Count Nicodemus Tessin the Younger (23 May 1654 – 10 April 1728) was a Swedish Baroque architect, city planner, and administrator.

The son of Nicodemus Tessin the Elder and the father of Carl Gustaf Tessin, Tessin the Younger was the middle generation of the brief Tessin dynasty, which has had a lasting influence on Swedish architecture and history.Several of his works, including the gardens of Drottningholm Palace, are among the most architecturally significant in Sweden.

Biography

Early life
Tessin was born on 23 May 1654 as the only child of Nicodemus Tessin the Elder, son of the mayor of Stralsund, and Maria Svan, daughter of the mayor of Västerås.  He showed artistic talents at an early age and was given an education in Mathematics and language at Uppsala, where he must have been influenced by Olaus Rudbeck who was at the time highly engaged in the scientific basis of architecture and botany.

In 1673, 19 years old, he accompanied Marchese del Monte, the Emissary of Queen Christina, to Italy and Rome, where the royal protection ensured he would get the best teachers available; leading architects of the era such as Carlo Fontana and Gian Lorenzo Bernini.  These architects, together with the compulsory study of classical monuments, made a lasting impression on Tessin.  Upon his return to Sweden after four years, King Charles XI of Sweden immediately sent him on a second trip which would last 1677-78 and take him to England and France where prominent architects such as André Le Nôtre and Jean Bérain had a deep impact on Tessin's later decorations and gardens. In 1687-88 he traveled to Rome and back to Sweden through Austria and Germany. During the trip he made extensive notes in a diary describing works of architecture he saw during the journey.  Together with his stepbrother Abraham Winands, Tessin actively took part in his father's work, and when Tessin inherited his father's position, he asked to share it with Winands and the two would keep working side by side until the death of Winands in 1709.

Work as an architect

When Tessin the Elder came to Stockholm, Sweden was still a major European power and Swedish nobility had the funds required to carry through prestigious architectural projects, a situation which changed dramatically with the Reduction through which the nobility lost their financial power and found themselves sidestepped by highly educated public officials who were gradually raised to nobility.  As parts of this latter group, Tessin the Elder was raised to lesser nobility in 1674 and Tessin the Younger became count in 1714.  However, the Reduction also meant considerably fewer assignments from the nobility, and when Tessin the Younger succeeded his father in 1681, his main clients was the church and the royal court, with the many ambitious palaces and gardens of Queen Hedvig Elenora as the most important projects.

In the end of the 1680s, King Charles XI commissioned Tessin to modernise the northern part of the Stockholm Palace, why the architect had the opportunity to do a second study tour, including the Netherlands, France, and Italy.  This time, however, he was met with great respect all over the continent, and he later proudly retold the event when King Louis XIV of France had the fountains at the Versailles Palace play upon his visit, a tribute normally only granted foreign princes.  During this trip Tessin met Daniel Cronström who became one of his invaluable colleagues and an important contact on the continent as Tessin's projects in Sweden required him to negotiate with manufacturers and artists abroad.  Their correspondence has also proven invaluable for later historical research.  Upon his return he immediately begun his work on the royal palace, and in 1695 his large-scale northern Baroque façade was completed, apparently inspired by Gian Lorenzo Bernini's project at the Louvre.  Ambitions to further renew the palace first came to a halt as the king died, and were then given a completely new perspective as the palace was destroyed by fire in 1697.  Tessin was appointed to produce plans for a new palace the day after the fire and he quickly produced a proposal which pleased both the young King Charles XII and his regency.  However, as Charles XII left Sweden for his lengthy campaigns on the continent in 1700, works on the palace first progressed slowly and following the devastating Battle of Poltava in 1709 came to a new halt.  Even though Tessin spent much of his remaining life producing detailed plans for the palace, it remained incomplete by the time for his death.

In 1690, Tessin married his mistress Hedvig Eleonora Stenbock (1658–1714), maid of honour of Queen Hedvig Elenora.  However, at this time Tessin still belonged to the lesser nobility and his marriage to a woman from the high nobility was regarded as inappropriate.  The marriage therefore had to take place secretly in Pomerania and, to repair the situation, Tessin had to produce a residence in accordance to his wife's status.  Works on the Tessin Palace begun in 1694 and initially progressed slowly, but in 1697 Tessin and his family could move in and in 1701, two years after Tessin had been promoted to high nobility, the interior was completed to the extent Tessin could invite the widowed queen and the royal family to a supper.  Besides his own palace, the gardens of the Drottningholm Palace and Steninge Palace, both located not far from Stockholm, are often pointed out as his greatest achievements.

Later life

Most of Tessin's projects as an architect were produced during the 17th century, including several churches such the King Charles' Church in Kungsör and the Holy Trinity Church in Karlskrona, and many of his proposals never were built.  During his later life, he played an important role as an administrator and he also produced ambitious city plans for Stockholm in connection to his work for the royal palace.

Progeny
 Tessin the Younger was the father of Carl Gustaf Tessin, one of the most influential Swedish politicians of his time.
 Carl Erik Tessin
 Hedvig Tessin von Schwerin
 Ulrika Maria Tessin Sparre, she was the mother of Fredrik Sparre, who was Lord High Chancellor of Sweden in the 1790s.

Selected works
 Stockholm Palace
 Tessin Palace, (1694–1700)
 Steninge Palace
 Completion of the Drottningholm Palace
 Gottorp, Schleswig, (1697–1703)
 Holy Trinity Church, Karlskrona
 King Charles' Church, Kungsör
 Västra/Östra boställshuset, Stockholm

Notes

References

https://web.archive.org/web/20100827011423/http://www.sfv.se/cms/sfv/vara_fastigheter/sverige/ab_stockholms_lan/tessinska_palatset.html

1654 births
1728 deaths
People from Nyköping Municipality
Swedish nobility
Swedish people of German descent
Swedish Baroque architects
17th-century Swedish people
Marshals of the Realm
Nicodemus

Nicodemus Tessin the Younger


Independence Square (, Мустақиллик Майдони) is a central square of Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Introduction
After the proclamation of Uzbekistan's independence in September 1991, "Lenin Square" was renamed in 1992 as "Mustaqillik Maydoni", which translates to "Independence Square" in English. The monument to Lenin was dismantled, and in its place the Monument of Independence of Uzbekistan, in the form of the globe, was erected. Later, in front of the pedestal was set a figure of a woman, symbolising the Motherland.

Independence Square is now the central square of Tashkent; it hosts celebrations and military parades in the days of special events and public holidays.

History
The largest square in Tashkent is more like a large park than a square. With several monuments and fountains, surrounded by impressive public buildings and filled with trees and flower beds, the Independence Square in Tashkent is a showcase of modern Uzbekistan.

Today the Independence History consists of several areas: administrative buildings, the recreation area with green zones and fountains, monuments including the Arch of Independence and the Independence Monument.

The story of the Independence square as a center of Tashkent goes back to more than hundred years. The General Governor of Turkestan built his military fortress in 1865. Since 1974 this place was called the Avenue of Parades, where military parades and demonstrations of workers were held to celebrate the holidays of May 1, International Workers Day, May 9 - Victory Day and November 7 - Revolution Day.

Passing through the arch of silver with figures of storks around the fountain, which marks the entrance to the Independence Square, one can see the main monument of the Independence square - the Independence Monument. It is a high pedestal with a golden globe erected on the top with a visual rendering of a map of Uzbekistan. Before the pedestal there is a statue of a seated mother with a baby in her arms. The monumental complex represent the revival of Uzbekistan as a free independent state. The Monument of Independence was erected in 1992, and the complete reconstruction of the area was completed in 2006.

On the opposite sits a statue depicting a mourning mother sadly looking down onto an eternal flame in memory of her children who fell when defending the country, to commemorate the fallen unidentified soldiers in the past World Wars.

Administrative buildings, including the Cabinet of Ministers, Senate of Uzbekistan and the Ministry of Finance are located on the western side of the Independence square in Tashkent.

Areas inside Independence Square
 Ministry of Finance of Uzbekistan is almost inside of independence square and it is located left side of Independence Square.
 Memory and Honour Square is also inside the square but it is in the right bottom of independence square.
  Memory Lane is a place honoring Uzbek servicemen of the Soviet Armed Forces who fought during the Second World War. Names of servicemen who were killed in action are inscribed there.
 Arch of Ezgulik in English a word "Ezgulik" means that "Humanism" from the dictionary meaning and it means to people peacefulness.
 Ankhor River is medium river which crosses Independence Square.
 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier a monument to Soviet Soldiers in WWII.
 Monument to the Independence of Uzbekistan a monument made in honor of the independence of Uzbekistan.

Photo gallery

References

External links

 Welcome to Uzbekistan
 Advantour.com

Squares in Uzbekistan
Geography of Tashkent
Tourist attractions in Tashkent
Buildings and structures in Tashkent

Mustaqillik Maydoni


The Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider was a French heavy artillery piece designed before and produced during the First World War.  A number were still on hand during the Second World War and served in the French and German services.

History
As the First World War settled into Trench Warfare on the Western Front the light field guns that the combatants went to war with were beginning to show their limitations when facing an enemy who was now dug into prepared positions.  Indirect fire, interdiction and counter-battery fire emphasized the importance of long-range heavy artillery.

At the beginning of World War I, the French Army had about 1,300 de Bange 155 mm L modèle 1877 guns in its inventory, without a clear idea of how to replace them.  Although accurate and reliable it lacked a modern recoil system, which meant that after each shot the gun rolled back onto a set of wooden ramps and had to be re-laid before the next shot.

