Mosaic Records is an American jazz record company and label established in 1982 by Michael Cuscuna and Charlie Lourie. It produces limited-edition box sets.

The sets recordings are leased from the major record companies, usually for a three- or five-year period, with the edition limited to a specific number of copies, typically 5,000. Sometimes the complete catalog of a label would appear: the complete masters of Milt Gabler's Commodore Records were contained in three sets consisting of some 66 LPs. In 2003, the company initiated the Select series of smaller sets, not necessarily "complete" in the usual sense. In 2006, the company began a third line, Mosaic Singles, a series dedicated to reissuing individual albums on CD that have not previously been available in US editions, or at all.  In 2009, Mosaic returned to the vinyl format with the HQ Vinyl Series and began issuing three and four LP sets of 2,500-5,000 copies.

Mosaic's sets are primarily sold and distributed directly to customers, initially promoted through leading jazz publications, then mail order catalog, and now the internet. The first three years of releases did not sell particularly well. In 1986, Cuscuna reached out to a record-producing acquaintance, Fred Seibert, for help. With partner Alan Goodman their company, Fred/Alan Inc. in New York, devised a catalog and strategy that immediately increased sales almost tenfold and put the company on a solid footing for the first time. Goodman continues to write the copy for all new release sales.

Over 200 sets have now been issued by the company, with most sets' leases now expired, becoming sought after, expensive collectors' items. Over three decades the jazz press and general publications have recognized Mosaic, with the New York Times naming it "the most distinctive reissue label in jazz," All About Jazz calling the company "arguably the premiere reissue label in jazz," and Esquire suggesting it is "America's most obsessive jazz label."

See Also
Discography of Mosaic Records

References

External links
 Official site
 The first Mosaic catalog devised by Fred/Alan Inc.

American record labels
Jazz record labels
Record labels established in 1983
Reissue record labels

Mosaic Records


Nadín Ospina (born May 16, 1960, in Bogotá) is a Colombian artist with significant international exposure. His awards include First Prize, 34th Salon of Colombian Artists (1992) and First Prize, 18th Salon of Fire, Gilberto Alzate Avendaño Foundation (2004). From 1979 to 1982, he held the position of Professor of Fine Arts, Jorge Tadeo Lozano University  in Bogotá. In 1992 he participated and is awarded at the Salón de Artistas Colombianos. In 1997, he was a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow in New York City.

Some of Ospina's most noted work has combined cartoon and toy characters from contemporary North American and European mass entertainment culture with Latin American and Pre-Columbian artistic traditions. Examples include Pre-Columbian style statues of U.S. characters Mickey Mouse, Goofy, Bart Simpson and Eric Cartman as well as two-dimensional portrayals of Danish Lego figures in modern Colombian contexts.

Ospina reportedly was inspired to create the Pre-Columbian style statues after unknowingly buying fake Pre-Columbian pieces which led him to reflect on the idea of "untainted primitive Latin American culture".

References

External links
 (primarily in Spanish)
7ª Bienal de la Habana/Universes in Universe
Mesa Redonda: El Final del Eclipse/Fundación Telefónica(primarily in Spanish)
Daros Latinamerica.
BBC Londres
Radio Francia Internacional (primarily in Spanish)
Exposición "Colombialand",
Art & Artists From Colombia,

1960 births
Living people
Colombian artists
Jorge Tadeo Lozano University alumni
Academic staff of Jorge Tadeo Lozano University
Artists from Bogotá

Nadín Ospina


Prince - It's Showtime! (simply Prince) is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language science fiction action thriller film directed by Kookie Gulati. Co-produced by Kumar S. Taurani and Ramesh S. Taurani under the banner of Tips Industries, the film stars Vivek Oberoi as the titular amnesiac thief who races against time to find an antique coin and becomes surrounded by several people wanting the coin, including three women claiming to be his only girlfriend.

The film co-stars Aruna Shields, Nandana Sen, Neeru Bajwa and Sanjay Kapoor. The dialogues were written by Mayur Puri. The songs were composed by Sachin Gupta, with the lyrics penned by Sameer. The background score was composed by Sandeep Shirodkar.

Along with its dubbed versions in Tamil and Telugu, the film was released theatrically on 9 April 2010.

Plot
Prince is a sharp and intelligent burglar, but when he wakes up one morning, he finds that he does not remember anything about his past. He goes to a club and meets a girl who claims to be his girlfriend, Maya. The next day, he meets a second girl who also claims to be his girlfriend Maya. Further, she says that they work for the police and are after a man named Sarang. She reveals that they must find a special coin and give it to Sarang, after which the cops will arrest him. This coin has a chip in it that can go into one's mind and change one's thoughts completely.

They find the coin inside Prince's shoe and give it to Sarang. Prince finds out that the second "Maya" is really a woman named Serena who works for Sarang. His servant P.K. works for Sarang along with her. The coin is revealed to be a fake. Just as Prince is trapped, the real Maya, who is, in fact his girlfriend, saves him and tells him the actual story. The chip was put inside Prince so that he could work for Sarang. The two run away. The chip made Prince's brain like a computer, so that once he woke up from sleep, he would forget everything.

Prince and Maya meet Sarang Sanghvi, who tells them a side effect: every morning when Prince wakes up, his brain crashes, which results in a lot of pain. He has only six days to live as a result. This particular day is the last day. Prince and Maya find the coin, which can save Prince, and Serena goes after them, leading to a high-profile chase. Prince manages to keep the coin safe but faints. A mysterious car arrives, pulls him in, and flees. Shortly after, Maya gets a phone call, saying she must come to a certain location if she wants Prince alive. The caller is a friend of Prince's named Mike. It is revealed that the first Maya that Prince had met at the club, is actually named Priya. Then Maya calls the police.

Priya takes the coin and runs away with it, but Mike tells Maya that he has the real coin; the one Priya has is a fake. While they are fixing an unconscious Prince, Priya returns, begging to be saved, but gets shot by Sarang and his gang. Prince awakes from his deep sleep. Sarang and his gang escape, but Prince puts a tracking device on Sarang. They track him down, and Prince and Sarang engage in a brief fight. Prince ultimately gets the coin, and Sarang falls off a waterfall to his death. While Prince and Maya are looking forward to a happily-ever-after ending, in a twist ending, Serena's eyes open, implying that she is still alive.

Cast
 Vivek Oberoi as Prince
 Aruna Shields as Maya
 Nandana Sen as Serena/Maya
 Neeru Bajwa as Priya/Maya
 Isaiah as Sarang Sanghvi
 Sanjay Kapoor as CBI Officer Ali Khan
 Dalip Tahil as Colonel Khanna
 Amit Behl as Tony (Bartender)
 Akhilesh Sharma as IT Engineer
 Manish Anand as Mike
 Mohit Chauhan as Agent Roy
 Mayur Puri as P.K. (Prince's Servant)
 Rajesh Khattar as Sherry
 Dhiraj Regmi as C.I.D. Officer Kai
 Mantu Kumar as Computer Operator

Box office

India
In its opening weekend, the film netted about INR 110 million (Rs. 110 million). It did well in few places and moderately at places primarily having single screens. Overall, the performance at the single screens (70–75%) was far better than its performance in the multiplexes (50–60%).

Overseas
Overseas, Prince performed badly at countries such as the US, UK and Australia. In comparison to  My Name Is Khan (February 12, 2010), 3 Idiots (December 25, 2009) and Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na (July 4, 2008). Prince performed and is likely to gross much money from overseas markets.

Prince opened in the US in 54 screens and fetched US$89,047 in its opening weekend; it debuted at #36 at the US box office making US$6,000,000.

Critical reception
Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama rated it 3 out of 5, saying "Prince has all merits to strike a chord with the youth", praising Vivek Oberoi's 'bravura' performance, the film's 'Hollywood style' look and action sequences, as well as the music. Noyon Jyoti Parasara of AOL India gave 3 out of 5, saying, "once you are willing to let go off your beliefs and logic – like you really can't jump off a cliff on your bike and remain unscratched – you would like the film."

On the other hand, Omar Qureshi of Zoom rated Prince 2.5 out of 5, saying, "The film is over the top and unrealistic." Indiatimes.com rated it 2 out of 5 stars saying, "The film has taken the audience for granted, which shows us gadgets hard to believe and futuristic and that such futuristic shows should be limited to Hollywood.". Subhash K. Jha gave 2 out of 5 stars, and said, "Prince wears its super-cool shirt with the slogan 'Come Watch Me' with a little bit too much aggression. But if you love popcorn crunching adventure stories watch Vivek Oberoi play the hero from the hemisphere of hijinks." He praised Oberoi's acting and the action sequences, saying that "To his credit, Oberoi carries off the ceaseless stint with the stunt with arresting aplomb[...]The expertly-executed stunts frequently see our hero jumping down high-rise buildings in breathtaking leaps of fate, with the camera pulling back in respectful awe."

Soundtrack
The original songs of Prince are composed by Sachin Gupta and background score by Sandeep Shirodkar. The lyrics are written by Sameer. The audio comprises six original songs, one instrumental and nine types of remixes by DJ Suketu featuring Aks. The singles of the soundtrack are "O Mere Khuda," "Tere Liye", and "Kaun Hoon Main".

"Tere Liye" appears in as many as four versions in the soundtrack. The last (the unplugged version) is sung by the composer Gupta.

Ankit Ojha of Planet Bollywood, stated in his music review, that "This album is destined to remain on the charts for a very long time, just like Tips' 3 last musical hits including Race (March 21, 2008), Kismat Konnection (July 18, 2008) and Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani (November 6, 2009) did." He rated the music 8 stars out of 10.

Track listing

References

External links
 Prince – Official Website

2010s Hindi-language films
2010s chase films
2010s heist films
2010 science fiction action films
2010 films
Indian science fiction action films
Indian chase films
Indian heist films
Fiction about memory
Films shot in South Africa
Films set in South Africa

Prince (2010 film)


The New Wimbledon Theatre is situated on the Broadway, Wimbledon, London, in the London Borough of Merton. It is a Grade II listed Edwardian theatre built by the theatre lover and entrepreneur, J. B. Mulholland, who at the time was also owner of the King's Theatre in Hammersmith and had owned the Theatre Metropole in Camberwell in the 1890's . Built on the site of a large house with spacious grounds, the theatre was designed by Cecil Aubrey Massey and Roy Young (possibly following a 1908 design by Frank H. Jones). It seems to have been the only British theatre to have included a Victorian-style Turkish bath in the basement. The theatre opened on 26 December 1910 with the pantomime Jack and Jill.

