Ben Parry (born 1965) is a British musician, composer, conductor, singer, arranger and producer in both classical and light music fields. He is the Director of London Voices and was formally Artistic Director of the National Youth Choirs of Great Britain.

Early life
Ben was born and raised in Ipswich, Suffolk, where his father was an organist and music teacher. He studied at Ipswich School and St Catharine's College of the University of Cambridge, where he was a choral scholar. He sang in the King's College Choir and performed in musicals and cabarets.

Career
Early in his career, he was a singer, music director and arranger with The Swingle Singers. With the group, he toured the world and worked with musicians including Pierre Boulez, Luciano Berio and Stephane Grapelli. He wrote over 50 arrangements and compositions for the group and co-produced their recordings for EMI and Virgin Classics.

In 1994, Ben was in the original London production of Cy Coleman's City of Angels at the Prince of Wales Theatre in the West End. In 1995, he and his family moved to Scotland. There, he co-founded the distinguished vocal ensemble, Dunedin Consort, and directed performances at festivals in the UK, Spain, Belgium, France and Canada. He was chorusmaster of the Scottish Chamber Orchestra Chorus and director of choral music at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (now the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland) in Glasgow. He directed five productions for Haddo House Opera.

From 2003 to 2008, Ben was director of music at St Paul's School, London. He subsequently moved to Suffolk and took up the post of director at Junior Academy in London, combined with his freelance career. He is Director of the professional choir, London Voices, who have been at the forefront of choral singing in the UK since their foundation by conductor Terry Edwards in 1973. The choir has performed on the soundtracks of major films, including "The Hobbit", The Lord of the Rings, Star Wars, the Harry Potter series, Spectre, Aladdin and Jurassic World. The choir has performed and recorded with major artists, including Sir Paul McCartney, Dave Brubeck, Bryn Terfel, Angela Gheorghiu and Renée Fleming.

He was Assistant Director of Music at King's College, Cambridge from 2013 to 2021, in which role he directed King's Voices.

Ben has composed a significant amount of choral music, published by Faber, OUP and Edition Peters. He collaborates regularly with author and lyricist Garth Bardsley, and together they have had works premiered by the BBC Singers, Sheffield Cathedral, Aldeburgh Voices, BBC Singers, St Andrew's University, Chelmsford Cathedral, National Youth Choirs of Great Britain and London Voices. They are currently developing a new chamber opera for the baritone Christopher Purves.

As a conductor, Ben has worked with the Academy of Ancient Music, Britten Sinfonia, English Chamber Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Mozart Players, Scottish Chamber Orchestra, BBC Concert Orchestra, Royal Seville Symphony Orchestra, Scottish Ensemble, National Youth Orchestra of Wales, Cumbria Youth Orchestra and the Vancouver Youth Symphony. He has sung with the Taverner Consort, Gabrieli Consort, Schütz Choir of London and Tenebrae (choir).

In October 2012 Ben was appointed director of the National Youth Choirs of Great Britain.  In 2016 he appointed a new Chief Executive, Anne Besford, to run the organisation, retaining the roles of Artistic Director and Principal Conductor. In 2023, after 11 very successful years at the helm of NYCGB, he stood down, first as Artistic Director (replaced by Lucy Hollins as Creative Director) then as Principal Conductor (succeeded by Nicholas Chalmers) to devote more time to his freelance work, most principally as Director of London Voices and composing. He was made an Honorary Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2013 for his services to the music industry.

Parry has made well over 100 recordings for EMI, Decca, Collegium, Virgin, Linn and Signum. He is married to violinist Kathryn Parry and they have three children: Freya Parry, Imogen (Midge) Parry, and George "G-man" Parry.

Selected discography

 Choir of Royal Holloway 'The Hours' - Choral Music by Ben Parry' (Signum Classics 2020) - composer
 Choir of Selwyn College, Cambridge 'Christmas Music by Ben Parry' (Regent Records 2019) - composer
 King's College Choir: William Byrd Great Service (EMI 1987) – singer
 Cy Coleman: City of Angels: original London cast recording (1st Night 1994) – soloist
 Taverner Consort: Purcell Dido and Aeneas (BBC/Sony 1995) – soloist
 Gabrieli Consort: Music for San Rocco (DG Archiv 1996) – singer
 Dunedin Consort: Copland/Barber In the Beginning (Linn 2000) – conductor
 Scottish Chamber Orchestra/Mackerras: Mozart Requiem (Linn 2003) – chorusmaster
 Paul McCartney: Ecce Cor Meum (EMI 2006) – chorusmaster
 Tenebrae: Prayers for Mankind (Signum 2010) – producer
Coldplay: When I Need a Friend (Everyday Life) – conductor
Ryan Gosling: I'm Just Ken (Barbie: The Album) – choirmaster

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
People educated at Ipswich School
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Musicians from Suffolk
English operatic baritones
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
British performers of early music
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century British male musicians
The Swingle Singers members
Musicians from Ipswich

Ben Parry (musician)


The Cup of Tea is an oil painting on canvas by Mary Cassatt. It was painted about 1880.  It measures 36 3/8 x 25 3/4 in. (92.4 x 65.4 cm). The picture hangs in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The artist made the tea ritual the subject of a series of works painted around 1880-81. The model was her sister, Lydia, who often posed for her. Cassatt showed the painting to critical acclaim in the 1881 Impressionist exhibition.

References

1880s paintings
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
American paintings

The Cup of Tea


The Hoffmann 2CV Cabrio is a kitcar based on the Citroën 2CV.

In 1988, Wolfgang Hoffmann developed the design and the first prototypes.
A lot of Hoffmann 2CV Cabrios have been built as a homework project. Approximately 250 professionally manufactured vehicles left the workshop in Hohenfurch. The kit contains a fibre glass reinforced plastic body with steel frame, two side windows, soft-top, trunk lid and all necessary screws, bolts, hinges etc.

To this day approx. 1700 Hoffmann cabrios are registered in Europe, mainly in Germany and France. Some vehicles have also been sold to Japan and the USA.

The company is also producing spare parts for the Citroën 2CV, and other Citroën A-Types, like stainless steel chassis and fibre glass body parts.

References
AutoBild 36/1988
Der Spiegel 47/2011

External links
Manufacturer's website

Kit cars
Citroën 2CV

Hoffmann 2CV


A project post-mortem is a process used to identify the causes of a project failure (or significant business-impairing downtime), and how to prevent them in the future. This is different from a Retrospective, in which both positive and negative things are reviewed for a project.

The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) refers to the process as lessons learned. Project post-mortems are intended to inform process improvements which mitigate future risks and to promote iterative best practices. Post-mortems are often considered a key component of, and ongoing precursor to, effective risk management.

Elements of a project post-mortem
Post-mortems can encompass both quantitative data and qualitative data. Quantitative data include the variance between the hours estimated for a project and the actual hours incurred. Qualitative data will often include stakeholder satisfaction, end-user satisfaction, team satisfaction, potential reusability and perceived quality of end-deliverables.

Role of time tracking
Successful analysis of project estimate variance is dependent on accurate time tracking. The greater the granularity with which time is tracked, the more detailed an analysis can be performed during the project post-mortem.

See also
 Kickoff meeting
 Pre-mortem
 Project management
 Risk management

References

External links
 Nine steps to IT post-mortem excellence – article on ZD Net
 A Defined Process For Project Postmortem Review – article on ACM Digital Library

Project management

Postmortem documentation


The Charles M. Bailey Public Library is the public library serving Winthrop, Maine. It is located at 39 Bowdoin Street, near the town center.  It was officially established by the town on November 4, 1916, and opened to the public on December 2, 1916. The library became a free library in 1970, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The original granite structure was designed by prominent Maine architect John Calvin Stevens, and his son John Howard Stevens. The 2015 addition was designed by Maine architect Philip M Locashio.

Founding

The Winthrop Public Library was originally opened on July 8, 1889. The library location was referred to as "Packard Block" in early Town Reports. The original library contained 1,322 volumes at the time of opening and featured a reading room. The collection had grown to 2,700 volumes by 1904. The cost to use the original library was $1 per year, and the original library construction was funded through a combination of private fundraising and a Town grant.

In November 1916, Charles M. Bailey of Winthrop, Maine entered into an agreement with the Town of Winthrop to give a new building to be used for library and reading room purposes. The new library was opened to the public on December 2, 1916 in a dedication ceremony that featured president of Colby College, Arthur J. Roberts, and Dennis' Orchestra of Augusta, Maine. Charles M. Bailey was the best known member of the Society of Friends in Winthrop, and was known for his "Bailey's Praying Band", who conducted evangelistic services. Bailey also owned one of the largest oilcloth manufacturers in America at the time, and employed two hundred individuals in Winthrop in the early 1900s. The 1916 structure of rock faced and chiseled granite is still in use today.

Charles Irving Bailey (the elder son of Charles M. Bailey) was the first person to serve as Chair of the newly formed Board of Trustees. Lula A. Clifford was the first head librarian to serve in the new Bailey building, and served to the time of her death in 1940. Clifford's starting salary was $1 for each afternoon and evening the library was open to the public, and in 1920 was set at $25 per month. Mr. John Stanley served as Town Librarian for twenty-five years (at the Packard Block location) before Charles M. Bailey donated the Bowdoin St. building. John Stanley continued serving on the Board of Trustees and Book Committee after Clifford was hired in 1916. Lula A. Clifford was noted as being Stanley's assistant librarian prior to 1916.

The first book replacement notice was sent out to C.S. Fowle on January 17, 1920.

Expansion

The library Building Committee first encouraged the Board of Trustees to start thinking in terms of future expansion and acquisition of adjacent land in 1966, and in 1972 the Board of Trustees hired architect George Royal to establish a plan for library expansion. The Winthrop Masonic Hall (occupying the adjacent land necessary for expansion) was put on the market in 1973, and the library Building Committee requested right of first refusal of the property. Further, a 1973 Maine State Evaluation of the library reported that "additional space is much needed and...the library shows a definite need for expansion...". In 1974 the library began renovating the basement to be used as a Children's Room. In 2005, the Town of Winthrop purchased the adjacent land necessary for library expansion, and the Board of Trustees hired architect Phil Locashio and began planning. In 2012, the Library Trustees announced the capital fundraising campaign chairpersons, and in 2014 Library and Winthrop Town officials announced plans to begin construction on a one-story addition in September, 2014. The expanded library opened on June 1, 2015.

