Very high frequency (VHF) is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves (radio waves) from 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz), with corresponding wavelengths of ten meters to one meter.
Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequency (HF), and the next higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency (UHF).

VHF radio waves propagate mainly by line-of-sight, so they are blocked by hills and mountains, although due to refraction they can travel somewhat beyond the visual horizon out to about 160 km (100 miles).  Common uses for radio waves in the VHF band are Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and FM radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, two-way land mobile radio systems (emergency, business, private use and military), long range data communication up to several tens of kilometers with radio modems, amateur radio, and marine communications. Air traffic control communications and air navigation systems (e.g. VOR and ILS) work at distances of   or more to aircraft at cruising altitude.

In the Americas and many other parts of the world, VHF Band I was used for the transmission of analog television. As part of the worldwide transition to digital terrestrial television most countries require broadcasters to air television in the VHF range using digital, rather than analog encoding.

Propagation characteristics
Radio waves in the VHF band propagate mainly by line-of-sight and ground-bounce paths; unlike in the HF band there is only some reflection at lower frequencies from the ionosphere (skywave propagation).  They do not follow the contour of the Earth as ground waves and so are blocked by hills and mountains, although because they are weakly refracted (bent) by the atmosphere they can travel somewhat beyond the visual horizon out to about 160 km (100 miles). They can penetrate building walls and be received indoors, although in urban areas reflections from buildings cause multipath propagation, which can interfere with television reception.  Atmospheric radio noise and interference (RFI) from electrical equipment is less of a problem in this and higher frequency bands than at lower frequencies.  The VHF band is the first band at which efficient transmitting antennas are small enough that they can be mounted on vehicles and portable devices, so the band is used for two-way land mobile radio systems, such as walkie-talkies, and two way radio communication with aircraft (Airband) and ships (marine radio).  Occasionally, when conditions are right, VHF waves can travel long distances by tropospheric ducting due to refraction by temperature gradients in the atmosphere.

Line-of-sight calculation

VHF transmission range is a function of transmitter power, receiver sensitivity, and distance to the horizon, since VHF signals propagate under normal conditions as a near line-of-sight phenomenon. The distance to the radio horizon is slightly extended over the geometric line of sight to the horizon, as radio waves are weakly bent back toward the Earth by the atmosphere.

An approximation to calculate the line-of-sight horizon distance (on Earth) is:
distance in nautical miles =  where  is the height of the antenna in feet
distance in kilometers =  where  is the height of the antenna in meters.

These approximations are only valid for antennas at heights that are small compared to the radius of the Earth. They may not necessarily be accurate in mountainous areas, since the landscape may not be transparent enough for radio waves.

In engineered communications systems, more complex calculations are required to assess the probable coverage area of a proposed transmitter station.

Antennas

VHF is the first band at which wavelengths are small enough that efficient transmitting antennas are short enough to mount on vehicles and handheld devices, a quarter wave whip antenna at VHF frequencies is 25 cm to 2.5 meter (10 inches to 8 feet) long. So the VHF and UHF wavelengths are used for two-way radios in vehicles, aircraft, and handheld transceivers and walkie-talkies. Portable radios usually use whips or rubber ducky antennas, while base stations usually use larger fiberglass whips or collinear arrays of vertical dipoles.

For directional antennas, the Yagi antenna is the most widely used as a high gain or "beam" antenna. For television reception, the Yagi is used, as well as the log-periodic antenna due to its wider bandwidth. Helical and turnstile antennas are used for satellite communication since they employ circular polarization. For even higher gain, multiple Yagis or helicals can be mounted together to make array antennas. Vertical collinear arrays of dipoles can be used to make high gain omnidirectional antennas, in which more of the antenna's power is radiated in horizontal directions. Television and FM broadcasting stations use collinear arrays of specialized dipole antennas such as batwing antennas.

Universal use
Certain subparts of the VHF band have the same use around the world. Some national uses are detailed below.
50–54 MHz: Amateur Radio 6-meter band.
108–118 MHz: Air navigation beacons VOR and Instrument Landing System localizer.
118–137 MHz: Airband for air traffic control, AM, 121.5 MHz is emergency frequency
144–146 MHz: Amateur Radio 2-meter band (Extends up to 148 MHz in some Regions).
156–174 MHz: VHF maritime mobile band for maritime two-way radio on ships.

By country

Australia

The VHF TV band in Australia was originally allocated channels 1 to 10-with channels 2, 7 and 9 assigned for the initial services in Sydney and Melbourne, and later the same channels were assigned in Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. Other capital cities and regional areas used a combination of these and other frequencies as available. The initial commercial services in Hobart and Darwin were respectively allocated channels 6 and 8 rather than 7 or 9.

By the early 1960s it became apparent that the 10 VHF channels were insufficient to support the growth of television services. This was rectified by the addition of three additional frequencies-channels 0, 5A and 11. Older television sets using rotary dial tuners required adjustment to receive these new channels. Most TVs of that era were not equipped to receive these broadcasts, and so were modified at the owners' expense to be able to tune into these bands; otherwise the owner had to buy a new TV.

Several TV stations were allocated to VHF channels 3, 4 and 5, which were within the FM radio bands although not yet used for that purpose. A couple of notable examples were NBN-3 Newcastle, WIN-4 Wollongong and ABC Newcastle on channel 5. While some Channel 5 stations were moved to 5A in the 1970s and 80s, beginning in the 1990s, the Australian Broadcasting Authority began a process to move these stations to UHF bands to free up valuable VHF spectrum for its original purpose of FM radio. In addition, by 1985 the federal government decided new TV stations are to be broadcast on the UHF band.

Two new VHF channels, 9A and 12, have since been made available and are being used primarily for digital services (e.g. ABC in capital cities) but also for some new analogue services in regional areas. Because channel 9A is not used for television services in or near Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide or Perth, digital radio in those cities are broadcast on DAB frequencies blocks 9A, 9B and 9C.

VHF radio is also used for marine Radio as per its long-distance reachability comparing UHF frequencies.

Example allocation of VHF–UHF frequencies:
 Radionavigation 60: 84–86 MHz
 Fixed Maritime Mobile: 130–135.7 MHz
 Fixed Aeronautical radio navigation: 160–190 MHz
 Broadcasting Aeronautical Radionavigation:  255–283.5 MHz
 Aeronautical Radionavigation AUS 49 / Maritime Radionavigation (radiobeacons) 73: 315–325 MHz

New Zealand
44–51, 54–68 MHz: Band I Television (channels 1–3)
87.5–108 MHz: Band II Radio
118–137 MHz: Airband for air traffic control, AM
108–117.975 MHz: Air navigation beacons VOR and ILS
121.5 MHz is an emergency frequency
144–148 MHz: Amateur radio 2-meter band
156–162.2 MHz: Marine radio
174–230 MHz: Band III Television (channels 4–11)

Until 2013, the four main free-to-air TV stations in New Zealand used the VHF television bands (Band I and Band III) to transmit to New Zealand households. Other stations, including a variety of pay and regional free-to-air stations, were forced to broadcast in the UHF band, since the VHF band had been very overloaded with four stations sharing a very small frequency band, which was so overcrowded that one or more channels would not be available in some smaller towns.

However, at the end of 2013, all television channels stopped broadcasting on the VHF bands, as New Zealand moved to digital television broadcasting, requiring all stations to either broadcast on UHF or satellite (where UHF was unavailable) utilising the Freeview service.

Refer to Australasian television frequencies for more information.

United Kingdom

British television originally used VHF band I and band III. Television on VHF was in black and white with 405-line format (although there were experiments with all three colour systems-NTSC, PAL, and SECAM-adapted for the 405-line system in the late 1950s and early 1960s).

British colour television was broadcast on UHF (channels 21–69), beginning in the late 1960s. From then on, TV was broadcast on both VHF and UHF (VHF being a monochromatic downconversion from the 625-line colour signal), with the exception of BBC2 (which had always broadcast solely on UHF). The last British VHF TV transmitters closed down on January 3, 1985. VHF band III is now used in the UK for digital audio broadcasting, and VHF band II is used for FM radio, as it is in most of the world.

Unusually, the UK has an amateur radio allocation at 4 metres, 70–70.5 MHz.

United States and Canada
Frequency assignments between US and Canadian users are closely coordinated since much of the Canadian population is within VHF radio range of the US border. Certain discrete frequencies are reserved for radio astronomy.
The general services in the VHF band are:

30–49.6 MHz: Licensed 2-way land mobile communication, with various sub-bands.
30–88 MHz: Military VHF FM, including SINCGARS
43–50 MHz: Cordless telephones, 49 MHz FM walkie-talkies and radio controlled toys, and mixed 2-way mobile communication. The FM broadcast band originally operated here (42–50 MHz) before it was moved to 88–108 MHz.
50–54 MHz: Amateur radio 6-meter band
50.8–51 MHz: Radio-controlled aircraft (on ten fixed frequencies at 20 kHz spacing) with an FCC Amateur Radio Service license, flown under FCC Part 97, rule 97.215.
54–88 MHz, known as "Band I" internationally; some DTV stations will appear here. See Pan-American television frequencies.
54–72 MHz TV channels 2–4 (VHF-Lo)
72–76 MHz: Radio controlled models, industrial remote control, and other devices. Model aircraft operate on 72 MHz while surface models operate on 75 MHz in the US and Canada, air navigation beacons 74.8–75.2 MHz.
76–88 MHz TV channels 5–6 (VHF-Lo)
87.5–108 MHz: FM radio broadcasting (87.9–91.9 non-commercial, 92–108 commercial in the United States) (known as "Band II" internationally)
108–118 MHz: Air navigation beacons VOR
118–137 MHz: Airband for air traffic control, AM
121.5 MHz is an emergency frequency
137–138 MHz Space research, space operations, meteorological satellite
138–144 MHz: Land mobile, auxiliary civil services, satellite, space research, and other miscellaneous services
144–148 MHz: Amateur radio 2-meter band
148–150 MHz: Land mobile, fixed, satellite
150–156 MHz: "VHF business band," public safety, the unlicensed Multi-Use Radio Service (MURS), and other 2-way land mobile, FM
156–158 MHz VHF Marine Radio
156.8 MHz (Channel 16) is the maritime emergency and contact frequency.
 159.81-161.565 MHz railways
159.81–160.2 are railroads in Canada only and is used by trucking companies in the U.S.
160.6–162 Wireless microphones and TV/FM broadcast remote pickup
162.4–162.55: NOAA Weather Stations, narrowband FM, Weatheradio Canada Stations
174–240 MHz, known as "Band III" internationally. A number of DTV channels have begun broadcasting here, especially many of the stations which were assigned to these channels for previous analog operation.
174–216 MHz television channels 7–13 (VHF-Hi)
174–216 MHz: professional wireless microphones (low power, certain exact frequencies only)
216–222 MHz: land mobile, fixed, maritime mobile,
222–225 MHz: 1.25 meters (US) (Canada 219–220, 222–225 MHz) amateur radio
225 MHz and above (UHF): Military aircraft radio, 243 MHz is an emergency frequency (225–400 MHz) AM, including HAVE QUICK, dGPS RTCM-104

Cable television, though not transmitted aerially, uses a spectrum of frequencies overlapping VHF.

