A spit-take is a comedic technique or reaction in which someone spits a drink, or sometimes food, out of their mouth as a reaction to a surprising or funny statement.

An essential part of the spit-take is comedic timing. The person performing the spit-take usually starts drinking or eating right before the punchline is delivered.  When the joke hits, the person accentuates the effect by pretending that the alleged humor/shock is so overwhelming and irresistible, that they cannot even control the urge of laughter/scream before swallowing, and therefore has to reflexively spit out the mouthful of content to prevent choking.

In performance, a spit-take represents a reaction of shock, while in real life it is typically one of mirth.

"Spit take" was included in the Oxford Dictionaries (not to be confused with the Oxford English Dictionary) in a 2014 update. It was also added to the Merriam-Webster dictionary in an April 2019 update.

Etymology

The spit-take, as a comedic technique, is a noun, but it shows up in media in some different forms. It can be seen used figuratively in a description of a satire work, Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping: "(it) is a spit-take on the world of contemporary pop music and celebrity..."

It can also be used as a verb: "On the morning of May 12, LinkedIn ... emailed scores of my contacts and told them I'm a professional racist. It was one of those updates that LinkedIn regularly sends its users, algorithmically assembled missives about their connections' appearances in the media.... This surely caused a few of my professional acquaintances to spit-take. — Will Johnson, Slate, 24 May 2016."

The conjugation of spit-take as a verb is not clearly defined. There is evidence of both "spit-taked" and "spit took." Constructions like "made me spit-take" are convenient for avoiding this issue all together. Beyond that, leaving the phrase as a noun, like "do a spit-take," continues to be the most common usage.

Origin
Originally called a spit gag, the word itself most likely dates to the early 20th century, but it mostly existed in showbiz vernacular.

Danny Thomas, commonly associated with the spit-take, is credited as the comedian who made it famous. It is sometimes referred to as the "Danny Thomas spit take." He perfected it during the 11 seasons of The Danny Thomas Show (1953-1964). However, Ricky Ricardo did it a year earlier in an I Love Lucy (1951-1957) episode. Also a year before Thomas, a spit-take was  performed by David Bruce in a 1952 episode of Beulah (1950-1953), "The New Arrival." It has been used in several sitcoms since.

The "spit" part of the term is clear, but the "take" part is a little less obvious. In this context, the word "take" is used in the sense of a visible response or reaction (as to something unexpected). It is similar in construction to the phrase "double-take".

References

Film and video terminology

Spit-take


Mesum is a village south of Rheine, located in the district Steinfurt, part of North Rhine-Westphalia. The current population in 2004 is about 8500. Mesum was first mentioned in 1373 in a document listing the church. That old church still exists as the oldest building of the village.

The village grew in the 19th century with the textile industry. At that time, it was part of the Prussian Kingdom.

Railway station
The village has a railway station Rheine-Mesum, however Rheine has more services.

Link to city-homepage (German)

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia

Mesum


Glenn A. Albrecht, born in 1953, was Professor of Sustainability at Murdoch University in Western Australia until his retirement in 2014. He is an honorary fellow in the School of Geosciences of the University of Sydney.

In 2008, Albrecht finished as the Associate Professor in Environmental Studies in University of Newcastle in New South Wales. He has become known for coining the neologism solastalgia and symbiocene.

Biography
Glenn Albrecht is an environmental philosopher with both theoretical and applied interests in the relationship between ecosystem and human health. He has pioneered the research domain of 'psychoterratic' or earth related mental health conditions with the concept of 'solastalgia' or the lived experience of negative environmental change. He also has publications in the field of animal ethics including the ethics of relocating endangered species in the face of climate change pressures.

Glenn Albrecht's most recent publication is 'Earth Emotions: New Words for a New World', published in May 2019.

He has been published in many peer reviewed journals and has recently completed and published book chapters on his research interests. With colleagues, Nick Higginbotham (University of Newcastle) and Linda Connor (Sydney University) under Australian Research Council Discovery Project grants, Glenn has researched the impact of mining in the Upper Hunter Region of NSW, Australia, and now, the impact of climate change on communities, again in the Hunter Region. Glenn has also been involved as a Chief Investigator in ARC Discovery Project research on the social and ethical aspects of the thoroughbred horse industry worldwide.

Glenn Albrecht is a pioneer of transdisciplinary thinking and, with Higginbotham and Connor produced a major book on this topic, Health Social Science: A Transdisciplinary and Complexity Perspective with Oxford University Press in 2001. His current major research interest, the positive and negative psychological, emotional and cultural relationships people have to place and its transformation is one that sees him having an international research profile.

Bibliography
 Albrecht, Glenn (2005). "Solastalgia: A New Concept in Human Health and Identity", Philosophy, Activism, Nature 3, pp. 41–55.
 Albrecht, Glenn (2005). "Constructing our Future", Journal of the Asia Pacific Centre for Environmental Accountability 11(2), pp. 8–9.
 Sartore, G.; Stain, H.; Kelly, B.; Higginbotham, Nick; Albrecht, Glenn; Toona, A. (2005). "Health in a Rural New South Wales Community", Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39.
 Albrecht, Glenn (2005). "Organicism and the Organic University", Concrescence: The Australasian Journal of Process Thought 6, pp. 43–60.
 Albrecht, Glenn (2006). "Environmental Distress as Solastalgia", Alternatives 32 (4/5), pp. 34–35.
 Albrecht, Glenn (2006). "The Ethics of Climate Chaos", Journal of the Asia Pacific Centre for Environmental Accountability 12 (2), pp. 19–21.
 Higginbotham, Nick; Connor, Linda; Albrecht, Glenn; Freeman, S.; Agho, K. (2006). "Validation of an Environmental Distress Scale (EDS)", EcoHealth 3 (4), pp. 245–254.
 Albrecht, Glenn; Sartore, G.; et al. (2007). "Solastalgia: The distress caused by environmental change", Australasian Psychiatry 15, pp. 95–98.
 Albrecht, Glenn; Higginbotham, Nick; Connor, Linda; Freeman, S. (2008). "Social and Cultural Perspectives on Eco-Health", in International Encyclopedia of Public Health, K. Heggenhougen and S. Quah (eds). San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 57–63.
 Albrecht, Glenn (2008). "Solastalgia", in Ice: A Passage Through Time, Gage, H. (ed). Alaska: Ampersand Press.
 Sartore G. M.; Kelly B.; Stain H.; Albrecht Glenn; Higginbotham, Nick (2008). "Control, Uncertainty, and expectations for the future: A qualitative study of the impact of drought on a rural Australian community", Rural and Remote Health 8, pp. 1–14.
 Connor, Linda; Higginbotham, Nick; Freeman, S.; Albrecht, Glenn (2008). "Watercourses and Discourses: Coalmining in the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales", Oceania 78 (1), pp. 76–90.
 Albrecht, Glenn; McMahon, C.; Bowman, D.; Bradshaw, C. (2009). "Convergence of culture, ecology and ethics: management of feral swamp buffalo in northern Australia", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 22: 61–378.
 Albrecht, Glenn (2010). Resilience and Water Security in Two Outback Cities. Gold Coast, Queensland: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility. .
 Albrecht, Glenn (2010). "Solastalgia and the Creation of New Ways of Living", in Nature and Culture: Rebuilding Lost Connections, Pretty, J. and Pilgrim S. (eds). London: Earthscan, pp. 217–234.
 Higginbotham, Nick; Freeman, S.; Connor, Linda; Albrecht, Glenn (2010). "Environmental Injustice and air pollution in coal affected communities, Hunter Valley, Australia", Health and Place 16, pp. 259–266.
 Albrecht, Glenn (2011). "Chronic Environmental Change and Mental Health", in Climate Change and Human Well-Being: Global Challenges and Opportunities, Weissbecker, I. (ed). Berlin: Springer SBM, pp. 43–56.
 McManus, P.; Albrecht, Glenn; Graham, R. (2011). "Constructing Thoroughbred Breeding Landscapes: Manufactured Idylls in the Upper Hunter Region of Australia", in Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Mega-engineering Projects, Brunn S. D. (ed). New York: Springer Dordrecht, pp. 1323–1339.
 Phelan, L.; Taplin, R.; Henderson Sellers, A.; Albrecht, Glenn (2011). "Ecological Viability or Liability? Insurance System Responses to Climate Risk, Environmental Policy and Governance", Environmental Policy and Governance.
 Albrecht, Glenn (2012). "Psychoterratic Conditions in a Scientific and Technological World", in Ecopsychology: Science, Totems, and the Technological Species, Kahn, P., Hasbach, P. (eds). Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 241–264.
 Albrecht, Glenn; Graham, R.; McManus, P. (2012). The Global Horseracing Industry: Social, Economic, Environmental, and Ethical Perspectives. London: Routledge. .
 Albrecht, Glenn; Brooke, C.; Bennett, D.; Garnett, S. T. (2012). "The Ethics of Assisted Colonization in the Age of Anthropogenic Climate Change", The Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics.
 Montoya, D.; McManus, P.; Albrecht, Glenn (2012). "Jumping to Conclusions? Media Coverage of Jumps Racing Debates in Australia", Society & Animals 20.
 Albrecht, Glenn (2013). "Solastalgie: Heimweh in der Heimat", in Natur im Blick der Kulturen, Jung, N., Molitor, H., Schilling, A. (eds.). Leverkusen: Budrich Uni-Press, pp. 47–60.
 Albrecht, Glenn (2013). "El Dano Al Medio Ambiente Se Mete En Tu Cabenza", Etiqueta Verde 2 (9), p. 100.
 Albrecht, Glenn; Ellis, N. (2014). "The Ethics of Resource Extraction and Processing: Two Western Australian Case Studies", in Resource Curse or Cure? On the Sustainability of Development in Western Australia. Heidelberg, Brueckner, M.; Durey, A.; Mayes.; Pforr, C. (eds). Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 43–58. .
 Albrecht Glenn (2014). "Ecopsychology in 'The Symbiocene'", Ecopsychology 6 (1), pp. 58–59.
 Albrecht, Glenn; Higginbotham, Nick; Connor, Linda; Ellis, N. (2016). "Social and Cultural Perspectives on Ecology and Health", in The International Encyclopedia of Public Health. Chatswood: Elsevier. .
 Albrecht, Glenn (2016). "Exiting The Anthropocene and Entering The Symbiocene", Minding Nature 9 (2).
 Albrecht, Glenn (2017). "Solastalgia and the New Mourning", in Mourning Nature: Hope at the Heart of Ecological Loss & Grief, Willox, A. C.; Landman, K. (eds). Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. .
 Albrecht, Glenn A. (2019). "Earth Emotions: New Words for a New World". Cornell University Press. .
 Albrecht, Glenn A. (2020). "Les émotions de la Terre – Des nouveau mots pour un nouveau monde". Les Liens Qui Libèrent.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20081108092452/http://www.sustainability.murdoch.edu.au/dirs/
 https://glennaalbrecht.com/

Living people
1953 births
Academic staff of Murdoch University
Australian philosophers
Australian environmentalists

Glenn Albrecht


Edwin Gray Lee (May 27, 1836 – August 24, 1870) was an American soldier from Virginia and a Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War. He was a member of the Lee family and first cousin once removed of Robert E. Lee.

