Friedrich Emich (5 September 1860 – 22 January 1940) was an Austrian chemist. Emich is recognized as the founder of  microchemistry and worked at Graz University of Technology. Together with his colleague from the University of Graz, Fritz Pregl he perfected the work in small scales analysis. Fritz Pregl was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1923 for his work on microanalysis.

Life

Emich was born in Graz in 1860. He went to school in Graz and started studying chemistry at Graz University of Technology (formerly Technische Hochschule Graz) in 1878. Emich worked as a student in the laboratory of professor Richard Maly. He received his PhD in 1884 and after teaching in a school for a short period he handed in his habilitation in 1888. He became assistant professor at Graz University of Technology in 1889 and full professor in 1894. Emich served as rector of his alma mater for four periods (1899/1900, 1907/1908, 1908/1909, 1920/21). He stayed in Graz the rest of his academic career until his retirement in 1931.

Work
Emich started with work on natural products, for example bile acid. in the 20th century he changed more to research of inorganic chemistry, for example the chemistry of nitrogen oxides, the fluorides of tin and titanium and the reactions in explosive gases.

His first publication on microchemistry was in 1893 where he described a method to identify sulfur. His work focused steadily on microchemistry and in 1911 he published his book Lehrbuch der Mikrochemie (Textbook of Microchemistry). In the following years Emich was able to introduce several new methods into chemistry which were essential for working in small scales. Emich improved the quartz fiber balance and he introduced capillary pipettes to handle small amounts of liquid for analysis.

In 1911 he received the Austrian Lieben Prize for his work on microchemistry.

After the publication of his second book Mikrochemisches Praktikum in 1924 he spent considerable time teaching visitors to Graz University of Technology his new methods. After his retirement in 1931 he received the Liebig Medal. He worked in the laboratories of the university until 1937 and died in Graz in 1940.

References

External links

1860 births
1940 deaths
Austrian chemists
Scientists from Austria-Hungary
Graz University of Technology alumni

Friedrich Emich


BIOS-3 is an experimental closed ecosystem at the Institute of Biophysics in Krasnoyarsk, Russia.

Its construction began in 1965, and was completed in 1972. BIOS-3 consists of a  underground steel structure suitable for up to three persons, and was initially used for developing closed ecological human life-support ecosystems. It was divided into 4 compartments, one of which is a crew area. The crew area consists of 3 single-cabins, a galley, lavatory and control room. Initially one other compartment was an algal cultivator, and the other two phytotrons for growing wheat or vegetables. The plants growing in the two phytotrons contributed approximately 25% of the air filtering in the compound. Later, the algal cultivator was converted into a third phytotron. A level of light comparable to sunlight was supplied in each of the 4 compartments by 20 kW xenon lamps, cooled by water jackets. The facility used 400 kW of electricity, supplied by a nearby hydroelectric power station.

Chlorella algae were used to recycle air breathed by humans, absorbing carbon dioxide and replenishing it with oxygen through photosynthesis. The algae were cultivated in stacked tanks under artificial light. To achieve a balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide, one human needed  of exposed Chlorella. Air was purified of more complex organic compounds by heating to  in the presence of a catalyst. Water and nutrients were stored in advance and were also recycled. By 1968, system efficiency had reached 85% by recycling water. Dried meat was imported into the facility, and urine and feces were generally dried and stored, rather than being recycled.

BIOS-3 facilities were used to conduct 10 manned closure experiments with a one to three man crew. The longest experiment with a three-man crew lasted 180 days (in 1972-1973). The facilities were used for the tests at least until 1984.

In 1986, Dr. Josef Gitelson, head of the Institute of Biophysics (IBP) at Krasnoyarsk and developer of biospherics as well the BIOS project, met with Oleg Gazenko, Mark Nelson, John Allen and others involved with Biosphere 2, which led to further cooperation. In 1989, a group from Biosphere 2 visited the BIOS-3 facilities. Mark Nelson and John Allen have acknowledged the importance of BIOS-3 and Russian insights to Biosphere 2.

In 1991, BIOS-3 became a part of the International Center for Closed Ecosystems, which was formed as a subdivision of Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch. Closed ecosystems research focusing on growing plants and recycling waste was resumed in 2005 in cooperation with European Space Agency.

See also

References

External links

 Gitelson, Iosef I., and Genry M. Lisovsky. "Creation of closed ecological life support systems: Results, critical problems and potentials." (2008).
 BIOS-3 facility as a part of the BIOSMHARS (BIOcontamination Specific Modelling in HAbitats Related to Space) project

Controlled ecological life support systems
Ecological experiments
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
Human analog missions

BIOS-3


Paul Burmeister (born March 10, 1971) Paul Burmeister is an American sportscaster with NBC Sports and NBC Olympics, working primarily as a play-by-play voice and studio host across a wide range of platforms.
Prior to his arrival at NBC in 2014, he spent a decade at NFL Network as a studio host.

Burmeister is also the radio voice of Notre Dame football, having called all home and away games since 2018 alongside former Irish All American Ryan Harris.

The former Big Ten quarterback also called football this past spring, serving as NBC's play-by-play voice for their coverage of the inaugural USFL season, working alongside Michael Robinson, Jason Garrett, Cam Jordan, and Ryan Harris

At NBC he has now worked four Olympic
Games, calling play-by-play for water polo at the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro  and Tokyo, and ski jumping at the Winter Games in Peyongchang and Beijing.

Hosting The Tour de France has become a staple for him as well. Every summer Burmeister anchors NBC's coverage of The Tour, hosting each one since 2016.

In November of 2021, NBC extended its exclusive broadcast deal with The English Premier League. Burmeister has become a part of their studio team, as a host for "Premier League Live" during the week, and "Premier League Mornings" on the weekend.

He is involved with the NFL throughout the year on a weekly basis, co-hosting a pair of podcasts: "The Chris Simms Unbuttoned podcast," and "The Peter King podcast."
And for the last decade in early January, he has hosted and worked play-by-play for NBC's coverage of The All American Bowl, the nation's premier high school football all-star game.

During the winter he handles play-by-play duties for Atlantic 10 regular season basketball, as well as their conference tournament in March.

From 2019 through 2021, Burmeister was front and center for NBC's coverage of the Premier Lacrosse League, hosting its draft each spring, reporting from the sidelines during the season, as well as calling games from the booth.

In his time at NBC he has also hosted NHL Live,  Pro Football Talk, The Dan Patrick Show, and America's Cup.
He's reported for Football Night in America and from The Stanley Cup Finals, and done play-by-play for Notre Dame Football, Mountain West Conference football and basketball, Ivy League football, as well as called The Olympic Trials and national championships for luge and diving.

While at NFL Network from 2004-2014, Burmeister hosted the studio shows Playbook, College Football Live, NFL Total Access, NFL Gameday Scoreboard, Around the League Live, and Path to the Draft. Each January he hosted the networks' coverage of the Senior Bowl, in addition to calling the game, and was a regular part of NFL Network's Scouting Combine coverage in February as a host and reporter.

Before being hired by NFL Network in 2004, Burmeister worked in local news, as a sports anchor and reporter for KCRG in Cedar Rapids, IA from 1998-2001, and KWWL in Waterloo, IA from 2001-2004.

Burmeister graduated from The University of Iowa in 1994 with a B.A. in communication studies, and an M.A. in higher education administration in 1997.
He also played quarterback at Iowa for Hayden Fry from 1989-1993. His senior season in 1993 he was voted captain and MVP of the team that played in the first Alamo Bowl. He was invited to the NFL Combine and signed as a free agent with the Minnesota Vikings in 1995.

A 1989 graduate of Iowa City West High School, Burmeister was voted Mississippi Valley Conference Player of the Year in football and All State as a Senior. He also graduated as the school's all time leading scorer in basketball, and earned three varsity letters in baseball.

Early life
Burmeister was an all-state quarterback in 1988 and named Mississippi Valley Conference Player of the Year at Iowa City West High School. He was also a 3-year letterman and all-conference performer in basketball and baseball, graduating as the school's all-time leading scorer in basketball. A 1989 graduate of Iowa City West High School, Burmeister was voted Mississippi Valley Conference Player of the Year in football and All State as a Senior. He also graduated as the school's all time leading scorer in basketball, and earned three varsity letters in baseball.

College career
Burmeister graduated from The University of Iowa in 1994 with a B.A. in Communication Studies, and an M.A. in Higher Education Administration in 1997. Burmeister also played quarterback for Hayden Fry from 1989 to 1993.  He started the final three games of the 1992 season, and every game in 1993.  Burmeister was named offensive captain prior to the 1993 season, and voted MVP at the conclusion of the season that ended with a berth in the inaugural Alamo Bowl. His Senior season in 1993 he was voted Captain and MVP of the team that played in the first Alamo Bowl. He was invited to the NFL Combine and signed as a free agent with the Minnesota Vikings in 1995.

Professional career
He was invited to participate in the NFL Scouting Combine, after his senior season, and in 1995 spent 5 months with the Minnesota Vikings as a free agent.

Television career

NBC Sports
Burmeister has been an NFL studio host and play-by-play announcer for NBC Sports since 2011. In 2011 and 2012, Burmeister was the lead play-by-play voice for NBC Sports Network's coverage of Mountain West Conference Football, working alongside NFL Hall of Famer Rod Woodson for the 2012 season. He has also served as a reporter for Football Night in America.

Play By Play
Called play-by-play on NBC for Notre Dame vs Miami, OH last September, as well as for annual Blue-Gold Game on NBCSN the last 3 years.

Called Ivy League football and Mountain West football for family of NBC networks since 2011.

Called US Army All American Bowl on NBC each January since 2012. The Nation's premiere high school all star game always features multiple Notre Dame recruits.

Play by play for Atlantic 10 basketball last 3 years as well.

NBC Olympics play-by-play

Water Polo 2016 Rio Summer Olympics

Ski Jumping 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics

Water Polo 2021 Tokyo Summer Olympics

Ski Jumping 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics

He called the Bayou Classic in New Orleans in 2011 and 2012, on NBC. Additionally, he calls the annual U.S. Army All-American Bowl, also on NBC.

