Agencia EFE, S.A. () is a Spanish international news agency, the major Spanish-language multimedia news agency and the world's fourth largest wire service after the Associated Press, Reuters, and Agence France-Presse. EFE was created in 1939 by Ramón Serrano Súñer, then Francoist faction's Interior Minister.

Agencia EFE is a news agency that covers all areas of information in the news media of the press, radio, television and Internet. It distributes around three million news items per year, thanks to its 3,000 journalists from 60 nationalities, operating 24 hours per day from more than 180 cities in 120 countries and with four editorial desks in three continents: Madrid, Bogotá, Cairo (Arabic), and Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese).

Employees in Spain are represented by several labor unions. EFE has about 40 employees in the United States who voted on 29 September 2005 to be represented by the News Media Guild. Workers ratified a first labor contract in December 2006, marking the first time the company had ever reached such an agreement outside Spain.

The agency organized the second News Agencies World Congress (NAWC) in 2007.

History

Background
The agency dates back to 1865, when the «Correspondents Center» was created - the first news agency in Spain - and promoted by journalist Nilo María Fabra. In 1870 a cooperation agreement was signed with the French agency Havas. With this agreement, the "Corresponsales Center" reserved the distribution rights in Spain of Havas' international news.

In 1919 the Fabra news agency was created, when Havas became part of the shareholding of the "Correspondents Center". Havas withdrew from the shareholding in 1926 at the same time that the Central Bank (a private entity), Santander Bank and Hispanic-American Bank entered into the partnership (these three banks merged at the end of the 20th century into Banco Santander Central Hispano).

Foundation and early years
EFE was officially founded in the city of Burgos in 1939. The city of Burgos was the headquarters of dictator Francisco Franco. Its founder, Interior Minister Ramón Serrano Suñer, brother-in-law of Franco asked journalist Vicente Gallego (first director of the extinct Ya newspaper) to initiate the project.

On January 3, 1939, the Marquis of Torrehoyos Celedonio de Noriega Ruiz and journalist Luis Amato de Ibarrola - both legal representatives of the Fabra agency - declared before the notary José María Hortelano, that they have agreed to set up a commercial company of an anonymous nature, with the name of Agencia EFE S.A. The Fabra agency contributed with its rights and its name. In this way, the new agency could be admitted to the Club of the Allied Agencies, constituted at that time by some thirty agencies and whose statutes stipulated that only one agency per country could be a member of the association. In addition to the acquisition of Fabra Agency shares by the new agency, technical and human resources from the defunct Faro and Febus agencies were incorporated.

Controversy over the origin of the name
On the grounds of the denomination "EFE" there is controversy. Contrary to some popular belief, it is not an acronym. The former president and director of the agency Luis María Anson said in an article published in the Ya newspaper that the name of EFE (pronunciation of letter F in Spanish) was due to the participation of the old agencies Fabra, Febus and Faro in the new agency.

However, Ramón Serrano Suñer acknowledged in a letter sent to Antonio Herrero Losada, director of the news agency Europa Press, that the EFE agency was named in this way because "F was the initial letter of Falange y de Fe (), which was the combat newspaper of the Falange". He also added that "there was no mention that it was also a reason for the name of EFE that this letter was Franco's initial. This would come later."

Herrero Losada, linked to the Fabra agency, denied Ansón recalling that since 1938, in the middle of a civil war, EFE was transmitting news to the media on the Francoist side, where editors of the Fabra agency were being persecuted for their activity. Previously, and another one of those mentioned, Febus, continued his informative service in the republican sector. For his part, José Antonio Giménez Arnáu assured that it was he who provided Serrano Suñer with the idea of creating the agency and drafted its statutes, that EFE had nothing to do with the initial of the Falange or Franco, since according to some sources it occupied the building of the Spanish Falange Editorial  (), from whose initials it took the name, and that it had a proof that will only be known after its death something that happened three years after the controversy without any revelation.

First headquarters and services
The first headquarters of Agencia EFE was installed on a floor of a modern building of six heights, inaugurated the previous year, which currently corresponds to number 10 -the 9th in the old numbering- of Victoria Street, Burgos. Its first President was Celedonio Noriega, Marquis of Torrehoyos and its first Managing Director Vicente Gállego Castro.

In 1940, EFE moved its headquarters to a house at number 5 on Ayala Street in Madrid and opened a delegation in Barcelona. The same year Jesús Pabón replaced Noriega as president and four years later, in 1944, the then-Deputy-Director Pedro Gómez Aparicio replaced Vicente Gállego in the direction of the agency.

In 1946, the Comtelsa economic service was created in collaboration, at 50%, with the British agency Reuters. It is known that, at least since this same year, Federico Vélez González, famous and prestigious photographer from Burgos, has been working as a graphic correspondent.

In 1951, EFE installed its first telephotography receiver. In 1958 Gómez Aparicio was replaced in his position by Manuel Aznar Zubigaray, who will leave office 2 years later. The direction was assumed by the president and the executives of the company for 3 years, until in 1963 the journalist and correspondent abroad, Carlos Sentís, is appointed Managing Director.

1960s to 1980s: Internationalization
In 1965 the Buenos Aires delegation opened, the first delegation for the Americas and the next year starts the foreign informative service to distribute news through Ibero-America and more delegations were open in other South American countries. In 1967, Miguel Mateu Pla was appointed EFE President. In September of the following year Manuel Aznar will take care of the presidency and in 1969 Alexander Armesto is appointed Managing Director.

In 1968, EFE acquired the Fiel news agency and in 1969 started small news services in English and French. In 1972, EFE joined forces with several Central American media to create the Central American News Agency (ACAN), based in Panama. Its expansion through the Americas takes Agencia EFE in 1979 to enter like a full member in the Inter American Press Association.

In February 1976, José María Alfaro Polanco is named president of EFE and in September the presidency is assumed by Luis María Anson, who will also be Director-General. That same year the first Stylebook of Agencia EFE for the homogeneous writing of the information services of all the world is published, under the direction and advising of the professor and academic Fernando Lázaro Carreter.

In 1977, EFE moved its headquarters to number 32 Espronceda Street, Madrid. That same year, all the information services of the agency went on to use the name EFE, which until then was reserved for international information, so that the division of Cifra, Cifra-Gráfica and Alfil disappeared. That same year, the EFE Journalism Awards are also created, which in 1983 will be replaced by the King of Spain Awards.

In 1981, Efe and the Institute for Ibero-American Cooperation will create the Department of Urgent Spanish (DEU) with the participation of philologists and prominent academics of the language, with the mission of ensuring the correct use of Spanish in its information services. In 1983, journalist Ricardo Utrilla was appointed President and CEO and an agreement was signed with the US agency UPI to promote the Radio department. The services "Great Signatures" and "End of Century Chronicles" are also created to distribute articles of outstanding intellectuals in Spain and Latin America.

In 1984, EFE formally joined the European Pressphoto Agency (EPA), the first European telephotography agency, with 20% of the company's capital. In 1986, EFE changed its logo and journalist Alfonso Sobrado Palomares was appointed Chairman and CEO ().

In 1988, the Efe Data service was launched, the first Spanish news data bank, and in March of that same year the Efe Foundation was created to promote research, development and study of information and technology, as well as the granting of training scholarships for students in any of the branches of Information Sciences. In 1989, Efe began distributing its information services to its customers via satellites. This same year the 50th anniversary of the Agencia EFE was celebrated with an itinerant graphic exhibition called Ephemerides. The Press Association of Madrid awards the Rodríguez Santamaría Award to Efe for its work.

1990s and 21st century
Since the 1990s, subsidiaries were created for specific topics. In 1990, the subsidiaries Efeagro (food industry) and Efecom (business) were created, in 1994 Euroefe (EU news - Euractiv) was created and in 2010 Efeverde (environment). In 2013, Efefuturo (science and technology), Efesalud (health), Efe-empresas (business), Efemotor (transport) and Efetur (tourism) were launched. Among them, Efeverde stands out as the most awarded subsidiary for its informative transparency. Efeverde has its own guide for environmental journalists and was one of the first subsidiaries to establish a broad presence in social networks. Since 2011 it has also Android, iPhone and iPad apps.

Achievement awards were also established. In 1990 EFE gave the first Silver Ball Award to the best Ibero-American football player and in 1998 together with UNICEF, they created the Ibero-American Communication Awards for the Rights of Children and Adolescents. In 2004, the Don Quixote Journalism Award was created, which is presented at the same time as the King of Spain Award.

In 1995, EFE was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities in recognition of its work, independence and neutrality. It shared the award with the philosopher José Luis López Aranguren. In 1996, Miguel Ángel Gozalo is named President-Director-General of EFE.

In 1998, the agency's photo library began to function as a digital photographic archive. In 2000, the commercialization and digitization of graphic and press archives began and the Intranet "Entre Nosotros" (Among us) was created. In 2003, the International Graphic Service (SGI) was launched in partnership with EPA and the Multimedia Coordination Unit was inaugurated in Madrid.

In 2001, a service was launched in Portuguese for Brazil. Likewise, that year EFE was transferred from the Directorate-General for State Property of the Ministry of the Treasury to the public holding SEPI. In 2002, an editing center was created in Miami that facilitates the adaptation of the information content to the American market.

In 2004, Álex Grijelmo is named president of EFE, the journalist of the Arturo Larena agency wins the National Environment Award in the form of Journalism. That same year the subsidiary ACAN-EFE (the service for Central America) is integrated into EFE.

In 2006, EFE changed its logo and the first Statute of the EFE Editorial Board was approved. In 2007, the Americas Editorial Board moved from Miami to Bogotá, aimed at product integration. In 2008, the EFE-Galicia news service in Galician was launched from Santiago de Compostela.

In March 2012, journalist José Antonio Vera Gil was appointed as the new president of Efe to replace Álex Grijelmo.