Biography
Lee was born to Edmund Jennings Lee II and Henrietta Bedinger at their home Bedford in Shepherdstown, Virginia (now West Virginia). Lee's grandfather, Edmund Jennings Lee, Sr., was a brother of American Revolutionary War General Light Horse Harry Lee. His father was a lawyer and, unlike many of Lee's relatives, stayed out of public life. His father was opposed to Virginia seceding from the United States.

Lee attended the College of William and Mary for two years, 1851-1853 and then was a student Benjamin Hallowell's school for young men in Alexandria, Virginia. After completing his work at Hollowell's in June 1855. From 1857-1859 he studied at the law school operated by John White Brockenbrough. Lee received his law degree in 1859 from the school, which in 1866 became part of Washington College.

Edwin married Susan Pendleton, daughter of Confederate General William N. Pendleton on November 17, 1859. They had no children.

During the Civil War, he initially served as an aide to Col. Thomas J. Jackson, and was at the First Battle of Bull Run, was in Jackson's Valley Campaign of 1862, the Seven Days Battles, Second Battle of Bull Run, and Battle of Cedar Mountain. He was captured when he slipped into Shepherdstown, West Virginia to see his ailing father. He was taken across the Potomac to General McClellan's headquarters at Keedysville and was later exchanged for a Union officer of equivalent rank held by the Confederates. He returned to Confederate service and was given command of the 33rd Virginia Infantry Regiment, part of the famed Stonewall Brigade. He fought at the Battle of Fredericksburg, and, following health issues, was appointed Colonel on November 12, 1863 on the staff of Gen. Robert Ransom, Jr. in the Richmond defenses, and later in the Shenandoah Valley. He was promoted to Brigadier General on September 23, 1864. and then served with Gen. Rosser in the cavalry in the Valley. In December 1864, he and his wife ran the blockade to Canada on a secret service mission. They remained in Montreal, Lower Canada until the spring of 1866 before returning to Virginia.

Lee died in Yellow Sulphur Springs, Virginia, and is buried in Lexington, Virginia, at Oak Grove Cemetery.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Alexander, Frederick Warren. Stratford Hall and the Lees Connected with its History (1912) History of the Lee family
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .

1836 births
1870 deaths
American people of English descent
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
Edwin
People from Shepherdstown, West Virginia
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
People of West Virginia in the American Civil War
College of William & Mary alumni
Washington and Lee University School of Law alumni
Pendleton family

Edwin Gray Lee


Billy Edwards (21 December 1844 – 12 August 1907) was a lightweight boxer of the late 1860s and 1870s in England.

Professional career
Nicknamed "Make-Believe Billy", Edwards was born in Birmingham, Warwickshire. He began boxing at the age of 14 and fought Sam Collyer on 24 August 1868 for the American Lightweight Championship.  Edwards won the fight in the 34th-round to win the title.

Edwards fought Hall of Famer Charlie Mitchell in 1884, losing in the 3rd round.

Life After Boxing
Following the Mitchell bout, Edwards retired from the ring but remained in boxing by training John L. Sullivan for several winning contests.

Edwards was a successful real estate investor after retiring. In 1894 Edwards appeared as himself in the Edison Company's kinetoscope film Billy Edwards and the Unknown Boxer, in a pre-determined-outcome exhibition match against a random boxer. This film survives and is preserved in the Library of Congress.

Death
Edwards died of Bright's Disease on 13 August 1907 in Brooklyn.

Honors
Edwards has been elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame.

References

External links

IBHOF Bio
portrait
chewing tobacco card

1844 births
1907 deaths
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Bare-knuckle boxers
Deaths from nephritis
English male boxers
Lightweight boxers

Billy Edwards (boxer)


Antoine Meyer, also known as Antun or Tun Meyer (1801–1857) was a Luxembourg-born mathematician and poet who later adopted Belgian nationality. Sometimes referred to as the father of Luxembourgish literature, he is remembered for publishing the very first book in Luxembourgish, a collection of six poems entitled "E' Schrek ob de' lezeburger Parnassus" (A Step up the Luxembourg Parnassus).

Early life

Born on 31 May 1801 in Luxembourg City, Meyer was the son of Hubert
Meyer, a shoemaker, and his wife Elisabeth Kirschenbilder who lived in the centre of the old town close to the Place d'Armes. After completing his secondary school education with flying colours at the local Athénée, he studied mathematics at Liège (1817–1823) where he was forced to give private lessons to his fellow students and help out in the library in order to pay for his studies. After receiving his doctorate, he spent an additional year in Paris studying at the Collège de France and at the Sorbonne where he came into contact with Europe's leading mathematicians.

Career

Professionally, Meyer was a brilliant mathematics teacher. In 1826, he taught at the Collège royal at Echternach in Luxembourg before moving to Breda in the Netherlands in 1828 where he worked at the newly opened Royal Military Academy. However, when two years later the Belgians rose up against the Dutch, he had to leave the country. After enormous difficulties, he finally succeeded in finding a job in Belgium at a school in Louvain. He spent a short period at the Institut Gaggia (1834) in Brussels but was then offered a post at the military school before going on to the Université Libre de Bruxelles in 1838. In 1849, he became a professor of higher mathematics at the Université de Liège until his death in 1857. For historical reasons, after the separation of Belgian Luxembourg, Meyer acquired Belgian nationality in 1842. The strong recognition he received for his mathematical publications and achievements testify to his full adoption by the Belgians. However, his poems show his lifelong attachment to Luxembourg.

Poetry

Antoine Meyer's publication of "E' Schrek ob de' Lezeburger Parnassus" in 1829 was not received with very much enthusiasm. There were however one or two strong supporters. Félix Thyes, who coincidentally was the first Luxembourger to publish a book in French, commented: "It is Monsieur Antoine Meyer, a mathematics professor at the University of Liège, who has the honour of being the first to rescue this tongue from the indifference and scorn in which it is immersed, creating, as it were, a new literature. The good Luxembourgers were amazed, one morning, when they heard that the learned mathematician had just published a small volume of poems in their own language." The book contains six poems, a love poem: "Uen d'Christine" (To Christine), a meditation on the romantic subject of night: "D'Nuecht" (The Night), a kind of real life painting: "Een Abléck an engem Wiertshaus zu Lëtzebuerg" (A Moment in a Luxembourg Inn), and three fables: "D'porzelains an d'ierde Schierbel" (The Shard of Porcelain and the Earthen Pot), "D'Spéngel an d'Nol" (The Pin and the Needle) and "D'Flou an de Pierdskrécher" (The Fly and the Horse Trough). In regard to the fables, while Aesop and La Fontaine built their stories around animals, Meyer personified inanimate objects. For example, in "D'Spéngel an d'Nol", the well-to-do Miss Needle tries but fails to override the Pin, reflecting the failure of the French aristocracy to prevent the French Revolution.

The mathematician went on to write three more poetic works as well as a booklet on spelling rules for Luxembourgish. A number of other poems by Antoine Meyer were published in the press. In his own words, Meyer's objective was to show that "the Luxembourg dialect is not as rough, poor, unregulated, stiff and barbarous as many born Luxembourgers would like to maintain". Félix Thyes commented: "We see in Mr Meyer, that noble pride of the plebeian, that instinct for liberty and often that burning concern for the poorer classes which can be found among all true poets of our times." It is now recognized that he succeeded in initiating the transformation of Luxembourgish into an acceptable literary language.

Antoine Meyer died in Liège on 29 April 1857.

Works

1829: "E' Schrek ob de' lezeburger Parnassus". Collection of poems published in Luxembourg (Lezeburg)
1832: "Jong vum Schrek op de Lezeburger Parnassus". Collection of poems published in Louvain
1845: "Luxemburgische Gedichte und Fabeln". Together with works by Heinrich Gloden. Published in Brussels
1853: "Oilzegt-Kläng". Collection of poems published in Liège (Lüttich)
1854: "Règelbüchelchen vum lezeburger Orthoegraf". Rules of Luxembourg Spelling. Published in Liège

References

Belgian mathematicians
Luxembourgian poets
Luxembourgian writers
1801 births
1857 deaths
Alumni of the Athénée de Luxembourg
19th-century poets

Antoine Meyer


UEFA Euro 2000 is the official game of UEFA Euro 2000 football tournament hosted in Belgium and the Netherlands. The game was published by EA Sports and developed by EA Canada. It is available for PC and PlayStation.

The game was EA Sports' first game based on the European Championships after obtaining the official licence from UEFA, which had previously been held by Gremlin Interactive. The game features all 49 teams from the qualification stage of the Euro 2000 championships, as well as the hosts Belgium and the Netherlands who qualified for the finals automatically. The player can choose one of the teams and attempt to qualify them for the tournament and then participate in the finals themselves.

Paul Oakenfold provides the game's music, whilst commentary is from John Motson and Mark Lawrenson.

Reception

Critical

Reviewing the PlayStation version, PlayStation Max made several comparisons to EA Sports' other football video game, FIFA 2000. They considered Euro 2000 to very similar but slower and more jerky to play than FIFA 2000 and also noted that it contained fewer teams compared to FIFA due to its focus on European international teams, whereas FIFA has international teams from across the world as well as club teams. This led to a rating of 65%. Eurogamer gave the same console version a negative review, stating, "It is tough to believe this game has been thoroughly playtested, but it's clearly passed all the necessary criteria to warrant shelf life. The whole product feels incredibly rushed, with more emphasis on making the menu system look nice than making a game worth playing." The site went on to say, "Even in the graphics department, things have taken a slight nose-dive, with player definition not up to the usual standards. The one saving grace is the crowd and commentary, but it's made pretty much redundant when offset against the game's overall failings," which led to a score of three out of ten.

IGN reviewed the PC version, commenting that the frame rate that the game ran at had dropped compared to FIFA 2000 possibly due to increased crowd and stadium detail. Noting the similarities between the game and FIFA 2000, they cited it as a "classic example of the company milking the soccer fan's money for yet another largely identical game of the FIFA soccer series" and suggested to "wait for FIFA 2001".

