Blood Night: The Legend of Mary Hatchet is a 2009 American slasher film written and directed by Frank Sabatella, and co-written by Elke Blasi. The film stars Bill Moseley, Nate Dushku, and Danielle Harris.

Plot
In 1978, Mary Mattock has her first period, and due to menstrual psychosis, murders her parents with a hatchet. Deemed mentally unfit, Mary is placed in Kings Park Psychiatric Center, where she is raped and impregnated by a guard in 1989. This incident is covered up, and after being told her child was a stillbirth, Mary goes on a rampage through the hospital. The police find Mary wandering the grounds, and open fire on her after she throws the severed head of her rapist at them, ending her killing spree. "Mary Hatchet" subsequently becomes a folklore figure, with local youngsters celebrating the Mischief Night-esque "Blood Night" in her name.

In 2008, a group of teenagers prepare for their Blood Night party by holding a séance at Mary's grave at a cemetery on Sweet Hollow Road in Huntington, where they are told one of the stories relating to her by the cemetery caretaker, Gus, a former King's Park employee who claims that Mary will keep coming back to kill until she finds her child, who was buried in a shallow grave near Kings Park. The teenagers proceed to party at a house, where straggling guests are killed by an unseen murderer amidst supernatural occurrences.

The remaining teenagers flee when they uncover their friends' bodies, and run into Gus. After hearing the teenagers' story, Gus has them accompany him to the abandoned Kings Park Psychiatric Center, where they dig up the grave of Mary's baby, Gus being convinced that reuniting mother and child will appease Mary's spirit. The baby's casket is empty, so the group break into Kings Park in search of answers, and discover paperwork that reveals that Mary's child is Alissa, a missing party guest visiting from Chicago. A series of flashbacks show that Alissa killed everyone either due to being influenced by Mary, or because she is experiencing the onset of a disorder similar to her to mother's.

Alissa appears, kills Gus, and chases the others through the asylum, picking them off until only Alex and Lanie remain. Alex and Alissa fight, and after a bloody struggle, Alex strangles Alissa to death. As Lanie and a wounded Alex search for an exit, the latter is decapitated by Mary's enraged ghost, which then lunges at the screaming Lanie.

Cast

Release
Blood Night was released on DVD by Rivercoast Films District on August 3, 2010. It was later released by Ais and Import Vendor on April 26, 2011. That same year it was released by Lionsgate Home Entertainment June 14.

Reception
David Walker of DVD Talk gave Blood Night a one, and wrote that it was "too slow and uninteresting for too long, with too many character who don't die quickly enough". In a review for Arrow in the Head, Andre Manseau awarded Blood Night an overall grade of three and a half out of four, claiming that while it "will be familiar to those who've watched any slasher in the past couple decades" it still possessed "all the right ingredients to make a good horror movie."

Daryl Loomis of DVD Verdict had a positive response to film, finding that while it did not do anything too groundbreaking or fresh, the gory and imaginative kills coupled with the fair level of suspense, solid setup, and acceptable performances made it "one of the better slasher films I've seen in some time". In a later review for the same website, written by Gordon Sullivan, found Blood Night to be a good (but not great) slasher, despite drawbacks like the uneven tone, and lengthy buildup to the gory mayhem. Todd Martin from HorrorNews.net commended the film's likable characters, and writing while also noting the film had its share of flaws.  John Marrone from Bloody Disgusting gave the film a positive review, writing, "Blood Night – The Legend of Mary Hatchet puts a dose of steroids into the typical 1980's slasher, vamping it up with head severing kills executed to bloody, visual perfection, all while firming the story with an urban legend strengthened by Sabatella and crew, providing a firm backbone for the meat and veins to dangle from."

References

External links

2009 directorial debut films
2009 films
2009 horror films
2009 independent films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s pregnancy films
2000s slasher films
2000s teen horror films
American ghost films
American independent films
American pregnancy films
American rape and revenge films
American slasher films
American splatter films
American supernatural horror films
American teen horror films
Films based on urban legends
Films set in 1978
Films set in 1989
Films set in 2008
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in New York City

Blood Night: The Legend of Mary Hatchet


The French Shore (French: Côte française de Terre-Neuve), also called The Treaty Shore, resulted from the 1713 ratifications  of the Treaty of Utrecht. The provisions of the treaty allowed the French to fish in season along the north coast of Newfoundland between Cape Bonavista and Point Riche. This area had been frequented by fishermen from Brittany since the early 16th century, which they called "le petit nord" (the little North).

In the 1783 Treaty of Versailles, the boundary points of the French Shore were changed to Cape St. John and Cape Ray, as shown in the accompanying map, with France being granted exclusive rights.

In 1904, as a result of the Entente Cordiale, the French relinquished their rights on the French Shore against territorial changes in Africa.

The history of the French Shore is depicted on the French Shore Tapestry, finished in 2010 and now on display in Conche, Newfoundland. It measures  in length.

References

Further reading
 Hennichová, Marcela. "The French Shore as a Neuralgic Point of Anglo-French Relations - A Contribution to the History of One Rivalry." Central European Journal of Canadian Studies 16 (2021): 55-67.
 Hiller, James K. "The Newfoundland Fisheries Issue in Anglo-French Treaties, 1713-1904." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 24.1 (1996): 1-23.
 Hiller, James K. "Utrecht Revisited: The Origins of French Fishing Rights in Newfoundland Waters." Newfoundland Studies 7.1 (1991): 23-39.

External links
 Overview article with maps
 French Shore Tapestry Website

Water transport in Newfoundland and Labrador
History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1783 establishments in North America
1904 disestablishments in North America
France–United Kingdom relations
New France
Fishing areas of the Atlantic Ocean
History of fishing
Economy of Newfoundland and Labrador
Political history of Newfoundland and Labrador
Santo Domingo
1904 disestablishments in the French colonial empire
Bilateral relations of the Dominion of Newfoundland

French Shore


KFRC-FM (106.9 MHz) is a commercial radio station in San Francisco, California, serving the San Francisco Bay Area. It currently simulcasts sister station KCBS, which carries an all-news format.  The station transmits its signal from Mount Beacon atop the Marin Headlands above Sausalito, California, while studios are shared with formerly co-owned CBS O&O station KPIX-TV in downtown San Francisco.

HD programming
HD1 is a digital simulcast of the 106.9 FM analog signal.
HD2 was a Classic hits format, which was previously carried as the only signal on standard analog FM. It was since turned off.

History

Early years
On December 10, 1959, the station, owned by San Francisco businessman and future San Francisco/Golden State Warriors owner Franklin Mieuli, signed on at 106.9 MHz with the KPUP call letters. It was one of two Bay Area stations to sign on that day: three hours later, KWME in Walnut Creek began broadcasting. In July 1960, the call letters were changed to KHIP, and the station aired jazz music programming.

Mieuli sold KHIP on July 1, 1962, to Leon Crosby, who had previously owned KHYD in Hayward. Under Crosby's ownership, the station began operating in multiplex stereo, and the call letters were changed to KMPX, for "multiplex", the following month. Soon after, Crosby gained authorization by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to increase the station's power from the original 37,000 watts to 80,000 watts.

By mid-1964, KMPX was airing a middle of the road music format. As the money-strapped station struggled, the schedule became dominated by various brokered foreign language programs by 1966.

The birth of freeform rock radio

Though KMPX's daytime schedule was heavy with ethnic programming, the midnight-6 AM slot was open. On February 12, 1967, on-air personality Larry Miller was given the shift, where he played his preferred folk rock music programming. The popularity of what Larry Miller was doing caught on very rapidly and soon the daytime foreign language programming gave way to more rock music programming, due to the efforts of newly hired Tom Donahue. The rock music format expanded to full-time on August 6, 1967, as the last of the foreign-language program contracts expired.

The presentation of music on the station stood in stark contrast to most other stations of the day. Instead of a hit music-dominated playlist, KMPX played more album cuts, local, emerging and cutting-edge artists, and a wide mix of genres such as rock, blues, jazz and folk music. Some of the music played in the spring of 1967 included Jefferson Airplane's album Surrealistic Pillow, the first Grateful Dead album, Jimi Hendrix's Are You Experienced and The Beatles' Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which KMPX played uninterrupted in its entirety. Among the DJs were Howard Hesseman who used his experiences to inspire his later performance as Dr. Johnny Fever on WKRP in Cincinnati.

In November 1967, Donahue was hired to bring the progressive rock to KMPX's sister station in Southern California, KPPC-FM. The difficulties of managing two stations and friction between Donahue and Crosby led to Donahue's resignation, followed by a strike by the loyal Donahue-led KMPX and KPPC staff on March 18, 1968, principally over the DJs wanting more freedom over the songs played on the stations. The DJs organized as the Amalgamated Federation of International FM Workers of the World, operating out of a ferry boat. Crosby hired replacements, negotiations broke down, and the former KMPX and KPPC staffers were eventually hired by Metromedia at their stations KSAN in San Francisco and KMET in Los Angeles, both adopting the freeform progressive album-oriented rock format pioneered at KMPX and KPPC.

In 1969, KMPX and KPPC-AM-FM were sold by the Crosby-Pacific Broadcasting Company to National Science Network, Inc. in a $1.2 million transaction. They continued with the freeform format, though it was tweaked over the next several years. Crosby eventually purchased a local television station, KEMO, channel 20.

Big-band flip and station swap
In June 1972, KMPX dropped rock and switched to a big band/nostalgia format.

When Ludwig Wolfgang Frohlich, the owner of National Science Network died, his estate explored various opportunities to sell the station. In 1973, a sale to KMPX, Inc.—a subsidiary of the Burbank Broadcasting Company, which bought KPPC-FM—failed. A 1975 offer from film director Francis Ford Coppola to purchase KMPX for $870,000 was not consummated because of problems at one of Coppola's other businesses.

The company finally found a buyer in 1976, when Family Radio, owner of KEAR (97.3 FM), struck a deal to purchase the station for $1 million. In accordance with FCC ownership guidelines at the time, Family Radio sold their station at 97.3 to CBS Inc. for $2 million, and CBS in turn sold their lower-powered station at 98.9 MHz to a Black-owned local company, Golden Gate Radio, for $850,000. The sale, though, caused controversy among a group of dedicated KMPX listeners, organized as the KMPX Listeners Guild. Their objections, backed by petitions signed by more than 20,000 listeners, held up the sale at the FCC and ended in a 1978 settlement where Golden Gate would take over the KMPX call letters and format on its own station. Golden Gate also would operate from the former KMPX studios. The three-way switch occurred September 13, 1978, with 106.9 becoming the new location of KEAR's religious format.

