Web3D Consortium is an international not-for-profit, member-funded industry consortium, originally founded in 1997. Web3D Consortium members from governmental, nonprofit and research organizations worldwide, including working alongside individual professional members to collaborate in a consensus process and encouraging development and implementation of open standards for 3D content and services.

The Web3D Consortium promotes deployment of X3D standards for the communication of 3D scenes in multiple applications, use cases, platforms, and verticals. Members collaboratively develop the X3D standards and tools making them widely adopted across diverse markets for academia, government, industry, and individuals. The Web3D Consortium offers robust ISO standardized 3D functionality and long-term stability for enterprise solutions and interoperability with other 3D standards.

The Consortium defines and develops the X3D royalty-free open standards file format and runtime architecture to represent and communicate 3D scenes. The development of 3D web-based graphics has evolved from its beginnings as the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) to Extensible 3D (X3D). Over recent years, advances in real time graphics and networking technology, and most notably the emergence of the Extensible Markup Language XML, have heavily influenced the development of the ISO-approved, freely available, X3D open standard. X3D embodies best practices in commercial real time graphics within the widely adopted framework of the World Wide Web family of technologies and standards and has no intellectual property restrictions. It provides a system for the storage, retrieval and playback of real time graphics content embedded in applications, all within an open architecture to support a wide array of domains and user scenarios.

Web3D applications have been active for some time. Previously known as the VRML Consortium, this community spearheaded the development of the VRML 1.0 and 2.0 specifications, which provide the basis for the development of associated applications. The organizations involved in this effort felt that the creation of an open consortium focused exclusively on Web3D would provide the structure necessary to stabilize, standardize, and nurture the technology for the entire community. Today, the Web3D Consortium is utilizing its broad-based industry support to develop the X3D specification as a successor to VRML for communicating 3D on the web, between applications and across distributed networks and web services.

Related to its educational mission, the Consortium maintains an extensive website of documents and links related to VRML and X3D resources, including plugins and browsers from many long-term members and open source developers.

See also
 VRML, the first ISO-standard format for 3D browsing
 X3D, modern descendant of VRML that includes XML encoding
 Web3D
 WebGL

References

External links
 Web3D Consortium
 VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) and X3D

Computer graphics organizations
Graphics standards
ISO standards
Markup languages
Mountain View, California
Virtual reality organizations

Web3D Consortium


9Goats Black Out (stylized as 9GOATS BLACK OUT) was a Japanese visual kei rock band formed in 2007. The band was signed with the independent label Dalli.

History
The band was formed in 2007. After the breakup of the band Gullet in 2004, Ryo focused on his design work by removing himself from music activities for three years. Without any expectation of making a new band, guitarist Uta and bassist Hati asked him to work with them. In the first interview with the band on JaME, Hati explains the beginning of the band as follows:

"We knew that Ryo did jacket designs and art work, and we thought his designs were very cool. So we asked him to design our album jacket, which was really the beginning of our communication with him. We didn't think about working together with him in a band at that time. After that our band disbanded, and we came to Tokyo saying 'we'll do a band in Tokyo.

Upon Ryo's acceptance, the band began working together in Tokyo. In December 2007 they created the independent record label Dalli and started their official website. They finished recording their first album, Devils in Bedside. Due to the increasing number of orders, additional copies were made of the album after its release. In September of that year, the band released their first single "Sleeping Beauty", which reached 161 on the Oricon singles chart. They then played two more individual concerts and begin their tour in Autumn. In 2008 they performed with the band Sugar and released the mini-album Black Rain. 9Goats Black Out made two more nationwide tours performing in Osaka, Nagoya, and Tokyo under the names of "Howlingbird at the Hell" and "Bright Garden", the last one giving its name to their next release, a DVD. One year later, they began recording their first full album, Tanatos (as an allusion to death); which was later released in March.

Origin of the name
When the singer of the band, Ryo, was asked about the meaning of his band's name, he explained that the name was formed first with the number "9", from his birth date (January 19), and the word "Goats", based on his zodiac sign (Capricorn). Ryo then completed the band name with the words "Black" and "Out".

Hiatus and return
In Spring of 2010, the band officially announced that they were on hiatus after their support drummer, Aki, left the band. The band continued performing at various concerts with different bands under the name "Baphomet", playing 9Goats Black Out songs with the addition of Hiroshi Sasabuchi (ex-Plastic Tree, Cuckoo) on drums.

January 2011 marked the return of the band with a new tour titled "Melancholy Pool". By the end of April, they started a coupling tour "Inu no Atama to Kuroyagi Suupu" (Dog Head's and Black Goat's Soup) with the hard rock band Inugami Circus-dan. In the middle of the same year, while on tour, they released a new DVD with one of their performances in January at Shibuya O-West. By that time Takumi was announced as the new support drummer.

9Goats Black Out covered Buck-Tick's song "Speed" for the compilation Crush! 2 -90's V-Rock Best Hit Cover Songs-, which was released on November 23, 2011 and features current visual kei bands covering songs from bands that were important to the '90s visual kei movement.

The band continued their tour through 2012 participating with other musicians. In January, they worked on a coupling tour with Amber Gris.  From February through March, they worked with Moran and Dolly.

Currently, as of 2013, UTA (Guitar) is performing with the Band "Sukekiyo" that was formed by the vocalist Kyo of the band "Dir En Grey" with the other notable Japanese musicians, as well.

Disbanding
9Goats Black Out disbanded with a final concert on February 9, 2013, followed by the release of a last album.

Members
 Ryo – vocals (ex-D'elsquel, ex-Galruda, ex-Gullet)
 Uta – guitar (ex-Laypua, ex-Layarch, ex-Rayarch)
 Hati – bass (ex-Laypua, ex-Luberie, ex-Rayarch)

Support members
 Takumi – drums (2011–2013, ex-Virgil)

Former support members
 Aki – drums (2007–2010, ex-Sin, ex-Gullet, ex-Clozet)
 Akaya – keyboard and manipulation (2007-2012)

Discography

Albums
 Devils in Bedside (30 April 2008)
 Black rain (14 February 2009)
 Tanatos (24 March 2010)
 Calling (11 December 2012)
 Archives (29 May 2013)

Singles
 "Sleeping Beauty" (9 September 2008)
 "Rorschach Inkblot" (10 August 2011)
 "Draw" (9 November 2011)
 "Karte" (14 February 2012)

DVDs
 Bright Garden (25 July 2009)
 Melancholy Pool (23 April 2011)

References

External links

Visual kei musical groups
Japanese alternative rock groups
Musical groups established in 2007
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Japanese musical trios
Musical groups from Niigata Prefecture

9Goats Black Out


Pholela High School, otherwise known as Pholela Institute or Pholela Public and at times called P.I. is a school in Bulwer, KwaZulu-Natal. It used to be a boarding school run as an institution until it was made a public school in the year 2000.

History
Pholela High School is a school previously run by the Presbyterian Church. The school buildings were built in the old Dutch style, on the main road in Bulwer, directly facing the Amahwaqa Mountain.

The school was well known before the 2000s as one of the few black schools that consistently produced good matric results. The government took over the school due to some issues in 1999. After this results declined, leading eventually to the closure of the boarding facility in 2008.

The school also has a large chapel at the centre as evidence of the church and religious influences.There was a compulsory church service every Sunday and there were prayers held every night organised by the SCM (Student Christian Movement) and occasionally, this organisation organised late night Sunday services that gave the students much entertainment through different performances.

Further classrooms were built including a Computer Room. On the sports front, provincial and, on occasion, national honours, have been earned in for example volleyball, soccer and netball. The school has a soccer/athletics field,a tennis court, volleyball court, a basketball field and 2 netball fields scattered over the large school premises.

Principals
Rev J Khonyane
Mr Petzer
Mr Grantham 1996-1998
Mr M.D. Hlongwane (1998–2005)
Mr Myburgh (1998)
Mrs Steer (1999)
 Mr Mbanjwa (2005-2007)
 Mr M.N. Skhakhane (2007-current)

Superintendents
Mr Mlotshwa
Mr Maphosa

The school today
The school is run by the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Education and a school governing body.

About 685 students, mostly from the local areas of Bulwer, attend the school. Previously, the school attracted students from all over the country from as far afield as the Cape, Gauteng, etc. It is a Zulu-medium school and offers English as second languages (or first additional languages in the new FET curriculum). The school consists of the black population from the local areas.

Facilities
Sports offered include soccer (football), netball, athletics, volleyball, tennis and basketball represented by both boys and girls teams. Cultural activities, including chess, debating, team-speaking, choir, poetry and traditional are offered.