His work at NBC has gone beyond football, providing play-by-play for Mountain West Conference basketball in 2012 and 2013, hosting on site MLS coverage in 2012, hosting Madden NFL 2012 Kickoff on NBC, and he hosted Stanley Cup Finals inside hockey arena alongside Brian Boucher. Burmeister also lends his voice to NBC's track and field coverage as well as their PBC Boxing series.

Burmeister moved over to NBC Sports, full-time, from NBC Sports Network, in August 2014. In 2015, Burmeister Filled-in for Michele Tafoya during 2015 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game  on NBC Sports.

Reporting
Reports for Football Night in America Sunday evenings in the fall, as well as NBC's coverage of Stanley Cup Finals

NFL Network, 2004-2014
Host and play-by-play

Hosted NFL Total Access, NFL Gameday Scoreboard, and Path to the Draft.

Play by play for Senior Bowl and East West Shrine Game.

NFL Preseason
Play by play for Kansas City Chiefs broadcasts from 2012-2015, and Jacksonville Jaguars from 2007-2011.

NFL Network
In 10 seasons at NFL Network, Burmeister hosted NFL Total Access, NFL Gameday Scoreboard, Around the League Live, Path to the Draft, Playbook, College Football Scoreboard and College Football Now.

From 2007 to 2014, Burmeister served as lead anchor for NFL Network's studio draft coverage.  Each year he, Mike Mayock and Charles Davis kicked off the network's pre-draft coverage at The Senior Bowl in Mobile, Alabama in late January before moving on to the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis in February.  Then each day from late February through the end of the draft, he hosted"Path to the Draft" live in Los Angeles.

His play-by-play duties at NFL Network included calling The Senior Bowl and East-West Shrine Game alongside Mike Mayock and Charles Davis from 2011 - 2014. He also called The Insight Bowl in 2008 and 2009 with Mayock, and served as lead Play by Play announcer for NFL Network's "Arena Football Friday" from 2010 - 2012.

NFL Preseason Football
From 2007 - 2011 Burmeister was the preseason play-by-play voice for the Jacksonville Jaguars, working alongside Tony Boselli.

After the stint with the Jaguars, and since 2012, he has been the preseason voice for the Kansas City Chiefs, working with Trent Green.

Hosting
Paul hosted NBC's studio coverage of Tour de France for the 3rd year. He also hosts TDF and NHL Live as a Fill-In Host during the Regular Season and Playoffs.

KCRG and KWWL
Burmeister started his broadcasting career in August 1998 at KCRG-TV in Cedar Rapids, IA, working for 3 years as a reporter and sports anchor, as well as color commentator for KCRG Radio's high school football game of the week. In August 2001 he took over as Weekend Sports Director at NBC affiliate KWWL in Waterloo, Iowa.  For 3 years he anchored and reported, as well as hosted KWWL's Sunday night 30 minute show "Sports Plus," alongside Chris Kolkhorst.

Emcee
Beginning in 2006, and for each of the last 8 years, Burmeister has hosted The 101 Awards in Kansas City, the nation's longest standing and only award banquet dedicated solely to the NFL.  In 2012, he hosted The Bronko Nagurski Awards, given to the nation's top defensive college football player, in Charlotte, NC.

References

External links
 Iowa Hawkeyes football bio

1971 births
Living people
Players of American football from Iowa City, Iowa
American football quarterbacks
Iowa Hawkeyes football players
American television personalities
Male television personalities
NFL Network people
National Football League announcers
National Hockey League broadcasters
Arena football announcers
College football announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football announcers
Kansas City Chiefs announcers
Jacksonville Jaguars announcers
ArenaBowl broadcasters
Association football commentators
High school football announcers in the United States
Olympic Games broadcasters
Iowa City West High School alumni
Cycling announcers

Paul Burmeister


The Black Russian Terrier (), also known as the Chornyi Terrier (chornyi being Russian for black), is a breed of dog created in USSR in Red Star (Krasnaya Zvezda) Kennel during the late 1940s and the early 1950s for use as military/working dogs. At the present time, the Black Russian Terrier is a breed recognized by the FCI (FCI's from September 1983), AKC (AKC's from July 2004), CKC, KC, ANKC, NZKC and other cynological organizations. The contemporary Black Russian Terrier is a working dog, guarding dog, sporting and companion dog.

Despite its name, the Black Russian Terrier is not a true terrier: it is believed that about seventeen breeds were used in its development, including the Airedale Terrier, the Giant Schnauzer, the Rottweiler, the Newfoundland, the Caucasian Shepherd Dog and other breeds.

History

The Black Russian Terrier was developed in the former USSR in Red Star (Krasnaya Zvezda) Kennel by the state for use as a military/working dogs. The breeding stock was largely imported from countries where the Red Army was active during the Second World War, especially East Germany. Breeds used in the development include the Giant Schnauzer, Airedale Terrier, Rottweiler, Newfoundland, Caucasian Shepherd Dog and other breeds. The Black Russian Terrier was bred for working ability, rather than appearance, and early examples only resembled today's Black Russian Terrier in their build and coat type. They were bred solely by the state owned Red Star Kennel in Moscow until 1957, when some puppies were sold to civilian breeders. These breeders began to breed for looks (as the original was rather plain) while retaining working ability. In time, the breed spread to the other parts of USSR like Saint Petersburg, Siberia, Ukraine and later to the first European country Finland and next to the other European countries: Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Germany and finally to the United States, Canada, Australia and others.

In 1955 the first working examples of the breed were put on show at an exhibition in Moscow and the first Breed Standard was published in 1958, which was then adopted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1984. In 1996 The Russian Federation Working Dog-breeders & Russian Kynological Federation (RKF) adopted a second Standard for the breed more in line to the modern day Russian Black Terrier. And it was also in 1996 that the breed was first introduced into the UK. In 1998 The Kennel Club added the Russian Black Terrier to the Import Register.

Description

Coat
The coat is a double coat with a coarse outer guard hair over a softer undercoat. The coat is hard and dense, never soft, woolly, silky or frizzy. It should be trimmed to between 5 and 15 cm (2–6 inches) in length. It should form a beard and eyebrows on the face, and a slight mane around the withers and neck that is more pronounced in males. The coat is low-shedding and the colour is black or black with some scattered gray hairs.

Size

According to the FCI standard the male stands 72 to 76 cm and not more than 78 cm at the withers compared to the female's 68–72 cm and not more than 74 cm. The male weighs between 50 and 60 kg (110-132 lbs), and the females weigh between 45 and 50 kg (99-110 lbs). Nowadays, even larger individuals are tolerated if the dog is well proportioned and retains correct movements. Dogs exhibited by the kennel club are slightly taller by about half an inch.

At maturity (over 18 months of age), the AKC standard recommends 27-30 inches for males with the desired height between 27 and 29 inches and 26 and 29 inches for females with the desired height between 26 and 28 inches. A mature male less than 27 inches or more than 30 inches at the withers is considered a serious fault. A mature female less than 26 inches or more than 29 inches at the withers is considered a serious fault. Although the standard also states "Height consideration should not outweigh that of type, proportion, movement and other functional attributes." In proportions, a Black Russian Terrier should be slightly longer than tall, a ratio of 9 ½ to 10 being ideal.

Care
The Black Russian Terrier, because of its breeding as a working dog, has a very strong "work ethic", and needs a job to do in order to be happy. Early training is a must and they are very responsive to firm, consistent training, excelling at obedience competitions. They also perform well in other dog sports, such as agility, and Schutzhund training. They have a low-shedding coat, and need grooming several times a week. Dogs who compete in conformation need to be groomed a minimum of every three weeks to keep the coat in show condition. This breed forms a strong bond with a single person and will not thrive if sent to boarding facilities. The young Black Russian Terrier should not be forced to exercise as a pup and tend to sleep the majority of the day because they grow so quickly [around 1kg per week], they may become hyperactive and destructive when older if not provided an outlet for its energy. Once the dog has reached maturity their energy level decreases dramatically and they are most content laying near their owner.

Health
The Black Russian Terrier is a generally healthy and somewhat long-lived dog (lifespan of 9–14 years), however it is prone to certain hereditary diseases:

Major concerns:

 Hip dysplasia
 Elbow dysplasia
 Hyperuricosuria
 Juvenile laryngeal paralysis and polyneuropathy

Minor concerns

 Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD): a nutritionally based developmental disease especially in young, heavy, fast-growing puppies
 Panosteitis (pano or wandering lameness): a nutritionally based developmental disease especially in young, heavy, fast-growing puppies
 Heart disease: the most common heart problems are aortic stenosis, mitral valve dysplasia, cardiomyopathy
 Eyes disease: the most common eyes problems are ectropion, entropion, conjunctivitis
 Allergies are a common ailment in dogs, and the Black Russian Terrier is no exception. There are three main types of allergies: food allergies, contact allergies and inhalant allergies

Other problems

 Hot spot
 Fungal infection—especially in ears and beard area

This is why it is extremely important to screen any potential breeders as well as their breeding stock. A well intended breeder will have all health checks on all breeding stock before making the decision to breed their dogs. While health checks on breeding stock can not guarantee a puppy will not develop any health issues later on, it is important to "do your homework" on any potential breeder.

See also
 Dogs portal
 List of dog breeds

References

External links

 Black Russian Terrier Breed Database

FCI breeds
Terriers
Dog breeds originating in Russia
Dog breeds originating in the Soviet Union

Black Russian Terrier


One Fine Day is a picture book by Nonny Hogrogian. It was published by Macmillan in 1971. It was awarded the Caldecott Medal for the most distinguished picture book in 1972. The pictures have bright colors to express main character's personality. Also, it is simple story for young children (aged 0–8) to read. The red fox steals an old woman's milk and has his tail cut off. He starts to find his tail again. This is a short and humorous retelling of a favorite American folktale.

Summary
There is a red fox that is very thirsty in the great forest. He wants to drink, so he steals an old woman's milk. She gets upset and cuts off his tail. To get back his tail, he tries to find some milk from a cow. The cow wants grass for him to give milk. He finds a grass but the grass wants some water. Again, he runs to stream to beg some water but the stream asks him to get a jug. Like this pattern, the red fox goes travel to find milk. Finally he meets kind miller and cries. The good miller gives him the grain and he brings it to a hen to get an egg. The egg is given for a peddler to get a bead. After all paying is done, he can get some milk for the old woman so she carefully sews his tail again.

