Paul Alan Levi (born June 30, 1941, in New York City) is an American composer whose compositions have been performed in Carnegie Hall, among other major venues in United States and Europe, as well as on national television. He is the composer of the 1971-1984 PBS identity music.

Biography
Levi received a B.A. in music at Oberlin College and later received his M.M. and D.M.A at Juilliard while studying with composition teachers Hall Overton and Vincent Persichetti.

He has taught at the Aaron Copland School of Music, Rutgers University, Manhattan School of Music, New York University, Lehman College, and Baruch College, and has been the composer in residence at Wolf Trap Farm Park, Portland State University, and the White Plains High School.

Levi has won numerous awards and grants including a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Grand Prize for Opera from the National Music Theater Network, Fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, the American Composers Alliance Recording Award, and grants from the American Music Center and Meet the Composer.  He lived for a year in Munich on a DAAD Grant and has had residencies at several artist colonies.

Levi's commissions include the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, New York Choral Society, New Amsterdam singers, New York Chamber Symphony, Chamber Music Northwest, Robert DeCormier Singers, and the Music Today Series. Performers of his music include conductors Pierre Boulez, Jesús López-Cobos, Robert De Cormier, Clara Longstreth, Gustav Meier, and Gerard Schwarz; pianist Justin Kolb; and singers Margaret Ahrens, David Bender, Adam Klein, Antonia Lavanne, Douglas Perry, Neva Pilgrim, Lucy Shelton, Sheila Schonbrun, and James Archie Worley, as well as Cantors Richard Botton and Mark Lipson.

Publishers include Becatone Music, Lawson-Gould Music Publishers, Margun Music, Merion Music, Mobart Music Publications, and New Jewish Music Press. Recordings can be heard on Albany Records (Acts of Love; Bye, Bye Toots), Centaur Records (Mark Twain Suite), and CRI (Five Progressions for Three Instruments).

Musical style
Levi composes in a wide variety of styles and genres, never pigeonholing himself as a composer of a specific type of music. His vocal and choral works are notable for their clear projection of content and meaning of the text without compromising the quality of the music. In addition to his many works written for professional performers, Levi has composed a group of pieces that were commissioned as presents for major birthdays of amateur musicians, including cellist James Wolfensohn.

Levi writes, "The most important thing I learned from Hall Overton was to write with a comedian's sense of timing, even in non-comedic works." His pieces feature a combination of lyricism and drama, often with an underlying or overt sense of humor. His most significant works, both for chorus, orchestra, and soloists, include the comedic Mark Twain Suite as well as his Passover Oratorio, Dayenu, which commemorates the Exodus from Egypt and an escape from a concentration camp during the Holocaust. The New Music Connoisseur has written, "Mr. Levi has a natural flair for theatrical choral music". Like many composers, Mr. Levi has written memorial works, but also has composed a piece celebrating birth, In the Womb, for chorus with electronic accompaniment.

Levi has been an influential composition teacher to many composers including Alex Weiser and Murray Hidary. Levi is also a pianist and conductor. He has accompanied many songs by 20th-century composers and conducted his own works as well as musicals, operettas, and the works of Murray Hidary. Levi and his wife, Cathy Waldman, have performed as the Four-Hand Band.

Selected Musical Works

Choral works
Dateless Calendar (2010)
Poems by Sally Fisher
For chorus and chamber orchestra

Acts of Love (2002)
Poems by Sally Fisher
For chorus and chamber orchestra
(Albany Records)

"In the Womb"
From In the Beginning...  (2000)
Libretto by Toni Mergentime Levi
Chorus with electronic accompaniment

Bye, Bye Toots: A Memorial Cantata (1998)
Based on poems by Ann Chernow and Burt Chernow
For chorus and piano
(Lawson-Gould Music Publishers)

Dayenu (1996)
A Passover Oratorio
For tenor and baritone solos, chorus and orchestra
(Mobart Music Publications)

Journeys & Secrets (1994)
Poems by Toni Mergentime Levi
For chorus and chamber orchestra
(Mobart Music Publications)

Holy Willie's Prayer (1992)
Text by Robert Burns
For chorus and chamber orchestra
(Mobart Music Publications)

Bow Down Thine Ear, O Lord (1991)
Psalms 86 and 19
For 8 voices or double chorus, a cappella

Songs for the Synagogue (1989)
Co-composer: Rabbi Mark Lipson
For cantor, adult and children's choirs, and quintet or chamber orchestra
(New Jewish Music Press)

Mark Twain Suite (1983)
For chorus, tenor solo and orchestra
(Lawson-Gould Music Publishers)

Chamber works
Not in 4 (2008) for piano four-hands
Maverick (2006) for violin and guitar
Second String Quartet (2004)
Activities (2000) for flute and piano
Bow Jest  (1983) for solo cello
Elegy and Recreations (1980) for oboe, clarinet, horn, string trio, piano(Margun Music)
Five Progressions for Three Instruments for flute, clarinet and viola (CRI Records)
String Quartet #1 (1970)

Solo vocal
Six Yiddish Scenes (2002) for low voice and piano, also for high voice or chorus with piano
Zeno's Arrow (2001) Seven Songs to Poems by Jan Schreiber for tenor or soprano and piano
Black Wings (1986) texts by Randall Jarrell for soprano and piano
This Much I Know (1983) text by Gertrude Stein for soprano and piano
Spring Sestina (1982) text by Toni Mergentime Levi for soprano, fl, ob, cl, bsn, vib, pno, vln, va, vc, bass (Margun Music)
"The Truth" (1975) text by Randall Jarrell for soprano, solo cello, flute, clarinet, bassoon, piano, harpsichord, string quartet
Jabberwocky (1968) text by Lewis Carroll for voice and piano

Orchestral
Transformations of the Heart (1987)
Symphonic Movement (1972)

Piano Solo
Venetian Mazes (2012)
Suite for the Best of Hands (1999)
Touchings (1990)
Suite for the Best of Times (1991)
Summer Elegy (1982)

Opera
In the Beginning...  (2000)
Libretto by Toni Mergentime Levi
An opera parable in seven scenes
Thanksgiving (1976)
A serio-comic opera in one act
Libretto by Toni Mergentime Levi
For 12 singers and chamber orchestra

Birthday commissions
Zeno's Arrow (2001) Seven Songs to Poems by Jan Schreiber for tenor or soprano and piano
Activities (2000) for flute and piano
Suite for the Best of Hands (1999) for solo piano
Suite for the Best of Times (1991) for solo piano
Bow Jest  (1983) for solo cello

Title themes for television
Cuisine Rapide (1989)
Ossie and Ruby (1987)
Madeleine Cooks (1986)
PBS Signature Tune (1971-1984)

Music for television and films
Years In The Making, Documentary on Late Life Creativity especially in Wesport, CT(2009)
A Gathering of Glory, documentary on 100 years of the arts in Westport, CT (2003)
Divorced Kids' Blues, jazz-cum-Bach score for Afterschool Special, ABC-TV (1987)
Daddy Can't Read, rock score for Afterschool Special, ABC-TV (1987)
The Natural History of the Water Closet: A Documentary Cantata Choral/orchestral music for PBS film (1976)
Who Built This Place? Piano ragtime score for PBS documentary on landmark architecture (1972)

References

External links
Composer's Official Website: www.PaulAlanLevi.com

1941 births
American male composers
21st-century American composers
Juilliard School alumni
Portland State University faculty
Living people
21st-century American male musicians

Paul Alan Levi


Forty Little Mothers is a 1940 American comedy-drama film directed by Busby Berkeley and starring Eddie Cantor.

Plot
Out-of-work professor Gilbert Jordan Thompson stops a suicidal stranger named Marian Edwards from jumping off a pier and helps her get a job so she can support herself. Then, he finds an abandoned baby with a note asking someone to give him a good home. When he cannot find anyone to claim the baby, Gilbert "adopts" him so he will not end up in an orphanage.

Meanwhile, the baby's mother, Marian, arrives a few minutes too late to reclaim her son, and frantically tries to find him, not knowing that the man who saved her life is taking care of her child.

Soon Gilbert gets a teaching job with live-in quarters at an all-girls school that does not allow teachers to have families. This forces him to hide the baby, whom he calls "Chum". The students harass the professor and try one scheme after another to get him fired because they are angry at him for replacing the heartthrob professor they loved.

When the girls discover Chum and hear his story, they become his "forty little mothers" and fight for the privilege of taking care of him, also deciding that the professor is not so bad after all.

After staff members see the girls making baby clothes and assume the worst, they alert the strict, no-nonsense headmistress, who finds Chum and fires Professor Thompson for breaking the rules. The girls stage a mutiny and barricade themselves in their dormitory, vowing that they will not come out until the professor gets his job back. The professor talks sense into them and prepares to leave, not knowing that Marian has shown up and reclaimed her son.

Because she thinks Professor Thompson is the husband who deserted Marian and her baby, the headmistress tries to turn his students against him by bringing the mother and child to the classroom to tell them about it. However, the professor comes in before she can tell them the story, and Marian and he recognize each other.

Marian explains that she had to give up her baby after being deserted by her husband, and Thompson explains that he took the baby in. He says the baby had the "best care in the world and the love of forty little mothers." Marian thanks the girls for taking such good care of her baby. The professor walks outside and Marian follows so he can say goodbye to Chum. As the professor is leaving the campus, the remorseful headmistress, with all the students in tow, gives him his job back.

Cast

In addition, uncredited players include Joe Yule, Adrienne D'Ambricourt, Esther Dale, Veronica Lake, Selmer Jackson and Virginia Sale

Production
The "Granville Girls" students seen here include many of MGM's starlets of the time, including an unbilled Veronica Lake and the deadpan singer Virginia O'Brien.

See also
 Forty Little Mothers (1936)
 Cento piccole mamme (1952)

References

External links

1940 films
Films directed by Busby Berkeley
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films produced by Harry Rapf
Films scored by Georgie Stoll
American remakes of French films
American black-and-white films
1940 drama films
American drama films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Forty Little Mothers


José María Posada Pereira (1817, Vigo, Spain – 1886, Pontevedra, Spain ) is a bilingual poet and journalist, in both Spanish and Galician.