2009 Fire
The library closed on March 6, 2009 when a 16-year-old boy pushed a flaming roll of paper towels into the building's boiler room through a basement window, causing extensive damage. The library operated out of Town Hall on Highland Avenue until its reopening in August 2009.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kennebec County, Maine

References

External links

Town of Winthrop, Maine

Library buildings completed in 1916
Public libraries in Maine
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Libraries in Kennebec County, Maine
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Kennebec County, Maine
Winthrop, Maine

Charles M. Bailey Public Library


The txistu () is a kind of fipple flute that became a symbol for the Basque folk revival. The name may stem from the general Basque word ziztu "to whistle" with palatalisation of the z (cf zalaparta > txalaparta). This three-hole pipe can be played with one hand, leaving the other one free to play a percussion instrument.

Evidence of the txistu first mentioned as such goes back to 1864. Yet it is apparent that it was used earlier, although it is not easy to establish when it started out; actually, it is impossible to do so, the txistu being the result of an evolution of the upright flutes widespread as early as the Late Middle Ages, when minstrels scattered all over the Iberian Peninsula brought in instruments that locals, noblemen first and common people later took on and developed. At the beginning, txistu players (txistularis) were named in romance written records after the tabor (pipe and tabor were played together): tamborer, tamborino, tambolín, tamborín, tamboril, músico tamboril, tamborilero, tamboriltero. However, when named after the flute, they are called in Spanish pífano, silbato, silbo, silbo vizcaíno or chilibistero.

The three-hole flute was no doubt used by people in much of Spain and western Europe not only in the Basque Country, but recordings of Basque names for the instrument turn up later: txilibitu, txirula, txirola, txürula, txulula, txilibitulari, txilibistari. While some instruments fell into decay, from the Renaissance on the three-hole flute raised its profile and increasingly took on the length as we know it today (42 cm) in the western Basque Country. In contrast, the (t)xirula, the version that prevailed on the eastern Basque Country (Soule, Labourd and Navarre) remained shorter in size. At that point, three-hole flutes were made of wood (despite some instances of flutes made in bone).

Up to the 18th century, since chistu was played along the pattern of tabor and pipe, it needed no tuning; yet in the 18th century the chistu was adopted by the Count of Peñaflorida and his Basque Enlightenment cultural revival, and became a part of Basque aspirations for the nobility, resulting in more instruments (usually other chistus) joining the pair, so they started to be tuned. The instrument was modified to give it a range of two octaves, and a larger version called in Spanish the silbote was fashioned to accompany polyphonic compositions. Rural txistu musicians continued their own traditions with self crafted rustic txistus, while the urban txistularis formed schools to teach the brand-new sophisticated instrument.

At different stages of the three-hole flute's history reeds and metal mouthpieces were applied for a better sound. While some claim that it is closely related to the early link of the Basques to iron and the forging industry, others suggest that the embedding of such pieces began in the industrial revolution of the 19th century.

The oldest txistu melodies are characterized by a Mixolydian mode in G, which is the same as the seventh mode in Gregorian chanting.  More recently composed songs are still in G major, but in either natural or sharp F or, more rarely, C.  There are exceptions, however, in major F melodies with natural B.

The Association of Txistularies in the Basque Country was formed in 1927 to promote txistularis.  The organization has continued its activities to the present, except for an interruption during the period of Francoist Spain.

References

External links

Association des Amateurs du Txistu Site in French
Explanation of txistu

Basque musical instruments
Internal fipple flutes

es:Txistu
eu:Txistu

Txistu


Tom & Thomas (UK title: The Christmas Twins) is a 2002 British family film directed by Esmé Lammers and starring Aaron Johnson and Sean Bean. The film was released on 24 January 2002 in the Netherlands.

Plot
Sean Bean stars as the caring single adoptive father of one of a set of identical twins — played by Aaron Johnson — separated years earlier. The film follows the two boys as they meet, and having come to the attention of a corrupt orphanage manager are instrumental in smashing a child smuggling ring. After the two boys meet they have fun until Thomas is kidnapped by the child smugglers. They keep him bound with belts in a warehouse and use drugs to keep him asleep. The smugglers plan to transport Thomas to another country in a plane by smuggling him off as an animal in a box where he is kept bound and gagged (with belts and tape). Tom learns of this however and comes to Thomas' rescue.

Locations
Tom & Thomas was filmed on the following locations:
 London Southbank (UK), scene were the two boys mock about throwing snowballs.
 Notting Hill (UK), where Sean Bean and Aaron Johnson get in the car.
 Haarlem (NL), is where the Thomas' school scenes were shot.
 Amstelveen (NL), is where Tom and Thomas obtain their corduroy denim jacket with orange hooded sweaters. Amsterdam RAI (NL), was turned into Heathrow departures.
 Noordwijk (NL), was where the museum scenes were made.
 Gent (B), that's where the orphanage scenes were shot.
 Schiphol airport, where Transavia allowed the crew to use their hangar.

Casting
Tom & Thomas gained initial media interest through its illusive casting auditions. The auditions took place across the UK and the Netherlands, and resulted in a final casting session held in London, UK. The eventual winners were Tom and Alex Dawes, twins from the Midlands who are more generally known for their guest appearance in Nickelodeon's TV adaptation of Jacqueline Wilson's Double Act. However, after being accepted for the roles, the pair were rejected in favour of Johnson as loss of funding cut the cast in half. After a brief conflict between the Dawes twins and Lammers, which resulted in the pair gaining UK rights to the title "Tom & Thomas", the matter was settled with an undisclosed settlement. The Dawes twins have not been involved in any acting since, and now both hold positions at the University of Oxford.

External links

2002 films
Dutch drama films
2002 drama films
British drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

Tom & Thomas


The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a successor to VAT used in India on the supply of goods and services. GST is a digitalized form of VAT where you can also track the goods & services. Both VAT and GST have the same taxation slabs. It is a comprehensive, multistage, destination-based tax: comprehensive because it has subsumed almost all the indirect taxes except a few state taxes. Multi-staged as it is, the GST is imposed at every step in the production process, but is meant to be refunded to all parties in the various stages of production other than the final consumer and as a destination-based tax, it is collected from point of consumption and not point of origin like previous taxes.

Goods and services are divided into five different tax slabs for collection of tax: 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%. However, petroleum products, alcoholic drinks, and electricity are not taxed under GST and instead are taxed separately by the individual state governments, as per the previous tax system. There is a special rate of 0.25% on rough precious and semi-precious stones and 3% on gold.  In addition a cess of 22% or other rates on top of 28% GST applies on several  items like aerated drinks, luxury cars and tobacco products. Pre-GST, the statutory tax rate for most goods was about 26.5%; post-GST, most goods are expected to be in the 18% tax range.

The tax came into effect from 1 July 2017 through the implementation of the One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India by the Indian government. 1st July is celebrated as GST Day. The GST replaced existing multiple taxes levied by the central and state governments.

Also, to boost GST billing in India, the Government of India, in association with state governments, has launched an "Invoice Incentive Scheme" (Mera Bill Mera Adhikaar). This will encourage the culture of customers asking for invoices and bills for all purchases. The objective of the scheme is to bring a cultural and behavioural change in the general public to 'Ask for a Bill' as their right and entitlement.

The tax rates, rules and regulations are governed by the GST Council which consists of the finance ministers of the central government and all the states. The GST is meant to replace a slew of indirect taxes with a federated tax and is therefore expected to reshape the country's $3.5 trillion economy, but its implementation has received criticism. Positive outcomes of the GST includes the travel time in interstate movement, which dropped by 20%, because of disbanding of interstate check posts.

History

Formation
The reform of India's indirect tax regime was started in 1986 by Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Finance Minister in Rajiv Gandhi's government, with the introduction of the Modified Value Added Tax (MODVAT). Subsequently, Prime  Minister P V Narasimha Rao and his Finance Minister Manmohan Singh, initiated early discussions on a Value Added Tax (VAT) at the state level. A single common "Goods and Services Tax (GST)" was proposed and given a go-ahead in 1999 during a meeting between the  Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and his economic advisory panel, which included three former RBI governors IG Patel, Bimal Jalan and C Rangarajan. Vajpayee set up a committee headed by the Finance Minister of West Bengal, Asim Dasgupta to design a GST model.

The Asim Dasgupta committee which was also tasked with putting in place the back-end technology and logistics (later came to be known as the GST Network, or GSTN, in 2015). It later came out for rolling out a uniform taxation regime in the country. In 2002, the Vajpayee government formed a task force under Vijay Kelkar to recommend tax reforms. In 2005, the Kelkar committee recommended rolling out GST as suggested by the 12th Finance Commission.

After the defeat of the BJP-led NDA government in the 2004 Lok Sabha election and the election of a Congress-led UPA government, the new Finance Minister P Chidambaram in February 2006 continued work on the same and proposed a GST rollout by 1 April 2010. However, in 2011, with the Trinamool Congress routing CPI(M) out of power in West Bengal, Asim Dasgupta resigned as the head of the GST committee. Dasgupta admitted in an interview that 80% of the task had been done.

The UPA introduced the 115th Constitution Amendment Bill on 22 March 2011 in the Lok Sabha to bring about the GST. It ran into opposition from the Bharatiya Janata Party and other parties and was referred to a Standing Committee headed by the BJP's former Finance Minister Yashwant Sinha. The committee submitted its report in August 2013, but in October 2013 Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi raised objections that led to the bill's indefinite postponement. The Minister for Rural Development Jairam Ramesh attributed the GST Bill's failure to the "single handed opposition of Narendra Modi".

In the 2014 Lok Sabha election, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led NDA government was elected into power. With the consequential dissolution of the 15th Lok Sabha, the GST Bill – approved by the standing committee for reintroduction – lapsed. Seven months after the formation of the then Modi government, the new Finance Minister Arun Jaitley introduced the GST Bill in the Lok Sabha, where the BJP had a majority. In February 2015, Jaitley set another deadline of 1 April 2017 to implement GST. In May 2016, the Lok Sabha passed the Constitution Amendment Bill, paving way for GST. However, the Opposition, led by the Congress, demanded that the GST Bill be again sent back for review to the Select Committee of the Rajya Sabha due to disagreements on several statements in the Bill relating to taxation. Finally, in August 2016, the Amendment Bill was passed. Over the next 15 to 20 days, 18 states ratified the Constitution amendment Bill and the President Pranab Mukherjee gave his assent to it.