The theatre was very popular between the wars, with Gracie Fields, Sybil Thorndike, Ivor Novello, Markova, and Noël Coward all performing there. Lionel Bart's Oliver! received its world premiere at the theatre in 1960 before transferring to the West End's New Theatre. The theatre also hosted the world premiere of Half a Sixpence starring Tommy Steele in 1963 prior to the West End.

With several refurbishments, most notably in 1991 and 1998, the theatre retains its baroque and Adamesque internal features. The golden statue atop the dome is Laetitia, the Roman Goddess of Gaiety (although many refer to her as the theatre's "angel") and was an original fixture back in 1910. Laetitia is holding a laurel crown as a symbol of celebration. The statue was removed in World War II as it was thought to be a direction finding device for German bombers, and replaced in 1991.

The theatre is close to Wimbledon rail, tube, and tramlink station, and a short walk from South Wimbledon tube station.

Venue statistics
The theatre has approximately 1,670 seats across three levels, making it the eighth largest theatre in London following the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, the English National Opera's London Coliseum, and the major musical venues the London Palladium, Apollo Victoria, Drury Lane, Dominion, and Lyceum.

Wimbledon Studio
The main auditorium is adjoined by the smaller black box space of the Time and Leisure Studio, a flexible space seating up to 80 people. It is often home to small drama and comedy productions, often prior to West End or Edinburgh Festival runs each summer. Up From Paradise, the only musical written by Arthur Miller, directed by Patrick Kennedy received its London premiere at the Studio in July 2014 following a successful year of musical programming.

Recent history
Until 2001, the theatre was owned and operated by the Wimbledon Civic Theatre Trust, on behalf of the London Borough of Merton, who still own the freehold of the building. The trust was responsible for overseeing a multimillion-pound refurbishment in the late 1990s, incorporating a brand new backstage area, fly tower, and a complete re-seating of the orchestra stalls as well as redecoration of the interior. During this period, the theatre was closed for an entire year.

The venue fell into severe financial difficulties in 2003 and was forced to close. Following lengthy talks between leading producers, local councillors, and companies, in autumn 2003 a deal was agreed for the theatre to be managed by the Ambassador Theatre Group (ATG).

Following a name change to the New Wimbledon Theatre, the venue reopened in February 2004 with Matthew Bourne's production of The Nutcracker followed by a season of touring musicals, dance, and ballet, culminating in the London revival of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Cats.

In November 2005, the theatre saw the launch of a new UK pantomime company, First Family Entertainment with their flagship production being Cinderella starring Susan Hampshire, Richard Wilson, John Barrowman, Naomi Wilkinson, Peter Duncan, and Tim Vine. In 2006, the theatre welcomed its first Hollywood star in the shape of Happy Days''' Henry Winkler. Subsequent Christmases have seen global stars including Pamela Anderson, Warwick Davis, Edna Everage, Linda Gray, David Hasselhoff, Priscilla Presley, Jerry Springer, and Ruby Wax, alongside British household names including Brian Blessed, Jo Brand, Bobby Davro, Anita Dobson, Gareth Gates, Ross Kemp, Alistair McGowan, Paul O'Grady, Joanna Page, Wayne Sleep, Louie Spence, Claire Sweeney, and Tim Vine.

The theatre has since played host to a large variety of major touring productions, plus the UK launch of Josef Weinberger's UK collection of Disney musicals available to amateur companies throughout the British Isles. In 2010, the national tour of Spamalot, the musical based on the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail, opened at the New Wimbledon.

 Television usage
The venue is frequently hired out for television production, with many television series having been shot at the location, including The Optimist, The Bill, The IT Crowd, De-Lovely, Little Britain, Extras (the Aladdin pantomime episode with Les Dennis) and We Are Most Amused, a comedy gala performance to celebrate the 60th birthday of The Prince of Wales, in aid of The Prince's Trust.

Notably, the venue was the home of annual televised Christmas pantomimes, including:
 Aladdin (BBC 1971) – starring Cilla Black, Alfred Marks, Roy Castle, and Norman Vaughan
 Dick Whittington and His Cat (BBC 1972) – starring Dick Emery, Peter Noone, Michael Aspel, Gemma Craven, Robert Dorning, and Stratford Johns
 Robin Hood (BBC 1973) – starring Terry Scott, Hugh Lloyd, Anita Harris, Billy Dainty, Dana, Freddie Davies, and Alan Curtis
 Aladdin (ITV 2000) – starring Ed Byrne, Patsy Kensit, John Savident, Roger Moore, Martin Clunes, Ralf Little, Paul Merton, Julian Clary, Billy Murray, Lisa Riley, Meera Syal, Trisha Goddard, Leslie Phillips, and S Club 7
 Dick Whittington (ITV 2002) – starring Richard Wilson, Harry Hill, James Fleet, Amanda Barrie, Roger Moore, Kevin Bishop, Julian Clary, Vanessa Feltz, Lee Mack, Tina O'Brien, Paul Merton, Debra Stephenson, Jessica Stevenson, Mark Williams, and Hear'Say
The Real Full Monty (ITV1 2023)

 Touring productions

Touring shows that have visited Wimbledon over the years include:Cats, Starlight Express, We Will Rock You, Sister Act, Monty Python's Spamalot, Avenue Q, Shrek the Musical, Chicago, The Sound of Music, Riverdance, Waitress, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, 9 To 5, Rock of Ages, Dirty Dancing, Beauty and the Beast, School of Rock, Singin' in the Rain, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, West Side Story, Jesus Christ Superstar, Bat Out of Hell: The Musical, Thoroughly Modern Millie, The Rocky Horror Show, Fame – The Musical, Priscilla Queen of the Desert – the Musical, Saturday Night Fever, Carousel, Footloose – The Musical, Grease, Anything Goes, Flashdance – The Musical and An Inspector Calls'.

It has also been home to residencies of many Matthew Bourne productions including Swan Lake, The Nutcracker, Edward Scissorhands, The Car Man, Highland Fling and The Red Shoes.

Music video
 There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart) – iconic video by Eurythmics was shot here in June 1985, directed by Eddie Arno and Mark Innocenti. It is one of the most memorable and heavy rotated videos on MTV.

Cultural references
The New Wimbledon Theatre is featured in "Final Curtain", Series 5 Episode 2 of the BBC TV program New Tricks

References

External links

 Wimbledon Civic Theatre Trust

Theatres in the London Borough of Merton
Cecil Massey buildings
Buildings and structures in Wimbledon, London
Performance art venues
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Merton

New Wimbledon Theatre


Syrup is a 2013 American comedy drama film directed by Aram Rappaport and based on the 1999 novel of the same name by Max Barry. Its video on demand release date was May 1, 2013, and its US theater release date was June 7, 2013. This was Christopher Evan Welch's final film role before his death 6 months later.

Plot
A young man named Scat comes up with a new idea for a drink after he drops his drink and swears, calling it 'FUKK'. He goes to Addison Cola Company where he maneuvers a meeting with a formidable marketing executive, Six, by triggering the fire alarm. While mediocre, she tells him that she and her team will polish it before it is presented to the board. During the meeting, the board shows some resistance but Six informs them that Scat is willing to give up trademark provisions for a mere two million. Scat then realizes he has not reserved the trademark and scrambles to the Patent and Trademark Office only to find out that his roommate, Sneaky Pete, stole his idea and registered it earlier that morning.

Success befalls Pete as 'FUKK' becomes the highest selling energy drink in the nation. Embittered, Scat goes back to his ordinary life but is later recruited by Six to help her come up with a new ad campaign after she is booted off the 'FUKK' campaign and relegated to Addy Classics. Instructed to come up with a brilliant idea by Friday (only five days away), Scat moves in with Six and is unable to think of anything until only moments before the deadline. After shaking a vending machine in frustration and Six telling him that twelve people have died by being crushed by vending machines, he comes up with the idea of 'Wouldn't you die for a Fukk' advertising a cartoon where people die by being crushed by vending machines because they want the drink so badly. The ad is accepted and aired but a young teenager dies by being crushed by a vending machine and the ad is now considered insensitive and taken off air. Scat and Six attend the funeral and when Scat makes a speech, Six points out that all the mourners are actors that she recognizes from ads. Scat quickly realizes that Sneaky Pete created this fake death to get their ad to fail, and he quickly pulls out the fake body from the coffin and holds it up for all to see.

Scat is fired while believing that Six remains at the company. In reality, Six quit when Addison refused to keep Scat, now working at a shoe store. After a brief stint as a rickshaw driver, Scat is hired by a rival company and Six is also poached. As Scat and Six are being hired Six drops a name tag from her work, possibly revealing a glimpse of her real name (appearing to be Elizabeth), before she quickly covers and retrieves the name tag. The two must come up with a new drink idea and after talking about their attraction for each other, Scat comes up with the idea of 'Average KOK'. He presents this as a drink to the board and also thinks of a different drink just called 'KOK' that they give to celebrities. The normal 'KOK's are numbered up to 100 and each number represents a celebrity and the celebrity deems who can drink their numbered drink. After the frenzy for the drink that they can't have, Scat and the company decide to make the drink go public but not before the suicide of a teenager who killed himself after not being 'cool' enough to drink his lucky number 17's corresponding drink. After confirming that this time the death is real, Scat goes on TV to apologize but ends up pointing out that drink sales have never been higher even after the death and that people, like him, 'have a dream'.
Scat walks along watching himself on the TV displays and Six finds him. Scat tells her his real name is 'Michael' and asks for her real name. They kiss, but Six insists that "Six" is her name. Scat says, "It's been a pleasure doing business with you, Six," and walks away.

Cast
 Amber Heard as Six, the Addy marketing executive.
 Shiloh Fernandez as Scat, the protagonist.
 Kellan Lutz as Sneaky Pete, Scat's former roommate and company rival.
 Brittany Snow as Three, Pete's assistant.
 Josh Pais as Davidson.
 Kate Nash as Beth.
 Rachel Dratch as Clerk
 Adam LeFevre as Priest
 Christopher Evan Welch as Davies
 Zachary Booth as Chet
 Kirstie Alley as herself

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a critic score of 25% based on reviews from 8 critics, with an average rating of 4/10.

References

External links

2013 comedy-drama films
American comedy-drama films
2010s English-language films
Films based on Australian novels
2013 films
2010s American films
English-language comedy-drama films

Syrup (film)


Bao is a 2018 American computer-animated short movie written and directed by Domee Shi and produced by Pixar Animation Studios. It was released with Incredibles 2 on June 15, 2018.

The movie is about an aging and lonely Chinese-Canadian mother, suffering from empty nest syndrome, who gets a second chance at motherhood when she makes a steamed bun (baozi) that comes to life.

The movie won the Oscar for the Best Animated Short Film at the 91st Academy Awards.

