Davao del Sur (; ), officially the Province of Davao del Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is Digos. Davao City is the largest city in terms of area and population within the province's jurisdiction, yet it is administratively independent from the province; as such, Davao City is only grouped for geographical and statistical purposes.

The province is bounded by Davao del Norte to the north, Davao Occidental to the south-east, North Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat to the west, South Cotabato and Sarangani to the south-west, and Davao Gulf to the east.

History

Spanish colonial era
Beginnings of both Davao Region and Davao del Sur were associated with the foundation of Davao, which was the first town to be founded in southern Mindanao in 1848, following the conquest of the area by José Uyanguren of the Basque province of Gipuzkoa, Spain (Guipúzcoa in Spanish). In 1849, Nueva Guipúzcoa province was founded in the region conquered by Uyanguren in what is now Davao Region, with Davao, then called Nueva Vergara, as the provincial capital. Uyanguren became the provincial governor, but he failed in his efforts to develop Nueva Guipúzcoa.

Thirty-six years after the foundation of Davao, the town of Santa Cruz was founded on October 5, 1884. It is the first town to be founded south of Davao and is now the oldest in the province.

American invasion era
The Spanish administration in the Philippines ended in 1898 following the defeat of the Spaniards during the Spanish–American War. In the early 1900s, waves of immigrants from the Visayas, Luzon, and as well as from Japan began to live in the region, centered mainly in Davao. The region began to boom in economic growth as agricultural business proliferated in the region.

As part of the "food bowl" of what is now the province of Davao del Sur, otherwise known as the Padada Valley, the agricultural area south of the town of Santa Cruz, which is known as Digos that time, lured many migrants, majority of whom came from the Visayas and Ilocos regions to settle permanently in the area. Before World War II, an enterprising American by the name of N.E. Crumb leased  and transformed the place into an abaca plantation. This became the hub of economic activity in the locality during those days.

Japanese occupation era
In 1942, during the start of the World War II in the Pacific, the first waves of invading Japanese units landed and entered the province of southern Davao.

In 1945, the liberation of southern Davao by United States and Philippine Commonwealth troops was supported by Davaoeño guerrilla fighters.

Philippine independence
In 1967, Davao Province was divided into three provinces, one of them being Davao del Sur; the town of Digos was made its capital and would become a suburban city for the next 33 years.

Contemporary
On October 28, 2013, along with the Barangay Elections, a plebiscite was held to create a new province Davao Occidental, formed out of the southern part of Davao del Sur, covering the municipalities of the 2nd district of the province, namely Don Marcelino, Jose Abad Santos, Santa Maria, Sarangani and Malita (which was designated as the provincial capital) by virtue of Republic Act 10360 enacted on July 23, 2013, and the majority of votes cast were "Yes", ratifying the province.

In 2015, the National Competitiveness Council, ranked the province as the most competitive province in the country.

Geography
Davao del Sur covers a total area of  occupying the southwestern section of the Davao Region in Mindanao. When Davao City is included for geographical purposes, the province's land area is . The province is bounded by Davao del Norte to the north; Davao Occidental to the south-east; North Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat to the west; South Cotabato and Sarangani to the south-west ; and Davao Gulf to the east.

The province is composed of sandy beaches and outlying islands, agricultural plains and valleys, rainforests, swamps, rolling hills and mountains, including the Philippines' highest peak, Mount Apo, which is at  above sea level.

Administrative divisions
Davao del Sur comprises 9 municipalities and 1 component city, all encompassed by a lone legislative district. Davao City, although part of the province for geographical and statistical purposes, is governed independently from the province.

Climate
The province enjoys a mild, pleasant climate all year round. Because of its topographical characteristics and geographical location, it is rarely visited by typhoons. There is no pronounced wet or dry season. The coolest months are from November to February with an average temperature of . during the peak summer months from March to May, temperatures average  but may rise as high as .

Demographics

The population of Davao del Sur in the 2020 census was 680,481 people, with a density of . When Davao City is included for geographical purposes, the province's population is 2,265,579 people, with a density of .

Davao del Sur is an ethnic mix of Visayans (mostly Cebuanos), Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans with a number of indigenous ethnic groups scattered across the province. The Cebuano language, with Davaoeño as its regional variant, is the main language of the province, although Filipino and English are also widely spoken and used in government functions and publications. Since the late 20th century, a linguistic phenomenon has developed in the Metro Davao area whereby locals have either shifted to the 'national language' (Filipino) or significantly mix Filipino terms and grammar into their Cebuano speech.

Religion
Christianity in the form of Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion in the province followed by more than 80% of the people. The remaining faiths are Islam and other Christians such as Aglipayan, Baptists, Iglesia ni Cristo, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Seventh-day Adventist, other Evangelical Christians and Jehovah's Witnesses.

Indigenous groups

Moro peoples

The major Moro ethnic group is the Kagan tribe, an Islamized group related to the Tagacaolos, Mandaya, Mansaka, and Kalagan, since Davao del Sur was once part of Sultanate of Maguindanao. Some Moro tribes that can be found in Davao del Sur are Maguindanaon, Maranao, Tausug and Iranun.

Lumad peoples

The Bagobo people live in an area that extends from Davao del Sur and South Cotabato to the foot of Mount Apo and Davao City all the way to the land bordered by the Davao and Pulangi rivers and up to northern Cotabato and southeast Bukidnon. Numbering about 80,000, their traditional costume is woven from abaca fiber and heavily ornamented with beads, shells, metal discs, embroidery and brightly colored geometric applique. Though Bagobos have the most stunning costumes among the Davao ethnic groups, they wear them only on special occasions. Like the Mandayas and Mansakas, they shave their eyebrows to a thin line and file and blacken their teeth. Bagobo smiths cast little bells which are attached to pouches, bracelets, jackets, anklets and inlaid metal boxes.

The Tagacaolo people number about 23,000 and occupy the area between the western shores of the gulf and the slopes of Mount Apo. This is one of the tribes which resisted Muslim conversion and maintained a highland animistic culture.

The Kalagan people are part Islamized and part Chistianized and related to the Tagacaolos. Numbering only about 7,000, they live along the shores of Davao Gulf.

The Mangguangan people now number only 3,000. They can be found in Davao del Sur and Davao del Norte.

In both groups, women generally wear handwoven abaca tube skirts, embroidered blue cotton tops and heavy jewellery. Men sport wide blue or white fringed and embroidered trousers and a loose shirt. Red is a color only for a headman ("bagani") and for women of high status.

Aeta people

Aeta people live in some areas of Davao City all the way to Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley and Bukidnon. They are related to the Manobos of Cotabato and include sub-groups such as the Talaingod of the Kapalong forests in Davao del Norte and the Matigsalug. Numbering about 222,000, Ata men wear long-sleeved shirts, carry spears, hunt, log and grow crops. Their womenfolk wear native blouses, "malong" skirts and accessories of brass bracelets and bead necklaces. Mandaya and Mansaka are culturally related groups who are highly musical - playing the five string bamboo guitar, two-string lute, violin, flute, gong, drum and bamboo Jew's harp. They are also excellent silversmiths crafting breastplates, jewellery, daggers and knives. The Mandayas are famous for their colorful abaca fiber weaves embroidered with tribal motifs.

Economy

Art and culture

The colorful artistic heritage of Davao stems from the rich culture of its tribes. For the Bagobos, aesthetics is the meticulous carving of weapons; the elaborate decoration of inlaid metal boxes with bells; and the ornamentation of their abaca fiber dress with embroidery, shells, beads and metal discs. The Mandayas, on the other hand, have a solid tradition in weaving. To produce their famed coarse textured cloth, abaca fiber is colored with earth dyes and woven on a backstrap loom.

The final product is embroidered with bright-colored threads in geometric patterns. Some elements of tribal folklore are also included in the designs. The Mansakas, together with the Mandayas, are also expert silversmiths. They craft weapons, breastplates and dress accessories. Much of its people are Christians. Davao is also a harmonious blend of Christian and Muslim cultures. However, its most stunning cultural aspect is definitely its ethnic art which encompasses music, dance, religious ritual, dress and ornamentation.

Government
 Governor, Yvonne Roña Cagas
 Vice Governor, Ai-ai Cagas-Fernandez
 Representative, Lone District of Davao del Sur, John Tracy Cagas

See also
 Nueva Guipuzcoa Revolt

References

External links

 Davao City Travel and Tourism Guide

Provinces of the Philippines
Provinces of the Davao Region
States and territories established in 1967
1967 establishments in the Philippines

Davao del Sur


Igbo-Ora is a city  and the headquarters of Ibarapa Central, Oyo State, south-western Nigeria, situated  north of Lagos. In 2006 the population of the town was approximately 72,207 people. In 2017 the population is estimated to be around 278,514 people.

The city is the location of Oyo State College of Agriculture. The college has contributed significantly to the socio-economic and demographic development of the town. The Oyo state government has just approved a High Court of Justice. The federal government is also said to have approved the location of a police training college in the town.

Twins
The unusually large number of twin births in the region has earned the town the nickname Twin Capital of the World. This phenomenon of a large number of twin births is not unique to Igbo-Ora; it has also been observed in the town of Kodinji in India, and Cândido Godói in Brazil. In Igbo-Ora, research has suggested that the multiple births could be related to the eating habits of the women in the region. Though no direct relation between dietary intake and twin births has been proven, a research study carried out at the University of Lagos Teaching Hospital has suggested that a chemical found in Igbo-Ora women and the peelings of a widely consumed tuber (yams) could be responsible.

A possible explanation that the large number of twins being born here could simply be a matter of genetics.

History

Obe Alade, a descendant of Alaafin of Oyo with his family migrated from Oyo town several centuries ago following a chieftaincy tussle and when he and his kinsmen lost the contest, (As usual in those days, once you lost any chieftaincy tussle, people tend to leave the town). While coming from Oyo town, Obe Alade and his kinsmen came with idols mainly Egungun and Alaale which they worshiped.

First Settlement

Obe Alade and his family first settled at a forest name after them, a forest of immigrant (Awon to sako wa lati Oyo). Igbo-Asako, about three kilometers away from the present-day Igbo-Ora market.

