Brighton and Hove ( ) is a unitary authority with city status in East Sussex, England. There are multiple villages alongside the seaside resorts of Brighton and Hove in the district. It is administered by Brighton and Hove City Council, which is currently under Labour majority control.

The two resorts, along with Worthing and Littlehampton in West Sussex, make up the second most-populous built-up area of South East England, after South Hampshire. In 2014, Brighton and Hove City Council and other nearby councils formed the Greater Brighton City Region local enterprise partnership area.

Unification

In 1992, a government commission was set up to conduct a structural review of local government arrangements across England. In its draft proposals for East Sussex, the commission suggested two separate unitary authorities be created for the towns of Brighton and Hove, with the latter authority to include Hove, Worthing and the Adur District. Support within Brighton for its own unitary authority was high, however respondents in Hove expressed reservations towards a merger with Worthing and Adur. A report following consultation noted that more than 25% of respondents in both Brighton and Hove had "unprompted, indicated support for a merger of those two areas." Although this option had not been included in the draft proposals, subsequent polling indicated that the merger was the most popular option among residents.

Nevertheless, the proposal of a merger proved controversial, particularly in Hove. Hove Borough Council opposed the move on the grounds that Brighton would dominate affairs in the city, and the commission acknowledged that residents of Hove "have significant negative feelings towards Brighton" and greater identification towards Sussex. Ultimately, the view was taken that support for a single tier of government in both towns outweighed opposition to unification, and as a result the commission recommended that the borough councils of Brighton and Hove be made a single unitary authority independent of East Sussex County Council. In 1997, Brighton and Hove Borough Council was formed, and assumed responsibility for all matters of local government across both towns.

Twenty years earlier, as part of the Queen's Silver Jubilee celebrations, Brighton had been shortlisted as a candidate for city status, though eventually lost out to larger Derby. Following unification of the towns, Brighton and Hove applied for city status again as part of the Millennium City Status Competition, and was subsequently granted city status on 31 January 2001. As a result, the borough council became a city council.

Although the city now operates as a single entity, locals generally still consider Brighton and Hove to be separate settlements with different identities. Hove is largely residential and has its own distinct seafront and established town centre located around George Street, while Brighton has a higher profile as the country's most popular seaside resort, a significant digital economy, and hosts several festivals of national prominence. Recognition of the city's twin identities is evident from the continued popularity of the local saying "Hove, actually", a phrase which long predates unification.

Some organisations such as the local football club, Brighton and Hove Albion, and the bus company Brighton & Hove, predate the unification of the towns by several decades.

In 2014, Brighton and Hove formed the Greater Brighton City Region with neighbouring local authorities.

Areas

The City of Brighton and Hove consists of many districts, a stretch of coast and some downland areas. Just to the south of Brighton and Hove in the English Channel is the Rampion Wind Farm, which provides renewable energy to the country.

Brighton

Brighton has been the most populous settlement in Sussex since at least the 17th century, and a town hall and evidence of citizen's control over town affairs predates 1580. The original parish of Brighton covered what is today much of central Brighton. The parish border ran from Little Western Street and Boundary Passage in the west, to Whitehawk Road in the east, and roughly followed the Old Shoreham Road and Bear Road to the north. The Great Reform Act of 1832 created the parliamentary constituency of Brighton. Brighton obtained a royal charter for incorporation in 1854 and was organised into six wards: Park, Pavilion, Pier, St Nicholas, St Peter, and West. The ward of Preston was added in 1873, expanding Brighton to the north. In 1889 Brighton attained county borough status.

The Brighton Corporation Act of 1927 added the settlements of Ovingdean and Rottingdean, as well as western parts of Falmer, Patcham and West Blatchington. These reforms expanded the Brighton the north and west dramatically. Between 1920 and 1950 housing estates were developed in Woodingdean, Moulsecoomb, Bevendean, and Whitehawk increasing the population of the town substantially. As a result, the number of wards had by now increased to 19. The rest of Falmer, Coldean and the parish of Stanmer were added to Brighton by the Brighton Extension Act 1951, completing the northward extension of the town. A final expansion of the town's boundaries was approved in 1968, incorporating reclaimed land from the sea for the Brighton Marina project.

Brighton was split into two parliamentary constituencies in 1950. The first, Brighton Pavilion, covers the centre and north of the town. The second, Brighton Kemptown, covers the east of the town. The latter has since expanded further east to include the neighbouring towns of East Saltdean, Telscombe Cliffs, and Peacehaven, all of which are administratively within the adjacent Lewes District. Brighton became a municipal borough as a result of the 1972 Local Government Act, losing unitary control of town affairs to East Sussex County Council. This reform was later followed by a reduction of wards to 16 in 1983. Brighton Borough Council remained under this structure until unification with Hove.

Hove

A small parish at the end of the 18th century, Hove began to expand in the early 19th century alongside the westward development of Brighton, and in 1832 became incorporated into the parliamentary constituency of Brighton. In 1873 commissioners from Hove, West Hove and Brunswick were amalgamated as means to guard against the dominance of Brighton. The first public buildings were completed in the late 19th century, including the original town hall in 1882. The parish of Aldrington was annexed by Hove in 1893. A municipal borough of Hove was formed by royal charter in 1889, granting Hove administrative autonomy. Further expansion took place in 1927, with the addition of the parishes of Preston Rural and Hangleton and westerly sections of West Blatchington and Patcham. Hove gained its own parliamentary constituency in 1950. The Local Government Act 1972 abolished the remaining parishes of Hove, Aldrington and Hangleton and West Blatchington to form the unparished non-metropolitan district of Hove. It also incorporated the nearby town of Portslade-by-Sea into the new district. The new boundaries established by the Act remained largely the same until unification with Brighton a quarter of a century later.

Portslade, Portslade Village, and Mile Oak

To the west of Brighton and Hove is Portslade. The area has three distinct centres with different histories, and includes Portslade-by-Sea, Portslade Village and Mile Oak. Each is quite different in character.

Portslade-by-Sea is largely an industrial port, with a busy canal area that opens up to the River Adur and the English Channel. It has a long history of human settlement and the name came from the Roman port, Novus Portus.

Portslade Village has kept more of its antiquity and retains many elements of the downland village it once was. Many of the buildings have their original flint walls, and there are some early manor house ruins, tree-lined parks, a landmark church and a former convent.

Mile Oak is a newer development. Until the 1920s it was only a small group of farm buildings with surrounding corn fields, sheep downs and market gardens. Then, suburban housing started to be built, and there was considerable further development in the 1960s with the construction of bungalows and other private housing. In the 1990s, after the construction of the new A27 road, Mile Oak's access to the Downs was largely blocked, stopping the spread of development.

Portslade downland

To the north of Mile Oak, on the other side of the A27, are a number of downland areas that are still in the Brighton and Hove area. These include the ancient chalk grassland slopes of Cockroost Hill, Cockroost Bottom and Mount Zion. They are all special areas because of the remarkable wildlife still surviving there, including rare downland flowers, orchids, butterflies and rare insects. There is a lot of history on the slopes, including a large 4000 year old Bronze Age settlement, a possible 'henge' (as in Stonehenge), now lost under the A27 bypass, and evidence of Iron Age and Romano-British field systems. To the north of the city boundary is  Fulking parish. The final stretch of the Monarch's Way passes through Mile Oak and Porstlade. It is a  long-distance footpath that runs from Worcester to Shoreham.

Aldrington, Hangleton and West Blatchington

Aldrington sits between Portslade-by-Sea to its west and Hove to its east. For centuries Aldrington was largely countryside, with very few people living there for most of the Middle Ages, but it is now a residential area.

Like Aldrington, West Blatchingham was once primarily down and sheep grazing area, but is now built up. West Blatchington manor had various lords over the centuries, but unlike Adrington and Hangleton, it was always associated with lords in the east such Lewes, Falmer, and Patcham. It is now known for its windmill and secondary school. To the east of West Blatchington is Westdene.

Hangleton is to the north of Aldrington and sits between Portslade Village and West Blatchington. The manors of Hangleton and Aldrington formed part of the Fishersgate Half Hundred, together with the neighbouring manor of Portslade. The lords of the Hangleton manor from 1291 to 1446 were the de Poynings, a Sussex gentry family that gave their name to the present parish of Poynings.

Hangeton was a medieval downland village in the 13th century, and by the early 14th century it had a population of about 200. Later, the village was abandoned for around six hundred years. It started to grow again in the 1950s with other areas of Brighton and is now popular for its views of the sea and green spaces.

Hangleton and West Blatchingham downland

Between Hangleton and Westdene, south of the A27, is Toads Hole Valley. Its west slope, below Downland Drive, was once an unspoilt place for wildlife and still home to threatened species such as dormice, hedgehogs, and adders. The valley has been unmanaged for many years and the area has turned to scrub. It has now been designated for development and up to three hundred homes are planned to be built on the site.

To the north of the A27 are two golf courses, the West Hove and Brighton and Hove Golf courses. The two are divided by the Old Dyke Railway Trail which follows part of the route taken by the old Dyke Railway Branch Line. The line opened in September 1887 and took people from Hove to the popular downland beauty spot of Devil's Dyke. When the railway closed in December 1938, the line lay unused until the Dyke Railway Trail was created in 1988. There are a number of ways through Hangleton to a bridge over the A27 bypass where the trail begins, but the original route took you from Aldrington railway station and above the Hove cemetery. Much of the trail across the Downs is on a hard surface.

There are many archaic Down pastures in the area. To the west is Benfield Hill (), a Local Nature Reserve which is famous for its glowworm displays on midsummer evenings. On the steep east side of the hill there is large thyme, autumn gentian and many butterflies. Bee orchids can be also found in some years. To the north of this area is the Poynings parish and the impressive geography of Devil's Dyke.

To the east is Round Hill where there are many signs of the past from different periods of human history. There are several old barrows in the area. There is an old flint barn () called the  Skeleton Hovel which is thought to commemorate a prehistoric burial site. Round Hill's eastern slope () is the richest chalk grassland site in Hangleton, though it desperately needs grazing management for its many downland flowers such as field fleawort, chalk milkwort, orchids, cowslips, hairy violet, rockrose, crested hair-grass, and devil's bit scabious.  There are two rare Forester moth species, fox moth and heath moth, purse-web spider, moss, and pygmy snails. To the north of Round Hill is the Newtimber parish.