Pereira studied humanities and theology, and finally law at the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain, graduating in 1845. In 1840 he founded an academy of arts and literature in Santiago, bringing together the best in the region. Posada founded La Aurora de Galicia, a magazine of literature, science, and art, in 1845. He lived in Madrid between 1851 and 1852, studying painting. Moving to Vigo, he established El Faro de Vigo (1852), the oldest newspaper in Spain (still printed today), in which much of his written work appeared. While in Vigo, using the pen name Don Lucas, Posada regularly published humorous writings as well as poetry in the Galician language and legends or leyenda. He wrote a book of memories, Un paseo de Vigo a Bayona [A Stroll from Vigo to Bayonne] (1866). His collected works of poetry are in Poesías Selectas (Selected Poetry) (1888), vol. 16 of the Biblioteca Gallega (Galician Library). Some of these are cheerful, while others are inspirational.

Little by little, Posada yielded to melancholy, and to la saudade, a profound sense of sadness, as in Carta a Ampariño (A Letter to Ampariño). His legends or leyenda, inspired by the traditional romances, are highlighted by Rosalida (which was influenced by the Romance del Conde Olinos, a children's song) and La Bella Infanta (The Beautiful Infant).

References

 Ruiz, Ricardo Navas. 1982. El Romanticismo Español. Cátedra, Madrid. 3rd ed.

Galician poets
Spanish poets
Spanish journalists
1817 births
1886 deaths
19th-century journalists
Male journalists
Spanish male poets
19th-century Spanish poets
19th-century male writers

José María Posada


Allenvale was a town in Victoria, Australia, located where the Bullumwaal - Bairnsdale Road crosses Boggy Creek, 3 miles south of Bullumwaal, in the Shire of East Gippsland.

The town began as a mining settlement known as Boggy Creek. The name was later changed in honour of the first postmaster, Mr. Allen.

References

Allenvale, Victoria


Of Mice and Men is a 1939 American drama film based on the 1937 play of the same name, which itself was based on the novella of the same name by author John Steinbeck. The film stars Burgess Meredith, Betty Field, and Lon Chaney Jr., and features Charles Bickford, Roman Bohnen, Bob Steele, and Noah Beery Jr. The film tells the story of two men, George and his intellectually disabled partner Lennie, trying to survive during the dustbowl of the 1930s and pursuing a dream of owning their own ranch instead of always working for others. Starring in the lead roles were relative Hollywood newcomer Burgess Meredith as George and veteran actor Lon Chaney Jr. (the son of famed silent film actor Lon Chaney) as Lennie. Chaney had appeared in more than 50 films by that point in his career, but Of Mice and Men was his first major role. Betty Field's role as Mae was her breakthrough role in film.

The film, produced by the Hal Roach Studios, was adapted by Eugene Solow and directed by Lewis Milestone. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. The musical score was by American composer Aaron Copland. Released in 1939, it appeared in the 1980s and 1990s in revival theater houses, video and cable, and it earned a following of fans (both audience members and film critics) who praised the movie for its interpretation of the Steinbeck novella.

Plot
The film tells the story of two migrant field workers in California during the Great Depression, George Milton and the mentally-challenged Lennie Small, who hope to one day attain their shared dream of settling down on their own piece of land.

They arrive at a ranch near Soledad and meet Candy, the aged, one-handed ranch-hand. After meeting with the ranch boss, Jackson, the pair are confronted by Curley, the violent son of the ranch owner. To make matters worse, Curley's seductive and conniving wife, Mae flirts with the other ranch hands. George orders Lennie not to look at or even talk to her, as he senses the troubles that Mae could bring to the men.

Candy offers to join with George and Lennie so they can buy the farm and the dream appears to move closer to reality. Curley appears and makes a scene in the bunkhouse as the workers mock him after he accused Slim of keeping company with his wife. Curley catches Lennie laughing, grabs him from his bunk, and starts punching him in the face. When George tells him to fight back, Lennie crushes Curley's hand. Slim gives Curley an ultimatum: if Curley tells his father, Slim will tell everyone what happened. Curley is told to say that he got his hand caught in a piece of machinery.

Despite Slim's efforts, Mae discovers the truth. When Mae tries to be kind to Lennie, George tells her to return to the house. Mae refuses to do so, saying that she has the right to talk to and flirt with whoever she likes.

The next morning, Mae confronts Curley, calling him "a punk with a crippled hand!" Curley tells her that their marriage is over, and that she is going to be kicked off the ranch due to her carnal behavior with the ranch hands. Before she can leave, Mae enters the barn to pet a few of Slim's puppies, when she spots Lennie sobbing. Lennie says he killed his puppy when it tried to bite him. Mae explains to Lennie what she wanted to be before Curley shattered her dream. When Lennie tells Mae that he loves to stroke soft things, Mae allows him to stroke her hair. Mae starts to resist and scream when Lennie strokes her hair too hard. When Lennie tries to silence Mae, he accidentally kills her by breaking her neck.

When Candy and George find Mae's body, they tell the others and a lynch mob gathers to kill Lennie. George finds Lennie and, wanting to spare Lennie a painful death, shoots him in the back of the head before the mob can find him.

Cast

 Burgess Meredith as George
 Betty Field as Mae
 Lon Chaney Jr. as Lennie
 Charles Bickford as Slim
 Roman Bohnen as Candy
 Bob Steele as Curley
 Noah Beery Jr. as Whit
 Oscar O'Shea as Jackson
 Granville Bates as Carlson
 Leigh Whipper as Crooks
 Helen Lynd as Susie

Reception

Critical response
When the film was first released, Frank S. Nugent, the film critic of The New York Times, praised the film and the acting, writing "...New York, unless we have miscalculated again, will endorse its film version, at the Roxy, as heartily as it has endorsed the film of the Joads. The pictures have little in common as narrative, but they have much in common as art; the same deft handling of their material, the same understanding of people, the same ability to focus interest sharply and reward it with honest craftsmanship and skill... No small share of that credit belongs to the men and the one young woman Hal Roach has recruited for his production. Miss Field has added stature to the role of the foreman's wife by relieving her of the play's box-office-conscious order that she behave like a hoyden."

The staff at Variety magazine also reviewed the film favorably, writing "Under skillful directorial guidance of Lewis Milestone, the picture retains all of the forceful and poignant drama of John Steinbeck's original play and novel, in presenting the strange palship and eventual tragedy of the two California ranch itinerants. In transferring the story to the screen, the scripter Eugene Solow eliminated the strong language and forthright profanity. Despite this requirement for the Hays whitewash squad, Solow and Milestone retain all of the virility of the piece in its original form."

The film received positive reviews, earning a 100% score on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 11 reviews.

Accolades
It was nominated for four Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Sound Recording (Elmer A. Raguse), Best Musical Scoring and Best Original Score.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated

See also
 List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a film review aggregator website

References

External links

1939 films
1939 drama films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
Films about intellectual disability
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by John Steinbeck
Films directed by Lewis Milestone
Films set in California
Films set on farms
Films shot in California
Great Depression films
United Artists films
Film 1939
Films scored by Aaron Copland
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
Films about disability

Of Mice and Men (1939 film)


Copenhagen Central Station (, ; abbreviated København H, colloquially usually referred to as Hovedbanegården or simply Hovedbanen) is the main railway station in Copenhagen, Denmark, and the largest railway station in Denmark. With more than 100,000 travellers every day, it is the second busiest station in Denmark after Nørreport station. It is located in central Copenhagen, situated between the districts of Indre By and Vesterbro with entrances from Bernstorffsgade (opposite Tivoli Gardens), Banegårdspladsen, Reventlowsgade and access to platforms from Tietgensgade.

Copenhagen Central Station is the hub of the DSB railway network serving Denmark and international destinations. It offers International Train services to Sweden and Germany, InterCity and Express train services across Denmark, regular and frequent regional train services to and from Zealand and southern Sweden (also referred to as Øresund trains), commuter rail services of the Copenhagen S-train network across the Greater Copenhagen area, as well as lines M3 (City Circle Line) & M4 of the Copenhagen Metro network.

The first station in Copenhagen opened in 1847. The current station building opened in 1911 and is the work of architect Heinrich Wenck. The station has 7 platforms and 13 tracks. On the station concourse there are many small shops, restaurants, cafés, and fast food outlets.

Location

The central station is located in the centre of Copenhagen, on the south-eastern perimeter of the historic old town, between the city districts of Indre By and Vesterbro. The station complex is bounded by the streets Bernstorffsgade, Banegårdspladsen, Reventlowsgade and Tietgensgade, the latter of which crosses the station throat on Tietgensbroen (. One of the main arteries of Copenhagen, Vesterbrogade, crosses the railway tracks a short distance to the north of the station.

The station is situated in a dense urban environment; To the east, it is immediately adjacent to the inner-city amusement park Tivoli Gardens. To the north, opposite the main portal on Banegårdspladsen, stands the Liberty Memorial in Vesterbrogade, erected in 1797 to commemorate the abolition of serfdom in Denmark. Banegårdspladsen is surrounded by the historic hotels Hotel Plaza, Hotel Astoria from 1935, and Hotel Royal from 1960, designed by Danish architect and designer Arne Jacobsen. To the west of the station starts Istedgade, which developed into an entertainment, and red light district after the station opened, but has undergone a partial gentrification process in later years.

The station building has entrances from Bernstorffsgade, Banegårdspladsen and Reventlowsgade, and the platforms have direct access via stairs from Tietgensbroen. The underground metro station can be accessed directly from the platforms by an underpass under the tracks but also has its own, separate entrance in Stampesgade outside the station complex.

History

First station

The first railway station in Copenhagen was constructed on behalf of Det Sjællandske Jernbaneselskab () to serve as the eastern terminal station of the new Copenhagen-Roskilde railway line from Copenhagen to Roskilde, the first railway line in the Kingdom of Denmark. The station opened on 26 June 1847 along with the railway line, which was prolonged from Roskilde to the port city of Korsør by the Great Belt in 1856.

The station was located at the site of Dronningens Enghave (), a former royal pleasure garden located just outside the Vesterport () city gate of Copenhagen. The first station was located approximately at the site of the current station, but the tracks were perpendicular to their current direction, as the railway line then left the city along the current streets Halmtorvet and Sønder Boulevard. The station building was constructed of wood as it was built outside the city's fortifications within the demarcation line, a no-build zone outside the ramparts where brick buildings were not allowed for military reasons. In case of war, the army should be able to burn buildings in the firing range outside the ramparts.

