Boniface I, usually known as Boniface of Montferrat (; , Vonifatios Momferratikos) (c. 1150 – 4 September 1207), was the ninth Marquis of Montferrat (from 1192), a leader of the Fourth Crusade (1201–04) and the king of Thessalonica (from 1205).

Early life

Boniface was the third son of William V of Montferrat and Judith of Babenberg, born after his father's return from the Second Crusade. He was a younger brother of William "Longsword", Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, and of Conrad I of Jerusalem. His youthful exploits in the late 1170s are recalled in the famous "epic letter", Valen marques, senher de Monferrat, by his good friend and court troubadour, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras. These included the rescue of the heiress Jacopina of Ventimiglia from her uncle Count Otto, who was intending to deprive her of her inheritance and send her to Sardinia. Boniface arranged a marriage for her. When Albert of Malaspina (husband of one of Boniface's sisters) abducted Saldina de Mar, a daughter of a prominent Genoese family, Boniface rescued her and restored her to her lover, Ponset d'Aguilar. Like the rest of the family, he also supported his cousin Frederick I Barbarossa in their wars against the independent city communes of the Lombard League.

Boniface's eldest brother, William, had died in 1177, soon after marrying Sibylla, the heiress presumptive to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1179, the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos offered his daughter Maria Porphyrogenita as a bride to one of the sons of William V. Since Boniface, like his older brother Conrad, was already married, and Frederick was a priest, the youngest brother, Renier, married her instead, only to be murdered along with her during the usurpation of Andronikos.

In 1183, Boniface's nephew Baldwin V was crowned co-king of Jerusalem. William V went out to the kingdom to support his grandson, leaving Conrad and Boniface in charge of Montferrat. However, in 1187, Conrad also left for the East: Isaac II Angelos had offered his sister Theodora to Boniface as a wife, to renew the family's Byzantine alliance, but Boniface had just married for the second time, while Conrad was a recent widower.

In 1189, Boniface joined the council of regency for Thomas I of Savoy, son of his cousin Humbert III, until the boy came of age about two years later. In 1191, after the new Emperor Henry VI granted him the county of Incisa, a fifteen-year war broke out against the neighbouring communes of Asti and Alessandria. Boniface joined the Cremona League, while the two cities joined the League of Milan. Boniface defeated the cities at Montiglio in June that year, but the war as a whole went badly for the dynasty's interests. At Quarto, he and Vaqueiras saved his brother-in-law Alberto of Malaspina when he was unhorsed. The first phase of the war ended with a truce in April 1193. By now, Boniface was Marquis of Montferrat, following the deaths of his father in 1191 and of Conrad, the newly elected king of Jerusalem, in 1192. No claim to Montferrat ever seems to have been made on behalf of Conrad's posthumous daughter, Maria of Montferrat.

In June 1194, Boniface was appointed one of the leaders of Henry VI's expedition to Sicily. At Messina, amid the fighting between the Genoese and Pisan fleets, Vaqueiras protected his lord with his own shield – an act which helped the troubador win a knighthood from Boniface that year, after the campaign's successful conclusion: Henry's coronation in Palermo. In October 1197, the truce with Asti ended. Boniface made an alliance with Acqui in June 1198. There were numerous skirmishes and raids, including at Ricaldone and Caranzano, but by 1199 it was clear the war was lost, and Boniface entered into negotiations.

Throughout the 1180s and 1190s, despite the wars, Boniface had nevertheless presided over one of the most prestigious courts of chivalric culture and troubador song. In the 12th century, the Piedmontese language (which in the present day reflects more French and Italian influences) was virtually indistinguishable from the Occitan of Southern France and Catalonia. Besides Vaqueiras, visitors included Peire Vidal, Gaucelm Faidit, and Arnaut de Mareuil. Boniface's patronage was celebrated widely. To Gaucelm, he was Mon Thesaur (My Treasure). Curiously, Vaqueiras sometimes addressed him as N'Engles (Lord Englishman), but the in-joke is never explained. His sister Azalaïs, Marchioness of Saluzzo, also shared this interest and was mentioned by Vidal.

Fourth Crusade
When the original leader of the Fourth Crusade, Count Theobald III of Champagne, died in 1201, Boniface was chosen as its new leader. He was an experienced soldier, and it was an opportunity to reassert his dynasty's reputation after defeat at home. Boniface's family was well known in the east: his nephew Baldwin and brother Conrad had been kings of Jerusalem, and his niece Maria was the heir presumptive to the kingdom.

Boniface's cousin Philip of Swabia was married to Irene Angelina, a daughter of the deposed Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelos and niece of Conrad's second wife Theodora. In the winter of 1201 Boniface spent Christmas with Phillip in Hagenau, and while there also met with Alexios IV Angelos, Isaac II's son, who had escaped from the custody of his uncle Alexios III Angelos.  At this time the three discussed the possibility of using the crusading army to restore Alexios' right to the throne. Both Boniface and Alexios travelled separately to Rome to ask for Pope Innocent III's blessing for the endeavour. Boniface was specifically told by Innocent not to attack any Christians, including the Byzantines.

The Crusader army was in debt to Enrico Dandolo, the doge of Venice, who had provided their fleet. He instructed them to attack the rebellious cities of Trieste, Muggia, and Zara and beat them into submission before sailing for Cairo. The Pope was angered by these Christian cities being attacked by a Crusader army. Dandolo, was now the true war leader of this Crusade, with Boniface as only a figurehead. Alexios IV Angelus made many promises to the Crusaders and their principal financier, the doge of Venice, for riches and honors if they would help him reclaim his empire. Dandolo placated the Pope by having Alexius Angelus promise to submit the Orthodox Church to Rome when he was restored to his throne in Constantinople. This being done, the fleet set sail for Constantinople in 1203.

After the conquest of Constantinople in 1204, Boniface was assumed to be the new emperor, both by the western knights and the conquered Byzantine citizens.  However, the Venetians vetoed him, believing that he already had too many connections in the Empire and, likely, felt that they would not have as much influence in the empire if Boniface was in control.  Instead, they chose Baldwin of Flanders.  Boniface founded the Kingdom of Thessalonica and also held all the territories that lay east of Bosphorus and territories in Crete, though he later conceded Crete to
Baldwin. Late 13th and 14th century sources suggest that Boniface based his claim to Thessalonica on the statement that his younger brother Renier had been granted Thessalonica on his marriage to Maria Komnene in 1180.

Boniface was killed in an ambush by the Vlach on 4 September 1207, and his head was sent to Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan. The loyal Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, who had followed him to the East, probably died with him: it is significant that he composed no planh (lament) in his memory.

Family
Boniface was first married c. 1170 to Helena del Bosco. They had:
 William VI, (c. 1173-17 September 1226). Marquis of Montferrat
 Beatrice, married Enrico del Carretto, Marquis of Savona, as the second of his three wives; she is the Bel Cavalher (Fair Knight) of Vaqueiras's songs, composed in the 1190s.
 Agnes of Montferrat (d. 1207), m. Henry of Flanders, Latin emperor of Constantinople, in 1207

In 1205 in Constantinople he married Margaret of Hungary, daughter of King Béla III of Hungary and widow of Emperor Isaac II Angelos. They had one child:
 Demetrius, born c. 1205, who was King of Thessalonica.

References

Sources

Further reading

Vaqueiras, Raimbaut de. The Epic Letter (external link to bilingual text)

1150s births
1207 deaths
Christians of the Fourth Crusade
Aleramici
Marquesses of Montferrat
Kings of Thessalonica
12th-century Italian nobility
13th-century Italian nobility
12th century in the Byzantine Empire
13th century in the Byzantine Empire
Founding monarchs
13th-century Roman Catholics
12th-century Roman Catholics

Boniface I, Marquis of Montferrat


Cellulite or gynoid lipodystrophy (GLD) is the herniation of subcutaneous fat within fibrous connective tissue that manifests as skin dimpling and nodularity, often on the pelvic region (specifically the buttocks), lower limbs, and abdomen. Cellulite occurs in most postpubescent females. A review gives a prevalence of 85–98% of women of European descent, but it is considerably less common in women of East Asian descent. It is believed to be physiological rather than pathological. It can result from a complex combination of factors, including diet, sedentary lifestyle, hormonal imbalance or heredity, among others.

Causes
The causes of cellulite include changes in metabolism, physiology, diet and exercise habits, obesity, alteration of connective tissue structure, hormonal factors, genetic factors, the microcirculatory system, the extracellular matrix, and subtle inflammatory alterations.

Hormonal factors
Hormones play a dominant role in the formation of cellulite. Estrogen is thought to be an important hormone in the development of cellulite, and it has been proposed that an imbalance of estrogen relative to progesterone may be associated with cellulite. However, there has been no reliable clinical evidence to support the claim that estrogen levels are linked to cellulite, and many women with elevated estrogen levels do not get cellulite. Other hormones—including insulin, the catecholamines adrenaline, cortisol and noradrenaline, thyroid hormones, and prolactin—are believed to participate in the development of cellulite.

Genetic factors
There is a genetic element in individual susceptibility to cellulite. Researchers have traced the genetic component of cellulite to particular polymorphisms in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1A (HIF1a) genes. Evidence for the heredity of cellulite is supported from studies showing that both the presence and degree of cellulite is similar between females within the same family.

Predisposing factors
Several factors have been shown to affect the development of cellulite. Sex, ethnicity, biotype, distribution of subcutaneous fat, and predisposition to lymphatic and circulatory insufficiency have all been shown to contribute to cellulite. It has been found to be considerably less common in women of East Asian descent, than in white women.

Lifestyle
A high-stress lifestyle causes an increase in the level of catecholamines, which have also been associated with the development of cellulite. Inactivity can cause vascular stasis, which can contribute to cellulite formation. Excessive carbohydrate consumption may also be related to cellulitis in some instances.

Treatments
Cellulite is a multifactorial condition, and can be resistant to an array of treatments. Aside from "topical" products (creams, ointments) and injectables (collagenase), treatments for cellulite include non-invasive therapy such as mechanical suction or mechanical massage. Energy-based devices include radio frequency with deep penetration of the skin, ultrasound, cryotherapy chambers, laser and pulsed-light devices. Combinations of mechanical treatments and energy-based procedures are widely used. More invasive 'subcision' techniques utilise a needle-sized microscalpel to cut through the causative fibrous bands of connective tissue. Subcision procedures (manual, vacuum-assisted, or laser-assisted) are performed in specialist clinics with patients given local anaesthetic.

Epidemiology
In European populations, cellulite is thought to occur in 80–90% of post-adolescent females. Its existence as a real disorder has been challenged, and the prevailing medical opinion is that it is merely the "normal condition of many women". It is rarely seen in males.