In 2014, the agency moved to a new headquarters, inaugurated by the Prince and Princess of Asturias, in the Burgos Avenue of the city of Madrid. This year, the 75th anniversary of the agency takes place. The Kings inaugurated the great commemorative exhibition of the 75th anniversary of EFE. On the occasion of this commemoration were held more than 30 traveling exhibitions in Spain and the Americas and the Congresses of the European News Agencies (EANA) and Mobile Information and News Data Services (MINDS) in Madrid, as well as the News Agencies of the Mediterranean (AMAN) in Alicante. Seminars were also given in El Escorial and Santander.

In 2015, Fundéu celebrates the 10th anniversary of its foundation. EFE increases its participation in the European Pressphoto Agency up to 49.9%. EFEAgro celebrates 25 years of its existence. It was held an exhibition of EFE in Buenos Aires and Caracas during the 50 years of EFE in the Americas. The 3rd anniversary of EFEsalud were also celebrated in 2015.

In 2016, an exposition is held in Lima for the 50 years of EFE in Peru. The EFE Museum is inaugurated by the Acting Prime Minister, Mariano Rajoy. In July, the news agency and its president were awarded with the Eisenhower Award. In 2017, the EFE-EPA multimedia service in English for Asia begins to function. The News 4 Europe line is put into service with EFE, EPA and ten other European news agencies.

In 2018, the State General Budget recognize for the first time the budget of EFE as a Service of General Economic Interest, increasing the public endowment of the agency. In July, journalist Fernando Garea is named the new president of Efe to replace José Antonio Vera Gil.

Urgent Spanish Department
In 1980 the Department of Urgent Spanish was created to combine criteria and norms, as well as to avoid linguistic dispersion and the indiscriminate use of neologisms in Spanish. The department is made up of linguists and philologists together with the Style Advisory Council, composed of members of the Spanish Royal Academy, professors of Philology and journalists. Its main tool is the Urgent Spanish Manual (MEU), the Agencia EFE style manual, which is a very popular Spanish user manual. It began to be published in 1976.

In 2005, the Urgent Spanish Department was replaced by the Urgent Spanish Foundation, commonly known as Fundéu BBVA.

See also

List of news agencies

References

External links

 Official environmental website EFEverde
 Agencia EFE  at Google Cultural Institute

1939 establishments in Spain
Companies based in the Community of Madrid
Government-owned companies of Spain
Mass media companies established in 1939
News agencies based in Spain

EFE


The Paisley Pirates were founded in 1946 and are one of the oldest ice hockey clubs in Scotland and the UK (the oldest being the Fife Flyers). The Pirates were the epitome of the game in Scotland during the 1950s. In season 1953–54 they won the Autumn Cup, the Scottish Cup and the Canada Cup.

Their success brought them to the British National League, but local supporters could ill afford to travel to Southern England and gradually support waned. Both Pirates' junior team, Paisley Wildcats, followed by the Pirates themselves were dissolved. The Paisley Mohawks replaced them, but could not generate the enthusiasm of the Pirates. Paisley Buddies were delighted when the Pirates were relaunched in the 1990s with the opening of the new ice rink and started living up to past glories by winning Scottish Division One in their inaugural season. The following season Pirates joined British League Division One and after more league reconstruction a few seasons later joined British National League which was the start of tougher times for the Pirates, where they regularly finished out of play-off contention and close to the foot of the table. Former Aviemore Blues tough-guy/coach, Stirling Wright, was brought in from Swindon in the 1999–00 season. Local players, Bobby Chalmers, James Clarke, and O'Niell from the Pirates were selected to play for the GB junior team. Wright continued to play the home grown players more than the imports and this resulted in the imports pushing for Wright to resign. Wright met with the owner Allan Maxwell and resigned in February when he refused to reduce the playing time of the British/Scottish players. He was asked to return the next week but headed back to America. The team would not improve and the production dropped even more with many of the players leaving the club. With the costs of travel to the south of England, the Pirates could not afford to continue play in the British National League so in 2002 the club made the decision to transfer to the Scottish National League where they continue to play.

During season 2006–07, the Pirates almost had to fold due to a problem with their home ice at Paisley's Lagoon centre. However, a late move to the nearby Braehead Arena secured their survival. In an eventful season, they secured the Scottish Spring Cup, beating Dundee Tigers in the final.

After many ups and downs over the years the club was taken over by a group of supporters in 2010. The club was withdrawn from the (now defunct) SPHL during the 2009–10 season by the clubs then owner. The club joined the SNL Scottish National League.

In 2020, a partnership with the Glasgow Clan of the EIHL was announced. This would see both clubs further strengthen their links, giving Pirates commercial and marketing support whilst providing a pathway to elite ice hockey for junior players in the Greater Glasgow area.

Club roster 2020–21

2020/21 Outgoing

References

Ice hockey teams in Scotland
Sport in Renfrewshire
1946 establishments in Scotland
Ice hockey clubs established in 1947

Paisley Pirates


Salisbury ( ) is a northern suburb in Adelaide, South Australia. It is the seat of the City of Salisbury, and in the South Australian Legislative Assembly electoral district of Ramsay and the Australian House of Representatives division of Spence. The suburb is a service area for the City of Salisbury district, with an abundance of parklands, shops, cafes and restaurants. Parabanks Shopping Centre is also located in Salisbury, which includes Woolworths, Coles and Big W as its signature retailers.

History
Salisbury was founded when John Harvey began selling town allotments in 1848, from land he had purchased along the Little Para River in the previous year. The town was named after Salisbury in the United Kingdom which was close to his wife's hometown. There is a Wiltshire Street near Park Terrace in the city centre, parallel to John Street. Salisbury started its life as a service centre for the surrounding wheat and hay farms. Salisbury Post Office opened around March 1850.

Salisbury Railway Station was built in 1857, and is where the standard gauge line to Crystal Brook diverges from the broad gauge to Gawler. Until the 1980s, this line was broad gauge. In 1985 Salisbury station was rebuilt by the State Transport Authority as a bus/rail interchange. This was the second purpose-built transport interchange in the Adelaide metropolitan area (the first had been at Noarlunga Centre).

Salisbury's first police station was established in 1859.  In 1851, the first Methodist Church was erected. St. Augustine's Catholic Church was completed in March 1857. St. John's Anglican Church was opened for service on May the 11th, 1865.

The area's first school, Salisbury Public School, was completed in 1877.

Salisbury grew slowly from a town population numbered between 400 and 500 in 1881. The District Council of Salisbury was established in 1933 (amalgamating Yatala North south of the Little Para and Munno Para West to the north) which centered local governance of the area on the main population centre between Enfield and Gawler, the township of Salisbury.

In 1940 an explosives and filling factory, the Salisbury Explosives Factory, was established at Penfield just to the north, for which employee housing was added at Salisbury. The population of the district doubled the population almost overnight to more than 4000, most of this being concentrated in the township of Salisbury. The factory, which covered around , was in production by mid 1942 and by January 1943 employed 6,500 persons producing 135,000 shells, bombs and mines weekly.

Two South Australian Australian Labor Party leaders, Lynn Arnold (Premier 1992–1993) and Mike Rann (Premier 2002–2011) both represented the Salisbury area in the South Australian Parliament. Arnold was elected as the MP for Ramsay, and then Taylor, and Rann was elected as the MP for Briggs and Ramsay.

Demographics
52.1% were born in Australia, other countries of birth were England 4.2%, Bhutan 4%, Myanmar 3.8%, Afghanistan 3.7% and Nepal 3.3%.

52.2% spoke English only used at home. Other languages spoken at home are Nepali 8.0%, Hazaraghi 3.6%, Italian 3%, Vietnamese 2.2% and Arabic 1.9%.

Transport
Trains to and from Adelaide and Gawler from Salisbury operate every 15 minutes at off-peak times on Monday to Friday, and every 30 minutes during the day on Saturday and Sunday. In the evening, services run every hour. In morning peak hours, there are several trains that run non-stop between Salisbury and Adelaide (or make only one stop, at Mawson Interchange).  These are used by a significant number of city workers who either park their vehicle or transfer from buses at Salisbury Interchange.

Local buses from Salisbury Interchange, scheduled to connect with trains to and from Adelaide, use the Adelaide Metro integrated ticketing system.  In May 2012 there are 13 local bus routes providing links to many of the northern suburbs, such as routes 400 and 430 to Elizabeth, route 415V to Golden Grove, routes 224, 225, 411 to Mawson Lakes, routes 225, 500, 502, 560 to Para Hills, routes 401, 411 to Paralowie and routes 404, 405 to Parafield Gardens.

Retail
The major retail zone in Salisbury is the Parabanks Shopping Centre, which is a short distance from Salisbury Interchange, and was first opened around 1977. The single-floor complex includes 74 stores and 3 anchor stores, with a total floor area of 23,800 m2, and around 1,400 parking spaces. In April 2008, property group Stockland sold the shopping centre to the Angaet Group. In 2015, an $18 million redevelopment of the centre was approved by the Salisbury Council's Development Assessment Panel. The redevelopment consisted of three stages, with five specialty stores added to the eastern side mall, the relocation of the Coles supermarket into the site of the former Harris Scarfe store, and external upgrades which were completed in October 2017.

Gallery

See also

List of Adelaide suburbs

References

Suburbs of Adelaide

Salisbury, South Australia


The 21st Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II.

History

It was converted from the Quetta Brigade in September 1940, and assigned to the 9th Indian Infantry Division. In March 1941, it was transferred to the 10th Indian Infantry Division and took part in the Anglo-Iraqi War in May 1941. The brigade then moved to Egypt and came under command British Eighth Army between July and November 1942. It returned to Iraq, assigned to the 8th Indian Infantry Division, in November 1942 and moved with to Damascus in March 1943. In September the division arrived in Taranto in southern Italy and the brigade remained with 8th Indian Division throughout the rest of the Italian Campaign apart from short attachments to the British 78th Infantry Division in November 1943, and the British 6th Armoured Division between April and May 1944.