In 1907 French Schneider et Cie and Russian Putilov companies signed an agreement for the production of the 152 mm howitzer M1910 for the Imperial Russian Army. The M1910 was a conventional design for its time with a box-trail carriage, steel-rimmed wooden wheels, a gun shield and a hydro-pneumatic recoil system.  The performance of this gun impressed the French Army and calls for a French version gained pace.

In 1909 the French army invited the submission of proposals from state arsenals for fitting its de Bange cannons with modern recoil systems.  Later in 1910, this was expanded to include competing proposals from private companies such as Schneider et Cie and Saint Chamond.  In October 1913 the Schneider submission was chosen and in April 1914, an order for 120 guns was signed with deliveries scheduled between December 1915 and December 1917.  With the outbreak of the First World War deliveries of the new gun designated the 155 mm L mle 1877/14 were delayed until February 1916.

Design
The Schneider proposal of 1913 was to mount the barrel of the mle 1877 on the carriage of the M1910 so that its breech would open to the right, but only some of the first guns were produced with that configuration. Then, this was abandoned and the breech still opened to the left. However, this idea was later successfully revived in the Canon de 155 L modèle 1918 Schneider which mounted the mle 1877 barrel inverted on the carriage of the Canon de 155 C modèle 1917.

For transport, the barrel could either be withdrawn from battery and fastened to the box-trail or removed and towed on its own trailer. The trade-off was each load weighed less, but more time was needed to reassemble the gun and bring it into action.  The mle 1877/14 was light enough to transport in one piece by two eight-horse teams or it could be towed in one piece by an artillery tractor.  However, its wooden wheels and lack of sprung suspension limited towing speed to .

Service
The mle 1877/14 was considered an adequate gun which served throughout the First World War and provided the French Army with heavy artillery when needed most.  Between wars, it was assigned to garrison duty and was used until the Second World War.  Some received pneumatic tires, but the absence of a sprung suspension limited their towing speed.  After the surrender of France in 1940 guns captured by the Germans were used as coastal artillery by occupation units with the designation 15.5 cm Kanone 422(f).

Comparison to French contemporaries
 The mle 1877/14 weighed  more than the mle 1918, but its range of  was roughly equal.
 The mle 1877/14 weighed less and was more mobile than the 155 L mle 1917, but its range was  less and was a much older gun.
 The mle 1877/14 weighed  more than the 155 C modèle 1917, but it was less mobile and its range was only  greater.

Notes

References
 François Vauvillier & Pierre Touzin "Les Canons de la Victoire 1914-1918 Tome 1", Historie & Collections, 2006, p. 64 (French)
 François Vauvillier "1917-18 155 Long", Histoire de Guerre, Blindés et Matériel, No.89, Oct-Dec 2009, pp. 42–43 (French)
 Règlement provisoire de manoeuvre des batteries armées du matériel de 155L mle 1877-1914, Ministérie de la Guerre, May 1916

Artillery of France
155 mm artillery

Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider


Trianthema portulacastrum is a species of flowering plant in the ice plant family known by the common names desert horsepurslane, black pigweed, and giant pigweed. It is native to areas of several continents, including Africa and North and South America, and present as an introduced species in many other areas. It grows in a wide variety of habitat types and it can easily take hold in disturbed areas and cultivated land as a weed.

This species is a host plant for the beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus).

Description
It is an annual herb forming a prostrate mat or clump with stems up to a meter long. It is green to red in color, hairless except for small lines of hairs near the leaves, and fleshy. The leaves have small round or oval blades up to 4 centimeters long borne on short petioles. Solitary flowers occur in leaf axils. The flower lacks petals but has purple, petallike sepals. The fruit is a curved, cylindrical capsule emerging from the stem. It is up to half a centimeter long and has two erect, pointed wings on top, where the capsule opens.

Seed dispersal occurs in a number of ways. One seed may be carried on the detached cap of the fruit, which floats on water. Other seeds may fall out of the remaining part of the fruit or remain on the plant after it dies and withers, resprouting the following season.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

portulacastrum
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of the South-Central United States
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora of Mexico
Flora of Central America
Flora of western South America
Flora of the Indian subcontinent
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Trianthema portulacastrum


Louis Bastoul was a general French in the French Revolutionary Wars. He was born in Montolieu 19 August 1753, and died in Munich on 15 January 1801, of wounds received at the Battle of Hohenlinden.

Service
Volunteer in the regiment Vivarais Infantry September 30, 1789.
Sergent, furloughed this date.
Captain, commander of the National Guard of Béthune (Pas-de-Calais) in 1790.
Promoted to Chef de battalion of the 2nd Battalion of the national volunteers the department of Pas-de-Calais in 1791.
Promoted to Brigadier General on 15 September 1793 .

Campaigns and actions
1793 assigned to the Army of the North
1794 to the Army of Sambre-et-Meuse, under the command of General Jourdan.  In this capacity, he contributed to the recovery of Landrecy and Quesnoy from the Prussians.
1796 deployed to the Army of the Rhine.
19 June 1796 : At Battle of Wetzlar-Uckerath in Westphalia, under the command of General Jean Baptiste Kléber, he routed the left wing of the Austrian army commanded by General Pal Kray and took the village of Kirchpruh.
10 July 1796: Battle of Friedberg, he contributed to winning the battle by driving with few troops, the enemy was entrenched in a wood.
24 August 1796 : Battle of Amberg, he was cited with praise for the courage he had displayed on the ground.  He was wounded and had his horse killed under him.
3 September 1796 : Battle of Würzburg
18 April 1797 : At the Battle of Neuwied, he played an important part in the success of the crossing of the Rhine during the withdrawal of the army commanded by Hoche.  On this occasion, General Grenier, responsible for an attack on Hettersdorf, placed nine companies of grenadiers, plus the Demi brigades to which they belonged, under the command of Bastoul.  General Bastoul, at the head of these troops, took enemy entrenchments in a bayonet charge.

Danube Campaign 1800-1801

May 3, 1800 : At the Battle of Engen (Baden-Wuerttemberg), its division engaged the enemy with a fierce battle.  Having penetrated a part of his troops in the woods overlooking a plateau;  he turned and flanked 8 Austrian battalions on the ground and put them in complete rout.
4 and 5 May 1800 : At the Battle of Messkirch, he marched swiftly to support the division of General Delmas, who was overwhelmed, and successfully repulsed all attacks against the Austrian extreme left of the French army.
7 July 1800 : the battle of Landshut, General Leclerc was ordered to seize the city of Landshut (Bavaria).  Placed left wing attack and strong two squadrons of cavalry, a battalion of the 53rd demi-brigade, three companies of grenadiers, the troops of General Bastoul prevailed in their office two doors and a bridge and rejected the Austrians outside the city.
3 December 1800 : he participated as commander of an infantry division in the Battle of Hohenlinden, under the command of Moreau.  One of its brigades being in high difficulty, he formed his company in attack column and marched on the Austrian line, aided by the infantry brigade of General Bonet and the cavalry of General Fauconnet.  He succeeded, by this action, to rout the Austrians who left several guns and prisoners.

In this, he was seriously wounded, hit by a bullet which crushed his leg. On 3 December 1800, moved to Munich, he refused to allow the amputation of his leg, "the whole live or die." He died there a month later.

References

1753 births
1801 deaths
French generals
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars killed in battle
French military personnel killed in action
People from Aude
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe

Louis Bastoul


VisionTrust is an international, non-denominational non-profit organization that assists orphaned and vulnerable children around the world. The organization works alongside local Christians to help children gain an education, nutritional support, medical assistance, and spiritual discipleship. VisionTrust works in schools, Transitional Homes (orphanages), and Learning Centers. They offer child sponsorships, short-term mission trips, and assist churches with educational materials to promote participation in this effort. VisionTrust is headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

History
VisionTrust International began its ministry in 1997 when Dr. Ernie Taylor acted on his desire to help orphans in Myanmar and impoverished children living in the slums of the Dominican Republic. In 2013, Matthew Storer accepted the role of CEO from the founder, Taylor. In 2018, Devlin Donaldson became President/CEO.

Countries of operation
As of July 2018, the ministry has expanded to serve in 15 countries, including: Brazil, Central African Republic, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, India, Liberia, Malawi, Myanmar, Peru, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, and Zimbabwe.

Number of children assisted
As of September 2014, VisionTrust assists over 15,000 children through Learning Centers, Schools, and Transitional Homes.

Programs

Child sponsorships
Monthly sponsorships are available. Sponsorships provide a child with food, medical care, and spiritual nurturing.  Sponsors and their sponsored children are encouraged to write to each other.

Short-term mission trips
VisionTrust organizes mission trips for churches, college students, families, professionals and sponsors to serve children in poverty around the world.  Mission trips focus on one or more of the following categories:
Labor: Construction, painting, and/or maintenance of a school, Transitional Home, or Learning Center.
Evangelism: Vacation Bible Schools (VBS) or ministries designed for children, discipleship training, and street evangelism.
Child Health: Dental and health care teams committed to health promotion and disease prevention in partnership with local health care providers.
Camps: Sports clinics and camps.
Combination: A specialized trip blending the above team types.

Advocacy
1) Sponsorship Drives are used to promote monthly sponsorships of impoverished children around the world.

Accountability
VisionTrust is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. No individual owns any stock in the corporation, which is held for charitable purposes. The board of directors at large serve without compensation for three-year rotating terms. VisionTrust is a member of the Evangelical Council on Financial Accountability and holds a rating of four out of four stars from Charity Navigator.

References

External links
VisionTrust Website

Charities based in Colorado
Children's charities based in the United States
Christian charities based in the United States
Development charities based in the United States
Evangelical parachurch organizations
Religion in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Evangelicalism in Colorado
Organizations based in Colorado Springs, Colorado

VisionTrust


University Stadium, also known as Knight–Newbrough Field and formerly known as Seagram Stadium, is a football stadium in Waterloo, Ontario with a capacity of 6,000. It is home to the Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks football, rugby, and lacrosse teams. It also served for several years as the home field of soccer side K–W United FC which ceased operations in 2018.  Facilities include space for recreational programs and Kinesiology classrooms; there is also a large gym and the football field. The stadium is closed to the public.