History
The growing interest in cellulite has historically been linked to the growth of the cosmetic industry in the west, as well as globalization. The term was first used in the 1920s by spa and beauty services to promote their services, and began appearing in English-language publications in the late 1960s, with the earliest reference in Vogue magazine, "Like a swift migrating fish, the word cellulite has suddenly crossed the Atlantic." According to Italian researcher Martina Grimaldi, cellulite has often been pathologized as a "disease" in Western European news media, and it has been shown that French magazines promoting this misinformation are often funded by pharmaceutical companies that manufacture anti-cellulite skincare products. American journalist Susan Faludi notes that the Western beauty advertisements have attempted to portray cellulite as a symptom of women's social progress; that cellulite is caused by being a working, independent woman. Faludi writes that such messaging is motivated by a fear within the cosmetic industry that women's social progress might lead to declining profits in the beauty industry as a whole, noting that profits did decline in the 1970s and 1980s, the era of second-wave feminism.

References

Further reading

External links

Cosmetic surgery
Skin
Tissues (biology)
Women's health
Secondary sexual characteristics

Cellulite


Wei Gao (韋皋) (745 – September 13, 805), courtesy name Chengwu (城武), formally Prince Zhongwu of Nankang (南康忠武王), was a Chinese military general, monarch, and politician  of the Tang dynasty.  He was a long-time (from 785 to 805) military governor (Jiedushi) of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan) who was most known for his campaigns against Tibetan empire and his reopening of relationship between Tang and Nanzhao.

Background and early career
Wei Gao was born in 745, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong.  His family was from Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the region of the Tang dynasty capital Chang'an).  His sixth-generation ancestor Wei Fan () had accomplishments during Tang's two predecessor dynasties, the Northern Zhou and Sui dynasty.

Early in the Dali era (766-779) of Emperor Xuanzong's grandson Emperor Daizong, Wei served as one of the ceremonial pallbearers for the burial of Emperor Xuanzong's son and Emperor Daizong's father Emperor Suzong, and thereafter was made an officer at Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi).  In 782, during the reign of Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong, when the chancellor Zhang Yi was made the military governor (Jiedushi) of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), he invited Wei to serve on his staff as an assistant overseeing military farming, and also put Wei in charge of the army stationed at Long Prefecture (隴州, in modern Baoji).

In 783, soldiers from Jingxuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), at Chang'an to await deployment to the east for wars against warlords, mutinied after not receiving rewards that they believed they deserved, and Emperor Dezong fled to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi).  The Jingyuan soldiers supported Zhang Yi's predecessor as military governor of Fengxiang Circuit, Zhu Ci as their leader.  As Zhu Ci had been removed from his command by Emperor Dezong due to a rebellion by his brother Zhu Tao, he resented Emperor Dezong, and he soon declared himself emperor of a new state of Qin.  The Fengxiang officer Li Chulin () mutinied, killed Zhang, and submitted to Zhu.  Meanwhile, another former subordinate of Zhu's, Niu Yun'guang (), stationed at Long Prefecture, was ready to rise against Wei and seize Long Prefecture for Zhu, but when he was discovered, he fled toward Chang'an.  On the way, however, he met Zhu's emissary Su Yu (), who wanted to try to persuade Wei to submit, and thus they returned to Long Prefecture together.  Wei pretended to be ready to submit, but instead, after welcoming them into the city, killed them.  He then led the soldiers in swearing an oath to Emperor Dezong, sent his cousins Wei Ping () and Wei Yan () to Fengtian to report the events to Emperor Dezong, and also sought aid from Tufan.  Emperor Dezong made Long Prefecture into its own circuit — Fengyi Circuit () and made Wei its military governor.  Zhu then sent another emissary to Wei, promising to make him the military governor of Fengxiang; Wei executed the emissary.  After Zhu was defeated and Emperor Dezong returned to Chang'an in 784, he summoned Wei and made him a general of the imperial guards.  Under the suggestion of the chancellor Xiao Fu, he also considered Wei as a possible replacement for Chen Shaoyou () as the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), but did not actually do so.

As Jiedushi of Xichuan Circuit

Before Nanzhao's resubmission
In 785, Emperor Dezong made Wei Gao the military governor of Xichuan Circuit, replacing Zhang Yanshang.  In 787, with Tufan making repeated incursions into Tang territory and Tufan's vassal Nanzhao (which had previously been a Tang vassal) making overtures to Wei indicating that its king Yimouxun () was considering resubmitting to Tang, Wei, with Emperor Dezong's approval, wrote to Yimouxun, seeking further reconciliation between Tang and Nanzhao.  He also seek to aid the effort persuading Ju Nashi (), the chieftain of Nanzhao's neighbor Wudeng Tribe (), to serve as a go-between.

In 788, when Tufan was ready to launch a campaign against Xichuan Circuit with 100,000 men, it requested Nanzhao to also mobilize and aid its forces.  Wei, knowing that Yimouxun was hesitating in his choice between the two potential suzerains, wrote a letter addressed to Yimouxun congratulating him on agreeing to submit to Tang — and intentionally had the letter delivered to Tufan through Nanzhao's neighboring tribes (collectively known as the Dongman (), located in modern Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan).  Tufan, beginning to suspect Nanzhao's loyalty, stationed 10,000 men on the road between Tang and Nanzhao.  Yimouxun, in anger over this action, withdrew his own troops and did not aid in the Tufan campaign.  Wei subsequently defeated Tufan forces at Qingxi Pass (清溪關, in modern Ya'an, Sichuan), and after several further defeats, Tufan forces withdrew.

In 789, Wei sent his officer Cao Youdao (), in conjunction with forces of Dongman and Lianglinman (兩林蠻, located in modern Liangshan), attacked Tufan's Qinghai () and Lacheng () Circuits (both located southeast of Qinghai Lake), and the forces battled at Xi Prefecture (雟州, in modern Liangshan).  The Tufan forces were defeated, and during the battle, and the Tufan general Qizang Zhezhe () was killed.  It was said that after Qizang's death, Wei was continuously successful against Tufan forces over the next few years, recapturing Xi Prefecture.

Meanwhile, Wei was continuously writing to Yimouxun, but Yimouxun did not respond.  Nevertheless, Nanzhao was sending fewer and fewer men to assist Tufan on campaigns.  In 791, Wei made further overture to Nanzhao by sending his officer Duan Zhongyi (), who was originally from Nanzhao and who had served as an emissary for Yimouxun's grandfather Geluofeng (), as an emissary back to Nanzhao.  (This drew an incident between Tufan and Nanzhao when Tufan found out, forcing Yimouxun to turn someone with a similar profile to Duan to Tufan.  Tufan further reacted by demanding that Nanzhao officials' sons be sent to Tufan as hostages to ensure Nanzhao's loyalty, and the Nanzhao people became further resentful of Tufan.)  Around this time, there was also an incident when the chief of Wudeng, Ju Mengchong (), resubmitted to Tufan and was cutting off the communication line between Tang and Nanzhao, and Wei sent an army to kill Ju, reopening the communication line.

In 792, Wei attacked Wei Prefecture (維州, in modern Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan) and captured the Tufan general Lun Zanre ().  In 793, when Emperor Dezong ordered the reconstruction of Yan Prefecture (鹽州, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi), he was concerned that Tufan forces might attack the Tang forces rebuilding Yan Prefecture before the walls can be completed, so he ordered Wei to attack Tufan to distract Tufan forces; Wei's attack captured some 50 Tufan fortifications, and as a reward, Emperor Dezong gave him the honorary title of acting You Pushe ().  Meanwhile, he finally received a positive response from Yimouxun on his repeated overtures, as Yimouxun sent three emissaries bearing tributes of gold (to show firmness) and cinnabar (to show honesty) in late 793.  Wei had the Yimouxun's emissaries escorted to Chang'an and then back to Nanzhao, sending with them his officer Cui Zuoshi () with an imperial edict and his own letter.  When Cui arrived in Nanzhao in spring 794, he persuaded Yimouxun to finally turn against Tufan and back to Tang.  Subsequently, Tufan launched a surprise attack on Tufan, capturing more than 100,000 men, and formally submitted to Tang, greatly reducing Tufan's abilities to attack Tang.

After Nanzhao's resubmission
In 796, Wei Gao was given the honorary chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangzhi ().  Meanwhile, it was said that he kept in Emperor Dezong's good graces by offering daily tributes to Emperor Dezong.  In 801, with Emperor Dezong ordering him to attack Tufan to divert Tufan's attentions from the northern regions, he, in joint operation with Yimouxun, attacked a number of Tufan outposts and burned them, killing over 10,000 Tufan soldiers in the process.  To reward Wei, Emperor Dezong gave him honorary titles of acting Situ (司徒, one of the Three Excellencies) as well as Zhongshu Ling (), and created him the Prince of Nankang.  Subsequently, Wei put Wei Prefecture and Kunming (昆明, in modern Liangshan, not modern Kunming) under siege; when a Tufan army under the command of the general Lun Mangre () came to try to lift the siege, Wei engaged him and captured him.  However, with Wei's own army suffering major losses, he was forced to withdraw.

In 805, Emperor Dezong died and was succeeded by his severely ill son Emperor Shunzong.  Emperor Shunzong gave Wei the honorific title of acting Taiwei (太尉, also one of the Three Excellencies).  Meanwhile, Emperor Shunzong's close associate Wang Shuwen became powerful, and Wei sent his deputy military governor, Liu Pi, to Chang'an, to meet with Wang, requesting that Wei be put in charge of not only Xichuan, but also two neighboring circuits — Dongchuan (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan) and Shannan West (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi).  Liu, apparently under Wei's instruction, informed Wang:

Wang, in anger, wanted to kill Liu, but was stopped by the chancellor Wei Zhiyi.  Meanwhile, when Yang Shi'e (), an official from Xuanshe Circuit (宣歙, headquartered in modern Xuancheng, Anhui), also made demands to Wang on behalf of his superiors, Wang exiled Yang.  When Liu heard this, he fled back to Xichuan and reported to Wei.  Apparently in response, Wei submitted a strongly worded petition denouncing Wang and his partisans.  Wei also wrote a letter to Emperor Shunzong's crown prince Li Chun, urging him to take over as regent, to which Li Chun reacted favorably.  Wei's petition was followed by those from two other senior military governors, Pei Jun () and Yan Shou (), which much shocked Wang's partisans.  Soon thereafter, with Wang forced to leave governmental service due to his mother's death and Emperor Shunzong thereafter passing the throne to Li Chun (as Emperor Xianzong) later in 805, Wang and his partisans lost power and were purged.

