Clara's War: One Girl's Story of Survival is a 2009 memoir by Clara Kramer and Stephen Glantz which tells Kramer's story of her life in Nazi occupied Poland, where she and several other Polish Jews spent 20 months hiding in a bunker beneath a house in the town of Zhovkva. The book was first published in the United States by Harper/Ecco on April 21, 2009. Kramer is a founder of the Holocaust Resource Center at Kean University in Union, New Jersey.

Overview

Clara Kramer is the teenage daughter of a Jewish factory owner at the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939. Her hometown of Zolkiew is initially in the Russian occupied part of Poland. She witnesses several friends and family being killed or deported by the Soviets, and hears stories of them being forced into labor.

When the Russians switch sides and join with the Allies following Germany's invasion of Soviet Union, the Red Army retreats, and the town is quickly occupied by the Nazis. Jews are stripped of their assets and ordered to relocate to the ghetto, but having heard stories of the treatment Jews have been receiving at the hands of the Nazis, Clara's family and their friends take the decision to go into hiding.

With the help of Valentin Beck, an ethnic German, and his family, Clara, her family and others are hidden in a purpose-built bunker under Melman's house [ who are also living in the bunker with Clara and her family], which the book describes as "a space no larger than a horse stall." Beck, who is employed by the occupying forces as a storeman in an alcohol depot, has a reputation as an anti-Semite, a drunk and a philanderer. The author says that 18 people lived in the bunker for much of the time, while above them Beck's house was often used as lodgings for Wehrmacht troops and SS officers. In the bunker, Clara's mother urges her to begin writing a diary so that if they do not survive the war, the world will know what happened to them.

Kramer recalls her day-to-day life in the bunker, the struggle to survive, how Beck brings them food and news of the war. She learns from Beck of the deportation of many of her friends to the death camps and other events associated with the Holocaust in Poland. She also recalls an affair that Beck has with one of the occupants, and how this puts them all in danger when Beck's wife, Julia, becomes aware of the relationship. There are also many occasions on which they are almost compromised.

All but one of the occupants survives to see Zolkiew liberated by the Red Army, the one death occurring when the house catches fire and Clara's sister flees in panic and is captured by the Nazis. Kramer claims that of 5,000 Jews in Zolkiew before the war, only 50 survived.

References

External links
Clara's War at HarperCollins.com
Clara's War at Yad Vashem website

2009 non-fiction books
Polish memoirs
Personal accounts of the Holocaust
Jewish Polish history

Clara's War


Terrence James Gregory Roberts (born August 14, 1984) is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball for Syracuse before playing professionally in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, South America, New Zealand, and the NBA Development League.

High school career
Roberts attended St. Anthony High School in Jersey City, New Jersey, where he was coached by the legendary Bob Hurley. As a freshman in 1999–2000, the Friars went 19–7 on the season. During his sophomore campaign, the team went 27–3 but Roberts missed the season with a leg injury.

As a junior in 2001–02, Roberts averaged 10.1 points and 8.0 rebounds for a Friars team that posted a 29–1 mark and finished ranked second in the nation. He earned honorable mention all-state laurels and was a member of the 2002 USADevelopment Festival East Team that finished 3–2 and earned a silver medal.

As a senior in 2002–03, Roberts averaged 17 points, 11 rebounds and six blocks a game. He participated in the New Jersey North-South High School All-Star contest and had eight points and a game-high 10 rebounds. He also claimed the slam dunk contest at the event, and later helped St. Anthony claimed the 2003 New Jersey Tournament of Champions. Roberts subsequently earned third-team Parade All-American recognition and was a first-team all-state pick.

College career
Roberts was used sparingly in his first season at Syracuse before becoming a regular contributor as a sophomore. In 2004–05, Roberts aided Syracuse to a 27–7 record, the Big East Conference Tournament championship, and the 2005 NCAA Tournament first round, finishing fourth on the team in scoring, with 7.2 points per game. After Billy Edelin left Syracuse for personal reasons, Roberts started the final seven games of the season, averaging 8.4 points, 5.7 rebounds and 2.0 rebounds per game over that span.

With Hakim Warrick's departure from Syracuse following the 2004–05 season, Roberts started all 35 games for the Orange as a junior, averaging a career-high 10.7 points per game, in addition to being Syracuse's leading rebounder with 7.6 boards per game. The highlight of his season came against Rutgers University on February 1, 2006. Down by one with under 7.6 seconds left in overtime, Roberts, who had hit only 3 three-pointers in his first two seasons at Syracuse, drained a buzzer-beating shot to give Syracuse an 86–84 win.

Roberts was named to the preseason All-BIG EAST Conference team prior to the start of his senior season. However, he failed to live up to expectations during the regular season, partially due to a knee injury that bothered him for most of the campaign. He started all 33 games he appeared in as a senior, and his 8.1 rebound average topped the squad. Roberts had at least one rebound in 119 of his 127 career games.

In 127 games over his four-year career at Syracuse, Roberts averaged 7.6 points and 5.6 rebounds in 22.9 minutes per game.

Professional career
After going undrafted in the 2007 NBA draft, Roberts moved to Greece where he joined Rethymno BC. However, he left the club before appearing in any games for them.

For the 2008–09 season, Roberts moved to Israel. Early on in the season, he had two short stints with Elitzur Kiryat Ata and Ironi Ramat Gan before leaving the country in December. In January 2009, he signed with U BT Cluj-Napoca of Romania for the rest of the season. In 15 games for Cluj-Napoca, he averaged 10.3 points and 5.7 rebounds per game.

In September 2009, Roberts signed with the Saitama Broncos for the 2009–10 bj league season. The Broncos struggled during the season and Roberts felt the team "under-achieved". In 48 games for Saitama in 2009–10, he averaged 11.8 points, 7.5 rebounds, 1.0 assists and 1.1 steals per game.

In September 2010, Roberts signed with Ferro-ZNTU of the Ukraine for the 2010–11 season. However, he left the club in November after appearing in eight league games. In December 2010, he signed with Jordanian club ASU Sports Club for the 2011 West Asian Basketball League. Then in April 2011, he joined Marinos de Anzoátegui of Venezuela for a three-game stint.

In November 2011, Roberts was acquired by the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA Development League following a successful tryout with the team. Between December 9 and December 12, Roberts spent three days with the Oklahoma City Thunder during training camp in the lead up to the 2011–12 NBA season. He returned to the D-Fenders following this stint, but was later waived by the team on December 28 due to an injury. In 11 games for the D-Fenders, he averaged 6.9 points and 3.9 rebounds per game.

In December 2012, Roberts signed with Busan KT Sonicboom of the Korean Basketball League. He appeared in just four games for the club before departing Korea in mid-January 2013.

On February 16, 2016, Roberts signed with the Super City Rangers for the 2016 New Zealand NBL season. He made his debut for the Rangers in the team's season opener against the Wellington Saints on March 10. In just under 27 minutes of action as the starting center, Roberts recorded nine points, six rebounds and four blocks in a 116–95 loss. On April 16, he had a season-best game with 25 points and 13 rebounds in 29½ minutes of action off the bench in a 111–100 win over the Nelson Giants. He subsequently earned Player of the Week honors for Round 6. The Rangers finished the regular season in fourth place with a 9–9 record. In their semi-final match against the first-seeded Canterbury Rams on June 3, Roberts tied his season high with 25 points to help guide the Rangers to a 104–85 win. The win advanced the Rangers to the final on June 4, where they were outclassed by the Wellington Saints, losing the match 94–82. Roberts appeared in all 20 games for the Rangers in 2016, averaging 11.7 points, 7.3 rebounds and 1.3 blocks per game.

In September 2016, Roberts joined the Wellington Saints for their Asia Basketball Club Championships campaign in Seoul, South Korea.

In 2017, Roberts had short stints in Bolivia (Calero de Potosi) and Qatar (Al Shamal).

References

External links
Terrence Roberts at cuse.com
Terrence Roberts at orangehoops.org
Terrence Roberts at usabasketball.com
Terrence Roberts at nbadleague.com
Terrence Roberts at basket.co.il
Terrence Roberts at foxsportspulse.com
Article on Terrence Roberts at syracuse.com

1984 births
Living people
Elitzur Kiryat Ata players
Ironi Ramat Gan players
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Jordan
American expatriate basketball people in New Zealand
American expatriate basketball people in Qatar
American expatriate basketball people in Romania
American expatriate basketball people in South Korea
American expatriate basketball people in Ukraine
American expatriate basketball people in Venezuela
Basketball players from Newark, New Jersey
Los Angeles D-Fenders players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Power forwards (basketball)
Saitama Broncos players
Super City Rangers players
Syracuse Orange men's basketball players
American men's basketball players

Terrence Roberts (basketball)


The Natal Labour Party (NLP) was a social democratic political party in the Natal Colony.

At the 1906 Natal general election, four candidates from the labour movement were elected, nominated by the Durban Workers' Political Union or the General Workers' Political Association of Pietermaritzburg.  This success inspired the establishment of a single party representing white workers across the colony.

