Emilio Estevez (; born May 12, 1962) is an American actor and filmmaker.

He is the son of actor Martin Sheen and the older brother of Charlie Sheen. Estevez started his acting career in the 1980s and was one of a group of actors known as the Brat Pack. He is notable for starring in The Outsiders (1983), The Breakfast Club (1985), and Wisdom (1986). He is also known for appearing in Men at Work (1990), Freejack (1992), Loaded Weapon 1 (1993), Mission: Impossible (1996), Rated X (2000), and Bobby (2006) (which he also wrote and directed). Estevez also starred in two film franchises: Young Guns (1988) and its 1990 sequel, and The Mighty Ducks (1992–1996; 2021).

Early life
Estevez was born in the Bronx, the oldest child of artist Janet Sheen and actor Martin Sheen (legally Ramón Estévez). His siblings are Ramon Estevez, Charlie Sheen (born Carlos Estévez), and Renée Estevez. Estevez's paternal grandparents were Irish and Spanish immigrants. His father is a "devout Catholic" and his mother is a "strict Southern Baptist."

Estevez initially attended school in the New York City public school system but transferred to a private academy once his father's career took off. He lived on Manhattan's Upper West Side until his family moved west in 1968 when his father was cast in Catch-22. Growing up in Malibu, California, Estevez attended Santa Monica High School.

When Estevez was 11 years old, his father bought the family a portable movie camera. Estevez also appeared in Meet Mr. Bomb, a short anti-nuclear power film produced at his high school. Estevez was 14 when he accompanied his father to the Philippines, where Sheen was shooting Apocalypse Now. Estevez had a role as an extra in Apocalypse Now, but his scenes were deleted.

When they returned to Los Angeles, Estevez co-wrote and starred in a high school play about Vietnam veterans called Echoes of an Era and invited his parents to watch it. Sheen recalls being astonished by his son's performance, and "began to realize: my God, he's one of us." After graduating from Santa Monica High in 1980, he refused to go to college and instead went into acting. Unlike his brother Charlie, Estevez and his other siblings did not adopt their father's stage name. Emilio reportedly liked the alliteration of the double 'E' initials, and "didn't want to ride into the business as 'Martin Sheen's son'." Upon his brother's using his birth name Carlos Estevez for the film Machete Kills, Estevez mentioned that he was proud of his Spanish heritage and was glad that he never adopted a stage name, taking advice from his father who regretted adopting the name Martin Sheen as opposed to using his birth name, Ramón Estévez.

Career
His first role was in a drama produced by the Catholic Paulist order. Soon after, he made his stage debut with his father in Mister Roberts at Burt Reynolds' dinner theater in Jupiter, Florida (this was the only job his father ever placed him in). Later, father and son worked together in the 1982 ABC-TV film about juveniles in jail, In the Custody of Strangers, in which Estevez did the casting.

Brat Pack years
Estevez received much attention during the 1980s for being a member of the Brat Pack and was credited as the leader of the group of young actors. Estevez and Rob Lowe established the Brat Pack when cast as supporting "Greasers" in an early Brat Pack movie, The Outsiders based on the novel. Lowe was cast as C. Thomas Howell's older brother Sodapop and Estévez as Two-Bit Mathews. During production, he approached his character as a laid-back guy and thought up Two-Bit's interest in Mickey Mouse, shown by his uniform of Mickey Mouse T-shirts and watching of cartoons.

Besides his roles in In the Custody of Strangers and The Outsiders, his credits include NBC-TV's thrillers Nightmares and Tex, the 1982 film version of another S.E. Hinton story. He bought the movie rights to a third Hinton book, That Was Then, This Is Now, and wrote the screenplay. His father predicted he would have to direct to feel the full extent of his talents, describing him as "an officer, not a soldier."

After The Outsiders, Estevez appeared as the punk-rocker turned car-repossessor Otto Maddox in the film Repo Man before co-starring in The Breakfast Club and St. Elmo's Fire. Following the success of these back-to-back Brat Pack films, he starred in That Was Then, This Is Now (which he co-wrote), the horror film Maximum Overdrive (for which he was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award), and the crime drama Wisdom (with fellow Brat Packer Demi Moore). Estevez was originally cast in Platoon to be Private Chris Taylor but was forced to drop out after production was delayed for two years; the role eventually went to his younger brother Charlie Sheen. He went on to lead roles in the comedy/action film Stakeout and the westerns Young Guns and Young Guns II.

1990–present
In the early 1990s, Estevez directed, wrote, and starred with his brother Charlie in a comedy about garbagemen, Men at Work. Estevez later stated, "People come up to me on the street and say, Men at Work is the funniest movie I ever saw in my life. But, you know, I do have to question how many movies these people have seen."

In 1992, he found the career longevity that escaped other Brat Packers by starring in The Mighty Ducks as Coach Gordon Bombay, a lawyer and former pee wee star and minor hockey prodigy looking to forget the past, forced into coaching a pee wee hockey team as a form of community service. The film turned out to be one of Disney's most successful franchises. It was followed by two sequels. The following year Estevez starred in three films: the dark thriller Judgment Night, the spoof comedy Loaded Weapon 1 in which his brother Charlie Sheen has a cameo, and comedy/action film Another Stakeout, which was the sequel to his earlier film Stakeout.

Estevez has acted alongside his father several times. He starred in (and directed) the 1996 The War at Home in which he played a Vietnam War veteran dealing with posttraumatic stress disorder, while Martin Sheen played his unsympathetic father.

Estevez appeared in an uncredited role in the feature film Mission: Impossible. From 1998 to 1999, he appeared in three television films: the spaghetti Western Dollar for the Dead (1998), the comedy Late Last Night (1999), and Rated X (2000), which he directed. In 2000, Estevez starred in the Moxie! Award-winning thriller Sand as part of an ensemble cast that also included Denis Leary, Jon Lovitz, Harry Dean Stanton, and Julie Delpy.

In 2003, he made his voice acting debut when he helped create the English dubbed version of The 3 Wise Men with his father. Later, Estevez starred in The L.A. Riot Spectacular and voiced the English version of the film Arthur and the Invisibles. In 2008, he guest-starred on his brother's sitcom Two and a Half Men as an old friend of Charlie Sheen's character. (His father Martin Sheen had also guest-starred in 2005.)

In an interview a month after the 2010 Oscar tribute to John Hughes he explained his absence as publicity shyness: "I've never been a guy that went out there to get publicity on myself. I never saw the value in it."

In 2017, his appearance in films was found to generate the highest return on investment (ROI) on average of all Hollywood actors.

Estevez reprised his role as Coach Gordon Bombay in the 2021 Disney+ TV series, The Mighty Ducks: Game Changers.  It was reported in November 2021 that Estevez would not return in the show's second season due to a contract dispute and creative differences.

Directing career
Aside from acting, Estevez has also directed television shows and motion pictures. He made his directorial debut with the 1986 film Wisdom, which made Estevez the youngest person to ever write, direct, and star in, a single major motion picture. Most recently, he has directed episodes of the television series Cold Case, Close to Home, The Guardian, CSI: NY and Numb3rs. The films he has directed include Men at Work and The War at Home.

He directed the 2006 film Bobby, which took over six years to write. Producing the film nearly bankrupted him as the domestic box office gross was not able to cover production costs. The movie scored him some fans outside of the US, mainly in Europe. He won a Hollywood Film Award and received a seven-minute standing ovation at the Venice Film Festival.

In 2010 Estevez filmed a new project, The Way, in Spain where he directed his father in a story about a man who decides to make the Camino de Santiago after the death of his son in the French Pyrénées. It was released in the United States on October 7, 2011.

In 2018, Estevez released another feature film, The Public, starring Alec Baldwin, Christian Slater, Jena Malone and Estevez himself. He wrote, directed and played in The Public that world premiered at the Toronto Film Festival.

Music videos
Estevez appeared in John Parr's "St. Elmo's Fire (Man in Motion)" music video, from the soundtrack of his film with the same name, where he played Kirby Keger. The music video featured all seven of the main cast members of the film, looking sadly through the foggy windows of a run-down and fire-damaged version of the St. Elmo's Bar set.

Estevez is a close friend of Jon Bon Jovi. He appeared in Bon Jovi's music video "Blaze of Glory" as Billy the Kid. In turn, Bon Jovi made a cameo appearance in Young Guns II. "Blaze of Glory" was in the Young Guns II soundtrack and was nominated for an Academy Award. In 2000, Estevez made an appearance in another Bon Jovi video, "Say It Isn't So," along with Matt LeBlanc, Claudia Schiffer, and Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Personal life
In the early 1980s, Estevez dated actress Mimi Rogers. He was involved off and on with Carey Salley, a Wilhelmina model. They have a son and a daughter. Their relationship overlapped with Estevez's high-profile engagement to Demi Moore, who he was with intermittently from 1984 to 1986. In 1987, Salley filed a $2 million paternity suit against Estevez. Estevez acknowledged paternity of Salley's children on June 1, 1987.

On April 29, 1992, Estevez married singer-choreographer Paula Abdul. They filed for divorce in May 1994, with Abdul later stating that the reason for the divorce was that she wanted children while Estevez, who already had two children, did not.

Estevez has stated that his religion is a "work in progress". He revealed on his official Twitter that he is a supporter of Ipswich Town Football Club.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

See also
List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards

References

External links

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1962 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Activists from California
Activists from New York City
American environmentalists
American film producers
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American people of English descent
American people of Galician descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American film directors
American television directors
Estevez family
Film directors from California
Film directors from New York (state)
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Male actors from Malibu, California
Male actors from New York City
People from St. George, Staten Island
People from the Upper West Side
People named in the Panama Papers
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from New York (state)

Emilio Estevez


A Godspot is an effect used in stage lighting for the theatre.

The effect is created using a powerful spotlight (usually a beam projector, Fresnel, or ERS) placed directly above the stage at an angle of less than 10 degrees from vertical, i.e. almost straight down. The light has no color gel, and is usually directed downwards to hit a single actor or a huddled group of actors with a bright white light.

The effect is meant to evoke an understanding that God is present and directly watching the scenes proceeding below. Use of the godspot in this fashion often foreshadows a deus ex machina ending.  The godspot can also be used at times to suggest an angelic nature of a particular character.

Sometimes this effect is used to simulate an alien abduction.

This is used in the science fiction TV shows Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis as part of the Asgard transporter effect.