Westdene, Withdean, and Patcham

Patcham, Westdene, and Withdean are divided by the London Road. Of the three, Patcham (), has much the longest history of human settlement and retains much from its agricultural past. It was one of the bigger settlements in Sussex at the time of Domesday book, with 10 shepherds and six slaves and a medieval Archbishop of Canterbury came from the village. The area still has many old flint cottages, big allotment sites and winding twittens. There is Patcham Place and Park. The best cluster of buildings comprise its Norman church (which has kept part of its medieval wall paintings) and the old buildings of Patcham Court Farm, with a 17th-century flint farmhouse and dovecot.

The areas of Withdean and Westdene were historically farmland but have been developed, mainly in the 1920s and 1930s, with a mix of detached, semi-detached and mid-rise flats. The Withdean manor was originally the property of the great Cluniac Priory of St. Pancras at Lewes, until 1537. This was then given to Anne of Cleves in 1541 by Henry VIII. The manor was demolished in 1936. Westdene sits to the north of Brighton, east of West Blatchington and north of Withdean.

Withdean Park is to the east of the London Road, and is home to the national collection of lilacs with over 250 varieties. Collections of berberis, cotoneaster and viburnum can also be found here. Withdean Woods is next to Withdean stadium and is a wooded hillside nature reserve approximately 2.47 acres (1 ha) in size. It is the home of several woodland birds including the great spotted woodpecker, tawny owl, goldcrest, firecrest, and in winter the stinking hellebore.

Waterhall downland

To the west of the A23 and north of Westdene and the A27 is Waterhall (), and its lost 18th century farm is now the site of football and rugby pitches. The Waterhall Golf Course has just been given over to a version of rewilding which involves the restoration of species-rich chalk grassland There is still a significant population of adders. By the bridlepath just downhill of the old clubhouse there are the damaged remains of a Bronze Age round barrow () which has long acted as a marker on the old parish boundaries. Since the cessation of golf play harebell, scabious, cowslip, rockrose, betony, Sussex rampion and horseshoe vetch have flowered ebulliently. There are large old anthills and chalkhill, small and adonis blue and brown argus butterflies, and all three species of Forester moth. At the corner of the Saddlescombe Road and the turn-off to the golf clubhouse, there is a sarsen stone () marking this point in the medieval boundary between Patcham and West Blatchington parishes.

To the north is Varncombe Hill, which borders the Newtimber parish. Its south-west facing slope() is heavily scrubbed-up, though lovely old pasture glades survive. Rockrose is one of the commonest flowers here, with some of its associated fungi. The west facing slopes of Varncombe Hill () were sold by Brighton Council with the rest of Saddlescombe Farm to the National Trust, but the Trust did not dedicate them as Access land, though they qualified and the National Trust had the power to do so.

To the east of Waterhall is Sweet Hill. The Hill has a flowery bank on its western slope (), a bushy lynchet and an old dewpond site on its brow. The Sussex Border Path takes you north to Pangdean Bottom and the Pyecombe parish. Pangdean Bottom is the west of the A23 and is rented by a tenant farmer from Brighton and Hove City Council, who have owned it since 1924. It includes ancient chalk grassland slopes where there are still chalkland flowers and butterflies. In late summer, the valley's north side has one of the largest populations of autumn ladies-tresses orchid has been recorded, together with a large population of the white variety of the self heal violet. The scrub at the head of the valley is old and diverse, with wayfaring tree, old man's beard, honeysuckle, hazel, and gorse.

In July 2021 the Sussex-based 'Landscapes of Freedom' group, together with Nick Hayes and Guy Shrubsole of the 'Right to Roam' network, organised a mass trespass in protest against the lack of public access to this valley and its management for game bird shooting, which has badly affected its chalk grassland wildlife. Over 300 people walked from Waterhall, Brighton, to Pangdean Bottom in protest. The public are actively discouraged from walking in the area and scrub has been allowed to grow on the pristine downland, whilst other parts have been ploughed out.

To the north of the city boundary in this area is the Pycombe parish.

Patcham downland

The Downland to the north of Patcham leads up to Ditchling Beacon and the western end of the Clayton to Offham Escarpment. Tegdown Hill is the next hill to the west of the downland Ditchling Road. A remarkable "ring barrow" survives () on its brow, together with the slight mounds of two other bowl barrows. Tegdown ring barrow has been described as "probably the best of this type in the county". It consists of a circular bank with a ditch and a flattish interior. It lies just south of a big dried up dew pond. From Tegdown you can see the three Iron Age camps of Hollingbury Castle, Ditchling Beacon, and the Devil's Dyke. To the north of the city boundary is the long Ditchling parish.

The Mid Sussex track of the Sussex Border Path starts at the A27 roundabout and the eastern track takes you up Ewebottom Hiil leaving Scare Hill to its west, passing the Chattri to the east and on to Holt Hill and the Pyecombe parish. The western track takes you to Waterhall across the A23.

Those walking from Patcham towards Standean farm descend the hill into Ewe Bottom and have the pleasure of the intact, old Tegdown pastures to their right, where the steepest slope and the lynchets have fine chalk downland flowers. Opposite the slope is the mouth of Deep Bottom (), the southerly slope of which is a colourful old pasture site with abundant rockrose and which rises up to the Chattri. In autumn there are boletes and several old meadow waxcaps and a fairy club fungus.

To the south of the A27 and on the western edge of Patcham is Ladies Mile Down (), which has designated as a Local nature reserve. The area is a remarkable survival of plateau chalk grassland on Downland, where almost all such flattish sites have been destroyed by modern farming. The ancient turf has preserved lots of odd linear banks, which are surviving fragments of an Iron Age and Romano-British lynchetted field system. The banks once stretched across the line of the A27 bypass, beyond which one or two more fragments also survive. At the eastern end of the Down, is a Bronze Age burial mound recognisable as a low, grassy tump. The area is rich with summer flowers. Harebell, Sussex rampion flower, rockrose, and yellow rattle are enjoyed by locals here and at midsummer there are still good numbers of glowworms. Later in the summer months, the violet-blue of devil's-bit scabious and the powder-blue lesser scabious radiate.

The Chattri

The Chattri () is a place of memorial and a destination for walks. It can be accessed from the Sussex Border Path to its west or by scrambling through the thickets of Deep Bottom. It is a solemn place where the bodies of First World War Indian Sikh and Hindu soldiers who died from wounds whilst being nursed at the Brighton Pavilion "passed through the fire", for this was their "ghat", or place of cremation. Its white Sicilian marble dome is in good condition, but the surrounding memorial garden is often unkept.

Hollingbury and Hollingdean

What is now considered to be Hollingbury is the slope facing west, east of Patcham and north of Fiveways. However, old Hollingbury was the crest of the hill by the hillfort, Hollingbury Park and even the east-facing slope. Until the 1930s the area was open downland with farms, small-holdings and piggeries. After World War Two, Hollingbury was used for a factory estate with the housing for the workforce.

Hollingdean is in the combe east of Ditchling Road and rising up to the north-facing slope to Roedale allotments, the golf course and hillfort. It is now mainly a residential area, with many council houses to the east and low-rise flats in the central part, with late 19th- and early 20th-century terraced houses towards Fiveways.

Hollingbury Castle, Hollingbury Woods, and Wild Park

There is an oasis of undeveloped green space at the peak of the Down between Hollingbury, Hollingdean, and Coldean. At its centre is Hollingbury Castle or Hillfort ().This Iron Age hillfort is a scheduled ancient monument, of Iron Age date, whilst the four mounded round barrows within its ramparts are made by Bronze Age people, who held this place sacred. There are thickets of gorse which shine yellow in spring and are home to linnets and goldfinch. European stonechat is a familiar bird, too, and the rarer whinchat and redstart are seen regularly on passage to and from their breeding grounds. The soil within and around the camp has a layer of superficial acidity, with sorrel, bent-grass, and tormentil growing there.

To the south is Hollingbury Golf Course, the Roedale allotments and Hollingbury Park (). The park was originally part of the golf course. Its Edwardian pavilion was the original (circa 1908) clubhouse. East of the Park is the two-century-old Hollingbury Woods, now full of the rotting carcasses of beech giants toppled in the 1987 gale. It is a popular walk, with Fittleworth Stone walks, glades, and benches. It has received the loving care of a local "Friends" group for many years now.
To the west of Moulsecoombe is Wild Park (). The park is a valley/coombe which runs down from Hollingbury Castle and was opened in 1925. In the 1850s the valley, then known as Hollingbury Coombe, was one of the most famous of Sussex sites for lepidopterists (butterfly and moth experts), but dark green and silver-washed fritillary and silver-spotted skipper, once present in numbers, are rarely seen there now. Despite this, there are parts which are still rich in diversity and it is still good for butterflies. In spring one may still see the green hairstreak or orange-tip or find the wacky small bloody-nosed beetle and there are still adonis, chalkhill and common blues and brown argus and glowworms in midsummer. There are also orchids, harebells, sheets of rockrose, Sussex rampion, devil's-bit, and carline thistle. In autumn there are fungi too, including penny-bun bolete, collared earthstar, stinkhorn, and shaggy inkcap in the circling woods.

Coldean, Moulsecoomb, and Bevendean

Coldean, Moulsecoomb, and Bevendean are suburbs developed by Brighton Corporation in the 1950s necessitated by the acute housing shortage in the area after World War II. The districts are all in beautiful downland areas.

Coldean occupies a deep valley on the historic boundary of Falmer and Stanmer parishes and is only separated from Hollingbury Hillfort by Wild Park.  It has recently been approved to build over two hundred new homes in green land adjoining the South Downs and Stanmer Estate that ten years ago had been proposed to be a Local Nature Reserve.

Bevendean is in a valley nestled between Bevendean Down and Heath Hill.

Moulsecoomb is on the other side of the Lewes Road and backs on to Falmer Hill, and is home to the University of Brighton's Moulsecoomb campus and Moulsecoomb Place. North of Moulsecoomb is the Falmer train station, University of Brighton's Falmer campus, and Falmer Stadium.

Stanmer village and Stanmer park

In this area to the north east of Coldean are two further valleys. The first is occupied by Stanmer village (), a village with much historical value. The upper village street has eighteen flint cottages, with colourful gardens. The church was reconstructed in 1838, but the date of the original church can be guessed from the two huge and knotty yews in the churchyard. Next to the church is a pond, which although often unkempt, is probably the reason why Stanmer is so called, as "stan mere" is likely to derive from the Saxon "stony pool".:312 Between the church and the barn is a Tudor well 252 feet deep and a wooden donkey wheel, like that at Saddlescombe, contained within a flint well-house. The well was in use until mains water was installed in 1900.