The party was formed early in 1907.  Nelson Pond Palmer became the group's parliamentary leader, and MPs Charles Henry Haggar and John Connolly also joining.  Its president was A. L. Clark, while its secretary was J. White, and its treasurer was Joseph Edwards.  In 1908, Edwards moved to become secretary, L. M. Sanderson became treasurer, and Haggar was employed as a full-time organising secretary.  In 1909, Sanderson was succeeded by T. W. Marshman.  The new party began publishing the weekly South African Tribune newspaper.

By 1908, all the local trade unions representing white workers had affiliated, with the exception of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners.  Like the unions, the new party was strongly anti-Asian and advocated the restriction of suffrage to white voters.  However, a section of the party led by Connolly moderated their views following a speaking tour by British socialist Keir Hardie.  On other issues, the party adopted broadly socialist views, and it advocated women's suffrage.

By 1909, the party was in discussions to form a South African Labour Party (SALP), to coincide with the anticipated creation of the Union of South Africa.  However, decisions over who the party would sponsor to stand in the 1910 South African general election proved highly controversial.  Both the Journeyman Tailors' Society and the Amalgamated Society of Engineers disaffiliated from the party in protest, leaving the Durban Workers' Political Association and the South African Typographical Union as its leading forces.  Harry Norrie was suspended from the party, and Connolly decided to distance himself from it.  Haggar moved to the Rand, and Edwards, Clark and Marshman all moved away from political involvement.

The party became part of the new SALP at the start of 1910.  While its anti-Asian positions featured in the new party's constitution, following the defections, it lacked strength in Natal.

References

Defunct political parties in South Africa
Political parties established in 1906
Political parties disestablished in 1910
Colony of Natal
1906 establishments in South Africa
1910 disestablishments in South Africa

Natal Labour Party


Francis Junior Pierce (December 7, 1924 – December 21, 1986) was a United States Navy hospital corpsman in World War II who received the nation's highest military decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor. He was awarded the medal for heroic actions "above and beyond the call of duty" on March 15–16, 1945, while assigned to a  Marine Corps infantry battalion during the Battle of Iwo Jima.

Biography

Early years and military service
Pierce was born on December 7, 1924, and grew up in Delaware County, Iowa. A week after his 17th birthday (the day Pearl Harbor was attacked), he enlisted in the U.S. Navy. After his initial training at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center in Great Lakes, Illinois, he attended the Hospital Corps School at Portsmouth, Virginia. Afterwards, he served at the naval hospital in Parris Island, South Carolina until August 1942. he was then transferred to the Fleet Marine Force (FMF) Field Medical Service School at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, for field training with the Marine Corps.

In January 1944, he was assigned to the 4th Marine Division at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California where he was attached to the 2nd Battalion, 24th Marine Regiment of the division as a Fleet Marine Force hospital corpsman. He participated in numerous military campaigns including Saipan and Tinian. During the Battle of Iwo Jima in 1945, he helped in caring for and protecting wounded Marines and became one of four navy corpsman assigned to a Marine unit to receive the Medal for heroic actions during the battle; he was initially awarded the Navy Cross for actions on March 15, 1945, and the Silver Star Medal for actions in which he was wounded twice on March 16, 1945.

Retirement
On December 1, 1945, Pierce was honorably discharged from the Navy. After a brief stay in his hometown of Earlville, Iowa, he moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan. There, he married a young woman named Lorraine who he had been communicating with during the war and joined the Grand Rapids Police Department. He also briefly served in the Michigan National Guard from May 1949 to November 1950.

In 1948, Pierce was informed that the Navy Cross he received for extraordinary heroism and the Silver Star Medal for gallantry in action on Iwo Jima, were both being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. On June 25, 1948, he was presented the Medal of Honor by President Harry S. Truman during a ceremony held in the White House Rose Garden.

In civilian life, Pierce had two sons with his wife Lorraine. After she died, he married Madelyn Mellema and had two daughters. He served a long distinctive career in the police, carrying out many duties such as being the head of the vice squad and being a bomb disposal expert. He eventually became deputy chief of the Grand Rapids Police Department in 1972, and retired in 1982. Francis Pierce died of lung cancer in 1986.

Legacy
A special memorial scholarship was established by the Marine Corps in his name to honor navy hospital corpsmen.

Military awards
Pierce's military decorations and awards include:

Medal of Honor citation
Pierce's Medal of Citation reads:

The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to

for service as set forth in the following

CITATION:

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while attached to the 2d Battalion, 24th Marines, 4th Marine Division, during the Iwo Jima campaign, 15 and 16 March 1945. Almost continuously under fire while carrying out the most dangerous volunteer assignments, Pierce gained valuable knowledge of the terrain and disposition of troops. Caught in heavy enemy rifle and machinegun fire which wounded a corpsman and 2 of the 8 stretcher bearers who were carrying 2 wounded marines to a forward aid station on 15 March, Pierce quickly took charge of the party, carried the newly wounded men to a sheltered position, and rendered first aid. After directing the evacuation of 3 of the casualties, he stood in the open to draw the enemy's fire and, with his weapon blasting, enabled the litter bearers to reach cover. Turning his attention to the other 2 casualties he was attempting to stop the profuse bleeding of 1 man when a Japanese fired from a cave less than 20 yards away and wounded his patient again. Risking his own life to save his patient, Pierce deliberately exposed himself to draw the attacker from the cave and destroyed him with the last of his ammunition Then lifting the wounded man to his back, he advanced unarmed through deadly rifle fire across 200 feet of open terrain. Despite exhaustion and in the face of warnings against such a suicidal mission, he again traversed the same fire-swept path to rescue the remaining marine. On the following morning, he led a combat patrol to the sniper nest and, while aiding a stricken Marine, was seriously wounded. Refusing aid for himself, he directed treatment for the casualty, at the same time maintaining protective fire for his comrades. Completely fearless, completely devoted to the care of his patients, Pierce inspired the entire battalion. His valor in the face of extreme peril sustains and enhances the finest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service.  Harry S. Truman

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima

References

1924 births
1986 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
United States Navy corpsmen
Battle of Iwo Jima
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy sailors
People from Delaware County, Iowa
Military personnel from Iowa
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor

Francis Junior Pierce


"The Austra-laise" is a poem by Australian writer C.J. Dennis that was first published in The Bulletin magazine on 12 November 1908 as an entry in a National Song Competition which drew 74 entries. The entry was entitled "A Real Australian Austra--laise", and won its author a special prize.

The poem is also known by the titles "The Austrabloodyaise" and " A Real Australian Austra-laise". It can be sung to the tune of "Onward Christian Soldiers".

Originally published as a set of four verses in 1908, with blanks instead of dashes and under the byline "A. J. Dennis", the poem was expanded later to its now-familiar 7 stanzas.

It was later included in the author's poetry collections Backblock Ballads and Other Verses (1913) and Backblock Ballads and Later Verses (1918). It was subsequently reprinted in various newspaper and magazines, as well as in the poetry anthologies: Complete Book of Australian Folklore edited by Bill Scott (1976); An Illustrated Treasury of Australian Verse edited by Beatrice Davis (1984); and The Penguin Book of Australian Humorous Verse edited by Bill Scott (1984).

Dennis was rather staggered by the success of the poem, writing to William Moore, the art critic, "Without any guff it really surprised me to see the Australaise so popular. It was written originally as a joke on the editor of the Red Page [of The Bulletin] and was not intended for publication. Since then, comments upon it have turned up from all sorts of unlikely places - the centre of Africa, Fiji, and now London."

Footnote to 1915 edition: "Where a dash (——) replaces a missing word, the adjective "blessed" may be interpolated. In cases demanding great emphasis, the use of the word "blooming" is permissible. However, any other word may be used that suggests itself as suitable." Earlier editions also included this footnote: "(With some acknowledgements to W. T. Goodge.)". All mention of Goodge had disappeared by 1918.

Dennis's acknowledgement to W.T. Goodge refers to that author's poem "The Great Australian Adjective" published in The Bulletin on 11 December 1897.  Goodge's poem begins:
The sunburnt ---- stockman stood
And, in a dismal ---- mood,
   Apostrophized his ---- cuddy;
"The ---- nag's no ---- good,
He couldn't earn his ---- food -
   A regular ---- brumby,
                     ----!"

See also
 1908 in poetry
 1908 in Australian literature
 Australian literature

References

1908 poems
Works originally published in The Bulletin (Australian periodical)
Poetry by C. J. Dennis

The Austra-laise


The XCOR EZ-Rocket was a test platform for the XCOR XR-4A3 rocket propulsion system. The airplane was a modified Rutan Long-EZ, with the propeller replaced by first one, then later a pair of pressure-fed regeneratively cooled liquid-fueled rocket engines and an underslung fuel tank. The engines were restartable in flight, and were contained within Kevlar armor shielding. The EZ-Rocket was registered as an experimental aircraft.

Development and history
The first flight took place on July 21, 2001, flown by test pilot Dick Rutan.

On a typical flight, the EZ-Rocket took off on rockets, gained altitude for a minute or so, then switched off the rockets and glided to a dead stick landing.

The vehicle actually flew better during dead stick landings than a standard Long-EZ due to lack of drag from a stationary pusher propeller — the vehicle's aerodynamics were cleaner in spite of its belly tank. It was also lighter due to the lack of a piston engine (the rocket propulsion system was significantly lighter), so enjoyed significantly lower wing loading than a standard Long-EZ.