References

External links
 KZN to analyse black matrics' poor showing
 Full marks for 34 black schools

Schools in KwaZulu-Natal
Educational institutions established in 1921
1921 establishments in South Africa
High schools in South Africa

Pholela High School


The Painted Bird is a 1965 novel by Jerzy Kosiński that describes World War II as seen by a boy, considered a "Gypsy or Jewish stray,"  wandering about small villages scattered around an unspecified country in Central and Eastern Europe. The story was originally described by Kosiński as autobiographical, but upon its publication by Houghton Mifflin he announced that it was a purely fictional account.

The book describes the wandering boy's encounters with peasants engaged in all forms of sexual and social deviance such as incest, bestiality, and rape, and in other forms of extreme violence and lust. The book's title was drawn from an incident in the story. The boy, while in the company of a professional bird catcher, observes how the man took one of his captured birds and painted it several colors. Then he released the bird to fly in search of a flock of its kin, but when the painted bird came upon the flock, they saw it as an intruder and viciously attacked the bird until it fell from the sky.

Plot summary

In 1939 at the beginning of World War II, a six-year-old boy living in the largest city of an Eastern European country invaded by Nazi Germany is sent by his parents to hide in the countryside because of their past anti-Nazi activities. However, they lose contact with him because of the chaos of the war and he is left stranded. As a result of his black hair and olive skin he is constantly accused of being either a Jew or a Gypsy, although Kosiński's narrator denies this. He also has trouble understanding the local languages and dialects of the peasants he encounters. His first caretaker is a superstitious and unhygienic old woman named Marta, who refuses to allow him to look into her eyes because she is worried his "Gypsy eye" will curse her. Marta eventually becomes ill and dies, and the boy accidentally burns down her hut after spilling kerosene on it. Left to fend for himself, he wanders alone from village to village seeking shelter and food from adults in exchange for work. The boy endures various kinds of violence and cruelty, sometimes hounded and tortured, only rarely sheltered and cared for.

He is saved from an angry mob of villagers by Olga, an elderly folk healer, who takes him under her wing. Although she openly distrusts the boy because of his appearance, she gains his admiration for her cures. After he becomes infected with a local epidemic, she buries him up to his head in dirt and he is attacked by birds but recovers. However, he is caught by the villagers again and thrown onto a large catfish's air bladder, which floats him down the river away from the village.

He is then taken in by a miller and his wife, who frequently exposes herself to a young plowboy. After the miller beats his wife for her alleged infidelity one night, he invites the plowboy over for dinner and gouges out his eyes. The boy runs away again and seeks shelter with Lekh, a professional bird catcher in love with Stupid Ludmila, a promiscuous and scantily-clad woman who lives in the woods alone with a large dog after suffering a mental breakdown from a gang rape. After Stupid Ludmila does not return to Lekh for several days, he becomes enraged and starts killing random birds by painting them different colors and setting them loose to be killed by their own flocks. After Lekh leaves to search for her, Stupid Ludmila returns and attempts to molest the boy. They are found by the villagers and she is raped by all of the local men and beaten to death by their jealous wives. The boy leaves as Lekh inconsolably cradles her body.

From here, he journeys to another village where a local carpenter takes care of him, but during a storm he becomes worried that the boy's black hair will attract lightning and chains him to a cart in the field. The boy escapes and flees into a forest by stowing away on a train, finding an abandoned pillbox infested with rabid rats. However, the boy accidentally returns to the old village and the carpenter, blaming him after his barn was hit by lightning and burnt down, captures him and prepares to drown him before the boy pleads to spare his life in exchange for showing him the pillbox, which he lies is filled with military supplies. When they reach the pillbox, the boy accidentally pushes the carpenter into the pillbox and he is eaten alive by the rats.

The boy next stays with a kindly and well-respected blacksmith in a village with constant skirmishes and reprisals by rival bands of partisans and the Wehrmacht. The smith and his family are beaten and killed by nationalist partisans, who decide to turn him over to a German outpost as a goodwill gesture. He is taken to the woods by an old German soldier, who sets him free and pretends to execute him.

He escapes and travels to another village next to a German military railway, where the villagers discover Jews and Gypsies being deported to a nearby concentration camp. The villagers approve of this turn of events, seeing it as retribution for the crucifixion of Jesus. One day, a young widow named Rainbow captures an injured Jewish girl who managed to escape from the train. The villagers resolve to hand her over to the Germans the next day. As the boy watches through a knothole that night, Rainbow rapes the girl and they become stuck together, with a local healer killing the girl.

After German patrols intensify, the boy is forced to leave the village to avoid giving away the location of a Jew in hiding. He is captured by German soldiers and taken to a larger town where he is harassed by a mob before an SS officer hands him over to a Catholic parish priest. The priest treats the boy kindly, but the farmer Garbos and his dog Judas constantly beat and abuse him. After hearing the priest explain prayer and indulgences, the boy asks him to teach him how to pray so that he can accrue enough indulgences to save himself. After the priest dies, Garbos starts torturing the boy by hanging him from the ceiling above Judas, and the boy begins praying more. On the Feast of Corpus Christi, the priest makes him an altar boy, but he nervously botches the Mass and knocks over a missal. The angered congregation accuses him of being a vampire and attempt to drown him in a cesspit. Although he survives, he becomes mute.

In the forest he is caught by the local boys and given to the farmer Makar, whose family was ostracized by the village. Makar's 19-year-old daughter Ewka begins furtively having sex with the boy, which he enjoys. After the boy is unable to kill a rabbit, Makar beats and temporarily paralyzes him. A few weeks later, the boy finds Makar, Ewka, and her older brother Anton having sex with each other and a goat in the field. Deciding that both they and the Germans became invincible by allying with demons, the boy flees into the forest again. While skating on a marsh, the boy is accosted by several young villagers who try to drown him after he accidentally wounds several of them with his skates. He is rescued by a woman named Labina, who later dies of a heart attack.

In 1944, the tide of the war turns as the Wehrmacht begins losing ground to the Red Army, and the locals begin arguing over the merits of the impending Soviet occupation. The boy wonders why God would allow the Soviets to win the war if they intended to abolish religion and private property. After the Germans withdraw from a village, Kalmyk deserters in their service conduct a brutal raid before the arriving Soviets capture and execute them. The boy is treated in a field hospital and allowed to stay with the soldiers, where he is taught to read and indoctrinated into Stalinism and atheism by the political commissar Gavrila. The boy begins to hope to join the Communist Party and becomes preoccupied with others' opinion of him. After several soldiers are killed by local peasants with axes, the boy accompanies the respected crack sniper Mitka the Cuckoo as he takes revenge by shooting several of the peasants.

Afterwards the boy is taken to an orphanage in his old home city, where he denounces the principal and two nurses to the Soviets after they punish him for refusing to remove his military uniform. When the school officials refuse to discipline him further, he begins refusing to learn his own native language and getting in fights with the other children. He befriends another mute named the Silent One, and they begin sneaking out into the city and getting into mischief. After the boys discover how to operate a railway switch and later get beaten by a dairy vendor, the Silent One uses the switch to derail a train in an unsuccessful murder attempt against the vendor. Eventually, at age 12, the boy is finally reunited with his parents after they identify him via a birthmark. However, the boy frequently misbehaves, breaking the arm of his four-year-old brother. After the war ends, he begins sneaking out at night to hang out with criminals and political dissidents before he is caught by the Militia. When the boy grows sickly, the family moves westward into the mountains on a doctor's advice and the boy is sent to live with a ski instructor. After injuring himself skiing in a blizzard, the boy receives a telephone call to his hospital room and upon hearing the caller suddenly is able to speak again for the first time in years.

Literary significance and criticism
In his 1965 editorial review Elie Wiesel wrote that the book was "one of the best... Written with deep sincerity and sensitivity," a review written in The New York Times Book Review and quoted by the book's publisher. Richard Kluger, reviewing it for Harper's Magazine, wrote: "Extraordinary... literally staggering... one of the most powerful books I have ever read." And Jonathan Yardley, reviewing it for The Miami Herald, wrote: "Of all the remarkable fiction that emerged from World War II, nothing stands higher than Jerzy Kosiński's The Painted Bird. A magnificent work of art, and a celebration of the individual will. No one who reads it will forget it; no one who reads it will be unmoved by it. The Painted Bird enriches our literature and our lives". According to Norman Finkelstein, Cynthia Ozick said "that she 'immediately' recognized Kosiński's authenticity as 'a Jewish survivor and witness to the Holocaust.'" Time magazine included the novel in its "Time 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005", accentuating the atrocities witnessed by the protagonist.

Reviewing James Park Sloan's biography of Kosiński for The New York Times Book Review, Louis Begley wrote: "Perhaps the most surprising element of this aspect of Kosiński's mystifications is that he obtained from his mother, who was still alive in Poland – the father had died by the time The Painted Bird was published – a letter corroborating the claim that he had been separated from his family during the war."