A 21-member selected committee was formed to look into the proposed GST laws. After GST Council approved the Central Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 (The CGST Bill), the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 (The IGST Bill), the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 (The UTGST Bill), the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to the States) Bill 2017 (The Compensation Bill), these Bills were passed by the Lok Sabha on 29 March 2017. The Rajya Sabha passed these Bills on 6 April 2017 and were then enacted as Acts on 12 April 2017. Thereafter, State Legislatures of different States have passed respective State Goods and Services Tax Bills. After the enactment of various GST laws, Goods and Services Tax was launched all over India with effect from 1 July 2017. The Jammu and Kashmir state legislature passed its GST act on 7 July 2017, thereby ensuring that the entire nation is brought under a unified indirect taxation system. There was to be no GST on the sale and purchase of securities. That continues to be governed by Securities Transaction Tax (STT).

Implementation
The GST was launched at midnight on  1 July 2017 by the President of India, and the Government of India. The launch was marked by a historic midnight (30 June – 1 July) session of both the houses of parliament convened at the Central Hall of the Parliament. Though the session was attended by high-profile guests from the business and the entertainment industry including Ratan Tata, it was boycotted by the opposition due to the predicted problems that it was bound to lead for the middle and lower class Indians. The tax was strongly opposed by the opposing Indian National Congress. It is one of the few midnight sessions that have been held by the parliament - the others being the declaration of India's independence on 15 August 1947, and the silver and golden jubilees of that occasion. After its launch, the GST rates have been modified multiple times, the latest being on 10th May 2023 where taxpayer with ₹5Crore+ turnover in any financial year from 2017-2018 shall issue e-invoices w.e.f. 1st August 2023.

Members of the Congress boycotted the GST launch altogether. They were joined by members of the Trinamool Congress, Communist Parties of India and the DMK. The parties reported that they found virtually no difference between the GST and the existing taxation system, claiming that the government was trying to merely rebrand the current taxation system. They also argued that the GST would increase existing rates on common daily goods while reducing rates on luxury items, and affect many Indians adversely, especially the middle, lower middle and poorer income groups.

Tax

Taxes subsumed
The single GST  subsumed several taxes and levies, which included central excise duty, services tax, additional customs duty, surcharges, state-level value added tax and Octroi. Other levies which were applicable on inter-state transportation of goods have also been done away with in GST regime. GST is levied on all transactions such as sale, transfer, purchase, barter, lease, or import of goods and/or services.

India adopted a dual GST model, meaning that taxation is administered by both the Union and state governments. Transactions made within a single state are levied with Central GST (CGST) by the Central Government and State GST (SGST) by the State governments. For inter-state transactions and imported goods or services, an Integrated GST (IGST) is levied by the Central Government. GST is a consumption-based tax/destination-based tax, therefore, taxes are paid to the state where the goods or services are consumed not the state in which they were produced. IGST complicates tax collection for State Governments by disabling them from collecting the tax owed to them directly from the Central Government. Under the previous system, a state would only have to deal with a single government in order to collect tax revenue.

HSN code
India is a member of World Customs Organization (WCO) since 1971. It was originally using 6-digit HSN codes to classify commodities for Customs and Central Excise. Later Customs and Central Excise added two more digits to make the codes more precise, resulting in an 8 digit classification. The purpose of HSN codes is to make GST systematic and globally accepted.

The Harmonized System of Nomenclature (HSN) code is used for classifying goods under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. The HSN code is a six-digit code that uniquely identifies a product. The first two digits of the code identify the chapter, the next two digits identify the heading, and the last two digits identify the subheading.

HSN codes will remove the need to upload the detailed description of the goods. This will save time and make filing easier since GST returns are automated.

If a company has turnover up to  in the preceding financial year then it need not mention the HSN code while supplying goods on invoices. If a company has turnover more than  but up to , then it needs to mention the first two digits of HSN code while supplying goods on invoices. If turnover crosses  then it needs to mention the first 4 digits of HSN code on invoices.

Rate
The GST is imposed at variable rates on variable items. The rate of GST is 18% for soaps and 28% on washing detergents. GST on movie tickets is based on slabs, with 18% GST for tickets that cost less than ₹100 and 28% GST on tickets costing more than ₹100 and 28% on commercial vehicle and private and 5% on readymade clothes. The rate on under-construction property booking is 12%. Some industries and products were exempted by the government and remain untaxed under GST, such as dairy products, products of milling industries, fresh vegetables & fruits, meat products, and other groceries and necessities.

Checkposts across the country were abolished ensuring free and fast movement of goods. Such efficient transportation of goods was further ensured by subsuming octroi within the ambit of GST.

The Central Government had proposed to insulate the revenues of the States from the effects of GST, with the expectation that in due course, GST will be levied on petroleum and petroleum products. The central government had assured states of compensation for any revenue loss incurred by them from the date of GST for a period of five years. However, no concrete laws have yet been made to support such action. GST council adopted concept paper discouraging tinkering with rates.

e-Way Bill
An e-Way Bill is an electronic permit for shipping goods similar to a waybill. It is an electronic bill; there is no requirement for a paper bill. It was made compulsory for inter-state transport of goods from 1 June 2018. It is required to be generated for every inter-state movement of goods beyond  and the threshold limit of .

It is a paperless, technology solution and critical anti-evasion tool to check tax leakages and clamp down on trade that currently happens on a cash basis. The pilot started on 1 February 2018 but was withdrawn after glitches in the GST Network. The states are divided into four zones for rolling out in phases by end of April 2018.

A unique e-Way Bill Number (EBN) is generated either by the supplier, recipient or the transporter. The EBN can be a printout, SMS or written on invoice is valid. The GST/Tax Officers tally the e-Way Bill listed goods with goods carried with it. The mechanism is aimed at plugging loopholes like overloading, understating etc. Each e-way bill has to be matched with a GST invoice.

Transporter ID and PIN Code now compulsory from 01-Oct-2018.

It is a critical compliance-related GSTN project under the GST, with a capacity to process 7.5 million e-way bills per day.

Intra-State e-Way Bill
The five states piloting this project are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh, which account for 61.8% of the inter-state e-way bills, started mandatory intrastate e-way bill from 15 April 2018 to further reduce tax evasion. It was successfully introduced in Karnataka from 1 April 2018. The intrastate e-way bill will pave the way for a seamless, nationwide single e-way bill system. Six more states Jharkhand, Bihar, Tripura, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Haryana will roll it out from 20 April 18. All states are mandated to introduce it by 30 May 2018.

Reverse Charge Mechanism
Reverse Charge Mechanism (RCM) is a system in GST where the receiver pays the tax on behalf of unregistered, smaller material and service suppliers. The receiver of the goods is eligible for Input Tax Credit, while the unregistered dealer is not.

The central government released  to states as GST compensation. For the implementation, this amount was given to states to compensate for the revenue. Central government has had to face many criticisms for delays in compensation.

Goods excluded from the GST
 Tobacco Products: Products like cigarettes and other tobacco-based items attract separate taxes.
 Alcohol for human consumption (i.e., not for commercial use).
 Petrol and petroleum products (GST will apply at a later date), i.e., petroleum crude, high-speed diesel, motor spirit (petrol), natural gas, aviation turbine fuel.

QRMP Scheme
This is a recent amendment in GST Taxation System. If a taxpayer opts for this scheme he will have to file GST Returns on Quarterly basis instead of regular monthly basis, but Tax payment will have to be done monthly. QRMP means quarterly return monthly payment.

The Quarterly Return Filing and Monthly Payment (QRMP) Scheme is a simplified compliance regime under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. It is available to registered taxpayers whose aggregate annual turnover (PAN based) is up to ₹ 5 Crore in the current financial year and the preceding financial year (if applicable) and have already filed their last due Form GSTR-3B return.

Revenue distribution
Revenue earned from GST (intra state transaction - seller and buyer both are located in same state) is shared equally on 50-50 basis between central and respective state governments. Example: if Goa has collected a total GST revenue (intra state transaction - seller and buyer both are located in same state) of  in January, then the share of central government (CGST) will be  and the remaining  will be a share of Goa's state government GST (SGST) for the month of January.

For distribution of IGST (inter state transaction - seller and buyer both are located in different states) collection, revenue is collected by central government and shared with state where good is imported. Example: 'A' is a seller located in state of Goa selling a product to 'B' a buyer of that product located in state of Punjab, then IGST collected from this transaction will be shared equally on 50-50 basis between central and Punjab state governments only.

GST Council
GST Council is the governing body of GST having 33 members, out of which 2 members are of centre and 31 members are from 28 state and 3 Union territories with Legislature. The council contains the following members (a) Union Finance Minister (as chairperson) (b) Union Minister of States in charge of revenue or finance (as member) (c) the ministers of states in charge of finance or taxation or other ministers as nominated by each states government (as member). GST Council is an apex member committee to modify, reconcile or to procure any law or regulation based on the context of goods and services tax in India. The council is headed by the union finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman assisted with the finance minister of all the states of India. The GST council is responsible for any revision or enactment of rule or any rate changes of the goods and services in India.

Members of GST Council

Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN)
The GSTN software is developed by Infosys Technologies and the information technology network that provides the computing resources is maintained by the NIC. "Goods and Services Tax Network" (GSTN) is a nonprofit organization formed for creating a sophisticated network, accessible to stakeholders, government, and taxpayers, to access information from a single source (portal). The portal is accessible to the tax authorities for tracking down every transaction, while taxpayers have the ability to connect for their tax returns.

The GSTN's authorized capital is  in which initially the Central Government held 24.5 per cent of shares while the state government held 24.5 per cent. The remaining 51 per cent were held by non-Government financial institutions, HDFC and HDFC Bank hold 20%, ICICI Bank holds 10%, NSE Strategic Investment holds 10% and LIC Housing Finance holds 11% .

However, later it was made a wholly owned government company having equal shares of state and central government.

Statistics
Goods and Services Tax (India) Revenue Statistics.

Revenue collections
Statistical Details of GST Revenue Collected.

Returns
Statistical Details of GST Returns filed.

Around 3.8 million new taxpayers have registered under GST regime and the total count has crossed 10 million if we include the 6.4 million earlier ones. The total number of taxpayers were above 11.4 million in October 2018.