When XCOR began flying its EZ-Rocket in 2001, the company decided to have it FAA certified as an experimental aircraft, avoiding the additional time required to seek a launch vehicle license from the Office of Commercial Space Transportation (AST). Jeff Greason, a co-founder of XCOR, said on February 10, 2003 if they were starting out at that time they probably would seek an AST license due to the progress made in developing a regulatory regime for suborbitals.

Milestones and records

October 8, 2000 - First firing of an XCOR Aerospace LOX-powered rocket engine.
July 21, 2001 - First flight, flown by Dick Rutan (single-engine configuration).
October 3, 2001 - First flight in twin-engine configuration.
January 24, 2002 - First rocketplane inflight engine relight. Piloted by Mike Melvill.
June 24, 2002 - First touch-and-go of a rocket-powered aircraft (world record).
Jul 11, 2002 - EZ-Rocket flies twice in one day. First same day rocketplane flights since 1945.
July 25, 2002 - EZ-Rocket first Oshkosh flight at the 2002 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh air show. First rocketplane air show flight in the United States.
July 27, 2002 - EZ-Rocket second Oshkosh flight at the 2002 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh air show. Second rocketplane air show flight in the United States.
August 26, 2005 - EZ-Rocket requalification flight after three-year retirement. Piloted by Dick Rutan.
August 29, 2005 - Searfoss qualification flight.
September 1, 2005 - Altitude validation flight to 11,546 feet. Aircraft demonstrated sufficient range to fly from Mojave to California City and back without a relight, a prerequisite for the world record flight.
October 9, 2005 - EZ-Rocket second and third Las Cruces flights, at Countdown to X PRIZE Cup. Third and fourth rocketplane air show flights in the United States.
December 3, 2005 - Set the point-to-point distance record for a ground-launched, rocket-powered aircraft, flying 16 km from Mojave to California City in just under ten minutes, piloted by Dick Rutan. Also first official delivery of U.S. Mail by a rocket-powered aircraft. In recognition of this achievement, the FAI awarded Rutan the 2005 Louis Blériot Medal.
December 15, 2005 - First cross-country return flight of a rocket-powered aircraft in the United States, return flight from California City, piloted by Rick Searfoss.

Derivatives
The Rocket Racing League aircraft currently in development, the Mark-III X-racer, is a design descendant of the EZ-Rocket aircraft.  Although XCOR is not the developer of the rocket engine for the Mark-III, XCOR did develop the rocket engine for the Mark-I X-Racer, the first of the X-Racers to use a single rocket engine on a Velocity SE basic airframe, and the first X-Racer to utilize kerosene instead of isopropyl alcohol fuel.  XCOR used both design and operational experience from the EZ-Rocket in the Mark-I rocket aircraft design.

Specifications

 Two XR-4A3  thrust rocket engines (non throttleable, restartable in flight)
 20 sec 500 m takeoff roll
 Vne =
 climb rate = 52 m/s (10,000 ft/min)
 maximum altitude =  MSL
 Fuel: isopropyl alcohol and liquid oxygen
 Chamber pressure: ~
 Specific impulse:   to
 Noise: 128 dB at 10 meters

See also
 Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet

References

External links

 The EZ-Rocket (XCOR)
 howstuffworks: How the EZ-Rocket Works
 Rocket Racing League
 XCOR First Flights from Mojave Virtual Museum

Mojave Air and Space Port
Rocket-powered aircraft
Aviation records
Private spaceflight
2000s United States experimental aircraft
Pressure-fed rockets
Aircraft first flown in 2001
EZ-Rocket

XCOR EZ-Rocket


Tremors 4: The Legend Begins (also known as Tremors 4 or Tremors: The Legend Begins) is a 2004 direct-to-video horror Western film directed by S. S. Wilson and written by Brent Maddock, Nancy Roberts, and Wilson. It is the fourth film in the Tremors series of films and released on DVD on January 2, 2004. As a prequel to the earlier films and television series, it depicts the town of Rejection, which is the location that would later be renamed Perfection, the main setting for the first Tremors film. It stars Michael Gross as Hiram Gummer, the great grandfather of the character Burt Gummer, who Gross portrayed in every other Tremors film.

Prim East Coast dandy Hiram Gummer (Gross) arrives in the town of Rejection, Nevada, to investigate a series of strange deaths at the silver mine he owns. Receiving help from local innkeeper Christine Lord (Botsford) and miner Juan Pedilla (Roam), Gummer finds out that gigantic killer worms that can burrow underground are responsible for the miners' deaths. Hiram decides he'd better call in expert gunslinger Black Hand Kelly (Billy Drago) to save the day. However, the worms grow larger and the people of Rejection decide to kill them before they reach Carson City.

Plot
In 1889, the inhabitants of Rejection are completely dependent on the income from a nearby silver mine. One day, a hot spring causes graboid eggs to hatch, resulting in the death of 17 miners. Hiram Gummer, great-grandfather of Burt Gummer (Michael Gross) and the mine's owner, arrives in town to fix the problem. After juvenile graboids that can shoot out of the ground (later dubbed Dirt Dragons) attack his camp one night, he is shocked by their presence. One of his companions, Juan, kills one with a pickaxe, and the pair escapes.

Inexperienced and not fond of firearms, Hiram calls for a gunfighter, Black Hand Kelly (Billy Drago). Hiram and Kelly do not get along well, though Kelly succeeds in conveying to Hiram some of his attitude towards firearms and life in general. Eventually, Kelly is eaten alive by a now fully grown graboid, but not before discovering that a total of four graboids have hatched. Hiram decides to abandon Rejection and leave the townsfolk to their fates. However, they force him to give them the silver mine, threatening to alert potential buyers to the danger if he sells it out from under them. In Carson City, Hiram receives a telegram revealing that the fully grown graboids have made it through the pass and are headed for the town. Changing his mind, he buys weapons with the last of his valuable belongings, heads back to Rejection to lead a last stand against the graboids, and helps the town ready itself.

After two graboids are killed, the third one adapts and avoids all of the traps. Hiram tricks it into coming to the surface and then attaches it by the tail to the flywheel of a steam traction engine. The graboid is reeled in and slammed against the front wheels and boiler with such force that it is explosively decapitated on impact. With the creatures dead, the town decides to keep them secret out of fear that no one would settle in the area if their existence were known, and use the proceeds from the mine to pay for their belongings. Hiram settles in Rejection (renamed Perfection), building his home in the same place where his great-grandson Burt's would one day be. He is also given a Colt 1865 Gatling gun and begins target practice, enjoying it.

Cast

Michael Gross as Hiram Gummer
Sara Botsford as Christine Lord
Billy Drago as Black Hand Kelly
Brent Roam as Juan Padilla
August Schellenberg as Tecopa
J. E. Freeman as Old Fred
Ming Lo as Pyong Lien Chang
Lydia Look as Lu Wan Chang
Sam Ly as Fu Yien Chang
Neal Kopit as Víctor
Sean Moram as Western Union Clerk
Matthew Seth Wilson as Brick Walters
John Dixon as Big Horse Johnson
Dan Lemieux as Stony Walters
Don Ruffin as Soggy
Lou Carlucci as Mine Foreman

Firearms used in the film

 Remington Mark III

The Remington Mark III single-shot 10-gauge pistol was the only gun used in the film that was not historically accurate, being manufactured from 1915 to 1918. According to Stampede Entertainment, "S. S. Wilson and Michael Gross loved it so much they decided to use it anyway". The handgun can be seen when Hiram gives it to Lu Wan to use in the final battle. However, Hiram calls it a "derringer". It is used by Lu Wan to blow the head off a tentacle of the graboid that attacks her on the wagon.

 Sharps 1874 buffalo rifle

The Sharps 1874 buffalo rifle was used by Juan in the final battle. It was .45–70 caliber, but Hiram refers to as a .52 caliber in the film.

 Remington No. 1 rolling block

The Remington No. 1 rolling block used in the film fired .45–70 blanks, but was called a .45–120 in the film. Pyong Chang fires it from the back of the steam traction engine during the final battle.<ref>Weapons of Tremors 4, the Remington No. 1 Rolling block. stampede-entertainment.com. Retrieved August 2, 2015</ref>

 Colt Gatling gun

The Colt Gatling gun used in the film was a genuine antique pre-1900 .45–70 caliber Colt. It was used by Hiram in the final scene of the movie.

 Punt gun

The punt gun used by Hiram in the final battle was designed by prop master Bill Davis, weighing 94 pounds (43 kg) and measuring 8 feet 4 inches (2.54 m) long. The gun had a 2-inch (5.1 cm) bore, which classifies it as an "A gauge". According to Stampede Entertainment, "The entire trigger assembly of the punt gun dropped down to allow the loading of the internal shotgun with triple load 12-gauge black powder blanks." In addition, WD-40 was sprayed into the barrel before firing which would create extra smoke.

