Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (TMNT) is an American comic book series that was published by Mirage Studios between 1984 and 2014. Conceived by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird, it was initially intended as a one-shot, but due to its popularity it became an ongoing series. The comic created the Turtles franchise of five television series, seven feature films, numerous video games, and a range of toys and merchandise.

Notable for its black and white format and darker tone compared to the rest of the adaptions that followed, the series follows the exploits of four genetically-mutated ninja turtles who were trained under the orders of Master Splinter, a pet rat, to combat various foes, most notably involving the likes of the Foot clan and their leader Oroko Saki, who secretly takes on the identity of the Shredder.

Over the years, the Turtles have appeared in numerous cross-overs with other independent comics characters such as Dave Sim's Cerebus, Bob Burden's Flaming Carrot, Stan Sakai's Usagi Yojimbo, Image Universe series including Erik Larsen's Savage Dragon and Todd McFarlane's Spawn.

In October 2009, Peter Laird sold the rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise to Viacom, the parent company of Nickelodeon. Mirage Studios was shut down on September 19, 2021. In 2011, IDW Publishing secured the rights to publish a new series and reprint the older comics.

Origin of the concept
The concept originated from a comical drawing sketched out by Kevin Eastman during a casual evening of brainstorming with his friend Peter Laird. The drawing of a short, squat turtle wearing a mask with nunchaku strapped to its arms was humorous to the young artists, as it played upon the inherent contradiction of a slow, cold-blooded reptile with the speed and agility of Japanese martial arts. Laird suggested that they create a team of four such turtles, each specializing in a different weapon. Eastman and Laird often cited the work of Frank Miller and Jack Kirby as their major artistic influences.

Using money from a tax refund together with a loan from Eastman's uncle, they formed Mirage Studios and self-published a single-issue comic book that would pastiche four popular comics of the early 1980s: Marvel Comics' The New Mutants, which featured teenage mutants; Cerebus, which featured anthropomorphic animals; Ronin; and Daredevil, which featured ninja clans dueling for control of the New York City underworld.

The Turtles' origin contained direct allusions to Daredevil: the traffic accident between a blind man and a truck carrying radioactive ooze is a direct reference to Daredevil's own story (indeed in the version told in the first issue, Splinter sees the canister strike a boy's face). The name "Splinter" also parodied Daredevil's mentor, a man known as "Stick". The Foot, a clan of evil ninjas who became the Turtles' arch-enemies, satirizes the Hand, who were a mysterious and deadly ninja clan in the pages of Daredevil.

After conceiving the Turtles' mentor as a rat who had come from Japan and was a ninja master, Eastman and Laird thought of giving the turtles Japanese names, but as Laird explained, "we couldn't think of authentic-sounding Japanese names". Instead, they went with Renaissance artists, and picked the four they were most familiar with, with the help of Laird's copy of Janson's History of Art.

Publication history

Volume 1: 1984–1993
The first issue of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was advertised in issues #1 and #2 of Eastman and Laird's 1984 comic, Gobbledygook, in addition to the Comics Buyer's Guide, issue 545. The full page advertisement in CBG helped gain the attention of retailers and jump-started their early sales. Because of the CBG's newspaper format, many were disposed of, making it a highly sought-after collector's item today. The book premiered in May 1984 at a comic book convention in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It was printed in an oversized, magazine-style format using black and white artwork on cheap newsprint and had a print run of only 3,275 copies. It was a period of intense speculation in comic book investment, with especially strong interest in black and white comics from independent companies. The first printings of the original TMNT comics had small print runs that made them instant collector items. Within months, the books were trading at prices over 50 times their cover price.

The success also led to a black-and-white comics boom in the mid-1980s, wherein other small publishers put out animal-based parody books hoping to make a quick profit. Among them, the Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters, the Pre-Teen Dirty-Gene Kung Fu Kangaroos, and the Karate Kreatures were obvious parodies of TMNT. Even Marvel Comics featured an advertisement for Adult Thermonuclear Samurai Elephants in 1986, but it evolved into an X-Men parody eventually released as Power Pachyderms in 1989. Most of them were sold to comic shops in large numbers, but failed to catch on with readers. This speculation led to financial problems with both comic shops and distributors, contributing to a sales collapse in 1986–87.

The "Return to New York" story arc concluded in the spring of 1989 and by this time the Ninja Turtles phenomenon was well established in other media. Eastman and Laird then found themselves administrating an international merchandising juggernaut, overseeing a wide array of licensing deals. This prevented the two creators from participating in the day-to-day work of writing and illustrating a monthly comic book. For this reason, many guest artists were invited to showcase their unique talents in the TMNT universe. The breadth of diversity found in the various short stories had the adverse effect of somewhat disrupting continuity and gave the series a disjointed, anthology-like feel. Some of these artists, including Michael Dooney, Eric Talbot, A.C. Farley, Ryan Brown, Steve Lavigne, Steve Murphy, and Jim Lawson, continued to work with Mirage Studios for years to come.

Issue #45 kicked off a major turning point, as Mirage made a concerted effort to return the series to continuity. A 13-part story arc entitled "City at War" began with issue #50, which was the first issue to be completely written and illustrated by both Eastman and Laird since issue #11.  Both "City at War" and Volume 1 concluded with the publication of issue #62 in August 1993.

Volume 2: 1993–1995
Mirage Studios launched Volume 2 with much fanfare in October 1993, as a full-color series that maintained the continuity of the first volume. Written and illustrated by Jim Lawson, the series lasted only thirteen issues before ceasing publication in October 1995. The cancellation was due to declining popularity and lagging sales as well as a flood at Mirage Studios.

Volume 3: 1996–1999, 2018

The Savage Dragon creator Erik Larsen relaunched the series in June 1996, with the publication of a third volume under the Image Comics banner. The series was written by Gary Carlson and drawn by Frank Fosco, and marked the return to black and white artwork. This volume was notable for having a faster pace and more intense action while inflicting major physical changes on the Turtles themselves; Leonardo losing a hand, Raphael's face being scarred, Splinter becoming a bat, and Donatello becoming a cyborg. In a plot twist, Raphael even took on the identity of The Shredder and assumed leadership of the Foot. With Volume 3, the Turtles were incorporated into the Image Universe, which provided opportunities for a few crossovers and guest appearances by characters from Image series.

The series ceased publication on a cliffhanger in 1999 with issue #23, and it was no longer considered part of the "official" TMNT canon due in part to a lack of desire by co-creator Peter Laird to follow up material with which he was not directly involved nor fully approved. Raph's depiction as the Shredder however, was referenced in an episode of the third season of the 2003 animated series, "The Darkness Within", where Raph was exposed to his fear of giving into anger and becoming the very thing he hated.

After its cancellation, the series remained in publication limbo for nearly two decades, with no reprints or collected volumes. In 2018, IDW Publishing, which publishes their own TMNT comic series, began to reprint the existing 23 issues in full color under the title TMNT: Urban Legends, as well as commission Carlson and Fosco to write and draw an official three-issue conclusion to the story.

Volume 4: 2001–2014
Peter Laird and Jim Lawson brought the Turtles back to their roots with the simply-titled TMNT in December 2001. Published bi-monthly, the series took the opportunity to correct a persistent error: since the first issue of Volume 1, Michelangelo's name had been misspelled as "Michaelangelo". It is now spelled correctly, consistent with his Renaissance namesake Michelangelo Buonarroti.

Picking up fifteen years after the conclusion of Volume 2 (and omitting the events of Volume 3), the Turtles, now in their early thirties, are living together in their sewer lair beneath New York City. April and Casey have been married for some time and remain in contact with the Turtles from their nearby apartment. Splinter continues to live at the Northampton farmhouse, where he has become a "grandfather" of sorts to Casey's teenage daughter, Shadow. The Utroms return to Earth in a very public arrival, subsequently establishing a peaceful base in Upper New York Bay. Since the arrival, aliens — and other bizarre lifeforms, like the Turtles — have become more accepted within society. No longer forced to live in hiding, the Turtles can now roam freely among the world of humans, albeit under the guise of being aliens.

The series continued until the acquisition of the franchise by Viacom in 2009. As part of the sale, Peter Laird was allowed to continue Volume 4, but issues were released sporadically, as they had been in the months before the sale. Issue no. 31 was originally released as an online comic only, while issue no. 32 was released for the 2014 Free Comic Book Day, almost 4 years after issue no. 31 was released online. Issue no. 31 was released in print for the first time for Free Comic Book Day 2015. Mirage retained the rights to publish 18 issues a year, though Mirage Studios was shut down on September 19, 2021.

Related comics
During the early days of the franchise, each of the four turtles received their own one-shot (or "micro-series"), plus a one-shot featuring the Fugitoid. There was also a one-shot anthology, Turtle Soup, released in 1987, which led to a four-part series of the same name in 1991–92. The Turtles had a four-issue mini-series co-starring Flaming Carrot (the Turtles previously guest-starred in issues #25–27 of the Carrot's own Dark Horse-published series), and the Fugitoid teamed up with Mirage regular Michael Dooney's creator-owned character Gizmo for a two-issue limited series. Kevin Eastman and Rick Veitch created a story starring Casey Jones, which was initially serialized in the four-issue anthology series Plastron Cafe, and later colorized and released with a previously unseen conclusion in the two-part Casey Jones mini-series. Eastman then collaborated with Simon Bisley on a mini-series that was supposed to be released by Mirage under the title Casey Jones & Raphael, but after one issue, it was released by Image under the title Bodycount as a four-part mini-series which began with an expanded version of the sole Mirage-published issue.

Collected books
The first collected volumes were released by First Publishing, who published four volumes from 1986 to 1988, collecting colorized versions of issues #1–11, plus the one-shot Leonardo #1 (the other three micro series one-shots were not included).

In 1988, Mirage Studios released Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Collected Book Volume One, collecting issues #1–11, and the four micro series one-shots. It was available only by mail order directly from Mirage, either as a trade paperback at US $20 (with cover art by Peter Laird; 5,000 copies printed) or as a limited edition hardcover at US $100 (with cover art by Kevin Eastman, 1,000 copies, signed by Eastman and Laird). Between 1990 and 1991, Mirage Studios published seven volumes of The Collected Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles trade paperbacks, reprinting mostly consecutive issues #1-#29 and the four micro series one-shots, with all books featuring new cover art from artist A.C. Farley. The cover price for Volume 1 was US $16.95 due to this book containing the most issues reprinted, with volumes 2–7 at US $6.95 each, containing an average of three issues reprinted.