VHF television
The U.S. FCC allocated television broadcasting to a channelized roster as early as 1938 with 19 channels. That changed three more times: in 1940 when Channel 19 was deleted and several channels changed frequencies, then in 1946 with television going from 18 channels to 13 channels, again with different frequencies, and finally in 1948 with the removal of Channel 1 (analog channels 2–13 remain as they were, even on cable television). Channels 14–19 later appeared on the UHF band, while channel 1 remains unused.

87.5–87.9 MHz
87.5–87.9 MHz is a radio frequency which, in most of the world, is used for FM broadcasting. In North America, however, this bandwidth is allocated to VHF television channel 6 (82–88 MHz). The analog audio for TV channel 6 is broadcast at 87.75 MHz (adjustable down to 87.74). Several stations, known as Frankenstations, most notably those joining the Pulse 87 franchise, have operated on this frequency as radio stations, though they use television licenses. As a result, FM radio receivers such as those found in automobiles which are designed to tune into this frequency range could receive the audio for analog-mode programming on the local TV channel 6 while in North America. The practice largely ended with the DTV transition in 2009, although some still exist.

The FM broadcast channel at 87.9 MHz is normally off-limits for FM audio broadcasting; it is reserved for displaced class D stations which have no other frequencies in the normal 88.1–107.9 MHz subband to move to. So far, only two stations have qualified to operate on 87.9 MHz: 10–watt KSFH in Mountain View, California and 34–watt translator K200AA in Sun Valley, Nevada.

Unlicensed operation
In some countries, particularly the United States and Canada, limited low-power license-free operation is available in the FM broadcast band for purposes such as micro-broadcasting and sending output from CD or digital media players to radios without auxiliary-in jacks, though this is illegal in some other countries. This practice was legalised in the United Kingdom on 8 December 2006.

See also
Marine VHF radio
TV radio
List of oldest radio stations
Apex (radio band)
FM broadcast band
Moving image formats
Polar mesosphere summer echoes
Television channel frequencies
Knife-edge effect
VHF omnidirectional range
 High frequency
 Low frequency
 Extremely low frequency
 Ultra low frequency

Notes

References

Radio spectrum
Television terminology

Very high frequency


"Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship" is an essay by the American academic Noam Chomsky. It was first published as part of Chomsky's American Power and the New Mandarins. Parts of the essay were delivered as a lecture at New York University in March 1968, as part of Albert Schweitzer Lecture Series. The first third of the essay, "The Menace of Liberal Scholarship" by Noam Chomsky in The New York Review of Books, January 2, 1969, was taken "almost verbatim" from this essay.

Content
In "Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship" Noam Chomsky argues that, during the Vietnam War, the liberal intelligentsia provided self-serving arguments in their discussion and analysis of the war, instead of objectively discussing the topic; that they used ideology to legitimize U.S. commitments to autocratic rule and intervention in Asia. Chomsky argues that there was no end of ideology, as many scholars opined, but rather that it was an elite ideology that all elites and scholars could agree upon. Chomsky argues that the conservative, moderate, and liberal intelligentsia all had an elite, counter-revolutionary, bias in their writing, but he focuses on the liberal scholars. As an additional example to the Vietnam War, Noam Chomsky looks at liberal scholarship which covered the Spanish Civil War in which the same lack of objectivity and the same counter-revolutionary subordination can be seen.

The essay consists of three parts. Part I focuses on the Vietnam War and the increasing role of intellectuals, or specialists, in government and public and foreign policy. Part II focuses on the Spanish Civil War. He contrasts the liberal-communist version of the war with that of other sources including anarchists' and first-hand accounts. Part III is a conclusion.

References

External links

 "The Menace of Liberal Scholarship", The New York Review of Books: The first third of this essay was taken, "almost verbatim", from "Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship"

1997 essays
1997 non-fiction books
Liberalism
Works about the Spanish Civil War
Works about the Vietnam War
Works by Noam Chomsky

Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship


Jiming Temple was first built in the Western Jin Dynasty. It is one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Nanjing. Since the Middle Ages, Jiming Temple has been known as the First Temple of the Southern Dynasties.

The history of Jiming Temple can be traced back to Qixuan Temple in Wu during the Three Kingdoms. At that time, the place where Jiming Temple now sits was a garden around a hilltop. Around the year 300, a temple was built on the hill. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it was part of the Tingwei Department. In 527, Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty built Tongtai Temple on Jiming Island, which made it a real Buddhist resort. In 1387, the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty ordered the demolition of its old houses and a reconstruction and enlargement of its temples. This emperor is the one who named it "Jiming Temple". After the improvements of the Xuande, Chenghua, and Hongzhi Emperors, the courtyard was very large, covering more than 100 mu. Later, the ancient temple was destroyed by a fire in Xianfeng. Although it was rebuilt during the Tongzhi Era and its incense has flourished, the scale of the temple has been greatly reduced.

Buildings and structures in China
Nanjing

Jiming Temple


Serge Collot (27 December 1923 – 11 August 2015) was a French violist and music educator.

Biography
Born in Paris, Collot studied viola at the Conservatoire de Paris with Maurice Vieux, chamber music with Joseph Calvet, and composition with Maurice Hewitt and Arthur Honegger. He won first prizes in viola (1944) and chamber music (1949).

Collot was a member of the Parrenin Quartet, Radiodiffusion Française String Quartet, and Bernède Quartet. In 1960 he founded Le Trio à Cordes Français with violinist Gérard Jarry and cellist Michel Tournus. The ensemble performed together for 32 years. From 1957 to 1986 he was Principal Violist with the Orchestra of the Paris Opera.

Collot served as Professor of Viola for twenty years (1969–1989) at the Conservatoire de Paris. Many contemporary violists have been his students: Pierre-Henri Xuereb, Jean Sulem (who succeeded him at the Conservatoire in 1989), Émile Cantor, Jacques Borsarello, Laurent Verney, Jean-Paul Minali Bella.

An exponent of contemporary music, Collot performed in Pierre Boulez's Domaine Musical concerts until 1970 and has inspired many compositions for viola including Quatre Duos for viola and piano (1979) by Betsy Jolas and, in particular, the Sequenza VI for viola solo (1967) by Luciano Berio. He has performed and lectured internationally and has served on juries of music competitions including those in Geneva and Munich.

Collot was made a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur in 1989. His life was the subject of a 2002 documentary film entitled L'ouvrage de Serge Collot and directed by Dominique Pernoo.

Collet played a 1741 viola by David Tecchler once owned and played by Théophile Laforge. He died at the age of 91 in Gerzat on 11 August 2015.

Discography
Viola
 Art of the Viola – Serge Collot (viola); Keiko Toyama (piano); Aurèle Nicolet (flute); Ayako Shinozaki (harp); Camerata 462 (1997), Camerata 462 (2002)
     Robert Schumann: Märchenbilder for viola and piano, Op. 113 (1851)
     Mikhail Glinka: Sonata in D minor for viola and piano
     Claude Debussy: Sonata for flute, viola and harp (1915)
     Darius Milhaud: Sonata No. 2 for viola and piano, Op. 244 (1944)
 Contemporary Viola – Serge Collot (viola); Adés 16.002 (1970s)
     Luciano Berio: Sequenza VI for viola solo
     André Jolivet: 5 Églogues for viola solo
     Paul Hindemith: Sonata for viola solo, Op. 25 No. 1
 Betsy Jolas: Points d'aube for viola and 13 wind instruments; Serge Collot (viola); Marius Constant (conductor); Ensemble Ars Nova; Adés 205 762 (1978, 1996)
 André Jolivet: Concertos and Chamber Works – 5 églogues for viola solo; Serge Collot (viola); Accord 476 7783 (2005)
 Robert Schumann: Contes de Fées (Fairy Tales) – Serge Collot (viola); Béatrice Berne (clarinet); Julie Guigue (piano); Polymnie POL 390 231
     Märchenbilder for viola and piano, Op. 113 (1851)
     Märchenerzählungen for clarinet, viola and piano, Op. 132 (1853)

Chamber music
 Jacques Ibert (1890–1962) – String Quartet (1937–1942); Parrenin Quartet; Ades 20346 (1990)
 Shin'ichirō Ikebe: Lion – Camerata 270 (1999)
     Quinquevalence for violin, viola, cello, double bass and piano (1991); Takumi Kubota (violin); Serge Collot (viola); Masaharu Kanda (cello); Yoshio Nagashima (double bass); Tomoko Mukaiyama (piano)
     Strata I for string quartet (1988); Mitsuko Ishii, Hiroaki Ozeki (violins); Serge Collot (viola); Masaharu Kanda (cello)
 Teizo Matsumura: Courtyard of Apsaras – String Quartet (1996) – Sonoko Numata, Saschko Gawriloff (violins); Serge Collot (viola); Christoph Henkel (cello); Camerata 617 (2001)
 Georges Onslow: String Quartet, Op. 8 No. 1; String Quintet, Op. 78 No. 1 – Gérard Jarry; Yvon Caracilly; Serge Collot; Bruno Pasquier; Michel Tournus

Sources
 Riley, Maurice W. (1991), "Brief Biographies of Violists", The History of the Viola, Volume II, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Braun-Brumfield, p. 371.

