Renate Wiener Chasman (January 10, 1932 – October 17, 1977) was a physicist.

She was born Renate Wiener to German Jewish parents in Berlin.  Her father, Hans Wiener, was a founder of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.  In 1938, the Wiener family fled Nazi Germany through the Netherlands to Sweden, where Wiener grew up and attended school in Stockholm.

Wiener and her sister Edith went to Israel to attend Hebrew University of Jerusalem.  Wiener graduated in 1955 with a M.Sc. in physics with minors in chemistry and mathematics. She earned her PhD in experimental physics in 1959.  Her doctoral thesis demonstrated that a pseudoscalar component was not involved in parity nonconservation in beta decay.

Chien-Shiung Wu was doing similar work and invited Wiener to work at Columbia University as a research associate.  There she met Wu's graduate student Chellis Chasman and together they investigated beta decay.  They married in 1962.

In 1962, the Chasmans went to Yale University to work with David Allan Bromley in nuclear spectroscopy. Chasman joined Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1963. Beginning in the department of physics at Brookhaven, she transferred in 1965 to the accelerator department.

In the following years, she facilitated important contributions to the development of particle accelerators, redesigning the alternating-gradient proton synchrotron (AGS). Together with George Kenneth Green, she is known for the invention of the Chasman-Green lattice for synchrotron storage rings.

She died in 1977 from melanoma. The Brookhaven National Lab has a scholarship named after Chasman.

References

1932 births
1977 deaths
American women physicists
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Columbia University staff
Brookhaven National Laboratory staff
Yale University staff
Accelerator physicists
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American physicists
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Sweden

Renate Chasman


An X-ray machine is any machine that involves X-rays. It may consist of an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector.

Examples include:
Machines for medical projectional radiography
Machines for computed tomography
Backscatter X-ray machines, used as "body scanners" in airport security
Detectors in X-ray astronomy

Machine

X-ray machine


The Lincoln Institute was an all-black boarding high school in Shelby County, Kentucky from 1912 to 1966.

The school was created by the trustees of Berea College after the Day Law passed the Kentucky Legislature in 1904.  It put an end to the racially integrated education at Berea that had lasted since the end of the Civil War.  The founders of the school chose the name Lincoln when they realized that there was no educational institution in the state of Kentucky named after the president.

The founders originally intended Lincoln to be a college as well as a high school, but by the 1930s it gave up its junior college function. Lincoln offered both vocational education and standard high school classes.  The students produced the school's food on the campus' .

The rise of integrated education as a result of the Civil Rights Movement reduced the need for general high schools like Lincoln, and in 1966, the Lincoln Institute closed.  The campus was used for the Lincoln School for the Gifted, a school for gifted but disadvantaged children, from 1966 to 1970 which was led by former science teacher Samuel Robinson. Since 1972, the old Lincoln campus has been used as the Whitney M. Young Jr. Job Corps Center, a U.S. Department of Labor Job Corps Center. The Center opened in 1972 and is named for Whitney M. Young Jr., a civil rights leader and Lincoln Institute alumnus. The center provides academic and career training to students on a residential and non-residential basis. The center is administered as part of the Job Corps programs Philadelphia region.

Whitney M. Young Jr. was a prominent leader of the Civil Rights Movement and director of the National Urban League from 1961 to 1971. He was born on the campus of the Lincoln Institute in 1921 when his father, Whitney Young Sr., was president of the institute and was later an alumnus.

The campus also houses the Whitney Young Birthplace and Museum, a National Historic Landmark that presents the story of the Lincoln Institute and Whitney Young Jr. Just adjacent to the entrance to the campus a historical marker and memorial commemorates the massacre of 22 members of the 5th U.S. Colored Cavalry (USCC) by Confederate guerrillas during the American Civil War.

Today, the Lincoln Foundation, which was established along with the school, carries on the work of the Lincoln Institute by providing educational programs for disadvantaged youths in the Louisville area and preserving the Lincoln Institute's historic legacy.

See also
 5th and 6th U.S. Colored Cavalry (USCC Mae Street Kidd

References

External links
Lincoln Institute Alumni Website
Lincoln Foundation Homepage

Defunct schools in Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Shelby County, Kentucky
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Education in Shelby County, Kentucky
Historically segregated African-American schools in Kentucky
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Job Corps
Boarding schools in Kentucky
Defunct universities and colleges in Kentucky
Tudor Revival architecture in Kentucky
Berea College

Lincoln Institute (Kentucky)


Otto I of Saxony and Otto the Illustrious (ca. 841 – 30 November 912) was a German Saxon noble. He was Duke of Saxony. He was the father of Henry I the Fowlers and grandfather of Otto I the Great. He was also father-in-law of Zwentibold, Carolingian King of Lotharingia.

Otto was born between 830 and 841, and was one of the sons of Liudolf, Duke of Saxony, and Gisela, the daughter of Everhart Friuli and Geslea of Franks. Otto's uncle was Berengar I of Italy. His paternal ancestor was an old chief of Saxony.

Otto was a powerful noble of Saxony and Eastern Germany  for a long time. His sister Liutgard was married to King Louis the Younger. Around the 890s, his daughter Oda married Zwentibold, King of Lotharingia.

In 911, the East Frankish King Louis the Child died without any children. German nobles said that Otto should be crowned as king, but he declined (said no) because of his old age (he was around 70 at that point). He instead recommended Conrad to Franken, his powerful political rival. In 918, his son Henry I the Fowler was appointed as King.

Ottonian dynasty
840s births
912 deaths
10th century in Germany
Kings and Queens in Germany
German autobiographers
9th century in Germany

Otto I the Illustrious


David Thomas Roberts (born January 16, 1955) is an American composer and musician, known primarily as a modern ragtime composer.  Roberts is also a painter in a primitivist style.

Born in Moss Point, Mississippi, United States, his first recording, "Music For a Pretty Baby", appeared in 1978. Pieces such as "The Early Life of Larry Hoffer", "Roberto Clemente", "Pinelands Memoir", "Through the Bottomlands", and the suite, "New Orleans Streets" have caused Roberts to be considered one of the leading contemporary ragtime-based composers. The New Orleans historian Al Rose called him "the most important composer of this half of the century in America."

Roberts coined the term "Terra Verde" (meaning "green earth") as a label for compositions which can not be considered as conventional ragtime, mostly by contemporary ragtime writers such as himself, Frank French, Scott Kirby, Hal Isbitz and others.

Roberts also works as a writer and visual artist. His mixed-media art appears in the magazine of visionary art, Raw Vision, and his poetry has been anthologized in Another South, a collection of experimental writing published in 2003 by the University of Alabama Press.