Formation
 2nd Battalion, 10th Gurkha Rifles September 1940 to October 1941
 2nd Battalion, 4th Gurkha Rifles September 1940 to March 1942
 4th Battalion, 13th Frontier Force Rifles March 1941 to June 1942
 3rd Battalion, 11th Sikh Regiment June 1941
 157th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery June to July 1941
 1st Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry December 1941 to July 1942
 1st Battalion, 6th Rajputana Rifles June to November 1942
 ?8th Gurkha Rifles June 1942 to January 1943
 1st Battalion,  Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders July to August 1942
 3rd Battalion, 7th Rajput Regiment September to December 1942
 1st Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry November 1942 to August 1945
 5th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment November 1942 to June 1945
 3rd Battalion, 15th Punjab Regiment January to April 1943 and September 1943 to August 1945
 1st King's Dragoon Guards August  1944
 1st Battalion, Jaipur Infantry April to June 1945
 9th Field Company, Indian Engineers June to July 1941

Officers commanding
The following officers commanded the brigade during the war.
Brigadier C.J. Weld (Sep 1940 - May 1942)
Brigadier J.J. Purves (May 1942 - Mar 1943)
Brigadier B.S. Mould (Mar 1943 - Aug 1945)

See also

 List of Indian Army Brigades in World War II

References

British Indian Army brigades

21st Indian Infantry Brigade


The annual festival of Els Enfarinats () takes place in the town of Ibi in Alicante, Spain on December 28, as part of celebrations related to the Day of the Innocents. Els enfarinats comes from the Valencian word for "breading", and roughly translate to "the breaded ones" or "the floured ones". In the day-long festival, participants known as the Els Enfarinats dress in mock military dress and stage a mock coup d'état. Meanwhile, the Casats i Fadrins, accompanied by a band of street musicians called the Rondalla, known by the name of Sonet, Xirimita and Tabal, tour the city.
At 8am, the Els Enfarinats take the city under the slogan "New Justice", and at 9am the Race for Mayor will take place in which it will be decided who is to be Mayor of the Els Enfarinats. Then, the act of L'Aixavegó is carried out in the Plaça de l'Església (Church Square), where the Els Enfarinats reside. Here, it is decided that those who do not pay the fine will go to jail. At midday, a collection called the Arreplegada dels Enfarinats takes place through the streets of the old quarter and of the city centre of Ibi, terminating in the Sant Joaquim Sanctuary. They exercise their authority under a blaze of fireworks, flour bombs and eggs. At five o'clock in the afternoon the authority of Els Enfarinats comes to an end giving way to the celebration of the traditional Dansà.

The tradition is over 200 years old.

References

BBC News report of the 2010 festival.
Valencian community tourism website

Valencian culture
Food and drink festivals in Spain
December events
Flour
Massacre of the Innocents

Els Enfarinats


Spicospina is a genus of ground-dwelling frogs in the family Myobatrachidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species, Spicospina flammocaerulea, also known as the sunset frog. First discovered in the year 1994, it is native to south-western Western Australia. It is known from only 27 sites, all occurring east and northeast of Walpole.

Description
Spicospina flammocaerulea is a small species, with a snout-vent length of 31-36 mm in the females and males growing to 29.5-34.8 mm. The physical appearance and colouration differs greatly from all other Australian frog species. It is a shiny dark-purple to black or very dark grey on the dorsal surface. There are orange markings below the vent, around the margins of the body and on the hands and feet that resemble the sunset. The throat, chest and the underside of the hands and feet are also orange. The back is granular with many raised glands, a large parotoid gland is located behind each eye. The belly has vivid light blue spotting on a dark background which is smooth. The fingers and toes are free from webbing and pads.

Ecology and behaviour
The sunset frog is only found in isolated permanently moist peat swamps, in high rainfall areas. These sites have high moisture content and are often protected from drier conditions by seepages that provide water even through the drier seasons (spring and summer). Males call between October and December from shallow pools, water seepages or in open water along creek margins. They make a rapidly repeated "dd-duk-duk". Females lay less than 200 eggs that are deposited singly often supported by algae mats just below the surface of the water.

Conservation efforts
On the 19th of December 2011, the DEC in combination with Perth Zoo released 31 captive-bred endangered sunset frogs and 251 tadpoles into a private property in Mt Frankland area in order to extend the known range of the species.

References

Frogs Australia Network
DEC

Amphibians of Western Australia
Myobatrachidae
Vulnerable fauna of Australia
Monotypic amphibian genera
Frogs of Australia
Endemic fauna of Southwest Australia
Warren bioregion

Spicospina


The Birds' Christmas Carol is a novel by Kate Douglas Wiggin printed privately in 1886 and published in 1888 with illustrations by Katharine R. Wireman. Wiggin published the book to help fund the Silver Street Free Kindergarten in San Francisco, which she founded in 1878.

Overview
The story is about Carol Bird, a Christmas-born child, a young girl who is unusually loving and generous, having a positive effect on everyone with whom she comes into contact. She is the youngest member of her family and has several devoted older brothers. At about the age of 5, Carol contracts an unspecified illness (possibly tuberculosis), and by the time she is 10, she is bedridden; physicians say that she does not have long to live. Most of the brief novel's plot involves Carol making plans for a Christmas celebration for the nine Ruggles children, a poor, working-class family living near the Birds.

Wiggin's story is primarily a moral tale about a loving and generous child. However, unlike the children often featured in similar stories of the period, Carol is refreshingly intelligent and cheerful instead of pious. The story is also enlivened by many humorous touches, particularly in the scenes of the Ruggles family's home life.

In 1917, the story was adapted as the silent movie "A Bit o' Heaven" starring Mary Louise as Carol, Donald Watson and Ella Gilbert as Mr. and Mrs. Bird and Mary Talbot as Mrs. Ruggles.

References

External links

1886 American novels
Christmas novels
American novels adapted into films

The Birds' Christmas Carol


In mathematics, in set theory, the constructible universe (or Gödel's constructible universe), denoted by , is a particular class of sets that can be described entirely in terms of simpler sets.  is the union of the constructible hierarchy . It was introduced by Kurt Gödel in his 1938 paper "The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum-Hypothesis". In this paper, he proved that the constructible universe is an inner model of ZF set theory (that is, of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice excluded), and also that the axiom of choice and the generalized continuum hypothesis are true in the constructible universe. This shows that both propositions are consistent with the basic axioms of set theory, if ZF itself is consistent. Since many other theorems only hold in systems in which one or both of the propositions is true, their consistency is an important result.

What L is
 can be thought of as being built in "stages" resembling the construction of von Neumann universe, . The stages are indexed by ordinals. In von Neumann's universe, at a successor stage, one takes  to be the set of all subsets of the previous stage, . By contrast, in Gödel's constructible universe , one uses only those subsets of the previous stage that are:

definable by a formula in the formal language of set theory,
with parameters from the previous stage and,
with the quantifiers interpreted to range over the previous stage.

By limiting oneself to sets defined only in terms of what has already been constructed, one ensures that the resulting sets will be constructed in a way that is independent of the peculiarities of the surrounding model of set theory and contained in any such model.

Define the Def operator:

 is defined by transfinite recursion as follows:

 If  is a limit ordinal, then  Here  means  precedes .
  Here Ord denotes the class of all ordinals.

If  is an element of ,
then . So  is a subset of , which is a subset of the power set of . Consequently, this is a tower of nested transitive sets. But  itself is a proper class.

The elements of  are called "constructible" sets; and  itself is the "constructible universe". The "axiom of constructibility", aka "", says that every set (of ) is constructible, i.e. in .

Additional facts about the sets
An equivalent definition for  is:

For any finite ordinal , the sets  and  are the same (whether  equals  or not), and thus  = : their elements are exactly the hereditarily finite sets. Equality beyond this point does not hold. Even in models of ZFC in which  equals ,  is a proper subset of , and thereafter  is a proper subset of the power set of  for all . On the other hand,  does imply that  equals  if , for example if  is inaccessible. More generally,  implies  =  for all infinite cardinals .

If  is an infinite ordinal then there is a bijection between  and , and the bijection is constructible. So these sets are equinumerous in any model of set theory that includes them.

As defined above,  is the set of subsets of  defined by  formulas (with respect to the Levy hierarchy, i.e., formulas of set theory containing only bounded quantifiers) that use as parameters only  and its elements.

Another definition, due to Gödel, characterizes each  as the intersection of the power set of  with the closure of  under a collection of nine explicit functions, similar to Gödel operations. This definition makes no reference to definability.

All arithmetical subsets of  and relations on  belong to  (because the arithmetic definition gives one in ). Conversely, any subset of  belonging to  is arithmetical (because elements of  can be coded by natural numbers in such a way that  is definable, i.e., arithmetic). On the other hand,  already contains certain non-arithmetical subsets of , such as the set of (natural numbers coding) true arithmetical statements (this can be defined from  so it is in ).

All hyperarithmetical subsets of  and relations on  belong to  (where  stands for the Church–Kleene ordinal), and conversely any subset of  that belongs to  is hyperarithmetical.