References

External links

1923 births
2015 deaths
Musicians from Paris
French classical violists
French music educators
20th-century classical musicians
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Knights of the Legion of Honour
20th-century French musicians
21st-century classical musicians
21st-century French musicians
Pupils of Arthur Honegger
20th-century violists
21st-century violists

Serge Collot


Albert Einstein: The Practical Bohemian is a stage play that is the only show officially endorsed by the Einstein family. A quote from Albert Einstein's first cousin said that the family "felt as though they were in the presence of their dear cousin Albert." The one-man show opened in 1978 written and performed by actor-writer Ed Metzger in Los Angeles, California.

Since that time, he has presented it throughout the world, including the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. The show, co-written by Metzger's wife Laya Gelff, is a portrayal about the man as well as the scientist, creating a portrait of one of the 20th Century's greatest minds, but who harbored dreams of being a solo violinist. The show highlights the curiosity that drove Einstein to seek answers to the mysteries of the universe. It shows his struggle as a pacifist, threatened by antisemitism and forced to flee Germany, and eventually disappointed that his scientific discoveries were used in the creation of nuclear weapons.

References

External links
 Albert Einstein: The Practical Bohemian website
 Einstein Quotes

Works about Albert Einstein
Plays by Ed Metzger
1978 plays
Biographical plays about scientists
Plays for one performer
Cultural depictions of Albert Einstein
Plays set in the 20th century

Albert Einstein: The Practical Bohemian


John Lowles (1850 – 1903) was a British businessman and Conservative Party politician.

The son of George Lowles of Frant, near Tunbridge Wells, Kent, he entered business as a wholesale tea merchant.  He married his cousin, Agnes Westoby, in 1871 and was living in Stamford Hill in north London by 1880 having become a leading member of the Hackney Conservative Club. In 1882, he unsuccessfully stood for election to the London School Board. He became President of the Hackney Conservative Union, representing the party at meetings with the boundary commissioners appointed under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.

When the first elections to the London County Council were held in January 1889, Lowles was nominated by the Conservatives to contest the Hackney Central Division. He was elected, serving three years as a member of the Conservative-backed Moderate Party that formed the opposition group. He was defeated at the next council elections in 1892, when the Liberal-backed Progressive Party increased the size of its majority.

At the 1895 general election, Lowles stood for election to the House of Commons as Conservative candidate at Shoreditch, Haggerston. He unseated the sitting Liberal Party Member of Parliament, Randal Cremer by the small majority of 31 votes. Cremer submitted an election petition to overturn the result, but following a recount Lowles was confirmed elected with an increased majority of 40 votes. Cremer returned to the courts alleging that Lowles was guilty of "treating", but his second petition was dismissed in February 1896. When the next general election was held in 1900, Cremer regained the Haggerston seat by a majority of 34 votes. Lowles promptly issued legal proceedings against Cremer for libel over statements made during the campaign, and was awarded damages of £750 in June 1901.

References

External links

1850 births
1903 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1895–1900
Members of London County Council
People from Frant

John Lowles


Lycopus asper is a species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name rough bugleweed. It is native to much of North America, where it can be found most often in moist areas, such as the soil near lakes. This is a perennial herb growing from a rhizome with thick, knobby tips. The plant grows erect to around 80 centimeters in maximum height, but is known to reach one meter. Its stem is lined with pairs of toothed leaves with heads of flowers in their axils. The flower is white and a few millimeters in length.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile

asper
Flora of Northern America
Plants described in 1898

Lycopus asper


Ketosis is when there are greater levels of ketone bodies in the blood or urine. It comes when ketone bodies are released into the bloodstream due to low glycogen levels in the liver. Ketone bodies are made by a process called ketogenesis. Ketosis can be understood as the use of body fat as a source of energy. Ketosis has 3 main sources of energy, also known as ketone bodies: acetoacetate, acetone, and beta-hydroxybutyrate.

References

Metabolism

Ketosis


An emporium refers to a trading post, factory, or market of classical antiquity, derived from the , which becomes . The plural is emporia in both languages, although in Greek the plural undergoes a semantic shift to mean 'merchandise'.  Emporium is a term that has also been used to describe the centres of heightened trade during the Early Middle Ages.

Emporia varied greatly in their level of activity.  Some seem to have functioned much like the permanent European trading colonies in China, India and Japan in the early modern period or those of the mediaeval Italian maritime republics in the Levant. Others were probably annual events for a few days or weeks like the medieval Champagne fairs or modern trade fairs.

Examples
Famous emporia include:

Elim, where Hatshepsut kept her Red Sea fleet;

Elat, where Thebes was supplied with mortuary materials, linen, bitumen, naphtha, frankincense, myrrh and carved stone amulets from Palestine, Canaan, Aram, Lebanon, Ammon, Hazor, Moab, Edom, Punt and the Arabian Peninsula from Petra to Midian;

Naucratis, the only Greek colony in Egypt;

Olbia, which exported cereals, fish and slaves;

and Sais, where Solon went to acquire the knowledge of Egypt.

In the Hellenic and Ptolemaic realm, emporia included the various Greek, Phoenician, Egyptian and other city-states and trading posts in the circum-Mediterranean area. Among these commercial hubs were cities like Avaris and Syene in Lower Egypt, Thebes in Upper Egypt, and Opone, Elim, Elat and other Red Sea ports. For the Hittites, it encompassed Kanesh and Kadesh. For Phoenicia, it included Cádiz, Carthage, Leptis Magna, and Cyrene, among others (although Cyrene had been founded by Greeks).

See also
Emporion
Emporium (early medieval)

Sources

References

Greek colonization
Phoenician colonies
Greek words and phrases

Emporium (antiquity)


The Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition () was a military award of the Second French Empire to reward soldiers and sailors who participated in the Anglo-French expedition to China during the Second Opium War.  It was created by imperial decree on 23 January 1861, by Napoleon III.

The British Empire had been engaged in an ongoing conflict with the Qing Dynasty since 1856 over legalizing the opium trade, expanding coolie trade, opening all of China to British merchants, and exempting foreign imports from internal transit duties.  Following the 1857 general election in the United Kingdom, the new parliament decided to seek redress from China based on the report about the Arrow Incident submitted by Harry Parkes, British Consul to Guangzhou. The French Empire, the United States, and the Russian Empire received requests from Britain to form an alliance.  France joined the British action against China, prompted by the execution of a French missionary, Father August Chapdelaine ("Father Chapdelaine Incident"), by Chinese local authorities in Guangxi province.  The conflict concluded with the 1858 Treaty of Tianjin finally ratified by the emperor's brother, Yixin, the Prince Gong, in the Convention of Peking on 18 October 1860.

Award statute
The Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition was awarded by the Emperor to all who served in the China Expedition on propositions of the minister overseeing the service in which the potential recipient served.

All recipients also received a certificate of award.

A later imperial decree dated 25 March 1861 confirmed that all recipients were to adhere to the code of conduct as set by the Imperial decree of 18 March 1852 under the authority of the Grand chancellor of the Legion of honour.

Award description
The Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition was a 30 mm in diameter circular silver medal designed and engraved by Albert Désiré Barre. Its obverse bore the left profile of Emperor Napoleon III crowned with a laurel wreath surrounded by the relief inscription "NAPOLEON III" "EMPEREUR" (English: "NAPOLEON III" "EMPEROR"). A 4 mm wide relief laurel wreath ran along the entire circumference of both the obverse and reverse of the medal.

On the reverse, within the laurel wreath, the circular relief inscription EXPÉDITION DE CHINE 1860 (English: CHINA EXPEDITION 1860). At the centre, the relief inscription on four lines of the campaign's major battles TA-KOU, CHANG-KIA-WAN, PA-LI-KIAO, PE-KING.

The medal was suspended from a 36 mm wide silk moiré yellow ribbon, at its center, the name of the city of Peking woven in blue Chinese characters. (Actually it reads Kingpe or Jingbei with the two Hanzi characters switched. This was clearly a mistake.)

Notable recipients (partial list)
Admiral Benjamin Jaurès
Admiral Henri Rieunier
General Élie de Vassoigne
Colonel Charles-Louis Du Pin
Lieutenant (N) Francis Garnier

See also
 First Opium War
French colonial empire
Imperial China
 Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal: French campaign medal for the Sino-French War
 1901 China expedition commemorative medal French campaign medal for the Boxer Rebellion

References

External links
Museum of the Legion of Honour (in French)

Military awards and decorations of France
Awards established in 1861
1861 establishments in France
French campaign medals
Second Opium War
China–France military relations


Salt Island is one of the islands of the archipelago of the British Virgin Islands located about 4.7 miles south east (151 degrees true) of Road Town, the main town on Tortola. It is named after its salt ponds, which were once an important resource.

Salt Island is most notable for the wreck of the Royal Mail packet steamer, RMS Rhone which sank in a hurricane on 29 October 1867 after she was driven back on Salt Island while attempting to head to safety at sea.  Most of the ship's crew were lost.  Many of the bodies were buried in a mass grave on Salt Island which is a short walk from the main beach and can be easily seen today.  A wide circle of stones is laid upon the grave.

The wreck of the Rhone is one of the best scuba diving sites in the Caribbean.  Some of the underwater scenes in film The Deep were filmed in and around the wreck.

The population of the island hasn't been more than three people since at least 1980. They pay an annual rent to the Queen of the United Kingdom, delivered to the Governor, of a one-pound bag of salt.

The island is often visited by yachts and gets an occasional smaller cruise ship. Where before there were twenty or more households there are now only three or four derelict houses.