Selected discography

From Discovery (2005)
(All original compositions, except where noted.)
 Discovery (2004)
 Charbonneau (2000) (Kirby)
 Mariana's Waltz (2003)
 Ice Floes in Eden (1986) (Budd)
 Memories of a Missouri Confederate (1989)
 Fantasy in D (2000–01)
 Chorale-Prelude (1989)
 Chorale No. 2 (1990)
 Frederic and the Coast (1979)
 Cynthia (2003–04)
 Babe of the Mountains (1997–98)
 Nancy's Library (2004–05)

From American Landscapes (1998)
(All original compositions, except the track "Dixon.")
 Pinelands Memoir (1978)
 The Girl Who Moved Away (1981–82)
 Back to Marion County (1981)
 Through the Bottomlands (1980)
 Muscatine (1979)
 Kreole (1978)
 Dixon (1983)
 The Girl On the Other Side (1979)
 Franklin Avenue (1981–85)
 Fontainebleau Drive (1981–85)
 Napoleon Avenue (1981–85)
 Madison Heights Girl (1979)
 Anna (1978)
 Roberto Clemente (1979)
 For Kansas City (1980)

From Early Tangoes to New Ragtime (1994)
(Mostly compositions by others. Roberts' compositions include For Molly Kaufman, Memories of a Missouri Confederate, and The Queen of North Missouri.)
 Odeon
 Matuto
 Rapid Transit
 Bee Hive Rag
 The Naked Dance
 For Molly Kaufmann
 The Show-me Rag
 The Nonpareil
 Mississippi River Boulevard
 Show Fly
 Memories of a Missouri Confederate
 Belle of Louisville
 Morelia
 Esta' Chumbado
 Escovado
 The Big Man
 Mississippi Soul
 The Queen of North Missouri
 Ravenna

From Scott Joplin the Complete Piano Music, Vol. 1
(All compositions by Scott Joplin.)
 Original Rags
 Leola
 Pleasant Moments
 Peacherine Rag
 Sunflower Slow Drag
 Maple Leaf Rag
 Weeping Willow
 Bink's Waltz
 Elite Syncopations
 The Favorite
 Swipesy
 Antoinette
 The Nonpareil
 Gladiolus Rag
 The Easy Winners

From 15 Ragtime Compositions
(All original compositions by Roberts.)
 Waterloo Girls
 Camille
 Kreole
 Frederic and the Coast
 Madison Heights Girl
 Poplarville
 Through the Bottomlands
 Pinelands Memoir
 For Kansas City
 The Girl Who Moved Away
 Mississippi Brown Eyes
 The Early Life of Larry Hoffer
 The South Mississippi Glide
 Roberto Clemente
 Maria Antonieta Pons

From New Orleans Streets
(All original compositions by Roberts.)
 Introduction
 Decatur Street
 Burgundy Street
 Franklin Avenue
 Jackson Avenue
 Waltz
 Napoleon Avenue
 Magazine Street
 Toulouse Street
 Annunciation Street
 Broad Avenue
 Interlude
 Fontainbleau Drive
 Revenge
 Farewell

From New Orleans Ragtime Piano
(Roberts plays compositions by others.)
 Pretty Baby
 Kansas City Stomps
 Mamanita
 Fat Frances
 Honky Tonk Music
 Stratford Hunch
 The Pearls
 Tom Cat Blues
 Mr. Jelly Lord
 New Orleans Joys
 The Naked Dance
 Sponge

From Folk Ragtime: 1899-1914
(Roberts plays compositions by others.)
 Blue Blazes
 Tennessee Tantalizer (a Southern Tickler)
 A Tennessee Jubilee
 Tickled to Death
 Poison Rag
 Scizzor Bill
 The Dockstader Rag
 Camp Meeting Melodies
 Blind Boone's Southern Rag Medley No.2 (strains From Flat Branch)
 Felix Rag (a Phenomenal Double Ragtime Two Step)
 The Pirate Rag
 Medic Rag
 Just Ask Me
 Why We Smile
 Cotton Bolls
 Possum and 'Taters (A Ragtime Feast)
 The Black Cat Rag
 X.L. Rag
 A Barn Dance Shuffle
 Whittling Remus
 Lover's Lane Glide

Other David Thomas Roberts compositions / recordings
 To Nita and Raul Casso in Laredo appear on the CD Terra Verde.
 For Robin Holtz Williams appears on the album Frontiers.

See also
 List of ragtime composers

References

External links
Roberts' website
The Terra Verde Corner
Roberts' article on Terra Verde Music
Interview with Roberts
Interview on NPR
Artwork by Roberts

1955 births
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century classical composers
21st-century American composers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century classical composers
American classical composers
American classical musicians
American male classical composers
Living people
Ragtime composers

David Thomas Roberts


Epic Rap Battles of History (ERB) is a YouTube web series and music project created by Peter "Nice Peter" Shukoff and Lloyd "EpicLLOYD" Ahlquist. The series pits historical and pop culture figures against one another in a rap battle format. The characters portrayed are often determined by suggestions from viewers in the comments sections of the channel's videos. Shukoff and Ahlquist write each song themselves, researching the subject in order to find obscure details to use as references in the lyrics, although certain Patreon subscribers have also contributed to the writing process. Following an extended hiatus, the channel returned with a bonus battle in December 2018, and the sixth season debuted on April 20, 2019. As of February 23, 2023, the channel has 14.9 million subscribers and approximately 4 billion total video views.

The popularity of the music videos has led to mainstream partnerships, such as with Ubisoft, using the "Blackbeard vs Al Capone" episode to promote Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag. Additionally, "Terminator vs Robocop" in the fourth season was used to promote the upcoming release of the film Terminator Genisys and featured an appearance by Arnold Schwarzenegger. ERB's popularity has also led to collaboration with mainstream artists. Shukoff and Ahlquist also created a two-minute rap battle scene used in The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water.

Although early episodes of the series featured only Shukoff and Ahlquist, later episodes have regularly featured guest appearances, and other internet celebrities such as Dan Bull, Lisa Donovan, Timothy DeLaGhetto, George Watsky, DeStorm Power, Jesse Wellens, PewDiePie, Jenna Marbles, Lilly Singh, Ray William Johnson, Rhett and Link, and Smosh. Media celebrities like musicians Snoop Dogg, Chali 2na, T-Pain, Jackie Tohn and "Weird Al" Yankovic, actors J.B. Smoove and Gary Anthony Williams, and the comedy duo Keegan-Michael Key and Jordan Peele have also appeared in the series.

On July 3, 2013, "Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney" became the first of its singles to be certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in the United States. 10 other singles, "Adolf Hitler vs. Darth Vader", "Albert Einstein vs. Stephen Hawking", "Dr. Seuss vs. William Shakespeare", "Master Chief vs. Leonidas", "Steve Jobs vs. Bill Gates", "Justin Bieber vs. Ludwig van Beethoven", "Mario Brothers vs. Wright Brothers", "Mr. T vs. Mr. Rogers", "Abe Lincoln vs. Chuck Norris", and "Adolf Hitler vs. Darth Vader 2", were subsequently certified Gold as well.

History

The idea for historical figures rapping against each other was conceived by Ahlquist, who pitched the idea to Shukoff as an improvised show titled "Check OneTwo"; both were working in improv at the time along with Zach Sherwin, who would later become a regular guest on the series. They were met with high levels of difficulty at first and decided that the concept would fare much better as a YouTube series than an improv show. The first three rap battles were each shot on a $50 budget.

Before the web series existed on YouTube, Shukoff and Ahlquist recorded their first song, which was a battle between Child's Play antagonist Chucky and actor Michael J. Fox. The song was freestyle and poorly made; as a result, it was not released to the public.

On September 26, 2010, the first rap battle was uploaded to YouTube, featuring Shukoff as John Lennon and Ahlquist as Bill O'Reilly. The 15th episode, "Nice Peter vs EpicLLOYD", marked the end of the first season. This battle pitted Ahlquist and Shukoff against each other with cameos from all of the characters they had played over the 14 prior episodes. At the end of the battle, KassemG arrives and convinces Peter and Lloyd to continue the battles on their own channel. Epic Rap Battles of History later returned on December 8, 2011, hosted on their new channel (moving from Shukoff's personal channel), ERB, with behind-the-scenes videos on their second channel, ERB2. Both channels were created in 2006, however it's unknown what they were used for until 2011, as the oldest video on ERB is from 2011, and the Wayback Machine's earliest record of the ERB and ERB2 channels is from November of 2011, when they were called ERB's Channel and ERB2's Channel, respectively. Shukoff and Maker Studios also created the official website for the series, where fans could vote on winners for each video, and read short comical autobiographies by each character.