Stage lighting
Stage lighting instruments

Godspot


Natan'el al-Fayyumi (also known as Nathanel ben Fayyumi), born about 1090 – died about 1165, of Yemen was the twelfth-century author of Bustan al-Uqul (Hebrew: Gan HaSikhlim; Garden of the Intellects), a Jewish version of Ismaili Shi'i doctrines, and a complete imitation of Bahya ibn Paquda's book, Duties of the Heart, and which Al-Fayyumi composed, in his own words, to counter some of the basic principles and tenets of Judaism expressed by Ibn Paquda, writing in his 3rd chapter that God's unity is far greater than that described by Ibn Paquda. Like the Ismailis, Natan'el argued that God sent different prophets to the various nations of the world, containing legislations suited to the particular temperament of each individual nation. Each people should remain loyal to its own religion, because the universal teaching was adapted to the specific conditions and experiences of each community. Not all Jewish depictions of Muhammad were negative. Jews who lived in environments governed by Ismailis did not view them as enemies, and vice versa.

Nathanel explicitly considered Muhammad a true prophet, who was sent from Heaven with a particular message that applies to the Arabs, but not to the Jews. Marc B. Shapiro has written that Rabbi Jonathan Sacks's pluralistic views on religion are supported by al-Fayyumi. However, al-Fayyumi's explicit acceptance of Muhammad's prophecy may be unique and was virtually unknown until recent times beyond his native Yemen. Rabbi Yosef Qafih, the editor and translator of Fayyumi's Judeo-Arabic Bustan al-Uqul, asserts that due to Muslim attempts to catch Jews saying something against their faith–one who said that Muhammad was a false prophet would be judged for death–Nathanel was compelled to teach his people arguments and responses that would save them from ensnarement.

Ismaili teachings speak of an evolutionary sequence of prophetic revelations, which will culminate in the era of the messianic al-Qa'im, who will unite all humanity in acknowledging God. Ismaili doctrine acknowledges that a single universal religious truth lies at the root of the different religions and that each of the historical revelations plays a role in preparing the path for that universal truth.

There were Jews, such as Natan'el, who accepted this model of religious pluralism, leading them to view Muhammad as a legitimate prophet, albeit not Jewish, sent to preach to the Arabs, just as the Hebrew prophets had been sent to deliver their messages to Israel.

Within a single generation, Natan'el's son Yaqub was compelled to turn to Maimonides, asking urgently for counsel on how to deal with a new wave of religious persecutions and forced conversions that was threatening the Jews of Yemen, an exchange which prompted Maimonides to compose his famous Epistle to Yemen. The letters and intellectual dialogue between Yaqub, Maimonides and Saladin had a lasting effect upon the Yemenite Jews.

Etymology
There is a dispute between Rabbi Yosef Qafih and historian Yehuda Ratzaby as to the origin of the name "Fayyumi." According to Ratzaby, "al-Fayyumi" is gentilic, derived from the name of his ancestors' place of origin, who are thought to have come from Fayyum in Egypt. Qafih, dissenting, thinks the name to be only a given name to the father of Rabbi Natan'el who was named "Fayyumi," the name that many children in Yemen were then affectionately called-by, owing to the love the people had for Rabbi Saadia Gaon al-Fayyumi.

See also

 Judaism's view of Muhammad
 Judaism and Islam
 Religious pluralism

References

Yemenite Jews
Jewish writers
Jewish philosophers
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
Philosophers of Judaism
Medieval Jewish writers
1090s births
1160s deaths
1165 deaths
12th-century Jewish theologians
Judeo-Arabic writers

Natan'el al-Fayyumi


Devastation Channel is a channel in the North Coast region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. It lies between Hawkesbury Island and the mainland. It was named in 1863 by Captain Daniel Pender after the H.M. paddle-sloop Devastation. It was first charted in 1793 by Joseph Whidbey, master of the Discovery during George Vancouver's 1791-95 expedition.

References

Channels of British Columbia
North Coast of British Columbia

Devastation Channel


Bradford Swain Linaweaver (September 1, 1952 – August 29, 2019) was an American science fiction writer, film producer, actor, and magazine publisher. Over a 40-year career, he completed a body of work including novels, short stories, and screenplays.

Early years and education
Brad Linaweaver was born September 1, 1952, in Washington, North Carolina, the only child of Melville and June Linaweaver (née Swain). The family moved to the outskirts of Orlando, Florida in 1958, when Brad was six years old, where his father engaged in real estate development and investments.  Linaweaver attended Orange County public schools, before attending Florida State University. He obtained his MFA degree in a program for poets and writers from Rollins College. Although he spent the better part of his career in Hollywood, he eventually settled at the family lake front home in Apopka, which his father designed and built shortly after moving to Florida in 1958.

Career

Political essayist
In late 1970, during his freshman year at Florida State University, Linaweaver joined the local college chapter of the national conservative organization Young Americans for Freedom (YAF). Both conservative and libertarian ideologies were represented within the local YAF chapter, prompting Linaweaver to begin writing and debating about the various political philosophies competing for followers on college campuses at that time. This eventually led to his first sale to a national publication, a short article The Wish, which made the case for capitalism over socialism. The article appeared in The New Guard, the magazine published by YAF. Subsequent articles in that publication drew the attention of public intellectual, conservative author, and YAF founder William F. Buckley. Linaweaver and Buckley subsequently struck up a friendship and correspondence, which lasted decades until Buckley's death in 2008.  Through that relationship, Linaweaver eventually published essays in Buckley's magazine National Review. Unknown to him at the time, Linaweaver's writing also caught the attention of Ronald Reagan. In 1976, Reagan devoted one of his radio show broadcasts to a discussion of The Wish, praising Linaweaver in the process. Reagan summed up his commentary on Linaweaver with the line, "How right he is!" The radio broadcast is included in the Reagan CD set In His Own Voice and in the book Stories in His Own Hand: The Everyday Wisdom of Ronald Reagan.  Linaweaver didn't learn about the endorsement from Reagan until decades later. He mused that if he had known about it earlier, it might have changed the trajectory of his career path. "I never would have had my career in Hollywood. I might have been a boring political hack in Washington, trying to capitalize on the Reagan endorsement to be a political speechwriter. I'd be a worse libertarian than I am today." Instead, Linaweaver soon took up writing science fiction, and stories for movies, inserting his libertarian ideology into the works whenever feasible. In a 2007 interview, he noted that "I've been getting libertarian messages into everything for a quarter of a century". But, he observed, not every genre lent itself to his form of political promotionalism. "My involvement with movies has been mostly low-budget, exploitation stuff where ideology is not that relevant. When you're writing science fiction for a New York publisher, you actually achieve something when you slip in a libertarian idea. But with independent, exploitation, low-budget Hollywood, there's already an anti-authoritarian attitude. That culture is by nature fairly libertarian. There's less need to be a propagandist."

Film
Linaweaver began his film career in 1978 with an original story credit for The Brain Leeches, the film that also jump started the career of prodigious Hollywood director producer (and sometimes professional wrestler) Fred Olen Ray.  The Brain Leeches was completed, on budget, for $298.00. His association with Ray continued throughout Linaweaver's life, and included work on Jack-O which Linaweaver wrote and Ray produced, as well as later projects like Super Shark, a 2011 Ray film where Linaweaver was executive producer. Linaweaver's long association with independent film also included writing credits on low budget direct-to-video titles like The Boneyard Collection, Space Babes Meet the Monsters and The Low Budget Time Machine. Linaweaver's association with Ray, and others, led to a number of small acting roles, both uncredited and 16 credited in numerous independent films.

Science fiction
Linaweaver's first published science fiction sale was in the July 1980 issue of Fantastic with the short story The Competitor, which was later adapted as a radio play and stage production by the Atlanta Radio Theatre Company.

Moon of Ice
What soon followed is considered Linaweaver's magnum opus, Moon of Ice. It is an alternate history tale that has Nazi Germany being the first to develop an atomic bomb, and using it to defeat the Soviet Union and Great Britain...only to reach a stalemate with the United States, which uses its own atomic bomb to defeat Japan. The work allowed Linaweaver to expound upon the different outcomes of economic models (National Socialism in Germany, Libertarianism in the United States), as well as the little known cultist underpinnings and beliefs of the Nazi regime. The work began in the form of a novella, which soon drew the attention of the science fiction community, resulting in a 1983 nomination for the Nebula Award, and finishing as a finalist in that category. Linaweaver then expanded the story to novel length, firmly establishing himself within the realm of Libertarian science fiction writers, and winning a Prometheus Award. The novel garnered the endorsements of Robert A. Heinlein, Isaac Asimov, Ray Bradbury, and William F. Buckley, Jr. While many reviews praised the handling of economic themes, and Linaweaver's research into the little known cultist beliefs of some Nazi elites (including a hollow earth, and a moon made of ice), some found fault with the story telling, opining that the torrent of information "numbs rather than stimulates".

Other novels
His novel Sliders, based on the television series of the same name,  includes a thorough critique of communism, expanding on ideas Linaweaver first explored in The Wish at the beginning of his career. His other novels include The Land Beyond Summer, four Doom novels with Dafydd ab Hugh, three Battlestar Galactica novels with actor Richard Hatch, and Anarquia with J. Kent Hastings, an alternate history treatment of the Spanish Civil War. The first collection of his short stories was published under the title Clownface.

Over his career, Linaweaver wrote more than 50 stories that found their way into print.

Collaborations and awards
Linaweaver's 1995 story collaboration with Victor Koman, The Light That Blinds featured an occult battle between Aleister Crowley and Adolf Hitler.

In 1993, Linaweaver's short story Unmerited Favor was published in Mike Resnick's anthology Alternate Warriors.

In 1998, Linaweaver's short story And to the Republic For Which It Stands was published in Harry Turtledove's anthology Alternate Generals. In 2005, his short story A Good Bag was collected in another of Turtledove's anthologies Alternate Generals III.

In 2004, he co-authored Worlds of Tomorrow with former movie magazine editor and film memorabilia collector Forrest J Ackerman. The hardcover coffee table book featured cover art from science fiction's Golden Age, from Ackerman's considerable collection, and included full color reproductions and commentary from the authors.

Linaweaver shared a second Prometheus Award with Ed Kramer for co-editing Free Space, a libertarian science fiction anthology from TOR books.

Several of his short stories received Honorable Mention in The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror by Ellen Datlow. Those stories included The Lon Chaney Factory, Clutter, A Real Babe, and Chump Hoist. The Science Fiction story, Wells of Wisdom made the preliminary Nebula ballot and was part of the Galaxy Audio Project, read by Catherine Oxenberg.