Main character
The main character is the fox that walks around the great forest. He cares about his looks, so he doesn't want to go back to his friends without his tail. He thinks that his friends will laugh at him. Also, he is sensitive. He cries a few times when the old woman gets angry or he meets a kind miller. It can be seen from the illustration, as his eyes always look pitiful to describe these personalities.

American children's books
1971 books

One Fine Day


Central Nacional de Inteligencia (National Intelligence Center, CNI) was one of the many intelligence agencies of Argentina. Its main mission was to permanently assist and coordinate the functions and operations of all the Argentine intelligence services.

The CNI did not have an official facility, but instead worked on the SIDE building in Buenos Aires. It had delegates from all the Federal Police, Military, Ministry of Foreign Relations, and Ministry of Economy intelligence services.

In 2001, it was merged into the reorganized Secretaría de Inteligencia, which is now the head and director of the National Intelligence System and does the CNI's job.

See also
List of secretaries of intelligence of Argentina
Argentine intelligence agencies
National Intelligence System
National Intelligence School
Directorate of Judicial Surveillance
National Directorate of Criminal Intelligence
National Directorate of Strategic Military Intelligence

Defunct Argentine intelligence agencies

Central Nacional de Inteligencia


Luciano Martino (22 December 1933 – 14 August 2013) was an Italian film producer, director and screenwriter.

Biography
Born in Naples, the brother of the director and screenwriter Sergio Martino, he was active in the cinema industry since the early fifties.

After several credits as screenwriter and assistant director he made his directorial debut with the eurospy film Secret Agent Fireball. Among the screenplays he collaborated The Whip and the Body by Mario Bava, Arizona Colt by Michele Lupo and the Lamberto Bava's giallo Delirium.  In the seventies he produced and co-wrote a long series of successful commedie sexy all'italiana including Quel gran pezzo dell'Ubalda tutta nuda e tutta calda, Giovannona Long-Thigh and The School Teacher, which launched the career of Edwige Fenech, with whom he was engaged at the time. With the decline of the genre he focused on television, producing TV series and television films.

Death
Martino died of a pulmonary edema in his house in Malindi, Kenya.

Selected filmography (as producer)

References

External links

1933 births
2013 deaths
Italian film directors
Italian film producers
Italian screenwriters
Italian male screenwriters
Writers from Rome
Giallo film directors

Luciano Martino


Barium oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaO. It contains barium and oxide ions.

Properties
Barium oxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make barium hydroxide. It reacts with acids to make barium salts.

Preparation
Barium oxide is made by heating barium carbonate with carbon. This prevents barium peroxide from forming when it is heated. It can also be made by heating barium nitrate.

Uses
Barium oxide can be added to glass instead of lead(II) oxide. It is also used in cathode ray tubes. It can be used as a catalyst.

Safety
Barium oxide is very toxic when eaten.

Related pages
Barium chloride
Barium sulfate

Barium compounds
Oxides

Barium oxide


Robert H. Angeloch (April 8, 1922 - March 18, 2011) was an American artist, and co-founder of the Woodstock School of Art.

Life
Robert Angeloch was born in Richmond Hill, New York, April 8, 1922, to Frederick and Laura Scherer Angeloch. He served in World War II in the United States Army Air Corps|. From 1946 to 1951 he studied at the Art Students League of New York with Martin Lewis, Yasuo Kuniyoshi and others. He also studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Florence, Italy and privately with Fiske Boyd in New Hampshire. While a League student he won the McDowell Traveling Scholarship and visited France, Italy, Austria and England.

His prints and drawings have been included in exhibitions at the Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art, the Library of Congress, the Society of American Graphic Artists, the Museum of Modern art, the Wichita Print Annual, the Society of Washington Printmakers and elsewhere.

He was artist in residence at Western Kentucky University in 1974 under a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. He taught at the Art Students League of New York from 1964 to 1979 and from 1968 to 2003 at the Woodstock School of Art of which he was a co-founder. In 2012, Woodstock School of Art, held a retrospective curated by his son, Eric, a painter in his own right.

He died on March 18, 2011.

References

External links
http://woodstockschoolofart.org/robert-angeloch-1922-2011/

1922 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American painters
People from Richmond Hill, Queens
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Art Students League of New York alumni
American expatriates in Italy
Western Kentucky University faculty

Robert Angeloch


Badlands are a type of terrain with clay-rich soil, and are found in regions with arid climate.

Badlands, Bad lands or Badland may also refer to:

Places

Canada
 Municipal District of Badlands No. 7, Alberta, a former municipal district

United States
 Philadelphia Badlands, a section of North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 Badlands National Park, South Dakota
 Badlands Observatory, an astronomical observatory named after the South Dakota Badlands
 Badlands Wilderness, a wilderness area located entirely within the national park
 The Badlands (California), a mountain range

Arts and entertainment

Films
In the Badlands, 1909 film with Hobart Bosworth, Betty Hartem and Tom Santschi
 The Bad Lands, a 1925 film starring Harry Carey
 Bad Lands (1939 film), an American western film starring Robert Barrat
 Badlands (film), a 1973 Terrence Malick film
 Into the Badlands (film), 1991 Western horror film
 Badland (2007 film), an American drama film starring Jamie Draven and Vinessa Shaw
 Bad Land: The Road to Fury, UK released title of the 2014 film Young Ones
 Badland (2019 film), an American western film starring Kevin Makely

Music

Bands
 Badlands (band), an American hard rock band formed by Jake E. Lee
 Badlands, a British band formed by John Sloman

Albums
 Badlands (Badlands album), a 1989 album by the band of the same name
 Badlands (Dirty Beaches album), a 2011 album by Dirty Beaches
 Badlands (Peter Erskine), a 2001 album
 Badlands (Halsey album), a 2015 album by Halsey
 Badlands, a 1978 album and song by Bill Chinnock
 Badlands, a 2013 album and song by Trampled Under Foot

EPs
 Badlands (EP), a 2013 EP by Australian group Bad Dreems

Songs
 "Badlands" (Bruce Springsteen song), a Bruce Springsteen song from the 1978 album Darkness on the Edge of Town
 "Badlands", a song by AC/DC from Flick of the Switch
 "Badlands", a song by Metal Church from Blessing in Disguise
 "Bad Lands", a song by Zion I & The Grouch from Heroes in the City of Dope

Other
 Badlands (Swedish musical act), a Swedish semi-electronic music project formed by producer Catharina Jaunviksna

Publications
Bad Land: An American Romance, a 1996 travelogue by Jonathan Raban
Badlands, a comic book mini-series by Steven Grant
Badlands, a 1975 novel by Robert Kroetsch about the Red Deer Valley of southern Alberta

Television
 "Badlands", an episode of Jewel Riders
 "Badlands", an episode of Generator Rex
 Into the Badlands (TV series)

Video games
 Badland (video game), released in 2013
Badland 2, a sequel of the mobile game
 Badlands (1984 video game), a 1984 laserdisc video game by Konami
 Badlands (video game), a 1989 arcade game published by Atari Games
 Badlands, a playable map in Team Fortress 2
 Badlands, a zone in World of Warcraft

Other
 Badlands (Star Trek), a location in the fictional Star Trek universe
 The Badlands, one of the six sectors of Mars in Red Faction: Guerrilla

People
 Annette Badland (born 1950), English actress
 Badlands Booker (born 1969), American hip hop artist and competitive eater

Other uses
 Operation Badlands, part of the Iraq War that began in 2003
 Battle of the Badlands, fought in Dakota Territory in 1864 between the US Army and several Native American tribes
 Badlands Motor Speedway, a dirt track racing complex in Brandon, South Dakota
Badlands (San Francisco), a former gay bar in San Francisco's Castro District
 Badlands brand fishing and hunting gear, made by the W. C. Bradley Co. subsidiary Zebco Brands

Badlands (disambiguation)


Jamestown Revival is an American folk duo made up of Zach Chance and Jonathan Clay. The childhood friends from Magnolia, Texas, write songs about everyday life that are a combination of harmonies that merge Southern country, Americana and Western rock music. Their first album Utah was originally self-released in early 2014 and then re-released by Republic Records later the same year. iTunes named Utah Best of 2014: Singer-Songwriter Album of the Year.
Jamestown Revival has been featured in Rolling Stone magazine and covered in the Wall Street Journal. The band has made appearances at music festivals in the U.S., including the South by Southwest (SXSW) music festival in Austin, Texas, Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival, Austin City Limits Music Festival, and a musical appearance on Conan.

History
Zach Chance and Jonathan Clay grew up together in Magnolia, Texas, and collaborated on their first song at the age of 15. Each launched solo singer-songwriter careers and were on tour as individual artists who would sing harmonies on each other's work. It was decided to form a band with harmonies at the forefront as it generated positive audience response. Jamestown Revival was formed in 2010 as a duo and expanded to a five-member band. The name Jamestown Revival was derived from one of the first United States settlements, Jamestown, Virginia, homage to Creedence Clearwater Revival, and the concept of leaving behind the old and starting anew. The band wrote music they wanted to hear rather than what appealed to the masses using the music they listened to as a gauge of quality of their work. The band's music inspirations come from storytellers of adventure such as Louis L'Amour, Willie Nelson and John Prine as well as nature, and simplicity. Jamestown Revival's first album, Utah, was named for the band's recording location in the Wasatch mountains, Utah, where while living in a cabin they used minimal recording studio equipment to create a unique style. The band's move from Texas to California inspired their song "California (Cast Iron Soul)".

Members

Current
 Zach Chance – piano, vocals
 Jonathan Clay – guitar, vocals
 Ed Benrock – drums
 Nick Bearden – bass
 Dan Reckard - organ, keys
Preston Wimberly - guitar

Previous
 Brad Lindsay – guitar

Discography

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Extended plays

Singles

Music videos

Footnotes

References

Rock music groups from Texas
Musical groups established in 2011
Rock music duos
Musical duos from Texas
2011 establishments in Texas

Jamestown Revival


Cassandra Lee Morris (born April 19, 1982) is an American voice actress. After starting her career as a teenage program host for an educational video series called Real World Science, she worked as a journalist in New York City and Los Angeles writing for local newspapers and programs as well as numerous fashion and style blogs such as About.com, David's Bridal and Patch.com. She got into voice-over starting with Alice and then Yubel in Yu-Gi-Oh! GX and has since worked on a number of animation, anime shows and audiobooks.