Tributes of Salt
The harvesting of salt was once an annual tradition on Salt Island  going back to the days of Queen Victoria in 1867 when the residents would gather once a year to harvest the salt from the lake on Salt Island. It became customary for the Administrator of the Virgin Islands and later the Governor of the Virgin Islands to send one pound of salt to the Monarch on the Queen's birthday. The tradition subsequently fell away. However, in 2015, Governor John Duncan decided to renew the tradition. For the first time in many years, a pound of salt from Salt Island was presented to the Sovereign. The Governor took the salt to London and presented it to the Sovereign in March 2015. The salt had been harvested specially for the occasion by Calvin "Jandy" Smith of East End, Tortola. At their meeting the Governor gave Her Majesty a pouch of salt from Salt Island as a gift from the people of the Virgin Islands. At the annual parade celebrating the Sovereign's official birthday on 13 June 2015, the Governor announced that the previous tradition of presenting a pound of salt to the Sovereign would be renewed as a tradition in future years.

See also
 List of lighthouses in the British Virgin Islands

References

External links

 Salt Island  at BVI Bound

Islands of the British Virgin Islands
Lighthouses in the British Virgin Islands

Salt Island, British Virgin Islands


Golgi-associated PDZ and coiled-coil motif-containing protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GOPC gene.

PIST is a PDZ domain-containing Golgi protein. PDZ domains contain approximately 90 amino acids and bind the extreme C terminus of proteins in a sequence-specific manner.[supplied by OMIM]

Interactions
GOPC has been shown to interact with GRID2, BECN1, RHOQ, ACCN3, Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and CSPG5.

References

Further reading

GOPC


Tammerkoski is a channel of rapids in Tampere, Finland. The city of Tampere is located between two lakes, Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi. The difference in altitude between these two is  and the water flows from Näsijärvi to Pyhäjärvi through the Tammerkoski rapids.
The banks of the Tammerkoski are among the oldest industrial areas in Finland. There was a busy marketplace in the 17th century. Tampere was founded on the banks of the rapids, as the rushing water provided a great deal of power for the needs of industry.

There are four power stations and three dams located on the Tammerkoski. The highest in altitude is the dam between Finlayson and Tampella. From this dam, the stream is led to the power stations of Finlayson and Tampella on either side of the rapids. In the middle, there is the city's power plant and the lowest one in terms of altitude is the dam at the Tako paperboard mill, which belongs to M-real. The three uppermost power stations are owned by the city, while the powerstation by Tako is owned mostly by the municipal power company of Southern Savonia.

History
The Tammerkoski has been mentioned in official documents since 1405. In the 15th century, the first dams were built on the channel. The first argument over milling plant rights happened in 1466, when Takahuhti, Messukylä and Tammerkoski argued over their shares. About a hundred years later the government noticed the possibilities in the area and tried to replace the peasant-controlled dams with their own. The attempt was unsuccessful due to opposition from the inhabitants.

In the 17th century, a popular and well-known marketplace was established in the Tammerkoski area. The permanent marketplace remained near the Tammerkosken kartano (Tammerkoski manor), west of the bridge over the channel. At the beginning of the 18th century, the main marketplace was moved to Harju.

In 1775, King Gustav III of Sweden travelled to Finland and signed the charter of foundation for Tammerkoski, a city later renamed to Tampere. A wooden bridge over the Tammerkoski was constructed in 1807. This was later replaced by an iron bridge in 1884 and an iron-concrete bridge named Hämeensilta in 1929. For motor vehicle use, many other bridges have since been built. These include Ratinan silta, Satakunnansilta and Paasikivensilta. For light traffic use, there are Ratinan suvannon silta and Patosilta. There is also a two-track railroad bridge.

By the beginning of the 1990s, most industry had disappeared from the banks of the Tammerkoski. The Tako paperboard mill is the only major industrial installation still operational in the area, producing mainly high-quality packaging products for luxury items such as French perfume. The buildings of the old factories have been turned into restaurants and museums among other uses. The waters of the Tammerkoski are rather unpolluted, belonging to the quality class II in the classification of the Finnish environmental authority and the channel is popular with fishermen.

References

External links

Tampere
Rivers of Finland
Kokemäenjoki basin
Landforms of Pirkanmaa

Tammerkoski


Frederick Joseph Ryan Jr. (born April 12, 1955) is an American media proprietor, political adviser, and lawyer who serves as the publisher and chief executive officer of The Washington Post. He was the president and chief operating officer of Allbritton Communications Company and founding chief executive officer and president of Politico. He was the chief of staff for former President Ronald Reagan from 1989 to 1995 and is chairman of the board of trustees of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation.

Early life
Ryan was born on April 12, 1955, in Tampa, Florida.

Education
In 1977, Ryan graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor's Degree from University of Southern California. In 1980, Ryan graduated with honors from USC Law School.

In 2019, before delivering the commencement address, Ryan received an honorary doctorate degree from Wake Forest University.

Career

Attorney
Ryan was employed as an attorney in the Los Angeles, California law firm of Hill, Farrer and Burrill before joining the successful 1980 Reagan-Bush presidential campaign.

White House years
Ryan began serving at the White House in February 1982 during the Reagan administration as Deputy Director of Presidential Appointments and Scheduling. He was appointed a year later to the position of Director of Presidential Appointments and Scheduling. In 1985, Ryan was appointed by the President to head the White House Office of Private Sector Initiatives, as well as maintaining his employment as Director of Scheduling.

On November 4, 1987, President Reagan personally appointed Ryan to be Assistant to the President, the highest level of staff position in the White House.

When President Reagan left office on January 20, 1989, he and First Lady Nancy Reagan returned to California. Ryan was hired to be the former President's post-Chief of Staff. During this time, Ryan was responsible for the establishment and operation of Reagan's office in Century City. He was also instrumental in the design, fundraising, planning, and overseeing the construction of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

Ryan left his position as Chief of Staff in 1995. A year earlier, President Reagan had announced to the world that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.

Media career
Following his service as Chief of Staff to former President Reagan, Ryan became vice-chairman of the television, cable, and internet company Allbritton Communications. As President and COO of the company, he managed its multiple broadcast and cable properties.

In 2007, Ryan co-founded Politico, a politically focused website and newspaper. Under his leadership as president and CEO, Politico was recognized by Fast Company Magazine for Excellence as one of the "World's Most Innovative Companies" in March 2010. In the May 2013 issue of Washington Life, the impact of Politico was noted with Ryan's inclusion in the "Power 100" list of the One Hundred Most Influential People in Washington.

In September 2014, Jeff Bezos, owner of The Washington Post, named Ryan Publisher and CEO, signaling a new digitally focused direction for the publication. On December 14, 2022, Ryan announced massive layoffs at the Washington Post during a Washington Post town hall meeting.

Reagan Foundation
In 1995, Ryan became the chairman of the board of trustees for the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation, serving with fellow board members including First Lady Nancy Reagan and former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani. He manages the foundation and takes part in library events, with a mission of "preserving Ronald Reagan's legacy."

Under Ryan's chairmanship, the Reagan Foundation garnered the "crown jewel" of President artifacts by obtaining Air Force One, the Presidential Aircraft that had flown Reagan and six other Presidents of the United States. Through funds contributed by his friend T. Boone Pickens and other donors, the Air Force One Museum was built at the Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, CA.

Ryan made a personal contribution of his own to the Reagan Presidential Library by purchasing the Ronald Reagan Pub in County Tipperary, Ireland while visiting it on a family vacation in 2004. The working pub was completely disassembled and transported by container ship to Los Angeles where it was reassembled under the wing of Air Force One at the Reagan Presidential Library. Ryan's friend, Presidential journalist, Hugh Sidey, joined in for the formal dedication of the Ronald Reagan Pub at the Library. In making the gift, Ryan expressed his pride in his Irish heritage which may account for the reason he and his wife host a large St. Patrick's Day party at their Potomac, MD home each year.

Ryan headed the team that organized the moving national tribute and funeral for Ronald Reagan in June 2004. He was a Pall Bearer at President Reagan's request.

Ryan headed the year-long celebration of Ronald Reagan's 100th Birthday in 2011. President Obama appointed him to the bipartisan Ronald Reagan Centennial Commission created by an act of Congress. Ryan was elected Chairman of the commission by the United States Senators and Members of Congress that served on the commission with him. Events were held across the country and in major European Capitals celebrating the impact of Reagan policies in promoting freedom and democracy.

In the years following the Reagan Administration, Ryan was very close to Nancy Reagan and is said to have advised her on important matters.

White House Historical Association
Ryan has served as a Director of the White House Historical Association since 2001. In 2012, Ryan became the Chairman of White House Historical Association.

As part of the "Campaign for White House History", Ryan works with First Lady Michelle Obama, Caroline Kennedy and former First Family members of both political parties to provide funding for educational and preservation projects for the White House.

David M. Rubenstein, former White House aide and philanthropist, supported this effort through a $10 million gift to create the David M. Rubenstein National Center for White House History. Another major project of the fundraising campaign is the new White House Visitors Center.

Other activities
While working in the Reagan White House, Ryan was introduced to Prince Charles, the Prince of Wales. This led to a joint meeting of British and American Business Leaders that encouraged corporate social responsibility and support of private sector initiatives. Over the years since then, Ryan has served as a Patron of the Prince of Wales Foundation and as a member of the Board of Director of Duchy USA, the Prince's corporate initiative in the United States.

Ryan serves as co-chairman of the Advisory Committee on Presidential Libraries, a nonpartisan group formed by the Archivist of the United States. He is a member of the advisory board for the National Museum of American History, the Board of Councilors for the Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism at USC and the Ford's Theatre Board of Trustees.

A program obtained from the elite Alfalfa Club Dinner in January 2014 indicated that Ryan is the Secretary of that secretive organization.

Ryan is the editor of Ronald Reagan: The Wisdom and Humor of the Great Communicator, published by HarperCollins in 1995, and Ronald Reagan: The Great Communicator, published by HarperCollins in 2001.

While in college, Ryan studied and competed in martial arts. On June 17, 1977, he obtained his black belt in Kenpo Karate. Later, he was awarded a second-degree black belt.