Web series
Linaweaver also wrote and produced online content, including the award-winning web series Silicon Assassin, starring Richard Hatch, currently available on YouTube.

Magazine publishing
Linaweaver's many years in Hollywood, and the stories and personalities he had come to know while living there, culminated in the creation of movie magazine Mondo Cult, with Linaweaver as publisher. The magazine featured literary contributions from, and articles about, Linaweaver's eclectic list of celebrity friends and contacts, including Battlestar Galactica actor Richard Hatch; science fiction author and collector Forrest J. Ackerman; the conservative commentator, publisher, and television personality William F. Buckley, Jr.; adult cinema legend Traci Lords and poetry from speculative fiction icon Ray Bradbury and Linaweaver's college friend and YAF colleague, Georgia State Representative Chesley V. Morton. Mondo Cult is edited by former Famous Monsters of Filmland editor, Jessie Lilley.

Heinlein's brass cannon
Linaweaver owned a signaling gun, or small brass cannon, which had originally belonged to science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein. Heinlein and his wife Virginia, had acquired the cannon in 1964, immediately following the Goldwater campaign. It later provided inspiration for The Brass Cannon which was Heinlein's working title for the 1966 novel which eventually became The Moon is a Harsh Mistress. In that novel, Heinlein refers to the cannon, in a parable implying that self-government is an illusion caused by failure to understand reality. For nearly 30 years, the firing of the brass cannon was a July 4 tradition at the Heinlein residence. Virginia Heinlein retained the cannon after her husband's death in 1988, and it was bequeathed to Linaweaver in her will, after Virginia died in 2003. Linaweaver restored the cannon to working order and subsequently posted a 2007 video of it being fired several times (with very small charges) on YouTube.

Death
Brad Linaweaver, age 66, died August 29, 2019, of cancer at his home in Apopka, Florida.

References

External links
 Big Lizards (blog)

 The Fortune City Page

1952 births
2019 deaths
American science fiction writers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
People from Apopka, Florida
People from Washington, North Carolina
Writers from Florida
Writers from North Carolina
American libertarians
Rollins College alumni
Florida State University alumni
Deaths from cancer in Florida

Brad Linaweaver


Inspur K-UX is a Linux distribution based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux produced by Inspur, a Chinese multinational company specializing in information technology. Inspur K-UX 2.0 and 3.0 for x86-64 were officially certified as UNIX systems by The Open Group.

Overview
Inspur K-UX 1.0 was certified for the Linux Standard Base (LSB 4.0) in 2012. K-UX 1.0 was compiled for the IA-64 architecture (Itanium).

Inspur K-UX 2.0 was one of six commercial operating systems that have versions certified to The Open Group UNIX 03 standard (the others being macOS, Solaris, IBM AIX, HP-UX, and EulerOS). The operating system was certified running on the Inspur Tiansuo K1. The operating system was compiled for the x86-64 architecture. The UNIX 03 conformance statement for Inspur K-UX 2.0 shows that the standard C compiler is from the GNU Compiler Collection (), and the system is a Linux distribution in the Red Hat family tree.

Inspur K-UX 2.2 is featured in SPEC benchmark results, running on the Inspur K1 800 server. The benchmark results describe an Intel Xeon-based server running Inspur K-UX Server 2.2. The operating system appears to be based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 for the x86-64 architecture.

Inspur K-UX 3.0 was also certified as a UNIX OS, although, according to the same website, its certification expired on 3 February 2019 and has not yet been renewed.

References

External links
 Inspur: Mainframe for Key Applications

Enterprise Linux distributions
RPM-based Linux distributions
Unix variants
X86-64 Linux distributions
Linux distributions

Inspur K-UX


Bernardo Maria di Gesù (7 November 1831 – 9 December 1911), born as Cesare Silvestrelli,  was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Passionists. He entered the novitiate for a brief period under a different religious name though ill health forced him to leave but did not hinder him from still training and living alongside the Passionists. He re-entered the order after his ordination and went on to hold several positions of leadership within his own order; he was even likened to Saint Paul of the Cross while Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius X held him in high esteem.

His beatification was celebrated on 16 October 1988 in Saint Peter's Square and his liturgical feast is affixed to the date of his death as is the custom.

Life

Education and priesthood
Cesare Silvestrelli was born on 7 November 1831 in Rome as the third of seven children to the nobles Gian Tommaso Silvestrelli (d. 1853) and Teresa Gozzani (d. 1846) and were residents of the Piazza della Minerva since their residence was at no. 38; he was baptized just hours after his birth in the names Cesare Pietro at Santa Maria sopra Minerva. His brother was Luigi (d. 20 September 1867). His father's funeral saw the attendance of 120 Franciscans and 40 Capuchins as well as 40 Dominicans.

He did his initial education first at the Jesuit-run Roman College (1840–47) and thereafter continued his studies at an institute at the Caravita Oratorio in addition to a series of private schools. He was attracted to the Passionist charism and entered their order on 21 February 1854 (at Santi Giovanni e Paolo) before being admitted into their novitiate at their San Giuseppe convent in Monte Argentario on 25 March 1854. He received the religious habit and was given the name "Luigi del Sacro Cuore di Maria" on 7 April 1854. But he was forced to leave the novitiate on 3 May due to ill health though continued living with the Passionists in another house in the same town while he did theological studies. He did those studies under Father Pacifico di San Giuseppe and from 31 June to 24 August 1855 lived at Santi Giovanni e Paolo.

Silvestrelli received his ordination to the priesthood on 22 December 1855 (as a diocesan priest rather than one in the religious life) from Bishop Giuseppe-Maria Molajoni. He then decided to re-enter the order and so sent another application before being accepted. On 1 April 1856 he entered the novitiate once again though this time at Morrovalle where he re-assumed the habit and the new religious name "Bernardo Maria di Gesù". It was here that he was the classmate of fellow novice Francesco Possenti. He made his final profession on 28 April 1857. Thereafter he pursued studies for preaching and once that was finished he was assigned first as the director of students at Morrovalle (1860-1864) and then as the Master of Novices at the Passionist convent of Scala Santa (adjacent to the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome) from January 1865 until 1869.

Leadership
His brother Luigi died on September 20, 1867, and he was present at his brother's bedside as he died; he attended the funeral on 23 September at Santa Maria sopra Minerva. He was then appointed as the rector of the Scala Santa convent and held that position from 27 May 1869 until 1875 after being confirmed on 14 April 1872. It was here that - on 19 September 1870 - Pope Pius IX visited the steps from which the convent assumed its name. The pope was making his last visit to the sacred sites of Rome before the dissolution of the Papal States. Silvestrilli supported the Pope through holding onto his arm as both men climbed the steps weeping together.

On 7 June 1875 he was elected as the first Provincial Consulter of the Roman province (he moved to Vetralla around this stage for a brief period) and he later became the Vice-Provincial Superior in July 1876. In the General Chapter on 4 May 1878 he was elected as the Superior General of the order. and his first term ran until 1884. In this position he worked hard to reconcile rival factions in the order and also founded new houses abroad (more so in Latin America as well as advancing the Bulgarian mission) and reformed the regulations of the order; he was firm in the conviction that a return to the original spirit and the Rule of the founder could be the singular formula for reviving the spirit of the charism. In 1887 he accepted a request from Cardinal Francis Patrick Moran to send Passionists to Australia in 1887.

He was re-elected as Superior General in 1884 and resigned from the position on 2 January 1889 after making his decision in 1888. In 1893 a vision of his former classmate Possenti convinced him to attend the General Chapter and he was then once more elected as the Superior General (on 3 May) which was a post to which he was re-elected again in 1899 (in the first vote) and on 8 May 1905 (in the first vote). He attended a retreat at Monte Argentario in August 1890 and dwelt in the smallest cell while spending long periods of time before the Eucharist in adoration. He established an international house of studies for Passionist students at Santi Giovanni e Paolo in Rome and visited all the Passionist provinces in the world including a visit to the United States of America in 1896. It was around this stage that he developed arthrosis of the spine that made leg and neck movement difficult for him. He resigned again on 7 July 1907 (for the final time) which Pope Pius X accepted but the pope named him as an "Onorario Generale" for life due to his great service while in office and also as a sign of the pope's esteem. He was often praised as a second Paul of the Cross and even Pope Leo XIII and Pius X regarded him high enough to offer him the cardinalate several times despite his humble refusals.

Death
On 16 June 1911 he retired to the Passionist convent in Moricone and died there on 9 December 1911 after he fell backwards down a set of stairs as he was ascending. His remains were later exhumed and moved to the Moricone convent on 17 April 1931.

Beatification
Silvestrelli's spiritual writings were approved by theologians on 28 May 1941.
Pope Pius XII formally opened his cause on 13 February 1942, granting him the title of Servant of God. Pope Paul VI named him as Venerable on 18 October 1973. Pope John Paul II later beatified Silvestrelli on 16 October 1998 in Saint Peter's Square.

The current postulator for the cause is the Passionist priest Giovanni Zubiani.

References

External links
 Hagiography Circle
 Santi e Beati

1831 births
1911 deaths
19th-century venerated Christians
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
20th-century venerated Christians
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Accidental deaths from falls
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Clergy from Rome
Italian beatified people
Passionists
Superiors general
Venerated Catholics

Bernard Mary of Jesus


Louis W. "Jumbo" Schoeneck (March 3, 1862 – January 20, 1930) was a Major League Baseball first baseman. He played for the Chicago Browns/Pittsburgh Stogies () and Baltimore Monumentals (), both of the Union Association, and for the National League Indianapolis Hoosiers (–). He received the nickname "Jumbo" because he was  and weighed 223 pounds.

Schoeneck was an average fielder and a good hitter during his major league career. His best season was 1884 when he finished in the league top ten in several offensive categories, including hits (131), batting average (.308), on-base percentage (.320), and slugging percentage (.387). Schoeneck's inflated statistics in 1884 are at least partly due to the weak competition of the Union Association, as compared to all of the other major leagues.

In his three major league seasons (170 games), Schoeneck was 186-for-657 (.283) with 79 runs scored. He pitched in two games for the 1888 Hoosiers and finished both, for a total of 4.1 innings, and allowed no earned runs.

Schoeneck died in his hometown of Chicago at the age of 67, and was buried at Mount Emblem Cemetery in Elmhurst, Illinois.

