Reinhold Schneider (Baden-Baden, May 13, 1903 – Freiburg im Breisgau, April 6, 1958) was a German poet who also wrote novels. Initially his works were less religious, but later his poetry had a Christian and  specifically Catholic influence. His first works included ones about Luís de Camões and Portugal.

He had written anti-war poems, which were banned in Nazi Germany. Las Casas (1938) had analysed the ways Christians should respond to state oppression, and had criticised Nazi persecution and anti-Semitism; this led to the ban on publishing his works.

During the war associates of Schneider were in the 'Kreisau Circle' and the 'Freiburger Konzil' which had links with anti-Nazi resistance. His works were still published in Karl Ludwig Freiherr von und zu Guttenbergs journal White Papers and "underground", and tracts were distributed to soldiers at the front. Though he was accused of treason by authoring defeatist literature, the war ended before he could be tried.

Works
 Apokalypse (1946): an anthology of sonnets.
 Begegnung und Bekenntnis. Literarische Essays (1963)
 Briefe an einen Freund. Mit Erinnerungen von Otto Heuschele
 Briefwechsel/Reinhold Schneider, Leopold Zeigler (1960)
 Das Inselreich (1936)
 Das Leiden des Camões (1930)
 Der große Verzicht (1950): drama.
 Die Hohenzollern. Tragik und Königtum (1933)
 Die Tarnkappe (1951): drama.
 Innozenz und Franziskus (1952): drama.
  (1938)
 Pfeiler im Strom (1958)
 Philipp der Zweite (1931)
 Tagebuch: 1930-1935
 Über Dichter und Dichtung (1953)
 Verhüllter Tag, Bekenntnis eines Lebens (1954)
 Verpflichtung und Liebe (1964)
 Winter in Wien (1958): a diary account of Schneider's stay in Vienna during 1957.

Awards
Peace Prize of the German Book Trade (1956)
Pour le Mérite (Friedensklasse) (1952)
Honorary doctorates bestowed by the University of Freiburg and the University of Münster (1946/47)
Droste-Preis (1948)
Longfellow-Preis (1948)

External links
 German Literature Companion: Reinhold Schneider

References

1903 births
1958 deaths
Christian poets
Christian novelists
German Catholic poets
German anti-fascists
German resistance members
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German poets
German male poets
German male novelists
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
20th-century German male writers
Roman Catholics in the German Resistance

Reinhold Schneider


Siegfried Placzek, (1866 Schwersenz, Kingdom of Prussia – March 8, 1946, New York City, New York, USA) was a prominent German-born neurologist and psychiatrist.

Biography
Born in Schwersenz, Kingdom of Prussia, Siegfried Placzek studied medicine at the universities of Berlin, Kiel, Leipzig and Jena. He traveled to America in 1893 on a study tour, publishing his findings in a book, Medical Science in the United States published in 1893.  In 1899 he married Elise Hirschwald. The couple had two children, Dr. Henry Platt (AKA Heinz Placzek) of New York, NY, (1903–1955) and Dr. Gerda Haupt (1901–1989). Dr. Gerda Haupt moved with her two daughters Helga (born 1928 in Geneve) and Hildegard (born 1934 in Charlottenburg) from Germany to Santiago de Chile in November 1937. Dr. Siegfried Placzek and Elise Hirschwald were divorced in 1910.

Career
According to his New York Times obituary, Placzek was "recognized as a keen diagnostician and as the leading opponent of extremes in psychoanalysis."  Dr. Placzek was also an authority on hypnotism and occultism.  As a pioneer in the study of effects of air travel and high altitudes, he made many balloon ascents around the turn of the 20th century to study the effects of high altitudes on human psychological behavior. For many years he was employed as a neurological expert by the German railway systems and did considerable work as a medical expert in criminal trials.

In 1939, upon retiring, Placzek moved to America to escape Nazi persecution where he devoted much of his time to studying and lecturing. He is the author of numerous books on human sexuality, achieving a wide reputation in the field as the author of The Sex Life of Man, a textbook for the medical and legal professions. His other published works span a quarter of a century, including a number of treatises on work in his field, all published in German. He is also the author of studies on accident neurosis and a volume dealing with the physician's obligation to professional secrecy.

Publications
 His published works include the following:
 Die medicinische Wissenschaft in den Vereinigten Staaten, 1894.
 Auf dem Rade : Eindrücke und Erfahrungen gesammelt auf Wanderfahrten durch den Schwarzwald, Ober-Bayern, Schweiz, Tirol, Ober-Italien, 1897.
 Selbstmordverdacht und Selbstmordvermutung: eine Anleitung zur Propylaxe fur Aerzte, Geistliche, Lehrer und Verwaltungsbeamte, 1915.
 Freundschaft und Sexualitat Dritte, wider vermehrte Auflage. Berlin, Marcus & Websterm 1917.
 Kunstliche Fehlgeburt und kunstliche Unfruchtbarkeit: ihre Indikationen, Technik un Rechtslage; ein Handbuch,  von Prof. Dr. C. Adam, Hrsg. Von Dr. Med. Placzek., 1918.
 Das Geschlechtsleben der Hysterischen. Eine medizinisch, soziologische und forensische Stude. Bonn, Marcus & Weber, 1919.
 Homosexualitat und Recht, 1925.
 Erotik und Schaffen. Berlin und Koln, Marcus & Weber, 1934.
 The Sexual Life of Man, An Outline for Students, Doctors and Lawyer.JohnBale, Sons & Danielsson, Ltd., Oxford house, 83-91, Great Titchfield Street, W.I, 1923.

References

1866 births
German neurologists
1946 deaths
University of Jena alumni
University of Kiel alumni
Leipzig University alumni
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States
Free University of Berlin alumni

Siegfried Placzek


Boumedienne Allam (born Avignon, 19 November 1979) is a French and Algerian rugby union player. He plays as a number eight.

After his young years at Apt (1994–1996) and Cavaillon (1996–1997), he became a famous figure as a RC Toulon player (1997–2000), where he won the Cup of France Frantz Reichel, in 1998. He moved to RC Narbonne (2000–2003), and latter to Tarbes Pyrénées Rugby (2003–2004) and to FC Auch (2004–2005). After a season at FC Barcelona, in Spain (2005–2006), he moved back to France, where he played for Blagnac SCR. He played for the Doncaster Knights, in England, in 2008/09. He returned to France, playing for Le Bugue AC, in 2009/10. He played for AS Mâcon, from 2010/11 to 2011/12, and currently plays for AGDE, since the 2012/13 season.

International career
Allam was capped for the France U-21 squad, winning the Six Nations Tournament of that category with them in 2000. A few years later, Allam switched alliance and chose the country of his grandparents to represent in senior fixtures. He was a member of the historical unofficial first game of Algeria, on 24 February 2007, as well as the official first match for Algeria on 18 December since creating the Algerian rugby federation a month earlier. This significant match was also the first rugby international played on Algerian soil which was televised.

References

1979 births
Sportspeople from Avignon
French rugby union players
Algerian rugby union players
Doncaster R.F.C. players
Living people
Rugby union number eights
Algerian expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Expatriate rugby union players in Spain
French sportspeople of Algerian descent
Algerian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
French expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Algerian expatriate sportspeople in England
French expatriate sportspeople in England

Boumedienne Allam


Robert Frank Kurka (December 22, 1921 – December 12, 1957) was an American composer, who also taught and conducted his own works.

Biography
Kurka was born in Cicero, Illinois. He was mostly self-taught as a musician. He studied for short periods under Darius Milhaud and Otto Luening, and received his Master of Arts degree in music from Columbia University in 1948. After that he lived most of his life in New York.

Kurka held teaching positions at City College of New York, Queens College and Dartmouth College. He  wrote a total of two symphonies, five string quartets, six violin sonatas, and other works for piano, voice, and chorus.

He is probably best known for the instrumental suite, The Good Soldier Schweik. This was inspired by Jaroslav Hašek's anti-war novel The Good Soldier Schweik, published in English translation in 1956.

Kurka expanded his music for an opera of the same name, completed just before his death in 1957. The libretto was written by Abe Meeropol of New York, who in 1937 had written the song, "Strange Fruit" about lynchings in the American South.

The opera's orchestration was completed by Hershy Kay. The Good Soldier Schweik premiered at the New York City Opera on April 23, 1958.  Its music attracted critical comparisons to the compositions of Kurt Weill, especially for its satirical, ironic bent and incorporation of popular styles.

Kurka died of leukemia on December 12, 1957, in New York City.

List of works

Full orchestra
Music for Orchestra, Op. 11 (1949)
Three Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 15
Symphony No. 1, Op. 17 (1951)
Symphony No. 2, Op. 24 (1952)
Serenade for (Small) orchestra "after Walt Whitman", Op. 25 (publ. 1954; composed probably around 1945)
John Henry, Portrait for Orchestra, Op. 27
Julius Caesar, Symphonic Epilogue After Shakespeare's Play, Op. 28 (1955)

Chamber orchestra
Chamber Symphony, Op. 3 (1948)
Symphony for Strings and Brass, Op. 7 (1948)
The Good Soldier Schweik, Suite from the Opera, for band, Op. 22
Chamber Sinfonietta, Op. 39 (1957)

Concertos
Concerto for violin and chamber orchestra, Op. 8 (1948)
Concertino for two pianos, string orchestra and trumpet obbligato, Op. 31 (1955)
Concerto for Marimba and Orchestra, Op. 34
Ballad for French Horn and Strings, Op. 36

String quartets
String Quartet No. 1, Op. 1
String Quartet No. 2, Op. 4
String Quartet No. 3, Op. 9
String Quartet No. 4, Op. 12
String Quartet No. 5, Op. 25

Other chamber works
Sonata for Violin and Piano No. 1, Op. 2
Sonata for Solo violin, Op. 5
Sonata for Violin and Piano No. 2, Op. 10
Music for Violin, Trumpet, Clarinet, Horn and Bass, Op. 14
Trio for Violin, Cello and Piano, Op. 16
Little Suite for Woodwing Quartet, Op. 18
Sonatina for Cello and Piano, Op. 21
Sonata for Violin and Piano No. 3, Op. 23
Sonata for Violin and Piano No. 4, Op. 30

Piano works
Sonatina, Op. 6
For the Piano, Op. 13
Sonata, Op. 20
Dance Suite for Piano, Four Hands, Op. 29
Sonatina for Young Persons, Op. 40 (1957)
Notes from Nature, 10 pieces for children

Choral works
Who Shall Speak for the People, for men's chorus, Op. 32
Song of the Broadaxe, for men's chorus, Op. 38

Opera
The Good Soldier Schweik, 2 acts (1957)

References
Don Randel. "Robert Kurka", in The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music. Harvard, 1996, p. 473.

