The York and Lancaster Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army that existed from 1881 until 1968. The regiment was created in the Childers Reforms of 1881 by the amalgamation of the 65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot and the 84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot. The regiment saw service in many small conflicts and both World War I and World War II until 1968, when the regiment chose to be disbanded rather than amalgamated with another regiment, one of only two infantry regiments in the British Army to do so, with the other being the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles).

History
The regiment was formed on 1 July 1881 through the amalgamation of two regiments of foot and a militia regiment:
 65th (2nd Yorkshire) Regiment
 84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment
 3rd West York Light Infantry Militia (two battalions)

Under the original scheme of amalgamation announced in March 1881 the title of the new regiment was to be The Hallamshire Regiment. This reflected the fact that the regimental district included an area of West Riding of Yorkshire known as Hallamshire. The proposed title was unpopular with the amalgamating units, who sought a more "suitable title... which at the same time would identify the regiment with the county (Yorkshire), which the word 'Hallamshire' entirely fails to do." Four different titles were proposed, and following a vote of the officers of all four battalions, the title York and Lancaster Regiment was chosen. The regiment inherited the title "York and Lancaster" from the 84th Foot to which had been awarded in 1809. The 84th was one of the few Regiments of Foot lacking a county designation and the title was given in recognition of the fact that the unit had been raised in York in 1793, with a second battalion in Preston, Lancashire in 1808.

Sudan, 1884

The 1st battalion of the new regiment had spent 11 years in India (as the 65th Reg) 1871–1882. They were moved to Aden to be held in reserve for the Egyptian Campaign. After 18 months, they shipped on the Serapis to Trinkitat, Sudan, arriving 28 February 1884. The next day they came under gun fire and made a bayonet charge, capturing two Krupp guns. Later that day seven were killed and 35 wounded at the Battle of El Teb. The 1st battalion was reported as 421 strong when at Souakim, 14 March, before losing 32 killed and 25 wounded. They embarked on the troopship HMS Jumna on 29 March, arriving at Dover on 22 April 1884.

Second Boer War

The 1st battalion embarked for South Africa as part of the reinforcements for the Second Boer War in late 1899. It took part in the Relief of Ladysmith.

Service in the Empire
Following the end of the war in South Africa in 1902, the 1st battalion was sent to British India, where it replaced the 2nd battalion in Mhow. The 2nd battalion returned home, for the first time since 1883.

In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve; the regiment now had one Reserve and two Territorial battalions.

First World War

In total, 22 battalions of the regiment served during the Great War, losing 8,814 officers and men killed in action.

The 22 battalions consisted of the two regular battalions, the depot battalion, six Territorial Force battalions, nine Service, two Reserve, one Transport and one Labour battalion. Of these battalions, 17 saw service overseas.

During the Battle of the Somme, eight battalions of the Yorks and Lancs' went over the top on the first day, 1 July 1916, suffering huge casualties. Eleven battalions of the regiment fought during the Somme offensive.

Regular Army
The regular 1st Battalion returned from service in British India to be formed up as part of the 83rd Brigade in the 28th Division. The 28th Division consisted of regular battalions returning from overseas service and was shipped to France in January 1915. The 1st Battalion saw action in the Second Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Loos. The battalion was then shipped to the Balkans as part of the British Salonika Army where it would remain until the end of the war. While the battalion was still in France Private Samuel Harvey was awarded the York and Lancs' first Victoria Cross since the regiment's creation in 1881.

The 2nd Battalion was stationed in Ireland with the 16th Brigade when war broke out. The battalion arrived on the Western Front in September 1914 with the 6th Division as part of the original British Expeditionary Force. The 2nd Battalion fought its first battle at Radinghem south of Armentières during the Race to the Sea. The 2nd Battalion fought in most of the major battles of the war including the Battle of the Somme and spent the entire war serving in France and Flanders. Private John Caffrey, 2nd battalion, was awarded the Victoria Cross in 1915. Following the armistice of 11 November 1918 troops from the York's and Lancaster Regiment were involved in a mutinous riot at the Clipstone Camp, Nottinghamshire, following disquiet at the slow rate of being demobilised.

Territorial Force

The 1/4th (Hallamshire) Battalion and the 1/5th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 3rd West Riding Brigade in the West Riding Division in April 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 2/4th (Hallamshire) Battalion and the 2/5th Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 187th Brigade in 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division in January 1917 also for service on the Western Front.

New Armies
The 6th (Service) Battalion landed at Suvla Bay in Gallipoli as part of the 32nd Brigade in the 11th (Northern) Division; the battalion was evacuated in December 1915 and moved to Egypt before moving on to France in July 1916 for service on the Western Front. The 7th (Service) Battalion (Pioneers) landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as pioneer battalion for the 17th (Northern) Division in July 1915 also for service on the Western Front. The 8th and 9th (Service) Battalions landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 70th Brigade in the 23rd Division in August 1915 also for service on the Western Front and then moved to Italy in November 1917. The 10th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 63rd Brigade in the 21st Division in September 1915 also for service on the Western Front.

The three Pals battalions, the 12th (Sheffield City) Battalion and the 13th and 14th Barnsley Battalions, landed in France as part of the 94th Brigade in the 31st Division in March 1916 for service on the Western Front. They suffered particularly heavily during the Battle of the Somme.

Second World War

Regular Army
The 1st Battalion was part of the 15th Infantry Brigade of the 5th Infantry Division and was sent to France in October 1939, a month after the outbreak of the Second World War, where it served as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The battalion, with the rest of the 15th Brigade (which was temporarily detached from the 5th Division), was carried to and from Norway, where it fought briefly in the Norwegian Campaign in April 1940, by ; this led to a bond of friendship between the regiment and the ship, and meant that, when the Sheffield was adopted by its namesake city, the regiment was awarded the freedom of Sheffield soon after. The battalion, after evacuation to the United Kingdom in May 1940, was sent to Scotland where the 15th Brigade was reunited with rest of the division, later being posted to Northern Ireland in March 1942. After leaving the United Kingdom in March 1942 and being shipped around most of the British Empire and many Middle Eastern countries, the battalion was finally sent to the Mediterranean, where it fought in the Allied invasion of Sicily in July/August 1943, followed in early September by the Allied invasion of Italy. They then fought in the Italian Campaign, fighting, most notably, in the First Battle of Monte Cassino in January 1944 and remained there holding their objectives gained during the battle, before being sent to the Anzio beachhead in March. The battalion, as in the aftermath of Monte Cassino, remained at Anzio until late May, where it took part in Operation Diadem, and in June was withdrawn from the front line, returning to the Middle East in July, where the battalion remained for the next seven months, resting and refitting after nearly a year of continuous action in Sicily and Italy. Landing briefly in Italy in February 1945, the battalion, with the rest of the 5th Division, transferred to Belgium soon afterwards, arriving there in March, to take part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany, where the battalion ended the war.

The 2nd Battalion (part of the 14th Infantry Brigade) was involved in the defence of Heraklion, during the Battle of Crete in 1941. Most of their casualties in this battle were suffered in the withdrawal by the Royal Navy which came under heavy air attack from the German Luftwaffe. On returning to Egypt, they became part of the 70th Infantry Division used in the breakout from Tobruk, where they suffered heavy casualties as one of the lead battalions. In 1942, they were transferred, along with the rest of the 70th Infantry Division, to India and Burma where they took part in the Second Chindit Campaign and the Arakan offensive toward the end of the war.

Territorial Army
The Hallamshire Battalion, was part of Mauriceforce (Norwegian Campaign) in Norway in April 1940. The battalion was part of the 146th Infantry Brigade, itself part of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. The Hallamshires took part in the unsuccessful Namsos Campaign and were evacuated back to Britain by 5 May. The Hallamshires were sent to Iceland and the United Kingdom in April 1942, not seeing active service until the battalion was landed in Normandy soon after D-Day in June 1944 and fought its way through France, Belgium (where Corporal John Harper was awarded the regiment's fifth Victoria Cross), and into the Netherlands, where it was part of the bitter fighting that led to the eventual capture of Arnhem in April 1945.

The former 5th Battalion (Territorial Army), which had converted to anti-aircraft artillery in 1936, served in the North African Campaign in 1941, as the 67th (York and Lancaster) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, before being transferred to India and then Burma, where it was prominent at Imphal, and later at Mandalay. From October 1944 to January 1945, the regiment served as infantry due to the shortage of manpower in the British Army at the time.

The 6th Battalion was a 2nd Line Territorial duplicate of the 4th Battalion, formed in 1939 when the TA was doubled in size. The battalion, part of the 138th Infantry Brigade of the 46th Infantry Division, went to France, under Lieutenant Colonel George Symes, in April 1940, and the following month experienced heavy fighting in the St Omer-La Bassée area. Taking part in the Dunkirk evacuation, the battalion returned to England in June 1940 and remained there on anti-invasion duties for the next two-and-a-half years. In early 1943, the battalion, now under Lieutenant Colonel Douglas Kendrew, together with the rest of the 46th Division, was sent to French North Africa where it became part of the British First Army and fought in the Tunisian Campaign until it ended in mid-May, with the battalion capturing thousands of Axis soldiers. After spending three months resting, refitting and training, the battalion then, in early September 1943, took part in the Allied invasion of Italy, suffering very heavy casualties. The battalion, after helping in the liberation of Naples, later participated in the breaching the Volturno Line, and advanced up the spine of western Italy, fighting along the Winter Line, and in the First Battle of Monte Cassino. In March 1944, the battalion, after nearly six months of continuous action, was withdrawn to Egypt and later Palestine to rest and refit. Returning to Italy in July, the battalion fought on the Gothic Line, before, in December 1944, being sent to Greece and returning again to Italy in April 1945.

Hostilities-only
Meanwhile, the 7th Battalion, which was raised in 1940, was in India (from December 1942), but served mainly on the North-West Frontier, before being moved to Burma in 1945, too late to contribute to the defeat of the Japanese.

The 8th and 9th battalions, both raised in 1940, after being stationed in Northern Ireland with the 71st Brigade from 1940 to 1942, were both sent to India in 1942 where they joined the 25th Indian Infantry Division. The 8th Battalion joined the 51st Indian Infantry Brigade and the 9th Battalion the 53rd Indian Infantry Brigade. The two battalions took a significant part in the Arakan battles of 1942–1943 and in the battles for southern Burma in 1944 to 1945.