References

External links

2000 video games
Association football video games
EA Sports games
Electronic Arts games
Esports games
Europe-exclusive video games
FIFA (video game series)
PlayStation (console) games
UEFA Euro 2000
UEFA European Championship video games
Video games developed in Canada
Video games set in 2000
Video games set in Belgium
Video games set in the Netherlands
Windows games

UEFA Euro 2000 (video game)


Martin William Pattin (April 6, 1943 – October 3, 2018) was an American professional baseball player who appeared in 475 games in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher. He pitched for the California Angels (1968), Seattle Pilots / Milwaukee Brewers (1969–1971), Boston Red Sox (1972–1973), and the Kansas City Royals (1974–1980). During a 13-year MLB career, Pattin compiled 114 wins, 1,179 strikeouts, and a 3.62 earned run average (ERA).

Biography
Pattin was born in Charleston, Illinois, where he attended high school; he earned his bachelor's and master's degrees at Eastern Illinois University. A member of the Eastern Illinois Panthers baseball team, Pattin struck out 22 batters in a game.

Pattin was selected in the seventh round (127th overalll) by the California Angels 1965 Major League Baseball draft. He played in the minor leagues with the Seattle Rainiers for two seasons before being promoted to the majors. He left the Angels via the 1968 Major League Baseball expansion draft and joined the Seattle Pilots, which later became the Milwaukee Brewers in 1970. In Milwaukee, Pattin finished with a 14–12 record and a 3.39 ERA in 37 games (29 starts) in 1970, and was named an All-Star in 1971, when he finished with a 14–14 record and a 3.13 ERA in 36 starts.

Pattin was part of a ten-player blockbuster trade that sent him, Tommy Harper, Lew Krausse and minor-league outfielder Pat Skrable to the Red Sox for George Scott, Jim Lonborg, Ken Brett, Billy Conigliaro, Joe Lahoud and Don Pavletich on October 10, 1971. He won 32 games in two seasons with the Red Sox, including a no-hit bid foiled in 1972, when A's Reggie Jackson hit a single off him with one out in the ninth inning. According to fellow pitcher Bill "Spaceman" Lee, Pattin had a habit of throwing up after the first inning of nearly every game he pitched with the Red Sox.

Sent to the Kansas City Royals in exchange for Dick Drago on October 24, 1973, Pattin divided his playing time between starting and relieving. The Kansas City Star named Pattin as the Royals' pitcher of the month twice during the 1975 campaign, in June as a starter and in September as a reliever. He retired after being granted free agency following the 1980 season.

After Pattin's retirement as a player, he remained involved with the sport as a coach. He was the head coach of the University of Kansas baseball team from 1982 to 1987. Pattin died in his sleep while visiting friends in his hometown of Charleston, Illinois on October 3, 2018.

References

External links

1943 births
2018 deaths
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from Illinois
Boston Red Sox players
California Angels players
Eastern Illinois Panthers baseball players
El Paso Sun Kings players
Kansas City Royals players
Kansas Jayhawks baseball coaches
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers players
People from Charleston, Illinois
Quad Cities Angels players
Seattle Angels players
Seattle Pilots players

Marty Pattin


Gilbert Sandford Vernam (April 3, 1890 – February 7, 1960) was a Worcester Polytechnic Institute 1914 graduate and AT&T Bell Labs engineer who, in 1917, invented an additive polyalphabetic stream cipher and later co-invented an automated one-time pad cipher. Vernam proposed a teleprinter cipher in which a previously prepared key, kept on paper tape, is combined character by character with the plaintext message to produce the ciphertext. To decipher the ciphertext, the same key would be again combined character by character, producing the plaintext.
Vernam later worked for the Postal Telegraph Company, and became an employee of Western Union when that company acquired Postal in 1943.  His later work was largely with automatic switching systems for telegraph networks.

Vernam's patent

The combining function Vernam specified in , issued July 22, 1919, is the XOR operation, applied to the individual impulses or bits used to encode the characters in the Baudot code. Vernam did not use the term "XOR" in the patent, but he implemented that operation in relay logic. In the example Vernam gave, the plaintext is A, encoded as ""  in Baudot, and the key character is B, encoded as "". The resulting ciphertext will be "", which encodes a G. Combining the G with the key character B at the receiving end produces "", which is the original plaintext A.  The NSA has called this patent "perhaps one of the most important in the history of cryptography.".

One-time pad
Shortly thereafter, Joseph Mauborgne, at that time a captain in the US Army Signal Corps, proposed, in addition, that the paper tape key contain random information. The two ideas, when themselves combined, implement an automatic form of the one-time pad, though neither inventor used the name then.

Claude Shannon, also at Bell Labs, proved that the one-time pad, properly implemented, is unbreakable in his World War II research that was later published in October 1949.  He also proved that any unbreakable system must have essentially the same characteristics as the one-time pad:  the key must be truly random, as large as the plaintext, never reused in whole or part, and kept secret.

The Vernam cipher
In modern terminology, a Vernam cipher is a symmetrical stream cipher in which the plaintext is combined with a random or pseudorandom stream of data (the "keystream") of the same length, to generate the ciphertext, using the Boolean "exclusive or" (XOR) function. This is symbolised by ⊕  and is represented by the following "truth table", where + represents "true" and − represents "false".

Other names for this function are: Not equal (NEQ), modulo 2 addition (without 'carry') and modulo 2 subtraction (without 'borrow').

The cipher is reciprocal in that the identical keystream is used both to encipher plaintext to ciphertext and to decipher ciphertext to yield the original plaintext:

Plaintext ⊕ Key = Ciphertext

and:

Ciphertext ⊕ Key = Plaintext

If the keystream is truly random and used only once, this is effectively a one-time pad.  Substituting pseudorandom data generated by a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator is a common and effective construction for a stream cipher.  RC4 is an example of a Vernam cipher that is widely used on the Internet.

If, however, the same keystream is used for two messages, known to cryptanalysts as a depth, the effect of the keystream can be eliminated, leaving the two plaintexts XORed together. The result is equivalent to a Running key cipher and the two plaintexts may be separated by linguistic cryptanalytical techniques.

Ciphertext1 ⊕ Ciphertext2 = Plaintext1 ⊕ Plaintext2

An operator's mistake of this sort famously allowed the Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher by the British at Bletchley Park during World War II. They diagnosed how the keystream was generated, worked out how to break the cipher, and read vast quantities of high-level messages to and from German high command without ever seeing an actual Lorenz machine.

Notes

See also
 Rockex
 5-UCO

References

 . Transcript of a lecture given by Prof. Tutte at the University of Waterloo

  Also in

1890 births
1960 deaths
Pre-computer cryptographers
Vernam cipher
Scientists at Bell Labs
Worcester Polytechnic Institute alumni

Gilbert Vernam


Marie Walewska, Countess Walewska (née Łączyńska; ; 7 December 1786 – 11 December 1817) was a Polish noblewoman in the court of Napoleon I who used her influence to sway the emperor towards the creation of an independent Polish state. In her later years she married count Philippe Antoine d'Ornano, an influential Napoleonic officer.

Early life
Walewska was born as first child into a wealthy noble family in Kiernozia, to Count Mathieu (Mateusz) Łączyński, a landowner and starosta of Gostyń; and Eva Zaborowska, whose family was wealthy as well. Walewska had six siblings: Benedykt Jozef, Hieronim, Teodor, Honorata, Katarzyna and Urszula-Teresa. She grew up in her ancestral home, Kiernozia palace, where she received upper-class education. Nicholas Chopin, Frédéric Chopin's father, for instance, was one of her tutors.

In 1794 her father participated in the military struggle for Polish independence and was mortally wounded at the Battle of Maciejowice, leaving behind a widow, seven children (five of them surviving into adulthood), and a dwindling livelihood.

A year later Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy and the Russian Empire effectively ended the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth national sovereignty through the third partition of Poland, when the Łączyński lands were incorporated into Prussia.

As the eldest, with her brothers having debts, it was up to her to secure the future of her family. At the age of eighteen she was married by her mother to the sixty-eight-year-old Athanasius, Count Colonna-Walewski, a wealthy landowner, starosta of Warka district and a once-chamberlain to the last Polish king, Stanisław August Poniatowski. During their marriage Walewska had two sons, Antoni Rudolf Bazyli, born 14 June 1805, and Alexandre Florian Joseph Colonna-Walewski. Antoni was immediately seized by Marie's sister-in-law and nieces (by marriage), who were a lot older than the young countess.

Walewska and Napoleon
Historians have theorized that Alexandre was a natural son of Napoleon I, although Athanasius legally acknowledged him as his own son. In 2013, DNA research supported this belief, indicating Alexandre's membership in the genetic male-line of the imperial House of Bonaparte

Maria Walewska met Napoleon for the first time in 1806 in Błonie, or in Jabłonna. According to Maria's own memoirs, she spoke briefly with the French emperor in an inn when his carriage was changing horses, but the meeting was inconclusive. However, Napoleon remembered her for her extraordinary conversation and requested to see her in Warsaw, intending to have regular meetings with her. The political context for Poland was complicated, the country had been wiped off the map at the end of the previous century and Polish nationalists were hoping Napoleon might bring the country back to life.

They met again at a ball hosted by count Stanislaw Potocki in his Warsaw residence. Walewska was being advised to work towards a position in the inner circle of Napoleon by the Emperor's aide, General Géraud Duroc (Grand Marshal of the Palace). A number of Polish aristocrats asked her the same, hoping that she could influence the emperor to support Poland in its struggle to regain independence from Prussia, the Habsburg Empire and the Russian Empire. In her memoirs, Walewska maintained that she forced herself to get intimately involved with Napoleon for purely patriotic reasons:"The sacrifice was complete. It was all about harvesting fruit now, achieving this one single equivalence [convincing Napoleon to support Polish independence movement], which could excuse my debased position. This was the thought that possessed me. Ruling over my will it did not allow me to fall under the weight of my bad consciousness and sadness."

The intimate relationship was initially kept secret, even though unofficially it was one of the most widely commented news in Warsaw's higher circles. Walewska visited Napoleon, residing in the capital's Royal Castle, only at nights and would secretly leave the building each morning. The relationship progressed when Napoleon moved to his field headquarters in Finckenstein Palace in East Prussia (now Kamieniec Suski, Poland): Walewska followed him there and they moved into neighbouring apartments. As Maria was extraordinarily pious for her times, they still maintained apparent secrecy: she refused to leave the part of the building in which they lived, fearing being seen by officers surrounding Napoleon, many of whom were her acquaintances or relatives.

In 1809 Walewska followed Napoleon during his journey to Vienna, where she lived in a house near Schönbrunn Palace, Napoleon's residence. During her sojourn in Vienna she became pregnant and returned to Walewice in order to give birth to her second son, Alexandre Joseph. Although Alexandre was rumoured to be the natural son of the Emperor, Count Athanasius officially recognised Alexandre as his son and gave him the name of the counts of Colonna-Walewski.