The field was also used by the nearby University of Waterloo Warriors for their home football games. The Warriors played their final season at the stadium in 2008; they then moved to the new Warrior Field on the University of Waterloo north campus on Columbia St.

History

Seagram Stadium was built for the University of Waterloo in 1957 with a $250,000 donation from Joseph E. Seagram and Sons Ltd. and additional contributions from Ontario Hydro and the City of Waterloo. It formally opened on May 7, 1958. The Waterloo College Mules played the first football game on October 5 of that year.

Initially owned by Waterloo College, the stadium was sold to UW which sold it to the City of Waterloo on August 12, 1974 for $1 million, after leasing it to the city from 1968 to 1974. At that time, the stadium was in need of extensive repairs. In July 1992, the city sold the facility to Wilfrid Laurier University, also for $1 million. Artificial turf was installed in 1994 at a cost of $1.7 million. The stadium was renamed University Stadium and Sports Centre in March 1995.

In 2007, the stadium underwent a major $5-million renovation which changed the layout; that included replacing the field's playing surface with Fieldturf, overhauling the bleachers, rearranging existing rooms and expansion of the entrance, concession areas and washrooms. The football field was then renamed Knight–Newbrough Field (although the name of the field itself has changed, the stadium as a whole retains the name University Stadium.)

The name honours two influential figures in Laurier athletics history, former football head coaches for the Laurier Golden Hawks and UW Warriors Dave "Tuffy" Knight and Rich Newbrough.

University Stadium is located near Waterloo Park on Seagram Drive.

On February 18, 2023, the Golden Hawks football twitter feed announced that the stadium is being demolished, and to stay tuned for further announcements.

References

Canadian football venues in Ontario
Sports venues in Waterloo, Ontario
Wilfrid Laurier University
Athletics (track and field) venues in Ontario
Sport in Waterloo, Ontario
University sports venues in Canada
Soccer venues in Ontario

University Stadium (Waterloo, Ontario)


Simulcast (a portmanteau of simultaneous broadcast) is the broadcasting of programmes/programs or events across more than one resolution, bitrate or medium, or more than one service on the same medium, at exactly the same time (that is, simultaneously). For example, Absolute Radio is simulcast on both AM and on satellite radio. Likewise, the BBC's Prom concerts were formerly simulcast on both BBC Radio 3 and BBC Television. Another application is the transmission of the original-language soundtrack of movies or TV series over local or Internet radio, with the television broadcast having been dubbed into a local language.

Early radio simulcasts
Before launching stereo radio, experiments were conducted by transmitting left and right channels on different radio channels.  The earliest record found was a broadcast by the BBC in 1926 of a Halle Orchestra concert from Manchester, using the wavelengths of the regional stations and Daventry.

In its earliest days, the BBC often transmitted the same programme on the "National Service" and the "Regional Network".

An early use of the word "simulcast" is from 1925.

Between 1990 and 1994 the BBC broadcast a channel of entertainment (Radio 5) which offered a wide range of simulcasts, taking programmes from the BBC World Service and Radio 1, 2, 3 and 4 for simultaneous broadcast.

Simulcasting to provide stereo sound for TV broadcasts
Before stereo TV sound transmission was possible, simulcasting on TV and radio was a method of effectively transmitting "stereo" sound to music TV broadcasts. Typically, an FM frequency in the broadcast area for viewers to tune their stereo systems to would be displayed on the screen. The band Grateful Dead and their concert "Great Canadian Train Ride" in 1970 was the first TV broadcast of a live concert with FM simulcast. In the 1970s WPXI in Pittsburgh broadcast a live Boz Scaggs performance which had the audio simultaneously broadcast on two FM radio stations to create a quadrophonic sound, the first of its kind. The first such transmission in the United Kingdom was on 14 November 1972, when the BBC broadcast a live classical concert from the Royal Albert Hall on both BBC2 and Radio 3. The first pop/rock simulcast was almost two years later, a recording of Van Morrison's London Rainbow Concert simultaneously on BBC2 TV and Radio 2 (see It's Too Late to Stop Now) on 27 May 1974.

Similarly, in the 1980s, before Multichannel Television Sound or home theater was commonplace in American households, broadcasters would air a high fidelity version of a television program's audio portion over FM stereo simultaneous with the television broadcast. PBS stations were the most likely to use this technique, especially when airing a live concert. It was also a way of allowing MTV and similar music channels to run stereo sound through the cable-TV network. This method required a stereo FM transmitter modulating MTV's stereo soundtrack through the cable-TV network, and customers connecting their FM receiver's antenna input to the cable-TV outlet. They would then tune the FM receiver to the specified frequency that would be published in documentation supplied by the cable-TV provider.

With the introduction of commercial FM stations in Australia in July 1980, commercial TV channels began simulcasting some music based programs with the new commercial FM stations and continued to do so into the early 1990s.  These were initially rock based programs, such as late night music video shows and rock concerts, but later included some major rock musicals such as The Rocky Horror Picture Show and The Blues Brothers when they first aired on TV. During the mid-1980s the final Australian concert of several major rock artists such as Dire Straits were simulcast live on a commercial TV and FM station.  The ABC also simulcast some programs on ABC Television and ABC FM, including the final concert of Elton John with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra.

In South Africa, the SABC radio station Radio 2000 was established in 1986 to simulcast SABC 1 programming, especially imported American and British television shows, in their original English, before South Africa adopted a stereo standard which allowed secondary audio tracks through the television spectrum.

The first cable TV concert simulcast was Frank Zappa's Halloween show (31 October 1981), live from NYC's Palladium and shown on MTV with the audio-only portion simulcast over FM's new "Starfleet Radio" network. Engineered by Mark G. Pinske with the UMRK mobile recording truck. A later, notable application for simulcasting in this context was the Live Aid telethon concert that was broadcast around the world on 13 July 1985. Most destinations where this concert was broadcast had the concert simulcast by at least one TV network and at least one of the local FM stations.

Most stereo-capable video recorders made through the 1980s and early 1990s had a "simulcast" recording mode where they recorded video signals from the built-in TV tuner and audio signals from the VCR's audio line-in connectors. This was to allow one to connect a stereo FM tuner that is tuned to the simulcast frequency to the VCR's audio input in order to record the stereo sound of a TV program that would otherwise be recorded in mono. The function was primarily necessary with stereo VCRs that didn't have a stereo TV tuner or were operated in areas where stereo TV broadcasting wasn't in place. This was typically selected through the user setting the input selector to "Simulcast" or "Radio" mode or, in the case of some JVC units, the user setting another "audio input" switch from "TV" or "Tuner" to "Line".

In the mid to late 1990s, video game developer Nintendo utilized simulcasting to provide enhanced orchestral scoring and voice-acting for the first ever "integrated radio-games" – its Satellaview video games. Whereas digital game data was broadcast to the Satellaview unit to provide the basic game and game sounds, Nintendo's partner, satellite radio company St.GIGA, simultaneously broadcast the musical and vocal portion of the game via radio. These two streams were combined at the Satellaview to provide a unified audiotrack analogous to stereo.

Other uses
The term "simulcast" (describing simultaneous radio/television broadcast) was coined in 1948 by a press agent at WCAU-TV, Philadelphia. NBC and CBS had begun broadcasting a few programs both to their established nationwide radio audience and to the much smaller—though steadily-growing—television audience. NBC's "Voice of Firestone" is sometimes mentioned in this regard, but NBC's "Voice of Firestone Televues" program, reaching a small Eastern audience beginning in 1943, was a TV-only show, distinct from the radio "Voice of Firestone" broadcasts. Actual TV-AM radio simulcasts of the very same "Voice of Firestone" program began only on 5 September 1949. A documented candidate for first true simulcast may well be NBC's "We the People." Toscanini's NBC Symphony performance of 15 March 1952 is perhaps a first instance of radio/TV simulcasting of a concert, predating the much-heralded rock concert simulcasts beginning in the 1980s. It could, however, be argued that these Toscanini presentations—with admission controlled by NBC, as with all its programming—were no more "public concerts" than NBC's "Voice of Firestone" broadcasts beginning in 1949, or its "Band of America" programs, which were simulcast starting 17 October 1949. Likewise Toscanini's simulcast NBC presentation of two acts of Verdi's "Aida" on 3 April 1949.

Presently, in the United States, simulcast most often refers to the practice of offering the same programming on an FM and AM station owned by the same entity, in order to cut costs. With the advent of solid state AM transmitters and computers, it has become very easy for AM stations to broadcast a different format without additional cost; therefore, simulcast between FM/AM combinations are rarely heard today outside of rural areas, and in urban areas, where often the talk radio, sports radio, or all-news radio format of an AM station is simulcast on FM, mainly for the convenience of listeners in office buildings in urban cores which easily block AM signals, as well as those with FM-only tuners. In another case, popular programs will be aired simultaneously on different services in adjacent countries, such as animated sitcom The Simpsons, airing Sunday evenings at 8:00 p.m. (Eastern and Pacific times) on both Fox in the United States and Global (1989 to 2018) and Citytv (2018 to 2021) in Canada and entertainment show Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, airing Saturday nights at various times between 7:00 pm and 7:30 pm on ITV in the United Kingdom and Virgin Media One in the Republic of Ireland.

During apartheid in South Africa, many foreign programmes on SABC television were dubbed in Afrikaans. The original soundtrack, usually in English, but sometimes in German or Dutch was available on the Radio 2000 service. This could be selected using a button labeled simulcast on many televisions manufactured before 1995.