External links

Baseball Almanac

1862 births
1930 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Chicago Browns/Pittsburgh Stogies players
Baltimore Monumentals players
Indianapolis Hoosiers (NL) players
Springfield, Illinois (minor league baseball) players
Newark Domestics players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Portland (minor league baseball) players
Chicago Maroons players
New Haven (minor league baseball) players
Seattle (minor league baseball) players
Green Bay Bays players
Rochester Flour Cities players
Baseball players from Chicago
Burials in Illinois

Jumbo Schoeneck


Anderson W. Atkinson (1923 – March 30, 1992) was a major general in the United States Air Force.

Biography
Atkinson was born in Fordyce, Arkansas, in 1923. He graduated from Fordyce High School in 1941 and attended Syracuse University and the University of Michigan. Atkinson died on March 30, 1992.

Career
Atkinson graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1946 and was commissioned an officer in the United States Army. He then began flight training for the North American P-51 Mustang at Williams Air Force Base and later went to Ajo, Arizona, for gunnery training. In November of that year, Atkinson was assigned to the 63d Fighter Squadron of the 56th Fighter Group at Selfridge Air Force Base, flying the P-51 and Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star. In 1949, he was assigned to the 66th Fighter Squadron of the 57th Fighter Group at Elmendorf Air Force Base, where he flew the North American F-86 Sabre, Northrop F-89 Scorpion and Lockheed F-94 Starfire. Atkinson later joined the newly created Air Force.

In 1960, Atkinson began working in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations of the Air Force. He was later assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe before graduating from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1967.

That year, Atkinson also became Deputy Commander for Operations of the 15th Tactical Fighter Wing at MacDill Air Force Base. In 1968, he was deployed to serve in the Vietnam War. He was first assigned to the Seventh Air Force at Tan Son Nhut Air Base. Later, he was transferred to the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing at Da Nang Air Base, where he flew the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II.

After returning from overseas, Atkinson was stationed at Webb Air Force Base. In 1971, he transferred to Sheppard Air Force Base.

From 1973 to 1978, he was assigned to the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1978, he became Assistant Vice Director for Attaches and Training of the Defense Intelligence Agency. Atkinson retired in 1980.

Awards he received during his career include the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters, the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Bronze Star Medal, the Air Medal with five oak leaf clusters, the Air Force Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters and the Armed Forces Honor Medal of South Vietnam.

References

1923 births
1992 deaths
People from Fordyce, Arkansas
United States Air Force generals
United States Army officers
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Military Academy alumni
Syracuse University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni

Anderson W. Atkinson


Golot or Kolot cheese , is one of the most important traditional cheeses produced in the region of East Black Sea, Turkey. The average composition of Golot cheese is 43.51% total solids, 5.31% fat, 33.64% protein, and 3.12% salt. The mixture of morning and night milk is heated to 37°C and separated from the fat. An appropriate amount of rennet and yogurt whey are added to the non-fat milk and then heated until the precipitation (65-70°C). The curd is then transferred into the cheesecloth for whey drainage about 15 hours. The cheeses are placed in a  polypropylene bags; granular cheeses are added between each Golot cheese and waited for one week. The Golot cheeses are pressed into wooden containers with cover and ripened between 6 months and 1 year based on the consumption period.

References

Yazici, F. ve Dervisoglu, M. "Proteolysis in Golot Cheese." Acta Alimentaria, 31 (3),
307-313 (2002).

"The Indispensable Ingredient of Turkish Tables: Cheese." Turkish Cultural Foundation.

Turkish cheeses

Golot cheese


Smartest Girl in Town is a 1936 American comedy film directed by Joseph Santley, written by Viola Brothers Shore, and starring Gene Raymond, Ann Sothern, Helen Broderick, Eric Blore, Erik Rhodes and Harry Jans. It was released on November 27, 1936, by RKO Pictures.

Plot
Model "Cookie" Cooke (Ann Sothern) is urged by her unsatisfactorily married practical older sister Gwen (Helen Broderick) to find a wealthy husband. On a modeling assignment she runs into millionaire Dick Smith (Gene Raymond), but assumes him to be a low-earning male model. Dick falls in love with her, but she insists on dating eccentrically mannered Italian aristocrat Baron Enrico (Erik Rhodes). Dick installs another mannered character, his valet Philbean (Eric Blore) in the position of a casting agency president who would then pair Cookie on the same pre-arranged modeling jobs with Dick. Ultimately, Baron Enrico, who is so obsessed with birds that he cannot concentrate on romance long enough to propose, is goaded by Gwen into presenting Cookie with an engagement ring. Forced to act fast, Dick pretends to have attempted suicide by a gunshot to the head and asks Cookie to marry him on his deathbed, but she tastes the "ketchup blood" on his face and then embraces him.

Cast
Gene Raymond as Richard Stuyvesant "Dick" Smith
Ann Sothern as Frances "Cookie" Cooke
Helen Broderick as Mrs. Gwen Mayen, Cookie's sister
Eric Blore as Lucius Philbean, Dick's valet
Erik Rhodes as Baron Enrico Torene
Harry Jans as Terry, Gwen's perennially-unemployed estranged husband

Casting notes
RKO Pictures was also the studio which produced the Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers series of films, thus Smartest Girl's comic supporting players, Helen Broderick, Eric Blore and Erik Rhodes, all had prominent roles in the previous year's Astaire-Rogers hit, Top Hat. Furthermore, two months before Smartest Girl's release, Blore and Broderick were seen in the dancing duo's very successful 1936 effort, Swing Time and, the previous year, had been in another RKO musical comedy, To Beat the Band. As for Blore and Rhodes, both had earlier appeared in the first Astaire-Rogers vehicle, 1934's The Gay Divorcee and also interacted as comedy relief in two other RKOs, the 1935 musical Old Man Rhythm and the 1936 murder mystery Two in the Dark.

One additional Astaire-Rogers title for RKO, the pair's initial teaming as supporting players in 1933's Flying Down to Rio, starred Gene Raymond (with leading lady Dolores del Río) and included Eric Blore as the typically mannered assistant hotel manager, Mr. Butterbass. Blore also supported Raymond in two other films, the 1934 Paramount drama Behold My Wife! (minor role as Benson, the butler) and the 1935 RKO mystery-comedy Seven Keys to Baldpate (third-billed, after co-star Margaret Callahan, in the key role of Harrison who masqueraded as Professor Bolton). The same year, Blore sported a French accent playing a major, fourth-billed role, in the musical comedy Folies Bergère de Paris, with top-tier stars Maurice Chevalier, Merle Oberon and Smartest Girl'''s Ann Sothern.

The last of the five 1935–37 RKO vehicles for Gene Raymond and Ann Sothern was She's Got Everything, with third-billed Victor Moore and fourth-billed Helen Broderick. In addition to the two films with Raymond and Sothern, Broderick also supported Raymond in three other RKO romantic comedies, 1936's Love on a Bet (third-billed, after co-star Wendy Barrie) and The Bride Walks Out (fifth-billed, after the other two leads, Barbara Stanwyck and Robert Young and supporting player Ned Sparks) as well as 1937's The Life of the Party, a Joe Penner vehicle, with Raymond as co-star and, for comedy support, Parkyakarkus, Harriet Hilliard, Victor Moore and Broderick. It was the third of six RKO films in which was teamed with Victor Moore. In addition to the Astaire-Rogers Swing Time and the Raymond-Sothern She's Got Everything, they were given two 1937 B-picture starring vehicles, We're on the Jury and Meet the Missus, as well as roles among the numerous players in the following year's Bob "Bazooka" Burns–Jack Oakie-Kenny Baker musical comedy, Radio City Revels.

 References

 External links

 Smartest Girl in Town at TV Guide (1987 write-up was originally published in The Motion Picture Guide'')

1936 films
American black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
RKO Pictures films
Films directed by Joseph Santley
1936 comedy films
American comedy films
Films scored by Nathaniel Shilkret
1930s American films

Smartest Girl in Town


Beale is an English surname. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its relative frequency was highest in Dorset (6.3 times the British average), followed by Huntingdonshire, Hampshire, Sussex, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Warwickshire, Kent and Surrey.

The name Beale may refer to:

People
Anthony Beale (born 1967), American politician, alderman in Chicago
Bernard Charles Beale (1830–1910), New Zealand doctor and politician
Charles Lewis Beale (1824–1900), member of U.S. House of Representatives from New York
Daniel Beale (1759–1842), Scottish merchant, brother of Thomas Beale
Dorothea Beale (1831–1906), English teacher, founder of St. Hilda's College, Oxford
Edith Bouvier Beale (1917–2002), American socialite, first cousin of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and Lee Radziwill
Edward Fitzgerald Beale (1822–1893), American frontiersman and diplomat
Fleur Beale (born 1945), New Zealand teenage fiction writer best known for her novel I am not Esther
Gerard Beale (born 1990), New Zealand rugby league player
Gregory Beale (born 1949), Reformed Christian theologian and seminary professor
Helen Purdy Beale (1893–1976), US virologist
Howard Beale (politician) (1898–1983), Australian politician and Ambassador to the United States
Howard K. Beale (1899–1959), American historian and author
Inga Beale (born 1963), CEO of Lloyd's of London
Jack Beale (1917–2006), Australian politician
James Beale (1835–1883), also known as Africanus Horton, Sierra Leonean writer and folklorist
James Thomas Beale (born 1947), American mathematician
John Elmes Beale (1847–1928), English politician, three times Mayor of Bournemouth and founder of its largest department store, Beales
John Beale (disambiguation), multiple people
Joseph Henry Beale (1861–1943), Harvard Law professor and conflict of laws scholar
Julian Beale (1934–2021), Australian politician
Kurtley Beale (born 1989), Australian rugby union player
Lionel Smith Beale (1828–1906), British medical doctor and professor at King's College London
Margaret Beale (1886–1969), British marine artist
Maria Taylor Beale (1849–1929), American author
Martin Beale (1928–1985), British pioneer of mathematical programming
Mary Beale (1633–1699), English portrait painter
Octavius Beale (1850–1930), Irish piano manufacturer and philanthropist
Percival Beale, Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1949 to 1955
Philippa Beale (born 1946), British artist
Richard L. T. Beale (1819–1893), American lawyer, Congressman from Virginia, and brigadier general in Confederate States Army
Simon Russell Beale (born 1961), British actor
Sophia Beale (1837–1920), English artist
Theodore Beale (born c.1968) American writer
Thomas Beale (c. 1775 – 1841), Scottish naturalist and opium speculator, brother of Daniel Beale
Thomas Chaye Beale (19th century), Scottish merchant, cousin of Daniel and Thomas Beale
Thomas Willert Beale (1828–1894), English writer, also wrote under the pseudonym Walter Maynard
William Beale (1784–1854), British composer