 Others
Colt Single Action Army "The Peacemaker" – used by Black Hand Kelly as his weapon of choice
1860 Henry repeating rifle – used by Christine Lord
Smith & Wesson Model 3 – used by Old Fred
H&R Firearms single-shot – used by Fu Yien
Remington 1875 – used by Tecopa
L.C. Smith shotgun – also used by Tecopa
Winchester 1873 – used by Big Horse Johnson
Winchester 1886 – used by Juan and Black Hand Kelly in the "muling station" sequence
.22 caliber Sharps pepperbox – used by Hiram in the "muling station" sequence

ReceptionTremors 4: The Legend Begins received mostly mixed reception from fans of the franchise. In a retrospective essay on direct-to-video horror sequels, Gavin Al-Asif for the Houston Chronicle wrote that "[Tremors 4] is noticeably better than [Tremors 3] in certain aspects, but also noticeably worse in others," critiquing the film for its unconvincing effects and hokey acting while praising the film for its fun characters, often clever humor, and western setting.

Browser game
A browser game tie-in called Dirt Dragons was created to market the film and released on January 2, 2004. The game concept, development, and programming was done by the Stampede Entertainment webmaster Allan Krahl.Green, Paul. (2009). Encyclopedia of Weird Westerns: Supernatural and Science Fiction Elements in Novels, Pulps, Comics, Films, Television, and Games. McFarland. p. 211.

The game starts off with the premise that the town Rejection, Nevada hires an experienced gunman to eliminate Graboids. The player has a selection of guns. The Sharps 1874 Buffalo Rifle, Henry 1860, Colt Peacemaker, and the Punt Gun. The Sharps has the most range and is the second most powerful but has one bullet that takes a small amount of time to reload. The Henry 1860 has 16 bullets, low-moderate damage, and a fast fire rate but takes around 30 seconds to reload. The Peacemaker has poor range and damage but an extremely fast fire rate with six bullets loaded that takes around 30 seconds to reload and is considered a last resort'' weapon. The Punt Gun has the most destructive power but only at close range while taking over a minute to reload a single shot. The objective is to kill advancing graboids that pop up while getting closer and strategize on how to conserve ammo to kill others. As a certain number is killed, the player advances to the next level which increases the amount by one for number of graboids that pop up on-screen, with a total of four levels. If all else fails to kill them, press space. If the player loses, they will be greeted with a Graboid tentacle and be eaten, ending the game.

The official game site has since been discontinued, but the game is still available on other sites.

References

External links

2004 films
2000s Western (genre) horror films
2000s monster movies
American Western (genre) horror films
American monster movies
Direct-to-video prequel films
Films set in 1889
Tremors (franchise)
Universal Pictures direct-to-video films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
American prequel films

Tremors 4: The Legend Begins


Stephen Humbert (ca 1766 – January 16, 1849) was a merchant and politician in New Brunswick. He represented the City of Saint John from 1809 to 1820 and St. John County from 1830 to 1834 in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick.

He was born in New Jersey, the son of Stephen Humbert, and became a baker like his father. The family, loyal to Britain, moved to Parrtown (later Saint John, New Brunswick) in 1783. Humbert was also involved in shipping, was a general merchant, owned a book and music shop and operated a singing school. Humbert was a member of the Common Council  for Saint John and served in the militia during the War of 1812 and afterward. In 1818, he married his second wife Mary Adams. Humbert was defeated in bids for reelection in 1820, 1827 and 1834. He was a lay leader in the Methodist church at Saint John, publishing a history of Methodism in New Brunswick, and compiled the first English language collection of tunes published in Canada, which included some of his own compositions. Humbert died in Saint John.

Humbert, who himself had frequently crossed the border with the United States to engage in illicit trade, received a commission from the Province to suppress the illegal plaster trade in Passamaquoddy Bay in 1820.  The ensuing "Plaster War" was a disaster for Humbert, who was frequently threatened with violence and whose own son was kidnapped by plaster smugglers.  New Brunswick's Assembly soon cancelled the plaster regulations.

His son John served as a member of the provincial assembly for King's County.

References
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 Smith, Joshua M., Borderland Smuggling: Patriots, Loyalists and Illicit Trade in the Northeast, 1783–1820 (Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 2006). .
 Smith, Joshua M.  •	"Humbert's Paradox: The Global Context of Smuggling in the Bay of
Fundy," in Stephen Hornsby and John Reid, eds., New England and Atlantic Canada: Connections and Comparisons (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005), 109-124

1849 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Canadian Methodists
Year of birth uncertain
Year of birth unknown
Colony of New Brunswick people
American emigrants to pre-Confederation New Brunswick

Stephen Humbert


Indian Salt Service is a Central Engineering Service of the Government of India. Under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, it is one of the smallest Central services under the Government of India.

History
The organized and uniform collection of tax revenue on salt in British India began under the British Raj. Both before and after that, various native rulers of the Indian Princely states (outside British India proper) collected such revenue in accordance with their own revenue and administrative requirements and resources. In 1856, the government appointed the young William Chichele Plowden, Secretary of the Board of Revenue of the North West Provinces, to report on the establishment of a uniform system of revenue realisation from salt within the British Provinces, and he recommended the extension of the excise system, the reduction of duty, and the introduction of a system of licensing as the measures to achieve this goal.

In 1876, separate departments under a Salt Commissioner were set up, and these operated at the level of each British Province and Presidency. It was with the passing of the Government of India Act 1935, that within British India (which then included much of present-day Pakistan) salt came under the exclusive control of the central government, with the Government of India taking over the task of collecting salt revenue and transferring it from the provincial salt agencies to the Central Excise and Revenue Department. In 1944, the Government of India passed the Central Excises and Salt Act which unified and amended all laws dealing with duties on excise and salt.

The Salt Department was originally a part of the Central Board of Revenue under the Ministry of Finance, but since a reorganisation of the ministries of India in 1957 it has come under the authority of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

According to the Union List of subjects under the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution, the "manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by Union agencies; regulation and control of manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by other agencies", is the responsibility of the Government of India. The  posts of Salt Controller, Deputy Salt Controller and Assistant Salt Controller were re-categorized as Salt Commissioner, Deputy Salt Commissioner and Assistant Salt Commissioner in 1952 and the Indian Salt Services were created in 1954 for the realisation of the entry under the Union List. The Salt Service has both Group A and Group B wings.

Recruitment
The Salt Service is one of the smallest services under the Government of India with a sanctioned strength of only 11 posts. As a central engineering  service, recruitment to the Indian Salt Service is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission.

Service hierarchy
The Indian Salt Service is part of India's Salt Organization which is headquartered in Jaipur. The service is headed by the Salt Commissioner below whom are five Deputy Salt Commissioners and nine Assistant Salt Commissioners who man the agency with the help of other supporting staff. The Deputy Salt Commissioners head regional offices and the Assistant Salt Commissioners are in charge of divisional offices of the organisation. The Service has four regional offices at Chennai, Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Kolkata and field offices in the salt producing states.

Functions
The Salt Service is tasked with several functions including monitoring and quality updation of salt, setting production targets, providing technical guidance to salt manufacturers and leasing and managing department lands for the same, collection of cess, fees and rents and the implementation of various schemes aimed at combating iodine deficiency and programs for promoting the growth of the salt industry in India.

References

Civil Services of India
Salts
Salt industry in India

Indian Salt Service


Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg ( – 8 February 1772) was Princess of Wales by marriage to Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son and heir apparent of King George II. She never became queen consort, as Frederick predeceased his father in 1751. Augusta's eldest son succeeded her father-in-law as George III in 1760. After her spouse died, Augusta was the presumptive regent of Great Britain in the event of a regency, until her son reached majority in 1756.

Early life
Princess Augusta was born in Gotha to Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1676–1732) and Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst (1679–1740). Her paternal grandfather was Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, eldest surviving son of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.

In 1736, it was proposed that she marry 29-year-old Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of George II of Great Britain and his queen consort Caroline of Ansbach. Originally, Frederick was intended to marry the eldest daughter of the King of Prussia. A marriage alliance between Great Britain and Prussia had been an ambition for many years. However, when George II suggested that his eldest son would marry the eldest (unmarried) daughter of the King of Prussia, while his second (unmarried) daughter would marry the eldest son of the Prussian king, the King of Prussia demanded that his eldest son should likewise marry the eldest (unmarried) daughter of the King of Great Britain, and George II refused to agree to this demand.

Around the time the Prussian plan was cancelled, there were rumours that Frederick might marry Lady Diana Spencer, granddaughter of the Duchess of Marlborough, and that such a marriage had been proposed when he visited the duchess's lodge at Richmond. Queen Caroline felt a need to arrange a marriage for her son quickly, to preempt any possibility of such a mésalliance. She therefore suggested to the king that, when he next visited the Electorate of Hanover, he should also visit Saxe-Gotha and view the princesses there. The king did so, and informed the queen that he considered Augusta suitable. When the matter was broached with Frederick, he simply replied that he would accept any bride his father decided was suitable for him. His attitude arose from a desire to obtain an additional allowance from Parliament to be financially independent of his father.

Augusta did not speak French or English, and it was suggested that she be given lessons before the wedding, but her mother did not consider it necessary, as the British royal family were from Germany. She arrived in Britain, speaking virtually no English, for a wedding ceremony which took place almost immediately, on , at the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace, London.

Princess of Wales

Augusta of Saxe-Gotha left Hellevoetsluis 17 April 1736 and arrived at Greenwich on the royal yacht William and Mary on the 25th, where she was welcomed by her groom. On 27 April 1736, she was escorted to St James's Palace, London, where she met the rest of the royal family. When she was introduced to the royal family, she made a favourable impression on the king and queen by throwing herself on the floor before them in a gesture of respect. The wedding ceremony was held at the Royal Chapel inside St. James's Palace the same day (27 April O.S., 8 May N.S.)