Radio programs have been simulcast on television since the invention thereof however, as of recent, perhaps the most visible example of radio shows on television is The Howard Stern Show, which currently airs on Sirius Satellite Radio as well as Howard TV. Another prominent radio show that was simulcast on television is Imus in the Morning, which until the simulcast ended in 2015, aired throughout the years on MSNBC, RFD-TV and Fox Business Network, in addition to its radio broadcast distributed by Citadel Media. Multiple sports talk radio shows, including Mike & Mike, The Herd with Colin Cowherd and Boomer and Carton also are carried on television, saving those networks the burden of having to air encores of sporting events or other paid sports programming which may draw lower audiences. In New Zealand, breakfast programme The AM Show airs on television channel Three and was simulcast on radio station Magic Talk; both networks were owned and operated by MediaWorks New Zealand until December 2020, when Three was sold to Discovery, Inc. In 2022, the programme was rebranded as AM and ceased simulcasting on Magic Talk, becoming a TV-only format.

Following the acquisition of the assets of the professional wrestling promotion World Championship Wrestling (WCW) by the rival World Wrestling Federation (WWF), a segment simulcast between their two flagship programs—WCW Monday Nitro on TNT (which was airing its series finale from Panama City) and the WWF's Raw on USA Network (from Cleveland)— on March 26, 2001, featured WWF owner Vince McMahon addressing the sale, only for his son Shane McMahon to reveal in-universe that he had bought WCW instead.

Simulcasts are also used for the purposes of television ratings, mainly with awards ceremonies such as the MTV Video Music Awards and the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards where the ceremony airs on other sister channels in the same corporate family. These allow a bulk ratings number to be competed which allows for more homes to be calculated in a final rating, along with removing any in-house competition, with each of the networks carrying the same ceremony and same advertising. Another example is a "roadblock strategy", where a family of networks will air the premiere of a new series, music video or other event such as a telethon at the same time to maximize their audiences

"Live Simulcast" is also used throughout South America for a real-time live broadcasting from the US, where it differs from just a live broadcasting in that, on the former case, the event is being broadcast live while it is happening in real time (e.g. the NFL games), while, the latter,  a show may be a live recording but not necessarily being broadcast in real time of when the event took place (e.g. a live concert recording). Yet, local live productions (football games, for instance) being broadcast in real time in South America are often just called live, without the use of the word simulcast.

Simulcasting of sporting events
In sports, such as American football and baseball, simulcasts are when a single announcer broadcasts play-by-play coverage both over television and radio. The practice was common in the early years of television, but since the 1980s, most teams have used a separate team for television and for radio. In the National Hockey League, two teams currently use a simulcast:
The Buffalo Sabres, with play-by-play announcer Rick Jeanneret or Dan Dunleavy and analyst Rob Ray via MSG Western New York
The Dallas Stars, with play-by-play announcer Josh Bogorad and analyst Daryl Reaugh via Bally Sports Southwest
Al McCoy (Phoenix), Chick Hearn (Los Angeles), Kevin Calabro (Seattle) and Rod Hundley (Utah) were the last National Basketball Association team broadcasters to be simulcast. Until his retirement in 2016, the first three innings of Vin Scully's commentary for Los Angeles Dodgers home and NL West road games were simulcast on radio and television, with the remainder of the game called by Scully exclusively for television viewers.  For the final game before his retirement, Scully's commentary was simulcast on the radio for the entirety of the game.

In the 2021 season, the Toronto Blue Jays broadcast the audio of the Sportsnet play-by-play with Dan Shulman and Buck Martinez over their radio network in what was stated to be a COVID-19-related measure. Media outlets disputed the decision and felt it was actually a cost-cutting move by team owner Rogers Communications, as the team had maintained dedicated radio broadcasts in 2020 with a remote crew.

As all NFL television broadcasts are done by the national networks or via cable, there are no regular TV-to-radio football simulcasts.  However, NFL rules require that games airing on cable and satellite networks (ESPN, NFL Network) be simulcast on local over-air TV stations in markets serving the two local teams participating in each game.

In greyhound racing and horse racing, a simulcast is a broadcast of a greyhound or horse race which allows wagering at two or more sites; the simulcast often involves the transmission of wagering information to a central site, so that all bettors may bet in the same betting pool, as well as the broadcast of the race, or bet from home as they watch on a network such as TVG Network or the Racetrack Television Network.

The regional sports network MASN previously used simulcasts for MLB games played between the Baltimore Orioles and Washington Nationals—regional rivals who share the same market and broadcaster. MASN and MASN2 simulcast a single feed of the games with a "mixed booth" featuring Jim Hunter and Bob Carpenter alternating play-by-play duties, joined by both teams' color commentators. This arrangement ended in 2014, with both channels now originating their own Orioles- and Nationals-specific telecasts as normal.

For larger marquee events, ESPN has occasionally employed simulcasts across its channels—currently branded as a "Megacast", and formerly ESPN Full Circle—in which ESPN's television networks and streaming channels carry feeds of the event featuring different camera angles, alternative commentary options, or enhanced in-game statistics and analysis. In 2021, ESPN introduced a simulcast of selected Monday Night Football games featuring Eli and Peyton Manning, joined by celebrity guests; the success of these broadcasts prompted ESPN to extend the format to other sports, with the Mannings' production company Omaha Productions being involved in some of these broadcasts.

Distribution of channels
On cable television systems, analog-digital simulcasting (ADS) means that analog channels are duplicated as digital subchannels. Digital tuners are programmed to use the digital subchannel instead of the analog. This allows for smaller, cheaper cable boxes by eliminating the analog tuner and some analog circuitry. On DVRs, it eliminates the need for an MPEG encoder to convert the analog signal to digital for recording. The primary advantage is the elimination of interference, and as analog channels are dropped, the ability to put 10 or more SDTV (or two HDTV, or various other combinations) channels in its place. The primary drawback is the common problem of over-compression (quantity over quality) resulting in fuzzy pictures and pixelation.

Multiplexing—also sometimes called "multicasting"—is something of a reversal of this situation, where multiple program streams are combined into a single broadcast. The two terms are sometimes confused.

In universities with multiple campuses, simulcasting may be used for a single teacher to teach class to students in two or more locations at the same time, using videoconferencing equipment.

In many public safety agencies, simulcast refers to the broadcasting of the same transmission on the same frequency from multiple towers either simultaneously, or offset by a fixed number of microseconds. This allows for a larger coverage area without the need for a large number of channels, resulting in increased spectral efficiency. This comes at the cost of overall poorer voice quality, as multiple sources increase multipath interference significantly, resulting in what is called simulcast distortion.

See also
 Single Channel Simulcast
 Digital distribution, Video on demand and Streaming media: In English language anime distribution, the word "simulcast" is often misused to refer to the online release of a Japanese animated television series during the same period as in Japan.

References

Broadcast engineering
Radio broadcasting
Television terminology

1940s neologisms

Simulcast


Carl Reinhold Roth was a Swedish businessman and ironmaster who lived during the late 17th to mid 18th century. He is best known as the first ironmaster named Roth at the ironworks in Ludvika, Sweden. Reinhold was in his time one of Stockholm's more prominent businessmen. He also owned Sunnansjö ironworks and estate, and Skogsegen (Judge Hörneåfor's ironworks in Västerbotten), devoted himself to the nascent sawmill industry, and was  ship-owner of the Augusta (named for his second wife).

Early life
Reinhold was born November 18, 1797 in Lower Fösked. His career began in Stockholm, where he was employed by the merchant's firm Netterblad & Åbom. After some time he moved to Vij Ironworks in Ockelbo where his future father in law, John Alexis Atkins, was a famous Ironmaster. Carl Reinhold married the first time on Wednesday, September 14, 1825 to Johanna Sophia Wilhelmina Atkins. She probably died in childbirth because records show her daughter was born and died almost simultaneously. Mother and daughter are buried in the cemetery in Ockelbo. After John Atkins' death in 1826, Reinhold took over as Ironmaster. In 1827 he married again to Augusta Jacobina Setterwall, a merchant's daughter from Stockholm, and in 1831 established himself as a merchant there.

Later life
In 1836 he and Fredrik Langenberg each bought a third of  Ludvika Ironworks from Wetter Anders Dahl. In 1841 Reinhold was able to purchase the remaining third and then owned ⅔ of the Ironworks. The final third of the mill was bought by his children from Langenberg's heirs after Carl Reinhold's death in 1858.

Ludvika Ironworks had three forges and six hearths. They got the ore from their own mines and produced the pig iron in their own foundries. Though Reinhold became ironmaster of the ironworks, he continued to live in Stockholm and utilized the Ludvika estate only as a summer residence.
Carl participated as a member of Borgerskapet (Burgher/merchant social class) in the 1847-48 Riksdag (parliament). He was one of 50 most senior and, in the 1856 Riksdag, was the eldest. He was also a member of St. Mary Magdalene parish church council.

Images

References

Sources
 Kristoffer Huldt, Översikt av Släkten Roth (Overview of House Roth)
 Handlingar Rörande Släkten Roth (Documents Relating to House Roth) National Library of Sweden SE S-HS Acc2008/80
 Svenskt Biografiskt Lexicon (Swedish Biographical Lexicon)

1797 births
1858 deaths
Swedish ironmasters
19th-century Swedish businesspeople
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen

Carl Reinhold Roth


Heidi Miller (born c. 1958 in Santa Monica, California) is an American female bodybuilder who held the title Ms. Natural America in 1981. She is also a former National Gymnastics Champion.

Her other bodybuilding awards include Ms. Natural Universe - NBA, 2nd place 1982; Western America Championships - NPC, LightWeight, 5th place 1983; and Western America Championships - NPC, LightWeight, 1st place 1984. She retired from competitive bodybuilding in 1984.

