Canisius High School is a Catholic, private college-preparatory school for young men run by the USA Northeast Province of the Society of Jesus in Buffalo, New York, United States, just north of the Delaware Avenue Historic District. Founded in 1870, the school has historical ties to Canisius College. Canisius operates independently from the New York State guidelines established by the Board of Regents. It has the largest high school student population among private schools in Western New York.

History
In 1850, a group of Jesuits left Europe in response to Bishop John Timon's call for a Catholic institution to serve European immigrants settling in Western New York. The Jesuits founded Buffalo's first Catholic college and named it after St. Peter Canisius, a 16th-century Jesuit theologian, scholar, evangelist, and educator.

As part of Canisius College, the high school was first located on Ellicott Street in downtown Buffalo; it quickly outgrew that location and moved to a building on Washington Street in 1872.  In 1883, Canisius High School "was incorporated by the State of New York as the Academic Department of Canisius College".  In 1908, the boarding portion of the school was closed, and by September 1912 the high school served 379 boys.  In December 1912, as Canisius College moved into new facilities at Main and Jefferson Streets in Buffalo, the Washington Street building was turned over to the exclusive use of the high school.  In 1919, Fr. Robert Johnson "became the first rector of the separate high school community."  In September 1928, the high school received an independent charter, completing its separation from the college.

Campus

The current Canisius site is notable in many ways.  Located at 1180 Delaware Avenue, just north of the Delaware Avenue Historic District, the facility is at home among the many architecturally-and historically-significant residences in the area.  The school sits just south of Gates Circle, with tree-lined parkways designed and built by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux leading to Delaware Park.  Canisius is also located just east of the Elmwood Village, recently ranked the third-best neighborhood in America by the American Planning Association.

Construction on the present-day Koessler Academic Center, also known as Berchmans' Hall, was started in 1918 by George F. Rand, Sr., founder and former president of Marine Midland Bank.  The facility was originally built as a private residence in the Jacobethan style, with gables, steep green slate roofs, chimney pots, and mullioned windows.

The building was sold in 1924 to the Masons, who converted it into the Buffalo Masonic Consistory. The Masons made several additions to the building, including a large marble foyer, a pool, Turkish baths, bowling alleys, and locker rooms.  This new construction was designed by Buffalo City Hall chief architect John Wade.

The Masons are also responsible for Canisius' unique auditorium, which boasted, at the time of its construction, the largest continuous, free-spanning balcony in the United States, custom-made French chandeliers, and an advanced electrical lighting system, part of which is currently stored in the Smithsonian archives. This lighting system included a stained glass sun built into the ceiling, with hundreds of individual "stars" mimicking the night sky, and a blue band representing the Milky Way.

The Jesuits purchased the building from the City of Buffalo in 1944 for $92,000. Soon after, the Beecher Classroom Wing was added to the south of the structure, opening in 1948. A Jesuit residence (Frauenheim Hall) was added to the northwest side of the building. In about 1956, the adjacent Milburn House, site of the death of President William McKinley, was demolished to make way for a parking lot. It had been an apartment building since 1919 but had fallen into a state of significant disrepair by the time of its demolition.

In November 2007, the school unveiled a $14 million plan to upgrade its campus.  Frauenheim Hall was demolished and replaced by the state-of-the-art Bernard J. Kennedy Field House, with a seating capacity of over 1,000 for basketball games and other indoor sporting events.  A new Math and Science center, the Montante Academic Wing, stands connected to the Beecher Classroom Wing, adjoining West Ferry Street.  Additionally, administrative offices have moved east across Delaware Avenue. In 2008, the Robert J. Stransky Memorial Athletic Complex opened in the suburb of West Seneca.

The campus has continued to expand in recent years. The school's weight room underwent a six-figure, extensive renovation in 2012, and in May 2017, the school announced it had acquired the Conners Mansion, located next to the main campus on the opposite side of West Ferry Street. The Delaware Avenue campus now includes in excess of 100,000 square footage of educational space via three mansions - the Rand Mansion (1180 Delaware Avenue), Welch Mansion (1193 Delaware Avenue), and Conners Mansion (1140 Delaware Avenue) - as well as the Auditorium, Kennedy Field House, and Montante Academic Wing.

Student body
As of 2013–14, Canisius enrolls approximately 885 students from Western New York and Southern Ontario, representing 4 counties, 42 cities and towns, and 147 grammar and middle schools.  While the Catholic education system in Buffalo and the United States has declined since the start of the 21st Century, the Canisius student population has actually increased almost 20%, and today's student population is made of a mix of students from both Catholic and public grammar school backgrounds. The Class of 2009 produced 3 National Merit Finalists and 13 National Merit Commended Students, more than any other private high school in Western New York.

Canisius offers a wide variety of extracurricular activities, including Mock Trial, The Citadel newspaper, the Chanticleer literary magazine, the Arena yearbook, the National Honor Society, Students Against Destructive Decisions, Coding Club, Ski Club, Donate Life, Foursquare Club, the Gamers' Guild, Stage Crew, Speech and Debate, Wall Street Club, Writers' Club, The Meditators (Meditation Club), Chess Club, Innovative Thinking & Entrepreneurial Club (ITEC),  and a league-champion Masterminds (Quiz Bowl) team.

Athletics
Canisius students also participate in a number of interscholastic sports; the school is a founding member of the Monsignor Martin Athletic Association.  The Crusaders field teams in baseball, basketball, bowling, crew, cross country, football, golf, hockey, lacrosse, sailing, squash, soccer, swimming, tennis, track and field, volleyball, Rugby, and wrestling. Given the Crusaders' dominance in athletics in Western New York and New York State since 2000, Canisius has won the Monsignor Martin Association's "Supremacy Cup" (recognizing Catholic League's top athletic school through the aggregate of each varsity team's regular and postseason results) in all but two years this century.

The Canisius football team has become one of the most recognized programs in the United States over the last few years thanks in part to the successes of recent graduates like John Urschel '09 and Jimmy Gaines '10 as well as several other high-profile Division 1 recruits. The program, ranked in the top 5 in the northeast USA, was nationally profiled by Rivals in the summer of 2013.

The Canisius rowing team has achieved significant national success in recent years.  The Crusaders captured the Youth National Lightweight Eight Championship in 2006 and 2007, the Scholastic National Freshman Eight Championship in 2006 and 2008, the Scholastic Lightweight Eight Championship in 2009 and 2010, and the Scholastic National Junior Eight Championship in 2008. In 2019 the Senior Lightweight 4+ won all three major national championships including, the Scholastic National Championship, Canadian Secondary School Championship, and the Youth National Championship. The four also broke the record for the event at the Youth National Championship.

Traditionally, Canisius' biggest rival in sports has been St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute.  Contests between the two institutions in any sport are well-attended and well-covered. The varsity football games between the two have annually been featured as part of the Great American Rivalry Series, which broadcasts high school games to U.S. troops around the world. Canisius has won seven straight and twelve of sixteen recent games against St. Joe's in football, a streak that matches Canisius' longest winning streak in the rivalry series that dates back to 1921.

Curriculum
Every student at Canisius is involved in a rigorous college-preparatory curriculum.  Students are required to take seven college-preparatory courses per semester; over four years, the credit requirement is 29.5 credits.  Honors and Advanced Placement sections exist in each of the curricular disciplines. Admissions are based on grades, an entrance exam, and various other criteria.

Because of its academic rigor and the fact that its diploma requirements exceed those of the state of New York, Canisius is one of only four Western New York secondary schools (with Buffalo Seminary, Nichols School, and The Park School of Buffalo) in which students are exempt from taking New York State's Regents Examinations.  Instead, Canisius is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is a member of the New York State Association of Independent Schools.