L is a standard inner model of ZFC
 is a standard model, i.e.  is a transitive class and the interpretation uses the real element relationship, so it is well-founded.  is an inner model, i.e. it contains all the ordinal numbers of  and it has no "extra" sets beyond those in . However  might be strictly a subclass of .  is a model of ZFC, which means that it satisfies the following axioms:
 Axiom of regularity: Every non-empty set  contains some element  such that  and  are disjoint sets.
  is a substructure of , which is well founded, so  is well founded. In particular, if , then by the transitivity of , . If we use this same  as in , then it is still disjoint from  because we are using the same element relation and no new sets were added.
 Axiom of extensionality: Two sets are the same if they have the same elements.
 If  and  are in  and they have the same elements in , then by 's transitivity, they have the same elements (in ). So they are equal (in  and thus in ).
 Axiom of empty set: {} is a set.
 , which is in . So . Since the element relation is the same and no new elements were added, this is the empty set of .
 Axiom of pairing: If ,  are sets, then  is a set.
 If  and , then there is some ordinal  such that  and . Then . Thus  and it has the same meaning for  as for .
 Axiom of union: For any set  there is a set  whose elements are precisely the elements of the elements of .
 If , then its elements are in  and their elements are also in . So  is a subset of . Then . Thus .
 Axiom of infinity: There exists a set  such that  is in  and whenever  is in , so is the union .
 Transfinite induction can be used to show each ordinal  is in . In particular,  and thus .
 Axiom of separation: Given any set  and any proposition ,  is a set.
 By induction on subformulas of , one can show that there is an  such that  contains  and  and ( is true in  if and only if  is true in ), the latter is called the "reflection principle"). So  = . Thus the subset is in .
 Axiom of replacement: Given any set  and any mapping (formally defined as a proposition  where  and  implies ),  is a set.
 Let  be the formula that relativizes  to , i.e. all quantifiers in  are restricted to .  is a much more complex formula than , but it is still a finite formula, and since  was a mapping over ,  must be a mapping over ; thus we can apply replacement in  to . So  =  is a set in  and a subclass of . Again using the axiom of replacement in , we can show that there must be an  such that this set is a subset of . Then one can use the axiom of separation in  to finish showing that it is an element of
 Axiom of power set: For any set  there exists a set , such that the elements of  are precisely the subsets of .
 In general, some subsets of a set in  will not be in  So the whole power set of a set in  will usually not be in . What we need here is to show that the intersection of the power set with  is in . Use replacement in  to show that there is an α such that the intersection is a subset of . Then the intersection is . Thus the required set is in .
 Axiom of choice: Given a set  of mutually disjoint nonempty sets, there is a set  (a choice set for ) containing exactly one element from each member of .
 One can show that there is a definable well-ordering of , in particular based on ordering all sets in  by their definitions and by the rank they appear at. So one chooses the least element of each member of  to form  using the axioms of union and separation in

Notice that the proof that  is a model of ZFC only requires that  be a model of ZF, i.e. we do not assume that the axiom of choice holds in .

L is absolute and minimal
If  is any standard model of ZF sharing the same ordinals as , then the  defined in  is the same as the  defined in . In particular,  is the same in  and , for any ordinal . And the same formulas and parameters in  produce the same constructible sets in .

Furthermore, since  is a subclass of  and, similarly,  is a subclass of ,  is the smallest class containing all the ordinals that is a standard model of ZF. Indeed,  is the intersection of all such classes.

If there is a set  in  that is a standard model of ZF, and the ordinal  is the set of ordinals that occur in , then  is the  of . If there is a set that is a standard model of ZF, then the smallest such set is such a . This set is called the minimal model of ZFC. Using the downward Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, one can show that the minimal model (if it exists) is a countable set.

Of course, any consistent theory must have a model, so even within the minimal model of set theory there are sets that are models of ZF (assuming ZF is consistent). However, those set models are non-standard. In particular, they do not use the normal element relation and they are not well founded.

Because both " constructed within " and " constructed within " result in the real , and both the  of  and the  of  are the real , we get that  is true in  and in any  that is a model of ZF. However,  does not hold in any other standard model of ZF.

L and large cardinals
Since , properties of ordinals that depend on the absence of a function or other structure (i.e.  formulas) are preserved when going down from  to . Hence initial ordinals of cardinals remain initial in . Regular ordinals remain regular in . Weak limit cardinals become strong limit cardinals in  because the generalized continuum hypothesis holds in . Weakly inaccessible cardinals become strongly inaccessible. Weakly Mahlo cardinals become strongly Mahlo. And more generally, any large cardinal property weaker than 0 (see the list of large cardinal properties) will be retained in .

However,  is false in  even if true in . So all the large cardinals whose existence implies  cease to have those large cardinal properties, but retain the properties weaker than  which they also possess. For example, measurable cardinals cease to be measurable but remain Mahlo in .

If  holds in , then there is a closed unbounded class of ordinals that are indiscernible in . While some of these are not even initial ordinals in , they have all the large cardinal properties weaker than  in . Furthermore, any strictly increasing class function from the class of indiscernibles to itself can be extended in a unique way to an elementary embedding of  into . This gives  a nice structure of repeating segments.

L can be well-ordered
There are various ways of well-ordering . Some of these involve the "fine structure" of , which was first described by Ronald Bjorn Jensen in his 1972 paper entitled "The fine structure of the constructible hierarchy". Instead of explaining the fine structure, we will give an outline of how  could be well-ordered using only the definition given above.

Suppose  and  are two different sets in  and we wish to determine whether  or . If  first appears in  and  first appears in  and  is different from , then let  if and only if . Henceforth, we suppose that .

The stage  uses formulas with parameters from  to define the sets  and . If one discounts (for the moment) the parameters, the formulas can be given a standard Gödel numbering by the natural numbers. If  is the formula with the smallest Gödel number that can be used to define , and  is the formula with the smallest Gödel number that can be used to define , and  is different from , then let  if and only if  in the Gödel numbering. Henceforth, we suppose that .

Suppose that  uses  parameters from . Suppose  is the sequence of parameters that can be used with  to define , and  does the same for . Then let  if and only if either  or ( and ) or ( and  and ), etc. This is called the reverse lexicographic ordering; if there are multiple sequences of parameters that define one of the sets, we choose the least one under this ordering. It being understood that each parameter's possible values are ordered according to the restriction of the ordering of  to , so this definition involves transfinite recursion on .

The well-ordering of the values of single parameters is provided by the inductive hypothesis of the transfinite induction. The values of -tuples of parameters are well-ordered by the product ordering. The formulas with parameters are well-ordered by the ordered sum (by Gödel numbers) of well-orderings. And  is well-ordered by the ordered sum (indexed by ) of the orderings on .

Notice that this well-ordering can be defined within  itself by a formula of set theory with no parameters, only the free-variables  and . And this formula gives the same truth value regardless of whether it is evaluated in , , or  (some other standard model of ZF with the same ordinals) and we will suppose that the formula is false if either  or  is not in .

It is well known that the axiom of choice is equivalent to the ability to well-order every set. Being able to well-order the proper class  (as we have done here with ) is equivalent to the axiom of global choice, which is more powerful than the ordinary axiom of choice because it also covers proper classes of non-empty sets.

has a reflection principle
Proving that the axiom of separation, axiom of replacement, and axiom of choice hold in  requires (at least as shown above) the use of a reflection principle for . Here we describe such a principle.

By induction on , we can use ZF in  to prove that for any ordinal , there is an ordinal  such that for any sentence  with  in  and containing fewer than  symbols (counting a constant symbol for an element of  as one symbol) we get that  holds in  if and only if it holds in .

The generalized continuum hypothesis holds in L
Let , and let  be any constructible subset of . Then there is some  with , so  for some formula  and some  drawn from . By the downward Löwenheim–Skolem theorem and Mostowski collapse, there must be some transitive set  containing  and some , and having the same first-order theory as  with the  substituted for the ; and this  will have the same cardinal as . Since  is true in , it is also true in , so  for some  having the same cardinal as . And  because  and  have the same theory. So  is in fact in .

So all the constructible subsets of an infinite set  have ranks with (at most) the same cardinal  as the rank of ; it follows that if  is the initial ordinal for , then  serves as the "power set" of  within  Thus this "power set" . And this in turn means that the "power set" of  has cardinal at most . Assuming  itself has cardinal , the "power set" must then have cardinal exactly . But this is precisely the generalized continuum hypothesis relativized to

Constructible sets are definable from the ordinals
There is a formula of set theory that expresses the idea that . It has only free variables for  and . Using this we can expand the definition of each constructible set. If , then  for some formula  and some  in . This is equivalent to saying that: for all ,  if and only if [there exists  such that  and  and ] where  is the result of restricting each quantifier in  to . Notice that each  for some . Combine formulas for the 's with the formula for  and apply existential quantifiers over the 's outside and one gets a formula that defines the constructible set  using only the ordinals  that appear in expressions like  as parameters.

Example: The set  is constructible. It is the unique set  that satisfies the formula:

where  is short for:

Actually, even this complex formula has been simplified from what the instructions given in the first paragraph would yield. But the point remains, there is a formula of set theory that is true only for the desired constructible set  and that contains parameters only for ordinals.

Relative constructibility
Sometimes it is desirable to find a model of set theory that is narrow like , but that includes or is influenced by a set that is not constructible. This gives rise to the concept of relative constructibility, of which there are two flavors, denoted by  and .

The class  for a non-constructible set  is the intersection of all classes that are standard models of set theory and contain  and all the ordinals.

 is defined by transfinite recursion as follows:
 = the smallest transitive set containing  as an element, i.e. the transitive closure of .
 =
If  is a limit ordinal, then .
.

If  contains a well-ordering of the transitive closure of , then this can be extended to a well-ordering of . Otherwise, the axiom of choice will fail in .

A common example is , the smallest model that contains all the real numbers, which is used extensively in modern descriptive set theory.

The class  is the class of sets whose construction is influenced by , where  may be a (presumably non-constructible) set or a proper class. The definition of this class uses , which is the same as  except instead of evaluating the truth of formulas  in the model , one uses the model  where  is a unary predicate. The intended interpretation of  is . Then the definition of  is exactly that of  only with  replaced by .

 is always a model of the axiom of choice. Even if  is a set,  is not necessarily itself a member of , although it always is if  is a set of ordinals.

The sets in  or  are usually not actually constructible, and the properties of these models may be quite different from the properties of  itself.

See also
 Axiom of constructibility
 Statements true in L
 Reflection principle
 Axiomatic set theory
 Transitive set
 L(R)
 Ordinal definable

Notes

References

Works by Kurt Gödel

Constructible universe


In telecommunications, a point-to-point connection refers to a communications connection between two communication endpoints or nodes.  An example is a telephone call, in which one telephone is connected with one other, and what is said by one caller can only be heard by the other.  This is contrasted with a point-to-multipoint or  broadcast connection, in which many nodes can receive information transmitted by one node.  Other examples of point-to-point communications links are leased lines and microwave radio relay.

The term is also used in computer networking and computer architecture to refer to a wire or other connection that links only two computers or circuits, as opposed to other network topologies such as buses or crossbar switches which can connect many communications devices.