As part of the 25th-anniversary celebrations in 2009, with no new reprint collected books released in many years and long out of print, Mirage published a new trade paperback Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Collected Book Volume 1 which was released in July 2009 with a cover price of US $29.95, unlike previous editions collecting issues #1–11, plus the four micro series one-shots, this new edition included reprinting Fugitoid issue #1, and some bonus material.

A new hardcover deluxe reprint collection was published by IDW Publishing, which had been given the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles rights from Viacom in 2011, including reprinting the older comics.

Mirage Publishing
 TMNT Collected Book Volume One (Limited Edition Hard Cover, 1988), collecting Vol. 1 #1–11, plus Raphael #1, Michelangelo #1, Donatello #1, and Leonardo #1 (1,000 copies only, all signed by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird)
TMNT Collected Book Volume One (trade paperback, 1988; 5,000 copies printed), collecting Vol. 1 #1–11, plus Raphael #1, Michelangelo #1, Donatello #1, and Leonardo #1
 The Collected Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Volume 1, collecting Vol. 1 #1–11, plus Raphael #1, Michaelangelo #1, Donatello #1, and Leonardo #1 (trade paperback, March 1990)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Collected Book Volume 1, collects Vol. 1 #1–11, plus Raphael #1, Michaelangelo #1, Donatello #1, Leonardo #1, and Fugitoid #1, and bonus material. (July 2009; 606 Pages, )
 The Collected Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Volume 2, collecting Vol. 1 #12–14 (May 1990)
 The Collected Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Volume 3, collecting Vol. 1 #15, 17–18 (June 1990)
 The Collected Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Volume 4, collecting Vol. 1 #19–21 (October 1990)
 The Collected Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Volume 5, collecting Vol. 1 #16, 22–23 (November 1990)
 The Collected Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Volume 6, collecting Vol. 1 #24–26 (July 1991)
 The Collected Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Volume 7, collecting Vol. 1 #27–29 (November 1991)
 TMNT: Soul's Winter, collecting Vol. 1 #31, 35–36 (February 2007)
Shell Shock, collecting short stories by various authors and artists (December 1989)
 Challenges, by Michael Dooney (1991)
TMNT: The Collected Movie Books, Collects the movie comics: TMNT Movie Prequel #1 – Raphael, TMNT Movie Prequel #2 – Michaelangelo, TMNT Movie Prequel #3 – Donatello, TMNT Movie Prequel #4 – April, TMNT Movie Prequel #5 – Leonardo, TMNT Movie Adaptation (June 2007)

First Publishing
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Book I, collecting colorized versions of Vol. 1 #1–3 (November 1986)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Book II, collecting colorized versions of Vol. 1 #4–6 (June 1987)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Book III, collecting colorized versions of Vol. 1 #7–9, along with the short story "Stompers" (December 1987)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Book IV, collecting colorized versions of Leonardo #1 and Vol. 1 #10–11 (November 1988)

Image Comics
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TPB-collecting Vol. 3 #1–5
Bodycount TPB -collecting Bodycount #1–4 miniseries by Kevin Eastman and Simon Bisley

Heavy Metal
Bodycount TPB (2008 rerelease) – collecting Bodycount #1–4 miniseries by Kevin Eastman and Simon Bisley (This reprint edition is in magazine-sized dimension not comics sized)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles – 25th Anniversary: A Quarter Century Celebration (Selected reprints with some stories colored)

IDW Comics
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 1, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #1–7, and Raphael #1 (December 2011)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 2, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #8–11, along with the Michaelangelo, Leonardo, and Donatello "micro-series" one-shots (April 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 3, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #12, 14, 15, 17, and 19–21 (August 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 4, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #48–55 (April 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 5, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #56–62 (October 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 6, collecting various short stories/one-shots published between 1985 and 1989 (January 2016)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Black & White Classics Vol. 1, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #1–3, and Raphael #1 (June 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Black & White Classics Vol. 2, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #4–7 (June 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Black & White Classics Vol. 3, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issue #9, along with the Michaelangelo and Donatello "micro-series" one-shots  (June 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Black & White Classics Vol. 4, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #10–11 and the Leonardo "micro-series" one-shot (June 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 1, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issue #13 along with a collection of stories from the Shell Shock TP; "Bottoming Out", "New York Ninja", "Word Warriors", "49th Street Stompers", "Junkman", "O Deed", "Road Trip", "Don't Judge a Book", "A Splinter in the Eye of God?", "Night Life", and "Meanwhile... 1,000,000 B.C.". (June 2012)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 2, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #16, 22, and 23 (August 2012)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 3, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #27–29 (December 2012)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 4, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #32, 33, and 37 along with "The Ring" (from Turtle Soup Vol. 2 Book One) (March 2013)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 5, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #34 and #38–40 (May 2013)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 6, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #42–44 (August 2013)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 7, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #45–47 and six short stories from Shell Shock: "Ghouls Night Out", "Crazy Man", "The Survival Game", "The Howl", "Technofear", and "It's A Gas" (November 2013)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 8, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 2 issues #1–5 (May 2014)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 9, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 2 issues #6–9 (December 2014)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 10, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 2 issues #10–13 (April 2015)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Legends, Soul's Winter collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #31, 35-36 and the short stories "A Splinter in the Eye of God", "Failed Instant", and "O-Deed". (December 2014)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Vol. 1, collecting colorized versions of  Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #1–7, and Raphael #1 (May 2013)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Vol. 2, collecting colorized versions of  Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #8–11, Michaelangelo #1, Donatello #1, and Leonardo #1 (October 2013)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Vol. 3, collecting colorized versions of  Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #12, #14–15, #17, and #19–21  (September 2014)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Vol. 4, collecting colorized versions of  Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #48–55 (December 2015)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Vol. 5, collecting colorized versions of  Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #56–62 (August 2016)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Color Classics, Vol.1, collecting colorized versions of  Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #1–7, Raphael #1 and Michaelangelo #1 (April 2018)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Color Classics, Vol.2, collecting colorized versions of  Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #8-13, Donatello  #1 and Leonardo  #1 (May 2019)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Color Classics, Vol.3, collecting colorized versions of  Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #14-21 (May 2020)
 Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Omnibus, Vol. 1, collected colorized versions of 'Tales of TMNT, 1st series' and issues 1-8 of Tales of the TMNT, Vol 2. (May 2018)
 Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Vol. 1 collected colorized versions of Tales of the TMNT, Vol 1, issues #1-4 (February 2013)
 Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Vol. 2 collected colorized versions of Tales of the TMNT, Vol 1, issues #5-7 (April 2013)
 Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Vol. 3 collected colorized versions of Tales of the TMNT, Vol 2, issues #1-4 (October 2013)
 Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Vol. 4 collected colorized versions of Tales of the TMNT, Vol 2, issues #5-8 (May 2014)
 Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Vol. 5 collected colorized versions of Tales of the TMNT, Vol 2, issues #9-12 (August 2014)
 Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Vol. 6 collected colorized versions of Tales of the TMNT, Vol 2, issues #13-16 (November 2014)
 Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Vol. 7 collected colorized versions of Tales of the TMNT, Vol 2, issues #17-20 (July 2015)
 Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Vol. 8 collected colorized versions of Tales of the TMNT, Vol 2, issues #22-25 (April 2016)

Appearance in other media

Comics
The ongoing IDW continuity features two minor cross-references with the Mirage comics in Bebop & Rocksteady Destroy Everything! #1, where its intro sequence connects to the story from the Tales of the TMNT issue Vol.1 #7: "The Return of Savanti Romero", and in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles/Usagi Yojimbo, where the previous encounters between Miyamoto Usagi and the Mirage Turtles are mentioned in one scene.

Animation
The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon series that debuted in 2003 ended with Turtles Forever, a crossover movie with two other Turtles properties: the 1987 cartoon and the universe of the original Mirage comics. A similar idea was used for the 2012 cartoon's episode "Transdimensional Turtles" with the 2012 cartoon iterations replacing their 2003 counterparts. In both specials, an interdimensional plot-launched by the 2003 Utrom Shredder in Forever and 1987 Krang and the 2012 Kraang in Transdimensional-involved the Mirage Comics world. This reality is referred to as Turtle Prime or the Primary Turtle Dimension, the destruction of which would set off a chain reaction wiping out all other Turtles and potentially their realities.

References

Further reading
Eastman, Kevin (2002). Kevin Eastman's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Artobiography. Los Angeles: Heavy Metal. .
Wiater, Stanley (1991). The Official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Treasury. New York: Villard. .

External links

1984 comics debuts
American comics adapted into films
Image Comics titles
Mirage Studios titles
Mirage
Comics set in Massachusetts
Comics adapted into television series
Comics adapted into video games
Comics adapted into animated series

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Mirage Studios)


Alakazam is an incantation or magic word along the lines of abracadabra.

Alakazam may also refer to:

 Alakazam (Pokémon), a Pokémon species
 Alakazam the Great, a Japanese 1960 anime film
 "Alakazam !", a track on Justice's album Woman

See also
 The Magic Land of Allakazam, a television series from the 60's of the magician Mark Wilson
 Hocus-pocus

Alakazam


Ashraf Marwan (, 2 February 1944 – 27 June 2007) was an Egyptian billionaire who worked as a spy for both the General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt) and the Israeli Mossad.

Egyptian officials claim he was a double agent who also worked for them.

From 1969, Marwan worked at the Presidential Office, first under Gamal Abdel Nasser and then as a close aide to his successor, Anwar Sadat. In 2002, it became known that Marwan had been recruited by Egyptian Intelligence and may have provided misleading information to the Israeli Mossad during the period leading up to the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Marwan's name surfaced in the Suisse secrets revelations, as he had been able to open a Credit Suisse bank account in 2000, even though he was a politically exposed person. He died under mysterious circumstances on 27 June 2007, falling from the balcony of his house in London. His wife and relatives testified that prior to his death, he expressed concerns that he was being followed. His wife accused the Mossad of the assassination.

Early life and education
Marwan was born in Egypt on 2 February 1944. His grandfather was the chief of the Sharia courts in Egypt, and his father, a military officer, reached the rank of General in the Egyptian Republican Guard. In 1965, at the age of 21, Marwan graduated from Cairo University with a degree in chemical engineering and was conscripted into the army. That same year he met Mona Nasser, the president's second daughter, who was 17 at the time. She fell in love with him, but her father suspected that Marwan's interest in his daughter stemmed more from her political status than her personal charms. Nasser agreed to the marriage, which took place in July 1966, under her pressure.