Late in 805, Wei died and was given great posthumous honors.  According to the Song dynasty historian Sima Guang, who harmonized the commentaries about Wei in the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang:

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 140.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 158.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236.

745 births
805 deaths
Politicians from Xi'an
Tang dynasty generals from Shaanxi
Tang dynasty nonimperial princes
Tang dynasty generals at war against Tibet
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xichuan Circuit
Wei clan of Jingzhao

Wei Gao


The Light in the Piazza is a musical with music and lyrics by Adam Guettel, and a book by Craig Lucas.

Based on the 1960 novella by Elizabeth Spencer, the show is set in the 1950s and tells the story of Margaret Johnson, a wealthy Southern woman, and Clara, her daughter, who is developmentally disabled due to a childhood accident. The two spend a summer together in Florence, Italy. When Clara falls in love with a young Italian man, Fabrizio, Margaret is forced to reconsider not only Clara's future, but her own deep-seated hopes and regrets as well.

The score breaks from the 21st century tradition of pop music on Broadway by moving into the territory of Neoromantic classical music and opera, with unexpected harmonic shifts and extended melodic structures, and is more heavily orchestrated than most Broadway scores. Many of the lyrics are in Italian or broken English, as many of the characters are fluent only in Italian.

Productions

Original production
The Light in the Piazza was developed as a musical at the Intiman Playhouse in Seattle in June 2003 and then at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago in early 2004. Victoria Clark starred as Margaret Johnson, Celia Keenan-Bolger played Clara Johnson, and Steven Pasquale played Fabrizio Naccarelli. Kelli O'Hara also played Franca Naccarelli. When the show transferred to Broadway, Pasquale stepped away due to a conflict with the television series Rescue Me. In addition, O'Hara assumed the role of Clara.

Broadway production and national tour
After 36 previews, the Broadway production opened on April 18, 2005, at the Vivian Beaumont Theater in Lincoln Center, where it ran for 504 performances and closed on July 2, 2006. The musical was directed by Bartlett Sher, choreographed by Jonathan Butterell, with lighting by Christopher Akerlind, set by Michael Yeargan and costumes by Catherine Zuber. The cast featured Clark, O'Hara, Matthew Morrison, Michael Berresse and Sarah Uriarte Berry. Chris Sarandon joined the cast as Signor Naccarelli later in the run, Aaron Lazar was a replacement in the role of Fabrizio and Katie Rose Clarke was a replacement in the role of Clara.

On June 15, 2006, shortly before its closing night, the show was broadcast on the PBS television series Live from Lincoln Center, and drew more than two million viewers. The cast consisted of Victoria Clark (Margaret), Katie Rose Clarke (Clara), Aaron Lazar (Fabrizio), Chris Sarandon (Signor Naccarelli), Patti Cohenour (Signora Naccarelli), Michael Berresse (Giuseppe), Sarah Uriarte Berry (Franca), and Beau Gravitte (Roy).

A United States national tour starring Christine Andreas as Margaret, Elena Shaddow as Clara, and David Burnham as Fabrizio started at the Orpheum Theatre in San Francisco, California, in August 2006 and ended in Chicago on July 22, 2007.

Other productions
A Japanese production of the musical was produced in December 2007, having a limited engagement of about a month. It starred Kaho Shimada as Margaret Johnson.

An Australian concert version had a one-night presentation at the Lyric Theatre, Star City in Sydney on August 17, 2008. The cast consisted of members of the Australian company of The Phantom of the Opera, with Jackie Rees as Margaret, Kathleen Moore as Clara and James Pratt as Fabrizio. The production was directed by John O'May.

In the summer of 2008, Guettel reconfigured the musical as a smaller chamber piece for the Weston Playhouse Theatre Company in Vermont, where Sarah Uriarte Berry reprised her role as Franca.

The show had its opera house premiere in October 2008 at Piedmont Opera in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. It starred Jill Gardner as Margaret and Sarah Jane McMahon as Clara, directed by Dorothy Danner and conducted by James Allbritten.

The first Los Angeles area local premiere was seen at the Covina Center for the Performing Arts in 2009. It starred Christopher Callen as Margaret, Brooke Tansley as Clara, and Craig D' Amico as Fabrizio (all Broadway veterans) under the direction of Brady Schwind.

The Lethbridge Symphony Orchestra in Alberta presented the musical at the Genevieve E. Yates Memorial Centre October 19–21, 2009, which was the Canadian première. Directed by Fran Rude and musical direction by Ken Rogers this production starred Diane Llewelyn-Jones as Margaret, Nicole Higginson as Clara and Steven Morton as Fabrizio.

The Berkeley Street Theatre in Toronto saw the Canadian première by Acting Up Stage running in February 2010.

The Arena Stage (Washington, DC) production ran from March 5, 2010 through April 11, 2010, with Hollis Resnik as Margaret.

The European premiere was directed by Paul Kerryson at the Curve theatre, Leicester, UK, in May 2009, starring Lucy Schaufer as Margaret and Caroline Sheen as Clara, with design by George Souglides, musical direction by Julian Kelly, lighting design by Giuseppe di Iorio, sound design by Paul Groothuis.

A highly acclaimed production at Theo Ubique Cabaret Theater in Chicago opened on March 11, 2012, starring Kelli Harrington as Margaret and Rachel Klippel as Clara. Harrington's performance won the Jeff Award for Best Actress. The run was extended through June.

The 2013 Shaw Festival production ran in rep at the Court House Theatre in Niagara on the Lake, Ontario, Canada. Previews began July 4, 2013 with the official opening July 26, 2013;
the show closed on October 13. The musical was directed by Jay Turvey and starred Patty Jamieson as Margaret Johnson.

Front Porch Theatricals (Pittsburgh) staged a performance in August 2015. It received rave reviews from both local and national critics with BroadwayWorld hailing the overall production and Josh Grosso in the role of Fabrizio. The cast included Becki Toth as Margaret and Lindsay Bayer as Clara. It was directed by Stephen Santa.

On April 4, 2016, the entire original Broadway cast reunited for a benefit concert version of the musical at the Vivian Beaumont Theater, where it originally played.

The work was presented by Life Like Company at the Arts Centre Melbourne from October 28, 2016 to November 6, 2016, directed by Theresa Borg and starring Chelsea Plumley (Margaret Johnson), Genevieve Kingsford (Clara Johnson) and Jonathan Hickey (Fabrizio Naccarelli).<ref>[https://lifelikecompany.com/thelightinthepiazza/ "The Light In The Piazza' Listing"] lifelikecompany.com, accessed July 8, 2021</ref>

The musical was produced in London at Royal Festival Hall from June 14, 2019 to July 6, starring Renée Fleming as Margaret Johnson and Dove Cameron as Clara. Daniel Evans directed. This production then moved to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles in October, the Lyric Opera of Chicago in December with Solea Pfeiffer taking over as Clara.

A semi-staged Encores! production ran at New York City Center from June 21–25, 2023. It starred Ruthie Ann Miles as Margaret, Shereen Ahmed as Franca, Andréa Burns as Signora Naccarelli, Rodd Cyrus as Giuseppe, James D. Gish as Fabrizio, Ivan Hernandez as Signor Naccarelli and Anna Zavelson as Clara. Directed by Chay Yew, it "reexamined the musical ... from an Asian American perspective.

Synopsis

 Act 1
In the early morning of their first day in Florence, Margaret reads from her guidebook to Clara as the piazza around them is waking up and coming to life ("Statues and Stories"). A breeze carries Clara's hat off her head and across the square where a young Italian man, Fabrizio, catches it, mid-air, and returns it to her. The two are instantly smitten, but Margaret steers her daughter away from the encounter, bringing her next to the Uffizi Gallery where the reaching figures in the paintings speak to Clara of her own yearnings ("The Beauty Is"). Fabrizio appears, hoping to arrange a time to meet with Clara, but Margaret intervenes again.

Alone, Fabrizio sings of his declaration of love at first sight for Clara, along with a heartfelt cry of fear that she could never love anyone as lost and without position as he ("Il Mondo Era Vuoto"). Fabrizio begs his father and his brother Giuseppe to help him appear more presentably for Clara. Giuseppe attempts to teach Fabrizio some dance steps as well ("American Dancing").

At the Duomo, Fabrizio catches up with Margaret and Clara again, and this time Fabrizio's father, Signor Naccarelli, is able to help penetrate Margaret's resistance to any further involvement. They all agree to meet at sunset to take a walk and admire the view of the city from above at the Piazzale Michelangelo ("Passeggiata").

Margaret and Clara are invited to have tea at the Naccarelli home. Giuseppe's wife, Franca, takes Clara on a tour of the apartment, and alone in a separate room, she warns Clara about how quickly love can stale in marriage ("The Joy You Feel"). Though the Naccarellis are universally impressed with Clara, Margaret tries without success to share her deep reservations. When she looks in Fabrizio's eyes and sees the love there, she cannot bring herself to disappoint him, as much as she feels she must; for there is something about Clara that none of these people know. Clara secretly makes plans to meet Fabrizio at midnight near the hotel.

Margaret calls her husband Roy, who is back in the states. She tries to tell him what is happening with Clara and Fabrizio, but he is brusque and not very understanding, cutting short the conversation. Margaret, alone in her hotel room, reflects on the loneliness in her marriage ("Dividing Day"). She checks in Clara's room and finds that she is missing.

On her way to meet Fabrizio, Clara becomes lost in the maze-like streets of Florence. She loses all poise and control, becoming hysterical and screaming like a child ("Hysteria"). Her mother takes her back to the hotel and, as Clara sleeps, reveals the source of her disquiet to the audience. When Clara was a young girl, she was kicked in the head by a Shetland pony, and the accident has caused her mental and emotional abilities to develop abnormally. Margaret feels that she must take Clara away from Florence at once, and she steps down into the lobby to have a drink. While she is away, Fabrizio comes to the room, distraught; he cannot find the right words to express his feelings, and Clara urges him to use any other means; Clara accepts Fabrizio's proposal of marriage, and the two are embracing, half undressed, as Margaret walks in on them ("Say It Somehow").

 Act 2
Margaret takes Clara to Rome to distract her and put an end to the affair. Back in Florence, the Naccarelli household is in complete chaos. As the family despairs, Signora Naccarelli translates in an aside; Fabrizio believes he has ruined everything with Clara, his father attempts to comfort him, and Giuseppe and Franca desire finer details ("Aiutami").

No matter what Margaret tries, her daughter refuses to give her an inch, culminating in a painful confrontation wherein Margaret slaps Clara across the face. Clara erupts with a torrent of feeling, centered on Fabrizio and the nature of love ("The Light in the Piazza"). This causes Margaret to relent, to set aside her doubts and considerations, and to no longer stand in the way of the wedding. The two return to Florence.