This railway station and the still existing Roskilde station (which is built in brick) are both linked to a largely unknown architect named L.F. Meyer (or Meier). But it has also been suggested that the railway station in Copenhagen should be attributed to the architect Harald Conrad Stilling, as there are strong similarities between the railway station and Stilling's roller coaster in the amusement park Tivoli Gardens. Both buildings are characterized by Italian rural architecture, and Stilling was one of the most well-versed architects of this Italian style, just as he had insight into wood construction from his assignments at Tivoli. For both station buildings, a motif with two towers without spires is a central part of the composition (the towers at Roskilde station were crowned by a balustrade until 1873, when they were covered by pyramid roofs).

The Danish author Hans Christian Andersen was very enthusiastic about the first railway and wrote that driving a train was like flying.

The first station station building was demolished in 1865.

Second station

In the 1860s, there were several plans to expand the railway network in Denmark, and in particular to connect a northbound line to North Zealand with the existing westbound line to Roskilde and the rest of Zealand. As a consequence, an expansion of the old station became necessary. A proposal to build a new station close to the old Nørreport () city gate was abandoned due to opposition from the Rigsdag, Denmark's parliament. In the end, it was decided to replace the old station and build a new larger station near the location of the old one. The construction started in 1863 and the station opened on 14 October 1864. As planned, the new railway station was also to service the new northbound railway lines that opened the year before, the North Line to Hillerød and Elsinore and its branch line, the Klampenborg Line to Klampenborg.

The new railway station was located a little north of the location of the old one, on the other side of Vesterbrogade. The station building was located approximately where the Palads Cinema and Axelborg lie today, but it was part of a larger facility, as there was a freight station in the same area. Together with track areas, depots, and turntables, the station area filled virtually the entire area, which today lies between Axeltorv, Gyldenløvesgade and Vester Søgade. As traffic increased, several additional smaller station buildings gradually opened in the station area. A separate station called the Klampenborg station for the Klampenborg Line had opened already in 1863. In 1887, a significant expansion of the area took place as a new separate station called the Klampenborg station opened for the Klampenborg Line, and the name of the old Klampenborg station was changed to the North station. And in 1896 a separate station for trains to Holte on the North Line, the Holte station, was opened just to the north of the North station.

The station building was designed by the architect Johan Daniel Herholdt in the Rundbogenstil that now became popular in the architecture of the Germanic world. After the dismantling of fortifications of Copenhagen and the abandonment of the demarcation line in 1856, the building could be constructed in red brick. It consisted of two 25-span buildings connected by a wooden arch crowned by a large slate roof. Four tracks passed through the hall. The departure side was by the current Axeltorv, and on this side there were offices, luggage expedition and waiting rooms. The waiting rooms were divided into 1st, 2nd and 3rd class. Further on there was a royal waiting room and then toilets. As the volume of traffic increased, a special freight forwarding building was added.

In the long run, however, this second station also became too cramped, especially because it was a terminal station with only one track leading out of the city which had to cross the lakes of Copenhagen on a narrow dam along Gyldenløvesgade. On the other side of the lakes, the track split in two: to the west via Frederiksberg station to Roskilde and Frederikssund and to the north via Nørrebro station and Hellerup station to Hillerød, Helsingør and Klampenborg. The tracks are long gone, but large sections can still easily be seen in the street network. The large Nørrebro Park and the Superkilen public park in Nørrebro are located on the grounds of the former Nørrebro Station. Matters were made worse from the fact that the tracks had several level crossings on the way out of the city, which with the steadily increasing train traffic led to frequent blockages for the equally steadily increasing road traffic when the barriers were down.

The third and current railway station

By the end of the 19th century, it had become increasingly clear that the conditions at the second railway station had become too narrow and outdated. Already from the end of the 1870s, it was discussed how to solve these problems with Copenhagen's railway connections. After many years of discussions, the Rigsdag, Denmark's parliament finally decided in 1904 to build a brand new railway station, approximately at the location of the first station. The new station was to be a through station with the tracks of the westbound lines leading south from the new station out of the city along Ingerslevsgade via Valby station towards Roskilde and Frederikssund, and the tracks of the northbound lines leading north from the new station through a railway tunnel to Østerport station and continuing north from there via Hellerup station to Hillerød and Elsinore.

The new station was opened on 30 November 1911 by Crown Prince Christian, who stated:  The following day, 1 December, the first train departed from the station.

Since the northbound tunnel (the Boulevard Line) was not opened until 1917, the new station was initially only served by trains on the westbound lines, and the old station continued to serve the trains on the northbound lines for a period. With the opening of the first double track of the Boulevard line on 1 December 1917, the direct connection with Østerport station was established. Now trains along the line from Copenhagen to Elsinore could continue directly to the new central station, just as trains along the Klampenborg Line were diverted via Østerport from the previous route from Hellerup via Nørrebro to the second station. However, it was not until the opening of the second double track of the Boulevard line on 1 October 1921, that trains on the Copenhagen to Hillerød line from Hillerød were diverted through the tunnel. The old station could thus finally be permanently closed.

The station was overhauled in 1980. Escalators and lifts were established to the platforms, and the station concourse, which was originally split into arrival, departure, and freight sections, was redone completely. The station was overhauled again from 2004 to 2008. This overhaul replaced the roof, lowered platforms 3 to 6 to international standards and lengthened them. The towers and the bridge over the platforms, upon which the main station building is placed, were reconditioned.

Architecture

The station was designed by Danish architect Heinrich Wenck, who was head architect of the Danish State Railways from 1894 to 1921. The creation of the station project proved to be difficult. In the years 1898–1902, Wenck prepared several proposals for a new multi-storey station building, which, however, were rejected by the Rigsdag for being unnecessarily lavish. In most of these proposals, Wenck proposed a combined station and administration building for the Danish State Railways, which was rejected.

The station is designed in National Romantic style, a Nordic architectural style that was part of the National Romantic movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and which is often considered to be a form of Art Nouveau. The prominent materials are brick, slate and granite, and a host of decorative details have been added. Inspired by Herholdt's railway station, Wenck also used a wooden arch construction both in the two departure and arrival halls and in the 6 arches over the platforms. It was probably just as much a stylistic choice, since Wenck rarely used cast iron. However, the entire railway station's foundation, basement and the platform that support the railway station site are made of reinforced concrete.

Wenck's building is a gesamtkunstwerk, where the architect has drawn all the details; right from the Bornholm tiles, benches, the large chandeliers, of which 12 pieces originally hung (2 are set up in the hall, 2 others are found at Østerport Station), the kiosks, wrought iron signs with neat writing, door handles and brass signs with DSB logo and stained glass windows with city coats of arms from Danish cities.

The Danish sculptor Jens Lund was responsible for the ten folkloristic figures of sandstone on the main facade representing persons in folk costumes from various parts of the country (1910): Amager, Fanø, Hedeboegnen, Læsø, Mols, Ringkøbing, Salling, Samsø, Skovshoved and southern Funen.

Layout

The station has 7 platforms and 13 tracks. The platforms begin under the main passenger hall (and at least the S-train section, two platforms with a total of four S-train tracks, of the station can be said to begin as an underground station). A hotel (Astoria) is built above the S-train tracks in the Northern end, but the remaining tracks are uncovered below street level. (Open areas between tunnel sections were necessary to have during the era of steam trains, while the S-trains always have been electrical). In the opposite (platform) end, all platforms are covered with the typical railway arched roof. This roof is shorter than the platforms, but all tracks remain below street level and can also be accessed from the street Tietgensgade.

In addition to the original 6 island-platforms and their 12 tracks, has one additional track constructed much later. The single spare track, called track 26, was initially built for trains to southern Sweden, while Malmö C still was a terminus.
It has later occasionally been used for express trains to or from Sweden or to or from Norway. After the introduction of border controls and mandatory identity checks for travel to Sweden this track was fenced and used for X2000 and intercity trains to Sweden. The extra track 26 is located  south of the main building and is reachable only by walking along the platform for track 4 and 5 or from a staircase from the Tietgensgade street. There is a plan to extend the length of this track and build another track on the other side of the same platform, called track 27.

The station services the Copenhagen S-train network, but the S-train system in Copenhagen doesn't use any kind of hub at all. It is an urban transit which differs from most Metro systems mainly by being a type of railway. At the station are two platforms with four tracks (track 9–12) that are used by the S-trains only. All other trains usually use the other four platforms and eight tracks. Because Denmark uses right-hand traffic, the tracks 1–4 are mainly used for northbound traffic, and tracks 5–8 for southbound, but tracks 3–6 can also be used for trains that change direction at the station.

Facilities

The main concourse also functions as a marketplace where fresh fruit sellers, newsstands, a post office, ATMs, currency exchanges, hamburgers, coffee shops, restaurants and pubs can all be found. There is also a travel center for information, a police station, and windows for the in-person sale of tickets, along with access to toilets. Shower rooms are also available for a smaller fee.

Services

Copenhagen Central Station provides Copenhagen with Intercity and Express trains across Denmark, as well as services to several international destinations.

Direct international trains connect to Stockholm and Hamburg several times a day.

Intercity trains run half-hourly from Copenhagen during daytime and serve as a link between the major cities and towns in Denmark, including Odense, Aarhus, Aalborg, Esbjerg, Thisted and Sønderborg.

Regional trains (stops at major stations within the Greater Copenhagen area) connect the main parts of Zealand to the capital. Veolia Transport trains on the Øresundståg regional rail network depart to southern and western Sweden every 20 minutes (24/7 service between Lund Central Station and Østerport Station).

All S-train services except the F-line stop at the station.

From 29 September 2019 the Central station is also served by the Copenhagen Metro network's line M3 (in service 24/7), which is a circular line with 17 stations. The station is also served by the M4 line, linking the Nordhavn and Sydhavn districts and serve as an interchange between the Sydhavn extension and the M3.

Long-distance buses stop at Ingerslevsgade near track 12 just south of the Tietgensgade bridge.

All public transport within Greater Copenhagen are divided into close to 100 ticket fare zones. The Central station is located in fare zone 1, which together with zones 2 and 3 constitute Copenhagen municipality and the "enclave" of Frederiksberg municipality.  As the cheapest single ticket always is valid in two zones, a single ticket bought at the station is valid within the entire city centre and its inner boroughs. A ticket to Copenhagen Airport Kastrup, however, demands the payment for three zones since it is located in zone 4. A special ticket fare system exists between the Copenhagen local traffic area and the most southern part of Sweden, Skåne county.

Future
The station needs more capacity following the opening of the Copenhagen–Ringsted Line on 31 May 2019. The Danish Ministry of Transport has started planning of an extension: proposals include a four-track terminal station on a bridge over the present tracks, or in a tunnel under them.