In 1810 Napoleon returned to Paris, where he was soon joined by Walewska. She settled in a palatial residence in the Rue de Montmorency and was given a large rent of 120,000 francs and a permission to enter all of the imperial museums, but her relationship with Napoleon ended. The Emperor planned to divorce Josephine and instead arrange a strategic marriage to Marie Louise, daughter of the Austrian Emperor. Maintaining his relationship with Walewska seemed inappropriate to gain that goal. Walewska's future and that of her son were nevertheless assured by the grant of large land estates in the Kingdom of Naples.

Later years

In 1812 Maria divorced count Colonna-Walewski. To facilitate it, her brother, Benedykt Jozef, admitted to forcing the marriage upon her. It remains unclear whether this was the truth, as in her memoirs Maria stated that her mother influenced her choice to marry Athanasius. As a settlement, she and her oldest son received half of count Walewski's estates, which even though heavily indebted, represented considerable wealth.

In 1816 Maria married her longtime admirer and lover, count Philippe Antoine d'Ornano. They settled in Liege, as d'Ornano did not want to return to Paris due to his pro-Napoleonic allegiances. In 1817 Maria gave birth to d'Ornano's son, Rudolph Augustus. She died in Paris shortly afterwards due to a prolonged kidney illness. Before her death, she completed her memoirs, which were addressed to her husband. Upon request from her Polish relatives her body was exhumed from Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris and moved to her family crypt in Kiernozia.

Descendants
Maria Walewska left three sons:
 Her son from the first marriage, count Antoni Colonna-Walewski, settled in Poland and little is known about his life.
 Count Alexandre Joseph Colonna-Walewski (4 May 1810 – 27 October 1868), her son from her relationship with Napoleon I became an important figure in the 19th century French politics: he was an influential diplomat and a cabinet minister. He maintained his whole life that his father was Count Colonna-Walewski.
 Her third son, Rodolphe-Auguste d'Ornano, was also an influential figure in the French society; his descendants created the well-known fragrance and cosmetics brand Sisley.

Marie Walewska also had a niece, named Barth, who lived in Bergen, Norway. The Walewska family thus has descendants in Norway living today.

Legacy
Walewska's eventful life attracted attention of a number of Polish and French historians. As her memoirs remained unpublished until the late 19th century, she was a subject of much speculation. The first scholar to write a complete account of her life was a French biographer Frederic Masson, who was allowed by d'Ornano family to use her memoirs.

In the 1930s her adventures were once again described by her descendant, Antoine Philippe Rodolphe, 4th count d'Ornano in a book entitled Marie Walewska, "l'épouse polonaise de Napolėon". It was a belletristic biography that until the mid-20th century was considered as a key source on Walewska, as Antoine d'Ornano claimed that it was based on never published documents remaining in the archives of La Branchoire, the family castle.

Count d'Ornano's account presented Maria as a devout patriot and an influential political figure. His book claimed that she was involved in taking major political decisions related to the development of Duchy of Warsaw and engaged herself in disputes with figures such as Józef Poniatowski or Joachim Lelewel. These allegations spurred controversy among Polish historians, who noticed that both the described events and the dates quoted by d'Ornano seemed unlikely.

Biographer Marian Brandys attempted to deal with some of these doubts in his book The troubles with Lady Walewska and he went as far as questioning the very existence of documents from La Branchoire. His main argument was that the facts presented in the book were unrealistic in light of broader historical knowledge about Napoleonic campaigns and the politics of the Duchy of Warsaw. He also noted the numerous discrepancies between the French and English editions of the book.

Lawsuit
D'Ornano's book had an equally profound effect on the historian circles in France. In 1950s Jean Savant, a renowned historian and writer, wrote a book about Walewska in which he attempted to recreate a scientific biography of Maria Walewska. Before publishing the book, he printed certain extracts from it in Elle, a popular woman's magazine, which resulted in a lawsuit from count d'Ornano and his descendants.

The dispute revolved around copyright issues: Savant allowed the publication of extracts from his work, which included alleged excerpts from Maria's own accounts, taken from d'Ornano's book. However, he failed to appropriately reference them. Antoine d'Ornano sued him for illegally appropriating contents taken from Marie Walewska, "l'épouse polonaise de Napolėon", and when Antoine died, his descendants claimed that the aforementioned extracts were not historical source materials, as Savant claimed, but merely an invention of the author. The legal battle continued for a few years, and it was put to an end by Cour de Cassation which decided that Savant acted legally.

The d'Ornano family never allowed any historian to come into contact with the alleged Walewska archives. During the lawsuit they maintained that in fact, the documents never existed. However, Savant in his next book L'Affaire Walewska attempted to prove the contrary.

Marie Walewska in film
Walewska was the subject of the 1914 Polish film Countess Walewska, directed by Aleksander Hertz.

Her story is also told in a 1937 film Conquest, also known as Marie Walewska. Greta Garbo plays Marie Walewska to Charles Boyer's Napoleon. Boyer and art director Cedric Gibbons were both nominated for Academy Awards for the film.

The character also appeared in A Soldier's Farewell, an episode of the BBC comedy Dad's Army. She was played by Alexandra Lara in the 2002 Napoléon miniseries.

References

Further reading
 Potocka-Wąsowiczowa, Anna 'Memoirs of a witness.' Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, Warsaw 1965.
 d'Ornano, Antoine 'Marie Walewska, "l'ėpouse polonaise de Napolėon"', Paris 1937.
 Brandys, Marian 'The troubles with Lady Walewska' Iskry, Warsaw 1971.
 Kukiel, Marian 'The fairytale life of Maria Walewska', Warsaw 1939.
 Mauersberg, Adam 'Maria Walewska', Ateneum, Warsaw 1938.
 Masson, Frederic "Marie Walewska",  E. Guillaume, Paris 1897.

External links

1786 births
1817 deaths
Polish diplomats
Polish Roman Catholics
Mistresses of Napoleon
Deaths from kidney failure
Marie
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery

Marie Walewska


Haucourt, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

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Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Haucourt, Pas-de-Calais


Taalam Acey (born September 16, 1970) is an American spoken-word artist. He began pursuing the art in 1997 after visiting a poetry reading upon the invitation of a friend. At that point in his life, Acey was a full-time lecturer in senior level accounting at Rutgers University and a principal partner in a small business consulting firm. In 1999, Acey left Rutgers University to become a full-time performance poet. Each year, he travels to more than 50 cities in the United States and abroad to share his art and perspectives with enthralled audiences.
Much of Acey's poetry addresses social and political issues from an afro-centric perspective while he maintains a fan base of a wide range of ethnicities. His work also provides a poetic perspective of relationships, whether man to woman, mother to son, or man to man. He champions the struggles of single parenthood and fatherly responsibility.

Early years
Born in Newark, New Jersey, Acey spent his childhood immersed in the African-centered political analysis. At the time of his birth, his teenage parents were field soldiers in Amiri Baraka's Community for a Unified Newark (CUAN). Notably, the year of Acey's birth, CUAN helped Kenneth Gibson become the first black mayor of Newark.

Acey acquired his elementary education at Chad School in Newark. His father had been instrumental in organizing the private school, which employed all African-American staff and administrators. Chad School held high academic expectations of its students. The curriculum was geared to provide a positive sense of self, dispel negative stereotypes about African Americans, and teach the contributions of African Americans in society.

Career highlights
Acey was one of four poets from around the US selected by Essence magazine to feature at the 2001 Essence Music Festival in New Orleans. Previous to that, he was chosen to open up for activist Dick Gregory for a live PBS broadcast from the University of Texas at Austin The University of Texas at Austin. Acey was one of five poets from around the United States selected to feature in the New Jersey Performing Arts Center's ground-breaking, "Theater of the Spoken Word". Acey has also lectured on performance poetry for the University of California at Berkeley's Center for Urban Education.

Along with Essence magazine (September 2001), his work has been featured in several publications including Philadelphia Weekly (December 2005), New Jersey Star Ledger (July 2001). Marc Smith the founder of slam poetry used examples of Acey's poetry in Smith's definitive book on slam poetry- The Complete Idiot's Guide to Slam Poetry  (2004). BBC Radio One (London) featured Acey in its documentary on slam poetry (2000).

Acey was a member of the 1999 New York City slam team representing the world famous Nuyorican Cafe [www.nuyorican.org]. He was the 2000 Grand Slam Champion of London's Paddington International Poetry Festival. He was also the 2000-2001 New Jersey Slam master and the District of Columbia's Black Words Grand Slam Champion.

His first spoken-word video "When the Smoke Clearz" was shown in film festivals in Los Angeles, New York, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. The video was one of only 22 films nominated for a 2002 Sundance Film Festival On-line Award.

He has won poetry slams and performed his poetry extensively throughout the continental United States, from Los Angeles to Amsterdam as well as in Mexico, Canada, Germany, UK, Jamaica, and the Netherlands. Acey also makes time to perform for non-profit organizations such as shelters that serve as a lifeline to people at tenuous points in their lives. In 2004, Acey worked with Project Stay Free Home, an at-risk youth program in Delaware (2008) designed to "educate and liberate youth from the juvenile justice system".

Along with 13 spoken-word CDs, Acey has published an award-winning memoir, a novel, a comprehensive compilation of his poetry and, most recently, a book entitled Excellent Exposure (2009). Acey describes his latest effort as, "A defiantly open compendium of essays and poems derived from over a decade of success as a full-time world traveling poet. This self expository collection weaves critical thought, blunt introspection and empirical enlightenment."

Published works

Literary
Excellent Exposure, essays and poems, Word Supremacy Press, 2009
Troubled Soul Refinery, poetry compilation, Word Supremacy Press, 2007
What You Deserve, a novel, Word Supremacy Press, 2006
Eyes Free: The Memoir, Word Supremacy Press, 2003

Recorded performances/CD
The Market 4 Change, Volume 2 (2009)
California Suite (2008)
Self Construct (2007)
The Market 4 Change (2007)
Underground Heavy (2006)
Pieces of Change Disc 2 (2005)
Pieces of Change Disc 1 (2005)
Belief System (2003)
Blues Resurgence (2002)
Code Blues (2001)
Morally Bankrupt Final: Mood Demystify (2000)
Morally Bankrupt Two: Pain Remover (2000)
Morally Bankrupt One: The Wickedest Man in Babylon (1999)

References

External links
 Taalam Acey's Official Website
 Taalam Acey at Reverbnation.com

1970 births
21st-century American poets
African-American poets
American spoken word artists
Copyright activists
Living people
Artists from Newark, New Jersey
Poets from New Jersey
Rutgers University alumni
Slam poets
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
21st-century African-American writers
20th-century African-American people

Taalam Acey


Santosh kumar Mitra (Bengali: সন্তোষ কুমার মিত্র) or Santosh Mitra (15 August 1900 – 16 September 1931) was an activist of the Indian independence movement and a martyr.

Early life
Mitra was born on 15 August 1900 in Kolkata, in a middle class  Bengali Kayastha family. He passed matriculation from Hindu School, Kolkata in 1915 and became graduate from the University of Calcutta in 1919. During the period 1921–22, he completed his M.A and LL.B.