References

2018 animated movies
Pixar short movies

Bao (movie)


Ankerske Naturstein is a stonemasonry company in Fauske, Norway.

It was established as Den Ankerske Marmorforretning by Christian August Anker in 1885, when he established a marble refinery in Isebakke in Smaalenenes Amt. He bought a marble quarry in Fauske, and in 1910 the refinery was also moved there. It eventually expanded with several new quarries. Among others the company delivered marble to the United Nations Building.

The refinery in Fauske has been owned by the employees since 1999 under the name Ankerske Naturstein. The quarry was sold in 2000.

References

External links

Manufacturing companies established in 1885
1885 establishments in Norway
Manufacturing companies of Norway
Companies based in Østfold
Companies based in Nordland
Monumental masonry companies
Marble

Ankerske Naturstein


Zonneland is a Belgian Dutch-language youth magazine published by Averbode since 1920. A French version called Petits Belges also started in the same year. It changed its name to Tremplin in 1960.

History and profile
Zonneland was first published in 1920, and by 1922 had 100,000 subscribers. It was a catholic magazine, directed and published by the Averbode Abbey. It shared some elements with Petits Belges, but the French language version had less purely catholic contents and more stories and general information. Between 1929 and 1934, Petits Belges was replaced by a magazine for girls (Stella) and one for boys (Cadet).

In 1930, the first of the long-running series of Vlaamse Filmpjes (complete stories of 32 pages, published every week or every two weeks) was inserted as a supplement to Zonneland.

By 1935, Zonneland had dropped to 60,000 subscribers, while Petits Belges only was printed in 28,000 copies. In 1936, Father Daniel De Kesel became the new editor-in-chief, and started writing articles using the pen name "Nonkel Fons". He remained in charge until 1984. The magazines had to suspend publication between September 1943 and November 1944 due to the censoring and paper shortage during the war. In 1966, Zonneland had nearly 120,000 subscribers, and by 1976 this had increased to 135,000.

Zonneland was initially aimed at all children aged 7 to 12, but later got more specifically targeted towards 10- and 11-years old children. For younger children Averbode started publishing Dopido (2-3 years, from 1990) Doremi (1-5 years, from 1965 on), Zonnekind (6-7 years, from 1958 on), and Zonnestraal (8-9 years, from 1966 on), while children between 12 and 15 got Top magazine (1973, replaced by iD in 1995 ), and the 16- and 17-years old were reached through Yell (1981).

Well-known authors who published in Zonneland include Edward Poppe, John Flanders, Ernest Claes, and Leopold Vermeiren. Comics authors include Jan Waterschoot, Jeff Broeckx, Jean-Pol, Renaat Demoen, Gray Croucher, Berck, Buth, and François Craenhals. Petits Belges published some of the first works by Jijé.

Notes

1920 establishments in Belgium
Children's magazines published in Belgium
Comics magazines published in Belgium
Weekly magazines published in Belgium
Magazines published in Flanders
Magazines established in 1920
Catholic magazines

Zonneland


Joseph Mar Thoma Metropolitan (27 June 1931 – 18 October 2020) (Syriac:ܡܺܝܛܪܳܦܽܠܶܝܬܳܐ ܕܟܽܘܪܣܝܳܐ ܫܠܺܝܚܳܝܳܐ ܕܡܰܠܰܒܰܪ ܐܰܒܽܘܢ ܝܰܘܣܶܝܦ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܬܳܐܘܡܳܐ܀) was an Indian religious prelate. He was the 21st Marthoma Metropolitan and primate of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church headquartered in Kerala, India. He was born in Maramon, British Raj. He was the President of the National Council of Churches in India, Senior President of CCA, and the chairman of CASA.

Thoma died on 18 October 2020 in Thiruvalla, Kerala from pancreatic cancer, aged 89.

References

1931 births
2020 deaths
Indian religious leaders
Malayali people
People from Kerala

Joseph Mar Thoma


Charles Reginald Lionel Cannon (November 24, 1866 – June 9, 1951) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada.  He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1922 to 1927, and was a cabinet minister in the government of John Bracken.

Cannon was born in Southport, Lancashire, England, the son of Reverend J. D. Cannon and Catherine Dakeyne.  His grandfather and uncle were mayors of Bolton, Lancashire, and were pioneers in cotton spinning manufacture during the 1850s and 1860s.  Cannon was educated at Liverpool College and Harstporpoins College in Sussex, and passed Oxford and Cambridge first-class extension examinations in 1884.  He moved to Canada in 1885. In 1888, he married Adah Wigham.

Cannon worked as a farmer and served as director of the Belmont Creamery Corporation.  He was also a police magistrate, and served as reeve of Strathcona for nine and a half years.  He was an active community member, and was for many years closely associated with the Liberal Party.  In the early 1920s, he endorsed the decision of the United Farmers of Manitoba (UFM) to field candidates in provincial elections.

Cannon ran for the UFM in the 1922 provincial election, and defeated Liberal incumbent James Baird in the constituency of Mountain.  The UFM won the election, and formed government as the Progressive Party of Manitoba.  Cannon initially served as a government backbencher, and was promoted to cabinet on December 3, 1923 as Minister of Education.

During this period, newly selected cabinet ministers were required to resign their constituency seats to seek re-election as provincial office holders.  These elections were usually pro forma affairs in the 1920s, as ministers were not generally opposed by candidates of other parties.  Cannon, however, faced a challenge from Conservative candidate George Fraser, whom he defeated without difficulty on December 24, 1923.

On November 12, 1924, Cannon was given the additional position of Minister of Public Welfare.  He resigned the Education portfolio on April 21, 1927, and was named Provincial Secretary and Provincial Lands Commissioner.

Cannon was defeated by Liberal candidate Irving Cleghorn in the 1927 provincial election, losing by eighty-four votes.  He formally resigned from cabinet on September 9, 1927.

Cannon died in Belmont and was buried there.

References

1866 births
1952 deaths
People from Southport
English emigrants to Canada
Members of the Executive Council of Manitoba
People educated at Liverpool College

Charles Cannon (Manitoba politician)


Eddie Samuel Obong Watson Jr. (born May 22, 1980) is a Liberian-born Ghanaian actor and producer. He received his first Ghanaian Movie Award in 2014 for his film Ebola which he wrote, directed and produced.

Career
Watson's professional acting career started in 2010 with Labour of Love. He later went on the same year to star in the African war movie, Somewhere in Africa, where he had a supporting role. Costar Majid Michel suggested Watson to the director, Frank Rajah, for the role of a new character being introduced in the sequel 4Play Reloaded of the already popular 4Play by Venus Films. His supporting role in Frank Rajah's Somewhere in Africa earned him a nomination at the Nollywood & African Films Critics Awards (NAFCA).

The following year, Watson had roles in movies like A Reason to Kill and Single Six and by 2011 the actor has made his first move into Nollywood when he starred alongside Queen Nwokoye in Desperate Heart. With movies like Single and Married in 2012, House of Gold, Letters to My Mother and Purple Rose in 2013 the actor soon became a house-hold name in African entertainment.

The year 2014, was a bitter sweet year for Watson. West Africa and Watson's home country, Liberia, which was one of the worst affected by the Ebola virus.  Watson wrote, produced and directed the short film, Ebola. The year also brought many nominations for the actor for different roles in films such as Bachelors, Sister at War and Purple Rose. And for the first time he was nominated in two different categories for the Ghana Movie Award . The actor has now produced two major movies; Jack & Jill and She Prayed. On Saturday, December 5, 2015, Eddie Watson premiered She Prayed in Sierra Leone with support from some of the cast and other African movie stars including Majid Michel, Beverly Osu and Melvin Oduah. The screening of She Prayed is said to be the biggest show in all the premieres and all international shows in 2015 in Sierra Leone. The movie banked an impressive 98% hold of its premiere rating.

Personal life
Eddie Watson married his partner of two years, actress Naomi Baaba Watson, in a private ceremony. The couple welcomed their first child, Emirror (Emi) Cassia Watson on February 2, 2015. Watson took to his Instagram page to share the passing of his mother Leonora Caulker on May 27, 2021.

Humanitarian causes
Eddie Watson's documentary film "Ebola" was one of his humanitarian efforts after the outbreak hit West Africa in 2014. The film was meant to educate people in areas affected by the disease. The film was totally financed by Eddie Watson himself and was distributed to most media houses in countries affected plus others in the region of publication and also throughout the internet without a single charge from the actor. He launched the "We Need Help-Ebola Campaign" the same year the film was shot with the Twitter hashtag #WeNeedHelpEbola. The Ebola documentary film starred some popular faces in Ghana's movie and music industries including Yvonne Nelson and Sarkodie and more. Later that year, the film went on to win Best Short Film Movie at the Ghana Movie Awards (GMA).

Filmography
List of Selected Movies

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
1980 births
People from Monrovia
Ghanaian film producers
Ghanaian male film actors
21st-century Ghanaian male actors
Ghanaian people of Liberian descent

Eddie Watson


Where's Picone? (, also known as Picone Sent Me) is a 1983 Italian comedy film directed by Nanni Loy.

Overview
For this film Lina Sastri was awarded with a David di Donatello for Best Actress and a Silver Ribbon in the same category. The actors Giancarlo Giannini and Leo Gullotta instead won a David di Donatello for Best Actor and a Silver Ribbon for Best supporting Actor. Furthermore, the producer Gianni Minervini was awarded with a David di Donatello and a Silver Ribbon for best producer, and Nanny Loy and Elvio Porta won the Nastro d'Argento for Best screenplay. The film was also selected as the Italian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 57th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Plot
During a debate in Naples' town hall during the early 80s Pasquale Picone, a former Italsider (Italy's then state-owned steel company) worker who had recently lost his job pulls out a jerrycan of gasoline and sets himself alight in front of the Municipal Council, his wife and her three kids are unable to find out where he has been taken after an ambulance arrives with unusual haste and disappears with him on board. Desperate for news about her husband, the woman hires an unlikely kind of 'private eye' (Giancarlo Giannini), in the form of Salvatore Cannavacciuolo, a man who ekes out a living giving informations to people visiting the morgue for one thousand lire apiece. During his investigations Salvatore (who had his less than noble motivations to accept the task) finds out that Pasquale never worked for Italsider, he merely pretended to so; that way he could hide from his own family the fact that he was involved into a veritable web of deals ranging from contraband, to gambling and to outright criminal enterprises linked to the 'Camorra' (the Neapolitan version of the Mob) and its underground. Hoping to profit from this knowledge Salvatore delves deeper and deeper into Picone's secret life with results ranging from the farcical to the dangerous in a movie which can be seen as one of the last examples of the Commedia all'Italiana genre (here hybridized with the detective story).