In 1968 Marwan started working in the Presidential Office under Sami Sharaf, Nasser's aide-de-camp and the strongman of the Egyptian security service, who kept an eye on him. In late 1968, Marwan, Mona, and their new-born son, Gamal, left for London, allegedly for the continuation of Marwan's studies. A few months later, Nasser, who was irritated by information concerning their lavish lifestyle, ordered the young couple to return to Egypt, where Marwan continued working under Sami Sharaf.

Career
Marwan's service at the Presidential Office lasted eight years (1968–1976). Although he only held a junior position under Nasser, the president occasionally used him for sensitive missions, such as calming the crisis that erupted after the resignation of General Saad el-Shazly from the army in response to his rival's nomination as chief of staff. After Nasser's death in September 1970, Marwan became a close aide to Sadat, who needed him by his side in order to demonstrate that he had the support of Nasser's family. Before the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Marwan's skills caught the attention of Sadat, who nominated him to be in charge of foreign relations. In his new capacity, Marwan developed excellent relations with the Saudi and the Libyan leaderships, who supplied Egypt with critical financial and military assistance. He played a major role in persuading Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to impose an oil embargo against the United States, to retaliate for the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military, and to gain leverage in the post-war peace negotiations. The embargo triggered the 1973 oil crisis in the US, whose domestic oil output had already peaked by 1969, and was one of the causes of the 1973-1975 recession. Sadat, who recognized Marwan's brilliance, recruited him to lead negotiations with Libya to obtain Mirage-5 aircraft, considered critical for the coming war against Israel. Marwan managed the Libyan-Egyptian deal, which was followed by leveraging his status in Sadat's eyes and among Arab countries.
Marwan started to increasingly deal with international arms trade, which helped him to build his wealth. In 1981, he bought heavy weapons from the US to supply an Arab country. However, the weapons were intended for Palestinian militias in Lebanon.

Lead up to the 1973 Arab–Israeli War
Egypt had begun preparing a war with the aim of retaking the Sinai Peninsula, which it had lost to Israel during the Six-Day War in 1967. Marwan's unparalleled access to his nation's best-kept secrets, especially after his promotion in May 1971, allowed him to provide Israel with information about the coming war, including the full Egyptian war plans, detailed accounts of military exercises, original documentation of Egypt's arms deals with the Soviet Union and other countries, the Egyptian military Order of Battle, the minutes from meetings of the high command, accounts of Sadat's private conversations with other Arab leaders and even the minutes of secret summit meetings in Moscow between Sadat and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev.

The information that Marwan provided made its way to the desks of Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, and Israeli Defense Force Chief of Staff Chaim Bar-Lev in raw form. It shaped Israel's strategic and tactical approach to Egypt and provided a direct look at Egypt's war calculus, including Sadat's minimal requirements for launching a war: mainly long-range attack aircraft and Scud missiles, without which Egypt could not have overcome Israeli air superiority.

The 1973 Arab–Israeli War
In April 1973, Marwan persuaded the Mossad that Egypt planned to attack in mid-May. Consequently, Israel raised its state-of-military readiness, but the war did not come. In October, he persuaded the Mossad of another plan to attack by deliberately feeding them misleading information. Eli Zeira, Director of Aman and Israel's military intelligence during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, said that the Israeli Agranat Commission, which investigated Israeli leaders for the reasons behind their failure in the war, said that Marwan, who was known by many nicknames, conveyed misleading information to Israel, under the direction of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, to earn their trust. According to the Israeli Agranat Commission, "The Concept" states that "Egypt will only attack, if the war is carried out in partnership with Syria, with modern aircraft and other weapons that guarantee Egyptian superiority over the Israeli air force." "How can such a senior Egyptian official come to the Israeli embassy in London in broad daylight, while he and his leaders know that this embassy, like other Israeli embassies abroad, is being monitored by dozens of intelligence agencies around the world?" Zeira questioned.

In autumn 1973, Sadat decided to launch a war without waiting for the arms that had been his precondition, and Egypt accelerated its war preparations. Marwan reported on Sadat's decision and the military preparations for war but expressed his opinion that, ultimately, Egypt would be deterred from militarily challenging Israel. Israeli military intelligence leaders, including Eli Zeira, due to the May false alarm, refused to accept the evidence of numerous warnings and indicators that the Arabs planned to attack. Accordingly, Israel was caught by surprise in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War.

Postwar
In an interview, Marwan's son, Gamal Marwan, stated that Israel became aware that Marwan misled them, causing their biggest loss in terms of in deaths, casualties and weapons, since 1948. According to the White House military briefing and The Yom Kippur War by Abraham Rabinovich, Israeli casualties were 2,800 dead, 8,800 wounded and 293 captured.

Secretary to the President of the Republic for Foreign Relations
On 14 February 1974, Marwan became Secretary to the President of the Republic for Foreign Relations, a new position that reflected Sadat's ruling style. Given Sadat's dissatisfaction with the conduct of his foreign minister, Ismail Fahmy, Marwan was considered as a candidate to replace him.

By that stage, however, Marwan had accumulated a considerable number of personal enemies, who accused him of using his closeness to Sadat to gain personal wealth. When the accusations gained momentum, Sadat had to yield to the pressure and, in March 1976, ended Marwan's service in the Presidential Office.

Arab Organization for Industrialization
Marwan was nominated to head the Arab Organization for Industrialization, an arms production complex in Cairo that was financed by Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar. Following additional political pressures, Sadat had to relieve him from that position in October 1978.

Business
Following Sadat's assassination in October 1981, Marwan left Egypt and started a business career in London. He gained a reputation as a mysterious man, who did not play according to the rules of the City. He was involved in the failed attempt by Tiny Rowland to take over the House of Fraser, a group of department stores, whose jewel in the crown was Harrods, where the English aristocracy used to shop. Marwan amassed significant wealth, the source of which has never been disclosed.

In 1995, during a dispute for control of Chelsea FC between the sitting chairman Ken Bates and Matthew Harding, it was revealed in the media that Marwan owned 1.5 million shares at the club.

In 2000, Marwan had opened a Credit Suisse bank account, even though he clearly was a politically exposed person; this became known as part of the Suisse secrets revelations.

Marwan worked closely with the Egyptian intelligence who implanted Marwan as a double agent using a traditional Russian tactic in which the agent feeds his victim with 95 percent of accurate information and at the critical moment, conveys the false data.
Yuri Bar Yosef, Professor of Political Science at the University of Haifa published a book, which was produced into a movie, entitled "The Angel." The book confirmed that Marwan was a double agent who collected information for Israel, but was formerly working for Egypt.
In 2022 Liwa Mohammed Rashad, equivalent to major general, in Western terms, disputed the claim that Marwan was a double agent.

Some Israeli officials refused to accept the fact that he was playing the Mossad into his hands and claim that Marwan worked for the Mossad only, however, some evidence is to the contrary of this claim. An Israeli author in 2002 was one of those false claims Ahron Bregman. However, Eli Zeira, the director of Israel's Military Intelligence in 1973, said that the Israeli Agranat Commission, which investigated Israeli leaders for the reasons behind their failure in the war, said that Marwan conveyed accurate information to Israeli intelligence only to deceive them and earn their trust. Some believe Zeira, was acting out of jealousy for his failed role to take Marwan's allegation seriously. Marwan reported to the Mossad that Israel would be attacked. Zeira ignored the warnings and later claimed the timing of the attack was incorrect. Nonetheless Israel was attacked as Marwan stated.

Personal life and death
Marwan married Mona Abdel Nasser in the 1960s. One of Marwan's sons was married to the daughter of former Arab League Secretary General Amr Moussa. His son, Gamal, is a close friend of Gamal Mubarak, the son of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.

Marwan died on 27 June 2007 outside his flat in Carlton House Terrace, London. The cause of death was traumatic aortic rupture following a fall from the balcony of his fifth-floor apartment. News reports indicate that the Metropolitan Police Service increasingly believe Marwan was murdered, a belief also held by Marwan's elder son, Gamal. Marwan's funeral in Egypt was led by Egypt's highest-ranked religious leader, Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, and attended by, amongst others, Gamal Mubarak, son of the former (then current) Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, and intelligence chief Omar Suleiman. According to President Mubarak, "Marwan carried out patriotic acts which it is not yet time to reveal." Following a case review in January 2008, the investigation was transferred to the Metropolitan Police Specialist Crime Directorate, both because of its public nature and because the shoes Marwan was wearing when he fell, key evidence in the case, had been lost. One witness, who was on the third floor of a nearby building, told police that he saw two men "wearing suits and of Mediterranean appearance" appear on the balcony moments after Marwan's fall, look down, and then return inside the apartment. Police are also reported to have lost Marwan's shoes, which could hold clues on whether or not Marwan jumped from the balcony.

Marwan is the fourth Egyptian of note to die in London in a similar manner. The others, all of whom were involved in Egyptian politics between 1966 and 1971, are actress Suad Hosni; Egyptian ambassador to Greece Al-Leithy Nassif; and Ali Shafeek, secretary in the office of former Egyptian Vice President Abdel Hakim Amer.

At the time of the investigation, Marwan's wife said she believed that Mossad was behind his death. However, an analysis in The Guardian found this scenario to be unlikely: "For one thing, killing a former agent after his name is revealed would seem to be a major disincentive for new recruits. Even if Israel believed that Marwan was a double agent, working for the Egyptians, better to do nothing and, through their silence, imply he was faithful to their cause." Further, Marwan was at least the third Egyptian living in London to die under similar circumstances, all of whom had ties with the Egyptian security services.

Egyptian journalist Amr Ellissy conducted an investigation into Marwan's death for his documentary series Ekhterak, broadcast on Egyptian television in six episodes on the first anniversary of Marwan's death. Ekhterak was filmed in Marwan's London apartment and included interviews with his son, a witness, and acquaintances of Marwan. Ellissy published his book The Agent Babel in Arabic through Dar Al Shorouq press, and it was launched on 2 February 2009.

The British magazine Private Eye also followed the story closely and suggested that there was considerable cause for suspicion surrounding the circumstances of Marwan's death.

Legacy
Ahron Bregman published in 2016 a book on his relationship with Marwan called The Spy Who Fell to Earth. In 2017, Salon Productions purchased the rights to turn the book into a feature documentary. This feature documentary, also entitled The Spy Who Fell to Earth, was directed by Thomas Meadmore and released by Netflix in 2019.

