Joseph Harmatz (; 23 January 1925 – 22 September 2016) was a Lithuanian Jew who fought as a partisan during World War II. After the war, he joined Nakam and plotted acts of revenge that were aimed at killing Nazis and other Germans to avenge Jewish deaths during the Holocaust. After emigrating to Israel, he headed World ORT, a Jewish non-profit organization that promotes education and training in communities around the world.

Early life
Born into a prosperous family in Rokiškis, Lithuania, on 23 January 1925, Harmatz was transferred to the Vilnius Ghetto, together with his family, after the occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany. His youngest brother and all of his grandparents were killed and his older brother died during a military action. His despondent father committed suicide. Left alone with his mother at the age of 16, Harmatz left the ghetto through the sewers and joined a band of guerrillas fighting the Nazis.

Nakam
After the war, Harmatz became part of Nakam (Hebrew for Revenge), a group of 50 former underground fighters led by Abba Kovner that was dedicated to efforts to avenge the deaths of the six million Jewish victims of Nazi extermination efforts in the Holocaust. Harmatz told The Observer in 1998 that the goal of Nakam was the death of as many Germans as possible, with the group planning "to kill six million Germans, one for every Jew slaughtered by the Germans", acknowledging that the effort "was revenge, quite simply. Were we not entitled to our revenge, too?"

Harmatz and his associates targeted Stalag XIII-D, a prisoner-of-war camp built on what had been the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg, that was being used to intern 12,000 members of the SS, many of whom had been involved in running concentration camps and other aspects of the Final Solution, Nazi Germany's policy of deliberate and systematic genocide across German-occupied Europe. In April 1946, a member of the group got a job as a baker and used arsenic to poison 3,000 loaves of bread that were to be fed to the prisoners. Nearly 2,000 prisoners were sickened; they were described in The New York Times as being "seriously ill", though American authorities thought that the arsenic had got onto the crust of the bread by accident and had been used as an insecticide. United States Army investigators found enough arsenic to have killed 60,000 people and Nakam claimed several hundred victims, but declassified documents obtained by Associated Press in 2016 stated there were no casualties. Harmatz's son would later say that his father had no regret for his attempts to kill these Germans, saying that he was only "sorry that it didn't work". In his 1998 book From the Wings, Harmatz alleged that the poisoning plot had the approval of Chaim Weizmann, though David Ben-Gurion and Zalman Shazar were both against the plan.

An earlier attempt to poison the water in a number of German cities failed after Kovner was arrested by British forces on a ship on which the poison had been hidden, and had been thrown overboard to prevent its capture. According to his son, Harmatz was thankful in retrospect that the plot to poison the water supplies in German cities had failed, saying that it would have harmed efforts to create an incipient State of Israel and would have led to charges of moral equivalence between actions of Germans and Jews. Another effort to kill Nazi war criminals on trial at Nuremberg failed when the group was unable to find any U.S. Army guards willing to participate.

Later life
After emigrating to Israel in 1950, Harmatz worked to aid Jews resettling from countries around the world. From 1960 to 1994, he headed World ORT, a Jewish non-profit organization that promotes education and training in communities around the world.

A resident of Tel Aviv, Harmatz died on 22 September 2016, at his home at the age of 91. He was survived by two sons.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
Lithuanian Jews
People from Rokiškis
People from Tel Aviv
Vilna Ghetto inmates
Jewish partisans
Lithuanian emigrants to Israel
Nakam

Joseph Harmatz


Martha Stewart (born Martha Helen Kostyra, August 3, 1941) is an American entrepreneur, author, and media personality. Stewart is famous for the Martha Stewart Living TV show and magazine. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey to Polish-American parents.

In 2004, Stewart was convicted of obstructing justice and lying to investigators about a stock sale. She served five months in a West Virginia prison. She was on ABC but moved to another channel. In May 2018, President Donald Trump said he was thinking about pardoning Stewart for her charges.

References

1941 births
Living people
American fraudsters
Businesspeople from New Jersey
American billionaires
Television personalities from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
American bloggers

Martha Stewart


Patrick Miller (died 26 February 1845) was a Scottish officer in the British Army and a politician. He sat in the  House of Commons of Great Britain from 1790 to 1796.

He was the son of Patrick Miller of Dalswinton, an Edinburgh banker.  He was a nephew of Sir Thomas Miller, 1st Baronet  and a first cousin of William Miller (1755–1846).

He became a captain the in 14th Dragoons in 1789, and was with his regiment in Ireland when he was elected at the 1790 general election as the MP for Dumfries Burghs. The election was fiercely contested, with Miller's patron the 4th Duke of Queensberry spending over £8,000, while rival candidate Sir James Johnstone spent over £12,000
(equivalent to £ in ).
Johnstone lodged a petition, but Miller's election was upheld on 1 April 1791.

Miller left the army in 1791, and although he does not appear to have spoken in Parliament, he did vote in divisions. However, his record was inconsistent, as he followed the shifting politics of his patron Queensberry.

He did not stand for re-election in the 1796 general election. In 1806 he wrote to Charles Fox seeking his support for a re-entry to Parliament, and apologising for his previous erratic conduct. He explained that this was due to Queensberry's "silly and selfish views", but his efforts were unsuccessful.

References

Year of birth unknown
1845 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies
British MPs 1790–1796
14th King's Hussars officers

Patrick Miller (politician)


The Malian Party of Labour (French: Parti malien du travail, PMT) is a Marxist-Leninist party in Mali and a member of the coalition supporting the Alliance for Democracy in Mali of president Amadou Toumani Touré. Founded in 1965, it was prominent in the student resistance to the 1968-1991 military regime of General Moussa Traoré. It continues as an extra-parliamentary Hoxhaist-Communist faction within the Social-Democratic ADEMA-PASJ coalition, supporters of the Alliance for Democracy and Progress.

Formation
The PMT was a Marxist-Leninist outgrowth of the Parti africain d'Independence (PAI-Soudan), founded in 1958, itself collaborating with the US-RDA of Modibo Keita. The PMT formed a separate entity in 1965, and was even during the RDA period a semi-clandestine organisation.

Under military rule
The group began to gain prominence only after the 1968 coup by General Moussa Traoré. From 1968, the PMT was one of the most active of underground opposition to the Military regime, and especially drew from student groups. The PMT was one group that had been involved in the leftist Union Nationale des Élèves et Étudiants du Mali (UNEEM), which the regime of Moussa Traoré replaced with a state controlled organisation, the Union Nationale des Jeunes du Mali (UNJM). The PMT and other elements of the UNEEM—those who had prodded the RDA government from the left like the PMT, and those that had been part of the ruling RD, became the basis for much internal resistance to the military. This mostly took place in the form of labour struggles, propaganda, and the printing and distribution of illicit newspapers and pasting of anti-government placards in the streets of Mali's cities.

Underground activism
Prominent PMT activists in the 1960s and 1970s included Abdrahamane Baba Touré (A PAI founder), Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga, and Cheick Moctary Diarra, who at the same time was a prominent government journalist. The last two were both graduates of the Senegalese CESTI University program, a breeding ground for resistants to the government while outside Mali. Other prominent activists included Yaya Maïga, Aly Sankaré, Hamidou Ongoïba, Aboubacar Oumar Maïa, and Ali Nouhoum Diallo. Some elements of the PMT entered the government as clandestine Communists, including Dr. NGolo Traoré and the future Prime Minister of Mali, Alpha Oumar Konaré, who joined the Military government as Labour Minister from 1978 to 1980.

Coalitions
On 20 January 1986 at Thiaroye Senegal the PMT joined a coalition with the underground former youth wing of the RDA, the Malian Party for Revolution and Democracy (le Parti Malien pour la Révolution et la Démocratie PMRD) and the French-based  Democratic Peoples Front of Mali (Front Démocratique et Populaire Malien FDPM).  This new group was called the  National Democratic Peoples Front (Front National Démocratique et Populaire FNDP). They were joined by other clandestine groups, including the Groupe Tiémoko Garan Kouyaté. In 1990, the remnants of the RDA also joined, forming the Alliance for Democracy in Mali (ADEMA-PASJ), the political coalition that penned a famous 7 August 1990 open letter demanding General Traoré step down and was heavily involved in the 1991 popular unrest overthrew of his regime.

Post 1991
The PMT continued as a Hoxhaist-Communist faction within the ADEMA-PASJ coalition.  In 2007, former PMT leader, 2002 presidential candidate and then ADEMA vice-president Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga openly opposed their support of the ruling Alliance for Democracy and Progress of president Amadou Toumani Touré.  On 24–25 February 2007 ADEMA-PASJ delegates voted to expel Boubèye Maïga, along with former PMT members Issa Diarra, Ibrahima Kantao, Binta Yattassaye and Oumar Ag El Méhidi.

References

Abderhamane Baba Touré and Kadari Bamba. La Contribution du Parti malien du travail (PMT) à l'instauration de la démocratie au Mali. Bamako, Editions Jamana (2001)

Communist parties in Mali
Hoxhaist parties
Political parties in Mali

Malian Party of Labour


The 39th Battalion, CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War.

History
The 39th Battalion was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 17 June 1915. It provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field until 4 January 1917, when its personnel were absorbed by the 6th Reserve Battalion, CEF. The battalion was subsequently disbanded on 17 July 1917.

The 39th Battalion recruited in Eastern Ontario was mobilized at Belleville, Ontario.

The 39th battalion had one Officer Commanding, Lt-Col. A.V. Preston from 24 June 1915 to 4 January 1917.

The 39th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1915–17.

Perpetuation
The 39th Battalion CEF is perpetuated by The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment.