During the first year of marriage, Augusta could be seen playing with her doll in the windows of her residence, until her sister-in-law, Princess Caroline, told her to stop. Frederick took advantage of her inexperience when he had his then lover, Lady Archibald Hamilton, employed as her First Lady of the Bedchamber, after convincing Augusta that there was no truth in the rumour of his affair. Augusta and Frederick had nine children, the last born after Frederick's death.

Frederick once stated that he would never allow himself to be influenced by his consort as his father was, and he thus never made Augusta his confidante. He did, however, instruct her to act in accordance with his wishes in his feud with his parents, and on several occasions, Frederick reportedly instructed her to snub them.
When she attended the service of the German Lutheran Chapel, for example, which was also attended by the queen, Frederick instructed Augusta to make sure she always arrived after the queen, so that she would be forced to push in front of the queen to reach her place. This eventually made the queen insist that Augusta should be directed to her place by another entrance, which in turn caused Frederick to instruct Augusta to refuse to enter the Chapel if the queen had arrived before her.

When Augusta's first pregnancy was announced, the queen stated that she would be sure to witness the birth, to be assured that the pregnancy was indeed genuine. She reportedly wished the succession to pass to her second surviving son, Prince William, Duke of Cumberland. The birth of their first daughter, Princess Augusta, on 31 July 1737, took place at St James's after the Princess of Wales was forced by Frederick to travel from Hampton Court Palace while in labour, to prevent his hated parents from being present at the birth. The delivery was traumatic: St James Palace was not ready to receive them, no bed was prepared, no sheets could be found, and Augusta was forced to give birth on a tablecloth.
Queen Caroline once said of her daughter-in-law and the inconveniences she had inflicted on her: "Poor creature, were she to spit in my face, I should only pity her for being under such a fool's direction, and wipe it off."

The circumstances of the birth of Princess Augusta led to a dispute between the Prince and Princess of Wales and the king and queen, who were not reconciled until public opinion during the Jacobite rebellion in 1745 pressured them to. After the reconciliation, the couple became less isolated from high society, allowing courtiers to appear at both courts without giving offence. Augusta made a good impression in society life, where she was described as pretty, elegant, and a gracious hostess. On some occasions, the children of Augusta were made to give amateur theatre performances for their guests, notably on 4 January 1749, when George, Augusta, Elizabeth, Edward and some of their playmates acted in the tragedy of Cato.

Princess dowager

On 31 March 1751, Frederick unexpectedly died, making Augusta a widow at thirty-two. Dr. Doran described her at the death of her spouse: "She had, throughout her married life exhibited much mental superiority, with great kindness of disposition, and that under circumstances of great difficulty, and sometimes of a character to inflict vexation on the calmest nature. [...] She was then the mother of eight children, expecting shortly to be the mother of a ninth, and she was brought reluctantly to knowledge that their father was no more. It was six in the morning before her attendants could persuade her to retire to bed; but she arose again at eight, and then, with less thought for her grief than anxiety for the honour of him whose death was the cause of it, she proceeded to the Prince's room, and burned the whole of his private papers. By this the world lost some rare supplementary chapters to a Chronique Scandaleuse!"

The King reportedly did not show much feeling upon the death of his son and the funeral was simple. On receiving the King's condolences, Augusta replied that she placed herself and her children upon his mercy and protection, and he was evidently touched by her widowhood and minor children, and was willing to show them consideration. Following Frederick's death, her role as mother of the heir-apparent to the throne became a more prominent one, and she was named prospective regent by the king and the parliament, should the King die during the minority of her eldest son, the Prince of Wales. This caused a controversy and opposition from Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, who had expected to be given that role instead.

During the remaining years of the reign of George II, Augusta chose to live in seclusion with her children, devoting herself to their care. The few occasions when she did appear in public, the King gave her the same ceremonial role and honours previously given to the Queen, and she was honored the same way by the public as well as the court.

However, Augusta suffered a loss of popularity as a widow. She was to be criticised for her manner of raising her children, as she isolated them from the outside world into a secluded family environment, seldom meeting people outside the family.

As her eldest son came of age, the King attempted to arrange a marriage. His favoured choice was a princess of Brunswick-Wolffenbüttel or a princess of Prussia, but Augusta refused, favouring a member of her own family, the House of Saxe-Gotha.

On 25 October 1760, her son succeeded his grandfather as George III. The year after his succession, he married Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Her relationship with her daughter-in-law was not a good one. Augusta reportedly made it difficult for Charlotte to establish social contacts by referring to rigged court etiquette. Furthermore, she initially appointed a large part of Charlotte's court staff, several of whom were suspected of reporting to Augusta about Charlotte's behaviour. When Charlotte turned to her German companions for friends, she was criticised by Augusta for keeping favourites, notably her close confidant Juliane von Schwellenberg.

Augusta had an acknowledged political influence upon her son, who "strove to follow the counsels she gave", and in which he trusted. Reportedly, she was in turn influenced by Lord Bute, who was appointed prime minister with her support in 1762. His appointment caused a serious crisis and exposed both Augusta and Bute to such public hostility that Bute had to resign from his post the following year. Thackeray described the public sentiments and the circulating rumours: "Bute was hated with a rage there have been few examples in English history. He was the butt for everybody's abuse; for Wilkes, for Churchill's slashing satire, for the hooting of the mob who roasted his booth, his emblem, in a thousand bonfires; that hated him because he was a favourite and a Scotsman, calling him Mortimer, Lothario, and I known not what names, and accusing his royal mistress of all kinds of names – the grave, lean, demure, elderly woman, who, I dare say, was quite as good as her neighbours. Chatham lent the aide of his great malice to influence the popular sentiment against her. He assailed, in the House of Lords, 'The secret influence, more mighty than the throne itself, which betrayed and dogged every administration'. The most furious pamphlets echoed the cry 'Impeach the King's mother', was scribbled over every wall at the Court end of the town".

When the King had a first, temporary, bout of mental illness in 1765, Augusta and Lord Bute kept Queen Charlotte unaware of the situation. The Regency Bill of 1765 stated that if the King should become permanently unable to rule, Charlotte was to become Regent. Augusta was suggested as regent, but there was fierce opposition to her appointment, as there were concerns of the influence of Lord Bute in her potential regency, and fears that should she become regent, Bute would de facto rule as "King".

Augusta reportedly resented the marriages of her younger sons, which took place without her consent.

In 1769, the spouse of her daughter Caroline Matilda, Christian VII of Denmark, visited Great Britain. During his visit, Augusta, upon the initiative of Caroline Matilda, asked him publicly during a dinner to reinstate Louise von Plessen, a favourite of Caroline Matilda whom Christian had fired, to her position. He answered that he had made a sacred vow never to do so, but that if Caroline Matilda preferred von Plessen's company over his, so be it. In the end, Louise von Plessen was not reinstated, and Augusta apparently asked Caroline Matilda not to press the matter and to show more affection to Christian.

In 1770, rumours about Caroline Matilda, the queen of Denmark, began to circulate. In particular these concerned the mental state of her spouse as well as the fall of prime minister Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff, in which Caroline Matilda was rumoured to have participated. When Augusta visited her eldest daughter in Brunswick that year, she also took the opportunity to see Caroline Matilda, who received her in breeches, which at that time was regarded as scandalous. Upon Augusta's lamentations, her daughter answered: "Pray, madam, allow me to govern my own kingdom as I please!"

Augusta died of throat cancer at age 52 at Carlton House.

Kew Gardens
Princess Augusta enlarged and greatly extended Kew Gardens after her husband's death. Sir William Chambers built several garden structures for her. One of these, the lofty Great Pagoda built in 1761, still remains.

Issue

Legacy
Several places in British America were named in her honour:
Augusta, Georgia
Augusta County, Virginia
Fort Augusta, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania

Michelle Fairley portrayed a fictionalized version of Augusta in Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story (2023).

Ancestors

References

External links

Augusta, Princess of Wales at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust
A short profile of Augusta alongside other influential women of her time

1719 births
1772 deaths
18th-century British people
18th-century British women
Wives of British princes
Wives of knights
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from throat cancer
Duchesses of Rothesay
House of Hanover
House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
People from Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Princesses of Wales
Princesses of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Duchesses of Edinburgh
Duchesses of Cornwall
Daughters of monarchs
Mothers of monarchs

Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha


The 100th Guards Rifle Division was an elite Red Army airborne infantry division during World War II. The division fought in the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive and the Vienna Offensive. Postwar, it was designated as an airborne division and disbanded in 1955.

Creation
From the beginning of the war, the Soviet Army strongly emphasized the development of airborne forces and their use behind enemy lines. Paradrops were often conducted in multi-regimental strengths, the most notable of these being the Vyaz'ma paradrop in 1942 and the Dnieper-Bukrinsk paradrop in 1943.

The 15th Guards Airborne Division (Russian: 15-я гвардейская воздушно-десантная дивизия) was created in June 1943 and initially deployed in the cities of Ramenskoye and Zvenigorod. It incorporated three airborne brigades (9th, 10th and 12th Airborne Brigades) and was commanded by Major General Vasilii Andreevich Leshchinin.