Criticism

Technicalities of GST implementation in India have been criticized by global financial institutions/industries, sections of Indian media, and opposition political parties in India. World Bank's 2018 version of India Development Update described India's version of GST as too complex, noticing various flaws compared to GST systems prevalent in other countries; most significantly, the second-highest tax rate among a sample of 115 countries at 28%.

GST's implementation in India has been further criticized by Indian businessmen for problems including tax refund delays and too much documentation and administrative effort needed. According to a partner at PwC India, when the first GST returns were filed in August 2017, the system crashed under the weight of filings.

The opposition Indian National Congress has consistently been among the most vocal opponents of GST implementation in India with party President, Rahul Gandhi, slamming BJP for allegedly "destroying small businessmen and industries" in the country. He went on to pejoratively dub GST as "Gabbar Singh Tax" after an ill-famed, fictional dacoit in Bollywood. Claiming the implementation of GST as a "way of removing money from the pockets of the poor", Rahul has called it as a "big failure" while declaring that if the Congress party is elected to power, it will implement a single slab GST instead of different slabs. In the run-up to the elections in various states of India, Rahul has intensified his "Gabbar Singh" criticisms on Modi's administration.

According to an estimate, 230,000 small businesses shut down due to complications of compliance with the GST.

Challenges in GST Implementation in India
The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) was a landmark reform in India's taxation system, aimed at streamlining and simplifying multiple taxes into a singular, unified system. However, like any significant overhaul, its implementation came with a set of challenges:

1. Technological Hurdles: The GST regime brought in the need for businesses to file taxes online through the GSTN portal. However, frequent technical glitches, server downtimes, and difficulties in navigating the portal posed significant challenges, especially for small businesses unfamiliar with digital tax filing. Utilizing dedicated GST billing and compliance software can alleviate these technological challenges. Platforms like Billclap provide a user-friendly interface and ensure seamless, error-free filing.

2. Complex Return Filing Process: With multiple return forms to be filled and regular filings required, many businesses found the process intricate and time-consuming. Adopting automated GST billing softwares that assist in accurate form selection, auto-population of details, and timely submission can be instrumental. Tools such as Billclap can significantly simplify the return filing experience.

3. Compliance Costs: The transition to the GST system necessitated changes in business processes, IT systems, and skill up-gradation, leading to increased compliance costs for businesses.

4. Input Tax Credit (ITC) Challenges: While the ITC mechanism aimed to prevent the cascading effect of taxes, businesses faced issues in availing and reconciling ITC due to mismatches in invoices between suppliers and recipients.

5. Multiple Tax Slabs: The GST system introduced different tax rates for various goods and services. This multi-tiered structure led to confusion about the correct tax rate applicable to specific products or services.

6. Transition Issues: The shift from the old tax regime to GST led to challenges related to the carry-forward of tax credits, stock transition provisions, and more.

7. Training and Education: There was a significant knowledge gap among businesses, especially SMEs, regarding GST's nuances. Proper training and education became essential to ensure compliance and make the most of the new system.

In conclusion, while the GST regime aimed at simplifying the tax landscape in India, its initial phase presented several challenges. However, with the right tools and continuous learning, businesses can navigate this landscape efficiently and ensure compliance.

See also
 The Great Hedge of India, a historic colonial-era inland customs border
Goods and Services Tax (Australia)
Goods and Services Tax (Canada)
Goods and Services Tax (Hong Kong)
Goods and Services Tax (Malaysia)
Goods and Services Tax (Singapore)

References

External links

e-Way Bill System at ewaybill.nic.in. National Informatics Centre.
CBIC GST Law
GST Council

2017 in Indian economy
2017 in Indian politics
Taxation in India
India
Modi administration
Economic history of India (1947–present)
2017 establishments in India

Goods and Services Tax (India)


James Langton (18 January 1918 – 18 April 1987) was an Irish hurler who usually played as a left wing-forward for the Kilkenny senior team.

Born in Gowran, County Kilkenny, Phelan first played competitive hurling whilst at school in Kilkenny CBS. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Kilkenny minor team. He made his senior debut in the 1938 championship. Langton went on to play a key part for Kilkenny during a lean era for the county, and won two All-Ireland medals and seven Leinster medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on three occasions.

As a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team for fourteen years, Langton won two Railway Cup medals. At club level he won four championship medal with Éire Óg.

Langton's career tally of 15 goals and 146 points was a record score for a Kilkenny player which stood for twenty years when it was surpassed by Eddie Keher.

Throughout his career Langton made 43 championship appearances. His retirement came following Kilkenny's defeat by Wexford in the 1954 championship.

Langton has been repeatedly voted onto teams made up of the sport's greats, including at left wing-forward on the Hurling Team of the Century in 1984 and the Hurling Team of the Millennium in 2000.

Playing career

College

Langton first came to hurling prominence with the Kilkenny CBS in the inter-colleges series of games.

In 1936 he was a key member of the college team that made history by reaching their first provincial final. A comprehensive 3–4 to 1–1 defeat of Blackrock College gave Langton a Leinster medal.

Club

Langton played his club hurling with Éire Óg and enjoyed much success in a career that spanned three decades.

His arrival on the inter-county scene marked an upturn in the fortunes of the club. After losing the county decider to Carrickshock in 1938, both sides faced off at the same stage of the championship the following year. A narrow 3–7 to 3–5 victory gave Langton his first championship medal.

Éire Óg failed to retain their championship crown in 1940, while Carrickshock defeated the team in the county showpiece in 1942.

Langton lined out in his fourth championship decider in 1944, with old rivals and five-in-a-row hopefuls Carrickshock providing the opposition once again. A 7–9 to 4–4 trouncing gave Langton a second championship medal.

Éire Óg reached the final again in 1945 and were presented with the chance of making their own piece of history by retaining the title. Once again Carrickshock stood in the way, however, a 2–7 to 1–10 draw was the result. The subsequent replay was more conclusive, with Langton collecting a third championship medal following a 4–8 to 1–7 victory.

Three-in-a-row proved beyond Éire Óg, however, the club reached the final again in 1947. Tullaroan were the opponents, however, a 3–10 to 0–13 victory gave Langton a fourth and final championship medal.

Langton's swansong for the club was in 1950, when Éire Óg were defeated by Dicksboro in a replay of the championship decider.

Minor

Langton first played for Kilkenny as a member of the county's minor team in 1935. It was a successful year as "the Cats" reached the final of the provincial series. Laois provided the opposition on that occasion, however, they proved no match for Kilkenny. A 7–8 to 1–1 trouncing gave Langton a first Leinster medal. The subsequent All-Ireland decider pitted Kilkenny against Tipperary. A close game developed, however, at the full-time whistle Kilkenny were the champions on a 4–2 to 3–3 score line. It was Langton's first All-Ireland medal.

Kilkenny dominated the provincial minor championship again in 1936. A 3–13 to 1–1 defeat of Dublin gave Langton a second Leinster medal. He later lined out in a second successive All-Ireland decider, with Cork standing in the way of Kilkenny retaining their title. In a close game Langton proved the hero by scoring the winning point in a narrow 2–4 to 2–3 victory. It was his second All-Ireland medal.

Senior

Early success

Langton made his senior debut during Kilkenny's unsuccessful 1938 campaign.

In 1939 Kilkenny reclaimed the provincial title. A 2–12 to 4–3 victory gave Langton his first Leinster medal. The subsequent All-Ireland final pitted Kilkenny against Cork. In one of the most iconic championship deciders of all-time, played on the day that World War II broke out, the climax of the game was played in a ferocious thunder storm. While a draw looked likely as the hour drew to a close, Paddy Phelan sent a seventy-yard free in towards the Cork goalmouth. The sliotar was gobbled up by the defence and cleared, but only as far as Jimmy Kelly who sent it straight over the bar for a one-point lead. Immediately after the puck-out the referee blew the whistle and Kilkenny were victorious on a score line of 2–7 to 3–3. The win gave Langton an All-Ireland medal in the senior grade.

In spite of being in only his third year of senior hurling, Langton was appointed captain of the Kilkenny team in 1940. He secured a second successive Leinster medal that year, as Kilkenny retained their provincial crown following a 3–6 to 2–5 defeat of Dublin. The subsequent All-Ireland decider on 1 September 1940 brought Kilkenny and Limerick together for the last great game between the two outstanding teams of the decade. Early in the second-half Kilkenny took a four-point lead, however, once Mick Mackey was deployed at midfield he proceeded to dominate the game. Limerick hung on to win the game on a score line of 3–7 to 1–7.

Narrow defeats

Kilkenny surrendered their provincial crown to Dublin in 1942, however, both sides faced each other in the provincial decider again in 1943. A 3–9 to 2–6 victory gave Langton his third Leinster medal. On 1 August 1943 Kilkenny faced Antrim in the All-Ireland semi-final. While many expected Langton's side to brush the Ulster challenge aside, a record crowd at Corrigan Park witnessed one of the biggest shocks in the history of the championship. Danny McAllister, Kevin Armstrong and Joe Mullan got the goals as Antrim triumphed by 3–3 to 1–6.

In 1945 Langton won a fourth Leinster medal as Kilkenny trounced the reigning champions Dublin by 5–12 to 3–4. Kilkenny later faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland final on 2 September 1945. Tipperary played into a strong sun in the opening half and built up a commanding lead. Kilkenny staged a comeback in the second half, however, Tipp still won the game by 5–6 to 3–6.

Langton added a fifth Leinster medal to his collection in 1946 as Kilkenny had a narrow 3–8 to 1–12 defeat of Dublin. Old rivals Cork provided the opposition in the subsequent All-Ireland final on 1 September 1946. While some had written off Cork's chances, they took an interval lead of four points. With ten minutes remaining Cork's lead was reduced to just two points, however, goals by Mossy O'Riordan and Joe Kelly secured a 7–6 to 3–8 victory and a third All-Ireland final defeat for Langton.

A second All-Ireland

Kilkenny made it three provincial titles in succession in 1947, however, Langton missed victory over Dublin. The subsequent All-Ireland final on 7 September 1947 was a repeat of the previous year with Cork providing the opposition. The stakes were high for both sides as Cork were aiming for a record sixth championship in seven seasons while Kilkenny were aiming to avoid becoming the first team to lose three consecutive All-Ireland finals. In what has been described as one of the greatest deciders of all-time, little separated the two teams over the course if the hour.  A Joe Kelly goal put Cork one point ahead with time almost up, however, Terry Leahy proved to be the hero of the day. He converted a free to level the sides again before sending over the match-winner from the subsequent puck-out. With that the game was over and Kilkenny were the champions by 0–14 to 2–7. It was the fifth time that Kilkenny had pipped Cork by a single point in the championship decider, while it also resulted in Langton winning a second All-Ireland medal.