On September 27, 2012, following a four-month pause after the "Steve Jobs vs. Bill Gates" episode, a video was released on the series' YouTube channel where Ahlquist (voicing to an animation of Theodore Roosevelt) announced that new episodes would be released every two weeks until the Christmas holidays, starting with the 22nd episode "Frank Sinatra vs. Freddie Mercury" (aired on October 1, 2012). "Moses vs. Santa Claus", aired on December 10, 2012, was the last battle before taking a break for the holidays.

On February 17, 2013, Epic Rap Battles of History was nominated for five Streamy Awards, winning four of them. Shukoff and Ahlquist also performed part of the "Steve Jobs vs. Bill Gates" battle live.

On September 9, 2013, ERB uploaded a trailer video on their channel announcing that Epic Rap Battles of History would return on October 7, 2013 for a third season. On October 14, ERB released a second video with Ahlquist voicing Theodore Roosevelt, who announced the upcoming season's schedule. The third season went on hiatus after the release of "Donald Trump vs. Ebenezer Scrooge" on December 19, 2013. In March 2014, an episode of Shukoff's weekly show The Monday Show, published on March 11, and a third announcement video of Epic Rap Battles of History News, published on March 18, confirmed that Season 3 would continue on May 5. "Weird" Al Yankovic, Smosh, and Rhett and Link were also confirmed as guest appearances. The third season concluded on July 14 with the release of "Artists vs. TMNT", depicting the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo in a battle against Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

On September 30, 2014, a teaser video for the fourth season of Epic Rap Battles of History, featuring the Ghostbusters and MythBusters, was released; the series returned on November 10, 2014 with its 46th episode, "Ghostbusters vs. Mythbusters". This season also marked the first animated battle: "Zeus vs Thor", which was animated entirely with Lego bricks and minifigures; Forrest Whaley served as animation director. On December 15, 2014, when "Steven Spielberg vs. Alfred Hitchcock" was released, the fourth season went on hiatus. The season continued on May 25, 2015 and concluded with the release of the season finale, "Jim Henson vs. Stan Lee", on August 3, 2015.

It was confirmed in a podcast by Shukoff that there would be a fifth season, with pre-production starting in November 2015 once they came back from the world tour.

On December 16, the first off-season battle was released, entitled, "Deadpool vs. Boba Fett."

On February 26, 2016, it was announced that Season 5 would begin on May 2, 2016, and on March 22 it was announced that production had begun.

Season 5 officially began on May 2, 2016, with the release of the first battle of the season, "George R. R. Martin vs. J. R. R. Tolkien". ERB released battles every other Monday as of the first half of Season 5. On July 12, 2016, "Alexander the Great vs. Ivan the Terrible" was released. This marked the midseason break. Ahlquist later confirmed they were planning to return mid to late October. Filming began for the second half of Season 5 on September 23. On October 26, Season 5 resumed with "Donald Trump vs. Hillary Clinton". The final episode of Season 5, "Nice Peter vs EpicLLOYD 2" was released on January 9, 2017, where Ahlquist and Shukoff battle against each other once again, as it is a sequel to the Season 1 finale. Following the fifth season, ERB went on an extended hiatus.

In 2016, Epic Rap Battles of History was nominated for an Emmy Award in the newly initiated category Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Variety Series at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards.

In 2018, Shukoff announced there would be a sixth season during a performance at Anime Midwest. On November 30, 2018, a video was posted on the official ERB YouTube channel, confirming that Season 6 would premiere in 2019. A "bonus battle" between Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg was released on December 7, 2018. In December 2018, Ahlquist said that they had gone "fully independent" of their production company.

On April 20, 2019, the Season 6 premiere ("Freddy Krueger vs Wolverine") was released. ERB once again went on hiatus in December, after "Thanos vs J. Robert Oppenheimer".
After a 10 month hiatus, ERB returned, with their third election rap battle, "Donald Trump vs Joe Biden". On December 5, 2020, Ahlquist stated in a Behind The Scenes video for their next battle, "Harry Potter vs Luke Skywalker" (their second Lego-animated collaboration with Forrest Whaley), that as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, ERB would be transitioning from Season 6 to Season 7 earlier than expected, rather than further postpone Season 6. Several planned battles and concepts would be holdovers from Season 6. On May 28, 2021, the ERB Twitter account announced a new episode to be released on June 14, featuring EpicLLOYD as legendary Viking hero Ragnar Lodbrok and NicePeter as English King Richard the Lionheart. The episode was sponsored by the video game Rise of Kingdoms.
On November 27, 2021, ERB released a new rap battle episode, titled Jeff Bezos vs Mansa Musa on their YouTube channel. This was followed by the first "three-way" battle in the show's history ("John Wick vs John Rambo vs John McClane") on December 18, 2021. The next episode, "Lara Croft vs Indiana Jones", released on October 26, 2022.

Format
Battles begin with a narrator speaking in a deep and somewhat unclear voice, first saying 'Epic Rap Battles of History' while the logo appears on screen. The names of the contestants are then announced, while the contestants and their names appear on screen. One contestant will rap against the other first, followed by the other, and so on. It is very common for many different 'clones' of the same contestant to appear while they are rapping. Different rap battles go on for different lengths of time, and some battles may only have two verses per contestant, especially earlier ones. The first 14 battles, except the 5th and 10th, only have 2 verses per contestant, while the 5th and 10th battles to be made (Hulk Hogan and Macho Man VS Kim-Jong Il and Billy Mays vs Ben Franklin) have third party rappers entering after some time, but still have a total of 4 verses only. Many rap battles feature a third party rapper entering the battle after some time, and as many as 3 rappers have entered a battle in some videos. When the battle concludes, the narrator asks the viewer who they think won and who should appear next, followed by the credits.

Cast

Main cast

Peter "Nice Peter" Shukoff

Lloyd "EpicLLOYD" Ahlquist

Recurring cast

Guest appearances

Season 1

Season 2

Season 3

Season 4

Bonus Battle

Season 5

Season 6

Unreleased

Season 7

Episodes

Awards and nominations

See also
Epic Rap Battles of History discography

References

External links

2010 web series debuts
Episode list using the default LineColor
Maker Studios channels
Streamy Award-winning channels, series or shows
YouTube channels launched in 2011
2010s YouTube series
2020s YouTube series
Crossover fiction
Nerdcore

Epic Rap Battles of History


The alt-right is a right-wing political movement originating in the United States. There are many different type of people in the alt-right. They include white nationalists, antifeminists, manospherians, conservatives, Christians, nationalists and men's rights activists. The group is said to have influenced the 2016 United States presidential election in favor of the winning candidate Donald Trump. The term "Alt-right" is said to have been coined by Richard B. Spencer, who is a political writer and the current president of the nationalist think-tank National Policy Institute.

The alt-right originated on 4chan and other fringe corners of the Internet, such as Reddit, Know Your Meme and Encyclopedia Dramatica. It emerged during the aftermath of the 2012 episode about Fobos-Grunt on the English Wikipedia and Gamergate in 2014.