KEAR (1978–2005)

From October 4, 1978, to October 17, 2005, 106.9 served as Family Radio's flagship Christian radio station. KEAR's programming was also syndicated to the company's other radio outlets across the country.

CBS entered the picture once again in April 2005, when parent company Viacom struck a deal with Family Radio to trade their strong-signaled AM facility, KFRC (610 AM), for the 106.9 MHz facility. Until CBS was able to install their own programming on 106.9 FM, KEAR simulcast on both frequencies. The Oakland Athletics baseball team had a contract with KFRC to carry its games; therefore, Family Radio carried the games on 610 AM until the end of the team's 2005 season. After the baseball broadcasts concluded in October 2005, 610 AM dropped the KFRC call sign and became KEAR, while 106.9 FM became KIFR, with a new format to follow after a period of stunting.

Free FM

On October 25, 2005, the Free FM talk radio format was launched, as the station began carrying the Tom Leykis and John and Jeff shows. In addition, KIFR added locally based talk shows from The Dog House, John London, Darien O'Toole, Turi Ryder, Johnny Wendell and Scott and Casey.

When CBS' post-Howard Stern morning show strategy began in January 2006, KIFR picked up the new The Adam Carolla Show from Adam Carolla.

Weekday evenings, then middays were hosted by Chris Daniel and Brad Giese, who came together on air as the topical call-in show The Gray Area. Documentary filmmaker and San Francisco socialite Emily Morse hosted Sex With Emily, a show that started as a podcast, late Saturday nights.

"On The Couch with Drew and Marcus" was a weekend show on Free FM. It was a college show at San Francisco State and became a weekend staple for Free FM. All the shows can be found online at www.drewandmarcus.com.

"Gamer!" was a one-hour weekend radio show that aired on Saturday mornings on KIFR that highlighted the world of video gaming. Hosted by Karlenea B and Keith Williams, they had interviews with video game makers, players, and other people of interest to the video gaming world.

On August 1, 2006, Opie and Anthony started airing on the station on a tape delay basis from 10 AM-1 PM.

KIFR and the Free FM format included a strong online emphasis via the 106.9 Free FM website. Podcasting, online streaming, and interactive features provides a bridge between the traditional talk radio format and the "on-demand" features of developing new media.

On October 30, 2006, CBS Radio and the Oakland Athletics agreed to a three-year contract to broadcast Oakland Athletics baseball games, 162 regular season games and 15 spring training games, and all playoff games. The contract lasted through 2009 and noted 106.9 as the "official radio home of the Oakland A's."

Revival of KFRC
On May 17, 2007, following that day's game between the Oakland A's and the Kansas City Royals, CBS Radio moved the KFRC call letters from 99.7 FM to 106.9 FM, and changed 106.9 FM's format to classic hits. At the time of 610 KFRC's sale to Family Radio, 99.7 FM and 610 AM had been simulcasting a similar format, also under the KFRC call letters. 106.9 FM's format change served as a revival of this format. Local management announced that some of the Free FM shows and hosts, such as Carolla, Leykis, and Opie and Anthony, would move to KYCY 1550 AM. 99.7 FM would receive the new call letters KMVQ. (KYCY would subsequently be replaced on January 1, 2009, with a version of KFRC affiliated with The True Oldies Channel, which was itself discontinued on August 31, 2011, in favor of Indian programming as KZDG.)

Simulcast of KCBS
On October 27, 2008, at 7:40 a.m., after playing "Don't Stop Believin'" by Journey, and a -minute montage of famous events and songs from the 20th century, CBS Radio replaced KFRC's Classic Hits format with a simulcast of its all news AM station, KCBS. KFRC continues to broadcast classic hits on KFRC-FM HD2.  The station's calls were not converted to KCBS-FM, because its Los Angeles sister adult hits station on 93.1 holds those calls, and Nielsen Audio's Portable People Meter ratings system does not require call letter verification by panelists. CBS Radio retained the calls to keep control of the historic callsign rather than risk having another Bay Area station take them and trade on their nine-decade heritage in the area.  KFRC's call letters are only mentioned in form of station identification as "KCBS-AM, KFRC-FM and HD1, San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose" at :59 past the hour.

On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. KFRC-FM, along with KCBS, KITS, KLLC and KZDG were retained by Entercom, while KMVQ was placed in a divestiture trust (along with Entercom's KOIT, KBLX and KUFX) in preparation of a sale to a permanent owner. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17.

Booster
KFRC-FM is rebroadcast on the following FM Booster:

References

Further reading
A Brief History of 106.9 FM In San Francisco
KMPX page on jive95.com
A Brief History of Freeform Radio from WFMU
Grateful Dead Live at KMPX Radio Show on April 1, 1967 from the Internet Archive
Real Life Comics - comic strip for May 23, 2007 – Real Life's opinion on the format change.

External links

FRC-FM
All-news radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1959
1959 establishments in California
Audacy, Inc. radio stations

KFRC-FM


Internal medicine, also known as general internal medicine in Commonwealth nations, is a medical specialty for medical doctors focused on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of internal diseases. Medical practitioners of internal medicine are referred to as internists, or physicians in Commonwealth nations. Internists possess specialized skills in managing patients with undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes. They provide care to both hospitalized (inpatient) and ambulatory (outpatient) patients and often contribute significantly to teaching and research. Internists are qualified physicians who have undergone postgraduate training in internal medicine, and should not be confused with "interns", a term commonly used for a medical doctor who has obtained a medical degree but does not yet have a license to practice medicine unsupervised.

In the United States and Commonwealth nations, there is often confusion between internal medicine and family medicine, with people mistakenly considering them equivalent.

Internists primarily work in hospitals, as their patients are frequently seriously ill or require extensive medical tests. Internists often have subspecialty interests in diseases affecting particular organs or organ systems. The certification process and available subspecialties may vary across different countries.

Additionally, internal medicine is recognized as a specialty within clinical pharmacy and veterinary medicine.

Etymology and historical development
The term internal medicine in English has its etymology in the 19th-century German term . Originally, internal medicine focused on determining the underlying "internal" or pathological causes of symptoms and syndromes through a combination of medical tests and bedside clinical examination of patients. This approach differed from earlier generations of physicians, such as the 17th-century English physician Thomas Sydenham, known as the father of English medicine or "the English Hippocrates." Sydenham developed the field of nosology (the study of diseases) through a clinical approach that involved diagnosing and managing diseases based on careful bedside observation of the natural history of disease and their treatment. Sydenham emphasized understanding the internal mechanisms and causes of symptoms rather than dissecting cadavers and scrutinizing the internal workings of the body.

In the 17th century, there was a shift towards anatomical pathology and laboratory studies, and Giovanni Battista Morgagni, an Italian anatomist of the 18th century, is considered the father of anatomical pathology. Laboratory investigations gained increasing significance, with contributions from physicians like German physician and bacteriologist Robert Koch in the 19th century. During this time, internal medicine emerged as a field that integrated the clinical approach with the use of investigations. Many American physicians of the early 20th century studied medicine in Germany and introduced this medical field to the United States, adopting the name "internal medicine" in imitation of the existing German term.

Internal medicine has historical roots in ancient India and ancient China. The earliest texts about internal medicine can be found in the Ayurvedic anthologies of Charaka.

Role of internal medicine specialists
Internal medicine specialists, also referred to as general internal medicine specialists or general medicine physicians in Commonwealth countries, are specialized physicians trained to manage complex or multisystem disease conditions that single-organ specialists may not be equipped to handle. They are often called upon to address undifferentiated presentations that do not fit neatly within the scope of a single-organ specialty, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain, confusion, or alterations in conscious state. They may manage serious acute illnesses that affect multiple organ systems concurrently within a single patient, as well as the management of multiple chronic diseases in a single patient.

While many internal medicine physicians choose to subspecialize in specific organ systems, general internal medicine specialists do not necessarily possess any lesser expertise than single-organ specialists. Rather, they are specifically trained to care for patients with multiple simultaneous problems or complex comorbidities.

Due to the complexity involved in explaining the treatment of diseases that are not localized to a single organ, there has been some confusion surrounding the meaning of internal medicine and the role of an "internist." Although internists may serve as primary care physicians, they are not synonymous with "family physicians," "family practitioners," "general practitioners," or "GPs." The training of internists is solely focused on adults and does not typically include surgery, obstetrics, or pediatrics. According to the American College of Physicians, internists are defined as "physicians who specialize in the prevention, detection, and treatment of illnesses in adults." While there may be some overlap in the patient population served by both internal medicine and family medicine physicians, internists primarily focus on adult care with an emphasis on diagnosis, whereas family medicine incorporates a holistic approach to care for the entire family unit. Internists also receive substantial training in various recognized subspecialties within the field and are experienced in both inpatient and outpatient settings. On the other hand, family medicine physicians receive education covering a wide range of conditions and typically train in an outpatient setting with less exposure to hospital settings. The historical roots of internal medicine can be traced back to the incorporation of scientific principles into medical practice in the 1800s, while family medicine emerged as part of the primary care movement in the 1960s.

Education and training

The training and career pathways for internists vary considerably across different countries.

Many programs require previous undergraduate education prior to medical school admission.  This "pre-medical" education is typically four or five years in length.  Graduate medical education programs vary in length by country.  Medical education programs are tertiary-level courses, undertaken at a medical school attached to a university.  In the US, medical school consists of four years.  Hence, gaining a basic medical education may typically take eight years, depending on jurisdiction and university.

Following completion of entry-level training, newly graduated medical practitioners are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before their licensure, or registration, is granted, typically one or two years. This period may be referred to as "internship", "conditional registration", or "foundation programme". Then, doctors may follow specialty training in internal medicine if they wish, typically being selected to training programs through competition. In North America, this period of postgraduate training is referred to as residency training, followed by an optional fellowship if the internist decides to train in a subspecialty.

In most countries, residency training for internal medicine lasts three years and centers on secondary and tertiary levels of health care, as opposed to primary health care. In Commonwealth countries, trainees are often called senior house officers for four years after the completion of their medical degree (foundation and core years). After this period, they are able to advance to registrar grade when they undergo a compulsory subspecialty training (including acute internal medicine or a dual subspecialty including internal medicine). This latter stage of training is achieved through competition rather than just by yearly progress as the first years of postgraduate training.

Certification
In the US, three organizations are responsible for the certification of trained internists (i.e., doctors who have completed an accredited residency training program) in terms of their knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are essential for patient care: the American Board of Internal Medicine, the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine and the Board of Certification in Internal Medicine. In the UK, the General Medical Council oversees licensing and certification of internal medicine physicians.  The Royal Australasian College of Physicians confers fellowship to internists (and sub-specialists) in Australia.  The Medical Council of Canada oversees licensing of internists in Canada.