Her major roles include Ritsu Tainaka in K-On!, Suguha Kirigaya/Leafa in Sword Art Online, Sue in Doraemon, Aoi Fukasaku in Coppelion, Kyubey in Puella Magi Madoka Magica, Taiga Aisaka in Toradora and Pelops II in Godzilla Singular Point. In video games, she voices Fie Claussell and Alfin Reise Arnor in The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel series, Totooria "Totori" Helmold in Atelier Totori: The Adventurer of Arland, Edea Lee in Bravely Default, Lin Lee Koo in Xenoblade Chronicles X, Operator 6O in Nier: Automata, Morgana in the Persona 5 series, and Aoi Asahina and Angie Yonaga in the Danganronpa series.

Biography

Early career
Morris was born on April 19, 1982 in Connecticut and raised in Trumbull. She grew up in an Italian-American family. She recalls her first-ever voice-over role as recording for an English as a Second Language learning cassette when she was 12. Her parents would occasionally pull her out of school to take her to auditions in New York City. When she was in middle school at around age 14, she was involved in an educational video series called Real World Science where she served as the on-screen program host as well as provide narration for the science videos being presented. She described her experience as good practice reading scripts, and noted that the producers at Mazzarella Media kept calling her back to do more videos, so she continued working on those through high school and college, where she would later help the company in production and script writing for other educational videos. She got involved in journalism when she wrote for the local newspaper The Trumbull Times where she covered high school sports. She graduated in 2004 from New York University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Journalism and Mass Communications. In New York, she wrote for US Weekly magazine, New York Press, The Aquarian and Metro New York. She also worked as an associate producer and blogger on Cool in Your Code, a local television show that covered a different New York City zip code every episode. In 2010, she moved to the Los Angeles area, wrote for Patch.com, served as a blog writer and editor in the Prom and Formal Dances at About.com, and wrote blog articles for David's Bridal.

Anime and cartoon voice-overs

While in New York, she got involved in voice acting at 4Kids Entertainment and NYAV Post with English parts in anime dubs. Her first ever anime role was in Magical Doremi, and her first anime television role was with Yu-Gi-Oh! GX where she voiced Alice, and later Yubel, which was her first major anime role. In an interview she said that she would get instructions on how to voice the character based on a brief description and sometimes a picture of the character. Prior to voicing in anime, she was only aware of a few titles such as Dragon Ball Z which her brother liked, and Sailor Moon which her friends liked. She said "It's surreal because I took the original role (in Yu-Gi-Oh) because I liked the character and, of course, as an actor you want to work, but it came with this bonus of all these fans. It's amazing to be part of such a close-knit excited community." She would later voice in Pokémon as well as cartoons such as Winx Club and Chaotic.

Morris would continue voice acting after moving to Los Angeles. In 2011 she got a starring role of Ritsu Tainaka, the drummer and outspoken character in the girl band anime K-On!. She voiced the role of Saki Mikajima in the Durarara!! series which aired on Cartoon Network and which had a sequel in 2015. In 2012, she voiced Kyubey, the mascot character in the magical girl drama Madoka Magica; she says the Kyubey was one of the most controversial anime characters, and made people react strongly. In Sword Art Online, released in 2013, she voices Leafa. The show was broadcast on the Toonami block of Adult Swim, and ran for two seasons. In the romantic comedy Toradora, released in 2014, she voices Taiga Aisaka, the lead heroine who pairs up with a guy in order to court his best friend while he courts Taiga's best friend. She liked playing the tsundere personality of Taiga. The show was one of the first anime to be dubbed and released by NIS America. In 2014, she voiced Sue in Doraemon: Gadget Cat from the Future, the English dub of Doraemon which broadcast on Disney XD.

In the anime film Oblivion Island: Haruka and the Magic Mirror, she voiced Teo, the co-lead to the title character. She also voiced the title character in Patema Inverted, a film where her character discovers a world where everything is upside down and gravity causes her to fall to the ceiling of a room. Other anime film roles include Akiko in Time of Eve, Noriko in Welcome to the Space Show, and Natsuki in Psychic School Wars.

In cartoons, she provided the voice of Lola, one of the three main kids in the cartoon series Angelo Rules which was run on Cartoon Network as well as Netflix. Morris voiced Bubbles in the Netflix cartoon series Popples, based on the toys of the same name. She provided the voice of Frankie Stein in the Monster High reboot film, Welcome to Monster High. She also provided the voice of Diaspro in the sixth season of Winx Club, replacing the singer Ariana Grande, who previously voiced Diaspro in the second one-hour special as well as the third and fifth seasons.

Video game voice-overs

In 2011, she voiced the title character Totooria "Totori" Helmold, an alchemist, in the role-playing video game Atelier Totori: The Adventurer of Arland. Gadget Review, in reviewing the game, said that normally they would ignore the English dub adaptation for a Japanese game, but liked the English voice actors, calling them full of emotion and "always delivering their lines the way you think they should". The reviewer from The Otaku's Study found the English voice-acting for the female characters to be strong, and that she "portrayed the innocent character role effectively." Travis Bruno of Capsule Computers in Australia said that the dub "continues to impress".

In the fantasy role-playing video game Bravely Default she plays main party character Edea Lee, who she describes as a "tiny, spunky, badass warrior." and likened her to herself if she were placed in a medieval setting. She reprised her character in Bravely Second. Jason Hidalgo of Reno Gazette-Journal found the English dub to be hit or miss, but "thoroughly enjoyed Edea's hilarious 'Mrgrgr' commentary."

In Xenoblade Chronicles X, she voices Lin Lee Koo, one of the main characters in the story. She auditioned and won the role despite the only direction she was originally given was that the video game involved "space travel". Morris sought to preserve Lin's characteristics as strong female figure in her portrayal, describing her as "super smart and very self-reliant... She can cook dinner and also kick your ass."  Morris's take on the character did however include using a deeper, older-sounding voice for Lin, partially to accommodate for the age change, and partially because it was believed that Western audiences would find the high-pitched Japanese version "grating". She voiced between 1,600 and 1,800 lines of dialogue for Lin – above average for a video game. In response to a controversy over Lin's bikini costumes being more covered up in the North American and European versions, Morris said that it bothered her that Lin was only 13 years old, but sees the censorship more as localization and that it would make the game open up to a wider audience.

In Persona 5, she voices Morgana, a shapeshifter character that appears as a cat during the day and guides the main character and his team through the world of shadows. Morgana was described as the mascot character of the game, which meant some "heavy pressure" for Morris as a main character in the series.

In League of Legends, she voices two champions, Nami the Tidecaller and Yuumi the Magical Cat.

In Omega Strikers, she voices Ai.Mi, a virtual assistant with pink hair and cat ears that "glitched" out of her app and into the real world via a power outage of the central server.

Audiobook narration

Morris has narrated a number of audiobooks, a few of which have earned her AudioFile magazine's Earphones Awards, the first was for the young adult novel Dear Zoe by Philip Beard in 2004.  Other Earphone Award-winning titles include Salt to the Sea by Ruta Sepetys, Pip Bartlett's Guide to Magical Creatures by Jackson Pearce, and The Tapper Twins Go To War (With Each Other) by Geoff Rodkey. The audiobook The Elegance of the Hedgehog by Muriel Barbery, where Morris voiced the 12-year-old Paloma, won AudioFile's Best Audiobook of the Year and Publishers Weekly Listen Up Award. Her narration of children's book A Snicker of Magic by Natalie Lloyd received a nomination at the 2015 Audie Awards and received the Honor Recording Odyssey Award from the American Library Association. Morris said that she has worked on many audio books for Simon and Schuster's Books For Young Readers series, where she would record at her studio in Los Angeles and would be patched over by phone line to her producer/director in New York.

Personal life
Morris married songwriter and producer Steve Shebby on February 13, 2016. They live in the Los Angeles area.

Filmography

Anime

Animation

Film

Video games

Live-action

Audio

Notes

References

External links

1982 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Connecticut
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from New York City
American child actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Audiobook narrators
Living people
New York University alumni
People from Trumbull, Connecticut
American people of Italian descent

Cassandra Lee Morris


Tailor Wibbel (German:Schneider Wibbel) a 1938 opera by the German composer Mark Lothar. It is based on the 1913 comedy play Wibbel the Tailor by Hans Müller-Schlösser. Müller-Schlösser wrote the opera's libretto. It premiered at the Berlin State Opera on 12 May 1938.

Synopsis
During the French occupation of Düsseldorf in 1813, during the Napoleonic Wars, a local tailor becomes a thorn in their side.

References

Bibliography
 Cooke, Mervyn. The Cambridge Companion to Twentieth-Century Opera. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
 London, John. Theatre Under the Nazis. Manchester University Press, 2000.

Operas
1938 operas
Operas by Mark Lothar
German-language operas
Operas set in Germany

Tailor Wibbel


Landman (or, in the United States Navy, Landsman) was a military rank given to naval recruits.

United Kingdom
In the middle of the 18th century (c.1757) the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom used the term Landman. This referred to a seaman with less than a year's experience at sea.  After a year, the Landman was usually promoted to the rank of Ordinary Seaman.

Most were acquired by impressment (a common method of recruitment from c.1700-1815). Landmen were usually between the ages of 16 and 35. While seasoned sailors (who started as Ordinary Seamen) could be impressed up to the ages of 50 to 55 depending on need. In 1853 the practice of impressment ended after the passing of the Continuous Service Act. The rank's title was changed to Apprentice Seaman. The term Landman evolved into a more formal rating for a seaman assigned to unskilled manual labor.

United States of America
Landsman was the lowest rank of the United States Navy in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was given to new recruits with little or no experience at sea. Landsmen performed basic unskilled work aboard ship. A Landsman who gained three years of experience or re-enlisted could be promoted to Ordinary Seaman. The rank existed from 1838 to 1921.

References

Further reading
N.A.M. Roger.  The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy.  W.W. Norton and Company, 1986.

Military ranks

Landman (rank)


Secrets of the Super Psychics is a Channel 4 documentary special in the UK, first shown in the Equinox strand in 1997, later reformatted as a shorter The Learning Channel episode in 1998: "Viewers eager to know more about the differences between science and claptrap should tune in".