Cast
Giancarlo Giannini as Salvatore Cannavacciuolo
Lina Sastri as  Luciella
Aldo Giuffrè as  Cocò
Leo Gullotta as  Sgueglia
 Marzio Honorato as  O' Micione
Carlo Croccolo as  Armando, the baron
 Clelia Rondinella as  Teresa
Carlo Taranto as  Gallina
 Mirella Migliore  as  Salumiere
 Tommaso Palladino as  Pasquale Picone
 Remo Remotti as  Don Armando Bellucore
Antonio Allocca as  Hospital doorman
 Nicola Di Pinto as  Municipal Clerk

See also
 List of submissions to the 57th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

1983 films
1983 comedy films
Italian comedy films
Commedia all'italiana
Films directed by Nanni Loy
Films about the Camorra
1984 comedy films
1984 films
1980s Italian-language films
1980s Italian films

Where's Picone?


"Electric Eye" is the second song on English heavy metal band Judas Priest's 1982 album Screaming for Vengeance. It has become a staple at concerts, usually played as the first song. AllMusic critic Steve Huey called the song a classic.

Benediction and Helloween, amongst many other bands, have covered this song.

Background
Musically, the song is in the key of E minor, and its guitar solo is played by Glenn Tipton.

"Electric Eye" is an allusion to the book Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, in the use of the name of the pseudo-omniscient camera that watches over the community at all times. In this dystopia, the form of government, Ingsoc (Newspeak for English Socialism), is utterly totalitarian, and if citizens are caught rebelling in any manner, they "disappear". In the song by Judas Priest, however, the cameras are updated to take the form of a powerful satellite, that is "elected," to take "pictures that can prove," and "keep the country clean". Thus, the song has been called "prescient" for its depiction of a modern surveillance state, operating within the context of an ostensibly democratic nation.

Covers and other uses
Helloween recorded a version of this song for the Tribute to Judas Priest: Legends of Metal. It also appears in the single The Time Of The Oath, and in the expanded edition of the album The Time Of The Oath.

"Electric Eye" is featured in the 2006 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories on the fictional in-game radio station "V-Rock". It is also a playable track in Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s as a master track, including "The Hellion", and it also appears on Guitar Hero Smash Hits. Additionally, it is available for download on Rock Band, as of 22 April 2009, as part of the entire Screaming for Vengeance album download, or as a single song. It was also featured in the second trailer for the video game Brütal Legend.

This song is referenced in the movie Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, in the song "Break in-City (Storm the Gate!)".

The song was played live at the 2011 Revolver Magazine Golden God Awards show by Duff McKagan's Loaded, with vocals by Slipknot and Stone Sour's Corey Taylor and guitar by Sex Pistols' Steve Jones.

The song was referenced in the South Park episode Fat Butt and Pancake Head; when the boys visit the mall to spend Cartman's $20 gift certificate, they can be seen arguing in front of a store called "The Electric Eye".

"Electric Eye" was covered by the metalcore band As I Lay Dying from the compilation Decas, and was released as a single. The band made a music video for the song and was first available to stream via Noisecreep on 3 October 2011.

The song was also covered in 2014 by Lissie and released on an EP album "Cryin' to You" and performs the songs on tour.

Professional wrestler Aja Kong uses the song with "The Hellion" as her entrance music.

Personnel
Rob Halford – vocals
Glenn Tipton – lead guitar
K. K. Downing – rhythm guitar
Ian Hill – bass
Dave Holland – drums

Charts

See also
Mass surveillance
New World Order (conspiracy theory)

References

Judas Priest songs
1982 singles
Songs written by Rob Halford
Songs written by Glenn Tipton
Songs written by K. K. Downing
1982 songs
Columbia Records singles
Mass surveillance in fiction
Works about totalitarianism
Music based on Nineteen Eighty-Four

Electric Eye (song)


The Turkish Land Forces (), or Turkish Army (Turkish: ), is the main branch of the Turkish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. The army was formed on November 8, 1920, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Significant campaigns since the foundation of the army include suppression of rebellions in Turkish Kurdistan from the 1920s to the present day, combat in the Korean War, the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus and the current Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War, as well as its NATO alliance against the USSR during the Cold War. The army holds the preeminent place within the armed forces. It is customary for the Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces to have been the Commander of the Turkish Land Forces prior to his appointment as Turkey's senior ranking officer.

Alongside the other two armed services, the Turkish Army has frequently intervened in Turkish politics, a custom that is now regulated to an extent by the reform of the National Security Council. It assumed power for several periods in the latter half of the 20th century. It carried out coups d'etat in 1960, 1971, and 1980.  Most recently, it maneuvered the removal of an Islamic-oriented prime minister, Necmettin Erbakan, in 1997.

From late 2015, the Turkish Army (along with the rest of the Armed Forces) saw its personnel strengths increased to a similar level as the previous decade. Factors that contributed to this growth include the Turkish occupation of northern Syria, as well as a renewal of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict.

History

The Turkish Army traces its origin to the Ottoman Army. A theory accepted officially was that the Ottoman Armed Forces had been founded in 1363, when the Pençik corps (the predecessor of the Janissary corps) had been formed and, in this context, on 28 June 1963, it celebrated the 600th anniversary of its foundation. In the same year, one of the prominent Pan-Turkists, Nihal Atsız, asserted that the Turkish Army had been founded in 209 BC, when Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu is thought to have formed an army based on the decimal system. In 1968, Yılmaz Öztuna proposed this theory to Cemal Tural, who was the Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey at the time. In 1973, when the Turkish Army celebrated the 610th anniversary of its foundation, Nihal Atsız published his claim again. After the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, the Turkish Army formally adopted the date 209 BC as its year of foundation.

War of Independence

The Turkish War of Independence (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. These campaigns were directed against Greece in the west, Armenia in the east, France in the south, loyalists and separatists in various cities, and British and Ottoman troops around Constantinople (İstanbul).

The ethnic demographics of the modern Turkish Republic were significantly impacted by the earlier Armenian genocide and the deportations of Greek-speaking, Orthodox Christian Rum people. The Turkish National Movement carried out massacres and deportations to eliminate native Christian populations—a continuation of the Armenian genocide and other ethnic cleansing operations during World War I. Following these campaigns of ethnic cleansing the historic Christian presence in Anatolia was destroyed, in large part, and the Muslim demographic had increased from 80% to 98%.

While World War I ended for the Ottoman Empire with the Armistice of Mudros, the Allied Powers occupied parts of the empire and sought to prosecute former members of the Committee of Union and Progress and others involved in the Armenian genocide. Ottoman military commanders therefore refused orders from both the Allies and the Ottoman government to surrender and disband their forces. This crisis reached a head when Sultan Mehmed VI dispatched Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a well-respected and high-ranking general, to Anatolia to restore order.

With Anatolia in practical anarchy and the Ottoman army being questionably loyal in reaction to Allied land seizures, Mehmed VI established the military inspectorate system to reestablish authority over the remaining empire. Encouraged by Karabekir and Edmund Allenby, he assigned Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) as the inspector of the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate –based in Erzurum– to restore order to Ottoman military units and to improve internal security on 30 April 1919. Mustafa Kemal was a well known, well respected, and well connected army commander, with much prestige coming from his status as the "Hero of Anafartalar"—for his role in the Gallipoli Campaign—and his title of "Honorary Aide-de-camp to His Majesty Sultan" gained in the last months of WWI. He was a nationalist and a fierce critic of the government's accommodating policy to the Entente powers. His new assignment gave him effective plenipotentiary powers over all of Anatolia which was meant to accommodate him and other nationalists to keep them loyal to the government. Mustafa Kemal became an enabler and eventually leader of Turkish National Movement against the Ottoman government, Allied powers, and Christian minorities. on 3 May 1920, Birinci Ferik Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak) was appointed the Minister of National Defence, and Mirliva İsmet Pasha (İnönü) was appointed the Minister of the Chief of General Staff of the government of the Grand National Assembly (GNA). The modern Turkish Army has its foundations in nine remnant Ottoman Army corps.

In an attempt to establish control over the power vacuum in Anatolia, the Allies persuaded Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos to launch an expeditionary force into Anatolia and occupy Smyrna (İzmir), beginning the Turkish War of Independence. A nationalist Government of the Grand National Assembly (GNA)led by Mustafa Kemal was established in Ankara when it became clear the Ottoman government was backing the Allied powers. The Allies soon pressured the Ottoman government in Constantinople into suspending the Constitution, shuttering the Parliament, and signing the Treaty of Sèvres, a treaty that the "Ankara government" declared illegal.

In the ensuing war, Kuva-yi Milliye irregular militia defeated the French forces in the south, and undemobilized units went on to partition Armenia with Bolshevik forces, resulting in the Treaty of Kars (October 1921). The Western Front of the independence war was known as the Greco-Turkish War, in which Greek forces at first encountered unorganized resistance. However İsmet Pasha's organization of militia into a regular army paid off when Ankara forces fought the Greeks in the First and Second Battle of İnönü. The Greek army emerged victorious in the Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir and decided to attack Ankara, stretching their supply lines. On 3 August 1921, the GNA fired İsmet Pasha from the post of Minister of National Defence because of his failure at the Battle of Afyonkarahisar–Eskişehir and on 5 August, just before the Battle of Sakarya, appointed the chairman of the GNA Atatürk as commander-in-chief of the Army of the GNA. The Turks checked the Greek advance in the Battle of Sakarya and counter-attacked in the Great Offensive, which expelled Greek forces from Anatolia in the span of three weeks. On August 26, 1922, the Army of the Grand National Assembly (Büyük Millet Meclisi Ordusu) launched the general offensive known as the Great Offensive (Büyük Taarruz) against the Greek forces around Kara Hisâr-ı Sâhip. Nurettin Pasha's 1st Army and Yakup Şevki Pasha's 2nd Army encircled the main body of Major General Nikolaos Trikoupis's group and defeated it near Dumlupınar. Fahrettin Pasha's V Cavalry Corps entered Smyrna (Izmir) on September 9, 1922. Şükrü Naili Pasha's III Corps entered Constantinople (Istanbul) peacefully on October 6, 1923. Subsequent to the founding of the Republic of Turkey, the Army of the GNA was reorganized into three army inspectorates (ordu müfettişliği, 1st, 2nd and 3rd army inspectorate).

The war effectively ended with the Turkish capture of Smyrna and the Chanak Crisis, prompting the signing of the Armistice of Mudanya.

The Grand National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as the legitimate Turkish government, which signed the Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923. The Allies evacuated Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, the Ottoman government was overthrown and the monarchy abolished, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. With the war, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and the abolition of the sultanate, the Ottoman era came to an end, and with Atatürk's reforms, the Turks created the modern, secular nation-state of Turkey. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman caliphate was also abolished.