Clara is instructed in the Latin catechism in preparation for converting to Catholicism while around her everyone in the extended family sings of their feelings, stirred up by the immediate presence of such intense, young love ("Octet Part 1"). Franca, in an attempt to arouse her husband's jealousy, kisses Fabrizio right on the mouth, and Clara witnesses it, breaking into a furious rant that ends with her throwing a drink on Franca ("Clara's Tirade"). As Clara breaks down, Franca commends her for her bravery and declares her own desire to fight for Giuseppe. She toasts the upcoming union and is joined by the rest of the family ("Octet Part 2").

At the wedding rehearsal, Clara and Fabrizio are filling out the necessary forms when Signor Naccarelli sees something on Clara's form that causes him to call off the wedding and take his family away at once. Clara wants to know what is wrong with her, but her mother says there is nothing at all wrong. With Clara sobbing and broken, alone in one of the pews of the church, Margaret reveals her worst fears and her shame at having been the source of her daughter's lifelong suffering. She resolves to do whatever it takes to give Clara a chance for happiness ("The Beauty Is (Reprise)").

Margaret tries to reason with Signor Naccarelli, who saw Clara's childlike handwriting as she completed her marriage form. Seemingly unconcerned with her immaturity or her handwriting, Signor Naccarelli admits that he saw Clara write her age on the forms – 26 – and that this makes her an unsuitable bride for his son who is only 20. Relieved that he has not discovered their secret, Margaret begs him to change his mind, but he will not. She invites him to take a walk with her, and the two wander from one end of Florence to the other as the sun slowly sets and the night comes on ("Let's Walk"). By giving him time to mull things over and by not pressuring him, Margaret succeeds in putting the wedding back on track. They share a kiss and Signor Naccarelli promises his family will meet the Johnsons at the church the following morning, as originally planned.

From the hotel room, Margaret calls Roy to tell him about the wedding. As might be predicted, he insists that Clara cannot handle the responsibilities of marriage. Clara, in her wedding dress, stands in the shadows, overhearing her mother's side of the conversation. Margaret says, "Just because she isn't normal, Roy, doesn't mean she's consigned to a life of loneliness. She mustn't be made to accept less from life just because she isn't like you or me." Shattered, Clara slips out of the hotel room and runs once more through Florence ("Clara's Interlude"), meeting Fabrizio at the church in order to tell him that she cannot marry him; she won't allow herself to cause him any pain. However, Fabrizio assuages all of her fears ("Love to Me").

Moments before the wedding, Clara tells Margaret she can't leave her; Margaret assures her she can. Left alone, Margaret breaks open all the repressed doubts and yearnings that she has carried for years on end about love, realizing at last that the chance of love somehow outweighs the terrible risks, and joins the wedding ceremony ("Fable").

Musical numbers

Act 1
"Overture" – Orchestra
"Statues and Stories" – Margaret Johnson, Clara Johnson and Ensemble
"The Beauty Is" – Clara
"Il Mondo Era Vuoto" – Fabrizio Naccarelli
"American Dancing" – Orchestra
"Passeggiata" – Fabrizio and Clara
"The Joy You Feel" – Franca Naccarelli
"Dividing Day" – Margaret
"Hysteria / Lullaby" – Clara and Margaret
"Say It Somehow" – Clara and Fabrizio

Act 2
"Entr'acte" – Orchestra†
"Aiutami" – The Naccarelli Family
"The Light in the Piazza" – Clara
"Octet / Clara's Tirade" – Company
"The Beauty Is (Reprise)" – Margaret
"Let's Walk" – Signor Naccarelli and Margaret
"Clara's Interlude" – Clara
"Love to Me" – Fabrizio
"Fable" – Margaret
†=Not on the Broadway Cast Album

 Instrumentation
The score is more heavily orchestrated than most musicals that were emerging at the start of the 21st century. The full orchestration that won Guettel, Ted Sperling, and Bruce Coughlin the 2005 Tony Award was originally performed by a 15 piece pit.

 Strings: 6 violins, 2 cellos, 1 bass, 1 harp
 Guitar (1 player): steel-string acoustic, nylon-string acoustic, mandolin
 Keyboards: piano/celesta
 Woodwinds:
 Reed 1: clarinet, English horn, oboe
 Reed 2: bassoon, contrabassoon
 Percussion (1 player): timpani, marimba, vibes (motor off always), chimes, orchestra bells, crotales, snare drum, bass drum, low tom tom, suspended cymbal, splash cymbal, choke cymbal, finger cymbals, triangle, mark tree, cowbell, slapstick, big gong, small gong

The licensed version of the show also offers a five-piece orchestration:

 Strings: 1 violin, 1 cello, 1 bass, 1 harp
 Keyboards: piano

 Notable casts

Broadway replacements
Aaron Lazar replaced Morrison as Fabrizio Naccarelli on September 2, 2005
Chris Sarandon replaced Harelik as Signor Naccarelli on September 13, 2005
Katie Rose Clarke replaced O'Hara as Clara Johnson on December 15, 2005

 Critical response CurtainUp called the musical a "gorgeously staged and musically sophisticated adaptation... the Guettel sound is nevertheless plush and enjoyable with a genuine musical theater sensibility.... Lucas has made room for the young lovers' voices and retained enough of the psychological complexities to prevent this from being the dated soap opera it could easily have been." Michael Feingold, in his review for the Village Voice, commented: "It has some considerable shortcomings...but its main distinction is that its humanity separates it from the bulk of current musical theater."

Critic John Simon, in New York magazine, wrote: "Anyone who cares about the rather uncertain future of this truly American genre should – must – see the show, think and worry about it, and reach his or her own conclusions ... Craig Lucas's book seems perfectly adequate to me, but the emphasis must be on Adam Guettel's music and lyrics ... the music, though fluctuating between the Sondheimesque and offbeat but still Broadwayish and the art-songlike and even operatic, is steadily absorbing, even if only intermittently melodious. One duet, "Let's Walk", is an unqualified hit, but the rest, without fully cohering, is also arresting. Ted Sperling and Guettel's jaunty orchestrations add to the slightly disorienting but wholly fascinating harmonies and instrumentation."

Ben Brantley, in The New York Times'', deemed the show "encouragingly ambitious and discouragingly unfulfilled... the production comes into its own only in the sweetly bitter maternal regrets and dreams of Margaret Johnson." He further made special mention of the "gorgeous autumn-leaf-strewn set", the "lush golden lighting" and "the delectable period costumes".

In reviewing the revival starring Renee Fleming in 2019, Chris Jones said the show employed, "the most soul-satisfying score written for Broadway so far this century."  He concluded, "'Piazza' is still very much alive and, in this staging, as vital as ever."

Awards and nominations

Original Broadway production

References

External links

Official homepage
Interview from Studio 360 radio program
The Light in the Piazza – Guide to Musical Theatre

2005 musicals
Broadway musicals
Musicals based on short fiction
Tony Award-winning musicals
Disability in fiction
Musicals set in Florence
Musicals set in Rome
Musicals set in Italy

The Light in the Piazza (musical)


Letino (Campanian: ) is a comune and small village in the province of Caserta, in Campania, southern Italy.

It was one of the villages liberated by the Italian Libertarian Communist Insurrection of 1877 by Errico Malatesta, Carlo Cafiero, Pietro Cesare Ceccarelli, the Russian Stepniak and 30 other comrades. Another village in the same province, Gallo Matese, was also involved.

References

External links
Letino photos

Cities and towns in Campania

Letino


was a professional Go player.

Biography
Kajiwara studied under Riichi Sekiyama 9 dan until Kajiwara became a 1 dan in the autumn of 1937. He was promoted to 9 dan in 1965. Kajiwara left the Nihon Ki-in in 1947 with seven other professionals to create a rival organization, the Igo Shisha. He returned the following year. He challenged for the Oza title, the sixth largest in Japan, in 1964. A year later in 1965, he led a group of players to China, where he helped develop the Chinese fuseki. He is known for his famous "drilling tactics" and intuitive flair. He, along with Hideyuki Fujisawa and Toshiro Yamabe made up the group of "three crows" (triumvirate) of the post-war generation. Kajiwara taught the apprentices in the Kitani Dojo for an extended period when Kitani Minoru was incapacitated by illness.  He thus played an important role in the development of the dominant Kitani-school players in the last quarter of the 20th century.  In tournament play he reached the final of the 8th Asahi Pro Best Ten and played in the 1976, 1977, and 1978 Meijin leagues. He also tied for first place in the 1977 Gosei league.

References

External links
Nihon Ki-in profile (in Japanese)

1923 births
Japanese Go players
People from Sado, Niigata
People from Tokyo
2009 deaths

Takeo Kajiwara


The Chelyabinsk meteor (or 2013 Russian meteor event) happened on 15 February 2013 over Chelyabinsk, Russia at about 9:13 a.m. Chelyabinsk is near the Ural Mountains.

The meteor was moving at a speed of about 18 km/s (40,000 mph), it passed over the southern Ural region and exploded in the air over Chelyabinsk Oblast. The air burst occurred at approximately 15 to 25 km (10 to 15 mi) above the ground.

The total energy released was equivalent to nearly 500 kilotons of TNT  which would make it 20–30 times more powerful than the atomic bombs detonated at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The meteor was significantly smaller than objects that are tracked through current efforts by space object scientists, and was not detected before atmospheric entry.

About 1,500 people were injured, mainly by glass from windows shattered by the shock wave; two were reported in serious condition. As many as 3,000 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged as a result of the explosion and impacts. The meteor created a dazzling light, bright enough to cast shadows during broad daylight in Chelyabinsk and to be seen as far away as Kazakhstan. Eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.

The Chelyabinsk meteor is the largest object known to have entered the Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event, and the only such event known to have resulted in a large number of injuries.

The predicted close approach of the roughly  asteroid 2012 DA14 occurred about 15 hours later. Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, NASA, Russian sources, and the European Space Agency, said the two events were not  related because they had different trajectories.

No deaths have been reported. It is not related to an asteroid that was also near the Earth on that day.

References

2013 disasters
2010s in Russia
February 2013 events
Meteorites
Chelyabinsk Oblast

Chelyabinsk meteor


In mathematics, digital Morse theory is a digital adaptation of continuum Morse theory for scalar volume data. This is not about the Samuel Morse's Morse code of long and short clicks or tones used in manual electric telegraphy.  The term was first promulgated by DB Karron based on the work of JL Cox and DB Karron.

The main utility of a digital Morse theory is that it serves to provide a theoretical basis for isosurfaces (a kind of embedded manifold submanifold) and perpendicular streamlines in a digital context. The intended main application of DMT is in the rapid semiautomatic segmentation objects such as organs and anatomic structures from stacks of medical images such as produced by three-dimensional computed tomography by CT or MRI technology.