Polish author and critic Stanisław Lem wrote in his review of Kosiński's supposed autobiography "The Painted Bird", which he titled "The Career of a Counterfeit" and stated "Sexual parasitism in the era of genocide is one of the greatest abominations imaginable." Lem further adds about Kosiński: "Since the realism of German genocidal practices does not suit the sexual sadist very well, as it is a kind of industrialized slaughterhouse, and not an orgiastic panopticum, there comes to the rescue of authenticity the pseudologia pornographica".

Norman Finkelstein, former professor of political science at DePaul University, wrote in The Holocaust Industry: "Long after Kosiński was exposed as a consummate literary hoaxer, Wiesel continued to heap encomiums on his 'remarkable body of work.'" Finkelstein wrote that Kosiński's book "depicts the Polish peasants he lived with as virulently anti-Semitic" even though they were fully aware of his Jewishness and "the dire consequences they themselves faced if caught."

The book's reception in Poland was far from uniform. Polish literary critic and University of Warsaw professor Paweł Dudziak noted that The Painted Bird is a "great, if controversial" piece. He stressed that since the book is surreal – a fictional tale – and does not present, or claim to present – real world events, accusations of anti-Polish sentiment are nothing but a misunderstanding of the book by those who take it too literally.

Authorship controversy
According to Eliot Weinberger, contemporary American writer, essayist, editor, and translator, Kosiński was not the author of the book. Weinberger alleged in his 2000 collection Karmic Traces that Kosiński had very little fluent knowledge of English at the time of its writing.

M.A. Orthofer commented on Weinberger's assertion by stating:

Accusation of plagiarism
In June 1982, a Village Voice article claimed that Kosiński's books had actually been largely ghost-written by assistants, pointing to striking stylistic differences among Kosiński's novels. The New York poet, publisher and translator George Reavey claimed to have written The Painted Bird. However, in the opinion of Kosiński's American biographer James Sloan, Reavey was simply embittered by his own lack of literary success.

The journalist John Corry, also a controversial author, wrote a 6,000-word feature article in The New York Times trying to defend Kosiński, which appeared on the front page of the "Arts and Leisure" section in November 1982. Among other things, Corry alleged that "reports claiming that Kosiński was a plagiarist in the pay of the C.I.A. were the product of a Polish Communist disinformation campaign."

In 2012 Polish literary historian  from Lublin University wrote that The Painted Bird includes long excerpts lifted verbatim from a book published in the Second Polish Republic by the Polish-Jewish ethnographer Henryk Biegeleisen.

Controversy over supposed autobiographical elements
The Painted Bird was published and marketed as a fictional work although it was generally assumed that it was based on the author's experiences during World War II. Only later did it become clear to most reviewers that Kosiński was neither the boy in the story nor did he share any of the boy's experiences, as revealed in a series of articles in newspapers and books.(2) The depicted events are now widely known to be fictional.

D.G. Myers, Associate Professor of English at Texas A&M University, reviewing a biography of Kosiński noted that initially, the author had passed off The Painted Bird as the true story of his own life during the Holocaust: "Long before writing it he regaled friends and dinner parties with macabre tales of a childhood spent in hiding among the Polish peasantry."

Among those who were fascinated was Dorothy deSantillana, a senior editor at Houghton Mifflin, to whom Kosiński confided that he had a manuscript based on his experiences."<ref name="Myers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9610/myers.html |title=from Myers' review of Jerzy Kosinski: A Biography by James Park Sloan |access-date=2006-11-15 |archive-date=2006-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205050845/http://leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9610/myers.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to James Park Sloan, by the time the book was going into publication, Kosiński refrained from making further claims of the book being autobiographical – in a letter to de Santillana and in a subsequent author's note to the book itself.Sue Vice.  Holocaust Fiction. Routledge, 2000. Kosiński nonetheless continued to assert that characterizing the novel as autobiographical "may be convenient for classification but is not easily justified" (the same language he used in his author's note and his pre-publication correspondence with deSantillana) in later interviews during his life.

The Village Voice article presented a different picture of Kosiński's life during the Holocaust – a view which was later supported by Joanna Siedlecka, a Polish biographer, and Sloan. The article revealed that The Painted Bird, assumed by reviewers to be semi-autobiographical, was a work of fiction. The article maintained that, rather than wandering the Polish countryside, Kosiński had spent the war years in hiding with a Polish Catholic family who saved his life from the Germans and that he had never been mistreated in any way.

Terence Blacker, an English publisher of Kosiński's books and an author of children's books and mysteries for adults, wrote in response to the article's accusations in 2002:
The significant point about Jerzy Kosinski was that... his books... had a vision and a voice consistent with one another and with the man himself. The problem was perhaps that he was a successful, worldly author who played polo, moved in fashionable circles and even appeared as an actor in Warren Beatty's Reds. He seemed to have had an adventurous and rather kinky sexuality which, to many, made him all the more suspect.

D.G. Myers responded to Blacker's assertions that much of Kosinski's behaviour was the result of "compensating for 'the hollowness at the core of his being'" in his review of Jerzy Kosiński: A Biography by James Park Sloan:
This theory explains much: the reckless driving, the abuse of small dogs, the thirst for fame, the fabrication of personal experience, the secretiveness about how he wrote, the denial of his Jewish identity. "There was a hollow space at the center of Kosiński that had resulted from denying his past," Sloan writes, "and his whole life had become a race to fill in that hollow space before it caused him to implode, collapsing inward upon himself like a burnt-out star." On this theory, Kosiński emerges as a classic borderline personality, frantically defending himself against... all-out psychosis.

Film adaptation

The novel was adapted into a feature-length film in 2019, directed and produced by Václav Marhoul.

Music inspiration
The novel inspired the band Siouxsie and the Banshees who wrote a song called "Painted Bird" in 1982, on their album A Kiss in the Dreamhouse. The novel also inspired an album of the same name by avant-garde composer John Zorn. It has also inspired the name of musician Daniel Kahn's band Daniel Kahn & the Painted Bird.

See also

 Binjamin Wilkomirski's fictional memoir Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood Fictitious Holocaust memoir Misha: A Mémoire of the Holocaust Years Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
 Anti-Polish sentiment
 Daniel Kahn & the Painted Bird, a klezmer band

References

External links
Phillip Routh,  "The Rise and Fall of Jerzy Kosinski", Arts & Opinion'', Vol. 6, No. 6, 2007
Three Afterwords

1965 Polish novels
20th-century Polish novels
Borderline personality disorder in fiction
Houghton Mifflin books
Literary forgeries
Novels set in Poland
Picaresque novels
Polish historical novels
Polish novels adapted into films
Novels about the Holocaust
Novels involved in plagiarism controversies
Novels set during World War II
Novels set in the 1930s
Novels set in the 1940s
Birds in popular culture

The Painted Bird


Aether, æther or ether may refer to:

Historical science and mythology
 Aether (mythology), the personification of the bright upper sky
 Aether (classical element), the material believed to fill the universe above the terrestrial sphere
 Aether theories, proposing space-filling substance that propagates electromagnetic or gravitational forces
 Luminiferous aether, the postulated medium for the propagation of light

Science and engineering
 Ether, a class of chemical compounds
 Diethyl ether, or simply ether, an organic compound
 Petroleum ether, a petroleum fraction (not classified as an ether)
 AETHER, an atmospheric radiative transfer algorithm

Arts, entertainment and media

Fictional elements
 Aether, a plot device of the Marvel Cinematic Universe Infinity Stones
 Aether, an object in Aion (video game)
 Aether, a character in 2020 video game Genshin Impact
 Aether, an element of the Kaladesh expansion block of Magic: The Gathering
 Aether, a fictional planet in 2004 video game Metroid Prime 2: Echoes
 Aether, an element in 2012 video game Phantasy Star Online 2

Gaming
 Aether (video game), 2008

Music

Artists
 Ether (band), Welsh rock band 1996–1999
 A lesser known visually impaired Canadian artist, Jason Taylor, goes by Aether. (2013-Now)
 Æther Realm American heavy metal band. (2010-Now)

Albums
 Aether (album), by The Necks, 2001
 Ether (Babble album), 1996
 Ether (B.o.B album), 2017
 Ether (Fischer-Z album), 2002

Songs
 "Ether" (song), a 2001 song by American rapper Nas
 "Ether", a song by Arca from the 2021 album Kick IIIII
 "Ether", a song by Gang of Four from the 1979 album Entertainment!
 "Ether" a song by Nothingface from the 2003 album Skeletons
 "Aether", a song by In Hearts Wake from the 2015 album Skydancer
 "Ether", a 2016 single by Make Them Suffer

Other uses
 Ether (Book of Mormon prophet)
 Ether, North Carolina, a place in the United States
 Ether, a cryptocurrency generated in accordance with the Ethereum protocol

See also

 Aethyr (disambiguation)
 Aither (disambiguation)
 Ethereal (disambiguation)
 Ethernet, a computer communications technology

Aether


J. Clark Kelso (born 1959) is an American professor who served briefly as Acting Insurance Commissioner of California in 2000, following the resignation of Chuck Quackenbush, and is currently Professor of Law at the McGeorge School of Law and federal receiver with responsibility for prison health care.