Stanmer Woods were transformed in the 18th century after the Pelhams, later Earls of Chichester, had bought them. They planted a circle of woods along the hill-tops surrounding the dry valley in which the village lay and more shaws and clumps were scattered within. In 2007 the City Council took the initiative after the recent retirement of the Park's farming tenant and opened up all the closed woods and pasture fields to public access. The paths, gates and benches the council made are all popular with Brighton residents and beyond.

The largest plantation is called the Great Wood () and has acquired many of the plants of ancient woodland, some by planting and some have made their own way there. Under the council's control there has been much imaginative new planting too: "The trees are laid out alphabetically, with Acer and Betula at the lower east end and Ulmus and Zelkova high up to the west"., and on the lawns behind the House is a gigantic Blue Atlas Cedar with several slighter companions.

The next valley is occupied by the University of Sussex, which opened in 1961. In 2021, it is the place of study of over 16,000 students. The Brighton and Hove City border is surrounded by the large Falmer parish in this area.

Bevendean Down and Falmer Hill

Bevendean Down () is a local nature reserve. Its hot, south-facing slopes and as a result is home to lizards and many butterflies. The area is well looked after by local people in cooperation with the tenant farmer and the Council rangers. There is a dew pond where swallows and house martins skim the water. Chalkhill and adonis blue and brown argus butterflies are found in numbers in the area. Hogtrough Bottom () has a mixture of taller grassland, short sheep's fescue turf, and scrub. On the shorter ground some years are large swarms of autumn ladies tresses. There are lots of scarce species such as bastard toadflax, waxcap, and webcap fungi, four-spot orb-weaver and purseweb spiders, but the tapestry of summer colours is the main delight which come from the purple knapweed and felwort, blue scabious, yellow hawkbit, and rockrose.

On the southern side of Bevendean is Heath Hill which runs up to Warren Road and two horse pasture smallholdings, Southdown Riding Stables () and Inglesíde Stables to the east. Neither receive any agro-chemicals and consequently have gathered rich wildlife in the past half century. Swallows and swifts, bats and dung beetles, rooks and woodpecker and the hornet robberfly all survive on the rich supply of insects attracted by the pony dung. Both the farmsteads of Southdown's and Ingleside Stables are targeted for housing development within Brighton and Hove City Council's draft City Plan Part 2. The loss of these two farmsteads, which organise the grazing of these nature-rich pastures, would put them at risk.

Falmer Hill () gives great views across to Hollingbury Castle and Stanmer Park and the higher Downs beyond. The Hill's top remained unploughed till the last World War. It had a cluster of about ten probably Saxon barrows and a couple of round barrows. Nothing remains now except white smears of chalk and flint on the ploughed earth, where the barrows were. To the west of the Hill is City boundary which borders the Kingston near Lewes parish.

Kemptown, Whitehawk and Roedean

Kemp Town is a district to east of Brighton. It was designed by Thomas Read Kemp (1782–1844). It includes the elegant Grade I listed buildings such as those of Sussex Square, Lewes Crescent, Arundel, and Chichester Terraces, and the less prestigious areas such as Rock Gardens to the east. The area includes the Royal Sussex Hospital. The beach south of Kemp Town is known as Black Rock. To the east of Kemp Town is Roedean gap. There is some housing and Roedean school, a public girls school that faces the sea.

To the north of Kemp Town is Whitehawk, a district of Brighton that has been built since 1931. On the saddle between Whitehawk Hill and Race Hill is Whitehawk Camp which is a Neolithic causewayed camp, one of eight causewayed camps known to have existed in the Sussex Downs. The camp is a scheduled ancient monument. To the northwest of Whitehawk is Brighton Race Course. Horse racing started on the Hill in the late 18th century next to the causewayed camp.

Whitehawk Hill, Sheepcote Valley, and East Brighton Golf Course

Whitehawk Hill's lower slopes have large allotment sites, and there is a transmitting station on its top. To the north of the hilltop is the neolithic Whitehawk Camp.

To the east of Whitehawk is Sheepcote Valley (). Here over  are open to the public. In the 1870s there was a rifle range for volunteer soldiers sited here. The park was acquired in 1913 and laid out with plants and sports pitches in 1925. The northern part of the Valley served for many years as a municipal rubbish dump. When that purpose was completed, however, a kilometre and more of the upper Valley was terraced with six giant steps, which have now softened further with the cover of grass and low scrub. Now many birds breed in the area and many more pass through and stop extended periods on migration. Uncommon bird species are often seen there, such as rare warblers, wryneck, and redstarts. Sheepcote's lower valley has a caravan park where the first municipal site in the country was opened in 1938. There are playing fields embraced by the valley slopes and a café in East Brighton Park.

To its east is East Brighton Golf Course () with extensive roughs, scrub thickets, and woodland. In winter, short-eared owls often reside in the area. Below the course is Roedean Bottom (). It sits between Roedean School and a pitch and putt golf course. On the east slope of the Bottom there is a little piece of aboriginal Downland turf, where in late summer autumn ladies tresses orchid grow, with carline thistle and hairy violet. Tiny moss snail in the turf demonstrates the site's antiquity. East again from the Golf Course (and southwest of Woodingdean) is Wick Bottom (). This peaceful dean takes its name from the medieval farm on the Falmer Road, now long-gone. The name 'wick' may denote a far more ancient, perhaps Roman, farmstead. In modern times it has been a place of arable stubbles, but there be a good array of chalk loving plants such as night flowering catchfly, henbit deadnettle, field madder, round-leaved fluellen, and common fumitory.

Woodingdean, Ovingdean, and Rottingdean

Ovingdean () is east of Brighton and slightly set back from the sea. It is a historic settlement that has existed since at least the Iron Age

about 600 BC. In ancient documents, the area is described as "Ofamn-inge-denu" or "the valley of the enclosure of Ofa's people". The Domesday book of 1086 records that the manor of 'hovingedene'. At that time the population of Ovingdean was about 90 people who included the lord of the manor and his family.

By 2020 there were nearer 1,200 inhabitants and many new buildings, but the old core of Ovingdean still exists and many flint walls, old cottages, barns (converted) and gentry houses have been retained. The Norman church of St Wulfran's is the oldest surviving building in the village and has lots of surviving early details. North of the church the stonewalled paddock is full of humps and hollows that mark where a Saxon thane had his manor house. To the south of the village in front of the sea is one of Blind Veterans UK's rehabilitation centres. On the beach is a cafe and beach for rock pooling at low tide.

Rottingdean is east of Ovingdean and has more history still. The first settled inhabitants of Rottingdean were the Neolithic people, arriving around 2500 BC. It later became famed for sea faring activities and primarily a centre for smuggling. Rottingdean is its own parish despite being with the Brighton and Hove boundary. Beacon Hill is a Local Nature Reserve (LNR) set up because of its pristine chalk grassland and  archaeological features. A historic windmill is at the centre of the nature reserve.

Woodingdean is north of Ovingdean and east of the Brighton Racecourse. It was extensively developed during the 1950s and 1960s when most of the roads in the north-eastern and southern ends of the village were built. The name Woodingdean came from Woodendean (i.e. wooded valley) Farm which was situated in the south end of what is now Ovingdean. This farm existed from before 1714 until 1979. Perhaps the earliest farming settlement to be identified in the area was situated in Wick Bottom. It was here that the Wick Farm, later Warren Farm was situated.

East Brighton Downland and undercliff path

Between the Brighton Marina and Saltdean is the undercliff path. It passes cafes at Ovingdean and Rottingdean. Many people use the path to walk, run or cycle either for amusement or to reach their destinations avoiding the up and down of the busy road above. The entire stretch of beach provides excellent home to rock pool loving species and sea and wading birds take advantage. Fulmars, peregrine falcons, ravens and rock pipits are just some of the bird life that nest in the chalk cliffs. This area is the only place on these southern cliffs that sea stock is native. Sea lavender also clings to the cliff ledges. Occasionally one can find samphire, too.

To the west of the Falmer Road from Woodingdean is Happy Valley (), a bushy, cattle-grazed slope with old Down pasture herbs, bits of gorse, and thorn. Further south is Mount Pleasant (). The west slope looks over Wick Bottom and is a small triangle of rich chalk grassland. It's rough and derelict, but special wildlife clings on. There's big swarms of Pride of Sussex rampion, dropwort, horseshoe vetch, and hairy violet. European stonechat frequent its thorn and bramble.

Just east of Woodingdean, is the Bostle barrow field (). There is a cluster of at least twenty-seven small low grassy mounds, which are probably Saxon, and three larger, probably Bronze Age barrows on the top of the hill just south of the bridleway fence line. The barrow field is a 'precious fragment' of antiquity surrounded by agricultural fields. The Bostle combe slope () is an ancient Down pasture slope with the softest sheep's fescue turf, just south of the barrow field.

East a little further there is one of the most special natural sites in the Brighton area, Castle Hill (). The area is known for its early spider orchids, Roesel's bush-cricket, wart-biter grasshopper, and dramatic butterfly displays that include dark green fritillary, adonis blue, and thousands of chalkhill blues.

The Brighton and Hove boundary

From west to east the administrative boundary of Brighton and Hove begins on the coast at Gate 4 of Shoreham Port. It crosses the Southwick Ship Canal and the A259 between Brambledean Road and St Richard's Road in Portslade. From here, the border joins Eastbrook Road, and runs north up St Aubrey's Crescent. It then runs along the Sussex Border Path, through Fishersgate Station, separating Portslade from the neighbouring town of Southwick. Running west of Mile Oak, the border crosses the A27 skirting Mile Oak Farm and continues towards Devil's Dyke, before turning east over the Downs. The border then extends north from Tydell Farm to the outskirts of Pyecombe – its most northerly point. It crosses the A23 at the Patcham Pylons, which signifies the border for incoming traffic.

Continuing east, the border runs north of the Chattri and Standean Farm, before crossing Ditchling Road at the Upper Lodges and running along the northerly limits of Stanmer Park and Stanmer Village. At this point, the border turns south and runs to the eastern edge of the University of Sussex campus, re-crossing the A27 along The Drove and passing east of Falmer Stadium. It continues along The Drove and Falmer Road to Woodingdean. Running north of Woodingdean, the border then heads southeast through Balsdean before adjoining to a footpath which enters Saltdean at the top of Longridge Avenue. The border runs down Longridge Avenue to the junction with Lynwood Road, where it turns south over houses and back across the A259 before returning the coastline at the eastern end of Saltdean Beach.