Point-to-point is sometimes abbreviated as P2P. This usage of P2P is distinct from P2P meaning peer-to-peer in the context of file sharing networks or other data-sharing protocols between peers.

Basic data link
A traditional point-to-point data link is a communications medium with exactly two endpoints and no data or packet formatting. The host computers at either end take full responsibility for formatting the data transmitted between them. The connection between the computer and the communications medium was generally implemented through an RS-232 or similar interface. Computers in close proximity may be connected by wires directly between their interface cards.

When connected at a distance, each endpoint would be fitted with a modem to convert analog telecommunications signals into a digital data stream. When the connection uses a telecommunications provider, the connection is called a dedicated, leased, or private line. The ARPANET used leased lines to provide point-to-point data links between its packet-switching nodes, which were called Interface Message Processors.

Modern links

With the exception of passive optical networks, modern Ethernet is exclusively point-to-point on the physical layer – any cable only connects two devices. The term point-to-point telecommunications can also mean a wireless data link between two fixed points. The wireless communication is typically bi-directional and either time-division multiple access (TDMA) or channelized. This can be a microwave relay link consisting of a transmitter which transmits a narrow beam of microwaves with a parabolic dish antenna to a second parabolic dish at the receiver.  It also includes technologies such as lasers which transmit data modulated on a light beam. These technologies require an unobstructed line of sight between the two points and thus are limited by the visual horizon to distances of about .

Networking
In a local network, repeater hubs or switches provide basic connectivity. A hub provides a point-to-multipoint (or simply multipoint) circuit in which all connected client nodes share the network bandwidth. A switch on the other hand provides a series of point-to-point circuits, via microsegmentation, which allows each client node to have a dedicated circuit and the added advantage of having full-duplex connections.

From the OSI model's layer perspective, both switches and repeater hubs provide point-to-point connections on the physical layer. However, on the data link layer, a repeater hub provides point-to-multipoint connectivity – each frame is forwarded to all nodes – while a switch provides virtual point-to-point connections – each unicast frame is only forwarded to the destination node.

Within many switched telecommunications systems, it is possible to establish a permanent circuit. One example might be a telephone in the lobby of a public building, which is programmed to ring only the number of a telephone dispatcher. "Nailing down" a switched connection saves the cost of running a physical circuit between the two points. The resources in such a connection can be released when no longer needed, for example, a television circuit from a parade route back to the studio.

See also
IP shuffling

Notes

References

Network topology
Telecommunication services

Point-to-point (telecommunications)


Yossi Abulafia (; born 4 June 1944) is an Israeli writer and illustrator of children's books, as well as a graphic artist, cartoonist, director and screenwriter of animation films.

Biography
Abulafia was born in Tiberias in 1944 in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine. At age 17, he was accepted to Israel's national school of art "Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design". He graduated from the school after majoring graphic design for 4 years. After his military service Abulafia began to work in the Israeli Channel 1 as graphic artist and cartoonist.

Work
In 1975 Abulafia illustrated the back cover for Kaveret's third album Crowded in the Ear (צפוף באוזן) which was a collage of images illustrating the various songs on the album in the style of the famous Monty Python illustrations done by Terry Gilliam.

Towards the mid-1980s Abulafia moved to North America, where he worked for six years as an animation producer and as a director in both Canada and the United States. During these years Abulafia began to illustrate and write children's books, both for Israelis and for Americans.

In 1990 Abulafia published the children's book HaKina Nechama (Hebrew: Nechama the Head Louse) which was written by Meir Shalev and illustrated by Abulafia. The book, which humorously describes the adventures of a head louse, became very popular and influential in Israel and was adapted to other media numerous times.

In 1999 Abulafia created all the transition animated clips of the 1999 Eurovision song contest held in Israel, which were based on the stories of the Bible.

To date, Abulafia has illustrated more than 140 books (eight of them were written by him), and is widely known for illustrating the children's books written by Ephraim Sidon and Meir Shalev.

Abulafia used to illustrate for the Israeli newspapers Hadashot and Ma'ariv, and served as the head of the animation department at the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, which he established together with Hanan Kaminski.

Personal life
Abulafia currently resides in the Israeli settlement of Har Adar, and serves as a senior lecturer in the animation department of the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design.

Films
 Canada Vignettes: News Canada
 Friends of the Family
 Ottawa 82 Logo

Notable books illustrated by Yossi Abulafia
 Am I Beautiful? (by Else Holmelund Minarik)
 Clean House (by Jessie Haas)
 Harry's Pony (by Barbara Ann Porte)
 It's Valentine's Day (by Jack Prelutsky)
 My Parents Think I'm Sleeping (by Jack Prelutsky)
 Moving Day (by Robert Kalan)

References

External links

 Yossi Abulafia's Homepage

 Yossi Abulafia on dafdaf.co.il (Hebrew)
 Yossi Abulafia – on the Am Oved website (Hebrew)
 Yossi Abulafia – brief biography on The Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature website (English)
 Yossi Abulafia also knows how to tell a story – article published on Nrg Maariv on May 11, 2009 (Hebrew)
 Interview with Yossi Abulafia – article published on Nrg Maariv on May 13, 2009 (Hebrew)
 Review of Yossi Abulafia's books on simania.co.il (Hebrew)

Hebrew-language writers
Israeli editorial cartoonists
Israeli animators
Israeli animated film directors
Israeli illustrators
Israeli children's book illustrators
20th-century Israeli male writers
21st-century Israeli male writers
Academic staff of Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design
1944 births
Living people
Jewish Israeli writers
Jewish artists
People from Tiberias
Israeli settlers

Yossi Abulafia


The Lone Rider in Texas Justice is a 1942 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield and written by Steve Braxton. The film stars George Houston as the "Lone Rider", Al St. John as his sidekick "Fuzzy" Jones and Dennis Moore as Sheriff Smoky Moore, with Hillary Brooke, Karl Hackett, Lee Powell and Forrest Taylor. The film was released on June 12, 1942, by Producers Releasing Corporation.

This is the ninth movie in the "Lone Rider" series, which spans seventeen films—eleven starring George Houston, and a further six starring Robert Livingston.

Houston, once an opera singer, sang three songs in this film: "Ride, Cowboy, Ride", "There's Only One Rose in Texas" and "We Will Meet in the Valley". The songs were written by Johnny Lange and Lew Porter.

The movie was not distributed internationally, because it showed thieves dressing up as priests, which was deemed "sacrilegious to many foreign audiences."

Plot
Having served prison time for a cattle rustling that he didn't commit, rancher Jack Stewart is set upon by a gang of vigilantes who want to hang him. Sheriff Smoky Moore is attacked while trying to protect Jack. Tom Cameron, the Lone Rider, and his sidekick Fuzzy Jones stop the hanging and chase the mob away. The real cattle rustler is Nora Mason, who wants Jack to be blamed for her crimes. She frames Jack again, and he's killed by a rancher whose cattle has been stolen. Tom has to unmask the real outlaw gang before they claim more innocent lives.

Cast
 George Houston as Tom Cameron, the Lone Rider
 Al St. John as Fuzzy Jones
 Dennis Moore as Sheriff Smoky Moore
 Wanda McKay as Kate Stewart
 Claire Rochelle as Nora Mason
 Archie Hall as Trimmer Davis
 Slim Whitaker as Huxley
 Edward Peil Sr. as Hanagan
 Karl Hackett as Jack Stewart
 Julian Rivero as Padre José

See also
The "Lone Rider" films starring George Houston:
 The Lone Rider Rides On (1941)
 The Lone Rider Crosses the Rio (1941)
 The Lone Rider in Ghost Town (1941)
 The Lone Rider in Frontier Fury (1941)
 The Lone Rider Ambushed (1941)
 The Lone Rider Fights Back (1941)
 The Lone Rider and the Bandit (1942)
 The Lone Rider in Cheyenne (1942)
 The Lone Rider in Texas Justice (1942)
 Border Roundup (1942)
 Outlaws of Boulder Pass (1942)
starring Robert Livingston:
 Overland Stagecoach (1942)
 Wild Horse Rustlers (1943)
 Death Rides the Plains (1943)
 Wolves of the Range (1943)
 Law of the Saddle (1943)
 Raiders of Red Gap (1943)

References

External links

1941 films
American Western (genre) films
1941 Western (genre) films
Producers Releasing Corporation films
Films directed by Sam Newfield
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

The Lone Rider in Texas Justice


The Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus (Detlev Rohwedder House) is a building in Berlin that, at the time of its construction, was the largest office building in Europe. It was constructed between February 1935 and August 1936 to house the German Ministry of Aviation ( -  RLM), headed by Hermann Göring, a leading Nazi.

During the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) it was known as the  ("House of Ministries"). In 1992, it was named the Detlev Rohwedder Building, in honour of Detlev Karsten Rohwedder, the former President of the Treuhand, which had its headquarters there 1991–1995, who was assassinated by far-left terrorist group Red Army Faction in 1991. Since 1999, the building has been the seat of the German Finance Ministry.

Design and construction

The building was designed by Ernst Sagebiel, who rebuilt Tempelhof Airport on a similarly gigantic scale. One writer has described it as "in the typical style of National Socialist intimidation architecture."  It ran for more than  along Wilhelmstraße, partly on the site of the former Prussian War Ministry dating from 1819, and covered the full length of the block between Prinz-Albrecht-Straße and Leipziger Straße, even running along Leipziger Straße itself to join onto the Prussian House of Lords, today housing the Bundesrat. It comprised a reinforced concrete skeleton with an exterior facing of limestone and travertine (a form of marble).

With its seven storeys and total floor area of , 2,800 rooms,  of corridors, over 4,000 windows, 17 stairways, and with the stone coming from no fewer than 50 quarries, the vast building served the growing bureaucracy of the Luftwaffe, plus Germany's civil aviation authority which was also located there. Yet it took only 18 months to build, the army of labourers working double shifts and Sundays. The first 1,000 rooms were handed over in October 1935 after just eight months' construction. When completed, 4,000 bureaucrats and their secretaries were employed within its walls.