As given name
Beale M. Schmucker (1827–1888), American Lutheran leader and liturgical scholar

Characters
Howard Beale, played by Peter Finch in the film Network
Livia Beale, played by Moon Bloodgood in the TV series Journeyman
Chloe Beale, played by Brittany Snow in the film Pitch Perfect
Eric Beale, played by Barrett Foa in the TV series NCIS:LA

EastEnders
Beale family
 Albert Beale
 Bobby Beale (EastEnders)
 Cindy Beale
 Elizabeth Beale
 Harry Beale
 Ian Beale
 Jane Beale
 Kathy Beale
 Kenny Beale
 Laura Beale
 Lou Beale
 Louie Beale
 Lucy Beale
 Melanie Beale
 Pete Beale
 Peter Beale
 Ronnie Beale
 Steven Beale

See also
Beal (surname)
Beall, a surname
Beel (disambiguation)
Bheel (disambiguation)
Biehl, surname

Notes

English-language surnames
Surnames of English origin

Beale


Boutros Boutros-Ghali (; ; , ; 14 November 1922 – 16 February 2016) was an Egyptian politician and diplomat who served as the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1992 to 1996. Prior to his appointment as secretary-general, Boutros-Ghali was the acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt between 1977 and 1979. He oversaw the United Nations over a period coinciding with several world crises, including the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Rwandan genocide.

Born to a Coptic Christian family in Cairo, Boutros-Ghali was an academic by training and taught international law and international relations at Cairo University from 1949 to 1979. His political career began during the presidency of Anwar Sadat, who appointed him acting foreign minister in 1977. In that capacity, he helped negotiate the Camp David Accords and the Egypt–Israel peace treaty between Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin. He was acting foreign minister until early 1991, when he served as deputy foreign minister for a few months.

Boutros-Ghali was elected secretary-general by the United Nations General Assembly in 1991 and began his term in 1992, succeeding Javier Pérez de Cuéllar. His tenure was marked by controversy and crises, which included the Somali Civil War, the Rwandan Civil War, the continuing Angolan Civil War and the Yugoslav Wars. He received criticism over UN inaction in Angola and during the genocide in Rwanda, and the perceived ineffectiveness of the UN peacekeeping operation in Bosnia led to a NATO intervention. In 1996, Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for a second term as secretary-general but the United States, long dissatisfied with his leadership, denied his bid by exercising its UN Security Council veto.

After leaving the UN, Boutros-Ghali served as the first Secretary-General of La Francophonie from 1997 to 2002. He then became chairman of the South Centre, an intergovernmental think tank for developing countries. He died in 2016 in Cairo at the age of 93.

Early life and education
Boutros Boutros-Ghali was born in Cairo, Egypt, on 14 November 1922 into a Coptic Orthodox Christian family. His father Yusuf Butros Ghali was the son of Boutros Ghali Bey then Pasha (also his namesake), who was Prime Minister of Egypt from 1908 until he was assassinated in 1910. His mother, Safela Mikhail Sharubim, was daughter of Mikhail Sharubim (1861–1920), a prominent public servant and historian. The young boy was brought up by a Slovenian nanny, one of the so-called ; he was closer to Milena, "his invaluable friend and confidant", than to his own mother.

Boutros-Ghali graduated from Cairo University in 1946. He received a PhD in international law from the Faculty of Law of Paris (University of Paris) and diploma in international relations from Sciences Po in 1949. During 1949–1979, he was appointed Professor of International Law and International Relations at Cairo University. He became President of the Centre of Political and Strategic Studies in 1975 and President of the African Society of Political Studies in 1980. He was a Fulbright Research Scholar at Columbia University from 1954 to 1955, Director of the Centre of Research at The Hague Academy of International Law from 1963 to 1964, and Visiting Professor at the Faculty of Law of Paris from 1967 to 1968. In 1986 he received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Law at Uppsala University, Sweden. He was also the Honorary Rector of the Graduate Institute of Peace Studies, a branch of Kyunghee University Seoul.

Political career

Boutros-Ghali's political career developed during the presidency of Anwar Sadat. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Arab Socialist Union from 1974 to 1977. He served as Egypt's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from 1977 until early 1991. He then became Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs for several months before moving to the UN. As Minister of State, he played a part in the peace agreements between President Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin.

According to investigative journalist Linda Melvern, Boutros-Ghali approved a secret $26 million arms sale to the government of Rwanda in 1990 when he was foreign minister, the weapons stockpiled by the Hutu regime as part of the fairly public, long-term preparations for the subsequent genocide. He was serving as UN secretary-general when the killings occurred four years later.

United Nations Secretary-General

1991 selection

Boutros-Ghali ran for Secretary-General of the United Nations in the 1991 selection. The top post in the UN was opening up as Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru reached the end of his second term, and Africa was next in the rotation. Boutros-Ghali tied Bernard Chidzero of Zimbabwe in the first two rounds of polling, edged ahead by one vote in round 3, and fell behind by one vote in round 4. After several countries withdrew their support for Chidzero, fed by fears that the United States was trying to eliminate both of the leading candidates, Boutros-Ghali won a clear victory in round 5.

Tenure (1992–1996)

Boutros-Ghali's term in office remains controversial. In 1992, he submitted An Agenda for Peace, a suggestion for how the UN could respond to violent conflict. He set three goals: for the UN to be more active in promoting democracy, for the UN to conduct preventative diplomacy to avert crises, and to expand the UN's role as peacekeeper. Although the goals were consistent with those of US president George H. W. Bush, he nevertheless repeatedly clashed with the United States, especially with his efforts to involve the UN more deeply in the civil wars in Somalia (1992) and in Rwanda (1994). The United States refused to send peace enforcement units under UN leadership.

Boutros-Ghali was criticised for the UN's failure to act during the 1994 Rwandan genocide, during which over a half million people were killed. Boutros-Ghali also appeared unable to muster support in the UN for intervention in the continuing Angolan Civil War. One of the hardest tasks during his term was dealing with the crisis of the Yugoslav Wars after the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia. The UN peacekeeping force was ineffective in Bosnia and Herzegovina, forcing the intervention by NATO in December 1995. His reputation became entangled in the larger controversies over the effectiveness of the UN and the role of the United States in the UN.

The US journalist Mark Bowden argues that he was responsible for an escalation of the Somalia crisis by undertaking a personal vendetta against Mohamed Farrah Aidid and his Habar Gidir clan, favouring their rivals, the Darod, the clan of the former dictator Siad Barre. It was believed that he demanded the 12 July 1993 US helicopter attack on a meeting of Habar Gidir clan leaders, who were meeting to discuss a peace initiative put forward by the leader of the UN Mission in Mogadishu, retired US Admiral Jonathan Howe. Bowden suggests that most of the clan elders were eager to arrange peace and rein in the subversive activities of their clan leader Aidid. Still, after this attack on a peaceful meeting, the clan was resolved to fight the Americans and the UN, leading to the Battle of Mogadishu on 3–4 October 1993.

Second term vetoed

Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for the customary second term in 1996, despite efforts by the United States to unseat him. US ambassador Madeleine Albright asked Boutros-Ghali to resign and offered to establish a foundation for him to run, an offer that other Western diplomats called "ludicrous". American diplomatic pressure also had no effect, as other members of the Security Council remained unwavering in their support for Boutros-Ghali. He won 14 of the 15 votes in the Security Council, but the sole opposing vote was a US veto. After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council, France offered a compromise in which Boutros-Ghali would be appointed to a short term of two years, but the United States rejected the French offer. Finally, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy, becoming the second Secretary-General ever to be denied re-election by a veto, with Kurt Waldheim being the first.

Later life

From 1997 to 2002, Boutros-Ghali was Secretary-General of La Francophonie, an organisation of French-speaking nations. From 2002 to 2005, he served as the chairman of the board of the South Centre, an intergovernmental research organisation of developing countries. Boutros-Ghali played a "significant role" in creating Egypt's National Council for Human Rights and served as its president until 2012.

Boutros-Ghali supported the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly and was one of the initial signatories of the Campaign's appeal in 2007. In a message to the Campaign, he stressed the necessity to establish democratic participation of citizens at the global level. From 2009 to 2015 he also participated as a jury member for the Conflict Prevention Prize, awarded every year by the Fondation Chirac.

Personal life
Boutros-Ghali's wife, Leia Maria Nadler, was raised in an Egyptian Jewish family in Alexandria and converted to Catholicism as a young woman.

Boutros-Ghali died aged 93 in a Cairo hospital after being admitted for a broken pelvis or leg on 16 February 2016. A military funeral was held for him with prayers led by Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria. He is buried at Petrine Church in Abbassia, Cairo.

Honorary degrees

He received honorary degrees from  and Uppsala University.