It was at Igbo-Asako that Obe Alade became the first Baale of Igbo-Ora (Now Olu of Igbo-ora) as usual for a founder, hence the appellation "Omo Igbo-Ora Lasako". The scarcity of drinking water and mosquitoes' bites drove out the Igbo-Ora people From Igbo-Asako forest.

Hence the appellation "Bi o ri emo ri, ki o nso ni Igbo-Ora Lasko, abongangan ibr ju esi ode lo, yanmuyanmu ibe ju ikamudu" meaning "If you want trouble, go to Igbo-Ora in Asako where mosquitoes are as big as hunter flies and bigger than other insects".

Second Settlement

Due to unfavorable conditions, harsh weather and insect bites, they left Igbo-Asako. Igbo-Ora people now found another site called Igbo-Ayin near Ayin river and they settled there. They relied on this Ayin river for drinking water and other domestic purposes. There is a flat rock, and on that rock, they established a big market called "Apata Itaja" Market.

Third Settlement (Last Settlement)

The Igbo-Ora people left Igbo Ayin to find another forest which was in a marshy and swampy area ("Ira") an unseasonal river called Igbo-Ira (Igbo inu Ira) and the present site. It is here the town derived its name when people refer to the people of the settlement as Omo Igbo-Ira later it was shortened as Igbo-Ora.

At each of the above settlements people name the town with a prefix of the forest:
Igbo-Asako
Igbo-Ayin
Igbo-Ora

This led to the appellation they gave to the people "Omo Igbo-Ora Lasako" in other to link them with their Original settlement.

Economy
The main economic activity in Igbo-Ora is farming. Obasanjo farms is one of the major mechanized farms and engages in poultry, cash crops and fishery. Subsistence agriculture and hunting are other economic activities practised there. Service-based industries include two banks, the Owotutu line of businesses and NITEL sub-station. Most salaried jobs revolve around teaching, local government employment and the few private businesses. The West-North Abeokuta-Sokoto highway, which pass through the town, serves as a potential link to economic prosperity.

Administration
Igbo-Ora is the Headquarters of Ibarapa Central local government, comprising Igbo-Ora and Idere. It has 7 wards, while Idere has 3. The community could not benefit from the recent initiative of the Oyo State Government to create additional council administrations (LCDA), since the community voted no to such initiative during the Local Council Referendum by the Lam Adeshina administration.

Traditional rulers
Igboora is a collection of autonomous towns each with its traditional heads, but with a very porous land boundaries.
The names of all the Oba & Baales in Igboora:

 Oba Jimoh Olajide Titiloye, Asoro-olu Ayinla V, Olu of Igboora Land.
 Jamiu Adedamola Badmus (JP) (JP), Ayeleso III, Olu-Aso of Iberekodo, Igbo-Ora
 (MSA) Joshua Olusanjo Ojo (JP), Lagbaaju IV, Baba-Aso of Iberekodo-Igbole, Igbo-Ora.
 (ALH) Jinadu Adekunle Fasasi (JP), Baabani IV, Onisagan-un of Sagan-un, Igbo-Ora.
 Samuel Adewuyi Adeleye (JP), Olaribigbe IV, Onidofin of Idofin, Igbo-Ora.
 Late Lamidi Olayide Akinyemi, Iwolafisagba III, Onipako of Pako, Igbo-Ora.
 Late Oba Mosun Oladokun, The Bansa of Ilusa-ile, Igbo-Ora.

Olu of Igbo-ora land

Ruling House/Family in Igbo-ora

The Asoro-Olu and Atanbala families are the only two families that can produce the Baale (Olu) of Igbo-ora, they have been in Igbo-Ile, Igbo-Ora as land owners and occupants in the third settlement, before Lajorun a ubiquitous hunter and an Oro worshiper came from Ikole-Ekiti to Abeokuta and from there to Fedegbo which after he settled down at Igbo-Ile,  Igbo-Ora. The Asoro-Olu family and Atanbala family have been ruling before the arrival of Lajorun from Fedegbo.

Olayemi Akano, the son of Oladibu Adio was then on the throne as Baale of Igbo-Ora when Lajorun came from Fedego and settle in Igbo-Ile.

It was at Igbo-Ile that Lajorun married Olupeti, the daughter of Ajade a settler at Igbo-Ile, Igbo-Ora. The marriage produced three children:
 Omoyele (female)
 Oroki (male)
 Omoribisiyan (male)

Lajorun was never Baale of Igbo-Ora (Olu of Igbo-Ora) and its false and misleading to say he founded Igbo-Ora, when Igbo-Ora had already been in existence before his arrival and he only has a tint connection through Bankole Atanbala, his grandson who was mothered by his daughter Omoyele and fathered by Olayemi Akano the son of Oladibu Adio.

The Asoro-Olu family and Atanbala family are the only royal family in Igbo-Ora as contained in Justice Adenekan Ademola Chieftaincy review commission Report and the Government Decisions thereon in pages 56–58, 1976.

Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling house have produced six Baales of Igb-Ora (Olu of Igbo-Ora Land) to the throne. They are:
 Obe Alade – The founder of Igbo-Ora Lasako (Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling house)
 Asoro-Olu Ayinla (a.k.a. Arojojoye) (Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling house)
 Erubami Ishola (Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling house)
 Oyekannmi Ayinde (Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling house)
 Adefemi Akanmu Erubami II (1932-1940) (Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling house)
 Jimoh Olajide Titiloye (2019–current). (Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling house)

Atanbala ruling house have produced seven Baales of Igb-Ora (Olu of Igbo-Ora Land) to the throne. They are:
 Oladibu Adio (Atanbala ruling house)
 Olayemi Akano (Atanbala ruling house)
 Bankole Otaobala (Atanbala ruling house)
 Ajayi Baale Agba (1870–1921, Atanbala ruling house)
 Ayerina Akande (1923–1931, Atanbala ruling house)
 Adeoye Alamo (1941–1975, Atanbala ruling house)
 Jacob Oyerogba (1975–2018, Atanbala ruling house)- Gbadewolu I, Olu of Igbo-Ora.

The order of the Their Reign as Baale (Olu) of Igbo-ora is:
 Obe Alade – The founder of Igbo-Ora Lasako (Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling house) - Baale
 Oladibu Adio (Atanbala ruling house) - Baale
 Asoro-Olu Ayinla (a.k.a. Arojojoye, Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling house) - Baale
 Olayemi Akano (Atanbala ruling house) - Baale
 Bankole Otaobala (Atanbala ruling house) - Baale
 Erubami Ishola (Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling house) - Baale
 Oyekannmi Ayinde (Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling house) - Baale
 Ajayi Baale Agba (1870–1921, Atanbala ruling house) - Baale
 Ayerina Akande (1923–1931, Atanbala ruling house) - Baale
 Adefemi Akanmu Erubami II (1932-1940, Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling house) - Baale
 Adeoye Alamo (1941–1975, Atanbala ruling house) - Baale
 Jacob Oyerogba (1975–2018, Atanbala ruling house) - Gbadewolu I, Olu of Igbo-Ora
 Jimoh Olajide Titiloye (2019–current, Asoro-Olu Ayinla ruling House) Olu of Igbo-Ora.

Oba Jimoh Olajide, Titiloye (Asoorolu Ayinla V)

Oba Jimoh Olajide, Titiloye was born August 4, 1961, to the family of Pa Titiloye Alliu Bamigbose of Asoro-Olu Ruling house, Oke Iserin, Igbo-Ora and Titilayo Ashiawu Agbeke of Olukosi compound of Iberekodo, Igbo-ora in Ibarapa Central Local government, Oyo State.

Family

OBA Jimoh can be said to have a very humble beginning, he is the first male child of his parents, enjoyed all the moral support, affection, dedication, spiritual support and sound up bringing by all family members. He is happily married and has two children; male and female of which Taiwo and Kehinde Titiloye are twins.

Education and Professional Qualifications

He started elementary education in Igbo-Ora where he attended Nawal-Ud-Deen Primary School, Igbo-Ora and Methodist Modern School, Igbo-Ora. He later proceeded to Government Technical College, Ayetoro and The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Esa-Oke Campus. He obtained a B.Sc degree in Industrial Technical Education from University of Nigeria, Nsukka and a Master of Business Administration with specialization in International Business Management from Lagos State University, Ojoo, Lagos. He is a member of Institute of purchasing and supply management of Nigeria and a technical consultant trained both locally and abroad.

Nomination

He was selected among princes that were also heir to the throne in November 2018.
He is best described as a distinct character dedicated to the peaceful co-existence of humans. He is God fearing.

Schools

Public
 Igboora High School, Igbole.
 Methodist Grammar School, Sagan-un
 Ogboja Grammar School, Pako
 Lajorun High School, Oke Iserin
 Lasogba High School, Idofin,.
 Igboora Grammar School, Isale Oba
 Iberekodo High School, Imeleke
 Igboora Secondary School
 Oke Odo Community High School, Oke Odo

Private schools and colleges
 Adegoke College, Abolonko Area, Iberekodo
 Ansar-Ud-Deen Grammar School
 Nawair - Ud - Deen Grammar School
 Kastad Schools
 Hopecrest College
 Royal College, Orile, Igbo-ora
 Favourland College, Pako

Post Secondary Institution
 Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology

Notable people
Bisi Akin-Alabi, education expert, social worker, administrator, technocrat, education consultant

References

Populated places in Oyo State
Towns in Yorubaland
Populated places with highest incidence of multiple birth

Igbo-Ora


Magnetic poles are special places in the magnetic field of the earth. On a magnetic pole, the magnetic field points vertically down (towards the earth).  As the magnetic field of the earth changes over time, so do the magnetic poles. Note that the magnetic north pole is not at the location of the geographic north pole.

Physical geography

Magnetic pole


Hydra viridissima is a species of cnidarian which is commonly found in still or slow-moving freshwater in the Northern temperate zone. Hydra viridissima is commonly called green hydra due to its coloration, which is due to the symbiotic green algae Chlorella vulgaris which live within its body. These creatures are typically 10 mm long and have tentacles that are about half of their length. They are strictly carnivorous and typically feed on small crustaceans, insects and annelids. Hydra are normally sessile and live on aquatic vegetation. They secrete mucous to attach to substrate using their basal disc.