Number of travellers
According to the Østtællingen in 2008:

Cultural references
Copenhagen Central Station is used as a location at 1:12:36 in the 1975 Olsen-banden film The Olsen Gang on the Track. Egon (Ove Sprogøe) hides a suitcase in the luggage storage at Copenhagen Central Station in The Olsen Gang Outta Sight (1977) and the lost luggage department is also used as a location later in the same film.

See also

 Transportation in Denmark
 Transportation in Copenhagen
 Rail transport in Denmark
 History of rail transport in Denmark
 List of railway stations in Denmark
 Danish State Railways
 Banedanmark

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

  København H at dsb.dk
  Official Site: Information and tickets
  Banedanmark – government agency responsible for maintenance and traffic control on most of the Danish railway network
  DSB – largest Danish train operating company
  Danske Jernbaner – website with information on railway history in Denmark

City Circle Line (Copenhagen Metro) stations
M4 (Copenhagen Metro) stations
Railway stations in Copenhagen
Listed railway stations in Copenhagen
S-train (Copenhagen) stations
Railway stations in Denmark opened in 1847
Railway stations in Denmark opened in 1864
Railway stations in Denmark opened in 1911
Tourist attractions in Copenhagen
Heinrich Wenck railway stations
Vesterbro, Copenhagen
Art Nouveau architecture in Copenhagen
National Romantic architecture in Copenhagen
Art Nouveau railway stations
Transit centers in Denmark

Copenhagen Central Station


Melodiya () is a Russian (formerly Soviet) record label. It was the state-owned major record company of the Soviet Union.

History

Melodiya was established in 1964 as the "All-Union Gramophone Record Firm of the USSR Ministry of Culture Melodiya". It utilized numerous recording studios and manufacturing facilities throughout the USSR as well as powerful centres of distribution and promotional strategies. The best selling format at the time was 33⅓ and 78 rpm vinyl records. By 1973, Melodiya released some 1,200 gramophone records with a total circulation of 190-200 million per year, in addition to 1 million compact cassettes per year, was exporting its production to more than 70 countries.

The label's production was dominated by classical music, music by Soviet composers and musicians, performances by Soviet theatre actors, and fairy tales for children. For example, Melodiya notably released performances of works by Tchaikovsky and Shostakovich. Melodiya also released some of the most successful western pop, jazz and rock records, including albums by ABBA, Paul McCartney, Boney M., Dave Grusin, Amanda Lear, and Bon Jovi. Melodiya also regularly released records by popular Soviet singers, among whom were Alla Pugacheva, Vladimir Vysotsky, Bulat Okudzhava, Sofia Rotaru, Mikhail Boyarsky, Valery Leontiev, Alexander Barykin, Vladimir Kuzmin, as well as Soviet rock groups Autograph, Mashina Vremeni, Bravo and Cruise.

In other countries, Melodiya recordings imported from the USSR were often sold under the label MK, which stood for Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga ("International Book", Russian: Μеждународная Книга).

Being state owned until April 1989, the Soviet recording industry was able to apply a single numbering system to all its releases from 1933 onwards regardless of origin or place of manufacture. The number sequences for 78s and LPs are strictly chronological, from which it is possible to date many, though not all, releases using only the catalogue number

Since 2008, some Melodiya records have been available to North American listeners through the Canadian classical label Analekta which is distributed by Entertainment One Distribution in the USA and Distribution Select in Canada.

Notable artists

Thousands of artists have appeared on the Melodiya label. For a partial list, see List of Melodiya artists.

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links

 Official site (in English)
 Collection of the first Soviet CDs (in Russian)

Russian record labels
Record labels established in 1964
Russian brands
Soviet brands
Soviet music
Mass media companies of the Soviet Union
Classical music record labels
Pop record labels
Jazz record labels
Rock record labels
1964 establishments in the Soviet Union
Folk record labels
Companies based in Moscow
State-owned record labels
Mass media companies of Russia

Melodiya


Róbert Frölich (also spelled Fröhlich) (born 12 November 1965, Budapest) is a Hungarian rabbi and retired brigadier general, former camp chief rabbi, and, since 2015, chief rabbi of the Dohány Street Synagogue.

Life
Frölich graduated high school in 1984, and completed his studies in 1990 at the Budapest University of Jewish Studies, and was inaugurated as a rabbi. In 1990 and 1991 in Jerusalem, he conducted two in-service training sessions to be a rabbi.

Between 1986 and 1988, he worked as a religious teacher at the Bethlen Square Synagogue, and in 1989, became a deputy rabbi at the Dózsa György Street synagogue. Hence in 1990, he was appointed a rabbi at the Újpest synagogue. After 1991, he replaced the rabbi at the Pava Street Synagogue. In 1993, he left from there, and was then appointed as the rabbi at the  Dohány Street Synagogue where he still is today. On 5 January 2015, the then Budapest Jewish Community leader, Dávid Schwerzoff, dismissed Frölich because of an unfair tendering entry system, however, the community of the Dohány Street Synagogue and the Rabbinical Board also rejected and confirmed the position on January 8.

In addition to the religious teaching career, he also had a military (military chaplain) career. In 1991, he became a teacher at the Lauder Javne Secular Jewish School and the Anne Frank Gymnasium in 1996, leaving the former in 1993. He became a professor at the Budapest University of Jewish Studies, and from 1998, became an assistant professor.

In 1991 he joined the War Office, where for the first time, there was a religious expert, and in 1993 he became a military chaplain assigned to the Office pastor. From there, in 1994, he was promoted to the chaplain corps, Jewish Chaplain Service AG, a leading camp Camp Rabbinate, and earned colonel rank. In 1995, he was appointed brigadier general. He retired in 2012 from military service, and was succeeded by Rabbi Péter Joel Totha.

He is married with two children.

External links
 Szakmai Önéletrajz (Frölich Róbert), honvedelem.hu (hozzáférés: 2015. január 28.)
 Who is Who Magyarországon (hozzáférés: 2015. január 28.)
 Antiszemita levél a mezőberényi városházáról, hír6.hu, 2008. November 2.
 Továbbra is Frölich Róbert a Dohány utcai zsinagóga főrabbija, hirado.hu, 2015. január 8.

References

1965 births
Jewish military personnel
Hungarian military personnel
Rabbis from Budapest
Living people
Hungarian Jews

Róbert Frölich


The Piano Sonata No. 12 in F major, K. 332 (300k) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was published in 1784 along with the Piano Sonata No. 10 in C major, K. 330, and Piano Sonata No. 11, K. 331. Mozart wrote these sonatas either while visiting Munich in 1781, or during his first two years in Vienna. Some believe, however that Mozart wrote this and the other sonatas during a summer 1783 visit to Salzburg made for the purpose of introducing his wife, Constanze to his father, Leopold. All three sonatas were published in Vienna in 1784 as Mozart's Op. 6.

Movements
The sonata consists of three movements and takes approximately 18 minutes to perform (25 minutes with repeats).

I. Allegro

The first movement is in a classical sonata form, with repeats for the exposition, the development and recapitulation. There are two basic characteristics exemplified in the first movement: the song-like themes and the combination of styles. Mozart uses diverse styles including galant homophony, learned counterpoint, and even the intense Sturm und Drang style.

The first theme of the exposition begins with a right hand melody over a left hand Alberti bass figure. Next, there is a short melody with the left hand echoing it, while the right hand plays a two-part phrase that includes a Mordent. Immediately following thereafter is parallel motion in both hands in very similar rhythm. A sudden change follows, with the F major key changing into the relative minor key, D minor at measure 23. The second theme (m. 41) begins in the dominant key of C major, is in galant style, and is immediately restated in varied form (m. 49). The remainder of the exposition includes many forte piano dynamics, hemiolas, parallel thirds in the right hand, trills in the right hand, and left hand octaves and broken chords. The exposition ends at measure 93 in C major.

The development section begins at measure 94 with a new melody, focusing on the transitional passage between the second and closing themes in the exposition. As in the exposition, the development includes strikingly similar musical characteristics such as the contrasting forte piano dynamics, hemiolas, left hand octaves, and parallel thirds in the right hand.

The first movement concludes with the recapitulation starting at measure 133, where the first thematic area returns unchanged, the transition modulates to distant harmonies yet closes on the tonic, and the remainder of the exposition returns, transposed into the tonic.

In the 1923 novel Antic Hay by Aldous Huxley, this sonata is the one Gumbril thinks of every time he imagines Emily's body; from his description of the key sequence, he is thinking specifically of the first movement.

II. Adagio

The second movement is in B-flat major in an elaborately ornamented sonatina form. At the beginning, there is a melody accompanied by an Alberti bass figure in the left hand. The next phrase is the same, except the key immediately changes to the parallel minor, B-flat minor. A lyrical passage with a minor descending scale ends with the dominant key. The music then turns happy and joyful, until the end, when the phrases end with a dominant seventh chord of B-flat major, which resolves into the first degree.

In the 1994 film Immortal Beloved, Giulietta Guicciardi is heard playing this piece during a piano lesson with Ludwig van Beethoven.

III. Allegro assai

The last movement is a rollicking virtuoso movement in  time signature in the key of F major. It starts with a forte chord and is followed by a passage of fast 16th notes in the right hand. This is directly followed by parallel sixths between the left hand and right hand lower voice, creating a harmony contrasting to the opening single 16th-note passage. There is a change of character in measure 16 where the music is marked  dolce and the right hand has a simple melody embellished with ornamentation and back-and-forth contrasting legato to staccato articulations. Measure 22 displays yet another character change, where both hands are playing in unison (one octave apart) forte and staccato while moving in an ascending sixth sequential pattern. The music briefly modulates to D minor through octaves and broken chord patterns. This is then followed by C major (measures 41–49), and then C minor (measures 50–64), before coming back to C major at measure 65 and staying in the dominant key through the end of the exposition. Throughout the entire exposition, Mozart uses the model sequence technique, passages of broken chords, parallel motion, scales, and contrasting dynamics and articulations.

The development section begins at measure 91, restating the theme from the exposition, but in C minor. The first half of the development uses the model sequence technique, repeating a 4-measure idea of continuous 16th notes constructed of a descending scale, followed by parallel sixths between the left and right hand lower voice, followed by a broken dominant seventh chord. This section goes through modulations from C minor, to D major, G major, C major again, F major, and then finally to B major beginning at measure 112. The second half of the development section (starting at measure 112) presents a new melodic theme, followed by several broken chords before finally arriving at a dominant chord at measure 139. It is implied that the music is 'standing on the dominant' from measure 139 until the recapitulation returns at measure 148, ending on a perfect authentic cadence.