Notable alumni

 Ansley B. Borkowski 1916, former New York State Assembly member and assembly clerk (1936-1964)
 Stan Bowman 1991, General Manager of the Chicago Blackhawks
 Most Rev. Joseph A. Burke 1905, Bishop of Buffalo from 1952 to 1962
 Steven Coppola 2002, 2008 Olympic rower
 Jim Cunningham 1954, standout basketball player at Fordham University
 John Curtin 1939, former US Attorney and US District Court Judge
 Charles S. Desmond 1913, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals from 1960 to 1966
 Larry Felser 1951, former columnist for The Buffalo News and youngest recipient of the Dick McCann Memorial Award
 Tom Fontana 1969, TV writer/producer, Oz, The Jury and Homicide: Life on the Street
 Ed Don George 1924, 1928 Olympic wrestler and member of the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 Mark Giangreco 1970, sportscaster at WLS-TV in Chicago
 John M. Granville 1993, United States Agency for International Development diplomat assassinated in Sudan
 Nick Grunzweig 1938, professional basketball player
 John J. LaFalce 1957, United States Congressman from 1975 to 2003
 Richard D. (Max) McCarthy 1945, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 39th congressional district from 1965 to 1971
 Phil McConkey 1975, former New York Giants wide receiver
 Donald Monan, S.J., 1942, former chancellor and president of Boston College
 Most Rev. Martin Neylon, S.J., 1937, Bishop of the Caroline Islands from 1971 to 1995
 Qadree Ollison 2014, running back currently playing for the Atlanta Falcons
 Rev. William O'Malley, S.J., 1949, first Catholic priest to portray a priest in a commercial motion picture
 Thomas Perez 1979, current Chairman of the Democratic Party, former United States Secretary of Labor, former Assistant Attorney General of the United States
 Donald Pinkel, M.D. 1944, medical doctor, pioneer in pediatric hematology and oncology, founding medical director and CEO of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
 Larry Quinn 1970, former minority owner and president of the Buffalo Sabres
 Edwin J. Roland 1923, Commandant of the United States Coast Guard from 1962 to 1966
 Martin E. "Valerian Ruminski" Ruminski 1985, Metropolitan Opera singer
 Mark Russell 1950, comedian, pianist, and singer
 Tim Russert 1968, journalist, former host of NBC's Meet the Press
 Joseph Sansonese 1964, author and screenwriter
 Sibby Sisti 1938, former Major League Baseball player and 1946 Minor League Player of the Year
 B. John Tutuska 1930, former Sheriff of Erie County and the second County Executive of Erie County
 John Urschel 2009, William V. Campbell Trophy 2014 winner and 2014 NFL Draft draft pick by the Baltimore Ravens
 Lawrence J. Vilardo 1973, United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of New York.
 Roy Vongtama 1992, oncologist and actor most known for his role in TLC's Untold Stories of the E.R.

References

External links

Boys' schools in New York (state)
Catholic secondary schools in New York (state)
Educational institutions established in 1870
Jesuit high schools in the United States
High schools in Buffalo, New York

Canisius High School


The 2010 Appomattox shootings was a mass murder in Appomattox, Virginia that occurred on January 19, 2010. 40-year-old Christopher Bryan Speight fatally shot his sister, her husband, and her son and daughter at their home, as well as four other people. He then escaped into a forest and shot at a police helicopter searching for him, but eventually surrendered himself to authorities. On February 15, 2013, Speight was sentenced to life imprisonment.

Shooting

The incident began on January 19, 2010, when police were called to a road outside Appomattox on a report of a man who required medical attention. When police arrived, they were fired on by the suspect, Christopher Bryan Speight, who also fired on a police helicopter, forcing it to make an emergency landing. Shortly afterwards, the suspect fled to a wooded area, where a force of more than a hundred police officers surrounded him. Police found three people dead in a house co-owned by the gunman (his sister and the house's co-owner, Lauralee Sipe, and her husband, Dwayne Sipe, both 38, and their four-year-old son, Joshua), and four others dead outside the house, with the last victim dying on the road. Police said that the victims were both men and women, and all were previously acquainted with the suspect. Speight was believed to have acted alone.

He surrendered on January 20, near the same wooded area where police thought he had been surrounded. He was wearing a bulletproof vest, but was not carrying the high-powered rifle believed to be the weapon used.

Prior to his surrender, police put a school and local businesses on lockdown, and advised residents to lock their houses and not go outside.  Police were concerned that Speight's house had been rigged with explosives, and a bomb squad searched the building the morning after the attack. Explosives were found both inside and around the building, and were detonated safely.  The house had sat unsecured for more than twelve hours as state police assumed local deputies had secured the house, and vice versa.

Speight was employed as a security guard for Old Dominion Security at the time of the incident.

Victims

Lauralee Sipe, 38, Speight's sister
Dwayne S. Sipe, 38, husband of Lauralee Sipe
Joshua Sipe, 4, son of Lauralee and Dwayne Sipe
Morgan L. Dobyns, 15, daughter of Lauralee Sipe
Emily A. Quarles, 15, friend of Morgan Dobyns
Jonathan L. Quarles, 43, father of Emily Quarles
Karen Quarles, 43, mother of Emily Quarles
Ronald I. Scruggs, 16, boyfriend of Emily Quarles

Aftermath
On June 24, 2010, Appomattox County Circuit Court Judge Richard Blanton signed an order declaring Speight incompetent to stand trial.  He was ordered sent to a state psychiatric hospital until such a time when he is able to assist his attorneys with his defense.

Two years after the shootings, police revealed that the three Sipes in the house were likely killed two days before Speight fatally shot the other five victims.

The case remained on hold for years as attorneys dealt with pretrial motions and awaited additional mental evaluations. According to investigators Speight told them that he had been ordered by an Egyptian goddess named Jennifer to shoot his family, because they were possessed by demons. The others were killed, he said, so they could not help his first victims, since Jennifer demanded that their bodies had to rot.

On February 15, 2013, Speight was sentenced in a plea deal to five life terms plus 18 years on three counts of capital murder, one count of attempted capital murder of a police officer (presumably because of the shots fired at the state police helicopter), and five firearms counts. The Commonwealth's Attorney Darrel Puckett said mental health experts for both the defense and the state had found Speight insane at the time, "rendering a death sentence highly unlikely" had the case gone to trial.

References

External links
Police Surround Gunman After He Kills 8 in Virginia, The New York Times (January 19, 2010)
Suspect in 8 Va. deaths may have left explosives, The Washington Post (January 20, 2010)
Uncle: No sign of trouble from Va. killing suspect, The Washington Post (January 21, 2010)

2010 in Virginia
2010 mass shootings in the United States
2010 murders in the United States
Attacks in the United States in 2010
Crimes in Virginia
Deaths by firearm in Virginia
Familicides
Family murders
January 2010 crimes in the United States
Mass murder in 2010
Mass shootings in the United States
Mass shootings in Virginia
Murder in Virginia
Spree shootings in the United States

2010 Appomattox shootings


Angelo Badà (Pernate, 27 May 1876 – Novara, 23 March 1941) was an Italian operatic tenor. He was on the roster of the Metropolitan Opera for 30 years where he gave a total of 2,170 performance in 94 different operas in over 100 different roles from 1908 through 1938. Only two singers in the Met's history have made more appearances with the company: Charles Anthony and George Cehanovsky. He mostly appeared in comprimario roles during his career, although he did occasionally perform larger parts. His repertoire encompassed operas in the English, Italian, French, and German languages.

Life and career
Born in Pernate (Novara), Badà studied singing in his native city with Cecilio Manfredi. He made his professional opera debut in January 1900 as the messenger in Giuseppe Verdi's Aida. He spent the next eight years performing mainly comprimario roles in major opera houses in Italy, including La Scala in Milan and the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples. He also made appearances at the Royal Opera House in London.

Badà made his debut with the Metropolitan Opera on 16 November 1908. He appeared with the Met for 30 seasons, giving his last performance on 9 April 1938. During those years he also appeared as a guest artist in operas, recitals, and concerts in Europe, South America, Australia, and Africa. At the Met he sang in the world premieres of several operas, including Giacomo Puccini's, La fanciulla del West (1910), Umberto Giordano's Madame Sans-Gêne (1915), Charles Wakefield Cadman's Shanewis (1918), Puccini's Il tabarro (1918), Puccini's Gianni Schicchi (1918), Albert Wolff's, L'oiseau bleu (1919), and Deems Taylor's Peter Ibbetson (1931).

After retiring from the Met, Badà returned to Novara, where he built a large home and lived quietly. He died after a brief illness three years later in his native city. He is buried in the Novara Cemetery.