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
Reagan administration personnel
American political consultants
United States presidential advisors
University of Southern California alumni
Assistants to the President of the United States
USC Gould School of Law alumni
American chief executives
American chief operating officers
Politico people

Fred Ryan


Gyula Kabos (19 March 1887, Budapest – 6 October 1941, New York) was a Hungarian actor and comedian, widely known for his comedic movie roles in the late 1930s.

Biography

Early years

Kabos was born on 19 March 1887, in Budapest as Gyula Kann. After completing Elek Solymosi's acting school, he started acting in Szabadka (Subotica), where he worked until 1910 with a short interruption in 1906–07 when he lived in Zombor (Sombor). Szabadka granted him his first successes, his first successful forays into the world of theatre, and this is the town where he met his first great comedic partner, Gyula Gózon. Following his advice, he moved to Nagyvárad (Oradea) and lived there from 1910 to 1913. Later on, he remembered these years quite fondly. He was a well-known actor in town and had various comic adventures with his partner (which were released weekly in the town newspaper). He later moved to Budapest to play in different theatres, including the Király Színház, the Vígszínház, Pesti Kabaré, while trying, but ultimately failing to start an American-styled variety theatre in Nagyvárad (1919).

Career between 1919–1933

In 1919 he marries Mária Puhalag, and adopts her daughter, Gabriella Surányi. They moved to Budapest, where his son István György Kabos was born. As directors discover his comedic talent, he gets more and more small roles, including one in the Vígszínház. While his appearances are met with high critical acclaim, the financial crisis of the country drew a shadow to the theatrical world, also reducing his appearances. However, this situation proved as an opportunity, as the renowned Fővárosi Művész Színház (the future Operettszínház) closed its doors, and a new search began for a director. Along with László Békeffi, his name was trusted enough that they got the job. But life as a manager proved to be hard as Kabos disapproved the high salaries of leading actors, resulting in numerous conflicts. Again, the new plays are met with high critical acclaim, but not with monetary success, so the theatre needs to pull out formerly played acts. Continuing work conflicts, the appearance of the first loud movies, and disinterest of the public eventually result in bankruptcy. While he already tried himself in numerous small, often experimental silent films during the 1910s, he disliked them, as he blamed them for the downfall of theatrical world.

After numerous attempts, he played the role of "Mátyás Schneider" in the sound film, Hyppolit, a lakáj (Hyppolit, the Butler) in 1931. The movie became one of the first movie success in Hungary, and along with its soundtrack, becoming one of the most-known cinematic work of the era. The success results in several other foreign-language movie roles. After a small detour in Vienna, trying to impress the Austrian public, he works again in Budapest from 1932. As the global financial crisis, and the more and more popular movies further decimate the Budapest theatre scene, his career is struggling again is small, low-paying roles, overshadowed by few remaining stars. As the Magyar Színház theatre offers him a few dramatic roles, he accepts them, and thereby returns in the front of larger audiences. After a few dramatic roles, he returns to his old light-hearted comedic character, to great success, also touring in Germany.

Comedian and movie star

Beginning with Márciusi Mese (A March tale) he begins to like doing movies. After the 1934 premier of Meseautó (Dream Car), his other massive success, he is confronted with standing ovation. The sudden fame surprises Kabos, as he does not understand why a movie star should be famous (until then he had only watched a few scenes from his own work). In his numerous later film characters he plays the tragicomical small man in the hard years of the 30s, motivated by fear to carry out foolish acts. While the public believed he became a rich movie star, Kabos's financial situation remained dire, as he needed to pay the debts of his theatrical failure, and had to support his poor family, who did not believe that he was much like them. Even while being the most known comedy star, because of the creditors, he only got 10 Pengő from his original 60 Pengő/day payment (as comparison actress Sári Fedák got 540 Pengő/day). To get his livelihood, he needed to make movie after movie, while also playing numerous theatres. His role in the Vígszínház act Lovagias Ügy is another great success, winning back his theatrical audience. By 1935, he becomes one of the most sought-after movie actor, as he could greatly adapt to the then-special process of shooting only one scene at a time. Notable movies of this era are Halló Budapest and Köszönöm, hogy elgázolt.

Final years in Hungary

In 1936 he completes the movie version of the Lovagias Ügy, which was the first to spark the opposition of the radical right-wing groups, that were starting a few years before. Protests, shouting "Down with Jewish movies" were held in Budapest, Pécs, Baja, and many premieres were disrupted. As historians believe, the growing number of such revolts were orchestrated from Germany. Kabos slowly becomes the center point of attacks, a condition that fills him with fear and despair, not only for himself, but for his family. He buries himself in work, whenever possible. The third big success, A Noszty fiú esete Tóth Marival is followed by a massive right-wing press campaign against director István Székely, after which he left the country. Losing one of his main partner in movie-making, Kabos fears he could be next. With budgets decreasing, Kabos, became more and more like a cornerstone of Hungarian filmmaking of the time, deciding the financial success or failure of the venture. In 1937 he leaves Vígszínház theatre, to act in the Andrássy and Magyar theatre. These are the months of his last bigger achievements, as air-raid sirens, the first signs of the coming WWII were disrupting the work more and more often.  In spring 1938 he starts to plan his escape. With the help of his old friend Alexander Korda, he sends his son István to England to university. After playing in three light comedies, his 33-year theatrical career in Budapest comes to a close. While he still continues to make movies, including his first real leading role in Papucshős, the first anti-Jew laws make his work slowly impossible. In 1939 newspapers began to spread rumors that Kabos is travelling to America. With his wife at his side, and in deep depression, he leaves the country in the compartment of a train leaving from the Keleti train station. Through Ostend and Dover they travel to London, where they meet their son István. On 1. February 1939, aboard the vessel Paris, they sail out towards America, to a future Kabos was uncertain about.

Life in America

The pair moves into the Woodrow Hotel in New York, where they receive numerous contract offers from fellow countrymen living in the city. Kabos accepts the manager position of a small Hungarian troupe, but in letters he complained that his colleagues are without talent. They go for a 2-week long tour including Philadelphia, Trenton, Passaic. As he described, movie theatre owners tried to ruin their shows, and seats were half empty, even while admission prices were less than half the price of movie tickets. In April 1939 the group continued to tour in Chicago and Detroit, with Kabos making extra appearances, often 4 times a day. But even as such, earnings remained miserable. Their situation got worse when his wife was moved to a hospital with bile failure, needing an immediate operation, using up most of their spare money. Sándor Incze, a renowned theatrical figure also in exile, offers Kabos a role in New York, but after travelling there, he declines, partly after discovering that he doesn't speak the theatrical English language. While in Hungary, the attacks again him become more powerful, even questioning his nationality. By the summer of 1939, they start to run out of money. Kabos arranges a second tour with offhand groups, to mild success. He starts to build a small theatre room out of a restaurant run by his friend, but fails after one month. Playing in small acts once-twice a week, the couple gets enough money for basic food, otherwise they make walks in the Central Park. Kabos wrote a small book of his life, directed an amateur movie sketch to tour with, and a 3-hour revue, all failing. With the help of a friend, he gets a small role in one of the Broadway theatres, but had a heart attack on stage. His doctor orders him to stop going to rehearsals, but he refused. Barely surviving two other seizures, he is moved to a hospital, where, after lying in oxygen tent unconsciously for two weeks, dies on 6 October 1941.

Legacy

The funeral was managed by Ferenc Göndör, an immigrant friend. The actor was buried in Cedar Park Cemetery in Emerson, New Jersey under the name 'Kobas'. His adopted daughter Gabriella received a scrambled telegram from his mother with the news of the death, but the country only knew of it after the official statement from the MTI on 9 October. By this time in Hungary, Kabos's movies were banned, most of his colleagues denied of work, and the country was in war for 3 months. Newspapers only wrote the fact of death, as war news were the most important.

After the war, the first copies of Kabos movies reappear for a short time, although most of them were lost during the battles. But the slowly established communist government thought them to be works of the aristocratic society of the past, and as such, not permitted for the working society – the copies were returned to their archival boxes, only to open up in the fifties and seventies, to short lived successes. The softening political situation of the 1980s allowed the reappearance of his cinematic work in movies and the National Television, and later cable stations, recapturing his former fame. He was reburied in the Farkasréti Cemetery in Budapest, in the presence of large crowds.

Filmography

Sources

  The life of Gyula Kabos on szineszkonyvtar.hu
  Gyula Kabos in the Hungarian Theatrical Lexicon, (György, Székely. Magyar Színházművészeti Lexikon. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994. ), freely available on mek.oszk.hu
 Tibor, Bános: Kabos Gyula Budapest: Athaneum, 2001.

External links
 Kabos memorial webpage
 Kabos memorial webpage
Kabos' recordings on Gramofon Online

1887 births
1941 deaths
Hungarian male film actors
Hungarian comedians
Hungarian Jews
Burials at Farkasréti Cemetery
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
20th-century comedians

Gyula Kabos


Yi So-yeon (born June 2, 1978) is a South Korean astronaut and biotechnologist who became the first Korean to fly in space.

Lee was born and raised in Gwangju, South Korea and graduated from KAIST with a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering. In 2006, she was selected as one of two finalists in the Korean Astronaut Program: a mission to send the first Koreans to space. A year later, it was announced that she was to be the backup. However, on March 10, 2008, it was announced that she would be the primary. On April 8, 2008, she was launched into space alongside two Russian cosmonauts. She spent around eleven days in space; on April 19, she returned to the surface.

Afterwards, Yi worked as a researcher at the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI). She then attended the International Space University before resigning from KARI to pursue an MBA at the University of California, Berkeley Haas School of Business. She then moved to Washington and lectured at Everett Community College and the University of Washington.

Biography
Yi So-yeon was born to father Yi Gil-soo and mother Jeong Geum-soon, and raised in Gwangju, South Korea.

Yi studied at Gwangju Science High School. She earned bachelor's and master's degrees with a focus on mechanics at KAIST in Daejeon. Her doctorate in biotech systems was conferred on February 29, 2008 in a ceremony at KAIST although she was unable to be present due to her training commitments in Russia. In 2010, she enrolled in the MBA program at the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley In 2015 she taught at Everett Community College in Washington State as an Engineering Physics Professor.