The 90-minute film, made by Open Media, was first shown in the UK under the title Secrets of the Psychics.

The Times said the documentary "...cast an enjoyably sceptical eye over 150 years of the paranormal". David Aaronovitch described it in The Independent on Sunday as
a programme which showed two things very clearly. First that there are – and have always been – some extremely clever and ruthless illusionists out there. And – second – that there is an exceptional desire to believe that what these hoaxers tell us is actually true.
Simon Hoggart wrote in The Spectator that this was
the first show ever to take on the notoriously litigious Uri Geller. They showed how all his parlour tricks could be easily duplicated by jobbing magicians without any help from paranormal powers.
In 1998 the Broadcasting Standards Commission in the United Kingdom rejected a complaint made by Uri Geller, saying that it "wasn't unfair to have magicians showing how they duplicate those 'psychic feats'." The full text of the BSC adjudication is available on the internet at the Open Media website.

References

External links
 From the University of Edinburgh Psychology Video Library: dates of transmission  and programme description
  – about Uri Geller

Channel 4 original programming
Documentary films about the paranormal
Equinox (TV series)
Faith healers
Scientific skepticism mass media
1997 television specials

Secrets of the Super Psychics


The Video Privacy Protection Act (VPPA) is a bill that was passed by the United States Congress in 1988 as  and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. It was created to prevent what it refers to as "wrongful disclosure of video tape rental or sale records" or similar audio visual materials, to cover items such as video games and the future DVD format. Congress passed the VPPA after Robert Bork's video rental history was published during his Supreme Court nomination and it became known as the "Bork bill". It makes any "video tape service provider" that discloses rental information outside the ordinary course of business liable for up to $2500 in actual damages.

Computer-based VPPA litigation

Prior to 2007, VPPA had not been cited by privacy attorneys as a cause of action involving electronic computing devices. With the emergence of new-age computing technology and devices in the early 2000s came websites, 3rd party advertising, and tracking firms that posed a possible risk to the user's privacy. While computer technology was progressing rapidly, federal and state laws had failed to stay up to date. As such, legal actions for violations were minimal to non-existent. A new method to litigate Federal privacy cases was needed to protect the hundreds of millions of people violated by the unauthorized tracking of user's activities online. No law firms had litigated cases involving the computer technology inherent within the exchange of user data between third-party affiliated entities, thus there was no case precedent, no "blueprint" to follow. Earlier cases, such as the double-click "cookie" case in 2001, had relied on using a wiretap statute, the Electronic Communication Privacy Act ("ECPA"). While a plausible allegation, it was not a legally and evidentially appropriate allegation since the website user had granted such permissible use (dismissing such allegation with legal reasons) within the website's terms of service ("TOS").

In 2007, Texas attorney Joseph H. Malley wanted to develop a "template" to use for filing Federal Data Privacy Class Actions, but none existed. After months of researching state and Federal case law and statutes, Malley determine that VPPA could be the "lynch-pin" to control unauthorized access to user's personal data collected online. He then filed a Federal Class Action lawsuit against Facebook and thirty-three companies; including Blockbuster, Zappos, and Overstock.com, due to privacy violations caused by the Facebook Beacon program citing VPPA., the program resulted in users' private information, obtained from third-party affiliate marketing websites, being posted on Facebook without consent. This act was referenced in the Lane v. Facebook, Inc. class action lawsuit. Based on this act, it is generalized to other forms of rental records such as DVDs, video games, and more. This was the FIRST time VPPA had been used in litigation for such purposes, and would forever change Federal Data Privacy litigation.

Malley had previously litigated in the early 2000s using another federal privacy law, the Driver's Privacy Protection Act ("DPPA"), which provided  statutory damages for to the unauthorized access of DMV records. This law allowed Malley to successfully file numerous federal class actions against hundreds of companies, but a new theory of liability was needed for added assurance to survive a motion to dismiss. The problem, no case law involving this new-age type of technology. Substantial research was thus required, eventually revealing an "archaic" statute created in 1988: Video Privacy Protection Act ("VPPA"). Arguably unrelated to present technology, VPPA concerned about obtaining information from a physical location and involved VHS and Betamax recordings. As such, lawsuits involving online entities that used audio-video would need to plead comparisons between the "old-new" technologies for advertising.

The online advertising industry, in association with analytic companies, had begun using video ads to conduct its ubiquitous tracking, consumer's attention shown to be drawn to such as opposed to written content, In later years, these tracking methods would expand to photos and audio, IE., In 2008, cell phones were re-designed to include a new method of tracking, the use of social apps to collect photos, a process which now permitted a one-step "click" process to uploading a photo as opposed to the previous six steps. This allowed content to be provided for free and which formed the basis for the tracking, IE., Exif data."). Such acts were captured when Malley used software applications to log HTTP/HTTPS traffic between a computer's web browser and the Internet, analytic tests using two computers interfaced, producing indisputable evidence of such activities: moreover, detailed reports of any and all parties involved in such nefarious activities, IE., "tracking the trackers". In the continuing research of the Industry's business practices to determine its monetization interests, such revealed the incorporation of complex graphics within online ads, and the exchange of data derived from video ads not confined to an internal network, used via a TCP/IP protocol. This unauthorized activity would become the core allegation.

Extensive research and case analysis of Federal and State laws, regulations, and Court Opinions, yielded limited assistance. An adaptation of the law was needed to litigate this new computer technology involving unauthorized access to online consumer's data. Malley seized on an archaic law written concerning the technology of the 1980s involving video cassettes, VHS, and Betamax, the Video Privacy Protection Act ("VPPA"), 18 U.S. Code § 2710 - Wrongful disclosure of video tape rental or sale records, (1988), envisioning that the websites and any affiliated third-parties, which used the audio and/or video within its marketing ads were "video-providers"; moreover, this content, ads, and online games, merely a video; moreover, the essential functionality of the illegal transfer, a "wrongful disclosure", (core elements needed to prove-up a VPPA violation).

In December 2009, Joseph H. Malley representing an anonymous plaintiff, filed a lawsuit against the online DVD rental company Netflix over its release of data sets for the Netflix Prize, alleging that the company's release of the information constituted a violation of the VPPA.

Netflix cited the VPPA in 2011 following the announcement of its global integration with Facebook. The company noted that the VPPA was the sole reason why the new feature was not immediately available in the United States, and it encouraged its customers to contact their representatives in support of legislation that would clarify the language of the law. In 2012, Netflix changed its privacy rules so that it no longer retains records for people who have left the site. This change was due directly to a lawsuit indicating violation of the act. Joseph H. Malley was contacted by the U.S. House of Representatives Chief Counsel of the Democratic Subcommittee on IP to provide legal assistance related to blocking the 2012 VPPA Amendment proposal. In January 2013, President Barack Obama signed into law H.R. 6671, which amended the Video Privacy Protection Act to allow video rental companies to share rental information on social networking sites after obtaining customer permission. Netflix had lobbied for the change. While VPPA was amended, efforts to limit the extent of the VPPA amendments were successful. To date, when a Netflix consumer desires to share their viewing history to the accounts of their Facebook friends, an indicator on the Netflix site provides notice of the actual use by Netflix of their data.

In a continuing effort to limit consumer's privacy violations, Malley filed a class action involving Hulu in 2012. A San Francisco federal trial court found the VPPA's subscriber protections apply to users with Hulu accounts. In 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit found that those protections do not reach the users of a free Android app, even when the app assigns each user a unique identification number and shares user behavior with a third-party data analytics company.

References

1988 in American law
United States federal privacy legislation
Computer law

Video Privacy Protection Act


Alphonso Gene Ford (October 31, 1971 – September 4, 2004) was an American professional basketball player. A 1.92 m (6 ft 3  in) tall, 98 kg (216 lbs.) shooting guard, he was one of the greatest scorers in college basketball history. After a short stint in the NBA, he played professionally in Europe.

Ford confirmed his tremendous scoring ability in the EuroLeague, and became a reference in the matter, notwithstanding his chronic health issues.
He was the EuroLeague Top Scorer twice (2001, 2002), and earned an All-EuroLeague selection three times. The competition's leading scorer award bears his name, in his honor.

Early years
Ford was a high school star player for Amanda Elzy High School in Greenwood, Mississippi. Upon entering college basketball at Mississippi Valley State University, Ford led the entire NCAA Division I in freshman scoring, during the 1989–90 season, with a 29.9 points per game average. In his sophomore year, he averaged 32.7 points per game. He became the first player in NCAA Division I history to average 25 points per game in four straight seasons. With 3,165 career points scored in the NCAA Division I, he is 5th on the all-time scoring list, behind only Pete Maravich, Freeman Williams, Lionel Simmons, and Chris Clemons.

Professional career

NBA and CBA
Ford played five games in the 1994–95 NBA season for the Philadelphia 76ers, who selected him 32nd overall in the 1993 NBA draft. Before that, he had played six games for the Seattle SuperSonics, in 1993–94. During both the 1993–94 and 1994–95 NBA seasons, Ford played in the Continental Basketball Association, for the Tri-City Chinook. He averaged 22.8 points per game in his rookie year, and demonstrated right away the fact that he was an extraordinary scorer. His performances earned him every possible honor, as he was selected to the CBA All League Team, named Rookie of the Year and played the CBA All-Star Game. The 1994–95 CBA season was not very much different, with Ford scoring 24 points per game and playing the All-Star Game once again.

Europe

First steps towards European stardom

In the 1995–96 season, Ford signed with Spanish first division club Peñas Huesca. However, although he played great basketball and averaged 25.1 points per game in the Spanish League, he could not prevent the team's relegation. The next season was for Ford the opportunity to show his skills, in what was at the time Europe's most competitive national domestic league, the Greek Basket League. He spent the season with Papagou, and led the team to a ninth-place finish, while also being the Greek competition's leading scorer, with 23.9 points per contest. Nevertheless, glory at the European-wide level turned out to be a little bit more far away than the great scorer thought. Before the beginning of the 1997–98 season, he was diagnosed with leukemia, thus obliging Papagou to break his contract. The treatment cost Ford the whole season, but he was convinced that he had a lot more to contribute. He signed a one-year deal with Sporting, a traditional Greek club that was struggling to remain in Greece's top basketball scene. The gifted shooting guard helped the team finish in a decent eleventh-place finish, but most importantly, he defied his disease, in an utterly remarkable way.