Awards and recognition
 The World Affairs Council Christian A. Herter memorial award, Boston (March 1993)
 The Arthur A. Houghton Jr. Star Crystal Award for Excellence de l'Institut afro- américain, New York (November 1993)
 Member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques
 Honorary membership of the Order of Canada
 Honorary membership of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow (April 1994)
 Honorary foreign membership of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (April 1994)
 Honorary foreign membership of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk (April 1994)
 Fellow of Berkeley College, Yale University (March 1995)
 The recipient of the Onassis Award for International Understanding and Social Achievement (July 1995)

Honours

National honours

Foreign honours

Published works
As Secretary-General, Boutros-Ghali wrote An Agenda for Peace. He also published other memoirs:

In English

 The Arab League, 1945–1955: Ten Years of Struggle, ed.  Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, New York, 1954
 New Dimensions of Arms Regulations and Disarmament in the Post Cold War, ed. United Nations, New York, 1992
 An Agenda for Development, ed. United Nations, New York, 1995
 Confronting New Challenges, ed. United Nations, New York, 1995
 Fifty Years of the United Nations, ed. William Morrow, New York, 1995
 The 50th Anniversary: Annual Report on the Work of the Organization, ed. United Nations, New York, 1996
 An Agenda for Democratization, ed. United Nations, New York, 1997
 Egypt's Road to Jerusalem: A Diplomat's Story of the Struggle for Peace in the Middle East, ed. Random House, New York, 1998
 Essays on Leadership (with George H. W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Desmond Tutu), ed. Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Washington, 1998
 Unvanquished: A US-UN Saga, ed. I. B. Tauris, New York, 1999
 The Papers of United Nations Secretary (with Charles Hill), ed. Yale University Press, New York, 2003
 The Arab League, 1945–1955: International Conciliation, ed. Literary Licensing Publisher, London, 2013

In French

 Contribution à l'étude des ententes régionales, ed. Pedone, Paris, 1949
 Cours de Diplomatie et de Droit Diplomatique et consulaire, ed. Librairie Anglo-égyptienne, Cairo, 1951
 Le problème du canal de Suez, ed. Société égyptienne du droit international, Cairo, 1957
 Le principe d'égalité des États et des organisations internationales, ed. Académie de droit international, Leiden, 1961
 Contribution à une théorie générale des alliances, ed. Pedone, Paris, 1963
 Le Mouvement afro-asiatique, ed. Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1969
 L'organisation de l'Unité africaine, ed. Armand Colin, Paris, 1969
 Les difficultés institutionnelles du panafricanisme, ed. Institut Universitaire des Hautes études Internationales, Geneva, 1971
 Les conflits des frontières en Afrique, ed. Techniques et Économiques, Paris, 1972
 Contribution à une théorie générale des alliances, ed. Pedone, Paris, 1991
 L'interaction démocratie et développement [eds.], ed. Unesco, Paris, 2002
 Démocratiser la mondialisation, ed. Rocher, Paris, 2002
 Émanciper la Francophonie, ed. L'Harmattan, Paris, 2003
 60 Ans de conflit israélo-arabe : Témoignages pour l'Histoire (with Shimon Peres), ed. Complexes, Paris, 2006

See also
 List of Copts

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Boutros Boutros-Ghali papers at the United Nations Archives

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1922 births
2016 deaths
20th-century Egyptian diplomats
21st-century Egyptian diplomats
Cairo University alumni
Coptic politicians
Academic staff of Cairo University
Members of the Institut de Droit International
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Deputy Prime Ministers of Egypt
Foreign ministers of Egypt
The Hague Academy of International Law people
Honorary Companions of the Order of Canada
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
Officers of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
People of the Rwandan genocide
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
Columbia University faculty
Sciences Po alumni
Secretaries-General of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
Secretaries-General of the United Nations
Accidental deaths from falls
Egyptian officials of the United Nations
Boutros Ghali family
Fulbright alumni

Boutros Boutros-Ghali


Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans is an extremely thermophilic anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium that has the interesting property of producing hydrogen as a waste product while feeding on carbon monoxide and water.  It also forms endospores.

It was isolated from a hot spring on the Russian volcanic island of Kunashir by Svetlichny et al. in 1991. Its complete genome was sequenced in 2005 by a team of scientists of the Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR)

According to TIGR evolutionary biologist Jonathan Eisen, "C. hydrogenoformans is one of the fastest-growing microbes that can convert water and carbon monoxide to hydrogen." The microbe owes this to the fact that it has at least five different forms of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase.

References

External links
 Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans at dsmz.de
Type strain of Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Peptococcaceae
Bacteria described in 1991

Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans


Amazons is a 1986 Argentine-American fantasy adventure film directed by Alejandro Sessa and starring Penelope Reed, Danitza Kingsley, Joseph Whipp, Ty Randolph, and Jacques Arndt. The screenplay was written by Charles R. Saunders, based on his short story Agbewe's Sword, which first appeared in the 1979 anthology Amazons! The short story is included as part of the series Dossouye, about the real-life female warriors of the West African Kingdom of Dahomey, gathered together in a novel published by Saunders in 2008.

Plot
Amazons is an epic story that follows a legendary tribe of warrior women from a mythical time, whose spirits are tied to magical trees. The amazons are currently being attacked by an army led by the evil king Kalungo, whose magic powers are given by the Weird Ways and the demonic being Balgore. The amazons' High Priest performs a ceremony, which reveals the magic sword of Azundati in the future of amazon warrior Dyala. Thinking the sword can stop Kalungo, the Emerald Queen selects Dyala and Tashi to retrieve the sword. Unbeknownst to Dyala, Tashi's mother, the one-armed combat instructor Tshingi tasks her daughter to kill Dyala and retrieve the sword for her, as she wants revenge for Dyala's mother cutting of her arm due to a fight over a man. Tshingi is also revealed to be working for Kalungo, who promised to make her the next Emerald Queen. She warns Kalungo, but tells him Tashi will get the sword for her and that he shouldn't worry. Not trusting Tshingi not to turn on him, Kalungo tasks his shape-shifting servant Akam to trail the two warriors, make sure they reach the sword, and then kill them. Meanwhile, oppressed servants of Kalungo plan a rebellion against him. The guards capture one of them, Vishti, but she manages to stab the guard who tries to rape her and escape in his clothes to join the amazons.
Dyala and Tashi are attacked by bandits while bathing, who try to rape them, but Akam, shapeshifted to a lioness, kills a bandit and Dyala kills the rest. They enter the area of the reptilian demon-worshipper Pagash, who kidnap some drugged women sent to the forest as sacrifices for a demonic tree. The Pagash capture Tashi with a trap as well. Dyala lures the Pagash away and kills them with the traps she has set, and saves Tashi from sacrifice in the last minute.
They meet a horse that leads them to a nomadic seer. She predicts that three will enter the cave holding the sword, but only one will leave - and that the holder of the sword has to pay a price.
After crossing a gorge on ropes, the two of them enter the cave, followed by Akam in lioness form. Dyala claims the sword, and Tashi is unable to stab her in the back, as they have become friends. Akam hurls a knife at Dyala, and Tashi pushes her out of the way, dying to save her. Akam shapeshifts to a lioness and fights Dyala, but she manages to stab her to death. In the meantime, the amazons mount an attack on Kalungo's castle, but he has the upper hand due to his magic, which the High Priest can only repel for a while with the aid of the Soul Stone.
Dyala returns to the seer, who reveals she is the legendary Azundati whom the sword belonged to. She gives Dyala her horse, which can navigate the Weird Ways and take her instantly to the amazons. In the Weird Ways, Balgore attacks Dyala but she kills him with the sword. Using the magic sword, she reflects Kalungo's spells on his army, turning the tide of the battle. She follows a fleeing Kalungo, and after a fierce battle, beheads him. Displaying the head makes Kalungo's army surrender.
The Queen names Dyala as the new commander, however she suddenly feels intense pain and realizes someone is trying to cut down her spirit-tree. It is Tshingi, and the two have an intense fight. Tshingi managed to cut down Dyala's tree, but it lands on her and crushes her to death. Dyala survives because possession of the sword made her immortal. She leaves to return the sword to the cave, but finds Tashi at Azundati's tent, alive. She explains Azundati somehow brought her back to life, then left, saying her task is over. The two friends embrace each other and ride off on a new adventure.

Cast
 Mindi Miller ... Dyala (as Windsor Taylor Randolph)
 Penelope Reed ... Tashi
 Joseph Whipp ... Kalungo
 Danitza Kingsley ... Tshingi
 Wolfram Hecht ... Matlin (as Wolfram Hoechst)
  ... High Priest
 Charles Finch ... Timar
 Francisco Cocuzza ... Baliguri (as Frank Cocza)
 Santiago Mallo ... Halfhead
 Anita Larronde ... Emerald Queen (as Annie Larronde)
 Armando Capo ... Hitron (as Armand Capó)
 Maria Fournery ... Vishti (as Mary Fournery)
 Nöelle Balfour ... Lati
 Esther Velázquez ... Azundati
 Marcos Woinsky ... Artan (as Marc Woinsky)
 Fabiana Smith ... Lioness (Akam)
 William Reta ... Guard
 Lena Marie Johansson ... Female Noble #1
 Linda Guzmán ... Female Noble #2

References

External links

1986 films
1980s fantasy adventure films
American fantasy adventure films
Films produced by Roger Corman
High fantasy films
American sword and sorcery films
1980s Spanish-language films
Films about witchcraft
Argentine fantasy adventure films
English-language Argentine films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
1980s Argentine films

Amazons (1986 film)


Will Sanders Heller (born February 28, 1981) is a former American football tight end. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003. He played college football at Georgia Tech.

Heller has also played for the Miami Dolphins, Seattle Seahawks, and Detroit Lions.

Early years
Heller attended Marist High School in Atlanta, Georgia, and was a student and a letterman in both football and basketball. In football, he played tight end, wide receiver, and defensive back, and was a 2nd Team All-Northside selection under Marist head football coach Alan Chadwick.

College career
Heller attended Georgia Tech in Atlanta, Georgia, where he played tight end under Coach George O'Leary. Heller arrived at Georgia Tech as a walk-on candidate for tight end after turning down his only football scholarship offer to Division I-AA Furman.

Professional career

Seattle Seahawks
In 2007, he had two touchdown receptions for the Seahawks against the St. Louis Rams. At the end of the 2007 season he had 13 receptions for 82 receiving yards and 3 touchdowns.

Detroit Lions
Heller was signed by the Detroit Lions on March 16, 2009. He was released following the 2011 season on March 12, 2012, but re-signed on March 22, 2012.

References

External links
Detroit Lions bio
Seattle Seahawks bio

1981 births
Living people
People from Dunwoody, Georgia
American football tight ends
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football players
Players of American football from DeKalb County, Georgia
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Miami Dolphins players
Seattle Seahawks players
Detroit Lions players
Marist School (Georgia) alumni

Will Heller


Carietta N. White is the title character and protagonist of American author Stephen King's first published 1974 horror novel, Carrie.

In every adaptation and portrayal of Carrie, she is portrayed as a high school outcast, bullied, slandered and abused by students and even her own mother Margaret, an unstable religious fanatic. She also has telekinetic powers that confuse and frighten her, and fuel Margaret's conviction that her daughter is possessed by the Devil.

Since the novel's release, Carrie has appeared in a variety of other media, including five films and three music videos.

Novel

In the novel, Carrie's full name is Carietta N. White, whereas many film adaptations spell her full name as Carrietta. She is depicted as a "frog among swans"; a white girl who has skin often peppered with pimples on her face, shoulders, and buttocks, blonde hair that at times appear completely without color, and incredibly dark brown eyes that appear to cast shadows beneath them. She is also slightly overweight, shy, lonely, and isolated. She is severely bullied at school. Her widowed mother, Margaret, is a mentally unstable religious fanatic who beats her daughter and throws her into a "prayer closet" whenever she does something that her mother thinks is sinful.