Sources
Biography of Angelo Badà at www.oknovara.it
Metropolitan Opera Archives
Gianfranco Capra – Angelo Badaà, 30 anni al "Metropolitan" – quaderni novaresi – ediz.ZEN Iniziatove (marzo 2007)

1876 births
1941 deaths
Italian operatic tenors
People from Novara

Angelo Badà


Sidiki Bakaba (born in Abengourou, 1949) is an actor, scenario writer and director from Côte d'Ivoire.

He lives and works in Abidjan. After studying at the National School of Drama of Abidjan, he conducted training at the Living Theatre and with Grotowski.

In 2000, he became the director of the Palace of Culture of Abidjan (Palais de la Culture d'Abidjan) located at Treichville. He also founded the Actor's Studio (an actor training school in the Palace of Culture)

Along with a significant acting career, he produced fiction films, documentaries such as Les Guérisseurs (1988) which won the award for best music at the Francophone Film Festival, as well as the Voice of Hope at FESPACO Ouagadougou in 1989. He directed short films such as Le Nord est tombé sur la tête (1985–1998) for TV5, Le Parole (1992), L'Anniversaire de Daymios (November 1992) and documentaries such as Cinq siècles de solitude and La victoire aux mains nues in 2002.

A close supporter of ex-president Laurent Gbagbo, Bakaba April 2011 he was in Gbagbo's residence in Abidjan during the siege which resulted in Gbagbo's capture and is reported to have been wounded during it.

Education and training
 1962–1966 in National School of Drama, in Abidjan. His focus was: stage production and actor management
 1966–1970 in National Institute for the Arts, in Abidjan
 1970–1972 in International University of Theatre, Paris. His focus was: Living Theatre, Grotowski

Teaching career

 1970 1972  Teacher/intern at the National Institute of Arts, Abidjan
 1972 – 1975 Teacher of body language at the National Institute of Arts, Abidjan
 1985 Teacher of Drama, the Lavilliers Bernard School, Paris
 1985 – 1986 Teacher of Drama, School of Arts and Josephine Baker, Paris
 1990 Body language/expression training, Paris I, Panthéon Sorbonne University
 1991 Body language/expression training, Image d'Ailleurs Paris
 01-02.1992 Training as an actor, staging a play at the Franco-Nigerian Cultural Centre, Niamey
 Sept. 1992 GTRO Actor training, Abidjan
 2001–2008  Director of the Actors Studio at the Palace of Culture in Abidjan

Awards
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of awards
|-
! Year
! Film
! Awarded for
! Organization
|-
| 1979
|  sortname|Bako, l'autre rive|  Best Actor
|  Festival de la Francophonie, Nice
|-
| 1985
| sortname|Petanqui,|Le Médecin de Gafire,|Suicides
| Grand prix d'interprétation
|Festival International of Carthage
|-
| 1987
|  sortname|Le Médecin de Gafire
|  Best Actor
| Culture Festival in Algiers
|-
| 1988
|  sortname|Healers
|  Best Film Music Award
|  Festival de la Francophonie, Martinique
|-
| 1989
|  sortname|Les Guérisseurs
|  Voice of Hope Award
|  FESPACO
|-
| 1992
|
|  Honorary citizen of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
|
|-
| 1997
|  sortname|Roues libres
|  Best Screenplay Award for  Ayala Bakaba and Sidiki Bakaba
| Amiens International Film Festival
|-
| 1999
|  sortname|Les Déconnards
| UNESCO Award
|  MASA Festival in Abidjan
|-
| 2001
|  sortname|Los Palenqueros,|Cinq Siècles de Solitude
|  UEMOA Award
|
|-
| 2003
|
|  Prix Culturel Africain du Mérite
|  Rifad (International Network of African Women and the Diaspora)
|-
| 2005
|
|  Ikeda Culture and Education Award
|  SGI-Côte d'Ivoire
|-
| 2005
|  sortname|Roues Libres
|  Best director
|  l'Association des Professionnels du cinéma de Côte d'Ivoire
|-
| 2006
|
|  Best Cultural Promoter
|  Cultural Union of Journalists of Côte d'Ivoire
|-
| 2006
|
|  Prix d'Excellence Diplôme d'Honneur
|  General Council of Abengourou, his hometown
|-
| 2008
|
|  Best Actor for West Africa
|  la Fondation des artistes de Côte d'Ivoire (FONDACI)
|-
| 2009
|
|  Awarded for his entire career
|  2nd Pan-African Cultural Festival in Algiers
|}

 Filmography

Films
 1977	 Bako, l'autre rive , directed by: Jacques Champreux, starring:  Sidiki Bakaba, Cheik Doukouré and Doura Mané, won the "Prize of the Ecumenical Jury – Special Mention – Jacques Champreux" in 1978 Locarno International Film Festival and "Prix Jean Vigo – Jacques Champreux" in 1978
 1978 The Savage State,  directed by: Francis Girod, starring:  Michel Piccoli, Marie-Christine Barrault and Claude Brasseur, won the "Best Sound Award – William Robert Sivel" and nominated for the "Best Editing Award – Geneviève Winding" in 1979 César Awards, France
 1979	 L'Appât du gain,  directed by: Jules Takam, starring: Gérard Essomba, Howard Vernon and André Daguenet
 1981	Le Professionnel,  directed by: Georges Lautner, starring: Jean-Paul Belmondo, Jean Desailly, Robert Hossein, won "Best Music Written for a Film – Ennio Morricone" in 1982 Cèsar Awards
 1982	Le médecin de Gafire,  directed by: Mustapha Diop, starring: Sidiki Bakaba, Merlin N'Diagne and Fifi-Dalla Kouyate
 1983 Suicides,  directed by: Jean-Claude Tchuilen, starring: Sidiki Bakaba, Christian Bebebey and Pierre Didy Tchakounte
 1983	Petanqui,  directed by: Kozoloa Yeo, starring: Sidiki Bakaba and Douta Seck
 1986   Descente aux enfers , directed by: Francis Girod, starring: Claude Brasseur, Sophie Marceau and Betsy Blair
 1986	Desebagato, directed by: Emmanuel Sanon-Doba, starring: Sidiki Bakaba and Miriam Yago, produced by: Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industrias Cinematográficos (ICAIC), Marie Dubois is nominated as the Best Supporting Actress in 1987 César Awards, France
 1986	Descente aux enfers,  directed by: Francis Girod, starring:  Michel Piccoli, Marie-Christine Barrault and Claude Brasseur
 1987	Campo Thiaroye, directed by: Ousmane Sembene, Thierno Faty Sow, starring:  Sidiki Bakaba, Hamed Camara and Philippe Chamelat, in 1988 won the "Children and Cinema Award", "Grand Special Jury Prize", "New Cinema Award", "Sergio Trasatti Award – Special Mention", "Special Golden Ciak" and "UNICEF Award" in 1988 Venice Film Festival'''
 1987   Visages de femmes, directed by: Désiré Ecaré, starring:  Sidiki Bakaba, Kouadou Brou and Albertine N'Guessan, won the FIPRESCI Prize – Désiré Ecaré in 1985 Cannes Film Festival
1988  Les guérisseurs, directed by:  Sidiki Bakaba, starring:  Georges Benson, Pierre-Loup Rajot and Nayanka Bell, produced by: Afriki Projection, Ministère de la Culture (participation)
 1990	Mamy Wata, directed by: Moustapha Diop, starring:  Philippe Ambrosini, Sidiki Bakaba, Gérard Essomba, Fifi-Dalla Kouyate, Sotigui Kouyaté,Sandra Novik, Umban U'kset, France Zobda
 1998  Mes quatre dernières volontés, directed by: Angelo Cianci, starring: Carole Martinez, Sidiki Bakaba and Pierre Porquet, duration: 5 min, nominated for the "Best European Short Film/Angelo Cianci" in 1999 Brussels International Film Festival
 2000	Daressalam, directed by:  Issa Coello, starring: Haikal Zakaria, Abdoulaye Ahmat and Gérard Essomba
 2002 Roues libres, directed by: Sidiki Bakaba, starring: Sidiki Bakaba, Adama Dahico, Placide Bayoro and Daouda Traoré
 2010	 Héritage Perdu, directed by: Christian Lara, starring: Sidiki Bakaba, Philippe Mory and Luc Saint-Eloy