DMT Tree

A DMT tree is a digital version of a Reeb graph or contour tree graph, showing the relationship and connectivity of one isovalued defined object to another. Typically, these are nested objects, one inside another, giving a parent-child relationship, or two objects standing alone with a peer relationship.

The essential insight of Morse theory can be given in a little parable.

The fish tank thought experiment
The fish tank thought experiment: Counting islands as the water level changes

The essential insight of continuous Morse theory can be intuited by a thought experiment. Consider a rectangular glass fish tank. Into this tank, we pour a small quantity of sand such that we have two smoothly sloping small hills, one taller than the other. Now, we fill this tank to the brim with water. We now start a count of the number of island objects as we very slowly drain the tank.

Our initial observation is that there are no island features in our tank scene. As the water level drops, we observe the water level just coincident with the peak of the tallest sand hill.
We next observe the behavior of the water at the critical peak of the hill. We see a degenerate point island contour, with zero area, zero perimeter, and infinite curvature. A vanishing small change in the water level and this point contour expand into a tiny island.
We now increment our island object count by +1.
We continue to drain water from the tank.
We next observe the creation of the second island at the peak of the second little hill. We again increment our island object count by +1 to two objects. Our little sea has two island objects in it.
As we continue to slowly lower the water level in our little tank sea.
We now observe the two island contours gradually expand and grow toward each other. As the water level reaches the level of the critical saddle point between the two hills the island contours touch at precisely the saddle point.
We observe that our object count decrements by –1 to give a total island count of one.
The essential feature of this rubric is that we only need to count the peaks and passes to inventory all of the islands in our sea, or objects in our scene. This approach works even as we increase the complexity of the scene.

We can use the same idea of enumerating peak, pits and pass criticalities in a very complex archipelago of island features, at any size scale, or any range of size scales, including noise at any size scale.

The relationship between island features can be
 Peers: two islands that at a lower water level 'merge' into a common parent.
 Parent: an island that splits into two child islands at a higher water level.
 Progeny: An island that has a Parent island feature as related above.

Digital Morse theory relates Peaks, Pits and Passes to Parents, Peers and Progeny. This gives a cute mnemonic: PPP →  ppp.

As the topology does not care about geometry or dimensionality (directly), complex optimizations in infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces are amenable to this kind of analysis.

See also
Topological data analysis
Discrete Morse theory
 Stratified Morse Theory

References

Computational topology
Digital geometry
Medical imaging

Digital Morse theory


Chittoor district (), is a district in Rayalaseema region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The district headquarters is located at Chittoor. It has a population of 4,170,468 according to 2011 census of India. Chittoor district has many major temples including Tirupati and Kanipakam and temples. It lies in the Poini river valley of southernmost Andhra Pradesh along the Chennai – Bangalore section Chennai-Mumbai highway. It is a major market centre for mangoes, grains, sugarcane, and peanuts.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Chittoor district has a population of 4,170,468. This gives it a ranking of 47th in India (out of a total of 640)and 6th in its state. The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.33%. Chittoor has a sex ratio of 1002 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 72.36%.

In 2007–2008 the International Institute for Population Sciences interviewed 1010 households in 38 villages across the district. They found that 92.7% had access to electricity, 99.6% had drinking water, 33.3% toilet facilities, and 53.8% lived in a pucca (permanent) home. 29.3% of girls wed before the legal age of 18 and 88.2% of interviewees carried a BPL card.

Telugu is both the official and spoken language.

References

Districts of Andhra Pradesh

Chittoor district


Jineane Marie Ford (born ) is an American beauty queen, actress, and television personality from Arizona who held the title Miss USA 1980.

Background
Ford was raised on a farm in Gilbert, Arizona.  She raised calves, and participated in rodeo barrel racing.  She was a member of the Future Farmers of America and became a registered meat cutter in High School.

Pageants
Ford was named Fiesta Bowl Queen in 1978-79 when attending Mesa Community College before winning the Miss Arizona USA contest in 1980.  She represented her state at the Miss USA pageant televised live from Biloxi, Mississippi in 1980.

Ford delivered a solid performance in the preliminary round of competition, and placed eighth among the top twelve semi-finalists who advanced to compete in the final night of the pageant.  She was also the co-winner of the Miss Photogenic award.

Ford performed consistently during the pageant, placing among the top five in each of the interview, swimsuit and evening gown competitions: her strongest showing was in the evening gown competition where she ranked second.  Overall, Ford finished first runner-up to Miss South Carolina USA Shawn Weatherly, which gave her the right to assume the Miss USA title should Weatherly be unable to complete her reign.
In July 1980, Weatherly won the Miss Universe contest, and Ford was crowned the new Miss USA in her stead.  As the two competitions are allied, the two American beauties completed their respective reigns living in the same apartment in New York, provided as part of their prize package.

Acting career
After passing on her crown to Kim Seelbrede in 1981, Ford went on to work in the entertainment industry. While looking for acting work, she worked as a butcher at a Vons supermarket in Southern California. She obtained acting roles in several TV series and TV movies.

TV News
She then decided to return to Arizona and began a long career in local television, almost all in Phoenix except for several years in Tampa. She worked at KTVK and then joined KPNX 12 News in Phoenix in 1991 where she co-anchored 12 News Today and 12 News Midday.  She remained with the station until January 2, 2007, when she left anchoring full-time at KPNX on January 2, 2007, in order to spend more time with her family and to take care of her business.

Awards
In 2016, Ford was inducted into The Arizona Broadcasters Association Hall of Fame.

Personal
She is also a business owner, having purchased the oldest log lodge in Arizona, restoring it and opening it back up for business.  She operates Mama Bears's Restaurant and Honey Bear Antiques and Lodge in Pinetop-Lakeside. Ford has won awards for Best New Business and Historic Preservation from the state. She has two sons, Cody and Austin, from her first marriage to Neil O. King.

Filmography

References

External links

Official Miss USA website

Miss USA winners
People from Gilbert, Arizona
Living people
Miss USA 1980 delegates
American television news anchors
1960s births
American women television journalists

Jineane Ford


The National Student Journalism Awards are an annual UK-wide student journalism competition organised by the National Union of Students of the United Kingdom (NUS).

History
Launched in 1947, the awards were run in association with The Guardian newspaper from 1978 until 1999 (when The Guardian independently launched the Guardian Student Media Awards).

Recent sponsors include The Independent (1999-2002), The Daily Mirror
(2003-2005) and The Press Association (2006-).

Format
The Awards are launched in May each year, with a closing date at the beginning of July. Typically students are required to send their best three articles from the past academic year to be critiqued by a panel of senior national journalists. In October, a shortlist of five entrants per category is released. The winners and runners-up in each category are announced at a London ceremony in November.

2006 Awards
The 2006 winners were:

Best Newspaper:
Winner: Sheffield Steel Press, Sheffield University

Runner up: Gair Rhydd, Cardiff University

Best Magazine:

Winner: The Orbital, Royal Holloway, University of London

Runner up: Impact, University of Nottingham

Best Website:

Winner: Durham 21, Durham University

Runner up: Gair Rhydd, Cardiff University

Best Small Budget Publication

Winner: York Vision, University of York

Runner up: Medical Student, University of London Union

Best Further Education Publication:

Winner: Student Eye, Liverpool Community College

Runner up: Scribbles, City of Wolverhampton College

Best Student Reporter:

Winner: Matt Sandy, The Warwick Boar

Runner up: Matthew Kennard, Leeds Student

Best Student Feature Writer:

Winner: Alistair Plumb, The Warwick Boar

Runner up: Kevin Widdop, Leeds Student

Best Student Sports Journalist:

Winner: David O'Kelly, The Warwick Boar

Runner up: Jamie Dear, Cherwell, Oxford University

Best Student Critic:

Winner: Laura Swinton, Durham 21

Runner up: Laura Battle, The Student (Edinburgh)

Best Publication Design:

Winner: Smith's Magazine, Goldsmith's College, London

Runner up: Gair Rhydd (Cardiff University)

Diversity Award:

Winner: Chris White, Gair Rhydd (Cardiff University)

Runner up: Perri Lewis, Gair Rhydd (Cardiff University)

Best Student Travel Journalist:

Winner: Lucy Beaumont, Pi Magazine (UCL)

Runner up: Laura Powell, The Core/ Warwick Boar (University of Warwick)

Best Student Photographer:

Winner: Ching Sum Yuen, Warwick Boar

Runner up: James Robertson, The Student (Edinburgh University)

Redesign

2006 was the last year of the awards in their original format. There were no awards in 2007, while in 2008 two categories of Student Publication of the Year and Student Journalist of the Year were included in the new NUS Awards, which recognise a wider variety of student achievement.

References

British journalism awards
Student awards
Awards established in 1947
1947 establishments in the United Kingdom

National Student Journalism Awards


Hoot is a young adult novel written by Carl Hiaasen. It was originally published in 2002. Hoot won the Newbery Medal in 2003.

The novel is about a boy named Roy Eberhardt and his friends, Beatrice Leep and Mullet Fingers. They work to save a nest of burrowing owls at a construction site.

The book was turned into a movie in 2006. The movie starred Logan Lerman as Roy, Brie Larson as Beatrice, Cody Linley as Mullet Fingers, Luke Wilson as David Delinko, Tim Blake Nelson as Curly Brannit, and Clark Gregg as Chuck Muckle.

Newbery Medal winning books
American young adult novels
2002 books

Hoot (novel)


The 4900th Test Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit.  Its last was assigned to Air Force Systems Command at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, where it was inactivated on 1 April 1976.

History
The unit was activated by Air Force Systems Command on 1 August 1970 as the 4900th Test Group (Flight Test) and assigned directly to the command.  Its mission was to conduct flight test programs of advanced airborne laser weapons for the co-located Air Force Special Weapons Center Advanced Radiation Technology Office.

The group operated a fleet of five F-4Ds, one RF-4C, five NKC-135As, three NC-135As, five C-130s, U-3Bs, and several A-37s, F-100s, UH-1F, and UH-1N until deactivated on April 1, 1976.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Test groups of the United States Air Force

4900th Flight Test Group


Brīvā Latvija. Latvju Raksti (Free Latvia. Latvian Writings) was the name of an underground, anti-German resistance newspaper in Nazi-occupied Latvia during World War II. Its first four issues appeared under the title Vēstījums (Message). The newspaper's editor and principal author was the Latvian fascist Gustavs Celmiņš. When the newspaper and its distribution networks were uncovered were discovered by the Gestapo, Celmiņš and others were arrested and sent to prison or concentration camps.