First Kurdish rebellions and lead-up to Second World War

There were several Kurdish rebellions in the South-East of Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s, the most important of which were the 1925 Sheikh Said rebellion and the 1937 Dersim rebellion. All were suppressed by the TAF, sometimes involving large-scale mobilisations of up to 50,000 troops. Associated atrocities against civilians include the Zilan massacre.

In 1935, Turkey purchased 60 T-26 modified 1933 light tanks from the USSR (also, two twin-turreted T-26 mod. 1931 were presented to the Turkish government in 1933–1934), along with about 60 BA-6 armoured cars to form the 1st Tank Battalion of the 2nd Cavalry Division at Lüleburgaz. The Armoured Brigade of the Turkish Army consisted of the 102nd and the 103rd Companies armed with the T-26 mod. 1933 tanks (four platoons in a company, five tanks in the platoon) at the end of 1937. The reserve group of the brigade had 21 T-26 tanks also. At the beginning of 1940, the Turkish Army had the Armoured Brigade in Istanbul, which belonged to the 1st Army, and the 1st Tank Battalion, which belonged to the 3rd Army. Turkish T-26 tanks were taken out of service in 1942.

The Annual Report of the British Embassy in Ankara for 1937 said that the Army's manpower included 22 divisions but "progress in mechanization was slow." The shortage of tanks and other armoured vehicles was marked: "units are known to have been transported from Thrace to Anatolia for manoeuvres and reviews." The total strength of the forces was given as 120,000. Exercises were held in the Izmir area to practice defence against a landing from a hostile country "tacitly recognized as Italy." Separately, when war broke out, another report said that the motorised transport of the army consisted of 28 different types of old lorries.

World War II
During World War II, Turkey mobilized more than a million personnel. The Turkish Army order of battle in 1941 shows a number of formations. Turkey had been severely stretched by its actions in World War I and the leadership wished to avoid such a costly commitment. Neutral for most of the war, Turkey declared war on Nazi Germany in February 1945, after being given an ultimatum by the Allies of World War II to do so by March 1, 1945, if Turkey wanted a seat in the future United Nations.

Cold War era
In August 1947, the American Military Mission for Aid to Turkey (later prefixed Joint, thus becoming JAMMAT) was established in Ankara. Hastened by the Soviet threat during the Turkish straits crisis, large amounts of United States military aid began arriving. JAMMAT began giving significant amounts of advice on the reorganisation and modernisation of the Turkish Army.

In December 1948 the Turkish Army was described as three armies, 13 army corps, 35 infantry divisions; three cavalry divisions, six armoured brigades, and four fortress commands at 33% of war strength; and 309,300 strong. There were also additional security troops.

The command of the Turkish Army was formed on July 1, 1949, and Nuri Yamut was appointed as the first commander of the Turkish Army.

Korean War
The Turkish Army participated in the Korean War as a member state of the United Nations. Of the 5,000 soldiers of the Turkish Brigade there, 731 were killed. They fought in the Battle of Wawon where it was credited with saving the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division from encirclement. The brigade also fought at Gimnyangjang-ni, 'Operation Ripper,' or the Fourth Battle of Seoul, and the Battle of the Hook.

"By 1960, with the military already deeply involved in political affairs because of the government's use of martial law to enforce its policies, the senior command concluded that the government had departed from Kemalist principles and that the republic was in imminent danger of disintegration. On May 27, 1960, Turkish army units, under the direction of the chief of General Staff, Cemal Gürsel, seized the principal government buildings and communications centers and arrested President Bayar, Prime Minister Menderes, and most of the DP representatives in the Grand National Assembly, as well as a large number of other public officials. Those arrested were charged with abrogating the constitution and instituting a dictatorship. The coup was accomplished with little violence and was accepted quickly throughout the country."

The Turkish Land Forces became deeply involved in Counter-Guerrilla. Counter-Gurrilla was the Turkish component of the US/NATO "Operation Gladio" covert preparation for resistance against any Soviet/Warsaw Pact occupation of Western Europe. During the 1970s, the Special Warfare Department was run by General Kemal Yamak. In his memoirs he stated that the United States had set aside around $1m worth of support; part munitions, part money. This arrangement continued until 1973-4, when Yamak decided the munitions did not meet the department's needs. Yamak wrote the Americans said that the U.S. were footing the bill, and therefore could choose the munitions. Yamak left the meeting and expressed his concerns to the Chief of General Staff, Semih Sancar, and the agreement was subsequently annulled.

Turkish invasion of Cyprus

In July 1974, Turkey landed substantial forces suddenly in Cyprus. The invasion followed a coup organized by EOKA-B and led by Nikos Sampson who ousted the democratically elected Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III in order to establish Enosis (Union) between Cyprus and Greece. The coup was backed by the Greek military junta in Athens.

The 1974 Turkish military operations in Cyprus can be divided into two distinct Turkish offensives, the first being "Atilla 1", which commenced in the early hours of July 20, 1974, with an amphibious landing force, directed by the 6th Corps, forming a beachhead at Kyrenia's Five Mile Beach. It comprised only infantry troops, but was supported by rolling air and naval artillery attacks, and met with limited resistance from the Cyprus National Guard, which was in disarray as a result of the July 15, 1974 coup. The majority of fighting ceased on the 23rd of July, though sporadic clashes continued after this date until the 14th of August. "Atilla 1" successfully achieved its objective of forming a bridgehead with the Turkish Cypriot enclave of Agyrta-Nicosia.

The second Turkish offensive began on August 14, 1974, as Greek and Turkish Cypriot representatives met in Geneva to discuss the situation on the island. Though a United Nations ceasefire was in place (several had already been disregarded), the Turkish Army, massively reinforced from weeks of build-up, launched an all-out surprise attack on ill-prepared Greek Cypriot and Greek units. With little answer to the masses of armour, mechanised units, artillery, and air support that the Turks could bring to bear, virtually all Greek Cypriot defences collapsed in a matter of days, and by August 16, 1974, Turkish forces, spearheaded by the 28th and 39th Infantry Divisions, had extended to capture some 37% of the island, including the towns of Famagusta, Varosha and Morphou.

The conflict in Cyprus resulted in the de facto division of the island between the Turkish Cypriot controlled north and the Greek Cypriot controlled south. Turkey still maintains troops in Cyprus, since a political solution could not yet be achieved and since many members of the Turkish Cypriot community fear a return to the intercommunal violence which occurred between 1963 and 1974.

Historical units and structure

The Turkish Army has since the mid-1960s operated on a corps-division-brigade system, with a varying number of divisions and brigades assigned to a corps. The IISS Military Balance 1966–67 recorded a total strength of 360,000, with 16 infantry divisions (14 NATO assigned), 4 armoured brigades (Zırhlı tugay) with M47 Patton tanks, armoured cavalry regiments, and two parachute battalions. At some point in the 1960s the Army apparently utilised the Pentomic structure for a period, before adopting the American ROAD divisional organisation. Back in the early 1970s, there was a 6th Infantry Division based at Istanbul.

The U.S. Area Handbook for the Republic of Turkey, written by Thomas Roberts, said in late 1968 that the army had 425,000 men (p. 385), three field armies (First: Istanbul, Second: Konya, Third: Erzurum), thirteen infantry divisions, one armoured division (with M-47s and M-48s), four armoured brigades (M47 Patton tanks), two armoured cavalry regiment, two mechanised infantry brigades, and two parachute battalions. There was a trained reserve of 450,000.

In 1971 the Army with the other branches of the Armed Forces imposed the military memorandum to change the civilian government's policies.

According to official British military reports in 1974, the Turkish Army included the First Army (2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 15th Corps), Second Army (4th, 6th, and 7th) and Third Army (8th, 9th and 11th Corps). There were also three Interior Zones with three recruit training divisions and four recruit training brigades. For a long period, these formations were grouped under the NATO headquarters Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe (LANDSOUTHEAST) in Izmir, led by a Turkish Army four-star General.

In mid-1982, the Army had two mechanised infantry divisions, and fourteen Infantry Divisions, six armoured brigades, and four mechanised brigades, with 3,000 M48 MBTs, 500 M47 MBTs, as well as 50 Leopard 1A3s, plus another 20 on order, for a total of 3550 main battle tanks. There were another 100 M26 Pershing heavy tanks.

Until the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1990, the Army had a static defense mission of countering any possible attack on Thrace by Soviet/Warsaw Pact forces and deterring Greece, and any attack by the Soviet Transcaucasus Military District on the Caucasus frontier. The Third Army was responsible for holding the Caucasus line with about a third of the Army's total strength of one armoured, two mechanised, and fourteen infantry divisions (1986 data). Soviet forces immediately facing the Third Army in the Caucasus were the 31st Army Corps in the Georgian SSR and the 7th Guards Army in the Armenian SSR. Together the 31st Corps and 7th Guards Army had six divisions (roughly three Category "B" and three "C") plus some immobile fortified defence areas.

Nigel Thomas's NATO Armies 1949–87, published in 1988, attributed the 2nd, 3rd Corps, 5th, and 15th Corps to the First Army; the 6th and 7th Corps to the Second Army, the 4th, 8th, and 9th Corps to the Third Army, and the 11th Corps to the Aegean Army. He wrote that the 11th Corps comprised the 28th and 39th Divisions.

"During 1992 the army introduced a sweeping reorganization, shifting from a predominantly divisional and regimental structure to one based on corps and brigades. The personnel strength of the army was reduced in 1994 to about 393,000 (including about 345,000 conscripts)."
When the General Staff attempted to shift 120,000 troops to the frontier with Iraq in 1990, they discovered that there were serious deficiencies in the Army's ability to respond to crises that could erupt suddenly in distant regions.

After the fall of the Soviet Union LANDSOUTHEAST in Izmir became Joint Command Southeast for a period, before becoming Allied Air Component Command Izmir in 2004. The headquarters' land-focused roots were revived in the 2010s when NATO's two air commands were reduced into one (at Ramstein, Germany) and Allied Land Command was established at the site.

Modernization and current status

Towards the end of the 1980s, a restructuring and modernization process has been initiated by the Turkish Armed Forces, which still continues today. The final goal of Turkey is to produce indigenous military equipment and to become increasingly self-sufficient in terms of military technologies.

The then-Army Commander, Gen. Büyükanıt, said of further modernization efforts in 2006:

At present, the primary main battle tanks of the Turkish Army are the Leopard 2A4 and the M60T. There are also around 400 Leopard 1 and 750 M60 Patton variants in service (excluding the M60T which were upgraded with the 120 mm MG253 guns), but the Turkish Army retains a large number of older vehicles. More than 2,800 M48 Pattons are still in service (upgraded with the 105 mm M68 guns) though only around 1,300 of these are stored as reserve MBTs. The rest of the M48s are mostly transformed into other types of military vehicles (such as cranes, MBT recovery vehicles and logistical support vehicles) or used as spare parts resources.