Anatomy
Hydra are multi-cellular organisms. They are made up of two layers of epithelial cells and have a hypostome or mouth opening. Circling the mouth are tentacles that contain nematocysts or stinging cells to help in prey capture. The mouth and tentacles are called the hydranth. The rest of the Hydra is known as the column and is divided into four sections: the gastric section (between the tentacles and first bud), budding section (which produces the buds), the peduncle (between the lowest bud and basal disc), and the basal disc (foot-like structure). Hydra are diploblastic organisms, the body is composed of two embryonic cell layers; the ectoderm and the endoderm. The endoderm lines the gastrovascular cavity, which is a water-filled sac, this acts as a hydroskeleton and site for food digestion. They also have a simple nervous system that consist of a nerve net that covers the entire body.

Movement
Although Hydra are sessile, they can move in short bursts. An individual can extend and contract with a mixture of muscle movement and water (hydraulic) pressure created inside the digestive cavity. Tiny cells that line the digestive system possess flagella which create a current to draw water into the digestive cavity. These cells can extend the length of the body column. They can detach their basal disc from the substrate and move to a new location by gliding or by "somersaulting", which they do by detaching the disc then bending over and over using the tentacles to push over when they rotate around. Individuals may repeat attaching and detaching many times until they find a desirable location. Hydra can also move by floating upside down using a gas bubble produced on the basal disc which carries the creature to the water surface.

Symbiosis

H. viridissima is currently the only known Hydra species that has a permanent symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic unicellular Chlorella algae. These algae are located in the endodermal epithelial cells which are enclosed by an individual vacuolar membrane, which enclose inorganic and organic molecules for storage. The endodermal epithelium is composed of many cells, each housing 20–40 individual algae organisms. The algae supply nutrients produced via photosynthesis to the Hydra. Because the algae live in the vacuoles of the cells, they are protected from the digestive enzymes of the Hydra. During long period of darkness, such as storms or blooms that block sunlight, algae loss starts from the tentacles, hypostome and growth region. When light conditions return, the algae undergo rapid multiplication and can repopulate the host in approximately two days. Chlorella undergo asexual reproduction which is in correlation with the division of the host. The Hydra regulates the population of the Chlorella algae by digesting excess algae or controlling algal cell division.

Growth pattern

Hydra are capable of escaping death by renewing their body tissues. Mortality rates are extremely low and there have been no signs of decline in reproductive rate.

Sensitivity to pollution
Hydra cannot be found in impaired water due to their low tolerance to pollution. They can be used to rank toxicants on level of potential hazard.  The simple tubular body and diploblastic membranes, all of the epithelial cells are in constant contact with the environment, this allows for toxic substances being exposed to all body surface. Harsh metals and high levels of those metals can cause mortality. One advantage of being able to reproduce asexually is that they can still reproduce successfully during times where there are high levels of harsh metals.

Reproduction

Hydra are typically hermaphroditic or gonochoric. Uniquely to Hydra, the medusa stage is absent and only the polyps will reproduce sexually and asexually. H. viridissima will reproduce sexually when temperatures have warmed to at least 20 °C, typically this falls between May and June. Larger individuals will produce both ovaries and testes, while smaller individuals only develop testicles. Sexual reproduction can be seen as a strategy to survive during times of low nutrients and other unfavorable conditions. H. viridissima has three sexes: female, male, and hermaphrodite. Simultaneous hermaphrodites are dominant during the growing season. It is thought that female gonads need a longer period of inductive conditions for production, that means that there is a scarcity of females in most populations. During the summer months, specifically in Poland Lemna bloom occurs that reduces light attenuation which reduces photosynthesis efficiency of the Chlorella algae, this influences the asexual behavior. Even though during the beginning of the mating season for the Hydra, all the individuals are sexually active, asexual reproduction is a main strategy for reproduction.  This behavior of interference of asexual and sexual reproduction allows population growth to continue throughout all conditions.

When the Hydra reproduces asexually, buds will be produced that attach to the body wall. The buds are genetically identical clones of the parent. When they are mature they will break free. The parent can possess several buds that are at different stages of development at the same time. The bud once detached from the parent will float until they find some hard substrate to attach to.

References

Hydridae
Animals described in 1766
Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas

Hydra viridissima


The Duffing map (also called as 'Holmes map') is a discrete-time dynamical system. It is an example of a dynamical system that exhibits chaotic behavior.  The Duffing map takes a point (xn, yn) in the plane and maps it to a new point given by

The map depends on the two constants a and b. These are usually set to a = 2.75 and b = 0.2 to produce chaotic behaviour. It is a discrete version of the Duffing equation.

References

External links
 Duffing oscillator on Scholarpedia

Chaotic maps

Duffing map


A sewer dosing unit (SDU) is a plumbing device to allow effective sewage disposal with low liquid-flow rates. With a global emphasis on water saving, many new buildings and renovations are seeing the installation of water saving fixtures such as low flow shower heads and low flush toilets. With the decrease in wastewater flows problems are arising from waste solids not being carried completely to the main sewers, often causing blockages.

History

In 2006, Ducane R&D Pty Ltd conceived the idea of a device that can store wastewater and release it in large batches to replace the drain clearing action of large volume toilet flushes. After prototyping and development the devices became available for sale in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom under the brand name Drainwave in 2010.

Performance

Independent testing has shown that the use of an SDU allows for the use of low flush toilets using as little as 0.8 L to push general waste solids more than 25 metres along a typical wastewater drainpipe.
An advantage of the SDU is that it can use more than just the toilet wastewater to keep drains clear of blockages.

See also
Water conservation
Water efficiency
Low-flush toilet
GreenPlumbers

External links
Drainwave Website
Drainwave on ABC's New Inventors
Youtube – Drainwave In Action
Jeston Green – Drainwave Helps Avoid 'Dry Drain' Problems from Water Efficient Fixtures

Plumbing
Water conservation
Sewerage
Sewerage infrastructure
Sustainable building
Drainage
Water treatment

Sewer dosing unit


Seven Ages is a historical documentary series that was produced by Araby Productions, in association with The O'Reilly Foundation, for RTÉ and BBC Northern Ireland. It charts the birth, growth and development of the Irish state since its foundation in 1921. The series was produced and directed by Seán Ó Mórdha, and the music was composed by Bill Whelan. It was first broadcast in 2000.

Episodes
The series consists of seven 55-minute episodes, each dealing with a different decade, beginning with independence in 1921. The episodes do not, however, stick rigidly to their particular decade in order to avoid certain historical events from being split across two successive programmes (the Arms Crisis is an example of this). The final episode covers both the 1980s and 1990s.

Programme 1. The Birth of the New Irish State
Programme 2. Depression and the Rise of Fianna Fáil to Power
Programme 3. The Forties - Decade of Neutrality and Censorship
Programme 4. The Fifties - The Make or Break Decade
Programme 5. The Modernisation of Ireland
Programme 6. The Seventies - A Decade of Terror, Tension and Transformation
Programme 7. Haughey and FitzGerald - Great Adversaries of the Eighties

Contributors
Several important Irish figures gave interviews for the series. Among them were ex-Presidents Patrick Hillery and Mary Robinson, and former Taoisigh Liam Cosgrave, Charles Haughey and Garret FitzGerald. There are also contributions from Desmond O'Malley and Michael D. Higgins, as well as historians, journalists, economists, public servants and the sons and daughters of Civil War veterans.

Video and DVD release
In 2002 the series was released as a box-set on both VHS and DVD. The former consisted of three video cassettes, which are in PAL format. The two-disc DVD set, however, was mastered in NTSC format (used in North America and Japan). As a consequence, the DVDs are not watchable an older Irish television sets that can only accept standard PAL signals if used with a DVD player that strictly enforces output coding. Although there may be some interested in the series in America, it is assumed that the NTSC formatting was a mistake by the company that mastered the DVDs. Additionally, neither the DVD inlay nor the DVD itself has any mention of the NTSC formatting.

External links

Irish history television shows
Irish documentary television series

Seven Ages


Hawaiian ethnobiology is the study of how people in Hawaii, particularly pertaining to those of pre-western contact, interacted with the plants around them.  This includes to practices of agroforestry, horticulture, religious plants, medical plants, agriculture, and aquaculture.

Conservation
Often in conservation,  "Hawaiian ethnobiology" describes the state of ecology in the Hawaiian Islands prior to human contact.  However, since "ethno" refers to people, "Hawaiian ethnobiology" is the study of how people, past and present, interact with the living world around them.

The concept of conservation was, like many things in pre-contact ancient Hawaii, decentralized.  At the ahupuaa level, a konohiki managed the natural resource wealth.  He would gather information on people's observations and make decisions as to what was kapu (strictly forbidden) during what times.  Also, the concept of kuleana (responsibility) fueled conservation.  Families were delegated a fishing area.  It was their responsibility to not take more than they needed during fishing months, and to feed the fish kalo (Colocasia esculenta) and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) during a certain season.  The same idea of not collecting more than what was needed, and tending to the care of "wild" harvested products extended up into the forest.

In modern times, this role is institutionalized within a central state government.  This causes animosity between natural resource collectors (subsistence fisherman) and state legislature (local Department of Fish and Wildlife).

Agroforestry
Managing the forest resources around you is agroforestry.  This includes timber and non-timber forest crops.  Hawaiian agroforestry practices

Religious Plants
If a religious belief system influences a culture's practices in how the perceive and manage their environment, then that plant is part of a "sacred ecology". Hawaiian sacred plants include awa (Piper methysticum), which was used both religiously as a sacrament, and by the common people as a relaxant/sedative.  Other religious plants that have shaped ecology are Ki (Cordyline fruticosa) Kalo.  Ki is a sterile plant, so the wide distribution of the plant across the main Hawaiian islands indicated human activity; if not directly planted, then through gravitational fragmentation.