Subspecialties

United States of America
In the US, two organizations are responsible for certification of subspecialists within the field: the American Board of Internal Medicine and the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine. Physicians (not only internists) who successfully pass board exams receive "board certified" status.

American Board of Internal Medicine
The following are the subspecialties recognized by the American Board of Internal Medicine.

Adolescent medicine
Adult congenital heart disease
Advanced heart failure and transplant cardiology
Allergy and immunology, concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and management of allergies, asthma and disorders of the immune system.
Cardiovascular disease, dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels*
Clinical cardiac electrophysiology
Critical care medicine
Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism, dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones
Gastroenterology, concerned with the field of digestive diseases
Geriatric medicine
Hematology, concerned with blood, the blood-forming organs and its disorders.
Hospice & palliative medicine
Infectious disease, concerned with disease caused by a biological agent such as by a virus, bacterium or parasite
Interventional cardiology
Medical oncology, dealing with the chemotherapeutic (chemical) and/or immunotherapeutic (immunological) treatment of cancer
Nephrology, dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the kidney
 Neurocritical care
Pulmonary disease, dealing with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract
Rheumatology, devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases
Sleep medicine
Sports medicine
Transplant hepatology

American College of Osteopathic Internists
The American College of Osteopathic Internists recognizes the following subspecialties:

Allergy/immunology
Cardiology
Cardiac electrophysiology
Critical care medicine
Endocrinology
Gastroenterology
Geriatrics
Hematology/oncology
Interventional cardiology
Infectious diseases
Nephrology
Oncology
Palliative care medicine
Pulmonary Diseases
Pulmonology
Rheumatology
Sleep medicine

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the three medical Royal Colleges (the Royal College of Physicians of London, the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow) are responsible for setting curricula and training programmes through the Joint Royal Colleges Postgraduate Training Board (JRCPTB), although the process is monitored and accredited by the independent General Medical Council (which also maintains the specialist register).

Doctors who have completed medical school spend two years in foundation training completing a basic postgraduate curriculum. After two years of Core Medical Training (CT1/CT2), or three years of Internal Medicine Training (IMT1/IMT2/IMT3) as of 2019, since and attaining the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians, physicians commit to one of the medical specialties:
 Acute internal medicine (with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
 Allergy
 Audio vestibular medicine
 Aviation and space medicine
 Cardiology (with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
 Clinical genetics
 Clinical neurophysiology
 Clinical oncology
 Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
 Dermatology
 Endocrinology and diabetes mellitus
 Gastroenterology (with possible subspecialty in hepatology)
 General (internal) medicine (with possible subspecialty in metabolic medicine or stroke medicine)
 Genito-urinary medicine
 Geriatric medicine (with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
 Haematology
 Immunology
 Infectious diseases
 Intensive care medicine
 Medical microbiology
 Medical oncology (clinical or radiation oncology falls under the Royal College of Radiologists, although entry is through CMT and MRCP is required)
 Medical ophthalmology
 Medical virology
 Neurology (with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
 Nuclear medicine
 Occupational medicine
 Paediatric cardiology (the only pediatric subspecialty not under the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health)
 Palliative medicine
 Rehabilitation medicine (with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
 Renal medicine
 Respiratory medicine
 Rheumatology
 Sport and exercise medicine
 Tropical medicine

Many training programmes provide dual accreditation with general (internal) medicine and are involved in the general care to hospitalised patients. These are acute medicine, cardiology, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, endocrinology and diabetes mellitus, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, renal medicine, respiratory medicine and often, rheumatology. The role of general medicine, after a period of decline, was reemphasised by the Royal College of Physicians of London report from the Future Hospital Commission (2013).

European Union
The European Board of Internal Medicine (EBIM) was formed as a collaborative effort between the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) - Internal Medicine Section and the European Federation of Internal Medicine (EFIM) to provide guidance on standardizing training and practice of internal medicine throughout Europe. The EBIM published training requirements in 2016 for postgraduate education in internal medicine, and efforts to create a European Certificate of Internal Medicine (ECIM) to facilitate the free movement of medical professionals with the EU are currently underway.

The internal medicine specialist is recognized in every country in the European Union and typically requires five years of multi-disciplinary post-graduate education.  The specialty of internal medicine is seen as providing care in a wide variety of conditions involving every organ system and is distinguished from family medicine in that the latter provides a broader model of care the includes both surgery and obstetrics in both adults and children.

Australia
Accreditation for medical education and training programs in Australia is provided by the Australian Medical Council (AMC) and the Medical Council of New Zealeand (MCNZ). The Medical Board of Australia (MBA) is the registering body for Australian doctors and provides information to the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Medical graduates apply for provisional registration in order to complete intern training.  Those completing an accredited internship program are then eligible to apply for general registration. Once the candidate completes the required basic and advanced post-graduate training and a written and clinical examination, the Royal Australasian College of Physicians confers designation Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (FRACP). Basic training consists of three years of full-time equivalent (FTE) training (including intern year) and advanced training consists of 3–4 years, depending on specialty. The fields of specialty practice are approved by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) and managed by the MBA. The following is a list of currently recognized specialist physicians.

 Cardiology
 Clinical genetics
 Clinical pharmacology
 Endocrinology
 Gastroenterology and hepatology
 General medicine
 Geriatric medicine
 Haemotology
 Immunology and allergy
 Infectious diseases
 Medical oncology
 Nephrology
 Neurology
 Nuclear medicine
 Respiratory and sleep medicine
 Rheumatology

Canada
After completing medical school, internists in Canada require an additional four years of training.  Internists desiring to subspecialize are required to complete two additional years of training that may begin after the third year of internist training. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) is a national non-profit agency that oversees and accredits medical education in Canada. A full medical license in Internal Medicine in Canada requires a medical degree, a license from the Medical Council of Canada, completion of the required post-graduate education, and certification from the RCPSC.  Any additional requirements from separate medical regulatory authorities in each province or territory is also required. Internists may practice in Canada as generalists in Internal Medicine or serve in one of seventeen subspecialty areas.  Internists may work in many settings including outpatient clinics, inpatient wards, critical care units, and emergency departments.  The currently recognized subspecialties include the following:

 Critical care medicine
 Cardiology
 Infectious diseases
 Neurology
 Respiratory medicine
 Rheumatology
 Endocrinology and metabolism
 Gastroenterology
 General internal medicine
 Geriatrics
 Hematology
 Medical oncology
 Clinical allergy and immunology
 Dermatology

Medical diagnosis and treatment

Medicine is mainly focused on the art of diagnosis and treatment with medication. The diagnostic process involves gathering data, generating one or more diagnostic hypotheses, and iteratively testing these potential diagnoses against dynamic disease profiles to determine the best course of action for the patient.

Gathering data
Data may be gathered directly from the patient in medical history-taking and physical examination. Previous medical records including laboratory findings, imaging, and clinical notes from other physicians is also an important source of information; however, it is vital to talk to and examine the patient to find out what the patient is currently experiencing to make an accurate diagnosis.

Internists often can perform and interpret diagnostic tests like EKGs and ultrasound imaging (Point-of-care Ultrasound – PoCUS).

Internists who pursue sub-specialties have additional diagnostic tools, including those listed below.
 Cardiology: angioplasty, cardioversion, cardiac ablation, intra-aortic balloon pump
 Critical care medicine: mechanical ventilation
 Gastroenterology: endoscopy and ERCP
 Nephrology: dialysis
 Pulmonology: bronchoscopy
Other tests are ordered, and patients are also referred to specialists for further evaluation.  The effectiveness and efficiency of the specialist referral process is an area of potential improvement.

Generating diagnostic hypotheses
Determining which pieces of information are most important to the next phase of the diagnostic process is of vital importance. It is during this stage that clinical bias like anchoring or premature closure may be introduced.  Once key findings are determined, they are compared to profiles of possible diseases.  These profiles include findings that are typically associated with the disease and are based on the likelihood that someone with the disease has a particular symptom.  A list of potential diagnoses is termed the "differential diagnosis" for the patient and is typically ordered from most likely to least likely, with special attention given to those conditions that have dire consequences for the patient if they were missed.  Epidemiology and endemic conditions are also considered in creating and evaluating the list of diagnoses.

The list is dynamic and changes as the physician obtains additional information that makes a condition more ("rule-in") or less ("rule-out") likely based on the disease profile.   The list is used to determine what information will be acquired next, including which diagnostic test or imaging modality to order.  The selection of tests is also based on the physician's knowledge of the specificity and sensitivity of a particular test.

An important part of this process is knowledge of the various ways that a disease can present in a patient.  This knowledge is gathered and shared to add to the database of disease profiles used by physicians. This is especially important in rare diseases.

Communication
Communication is a vital part of the diagnostic process. The Internist uses both synchronous and asynchronous communication with other members of the medical care team, including other internists, radiologists, specialists, and laboratory technicians.  Tools to evaluate teamwork exist and have been employed in multiple settings.

Communication to the patient is also important to ensure there is informed consent and shared decision-making throughout the diagnostic process.

Treatment
Treatment modalities generally include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, depending on the primary diagnosis.  Additional treatment options include referral to specialist care including physical therapy and rehabilitation.  Treatment recommendations differ in the acute inpatient and outpatient settings. Continuity of care and long-term follow-up is crucial in successful patient outcomes.

Prevention and other services
Aside from diagnosing and treating acute conditions, the Internist may also assess disease risk and recommend preventive screening and intervention.  Some of the tools available to the Internist include genetic evaluation.

Internists also routinely provide pre-operative medical evaluations including individualized assessment and communication of operative risk.

Training the next generation of internists is an important part of the profession.  As mentioned above, post-graduate medical education is provided by licensed physicians as part of accredited education programs that are usually affiliated with teaching hospitals. Studies show that there are no differences in patient outcomes in teaching versus non-teaching facilities. Medical research is an important part of most post-graduate education programs, and many licensed physicians continue to be involved in research activities after completing post-graduate training.

Ethics
Inherent in any medical profession are legal and ethical considerations. Specific laws vary by jurisdiction and may or may not be congruent with ethical considerations. Thus, a strong ethical foundation is paramount to any medical profession. Medical ethics guidelines in the Western world typically follow four principles including beneficence, non-maleficence, patient autonomy, and justice. These principles underlie the patient-physician relationship and the obligation to put the welfare and interests of the patient above their own.