The 10th Battalion was converted to tanks in India, becoming the 150th Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps, in the 254th Indian Tank Brigade. The 150th Regiment used Lee tanks with which it fought at the Battles of Imphal, Kohima and Meiktila and on the advance to Rangoon (Operation Dracula).

Post Second World War
Following the Second World War, the regiment saw service around the world, including participation in the Suez Crisis of 1956. With the reorganisation of the army in 1968, the York and Lancaster Regiment was one of two infantry regiments that chose to be disbanded rather than amalgamated with another regiment, the other regiment being the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles). However, although the 1st Battalion was disbanded in 1968, with the Regimental HQ closing in 1987, the traditions of the regiment were continued through the descendants of the Hallamshire Battalion, which was constituted as two companies in the Yorkshire Volunteers.

On 6 June 2006, the platoon took its rightful place in the ORBAT of the newly formed 4th Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment, thus ensuring a continued and direct link, via the Territorial Army, with The York and Lancaster Regiment. Recognition of this link was further reinforced by a recent decision by the Yorkshire Regiment Association (YRA) to recognise all former members of the York and Lancaster Regiment as members of the YRA.

Regimental museum
The York and Lancaster Regimental Museum is based at Clifton Park in Rotherham.

Battle honours
The regiment's battle honours were as follows:
combined battle honours of 65th Regiment and 84th Regiment1, plus:
Guadeloupe 17592, Martinique 17942, Tel-el-Kebir, Egypt 1882 '84, Relief of Ladysmith, South Africa 1899–1902
The Great War [22 battalions]: Aisne 1914, Armentières 1914, Ypres 1915 '17 '18, Gravenstafel, St. Julien, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Hooge 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916, Pozières, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Thiepval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916, Arras 1917 '18, Scarpe 1917 '18, Arleux, Oppy, Messines 1917 '18, Langemarck 1917, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 '18, St. Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Lys, Hazebrouck, Bailleul, Kemmel, Scherpenberg, Marne 1918, Tardenois, Drocourt-Quéant, Hindenburg Line, Havrincourt, Épéhy, Canal du Nord, Selle, Valenciennes, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–18, Piave, Vittorio Veneto, Italy 1917–18, Struma, Doiran 1917, Macedonia 1915–18, Suvla, Landing at Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915, Egypt 1916
The Second World War: Norway 1940, Odon, Fontenay Le Pesnil, Caen, La Vie Crossing, La Touques Crossing, Forêt de Bretonne, Le Havre, Antwerp-Turnhout Canal, Scheldt, Lower Maas, Arnhem 1945, North-West Europe 1940 '44–45, Tobruk 1941, Tobruk Sortie 1941, Mine de Sedjenane, Djebel Kournine, North Africa 1941 '43, Landing in Sicily, Simeto Bridgehead, Pursuit to Messina, Sicily 1943, Salerno, Vietri Pass, Capture of Naples, Cava di Terreni, Volturno Crossing, Monte Camino, Calabritto, Colle Cedro, Garigliano Crossing, Minturno, Monte Tuga, Anzio, Advance to Tiber, Gothic Line, Coriano, San Clemente, Gemmano Ridge, Carpineta, Lamone Crossing, Defence of Lamone Bridgehead, Rimini Line, San Marino, Italy 1943–45, Crete, Heraklion, Middle East 1941, North Arakan, Maungdaw, Rangoon Road, Toungoo, Arakan Beaches, Chindits 1944, Burma 1943–45

1. the honour "India" of the 84th Regt was modified to "India 1796–1819" in 1912 to differentiate it from the "India" Tiger badge of the 65th Regt

2. awarded 1909 for services of 65th Regiment

Victoria Cross awards
 Private Samuel Harvey, 1st Battalion (29 September 1915)
 Private John Caffrey, 2nd Battalion (16 November 1915)
 Sergeant Frederick Charles Riggs, 6th (Service) Battalion (1 October 1918)
 Sergeant John Brunton Daykins, 2/4th Battalion (20 October 1918)
 Corporal John William Harper, Hallamshire Battalion (29 September 1944)

Affiliations
 Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal − 1968
 The Wellington Regiment (City of Wellington's Own) - 1913–1964
 7th Battalion (Hawke's Bay – City of Wellington's Own), Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment - 1964–1968
 7th Battalion, Royal Malay Regiment − 1968

See also
 List of York and Lancaster Regiment battalions
 British 5th Infantry Division
 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division
 British 70th Infantry Division

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

 The Yorkshire Regiment MOD site
 The Yorkshire Volunteers Hallamshire Battalion site
 British Regiment
 The York and Lancaster Regiment during World War I

Regiments of Yorkshire
Military units and formations in the West Riding of Yorkshire
Military units and formations established in 1881
Regiments of the British Army in World War I
Regiments of the British Army in World War II
Military units and formations disestablished in 1968
1881 establishments in the United Kingdom
R

York and Lancaster Regiment


The Mitsubishi eK is a kei car series from Mitsubishi Motors, based on the long-running Minica, and first introduced on October 11, 2001. According to the company, the "eK" name stands for "excellent keijidōsha" or "excellent minicar".

Immediately upon its release it was the recipient of the Good Design Award by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in 2001. While the initial sales target was 10,000 units per month, it sold 13,000 in its first four days, and 20,000 by the end of October 2001. It is Mitsubishi's highest volume model in the Japanese domestic market, and total sales to 2005 are approximately 480,000. In Japan, it was sold at a specific retail chain called Car Plaza. Since June 8, 2005, Nissan has received 36,000 eK Wagons annually from Mitsubishi, to be sold within the domestic market as the Nissan Otti. The Otti was replaced by the Nissan Dayz on June 6, 2013, although the Otti was still sold alongside the Dayz until being discontinued on June 28, 2013.

In April 2016, Mitsubishi admitted that its employees had falsified fuel efficiency data for the eK Wagon, eK Space, Nissan Dayz and Nissan Dayz Roox. The resultant scandal culminated in Nissan acquiring a controlling interest in Mitsubishi the following month.

First generation (H81/H91/NA0; 2001–2006)

In its first generation, it was available either as an eK Wagon (introduced on October 11, 2001), eK Sport (introduced on September 2, 2002), eK Classy (introduced on May 26, 2003) or eK Active (introduced on May 25, 2004). A facelifted eK Wagon was introduced on December 20, 2004. On December 20, 2005, the eK Classy was discontinued.

Second generation (H82/H92/NA1; 2006–2013)

The second generation eK Wagon and eK Sport were released on September 13, 2006, priced from ¥913,500 to ¥1,484,700. The eK Active was discontinued at the time of the second generation's launch. A facelifted eK Wagon and eK Sport were released on August 21, 2008. The car sported a sliding door on the passenger side, which was unusual for its class.

Third generation (B11/B21/AA0; 2013–2019)

The third generation eK Wagon and its new sportier variant, called the eK Custom, were released on June 6, 2013. It was the first major design update since when the eK began sales.

Fourth generation (B33/B34/B35/B36/B37/B38/B40/B5A; 2019–present)

The fourth generation eK Wagon and its crossover SUV-styled variant, called the eK X (pronounced "eK Cross"), were unveiled on March 14, 2019, and released on March 28, 2019.

The battery electric version called the eK X EV was introduced on May 20, 2022, along with its Nissan-badged equivalent called the Nissan Sakura, which received different exterior and interior styling compared to the Dayz.

eK Space
The Mitsubishi eK Space is a tall-height wagon kei car with rear sliding doors, based on the eK Wagon. The eK Space is also sold by Nissan as the Nissan Dayz Roox from 2014 to 2020 and as the Nissan Roox from 2020.

First generation (B11/B21/BA0; 2014–2020)

The first generation eK Space and its sportier variant, called the eK Space Custom, were announced on October 3, 2013, and released on February 13, 2014.

Second generation (B34/B35/B37/B38/B44/B45/B47/B48; 2020–present)

The second generation eK Space and its crossover SUV-styled variant, called the eK X Space (pronounced "eK Cross Space"), were unveiled on February 6, 2020, and went on sale on March 19, 2020.

Annual production and sales
Production figures include OEM units manufactured on behalf of Nissan, while sales figures only include Mitsubishi-badged models.

(sources: Facts & Figures 2005, Facts & Figures 2009, Mitsubishi Motors website)

References

External links

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  (ek Space)
  (Dayz)
  (Roox)

eK
Cars introduced in 2001
2010s cars
2020s cars
Kei cars
Hatchbacks
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Vehicles with CVT transmission
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Mitsubishi eK


Survival mode, or horde mode, is a game mode in a video game in which the player must continue playing for as long as possible without dying in an uninterrupted session while the game presents them with increasingly difficult waves of challenges. A variant of the mode requires that the player last for a certain finite amount of time or number of waves, after which victory is achieved and the mode ends. The mode is particularly common among tower defense games, where the player must improve the defenses of a specific location in order to repel enemy forces for as long as possible. Survival mode has been compared to the gameplay of classic arcade games, where players face off against increasingly stronger waves of enemies. This mode was intended to give the game a definite and sometimes sudden ending, so that other players could then play the arcade game as well.

Power Instinct added a Survival Mode, called 'Life Attack' to their Super Nintendo Port in November 1993. Street Fighter II: The World Warrior on the Game Boy introduced the mode in 1995, and both  Tekken 2 and  Street Fighter EX included the mode in 1996 and 1997 respectively. Killing Floor, originally a total conversion mod for the game Unreal Tournament 2004, first released in 2005, introduced the wave-based survival cooperative game mode. Popular games that have a survival mode include zombie games such as those in the Left 4 Dead series, games in the Call of Duty series following Call of Duty: World at War, and the tower defense game Plants vs. Zombies. Gears of War 2 introduced the term "horde mode" as an alternative name for survival mode, and subsequently picked up by other games such as World War Z. Additionally, many sandbox games, such as Minecraft, take advantage of this game mode by having players survive the night time from a variety of monsters, such as skeletons and zombies. Another sandbox game, Rust, uses both non-player characters and other players as enemies, inviting player vs player combat in order to survive in the game's environment.

References

Video game gameplay

Survival mode


The Southwest Chief (formerly the Southwest Limited and Super Chief) is a long-distance passenger train operated by Amtrak on a  route between Chicago and Los Angeles through the Midwest and Southwest via Kansas City, Albuquerque, and Flagstaff. Amtrak bills the route as one of its most scenic, with views of the Painted Desert and the Red Cliffs of Sedona, as well as the plains of Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and Colorado.