References

External links
 Information on Brīvā Latvija (1943–44) from historia.lv

Defunct newspapers published in Latvia
Underground press in World War II
Generalbezirk Lettland
Newspapers established in 1943
Publications disestablished in 1944
1943 establishments in Latvia
1944 disestablishments in Latvia

Brīvā Latvija (1943–44)


The Romanian Academy of Sciences was an institution established in Romania by a group of 26 scientists, dissatisfied with the imperfect organization of the Scientific Section of the Romanian Academy, which was left in the background, with only 12 seats to represent all sciences.

Short history
On March 29, 1935, the institution, which was established de facto on March 11, 1935, received legal personality.

According to the statute, the purpose of the Romanian Academy of Sciences was to encourage and guide the scientific creation by:
a) facilitating the networking of the researchers in various pure and applied scientific specialties and circulation of their research results through communications, reports, publications, exhibitions, etc.
b) stimulating research through awards for valuable works, by subsidizing etc.
c) scientific initiation of the staff of the special institutions that depend to the Academy of Sciences.

To this end, finally, the Romanian Academy of Sciences set the number of full members to be 120, with up to 12 members of each of the 10 sections:

1.Section of Mathematics and Astronomy;
2.Section of Physics;
3.Section of Chemistry;
4.Section Biology (Zoology, Botany, Physiology);
5.Section of Applied Biology;
6.Section of Geology, Mineralogy and Geography;
7.Section of Military Science with application to the national defense;
8.Section of History and Philosophy of Science, Organizing, Education and Awareness;
9.Technical Section;
10.Section of Social and Economic Sciences.

Following the intervention in court of the Romanian Academy, by Decree Law no. 2418 / July 7, 1938, published in The Official Monitor no. 154/ July 8, 1938, the Romanian Academy of Sciences was banned from wearing the title of the Academy, considered as the monopoly of another older institution. As a result, on September 24, 1938, the General Assembly of the Romanian Academy of Sciences has decided to change its name to ″The Romanian Institute of Sciences″.

By the Decree Law 3714 / November 6, 1940, published on November 7, 1940 in the Official Monitor No. 261, Part I, it was decided that the ″Romanian Institute of Sciences″, legal person established in Bucharest, to be named again the ″Romanian Academy of Sciences″.

The Romanian Academy of Sciences was dissolved in 1948. By the Great National Assembly Presidium Decree no. 76, published in the Official Monitor No.132 bis / June 9, 1948, The Romanian Academy was turned into the Romanian People's Republic Academy and the Romanian Academy of Sciences was incorporated in the Romanian People's Republic Academy, all its movable and immovable goods and heritage being integrated in the new Academy.

Currently, the Academy of Romanian Scientists, founded in 2007, is considered the successor and sole legatee of the Romanian Academy of Sciences (1935-1948) and the Association of Romanian Scientists, founded in 1956.

Bibliography
   *** Academia de Științe din România. Buletin, 1(1936) - 14(1945-1946).
 Botez, Elvira, Scurt istoric al Asociațiunii Române pentru înaintarea și răspândirea științelor, în NOEMA, IV, 2005, l, pp. 159–167.
   *** Comptes Rendus des séances de l'Académie des Sciences de Roumanie, I (1936-1937) - VIII (1946-1947).
Negulescu P. P., Reforma învățământului. Ed. 2-a. București 1927, Ed. Casei Școalelor, pp. CLXXIX-CLXXX.
Rusu, Dorina N., Istoria Academiei Române. Repere cronologice, București, Ed. Academiei Române, 1992, p. 227.
Rusu, Dorina N., Membrii Academiei Române 1866-2003 Dicționar, București, Ed. Academiei Române, 2003.

External links
List of the members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences (ASR) (1936-1948)

References

National academies of sciences
1935 establishments in Romania
1948 disestablishments in Romania
Scientific organizations established in 1935
Organizations disestablished in 1948
Science and technology in Romania
Greater Romania

Romanian Academy of Sciences


The NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs (, A.P.A. or APA) was a Nazi Party organization. It was set up in April 1933 in the Hotel Adlon in Berlin immediately after the Nazi Machtergreifung ("Seizure of power"). It was led by Alfred Rosenberg. It was one of the central authorities for the foreign policy of Nazi Germany, alongside the Foreign Office (AA) under the leadership of Neurath, the Nazi Party's Auslandsorganisation (NSDAP/AO) of Ernst Wilhelm Bohle, Joachim von Ribbentrop's special bureau (Dienststelle Ribbentrop) and part of the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (RMVP) under Joseph Goebbels.

The APA lost its political importance and function in July 1941 at the latest, when Rosenberg was appointed head of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (RMfdbO). From then on, numerous APA employees worked at the RMfdbO. In February 1943, the APA was shut down as part of the "total war effort" measures.

See also

Amt Rosenberg
Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce
NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy
NSDAP Office of Military Policy
NSDAP Office of Racial Policy

References

Nazi Party organizations
Federal Foreign Office
1933 establishments in Germany

NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs


The gameplay of the Pokémon series of role-playing video games involves the capture and training of a variety of fictional creatures called "Pokémon" and using them to battle other trainers. Every generation of games follows this concept by introducing new Pokémon, items, and gameplay concepts. Some of the general concepts were featured elsewhere before being introduced in the games; double battles appeared in the anime long before appearing in the games, and Pokémon abilities are similar to the Pokémon Powers introduced in the Pokémon Trading Card Game.

Battles
Battling is a large part of the games. Pokémon can be found in the wild, in dark grass, caves, forests, ponds, the ocean, and even underwater. Also, whenever the player walks where another trainer can see the player, the two must battle. Hundreds of trainers are in each of the main series Pokémon games.

Statistics
Pokémon have six statistics (HP, Attack, Defense, Special Attack, Special Defense, and Speed) which all affect how they perform in battles. Statistics can be raised by using items and by training the Pokémon.

Before Pokémon Gold and Silver were released, the "Special Attack" and "Special Defense" stats were combined into one statistic, "Special." This later became too complicated so it was divided into "Special Attack" and "Special Defense."

Abilities
Starting in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, Pokémon have abilities which affect them in various ways. These can be abilities that work while in battle or when the player is just walking around. An example is the ability "Overgrow" which increases the power of Grass-type moves when a Pokémon's health is below 1/3 of its full amount.

Pokémon types
Each Pokémon has either one or two types. Which types it has affect how it performs when it battles other Pokémon of other types. For example, a Fire-type Pokémon is weak against Water-type, but is strong against a Grass-type. It could be compared to a more complex game of rock, paper, scissors.

This is a list of the types:
 "Normal"
 "Grass"
 "Fire"
 "Water"
 "Electric"
 "Ground"
 "Rock"
 "Flying"
 "Ice"
 "Poison"
 "Psychic"
 "Ghost"
 "Dragon"
 "Bug"
 "Fighting"

Two more were added when Pokémon Gold and Silver were released:
 "Steel"
 "Dark"

Another type, "Fairy", was added in Pokémon X and Y.

Pokémon Gyms
Pokémon Gyms are buildings where the player faces a Gym Leader, who focuses one of the 18 types of Pokémon. There are also trainers in the Gym that the player can battle, and they also use mostly that type. Beating the Gym Leader earns you a Badge which increases your skills.

Evolution
Pokémon evolve to turn into different Pokémon from the same evolutionary line. Doing so, they become stronger and can learn more powerful moves, but learn moves at higher levels.

Evolution by leveling up
This is the most common way that Pokémon evolve. Pokémon in this category evolve when they reach a certain level.
 Example: Bulbasaur evolves into Ivysaur at level 16 who can then evolve into Venusaur at level 32.
 Example 2: Gastly evolves into Haunter at level 25.
Some Pokémon can only evolve by level in a certain place.
 Example: Eevee can evolve into Leafeon if it gains a level near a Moss Rock in Eterna Forest (Sinnoh) or Pinwheel Forest (Unova), or Glaceon if it gains a level near an Ice Rock at Route 217 (Sinnoh) or Twist Mountain (Unova).
Some Pokémon evolve by level if it is holding a certain item.
 Example: Happiny can evolve into Chansey if it gains a level while holding an Oval Stone during the day.
Some Pokemon only evolve by level if they are leveled in a route that is having a certain weather. This weather can only work to evolve the Pokemon if the weather is not caused by a move or Ability.
 Example: Sliggoo evolves into Goodra at level 50, but only if the weather on the route is rain.

Evolution by stones
This is another way that Pokémon evolve. Some Pokémon can only evolve if they are given certain evolution stones.
 Example: Pikachu evolves into Raichu when given a Thunderstone.

Evolution by trading
This is another way that Pokémon evolve. Some Pokémon only evolve if they are traded to a friend.
 Example: Haunter only evolves into Gengar if it is traded with a friend.
Some Pokémon only evolve if traded to a friend while holding an item.
 Example: Scyther only evolves into Scizor if it is traded to a friend when it is holding the item Metal Coat.
 Example: Clamperl will evolve into Huntail or Gorebyss if it is traded while holding the Deepseatooth or Deepseascale, respectively.
Some Pokemon only evolve if they're traded with another, specific Pokemon.
 Example: Karrablast and Shelmet will both evolve into Escavalier and Accelgor (respectively) when traded with each other.

Evolution by happiness
Another way Pokémon evolve is through happiness. Whenever the player character in the game walks 100 steps, gives their Pokémon a vitamin such as Protein, Iron, Carbos, Calcium, or Zinc, training it until it gains a level, or when the character does something else to make it happy, it will gain happiness points. The item Soothe Bell multiplies this amount. Once a Pokémon has reached a certain happiness level, it will evolve after it is leveled once, sometimes depending on the time of day:

Example: Eevee evolves into either Espeon or Umbreon if its happiness rating is maxed out; into Espeon if this happens during the day, or Umbreon if it happens during the night. However, such day-and-night distinction exists only in the second-generation games and the generations that follow (but not in Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen).

Evolution by moves
Pokémon can evolve after learning certain moves and leveling up.

 Example: Bonsly can evolve into Sudowoodo after learning the move Mimic.

Evolution by gender
Some Pokémon can evolve only if they are a certain gender.

Example: Combee can evolve into Vespiquen if it is female.

Mega Evolution
Some Pokémon can evolve into a Mega form during a battle if they are holding a Mega Stone. However, the evolution only lasts for the battle.

Example: Venusaur can evolve into Mega Venusaur if it is holding the Venusaurite item.

Items
A large number of different items exist. They are used to help the player or their Pokémon.