Miller is currently on the board of the  American Heart Association, the Children's Bureau Foundation, and Pat McCormick's Educational Foundation. She is a public speaker and entrepreneur. Her book and video are titled Bodysculpting. She currently resides in California.

Books and Videos
Heidi Miller's Body Sculpting: Sculpt Tone and Firm Your Body to Its Most Perfect Proportions, Miller, Heidi, Hdl Publishing 1988,

References

American female bodybuilders
Living people
1950s births
Sportspeople from California
21st-century American women

Heidi Miller


An LED strip, tape, or ribbon light is a flexible circuit board populated by surface-mount light-emitting diodes (SMD LEDs) and other components that usually comes with an adhesive backing. Traditionally, strip lights had been used solely in accent lighting, backlighting, task lighting, and decorative lighting applications, such as cove lighting.

Increased luminous efficacy and higher-power SMDs have allowed LED strip lights to be used in applications such as high brightness task lighting, fluorescent and halogen lighting fixture replacements, indirect lighting applications, ultraviolet inspection during manufacturing processes, set and costume design, and growing plants.

Design

Variables in strip lighting consist of water resistance, color, adhesives, choice of SMD, driving voltage, control type, and whether it is constant current or constant voltage layout.

Uncoated LED tape is not considered to have any resistance to water ingress, but may be rated with an ingress protection code as IP20 for some physical ingress resistance. Such tapes are generally low voltage and safe for skin to touch but can be shorted by fine metal objects. Water resistant strip lighting is covered in a heat conducting epoxy or silicone to protect the circuitry from direct contact with water, and can be rated IP65, IP67, or with suitable sealed connections IP68. Both coated and uncoated LED tapes have a two sided adhesive backing to stick to walls, desks, doors, etc.

The most common design differences are in how individual LEDs are controlled, specifically differences in color and whether or not each LED is addressable.
Single color, non-addressable: Every LED on the strand is a single white colour, typically ranging from 2200K to 6500K in color temperature, or any of several monochrome colors covering the range of the visible spectrum (generally from 400-700 nanometers in wavelength).
Dynamic tunable white (often described with CCT), non-addressable: Allows the user to adjust the color temperature output from a single strip light. They are manufactured with alternating LEDs of different color temperatures, so half of the LEDs are a lower temperature and half are a higher color temperature, allowing the strip to produce any specific color temperature between the two color temperatures of the LEDs.
Multicolor, non-addressable: Each LED is capable of displaying red, green, blue, or all three (white), driven by three input power rails. All the LEDs display the same colour at any one time, but the colour can  be manipulated by varying the voltage applied to each of the three power inputs.
RGB, addressable: Multiple colours and addresses. Each LED has its own chip meaning they can be individually triggered for chasing, strobing, and colour changing.
RGBW, non-addressable: The combination of single color and multicolor (4 LED-chips) in a single module
RGBCCT or RGBWW: The combination of dynamic tunable white and multicolor (5 LED-chips) in a single module

LED strip designs are available populated with many different types of SMD, not only in different colors and addressable or non-addressable, by different shapes, sizes, and power levels. The most common types of SMD are: 3528, single colour, non-addressable, very low power; 5050, containing three LEDs allowing for RGB and addressable strips as well as higher power levels; 2835, a newer single-color SMD having the same surface dimensions as the 3528 but a larger emitter area and a thinner design with an integrated heatsink allowing for higher power levels; 5630/5730, a newer replacement for single-color 5050 SMDs which can operate at slightly higher power levels and have high efficacy. Less common designs may have 3014, 4014, 7020, 8020, or other SMDs. In addition to the LED SMD type, the quantity of LEDs per meter is also an important factor in determining the overall power and brightness.

LED strip lights most commonly operate on 12 or 24 volts of direct current from a power supply, sometimes referred to as a driver. USB strip lights operate on the standard 5-volt direct current used by USB devices.  Mains voltage LED strips are also available.  These have the advantages of being usable in much longer single runs without a brightness drop along the length, but are less flexible and heavier due to higher voltage and current ratings and thick coatings for shock safety and high IP ratings in their intended outdoor positions, with limited cut points. No separate power supply is needed, although there must be a rectifier between the mains supply and the end of the LED strip.
The most common PCB designs use multiple parallel circuits consisting of passive dropper resistors in series with a certain number of LED SMDs, to operate at a certain current and power level with the expected input voltage. This design is referred to as constant-voltage and is rather sensitive to small variations in input voltage and to the voltage drop that occurs along long lengths of strip when driven from a single power input. Alternative design is the "constant current" design where each parallel circuit of several SMDs includes a small integrated circuit to provide a fixed current to that group of LEDs, within a wide range of applied voltages. This allows the strip to operate at the same power level and brightness along its entire length, or with some variation in the driver voltage.

Any customizations require an LED controller to adjust brightness, color, or individual LED activity. This can be done with an included controller or customized with a microcontroller.

LED strips can also be used to resemble the appearance of traditional neon lights. The LED tape is embedded on the side of a silicone filled, plastic C-channel; the silicone both diffuses the light from the LED tape and directs it out to one side, 90 degrees to the direction the SMD LEDs face. This design allows the lights to be bent in what appears to be the opposite direction to how regular LED tape can be bent, allowing one to spell words and create pictures with it much like neon signs.

Beam angle
Some LEDs are rated as having a 120° beam angle, directed "up", i.e. perpendicular to the mounting surface. 'Side view' or 'edge emitter' SMDs are designed such that light is emitted parallel to the adhering surface (i.e., 90 degree difference to typical tape design). These allow the construction of LED strips which wash surfaces within less space or accent edge profiles such as signage.

Dimming
LEDs can be dimmed efficiently using pulse-width modulation (PWM).  This strategy rapidly switches the LEDs on and off, typically 500 times per second, by changing the voltage from zero to the designed value in an "on-off" fashion.  The LED sees its drive as a square wave. The relative width of the on and off portions of the square wave can be varied so that the LEDs are on or off for relatively more or less time to change brightness. Addressable LEDs do this dimming internally given a data signal which specifies which  colour LEDs to turn on, while non-addressable LEDs require an external PWM controller.

Applications

Strip lights are designed for both indoor and outdoor use depending on whether they are water resistant. Since the strip is flexible and can be divided at any point between LEDs, it is extremely versatile and can be used in a number of installations. Outside of traditional lighting, strip lighting is extensively used in DIY projects or lighted clothing. The ability to power strip lights off of a USB device or battery pack makes them extremely portable. Examples include computer lighting, costume lights, toys, workspace lighting, monitor and display ambient lighting, and alcove lighting.

Popularity
During the early 2020s, LED strip lights gained popularity among users on the social media platform TikTok.

References

Light-emitting diodes
LED lamps

LED strip light


Last Night at the Alamo is a 1983 American black-and-white independent film directed and co-produced by Eagle Pennell, written and co-produced by Kim Henkel and starring Sonny Carl Davis and Lou Perryman.

Plot
"The Alamo" is a dive bar in Houston, Texas. On the eve of its demolition, the regular patrons gather to reminisce and discuss the future. In the opening scene, Ichabod (Steven Mattila), a cranky, young exterminator, arrives at the Alamo wanting to have a good time with his long-suffering girlfriend Mary to whom he is both physically and verbally abusive. Also arriving is Claude (Perryman), another blue-collared regular who is angry and distraught over being kicked out of his own house by his wife who is said to be unable to stand his crude lifestyle. Cowboy Regan (Davis) arrives after having not been seen for several days and, after reminiscing with his bar friends, tries a last-ditch effort to save the place by contacting his former college roommate who is now a powerful politician in the state capital of Austin.

As the afternoon wears on into the evening and night, several of the patrons leave one by one to either go home or to another bar a few miles away called the B&B which Cowboy loathes because it is regarded as a "Yankee bar" due to the upscale establishment and because the beer and other drinks are more expensive. Cowboy in the meantime commands the Alamo with his presence by telling anecdotes about his life which includes his recently quitting his job and wanting to go into the "movie business" as an actor. He partakes in a tequila drinking contest, gives Ichabod some money as he wants to take Mary to a nearby motel for the night, and even permits Claude to stay at his place for the night when Claude's attempts to reconcile with his estranged wife over the telephone fail.

Late in the evening, when Cowboy's friend finally manages to call him back only to inform him that he could not do enough to save the Alamo from closing for good, Cowboy is mocked by a few of the patrons, mostly a former high-school bully named Steve. Cowboy gets more drunk and starts a barroom brawl with Steve which leads to the barman kicking them both out of the bar and closing it up a half-hour early. Outside the bar, as Cowboy sorrowfully compares the end of his hangout place to the end of the redneck way of life, Claude offers to drive him home and Cowboy agrees as they watch the neon lights of the Alamo shut down for good.

Book ending the film is another appearance of Ichabod and Mary who arrive outside the now-closed Alamo bar arguing as they had been in the opening scene about both of them getting thrown out of the motel they were at due to Ichabod's drunken antics. The argument leads to Mary finally breaking up with Ichabod and driving away in his pickup truck with him angrily running after her on foot as a few of the Alamo patrons laugh and cheer him on.

Production
Pennell received a $25,000 grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. The Southwest Alternate Media Project in Houston provided free office space and film equipment. Production began in May 1982 at an old bar, called the Old Barn, in East Houston and lasted for three and one-half weeks. The bar where the film was shot was still in business so daily shooting had to finish by 4 p.m. It is believed that Henkel finished the film as Pennell was having issues with alcohol and drugs and quit showing up.