On 19 January 1944, the division was renamed the 100th Guards Rifle Division and its component brigades renamed the 298th, 301st and 304th Guards Rifle Regiments. In addition to this core strength, the division had two artillery regiments and various complementary contingents, including communications. By mid-1944, its strength reached 12,000 men. This number was unusually high for a formation of this type, as Red Army divisions usually had strengths of about 6,000 to 7,000.

Combat history

In June 1944, the division was sent to the Karelian Front to take place in an operation aimed at clearing Karelia of Finnish forces. The attack started on June 21, 1944, with the 100th Guards Rifle Division performing a force-crossing of the Svir River. After three days of violent attacks, Finnish defenses were overrun and the Leningrad Oblast completely liberated.

The offensive resumed shortly afterwards, and had to pass through the former Mannerheim Line, reinforced between 1941 and 1944. Taking heavy casualties, the division advanced north and arrived to the shore of Vidlitsa river on July 1, 1944. A day later, the river was crossed in force and the division resumed its offensive. However, it was stopped three days later by another river coupled with extensive defensive fortification. After yet another assault crossing and heavy fight, the offensive stopped on July 14, 1944, and the division assumed a defensive stance until mid-August. The operation lasted in total for 40 days, with the division advancing more than 200 kilometers starting from its initial positions around Leningrad. The Svir River, crossed in force by the division, would later give its name to the unit.

In August 1944, the division was relocated to Kalinin and renamed the 100th Guards Svir Airborne Division, only to be renamed back to 100th Guards Svir Rifle Division a few months later. After receiving reinforcements and a new commander, Major General Ivan Alekseevich Makarenko, the division was transported to Hungary in January 1945 and integrated into the 9th Guards Army's 39th Guards Rifle Corps.

Starting from mid-February, the division was part of the Soviet reserve force during the German Operation Frühlingserwachen, east of Lake Balaton, in which the 6th SS Panzer Army was trying to get through Soviet defenses. On March 16, 1945, the Wehrmacht's offensive was stopped, and an offensive on Vienna was launched immediately afterwards. The 100th Division had the task of "cleaning up" encircled pockets of German resistance. On April 2, 1945, the division started its march towards Vienna. Five days later, the troops arrived within sight of Vienna, which was turned into a fortress defended by the II SS Panzer Corps and ad hoc training and anti-aircraft units.

The operation aimed at capturing Vienna started on April 7, 1945. The division occupied the southern outskirts of the city, and then executed an enveloping maneuver westwards, going around the city through the Vienna woods, engaging in heavy combat in the center of the city, seizing key targets such as the railway terminal and the parliament, and force-crossing the Danube. After five days of violent urban warfare, Vienna fell on April 13, 1945.

By early May, the division was committed to the offensive towards Prague, still in the hands of the Wehrmacht. It crossed the Czech border on May 10, meeting American forces advancing from the west.

Post-war

After the war, the division moved from Czechoslovakia to Hungary and was located there until April 1946. In 1946, it was relocated to Belaya Tserkov' and there on 7 June 1946 renamed the 100th Guards Svir Red Banner Airborne Division (100-я гвардейская Свирская Краснознамённая воздушно-десантная дивизия). In 1947, it was yet again relocated to the cities of Kremenchug and Kirovograd. In 1955, following a program of reduction in strength of the Red Army, the division was disbanded. The 109th Guards Airborne Regiment moved to the 31st Guards Airborne Division. The 301st Guards Airborne Regiment transferred to the 107th Guards Airborne Division.

References

External links
 Web museum
 History of the division
Ivan Makerenko at Generals.dk
Vasilii Leshchinin at Generals.dk
 David Glantz, The Soviet airborne experience, US Army Command and General Staff College, 1984.

G100
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1955
Military units and formations awarded the Order of the Red Banner
Continuation War

100th Guards Rifle Division


The Palacio del Marqués de Portugalete was a grand palace built in the 1860s, located at 56 Calle de Alcalá, on the corner of Calle Alfonso XI, in Madrid. Also known as the Palace of Bailén, it belonged to the family of Francisco Javier Castaños y Aragorri, a descendant of General Francisco Castaños, who was the victor at the Battle of Bailén. It was built by architect Adolfo Ombretch, who also built the nearby palace of Linares. For many years it was a venue for the wealthy elite to meet and discuss national politics. It was demolished after the Spanish Civil War, and in 1946, replaced by the National Institute of Forecast, now occupied by the National Institute of Health.

History
The palace was built during the reign of Isabel II. Its owner was the Marquis of Portugalete and the Duke of Bailén, originally called the "Bailén Castaños", a title created in 1833 by King Ferdinand VII for of General Castaños, and declared perpetual and hereditary in 1847 by Queen Isabel II. General Castaños died childless, so the property passed to the peerages of Luis Ángel de Carondelet y Castaños, his sister's son, and her husband the Baron of Carondelet, the 2nd Marquisate of Portugalete.

The design and construction were executed by French architect Adolfo Ombrecht. It had a ballroom decorated with flowers, a chapel, a billiard room, a hall of portraits, bathrooms decorated in Pompeian style by the painter Oreste Mancini, a gallery museum, a music hall and a large number of dependencies. The palace contained tapestries and paintings by Francisco Goya, Vicente López, Palmaroli, Eduardo Rosales, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Francisco Pradilla Ortiz, Madrazo, Antonio Gisbert, José Casado del Alisal, and the renowned sculptor Mariano Benlliure. The palace featured Carrara marble, ebony and ivory furnitures, colorful chandeliers and windows.

The palace was built in the center of its lot, and had an inner courtyard with garden.

The palace was built of alternating stone and brick. stone primarily for corners, gables, cornices, doorways and windows. To highlight the design of the central body, the facade of the calle de Alcalá formed a curved space.

At the death without descendants in 1882 of the third Duke of Bailén, Eduardo de Carondelete y Donado, the titles passed to his niece, Encarnación Fernández de Córdoba. The palace and its contents however were inherited by his widow, María Dolores del Collado y Echagüe, who really gave it luster and fame, especially through her celebrated parties and meetings.

For many years the palace was a meeting place for the wealthy and political classes of the time, such as Cánovas del Castillo. In its halls national politics were so commonplace that once, leaving Cánovas this palace with a large representation of the Government, a reporter asked: "Mr. President, had there a been Council meeting?"

The palace was demolished after the Spanish Civil War to make way for new forms of urbanism and in 1946, the building of the National Insurance Institute, later called the National Institute of Health, was built in its place.

Gallery

References

Demolished buildings and structures in Madrid
1860s architecture
Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Renaissance Revival architecture in Spain
Calle de Alcalá
Former palaces in Spain
Buildings and structures demolished in the 20th century
20th-century disestablishments in Spain
Spanish nobility
History of Madrid
Architecture of Madrid

Palacio del Marqués de Portugalete


Gidget Goes Hawaiian is a 1961 American romantic comedy musical film starring James Darren, Michael Callan and Deborah Walley. Released by Columbia Pictures, the film is a sequel to the 1959 Sandra Dee beach film vehicle Gidget. Dee was under contract to Universal for the rival series film Tammy Tell Me True (1961) and would not be released to Columbia to reprise her hit role.

The sequel expands the archetypal high school teen surfer girl's romance with her college sweetheart Moondoggie. The film is the second of three Gidget films directed by Paul Wendkos. The screenplay was written by Ruth Brooks Flippen based on characters created by Frederick Kohner, who wrote the novelization of the film in 1961. James Darren reprised his 1959 role of Moondoggie. A third film, Gidget Goes to Rome, followed in 1963. Gidget Goes Hawaiian has been released to VHS and DVD.

Plot
Gidget's father announces that they are going to Hawaii for two weeks. On the plane to Hawaii, Gidget meets Abby Stewart and her parents, popular dancer Eddie Horner, and several more boys. Missing her boyfriend Jeff "Moondoggie" Matthews, Gidget mopes in her room. Her father sends for Jeff, suggesting that he come to Hawaii to surprise Gidget. That night, Abby invites Gidget to join her and Eddie.  When Gidget makes a big hit with the boys and dances with Eddie, she inadvertently becomes Abby's rival.

Gidget makes an even bigger impression surfing the next day, leading to an unexpected kiss from Eddie just as Jeff arrives. The two argue and finally decide to go their separate ways. That night at dinner, Jeff arrives with Abby and Gidget retaliates by flirting with Eddie. The contest continues through water-skiing and other activities until Abby, fed up and jealous, decides to spread a rumor that Gidget has slept with Eddie and other guys. Abby's mother relays this gossip to Gidget's mother, quickly leading to arguments between the two, between Gidget and her parents, and finally between both married couples. Gidget's father finds himself drinking with Abby's mother in the hotel bar, while Abby's father and Gidget's mother also make peace. The two mismatched couples eventually meet and resolve their respective disputes.

At the Luau, Abby tells Jeff about the rumor that Gidget sleeps around, admitting that it's a lie. Jeff and Gidget reconcile on the beach and head back to the hotel to straighten everything out with the adults. Through a few mix-ups, Gidget believes her parents are cheating on each other with Abby's parents, and Gidget's parents believe Gidget's gone missing. Soon, everybody is gathered in Gidget's room, unaware that Gidget is just down the hall in her parents' suite with Jeff waiting for them. Gidget tries to cover for each of her parents' apparent indiscretions, but soon all misunderstandings are cleared up. Gidget and Jeff also explain their relationship to Eddie and the rest of the gang. The next day, as punishment for spreading the rumor, the guys drag a terrified Abby into the ocean and place her on Gidget's surfboard. When the surf comes rolling in, Abby frantically clings on for dear life while Gidget and Jeff enjoy riding the waves.