Governance

As a unitary authority, Brighton and Hove City Council provides local government services, combining the functions of a non-metropolitan county and district council. Elections to the council are held every four years, with the most recent taking place in 2019. Councillors annually elect a Mayor of Brighton and Hove – a ceremonial position. The current mayor is Councillor Jackie O'Quinn. A proposal to introduce a directly elected mayor to the city was rejected by referendum in 2001. As a result, the council uses a cabinet system to form its executive. Geoff Raw is the current chief executive. Both Brighton Town Hall in The Lanes, and Hove Town Hall on Church Road are used as meeting places for council.

The council was under Labour majority control until 2003, when it fell into no overall control until 2023. During this period the council has been controlled by minority administrations of all three major parties in Brighton and Hove: Labour, the Conservatives and the Greens. The first Green administration, elected in 2011, was the first time any Green Party had run a council in the UK, highlighting the city as the party's primary area of support. A Labour administration was elected in 2015, and the party narrowly retained a plurality in 2019, however expulsions from the Labour group led to the Greens regaining control of the administration in 2020. At the 2023 local elections,  Labour regained control of the council. Bella Sankey is the current Leader of the council.

Three constituencies cover Brighton and Hove in the UK Parliament. Hove is represented by Labour MP Peter Kyle. Brighton Pavilion, which covers central and northern Brighton, is represented by Green MP Caroline Lucas – the UK's first and only MP from the Green Party. Brighton Kemptown, which covers East Brighton, as well as areas outside of Brighton and Hove, such as Telscombe Cliffs and Peacehaven, is represented by Labour MP Lloyd Russell-Moyle.

Wards

Economy and demography

The economy of the city is service-based with a strong emphasis on creative, digital and electronic technologies.  Tourism and entertainment are important sectors for the city, which has many hotels and amusements, as well as Brighton Pier and Shoreham/Portslade Harbour.

The United Kingdom Census 2011 showed a substantial fall in the proportion of the population claiming Jobseeker's Allowance or Income Support, from 10.1% of the resident population in 2001, to 4.5% of the resident population in 2011.

Demography
The first census of Brighton was in 1801.

The resident population of Brighton and Hove at the 2011 census was 273,369 persons, 50% male and 50% female.

The 2011 census found the ethnic composition of Brighton and Hove to be 89.1% white (80.5% white British, 1.4% white Irish, 7.1% other white), 4.1% Asian (1.1% Chinese, 1.1% Indian, 0.5% Bangladeshi, 1.2% other Asian), 3.8% mixed race (1.5% mixed black/white, 1.2% mixed white/Asian, 1.0% other mix), 1.5% black, and 0.8% Arab.

The 2011 census found the religious composition to be 42.90% Christian, 42.42% nonreligious, 2.23% Muslim, 1.00% Buddhist, and 0.98% Jewish. 1.66% were adherents of some other religion, while 8.81% did not state their religion.

In the 2001 census, Brighton and Hove had the highest percentage of citizens indicating their religion as Jedi among all principal areas of England and Wales.

Ethnicity

Religion

Freedom of the City
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Brighton and Hove.

Individuals
 Sir Peter Field: 15 July 2021.
 Tony Bloom: 18 May 2017.
 Chris Hughton: 18 May 2017.

Military Units
 The Royal Sussex Regiment: 27 October 1944. (Borough of Brighton).
 The Royal Sussex Regiment: 1958. (Borough of Hove).
 The Queen's Regiment: 31 December 1966. (Borough of Brighton).
 The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment: 1996.

Organisations and Groups
 Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club: 28 November 2023.

See also
 Healthcare in Sussex
 Pipe organs of Brighton and Hove
 Brighton
 Hove

References

External links

Government agencies established in 1997
Local government in East Sussex
Unitary authority districts of England
Cities in South East England
Local government districts of South East England
Coast to Capital Local Enterprise Partnership
1997 establishments in England
Boroughs in England

Brighton and Hove


Inkvaders is an alien invasion game for the iPhone.

Summary
A hand drawn hero has to protect Earth from Martians. The hero can choose from a laser, a gun, and a rocket launcher as weapons and can use a jet pack. The Martians can only shoot their lasers at close range. The hero can collect power-ups to purchase weapons, ammo, health, and jet pack fuel. Game is no longer on the app store.

Reception
Robert Workman, of Modojo, said that the game reminds him of 1950s sci-fi, has a good soundtrack, and that he enjoys seeing the aliens explode. His problems with it is that the game is repetitive and that the later levels are really hard. An appVersity reviewer said that they liked the game, but thinks that it's hard to believe that games like this are a hit.

References

2009 video games
Alien invasions in video games
IOS games
IOS-only games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Video games about extraterrestrial life
Chillingo games

Inkvaders


Times Radio is a British digital radio station owned by News UK, part of the Murdoch media empire. It is jointly operated by Wireless Group (which News UK acquired in 2016), The Times and The Sunday Times.

As of September 2023, the station has a weekly audience of 498,000, according to RAJAR.

History
The launch of Times Radio was first announced on 28 January 2020. Unusually for a commercial radio station, it was conceived with the specific purpose of increasing take-up of the digital subscription package for The Times and The Sunday Times newspapers. The focus of the station was outlined in a webcast on 18 May 2020, where the tone was described as "measured, well-informed and non-adversarial". The station announced its full schedule on 2 June, and launched at 6 am on 29 June.

On its first day on air, the station broadcast interviews with Prime Minister Boris Johnson, former Chancellors George Osborne and Alistair Darling, actress Rose McGowan and the author Margaret Atwood.

On 15 October 2020, the first TV advertisement for the station was launched in the UK; it featured presenters John Pienaar, Giles Coren, Aasmah Mir, Matt Chorley, Michael Portillo, Mariella Frostrup and Stig Abell.

Gloria De Piero left the station in May 2021 to present a weekday afternoon show on GB News. Her Friday morning slot was replaced by Matt Chorley's programme, which became a Monday to Friday show.

Format
The format is in some ways similar to that of the news element of BBC Radio 5 Live, consisting mostly of live three-hour blocks fronted by a single presenter, except for the four-hour breakfast show with two presenters, and (on weekdays) a one-hour "early breakfast" at 5 am. With the exception of early breakfast and Matt Chorley's programme, the presenting line-up on Fridays is entirely separate from the Monday-Thursday schedule, with the weekend schedule also being distinct in its programming. Overnight hours are filled with a combination of highlights from the day's output and The Timess own podcasts. At weekends at 7 pm there are also original pre-recorded features.

There are news bulletins on the hour and summaries on the half-hour. The half-hourly summary is followed by a sports bulletin provided by Times Radio's sister station Talksport. The format accommodates live coverage of major political statements or statements from the House of Commons when required.

The content of the station builds to a large extent on the content of The Times and The Sunday Times newspapers. Discussion is mainly studio-based, although there are occasional outside reports when resources allow. The station does not generally use pre-recorded "packages" as heard on the BBC and elsewhere. Nor does it carry phone-ins, though listeners are invited to submit comments via text message, email and social media.

The station was originally free of spot advertising, which was introduced in February 2022.  Certain programmes are sponsored; the first programme to gain a sponsorship deal was Giles Coren's Friday lunchtime show, which was sponsored by Fortnum and Mason.  The station also raises revenue by generating subscriptions to The Times and The Sunday Times online.  There are frequent announcements encouraging listeners to take out a subscription, especially after items directly related to a newspaper article.

Whilst some of the station's programmes have a strong focus on hard news, presenters such as Mariella Frostrup host shows which also focus on the arts and other light-hearted subjects. This can lead to last-minute changes of presenter when a major news story breaks, as was the case upon the announcement of the death of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, which happened shortly before Giles Coren's programme was due to air and led to the show being cancelled in favour of a live programme covering the death initially hosted by Cathy Newman and Stig Abell.

Broadcasting platforms
Times Radio is available in the UK on DAB digital radio and worldwide via a free app on iOS or Android, via the newspaper's own website, and on some smart speakers. Programmes are available for seven days after broadcast either via the app or via the website.

Studios
Times Radio primarily broadcasts from a dedicated studio complex within The News Building in Central London, which is the headquarters of its ultimate owner News UK. It broadcasts from the 14th floor.

Critical reception
The station gained some unexpected publicity on its launch day when some listeners on smart speakers were directed to a similarly named radio network in Malawi operated by The Daily Times. A phone call to the Malawian network was featured on the following morning's breakfast programme. On the station's launch day, Mark Lawson wrote in The Guardian that "on the early evidence, Times Radio most resembled a good-quality karaoke BBC Radio 5 Live."

Writing in The Observer after the first week's broadcasting, Miranda Sawyer said: "Pre-launch, there was much speculation that Times Radio would be a rival to Radio 4. But aside from news shows, Radio 4 is structured around many non-live 'built' programmes: documentaries, drama, panel shows with audiences. For the moment, Times Radio doesn't have the resources to create these, and aside from a couple of pre-recorded phone interviews, everything on air is going out live. It's less Radio 4, more a light version of Radio 5 Live. 5 Lite."

Presenters

Current

Stig Abell
Kait Borsay
Matt Chorley
Alexis Conran
Ruth Davidson
Mariella Frostrup
Ayesha Hazarika
Aasmah Mir
Cathy Newman
Calum Macdonald
Chloe Tilley
John Pienaar
Michael Portillo
Hugo Rifkind
Carole Walker
Adam Boulton
Kate McCann
Darryl Morris
Jane Garvey
Fi Glover
Rick Kelsey

Former
Gloria De Piero
Giles Coren
Tom Newton Dunn
Jenny Kleeman
Phil Williams
Rachel Sylvester
Alice Thomson

References

External links

News and talk radio stations in the United Kingdom
Radio stations established in 2020
2020 establishments in the United Kingdom
Radio stations in England
Digital-only radio stations

Times Radio


The 1929 Curtiss Model 53 Condor, also known as the Curtiss Model 53 Condor 18 or the Curtiss CO Condor, was a civil passenger version of the Model 52 Condor bomber. A twin-engined biplane, it carried 18 passengers.

Design and development

The Model 53 was an airliner version of the Model 52 Condor B-2 bomber, also introduced in 1929. It was a large, equal span, three bay biplane with parallel pairs of interplane struts. Its wings had a rectangular plan out to rounded tips. Like the rest of the aircraft, they had an all-metal structure and were fabric covered. The first three Model 53s were modified B-2s on which only the lower wing was set with dihedral (5°); the three built from scratch had dihedral on both wings. There were ailerons on both upper and lower wings, externally connected.