Kalo was the staple starch crop of the Hawaiian diet.  In Hawaiian genealogy, Haloa was the first born of Papa (Earth Mother) and Wakea (Sky Father).  He was a still birth, so Papa went out and buried Haloa.  Haloa then sprouted into the first kalo plant.  Their second son they also named Haloa.  He was charged with the kuleana to always care for his older brother.  The historical Hawaiian people draw their direct lineage from Haloa, and did, and some still do, assume his responsibility to care for kalo.  This responsibility, and need for food, drove the building of huge kalo growing complexes called loi.

References

Ethnobiology
Environment of Hawaii

Hawaiian ethnobiology


Singapore, a major commercial hub with loose export controls on weapons, both served as a transshipment point for weapons destined for Iraq, as well as providing chemical warfare precursors and being a site for manufacture, under license, of foreign-designed weapons.

Export controls
Speaking in the British House of Commons, Roger Barry commented that the only truly important thing in arms control is being certain the end user, on the end user certificate, is accurate. "There is no point the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) ticking the box and saying, "They say this is going to our friendly neighbour Austria," or, "This is going to our dear old friend Singapore."

Mine warfare
Some of the most vivid images of the Iran–Iraq War were of Iranian volunteers charging into minefields, to clear them by sacrificing their own lives. Mine warfare in the Persian Gulf was one of the U.S. justifications for direct military action against Iran. It is relevant, then, to identify the sources of those mines.

Italian mine warfare technology
Italy exported land and naval mines both to Iraq and Iran before and during the Iran–Iraq War. Its mine industry revolved around three small companies: Valsella, Misar,  and Tecnovar. The latter two were formed by former Valsella employees. All three specialized in landmines and mine-related products and were involved in direct exports and licensed overseas production. Most of their revenues came from exporta, driven by favorable banking and export controls, and public support of military development.

Given the importance of minefields, sometimes cleared with nothing but Iranian bravery, the significance of mines cannot be underestimated. See Italian support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war for the original Italian role when it directly exported mines, which, after the Italian government enforced export controls, moved its manufacturing to Singapore, using explosives from Oerlikon of Switzerland.

Move of Italian work to Singapore
"With the outbreak of the Iran–Iraq War in September 1980, Valsella began receiving government authorizations for exports to Iraq. A total of seven were granted, the last one issued in 1982 and expiring in January 1984. The overall value of the exports amounted to more than US $110 million.  But political pressures resulted in increasing restrictions on exports to Iraq. To skirt these restrictions, the company set up a new branch abroad in Singapore, where assembled mines with Vasella components and explosive from Bofors in Sweden, for shipment to Iraq in 1982. Mines were exported to Iraq until 1986.

In 1984, Fiat gradually gained control over Valsella and Misar. By this time Valsella mainly focused on the R&D of increasingly sophisticated landmines (like electronic mines and mines with remote control activation, with radio crypto-coded signals), while Misar carried out considerable research and development of naval mines, though not to the exclusion of land systems

Chemical warfare
In December 2002, Iraq's 1,200 page Weapons Declaration revealed a list of Eastern and Western corporations and countries—as well as individuals—that exported chemical and biological materials to Iraq in the past two decades. By far, the largest suppliers of precursors for chemical weapons production were in Singapore (4,515 tons). The Kim Al-Khaleej firm of Singapore supplied more than 4,500 tons of VX, sarin, and mustard gas precursors and production equipment to Iraq.

"Chief U.N. weapons inspector Hans Blix came to similar conclusions on Jan. 27, [2002] when he delivered an "update" to the U.N. Security Council based on his inspection efforts in Iraq according to Timmerman, "...Blix's recent report to the United Nations documented many other instances in which Iraq has failed to disclose prohibited weapons. The Iraqi documents, revealed here for the first time, portray a worldwide procurement network that relied on top-drawer assistance from governments and major banks in Europe, Asia and the Middle East. Iraq's suppliers range from huge multinational corporations... little-known entities, such as an outfit identified by the Iraqis as "Kim Al-Khalleej" of Singapore, which they claimed supplied more than 4,500 tons of VX-, sarin- and mustard-gas precursors and production equipment."

The Iraqi disclosure mentioned various companies that have acted as third-country buyers for Iraq..."during the Iran–Iraq War India delivered precursors for warfare agents to Iraq—and later was found to have delivered quantities of the same materials to Iran. Baghdad's middleman at the time, an Iraqi with a German passport, founded a company in Singapore expressly for this purpose."

See also
 International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War

References

Iraq–Singapore military relations
Iran–Singapore relations
Foreign relations of Singapore
Foreign relations during the Iran–Iraq War

Singapore support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war


A turret gun  is a type of multi-shot hand-held firearm. It is a variation on the percussion revolver, designed with chambers in a drum mounted so it would rotate horizontally (around a vertically mounted pivot), rather than around a horizontal axis, in an attempt to circumvent the patent of Samuel Colt. Chambers opened in all directions, and the weapon was prone to row ignition, all chambers firing in sequence, resulting in fatal accidents because one chamber always faces the shooter.

Several designs were attempted, including an 1837 Cochran and an 1851 Porter.

A number of turret rifles were also attempted. None of these weapons were successful, due to the row-firing hazard. As a result, they are very rare and much sought-after.

Sources
Jeff Kinard, Pistols, 2004,  (page 64) (Google Books)

External links
 - This link is now defunct and is replaced by an archive link.
The Turret Pistol with firearms expert Jonathan Ferguson on YouTube

Firearms

Turret gun


Burning Road is a 1996 arcade racing game for PlayStation.

Gameplay
Players are timed in races and must race through checkpoints to gain more time. Players are timed to pick a track, a car and the transmission, like in arcade games. There are three difficulty levels: Easy, Medium and Hard.

In-game, there is a 'traffic' radar showing the player where opponents are (around the player's car only). The opponent in the lead has a silver cup icon above their vehicle. If the player gets in the lead, text saying 'race leader' displays at the top of the screen for a second.

The game has three modes. Practice mode is the equivalent to single race found in other racing games. It is possible to unlock the mirrored versions of the three tracks (bringing the track total to six) in this mode. There are seven AI opponents in this mode.

In Championship mode, players race on all the tracks in order with a chosen car. Players must beat a certain time to qualify for the next track. As in practice, there are seven AI opponents.

Link mode is a multiplayer mode using the PlayStation Link Cable. Players can race against one other human opponent only; there are no AI opponents in this mode.

There are four vehicles, consisting of three cars and a monster truck. Players can also choose automatic or manual transmission.

Reception

Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot described Burning Road as "for the most part, a Daytona USA wannabe", particularly noting that the graphics are blockier than those of Daytona USA. However, he concluded that "while it lacks innovation, it's solid enough to compete dollar-for-dollar with Ridge Racer Revolution." GamePros Johnny Ballgame instead considered it a rip-off of Ridge Racer, and assessed that "its lack of solid features will drive you to disappointment with only six easy tracks and no two-player split-screen option." He also said it had "the worst theme song in video game history." A Next Generation critic was also displeased with the low quantity and difficulty of the tracks, but was complimentary towards the graphics, frame rate, and opponent AI. He noted that the "'bumper car' mentality" of the game would likely offend racing purists, and summarized that "Burning Road is entertaining in its own right, but lacking in just enough of the essentials to prevent it from being a superior game."

References

External links
 Developer website
 Burning Road at GameSpot

1996 video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Playmates Interactive games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Racing video games
Toka (company) games
Video games developed in France
Video games scored by Tommy Tallarico

Burning Road


Dulwich College is a 2–18 private, day and boarding school for boys in Dulwich, London, England. As a public school, it began as the College of God's Gift, founded in 1619 by Elizabethan actor Edward Alleyn, with the original purpose of educating 12 poor scholars. It began to grow into a large school from 1857, and took its current form in 1870 when it moved into its current premises.

Admission by examination is mainly into years 3, 7, 9, and 12 (i.e. ages 7, 11, 13, and 16 years old) to the Junior, Lower, Middle and Upper Schools into which the college is divided. It is a member of both the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and the Eton Group.

In the 2023 A-Levels, the school saw 64.8% of its candidates score A*/A.

History

1619: The College of God's Gift

On 21 June 1619 the College of God's Gift was established in Dulwich by Edward Alleyn with the signing letters patent by James I. The term "Dulwich College" was used colloquially from that date, such as in 1675 when John Evelyn described his visit to Dulwich College in his Diary. However, for at least 263 years this colloquialism was incorrect as the school was part of the overall charitable Foundation. Edward Alleyn, as well as being a famous Elizabethan actor, for whom Christopher Marlowe wrote his title roles, performed at the Rose Theatre, was also a man of great property and wealth, derived mainly from places of entertainment including theatres and bear-gardens. There is no documentary evidence for the legend that he owned brothels. He was "Chief Maister, Ruler and Overseer of [the King's] games of Beares, Bulls, Mastiff Dogs and Mastiff Bitches". Allegations that Alleyn turned his attention towards charitable pursuits out of  have been traced to the 19th-century journalist George Sala and questioned, though never firmly answered in the negative.

Since 1605, Alleyn had owned the manorial estate of Dulwich, and it may have been around this time that he first had the idea of establishing a college or hospital for poor people and the education of poor boys. The building on Dulwich Green of a chapel, a schoolhouse and twelve almshouses, began in 1613 and was completed in the autumn of 1616. On 1 September 1616 the chapel was consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury who became the official Visitor. However, Edward Alleyn faced objections from Francis Bacon, the Lord Chancellor, in getting the patent of incorporation that was necessary to secure the Foundation's status as a college. It was Alleyn's persistence that led to the foundation being endowed by James I's signing of the letters patent.

The charity originally consisted of a Master, Warden, four fellows, six poor brothers, six poor sisters and twelve poor scholars (orphans admitted from the age of six years), who became the joint legal owners of Alleyn's endowment of the manor and lands of Dulwich, collectively known as the Members of the College. The poor brothers and sisters and scholars were to be drawn from the four parishes that were most closely tied to Alleyn (being St Botolph's Bishopsgate where he was born, St Giles, Middlesex where he had built his Fortune Theatre, St Saviour's Southwark where he had the Paris Bear Garden and had managed the Rose Theatre, and St Giles Camberwell where the college was founded). The business of the charity was conducted in the name of these 30 members by the Master, Warden and four Fellows (Chaplain, Schoolmaster, Usher and Organist).