After two years of decline, Kilkenny were back in 1950. A narrow 3–11 to 2–11 defeat of new arrivals Wexford gave Langton a sixth Leinster medal. He later lined out in his sixth All-Ireland final on 3 September 1950, with age-old rivals Tipperary providing the opposition. In a dull affair, Tipp looked to be heading for victory when Seán Kenny scored a goal to put the team four points ahead with just one minute left to play. Kilkenny fought back and a Jimmy Kelly goal from the puck-out reduced the deficit to just one point again. As "the Cats" were about to launch one final attack, the referee blew the whistle and Tipperary had won by 1–9 to 1–8.

Decline

In 1953 Kilkenny lined out in the provincial decider once again. A narrow 1–13 to 3–5 defeat of Wexford gave Langton his seventh and final Leinster medal. Kilkenny later faced Galway in the All-Ireland semi-final, however, Galway pulled off a shock victory by 3–5 to 1–10.

Langton retired from inter-county hurling following Kilkenny's defeat by Wexford in the Leinster semi-final in 1954.

Inter-provincial

Langton also had the honour of lining out with Leinster in the inter-provincial series of games. He made his debut in 1940 and was a regular on the team until 1954. His inter-provincial career coincided with a prolonged period of dominance by Munster and a breakthrough by Connacht.

In 1941 Langton played in his second inter-provincial final, with Munster providing the opposition once again. A narrow 2–5 to 2–4 victory gave Langton his first Railway Cup medal, while it denied the southern province a remarkable fifth successive title.

After a series of defeats in the intervening period, Langton lined out in his final inter-provincial final in 1954.  A 0–9 to 0–5 defeat of Munster gave him his second and final Railway Cup medal.

Recognition

In retirement from playing, Langton came to be regarded as one of the greatest hurlers of all-time.

Thirty years after he last lined out with Kilkenny, he was doubly honoured in the GAA's centenary year in 1984. That year he was presented with the All-Time All-Star award, while he was also chosen at left wing-forward on the Hurling Team of the Century. He retained that position on the Hurling Team of the Millennium in 2000.

Honours

Team

Kilkenny CBS
Leinster Senior Colleges' Hurling Championship (1): 1936

Éire Óg
Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship (4): 1938, 1944, 1945, 1947

Kilkenny
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1939, 1947
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (7): 1939, 1940 (c), 1943, 1945, 1946, 1950, 1953
All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship (2): 1935, 1936
Leinster Minor Hurling Championship (2): 1935, 1936

Leinster
Railway Cup (2): 1941, 1954

Individual

Honours
Hurling Team of the Millennium: Left wing-forward
Hurling Team of the Century: Left wing-forward
Kilkenny Hurling Team of the Century: Right wing-forward
All-Time All-Star: 1984
GAA Hall of Fame Inductee: 2013

References

1918 births
1987 deaths
Éire Óg (Kilkenny) hurlers
Kilkenny inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
People from Gowran

Jim Langton


Čonoplja () is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Sombor municipality, in the West Bačka District, Vojvodina province. The village has a Serb ethnic majority and its population numbering 4,359 people (2002 census).

Name
In Serbian, the village is known as Čonoplja (Чонопља), in German as Tschonopel, in Croatian as Čonoplja, in Bunjevac as Čonoplja, and in Hungarian as Csonoplya.

History
The oldest relics found at this location are dated back to the late Stone Age. Relics from the 7th and 8th centuries were also found, but they give no exact indication as to the tribes who lived there.

The village was first mentioned in the 14th century as Conoklija, during the administration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. During the Ottoman administration (16th-17th century), the village of Čonoplja was populated by ethnic Serbs. In 1590, the village had 28 households.

In the 17th century, ethnic Bunjevci settled in the village, while in the 18th and 19th century Germans and Hungarians settled here as well. There was a census in Bačka in 1715, but Čonoplja was not mentioned. However 31 households were mentioned for Sivac, including a certain Teša Čonopljanin, aged 50 who was born in Čonoplja and had run away from the Turks in 1685; hence his surname. In 1747, population of Čonoplja counted 5 salaši (farms) with 42 people. They were Hungarians and Dalmatians of Catholic confession (Bunjevci).

A few German families could be found as early as in 1758. Shortly thereafter, however, they left for other neighboring villages. A Paul Witsch is mentioned, interviewed in connection with having stolen a horse, but acquitted of a charge. Freiherr Anton von Cothmann, a representative of Empress Maria Theresia, visited Čonoplja in 1767 and his assessment was not very complimentary. Bad houses, untidy streets and big neglected fields, but nice vineyards existed. He decided to propose the place for settlement by Germans. The plans in Vienna were to settle Protestant or Reformed Germans there. But this was dropped, as the Hungarians and Dalmatians (Bunjevci) who lived there, were all Roman Catholics.

On May 16, 1786, 109 German families were to settle in Čonoplja, but there were 119, all Catholics. The major part, approximately 30 families, came from Elsass and Lothringen today in France, and approximately 30 from the eastern part of Hunsrück, a mountain range south of Koblenz, Germany. From this time to the end of World War II, Čonoplja was trilingual. In 1803, the population of Čonoplja numbered 2,734 people.

The All Saints Church, still in existence, was built in 1819. Before this, a small church made of wood stood at the same place. Its interior is splendidly painted, 5 bells ring for the church. Its dimensions are 44 meters by 12 meters. At the edge of the Telečka hill, above the Calvary, there is the Antonius Chapel. The Calvary, with its 14 Stations of the Cross and statues of saints, was among the most beautiful in Bačka; it was built in 1878, with donations from the faithful. On each July 2 (Visitation of Mary) many of the faithful, including those from the surrounding villages, used to go on a pilgrimage to the Čonoplja Brünndl Chapel. The headstones at the cemetery were usually made of marble or artificial stone. Many families used to have a vault and in front of it, there was a column made of black Swedish marble, and a white cross was attached to its top.
In 1869, the population of Čonoplja was 5,310, and had decreased to 4,536 by 1910. This was caused by emigration to America and other places. The railroad Sombor – Čonoplja – Krnjaja – Vrbas was opened on December 21, 1906. Electric power has been supplied to Čonoplja since 1921.

Although Čonoplja was a rather agricultural place, many priests, nuns, and teachers emerged. Many Donauschwaben farmers from Čonoplja owned a szállás (small farm outside the village). There was wine and fruit growing, hemp farmers and mills, fattening of pigs, and poultry breeding. The biggest farm within the boundaries of Čonoplja was the Kerschner farm with 1,200 jochs (approx. 692 hectares) of field. The village founded the following: A brickyard, construction tradesmen, construction materials store, clothing trade, hat maker, furrier, weaving mill, knitting business, timber processing and trading, cartwright, cooper, leather processing, electrician, metal processing, grocery store, butcher shop, bakery, confectioner, dairy, soft drink production, dyer, mills, fish farm, physician, drugstore, veterinarian, and savings bank. There was also a cinema and a spa on the road to Sombor. Many clubs, from firefighters to a soccer club, offered an opportunity for leisure time activities. There was also a library. A theatre group performed in regular intervals. The Subotica journal "Neven" wrote in early February 1921: "Čonoplja is a small, nicely equipped village in the Middle of the Bačka region". In 1940, the population of the village numbered 4,879 people, and included: 2,597 (53.45%) Germans, 1,442 (29.68%) Hungarians, 721 (14.84%) Croats, 38 (0.78%) Jews, 38 (0.78%) Serbs, 2 (0.04%) Slovaks, 2 (0.04%) Russians, 1 (0.02%) Romanians, 3 (0.06%) other Slavs, and 15 (0.31%) other non-Slavs.

The descendants of the Germans who settled in 1786 lost their homes, property, and often lives in WWII and its aftermath. On October 8 and 9 1944, more than 800 ethnic Germans fled from the village together with the withdrawing German army, fearing partisan reprisals and the imminent arrival of the Red Army. Those who stayed were expropriated and sent to Yugoslav concentration camps, where many of them were starved to death in the winter of 1945–1946. Most of the survivors were expelled from Yugoslavia. Descendants of the former ethnic German residents of Čonoplja are now widely scattered, with most living in Germany, Austria, and the United States. Among the Čonoplja Donauschwaben, about 330 people died as a direct or indirect result of WWII. Of these, 74 died in the Gakovo concentration camp, and another 126 in other Yugoslav camps or during the flight. 23 died as forced laborers after being deported to Stalino in the Ukraine.

After World War II, the village was settled by more than 3,000 people who originated from area around Slunj, Vrginmost and Cazin.

Ethnic groups (2002 census)

Serbs = 3,093 (70.96%)
Hungarians = 668 (15.33%)
Yugoslavs = 160 (3.67%)
Croats = 129 (2.96%)
Bunjevci = 113 (2.59%)
Others.

Historical population
1961: 5,546
1971: 5,109
1981: 4,749
1991: 4,432
2002: 4,359

Culture

There are 3 cultural-artistic societies in the village: "KUD Vuk Karadžić", "KUD Bunjevačka grana", and "KUD Arany Janoš".

Gallery

See also
List of places in Serbia
List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina

References

Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996.
1989 - DONAUSCHWÄBISCHE HEIMAT GEMEINDE TSCHONOPEL, Franz Josef Rausch & Joseph Rausch, Nürnberg.
1992 - Feith Johann Tschonopel bis Feith Johann Ober-Roden, Johann Feith, Rödermark.
1994 - Ortssippenbuch/Familienbuch Tschonopel 1762 - 1945, Johann Kainrad, Messel - Johann Kemmer und Johann Feith, Rödermark.
1997 - Donauschwäbische Gemeinde Tschonopel in der Batschka, A little book written by a Yugoslavian journalist, Translated by Franz Kemmer, Bonn - editing by Johann Feith, Rödermark.
2001 - Dokumentation über Tschonopeler Donauschwaben in Rödermark, Johann Feith, Rödermark.
2004 - Chronik der Familie Feith, Johann Feith, Rödermark.
2004 - Die Geschichte der Auswandererfamilien, Wilhelm Feyd/Fait, Damscheid - Jacob Gräff, Lingerhahn - Johann Feyd/Veit/Fait, Perscheid, Karl Heinz Gräff, Emmelshausen - Johann Feith, Rödermark.