See also

 List of infantry battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force

References

Sources
Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914-1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962

External links

039
Military units and formations of Ontario
Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment
Midland Regiment

39th Battalion, CEF


Acacia disparrima, also commonly known as southern salwood, is a shrub or tree belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae that is native to north eastern Australia.

Description
The shrub typically grows to a height of  or a small tree typically grows to a maximum height of  and sometimes as high as  It has grey-brown fissured bark and slender branchlets that are angled at the extremities. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The glabrous pale green to dark grey green phyllodes are dimidiate and curved like a sickle with a length of  and a width of . The phyllodes have many parallel longitudinal nerves with four to seven per millimetre. It blooms between January and May producing inflorescences that occur singly or in pairs in the axils, the cylindrical flower-heads have a length of  with flowers that are a pale yellow to lemon yellow colour. The glabrous and resinous seed pods are straight to moderately curved and usually twisted. The woody pods are  in length and  wide with thickened margins. The seeds inside are arranged transversely and have a creamy grey to grey funicle that is folded.

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanists W.M.McDonald and Bruce Maslin in 2000 as part of the work Taxonomic revision of the salwoods: Acacia aulacocarpa Cunn. ex Benth. and its allies (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae: section Juliflorae) as published in the journal Australian Systematic Botany. The species was reclassified as Racosperma disparrimum by Leslie Pedley in 2003 then returned to genus Acacia in 2006. Other synonyms include Acacia aulacocarpa var. macrocarpa and Acacia leucadendron.
It is closely related to Acacia aulacocarpa with which it is often confused.

Distribution
It is endemic to the coastal regions of Queensland and northern New South Wales extending into the adjacent tablelands of the east in northern Queensland. In New South Wales it occurs as far south as the Bellinger River where it is found along the edges of rainforest and behind coastal sand dunes as a part of wet sclerophyll forest and sclerophyll woodland communities.

See also
List of Acacia species

References

disparrima
Flora of Queensland
Flora of New South Wales
Taxa named by Bruce Maslin
Plants described in 2000

Acacia disparrima


Virginia Fair Vanderbilt (January 2, 1875 – July 7, 1935) was an American socialite, hotel builder/owner, philanthropist, owner of Fair Stable, a Thoroughbred racehorse operation, and a member of the prominent Vanderbilt family by marriage.

Early life
Virginia was born on January 2, 1875, in San Francisco, California. She was the daughter of James Graham Fair (1831–1894) and his wife, Theresa Rooney (1838–1891). Her parents divorced when she was six. She was known throughout her life as "Birdie".  She had three siblings, Theresa Fair Oelrichs, James Fair Jr. (1861–1892), and Charles Lewis Fair (1867–1902).

Her father, James Graham Fair, was an Irish immigrant who made a fortune from mining the Comstock Lode and the Big Bonanza mine in Virginia City and Carson City, Nevada respectively. A United States Senator from Nevada from 1881 to 1887, James Graham Fair died in 1894, leaving his daughter a fortune.

Society life

In 1899, Birdie Vanderbilt and her sister Theresa "Tessie" Fair Oelrichs built the Rosecliff mansion in Newport, Rhode Island. In 1902, the sisters began construction of the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco but sold their interests in 1906, days before the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. However, following the death of her husband, Tessie Fair Oelrichs repurchased the property in 1908, retaining ownership until 1924. In 1910, Birdie set up the Virginia Fair Legacy Fund that rebuilt and endowed the Holy Family Day Home, a Roman Catholic school residence for children in San Francisco that had been damaged by the 1906 earthquake.

Birdie Vanderbilt also spent considerable time in Paris, France, where tragedy struck in 1902 when her brother Charles and his wife were killed in an automobile accident. In 1920, her estranged husband, who also maintained a home in the Parisian suburb of Passy, inherited the Haras du Quesnay Thoroughbred breeding farm and racing stable near Deauville in France's famous horse region of Lower Normandy. Interested in horse racing herself, Birdie established her own racing stable in the United States. Named Fair Stable, she met with great success with the Thoroughbred Sarazen, who earned back-to-back U.S. Horse of the Year honors in 1924 and 1925 and would be inducted into the United States' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

In 1933, tragedy struck her family again when her 26-year-old son, William Kissam Vanderbilt III, was killed in an automobile accident in South Carolina while driving home to New York City from his father's Florida estate.

Personal life

On March 26, 1899, Virginia Graham Fair married William Kissam Vanderbilt II, a sportsman and president of the New York Central Railroad.  They spent their honeymoon at the Idle Hour estate but disaster struck when fire broke out and the mansion burned to the ground.  They settled in a mansion at 666 Fifth Avenue in New York City and had three children before their separation and divorce:

 Muriel Vanderbilt (1900–1972), who married three times, the first in 1925 to Frederic Cameron Church Jr.  She later married Henry Delafield Phelps in 1931. They divorced in 1936, and in 1944 she married John Payson Adams.
 Consuelo Vanderbilt (1903–2011), who first married Earl E. T. Smith (1903–1991), the U.S. Ambassador to Cuba, in 1926.  They divorced in 1935 and she was married to Henry Gassaway Davis III, who was recently divorced from her cousin, Grace Vanderbilt. They divorced in 1940 and she married William John Warburton in 1941. They divorced in 1946 and in 1951, she married Noble Clarkson Earl Jr. (1900–1969).
 William Kissam Vanderbilt III (1907–1933), who inherited his father's love of fast cars and exotic travel was killed in an automobile accident in South Carolina while driving home to New York City from his father's Florida estate.

The couple separated around 1909, but because she was a devout Roman Catholic and they had been married by the Church, they did not formally divorce until 1927, when her husband wanted to remarry.  After their separation, she continued to use the Vanderbilt name but also did much under her maiden name. She began dividing her time between homes in Manhattan, Jericho, Long Island, and in her native California. Her mansion at 60 East 93rd Street later became the Permanent Mission of Romania to the United Nations, then part of the Lycée Français de New York until 2000, when it was sold to be converted back to a private residence.

She died in Manhattan from pneumonia on July 7, 1935. She is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

References

External links

 Newsday article on Willie K and Virginia Vanderbilt
 The Virginia Fair Legacy Fund

1875 births
1935 deaths
American socialites
American hoteliers
American philanthropists
American racehorse owners and breeders
American people of Irish descent
American Roman Catholics
New York (state) Republicans
Virginia Fair
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Deaths from pneumonia in New York City

Virginia Fair Vanderbilt


La Zone is a music venue for alternative and underground music in Liège, Belgium . It's located in Outremeuse, the island in the middle of Liège and is hosting a wide variety of musical bands from everywhere in the world, as well as theatre, exhibitions, workshops.

With a mere capacity of 200, La Zone has been more and more successful throughout its existence and has now acquired a firmly established reputation for good fun and good discoveries in music thanks to the low entry prices which are offered.

The facility offers a wide range of musical styles from hardcore punk to ethno jazz. In fact, La Zone is only responsible for 1/5 of the annual 60 gigs, as the rest is programmed by outside collectives, making La Zone a place of public interest which can be used by any alternative collective looking for a venue for its gigs.

La Zone has become the regular headquarters of a number of different associations, most of which have different means of promotion. It also distributes CDs, records, and magazines for those groups which do not have commercial promotion and prefer to do it themselves (DIY ) and retain control of their own releases. It was the home venue of Hiatus.

Many side projects exist, such as their file on SABAM (the Belgian Author's Rights Society), an annual  short films festival and a monthly Slam scene.

See also
 List of concert halls

External links
 Official La Zone Web Site

Rock music venues
1991 establishments in Belgium
Concert halls in Belgium
Music venues in Belgium
Music venues completed in 1991

La Zone


Orthetrum microstigma is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical swamps.

References

Libellulidae
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Insects described in 1911

Orthetrum microstigma


Chaturanga is the earliest known form of chess, 6th century AD.

This precursor of modern chess originated in the northern Indian subcontinent during the Gupta empire. 'Chaturanga' translates as 'the four divisions', meaning infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry. They were the four divisions of an Indian army at the time, and no doubt the game was thought of as a war-game. At that time the game had no female piece: what we now call the queen was called Mantri, meaning a minister or advisor.

The game eventually spread to the rest of the world after the Muslim conquest of Persia. It was then called Shatranj.

From the beginning until the end of the 15th century the pieces we call bishops and queens had limited movement, and it took longer to get the pieces into action. In modern chess, the original pieces evolved into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively.p173; p74

References

Chess variants
6th-century works

Chaturanga


Adriano Goldman is a Brazilian television director and cinematographer born in São Paulo, Brazil. He won "Excellence in Cinematography Award: Dramatic"  during the 2009 Sundance Film Festival for his cinematography in Cary Joji Fukunaga's 2009 film Sin Nombre.

His first short, Is Reinaldo Still Swimming?, won top prize at both the São Paulo Fotoptica Video Festival and the Havana Film Festival (Festival Internacional del Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano) in Havana, Cuba.

Goldman worked in music videos and commercials, and filmed a number of musical concerts, particularly with MTV Brasil, where he directed the inaugural acoustic program "Unplugged". His video of Sepultura's "Orgasmatron," won the International Viewer's Choice Award at the MTV Video Music Awards.

He also won three ABC Trophies for Rede Globo/O2 Filmes hit series City of Men (winning 2002 ABC Trophy for Best Cinematography in a Television Series) as well as for Sons of Carnival (Filhos do Carnaval) directed by Cao Hamburger and for cinematography of Hamburger's The Year My Parents Went on Vacation (O Ano em Que Meus Pais Sairam de Férias).

For his work on the Netflix series The Crown, he won a Primetime Emmy Award  in the category of Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (One Hour) in the 70th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.