Alleyn drew upon the experience of other similar establishments in order to formulate the statutes and ordinances of the college, including drawing on the statutes of the already ancient Winchester College and visiting the more contemporary establishments of Sutton's Hospital (now Charterhouse School) and Croydon's Hospital (now the almshouses of the Whitgift Foundation). Among the many statutes and ordinances signed by Alleyn that pertained to the charitable scheme were provisions that the scholars were "entitled to stay until they were eighteen". And "to be taught in good and sound learning ... that they might be prepared for university or for good and sweet trades and occupations". Another stipulation was that the Master and Warden should always be unmarried and of Alleyn's blood, and surname, and if the former was impossible then at least of Alleyn's surname. Alleyn also made provision that the people of Dulwich should be able to have their men children instructed at the school for a fee as well as children from outside Dulwich for a separate fee.

The next two centuries were beset by both external difficulties such as diminishing financial fortunes and failing buildings as well as internal strife between the various Members of the College. The Official Visitor, the Archbishop of Canterbury, whose function was to ensure that the statutes were obeyed, was called in many times. The lack of a disinterested body of governors and of any official connection to the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge contributed significantly to the school failing to fulfill Alleyn's vision in its first two centuries. Some notable Masters did preside over the college during this time, including James Allen (the first Master to drop the 'y' from his surname), who in 1741 made over to the college six houses in Kensington, the rents of which were to be used in the establishment of two small schools in Dulwich, one for boys from the village, the other for girls to read and sew, out of which James Allen's Girls' School (JAGS) arose. Dr John Allen (1771–1843) of Holland House was a most learned and influential man, but neglected the education of the Poor Scholars.

Having already obtained an Act in 1805 allowing them to enclose and develop  of common land within the manor, the college was granted the power by the 1808 Dulwich College Building Act to extend the period over which leases ran, from 21 years as laid down by Alleyn, to 84 years, thus attracting richer tenants and bringing in large sums of money. The increased wealth of the college eventually resulted in the Charity Commission establishment of an enquiry into the advisability of widening the application of the funds to those extra beneficiaries Alleyn had specified in later amended clauses to the foundation's original statutes. Although the Master of the Rolls, Lord Langdale rejected the appeal in 1841 on the grounds that Alleyn had no right to alter the original statutes, he did express dissatisfaction with the college's educational provision.

Immediately after this criticism, the Dulwich College Grammar School was established in 1842 for the education of poor boys from Dulwich and Camberwell. To this school were transferred the boys of the James Allen Foundation, leaving James Allen's school for girls only. The Old Grammar School, as it became known, was erected in 1841 opposite the Old College, designed by Sir Charles Barry, the architect of the Palace of Westminster. It still exists today. The foundation scholars of the college continued to receive an education far short of Alleyn's vision, despite further attempts at reform by the Visitor. In 1854, the college was investigated by a new Commission set up by the 1853 Charitable Trusts Act which led to the 1857 Dulwich College Act.

1857: The "Upper School" of Alleyn's College of God's Gift
The "College of God's Gift" became "Alleyn's College of God's Gift" when, on 25 August 1857, the Dulwich College Act dissolved the existing corporation and the charity was reconstituted with the new name. It was split into two parts with a joint Board of Governors: the educational (for the college) and the eleemosynary (for the charity). The Master, Warden, four fellows and 12 servants were pensioned off, although Alleyn's wishes were, and continue to be, respected, as sixteen pensioners (being the equivalent of 12 poor brothers and sisters plus four fellows) still live in flats in the Old College, looked after by a Warden. As for the Master, he was still to be appointed as the head of the new school.

In its new form, the Master of the College was Reverend Alfred Carver (Master from April 1857 to April 1883). Carver successfully fought with the Chairman of the Governors, the Rev William Rogers, to create a public school with high academic standards. He was the first Master not to share the name of the school's founder "Alleyn" (or latterly "Allen"). The educational college was split into an "Upper" and "Lower" school. The "Upper school" was for boys between 8 and 18, to be taught a wide and detailed syllabus, and continued to be colloquially referred to as "Dulwich College". The "Lower school" for boys between 8 and 16, had lower fees and a syllabus and was aimed at children of the industrial and poorer classes. The Lower School was the incorporation of the boys from the grammar school established in the previous decade and was referred to as "Alleyn's College of God's Gift", although this was the name of the complete charitable foundation.

1870: The New College
Dulwich College was included in Howard Staunton's 1865 book, The Great Schools of England, who wrote of the unusually comprehensive [scheme of instruction] and by the mid-1860s such was the enhanced reputation of the school that the pressure for places led to the introduction of a competitive examination. In 1869 the upper school took possession of the current site, referred to as the "New College", but it was not until Founder's Day (21 June) 1870 that the new college was officially opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales. The new college buildings, sited in the  of Dulwich Common, were designed by Charles Barry Jr. (the eldest son of Sir Charles Barry). The lower school alone continued to occupy the Old College in Dulwich Village from 1870 until it was moved to its new (and current) premises in East Dulwich in 1887.

The present school colours and school magazine (The Alleynian) were established in the 1860s and 1870s, as were school societies such as Debating and Natural Science. By the time Canon Carver retired from the position of Master in 1882, Dulwich College was said to have expanded more rapidly in the previous 25 years than any other establishment and to be "holding its own at universities", to have "won a large number of places of honour in the Indian and Home Civil Service" and "at the Royal Military College of Woolwich" and to be well represented among "the public schools medals of the Royal Geographic Society and the prizes of the Art Schools of the Royal Academy".

1882: Separation from Alleyn's School; the college's 'Golden Age'
Despite its excellent reputation, the college was the focus of pressure by the Charity Commissioners and other parties (including the Board of Governors and the outlying parishes named in Edward Alleyn's will) to reorganise it and divert much of its endowment to other schemes. The Master, Canon Carver, resisted these pressures for many years, finally winning an appeal in 1876 at the highest possible level (the Privy council) where Lord Selborne ruled in his favour. In 1882, the Charity Commissioners finally issued a scheme that Canon Carver found acceptable. This passed into law by Act of Parliament and resulted in the Upper and Lower schools being officially split into separate institutions.

The Upper School became Dulwich College (officially for the first time) and the Lower became Alleyn's School. Both schools remained within the College of God's Gift charitable foundation (along with James Allen's Girls' School, St Olave's and St Saviour's Grammar School, and the three Central Foundation schools in Finsbury and Bishopsgate).

Two Boards of Governors came into being. Both Dulwich College and Alleyn's School were to be managed by the college Governors who also administered the Chapel and Picture Gallery. The Estates and Almshouses were placed in the hands of the Estates Governors. The foundation and the college are still governed under the same arrangement. The Archbishop of Canterbury's position as Visitor was also changed to that of Honorary Visitor of Alleyn's College of God's Gift, his powers being vested in the Charity Commissioners. Dulwich College's income is derived from the contributions by the Estates Governors, among whom the College Governors are well represented (having eight of the twenty five places) Canon Carver retired at this point, being the first headmaster to be both appointed and retired by Act of Parliament.

Canon Carver was said to have given the college a body, but Arthur Herman Gilkes (Master from 1885 to 1914) to have given it a soul, with his noble ideals of scholarship and public service. He founded the College Mission in a poverty-stricken part of Camberwell.

London County Council scholars were admitted to Dulwich College from 1903. The college was saved from bankruptcy by the "Dulwich College Experiment" or "Gilkes Experiment", the work of A. H .Gilkes's son Christopher Gilkes (Master from 1941 to 1953), the forerunner of the state "Assisted Places Scheme", by which the majority of boys selected to attend the college had their fees paid by local councils. This resulted in an academic "Renaissance" of the college which came to a climax from the late 1950s when the college was at the forefront of the schools winning awards on entry to Oxford and Cambridge.

School arms

When Edward Alleyn founded the school he was awarded a coat of arms and crest. This was used by the school until, in 1935, it was decreed by the College of Arms that it was the exclusive property of Edward Alleyn and his family. The new arms granted by the College of Arms were very similar to the old ones retaining most of the features. Deism and learning are represented by the flames in the crest. From the ring of flames an arm with a hand holding a heart protrudes. This probably symbolises charity and has a twofold meaning. First, it represents Alleyn's charitable intentions, and second it recalls Alleyn's famous speech, written by Ben Jonson, when he presented King James I with the flaming heart of London during The Magnificent Entertainment, involving a procession through the streets and through triumphal arches by which the City of London welcomed King James I from Scotland in 1604. The lower portion of the shield incorporates the original shield being an argent (silver) background on which are placed a chevron (bent bar) dividing three cinquefoils gules (red five-leafed flowers).

Houses

Boarding houses
Boarders now belong to one of three boarding houses, although the number of boarding houses has fluctuated over time. Those up to age 16 (Year 11) live in The Orchard, while boys of the Upper School (Year 12 and Year 13) live in either Ivyholme or Blew House.

A notable addition to Dulwich College's boarding options is the introduction of flexi-boarding, catering to the evolving needs of students and their families. This flexible approach allows students to blend their boarding experience with the demands of their academic pursuits and extracurricular activities, offering a balance that aligns with individual preferences.

After the college was reconstituted in 1857 most of the boys were day-boys but provision was made for boarders, and the Governors licensed three boarding houses to be kept by respectable ladies in the village (hence they were then known as dames' houses). A fourth was added soon afterwards. The number of functioning boarding houses has fluctuated between one and five since that point and in total there have been six different houses:

 Blew House Now one of the two senior houses, it was moved to its current position on College Road in the 1930s on the site of what had previously been the Master's garden (who had been residing in the south block of the New College). The original Blew House is called Old Blew House and still stands in Dulwich. Blew House was the only house to remain in commission throughout the Second World War for Alleynians and became a senior house at this point.