Post-war

The Air Ministry building was one of the few Nazi public buildings in central Berlin to escape serious damage during the Allied bombing offensive in 1944–45. After World War II ended in Europe, the huge structure was quickly repaired, with only the Ehrensaal (Hall of Honour) being substantially altered. It was remodelled into the Stalinist neo-classicist Festsaal (Festival Hall), with the enormous Eagle and Swastika that had adorned its end wall being removed.

Once the work was complete, the building was used by the Soviet military administration until 1948, and from 1947 until 1949 by the German Economic Commission (Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission or DWK), which became the top administrative body in the Soviet Occupation Zone. At that time it became officially known as Haus der DWK ("House of the 'DWK'"). On 7 October 1949, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was founded in a ceremony in the Festsaal, with Wilhelm Pieck as President and Otto Grotewohl as Prime Minister (Ministerpräsident). Later the building served the Council of Ministers of the GDR and other affiliated organizations of the GDR, hence its new name Haus der Ministerien (House of the Ministries).

Between 1950 and 1952 an extraordinary  long mural, made out of Meissen porcelain tiles, was created at the north end along Leipziger Straße, set back behind pillars. Created by the German painter and commercial artist Max Lingner together with 14 artisans, it depicts the Socialist ideal of contented East Germans facing a bright future as one big happy family. In fact the mural's creation was a somewhat messy affair. Commissioned by the Prime Minister, Otto Grotewohl, Lingner had had to revise it no fewer than five times, so that it ultimately bore little resemblance to the first draft. Originally based on family scenes, the final version had a more sinister look about it, a series of jovial set-pieces with an almost military undertone, people in marching poise and with fixed, uniform smiles on their faces. Lingner hated it (as well as Grotewohl's interference) and refused to look at it when going past. With a degree of irony, the building became the focal point a year later of the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany.

After reunification
From 1991–95, after German reunification, it housed the Treuhand (Trust Establishment), which privatised former enterprises operated by the East German government. Its first chairman, Detlev Rohwedder, was murdered by Red Army Faction terrorists on 1 April 1991, and on 16 January 1992, the building was renamed the Detlev Rohwedder House () in his honour. From 1990, the Berlin branch office of the German Finance Ministry was also located there, and since 1999, following extensive refurbishment, the building has served as the Ministry's headquarters.

At the north (Leipziger Straße) end of the building, a plaque commemorates the protest meeting of 16 June 1953, from which stemmed the following day's East German uprising of 1953. In 1993, the nearby 1950s Lingner mural was joined by another scene set into the ground nearby: a huge blown-up photograph of 1953 protesters shortly before their gathering was suppressed.

References

External links

 German Finance Ministry brochure on the History of the "Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus"

Nazi architecture
20th century in Berlin
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Buildings and structures completed in 1936

Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus


"Arthur's Big Hit" is the first episode in season 4 of Arthur. It first aired on October 4, 1999. In this episode, Arthur punches D.W.

Eventually, the scene where Arthur punched D.W. becomes a very popular meme.

Plot
It starts off with Arthur showing flashbacks when he got very mad at D.W. Next, Arthur is trying to build his toy airplane and tells D.W. to not touch or mess with it. He is walking around in the living room until he hears his airplane fall to the ground.

Later, D.W. says his airplane can't fly at all. Then, Arthur goes outside with D.W. only to found out his plane broke. Later, Arthur furiously says to D.W. "I told you NOT TO TOUCH IT!" and angrily punches her in the arm. A few seconds after she falls to the ground, D.W. cries and goes to Jane Read. She says to Arthur: "Arthur Timothy Read, come here!". Arthur then says, "Uh-oh. Middle name." After that, his mother carries Arthur and tells him, "Apologize to your sister now!" but Arthur says no. In the living room, his dad tells Arthur: "Arthur, this means no TV for a week."

Arthur tells his parents it is not fair. Later at school, Arthur tells all his friends. Eventually, the tough customers tell Binky to punch Arthur in the arm the next time he sees him.

Binky does not want to, so he comes up with a plan not to look at Arthur ever again. However, while walking with his friends, Binky sees Arthur at the playground and they tell him to punch him. Then, he gives into the peer pressure and punches Arthur in the arm and Arthur runs home. Later, he apologizes to D.W. and their relationship goes back to normal.

References

Arthur (TV series)
1999 television episodes

Arthur's Big Hit


Krishnagiri district is a district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. This is a new district which was carved out from Dharmapuri district by 2004.  The municipal town of Krishnagiri is the district headquarters. In Tamil Nadu, e-Governance was first introduced at Krishnagiri district under the National e-Governance Project (NEGP) in revenue and social welfare departments on a pilot basis.  The district is one of the largest producers of mangoes in India. As of 2011, the district had a population of 1,879,809 with a sex-ratio of 958 females for every 1,000 males.

Mining and forestry based activities
In Krishnagiri district, quarry leases are being granted for granite in Patta lands. Rough stone and earth quarry leases are being granted in government and patta lands under Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concession Rules 1959. The Public Works Department (WRO wing) is operating sand quarry in riverbeds. A state owned corporation called Tamil Nadu Metals and Mineral Ltd is also earning quarry and mining grants in government lands. The total mineral revenue realized during 2006-07 was Rs. 7.45 crores. It is ascertained that nearly 7,000 workers are being engaged in quarry activities.

As Krishnagiri District has 2,02,409 hectares of forest land which constitutes 39% of the total geographical area, there are abundant produce from the forest areas. Bamboo products, honey collection and tamarind production are the forestry land activities found in Anchetty, Denkanikotta, Thally and Berigai areas. This has generated employment opportunities for thousands of rural people in these areas.

Reference

Krishnagiri district


Gustav Weindorfer (23 February 1874 – 5 May 1932) was an Austrian-born Australian amateur botanist, lodge-keeper and promoter of the Cradle Mountains National Park.

Early years
Weindorfer was born in Spittal an der Drau, Carinthia, an alpine province of Austria-Hungary. His father was a senior civil servant before becoming involved in the management of large agricultural estates in African colonies. Gustav was well educated, training at an agricultural college with the aim to also enter the field of agricultural management. He had some formal botany training in Austria. Weindorfer tried several and varied positions, eventually deciding to emigrate to Australia.

Arrival in Australia
He arrived in Melbourne on 13 June 1900. Gustav obtained a clerical position with the Austrian Lloyd Steamship Company. In 1901, his social standing was somewhat elevated when he became Honorary Chancellor of the Austro-Hungarian Consulate. During that year and the next, almost every weekend Weindorfer would stroll through the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, or go walking in the nearby bushland with friends. On 9 September 1901, Gustav went to a meeting of the Victorian Field Naturalists Club and immediately became an enthusiastic member. One outcome of his extensive involvement with the club was the discovery of a new pea plant, now named for him, Pultenaea weindorferi.

Another was his meeting with Kate Cowle. Kate had recently moved from Tasmania, where her family had a farm at Kindred, near Devonport. Their shared enthusiasm for botany led to their marriage. The wedding occurred in Stowport on 1 February 1906. A large part of their honeymoon was spent camped on Mount Roland with the aim of making an extensive botany collection. This would have been the first time Gustav would have had a clear view of Cradle Mountain. Kate and Gustav purchased a farm at Kindred and Gustav proved to be a capable farmer.

Waldheim Chalet
Weindorfer's first trip to Cradle Mountain was in January 1909, with his friend and botanist mentor, Dr Sutton. A local guide led them on the last roadless stretch into the valley. Their provisions included six plant presses. Two days were spent exploring the Cradle Mountain environment. This included an attempt on the summit, but time had been used up in plant collecting and thick fog turned them back from the final climb. Over the next year, Gustav enthused about the Cradle area, describing it as a "veritable Eldorado for the botanist" and likening it to his Carinthian homeland.

He returned the following summer with his wife Kate and Mr (later Major) R E Smith. On 4 January 1910, the party were graced with fine weather for their climb of the mountain. It was here that Smith later quoted Weindorfer as saying:

While in the valley Kate and Gustav selected a site for them to build a chalet that would allow tourists to stay in the valley. Some hundreds of acres were purchased, and in March 1912, Gustav commenced work on the building he was to call Waldheim, or "home in the forest". It was built of King Billy pine, harvested from the adjacent forest. By Christmas 1912, stage one was ready for the first visitors, with a living and dining room and two bedrooms.

Despite early tourists having to walk up to  to reach Waldheim, it was a success. Eventually, a rough track allowed a horse and cart to reach the valley entrance: the government was slow in responding to Weindorfer's repeated requests for a proper road. Weindorfer continued to work on his tourism dream, enlarging the chalet, naming features in the valley and clearing and marking tracks to the best spots.

Death of Kate
1916 was a year of disaster for Weindorfer. His mother died in January; Kate who had been ill for some time died in April. One of his brothers died in June and then his father in October. He sold the farm at Kindred and became a full-time resident at Waldheim. His unhappiness and isolation were enhanced due to World War I and his Austrian heritage. Gustav had become an Australian citizen before his marriage, but despite this, some local groups ostracised him and people spread the foolish rumour that he was a spy.

Promotion of the area
In 1921, Weindorfer set out on a tour of Tasmania to promote both Waldheim and the concept of a national park for Cradle Mountain. The following year, a scenic reserve and wildlife sanctuary was declared, stretching from Cradle Mountain to Lake St Clair.  His reputation as a great host spread, but visitors came mainly in summer. Dorfer, as he became known, enjoyed company so in the many quiet times, he felt great loneliness. As the years went by, the national economic situation deteriorated, resulting in a drop in visitor numbers. Gustav had to sell timber and furs of local animals to make ends meet.

Dorfer mostly cared for visitors single-handedly. This, along with the extra jobs and the cold winters, strained his health. His heart had shown a weakness in the early 1920s, and towards the end of the decade he commented in his diary "Strange experience. My heart acted strangely. Had to lie down in bed. I do not smoke any more. I have to give up tea..."