Patient-physician relationship
The relationship is built upon the physician obligations of competency, respect for the patient, and appropriate referrals while the patient requirements include decision-making and provides or withdraws consent for any treatment plan.  Good communication is key to a strong relationship but has ethical considerations as well, including proper use of electronic communication and clear documentation.

Treatment and telemedicine
Providing treatment including prescribing medications based on remote information gathering without a proper established relationship is not accepted as good practice with few exceptions. These exceptions include cross-coverage within a practice and certain public health urgent or emergent issues.

The ethics of telemedicine including questions on its impact to diagnosis, physician-patient relationship, and continuity of care have been raised;, however, with appropriate use and specific guidelines, risks may be minimized and the benefits including increased access to care may be realized.

Financial issues and conflicts of interest
Ethical considerations in financial include accurate billing practices and clearly defined financial relationships.  Physicians have both a professional duty and obligation under the justice principle to ensure that patients are provided the same care regardless of status or ability to pay.  However, informal copayment forgiveness may have legal ramifications and the providing professional courtesy may have negatively impact care.

Physicians must disclose all possible conflicts of interest including financial relationships, investments, research and referral relationships, and any other instances that may subjugate or give the appearance of subjugating patient care to self-interest.

Other topics
Other foundational ethical considerations include privacy, confidentiality, accurate and complete medical records, electronic health records, disclosure, and informed decision-making and consent.

Electronic health records have been shown to improve patient care but have risks including data breaches and inappropriate and/or unauthorized disclosure of protected health information.

Withholding information from a patient is typically seen as unethical and in violation of a patient's right to make informed decisions.  However, in situations where a patient has requested not to be informed or to have the information provided to a second party or in an emergency situation in which the patient does not have decision-making capacity, withholding information may be appropriate.

See also

 Royal Australasian College of Physicians
 Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

References

Further reading

External links

The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); American Board of Allergy & Immunology (ABAI)
International Society of Internal Medicine
Internal Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand
The American Board of Internal Medicine
Canadian Society of Internal Medicine
The American College of Osteopathic Internists
American College of Physicians

Hospital staff

Internal medicine


Cassius Fairchild (December 16, 1829 – October 24, 1868) was a Wisconsin businessman, politician, and Union Army officer in the American Civil War.  He was the brother of Lucius Fairchild, the 10th Governor of Wisconsin, and the son of Jairus C. Fairchild, the 1st State Treasurer of Wisconsin.

Early life and career
Born in Franklin Mills, Ohio (now Kent, Ohio), Fairchild was educated mostly in Ohio. His father was Jairus C. Fairchild, who was the first State Treasurer of Wisconsin and the first Mayor of Madison, Wisconsin. Cassius was the second of four sons born to Jairus Fairchild and Mrs. Sally Blair Fairchild—his older brother, Charles, died at age four in 1832.  The family moved to Cleveland two years later, where Cassius received most of his education and upbringing.

At age fourteen, he traveled to the Wisconsin Territory with his uncle, Franklin J. Blair, arriving in the vicinity of Milwaukee.  He decided to enter school in Waukesha, and attended the Prairieville Academy (now Carroll University).  His parents and siblings followed in 1846, settling in Madison, Wisconsin.  Two years later, when Wisconsin became a State, his father, Jairus Fairchild, was elected the first State Treasurer.  Jairus Fairchild invested in cranberry farms, lumber interests, and real estate.  Within a decade, Cassius would be charged with managing these family businesses.

In the 1850s, Cassius Fairchild was elected several times to the Madison City Council, where he served one year as president.  In 1859 he became Chairman of the Democratic Party of Wisconsin, and was elected to represent Madison in the 1860 session of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

Civil War service

Cassius and his brother, Lucius, were volunteers in a Wisconsin militia company known as the Governor's Guard in the late 1850s and gained experience that would become useful in securing leadership positions in the coming war.  At the outbreak of the war, Cassius was busy tending to the family's cranberry fields in the remote north.  After returning home, he immediately offered his services to the governor for the war effort.

In October 1861, Fairchild was appointed major of the 16th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was still being organized at the time.  He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December, and the regiment mustered into federal service a month later, on January 31, 1862.

Shiloh and aftermath
The regiment marched south under Colonel Benjamin Allen on March 16, 1862, and joined Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Tennessee.  Less than a month later, Fairchild was leading his mostly untrained regiment against a surprise attack in the Battle of Shiloh.  Fairchild was shot in the hip during the first day of fighting, and was forced to return to Wisconsin.  He spent months recuperating, as surgeons attempted to remove the bullet and scraps of cloth that had been dragged into the wound.  During that time, he and his father were bedridden in adjoining rooms—his father died that summer.  The bullet and remaining pieces of material were finally removed by Dr. Brainerd in December 1862, but after months embedded in the bone, there was significant irritation around the wound that would, years later, result in Fairchild's death.

Sherman's Army

After removing the irritants, Lt. Colonel Fairchild was able to recover well enough to rejoin his regiment in May 1863, though still limited in his abilities.  He returned in time to join the regiment at the Siege of Vicksburg.  After Vicksburg, his superior officer, Colonel Allen, chose to retire.  He, too, had been wounded at Shiloh and had not fully recuperated from the wound.  On March 17, 1864, Fairchild was made Colonel of the Regiment.

The Army of the Tennessee was now under William Tecumseh Sherman's command and was engaged in a campaign into the southern heartland.  As Colonel, Fairchild led the regiment through Kennesaw Mountain, the Battle of Atlanta, and Sherman's March to the Sea.  On March 13, 1865, Fairchild was given a brevet to Brigadier General and commanded a Brigade composed of five regiments during the Battle of Bentonville.  A few weeks later, the war ended and Fairchild mustered out of the service.

Postbellum years

Just months after the end of the war, in 1865, Fairchild's brother, Lucius, was elected Governor of Wisconsin.  The following summer, in 1866, Cassius was appointed United States Marshal for Wisconsin by President Andrew Johnson.  He moved to Milwaukee and performed the duties of the office until his death two years later.

On October 15, 1868, he married Mary Cornelia Haney, the daughter of the prominent Milwaukee businessman Robert Haney.  Nine days later, while serving as a pallbearer at the funeral of a friend, his old wound ruptured and he died.

See also

Fairchild family

References

External links
Political Graveyard: Fairchild

|-

Cassius
People from Kent, Ohio
Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin
People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War
Businesspeople from Madison, Wisconsin
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Wisconsin city council members
1829 births
1868 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Union Army colonels
19th-century American businesspeople

Cassius Fairchild


Vatsalyam (English: Parental love) is a 1993 Indian Malayalam-language drama film directed by Cochin Haneefa and written by A. K. Lohithadas. It stars Mammootty, Siddique, Geetha, Janardhanan, Sunitha, Ilavarasi, Aboobacker, and Kaviyoor Ponnamma. The film contrasts traditional and modern values following two brothers Meledathu Raghavan Nair (Mammootty) and Vijayakumaran Nair (Siddique).

Plot
Meledathu Raghavan Nair (Mammootty) is the only support of a big family that includes his mother, wife Malathi (Geetha), brother Vijayakumaran Nair (Siddique), sister Sudha (Sunitha), uncle Kunjammama (Aboobacker) and his daughter Nalini (Bindu Panicker).

After Raghavan's father's death the whole responsibility of the family came upon Raghavan. His father had left with them huge amount of debts which then reached a stage of attachment from court. At that critical juncture it was Raghavan's uncle Kunjammama who helped them repay the debts by selling his property out of love for Raghavan's father and his family.

Raghavan's brother Vijayakumaran Nair is studying for LLB. Raghavan has pinged his entire hope on his brother Vijayakumaran and wants to see him as a lawyer. After Vijayakumaran became a lawyer he gets a marriage proposal of a senior advocate's (under whom he practises) daughter Shobha (Ilavarasi). The marriage takes place contrary to the understanding that it is Nalini (daughter of Kunjammama) who is to marry him. However, before the marriage, regarding this matter there was a small clash between him and his brother Raghavan. Since Raghavan felt that he was not being loyal to Kunjammama's daughter Nalini who were to marry Vijayakumaran, he arranges a marriage for her before his brother's marriage.

After the marriage Shobha tries to dominate the house in each and every matter. There occurs small clashes between her and the family members. Later a marriage proposal for the brothers' only sister Sudha arrives for which the bridegroom's family demand large amount of money and gold. In order to meet this Raghavan had to ask the help of his brother who in turn turns for the same to his wife Shobha. Shobha says that she will give the money on the condition that it will be returned and in the family she will be respected.

One day when the family sit together for meal Raghavan comes in between straight from the fields to dine with them. This irritates Shobha and she tells that it is unhygienic and she cannot stand the bad odour emanating from the mud-filled Raghavan. This in turn infuriates Sudha who sees her elder brother insulted. Shobha who takes Sudha's stand in the situation as threatening tries to evade from her earlier stand to give money for Sudha's marriage. However she is ready to help them if only the entire family is ready to bow before her. This Raghavan sees as an insult to the entire family. He then decides to make the entire money by himself.

In order to do so he pawns his share of the family wealth and finds money for the marriage. Meanwhile, another egoistic encounter of Sobha with Kunjammama forces him to leave the family. When Raghavan also felt that his stay with his brother would only destroy the entire family, he also leaves the family to a new place, find some land and starts farming.

After his brother left Vijayakumaran who is now alienated in the home feels estranged completely. He then meets his father in law (the advocate) who tells him that it was his mistake that he could not control his wife which led to all this. Vijayakumaran then confronts his wife reasons her and slaps her. He then goes to his brother who now stays in a new place and asks him to come back. But Raghavan rejects his brothers request with love and tells him that he is always with him and will come back to home whenever he feels like he should meet his brother. The movie ends with Raghavan cherishing his love for his brother.

Cast
 Mammootty as Meledathu raghavan Nair
 Geetha as Malathi (Malu)
 Sunitha as Sudha
 Siddique as Vijayakumaran Nair
 Ilavarasi as Shobha
 Renuka as Ambika
 Kunchan as Divakaran
 Janardhanan as Ramankutty Menon
 Kaviyoor Ponnamma as Janaki Amma (mother of the 4 siblings)
 Bindu Panicker as Nalini
 Aboobacker as Kunjan Nair (Kunjammama)
 Cochin Haneefa as Bullock Cart Driver- special appearance in the title song Inni Kochu Varambin
 Kozhikode Narayanan Nair as Govindan Nair
 Ottapalam Pappan as Saithalikka
 Abi as Vinod
 Baby Ambili

Crew
Voice - Over artist

Release
The film was released on 12 April 1993.