The recapitulation presents the first theme unaltered until measure 169. The remaining recapitulation presents the same thematic ideas as the exposition, just in slightly altered versions. It concludes with a pianissimo cadence, strikingly different in comparison to the opening of the movement.

References

External links

 (Alte Mozart-Ausgabe version)

Performance by  from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format
, followed by Fantasia in C minor, K. 475, and Sonata No. 14 in C minor, K. 457; Friedrich Gulda, Munich, 1990
, Grigory Sokolov, Salzburg Festival, 2008

Piano Sonata 12
1783 compositions
Compositions in F major

Piano Sonata No. 12 (Mozart)


A dry thunderstorm is a type of thunderstorm where there is lightning and thunder, but most or all of the precipitation does not reach the ground. They usually happen in deserts or areas with low water vapor. Because dry air usually absorbs liquid water, the rain is absorbed before it reaches the ground. They happen a lot during the summer months in western North America.

Dry thunderstorms are dangerous because they can cause dust storms and wildfires. Dust storms can happen because the dry soil and sand are picked up by strong winds. Wildfires can happen because the lightning can hit trees and there is no rain to put out the fires.

References

Severe weather

Dry thunderstorm


S7 is an electrified commuter rail service operating between Floridsdorf and Vienna International Airport, with extended eastbound service to Wolfsthal in the greater Vienna area and northbound service to Laa an der Thaya, sometimes ending in Wolkersdorf and Mistelbach. Between Wien Mitte and the airport, S7 provides local service on the route while the City Airport Train provides non stop express service to the airport. The S7 uses the former Aspangbahn right-of-way in the city center then, at Kledering, transitions to the former Pressburger Bahn, which connected Vienna and Bratislava, to Wolfsthal. Average travel time between Floridsdorf and Vienna International Airport is 37 minutes.

Route

The S7 uses the right of way of the former Aspang and Pressburger railways as well as the Vienna Trunk Line, in the city center. The line begins at Laa an der Thaya, far in the north of Lower Austria, then comes to Vienna, stopping at Wien Floridsdorf in Northern Vienna, cross the Danube on the Northern Railway Bridge, and continue along the Trunk Line to Wien Rennweg keeping just east of Vienna's historical city center. After Rennweg, the route diverges off the Trunk Line and transitions to the former Aspang Railway right of way. After passing Kledering marshalling yard, the route briefly connects to the Danube Overland Railway, via Flying junction. Past Wien Kaiserebersdorf, the route switches to the Pressburger railway, again via Flying Junction.

Map

Public transport in Austria
Vienna S-Bahn

S7 (Vienna)


Sivas is a 2014 Turkish drama film directed by Kaan Müjdeci. It was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 71st Venice International Film Festival where it won the Special Jury Prize. The film was selected as the Turkish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards but it was not nominated.

Plot
The film follows an eleven-year-old boy named Aslan (Dogan Izci) and his relationship to a fighting dog, Sivas. The initial scenes show Aslan's life at school and home. Many of the interactions with his classmates and family members display conflict.

The teacher (Okan Avci) announces at school that there's to be a performance of Snow White and the Seven Dwarves put on by the students. Ayse (Ezgi Ergin), a girl Aslan likes, is selected to be the princess and Aslan's friend Osman (Furkan Uyar) is selected to be the prince. However, Aslan wants the role, mainly to impress Ayse. Later, Aslan tries to convince his teacher to make him the prince. His teacher does not.

Echoing the later encounter with Sivas, Aslan is charged with putting his family's old horse out to pasture. He tries to shoo away the horse with stones. One of them leads to the horse falling down, as if dead. Thinking he's killed the animal, Aslan goes to get his brother, Sahin. When they return, the horse is nowhere to be found.

Many of the men in the village gather by a secluded stream (to avoid police attention) for a dog fight. Sivas fights another dog, is wounded, and left for dead. Aslan stays back when he notices the dog isn't dead and begs his brother to let him take the dog home. When refused, Aslan stays back when Sahin leaves before night falls. He tries to befriend the dog, trying to move close to him and warm him with his coat. Sahin finally returns in search of Aslan and takes both home.

Aslan cares for Sivas as he recovers. He shows off his dog to his friends and attempts to impress Ayse. Goaded by the owner of the dog that had bested Sivas, Aslan lets him fight the other dog again. Sivas emerges victorious.

One day, Aslan arrives home to find Sivas tied up. Discovering his family wants to sell the dog, he throws a tantrum. The original owners of Sivas come to make him fight again. They all travel in a car to a large meetup of dog fighters, where Sivas once again wins.

On the way back home, Aslan declares Sivas won't fight again. He is told Sivas was meant to be a fighter, so he must.

Cast
 Doğan İzci as Aslan
 Çakır as Sivas
 Hasan Özdemir as Hasan
 Ezgi Ergin as Ayşe
 Furkan Uyar as Osman
 Ozan Çelik as Şahin
 Banu Fotocan as mother
 Hasan Yazılıtılaş as father
 Okan Avcı as teacher

Production
While the film features several dog fights, none were harmed during their production. A combination of audio clips collected from real dog fights, shaky camera movement, tranquilizing the dogs harmless, and fake blood were used to film them. The crew applied lotion to the dog's teeth to prevent real bites, and dosed them with alcohol-infused liquid to slow them down, preventing them from hurting one another. Moreover, the fight scenes were carefully choreographed, and make-up was layered in to create the illusion of continuity. The production company coined the idea to actually have a lot of backup dogs—up to 15, but I treated these dogs as characters with their own personalities, so I wanted to go with only one single dog on this film. When it came time to make Sivas, Müjdeci scouted close to 1,000 kids from the region, ultimately selecting his two leads just three days before filming began.

Reception
Sivas was widely acclaimed by critics with a particular praise for the performance of the main actor and realistic style of the director. The non-judgmental stance on the world of underground dog-fighting prompted some boos at Venice 2014 but the film has already won a Jury Prize and a Best Actor Prize in the Venice Film Festival, a Best Actor and Child Protection Award in ADFF, among many others around the world. Critic Nina Rothe said, "Sivas should be watched because of the same, favorite leitmotif of mine, a reason I watch and write about films. It deals with "the Other" this figure of an individual—or a whole people as we are so fond of doing these days, group everyone together—whom we think is so very different from us, we'll never be able to meet in the middle. Instead Sivas shows this alien, this foreigner, the person we are so incredibly afraid of as a boy who plays the same games we played as children, likes hide and seek and shooting firecrackers with friends, is starting to notice girls and yearns for the company of a dog."

Influences
Nina Rothe from The Huffington Post has discerned possible influences on Sivas from Orhan Pamuk's novel Snow. "I mentioned Pamuk's Snow earlier, because it is through it that I could relate more organically to Sivas. I needed an extra layer of knowledge to get, truly get the human harshness that a landscape so arduous, so politically charged and yet so poor creates within a little boy. Pamuk makes it clear, gets to the heart of this concept in a passage from his book: "In a brutal country like ours, where human life is 'cheap', it's stupid to destroy yourself for the sake of your beliefs. Beliefs? High ideas? Only people in rich countries can enjoy such luxuries."

See also
 List of submissions to the 88th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Turkish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links
 Official website
 Official website (Japan)

2014 films
2014 drama films
2014 directorial debut films
Turkish drama films
2010s Turkish-language films
German drama films
Venice Special Jury Prize winners
2010s German films

Sivas (film)


San Roberto Bellarmino is a church in Rome founded by Pope Pius XI in 1933, after the canonisation of the Jesuit Cardinal Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621) in 1930, and his being named a Doctor of the Church in 1931. The architect Clemente Busiri Vici made the designs in the years 1931–1933. Construction took more than two decades, and it was consecrated in 1959 by Archbishop Luigi Traglia. It is served by the Jesuits, and has a mosaic by Renato Tomassi and a high altar donated by Beniamino Gigli. San Roberto Bellarmino is a titular church. Its cardinal priest is Cardinal Mario Aurelio Poli, who was created Cardinal on 22 February 2014.

Location
The church is located in Piazza Ungheria, in the quarter of Parioli.

Cardinal priests
 Pablo Muñoz Vega, S.J. (28 April 1969 – 3 June 1994)
 Augusto Vargas Alzamora, S.J. (26 November 1994 – 4 September 2000)
 Jorge Mario Bergoglio, S.J. (21 February 2001 – 13 March 2013; elected Pope Francis)
 Mario Aurelio Poli (22 February 2014 – present)

See also
 List of Jesuit sites

External links
Nyborg

Roberto
Rome Q. II Parioli

San Roberto Bellarmino, Rome


"Lazer Beam" is a single by Super Furry Animals. It was the only single to be released from the Love Kraft album and reached #28 in the UK Singles Chart. The song is "about making your own reality" and tells the story of aliens coming down to earth to shoot humans with laser beams which "make them intelligent rather than being jerks". Some of  singer Gruff Rhys's lyrics were lifted from a speech made by Tony Blair at the Labour Party Conference in 2004.

Although critical response to the track was mostly positive, with some journalists hailing "Lazer Beam" as a "return to form", some reviews were scathing with the NME even going so far as to call it "the worst Furries song ever" in their review of 2007's Hey Venus!

Two music videos were produced to accompany the song's release as a single. The first, directed by Palumbo & Coch, features a fluorescent cityscape with the band and a monster with their 'SFA' logo, appearing between the translucent buildings while the second, directed by Aurelien and Florian Marrel, features a fictional sideways-scrolling arcade beat 'em up in the style of Metal Slug and Michael Jackson's Moonwalker.

Recording and themes

In a 2005 interview with The Big Issue Gruff Rhys claimed that some of the lyrics to the song are based on Tony Blair's speech at the Labour Party Conference in 2004, in particular his opening line 'a radical new vision is needed': "I've nicked that wholesale, but I am offering a radical new vision whereas he wasn't. He was offering a 19th century imperialist vision and "Lazer Beam" offers an end to Hollywood romantic comedies and imperial colonialist bastards". According to guitarist Huw Bunford the song is "about making your own reality": "Today's reality is insane so we may as well make our own. It's about aliens coming down from space and zapping humans with amazing lazer  beams that make them intelligent rather than being jerks. It's obviously a highly unlikely scenario".