TV films
 1981  Un dessert pour Constance, by: Sarah Maldoror, starring:  Sidiki Bakaba, Cheik Doukouré and Elias Sherif
 1982  En votre aimable règlement, by: Jean-Claude Charnay, starring:  Christian Parisy, Micky Sébastian and Anne Fontaine
 1983	 L'Aventure ambiguë, directed by: Jacques Champreux for TF1
 1985  Néo Polar, TV series,  starring: Vincent Lindon, Jean-Pierre Léaud and Claude Nougaro
 1985  L'épi d'or, TV series, directed by: Fabrice Cazeneuve, starring: Jean-Noël Brouté, Sophie Caffarel and Christine Murillo
 1986 La méthode rose,  directed by: Claude de Givray, starring: Jean-Pierre Cassel, Marie-Noëlle Eusèbe and Gérard Caillaud, TF1 Films Production
 1986 Azizah, la fille du fleuve,  directed by: Patrick Jamain, starring: Michel Auclair, Sidiki Bakaba and Kouadou Brou, produced by: Antenne
 1989  Le triplé gagnant , TV series, starring: Raymond Pellegrin, Thierry Rode and Jean-Michel Martial
 1992	 La Parle, directed by: Sidiki Bakaba
 1992	 L'Anniversaire de Daymio, Afriki Projection production
 1992	 Zoo Story, directed by: Edward Albee, Afriki Projection production
 1992	Maître Harold, directed by: Athol Furgarth, Afriki Projection production
 1995 – 1996	 L'Empereur Jones, directed by:Eugene O'Neill
 1995 – 1998	Le Nord est tombé sur la tête 1999	Les Déconnards, directed by Koffi Kwahulé
 2002	C'est ça là même, directed by Sidiki Bakaba
 2002	Papa Bon Dieu, directed by: Louis Sapin
 2002	 L'homme sur le parapet du pont, directed by: Guy Foissy
 2002	 Fiers Ivoiriens 2003	 l'Exil d'Albouri, directed by: Cheick Aliou N'dao
 2004	Monoko-Zohi, Diegou Bailly, Director: Sidiki Bakada
 2006	Il nous faut l'Amérique, directed by: Koffi Kwahule
 2007	Îles de Tempête, directed by: Bernard B. Dadié
 2008	 Hêrêmankono, directed by: Diégou Bailly
 2010	La Malice des hommes, directed by: Jean-Pierre Guingane

Documentaries
 1999	Fête de génération d'Abobote, director: Sidiki Bakaba, duration: 26'
 2000	Los Palenqueros Cimarrons de Colombie 2000  Cinq siècles de solitude, directors: Sidiki Bakaba et Blaise Ndjehoya, duration: 52', producer: Afriki Projection and Absynthe Production, diffusion: CFI, TV5 Afrique, Awards: Prix de l'UMOA au Fespaco 2001 Amiens 2000, Média Nord-Sud 2001, Pan African Film Festival 2001, Images d'ailleurs 2001
 2002	Côte d'Ivoire, terre d'espérance, a documentary about Afro-Colombia by Blaise N'Dehoya and Sidiki Bakaba
 2002	 Caravane de la paix 2005	 La Victoire aux mains nuesFilmed theater
 1992	Zoo Story of Edward Albee, director: Abdul Karim, Afriki Projection production
 1992 	 Maitre Harold by Athol Furgarth, producer TV 1, production, Afriki Projection production
 1995 – 1996 L' Emperor Jones by Eugene O'Neill
 1999	The Déconnards by Koffi Kwahulé
 2002	Papa Bon Dieu, director: Sidiki Bakaba
 2003	L'Exil d'Albour, director: Sidiki Bakada
 2004	Monoko-Zohi, director: Sidiki Bakada
 2007	 Îles de Tempête, director: Sidiki Bakada
 2008	Hèrèmankono, director: Sidiki Bakaba
 2010	La Malice des Hommes'', director: Sidiki Bakaba

See also
 List of Ivorian films
 Cinema of Africa
 List of directors and producers of documentaries

References

External links
 An interview with Sidiki Bakaba on infoabidjan.net
 Book entitled Focus on African films by Françoise Pfaff
 An interview with Sidiki Bakaba on ivoirediaspo.net

 Sidiki Bakaba Filmography on Fandango
 Official Site of Palace of Culture of Abidjan
 Biography and Filmography of Sidiki Bakaba on MTV
 In pictures: Fespaco Film Festival, in BBC News, Tuesday, 3 March 2009
 Sidiki Bakaba on the official site of Culture Palace of Abidjan

1949 births
Living people
20th-century Ivorian male actors
Ivorian film directors
People from Abengourou
People from Abidjan
21st-century Ivorian male actors

Sidiki Bakaba


Acropora aculeus is a species of acroporid corals found throughout the Indian Ocean, the central Indo-Pacific, Australia, southeast Asia, Japan and the East China Sea. It is also present in the western Pacific Ocean. It is an uncommon species and is particularly prone to coral bleaching, disease, and crown-of-thorns starfish predation; it is also harvested for use in aquaria, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed it as being a "vulnerable species". Habitat loss is a big concern.

Description
Acropora aculeus forms corymbose, pillow-like structures, the horizontal branches being slender and spreading while the upright branches are narrow and shorter. The corallites are distinctive, longer than they are wide, smooth and polished. This coral is usually yellowish or grey, but can be bright bluish-green, and the tips of the branches are often yellow, pale blue, green or brown.  It is usually yellow on the Great Barrier Reef and in the Philippines, but pale brown in western Australia. It is named as  ACR ACUL in Coral Codes.

Distribution and habitat
Acropora aculeus is native to the Indo-Pacific region, its range extending from the east coast of Africa and Madagascar to Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, Australia and some island groups in the eastern Pacific Ocean.  It is endemic to the Philippines  distributed in Samoa, Great Barrier Reef, Sri Lanka, South Vietnam, and the Marshall Islands. It occurs at depths between about  or even deeper. It is found on all parts of the reef, particularly the front slope, and also in lagoons. Its form varies with its degree of exposure to wave action, being more massive in exposed locations and more pillow-like in lagoons.

Status
The reefs on which Acropora aculeus lives are under threat from global warming, increased ocean acidification and reef destruction. It is a generally uncommon species of coral and is particularly susceptible to bleaching and coral diseases. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being "vulnerable", considering that 37% of the colonies may be lost in the next thirty years (three generation lengths).  Others suggest it is endangered, along with 76% of the Acropora corals.

References

Acropora
Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
Cnidarians of the Indian Ocean
Marine fauna of Asia
Marine fauna of Oceania
Marine fauna of Southeast Asia
Anthozoa of Australia
Vulnerable fauna of Asia
Vulnerable fauna of Oceania
Corals described in 1846
Taxa named by James Dwight Dana

Acropora aculeus


Professor James Shepherd FMedSci (1944–2022) is a world-leading pioneer in the investigation of the causes, prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease.

Education
Shepherd attended the Hamilton Academy in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, from which he entered the University of Glasgow. Graduating BSc in 1965, Shepherd achieved MB ChB with Honours in 1968 and gained PhD in 1972.

Career
From 1969 to 1972, James Shepherd held the post of lecturer in biochemistry and from 1972 to 1988, Senior Lecturer in the University of Glasgow, and in 1988 was appointed Professor and head of the Department of Vascular Biochemistry in the University of Glasgow and was to become the principal investigator in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS), examining the levels of fat in the blood. From this double-blind controlled trial, he and his colleagues were to make a break-through discovery in that cholesterol-lowering statins reduce the risk of first heart attack rather than just the benefits in these being administered to patients who had already experienced a heart attack.

Studies results
The results of the WOSCOPS study and trial were simultaneously presented at the Annual Conference of the American Heart Association (November, 1995) and in The New England Journal of Medicine. The study findings have led to treatment by administering of pravastatins being adopted around the world in prevention of ischaemic heart disease. In November 2002, Shepherd presented the results of a further study, 1998–2002, ((PROSPER), investigating the benefits of cholesterol-lowering in the elderly, and conducted in The Netherlands, Ireland and the United Kingdom), to the American Heart Association in Chicago. In 2004, the United Kingdom became the first country in the world to make statins available without prescription.