Box office
The film was commercial success, and ran over 255 days in theatres.

Awards
Mammootty received the 1993 Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor for his role in the film.

The film won Filmfare Award for Best Film - Malayalam received by H. M. Basheer (1993)

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack contains 4 songs, all composed by S. P. Venkatesh and Lyrics by Kaithapram.

References

External links

1993 films
1990s Malayalam-language films
Films with screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas
Films scored by S. P. Venkatesh
Films directed by Cochin Haneefa

Vatsalyam


SetACL is a freeware utility for manipulating security descriptors on Microsoft Windows. It used to be available under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). It changed to a freeware license in version 220.127.116.11.

Features
This list of features is taken from the product's web page.
 Supports the following object types on Windows 2000 and later
 NTFS files and directories
 registry keys
 printers
 services
 network shares
 WMI objects
 Manage permissions on local or remote systems in domains or workgroups.
 Set multiple permissions for multiple users or groups in a single command.
 Control how permissions are inherited.
 List, backup and restore permissions.
 All operations work on a single object or recursively on a directory or registry tree.
 Set the owner to any user or group.
 Unicode support.
 Remove, replace or copy a user or group from an ACL.
 Fast performance. This is due to time consuming steps only being performed only once. An example of a time consuming step is the recursing of a large file system.
 Filter out object names not to be processed.

Usage
To set 'change' permissions on the directory 'C:\angela' for user 'brian' in domain 'dom1':

 SetACL.exe -on "C:\angela" -ot file -actn ace
            -ace "n:dom1\brian;p:change"

Remove write and change permission sets from Desktop, replace with 'read and execute' permissions:

 SetACL.exe -on "\\mycomputer\C$\Documents and Settings\username\Desktop" -ot file
            -actn ace -ace "n:mycomputer\username;p:write,change;m:revoke"
            -ace "n:mycomputer\username;p:read_ex"

An example of its use from AutoIt can be found here

Short history
 March 2001 SetACL program 0.x development begins
 December 2002 SetACL program 2.x development begins
 April 2003 2.0 beta 1 released
 July 2003 2.0 final released
 September 2003 22.214.171.124 released - Remove, replace or copy all Access Control Entries (ACEs) belonging to users or groups of a specified domain.
 January 2004 2.0.2 released - ActiveX support. can be used from any language that supports COM including AutoIt, Visual Basic, Perl, VBScript.
 May 2008 2.0.3 released - 64-bit support
 August 2010 2.1 released - Improved permission listing

Notes

Free software
Microsoft Windows software

SetACL


Due process is the legal requirement that the government must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this is a due process violation, which offends the rule of law.

A judiciary process
Due process has also been frequently interpreted as limiting laws and legal proceedings. This means that judges—instead of legislators—may define and guarantee basic fairness, justice, and liberty. This interpretation has proven controversial, and is seen as being closer to the concepts of natural justice, and procedural justice used in various other jurisdictions. This interpretation of due process is sometimes expressed as a command that the government must not be unfair to the people or abuse them physically.

History
Due process developed from clause 39 of the Magna Carta in England. The Magna Carta called it "the law of the land" which became the more modern term due process. When English and American law gradually went in different directions, due process was not upheld in England, but did become part of the Constitution of the United States. It is found in the Fifth Amendment which says "No person shall…be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law,". It is applied to all states by the Fourteenth Amendment.

In other legal systems
Due process is not used in contemporary English law. But it recognizes two similar concepts are natural justice and the British constitutional concept of the rule of law. However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American theory of due process. It contains many implied rights not found in the ancient or modern concepts of due process in England.

Islamic law provides for due process. It includes the presumption of innocence, the right to remain silent and a fair and public trial before a judge. There is no jury and both parties, the injured party and the accused, usually present their own cases.

Scandinavia gets high ratings by the World Justice Project. They were noted for their criminal justice system including their observance of due process. As of the 2013 Rule of Law Index, the Scandinavian countries were rated higher than the US for due process. The three lowest rated countries in the index were Afghanistan, Zimbabwe and Venezuela.

References

Other websites
 WHAT IS DUE PROCESS? Icelantic Human Rights Centre
 Due Process Rights before EU Agencies
 Due Process in Islamic Criminal Law
 Political Judging: When Due Process Goes International

Law
Legal terms
International law

Due process


National Mutual Life Building is a heritage-listed office building at 299 Queen Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Gibbs, Finlay & Morsby in conjunction with Thomas Blair Moncrieff Wightman and was built in 1926 by J L Green & Sons. It is also known as Metway Chambers and Custom Credit House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

History
National Mutual Life Building was constructed in 1926. Part of this site was purchased by the National Mutual Life Association of Australasia in January 1883 for the association's headquarters. Title to the adjoining allotment was acquired by the association in July 1920. National Mutual Life proposed the reconstruction of its central offices on the site in 1925. Other contemporaneous redevelopments near the site included the Commonwealth Bank (1929), Colonial Mutual Life (1930–31) and the AMP building (1930–34).

Designed by Melbourne architects Gibbs, Finlay and Morsby, in conjunction with Thomas Blair Moncrieff Wightman, Brisbane, the new seven storey building provided 114 offices, a basement and caretaker's quarters on the roof. The tender of JL Green and Sons, contractors, was accepted in January 1926, the former offices were demolished in February and construction began.

National Mutual Life occupied the building until 1981 when the property was sold to Havelah Investments. In 1982 Comord Pty Ltd purchased the building and the following year $4 million was spent on refurbishment. Since 1987 the building has been leased by Custom Credit and in 1988 Suncorp Insurance bought the property.

Description
This inter-war commercial building is seven storeys in height with a basement and a caretakers office as an attic level. It is a stone faced building on a reinforced concrete structure. The scale and form of the building and the colour of its stonework complements nearby buildings on this side of Queen Street.

It has a bronze faced suspended awning and bronze panels separating the windows of the end bays, from the second floor upwards. These end window bays project slightly from the rest of the building and have plain, flanking giant order pilasters. The three central bays of windows are more closely spaced. At their second floor level they extend to the floor and have a projecting balcony that is supported on brackets. This has a wrought iron railing of a diamond shape pattern between balusters of the same material.

The stone facing of the first floor level has banded rustication and visually forms a plinth to the upper levels. The windows of the three central bays are separated by decorative stone panels in the same pattern as the bronze panels of the outer bays. An elaborate cornice appears at the top of the facade. The raised sections of parapet above the end bays each have three small bronze acroteria.

Two flag poles are situated between these raised sections. The caretakers quarters are set back behind this at roof level. The visible portion of the north-eastern elevation has some window openings, but its surface has been rendered and painted. The windows of the front facade are still the original pattern with crossed diagonal glazing bars in their upper portion with four vertical panes below. The shopfronts below the street awning are not original.

Internally the ground floor lobby and lifts have been refurbished. The original main stair remains but has been enclosed as a fire stair and now exits to the footpath. All floors now have suspended ceilings and partitioning. The original caretaker's quarters is now used as office space and opens to a small roof terrace behind the parapet.

Heritage listing
National Mutual Life Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

It is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history, in particular the 1925/35 redevelopment of this financial sector of Queen Street.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an inter-war commercial building.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

It is important in exhibiting aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular:
 as a fine example of an interwar commercial building reflecting the dignity and solidity of a financial institution
 the building's contribution to the visual cohesiveness of this portion of Queen Street

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Brisbane central business district
Office buildings in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register

National Mutual Life Building, Brisbane


Timarchus or Timarch was a Greek noble and a satrap of the Seleucid Empire during the reign of his ally King Antiochus IV Epiphanes.  After Antiochus IV's death, he styled himself an independent ruler in his domain in the Persian east of the Empire from around 163–160 BC, and may have even sought to entirely usurp leadership of the entire empire.  He gained an alliance with the Roman Republic, which sought to weaken the Seleucid Empire by promoting internal divisions; both Rome and Timarchus distrusted the new king Demetrius I.  Demetrius rode east and defeated Timarchus in 160 BC, ending his short reign.

Biography

Early years
A Greek nobleman, possibly from Miletus in Asia Minor, Timarchus was a friend of the Seleucid prince Antiochus IV Epiphanes during his time as a hostage to the Roman Republic. He was appointed satrap of Media in western Iran when Antiochus IV Epiphanes became king in 175 BC, and his brother Heracleides became minister of the royal finances. The Persian part of the empire was threatened by the Parthian kingdom, and Timarchus probably spent much of his time reinforcing the defenses. The Seleucid realms probably extended as far as the area of Teheran during this time.

Short reign and defeat
In the turmoil following the death of Antiochus IV during a Persian campaign in 164 BC, Timarchus became the more or less independent ruler of Media, opposing the general Lysias who acted as steward for the infant king Antiochus V Eupator, son of Antiochus IV.

In 162 BC Demetrius I returned from exile and became king.  Demetrius's claim to the Seleucid throne was generally considered stronger than the claim of his now dead uncle Antiochus IV and by extension his young son Antiochus V.  Demetrius promptly executed Lysias and Antiochus V upon taking power. This may well have been the provocation that caused Timarchus to take the final step to independence and declare himself king.

Timarchus now managed to extend his realm into Babylonia, where records of his reign were inscribed into the astronomical calendars. His forces were however not enough to stand against the rival Seleucid king: Demetrius defeated and killed Timarchus in 160 BC, and the Seleucid empire was temporarily united again.

Legacy
Timarchus was one of the last Hellenistic kings in Iran but little is known of his reign, except the short - and stereotypical - notion by Appian that Timarchus was a tyrant. Appian's brief mention is treated with skepticism by most scholars.  On his coins, Timarchus introduced the epithet "Great King" (Basileus Megas) which was the traditional Achaemenid title and may reflect an effort to gather support from the natives in a time when the Seleucid empire lost ground in Iran. He was inspired by the Bactrian king Eucratides the Great, who had taken the same assuming title a few years earlier.

Timarchus was survived and avenged by his brother Heracleides, who eventually became champion of Alexander Balas, a boy that he claimed was a natural son of Antiochus IV. Heracleides convinced the Roman Senate to support the young pretender against Demetrius, who was defeated and killed in 150 BC. The family of Timarchus thus got its revenge for him.  The continued in-fighting between rival Seleucid claimants for power is referred to as the Seleucid Dynastic Wars.  These civil wars fatally weakened the empire and saw it shrink and crumble over the next decades.