Revolutionary activities
Santosh Mitra joined the Indian National Congress. He founded the Swaraj Sevak Sangha and was attached with Hooghly Vidya Mandir which was headed by Bhupati Majumder, one of the Jugantar Leaders in 1922. He organised a Socialist conference in Kolkata in the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru. After the suspension of Non-cooperation movement Mitra shifted to the extremist movement in the struggle for Independence. He was charged with Shankharitola Murder Case and arrested in 1923.

Death
On 16 September 1931, police shot and killed Santosh kumar Mitra and another inmate Tarakeswar Sengupta in Hijli Detention Camp.

References

1900 births
1931 deaths
Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal
Activists from Kolkata
Indian revolutionaries
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
Indian independence activists from West Bengal
University of Calcutta alumni

Santosh Kumar Mitra


Hubert Weber (born 1939) was the President of the European Court of Auditors (ECA) from 2005 until January 2008. He was born in Vienna (Austria) in 1939 and is a Doctor of Law of the University of Vienna.

Weber worked in the Austrian civil service between 1959 and 1970, then becoming an auditor at the Austrian Court of Auditors and from 1971 also becoming involved with the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions. He became a member of the European Court on 1 March 1999 and was elected President on 16 January 2005.

External links
 Biography on ECA website

European Court of Auditors
Living people
1939 births
Austrian auditors

Hubert Weber


Dinosaur size has long been of interest to the scientific and the public. Dinosaurs show some of the most extreme variations in size of any land animal group, ranging from the tiny hummingbirds, which can weigh as little as three grams, to the extinct titanosaurs, which could weigh as much as .

We will never be certain of the largest and smallest dinosaurs to have existed. This is because only a tiny percentage of animals ever fossilize, and most of these remain buried in the earth. Few specimens recovered are complete skeletons, and impressions of skin and other soft tissues are rare. Rebuilding a complete skeleton by comparing the size and morphology of bones to those of similar, better-known species is an inexact art, and reconstructing the muscles and other organs of the living animal is, at best, a process of educated guesswork. Weight estimates for dinosaurs are much more variable than length estimates, because estimating length for extinct animals is much more easily done from a skeleton than estimating weight. Estimating weight is most easily done with the laser scan skeleton technique that puts a "virtual" skin over it, but even this is only an estimate.

Current evidence suggests that dinosaur average size varied through the Triassic, early Jurassic, late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Predatory theropod dinosaurs, which occupied most terrestrial carnivore niches during the Mesozoic, most often fall into the 100- to 1,000-kilogram (220 to 2,200 lb) category when sorted by estimated weight into categories based on order of magnitude. In comparison, recent predatory carnivore mammals peak in the 10- to 100-kilogram (22 to 220 lb) category. The mode of Mesozoic dinosaur body masses is between one and ten metric tonnes. This contrasts sharply with the size of Cenozoic mammals, estimated by the National Museum of Natural History as about .

References

Dinosaurs

Dinosaur size


Goin' to Memphis is the eighth studio album by American rock band Paul Revere & the Raiders. Produced by Chips Moman, with the exception of one song ("Peace of Mind") that was produced by Terry Melcher, the album was released in 1968 and reached number 61 on the U.S. albums chart.

Composition and reception

Goin' to Memphis is very much a Mark Lindsay solo album.
Lindsay composed six of the album's twelve songs, as well as co-writing a seventh, plus was the sole composer of two additional songs that later appeared as bonus tracks.  Paul Revere & the Raiders perform on only one track - "Peace of Mind", since Chips Moman would not produce the album unless he could use his house band, which was also credited.  With the exception of "Peace of Mind", all songs were co-arranged by Chips Moman and Mark Lindsay.

Goin' to Memphis was the final Raiders album to involve longtime producer Terry Melcher, who terminated his involvement with the band after its completion. Released in 1968, it was the last album by the group to be released in both mono and stereo as all record companies were phasing out mono LPs that year.  The album peaked at number 61 on the Billboard 200 albums chart.

In a 1968 review, Billboard wrote that Memphis soul was a "natural fit" for the band, having "always had soul elements in its style."
Allmusic's Bruce Eder called the album "a serious departure, without a trace of the garage punk or pop-psychedelia sound of their earlier albums, but it was also a reasonably successful one." He described Lindsay's vocals as "astonishingly strong and gritty" and suggested that Goin' to Memphis may have influenced Lindsay to undertake a solo career.

This album was remastered and rereleased on February 1, 2000 by Sundazed Records with bonus tracks.

Track listing
 "Boogaloo Down Broadway" (Jesse James) — 2:37
 "Every Man Needs a Woman" (Mark Lindsay) — 3:11
 "My Way" (Mark Lindsay) — 2:30
 "One Night Stand" (Mark Lindsay) — 2:31
 "Soul Man" (Isaac Hayes, David Porter)  — 2:30
 "Love You So" (Mark Lindsay)— 3:28
 "I Don't Want Nobody (To Lead Me On)" (Harold Thomas, Lee W. Jones, Jr.) — 2:24
 "I'm a Loser Too" (Mark Lindsay) — 2:29
 "No Sad Songs" (Darryl Carter) — 2:03
 "Cry on My Shoulder" (Freddy Weller) — 2:19
 "Peace of Mind" (Mark Lindsay, Terry Melcher) — 2:15
 "Goin' to Memphis" (Mark Lindsay) — 2:44

Sundazed Records 2000 Version
 "Boogaloo Down Broadway" — 2:37
 "Every Man Needs A Woman" — 3:11
 "My Way" — 2:30
 "One Night Stand" — 2:31
 "Soul Man"  — 2:30
 "Love You So" — 3:28
 "I Don't Want Nobody (To Lead Me On)" — 2:24
 "I'm a Loser Too"  — 2:29
 "No Sad Songs" — 2:03
 "Cry On My Shoulder" — 2:19
 "Peace of Mind" — 2:15
 "Goin' to Memphis" — 2:44
 "Go Get It" (Mark Lindsay; Previously Unissued Bonus Track) - 2:25
 "How Can I Help You" (Mark Lindsay; Previously Unissued Bonus Track) - 2:05
 "Peace Of Mind" (Single Version Bonus Track) - 2:27

Chart performance

References

1968 albums
Columbia Records albums
Parlophone albums
Albums produced by Terry Melcher
Paul Revere & the Raiders albums
Albums produced by Chips Moman

Goin' to Memphis


Archibald Campbell Tait (21 December 18113 December 1882) was an Archbishop of Canterbury in the Church of England and theologian. He was the first Scottish Archbishop of Canterbury and thus, head of the Church of England.

Life

Tait was born on Saturday, 21 December, 1811, at 2 Park Place in Edinburgh, Scotland, the son of Crauford Tait WS of Harviestoun (1766–1832) and his wife, Susan Campbell (1777–1814) daughter of Lord Ilay Campbell.

He was educated at the High School in Edinburgh and from 1824 at the newly completed Edinburgh Academy, where he was school dux 1826/7. His parents were Presbyterians but he early turned towards the Scottish Episcopal Church. He was confirmed in his first year at Oxford, having entered Balliol College in October 1830 as a Snell Exhibitioner from the University of Glasgow. He won an open scholarship, took his degree with a first-class in literis humanioribus (classics) in 1833 and became a fellow and tutor of Balliol. He was ordained deacon in 1836 and priest in 1838 and served a curacy at Marsh Baldon.

Rapid changes among the fellows found him, at age 26, "the senior and most responsible of the four Balliol tutors." The experience gained during this period stood him in good stead afterwards as a member of the first Oxford University Commission (1850–52). He never sympathised with the principles of the Oxford Movement and, on the appearance of Tract 90 in 1841, he drafted the famous protest of the "Four Tutors" against it; but this was his only important contribution to the controversy. On the other hand, although his sympathies were on the whole with the liberal movement in the university, he never took a lead in the matter.

In 1842, he became an undistinguished but useful successor to Arnold as headmaster of Rugby School (one of his pupils was Lewis Carroll); and a serious illness in 1848, the first of many, led him to welcome the comparative leisure that followed upon his appointment to the deanery of Carlisle in 1849. His life there, however, was one of no little activity; he served on the University Commission, he restored his cathedral, and he did much excellent pastoral work. There, too, he suffered the great sorrow of his life. He had married Catharine Spooner at Rugby in 1843. She had opposed him becoming headmaster at Rugby because of differences in their belief, but she still married him. In fact Catharine was a great support to him and on her own account she helped the poor in the town and established a school for girls. In 1856, within five weeks, five of their nine children died due to virulent scarlet fever in 1856. Two were spared and in time they were joined by another two siblings.

Not long afterwards, he was consecrated Bishop of London on 22 November 1856 at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall, by John Bird Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury, as successor to Charles James Blomfield. His translation to Canterbury in 1868 (he had refused the archbishopric of York in 1862) constituted a recognition of his work but made no break in it. His last years were interrupted by illness and saddened by the death in 1878 of his only son, Craufurd (1848–1878), and of his wife, Catharine née Spooner (1819–1878). Five of his eight daughters also died in childhood. Tragically all died of scarlet fever in 1856, within a few days of each other.

Notable accomplishments

If Blomfield had almost remodelled the idea of a bishop's work, his successor surpassed him. Tait had all Blomfield's earnestness and his powers of work, with far wider interests. Blomfield had given himself zealously to the work of church-building; Tait followed in his steps by inaugurating (1863) the Bishop of London's Fund. He devoted a very large part of his time at London in actual evangelistic work; and, to the end, his interest in the pastoral side of the work of the clergy was greater than anything else. With his wife, he was instrumental in organising women's work upon a sound basis, and he did not a little for the healthful regulation of Anglican sisterhoods during the formative period in which this was particularly necessary. Nor was he less successful in the larger matters of administration and organisation, which brought into play his sound practical judgment and strong common-sense. He was constant in his attendance in parliament and spared no pains in pressing on measures of practical utility. The modification of the terms of clerical subscription (1865), the new lectionary (1871), the Burials Act (1880) were largely owing to him; for all of them, and especially the last, he incurred much obloquy at the time.

Dealings with liberalism
With regard to the liberal trend in modern thought, he was in sympathy with it. His object in dealing with questions of faith, as in dealing with the ritual question, was primarily a practical one: he wished to secure peace and obedience to the law as he saw it. Consequently, after his sympathies had led him to express himself favourably towards some movement, he frequently found himself compelled to draw back.

He expressed a qualified sympathy with some of the writers of Essays and Reviews and then joined in the censure of it by the bishops (1861). The same kind of apparent vacillation was found in his action in other cases; e.g., in the case of John William Colenso (1863) and in the controversy as to the use or disuse of the Athanasian symbol (1872). It was naturally and widely misunderstood. Some who did not know him thought, or pretended to think, that he was a Socinian or a free-thinker. The world at large knew better; but even Frederick Temple warned him, in the case of Essays and Reviews, "You will not keep friends if you compel them to feel that in every crisis of life they must be on their guard against trusting you."

