and pilasters support the dome. The altar is set into a recess at one end beneath a smaller dome. All of the arcs of the ceiling are supported by pilasters, like classical columns, set into the walls. This room, using classical elements in an innovative way, established itself as a standard in Renaissance interior architecture.

Along the nave, slender columns with Corinthian capitals replaced the massive pillars of Gothic architecture.  A coffered ceiling of square compartments with delicately gilded trim replaced the traditional vaulted ceiling of the central nave. Circular windows above each chapel were introduced to bridge the difference in height between the low chapels and the much higher nave.  The new interior projected an impression of harmony and balance.

Brunelleschi used white walls in the Old Sacristy, which later became a common element of Renaissance architecture.  Leon Battista Alberti (who wrote in 1450 the standard text of Renaissance art) argued that, since classical times, according to prominent authors like Cicero and Plato, white was the only color suitable for a temple or church and praised "the purity and simplicity of the color, like that of life."

Basilica of Santo Spirito (1434–1466)
The Basilica of Santo Spirito in Florence was his next major project, which, characteristically, he carried out in parallel with his other major works. Though he began designing in 1434, construction did not begin until 1436, and continued beyond his lifetime.  The columns for the facade were not delivered until 1446, ten days before his death, and the facade was not completed until 1482, and then was modified in the 18th century. The bell tower was also a later addition.

Santo Spirito is an example of the mathematical proportion and harmony of Brunelleschi's work.  The church is in the form of a cross. The choir, the two arms of the transept, and the space in the center of the transept are composed of squares exactly the same size.  The continuation of the nave contains four more identical squares. and a half-square (a later addition) at the end. The length of the transept is exactly one-one half of the length of the nave.  Each square of the lower collateral naves is one-quarter the size of the squares in the principal nave.  The collateral naves are lined with thirty-eight small chapels, which were later filled with altars decorated with works of art.

The vertical plan is also perfectly in proportion; the height of the central nave is exactly twice its width, and the height of the collateral naves on either side are exactly twice their width. Other aspects of his original plan, however, were modified after his death. The main aisle of the nave, lined by columns with Corinthian capitals, is topped by a row of semicircular arches, like his galleries.  His original plan called the ceiling of the nave to be composed of a barrel vault, which would have echoed the collateral naves, but this was also changed after his death to the flat coffered ceiling. Little remains of the exterior walls that he had planned.  They were unfinished at his death and were covered with a facade in a different style in the Baroque period.

Pazzi Chapel (1430–1444)
The Pazzi Chapel in Florence was commissioned in about 1429 by Andrea Pazzi to serve as the Chapter House, or meeting place of the monks of the Monastery of Santa Croce.  Like nearly all of his works, the actual construction was delayed, beginning only in 1442, and the interior was not finished until 1444.  The building was not entirely finished until about 1469, twenty years after his death.   Some of the details, such as the lantern on top of the dome, were added after his death.

The portico of the chapel is especially notable for its fine proportions, simplicity, and harmony. Its centerpiece is a sort of arch of triumph. Its six columns are by an entablature sculpted medallions, an upper level divided by pilasters and a central arch, and another band of sculpted entablature the top, below a terrace and the simple cupola. The interior spaces are framed by arches, entablatures, and pilasters. The floor is also divided into geometric sections. Light comes downward from the circular windows of the dome, and changes throughout the day. The interior is given touches of color by circular blue and white ceramic plaques made by the sculptor Luca Della Robbia. The architecture of the chapel is based on an arrangement of rectangles, rather than squares, which makes it appear slightly less balanced than his chapel in the Old Sacristy of San Lorenzo.

Santa Maria degli Angeli (1434–1437)
Santa Maria degli Angeli was an unfinished project by Brunelleschi which introduced a revolutionary concept in Renaissance architecture.  Churches since the Romanesque and Gothic periods were traditionally in the form of a cross, with the altar in the transept or crossing point.  Santa Maria deli Angeli was designed as a rotunda in an octagon shape, with eight equal sides, each containing a chapel, and the altar in the center.

The financing of the church came from the legacy of two Florentine merchants, Matteo and Andrea Scolari, and construction commenced in 1434. However, in 1437, the money for the church was seized by the Florentine government to help finance a war against the neighboring city of Lucca. The structure, which had reached a height of , was never completed as Brunelleschi designed it. The completed part was later integrated into a later church of a different design.