Professor Uri Bar-Joseph wrote a book published in 2016, The Angel: The Egyptian Spy Who Saved Israel, later used as the basis of a Netflix film, The Angel. Bar-Joseph's book addresses whether Marwan was a genuine spy or a double agent. In a review of the book in the CIA's Studies in Intelligence, Thomas G. Coffey states that it persuasively "argues that the nature of the intelligence Marwan gave the Israelis was simply too destructive of Egyptian interests" for Marwan to have been a double agent and that it offers "a convincing defense" against the claim that the intelligence he provided was "late, flawed, and of little practical use".

References

1944 births
2007 deaths
20th-century Egyptian businesspeople
Egyptian billionaires
2007 in London
Murder in London
Egyptian murder victims
Deaths from falls
2007 murders in the United Kingdom
Egyptian spies
Deaths by defenestration

Ashraf Marwan


John Doogan (; March 1853 in Aughrim, County Galway – 24 January 1940 in Folkestone, Kent) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Award
He was 27 years old, and a private in the 1st Dragoon Guards (The King's), British Army during the First Boer War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 28 January 1881 at the Battle of Laing's Nek, South Africa, during the charge of the mounted men, Private Doogan saw that Major William Vesey Brownlow, KDG, had had his horse shot from under him and was dismounted among the Boers. Doogan rode up and, in spite of being severely wounded himself, dismounted and insisted on Major Brownlow taking his horse, receiving another wound while doing so.

Brownlow ultimately rose to the rank of major-general and died in 1926, bequeathing Doogan, his 'former servant', an annuity of £20 a year, (worth around £600 in 2005).

Further service
Doogan left the army by 1882 but he returned to service in World War I as an army recruiter, with the rank of sergeant.

Civilian career
Doogan was working for the General Post Office as a Mail Driver when he was living at Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, Wales at the 1891 Census.  In the 1901 Census he had moved into England when he was employed as a butler when living at Church Cottage, East Shenfield, Berkshire. By the 1911 Census he moved to Shropshire, when he lived at Cause Mountain in the parish of Westbury, occupation 'Army pensioner' and later at Stapeley Hill where he was a farmer between 1926 and 1937. He retired from farming to Folkestone, Kent.

Personal life
Doogan was twice married, but only the first marriage was legal.  With his first wife Mary he had ten children (his first child born 1882); two sons of theirs died on active service with the army in World War I.  She died in August 1924.

His second marriage, later proved invalid, took place on 16 September 1929 at Welshpool Registry Office to Martha Maria Roberts, who was 39 years his junior and had been employed as his housekeeper following his widowhood.  She had previously married at Wrexham, on 8 November 1923, David Philip Roberts, who she claimed was dead at the time she met Doogan but turned out to be still alive after the later wedding.  She stood trial at Shrewsbury Assizes on 20 February 1930, charged with bigamy of which she was found guilty but was leniently bound over in £10, to be forfeit if she was called for trial again, instead of being sentenced to prison (the usual penalty). Doogan, the innocent party, gave evidence as witness, while the estranged legal husband appeared simply to confirm his identity and their own marriage.

Death
He is buried at Shorncliffe Military Cemetery (also known as the Garrison Cemetery) in Folkestone (Plot V. Grave 1054).

Victoria Cross
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Queen's Dragoon Guards Regimental Museum in Cardiff Castle, Wales.

See also
 Alan Richard Hill VC
 Ó Dubhagáinn

References

Listed in order of publication year
The Register of the Victoria Cross (1981, 1988 and 1997)

Ireland's VCs (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)
Shropshire Virtual War Memorial (Neil Evans, 2009)
Commonwealth War Graves Commission

External links
Location of grave and VC medal (Kent)

1853 births
1940 deaths
Burials in Kent
19th-century Irish military personnel
Irish soldiers in the British Army
Military personnel from County Galway
British military personnel of the First Boer War
First Boer War recipients of the Victoria Cross
1st King's Dragoon Guards soldiers
Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
People from Aughrim, County Galway

John Doogan


Bose Institute (or Basu Bigyan Mandir) is a premier public research institute of India and also one of its oldest. The Bose Institute Kolkata is a Tier 1 Natural Science Research Institute in India, sharing the podium with India's top natural science research institutes viz., IISc Bangalore, IIT Bombay, NCBS Bangalore and IISER Pune. The institute was established in 1917 by Acharya Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose, the father of modern scientific research in the Indian subcontinent. Bose was its director for the first twenty years till his demise. Debendra Mohan Bose, who succeeded the Nobel laureate Sir CV Raman as Palit Professor of Physics at the University of Calcutta, was the director of Bose Institute for the next thirty years. The institute pioneered the concept of interdisciplinary research in Asia and India in sync with global trends.

Academics

Research
Current concentration of research is in the fields of physics, chemistry, plant biology, microbiology, molecular medicine, biochemistry, biophysics, bioinformatics and environmental science. The institute pioneered the concept of interdisciplinary research in Asia and India in sync with global trends. The pioneering work of Jagadish Chandra Bose at the dawn of Bose institute on the effect of stimuli in plants was helpful in the establishment of the electrical nature of the conduction of various stimuli in plants. The institute has contributed to extremely important discoveries and has been home to internationally renowned researchers like Sambhu Nath De (discoverer of the cholera toxin), Debendra Mohan Bose (who pioneered the use of photographic emulsion plates in particle physics as attested by the Nobel laureate Sir C. F. Powell ) along with Bhibha Chowdhuri and others, Gopal Chandra Bhattacharya, Shyamadas Chatterjee (known for research on fusion) etc.

Current Top Laboratories

Chatterjee Lab - This lab is led by Prof. Subhrangsu Chatterjee. The major theme of this laboratory is identification and characterization of G quadruplexes and non coding RNAs  implicated in various diseases like cancer. The lab also currently works in the areas of glibolastoma and cancer immunotherapy. The current scholars of the lab include, Dr. Priyanka Bhadra ( SERB NPDF ), Dr. Trina Sengupta ( DST WOS-A), Anindya Dutta ( SRF ), Ananya Roy ( SRF ), Debapriya Bose ( SRF ), Laboni Roy ( SRF ), Oishika Chatterjee ( SRF ), Rebanta Roy ( JRF ), Soushruti Sarkar ( JRF ) and Soujatya Sarkar ( Guest Researcher ). The former members of the lab are Dr. Jagannath Jana, Dr. Pallabi Sengupta, Dr. Nilanjan Banerjee, Dr. Suman Panda, Dr. Meghomukta Mukherjee, Dr. Jyotsna Bhatt and others.

Biswas Lab - This lab is led by Prof. Dr. Kaushik Biswas. The major theme of this lab is understating the mechanism of tumourigenesis  specifically focusing the role of glycolipids in tumor growth and progression. The members of this lab are Troyee Das, Subha Ray, Abhishek Sarkar and others.

Chemogenics Lab - This lab is led by Dr. Basudeb Majhi. The major theme of this lab is to focus on  CRISPR based precision medicine. The lab is a very new one, with Sadiya ( JRF ), Arpita Hota ( JRF ) and Arakadeep Karmakar ( JRF ) as lab members.

Srimonti Sarkar's Lab - This lab is led by Prof. Dr. Srimonti Sarkar. She's currently the Dean ( Academics ) and the head of the department of Biological Sciences. She's a senior professor and the major area of her lab is understanding mechanisms involved in Cellular Biology. The lab also works in the areas of Yeast Research

Museum
Jagadish Chandra Bose himself started the display of his instruments which, as a continuous process, made their way into the present museum in the year 1986–87. The main purpose of this technological museum is to display and maintain some of the instruments designed, made and used by Sir J. C. Bose, his personal belongings and memorabilia. The museum is housed in the main campus at 93/1 A. P. C. road (formerly Upper Circular road) and is open on all weekdays.

Funding
Bose institute is funded by Department of Science and Technology, Govt of India.

Notable researchers
Jagadish Chandra Bose

Debendra Mohan Bose
Subhrangsu Chatterjee

Gopal Chandra Bhattacharya
Bibha Chowdhuri
Shyamadas Chatterjee
Sambhu Nath De
Dipankar Home
Siddhartha Roy
Indrani Bose
Joyoti Basu
Sampa Das
Probir Roy

References

External links

Multidisciplinary research institutes
Universities and colleges established in 1917
Research institutes in Kolkata
1917 establishments in India
Research institutes in West Bengal

Bose Institute


Primary gastric lymphoma (lymphoma that originates in the stomach itself) is an uncommon condition, accounting for less than 15% of gastric malignancies and about 2% of all lymphomas.  However, the stomach is a very common extranodal site for lymphomas (lymphomas originate elsewhere and metastasise to the stomach). It is also the most common source of lymphomas in the gastrointestinal tract.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms include epigastric pain, early satiety, fatigue and weight loss. Most people affected by primary gastric lymphoma are over 60 years old.

Risk factors
Risk factors for gastric lymphoma include the following:
 Helicobacter pylori
 Long-term immunosuppressant drug therapy
 HIV infection

Pathophysiology
The majority of gastric lymphomas are non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of B-cell origin.  These tumors may range from well-differentiated, superficial involvements (MALT) to high-grade, large-cell lymphomas. Sometimes, it's hard to differentiate poorly differentiated high grade B-cell gastric lymphoma from gastric adenocarcinoma clinically or radiologically, yet histopathology with immunohistochemistry is recommended to stain specific markers on the malignant cell that favor the diagnosis of lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry stains specific clusters of differentiation that are present on B-cells like CD20. Cytokeratin is also a surface marker that is presented on epithelial cells, is stained histochemically and favors the diagnosis of epithelial tumors like adenocarcinoma.

Distinguishing poorly differentiated gastric lymphoma from adenocarcinoma is essential because the prognosis and modalities of treatment differ significantly.

Other lymphomas involving the stomach include mantle cell lymphoma and T-cell lymphomas which may be associated with enteropathy; the latter usually occur in the small bowel but have been reported in the stomach.

Diagnosis
These lymphomas are difficult to differentiate from gastric adenocarcinoma. The lesions are usually ulcers with a ragged, thickened mucosal pattern on contrast radiographs.

The diagnosis is typically made by biopsy at the time of endoscopy.  Several endoscopic findings have been reported, including solitary ulcers, thickened gastric folds, mass lesions and nodules.  As there may be infiltration of the submucosa, larger biopsy forceps, endoscopic ultrasound guided biopsy, endoscopic submucosal resection, or laparotomy may be required to obtain tissue.