External links
Robert Kurka papers, 1941-1982 Music Division, The New York Public Library.

1921 births
1957 deaths
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Dartmouth College faculty
City College of New York faculty
Queens College, City University of New York faculty
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
Deaths from leukemia
People from Cicero, Illinois
Musicians from Illinois
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Pupils of Darius Milhaud
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians

Robert Kurka


Peter N. Skouras (born March 21, 1963) is a retired Greek-American soccer midfielder who was the "First American Born Professional Soccer player to sign a contract in a European First Division." On December 15, 1984 Skouras signed a first team contract with Greek First Division power Olympiakos Piraeus pioneering the way for American professional soccer players to create careers in Europe and around the world.

Skouras' professional career in Europe began with the opportunity and exposure provided by the United States Soccer Federation's Youth National Team programs which began in England as a youth professional with Brighton & Hove Albion of the English First Division. Skouras played professionally in both the United States and Greece for over ten seasons.

Player
In 1978, Skouras was selected by the United States Soccer Federation to participate in the prestigious Montigue, France International (U-15) youth tournament. Coached by Bill Muse and Lothar Osiander and captained by Skouras, the US played two scoreless games against Romania and Portugal before losing 5–0 to France and 1–0 to West Germany.

Upon his return to the United States, Skouras was identified by English 1st Division Club Brighton & Hove Albion, who were on tour in the United States. Brighton manager Alan Mullery offered Skouras a three-month trial at Brighton. After signing "apprentice forms" and spending one season with Brighton & Hove Albion's apprentice professional ranks, Skouras' work permit application was denied by the U.K. Home Office.

Peter Skouras returned to the United States and turned professional at the age of sixteen with the California Sunshine of the American Soccer League, making Skouras the youngest native born American professional soccer player of his time. In the fall of 1980 and at the conclusion of the CONCACAF qualifications of which the United States coached by Walt Chyzowich and assisted by Bob Gansler qualified for the Coca-Cola Youth World Cup in Australia, Skouras was once again the youngster on the United States U-20 squad. At the age of 17, Skouras was signed immediately by Ron Newman and the San Diego Sockers of the North American Soccer League making him the youngest native born North American in a league dominated by foreign international stars. Despite a major reconstruction knee surgery, Skouras survived and played two NASL indoor seasons, four NASL outdoor seasons and one Major Indoor Soccer League season with the Sockers while American players were being released on a daily basis.

In 1984 at 21 years of age, the North American Soccer League ceased operations and Skouras made the trip to West Germany to continue his ambitions and living. After multiple trials at Bundesliga clubs, Skouras finally landed a contract with Karlsruhe Sport Club. After observing Skouras, Werner Olk the Karlsruhe manager gave the "green light" for the acquisition of Skouras which officially made Skouras the "First American" to sign a European First Division contract. Ironically and in a matter of days, Skouras was transferred to Greek Super League power Olympiakos Piraeus with the confirmation of former Netherlands and current Manager Georg Keßler and United States National Team Manager Alketas Panagoulias. Skouras spent one year at Olympiakos (December 1984 – 1985) playing in a few number of matches. However, being selected week in and week out in the squads of 16 was not a simple feat in such a "massive club" as Olympiakos. Returning to the United States in 1986 and signing for a short period with the San Jose Earthquakes of the American Professional Soccer League (APSL), PAOK Thessaloniki of the Greek Super League signed Skouras under the direction of former Dutch National Team Manager Thijs Libregts. Due to Skouras' physical style of play, injuries plagued Skouras throughout his stay in the Greek Sub-Capital. Skouras continued his footballing career in the Greek Super League with Diagoras Rhodes for the 1987-88 season, and in the Greek Second Professional Division with Panseraikos F.C. who in 1988–89 were promoted to the Greek Super League under the technical guidance of Athanasios Dokas. In 1990, Skouras returned to the United States and the Los Angeles Heat of the American Professional Soccer League. After a few number of matches, injury again plagued Skouras with a severely torn hamstring and would bring his playing career to an end. Skouras was 27 years of age.

Coach
On September 16, 1994, the Buffalo Blizzard of the National Professional Soccer League hired Skouras as head coach. Due to serious health reasons, Skouras stepped down and was replaced by Brian May. Upon his return, in 1994 Skouras assisted the Hellenic Football Federation with "Scouting" data for then National Team Manager Alketas Panagoulias. Additionally, Skouras worked with numerous players both professional and youth on an individual level where fitness was concerned. In 1989, Skouras also "Scouted" for the California Youth Soccer Association-South (CYSA-S) while under the direction of former US National Team Coach, Steve Sampson who implemented a massive youth player identification program in the Southern California area. Skouras possesses his United States Soccer Federation National Coaching License.

Education
Skouras graduated Cum Laude from Los Angeles City College within the field of Psychology, Addiction Studies. Today, Skouras has acquired the "IC&RC" Drug & Alcohol Counseling Certification and is offering his services within the field of Addiction.

References

External links
 American stats
 Career stats
 https://web.archive.org/web/20150217025808/http://homepages.sover.net/~spectrum/year/1978.html

1963 births
Living people
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
American expatriate men's soccer players
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
California Sunshine players
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) coaches
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Olympiacos F.C. players
Olympiacos Volos F.C. players
PAOK FC players
United States Soccer Federation
San Diego Sockers (1978–1996) indoor players
San Diego Sockers (1978–1996) players
American people of Greek descent
Men's association football midfielders
American expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Soccer players from New York City

Peter Skouras


A document type declaration, or DOCTYPE, is an instruction that associates a particular XML or SGML document (for example, a web page) with a document type definition (DTD) (for example, the formal definition of a particular version of HTML 2.0 - 4.0). In the serialized form of the document, it manifests as a short string of markup that conforms to a particular syntax.

The HTML layout engines in modern web browsers perform DOCTYPE "sniffing" or "switching", wherein the DOCTYPE in a document served as text/html determines a layout mode, such as "quirks mode" or "standards mode". The text/html serialization of HTML5, which is not SGML-based, uses the DOCTYPE only for mode selection.  Since web browsers are implemented with special-purpose HTML parsers, rather than general-purpose DTD-based parsers, they do not use DTDs and never access them even if a URL is provided.  The DOCTYPE is retained in HTML5 as a "mostly useless, but required" header only to trigger "standards mode" in common browsers.

Syntax
The general syntax for a document type declaration is:

<!DOCTYPE root-element PUBLIC "/quotedFPI/" "/quotedURI/" [
<!-- internal subset declarations -->
]>

or

<!DOCTYPE root-element SYSTEM "/quotedURI/" [
<!-- internal subset declarations -->
]>

Document type name
The opening  syntax is followed by separating syntax (such as spaces, or (except in XML) comments opened and closed by a doubled ASCII hyphen), followed by a document type name (i.e. the name of the root element that the DTD applies to trees descending from). In XML, the root element that represents the document is the first element in the document. For example, in XHTML, the root element is <html>, being the first element opened (after the doctype declaration) and last closed.

Since the syntax for the external identifier and internal subset are both optional, the document type name is the only information which it is mandatory to give in a DOCTYPE declaration.

External identifier
The DOCTYPE declaration can optionally contain an external identifier, following the root element name (and separating syntax such as spaces), but before any internal subset. This begins with either the keyword  or the keyword , specifying whether the DTD is specified using a public identifier identifying it as a public text, i.e. one shared between multiple computer systems (regardless of whether it is an available public text available to the general public, or an unavailable public text shared only within an organisation). If the PUBLIC keyword is used, it is followed by the public identifier enclosed in double or single ASCII quotation marks. The public identifier does not point to a storage location, but is rather a unique fixed string intended to be looked up in a table (such as an SGML catalog); however, in some (but not all) SGML profiles, the public identifier must be constructed using a particular syntax called Formal Public Identifier (FPI), which specifies the owner as well as whether it is available to the general public.

The public identifier (if present) or  keyword (otherwise) may (and, in XML, must) be followed by a "system identifier" that is likewise enclosed in quotation marks. Although the interpretation of system identifiers in general SGML is entirely system-dependent (and might be a filename, database key, offset, or something else), XML requires that they be URIs. For example, the FPI for XHTML 1.1 is  and, there are 3 possible system identifiers available for XHTML 1.1 depending on the needs. One of them is the URL reference . It means that the XML parser must locate the DTD in a system specific fashion, in this case, by means of a URL reference of the DTD enclosed in double quote marks.

In XHTML documents, the doctype declaration must always explicitly specify a system identifier. In SGML-based documents like HTML, on the other hand, the appropriate system identifier may automatically be inferred from the given public identifier. This association might e.g. be performed by means of a catalog file resolving the FPI to a system identifier. The  keyword can (except in XML) also be used without a system identifier following, indicating that a DTD exists but should be inferred from the document type name.

Internal subset

The last, optional, part of a DOCTYPE declaration is surrounded by literal square brackets (), and called an internal subset. It can be used to add/edit entities or add/edit PUBLIC keyword behaviors. It is possible, but uncommon, to include the entire DTD in-line in the document, within the internal subset, rather than referencing it from an external file. Conversely, the internal subset is sometimes forbidden within simple SGML profiles, notably those for basic HTML parsers that don't implement a full SGML parser.

If both an internal DTD subset and an external identifier are included in a DOCTYPE declaration, the internal subset is processed first, and the external DTD subset is treated as if it were transcluded at the end of the internal subset. Since earlier definitions take precedence over later definitions in a DTD, this allows the internal subset to override definitions in the external subset.

