Santa Cruz (Spanish for "Holy Cross") is the largest city and the county seat of Santa Cruz County, in Northern California. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 62,956. Situated on the northern edge of Monterey Bay, Santa Cruz is a popular tourist destination, owing to its beaches, surf culture, and historic landmarks.

Santa Cruz was founded by the Spanish in 1791, when Fermín de Lasuén established Mission Santa Cruz. Soon after, a settlement grew up near the mission called Branciforte, which came to be known across Alta California for its lawlessness. With the Mexican secularization of the Californian missions in 1833, the former mission was divided and granted as rancho grants. Following the American Conquest of California and the admission of California as a U. S. state in 1850, Santa Cruz was incorporated as a town in 1866, and became a charter city in 1876. The creation of the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk in 1904 solidified the city's status as a seaside resort community, while the establishment of the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1965 made Santa Cruz a college town.

History

Indigenous period
Indigenous people have been living in the Santa Cruz region for at least 12,000 years. Prior to the arrival of Spanish soldiers, missionaries and colonists in the late 18th century, the area was home to the Awaswas nation of Ohlone people, who lived in a territory stretching slightly north of Davenport to Rio Del Mar. The Awaswas tribe was made up of no more than one thousand people and their language is now extinct.  The only remnants of their spoken language are three local place names: Aptos, Soquel and Zayante; and the name of a native shellfish – abalone. At the time of colonization, the Indigenous people belonged to the Uypi tribe of the Awaswas-speaking dialectical group. They called the area Aulinta.

Spanish period
The first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolá expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá, passed through the area on its way north, still searching for the "port of Monterey" described by Sebastian Vizcaino in 1602. The party forded the river (probably near where the Soquel Avenue bridge now stands) and camped nearby on October 17, 1769. Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, traveling with the expedition, noted in his diary that, "This river was named San Lorenzo." (for Saint Lawrence).

Next morning, the expedition set out again, and Crespi noted that, "Five hundred steps after we started we crossed a good arroyo of running water which descends from some high hills where it rises. It was named "El Arroyo de la Santisima Cruz, which translates literally as "The Stream of the Most Holy Cross".

In 1791, Father Fermín Lasuén continued the use of Crespi's name when he declared the establishment of La Misión de la Exaltación de la Santa Cruz (also known as Mission Santa Cruz) for the conversion of the Awaswas of Chatu-Mu and surrounding Ohlone villages. Santa Cruz was the twelfth mission to be founded in California. The creek, however, later lost the name, and is known today as Laurel Creek because it parallels Laurel Street. It is the main feeder of Neary Lagoon.

In 1797, Governor Diego de Borica, by order of the Viceroy of New Spain, Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca y Branciforte, marqués de Branciforte,  established the Villa de Branciforte, a town named in honor of the Viceroy.  One of only three civilian towns established in California during the Spanish colonial period (the other two became Los Angeles and San Jose), the Villa was located across the San Lorenzo River, less than a mile from the Mission. Its original main street is now North Branciforte Avenue. Villa de Branciforte later lost its civic status, and in 1905 the area was annexed into the City of Santa Cruz.

Mexican period

In the 1820s, newly independent Mexico assumed control of the area. Following the Mexican secularization act of 1833, governor Figueroa attempted to rename the community that had grown up around the mission after himself, to Pueblo de Figueroa. The pueblo designation was never made official, however. The new name did not catch on and Santa Cruz remained Santa Cruz.

The Santa Cruz mission, along with the rest of the twenty-one Alta California missions, was secularized within a few years after 1833. Even before secularization, the Indian population had declined. Fllowing secularization, mission grazing lands, which once extended from the San Lorenzo River north along the coast to approximately today's Santa Cruz County border, were taken away and broken up into large land grants called ranchos. The grants were made by several different governors between 1834 and 1845 (see List of Ranchos of California).

Two ranchos were totally within the boundaries of today's city of Santa Cruz. Rancho Potrero Y Rincon de San Pedro Regalado consisted mostly of flat, river-bottom pasture land north of Mission Hill ("potrero" translates as "pasture"). Rancho Tres Ojos de Agua was on the west side. Three other rancho boundaries later became part of the modern city limits: Rancho Refugio on the west. Rancho Carbonera on the north, and Rancho Arroyo del Rodeo on the east.

After secularization put most California land into private hands, immigrants from the United States began to arrive in steadily increasing numbers, especially in the 1840s when overland routes like the California Trail were opened. In 1848, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded the territory of Alta California to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Demoted to a parish church, the former Santa Cruz mission was unable to maintain its building complex after secularization, and the adobe buildings slowly began to fall apart from wet weather and lack of maintenance. The chapel tower fell in 1840 and the entire front wall was destroyed in the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake. In 1858 a "modern" church was built next door to the remaining rear portion of the chapel. That remainder was demolished in 1889, when today's Holy Cross church was built on the site, in a gothic style.

American period

California was the first portion of the former Mexican territory to become a state, in 1850. Santa Cruz County was established the same year, and Santa Cruz became the county seat. Santa Cruz was incorporated as a town in 1866, and became a charter city in 1876.

Following the U.S. Conquest of California, Santa Cruz steadily grew with the arrival of immigrants from the eastern United States. Elihu Anthony (1818–1905) arrived in Santa Cruz in 1847 and opened many firsts for the city, including the first Protestant Church and the first blacksmith foundry. He built the first wharf and was the first postmaster. He developed the first commercial blocks in downtown Santa Cruz with his early blacksmith foundry located at what is now the corner of Pacific Avenue and Mission Street. With Frederick A. Hihn, Anthony built the first private water supply network in the city and serving nearby communities.

The establishment of railroad lines in Santa Cruz in 1875-76 with the Santa Cruz & Felton Railroad and the Santa Cruz Railroad provided market access for the city's timber, leather and limestone industries.

California Powder Works began manufacturing blasting powder for California mining when normal supplies were interrupted by the American Civil War.  The extensive complex built on the San Lorenzo River upstream of Santa Cruz used charcoal and powder kegs manufactured from local forests.  The Works later manufactured smokeless powder used in United States Army Krag-Jørgensen rifles and guns of the United States Navy Pacific and Asiatic fleets.

Santa Cruz was hard hit by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake that killed three people. It was also hit by ocean surges caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, wherein the Santa Cruz Small Craft Harbor sustained an estimated $10 million of damage, with another $5 million of damage to docked boats there. Following the earthquake, a former building chief urged the city government to consider relocating to a safer location with lower risk of damage from seismic activity. It was again hit by ocean surges caused by 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami, that caused damages to the harbor.

Santa Cruz became one of the first cities to approve marijuana for medicinal uses.  In 1992, residents overwhelmingly approved Measure A,  which allowed for the medicinal uses of marijuana. Santa Cruz was home to the second above-ground medical marijuana club in the world when the Santa Cruz Cannabis Buyers Club opened its doors in April 1995. Santa Cruz also became one of the first cities in California to test the state's medical marijuana laws in court after the arrest of Valerie Corral and Mike Corral, founders of the Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana,  by the DEA. In January 2020, Santa Cruz became the third city in the US and second city in California to decriminalize psilocybin mushrooms in addition to a slew of other entheogenic plants on the Federal Schedule 1 Substance List.

In 1998, the Santa Cruz community declared itself a nuclear-free zone, and in 2003, the Santa Cruz City Council became the first city council in the U.S. to denounce the Iraq War. The City Council of Santa Cruz also issued a proclamation opposing the USA PATRIOT Act.

Notable feminist activists Nikki Craft and Ann Simonton resided in Santa Cruz, where they formed the "Praying Mantis Brigade". This collection of activists organized the "Myth California Pageant" in the 1980s protesting the objectification of women. Myth California was staged concurrently with the Miss California pageant held in Santa Cruz since the 1920s. The protests ran for nine years and eventually contributed to the Miss California pageant leaving Santa Cruz.

Riots occurred on May 1, 2010, sparked when anarchist extremists threw paint at police cars and painted anarchist symbols and anti-capitalist phrases onto buildings, resulting in more than a dozen buildings being vandalized and numerous storefronts being damaged.  Property damages are estimated to top roughly $100,000. Prior to the riot, a May Day rally was being held for worker and immigrant rights. According to police, the rally was infiltrated by a local anarchists group, who used the rally as a cover for attacking corporate premises.

Occupy Santa Cruz formed as an autonomous organization in solidarity with the worldwide Occupy movement, a broad-based protest against economic and social inequality. The organization gained most of its notoriety when members barricaded themselves in an empty bank building owned by Wells Fargo and occupied the building for 72 hours, causing $30,000 in damages. Eleven criminal charges were filed, at least seven of which have since been dropped.

Geography

Santa Cruz is on the northern edge of Monterey Bay. The area is losing several feet of beach a year.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city covers an area of , of which  is land, and  (19.51%s) is water. To Santa Cruz locals, the area is often discussed in terms of three distinct regions: east side, west side, and midtown.

Climate
Santa Cruz has mild weather throughout the year, experiencing a warm-summer Mediterranean climate characterized by mild, wet winters and warm, mostly dry summers. Due to its proximity to Monterey Bay, fog and low overcast are common during the night and morning hours, especially in the summer. Santa Cruz frequently experiences an Indian summer, with the year's warmest temperatures often occurring in the autumn. Since the city faces south rather than west with mountains to its north, temperatures are usually several degrees warmer than in coastal areas to its northwest.

Demographics

2000

Recorded from the census of 2000, there were 54,593 people total with 20,442 households and 10,404 families residing in the city. The population density includes 1,682.2/km (4,356.0/sq mi). There were 21,504 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 78.7% White, 17.4% Hispanic or Latino, 1.7% African American, 0.9% Native American, 4.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 9.1% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races.

There were 20,442 households, out of which 25.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.1% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 17.3% under the age of 18, 20.5% from 18 to 24, 32.6% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.9 males age 18 and over.

The median income for a household in the city was $50,605, and the median income for a family was $62,231 (these figures had risen to $59,172 and $80,496 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $44,751 versus $32,699 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,758. About 6.6% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

2010

The 2010 United States Census reported that Santa Cruz had a population of 59,946. The population density was . The racial makeup of Santa Cruz was 44,661 (74.5%) White, 1,071 (1.8%) African American, 440 (0.7%) Native American, 4,591 (7.7%) Asian, 108 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 5,673 (9.5%) from other races, and 3,402 (5.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,624 persons (19.4%).