Imaging investigations including CT scans or endoscopic ultrasound are useful to stage disease.  Hematological parameters are usually checked to assist with staging and to exclude concomitant leukemia.  An elevated LDH level may be suggestive of lymphoma.

Treatment
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of the stomach are primarily treated with chemotherapy with CHOP (cyclophosphamide+doxorubicine+vincristine+prednisone) with or without rituximab being a usual first choice.

Antibiotic treatment to eradicate H. pylori is indicated as first line therapy for MALT lymphomas.  About 80% of MALT lymphomas completely regress with eradication therapy. Radiation treatment for H. pylori–negative gastric malt lymphoma, has a high success rate, 90% or better after 5 years. Second line therapy for MALT lymphomas is usually chemotherapy with a single agent, and complete response rates of greater than 70% have been reported.

Subtotal gastrectomy, with post-operative chemotherapy is undertaken in refractory cases, or in the setting of complications, including gastric outlet obstruction.

See also
 Lymphoepithelial lesion

References

Gastrointestinal cancer
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Gastric lymphoma


Mr. Wrong is a 1996 romantic comedy movie. The movie is about murder and marriage to the wrong person. Ellen DeGeneres plays Martha. Joan Cusack plays Inga. Joan Plowright plays Mrs. Crawford. Robert Goulet plays Braxton.

Critics did not like this movie. It became a box office bomb.

1996 romantic comedy movies

Mr. Wrong


Landolt is a Swiss surname. It may refer to:

People
Arlo U. Landolt (1935-2022), American astronomer
Dennis Landolt (born 1986), American footballer
Edmund Landolt (1846–1926), Swiss ophthalmologist who developed "Landolt C"
Elias Landolt (1926–2013), Swiss botanist
Hans Heinrich Landolt (1831–1910), Swiss chemist who discovered iodine clock reaction. also one of the founders of Landolt-Börnstein database
Jaqueline Landolt, Swiss curler, European champion
Kevin Landolt (born 1975), American footballer
Richard B. Landolt, American admiral
Salomon Landolt (1741–1818), Swiss painter

Other
Landolt–Börnstein, systematic data collection in physical sciences and engineering
Landolt C, optotype developed by ophthalmologist Edmund Landolt
Landolt & Cie, Swiss bank
15072 Landolt, asteroid, named after Arlo U. Landolt
Mount Landolt, mountain in Antarctica, named after Arlo U. Landolt

Landolt


A scouring pad or scourer is a small pad of metal or plastic mesh used for scouring a surface. Some scouring pads have one side made of a soft sponge-like material and the other is the aforementioned mesh.

History
The scouring pad has been reincarnated in several forms over the years. In 1928, R. B. Kingman patented the scouring ball, which was one of the first scouring pads made of a metal mesh.

On 30 September 1941, United States patent 2,257,456 was issued to Joseph R. Crockford of Chicago, IL for a scouring device of the type employed for "cleansing and scouring pots, pans and other household implements." The invention provided for a "plate of non-corrosive metal, arched or curved to fit the fingers."

In 1942, David J. Kelman patented a toroidal metal scouring pad. This was, and still is, used as an abrasive scrubbing pad, however, it is becoming less common, as it removes non-stick surfaces off pans.

On June 19, 1962, Alfred Benjamin patented the stainless-steel scouring pad - United States patent 3,039,125.

In 1988, the first scouring pad made of out sponge material was patented by Hans J. Hartmann. This enabled the scouring pad to float. To achieve this, he used a technique to thread the metal mesh through the sponge and wrap it around the outside. This was meant to stop the scouring pad from dropping to the bottom of the sink.

In 1973, the plastic needle surface (now more commonly used) was invented by Edward Mednick, who invented the new surface as a way of reducing the damage scouring pads did to non-stick surfaces. This technology and varieties thereon are what most scouring pads sold today are based upon.

Use

Using scouring pads on non-stick surfaces such as Teflon is not advisable as they may strip away the coating. It is advisable to use protective equipment such as rubber gloves when using scouring pads as this is known to prevent (or at least hide) any irritation caused by use.

See also
 Scotch-Brite, a brand of polymer-based scouring pad produced by 3M
 Brillo Pad
 S.O.S Soap Pad
 Chore Boy

References

Cleaning products

Scouring pad


Edward Searing (July 14, 1835 – October 22, 1898) was an American educator.

Born in Aurora, New York, in Cayuga County, New York, Searing received his bachelor's and master's degree from the University of Michigan. In 1857, he moved to Wisconsin and taught school. Searing then moved to Milton, Wisconsin in 1863 and became a professor at Milton College. Searing was elected Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin and served 1874-1878. In 1880. Searing moved to Mankato, Minnesota and became the first President of the Mankato Normal School now Minnesota State University, Mankato. Searing died in Saint Paul, Minnesota, on October 22, 1898, while at a normal school board meeting.

Notes

1835 births
1898 deaths
People from Aurora, Cayuga County, New York
People from Milton, Wisconsin
People from Mankato, Minnesota
University of Michigan alumni
Superintendents of Public Instruction of Wisconsin
Presidents of Minnesota State University, Mankato
Milton College faculty
19th-century American politicians

Edward Searing


The Russian braid (Russian: Русская коса, Russkaya kosa) is a national traditional hairstyle in Russia. It has an ancient history since the times of the Rus'. In modern Russia the hairstyle is still widespread among girls and women, while the symbolism behind the Russian braid is no longer so strong in modern Russia. It also plays an important role in Russian folk dance and Russian folk song ensembles.

Significance
In Rus it was uncommon for women to cut their hair, so they would grow it for a long period of time and braid their long hair. The Russian braid symbolized honor and pride and had several meanings in Old Russia. One large and long braid was worn by girls in active search for a groom, while two braids which were tied around the head meant the girl was in marriage. If a colourful ribbon was woven into a braid, it meant that the girl is for marriage, when two ribbons appeared, it meant that the official groom was found. The end of a long braid was often adorned by a kosnik, a piece of jewelry that was made of birch bark.

References

External links
Ponytail Extensions
Uolova Hair Reviews

Braid hairstyles
Culture of Russia

Russian braid


Helianthus praetermissus is a rare and probably extinct North American species of sunflower, with the common names New Mexico sunflower and lost sunflower. It is known from only one specimen collected in 1851 in Cibola County in western New Mexico, and not seen since.

Helianthus praetermissus is (was?) an annual herb with a slender, unbranching stem 90 cm (3 feet) tall. It has (had) a single flower head with yellow ray florets surrounding red disc florets.

References

praetermissus
Flora of New Mexico
Plants described in 1929
Extinct flora of North America

Helianthus praetermissus


Amenemope, also Amenemopet, Amenemipet or Amunemopet (ỉmn-m-ỉp3.t, Greek: αμενωφις; "Amun in Luxor") is an Ancient Egyptian name. Its notable bearers were:

 Amenemope (pharaoh) (died 992 BC), pharaoh, 21st dynasty
 Amenemopet (prince), probably a son of Amenhotep II (18th dynasty)
 Amenemipet called Pairy, a vizier dated to the reigns of Amenhotep II and Thutmose IV
 Amenemopet (princess), a daughter of Thutmose IV (18th dynasty)
 Amenemopet, a son of Ramesses II, 19th on the lists of princes; see List of children of Ramesses II (19th dynasty)
 Amenemopet (Viceroy of Kush) served as Viceroy of Kush during the reign of Seti I
 Amenemope (author), son of Kanakht, ostensible author of The Instruction of Amenemope, dated to the Ramesside Period

Ancient Egyptian given names
Theophoric names

Amenemope


In mathematics, especially in the study of dynamical systems,  a limit set is the state a dynamical system reaches after an infinite amount of time has passed, by either going forward or backwards in time. Limit sets are important because they can be used to understand the long term behavior of a dynamical system. A system that has reached its limiting set is said to be at equilibrium.

Types
 fixed points
 periodic orbits
 limit cycles
 attractors

In general, limits sets can be very complicated as in the case of strange attractors, but for 2-dimensional dynamical systems the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem provides a simple characterization of all nonempty, compact -limit sets that contain at most finitely many fixed points as a fixed point, a periodic orbit, or a union of fixed points and homoclinic or heteroclinic orbits connecting those fixed points.

Definition for iterated functions
Let  be a metric space, and let   be a continuous function. The -limit set of , denoted by , is the set of  cluster points of the  forward orbit  of the iterated function . Hence,   if and only if there is a strictly increasing sequence of natural numbers   such that   as . Another way to express this is

where  denotes the closure of set . The points in the limit set are non-wandering (but may not be recurrent points). This may also be formulated as the outer limit (limsup) of a sequence of sets, such that

If  is a homeomorphism (that is, a bicontinuous bijection), then the -limit set is defined in a similar fashion, but for the backward orbit; i.e. .

Both sets are -invariant, and if  is compact, they are compact and nonempty.

Definition for flows
Given a real dynamical system  with flow , a point , we call a point y an -limit point of  if there exists a sequence  in  so that

.

For an orbit  of , we say that  is an -limit point of , if it is an -limit point of some point on the orbit.

Analogously we call  an -limit point of  if there exists a sequence  in  so that

.

For an orbit  of , we say that  is an -limit point of , if it is an -limit point of some point on the orbit.

The set of all -limit points (-limit points) for a given orbit  is called  -limit set (-limit set) for  and denoted  ().

If the -limit set (-limit set) is disjoint from the orbit , that is  (), we call  () a ω-limit cycle (α-limit cycle).

Alternatively the limit sets can be defined as

and

Examples
 For any periodic orbit  of a dynamical system,
 For any fixed point  of a dynamical system,

Properties
  and  are closed
 if  is compact then  and  are nonempty, compact and connected
  and  are -invariant, that is  and

See also
 Julia set
 Stable set
 Limit cycle
 Periodic point
 Non-wandering set
 Kleinian group

References

Further reading

Limit set


Snow White Grotto is an attraction at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which originally opened on April 9, 1961, Tokyo Disneyland at the Tokyo Disney Resort in Japan in 1983, and at Hong Kong Disneyland in Hong Kong in 2005. It is a wishing well located at the east of Sleeping Beauty Castle for Disneyland and west of Castle of Magical Dreams for Hong Kong Disneyland and Cinderella Castle for Tokyo Disneyland. Guests can throw a coin and make a wish in front of the grotto.

When Tokyo Disneyland was under construction, the error in which Snow White was taller than the Dwarfs was corrected. However it was later decided to replicate the Disneyland version in which Snow White is the same height as the Dwarfs.