Dealings with the Oxford Movement

As regards the Catholic revival, Tait was concerned with it during the whole of his episcopate and, above all, on the issue of ritualism, on which it naturally came into most direct conflict with the recognised ecclesiastical practice of the day. He had to deal with the St George's-in-the-East protests, in 1859, and the troubles at St Alban's, Holborn, in their earlier stages (1867); he took part as assessor in the Privy Council judgment in the Ridsdale case (1877); he was more closely concerned than any other bishop with the agitation against confession in 1858 and again in 1877.

His method throughout was the same: he endeavoured to obtain a compliance to the law as declared by the courts; failing this, he made the most earnest efforts to secure obedience to the ruling of the Ordinary for the sake of the peace of the Church; after this, he could do nothing. He did not perceive how much of reason the "ritualists" had on their side: that they were fighting for practices which, they contended, were covered by the letter of the rubric; and that, where rubrics were notoriously disregarded on all hands, it was not fair to proceed against one class of delinquent only. In fact, if others were inclined to ignore it altogether, Tait could hardly realise anything but the connection between the English Church and the State. From such a position there seemed to be no escape but in legislation for the deprivation of the recalcitrant clergy; and the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 was the result.

For this Tait was by no means responsible as a whole: some of the provisions which proved most irksome were the result of amendments by Lord Shaftesbury which the bishops were unable to resist; and it must be borne in mind that the most disastrous results of the measure were not contemplated by those who were instrumental in passing it. The results followed inevitably: clergy were cited before a new tribunal, and not only deprived but imprisoned. A widespread feeling of indignation spread not only among High Churchmen, but among many who cared little or nothing for the ritual practices involved; and it seemed impossible to foretell what the outcome would be. But the aged archbishop was moved as much as anybody, and tried hard to mitigate such a state of things.

At length, when the Rev. AH Mackonochie was on the point of being deprived of his benefice of St. Alban's, Holborn, for contumacy, the archbishop, then on his deathbed at Addington Palace, took steps which resulted in the carrying out of an exchange of benefices (which had already been projected), which removed him from the jurisdiction of the court. This proved to be the turning-point; and although the ritual difficulty by no means ceased, it was afterwards dealt with from a different point of view, and the Public Worship Regulation Act became practically obsolete.

Death and legacy

Archbishop Tait died on 3 December (the first day of Advent) in 1882 at Addington, London. He is buried in the churchyard of St Mary the Blessed Virgin in Addington. The grave is marked by a large Gothic style Celtic cross on a stepped base and is by far the largest monument in the churchyard.

Tait was a Churchman by conviction; but, although the work of his life was all done in England, he remained a Scotsman to the end. It was the opinion of some that he never really understood the historical position of the English Church and took no pains to learn. John Tillotson, one of his predecessors in the archbishopric, was a favourite hero of his, and in some ways the two men resembled one another. Tait had none of Tillotson's gentleness, and he rode roughshod over the obstacles in his way. He cannot be called a great ecclesiastical statesman, but he administered his office well and was undoubtedly one of the foremost public men of his day.

His daughter Edith Murdoch Tait (1858-1936) married Randall Davidson who (partly due to Tait's influence) was later also Archbishop of Canterbury.

Memorials
After his death, a stone monument with bronze bust was erected in Edinburgh, on the site of the house in which he was born, west of the University of Edinburgh's McEwan Hall on the rear of the Edinburgh Medical Faculty facing Teviot Row. The monument survives but is in a hidden location away from public roads.

His most important memorial stands in Westminster Abbey: a white marble bust by H. H. Armstead erected in 1884 in the south transept.

Addington Palace survives but was converted into use as a golf course in the 1930s.

Works
 The Dangers and Safeguards of Modern Theology (1861)
 Harmony of Revelation and the Sciences'' (1864)

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

1811 births
1882 deaths
19th-century Anglican archbishops
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Archbishops of Canterbury
Bishops of London
Deans of the Chapel Royal
Burials at St Mary's Church, Addington
Fellows of the Royal Society
Head Masters of Rugby School
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Clergy from Edinburgh
Presidents of the Oxford Union
19th-century Scottish Episcopalian priests
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Archibald Campbell Tait


Internal pressure is a measure of how the internal energy of a system changes when it expands or contracts at constant temperature. It has the same dimensions as pressure, the SI unit of which is the pascal.

Internal pressure is usually given the symbol . It is defined as a  partial derivative of internal energy with respect to volume at constant temperature:

Thermodynamic equation of state
Internal pressure can be expressed in terms of temperature, pressure and their mutual dependence:

This equation is one of the simplest thermodynamic equations. More precisely, it is a thermodynamic property relation, since it holds true for any system and connects the equation of state to one or more thermodynamic energy properties. Here we refer to it as a "thermodynamic equation of state."

Derivation of the thermodynamic equation of state
The fundamental thermodynamic equation states for the exact differential of the internal energy:

Dividing this equation by  at constant temperature gives:

And using one of the Maxwell relations:
, this gives

Perfect gas
In a perfect gas, there are no potential energy interactions between the particles, so any change in the internal energy of the gas is directly proportional to the change in the kinetic energy of its constituent species and therefore also to the change in temperature:

.

The internal pressure is taken to be at constant temperature, therefore

, which implies  and finally ,

i.e. the internal energy of a perfect gas is independent of the volume it occupies. The above relation can be used as a definition of a perfect gas.

The relation  can be proved without the need to invoke any molecular arguments. It follows directly from the thermodynamic equation of state if we use the ideal gas law . We have

Real gases

Real gases have non-zero internal pressures because their internal energy changes as the gases expand isothermally - it can increase on expansion (, signifying presence of dominant attractive forces between the particles of the gas) or decrease (,dominant repulsion).

In the limit of infinite volume these internal pressures reach the value of zero:

,

corresponding to the fact that all real gases can be approximated to be perfect in the limit of a suitably large volume. The above considerations are summarized on the graph on the right.

If a real gas can be described by the van der Waals equation of state

it follows from the thermodynamic equation of state that

Since the parameter  is always positive, so is its internal pressure: internal energy of a van der Waals gas always increases when it expands isothermally.

The  parameter models the effect of attractive forces between molecules in the gas. However, real non-ideal gases may be expected to exhibit a sign change between positive and negative internal pressures under the right environmental conditions if repulsive interactions become important, depending on the system of interest. Loosely speaking, this would tend to happen under conditions such that the compression factor of the gas is greater than 1.

In addition, through the use of the Euler chain relation it can be shown that

Defining  as the "Joule coefficient"  and recognizing  as the heat capacity at constant volume , we have

The coefficient  can be obtained by measuring the temperature change for a constant- experiment, i.e., an adiabatic free expansion (see below). This coefficient is often small, and usually negative at modest pressures (as predicted by the van der Waals equation).

The Joule experiment
James Joule tried to measure the internal pressure of air in his expansion experiment by adiabatically pumping high pressure air from one metal vessel into another evacuated one. The water bath in which the system was immersed did not change its temperature, signifying that no change in the internal energy occurred. Thus, the internal pressure of the air was apparently equal to zero and the air acted as a perfect gas. The actual deviations from the perfect behaviour were not observed since they are very small and the specific heat capacity of water is relatively high.

References

Bibliography
 Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula, Physical Chemistry 8th edition, pp. 60–61

Thermodynamic properties
Pressure

Internal pressure


The East Anglian School of Painting and Drawing was an art learning environment established by  Cedric Morris and Arthur Lett-Haines in East Anglia in 1937. It was run on very idiosyncratic lines based upon the "free rein" approach that was then current in French academies. It had a great influence on many Suffolk artists and made an important contribution to art teaching in the east of England for forty years.

Foundation
The school was founded by Morris and Lett-Haines on 12 April 1937 in an old house in the centre of Dedham, Essex. In addition to the proprietors, there was a third teacher Ian Brinkworth a secretary, model and one student when it opened. By December 1937 there were 60 students and the school held its first exhibition. The school was described in a prospectus as "an oasis of decency for artists outside the system". Lett-Haines taught theory, whereas Morris taught by encouragement and example. Lucian Freud was among the earliest students joining at the age of seventeen in 1939.

Benton End
In July 1939, the Dedham building was destroyed by fire. The traditionalist local artist Alfred Munnings had himself driven round its smoking ruins gloating at the destruction of what he saw as a dangerously radical tendency. Undeterred, Morris told the students to draw the burnt-out wreck and arranged emergency facilities in a local pub. Towards the end of 1939 Lett and Cedric discovered Benton End, a rambling 16th-century house with gardens, on the outskirts of Hadleigh in Suffolk. This allowed the artists to live and run their school and also accommodate their students in one place. Previously Morris and Lett-Haines had lived at Pound Farm in Suffolk, and students were dispersed about in lodgings.

Lett was the 'father' of the community, in charge of its daily administration and as an enthusiastic cook produced two meals a day. Morris carried on painting and became an internationally renowned plantsman. The school's peak time was in the 1940s and 1950s, when Benton End was a "powerhouse of art and literature, good food and lively conversation". Ronald Blythe described it as "robust and coarse, and exquisite and tentative all at once. Rough and ready and fine mannered. Also faintly dangerous."

Benton End was run on very idiosyncratic lines  without any formal teaching. Rather, it was an environment in which artists could explore their potential. It was based upon the 'free rein' approach of French academies which both artists had enjoyed while living in Paris in the 1920s. Instruction was kept to a minimum, the atmosphere being more that of a family of artists striving for a common cause.

Students
In addition to Lucian Freud, students of the school include Maggi Hambling, David Kentish, Bettina Shaw-Lawrence, Lucy Harwood, Joan Warburton, Glyn Morgan, Valerie Thornton and top legal scholar Bernard Brown.

References

Further reading
 Richard Morphet, Cedric Morris (1984. Tate Gallery)
 Benton End Remembered, Cedric Morris, Arthur Lett-Haines and the East Anglian School of Painting and Drawing, compiled and edited by Gwynneth Reynolds and Diana Grace, with a foreword by Richard Morphet (2002)
 Cedric Morris and Lett Haines: Teaching, Art and Life, by B. Tufnell, N. Thornton, H. Waters (2003)

Art schools in England


Batman Live is a touring stage show, including theatrical, circus and stage-magic elements, that focuses on the DC Comics superhero Batman. It debuted on July 19, 2011 at the Manchester Evening News Arena, with two and a half years in the making at a reported cost of about £7.5 million.

History
Producer Nick Grace conceived the idea of "Batman Live" following his successful animatronic project of Walking With Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. The story was written by Stan Berkowitz, Alan Burnett, and Allan Heinberg.