Poké Ball
A Poké Ball is a red-and-white sphere that is used to catch Pokémon. Many different forms of it exist, such as the Great Ball, the Ultra Ball, the Heavy Ball, the Net Ball, the Dive Ball, the Friend Ball, and the Master Ball (which can catch any Pokémon without fail). Each of these have different colors and can be used to catch different Pokémon more effectively.

Pokédex
The Pokédex is a tool used by Pokémon trainers all around the Pokémon world in different regions. These regions include the Unova region, the Sinnoh region, the Hoenn region, the Johto region and the Kanto region. The Pokédex makes records of information about each of the different Pokémon. There are 801 different species of Pokémon recorded in the world today. Different Pokémon are caught in different regions and some Pokémon can only be caught in certain regions, such as Xerneas in the Kalos Region.

Rare Pokémon

Legendary Pokémon
Legendary Pokémon are Pokémon that are very rare, and there is usually only one in each game. Examples of legendaries are Articuno, Zapdos, Mewtwo, Lugia, Groudon, and Dialga. They are hard to catch, and are stronger than most Pokémon. Some roam around, while others can be found in one spot until you KO or capture them. If you KO a legendary, it will usually leave and will never be found again unless the game is restarted or the Elite Four is defeated again. Because of this, players usually save before engaging the Pokémon.

Mythical Pokémon
Mythical Pokémon are the rarest type of Pokémon, only found by one-time events. Examples of Mythical Pokémon are Mew, Celebi, and Jirachi.

Shiny Pokémon
Shiny Pokémon are a different color than that Pokémon normal for their species. Some examples would be a yellow Bulbasaur (they are usually greenish-blue) or a red Gyarados (they are usually blue). They are extremely rare; there is only a 1 in 4,096 chance of an encountered Pokémon being shiny, but there are ways to improve your chances of obtaining one, which vary per game. Some Pokemon in the same evolution line have different shiny colors, even if their regular colors are the same. For example, Ponyta and Rapidash normally have reddish-orange flames. However, shiny Ponyta have blue flames while shiny Rapidash have silver flames.

References

Pokémon video games

Gameplay of Pokémon


Water politics are the politics related to whether people have enough fresh drinking water (see water scarcity). There is less fresh water available for many reasons. One reason is that some industries use huge amounts of water. Another problem is water pollution, which occurs when dangerous chemicals or human waste gets into the water. Currently, 40% of the people in the world do not have enough fresh water. More than 2.2 million people died in 2000 from diseases that were caused by drinking polluted, dirty water or drought.

Politics

Environmental issues

Water politics


Franciszek Ksawery Pruszyński   (4 December 1907 – 13 June 1950) was a Polish journalist, publicist, writer and diplomat. He was one of the most active and operative of Polish newspaper reporters.

Biography
He was born in Wolica Kierekieszynanow in Ukrainein Volhynia. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 his family settled in Kraków. A graduate of the Zakład Naukowo-Wychowawczy Ojców Jezuitów w Chyrowie in 1927, he studied law at Jagiellonian University. He joined the organization Myśl Mocarstwowa (Imperial Thought). His works first appeared in Dzień Akademicki and Civitas Academica. He specialized in medieval German law, taught by professor Stanisław Estreicher. In 1929 he was deputy assistant to Estreicher.

He travelled all over Europe contributing articles to the leading Polish papers. He joined the editorial board of the newspaper Czas from Kraków, first as a proofreader, then surveying the foreign press, and from 1930, author of a series of reports from Hungary. In 1932 he published his debut book, Sarajewo 1914, Szanghaj 1932, Gdańsk 193? (Sarajevo 1914, Shanghai 1932, Gdańsk 193?) about Gdańsk. In the 1930s he published in the magazine Bunt Młodych (Youth Revolt) and was a member of the young conservatives. He travelled in Palestine in 1933 reporting for the Vilnius weekly Słowo. His book on Palestine was published in October 1933, Palestyna po raz trzeci (Palestine for the Third Time). During the Spanish Civil War in 1936 he was a correspondent in Madrid and supported the Spanish Republican Army, staying at the famous Hotel Florida (Madrid), then also inhabited by the likes of Ernest Hemingway. He wrote about Spain in the book W czerwonej Hiszpanii (In the Red Spain), published in 1937 (translated to Spanish as En la España roja in 2007). Before September 1939 he reported from Gdańsk. His article was published in July 1939 on the first page in the special issue of Wiadomości Literackie dedicated to Gdańsk.

After September 1939 he fought in the Polish Armed Forces in the West, and served in the Battle of Narvik (Norway 1940), and Battle of Falaise (France 1944). He wrote about Scotland and Poles who came there in the book Polish Invasion, published in October 1941 in London. He was a member of the Polish Embassy staff in Russia (1941–42). After this experience he wrote the book Russian Year: A Notebook of an Amateur Diplomat, published in May 1944 in New York. During his stay in Russia he experienced such contrasts as a stay in a humble peasant's hut and a dinner in state with Stalin at the Kremlin. The New York Times wrote that Pruszyński "possesses a knowledge of Russian language, culture and history shared by very few recent foreign visitors to the Soviet Union. Add to this a keenly observant eye, a style that is always readable and sometimes brilliant, and one has the ingredients of one of the most informative books that have appeared on the Soviet Union at war.".

He wrote about Gdańsk in 1946 after its destruction and reminisce about pro-war attitude of the citizens of Gdańsk in 1939. During 1947-1948 he was the chairman of Subcommittee 1 and of the Working Group on Boundaries (as part of the UN Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question).Between 1948-1950 he was a diplomatic representative (poseł) of PRL in the Netherlands. At that time, he was associated with a Polish poet Julia Hartwig. He died in unexplained circumstances on 13 June 1950 in a car accident in Rhynern, south of Hamm, about 50 miles northeast of Düsseldorf. He was buried at Rakowicki Cemetery in Krakow. Married to Maria Meysztowicz, he had three children: Aleksander, Maria and Stanisław (Stash).

Ryszard Kapuściński said of Pruszyński that thanks to him reportage has become not only the product of the eye, but also of the mind.

Selected bibliography

Works available in English
 Polish Invasion (London 1941, Edinburgh 2010) - about the mutual impact of Poles and Scots in wartime Scotland
 Poland Fights Back (London 1941, New York 1944)
 Russian Year (as Xavier Pruszyński, New York 1944) - about Russia
 Adam Mickiewicz: The Life Story of the Greatest Polish Poet (1950) - about Adam Mickiewicz

Works currently unavailable in English
 Sarajewo 1914, Szanghaj 1932, Gdańsk 193? (1932) - about Gdańsk before the Second World War
 Palestyna po raz trzeci (1933) - about Palestine
 Podróż po Polsce (1937) - about Poland
 W czerwonej Hiszpanii (1937) - about the Spanish Civil War
 Droga wiodła przez Narvik (1941)
 Księga ponurych niedopowiedzeń (1941)
 1000 mil od prawdy (1941)
 Walczymy (1943)
 Margrabia Wielopolski (1944) - about Aleksander Wielopolski
 Trzynaście opowieści (1946)
 Karabela z Meschedu (1948)
 Opowieść o Mickiewiczu (1956) - about Adam Mickiewicz
 Wybór pism publicystycznych (volumes 1-2, 1966) - a selection of articles about Poland, Europe and the USA
 Wybór pism 1940-1945 (1989) - a selection of articles originally published in newspapers between 1940 and 1945
 Publicystyka. Tom 1. 1931-1939. Niezadowoleni i entuzjaści (1990) - a selection of articles originally published in newspapers between 1931 and 1939
 Publicystyka. Tom 2. 1940-1948. Powrót do Soplicowa (1990) - a selection of articles originally published in newspapers between 1940 and 1948

Biographies
 Zygmunt Ziątek, Ksawery Pruszyński; Warsaw, State Publishing Institute PIW, 1972

Further reading
 Contemporary Polish Short Stories selected by Andrzej Kijowski; Warsaw, Polonia Publishing House, 1960, English language - a selection of short stories (including Pruszyński's)

References

1907 births
1950 deaths
People from Volhynian Governorate
People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent
Polish male writers
Polish publicists
Jagiellonian University alumni
Polish military personnel of World War II
Road incident deaths in Germany
Polish war correspondents
20th-century Polish journalists
Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery

Ksawery Pruszyński


Mark Vincent Steele (born 13 November 1976) is an English former cricketer. Steele was a left-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born in Corby, Northamptonshire.

Steele made his debut for Staffordshire in the 1998 Minor Counties Championship against Lincolnshire. Steele played Minor counties cricket for Staffordshire only in 1998, which included 10 Minor Counties Championship matches and 2 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. In 1998, he made his only List A appearance against Leicestershire in the NatWest Trophy. In this match, he took 2 wickets for 43 runs from 10 overs. With the bat he was dismissed for 25 by Dominic Williamson.

His father, David Steele, played Test cricket for England. His brother, Arran, himself played a single List A match, appearing for the Northamptonshire Cricket Board in 1999. His uncle, John Steele, played first-class cricket for a number of teams.

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
People from Corby
English cricketers
Staffordshire cricketers
Cricketers from Northamptonshire

Mark Steele (cricketer)


South Para Reservoir is the second largest reservoir in South Australia, behind Mount Bold Reservoir, and the principal reservoir of the South Para River system. The reservoir's large capacity of around 45,330 megalitres and its location in the catchment area mean that it only ever fills completely once in every five years.

Costing A$6.4 million, the reservoir took almost a decade to construct, between 1949 and 1958, due to a demand on resources in the post-war boom. The building of the historic Mannum–Adelaide pipeline from the River Murray to the water-short city of Adelaide was a key delay in South Para's construction; that pipeline today disperses water into the reservoir.

The Reservoir is surrounded by nature reserve and has been a focus for two major revegetation projects, the first in the late 1950s when over 5000 trees and shrubs were planted, and the second as part of the South Australian Government's "Million Trees" initiative.

In 1979 the mutilated body of 17-year-old Alan Barnes was found after being dumped in the South Para Reservoir. His murder, one of the five cases known as The Family Murders remains unsolved.
Capacity: 45,330 ML
Length of wall: 284 m
Height of wall: 44.2 m
Type of wall: rolled fill

Gallery

See also
List of reservoirs and dams in Australia

References

External links
SA Water: Water Storage (Reservoirs)
ParksWeb: SA Water Reserves

Dams completed in 1958
Dams in South Australia
Reservoirs in South Australia

South Para Reservoir


Eucalyptus deanei, commonly known as mountain blue gum, round-leaved gum, or Deane's gum, is a species of large tree endemic to New South Wales. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped leaves that are paler on the lower surface, flower buds in groups of seven to eleven, white flowers and cup-shaped to bell-shaped fruit.