Filmography

Film

Television

External links

Brazilian cinematographers
Brazilian television directors
Living people
Sundance Film Festival award winners
Year of birth missing (living people)

Adriano Goldman


Kim Chaek (Korea:김책, 金策; 14 August 1903 – January 31 1951) was a North Korean resistance activist, military leader, politician and poet. His realname was Kim Hong-gye(김홍계, 金洪啓). First Industry Minister of DPRK, September 2 1948 to January 31 1951. He was military leader of North Korea in the time of Korean War.

In his child years, his family went to Manchuria after 1926, he joined to communist organization. In 1925, he was study to Dongheung Middle school, but in 1927, dropped out of Middle School. In 1930s he was in a communist military organization and friend of Soviet Union. In September 2, 1948, he was appointed to Industry Minister of DPRK, until his death. In January 31, 1951, he died in battle at the time of Korean war, in Pyongyang. His death cause was myocardial infarction or wartime bombing.

References

1903 births
1951 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
North Korean politicians

Kim Chaek


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Loudoun County, Virginia.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.

There are 97 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 6 National Historic Landmarks.  Another property was once listed but has been removed.

Current listings

|}

Former listing

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia

References

Loudoun


The Dahlonega Mint was a former branch of the United States Mint built during the Georgia Gold Rush to help the miners get their gold assayed and minted, without having to travel to the Philadelphia Mint.  It was located at (34°31.8′N 83°59.2′W ) in Dahlonega, Lumpkin County, Georgia. Coins produced at the Dahlonega Mint bear the "D" mint mark. That mint mark is used today by the Denver Mint, which opened in 1906, over four decades after the Dahlonega Mint closed. All coins from the Dahlonega Mint are gold, in the $1, $2.50, $3, and $5 denominations, and bear dates in the range 1838–1861.

Creation
The Mint Act of 1835, established by the United States Congress on 3 March, established "one branch at the city of New Orleans for the coinage of gold and silver; one branch at the town of Charlotte...for the coinage of gold only; and one branch at or near Dahlonega, in Lumpkin County, in the state of Georgia, also for the coinage of gold only."

Ignatius Alphonso Few, appointed commissioner, bought ten acres south of Dahlonega for $1,050 (equal to $ today) in August 1835, and hired the architect Benjamin Towns, the lowest bidder at $33,450 (equal to $ today), to construct the mint within eighteen months.  Mint machinery was installed in 1837, which included "cutting presses, a fly wheel, a drawing frame, a crank shaft, a coining press, and eighteen annealing pans."  The coining press could make "fifty to sixty gold coins per minute."

Superintendent Dr. Joseph Singleton, opened the mint in February 1838.  About a thousand ounces of gold were deposited in the first week, and the first coins consisting of eighty five-dollar gold pieces, were minted on 17 April.

Production

The mint produced coins every year from 1838 through 1861. Denominations produced included $1.00; $2.50 (quarter eagles); $3.00 (1854 only); and $5.00 (half eagles).

The Civil War
When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, the Dahlonega Mint was seized by the Confederates. It is believed that after the Confederates took over the mint in 1861, that some gold dollars and half eagles were minted under the authority of the Confederate States Government. The exact number of 1861-D gold dollars produced is unknown, while approximately 1,597 1861-D half eagles were struck.  Because of their relatively low mintage, all Dahlonega-minted gold coins are rare. It is generally accepted that gold coins estimated to exceed $6 million were minted here.

Post Civil War
After the end of the Civil War, The United States Government decided against reopening the mint. The building was unused until the founding of North Georgia College in 1873. The mint building was used as the main academic and administrative building for the college until a fire destroyed the original building in December 1878. A new building for the college was erected on the foundations of the old mint building. This building is now named Price Memorial Hall after William P. Price, the founder of the college, and is still used by the college today.

Gold leaf from this area also covers the exterior of the domed roof over the rotunda of the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. Local media often refer to the state legislature's activities as what's going on "under the gold dome". After the capitol building was gold leafed citizens of Dahlonega began a campaign to gold leaf Price Memorial Hall after the same fashion as the capitol.

For other United States Mint facilities, see Historical United States mints.

Superintendents
Six men acted as Superintendent of the Dahlonega Mint.
Joseph Singleton, 1838–1841
Paul Rossignol, 1841–1843
James Fairlie Cooper, 1843–1849
Anderson Redding, 1849–1853
Julius Patton, 1853–1860
George Kellogg, 1860–1861

See also

Historical United States mints
California gold coinage

References

Further reading
Georgia Historical Marker
Winter, Douglas "Gold Coins of the Dahlonega Mint" 1997.  DWN Publishing

External links

U.S. Mint
'Thar's Gold in Them Thar Hills': Gold and Gold Mining in Georgia, 1830s-1940s from the Digital Library of Georgia

1837 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia Gold Rush
United States Mint
Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
Mints of the United States
Lumpkin County, Georgia

Dahlonega Mint


Toktu () was the ruler of Bulgaria between 766 and 767.

The Byzantine chronicler, Patriarch Nikephoros, records that Toktu was "a Bulgarian, and a brother of Bayan". Although this suggests that Bayan was a man of some importance, nothing more is definitely known about Toktu's basis of support. Toktu is assumed to have been a member of that faction of the Bulgarian nobility which advocated a hostile policy towards the Byzantine Empire. However, before Toktu managed to implement any recorded policy, he was faced with a rebellion and attempted to flee the country. Unlike his predecessor Sabin, Toktu tried to flee northwards, but was caught and killed together with his brother Bayan and their supporters near the Danube.

The 17th century Volga Bulgar compilation Cäğfär Taríxı (a work of disputed authenticity) represents Azan Tokta (i.e., Toktu) as the son of the otherwise unattested Kermek, who was a son of the former Bulgarian monarch Suvar (i.e., Sevar of Bulgaria).

See also
History of Bulgaria
Bulgarians

References

 Mosko Moskov, Imennik na bălgarskite hanove (novo tălkuvane). Sofia, 1988.
 Jordan Andreev, Ivan Lazarov, Plamen Pavlov, Koj koj e v srednovekovna Bălgarija. Sofia, 1999.
 (primary source), Bahši Iman, Džagfar Tarihy, vol. III, Orenburg 1997.

8th-century births
767 deaths
8th-century murdered monarchs
Murdered Bulgarian monarchs
8th-century Bulgarian monarchs

Toktu of Bulgaria


An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen was passed by the 5th Congress.  It was signed by President John Adams on July 16, 1798.  The Act authorized the deduction of twenty cents per month from the wages of seamen, for the sole purpose of funding medical care for sick and disabled seamen, as well as building additional hospitals for the treatment of seamen.  While some argue this is the first Federal individual mandate levied on individuals for health insurance, preceding the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), passed in early 2010, by nearly 212 years; others would point to the fact that this law solely regulated employers engaged in interstate and foreign commerce, and was enacted as a matter of national security.

Legislative history

The bill was introduced into the House of Representatives by a committee appointed for the purpose on February 28, 1798, and read the first and second time that day. After some consideration, the bill was referred back to committee and on April 6, 1798, an amended bill was reported to the House of Representatives and read the first and second time that day. On April 9, 1798, the bill was amended, engrossed and read the third time and on April 12, 1798, the bill was passed and sent to the Senate for concurrence.

The bill was received in the Senate on April 12, 1798, and read the first time. The bill received its second reading the following day and was referred to committee. The bill was reported from committee with amendments on June 19, 1798. The bill was amended, read the third time and passed by the Senate on July 14, 1798, and sent back to the House of Representatives for concurrence in the amendments.

The bill was received in the House of Representatives on July 14, 1798, and the Senate amendments were approved the same day. On July 16, 1798, the bill was duly enrolled and transmitted to President John Adams, who signed it into law the same day.

Description and purpose of the legislation

Section one of the Act directed each master of a vessel of the United States arriving from a foreign port into any port of the United States to pay to the Collector at the arrival port twenty cents per month from each seaman on board the vessel, which sum he was authorized to withhold from the wages of said seamen. Section two of the Act forbid Collectors from renewing the license of vessels in the coasting trade unless the master of said vessel complied with the provisions of the Act and provided a penalty of a one hundred dollar fine for a master's failure to comply. Section three of the Act directed Collectors to deliver funds collected under the Act to the Secretary of the Treasury on a quarterly basis.  It further authorized the President of the United States to use the funds for the treatment of sick and disabled seamen in existing hospitals and facilities. Section four of the Act authorized and directed the President of the United States to use surplus funds collected under the Act to build additional hospitals at the ports of the United States. Section five of the Act authorized the President to appoint directors for each port, to direct the spending of funds at each port and to account for the use of said funds. The directors were appointed solely by the President and served at his pleasure.

References

External links
Link to full text of the Act at the Library of Congress

1798 in American law
United States federal disability legislation
United States federal admiralty and maritime legislation
1798 in American politics
5th United States Congress
Individual mandates


Giovanni Battista Verger (1796 – after 1844) was an Italian operatic tenor and impresario. He particularly excelled in the operas of Gioachino Rossini and Gaetano Donizetti.

Biography
Born in Rome, Verger studied singing in his native city before making his professional opera debut at the Royal Opera House, Valletta in 1817. At his debut a critic wrote, "Verger tenori sarà uno dei primi d'Italia". He came back to Italy in 1819 to sing at the Teatro San Samuele as Carlo in the premiere of Donizetti's Pietro il grande. From this point on he arose at the great stages of the Italian peninsula, having tremendous success throughout the 1820s and 1830s in roles from both the lyrical and dramatic repertoire. He became known as one of the greatest Rossini interpreters of his day, and Rossini himself greatly valued his voice.