Space career

Korean astronaut program

Yi was one of the two finalists chosen on December 25, 2006 through the Korean Astronaut Program. On September 5, 2007, the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology selected Ko San as the primary astronaut, and Yi So-yeon as backup, following performance and other tests during their training in Russia.

A change was made on March 7, 2008, when Yi was selected to train with the primary crew, and confirmed on March 10 the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology announced that Yi would replace Ko. This was after the Russian Federal Space Agency asked for a replacement, because Ko violated regulations several times at a Russian training center by removing sensitive reading materials and mailing one back to Korea. On April 8, 2008, Yi was launched into space on board Soyuz TMA-12 with two Russian cosmonauts. South Korea is reported to have paid Russia $20million for Yi's space flight. She is the third woman, after Helen Sharman of the United Kingdom and Anousheh Ansari an Iranian American, to be the first national from their country in space.

Terminology
Flying as a guest of the Russian government through a commercial agreement with South Korea, Yi's role aboard Soyuz and the ISS is referred to as a spaceflight participant () in Russian Federal Space Agency and NASA documents and press briefings.

Mission
During her mission, Yi So-yeon carried out eighteen science experiments for KARI and conducted interviews and discussions with media. In particular, she took with her 1,000 fruit flies in a special air-conditioned container box (Konkuk University experiment). She monitored the way the changes in gravity and other environmental conditions alter the behaviour of the flies, or their genome. Other experiments involved the growth of plants in space, the study of the behaviour of her heart, and the effects of gravity change on the pressure in her eye and shape of her face. With a specially designed three-dimensional Samsung camera, Yi took six shots of her face every day to see how it swells in the different gravity. She also observed the Earth, and in particular the movement of dust storms from China to Korea. She also measured the noise levels on board the ISS.

South Korean scientists created a special low-calorie and vitamin-rich version of kimchi for Yi.

Return flight
At the end of the mission, Yi returned to Earth along with ISS crew members Peggy Whitson and Yuri Malenchenko aboard Soyuz TMA-11, on April 19, 2008. Due to a malfunction with the Soyuz vehicle, the craft followed a ballistic re-entry which subjects the crew to severe gravitational forces up to 10 times the amount experienced on Earth. As a result of the re-entry, the TMA-11 craft used in the return flight landed  off-course from its target in Kazakhstan. All three survived, although requiring observation by medical personnel.

Yi was hospitalized after her return to Korea due to severe back pains. Though many believed these pains were the result of the rough landing, they were in fact normal and expected. They were the result of spinal re-compression.

Post-flight
After her flight, Yi worked as a researcher at KARI and as Korea's space ambassador with Ko San. She will receive income from future TV commercials. On October 4, 2008, Yi launched the International Institute of Space Commerce at a ceremony held in Douglas, Isle of Man.

In 2009, Yi became the first astronaut to attend the International Space University (ISU) Space Studies Program (SSP) at NASA Ames Research Center, held in conjunction with the inaugural class of the Singularity University (SU) Graduate Studies Program (GSP).

Based on her track record so early on in her career, Yi was listed as one of the Fifteen Asian Scientists To Watch by Asian Scientist Magazine in May 2011.

Career after flight
On August 13, 2014, the Korean Aerospace Research Institute announced that Yi had resigned for personal reasons, ending the South Korean space program. In the interview, she gave two reasons as to why she resigned from the program: first, she was preparing to marry a Korean-American man; second, she wanted to study for an MBA.

After receiving her MBA at the University of California, Berkeley Haas School of Business, Yi joined the Association of Spaceflight Professionals. She has since lived in Washington, United States. Beginning in 2016, she taught physics at the Everett Community College in Washington, United States. She has also lectured at the University of Washington.

See also
 Timeline of space travel by nationality
 ARISS (Amateur Radio on the International Space Station)
 Spacefacts bio April 2018

References

External links

Spacefacts biography of Yi So-yeon
A series of interviews with Seoul Glow
Yi So-yeon oral history interview at The Museum of Flight Digital Collections

1978 births
Living people
Women astronauts
KAIST alumni
People from Gwangju
South Korean astronauts
South Korean bioengineers
Haas School of Business alumni
Women bioengineers
Spaceflight participants
21st-century South Korean women scientists
21st-century South Korean scientists

hu:Yi So-yeon

Yi So-yeon


Scott Lyall Hodges (born 26 April 1968) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL) and the Port Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). Hodges kicked 671 goals in his 167-game SANFL career and another 100 goals in 38 games with Adelaide. He also kicked nine goals in three games representing South Australia in State of Origin football, and 19 goals in 15 night series matches for Port Adelaide.

Hodges is best remembered for his outstanding career as a full-forward with Port Adelaide in the SANFL between 1987 and 1998, the pinnacle of which came in 1990 when he kicked an SANFL single season record 153 goals, won the Magarey Medal as the league's fairest and best player, the Ken Farmer Medal for being the league's leading goal kicker, Port Adelaide's best and fairest award, and played in Port Adelaide's premiership team.

Football
Hodges grew up as a Port Adelaide supporter and played his junior football at the Salisbury West Football Club.

Port Adelaide
Even though most Port Adelaide stalwarts of the era are highly decorated due to the stunning successes of the eighties and nineties, Hodges still manages to stand out. Along with his Magarey Medal, he won the Ken Farmer medal three times (1990, 1994, 1996), Port Adelaide's best and fairest twice (1990, 1996) and an eight-time Port Adelaide premiership player (1988–90, 1992, 1994–96, 1998).

Hodges retired from SANFL football in 1998, having played 167 games and kicked 671 goals in premiership matches since his debut in 1987. His 671 goals for Port Adelaide is second behind club legend Tim Evans who kicked 993 goals for the club between 1975 and 1986, while Hodges is also the sixth highest goal kicker in SANFL history. Overall, Hodges played 205 games and kicked 771 goals in elite Australian rules football.

In 1997 Hodges was rewarded for his service to the Port Adelaide Football Club with Life Membership before his legend status was assured with his election to Port Adelaide's Greatest Team in 2001 and the Port Hall of Fame in 2002.

Hodges was named in the Port Adelaide Football Club's inaugural AFL squad for their long-awaited entry into the AFL in 1997, but did not play a senior game due to a succession of injuries sustained throughout the year, sealing his AFL record at 38 games for 100 goals and limiting him to just 7 games for the Port Adelaide back in the SANFL.

Adelaide
At the age of 22 and with the football world seemingly at his feet his utter dominance was expected to continue into the Australian Football League, where he joined the Adelaide Crows in their inaugural season in 1991, having been blocked from taking up lucrative offers from the reigning AFL Premiers Collingwood and the Brisbane Bears.

Due to injury and inconsistency Hodges was unable to fully reproduce his best form at the elite level, although there were glimpses of his potential – such as his 11-goal haul against eventual Grand Finalists Geelong in 1992.

Despite that groundbreaking performance, finishing the season as Adelaide's leading goalkicker with 48 goals and boasting a highly respectable AFL career goal average of 3 per game to that point, in 1993 Hodges' position in the team was compromised by the emergence of glamour spearhead Tony Modra. With the much-vaunted pair misfiring in tandem, Modra's mammoth return of 129 goals guaranteed his status as Adelaide's number one full-forward and Hodges quit the Crows in frustration at the end of the season. Though many thought his AFL career was now finished, a highly successful SANFL sabbatical saw him relisted by the Crows in 1996 but again Hodges found his opportunities limited, only managing a further two games for six goals.

Honours
On 14 August 2007 Hodges was inducted into the SANFL Hall of Fame with fellow Port Adelaide and Crows team mate Bruce Abernethy as well as former Crows teammates Mark Bickley and Andrew Jarman among others.

See also
1988 SANFL Grand Final
1989 SANFL Grand Final
1990 SANFL Grand Final
1992 SANFL Grand Final
1994 SANFL Grand Final
1995 SANFL Grand Final
1996 SANFL Grand Final

References

1968 births
Living people
Adelaide Football Club players
Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
Magarey Medal winners
South Australian State of Origin players
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees

Scott Hodges


Bishan Sports Hall is situated in the central part of Singapore at Bishan. Bishan Sports Hall is part of the Bishan Sports Recreation Centre, which includes Bishan Stadium and Bishan Sports Complex.

History
Bishan Sports Hall has been the de facto venue for the Singapore Open Gymnastics Championships since 2004. The Pesta Sukan Gymnastics Championship and ASEAN Schools Artistic and Rhythmic Championships were also held here in 2003 and 2004 respectively.

Bishan Sports Hall is the training venue for Singapore's national gymnastics team. Schools, clubs and gymnastics coaches also use the hall for various youth development and training programmes.

2010 Summer Youth Olympics

Bishan Sports Hall was used as a competition venue for gymnastics during the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics.

References

Indoor arenas in Singapore
Venues of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
Buildings and structures in Bishan, Singapore

Bishan Sports Hall


The Hound of the Baskervilles is a 1939 American gothic mystery film based on the 1902 Sherlock Holmes novel of the same name by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Directed by Sidney Lanfield, the film stars Basil Rathbone as Sherlock Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Dr. John Watson. Released by 20th Century Fox, it is the first of fourteen Sherlock Holmes films produced between 1939 and 1946 starring Rathbone and Bruce.

Among the most-known cinematic adaptations of the novel, the film co-stars Richard Greene as Henry Baskerville (who received top billing, as the studio was unsure of the potential of a film about Sherlock Holmes) and Wendy Barrie as Beryl Stapleton.

The Hound of the Baskervilles is notable as the earliest known Sherlock Holmes film to be set in the Victorian period of the original stories. All known previous Holmes films, up to and including the 1930s British film series starring Arthur Wontner as Holmes, had been updated to a setting contemporaneous with the films' release.

