Canterbury (, ) is a city and UNESCO World Heritage Site, in the county of Kent, England; it was until 1974 a county borough. It lies on the River Stour. The city has a mild oceanic climate.

The city is a popular tourist destination. The city's economy is heavily reliant upon tourism, alongside higher education and retail. The city's population was over 55,000 in 2011. There is a substantial student population; the city has one of the highest proportions of students to permanent residents in the country.

The city has been occupied since Paleolithic times and served as the capital of the Celtic Cantiaci and Jute Kingdom of Kent. Many historical structures fill the area, including a city wall founded in Roman times and rebuilt in the 14th century, the Westgate Towers museum, the ruins of St Augustine's Abbey, the Norman Canterbury Castle, and the oldest extant school in the world, the King's School. Modern additions include the Marlowe Theatre and Kent County Cricket Club's St Lawrence Ground. Canterbury Cathedral is known for its architecture, its music, and for being the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury; it receives a million visitors per year.

History

Name

The Roman settlement of Durovernum Cantiacorum ("Kentish Durovernum") occupied the location of an earlier British town whose ancient British name has been reconstructed as *Durou̯ernon ("stronghold by the alder grove"), although the name is sometimes supposed to have derived from various British names for the Stour. Medieval variants of the Roman name include Dorobernia and Dorovernia. In Sub-Roman Britain, it was known in Old Welsh as Cair Ceint ("stronghold of Kent"). Occupied by the Jutes, it became known in Old English as Cantwareburh ("stronghold of the Kentish men").

Early history

The Canterbury area has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Lower Paleolithic axes, and Neolithic and Bronze Age pots have been found in the area. Canterbury was first recorded as the main settlement of the Celtic tribe of the Cantiaci, which inhabited most of modern-day Kent. In the 1st century AD, the Romans captured the settlement and named it Durovernum Cantiacorum. The Romans rebuilt the city, with new streets in a grid pattern, a theatre, a temple, a forum, and public baths. Although they did not maintain a major military garrison, its position on Watling Street relative to the major Kentish ports of Rutupiae (Richborough), Dubrae (Dover), and Lemanae (Lymne) gave it considerable strategic importance. In the late 3rd century, to defend against attack from barbarians, the Romans built an earth bank around the city and a wall with seven gates, which enclosed an area of .

Despite being counted as one of the 28 cities of Sub-Roman Britain, it seems that after the Romans left Britain in 410 Durovernum Cantiacorum was abandoned for around 100 years, except by a few farmers and gradually decayed. Over the next 100 years, an Anglo-Saxon community formed within the city walls, as Jutish refugees arrived, possibly intermarrying with the locals. The town's new importance led to its revival, and trades developed in pottery, textiles, and leather. By 630, gold coins were being struck at the Canterbury mint.

In 842 and 851, Canterbury suffered great loss of life during Danish raids. The siege of Canterbury saw a large Viking army besiege Canterbury in 1011, culminating in the city being pillaged. Remembering the destruction caused by the Danes, the inhabitants of Canterbury did not resist William the Conqueror's invasion in 1066. William immediately ordered a wooden motte-and-bailey castle to be built by the Roman city wall. In the early 12th century, the castle was rebuilt with stone. Canterbury Castle was captured by the French Prince Louis during his 1215 invasion of England, before the death of John caused his English supporters to desert his cause and support the young Henry III.

14th–17th centuries

Black Death reached Canterbury in 1348. At 10,000, Canterbury had the 10th largest population in England; by the early 16th century, the population had fallen to 3,000. In 1363, during the Hundred Years' War, a Commission of Inquiry found disrepair, stone-robbing and ditch-filling had led to the Roman wall becoming eroded. Between 1378 and 1402, the wall was virtually rebuilt, and new wall towers were added. In 1381, during Wat Tyler's Peasants' Revolt, the castle and Archbishop's Palace were sacked, and Archbishop Sudbury was beheaded in London. In 1413, Henry IV became the only sovereign to be buried at the cathedral. In 1448 Canterbury was granted a City Charter, which gave it a mayor and a high sheriff; the city still has a Lord Mayor and Sheriff.

In 1519 a public cage for talkative women and other wrongdoers was set up next to the town's pillory at the Bullstake, now the Buttermarket. In 1522 a stone cross with gilt lead stars was erected at the same place, and painted with bice and gilded by Florence the painter. By the 17th century, Canterbury's population was 5,000; of whom 2,000 were French-speaking Protestant Huguenots, who had begun fleeing persecution and war in the Spanish Netherlands in the mid-16th century. The Huguenots introduced silk weaving into the city, which by 1676 had outstripped wool weaving. Charles I and Henrietta Maria visited in 1625; musicians played whilst the couple entered the town under a velvet canopy supported by six men holding poles.