During fiscal year 2019, the Southwest Chief carried 338,180 passengers, an increase of 2.1% from FY 2018. The route grossed  in revenue during FY 2018, a 3.8% decrease from FY 2017.

History

The Southwest Chief is the successor to the Super Chief, which was inaugurated in 1936 as the flagship train of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. For most of its existence, it was "all-Pullman", carrying sleeping cars only. The Santa Fe merged the Super Chief with its all-coach counterpart, the El Capitan, in 1958. The merged train was known as the Super Chief/El Capitan, but retained the train numbers used by the Super Chief, 17 westbound and 18 eastbound.

Amtrak retained the Super Chief/El Capitan after taking over passenger rail service on May 1, 1971. During summer 1972, it was complemented by the Chief, reviving the name of another notable Chicago–Los Angeles sleeper train operated by the Santa Fe. Amtrak truncated the name to Super Chief in 1973 and, on March 7, 1974, renamed it Southwest Limited after Santa Fe forced Amtrak to discontinue using the Chief brand on its former trains because of a perceived decline in quality after the Amtrak takeover. After subsequent improvements, the Santa Fe allowed Amtrak to change the name to Southwest Chief on October 28, 1984.

The western portion of the Pasadena Subdivision was converted to the Gold Line in the 1990s, requiring the Southwest Chief to be rerouted to the San Bernardino Subdivision between Los Angeles and San Bernardino. Eastbound service was rerouted on November 28, 1993, replacing the stops at  and  with . Westbound service was rerouted on January 15, 1994. An additional stop at  was added on April 29, 2002.

Between 1997 and 1998, Amtrak operated the Southwest Chief in conjunction with the Washington–Chicago Capitol Limited. The two trains used the same Superliner equipment sets and passengers traveling on both trains could remain aboard during the layover in Chicago. Originally announced in 1996, Amtrak planned to call this through service National Chief and assign it its own numbers (15/16), but the name and numbers were never used. Amtrak dropped the practice with its May 1998 timetable.

Incidents
On October 2, 1979, the Southwest Limited derailed at Lawrence, Kansas. Of the 30 crew and 147 passengers on board, two were killed and 69 were injured. The cause was excessive speed on a curve. Underlying causes included the engineer's unfamiliarity with the route and speed restriction signage having been removed during track repairs.

On August 9, 1997, the eastbound Southwest Chief derailed about 5 miles northeast of Kingman, Arizona, when a bridge whose undergirding had been washed out by a flash flood collapsed under the weight of the train, which was traveling close to . While the lead locomotive stayed on the track, the three trailing locomotives, nine passenger cars, and seven baggage and mail cars derailed. All stayed upright. Of the 325 passengers and crew aboard, 154 were injured and none were killed.

On October 16, 1999, the westbound Southwest Chief suffered a minor derailment near Ludlow, California, following the Hector Mine earthquake. All the cars stayed upright and four passengers were injured.

On March 14, 2016, the Southwest Chief derailed  from Cimarron, Kansas. Of 14 crew and 128 passengers, 20 were injured. Investigators determined the train derailed after the tracks were knocked out of alignment by a runaway truck from a nearby farm operation that had rolled down a hill and struck the tracks after its owners failed to secure the parking brake.

On June 27, 2022, the eastbound Southwest Chief derailed after striking a dump truck at a level crossing near Mendon, Missouri. Of 12 crew and 275 passengers, 3 deaths and 150 injuries have been reported; the driver of the truck also died.

Operations

The Southwest Chief runs up to  along a significant portion of its route, made possible by automatic train stop systems originally installed by the Santa Fe Railway. Of Amtrak's long-distance routes, only the Texas Eagle runs faster (with a maximum speed of  through much of Illinois).

During the spring and summer, volunteer rangers with the Trails and Rails program from the National Park Service travel on board and provide a narrative between La Junta, Colorado and Albuquerque, New Mexico. Beginning in May 2013, Trails and Rails volunteers also boarded to provide narration between Chicago and La Plata, Missouri.

From June through August, the Southwest Chief is used by Scouts traveling to and from Philmont Scout Ranch via the Raton station. During those months, Raton station is staffed by Amtrak employees and handles checked baggage.

This route was one of five studied for possible performance improvements by Amtrak in FY 2012.

Equipment
The Southwest Chief runs Superliner train sets. Trains typically consist of two P40 or P42 locomotives, a baggage car, three or four sleeper cars, a dining car, sightseer lounge and three coach cars. If demand warrants, a fourth coach is added between Chicago and Kansas City. Private cars or deadhead cars also sometimes ride along.

Route
In 1979, the Southwest Chief route between Kansas City and Emporia was shifted in order to maintain service to Topeka and Lawrence, which would otherwise have lost service when the Texas Chief was discontinued.

Prior to 1996, the Southwest Chief operated in Illinois between Chicago and  via the ATSF's Chillicothe Subdivision, stopping at , , and Chillicothe.  Following the merger of the Burlington Northern and the Santa Fe in 1996, BNSF constructed a connector track at Cameron, Illinois, which allowed freight and passenger trains to transfer between the BN Mendota Subdivision and the Chillicothe Subdivision.  The Chief was rerouted on the old Burlington Northern through , , and  to Galesburg, a route shared with the California Zephyr, Illinois Zephyr, and Carl Sandburg.

In January 1994, the Southwest Chief was rerouted between San Bernardino and Los Angeles onto the Santa Fe Third District via Fullerton and Riverside. Previously, it served Pasadena and Pomona via the Santa Fe Pasadena Subdivision, which was closed to all through traffic following damage to a bridge over the eastbound lanes of Interstate 210 in Arcadia during the Northridge Earthquake.

There were plans to add service to Pueblo and connecting with the proposed Front Range regional rail service between Denver and Pueblo. It would have also run along former Colorado & Southern tracks through Walsenburg, reconnecting with its current alignment at Trinidad. A more recent plan is to run a section of the train to Colorado Springs, Colorado via Pueblo.

In May 2022, the Missouri General Assembly approved $1 million of state funds to establish a Southwest Chief infill station in Carrollton, between the Kansas City and La Plata stations. If approved by the governor, the state funds would have to be matched by local agencies.

Issues on midsection of route

The part of the Southwest Chief's route in western Kansas, southeastern Colorado, and northeastern New Mexico faced uncertainty throughout the 2010s.

In 2010, BNSF said that Amtrak would have to pay for all track maintenance on the portion of the Southwest Chief route between La Junta and Lamy (Raton and Glorieta Subdivisions), because BNSF does not run any freight trains over this segment. BNSF also said that they would be lowering the track class on the portion of the Southwest Chief's route between Hutchinson and La Junta from Class IV to Class III and decreasing the passenger train speed limit from  to .

In return, BNSF proposed rerouting the Southwest Chief from the affected sections of track to its Southern Transcon via Wichita, Amarillo, and Clovis—the same route once used by the San Francisco Chief. To avoid a reroute, Amtrak sought help from the affected states—Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico. The states eventually contributed money toward rebuilding and rehabilitating the tracks—much of it obtained from federal transportation grants—and the route was not changed.

However, this same part of the Southwest Chief's route was threatened again in 2018 when it became the focal point of a struggle to determine whether to continue Amtrak as a national network or to operate regional stand-alone networks. The issue arose when Amtrak introduced new requirements for the third renewal grant and raised previously undiscussed technical issues. A letter dated May 31, 2018, co-signed by 11 Senators, condemned the action and urged providing the match. In an open letter, former Amtrak President and CEO Joseph H. Boardman said, "The Southwest Chief issue is the battleground whose outcome will determine the fate of American's national interconnected rail passenger network".

In June, Amtrak announced that it was considering the replacement of rail service along the Kansas portion of the Southwest Chief with Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach buses between Albuquerque and Dodge City, where train service east to Chicago would resume. Senators in the affected area succeeded in offering an amendment to a funding bill. Per a press release from the office of co-sponsor Senator Jerry Moran, "This amendment would provide resources for maintenance and safety improvements along the Southwest Chief route and would compel Amtrak to fulfill its promise of matching funding for the successful TIGER IX discretionary grant ... In addition, this amendment would effectively reverse Amtrak's decision to substitute rail service with bus service over large segments of the route through FY2019".

Stations

Ridership

Notes

References

External links

1974 establishments in the United States
Amtrak routes
Higher-speed rail
Night trains of the United States
Passenger rail transportation in Illinois
Passenger rail transportation in Iowa
Passenger rail transportation in Missouri
Passenger rail transportation in Kansas
Passenger rail transportation in Colorado
Passenger rail transportation in New Mexico
Passenger rail transportation in Arizona
Passenger rail transportation in California
Long distance Amtrak routes

Southwest Chief


The Qatar Davis Cup team represents Qatar in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Qatar Tennis Federation.

Qatar currently compete in the Asia/Oceania Zone of Group IV.  They won Group III in 1994 and 1997.

History
Qatar competed in its first Davis Cup in 1992.

Last team (2021)

 Sultan Al-Alawi (Captain-player)
 Mashari Nawaf
 Mousa Shanan Zayed
 Rashed Nawaf

See also
Davis Cup
Qatar Tennis Federation

External links

Davis Cup teams
Davis Cup
Davis Cup

Qatar Davis Cup team


The Last Sucker is the eleventh studio album by industrial metal band Ministry, released in 2007 through 13th Planet Records. For three years until their reformation in 2011, it was the band's last studio album featuring new material.

The album is the third and final part of the band's anti-George W. Bush trilogy, preceded by 2004's Houses of the Molé and 2006's Rio Grande Blood.

Overview
Jourgensen told Billboard that he had "...other things to do. I just started a label (13th Planet Records), and I want to sign some bands and really build it up like I did with WaxTrax in the '80s, not just a vanity label. I think it's time, and I'll be leaving on the top of my game instead of hanging on too long and doing crappy Aerosmith and Rolling Stones albums thirty years later."

"That seems to be my muse; everyone seems to think I write real shitty music when a Democrat's in office. So we'll do that one, and then me and George (W.) Bush go riding off hand-in-hand, into the sunset."

Fear Factory frontman Burton C. Bell recorded some guest vocals for the album.

On July 17, 2007, a promotional copy of the album was leaked on the internet. A week earlier lyrics and full credits for the album were released by SureShotWorx on their official website.