The Census reported that 51,657 people (86.2% of the population) lived in households, 7,910 (13.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 379 (0.6%) were institutionalized.

There were 21,657 households, out of which 4,817 (22.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 7,310 (33.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,833 (8.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 862 (4.0%) had a male householder with no wife present.  There were 1,802 (8.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 379 (1.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 6,773 households (31.3%) were made up of individuals, and 1,862 (8.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39.  There were 10,005 families (46.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.92.

The age distribution of the population shows 8,196 people (13.7%) under the age of 18, 17,449 people (29.1%) aged 18 to 24, 15,033 people (25.1%) aged 25 to 44, 13,983 people (23.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,285 people (8.8%) who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 29.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.5 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.7 males.

There were 23,316 housing units at an average density of , of which 9,375 (43.3%) were owner-occupied, and 12,282 (56.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.4%.  22,861 people (38.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 28,796 people (48.0%) lived in rental housing units. The median price of a home being $640,000 as of April 2013.

Economy

The principal industries of Santa Cruz are agriculture, tourism, education (UC Santa Cruz) and high technology. Santa Cruz is a center of the organic agriculture movement, and many specialty products as well as housing the headquarters of California Certified Organic Farmers.

Tourist attractions include the classic Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk  on the beach, the redwood forests in the Santa Cruz Mountains above the town, and Monterey Bay, which is protected as a marine sanctuary.

Technology companies have made Santa Cruz their home since the 1980s.  Examples from that era include the Santa Cruz Operation (later Tarantella, Inc.), Plantronics, and Parallel Computers, Inc.

Downtown Santa Cruz houses a variety of storefronts and businesses. It is also stage to many street performers, musicians, and artists, oftentimes creating the presence of background music and miscellaneous street side entertainment when visiting downtown. Consequently, Pacific Avenue serves as an outlet for the artistic and unique culture that Santa Cruz possesses.

Top employers

As of 2020, the top employers within the city were:

Arts and culture

Santa Cruz has a number of cultural institutions and other attractions, including the University of California, Santa Cruz, Arboretum; Mission Santa Cruz; the Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History; the Santa Cruz Museum of Art and History; the Santa Cruz Art League (which includes an art gallery, theater, and classroom); the Santa Cruz Surfing Museum (housed in a lighthouse near Steamer Lane); and the Tannery Arts Center.

Santa Cruz hosts numerous cultural events and festivals every year. The Cabrillo Festival of Contemporary Music is an annual festival of contemporary music for orchestra that has been called a "new music mecca" by The New York Times. Santa Cruz Shakespeare is an annual summer festival that performs William Shakespeare plays every summer. Other notable events include the Santa Cruz Film Festival, the Santa Cruz Blues Festival, the Santa Cruz Digital Arts & New Media Festival, and Santa Cruz Pride. The O'Neill Cold Water Classic is annual surfing event that draws crowds at the popular Steamer Lane.

The Open Studios Art Tour is an art fair has been run for more than three decades and draws artists and patrons from around the area. First Friday Santa Cruz is a monthly event features dozens of art openings in the Santa Cruz area on the first Friday of the month.

The Santa Cruz County Symphony, founded in 1958, is a fully professional ensemble of 65 members which presents an annual concert series at the Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium and the Mello Center in Watsonville.

Historic landmarks

By the 1860s, Pacific Avenue had become the main street of downtown Santa Cruz, and remains so today. Local architect Kermit Darrow and landscape architect Roy Rydell were engaged in 1969 to convert several blocks of Pacific Avenue into a semi-pedestrian street named the Pacific Garden Mall.  The Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 destroyed nearly all of the 19th-century buildings in the downtown area. The Pacific Avenue Historic District had been recognized by the National Register of Historic Places; it was delisted in 1991. After the earthquake, the Pacific Garden Mall theme was eliminated, and an updated downtown design plan by ROMA Design Group was implemented. As of 2016, only one empty lot remains on Pacific Avenue from the destruction of the 1989 earthquake.

Landmarks on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Cruz County, California include the Branciforte Adobe,  the Cowell Lime Works Historic District, the Golden Gate Villa, the Hinds House, Mission Santa Cruz, the Neary-Rodriguez Adobe, the Octagon Building, and the Santa Cruz Looff Carousel and Roller Coaster, among others.

Landmarks on the California Register of Historical Resources include Mission Santa Cruz, Villa de Branciforte, and the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk.

"Surf City" nickname controversy

After Huntington Beach, California, trademarked the "Surf City USA" name, Santa Cruz politicians tried to stop the mark from being registered by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office because of a 10-year-old controversy over Santa Cruz's nickname "Surf City." Huntington Beach has obtained a total of seven registrations for the "Surf City USA" trademark.  None of these registrations of the trademark are on the principal register, but on the secondary register, which means that Huntington Beach has no exclusive right to assert ownership over the "Surf City USA" trademark.  Two Santa Cruz surf shops, Shoreline Surf Shop and Noland's on the Wharf, sued the city of Huntington Beach in order to protect the public use of the term "Surf City."  The parties reached a confidential settlement in January 2008, in which neither side admitted liability and all claims and counterclaims were dismissed.  The Santa Cruz surf shops continue to print T-shirts, and the Visitor's Bureau retains the right to use the trademark.

Neighborhoods
The "westside" of Santa Cruz is commonly accepted to be anything west of the San Lorenzo River and the "eastside" east of the San Lorenzo River all the way to neighboring towns of Soquel and Capitola. And the beginning of Aptos is seen as the end boundary for the "eastside".

Parks and recreation

Santa Cruz is home to several state parks and beaches, including Lighthouse Field State Beach, Natural Bridges State Beach, Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park, Twin Lakes State Beach, and Seabright State Beach.

Santa Cruz has three greenbelt open space properties along the city limits, including Arana Gulch, Moore Creek, and Pogonip.  There are also five community parks and eighteen neighborhood parks.

Pogonip Open Space is located adjacent to the University of California, Santa Cruz.  It includes second-growth oak and redwood forest, meadows and several streams, and is crossed by several hiking trails. Pogonip was the name of the former country club there, which once had a golf course and polo field.

Natural Bridges State Marine Reserve is a marine protected area off the coast at the northern edge of Santa Cruz. Like underwater parks, marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems. Most of the rest of the coastline of Santa Cruz lies adjacent to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.

The Santa Cruz Wharf is known for fishing, viewing marine mammals and other recreation.  Local parks offer many opportunities for birding and butterfly watching, as well as outdoor sports such as skateboarding, cycling, camping, hiking, and rock climbing. The Santa Cruz Skatepark is open to the public 7 days a week and is free.  In addition to its reputation in surfing and skateboarding, Santa Cruz is known for other sports such as disc ultimate and disc golf. The DeLaveaga Disc Golf Course designed by hall of fame and local disc sports promoter Tom Schot, hosts PDGA tournaments, including the annual Masters Cup. DeLaveaga was the disc golf and discathon venue for the WFDF-sanctioned World Disc Games overall event held in Santa Cruz in July 2005.

Surfing

Santa Cruz is well known for watersports such as sailing, diving, swimming, stand up paddle boarding, paddling, and is regarded as one of the best spots in the world for surfing. It is the home of O'Neill Wetsuits and Santa Cruz Surfboards, as well as Santa Cruz Skateboards and Santa Cruz Bicycles. The Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk is California's oldest amusement park and a designated State Historic Landmark. It is family-operated, and celebrated its Centennial in 2007. It is home to the iconic Giant Dipper roller coaster, which is currently the fifth oldest coaster in the United States. Home to a National Historic Landmark, a 1911 Charles I. D. Looff Carousel and 1924 Giant Dipper roller coaster, the Boardwalk has been owned and operated by the Santa Cruz Seaside Company since 1915.

In one of the first published descriptions of surfing in California, three Hawaiian princes, Prince David Kawānanakoa, Prince Edward Abnel Keliʻiahonui and Prince Jonah Kalanianaole, surfed on locally milled redwood boards at the mouth of the San Lorenzo River in July 1885. Santa Cruz has 11 world-class surf breaks, including the point breaks over rock bottoms near Steamer Lane and Pleasure Point, which create some of the best surfing waves in the world. The Santa Cruz Surfing Museum at Steamer Lane is staffed by docents from the Santa Cruz Surfing Club who have surfed Santa Cruz waves since the 1930s. Santa Cruz hosts several surf contests drawing international participants each year, including the O'Neill Cold Water Classic, the International Longboard Association contest, and many others.

Sports
In recent years, Santa Cruz has become home to several minor-league and amateur sports teams. The Santa Cruz Warriors (an NBA G League team), and Santa Cruz Derby Girls (an amateur roller derby league) regularly play games in the Kaiser Permanente Arena.

Government

In the California State Legislature, Santa Cruz is in , and in . In the United States House of Representatives, Santa Cruz is split between , and .

Public safety

A 2013 article in the Santa Cruz Sentinel noted that according to FBI statistics, Santa Cruz had the highest property crime rates per capita for medium and large-sized cities in the state of California, in addition to some of the highest violent crime rates in the state of California for medium and large-sized cities. The article noted tourism, police staffing concerns, prolific liquor licenses, widespread availability of drugs, and large numbers of transients as potential causes. The 2019 edition of the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports data published by the Santa Cruz Police Department showed that crime rates had decreased for all crimes except arson when measured against a five year rolling average.

In 1973, after the discovery of four bodies in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park, Peter Chang, the district attorney for Santa Cruz County referred to the city as "the murder capital of the world" in an interview. The bodies were later determined to be victims of the serial killer Herbert Mullin.

Homelessness
Santa Cruz has one of the highest rates of homelessness in the US, with 9,041 estimated homeless in Santa Cruz county in 2011, approximately 3.5% of the total county population. with over 52% of homeless experiencing some form of mental illness, including clinical depression or PTSD and over 26% suffering unspecified mental illness.  Additionally, 38% of homeless surveyed in Santa Cruz county in 2011 experienced drug and/or alcohol dependency.  In recent years, citizen groups such as Take Back Santa Cruz, established in 2009, have lobbied city government and officials to address what they view as a public safety crisis, a situation that has gathered national attention.

Education

Santa Cruz is home to several educational institutions. The city is served by the Santa Cruz City School District. Notable public schools include Santa Cruz High School and Harbor High School.