Example
The first line of a World Wide Web page may read as follows:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
  "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html lang="ar" dir="ltr" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This document type declaration for XHTML includes by reference a DTD, whose public identifier is -//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN and whose system identifier is http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd. An entity resolver may use either identifier for locating the referenced external entity. No internal subset has been indicated in this example or the next ones. The root element is declared to be html and, therefore, it is the first tag to be opened after the end of the doctype declaration in this example and the next ones, too. The HTML tag is not part of the doctype declaration but has been included in the examples for orientation purposes.

Common DTDs

Some common DTDs have been put into lists. W3C has produced a list of DTDs commonly used in the web, which contains the "bare" HTML5 DTD, older XHTML/HTML DTDs, DTDs of common embedded XML-based formats like MathML and SVG as well as "compound" documents that combine those formats. Both W3C HTML5 and its corresponding WHATWG version recommend browsers to only accept XHTML DTDs of certain FPIs and to prefer using internal logic over fetching external DTD files. It further specifies an "internal DTD" for XHTML which is merely a list of HTML entity names.

HTML 4.01 DTDs
Strict DTD does not allow presentational markup with the argument that Cascading Style Sheets should be used for that instead. This is how the Strict DTD looks:

 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
   "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
 <html>

Transitional DTD allows some older  PUBLIC and attributes that have been deprecated:

 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
   "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
 <html>

If frames are used, the Frameset DTD must be used instead, like this:

 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN"
   "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">
 <html>

XHTML 1.0 DTDs
XHTML's DTDs are also Strict, Transitional and Frameset.

XHTML Strict DTD. No deprecated tags are supported and the code must be written correctly according to XML Specification.

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
     PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">

XHTML Transitional DTD is like the XHTML Strict DTD, but deprecated tags are allowed.

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
     PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">

XHTML Frameset DTD is the only XHTML DTD that supports Frameset. The DTD is below.

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
     PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN"
     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">

XHTML 1.1 DTD
XHTML 1.1 is the most current finalized revision of XHTML, introducing support for XHTML Modularization. XHTML 1.1 has the stringency of XHTML 1.0 Strict.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
  "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">

XHTML Basic DTDs
XHTML Basic 1.0

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
  "-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd">

XHTML Basic 1.1

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
  "-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.1//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic11.dtd">

HTML5 DTD-less DOCTYPE
HTML5 uses a DOCTYPE declaration which is very short, due to its lack of references to a DTD in the form of a URL or FPI. All it contains is the tag name of the root element of the document, HTML.  In the words of the specification draft itself:

, case-insensitively.

With the exception of the lack of a URI or the FPI string (the FPI string is treated case sensitively by validators), this format (a case-insensitive match of the string !DOCTYPE HTML) is the same as found in the syntax of the SGML based HTML 4.01 DOCTYPE. Both in HTML4 and in HTML5, the formal syntax is defined in upper case letters, even if both lower case and mixes of lower case upper case are also treated as valid.

In XHTML5 the DOCTYPE must be a case-sensitive match of the string "". This is because in XHTML syntax all HTML element names are required to be in lower case, including the root element referenced inside the HTML5 DOCTYPE.

The DOCTYPE is optional in XHTML5 and may simply be omitted. However, if the markup is to be processed as both XML and HTML, a DOCTYPE should be used.

See also
 Document type definition contains an example
 RDFa
 XML schema

References

External links

 HTML Doctype overview
 Recommended DTDs to use in your Web document - an informative (not normative) W3C Quality Assurance publication
 DOCTYPE grid - another overview table [Last modified 27 November 2006]
 Quirks mode and transitional mode
 Box model tweaking

XML-based standards
SGML

Document type declaration


The Chemical Workers' Union was a trade union in the Czechoslovakia. The union was led by Josef Hais. The union published Dělnik ('Worker'). As of 1921, the Chemical Workers' Union had a membership of 76,978.

The Chemical Workers' Union was affiliated with the Odborové sdružení československé (OSČ). However, within OSČ the Chemical Workers' Union represented a leftist position. Hais upled the line of 'non-compromising socialism'. Overall, the chemical industry workers were amongst the lowest paid workers in Czechoslovakia at the time, a fact that contributed to the radicalization of their union.

The OSČ rightwing branded Hais as a 'communist', and in February 1921 a rightist splinter union was formed under the leadership of Karel Piták.

In June 1922, communist trade unionists were expelled from the Metalworkers' Union (a union which was firmly controlled by Social Democrats). They then formed the 'Opposition Committee of Metalworkers'. The Opposition Committee was provisionally accepted into the Chemical Workers' Union.

On 25 June 1922, a conference of revolutionary trade unionists was held in Brno. The conference staked out plans for a new trade union centre. At the conference an 'Agitation Committee for the Red International of Labour Unions' was formed, with Josef Hais as its secretary. In July 1922 the board of the Chemical Workers' Union decided that the union would join the new trade union centre once it was formed. On 13 July 1922, the Chemical Workers' Union was expelled from OSČ.

When the new, pro-communist trade union centre Mezinárodní všeodborový svaz (MVS) was formed in October 1922, the Chemical Workers' Union merged into it as its Chemical workers' section. At the time of the merger, 45,068 workers of the Chemical Workers' Union joined MVS.

References

Cited texts

Trade unions in Czechoslovakia
Chemical industry trade unions
1922 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Trade unions established in 1922
Industrial unions

Chemical Workers' Union (Czechoslovakia)


Cabrillo State Marine Reserve (SMR) is a marine protected area (MPA). It extends off Cabrillo National Monument in Point Loma, San Diego County on California's south coast. The SMR covers .38 square miles. The SMR protects marine life by limiting the removal of marine wildlife from within its borders. Cabrillo SMR prohibits take of all living marine resources.

History

Cabrillo SMR is one of 36 marine protected areas added by the California Fish and Game Commission in December, 2010 during the third phase of the Marine Life Protection Act Initiative. The MLPAI is a collaborative public process to create a statewide network of protected areas along California's coastline.

The south coast's new MPAs were designed by local divers, fishermen, conservationists and scientists who comprised the South Coast Regional Stakeholder Group. Their job was to design a network of protected areas that would preserve sensitive sea life and habitats while enhancing recreation, study and education opportunities.

The south coast marine protected areas went into effect in 2012.

Geography

Boundary: This area is bounded by the mean high tide line and straight lines connecting the following points in the order listed:

  and
 .

Habitat and wildlife

Cabrillo SMR includes a section of Point Loma's dense and thriving kelp forest. Rocky and sandy beach and intertidal habitat, surf grass, and nearshore rock reefs are other habitats. It is adjacent and contiguous with Cabrillo National Monument, which protects and interprets for the public important California history and culture, including the site of Juan Cabrillo's journey to North America. This unique opportunity enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of managing the MPA through collaborative science, resources management and protection, law enforcement, education and outreach.

Scientific monitoring

As specified by the Marine Life Protection Act, select marine protected areas along California's south coast are monitored by scientists to track their effectiveness and learn more about ocean health. Similar studies in MPAs located off of the Santa Barbara Channel Islands have detected gradual improvements in fish size and number.

References

External links
 Marine Life Protection Act Initiative
CalOceans

Protected areas of San Diego County, California
Protected areas established in 2010
2010 establishments in California

Cabrillo State Marine Reserve


The River Brora () is an east-flowing river in Sutherland in the Highlands of Scotland. It is formed where its headwater streams, Allt Gobhlach and Allt nan Con-uisge meet. As a part of the Loch Shin Hydro Scheme, some of its flow is now diverted at Dalnessie into the Féith Osdail, a tributary of the River Tirry. It then flows southeastwards down Strath Brora to Dalreavoch. The river then briefly turns northeast and then east, before turning southeastwards once again to pass through the three distinct basins of Loch Brora to enter the Moray Firth on the North Sea at the town of Brora. Its one principal tributary is the Black Water which enters on its left bank at Balnacoil. The Black Water is itself fed by the River Skinsdale and the Coirefrois Burn.

References

Brora
Landforms of Sutherland
0Brora
Brora

River Brora


Clutton's joints is a term describing the finding of symmetrical joint swelling seen in congenital syphilis. It most commonly affects the knees, presenting with synovitis and joint effusions (collections of fluid within the joint capsules) lasting up to a year. It has also been reported affecting the ankles, elbows, wrists and fingers. It is usually painless, although pain in the absence of trauma can occur in a few cases. There is usually no disability associated with the joint swelling, and recovery is usually complete. It occurs between 5 and 20 years of age in both sexes.The condition was described in 1886 by Henry Hugh Clutton in The Lancet.

References

Pediatrics
Sexually transmitted diseases and infections

Clutton's joints


Fort Marlborough (Indonesian Benteng Marlborough, also known as Malabero) is a former East India Company fort located in Bengkulu City, Sumatra. It was built between 1713 and 1719 by the East India Company under the leadership of Governor Joseph Collett as a defensive fort for the British East India Company's Residency there. It was one of the strongest British forts in the eastern region, second only to Fort St. George in Madras, India.

Building

The fort is made of bricks 50 to 180 centimeters in thickness. The 2000 Enggano earthquake, which registered 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale, and of 2007, with its 3.5-meter tsunami, had no effect on the strongly built fort.

The fort has a rectangular layout, with an arrowhead-shaped bastion on each corner. The entrance to the fort is in the southwest, protected by a ravelin. A dry moat follows the trace of the fort. A wooden bridge spans the ditch that separates the main building from the front building. The southwest side has an arch entrance with a wooden door. The fort encompasses 2.7 hectares, and stands on a site of 4.4 hectares.

History

The British East India Company built the fort between 1713 and 1719. In 1714 Governor Collett obtained permission to build a new fort in Bencoolen. He named the new fort, which he built two miles from an older fort (Fort York), Fort Marlborough.

The fort was built on an artificial hill, and construction, using both convict and local labor, took several years to complete. During that period, the civil officers and the military garrison were divided between the old and the new fort.

In April 1715 Governor Collett sent a copy of the plan of the first Fort Marlborough; the plan showed that the fort was walled with earth ramparts and ditch, with gun platforms on the bastions. The pace of construction was slow.

In 1760, during the Seven Years' War, a French squadron under the command of Charles Hector, Comte d'Estaing took the fort and used it as a base to attack and subdue other British settlements on the west coast of Sumatra. Before returning to the Mascarenes, he ransomed the fort back to the British.