A Best Buy exclusive version of the CD contains remixes of "Watch Yourself" and "The Last Sucker."

The final track, "End of Days Part Two", contains a lengthy sample from 34th President of the United States Dwight Eisenhower's farewell address, warning about the dangers of the "military-industrial complex". The end of the song also features a quiet sample of "O Fortuna" in the background.  The same music was sampled at the beginning of the first album in the Bush Trilogy, Houses of the Molé.

In an interview with Songfacts from 2012, Jourgensen reflected on the political aspect of the album:

"By the end of Last Sucker, I actually felt guilty and bad about bashing Bush. In Rio Grande Blood, I was all into it: this guy's evil. But by the end of Last Sucker, I was just like, this guy is in over his head. The oligarchy rules, and this guy plays with crayons and reads My Pet Goat. I mean, he's a blithering idiot. I protested him here in El Paso one time. I got within 10 feet of him. I can't believe the Secret Service let me get that close. And he was at a taco stand, like, 'I'll take one of them there enchiritos.' Well, there was no enchirito on the menu, and I don't even know what an enchirito is. But George W. was insistent, so they made him an enchirito, and I got to witness the whole thing and I started feeling sorry for him. What a dolt, man. This guy is so stupid, he can't be running the country. Cheney and the oligarchy is running the country. This guy just plays with Tonka trucks and orders enchiritos. I actually felt sorry for him."

Cover art
The limited edition digipak has an image of George W. Bush's face that morphs into a lizard creature's face and back when turned. The image is on a card that can be removed from the digipack.

The inner cover art contains a parody of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with Jourgensen in the center of the table and figures from the Bush administration around him; Bush himself is drawn in Philip the Apostle's place.

Track listing

Personnel

Ministry
Alien Jourgensen - lead vocals, programming, guitars, bass (8), harmonica (8), drum programming (8), production
Paul Raven - bass (2, 10, 11), guitars (2, 10, 11), backing vocals (2, 10, 11)
Tommy Victor - guitars (5, 6, 9-11), bass (5, 6, 9-11), backing vocals (5, 6, 9-11)
Sin Quirin - guitars (1, 3, 4, 7), bass (1, 3, 4, 7)
John Bechdel - keyboards

Additional personnel
Burton C. Bell - vocals (9-11)
Josh Bradford - add. backing vocals (11)
Angie Jay - add. backing vocals (11)
Kevin Spence - intro vox (8) add. backing vocals (6-11)
Erin Braswell - add. backing vocals (11)
Dave Donnelly - production, mastering
John Bilberry - engineer, drum programming
Lawton Outlaw - art direction, design, layout

Chart positions

References

External links

2007 albums
Albums produced by Al Jourgensen
Ministry (band) albums
Cultural depictions of George W. Bush
Obscenity controversies in music

The Last Sucker


The  (; ) is the national anthem of Spain. It is one of only four national anthems in the world – along with those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, San Marino and Kosovo – that have no official lyrics. Although many different lyrics have been made for it in the past, it has never had official lyrics as a national anthem.

One of the oldest in the world, the Spanish national anthem was first printed in a document dated 1761 and entitled  (Book of the Ordinance of Newly Played Military Fife and Drum Calls by The Spanish Infantry), by Manuel de Espinosa. There, it is entitled  (). According to the document, Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros is the composer.

There is a misconception that its author was Frederick II of Prussia, a great lover of music. That mistaken belief arose in 1861 when it was       published as fact in the periodical  (Military Spain). In 1864, Col. Antonio Vallecillo published the story in the diary  (The Public Spirit), claiming a supposed Prussian origin for . According to Vallecillo, the anthem was a gift from Frederick II to the Count of Colomera, who was serving in the Prussian Court to learn the military tactics developed by Frederick II's army, under orders of King Charles III. In 1868, this spurious history was published in , changing the beneficiary of the gift to the Count of Aranda. The myth was picked up in different publications of 1884 and 1903 until it was included in 1908 in the .

In 1770, Charles III declared the  the official Honor March, an act that formalized the tradition of playing it in public, especially on solemn occasions. It became the official Spanish anthem during Isabel II's reign.

In 1870, after the 1868 Revolution, General Juan Prim organized a national contest to create a new official state anthem, and a jury consisting of three well-known composers was chosen to designate a winning entry. Although over 400 compositions were submitted, including those written by the young composers Federico Chueca, Ruperto Chapí and Tomás Bretón, a new anthem was never selected. After extensive deliberations, the jury had advised that  was already considered the country's official anthem, and the contest was suspended. By Alfonso XIII's time, the Royal Circular Order of 27 August 1908 established the musical score orchestrated by Bartolomé Pérez Casas, Superior musician of the Royal Corps of Halberdier Guards, as the official version; it is known traditionally as the Grenadier March or the Royal Spanish March. During the Spanish Second Republic the  was adopted as the anthem of the republic.

The actual symphonic version of the  that replaced the Pérez Casas one was written by maestro Francisco Grau and is the official one after the Royal Decree of 10 October 1997, when the Kingdom of Spain bought the author rights of the , then belonging to Pérez Casas's heirs. According to the Royal Decree 1560/1997, it should be in the key of B-flat major and a tempo of 76 bpm (♩=76), with a form of AABB and a duration of 52 seconds.

Current version
The current official version of , as described in Royal Decree 1560/1997, is a sixteen-bar long phrase, divided in two sections, each one is made up of four repeated bars (AABB form). Tempo is set to ♩= 76 and key to B-flat.

The long, complete version is the honors music for the King, while a shorter version without the repetitions is performed for the Princess of Asturias, the President of the Government of Spain, or during sporting events.

There are also three official arrangements: one for orchestra, another for military band, and a third for organ, written by Francisco Grau and requested by the Government of Spain. All in all, there are six different official adaptations, for each arrangement and length. They all were recorded by the Spanish National Orchestra and the Spanish Royal Guard Band as an official recording and released on compact disc for a limited period of time.

Copyright issues
As the harmonisation of  was written by Pérez Casas in the early 20th century, the copyright has not yet expired. The government bought it from Pérez Casas' estate in 1997 for 130 million pesetas (781,315.734 euros) to avoid future legal problems. Until it expires, the copyright belongs to the Ministry of Culture and collecting societies charge copyright fees, which has led to criticism.

As a result, many different harmonisations have been devised by performers to avoid paying. Nonetheless, the rights to the 1997 Francisco Grau revision were transferred to the government at no charge, but they were not placed in the public domain.

Music

Lyrics
Though the  has no official lyrics, words have been written and used for it in the past. One version was used during Alfonso XIII's reign and another during the Francoist State; however, none of them were ever made official. The national anthem has been played without words since 1978, when lyrics that had been approved by General Franco were abandoned. Occasionally the Francoist lyrics have been erroneously performed after their abandonment.

Lyrics competition
After witnessing a rendition of You'll Never Walk Alone at Anfield in 2007, the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee (COE), Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to  ahead of Madrid's bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games. That same year Telecinco, enticed by the COE, organized a national contest and posted 25 different lyrics on their website which they thought best matched COE's requirements. The winner was chosen, although only 40,000 people voted. The lyrics by Enrique Hernández-Luike, magazine publisher and poet, spoke of freedom, peace and the Constitution. The winning lyrics were sung by the Ronda de Aranzueque choir in Pastrana, and filmed by German television. However, the COE organized a new competition for the lyrics, which resulted in between 2,000 and 7,000 entries (depending on source). A private team of jurors chose the entry by Paulino Cubero, then unemployed. The new lyrics received criticism, resulting in them being pulled only five days later, and the idea was scrapped indefinitely. However in 2018 Marta Sánchez wrote official lyrics for the Spanish National Anthem that more people are agreeing with these days.

A number of the autonomous communities of Spain have their own regional anthems.

Former lyrics

Lyrics during Alfonso XIII's reign
These lyrics were written by Eduardo Marquina (1879–1946) on the occasion of Alfonso XIII's silver wedding anniversary. Still, they were never made official.
La bandera de España (Coro)
Gloria, gloria, corona de la Patria,
soberana luz
que es oro en tu Pendón.
Vida, vida, futuro de la Patria,
que en tus ojos es
abierto corazón...!
Púrpura y oro: bandera inmortal;
en tus colores, juntas, carne y alma están.
Púrpura y oro: querer y lograr;
Tú eres, bandera, el signo del humano afán.

España guiadora (Solo)
¡Pide, España! ¡Tu nombre llevaremos
donde quieras tú;
que honrarlo es nuestra ley!
¡Manda, España, y unidos lucharemos,
porque vivas tú,
sin tregua pueblo y rey!
Una bandera gloriosa nos das;
¡nadie, viviendo, España, nos la arrancará!
Para que, un día, nos pueda cubrir,
¡danos, España, el gozo de morir por ti!

¡Viva España!... (Coro)
¡Viva España! Del grito de la Patria,
la explosión triunfal
abrió camino al sol;
¡Viva España! repiten veinte pueblos
y al hablar dan fe
del ánimo español...
¡Marquen arado martillo y clarín
su noble ritmo al grito de la Patria fe!
¡Guíe la mente a la mano hasta el fin,
al "Viva España" asista toda España en pie!
Flag of Spain (Chorus)
Glory, glory, crown of the Fatherland
sovereign light
which in your standard is gold.
Life, life, future of the Fatherland,
in your eyes it is
an open heart
Purple and gold: immortal flag;
in your colors, together, flesh and soul are.
Purple and gold: to want and to achieve;
You are, flag, the sign of human effort.

Spain guiding (Solo)
Ask of us, Spain! Your name we will take
anywhere you want;
because honoring it is our law!
Command us, Spain, and united we will fight,
so that you may live,
relentless people and king!
You give us a glorious flag;
Nobody, who is alive, Spain, will take it from us!
So that, one day, we can be covered by it,
Give us, Spain, the joy of dying for you!

Long live Spain! ... (Chorus)
Long live Spain! The cry of the Fatherland,
the triumphant explosion
Has opened the way to the sun;
Long live Spain! repeated twenty peoples
and when they speak they have faith
in the Spanish will ...
Mark plow hammer and bugle
your noble rhythm at the cry of the Fatherland faith!
Guide the mind and the hand until the end,
the "Long Live Spain" Spain attends all standing!