When Carrie gets her first period on the floor in the girls' locker room, Carrie panics; she does not know what is happening as Margaret never taught her about menstruation. The terrified Carrie seeks help in the other girls, believing that she is dying. The other girls, led by the popular Chris Hargensen and her friend Sue Snell, shout 'period' over and over and stare at Carrie as she showers. The school gym teacher Rita Desjardin – who pities rather than likes Carrie – punishes the girls who were involved with a week of detention, and bans Chris from the prom when she refuses to comply. Chris schemes for revenge against Carrie with the help of her boyfriend, Billy Nolan.

Meanwhile, Carrie is thrilled when Sue's boyfriend Tommy Ross asks her to the prom, unaware that Sue had asked him to do it in order to atone for bullying her. When Margaret learns about the prom, she is furious, and forbids her to go. Finally fed up with her mother's abuse, Carrie uses her powers to knock Margaret to the floor, and proceeds to go the prom with Tommy.

At the prom, Tommy and Carrie are voted Prom King and Queen – unaware that Chris had engineered Carrie's victory as part of a plan to get revenge for being banned from the prom due to bullying Carrie earlier. As an elated Carrie accepts her crown, Chris and Billy dump a bucket of pig's blood over her head, provoking the entire school, even Desjardin, to start laughing at her. Humiliated and enraged, Carrie loses control of her powers and lets loose a torrent of telekinetic energy that demolishes the school and kills several students. As she walks home, she unleashes her powers on the town as well, destroying several buildings and killing hundreds of people.

When she returns home, she tells Margaret what happened, and Margaret tells her that she has been possessed by Satan and must be destroyed. Margaret attacks Carrie with a carving knife, and reveals that she became pregnant with her after her husband, Carrie's father, raped her. She stabs Carrie in the shoulder, but Carrie kills her by telekinetically stopping her heart.

Mortally wounded, Carrie makes her way to the roadhouse where she was conceived. She sees Chris and Billy leaving, having been informed of the destruction by one of Billy's friends. After Billy attempts to run Carrie over, she telekinetically takes control of his car and sends it racing into the tavern wall, killing both Billy and Chris. Sue finds Carrie collapsed in the parking lot, bleeding out from the knife wound. The two have a brief telepathic conversation (revealing that Sue has telepathy), in which Carrie realizes that Sue was not involved in the prank. Carrie then dies, crying out for her mother.

Performers
 Sissy Spacek (1976; theatrical film)
 Linzi Hateley (1988; musical)
 Angela Bettis (2002; television film)
 Jodelle Ferland (2002; television film )
 Molly Ranson (2012; musical)
 Chloë Grace Moretz (2013; theatrical film)
 Skyler Wexler (2013; theatrical film )
 Madelaine Petsch (2018; Riverdale: A Night to Remember )
 Emilija Baranac (2018; Riverdale: A Night to Remember )

Musical

In 1988, Carrie was adapted into a musical co-produced by the Royal Shakespeare Company. Carrie was portrayed by Linzi Hateley in both the London production and the Broadway transfer. Her songs include "And Eve Was Weak", "Evening Prayers", and "I Remember How Those Boys Could Dance" (duets with Betty Buckley, who also played teacher Miss Collins in the 1976 film, as her mother) and the solos "I'm Not Alone" and "Carrie".

Linzi Hateley won a Theatre World Award for Best Newcomer for this, her first starring role. She recorded the song "Carrie" for her album Sooner or Later.

The pig's blood scene and the ensuing massacre are depicted in the musical number "The Destruction". Carrie seals off the exits, kills everyone present (staged through pyrotechnics and lasers), and brings down the ceiling, burying the promgoers. Carrie sinks to the floor and begins to cry. Margaret arrives in an evening dress, and comforts her. She then stabs Carrie on the school stairs (a "white-on-white staircase to heaven") during the song "Carrie (reprise)" in a moment described by one scholar as "the sort of moment Florenz Ziegfeld might have come up with had a lunatic asked him to stage a Grand Guignol version of his Follies". Carrie uses her powers to stop Margaret's heart before dying herself, comforted by Sue.

2012 revival
The 2012 revival of the show portrays a different version of events. The blood is dumped onto Carrie (portrayed by Molly Ranson) from above, as in the book. She slams the doors shut and turns off the lights, creating a blackout. The lights struggle back on in a strobe effect as Carrie forces everyone else to the ground. The students writhe in desperation as Carrie sets the gym on fire, and telekinetically forces Chris Hargensen to break her own neck. Several try to escape but are pinned to the walls. Carrie then leaves, blowing up the gym as she does so. Sue narrates how Carrie cuts a trail of destruction across town on her way home, as Sue herself follows her. At the White home, Carrie finds Margaret reciting prayers. She takes Carrie in her arms and sings softly to her before revealing the kitchen knife and stabbing her. Carrie uses her powers to force the knife out of Margaret's hands before stopping her heart. Sue enters, and cradles Carrie as she dies of her wounds.

Other media
The television series Riverdale featured an episode based on the musical, "Chapter Thirty-One: A Night to Remember", with series stars Madelaine Petsch and Emilija Baranac, who played the characters Cheryl Blossom and Midge Klump as different versions of Carrie, respectively. In this story, Cheryl is a participant for the role of Carrie in the musical. However, the musical's director Kevin Keller (portrayed by Casey Cott) had offered the role to Midge, until she was killed by the Black Hood at the end of the episode.

The music video for "Hell in the Hallways" by the American metal band Ice Nine Kills is based on the story with Isabel McGinity as Carrie.

References

https://nerdreactor.com/2014/10/20/teen-rom-com-jason-freddy-carrie/

http://www.fridaythe13thfranchise.com/2018/08/low-carb-comedy-is-back-with-jason.html

External links
Official website for Carrie the Musical

Carrie (franchise)
Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Child characters in literature
Female characters in film
Female characters in literature
Female characters in musical theatre
Female horror film villains
Female literary villains
Fictional characters from Maine
Fictional characters who use magic
Fictional Christians
Fictional female murderers
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional matricides
Fictional offspring of rape
Fictional rampage and spree killers
Fictional telepaths
Fictional telekinetics
Fictional terrorists
Fictional victims of child abuse
Literary characters introduced in 1974
Stephen King characters
Teenage characters in film
Teenage characters in literature
Teenage characters in musical theatre

Carrie White


The list price, also known as the manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP), or the recommended retail price (RRP), or the suggested retail price (SRP) of a product is the price at which its manufacturer notionally recommends that a retailer sell the product.

Suggested pricing methods may conflict with competition theory, as they allow prices to be set higher than would be established by supply and demand. Resale price maintenance—fixing prices—goes further than suggesting prices, and is illegal in many countries.

Retailers may charge less than the suggested retail price, depending upon the actual wholesale cost of each item, usually purchased in bulk from the manufacturer, or in smaller quantities through a distributor. The suggested price is sometimes unrealistically high, so the seller can appear to be offering a discount. Some retailers apply discount stickers over top of original prices to indicate a discount to consumers.

List price often cannot be compared directly internationally as products may differ in detail, sometimes due to different regulations, and list prices may or may not include taxes.

India and Bangladesh
India and Bangladesh do not use list prices but instead have a maximum retail price.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the list price is referred to as a recommended retail price or RRP.

In 1998, the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry prohibited the placing of RRP on electrical goods under the "Domestic Electrical Goods Order", but this ruling was lifted by the Competition Commission in February 2012.

United States
In the United States, the list price is referred to as the manufacturer's suggested retail price or MSRP.

Under earlier US state Fair Trade statutes, the manufacturer was able to impose a fixed price for items. The fixed prices could offer some price protection to small merchants in competition against larger retail organizations. These were determined to be in restraint of trade. Many manufacturers have adopted MSRP, a price at which the manufacturer suggests the item be priced by a retailer. The term "suggested" can be misleading because in many cases, the MSRP is extremely high compared to the actual wholesale cost, opening the market to "deep discounters", who are able to sell products substantially below the MSRP but still make a profit. The discount stores benefit from exorbitant MSRPs because the discount offered increases the perceived value to customers.

Automobiles

A common use for MSRP can be seen in automobile sales in the United States. Prior to the spread of manufacturer's suggested retail pricing, there were no defined prices on vehicles, and car dealers were able to impose arbitrary markups, often with prices adjusted to what the salesperson thought the prospective purchaser would be willing to pay for a particular vehicle.

Currently, the MSRP, or "sticker price", the price of a vehicle as labeled by the manufacturer, is clearly labeled on the windows of all new vehicles, on a Monroney sticker, commonly called the "window sticker." The sticker was added as part of the Automobile Information Disclosure Act of 1958. The MSRP is different from the actual price paid to the manufacturer by the dealer, which is known as the "invoice price." There are now numerous sources, such as online appraisal tools, that can be used to find the MSRP and invoice price.

Minimum advertised price
A minimum advertised price (MAP) is the practice of a manufacturer providing marketing funds to a retailer contingent on the retailer advertising an end customer price at or above a specified level. Such agreements can be illegal in some countries when members and terms in the agreement match predefined legal criteria.

United States
Fixed pricing established between a distributor and seller or between two or more sellers may violate antitrust laws in the United States.

In Leegin Creative Leather Prods., Inc. v. PSKS, Inc., 127 S. Ct. 2705 (2007), the Supreme Court considered whether federal antitrust law established a per se ban on minimum resale price agreements and, instead, allow resale price maintenance agreements to be judged by the rule of reason, the usual standard applied to determine if there is a violation of section 1 of the Sherman Act.  In holding that vertical price restraints should be judged by the rule of reason, the Court overruled Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park & Sons Co., 220 U.S. 373 (1911).

Because the rule of reason applies, minimum RPM agreements may still be unlawful. In fact, in Leegin, the Court identified at least two ways in which a purely vertical minimum RPM agreement might be illegal. First, "[a] dominant retailer ... might request resale price maintenance to forestall innovation in distribution that decreases costs. A manufacturer might consider it has little choice but to accommodate the retailer's demands for vertical price restraints if the manufacturer believes it needs access to the retailer's distribution network". Second, "[a] manufacturer with market power... might use resale price maintenance to give retailers an incentive not to sell the products of smaller rivals or new entrants."

In both of these examples, an economically powerful firm uses the RPM agreement to exclude or raise entry barriers for its competition.