Death and remembrance

In April 1931 he bought a motor cycle to make travel out of the valley easier. On 5 May 1932, while trying to start the cycle, his heart gave out. He was found dead the next day, near the present Ronny Creek car park. Weindorfer had died within sight of his beloved mountain. Following his wishes, he was buried in the valley, the ceremony being conducted on 10 May 1932.

In November 1932, Gustav's sister sent a bunch of everlasting flowers and four candles, asking that they be placed on his grave on New Year's Day, as was the custom in Carinthia. This simple ceremony was continued until the outbreak of World War II and subsequently revived in 1954. The current format of a memorial service on New Year's Day, along with the placing of flowers and lighting of candles, was instituted by the North West Walking Club in the early 1970s and organised by the Weindorfer Memorial Service Committee. It became necessary to use local flowers, but candles are still sent from Austria.

The final service organised by the Weindorfer Memorial Service Committee was held on New Year's Day 2017.

In 2013, Crescendo Choir, a Tasmanian Education Department choir, commissioned Paul Jarman to compose the choral work, The Mountain, about the lives of Gustav and Kate Weindorfer. The work was premiered at the Cradle Mountain Interpretation Centre on 26 June 2016.

See also
 Alice Manfield, a similarly influential figure at Victoria's Mt Buffalo

References

 A Man and a Mountain, Margaret Giordano, 1987
 Kate Weindorfer, Sally Schnackenberg

External links

20th-century Australian botanists
Australian environmentalists
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary
Immigrants to Australia
1874 births
1932 deaths
People from Tasmania
Burials in Tasmania

Gustav Weindorfer


In differential geometry, the Lie derivative ( ), named after Sophus Lie by Władysław Ślebodziński, evaluates the change of a tensor field (including scalar functions, vector fields and one-forms), along the flow defined by another vector field. This change is coordinate invariant and therefore the Lie derivative is defined on any  differentiable manifold.

Functions, tensor fields and forms can be differentiated with respect to a vector field. If T is a tensor field and X is a vector field, then the Lie derivative of T with respect to X is denoted . The differential operator  is a derivation of the algebra of tensor fields of the underlying manifold.

The Lie derivative commutes with contraction and the exterior derivative on differential forms.

Although there are many concepts of taking a derivative in differential geometry, they all agree when the expression being differentiated is a function or scalar field. Thus in this case the word "Lie" is dropped, and one simply speaks of the derivative of a function.

The Lie derivative of a vector field Y with respect to another vector field X is known as the "Lie bracket"  of X and Y, and is often denoted [X,Y] instead of . The space of vector fields forms a Lie algebra with respect to this Lie bracket. The Lie derivative constitutes an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra representation of this Lie algebra, due to the identity

valid for any vector fields X and Y and any tensor field T.

Considering vector fields as infinitesimal generators of flows (i.e. one-dimensional groups of diffeomorphisms) on M, the Lie derivative is the differential of the representation of the diffeomorphism group on tensor fields, analogous to Lie algebra representations as infinitesimal representations associated to group representation in Lie group theory.

Generalisations exist for spinor fields, fibre bundles with a connection and vector-valued differential forms.

Motivation
A 'naïve' attempt to define the derivative of a tensor field with respect to a vector field would be to take the components of the tensor field and take the directional derivative of each component with respect to the vector field. However, this definition is undesirable because it is not invariant under changes of coordinate system, e.g. the naive derivative expressed in polar or spherical coordinates differs from the naive derivative of the components in Cartesian coordinates. On an abstract manifold such a definition is meaningless and ill defined. In differential geometry, there are  three main coordinate independent notions of differentiation of tensor fields: Lie derivatives, derivatives with respect to connections, and the exterior derivative of totally antisymmetric covariant tensors, i.e. differential forms. The main difference between the Lie derivative and a derivative with respect to a connection is that the latter derivative of a tensor field with respect to a tangent vector is well-defined even if it is not specified how to extend that tangent vector to a vector field. However a connection requires the choice of an additional geometric structure (e.g. a Riemannian metric or just an abstract connection) on the manifold. In contrast, when taking a Lie derivative, no additional structure on the manifold is needed, but it is impossible to talk about the Lie derivative of a tensor field with respect to a single tangent vector, since the value of the Lie derivative of a tensor field with respect to a vector field X at a point p depends on the value of X in a neighborhood of p, not just at p itself. Finally, the exterior derivative of differential forms does not require any additional choices, but is only a well defined derivative of differential forms (including functions).

Definition
The Lie derivative may be defined in several equivalent ways. To keep things simple, we begin by defining the Lie derivative acting on scalar functions and vector fields, before moving on to the definition for general tensors.

The (Lie) derivative of a function
Defining the derivative of a function  on a manifold is problematic because the difference quotient  cannot be determined while the displacement  is undefined.

The Lie derivative of a function  with respect to a vector field  at a point  is the function

where  is the point to which the flow defined by the vector field  maps the point  at time instant  In the vicinity of   is the unique solution of the system

of first-order autonomous (i.e. time-independent) differential equations, with

Setting  identifies the Lie derivative of a function with the directional derivative.

The Lie derivative of a vector field
If X and Y are both vector fields, then the Lie derivative of Y with respect to X is also known as the Lie bracket of X and Y, and is sometimes denoted . There are several approaches to defining the Lie bracket, all of which are equivalent. We list two definitions here, corresponding to the two definitions of a vector field given above:

The Lie derivative of a tensor field

Definition in terms of flows
The Lie derivative is the speed with which the tensor field changes under the space deformation caused by the flow.

Formally, given a differentiable (time-independent) vector field  on a smooth manifold  let  be the corresponding local flow. Since  is a local diffeomorphism for each , it gives rise to a pullback of tensor fields. For covariant tensors, this is just the multi-linear extension of the  pullback map

For contravariant tensors, one extends the inverse

of the differential . For every  there is, consequently, a tensor field  of the same type as 's.

If  is an - or -type tensor field, then the Lie derivative  of  along a vector field  is defined at point  to be

The resulting tensor field  is of the same type as 's.

More generally, for every smooth 1-parameter family of diffeomorphisms that integrate a vector field  in the sense that , one has

Algebraic definition
We now give an algebraic definition. The algebraic definition for the Lie derivative of a tensor field follows from the following four axioms:

Axiom 1. The Lie derivative of a function is equal to the directional derivative of the function. This fact is often expressed by the formula

Axiom 2. The Lie derivative obeys the following version of Leibniz's rule: For any tensor fields S and T, we have

Axiom 3. The Lie derivative obeys the Leibniz rule with respect to contraction:

Axiom 4. The Lie derivative commutes with exterior derivative on functions:

If these axioms hold, then applying the Lie derivative  to the relation  shows that

which is one of the standard definitions for the Lie bracket.

The Lie derivative acting on a differential form is the anticommutator of the interior product with the exterior derivative. So if α is a differential form,

This follows easily by checking that the expression commutes with exterior derivative, is a derivation (being an anticommutator of graded derivations) and does the right thing on functions.

Explicitly, let T be a tensor field of type . Consider T to be a differentiable multilinear map of smooth sections α1, α2, ..., αp of the cotangent bundle T∗M and of sections X1, X2, ..., Xq of the tangent bundle TM, written T(α1, α2, ..., X1, X2, ...) into R. Define the Lie derivative of T along Y by the formula

The analytic and algebraic definitions can be proven to be equivalent using the properties of the pushforward and the Leibniz rule for differentiation. The Lie derivative commutes with the contraction.

The Lie derivative of a differential form

A particularly important class of tensor fields is the class of differential forms. The restriction of the Lie derivative to the space of differential forms is closely related to the exterior derivative. Both the Lie derivative and the exterior derivative attempt to capture the idea of a derivative in different ways. These differences can be bridged by introducing the idea of an interior product, after which the relationships falls out as an identity known as Cartan's formula. Cartan's formula can also be used as a definition of the Lie derivative on the space of differential forms.

Let M be a manifold and X a vector field on M. Let  be a -form, i.e. for each ,  is an alternating multilinear map from  to the real numbers. The interior product of X and ω is the k-form  defined as

The differential form  is also called the contraction of ω with X, and

is a  -antiderivation where  is the wedge product on differential forms. That is,  is R-linear, and

for  and η another differential form. Also, for a function , that is, a real- or complex-valued function on M, one has

where  denotes the product of f and X.
The relationship between exterior derivatives and Lie derivatives can then be summarized as follows. First, since the Lie derivative of a function f with respect to a vector field X is the same as the directional derivative X(f), it is also the same as the contraction of the exterior derivative of f with X:

For a general differential form, the Lie derivative is likewise a contraction, taking into account the variation in X:

This identity is known variously as Cartan formula, Cartan homotopy formula or Cartan's magic formula. See interior product for details. The Cartan formula can be used as a definition of the Lie derivative of a differential form. Cartan's formula shows in particular that

The Lie derivative also satisfies the relation

Coordinate expressions

In local coordinate notation, for a type  tensor field , the Lie derivative along  is

here, the notation  means taking the partial derivative with respect to the coordinate . Alternatively, if we are using a torsion-free connection (e.g., the Levi Civita connection), then the partial derivative  can be replaced with the covariant derivative which means replacing  with (by abuse of notation)  where the  are the Christoffel coefficients.

The Lie derivative of a tensor is another tensor of the same type, i.e., even though the individual terms in the expression depend on the choice of coordinate system, the expression as a whole results in a tensor

which is independent of any coordinate system and of the same type as .

The definition can be extended further to tensor densities.  If T is a tensor density of some real number valued weight w (e.g. the volume density of weight 1), then its Lie derivative is a tensor density of the same type and weight.

Notice the new term at the end of the expression.

For a linear connection , the Lie derivative along  is

Examples
For clarity we now show the following examples in local coordinate notation.

For a scalar field  we have:
.

Hence for the scalar field  and the vector field  the corresponding Lie derivative becomes

For an example of higher rank differential form, consider the 2-form  and the vector field  from the previous example. Then,

Some more abstract examples.
.