As the years pass since Trump's victory in 2016, the alt-right began to splinter, and its split accelerated following the 2017 Charlottesville incident, with those on the Internet saying they don't like Trump anymore.

Related pages
Unite the Right rally
The Proud Boys
Men's rights movement
Hate groups

References

Political movements

Alt-right


Eldora is an uninhabited place in Volusia County, Florida, United States. It is located within Canaveral National Seashore, south of Bethune Beach and west of County Road A1A. The average elevation is 3 feet above sea level.

History
Eldora was a community of orange groves in the latter part of the 19th century. After a freeze destroyed most of its crops, it was nearly completely abandoned and has never regained its population.

After the death of its last resident, Doris "Doc" Leeper in 2000, a locally famous artist and conservationist in the 1980s, the management of the town was officially turned over to the federal government, and the town is now located more than two miles within the borders of the Canaveral National Seashore. The town claims no permanent residents, and visitation is limited and subject to park hours. Only two of its original buildings remain. The largest, "The Eldora House", now holds a museum. Although the town's orange groves were nearly completely wiped out over one hundred years ago, some trees still remain.

The town is also the site of two marine research facilities jointly shared by Daytona State College and the University of Central Florida.

Geography
Eldora is located at . The town's location is remote, as it is only accessible by one service road, County Road A1A. It is nearly a thirty-minute drive to the mainland through New Smyrna Beach.

See also
County Road A1A

References

Former populated places in Volusia County, Florida
Ghost towns in Florida

Eldora, Florida


Jazz-funk dance, also called Street-Jazz, is a hybrid of hip-hop and jazz dance. This style was shown in its early form on the sketch comedy series In Living Color. The resident dance troupe, the Fly Girls, of which Jennifer Lopez was a member, opened and closed every show with a hip-hop and jazz performance choreographed by Rosie Perez. This style of dance remains popular today, and has been used in music videos by Beyoncé, Paula Abdul, Gwen Stefani, and Janet Jackson.

Although jazz-funk borrows from hip-hop dance, it is not considered a style of hip-hop because the foundational movements are jazz. In hip-hop—even in lyrical hip-hop—there are no pirouettes or arabesques, and dancers do not perform on relevé (on the balls of the feet). However, these methods are used in jazz-funk and in jazz dance in general. In hip-hop, you can see large steps and sweeping movements with the hands; in jazz-funk, all movements are small, smoothly and beautifully replacing each other. In hip-hop, the initial position of the body implies a soft, slightly bent back. Jazz-funk uses direct, choreographic staging of the body.

The main funky styles are:

Popping
Animation
Strobing
Floating (gliding)
Dimestop
Bopping
Locking
Waving
Robot (botting)
Saccing
Slowmo
Hitting (ticking)
King tut
Digits (finger waving) 3D
Strutting

References

Jazz dance
Hip hop dance

Jazz-funk dance


Tancred of Hauteville (born  1119, died 16 March between 1138 and 1140), the second son of King Roger II of Sicily and his first wife, Elvira of Castile, was the Prince of Bari and Taranto from 1132 to 1138.

He was named by his father to replace the rebellious Grimoald, Prince of Bari, in 1132. He was only about thirteen or fourteen years old at the time. When he grew to adulthood, he became, along with his brothers Roger, duke of Apulia, and Alfonso, prince of Capua, one of his father's chief men on the peninsula, while the king himself remained mostly in Sicily.

Tancred died young between 1138 and 1140. William, his other brother, inherited his estates and titles. An elegy for an unnamed "son of Roger the Frank, lord of Sicily" by the Sicilian poet Abū l-Ḍawʾ was likely about Tancred, since the son in question was a young man who had only just begun his martial career. It was possibly about his brother Alfonso.

Notes

Sources

1110s births
Italo-Normans
Sons of kings
12th-century deaths
Children of Roger II of Sicily

Tancred, Prince of Bari


Tobie Smith  (born October 23, 1973) is an American former competition swimmer who specialized in long-distance and open-water freestyle events.  She represented the United States at the 1998 World Aquatics Championships in Perth, Western Australia, winning the gold medal in the 25-kilometer open water event.

To celebrate her completion of her master's degree in kinesiology, Smith swam the English Channel on August 5, 1999. After swimming two thirds of the distance in an estimated record time, she encountered a force five gale of 19 to 24 miles per hour and white-capped waves. She finished her channel-crossing in eight hours, 15 minutes; the then current record time was seven hours, 40 minutes.

References

1973 births
Living people
American female freestyle swimmers
English Channel swimmers
Female long-distance swimmers
People from Chappaqua, New York
Sportspeople from Westchester County, New York
Texas Longhorns women's swimmers
World Aquatics Championships medalists in open water swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1995 Summer Universiade
20th-century American sportswomen

Tobie Smith


Noel Naval Tata (born 1957) is an Indian businessman with Irish citizenship, who is the chairman of Trent and Tata Investment Corporation, the managing director of Tata International, and the vice chairman of Titan Company and Tata Steel.

Early life
Part of the Tata family, he is the son of Naval Tata and Simone Tata. He is the half-brother of the ex-chairman of Tata Group, Ratan Tata and Jimmy Tata.

Tata earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Sussex, and attended the International Executive Programme at INSEAD business school in France.

Career
He began his career at Tata International, the Tata Group's arm for the products and services offered abroad. In June 1999, he became the managing director of the Group's retail arm Trent, which was founded by his mother. By this time, Trent had acquired the department store Littlewoods International and changed its name to Westside. Tata developed Westside, turning it into a profitable venture. In 2003, he was appointed the director of Titan Industries and of Voltas.

In 2010-2011 it was announced that Tata was to become managing director of Tata International, the company dealing with the overseas business of the $70 billion conglomerate, raising speculation that he was being groomed to succeed Ratan Tata as the head of the Tata Group. However, in 2011 his brother-in-law Cyrus Mistry was announced as the successor to Ratan Tata. In October 2016, Cyrus Mistry was removed as the chairman of Tata Sons and Ratan Tata took over as the chairman of the group for four months until February 2017. He was made vice chairman of Titan Company in 2018, and in February 2019 was inducted onto the board of the Sir Ratan Tata Trust. On 29 March 2022, he was appointed vice chairman of Tata Steel.

Personal life
He is married to Aloo Mistry, the daughter of Pallonji Mistry, who was the single largest shareholder in Tata Sons (the Tata Group's holding company).

He is an Irish citizen.

References

Businesspeople from Mumbai
Indian people of Swiss descent
Noel
1957 births
Living people
Tata Group people
Mistry family
Alumni of the University of Sussex

Noel Tata


The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History is an organized research unit and public service component of the University of Texas at Austin named for Dolph Briscoe, the 41st governor of Texas. The center collects and preserves documents and artifacts of key themes in Texas and United States history and makes the items available to researchers. The center also has permanent, touring, and online exhibits available to the public. The center's divisions include Research and Collections, the Sam Rayburn Museum, the Briscoe-Garner Museum, and Winedale.

Research and Collections Division
The Research and Collections Division is located on the University of Texas campus in Austin. Research and Collections administers the center's main research facility and is the repository for most of the center's books, documents, photographs, sound, and ephemera collections. It was comprehensively renovated in 2017.

Sam Rayburn Museum

The Sam Rayburn Museum is located in Bonham. It contains exhibits documenting the life and career of former Texas congressman and longest-serving Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Sam Rayburn (1940–1947, 1949–1953, and 1955–1961). The Rayburn Museum became a division of the Briscoe Center in 1991 and is open free to the public.