See also
 Timeline of Syrian history

Sources
Appian, Syriaka (The Syrian Wars) 8:§§ 45,47
 Biography of Parthian king Mithradates I (a contemporary of Timarchus)

External links

Ancient Milesians
2nd-century BC Greek people
Seleucid satraps
Year of birth unknown
160 BC deaths
2nd-century BC Seleucid monarchs

Timarchus


The Mohmand Agency () was created in 1951 before which the Mohmand Tribes were administered by the Deputy Commissioner based in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. However it was not until 1973 that the headquarters of the Mohmand agency were moved from Peshawar to Ekkagund. Now, the permanent agency headquarters is at Ghalanai, deep in the Mohmand agency. There is scant rainfall and little irrigated land, a factor responsible for the large demographic movements of the Mohmands to the fertile lands of Charsadda and Mardan districts to the east.

Sher Alam Mahsud is the "political agent" (or governor) of Mohmand as of July 2007

 Halimzai Tehsil
 Pindiali Tehsil
 Pringar Tehsil
 Safi Tehsil
 Upper Mohmand Tehsil
 Utman Khel (Ambar) Tehsil
 Yake Ghund Tehsil

Agencies of Federally Administered Tribal Areas

Mohmand District


Prince Louis of Orléans, "Prince of Condé" (Louis Philippe Marie Léopold; 1845 – 24 May 1866 was a French prince given the title of Prince of Condé at birth. He died in Australia in 1866 at age 20.

Brief biography

He was born on 15 November, 1845 at the Château de Saint Cloud outside Paris. He was the eldest son of Henri d'Orleans, Duke of Aumale and his wife Princess Carolina Augusta of the Two Sicilies. Through his father Louis was he was a grandson of Louis Philippe I. As a result of this Louis was a "Prince of Orléans" at birth. He was later given the courtesy title of Prince of Condé. Following the French Revolution of 1848, he and his parents fled to England. He was educated at the "Royal High School" in Edinburgh. He was also the first member of a royal house to visit the Australian continent. This is where he died after catching a cold. He was eventually buried at the Royal Chapel of Dreux in France.

Titles and styles

15 November 1845 – 24 May 1866 His Royal Highness The Prince of Condé Prince of Orléans.

Notes

References

1845 births
1866 deaths
House of Orléans

Louis d'Orléans, Prince of Condé


Thomas Piercy is an American clarinetist, and hichiriki player based in New York City, USA and Tokyo, Japan.  Although he studied in the United States, his playing style is heavily influenced by the English school of clarinet playing by his extensive studies with English clarinet virtuoso Gervase de Peyer.

He has been cited by the New York Times for his performances of classical music by Brahms and Beethoven as well as contemporary pieces written specifically for him.

He has performed and premiered many contemporary pieces written for him, including Grammy Award winning and Pulitzer Prize winning American composer Ned Rorem's only piece for clarinet and piano.  He premiered this piece - "Four Colors" - at an 80th birthday concert celebration for Rorem at Carnegie Hall in 2003.

In addition to being a performer of classical and contemporary music, as a teacher he has contributed to books on clarinet studies and clarinet fingerings. He performs on rare large bore, rosewood clarinets hand made for him by Luis Rossi, and Buffet Prestige clarinets with Opperman mouthpieces and barrels.

He studied clarinet, voice and acting at Virginia Commonwealth University, Shenandoah Conservatory (with Dr. Stephen Johnston), Mannes College of Music and the Juilliard School.  He studied clarinet in New York City with Gervase De Peyer and noted American teachers Leon Russianoff and Kalmen Opperman. He also studied hichiriki in Japan.

A versatile artist defying categorization – performing on the Emmy Award-winning Juno Baby CDs and DVDs; playing Rhapsody in Blue with pianist Earl Wild; performing concert improvisations with pianist Donal Fox; performing Mozart with mezzo-soprano Frederica von Stade; playing Broadway songs with Raoul Julia; conducting Cabaret or Rodgers & Hammerstein; working with the composer Leonard Bernstein; appearing in a KRS-ONE music video; recording with members of Maroon 5; - as an instrumentalist, singer, director and music director/conductor and actor, he has performed for Broadway and Off-Broadway, television, radio, video and commercial recordings.

Piercy has performed at many of the world's acclaimed concert halls including Carnegie Hall (NY, NY), Lincoln Center (NY, NY), the Kennedy Center (Washington, DC.), the Dame Myra Hess Memorial Concert Series (Chicago, Illinois), Centre Pompidou (Paris, France), Wigmore Hall (London, England), Accademia di Santa Cecilia (Rome, Italy) and Parthenon (Tokyo, Japan).

He has performed several times at the International Clarinet Festival, the world's largest annual gathering of noted clarinetists, including a concert in memory of Russianoff in 1991, a concert of contemporary American music in Japan in 2005, an all -Ástor Piazzolla program at the 2007 International Clarinet Festival in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and conducting and performing a tango nuevo program of music by Astor Piazzolla and a premiere by Michele Mangani at the 2016 ClarinetFest in Kanasa City, USA.

A recipient of numerous scholarships, prizes and awards, he studied clarinet, voice and conducting at the Juilliard School, Mannes College of Music, Virginia Commonwealth University and Shenandoah Conservatory. Piercy's earliest studies were in both voice and clarinet. He began his college education studying clarinet under Dr. Stephen Johnston at Shenandoah Conservatory and Gailyn Parks at Virginia Commonwealth University. He later moved to New York City to study with Gervase De Peyer under scholarship at Mannes College of Music; he continued to study extensively with De Peyer after leaving Mannes. Piercy later studied with and soon became an assistant to the renowned clarinet pedagogue Leon Russianoff; additional clarinet studies and reed-making studies were undertaken with clarinetist, reed, barrel and mouthpiece maker, and composer Kalmen Opperman. He has had arrangements and transcriptions published by Boosey & Hawkes, and as an assistant to Kalmen Opperman, he contributed to clarinet study books and clarinet compositions published by Carl Fischer, Inc., and Baron Publishing. In demand as a clarinet, sax and voice teacher, many of Piercy's students have gone on to schools and careers in music.

Mr. Piercy is currently the Artistic Director and clarinetist of the Gotham Ensemble. A mixed vocal and instrumental ensemble based in New York City, the Gotham Ensemble premieres, performs and records a wide variety of repertoire, from the Classical to the avant-garde. A New York Times review of Gotham's Merkin Hall, New York City, performance of a program of Olav Thommessen's music specifically encouraged the public to go out and purchase the recordings. After a performance of Ned Rorem's "Ariel" at Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall, Mr. Rorem wrote of Gotham as one of America's important chamber music groups performing new music today. Albany Records released "Gotham Ensemble Plays Ned Rorem" - a CD of Ned Rorem's chamber music featuring the clarinet.

A frequent performer of new music, Mr. Piercy has premiered over 200 new pieces composed for him. The works, for clarinet, bass clarinet or hichiriki, include solo pieces, duos, trios, quartets, larger mixed ensembles, concertos and double concertos. They include a wide variety of styles of music, from contemporary classical to Japanese avant-garde; from the abstract to minimalism; from J-pop to jazz-influenced pieces. Piercy has had the opportunity to work with many of these composers.  The composers have ranged from 18 to 93 years of age.  They come from all walks of life and experience: from university students to university professors; from self-taught composers to composers with Ph.Ds; from emerging composers to composers that have won such prominent awards as the Takemitsu Prize, Grammy Award, Latin Grammy Award, and the Pulitzer Prize.

Ned Rorem, a Pulitzer Prize winner and Grammy Award-winning composer, wrote his only clarinet and piano piece, "Four Colors," for Mr. Piercy. The work had its premiere at an 80th birthday concert celebration for Mr. Rorem at Carnegie Hall in the fall of 2003. A short list of the composers he has worked with and premiered their works (many of them written for him) include Milton Babbitt, Allan Blank, Ed Bland, Wendy Mae Chambers, Elisenda Fábregas, Donal Fox, Daron Hagen, Gilbert Galindo, Masatora Goya, Jennifer Higdon, Benjamin Lees, Yuichi Matsumoto, Jun Nagao, Takeshi Ogawa, Sergey Oskolkov, Robert Xavier Rodriguez, Erin Rogers, Ned Rorem, Hifumi Shimoyama, Olav Anton Thommessen, and many others.

Premieres include works by the following composers:
會田瑞樹  Mizuki Aita,
AYUO,
坂野嘉彦   Yoshihiko Banno,
大胡恵   Kei Daigo,
藤倉大  Dai Fujikura,
合屋正虎   Masatora Goya,
平井 京子 Kyoko Hirai,
平山 智   Tomo Hirayama,
細川 俊夫   Toshio Hosokawa,
一柳慧   Toshi Ichiyanagi,
井上一平   Ippei Inoue,
石井美栄子   Mieko Ishii,
清水一徹   Shimizu Ittetsu,
伊藤美由紀  Miyuki Ito,
岩岡一志 Kazushi Iwaoka,
伊左治直  Sunao Isaji,
川上統  Osamu Kawakami,
川崎真由子  Mayuko Kawasaki,
橘川琢   Migaku Kitsukawa,
小林祥恵  Sachie Kobayashi,
Akari Komura,
桑原ゆう  Yu Kuwabara,
増本 伎共子 Kikuko Massumoto,
松本祐一   Yuichi Matsumoto,
マクイーン時田深山  Miyama McQueen-Tokita,
三界秀実   Hidemi Mikai,
三木稔 Miki Minoru,
見澤ゆかり  Yukari Misawa,
森田泰之進   Yasunoshin Morita,
村松崇継  Takatsugu Muramatsu,
長生 淳   Jun Nagao,
Akemi Naito,
中堀海都  Kaito Nakahori,
Kaori Nakano,
西村 朗 Akira Nishimura,
小栗克裕    Katsuhiro Oguri,
大江千里   Senri Oe,
大羽田 大輔   Daisuke Ohata,
Koh Okumura,
佐原詩音   Shion Sahara,
酒井健治  Kenji Sakai,
坂本 龍  Ryuichi Sakamoto,
Miho Sasaki,
沢井 忠夫  Tadao Sawai,
清水チャートリー  Chatori Shimizu,
下山一二三   Hifumi Shimoyama,
白藤淳一   Junichi Shirafuji,
鈴木治行  Haruyuki Suzuki,
鷹羽弘晃  Hiroaki Takaha,
高橋久美子 Kumiko Takahashi,
田中カレン  Karen Tanaka,
田中 翔一朗  Shoichiro Tanaka,
田口和行  Kazuyuki Taguchi,
壺井 一歩    Ippo Tsuboi,
徳山美奈子 Minako Tokuyama,
内田輝    Akira Uchida,
Kenjiro Urata,
宇澤とも子  Tomoko Uzawa,
薮田翔一  Shoichi Yabuta,
山口恭子    Kyoko Yamaguchi,
山本和智   Kazutomo Yamamoto,
山本 哲也  Tetsuya Yamamoto,
吉仲 淳   Atsushi Yoshinaka,
湯浅譲二   Joji Yuasa,