Ford agreed to a two-year deal with the Greek club Nikas Peristeri, before the Greek Basket League 1999–2000 season, experiencing the game, within a team with considerably higher ambitions than any of the ones he had played for in the past. Needless to say, the challenge was accepted by the player, who would become a reference in the club's history. Ford averaged 22.7 points per game in the Greek League, leading Peristeri to a fifth-place finish in the league. Also, he made his first appearance in a European-wide competition, by playing in the European-wide 3rd-tier level FIBA Korać Cup's 1999–2000 season, where he scored 20.7 points per game, and reached the competition's top 16 with his team, before they lost to Adecco Estudiantes.

The biggest scorer in EuroLeague's modern era
The real breakout season for Ford though, was going to be his second one with Peristeri, in 2000–01. The team contended for the Greek Basket League 2000–01 season title, and ended up in the league's third-place position, while he was named the league's MVP. In parallel, the club also took part in Euroleague Basketball's EuroLeague 2000–01 season, and Ford shined, while playing for the first time at the highest European-wide league level. He was the EuroLeague Top Scorer, averaging 26 points per game, and had a memorable 41-point outburst against Tau Ceramica in the competition's playoffs, scoring more than half of his team's 79 points that night. Tau qualified for the quarterfinals, sweeping the playoff series between the two teams, by two games to none, but Ford's performance is now part of the EuroLeague legend. Finally, his nomination to the All-EuroLeague 2000–01 First Team, was at the same time, a huge recognition, and an official introduction to superstar status.

In the 2001–02 season, the Greek EuroLeague powerhouse, Olympiacos, offered Ford a $1 million net income single-year contract. His mission was to bring a team that had not won anything since the triple crown in 1997, back to the top. Ford signed the deal, and the results were immediate: he led the Reds to a Greek Cup trophy, with 20 points, 7 assists and 3 rebounds, in the cup's semifinal against Bodiroga's Panathinaikos, and 24 points, 10 rebounds and 3 assists, in the cup's final game, to defeat Maroussi, by a score of 66–74. In the EuroLeague 2001–02 season, Olympiacos made it to the competition's Top 16 stage, and fell one game short of reaching the EuroLeague Final Four. Ford could actually not prevent an 85–89 home loss to Olimpija Ljubljana, although he had a solid performance that night, with 21 points, 9 rebounds and 5 assists. He was once again the EuroLeague's Top Scorer, at 24.8 points per game, and was selected to the All-EuroLeague 2001–02 Second Team. The season ended with a loss in the Greek League's championship finals series to AEK, with Ford missing the last two crucial games of the series, due to an injury.

Olympiacos changed for the EuroLeague 2002–03 season. The major Greek EuroLeague clubs were forced to reduce their budgets, due to the renovation of their arenas for the 2004 Summer Olympics, in Athens. They therefore became considerably less competitive in the league. Ford's contract with Olympiacos was subsequently not renewed, and he signed a new contract with the Italian league's EuroLeague contender, Mens Sana Siena. Ford had a quick adaptation period to his new team, and although his scoring average in the EuroLeague dropped to 17.9 points per game, he was selected to the All-EuroLeague 2002–03 First Team, after Siena qualified to the 2003 EuroLeague Final Four. Unfortunately, Ford had one of his worst shooting nights ever, in the semifinal against Benetton Treviso: he scored 15 points, making only 5 of his 19 shots. His 7 rebounds and 2 steals did not allow his team to overcome Benetton's obstacle, as they lost 62–65 in a highly intense game. In the Italian League 2002–03 season, Ford averaged 19.1 points per game, and Siena finished in fourth place in the league.

Final season and death
Despite his leukemia being in an advanced stage, Ford played the Italian League 2003–04 season with Scavolini Pesaro. Averaging 22.2 points per game in the Italian League, Ford, in his final season, helped Scavolini finish in fourth place in the Italian League, which meant the team qualified to the next season's EuroLeague, and to the Italian Cup's runner-up position, despite being near death.

Shortly after announcing his retirement from the EuroLeague, Ford died from leukemia, at age 32. He is survived by his wife Paula, their daughter Quekenshia, and their sons Karlderek, Alphonso, Jr. In Ford's honor, the EuroLeague named its trophy for the leading scorer of the year, the Alphonso Ford EuroLeague Top Scorer Trophy. The player who replaced Ford on Scavolini Pesaro, following his death, Charles Smith, would win the award the very next season.

Team titles and personal accomplishments
 2× CBA All-Star Game: (1994, 1995)
 3× Greek All-Star Game: (1996 II, 1999, 2002)
 3× Greek League Top Scorer: (1997 – 23.9 ppg, 2000 – 22.7 ppg, 2001 – 24.1 ppg)
 2× All-EuroLeague First Team: (2001, 2003)
 2× EuroLeague Top Scorer: (2001 – 26.0 ppg, 2002 – 24.8 ppg)
 Greek League MVP: (2001)
 All-EuroLeague Second Team: (2002)
 Greek Cup Winner: (2002)
 Greek Cup MVP: (2002)
 Greek Cup Finals Top Scorer: (2002)
 No. 9 retired by Papagou
 No. 10 retired by Peristeri
 Greek League Hall of Fame: (2022)

See also
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career scoring leaders

References

External links
Alphonso Ford at nba.com
Alphonso Ford at basketballreference.com
Alphonso Ford at euroleague.net
Alphonso Ford at fibaeurope.com
Alphonso Ford at acb.com
Alphonso Ford at legabasket.it
Alphonso Ford at esake.gr
Alphonso Ford at baskethotel.com

1971 births
2004 deaths
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Mississippi
Basketball players from Memphis, Tennessee
Basketball players with retired numbers
CB Peñas Huesca players
Deaths from cancer in Tennessee
Deaths from leukemia
Greek Basket League players
Lega Basket Serie A players
Liga ACB players
Mens Sana Basket players
Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils basketball players
Olympiacos B.C. players
Papagou B.C. players
Sportspeople from Greenwood, Mississippi
Peristeri B.C. players
Philadelphia 76ers draft picks
Philadelphia 76ers players
Seattle SuperSonics players
Shooting guards
Sporting basketball players
Tri-City Chinook players
Victoria Libertas Pallacanestro players
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American sportspeople

Alphonso Ford


Biochar is a type of charcoal added to soil that acts as plant food, or fertilizer. Biochar is made by heating biomass like wood in an oven to very high temperatures. This removes all of the water and easy to burn material from the biomass leaving only carbon. The final result is fragile and dark black charcoal.

Uses

Carbon sink

Biochar is made from organic material known as biomass. Biomass is mostly made from carbon. Carbon in biomass is captured from carbon dioxide in the air by plants. This means that when biochar is made carbon that was once in the air is made into a solid material. Biochar can last a very long time in soil and even longer in containers.

Some people propose making biochar to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere, causing climate change. If a lot of biochar were made then there would be less carbon dioxide in the air, meaning less heat would be trapped. This is known as a carbon sink, because the carbon is sunk or put into a long lasting material instead of floating in the air.

Soil amendment

When biochar is made the biomass it is made from has most of its material removed. This means that biochar is very light and filled with tiny holes. These holes can hold water and nutrients which act as food for plants growing in biochar. Biochar can be soaked in nutrients to "charge" it which makes it a very good soil additive or fertilizer. The holes in biochar can also trap toxins which make water unsafe.

Biochar was used by people in the Amazon to make their poor quality soil better for growing food. This made the soil very dark and the dark soil can still be seen today.

Slash-and-char

In some rainforest places the forests are cleared for farming. When the forests are cleared they are usually cut down and burned. This process is called slash-and-burn and doesn't leave very many nutrients in the soil. If the forests were cleared and turned into biochar rather than burned the soil would have more nutrients. This is known as slash-and-char and would make the soil better for farming.

Animal food

Biochar can be mixed with molasses for use as animal food. The biochar helps digestion and reduces the amount of methane produced by cows. Feces from animals that eat biochar is a high quality fertilizer.

Commercial sector

Biochar is mainly sold by fertilizer companies to people who grow plants. This may change. There are many tons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which is causing climate change. Many countries have agreed that this is a problem. In the future it may cost money to release carbon dioxide. If people who remove carbon dioxide are paid then there could be businesses which remove carbon dioxide for money. One way a business like that could remove carbon dioxide is by growing plants and turning them into biochar. This removes a large amount of carbon dioxide and could be very profitable in the future.

References

Materials

Biochar


Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots is an 1832 book containing 42 hand-coloured lithographs by Edward Lear. He produced 175 copies for sale to subscribers as a part-publication, which were later bound as a book. Lear started painting parrots in 1830 when he was 18 years old, and to get material for his book he studied live birds at the London Zoo and in private collections. The latter included those of Edward Smith Stanley, later 13th Earl of Derby, who had a large menagerie at Knowsley Hall, and Benjamin Leadbeater, a taxidermist and trader in specimens. Lear drew onto lithographic plates for printing by Charles Joseph Hullmandel, who was known for the quality of his reproductions of fine art.

Although the book was a financial failure, Lear's paintings of parrots established his reputation as one of the best natural history artists of his time. It found him work with John Gould, Stanley and other leading contemporary naturalists, and the young Queen Victoria engaged him to help her with her painting technique. Parrots was a forerunner to the major volumes of bird paintings by Gould, and Lear's work has influenced children's illustrators such as Beatrix Potter and Maurice Sendak as well as bird specialists like William Y. Cooper, Elizabeth Butterworth and Walton Ford.

Lear continued with his nature painting for some years, but from about 1835 he became concerned about his failing eyesight, and increasingly concentrated on his nonsense works and landscape painting, although he may have contributed to the illustrations for Charles Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle.

Background

Early scientific works on birds, such as those of Conrad Gessner, Ulisse Aldrovandi and Pierre Belon, relied for much of their content on the authority of the Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle and the teachings of the church, and included much extraneous material relating to the species, such as proverbs, references in history and literature, or its use as an emblem. The arrangement of the species was by alphabetical order in Gessner's , and by arbitrary criteria in most other early works. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Francis Bacon had advocated the advancement of knowledge through observation and experiment, and the English Royal Society and its members such as John Ray, John Wilkins and Francis Willughby sought to put the empirical method into practice, including travelling widely to collect specimens and information.