The plans and model of Brunelleschi's church disappeared, and it is known only from an illustration in the Codex Rustichi from 1450, and from drawings of other architects. Leon Battista Alberti, in his De re aedificatoria, the first major treatise on Renaissance architecture, written in about 1455 and published in 1485, hailed the design as the "first complete plan of a Renaissance church." Leonardo da Vinci visited Florence in about 1490, studied Brunelleschi's churches and plans, and sketched a plan for a similar octagonal church with radiating chapels in his notebooks. It reached its fruition on an even larger scale in the 16th century. Donato Bramante proposed a similar central plan with radiating chapels for his Tempieto, and later, on an even larger scale, in his plan for Saint Peter's Basilica (1485–1514). The central plan was finally realized, with some modifications, beginning in 1547, in Saint Peter's by Michelangelo and then its completed version by Carlo Maderna.

Florence Cathedral dome (1420–1461)
Santa Maria del Fiore was the cathedral and symbol of Florence, which had been begun in 1296. After the death of the first architect, Arnolfo di Cambio, work was interrupted for fifty years. The campanile, or bell tower, was added by Giotto soon after 1330. Between 1334 and 1366 a committee of architects and painters made a plan of a proposed dome, and the constructors were sworn to follow the plan. The proposed dome from the base to the lantern on top was more than  high, and the octagonal base was almost  in diameter. It was larger than the dome of the ancient Pantheon, or any other dome in Europe, and no dome of that size had been built since antiquity.

A competition was held in 1418 to select the builder, and other competitors included his old rival Ghiberti. It was won by Brunelleschi, with the help of a brick scale model of the dome made for him by his friend the sculptor Donatello. Since buttresses were forbidden by the city fathers, and because obtaining rafters for scaffolding long and strong enough (and in sufficient quantity) for the task was impossible, how a dome of that size could be constructed without its collapsing under its own weight was unclear. Furthermore, the stresses of compression were not clearly understood, and the mortars used in the period would set only after several days, keeping the strain on the scaffolding for a long time.

The work on the dome (built 1420–1436), the lantern (built 1446–c. 1461) and the exedra (built 1439–1445) occupied most of the remainder of Brunelleschi's life. Brunelleschi's success can be attributed to his technical and mathematical genius. Brunelleschi used more than four million bricks in the construction of the octagonal dome. Notably, Brunelleschi left behind no building plans or diagrams detailing the dome's structure; scholars surmise that he constructed the dome as though it were hemispherical, which would have allowed the dome to support itself.

Brunelleschi constructed two domes, one within the other, a practice that would later be followed by all the successive major domes, including those of Les Invalides in Paris and the United States Capitol in Washington. The outer dome protected the inner dome from the rain and allowed a higher and more majestic form. The frame of the dome is composed of twenty-eight horizontal and vertical marble ribs, or eperoni, eight of which are visible on the outside. Those visible on the outside are largely decorative, since the outer dome is supported by the structure of the inner dome. A narrow stairway runs upward between the two domes to the lantern on the top.

Brunelleschi invented a new hoisting machine for raising the masonry needed for the dome, a task no doubt inspired by republication of Vitruvius' De architectura, which describes Roman machines used in the first century AD to build large structures such as the Pantheon and the Baths of Diocletian, structures still standing, which he would have seen for himself. This hoisting machine would be admired by Leonardo da Vinci years later.

The strength of the dome was improved by the wooden and sandstone chains invented by Brunelleschi, which acted like tensioning rings around the base of the dome and reduced the need for flying buttresses, so popular in Gothic architecture. The herringbone brick-laying pattern, which Brunelleschi may have seen in Rome, was also seemingly forgotten in Europe before the construction of the dome.

Brunelleschi kept his workers up in the building during their breaks and brought food and diluted wine, similar to that given to pregnant women at the time, up to them. He felt the trip up and down the hundreds of stairs would exhaust them and reduce their productivity.

Once the dome was completed, a new competition was held in 1436 for the decorative lantern on top of the dome, once again against his old rival Ghiberti. Brunelleschi won the competition and designed the structure and built the base for the lantern, but he did not live long enough to see its final installation atop the dome.