Notable private or charter schools include Georgiana Bruce Kirby Preparatory School (a grade 6–12 private school), Pacific Collegiate School (a grade 7–12 charter school), Cypress Charter High School, and Monterey Coast Preparatory.

Santa Cruz is notably the home of the University of California, Santa Cruz. The city is also host to Five Branches University and a campus of Cabrillo College (which is located in nearby Aptos and Watsonville and holds some classes within Santa Cruz city).

UC Santa Cruz's Long Marine Laboratory is a marine research facility on the western edge of the city.

Media
The Santa Cruz Sentinel is Santa Cruz's only daily newspaper.  The area is also served by the weekly newspaper Good Times, bought in 2014 by the owners of its competitor Santa Cruz Weekly, who then merged the two, continuing one paper under the Good Times name, and the legal paper Santa Cruz Record.  University of California has its own publication, City on a Hill Press, and an alternative humor publication, Fish Rap Live!. There is also an online newspaper called Santa Cruz Wire.

Radio stations broadcast from Santa Cruz include KSCO, KOMY, KZSC, KLVM, KSQL, KSQD, and KPIG-FM.

Infrastructure

Transportation

State Routes 1 and 17 are the main roads in and out of Santa Cruz, with the latter being the primary route north to San Jose and the rest of the San Francisco Bay Area. Geographically constrained between the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Monterey Bay, the narrow transportation corridor served by SR 1, California's Pacific Coast Highway, suffers excessive congestion.  The ramp from SR 1 northbound to SR 17 southbound, onto Ocean Street, is commonly known as the "fish hook" due to its tightening curve. A project to widen the highway and this interchange was begun in 2006 and completed in the fall of 2008.

The nearest airports served by major commercial airlines are San Jose International Airport, Monterey Regional Airport, San Francisco International Airport, and Oakland International Airport. The nearest public airport of any kind is Watsonville Municipal Airport, about eight miles to the southeast, which serves general aviation users.

Horsecars offered tram service from 1876, and the Santa Cruz, Garfield Park, and Capitola Electric Railroad began operations in 1881. The Union Traction Company consolidated three electric tram service routes in 1904. One line ran from DeLaveaga Park along Water Street and Pacific Avenue to the beach, another from Ocean Cliffs to downtown along what would become SR 1, and a line through Seabright to Capitola was completed in 1906. Competition from automobiles ended streetcar service in 1926. The Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District now provides bus service throughout Santa Cruz County.

Amtrak serves Santa Cruz via Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach from rail connections at Amtrak San Jose Diridon Train Station operated by the Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District by way of a partnership with the Amtrak, Capitol Corridor, and Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority.  Other rail connections such as Altamont Corridor Express and Caltrain are also available at Amtrak's San Jose passenger station.

Greyhound Lines bus service is another, albeit less commonly used, option for visiting Santa Cruz.

Santa Cruz has an extensive network of bike lanes and bike paths. Most major roads have bike lanes, and wide bike lanes were recently installed on Beach Street, near the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk. Additionally, there are levee bike paths along the San Lorenzo River. A Rail Trail – a bicycle and pedestrian path beside an existing coastal train track—is under consideration.

The Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway operates diesel-electric tourist trains between the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk and Roaring Camp in Felton, through Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park, with its famous Redwood Grove walking trail.

The Santa Cruz Railroad was a narrow gauge railroad that operated between Santa Cruz and Pajaro.

Water
The main water source is Loch Lomond Reservoir.

Sister cities
Sister cities of Santa Cruz are:
 Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine (1984)
 Biarritz, France (2022)
 Jinotepe, Nicaragua (1990)
 Sestri Levante, Italy (1980)
 Shingū, Japan (1974)

Inactive sister city relationships:
 Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela (1966)

See also

List of people from Santa Cruz, California
List of birds of Santa Cruz County, California
List of cities and towns in California
List of ranchos of California (sortable by city or county)

References

External links

Santa Cruz Chamber of Commerce

California Missions Online – Mission Santa Cruz

Cities in Santa Cruz County, California
County seats in California
Monterey Bay
Populated coastal places in California
Populated places established in 1791
1791 establishments in Alta California
Populated places established in 1866
1866 establishments in California
Busking venues
Spanish mission settlements in North America
Incorporated cities and towns in California

Santa Cruz, California


The Oionus I was a tetrahedral triplane built  for  Alexander Graham Bell. It was the culmination of Bell's experiments with kites built at Baddeck, Nova Scotia. The aircraft's design combined those of the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA)'s AEA Silver Dart biplane and his AEA Cygnet kite. It was Bell's final aviation pursuit and Canada's first and only triplane design. The aircraft attempted a test flight in March 1910, but failed to achieve flight.

Design and development
The Oionus I had its origins in March 1909 with the dissolution of the AEA, when Alexander Graham Bell hired both Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin as an engineer and J.A.D. McCurdy as assistant engineer to build the last of Bell's designs. Incorporating tetrahedral sections in the structure of the triplane design continued the concept of the tetrahedral kites that had originally been tested in Bell's AEA Cygnet series that had achieved a short hop in the Cygnet III but were abandoned as a concept by Bell.

The triplane design that was chosen employed a longer central plane with wingtip ailerons, with flying controls based on a fixed biplane tail and rudder at the rear and a canard biplane elevator section at the front. The internal structure was based on tubular-steel with linen-covered wings and interior sections; a four-wheel chassis or running gear formed the undercarriage. A Curtiss pusher engine drove a propeller through a chain and sprocket arrangement; later a Kirkham engine from the Baddeck No. 2 was substituted.

Operational history
After construction was complete in February 1910, and a new engine was installed, McCurdy readied the aircraft for flight, taking it out on some ground runs. Ballast was added to the tail and on 25 March 1910, a test flight off the ice at Baddeck Bay succeeded in three of the four wheels coming off the ground. McCurdy ended the flight in order for modification to be made for future testing, including adding more incidence to the wings. Shortly after, the ice melted and no further attempts were made to fly the Oionus I.

Specifications (Oionos I)

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Green, H. Gordon. The Silver Dart: The Authentic Story of the Hon. J.A.D. McCurdy, Canada's First Pilot. Fredericton, New Brunswick: Atlantic Advocate Book, 1959.
 Harding, Les. McCurdy and the Silver Dart. Sydney, Nova Scotia: University College of Cape Breton, 1998. .
 Milberry, Larry. Aviation in Canada: The Pioneer Decades, Vol. 1. Toronto: CANAV Books, 2008. .
 Molson, Ken M. and Harold A. Taylor. Canadian Aircraft Since 1909. Stittsville, Ontario: Canada's Wings, Inc., 1982. .
 Payne, Stephen, ed. Canadian Wings: A Remarkable Century of Flight. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2006. .
 Petrie, A. Roy. Alexander Graham Bell. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1992. .

External links

 Baddeck no. 2 in Flight, 9 April 1910
 Their Flying Machines: Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2
 Baddeck no. 1
 Canadian Aerodrome Company
 Canadian Aerodrome Company

1900s Canadian experimental aircraft
Victoria County, Nova Scotia
Alexander Graham Bell
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1910

Bell Oionus I


A blank cheque is a cheque where a person has filled all the details, including his signature, but has not written the amount that is to be cashed by the other person.

The term is a metaphor meaning "there's no limit". It may used to describe giving someone unrestricted funds for a project, for example; "The city council gave the contractors a blank cheque to build the new library".

Metaphors

Blank cheque


Meteor Rain () is a 2001 Taiwanese drama starring Jerry Yan, Vanness Wu and Ken Chu of F4 and Rainie Yang. It is a supplementary mini-series of the Meteor Garden series which is based on the Japanese manga series, , written and illustrated by Yoko Kamio. It was produced by Comic Ritz International Production (可米瑞智國際藝能有限公司) with Angie Chai (柴智屏) as producer. It consists of three stand alone episodes that happened at different times before, during and after Meteor Garden. They are referred to as chapters focusing on each F4 members, except for Hua Ze Lei (Vic Chou).

The series was broadcast on free-to-air Chinese Television System (CTS) (華視) from September 2001 to January 2002 following the main series Meteor Garden, which was broadcast in April 2001. It was followed by the sequel Meteor Garden II, which was broadcast from 11 November to 25 December 2002.

Synopsis
Mei Zuo's Chapter
Mei Zuo (Vanness Wu) (Akira Mimasaka in manga series) got pick-pocketed by a Japanese girl, Ai Sha, struggling to survive in Taiwan. Ai Sha fools Mei Zuo several times before she finally reveals the truth. Ai Sha recently left Japan to find her grandmother. Mei Zuo agrees to help her and, after several events take place, Ai Sha and Mei Zuo start to practice dancing together. The explanation for this is that Ai Sha believes the best way to find her grandmother is to enter and win a televised dance contest. At the end of this chapter, a romance is strongly hinted at.

Xi Men's Chapter
Xiao You (Rainie Yang) (Yuki in manga series) comes back from Canada by herself on a quest for her love. She attempts to rekindle her relationship with Xi Men (Ken Chu) (Soujiroh Nishikado in manga series) and at first seems to be unsuccessful. After an occurrence at the bar, Xi Men and Xiao You confront each other about their behaviors. Later Xi Men reveals to Xiao You a bit of his past and tells her about this girl, Xiao Gen, he once loved. Xiao Gen had discovered something very special, but he had been somewhat afraid of his feelings and had greatly disappointed her by not showing up. Inspired by the story, Xiao You goes on a time-consuming search for the "special thing" that Xiao Gen had wanted to show Xi Men.

Dao Ming Si's Chapter
There are two parts to this chapter. It explains several scenes that took place in Meteor Garden. Dao Ming Si (Jerry Yan) (Tsukasa Domyouji in manga series) is charged with a crime and flees. He narrowly escapes the police, by jumping off a train and lies unconscious on a beach. A young girl by the name of Xin Xin finds him and Dao Ming Si is temporarily taken in by Ah Yuan, who appears to be Xin Xin's father. Ah Yuan and Xin Xin live in a simple shack by the beach and are not wealthy. There are several twists to this plot, the main one being that Xin Xin does not talk. Apparently, Xin Xin is not mute; she was simply traumatized by something that happened to her in the past. Thanks to Xin Xin's advances, Dao Ming Si and Xin Xin quickly bond. However problems arise in the second part of this chapter, when Ah Yuan learns that Dao Ming Si is wanted by the police and Dao Ming Si learns the truth about Ah Yuan & Xin Xin's past.