Its two  Curtiss Conqueror pressurized water-cooled V-12 engines were mounted on top of the lower wing in long cowlings. Geared down from an engine optimum 2,400 rpm by a factor of two, they drove three-bladed propellers.  They were cooled by longitudinally oriented, rectangular profile radiators proud above each cowling. Their nacelles were long, extending beyond the trailing edges, containing the fuel tanks behind the engines and, unusually, baggage holds at their rears.

The Condor had a rectangular section fuselage. The flight crew of two sat side-by-side in an enclosed cabin entered by built-in ladder and floor hatch. The normal arrangement in the passenger cabin behind them, high enough for a tall passenger to stand upright, was six rows of three seats accessed by a side aisle. These could be subdivided by screens for privacy or modified to contain a sleeper cabin with berths for four; for night flights a twelve berth all sleeper configuration was proposed. Particular attention was given to sound insulation and to ventilation; the Condor was the first airliner to feature cabin steam heating. The flight attendant had a space at the rear, where there was also a toilet.

The lower tailplane of the Condor's biplane tail unit was mounted on top of the fuselage with the upper one held above it by the twin fins and central struts. Its rudders were generous and balanced.

The Condor had a fixed, conventional, wide track landing gear Its independent wheels, equipped with brakes, were on short vertical legs and had trailing drag struts from the engine mountings and transverse struts to the central fuselage underside. Its tailskid was tall and sprung.

Operational history

The first civil Condor, converted from a military Model 52, flew for the first time on 21 July 1929. Including the prototype, six were built. Of these, the first three were converted from bomber model 52s. They operated with TAT and Eastern Air Line, though only for about a year. The Conqueror's development was never quite completed and in 1932 the US Army, after spending large sums on it, withdrew support and turned to air-cooled engines.

Operators

T.A.T.
Eastern Air Lines

Specifications (CO Condor)

References

Further reading

Biplanes
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
1920s United States airliners
Curtiss aircraft

Curtiss Model 53 Condor


TenMarks Education, Inc. was an American company that provided personalized online math practice and enrichment programs for K-Algebra/Geometry using a structured approach of practice, on-demand hints, video lessons and real-time results.

Founded in 2009, TenMarks Education had offices in San Francisco, CA and Boston, MA (formerly Newton, MA)

Amazon acquired TenMarks in 2013 and discontinued TenMarks apps in 2019.

Milestones
• June 2009: Launched Beta Program for Middle School Math (6th, 7th and 8th Grade), pilot at a Middle School in Boston
• July 2009: Launched the "Step Up" Math Summer Program for Middle Schoolers
• September 2009: Raised First Round of Angel Investment
• October 2009: TenMarks goes Live with Middle School Curriculum in Math
• December 2009: TenMarks Live for Elementary School - Math for Grades 3,4,5 added
• January 2010: TenMarks Rolled Out at two Schools to Measure Efficacy
• February 2010:  TenMarks for High School Math Launched
• March 2010:  TenMarks Placement Assessment Released to Help Automate Personalization of TenMarks Curriculum
• April 2010: TenMarks launches TeacherZone - A free library of math videos for teachers
• May 2010: TenMarks launches Summer Programs – Offering 19 different, customized step up and foundation programs for students to combat Summer Learning Loss
• May 2010: TenMarks wins Dr. Toy The Best Vacation Product Award
• October 2013: Amazon acquires TenMarks to assist in pushing education through the kindle market.

• April 2018 - Amazon announced plans to stop offering TenMarks' learning apps after June 30, 2019.

References

External links
 TenMarks Home Page

Amazon (company) acquisitions
Education companies of the United States
2009 establishments in California
2019 disestablishments in California

TenMarks Education, Inc.


The Keg is a Canadian-owned chain of steakhouse restaurants and bars in Canada and the United States. The original "The Keg and Cleaver" restaurant was founded in 1971 by George Tidball in North Vancouver, British Columbia. By February 2018, The Keg had expanded to 160 locations in Canada and the United States, when Canadian food industry giant Cara Operations (now known as Recipe Unlimited) purchased the chain for $200 million, from then owners David Aisenstat (49%) and Fairfax Financial (51%). Aisenstat was the sole owner from 1997 until 2014.

History

The company was founded in 1971 in North Vancouver, British Columbia as The Keg 'n Cleaver by George Tidball at one very small, downstairs location in an old industrial building in the Moodyville area of lower Lonsdale. Today it operates in nine provinces (excluding only Prince Edward Island) and five American states.

The Keg is well known for buying up historic properties, refurbishing them and turning them into restaurants. Examples of this are the Keg Mansion in Toronto, and the Keg Manor at the Maplelawn Estate in Ottawa. The Downtown Winnipeg location opened in 1975 as The Keg and Cleaver in the former Hudson's Bay Company Garage on Garry Street, where it still operates today. Other notable heritage restorations are the Keg in Kamloops, British Columbia, which was a CN Station; and in New Westminster, British Columbia, formerly the city's CPR station. The Old Strathcona location, restored and opened in Edmonton, Alberta just three years after Tidball opened the first Keg, was built in 1912 as the Scona Apartments and Scona Garage, one of the earliest automobile sales and service locations in that city. This location has since closed.

Operations

The Keg's financial and physical operations have been managed by David Aisenstat for a number of years. The restaurants operated as Keg Restaurants Ltd. (KRL), with Aisenstat involved in selling to the British firm Whitbread PLC in 1987.  In 1997, Aisenstat arranged financing a purchased 100% of KRL back from Whitbread.

In 2002, KRL created The Keg Royalties Income Fund, sold through a public offering on the Toronto Stock Exchange, trading as . The Fund owns the trademarks and intellectual property of "The Keg", and receives an annual royalty of 4% of gross sales for restaurant locations in the Royalty Pool. KRL kept a 99-year license to use the name "The Keg"; it also provided management services to The Keg Royalties Income Fund at no cost as part of its long-term royalty and licensing agreement. The Fund's creation presented the first opportunity for the public to trade in any portion of The Keg group of companies, which were previously fully private.

On February 4, 2014, Aisenstat sold 51% of his private holdings in The Keg to Fairfax Financial, a publicly traded Canadian holding company. The transaction also introduced another indirect way for the public to invest in The Keg, by investing in Fairfax Financial.

On January 23, 2018, it was announced that Canadian food industry giant Cara Operations was purchasing KRL for $200 million. The deal closed in February 2018, with Fairfax Financial and David Aisenstat sharing $105 million plus 3.8 million Cara subordinate voting shares. Aisenstat joined Cara's board of directors and assumed executive oversight of the higher-end brands within the 19 restaurant chains then held by Cara. Cara also announced that the acquisition had prompted the company to change its own name, confirming on May 10, 2018 that it would be renamed Recipe Unlimited Corporation.

See also
List of Canadian restaurant chains

References

External links

Recipe Unlimited
Companies based in Richmond, British Columbia
Restaurant chains in Canada
Economy of the Western United States
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Steakhouses
Restaurants established in 1972
1972 establishments in British Columbia
2018 mergers and acquisitions

The Keg


The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (or Foreign Office) is a ministry of the Government of the United Kingdom. Its job it is to protect British interests around the world.

The minister responsible is known as the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, which is usually shortened to "Foreign Secretary". This position is one of the four most important in the government's Cabinet. James Cleverly is the current Foreign Secretary of the UK.

Departments of the United Kingdom Government

Foreign and Commonwealth Office


Alex Job Racing is a former professional sports car racing team based in the United States. The team, which is noted for its long-time association with Porsche, has competed in the American Le Mans Series, the IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge series, and the Rolex Sports Car Series, and fields a two-car effort in the Tudor United SportsCar Championship. On November 22, 2017, it was announced that Alex Job Racing will cease its professional racing operations to focus on its historic restoration and competition business.

Early history
Alex Job Racing was established in 1988 by Alex and Holly Job at their home in Florida. Alex Job raced sports cars, beginning with a Porsche 356 in 1969 and in 1976 competed in the 24 Hours of Daytona.  After finishing second at the 12 Hours of Sebring in 1991, Alex Job moved the team into a commercial shop and then retired from racing the following year.

American Le Mans Series

1999 (Privateer Team)

In 1999, for the inaugural season of IMSA's American Le Mans Series, Alex Job Racing competed with a Porsche 993 Carrera RSR. The team claimed a victory at the season opening 12 Hours of Sebring and again at Mosport and the team would finish the season 2nd in the GT Teams' Championship.

2000–06 (factory support)
For the 2000 season, the team ran the new 996 GT3-R chassis. Claiming victories at Mosport and the Texas Motor Speedway but failing to finish the season opening 12 Hours of Sebring and the season finale at Adelaide, the team finished second in the GT Teams' Championship to Dick Barbour Racing with drivers Randy Pobst fifth and Bruno Lambert sixth in the Drivers' Championship.

The 2001 season saw even more success for the team. Claiming three straight victories in the first three races, the team finished second to the BMW Motorsport team in the increasingly competitive GT category.  Drivers Lucas Luhr and Sascha Maassen finished third and fourth in the Drivers' Championship.

The team's hard work paid off in the 2002 season as the team expanded to a two-car operation. With Timo Bernhard and Jorg Bergmeister piloting the #22 car, and Sascha Maassen and Lucas Luhr sharing the #23 car, the team claimed wins at eight of ten races finishing the season first in the GT class Teams' Championship with Maassen and Luhr winning the Drivers' Championship.

The 2003 season would see record-breaking success from the Alex Job Racing team. With the same driver line-up as the previous season, the team would win all but one race at Road America and claim pole position and set the fastest race lap at every event. The team finished the season first in the GT Teams' Championship with drivers Maassen and Luhr first and Bernhard and Bergmeister second in the Drivers' Championship. The team also helped develop Porsche's sequential gearbox that would be used on all cars worldwide the following year.

The 2004 season would see even tougher competition for the team. Timo Bernhard and Jorg Bergmeister again piloted the #23 car with the new addition of Marc Lieb and Romain Dumas sharing the #24 car. Despite strong efforts from Flying Lizard Motorsports and Risi Competizione, the team claimed wins at seven of nine races. The team finished the season first in the GT class Teams' Championship.