Verger was committed to La Scala from 1824–1826, giving lauded performances there in such Rossini roles as Argirio in Tancredi, Torvaldo in Torvaldo e Dorliska, Rodrigo in La donna del lago, and Idreno in Semiramide. Other roles he portrayed at that house included Carlo in Giovanni Pacini's Il barone di Dolsheim, Zepiro in Peter von Winter's Maometto II, Duca di Lavarenne in Giacomo Meyerbeer's Margherita di Anjou, Capellio in Nicola Vaccai's Giulietta e Romeo, and a role in Ferdinando Paër's Camilla. He also participated in the world premieres of Giuseppe Nicolini's Aspasia ed Argide (1824, Diamante), Carlo Evasio Soliva's Elena e Malvina (1824, Enrico), and Michele Carafa's Il Sonnambulo (1824, Ruggiero).

In 1827 Verger sang the title role in the world premiere of Donizetti's Olivo e Pasquale at the Teatro Valle in Rome. In 1828 he was committed to the Teatro Comunale di Bologna where he was heard as Cleomenes in Rossini's Assedio di Corinto and Antenore in Rossini's Zelmira. He also appeared that year as Seide in the world premiere of Donizetti's Alina, regina di Golconda at the Teatro Carlo Felice in Genoa. In 1829 he sang in the world premieres of Carlo Coccia's Rosmonda" and Pietro Generali's Francesca da Rimini, both at La Fenice. In 1832 he portrayed the role of Odone in the premiere of Saverio Mercadante's I normanni a Parigi at the Teatro Regio di Torino.

Verger's stage career began to slow down in the mid-1830s as he became more involved with work as an impresario. He was particularly active in organizing opera performances in Barcelona at the Teatro Principal. His last known stage performance was at that house in 1844 in the title role of the premiere of Josep Piqué i Cerveró's Ernesto, duca di Sicilia.

Verger's second wife was the contralto Amalia Brambilla (1811–80), who came from a famous Italian family of opera singers. From this marriage several children were produced, including the baritone Napoleone Verger and mezzo-soprano Maria Verger, both of whom had significant careers on the stage. He spent his retirement in Palermo.

References

1796 births
19th-century deaths
Italian operatic tenors
Singers from Rome
19th-century Italian male opera singers

Giovanni Battista Verger


The Curtiss-Reid Courier was designed in Canada in 1931 as a specialist, non-passenger carrying, mailplane capable of maintaining services in Canada's hard winters. The 1930s depression led to the end of government subsidised airmail contracts and only one prototype flew.  It was lost in 1933 during preparations for a private, long distance flight.

Design
The Reid Aircraft co. was established in February 1928 by W.T. Reid in Montreal but purchased by the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company in December 1928. The renamed Curtiss-Reid Aircraft Company remained in Montreal. In early 1931 all government airmail contracts were threatened with cancellation because of the worsening economic conditions but J.A.D. McCurdy, the head of Curtiss-Reid hoped that a specialised mailplane, economical and able to fly in Canada's harsh winters, might find approval.

The Courier (Courrier in French) was a parasol wing aircraft. Its wing was in three parts: two outer panels, straight-edged in plan with constant chord and square tips, swept at 4° and with about 4° of dihedral, and a small trapezoidal centre-section of shorter chord. This latter was a metal structure which also served as a fuel tank. The outer panels were each built around two wooden spars and duralumin ribs. Like the rest of the Courier, the wings were fabric covered. Its  Frise type ailerons were balanced both statically and aerodynamically.

The wing was braced to the lower fuselage on each side with V-struts to the spars and the central-section joined to the upper fuselage on steel cabane struts. The outer panels folded back along the fuselage for storage or transport on outward leaning rear hinges which placed the trailing edge of the folded wing above that of the centre-section. Short, telescopic struts supported the wings during the folding process.

The Courier was powered by a  de Havilland Gipsy III, a four-cylinder air-cooled inverted inline engine, driving a two-bladed propeller. Its oil-cooler was placed under the engine where, in winter, engine heat could keep the oil fluid. The Courier's fuselage was roughly quadrilateral in section and built on welded steel tube Warren girder frames, though the upper decking was rounded. Mail was contained within a  compartment immediately behind the engine with a weight limit of .  An open but heated cockpit was placed aft of the trailing edge, the pilot's upward vision enhanced by the short chord centre-section. At the rear, tailplane and elevators, nearly rectangular in plan, were mounted on top of the fuselage. The Courier could be trimmed by adjusting the angle of incidence of the tailplane. The fin and rudder were tall and rounded; the latter extended down to the keel and worked in a cut-out between the elevators.

The Courier had split-axle, tailskid landing gear with its bent axles articulated from a small pyramid of steel tubes from the fuselage underside centre-line and with drag struts back to the centre-line. Another, longitudinal, tube from the drag struts' meeting point braced the pyramid. Long-travel oleo struts to the upper fuselage, medium pressure tyres and a track of  assisted landings on rough ground. The wheels were enclosed in fairings and equipped with brakes. Its tailskid, which protruded from the extreme fuselage tail, also had an oleo shock absorber.  The Courier could also be flown as a floatplane after replacing the main gear with a pair of Edo single-stepped floats.

Operational history
The Courier was flown for the first time in mid-January 1932 from Cartierville by Pete Vachon.  An attempt to interest Canadian Airways, the biggest airmail carrier, failed and Curtiss-Reid had to abandon hopes of production.  Efforts to interest the Royal Canadian Air Force also failed, though the sole prototype was flown to Ottawa where official air force performance tests were conducted. For unknown reasons, their speeds were about 10% slower than the manufacturer's.

Though the Courier handled well, as demonstrated on a long flight to Charlottetown on Prince Edward Island as part of the Maritime Air Tour, the depressed economy made it hard to sell to clubs or individuals. In February 1933 it was sold to a private owner for a long distance flight. Fairchild fitted it with extra tanks for fuel and oil, increasing fuel capacity by factor of 5.5 and loaded weight by 52%. Fairchild's chief pilot, Bernard Martin had been hired to test fly the modified Courier but on his second flight on 17 June 1933 it spun in on landing approach, killing Martin and destroying the aircraft.

Specifications
Manufacturer's figures. Their speeds were higher than those determined in RCAF tests.

References

Mailplanes
1930s Canadian civil aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932

Curtiss-Reid Courier


Lynne Sharon Schwartz (born March 19, 1939) is an American prose and poetry writer.

Biography
Schwartz grew up in Brooklyn, the second of three children of Jack M. Sharon, a lawyer and accountant, and Sarah Slatus Sharon; she married Harry Schwartz in 1957. She holds a BA (1959) from Barnard College, an MA (1961) from Bryn Mawr, and started work on a PhD at NYU. Schwartz has taught in many universities and writing programs, including Bryn Mawr, Columbia, the University of Michigan, Washington University, Rice, and the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop.  She is currently on faculty in the Writing Seminars MFA program at Bennington College.   Lynne Sharon Schwartz lives in New York City, and has set a number of her books there as well.  Though Schwartz is perhaps best known for her novels, her work spans a number of genres, from fiction to poetry to memoir, criticism, and translation from Italian.

Selected works
Crossing Borders (Seven Stories Press, 2018)
Two-Part Inventions (Counterpoint, 2012), a novel based on the story of Joyce Hatto and William Barrington-Coupe
The Emergence of Memory: Conversations With W.G. Sebald (Seven Stories Press, 2007)
The Writing on the Wall: A Novel (Counterpoint, 2005)
Referred Pain and Other Stories (Counterpoint Press, 2004)
In Solitary: Poems (Sheep Meadow, 2002)
Face to Face: A Reader in the World (Beacon Press, 2000)
In the Family Way: an Urban Comedy (William Morrow, 1999)
Ruined by Reading:  A Life in Books (Beacon Press, 1996)
The Fatigue Artist (Scribner, 1995)
The Four Questions (Picture Puffins, 1994)
Leaving Brooklyn (Houghton Mifflin, 1989)
We are talking about homes: A great university against its neighbors (Harper & Row, 1985)
Disturbances in the Field (HarperCollins, 1983)
Balancing Acts (HarperCollins, 1981)
Rough Strife (HarperCollins, 1980)
See You In The Dark, a poetry collection
Not Now, Voyager, a memoir

References

1939 births
Living people
American women novelists
American women poets
American women short story writers
American women essayists
American memoirists
American women memoirists
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American poets
21st-century American women writers
20th-century translators
21st-century American translators
Italian–English translators
Writers from Brooklyn
Poets from New York (state)
Barnard College alumni
Bryn Mawr College alumni
New York University alumni
Bryn Mawr College faculty
Columbia University faculty
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Rice University faculty
Iowa Writers' Workshop faculty
Bennington College faculty
University of Michigan faculty
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American essayists
21st-century American essayists
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners
Novelists from Pennsylvania
Novelists from Texas
Novelists from Michigan
Novelists from Missouri
Novelists from New York (state)
Novelists from Iowa
Novelists from Vermont

Lynne Sharon Schwartz


Founded in 1899, the Western Golf Association (WGA) is one of the United States' oldest golf organizations. Its headquarters are located in Glenview, Illinois. The WGA sponsors six golf tournaments: the Western Junior; the Western Amateur; the Women's Western Junior; the Women's Western Amateur; the NV5 Invitational presented by Old National Bank on the Korn Ferry Tour and the BMW Championship, a FedEx Cup playoff event. The WGA has also administered the Evans Scholars Program for deserving caddies since its inception in 1930 through the Evans Scholars Foundation.

Organization
More than 460 member clubs, organizations and affiliations are part of the WGA. Par Club members and 100,000 golfers participate in the Bag Tag Program in support of the Evans Scholars Foundation, one of the nation's largest individually funded scholarship programs. The program is also supported by 25 affiliated golf associations and proceeds from the BMW Championship, one of the PGA Tour's FedEx Cup playoff events.