The first modern ornithology, intended to describe all the then-known birds worldwide, was produced by Ray and Willughby and published in Latin as  (Three Books of Ornithology) in 1676, and in English, as The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton, in 1678. Its innovative features were an effective classification system based on anatomical features, including the bird's beak, feet and overall size, and a dichotomous key, which helped readers to identify birds by guiding them to the page describing that group. The authors also placed an asterisk against species of which they had no first-hand knowledge, and were therefore unable to verify. The commercial success of the Ornithology is unknown, but it was historically significant, influencing writers including René Réaumur, Mathurin Jacques Brisson, Georges Cuvier and Carl Linnaeus in compiling their own works.

George Edwards was a leading British naturalist and illustrator in the 17th century. He was the librarian to the Royal College of Physicians with access to their collection of 8,000 books, and he used these, together with stuffed and live animals, to produced illustrated publications. His four-volume A Natural History of Uncommon Birds (1743–1751) and its three supplements covered more than 600 natural history topics, and his publications enabled Linnaeus to name 350 bird species, including many type specimens.

During the early 19th century, several ornithologies were written in English, and Edward Lear's main contributions to the development of bird painting were to concentrate on a single bird group, in his case the parrots, paint mainly from live birds rather than stuffed specimens or skins, and use a large page size. Lear was not the first to produce an illustrated parrot monograph. French artist Jacques Barraband created 145 images for François Levaillant's  (1801–1805). Lear's book had an immediate effect, including its impact on John Gould's five-volume Birds of Europe, which was published between 1832 and 1837.

Edward Lear

Edward Lear was born on 12 May 1812 in Holloway, North London, the penultimate (and youngest to survive) of perhaps 21 children of Jeremiah and Ann (née Skerrett) Lear. Jeremiah was a stockbroker who in 1816 defaulted to the London Stock Exchange to the tune of £2150 11s. 1d. in the economic turmoil following the Napoleonic Wars. The family left their home, Bowmans Lodge, and Edward was raised by his eldest sister, also named Ann, 21 years his senior. Partly because he suffered from epilepsy, bronchitis and asthma, Ann acted as a mother to him from when he was four until her death when he was almost 50 years old.

Ann and another of Edward's sisters, Sarah, were both competent artists and taught their brother to draw and paint. From 1827, aged about 15, Edward was taking paid work, including medical illustrations. His first major commission was to illustrate an account of the scientific discoveries of a Royal Navy expedition to the Pacific. HMS Blossom, commanded by Captain Frederick W. Beechey, had a successful three-year voyage (1825–1828), visiting California, the Pitcairn Islands, Tahiti, and previously largely unknown parts of northwest North America. Lear painted 12 plates of birds and two of mammals for The Zoology of Captain Beechey's Voyage, probably in 1829, when he was aged 17, or in 1830. Long delays by another contributor, the keeper of zoology at the British Museum, Edward Gray, meant that the book was more than ten years out of date when it was finally published in 1839, several other expeditions having taken place in the interim.

Research

Lear's plan was to produce 175 copies of a large folio book, larger than any European nature painter had previously used. He met and became friends with John James Audubon, who had just published his 1827 double elephant-size The Birds of America, and this book may have inspired him to also choose a large format.

The publication was to be sold by subscription as fourteen parts, each priced at ten shillings, a total cost of £7. Its full title as published was Illustrations of the family of Psittacidæ, or parrots: the greater part of them species hitherto unfigured, containing forty-two lithographic plates, drawn from life, and on stone, as printed on the title page of the book. The first subscribers included a friend, Mrs Anne Wentworth, and her sisters and daughter, followed by leading naturalists, including the London Zoo's Nicholas Vigors and the president of the Linnean Society, Edward Smith-Stanley, later 13th Earl of Derby. Subscribers from the aristocracy included the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Egremont, and the Duke of Northumberland and his Duchess. The London Zoological Society and the Linnean Society also subscribed as organisations.

Lear's early sketchbooks include sketches and drawings of parrots, including a citron-crested cockatoo, a watercolour of two green parrots, and another of a blue macaw's head with two of its feathers, but for his project he needed access to live birds. In June 1830 he was given permission by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) to sketch at London Zoo, and he also had access to the zoo's museum in nearby Bruton Street. As well as skins and stuffed birds, the museum also had aviaries with some live birds. Although other artists were not granted similar access, Lear was introduced to the ZSL by the well-connected Mrs Wentworth, who was interested in both art and natural history. He also painted parrots owned by Stanley and Vigors, and saw several species, including Baudin's black cockatoo, in the collection of Benjamin Leadbeater, a taxidermist and trader in specimens. When he could not view live birds, Lear resorted to Gould's stuffed specimens.

Production

Lear's illustrations were produced using lithography, in which artists copied their paintings onto a fine-textured limestone slab using a special waxy crayon. The block was then treated with nitric acid and gum arabic to etch away the parts of the stone not protected by the wax. The etched surface was wetted before adding an oil-based ink, which would be held only by the greasy crayon lines, and copies were printed from the stone. The printed plates were hand-coloured, mainly by young women.

Lear drew directly on to the limestone instead of first making a painting and then copying it onto the stone, thus saving him considerable expense. Although this method was technically more difficult, drawing directly onto stone could give a livelier feel to the final illustration, and was favoured by some other contemporary bird artists such as John Gerrard Keulemans. Lear largely taught himself lithographic techniques, using stones hired at the studio of his printer, Charles Joseph Hullmandel. Hullmandel was the author of The Art of Drawing on Stone (1824), and the leading exponent of lithographic printing in Britain. His colourists used egg white to give a sheen to the parrot's plumage and a shine to the bird's eye. Lear designed wrappers for each part, but changed the design when he was granted permission to dedicate his book to Queen Adelaide, consort of King William IV.

Lear struggled with the costs of producing his book, despite erasing his drawings as soon as he had the necessary 175 copies, to reduce the expense of hiring the lithographic blocks. He ran out of funds when he had printed only twelve of the intended fourteen parts, with 42 plates and no text. He sold only 125 subscriptions, and not all his subscribers actually paid what they owed. To help with funds, Lear worked for Gould from 1832 to 1837, illustrating his five-part Birds of Europe and teaching lithography to Gould's wife, Elizabeth. Lear still owed money for his parrots book, and in March 1833 he sold the remaining 50 copies and the rights to the plates to Gould for £50.

Reception
The sheer cost of producing his book meant that the final two parts were never completed and it was a financial failure, although Lear had anticipated this possibility, saying "Their publication was a speculation which — so far as it made me known & procured me employment in Zoological drawing — answered my expectations — but in matters of money occasioned me considerable loss."

The first two parts were published on 1 November 1830, and Lear, still only 18, was promptly nominated for membership of the Linnean Society by Vigors and the zoologists Thomas Bell and Edward Bennett. Audubon bought a copy of the final bound book, despite its cost and his own limited funds, William John Swainson asked for duplicates of two plates that he could have framed and hang next to his Audubon paintings, and Prideaux John Selby said the plates were "beautifully coloured & I think infinitely superior to Audubon's in softness and the drawing as good".

Parrots established Lear as a leading nature painter, and he was continually in demand thereafter.

Related works

When Lear sold his remaining copies of Parrots to Gould, part of the agreement was that Lear would travel to the zoos of continental Europe with him to collect material for Birds of Europe. The trip, initially delayed by Elizabeth Gould's premature labour and the Goulds getting influenza, took place in July 1833, and Lear eventually produced 68 plates for the book, acknowledged by Gould. He produced at least ten plates for Gould's A Monograph of the Ramphastidae, or Family of Toucans. Although he signed several plates in the first edition, his signatures had disappeared in the second edition of 1854. Lear painted backgrounds for some of the plates in A Monograph of the Trogonidae, or Family of Trogons (1835–1838) but all 36 plates are signed only as by John and Elizabeth Gould.

Lear was fond of Elizabeth Gould, and admired John for his work ethic, but he disliked him as a person. When Gould died in 1881, Lear wrote "One I never liked really... a harsh and violent man... ever as unfeeling for those about him."

Lear did not work exclusively for Gould. He had been doing watercolours for Selby's British Ornithology (1821–1834) since he was 16, and from 1825 he painted for Selby's collaboration with William Jardine, Illustrations of Ornithology. He also illustrated Jardine's Illustrations of the Duck Tribe, and created paintings, mainly of pigeons and parrots, for Jardine's The Naturalist's Library.

Stanley became Lear's most important patron when he inherited his father's title in 1834. Now Lord Derby, he used the grounds of the ancestral home, Knowsley Hall, to create a private zoo in its  estate, and he employed Lear to paint watercolours of many of the creatures in his menagerie.

From about 1835, Lear became concerned about his eyesight, claiming "no birds under an ostrich should I soon be able to see to do", and increasingly concentrated on his nonsense works and landscape painting, although he may have contributed to the illustrations for Charles Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle. In 1846, he was invited to give lessons to the young Queen Victoria to improve her landscape painting. He gave the young queen ten lessons at Osborne House in July, and two more at Buckingham Palace in August. Victoria sent Lear an engraving as a present the next winter; Lear told his sister Ann about the gift, but said she should not tell anyone else lest it look like boasting.

Legacy

An immediate effect of the reputational success of Lear's parrot book was its influence on Gould. Until then he was primarily a taxidermist, often working for the Zoological Society of London, with just one published book, his 1832 A Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains, with backgrounds painted by Lear. Following Parrots, Gould decided to produce books based on Lear's model, using Hullmandel as his printer, and over the next twenty years produced some 40 volumes.

Lear's macaw Anodorhynchus leari was named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1856. Bonaparte had identified it as a new species from Lear's accurate painting in his book, which had been captioned as a hyacinthine macaw. Two other parrot species named for Lear, the cockatoo Lapochroa leari (now Major Mitchell's cockatoo) and the parakeet Platycercus leari (now crimson rosella) are no longer accepted under those names.