Plot
In 1889, Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John H. Watson receive a visit from Dr. James Mortimer, who wishes to consult them before the arrival of Sir Henry Baskerville, the last of the Baskervilles, heir to the Baskerville estate in Devonshire. Dr Mortimer is anxious about letting Sir Henry go to Baskerville Hall, and talks about the events of the recent death of his best friend, Sir Charles Baskerville, Sir Henry's uncle. Although he was found dead in his garden from heart failure, Mortimer noticed the footprints of a gigantic hound. He tells the story of a supposed family curse, the legend of the Hound of the Baskervilles, a demonic dog that first killed Sir Hugo Baskerville several hundred years ago and is believed to have caused the death of many Baskervilles in the region of Devonshire. Though Holmes dismisses the curse as a fairy-tale, he agrees to meet Sir Henry, who receives a message warning him to stay away from the moor. Holmes witnesses someone attempt to assassinate Sir Henry. Holmes asks Watson to go to Baskerville Hall along with Sir Henry, claiming that he is too busy to accompany them himself. The first night, Sir Henry and Watson discover Barryman, the butler, signalling from a window with a candle to someone on the moor. After witnessing a man flee across the moor, Watson and Sir Henry are startled by hound like howls. The next day, Watson is suspicious of the neighbour Jack Stapleton, a local naturalist, while Sir Henry quickly develops a romantic interest in Beryl Stapleton, the step-sister of Jack Stapleton.

Watson and Sir Henry attend a seance held by Mrs. Mortimer. In a trance, she asks, "What happened that night on the moor, Sir Charles?". The only reply is howls, possibly from a hound. Watson notes a crippled peddler, limping on each of his legs, and receives a message to come with him. The peddler reveals himself to be Holmes, having been hiding in the vicinity all the time making his own investigation. The hound kills a man on the moor whom Holmes and Watson fear is Sir Henry, but turns out to be the man Barryman was signalling to; Holmes explains that it was a convicted murderer, who escaped from Dartmoor Prison, and was Mrs Barryman's brother, who had given him Sir Henry's clothes, during the time he was hiding on the moor.

Stapleton kept a huge, half-starved, vicious dog trained to attack individual members of the Baskervilles after prolonged exposure to their scent. However, when the hound is finally sent to kill Sir Henry Baskerville, Holmes and Watson arrive to save him just in time. They kill the hound. Stapleton traps Holmes down in the hound's underground kennel, and sends Watson into the moor to meet Holmes. Holmes cuts his way out of the kennel and returns to the house and destroys the poison that Stapleton had just given to the Baskerville. Holmes surmises that Stapleton was a Baskerville, who hopes to claim their vast fortune himself after removing all other members of the bloodline. Stapleton pulls a gun and flees. Holmes says ominously to Watson, "He won't get very far. I've posted constables along the roads and the only other way is across the Grimpen Mire." Holmes is praised for his work on the case, and he turns in.

Cast
 Richard Greene as Sir Henry Baskerville
 Basil Rathbone as Sherlock Holmes
 Wendy Barrie as Beryl Stapleton
 Nigel Bruce as Dr John H. Watson
 Lionel Atwill as Dr James Mortimer
 John Carradine as Barryman, butler
 Morton Lowry as John (Jack) Stapleton
 Eily Malyon as Mrs Barryman
 Barlowe Borland as Frankland
 Beryl Mercer as Mrs Jenifer Mortimer
 Ralph Forbes as Sir Hugo Baskerville (in flashback sequence)
 E. E. Clive as Cabby in London
 Lionel Pape as Coroner
 Nigel De Brulier as Convict (as Nigel de Brulier)
 Mary Gordon as Mrs Hudson
 Ian Maclaren as Sir Charles

Production
There are several significant changes in plot details. Among them:
 Miss Stapleton is Stapleton's wife in the novel and is playing the part of his sister and is an unwilling participant in his crimes. In the film, she is Stapleton's stepsister, and is completely unaware of his criminal actions until Holmes reveals the truth. Miss Stapleton falls in love with and arranges to marry Sir Henry in the film. Her feelings for Sir Henry are left open ended in the novel.
 The film has a séance performed by Dr. Mortimer's wife. This scene never appeared in the original novel. Frankland's estranged daughter, Laura Lyons and Inspector Lestrade are omitted from the film.
 The butler was named Barrymore in the novel, but possibly because of the existence of the real-life John Barrymore of the Barrymore family theatrical dynasty, his name was changed to Barryman in the film.

Reception
In a contemporary review, the Monthly Film Bulletin described the film as an "excellent film version of the novel." noting that the film's elements "sustain the suspense until the exciting climax," and that "the atmosphere is extremely well contrived". Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce were praised for their roles, while "only Wendy Barrie seems lifeless as Beryl in a cast which is uniformly good."

Awards and honors
American Film Institute recognition
 2001 - AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills - Nominated
 2003 - AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:
 Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson - Nominated Heroes
 2008 - AFI's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Mystery Film

References

Bibliography
 Miller, Ron. Mystery Classics on Film: The Adaptation of 65 Novels and Stories. McFarland, 2017.

External links

Films based on The Hound of the Baskervilles
1939 films
1930s historical films
1930s mystery films
American detective films
American historical films
American mystery films
1930s English-language films
American black-and-white films
20th Century Fox films
Films directed by Sidney Lanfield
Films scored by David Raksin
Films set in the 1880s
Films set in London
Sherlock Holmes films
1930s American films
Historical mystery films

The Hound of the Baskervilles (1939 film)


Pierre Bouguer () (16 February 1698, Le Croisic – 15 August 1758, Paris) was a French mathematician, geophysicist, geodesist, and astronomer. He is also known as "the father of naval architecture".

Career

Bouguer's father, Jean Bouguer, one of the best hydrographers of his time, was Regius Professor of hydrography at Le Croisic in lower Brittany, and author of a treatise on navigation. He taught his sons Pierre and Jan at their home, where he also taught private students. In 1714, at the age of 16, Pierre was appointed to succeed his deceased father as professor of hydrography. In 1727 he gained the prize given by the French Academy of Sciences for his paper On the masting of ships, beating Leonhard Euler; and two other prizes, one for his dissertation On the best method of observing the altitude of stars at sea, the other for his paper On the best method of observing the variation of the compass at sea. These were published in the Prix de l'Académie des Sciences.

In 1729 he published Essai d'optique sur la gradation de la lumière, the object of which is to define the quantity of light lost by passing through a given extent of the atmosphere, and became the first known discoverer of what is now more commonly known as the Beer-Lambert law. He found the light of the sun to be 300 000 times more intense than that of the moon, and thus made some of the earliest measurements in photometry. In 1730 he was made professor of hydrography at Le Havre, and succeeded Pierre Louis Maupertuis as associate geometer of the Academy of Sciences. He also invented a heliometer, afterwards perfected by Joseph von Fraunhofer. He was afterwards promoted in the Academy to the place of Maupertuis, and went to reside in Paris.

Bouguer's Mémoire presented to the Academy of Sciences in 1734 and published in 1736 was the first treatise on the theory of dome.

In 1735 Bouguer sailed with Charles Marie de La Condamine on a scientific mission to Peru, to measure the length of a degree of latitude in the meridian arc near the equator. Ten years were spent in this operation, a full account of which was published by Bouguer in 1749, La figure de la terre (French for "the figure of the earth").

In 1746 he published the first treatise of naval architecture, Traité du navire, which among other achievements first explained the use of the metacenter as a measure of ships' stability. His later writings were nearly all upon the theory of navigation and naval architecture.

In January 1750 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Works

Recognition
A crater on Mars was named in his honour. A lunar crater and an asteroid were also named after him.

His name is also recalled as the meteorological term Bouguer's halo (also known as Ulloa's halo, after Antonio de Ulloa, a Spanish member of his South American expedition) which an observer may see infrequently in fog when sun breaks through (for example, on a mountain) and looks down-sun – effectively a "Fog bow" (as opposed to a "rain-bow"). It is "An infrequently observed meteorological phenomenon; a faint white, circular arc or complete ring of light that has a radius of 39 degrees and is centred on the antisolar point. When observed, it is usually in the form of a separate outer ring around an anticorona."

The term Bouguer anomaly, referring to small regional variations in the Earth's gravity field resulting from density variations in underlying rocks, is named after him.

A large bronze statue of him stands at the port in Le Croisic;
see Works by Jean Fréour.

See also
 List of geophysicists
 Radiodrome
 Schiehallion experiment

References

 Lamontagne, Roland. "La vie et l'oeuvre de Pierre Bouguer (The life and work of Pierre Bouguer)" Montreal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1964
 Lamontagne, Roland. "Pierre Bouguer, 1698–1758, un Blaise Pascal du XVIIIe siècle; Suivi d'une correspondence (Pierre Bouguer, 1698–1758, a Blaise Pascal of the 18th century; followed by correspondence)". Manuscript. Montreal: Université de Montreal, 1998

External links

www-history; biographie on Bouguer

1698 births
1758 deaths
18th-century French mathematicians
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
18th-century French astronomers
French geodesists
Fellows of the Royal Society
French naval architects

Pierre Bouguer


David Hunter Hubel  (February 27, 1926 – September 22, 2013) was a Canadian neurophysiologist noted for his studies of the structure and function of the visual cortex. He was co-recipient with Torsten Wiesel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with Roger W. Sperry), for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.

Career
For much of his career, Hubel was the John Franklin Enders University Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. In 1978, Hubel and Wiesel were awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.
David Hunter Hubel (February 27, 1926  September 22, 2013) was a Professor of Neurobiology Emeritus at Harvard Medical School.

Hubel was co-recipient with Torsten Wiesel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system. The prize was shared with Roger Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.

Hubel died of renal failure.

Nobel award
Hubel and Wiesel received the Nobel Prize for two major contributions:
 Their work in the 1960s and 1970s on how the visual system developed. They worked on parts of the visual cortex of the brain which get signals from the right or left eye.
 Their work describing how signals from the eye are processed by the brain to generate edge detectors, motion detectors, stereoscopic depth detectors and colour detectors. These are building blocks of the visual scene.

Some details

Cells detect features
In one experiment, done in 1959, they inserted a microelectrode into the primary visual cortex of an anesthetized cat. They then projected patterns of light and dark on a screen in front of the cat. They found that some neurons fired rapidly when presented with lines at one angle, while others responded best to another angle. Some of these neurons responded differently to light patterns than to dark patterns.  Hubel and Wiesel called these neurons 'simple cells'.