In addition to a staff made up of many Evans Scholars Alumni, the WGA has officers who volunteer their time to operate the organization. They are called WGA Directors.

Evans Scholars Foundation
Since 1930, the Evans Scholars Foundation has awarded full tuition and housing scholarships to deserving caddies across the country. The foundation was started by Charles "Chick" Evans Jr. It is overseen by the WGA and aided by affiliated U.S. country clubs.

There are 1,100 Evans Scholars attending 22 universities in the United States. More than 11,815 caddies have graduated from college as Evans Scholars.

To qualify for the Evans Scholarship, students must have outstanding academic and caddie records, good character and leadership skills and financial need. The Scholarship is renewed on a yearly basis.

There are 17 universities with Evans Scholars Scholarship Houses. The 17 chapters are as follows in order of foundation: Northwestern University (1940), University of Illinois (1951), University of Michigan (1952), University of Wisconsin (1953), Michigan State University (1955), Marquette University (1955), University of Minnesota (1958), Ohio State University (1962), Purdue University (1967), University of Colorado (1967), University of Missouri (1968), Indiana University (1969), Miami University (1974), University of Oregon (2016), University of Kansas (2018), University of Washington (2018) and Penn State University (2019). Evans Scholars are also attending University of Chicago, Howard University, University of Illinois Chicago, University of Iowa, University of Maryland, University of Notre Dame and Rutgers University.

Early years
Originally formed as a rulesmaking body, the WGA was born because U.S. western golf clubs (the current Midwest was "the west" in the 1890s) felt that they weren't being properly represented in the United States Golf Association, based then in New York. But after 20 stormy years followed by negotiations, the WGA officially recognized the USGA's authority as the rulesmaking body in the U.S.

The WGA oversees and hosts professional and amateur events. Today it has conducted more than 300 tournaments. Its first tournaments were held at the Glen View Club. These included the first Western Open which was held in 1899. The Western Open continued to be hosted by the association until 2006 when the name was changed to the BMW Championship for the 2007 tournament.

References

External links

Official site of Evans Scholarship Chapters

Golf associations
Golf in the United States

Western Golf Association


The Beloved Brat is a 1938 American comedy-drama film directed by Arthur Lubin and starring Bonita Granville, Dolores Costello, and Donald Crisp. The screenplay was written by Lawrence Kimble from an original story by Jean Negulesco.

Plot
Roberta Morgan has wealthy parents who give her plenty of material possessions but who basically ignore her. She acts out and torments the family butler Jenkins. The only person to take  notice of her thirteenth birthday is her father's secretary, Williams.

She makes friends with a black boy, Pinkie White, and visits his home. She is impressed by the love Pinkie's mother, Mrs White, shows Pinkie and his sister Arabella. Roberta invites Pinkie to dinner to say thank you and Jenkins angrily throws out Pinkie.

Roberta's parents go away and Roberta starts behaving even more badly. Jenkins locks her in her room. She sets fire to it and escapes. Jenkins tracks her to Pinkie's house. On the way home in the car, they argue and Roberta grabs the steering wheel causing the car to swerve into an oncoming car and kill the driver.

Roberta tells the police that Jenkins was drinking and the butler is sentenced to prison for manslaughter. Guilt ridden she confesses that she made it up.

Roberta is sentenced to a special girls' school run by Helen Cosgrove. Helen manages to reform Roberta by getting her to help with younger students. When Roberta is allowed to return home, she refuses to leave. Her parents hear about this and change their ways.

Cast
 Bonita Granville as Roberta Morgan
 Dolores Costello as Helen Cosgrove
 Donald Crisp as John Morgan
 Donald Briggs as Jerome Williams
 Natalie Moorhead as Evelyn Morgan
 Lucile Gleason as Miss Brewster
 Leo Gorcey as Spike Matz
 Emmett Vogan as Mr. Jenkins
 Loia Cheaney as Mrs. Jenkins
 Paul Everton as Judge Henry Harris
 Bernice Pilot as Mrs. White
 Stymie Beard as Pinkie White
 Meredith White as Arabella White
 Mary Doyle as Miss Mitchell
 Ellen Lowe as Anna
 Gloria Fisher as Boots

Uncredited
 Betty Compson as Eleanor Sparks
 Sarah Edwards as Miss Brundage
 Doris Bren as Jackie
 Carmencita Johnson as Estelle
 Ottola Nesmith as Mrs. Higgins
 Priscilla Lyon as Sylvia
 Lottie Williams as Marie
 Patsy Mitchell as Betty Mae
 Douglas Wood as Mr. Butler
 William Worthington as Dr. Reynolds
 Jessie Arnold as Nurse
 Mary Avery as Teacher
 Isabelle LaMal as Teacher
 Louise Bates as Mrs. Morgan's Guest
 Jesse Graves as Butler at Party
 Gordon Hart as Trial Judge
 Glen Cavender as Fireman
 Jack Mower as Fireman
 Cliff Saum as Fireman
 Al Duvall as First Cab Driver
 John Harron as Second Cab Driver
 Monte Vandergrift as Police Officer
 Victor Wong as Gardener

Production
The film was initially titled Too Much of Everything. Dolores Costello signed in September 1937. It was her comeback picture for Warners. In November the title was changed to Girls on Probation. Arthur Lubin directed in November 1937. The title was finally changed to Beloved Brat in January 1938.

Reception
Diabolique magazine in 2019 described it as "an entertaining star vehicle for Bonita Granville, playing a poor little rich girl who sets her room on fire, accidentally kills a motorist by grabbing the wheel of a speeding car, sends the racist family butler to prison for the crime by perjuring herself on the stand, is sent to reform school and… actually reforms... of cultural interest in that it shows a black mother character to be a far superior parent to Granville's parents, and Granville's best friend is a black boy."

References

External links

The Beloved Brat at Letterbox DVD

The Beloved Brat at the British Film Institute

1938 films
1938 comedy-drama films
American black-and-white films
American comedy-drama films
Films directed by Arthur Lubin
First National Pictures films
Warner Bros. films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

The Beloved Brat


Smart Parks is a UK-based charity that specializes in providing aerial surveillance and monitoring services through the use of unnamed aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly knowns as drones. The organization was founded in 2012 and launched publicly in 2013, and operates as a registered charity in the UK and a private foundation in the Netherlands. The organization was formerly named ShadowView.

Smart Park's services are used primarily by park rangers and conservationist for wildlife conservation efforts, disaster relief situations, poaching and wildlife crime, habitat destruction, and biomass management. Smart Parks has been successfully implemented in several nature reserves and national parks across the world, including the Kruger National Park in South Africa, Bardiya National Park in Nepal, and Niassa Special Reserve which is one of Africa's largest protected area. The initiative has shown promising results in improving the effectiveness of wildlife conservation efforts and protecting endangered species.

History
Smart Parks was founded by four conservationist Laurens de Groot, Tim van Dam, Steve Roest, and Jeroen de Looze to address the need to support conservation organizations in their battles to protect the natural environment. They combined their 30 years of experience in law enforcement and advanced technologies to monitor and protect wildlife in remote areas.

Smart Parks was formed by the merger of two charities ShadowView and Internet of Life in 2017. In collaboration with League Against Cruel Sports, Smart Parks became the first organization to use UAV's to monitor and document potential wildlife crime in England. This effort involved using drones to fly over areas where illegal hunting may occur, and capturing video evidence that can be used in legal proceedings.

In 2017 Rwanda's Akagera National Park launched the Smart Parks technology which allows park rangers to monitor animals, visitors, and equipment in real-time. The Smart Parks system is based on the LoRa technology a Long Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) with low-bandwidth, low-power networking technology that can blanket large areas at relatively low costs.

In 2018, ShadowView was rebranded as Smart Parks, expanding its focus beyond drone technology to include other advanced technologies such as camera traps and sensors.

Operations
In November 2013 Smart Parks confirmed deployment of their Eco Ranger, Shadow Ranger and Shadow Rotor UAS in the Greater Kruger area for anti poaching operations.

Smart Parks continued to operate throughout 2014 in a variety of private reserves in South Africa. In January 2017 The Internet of Life and the ShadowView Foundation organizations co-developed a LoRa-equipped sensor that is implanted directly into the rhino's horn for protection against poaching in Akagera National Park. The sensor has given park rangers the ability to accurately monitor the whereabouts and activities of the critically endangered black rhinos and keep them safe from wildlife criminals and poachers. This technology is utilized by Smart Parks and is now being deployed throughout Mkomazi National Park and many other locations.

In addition, this wireless technology provides sensors that can be implemented along fences that are used to protect endangered or vulnerable species. If a break in the fence is detected or animal presence is sensed near the fence, local officials will be alerted. This provides real-time data on where potential poachers can be breaking fences to enter protected properties or when animals are near the border of the property.

Smart Parks has installed its fourth and largest African smart park to date in Malawi's Liwonde National Park in October 2018.
In just two weeks, the 548km2 national park was equipped with gateways and sensors that gather information to help improve park management and protection. The construction of the network in the Liwonde National Park was implemented alongside a team from African Parks, a conservation NGO that manages the park on behalf of the Malawian government. The group was trained by Smart Parks for the construction of the site.

Smart Parks announced in 2018 an operation in the Serengeti National Park, a World Heritage Site.

Controversy
There has been some controversy in the media surrounding the use of UAV or "drones" in the countryside of the UK with the Countryside Alliance suggesting the use of drones might be dangerous to people and animals Smart Parks respond to the controversy of using drones, saying they fly within CAA flight regulations for missions across the UK.
In December 2013 International NGO 'Free the Slaves' announced it would partner with Smart Parks and use UAV to identify illegal slavery, the reception in India was mixed with some of the public supporting the concept and some voicing concern of the use of drones.