 Ivyholme The second of the two current senior houses, it too was moved to its current position on College Road in the 1930s. It was bombed during the Second World War but was re-opened soon after as a senior house. During the Second World War whilst housing students of the School of Oriental and African Studies (who were going through a crash course in languages sponsored by the War Office) it was also run by the Master of the College.

 The Orchard This is the only junior house still functioning as a boarding house. It was bombed during the Second World War but was re-opened as one of two junior houses very close to the war ending. During the Second World War, like Ivyholme, it housed students of the School of Oriental and African Studies who were going through a crash course in languages sponsored by the War Office.

 Elm Lawn This was the house in which P.G.Wodehouse once boarded prior to it becoming a junior house. After the Second World War it re-opened as a junior house, along with The Orchard. In 1949 the boys of Elm Lawn were moved into Bell House (see below) and it became the home of the Master of the College, and still is today.

 Bell House This 18th-century building close to Dulwich Picture Gallery became the family home of the Master of the College in 1927 who until then had lived with his family in the south block of the New College. The Master moved out of this premises during the Second World War into Ivyholme. When Ivyholme reopened as a boarding house it was decided that the Master should not return to Bell House because it was too large for the purposes of a family residence. The Master moved to The Chestnuts and then in 1949 to Elm Lawn. Meanwhile, Bell House was adapted as a boarding house and became the second junior house, replacing Elm Lawn. In 1993 it was returned to private ownership, as the college recognised the lack of need for a second junior boarding house.

 Carver House As the number of boys requiring boarding increased towards the end of the Second World War a fifth house was created by converting the cricket pavilion. It was named after Canon Carver, first Master of the reconstituted College, but it did not last long in this form.

Boarding house clubs and colours

The colour system (for more detail see School uniform and colours below) also extended to the boarding houses due to their particular impact on college life. At one time, Bell, Ivyholme and Blew had their own sports teams and their own distinct colours. Those awarded colours could wear ties and caps and for outstanding contribution the house blazer was awarded. Boarders with no colours could wear black ties to distinguish them from day boys.

Today, senior boys can still become members of the Zodiac and Caerulean Clubs for Ivyholme and Blew respectively. The house captain, who is automatically a member of the club, controls membership of clubs, and such membership confers the right to wear a special tie. When, across the school, the uniform was standardised in 1970, the tradition of the house blazers disappeared save for the House Captain who, if he has earned full school colours, may wear the house blazer.

Gordon Bowl
This trophy was presented to the college prior to the Second World War. It was a trophy competed for by boarders only presented by an Old Alleynian, A. G. Gordon. It was originally competed for by the four boarding houses (when there was no junior/senior distinction), but after the Second World War only by the senior houses Blew House and Ivyholme until 2017, the year which Orchard were re-added to the competition. It is still played for today.

Day Houses
All boys are members of one of eight day houses or Athletic Houses as they were originally known. The Houses were the brainchild of W.D. ('Scottie') Gibbon, an assistant master and rugby coach. The idea was decided upon in 1919 and in the school magazine, The Alleynian, of March 1920 the process was described. The division would be into six houses to be named after distinguished Englishmen of the Elizabethan period (see table below). The name of Shakespeare was omitted as being considered pre-eminent. Upon their original creation Boarders and Day Boys were divided thus: Grenville included Blew House, Marlowe included The Orchard, Spenser included Elm Lawn, Sidney included Ivyholme and two entirely Day-boy houses were created: Drake and Raleigh. In 1982 two more Houses (Jonson and Howard) were added due to an increased College roll.

The athletic houses were created to improve the standard of games at the college, which had deteriorated during the First World War. Before the creation of these houses, the most keenly anticipated matches were the Boarders vs Day-Boys or the Prefects vs The Rest of the School. The Athletic Houses produced, and still produce, Big Sides and Little Sides for competition. Big Sides are Houses teams that include players who also represent the school and Little are House sides that do not include school sporting representatives.
A boy's house is decided randomly or through family connection where possible. The houses continue to compete in sporting and cultural competitions (such as music, drama, chess and debating). The Cock House Shield or Cup are presented to the leading House at the end of the school year taking into account all competitions.

School uniform and colours
The dress code for pupils of Dulwich College depends on the boarding or day houses a boy might belong to, the sports teams represented, or whether a boy has attained school colours or become a prefect. Alleyn had prescribed the clothing of poor scholars to be "a white calico surplice, a long coat such as that worn by Christ's Hospital boys, of good cloth of sad (dark and sober) colour, a bodice lined with canvas, skirts with cotton lining, canvas shirts, white cotton drawers, knitted stockings, shoes and belt, a girdle and a black cap." This is how boys were dressed for more than two centuries, until the new foundation in 1857.

In 1863, the Master, Alfred Carver, decreed the uniform should be "Short tunic buttoned to the chin, trousers of an Oxford mixture, an ordinary rifle cap with a broad band and narrow peak, and a dark coloured Inverness cape for winter." Under Carver, boys still wore waistcoats of varied hues and "the latest creations in neckties". This was suppressed in 1883 by the new Master, Welldon, whose first rule on arrival was that the boys should wear uniform, a forerunner of the subfusc jackets of today.

The colours of the college, blue and black, according to tradition are based on Marlborough College although Haileybury is more likely the model. It is known that in 1864 caps were introduced, with cross ribbons of purple soon altered to blue. The college arms were added in 1875. From this time, the colour scheme arose for rewarding achievement, limited at first to sport with blazers for the 1st and 2nd team of the major sports, rugby and cricket (as well as ties, caps and squares). The minor sports also had colours, although these did not extend to a full blazer. Rather, athletics, fives, shooting, boxing, tennis, swimming, gymnastics, fencing and waterpolo had blazer badges (plus caps and ties). Additionally, the boarding houses, which historically had a disproportionate effect on the sporting life of the college, had their own boarding house colours. (For more details see Boarding Houses)
By 1909 there were seventeen different caps plus a variety of blazers. The striped jackets for prominent sportsmen also conferred certain privileges, such as having the right to proceed first through the doors of centre block.

Further emphasising status were special caps for major sports colours. Rugby had a pie-shaped porker with tassels. Likewise, prefects wearing caps quartered in blue and black, could unbutton their jackets and keep their hands in their trousers. The most exclusive items took precedence even over the striped blazers of members of the 1st teams for major sports. The very best rugby players were on rare occasions awarded the rugby honours cap, and perhaps the most fabled item of all, still displayed in the college's Wodehouse library, was the white blazer. This was only awarded on the recommendation of the Field Sports Committee (see Sport section) with the essential requirement being that a boy be a member of both the Cricket 1st XI and the Rugby 1st XV and display prominence in a minor sport (e.g. boxing, fives, squash, fencing, shooting).

This uniform changed little until the 1960s (save for the arms change in 1935, and the addition of the house colours on sports shirts following the athletics houses foundation in 1920). By the 1960s, boys (other than prefects and those with sporting honours) had to wear a black jacket and either grey flannels or pinstripe trousers in the Autumn and Winter terms. Shortly after the start of the Summer term, an announcement would be made that henceforth, for the rest of the term, blazers (navy blue with a white embroidered DC in gothic script) and grey flannels would be worn, along with the option of boaters. The traditional cap which was balanced on the back of the head was to be worn when in uniform off school premises and (no doubt because of its precarious perch) boys would "cap" those to whom they would otherwise have raised their caps. "Capping" involved touching the college arms on the cap with the left hand. The 1960s saw the demise of caps and boaters and a reduction in the variety of blazers, as well as the end of shirts with separate collars.

Co-curricular

Sport
When Arthur Herman Gilkes became Master, he adhered to Carver's belief that the physical organisation of the school should be based on the principle that as far as possible management should be in the hands of the boys. Therefore, he continued the tradition of the general running of games being entrusted to a Field Sports Board (sometimes referred to as the Field Sports Committee), composed of the "school captain, captains of cricket, football (rugby), gymnastics, the baths (swimming), fencing, fives, athletics sports, boxing and shooting". Gilkes had it that the only masters with authorised status with regards to games were the captain of the Rifle Corps, and treasurer of the Sports Board. By 1894 there no more masters on the Field Sports Committee. The Board at the time controlled the appointment of captains and had some say in the style of blazers that could be worn as uniform. It was the Field Sports Committee, for example, that governed the award of the college's most prestigious colours, the white blazer. The system today is very different with assistant masters now being in charge of games, and acting more as coaches.

Colours for sporting achievement were the first such colours to be established at the college (see School uniform and colours below). Originally colours consisted of blazers for the 1st and 2nd team of the major sports, rugby and cricket (as well as ties, caps and squares) and colours for minor sports, (not extending to a full blazer but blazer badges plus caps and ties). Caps were also available, such as for rugby, the pie shaped porker and more exclusive items such as the rare rugby honours cap, and the white blazer, only awarded on the recommendation of the Field Sports Committee with the essential requirement being that a boy be a member of both the Cricket 1st XI and the Rugby 1st XV and display prominence in a minor sport. Testament to the judgment of the committee are the careers of certain alumni who received this blazer such as Trevor Bailey the England cricket all-rounder, who was so awarded because he was also a distinguished squash player.

The college still divides sport into Major and Minor. The major sports have always included rugby and cricket in the Michaelmas and summer terms respectively and for many decades just these two were deemed as major. In the 20th century, field hockey became a major sport in the Lent term, having been introduced in 1953. Soccer, a minor sport since it was allowed in 1970, became of equal status to hockey in 2000. A raft of minor sports have also been recognised at the college for well over a century in many cases. Minor sports have included athletics from 1864; Fives from 1894 (effectively ended by the courts being destroyed by enemy bombs in the Second World War); shooting from 1878 (less applicable due to safety regulations and the loss of the .22 range); boxing from 1879 (abandoned in the 1960s but with martial arts now filling the void), tennis from 1880 (although banned during A H Gilkes' time); swimming from 1883 with the college being one of the first schools to erect a swimming pool; gymnastics from 1891; fencing (like boxing, saw a demise in the 1960s but still has a representative team); squash and water polo. The school also has teams for golf; badminton; basketball; croquet; cycling; skiing; table tennis and Rugby fives. The facilities, which include a sports centre complex, courts for most racquet sports, an athletic track, tennis courts, a swimming-pool and acres of playing fields, cater to almost all sporting requirements.