At one time, the native people of Bengkulu burned the fort, forcing the inhabitants to flee to Madras. They returned in 1724 after an agreement was reached. In 1793, another attack on the fort occurred, killing one British officer, Robert Hamilton. Another attack happened in 1807, killing a resident, Thomas Parr. Both are commemorated with monuments in Bengkulu City erected by the British colonial government. The monument to Parr is  southeast of the fortress.

The British transferred Bengkulu, then known as Bencoolen, to Dutch control under the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, which defined British and Dutch spheres of influence. In exchange, the Dutch ceded Malacca to Britain and gave up their designs on the British settlement of Singapore. In 1837, the fort had about 60 Dutch soldiers occupying it. The Japanese occupied the fort during their occupation of the Dutch East Indies (1942–1945). Then, during the Indonesian National Revolution period, the fort housed the headquarters of the Indonesian national police until the Dutch reoccupied the fort. When the Dutch left Indonesia in 1950, the Indonesian Army took over the fort. In 1977, the fort was handed over to the then Department of Education and Culture to be restored and converted into a heritage site.

Gallery

See also
List of forts

References

Bengkulu (city)
Buildings and structures in Bengkulu
Marlborough
Cultural Properties of Indonesia in Bengkulu
Tourist attractions in Bengkulu
British rule in Indonesia
1714 establishments in the British Empire

Fort Marlborough


Lawrence Joseph Gagner (born December 30, 1943) is a former professional football player who was an offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for parts of five seasons during the 1960s and 1970s.  Gagner was born in Cleveland, Ohio and grew up near Daytona Beach, Florida, where he was a multi-sport all-state athlete at Seabreeze High School. He choose to attend college at the University of Florida, where he played several positions on offense and defense for the Florida Gators under head coach Ray Graves. Gagner became a regular starter on the Gators' offensive line during his junior year in 1964. He was a two-time All-SEC guard and was a consensus All-American at that position during his senior year in 1965.

Gagner was a second-round pick in the 1966 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL and became a part of the Steelers' offensive line rotation during his rookie year. He started 14 games with Pittsburgh and was named a team captain in 1969. His professional career was derailed by a near-fatal automobile accident in March 1970 near his home in Ormond Beach, Florida. Gagner was unable to play during the 1970 and 1971 seasons and finally returned to the field as a backup for the Kansas City Chiefs during the 1972 preseason. However, continued health issues hindered his performance, and he left the Chiefs prior to the regular season and did not sign with a team in 1973. He made a final return to action with the Jacksonville Sharks of the World Football League in 1974 and was a reserve lineman for the team for two years, after which the league folded. Gagner drew interest from some NFL and Canadian Football League teams before the 1976 season, but after failing two team physicals with lingering injuries, he decided to retire from football at the age of 32.

After football, Gagner worked in several professions before becoming a successful artist. He lives and works in Tampa, Florida.

Early life

Gagner was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1943.  He attended Seabreeze High School in Daytona Beach, Florida, where he was a standout two-way prep player for the Seabreeze Sandcrabs high school football team.  The Sandcrabs posted a 19–2–1 overall win–loss record during Gagner's junior and senior years, and laid claim to the state football championship his junior year.  In 2007, forty-six years after he graduated from high school, the Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA) named Gagner to its "All-Century Team," recognizing him as one of the thirty-three greatest Florida high school football players of the last 100 years.

College career

Gagner accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, and played for coach Ray Graves' Florida Gators football teams from 1963 to 1965. During his college career, Gagner primarily played offensive guard, but also appeared at center, defensive tackle, and linebacker due to his combination of strength and speed.  He was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection in 1964 and 1965, and a first-team All-American in 1965.  As a senior lineman, Gagner participated in the 1966 Sugar Bowl, the Gators' first-ever major bowl appearance.  He graduated with a bachelor's degree in fine arts in 1967, and was later inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great."

Professional career

Pittsburgh Steelers
Gagner was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round (nineteenth pick overall) of the 1966 NFL Draft, and also by the Miami Dolphins in the third round (18th pick overall) of the 1966 American Football League (AFL) Draft.  Gagner chose to sign with the Steelers for the then-staggering sum of $150,000, and played regularly at guard from  until , starting 14 games, regularly serving as a team captain, and being called Pittsburgh's "most consistent" offensive lineman.

Automobile accident
In March 1970, Gagner was involved in a near-fatal traffic accident in his Porsche 911 while driving intoxicated near his home in Ormond Beach, Florida. He suffered multiple serious injuries, including a broken arm, lacerations that required over 30 stitches, a chipped left femur head, and a badly dislocated left hip, leaving him hospitalized for two months. He reported to the Steelers' training camp in July, but after one practice, the team doctor determined that Gagner had not recovered from his injuries and recommended that he postpone his return. Though the team put him on a physical therapy program, his hip continued to give him problems, and Gagner missed the entire  season. He was traded to the New York Giants in January 1971 but did not pass a physical exam, so the Giants put him on waivers. He signed with the Denver Broncos, who hoped that Gagner would be able to contribute after further rehabilitation. However, he never recovered sufficiently to make the active roster and missed the entire  season as well, after which he became a free agent.

Later career
In , Gagner finally returned to the field as a reserve lineman for the Kansas City Chiefs. However, he was frustrated by his inability to perform as he had before the accident and decided to retire during the  preseason. Gagner came out of retirement in 1974, playing in a backup role for the Jacksonville franchise of the World Football League (WFL) for two truncated seasons. The WFL folded in 1975, and Gagner signed a free agent contract with the NFL's expansion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in March 1976. However, he did not pass a team physical and was released. He signed with the New Orleans Saints in May 1976, but was cut in early in the preseason. In one last attempt to continue his career, Gagner tried out for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League, where the team doctor warned him that returning to the field would accelerate the degeneration of his injured hip. Following this advice, Gagner finally decided to retire.

Overall, Larry Gagner appeared in 60 regular season NFL games.

Life after football

After football, Gagner worked several different jobs, including as a taxi driver, security guard, and substitute teacher, before deciding to make use of his college degree in commercial art. He and his wife Doris live in the Seminole Heights neighborhood of Tampa, Florida, where he is a working artist, mainly in painting and sculpture.

See also

 1965 College Football All-America Team
 Florida Gators football, 1960–69
 List of Florida Gators football All-Americans
 List of Florida Gators in the NFL Draft
 List of Kansas City Chiefs players
 List of Pittsburgh Steelers players
 List of University of Florida alumni
 University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame

References

Bibliography

 Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007).  .
 Golenbock, Peter, Go Gators!  An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory, Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002).  .
 Hairston, Jack, Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told, Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002).  .
 McCarthy, Kevin M.,  Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football, Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (2000).  .
 McEwen, Tom, The Gators: A Story of Florida Football, The Strode Publishers, Huntsville, Alabama (1974).  .
 Nash, Noel, ed., The Gainesville Sun Presents The Greatest Moments in Florida Gators Football, Sports Publishing, Inc., Champaign, Illinois (1998).  .

External links
  LarryGagner.com – Official website for Larry Gagner's artworks.

1943 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American football offensive guards
Florida Gators football players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Cleveland
Seabreeze High School alumni
Players of American football from Daytona Beach, Florida

Larry Gagner


A pathological liar is someone who lies as a habit. It is a form of mental illness. The problem was first written about in 1891 by Anton Delbrueck.

The word phrase pathological comes from pathology, a study of the causes and effects of diseases, and also injuries.

Other websites
Live Science

Mental illnesses
Human behavior

Pathological liar


William Welwod (1578–1622) was a Scottish jurist who was the first to formulate the laws of the sea in an insular Germanic language.

He was a professor of civil law at the University of St Andrews until 1611, when he resigned his chair and moved to England.

Works
Welwod is primarily known for his writings opposing Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius' concept of Mare Liberum (the freedom of the seas), the idea that the seas and oceans were free for all to use and not the property of anyone. Welwod used Biblical texts to argue that in some cases nations could claim exclusive national rights over territorial waters.

Welwod wrote a Scots language treatise on the law of the sea, The sea-law of Scotland, published in 1590 by Robert Waldegrave – 'the earliest book of maritime jurisprudence'. Welwod stated in the preface that the book was aimed at Scottish mariners and merchants. It was written in a vernacular style, and presented the sea law in the form of simple rules. Welwod later reworked The sea-law of Scotland into An Abridgement of All Sea-Lawes (1613), which included a chapter arguing against Hugo Grotius' Mare Liberum. He later expanded this chapter, "Of the Community and Propriety of the Seas", into a full work entitled De dominio maris (1615).

Welwod's main concern was that Grotius' theories could be used to justify the large-scale herring fishing in Scottish waters by Dutch fleets which, according to Welwod, had caused a collapse in the fishing industry along the Scottish east coast.

Hugo Grotius responded to Welwod's critique by writing Defensio capitis quinti Maris Liberi oppugnati a Gulielmo Welwodo ("Defense of the fifth chapter of Mare Liberum, opposed by William Welwod"). The work was written around 1615 but not published until 1872. In this work, Grotius complained that Welwod had misunderstood his treatise as an attempt to justify Dutch fishing in Scottish waters, when it was in fact primarily intended to argue for the Dutch right to trade with the East Indies.

Notes

References

 T. Christopher Smout, Anglo-Scottish Relations, from 1603 to 1900. British Academy, 2005
 Helen Thornton, review of Hugo Grotius, Richard Hakluyt (trans.), David Armitage (ed.), The Free Sea. Journal of Maritime Research, January 2007

1578 births
1622 deaths
16th-century Scottish people
17th-century Scottish people
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Scottish legal professionals
Scottish legal scholars

William Welwod


Straziami ma di baci saziami (internationally released as Torture Me But Kill Me with Kisses) is a 1968 Italian comedy film directed by Dino Risi. The film parodies Italian photonovels and the popular subculture. It had a great commercial success.
All the DVD releases (in Italy, too) have the credits in English.