Release
The film was shown at the New York Film Festival in October 1983 and received mostly good reviews. The movie then played the USA Film Festival in 1984. It won the Special Jury Prize: Dramatic at the January 1984 Sundance Film Festival. Last Night at the Alamo started distribution in a limited commercial release in July 1984. It was released on VHS by the defunct home video company Continental Video in the mid 1980s. It as of yet has not received a DVD or Blu-ray release.

Restoration
In March 2016, Last Night at the Alamo's official restoration premiered in Austin, TX at the annual South by Southwest (SXSW) film festival.  This restoration, produced by Louis Black Productions, Watchmaker Films London, and IFC, premiered to sold out audiences and rave reviews.  In 2017, Louis Black Productions plans on releasing the film onto a comprehensive DVD/Blu-ray disc, distributed by the University of Texas Press.

References

External links

1983 films
1983 drama films
Films shot in Houston
Films set in Houston
Films produced by Kim Henkel
Films with screenplays by Kim Henkel
Sundance Film Festival award-winning films
1980s English-language films

Last Night at the Alamo


The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild is a 2022 American computer animated comedy adventure film directed by John C. Donkin and produced by 20th Century Animation. It's a spin-off to the Ice Age franchise. It stars Simon Pegg reprising his role of Buck with Seann William Scott and Josh Peck being replaced with Vincent Tong and Aaron Harris as Crash and Eddie with Justina Machado and Utkarsh Ambudkar joining them voicing new characters. It focuses on Buck, Crash, Eddie and Buck's old love interest Zee trying to protect the Dinosaur World from a dwarf talking Triceratop named Orson that wants to rule the place with his Raptors.

It premiered on Disney+ on 28 January 2022.

Synopsis
One month after the events of Ice Age: Collision Course (2016), Buck is back in the Lost World and continues protecting the place from rogue dinosaurs until his old nemesis Orson, a talking dwarf Triceratop with a big brain,  comes back for revenge and wants to rule the Lost World, getting ride of all mammals in it and avoiding every mammal to enter in there. Crash and Eddie, that wanted to prove theimselves and living with Buck to live an adventerous life, and his love interest and former teammate Zee found theimselves forced to help him as they must stop Orson from killing all mammals.

Cast
Simon Pegg as Buck
Seann William Scott as Crash
Josh Peck as Eddie
Utkarsh Ambdukar as Orson
Justina Machado as Zee
Ray Romano as Manny
John Leguizamo as Sid
Denis Leary as Diego
Queen Latifah as Ellie

The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild


An evaporator is a type of heat exchanger device that facilitates evaporation by utilizing conductive and convective heat transfer to provide the necessary thermal energy for phase transition from liquid to vapor. Within evaporators, a circulating liquid is exposed to an atmospheric or reduced pressure environment, causing it to boil at a lower temperature compared to normal atmospheric boiling.

The four main components of an evaporator assembly are: (1) tubes or channels where the refrigerant liquid is circulated, (2) fins or other enhanced surfaces to increase heat transfer area, (3) a source of heat such as steam or combustion gases directed over the tubes, and (4) distillation of vapor into an outlet piping system. Heat is transferred through the tube walls to the liquid inside via conduction, providing the thermal energy needed for evaporation. Convective currents inside also contribute to heat transfer efficiency.

There are various evaporator designs suitable for different applications. Shell and tube, plate, and flooded evaporators are commonly used in industrial processes like desalination, power generation, and air conditioning. Plate-type evaporators offer compactness while multi-stage designs enable enhanced evaporation rates at lower heat duties. Overall evaporator performance is dependent on factors such as heat transfer coefficient, tube/plate material properties, flow regime, and vapor quality achieved.

Advanced control techniques like online fouling detection are utilized to maintain evaporator thermal performance over time. CFD modeling and new surface coating technologies also continue improving heat and mass transfer capabilities for more energy efficient vapor generation. Evaporators remain an essential unit operation across many industries owing to their ability to separate mixed phases through a controlled phase change process.

Uses

Air conditioning and refrigeration
Some air conditioners and refrigerators use compressed liquids with a low boiling point that vaporizes within the system to cool it, whilst emitting the thermal energy into its surroundings.

Food industry and synthetic chemistry
Evaporators are often used to concentrate a solution. One example is the climbing/falling film plate evaporator, which is used to make condensed milk.

Similarly, reduction (cooking) is a process of evaporating liquids from a solution to produce a "reduced" food product, such as wine reduction.

Evaporation is the main process behind distillation, which is used to concentrate alcohol, isolate liquid chemical products, or recover solvents in chemical reactions. The fragrance and essential oil industry uses distillation to purify compounds. Each application uses specialized devices.

Chemical engineering
In the case of desalination of seawater or in Zero Liquid Discharge plants, the reverse purpose applies; evaporation removes the desirable drinking water from the undesired solute/product, salt.

Chemical engineering uses evaporation in many processes. For example, the multiple-effect evaporator is used in Kraft pulping, the process of producing wood pulp from wood.

Marine

Large ships usually carry evaporating plants to produce fresh water, reducing their reliance on shore-based supplies. Steamships must produce high-quality distillate to maintain boiler-water levels. Diesel-engine ships often utilize waste heat as an energy source for producing fresh water. In this system, the engine-cooling water is passed through a heat exchange, where it is cooled by concentrated seawater. Because the cooling water, which is chemically treated fresh water, is at a temperature of , it would not be possible to flash off any water vapor unless the pressure in the heat exchanger vessel is dropped.

A brine-air ejector venturi pump is then used to create a vacuum inside the vessel, achieving partial evaporation. The vapor then passes through a demister before reaching the condenser section. Seawater is pumped through the condenser section to cool the vapor sufficiently for condensation. The distillate gathers in a tray, from where it is pumped to the storage tanks. A salinometer monitors salt content and diverts the flow of distillate from the storage tanks if the salt content exceeds the alarm limit. Sterilization is carried out after the evaporator.

Evaporators are usually of the shell-and-tube type (known as an Atlas Plant) or of the plate type (such as the type designed by Alfa Laval). Temperature, production and vacuum are controlled by regulating the system valves. Seawater temperature can interfere with production, as can fluctuations in engine load. For this reason, the evaporator is adjusted as seawater temperature changes and shuts down altogether when the ship is maneuvering. An alternative in some vessels, such as naval ships and passenger ships, is the use of the reverse osmosis principle for fresh-water production instead of using evaporators.

Energetic
Evaporation, or vaporization, is an endothermic phase transition process that is thoroughly understood in the field of thermodynamics. It is intimately related to the vapor pressure of the liquid and surrounding pressure, in addition to the enthalpy of vaporization.

Types of evaporators
Evaporators work using the same principle design. A heat source is in contact with the liquid causing it to evaporate. The vapor is removed entirely (like in cooking), or it is stored for reuse (like in a refrigerator) or a product for isolation (essential oil).

Rotary evaporator

Rotary evaporators use a vacuum pump to create a low pressure over a solvent while simultaneously rotating the liquid flask to increase surface area and decrease bubble size. Typically, the vapor is passed over a cold finger or coil so that the vaporized material does not damage the pump. The rotary evaporator is best used for removing solvent from solutions containing the desired product that will not vaporize at the operating pressure to separate the volatile components of a mixture from non-volatile materials.

Natural/forced circulation evaporator

Natural circulation evaporators are based on the natural circulation of the product caused by the density differences that arise from heating (convection). A chamber containing a solution is heated, and the vaporized liquid is collected in a receiving flask.

Falling film evaporator

This type of evaporator is generally made of ) tubes enclosed by steam jackets. The uniform distribution of the solution is important when using this type of evaporator. The solution enters and gains velocity as it flows downward. This gain in velocity is attributed to the vapor being evolved against the heating medium, which also flows downward. This evaporator is usually applied to highly viscous solutions, so it is frequently used in the chemical, sugar, food, and fermentation industries.

Rising film (long tube vertical) evaporator

This type of evaporator is useful in concentrating a solution. The operation is very similar to that of a calandria where the liquid is boiled inside vertical tubes by applying heat to the outside of the tubes. The produced solvent vapor presses the liquid against the walls of the tubes forming a thin film that moves upwards with the vapor. The vapor may be released from the system while the liquid may be recirculated through the evaporator to further concentrate the solute. In many cases, the tubes of a rising film evaporator are usually between 3 and 10 meters (10–33 ft) in height with a diameter of between 25 and 50 millimeters (1–2 in). Sizing this type of evaporator requires a precise evaluation of the actual level of the liquid inside the tubes and the flow rates of the vapor and film.

Climbing and falling-film plate evaporator

Climbing and falling-film plate evaporators have a relatively large surface area. The plates are usually corrugated and are supported by the frame. During evaporation, steam flows through the channels formed by the free spaces between the plates. The steam alternately climbs and falls parallel to the concentrated liquid. The steam follows a co-current, counter-current path with the liquid. The concentrate and the vapor are fed into the separation stage, where the vapor is sent to a condenser. This type of plate evaporator is frequently applied in the dairy and fermentation industries since they have spatial flexibility. A negative point of this type of evaporator is its limited ability to treat viscous or solid-containing products. There are other types of plate evaporators that work with only climbing film.

Multiple-effect evaporators

Unlike single-stage evaporators, these evaporators can be composed of up to seven evaporator stages (effects). The energy consumption for single-effect evaporators is very high and is most of the cost for an evaporation system. Putting together evaporators saves heat and thus requires less energy. Adding one evaporator to the original decreases energy consumption by 50%. Adding another effect reduces it to 33% and so on. A heat-saving-percent equation can estimate how much one will save by adding a certain number of effects.

The number of effects in a multiple-effect evaporator is usually restricted to seven because, after that, the equipment cost approaches the cost savings of the energy-requirement drop.