Franco-era lyrics
Lyrics were adapted from an earlier version on 1928 written by José María Pemán (1897–1981) during the reign of Alfonso XIII and the government of Miguel Primo de Rivera. The changes intended to fit the symbols of the extreme right-wing ideology of General Francisco Franco, referred to as National-Catholicism, which were the "salute with the extended right arm" and the "yoke and arrows". The yoke and arrows were, firstly, a symbol used in the Middle Ages by Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon to represent the union of their dynasties and their kingdoms, and secondly, the symbol of Falangism in Spain.

Even if nowadays those lyrics are mostly linked to the Franco era, they weren't really made official,  though they became popular in certain contexts. Actually, back then, the popular school textbook "Enciclopedia Álvarez" featured different lyrics that were taught to children.

New Official Lyrics by Marta Sanchez as of 2018

Spanish Version

Vuelvo a casa, a mi amada tierra,
la que vio nacer mi corazón aquí.
Hoy te canto, para decirte cuanto orgullo hay en mí,
por eso resistí.
Crece mi amor cada vez que me voy,
pero no olvides que sin ti no sé vivir.
Rojo, amarillo, colores que brillan en mi corazón
y no pido perdón.
Grande España, a Dios le doy las gracias por nacer aquí,
honrarte hasta el fin.
Como tu hija llevaré ese honor,
llenar cada rincón con tus rayos de sol.
Y si algún día no puedo volver,
guárdame un sitio para descansar al fin.

English Version

I return home, to my beloved land,
which saw the birth of a heart here.
Today I sing to you, to tell you how much pride there is in me,
that's why I resisted.
My love grows every time I leave,
but do not forget that without you I do not know how to live.
Red, yellow, colors that shine in my heart and I do not apologize.
Great Spain, to God I thank you for being born here,
honoring you to the end.
As your daughter I will carry that honor,
fill each corner with your light.
And if someday I cannot go back,
save me a place to rest at last.

Interpretation and etiquette

Military bands of the Spanish Armed Forces and the National Police Corps of Spain and civilian Marching bands and Concert bands play the B flat-major version of the anthem adapted for wind bands (as arranged by Francisco Grau), and playing the A major version is optional.

The bugle call To the Colors in Spain is the version played by Bugle bands in Spanish churches in religious occasions and processions organized by civil groups and the parishes. Various versions adapted for the drum and the bugle are used, even though brass instruments play the anthem as well. But in some bugle bands, the A flat version of the anthem (the old official one, adapted for the bugle) is played. Only a bugle call is sounded when the B flat version is played.

Being the national anthem, and played in honor of the King and the Queen of Spain, it is common for all to stand once it is played. Even though it is also played in church events, respect for the royal family is required by everyone in attendance; civilians stand at attention, and those in uniform salute when not in formation.

See also
 Anthems of the autonomous communities of Spain

References

External links

 The National Anthem (Prime Minister's Office site)
 Streaming audio, lyrics and information about the
 2008 Spanish National Anthem Lyrics in English and in Spanish
 MIDI File
 MP3 version by Band of
 UNANU – The  has a website about the anthem, with a complete instrumental version. Archived from the original on 22 October 2004.
 English translation of the proposed new lyrics

Royal anthems
Spanish anthems
National symbols of Spain
Compositions in C major

Marcha Real


was a town located in Kikuchi District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 28,479 and a density of 1,172.94 persons per km². The total area was 24.28 km².

On February 27, 2006, Nishigōshi, along with the former town of Kōshi (also from Kikuchi District), was merged to create the city of Kōshi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
 Official website of Kōshi

Dissolved municipalities of Kumamoto Prefecture

Nishigoshi, Kumamoto


Ninos Aho (; April 24, 1945 – July 15, 2013), was an Assyrian poet and activist. He is recognized one of the pioneers of the modern Assyrian nationalistic movement.

Biography
Malfono Ninos Aho was born to an Assyrian family in the small village of Gerkeh-Shamo in Syria. He moved to Qamishli and later to Damascus in order to continue his studies.  In 1971, Aho emigrated to the United States.  After residing in the United States for twenty years, Malfono Ninos returned to Syria with his wife, Ogareet, and their four children in order to authentically promote his belief in the Assyrian cause. In 2001, Aho and his family returned to the United States when Aho was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, he died due to complications on July 15, 2013, in San Pedro, CA.

Works and activism
Malfono Ninos Aho was involved in Assyrian nationalist activism at an early age. He joined the Assyrian Democratic Organization in 1961 during an underground assembly. In order to circumvent official crackdown on non-Arab nationalist sentiments he utilized his poems to be recited by local Syriac Orthodox church choirs in order to reach the public. He gained wider popularity after emigrating to the United States and his poems were performed by prominent Middle Eastern musicians such as Ninib A. Lahdo and Wadi al-Safi.

Most of his poems like ''Grain of wheat (, Ḥabṯo D'Ḥeṭo) were written in Western Syriac vernacular, while others like New Assyrian (, Āturāyā Khātā) in the eastern vernacular.

References

External links
 Official website
 The Ninos Aho Assyrian Poetry Fund - Harvard University

1945 births
2013 deaths
Syrian poets
Syriac Orthodox Christians
Syrian people of Assyrian descent
Assyrian/Syriac Syrians
20th-century Syrian poets

Ninos Aho


The Cambridge Platform is a statement describing the system of church government in the Congregational churches of colonial New England. It was written in 1648 in response to Presbyterian criticism and eventually came regarded as the religious constitution of Massachusetts. The platform explained and defended the practice of congregational polity in New England and also endorsed the majority of the Westminster Confession of Faith. The document was shaped primarily by the thinking of Puritan ministers Richard Mather and John Cotton.

Background
The Puritans who settled colonial New England were Calvinists who believed in congregational church government and that the church should include only regenerated persons as full members. Because of this, they became known as Congregationalists and their churches became known as Congregational churches. In New England, Congregationalism was the established religion—Congregational churches were supported financially by taxation and, in Massachusetts, only Congregational church members could vote.

In the 1640s, Congregationalism faced heighteined scrutiny from English Presbyterians, who were gaining power due to the English Civil War. As Calvinists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians were nearly identical in their beliefs with the exception of church government. Presbyterian polity gave authority to elders rather than to church members. In addition, Presbyterians did not insist upon a regenerate church membership and allowed all "non-scandalous" churchgoers to receive the Lord's Supper.

In 1645, local Presbyterians led by William Vassal and Robert Child staged a protest against Massachusetts' policies on church membership and voting. Child threatened to take his complaints to Parliament, provoking fear among colonial leaders that the English government might intervene to force Presbyterianism on New England. The Cambridge Synod was called in response to these attacks on Congregationalism.

Synod
In May 1646, a group of Massachusetts ministers asked the colony's General Court to call for a meeting of the colony's churches for the purpose of establishing a uniform set of practices. Specific points of concern involved church membership and baptism of the children of non-members. The Cambridge Synod first met on September 1, 1646, and would continue to meet periodically until August 1648 when its work was completed. Its membership included ministers and lay delegates from all but four of the 29 churches in Massachusetts, and it also had the support of the 24 churches in the other Puritan colonies of New Hampshire, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven. Some churches in these colonies also sent ministers and delegates.

The synod tasked John Cotton, Richard Mather and Ralph Partridge of Duxbury to each write a model of church government for the group's consideration. Ultimately, Mather's Platform of Church Discipline was adopted by the synod, and it included much that had been previously written on church government by Mather and Cotton. The General Court also requested that the synod adopt a confession of faith. By this time, the Westminster Confession of Faith, which had been written by English Puritans, had already been adopted by Parliament. The synod unanimously voted to accept the doctrinal portions of the confession, stating that they "do judge it to be very holy, orthodox, and judicious in all matters of faith; and do therefore freely and fully consent thereunto, for the substance thereof." The synod disagreed with portions of the Confession dealing with presbyterian church polity.

Contents

Congregational polity
The platform is organized into a preface and 17 chapters. The preface, written by John Cotton, counters various criticisms leveled against the New England churches and defends their orthodoxy. The first four chapters explain that congregational polity is the only form of church government authorized in the Bible.

A Congregational church is defined as "a company of saints by calling, united into one body by a holy covenant, for the public worship of God, and the mutual edification one of another, in the fellowship of the Lord Jesus." A local church is a "visible political union" that saints enter into by voluntary, mutual consent on the basis of a church covenant. This distinguished the Congregationalists from the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England, in which everyone within a certain region was given membership in the church.

The platform states that a church should operate under a mixed government, with elements of monarchy (Jesus Christ is king and head of the church), democracy (congregational governance) and aristocracy (rule by officers). The authority given to the congregation includes choosing its own officers, admitting new church members, public censure, excommunication, and restoration to church fellowship.

Church officers
The two offices are elder and deacon. Furthermore, there were two types of elders: ministers (who could hold the title of pastor or teacher depending on their specific roles) and lay elders (called ruling elders). Both pastors and teachers can administer sacraments and execute church discipline, but pastors "attend to exhortation, and therein to administer a word of wisdom", while teachers "attend to doctrine, and therein to administer a word of knowledge".

Ruling elders, along with the ministers, are responsible for overseeing the spiritual affairs of the church, including examining any potential officers or members before being approved by the church, ordaining officers chosen by the church, receiving and preparing accusations to be presented to the church, pronouncing sentence of censure or excommunication with consent of the church, moderating church business meetings, acting as guides and leaders in church administration, and admonishing church members when needed. Deacons oversee the worldly or financial affairs of the church, which include collecting contributions and gifts, paying the ministers and distributing charity to the poor. In addition to the two offices, the platform also states that elderly widows may also have a ministry within the church, including "giving attendance to the sick, and to give succor unto them, and others in the like necessities."

Church members elect their officers and can depose them as well. The platform recommends that when possible neighboring churches be consulted concerning the trial of officers. It rejects any right of government officials, diocesan bishops or patrons to appoint church officers. After election, officers are to be ordained by laying on of hands, prayer and fasting; nevertheless, the platform notes that it is election that makes one an officer, not ordination. Normally, elders are to perform the laying on of hands. If a church lacked elders, however, church members themselves could ordain their officers or the church could invite elders from neighboring churches to perform the ordination.

Church membership
Chapter 12 stipulates that individuals seeking church membership must first undergo examination by the elders for evidence of repentance of sin and faith in Jesus Christ. The person would then be expected to give a "relation" or public account of their conversion experience before the entire congregation prior to becoming a member. Those who suffered from "excessive fear or infirmity" could give their confession to the elders in private, however. Those who were baptized as children are also required to be examined before they can exercise the privileges of full membership, such as participating in the Lord's Supper.