In 1438 Brunelleschi designed his last contribution to the cathedral; four hemispherical exedra, or small half-domes, based on a Roman model, set against the drum at the base of the main dome. They alternated the four small domes arranged around the main dome and gave the appearance of a stairway of domes mounting upward.  They were purely decorative and were richly decorated with horizontal entablatures and vertical arches, pilasters. and double columns. Even though decoration was the forefront of motivation for the design. The technological advancements of gunpowder and portable cannons required a new system of fortification which led to further development of the double shelled dome. Their architectural elements inspired later High Renaissance architecture, including the Tempietto of St. Peter built at Montorio by Bramante (1502). A similar structure appears the painting of an ideal city attributed to Piero della Francesca at Urbino (about 1475). The new designs fulfilled the need for architectural status for ruling kings and princes with the strong dome structure protecting their interests and bloodline

Accomplishments

Linear perspective

Besides his accomplishments in architecture, Brunelleschi is also credited as the first person to describe a precise system of linear perspective. This revolutionized painting and opened the way for the naturalistic styles of Renaissance art. He systematically studied how and why objects, buildings, and landscapes changed and lines appeared to change shape when seen from a distance or from different angles. He produced drawings in perspective of the Baptistry in Florence, Place San Giovanni and other Florence landmarks.

According to his early biographers Giorgio Vasari and Antonio Manetti, Brunelleschi conducted experiments between 1415 and 1420, including making paintings with perspectives of the Florence Baptistery and the Palazzo Vecchio, seen obliquely from its northwest corner, as well as the buildings of Place San Giovanni. According to Manetti, he used a grid to guide the drawing of the scene square by square and produced a reverse image. He mathematically calculated a scale for the objects in the drawing to make them appear more accurately. Thus, discovering a system to represent three dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface. The results were compositions with accurate perspective, as seen through a mirror. To compare the accuracy of his image with the real object, he made a small hole in his painting, and had an observer look through the back of his painting to observe the scene. A mirror was then raised, reflecting Brunelleschi's composition, and the observer saw the striking similarity between the reality and painting. Both panels have since been lost.

Brunelleschi's studies on perspective were extended by Leon Battista Alberti, Piero della Francesca and Leonardo da Vinci. Following the rules of perspective studied by Brunelleschi and the others, artists could paint imaginary landscapes and scenes with accurate three-dimensional perspective and realism.  The most important treatise on painting of the Renaissance, Della Pittura libri tre by Alberti, with a description of Brunelleschi's experiment, was published in 1436 and was dedicated to Brunelleschi. This technical innovation by Brunelleschi enabled to reproduce in paintings accurate three-dimensional views of the world.  The painting The Holy Trinity by Masaccio (1425–1427) in the Santa Maria Novella, Florence, is a renowned example of the new technique, which accurately created the illusion of a three-dimensional representation and also recreated, in painting, Brunelleschi's architectural style.  This development established the standard method of painting studied by artists until the 19th century.

An innovative boat

In 1421, Brunelleschi was granted what is thought to be one of the first modern patents for his invention of a river transport vessel that was said to "bring in any merchandise and load on the river Arno etc for less money than usual, and with several other benefits." It was intended to be used to transport marble. In the history of patent law, Brunelleschi is, therefore, accorded a special place. In cultural and political terms, the granting of the patent was part of Brunelleschi's attempt to operate as a creative and commercial individual outside the constraints of the guilds and their monopolies.

He was also active in shipbuilding. In 1427 he built a large boat named Il Badalone to transport marble to Florence from Pisa up the River Arno. The ship sank on its maiden voyage, along with a sizable portion of Brunelleschi's personal fortune.

Other activities
Brunelleschi's interests extended to mathematics and engineering and the study of ancient monuments. He designed hydraulic machinery and elaborate clockworks, none of which survive.

Brunelleschi designed machinery for use in churches during theatrical religious performances that re-enacted Biblical miracle stories. Contrivances were created by which characters and angels were made to fly through the air in the midst of spectacular explosions of light and fireworks. These events took place during state and ecclesiastical visits. It is not known for certain how many of these projects Brunelleschi designed, but at least one, for the church of San Felice, is confirmed in the records.