He graduated BA from the University of Illinois in 1980 and JD from Columbia University in 1983.

Kelso was clerk to Justice Anthony M. Kennedy of the United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit District, before Kennedy was appointed to the Supreme Court, and later worked closely with the California Senate and Assembly to reform the California judiciary and improve the administration of justice. He was Scholar-in-Residence at the California Administrative Office of the Courts and in 1998 received the California Judicial Council's Bernard E. Witkin Amicus Curiae award.

After serving as Acting Insurance Commissioner of California in 2000, in May 2002 he was chosen by Governor Gray Davis as the State's Chief Information Officer and continued in that position in the administration of Arnold Schwarzenegger. In 2004 he was named by Government Technology in a list of the twenty-five Top Chief Information Officers in the public sector.

In 2009 he was appointed as federal receiver for prison health care.

Selected publications
J. Clark Kelso, A Dialogue about legal education as it approaches the 21st century (American Bar Association, 1987)
J. Clark Kelso, A Report on the California Appellate System (1994)
J. Clark Kelso, Unfair Trade Practices Litigation (Michie Co., 1995)
J. Clark Kelso, Studying law: an introduction to legal research (Lexis, 1999)
J. Clark Kelso & Kari C. Kelso, An analysis of punitive damages in California courts, 1991-2000 (Capital Center for Government Law and Policy, University of the Pacific, 2001)

Notes

1957 births
Living people
California Insurance Commissioners
California Republicans
University of Illinois alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
University of the Pacific (United States) faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)

J. Clark Kelso


The Cellular Jail, also known as Kālā Pānī (Hindi for black waters), was a colonial prison in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The prison was used by the British especially to exile political prisoners to the remote archipelago. Many notable dissidents such as Batukeshwar Dutt, Yogendra Shukla and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, among others, were imprisoned here during the struggle for India's independence. Today, the complex serves as a national memorial monument.

Architecture

The construction of the prison started in 1896 and was completed in 1906. The original building was a puce-colored brick building.The bricks used to build the building were brought from Burma.Each of the seven wings had three stories upon completion. There were no dormitories and a total of 696 cells. Each cell was  in size with a ventilator located at a height of .
The name, "cellular jail", derived from the solitary cells which prevented any prisoner from communicating with any other. Also, the spokes were so designed such that the face of a cell in a spoke saw the back of cells in another spoke. This way, communication between prisoners was impossible.

Japanese occupation
The Empire of Japan invaded the Andaman islands in 1942 and drove out the British. The Cellular Jail then became home to British prisoners. During this period, Subhas Chandra Bose also visited the island. In 1945, the British resumed control with the end of World War II.

Post Independence
Another two wings of the jail were demolished after India achieved independence. However, this led to protests from several former prisoners and political leaders who saw it as a way of erasing the evidence of their persecution. The remaining three wings and the central tower were therefore converted into a National Memorial on 11th February 1979 by then Prime Minister of India Shri.Morarji Desai.

The Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital was set up in the premises of the Cellular Jail in 1963. It is now a 500-bed hospital with about 40 doctors serving the local population.The centenary of the jail's completion was marked on 10 March 2006.

Reference

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Cellular Jail


The Viking Prince is a fictional Viking hero appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in The Brave and the Bold #1 (August 1955), and was created by Robert Kanigher and drawn by Joe Kubert. He was one of three historical fiction characters to premiere in the first issue (the other two being the Silent Knight and the Golden Gladiator).

Fictional character biography
In The Brave and the Bold #1, the main character is found amnesiac, on a beach by 10th century Scandinavian fishermen, who named him "Jon" after a legendary prince. His enemy Thorvald knew his true identity, and wanted to kill him before he regained his memory, or met someone else who recognized him. This set-up was ignored by later writers, some of whom made no mention of his background, while others portrayed him as an actual prince, the son of King Rikk.

The Viking Prince continued to appear in The Brave and the Bold until #24 (Jun/Jul 1959).

In Our Army at War #162-163 (Jan 1966 & Feb 1966) Sergeant Rock found the Viking Prince in a glacier. He was defrosted, and fought alongside Rock in World War II. Jon had a death wish, because he had fallen in love with a valkyrie, and was banished from Valhalla by Odin, who said he could only return to his love if he died a heroic death. However, Odin also made the Viking Prince invulnerable to all known weapons. He is killed by plastique explosive, an unknown weapon at the time the curse was made. In current continuity, Jon was still killed in World War II, but made his way to this period through a time warp, rather than being frozen.

The Viking Prince was part of the Lord of Time's Five Warriors from Forever in Justice League of America #159-160.

The Viking Prince appeared in a backup strip in "Arak, Son of Thunder", issues #8 - 11 (April - July 1982). The four part story, "Frozen Hell for a Viking" was written by Kanigher and drawn by Jan Duursema, a graduate of Kubert's art school.

In Legends of the Dark Knight #35 (early Aug 1992)  Batman encounters Jon Rikkson, a modern-day descendant of the Prince who has become an environmental crusader. The story also features a legend describing Prince Jon's encounter with a Viking Batman.

In Birds of Prey #29 (Jul 2001), Black Canary, having been sent back in time to 12th century America, meets Jon Haraldson, the Viking Prince, who is one of the Viking explorers who have discovered Vinland, and they have a brief relationship before she returns to the 21st century. Jon takes a bullet intended for Dinah, but apparently survives, later being described as mourning "a love lost to time".

The Viking Prince appears in The War That Time Forgot (2008 miniseries), in which warriors from throughout history find themselves on a mysterious island.

The Viking Prince is one of six DC heroes featured in Walter Simonson's 2012 graphic novel The Judas Coin.

The Viking Prince made an appearance in the series The Odyssey of the Amazons.

The Viking Prince appeared in the 2020 crossover event "Endless Winter" as one of the heroes from the 10th Century who fought against the Frost King, alongside Hippolyta, Black Adam and a 10th Century version of Swamp Thing. In the flashbacks of this story it is revealed that he finally found his heroic death while fighting the Frost King and was welcomed into Valhalla. His spirit was later summoned to the present day by Hippolyta, where he was temporarily made an avatar of the Green (the force that connects all plant life on Earth and which gives Swamp Thing his powers). After fighting in the climactic battle of the story, in which he inhabited a gigantic version of Swamp Thing to fight an equally gigantic avatar of the Frost King, Hippolyta offered to find him another vessel so that his spirit could remain in the world of the living. The Prince declined, returning to Valhalla to continue enjoying his long-awaited reward.

Other versions
The Viking Prince appears briefly in Darwyn Cooke's DC: The New Frontier, a story of his being cast away and washing up on Dinosaur Island is told in a book discovered by the Martian Manhunter in his guise of John Jones.

Collected editions
 The Viking Prince (collects The Brave and the Bold #1-5, 7-24 & Our Army at War #162-163);

In other media
Jon Haraldson appears in the Justice League Unlimited episode "To Another Shore". This version disappeared after traveling the world in a failed attempt to seek death, with his corpse ending up in an iceberg in the present day. The Secret Society are sent to retrieve Jon in hopes of reverse-engineering his invulnerability, but Justice League members Wonder Woman, Martian Manhunter, and Green Arrow intervene, defeat the Society members, and give Jon a proper Viking funeral by sending him and his ship into the sun to prevent his body from falling into the wrong hands.

References

External links
 Viking Prince at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015.

DC Comics male superheroes
Fictional princes
Fictional Vikings
DC Comics fantasy characters
Comics characters introduced in 1955
Characters created by Joe Kubert
Characters created by Robert Kanigher
Comics set in the Viking Age
Comics set in the 20th century

Viking Prince


Handelsakademie (often shortened to HAK, roughly translates to academy of trade) is a specialized school in Austria. These schools  are  focused on economics.  After five years, they terminate with Matura (A-Levels) , which means their pupils get the opportunty to study at university level. Pupils are usually between 14 and 19 years old.

Usually, pupils learn German, and two foreign languages. They also have branches such as ecoomics, and computer science. In addition to the normal curriculum, some schools offer evening classes. This means that people can get the same subject matter in four years, usually. Some also offer specialized classes that teach the subject matter in three years, for people who already have an education. The special forms are more common in urban areas.

The first such schools were opened in 1856 in Prague, and 1857 in Vienna. At that time, Prague, and Vienna were both part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

These schools also exist in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia.

Schools

Handelsakademie


Mary Collins,  (born September 26, 1940) is a Canadian former politician.