Chapter 13 describes procedures for transferring from one Congregational church to another, and chapter 14 describes procedures for censuring and excommunicating members who refuse to repent of offenses.

Relations with other churches and the state
Though distinct and lacking authority over one another, the platform affirms the importance of maintaining communion among Congregational churches. Six ways of showing the communion of churches are identified:
 taking thought for each other's welfare
 consulting on any topic or cause where another church has more familiarity or information about a topic
 admonishing another church, even to the point of convening a synod of neighboring churches and ceasing communion with the offending church
 allowing members of one church to fully participate and receive the Lord's Supper in another church
 sending letters of recommendation when a member goes to a new church, due to a seasonal or permanent relocation
 financial support for poor churches

Congregational churches may call for elders and other congregational representatives to meet together in a synod or church council to argue, debate and determine matters of religion. Civil authorities may also call synods to provide religious advice and counsel. Because each Congregational church is self-governing, synods can only advise and recommend. Synods cannot exercise jurisdiction or authority over a local church.

Chapter 17 affirms that church officers may not interfere with the civil government nor government officials with the church. However, the government should punish idolatry, blasphemy, heresy, and "the venting of corrupt and pernicious opinions".

Use and influence
The synod completed the Cambridge Platform in 1648, and after the churches were given time to study the document, provide feedback, and finally ratify it, the General Court commended it as an accurate description of Congregational practice  While the platform was legally nonbinding and intended only to be descriptive, it soon became regarded by ministers and lay people alike as the religious constitution of Massachusetts, guaranteeing the rights of church officers and members.

Congregational minister Albert Elijah Dunning wrote that it was "the most important document produced by the Congregationalists of the seventeenth century, for it most clearly represents the belief of the churches and their system of government for more than one hundred years." In Connecticut, it was replaced by the Saybrook Platform of 1708, which brought the Congregational churches closer to a presbyterian form of government.

The document has significant ramifications for the polity of certain denominations today. For example, the congregations of the United Church of Christ, Unitarian Universalist churches, and other present-day descendants of the Puritan churches maintain congregational polity as their local church organization, while establishing extensive denominational administrations to ensure ministerial oversight and facilitate communication between denominations. When some Churches of the Standing Order in New England became Unitarian following the Unitarian Controversy, they kept a congregational polity. This polity had a profound influence on the organization and polity of the American Unitarian Association, and, in turn, that of the Unitarian Universalist Association—an organization that, while despite significant theological differences from the signers of the 1648 document, still shares many aspects of the same polity.

Its influence extended beyond what is today the United States. The platform played a role in shaping the Savoy Declaration of 1658, which was produced by English Congregationalists.

References

Notes

Bibliography
.

Congregationalism
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Unitarian Universalism
Reformed confessions of faith
17th-century Calvinism

Cambridge Platform


Sword of the Samurai is an action and strategy video game developed and published by MicroProse in 1989 for the DOS platform. It features role-playing, strategy, and arcade elements set in feudal Japan. The player begins the game as a little-known vassal samurai; his ultimate goal is to replace Oda Nobunaga as the daimyō responsible for reunifying Sengoku Japan.

Tommo purchased the rights to this game and digitally publishes it through its Retroism brand in 2015. The game was re-released in 2014 on Gog.com and Steam with support for Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Gameplay
The game begins by giving the player their choice of name, clan, and family specialty. Within the game, death is final and frequently risked; an early priority is establishing a family, which permits the player to continue as the samurai's heir in the event of death or retirement. In the first two sections of the game, the player rises from a minor retainer to a more powerful lieutenant and then to daimyō over his entire clan. At each of these levels, he competes to curry favor from his lord with three computer-controlled rivals who also seek to become first in favor and next in succession. Each samurai has several properties, including land holdings, army size, sword-fighting ability, and generalship. In keeping with the Bushidō theme of the game, army size and  honor have the greatest influence over how the samurai are ranked.

A wide array of dishonorable actions are also possible. The player (and AI controlled characters) may kidnap and rescue family members, dishonor other samurai, or even assassinate their rivals or lord. Naturally, such behavior carries serious risk. The samurai performs these acts personally and risks capture or death. At minimum, exposure entails loss of honor and land and more serious offenses require ritual suicide (seppuku); a failed attempt on the life of the samurai's lord occasions the extermination of his entire family, losing the game.

After becoming a daimyō, the game shifts to a wargame format, with the goal of conquering enough provinces to claim the title of shōgun. The player no longer wanders personally through a provincial map but directs his army through the three lower Japanese islands. He is able to direct his underlings to deal with any sword fight or melee minigames without loss of honor: the focus is on the size of the player's army and mastery of the battlefield tactics.

After winning the game, the player is given a final summary of the future of his dynasty. Depending on various factors such as the victor's honor and the presence of an adult heir, the length of the dynasty could range from hundreds of years (like the Tokugawa shogunate) to a quick dissolution after the shōgun's death (as occurred with Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi).

Development
MicroProse designers Sid Arnold and Lawrence Schick began development of Sword of the Samurai in late 1987, after the success of the company's first role-playing adventure game Sid Meier's Pirates!. They chose to set it during the Sengoku period because the era's chaos made it possible for samurai to gain great power regardless of background, and gave players the goal of uniting the country and becoming shōgun. MicroProse co-owner Sid Meier helped develop the NPCs' artificial intelligence and the dueling.

Reception
In the February–March 1990 issue of Games International, Brian Walker was disappointed in this game, commenting that although the outside of the box had promised "'a role-playing action-adventure simulation' [...] it is none of these things." Although he found combat quite easy and even fun, it failed to advance in challenge as he worked his way through the game; he wrote of the arcade-style combats, "they soon pale as you continuously fight the same opponents in the same locations." He did like the graphics, which he called "superb and offer a real flavour of Japan". He also called the system for fighting strategic army battles "the most innovative parts of the game." And he liked the beautifully detailed glossy manual. However, the "less than cerebral arcade sequences" led Walker to give the game a poor rating of 5 out of 10, although he did give the graphics an excellent rating of 9 out of 10.

Jim Trunzo reviewed Sword of the Samurai for White Wolf #20, rating it 4 out of 5 overall, and stated that "Sword of the Samurai is one of the most complete programs designed. Virtually all aspects of the period of the genre are covered. The storyline is complete and effectively mixes warfare, domestic concerns, and political matters."

Computer Gaming World stated in 1990 that Sword of the Samurai "offers even more than its spiritual ancestor, Pirates!". It praised the game's graphics, soundtrack, and many choices during gameplay. Later that year and in 1993 the magazine gave it four stars out of five, stating that the game did not sell as well as Pirates! despite "near perfect" game play and historical accuracy.

Further reading
Jeux & Stratégie nouvelle formule #5

References

External links

1989 video games
Action role-playing video games
DOS games
Games commercially released with DOSBox
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Linux games
MacOS games
MicroProse games
Role-playing video games
Sengoku video games
Single-player video games
Strategy video games
Tommo games
Video games about samurai
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Jeff Briggs
Video games set in feudal Japan
Windows games

Sword of the Samurai (video game)


Pro Tullio (Latin for "On behalf of Tullius") is a partially preserved speech delivered by the Roman orator Cicero in 72 or 71 BC.  The speech was made on behalf of Cicero's client, Marcus Tullius, who claimed legal damages from his neighbor, Publius Fabius, on the basis that Fabius had murdered several of Tullius' slaves in a property dispute.

References

Roman law
Orations of Cicero

Pro Tullio


Gau Franconia (German: Gau Franken) was an  administrative division of Nazi Germany in Middle Franconia, Bavaria, from 1933 to 1945. Before that, from 1929 to 1933, it was the regional subdivision of the Nazi Party in that area.  Originally formed as Middle Franconia (German: Mittelfranken) in 1929, it was renamed Franconia in 1936.

History
The Nazi Gau (plural: Gaue) system was originally established in a party conference on 22 May 1926, in order to improve administration of the party structure. From 1933 onward, after the Nazi seizure of power, the Gaue increasingly replaced the German states as administrative subdivisions in Germany.

At the head of each Gau stood a Gauleiter, a position which became increasingly more powerful, especially after the outbreak of the Second World War, with little interference from above. Local Gauleiters often held government positions as well as party ones and were in charge of, among other things, propaganda and surveillance and, from September 1944 onward, the Volkssturm and the defense of the Gau.

The position of Gauleiter in Franconia was originally held by Julius Streicher from 1929 until 1940 when he was removed from the position. Streicher was later tried at the Nuremberg trials and executed for crimes against humanity on 16 October 1946. The position of Gauleiter was not filled again until 1944, with Hans Zimmermann (1940–42) and Karl Holz (1942–44) each serving as acting Gauleiter. Holz officially took up the post in 1944 and held it until his own death in April 1945.

References

External links
 Illustrated list of Gauleiter

Franconia
Former states and territories of Bavaria
1933 establishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany

Gau Franconia


Müllerian agenesis is a rare birth defect. It is also called Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome or MRKH. People with the syndrome are born without vaginas, cervixes, and wombs. MRKH is a rare genetic disorder that affects a woman's reproductive system. It is characterized by the absence of the uterus and the upper part of the vagina. It occurs in about 1 in 4,500 to 5,000 female births. Women with MRKH syndrome have normal external genitalia and normal secondary sexual characteristics, but they are unable to remain pregnant because they do not have an uterus. The cause of MRKH syndrome is unknown.  It probably is a genetic disorder that occurs during fetal development. There is no cure for MRKH syndrome, but treatment options, such as hormone therapy and surgery, can help women manage the condition and lead healthy, fulfilling lives.

Causes of Mullerian agenesis
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome affects the reproductive system in women. It is characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of the uterus and the upper part of the vagina. The cause of MRKH syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

There is no known way to prevent MRKH syndrome. It is not inherited in a predictable pattern, so it is not caused by any specific genetic mutation. Some studies suggest that MRKH syndrome may be caused by a disruption in the development of the Müllerian ducts (the tubes in the embryo that give rise to the uterus and upper vagina) during fetal development. Other possible contributing factors may include exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy or hormonal imbalances.

It is important to note that MRKH syndrome is a rare condition, affecting only about 1 in every 4,500 to 5,000 female infants. If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with MRKH syndrome, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for further information and support.