Later career
Serving also as Honorary Consultant at the University of Glasgow Royal Infirmary 'till 2005, Shepherd has subsequently been appointed (2006) Emeritus Professor, Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow. A former Chairman of the European Atherosclerosis Society, and a Founder member of the British Hyperlipidaemia Association and the Asian-Pacific Society of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Disease, James Shepherd has also spent time teaching abroad, at the Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, the Cantonal Hospital, Geneva, and the University of Helsinki. Shepherd is a Fellow, Royal Society of Edinburgh; Fellow, Academy of Medical Sciences; Fellow, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and Fellow, Royal College of Pathologists.

Professor Shepherd has written widely, his Papers including:
Lipoproteins in Coronary Heart Disease (1986), Atherosclerosis: Developments, Complications and Treatment (1987), Coronary Risks Revisited (1989), Lipids and Atherosclerosis Annual 2003 (2003), Statins: The HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Perspective (Taylor & Francis; 2 edition (16 April 2007)

References

External links
 The European Atherosclerosis Society
 The Asian-Pacific Society of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Disease

1944 births
People educated at Hamilton Academy
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
20th-century Scottish medical doctors
Scottish scholars and academics
Scottish biochemists
Living people

James Shepherd (biochemist)


High and Mighty: SUVs - The World's Most Dangerous vehicles and how they got that way () is a book by Keith Bradsher which details the tax breaks, protectionism and policy decisions which led to the rise of the sport utility vehicle in modern America, and the poor safety record of the first and second generation of SUVs.

It is polemical in tone but develops its arguments with references. Specifically, it notes that the SUV is the car of choice for many of the nation's most self-centered people; and the bigger the SUV, the less gracious its owner is likely to be.

See also
 Unsafe at Any Speed

References

Automotive safety
2002 non-fiction books
Current affairs books
Works about consumer protection

High and Mighty (book)


Carlos Charles Remy (born 24 July 1968) is a Saint Lucian born former English cricketer.  Remy was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace.  He was born in Castries, Saint Lucia.

Remy made his first-class debut for Sussex against Hampshire in the 1989 County Championship.  From 1989 to 1995, he represented the county in 21 first-class matches, the last of which came against Derbyshire.  In his 21 first-class matches for Sussex, he scored 480 runs at a batting average of 18.46, with 2 half centuries and a high score of 60.  In the field he took 7 catches.  With the ball he took 19 wickets at a bowling average of 55.31, with best figures of 4/63.  It was for Sussex that he made his debut in List A cricket against the touring Zimbabweans in 1990.  From 1990 to 1995, he represented the county in 32 List A matches, the last of which came against Ireland in the Benson and Hedges Cup.

Following the 1995 season, Remy joined Leicestershire.  In the 1996 season, he played a single first-class match against Oxford University.  Remy also played 15 List A matches for Leicestershire in 1996, with his final appearance for the county in that format coming against Nottinghamshire in the 1996 AXA Equity and Law League.  The 1996 season was Remy's only season with the county.

In 2000, he represented the Middlesex Cricket Board in 2 List A matches against Wiltshire and Sussex in the 2000 NatWest Trophy, as well as one further match for the Board against Berkshire in the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy.  In his career total of 50 List A matches, he scored 284 runs at an average of 8.11, with a high score of 28.  In the field he took 11 catches, while with the ball he took 40 wickets at an average of 33.37, with best figures of 4/31.

References

External links
Carlos Remy at Cricinfo
Carlos Remy at CricketArchive

1968 births
Living people
Saint Lucian emigrants to the United Kingdom
English cricketers
Sussex cricketers
Leicestershire cricketers
Middlesex Cricket Board cricketers

Carlos Remy


Calneva () is an unincorporated community in Lassen County, California. It is located  north-northeast of Doyle, at an elevation of 4009 feet (1222 m). Calneva is on the Nevada state line—its name is a portmanteau of California and Nevada.

The town was developed in the hope of finding sufficient water to sustain it. However this proved problematic with the water proving too saline for drinking. This, combined with the farm prices crash of the 1920s, failure of mining ventures and the cancellation of an additional rail line led to the town declining until it was no longer viable to operate either a post office or a station there.

During the 1916 New York City polio epidemic a quarantine officer was stationed there to medically examine passengers from New York, New Jersey and Chicago in an attempt to prevent the disease spreading to California.

A post office operated at Calneva from 1911 to 1919, and from 1920 to 1933.

References

Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Lassen County, California

Calneva, California


The Battle of Valmy, also known as the Cannonade of Valmy, was the first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution. The battle took place on 20 September 1792 as Prussian troops commanded by the Duke of Brunswick attempted to march on Paris. Generals François Kellermann and Charles Dumouriez stopped the advance near the northern village of Valmy in Champagne-Ardenne.

In this early part of the Revolutionary Wars—known as the War of the First Coalition—the new French government was in almost every way unproven, and thus the small, localized victory at Valmy became a huge psychological victory for the Revolution at large. The outcome was thoroughly unexpected by contemporary observers—a vindication for the French revolutionaries and a stunning defeat for the vaunted Prussian army. The victory emboldened the newly assembled National Convention to formally declare the end of monarchy in France and to establish the French Republic. Valmy permitted the development of the Revolution and all its resultant ripple effects, and for that it is regarded by historians as one of the most significant battles in history.

Background
As the French Revolution continued, the monarchies of Europe became concerned that revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries. The War of the First Coalition was an effort to stop the revolution, or at least contain it to France. King Frederick William II of Prussia had the support of Great Britain and the Austrian Empire to send the Duke of Brunswick towards Paris with a large army. In the war's early encounters of mid-1792, French troops did not distinguish themselves, and enemy forces advanced dangerously deep into France intending to pacify the country, restore the traditional monarchy, and end the Revolution. The French commander Charles Dumouriez, meanwhile, had been marching his army northeast to attack the Austrian Netherlands, but this plan was abandoned because of the more immediate threat to Paris. A second army under General François Kellermann was ordered to link up with him in a mutual defense.

Just over half of the French infantry were regulars of the old Royal Army, as were nearly all of the cavalry and, most importantly, the artillery, which were widely regarded as the best in Europe at the time. These veterans provided a professional core to steady the enthusiastic volunteer battalions. Combined, Dumouriez' Army of the North and Kellermann's Army of the Centre totalled approximately 54,000 troops. Heading towards them was Brunswick's coalition army of about 84,000, drilled Prussian and Austrian troops augmented by large complements of Hessians and emigres of the French royalist Army of Condé.

Battle

The invading army handily captured Longwy on 23 August and Verdun on 2 September, then moved on toward Paris through the defiles of the Forest of Argonne. In response, Dumouriez halted his advance to the Netherlands and reversed course, approaching the enemy army from its rear. From Metz, Kellermann moved to his assistance, joining him at the village of Sainte-Menehould on 19 September.
The French forces were now east of the Prussians, behind their lines. Theoretically the Prussians could have marched straight towards Paris unopposed, but this course was never seriously considered: the threat to their lines of supply and communication was too great to be ignored. The unfavorable situation was compounded by bad weather and an alarming increase in sickness among the troops. With few other options available, Brunswick turned back and prepared to do battle.

The troops trudged laboriously through a heavy downpour—"rain as of the days of Noah", in the words of Thomas Carlyle. Brunswick headed through the northern woods believing he could cut off Dumouriez. At the moment when the Prussian manœuvre was nearly completed, Kellermann advanced his left wing and took up a position on the slopes between Sainte-Menehould and Valmy. He centered his command around an old windmill, which he quickly razed to prevent enemy artillery spotters from using it as a sighting location. His veteran artillerists were well-placed upon its accommodating ridge to begin the so-called "Cannonade of Valmy". Brunswick moved toward them with about 34,000 of his troops. As they emerged from the woods, a long-range gunnery duel ensued and the French batteries proved superior. The Prussian infantry made a cautious, and fruitless, effort to advance under fire across the open ground.