Plot
Marino and Marisa meet for the first time in Rome during a folklore festival. He politely chats her up, but she does not want to show any interest in him. Later that year, Marino arrives in Sacrofante Marche, Marisa's mountain village in the region Marche, where he has found a job as a barber and wants to pursue the courting of Marisa. The two fall in love and have plans for their future together, but Marisa's father does not approve of the relationship. Desperate, the two attempt to commit suicide laying on rail tracks, but just get scolded by the train conductor. Providence brings a handy solution when Marisa's dad dies of natural causes, and the two can see a brighter future. Unfortunately, Marino's landlady (a widow, who fancies the young man) is jealous of their relationship and hints that once Marisa spend the night in an hotel with Guido Scortichini. Blidned by jealousy, Marino confronts Marisa who, heartbroken, leaves him and goes to Rome. Marino finds out that the landlady was lying to him and desperately starts searching for Marisa in the eternal city. He finds few clues about her whereabouts, but not a concrete lead. He ends up pennyless and depressed wondering the streets of Rome. In the meantime, heartbroken Marisa has jumped between temporary jobs while trying to forget about Marino. She ends up working for Umberto Ciceri, a deaf and mute tailor. His kindness and sensibility make Marisa finally feel better. On the other end, Marino hits rock bottom when he decides to kill himself on New Year by jumping in the river Tiber from the bridge Cavour. But he is saved by Mr Okay and ends up in hospital. Unexpectedly, Marisa shows up to visit him having read about his suicide attempt on the newspaper. Marino is delighted to have finally found Marisa, but the joy does not last long since she is now Mrs Ciceri, after marrying her employer. She quickly leaves and Marino is "comforted" by his bed mate who uses Marino's misfortunes to come up with lottery numbers and offers to share the winning. The lottery numbers come out and they do win. Some time later, Marisa finds Marino in her husband's tailor lab. Marino is now rich and overconfident and wants to toy with Marisa, who he thinks wronged her. In the meantime, kind Umberto, unable to hear anything, is unaware of their previous history and gets a liking for Marino. Marisa rejects Marino but, because of his insistence, agrees to at least 'consume' their interrupted love story. Despite not being able to go through with the passionate act, Marisa and Marino's love is re-kindled. But they can't be together while she is married to Umberto. So, they end up with an evil plan: to kill Umberto so they can be together. Disguised as a gas explosion, the murder attempt does not kill Umberto. Instead, he regains his voice and hearing. Then Umberto explains that he made a vow to his mother death bed that, if he ever regained his lost senses, he will become a monk. With his blessing, Marisa and Marino can finally be together.

Cast
Nino Manfredi: Balestrini Marino
Pamela Tiffin: Di Giovanni Marisa
Ugo Tognazzi: Umberto Ciceri
Moira Orfei: Adelaide
Gigi Ballista: Engineer
Livio Lorenzon: Artemio Di Giovanni
Pietro Tordi: Uncle Arduino
Samson Burke: Scortichini Guido
Checco Durante: The Owner of Employment Agency

References

External links

1968 films
Commedia all'italiana
Films directed by Dino Risi
Adultery in films
Films with screenplays by Age & Scarpelli
Films scored by Armando Trovajoli
Films shot in Abruzzo
1960s Italian-language films
1960s Italian films

Torture Me But Kill Me with Kisses


Frederick Robert Bieber (born December 31, 1960) is Senior Medical Geneticist at Brigham and Women's Hospital, a member of the Faculty of Medicine at Harvard University, and a Consultant at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Children's Hospital Boston.

Early Years and academic career
Born in Canada, Bieber spent his early years in Strasbourg, Saskatchewan, a small prairie wheat farming community about 75 km N of Regina.  He is the son of a World War II veteran of the Royal Canadian Air Force who studied engineering at the University of Toronto, and a nurse who studied in Hamilton, Ontario.  During his childhood in Strasbourg he developed a lifelong love of animals and the outdoors, and a near-obsession with farm equipment, especially farm tractors.

When his family later emigrated to Rochester, New York he completed pre-college studies there and in Buenos Aires, Argentina.  He attended public schools in Rochester, New York, was selected as the Standard Bearer of the Abelard Reynolds No. 42 School, and is an alumnus of Charlotte High School (Rochester, New York) and of Colegio Ward in Buenos Aires, Argentina.  He was active in sports and music in high school and college where developed an interest in genetics during his studies of ethics and mathematics.

During his undergraduate studies at the State University of New York at Oswego, he spent a summer in research with Dr. Thomas H. Roderick at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, where he decided that further studies in human genetics would provide an opportunity to make contributions to genetics without having to perform research on experimental animals.  While a graduate student at the  University of Rochester he became interested in researching the genetics of hearing loss after recognizing that deafness and hearing disorders was one of the few phenotypes for which positive assortative mating was common.

He then moved to the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, Virginia to work with Walter Nance, the preeminent geneticist/clinician working in this area under whose mentorship he earned a doctorate in human genetics. His doctoral research on the genetics of profound childhood utilized data from families with students attending the Maryland School for the Deaf in Frederick, Maryland.

During his graduate studies at MCV, he developed broader interests in medical genetics, specifically the genetics of human maldevelopment and he published a paper in Science announcing the first description of polar body twinning in man. Upon completion of doctoral work he moved to Boston to commence a research fellowship at the Massachusetts General Hospital under the supervision of Lewis Ball Holmes and Shirley Driscoll.  He joined the Faculty of Medicine at Harvard in 1983.

His academic work, based in the Department of Pathology at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, is focused on medical genetics, clinical cytogenetics, and forensic medicine.  He has participated in the publication of over 100 articles and books on these subjects, and co-authored the acclaimed book "The Malformed Fetus and Stillbirth".

Bieber joined the Faculty of Medicine at Harvard University in 1983 and is based at Harvard Medical School where he received a teaching award in 2003.  He has also taught courses at Harvard College and the Harvard Extension School.  He has delivered over 200 invited addresses at various universities and has served as a visiting professor at St. George's University in Grenada and at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in Cuernavaca.

National and International service
Bieber was an appointed member of the World Trade Center Kinship and Data Analysis Panel (KADAP), assisting the New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner with the DNA-based identification of victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the twin towers.  He participated in the identification of victims of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, assisting the Louisiana coroners office, as a member of the Hurricane Victims DNA Identification Expert Group (HVDIEG).

He has served as a consultant to many public safety agencies relating to human identification and forensic genetics, including the FBI DNA Advisory Board, the advisory board of the National DNA Databank of Canada, the Virginia Department of Forensic Science, and the DNA Subcommittee of the New York State Forensic Commission.  In recognition of these contributions he received awards and recognitions from the Massachusetts House of Representatives, the Massachusetts District Attorneys Association, the Massachusetts State Police, the U.S. Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the State of Louisiana. In 2013 he was appointed during the Obama Administration as a Commissioner to the National Commission on Forensic Science in the US Department of Justice.  On June 24, 2018, Bieber was honored by an appointment, by HRH Queen Elizabeth II, to the Venerable Order of St John.

Military service
In 2001 Bieber received a Direct Presidential Commission as a Captain (O-3) in the Medical Service Corps of the United States Army Reserve and completed officer basic training at Fort Sam Houston and Camp Bullis in San Antonio, Texas.  He served on active duty with both the Criminal Investigation Division (CID) at the United States Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory (USACIL) and with the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory (AFDIL) of the Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner (OAFME) in the Army Medical Department (AMEDD).  In 2006 he was selected for promotion to the rank of Major (O-4).

Other activities

His non-academic pursuits include forestry and wildlife management, animal welfare and greyhound adoption (Board of Directors, Greyhound Friends, Inc.), automobile racing (competition drivers license), and adventure travel.

References and sources
He Helps Disaster Victims Reclaim Identity, Boston Globe 12 December 2005
Catching Criminals Thru their Relatives' DNA, Harvard University Gazette, June 11, 2006

External links
Brigham and Women's Pathology Department faculty profile
A Not So Perfect Match
DNA Near Matches Spur Privacy Fight, USA Today August 7, 2007
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
ACLU DNA Fingerprinting Workshop Agenda, May 14-15, 2004
Forensic Science
Forensic News
DC v Heller Supreme Court gun decision

1950 births
Living people
People from Regina, Saskatchewan
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Scientists from Rochester, New York
Medical College of Virginia alumni
State University of New York at Oswego alumni
University of Rochester alumni
Harvard Medical School faculty
United States Army officers
American geneticists
Harvard Extension School faculty

Frederick Bieber


Grove Art Online is the online edition of The Dictionary of Art, often referred to as the Grove Dictionary of Art, and part of Oxford Art Online, an internet gateway to online art reference publications of Oxford University Press, which also includes the online version of the Benezit Dictionary of Artists. It is a large encyclopedia of art, previously a 34-volume printed encyclopedia first published by Grove in 1996 and reprinted with minor corrections in 1998. A new edition was published in 2003 by Oxford University Press.

Scope
Written by 6,700 experts from around the world, its 32,600 pages cover over 45,000 topics about art, artists, art critics, art collectors, or anything else connected to the world of art. According to The New York Times Book Review it is the "most ambitious art-publishing venture of the late 20th century". Almost half the content covers non-Western subjects, and contributors hail from 120 countries. Topics range from Julia Margaret Cameron to Shoji Hamada, Korea to Timbuktu, the Enlightenment to Marxism, and Yoruba masks to Abstract Expressionism. Entries include bibliographies and a vast number of images.

Print editions
The dictionary is still available in a standard hardcover edition, though the leather-bound version appears to be out of print.

Various smaller specialized redactions have been published, such as The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, (Editor, Gordon Campbell, OUP 2006,  ),The Grove Dictionary of Materials and Techniques in Art (OUP 2008, ), From David to Ingres: Early 19th-Century French Artists (Grove Dictionary of Art) and so on.

The Grove Dictionary of Art is published by Oxford University Press, who acquired it from Macmillan Publishers in 2003.

Online edition
The Dictionary of Art was first offered online on 12 November 1998 by Grove Dictionaries (New York) under the title The Grove Dictionary of Art Online. The online version is now published by Oxford University Press, is updated three times a year, is available by subscription and includes some extra content. In the UK, many public libraries offer it free to their online users using their library membership number and a PIN to log in. An umbrella site, Oxford Art Online, also includes the Benezit Dictionary of Artists and other art reference works: The Oxford Companion to Western Art, the Encyclopedia of Aesthetics, and The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms.

See also
 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians

References and sources
References

Sources
 Jane Turner (Editor). The Dictionary of Art. 1996.