Features of Mullerian agenesis

 Absence of uterus and cervix: One of the main features of MRKH syndrome is the absence of the uterus and cervix, which are essential reproductive organs in females. This condition is known as Mullerian agenesis or hypoplasia.
 Normal external genitalia: Despite the absence of the uterus and cervix, individuals with MRKH syndrome have normal external genitalia, including a vagina, vulva, and labia.
 Amenorrhea: Individuals with MRKH syndrome do not experience menstrual periods due to the absence of the uterus. This is called amenorrhea.
 Infertility: As a result of the absence of the uterus, individuals with MRKH syndrome are unable to carry a pregnancy and are generally infertile.
 Normal development of secondary sexual characteristics: Despite the absence of reproductive organs, individuals with MRKH syndrome typically develop normal secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development and pubic hair growth.
 Associated skeletal abnormalities: Some individuals with MRKH syndrome may have skeletal abnormalities, such as spinal curvature or abnormal growth of the pelvis.
 Psychological and emotional impact: The diagnosis of MRKH syndrome can have a significant psychological and emotional impact on individuals, as it can be a significant source of stress and anxiety. Support from family, friends, and healthcare professionals can be crucial in helping individuals cope with this condition.

Diagnosis of Mullerian Agenesis
It is typically diagnosed in girls and women who are born with a uterus, but have underdeveloped or absent vaginal openings.

The diagnosis of MRKH syndrome is usually made during puberty when a person has not begun to menstruate and has no vaginal opening. Other signs and symptoms of MRKH syndrome may include:

 Absence of menstrual periods
 Short stature or abnormal development of the external genitalia
 Absence of breast development
 Normal ovaries and external genitalia
 Normal external genitalia and internal female reproductive organs

The diagnosis of MRKH syndrome is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as ultrasound or MRI), and blood tests to check hormone levels. In some cases, a biopsy of the uterus may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment
There are several treatment options for MRKH syndrome, which can be customized based on the individual's specific needs and preferences. These options  include:

 Hormone replacement therapy: This involves taking hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, to help develop secondary sexual characteristics and maintain bone density.
 Vaginal dilation therapy: This involves using dilators to stretch the vagina and improve its function.
 Vaginal reconstructive surgery: This involves surgically creating a functioning vagina using techniques such as the McIndoe procedure or the Vecchietti procedure.
 Assisted reproductive techniques: For individuals who wish to become pregnant, assisted reproductive techniques, such as in vitro fertilization, may be used.
 Psychological support: Many individuals with MRKH syndrome may benefit from psychological support to help them cope with the physical and emotional challenges of the condition.

It is important for individuals with MRKH syndrome to work with a healthcare team that includes specialists in reproductive medicine, gynecology, and mental health to determine the best treatment plan.

References

Syndromes
Birth defects

Müllerian agenesis


Werner Güra (born 1964) is a German classical tenor in opera, concert and Lied, also an academic teacher in Zurich.

Career

Güra was born in Munich. He studied at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg. He continued his studies with Kurt Widmer at the Musik-Akademie der Stadt Basel and with Margreet Honig in Amsterdam. He took courses in acting with Ruth Berghaus and Theo Adam.

On the opera stage he performed as a guest artist at the Frankfurt Opera and the Theater Basel. He was a member of the Semperoper in Dresden from 1994 to 1999, singing especially parts of Mozart and Rossini. Since 1998 he has been a guest at the Staatsoper Berlin.

In concert he performed in Mendelssohn's Elijah with Philippe Herreweghe at the Salzburg Festival. He also collaborated with conductors such as Peter Schreier, Wolfgang Gönnenwein and Friedemann Layer. In 2002, he recorded the tenor arias in Bach's St Matthew Passion, conducted by Enoch zu Guttenberg, with Marcus Ullmann as the Evangelist and Klaus Mertens as Jesus. In 2004, he appeared at the Rheingau Musik Festival in Handel's Messiah, with che choir and orchestra Bamberger Symphony conducted by Rolf Beck in Eberbach Abbey, recorded live. In 2008, he sang in Mendelssohn's Paulus with the  Kammerchor Stuttgart and the Klassische Philharmonie Stuttgart, conducted by Frieder Bernius, at the Tonhalle Düsseldorf. In 2009, he appeared again at the Rheingau Musik Festival in Schumann's Das Paradies und die Peri.

In the field of historically informed performance, Güra was the tenor (Evangelist and arias) in a 1997 recording of Bach's Christmas Oratorio, conducted by René Jacobs, with the RIAS Kammerchor, the Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin, Dorothea Röschmann, Andreas Scholl and Klaus Häger. In 1998, he recorded the arias of the St Matthew Passion with Philippe Herreweghe, the Collegium Vocale Gent, Evangelist Ian Bostridge, Jesus Franz-Josef Selig, Sibylla Rubens, Andreas Scholl and Dietrich Henschel. In 2006, he was the Evangelist in Bach's Christmas Oratorio with Nikolaus Harnoncourt, the Arnold Schoenberg Chor, the Concentus Musicus Wien, Christine Schäfer, Bernarda Fink, Gerald Finley and Christian Gerhaher, recorded live in the Musikverein Vienna. In 2007, he recorded with the same ensemble Bach's cantata .

Werner Güra is a notable singer of Lieder, mostly accompanied by Christoph Berner. Their recording of Schubert's Winterreise, using a Rönisch fortepiano of 1872, was reviewed in The Times by Hugh Canning in 2010:By comparison with the veteran Peter Schreier, the younger tenor has a more rounded, agreeable basic timbre, but, like Schreier, he uses a wide palette of vocal and expressive colours to make this Winter's Journey a spiritual and emotional trajectory through some of Schubert's most bleak and harrowing soundscapes.

In 2011, he performed the Liebesliederwalzer of Brahms and Spanische Liebeslieder op. 138 of Schumann with Ruth Ziesak, Anke Vondung and Konrad Jarnot at the Rheingau Musik Festival at Schloss Johannisberg.

He is teaching voice and chamber music at the Zürcher Hochschule der Künste.

References

External links
Werner Güra on farao-classics.de
Werner Güra on Harmonia Mundi
Werner Güra at the Lucerne Festival
Werner Güra at the Beethovenfest Bonn (in German)
Entries for recordings by Werner Güra on WorldCat

Living people
1964 births
German operatic tenors
Singers from Munich
Academic staff of the Zurich University of the Arts

Werner Güra


Douglass Residential College is a non-degree-granting program open to female undergraduate students at any of the degree-granting schools of Rutgers University-New Brunswick. It succeeded the liberal arts degree-granting Douglass College after it was merged with the other undergraduate colleges at Rutgers-New Brunswick in 2007. Originally named the New Jersey College for Women when founded in 1918 as a degree granting college, it was renamed Douglass College in 1955 in honor of its first dean. The program now called Douglass Residential College is no longer a degree granting unit of Rutgers, but is a supplementary program that female undergraduate students attending the Rutgers-New Brunswick undergraduate schools may choose to join.
Female students enrolled at any of the academic undergraduate schools at Rutgers–New Brunswick, including, e.g., the School of Arts and Sciences, School of Engineering, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Mason Gross School of the Arts, may now also enroll in Douglass Residential College, which offers special enrichment and career preparation experiences, special projects, and educational and service travel, and at which they must satisfy additional requirements specific to the college. Douglass seeks to provide the benefits of a close-knit small community of women students and offers programs specially designed to help women students to identify their unique abilities and develop confidence. These programs include, for example, a strong emphasis on opportunities to participate in service/learning trips in foreign countries, support for and expansion of racial and cultural diversity, and a wide range of training and enrichment activities offered by a career and leadership development center known as the "BOLD" Center (acronym for Building Opportunities for Leadership and Career Development).

Deans
 Mabel Smith Douglass (1918–1932): A graduate of Barnard College, Mabel Smith Douglass was a leader of the New Jersey State Federation of Women's Clubs.
 Margaret Trumbull Corwin (1934–1955): A graduate of Bryn Mawr with a master's degree from Yale. It was during Dean Corwin's tenure that the New Jersey College for Women became Douglass College.
 Mary Bunting (1955–1960): A graduate of Vassar with advanced degrees in microbiology from the University of Wisconsin. She resigned to become president of Radcliffe.
 Ruth Marie Adams (1960–1966): An Adelphi graduate with a doctorate in English from Radcliffe. She resigned to become president of Wellesley.
 Margery Somers Foster (1967–1975): A graduate of Wellesley with a doctorate in economics from Radcliffe.
 Jewel Plummer Cobb (1976–1981): A graduate of Talladega College in Alabama with advanced degrees in cell biology from New York University. She resigned to become president of California State University at Fullerton.
 Mary S. Hartman (1982–1994): A graduate of Swarthmore with an M.A. and Ph.D. from Columbia University in history, Mary S. Hartman became a member of the Douglass History Department in 1968 (Institute for Women's Leadership, 2004, p. 1). She served as director of the Women's Studies Institute from 1975 to 1977, was named acting dean in 1981, and dean in 1982. She resigned to become director of the Institute for Women's Leadership at Rutgers University.
 Barbara A. Shailor (1996–2001): A graduate of Wilson College with a master's degree and doctorate in classics from the University of Cincinnati. She resigned to become Director of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. She was appointed the Deputy Provost for the Arts at Yale University in 2003.
 Carmen Twillie Ambar (2002–2008):  A graduate of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Carmen Twillie Ambar earned a law degree from Columbia School of Law and a master's in public affairs from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. In 2008, Ambar resigned to become president of Cedar Crest College in Allentown, PA, and in 2017 she became President of Oberlin College..
 Jacquelyn S. Litt (2010–2022): A graduate of William Smith College with an M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology from University of Pennsylvania. Litt will continue working at Rutgers as professor of sociology and women's studies in the Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences in New Brunswick.
 Meghan Rehbein (2023-present)

Notable alumnae and year of graduation

 Alice Aycock DC'68: Sculptor
 Catherine H. Bailey NJC '42: plant geneticist
 Cheri Beasley DC'88: Chief Justice, North Carolina Supreme Court
 Leonie Brinkema DC'65: Judge, U.S. District Court, E.D. Va.
 Elise M. Boulding NJCW'40: Peace activist, sociologist
 Elizabeth Cavanna Harrison  NJCW'29: (known as Betty Cavanna and also used names Elizabeth Headley and Betsy Allen) children's book author
 Carol T. Christ DC'66: former President, Smith College, current Chancellor of University of California, Berkeley
 Janet Evanovich DC'65: author
 Jeanne Fox DC'74: Former president, New Jersey Board of Public Utilities
 Helen Hall Jennings NJCW'27: American scientist in the fields of psychology and sociology
 Jaynee LaVecchia DC'76: New Jersey Supreme Court Justice
 Susan Martin DC'68: retired Georgetown University professor, expert on international migrations
 Annette Meyers, 1955, mystery novelist
 Imbolo Mbue DC'02: novelist
 Janet L. Norwood DC'45: economist, US Commissioner of Labor Statistics (1979–1991)
 Judith Shatin DC'71: composer
 Kathleen C. Taylor, DC'64, award-winning chemist and automotive engineer
 Freda L. Wolfson DC'76: Judge, U.S. District Court, D. N.J.