Briscoe-Garner Museum
The Briscoe-Garner Museum (formerly the John Nance Garner Museum) is located in Uvalde. The museum documents the lives of John Nance Garner and Dolph Briscoe, both Uvalde natives and historically important political figures from Texas. On November 20, 1999, the City of Uvalde transferred ownership of the Garner Museum to the University of Texas at Austin to become a division of the Briscoe Center for American History. In 2011, the Board of Regents of the University of Texas System approved the renaming of the John Nance Garner Museum to the Briscoe-Garner Museum, in honor of the late Governor Dolph Briscoe.

Winedale
Winedale is a complex of nineteenth-century structures and modern facilities situated on 225 acres of land near Round Top. Winedale offers examples of early Texas architecture and crafts, an interpretive center, continuing education seminars and other public programs.

Miss Ima Hogg visited the site weekly for review of the project with John Young, a recent architectural graduate of Rice University, who was engaged by Miss Hogg to manage the restoration, perform historical research, hire and train local workers in restoration skills, procure materials, design property plans and prepare progress reports (now in the University of Texas Library). Local workers supervised by Newton Peschel were Newton Vokel, Martin Bartels and Thomas Smith. A mason, Mr. Yoakum, constructed foundations and chimneys.

See also
 Benson Latin American Collection
 List of museums in Central Texas
 List of museums in North Texas
 Archives of American Mathematics

References

Further reading

External links

University of Texas at Austin
Museums in Austin, Texas
University museums in Texas
History museums in Texas


Andrew Van Slee (born 4 June 1962) is a Canadian-born independent film director. His most successful work was the 2001 film Totally Blonde.

Career

Van Slee was born on 4 June 1965 in Vancouver, British Columbia. He was trained as an opera singer and pianist. As a young man he became an actor, appearing in various local TV and film productions in Vancouver. He then studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Pasadena, California. At age 21 he moved to Toronto, Ontario where he became a sales manager for the publisher MacLean Hunter. After winning a lottery, he returned to Vancouver with his wife and opened ATV Studios, an acting school, as well as the extra casting agency Moo-vie Kidz for child actors in British Columbia.

Van Slee worked in the casting department for many TV movies between 1989 and 1994.
In an article for the Independent Filmmakers Alliance Newsletter, he praised the value of the casting job as a way of learning the ropes in the film industry, working closely with the directors.
He was a Line Producer/Production Manager on the 2001 film L.A.P.D.: To Protect and to Serve with Dennis Hopper and Michael Madsen, and formed his own production company Extraordinary Media Group to make several independent films.
He obtained a job with Universal Music as a producer and composer.
In this role, in 2008 he created Total Pop Star, an online singing competition.

Work

Van Slee's successful 2001 film Totally Blonde starred Krista Allen, Maeve Quinlan and the singer Michael Bublé. Van Slee produced the film's soundtrack, Totally Bublé, which was a Billboard Top 20 album for a few weeks in 2003.
Most of the songs on the short album were written by Van Slee.
The CD featured Michael Bublé (vocals), Ian Putz (saxophone), Neil Nicholson (trombone), Bob Murphy (piano), Miles Hill (bass) and Buff Allen (drums).
Van Slee also produced Bublé's first music video DVD. Other films produced by Van Slee through his production company Extraordinary Media Group include Net Games and Adam & Evil.

Films

References

1965 births
Living people
Film directors from Vancouver

Andrew Van Slee


A Company limited by guarantee is a kind of Limited company. In a limited company, the liability of each of the people owning the company is limited. There are two sorts of companies: those limited by shares, and those limited by guarantee.  In a limited company, there are shares, and each shareholder is responsible up to the amount of the share, if the company goes bankrupt. In a company limited by guarantee, each member gives a guarantee, to take liabilities up to a certain amount. Very often, companies that are not profit-oriented use this structure. Two examples of such companies are PGA European Tour, which organises golf tournaments, and Oxfam, which distributes aid.

Companies limited by guarantee exist in the United Kingdom, and many Commonwealth countries.

Companies

Company limited by guarantee


Adolf of Altena, Adolf of Berg or Adolf of Cologne, (c. 1157 – 15 April 1220 in Neuss) was Archbishop of Cologne from 1193 to 1205.

Biography
Adolf was born about 1157 as the second son of Count Eberhard of Berg-Altena and his wife Adelheid von Arnsberg.

About 1177 he became a canon in Cologne. Later, in 1183, he became Dean of the Cathedral, and in the year 1191 Cathedral Provost. After the abdication of his uncle Bruno III of Berg he became Archbishop of Cologne in 1193, as Adolf I, or Adolf I von Altena.

In March 1194 he received his episcopal consecration by Hermann II of Katzenelnbogen, Prince-Bishop of Münster. In the same year Adolf was instrumental in arranging the release of King Richard I of England, whom he received with considerable solemnity in Cologne shortly afterwards, at the beginning of February 1194. He was a declared opponent of the plans for a hereditary empire of Emperor Henry VI and at Christmas 1195 refused Henry's wish for the election of his son Frederick Roger. He gave up his opposition in August 1197 for the secondary election of the candidate chosen in the meantime by the other Electors in Boppard. However, after the death of Henry VI, Adolf declared the election invalid, as the candidate was not baptised and the Emperor had put the Electors under pressure.

In the ensuing dynastic struggle for the throne between the Hohenstaufen and the Welfs, he crowned on 12 July 1198 the Welf Otto of Brunswick in Aachen as King of the Romans (or German king). Shortly afterwards, Pope Innocent III, who had an interest in weakening the Hohenstaufen and in breaking their power (particularly in Italy), confirmed the election of Otto. On 6 January 1205 however Adolf then crowned the Staufen competitor for the crown, Philip of Swabia, as German king. Philip had already been crowned in 1198, although only in Mainz Cathedral, but he had nevertheless been crowned with the genuine Imperial Regalia and especially the Imperial crown.

The Pope, who had reserved himself the king's question himself, was irritated by the rumor of the page change and asked Adolf himself for a report. Since Adolf did not want to sacrifice his just hard-won right of the decisive vote in the royal election, a papal presentation, he did not respond to the papal request. However, he overestimated its importance by far.

On 19 July 1205 Adolf was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III and declared deposed. Already in July, a new archbishop was elected in Cologne. Since one was still in the Rhineland but still in the Hohenstaufen line, his successor could barely prevail against him, so that it came to a schism in the archbishopric of Cologne.

In 1207 Adolf von Altena was in Rome, where he tried against his successor and fought for his reinstatement as archbishop - without success. Only the murder of Philip of Swabia (21 June 1208) and the changed political situation led to a submission to the pope and a recognition of his successor for himself and his followers, for which he received an annual pension of 250 marks. Adolf, from then until his death, was active in the archdiocese of Cologne as an auxiliary bishop. However his see was not returned to him.

Dietrich I von Hengebach was deposed by the papal legate, and in March 1212 he was appointed to head the diocese. While initially holding this to be reinstated, he soon realized that it was just a provisional lead. In fact, the Archdiocese was again in the schism, especially since Adolf now argued with Dietrich von Hengebach before the Pope for reinstatement. The verdict was in 1216 and in Cologne it came again to the election of the bishop. The new archbishop became his successor as cathedral provost, Engelbert II of Berg. He was one of his relatives and had always supported him during the time of the schism, including by handing over goods from the cathedral chapter.