Cast

Production notes
From over 150 actresses, Columbia chose Deborah Walley for her screen debut as the new Gidget.  Agent Joyce Selznick discovered Walley performing in an off Broadway production of Chekhov's Three Sisters.
Director Paul Wendkos established Walley as the new Gidget with some scenes from the first film re-shot using the new cast as flashbacks.

The film was shot on location at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel. Deborah Walley was doubled in surfing by Linda Benson.

Not long after the Lawrence family arrives in Hawaii, Gidget's father, Russ Lawrence, realizes that Gidget is sad because she misses her boyfriend Moondoggie (Jeffrey Mathews).  At about 24 minutes into the movie, Lawrence sends a Western Union radiogram to Moondoggie, who is staying with his friend Clay Anderson for the summer. Lawrence's goal is to encourage Moondoggie to come to Hawaii ("Gidget is miserable, please...").  The radiogram is addressed as follows: "Jeffrey Mathews, c/o Andersons, 1000 Linda Flora Dr., Los Angeles".  1000 Linda Flora Dr. was the address of the house in Los Angeles where Ruth Brooks Flippen, who wrote the screenplay for the movie, lived with her husband, actor Jay C. Flippen.

Notes

External links

1961 films
1961 musical comedy films
1961 romantic comedy films
1960s teen films
American musical comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American romantic musical films
American sequel films
American teen comedy films
American teen romance films
Columbia Pictures films
1960s English-language films
Films scored by George Duning
Films directed by Paul Wendkos
Films set in Hawaii
Films shot in Honolulu
Gidget films
American surfing films
1960s American films

Gidget Goes Hawaiian


Paul Gemignani is an American musical director with a career on Broadway and West End theatre spanning over forty years.

Career
Gemignani began his career in 1971 as a replacement musical director for Stephen Sondheim's Follies, eventually leading the cast on the subsequent tour.  Since then, he has been the musical director for over 38 Broadway and West End musicals, including the following Tony Award-winning productions: A Little Night Music (1973), Sweeney Todd (1979), Evita (1979), Jerome Robbins' Broadway (1989), Crazy for You (1992), Passion (1994), Kiss Me, Kate (1999), Into the Woods (2002), and  Assassins (2004).  Other well-known Broadway productions have included Candide (1974), Grind (1975), Pacific Overtures (1976), Side By Side By Sondheim (1977), On the Twentieth Century (1978), Merrily We Roll Along (1981), A Doll's Life (1982), Zorba (1983), The Rink (1984), Pulitzer Prize winner Sunday in the Park with George (1984), Big: the musical (1996), High Society (1998), The Frogs (2004), and 110 in the Shade (2007).

Gemignani has been the Musical Director for three separate productions of Sweeney Todd, including the original Broadway and London productions (1979 - 1982), the Royal Opera House production in London (2003-2004) and the 2007 film version with Johnny Depp (music conductor and supervisor). He has been involved in most of the other presentations of Sweeney in the last twenty years.

Gemignani has recorded numerous cast albums and albums featuring musical theatre and opera singers with American Theatre Orchestra and other orchestras.  He has been a guest conductor with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the San Francisco Symphony, the Buffalo Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Baltimore Symphony, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra, New York City Opera, Lyric Opera of Chicago, Royal Opera, and New York City Ballet.  He has conducted such films as Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), Reds (1981), and Sweeney Todd (2007), as well as many television specials, including several installments of Great Performances.

Awards
He was the recipient of a 1989 Drama Desk Special Award and a 2001 Tony Award for Special Lifetime Achievement. In 2006, he received an Emmy Award for "best musical direction" for the PBS/Great Performances presentation of Rodgers and Hammerstein's South Pacific in concert from Carnegie Hall.  Gemignani was honored in an all-star concert, "Another Op'nin, Another Show: A Musical Tribute To Paul Gemignani" on March 30, 2008.

In 2008, Gemignani conducted Camelot at Lincoln Center and was the music director for the Broadway revival of Pal Joey that opened in December of that year.

In 2010 he was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.

Gemignani served as one of two music supervisors (Michael Higham) for Disney's 2018 musical film "Mary Poppins Returns." His contribution earned him a Guild of Music Supervisors Awards nomination for Best Music Supervision for Films Budgeted Over $25 Million. The film starred Emily Blunt as the titular character and Lin-Manuel Miranda as Jack.

Personal life

He is married to actress Derin Altay and has a son Alexander Gemignani from a previous marriage and a step son August from his marriage to Derin Altay.

A biography of Gemignani, GEMIGNANI: Life and Lessons from Broadway and Beyond by Margaret Hall was published in May 2022 by Applause Theatre and Cinema Books.

References

External links

Paul Gemignani profile at The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide
Paul Gemignani credits at BroadwayWorld.com
Interview- Paul Gemignani: "Stephen Sondheim is a great musician, a wonderful collaborator and a friend" - todoMUSICALES, February 2010

American male conductors (music)
Living people
San Francisco State University alumni
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Special Tony Award recipients

Paul Gemignani


The Jones & Collins Astoria Hot Eight were an American jazz band.

The Jones & Collins Astoria Hot Eight were led by cornetist Lee Collins and tenor saxophonist David Jones. They took their name from the "Astoria Gardens" the dance hall room of the Astoria Hotel on Rampart Street in New Orleans where they were the house band in 1928 and 1929. The group included a number of noted New Orleans jazz musicians in its relatively short life.

The ensemble recorded only once, doing a session at the Italian Hall in New Orleans on November 15, 1929 [some sources list December 15, 1929]. A total of four sides were released from these sessions: "Astoria Strut" b/w "Duet Stomp", issued on Victor Records, and "Damp Weather" b/w "Tip Easy Blues", issued on Bluebird Records.  Alternative takes of Damp Weather and Tip Easy Blues survived to appear on reissues decades later.

Members
Lee Collins - cornet
David Jones - tenor saxophone
Nat Story - trombone (does not play on the recording)
Big Eye Louis Nelson - clarinet (does not play on the recording)
Sidney Arodin - clarinet; substituting for Nelson on the recording session.
Theodore Purnell - alto saxophone
Joseph Robichaux - piano
Emanuel Sayles - banjo
Al Morgan - double bass
Joe Strode (Joe Stouger) - drums

References

Mike Hazeldine, "Jones and Collins Astoria Hot Eight". Grove Jazz online.

American jazz ensembles from New Orleans
Musical groups from New Orleans

Jones & Collins Astoria Hot Eight


Mary Isabel Gunnis Davis (born 1870 in London, England–Died 15 July 1944 in San Bernardino) was a British-born American silent film actress.  She was married to J. Gunnis Davis.

Motion pictures
She made her début in Hollywood with a role in Leave It To Cissy (1916).  This appearance was followed by parts credited as Mary I. Davis in I Accuse and Mary G. Davis in The Haunted Manor, both from 1916.  Her career was short-lived, concluding with performances in Rich Man, Poor Man (1918), Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch (1919), and An Amateur Widow (1919).

She is also sometimes credited as Mary B. Davis, Mary Gunniss, and Mary Gunniss Davis.

Davis' Los Angeles, California address was 1113 South Union Avenue. She died at the Ramona Community Hospital in San Bernardino in California in 1944.

Personal life
Born in London in 1870 as Mary Isabel Michael, she was the daughter of surgeon John William Michael (1847–1897) and Kate née Soilleux (1844–1913). She married Henry Warnell Denton-Cardew (1860–1894) in 1889 and with him had two children: Mary Isabel Denton Cardew (1890–1967), and Warnell De Montigny Denton Cardew (1892–1917). In 1897 she married the actor Spencer Trevor (1875–1945) and with him had a son, John Spencer Trevor Andrews (1897–1984); they divorced in 1901 as a result of her adultery with the actor J. Gunnis Davis. Thirdly, after her divorce she married J. Gunnis Davis in London in 1902 and with him had a son, James Gunnis J Davis (1906–1992).

Assault victim
In 1928 she filed a criminal complaint against Dr. J.C. Woodward after going to his office for treatment. She charged the physician with kicking and beating her. Davis told the chief prosecutor that Woodward started a drinking party and made advances toward her. When she resisted he knocked her down and kicked her in the abdomen. Davis was then thrown out into the corridor of the building and was picked up by a tenant from an adjacent room. She was sent home in a taxicab. Woodward was placed under arrest and taken before a municipal judge. He entered a plea of guilty to both charges and awaited sentencing.

References

External links

1870 births
1944 deaths
English film actresses
English silent film actresses
20th-century English actresses
Actresses from London
British emigrants to the United States

Mary Davis (actress)


An ile is a substance that is in a viscous liquid state ("slaumy") at room temperatur or a wee bit wairmer, an is baith hydrophobic (immiscible) wi watter) an lipophilic (miscible wi ither iles, literally "creesh lovin"). This general defineetion includes compund clesses wi itherwice fermit chemical structurs, properties, an uisses, includin vegetable iles, petroleum iles, an volatile essential iles. Ile is a nonpolar substance.