She was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1984 federal election as the Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Capilano, British Columbia.

She retained her seat in the 1988 federal election for the redistributed riding of Capilano—Howe Sound. She was appointed to the Cabinet of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney as Associate Minister of National Defence from 1989 to 1993. She also served as Minister responsible for the Status of Women from 1990 to 1993.

In January 1993, she became Minister of Western Economic Diversification and Minister of State for the environment as well as Status of Women.

When Kim Campbell succeeded Mulroney as PC leader and prime minister in June 1993, she promoted Collins to the positions of Minister of National Health and Welfare and Minister of Amateur Sport.

Her career ended that fall with the defeat of the Campbell government in the 1993 federal election,

After leaving politics, Collins was President of the BC Health Association.  She served as an honorary co-chair of the women's campaign school of the Canadian Women Voters Congress and as a consultant in promoting women's political development in Vietnam, Ukraine and Mongolia. She then spent five years in Russia (2002–2007) working on a health reform project in Chuvashia and for the World Health Organization in Moscow. As of March 2008, she became the Executive Director of the BC Alliance for Healthy Living until her retirement in March 2018. She lives in Victoria, BC, where she serves as a member of the Saanich Police Board and is also a member of the Pacific Opera Victoria Board and the Boards of the Canadian International Council Victoria Chapter, the BC Association of Police Boards as well as Goward House. She holds honorary doctorate degrees from Royal Roads University and Royal Roads Military College and is a recipient of the Distinguished Alumni Award from Queen's University and was the inaugural recipient of the Kathleen Beaumont Hill award given by the Vancouver Queen's University Alumni. She also has received the Queen's Jubilee Award.

References

External links

1940 births
Living people
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Academic staff of the Royal Roads University
Women government ministers of Canada
Women in British Columbia politics
Canadian Ministers of Health and Welfare
Members of the 24th Canadian Ministry
Members of the 25th Canadian Ministry
Women members of the House of Commons of Canada
20th-century Canadian women politicians

Mary Collins (politician)


An extra-parliamentary opposition is a political movement opposed to a ruling government or political party that chooses not to engage in elections. Many social movements could be categorized as an extra-parliamentary opposition.

Europe
The German New Left movement Außerparlamentarische Opposition (APO, Extraparliamentary Opposition) is one of the best known examples of this phenomenon. The APO challenged the grand coalition of the Social Democratic Party and the Christian Democratic Union, which controlled 95 percent of the seats in the Bundestag between 1966 and 1969.

The Italian Far Left movement Lotta Continua (LC - Continuous Struggle) is one of the best known examples of this phenomenon in Italy.

South America
The Argentine centre-left Radical Civic Union was an extra-parliamentary opposition from 1904 to 1916, when the first secret and compulsory ballot took place.

See also
Lotta Continua

External links
APO page at Baader-Meinhof.com

Political movements
Political opposition
Westminster system governments
Democracy
Political organizations

Extra-parliamentary opposition


A nickel-metal hydride battery, also known as NiMH, is a secondary cell, meaning it is a rechargeable battery.  They are used in cameras and other electronic devices.  They are made in several sizes; AA is the most common.  They are similar to nickel-cadmium batteries but store twice as much energy. They have a voltage of 1.2 V, the same as the nickel-cadmium battery. They do not contain toxic chemicals like the nickel cadmium battery does.  They work by the oxidation of hydrides, such as lanthanum hydride, by nickel(III) oxide.

They have longer shelf life and are more durable than the lithium-ion battery.  They are not as powerful for their size, although the best Ni-MH batteries are very close.  They used to be more expensive than nickel cadmium batteries, but in the 21st century the cost is similar.

Related pages
 Nickel(III) oxide
 Secondary cell
 Table of batteries

Batteries

Nickel-metal hydride battery


MODY 4 or PDX1-MODY is a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young.

MODY 4 arises from mutations of the PDX1 homeobox gene on chromosome 13. Pdx-1 is a transcription factor vital to the development of the embryonic pancreas. Even in adults it continues to play a role in the regulation and expression of genes for insulin, GLUT2, glucokinase, and somatostatin.

MODY 4 is so rare that only a single family has been well-studied. A child born with pancreatic agenesis (absence of the pancreas) was found to be homozygous for Pdx-1 mutations. A number of older relatives who were heterozygous had mild hyperglycemia or diabetes. None were severely insulin-deficient and all were controlled with either diet or oral hypoglycemic agents.

References

External links

Diabetes

MODY 4


Charlotta Eva Schelin (born 27 February 1984) is a Swedish former professional footballer who most recently played as a striker for FC Rosengård of the Damallsvenskan. She made her debut for the Sweden national team in March 2004 and was appointed joint captain alongside Caroline Seger in October 2012. Schelin has represented her country in the 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2017 editions of the UEFA Women's Championship, as well as the 2007, 2011, and 2015 FIFA Women's World Cups. She also played at the Olympic football tournaments in 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016.

In October 2014, Schelin became Sweden's all time record goalscorer by scoring her 73rd international goal in a friendly defeat by Germany.

Schelin began her senior club career with Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC (then known as Landvetter FC) in 2001. She developed into a prolific goalscorer in the Damallsvenskan then made a lucrative transfer to Lyon in 2008, rejecting a competing offer from the American Women's Professional Soccer league. During her eight-season stay at Lyon, she won eight consecutive Division 1 Féminine titles, five Coupes de France Féminine, three UEFA Women's Champions Leagues and was the top goalscorer in the 2012–13 and 2014–15 Division 1 Féminine seasons. In 2013, she became the first foreign UNFP Player of the Year. In 2016, she returned to Swedish football with FC Rosengård, departing Lyon as the French club's all time record goalscorer with 225 goals in 225 appearances. She has been awarded Diamantbollen (the Diamond Ball), given to the Swedish player of the year, a record five times, including four consecutive times from 2011 to 2014.

On 30 August 2018, she announced her retirement due to chronic head and neck pain resulting from an injury suffered while playing for FC Rosengård in 2017.

Early life
Although Schelin was born in Stockholm, her family moved away from the capital when she was two years old. With her father Kjell and mother Nina, she grew up in Kållered outside Gothenburg and began to play football for Kållereds SK along with her older sister, Camilla. She has also played for Hällesåkers IF and Mölnlycke IF. Schelin was also adept at sports including table-tennis, track and field, and snowboarding before opting to focus on football full-time. As a teenager, she developed problems with her spine and was advised to stop playing the sport. Schelin went through intensive strength training and recovered by the time she turned 17. She credited her sister and former teammate Camilla and Tina Nordlund as important role models for her.

Club career

Göteborg FC
In 2001, when she was 17 years old, Schelin made her debut in the Damallsvenskan for Landvetter FC, now known as Göteborg FC. Her debut season yielded eight goals in 19 appearances. After an injury in August 2002, she was out of the league for almost a year and a half, returning in June 2003. In 2004 Schelin was named Breakthrough Player of the Year after netting 14 goals in 15 games for Göteborg. In 2006, Schelin scored 21 goals in 21 league games. At the end of season Fotbollsgalan, she was named Forward of the Year, Player of the Year and Top Goalscorer. She was also shortlisted for the 2006 FIFA World Player of the Year and was recognised by Swedish referees with a special award for her sporting treatment of opponents and officials. In 2007, she retained her top scorer title by scoring 26 league goals. Despite persistent interest from leading Damallsvenskan clubs including Umeå IK and Linköpings FC, Schelin opted to stay at her hometown team. She ultimately played in over 120 league matches with Göteborg, establishing herself as one of the club's most prominent players.

Lyon

After the re-branding and re-launch of the new United States-based league, Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), Schelin declared that she would be interested in playing in the league. However, after the 2008 Summer Olympics, Schelin announced that she would instead be joining Division 1 Féminine club Olympique Lyonnais in France. Upon signing her contract, it was reported by Göteborgs-Posten that Schelin would be earning over 1 million kr (US$160,000) per year. The move to France was criticised in Sweden, as, although Lyon were a well-resourced club, the overall standard of the Division 1 Féminine was considered much weaker than the Damallsvenskan. On 24 September 2008, Schelin's American transfer rights were drafted by the Saint Louis Athletica in the 2008 WPS International Draft. She declined the chance to join WPS, citing her contract with Lyon as the primary reason. Saint Louis signed Schelin's compatriot Sara Larsson instead.

Schelin arrived in Lyon in poor condition, after a thigh injury disrupted her 2008 spring season with Göteborg and migraines and stomach aches afflicted her at the 2008 Olympic Games. When she told Lyon's coach Farid Benstiti that she could also play on the wing, he shook his head and replied that he had signed her to score goals. Alongside Brazil's Kátia Cilene Teixeira, Schelin formed a productive attack for Lyon as the club defended its French title and reached the 2008–09 UEFA Women's Cup semi-final, where they lost to FCR 2001 Duisburg. The following season, Schelin was afflicted by injuries and was ruled out of Lyon's 2010 UEFA Women's Champions League Final defeat by Turbine Potsdam with ligament damage.