As the Prussians wavered, a pivotal moment was reached when Kellermann raised his hat and made his famous cry of "Vive la Nation". The cry was repeated again and again by all the French army, and had a crushing effect upon Prussian morale. The French troops sang "La Marseillaise" and "Ça Ira", and a cheer went up from the French line. To the surprise of nearly everyone, Brunswick broke off the action and retired from the field. The Prussians rounded the French positions at a great distance and commenced a rapid retreat eastward. The two engaged forces had been essentially equal in size, Kellermann with approximately 36,000 troops and 40 cannon, and Brunswick with 34,000 and 54 cannon. Yet by the time Brunswick retreated, casualties had risen no higher than three hundred French and two hundred Prussians.

Prussian retreat
The precipitous end to the action provoked elation among the French. The question of exactly why the Prussians withdrew has never been definitively answered. Most historians ascribe the retreat to some combination of the following factors: the highly defensible French position together with the rapidly growing numbers of reinforcements and citizen volunteers with their discouraging and thoroughly unexpected élan which persuaded the cautious Brunswick to spare himself a dangerous loss of manpower, particularly when the Russian invasion of Poland had already raised concerns for Prussia's defensibility in the east. Others have put forward more shadowy motives for the decision, including a secret plea by Louis XVI to avoid an action which might cost him his life, and even bribery of the Prussians, allegedly paid for with the Bourbon crown jewels.

An analysis by Dr Munro Price, reader in history at the University of Bradford and a modern specialist in this period, concludes that there is no convincing proof of bribery turning back the Prussians. The more likely explanation remains that, having initially adopted an aggressive strategy, Brunswick lacked the will to carry it through when confronted by an unexpectedly determined and disciplined opposition. Brunswick had actually been offered command of the French armies prior to the outbreak of war and émigré factions subsequently used this as a basis to allege treachery on his part. In any case, the battle ended decisively, the French pursuit was not seriously pressed, and Brunswick's troops managed a safe if inglorious eastward retreat.

Aftermath

This engagement was the turning point of the Prussians' campaign. Beset with food shortages and dysentery, their retreat continued well past the Rhine River. French troops soon struck forward into Germany, taking Mainz in October. Dumouriez once again moved against the Austrian Netherlands and Kellermann ably secured the front at Metz.

Dumouriez would bear a harsh change of fortune: after one more influential success in November 1792 at Jemappes, he was by the following year a broken man. His army had suffered such catastrophic losses that he defected to the royalist side for the rest of his life. Kellermann, however, continued in a long and distinguished military career. In 1808 he was ennobled by Napoleon and became Duke of Valmy.

Legacy

In terms of military history the battle introduced features that reshaped modern warfare. It exemplified key components of "total war" in terms of political propaganda, psychological warfare, and eager participation of large numbers of politicized civilians.

After a while the battle came to be celebrated as the first great victory of the armies of the French Revolution. In the varied historiography of the French Revolution, it is typically portrayed as the first victory of a citizen army, inspired by liberty and nationalism. Many thousands of volunteers did indeed swell the ranks, but at least half of the French forces were professional soldiers, particularly among Kellermann's critical artillery units. The French artillery also held a tactical advantage in its modern Gribeauval gun system which proved highly successful on the battlefield. But in popular conception, Valmy was a victory of citizen-soldiers: the battle was emblemized by Kellermann's cry, augmented by the troops' singing of "La Marseillaise" and the "Ça Ira" while under fire.

On the day of the battle, the Legislative Assembly had duly transferred its power to the National Convention.
Over the next two days, flush with the news from Valmy, the new Convention deputies abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the French Republic. The victory was a much-needed source of pride for the revolutionary French state, and provided enduring inspiration for the years that followed. It was considered by many contemporaries to be a miraculous event for France, and a "decisive defeat" for one of the most effective armies in Europe. Scholars continue to count it among the most significant clashes in military history.

The Prussians themselves recognized the importance of the battle, not merely as a setback in the war but as a crucial advancement for the Revolution as a whole. The German writer and poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who was present at the battle with the Prussian army, later wrote that he was approached by some of his comrades in a state of dejection. He had previously cheered them up with memorable and clever quotes but his only consolation this time was, "Here and today, a new epoch in the history of the world has begun, and you can boast you were present at its birth."

References

Sources

 Meyer, Élise. "Valmy: The victory and its reputation." Annales historiques de la Revolution francaise. No. 4. 2020. abstract

 Wainwright, E. H. "The cannonade of Valmy." Kleio 5.2 (1973): 62–76.

Further reading
 Forrest, Alan. The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars: The Nation-in-Arms in French Republican Memory (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
 Lynn, John A. "Valmy" MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History (Fall 1992), 5#1 pp 88–97.
 Scott, Samuel F. From Yorktown to Valmy: the transformation of the French Army in an age of revolution (University Press of Colorado, 1998)
 Thoral, Marie-Cécile. From Valmy to Waterloo: France at War, 1792–1815 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011)

External links
 Cannon Thunder at Valmy, David A. Norris, Warfare History Network, 21 March 2019
 HTML version of The Battle of Valmy from Edward Shepherd Creasy's The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World

Battles involving Prussia
Marne (department)
1792 in France
Conflicts in 1792
Battles of the War of the First Coalition
Battles in Grand Est
Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
Forest of Argonne

Battle of Valmy


KDesktop is the component of the K Desktop Environment 3 and earlier, which provides a virtual background window to draw icons or other graphics on. In conjunction with Kicker and SuperKaramba, it constitutes the graphical shell.

In KDE Software Compilation 4, Kicker, KDesktop, and SuperKaramba were replaced by KDE Plasma 4. The graphical shells KDE Plasma 4 and KDE Plasma 5 being widget engines of their own, SuperKaramba is no longer necessary and e.g. "Kicker" was re-implemented as a desktop widget.

References

See also
Linux on the desktop

KDE software

KDesktop


Carl Friedrich was a German-American professor and political theorist.

Carl Friedrich may also refer to:

 Carl Friedrich Abel (1723–1787), German composer
 Carl Friedrich Bruch (1789–1857), German ornithologist
 Carl Friedrich Christian Fasch (1736–1800), German composer and harpsichordist
 Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855), German mathematician and scientist
 Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (1884–1945), conservative German politician
 Carl Friedrich Heinrich Credner (1809–1876), German geologist
 Carl Friedrich Heinrich Graf von Wylich und Lottum (1767–1841), Prussian infantry general and minister of the State
 Carl Friedrich Meerwein (1737–1810), German civil engineer and aviation pioneer
 Carl Friedrich Nagelsbach (1806–1859), German classical scholar
 Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833–1890), German neurologist and psychiatrist
 Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794–1868), German botanist and explorer
 Carl Friedrich Richard Förster (1825–1902), German ophthalmologist
 Carl Friedrich Roewer (1881–1963), German arachnologist
 Carl Friedrich von Ledebour (1785–1851), German-Estonian botanist
 Carl Friedrich von Siemens (1872–1941), German entrepreneur and politician
 Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (1912–2007), German physicist and philosopher
 Carl Friedrich Wenzel (circa 1740–1793), German chemist and metallurgist
 Carl Friedrich Wilhelm, 1st Prince of Leiningen (1724–1807), German nobleman
 Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Alfred Fleckeisen (1820–1899), German philologist and critic
 Carl Friedrich Zelter (1758–1832), German composer, conductor and teacher of music
 Carl Gustav Friedrich Hasselbach (1809–1882), member of the Prussian House of Lords
 Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich Naumann (1797–1873), German mineralogist and geologist
 Hans Carl Friedrich von Mangoldt (1854–1925), German mathematician
 Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe (1746–1816), German architect and etcher
 Johann Carl Friedrich Rellstab (1759–1813), German composer, writer, music publisher, and critic
 Otto Carl Friedrich Westphal (1800–1879), prominent physician

See also
 Karl Friedrich (disambiguation)
 Carl Frederick (given name)
 Friedrich Carl (disambiguation)

Carl Friedrich (disambiguation)


Kolsimcha – The World Quintet is a Swiss klezmer band.

History
The band was founded in 1986 under the name Kol Simcha in Switzerland as a duo with Josef Bollag and David Klein. Their main interest being focused on the musical genre Klezmer, they played at weddings until their success grew and they started giving concerts. The name Kol Simcha (Kol: voice, Simcha: feast, joy) is taken from a blessing spoken at Jewish weddings and means literally "the voice of joy". This English translation is also the name of their own production company and record label (VOJ).