Overview
Snow White Grotto is located on the east side of the Sleeping Beauty Castle , Cinderella Castle and Castle of Magical Dreams.
 The grotto includes statues of Snow White, the seven dwarfs, and a few woodland creatures. Snow White is standing at the top of a cascading waterfall. There is a bridge and a walkway in front of the waterfall as well as a wishing well, the proceeds of which go to local children's charities. The statues were donated anonymously and Walt Disney was determined to incorporate them into the park. The only problem was that whoever made the statues made Snow White the same size as the dwarves, which she is not. Walt Disney Imagineer John Hench used the optical trick of forced perspective to make the statues work. He put Snow White at the top of the waterfall with a Disney-made small deer and put the dwarfs close to ground-level, making Snow White to appear further away, and thus smaller. One rumor as to the origin of the statues is that they were "a gift from an Italian sculptor that had never seen the film, but owned a set of soaps in the form of the princess and the dwarfs. Unfortunately, Snow White was the same size as the dwarfs in the soap set, so the sculptor made her that way." The song "I'm Wishing" was also re-recorded and added to the grotto inside the wishing well in 1991 by Adriana Caselotti, who was the original voice of Snow White from the 1937 film.

References

Disneyland
Tokyo Disneyland
Hong Kong Disneyland
Grotto
Fantasyland
Grottoes

Snow White Grotto


The Chuncheon International Marathon () is an annual marathon race which is held in late October in the city of Chuncheon, South Korea. First held in 1946, it is the second oldest marathon in the country after the Seoul International Marathon. Sponsored by The Chosun Ilbo, a major daily newspaper in South Korea, the race is one of two in the country which holds IAAF Silver Label status, along with Gyeongju International Marathon.

History

The 1936 Summer Olympics saw two Koreans win Olympic medals: Sohn Kee-chung took the gold while Nam Sung-yong was the bronze medallist. Both runners had competed in the colours of Japan, as the competition took place when Korea was part of the Japanese empire. When Japan was defeated in World War II, Korea was liberated and the first "Chosun Ilbo Shortened Marathon" was held the following year, building upon the newly free country's running tradition. Suh Yun-bok, a sports coach at Anyang Technical College, won the first race and later took victory at the Boston Marathon. The race was extended to the marathon distance for the next year and the event was held on the eleventh anniversary of Sohn's Olympic win.

The race was not held from 1950 to 1953 due to the Korean War, but the annual competition has been uninterrupted since then. Marathon running became less popular in Korea in the 1960–70s and it was not until the 1980s that there was a resurgence of interest in the event, which saw women competing in the programme for the first time. Improving course times eventually resulted in Kim Wan-Ki's South Korean record run of 2:11:02 to win in 1991. The national race turned into an international one in 1995 and top runners from Kenya and Japan became frequent participants. The 1996 event hosted the Asian Marathon Championship race.

Course and records

The course overall is a relatively flat one, with small uphill and downhill sections coming around the 5-kilometre and 30-kilometre marks. The looped course starts near the city centre on the east bank and heads south, following the waterfront. It turns northwards at the 8 km mark as it reaches the city suburbs and traces along the west side of the river for a 20 km stretch. The course then crosses the river and heads back towards the finishing point in down-town Chuncheon.

Kim Wan-Ki's 1991 national and course record lasted only three years as Lee Bong-Ju dipped under the two hours, ten minutes mark with a run of 2:09:59. Moses Tanui became the first Kenyan winner in 1997 and knocked almost a minute off the record. This mark stood for thirteen years, at which point another Kenyan (Benjamin Kiptoo Kolum) took over a minute more off that time for the current men's course best of 2:07:54. That mark was beaten the following year by Stanley Biwott, who went 51 seconds faster. The women's record for the course is Kwon Eun-ju's long-standing time of 2:26:12, which is also a South Korean record.

Past winners

National era
Not much is known of the early winners of the race. Suh Yun-bok won the first race in a time of 1:29:24 on a shortened course estimated to have been around 25 km in length. A university student, Hong Jong-Oh, won the second race, beating a field of 50 runners to complete Chuncheon's first true marathon in a time of 2:57:20. The next documented winner came from after the Korean War, as Lee Chang-Hoon won a shorter 20 km race in 1957. The next known winners after this come from the race's period of growth in the 1980s: Kim Won-Tak won in 1985 in around two hours seventeen minutes, while Kim Jae-Ryong took the 1987 race in a time around three minutes faster than that.

Key:

International era

Key:

References

List of winners
Chosunilbo Chunchon Marathon. Association of Road Racing Statisticians (2009-12-27). Retrieved on 2010-10-26.

External links
Official website

Chuncheon
Recurring sporting events established in 1946
Marathons in South Korea
Autumn events in South Korea

Chuncheon Marathon


The X-Files: Resist or Serve is a 2004 survival horror game developed by Black Ops Entertainment and published by Vivendi Universal Games for the PlayStation 2 video game console. It is based on the television series The X-Files (1993–2002), and is the third game based on the series, after The X-Files: Unrestricted Access (1997) and The X-Files Game (1998). The game is set during the seventh season of the television series, and the story is presented as three new "episodes" in which FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully investigate mysterious deaths in Colorado, where they learn about an alien artifact used to resurrect deceased people. The agents' investigation ultimately leads them to Tunguska, Russia, where they discover a spaceship that crashed there nearly 100 years earlier.

The game was announced in December 2002, with its release initially scheduled for the second quarter of 2003, to coincide with the DVD release of the seventh season. Thomas Schnauz, who wrote two episodes of the series, was hired to write the script for the game. Characters from the series who are featured in the game were portrayed by their original actors through voice acting. Music from the series, composed by Mark Snow, was also used in the game. In North America, Vivendi Universal Games published the game for the PlayStation 2 in March 2004 and later released the game in Europe two months later. An Xbox version had initially been planned, but was later cancelled.

The game was advertised as being three lost episodes from the series' seventh season, and received mixed and average reviews. Critics compared The X-Files: Resist or Serve to the Resident Evil game series for using similar gameplay. The game received praise for its story and writing, as well as its voice acting and music. However, criticism was received for the game's graphics, poor controls, and problematic fixed-camera angles, which change with each new area that the player enters.

Plot
The game is set during the television series' seventh season, after the season's second episode, "The Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati". The game is divided across three levels, which are presented as new "episodes" titled "Renascence", "Resonance", and "Reckoning". Each level begins with the series' opening credits sequence.

"Renascence"
A spacecraft crashes in Tunguska, Russia on June 30, 1908, resulting in the release of the "black oil" alien virus. The crash kills a Russian couple, and the virus infects their baby. In the present day, 15-year-old twin sisters Katlyn and Mandy Winslow have disappeared from their hometown of Red Falls, Colorado, but they reappear two weeks later, coinciding with three mysterious deaths that are believed to have been committed by a man who died in a drunk-driving crash 24 hours prior to the murders. Most of the residents believe that the girls, who are practitioners of witchcraft, revived the murder suspect so he could commit the killings.

FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder (voiced by David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (voiced by Gillian Anderson) are sent to Red Falls to investigate the murders. The agents split up upon their arrival and encounter zombies. Mulder eventually finds the body of Mandy Winslow, hung in the town center. The agents reunite, and Mulder is later bitten by a zombie. Scully, who is also a medical doctor, performs an autopsy on the zombie and creates an antidote to save Mulder from the effects of the bite wound. The agents locate Katlyn Winslow, who subsequently flees from them and is later found dead.

The agents infiltrate the nearby Briar Lake mental institution, where they discover vials of black oil and learn that the Winslows were the subject of science experiments due to the fact that they shared a psychic connection. They also discover clones of the Winslow girls, and encounter Alex Krycek (voiced by Nicholas Lea), who tells them that the clones are using powers to release an alien artifact. Krycek escapes, and the artifact is taken by a ghostly entity, while Mulder and Scully are forced by soldiers to evacuate the city on board a helicopter. The soldiers decline to specify who sent them. From the air, the agents notice Red Falls is now in fiery ruins as part of a cover-up. Mulder is dissatisfied with the lack of evidence to present for the investigation, but Scully reveals that she obtained an optical disc from Briar Lake, which she hopes will provide further information.

"Resonance"
It is revealed that Krycek is working with The Smoking Man (voiced by William B. Davis). During a briefing with assistant director Walter Skinner (voiced by Mitch Pileggi) at FBI headquarters, Mulder informs him that the alien artifact is what revived the deceased. Skinner tells them that he managed to get the initial three Red Falls murder victims transported to the FBI Academy for Scully to examine. The agents meet with The Lone Gunmen (Byers, Frohike, and Langley; voiced by Bruce Harwood, Tom Braidwood, and Dean Haglund), who have decrypted the Briar Lake data disc and found that it contains information written in Russian. The disc includes references to Tunguska, where Mulder had previously been exposed to the black oil. Mulder contacts Marita Covarrubias (voiced by Laurie Holden) to see if she can aid him in the investigation; she tells him that she will see what she can do.

Mulder suffers hallucinations at his apartment, as the result of poisoning from cosmic galactic radiation, after being near the alien artifact. During his hallucinations, Mulder sees his long-lost sister Samantha, before encountering a ghostly entity in the form of a man. Mulder is saved after Covarrubias injects him with a shot to counteract the radiation poisoning. Scully also suffers from radiation after performing an autopsy on one of the Red Falls victims, but is able to cure herself after creating an antidote.

Covarrubias has arranged for Mulder to fly to Tunguska, while Scully – with help from The Lone Gunmen – investigates Roush Biotechnologies, a company that was referenced in the data disc. Roush funded the experiments at Briar Lake, and bodies from the mental institution are believed to have been sent to the company's facility. Scully and Byers enter the facility disguised as scientists. Langley stays outside the facility, while Frohike covertly infiltrates the building's ventilation so he can tap into the company's fiber optic cable system, allowing Langley to monitor the security footage and help Scully and Byers progress through the building. Scully obtains a piece of the alien artifact, and discovers a disc containing images of Mulder undergoing a brain surgery.

"Reckoning"
Mulder's plane has crashed in Tunguska, leaving him as the sole survivor. Mulder is later contacted by Covarrubias, who informs him that Scully has arrived in a helicopter. Covarrubias urges Mulder to leave, stating that Krycek and The Smoking Man are in Tunguska. Covarrubias had been working with the men to lead Mulder to Tunguska in hopes that he would locate the alien spaceship that crashed there nearly 100 years earlier. After Covarrubias betrayed the two men, Krycek locked her up. Mulder locates The Smoking Man, but is knocked unconscious by Krycek. While unconscious, Mulder has another vision of the ghostly being, before being awoken by Scully. The agents locate Covarrubias, and she informs them that the ghostly entity is a conduit for the power released by the alien artifact. The agents lose sight of Covarrubias after an explosion.