"Lazer Beam" was recorded in Figueres, Spain, and mixed in a suburb of Rio de Janeiro along with the rest of the Love Kraft album. Elements of the song's backing track were built from a rough demo the band had begun working on during the recording of Guerrilla called "John Spex", which was brought up again for the Rings Around the World sessions. According to Bunford, the band recorded "three versions of the song" before settling on the version that appears on Love Kraft.

Musical structure

The album version of "Lazer Beam" is 4 minutes 55 seconds long and is in the key of A major. This version appeared on all commercially released singles containing the track.

The track starts with 24 seconds of heavily effected guitar, drums and "bizarre sound effects" before the first verse begins, rising in volume as a looping bass line joins the mix and Gruff Rhys speaks the lines "This song is daunted by a radical new vision, no more imperial colonial bastards, no more romantic comedies, this is a fanfare introduction to a high-powered, purposeful theme."

A string section join on the chorus as Rhys's voice is augmented by falsetto harmony backing vocals. The chords for the chorus remain the same as those used in the verse, namely A and G. The song then breaks down to a lead guitar melody line at 1 minute and 8 seconds before another verse with Rhys this time singing his lyrics. Another chorus, verse and chorus follow in this fashion until "Lazer Beam" breaks down completely at 2:55 to keyboard swells with Debi McLean providing a "space vocal", speaking the lines "we will conquer utopia in space chariots". The song builds back up to a double chorus before the outro. The string section returns once Rhys has sung a final verse using a vocoder. "Lazer Beam" then breaks down for the last time to handclaps and keyboard swells and ends with a few seconds of isolated keyboard noise.

Radio edit

A radio edit of "Lazer Beam" was included on promotional cds sent to radio stations and was also used in both music videos. This version of the track is 3 minutes and 36 seconds long and omits both the 24 second introduction, first, spoken word verse and the first chorus, starting instead with the guitar melody line that occurs in the album version at 1 minute and 8 seconds. The rest of song is identical to the album version although it does not include the brief keyboard noises at the very end.

Critical reception
Reaction to the track was generally positive with several critics hailing "Lazer Beam" as a "return to form" including BBC Wales who claimed the track was "SFA's best single release since 2001's "Juxtapozed with U"". musicOMH thought "Lazer Beam" to be an "absolute powerhouse of a song" and the Sunday Herald saw the track as one of the few "great moments on Love Kraft".

However, Cokemachineglow described the song as "one of [the band's] weakest singles to date":

Two years after the song's release the NME described "Lazer Beam" as "the worst Furries song ever" in their review of the band's eighth album Hey Venus!.

The "psychedelic" nature of the track was commented on by several reviewers with Mojo describing it as "acid-carnivalesque", The Times stating that it is a "kids TV theme heard through an acid-pop filter", The Observer claiming it sounded like "a Jesus Christ Superstar outtake gone delightfully right", and BBC Wales calling it "cosmic funk".

Music videos

Two music videos were produced to accompany the release of "Lazer Beam" as a single. Both feature the radio edit of the track

Palumbo & Coch video

The "Tron-inspired" Palumbo & Coch directed video starts with the camera rushing across a fluorescent blue sea, then a road towards "a cityscape which looks like something between downtown Tokyo and a graphic equalizer". Gruff Rhys appears on a floating electronic billboard singing the first verse and is joined by other members of the band playing along with the track.

At 33 seconds a neon monster, with the 'SFA' logo on his chest, appears amongst the translucent buildings. More shots of the band and the computer generated city follow before the monster reappears during the second chorus, this time with electric bolts shooting from his body. As the track reaches its middle 8 a multicoloured neon spacecraft appears.

More shots of the band, cityscape and 'SFA' monster follow until the final verse, when the view returns to the road from the beginning of the video. The camera then flies up inside a skyscraper made entirely of small images of a mouth singing the along with the track. As the song finishes the view again returns to the road. Small spaceships (similar to the one from the middle 8) gather at either side as the city is left behind and the road gradually disappears.

Aurelien and Florian Marrel video

The Aurelien and Florian Marrel  directed video begins with a shot of the band reflected in a television screen then cuts to the start screen of a fictional video game called 'Lazer Beam' which claims to have been made by the Kocakatpiece Corporation in 2005. 'Arcade mode' is selected then two characters are chosen from a menu featuring four Super Furry Animals band member lookalikes before a brief 'How to play' screen is shown.

An introduction screen is then shown featuring a villain with folded arms towering over several skyscrapers with the legend "Evil is reigning over this city" before panning down to see the four men from the character selection screen with the subtitle "A band is here to change things". Next a "Final Fight style overlay map" appears with the 'City' ('Stage 01') section flashing.

On 33 seconds the 'game' itself begins with the two player characters walking from left to right down a deserted street. As the first chorus begins several zombies enter from the right and are shot by the player characters. After 53 seconds the villain from the introduction appears and laughs before disappearing as the playing area is filled with zombies. The view changes to a cut scene showing close-ups of the two players sunglasses then pans out to show a spaceship illuminating the area with yellow light.

The video then cuts to a shot of the band playing the game before returning to the map screen as 'Docks' or 'Stage 02' flashes. The second level begins in much the same way as the first with the two characters shooting zombies who appear from the right. The villain again stands in front of the players, laughing before disappearing. A boat/submarine then enters from the right and begins firing bombs at the players who destroy it with laser beams. Another cut scene follows in which the crippled boat returns to a hangar in the sea with 'Evil' written above the entrance. The hangar explodes and disappears before flying out of the water, now with mechanical claws attached, and the video returns again to live action footage of the Super Furries playing the game.

The map is shown for the last time showing a third level, '???', flashing. The villain attacks the characters from above with his flying vehicle and has hit several times by lasers as he tries to hit the players with the machine's claws. A further cut scene then begins as one of the characters is seen activating a handset which calls the spaceship seen at the end of 'Stage 01'. The spaceship fires at the villain who flees his exploding vehicle stating "I'll be back" as he flies away.

The 'zombies' from levels 1 and 2, now looking perfectly fine, are shown lining the banks of a river, singing along to the tracks final verse. Balloons and rainbows are shown behind them and a whale jumps out of the water before the screen goes black and the words 'Game over' appear. More live action footage of the band follows with Huw Bunford raising his hands in triumph at completing the game and Guto Pryce being zapped by a laser. The final screen features the legend "F.B.I. winners don't use drugs!"

Track listing

All songs by Super Furry Animals.

Digipak CD (6760111)
"Lazer Beam" – 4:55
"Sunny Seville" – 3:25
"Colonise the Moon" – 4:33

7" (6760117)
"Lazer Beam" – 4:55
"Sunny Seville" – 3:25

Promo CD (SFALOVE2)
"Lazer Beam (Album version)" – 4:55
"Lazer Beam (Radio edit)" – 3:36

Promo 12" (SFALOVE3)
"Lazer Beam (Album version)" – 4:55
"Lazer Beam (DJ Marlboro mix)" – 3:52
"Lazer Beam (LFO mix)" – 5:10

A Danger Mouse remix of the track was also made available as a free download from the Love Kraft album website.

Free download
"Lazer Beam (Danger Mouse remix)" – 3:55

Personnel
Gruff Rhys – Vocals
Huw Bunford – Guitar
Guto Pryce – Bass guitar
Cian Ciaran – keyboards
Dafydd Ieuan – Drums
Debi McClean – Space vocal
Clare Raybould - Violin
Brian Wright – Violin
Elspeth Cowey –  Violin
Ellen Blair – Violin
Amanda Britton – Violin
Sally Herbert – Violin
Laura Melhuish – Violin
Gill Morley – Violin
Jacqueline Norrie – Violin
Jordi & Jordi – Handclaps

Chart positions

References

External links

 Palumbo & Coch video at AOL
 Aurelien and Florian Marrel video at AOL

Super Furry Animals songs
2005 singles
Song recordings produced by Mario Caldato Jr.
Protest songs
Epic Records singles

Lazer Beam


The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) was a law in the United States of America, passed in 1998 with the declared purpose of restricting access by minors to any material defined as harmful to such minors on the Internet. The law, however, never took effect, as three separate rounds of litigation led to a permanent injunction against the law in 2009.

The law was part of a series of efforts by US lawmakers legislating over Internet pornography. Parts of the earlier and much broader Communications Decency Act had been struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1997 (Reno v. ACLU); COPA was a direct response to that decision, narrowing the range of material covered. COPA only limits commercial speech and only affects providers based within the United States.

COPA required all commercial distributors of "material harmful to minors" to restrict their sites from access by minors. "Material harmful to minors" was defined as material that by "contemporary community standards" was judged to appeal to the "prurient interest" and that showed sexual acts or nudity (including female breasts). This is a much broader standard than obscenity.

Litigation history

On February 1, 1999, Judge Lowell A. Reed Jr. of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania granted a preliminary injunction blocking COPA enforcement. In 1999, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit upheld the injunction and struck down the law, ruling that it was too broad in using "community standards" as part of the definition of harmful materials.

In May 2002, the Supreme Court reviewed this ruling in Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2002), and found the given reason insufficient and returned the case to the Circuit Court. The law remained blocked there. On March 6, 2003, the 3rd Circuit Court again struck down the law as unconstitutional, this time finding that it would hinder protected speech among adults. The government again sought review in the Supreme Court.

On June 29, 2004, in Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2004), the Supreme Court upheld the injunction on enforcement, ruling that the law was likely to be unconstitutional. Notably, the court mentioned that "filtering's superiority to COPA is confirmed by the explicit findings of the Commission on Child Online Protection, which Congress created to evaluate the relative merits of different means of restricting minors' ability to gain access to harmful materials on the internet." The court also wrote that it was five years since the district court had considered the effectiveness of filtering software and that two less-restrictive laws had been passed since COPA. One law prohibits misleading domain names, and the other prohibits creating a child-safe .kids domain. Given the rapid pace of internet development, government officials thought these two laws might be sufficient to restrict access by minors to specific material.

Further proceedings
The Supreme Court remanded the case back to the district court for a trial, which began on October 25, 2006. In preparation for that trial, the Department of Justice issued subpoenas to various search engines to obtain Web addresses and records of searches as one part of a study undertaken by a witness in support of the law. The search engines turned over the requested information, except for Google, which challenged the subpoenas. The court limited the subpoena to a sample of URLs in Google's database, but declined to enforce the request for searches conducted by users; Google then complied.