Over the years the band grew to its current line up of five musicians - Michael Heitzler (clarinet), Olivier Truan (piano), Ariel Zuckermann (flute, previously Roman Glaser and Niki Reiser), Daniel Fricker (double bass), and Christoph Staudenmann (drums, previously Fabian Kuratli (deceased) and David Klein).
The band has toured extensively literally all over the world, playing countless concerts, recording several CDs and doing live appearances on radio stations such as BBC.

Kolsimcha – The World Quintet has repeatedly collaborated with classical orchestras such as the highly regarded London Mozart Players, the Munich Radio Orchestra, the Basel Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra. The band provided parts of the film music for Caroline Link's Oscar-nominated drama Beyond Silence in 1998 and composed the entire soundtrack for Xavier Koller's film biography Gripsholm in 2000.

Discography

Traditional Jewish Music (1990)
Contemporary Klezmer – Voice of Joy (1993, Hearts of Space Records)
Crazy Freilach  (1996)
Symphonic Klezmer (1996)
Klezmer Soul (1997, Hearts of Space Records)
Live! (2000)
Gripsholm (Soundtrack) (2000)
The World Quintet (2003)
Selma – in Sehnsucht eingehüllt (2005), poems by Selma Meerbaum-Eisinger
Noah (2007)
Kolsimcha & London Symphony Orchestra (2013)

References

External links
 official homepage of Kolsimcha – The World Quintet

Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Switzerland
Swiss folk music groups
World music groups
Klezmer groups

Kolsimcha – The World Quintet


Unpleasant Horse is a side-scrolling platform game developed by 4th and Battery for iOS, a subsidiary of PopCap Games. The protagonist of the game is a black "horse" (though technically a pegasus), which the user must direct across the level by having the horse bounce on clouds, and on the backs of white horses. This causes the white horses to fall onto meat grinders at the bottom of the level; if the user misdirects the black horse when trying to hit a cloud or a white horse, then the black horse itself falls onto the meat grinders.

The game was believed to be rejected from the App Store for "mature content" on April 7, 2011 due to a miscommunication; it was still undergoing review. Unpleasant Horse is no longer available on the iOS App Store.

References

2011 video games
Platformers
Video games about horses
Side-scrolling video games
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
Pegasus in popular culture
PopCap games
Video games developed in the United States

Unpleasant Horse


Anti-Malay sentiment or Malayophobia refers to feelings of hostility, prejudice, discrimination or disdain towards Malay people, Malay culture, the Malay language or anything perceived as Malay.

It is notable in Singapore, where there is a large Malay community, and in Malaysia, where the Malay people form the majority of the population. Anti-Malay sentiment has also been observed in Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines.

Incidents by country

Malaysia
The Malays are one of the major ethnic groups in multiracial Malaysia. In the May 13 Incident on May 13, 1969, a major racial riot broke out between ethnic Malays and Chinese in Kuala Lumpur that suspended the Malaysian parliament for 22 months. UMNO Politician Tunku Abdul Rahman maintains the cause of the riots as parades organised by Chinese Democratic Action Party and Gerakan supporters celebrating anticipated general election victory, chanting provocative anti-Malay slogans such as: "" (Finish off all the Malays), "" (Kuala Lumpur now belongs to the Chinese). Worse still, as the parades passed through Malay communities such as Kampung Baru, the attendees began chanting: "" (death to Malays) and calling the Malays stupid. Some of them carried brooms, allegedly to symbolise the sweeping out of the Malays from Kuala Lumpur, while others chanted inflammatory slogans about the "sinking" of the Alliance boat — the coalition's logo.

Prior to the 1969 general election, a Malay political worker was killed by a Chinese gang in Penang, and a Chinese Labour Party activist was shot and killed in a clash with police in Kuala Lumpur. A funeral procession was held for the shot activist on May 9  but the arrangements were taken over by non-family members, which caused the initially peaceful funeral procession degenerating into unruly mobs just within an hour in which those attendees who were predominantly Chinese chanting and singing incendiary slogans including the Chinese revolutionary song "The East Is Red" while displaying portraits of Mao Zedong and the Red Flag, as well as provoking Malay bystanders with chants of: "Malai si" (death to Malays).

Nevertheless regardless of the cause, the May 13 Incident became the worst racial riot in Malaysian history. According to police figures, 196 people died and 149 were wounded. 753 cases of arson were logged and 211 vehicles were destroyed or severely damaged. An estimated 6,000 Kuala Lumpur residents — 90% of them Chinese — were made homeless. Various other casualty figures have been given, with one thesis from a UC Berkeley academic, as well as Time, putting the total dead at ten times the government figure. Since then, the Malaysian government aims to stabilise the economy by introducing the New Economic Policy (NEP) citing income disparity as the main reason for the riots.

Singapore
Singapore was once a thriving Malay fishing village prior to British colonisation. According to the Malay Annals, a Sumatran prince called Sang Nila Utama was known to have founded ancient Singapore in 1299.  However, the modern city of Singapore stemmed from 1819 when established by Sir Stamford Raffles. Under the British administration, Singapore experienced an influx of immigrants particularly from China and India. Singapore joined the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963, along with the present Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. Since Singapore's separation from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, it became a sovereign, multi-racial republic of which the Chinese community formed the majority.

In the 1970s, Mandarin was promoted over other Chinese dialects. SAP Schools were created to provide Mandarin among the Chinese. The reference to Confucian society by former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew marked a shift in policy of neutral multiculturalism to Chinese-dominated society. Chinese schools began receiving government aids while other schools were neglected.

The former Prime Minister had once sparked a debate on the loyalty of the Malays to Singapore.  He stated that the Malays might have conflict when it comes to loyalty. Earlier, former Indonesian President Habibie's alleged that the Singapore Armed Forces discriminate against the Malays. The Singaporean government has been cautious in issue of Malay loyalty. Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong is a supporter of this policy. For the same reason, the Malays have been nearly absent from armed force scholarship list and top positions in armed forces.

Also with a number of Muslim youths being radicalized by ISIS and the Muslim community in Singapore consists mostly of Malays, non-Malays have issues trusting them with one incident of an unknown vandalizer drawing a woman in hijab with the word "terrorist" on her at the Marine Parade MRT station construction site.

In January 2019, a 30-year-old man was arrested following a vandalism incident in which hateful slurs against the Malay community were scrawled on poles just outside Aljunied MRT station, Geylang which is near a primary and secondary school. The racial slurs contained words like: "" (death to Malays) and other slurs displaying graphic sexual acts and one seemed to refer to Malaysian politician Anwar Ibrahim, although it is not independently verifiable if it actually did refer to Anwar.

There was also an incident where an 8-year-old Malay child who was attending a school bus gets mocked as "Malai chu" (Malay pig) by the school-bus driver.

Thailand

Southern Thailand and particularly the historical region of Patani is the home of the ethnic Malays in Thailand. In the 18th century after the Thais captured the Malay-dominated provinces in the south, the Thai consciously avoided referring to the people as Malays, instead preferring the term Thai Muslim. For the purpose of integration, Malay identity was discouraged by the Thai state and Malay school children would be fined if they were found speaking in their mother tongue. Due to such policy, there is a diminishing Malay proficiency among young Malays. This had led to prejudice against Muslims in general instead of specifically against the Malays.

At present, there are Malay separatists in southern Thailand demanding that the Malay-Muslim dominated provinces be granted independence. This has led to decades of fatal clashes between Thai security forces and the separatists. Indiscriminate arrest of Malays has fuelled distrust and resentment against the Thai authority among the locals.

Thaksin had declared a militant law in southern Thailand. Former Prime Minister Thaksin has been blamed for action that lead to an incident at Tak Bai that led to the death of a number of Malays.

See also

References

External links
 From "Patani Melayu" to "Thai Muslim"

Malay
Malay
Malay
Malay people

Anti-Malay sentiment


The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (, POUM; ) was a Spanish communist party formed during the Second Republic and mainly active around the Spanish Civil War. It was formed by the fusion of the Trotskyist Communist Left of Spain () and the Workers and Peasants' Bloc (BOC, affiliated with the Right Opposition) against the will of Leon Trotsky, with whom the former broke.