Brunelleschi also designed fortifications used by Florence in its military confrontations with Pisa and Siena. In 1424, he worked in Lastra a Signa, a village protecting the route to Pisa, and in 1431, in the south of Italy at the walls of the village of Staggia. These walls are still preserved, but their attribution to Brunelleschi is uncertain.

His works involved sometimes urban planning; he strategically positioned several of his buildings in relation to the nearby squares and streets to increase their visibility. For example, demolitions in front of San Lorenzo were approved in 1433 to create a piazza facing the church. At Santo Spirito, he suggested that the façade be turned either towards the Arno so travellers would see it, or to the north, to face a large piazza.

Personal life
Brunelleschi did not have children of his own, but in 1415, he adopted Andrea de Lazzaro Cavalcanti, who took the name Il Buggiano, after his birthplace.  He was Brunelleschi's sole heir.

Brunelleschi was a member of the guild of silk merchants, which included jewelers and goldsmiths, but not of the guild of stone and wood masters, which included architects. In 1434, he was arrested at the request of the guild of masters of stone and wood for practicing his trade illegally. He was quickly released, and the stone and wood masters were charged with false imprisonment.

Location of remains

Brunelleschi's body lies in the crypt of the Cathedral of Florence. Antonio Manetti, who knew Brunelleschi and wrote his biography that Brunelleschi "was granted such honours as to be buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore, and with a marble bust, which was said to be carved from life, and placed there in perpetual memory with such a splendid epitaph." Inside the cathedral entrance is this epitaph: "Both the magnificent dome of this famous church and many other devices invented by Filippo the architect, bear witness to his superb skills. Therefore, in tribute to his exceptional talents, a grateful country that will always remember him buries him here in the soil below." A statue of Brunelleschi, looking up at his dome, was later placed in the square in front of the cathedral.

Fictional depictions
Brunelleschi is portrayed by Alessandro Preziosi in the 2016 television series Medici: Masters of Florence.

Principal works
The principal buildings and works designed by Brunelleschi or which included his involvement, all situated in Florence:
 Dome of the Florence Cathedral (1419–1436)
 Ospedale degli Innocenti (1419–ca.1445)
 The Basilica of San Lorenzo (1419–1480s)
 Meeting Hall of the Palazzo di Parte Guelfa (1420s–1445)
 Sagrestia Vecchia, or Old Sacristy of S. Lorenzo (1421–1440)
 Santa Maria degli Angeli: unfinished, (begun 1434)
 The lantern of Florence Cathedral (1436–ca.1450)
 The exedrae of Florence Cathedral (1439–1445)
 The church of Santo Spirito (1441–1481)
 Pazzi Chapel (1441–1460s)

See also
 Egg of Columbus
 Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli

References
Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography
Coonin, A. Victor, Donatello and the Dawn of Renaissance Art, 2019, Reaktion Books,

Further reading

  (in line presentation)

 Vereycken, Karel, "The Secrets of the Florentine Dome", Schiller Institute, 2013. (Translation from the French, "Les secrets du dôme de Florence", la revue Fusion, n° 96, Mai, Juin 2003)
 "The Great Cathedral Mystery", PBS Nova TV documentary, February 12, 2014

External links

 Filippo Brunelleschi: Life & Main Works
  Free audio guide of Brunelleschi's Dome

Works at Open Library

Filippo Brunelleschi
Italian Renaissance architects
Italian civil engineers
1377 births
1446 deaths
Architects of cathedrals
Architects from Florence
14th-century people from the Republic of Florence
15th-century people from the Republic of Florence
Italian Roman Catholics
History of patent law
15th-century Italian engineers
15th-century Italian architects
15th-century Italian sculptors
Architects of Roman Catholic churches
Catholic sculptors

Filippo Brunelleschi


In ordinary is an English phrase with multiple meanings. In relation to the Royal Household and public officials more generally, it indicates that a position is a permanent one (in contrast to positions that are extraordinary). In naval matters, vessels "in ordinary" (from the 17th century) are those out of service for repair or maintenance, a meaning coming over time to cover a reserve fleet or "mothballed" ships.

History of use
The term arose from the development of three separate financial estimates for Royal Navy expenditure; the "Ordinary" estimate which covered routine expenses such as the maintenance of dockyards and naval establishments, the "Sea Service" estimate which supported ships and crew at or capable of going to sea, and the estimate for "Extraordinary Repair" which met the cost of major rebuilding or refit. A ship that was no longer required for active service, or was too decrepit to remain at sea, would be transferred from the Sea Service to the Ordinary estimate, and would be left "in Ordinary" until returned to duty or broken up.