The show began its tour in the UK in Manchester in summer 2011. The British Isles part of the tour includes venues in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It then launched in North America in Summer 2012, and ceased touring in December 2012 in Dallas, Texas. In September 2012, "Batman Live" began touring America, starting in Anaheim, California at the Honda Center.

Cast and crew
The production was mounted by acclaimed professionals, and was co-directed by James Powell, who has worked on Les Miserables and Dirty Dancing. The crew included Anthony Van Laast, widely known for his work on Mamma Mia!, as the creative director, and renowned car designer Prof.Gordon Murray, who crafted the Batmobile especially for the show, as well as composer James Seymour Brett, who created and arranged the music, Es Devlin as the production designer, Luke Halls and Sam Pattinson as the video designers and Patrick Woodroffe as the lighting designer. The crew also included Jack Galloway as costume designer, Jake Berry as technical director and Simon Baker as sound designer. The circus sequences were created and managed by Bryan Donaldson and Juliette Hardy-Donaldson.

The Cast included Nick Court and Sam Heughan as Batman/Bruce Wayne, Emma Clifford as Catwoman and Martha Wayne, Kamran Darabi-Ford and Michael Pickering as Robin/Dick Grayson, Mark Frost as the Joker, Alex Giannini as Commissioner Gordon and The Penguin, John Conroy as Alfred Pennyworth, Poppy Tierney as Harley Quinn and Mary Grayson, Christopher Price as John Grayson, Joe Chill and The Riddler, Garry Lake as Ringmaster and Two-Face (also portrayed by Christopher D Hunt), Jack Walker as Tony Zucco, Darrell Brockis as Dr. Thomas Wayne, Valerie Murzak as Poison Ivy, Benos Noble and Ian Henderson as The Scarecrow and Erin Anna Jameson as young Bruce Wayne.

The rest of the cast included: Marina Abdeen, Michelle Antrobus, Alice Capitani, Darryl Carrington, Sam Cater, Danny Chase, Beth Coleman, Stephan Dermendjiev, Sammy Dinneen, Liam Durbidge, Jono Fee, Ben Habgood, Maria Hippolyte, Jack Jefferson, Lee Matthews, Gemma Michael, Tamzen Molding, Valérie Murzak, Danuta Ramos, Kate Sanderson, Jessica Sherman, Antony Somers, Océane Sunniva, George Turvey, Mike Zwahlen.

Plot summary
The plot concerns the origin of Robin and of the Batman and Robin team. It begins with the murder of Bruce Wayne's parents in the past and then shows how in the present day he has become the masked vigilante, Batman, as a result. After the circus acrobat parents of Dick Grayson are murdered by a gangster during a performance in Gotham City, the orphan is put into the care of Bruce Wayne and his faithful butler Alfred by Commissioner Gordon. As the various villains of Gotham team up to defeat their nemesis, Wayne reveals his identity to Grayson and eventually teaches him properly to channel his anger—to seek justice, not revenge. The new pairing is sorely tested when the Joker reveals his master plan to release the inmates of Arkham Asylum into Gotham, and to use Grayson as bait in a final deadly trap for Batman. With the Riddler, the Penguin, Poison Ivy, Two-Face, Scarecrow, Harley Quinn and even Batman's potential love, the thief Catwoman, all ranged against them as well, the new 'Dynamic Duo' faces the ultimate showdown.

References

External links
 Official site
 BBC News Behind the scenes at Batman Live

Batman in other media
2011 plays

Batman Live


Joseph-Marie Savignac was a Canadian politician and a City Councillor in Montreal, Quebec.

City Councillor

He ran for a seat on Montreal's City Council in the district of Saint-Denis in 1926 and 1928, but lost against Joseph Alonzo Savard.  He defeated Savard in 1930, but Savard won the seat back in 1932.  Savignac won again in 1934.  He was re-elected in 1936 and 1938, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1947, 1950, 1954 and 1957.  He did not run for re-election in 1960.

Chairman of the Executive Council

He served as Chairman of Montreal's Executive Committee during Camillien Houde's tenure as Mayor from 1934 to 1936 and from 1936 to 1938, as well as during Sarto Fournier's term from 1957 to 1960.

Footnotes

Montreal city councillors
Year of birth missing

Joseph-Marie Savignac


The Arab European League (Dutch: Arabisch-Europese Liga, AEL) is a Pan-Arabist political organisation active in Belgium and the Netherlands.

Foundation
AEL was founded and is led by Dyab Abou Jahjah, a Lebanese-born Shi'a Muslim living in Belgium who emigrated from Lebanon in 1991 to begin university studies in Belgium. In July 2006, Abou Jahjah returned to Lebanon allegedly to join the battle of the 2006 Lebanon War on the side of Hezbollah against Israel.

Activities
The AEL describes itself as Nasserite, Pan-Arabist and anti-Zionist. The group expresses support for the actions of Islamist "resistance" against the occupation of Iraq and approves the killings of coalition soldiers.

Salon.com reports that the group issued public approvals for the September 11, 2001 attacks and the organization's rallies have been reported by The Christian Science Monitor to end in chanting "jihad" and "Osama bin Laden". However, the group's English-language website has been critical of Al-Qaeda, referring to the September 11 attacks as  "horrifying"  and condemning al-Qaeda for alleged terrorist acts committed in Jordan.

Following the murder of a 27-year-old Belgian of North African descent by an allegedly mentally ill native Belgian man in Antwerp in 2002, which led to racially influenced riots in the city, the Arab European League began patrolling the streets of Antwerp with video cameras to monitor police activity. The AEL claimed that Belgian police were engaging in a racist "manhunt" of the city's Moroccan youth and that many police officers sympathized with the political party Vlaams Blok. The AEL patrols were stopped after the Antwerp public prosecutor's office began an investigation into whether the activities violated Belgian laws against the organization of private militias. The court however decided on 31 May 2006 that the patrols were not enough to prosecute the organization.<ref name="standaard"> AEL geen privé-militie (AEL not a private militia), De Standaard, 1 June 2006.</ref> Three leaders of the AEL however will be tried for their leading role in the unrest and riots after the 2002 murder.

The organization also responds to issues of concern to Muslims, as with its creation of a short film Al Mouftinoun in response to the film Fitna. (See International reaction to Fitna.)

Electoral participations

The AEL strives to develop an Arab Muslim communalist movement in Europe. The group participated in the federal elections in Belgium in 2003 under the umbrella RESIST with the PVDA (Workers Party Belgium, a Maoist political party). The party gained 0.15% in the election of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives  and 0.27% in the Dutch electoral college of the Belgian Senate.  These electoral results were far too low to win a seat.

They also participated in the Flemish elections in 2004 under the denomination Moslim Democratische Partij (Muslim Democratic Party), reaching their highest share of votes (0.27%) in the province of Antwerp. This electoral result was far too low to gain a seat in the Flemish Parliament.

Controversies

Anti-Semitism
Belgian prime minister Guy Verhofstadt blamed the group for agitating racist Arabism sentiments among Arabs and inciting violence during street riots in Antwerp in 2002 and criticized it for creating patrols to shadow policemen with video cameras to monitor for alleged acts of supposed "anti-Arab racism".

According to  (CIDI) a think tank established by the Jewish community in the Netherlands in 1974: In April 2002 the Antwerp-based Arab European League (AEL) leader Dyab Abou Jahjah (1971) performed for the first time at a pro-Palestine demonstration in Antwerp that got completely out of hand, "Where flags of Israel were set on fire and demonstrators shouted anti-Semitic chant" (De Volkskrant, 11/5/02). "Jews are dogs," was heard in the streets (Reformatorisch Dagblad, March 1, 2003).

In June 2002, the Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism lodged a complaint against the Arab European League for infringing the anti-racist law.

A demonstration tookplace the same month co-organized with the Flemish Green party and NGO's such as 11.11.11 and Kif Kif, during which a puppet representing an orthodox Jew was burned publicly.

According to a 2005 US State Department report, in Europe: Anti-Semitism, particularly among Muslims, was linked in many cases to the ongoing conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. Most anti-Semitic incidents were not violent and included abusive language, hate mail, verbal insults at soccer matches, Internet "chat room" discussions, as well as persistent historical revisionism (such as Holocaust denial). However, pockets of militant young Muslims, mostly Moroccan Arabs, on a number of occasions assaulted or intimidated identifiable Jews. In addition to the anti-Semitic acts carried out by a relatively small group of Arab youths, the virulent anti-Israel sentiment among certain groups in society, such as the Arab European League (AEL) and the  movement, also have contributed to an anti-Semitic atmosphere in some quarters.

In 2005, Arab European League's president Dyab Abou Jahjah supported and rationalized Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's statements—after The Islamic Republic's head made his controversial speeches including the infamous (widely denounced) genocidal call for Israel to be wiped off—writing:
(…) the foundation of Mr. Ahmadinejad's reasoning is intellectually defendable, and despite the fact that his regime is no perfect example of political morality, I argue that his position on this matter is the only possible moral one.
And adding:

It is not the Jewish people that should be wiped out, and it is not the buildings and the houses and the schools that the settlers built, but it is the institutional frame that is represented by that Zionist entity "Israel" and its founding Ideology: Zionism. Wiping out Zionism from Palestine and establishing one Palestinian democratic state on all the territories of historical Palestine is the only solution that will guarantee peace for all, in equality. It is the only way to build a future together and to turn the bloody page that was opened when Zionism was introduced by western colonialism into the heart of the Arab nation. And, above all, it is the only position any democrat can have if he is to be consistent with himself. Just like abolishing the racist and segregationist South Africa was the only acceptable position. Saying that Zionism and the state built by it and with it as leitmotiv should be wiped out from the map is, regardless of the nuances, the only morally defendable position.

In February 2006 AEL posted anti-Semitic cartoons on its website. In late September 2005, the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published several controversial Muhammad cartoons in which the prophet Muhammad was associated with terrorism. After Belgian and Dutch newspapers republished the cartoons and politicians defended the publication with the argument of free speech, both denouncing the protests of Muslims and the AEL, the AEL issued statements and posted cartoons on the subject of Holocaust denial on its web pages using the same argument of "free speech" and denouncing official protests against them in return. The cartoons were called antisemitic and negationist by De Standaard, a Belgian newspaper. A Dutch pro-Israel organization "" (CIDI) filed a formal complaint in Amsterdam against the AEL following the publication of the cartoons.Important points on the Cartoon riot, AEL, 7 February 2006

In January 2009, the AEL was reported to be the driving force behind Anti-Jewish violence during anti-Israel protests in Antwerp.

On August 19, 2010, the organisation was fined by a Dutch appeals court 2,500 euros ($3,200) for publishing a cartoon which suggested the Holocaust was made up or exaggerated by Jews.