Turkey plans to build a total of 1,000 new Otokar Altay MBTs, in four separate batches of 250 units, with the MİTÜP Turkish National Tank Project. The tanks will be produced by the Turkish firm Otokar, and share some of the systems that are used in the K2 Black Panther main battle tank of South Korea.

Turkey has signed an agreement with the US to buy fourteen CH-47F Chinook helicopters, for $400 million. Because of financial constraints, however, the Undersecretariat for the Defense Industry, or SSM, Turkey's procurement agency, later wanted to buy only six CH-47Fs, five for the Army and one for the Special Forces, leaving a decision on the remaining eight platforms for the future. Contract negotiations between the SSM, the U.S. government and Boeing were launched last year.

The length of compulsory military service is six months for private and non-commissioned soldiers (the service term for reserve officers chosen among university or college graduates is 12 months). All male Turkish citizens over the age of 20 are required to undergo a one-month military training period, but they can obtain an exemption from the remaining five months of their mandatory service with a paid exemption option.

Turkey has chosen a Chinese defence firm to co-produce a US$4 billion long-range air and missile defence system FD-2000, rejecting rival bids from Russian, US and European firms. The Turkish defence minister announced the decision to award the contract to China Precision Machinery Import and Export Corp (CPMIEC) in a statement on Thursday, September 26, 2013. NATO has said that missiles should be compatible.

In 2017, Turkey has bought the anti-aircraft S-400 missile system from Russia.

The TLF has seen frequent recent combat around and beyond its borders. It is fighting a conflict in south-eastern Turkey against the prolonged Kurdish PKK insurgency, and monitoring ISIS, Russian intervention in Syria, the Kurdish YPG, as well as multiple other elements, in Syria. It commanded Regional Command Capital within the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan for a long period. Thus the TLF has had extensive combat experience.

Structure

The structure of the Turkish Army has historically had two facets: operational and administrative. The operational chain consists of the field fighting formations, and the administrative the arms and service branches – infantry, armour, artillery etc.

Operational organisation

The army's 14 armoured brigades were the most powerful brigades after the reorganization of the early 1990s; each includes 2 armoured, 2 mechanised infantry and 2 self-propelled artillery battalions. In late 1994 the 17 mechanised brigades each have 1 armoured, 2 mechanised and one artillery battalion. The army's nine infantry brigades each had 4 infantry battalions and one artillery battalion, while the 4 commando brigades had 3 commando battalions.

From 1992 the Army began to change from a corps-division-regiment structure to a corps-brigade arrangement, retaining only three divisions. Divisions remained on Cyprus and for certain special other cases, such as for NATO's reaction forces. In accordance with NATO's new strategy in the early 1990s, Turkey agreed to commit forces to NATO's ACE Rapid Reaction Corps. Therefore, the decision was made to create a new division. The old 1 Inf Div which had been abolished many years ago was reactivated and renamed as 1 TU Mech Inf Div and attached to 4 TU Corps on 30 November 1993. This division appears to have been replaced within 3rd Corps by the 52nd Armoured Division, formed later on.

The Military Balance, 1994–1995 also lists the following units: the Presidential Guard Regiment, an infantry regiment, 5 border defense regiments (Brigades (?)), and 26 border defense battalions. The fate of these independent units under the reorganization remains unclear.

In late 2002 the 3rd Corps, with its headquarters near Istanbul, was certified as one of the six NATO High Readiness Force-Land (HRF-L) headquarters and gained the additional title of the Rapidly Deployable Turkish Corps (RDTC). A year later, Jane's Defence Weekly reported on 9 July 2003 that as part of force restructuring, its 4 existing armies would be reorganized into a Western Army, in Istanbul, and the Eastern Army would replace 2nd Army in Malatya. This plan does not appear to have been carried out.

The Army announced plans in mid-2004 to abolish four brigades across Turkey. The arms and equipment of the brigades closed were to be kept in depots. The plan involved the disbandment of:
 The 33rd Mechanized Brigade in Kırklareli on the north-west border
 The 7th Mechanized Brigade in Kars/Kağızman near the eastern border with Armenia
 The 10th Infantry Brigade in Van/Erciş on the eastern border with Iran
 The 9th Armoured Brigade in Çankırı in central Anatolia

The IISS Military Balance 2008 listed the Turkish Land Forces with four Army headquarters (HQ), 10 corps HQ, 17 armoured brigades, 15 mechanised infantry brigades, two infantry divisions, 11 infantry brigades, one Special Force command HQ, five commando brigades, one combat helicopter battalion, four aviation regiments, three aviation battalions (totalling 1 transport and 2 training battalions), and 4 training/artillery brigades.

By 2022 the force included four army HQs, nine corps HQs, eight commando brigades, one mountain commando brigade, one commando regiment, one armoured division, seven armoured brigades, two mechanised divisions, 14 mechanised brigades, one motorised infantry division with three motorised regiments, seven motorised infantry brigades, two artillery, one training artillery brigades, six artillery regiments, two engineer regiments, four aviation regiments, and four aviation battalions.

List of formations and units

A basic organigram on the official Turkish Land Forces website shows the First, Second, Third, and Aegean Armies, the 4th Corps, the force in Northern Cyprus, the Training and Doctrine Command, and the Logistics Command as directly subordinated to the Chief of the Land Forces.

The Turkish Army is organised into the following commands:

 Land Forces Command () – Ankara
 1st Army (Istanbul)
 2nd Corps (Gelibolu, Çanakkale)
 4th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Keşan)
 8th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Tekirdağ)
 18th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Çanakkale)
 95th Armored Brigade (Malkara)
 102nd Artillery Regiment (Uzunköprü)
 41st Commando Brigade (Vize)
 Corps Engineer Combat Regiment (Gelibolu)
 3rd Corps (NATO Rapid Deployment Corps, Şişli, Istanbul)
 52nd Tactical Armored Division (Hadımköy, Istanbul)
 2nd Armored Brigade (Kartal)
 3rd Armored Brigade (Çerkezköy)
 66th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Istanbul)
 23rd Tactical Motorized Infantry Division (Hasdal, Istanbul)
 6th Motorized Infantry Regiment (Hasdal, Istanbul)
 23rd Motorized Infantry Regiment (Samandıra, Istanbul)
 47th Motorized Infantry Regiment (Metris, Istanbul)
 5th Corps (Çorlu, Tekirdağ)
 1st Armored Brigade (Babaeski)
 54th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Edirne)
 55th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Süloğlu)
 65th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Lüleburgaz)
 Corps Armored Cavalry Battalion (Ulaş)
 105th Artillery Regiment (Çorlu)
 Corps Engineer Combat Regiment (Pınarhisar)
 15th Infantry Division (Köseköy, İzmit)
 2nd Army (Malatya)
 4th Corps(Ankara)
 28th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Mamak)
 58th Artillery Regiment (Polatlı)
 1st Commando Brigade (Talas)
 2nd Commando Brigade (Bolu)
 6th Corps (Adana)
 5th Armored Brigade (Gaziantep)
 39th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (İskenderun)
 106th Artillery Regiment (Islahiye)
 7th Corps (Diyarbakır)
 3rd Tactical Infantry Division (Yüksekova)
 34th Border Brigade (Şemdinli)
 16th Mechanized Brigade (Diyarbakır)
 20th Mechanized Brigade (Şanlıurfa)
 70th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Mardin)
 172nd Armored Brigade (Silopi)
 2nd Motorized Infantry Brigade (Lice)
 6th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Akçay)
 3rd Commando Brigade (Siirt)
 107th Artillery Regiment (Siverek)
 Hakkari Mountain Warfare and Commando Brigade (hakkari)
 3rd Army (Erzincan)
 8th Corps (Elazığ)
 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Doğubeyazıt)
 12th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Ağrı)
 10th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Tatvan)
 34th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Patnos)
 49th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Bingöl)
 51st Motorized Infantry Brigade (Hozat)
 4th Commando Brigade (Tunceli)
 108th Artillery Regiment (Erciş)
 17th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Kiğı)
 9th Corps (Erzurum)
 4th Armored Brigade (Palandöken)
 14th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Kars)
 25th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Ardahan)
 9th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Sarıkamış)
 48th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Trabzon)
 109th Artillery Regiment (Erzurum)
 Aegean Army (Izmir)
 Cyprus Turkish Peace Force
 28th Infantry Division – headquartered at Asha (Paşaköy) to the northeast of Nicosia, and the
 39th Infantry Division – headquartered at Camlibel within the district of Girne.
 14th Armored Brigade – in Kythrea with M48 Patton tanks.
 A Special Force Regiment
 An Artillery Regiment
 Naval units
 Logistics Division (Balıkesir)
 57th Artillery Training Brigade (Izmir)
 19th Infantry Brigade (Edremit)
 11th Motorised Infantry Brigade (Denizli)
 5th Army Aviation School Command (Muğla)
 2nd Infantry Regiment (Muğla)
 Commando Training School Command (Isparta)
 3rd Infantry Training Brigade (Antalya)
 1st Infantry Training Brigade (Manisa).
 Training and Doctrine Command (Ankara)
 Logistics Command (Ankara)
 Turkish Military Academy (Ankara)
 Army Aviation Command (operates the fleet of helicopters and UAVs used by the Turkish Army)
 General Staff controlled units (Güvercinlik Army Air Base, Ankara)
 Special Aviation Group Command
 General Staff Electronic Systems (GES) Aviation Group Command
 Mapping General Command
 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Center Command (Batman Air Base)
 Army Aviation Command
 Army Aviation School Command (Güvercinlik Army Air Base)
 5th Main Maintenance Center Command
 1st Army Aviation Regiment (Güvercinlik Army Air Base)
 2nd Army Aviation Regiment (Malatya Erhaç Airport)
 3rd Army Aviation Regiment (Gaziemir Air Base, Izmir)
 4th Army Aviation Regiment (Samandıra Army Air Base, Istanbul)
 7th Army Aviation Group Command (Diyarbakır Air Base)
 Northern Cyprus Turkish Army Aviation Unit Command (Karter Air Base, Pınarbaşı)

Administrative branches

Combatant
 General Staff
 Infantry
 Cavalry
 Armoury
 Army aviation

Battle Supporting
 Artillery
 Bulwark
 Air defence
 Correspondence
 Intelligence

Battle Supporting & Service
 Communications
 Ordnance
 Supplies
 Personnel
 Cartography
 Transportation
 Finance
 Instructor
 Legal
 Military Band
 Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Corps
 Veterinary Corps
 Engineer, Chemist and Technician Corps

List of commanders

Equipment

Insignia and ranks

Turkish Land Forces has NATO-compatible rank system.
Officers 1-10 (OF 1-10)

Other Ranks 1-9 (OR 1-9)

 Non-Turkish speakers might like to know that OF3, OF2, and OR2 literally translates as "Head of 1000", "Head of 100", and "Head of 10", respectively.