Ships could remain "in Ordinary" for lengthy periods, including for example  which spent 38 years "in Ordinary" between its launch in 1719 and first active service in 1757. Poorly maintained, they were susceptible to dry rot and were routinely crewed by pensioned or disabled sailors with little interest in a return to sea service. During the War of the Austrian Succession from 1739 to 1745, a review of ships "in Ordinary" revealed that at least half of their warrant officers were too old or sickly to serve outside their mothballed vessels. Improvements were made from 1752 when Admiral George Anson, the newly appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, initiated reforms of royal dockyards with the intention of maximising the number of vessels capable of being put to sea at any time. However, most of Anson's reforms were opposed by the Navy Board, which had direct responsibility for dockyard management and felt that Admiralty's interference was a rebuke to its authority.

In 1755 the Board of Admiralty conducted a further review of vessels in ordinary. The review identified Plymouth Dockyard as the worst performer in ship maintenance and repair, with some ships untouched since 1745. Plymouth Dockyard's master attendant and clerk of the survey were dismissed, a new dock and slipway constructed and dock workers and ship's crews were required to work longer hours to ensure the ships held in ordinary were capable of being sailed. To maximise resources, construction of new vessels was also transferred to private shipyards. Lastly, Admiralty successfully petitioned the Privy Council to remove the Royal Navy's Surveyor, Joseph Allin, who had held the post for forty years and was now "disordered in his senses."

These various efforts were successful in improving the quality of vessels held in ordinary, such that more than 200 ships were in commission or capable of being sailed by the end of 1755 compared with 97 in 1753.

Royal Navy officers ashore on half-pay were also considered "in Ordinary" and paid from the same estimate that applied to sidelined vessels.

Crown servants
In relation particularly to the staff of the British Royal Household, and more generally to those employed by the Crown, it is used as a suffix showing that the appointment is to the regular staff, for example a priest or chaplain-in-ordinary, or a physician-in-ordinary, being a cleric or doctor in regular attendance. The usage goes back to the 17th century. See for example:
 Principal Painter in Ordinary
 Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
 Chaplain Extraordinary

References

Bibliography

English phrases
In Ordinary
British monarchy
Royal Navy

In ordinary


The Alexander Faribault House is a historic house museum in Faribault, Minnesota, United States.  Built in 1853, it was the first wood-frame house constructed in Rice County, Minnesota.  It was built by fur trader Alexander Faribault in the Greek Revival style.  Besides serving as a house, it also served as a civic center, polling place, and a church. The local address of the house is 12 First Avenue, Faribault, MN. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

Alexander Faribault, son of Jean Baptiste Faribault, was a contemporary of Henry Hastings Sibley and served as his secretary for a time.  In 1835, Alexander Faribault set up a trading venture at the confluence of the Straight River and the Cannon River.  He had a relationship of mutual respect with the Dakota Indians with whom he traded, even to the degree of sheltering friendly Indians during the Dakota War of 1862.  In 1853, he built a large frame house.  His house reflected his prosperity, with nine bedrooms, a music room, a parlor, a sitting room, an office, a kitchen, a summer kitchen, and a sewing room.  Part of his wealth came from "traders' claims" stemming from the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux, but he was also the proprietor of a sawmill and a flour mill.  In turn, he was generous to the community, donating $3,000 to Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple for the church and for Shattuck School.  He also donated land for the Seabury Divinity School.  He served as a delegate to the Minnesota Territorial Legislature and remained friends with Henry Mower Rice and Henry Hastings Sibley, even though Rice and Sibley were personal and political enemies.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Rice County, Minnesota

References

External links

 Rice County Historical Society: Alexander Faribault House
 Historic American Buildings Survey: Alexander Faribault House

Buildings and structures in Faribault, Minnesota
Greek Revival church buildings in Minnesota
Greek Revival houses in Minnesota
Historic house museums in Minnesota
Houses completed in 1853
Houses in Rice County, Minnesota
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Museums in Rice County, Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Rice County, Minnesota

Alexander Faribault House