Partners
Smart Parks has received funding and support from several organizations including, the World Wildlife Fund and the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation. Smart Parks has partnered with a wide range of organizations including African Parks to protect local communities in Africa and collaborate with local government officials. Additional partners include Microsoft, which supports the development of the organization's conservation technology initiatives. Microsoft's AI for Earth program has also provided funding and support for Smart Parks' work on developing a real-time wildlife monitoring system. Additional partners include Save the Children, Semtech, Air Shepherd, and The Dutch Postcode Lottery.

References

Charities based in the Netherlands
Charities based in England
Nature conservation
Environmentalism in the Netherlands
Environmental organisations based in the United Kingdom

Smart Parks


Arnau (or Arnal) Mir (died 1174) was the Count of Pallars Jussà from 1124/6 until his death.

The Memoria renovata, which dates to the reign of Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona over the Kingdom of Aragon, contains a genealogy of Arnau Mir. The author of the Memoria was dedicated to justifying the independence of the County of Ribagorza from both Aragon and Navarre and probably saw Arnau Mir as the strongest candidate with connexions to the old line of the counts of Ribagorza who could resist the regional hegemonic powers.

In 1140, when William, Archbishop of Arles, acting as Papal legate, arbitrated the disputed boundary between the dioceses of Roda and Urgell, he did so "with the advice" (cum consilio) of Arnau Mir, who also signed the written agreement (convenientia) as a witness. Among the other magnates consulted for advice on this occasion were the Count of Pallars Sobirà, Artau III, and Arnau's vassal Ramon Pere II d'Erill. Arnau held the city of Fraga as a vassal of Alfonso II of Aragon and Ramon Pere held it from Arnau.

There is a surviving document recording the many disputes between Arnau Mir and Ramon Pere, but the record of their settlement (iuditium) is incomplete. There is also a record of the hostages Ramon posted as sureties. Among the crimes of which Arnau accused Ramon were:
stealing 990 sheep "within the boundaries of Fraga ... from the men of the Count of Pallars and the King"
capturing Arnau's vassal and "shield bearer", Berenguer de Benevent, and plundering his lands of assets valued at 995 gold florins
forcing Pere de Bardet, a vassal of Arnau, to become his vassal "under constraint"
refusing to render "fief service" to Arnau and his son, Raymond V, even though he was a liege vassal
defaulting on his debts to Arnau's other vassals
illegally confiscating fiefs worth 990 solidi in Vallebona and Bonausa
allowing his vassals to plunder the inhabitants of Val Benasc of 994 solidi

Berenguer de Benevent had placed himself and his fief under the protection/authority/command of Arnau, so that he might act as a surety for Arnau and for Ramon d'Erill if Arnau required it. Arnau issued a special charter of protection for Berenguer, which Ramon broke. On Ramon's advice Arnau had established a fair at Casteglo (perhaps Castelló d'Encús), but Ramon proceeded to establish a competing fair in his own territory and forbade his own men from attending Arnau's fair. When Arnau was going to confiscate Ramon's fief of Val d'Aran, the latter sent Ramon de Valsegne as a pledge to the count for the 1,000 solidi he owed. The latter Ramon was invested with Aran, but Ramon d'Erill took it from him and the "damage" to Arnau was 990 solidi.

After Arnau was captured in war with Sancho VI of Navarre, he placed his "patrimony and vassals" under Ramon, who pledged to observe with them the same Truce of God he observed with his own vassals, Arnau pledged to respect Ramon's vassals the same way. During the period of Arnau's captivity, however, Ramon's vassals plundered Arnau and his vassals of 900 solidi in damages. In Lleida and Agramunt Ramon accepted a pledge from Ermengol VI of Urgell which he did not repay. Arnau was thus forced to agree with Ramon and Ermengol not to force the former to pay it and not to go himself or to allow his vassals to go to either Lleida or Agramunt.

Arnau had disputes with his other vassals. It is recorded that one Berivizio wounded Pere de Castellnou, Arnau's liege vassal and nephew, and also murdered a man named Ros from Montanyana. Another vassal of the count, Ramón de San Saturnino, stole twenty mules and asses from Sanç de Lirio.

With his wife, Oria d'Entença, Arnau founded the monastery of Santa María de la Gloria at Casbas de Huesca.

Notes

References

Bisson, Thomas N. 1990. "Unheroed Pasts: History and Commemoration in South Frankland before the Albigensian Crusades." Speculum, 65 (2): 281–308.
Kagay, Donald J. 1994. The Usatges of Barcelona: The Fundamental Law of Catalonia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. online
Kosto, Adam J. 2001. Making Agreements in Medieval Catalonia: Power, Order, and the Written Word, 1000–1200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1174 deaths
Counts of Pallars Jussà
Year of birth unknown

Arnau Mir


Ashley Brown (born February 3, 1982) is an American singer and actress who is best known for playing the titular character in the United States national tour and Broadway productions of Mary Poppins.

Early life
Brown was born February 3, 1982, in Gulf Breeze, Pensacola, Florida, the youngest of four children. She started singing when she was 6 years old and then started professional singing lessons when she was 14. She studied at Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music.

Career
Brown initially caught the attention of casting director Tara Rubin not long after graduating from the Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music. After a successful audition, she was cast in the Disney touring production On the Record. This in turn led to her Broadway debut on September 20, 2005, replacing Brooke Tansley as the lead character, Belle, in the Disney Theatrical production of Beauty and the Beast. She departed the role on May 28, 2006, after eight months and she was succeeded by Sarah Litzsinger.

On November 16, 2006, Mary Poppins opened on Broadway with Brown starring as the title character. Brown left the Broadway company on October 5, 2008, after playing the role for two years and was replaced by Scarlett Strallen who previously played the role in the West End.

In March 2007, Brown appeared on All My Children as herself.

On March 11, 2009, Brown reprised the role of Mary Poppins in the US national tour. She left the tour on February 7, 2010, and was succeeded by Caroline Sheen.

On October 20, 2009, Brown performed the role of Snow White in the world symphonic premiere of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs – A Symphonic Retelling, at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, conducted by John Mauceri.

She has recorded her first solo album of American songbook standards, which was released in January 2010.

Brown played Maria in The Muny production of The Sound of Music, which ran from July 26 to August 1, 2010. For this role she won the Kevin Kline Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical.

Brown starred as Oona in the world-premiere of the new musical Limelight: The Story of Charlie Chaplin, which ran at the La Jolla Playhouse from September 7 through October 17, 2010.

Brown played the role of Mary Poppins again in the Broadway production from March 8 to July 17, 2011, while Laura Michelle Kelly was away filming a movie.

Brown played Magnolia Hawks alongside Nathan Gunn as Gaylord Ravenal, Alyson Cambridge as Julie LaVerne, and Morris Robinson as Joe, in Francesca Zambello's production of Show Boat for the Lyric Opera of Chicago's, which ran from February 12 to March 17, 2012. It was broadcast on NPR stations in June 2012, the first time a complete performance of Show Boat has ever been broadcast on radio.

In 2013, Brown made her sold-out solo Carnegie Hall debut with the New York Pops as well as having a minor role in the television broadcast The Sound of Music Live!, in which she played Ursula, one of the servants in the Von Trapp household.

In 2015, she sang "A Kiss Goodnight" by Richard M. Sherman, the exit song from Disneyland Forever, a production that commemorated Disneyland's 60th anniversary.

Brown played the Mother Abbess in the national tour of The Sound of Music, which launched September 2015. She then played Mrs. Juniper and Madame Calypso in the 2017 Encores! production of The Golden Apple, and returned to Carnegie Hall with the New York Pops in December 2018.

Personal life
Brown became engaged to actor Daniel Wisler on April 18, 2010; they married November 5, 2011. Brown gave birth to a baby girl on May 9, 2016.

Awards and nominations

Theatre credits

Tours

Discography

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Actresses from Florida
American musical theatre actresses
People from Gulf Breeze, Florida
University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music alumni
21st-century American women

Ashley Brown


"Stupid Girl" is a 1996 rock ballad. The song is performed by Garbage. It was released in February 1996. It was actually recorded in 1994, two years prior to release.

The song has a drum sample of The Clash's single "Train in Vain".

The song was nominated for two Grammy Awards: Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group.

Rock songs
1996 songs
Garbage (band) songs

Stupid Girl (Garbage song)


Border Line is a 2002 drama film, and the feature film debut of Korean-Japanese film director Sang-il Lee.  It observes the lives of three un-related characters, a son, a father and a mother, each of whom has a troubled family background.

The film is largely a character study, structured in a style of a Robert Altman movie, showing a number of different sub-plots unfold over the course of a few days.  The shooting-style adopted is often similar to that of Yasujirō Ozu.

The cast includes Tetsu Sawaki (Shuji Matsuda, the 17-year-old high school student), Yumi Asō (Aikawa, the convenience store clerk), Ken Mitsuishi (the middle-aged yakuza), and Jun Murakami (Kurosawa, the taxi driver).

Plot
The film opens with Matsuda being uncooperative at school. A radio broadcast reveals that he then murders his father and runs away on his bike.  The next morning a drunken Kurosawa runs him over in his taxi.  Feeling guilty about the accident, he is soon driving Matsuda to northern Japan.  Matsuda remains uncommunicative and unfriendly.

Aikawa is a convenience store clerk with a son at elementary school and a husband who has abandoned the family after losing his job.  Her son fakes illness to avoid school.  She later discovers that he is being bullied.  She becomes increasingly stressed by financial and family worries, and eventually attempts a bank robbery and kidnaps one of her son's bullies to teach him a lesson.