The helicopter crashes after the pilot becomes a zombie. Mulder and Scully then use a truck to reach old ruins in a Siberian forest. Krycek and his team have begun draining a nearby lake to find the wreckage of the spaceship, located underneath additional ruins that are hidden under the water. Mulder is separated from Scully after a creature attacks their raft. Mulder encounters The Smoking Man, who tells him that to discover the truth, he must follow the advice of "resist or serve," relating to the entity.

Inside an old monastery, Scully attaches the fragment of the alien artifact to its main piece, which summons the entity, who now has the appearance of an elderly man, approximately 90 to 100 years old. Scully defeats the entity, and deduces that he must have alien physiology which makes his connection to the artifact possible. Mulder locates the spaceship and encounters aliens, as well as the entity, in his younger form. After defeating the entity, Mulder reunites with Scully, and the spaceship flies away before she can see it. The agents present their final report to FBI directors, including Skinner and Alvin Kersh (voiced by James Pickens Jr.), who find the agents' story to be unbelievable.

Gameplay
The X-Files: Resist or Serve is a survival horror game played from a third-person perspective that is viewed by the player through fixed camera angles that change as the character enters each new area. The player chooses to play as either Mulder or Scully; both go through most of the same locations, but they encounter different obstacles and characters that result in a different gameplay experience.

A total of five guns can be used throughout the game, as well as other weapons such as molotov cocktails. Additionally, the player may use a flashlight to stun enemies and easily locate items in the environment that are needed to progress through the game. Also located throughout each level is gun ammunition and items that can replenish the player's health. Items and ammunition are sometimes carried by enemies, who must be killed before the item can be obtained by the player. Weapons, ammunition, and other items are stored in an inventory.

Boss enemies are encountered in each level and must be killed by the player before proceeding.  Puzzles must also be solved to progress through the game. Throughout the game, Mulder and Scully write notes about their investigation that may be viewed by the player at any time. Playing as Scully, the player is sometimes tasked with performing autopsies on bodies or with creating antidotes for toxins.

Development and release
In December 2002, it was confirmed that Black Ops Entertainment was developing an X-Files video game, to be released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in the second quarter of 2003. The game's title was announced the following month, with plans to release the game simultaneously with the DVD release of the series' seventh season in spring 2003. By March 2003, the game's release date had been rescheduled for September 2003. The Xbox and PlayStation 2 versions were to be released simultaneously, but the Xbox version was later cancelled. As of May 2003, the game's release date was scheduled for October 2003.

Thomas Schnauz, who wrote two episodes for the series during its final two years, was hired to write the script for the game, while Whitney Edwards, Gennifer Hutchison, and Jen Johnson served as additional writers. Heather Barclay was the game's lead programmer, while Kirk Lambert served as the lead designer and producer. Tommy Tallarico was the game's audio director. The X-Files: Resist or Serve was developed using a game engine that was created specifically for the game. Various in-jokes and references to the television series were added into the game. Ben Borth, an associate producer and storyboard artist for the game, said, "We wanted to present more of a classic 'X-Files' game experience."

The game features Mark Snow's music from The X-Files series, as well as voice acting by each of the show's main actors. Additionally, bonuses in the game include commentaries from the series and "behind the scenes" footage, which includes several of the male actors recording their lines while wearing bright red lipstick, a common practice used to get better enunciation and crisper sound. The actors recorded their lines during the 2002 holiday season. Borth stated that scheduling the actors' voice-over sessions during that time was one of the biggest obstacles in creating the game. Anderson's lines were recorded in London, where she was starring in a play, while Duchovny's lines were recorded in Los Angeles.

The X-Files: Resist or Serve was published by Vivendi Universal Games in North America on March 16, 2004. In Europe, the game was released under the Sierra Entertainment label on May 21, 2004. The game was advertised as being three lost episodes from the series' seventh season.

Reception

According to Metacritic, The X-Files: Resist or Serve received "mixed or average reviews". Critics compared the game to the Resident Evil game series for featuring similar gameplay. GameSpot gave the game a score of 7.6 out of 10 and praised the game's story and voice acting, as well as the likeness to the show's actors achieved by the character models used, while criticizing the repetitive combat, obstructive camera angles and frustrating puzzles. The IGN review was similarly mixed, praising the story and writing, while criticizing it for adhering too closely to the Resident Evil formula, including the use of zombies as the primary antagonists, stating "if you're looking for something new or interesting in the survival-horror genre, don't look here."

Joe Juba of Game Informer praised the scenery, music, and voice acting, but criticized the camera angles, and the character animation for being "a bit awkward." Juba noted that the game "does a good job of capturing the mood of the show," but wrote that the "basic formula never changes. You spend so much time wandering aimlessly and kicking prone undead that you never really have a chance to get wrapped up in the exceptionally intriguing and involved story that was clearly intended to make Resist or Serve stand out." Juba stated that elements from the television series were well used, but that they "aren't enough to overcome the uninspired, repetitive puzzle solving required to get the ball rolling."

Andrew Reiner, also of Game Informer, was more positive towards the game, rating it 7 out of 10 and calling it a "surprisingly decent amalgamation of survival horror's heavy hitters – primarily Resident Evil and Silent Hill." Reiner stated, "Sure, it has a fair share of problems – be it the vagueness of puzzles, or the frustrations that the camera brings – but I just couldn't seem to put it down."

Computer and Video Games praised the music, as well as the differences between both playable characters, but noted that the "1990s" gameplay "doesn't really bear up. Yes, it's perfectly competent, but it has all those survival horror control and camera headaches we got sick of ages ago." The magazine also noted the poor graphics and stated that the animated appearances of Mulder and Scully "are a bit dodgy up close."

Steve Steinberg of GameSpy praised the game but felt that it was not perfect. Steinberg enjoyed the ability to play as either Mulder or Scully, as well as the return of the show's actors. However, he noted that "hardcore horror fans might feel a bit underwhelmed by some of the simplistic gaming elements," and criticized the controls, particularly for aiming and shooting. Steinberg also criticized the "dated" graphics, writing, "The character models are accurate, but they're stiffer than the dead bodies that Scully examines at work. It definitely kills some of the nostalgic buzz when a hilarious line is delivered by an emotionless, glassy-eyed Mulder."

Louis Bedigian of GameZone praised the music and called the voice acting "fairly decent," but stated that it "isn't the actors' best work." Bedigian criticized the graphics, writing, "The backgrounds are too grainy to be scary. And most of the characters look like they were made using a DDK (Dreamcast Development Kit) and then ported to PS2." Bedigian also wrote, "The story is supposedly a lost episode, and could have worked really well on the show, or could have been turned into a TV mini-series. But the game is too slow and boring, the graphics are sub-par, and the CG movies aren't effective enough to make the story work in this game."

John Davison of Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine wrote, "There are elements of Resist or Serve that are truly remarkable. Due entirely to the involvement of the writers and cast of the show, it stands apart in a genre not especially known for great scripts or convincing voice acting." However, Davison noted that the gameplay did not "match the class of the story. Just about every survival-horror gameplay faux pas is present, including static camera angles that mess with the controls, the need to run up against every wall to find interactive 'hot spots,' and erratic load times that break up the action when you least expect it. While the character models are reasonably convincing, if a little stiff, the flat environments are almost completely devoid of anything to interact with. It all feels a bit 1998, to be honest." Davison concluded that the game "is not completely dreadful," but that it would disappoint fans of survival-horror games.

Skyler Miller of X-Play praised the voice acting, the story, and the dialogue, but criticized the graphics, awkward camera angles, poor control, and "recycled Resident Evil-style gameplay," including "frustrating" limitations such as "being able to move some objects and not others," as well as "having to search every square inch of a room and kill every creature, just to make sure you didn't miss some obscure object or key that ends up being necessary to move on." Miller wrote that the graphics "are unimpressive, but don't particularly detract from the overall experience. The voice work is so good that it's a little disconcerting to see it synced up with the odd looking character models that make up Scully and Mulder." Miller concluded that "X-Files fans will be more forgiving of Resist or Serve when it comes to the hokey gameplay, but even casual acquaintances of the series will appreciate the effort Black Ops put into the package as a whole. True, this is basically a toned-down Resident Evil with X-Files pasted on top, but Resident Evil hasn't been this interesting for a long time!"

References

Notes

External links

2004 video games
Fiction set in 1908
Cancelled Xbox games
2000s horror video games
PlayStation 2-only games
Fox Interactive games
Science fiction video games
Survival video games
Resist or Serve
Video games about police officers
Video games scored by Tommy Tallarico
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in Russia
Video games set in Colorado
Video games set in Washington, D.C.
Video games about zombies
Vivendi Games games
PlayStation 2 games
Black Ops Entertainment games
Single-player video games

The X-Files: Resist or Serve


Temüge (1168–1246) was the youngest brother of Genghis Khan, second son of Yesugei.

Early life
The Secret History of the Mongols states that "when Temujin was 9 years of age, Temuge was three years old." As the youngest son, he received a prefix to the name "otchigin" (diminutive form of "отгон" or "otgon" meaning "junior", Also Ot (Fire) Tegin (Junior member of Khan family) as old turkic), who in the family is always a "guardian of the family and home", and therefore is often referred to as Temuge-otchigin or simply Otchigin. In childhood and adolescence was somewhat spoiled by his mother and older brothers, inclined to luxury, but was "courageous, powerful and quick in battle" that was recognized even by the family's enemies. When the shaman Kokochu (Teb-Tengri) started dragging the power over the Mongols to his own family, Genghis Khan sanctioned Temuge to kill Kokochu in a staged wrestling match.

Interim ruler
As the youngest male offspring, Temüge and his mother, by Mongol traditions, were allotted the most land and people by Genghis Khan during his coronation. He seems to have been the least warlike of the brothers, and was criticized by Genghis himself as lazy and shiftless. However, Temüge was a skilled politician and capable ruler, who, alongside his mother Hoelun, ruled the Mongol heartland in his elder brothers' absence while they engaged in military campaigns.  He appears to have had intellectual leanings, first coming under the influence of the conquered Xia and Jin cultures and then taking an active interest in the other cultures encompassed in the Mongol empire.