Two types of feeding can be used when dealing with multiple-effect evaporators:

 Forward feeding: This occurs when the product enters the system through the first effect at the highest temperature. The product is then partially concentrated as some water is transformed into vapor and carried away. It is then fed into the second effect, which is slightly lower in temperature.The second effect uses the heated vapor created in the first stage as its heat source (hence the saving in energy expenditure). The combination of lower temperatures and higher viscosity in subsequent effects provides good conditions for treating heat-sensitive products, such as enzymes and proteins. In this system, an increase in the heating surface area of subsequent effects is required.
 Backwards Feeding: In this process, the dilute products are fed into the last effect with the lowest temperature and transferred from effect to effect, with the temperature increasing. The final concentrate is collected in the hottest effect, which provides an advantage in that the product is highly viscous in the last stages, so the heat transfer is better.

In recent years, multiple-effect vacuum evaporator (with heat pump) systems have come into use. These are well known to be energetically and technically more effective than systems with mechanical vapor recompression (MVR). Due to the lower boiling temperature, they can handle highly corrosive liquids or liquids which are prone to forming incrustations.

Agitated thin film evaporators
Agitated thin-film evaporation has been very successful with difficult-to-handle products. Simply stated, the method quickly separates the volatile from the less volatile components using indirect heat transfer and mechanical agitation of the flowing product film under controlled conditions. The separation is normally made under vacuum conditions to maximize ∆T while maintaining the most favorable product temperature so that the product only sees equilibrium conditions inside the evaporator and can maximize volatile stripping and recovery.

Problems
Technical problems can arise during evaporation, especially when the process is used in the food industry. Some evaporators are sensitive to differences in viscosity and consistency of the dilute solution. These evaporators could work inefficiently because of a loss of circulation. The pump of an evaporator may need to be changed if the evaporator needs to be used to concentrate a highly viscous solution.

Fouling also occurs when hard deposits form on the surfaces of the heating mediums in the evaporators. In foods, proteins and polysaccharides can create such deposits that reduce the efficiency of heat transfer. Foaming can also create a problem since dealing with excess foam can be costly in time and efficiency. Antifoam agents are used, but only a few can be used when food is being processed.

Corrosion can also occur when acidic solutions such as citrus juices are concentrated. The surface damage caused can shorten the long life of evaporators. The quality and flavor of food can also suffer during evaporation. Overall, when choosing an evaporator, the qualities of the product solution must be taken into careful consideration.

See also
Flash evaporation
Vacuum evaporation
Centrifugal evaporator
Rotary evaporator
Vapor-compression evaporator
Evaporative cooler
Pumpable ice technology
Circulation evaporator

References

Fennema, Owen R., Marcus Karel, and Daryl B. Lund. Physical Principles of Food Preservation. Marcel Deker, Inc. New York and Basel, 1975.
Krijgsman, Ir J., Principal Scientist and Research Project Manager, Gist-brocades, Delft and Delft University of Technology, Delft, and The Netherlands. Product Recovery in Bioprocess Technology. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.

Industrial water treatment

de:Verdampfer

Evaporator


John Turner (c.1590 – winter of 1620/21) was a passenger on the historic Mayflower voyage with his two sons. Turner was also one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact.

English Origins
Turner probably came from Great Yarmouth in the county Norfolk, where there were several Turner families at that time.

Life in Leiden
Turner was a member of the Separatist church.  That was a religion that was not allowed in England.

Turner was one the original group who moved to Leiden Holland in 1610 to escape religious persecution with William Bradford and William Brewster. Turner was a merchant and a (political official) of Leiden.

Many of these people lived in Middelburg, Holland. This is located in Zeeland. Turner also delivered mail to the Separatists from their family and friends in England. Turner also brought cargoes of English pewter from London to Holland.  He also carried letters between people in Leiden and London. On June 10, 1620, Turner carried information to the congregation on the progress of their planned trip to the New World.

On the Mayflower

According to William Bradford, John Turner traveled on the Mayflower with his two sons.
Turner left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.  John Turner signed the Mayflower Compact. The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

In Plymouth
After they landed, Turner was part of the group who went out on exploratory trips to look for permanent places to live. Turner was one of the Mayflower passengers who would make first contact with the Indians.

Turner also had a daughter Elizabeth, who stayed in Leiden. She would have been one year old. Elizabeth Turner married and travelled to New England before October 1635.  She joined the Salen Church.

Death and burial
Turner and his sons died sometime in the winter of 1620/21. Turner was buried in Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth, presumably in an unmarked grave as with most Mayflower passengers who died in that first winter. Their names are all on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb on Coles Hill as "John Turner and two sons."

References

1566 births
1644 deaths
Mayflower passengers
People buried in Cole's Hill

John Turner (Mayflower passenger)


The Rozhdestveno Memorial Estate () is a writer's house museum and park near Siverskaya, Gatchinsky District, Leningrad Oblast, that commemorates the most famous owner of the estate, Vladimir Nabokov; the Batovo and Vyra estates, also immortalized by Nabokov, are nearby. As Nabokov spent part of his youth at Vyra, he visited his grandmother at Batovo and his uncle at Rozhdestveno. The Batovo mansion burned down in 1925, Vyra was destroyed in 1944, leaving Rozhdestveno as the sole survivor of the triad of estates owned by the Nabokov family.

The estate is named after the Rozhdestva Bogoroditsy Church (Church of the Nativity of Our Lady). The mansion designed in the Italian style displays six Ionic columns supporting the main facade. The roof is crowned by a rectangular belvedere. Inside, the large center hall was used for balls and formal receptions. While rooms on the ground floor served for official functions, rooms on the second floor contained the actual living quarters, while the kitchen and other household facilities were located in the basement. Stables and other estate buildings are nearby. During the nineteenth century the estate was acquired by Nabokov's grandfather Ivan Rukavishnikov, and inherited by his son, Vasiliy Ivanovich Rukavishnikov, in 1901. "Uncle Ruka" died in 1916 and bequeathed the estate along with "what would amount nowadays to a couple of million dollars" to his nephew Vladimir Nabokov. Nabokov did not enjoy his property for long. In the course of the revolution he left the Leningrad area in 1917 never to see it again.

The museum did not start as a memorial to Nabokov, when, in 1957, it began as a venue to show the local history, and was then converted into a museum of a local collective farm named after Lenin. With the presentation of photos from Nabokovs' cook the former estate owners entered the picture. In 1974 the "Museum of Local History and Tradition" moved to the manor, and ten years later it was transformed into the "Rozhdestveno Historic Literary and Memorial Museum of Vladimir Nabokov". Nabokov readings started in 1988, and the Nabokov Room was opened in 1992. Significant damage was done by a fire in 1995. While the museum commemorates Nabokov it also displays the life of Russian nobility and of the common people of the area from the final years of Imperial Russia.

Vandalism

On the 20 February 2013, vandals attacked the Nabokov Rozhdestveno Memorial Estate for promoting pedophilia. This followed a series of incidents in Saint Petersburg, in which the Nabokov house was attacked and a producer of a play based on his work was beaten.

References

See also
Nabokov House

Vladimir Nabokov
Historic house museums in Russia
Museums in Leningrad Oblast
Literary museums in Russia
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Leningrad Oblast

Rozhdestveno Memorial Estate


"The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life" was an essay by the philosopher William James, which he first delivered as a lecture to the Yale Philosophical Club, in 1891. It was later included in the collection, The Will to Believe and other Essays in Popular Philosophy.

He drew a distinction between three questions in ethics: psychological, metaphysical, casuistic.

"The psychological question asks after the historical origin of our moral ideas and judgments; the metaphysical question asks what the very meaning of the words 'good,' 'ill,' and 'obligation' are; the casuistic question asks what is the measure of the various goods and ills which men recognize, so that the philosopher may settle the true order of human obligations."

The psychological question
As James sees it, the psychological question is whether human ideas of good and evil arise from "the association of [certain ideals] with act of simple bodily pleasures and reliefs from pain." He believes that some elements of our moral sentiment do have such a source, and that Jeremy Bentham and his followers have done the world a lasting service by pointing that out.

But he doesn't believe that association and pleasure/pain calculus are adequate to account for the psychology of morality. One must also admit innate, brain-born ideas or tendencies.

In a famous passage that recalls some of Dostoyevsky's work, James wrote that "if the hypothesis were offered of a world in which Messrs Fourier's and Bellamy's and Morris' utopias should all be outdone, and millions kept permanently happy on the one simple condition that a certain lost soul on the far-off edge of things should lead a life of lonely torture," most people would feel that the enjoyment of such a utopia would be a "hideous thing" at such a cost. That feeling, he infers, must be brain born. The passage was the inspiration for Ursula K. Le Guin's short story "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas (Variations on a theme by William James)".

The metaphysical question
The gist of this section is the contention that to be good, something has to be desired, by some sentient being.

A world of only rocks would have no good or bad. A world with one thinking being in it would have plenty of good and bad—some things would work out as that being wanted them, others wouldn't. It could even have moral conflict of a sort, as that one thinker may have trouble rendering his own ideals consistent with one another.

From such considerations, James concludes that "claim" and "obligation" are two sides of the same coin. Without a claim actually made by some concrete person there can be no obligation, but there is obligation wherever there is a claim.

The casuistic question
But this resolution of the metaphysical question only makes the casuistic question (settling the true order of human obligations) seem hopelessly difficult. If everything that anyone could want of me, or that I could want from myself, be considered an obligation, then my obligations are hopelessly in conflict with one another.

"The various ideals [operating in the world] have no common character apart from the fact that they are ideals. No single abstract principle can be so used as to yield to the philosopher anything like a scientifically accurate and genuinely useful casuistic scale." How, then, shall I make choices? How shall I live?