Cast
 Jerry Yan as Dao Ming Si (道明寺)
 Ken Chu as Xi Men (西門)
 Vanness Wu as Mei Zhuo (美作)
 Vic Chou as Hua Ze Lei (花泽类)
 Rainie Yang as Xiao You (小優)
 Senda Aisa as Ai Sha
 Pally Chien as Xiao Gen

Production
 Several of the filming locations in this mini series are identical to those in the Taiwanese drama Mars. The beach where Dao Ming Si stays at and the cafe/coffeeshop where Mei Zhuo and Ai Sha meet at are just some of the locations.
 In Dao Ming Si's chapter, there were several visible contradictions in the story. He has the same hairstyle that he did at the end of Meteor Garden. Also Dao Ming Si develops a mild attitude during his respective time with Xin Xin; at the beginning Meteor Garden Dao Ming Si's attitude is much worse. These details strongly contradict the fact that Dao Ming Si's chapter takes place before the first season of Meteor Garden. But several sources do state that the respective chapter takes place before the original series.
 The series was first aired in the Philippines on ABS-CBN in 2003 and GMA Network in 2007.

See also
Meteor Garden
Meteor Garden II

References

External links
 Meteor Rain on YAEntertainment

Boys Over Flowers
Taiwanese drama television series
Chinese Television System original programming
Taiwanese television dramas based on manga

Meteor Rain


Bozorg Alavi () (February 2, 1904 – February 18, 1997) was an influential Iranian writer, novelist, and political intellectual.  He was a founding member of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran in the 1940s andfollowing the 1953 coup against Premier Mohammad Mossadeghspent the rest of his life in exile in East Germany, first during the Pahlavi regime, then returning to Germany once more following the 1979 revolution. Cheshm'hā'yash (Her Eyes), which was published in Iran in 1952 and was subsequently banned, is considered his finest novel. Alavi was also a very close friend of Iran's famous writer Sadegh Hedayat; these two created a literary group
when they were residing in Paris called "sab'e group". Although Her Eyes is considered his masterpiece, Alavi also wrote many other books, such as the novel "Chamedan" (suitcase) which was written under the influence of Freudian psychology. His other novels "Mirza", "Fifty Three Persons" and "Gilemard" are mentioned in Iranian high-school textbooks. He did return to Tehran after the revolution but did not stay too long and decided to head back to Germany. Bozorg Alavi's contribution to Iranian Literature is profound due to the modernization movement in which he was a key member.

Biography
Bozorg Alavi (born Seyyed Mojtaba Alavi) was born in Tehran, Iran.  He was the third of six children.  His father, Seyyed Abol Hassan Alavi, took part in the 1906 Constitutional Revolution and later published (with Hasan Taqizadeh) the progressive newsletter Kaveh (Kaweh) in Germany. His paternal grandfather was Seyyed Mohammad Sarraf, a wealthy banker and merchant, who was a leading constitutionalist and member of the first Majles. Sarraf was a younger brother of Haj Seyyed Javad Khazaneh, treasurer of Nasser ed-Din Shah Qajar and later Mozaffar ed-Din Shah Qajar. Bozorg Alavi derived his nickname 'Bozorg' from being named after his great-grandfather -his Agha Bozorg- Agha Seyyed Mojtaba Ghannad, sugar merchant, confectioner and shipowner, who died in the year Bozorg was born,

Bozorg Alavi had his primary schooling in Tehran. In 1922 he was sent to Berlin along with his older brother Morteza Alavi, to study.  Upon his return to Iran in 1927, he first taught German in Shiraz and later in Tehran.  During these years he met and befriended Sadegh Hedayat. Around this time he became active in the meetings held by Taqi Arani, and they launched a theoretical Marxist magazine, Donya. Alavi was one of the famous 53 persons who were jailed in 1937 under the regime of Reza Shah for communist activities. Alavi himself claimed that he was not involved politically at the time and simply was in a group of literati, who among other things read communist writings. He was given a 7-year sentence, but was released after 4 years in 1941 after a general amnesty following the Allied control of Iran.  Upon his release he published his Scrap Papers of Prison and Fifty Three Persons,  and continued his political activities, becoming a founding member of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and serving as editor of its publication Mardom (People). Alavi was in Germany when the 1953 Coup d'état overthrew the government of Premier Mossadegh and resulted in massive arrests and imprisonment.  Alavi stayed in exile in East Berlin, teaching at Humboldt University, until the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty and the emergence of the 1979 Iranian Revolution.

In spring of 1979 he returned briefly to Iran after 25 years in exile and was warmly received by the Iranian Writers Association, including such writers/poets as Ahmad Shamlou, Mahmoud Dolatābādi, Siāvash Kasrā'ie and others. He returned to Iran a year later in 1980 for another short visit and was dismayed by the repressive turn of the revolution. He continued to live and work in Berlin, visiting Iran for the last time in 1993. He died in Berlin in 1997.

In 1936 he had married Margarita (Gita) Scheineson from  Brussels, who later was a source of inspiration for his novel Chashm'hā'yash. Before his exile, he married his cousin Fatameh Alavi (daughter of Seyyed Abolfath Fadai Alavi, Secretary-General of the Ministry of Finance, and Merafagh Tabatabai) and had a son, Mani.  In 1956, he married Gertrud Paarszh in Germany who stayed with him until his death.

Selected works

Major Works:
 Chamedan (The Suitcase) (1934)
 Varaq Pareh'ha-ye Zendan (Scrap Papers from Prison) (1941)
 Panjah-o Seh Nafar (Fifty Three Persons) (1942)
 Nameh' ha va Dastan'ha-ye digar (Letters and Other Stories) (1952)
 Cheshmhayash (Her Eyes) (1952)

Other Writings:
 Div ... Div (Demon ... Demon), in the collection Aniran (Non-Iranian) (1931)
 Uzbakha (The Uzbeks) (1948)
 Kämpfendes Iran (1955, Berlin)
 Geschichte und Entwicklung der modernen persischen Literatur (1964, Berlin)
 Salariha (The Salari Family)
 Mirza

Translations into Persian:
 Anton Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard
 Samuil Marshak's The Twelve Months
 George Bernard Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession
 J.B. Priestley's An Inspector Calls
 Friedrich Schiller's Jungfrau von Orleans
 Theodor Nöldeke's Das Iranische Nationalepos

References

 [Bozorg Alavi Official Website] https://web.archive.org/web/20100510225544/http://www.bozorgalavi.org/
 Donne Raffat, The Prison Papers of Bozorg Alavi: A Literary Odyssey, Syracuse University Press,1985.
 Hassan Kamshad, Modern Persian Prose Literature, Ibex Publishers, 1996.
 Bozorg Alavi, Ehsan Yarshater, John O'Kane, Her Eyes, Rowman & Littlefield (1989).
 Bozorg Alavi, Giulia Ansaldo, Christophe Balaÿ, I suoi occhi, Ponte33 (2023).
 http://www.barjesteh.nl/alavi.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20131003163345/http://www.darolqajar.com/

1904 births
1997 deaths
Iranian male novelists
Iranian novelists
Iranian translators
Marxist writers
Politicians from Tehran
Tudeh Party of Iran politicians
Iranian male short story writers
Iranian communists
20th-century translators
20th-century novelists
20th-century Iranian short story writers
People from East Berlin
20th-century Persian-language writers
Iranian Writers Association members
Iranian magazine founders
20th-century Iranian politicians
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in Germany
Iranian expatriates in East Germany

Bozorg Alavi


Clyne Gardens is a botanical garden located in Swansea, Wales, UK. The current park was formed from the landscaped gardens created by Glynn Vivian of the Vivian family who purchased Clyne Castle in 1860. The estate passed to his nephew Algernon, 'The Admiral' in 1921 who owned it until his death in 1952. Clyne Gardens is bordered by Mumbles road and Mayals road in Blackpill and Mayals areas of Swansea with entrances off both these roads. The gardens are listed on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

Attractions
The gardens consist of 19 hectares of land and include over 2,000 different plants including over 800 rhododendrons for which the gardens are renowned. Clyne holds National Collections of Pieris, Enkianthus and Rhododendrons. Due to the cool, wet and temperate local climate many plants thrive here not normally considered hardy for its latitude. The gardens have extensive bog gardens, home to giant Elephant Rhubarb Gunnera manicata and American skunk cabbage.

The gazebo to the right of the castle was built by the Admiral to view the incoming ships as they entered Swansea Bay. The gazebo surrounded by a stand of Monterey Pine 'Pinus radiata'. These trees have retained their lower branches which filter the prevailing winds and give greater cover (protection) to the area. A Japanese garden at the top of the gardens holds a red and white painted bridge, many bamboo and an artificial lake with waterfall passing underneath the bridge. The water which rises in Clyne Common, travels under the Japanese Bridge and through the Gardens to join the sea at Blackpill. Alongside the Bridge is a fine specimen of the Handkerchief Tree 'Davidia Involucrata var. vilmoriniana'.

The park is scattered with small dogs graves to commemorate the Admiral's family pets. Joy Cottage at the seafront entrance was built as a miniature cottage for the relaxation and education of the Admiral's daughters by nannies employed to teach reading, writing and cookery. Clyne Chapel built by William Graham Vivian, was opened for worship in 1908. Beneath it, in a private vault, Graham Vivian, his sister Dulcie and the Admiral are buried.

Notable trees
The tallest recorded Magnolia in Britain 'Magnolia campbellii var. alba' can be found here. The Oak woodland is a remnant of Clyne Forest, an important Norman 11th century historical land feature. Glynn Vivian planted three notable trees still alive in front of the castle - one Wellingtonia 'Sequoiadendron giganteum' and two Monterey Cypress 'Cupressus macrocarpa', one a fastigiate form which is also one of the tallest recorded in Britain.