Formation
In 1935, POUM was formed as a communist opposition to the Stalinist form of Communism promoted by the Soviet Union, by the revolutionaries Andreu Nin and Joaquín Maurín. Nin was heavily influenced by the thinking of Leon Trotsky, particularly his permanent revolution thesis. It resulted from the merging of the Communist Party's Left Opposition (the Trotskyist Communist Left of Spain) and the Right Opposition (the Workers and Peasants' Bloc). This alliance was against the wishes of Trotsky, with whom the Communist Left of Spain broke.

Position

The party grew larger than the official Communist Party of Spain (PCE) both nationally and in the communist hotbeds of Catalonia and the Valencian Country, where the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) represented the PCE. The POUM was highly critical of the popular front strategy advocated by Joseph Stalin and the Comintern; nevertheless, it participated in the Spanish Popular Front initiated by Manuel Azaña, leader of Acción Republicana. The POUM attempted to implement some of its radical policies as part of the Popular Front government, but they were resisted by the more centrist factions.

George Orwell, who fought alongside the POUM in the civil war, reports that its membership was roughly 10,000 in July 1936, 70,000 in December 1936, and 40,000 in June 1937, although he notes that the numbers are from POUM sources and are probably exaggerated.

Conflict with the PCE and PSUC
The POUM's independent communist position, including opposition to Stalin, caused huge ruptures with the PCE, which remained fiercely loyal to the Comintern. Moreover, these divisions, which included accusations of Trotskyism (and even fascism) by the Communists, resulted in actual fighting between their supporters; most notably, in 1937, a primarily Communist coalition of government forces attacked the POUM during the Barcelona May Days. While the larger Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour, CNT) supported the POUM at first, the moderate leadership of the CNT dropped its support after it joined the government. Radical elements within the anarchist movement however fought side by side in the streets of Barcelona during the May Days and were isolated as well, like the Friends of Durruti. The POUM, along with the purely Trotskyist Seccion Bolshevik-Leninista, became isolated, and both organizations were driven underground. Nin was detained and presumably tortured to death by NKVD agents in Alcalá de Henares, Nin and his party were consistently labeled as provocateurs in Stalinist propaganda.

International links
The POUM was a member of the London Bureau of socialist and centrist Marxist parties that rejected both the reformism of the Second International and the pro-Moscow orientation of the Third International. Other members included the Independent Labour Party in Britain, the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party (PSOP) in France, and Poale Zion. Its youth wing was affiliated to the International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations, through which it recruited the ILP Contingent in the Civil War. Foreign supporters of POUM during the Civil War included Lois Orr.

Transition era
During the Spanish transition to democracy, the POUM was legalized in 1977. This led to a split in the party, with one faction opposing formal legalization, calling for a boycott of the 1977 general election and demanding the immediate restoration of the republic. The legalized party participated in the election as part of the Front for Workers' Unity (FUT), a coalition of parties and organisations to the left of the PCE which won 0.22% of the nationwide vote. The election result led to a crisis for the POUM as well as for most parties to the left of the PCE, from which it was not able to recover.

The POUM continued to exist as a small party with an office in Barcelona and a monthly newspaper, La Batalla, calling for cooperation among the various far-left parties, but an attempted merger with Communist Action and the Collective for Marxist Unification failed during a "Unification Congress" in 1978. After this setback, the POUM decided not to participate in the 1979 elections. POUM branches in several cities became part of local coalitions and unification attempts with various far-left groups. In 1980, the POUM made its last electoral efforts, supporting Herri Batasuna in the Basque country and participating in the Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN - Unitat Popular) coalition in the Catalan parliamentary election, but the party was disintegrating. La Batalla ceased publication in May 1980, marking the end of the POUM as an organized party, though it was never officially dissolved. As a last remnant, the Valencia branch remained active until 1981.
Former members of the POUM formed the Fundación Andreu Nin (Andreu Nin Foundation) to preserve the heritage of their party and ideological current.

Cultural references
British author George Orwell fought alongside members of the Independent Labour Party as part of POUM militias; he recounted the experience in his book Homage to Catalonia. Likewise, the film Land and Freedom, directed by Ken Loach, tells of a group of POUM soldiers fighting in the war from the perspective of a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain who initally fought for the POUM before he later joined his CPGB comrades in the International Brigades. In particular, the film goes on to deal with his disillusionment with the Soviet Union's policies in the war while he was fighting with the International Brigades, after which he decided to return to his POUM comrades shortly before the POUM's June 1937 suppression.

The POUM is briefly mentioned in Joe Haldeman's science fiction novel The Forever War as a militia where "(y)ou obeyed an order only after it had been explained in detail; you could refuse if it didn't make sense."

Victor Serge dedicates Midnight in the Century to Andreu Nin and other slain leaders of the POUM.

Discussion of POUM in Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls (Collier edition, p. 247).

In  William Herrick's novel "Hermanos!", the American Communist protagonist comes to Spain in order to fight Fascism, but gets diverted into hunting down members of POUM. The POUM activists which the protagonist tortures and executes are depicted very sympathetically, shown bravely defiant and sticking to their positions to the bitter end - eventually causing the protagonist to undergo a crisis of conscience, break with the Party and become a dissident himself.

Ian Fleming's From Russia with Love (Signet edition, p. 50) states that Rosa Klebb infiltrated the POUM and may have murdered Andrés Nin Pérez.

In Margaret Atwood's prize winning novel, The Blind Assassin, a fictional newspaper account details the actual battles between the POUM and the Stalin-backed Communists in Barcelona; the title of the newspaper article is Red Vendetta in Barcelona and mentions the purges against the POUM by Stalinist Communists "well armed by Russia".

See also
Iberian Communist Youth
Iberian Anarchist Federation
Homage to Catalonia - George Orwell's book about his time with the POUM
Revolutionary Workers' Party (Spain)
Land and Freedom - Ken Loach's movie about a story of POUM's militants
The Man Who Loved Dogs - Leonardo Padura Fuentes' novel about Trotsky's murderer

Footnotes

Further reading
J.R. Campbell, Spain's 'Left' Critics. London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1937.
Jesús Hernández, How the NKVD Framed the POUM.  Excerpt from Yo Fui un Ministro de Stalin. Mexico City: G. del Toro, Mexico, 1974.
Alan Sennett, Revolutionary Marxism in Spain, 1930–1937. [2014] Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015.
Wilebaldo Solano, The Spanish Revolution: The Life of Andreu Nin. Leeds: Independent Labour Party, 1974.
Víctor Alba, Stephen Schwarz. Spanish Marxism and Soviet Communism, A History of the POUM in the Spanish Civil War, 2009.

External links

Fundación Andreu Nin website, (Spanish)
Documents on POUM from "Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War Through the Eyes of Organised Labour," Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick. —Collection of more than 13,000 pages of documents from the archives of the British Trades Union Congress.
POUM Archive at marxists.org
POUM texts at libcom
POUM texts at "La Bataille socialiste"
Victor Alba "La Revolución Española en la Práctica" (Introduction)

1935 establishments in Spain
Defunct communist parties in Spain
Political parties established in 1935
Political parties of the Spanish Civil War
Right Opposition
Trotskyist organisations in Spain

POUM


The numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus) is a marsupial from open woodlands in western Australia. It is also called the banded anteater, because it eats termites.

It is unusual in being one of the few diurnal (daytime) marsupials. It has no pouch, but the mother carries round her four young on her stomach. At night, they take shelter in hollow logs. The numbat has a life span of 5–6 years under human care.

These solitary, long-tailed termite-eaters are in danger of extinction; very few remain in the wild. When Europeans arrived, the numbat was found across the New South Wales and Victorian borders west to the Indian Ocean, and as far north as the southwest corner of the Northern Territory. It was at home in a wide range of woodland and semiarid habitats.

The deliberate release of the European red fox in the 19th century wiped out the entire numbat population in Victoria, NSW, South Australia and the Northern Territory, and almost all numbats in Western Australia, as well. By the late 1970s, the population was well under 1,000 individuals, concentrated in two small areas far from Perth, Dryandra, and Perup.

The numbat is the emblem of Western Australia.

References

Marsupials of Australia

Numbat