References

External links
Official Website

Rutgers University
Educational institutions established in 1918
1918 establishments in New Jersey
Residential colleges
Women in New Jersey
Women's education in the United States

Douglass Residential College


Frymburk () is a market town in Český Krumlov District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,400 inhabitants. It is a popular summer resort.

Administrative parts
Villages of Blatná, Kovářov and Milná are administrative parts of Frymburk.

Geography

Frymburk is located about  southwest of Český Krumlov and  southwest of České Budějovice. The municipal territory briefly borders Austria in the west. It lies on the border between the Bohemian Forest Foothills and Bohemian Forest. The highest point is a contour line on the mountain Kaliště at  above sea level. The built-up area is situated on the left shore of the Lipno Reservoir.

History
The first mention of a castle in Frymburk's area is from 1198. The first written mention of the settlement is from 1270. Until 1302, it belonged to the Vítkovci lords of Český Krumlov, and after their extinction it was acquired by the Rosenberg family. It 1379, it was first referred to as a town.

From the 16th century on, Frymburk had its own brewery. In 1598, Frymburk had already 118 houses. In 1620, it was acquired by Lords of Bucquoy. During the Thirty Years' War, the town was destroyed and burnt down by Swedish troops. Another disaster occurred in 1856 when a fire destroyed the town square and 54 houses. The town was relatively progressive, as could be seen by the installation of streets lights as early as 1881 and the introduction of a telegraph station in 1884.

In 1918, Frymburk became part of the newly established Czechoslovakia, and its population had German majority. In 1938, it was annexed to Germany. After the World War II, the German population was expelled and Frymburk was resettled by Czechs, Slovaks, Romanians and Volhynian Czechs.

The most significant change at Frymburk occurred in 1959 when the Lipno Reservoir was built and it became a recreation area.

Demographics

Sights

The main landmark of Frymburk is the Church of Saint Bartholomew. It was built in 1277. In 1530, it was rebuilt in a late Gothic style and had to be renovated from 1649 to 1652 due to the Swedish attack. The tower was rebuilt in 1870. The interior of the church is Baroque.

Frymburk's central square used to be the market square and was turned into a park after the great fire of 1856. Since the late 16th and early 17th century an artificial stream fed from the Podhorský stream flows through the square. While the two streams were linked by a canal, the water is now led through a hose. In the square there is a well, which is presumed to date back to 1676 and is being fed from the stream. Furthermore, there is a pillory made of stone of about 5 m height with the inscription "1651". It replaced a wooden pillory that had been destroyed by the Swedes. The most obvious sight in the square though is the monument for Adalbert Stifter, who frequently used to visit Frymburk because of his lover Fanny Greipl.

Notable people
Martin Dobrizhoffer (1717–1791), Austrian missionary and writer
Simon Sechter (1788–1867), Austrian music theorist and composer

Gallery

References

External links

Historical photos
Chronicle of Friedberg

Market towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Český Krumlov District
Bohemian Forest

Frymburk


The Lower Hutt War Memorial Library is a building in Lower Hutt, New Zealand, that houses that city's central library. The public library system of the city of Lower Hutt identifies the library collection within the building as the "War Memorial Library".

John William Andrews, the Mayor of Lower Hutt from 1933 to 1947, initiated planning for a civic complex in Lower Hutt. His successor Percy Dowse, who was mayor from 1950 to 1970, oversaw the implementation of the various projects.

The library building was constructed from 1952 to 1956. It typifies many of the community projects completed in New Zealand as memorials after World War II (1939–1945), in contrast to the statues and cenotaphs more commonly erected following World War I (1914–1918). It was part of a town planning concept that resulted in four civic buildings adjacent to Riddiford Park: a church (St James's Church), a library, a town hall complex, and a horticultural hall. Ron Muston was the designer for St James's Church, which opened in 1953, and he was commissioned to design the library in a style complementary to the church. The library opened in 1956 at a cost of NZ£200,000, double its initial cost estimate.

Distinctive features of the library building include murals by artist Leonard Mitchell – 'Their Sacrifice', 'Preserved Freedom' and 'Human Endeavour'.

On 13 June 2003, the New Zealand Historic Places Trust (now known as Heritage New Zealand) added the Lower Hutt Civic Centre Historic Area to the historic areas register of the Wellington Region, with registration number 7520.

Footnotes

References

External links
 Lower Hutt War Memorial

Library buildings completed in the 20th century
Libraries in Wellington
Buildings and structures in Lower Hutt
World War II memorials in New Zealand
Heritage New Zealand historic areas in the Wellington Region
1950s architecture in New Zealand
Libraries established in 1956

Lower Hutt War Memorial Library


Verena Diener (born 27 March 1949 in Winterthur) is a Swiss politician. A member of the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland she represented the canton of Zürich in the National Council from 1987 to 1998 and in the Council of States from 2007 to 2015. From 1995 to 2007, she was a member of the cantonal government of Zurich.

In 2004, Diener left the Green Party, founding the Green Liberal Party together with National Councillor and former president of the Zurich Green Party, Martin Bäumle.

In the second round of the 2007 Council of States elections in Zurich, Diener won the majority before Swiss People's Party chairman Ueli Maurer.
Diener's seat is one of five (out of 46) not held by members of the parties represented in the Swiss Federal Council (besides fellow Green Liberal, Markus Stadler of Uri, Werner Luginbühl of Canton of Bern and the two of the Green Party, Robert Cramer of Geneva and Luc Recordon of Vaud).

External links
  http://www.verenadiener.ch

1949 births
Living people
Members of the Council of States (Switzerland)
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
People from Winterthur
Women members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Women members of the Council of States (Switzerland)
Green Party of Switzerland politicians
Green Liberal Party of Switzerland politicians
20th-century Swiss women politicians
20th-century Swiss politicians
21st-century Swiss women politicians
21st-century Swiss politicians

Verena Diener


Children's Care International / Aide Internationale Pour l'Enfance (AIPE-CCI) is a non-profit organization founded in 2000. Its mission is to open rehabilitation centres throughout developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, to aid children who are victims of sex tourism, slavery, and all other forms of exploitation.

The organisation, based in Montreal Canada, receives its funding from various sponsors, and depends largely on the invaluable support provided by its partners, namely ARDAR, OXFAM, and Amnesty International Children's Rights and many others.

In June 2003, Children's Care International opened the Rainbow Centre in Andhra Pradesh, India in collaboration with ARDAR, a local NGO, to help free children from slavery. The Centre is currently home to 60 children. Oxfam and ActionAid are amongst the partners helping the center.

Children's Care International has begun creating partnerships with companies (manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, craftsmen, and artists) that produce and sell fairtrade products. Some of the partners include Vertimonde who provide environmentally friendly and fair trade jute grocery bags, and EcoHosting, a socially responsible web hosting and web development company that is pledging to donate 20% of its hosting revenues to its clients' favorite charities.

References

External links
 Official website

Children's charities based in Canada
Foreign charities operating in India
Organizations based in Montreal
Organizations established in 2000
Child abuse-related organizations
Child labour-related organizations

Children's Care International


Pietà or Revolution by Night (Pietà ou La révolution la nuit) (1923) is a painting by German surrealist and Dadaist Max Ernst.  Since 1981 it has been part of the collection of the Tate Gallery in London.

The painting is interpreted as symbolic of the turbulent relationship between the artist and his father, as an amateur painter and staunch Catholic. In the painting, Ernst replaces the classic image of the Virgin Mary holding the crucified body of Jesus (pietà) with his father as Mary and the artist himself as Jesus. The expressions on both faces are blank as though in a state of sleepwalking.

In the background drawn on a wall is a man with a bandaged head ascending a flight of stairs. A profile on the work in the British newspaper The Guardian indicates the figure could represent either Sigmund Freud or the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire, who suffered a head wound during World War I.

Pietà or Revolution by Night is an example of the early period of the surrealist movement. Its title reflects the revolutionary sentiments of the movement, and in particular of its founder, André Breton. This image is notable for its combination of heavily textured surfaces and sharp, hand-drawn outlines.

Sources
The Guardian
The Tate Gallery

Notes

Surrealist paintings
Paintings by Max Ernst
1923 paintings
Collection of the Tate galleries

Pietà or Revolution by Night


The Flying Wedge Award is one of the NCAA's highest honors. It is awarded to an individual who exemplifies outstanding leadership and service to the NCAA. The flying wedge was used in the early days of American football and became a symbol of the origin of the NCAA in 1906. There is a life-size sculpture of the flying wedge in the NCAA Hall of Champions in Indianapolis and a reproduction is awarded as The Flying Wedge Award.  Ironically, the flying wedge formation was outlawed in college football in 1894 because it was highly dangerous.

The award is given by the NCAA Leadership Advisory Board of Directors and there have been ten recipients:

Richard Cheney, Vice President of the United States of America
Thomas Curley, president and chief executive officer, The Associated Press
Stevie Eller and Karl Eller, chairman and chief executive officer, The Eller Company
James T. Morris, executive director, United Nations World Food Program
Edwin A. Lupberger, president, Nesher Investments, LLC
Reverend Edward A. Malloy, president emeritus, University of Notre Dame
Marion B. Peavey, senior vice president for development and college relations, Wofford College, and executive director emeritus, NCAA Foundation
George M. Steinbrenner III, principal owner, New York Yankees
Randall L. Tobias, ambassador and former chief executive officer of Eli Lilly and Company

Sources
The Flying Wedge Award. NCAA official website

College sports trophies and awards in the United States
NCAA awards

The Flying Wedge Award