Schelin did play in the 2011 final, as Lyon avenged the previous year's defeat to beat Turbine Potsdam 2–0 at Craven Cottage and secure their first continental title. She had scored nine times on Lyon's route to the final, including twice in the semi-final, to bring about what she termed "the proudest moment" of her career. Lyon won a domestic double in 2011–12 and retained their European title by beating Frankfurt 2–0 in the 2012 final at the Olympic Stadium in Munich. In 2012–13 Schelin was in the best form of her career and finished as Division 1 Féminine top scorer with 24 goals in 16 appearances. She was also named French Player of the Year for the first time, but missed out on a third successive Champions League winner's medal when Lyon lost the final 1–0 to Wolfsburg at Stamford Bridge. In May 2013 she signed a new three-year contract with Lyon, reportedly worth an annual 2 million kr.

In 2013–14 Schelin contributed 12 league goals to another domestic double but Lyon lost to Turbine Potsdam in the Champions League round of 16. Her form had slumped after a breakdown in her working relationship with coach Patrice Lair. She rebounded the following season, scoring Lyon's 1000th Division 1 Féminine goal in a 7–0 home win over Rodez on 16 November 2014. Her second goal in the same match drew her level with Sandrine Brétigny as Lyon's all-time record scorer. She finished 2014–15 as Division 1 Féminine top scorer with 34 goals in 21 games, but Lyon were upset by French rivals Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League round of 16.

Towards the end of another successful season in 2015–16, Lyon announced that Schelin would depart the club at the end of her contract. Her final game for the club was the 2016 UEFA Women's Champions League Final; in which she scored in the penalty shootout win over Wolfsburg. With Lyon Schelin won eight consecutive Division 1 Féminine titles, five Cups and three Champions Leagues. She left as the team's all-time record goalscorer with 225 goals in 225 appearances. Schelin's 41 goals for Lyon in the UEFA Women's Champions League left her fourth in the competition's all-time top scorer list. She held the record for Champions League goals for a single club, since Anja Mittag (49), Conny Pohlers (48) and Marta (46) all accrued their totals with more than one club.

Rosengård
On 8 June 2016, Schelin was presented as a player for Swedish champions FC Rosengård, of Malmö. She rejected an offer to rejoin Göteborg FC because they were unable to offer Champions League football. Schelin made her Rosengård debut slightly earlier than expected, substituting in for the injured Nataša Andonova after 22 minutes of a league fixture against Djurgårdens. Schelin scored a 90th-minute goal to salvage a 2–2 draw.

International career

In March 2004 Schelin scored twice on her debut for the Swedish under-21 team, in their 6–0 win over the full Republic of Ireland national team in Dublin. She previously scored three goals in six appearances for Sweden's under-16 team and two goals in seven appearances for the under-18s.

Schelin made her senior national team debut for Sweden on 16 March 2004; a 3–0 Algarve Cup defeat by France. In the fifth place play-off against China, Schelin was praised for scoring in Sweden's penalty shootout win after a 1–1 draw. She had been called into the squad as a replacement for Sara Johansson who had flu. Schelin retained her place and represented her nation at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Throughout this period, Schelin endured injuries to the groin and hamstring, which required extensive rest. She was selected by coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors for UEFA Women's Euro 2005 in North West England. She entered play as a second-half substitute but failed to score as Sweden lost 3–2 to rivals Norway in extra time of the semi-final in Warrington.

Schelin was a key player in the 2006 edition of the Algarve Cup; leading Sweden to their third-place finish. She scored the only goal in the bronze medal victory over France. After overcoming her injury problems, Schelin was awarded the Diamond Ball as the country's best female football player. That same year, she was named the Forward of the Year in the Damallsvenskan. Schelin's success brought her to mainstream attention in her country and she was rewarded with selection to attend the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup draw in China on behalf of Sweden.

At the World Cup in China, Schelin scored two goals in three matches (one start) but Sweden unexpectedly failed to progress out of their group. After that failure some experienced players retired and coach Thomas Dennerby gave Schelin and other younger players a more prominent role in the team. Back in China the following year for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, she contributed three goals in four games but the Swedes lost 2–0 to Germany in the quarter-final.

Schelin helped Sweden to a bronze medal position at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany and was named in the All-Star Team. She featured in Sweden's 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt. Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim, Schelin scoring her second goal of the tournament. Third place also ensured Sweden's qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London. Dennerby kept Schelin in Sweden's Olympic squad for London, where they lost to France in the quarter-finals. Schelin scored twice in four matches but felt Dennerby's emphasis on defence had left her isolated in Sweden's attack.

In October 2012, new national team coach Pia Sundhage decided that Schelin and Caroline Seger would share the captaincy. Sundhage named Schelin in the squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2013, which Sweden hosted. Schelin finished as the tournament top scorer with five goals but was disappointed when Sweden lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-final. She criticised the decision of Swiss referee Esther Staubli, who disallowed her equalising goal for a very questionable foul on Germany's centre-back Annike Krahn. Schelin's goal against Germany in October 2014's 2–1 home friendly defeat was her 73rd goal for Sweden, which broke the national record previously set by Hanna Ljungberg.

Schelin arrived at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup suffering from persistent knee pain. In Sweden's opening game she was unable to make any impression on Nigeria's defence, as the Africans recovered from 3–1 down to draw 3–3. In the team's 4–1 second round loss to Germany, goalkeeper Hedvig Lindahl made several saves to prevent an even heavier defeat for the disorganised Swedes.

With 165 caps and 84 goals, Schelin was the most experienced member of Sweden's 18-player squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics. When the team suffered a record 5–1 defeat by hosts Brazil in the second match, Schelin scored the late consolation goal and tried to lift the spirits of her demoralised teammates. In the quarter-final against the United States, captain Schelin had an extra-time goal incorrectly ruled out for offside and the match finished 1–1. She scored in Sweden's penalty shootout win. Sweden reached the gold medal match, but lost 2–1 to Germany. Schelin was disappointed by the defeat but proud to win a silver medal.

Matches and goals scored at World Cup & Olympic tournaments

Matches and goals scored at European Championship tournaments

International goals

Style of play
In June 2015 Schelin described herself as "not a typical center-forward" as she likes to drop deep or go wide in order to find space: "I always think of the collective because the danger can come from all players. Even if I do not score, I pass, I run to attract defenders. In the end, I want to win." She attributes her unselfish play to her upbringing in communal Swedish culture. After moving to Lyon, her instinct to pass to better-placed teammates annoyed her coach Farid Benstiti, who wanted her to concentrate on converting chances herself. Sweden's former coach Thomas Dennerby felt that Schelin became more comfortable on the ball after moving to Lyon, but retained her pace and ability in one-on-one situations.

Schelin is capable of playing as a winger. But when Dennerby deployed her wide in the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, her Göteborg coach Martin Pringle called for her to be given a more central role: "she is too good a player to play out there". China's coach Shang Ruihua highlighted Schelin as Sweden's best player ahead of the countries' opening match at the 2008 Summer Olympics: "Schelin has fast pace and excellent technique, and few defenders could keep up with her." Although tall and slender, she is also physically strong; England captain Steph Houghton rated Schelin as the "toughest opponent" of her career.

As a tall, skilful and prolific Swedish forward, Schelin has frequently drawn comparison with the contemporary male footballer Zlatan Ibrahimović. Former Denmark national team manager Peter Bonde branded Schelin "the female Zlatan" in 2005. In December 2013, Ibrahimović made an outspoken rejection of any comparison: "I was asked [by Swedish media] in the summer who was the better player, me or Lotta Schelin. You're kidding me, right? When I've broken all these records, this goal record, the goals in the national team, who shall I compare it to? Shall I compare it to whoever has the record, or the ladies?" Schelin's national team coach Pia Sundhage described his comments as sad and boring. Johanna Frändén, a journalist specialising in coverage of Ibrahimović, noted Schelin's contrasting temperament: "She is polite, charming, she does not have the same arrogance".

Personal life
Schelin came out publicly as a lesbian in August 2018. She has been married to her wife Rebecca since 2018.