External links

 Čonoplja - www.soinfo.org
 www.conopljanews.net

Places in Bačka
Sombor
West Bačka District

Čonoplja


is a district located in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of the January 10, 2006 Takamatsu merger (but with 2003 population statistics), the district consists of the single town of Naoshima and has an estimated population of 3,583 and a density of 251.97 persons per km2. The total area is 14.22 km2.

Towns and villages
Naoshima

Mergers
 On September 26, 2005 the town of Shionoe merged into the expanded city of Takamatsu.
 On January 10, 2006 the towns of Kagawa and Kōnan, along with the towns of Aji and Mure, both from Kita District, and the town of Kokubunji, from Ayauta District, merged into the expanded city of Takamatsu.

Districts in Kagawa Prefecture

Kagawa District, Kagawa


In Eswatini, an inkhundla (; plural: tinkhundla) is an administrative subdivision smaller than a district but larger than an umphakatsi (or "chiefdom").  There are 55 tinkhundla in Eswatini: 14 in Hhohho District, 11 in Lubombo District, 16 in Manzini District, and 14 in Shishelweni District. According to the constitution of Eswatini, the government for Eswatini is a democratic, participatory, tinkhundla-based system that emphasizes devolution of state power from central government to tinkhundla areas and individual merit as a basis for election or appointment to public office.  The system is non-partisan since the constitution does not recognize political parties, although section 25 of the constitution allows for open freedom of assembly and association. Each inkhundla elects one representative to the House of Assembly of Eswatini, the lower chamber of the bicameral parliament (Libandla).  The same trend is applied in local government elections. This governing system was designed by King Sobhuza II with the assistance of political scholars and lawyers. It came to effect in 1978 and was adjusted in the early 1990s.

History

The tinkhundla concept of government has its roots in the Second World War, led by Prince Dabede of Gundvwini Royal Residence and Ndvuna Mfundza John Brightwell Sukati of Zabeni Royal Residence. They were part of a group of veteran Swazi soldiers who came back from the Middle East after the war in 1945 and 1946.  These soldiers spent some time with His Majesty King Sobhuza II, relating their experiences gained along the seashores of the African Continent during the British military campaign from the Durban seaport to Tripoli in North Africa. They recommended that in order for the economy of Swaziland to recover from the ravages of the war, community centres (tinkhundla) should be established and rally support for the King's endeavors to bring about proportional development of the country. This would also strengthen and enhance national safety and security strategies.

In 1977, the King Sobhuza II-appointed Delimitation Commission came up with a recommendation of twenty-two (22) Tinkhundla centres. The first tinkhundla established were headed by Tindvuna teTinkhundla who were all ex-soldiers (umsizi) appointed by His Majesty King Sobhuza II.

In 1979, tinkhundla centers were increased from 22 to 40, because it was found that most people failed to attend and participate in tinkhundla meetings.  In 1993, the tinkhundla centres were further increased to 55, following the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission that was appointed by His Majesty King Mswati III. This commission was a result of people's input during consultative commissions (vuselas), which were led by Prince Masitsela, Prince Mahlalengangeni and Prince Guduza.

Governance role

The system emphasizes the devolution of state power from central government to tinkhundla while individual merit is the basis for election and appointment into public office. In general, tinkhundla stimulate community development at the grassroots level, coordinating and promoting a good relationship between government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) working at the tinkhundla level. They further provide a link between communities and government as well as other development agents to ensure the responsiveness of all national policies to the needs of the people. In the process, they create harmony among all agents providing services within that inkhundla.

The Ministry of Tinkhundla Administration and Development has a mandate to facilitate the management of region development and promote service delivery at tinkhundla and chiefdom levels. Tinkhundla are the foundation for the bottom-up development planning process and the delivery of local services in partnership with the central government. A major area of focus in the process is the development, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of evidence-based, integrated development plans funded by development grants and the central government budget where applicable. The Ministry also has a mandate to bring about improvements in the performance and effectiveness of the administration and management of the regions, tinkhundla committees, and chiefdoms.

Economic role

Tinkhundla centres are economic growth points where people meet and communities are mobilised to embark on business projects that have been allocated Tinkhundla Empowerment Funds. Initially, these funds were worth E70,000 per inkhundla, but lately, it has been upgraded to E130,000. This covers the payment of utilities, stationery, and minor maintenance of the tinkhundla offices.

See also
Panchayat (Nepal)

References

External links

Subdivisions of Eswatini

Inkhundla


One Night Stand is a 2016 Indian Hindi erotic romantic drama film written by Bhavani Iyer and directed by Jasmine D'Souza. It features Tanuj Virwani and Sunny Leone in the lead roles. The film centers on a man who ends up becoming obsessed with a woman he has a one night stand with. Principal photography was wrapped up in 55 days and filming locations included Mumbai, Bangkok and Pune. The film was released on 6 May 2016. The film was also dubbed in Telugu and Tamil .

Plot
The movie starts off with a flashback that's being narrated by Urvil (Tanuj Virwani). It is the flashback and a series of events from his past that has defined his present. The flashback starts off with a fashion show organised by his event management agency in Phuket, Thailand. And after completing the event successfully, Urvil and his colleagues go drinking to celebrate. It is here that his friends challenge him to speak to a rank stranger (Sunny Leone) for a few thousand rupees. An attempt to win the bet gets him introduced to the stranger who, in turn, introduces herself as Celina. What follows after that, is unlimited liquor drinking by the two of them, which ultimately lands them up in bed together. But, the very next day, when Urvil gets up, he finds out that Celina has already left the room, without leaving any details of her whereabouts. And when Urvil comes back to his home in Pune, he is welcomed by his beautiful and dutiful wife Simran (Nyra Banerjee). Things are absolutely smooth between the couple, until one day Urvil accidentally spots Celina in the same mall wherein he has gone for shopping with his wife Simran. That very sight of Celina freshens up his 'one night stand' with her, which, in turn, gets translated into his desperation to meet her again. Thereafter begins his unending quest to hunt down Celina from the length and the breadth of the world. Amidst all this, Urvil gets extremely busy with his company's big-budget event of a product launch.

It is here where he gets introduced to his rich client Adhiraj Kapoor (Khalid Siddiqui) and his family, which takes the daylights out of Urvil. The mysterious lady Celina is none other than Ambar, wife of Adhiraj, who, along with their young son Jahaan (Rehan Pathan) and Adhiraj's father Raghav (Kanwaljeet Singh), stay in their posh villa in Koregaon Park, Pune. Urvil loses interest in his job and wife and stalks Celina/ Ambar. His colleague David (Ninad Kamat) advises him to forget Ambar in order to save his marriage but he ignores his advice. Urvil tails Ambar continuously. Being fed up, she asks him to leave her alone and forget whatever happened between them as 'one night stand' but he refuses to do so and Urvil haunts her so much that he reaches their home and embarrasses Ambar. He rapes Simran, uttering Celina(Ambar)'s name. She picks up a fight with him and on the pretext of dropping him to his office, she races their car in the busy street asking Urvil to confess as to who is Celina and about their affair. He is terrified due to the rashly driven speeding car and admits to Simran about the illegitimate affair with Celina. She drops him on the road-side and tells him that it's all over between them. He returns home and begs her to pardon him for his folly but Simran is firm in refusing. Ultimately, Ambar calls Urvil to a spot on the highway to inform him that he should forget whatever happened between them and leave her alone. Urvil blames her for his marriage turmoil but she retorts that he was himself responsible. When Urvil threatens her that he would reveal the secret to Adhiraj, she informs him that she would do so herself irrespective of the consequence. She leaves him alone brooding about his future. The film ends with Urvil quitting his job and moving ahead in life in search of a new beginning.

Cast
Sunny Leone as Celina/Ambar Kapoor, wife of Adhiraj
Tanuj Virwani as Urvil Shekhar Raisingh
Nyra Banerjee as Simran Raisingh, Urvil's wife
Khalid Siddiqui as Adhiraj Kapoor
Kanwaljit Singh as Raghav Kapoor, Adhiraj's father
Ninad Kamat as David
Narendra Jetley as Azad Awasthi
Shishir Sharma as Mr. Walia
Kushagra Singh as Samar
Kapil Punjabi as Dilip Shah
Aamir Ahmed as Siddharth Ahuja aka Sid
Farhana Fatema as Jyoti
Ashai Sachdeva as Rohit
Shatakshi Dubey as Tanya
Kiyomi Mehta as Deepa, wife of David
Rehan Pathan as Jahaan Kapoor, son of Adhiraj
Geeta Bisht as Diya
Raju as Shyam, help
Kartik Damani as customer
Elli Avram as Sana

Production
Rana Daggubati was replaced by Tanuj Virwani due to the former's lack of dates as he was committed for his Telugu film Baahubali. Sunny Leone started preparing for her role since December 2014. Filming was wrapped up in 55 days.

Soundtrack
The music for the film was composed by Jeet Gannguli, Meet Bros, Tony Kakkar and Vivek Kar, while the background score was composed by Sandeep Shirodkar. The lyrics were penned by Kumaar, Manoj Muntashir and Shabbir Ahmed. The first song "Do Peg Maar" was released on 30 March 2016. The second song "Ijazat" released on 4 April 2016. The soundtrack was released on 6 April 2016 by T-Series.

Box office

India
The film collected  60 lacs on its opening day then it collected  61 lacs and  75 lacs on its second and third day respectively which bring film to weekend collection of  19.6 million. From fourth to seventh day film collected  1 crore, then its last six days collection of  6 lacs brings film to a total collection of  30.2 million in India. The film reached to a lifetime grossing of  in India.

References

External links

2016 films
2010s Hindi-language films
2010s erotic thriller films
Indian erotic thriller films
Indian romantic thriller films
Films about adultery in India
Indian erotic romance films
2010s erotic drama films
Indian erotic drama films
2010s romantic thriller films
2016 drama films

One Night Stand (2016 film)


Oswald Theodore Avery Jr. FRS (October 21, 1877 – February 20, 1955) was a Canadian-born American physician and medical researcher.  Most of his career was spent at the Rockefeller University Hospital in New York City.

Avery was one of the first molecular biologists and one of the first people to study immunochemistry.