The middle-aged Yakuza finds that his partner has stolen his boss's money to pay for an operation for his daughter.  He is given one week to find his partner and recover the money.  He finds and reluctantly executes him, only to steal the money himself and give it to the widow.

He saves Matsuda from suicide, and, recognizing another troubled person on the run, invites him to stay with him at the deserted house he is using.  The pair form a friendship like father and son.  However, the gangsters track him down and kill him.

Matsuda goes to Hakodate, Hokkaido to trace the Yakuza's estranged daughter, now earning money as a prostitute.

At the end of the film, Kurosawa appears in Hokkaido, carrying a middle-aged female passenger in his taxi.  She meets Matsuda on the beach.  She may be his mother.

External links

2002 films
2000s Japanese-language films
Films directed by Sang-il Lee
Yakuza films
2000s Japanese films

Border Line (film)


The modern history of beer in Bulgaria (, pivo or бира, bira) dates back to the 19th century, when it was introduced to the country by foreigners (from Austria-Hungary, France and Switzerland) shortly before the Liberation of Bulgaria. Until then, beer was practically unknown in what used to be a mainly rakia and wine-drinking country. Today, Bulgaria ranks 15th by beer consumption per capita, with 73 litres a year.

History
The Hungarian exiles in Shumen, led by Lajos Kossuth after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, brewed beer and are thought to have found followers among the locals. However, their stay in the city was short and they could not manage to introduce beer to the masses. The Frenchman Ducorp, who worked as a railway engineer near Sofia between 1873 and 1876, opened a small brewery in . The Czech Jiří Prošek, who first came to Bulgaria in 1873 to work on the same railway line, noted that the local Shopi had the custom to brew primitive beer at harvest time. They soaked barley, leaving it to germinate, drying it, adding hot water and wild hops, with natural fermentation and cooling.

Bulgaria's earliest commercial brewery was established in Plovdiv by the German Swiss Rudolf Frick and Friedrich Sulzer in 1876. It became a large and modern factory in 1879–1881 with the help of another Swiss expert, Christian August Bomanti. Production began in 1882 in the Kamenitsa area near the city and continues today, its successor being the Kamenitza brewery. The first brewery in Varna dates back to 1884, when the contractors Kasabov and Vtichev opened up a small factory.

The professional Czech brewer Franz-František Milde established the Shumensko beer factory in Shumen in 1882, and helped found the Bulgarian Brewing Association the same year. Jiří Prošek and his brothers founded the Vitosha brewery in Sofia in 1884; they also bought Ducorp's small brewery and owned the Dalbok Zimnik cellar. Today, the Vitosha brewery is known as Ariana.

In 1899, Milde's Bulgarian partners tried to deceive him, so he bought the Austrian Johann Habermann's brewery in Rousse (established in 1876) and started producing beer there. Fearing his competition, his partners quickly paid their debts and Milde returned to Shumen, leaving his brother Sebastian as the Rousse factory's manager.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, beer rapidly grew in popularity among the Bulgarian middle class, and a large number of beer houses were established in most big cities. After World War I, there were already 18 breweries in Bulgaria. Besides those already mentioned, these included the Stara Zagora factory of Dr. Kozhuharov (since 1902), the Czechs Malotin and Hozman's factory in Lom, the Habermann and St Petka breweries in Rousse, the German Moritz Ratt's Cherven Rak factory in Pleven, W. Ollinger's in Koshava, others in Veliko Tarnovo and Gorna Oryahovitsa, etc.

Following World War II, as Bulgaria became part of the Eastern Bloc, all breweries were nationalized. Since the democratic reforms in 1989, the Bulgarian beer market has been dominated by some of the world's largest multinational beer companies who privatized the local breweries and produce both locally and internationally branded beer. Numerous beer festivals (birfest) are organized yearly in the major cities all around the country, for example in Sofia, Plovdiv, Pleven, Gabrovo, Sevlievo, Bansko, Vidin, etc.

The most popular form of packaging is the glass bottle, closely followed by the PET bottle, which, in 2008, accounted for 41% of beer packaging. Some Eastern European countries are showing a trend towards purchasing lager in large PET packs, for Bulgaria this trend is mainly confined to standard and economy brands of pale lager.

Economy
The domestic beer market produces 582 million litres annually. Standard pale lager has been the traditional beer choice for Bulgarians, but with Heineken, Molson Coors and Carlsberg buying up local breweries, the choice for beer drinkers in the premium and economy segments has expanded. Beer imports and exports have started to diverge - exports climbed in 2007 to 8.4 million litres, compared to imports declining to 4.6 million litres. Bulgaria exports mainly to neighbouring countries, such as Macedonia, Romania or Serbia, and to countries where there is an expatriate population, such as the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Spain.

Breweries
There are thirteen breweries in Bulgaria, four of which are owned by Molson Coors, two by Carlsberg and two by Heineken. Local breweries include Bolyarka, which makes a range of lagers, and distributes the Warsteiner brand in Bulgaria.

Molson Coors brands
 Kamenitza
 Astika
 Burgasko

Heineken brands
 Zagorka
 Ariana
 Stolichno

Carlsberg brands
 Pirinsko Pivo
 Shumensko

In addition, international beer brands have a large market share and are, in many cases (e.g. Stella Artois, Beck's, Heineken, Staropramen, Tuborg, Amstel), brewed locally.

Other Bulgarian brands
 Ledenika
 Lomsko
 Boliarka
 Britos
 Sofia Electric Brewing

Brands

Bulgaria, while being a relatively small country in Eastern Europe, has quite a number of beer brands. The most popular breweries (all producing namesake lagers) are Kamenitza (produced in the city of Plovdiv), Zagorka (produced mainly in Stara Zagora) and Astika (Produced in city of Haskovo). Other notable brands are Stolichno (bock beer produced by Zagorka), Shumensko (both lager and red ale, produced in the city of Shumen), Burgasko (produced in the city of Burgas), MM (produced in the city of Varna), Pirinsko (brewed in the city of Blagoevgrad), Ledenika (brewed in the town of Mezdra),  Lomsko  (brewed in the town of Lom), Bolyarka (brewed in the city of Veliko Tarnovo), Britos (brewed in the city of Veliko Tarnovo), and Plevensko (produced in the city of Pleven). Most of the Bulgarian breweries are currently owned by foreign breweries, such as Heineken (Zagorka) and Molson Coors (Astika and Kamenitza).

References

Further reading

External links
 Union of Brewers in Bulgaria
 Birata.com, Bulgarian beer portal
 Biannual beer tasting and rating of Bulgarian beers

Beer in Bulgaria


Willan's Formula is a formula that can find the nth prime number.

Proof
Let's first start with the .

Wilson's theorem says if  is divisible by , than  is either a prime number or , meaning when  is prime,  is an integer.

It would be much easier if the formula gives a number instead of checking if the number is an integer, and we can do this with the  part.

The reason the formula has  multiplied by the  part is because when  is an integer,  will give  or .

When squaring the result then  will equal  when  is an integer.

By flooring this, the only results are  when  is an integer and  when it isn't, leaving.

The  will add s for the primes  -  and and will sum up to the .

The  in short will give  if   and  when .

Take the  of both sides where  is the nth prime number:

 when

 when

 gives the number , and the  is because when   reaches  , the function doesn't add 1. The formula adds up to  is because Bertrand's postulate says  is bigger than the nth prime number.

And finally,  is added because of the .

References

Prime numbers

Formula for primes


Kloof High School is a public, English medium co-educational high school located in Kloof, a small town between the provincial capital of Pietermaritzburg and Durban in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa.

History
Kloof High School opened in February 1960 under the first headmaster, Mr G. Goodwin. The 127 students were taught in prefabricated classrooms situated on a temporary site at the corner of Emolweni and Dan Pienaar Roads in the village of Kloof.The school grew quickly under the third principal, Mr Dudley Barton, who succeeded Mr J.F. Dixon in July 1963. Construction had begun on permanent buildings in 1963 and by mid–1964 the students in the eighth to eleventh grades were able to move into their new classrooms. For some time the prefabs on the top field remained as further building continued. In 1965 the first grade 12 pupils wrote the School's first matriculation examinations, and the school houses, Churchill, Founders and Keller, were established.

In 1969, Mr T. Gerdener (then Provincial Administrator for Natal) officially opened the school. At that time, there were 524 students and 26 teachers, and a further classroom wing, including an Art Studio and Media Centre had been added and a school hall. During the July holidays of that year the first sports tours were undertaken with a 1st Hockey XI touring the Eastern Cape and the first rugby touring Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). The faith of the founders had been justified and a coat of arms was designed by Mr Alan Woodrow, including the motto: "In hoc signo vinces" meaning "In this sign (the cross) you will conquer."

Academic, sporting and cultural aspects of school life were catered for but Mr Barton felt the spiritual needs of the students should be met. Fund raising began for a chapel and the Dudley Barton Sanctuary was opened in 1977, dedicated by the Bishop of Natal. Despite being a public school, Kloof High retains its Christian ethos, but accommodates pupils of all religions.

Mr Barton retired in 1978 and was succeeded by Mr H.M. Puzey under whom the school continued to grow. Further classrooms were built including a Computer Room. On the sports front, provincial and, on occasion, national honours, were earned in swimming, (the school now had a swimming pool), cricket, hockey, athletics and tennis. Mr Hugh Deane was Principal from 1989 until 1994.

In January 1995 Mr Deane was succeeded by Mr Dave Seager. The school was declared a Model C school early in the nineties, and a school governing body was formed to deal with financial concerns.

In the new millennium, the school introduced a sports centre, the John Dickson Indoor Centre, and an auditorium.