On March 22, 2007, Judge Reed once again struck down COPA, finding the law facially in violation of the First and Fifth Amendments to the United States Constitution. In addition to the plaintiffs ACLU et al., several witnesses testified in defense of first amendment rights on the Internet, including the director of the Erotic Authors Association,  Marilyn Jaye Lewis. Reed issued an order permanently enjoining the government from enforcing COPA, commenting that "perhaps we do the minors of this country harm if First Amendment protections, which they will with age inherit fully, are chipped away in the name of their protection." The government again appealed, and the case was heard before the Third Circuit.

On July 22, 2008, the 3rd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the 2007 decision.

On January 21, 2009, the United States Supreme Court refused to hear appeals of the lower court decision, effectively shutting down the law.

See also
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
Child Protection Registry Acts
Communications Decency Act
Help:Sexual content
Internet pornography
List of legal topics
List of United States Supreme Court cases
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 542

Notes

External links
COPA Commission
[/ Child Online Protection Act, Truth in Domain Names Act, Federal TradeMark Dilution Act and U.S. Supreme Court Case 05-718]
Cybertelecom :: COPA

United States federal communications legislation
United States federal computing legislation
United States pornography law
Internet law in the United States
Child safety
Internet censorship in the United States

Child Online Protection Act


The Faroe Islands national under-21 football team are a feeder team to the Faroe Islands national football team. The Faroe Islands U21 team was first formed in 2006 and took part in UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifying for the first time in 2007 and 2008. Before this there was no step between the U-19 team and the senior team.

History

In 2006, it was announced that the Faroe Islands will have an under-21 team and will take part in qualification for the UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. From then on the Faroe Islands are now represented in all age groups, U-15, U-17, U-19 and U-21 also.
In early 2007 the Faroese Football Association appointed two coaches, Heðin Askham and Bill McLeod Jacobsen, both have been coaches for several other Faroese youth national teams. A squad of 34 players was selected for the first training season.
A 20-man squad was named for the first two matches against Croatia and Albania in the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championship qualifying. Faroe Islands lost the first match 2-0, with Croatia scoring their second goal in the last minute. They lost the second match 1-0, Albania scored the only goal of the match in the second half from a penalty kick.
Faroe Islands had to wait until their fourth match for the first under-21 victory, it came when they beat Azerbaijan 1-0 in Toftir. Their only other point was also against Azerbaijan, in the away match. Faroe Islands finished the group in 5th place, 1 point above Azerbaijan.

In the 2011 UEFA Under-21 Championship qualifying, on 9 June 2009 Faroe Islands under-21 recorded a famous victory over Russia U21, beating them 1-0 after a goal in the first minute. This was followed by a 1-1 draw against Moldova in September, but Faroe Islands lost the next match 3-1 against Latvia. Russia had their revenge in the away match and defeated Faroe Islands 2-0. They also lost both matches against Romania. In November 2009 Faroe Islands beat Latvia 1-0 and were held to a 1-1 draw against Andorra. Faroe Islands won the home match against Andorra 3-1. Faroe Islands had the chance of finishing third in the group going into the final match against Moldova, in Tiraspol. The score remained 0-0 until Moldova scored a goal with 10 minutes left to play and the Faroe Islands had a player sent off minutes later.

Faroe Islands U21 began the 2013 UEFA Under-21 Championship qualifying with two matches against Northern Ireland. In the first match, with the score at 0-0, the Faroe Islands were awarded a penalty just before injury-time in the second-half. Captain Rógvi Holm missed the spotkick and the chance to give the team victory.
In the away match against Northern Ireland, Faroe Islands lost 4-0. This was followed by away defeats to Serbia, Macedonia, and Denmark. The next matches were verses Macedonia and Serbia in June 2012 and were the first matches at home in just over a year for the team. Faroe Islands drew 1-1 with Macedonia, ending a run of four straight defeats, but lost the other match 2-0 to Serbia. The final match of the group for the Faroe Islands was against Denmark, in which the Faroe Islands secured a 1-1 draw after scoring a late equaliser.

In October 2014, the Faroese Football Association (FSF) announced that Heðin Askham did not wish to continue as the coach for the Faroe Islands U21 in 2015, instead he was the new head coach for HB Tórshavn. In January 2015 FSF announced that they had decided to promote the former assisting coach Bill McLeod Jacobsen to be head coach for the team. On 14 January 2015 FSF announced that Eli Hentze was the new assisting coach.

Results

2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification

2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification

2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification

2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification

2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification

2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification

2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification

Current squad
The following players were called up for the 2025 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification match against  on 16 June 2023.

Caps and goals updated as of 7 June 2022, after the match against .

References

European national under-21 association football teams
Faroe Islands national football team


is a Japanese manufacturing company of writing implements. The company was established in 1919 as a manufacturer of dyes and ink. In 1949, the company became a pen manufacturer after they manufactured the world's first ball point pen with a chrome ball. This was also Japan's first ballpoint pen.

Current products manufactured by Ohto are fountain, rollerball, and gel pens, their refills, and mechanical pencils.

History
The story of Ohto started when Nakata Touzaburo, an employee of the Ministry of Finance, invented a special ink, which he thought would be perfect for use in banknotes. After his idea was rejected by the Ministry, Touzaburo decide to establish a company by himself, establishing "Nakata-Ohka-do" in 1919 as a manufacturer of ink, setting up in Tokyo.

When the United States Army (that had occupied Japan after the World War II) brought ballpoint pens with them, Japanese people were amazed by them and their long-lasting ink system, since ballpoints did not need to be refilled as often as fountain pens. Nakata took note of this, and in 1949 Nakata-Ohka-do released the first ballpoint pen made in Japan, named "Auto pencil". It also became the world's first pencil-shaped ballpoint pen with chrome ball. To match its own invention, the company also renamed to "Auto".

In the 1960s, Ohto also released the first water-based ballpoint pen, thus establishing a new category of pens: rollerball pens. In 1974, the company realised that the word "Auto" was too closely associated with cars, and changed its name again to "Ohto".

References

External links
 Official website

Manufacturing companies of Japan
Fountain pen and ink manufacturers
Writing implement manufacturers
Japanese brands
Japanese companies established in 1919
Japanese stationery
Manufacturing companies established in 1919

Ohto


The Collegiata di Castell'Arquato, also known as the Collegiata di Santa Maria, is a Romanesque-style, Roman Catholic church located in the Castell'Arquato, province of Piacenza, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.

History and Description

Documents allege a church existed at the site by 756. Of that building, only the baptismal font seems to have survived. The earthquake of 1117 prompted a major reconstruction, and a new building consecrated in 1122. The Portal of Paradise retains some of the Romanesque sculptural elements, with a relief depicting Madonna and Child with St Peter and Angels.  The portico on the left of the church with octagonal columns, church cloister, and bell-tower, date to the 15th century. The church facade was also completed in the 15th century. The Palazzo Pretorio adjacent to the church was built in 1293. Further reconstructions and additions occurred in 18th and 19th centuries.

In 1899, the 15th-century frescoes were discovered in the Chapel of Santa Caterina. A few decades later, the 8th-century baptismal immersion font came to light. The interior walls of this chapel have frescoes by unknown Tuscan painters, depicting the Passion of Christ, and the Death and Glory of the Virgin.

The chapel of St Joseph, built in 1630 after the ebbing of the plague, was decorated by frescoes by Giacomo Guidotti.

References

Churches in the province of Piacenza
Romanesque architecture in Emilia-Romagna
756 establishments
12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
8th-century establishments in Italy

Collegiata of Castell'Arquata


Carolina Gynning Nilsson (born 6 October 1978) is a Swedish glamour model, author, pod caster, actress, jewelry designer and television presenter. She started her career as a model at age sixteen. She was a participant in the Swedish version of Big Brother in 2004 and emerged as the winner of that season. Gynning has since made a career as a television presenter on TV4 and Kanal5, and also as an artist and author of several books. Gynning has participated in several television shows after Big Brother such as I huvudet på Gynning ("Inside Gynning's head") and as a celebrity dancer in season one of Let's Dance.

Childhood and early life
Gynning was born in Helsingborg, Sweden and lived in Höganäs for a short time, but spent most of her early years in Falsterbo. She revealed that she was a shy girl but changed when she reached her teens. She attended high school in Lund. At sixteen she was discovered by a fashion photographer while waiting at a bus stop in Falsterbo, and during her high school years she did some modelling assignments on the side. After a while, she landed modeling jobs in international shows in Athens, Milan and Paris. She lived and worked abroad for ten years mostly as a glamour model. During this time she also underwent breast implant surgery to enlarge her breasts.

Career

TV personality and host

After a few years working as a glamour model, Gynning was approached by producers of the Swedish version of the reality television show Big Brother and entered the house in January 2004, becoming the season's eventual winner. In 2006, she entered Let's Dance as a celebrity dancer. She appeared on season 1 of the show which was broadcast on TV4. Her dance partner was Daniel da Silva and she was eliminated in the second round. During late 2006 she worked for Viasats Formula 1 show Studio F1 along with Tore Kullgren and simultaneously was one of five hostesses for the TV4 show Förkväll (Tonight"). During 2007, Gynning hosted the audition part of Idol 2007 along with Carina Berg. During 2008, Gynning hosted her own show, I huvudet på Gynning ("Inside Gynning's Head"), which was broadcast on Kanal5; she also hosted the talent show Hitmakers that year on the same channel. During late 2008 she and Carina Berg hosted the TV4 show Stjärnor på is the Swedish version of Stars on Ice. In 2009 Gynning hosted Hjälp! Jag är med i en japansk TV-show ("Help! I am in a Japanese TV Show!") also on TV4 and in the summer of that year hosted Sommarkrysset ("The summer cruise") along with Berg. In 2013 she was one of the celebrity hosts of the radio show Sommar i P1. In 2014, Gynning was scheduled to be one of the judges in the new season of Talang Sverige 2014 ("Talent Sweden") on TV3.

Actress
A few months before Gynning participated as a housemate in Big Brother, she appeared in the French film Happily Ever After starring Johnny Depp, playing the character "Zoe". In the Jesper Ganslandt-produced film Blondie (2012), Gynning played the leading role alongside Marie Göranzon, Helena af Sandeberg and Alexandra Dahlström.

I huvudet på Gynning
On 8 February 2008 Gynning released her first music single, "Allt jag tar på blir till guld" ("Everything I touch turns to gold"). In her first television show I huvudet på Gynning, the viewing audience got to see her working on the music video for the song. In the show Gynning created the perfume "Perfect", and launched a commercial for it. In the last episode it was revealed that her perfume would sell in stores. In September 2009, Gynning released her new scent "Go Girl!", becoming the first Swedish woman to have her own perfume and scent.