Still other neurons, which they called 'complex cells', detected edges regardless of how they were placed in the visual field, and could detect motion in certain directions.  These studies showed how the visual system constructs complex pictures of visual information from simple stimulus features.

Flexibility of visual cortex
They did important work in the study of cortical plasticity (flexibility).

By depriving kittens from using one eye, they showed that columns in the primary visual cortex receiving inputs from the other eye took over the areas that would normally receive input from the deprived eye.

These kittens did not develop areas receiving input from both eyes, a feature needed for binocular vision. Hubel and Wiesel's experiments showed that ocular dominance (dominance of one eye is normal) develops early in childhood development, and cannot be reversed. Several childhood vision problems were understood better after this work.

Related pages
 List of biologists

References

1926 births
2013 deaths
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Canadian Nobel Prize winners
Disease-related deaths in Massachusetts
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Canadian neuroscientists
Scientists from Ontario

David Hubel


Stellant Systems Inc. is a manufacturer of microwave devices for ground-based, airborne and satellite communications and radar. In October 2021, Stellant systems was formed from L3Harris Technologies' Electron Devices and Narda Microwave-West divisions when both were sold to Arlington Capital Partners, a Washington D.C. based private equity firm. The company was initially formed from the former Electron Devices Division (EDD) of the Industrial Electronics Group of the Hughes Aircraft Company, and from Litton Industries' Electron Division, both of which were acquired by L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc. L-3 later merged with Harris Corporation in 2019 to form L3Harris Technologies which was followed shortly by both divisions' sale to Arlington in 2021. Stellant is known for their traveling-wave tubes (TWTs), traveling-wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs), microwave power modules (MPMs) and electronic power conditioners (EPCs) as well as xenon gas ion propulsion systems (XIPS). Since its inception, EDD has produced tens of thousands of TWTs. They are the only U.S. supplier of space-qualified TWTs and TWTAs.

History

Litton Industries

In 1932, Charlie Litton started his own company in Redwood City, CA. By 1945 his company, known then as Litton Industries, had about 60 employees, about 20 of which were working on vacuum tubes. By 1948, the business had grown to be about half manufacturing equipment and half tubes. After receiving a contract for a magnetron designated the 4J52, as well as follow-on contracts, the company became a major competitor to Raytheon and very profitable. In 1953, Charlie Litton sold Litton Industries to Electro Dynamics Corporation, who renamed themselves to adopt the Litton Industries name. The original Litton Industries, now Litton Industries, Electron Tube Division, grew rapidly. In 1965, Litton Industries bought Sylvania's plant in Williamsport, PA and moved all magnetron production there.  In 1975, Litton Industries bought MA-COM Tube Operations, and in 1993 bought Raytheon Microwave Power Tube Operations. During the 1990s, Litton developed tubes and became second source for most of the Hughes EDD's airborne radar tubes. In 2001, the company was purchased by Northrop Grumman, becoming Litton Electron Devices. A short time later in 2002, Northrop sold Litton to L-3 Communications, who renamed it L-3 Electron Devices.

Hughes Microwave Tube Division

In the early 1950s, Hughes secured a military contract for the XF-108 Rapier interceptor's AN/ASG-18 fire control system and radar. At the end of the Korean War, the F-108 program was canceled, but Howard Hughes chose to keep the program going on company money. By 1959 Hughes Microwave Tube Division was operating in Culver City, California. Hughes was developing TWTs suitable for airborne radar, and eventually won the contract for the F-14 radar system. By the time the F-14 program went into production, the tube division had outgrown the Culver City facility. Hughes moved the operation to Torrance, California, in 1967, and it became Electron Dynamics Division (EDD) within the Industrial Electronics Group.

General Motors purchased Hughes Aircraft Company in 1985. The Boeing Company purchased GM's satellite operation in 2000, acquiring EDD in the process, and renamed it Boeing Satellite Systems, Electron Dynamic Devices, again maintaining the initials EDD. Boeing sold EDD to L-3 Communications, Inc. in 2005. L3 already owned another company using the initials EDD, thereby prompting a name change to L-3 communications, Electron Technologies, Inc. or ETI for short. Boeing sold the property in Torrance to RREEF America REIT III Corporation (RREEF) in October 2006.

Narda Microwave-West
Narda, a firm which specialized in the RF and Microwave Product industries, was formed in 1953 in Mineola, New York. It was initially named Nassau Research & Development Associates and was made up of three engineers, Bill Bourke, Jim McFarland, Stu Casper, and a writer and businessman, John McGregor. The following year, they changed the name to The Narda Corp, which was changed to The Narda Microwave Corp in 1957. In 1975, Narda acquired Anacom, Inc. which formed Narda's Pacific Operations, later to become Narda West. Narda was acquired by the Loral Corporation in 1983, which was itself acquired by Lockheed in 1994. In 1997, Narda was one of the ten companies spun off from Lockheed Martin to form L3 Communications, which would later become L3 Technologies.

L3 Electron Devices (L3 Technologies and L3Harris Technologies)
Both L3 Electron Devices and L3 Electron Technologies, Inc. existed under L3's umbrella before they were combined in 2017 under L3 Electron Devices. Narda East and Narda West both continued on within L3 Technologies as well, though Narda Microwaves-East was combined with MITEQ, a firm L3 acquired in 2015, to form Narda-MITEQ. Shortly thereafter, L3 Technologies and Harris Corporation merged in 2019 to form L3Harris Technologies.

Stellant Systems Inc.
Stellant Systems Inc. came into being when L3Harris Technologies sold the Electron Devices and Narda Microwave-West divisions to Arlington Capital Partners, a private equity firm, in early October 2021. Under this agreement, Electron Devices and Narda Microwave-West would combine to form Stellant Systems Inc. and become a subsidiary of Arlington's. Stellant reportedly was to maintain its independence and would be headed by leaders from within the two companies' ranks. Going forward, Stellant would retain its three facilities in Torrance, CA, Williamsport, PA, and Folsom, CA.

References

Electronics companies of the United States
Defense companies of the United States
Spacecraft manufacturers
Hughes Aircraft Company
Manufacturing companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Technology companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Companies based in Torrance, California
American companies established in 1967
Electronics companies established in 1967
Technology companies established in 1967
1967 establishments in California
L3Harris Technologies

Stellant Systems


The North American Chevrolet TrailBlazer was a midsize SUV sold by the Chevrolet division of General Motors. The name came from a trim package on the S10 Blazer in 1999.

History
In 2002 the TrailBlazer became its own model and was made through the 2009 model year. It replaced the Blazer as Chevrolet's medium size sport utility vehicle. In 2002 it came with a 270 horsepower 4.2 liter engine. It was built on a truck chassis and came with four-wheel drive. It also had four-wheel disc brakes with an anti-lock braking system. There were two trim levels, LT and SS. The SS model came with a 6.0 liter LS2 V8 engine with 390 horsepower. The SS also had 20" aluminum wheels. The TrailBlazer also offered an extended package that had third row seating. In June 2008 GM announced that the TrailBlazer and its siblings would be discontinued due to the decision to close Moraine Assembly. The last TrailBlazer rolled off the assembly line on December 15, 2008.

In 2012 the TrailBlazer name was brought back for international sales. The new TrailBlazer is built in Thailand and is to be sold in  Thailand. The new TrailBlazer is built on the second generation Chevrolet Colorado chassis. It will be sold worldwide except not in the United States. Chevrolet feels it would steal sales from its Equinox and Traverse CUVs. Although not a true SUV, the Traverse replaced the TrailBlazer in the US model lineup.

References

TrailBlazer
Sport utility vehicles

Chevrolet TrailBlazer


Kjell Samuelson (1932–4 February 2018) was a Swedish systems scientist, Sci-Tech consultant, Professor Emeritus at the Stockholm University and Royal Institute of Technology, and a pioneer of Systems Science & Cybernetics, Communications & Informatics Technology and Global Networks.

Biography
Samuelson held dual Doctors degrees. During four decades he was a distinguished professor at the Stockholm University and the Royal Institute of Technology, where he launched the first graduate education and doctoral program in Informatics & Systems Science including Cybernetics and Networks. He was further a professor of Information Science, Computers, Systems Engineering, Safety & Security, and General Resource Management at a dozen North American Universities.

For several years he was an international Sci-Tech advisor to industries and corporations on large-scale management, organizational redesign, and investments for functional development of new infrastructures. He worked as high-level consultant to UNESCO, OECD, UNITAR, ASEAN, UNIDO etc. on regional development. He was past-president in 1975 of the Society for General Systems Research, now International Systems Science Society, and has fulfilled chair functions of professional consortia and associations such as SGSR, IFIP, ASIS, IEEE, FISCIT, ITCA, ASC, INSIST.

Work
Samuelson conducted R & D globally on Total Systems, TeleCom, Satellites, Systems Architecture, Enterprise Planning and Management Structures.

Publications
 1968. Mechanized information storage, retrieval and dissemination. Proceedings of the F.I.D./I.F.I.P. joint conference, Rome, June 14–17, 1967. Edited by Kjell Samuelson.
 1969. Automated international information networks. Systems design concepts, goal-setting and priorities. FID/TM Panel at the ASIS meeting in San Francisco, 2 October 1969.
 1972. Systems, cybernetics and information networks. by K. Samuelson ... [et al.]. Compiled by FID/TM, Stockholm, Sweden.
 1976. Information and data in systems. With Börje Langefors. New York : Petrocelli/Charter.
 1976. Information systems and networks : design and planning guidelines of informatics for managers, decision makers and systems analysts. With Harold Borko and G. X. Amey. Amsterdam : North-Holland Pub. Co.
 1978. Informatics by general systems and cybernetics : a structured methodology for design, anasynthesis, and usage. Stockholm : The Royal Institute of Technology.

References

1932 births
2018 deaths
Swedish computer scientists
Information systems researchers
Systems scientists
Academic staff of Stockholm University
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Presidents of the International Society for the Systems Sciences

Kjell Samuelson