2005 saw a shift for the team, running only a single factory-supported car piloted by Timo Bernhard and Romain Dumas. The second car was driven by Ian Baas and Darren Law. Having scored no points at the season opening 12 Hours of Sebring, the team won four races in a row at Mid-Ohio, Lime Rock, Infineon, and Portland. By season's end they would finish second in the GT2 Teams' Championship behind the Petersen/White Lightning group.

The Alex Job Racing team ran only a single car, piloted for the majority of the season by Mike Rockenfeller and Marcel Tiemann for the 2006 season. The team faced much tougher competition from Risi Competizione, Flying Lizard Motorsports, and the Petersen/White Lightning group. By season's end they would claim only a single win at the Reliant Park street circuit, the team's 50th profession win, and would finish fifth in the GT2 Teams' Championship with Mike Rockenfeller tenth in the Drivers' Championship.

2010-13 (customer program)

In 2010 the team return to competition in the American Le Mans Series with a customer program in the newly formed GT Challenge class. Bill Sweedler and Romeo Kapudija would compete together in a full season effort with Juan González and Butch Leitzinger competing in a second car for the first four races. González and Leitzinger, with the help of Leh Keen would score a victory at the season opening 12 Hours of Sebring followed by a second win at Long Beach. The team would finish the season second in the GTC Teams' Championship with full season drivers Sweedler and Kapudija fifth and sixth, respectively, in the Drivers' Championship.

The team only ran a single car driven by Bill Sweedler and Leh Keen for the 2011 season with Brian Wong and Butch Leitzinger substituting for Keen at certain races. The team faced tough competition from Tim Pappas and the Black Swan Racing Team. With three second-place finishes, the team finished second in the GTC Teams' Championship with Bill Sweedler fourth in the Drivers' Championship.

The 2012 season saw Alex Job Racing compete in both the GTC class with a Cooper MacNeil and Leh Keen driven Porsche 997 GT3 Cup and in the GT class with a Townsend Bell and Bill Sweedler driven Lotus Evora GTE that started at the second round of the season in Long Beach. Claiming three class victories and finishing the season with consistent results earned Alex Job Racing the GTC Teams' and Drivers' Championships. The Lotus Evora program was less successful. With no support to develop the car from Lotus, the team struggled to bring the car up to speed in the more competitive GT class. Townsend Bell and Bill Sweedler finished the season 17th in the Drivers' Championship and 7th in the Teams' Championship.

The 2013 season would be the final season of the American Le Mans Series before it merged with the Rolex Sports Car Series for the 2014 season. For 2013, the team continued its championship winning GTC program and also partnered with West Racing to campaign a Ferrari 458 GT2, replacing the failed Lotus Evora program. This year Cooper Macneil teamed with Jeroen Bleekemolen in the Porsche while the Ferrari was piloted by last year's team of Townsend Bell and Bill Sweedler. Despite only claiming two class wins, the team's consistent performance earned them their second GTC Drivers' Championship, while the Teams' Championship went to the Flying Lizard Motorsports team. The teams GT campaigned started the year at Sebring with a suspension failure-induced wreck and subsequent DNF. The team however repaired the car and campaign the rest of the season. Bill Sweedler and Townsend Bell finished 16th and 15th in the Drivers' Championship and 8th in the Teams Championship.

Rolex Sports Car Series
In 2006, the Alex Job Racing team competed for the first time in the Grand Am Rolex Sports Car Series with a Porsche-powered Daytona Prototype. Drivers Mike Rockenfeller and Patrick Long recorded two overall wins at Homestead and Virginia International Raceway. By season's end, Rockenfeller would finish 5th in the Drivers' Championship.

In 2007, the team's second full season of competition, drivers Patrick Long and Jorg Bergmeister, would claim an overall win at Laguna Seca as well as three top-five finishes and eleven top-ten results. Long would finish the season seventh in the Daytona Prototype Drivers' Championship.

In 2008 would claim two podium finishes as well as three top-five and seven top-ten results. Full season drivers Bill Auberlen and Joey Hand would finish outside the top ten in the Daytona Prototype Drivers' Championship.

United SportsCar Championship
With the merging of the American Le Mans Series and the Rolex Sports Car Series for the 2014 season, the Alex Job Racing team would field a two car Porsche 911 GT America effort in the new GT Daytona class. Cooper MacNeil would team with Leh Keen in the WeatherTech entry while Mario Farnbacher and Ian James would pilot the "Heart of Racing" entry in partnership with Team Seattle. Macneil and Keen managed a season best second-place finish at Road America and the pair finished second in the GTD Drivers' Championship. The pair of Farnbacher and James claimed a second-place finish at Belle Isle with Farnbacher ending the season tenth in the Drivers' Championship.

References

External links

Auto racing teams in the United States
Auto racing teams established in 1988
1988 establishments in Florida
Grand American Road Racing Association teams
American Le Mans Series teams
24 Hours of Le Mans teams
European Le Mans Series teams
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship teams

Alex Job Racing


Luna Park was a trolley park (a type of amusement park) in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, from 1905 to 1929.

Specifications

Constructed by Frederick Ingersoll, the park occupied a hilly  site bounded by Woodland Avenue, Woodhill, Mt. Carmel (originally Ingersoll Road), and East 110th Street and included roller coasters, carousels, a fun house, a Ferris wheel, a roller rink, a shoot-the-chutes ride, a concert shell, a dance hall, bumper cars, a baseball field, and a 20,000-seat stadium (unofficially called "Luna Bowl", destroyed by fire in August, 1929Clipped From The Akron Beacon Journal) in which American football was played.

On May 18, 1905, Cleveland's Luna Park became the second Ingersoll park of that name (out of 44) to have opened before his death in 1927, and the second amusement park (after Luna Park, Pittsburgh, which opened weeks earlier) to be covered with electrical lighting.

History
The monetary demands of upgrading and maintaining his embryonic chain of amusement parks forced Ingersoll, the original owner of Cleveland's Luna Park, to declare bankruptcy in 1908; Ingersoll was forced to sell his Cleveland park to Matthew Bramley, an original investor in (and, later, owner of) Ingersoll's Luna Park Amusement Company who built the Cleveland Trinidad Paving Company into the largest paving company in the world. Bramley added rides to Luna Park as its popularity as a trolley park grew, in part because beer was sold on the park grounds.

After the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the beginning of Prohibition (1920), a primary source of revenue was removed as the park's popularity waned. Bramley officially closed the gates to Luna Park in 1929 for the final time as the Great Depression took hold in the United States. The park was beset with incidences of arson, including the fire that destroyed the football stadium, and most of the rides were dismantled and moved to other amusement parks in the early 1930s. In June 1939, construction crews broke ground for a new housing development project to be built on the grounds where Luna Park once stood.  Woodhill Homes was completed on November 1, 1940, making it one of the nation's first public housing projects.

Luna Bowl tenants

The stadium at Luna Park The Cleveland Panthers of the first American Football League and the Cleveland Bulldogs of the National Football League played their home games in Luna Bowl, and (after the dismantling of the amusement rides had begun) the Federal League Cleveland Green Sox, Luna Bowl was the home to Negro league baseball teams Cleveland Tigers (1928) Cleveland Stars (1932), Cleveland Giants (1933), and Cleveland Red Sox (1934).

Collegiately, Case School of Applied Science defeated Western Reserve University 7–6 on November 19, 1927, during their annual rivalry football game, played only once at Luna Park.  The winning touchdown was scored by Case's Frank Herzegh.

Woodland Rink

The roller rink was added to Luna Park when the park was sold to Matthew Bramley in 1910. The roller rink was known as the Woodland Rink. On December 12, 1938, the last vestige of the park, the skating rink, was destroyed by fire.

References

External links

First-year tour of Cleveland's Luna Park
Timeline of additions to Cleveland's Luna Park, 1906-1925
Sanborn map showing parts of Luna Park including athletic field

Looking back: Luna Park

Amusement parks in Ohio
Culture of Cleveland
Defunct amusement parks in Ohio
Defunct American football venues in the United States
American Football League (1926) venues
Defunct baseball venues in the United States
Negro league baseball venues
History of Cleveland
Sports venues in Cleveland
1905 establishments in Ohio
1929 disestablishments in Ohio
Defunct sports venues in Ohio
Federal League venues

Luna Park, Cleveland


Decibelle (formerly Estrojam) is a 501c3 NFP music and culture festival that promotes equality and was established in 2003.  Past headliners have included, Wanda Jackson (First Lady of Rock who toured with Elvis in the 1950s and 1960s), Nina Hagen, Concrete Blonde, Cat Power, The Gossip, Peaches, Amy Ray of the Indigo Girls and Margaret Cho. The hip hop, post punk, disco, and dance-punk band ESG played their final show on Friday, September 21, 2007, at Chicago's Abbey Pub, during the Decibelle festival.

In 2006, Decibelle was featured in the Chicago Historical Society's "History of Women's Music" event. In 2008, Decibelle founder T. Khyentse James was awarded the "Outstanding Community Leader" Award from the National Organization for Women (Chicago) for Decibelle's work.

Decibelle has also presented workshops in healthcare, finance, entertainment business, do-it-yourself car maintenance, independent publishing and donates proceeds to beneficiaries that promote social change, human rights, non-violence and cultural arts.  Past beneficiaries have included Burma's Shan Women's Action Network, National Organization for Women and Girls Rock Chicago. In 2006, a rock band of 12-year-old girls from the Chicago Girls Rock Camp opened for 1970s punk artist Nina Hagen. In 2005, The Shan Women's Action Network and the US Campaign for Burma spoke on stage about their efforts to end brutality against women in Burma.

Past Estrojam/Decibelle Artists

Peaches
Cat Power
Margaret Cho
Concrete Blonde
Wanda Jackson
Nina Hagen
Amy Ray of the Indigo Girls
The Gossip
ESG's last show
Thurston Moore
Anne Waldman
MEN (JD and Jo of Le Tigre)
Team Dresch
Miss Kittin
Leslie and the Ly's
The Brazilian Girls
Bahamadia
Ice Cream Socialites
Michelle Tea
Lady Tigra
Pretty Girls Make Graves
Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings
All Girl Summer Fun Band
Capsula
Northern State
Kaki King
The Reputation
Kinnie Starr
Theo from the Lunachicks
Cynthia Plaster Caster
Staceyann Chin
Princess Superstar
Laura Love
Bitch and Animal
Ubaka Hill
Three Dollar Bill
National B-Girl Break Dancing Battle

References

External links
 DeciBelle

Music festivals in Chicago

Estrojam's Decibelle Music and Culture Festival


Ronald K. Richey (June 16, 1926 – August 25, 2010) was the chairman, president and chief executive officer of Torchmark Corporation.