Until his death, in 1220, Adolf was again active as auxiliary bishop in the archbishopric of Cologne. He died on 15 April 1220 in Neuss.

Literature

 Wilhelm Janssen: Das Erzbistum Köln im späten Mittelalter 1191–1515. Erster Teil (Geschichte des Erzbistums Köln, Zweiter Band).  Bachem, Köln 1995, .
 Hugo Stehkämper: Der Kölner Erzbischof Adolf von Altena und die deutsche Königswahl (1195–1205). In: Theodor Schieder (Hrsg.): Beiträge zur Geschichte des mittelalterlichen deutschen Königtums. Oldenbourg, München 1973, S. 5–83.

 Alfred Winkelmann: Adolf I. (Archbishop of Cologne). In: (ADB). Volume 1, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1875, pp. 115–117.
 Genealogische Handbuch des Adels, Gräfliche Häuser A Band II, 1955;
 W. Gf v. Limburg Stirum, "Stamtafel der Graven van Limburg Stirum", 's Gravenhage 1878;
 A.M.H.J. Stokvis, "Manuel d'Histoire, de Genealogie et de Chronologie de tous les États du Globe", Tome III, Leiden 1890-93;
 W. K. Prins v. Isenburg, "Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europaischen Staaten", 2. Aufl., Marburg/Lahn, 1953.

References

External links
 http://www.christen-am-rhein.de/erzbistum/archiv/christenamrhein/bischoefe/c_bischoefsliste.html

Archbishops of Cologne
12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire
13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops  in the Holy Roman Empire

Cathedral deans of Cologne

People temporarily excommunicated by the Catholic Church

Adolf 01
House of Berg

House of Limburg-Stirum
1150s births
1220 deaths
Year of birth uncertain

Adolf of Altena


Rutherford Intermodal Yard is a large rail yard located in Swatara Township, Dauphin County, just east of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

History

The yard was formerly operated by the Reading Railroad and later Conrail. Ownership was transferred from Conrail to the Norfolk Southern Railway in 1999. In the summer of 2000, Norfolk Southern retrofitted the yard for $31 million, its first major investment in the Harrisburg area. Large cargo containers are transferred at the yard from flatbed truck trailers to flatbed rail cars, or vice versa. The Rutherford facility has 10 classification tracks, two loading/unloading tracks, two overhead cranes, and parking space for 600 trailers.

See also
 Harrisburg Line

References

External links
 Norfolk Southern Railway facilities

Conrail
Norfolk Southern Railway
Reading Company
Rail yards in Pennsylvania
Transportation buildings and structures in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania

Rutherford Intermodal Yard


Austral (Reo Tuha'a pae) is an endangered Polynesian language or a dialect continuum that was spoken by approximately 8,000 people in 1987 on the Austral Islands and the Society Islands of French Polynesia. The language is also referred to as Tubuai-Rurutu, Tubuai, Rurutu-Tupuai, or Tupuai. It is closely related to other Tahitic languages, most notably Tahitian and Māori.

History
Those who originally spoke Austral were the Tubuaians, the people of Tubuai. The island has been inhabited since at least 1215CE.

The first European to visit Tubuai was James Cook in 1777, though he did not land. The next Europeans to arrive were the mutineers of HMS Bounty in 1789. After establishing a fort, the mutineers degenerated into raiding local villages to kidnap women, and left after two months. Mutineer James Morrison recorded the population of Tubuai as "3000 souls". When Christian missionaries arrived thirty years later, the population had been reduced to just 300 people.  One Protestant minister when visiting a congregation on Tubuai on January 3, 1824, wrote that several islanders were still suffering from a devastating illness. He described the symptoms and noted that several hundred had died within the previous four years. As a result, some traditional practices, beliefs, and languages have been lost or have struggled to survive. The languages of the Austral area still lack official recognition, as of 2015.

Genetic classification
Austral is sorted into the Austronesian family, which contains a majority of the Pacific languages. This family is divided into 15 subcategories, starting with Austronesian and ending with Tahitic. Specifically, it is broken down into Austronesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, East, Central, and Tahitic.

Status
The Austral language is classified as "threatened" in the Catalogue of Endangered Languages. With less than 6% of the French Polynesian population speaking Austral, its Ethnologue status is also deemed to be "shifting". This means that the language is staying only within one generation and not being taught to their descendants. Another cause of Austral's dwindling number of speakers has been the community's gradual language shift to the more widely spoken (and closely related) Tahitian.

Dialects
Austral has four defined dialect groups: Ra'ivavae, Rimatara, Rurutu, and extinct Tubuai (also known as Tupuai). Each of these is named for and spoken on its corresponding island: Raivavae, Rimatara, Rurutu and Tubuai.

Phonology
The phonology of the different Austral dialects varies significantly. The Rurutu and Ra'ivavae dialects, for example, have only eight consonant phonemes, making it relatively difficult to understand even for speakers of Tahitian, another Polynesian language. The Ra'ivavae dialect is also unusual in that its rhotic consonant has evolved into a voiced velar stop consonant, similar to the hard "g" sound in English.

All dialects have the same five vowels (, , , , , with long variants) similar to practically all Polynesian languages.

Sample verbs

References

Languages of French Polynesia
Tahitic languages
Language
Endangered Austronesian languages

Austral language


1M1 Records is an Australian record label formed in 1988 as oneMone Records. It was used to promote and archive Australian movie soundtracks. It was the creation of Australian movie music recording producers Philip Powers and James McCarthy. These were both previously Director of Music at the Australian government filmmaking organisation Film Australia, overlapping between 1985 and 1987.

Beginnings
The first soundtrack released by 1M1 Records was in 1988 from the Australian television miniseries For the Term of His Natural Life (1982), which featured Anthony Perkins, Colin Friels, Patrck Macnee and Samantha Eggar. The music was composed and conducted by Simon Walker. The CD was produced by Philip Powers with Simon Walker and James McCarthy as unnamed Executive Producers.

Composers
This is a list of some of the composers who have had their movie music released by 1M1 Records:
 Peter Best
 Bruce Smeaton
 Mario Millo
 Allan Zavod
 Brian May
 Garry McDonald

References

Australian record labels
1988 establishments in Australia

1M1 Records


Gossia bidwillii, known as the python tree  is a rainforest myrtle of eastern Australia. The usual habitat is the drier rainforest areas. The range of natural distribution is from the Hunter River (32° S) in New South Wales to Coen (13° S) in far northern Queensland.

Other common names include lignum-vitae, scrub ironwood and smooth-barked ironwood.

Description

A medium-sized tree, usually around 18 to 25 metres tall and up to 20 cm in trunk diameter. The trunk is crooked and not cylindrical, the bark being smooth and orange/brown in colour with attractive green blotchy markings. Hence the common name of Python Tree.  The bark sheds in thin papery flakes.

Branchlets are smooth and brown. The leaves are opposite, simple and not toothed, being 5 to 8 cm long. Elliptic to ovate in shape with a leaf stem 3 to 6 mm long. Oil dots prominent when viewed with a lens, the leaf has a faint eucalyptus smell. Leaf venation evident, with a raised midrib on both sides, and an intramarginal vein around the leaf edge.

White, scented flowers form between October and December. The fruit is a black berry. Flattened and warty, 6 mm in diameter. Inside are 3 to 5 attractive mauve coloured seeds. Fruit matures from January to May, eaten by various birds including the Rose crowned fruit dove.