See also

List of gardens in Wales

References

External links

 Clyne Gardens (owners` site)
 BBC: Clyne Gardens
 The garden Landscape Guide: Clyne Gardens
 Visit Wales: Clyne Gardens
 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Clyne Gardens

Botanical gardens in Wales
Gardens in Wales
Tourist attractions in Swansea
Parks in Swansea
Swansea Bay
Registered historic parks and gardens in Swansea

Clyne Gardens


Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, popularly known as CIMAP, is a frontier plant research laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Established originally as Central Indian Medicinal Plants Organisation (CIMPO) in 1959, CIMAP is steering multidisciplinary high quality research in biological and chemical sciences and extending technologies and services to the farmers and entrepreneurs of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) with its research headquarter at Lucknow and Research Centres at Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pantnagar and Purara. CIMAP Research Centres are aptly situated in different agro-climatic zones of the country to facilitate multi-location field trials and research. A little more than 50 years since its inception, today, CIMAP has extended its wings overseas with scientific collaboration agreements with Malaysia. CSIR-CIMAP has signed two agreements to promote bilateral cooperation between India and Malaysia in research, development and commercialization of MAP related technologies. CIMAP's contribution to the Indian economy through its MAPs research is well known. Mint varieties released and agro-packages developed and popularised by CIMAP has made India the global leader in mints and related industrial products. CIMAP has released several varieties of the MAPs, their complete agro-technology and post harvest packages which have revolutionised MAPs cultivation and business scenario of the country. Recognizing the urgent need for stimulating research on medicinal plants in the country and for coordinating and consolidating some work already done by organizations like the Indian council of Agricultural Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Tropical School of Medicine of Culcutta and various States Governments and Individual workers, the Council Scientific and Industrial Research approved in 1957 the establishment of the Central Indian Medicinal Plants Organization (CIMPO) with the following objectives. 'To co-ordinate and channelise along fruitful directions the present activities in the field of medicinal plants carried out by the various agencies, State Governments etc., to develop the already existing medicinal plants resources of India, to bring under cultivation some of the important medicinal plants in great demand and also to introduce the cultivation into the country of exotic medicinal plants of high yielding active principal content' It was further decide that as the work on all aspects of cultivation of aromatics plants was identical with all the cultivation of medicinal plants, the aromatic plants should also be covered within the scope of CIMPO. The Essential Oils Research Committee functioning under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research was then dissolved and its activities taken over by CIMPO. The Organization started functioning with effect from 26 March 1959 with the appointment of late Shri P.M. Nabar its first Officer Incharge.

The branch in Hyderabad was established on 7 July 1982.

References

External links
 CIMAP Official website
Official CIMAP Hyderabad website

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Agricultural research institutes in India
Research institutes in Lucknow
Botanical research institutes
Medical research institutes in India
Medicinal plants of Asia
Traditional medicine in India
Organisations based in Uttar Pradesh
Research institutes established in 1959
1959 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Research institutes in Hyderabad, India
Research institutes established in 1982
1982 establishments in Andhra Pradesh


The Central Lapland Greenstone Belt (CLGB) is a greenstone belt located in the northern part of the Fennoscandian Shield. The region belongs to Lapland, northern Finland. The CLGB is part of a much larger belt of Paleoproterozoic greenstones, a cover of metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks that cover the Archean basement, the latter which is representative of the Archaean Karelian craton. Deposition of the cover sequence occurred between about 2.5 Ga and 1.8 Ga, thus it preserves information about Earth's history from a period that encompass about 700 Ma.

Thus, the CLGB records a prolonged and episodic history of rifting, sedimentation and magmatism before the collision and rift closure at about 1.9 Ga. The collision was related to the amalgamation of the supercontinent Columbia.

See also
Lapland Granulite Belt
List of greenstone belts

Greenstone belts
Archean volcanism
Proterozoic volcanism
Geology of Finland
Geologic formations of Europe

Central Lapland Greenstone Belt


Louis De Fontenay. Bartlett (1873–1951) was an attorney and Mayor of Berkeley, California, from 1919 to 1923.

Bartlett was noted for his work to promote public utilities, especially water and power.

Louis Bartlett was born in San Francisco on September 20, 1872, the son of Columbus Bartlett and Louise Mel de Fontenay.  He was married June 13, 1903, to Mary Olney, daughter of Warren Olney and Mary Craven.  The Bartletts had three daughters: Mary, Muriel, and Ruth.  Bartlett died February 4, 1951, in San Francisco.  Mary Olney died in 1948.  Louis  married Natalie Varty May 10, 1957.

References

External links
 Louis Bartlett Papers, Water Resources Collections and Archives, University of California, Riverside

Bartlett, Louis A.
1951 deaths
1873 births
Lawyers from Berkeley, California
20th-century American politicians
Lawyers from San Francisco
Politicians from San Francisco

Louis Bartlett


The Cape Kumukahi Light is a lighthouse in Kapoho, Hawaii at the easternmost point of Hawaii. It is best known for its survival of an eruption of Kilauea in 1960.

History
Requests for a lighthouse on the cape, the easternmost point of the island chain, began in 1905. The lighthouse board reasoned that a light at the site would assist in landfall for ships approaching from Cape Horn and the newly opened Panama Canal. Nonetheless, these requests were not heeded until 1928, when a  wooden tower was erected, with an automatic acetylene beacon.

In 1933-1934 a more substantial station was constructed. This consisted of a pair of wooden keeper's houses and a steel tower, the latter resting on a unique foundation consisting of two stacked concrete blocks with a layer of sand in between, a scheme intended to insulate the tower from the many minor earthquakes in the area. The light itself was upgraded to a rotating aerobeacon.

Cape Kumukahi lies at the end of the east rift zone of the slopes of Kilauea, and the light was threatened several times by eruptions. The most serious threat came from the 1960 eruption which destroyed the town of Kapoho; lava flows continued downslope toward the light, and destroyed the keepers' houses and an orchard which Joe Pestrella, who had been keeper there since 1938, had planted by the light station; but when the lava reached the tower, it split into two streams and flowed into the sea to either side, sparing the structure. After the eruption ceased, a new electric line was run to the light and it was automated, and Pestrella was transferred to Makapuu Point Light, where he remained until he retired in 1963, the last civilian keeper in the islands. Pestrella had previously been awarded "Civil Servant of the Year" in 1956 for staying at his post during an eruption the year before.

The light continues in automated operation. In addition, NOAA maintains a sampling facility for the Global Monitoring Division of the Earth System Research Laboratory on the grounds of the light, as the trade winds bring fresh oceanic air to the site at all times.

See also

List of lighthouses in Hawaii

References

External links

Lighthouses completed in 1929
Lighthouses completed in 1934
Lighthouses in Hawaii
Buildings and structures in Hawaii County, Hawaii
1929 establishments in Hawaii

Cape Kumukahi Light


The Sanford–Wang parameterisation is an empirical formula used to model the production of pions in nuclear interaction of the form p+A → +X where a beam of high-energy protons hit a material.

Its formula for the double-differential cross section with respect to momentum (p) and solid angle () is as follows.

Where p and  are the momentum of the outgoing pion and its angle from the direction of the incident proton.  The numbers  are the Sanford-Wang parameters and are typically varied to give a good fit with experimental data.

References

 J. R. Sanford and C. L. Wang, Brookhaven National Laboratory, AGS internal report, 1967 (unpublished)

Quantum chromodynamics
Scattering
Experimental particle physics

Sanford–Wang parameterisation


Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) is a health science university of the U.S. federal government. The primary mission of the school is to prepare graduates for service to the U.S. at home and abroad as uniformed health professionals, scientists and leaders; by conducting cutting-edge, military-relevant research; by leading the Military Health System  in key functional and intellectual areas; and by providing operational support to units around the world.

The university consists of the F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, a medical school, which includes a full health sciences graduate education program, the Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, the Postgraduate Dental College, and the College of Allied Health Sciences. The university's main campus is located in Bethesda, Maryland. USU was established in 1972 under legislation sponsored by U.S. Representative Felix Edward Hébert of Louisiana. It graduated its first class in 1980. USU is accredited by the Commission of Education, Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.

Uniformed Services University falls under the office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs.

Programs
The university is a federal service academy, similar to the federal military undergraduate academies such as the United States Military Academy, Naval Academy, and Air Force Academy or graduate academies such as National War College or Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy. Students are members of the uniformed services of the United States and receive an education in exchange for a service commitment after graduation.

All medical students enter the university as commissioned officers via direct commissions in the pay grade of O-1 or rank of second lieutenant in the U.S. Army or U.S. Air Force, or ensign in the U.S. Navy or the U.S. Public Health Service. No prior military service is required for admission to USU's medical school. Students who already hold military commissions at higher rank in the Army, Air Force and Navy are required to accept temporary administrative demotion to O-1 for medical school; officers of the U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Space Force, U.S. Coast Guard, or National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps must resign their existing commissions and accept commissions in as O-1s in one of the other three authorized services.

Prior military service students in the Graduate School of Nursing or School of Medicine PhD programs may keep their officer rank, or will be commissioned as O-1 if previously enlisted.

Students pay no tuition or fees and receive the full salary and benefits of a uniformed military officer throughout their time at the university. In return, all military students incur an active duty commitment proportionate to their time at USU. Medical students have a minimum of a seven-year active duty service commitment and a six-year inactive ready reserve commitment following their internship and residency after graduation.

Students in the School of Medicine graduate programs are a mix of both civilians and uniformed officers of various ranks. They also pay no tuition or fees. Civilian students may receive stipends and uniformed graduate students continue to receive their active-duty pay and benefits while attending school at USU. The Graduate School of Nursing students are all active duty uniformed military nurses or nurses in federal civilian service. Neither pay tuition or fees at USU and both uniformed graduate students and nursing students maintain their rank and continue to receive their regular salaries while students at the university.

The postgraduate dental college offers a Master of Science in Oral Biology degree to students enrolled in selected graduate dental education programs of the Army, Air Force, and Navy. USU is one of many federal service graduate-level professional schools such as the Naval Postgraduate School, which has several Master of Science and Ph.D. programs.

The College of Allied Health Sciences (CAHS) is the newest college, established in 2017. It currently offers an Associate of Science and Bachelor of Science degrees to students at six different locations who opt to enroll in CAHS after enrolling in their Service required training program.

School of Medicine

With an average enrollment of approximately 170 students per class, the F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine is located in Bethesda, Maryland on the military installation of Naval Support Activity Bethesda (NSAB), sharing NSAB with the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and is located along Maryland Route 355, across from the National Institutes of Health. The school is named in honor of former U.S. Representative Felix Edward Hébert.

Typically, the first-year class is composed of 63 Army students, 51 Air Force students, 51 Navy students, and two Public Health Service students. The Class of 2010 increased the Public Health Service student number to six. Students attending this institution receive free tuition, as well as reimbursement for all fees. They also receive salaries and benefits as junior officers. Textbooks are issued to the students at the beginning of each semester.