He is best known for the experiment (published in 1944 with his co-workers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty) which proved that DNA is the material from which genes are made.

The Nobel laureate Arne Tiselius said that Avery was the most deserving scientist to not receive the Nobel Prize for his work, even though he was nominated for the award several times during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s.

Biography
Oswald  Avery was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. His father was a Baptist minister. In 1887, his father was asked to move to New York City to lead a church.  Avery received his A.B. degree in 1900 from Colgate University. He earned an M.D. degree from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1904. He practiced medicine in New York City until 1907 when he became a researcher at Hoagland Laboratory in Brooklyn, New York. As an adult, Avery had hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) and he had thyroid surgery in 1934. He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1936.

Breakthrough discovery

For many years, genetic information was thought to be in cell protein. Continuing the research done by Frederick Griffith in 1927, Avery worked with MacLeod and McCarty on the mystery of inheritance. He got emeritus status from the Rockefeller Institute in 1943, but continued working for five years, though by that time he was in his late sixties.

In this early experiment dead Streptococcus pneumoniae of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected together with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase took Avery's research further in 1952 with the Hershey–Chase experiment. These experiments paved the way for Watson and Crick's discovery of the helical structure of DNA, and thus the birth of modern genetics and molecular biology. Of this event, Avery wrote in a letter to his youngest brother Roy, a bacteriologist at the Vanderbilt School of Medicine: "It's lots of fun to blow bubbles but it's wiser to prick them yourself before someone else tries to".

Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg stated that Avery and his laboratory provided "the historical platform of modern DNA research" and "betokened the molecular revolution in genetics and biomedical science generally".

Bibliography
The collected papers of Avery are stored in two locations: the Tennessee State Library and Archives, and the Rockefeller Archive. Many of his papers, poems, and hand written lab-notes are available at the National Library of Medicine in the Oswald T. Avery Collection, the first of their Profiles in Science series.

References

More reading
 René Dubos, The Professor, the Institute, and DNA: Oswald T. Avery, his life and scientific achievements, 1976, Paul & Company,

 National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1877 births
1955 deaths
American geneticists
Medical researchers
American microbiologists
Rockefeller University faculty
People from Halifax, Nova Scotia

Oswald Avery


Mission to Mercury is a juvenile science fiction novel, the ninth in Hugh Walters' Chris Godfrey of U.N.E.X.A. series. It was published in 1965 in the UK by Faber and in the US by Criterion Books. Also published under the name Missão Mercúrio in Portugal by Galeria Panorama.

Plot summary

The crewed expedition to Mercury is complicated by the fact that strong solar radiation makes communication with Earth impossible.  U.N.E.X.A. decide that telepathy may be the answer. Telepathic twins Gill and Gail volunteer; one accompanying Chris Godfrey and the crew on the mission; the other remaining on Earth.  As they near their objective, Gail notices increasingly disruptive personality changes in the crew caused by the radiation, their only chance of survival is to land on the 'dark' side of the planet; however the near absolute zero conditions lead to massive heat-loss.  Can they be rescued before freezing to death...

In the same year this book was published, radar observations of Mercury showed that it did not have a synchronous orbit and that the same face was not always in darkness.

References

External links
Mission to Mercury page
review of the book

1965 British novels
1965 science fiction novels
Chris Godfrey of U.N.E.X.A. series
Faber and Faber books
Novels set on Mercury (planet)

Mission to Mercury


Lavori Publici FC (or "Lavori Pubblici FC" in Italian language) was an historical football team in Mogadishu, that officially existed from 1947 to 1990.

History

The football team was created in the late 1940s by a group of football fans representing all the Italian colonists of all Italian Somalia with the name Genio Officina, as an antagonist to the AC Mogadiscio (the team of the Italians of only the capital Mogadishu) in the first amauteur championship of Somalia. The team was officially inscribed in the Somalia first league championship in 1952 as Lavori Publici FC/Genio, winning the tournament of that year.

The team had a lot of followers who were native Somalis and so survived until 1990 when the Somali civil war started, while the antagonist AC Mogadiscio disappeared when Italy gave the independence to Somalia in 1960 (and nearly all the Italians of Somalia left the country).

Related pages
 AC Mogadiscio

Notes

Bibliography
 Tripodi, Paolo. The Colonial Legacy in Somalia. Capítulo: Deportes. St. Martin's P Inc. New York, 1999.

Sport in Somalia

Lavori Publici FC


Deadpool 3 is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool, produced by Marvel Studios and Maximum Effort, and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is intended to be the 34th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and a sequel to Deadpool (2016) and Deadpool 2 (2018). The film is being directed by Shawn Levy from a script by the writing team of Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick as well as Zeb Wells, Ryan Reynolds, and Levy. Reynolds stars as Wade Wilson / Deadpool alongside Hugh Jackman, Morena Baccarin, Brianna Hildebrand, and Jennifer Garner.

Development on a third Deadpool film began at 20th Century Fox by November 2016, but was placed on hold after the company's acquisition by Disney was completed in March 2019. Control of the character was then given to Marvel Studios, who began developing a new film with Reynolds. It integrates Deadpool with the MCU and is expected to retain the R-rating of the previous films, the first MCU film to have such a rating. Wendy Molyneux and Lizzie Molyneux-Logelin joined in November 2020 to write the script, with Reese and Wernick returning from the previous films to rewrite it by March 2022. Levy was hired to direct then. Jackman decided to reprise his role as Wolverine from the X-Men films in August 2022, followed by additional casting in early 2023. Filming began that May in London and at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England, with additional filming in Norfolk. Filming was suspended in July due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike and was also expected to occur in Vancouver, Canada.

Deadpool 3 is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 3, 2024, as part of Phase Five of the MCU.

Cast

 Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool:A wisecracking mercenary with accelerated healing but severe scarring over his body after undergoing an experimental regenerative mutation to treat terminal cancer. Writer Rhett Reese described the film as a fish out of water story for Deadpool, who is a lunatic dropped into the "very sane world" of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).
 Hugh Jackman as James "Logan" Howlett / Wolverine:A mutant with healing abilities, retractable claws, and an adamantium infused skeleton. Jackman described Logan and Deadpool as opposites with a "quarreling dynamic" that would frustrate Logan. To prepare for the role, Jackman began a vigorous workout routine which included eating up to 8,000 calories a day.
 Morena Baccarin as Vanessa: Wilson's fiancée
 Brianna Hildebrand as Negasonic Teenage Warhead: a teenage member of the X-Men with the mutant power to detonate atomic bursts from her body
 Jennifer Garner as Elektra Natchios: an assassin of Greek descent who wields a pair of sai. Garner reprises her role from the films Daredevil (2003) and Elektra (2005).

Reprising their roles from the previous Deadpool films are Leslie Uggams as Blind Al, Wilson's blind elderly roommate; Karan Soni as Dopinder, a taxi driver and admirer of Wilson who serves as his de facto chauffeur; Stefan Kapičić as the voice of Colossus, a member of the X-Men with the mutant ability to transform his entire body into organic steel; Shioli Kutsuna as Yukio, Negasonic Teenage Warhead's girlfriend and fellow X-Men member; and Rob Delaney as Peter, a member of Wilson's "X-Force" team. Additionally, Emma Corrin has been cast in a lead villain role, and Matthew Macfadyen is cast in an undisclosed role.

Production

Development
After the success of Deadpool (2016), 20th Century Fox began developing two sequels. The third film was set to include the superhero team X-Force. Deadpool director Tim Miller chose not to return for the sequels due to creative differences with star Ryan Reynolds, and David Leitch was hired to direct Deadpool 2 (2018) in November 2016. Fox was looking for another filmmaker to develop the third film. In March 2017, Deadpool and Deadpool 2 co-writer Rhett Reese said X-Force would be introduced in Deadpool 2 before featuring in a planned spin-off film that would launch "something bigger", separate from the third Deadpool film which would be more personal.

When the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017, the Walt Disney Company CEO Bob Iger said Deadpool would be integrated with the PG-13 rated Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), and Disney was willing to make R-rated Deadpool films "as long as we let the audiences know what's coming". He added that a "Marvel-R brand" could be developed for characters like Deadpool. In May 2018, Reynolds said a third Deadpool film may not be made given the franchise's shift of focus to X-Force, but Reese and his writing partner Paul Wernick felt a third film would absolutely happen after Reynolds took a break from the character and the X-Force film was released. They compared this to the crossover film The Avengers (2012) being released between Iron Man 2 (2010) and Iron Man 3 (2013). Leitch expressed interest in returning for another Deadpool film, depending on the "time and place". A third Deadpool film was believed to be in active development by August 2018, with production planned to take place in Atlanta, Georgia, rather than in Vancouver where the previous films were made. Once Upon a Deadpool, a PG-13 version of Deadpool 2, was released at the end of the year. It was watched carefully by Disney and Marvel Studios to see how it might inform their approach to the character in the PG-13 MCU. While promoting Once Upon a Deadpool, Reynolds confirmed that a third Deadpool film was in development, and said it would go in a "completely different direction"; Reynolds later revealed that it was intended to be a road trip film styled after Rashomon (1950) and would have featured Hugh Jackman's X-Men character James "Logan" Howlett / Wolverine. Jackman had himself envisioned a team-up film with Reynolds inspired by 48 Hrs. (1982) while attending a screening of Deadpool in 2016, despite formally retiring from the role of Wolverine at that time. In March 2019, Disney officially acquired Fox and gained the film rights to several Marvel Comics characters for Marvel Studios, including Deadpool and the X-Men. The Marvel-based films that Fox had been developing were placed "on hold".

Josh Brolin revealed in June 2019 that he had discussed his future as Cable with Marvel Studios several times after starring as that character in Deadpool 2. Brolin also portrayed Thanos in the MCU. In October, Zazie Beetz said she would be surprised if she did not reprise her Deadpool 2 role of Domino in a future film. That month, Reese and Wernick said they and Reynolds were taking a "much needed rest from Deadpool" while they waited to hear from Marvel Studios about the future of the franchise. They confirmed that another Deadpool film would be made, that it would be R-rated like the previous films, and that it would integrate the character with the MCU. Wernick stated that there was never a set pitch for a third Deadpool film between their exhaustion following the completion of Deadpool 2 and the announcement of Fox's acquisition by Disney, with Reese adding that they now had to "land on the right idea and once we do, I think we'll be off to the races". The writers felt there would be more characters available in the MCU to act as foils for Deadpool compared to their restricted options among the characters that Fox had control over for the previous films. At that time, Reynolds revealed that he was meeting with Marvel Studios. In December, Reynolds confirmed that he and "the whole team" were actively developing a Deadpool film at Marvel Studios. During his meetings with the studio, Reynolds urged Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige to include Wolverine in the film but was told that this would not be possible.