References

  (other publication details, included in citation)

Myrtales of Australia
Trees of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
bidwillii

Gossia bidwillii


Sisto Riario Sforza (5 December 1810 – 29 September 1877) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal who served as the Archbishop of Naples from 1845 until his death. Sforza's rapid rise through the Church ranks began with various appointments before he served as the Bishop of Aversa for seven months. He was promoted to the Naples archdiocese and cardinalate. After two months, Sisto became a close supporter of Pope Pius IX and a vocal participant in the First Vatican Council.

He opposed Italian unification and was temporarily exiled from Naples after unification when he refused to adhere to the requests that the new government made of him. He used this time in exile to travel and to set up a private network to create periodical publications to oppose the anticlerical press coming from his archdiocese. He was later allowed to return and carried out his duties, such as aiding victims of two cholera epidemics and the 1861 eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Towards the end of his life there were rumours that the French, who were preparing for a papal conclave to be held outside of Rome (due to the Italian unification), were aiming to propose Sforza as a papal contender. Sforza died just five months before Pope Leo XIII was elected, despite Pope Leo XIII's objection to becoming pope while Sforza was still alive, as Sforza would have opposed Pecci's candidature.

His beatification process was launched in the 1920s and culminated on 28 June 2012, after Pope Benedict XVI recognized his heroic virtue and titled him as Venerable.

Life

House
Sisto Riario Sforza was born in Naples on 5 December 1810 into the noble Riario-Sforza House as the younger of two brothers; his older brother was Nicola Giovanni. His parents were Duke Giovanni Antonio Riario Sforza and Maria Gaetana Cattaneo della Volta. His noble house was related to the Caracciolo house as well as the Colonna and Boncompagni families. He was a nephew to the Cardinal Tommaso Riario Sforza and many of his ancestors such as Pietro Riario (a Franciscan), Raffaele Riario, and Alessandro Riario had been cardinals.

Sforza's baptism was celebrated on the date of his birth in the San Giorgio Genovesi church and he was baptized with the names "Sisto Gaetano Ambrosio". He received the sacrament of Confirmation on 11 February 1822 in Naples.

Education and priesthood
He decided to enter the ecclesial life in late 1824 and moved to Rome, where he would be educated under the presence of his cardinal uncle.

He spent his education in Rome first at the Pontifical Roman Major before attending the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Institute and the La Sapienza college where he went on to obtain a theological doctorate through an apostolic brief on 23 April 1845. Sforza later received the ecclesiastical habit on 1 January 1825; his hair was shaved at the top for the clerical tonsure a month after on 13 February which he received from Cardinal Luigi Ruffo-Scilla. Sforza received the minor orders from Scilla on 25 December 1826 and later the subdiaconate from Giuseppe della Porta Rodiani on 21 April 1832 (in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran) before Rodiani invested Sforza into the diaconate on 22 December 1832. He received his ordination to the priesthood in Naples on 1 September 1833 from Filippo Giudice Caracciolo.

He commenced his pastoral duties in evening schools, worked in prisons for women, and also worked alongside apprentices. He served as a papal legate in Paris in 1836 to present the red biretta to new Cardinal Jean-Louis Anne Madalain Lefebvre de Cheverus, returning from France that 27 June.

Sforza first worked for some time as a chamberlain to the pope (since November 1836) and in 1828 was made the "abbot commendatario" for the San Paolo in Albano convent (he took possession of the convent on 12 February 1828). In addition, he was also named as the vicar of the cardinal camerlengo in the school of Santa Maria in Via Lata Latain on 22 June 1837. In 1829 he served as a conclavist for his cardinal uncle at the conclave that elected Pope Pius VIII. On 30 September 1838 he was made a canon for Saint Peter's Basilica, and in 1841 was made the private aide to the pope. Sforza later accompanied the pontiff on the latter's September 1841 trip to Umbria and Rieti in 1842. He contributed to the conversion to Roman Catholicism of the count Ernest von Stackelberg and the return to the Church of prince Augustin Petrovich Galitzin.

Episcopate
On 12 April 1845, King Ferdinando II proposed to the pope that Sforza assume the see of Bishopric of Aversa, which he took a week later on 24 April. Sforza received his episcopal consecration as a bishop one month later on 24 May in a side chapel in Saint Peter's Basilica from Mario Mattei and co-consecrators Ludovico Tevoli and Luigi Maria Cardelli. Sforza assumed possession of his new see via a procurator on 7 May before taking his oath of allegiance to the king on 12 June; his formal entrance into his diocese was celebrated on 21 June.

Sforza was made an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne one month after his episcopal appointment on 17 May and was promoted to the metropolitan archdiocese of Naples on 24 November, concluding a rapid ascension through the ranks. This appointment was confirmed after Ferdinando II proposed him to the Pope to take the Naples see on 6 September. The pope sent him the pallium as the archbishop on 24 November while naming him the archdiocese's head. He was enthroned in his new archdiocese at a formal Mass held on 8 December 1845. The culmination to his rise through the ranks came in 1846 after the pope elevated him into the cardinalate; he received a special dispensation for having an uncle who was a cardinal since the rules did not allow relations to both act as cardinals. He received the red hat and his titular church of Santa Sabina on 16 April 1846.

The pope sent him the red biretta via the "ablegato" Count Annibale Moroni. The "ablegato" gave the biretta to Ferdinando II to bestow upon Sforza on 5 February 1846. It was in the following months in 1846 that Sforza founded the "Academia de filosofia Tomista".

He participated in the papal conclave in 1846 that elected Pope Pius IX. Pius IX later named Sforza as a member of the cardinalitial commission that he created and charged with preparing a definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. The work of that commission resulted in the declaration and definition of the dogma in the pope's apostolic constitution Ineffabilis Deus. In 1855 he refused the pope's offer to become the newest Archbishop of Bologna.

Sforza distinguished himself in the two cholera epidemics in 1854-55 and 1873 in tending to the ill while tending to victims of the 1861 eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Sforza became titled "Borromeo redivivo" since people associated his pastoral qualities as reminiscent to those of Saint Carlo Borromeo. The Neapolitan episcopate gifted Sforza with a stole that had once belonged to Borromeo on 2 February 1862.

Sforza was exiled following the collapse of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 21 September to 30 November 1860 after he refused to adhere to the demands of the new government. Upon Giuseppe Garibaldi's entrance into Naples on 7 September 1860, the cardinal issued a letter expressing his opposition to Italian unification. He also opposed the dissolution of the Papal States and supported Pius IX during that turbulent period. He returned to Naples on 30 November 1860 with the aid of Saint Ludovico of Casoria. Sforza was exiled once again on 31 July 1861 until 6 December 1866. During his exile he lived in Genoa and Marseille (where he resided with the bishop Patrice-François-Marie Cruice) for a time before moving to Hyères and Civitavecchia before settling in Rome. In 1865, he was consulted in Rome about plans to convene a council where he presented a project for the reform of the local church in the south with 37 other southern Italian bishops. Before his exile ended he organized a network of periodical publications in opposition to the anticlerical and liberal press. He also arranged for new priests who had just been ordained from Naples to see him in Rome to know them better.

Sforza participated in the First Vatican Council where he spoke out against the decision to proclaim the dogma of papal infallibility; Sforza tried to compromise and proposed a more mitigated doctrine which was not accepted in the council, though he was one of many who shared this view.

In 1876, he inaugurated the Ospizio di Maria and established a retirement home for priests. He also invited a range of religious orders to settle and work in his archdiocese.