Rowing
The school has an active rowing club called the Dulwich College Boat Club (a recent introduction in 1991 – the school now owns a boathouse on the River Thames). The club is affiliated to British Rowing (boat code DUL) and has produced four British champion crews at the 2001 British Rowing Championships, 2008 British Rowing Championships,2014 National Schools' Regatta, and 2016 Schools' Head of the River Race

Rugby

The major sport of the Michaelmas term, Dulwich College rugby has long enjoyed a powerful reputation. The school began its rugby tradition with a 1–0 victory over City of London School in 1859, 12 years before the founding of the Rugby Football Union. Since that time the school has had upwards of 30 Old Alleynians play at full international level, with more playing at schoolboy international level, national reserve and professional club rugby as well as representatives for invitational sides such as the Barbarians.

Three British and Irish Lions have emerged from the college. 1909 featured an unbeaten first XV which contained five future internationals dubbed the "Famous Five". Between 2012 and 2014, Dulwich College won the Natwest Schools Cup (previously known as the Daily Mail Cup) three times in a row, then in 2017 secured an historic double, becoming the first ever team to win both the schools cup (in the years mentioned) and the Champions Trophy, the highest Tier of School Cup Rugby.

CCF
Dulwich College has a well-established Combined Cadet Force contingent that has been running since the organisation was founded in 1859. The cadets can choose between three sections: Royal Navy, Army and Royal Air Force, with most cadets joining in year 9. Since 2018 the DCCF has accepted female cadets from JAGS (James Allen Girls School). The DCCCF regularly conducts battlecraft trips, flying days at RAF Benson and expeditions to the arctic or desert. The DCCCF are Gold medal winners in the Cambrian Patrol and have won both the Guthrie cup, London district shooting competition, 1st place regional first aid, 2nd place in National First Aid (making the first aid team the best in England and Wales) and the Air Squadron Trophy Competition.

Scouts
Dulwich College has a scout troop which has two patrols within it. It runs from year 6 to year 13 with both scouts and explorers. The troop is called the 25th Camberwell and has been running for more than 80 years.

Dulwich College Union
Dulwich College has a large union for clubs and societies containing over 50 societies. There is a wide range of clubs ranging from Rocketry to History and the college used to have a Chicken society in which boys tended to the college's chickens. The clubs, and Union, are run by boys in Year 12 and 13 and contribute to their The Duke of Edinburgh's Awards. Most of these clubs and societies have their own personalised ties.

Debating
Within the Dulwich College Union debating plays a large role. The Dulwich College society runs during the school terms but competes both nationally and internationally. The society runs from year 7 to 13 and has around 50 members. It has recently enjoyed great success, winning the Oxford Union Debating Competition in 2014, 2015 and 2016, the Cambridge Union Schools Debating Competition in 2014, 2015, and 2018, and the ESU (English Speaking Union) Schools Mace Debating Competition, also in 2014 and 2015. It has also represented Team England and competed internationally against other national teams, including in Texas, Singapore and Stuttgart. Dulwich College is, therefore, ranked as one of the top debating schools in the UK and one of the best in the world.

School magazine
The Dulwich College school magazine is called the Alleynian, named after the school's founder Edward Alleyn. This magazine was first published in 1873, although the school's first magazine under the name the Dulwich College Magazine for School News and General Reading had been published in 1864 but only lasted for fourteen issues after its editor left for Cambridge University. The Alleynian was edited at one point by P. G. Wodehouse in his last year at the school.

Old Alleynians

Old boys of Dulwich College are called "Old Alleynians", after the founder of the school. This is often abbreviated to "O.A." as post-nominal letters in brackets in school publications or publications specifically concerning the school. The term should not be confused with "Alleyn's Old Boys" used for alumni of Alleyn's School. Current pupils of the school are known as Alleynians. Prior to around 1880, the terms "Alleynian" and "Old Alleynian" were not used and the pupils and ex-pupils were known as Dulwichians.

Notable Old Alleynians include Sir Ernest Shackleton, Sir P G Wodehouse, Raymond Chandler, Sir Edward George, Bob Monkhouse, Michael Ondaatje, Chiwetel Ejiofor, politician and broadcaster Nigel Farage, the philosopher Dennis M'Nace, the telecoms magnate Frank N Stein, the cricketer Trevor Bailey, C. S. Forester, the architect C. F. A. Voysey, and the comedian Paul Sinha.

Headmastership of Dulwich College
The head master of Dulwich College is styled The Master of Dulwich College, as laid out in the 1882 scheme of the charity commissioners. This continued a tradition of the head of the College of God's Gift being called the master since its foundation in 1619. The foundation originally had a governing body consisting of a master, warden, four fellows, and six assistants made up of the two churchwardens of each of the three parishes of St Botolph's, Bishopsgate, of St Saviour's, Southwark, and of St Giles', Cripplegate. The master was most senior, followed by the warden and on vacancy of the mastership, the warden succeeded. By the 1857 Dulwich College Act the master, warden and fellows were pensioned and the governance of the foundation switched to a body of nineteen governors. However, the position of master continued as the title of the headmaster of the new upper school, with an undermaster as deputy. The 1882 act (as a result of the charity commissioners scheme) abolished the office of undermaster.

Masters of Alleyn's College of God's Gift at Dulwich (both Upper and Lower Schools)
Alfred James Carver (appointed 1858; retired 1883)
Masters of Dulwich College
James Edward Cowell Welldon (appointed 1883; retired 1885)
Arthur Herman Gilkes (appointed 1885; retired 1914)
George Smith (appointed 1914; retired 1928)
Walter Reynolds Booth (appointed 1928; retired 1941)
Christopher H. Gilkes (appointed 1941; died 1953)
C. Thomas (Deputy Master, took over the Mastership in 1953 for the year it took to find a permanent replacement)
Ronald Groves (appointed 1954; retired 1966)
Charles W. Lloyd (appointed 1966; retired 1975)
David A. Emms (appointed 1975; retired 1986)
Anthony C. F. Verity (appointed 1986; resigned 1995)
Christopher Field (The Deputy Master who became Acting Master during 1996.)
Graham G. Able (appointed 1997; retired 2009)
Joseph A. F. Spence (appointed 2009)

Collections
The school has a very extensive archive, especially of material relating to drama and the arts, much of which is from Edward Alleyn's (the founder) own library. Apart from diaries kept by Alleyn and his partner Philip Henslowe are many other documents relating to the college and foundation. There are also 12 volumes of unpublished music by John Reading; two of the three volumes of the First Folio Shakespeare; a Mercator Atlas; first editions of poetry by John Donne, Edmund Spenser and Dryden; A Book of Hours from the fifteenth century and even a copy of the first book to be printed in London in 1480.

Other interesting artefacts held by the college include the James Caird, the lifeboat in which Ernest Shackleton made his intrepid voyage for survival to South Georgia from Elephant Island in 1916, as well as other items such as sledges from the earlier Nimrod expedition.

Above the fireplace in the Masters' Library are two panels depicting pietas (Duty) and liberalitas (Generosity) bought by Edward Alleyn in 1618 from Elizabeth I's state barge. They are reputed to have originally come from Francis Drake's Golden Hinde.

Sexual abuse allegations

In March 2021, a former pupil published an open letter to the Master, Joseph Spence, in which it was claimed that the school was a "breeding ground for sexual predators" and had an "established rape culture". The letter referenced hundreds of anonymous allegations of harassment or assault against former and current pupils both at the college and at neighbouring schools, as well as a failure of school administration to respond to allegations, and claimed that some Dulwich College pupils had a reputation for such behaviour, particularly among female students at nearby schools.

Spence said he "condemned unreservedly the alleged social and sexual misconduct" which he said was "distressing and entirely unacceptable".

In culture and cultural influence

Painting of the college

In 1870, the buildings of the New College were painted by the impressionist artist, Camille Pissarro. Pissarro was at the time living in Upper Norwood, having fled from France at the time of the Franco-Prussian War, and was entranced by the London landscapes.

See also
 Alleyn's College of God's Gift
 Dulwich International College
 Dulwich College Beijing
 Dulwich College Seoul
 Dulwich College Shanghai
 Dulwich College Singapore
 Dulwich College Suzhou
 Dulwich International High School Suzhou
 Dulwich International High School Zhuhai

References

External links

 OA Victoria Cross and George Cross Holders

Dulwich
1619 establishments in England
Charities based in London
Charles Barry Jr. buildings
College of God's Gift
Educational institutions established in the 1610s
Private boys' schools in London
Private schools in the London Borough of Southwark
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference

Dulwich College


Panteón (Pantheon) Hill in one of the 42 hills of the city of Valparaíso, Chile. It is surrounded by Ecuador and Cumming Streets and it has its base on Condell Street. It is next to Cárcel (Jail) Hill and Panteón Hill is part of the central chain of Valparaíso's hills.

Panteón is Spanish for cemetery. It is named Cemetery Hill because three cemeteries of the city can be found on the hill: the Cemetery No. 1, the Dissidents Cemetery and the Cemetery No. 2.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the people of Valparaíso used to bury their dead by letting them wash away in the ocean or on the tops of hills. These unsanitary practices eventually caused a health crisis. In 1825, the government bought some lands to found a cemetery on the hill on the periphery of the city. The Catholics originally created the cemetery nº1, and with the help of British immigrants a second one was created to bury at those not of the Catholic faith, called Dissidents Cemetery. Cemetery nº2 was created in 1848.

References

Hills of Valparaíso
Cemeteries in Chile
Tourist attractions in Chile
Buildings and structures in Valparaíso

Panteón Hill


Keith M. Aucoin (born November 6, 1978) is an American former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Carolina Hurricanes, Washington Capitals, New York Islanders, and St. Louis Blues.