James' answer is that history is resolving this problem for us, and our task is to co-operate in the process by which it does so, by which apparently irreconciliable demands are reconciled over time. One might say, although the terminology would be foreign to him, that he found his ethics within a pluralist meta-ethics.

Original publishing history
James, William: "The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life" -- International Journal of Ethics, volume 1, number 3 (April 1891), pp. 330–354 (Available via JSTOR)

The essay was also featured in:
James, William: The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy. First edition: Longmans, Green, 1897.

References

External links
Text of The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life

1891 essays
Essays by William James
Modern philosophical literature
Ethics essays
Metaphysics literature
Philosophy of psychology


XHTML stands for eXtensible HyperText Markup Language. It is markup used to design websites and webpages.

XHTML is much more strict than ordinary HTML, and is based on both XML and HTML. Due to the lax nature of HTML, different web browsers can sometimes display websites incorrectly since there is more than one way to interpret poorly written HTML. The strict and formal nature of XHTML, once fully adopted will allow for web browsers to display the same page correctly between them. Proper XHTML is also easier to read for humans.

For example, the below code shows one of the differences between HTML and XHTML:

Incorrect, HTML version:

Correct, XHTML version:

The line break tag in HTML does not have a closing tag, you just type it once and it creates a line break. In XHTML the rule is that tags that do not have an closing tag must close themselves within the initial tag. These tags are called "empty tags." Another empty tag is
 which inserts a "horizontal rule" or dividing line.

JavaScript Differences
In XHTML, using innerHTML is not "allowed".
XHTML also should not be used together with the JavaScript document.write command.

Related pages
 HTML

Computer file formats
Web design

XHTML


Christopher William Tindale (born 1953) is a Canadian philosopher specializing in rhetoric, argumentation theory, and ancient Greek philosophy. Tindale is an editor of the journal Informal Logic, and currently serves as the chair of the Centre for Research in Reasoning, Argumentation, and Rhetoric. He has published numerous books and articles, translated into several languages, with a focus on argumentation and rhetoric.

Career
Tindale received his PhD in philosophy from the University of Waterloo. He worked as a professor at Trent University for over twenty years, and served as Chair of the department of Ancient History and Classics for part of that time. He has been a professor at the University of Windsor since 2006.

His theoretical work stresses the experiential dimensions of argumentation, giving attention to audience reception and the role of the addressee in the argumentative situation. The cognitive environment, as the space in which conviction is experienced and then personalized in persuasion, has been developed in the work since the mid-nineties, culminating in the replacement of Perelman's notorious universal audience with this idea. This in turn has allowed for traditional rhetorical concepts like presence and ethos to be reimagined as important contemporary ideas. Such rhetorical devices are developed as a means of engaging an audience's rationality as well as referring to the specific interests or desires of that audience.
His practical work is reflected in textbooks that translate state-of-the-art research so as to inform the practice of everyday reasoning. This is to be seen in the Oxford textbook (co-authored with Leo Groarke) in its fifth edition, the work on fallacies (2007), and the original German text (2013) that is the first in that language to integrate logical and rhetorical features of argumentation. A further dimension of the practical side of his work has been the examination of conflict resolution strategies, leading to current work which applies the tools of argumentation theory to the problems of deep disagreement and extremism.

He has provided specific curricular to the Open University system in Germany (FernUniversität in Hagen) and graduate programs on other continents. His work has been translated into Chinese, French, German, Serbian, Spanish, and Russian.
He is an Advisory Editor of the University of Bologna Law Review, a general student-edited law journal published by the Department of Legal Studies of the University of Bologna.

Select books
How We Argue (Routledge, 2022)''The Anthropology of Argument: Cultural Foundations of Rhetoric and Reason (Routledge, 2021)Retórica y Teoría de la Argumentación Contemporáneas: Ensayos Escogidos de Christopher Tindale (Editorial EAFIT, 2017)The Philosophy of Argument and Audience Reception (Cambridge University Press, 2015)Grundkurs Informelle Logik: Begründen und Argumentieren im Alltag und in den Wissenschaften with Thomas Keutner (Translator) (Mentis Verlag GmbH, 2013)Good Reasoning Matters! Fifth Edition with Leo Groarke. (Oxford University Press Canada, 2013)Reason's Dark Champions: Constructive Strategies of Sophistic Argument (University of South Carolina Press, 2010)Fallacies and Argument Appraisal (Cambridge University Press, 2007)Rhetorical Argumentation (Sage, 2004)Acts of Arguing: A Rhetorical Model of Argumentation'' (SUNY, 1999)

References

Canadian philosophers
Living people
Academic staff of University of Windsor
University of Waterloo alumni
Academic staff of Trent University
Place of birth missing (living people)
1953 births

Christopher Tindale


Jamie Silberhartz is an actress noted for having appeared as Rachel Blake in The Lost Experience, an internet-based alternate-reality-game (ARG) related to the ABC television show, Lost.

She also had a recurring role as Bonnie the receptionist on the CBS television show Without a Trace and has appeared in commercials for Life Savers, Pizza Hut, and Sony.  She has also had one time roles on Ghost Whisperer, Criminal Minds, and Dexter.

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American television actresses
21st-century American women

Jamie Silberhartz


A forced marriage is a marriage which happens against the will of one or both partners. A forced marriage is different from an arranged marriage: In an arranged marriage, the parents or other third parties will help finding a suitable partner.

International human rights law including International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also prohibit unfree marriage without consent of each person.

Notes

Related pages
Child marriage
Violence against women
Marriage
Human rights abuses

Forced marriage


De Bello Hispaniensi (also  Bellum Hispaniense; On the Hispanic War; On the Spanish War) is a Latin work continuing Julius Caesar's commentaries, De Bello Gallico and De Bello Civili, and its sequels by two different unknown authors De Bello Alexandrino and De Bello Africo. It details Caesar's campaigns on the Iberian Peninsula, ending with the Battle of Munda.

Authorship

De Bello Hispaniensi is preceded by De Bello Alexandrino and  De Bello Africo. These three works end the Caesarean corpus relating Caesar's civil war. Though normally collected and bound with Caesar's authentic writings, their authorship has been debated since antiquity. One very plausible theory favors Hirtius as the author of De Bello Alexandrino (see there for details). But due to considerable differences in style, scholarly consensus has ruled out Hirtius or Julius Caesar as the authors of the two last parts. It has been suggested that these were in fact rough drafts prepared at the request of Hirtius by two separate soldiers who fought in the respective campaign; and had he survived, Hirtius would have worked them up into more effective literary form.

Regarding De Bello Hispaniensi  T. Rice Holmes writes: "Bellum Hispaniense is the worst book in Latin literature; and its text is the most deplorable. The language is generally ungrammatical and often unintelligible. The copyists performed their tasks so ill that in the forty-two paragraphs there are twenty-one gaps and six hundred corrupt passages, which Mommsen and lesser men have striven with an industry worthy of a better cause to restore."

About the author, A.G. Way ventures that "Macaulay's guess that he was some 'sturdy old centurion who fought better than he wrote' is possibly not far off the truth".

Van Hooff (1974), however, disagrees; in his view the author is more likely to have been a politician such as one of Caesar's legates Quintus Pedius or Quintus Fabius Maximus rather than a professional soldier, although not necessarily either of these, since the writer shows experience of African customs and so had probably visited Africa. At any rate, the work is interesting for the fact that it gives a contemporary view of Caesar not written by Caesar himself.

Storch (1977) also disagrees. In his view the author was almost certainly a cavalry officer present in the war. He points out that "the writer of the Bellum Hispaniense had an unusual interest in cavalry. The most obvious examples relate to his continued reporting of cavalry skirmishes even when of ridiculously minor importance." In this the book is markedly different from Caesar's own commentaries and the de Bello Alexandrino, in which details of cavalry numbers and actions are few. From the detailed descriptions of topography, the information about the weather, and the numbers of casualties recorded even when very small, it is clear that he was also an eye-witness to the events described.

A recent computer-assisted stylistic analysis by Zhang and others (2018) of the five works in the Caesarian corpus confirms that books 1–7 of the Gallic War and 1–3 of the Civil War were written by the same author (presumably Caesar himself), but book 8 of the Gallic War, and the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish War commentaries appear to differ in style not only from Caesar's own works but also from each other.

See also
 Commentarii de Bello Gallico
 Commentarii de Bello Civili
 De Bello Alexandrino
 De Bello Africo
 Caesar's civil war for an account of the campaign

Further reading
Storch, R. H. (1977). "The Author of the de Bello Hispansiensi: A Cavalry Officer?". Acta Classica, Vol. 20 (1977), pp. 201–204.
Van Hooff, Anton J. L. (1974). "The Caesar of the Bellum Hispaniense". Mnemosyne, Fourth Series, Vol. 27, Fasc. 2 (1974), pp. 123–138. (JSTOR)
Zhang, Olivia R., Trevor Cohen & Scott McGill. "Did Gaius Julius Caesar Write De Bello Hispaniensi? A Computational Study of Latin Classics Authorship". HUMAN IT 14.1 (2018): 28–58

References

External links

 Latin text at Wikisource

Latin works about history
History books about Spain
Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
History books about Portugal
Depictions of Julius Caesar in literature
History books about ancient Rome

De Bello Hispaniensi


Madieng Khary Dieng (21 November 1932 – 27 November 2020) was a Senegalese politician. He was a member of the Socialist Party. He was a government minister several times during Abdou Diouf's presidency. Dieng was Minister of the Interior from 1991 to 1993. He also was an Ambassador to The Gambia from 1996 to 1998

Dieng was born in Coki, Senegal. He died on 27 November 2020 in Rabat, Morocco at the age of 88.

References

1932 births
2020 deaths
Senegalese politicians
Ambassadors

Madieng Khary Dieng