Eliane Aberdam,
Jake Adams,
Ramin Akhavijou,
Alyssa Aska,
Lera Auerbach,
Armando Ayala,
Milton Babbit,
Trevor Bachman,
Rodrigo Baggio,
Guy Barash,
Greg Bartholomew,
Richard Rodney Bennett,
Helga Beier,
Jean-Patrick Besingrand,
Can Bilir,
John Bilotta
Susan Brewster,
Scott Brickman,
Gordon Francis Blaney, Jr.,
Allan Blank,
Ed Bland,
Philippe Bodin,
David Bohn,
Seth Boustead,
Erik Branch,
Julius Bucsis,
Canary Burton,
John Cage,
Oliver Cameron,
Utsyo Chakraborty,
Wendy Mae Chambers,
Kanokpak Changwitchukarn,
Yihan Chen,
Monica Chew,
Young-Shin Choi,
William Coble,
Andy Cohen,
Steve Cohen,
Michael Coleman,
Douglas DaSilva,
Seth David,
Andrew Davis,
Malcolm Dedman,
David Del Tredici,
Paul Dice,
Nick Didkovsky,
Dominic Dousa,
Peter Eotvos,
Alan Elkins,
Elisenda Fabrégas,
David Fetherolf,
Dagmar Feyen,
Donal Fox,
Jim Fox,
Michael Frazier,
Reiko Fueting,
Donal Fox,
Gilbert Galindo,
Lyudmilla German,
Gardika Gigih,
David Gonzalez,
Jacob Goodman,
Ulf Grahn,
Eli Greenhoe,
Adam Giese,
Nicolas Gilbert,
Jacob Goodman,
Melissa Grey,
Daron Hagen,
Jin Hee Han,
David Heuser,
Jennifer Higdon,
Joel Hobbs,
Kevin Holland,
Katherine Hoover,
Cindi Hsu,
Zhihua Hu,
Silas Huff,
Justin Hung,
Kento Iwasaki,
Yohei Kurihara,
Kittiphan Janbuala,
Wang Jie,
JP Jofre,
Emil Khoury,
Sakiko Kosaka,
Steven Kreamer,
Tim Labor,
Benjamin Lees,
Paul Yeon Lee,
Tania León,
Bin Li  李彬,
Qi Li,
Elizabeth Lim,
David Loeb,
Piyawat Louilarpprasert,
Raymond Luedeke,
Joshua Banks Mailman,
Matt Mason,
Eli Marshall,
Peri Mauer,
William Mayer,
Daniel Mihai,
Dom Minasi,
Paul Morin,
Sandro Montalto,
Luigi Morleo,
David Morneau,
Charalambos Navrozidis,
Alon Nechustan,
Ian Ng,
James Soe Nyun,
Sean O'Boyle,
Takeshi Ogawa,
Lucas Oickle,
Sergey Oskolkov,
Fernando Otero,
Manos Panayiotakis,
Akmal Parwez,
Joseph Perhson,
Troy Peters,
Jonathan Pieslak,
Russell Platt,
Gene Pritsker,
Ugo Raimondi,
Renaldo Ramai,
Giuseppe Rapisarda,
André Ristic,
Aaron Robinson,
Robert Xavier Rodriguez,
Erin Rogers,
Manly Romero,
Paul Anthony Romero,
Ned Rorem,
Michael Rose,
Richard Rosenfeld,
Marjorie Rusche,
Dana Richardson,
Aaron Robinson,
Michael Rose,
Richard Rosenfeld,
Michael Schelle,
Brian Schober,
David Schober,
Allen Schulz,
Thomas Schuttenhelm,
Edward Schocker,
Thanakarn Schofield,
Jose Serebrier,
Candra Bangun Setyawan,
Alex Shanafelt,
Emma Shifrin,
Bob Siebert,
Nina Siniakova,
John Spartan,
Steven Serpa,
Bob Siebert,
Samuel Stokes,
David Su,
Dorian Tabb,
Conrad Tao,
David Taylor,
Emilio Teubal,
Olav Anton Thommessen,
Daniel Thompson,
Ruben Toledo,
Douglas Townsend,
Frank Warren,
Dalit Warshaw,
Frances White,
Blair Whittington,
Benjamin Williams,
Donald Reid Womack,
Rain Worthington,
Russell Wimbish,
David Wolfson,
Anna Vriend,
Sebastien Zaczek,
Parsa Zandi.

Thomas Piercy - Composer Premieres

TOKYO TO NEW YORK  東京    と   ニューヨーク

"Tokyo to New York"  concerts - under the direction of Thomas Piercy - include a wide variety of styles of music, from Japanese avant-garde to American contemporary classical, minimalism, neo-Romantic, tango- nuevo,  J-pop and jazz-influenced pieces. Since 2005, clarinetist and hichiriki player Thomas Piercy has lived in both NYC and Tokyo and has had the opportunity to work with many of the Japanese and American composers programmed in these concerts.

Following a 2011 call for scores for non-Japanese composers influenced or inspired by Japan ("Nihon no shiten - 日本の視点" - Japanese perspective"), a diverse program was selected from established and emerging composers and these pieces were premiered by Thomas Piercy in New York City in 2012.  This concert was followed with a 2012 call for scores asking Tokyo-based composers to write pieces based on their thoughts about NYC.  The selected compositions were given their world premieres in Tokyo in January, 2013, and their United States premieres in NYC in 2013.  Another "Call for Scores" was completed  in 2013 and twelve compositions by Tokyo-based composers were selected for their World Premieres in Tokyo, Japan in January, 2014.  The "Tokyo  to New York" concert series have continued since then, and since 2012, "Tokyo to New York" has performed over 200 world premieres, and numerous Japan premieres and United States premieres.

Thomas Piercy's  discography includes "Gotham Ensemble Plays Ned Rorem", a CD of chamber music featuring the clarinet (released by Albany Records), "CAFE", a CD of music for clarinet and guitar (released by Tonada Records), the world-premiere recording of Sir Richard Rodney Bennett's "Ballad in Memory of Shirley Horn" and  the Emmy Award winning CD and DVD "Juno Baby."  He can also be heard on commercials, film and theater recordings.

References

New York Times - Classical Music in Review - Published October 30, 1993 - Gotham Ensemble Merkin Concert Hall
Database of Recorded American Music - Gotham Ensemble Plays Ned Rorem

1957 births
Living people
American classical clarinetists
21st-century clarinetists

External Links:
Thomas Piercy
Thomas Piercy Tokyo to New York 東京  と  ニューヨーク
THOMAS PIERCY HICHIRIKI トーマス・ピアシー  篳篥 THOMAS PIERCY Hichiriki  ~  トーマス・ピアシー   篳篥

Thomas Piercy


"A Change Is Gonna Come" is a song by American singer-songwriter Sam Cooke.  It initially appeared on Cooke's album Ain't That Good News, released mid-February 1964 by RCA Victor; a slightly edited version of the recording was released as a single on December 22, 1964. Produced by Hugo & Luigi and arranged and conducted by René Hall, the song was the B-side to "Shake".

The song was inspired by various events in Cooke's life, most prominently when he and his entourage were turned away from a whites-only motel in Louisiana. Cooke felt compelled to write a song that spoke to his struggle and of those around him, and that pertained to the Civil Rights Movement and African Americans.

Though only a modest hit for Cooke in comparison with his previous singles, "A Change Is Gonna Come" is widely considered one of Cooke's greatest and most influential compositions and has been voted among the greatest songs ever released by various publications. In 2007, the song was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress, with the National Recording Registry deeming the song "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important." In 2021, it appeared on Rolling Stone's list of the Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, ranked at No. 3.

Background
On October 8, 1963, en route to Shreveport, Louisiana, Cooke called ahead to the Holiday Inn North to make reservations for his wife, Barbara, and himself, but when he and his group arrived, the desk clerk glanced nervously and explained there were no vacancies. While his brother Charles protested, Sam was furious, yelling to see the manager and refusing to leave until he received an answer. His wife nudged him, attempting to calm him down, telling him, "They'll kill you," to which he responded, "They ain't gonna kill me, because I'm Sam Cooke." When they eventually persuaded Cooke to leave, the group drove away calling out insults and blaring their horns. When they arrived at the Castle Motel on Sprague Street downtown, the police were waiting for them, arresting them for disturbing the peace. The New York Times ran a UPI report the next day, headlined "Negro Band Leader Held in Shreveport," but African-Americans were outraged. In 2019, then-Shreveport mayor Adrian Perkins apologized to Cooke's family for the event, and posthumously awarded Cooke the key to the city.

In addition, upon hearing Bob Dylan's "Blowin' in the Wind" in 1963, Cooke was greatly moved that such a poignant song about racism in America could come from someone who was not black, and was also ashamed he had not yet written something like that himself. However, his image and fears of losing his large white fan base had prevented him from doing so. Cooke loved Dylan's song so much it was immediately incorporated into his repertoire. He was further influenced by the message of the dream in Martin Luther King Jr's I Have a Dream speech at the civil rights march on Washington that year.  Toward the end of 1963, according to Cooke, the Change composition came to him in a dream.

Recording and production
Following Christmas 1963, Cooke invited J.W. Alexander to his home to preview a new song he had just written, one Cooke was very excited about. When he arrived, Cooke ran through the number on his guitar twice, the second time going over it line by line. Both were very excited to record the song, with Alexander viewing it as more personal and political than anything he had yet attempted. He warned Cooke that he might not profit off the song as he had with lighter, poppier songs, but Cooke did not care. He explained to Alexander that he hoped the song would make his father proud. "It was less work than any song he'd ever written," biographer Peter Guralnick says. "It almost scared him that the song—it was almost as if the song were intended for somebody else. He grabbed it out of the air and it came to him whole, despite the fact that in many ways it's probably the most complex song that he wrote. It was both singular—in the sense that you started out, 'I was born by the river'—but it also told the story both of a generation and of a people."

Cooke handed the song to his arranger René Hall, with no specific instructions as to what he personally wanted, but to give it "the kind of instrumentation and orchestration that it demanded." Previously, the duo had collaborated on arrangement, but this was the first occasion in which Hall was granted complete control of the eventual arrangement, and he composed it as he would a movie score, with lush, symphonic strings. "I wanted it to be the greatest thing in my [life]—I spent a lot of time, put out a lot of ideas, and then changed them and rearranged them," said Hall. Cooke was well known as a perfectionist and "control freak" in the recording studio, so giving Hall total latitude was unprecedented.