See also
 List of commanders of the Turkish Land Forces

Notes

References

 Harris, George S. "The Role of the Military in Turkish Politics." The Middle East Journal 19, no. 1 (1965): 54–66. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4323815.

  DA Pam 550-80.

External links
  Official Turkish General Staff website
  Official Turkish Army website
 Ranks and insignia in the Turkish Army
 Maps of current dispositions
 One of the new competitors in Africa: Turkey – AARMS (Scientific Journal of the National University of Public Service, Hungary), Volume 11, Issue 1. 2012

Turkish Land Forces


Molecular cloning is a type of work in molecular biology. It is used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules, and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning means a DNA molecule from a single living cell is used to make a large population of cells containing identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning methods are central to many areas of modern biology and medicine.

Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for multiplying (replicating) the recombinant DNA.

In a molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is got from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to get smaller DNA fragments. These fragments are then joined with vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of E. coli bacteria). This produces a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are "transgenic" or genetically-modified microorganisms (GMO).

This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large amount of bacteria, each of which contain copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as "clones". Strictly speaking, recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules, while molecular cloning refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them.

History
The idea of using molecular cloning to produce recombinant DNA was invented by Paul Berg, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1980, jointly with Walter Gilbert and Fred Sanger.

References

DNA
Genetic engineering

Molecular cloning


Quickhull is a method of computing the convex hull of a finite set of points in n-dimensional space. It uses a divide and conquer approach similar to that of quicksort, from which its name derives. Its worst case time complexity for 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional space is , but when the input precision is restricted to  bits, its worst case time complexity is conjectured to be , where  is the number of input points and  is the number of processed points (up to ).

N-dimensional Quickhull was invented in 1996 by C. Bradford Barber, David P. Dobkin, and Hannu Huhdanpaa. It was an extension of Jonathan Scott Greenfield's 1990 planar Quickhull algorithm, although the 1996 authors did not know of his methods. Instead, Barber et al. describe it as a deterministic variant of Clarkson and Shor's 1989 algorithm.

Algorithm

The 2-dimensional algorithm can be broken down into the following steps:
 Find the points with minimum and maximum x coordinates, as these will always be part of the convex hull. If many points with the same minimum/maximum x exist, use the ones with the minimum/maximum y, respectively.
 Use the line formed by the two points to divide the set into two subsets of points, which will be processed recursively. We next describe how to determine the part of the hull above the line; the part of the hull below the line can be determined similarly.
 Determine the point above the line with the maximum distance from the line. This point forms a triangle with the two points on the line.
 The points lying inside of that triangle cannot be part of the convex hull and can therefore be ignored in the next steps.
 Recursively repeat the previous two steps on the two lines formed by the two new sides of the triangle.
 Continue until no more points are left, the recursion has come to an end and the points selected constitute the convex hull.

The problem is more complex in the higher-dimensional case, as the hull is built from many facets; the data structure needs to account for that and record the line/plane/hyperplane (ridge) shared by neighboring facets too. For d dimensions:

 Pick d + 1 points from the set that do not share a plane or a hyperplane. This forms an initial hull with facets Fs[].
 For each F in Fs[], find all unassigned points that are "above" it; i.e., pointing away from the center of the hull, and assign them to an "outside" set F.O associated with F. The algorithm maintains the invariant that every point that has not been added to the hull but could potentially be a vertex of it is assigned to exactly one outside set.
 For each F with a non-empty F.O:
 Find the point p in F.O with the maximum distance from F and add it to the hull. Note that p will not necessarily be a vertex of the final hull, as it might be removed later.
 Create a visible set V and initialize it to F. Extend V in all directions for neighboring facets Fv until no further facets are visible from p. Fv being visible from p means that p is above Fv.
 The boundary of V then forms the set of horizon ridges H.
 Let Fnew[] be the set of facets created from p and all ridges in H.
 Unassign all points in the outside sets of facets in V. For each new facet in Fnew[], perform step (2) only considering these newly unassigned points to initialize its outside set. Note that every point that remains unassigned at the end of this process lies within the current hull.
 Delete the now-internal facets in V from Fs[]. Add the new facets in Fnew[] to Fs[] and continue the iteration.

Pseudocode for 2D set of points
 Input = a set S of n points
 Assume that there are at least 2 points in the input set S of points

 function QuickHull(S) is
     // Find convex hull from the set S of n points
     Convex Hull := {}
     Find left and right most points, say A & B, and add A & B to convex hull
     Segment AB divides the remaining (n − 2) points into 2 groups S1 and S2
         where S1 are points in S that are on the right side of the oriented line from A to B,
         and S2 are points in S that are on the right side of the oriented line from B to A
     FindHull(S1, A, B)
     FindHull(S2, B, A)
     Output := Convex Hull
 end function

 function FindHull(Sk, P, Q) is
     // Find points on convex hull from the set Sk of points
     // that are on the right side of the oriented line from P to Q
     if Sk has no point then
         return
     From the given set of points in Sk, find farthest point, say C, from segment PQ
     Add point C to convex hull at the location between P and Q
     Three points P, Q, and C partition the remaining points of Sk into 3 subsets: S0, S1, and S2
         where S0 are points inside triangle PCQ, S1 are points on the right side of the oriented
         line from P to C, and S2 are points on the right side of the oriented line from C to Q.
     FindHull(S1, P, C)
     FindHull(S2, C, Q)
 end function

A pseudocode specialized for the 3D case is available from Jordan Smith. It includes a similar "maximum point" strategy for choosing the starting hull. If these maximum points are degenerate, the whole point cloud is as well.

See also
 Convex hull algorithms

References

External links
 Implementing QuickHull (GDC 2014) – Algorithm presentation with 3D implementation details.

Convex hull algorithms
Articles with example pseudocode

Quickhull


Daredevil is a video game released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. It is based on the Marvel Comics character Daredevil and is a tie-in to the live-action 2003 film of the same name.

Plot
Daredevil's largest role was as the title character in the Game Boy Advance game based on the 2003 film.

Stick appears as a supporting character. In the beginning of the game, he informs Daredevil that the Kingpin has put a price on Daredevil's head. After Daredevil defeats Kirigi, he mentions that the Kingpin has a mysterious connection to the Sewer King. When Daredevil beats Echo, he warns Daredevil that Bullseye is waiting for him at a construction site.

Kirigi is a boss in the game. In the game, he believes that Daredevil was working for the Kingpin and he has sent the Daredevil to kill him, since the Hand was at war with the Kingpin's gang. Kirigi is seemingly killed by Daredevil after he defeats him.

Echo is a boss in the video game. In the game, she is a villain, and she believes that Daredevil was never in league with the Kingpin in the first place. After chasing Echo throughout the New York Subway Transit System, Daredevil defeats her.

Bullseye appears as a boss. In this game, he waits for Daredevil at a construction site. Daredevil reveals to Bullseye that the bounty on Daredevil's head was a fraud. Bullseye believes this but he reveals to Daredevil that he was in league with the Kingpin. At the top of the construction site, Daredevil defeats Bullseye. Unlike his movie and comics counterpart, Bullseye uses a handgun as his weapon.

The Kingpin is the final boss in the video game. In the game, he puts out a warrant out for Daredevil's arrest to the criminal underworld (which is later revealed as a fraud). Daredevil interrogates the Kingpin at his penthouse, where it is revealed that Daredevil eliminated his competition when he was setting up his master plan. After Daredevil defeats him, the Kingpin tells him that although Daredevil knows his secret identity, Daredevil cannot reveal Wilson Fisk's secret to the police. At the end, Fisk lies to the reporters by saying that Daredevil's arrest was a "media distortion".

Publication history
The Game Boy Advance game was released on February 14, 2003, and was created by Encore, a subsidiary of Navarre Corporation.

It was developed by Griptonite Games and published by THQ and BAM! Entertainment.

References

20th Century Studios video games
2003 video games
Daredevil (film series)
Encore Software games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Griptonite Games
Single-player video games
Superhero video games
THQ games
Video games based on adaptations
Video games based on Marvel Comics films
Video games based on works by Mark Steven Johnson
Video games based on works by Stan Lee
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in New York City

Daredevil (video game)


GNOME Videos, formerly known as Totem, is a media player (audio and video) for the GNOME computer desktop environment. GNOME Videos uses the Clutter and GTK+ toolkits. It is officially included in GNOME starting from version 2.10 (released in March 2005), but de facto it was already included in most GNOME environments. Totem utilizes the GStreamer framework for playback, though until version 2.27.1, it could alternatively be configured to use the Xine libraries instead of GStreamer.

GNOME Videos is free and open-source software subject to the requirements of the GPL-2.0-or-later license.

Features
Until recently there were two distinct versions of Totem, though the difference was not visible at the user interface level. One of them was based on GStreamer, which is a plugin-based multimedia framework. This version has superior extensibility and supports a larger variety of media formats. The other one was based on xine, which is a regular multimedia library. At the time the latter had better encrypted DVD playback support, DVD navigation support and could play some files the GStreamer version couldn't handle. Due to enhancements in GStreamer including the ability to play back encrypted DVDs, the Totem development team dropped support for the xine backend.

Totem is closely integrated with the GNOME desktop environment and its file manager, GNOME Files. This includes generating thumbnails of video files when browsing in GNOME Files and a video plugin for Netscape-compatible browsers (e.g. Firefox and GNOME Web).

Thanks to a large number of plugins developed for GStreamer, Totem is able to play all mainstream media formats, both open and proprietary ones. It also understands numerous playlist formats, including SHOUTcast, M3U, XML Shareable Playlist Format (XSPF), SMIL, Windows Media Player playlists and RealAudio playlists. Playlists are easily manageable using drag-and-drop features.

Full-screen video playback is supported on nearly all X configurations, including multi-head Xinerama setups, and on displays connected to the TV-Out. Brightness, contrast and saturation of the video can be dynamically adjusted during playback. 4.0, 4.1, 5.0, 5.1 and stereophonic sound is supported. On computers with an infrared port, Totem can be remotely controlled via LIRC. Stills can be easily captured without resorting to external programs. There is also a plugin for telestrator-like functionality using Gromit. The loading of external SubRip subtitles, both automatic and manual (via the command line), is also supported.