As a writer
In 2005, Gynning released her autobiography, Ego Girl, in which she describes how she was discovered as a model at age sixteen and lost herself in a world of sex and drugs before finding herself again. In 2007, mail correspondence between Gynning and Alex Schulman was released as a book.

At the end of 2008 Gynning, together with writer Ingrid Carlqvist, wrote the book Ego Woman, a follow-up to Ego Girl. The book was released by the company Tivoli in 2009.

In 2011, she debuted as a book author herself with the book Laura – flickan från havet (Laura - girl from the sea"), released by Bladh. She got the idea for the book after meeting with author Jens Lapidus. Gynning stated that she wanted to write a book about women who live around Stureplan in Stockholm. She has described the book as a "dirty crime" book. In 2012, the continuation book, Vanessa – flickan i glaskupan ("Vanessa - the girl in the glass dome"), was released.

As an artist
Gynning has had several exhibitions of her artwork.
 In April 2009, she hosted a vernissage at Ystad Saltsjöbad. The exhibition was well-received and 15 pieces were sold for between kr1 and 2 million, according to Gynning. Two of the prominent pieces were named Bleeding Barbie and Cat Power. She has also worked with glass and designed a glass collection for the Cervera (se) chain of Swedish homeware stores. She had an art exhibition at Gothia Towers on 21 November 2013, along with her mother Agneta Gynning.

She has recently opened an art studio with her mother under the name Studio Gynning, and has been planning a celebration to mark her ten years anniversary as a professional artist. She is also a jewelry designer. She has also revealed in a newspaper interview that motherhood has affected her art. Her paintings, she has said, are not as dark now as previously, and although in the past she drew mainly portraits, she now paints the whole body. She attributes this to her having become a mother and to her sense that she is now a more complete person.

Awards
Gynning won Swedish tabloid Aftonbladet's TV-award in 2007 for Best Female Television Personality of the Year.

In 2008, Aftonbladet listed Gynning amongst the most powerful people in Sweden, placing her at number 37.

Removal of silicon implants

In January 2007, Gynning declared to the media that she would remove and sell her breast implants, as she wished to downsize her breasts. In early February 2007, she underwent surgery to remove the implants and Elisabeth Ohlson Wallin took photos of them. The implants were placed in a plexiglass box and sold on the auction site eBay; revenues from the sale were given to a charity that works with victims of the war in Rwanda.

Personal life
Gynning comes from an artistic family. She is the daughter of Agneta Gynning, an artist, and her grandfather's brother was the artist and textile artist Lars Gynning, who studied under Isaac Grünewald.

In 2013, Gynning and her mother opened an art gallery in Malmö.

Gynning lived with Alexander Lydecker, a sales manager. The couple have two daughters and lived in a suburb of Stockholm near the coast.

Work

Bibliography

Television filmography

TV presenter filmography

Discography

Film

References

External links

Carolina Gynning's current blog
Carolina Gynning's previous blog

1978 births
Living people
21st-century Swedish novelists
Big Brother (franchise) winners
Glamour models
Swedish bloggers
Swedish female models
Swedish television hosts
People from Helsingborg
Swedish women artists
Swedish autobiographers
Swedish women novelists
Swedish jewelry designers
Women autobiographers
Swedish women bloggers
21st-century Swedish women writers
Swedish women television presenters

Carolina Gynning


Leonardo World was a Canadian category 2 Italian language digital cable television channel wholly owned by Telelatino Network Inc. The channel broadcast programming related to Italian arts and culture including cuisine, fashion, travel, and more. It was a Canadian version of the Italian channel, Leonardo World.

History
In December 2000, Telelatino Network was granted approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch Sitcom Canada, described as "a national ethnic Category 2 specialty television service directed to Italians/Italian-speaking audiences. The programming will be primarily sourced from existing European thematic satellite services operated by the Sitcom Spa group including its news and information, travel, lifestyle, motoring and Italian design services."

The channel launched in June 2005 initially on Vidéotron as Leonardo World in a package marketed as Super Trio Italiano with 2 other newly launched Telelatino channels, SKY TG24 and Video Italia.

On September 11, 2007, Vidéotron discontinued carriage of Leonardo World and on September 18, 2007 the remaining carriers, Rogers Cable and Mountain Cablevision discontinued carriage of the service. In Telelatino's message posted on its website, they noted that they were "disappointed" with the decisions of the distributors to drop the channel, along with some of the others in the Super Trio Italiano package, suggesting it was not Telelatino's decision to discontinue the service, rather it was a lack of interest from distributors. The unease of the providers would prove correct, as the domestic Italian version of the channel ended a year later.

References

Defunct television networks in Canada
Former Corus Entertainment networks
Multicultural and ethnic television in Canada
Television channels and stations established in 2005
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2007
Italian-Canadian culture
Italian-language television stations

Leonardo World (Canadian TV channel)


Joseph Wightman (1806 – February 6, 1887) was a Scottish-born farmer, merchant and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1838 to 1839 and from 1843 to 1862 and from 1867 to 1874 and in the Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island from 1874 to 1882 as a Liberal.

He was born in Dumfriesshire, the son of John Wightman and Margaret Ray Armstrong, and was educated in Scotland, attending Lockerby Academy. He came to Prince Edward Island with his family in 1823. The property on which they settled was originally leased from Sir James Montgomery but the family purchased the land in 1857. Besides farming and raising livestock, Wightman was also involved in fishing and shipbuilding. His goods were exported to England and he also traded with American fisherman. Wightman married Margaret McDonald in 1838. He was a justice of the peace and served in the militia, reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Wightman also served as high sheriff for Kings County. He was speaker for the assembly from 1867 to 1870 and in 1872. He also served as president for the legislative council in 1876 and 1877. Wightman was a minister without portfolio in the province's Executive Council from 1854 to 1859 and from 1879 to 1882. Wightman retired from politics in 1882 due to health problems. He died in Lower Montague in 1887.

His daughter Mary Armstrong married James R. McLean.

References

Further reading

Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party MLAs
1806 births
1887 deaths
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party MLCs
Members of the Executive Council of Prince Edward Island
Colony of Prince Edward Island people
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Prince Edward Island

Joseph Wightman (Canadian politician)


99 Ways To Tell a Story: Exercises in Style is a 2005 experimental graphic novel by Matt Madden, published by the Penguin Group. Inspired by Raymond Queneau's book Exercises in Style, it tells the same simple story in 99 different ways.
These ways include
 Superhero,
 Bayeux Tapestry (as if a fragment newly discovered),
 Political cartoon,
 How To with an explanation of the process of drawing a page like itself
 parodies (similar to EC Comics' horror lines,)
 underground comix,
 manga, the fantasy genre); different, often unusual
 perspectives (from a voyeur looking in the window with binoculars,
 refrigerator, a fixed point in space in the downstairs room),
 a map,
 a lifetime,
 digitally — entirely in binary numbers,
 nested stories,
 advertisements
 Public Service Announcement
 Paranoid Religious Tract

American graphic novels
2005 American novels

99 Ways to Tell a Story: Exercises in Style


Popcorn Zen was a weekly showcase program that airs on AZN Television. The series debuted in 2005. The show was hosted by an American radio deejay, Eugene Lee.

Popcorn Zen featured film shorts, stories and interviews from Asian-American film makers and directors, including those from various Asian countries. Because of the content of most of these features, the series carries a "TV-MA" rating, even though it airs in various timeslots, including late afternoons and before primetime.

External links

AZN Television original programming
2000s American television series

Popcorn Zen


Ali Babba bin Bello  () (1804–1859 - aged 55) was the fourth Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate from 1842 to 1859.

Ali bin Bello is known by a variety of different names in different sources, including: Ali bin Bello, Aliyu Babba (not to be confused with his grandson and namesake, the Emir of Kano from 1894 to 1903 with the same name), and Mai Cinaka.

Early life
Ali Babba bin Bello was born in 1804 the son of Ladi, a Hausa concubine to Muhammed Bello, the second Sultan of Sokoto, and the grandson of Usman dan Fodio, the first Sultan.  Although he was not born from one of the wives of Bello, he was treated as from Bello's lineage and was able to become the successor to Abu Bakr Atiku in 1842.  In his selection as Sultan, he was selected instead of three other sons of Muhammadu Bello and one of his uncles for the position.

Reign as Sultan
Ali Babba came into power at a tumultuous point in the Sokoto Caliphate.  Usman dan Fodio and Muhammed Bello had done most of the expansion of the empire, but in recent years there were many simmering revolts from the various emirs in the Caliphate and there was constant violence between Sokoto and the Bornu Empire.  Ali Babba consolidated the administration of the Sokoto Caliphate, quelled many of the tension between the Sultan and the Emirs, achieved a cessation of hostilities with Bornu, and started trading with the British Empire.

Many of the Emirs had become quite independent from the Caliphate by the time Ali Babba came to power.  Revolts in Kebbi, Dendi, and Zamfara were all ended by Ali Babba during his tenure.  In addition, the tension in the Adamawa Emirate, with Emir Adama threatening to leave the Sokoto Caliphate, a conflict which had reached a highpoint in the last months of his predecessors reign, was quickly resolved with Ali Babba reasserting the authority of Adama and ending recognition of his rivals.  However, during his term, the Hadejia Emirate successfully rebelled from the Caliphate.  The Emir of Hadejia, Buhari, had refused to submit to questioning by Ali Babba in regards to Buhari's brutality which resulted in a decade long struggle with Hadejia maintaining independence until Buhari's death.

At the same time, violence between Sokoto and Bornu had been ongoing for most of his predecessor's reign.  Ali Babba was able to end slave raids by his forces into Bornu territory, grant Bornu some lands back, and negotiate a cessation of hostilities.

In 1853, explorer Heinrich Barth and Ali Babba negotiated an extensive trade agreement between the British and the Sokoto Caliphate.

Lineage
Two of his sons rose to the level of Sultan of Sokoto: Umar bin Ali (Sultan from 1881 to 1891) and Muhammadu Attahiru II (the first Sultan under British Colonial rule from 1903 to 1915).

References

Sultans of Sokoto
19th-century monarchs in Africa
1808 births
1859 deaths
19th-century Nigerian people
Dan Fodio family
Nigerian Fula people
Nigerian Muslims
African slave owners

Ali Babba bin Bello