USU School of Medicine students are all active-duty uniformed officers during their schooling and receive pay and benefits at the grade of O-1 (second lieutenant for the Army and Air Force and ensign for the Navy and Public Health Service) – unless the student was prior service at a higher rank then that student will wear the O-1 rank but be paid at their previous pay grade. Upon graduation, medical students are promoted to the grade of O-3, (captain for the Army and Air Force, lieutenant for the Navy and Public Health Service), and are expected to serve at least seven years after residency on active duty and six years in the inactive ready reserve. Students graduating from the School of Medicine receive four years' credit toward military retirement once 20 years has been reached through military graduate medical education (residency/fellowship), practicing, and prior-service (if applicable).

When the school was first formed, the United States Congress weighed whether to make each student a cadet or midshipman (like the military service academies) or to give students full active-duty officer status and promotion benefits. A compromise was reached whereby medical students were commissioned as O-1 grade officers, were not promoted while enrolled in the School of Medicine, and do not receive time in grade or time in service while enrolled in USU. However, this status puts USU Medical Students in a unique position; unlike the Graduate School of Nursing and other programs, School of Medicine students are barred from promotion. Additionally, prior-service commissioned officers must accept a demotion to O-1 in order to matriculate. Upon graduation, when these officers are promoted to O-3, half of the time spent in prior active duty service is then added to their time-in-service (TIS)/time-in-grade (TIG) and used toward promotion to the rank of major or lieutenant commander (O-4). However, , prior service officers will be paid their former base pay while attending School of Medicine.

The curriculum at the School of Medicine begins with 1.5 years of basic sciences organized into organ-system based modules called "Molecules to Military Medicine". Additional courses include Parasitology, Combat Medical Skills, Military Medical History, Officer Professional Development, Military Applied Physiology, Epidemiology, and several other courses. The clerkship year begins in January of the second year, and is followed by the USMLE Step 1. After Step 1, students participate in an integrated advanced didactic module, "Bench to Bedside and Beyond", and then begin fourth year . These clerkships are done at various military hospitals across the country.

Approximately 80 percent of military physicians reaching 20 or more years of military service are graduates of USU. A majority of medical corps leadership positions are occupied by graduates of USU. Graduates also make up a majority of Army Special Forces physicians.

USU is featured in the documentary Fighting for Life.

Affiliated military and civilian teaching hospitals are:
 Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
 Malcolm Grow Medical Center, Andrews AFB, MD
 Northern Virginia Mental Health Institute, Falls Church, VA (civilian)
 St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, D.C. (civilian)
 Washington Hospital Center, Washington, D.C. (civilian)
 DeWitt Army Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, VA
 Portsmouth Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, VA
 Naval Hospital, Camp Lejeune, NC
 Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Fort Gordon, GA
 Darnall Army Medical Center, Ft. Hood, TX
 Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland AFB, TX
 Wright-Patterson Medical Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH
 Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA
 Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI
 Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX
 David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA
 96th Medical Group, Eglin AFB, FL
 Martin Army Community Hospital, Ft. Benning, GA
 Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC
 Naval Hospital Jacksonville, Naval Air Station Jacksonville, FL
 Bob Wilson Naval Hospital, San Diego, CA
 Naval Hospital Camp Pendleton, Camp Pendleton, CA
 Naval Hospital Pensacola, Pensacola, FL

Combined MD/PhD Program
Students can indicate their intent to apply for the MD/PhD program on the USU secondary application and complete the graduate school application. Applicants not selected for the graduate school are still eligible for acceptance into the medical school. The combined MD/PhD program requires the same military commitment as the school of medicine. Three MD/PhD degrees are currently offered; neuroscience (NES), molecular and cell biology (MCB), and emerging infectious diseases (EID). Students remain civilian until graduate school requirements are completed. Degrees are not granted until completion of both graduate and medical requirements.

Graduate programs
The graduate programs in biomedical sciences and public health in the School of Medicine are open to civilian and military applicants. Civilian students may apply to most of these programs. The faculty is composed of a mix of military and civilian professors. There is no tuition, stipends are guaranteed for three years, and no military service is required after graduation for civilian students. There also is no undergraduate teaching.

The graduate program at USU currently has approximately 170 full-time graduate students.

USU currently offers the Ph.D. in emerging infectious diseases, medical and clinical psychology, molecular and cellular biology, neuroscience, pathology, Environmental Health Sciences and Medical Zoology.

USU also offers the Doctor of Public Health (DrPH). Master's degree programs are offered in comparative medicine, military medical history, healthcare administration and policy, health professions education, public health and tropical medicine and hygiene.

There are military students in the graduate programs, most notably the public health and tropical medicine programs and clinical psychology program. Generally, military students were in the military before beginning their graduate training, but some commission as they enter their programs.

Graduate School of Nursing
The Graduate School of Nursing offers two Advanced Practice Degrees: a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN), and a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree in five different APRN specialty options: Family Nurse Practitioner, Certified Registered Nurse Anesthesia, Adult Gerontology Clinical Nurse Specialist, Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner, Women's Health Nurse Practitioner, as well as a Ph.D. in nursing science.

The Graduate School of Nursing offers a Master of Science in Nursing degree programs in nurse anesthesia, family nurse practitioner, perioperative clinical nursing, Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner, and full- and part-time programs for a Ph.D. in nursing sciences.

The Masters of Nursing Science and Doctor of Nursing Practice degrees at USU are accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education, and The Nurse Anesthesia Program is fully accredited by the Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs (COA). Over 800 APRNs and Nurse Scientists have graduated from the GSN since 1995, and the overall certification pass rate exceeds 99% with an impressive first time pass rate of over 95%.

Post Graduate Dental College
The Post Graduate Dental College (PDC) is a degree-granting institution for active-duty personnel enrolled in branch-specific dental programs. Students of the branch-specific dental programs are required to complete a research project on top of their studies in order to earn a degree from PDC.

Only students enrolled in branch-specific dental programs are eligible to apply.

College of Allied Health Sciences
The College of Allied Health Sciences was established in 2017, responding to the National Defense Authorization Act which modified USU's authorities to include undergraduate and other medical education and training programs. These programs ensure military medicine remains on the cutting edge of providing a "Ready Medical Force" to support the American Warfighter and the Department of Defense (DoD) community around the world. These programs also provide a recruiting and retention advantage for the Services by providing valuable skill sets that can be used when servicemembers to transition into civilian life.

Currently, the CAHS supports Army, Navy and Air Force Medical Enlisted Services across a wide range of education and training requirements. Current enrolment across the programs exceeds 7,000 students per year. Only students enrolled in specific Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) / Navy Enlisted Code (NEC) / Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) / Additional Skill Identifier (ASI) training programs of the Services are eligible for enrollment. Depending on specifics of the respective program, the Servicemember is enrolled into either an Associate of Science Health Science (ASHS) or Bachelor of Science Health Science (BSHS) program.  The technical training received by the Servicemember constitutes the discipline with the majority of General Education required for the respective degree coming via transfer credit.  The CAHS does not teach courses beyond those offered to a Servicemember who enlisted for a specific MOS/NEC/AFSC and attend the respective Service school.

Service Affiliated Locations an programs include:

Medical Education & Training Campus, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston (Branch Campus)

Program                                      Degree Level            Participating Service(s)

	Public Health                              (ASHS)                      (Army / Navy)

Medical Laboratory Technician   (ASHS)                      (Army / Navy)

Histology Technician                   (ASHS)                      (Navy / Air Force)

	Urology Technician                      (ASHS)                     (Navy / Air Force)

	Neurodiagnostic Technician         (ASHS)                    (Navy / Air Force)

	Occupational Therapy Assistant  (ASHS)                     (Army / Navy)

	Radiological Technologist            (ASHS)                     (Army / Navy / Air Force)

	Respiratory Therapy                    (ASHS)                     (Army / Navy)

	Cardiovascular Technician          (ASHS)                     (Navy)

	Respiratory Care Practitioner      (ASHS)                     (Air Force)

	Ophthalmic Technician                (ASHS)                     (Army / Air Force)

	Pharmacy Technician                  (ASHS)                     (Army / Navy / Air Force)

	Nuclear Medical Technologist     (BSHS)                     (Navy / Air Force)

	Nutrition Care                             (Certificate)               (Army / Air Force)

	Hospital Corpsman Basic           (Certificate)               (Navy)

US Army Medical Center of Excellence JBSA-Fort Sam Houston (Additional Location)
Program                                      Degree Level            Participating Service(s)

	Combat Paramedic                      (ASHS)                      (Army)

	Health Physics Technician           (ASHS)                      (Army)

Joint Special Operations Medical Training Center, Fort Liberty, NC (Additional Location)
Program                                      Degree Level            Participating Service(s)

	SOF Paramedic                            (ASHS)                       (Army / Navy)

	Adv. Tactical Provider                   (BSHS)                       (Army / Navy)

	Global Community Health            (BSHS)                       (Army)

Naval Medical Forces Support Command, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston

*Naval Undersea Medical Institute, Groton, CT (Other Instructional Site)

Program                                      Degree Level            Participating Service(s)

	Independent Duty Corpsman       (BSHS)                      (Navy)

	Radiation Health Protection         (ASHS)                      (Navy)

*Surface Warfare Medical Institute, San Diego, CA (Other Instructional Site)

Program                                      Degree Level            Participating Service(s)

Independent Duty Corpsman      (BSHS)                     (Navy)

*Tri-Service Opticianry School, Yorktown, VA (Other Instructional Site)

Program                                      Degree Level            Participating Service(s)

Opticianry Technician                (ASHS)                       (Army / Navy)

USU Centers
USU is home to many different research Centers and Institutes, which help advance the university's education and public service missions.