AFO drummer John Boudreaux was intimidated by the orchestral arrangement and refused to leave the control room; session player and close collaborator Earl Palmer was working next door and filled in for the song. Luigi Creatore asked Cooke to provide one more take, and the eighth take was "nearly perfect." Luigi was very pleased with the song, considering it among his best, both very serious and still uniquely his own. Cooke had initially imagined that Luigi, first and foremost a pop hitmaker, would not respect the socially conscious song.

Composition

Each verse is a different movement, with the strings carrying the first, the horns the second, and the timpani carrying the bridge. The French horn present in the recording was intended to convey a sense of melancholy.

Cooke incorporated his own personal experiences as well into the song, such as encounters in Memphis, Shreveport and Birmingham, to reflect the lives and struggles of all African-Americans of the time. The lines "I don't know what's up there / Beyond the sky" could refer to Cooke's doubt for absolute true justice on earth. The final verse, in which Cooke pleads for his "brother" to help him, is a metaphor for what Alexander described as "the establishment". The verse continues, 'But he winds up knocking me / back down on my knees.'"

Personnel
"A Change Is Gonna Come" was recorded on January 30, 1964, at RCA Studios in Hollywood, California. The engineer present was Wally Heider, and the session was conducted and arranged by René Hall. The musicians also recorded "Falling in Love" the same day. Credits adapted from the liner notes to the 2003 compilation Portrait of a Legend: 1951–1964.

Sam Cooke – lead vocals
SR Crain – backing vocals
Paul Foster – backing vocals
Jimmie Outler – backing vocals
Richard Gibbs – backing vocals
JJ Farley – backing vocals
René Hall – guitar
Norman Bartold – guitar
Arnold Belnick – guitar
Clifton White – guitar
Chuck Badie – bass guitar
Earl Palmer – drums
Harold Battiste – piano
William Hinshaw – French horn
Emil Radocchia – marimba, timpani, percussion

William Kurasch – trumpet
Louis Blackburn – trombone
John Ewing – trombone
David Wells – trombone
Harry Hyams – viola
Alexander Neiman – viola
Israel Baker – violin
Irving Lipschultz – violin
Leonard Malarsky – violin
Jack Pepper – violin
Ralph Schaeffer – violin
Sidney Sharp – violin
Darrel Terwilliger – violin
Tibor Zelig – violin
Emmet Sargeant – cello

Release
Cooke first performed "A Change Is Gonna Come" on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on February 7, 1964. Cooke's new manager, Allen Klein, was infatuated with the song and persuaded Cooke to do away with promoting his most recent single, "Ain't That Good News", and perform "Change" instead, feeling that that was the statement he needed to make before a national audience. Cooke objected, noting that the album's release was a month away and that he had no time to pull together an arrangement within such a short time frame. Klein arranged for RCA to pay for a full string section and Cooke performed the song that Friday on The Tonight Show after performing "Basin Street". An NBC timekeeper logged down the number as "It's a Long Time Coming," but the network did not save the tape of the performance. Klein and Alexander both felt it would become a milestone moment in Cooke's career, but it was overshadowed by the Beatles' performance on The Ed Sullivan Show on CBS just two days later.

The song was issued on March 1 as a track on Cooke's album Ain't That Good News.  It would not be issued as a single for another nine months.

Cooke elected not to perform "A Change Is Gonna Come" again in his lifetime, both because of the complexity of the arrangement and because of the ominous nature of the song. When shown to his protégé Bobby Womack, his response was that it sounds "like death." Cooke responded, "Man, that's kind of how it sounds like to me. That's why I'm never going to play it in public." Womack clarified his thoughts, that it wasn't deathly, but rather "spooky," but Cooke never performed the song again.

In December, "A Change Is Gonna Come" was prepared for single release, with the verse and chorus preceding the bridge ("I go to the movies…") deleted for radio airplay. The civil rights movement picked up on "A Change Is Gonna Come" with near immediacy.  On December 11, 1964, two weeks before the song was released, Sam Cooke was fatally shot at a Los Angeles motel.  Cash Box described the single as "a moving, string-filled 'message' tune."

Legacy

"A Change Is Gonna Come" became an anthem for the Civil Rights Movement, and is widely considered one of Cooke's greatest compositions. Over the years, the song has garnered significant praise. In 2004, it was voted number 12 by representatives of the music industry and press in Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. It was then voted number 3 in Rolling Stone's 2021 edition of the list. The song was ranked number 3 in the webzine Pitchfork Media's The 200 Greatest Songs of the 60s. The song is also among 300 songs deemed the most important ever recorded by National Public Radio (NPR). Acclaimed Music ranked it as the 46th greatest song of all time, as well as the third best song of 1964. NPR called the song "one of the most important songs of the civil rights era."

In 2007, the song was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress, with the National Recording Registry deeming the song "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important."

The words "A change is gonna come" are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016.

In other media
Otis Redding covered the song for his 1965 album Otis Blue, saying he wanted to "fill the silent void" created by Cooke's death. His version, retitled "Change Gonna Come," is a more restrained arrangement without any orchestration. The 5th Dimension covered it on their 1970 album Portrait, in a medley with the United States Declaration of Independence and People Got to Be Free, and released a popular single of the three songs.  Baby Huey covered it in a posthumous album released in 1971.

"A Change is Gonna Come" was featured in the 1992 Spike Lee-directed movie, Malcolm X, for the scene near the end in which Malcolm X (played by Denzel Washington) is driving to the ballroom where he is about to be assassinated.

The song served as a sample for rappers Ghostface Killah (1996), Ja Rule (2003), Papoose (2006), Lil Wayne (2007) "Long Time Coming (remix)" Charles Hamilton, Asher Roth, B.o.B (2009), Nas's It Was Written album also features a similar opening as the song, On their album The Reunion hip-hop artists Capone-N-Noreaga used an excerpt from the song on the opening track which shares the same title as the Cooke original, and Bizzle (2011).

After winning the 2008 United States presidential election, Barack Obama referred to the song, stating to his supporters in Chicago, "It's been a long time coming, but tonight, change has come to America."  A duet of the song by Bettye LaVette and Jon Bon Jovi was included in We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial. In Washington DC, in the days leading up to the Inauguration of Barack Obama, this song could be heard played constantly in the city centre.

In 2004, Patti LaBelle performed the song on the annual Nobel Peace Prize Concert to a standing ovation.

The West Wing season 6 episode 7 first aired on December 1, 2004. The episode was called "A Change Is Gonna Come" and featured a tribute to Sam Cooke, where James Taylor performed the song for President Bartlet and other guests at a reception.

In 2010, Shinyribs performed the song on the Well After Awhile album.

On June 1, 2013, Beyoncé Knowles sang the song during The Sound of Change Live concert in London, as part of Chime for Change, an organization which supports total equality between women and men in all areas of life. Mark Sutherland of Rolling Stone magazine noted that Knowles belted out the song, while Alice Vincent from The Daily Telegraph noted that the rendition of the song reflected the event's purpose. Later, on July 20, 2013, Knowles performed the song during a stop in Detroit as part of her Mrs. Carter Show World Tour. The performance followed the city's recent file for bankruptcy. As Knowles performed, the screen behind her displayed photos of Detroit's landmarks and icons including Aretha Franklin, Aaliyah, Eminem, Anita Baker, Bob Seger, Kid Rock, the White Stripes, Berry Gordy Jr., Joe Louis. The montage ended with the declaration "Nothing Stops Detroit!" and Knowles closed the performance by saying "I love you, Detroit". A spokesperson for the singer described the performance as a "unique tribute to the history of an incredible city and a celebration of the strong spirit of its people". A black-and-white video of the cover was uploaded on Knowles' official YouTube channel on July 30, 2013. It closes with a quote from Henry Ford: "Failure is simply the opportunity to start over, this time more intelligently." A reporter for The Huffington Post reported that the singer's "heartfelt" cover of the song "touched" her fans and the people who loved Detroit. Latifah Muhammad of the Black Entertainment Television wrote that Knowles' "powerful" rendition of the song came right on time. An editor for Essence described Knowles' cover as a "moving tribute to Detroit". Jordan Sargent of Spin wrote, "It all might come off as a bit heavy-handed if it wasn't for the fact that, well, Beyonce absolutely slays the cover." Lauren Moraski from CBS News described the tribute to the city as "touching".

In 2017, Greta Van Fleet released a cover of the song on their double EP From the Fires.  Also, covered that year by Kimie for her 2017 album Proud as the Sun.

In 2019, Céline Dion performed the song as a part of a tribute to Aretha Franklin called "Aretha! A Grammy Celebration For The Queen of Soul". The tribute was broadcast by CBS in March 2019.

In June 2020 a version of the song was recorded by Laurie Wright & Chris Faice with 100% of proceeds going  to the Minnesota Freedom Fund.

Jennifer Hudson performed the song on the third night of the 2020 Democratic National Convention.

In the 2020 film One Night in Miami..., Leslie Odom Jr., portraying Cooke, sings the song in the movie's reenactment of Cooke's appearance on "The Tonight Show" in 1964.

Chart history (Sam Cooke version)

See also
 Civil rights movement in popular culture

References

Bibliography
 Portrait of a Legend 1951-1964. Abkco Records, 2003. Los Angeles, California.

External links
 Lyrics of this song
 Sam Cooke at Todomusica.org

1963 songs
1964 singles
1970 singles
1960s ballads
Civil rights movement in popular culture
Songs written by Sam Cooke
Sam Cooke songs
Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
United States National Recording Registry recordings
Protest songs
RCA Victor singles
Songs released posthumously
Songs against racism and xenophobia
Soul ballads

A Change Is Gonna Come


Germanic paganism was a religion. It was a form of paganism. It was practiced in Central and Northern Europe before Christianity came there. The best documented form is called Norse mythology today. The religion was polytheistic, there were many gods. The main ones seem to have been Odin and Thor. Beforehand, the most important one may have been Tyr.

Modern influence

The Germanic gods have affected elements of every day western life in most countries that speak Germanic languages. An example is some of the names of the days of the week. The days were named after List of Germanic deities. In English and Dutch, Saturn was not replaced. Saturday is named after the Sabbath in German, and is called "washing day" in Scandinavia.

Also, many place names such as Woodway House, Wansdyke, Thundersley and Frigedene are named after the old deities of the English people.

More recently, people have created a modern form of Germanic paganism, called Asatru.

Paganism

Germanic paganism