Family and education
Richey was born in Erie, Kansas in 1926. The youngest of five boys, his brothers were Marion, Earle, Jr., Keith, and Leland.  His father owned a drug store where Richey worked.  After serving in the Army Air Corps during World War II, he received his undergraduate degree from Washburn University in 1949 and a law degree from Washburn Law in 1951.  In 1989, the school awarded him an honorary doctorate of commerce.  While an undergraduate he was initiated into the Kansas Beta chapter of Phi Delta Theta.  During law school he was a member of the law fraternity Delta Theta Phi.

Richey was married to Florence (Kane) Richey.  The Richeys met at Washburn where Florence was a member of Delta Gamma.  Their children are Robert Richey, a retired insurance executive and founding member of the McHeadley Society, Chris Richey, CEO of Neosho Capital, and Linda Richey Graves.  Linda is married to former Kansas Governor Bill Graves.  The couple had six grandchildren.

Career
After graduating from Washburn in 1951, Richey served as an attorney with the Kansas Insurance Department and later as legislative manager for the American Mutual Insurance Alliance of Chicago, Illinois.  In 1964, he joined Globe Life And Accident Insurance Company in Oklahoma City as vice president and general counsel.   He was eventually elected chairman and chief executive officer and maintained that position until 1980.

Globe Life was purchased by Torchmark Corporation (hereafter referred to as "Torchmark" or "The Company"), and in 1982 Richey was elected president of the Birmingham, Alabama-based Torchmark Corporation.  On January 1, 1985, Richey was named president and chief executive officer of Torchmark Corporation.  Under Richey's leadership, Torchmark successfully integrated several of the companies it had spent more than half a billion dollars to acquire during a buying spree in the late 1970s and early 1980s.  These acquisitions included Globe Life And Accident Insurance Company, Continental Investment Corporation, and United American Insurance Company.  Continental owned Waddell & Reed and United Investors Life Insurance Company.

While many other insurance providers were lured into the high-return, high-risk junk bond, and commercial real estate markets of the 1980s, Torchmark maintained three-fourths of its invested assets in reliable, government-guaranteed securities and short-term investments.  When the bottom fell out of the junk bond and real estate markets in the late 1980s, Torchmark emerged unscathed.  Torchmark's conservative investment strategies earned its primary subsidiaries the industry's highest ratings.  The national scandals, however, did affect The Company, in the form of increased contributions to the federal guaranty fund to bail out insolvent insurers.

The 1990s began promisingly for Torchmark, as 1992 marked The Company's forty-first consecutive year of growth.  By then, its stock price had shot up an astronomical 1,675% from its 1980 levels.  In 1994, however, The Company experienced some setbacks.  In large part as a result of some poorly performing investments and the fallout from several different legal disputes in Alabama stemming from alleged misconduct by Agents at Liberty National Life Insurance Company, The Company's growth streak was snapped.  Revenues declined to $1.9 billion from 1993's $2.2 billion and net income dropped $31 million from 1993's results, to $269 million.

1994 also saw some alterations in The Company's business balance as Torchmark made the strategic decision to focus more heavily on its life insurance operations at the expense of its health insurance ones (life insurance products tended to have higher operating margins, build better assets, and be under less year-to-year growth pressure).  Buoyed by the acquisition of American Family Life Insurance Company for $552 million in November of that year, Torchmark's life insurance revenues jumped 16% from 1993's levels, while the health insurance sector contracted by 31.2% over the same period.

The restructuring of 1994 helped stanch the decline in Torchmark's revenues, as 1995 sales climbed to $2.1 billion, recouping nearly all of the 1993-94 drop.  Net income, however, declined nearly 47% from 1994 ($143 million) as a result of poor growth in the Medicare supplemental insurance sector along with The Company's litigation exposure, heavy debt burden from the American Family Life acquisition, and underperforming oil and gas investments. (The Medicare business had been slumping ever since federal legislation enacted in 1992 capped the commissions that vendors of such policies could charge.)  To remedy this situation as best it could, Torchmark opted to divest itself of its holdings in the energy industry to streamline its operations and dedicate itself more effectively to its core insurance, mutual fund, and asset management businesses.  In 1995, Torchmark liquidated its investments in Torch Energy Advisors, Inc., the Black Warrior coal mine, and its holdings in Nuevo Energy Co.

Richey retired as CEO in March 1998 and chairman in 2002.

Other activities and interests
Richey was active in a number of industry and charitable activities.  He was a former president of the Association of Oklahoma Life Insurance Companies, a former director of the American Council of Life and Health Insurance and board member for the National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center.

From 1982 to 1999 he was a trustee of the Washburn Endowment Association and later a trustee emeritus.  He was also a former member of the Washburn Law board of governors.   Richey and his wife were the benefactors of the Richey Scholars Program at Washburn, making them one of the university's most generous donors in its history. Around the time of his graduation from law school, Richey joined together with eight other Phi Delta Theta fraternity brothers to form the "Free Society of GNIP-GNOP."  For more than fifty years, this group has sponsored prizes for best note and comment at Washburn Law.

Richey previously served on the board of directors of Full House Resorts.  From 1998 until 2004, Full House was led by CEO William P. McComas.  McComas and Richey were fraternity brothers at Washburn.

Honors and recognition
Richey received numerous awards for both his professional accomplishments and philanthropic endeavors including:

 Distinguished Service Award from Washburn University, 1993
 Bronze Award Winner, Insurance Diversified Category, CEO of the Year, 1993
 Bronze Award Winner, Insurance Diversified Category, CEO of the Year, 1992
 Silver Award Winner, Insurance Life/Health Category, CEO of the Year, 1991
 First Place Winner, Finance Industry CEO of the Year, Financial World, 1990
 Outstanding Insurance Executive, 1991
 Honorary Doctor of Commerce, Washburn University, 1989
 First Place Winner, CEO of the Decade, Financial World, 1989
 Kansan of Distinction, Topeka Capital Journal, 1987

References

1926 births
American chief executives of financial services companies
Washburn University alumni
People from Neosho County, Kansas
2010 deaths

Ronald K. Richey


The position of Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change was a middle-ranking ministerial position in the Government of the United Kingdom. Holders of this office deputised for the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change. When the DECC was dissolved in 2016, this office fell out of use.

The portfolio now belongs to the Minister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growth at the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.

Responsibilities
Reference
 Electricity and gas markets
 New energy infrastructure
 Energy security
 Oil and gas policy, including shale gas
 The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority and Geological disposal facility
 New nuclear, Carbon capture and storage (CCS) and renewables
 Nuclear safety and regulation
 International energy

Ministers
Reference
 Andrea Leadsom, 2015-2016
 Matthew Hancock, 2014-2015
 Michael Fallon, 2013-2014
 John Hayes, 2012-2013
 Charles Hendry, 2010 to 2012

See also
 Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change
 Department of Energy and Climate Change

References

Energy and Climate Change
Department of Energy and Climate Change
2016 disestablishments in the United Kingdom


Freeman Fisher "Gozzie" Gosden (May 5, 1899 – December 10, 1982) was an American radio comedian, actor and pioneer in the development of the situation comedy form.  He is best known for his work in the radio series Amos 'n' Andy.

Life and career
Gosden was born in Richmond, Virginia, the son of Emma L. (Smith) and Walter W. Gosden Sr. While attending school in Richmond, Gozzie worked part-time in Tarrant's Drug Store at 1 West Broad Street. During World War I, he served in the U.S. Navy as a wireless operator, which prompted his great interest in the young medium of radio.

During 1921, Gosden first teamed with Charles Correll to do radio work, presenting comedy acts and hosting variety programs. They had met in Durham, North Carolina, both working for the Joe Bren Producing Company. Their first regular series bagan in 1925 with their WEBH Chicago program Correll and Gosden, the Life of the Party. For this program, the two told jokes, sang, and played music (Correll played piano and Gosden ukulele or banjo).

In 1926, Gosden and Correll had a success with their radio program Sam 'n' Henry broadcast by Chicago radio station WGN. Sam & Henry is considered by some historians to have been the first situation comedy.

From 1928 to 1960, Gosden and Correll, who were white, broadcast their program Amos 'n' Andy, which was one of the most famous and popular radio series of the 1930s. Gosden voiced the characters "Amos", "George 'Kingfish' Stevens", "Lightning", "Brother Crawford", and some dozen other characters.

During 1961–1962, Gosden and Correll provided the voices for the animated television series Calvin and the Colonel broadcast by American Broadcasting Company-TV.

In 1969, Gosden was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in radio. In 1974 Gosden was living in Palm Springs, California and was the best man for Frank Sinatra's 1976 wedding to Barbara Marx. In 1977, Gosden was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame along with Correll.

Personal life

Gosden was the father of four children: Virginia, Craig, Freeman Jr., and Linda.

Gosden was a charter member of the Augusta National Golf Club, joining the club at its inception in 1932.  He was a long-term good friend of Clifford Roberts, who, along with famed golfer Bob Jones, co-founded the club. He was a Freemason at Petersburg Lodge No. 15 in Virginia.

Gosden died from congestive heart failure in Los Angeles, California on December 10, 1982, at the age of 83.

References

External links

1899 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
American Freemasons
American male comedians
American radio personalities
American male radio actors
American male voice actors
Blackface minstrel performers
Comedians from California
Male actors from Richmond, Virginia
Male actors from Palm Springs, California
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers

Freeman Gosden


Francesco Queirolo (; 1704–1762) was an Italian Genoese-born sculptor, active in Rome and Naples during the Rococo period.

Biography
He trained together with Giuseppe Rusconi in Rome. Here he executed the statues of St. Charles Borromeo and St. Bernard in the façade of Santa Maria Maggiore, a bust of Christine of Sweden (1740), the statue of Wealth  in the Trevi Fountain (1735) and the sepulchre of Duchess Grillo in Sant'Andrea delle Fratte (1752).

After 1752 he was active in the decoration of the famed Neapolitan Cappella Sansevero.

Release from Deception (Il Disinganno)

Release from Deception (Il Disinganno), produced in 1752–1759, shows a fisherman being released from a net by an angel. The masterpiece was carved from a single piece of marble and can be seen in Cappella Sansevero, Naples.