External links

1996 non-fiction books
Art history books
Encyclopedias of art
Art and architecture dictionaries
British online encyclopedias
Oxford University Press

Grove Art Online


1855 was a common year.

Events
 January 1 – London, Ontario is incorporated as a city.
 January 23 – The first bridge over the Mississippi River opens in what is now Minneapolis, Minnesota, a crossing made today by the Father Louis Hennepin Bridge.
 January 23 – The region of Wairarapa, New Zealand was hit by the strongest earthquake ever recorded in New Zealand, which reached Magnitude 8.1 on the Richter Scale. There were five deaths.
 January 29 – Lord Aberdeen resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom over the management of the Crimean War.
 February 5 – Lord Palmerston becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 February 11 – Kassa Hailu is crowned Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia, by Abuna Salama III in a ceremony at the church of Derasge Maryam.
 March 3 – US Congress appropriates $30,000 to create US Camel Corps
 March 16 – Bates College in Lewiston, Maine was founded.
 May 15 – The Great Gold Robbery of 1855 in England
 June 29 – The Daily Telegraph begins publication
 September 3 – Last Bartholomew Fair on London, England
 September 11 – Sevastapol falls to the British troops
 December 22 – Metropolitan Board of Works established.
 Stamp duty was removed from newspapers in Britain creating mass market media in the UK.
 The Panama Railway becomes the first railroad to connect the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean by rail as the railroad's route across Panama is completed.

Births
May 1 - Cecilia Beaux, American painter
May 10 - Sri Yukteswar Giri, Indian guru

1855


"Fortune Faded" is a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released in 2003 as a single, to coincide with the release of their Greatest Hits album. The song, along with "Save the Population" (another song from their Greatest Hits), was recorded at The Mansion and produced by Rick Rubin. A music video was also produced.

One of the single's B-sides, "Bunker Hill" was originally recorded for Californication, while the other, "Eskimo", was written during By the Way. The second version of the single, with blue printing instead of red on the cover art, was never released in the UK due to last minute complications, as the second release was too long to be classed as a single. UK chart singles must not last over 20 minutes in length. "Tuesday Night in Berlin" was a live jam recorded in Berlin and features Ekkehard Ehlers producing sound effects throughout the jam. Sometime into the jam, Flea switches to trumpet and Frusciante plays bass for the remainder of the jam.

"Fortune Faded" was originally recorded for the By the Way album and was played live a few times in 2001 with a chorus that is different from the Greatest Hits version. The band did not like how the By the Way sessions version sounded, thus it was re-recorded for the Greatest Hits collection. After the chorus' change, the band performed the original version once in 2005. A rough mix with a guide vocal of the By The Way sessions version with the original chorus has surfaced online, but has never been officially released by the band.

Track list
CD single (2003)
 "Fortune Faded" (album) – 3:23
 "Eskimo" (previously unreleased) – 5:31
 "Bunker Hill" (previously unreleased) – 3:29

CD version 2 (2003)
 "Fortune Faded" (album) – 3:23
 "Californication" (remixed by Ekkehard Ehlers) – 5:57
 "Tuesday Night in Berlin" (live) – 14:22

Personnel
 Anthony Kiedis - lead vocals
 John Frusciante - guitars, backing vocals
 Flea - bass guitar
 Chad Smith - drums

Chart performance

References

Red Hot Chili Peppers songs
2003 singles
Songs written by Flea (musician)
Songs written by Anthony Kiedis
Songs written by Chad Smith
Songs written by John Frusciante

Fortune Faded


This article provides a list of characters from the American television sitcom Drake & Josh along with brief synopsis of the time each of them spent on the show. Airing on Nickelodeon from January 11, 2004, to September 16, 2007, Drake & Josh was created by Dan Schneider, who also served as executive producer.

Main characters

Drake Parker
Drake Parker (Drake Bell) is Josh's stepbrother, Megan's older biological brother, Audrey's biological son and Walter's stepson. Drake is depicted as an immature womanizing teenage slacker. Although he often appears unintelligent, his under-achievement seems to be caused by apathy, which leads him to make frequent impulsive decisions. The character Drake has a great interest in music and plays electric guitar in a band. He likes all genres of music including rock and country. He can also play drums and bongos. He can easily manipulate Josh in order to get what he wants. He has a lot of success with girls, and much of the comedy is his effortless ability to get dates. He often shrugs off the consequences of his actions, acts bitter towards others, plays dirty, lacks respect for them, slacks off at school, and uses other people, which can get him into trouble. Drake feels embarrassed about his new stepbrother at first but grew to accept Josh. Despite his desire to not spend time with Josh, Drake and Josh eventually become close friends and brothers. His character is similar to that of Jesse Katsopolis from Full House and Eric Matthews from Boy Meets World.

Josh Nichols
Josh Nichols (Josh Peck) is Drake and Megan's stepbrother, Walter's biological son and Audrey's stepson. Unlike Drake, Josh is knowledgeable, diligent, caring, responsible, a good hard-working student and socially awkward. In the pilot episode, he had a job for the school newspaper in which he wrote advice for students under the name Miss Nancy. He begins working for Helen at the fictional Premiere movie theatre in the second season. Unlike Drake, Josh often tries his best in challenging situations, takes things seriously, feels resourceful if he makes mistakes, and uses his common sense, often repeating things for emphasis when anxious. Despite his logical mind and hard-working nature, Josh is prone to bad luck in the first seasons, especially with girls. However, later in the series he begins to date Mindy Crenshaw, his academic rival. His hobbies include cooking and performing magic tricks. Later in the series, Josh becomes popular and has better luck as he loses weight. He is obsessed with Oprah Winfrey and accidentally runs her over with his car in "Josh Runs into Oprah," leading her to get a brief restraining order against him. Peck described his character as having a Jackie Gleason quality, and said, "Not only can Josh do the physical comedy and the pratfalls, but he can also sell a sophisticated joke and a touching moment." His character is similar to that of Joey Gladstone and Danny Tanner from Full House for his maturity and responsibility.

Audrey Parker-Nichols
Audrey Parker-Nichols (Nancy Sullivan) is Drake and Megan's biological mother, Josh's stepmother and Walter's wife. Her first name is never mentioned in the series, although a deleted scene from the series finale would have revealed Audrey. The scene would also specify her profession as a caterer.

She often tells the boys to be more mature. She upsets her husband, Walter, because of her preference for Bruce Winchill, his rival weatherman. Because Walter lacks respect from Megan and Drake, she usually has to punish them, although these punishments are usually unfair because most of the boys' wrongdoings are Megan's fault. As stepmother and stepson, Audrey and Josh have a very close relationship and he affectionately calls her "Mom" or "Mama." She is a nurturing and supportive mother. However, she is a bit gullible when it comes to her daughter Megan, especially when it is Megan's word against Drake and Josh.

Walter Nichols
Walter Nichols (Jonathan Goldstein) is Josh's biological father, Drake and Megan's stepfather and Audrey's husband. He is a meteorologist for a local TV news program in San Diego, but he is often wrong about the weather. Walter is often slow-witted, awkward, out-of-touch, and old-fashioned. As a result, he lacks the respect of his stepchildren combined with their arrogances, who refer to him by his first name, although they still do call him "dad" at times. When Megan calls him by his first name, he always asks when she started calling me Walter and Audrey replies, "I don't know." He is also oblivious and cynical regarding Megan's pranks, which have caused the boys many punishments. However, starting in the episode "The Demonator," Walter slowly begins to notice Megan's evil ways. A running gag involves a rivalry between him and Bruce Winchill, an unseen weatherman from another station. He hates that Winchill is so popular, as he is always right with his predictions. He even forbids the use of Winchill's name in the family home.

Megan Parker
Megan Parker (Miranda Cosgrove) is the younger biological sister of Drake, stepsister of Josh, biological daughter of Audrey and stepdaughter of Walter. Megan often references a best friend named Janie and often refers to her older brothers as "boobs." She is essentially the main antagonist of the series, usually bullies her brothers, although sometimes Megan helps them in episodes like "The Gary Grill", "Honor Council", "The Drake and Josh Inn" and "Drake and Josh: Go Hollywood." It has also been shown that she is very wise and intelligent; she can play very severe, torturous and sometimes complicated (or even potentially dangerous) pranks on her brothers, all while ensuring that her parents think of her as being a sweet, angelic, harmless, and innocent little girl. However, in numerous episodes like "The Bet" and "The Affair," Megan had made rude remarks to Drake and Josh in front of her mother, who does not intervene, and also in "Really Big Shrimp" when she sassed off to Lula when she rudely demanded Megan guacamole, with Walter intervening instead of her mother.  Another episode shows that she has a hidden computerized monitor in her room, giving her surveillance of the house to aid in her pranks against Drake and Josh. Most of the time throughout the series, Megan is very vain, mean-spirited, selfish, bored, devious, bratty, snotty, rude, conceited, snobbish, argumentative, spiteful, disrespectful, hypocritical, deceitful, obnoxious, arrogant, bossy, spoiled, vindictive, and cruel to her brothers. However, despite her mistreatment of them, Megan loves her brothers deep down. She had shown them genuine love and support when they uncovered that her boyfriend Corey (Christian Vandal) had been cheating on her with another girl named Monica. Although she does get in trouble at times such as in "Treehouse" when she's forced to help rebuilt their neighbor's treehouse. Her character is similar to characters such as Sam Puckett and Chuck Chambers from iCarly and Jade West from Victorious, both shows of which were later created by Dan Schneider.

Recurring characters

Helen Dubois
Helen Ophelia Dubois (Yvette Nicole Brown) is the manager of the Premiere Theater, connected to the Premiere Galleria mall. She is Josh's boss at the theater and is known for her intimidating demeanor, loud voice, and demanding attitude towards employees. She adores Drake but dislikes Josh despite the hard work he puts in at the theater. She starred in the hit 1970's TV series called Happy Times, which is intended to reference the real-life series called 'Good Times'. She married Buzz Baxter in "Drake & Josh: Really Big Shrimp" and starts finally treating Josh with respect, but divorced him sometime before Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh after five weeks. Yvette Nicole Brown played Helen for most of the series, except the season two episode "Little Diva," in which Frances Callier took over the role.

Helen appears in a 2011 episode of Victorious in which she becomes the principal of Hollywood Arts High School. She later appears in a 2015 episode of Game Shakers, in which she hosts her talk show titled The Helen Show.