HomophobiaSalon.com'' states that an AEL official called for the death penalty for homosexuals prior to assuming a leadership position within the group. In 2003, the political party Agalev (currently known as Groen!) attempted to place posters in Antwerp of gay and lesbian couples kissing while dressed in Islamic attire. The AEL considered it blasphemous and as an insult to Islam because according to them, the Qur'an explicitly forbids homosexuality.

Further reading

See also
Arabs in Europe
Islam and antisemitism

References

External links

Arab diaspora in Europe
Political organisations based in Belgium
Politics of Europe
Antisemitism in Belgium
Arab nationalist organizations
Holocaust denial
Islam in Belgium
Nasserist political parties
Islam in the Netherlands
Arab League
Arab organizations
Racism in Belgium
Pan-Arabist organizations
Islam and antisemitism
Homophobia
Political organisations based in the Netherlands

Arab European League


Frosted Flakes (North American countries) or Frosties (UK, Commonwealth of Nations and EU countries) is a cereal like Corn Flakes from Kellogg's, but coated with frosted sugar. Frosted Flakes are also available with apple pieces, banana pieces or coated in chocolate. In 2004, Kellogg's introduced a 1/3 Less Sugar recipe.

Tony the Tiger has been the mascot in Frosted Flakes since it was first introduced in 1952 as Sugar Frosted Flakes (the word "sugar" was dropped in the mid-1970s), and he is known for saying the cereal's slogan: "They're grrreat!". Tony the Tiger was originally voiced by Thurl Ravenscroft, who continued providing his voice until his death in 2005. The character is currently voiced by former professional wrestling play-by-play announcer Lee Marshall, starting in January 2006.

Taglines
This cereal has had many taglines, but the classic, "They're grrreat!" has always been used along with the others.
 They're more than good, they're grrreat!
 They're gonna taste great!
 Bring out the tiger in you! (1980's)
 The taste adults have grown to love. (1980's - 1990's)
 Earn your stripes!
 Put a tiger on your team!
 Show the world...you've got game.
 Show your stripes!
 They're grrreat!

Trivia
 Kellogg's was a major sponsor of Adventures of Superman throughout most of the 1950s. Many of the Frosted Flakes commercials featuring the show's star George Reeves are considered classics and are available on the DVD release of the series' first season.
 Frosted Flakes has been the primary sponsor of the NASCAR Nextel Cup #5 Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet since 2000.
 The term "Frosted Flakes" can be used by any company making a similar product. However, the term "Frosties" is a registered trademark and so cannot be used by others.
 This product is called "Zucaritas" in Mexico and other Spanish-speaking countries.
 In Brazil, Frosties is called "Sucrilhos".
 Because of the not so specific slogan, it has been parodied many times, such as in Family Guy

Other websites
 Official website of Frosted Flakes
 Official website of Frosties
 Advert on The Link Portal
 Nutrition facts for Frosted Flakes
 Frosted Flakes Cereal Science Report

Breakfast cereals

Frosted Flakes


Jethro Mukenge Mutti (3 May 1934 – 18 January 2013), was a Zambian politician who between the years 1964 to 1975 served as member of parliament, Ambassador, Minister and Member of the Central Committee under the ruling party UNIP led by Kenneth Kaunda. He died on 18 January 2013 after complications from aspiration pneumonia following a series of mini strokes and poor health in the last few years of his life, linked to his tetraplegic condition.

Not in favour of the "one party democracy" policy adopted by UNIP, Jethro Mutti resigned from office in April 1975 to become a business man. In September 1975, he was involved in a vehicle accident which left him with severe spinal injuries. He was transferred from the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka and flown to Lodge Moor Hospital, Sheffield, UK for specialist treatment. After 6 months of treatment and rehabilitation at Lodge Moor hospital he returned to Zambia to live life as a tetraplegic.

Early life and education background
Jethro Mukenge Mutti was born in 1934 at Kaba Hill Mission located near Luampa in Barotseland a protectorate of Northern Rhodesia. He was educated at Luampa Mission Primary School, Mankoya Upper School and Kambule Secondary School located in Barotseland. After his secondary school education, he worked as a clerk for the Northern Rhodesia Public Works Department (PWD) from 1956 to 1960. Mutti first became active in politics in the late 1950s much to the displeasure of the colonial authorities who tried to have him removed from the area.

Independence struggle
In 1960, he resigned from his job at PWD to join UNIP as a full-time party organiser in Mongu, Barotseland (now Western Province, Zambia). Mutti persuaded Sikota Wina to travel to Kalabo, Senanga and Mwandi where they held rallies gaining further support for UNIP and persuading the locals to buy UNIP cards. Some of the areas Mutti and Sikota travelled to were impassable by car due to floods, they abandoned the car they used for travelling and proceeded on foot to reach their destinations. The Northern Rhodesia colonial ruling authorities who were hostile to UNIP organisers in Barotseland attempted to have him "deported" from Barotseland but he defied the order.

In August 1961, Mr Mutti was beaten up by colonial police officers at Lusaka Police Station for his involvement with the campaign for constitutional change to bring in a majority African government. He sustained a ruptured ear drum but no action was taken against the police officer who had injured Mutti. One of his colleagues reportedly had his skull fractured. Mr Mutti subsequently brought a personal civil suit against the police officer but he was acquitted. Mutti was then charged with perjury and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment. He appealed and was released from prison after serving two weeks of the sentence.

He resumed work as an UNIP organiser in Mongu after the government ban against the party was lifted in 1962.

In January 1964, Northern Rhodesia saw its first majority black member parliament in the general elections; Mutti was elected MP for Mankoya (now Kaoma) representing UNIP. In May 1964 he was part of a delegation representing Zambia at the second OAU Summit in Cairo.

After independence
Mutti's first appointment to the newly formed Zambian government after independence on 24 October 1964, was as Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Information Postal Services, serving under Lewis Changufu who was minister. In 1967 he was appointed ambassador to Ethiopia. In 1968 he briefly returned to Zambia to stand for a parliamentary seat in Livingstone in the 1968 presidential and general elections which he subsequently won. The Livingstone seat had previously been held by Mainza Chona (UNIP) who in the 1964 general elections had won the seat by the election's lowest majority of 483. Fearful that the Livingstone seat would be lost to ANC, UNIP asked Mutti to stand for the Livingstone seat instead while Chona was sent to Mutti's former Kaoma constituency which Mutti had comfortably won in 1964.
In 1969 he returned to Zambia from Ethiopia, to take up office as Minister of State for Rural Development. In April 1969, during his parliamentary maiden speech Mr Mutti caused an uproar in parliament when he called on Zambian Ministers to give up their luxury cars, claiming that Zambian Ministers were the highest paid in Africa. He was heavily barracked by UNIP members during the course of his speech. The president intervened and reprimanded Mr Mutti for his "anti-UNIP attitude". He was asked to apologise and withdraw his remarks which Mr Mutti refused to do. A few days later he announced he was resigning as MP & Minister of State but Mr Mutti rescinded his decision after being asked to stay on by supporters in his constituency and other supporters.

The Second Republic
Jethro Mutti was elected as a Member of the Central Committee (MCC) Zambia's Second Republic which was inaugurated on 1 January 1973, with the adoption of a new constitution centred on a "one-party participatory democracy". Jethro was known for his opposition to the practice of a one party state politics which he challenged but was obliged to toe the line. In 1974 he was re-elected to the central committee but was increasingly unhappy about how the country was being run as a one party state and dictatorship intolerant of any opposition or differing opinions. In April 1975, he resigned from government and UNIP unhappy with how the country was being run.

After Retirement
In September 1975, Jethro was involved in a serious road traffic accident which left him with C2/C3 spinal cord injuries. He was transferred from UTH to Lodge Moor Hospital, Sheffield for specialist treatment. After six months of treatment and rehabilitation he returned to Zambia as a tetraplegic. Supported and cared for by his wife, Masiliso who worked full-time as a matron at UTH, Jethro started rebuilding his life at the family home in Lusaka.

He remained active, interested and involved in Zambian politics. Between 1980 and mid 1990s he painstakingly used one finger on a typewriter to write numerous letters to the local newspapers voicing his opposition to the one party state leadership. Most of these letters were never published as the media was controlled by the then ruling party UNIP, but a few saw their way through. Undeterred Mr Mutti begun to write his memoirs using his typewriter.

Jethro Mutti advocated political pluralism in Zambia and was consulted by the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) party leader Frederick Chiluba during the campaign for Zambia to change and become a multiparty state. In October 1990, he was nominated for a state honour by President Kenneth Kaunda which he rejected in protest against what he said was "the degeneration of Zambian politics into a personality cult centred around the President under a one-party state". Mr Mutti was one of 54 politicians past and present to have been honoured by President Kaunda on African Freedom Day investiture ceremony. He was to have been bestowed with the order of the grand companion of freedom third division. In a newspaper interview reporting on his rejection of the state honour Mr Mutti publicly offered his support to MMD stating " I may be physically handicapped but I am mentally sound and can stand, shout slogans and address a public rally for hours".

In 1990 he testified before the constitutional commission which was receiving submissions on the mode of constitution adoption for Zambia suggesting that parliament rather than the president should invoke the state of emergency to avoid the abuse of power by any individual in leadership. In the run up to the 1991 elections, along with his wife Masiliso, he campaigned at MMD rallies rallying support for MMD candidate at his first constituency in Kaoma which by now was divided into three constituencies (Kaoma Central, Mangango and Luampa).

On 19 September 1991, he wrote an open letter to President Kaunda published in the Weekly Post calling for the removal of UNIP political appointees from the country's administrative arms as a prelude to the creation of a suitable atmosphere necessary for conducting free and fair multi-party elections. On 31 October 1991 the MMD party came into power with a landslide victory over UNIP and Kenneth Kaunda who had ruled Zambia since 1964.

In 1994 Jethro and his wife Masiliso moved to Mutti's home village near Kaoma to farm. Jethro and Masiliso lived on their farm in Kaoma until 2011 when Jethro's poor health forced the couple to return to Lusaka for treatment.

References
Gertzel, C., Baylies, C. and Szeftel, M., 1984,The dynamics of the one-party state in Zambia, Manchester University press, , p113.
Tordoff, W., 1974, Politics in Zambia, Oxford Road, Manchester: Manchester University Press, , p240
The Spectator, 1962, The case of Mr Mutti,, The Spectator (Archives), No 6974 [Addison], p228

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Mainza Chona official website
 The Spectator, 23 February 1962, Page 4
The Spectator, 2 March 1962, Page 14

1934 births
2013 deaths
People from Kaoma District
Ambassadors of Zambia to Ethiopia
Provincial Ministers of Zambia
Members of the National Assembly of Zambia
People with tetraplegia
Members of the Legislative Council of Northern Rhodesia
United National Independence Party politicians

Jethro Mutti