Notable people

Alumni
 Thomas W. Travis - 21st Surgeon General of the United States Air Force
 Telita Crosland - 4th Director Defense Health Agency
 Joseph Caravalho, Jr. – physician, Joint Staff surgeon, the chief medical advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He currently serves as the CEO and President of the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine
 Lorenzo Cohen -  professor in the Department of General Oncology and Behavioral Science and the director of the Integrative Medicine Program at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
 Rhonda Cornum –  U.S. Army brigadier general
 C. Forrest Faison III - 38th Surgeon General of the United States Navy
 Paul A. Friedrichs - United States Air Force major general serving as the command surgeon of the Joint Staff.
 Bruce L. Gillingham -  39th Surgeon General of the United States Navy
 Nicholas Grosso – President of the Centers for Advanced Orthopedics, the largest private orthopedic group in the United States
 Nidal Hasan – graduate, and later convicted as a domestic terrorist for murder in the 2009 Fort Hood shooting.
 Noreen A. Hynes (M.D. 1985) –  infectious disease specialist, associate professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and former deputy assistant secretary for public health emergency preparedness at the United States Department of Health and Human Services
 Robert Kadlec - Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services (Preparedness and Response) from August 2017 until January 2021.
 Eleanor Mariano – White House Doctor (1993–2001)
 Robert I. Miller - 24th Surgeon General of the United States Air Force (also serving as SG of the US Space force)
 Andrew R. Morgan – NASA astronaut
 Sean L. Murphy - Deputy Surgeon General of the United States Air Force
 Kobi Peleg - Israeli professor of Emergency and Disaster Management at Tel-Aviv University, and formerly director of the Israel National Center for Trauma & Emergency Medicine Research
 Peter M. Rhee – physician to Arizona Congresswoman Gabby Giffords and the other patients in the 2011 Tucson shooting.
 Francisco Rubio – NASA astronaut
 Erica Schwartz - U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps rear admiral, deputy surgeon general of the United States from January 2019 to April 2021.

Faculty and staff
 Everett Alvarez, Jr. – longtime Chairman and member of the school's Board of Regents, retired Navy Commander who was the second-longest held POW in United States military history.
 John D. Boice Jr. - American radiation epidemiologist and health physicist.
 William S. Augerson, M.D. – Senior Lecturer on the faculty of the Department of Military Medicine and History (1976 to Sept, 1982). Represented the Secretary of Defense on the University's Board of Regents. For his leadership, humanistic approach to teaching, and his support and development of the USUHS Medical School, Dr. Augerson was awarded an Honorary Service Medal from the USHHS Board of Regents.
 Patrick DeLeon – distinguished professor, past president of the American Psychological Association and former chief of staff for Senator Daniel Inouye
 William DeVries – professor of anatomy – performed the first successful permanent artificial heart implantation.
 Nancy E. Gary - president and chief executive officer of the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, executive vice president of the USUHS and dean of F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine
 Mark Geier - former physician and controversial professional witness in the area of Thiomersal and vaccines
 Jessica Gill - Nurse scientist working as a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Trauma Recovery Biomarkers in the department of neurology at the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing and School of Medicine
 Franziska Grieder - director of the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs at the National Institutes of Health
 Durward Gorham Hall - six-term US representative from Missouri's 7th congressional district and co-founder and a member of board of trustees of USUHS.
 Robert J. T. Joy – founding Commandant of Students, Chair of Medical History, and eminent military medical historian
 Katalin Karikó - Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine 2023. Postdoctoral researcher, Department of Pathology, 1988-1989
 Stephen I. Katz - Director of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
 Arthur Kellermann – Dean of the medical school since 2013, member of the National Academy of Medicine
 Thomas D. Kirsch, MD, MPH, FACEP – Physician and assistant professor of Biostatistics, Director of the National Center for Disaster Medicine and Public Health.
 Steven Libutti - Director of the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
 Marguerite Littleton Kearney - Director of the National Institute of Nursing Research's Division of Extramural Science Programs
 Teri Manolio - Director of the Division of Genomic Medicine at the National Human Genome Research Institute
 Brian P. Monahan - Attending Physician of the United States Congress and the United States Supreme Court
 Loren Mosher -  Chief of the Center for Studies of Schizophrenia in the National Institute of Mental Health (1968–1980)
 Bonnie Burnham Potter -  First female physician in the Navy Medical Corps to be selected for flag rank
 Walter Reich - 2003 recipient of the AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility
 Carol Romano - Former Assistant Surgeon General and Chief Nursing Officer for the United States Public Health Service
 Jay P. Sanford – founding Dean of the medical school in 1975, resigned in 1990; original author of Sanford's Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy
 Barbara Stoll - H. Wayne Hightower Distinguished Professor in the Medical Sciences, Professor of Pediatrics and former Dean at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
 Sandra M. Swain - Oncologist, breast cancer specialist and clinical translational researcher
 Craig B. Thompson - cell biologist and a former president of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
 Alonzo Smythe Yerby - Associate Dean of the Harvard School of Public Health

See also
 Health Professions Scholarship Program

References

Military academies of the United States
Military education and training in the United States
Universities and colleges in Maryland
Nursing schools in Maryland
Medical schools in Maryland
Schools of public health in the United States
Bethesda, Maryland
Universities and colleges established in 1972
Universities and colleges in Montgomery County, Maryland
1972 establishments in Maryland


The B&O Railroad Museum is a museum and historic railway station exhibiting historic railroad equipment in Baltimore, Maryland. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) company originally opened the museum on July 4, 1953, with the name of the Baltimore & Ohio Transportation Museum. It has been called one of the most significant collections of railroad treasures in the world and has the largest collection of 19th-century locomotives in the U.S. The museum is located in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's old Mount Clare Station and adjacent roundhouse, and retains 40 acres of the B&O's sprawling Mount Clare Shops site, which is where, in 1829, the B&O began America's first railroad and is the oldest railroad manufacturing complex in the United States.

Mount Clare is considered to be a birthplace of American railroading, as the site of the first regular railroad passenger service in the U.S., beginning on May 22, 1830.  It was also to this site that the first telegraph message, "What hath God wrought?" was sent on May 24, 1844, from Washington, D.C., using Samuel Morse's electric telegraph.

The museum houses collections of 19th- and 20th-century artifacts related to America's railroads. The collection includes 250 pieces of railroad rolling stock, 15,000  artifacts,  of archival material, four significant 19th-century buildings, including the historic roundhouse, and a mile of track, considered the most historic mile of railroad track in the United States. Train rides are offered on the mile of track on Wednesday through Sunday from April through December and on weekends in January. In 2002, the museum had 160,000 visitors annually.

The museum also features an outdoor G-scale layout, two indoor HO scale model, and a wooden model train for children to climb on. From Thanksgiving through the New Year, local model railroad groups set up large layouts on the roundhouse floor and in select locations on the grounds of the museum. A museum store offers toys, books, DVDs, and other railroad-related items.

The museum and station were designated as a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1961. In 2008, the museum won three awards in Nickelodeon's Parents' Picks Awards in the categories of Best Museum for Little Kids, Best Indoor Playspace for Little Kids, and Best Indoor Playspace for Big Kids. Television and film actor Michael Gross is the museum's "celebrity spokesman".

The museum definitively documented 24 Freedom Seekers that used the B&O Railroad on their journeys on the Underground Railroad – 8 of which traveled through the museum's historic site of Mount Clare. In 2021, the museum's Mt Clare Station building was designated as a National Park Service Underground Railroad Network to Freedom site.

The museum also hosts an annual Day Out with Thomas event every year, complete with the train's excursion including a non-powered Thomas the Tank Engine replica.

History
The inaugural horse-drawn B&O train traveled the  of the newly completed track from Mount Clare to Ellicott Mills (now Ellicott City, Maryland), on May 22, 1830, the first regular railroad passenger service in the U.S. The existing Mount Clare station brick structure was constructed in 1851. The adjacent roundhouse designed by Ephraim Francis Baldwin was built in 1884 to service the B&O's passenger cars.

For much of its history, the B&O had been collecting locomotives and other artifacts from its history for public relations purposes.  This collection was stored in various places until the railroad decided to centralize it in a permanent home.  The car shop of the Mt. Clare Shops was chosen, and the new museum opened on July 4, 1953.

The museum ended up outliving its parent B&O Railroad, and was kept intact by both the Chessie System and CSX Corporation.  In 1990, CSX deeded the property and collection to the newly formed, not-for-profit museum organization governed by an independent board of directors and provided it with a $5 million endowment.  In 1999, the museum became affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution.

In the early morning of February 17, 2003, heavy snow from the Presidents' Day Storm collapsed half of the roof of the museum's roundhouse.  Although the structure's central support columns remained standing, the supporting iron struts and ties of the destroyed roofing sections failed under the snow load. The museum suffered heavy damage not only to the roundhouse itself but also to the collection within the roundhouse. Some of the items were damaged beyond repair. Reporting on the devastation the following day, The Baltimore Sun said, "...hours after the collapse, columns of mangled steel stuck out from the roundhouse ... Locomotives and passenger cars in the museum's collection, some dating from the 1830s, could be seen covered with snow and debris." The roundhouse, with a newly repaired roof, reopened to the public on November 13, 2004, and the damaged locomotives and cars were surrounded by a plexiglass barrier. As of September 2015, all damaged exhibits have been restored to their original appearance.

After the roof collapse, subsequent fundraising and restoration allowed the museum to upgrade many of its facilities. In 2005 the museum opened a new service facility west of the roundhouse for restoration of historical equipment and maintenance of active equipment.

Collection
The B&O Railroad Museum possesses the oldest and most comprehensive American railroad collections in the world. Dating from the beginning of American railroading, the collection contains locomotives and rolling stock, historic buildings, railroading artifacts, and an extensive archives and research library that document the impact of American railroading and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad on American economics, culture, and history.

The collection is being made available through an online searchable database.