During March 2005, Mr Seager resigned and was replaced by Mrs Dawn A. Lefort in her capacity as Acting Principal. She has worked at the School since 1977 as a French and History teacher.

Principals
Mr G.M.N. Goodwin (1960–1961)
Mr Blake (Acting Principal until Jan 1962)
Mr J.F. Dixon (Jan 1962 – Dec 1962)
Dr G.S. Jackson (Acting Principal: Jan 1963 – July 1963)
Mr Dudley Barton (July 1963 – 1978)
Mr H.M. Puzey (1979–1988)
Mr Hugh Deane (1989–1994)
Mr Dave Seager (1995 – March 2005)
Mrs D Lefort (2005 - 2020)
Mr R Holding (2020 - present)

The School Today
The school's location is on the tree-lined avenues of Kloof.

Kloof High School is an English-medium school that is run by the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Education and a school governing body. Approximately 26 teachers are employed by the governing body and about 23 are employed by the Department of Education.

About 1000 students, mostly from the suburbs of Kloof, Everton, Gillitts, Waterfall and Forest Hills attend the school. A daily school bus operates from Knowles Superspar in Pinetown.

Facilities

 10-lane swimming pool.
 Main field.
 2nd/ "Top" field.
 Three cricket nets and portable nets, with bowling machine.
 Rock Climbing wall
 Hall fitted with lighting and an orchestra pit for productions.
 Pavilion and catering kitchen
 Changing rooms
 Grandstand on main Field
 Portable stands on other fields
 Chapel
 Synthetic grass hockey field
 Dance room

Other facilities:
 Media Centre
 Drama Studio
 Three Tuckshops
 Auditorium
 Two Computer Centres
 The John Dixon Indoor Centre
  Gym and physiotheraphy centres

Academics
Kloof High School's students write the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Education NSC exams and consistently achieve good results.

KHS is an English-Medium school. It offers Afrikaans and isiZulu as second languages (or "First Additional Languages" in the new FET curriculum) as well as French and German as third languages ("Second Additional Languages").
German Second Additional Language can only be taken as an 8th Matriculation subject unless permission has been granted by the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Education for the child to take German as an incorporated 7th subject or at "Home Language" level.

Subjects

GET Level (Grades 8 and 9)
 English
 Afrikaans/isiZulu
 Life Orientation (L.O.) [Includes P.E.]
 Arts & Culture
 Technology
 Economic & Management Science (EMS)
 Social Sciences
 Natural Sciences
 Information Technology (I.T.)

FET Level (Grades 10 – 12)
In a student's Grade 9 year, they choose one of the subjects from each Line set out below. In the case of the Optional line; students approach Mrs Roux for assistance — except for 'Additional Mathematics'.

Note: under the Optional heading, all of the languages stated can only be taken as 2nd Additional Languages — unless prior consent has been given by the Department of Education. These optional languages are taught by Mrs. O. Roux at either conversational level or NSC Examination level.

Subjects
Mathematical Literacy
 The definition of Mathematical literacy, as taken from the National Curriculum Statement is as follows:
"Mathematical Literacy provides learners with an awareness and understanding of the role that mathematics plays in the modern world. Mathematical Literacy is a subject driven by life-related applications of mathematics. It enables learners to develop the ability and confidence to think numerically and spatially in order to interpret and critically analyse everyday situations and to solve problems‖. For many learners, mathematics is frightening, obscure and unattainable. Mathematical Literacy provides an excellent alternative to Mathematics, and learners who study it have found that, because it is rooted in real-life experiences, it is a subject that makes sense and is eminently do-able."

Life Orientation is unique to South Africa. Civic education, in American schools, resembles this compulsory subject. There is no final NSC exam although learners must complete a final standardised task set by the KZN Department of Education in their Grade 12-year. The final Life Orientation mark is based on work from Grades 10, 11 and 12. This means learners build a portfolio throughout their FET phase.

Physical Sciences takes Chemistry and Physics and uses them to improve lives while still caring for the environment. In other countries, students take Physics PLUS Chemistry as electives but in the case of all South African Schools – Physical Science is the amalgamation of both.

Life Sciences (formerly Biology). Four themes are covered in each grade, namely:
 Cells and Tissues
 Organs and Systems
 Environmental Studies
 Biodiversity

Visual Art.
 As stated in the National Curriculum Statement:
"The subject Visual Arts offers learners a way to meaningfully engage with and respond to their world. It provides opportunities to stimulate and develop learners' intellect, engaging their creative imagination through visual and tactile experiences and the innovative use of materials and technology in the realisation of their ideas. This provides the basis for learners to develop an individual visual language, which in turn is informed and shaped by immersion in the visual culture of the past and present."

Engineering Graphics and Design is a communication and management tool that links those who design and plan with those who produce the artefacts and systems. It is used in the design phase to record and develop ideas, and in the manufacturing phase to guide those who do the manufacturing.

Business Studies deals with the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values critical for participation in the economic sectors.

Consumer Studies (commonly referred to as Home Economics) focuses on enabling learners to become informed consumers of food, clothing, housing, furnishings and household equipment. Learners entering Grade 10 will not have any prior knowledge of Consumer Studies and will be introduced to the subject for the first time in their Grade 10-year.

Dramatic Arts is concerned both with the workings of the imagination and with the discipline of craftsmanship. Practical work and written work are equally weighted. Drama assessment is 50% practical work and 50% theory (or written work). There is a written and practical exam in June and at the end of each year, as well as continuous assessment throughout the year.

Information Technology (formerly Computer Science HG is a practically oriented subject that focuses primarily on software development. The Practical Assessment Task comprises a practical task or project using the applicable developmental tools. Core Mathematics is a prerequisite of this subject. IT is a new subject to Kloof High School as the school is phasing out CAT (Computer Applications Technology).

Extracurriculars/extra-murals

Sports
Sports offered include rugby, hockey (both indoor and outdoor), water polo, soccer (football), swimming, and athletics as well as rock climbing and adventure racing, represented by both boys and girls teams. Boys can participate in cricket, while girls take part in netball and softball.

Cultural
The cultural community of the school comprises:
Student Leadership
Matric Dance Committee (Grade 11 only)
Toastmasters International (Grade 11 only)
Student Representative Council (aka Learners Rep. Council = RCL)
Media Centre Duty
Choir
Public Speaking
Computers (LAN)
Catering
Environmental Club (aka E-COPS)
Interact Club
Photography
 Academic Olympiads:
 — English Olympiad
 — Mathematics Olympiad
 — Afrikaans Olympiad
 — Life Science Olympiad
 — Physical Science Olympiad
 Drama:
 — Performing
 — Lighting Crew
 — Backstage Crew
 Bulls & Bears (aka Debs and Squires)
 First Aid
 Business Studies (JSE Challenge)
 Art Extension + Quilting Club
 Band

Traditions
The school celebrates its Founders Day every year on the final day of the second term (usually on 22 June) by commemorating its first set of grade 12 students.

School uniform
The blazer is royal blue and special awards (such as honours, colours or honours cum laude) are indicated with yellow ribbing for colours or white, blue and yellow, in the case of honours. The tie is striped with royal blue, navy blue and yellow. Blazer and tie are not required during the summer terms for girls.

Matrics have the privilege of a slightly different uniform. This includes a white, as opposed to navy, school jersey. They also have the option of special ties. Most importantly, though, they are then allowed to purchase their annually renewed Matric Jackets. The jacket design is voted for by the upcoming Matric class and designed by the Students of that year

References

Schools in KwaZulu-Natal
Educational institutions established in 1960
1960 establishments in South Africa

Kloof High School


Kinja is a free online news aggregator, launched in April 2004. It is operated by G/O Media. It was formerly operated by Gizmodo Media Group, which was purchased by Univision Communications during Gawker Media's bankruptcy.

History
With the intention of making blogs more accessible to the public, Nick Denton of Gawker Media and Meg Hourihan of Pyra Labs created Kinja, which began as an investigation into the navigation of blogs. It was dubbed Kinja in October 2003.

On February 11, 2013, Kinja 1.0 was launched on Jalopnik. Changes included an entire site and platform redesign, favoring a more Tumblr-esque design. Users received the ability to create their own blogs on Kinja, replacing the old profile system. Comments, replies, and posts all aggregate on the user's personal blog.

On March 11, 2013, Kinja was launched on Gawker Media blogs io9 and Deadspin, followed by Kotaku on March 25, 2013; Jezebel on April 8, 2013; Lifehacker on April 15, 2013; and Gizmodo on April 29, 2013.

In 2017, following Univision Communications' purchase of Gawker Media assets and their reorganization as Gizmodo Media Group, the company began to migrate some of its existing websites to Kinja as well, including The A.V. Club, Fusion (whose online editorial operation was later re-launched as Splinter), The Root, and The Onion. As of April 2018, ClickHole is also on the Kinja platform. The move was made as Univision staff were heavily interested in Kinja's "inset" feature for external links—which can display Amazon.com affiliate links with product thumbnails and prices, as they can be used to generate e-commerce revenue.

Usage

Kinja is a personal web service that allows its users to "bookmark" blogs, Kinja providing the user with excerpts of recent posts of the chosen blogs. These excerpts, known as personal "digests", are compiled into one page of excerpts, with other categorized compilations available based on such labels as media, music, liberal, conservative, and more. A user's personal selection of digests is easily available to any outside user, allowing others to share their favorite blogs and recent blog posts. Utilizing a webcrawler dubbed Kinjabot (similar to Google's webcrawlers), Kinja creates an internal index of all available weblogs as defined by Kinjabot.

References

Sources

External links

American news websites
Gawker Media
Internet properties established in 2004
News aggregators
Former Univision Communications subsidiaries

Kinja (website)