Lear was the first to describe five of the species and subspecies depicted. His plates are the therefore the holotypes and he is the authority. These are the Australasian species Baudin's black cockatoo (Plate 6 as Calyptorhynchus Baudinii), Antipodes parakeet ( 25 as Platycercus unicolor), Regent parrot ( 29 as Platycercus anthopeplus), Varied lorikeet ( 36 as Trichoglossus versicolor) and the Pale-headed rosella subspecies Platycercus adscitus palliceps ( 19 as Platycercus palliceps).

Lear's influence on illustrators of children's books, such as Beatrix Potter and Maurice Sendak was more through his nonsense books than his bird paintings, but other illustrators made more conscious use of his avian works. William Y. Cooper and Elizabeth Butterworth both painted birds from life, and made deliberate efforts to incorporate elements of Lear's style; Butterworth has illustrated four books on parrots, including Amazon Parrots: A Monograph, written by Rosemary Low.

Other contemporary artists used Lear's style with a modern twist. Walton Ford paints parrots, but often in settings that show them in potentially lethal situations involving traps or predators. Like Lear, Ford frequently has marginal notes on the paintings, although in his case for the benefit of his audience, rather than as self-reminders. James Prosek made his reputation through painting fish, but also incorporated nonsense elements in his work by creating imaginary birds in Lear's style, with annotations including alternative names, behavioural notes and the supposed locations of sightings.

A large collection of sketches and studies for Parrots are included in the major Lear art collection held at the Harvard University Houghton Library. In 2018, a copy of Parrots was sold at auction by Bonhams for £90,000, and in 2020 another copy was listed by Christie's with a guide price of £40,000–60,000, and fetched £60,000.

Notes

References

Cited texts

Selected bibliography

 Publication dates on title pages: Part I 1743, Part II 1747, Part III 1750, Part IV 1751

External links

1832 non-fiction books
Ornithological literature
Parrots


Robert Zimmer (born 25 October 1953) is a German philosopher and essayist who writes biographies and popular introductions to philosophy and to the history of philosophy.

Life and career
Robert Zimmer was born in Trier, West Germany on 25 October 1953. He was educated at the German universities of Saarbrücken and Düsseldorf and wrote his doctoral dissertation on Edmund Burke. From 1986 - 2013 he lived as a freelance writer and publicist in Berlin. In 2013 he moved to Stuttgart. His most popular book so far has been "Das Philosophenportal", a collection of 16 essays on 16 different classical works of philosophy, which has been translated into more than a dozen languages (not yet in English). In 2010 he published a biography of Arthur Schopenhauer. He also translated a selection of essays by the 19th Century French critic and writer Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve.

Zimmer is a follower of critical rationalism. Together with Martin Morgenstern he wrote a short and popular biography of Karl Popper and edited the correspondence between Popper and Hans Albert.

Selected works
 2011 (with M. Morgenstern) Gespräche mit Hans Albert
 2010 Arthur Schopenhauer. Ein philosophischer Weltbürger
 2009 Basis-Bibliothek Philosophie
 2009 Das große Philosophenportal
 2005 (ed., with M. Morgenstern) Hans Albert / Karl Popper: Briefwechsel
 2004 Das Philosophenportal
 2002 (with Martin Morgenstern) Karl Popper
 1995 Edmund Burke zur Einführung

External links
 Official website

1953 births
Living people
20th-century essayists
20th-century German non-fiction writers
20th-century German philosophers
21st-century essayists
21st-century German non-fiction writers
21st-century German philosophers
Critical rationalists
German male essayists
German male non-fiction writers
German male writers
Historians of philosophy
Philosophy writers
Rationalists

Robert Zimmer (philosopher)


Uwe Kitzinger, CBE (12 April 1928 – 16 May 2023) was a German-born British academic who specialised in international relations. He was the first British economist at the Council of Europe in Strasbourg from 1951 to 1956, and in January 1973 to June 1975 Political Adviser to the first British Vice-President of the European Commission in Brussels, who was charged with External Relations.

Early life
Born in Nuremberg on 12 April 1928, Uwe Kitzinger came to Britain as a refugee in July 1939 and was educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys, Balliol College and New College, Oxford, where he was elected President of the Oxford Union and took a First in PPE.

Career
At the Council of Europe he worked on European economic integration including preparations for the Messina Conference, and in 1956, when Britain declined to join the European Economic Community, he returned to Oxford as Ford Research Fellow in European Politics (and later Investment Bursar) of Nuffield College. He started his lectures on the Rome Treaties five weeks after they were signed,  wrote half a dozen books on European integration, founded the Journal of Common Market Studies, and campaigned on television and in the press for Britain to join the European Communities. He also worked abroad as a visiting professor in the West Indies, at Paris and at Harvard.

In 1976 he resigned his Nuffield Fellowship to become Dean of INSEAD, the European Institute for Business Management in Fontainebleau, where he encouraged research, particularly into the effects of cultural diversity on European and international management practice. In the 1980 Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to British academic interests in France, on the Diplomatic Service & Overseas List.

Appointed director of the Oxford Centre for Management Studies he championed the recognition of Management as a proper subject to be taught at Oxford at post-graduate and post-experience levels, negotiated the Templeton Benefaction and in 1984 became the first president of Templeton College, Oxford, which specialised in Management Studies. (In 2008 Templeton merged with Green College to become Green Templeton College, of which he was an Honorary Fellow.) From 1993 to 2003 he was back at Harvard as a visiting scholar working on Macro-Projects, Conflict Management and Negotiation.

Kitzinger served for various periods on the Councils of Chatham House, the European Movement, the Major Projects Association, Oxfam, the British Alliance Francaise, Asylum Welcome and other voluntary bodies. With his wife and daughters in 1991 he started "Lentils for Dubrovnik" to transport essential supplies to refugees fleeing from the atrocities in the former Yugoslavia, and from 2003 to 2012 chaired a campaign to teach the practice of civil courage in the region.

Personal life and death
In 1952 he married Sheila (nee Webster), who studied social anthropology at Oxford and became an international reformer of birthing practices until her death in 2015. They had five daughters, Celia, Nell, Tess (now McKenney), Polly and Jenny Kitzinger.

Uwe Kitzinger died from a heart attack on 16 May 2023, at the age of 95.

Works
 German Electoral Politics (1960).
 The Challenge of the Common Market (1961).
 The Politics and Economics of European Integration (1963).
 Britain, Europe and Beyond (1964).
 The Second Try (1968).
 Diplomacy and Persuasion (1973).
 (with David Butler) The 1975 Referendum (1976).
 (with Ernst Frankel) Macro-Engineering and the Earth (1998).

His articles, broadcasts, unpublished papers and his library on Britain's relations with the European Communities 1946-1976 are deposited in the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence - see http://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/104085?itemUWK/NS/DOC.

Sources
 Who's Who in the World, etc, College websites, Financial Times, etc,
 Robert Taylor, Nuffield College Memories
 INSEAD, From Inspiration to Institution, esp. "The Caped Crusader"
 Desmond Graves, OCMS-A Family Affair, esp. "The Kitzinger Years"
 R.T. Tricker, Oxford Circus, esp. "The Kitzinger Years"
 Sheila Kitzinger, A Passion for Birth (2015)

Notes

1928 births
2023 deaths
German emigrants to the United Kingdom
British political scientists
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Presidents of the Oxford Union
Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford
Presidents of Templeton College, Oxford
People educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People from Nuremberg

Uwe Kitzinger


The Ring is a 2002 American supernatural horror movie set in Seattle. It stars Naomi Watts and Daveigh Chase. The story is from the 1998 Japanese movie Ringu, based on a 1991 book by Koji Suzuki. The Ring is about a woman who watches a videotape, and a curse is put on her. She then only has one week to find out a little girl's origin, and find out how to break the curse. A few days later, her son watches the tape. Now she has to take care of herself and prevent her son from being killed in a week.

Other websites

2002 horror movies
2000s ghost movies
2000s movie remakes
2000s mystery movies
2000s supernatural movies
American horror movies
American movie remakes
American mystery movies
American supernatural movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies set in Seattle
Movies set in Washington (state)

The Ring (2002 movie)


Ben Downing (born April 17, 1967) is an American writer, editor, and teacher. Specializing in nineteenth- and twentieth-century British social life and literature (with a particular emphasis on travel writing), he has written essays, articles, and reviews on figures such as Robert Louis Stevenson, Duff Cooper, Robert Byron, Anthony Powell, Peter Fleming, Wilfred Thesiger, and Patrick Leigh Fermor. His biography of Janet Ross, who for many years was the doyenne of Florence's Anglo-American colony, was published in 2013 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Downing also writes poetry. His collection The Calligraphy Shop appeared in 2003, and he continues to publish poems in The Atlantic, The New Criterion, The Yale Review, and elsewhere.

Since 1993 Downing has worked at Parnassus: Poetry in Review, of which he is currently the co-editor. He has taught literary seminars and workshops at Columbia, Bryn Mawr, and the 92nd St. Y, and he currently teaches a small private class, known as The English Salon, for advanced non-native speakers of English. He lives in New York City and graduated from Harvard University.

Works

Books
Queen Bee of Tuscany: The Redoubtable Janet Ross (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), biography
The Calligraphy Shop (Zoo Press, 2003), poetry

Poems
"Umbrage" in The Atlantic
"Calle Plácida Luz de la Luna" in The Atlantic
"Inshallah" in The Atlantic
"Domestic Cappadocia" in The New Criterion

Articles
"A Visit with Patrick Leigh Fermor" in The Paris Review
"Philhellene's Progress: Patrick Leigh Fermor" in The New Criterion
"John Addington Symonds & Janet Ross: A Friendship" in The New Criterion
"I.M. Shusha Guppy, 1935-2008" in The New Criterion
"Peter Fleming at 100" in The New Criterion
"In the Empty Quarter" in The New Criterion
"Duff Cooper's Game Book" in The New Criterion
"In Memoriam: Louis Auchincloss (1917–2010)" in The New Criterion
"One Gentleman of Verona" in The Wall Street Journal
"Mum's the Word" in The Wall Street Journal
"A Troubadour on the Moors" in The Wall Street Journal
"Love's Pestilence" in The New York Times Book Review
"Modern Homer Unmasked as a Mythical Figure" in The Guardian

References

External links
 bendowning.net

1967 births
Living people
American literary historians
American male non-fiction writers
Harvard University alumni

Ben Downing (writer)