"Crazy" Steve

Steve (Jerry Trainor) is an employee at the Premiere movie theater who is noted for his emotional and mental instability, lashing out at co-workers, strangers, and passersby over little things. He is also incredibly sensitive. Steve takes offense at the slightest of subjects or even the most thoroughly minor hints at insults, hollering at others for interrupting him or denying his questions, desires, or offers. Steve's utter lack of sanity has earned him a dangerously unpredictable reputation amongst colleagues, to the extent where he finds immense frustration in following along with episodes of Dora the Explorer, screaming at the animated characters on the screen. In seasons 2 and 3, he had a lot of hair, but in season 4, his head was shaved. He appears in the program's 2008 Christmas special, most notably towards its conclusion, where he shreds hunks of cheese in a wood chipper to grant his friends' wish for a white Christmas. He later appeared in an episode of the series Sam & Cat where he is revealed to have been placed at a mental institution for the sick, with a restrictive mask over his face.

Mindy Crenshaw
Mindy (Allison Scagliotti) is a clever but arrogant girl at school who is always trying to be better than Josh, who is her rival. She also shows an intense dislike for Drake, and the feeling is mutual. For example, in "Honor Council," she took apart Mrs. Hayfer's car and rebuilt it in the middle of her classroom to frame Drake for the prank and have him suspended. For this misdeed, Mindy was sent to a mental hospital, causing a temporary departure from the series. Still, she eventually reappeared in "Mindy's Back" to compete in the school science fair. Later on, she became Josh's on-again off-again girlfriend, and the two enjoy each other's company. One of Mindy's well-known character traits is her genius-level intellect and scientific talents. She defeats Josh yearly in the science fair except for one year after they started to date, where she let him win, which she enjoys rubbing in his face at times. She also cloned her pet Cockapoo, and has a love of sharks. However, she accepts defeat from Josh in calming Crazy Steve down in "Really Big Shrimp", admiring that she really can't beat him at everything.

Craig Ramirez and Eric Blonowitz
Craig (Alec Medlock) and Eric (Scott Halberstadt) are a duo of stereotypical "nerdy" honor students that are always being exploited by Drake, mostly due to his hare-brained schemes. Drake often mistakes Eric for Craig when Craig is absent. Craig corrected him once in "Eric Punches Drake," and Drake sarcastically said, "It matters," suggesting that he has no interest in correcting his mistakes. Eric first appeared in the pilot episode as an extra and along with his best friend, Craig, a few times in Seasons 2 and 3, but they occur more frequently in Season 4 and appear in the series finale Really Big Shrimp. They usually are good friends and good, but not free of a selfish side. Drake is so unkind to them that anytime they try to talk with him, he rudely shuts the door in their faces and tells them that there are many reasons why they do not have girlfriends. Eric left for Puerto Rico in the final episode, "Dance Contest." Craig and Eric appear with another Drake & Josh character, Gavin, in the 2010 iCarly episode "iStart a Fan War", implying that the two series take place within the same universe. It is revealed in the episode "Who's Got Game" that Craig and Eric do not consider themselves to be friends with Drake because of the bad things he has done to them.

Gavin Mitchell
Gavin (Jake Farrow) works with Josh at the Premiere, and he has a mullet-like haircut similar in fashion to Rod Stewart (in "Who's Got Game" he got a perm). Throughout the series, a running gag involved Helen asking him to tell Josh to clean something unusual in the theater. He usually declines to do it himself when Josh asks if he would do it. He then cleans up the mess himself - telling Josh, "I got it." He also has a crush on Audrey. He can get away with anything at work, like taking a nap on the roof. He first appeared in "Driver's License" and made an appearance in Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh. Gavin appears in iCarly in Season 4 episode "iStart a Fan War" with Craig and Eric.

Mrs. Hayfer
Mrs. Hayfer (Julia Duffy) is the boys' English teacher who adores Josh due to his hard-working personality but hates Drake because of his consistently poor performance in school; likewise, as noted by his doodles of her in his notebook, as seen in "Honor Council," Drake hates her in return. In the episode "Mean Teacher," Mrs. Hayfer is shown to hate Drake for no apparent reason expect for how he shrugs school off and doesn't do outstanding work much as it is shown that when he answered a question correctly, she dubbed it incorrect and appointed the same problem correct to another student right next to him as well as grading a flawless report he did with a "D−" again for no logical reason. In fact, her catchphrase is "I hate you, Drake," with Drake responding, "I know." She also always says, "To the nurse!" which is her way of telling people to leave her classroom. In "Little Sibling," Mrs. Hayfer says it to Josh when she wanted to have a private talk with Drake. Mrs. Hayfer has a daughter named Kelly, who Drake briefly dates, much to her discontent. In "Honor Council," she comes into the classroom to find her car parked where the boys' seats are initially and accuses Drake of putting the car there, but her star student, Mindy, is the real culprit. Drake hates Mrs. Hayfer so much that he wishes she would die, as seen in the episode, "Megan's First Kiss," in which Josh says, "You're not gonna believe this," and Drake asks in an anxious and excited tone, "Mrs. Hayfer died?!"

Mrs. Hayfer has a Rottweiler named Tiberius, who appears in the season 4 episode "Vicious Tiberius" and is violent towards Drake and Josh, who had agreed to house sit for her.

She has a brief appearance in Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh, where Drake accidentally hits a fire hydrant while driving, resulting in water getting sprayed all over her. She then points out and yells her famous line: "I hate you, Drake Parker!" Meaning that even though Drake and Josh have graduated from Bellview High, Mrs. Hayfer still hates Drake.

In the season 2 finale, "Honor Council," Josh mentions her full name as Alice Hayfer. However, in "Vicious Tiberious," a video shows her full name as being Linda Hayfer.

Dr. Jeff Glazer
Dr. Glazer (Roark Critchlow) is a doctor who lives across the street from the boys. He is always called on whenever a severe emergency happens at their house. Although he always seems kind while performing medical procedures for the boys, he still leaves them with a ridiculously high bill for his services (he once charged $100 for diagnosing a sheep as pregnant after it had already given birth and an extra $50 not to tell Audrey and Walter, charged $300 for diagnosing Drake's facial rash, and charged $500 for diagnosing Ashley Blake's accident after she got hit in the head with a bucket). He first appeared in "The Bet," and he last appeared in "Sheep Thrills."

Bruce Winchill
Although Bruce Winchill is never seen in Drake & Josh, he is mentioned throughout the series. Megan and Audrey have a crush on him because he has good hair. He is a rival weatherman of Walter, and he always gets the weather right.

Leah
Leah (Cathy Shim) is an employee at The Premiere who appears in Season 4. She is frequently scared of Crazy Steve due to his outbursts.

Guest appearances
 Grammy (voiced by Randee Heller) is Josh's grandmother, Walter's mother and Papa Nichols' daughter-in-law. She is later mentioned frequently when sent gifts to Josh.
 Papa Nichols (voiced by Vernon Roberts) is Josh's great-grandfather, Walter's grandfather and Grammy's father-in-law, and a World War II veteran who appears only in the episode "The Demonator". When Drake, Josh, and Megan sneak out of the house to ride The Demonator, they have Craig and Eric watch Papa Nichols. He is later mentioned once by Josh in "The Wedding".
 Jackie (voiced by Robin Sydney) is obsessed with Drake and appeared in a total of four episodes. She would come into the scene randomly (usually at the end, specifically when something positive happens to Drake) and shout hysterically, "I love you! Bye!" In response, Drake and/or Josh would ask, "Who are you? or Who is she?".
 Ashley Blake (voiced by Skyler Samuels) is a child actress who appeared as the main antagonist in "Little Diva."
 Wendy (voiced by Alyson Stoner) is a girl that had an obsessive crush on Drake in "Number 1 Fan".
 Sammy (voiced by Jordan Wright) is a young child that Drake needed to take care of as part of a Big Sibling program who appeared in "Little Sibling".
 Tyler (voiced by Skyler Gisondo) is Megan's assistant who appeared in "I Love Sushi" when she hires him to prank Drake and Josh.
 Robbie (voiced by Matthew Evans) is a little boy who is Drake and Josh's neighbor.
 Trevor (voiced by Taran Killam) is Drake's absent-minded friend and Scottie's older brother. Even though he only appeared in "Dune Buggy," he is mentioned several times in the series.
 Yooka (voiced by Anastasia Baranova) is Josh's foreign pen pal who appeared in "We're Married". She comes to visit Drake and Josh from her fictional country of Yudonia. Drake and Josh soon learn that she is homesick, so they hold a Yudonian friendship ceremony, which turns out to be a marriage ceremony between her and Drake.
 Clayton (voiced by Josh Sussman) is one of the nerdy teenagers at school who has speech problems.
 Thornton (voiced by Jeff Braine) is Drake and Josh's friend who appeared in "The Battle of Panthatar". Drake and Josh are invited to his sweet 16 party at Club Diego which will air on MTV live. However, their invitations are revoked after he catches Drake kissing a girl named Maria, who unbeknownst to him was Thornton's girlfriend.
 Janie (voiced by Jasmine McNeal) is Megan's best friend. She is mentioned in several Season 4 episodes and appears in "Megan's Revenge" and "Megan's First Kiss."
 Corey (voiced by Christian Vandal) is a boy who was dating Megan and Monica simultaneously in the episode, "Megan's First Kiss."
 Monica (voiced by Kelly Hayer) is a girl who was dating Megan's boyfriend, Corey, for one month, unbeknownst to Megan and Monica, respectively.
 Leslie (voiced by E. E. Bell) is a wisecracking tow truck driver who appeared in the episode "The Wedding." He comes across Drake and Josh when they are stranded in the middle of nowhere when they had to borrow Trevor's old car after it broke down on the way to their great aunt Catherine's wedding.
 Vince (voiced by D. Elliot Woods) is a helicopter pilot who appears in "Helicopter." He gives Drake a lesson about skydiving, and he takes him and Josh on a ride in his helicopter. However, Josh accidentally sprays him out of the helicopter when he becomes unconscious. He angrily gives Walter a $400,000 bill for the damaged helicopter as Drake and Josh ground themselves for 2 weeks.
 Drew (James Immekus) and Jerry (Stephen Markarian) are two boys who look and act like Drake and Josh and appeared only in the episode "Drew & Jerry."
 Henry Doheny (voiced by Steve Tom) is a formerly famous magician who appeared in "The Great Doheny."
 Lenny Spodnick (voiced by Fred Stoller) is the stadium clerk who appeared in "Foam Finger". He worked at the Padres stadium selling foam fingers, but he got promoted to selling bobbleheads.
 Coach Davis (voiced by Charles Levin) is Josh's football coach who appeared in "Football".
 Mr. Talbot (voiced by Andy Milder) is the Remedial English teacher (a class with a lack of discipline with its poorly behaved students) who appeared in "Little Sibling".
 Mr. Roland (voiced by Tom Virtue) is Drake and Josh's chemistry teacher who appeared in "Josh is Done" and "Eric Punches Drake".