The player was known as Totem. With the release of version 3.5.90, the name was changed to Videos. The name 'Totem', remained in 'de facto' use (the executable, for example, still uses the Totem name, as does its package in Debian).

GNOME 3.12 revamped the user interface radically and added support for direct playback from online video channels such as Guardian and Apple trailers.

Video acceleration
Whether GNOME Videos can offload computations for video decoding to SIP blocks such as PureVideo, UVD, QuickSync Video, TI Ducati through interfaces, like e.g. VDPAU, VAAPI, Distributed Codec Engine or DXVA depends entirely on the back-end. See GStreamer or Xine for such support.

See also

 Parole Media Player - another media player based on GStreamer, it is light-weight and has similar user interface like the old GNOME Videos.

References

External links

2003 software
Free audio software
Free media players
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in Vala
GNOME Core Applications
Linux media players
Software that uses Clutter (software)
Software that uses GStreamer
Software that uses Meson
Video player software that uses GTK

GNOME Videos


Alexis Thérèse Petit (; 2 October 1791, Vesoul, Haute-Saône – 21 June 1820, Paris) was a French physicist.

Petit is known for his work on the efficiencies of air- and steam-engines, published in 1818 (Mémoire sur l'emploi du principe des forces vives dans le calcul des machines). His well-known discussions with the French physicist Sadi Carnot, founder of thermodynamics, may have stimulated Carnot in his reflexions on heat engines and thermodynamic efficiency. The Dulong–Petit law (1819) is named after him and his collaborator Pierre Louis Dulong.

Biography
Petit was born in Vesoul, Haute-Saône. At the age of 10, he proved that he was already capable of taking the difficult entrance exam to France's most prestigious scientific school of the time, the École Polytechnique of Paris. He was then placed in a preparatory school where he actually served as a "répétiteur" to help his own classmates digest the course material. He duly entered Polytechnique at the lowest permissible age, in 1807, and graduated "hors-rang" in 1809 (which is to say that he clearly outranked all of his classmates).

After graduation, Petit stayed at Polytechnique as a faculty member, first as répétiteur in analysis and mechanics (1809) then in physics (1810). He taught for some time at Lycée Bonaparte. At Polytechnique, he served as a substitute (1814) for Jean Henri Hassenfratz whom he would replace in 1815. He thus became the second professor of physics at Polytechnique and the youngest person ever to hold that position, at the age of 23.

Petit and François Arago were brothers-in-law because they married two sisters. In 1814, the two men collaborated on a paper together.

Petit first collaborated with Pierre Louis Dulong for the competition of the Académie des sciences about refrigeration (1815). Petit is now probably best known for the surprising Dulong–Petit law concerning the specific heat capacity of metals, which both men formulated together in 1819 and which Albert Einstein explained almost a century later. Petit also designed a special thermometer (using weights) to determine the thermal dilatation coefficients of several metals.

Petit died from tuberculosis at the age of 28, shortly after the passing of his wife. He was succeeded by Dulong as professor of physics at the Polytechnique (1820).

Jules Jamin, a contemporary and fellow physicist provides biographical and temperament details:

References

Further reading
R Fox, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).
R Fox, The background to the discovery of Dulong and Petit's law, British J. His. Sci. 4 (1968–69), 1-22.
J W van Spronsen, The history and prehistory of the law of Dulong and Petit as applied to the determination of atomic weights, Chymia 12 (1967), 157–169.

1791 births
1820 deaths
People from Vesoul
French physicists
Thermodynamicists
École Polytechnique alumni

Alexis Thérèse Petit


Anatolia, also called Asia Minor (from Ancient Greek: 'Άνατολή, Turkish: Anadolu), is a peninsula that forms the center and the west of modern Turkey.

It has an area of . Most of it is a plateau. that averages   above sea level. Its climate is continental and semi-arid in the interior, temperate along the northern coast, and subtropical along the southern and the western coasts. Most of its people speak Turkish.

Anatolia is surrounded by the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. It is between Christian Europe and Asia. This has lead to people of many different cultures living there.

Many great historical peoples have lived in or occupied Anatolia; They include the Hittites, Lydians, Greeks, Persians, Armenians, Romans, Goths, Minoans, Byzantines and Ottomans.  The Roman Empire had a province called Asia that was also called Phrygia. People later started to call the entire continent Asia. Because of this, the peninsula became called Asia Minor (Little Asia).

Troy is the most famous of the many cities that used to exist in Anatolia.

Middle East
Peninsulas of Asia

Anatolia


The Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission (TLHRC) is a bipartisan body of the United States House of Representatives. Its stated mission is "to promote, defend and advocate internationally recognized human rights norms in a nonpartisan manner, both within and outside of Congress, as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant human rights instruments."

The Commission was formed out of the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 2008, following the death of Tom Lantos, with the passage of H.Res.1451, the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission Establishment Resolution. Through this mandate, the Commission became a formal body of the House which serves to provide educational and advisory services to Members of Congress, coordinate human rights initiatives in the House, and communicate with the Executive branch as well as international human rights entities to facilitate human rights initiatives in Congress. The Commission is nonpartisan and is led by two co-chairs, one Democrat and one Republican. The current co-chairs are Congressmen Jim McGovern and Chris Smith.

The Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission is not a national human rights institution (NHRI). The United States does not currently have such an institution. Some duties typical of an NHRI are conducted by the Department of State and Department of Justice.

Congressional Human Rights Caucus (1983-2008)

Cases

The Congressional Human Rights Caucus was founded in 1983 by Tom Lantos, a California Democrat, and John Porter, an Illinois Republican. Lantos was Hungarian by birth and had the distinction of being the only Holocaust survivor ever to serve in the Congress.

In 1987, the caucus invited the 14th Dalai Lama to speak about the situation of Tibet. It was the first formal invitation to the Dalai Lama from a U.S. government organization. Lantos later alleged that two Tibetan nationalists were executed by China in retaliation for this visit.

On 31 October 2005, Lantos and the caucus helped arrange for Shan Burmese activist Charm Tong to visit the White House to discuss the Burmese political situation with President George W. Bush, National Security Advisor Stephen J. Hadley, and other senior officials. Charm Tong spoke with Bush about war rape and other women's rights issues in her home of Shan State. Following the meeting, Lantos predicted that Charm Tong's 50 minutes with Bush "would reverberate around the world". The Irrawaddy wrote in December of that year that lobbyists were attributing Bush's subsequent "outspokenness on Burma" to "the Charm Tong Effect".

In 2006, the caucus held hearings on the alleged collaboration of Google, Yahoo!, Microsoft, and Cisco with Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China. Members of the caucus asserted that the companies had agreed to block "politically sensitive terms" from their search engines. The companies refused to attend the hearings. A year later, Lantos excoriated CEO Jerry Yang for Yahoo's aiding the Chinese government in the arrest of dissident journalist Shi Tao, calling Yang and other executives "[moral] pygmies".

"Nurse Nayirah" incident

Lantos was a strong supporter of the 1991 Persian Gulf War. During the run-up to the war, the Congressional Human Rights Caucus hosted a young Kuwaiti woman identified only as "Nurse Nayirah", who told of horrific abuses by Iraqi soldiers, including the killing of Kuwaiti babies by taking them out of their incubators and leaving them to die on the cold floor of the hospital. Nayirah's testimony was widely publicized. That night, portions of the testimony aired on ABC's Nightline and NBC Nightly News reaching an estimated audience between 35 and 53 million Americans. Seven senators cited Nayirah's testimony in their speeches backing the use of force. President George H.W. Bush repeated the story at least ten times in the following weeks, and Lantos himself argued that Nayirah's account of the atrocities helped to stir American opinion in favor of participation in the Gulf War.

The girl's account was later challenged by independent human rights monitors. "Nurse Nayirah" later turned out to be the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States. Asked about his having allowed the girl to give testimony without identifying herself, and without her story having been corroborated, Lantos replied, "The notion that any of the witnesses brought to the caucus through the Kuwaiti Embassy would not be credible did not cross my mind... I have no basis for assuming that her story is not true, but the point goes beyond that. If one hypothesizes that the woman's story is fictitious from A to Z, that in no way diminishes the avalanche of human rights violations."

Lantos and John R. MacArthur, the foremost critic of the Nayirah issue, each had op-eds in The New York Times, in which each accused the other of distortion. MacArthur suggested that Lantos may have materially benefited from his having accommodated Nayirah. Nayirah was later revealed to have connections to lobbying firm Hill & Knowlton in the employ of Kuwaiti activist group Citizens for a Free Kuwait, a lobbying firm which also rented space to the Human Rights Caucus at a "reduced rate". The New York Times condemned Lantos's "lack of candor and lapse of judgment" in presenting her testimony without giving these facts as context, and called for a hearing by the House Ethics Committee.

Caucus leadership

Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission (2008-Present)

Congressional institutionalization
Following Lantos's death from cancer in 2008, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a bill to reform the caucus as the "Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission"; the bill passed unanimously.
The passage of H.R.1451 established the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission and its mandate.

As established in H.R.1451:
 The Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission serves as an advisory, educational, and advocacy body for Members of the House of Representatives on issues of "internationally recognized human rights norms as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant international human rights instruments".
 Its budget is administered through the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, however, the Commission itself is autonomous.
 The Commission has no legislative authority and no jurisdiction over legislation.
 Any Member of Congress can request to join the Commission.

The Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission is a unique body in the House of Representatives, and its function as established in the resolution is notably different from other commissions in the United States Congress, such as the Congressional-Executive Commission on China or the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Though the resolution states that the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission must collaborate with the Senate and the Executive branch, the Commission itself is composed only of Members of the House of Representatives. Members are not appointed to the Commission, but are able to join by request at any time, similar to a caucus. The Commission also does not compile an annual report. It is the only body in the House of Representatives that is intended to frame all issues through the lens of international human rights norms.

Similarly, there are significant differences between the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission and committees in the House of Representatives. Most notably, the nonpartisan structure of the Commission grants both parties equal power within the Commission, regardless of which side is in the majority or minority. Unlike a committee which has a Chair from the majority and a Ranking Member from the minority, the Commission is led by two Co-Chairs who have equal say. The leadership of the Commission is composed of one Co-Chair and four Executive Committee Members from each party. The two Co-Chairs and eight Members of the Executive Committee are appointed by the Speaker and Minority Leader.

Historical leadership

Executive Committee Members, 117th Congress

Historical executive committee membership

116th Congress

See also
Human rights law
Universal Declaration of Human Rights

References

External links
Official website

Caucuses of the United States Congress
Human rights organizations based in the United States
Organizations established in 1983

Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission