Wilson Kipchumba Kirwa (born 28 December 1974 in Eldoret, Kenya) is a Finnish middle-distance runner, municipal politician, writer, and entrepreneur.

As a runner, Wilson represents Lahden Ahkera. He is also a National Coalition Party politician and was elected to Lahti city council in 2008 elections. Kirwa belongs to the Kalenjin tribe.

The Kenyan-born Wilson Kirwa moved to Finland in 1997, and in the same year, he started his career as a runner, with his main distance being 800 metres. He originally intended to only tour the country for a few weeks, invited by his Finnish friends. He was 17th in the "Hunajahölkkä" in Pori, even though he was wearing sneakers that were too large. Porin Tarmo requested a year's residence permit for Kirwa. He was also admitted into the Seinäjoki applied crafts school, which encouraged him to stay in Finland.

In 2000, Kirwa made his own record 1:44.69 in the 800 metres in Lappeenranta. Kirwa is the only man to have won the 400, 800, and 1500 metre runs in the same Championship of Finland games. He also has several Championships of Finland in the relay run. Wilson Kirwa has represented Finland in the European Championship and World Championship games and in many Grand Prix games in Europe.

In 2004, Kirwa received Finnish citizenship. In May 2006, Kirwa graduated as a coach from the Pajulahti Sports Academy. He spent the year living in Lahti, training, giving lectures, and writing. He published a fairy tale book called Amani-aasi ja sisäinen kauneus ('Amani the donkey and the inner beauty'), in which he modified the stories he heard in his childhood to suit Finnish people. He has made many visits to schools telling African stories to their child pupils. For the older ones, he tells of arriving and adapting to Finland.

Kirwa joined the National Coalition Party. In 2008 municipal elections, he was elected to the city council of Lahti.

Achievements
 A total of 12 Championship of Finland medals in the 400, 800 and 1500 metres
 400 m Championship of Finland gold 2000, 2002
 800 m Championship of Finland gold 1998–2000, 2002, 2004
 1500 m Championship of Finland gold 2000

Records
 400 metres 47.31
 800 metres 1:44.69
 1500 metres 3:42.63

Bibliography
 Amani-aasi ja sisäinen kauneus (Pieni Karhu, 2005).

Magazines
 Reijo Vaurula: Tie tasamaahiihtäjäksi (Ilo 3/2006).

References

External links

Wilson Kirwa in the Tilastopaja database
Wilson Kirwa, National Coalition Party of Lahti

1974 births
Living people
People from Uasin Gishu County
Sportspeople from Rift Valley Province
Finnish people of Kenyan descent
Finnish male middle-distance runners
National Coalition Party politicians
Kalenjin people
Kenyan expatriate sportspeople in Finland
Naturalized citizens of Finland

Wilson Kirwa


Revue Noire is a specialist publisher of books and web material relating to African contemporary art and culture, based in France. From 1991 to 2001, Editions Revue Noire published the printed quarterly magazine Revue Noire. Since 2001 it has specialized in books, exhibitions, and online content.

History
Revue Noire was created in 1991 in Paris with the objective of demonstrating that "there is art in Africa". The name relates to the Revue Blanche, a French magazine of the Fifties, to Josephine Baker and to Paris of the Thirties when there was a discussion about "revues nègres".

The magazine was founded by Jean Loup Pivin, Simon Njami, Bruno Tilliette and Pascal Martin Saint Léon; over time the editorial board has also included Pierre Gaudibert, Jacques Soulillou, André Magnin (only for the first issue), Francisco d'Almeida, Everlyn Nicodemus, N'Goné Fall (editor assistant in 1994 and chief editor in 1999), Clémentine Deliss, Etienne Féau and Isabelle Boni-Claverie. The contributors to the magazine change according to the theme and the country on which the magazine focusses; Yacouba Konaté and Brahim Alaoui have been among the collaborators.

Between 1991 and 2001 the magazine published 34 issues. In 2001 Revue Noire was continued as a publishing house and online magazine, but it stopped its paper quarterly publication. In 2010 a new editorial project was launched.

Revue Noire is a magazine but also a publishing house, a production company for documentary films, short films, videos, and music. Some issues of the magazine include music CDs, exhibitions and events. In particular its two anthologies on contemporary African art and on contemporary African photography are major publications in the field.

Notes

Bibliography
 Lucy Durán (ed.), Africa Remix: Contemporary Art of a Continent (Johannesburg: Jacana Media, 2007), p. 249.
 Paula Youngman Skreslet, Northern Africa: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources (Englewood: Libraries Unlimited, 2000), p. 199.
 Revue Noire. La testimonianza di N'Goné Fall (a cura di Irene Amodei e Iolanda Pensa) in "Africa e Mediterraneo", n. 55, Agosto 2006, p. 13-16.
 Sarah Nuttall, Beautiful/ugly: African and Diaspora Aesthetics, Duke University Press, 2006, p. 12.
 Thomas Boutoux e Cédric Vincent, "Africa Remix" Sampler in Africa Remix: L'art contemporain d'un continent. Exposition présentée au Centre Pompidou, Galerie 1, du 25 mai au 8 août 2005, Paris, Editions du Centre Pompidou, 2005, p. 277.
 Jean-Loup Amselle. L'art de la friche: Essai sur l'art africain contemporain, Editions Flammarion, Paris, 2005; ed. italiana L'arte africana contemporanea, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino, 2007, pp. 145–149.

External links
Revue Noire web-site

1991 establishments in France
Contemporary art magazines
French-language magazines
Magazines established in 1991
Magazines published in Paris
Publishing companies of France

Revue Noire


Marlene Village is an unincorporated community in Washington County, Oregon, United States, and within the Portland metropolitan area. It is located immediately northwest of Cedar Hills and south of the Sunset Highway (U.S. 26), lying east and west of Murray Blvd. Marlene Village began as a 400-home "low-cost residential development" on which construction started in early 1949.  It was named after Marlene Schnitzer, the then-infant granddaughter of the project's Portland-based developer, Harry Mittleman. The first block of 50 homes went on sale in August 1949. Fire protection and EMS services are provided through Tualatin Valley Fire and Rescue.

References

Unincorporated communities in Washington County, Oregon
1949 establishments in Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Marlene Village, Oregon


Ian Sampson (born 14 November 1968 in Wakefield) is an English former footballer. He played as a defender for Goole Town, Sunderland, Northampton Town and Tottenham Hotspur. Following his retirement Sampson rejoined Northampton initially working in the youth setup before going to manage the club from 2009 until 2011.

Playing career
In his playing days he was a central defender, beginning his professional career in 1990 when Sunderland signed him from non-league Goole Town. He only made 21 appearances in four years however, before joining Northampton in 1994 after a successful loan spell. He played for the Cobblers for 10 years, making 449 appearances, placing him second in the list of appearance makers behind Tommy Fowler. Sampson retired from the game at the end of the 2003–04 season. He had a brief loan spell at Tottenham in 1995, featuring in their makeshift squad for the Intertoto Cup. He even managed to score during Spurs' only victory in the campaign against NK Rudar Velenje.

Managerial career
After retiring from playing, Sampson joined the Northampton youth team set-up as coach before being promoted to first-team coach in 2006. He was appointed as joint caretaker manager on 20 December 2006, following the resignation of John Gorman. On 2 January 2007, Northampton announced that former Southampton boss Stuart Gray had been appointed as the new manager, with Sampson and fellow caretaker Jim Barron staying on as first team coaches.

Following the sacking of Stuart Gray on 8 September 2009, Sampson was appointed as caretaker manager for the second time and on 5 October 2009 he was named Northampton manager until the end of the season.

Sampson won the League Two Manager of the Month award in January 2010, after Northampton won three and drew two of their five games. This was the first time a Northampton Manager had won the award since 2006.

Sampson was sacked by Northampton Town on 2 March 2011 following a run of 7 games without a win, ending in a 3–2 defeat by Burton Albion, leaving the Cobblers in 16th place in League Two. Sampson had received mixed reaction from the stands, with some supporters wanting a change, however he was one of the club's most popular managers and, notably, his team beat the Premier League side Liverpool at Anfield, on penalties, in the League Cup in September 2010. Northampton also beat Crewe 6–2 at Sixfields with debutant Shaun Harrad scoring.

On 9 March 2011 he confirmed he had applied for the vacant managerial post at Grimsby Town.

Sampson become the manager at Corby Town. one day after the club was taken over by businessman Kevin Ingram. However, after five straight defeat at the start of the 2012–13 season Sampson resigned as manager at Corby Town.

On 16 October 2019, Sampson returned to Northampton Town as the new Academy Manager, officially returning to the club he previously managed.

On 10 February 2021, Sampson became caretaker assistant manager along with Marc Richards after the sacking of Keith Curle.

Honours
Northampton Town
Football League Third Division play-offs: 1997

Individual
League Two Manager of the Month: January 2010

References

External links
 Ian Sampson profile at ntfc.co.uk

 Ian Sampson Managerial stats at Soccerbase

1968 births
Living people
Footballers from Wakefield
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
English football managers
Northampton Town F.C. managers
Corby Town F.C. managers
English Football League managers

Ian Sampson


A singer who is a bass is a man with a low singing voice. Some basses may be able to sing down to C two octaves below middle C. Even low A is sometimes needed in Russian church music.

In opera, basses often have the part of the villain, or the king, or a priest. A buffo-bass is a character role in which the bass singer needs a wide range for the comedy of the part. The part of Leporello in Mozart's Don Giovanni needs a buffo bass. The lowest kind of bass is called a basso-profondo. An example is the priest Sarastro in Mozart's Magic Flute.

Feodor Chaliapin (1873-1938) was a famous Russian bass.
Southern gospel singer J.D. Sumner held the world record for lowest bass singer for a number of years, from 1988 until he was beaten by Tim Storms in 2016
A baritone is a voice between tenor and bass in range, but some low baritones describe themselves as bass-baritones. Wotan in Der Ring des Nibelungen is a bass-baritone part. Bryn Terfel is a famous Welsh bass-baritone.
Johnny Cash is well known for his bass-baritone voice

Vocal ranges

Bass (singer)


Ironside: A Modern Faery's Tale is a young adult urban fantasy novel by Holly Black. It was published in 2007 by the Margaret K. McElderry imprint of Simon & Schuster, who recommended it for readers aged "14 and above".

The novel is a direct sequel to Black's first book Tithe (2002). It is considered to complete a trilogy called [A] Modern Tale of Faerie, literally the subtitle of the intervening second book Valiant. According to online excerpts from a 2006 Locus interview and short biography of Black, "Valiant (2005) is another contemporary fantasy loosely related to Tithe, and Ironside, a direct sequel to Tithe, is forthcoming." Black told Locus then that she calls Tithe "suburban fantasy, as opposed to urban fantasy. It's set on the Jersey Shore, and it's got fairies."

Plot summary

In the realm of Faery, the time has come for Roiben's coronation. Uneasy in the midst of the malevolent Unseelie Court, pixie Kaye is sure of one thing only, her love for Roiben. But when Kaye, drunk on faerie wine, declares herself to him, he sends her on a seemingly impossible quest. Now Kaye cannot see or speak with Roiben unless she can find the one thing she knows does not exist: a faerie who can tell a lie.

Corny and Kaye decide to watch Ellen, her mother, perform in a bar. A male character is watching Kaye. Realising that this character is a faery, Corny attempts to get information from him in the bathroom. Kaye finds them and the faery curses Corny so that anything he touches withers.

Miserable and convinced she belongs nowhere, Kaye decides to tell her mother the truth that she is a changeling, long ago left in place of a human daughter. Her mother's shock and horror sends Kaye to the Seelie Court to find her human counterpart and bring her back to Ironside. Silarial offers Kaye protection to and from the court in order to offer her a deal, and a boy who can see through faerie enchantments, Luis (introduced in Valiant, the preceding book in the series), is arranged to lead them there.

Silarial offers Roiben a lifeline: defeat her champion and win seven years of peace while also placing Roiben's sister Ethine on the throne instead, or die trying. While she is in the court, the Seelie queen attempts to make Kaye use Roiben's name to force him back into the Seelie Court by bribing her with the return of the "real" Kaye.  Kaye uses a fake name, then escapes with Ethine as a hostage. Kaye returns to her grandmother's house in order to retrieve her things where she finds her replacement, Kate, in her bedroom. Kaye talks with her mother, who accepts her as her daughter. Her grandmother thinks that Kate is Kaye's sister whom she was never told about.

Corny later gives Ethine back in exchange for the release of Luis' brother, but his brother has already been killed and all the faeries return is his body. Luis attempts to use Corny's curse to kill himself in grief, but he puts Corny's hand on his tears, washing away the curse in salt water. Kaye then realises that Roiben is going to have to battle Ethine, not the knight Talathain as they assumed. She goes to warn Roiben. In order to speak to him, Kaye must complete his quest, and she does, claiming that she can lie, which in itself is an untruth.

Roiben goes ahead with the duel anyway, glad of the warning. He beats Ethine but asks her who she will pass the crown on to before killing her. The Seelie queen objects to this, but Roiben declares that his sister has the right to declare her successor even with her last breath. Silarial tells him that she may dictate the terms as the Bright Court will easily defeat the Unseelie Court in a fight; Roiben asks her if she will void their previous bargain, and Silarial agrees. At this, Roiben reveals that he has gathered an army from the exiled fae, which surround the Seelie Court, but Silarial then threatens Kaye's life. Ethine kills Silarial with the sword she had been given, declaring that Silarial is no longer her Queen. Ethine now holds the crown because she was Silarial's heir, but she chooses to give it to Roiben, saying "Take it and be damned." Roiben states that his sister's hate was a fair price to pay for peace and now rules both the Seelie and Unseelie Courts; peace will be held as long as he controls both courts.

Kaye strikes a deal with Kate to teach her about being a human in return for being taught about being a faery, in an attempt to help the girl, adjust. Kaye tells Roiben that she plans to open a coffee shop in Ironside with Corny and Luis, who are now dating, and spend half her time in Faery; she reveals that she was able to say she could lie because "lying" can also mean lying on the ground.

Characters

Kaye: A changeling pixie who is in love with the Lord of the Night Court Roiben; is given an impossible quest when she declares herself to him.
Roiben: Former Knight of both the Seelie and Unseelie Courts, now the Lord of Night Court. He is in love with Kaye, but in order to keep her safe from the evils of the Unseelie Court he gives her an impossible quest.
Corny: Kaye's best friend; is scared of most faerys because he was controlled by them many times; is openly gay; reads manga; is attracted to Luis.
Luis: An orphan teen boy who lives with his younger brother, Dave, whom he is trying to protect from the fae; is attracted to Corny; has the Sight (ability to see through glamour).
Silarial: Queen of the Bright Court and Roiben's former mistress, whom Roiben once loved.
Ethine: Roiben's sister, who was made heir to the Bright Court but later gives up the throne out of spite.
Lutie-loo "Lutie", Kaye's faery, is like Kaye's conscience.
Ellen, Kaye's mother, Kate's real mother.
Kate, Ellen's real child, is Kaye's counterpart.
Adair: A knight of the Bright Court, he is sent into Ironside by Silarial to do her bidding. He first encounters Corny whilst searching for Kaye, who then tortures him for information. He is later dispatched in a fit of rage by Corny in the woods of the Bright Court.
Talathain: A Knight of the Bright Court. In love with Ethine.

Reception

Ironside: A Modern Faery's Tale got mostly positive reviews. Preisendorfer for School Library Journal called it "magical", a "dark beauty", and "enchanting", and said the "narration is spot-on for every character." Lynn Rutan in "Books for Older Readers" wrote that this novel is "dark, edgy fantasy, and a must-purchase".
Sarah Wood from Teenreads said she "enjoyed the book", noting Black's subtlety: "the real world is never that simple, and neither is Black's vision of faeries."

Eva Mitnick says Black has "an authentic street voice." Wood says, "Kaye's ignorance through the novel is easy to manipulate." Rutan for Booklist said that "characters struggle to shape their identities, quintessential coming-of-age" and called Ironsides a novel about "betrayal, loyalty, and love."

Allusions

 While in Roiben's chambers, Kaye flips through "an Emma Bull paperback she'd loaned him" – referencing another urban fantasy novel, War for the Oaks.
 The Unseelie herald is named "Thistledown" – a possible nod to the faery king of Lost-Hope in Jonathan Strange & Mr. Norrell.
 In the coffee shop, Corny mentions larping, crosses his arms, and says "Now I'm obfuscating, and you have to pay my tab." – a reference to Vampire: The Masquerade.

References

External links
 Ironside at Holly Black (blackholly.com)

2007 American novels
2007 fantasy novels
Urban fantasy novels
Contemporary fantasy novels
Sequel novels
Simon & Schuster books
Novels by Holly Black
Novels about fairies and sprites

Ironside (Black novel)


Animal nutrition focuses on the dietary nutrients needs of animals, primarily those in agriculture and food production, but also in zoos, aquariums, and wildlife management.

Constituents of diet
Macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, though the net energy depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons. A third class dietary material, fiber (i.e., non-digestible material such as cellulose), seems also to be required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, though the exact reasons remain unclear.

Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the animal. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production just as ordinary glucose. By breaking down existing protein, some glucose can be produced internally; the remaining amino acids are discarded, primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation.

Other dietary substances found in plant foods (phytochemicals, polyphenols) are not identified as essential nutrients but appear to impact health in both positive and negative ways. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances. Some nutrients can be stored internally (e.g., the fat soluble vitamins), while others are required more or less continuously. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. For example, both salt provides sodium and chloride, both essential nutrients, but will cause illness or even death in too large amounts.

Dietary fibre is a carbohydrate (polysaccharide or oligosaccharide) that is incompletely absorbed in some animals.

Protein
Proteins are the basis of many animal body structures (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes which control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each molecule is composed of amino acids which are characterized by the inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulfur. The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance). As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are discarded, typically in the urine. For all animals, some amino acids are essential (an animal cannot produce them internally) and some are non-essential (the animal can produce them from other nitrogen-containing compounds). A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some situations: during early development and maturation, pregnancy, lactation, or injury (a burn, for instance).

A few amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called gluconeogenesis; this is done in quantity only during starvation.

Minerals
Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the diet.

Many elements are essential in relative quantity; they are usually  called "bulk minerals". Some are structural, but many play a role as electrolytes. These include:
 Calcium, a common electrolyte, but also needed structurally (for muscle and digestive system health, bones, some forms neutralizes acidity, may help clear toxins, and provide signaling ions for nerve and membrane functions)
 Chlorine as chloride ions; very common electrolyte
 Magnesium, required for processing ATP and related reactions (builds bone, causes strong peristalsis, increases flexibility, increases alkalinity)
 Phosphorus, required component of bones; essential for energy processing
 Potassium, a very common electrolyte (heart and nerve health)
 Sodium, a very common electrolyte
 Sulfur for three amino acids and therefore many proteins (skin, hair, nails, liver, and pancreas)

Many elements are required in trace amounts, usually because they play a catalytic role in enzymes.

Vitamins
Vitamin deficiencies may result in disease conditions. Excess of some vitamins is also dangerous to health (notably vitamin A), and animal nutrition researchers have managed to establish safe levels for some common companion animals. Deficiency or excess of minerals can also have serious health consequences.

ASH
Though not a nutrient as such, an entry for ash is sometimes found on nutrition labels, especially for pet food.  This entry measures the weight of inorganic material left over after the food is burned for two hours at 600 °C.  Thus, it does not include water, fibre, and nutrients that provide calories, but it does include some nutrients, such as minerals

Too much ash may contribute to feline urological syndrome in domestic cats.

Intestinal bacterial flora
Animal intestines contain a large population of gut flora which are essential to digestion, and are also affected by the food eaten.

See also
Human nutrition
Animal nutritionist

References

External links
 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
 National Dairy Research Institute (India)
 Poultry Science Society

Nutrition by type
Zoology

Animal nutrition


Sofie Laguna (born 1968) is an Australian writer.  She was born in Sydney and studied law before deciding that being a lawyer was not for her. She has worked as an actor and is now a writer and playwright. She now lives in Melbourne.

Awards
 2003 honour book Children's Book of the Year Award: Early Childhood for Too Loud Lily
 2007 honour book Children's Book of the Year Award: Younger Readers for Bird and Sugar Boy
 2009 longlisted Miles Franklin Award for One Foot Wrong
 2009 shortlisted Prime Minister's Literary Awards for One Foot Wrong
 2015 shortlisted Stella Prize for The Eye of the Sheep
 2015 winner Miles Franklin Award for The Eye of the Sheep
 2015 commended The Fellowship of Australian Writers Victoria Inc. National Literary Awards — FAW Christina Stead Award for The Eye of the Sheep
 2018 longlisted Stella Prize for The Choke
 2018 shortlisted Voss Literary Prize for The Choke
2021 longlisted Miles Franklin Award for Infinite Splendours
2021 winner Colin Roderick Award for Infinite Splendours

Bibliography

Novels
 One Foot Wrong (2008)
 The Eye of the Sheep (2014)
 The Choke (2017)
Infinite Splendours (2020)

Children's
 Bill's Best Day (2002)
 Bad Buster (2003)
 Surviving Aunt Marsha (2003)
 Big Ned's Bushwalk (2005)
 Bird and Sugar Boy (2006)
 Meet Grace (2011)
 A Friend for Grace (2011)
 Grace and Glory (2011)
 A Home for Grace (2011)
 The Grace Stories (2013)
 1836 : Do You Dare? : Fighting Bones (2014)

Picture books

 My Yellow Blanky (2002) with Tom Jellett (illustrator)
 Too Loud Lily (2002) with Kerry Argent (illustrator)
 On Our Way to the Beach (2004) with Andrew McLean (illustrator)
 Stephen's Music (2007) with Anna Pignataro (illustrator)
 Boris Monster, Scared of Nothing (2007) with Ben Redlich (illustrator)
 Where Are You, Banana? (2013) with Craig Smith (illustrator)

Personal life
Laguna lives in Eltham in suburban Melbourne with her partner Marc McBride, an illustrator, and their two sons.

References

External links

 Author's website

1968 births
Living people
21st-century Australian novelists
Australian women novelists
Miles Franklin Award winners
21st-century Australian women writers

Sofie Laguna


Finis Jennings Dake (October 18, 1902 – July 7, 1987) was an American Pentecostal minister and evangelist born in Miller County, Missouri, known primarily for his writings on the subjects of Pentecostal (or Charismatic) Evangelical Christian spirituality and Premillennial Dispensationalism.  His most well known work was the Dake Annotated Reference Bible.

Christian conversion
Dake became a Christian at age 17. Dake claimed that upon his conversion he received a 'special anointing' which allowed him to quote major portions of Scripture from memory. He preached his first sermon in 1925 and was ordained by the Assemblies of God denomination two years later. After working as a pastor and evangelist in Texas and Oklahoma, he moved to Zion, Illinois, in order to become the pastor of the Christian Assembly Church. In Zion, he also founded Shiloh Bible Institute, which ultimately merged with Central Bible Institute and which was located in the home formerly owned by controversial faith healer John Alexander Dowie.

Conviction for "debauchery and other immoral practices"
In 1937, during Dake's ministry in Zion, he was convicted of violating the Mann Act by willfully transporting 16-year-old Emma Barelli across the Wisconsin state line "for the purpose of debauchery and other immoral practices." The May 27, 1936, issue of the Chicago Daily Tribune reported that Dake registered at hotels in Waukegan, Bloomington, and East St. Louis with the girl under the name "Christian Anderson and wife". With the possibility of a jury trial and subject to penalties of up to 10-year's imprisonment and a fine of 10,000, Dake pleaded guilty, and served six months in the House of Corrections in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Though he maintained his innocence of intent, his ordination with the Assemblies of God was revoked and he later joined the Church of God Cleveland, Tennessee. He eventually became independent of any denomination; it is not known why he later ended his relationship with the Church of God.

Writings
The Dake Annotated Reference Bible (1963) was the first widely published study Bible produced by someone from within Pentecostalism.  His annotated Authorized King James Version of the Bible took seven years to complete.  The 35,000 notes in the Dake Bible are considered by mainline Christian theologians to be personal, rather than Biblically based, commentary. Along with Dake's annotated Bible, his other writings have caused controversy amongst theologians.  His works include God's Plan for Man, Revelation Expounded, and Bible Truths Unmasked.

Dake's notes influenced numerous Charismatic and Word of Faith leaders such as Kenneth Copeland, Kenneth Hagin, and Benny Hinn.

Death
Dake died of complications from Parkinson's disease on July 7, 1987.

References

External links
 Dake's Federal Trial and Conviction
 All Dake Products with many historic Dake pictures
 Dake Publications: The Official Publishing Arm of Dake Ministries
 The Apologetic's Index critique of the Dake Annotated Reference Bible
 Dake Bible Discussion Board
 Finis Dake Life Story Book
 Hear a recording of Finis Dake teaching concerning the Pre-Adamite World
 "30 Reasons for Segregation of Races" by Finis Dake

1902 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American clergy
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century Protestant religious leaders
American Assemblies of God pastors
American evangelists
American male non-fiction writers
American members of the clergy convicted of crimes
American Pentecostals
Bible commentators
Churches of God Christians
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Dispensationalism
Neurological disease deaths in the United States
Pentecostal writers
People convicted of violating the Mann Act
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government

Finis Jennings Dake


The term standard day is used throughout meteorology, aviation, and other sciences and disciplines as a way of defining certain properties of the atmosphere in a manner which allows those who use our atmosphere to effectively calculate and communicate its properties at any given time.  For example, a temperature deviation of +8 °C means that the air at any given altitude is 8 °C  (14 °F) warmer than what standard day conditions and the measurement altitude would predict, and would indicate a higher density altitude.  These variations are extremely important to both meteorologists and aviators, as they strongly determine the different properties of the atmosphere.

For example, on a cool day, an airliner might have no problem safely departing a medium length runway, but on a warmer day, the density altitude might be higher, require a higher ground speed and true airspeed prior to liftoff, which would require more acceleration, a longer runway, and a reduced climb rate after liftoff.  The pilot may choose to reduce the gross weight of the aircraft by carrying less fuel or reducing the amount/weight of the cargo, or even reducing the number of passengers (usually the last option).  Not carrying sufficient fuel to complete the flight to the destination, the pilot would plan an intermediate fuel stop, which would likely delay the final destination arrival time.  In meteorology, departure from standard day conditions is what gives rise to all weather phenomena, including thunderstorms, fronts, clouds, even the heating and cooling of our planet.

Standard day parameters
For Pilots: At sea level, Altimeter:29.92 in/Hg at
The "standard day" model of the atmosphere is defined at sea level, with certain present conditions such as temperature and pressure.  But other factors, such as humidity, further alter the nature of the atmosphere, and are also defined under standard day conditions:

 Density (ρ):  1.225 kg/m3  (0.00237 slug/ft3)
 Pressure (p):  101.325 kPa (14.7 lb/ in2)
 Temperature (T):  15 °C  (59 °F)
 Viscosity (μ):  17.3 μN·s/m2 (3.62 × 10−7 lb s/ft2)

The first three properties are usually referred as "standard day" conditions, which the viscosity aspect is largely ignored throughout the aviation community.  However, viscosity, which is affected by humidity levels, plays a key role in aerodynamic drag, which is why it is a key component of standard day conditions.  Because it is a key component of drag, it affects the amount of fuel burned per unit of distance travelled.

References

Atmosphere of Earth
Acoustics
Planetary atmospheres

Standard day


Herman Churchill (1869–1941) was an American historian and college professor. He served as the founding chairman of the History Department of Rhode Island State College, and was the namesake of the Herman Churchill Award for Excellence in History given annually to the top honors history student at the University of Rhode Island.

Early life, education and family
Herman Churchill was born in Scott, New York, on 9 October 1869 to Sylvanus Amos Churchill and Caroline (Eadie) Churchill. He studied literature and rhetoric at Syracuse University, earning a A.B. degree in 1894. He earned his A.M. in Letters from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1902. Churchill married Cora Mae Boyce on 15 June 1898 in Menomonie, Wisconsin, and they had three children: Irving Lester Churchill (1901-1995), Florence Hermenia Churchill (1905-1920), and Arthur Chester Churchill (1911-2001).

Professional career and legacy
Churchill began his academic career as an instructor of English literature at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, in 1903. In the fall of 1907, he accepted a position as head of the English Department at Southwestern College in Winfield, Kansas, until 1909 when he accepted a similar position at Nebraska Wesleyan University in Lincoln, Nebraska. In 1912, Churchill made his final move in accepting the position as head of the Department of Rhetoric and Composition at Rhode Island State College. Afterward in 1921, Churchill was appointed as the founding head of the History Department by the college president, Howard Edwards. During his professional career, Churchill was active in civic affairs in the community, serving as president of the Tavern Hall Club in 1929, and he was active in genealogical research. He was active in the Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society and Beta Theta Pi fraternity and was a charter signatory of the Rhode Island chapter of the Phi Kappa Phi honor society.  He died at his home in Kingston, Rhode Island, on 13 April 1941, shortly after retiring from the college in 1940. The Herman Churchill Award for Excellence in History is given to highest achieving students graduating in history at the University of Rhode Island was named for Churchill.

References
Notes

Citations

External links

1869 births
1941 deaths
Historians from New York (state)
 University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Syracuse University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
People from Scott, New York
People from South Kingstown, Rhode Island
University of Rhode Island faculty

Herman Churchill


The Münster–Enschede railway is a 64 km long, continuous single-track and non-electrified branch line from Münster via Gronau in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia to Enschede in the Netherlands.

Regionalbahn service RB 64 (Euregio-Bahn) runs over it.

The Münster-Enschede Railway Company (Münster-Enscheder Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, MEE) planned the line and started its construction, but its completion was carried out by the Royal Westphalian Railway Company (Königlich-Westfälische Eisenbahn, KWE), which was funded by the Prussian government.

History

After the KWE took over the Münster-Hamm Railway Company (Münster-Hammer Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft), together with its line to Münster, in 1855, it continued this line to the north in 1856. In Rheine it connected with the Royal Hanoverian State Railways' Emsland Railway to Emden and through it to the Almelo–Salzbergen railway of the Spoorweg-Maatschappij Almelo-Salzbergen (Almelo-Salzbergen railway company).

In 1870, the MEE received a concession to build a new line to the Netherlands and started construction from Münster to Enschede. When it became insolvent in 1874, the KWE took it over and continued construction of the line to Gronau. The last part to Enschede was built and subsequently operated jointly with the Dortmund-Gronau-Enschede Railway Company (Dortmund-Gronau-Enscheder Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, DGEE).

The new line was opened on 30 September 1875 and the DGEE opened the last section of the Dortmund–Enschede railway between Coesfeld and Enschede on the same day. Two weeks later, on 15 October 1875, the section to Enschede was official opened for passenger traffic.

As a result of the Second World War, this section was inoperative from 1940 to 1951. Freight traffic ended in the autumn of 1979 and regular passenger services ended exactly two years later on 26 September 1981. The line was officially downgraded to a branch line on 1 March 1982 and the line was closed between Gronau and Enschede on 15 June 1985 with a special train trip. In the early 1990s the idea developed to build a Euroregion cycling path on the closed section. These plans were not pursued further. In 1996, a Dutch-German working group was established with the aim of reopening the line. Initially it was expected to have about 2,000 passengers per day.  A public agreement to restart passenger services between Enschede and Gronau was signed on 18 November 1998. A short time later, the first work began, so that the line was reopened on 16 November 2001. The stations of Glanerbrug and Enschede De Eschmarke were added to the line.

Although the line is identical with the line to Rheine for the first kilometres to Nevinghoff, the Royal Westphalian Railway built a separate track parallel to the existing line. It was dismantled during the reconstruction of the line after the Second World War.

A special feature of the railway is the Metelen Land railway museum at Metelen Land station.

Current operations

Since the re-commissioning of the Dutch section of the line, the whole length of the line between Münster and Enschede has been served hourly by Regionalbahn service RB 64 (Euregio-Bahn). Between Gronau and Enschede, it alternates with the RB 51 (Westmünsterland-Bahn) service, which is operated by DB Regio NRW (which was operated by Prignitzer Eisenbahn GmbH between 2004 and 2012), creating a half-hourly service on this section. There are connections in Enschede  to Dutch InterCity services on the Amersfoort–Schiphol, Amersfoort–Utrecht–Rotterdam, Amersfoort–Utrecht–Den Haag routes and  local services on the Almelo–Zwolle and Almelo–Deventer–Apeldoorn routes. Services are operated using 1 to 3 Bombardier Talent diesel multiple units. The average speed is about 49 km/h.

The extension to Enschede led to disproportionate passenger growth. The Euregio service is now one of the most important rail services in Western Münsterland and is used by thousands of commuters daily. On weekends, many German passengers use this line to go to the market in Enschede. Similarly, many Dutch people use the Euregio train to visit Münster for example. The line is used by many students on workdays to travel from Münster to Standort Steinfurt to reach the Münster University of Applied Sciences. The capacity during the peak hour, however, is very limited.

There are additional late connections on Friday and Saturday nights and on the eve of public holidays.

The Euregio-Bahn was previously operated as part of the Münster West Network diesel network under the auspices of the Zweckverbands Nahverkehr Westfalen-Lippe (Local transport association of Westphalia-Lippe, NWL). After a temporary suspension of the tender on 28 April 2010, it was announced that DB Regio Westphalia has been awarded the contract for this network. It has the contract to operate it for 15 years from December 2011.

Development

On 23 November 2008, DB Netz put in operation an electronic interlocking bases in Coesfeld. The electronic interlocking currently controls traffic on the Münster–Enschede line, including the branch to Coesfeld. The line speed on the Münster Zentrum Nord–Burgsteinfurt section was increased to 100 km/h from 80 km/h or 90 km/h.

As the use of the trains has been on the rise in recent years, which is attributed to commuter traffic to the university located in Steinfurt and the attractiveness of the modernisation of the line, services are approaching the limits of their capacity. As a result, the Zweckverband SPNV Münsterland (public transport association of Münsterland) initiated the discussion on electrification in February 2012, allowing the line to be operated with double-deck cars. It would also be possible to use diesel-hauled double-deck cars, but diesel engines would not be as efficient as electric locomotives.

In September 2012, the council of the Münster district published a list of rail projects as a submission to the new Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan (Bundesverkehrswegeplan), which is intended to be finalised in 2015. Among them is the electrification of the Münster-Enschede line. Its justification is listed as "increasing the line speed and increasing the service frequency by electrification and the occasional duplication of the line to enable greater service density".

Notes

External links

Railway lines in North Rhine-Westphalia
Railway lines in the Netherlands
Railway lines opened in 1875
1875 establishments in Germany
Cross-border railway lines in Germany
Buildings and structures in Münster
Münster (region)
Railway lines in Overijssel
Enschede

Münster–Enschede railway


Kris Sigurdson is a Canadian physicist and cosmologist. He is an associate professor in the University of British Columbia's department of physics and astronomy in Vancouver, British Columbia. He was previously a NASA Hubble Fellow and Member of the Institute for Advanced Study. He received a Ph.D. in physics from the California Institute of Technology.

Sigurdson is known for his work on the effects of dark matter interactions on cosmological perturbations, new models of dark matter particle physics, and the potential for observing signatures of the multiverse with cosmology. His other work includes contributions in the physics of the early universe, cosmological perturbation theory, and cosmic 21-cm fluctuations.

In 2010, he co-authored a paper proposing the theory of hylogenesis, a theory of the origin of matter that links the formation of dark matter to baryogenesis. The theory predicts that in the long term protons or neutrons can be destroyed by interactions with dark matter.

References

21st-century Canadian physicists
Canadian cosmologists
Theoretical physicists
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
California Institute of Technology alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Kris Sigurdson


Barrington Gaynor (27 September 1965 – 19 March 2011) was a Jamaican national football player.

Early years
Gaynor lived in Trench Town, Kingston, Jamaica, until he was nine years old. While living in Trench Town, he attended Trench Town Primary School up until grade four. After moving to 9 Miles Bull Bay, St. Andrew in May 1975, Gaynor immediately transferred to St. Benedict's Primary School at 7 Miles Bull Bay. He started learning to play football at eleven years old. While learning to play football on the streets, Gaynor was given the nickname Cobra by one of his friends, who just felt like giving him a name. He played his first competition in the summer of 1977. It was the Bull Bay under fifteen Corner League where his team, Lodge United, was the eventual champion.

Education
In 1978, Gaynor took the Common Entrance Exam at St. Benedict's Primary School, passed and went to Camperdown High School where he did well. At Camperdown he played Pepsi Under 13 in 1978 and went to the finals. In 1979 and 1980, Gaynor played Colts Under 15 and lost in the 1979 Colts final. He went on to play in the High School Manning Cup competition from 1981 to 1984. Camperdown won the Manning Cup, Walker Cup, and Olivier Shield in 1982. From 1982 to 1984 Gaynor was selected to the All Manning team at the end of each season. In 1984, Gaynor was named footballer of the year at Camperdown High School. In 2003 and 2004 he won the Jamaica High School Alumni Competition in Bronx New York, representing his Alma Mater.

In 1988 Gaynor was awarded a four-year football scholarship in the United States of America at Alderson Broaddus College in Philippi, West Virginia. Gaynor studied Computer Science and graduated in three and a half years with a Bachelor of Science degree. In 1988 Alderson Broaddus College were beaten in finals of the NAIA National Tournament and lost in semifinals of the tournament in 1991. Alderson Broaddus were the area champions in 1988 and 1991 and conference champions in 1988, 1990, and 1991. Gaynor made the All-American and All-Conference teams in the four years he played in college. He was also selected to the 1988 NAIA National All-Tournament Team. He was selected for the NAIA 1992 Senior Bowl game Chicago.

Club career
At the age of fifteen, immediately after helping the minor league team to the semifinal, Gaynor started playing senior football in the major league competition for Bull Bay F.C. In 1983, Gaynor made his big career move at the age of eighteen when he joined neighboring Club Harbour View. Gaynor played for Harbour View F.C. for eighteen years, where he won many championships. While representing Harbour View with some excellent performance, Gaynor was given the nickname Cabrini, who was the Italian left full back from the 1982 World Cup winning team. While playing for Harbour View F.C., Gaynor won two major leagues, one President Cup, four Jackie Bell Knockouts, three Federation Cup Knockouts, three Premier League End of Round Finals and one Premier League Title. In year 1985, Gaynor was named the Most Valuable Junior Player in the Premier League and in 1998 Gaynor was voted the Most Valuable Player in the Federation Cup Knockout.

International career
Gaynor got his first taste of national recognition when he was selected into the Jamaica National Under 19 Team in 1983. In 1987, Gaynor moved on to make his senior National debut. Gaynor played for his nation until 1993 and earned 63 caps. He represented his country in 13 FIFA World Cup qualification matches. In 1991, he was appointed vice captain of the national team and was given the opportunity to lead the team on many of occasions. During his tenure as a national player, Gaynor was dubbed by one reporter as "the man who doesn't know how to play a bad game". With the Jamaica National team, Gaynor won the Caribbean Shell Cup in 1991 and came third in the CONCACAF Gold Cup in 1993.

Coaching career
Gaynor started his coaching career at a very tender age when he coached his championship Under 10 team while he was only twelve years old. He also coached and picked his primary school soccer team when the coach did not show up. In 1993 Gaynor got his first real coaching job, when he was hired as the assistant men's football coach for two years at William Carey College in Mississippi.

After his two-year coaching stint in Mississippi, he immediately went back to his beloved home in Jamaica, to work and continue his coaching career. In 1995, he coached his former high school team, Camperdown, in the Manning Cup competition and continued to coach them until 2007. Camperdown made it to the Walker Cup Finals in 2005 and Manning Cup Semifinals in 2000 and 2005.

Gaynor took over the coaching job at Bull Bay F.C. in 1999 and won the Syd Barlett Competition undefeated. Gaynor went on to be named Kingston and St. Andrew Football Association coach of the year in 2000. The following year Gaynor's Bull Bay team's hard work paid off again when they were awarded the Major League champions. In 2001, Gaynor transferred from Harbour View and went back to Bull Bay where he becomes a player coach. The Bull Bay team came second in the National A League competition and was promoted to the Premier League for the 2002/03 season. Bull Bay is the only team to ever got promoted three consecutive year on their way up to the Premier League.

In 2004 Gaynor got a coaching stint with the National Program, and travelled to Chengdu, China as an assistant coach to Wendell Downswell with the Jamaica Under 23 team. In the 2005/2006 season, he was assistant coach to Donovan Hayles at Harbour View for the Premier League. In July 2006, Gaynor went to England to complete the UEFA B Coaching course for a month. On his return from England, he coached Waterhouse F.C. in the 2006/2007 Premier League season.

Honors
In April 2008, Gaynor was inducted into the Alderson Broaddus College Hall of Fame. He was the second football player to be inducted into the Hall of Fame at Alderson Broaddus College.

In February 2009 Gaynor was honored by Camperdown High School at the Camperdown Classic Track Meet.

On 18 July 2009 he received a Special Harbour View Honor in Marimar, Florida and that day was also declared by the Marimar Mayor as Barrington Gaynor's day.

Personal life
Gaynor was married to Nyoka, and he had two daughters, Shanice, 16 and Juanell.

Gaynor started a College Scholarship Program immediately after his first year at Alderson Broaddus College in 1989. He got various colleges to give young football players, both boys and girls from Jamaica, a full four- or two-year scholarship. This scholarship program still goes on.

The Barrington Gaynor Foundation kept its first Back To School Treat in 2007 at his home in 9 Miles Bull Bay, where they cater for 1,000 children in the community, and this was held again in 2008. They also donated $100,000 in August 2008 and $150,000 in October 2009 to the Weise Road Basic School. He did this because he was a strong believer in education and the need to give back to his community.

Lou Gehrig's disease
Gaynor was diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease in January 2008. In August 2008 a benefit match featuring George Weah was held for him in New York City. On 27 February 2011, Gaynor was honoured and handed several donations to facilitate medical expenses while he attended a Jamaica National Premier League match between Harbour View and Boys' Town.

Death
Gaynor died on 19 March 2011, while receiving medical treatment at the Westchester Medical Center, New York, U.S.A.

He was buried on 9 April at the Dovecot Memorial Park in St Catherine after a memorial service was held at the Pentecostal Tabernacle.

References

External links
 Tributes to Gaynor - Jamaica Gleaner
 Feature on Gaynor's battle with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Jamaica Gleaner

1965 births
2011 deaths
Footballers from Kingston, Jamaica
Jamaican men's footballers
Jamaica men's international footballers
1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Alderson Broaddus Battlers men's soccer players
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Neurological disease deaths in New York (state)
Men's association football defenders

Barrington Gaynor


Hranush Hrant Hakobyan () is an Armenian politician who is the longest-serving woman in the National Assembly of Armenia and among the only seven women members of Armenia's Parliament. She was the first Armenian woman to be "directly elected" into office by the Armenian people instead of "being appointed by a political party".

She became the long-standing Minister of the Diaspora for many years, before the said ministry was abolished. In 2005, she sponsored Armenia's "gender-quota law" in order to encourage the participation and election of more women in the politics of Armenia.

Biography

Hranush Hakobyan (a mathematician, lawyer, political scientist, non-partisan) was born on 12 April 1954 in the village of Sarukhan in Kamo Region.

In 1975, she graduated from the YSU Applied Mathematics Department, later in 1989, from Moscow Academy of Political Sciences.
In 1994, Hranush Hakobyan graduated from the YSU Law Department. She is a Doctor-Professor of Law, Associate Professor, Professor at the State University of Gavar.
In 1986, she was awarded with the order of "People's Friendship".
In the period of 1975–1983, she was a professor at Yerevan State University.
In 1978–1983, Hranush Hakobyan was appointed Deputy Secretary, Secretary at the Komsomol Committee of Yerevan State University.
In 1983–1990, she became Secretary, First Secretary of the Komsomol of Armenia, a member of Komsomol Central Committee Bureau.
Hranush Hakobyan once occupied the following positions: Deputy of the Supreme Council of the Arm SSR, a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council (1986-1990), Deputy at the Supreme Council, Deputy Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme Council on Social and Healthcare Affairs (1990-1995), Member of the National Assembly, Head of the Standing Committee on Social, Healthcare and Environmental Affairs at the National Assembly (1995-1996).
She was a member of the grouping "Republic", Deputy Chairwoman of the CIS Inter-parliamentary Assembly  Social Affairs Commission (1995-1996).
In 1996–1998, Hranush Hakobyan was appointed the RA Minister of Social Security.
She has been a member of Inter-parliamentary Union since 1996, a member of the Women's Affairs Coordinating Council and the Head of the Armenian Delegation since 2003.
In the years 1999–2003, she was a Member of the National Assembly, and also a member of the National Assembly Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs.
In 2001, she became Secretary of Parliamentary Group called People's Deputy.
On 25 May 2003 she was elected a Member of the National Assembly, Head of the National Assembly Standing Committee on Science, Education, Culture and Youth Affairs. Hranush Hakobyan is a member of the Republican Party of Armenia.
She also occupied the post of the Chair of the Armenian Women's International Association, co-chair of the Association of Women's Health, Trustee of Yerevan, Cambridge-Yerevan, Armenia's Orphanages Fund, Co-chair of the Board of trustees of US-Armenia Health Care Center.
She is the author of 2 books and 25 research papers.

See also
Mariam Vardanian

References

1954 births
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Armenia)
Government ministers of Armenia
Labor and Social Affairs ministers of Armenia
Women government ministers of Armenia
Yerevan State University alumni
Academic staff of Yerevan State University
20th-century Armenian women politicians
20th-century Armenian politicians
21st-century Armenian women politicians
21st-century Armenian politicians
Diaspora ministers of Armenia
People from Gegharkunik Province

Hranush Hakobyan


Holland is the name of a region in the western part of the Netherlands. Holland was a county of the Holy Roman Empire and later the leading province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795).

Today, there is no country called "Holland". There are two provinces called "Holland" in the Netherlands: North Holland () and South Holland (). Those provinces were created in 1840. The earlier country and province of Holland used to be bigger, but some parts of that province were given to other provinces during the French occupation (1795-1813). For example, Willemstad became part of North Brabant, the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling were given to Friesland, and the island of Urk to Overijssel. But for a short time during that period (1806–1810), there was a country called "Holland", the Kingdom of Holland, which was in the central and northern Netherlands and East Friesland in Germany.

Many people use the name "Holland" to refer to all of the Netherlands, including the other ten provinces. That is not correct and is like calling the United Kingdom, "England" or "Great Britain". Some Dutch people who live outside "Holland" find it unacceptable to refer to the entire country Holland. But acceptable when you refer "Holland" to the Netherlands national team.

Regions of the Netherlands
Regions of South Holland
North Holland

Holland


Inanda or eNanda (isiZulu: pleasant place, also possibly, level-topped hill) is a township in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa that is situated 21 km north-west of Durban. It forms part of eThekwini, the Greater Durban Metropolitan Municipality.  Populated primarily by Zulu-speaking Black Africans, Inanda is the home of John Langalibalele Dube, first President of the African National Congress (ANC), a former residence and base of operations of Mahatma Gandhi, and the birthplace of the syncretic Nazareth Baptist Church

History
Brief Description

Inanda Township, situated within the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, holds historical significance as one of the original townships in the region. Initially, during the 17th century, it served as a vital oasis for local Indigenous farmers. The landscape transformed with the arrival of white settlers in the late 1700s, and by the 1800s, Inanda Township became designated as a 'Reserve' for Black and less educated individuals. Indian farmers became part of the community in 1936, further enriching its cultural fabric.

The year 1951 marked a pivotal shift with the introduction of the Group Areas Act by the government. This legislation led to an influx of Black residents into Inanda Township, accompanied by challenges arising from inadequate infrastructure encompassing housing, schools, clinics, roads, sanitation, and water systems. The lack of proper planning detrimentally impacted the quality of life for the township's inhabitants.

Tensions escalated between the Indian and African communities between 1984-1987, resulting in significant political and racial clashes. As a consequence, many Indian residents relocated to nearby areas such as Verulam, KwaZulu-Natal, Phoenix, Durban, and Ottawa, KwaZulu-Natal. Despite South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994, Inanda Township continued to experience relative neglect from the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality in terms of developmental initiatives.

Notably, on April 27, 1994, Inanda Township gained recognition as the location where Nelson Mandela cast his vote, marking a momentous occasion in the country's history. This event coincided with his election as the first Black President of the Republic later that same year.

Mafukuzela
 John Langalibalele Dube, affectionately known as "Mafukuzela," alongside his wife Nokutela Dube, were born in the 1870s at an American-operated Christian mission station located in Inanda. As the son of a respected Zulu clergyman, Dube received his education at Oberlin College in the United States. Upon his return to his birthplace of Inanda, Dube embarked on a path of intellectual exploration, composing a series of insightful essays concerning the history and advancement of Africans. In 1903, he made a significant contribution to media by establishing the inaugural bilingual Zulu/English newspaper, titled Ilanga laseNatali (The Sun of Natal).

He assumed the role of the first president of the South African Native National Congress, from 1912 to 1917. This organization later evolved into the influential African National Congress.
Inspired by the work of African-American educator Booker T. Washington and his Tuskegee University, Dube and his wife founded several schools in Inanda, including Ohlange High School, Redfern Primary School, and Langalibalele High Primary School.  Dube's home neighborhood in Inanda, Dube Village, now contains numerous memorials to his efforts.

Gandhi and the Phoenix Settlement

In the year 1903, Mahatma Gandhi, who had established his residence in the nearby city of Durban in 1893, founded a modest settlement known as Phoenix Settlement on the northwestern periphery of Inanda. This village-like community featured residences, a clinic, a school, and a printing press, and played a pivotal role as a dwelling place for Gandhi, his family, and his supporters. Their collective mission was to advocate for societal transformation through nonviolent resistance. The influential newspaper Indian Opinion, which vigorously championed the civil rights of both Indian South Africans and native Africans, was published from this site in four different languages.

Even after Gandhi's departure in 1914, Phoenix Settlement continued to be a home for various residents and activists, including his son, Manilal Gandhi. As the 1980s unfolded, the vicinity of the Settlement witnessed the emergence of a squatter camp named Bhambayi, which eventually encompassed much of the area. The year 1985 witnessed riots within the camp, driven by opposition to apartheid policies, resulting in significant damage to the structures of Phoenix Settlement. Subsequently, the community largely fell into disuse until February 2000, when then-President Thabo Mbeki formally committed to its reestablishment and restoration. This commitment materialized within the same year, leading to the successful restoration of Phoenix Settlement.

Phoenix Settlement was declared a National Heritage Site by the South African government in 2020.

Nazareth Baptist Church
In the early 20th century, Isaiah Shembe, a prominent Zulu mystic and charismatic preacher, established the Nazareth Baptist Church in Inanda. This African initiated church elements of Christianity with indigenous Zulu traditions. Central to the church's teachings are principles of abstemious living and adherence to the Ten Commandments. The followers of this faith, commonly referred to as "Shembe," quasi-messianic attributes to Isaiah Shembe and his descendants. Over the course of more than a century since its inception, the Church has experienced multiple divisions. The majority of Shembe adherents continue to originate from the KwaZulu-Natal region, and the revered historical site of the Inanda church headquarters, known as ekuPhakameni, remains in active use.

Racial Conflict

During the period spanning from 1978 to 1994, Inanda witnessed a series of intense confrontations between its African and Indian communities, leading to significant upheaval. A notable outcome of these events was the relocation of a substantial portion of the town's Indian populace to the neighboring areas of Phoenix and Verulam.

Geography
Adjacent communities within the KwaZulu-Natal province, including the prominent city of Durban, encompass KwaMashu and Ntuzuma. Inanda Township occupies an extensive geographical area and is segmented into multiple sections. Unlike neighboring KwaMashu, these divisions are denoted by actual names rather than letters. Among these sections are Inanda Newtowns A, B, and C (locally referred to as Ematendeni), Dube Village, Ezimangweni, White City, Langalibalele, Ohlange, Amaoti, Lindley, Congo (D.R), Amatikwe, Phola, Ngoqokazi, Tafuleni, Ntanda, Emachobeni, Ngcungcwini, Soweto, and Glebe. Although there exists ongoing discourse concerning whether the area extending from Umzinyathi to Manyaseni falls within Inanda's boundaries, it is situated within the Qadi Area. However, the Qadi Area lacks official standalone recognition, necessitating its residents to employ Inanda for postal addresses and commercial purposes. Notably, the Inanda section of Ohlange has evolved into a notable tourist destination due to its significant historical association with the esteemed late Dr. John Langalibalele Dube.

Economy and infrastructure
In the realm of economics, Inanda Township exhibits a range of features. To the northern extent of the township lies Inanda North Town Centre, colloquially referred to as eMtshebheni by locals. This hub encompasses various establishments including well-known stores like Shoprite, Checkout, Saverite, Furnco, Pep Store, Buildit, Cashbuild, and others. Adjacent to this commercial zone is the Inanda SAPS Station.

On the southern fringes of the township stands the Dube Village Mall, a tribute to the late Dr. John Langalibalele Dube. Within this mall, one finds amenities such as the Inanda Post Office, Shoprite, and a variety of other stores. The culinary scene is enriched by franchise restaurants like KFC and Debonairs Pizza, accompanied by local entertainment venues like Sbu's Lounge in Amatikwe, Under The Moon Exclusive Lounge in Lindley, and Zack's Exclusive Lounge in Inanda Glebe.

Turning to infrastructure, the township has several community health centers catering to residents' healthcare needs. Notable among these are the Inanda CHC Clinic on Umshado Road, Newtown C, as well as the Inanda Newtown A & B Clinics, Sivananda Clinic in Ohlange, St. Joseph's Roman Clinic in Amatikwe, and Bhekimpilo Clinic in Amatikwe, among others. The Abalindi Old Age & Orphanage Home is located in Amatikwe.

Additionally, the township offers various recreational facilities, including sporting fields with the Dr. JL Dube Stadium being a prominent landmark. These are complemented by children's parks and innovative Fitness Parks introduced by the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle within the township. Notably, the Tafuleni Cemetery Park in the Tafuleni Section holds significance as one of the largest cemetery parks within the eThekwini Metropolitan area.

Education
 Ohlange High School —  situated in the Inanda district, holds historical significance as an educational institution founded by Dr. John Langalibalele Dube and his wife, Nokutela Dube, as Zulu Christian Industrial School. Notably, it gained distinction as the polling venue where Nelson Mandela cast his vote in South Africa's first racially integrated national election during South Africa's inaugural post-apartheid elections in 1994. This pivotal event marked a significant milestone in the nation's democratic transition. Presently, Ohlange High School maintains its dual role as a daily functioning secondary school, providing education to students, while also serving as a designated polling station for provincial and national elections.
 Inanda Seminary School — established in 1869, is an independent girls' secondary school. Founded by Daniel and Lucy Lindley under the auspices of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the institution ranks among the oldest educational establishments in South Africa. It holds the position of being the second oldest school in Durban, succeeding only the Durban High School.
 Langalibalele High Primary School — Langelibalele High Primary School, situated in the Inanda region, owes its establishment and nomenclature to tDr. John Langalibalele Dube, a prominent figure in the community, the school bears the name of its founder.
 JG Zuma High School — The institution, named after former President Jacob Zuma, was established to honor his contributions and legacy. The decision to name the school after President Zuma reflects a desire to recognize his role in the nation's history and his impact on the broader societal landscape.
 Redfern Primary School — Despite its geographical location in Phoenix, which is closely connected to Inanda through the Mahatma Gandhi Settlements, Redfern Primary's origins trace back to its founding by Dr. John Langalibalele Dube.
Inanda Newtown Comprehensive School
Amandlakayise Primary School — also founded by Dr. John Langalibalele Dube.
No-7 High School, Intshisekelo High School, Nkosinathi High School, Emachobeni Secondary School, Mvaba High School, Mqhawe High School and Sithabile High School are other schools located in Inanda.

There is also the Elangeni FET College, located in Ohlange along Dr. Langalibalele Dube Drive, stands as a tertiary educational institution. The college is dedicated to providing courses encompassing Business and Engineering qualifications among its offerings.

Media
Inanda serves as the central hub for the bilingual (English/Zulu) radio station, Inanda FM, which airs across the entirety of KwaZulu-Natal. Additionally, it holds historical significance as the birthplace of the Ilanga laseNatal, an esteemed newsletter publication founded by John Langalibalele Dube.

Notable residents
John Langalibalele Dube made notable contributions as an educator, politician, publisher, editor, novelist, and poet. He holds credit as the founder of Ilanga lase Natal and as a co-founder of both the Inanda Seminary School and Ohlange High School. Furthermore, he played a significant role as the inaugural president of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), a pivotal organization that would later evolve into the African National Congress.
Nokutela Dube, the first South African woman to establish a school. She also played a role as a co-founder in initiatives such as the Ilanga lase Natal newspaper, the Ohlange Institute, and the Natal Native Congress, which eventually served as a precursor to the establishment of the South African Native National Congress. She was also the wife of John Langalibalele Dube.
Ndaba Mhlongo, renowned for his contributions to the entertainment industry, as an actor and comedian. He held a significant personal connection as the husband of actress Mary Twala, while also being a sibling to the musician Busi Mhlongo. Within his familial sphere, he held the role of a father to actor, television personality, and choreographer Somizi Mhlongo.
Busi Mhlongo, distinguished for her talents in the realm of music, dance, and composition, she made her mark as a singer, dancer, and composer. Notably, she is the sister of comedian Ndaba Mhlongo and holds the role of aunt to television personality Somizi Mhlongo.
Mxolisi Kaunda, a figure in the realm of politics, he holds the position of Mayor within the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality.
Bertha Mkhize, recognized for her multifaceted contributions, she embodied roles as a teacher, businesswoman, advocate for women's rights, and a dedicated participant in the anti-apartheid movement. Her origins trace back to Embo, Umkomaas, and she received her education at the esteemed Inanda Seminary School and Ohlange High School. Throughout her life, she predominantly resided in the community of Inanda.
Zandile Gumede, a notable South African figure, she has held the position of a Member of the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature since 2020. Prior to this, she assumed the role of Executive Mayor within the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, serving diligently from 2016 to 2019.
Makoti Khawula, an influential advocate against apartheid and a dedicated participant in the anti-apartheid movement, she also holds the distinction of being a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa, representing the Economic Freedom Fighters party.
Ted Swales, hailing as a British-South African fighter pilot and a World War II veteran, he earned recognition for his courageous actions in the defense of his nation. His achievements led to the awarding of the Distinguished Flying Cross, and he was posthumously bestowed with the Victoria Cross in his honor.
Sibusiso Khumalo, an accomplished South African professional footballer, he occupies the role of a defender within the ranks of Black Leopards in the Premier Soccer League. Furthermore, he contributes his skills to the South African men's national team.
Andile Fikizolo, also known as Carot, is a South African soccer player who plays as a midfielder and right wing for Golden Arrows in the Premier Soccer League

References

Populated places in eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality
Townships in KwaZulu-Natal

Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal


A drawer pull (wire pull or simply pull) is a handle to pull a drawer out of a chest of drawers, cabinet or other furniture piece.

A drawer pull often includes a plate to which the handle is fastened. The handle may swing from one or two mounts ("drop handle" or "swing handle"), making a drop drawer pull. A bail handle is a kind of swing handle consisting of an open loop attached to two mounts. The handle may also be fastened to the plate with rivets, making it immovable. The plate may be ornamented by piercing, embossing, or both. The ornament may also be cut on the surface with tools, leaving it sunken into the metal. The stock for handles may be round, rectangular, or irregular forged shapes.

Drawer pulls may also be in one piece, either a handle only or a plate shaped into a grip.

See also
 Cord pull

References

External links
 Engines of Our Ingenuity No. 2824: A Brass Catalogue

Furniture
Cabinets (furniture)

Drawer pull


Arthur Avilés (born 1963) is an American Bessie Award-winning dancer and choreographer of Puerto Rican descent. Avilés was born in Queens, New York, and raised in Long Island and the Bronx.  He graduated from Bard College, a liberal arts college in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. After graduating from Bard, he became a member of the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company, and toured internationally with the company for eight years 1987 to 1995.

Mr. Avilés began his own company, the Arthur Aviles Typical Theatre (AATT), in 1996 in Paris, France, and moved the company to the Bronx that same year.  In addition to his work with AATT, Avilés became the company choreographer for the Paris-based theatrical company Faim de Siecle, and has choreographed a series of productions that have been performed in the United States and in France.

In December 1998, he co-founded with Charles Rice-González BAAD! - The Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance, a new performance and workshop space in the American Bank Note Company Building, a warehouse in the Hunts Point section of the Bronx.  In October 2013, the organization moved to Westchester Square into a gothic revivalist building on the campus of St. Peter's Episcopal Church. The New York Times has said that BAAD! is "a funky and welcoming performance space."  In addition to the Bessie Award, Avilés received an Arts and Letters Award from his alma mater in 1995, a BRIO (Bronx Recognizes Its Own) Award from the Bronx Council on the Arts (BCA) in 1999, a PRIDE (Puerto Rican Initiative to Develop Empowerment) Award honoring outstanding contributions and services to the Puerto Rican, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Communities, a 2004 New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship, in 2008 he received an award from NYC Comptroller Bill Thompson and a NYC Mayor's Arts Award, and 2015 received an honorary doctorate from Bard College. In 2005, AATT was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, which was made possible through a donation by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg.

Anna Kisselgoff of The New York Times wrote, "If you don't know Mr. Aviles, you haven't seen one of the great modern dancers of the last 15 years."  Jennifer Dunning, The New York Times dance critic, described his work as follows: "Arthur Aviles has developed an individual voice and style that might be compared to bold street theater and poster art, communicating his truths about life as seen as a gay male Puerto Rican through simple narratives that are always colorful and often poignant and amusing."

Since 1991, Aviles has collaborated extensively with his first cousin, the comedian and performer Elizabeth Marrero. He has also collaborated with other gay Puerto Rican performers such as Jorge Merced. Avilés is publicly gay, as he has indicated in interviews, and many of his dance pieces explore gay topics.

See also
Freda Rosen

References

Additional bibliography
 Rivera-Servera, Ramón. "Latina/o Queer Futurities: Arthur Aviles Takes on the Bronx." Ollantay Theater Magazine 15.29-30 (2007): 127-46.
 Rivera-Servera, Ramón. "Building Home: Arthur Aviles's Choreography of the Public Space." in Performing Queer Latinidad: Dance, Sexuality, Politics (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012), 46-93.
 La Fountain-Stokes, Lawrence. "A Naked Puerto Rican Faggot from America: An Interview with Arthur Avilés." CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies 19.1 (Spring 2007): 314-29.

External links
  Arthur Aviles Theatre Company
  BAAD! Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance

1963 births
20th-century American dancers
21st-century American dancers
Living people
American choreographers
American male dancers
American people of Puerto Rican descent
Bard College alumni
Bessie Award winners
American gay artists
Modern dancers
Entertainers from the Bronx
People from Queens, New York
People from Long Island
LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people
21st-century American LGBT people

Arthur Aviles


Sorcerer is a 1977 American adventure thriller movie directed by William Friedkin and based on the Georges Arnaud's 1950 novel Le Salaire de la peur and remake of the 1953 movie The Wages of Fear. It stars Roy Scheider, Bruno Cremer, Francisco Rabal, Amidou, Ramon Bieri and distributed by Paramount Pictures and Universal Pictures. It was a commercial failure and being released around the same time as ''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.

Other websites

1977 adventure movies
1977 thriller movies
American thriller movies
American adventure movies
Mexican adventure movies
Mexican thriller movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by William Friedkin
Trucker movies
Paramount Pictures movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies set in Venezuela
Movies set in New Jersey
Movies set in Colombia
Movies set in Mexico
Movies set in Paris

Sorcerer (movie)


Soil

Soil na di mixture of organic matter, gases, liquids, minerals and organisms wey support life. Di soil wey on top earth get four functions:

•E dey help plant grow

•E dey help store, supply and purify water

•E dey serve as habitat for organisms

•E also dey modify earth atmosphere

Soil na di product of plenty factors wey include climate, relief and materials in dey for the parent soil wey dey interact over time. E dey develop by many physical, chemical and biological processes, wey include weathering with associated erosion.

Soil


Al-Chemor (pronounced Ach-Chmorr, Shammar, Shamir or Shummar in Arabic الشمرّ) is an ancient noble Christian Arab clan from Lebanon.

History
The family ruled two sheikhdoms in Northern Lebanon, Aqoura from 1211 to 1633 and the Zawyia region of Zgharta from 1641 to 1747. Its lineage traces from King Abu Chemor, a Christian Ghassanid who gave his name to the family. Its sheikhs were the last Ghassanid princes to rule until the 18th century. They derived from the Yamanis and left Akoura in the 17th century.  Some members moved to Jeita in Keserwan where Sleiman Chemor was a prominent land owner.

Other family members left Tripoli to inhabit and rule Aradat and Kfarhata. In 1654 Abdallah Bin Chemor Al Akoury was killed by the followers of the Hamadi Cheikhs after they were assigned to rule Jebbet Becharri by the governor of Tripoli, Mouhammad Bacha Al Koubary. When the aggression of the Hamadis increased, the governor launched two battalions against the Shiite renegades, one of them headed by Daher El Daher and one by Youssef Chemor. The campaign met its goals but one of the leaders, Bechara Karam, was ambushed and killed in Meghayri, south of Akoura. The Chemors were related by marriage to the Yaghis of Akoura.

The Ghassanids are the largest tribe in the Arabic peninsula. During the 2nd century CE they emigrated from Yemen after the Marib dam break to Syria in search of water sources. They established themselves near the "Ghassan spring" from which they took their name. The Ghassanids tribe was Christian and allied to the Byzantines.

Abou Choummar Jabla was one of the first Ghassanid kings, ruling around 500. His son was the most prominent Ghassanid King. He was named "the Great Protector" because he defended the Christians against the barbarians with the help and the benediction of Byzantine Emperor Justinian II. His kingdom included the regions of Houran, Mount Hermon, the Golan, the Jordan valley and Damascus. In 635, the Ghassanid kingdom disappeared when the area was conquered by Muslims. The Choummar (from Abou Choummar Jabla) had to flee to Lebanon; their first stay was in the Christian Maronite region of Akoura (Byblos District) where geological and historical safety was provided.

The Choummar inhabited and ruled the rich agricultural region of Akoura in today's Lebanon from 1211 until 1633. They ruled Zawiya from 1641 to 1747 and took Kfarhata near Zgharta as their home town. During this period, many disputes between them and the Daher occurred. One led them to escape the village and take refuge in Beit Habbak, a small hillside village near Byblos, where a big ramification of the Chemor family took place (Gharios, Hobeika...).

Modern era
The houses of Hobeika, Kdeissy, and Gharios are the best known of the descendants with many active members residing in current Lebanon.

Kfarhata is still the hometown of the Sheikhs Chemor. They continue to use their titles officially and publicly until the present day.  Over generations, the family has spread throughout Lebanon, and its members reside throughout the world.

References

Arab families
Arab Christians
Lebanese noble families

Al-Chemor


The Franklin W. Farrer House in southeast Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon is a two-story dwelling listed on the National Register of Historic Places. An American Craftsman structure built in 1914, it was added to the register in 1989.

The interior of the house, originally a single-family dwelling, has been converted to two apartments, one on each floor. The house is locally unusual in its use of cast stone as a homebuilding material. Other notable features include elements of Prairie School architecture such as a low-pitched gable roof, an offset main entrance, exaggerated eave overhangs, and a strong emphasis on horizontal lines.

Farrer was the original owner. Born in 1867 in Minnesota, he moved in infancy to Damascus, Oregon, with his parents. In 1902, he began work for the United States Post Office Department in Portland, for which he delivered mail for 30 years. He occupied the house until his death in 1961.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Southeast Portland, Oregon

References

1914 establishments in Oregon
American Craftsman architecture in Oregon
Buckman, Portland, Oregon
Houses completed in 1914
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Oregon
Portland Eastside MPS
Portland Historic Landmarks

Franklin W. Farrer House


Necromancer (, translit. Jom kha mung wej) is a 2005 Thai drama film directed by Piyapan Choopetch and starring Chatchai Plengpanich and Akara Amarttayakul. It is very loosely based on the 1996 killing of some drug dealers by police, but with an added dimension of witchcraft battles between police and ex-police.

Plot
Itti (Chatchai Plengpanich) is a former police officer, now convicted criminal, and endowed with powerful black magic abilities that make him a feared prisoner. He is moved to solitary confinement in a specially constructed cell, but with his mind-reading abilities, is able to detect a weakness in the one jailor who brings him food. In his interactions with the jailor, he is able to take over the man's mind and use the man to help him escape.

A young police officer, Santi (Akara Amarttayakul) is assigned to track Itti down, and in confronting Itti, Santi becomes increasingly obsessed with gaining magical powers himself.

Release and reception
Produced by RS Film, Necromancer was released in Thai cinemas on March 10, 2005.

Chatchai Plengpanich won the best actor award for his role at the Thailand National Film Awards.

The film has been released on Region 3 DVD, with English subtitles, and was marketed in English-speaking territories with the tagline: "Someone's out to hex you."

External links

2005 films
Thai supernatural horror films
RS Film films
Thai horror films

Necromancer (2005 film)


Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. (December 31, 1943 – October 12, 1997) was an American musician and songwriter. He was of German and Irish ancestry. He was very popular in the 1970s. He died when the plane he was flying crashed in California.

Denver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s. By 1974, he was one of America's best-selling performers, and AllMusic has described Denver as "among the most beloved entertainers of his era"  On 12 October 1997, John Denver died in a plane crash aged 53.

Studio albums

Awards and recognition
Academy of Country Music

 1974 Album of the Year for Back Home Again

American Music Awards

 1975 Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist
 1976 Favorite Country Album for Back Home Again
 1976 Favorite Country Male Artist

Country Music Association

 1975 Entertainer of the Year
 1975 Song of the Year for "Back Home Again"

Emmy Awards

 1975 Emmy for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special for An Evening With John Denver

Grammy Awards

 1997 Best Musical Album For Children for All Aboard!
 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame Award for "Take Me Home, Country Roads"

Songwriters Hall of Fame

 Inducted in 1996

Death
On October 12th, 1997 Denver was piloting his own "experimental ultralight plane" off of Monterey Bay, California. He made an error in calculating his remaining fuel levels and fatally crashed directly into the ocean near Lover's Point, Pacific Grove, after the plane ran completely out of gas. After a thorough investigation completed by the National Aviation Services and supporting law enforcement, it was deemed that he was too confined within the limited space of his plane to successfully engage his reserve tank. Denver was 53 years old; his remains were cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Rocky Mountains.

References
5. https://gulfnews.com/today-history/october-12-1997-singer-john-denver-dies-in-plane-crash-1.2104320

1943 births
1997 deaths
American country guitarists
American country singers
American folk singers
American pop singers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from New Mexico
Aviation deaths in the United States

Writers from New Mexico
Roswell, New Mexico

John Denver


The Medicine Show is a 1933 short animated film by Columbia Pictures. The film is part of a long-running short film series featuring Krazy Kat.

Plot
Krazy is a pharmacist who retails medicine in his horse-drawn wagon. When he stops by to sell his products, he first puts up a magic show. Bystanders gather around to watch. His first act shows him playing a clarinet while a python dances. His second act features a lady wolf being inside a wooden box which Krazy saws into four pieces. But instead of his assistant being divided, four small lady wolves pop out of each piece. When the parts of the wooden box are placed back together, the lady wolf comes out back in her one self.

After doing his acts, Krazy starts retailing his bottles of liquid medicine. One of his customers is an old beagle. The old beagle, after consuming a bottle, suddenly becomes very able and dances very fluently but also transforms into a small puppy who merrily leaves in a scooter.

Krazy's second customer is a pet dog with a flea problem. Krazy pours liquid from one of his bottles onto the pet dog. The fleas start to jump out and leave their host.

As more customers flock to Krazy's wagon, a rat can be seen drinking one of his bottles. The rat, for some reason, transforms into a vicious lion. The lion scares everybody, including Krazy, away from the scene.

The lion continues to chase Krazy for many yards. On the way, the lion comes across a pack of dachshunds. The dachshunds try to outrun the lion but the big cat swallows them. The dachshunds are able to exit the lion's mouth. But as they come out, the little dogs have been transformed into little lions. Despite their size, the little lions manage to scare away their swallower. The little lions then turn to and confront Krazy. But as they jump forth, Krazy traps the tiny beasts in a bottle.

See also
 Krazy Kat filmography

References

External links
The Medicine Show at the Big Cartoon Database

1933 short films
American animated short films
American black-and-white films
1933 animated films
Krazy Kat shorts
Fiction about shapeshifting
Columbia Pictures short films
1930s American animated films
Columbia Pictures animated short films
Screen Gems short films

The Medicine Show


Ancient Roman culture grew through the almost 1200 years of Rome's civilization. The Romans conquered many people and brought back from their wars many things from each land. Their way of life was a mix of many cultures, influences, and religions. Starting in the 2nd century BC, Greek influence became very important. Architecture, painting, sculpture, laws, and literature grew to a high level. Slaves, and Christians were treated differently by different rulers. Rome was a trading nation which kept military control over a wide range of peoples, mostly around the Mediterranean.

Classes
There were four classes of people in Rome: the aristocrats, the equestrians, the common citizens, and the slaves. The aristocrat class had about 300 families, mostly senators. The aristocrat class was very powerful. The equestrians or "equites" were merchants, government builders, and bankers who were usually less rich. The common citizens were farmers, industrial workers, and the city mob. Slaves had to work hard and were usually released when they became old. Some slaves were trained to be gladiators for people to watch. Other slaves worked in rich homes as doorkeepers, litter-bearers, messengers, or servants. Some Greek slaves were teachers who taught their language, or doctors.

Religion
The original Roman religion had many gods, with stories called Roman mythology.

Christianity
At the time of the birth of Jesus, the Roman Empire ruled the entire Mediterranean area. Jesus taught to worship God only. Because Christians worshiped only God and did not join in the festivals to other gods, Romans thought they were unpatriotic. Many Christians were crucified.  Romans persecuted them for many years.  Sometimes they were killed by animals for a show.

However, Christianity still spread in the Roman Empire. A great change took place when Constantine I became emperor. He moved the capital of the empire to Byzantium, converted to Christianity, and protected Christians from harm. Many Romans continued to worship the old gods.

House

In the Imperial Age, the poorer Roman houses were built of sun-dried brick.  These houses only had one room. In this one room the family slept, ate, and had visitors.  Richer people had mansions.  Statues and paintings were shown. Small rooms were used as living and dining places. In the center there was a court with a garden. It was decorated with fountains, plants, and flowers. Floors were often made of mosaics, tiles, or marble with lots of different colors. Some walls were painted. Dishes were made of pottery or glass. There was plumbing in some houses and in the public baths, and a sewer system was used. Hot air warmed the house from a heating system. Many rich Romans had two houses, one in the town and one in the country.

Poor people lived in buildings where the top floors were for the poorest. Sometimes they could have as many as 200 steps to reach them. Many fires happened. Buckets of water were used to put out fires, though many times it did not work.

Meals

Poor people ate vegetables, fish, salt, cheese, fruits, nuts, and olive oil. Meat, especially beef, was usually not eaten. Breakfast was usually not eaten and, for lunch, leftovers were used. Rich people ate dinner before four in the afternoon. They usually ate from three to ten hours. Hands were washed between the courses. One emperor served 22 courses at his dinner parties. If visitors were invited to dinner, slaves were sent to bring them on time, because water clocks did not always work the same. People enjoyed eating grapes for dessert. At first, cold clams and oysters were eaten for dessert, but later people ate them at the beginning of a meal instead.

Public baths

The public baths were used not only for bathing. Besides the hot water rooms and cold water rooms, there were gardens, stadiums, art galleries, libraries, and places to eat. There were even underground passageways to get to places more easily. Aqueducts fed water for the baths. They were so well built that some are still used.

The Romans were very proud of their aqueducts. They thought they were better than the "useless" Egyptian pyramids. They also used these for drinking water.

Ships

Big ships called quinqueremes had 300 people to row with oars. They could travel 100 miles (160 km) a day. Trade paths were protected from pirates. Many ships carried food; others carried pearls, pepper, cotton, cinnamon, and silk. A pound of silk, at that time, cost a pound of gold.

Arts

Language and literature
The native language of the Romans was Latin. Its alphabet was based on the Etruscan alphabet, which was in turn based on the Greek alphabet.  The Romans wrote plays.  The Romans were usually practical, and kept the Grecian culture alive.

The surviving Latin literature is in Classical Latin  from the 1st century BC. The spoken language of the Roman Empire was Vulgar Latin, which differed from Classical Latin in grammar and vocabulary, and eventually in pronunciation.  Out of Latin came Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Italian. Latin was used for medicine and science words.

Latin remained the main written language of the Roman Empire. Greek became the language spoken by the well-educated elite, because most of the literature studied by Romans was written in Greek. Roman literature was much influenced by Greek literature. Some of the best known examples are the Aeneid by Virgil, Plutarch's Lives of Famous Men, and Odes by Horace.

In the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which later became the Byzantine Empire, Latin did not replace Greek at all. After the death of Justinian, Greek became the official language of the Byzantine government. The expansion of the Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe. Vulgar Latin evolved into dialects in different locations, gradually changing into the distinct Romance languages.

Architecture
The Romans built great roads and bridges.  Many of the aqueducts they made are still there and used.  Rome also had the first hospitals in the Western World.  They also had the first system of state medicine for poor people.  Their buildings were decorated by mosaics on the floors, and mural paintings done directly on the walls.

Music

The Romans' music was an important part of their lives. Song (known as carmen) was part of almost every social occasion. Music accompanied spectacles and events in the arena. It was part of the performing arts form called pantomimus, an early form of story ballet that combined expressive dancing, instrumental music and a sung libretto.

They were influenced by Etruscan and Greek music. What the Romans sang simply followed the natural melody of the song..

References

Related pages
 Ancient Rome
 Roman Empire
 Clothing in Ancient Rome

Culture of ancient Rome


Alberto Galuppo (born 19 August 1985) is an Italian footballer who plays for Italian Serie D club Lentigione as a defender.

Career

Parma
Born in Reggio Emilia, Galuppo started his professional career at Emilian club Parma F.C. Since 2005–06 season he was loaned to various Serie C1 club. He only played once for Ancona before his loan was terminated. In January 2008 Galuppo left for Serie C2 club Carpenedolo. Galuppo returned to the Italian third division for Venezia in 2008–09 Lega Pro Prima Divisione. In January 2009 he made his Serie B debut for league struggler Treviso. Galuppo spent 2009–10 Lega Pro Prima Divisione for Cremonese.

Cesena–Parma swap (2010)
In June 2010, few days before the closure of the 2009–10 financial year, he was exchanged with Milan Đurić in co-ownership deal. Both players' 50% registration rights were valued €1.1 million, thus both clubs got a paper profit as it intangible asset increased (the new value of the player contract, as youth product did not have any historic cost value to form that asset). However, Cesena never able to benefit from the player in the football field as Galuppo was loaned out with disappointing performance (3 games a season), instead, benefited financially.

Galuppo left for Atletico Roma on 31 August 2010, re-joining other Parma teammate in a temporary deal in 2010–11 season.

Parma return (2011)
After Marco Rossi joined Cesena in June 2011 in a co-ownership deal for €2 million, Galuppo returned to Parma in July for €1 million. Galuppo was loaned out again for Foligno.

Siena–Parma swap (2012)
In June 2012, Parma made swap deals with other clubs again, which saw Manuel Coppola (€1.6 million), Galuppo (€1.7M), Abdou Doumbia (€0.5M) and Dellafiore (€1.8M) moved to Siena; Andrea Rossi (€1.8M), Alessandro Iacobucci (€1.7M), Gonçalo Brandão (€1.6M) and Giuseppe Pacini (€0.5M) to Parma. The move meant Parma did not have any cost generated from Galuppo in the 2011–12 financial year as the amortization of his transfer fee was totally outweighed by the profit. However it created another transfer fee to be amortized in 2012–13 accounts and beyond.

Both clubs did not announce the deal in their website and Galuppo, along with Doumbia and Parma teammate Diego Mella, left for San Marino Calcio in another temporary deal.

Galuppo made his debut as starting centre-back on 5 August 2012, a 2012–13 Coppa Italia match.

On 27 July 2013 he was loaned to Savona.

He suffered a knee injury in October 2013.

Parma return (2014)
Galuppo returned to Parma again on 18 June 2014, with Gonçalo Brandão moved back to Siena. Both 50% registration rights of the players were tagged for €1.1 million. In August 2014 he was signed by Gubbio in another temporary deal.

Serie D career
In summer 2015 Galuppo was signed by Serie D club Lentigione.

Footnotes

References

External links

 FIGC
 AIC profile (data by football.it)

Italian men's footballers
Serie B players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
Pisa SC players
AC Pavia 1911 SSD players
AC Ancona players
Venezia FC players
Treviso FBC 1993 players
US Cremonese players
AC Cesena players
Atletico Roma FC players
ASD Victor San Marino players
ASD Città di Foligno 1928 players
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Reggio Emilia
1985 births
Living people

Alberto Galuppo