Notable rolling stock

The museum's rolling stock collection include both originals and replicas, some of which were built by the B&O for its centennial "Fair of the Iron Horse" in 1927. Collection highlights include:

Baltimore and Ohio 4-4-0 #25 William Mason built in 1856, used in The Great Locomotive Chase, and later in Wild Wild West. Operated until October 2014, retired from service due to thin crown sheet.
Baltimore & Ohio 0-4-0 "Tom Thumb" 1927 replica. Had been refurbished by the Strasburg Rail Road and restored to operating condition for 2004 "Fair of the Iron Horse." Only operated a handful of times, at most, after refurbishment. On display in the roundhouse, in non-operational condition. In need of Federally mandated boiler inspection to operate again. Last operated circa Christmas 2013.
Baltimore & Ohio 0-4-0 #8 "John Hancock" built in 1836.
Baltimore & Ohio 4-2-0 #13 "Lafayette" 1927 replica. In the past, it was occasionally fired up and operated by the museum for demonstration purposes, currently on display in the roundhouse, in non-operational condition. In need of federally mandated boiler inspection to operate again. Last operated circa October 2015
Cumberland Valley 2-2-2T #13 "Pioneer"  built in 1851. On loan.
Baltimore & Ohio 4-6-0 #305: (Built in 1869 at Mt. Clare, Mother Hubbard design based on Ross Winans' design. Previously #217.)
Baltimore & Ohio 4-6-0 #147 "Thatcher Perkins" built in 1863.
Baltimore & Ohio 0-8-0 #57 "Memnon" built in 1848.
Baltimore and Ohio 2-8-0 #545 A.J. Cromwell built in 1888.
Baltimore and Ohio 2-6-0 #600 "J. C. Davis" built at Mt. Clare in 1875, which won first prize at the 1876 Centennial Exposition.
St. Elizabeth's Hospital 0-4-0T #4: one of the last Porter steam locomotives built, built in 1950 for use at St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington DC. Later ran at Ft. Eustis then in storage at Cass Scenic Railroad. Arrived at B&O Museum in 1980s. Restored to operating condition in 2002 and re-restored in 2005 after suffering damage in a roof collapse. Out of Service for a 1,472-day inspection, last operated circa Fall 2015. Coal burner.
Clinchfield Railroad 4-6-0 #1 built in 1882. The engine was used for excursions from 1968 until 1979.

Baltimore and Ohio 0-4-0 "Grasshopper", built in 1832 by Phineas Davis and Israel Gartner, one of the oldest surviving American locomotives
Baltimore and Ohio 4-6-2 #5300 "President Washington" built in 1927.
Baltimore and Ohio 2-8-2 #4500, USRA Light Mikado and the world's first USRA locomotive, built in 1918.
Chesapeake and Ohio 4-6-0 #377 built in 1902.
Chesapeake and Ohio 4-6-4 #490: The last surviving C&O "Streamlined" Hudson built in 1926 (Streamlined 1946).
Chesapeake and Ohio 2-8-4 #2705 built in 1943.
Chesapeake and Ohio 2-6-6-6 #1604: One of two surviving "Allegheny"-class locomotives built in 1941.
American Freedom Train 4-8-4 #1 (Reading #2101) built in 1945. One of three steam engines used on American Freedom Train of 1975–1976. Used on Chessie System Steam Specials in 1977–1978.
Greenbrier, Cheat and Elk River Shay #1 built in 1905.
Central Railroad of New Jersey 4-4-2 #592 built in 1901, one of five surviving Camelback type locomotives.
Potomac Electric Company (PEPCO) Fireless 0-4-0 #43
Pere Marquette SW1 #11 built in 1942. Operational.
Central Railroad of New Jersey #1000: first commercially successful diesel built in 1925.
Baltimore & Ohio EA #51: first streamlined diesel built in 1937. Recently completed cosmetic restoration.
Baltimore & Ohio RDC #1961 built in 1956. Operational.
Western Maryland BL2 #81 built in 1948 and Slug #138T built in 1941.
Baltimore & Ohio GP30 #6944 built in 1962. Operational.
Baltimore & Ohio GP40 #3684 built in 1966.
Baltimore & Ohio GP9 #6607. built in 1956. Operational.
Western Maryland RS3 #195 built in 1953
Baltimore & Annapolis 70 tonner #50 built in 1950
Baltimore & Ohio (Octoraro) S1 #3
Canton Railroad Baldwin VO-1000 #32 built in 1944
Baltimore & Ohio GP7 #6405 built in 1953. Operational.
Chessie System GP38 #3802 built in 1967. Chosen by Trains Magazine as "All American Diesel". Operational.
Baltimore & Ohio #10 (electric)
Pennsylvania Railroad #4876: GG1 electric, not currently on display in the museum itself. This locomotive crashed into Washington D.C.'s Union Station in 1953 in the 1953 Federal Express train wreck.
MARC F7A APCU #7100: built in 1951, rebuilt in 1981. Used as a cab car and for supplying HEP.
Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad ("Ma & Pa") inspection car and Railway post office car
Forty and Eights "Merci" boxcar. One of 49 French boxcars gifted to the US in 1949.
B&O Royal Blue Line 1890s-era coach
Chessie System GP15T 1507. Built in 1982 and was just recently acquired. To be restored.
Conrail SW7 8905. Built in 1950.

Exhibitions
The B&O Railroad Museum has over nine public acres of historic buildings and grounds with exhibitions and collection items on display. Some highlighted exhibitions include:

 The Roundhouse: The First Century of Railroading
 The First American Locomotives: The Fair of the Iron Horse
 Civil War: The War Came by Train
 North Car Shop: 20th Century American Railroading
 Bank of America Model Train Gallery
 Smithsonian Model Train Collection
 Dining on the B&O: The China Collection
 Cool Runnings on the Railroad: The American Refrigeration Car
 About Time: The Standardization of Time

See also

List of heritage railroads in the United States
List of National Historic Landmarks in Maryland
List of railway roundhouses
National Register of Historic Places listings in South and Southeast Baltimore
National Park Service's Network to Freedom listing

References

External links

B&O Railroad Museum: Ellicott City Station
Baltimore, Maryland, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
, including photo in 1992, at Maryland Historical Trust

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Museum at Octrianguy.com

1830 establishments in Maryland
Historic American Buildings Survey in Baltimore
Historic American Engineering Record in Baltimore
Museums in Baltimore
National Historic Landmarks in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Howard County, Maryland
Pigtown, Baltimore
Railroad museums in Maryland
Railroad roundhouses in Maryland
Railroad-related National Historic Landmarks
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1830
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Smithsonian Institution affiliates
Former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad stations
Transportation in Baltimore
Railway roundhouses on the National Register of Historic Places
Railway buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Heritage railroads in Maryland
Former railway stations in Maryland
Baltimore City Landmarks

B&O Railroad Museum


The Russian-born British/German cellist Leonid Gorokhov (born 1967 in Leningrad) studied at the St. Petersburg Conservatoire with Anatoli Nikitin and took part in masterclasses with Daniil Shafran. Winner of Concertino Praga (First Prize) and Paris Chamber Music Competition (Premier Grand Prix), Leonid Gorokhov is the only Russian cellist to be awarded the Grand Prix and the First Prize of the Geneva Concours (1986). In 1995 the European Association for Encouragement of the Arts awarded the Cultural Achievement Prize to Leonid Gorokhov for exceptional talent and outstanding artistic accomplishment.

Performance and recording career
Gorokhov has a flourishing international career and, although based in London, often returns to his roots to perform in his home city of St. Petersburg.

In 1991, Leonid Gorokhov appeared as soloist with the St. Petersburg Philharmonic conducted by Lord Menuhin; their strong musical rapport led to further concerto engagements with the Bergen, Berlin & Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, English Symphony Orchestra, Sinfonia Varsovia and the Zürich Tonhalle. In 1995, he made a triumphant return to Russia in performances of the Elgar Cello Concerto with the Philharmonia Hungarica, again conducted by Lord Menuhin.

Apart from his work as a soloist, he is a founder member of the Hermitage String Trio (playing with Boris Garlitsky, violin, and Alexander Zemstov, viola) and plays regularly as a duo with the pianists Nikolai Demidenko, Niklas Sivelov and Kathryn Stott. Duo recitals have included the Båstad, Belfast, Eilat Winter, Oslo Chamber Music and Petworth Festivals, Munich and Wigmore Hall.

Recent engagements have included the Elgar concerto with the Enescu Philharmonic in Bucharest and the Walton Concerto with the Philharmonia Orchestra in the UK. In Australia, his residence at the Townsville Festival found him playing a wide variety of chamber music; in Russia he has performed the rarely played Davidoff Concerto No 2 with the St. Petersburg Capella as well as concertos with the Moscow State Symphony Orchestra. He has appeared at the Athens Megaron and Bargemusic New York as well as at many prestigious festivals such as Budapest Spring, Corinthian Summer, Davos, Evian, Gstaad, Harrogate, Interlaken, Kuhmo, Ljubljana, Munich, Perth (Scotland), Schleswig-Holstein and Spoleto.

He undertakes regular recital tours of Japan and has played concertos with the Thailand Philharmonic Orchestra and the Macau Chamber Orchestra. In Europe he has been invited to play with the Basel, BBC Scottish, Berlin Radio, Biel-Bienne and Norrkoping Symphony Orchestras; the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra, Promusica Salzburg and the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande.

Future engagements include the Brahms Double Concerto in Germany and Spain, a further tour of Japan, duo recitals in the UK with Kathryn Stott, and concerts with the Hermitage String Trio, including a concert at the Wigmore Hall.

Teaching
Gorokhov became a British Citizen in 1998. He is a professor at the Guildhall School of Music and at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater, Hannover, Germany.

Since 2008, Gorokhov has been teaching the BBC Young Musician 2012 finalist Laura van der Heijden. She proceeded to win the competition.

Discography
Gorokhov's discography includes recordings of Boccherini, Debussy, Haydn, Kodály, Martinu, Shostakovich, Tchaikovsky and Tortelier for Melodiya. For Supraphon he has recorded concertos by Martinu and Saint-Saëns with the Brno Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Lord Menuhin and an album of works by Prokofiev, Shostakovich, and Stravinsky. Rarely performed gems feature on "Russian Discoveries" on the Olympia label and "Virtuoso Cello Transcriptions" on Cello Classics. Leonid Gorokhov's first recording with Nikolai Demidenko was an all-Schubert album for the Munich-based AGPL label. This was followed by a recording of Schnittke, Rachmaninov and Shostakovich Sonatas on ASV Gold.

References

External links

General Management: Aminah Domloge, Pro Artist

Russian cellists
Musicians from Saint Petersburg
Living people
1967 births
Winners of the Geneva International Music Competition
Musicians from London
Academics of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama

Leonid Gorokhov


The Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters (MASAL) is a regional professional organization of scholars.  Its main activity is the annual meeting (usually March), its quarterly journal of papers (the Michigan Academician), and research news from Michigan universities and colleges.  It also awards annually the Kapp Prize for outstanding undergraduate research presented at its annual meeting.

Most of the MASAL's members are faculty or graduate students at universities or colleges in Michigan.  The remainder are independent scholars, researchers in business or government, or residing in other states.

The Academy is hosted by Alma College.

The Michigan Academician is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed journal.  One issue a year is devoted to abstracts of papers presented at the annual meeting.

MASAL is affiliated with the National Association of the Academies of Science of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

External links
Home Page of the Academy

Professional associations based in the United States