The inscription on the book at the bottom of the sculpture depicts in Latin the words of the angel to the fisherman, made up of three different quotations from the Vulgate Holy Bible put together:

VINCULA TUA DISRUMPAM (Nahum i. 13)

VINCULA TENEBRARUM ET LONGÆ NOCTIS (QUIBUS ES) COMPEDITUS (Sapientiæ xvii. 2)

UT NON CUM HOC MUNDO DAMNEBIS (St. Paul 1 Corinthians. xi. 32)

"I will burst thy bonds asunder, / being fettered with the bonds of darkness, and a long night, / that you will not be condemned with this world."

References

External links

1704 births
1762 deaths
18th-century Genoese people
18th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
Rococo sculptors
18th-century Italian male artists

Francesco Queirolo


Loulan, also called Krorän or Kroraina, was an ancient kingdom. It was based on an important oasis city on the Silk Road. It was known in the 2nd century BC on the northeastern edge of the Lop Desert. Loulan is now in Xinjiang, China.

The oasis has now dried up.

History of China

Loulan Kingdom


Donald L. Weaver is an American physician. He is a rear admiral in the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and public health administrator who served as the acting Surgeon General of the United States. Weaver succeeded Steven K. Galson in October 2009, in expectation of a holdup by the United States Senate in confirming Regina Benjamin as surgeon general. Before being appointed as Acting Surgeon General, he served as the deputy associate administrator for primary health care in the Health Resources and Services Administration.

Career

Dr. Weaver has a lifelong commitment to improving the health of underserved communities and vulnerable populations through the provision of community-responsive, culturally competent care by interdisciplinary teams.

Dr. Weaver is currently the senior advisor for the clinical workforce for the National Association of Community Health Centers, where he served as the interim chief medical officer from 2012 until 2013.  In addition to leading their Clinical Affairs Division, he oversaw center's activities regarding clinical workforce issues, residency and medical school training.  He also provided technical assistance to primary care associations, residency programs, and hospitals regarding health profession training issues.

Prior to that, Dr. Weaver had a distinguished career as a Commissioned officer in the United States Public Health Service, retiring with the rank of assistant surgeon general in January 2011.  Dr. Weaver began his career in the Public Health Service in 1975 as a National Health Service Corps volunteer physician in Tooele, Utah.  During his career he served in a variety of regional and national leadership positions with both health professions and service delivery programs, including director of the Division of Medicine, Director of the National Health Service Corps, and deputy associate administrator for primary health care at the Health Resources and Services Administration.

Education
Weaver is a 1973 graduate of Harvard Medical School, and also completed a two-year pediatric residency at Boston's Children's Hospital Medical Center.

Awards
Weaver has been awarded the Public Health Service Distinguished Service Medal, Meritorious Service Medal, and the Surgeon General's Exemplary Service Medal in recognition of his achievements.

References

External links
Biography of the Acting Surgeon General Rear Admiral Donald L. Weaver, M.D.

Living people
Harvard Medical School alumni
Surgeons General of the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Public Health Service Distinguished Service Medal

Donald L. Weaver


Holding Hope is a 2010 Nigerian drama film written by Uduak Isong Oguamanam, produced by Emem Isong and Uche Jombo, and directed by Desmond Elliot. It stars Desmond Elliot, Uche Jombo and Nadia Buari, introducing Abiola Segun Williams. It was premiered in Lagos on 8 August 2010, along with Bursting Out and was met with mixed to positive critical reviews. Nadia Buari and Moyo Lawal were nominated for "Best actress in a supporting role in an English film" and "Most Promising Act (female)" respectively at the 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards for their roles in the film.

Plot summary
The film narrates the story of Mrs. Badmus (Abiola Segun Williams) who owns a multimillion business empire (Da Costa Holdings), but her son Olumide (Desmond Elliot) is very wayward and is not interested in running the business. Mrs. Badmus eventually reveals to her son that she is dying of cancer and she has few months left to live. She gives a condition that if he wants her to be happy, he needs to marry Hope (Uche Jombo), the financial director of the company and a very dedicated employee. Mrs. Badmus also feels Hope is the perfect wife that can keep her son's wasteful spending in check when she is no more. Olumide orchestrates a plan with her girlfriend, Sabina (Nadia Buari) and Olumide starts to fake his love for Hope, waiting for the day his mother will die. However, Mrs. Badmus' Will states that Olumide has to be married to Hope to have her properties; If anything otherwise happens, Hope should have the properties. Olumide has no other choice than to marry Hope, but however frustrates her with everything after wedlock, while still going out with Sabina. Hope, who continues to play a good and faithful wife despite her husband's attitude, finds out that she is also suffering from Leukemia. Olumide eventually falls deeply in love with Hope, but it is too late because she now has few months left to live.

Cast
Desmond Elliot as Olumide Sydney Badmus
Nadia Buari as Sabina
Uche Jombo as Hope
Ngozi Nwosu as Sabina's mother
Abiola Segun-Williams as Mrs. Badmus
Rukky Sanda as Chioma
Moyo Lawal as Hope's Cousin
Ken Odurukwe as Mr. Rotimi
Emeka Duru as Manager

Production
The script of Holding Hope was inspired by the account of three cancer survivors; Desmond Elliot and Uche Jombo believed so much in the film, so they both joined Emem Isong to executively produce the film. Speaking on the film, Jombo states: "we want to make people cry, laugh and perhaps pause and think at the same time". Uche Jombo had to lose a significant amount of weight to play the role of Hope in the film;  She had to go on a diet and practically "starve" herself. During the course filming, she was made to sleep for only about 2 hours a day, so she can have a natural pale appearance, some little makeup effects were added on her as well. She also worked out excessively and was able to burn up to 50 pounds of fat. Jombo stepped out on some red carpet events before the film was officially announced which sparked rumours about her and her health status.  The film was shot in Lagos. One of the cancer patients whose story inspired the making of the film and is being described in one of the characters died during the course of filming.

Release
The official trailer of Holding Hope was released on 14 July 2010. It premiered on 8 August 2010 at the Silverbird Cinemas in Lagos, alongside Bursting Out, another Royal Arts Academy film. This was the second time Royal Arts Academy would premiere two feature films on the same day, after its double premiere of Guilty Pleasures and Nollywood Hustlers the previous year. The film opened to packed cinema hall; the first hall was filled in no time and a second hall had to be opened to accommodate the crowd. The film had its US premiere on 5 September 2010 in Dallas, Texas.

Reception

Critical reception
The film received mixed to positive reviews. It was mostly praised for its cinematography, the emotional message, music and Uche Jombo's performance, while criticized for its bad sound quality, poor editing, occasional inappropriate music score and generally poor production. Nollywood Reinvented gave a 52% rating, praised Uche Jombo's performance, the film's soundtrack and commented: "For the most part, it [Holding Hope] was made up of motifs that we had seen before. There were very obvious signs of potentially great cinematography within this movie, but I couldn't understand why suddenly the color and hue would just change when it wasn't a flashback, dream or anything of the sort, the voices were also out of sync a lot. Slam is a musical genius and Ego's "Bia Nulu"" was amazing! NollywoodForever.Com gave 84% rating, praised the cinematography and concluded: "I was taken on an emotional roller coaster ride from feeling anger at the way that Olumide was treating his wife, to sadness for her and then happy when the relationship was back on track. I loved Uche and Desmond acting alongside each other, there is a nice easy comfortable chemistry that translates perfectly on screen". Aghwana Amelia gave a rating of 8 out of 10, stating: "Holding Hope is a movie with a lot of morals. The director is very creative using different types of angles, shots, effects, movement and not limiting himself. The actors were able to show good acting skills, which portrayed the characters as they should be seen".

Accolades
Nadia Buari was nominated for "Best actress in a supporting role in an English film" at the 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards, while Moyo Lawal was also nominated for "Most Promising Act (female)" at the same Awards.

Home media
The film was which is a single film was released on VCD in two parts, with each part lasting for approximately one hour. The film was also released on VOD platforms such as Distrify and Iroko TV.

See also
 List of Nigerian films of 2010

References

External links

Nigerian romantic drama films
Films about cancer
Films shot in Lagos
Films set in Lagos
Films shot in the United States
Films set in the United States
2010 romantic drama films
2010 films
2010s English-language films
English-language Nigerian films

Holding Hope


Lisa Ray (born 4 April 1972) is an Indian-Canadian actress. She began her modelling career in the early 1990s. She appeared for leading brands, such as Lamké and Bombay Dyeing. She began acting in 1996 with the Tamil language action movie Nethaji. Her first Bollywood appearance was the 2001 romantic-thriller movie Kasoor.

In 2009 Ray was diagnosed with the blood cancer multiple myeloma. She began writing The Yellow Diaries, a blog about her experiences with cancer. She is an active advocate for stem cell therapy. Ray has participated in several fundraisers and cancer awareness campaigns.

In 2011 Ray began hosting a popular travel show on Discovery Channel India. She also appeared as judge and host in Food Network's Top Chef Canada.

In March 2019 Ray participated as a panelist on the 2019 edition of Canada Reads. She worked for David Chariandy's award-winning second novel Brother.

Ray was born in Toronto, Ontario.

References

1972 births
Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian models
Actors from Toronto
Living people

Lisa Ray


The Milton-Freewater Unified School District (#7) is  a school district in the U.S. state of Oregon in that serves the city of Milton-Freewater and the surrounding area.

Demographics
In the 2009 school year, the district had 7 students classified as homeless by the Department of Education, or 0.4% of students in the district.

Schools
McLoughlin High School
Central Middle School is home to grades six, seven, and eight.  There are approximately 45 staff and 400 students.  Central's school mascot is the Cougar.
Freewater Elementary School serves approximately 350 third, fourth, and fifth grade students with 44 staff.  Freewater's school mascot is the Wildcat.
Grove Elementary School houses the primary grades, kindergarten, first, and second.  Approximately 350 students are served by 53 staff.
Ferndale Elementary School is the district's only rural school located five miles North of town.  42 staff serve approximately 300 students.

References

External links
Milton-Freewater Unified School District (official site)

School districts in Oregon
Education in Umatilla County, Oregon


The Ashgabat National Museum of History is a history museum in Ashgabat, the capital city of Turkmenistan. It contains over 500,000 exhibits particularly archaeological and ethnographical finds throughout the country including rare works of ancient art, paintings, drawings, sculptures, carpets, rugs, fabrics and clothing; household utensils, musical instruments, weapons, jewelry, medals, historical documents, horn-shaped vessels made of ivory, statuettes of Parthian goddesses and colourful Buddhist vases.

It also contains a significant number of fossils and rare geological finds.

References

Museums in Ashgabat

Ashgabat National Museum of History