Ile


Hadon of Ancient Opar is a fantasy novel by American writer Philip José Farmer, first published in paperback by DAW Books in April 1974, and reprinted three times through 1983. The first British edition was published by Magnum in 1977; it was reprinted by Methuen in 1993. The first trade paperback edition was published by Titan Books in 2013. The work has also been translated into French. It was later gathered together with its sequels Flight to Opar and The Song of Kwasin  into the omnibus collection Gods of Opar: Tales of Lost Khokarsa (2012). It and its sequels purport to fill in some of the ancient prehistory of the lost city of Opar, created by Edgar Rice Burroughs as a setting for his Tarzan series.

Plot
In the plot of the novel, Hadon journeys to Khokarsa to compete in the "Great Games", in which he triumphs. The prize being that he is entitled to marry the ruling high priestess, should she choose to accept him, and thus become high priest and king of the Khokarsa. However, King Minruth is unwilling to relinquish power and schemes to be rid of Hadon.

The novel deals with the expedition of Hadon, a young Oparian warrior, to the Wild Lands and as far as the mysterious Ringing Sea, which would one day be called the Mediterranean, with the strange woman whom he meets and brings with him, and with the cataclysmic civil war which breaks out on his return and which he partly (and completely unintentionally) helps touch off.

The ancient Khokarsan society of which Opar is a part is a matriarchy (a reasonable inference from the culture of the later-day Opar encountered by Tarzan). A delicate balance between the genders is maintained, symbolized by the co-rule of the high priestess and the king (whose main authority is command of the army), which corresponds to some theories of sociologists and historians on the way actual matriarchal societies may have worked. The same scheme is repeated on a smaller scale on the local level, where towns are co-governed by a local priestess and the commander of the local garrison.

The current king, Minruth, tries to subvert this immemorial system and establish exclusive male power, which incidentally would force an incestuous relationship upon the current high priestess, Awineth, who happens to be his daughter. Lalila, the foreign "White Witch from the Sea," whom Hadon brings with him and with whom he falls in love, is used as a pawn in King Minruth's power game; the xenophobic suspicions aroused about her are used in an attempt to undermine the position of women in general.

Hadon and his male and female friends rally to the high priestess' banner against the king's evil schemes.

Setting
Opar is the first and most frequently re-visited of the many lost cities and cultures which Tarzan discovers in Africa. As portrayed by Burroughs, Opar is ruled by the high priestess La, with whom Tarzan develops a prolonged love/hate relationship. The city itself is a decayed remnant of ancient greatness; it is suggested, though not conclusively, that it is a cut-off colony of Atlantis.

Farmer seizes on Burroughs' ambiguity over the issue to recast Opar as a member city of an otherwise unknown local civilization that flourished in central Africa during the last ice age. It was supposedly based on a pair of now vanished inland seas connected by a narrow strait, with a surface roughly equivalent to the Mediterranean. The two seas facilitated the appearance of a mercantile culture, technologically similar to Ancient Greece, while the rest of the world was still deep in the Stone Age.

Farmer shows this culture at or near the peak of its ancient glory, more than 10,000 years ago. It comprises numerous thriving (and sometimes warring) city states and empires, one of which is Opar. Opar is, in fact, far from the most important of these cities. The Opar described in the Tarzan novels is depicted as a "former colony of Atlantis" and this is adhered to by Farmer, though "Atlantis" in this context—the capital of the empire of which Opar is a province—is located on an island in the African inland sea, not in the Atlantic Ocean.

Eventually, subsequent to the period of his story, the two seas drain off into the Atlantic and the culture dependent on them decays and disappears, leaving only the remnant of Opar forgotten in the jungles where Tarzan will discover it. The seas' modern remnants are represented to be the much-shrunken Lake Chad and the Congo River basin.

While originally derived from the Tarzan series, the world created by Farmer is given its own independent literary existence, with the sociological and cultural aspects worked out in meticulous detail, and a long historical annex added at the end.

Reception
Lester del Rey found the novel to be "good fun" and noted that Farmer was not imitating Burroughs either in storytelling or characterization, although he faulted Farmer for providing an installment in a longer story rather than one with a dramatic resolution. Commenting on the novel for The New York Times, Theodore Sturgeon described Farmer as "tireless and astonishing".

See also

 Khokarsa

Notes

External links
Fantastic Fiction entry
Philip José Farmer International Bibliography entry
Khokarsa series entry at The Official Philip José Farmer Home Page

American fantasy novels
Adaptations of works by Edgar Rice Burroughs
Novels set in Africa
Novels by Philip José Farmer
Feminism and the arts
1974 American novels
1974 fantasy novels
Novels set in prehistory
Works based on Tarzan
DAW Books books

Hadon of Ancient Opar


Victor Roger (22 July 1853 – 2 December 1903) was a French composer. He is best known for his operettas, particularly the lighter kind known as the "vaudeville-opérette".  His thirty theatre works, composed between 1880 and 1902, also include pantomimes and ballets. His best-known piece, Les vingt-huit jours de Clairette, has remained in the repertory of French companies.

Biography
Roger was born in Montpellier, in the south of France, the son of a musician. After studying at the École Niedermeyer he began his career composing songs and operettas for the Eldorado music hall. In 1886, he had a success with Joséphine vendue par ses soeurs, a parody of Méhul's biblical opera, Joseph et ses frères. He followed this with Les vingt-huit jours de Clairette (1892), an operetta on a military theme, in the tradition of the earlier operetta composer Hervé. It ran initially for 236 performances and was revived in 1900, 1901, 1903, 1908, 1914, 1920, 1921 and 1925, and was filmed in 1933.

Les vingt-huit jours de Clairette was by far Roger's greatest success, and so it has tended to eclipse his other works, some of which enjoyed considerable popularity initially. L'auberge du Tohu-Bohu, which followed in 1897, was another example of "vaudeville-opérette", in which the spoken comedy took a more equal part with the music than in traditional operetta. Besides his songs and operettas, Roger's compositions included some ballet and pantomimes, the former being Le vague (1883), La Camargo (1901), and Cendrillon (1902), and the latter were Balazi-Boumboum (1888) and  (1895). He collaborated with the composers Gaston Serpette (Cendrillonnette (1890) and La Dot de Brigitte (1895)) and Paul Lacome (Mademoiselle Asmodée (1891)). The critic Andrew Lamb wrote of Roger, "His music is admirably crafted, demonstrating melodic grace, charm and a flair for rhythmic effect that are well suited to the lighthearted stage works to which he contributed."

Roger was a Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur, a critic for the publication La France, and editor of the theatrical news in the Petit journal. He also acted as secretary of the Paris Opéra balls.

Roger died in Paris at the age of 50.

Notes

External links

 Victor Roger on data.bnf.fr

1853 births
1903 deaths
French male classical composers
French operetta composers
Musicians from Montpellier
French ballet composers
French opera composers
Male opera composers
Knights of the Legion of Honour
French music critics
French male non-fiction writers
19th-century French male musicians

Victor Roger


The Crondall Hoard is a hoard of coins and other articles that was found in the village of Crondall in the English county of Hampshire. The hoard was discovered in 1828 and is believed to date to the seventh century. It was the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold coins found prior to the 21st century. The coins are now in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford.

The hoard was accidentally discovered by Charles Lefroy on his family's estate in 1828. As discovered it comprised 97 gold coins, together with three unstruck gold planchets and one gold-plated object that could have been a coin forgery. There were also a pair of jewelled ornaments, together with small chains that Lefroy thought may have been the remains of a pouch that had once held the coins and jewellery. Of the 97 coins, 73 were Anglo-Saxon thrymsa and 24 were Merovingian or Frankish tremissis. The consensus amongst historians is that hoard dates from between 635 AD and about 650 AD.

It is not possible to know if the coins were hidden or lost by accident. It has been suggested by the numismatist and historian Philip Grierson that the hoard may be a wergild, compensation paid to the family of someone killed by the killer. Grierson noted that under the laws of the Kingdom of Kent the wergild for killing a free Anglo-Saxon was 100 gold shillings and this matched the amount of gold in the hoard. However, there is no certainty that the 100 coins and blanks recovered by Lefroy was the whole of the hoard, and the place where the hoard was found was actually in the Kingdom of Wessex, where the wergild tariffs were different.

After discovery, the hoard remained in the Lefroy family until 1895 when it was sold to the 5th Lord Grantley. The fate of the three gold blanks, the possible forgery and the jewellery items is unknown, but all the coins were sold after Grantley's death in 1943 to the numismatic firm A H Baldwin & Sons. They in turn passed them on, at cost price, to the Ashmolean Museum, where they are on display. The hoard is of considerable historical significance, as it is the only large hoard of Anglo-Saxon thrymsa ever found, and a great deal of current knowledge of Anglo-Saxon gold coinage is the result of studying this hoard.

References

External links
 Description of the Crondall Hoard, with photographs, from the Ashmolean Museum

Collection of the Ashmolean Museum
History of Hampshire
Treasure troves in England
Treasure troves of Medieval Europe
1828 archaeological discoveries
7th-century artifacts
Hoards from Anglo-Saxon Britain

Crondall Hoard