Throughout October 2020, Reynolds and Marvel Studios met with potential writers for the next Deadpool film, with Wendy Molyneux and Lizzie Molyneux-Logelin hired to write the screenplay that November. Reynolds and Marvel Studios felt the writers' pitch was in-line with their own intentions for the film, which would remain R-rated. Reynolds and Marvel Studios were open to Leitch returning for the film, but he was not expected to due to other commitments throughout 2021 and was not involved in hiring the writers. Leitch confirmed he had met with Marvel for the film, but both understood scheduling and other commitments would prevent him from returning. In January 2021, Feige reaffirmed that the film would have an R-rating and would be set in the MCU. Reynolds was supervising the scripting process at that time, and Feige said filming would not begin until after 2021 due to Reynolds' busy schedule. He said Deadpool was a very different type of character to have in the MCU. That July, Reynolds and Taika Waititi promoted their film Free Guy (2021) by appearing as Deadpool and Waititi's MCU character Korg, respectively, in a commercial for that film titled Deadpool and Korg React. Deadpool breaks the fourth wall and discusses joining the MCU with Korg in the commercial. The next month, Reynolds said he expected filming to begin in 2022, which Feige soon confirmed. He said Marvel Studios had a release timeframe in mind for the film. In November, Beetz and Rob Delaney expressed interest in returning as their Deadpool 2 characters Domino and Peter; Beetz ultimately did not return. Reynolds said they were "plugging away" at the film at that time.

Shawn Levy was revealed to be directing the film in March 2022, having previously directed Reynolds in Free Guy and The Adam Project (2022). Levy said filming would not begin until after 2022 due to his busy schedule through the remainder of the year. At the same time, Reynolds confirmed that his production company Maximum Effort would co-produce the film, and Reese and Wernick were hired to rewrite the screenplay. The pair said in June that they were excited to use elements of the MCU as a backdrop for the film, and said Disney and Marvel were supportive of the jokes about the MCU they were writing for Deadpool given the success of the previous films. They would not confirm whether they were starting from scratch on the script or just reworking the previous draft by the Molyneux sisters, and said answering this question could divulge plot details. Also in June, Raymond Chan was revealed to be the production designer after previously working on the Disney+ MCU television series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (2021). Feige said in July that the film would be elevated from the first two in a similar way to other third installments of MCU film series, such as Captain America: Civil War (2016), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), and Avengers: Infinity War (2018). He added that it was fun to be working with Reynolds.

Pre-production
After being content with his decision to retire as Wolverine for several years, Jackman had a change of heart in mid-August 2022 and decided that a team-up film with Reynolds "could be so much fun; I'll probably have more fun on that movie than anything I've ever done". He contacted Reynolds about joining the film at the same time that Reynolds was preparing to have a meeting with Feige about it. Reynolds had continually entertained the idea of a team-up with Jackman over the prior years. He announced in September that Jackman would return as Wolverine for Deadpool 3, and also announced that the film was set to be released on September 6, 2024. Reynolds and Jackman soon clarified that the film would not interfere with the events of Logan (2017), in which Wolverine dies, and would take place before that film. Jackman said it was important to him that they not interfere with the events of Logan, and the character's return would be the result of a narrative device that Marvel Studios came up with so the characters could move around timelines. He reached out to Logan director James Mangold to inform him of the story for Deadpool 3 and said Mangold was both enthusiastic about the idea and relieved that Logan would not be interfered with.

Pre-production work had begun by October 2022, when filming was expected to begin in January 2023 in Vancouver, before the release was pushed back to November 8, 2024. Jackman indicated that the film may not be titled Deadpool 3; Reynolds soon referred to it as "The Deadpool/Wolverine film", and Jackman later referred to it as Wolverine and Deadpool. Reynolds said in November that filming would begin just before mid-2023, and Levy confirmed in December that filming was set to begin in May 2023. He said developing the film was one of his most fun creative experiences, citing the self-awareness, violence, and foul language. Levy said he did not want to alter the franchise's DNA from the prior films and called the film "raw, audacious, [and] very much R-rated", comparing it to Midnight Run (1988), 48 Hrs., and Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987). By February 2023, Patrick Stewart, who portrayed Charles Xavier in the X-Men film series and reprised the role in the MCU film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), had been approached to potentially make an appearance in the film. Later that month, Emma Corrin joined the cast in a lead villain role. Marvel had been considering Corrin for the role since late 2022, but had to work through scheduling issues with their other commitments before they signed on. Corrin was cast after Levy saw their performance in a stage production of Virginia Woolf's Orlando. Corrin was excited to play a villain in the film as they had not played many villainous roles before. Levy was revealed to be producing the film alongside Feige and Reynolds, and filming was set to take place in London.

In March 2023, Jeff Sneider of Above the Line reported that the Time Variance Authority, Mobius M. Mobius (portrayed by Owen Wilson), and Miss Minutes (voiced by Tara Strong) from the MCU television series Loki (2021–present) would be featured in the film. Later that month, Matthew Macfadyen joined the cast in an undisclosed role, which was described as a "third wheel" to Deadpool and Wolverine. Karan Soni and Leslie Uggams were set to reprise their roles as Dopinder and Blind Al from the previous Deadpool films. Zeb Wells was co-writing the script by then, after previously working on the MCU television series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022) and Marvel Zombies (2024) as well as the film The Marvels (2023). In early April, Morena Baccarin said she had been asked to reprise her Deadpool role as Vanessa and was in negotiations to do so. She was confirmed to be reprising her role later that month along with Stefan Kapičić returning to provide the voice of Colossus. The following month, Delaney was confirmed to be reprising his role as Peter from Deadpool 2, when Reynolds and Levy were said to have writing credits on the film. Later in May, Brianna Hildebrand and Shioli Kutsuna were revealed to be reprising their respective roles as Negasonic Teenage Warhead and Yukio.

Jackman wears a yellow and blue costume in the film similar to Wolverine's costumes from X-Men: The Animated Series (1992–1997) and the comic books, specifically Astonishing X-Men volume 3 (2004–2013) drawn by John Cassaday; it also features elements of the character's design in the 1970s by John Romita Sr and Dave Cockrum and the 1990s design by Jim Lee. The costume department went through several iterations and fittings to ensure the Wolverine suit was comic book-accurate, which Levy wanted to incorporate as he was unaware if the character would be used in a later project. Jackman did not wear a comics-accurate costume in the X-Men film series but it was referenced in X-Men (2000) and a deleted scene from The Wolverine (2013). The costume was met with a positive reaction, and some commentators believed it indicated that Jackman was portraying a different iteration of the character from the X-Men films, such as a live-action adaptation of the animated series or comics versions. Reynolds has an updated costume from the previous Deadpool films as well, featuring a brighter shade of red and larger black circles on his mask. This is reminiscent of the character's comic book design during the 1990s. Levy was pleased with the "overwhelmingly positive" response to the suit designs being revealed, which was due to production occurring on location.

Filming
Principal photography began on May 22, 2023, in London, and at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England, under the working title Tidal Wave. George Richmond serves as the cinematographer, after previously working with Levy and Reynolds on Free Guy. Filming was previously expected to begin in January 2023, and then around April 2023. It was not expected to be impacted by the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike that began in early May outside of Reynolds being unable to contribute to the script during filming, as he had done during the previous two films, in compliance with the strike rules. Marvel Studios was reportedly planning to shoot what they could during principal photography and make any necessary writing adjustments during the film's already scheduled reshoots. Levy worked with Marvel Studios and the creatives of the Netflix series Stranger Things (on which Levy is an executive producer) to allow him to direct at least one episode of that series' final season, since he was aware that the planned schedule for Deadpool 3 would overlap with production on Stranger Things before the latter was delayed because of the writers' strike.

In June, the film's release was moved forward to May 3, 2024. Filming for a car crash scene took place on location in London in early July 2023. Shortly after, Jennifer Garner was revealed to be appearing in the film as Elektra, after previously portraying a version of that character in the Fox-produced film Daredevil (2003) and its spin-off Elektra (2005). Filming with Reynolds and Jackman also took place in Norfolk, with the production team filming on location rather than on a soundstage to have it feel grounded and real. Production was suspended on July 14 because of the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike. Filming was halfway completed prior to the shutdown, and was set to resume following the conclusion of the WGA and SAG-AFTRA strikes, with Levy also able to edit what had already been shot. Levy noted that some of the casting rumors surrounding the film were true while others were not.

Deadpool 3, along with other films mid-way through production at the start of the strikes, was said to be a top priority for the studios to resume production upon the conclusion of the SAG-AFTRA strike. In October 2023, Levy questioned if the film would be able to retain its May 2024 release date given the SAG-AFTRA strike was still ongoing at that time, shortly before it was reported that, even if filming was able to resume by early 2024, the film would not meet the May 2024 release and was likely to be delayed to a release later in that year. Filming was also expected to occur in Vancouver.

Music
Rob Simonsen was hired to compose the film's score, after previously working with Levy on The Adam Project and the fourth season of Stranger Things, by mid-July 2023.

Release
Deadpool 3 is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 3, 2024. It was previously scheduled for September 6 of that year, and then November 8. It will be part of Phase Five of the MCU.

References

External links
  at Marvel.com

2020s superhero comedy films
2024 action comedy films
2024 black comedy films
2024 science fiction action films
American action comedy films
American black comedy films
American science fiction action films
American sequel films
American superhero films
American vigilante films
Deadpool (film series) films
Disney and LGBT
Films about time travel
Films affected by the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike
Films directed by Shawn Levy
Films produced by Ryan Reynolds
Films scored by Rob Simonsen
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films shot in London
Films shot in Norfolk
Films shot in Vancouver
Films with screenplays by Paul Wernick
Films with screenplays by Rhett Reese
Films with screenplays by Zeb Wells
LGBT-related superhero films
Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Five films
Metafictional works
Self-reflexive films
Superhero crossover films
Upcoming English-language films
Upcoming sequel films

Deadpool 3