In addition, federal law is not the only source of antitrust claims as almost all of the states have their own antitrust laws.

United Kingdom
In the UK, in September 2010, an investigation was launched by the Office of Fair Trading into breaches of competition law by online travel agents and the hotel industry in relation to the advertised pricing of hotel rooms. As of April 2011, this was an administrative priority of the OFT.

Australia
In Australia, any sort of attempt at setting minimum advertised pricing or any retaliation against such a reseller is against the Competition and Consumer Act.

It is also illegal for resellers to ask their suppliers to use recommended price lists to stop competitors from discounting. In most cases, a supplier may specify a maximum price for retail.

There is an exception to this where the reseller is engaging in a loss-leading exercise.

Rack rate
'Rack rate' is the travel industry term for the published full price of a hotel room, which the customer would pay by just walking into the hotel off the street and asking for a room. In some jurisdictions, a customer may be entitled to overstay a reservation by paying the rack rate.While the rack rate can be lower than the maximum rate that the hotel may be allowed to charge under local laws, it is higher than the rate most travel agents can book for their customers. Sometimes the terms "run of the house" or "walk-up rate" (in Europe usually: "walk-in rate") are used to refer to the same highest rate.

The term "rack rate" is also used by travel-related service providers, such as car rental companies or travel mobile phone rental companies, to refer to the same highest rate that customers would be charged with no prebookings.

See also
Maximum retail price

Rate card

Dropshipping

References

External links
 FTC Illegal Business Practices
 Record Companies Settle FTC Charges of Restraining Competition in CD Music Market
 MSRP and a real value of a car

Anti-competitive practices
Competition (economics)
Pricing

List price


Edmund Wilson MD FRCP (1583 – September 1633) was a Canon of Windsor from 1616 to 1617 and a physician.

Family

He was the son of William Wilson, Canon of Windsor.

Career

He was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge where he graduated BA in 1601, MA in 1606, MD in 1613.

He was appointed Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1615 and practised as a physician in Windsor and London.

He was appointed to the seventh stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1616 and held the canonry until 1617 when he was deprived of it for not having been ordained priest within a year of his installation.

Notes

1583 births
1633 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
People educated at Eton College
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians

Edmund Wilson (physician)


Daryl Davis (born March 26, 1958) is an American R&B and blues musician and activist. His efforts to fight racism, in which, as an African American, he has engaged with members of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), have convinced a number of Klansmen to leave and denounce the KKK. Known for his energetic style of boogie-woogie piano, Davis has played with such musicians as Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, B. B. King, and Bruce Hornsby.

He is the subject of the 2016 documentary Accidental Courtesy: Daryl Davis, Race & America.

Early life
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Davis was the son of a Department of State Foreign Service officer and moved around the world with his parents during most of his early childhood. Living in various foreign countries, including African nations, Davis grew accustomed to the casually integrated schools of foreign diplomats, where children of many nations, races, and cultures were schooled together.  At the age of ten, he returned to the United States and joined an all-white Cub Scout pack in Belmont, Massachusetts. In one incident, he was carrying the flag and marching with his troop in a local parade, when he was struck with rocks and bottles thrown from the crowd, prompting the pack leaders to form a protective ring around him. Davis did not understand the incident until he discussed it with his father. The irrationality of the incident, in his mind, led to a curiosity about the origins and basis for such racist attitudes, which would later shape much of his future activity.

Davis is a Christian.

Music career
Davis absorbed the style of blues musicians from the Mississippi Delta who had migrated north. In 1980, he earned a bachelor of music degree from Howard University, where he was a member of the Howard University Choir and Jazz Vocal Ensemble. Davis "was mentored by legendary pianists Pinetop Perkins and Johnnie Johnson, who both claimed him as their godson and praised his ability to master a piano style that was popular long before he was born", according to his Kennedy Center profile.

Davis has frequently played backup for Chuck Berry and Jerry Lee Lewis. He was a friend of Muddy Waters and played piano in The Legendary Blues Band. Davis has also performed with blues icon B. B. King. He has played with artists such as Elvis Presley's Jordanaires, The Platters, The Drifters, The Coasters, Bo Diddley, Percy Sledge, and Sam Moore (of Sam & Dave).

He was awarded "Best Traditional Blues/R&B Instrumentalist" at the 2009 Washington Area Music Awards. For several years, Davis served as artistic director of the Centrum Acoustic Blues Festival.

"Davis' piano work impresses with his winning combination of technique and abandon, and his vocals are strong and assured", wrote a reviewer in Living Blues Magazine.

Discography
 American Roots (2000)
 Alternate Routes (2008)
 Greatest Hits (2011)

Activism

Davis has worked to improve race relations by seeking out, engaging in dialogue with, and befriending members of the Ku Klux Klan. In 1983, he was playing country western music in a "white" bar in Frederick, Maryland, when a patron came up to him and said it was the first time he had "heard a black man play as well as Jerry Lee Lewis". Davis explained to the man that "Jerry Lee learned to play from black blues and boogie-woogie piano players and he's a friend of mine". The white patron was skeptical and over a drink admitted he was a member of the KKK. The two became friends and eventually the man gave Davis contact information on KKK leaders.

A few years later, Davis decided that he wanted to interview Klan members and write a book on the subject, to answer a "question in my head from the age of 10: 'Why do you hate me when you know nothing about me?' That question had never been answered from my youth".

In meeting with the Imperial Wizard of the KKK in Maryland, Roger Kelly, Davis concealed his race before the interview.

The meeting was tense. Kelly arrived at the motel with a bodyguard armed with a gun. Davis eventually became friends with Kelly  and was later invited to be Kelly's daughter's godfather.  When Kelly left the Klan, he gave his robe to Davis.

Davis eventually went on to befriend over twenty members of the KKK, and claims to have been directly responsible for between forty and sixty, and indirectly over two hundred people leaving the Klan. Over the course of his activities, Davis found that Klansmen have many misconceptions about black people, stemming mostly from intense brainwashing in their youth. When they got to know him, Davis claims, it was more difficult to maintain their prejudices. The artist has recounted his experiences in his 1998 book, Klan-destine Relationships: A Black Man's Odyssey in the Ku Klux Klan.

One Klansman told Davis that "All black people have a gene in them that makes them violent", based on the scientific finding that a 2-repeat MAOA gene increases the likelihood of violent activity, which was found to be most prevalent in African Americans.

Klan members have often invited Davis to meetings, and they have given him their robes and hoods. In 2016, Davis estimated having collected 25 or 26 robes. Among the "Knights of the Ku Klux Klan" he interviewed were Grand Klaliff Chester Doles, Grand Giant Tony LaRicci, and Grand Giant Bob White, according to The Washington Post. One Klan member gave Davis a medallion stamped with the words "KKK—Member in good standing".

Davis claims to be responsible for helping to dismantle the KKK in Maryland because things "fell apart" after he began making inroads with its members there. However, since then, the KKK was rebuilt in Maryland  under Richard Preston, leader of the Confederate White Knights, who was arrested for firing his gun at counterprotesters at the 2017 Unite the Right rally. Davis offered to post Preston's bail. He later took Preston to the National Museum of African American History. Shortly thereafter, he was asked to give away the bride at Preston's wedding.

"The lesson learned is: ignorance breeds fear", says Davis. "If you don't keep that fear in check, that fear will breed hatred. If you don't keep hatred in check, it will breed destruction".

Chester Doles, a member of the Klan, was convinced that Davis was a spy for the Anti-Defamation League or some other Klan-buster, and some of Davis's friends have found his fascination with the Klan to be odd. "He's attracted to controversy", says Adolph Wright, an old friend and fellow musician who believes Davis is a bit eccentric. "When the crowd goes right, he goes left", Wright told the Post.

Davis's father, retired senior Foreign Service officer William B. Davis, believed that his son engaged with the Klan because he needed to make sense of their hatred, to seek common ground. He remarked to The Washington Post that his son "has done something that I don't know any other black American, or white American, has done".

Accidental Courtesy documentary
In the 2016 documentary film Accidental Courtesy: Daryl Davis, Race & America, Davis interacts with KKK members and white Aryans and provides contrasting views of his activities from members of the Southern Poverty Law Center and Black Lives Matter.

Minds social network
Daryl Davis is an official advisor to the decentralized social network Minds. He uses the platform to educate people on how to conduct civil discourse to find common ground and build tolerance.

In an interview with Forbes, Davis said "…here [at Minds] you have an open forum where people are welcomed to bring their diverse ideas, even their beliefs, which people may not find popular and have civil discourse…the art of conversing with one another has been lost… This forum will allow people to come on there and be able to be transparent, to have conversation unlike some of the other platforms on the internet".

Davis believes education is the best remedy for curing hate: "[If] you fix the ignorance, there's nothing to fear. If there's nothing to fear, there's nothing to hate. If there's nothing to hate, there's nothing or no one to destroy".

In November 2019, Minds and Davis launched the Deradicalization Initiative to combat online extremism. In addition to workshops, meetups, and other live events, the initiative offers educational resources and ideas for promoting tolerance.

Changing Minds podcast
As part of the Deradicalization Initiative, Davis runs a podcast called Changing Minds. The show covers a wide range of topics, including politics, music, and race. Guests are equally diverse and have included notable figures such as:
 Former Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard Scott Shepherd.
 Former Al-Qaeda recruiter Jesse Morton.
 David Kaczynski, brother of "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski
 Charles Berry Jr., Chuck Berry's son.
 Blues guitarist Bob Margolin
 Documentary film director and human rights activist Deeyah Khan
 Journalist and author Brian Karem

Acting
Davis has acted on stage, film, and television. He played a minor character in HBO's television series The Wire. He appeared on stage in William Saroyan's The Time of Your Life with Marcia Gay Harden, Brigid Cleary, and Richard Bauer, and in Elvis Mania at an off-Broadway theater in New York City. He received positive reviews for his role in Zora Neale Hurston's Polk County.

References

External links

 Changing Minds podcast

 Profile of Daryl Davis Band, Kennedy Center website
 "Daryl Davis - Reaching out to the KKK", in-depth interview/debate on BBC's HARDtalk, August 11, 2021 (also available at: ).

1958 births
Living people
20th-century African-American musicians
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American pianists
21st-century African-American musicians
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
21st-century Christians
African-American Christians
African-American pianists
American blues pianists
American male pianists
American anti-racism activists
Boogie-woogie pianists
Chicago blues musicians
Howard University alumni
The Legendary Blues Band members

Daryl Davis