Hence for a covector field, i.e., a differential form,  we have:

The coefficient of the last expression is the local coordinate expression of the Lie derivative.

For a covariant rank 2 tensor field  we have:

If  is the symmetric metric tensor, it is parallel with respect to the Levi-Civita connection (aka covariant derivative), and it becomes fruitful to use the connection. This has the effect of replacing all derivatives with covariant derivatives, giving

Properties
The Lie derivative has a number of properties. Let  be the algebra of functions defined on the manifold M. Then

is a derivation on the algebra . That is,
 is R-linear and

Similarly, it is a derivation on  where  is the set of vector fields on M (cf. Theorem 6 from the article: Nichita, F.F. Unification Theories: New Results and Examples. Axioms 2019, 8, 60):

which may also be written in the equivalent notation

where the tensor product symbol  is used to emphasize the fact that the product of a function times a vector field is being taken over the entire manifold.

Additional properties are consistent with that of the Lie bracket. Thus, for example, considered as a derivation on a vector field,

one finds the above to be just the Jacobi identity. Thus, one has the important result that the space of vector fields over M, equipped with the Lie bracket, forms a Lie algebra.

The Lie derivative also has important properties when acting on differential forms. Let α and β be two differential forms on M, and let X and Y be two vector fields. Then

  where i denotes interior product defined above and it is clear whether [·,·] denotes the commutator or the Lie bracket of vector fields.

Generalizations
Various generalizations of the Lie derivative play an important role in differential geometry.

The Lie derivative of a spinor field
A definition for Lie derivatives of spinors along generic spacetime vector fields, not necessarily Killing ones, on a general (pseudo) Riemannian manifold was already proposed in 1971 by Yvette Kosmann. Later, it was provided a geometric framework which justifies her ad hoc prescription within the general framework of Lie derivatives on fiber bundles in the explicit context of gauge natural bundles which turn out to be the most appropriate arena for (gauge-covariant) field theories.

In a given spin manifold, that is in a Riemannian manifold  admitting a spin structure, the Lie derivative of a spinor field  can be defined by first defining it with respect to infinitesimal isometries (Killing vector fields) via the André Lichnerowicz's local expression given in 1963:

where , as  is assumed to be a Killing vector field, and  are Dirac matrices.

It is then possible to extend Lichnerowicz's definition to all vector fields (generic infinitesimal transformations) by retaining Lichnerowicz's local expression for a generic vector field , but explicitly taking the antisymmetric part of  only. More explicitly, Kosmann's local expression given in 1972 is:

where  is the commutator,  is exterior derivative,  is the dual 1 form corresponding to  under the metric (i.e. with lowered indices) and  is Clifford multiplication.

It is worth noting that the spinor Lie derivative is independent of the metric, and hence also of the connection. This is not obvious from the right-hand side of Kosmann's local expression, as the right-hand side seems to depend on the metric through the spin connection (covariant derivative), the dualisation of vector fields (lowering of the indices) and the Clifford multiplication on the spinor bundle. Such is not the case: the quantities on the right-hand side of Kosmann's local expression combine so as to make all metric and connection dependent terms cancel.

To gain a better understanding of the long-debated concept of Lie derivative of spinor fields one may refer to the original article, where the definition of a Lie derivative of spinor fields is placed in the more general framework of the theory of Lie derivatives of sections of fiber bundles and the direct approach by Y. Kosmann to the spinor case is generalized to gauge natural bundles in the form of a new geometric concept called the Kosmann lift.

Covariant Lie derivative
If we have a principal bundle over the manifold M with G as the structure group, and we pick X to be a covariant vector field as section of the tangent space of the principal bundle (i.e. it has horizontal and vertical components), then the covariant Lie derivative is just the Lie derivative with respect to X over the principal bundle.

Now, if we're given a vector field Y over M (but not the principal bundle) but we also have a connection over the principal bundle, we can define a vector field X over the principal bundle such that its horizontal component matches Y and its vertical component agrees with the connection. This is the covariant Lie derivative.

See connection form for more details.

Nijenhuis–Lie derivative

Another generalization, due to Albert Nijenhuis, allows one to define the Lie derivative of a differential form along any section of the bundle Ωk(M, TM) of differential forms with values in the tangent bundle. If K ∈ Ωk(M, TM) and α is a differential p-form, then it is possible to define the interior product iKα of K and α. The Nijenhuis–Lie derivative is then the anticommutator of the interior product and the exterior derivative:

History
In 1931, Władysław Ślebodziński introduced a new differential operator, later called by David van Dantzig that of Lie derivation, which can be applied to scalars, vectors, tensors and affine connections and which proved to be a powerful instrument in the study of groups of automorphisms.

The Lie derivatives of general geometric objects (i.e., sections of natural fiber bundles) were studied by A. Nijenhuis, Y. Tashiro and K. Yano.

For a quite long time, physicists had been using Lie derivatives, without reference to the work of mathematicians. In 1940, Léon Rosenfeld—and before him (in 1921) Wolfgang Pauli—introduced what he called a 'local variation'  of a geometric object  induced by an infinitesimal transformation of coordinates generated by a vector field . One can easily prove that his  is .

See also
 Covariant derivative
 Connection (mathematics)
 Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket
 Geodesic
 Killing field
 Derivative of the exponential map

Notes

References
  See section 2.2.
  See Chapter 0.
  See section 1.6.
  Extensive discussion of Lie brackets, and the general theory of Lie derivatives.
  For generalizations to infinite dimensions.
  For generalizations to infinite dimensions.
  Classical approach using coordinates.

External links

Differential geometry
Differential topology
Differential operators
Generalizations of the derivative

Lie derivative


Herman D. Stein, DSW (August 13, 1917 – October 2, 2009) was Dean of the Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences and University Professor Emeritus at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, OH.  A pioneer of social work profession, he excelled as an educator, scholar, internationalist, university administrator, and leader in a variety of professional associations in his long career, spanning more than sixty years.  Stein served as Provost of Case Western Reserve University during the turbulent years of the 1960s and continued teaching as a full professor. He was asked to serve as Provost again in 1985. He was twice a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University.

Career
After earning his doctorate at Columbia University, Stein taught at the Columbia University School of Social Work for fourteen years.  He later was a professor at Smith College School for Social Work, Harvard School of Public Health, and the University of Hawaii. He lectured at several other universities in the United States and around the world, as well as helping to establish schools, such as The Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare in Israel,

In his career, Stein served as a Senior Advisor to the Executive Director of UNICEF for more than 20 years, where he helped shape and build the organization.  He left a promising career at Columbia University to help Holocaust survivors in post WWII Europe under the auspices of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (AJJDC). He was instrumental in expanding the operations of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (AJJDC) beyond Europe and served in several capacities with the organization.  His commitment to AJJDC lasted for more than 60 years until the day of his death.

Moving to Cleveland to become the dean of the Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences at Case Western University, Stein served during the turbulent years of the 1960s and continued teaching as a full professor.

Stein published extensively in social work literature.  He was the author of several books and more than a hundred journal articles mainly in the fields of social work practice, social administration, international social work, and social work education.  In professional organizations, Stein served as the President of the International Association of Schools of Social Work from 1968 to 1976 and the President of the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) from 1968 to 1976.

Honors and legacy
 Stein was awarded the University Medal, the highest honor of the Case Western Reserve University, for his leadership and expert judgment in guiding the University through the turbulent sixties.

References

External links
A Profile of Dr. Herman Stein at the Social Work and Society website

1917 births
2009 deaths
Case Western Reserve University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Columbia University School of Social Work faculty
Smith College faculty
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health faculty
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
Columbia University School of Social Work alumni
Social work scholars

Herman D. Stein


The International Phonetic Alphabet is a way to express how a word is pronounced. IPA Braille is a way to write the International Phonetic Alphabet using Braille letters. That way, people who are blind can also read how a word is pronounced. A first version of IPA in Braille was published in 1934. The IPA was updated several times since then, but IPA Braille was not changed. In 1989, the Braille version of IPA was completely outdated. Between 2008 and 2011 a new version was developed. It still uses many of the letters of the original, but it is also different in some ways. Diacritics are completely different, for example.

Braille

IPA Braille


Michael Elo is a Danish musician. He composed the Danish Eurovision Song Contest 1991 entry, "Lige der hvor hjertet slår", which was performed by Anders Frandsen.

Before that, Michael Elo had appeared several times in Eurovision as a backing singer for the Danish entries.

Since his 1991 entry, Michael Elo was seen as one of the judges on the Danish "look-alike" talent competition "Stjerneskud" in 1995, and he has also voiced several cartoons in the Danish language, as well as written translated lyrics for Disney songs and more.

References

Living people
20th-century Danish musicians
21st-century Danish musicians
Danish composers
1949 births

Michael Elo


Arthur McFarland (born December 5, 1947) is an actor and former news reporter for WABC-TV in New York City. He was the station's lead education reporter, and has held various positions at WABC since his hiring in August 1983. McFarland was the longest tenured reporter at WABC.

Life and career

In the 1980s, McFarland was an investigative reporter for the station, who helped get children's injustices and unfair treatment exposed by state officials. Art McFarland traveled to South Africa to report on an anniversary of Nelson Mandela and his race to the presidency.

McFarland was involved with WABC's early-morning newscast for many years. He originally was a co-anchor alongside Tim Fleischer, while also presenting the daily weather forecast. When WABC revamped Eyewitness News This Morning in 1992 and hired Bill Evans to be the morning meteorologist, McFarland became the newscast's sports reporter and stayed in that position for several more years. He spent his last several years with WABC serving as the station's education reporter.

In May 2014, WABC-TV announced that Art would be retiring on May 30 after spending 31 years at Eyewitness News.

McFarland currently resides in New York with his family and dog. He is now an actor and has appeared in several TV shows, including Law and Order: Special Victims Unit, and House of Cards.

References

External links
7Online.com: Arthur McFarland official WABC-TV bio

American television journalists
New York (state) television reporters
Television anchors from New York City
Television anchors from Boston
1948 births
Living people
American male journalists

Art McFarland