Temuge attempted to enter the main political arena after the death of Ögedei Khan, his nephew and son of Genghis Khan, in  1241. At that time, Ogedei's son Güyük Khan was engaged in the "Western campaign" in Russia and Europe. Temuge-otchigin tried to seize the throne, but was prevented by Töregene, Ogedei's widow and Güyük's mother. After the 1246 kurultai elected Güyük as great khan, Temüge was executed.

Ancestry

References

Genghis Khan
Mongol Empire people
1168 births
1246 deaths
People executed by the Mongol Empire
Borjigin

Temüge


Popularity or social status is the quality of being well liked, admired or well known to a particular group.

Popular may also refer to:

In sociology
 Popular culture
 Popular fiction
 Popular music
 Popular science
 Populace, the total population of a certain place
 Populism, a political philosophy, based on the idea that the common people are being exploited.
 Informal usage or custom, as in popular names, as opposed to formal or scientific nomenclature

Companies
 Popular, Inc., also known as Banco Popular, a financial services company
 Popular Holdings, a Singapore-based educational book company
 The Popular (department store), a chain of department stores in El Paso, Texas, from 1902 to 1995

Media

Music
"Popular" (Darren Hayes song) (2004), on the album The Tension and the Spark
"Popular" (Eric Saade song) (2011), on the album Saade Vol. 1
"Popular" (M.I.A. song) (2022), from the upcoming album Mata
"Popular" (Nada Surf song) (1996), on the album High/Low
"Popular" (The Veronicas song) (2008), on the album Hook Me Up
"Popular" (Wicked song), in the musical Wicked
"Popular" (The Weeknd, Playboi Carti and Madonna song), 2023
Popular, an unreleased album by Van Hunt
"Popular", a song by The Anchoress on the 2015 album Confessions of a Romance Novelist
"Popular", a song by Lil Wayne on the 2010 album I Am Not a Human Being

Printed media
 The Popular Magazine, an American literary magazine that ran for 612 issues from November 1903 to October 1931
 Popular, an Indonesian men's lifestyle magazine

Other media
 Popular (TV series), a teenage dramedy on the WB network
 Popular: Finding Happiness and Success in a World That Cares Too Much About the Wrong Kinds of Relationships, a book by psychology professor Mitch Prinstein

See also
Poplar (disambiguation)
Populaire (disambiguation), French for popular
Populous (disambiguation)

Popular


Frank Dicopoulos (born January 3, 1957) is an American actor. He is the oldest of three children. Dicopoulos played the role of Frank Achilles Cooper Jr. on Guiding Light, a character he played from 1987 until the show's final episode on September 18, 2009.

Biography
Born in Akron, Ohio to Catherine and Harry Dicopoulos, Frank Dicopoulos majored in psychology and minored in art and drama at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. He was active in football, basketball, and lacrosse, and he also set a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III track record in high hurdles. At first he thought of becoming an orthopedic surgeon specializing in sports medicine. But then he enrolled in drama courses – and became hooked.

Following college graduation, he moved to Texas. After managing a tire store in Houston and working as an auto mechanic, he began posing for print photography ads and doing television commercials. In a nationwide talent search in Dallas, he became one of four finalists out of 770 candidates to screen-test for the Larry Wilcox replacement role on the television series CHiPs. Although he did not get the job, he did get a small film part and had the lead in an MTV video documentary called Wild Rides, narrated by Matt Dillon. He also hosted On the Move for ESPN and the Miss Teen America Pageant in Dallas.

In 1984, Dicopoulos moved to Los Angeles where he appeared in numerous primetime series, including
The Tracey Ullman Show, Silver Spoons,
Hotel, Dynasty, and Falcon Crest, as well as the soap operas The Young and the Restless,
Capitol, and,
General Hospital. He also acted in feature films before joining Guiding Light.

In 2010, Dicopoulos joined the cast of River Ridge: The Series as Isaac Rylan.  The new series is about the smothering foundations of a small town and a group of its inhabitants.

Family
Dicopoulos has been married to Teja Anderson since October 20, 1990, and they have two children, Jaden and Olivia. Olivia Dicopoulos played teenaged "Maureen Reardon" on Guiding Light for several years in the 2000s. He has been a resident of Marlboro Township, New Jersey.

References

External links

1957 births
American male film actors
American male soap opera actors
American male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Akron, Ohio
People from Marlboro Township, New Jersey
Kenyon College alumni

Frank Dicopoulos


Nuhu Ribadu mni (born 21 November 1960) is a Nigerian politician and retired police officer who since 26 June 2023 is serving as the National Security Adviser; after shortly serving as Special Adviser on Security to  President Bola Tinubu.

Ribadu ran unsuccessfully for office of the President of Nigeria in 2011 as the presidential candidate of the Action Congress. He ran for governor of Adamawa State in 2015 as a candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party; before joining the All Progressives Congress to run in 2019 and lost his bid in 2023 to Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed.

He was the Chairman of the Petroleum Special Revenue Task Force from 2012 to 2014 and the Chairman of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) from 2003 to 2007, the government commission tasked with countering corruption and fraud.

Early life
Ribadu was born on 21 November 1960 in Yola. He attended Mustapha Primary School from 1966 to 1973 in Adamawa and Yelwa Government Secondary School, Yola from 1973 to 1978; College of Preliminary Studies, Yola from 1978 to 1980.

Ribadu studied law at Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Kaduna State from 1980 until 1983, receiving a Bachelor of Laws degree. Following a year at the Nigerian Law School, he was called to Bar in 1984. He also earned a Master of Laws degree from the same university.

Police career
Ribadu joined the Nigerian Police Force shortly after graduation and held the positions of Assistant Superintendent of Police, Nigeria Police Force, January 1, 1986; Divisional Crime Officer for Ajegunle, Mushin, Apapa from 1990 to 1997; Force CID. AIagbon Close, Ugos; dep. Superintendent of Police, 1992; Superintendent of Police, 1995; Chief Superintendent of Police, 1998; asst comm. of Police, 2002; Head, Ugal and Prosecution Department, NPF.

Anti-corruption and the EFCC
The Nigerian president, Olusegun Obasanjo, appointed him to the chairmanship of the EFCC in 2003 and reappointed him in 2007, as well as promoting him to the position of Assistant Inspector General of Police.
The promotion on 9 April 2007, three weeks before newly elected President Umaru Yar'Adua was sworn-in, was later challenged on the basis that it was "illegal, unconstitutional, null and void, and of no legal effect."
In December 2007, Mike Okiro, Inspector-General of Police, stated that Ribadu would be removed as EFCC chairman for a one-year training course.

On 20 October 2006, Nuhu Ribadu told the BBC that over 380 billion dollars had been stolen or wasted by Nigerian governments since independence in 1960.
Under Ribadu's administration, the EFCC charged prominent bankers, former State governors, ministers, Senators, high-ranking political party members, commissioners of Police, and advance fee fraud ("419") gang operators.
The EFCC issued thousands of indictments and achieved about 270 convictions. One notable case was that of his boss, the then Inspector-General of the Nigerian Police Force, Tafa Balogun, who was convicted, jailed and made to return £150 million under a plea bargain.

During  the course of his duty Ribadu was offered bribes to pervert the course of justice, amongst these was a State governor who offered Ribadu $15 million and a house abroad. Interviewed from Washington D.C. on the BBC's Hardtalk programme, Ribadu said that he took the money and used the bribe as evidence to prosecute the state governor. This claim has however been refuted by the ex-governor who noted that the fact that Ribadu put the money in the CBN is not a proof that he gave the money. Ribadu escaped two assassination attempts in Nigeria before he left the country for the United Kingdom in early 2009.

In December 2007, Inspector-General of Police Mike Okiro ordered that Ribadu be temporarily removed from the position of EFCC chairman and ordered him to attend the National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS) in Kuru, Jos, Plateau State for a mandatory one-year course. The decision was criticised by, among others, Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka, House of Representatives members, and All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) national chairman Edwin Ume-Ezeoke as politically motivated and/or likely to set back the fight against corruption.

On 22 December 2008, as widely predicted, he was dismissed from the Nigerian Police force by the Nigerian Police Service Commission (PSC). He left Nigeria and in April assumed a fellowship at the Center for Global Development.

Political career
He lived in exile until 2010 when he returned to Nigeria and declared his intention to run for President of Nigeria under the platform of the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN). On Friday, 14 January 2011, Nuhu Ribadu was adopted as the presidential candidate of the ACN.

In August 2014, he defected to the ruling party PDP with the intention to run for the Governorship of Adamawa State, Nigeria. He later joined the ruling APC and contested for governorship of Adamawa in 2019 and 2023, he became a close confidant of Bola Tinubu during the presidential campaign.

National Security Adviser
Ribadu was appointed by President Bola Tinubu as National Security Adviser on 19 June 2023.

References

External links
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) website
Official Nuhu Ribadu for President campaign website
There was a misunderstanding with the Nigerian FG

1960 births
Living people
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian police officers
Law enforcement in Nigeria
Ahmadu Bello University alumni
Nigerian Law School alumni
Members of the Nigerian National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies
Candidates in the Nigerian general election, 2011
People from Adamawa State
Ribadu family
Nigerian Fula people

Nuhu Ribadu


Verlag C.H. BECK oHG, established in 1763 by Carl Gottlob Beck, is one of Germany's oldest publishing houses. It operates in two main divisions: Legal - Tax - Business (professional publishing) and Literature - Nonfiction - Science (trade publishing). It has an annual production of up to 1,500 titles including many electronic publications, about 70 professional journals and more than 9,000 titles in print. Its headquarters are in Munich, with a branch office in Frankfurt. Historically, its headquarters were in Nördlingen, the initials of the founder's son and successor, Carl Heinrich Beck, survive in the company's present name.  650 employees work in the Munich headquarters. The 120 scientific editors combined work at the Munich and Frankfurt offices, supporting over 14,000 authors. The Frankfurt office houses the editorial departments of most of C.H. Beck's law journals. Since 1999 the Nomos publishing house belongs to C.H. Beck group, which also has subsidiaries in Switzerland, Poland, the Czech Republic and Romania. As a group of publishing houses, in turnover C.H.Beck ranks among the 10 largest groups in Germany and the 50 largest worldwide.

See also

 Books in Germany

References

External links
  C.H. Beck
 Beck International

Companies based in Munich
Book publishing companies of Germany
German companies established in 1763
Academic publishing companies

C. H. Beck