Description
Eucalyptus deanei typically grows as a straight forest tree, growing a height of  with a trunk diameter of up to  at breast height. Some specimens exceed  but in less than optimal sites, it may be restricted to , have a thicker trunk and more branching crown. The trunk has smooth pale grey or cream bark with a 'skirt' of rougher greyish or brownish bark at the base. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to more or less round leaves  long and  wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately along the stems, lance-shaped, glossy dark green on the upper surface and paler below. They are  long and  wide on a petiole  long.

The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven, nine or eleven in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle  long, the individual buds on a pedicel  long. Mature buds are oval to pear-shaped,  long and  wide with a conical to rounded or beaked operculum. Flowering occurs from February to April and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped to bell-shaped capsule  long and  wide with the valves at rim level or slightly beyond.

Taxonomy
Mountain blue gum was first formally described in 1899 by Henry Deane and Joseph Maiden who gave it the name Eucalyptus saligna var. parviflora and published the description in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. In 1904, Deane raised the variety to species status as E. deanei and published the change in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Maiden named the tree "in honour of my old friend Henry Deane, M.A., M.Inst.C.E., Engineer-inChief for Railway Construction of this State, my coadjutor in much work on the genus published in these Proceedings and whose stimulus and counsel in botanical work I have enjoyed for twenty years". He also noted that Maiden had drawn his attention to the tree "in March, 1888, at The Valley, Blue Mountains".

This eucalypt has been classified in the subgenus Symphyomyrtus, Section Latoangulatae, Series Transversae (eastern blue gums) by Ian Brooker and David Kleinig. Its two closest relatives are the flooded gum (E. grandis) and the Sydney blue gum (E. saligna). Its common name is derived from its roundish juvenile leaves, which also distinguish it from its closest relatives.

In 1990 Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described the New England population as a separate species, E. brunnea from a specimen collected near Torrington but the change is not accepted by the Australian Plant Census nor by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.

Distribution and habitat
Eucalyptus deanei is found in two disjunct populations. The southern range is from Thirlmere to Broke, near Singleton, while the northern range is from Armidale on the Northern Tablelands through to the D'aguilar Range west of Brisbane.  It is a dominant tree of tall forests in sheltered valleys where there is plenty of moisture, on clay or loam soils, and alluvial sands, although it sometimes grows on more elevated areas. They are most famously seen at the Blue Gum Forest in the Grose Valley within the Blue Mountains National Park.

The botanist Ken Hill collected this species mid way between the northern and southern populations, west of Comboyne.

Associated trees include Sydney blue gum (E. saligna), grey gum (E. punctata), messmate (E. obliqua), manna gum (E. viminalis), river peppermint (E. elata), silvertop stringybark (E. laevopinea), New England blackbutt (E. andrewsii), rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera) and forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa).

Notable specimens

Located near Woodford in the Blue Mountains, the largest known was measured in 1978 at 78 metres tall, and remeasured in 2010 at 71 metres tall with a diameter at breast height of 2.5 metres. Another large tree measures 65 m high with a 6 m diameter trunk in the Blue Gum Forest in the Grose Valley near Blackheath. Over 600 years old, it is a local landmark for bushwalkers.

References

deanei
Myrtales of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Plants described in 1899
Taxa named by Henry Deane (engineer)
Taxa named by Joseph Maiden

Eucalyptus deanei


The Source was a radio network operated in the 1970s and 1980s by the NBC Radio Network, with newscasts and features focusing on 18- to 34-year-olds. The network was sold, along with the rest of NBC's radio operations, to Westwood One in August 1987. The Source would last until the late 1990s as a programming source before ultimately being absorbed into Westwood One.

Announcements from the network, voiced by legendary NBC announcer Don Pardo, continued to be heard on many radio stations across the country until Pardo's death in 2014.

Defunct radio networks in the United States
NBC Radio Network
American companies disestablished in 1988
Radio stations disestablished in 1988

The Source (network)


Olipa is an uninhabited islet in Croatia, part of the Elaphiti Islands archipelago off the coast of southern Dalmatia. It is the westernmost isle in the Elaphites. Olipa is mostly rocky and partially covered in forest. A stone square tower is located on the south side of the isle, which serves as a lighthouse. The lighthouse is used for maritime routes passing through the passages of Veliki Vratnik (between Olipa and Tajan) and Mali Vratnik (between Olipa and Pelješac).

Olipa's area is  and its coastline is  long. The highest point on Ruda is  high.

References

Islets of Croatia
Islands of the Adriatic Sea
Uninhabited islands of Croatia
Elaphiti Islands

Olipa


Charles-Éléonore Dufriche-Desgenettes (August 10, 1778 in Alençon – April 25, 1860 in Paris) is the founder of the Archconfraternity of the Most Holy and Immaculate Heart of Mary.

Biography

During his youth, Dufriche-Desgenettes revealed a character that was difficult to control, while at the same time one of great courage. In 1792, when his father had approved the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, he was barely 14 years old, and he sided with the unsworn (not government authorized) priests. During his studies in Chartres, he refused to be honored in a public distribution of prizes by a constitutional bishop. At night he visited the unsworn priests in their hiding places, and provided for their needs, such that his activities resulted in the imprisonment of his own father. He did not hesitate to appear before the revolutionary tribunal and ask for his father's release, which he obtained, to the astonishment of all those whom this bold action of his had frightened. Alarmed at the dangers to which he exposed himself with such audacity and boldness, his parents retired to their country home in Saint-Lomer/Courtomer, but his conduct was the same. In 1794, during the fall of Robespierre, he launched an assault on prisons to release the prisoners. He also helped to reopen the churches.

Dufriche-Desgenettes had a long-standing desire to become a priest, which his parents had long opposed. Having finally yielded to his call, he began his theological studies after returning from a forced stay in his native city. He entered the seminary of Sées in 1803, he was ordained a priest on June 9, 1805. He was successively vicar of Saint-Lomer currently known as Courtomer, Le Plantis, Gasprée (currently Aubusson) and Ferrières-la-Verrerie, vicar in Argentan and the parish priest or pastor of Alençon.

Dufriche-Desgenettes administered the sacraments to prisoners during the Spanish war and contracted typhoid fever. When Napoleon I first held Pope Pius VII prisoner at Fontainebleau, he risked his life by serving as a messenger between the Pope and the faithful clergy. During the Hundred Days, he had to go into hiding when the emperor returned to power for having rejoiced too openly at the emperor's fall. He thought briefly of entering the Jesuits, but the latter did not receive him.

Soon after, he became pastor of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, and accomplished so much good in this work, and the public acclaim to his honor and reputation increased so greatly that Monsignor Frayssinous thought for a moment to have him appointed a bishop. However, Father Desgenettes' toughness of character made him dismiss the idea. The revolution of 1830 brought Father Desgenettes back to Switzerland, ostensibly under the pretext of healing his weakened health. In Freiburg, where he spent two years, the See (or bishopric) of Geneva and the French See of Moscow were offered to him but Father Desgenettes refused to accept them. Two years later, cholera broke out in Paris, and the archbishop claimed his services to treat the victims. Although ill, he did not hesitate a moment, and returned to his post at the Paris Foreign Missions Society, deploying, as in the past, an indefatigable zeal.

After having refused the Bishopric of Verdun and the Bishopric of Corsica, Dufriche-Desgenettes accepted the worst parish of Paris, the one where impiety and corruption were at their height: "the parish of the Petits-Pères" at the Basilica of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris (Our Lady of Victories). During the first four years, all his efforts proved to be completely fruitless. He thought of giving his resignation, when he thought he heard one day, while celebrating Mass, a voice in his heart that told him to consecrate his parish to the Most Holy and Immaculate Heart of Mary. After struggling with this thought, which never left him, he believed it to be a divine inspiration and yielded by celebrating, on December 11, 1836, the Consecration of his parish to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.

From then on, the conversions began, and a remarkable change came over those in the parish neighborhood of Our Lady of Victories. On April 24, 1838, Pope Gregory XVI raised the small Brotherhood of Our Lady of Victories to the rank of a Universal Archconfraternity, the Archconfraternity of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. For twenty-three years, Dufriche-Desgenettes faithfully presided over his evening meetings, setting himself up in the pulpit, to make recommendations, to recount the graces obtained and to evangelize the people gathered at the foot of the altars. Father Desgenettes always exhibited patience, kindness and charity, mastering any mood swings that he suffered, but he also asked publicly for forgiveness twice a year. With the energy that characterized him, he had worked to overcome his quick and impetuous character, and he became one of the gentlest, most patient, most affable of men, and also one of the most humble of men. The praise he received afflicted him. When he was told about the high respect others had for him, Father Desgenettes showed his discontent by saying cheerfully: "My name! my reputation! it is the worldly-wise who court the world." His charity equaled his humility: he never met anyone in misery along his way, without helping them.

Consumed by excessive fatigue, his life suddenly began to decline rapidly. On November 4, 1839, he celebrated Mass for the last time, but he continued for some time, nevertheless, to hear confessions and complete all the duties of a pastor and priest, such that he was the subject of great edification to others by his prayerfulness and piety. He spent his last three weeks in his room, received the last sacraments on April 20, 1860, and died on the 25th of that month.

Dying, he bequeathed his papers to one of his priests, Father Defossés, who published them in four volumes containing 146 exhortations, instructions, and sermons.

Publications
 Manuel d'instruction et de prières, 10e|édit., 1844, in-12.
 Vie du Francis Libermann, fondateur de la Société du Saint-Cœur de Marie, Le Mans, 1855, in-8°.
 Œuvres inédites contenant des Sermons, Prônes, etc., avec Notice biographique, Paris, 1860, 4 vol. in-12.

Sources
 Revue du Monde Catholique, t. 3, Paris, 1862, 96 p. (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 68-70.
 Henry J. Koren (trad. Joseph Bouchaud), Les Spiritains : trois siècles d'histoire religieuse et missionnaire : histoire de la Congrégation du Saint-Esprit, Paris, Beauchesne, 1982, 633 p. (, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 204.

References
 S. Pagnon, Vie de l'abbé Dufriche-Desgenettes, curé de Notre-Dame des Victoires, élu de Dieu pour l'œuvre de l'Archiconfrérie du Très-Saint et Immaculé Cœur de Marie, Paris, A. Josse, 1860.

External links
 Récit autobiographique de l'abbé Desgenettes

1778 births
1860 deaths
French Catholics

Charles-Éléonore Dufriche-Desgenettes


Hook can mean:

Hook (movie), a movie based on the story of Peter Pan, starring Robin Williams and Dustin Hoffman
Fishing hook, something used to catch fish
A hook is something that writers put at the end of a chapter or at the beginning in a book or paper used to encourage the reader to keep reading

Basic English 850 words

Hook