Statistics

Club
Updated 21 May 2018

Honours

Club
Lyon
Division 1 Féminine: Winner 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
Coupe de France Féminine: Winner 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
UEFA Women's Champions League: Winner 2010–11, 2011–12, 2015–16
International Women's Club Championship: Winner 2012
Valais Women's Cup: Winner 2014

FC Rosengård
 Svenska Cupen: Winner 2016

Country

Sweden
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup: Group stage
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup: Third place
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup: Round of 16
2004 Summer Olympics in Athens: Fourth place
2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing: Quarter-final
2012 Summer Olympics in London: Quarter-final
2016 Summer Olympics in Rio: Runner-up
UEFA Women's Euro 2005: Semi-finals
UEFA Women's Euro 2009: Quarter-final
UEFA Women's Euro 2013: Semi-finals
UEFA Women's Euro 2017: Quarter-final
Algarve Cup (Participated from 2004 to 2015): Winner 2009

Sweden U19
 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: Group stage 2002

Sweden U17
 Nordic Cup: Runner-up 2001

Individual

2004: Sweden Breakthrough Player of the Year
2006: Diamantbollen Winner, Forward of the Year, Won the Swedish Premier Division, MVP of Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC.
2006: Topscorer in Damallsvenskan
2007: Topscorer in Damallsvenskan
2011: FIFA Women's World Cup All Star Team
2011: Diamantbollen Winner, Forward of the Year
2012: Diamantbollen Winner
2013: Best player in France
2013: Topscorer in Division 1 Féminine
2013: Golden Boot UEFA Women's European Championship
2013: UEFA Women's European Championship All Star Team
2013: UEFA Best Women's Player in Europe Award Third place
2013: Diamantbollen Winner, Forward of the Year
2014: Diamantbollen Winner, Forward of the Year
2015: Topscorer in Division 1 Féminine
 All-Time Top Scorer Sweden women's national football team with 88 goals.

In popular culture

Television and film
Schelin featured in the Sveriges Television documentary television series The Other Sport from 2013.

In 2021 Schelin participated in the Swedish version of the South Korean game show Masked Singer as Jokern (The Joker).

References

Match reports

External links

 (archive 1, archive 2)
 (archive 1, archive 2)
Player French football stats at statsfootofeminin.fr
Profile at Olympique Lyonnais
pre-2004 Olympic tournament interview with Lotta Schelin at SVT's open archive

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Stockholm
Footballers from Gothenburg
Swedish women's footballers
Women's association football forwards
BK Häcken FF players
Olympique Lyonnais Féminin players
FC Rosengård players
Damallsvenskan players
Division 1 Féminine players
Olympic footballers for Sweden
Sweden women's international footballers
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
FIFA Women's Century Club
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in football
Swedish expatriate women's footballers
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate women's footballers in France
Lesbian sportswomen
Swedish LGBT footballers
Swedish lesbians

Lotta Schelin


Israel Zangwill (14 February 18641 August 1926; birth date sometimes given as 21 January 1864) was a British author at the forefront of cultural Zionism during the 19th century, and was a close associate of Theodor Herzl.  He later rejected the search for a Jewish homeland in Palestine and became the prime thinker behind the territorial movement.

Early life and education
Zangwill was born in Whitechapel, London on 21 January 1864, in a family of Jewish immigrants from Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire. His father, Moses Zangwill, was from what is now Latvia, and his mother, Ellen Hannah Marks Zangwill, was from what is now Poland. He dedicated his life to championing the cause of people he considered oppressed, becoming involved with topics such as Jewish emancipation, Jewish assimilation, territorialism, Zionism, and women's suffrage. His brother was novelist Louis Zangwill.

Zangwill received his early schooling in Plymouth and Bristol. When he was eight years old, his parents moved to Spitalfields, East London and he was enrolled in the Jews' Free School there, a school for Jewish immigrant children. The school offered a strict course of both secular and religious studies while supplying clothing, food, and health care for the scholars; presently one of its four houses is named Zangwill in his honour. At this school he excelled and even taught part-time, eventually becoming a full-fledged teacher.

While teaching, he studied for his degree from the University of London, earning a BA with triple honours in 1884.

Career

Writings
Zangwill published some of his works under the pen-names J. Freeman Bell (for works written in collaboration), and Countess von S. and Marshallik.

He had already written a tale entitled The Premier and the Painter in collaboration with Louis Cowen, when he resigned his position as a teacher at the Jews' Free School owing to differences with the school managers and ventured into journalism. He initiated and edited Ariel, The London Puck, and did miscellaneous work for the London press.

Zangwill's work earned him the nickname "the Dickens of the Ghetto". He wrote a very influential novel Children of the Ghetto: A Study of a Peculiar People (1892), which the late 19th-century English novelist George Gissing called "a powerful book".

The use of the metaphorical phrase "melting pot" to describe American absorption of immigrants was popularised by Zangwill's play The Melting Pot, a success in the United States in 1909–10. The theatrical work explored the themes of ethnic tensions and the idea of cultural assimilation in early 20th-century America.

When The Melting Pot opened in Washington, D.C., on 5 October 1908, former President Theodore Roosevelt leaned over the edge of his box and shouted "That's a great play, Mr. Zangwill. That's a great play." In 1912, Zangwill received a letter from Roosevelt in which Roosevelt wrote of The Melting Pot "That particular play I shall always count among the very strong and real influences upon my thought and my life."

The protagonist of the play is David Quixano, a Russian Jewish immigrant who arrives in New York City after the Kishinev pogrom, in which his entire family is killed. He writes a great symphony named "The Crucible" expressing his hope for a world in which all ethnicity has melted away, and becomes enamored of a beautiful Russian Christian immigrant named Vera. The dramatic climax of the play is the moment when David meets Vera's father, who turns out to be the Russian officer responsible for the annihilation of David's family. Vera's father admits guilt, the symphony is performed to accolades, and David and Vera agree to wed and kiss as the curtain falls.

"Melting Pot celebrated America's capacity to absorb and grow from the contributions of its immigrants." Zangwill was writing as "a Jew who no longer wanted to be a Jew. His real hope was for a world in which the entire lexicon of racial and religious difference is thrown away."

However, the play also addresses the challenges and conflicts that arise when different ethnic groups collide. It portrays the tensions between the Jewish and Christian communities, as well as the struggles of immigrants to find their place in a new society while preserving their cultural heritage.

"The Melting Pot" resonated with audiences during its time, as it captured the spirit of the American immigrant experience and explored issues of assimilation, identity, and the potential for a unified nation. The play contributed to the discourse on multiculturalism and the American identity, and it remains a significant work in the context of American theater and the portrayal of ethnic tensions on stage.

Zangwill wrote many other plays, including, on Broadway, Children of the Ghetto (1899), a dramatization of his own novel, directed by James A. Herne and starring Blanche Bates, Ada Dwyer, and Wilton Lackaye; Merely Mary Ann (1903) and Nurse Marjorie (1906), both of which were directed by Charles Cartwright and starred Eleanor Robson. Liebler & Co. produced all three plays as well as The Melting Pot. Daniel Frohman produced Zangwill's 1904 play The Serio-Comic Governess, featuring Cecilia Loftus, Kate Pattison-Selten, and Julia Dean. In 1931, Jules Furthman adapted Merely Mary Ann for a movie with Janet Gaynor.

Zangwill's simulation of Yiddish sentence structure in English aroused great interest. He also wrote mystery works, such as The Big Bow Mystery (1892), and social satire, such as The King of Schnorrers (1894), a picaresque novel (which became a short-lived musical comedy in 1979). His Dreamers of the Ghetto (1898) includes essays on famous Jews such as Baruch Spinoza, Heinrich Heine and Ferdinand Lassalle.

The Big Bow Mystery was one of the first locked room mystery novels. It has been almost continuously in print since 1891 and has been used as the basis for three movies.

Another much produced play was The Lens Grinder, based on the life of Spinoza.

Politics

Zangwill endorsed feminism and pacifism, but his greatest effect may have been as a writer who popularised the idea of the combination of ethnicities into a single, American nation. The hero of his widely produced play The Melting Pot proclaims: "America is God's Crucible, the great Melting-Pot where all the races of Europe are melting and reforming...Germans and Frenchmen, Irishmen and Englishmen, Jews and Russians – into the Crucible with you all! God is making the American."

Jewish politics
Zangwill was also involved with specifically Jewish issues as an assimilationist, an early Zionist, and a territorialist. Jewish territorialism was a political movement that emerged as a response to the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe during the early 20th century. It proposed the establishment of a Jewish homeland outside of Palestine, offering alternative solutions to the ongoing debate about Jewish self-determination and Zionism. After having for a time endorsed Theodor Herzl, including presiding over a meeting at the Maccabean Club, London, addressed by Herzl on 24 November 1895, and endorsing the main Palestine-oriented Zionist movement. Zangwill changed his mind and founded his own organization, named the Jewish Territorialist Organization in 1905, advocating a Jewish homeland in whatever land might be available in the world which could be found for them, with speculations including Canada, Australia, Mesopotamia, Uganda and Cyrenaica.