Playing career
He was raised in Waltham and then Chelmsford, Massachusetts, and attended Chelmsford High School. Aucoin spent four seasons with Norwich University in Northfield, Vermont, where he was the leading scorer in the 1999 NCAA Division III men's ice hockey tournament, before turning professional in 2001. Aucoin made his NHL debut during the 2005–06 NHL season with the Carolina Hurricanes. It was at the end of this season that he was a member of the "Black Aces," a group of players kept on the roster as healthy scratches for the Hurricanes' playoff run that ended with the Hurricanes being crowned Stanley Cup champions. Aucoin did not have his name added to the cup as he did not play in any of the playoff games, but can be seen on the ice during the celebration and did receive a championship ring. He would go on to play 53 regular season games for the Hurricanes over three seasons, scoring 5 goals and 15 points.

On July 3, 2008, Aucoin signed with the Washington Capitals. After attending the Capitals training camp for the 2008–09 season, the Capitals sent Aucoin to their AHL affiliate, the Hershey Bears. Aucoin's presence with Hershey had an immediate impact as he won the Reebok Player of the Week honors on October 12, 2008, and then the AHL Player of the Month for October 2008. In his first 20 games of 2008, he scored 8 goals with 21 assists. In December 2008, Aucoin was called up to the NHL with the Capitals, playing in 12 games, scoring two goals and assisting on four. He was reassigned back to the Bears for the playoffs where he won the Calder Cup in six games over the Manitoba Moose.

During the 2009–10 season, Aucoin was re-signed to a two-year contract extension on March 8, 2010. In helping the Bears capture a second consecutive Calder Cup, he was awarded the Les Cunningham Award as the league's most valuable player during the regular season.

For the 2011–12 season, Aucoin made the Capitals opening night roster due to injuries of other forwards. He played in 27 games for 11 points over the course of the season and was a regular in the playoffs.  It was the most time he spent in the NHL since 2008.

On July 21, 2012, Keith signed a one-year two-way deal with the Toronto Maple Leafs organization. With the intention to bolster the offense of Maple Leafs affiliate, the Toronto Marlies, Aucoin was directly assigned to the AHL to start the 2012–13 season. After the resolution of the NHL lockout, Aucoin was recalled to the Maple Leafs training camp. On reassignment to the Marlies, he was claimed off waivers from the New York Islanders on January 17, 2013. Despite the shortened season, Aucoin played his first full season in the NHL. In 41 games, he produced 6 goals and 12 points in a checking line role and helped the Islanders return to the playoffs for the first time since 2007.

On July 5, 2013, Keith signed as a free agent to a one-year deal with the St. Louis Blues organization. Aucoin's contract with the Blues was not renewed at the end of the season.

On June 13, 2014, after failing to secure a tryout with any other NHL team, Aucoin signed a two-year deal with Swiss club, HC Ambrì-Piotta of the National League A. Aucoin enjoyed a successful debut season in Europe with Piotta, contributing with 31 points in 41 regular season games. Unable to progress to the playoffs, Aucoin left Switzerland after one season, to sign a one-year contract in Germany with EHC München of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL) on June 19, 2015. He remained with EHC München for his final three seasons before officially retiring in 2018.

Having played the majority of his career in the AHL, Aucoin finishing seventh all-time in league scoring was later inducted as a part of the 2022 Class to the AHL Hall of Fame.

Post playing career
Aucoin returned to Massachusetts following his 17 year professional career, spending four seasons (2018–2022) within the coaching ranks of the EHL with the Boston Jr. Rangers and Worcester Jr. Railers.

Prior to the  season, Aucoin accepted a professional scouting position with the Colorado Avalanche of the NHL.

Personal
Keith's younger brother, Phil Aucoin (born 1981), also played professional ice hockey.

Career statistics

Awards and honors

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Albany River Rats players
HC Ambrì-Piotta players
American men's ice hockey centers
B.C. Icemen players
Carolina Hurricanes players
Chicago Wolves players
Cincinnati Mighty Ducks players
Florida Everblades players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts
Lowell Lock Monsters players
Memphis RiverKings players
EHC München players
New York Islanders players
Norwich Cadets men's ice hockey players
People from Chelmsford, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Waltham, Massachusetts
Ice hockey people from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Providence Bruins players
St. Louis Blues players
Toronto Marlies players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Washington Capitals players
Chelmsford High School alumni

Keith Aucoin


MERS (the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It is a disease caused by a coronavirus whose label is MERS-CoV. MERS-CoV is a betacoronavirus which originated in bats.

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses some of which cause common colds. They can infect both animals and people. MERS is a relative of SARS (the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) virus which swept around the world, infecting more than 8,000 people globally and killing 774 before it was stopped in 2004.

In 2015, the World Health Organization made itself some rules for naming viruses: No official name is allowed to refer to a place, person or animal. This is to prevent stigma, or blame.  The WHO rules list MERS as an example of what not to do when naming a virus or disease.

References

Diseases caused by viruses
Pulmonology
Coronaviruses
Zoonoses

MERS


Staining is used in microscopy to make cells and tissues easier to see and understand.

This is a way to improve contrast in the microscopic image. Stains and dyes are often used in biology and medicine to highlight structures in biological tissues, often with the aid of different microscopes.

Staining can be done on living tissues (in vivo) or on dead tissues (in vitro).

Preparation
Dead tissue needs to be "fixed" so it does not decay. The fixative keeps the structure as it is. After fixation a tissue may be cut into thin slices, and put on a series of glass microscope slides. Occasionally, it is necessary to dissolve cell membranes so large dye molecules can get into the cells. Standards are published in the Biotechnic & Histochemistry journal.

Staining
The simplest way is to dip the slide plus specimen into a solution of dye, then rinse it and examine. The stains used are certified stains, tested by the Biological Stain Commission.

Staining bacteria
Gram staining is used to classify bacteria. It is based on the composition of their cell wall. Gram staining uses crystal violet to stain cell walls, iodine as a mordant, and a counterstain which marks all bacteria.

Gram-positive bacteria stain dark blue or violet. Their cell wall lacks the secondary membrane and lipopolysaccharide layer found in Gram-negative bacteria.

On most Gram-stained preparations, Gram-negative organisms are red or pink from the counterstain.

Staining tissues

Haematoxylin and eosin staining is often used in histology for thin sections of tissue. Haematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue, while eosin stains cytoplasm, connective tissue and other extracellular substances pink or red.

Eosin is strongly absorbed by red blood cells, colouring them bright red. In a skilfully made H & E preparation the red blood cells are almost orange, and collagen and cytoplasm (especially muscle) go different shades of pink. Hematoxylin stains the cell nucleus and other acidic structures (such as RNA-rich portions of the cytoplasm and the matrix of hyaline cartilage) blue. In contrast, eosin stains the cytoplasm and collagen pink.

A quick and simple stain used on blood smears, and human cheek cells is methylene blue, which stains the nuclei. There are many other specialist stains, some fluorescent under special light.

References

Cells
Laboratory techniques

Staining


Scots law is the system of laws used in Scotland, a home nation of the United Kingdom. Scots law is a mixture of a common law system and a civil law system. Scotland has its own judiciary and its own courts. Scotland kept Scots law from the old Kingdom of Scotland after the Acts of Union 1707 formed the British state.

Scots law is different from English law because the two kingdoms of Great Britain in the High Middle Ages and after, the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England each had its own system of laws. The Scots jurisdiction kept its own legal system, and Scots law and Scots courts are independent of English law.

After the personal union of Scotland with England and Ireland under their common king, James VI and I, Scotland kept Scots law and England kept English law. After the unification of the Parliament of Scotland with the Parliament of England by the Acts of Union 1707, the new Parliament of Great Britain in London's Palace of Westminster got the power to make Scots laws. The Parliament of Scotland, the old legislature, came to an end. Scots laws started again to be made in Scotland when the new Scottish Parliament came into being as a result of devolution in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Both the British and Scottish parliaments now make Scots law. These two legislatures are sometimes called "Westminster" and "Holyrood", named after the areas of the capital cities in which they meet.

Scots law

Scots law


Sherlock: The Riddle of the Crown Jewels is an interactive fiction computer game designed by Bob Bates and published by Infocom in 1987. Like most titles Infocom produced, the use of ZIL made it possible to release the game simultaneously for many popular computer platforms, including the Apple II, DOS and Commodore 64. Sherlock is based on the legendary fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It is Infocom's thirty-first game and is the first of two Infocom games developed by Challenge, Inc. using Infocom's development tools.

Plot
The year is 1887, and all of England is gearing up for the celebration of Queen Victoria's golden jubilee, marking her 50th year as monarch. London, naturally, is especially frenzied. Reading the paper one morning, Sherlock Holmes seizes upon one seemingly unimportant notice: The Tower of London has been closed for "reasons of security". The great detective is unsurprised when, moments later, he is asked to investigate the theft of the Crown Jewels. The clues left behind, however, positively reek of a carefully laid trap; Sherlock decides that he must step aside and allow Dr. Watson to pursue the thief instead. If the jewels are not replaced within 48 hours, the British government will be forced to admit that their most prized possessions were stolen and suffer worldwide humiliation.

The player fills the role of Watson, travelling around London in Hansom cabs while attempting to recover the Crown Jewels while encountering many characters from Doyle's stories such as Mrs. Hudson, Mycroft Holmes, and Wiggins of the Baker Street Irregulars. A series of riddles and clues lead Watson on a hunt for inscribed jewels hidden at several famous sites across the city, including Westminster Abbey, Madame Tussauds Wax Museum, London Bridge, and Big Ben. Eventually, the villain is revealed as Professor Moriarty, who captures both Watson and Holmes. With quick thinking and the help of some humble medical supplies, however, Watson manages to subdue Moriarty and return the Jewels to the Tower in time.

Production
Sherlock: The Riddle of the Crown Jewels was the first Infocom game to be developed by another company, Challenge Inc, published by Infocom in their "Immortal Legends" genre. The only other game published in this line was Arthur: The Quest for Excalibur, also written by Bates.

References

External links

 Scans of the Sherlock package, documentation and feelies
 Infocom-if.org's entry for Sherlock

1980s interactive fiction
1987 video games
Amiga games
Apple II games
Classic Mac OS games
Commodore 64 games
Detective video games
DOS games
Infocom games
Interactive fiction based on works
Riddle of the Crown Jewels, The
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in London
Video games set in the 19th century
Single-player video games