Drake's girlfriends
Drake has several girlfriends throughout the series.

Susan (Ashley Drane) is Drake's girlfriend in the episode "Believe Me, Brother," in which she secretly flirts with Josh. She is later exposed, and as revenge, Drake and Josh plant purple paint in her locker, and it is splattered all over her when she opens the door.

Kelly Hayfer (Chelsea Brummet) is Mrs. Hayfer's daughter. She appears only in the episode "Mean Teacher," in which she dates Drake. She has a laughing problem throughout the episode, which secretly annoys Drake. However, he does not break up with her, fearing retaliation from Mrs. Hayfer. Although Kelly loves Drake, she ends the relationship – much to his excitement – because she does not believe it is working out.

Tori (Torrey DeVitto) is Drake's girlfriend in the episode "Playing the Field," in which he breaks up with her. When Tori quickly begins dating other boys, Drake dates Liza Tupper – who he has nicknamed Hot Liza – to make Tori jealous. In the episode "Dr. Phyllis Show," it is mentioned that Liza is the daughter of Dr. Phyllis, the host of a television talk program when the host becomes angry after Drake insults Liza by calling her dumb and a bad kisser.

Lucy (Gabrielle Christian) is introduced in the episode "Girl Power," in which she physically defends Drake against a football player. Drake then considers ending their relationship, as he does not want to be with someone stronger than him. Later in the episode, Drake and Lucy wrestle to determine who is stronger, although Drake is hesitant about wrestling a girl.

Carly (Brittany Curran) becomes Drake's girlfriend in the episode "Who's Got Game," in which Josh challenges Drake on who can get the most dates. Drake meets her at the CD shop where she works, and he falls in love with her at first sight. Carly grows fond of Drake, too, after meeting him but furiously dumps him when she finds out about the bet, thinking Drake is just using her. He then proves to her that he can be honest and they continue dating.

Lucy and another girl, Christine (Sarah Christine Smith), appear as ex-girlfriends of Drake in the episode "The Storm." They become friends with Carly, who is still dating Drake. The episode marks their final appearance on the series. Drake flirts with other girls, including Grant Widner, in subsequent episodes such as "Tree House."

Drake's band
Drake has a band in which he is both the frontman and lead guitarist.

Scottie (Johnny Lewis) is the drummer of Drake's band and is Trevor's younger brother. He is considered to be unintelligent, according to Drake and the other band members. Rina (Molly Orr) is the bassist of Drake's band, while Paul (Jeremy Ray Valdez) is the rhythm guitarist. They only appeared in four episodes in Season 1. Drake and the three band members are detained at a concert because Scottie photocopied their tickets in the episode "Grammy," the three's final appearance.

In the episode "Megan's New Teacher," Drake has 5th grader Neil Kramer (Ridge Canipe) play in his band after his original drummer leaves. Neil initially fails a pop quiz by Josh, who is serving temporarily as a student-teacher. Neil's mother then forbids him from playing in the band, so Drake and Megan get Josh fired, leading to Neil playing for Drake's band at the Premiere's third anniversary. Neil does not appear in any subsequent episodes.

Three band members, Gary (Dan Mott), Julio (Shiloh Fernandez), and an unnamed guitarist, appear in "The Storm." Gary is the goofy and self-absorbed drummer. He has a tattoo of a foot on his chest and likes to wear girls' shirts, including his sister Elaine's blouse and Megan's panda shirt. Julio is the band's bassist, and he was mentioned in the episode "Josh Runs Into Oprah." The rhythm guitarist is an African American but is only seen with the band.

References

Characters
Lists of American sitcom television characters

List of Drake & Josh characters


Hsawlaw Township () is a township of Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of Burma. The principal town is Hsawlaw.

Towns and villages

  Ahkawhtawng
  Alawang
  Chawmaw
  Chawngbuk
  Chawngdam
  Chawngrang
  Chebuk
  Cheshen
  Chhachu
  Chhe-hkawng
  Chhiving
  Chili Htu
  Chunaw
  Chyangyu
  Gitta
  Hkabap
  Hkawnkaw
  Hkrangkao
  Hkringmaw
  Hpala
  Hpalawng
  Hpaungja
  Hpongsauk
  Hpyikrang
  Htahte Pam
  Htamtang
  Htaunghpau
  Htawlang
  Jampaw
  Jumja
  Kanaw
  Kanghai
  Kangtung
  Katze
  Khugaung
  Komo
  Kumaw
  Kyipaw
  Kyokha
  Laching
  Lahkam
  Lahpan
  Lajing
  Lakin
  Laktang
  Lakyaw
  Lalong
  Lamchyu
  Laohkam
  Latsawn
  Laukok
  Laukshwe
  Lawngte
  Lawngyaw
  Lawnjepa
  Longlam
  Mage
  Mahkung-adam
  Mangchibuk
  Mangkyi
  Mapili
  Marang Htung
  Mehke
  Mitlam
  Mitnaw
  Mi-yuk
  Myasa
  Myawchawng
  Nahkulaw
  Namyawngbuk
  Naya
  Ngataolungbu
  Pade
  Painaw
  Pakaw
  Pa-na
  Pasai
  Pashe
  Patam
  Pawawnbuk
  Pilao
  Rajawlaw
  Ratma
  Rawng-aw
  Rawngtsaw
  Rgangkum
  Rithtaung
  Ritjawng
  Rityawkyok
  Sachahaw
  Samma-cha
  Saungtaw
  Shangkyok
  Shipyam
  Tabanghka
  Talamtam
  Taungawn
  Tawngawkbuk
  Tsawlaw
  Tsumyaw
  Vawnpayit
  Vulao
  Wahao
  Wapyaw
  Wasukyang
  Wawgrup
  Wawhtung
  Wawmantam
  Wawmi
  Wawmum
  Welatam
  Wulang
  Wusiyachiku
  Wutsok
  Yawjawng
  Yawshaw
  Yelaung
  Yingying.

References

Townships of Kachin State

Hsawlaw Township


Robert "Bob" Nilsson was the oldest of the four Nilsson brothers and one of the greatest relievers in the history of Australian baseball leagues. Bob's brother Dave Nilsson was the first Australian All-Star in MLB, his brother Gary Nilsson played in the minors and Ron Nilsson also played in Australia for one year. Bob's son Jay Nilsson began his minor league career in 2006.

Bob Nilsson was the first Australian of the modern era to sign a professional contract with an MLB team, inking a deal with the Cincinnati Reds in 1978. He never made it to the US minor leagues, though.

Playing history
When the Australian Baseball League was founded in 1989–1990, Bob was one of the early stars. He hit .315/.351/.575 for the Gold Coast Dolphins while going 3–4 with 2 saves and a 1.11 ERA. He was named to the ABL All-Star team as the top relief pitcher.

In 1990–1991, Nilsson went 7–0 with 7 saves and a minuscule 0.27 ERA for the Daikyo Dolphins. He saved more than twice as many games as the runners-up, who included Tim Worrell. He again would have easily led the ABL in ERA had he qualified. He also tied for third in victories. He was named to his second straight All-Star team.

Nilsson fell to 2–3 with 10 saves and a 2.68 ERA in 1991–1992. He led the league with 23 appearances and was one save behind leader Mark Ettles. He was the second team All-Star reliever this time, trailing Ettles. He helped Daikyo to a title.

He had his worst year in 1992–1993, going 3–1 with 9 saves and a 5.08 ERA for the Brisbane Bandits and allowing a .327 average. He was second to Ross Jones in saves and led the league with 26 appearances.

With the East Coast Cougars in 1993–1994, Bob's record was 0–3 with 7 saves and a 3.51 ERA. He was second to Jones in saves and was again a second-team All-Star pick.

In 1994–1995, Nilsson went 6–4 with 8 saves and a 3.98 ERA for East Coast. He was third in the league with 24 games pitched and second in saves, one behind Jones. He was the first-team All-Star relief pitcher for the third time in his six seasons.

Nilsson was 4–4 with 4 saves and a 4.98 ERA in the 1995–1996 Australian Baseball League. He made 18 appearances, tied for second in the league, and was 4th in saves. In 1996–1997, Bob was 4–3 with 2 saves and a 5.01 ERA. He tied for fourth in the ABL with 21 appearances. In the 1997 Intercontinental Cup, he had a 4.76 ERA in four appearances for the national team. Only Ettles showed up more frequently on the mound for Australia in that competition.

Nilsson's record in 1997–1998 read 5–3, 4 Sv, 4.78. He led the ABL with 27 games pitched. Bob retired after that season.

Overall, Nilsson was 34–25 with 53 saves and a 3.51 ERA in 194 games pitched in eight ABL seasons. Through 2006–2007, he ranks 8th in the history of Australian leagues in ERA (right behind Shayne Bennett), 15th in innings pitched (328, despite only 8 starts), first in games pitched (194, 33 ahead of Grahame Cassel), 6th in wins, tied for 9th in losses and first in saves (10 ahead of Jones).

Post career
Bob's sons Jay and Ryan as well as nephew Daniel play for the Redcliffe Padres. Since his professional baseball career, Bob has become a Level 2 National Accredited Coach and has coached Australian junior baseball teams, the Queensland Rams as well as other Queensland junior baseball teams and is the current head coach for the Pine Hills Lightning

References

Australian baseball players
1960 births
Living people
Baseball players from Brisbane
Sportsmen from Queensland

Bob Nilsson