Zangwill is inaccurately known for creating the slogan "A land without a people for a people without a land" describing Zionist aspirations in the Biblical land of Israel. He did not invent the phrase; he acknowledged borrowing it from Lord Shaftesbury. In 1853, during the preparation for the Crimean War, Shaftesbury wrote to Foreign Secretary Aberdeen that Greater Syria was "a country without a nation" in need of "a nation without a country.... Is there such a thing? To be sure there is, the ancient and rightful lords of the soil, the Jews!" In his diary that year he wrote "these vast and fertile regions will soon be without a ruler, without a known and acknowledged power to claim dominion. The territory must be assigned to some one or other.... There is a country without a nation; and God now in his wisdom and mercy, directs us to a nation without a country." Shaftesbury himself was echoing the sentiments of Alexander Keith, D.D.

In 1901, in the New Liberal Review, Zangwill wrote that "Palestine is a country without a people; the Jews are a people without a country".

Theodor Herzl fared best with Israel Zangwill, and Max Nordau. They were both writers or 'men of letters' - imagination that engendered understanding. Baron Albert Rothschild had little to do with the Jews.  On Herzl's visits to London, they co-operated closely. In a debate at the Article Club in November 1901 Zangwill was still misreading the situation: "Palestine has but a small population of Arabs and fellahin and wandering, lawless, blackmailing Bedouin tribes." Then, in the dramatic voice of the Wandering Jew, "restore the country without a people to the people without a country. (Hear, hear.) For we have something to give as well as to get. We can sweep away the blackmailer—be he Pasha or Bedouin—we can make the wilderness blossom as the rose, and build up in the heart of the world a civilization that may be a mediator and interpreter between the East and the West."

In 1902, Zangwill wrote that Palestine "remains at this moment an almost uninhabited, forsaken and ruined Turkish territory". However, within a few years, Zangwill had "become fully aware of the Arab peril", telling an audience in New York, "Palestine proper has already its inhabitants. The pashalik of Jerusalem is already twice as thickly populated as the United States" leaving Zionists the choice of driving the Arabs out or dealing with a "large alien population". He moved his support to the Uganda scheme, leading to a break with the mainstream Zionist movement by 1905. In 1908, Zangwill told a London court that he had been naive when he made his 1901 speech and had since "realized what is the density of the Arab population", namely twice that of the United States. In 1913 he criticized those who insisted on repeating that Palestine was "empty and derelict" and who called him a traitor for reporting otherwise.

According to Ze'ev Jabotinsky, Zangwill told him in 1916 that, "If you wish to give a country to a people without a country, it is utter foolishness to allow it to be the country of two peoples. This can only cause trouble. The Jews will suffer and so will their neighbours. One of the two: a different place must be found either for the Jews or for their neighbours".

In 1917, he wrote "'Give the country without a people,' magnanimously pleaded Lord Shaftesbury, 'to the people without a country.' Alas, it was a misleading mistake. The country holds 600,000 Arabs."In 1921, Zangwill suggested Lord Shaftesbury "was literally inexact in describing Palestine as a country without a people, he was essentially correct, for there is no Arab people living in intimate fusion with the country, utilizing its resources and stamping it with a characteristic impress: there is at best an Arab encampment, the break-up of which would throw upon the Jews the actual manual labor of regeneration and prevent them from exploiting the fellahin, whose numbers and lower wages are moreover a considerable obstacle to the proposed immigration from Poland and other suffering centers".

Quotes
Zangwill listed the following as his more striking passages:

 What is, is right. If aught seem wrong below,/Then wrong it is – of thee to leave it so – Without Prejudice
 Art is truth seen as beauty – The Master
 Hunted from shore to shore through the ages they had found the national aspiration – peace – in a country where Passover came without menace of blood – Children of the Ghetto
 The Jewish mission will never be over till the Christians are converted to the religion of Christ – Dreamers of the Ghetto
 Each poor man is a rung in the Jacob's ladder by which the rich man may, if he is charitable, mount to heaven – The King of Schnorrers

Views
In his writings, Zangwill expressed mixed sentiments about the then-territory of Palestine, parts of which became the modern State of Israel in 1948, two decades after his death. After the establishment of the state, Philip Rubin speculated that the new state might have met his aspirations.

He was an early suffragist.

During World War I, he advocated the formation of a Jewish foreign legion to the central powers.

"The League of Damnations" is a term associated with Zangwill's critique of the anti-Semitic sentiment prevalent in Europe during his time. He used this phrase to describe the collective hostility and discrimination faced by Jewish people in various countries. Zangwill was an ardent opponent of anti-Semitism and used his writings to expose and challenge the prejudices and injustices faced by Jews.

Personal life
Zangwill married Edith Ayrton in 1903. She was a feminist and author, and the daughter of cousins William Edward Ayrton and Matilda Chaplin Ayrton. Ayrton's stepmother was Hertha Ayrton, who, like Zangwill, was Jewish.

The Zangwill family lived for many years in East Preston, West Sussex in a house named Far End. The couple had three children, two sons and a daughter. The younger of their two sons was the British psychologist Oliver Zangwill.

Zangwill died of pneumonia on 1 August 1926 at a nursing home in Midhurst, West Sussex. He had spent two months at the nursing home.

Other works
Chosen Peoples, (1919)
The Big Bow Mystery (1892)
The King of Schnorrers (1894)
The Mantle of Elijah (London : Heinemann)
The Master (1895) (based on the life of friend and illustrator George Wylie Hutchinson)
The Melting Pot (1909)
The Old Maid's Club (1892)
The Bachelors' Club (London : Henry, 1891)
The Serio-Comic Governess (1904)
Without Prejudice (1896)
Merely Mary Ann (1904)
The Grey Wig: Stories and Novelettes (1903) which include The Grey Wig; Chasse-Croise; The Woman Beater; The Eternal Feminine; The Silent Sisters
Italian Fantasies (1910)

As translator:
Selected Religious Poems of Solomon ibn Gabirol; pub. The Jewish Publication Society of America (1923)

The "of the Ghetto" books:
Children of the Ghetto: A Study of a Peculiar People (1892)
Grandchildren of the Ghetto (1892)
Dreamers of the Ghetto (1898)
Ghetto Tragedies, (1899)
Ghetto Comedies, (1907)

Filmography
Children of the Ghetto (film), directed by Frank Powell (1915, based on the play Children of the Ghetto)
The Melting Pot, directed by Oliver D. Bailey and James Vincent (1915, based on the play The Melting Pot)
Merely Mary Ann, directed by John G. Adolfi (1916, based on the play Merely Mary Ann)
The Moment Before, directed by Robert G. Vignola (1916, based on the play The Moment of Death)
Mary Ann, directed by Alexander Korda (Hungary, 1918, based on the play Merely Mary Ann)
Nurse Marjorie, directed by William Desmond Taylor (1920, based on the play Nurse Marjorie)
Merely Mary Ann, directed by Edward LeSaint (1920, based on the play Merely Mary Ann)
The Bachelor's Club, directed by A. V. Bramble (1921, based on the novel We Moderns)
We Moderns, directed by John Francis Dillon (1925, based on the play We Moderns)
Too Much Money, directed by John Francis Dillon (1926, based on the play Too Much Money)
, directed by Bert Glennon (1928, based on the novel The Big Bow Mystery)
Merely Mary Ann, directed by Henry King (1931, based on the play Merely Mary Ann)
The Crime Doctor, directed by John S. Robertson (1934, based on the novel The Big Bow Mystery)
The Verdict, directed by Don Siegel (1946, based on the novel The Big Bow Mystery)

Bibliography

References

Own writing

 "The Return to Palestine", New Liberal Review, Dec. 1901

 "Providence, Palestine and the Rothschilds", The Speaker, vol. 4, no. 125 (22 February 1902).
The War For The World. New York: Macmillan, 1916.
 Hands Off Russia: Speech by Mr. Israel Zangwill at the Albert Hall, February 8th, 1919. London: Workers' Socialist Federation, n.d. [1919].
 The Voice of Jerusalem. New York: Macmillan, 1921.

Bibliography

External links

 The personal papers of Israel Zangwill are kept at the  Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. The notation of the record group is A120.
 Israel Zangwill, The Principle of Nationalities (1917)
 Israel Zangwill and Children of the Ghetto
 The Zionist Exposition
 Jewish Virtual Library

 Jewish Museum in London

Plays by Israel Zangwill written during World War 1 on Great War Theatre

1864 births
1926 deaths
Writers from London
19th-century English novelists
Alumni of the University of London
British Jewish writers
British Zionists
English male novelists
19th-century English dramatists and playwrights
English Jews
British people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish novelists
Jewish pacifists
English male dramatists and playwrights
People educated at JFS (school)
Territorialism
19th-century English male writers
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English dramatists and playwrights
20th-century English male writers
Ayrton family
People from East Preston, West Sussex

Israel Zangwill