In June 1875, the diplomat Emilio Visconti Venosta sent a letter to his ambassador to Paris in which he expressed his concern that the French might be pushing Sforza as a potential papal candidate in a conclave that would be held outside of Rome according to him. Venosta described Sforza as "narrow-minded and of limited intelligence" and said that it was probable that Sforza would fall under the influence of the Jesuits. He continued in expressing his hope that Sforza as a potential pope would model his pontificate on the same line of conduct as Pius IX. Venosta stated that "the likelihood of the election of Cardinal Riario repels me" while pointing to Gioacchino Pecci as the candidate who deserved to be pope.

Death
The cardinal died from cardiac difficulties at the end of a month-long illness on 29 September 1877 in Naples; his remains were exposed then buried in the church of San Mario del Pianto and the Naples Cathedral before being moved to their final resting place in the chapel of the SS. Crocifisso in the church of SS. XII Apostoli in April 1927. Pius IX mourned Sforza's death and referred to the late cardinal as his "right arm". Pope Leo XIII later mused that he would not be elected pope with Cardinal Riario Sforza alive; Leo XIII was elected in 1878 a few months after the cardinal had died.

Beatification process
The beatification process opened in Naples in an informative phase of an investigation that Alessio Ascalesi inaugurated on 10 May 1927 in the metropolitan cathedral and closed at a solemn Mass on 12 July 1936. Another process was conducted in Rome from 19 January to 3 March 1943. Theologians collected and evaluated all of Sforza's writings to determine if such writings adhered to Church doctrine; the theologians confirmed this and approved them in a decree issued on 3 February 1946. The formal introduction to the cause came under Pope Pius XII on 3 August 1947 and Sforza was titled as a Servant of God. Ascalesi oversaw the beginning of an apostolic process on 14 July 1950 which was concluded under Ascalesi's successor Marcello Mimmi on 28 November 1952. Michele Giordano oversaw the final investigation from 27 June 1995 until sometime later.

The documentation collected from these processes was sent in boxes to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints who validated the previous processes on 23 May 1997; the C.C.S. later received the Positio dossier for evaluation in 2003. Historical consultants approved the cause on 30 March 2004. Theologians confirmed the cause on 18 February 2011 as did the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. on 8 May 2012. Pope Benedict XVI named Sforza as Venerable on 28 June 2012 after confirming that Sforza had lived a model Christian life of heroic virtue.

The current postulator for this cause is the Franciscan friar Giovangiuseppe Califano.

See also

 Our Lady of La Salette
 Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples

References

Further reading

Zigarelli, Daniello Maria, Biografie dei vescovi e arcivescovi della chiesa di Napoli con una descrizione del clero, della cattedrale, della basilica di s. Restituta e della cappella del tesoro di s. Gennaro, Napoli, Tipografico di G. Gioja, 1861, pp. 289–320.

External links
 Hagiography Circle

1810 births
1877 deaths
19th-century Italian cardinals
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
19th-century venerated Christians
Archbishops of Naples
Bishops appointed by Pope Gregory XVI
Cardinals created by Pope Gregory XVI
Sisto
Italian exiles
Our Lady of La Salette
19th-century Neapolitan people
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI

Sisto Riario Sforza


The Dijkpoort is a 14th-century citygate in Hattem, the Netherlands. In 1908, the gate was restored in order to house the archives of Hattem under the direction of the city archivist F.A. Hoefer.

It is the only remaining city gate of Hattem, and it was refurbished and partially reconstructed by the architect Pierre Cuypers. A wall walk and corner turrets were added which are recognizable by the different colors of the stones.

Outside of the city beyond this gate, another "front gate" was formerly located with two round towers. A small piece of city wall is still standing that connected the two, where shooting holes for cannon and arquebus can be seen.

Until 2013 the gate was open for auto traffic but it was discovered that this had damaged the gate and restoration activities included closing it to all but pedestrians and cyclists.

References

Buildings and structures in Gelderland
Gates in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Gelderland
Hattem

Dijkpoort


Blue Mountain Christian University (BMCU), formerly Blue Mountain College, is a private four-year Baptist college in Blue Mountain, Mississippi.  Founded as a women's college in 1873, the college's board of trustees voted unanimously for the college to go fully coeducational in 2005. The university offers an array of baccalaureate degrees as well as graduate programs.

History

By 1873, the college was founded as a woman's college by Confederate Brigadier-General Mark Perrin Lowrey, a pastor who was known as "a preacher general" during the war. Blue Mountain Female Institute, as it was called at first, started with 50 students with Lowrey and his two daughters serving as the faculty. In 1877, the college was officially chartered by the State of Mississippi. Lowrey, his sons W. T. and B. G., and grandson Lawrence Lowrey all served as the first four presidents. By 1910, the institution was using the name Blue Mountain Female College.

After the sudden death of President Lowrey in 1960, a longtime professor at the school, Dr. Wilfred Tyler, became the first non-Lowrey family president followed by Dr. E. Harold Fisher in 1965.  Dr. Bettye Rogers Coward served as the seventh president from 2001 to 2012.  Dr. Janice I. Nicholson, a BMC alumna, served as transitional president prior to Dr. Barbara Childers McMillin's becoming the eighth president on August 1, 2012.

Originally an independently owned institution, the college was turned over to the Mississippi Baptist Convention in 1920 by the Lowrey Family. It remained focused on women's education until 1956 when a program to train men for church-related vocations was started. In October 2005, the college's board of trustees voted to make the school fully coeducational. On November 4, 2022, the college was renamed Blue Mountain Christian University to distinguish the institution from two-year community colleges and to highlight its Christian identity and mission.

Notable alumni
 George Duke Humphrey - 9th president of Mississippi State University.
 Dusti Bongé Artist, Biloxi, Mississippi.
 Annibel Jenkins, English scholar, professor at Georgia Tech

Athletics
The Blue Mountain Christian (BMCU) athletic teams are called the Toppers. The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC; formerly known as Georgia–Alabama–Carolina Conference (GACC) until after the 2003–04 school year) since the 2013–14 academic year. The Toppers previously competed in the TranSouth Athletic Conference (TranSouth or TSAC) from 1996–97 to 2012–13.

Men's sports began competition in the 2007–08 academic year, when the school became co-educational.

BMCU competes in 18 intercollegiate sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cheerleading, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball. Club sports include men's & women's archery, bass fishing and powerlifting.

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
Southern States Athletic Conference
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention
Educational institutions established in 1873
Female seminaries in the United States
Education in Tippah County, Mississippi
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Private universities and colleges in Mississippi
1873 establishments in Mississippi

Blue Mountain Christian University


Challenger Manufacturing Ltd. was a British Columbia-based Canadian manufacturer of heavy trucks, that built both highway and off road trucks, particularly for the logging industry, under the Challenger, Custom Built for Heavy Industry, brand.

Challenger was founded by John Casanave in Port Alberni, Vancouver Island in 1987. They began to rebuild Hayes, Pacific and Kenworth heavy trucks, and later moved to manufacture sturdy, easy to maintain trucks using OEM components, like Mack or Cummins engines.

Challenger was active from 1987 to 1994, but only 14 units seem have been made. A later attempt in Australia to revive the make, marketing it as Extreme Heavy Duty Trucks, was eventually unsuccessful.

References

External links
Detailed information on Challenger trucks
Australian Challenger trucks PPT

Truck manufacturers of Canada
Defunct truck manufacturers

Challenger trucks