In 1647, during the English Civil War, riots broke out. The riots became known as the "Plum Pudding Riots". The rioters' trial the following year led to a Kent revolt against Parliamentarian forces, contributing to the start of the second phase of the war. However, Canterbury surrendered peacefully to Parliamentarians at the Battle of Maidstone.

18th century–present

By 1770, the castle had fallen into disrepair, and many parts of it were demolished during the late 18th century and early 19th century.  In 1787 all the gates in the city wall, except for Westgate—the city jail—were demolished as a result of a commission that found them impeding to new coach travel. Canterbury Prison opened in 1808 just outside the city boundary. By 1820 the silk weaving in the city had been supplanted by imported Indian muslins and trade carried  out was thereafter largely of hops and wheat. The Canterbury & Whitstable Railway (The Crab and Winkle Way), the world's first passenger railway, was opened in 1830; bankrupt by 1844, it was purchased by the South Eastern Railway, which connected the town to its larger network in 1846. The London, Chatham & Dover Railway arrived in 1860; the competition and cost-cutting between the lines was resolved by merging them as the South Eastern & Chatham in 1899. Between 1830 and 1900, the city's population grew from 15,000 to 24,000.

During the First World War, barracks and voluntary hospitals were set up around the city. In 1917 a German bomber crash-landed near Broad Oak Road. Mahatma Gandhi visited Canterbury in October 1931.
During the Second World War, 10,445 bombs dropped during 135 separate raids destroyed 731 homes and 296 other buildings in the city, including the missionary college and Simon Langton Girls' Grammar School. 119 civilian people died through enemy action in the borough. The most devastating raid was on 1 June 1942 during the Baedeker Blitz. Before the end of the war, the architect Charles Holden drew up plans to redevelop the city centre, but locals were so opposed that the Citizens' Defence Association was formed; it swept to power in the 1945 municipal elections. Rebuilding of the city centre eventually began 10 years after the war. A ring road was constructed in stages outside the city walls to alleviate growing traffic problems in the city centre, which was later pedestrianised. The biggest expansion of the city occurred in the 1960s, with the arrival of the University of Kent at Canterbury and Christ Church College.

The 1980s saw visits from Queen Elizabeth II, and the beginning of the annual Canterbury Festival. Between 1999 and 2005, the Whitefriars Shopping Centre underwent major redevelopment. In 2000, during the redevelopment, a major archaeological project was undertaken by the Canterbury Archaeological Trust, known as the Big Dig, which was supported by Channel Four's Time Team.

Geography

Climate

Canterbury experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), similar to almost all of the United Kingdom. Canterbury enjoys mild temperatures all year round, being between 1.8 °C (35.2 °F) and 22.8 °C (73 °F). There is relatively little rainfall throughout the year.

Demography

At the 2001 UK census, the total population of the city itself was 43,432, and 135,278 within the Canterbury district. In 2011, the total district population was counted as 151,200, with an 11.7% increase from 2001, and the population of the city had grown to over 55,000. By 2015, Canterbury's student population, including the University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University, and the smaller University for the Creative Arts, was almost 40,000.

Physical

Canterbury is in east Kent, about  east-southeast of London. The coastal towns of Herne Bay and Whitstable are  to the north, and Faversham is  to the northwest. The city is on the River Stour or Great Stour. The river is navigable on the tidal section to Fordwich, although above this point canoes and other small craft can be used. The geology of the area consists mainly of brickearth overlying chalk. Tertiary sands overlain by London clay form St. Thomas's Hill and St. Stephen's Hill about a mile northwest of the city centre.

Canterbury is a medieval city, with Canterbury Cathedral inside the ring of the city walls, forming the historic centre. Of the defensive structures, a section of the medieval walls remains to the south, near Canterbury Castle, while to the northwest, the Westgate survives as the Westgate Towers museum. Immediately outside the Westgate is the River Stour which crosses the city from southwest to northeast. A road runs straight across the city from the Westgate, forming the High Street (including St George's Street) and part of the North Downs Way. St Augustine's Abbey lies just outside the city walls.

Political

The city became a county borough under the Local Government Act 1888. In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the city came under the control of Kent County Council. Canterbury, along with Whitstable and Herne Bay, is now in the City of Canterbury local government district. The city's urban area consists of the six electoral wards of Barton, Blean Forest, Northgate, St Stephens, Westgate, and Wincheap. These wards have eleven of the fifty seats on the Canterbury City Council, which governs the city.

The former Holy Cross Church building was officially re-opened by the Prince of Wales as the new Canterbury Guildhall and meeting place of the City Council on 9 November 1978.

The Member of Parliament for the Canterbury constituency, which includes Whitstable, is Rosie Duffield of the Labour Party.

Economic

Canterbury district retained approximately 4,761 businesses, up to 60,000 full and part-time employees and was worth £1.3 billion in 2001. This made the district the second largest economy in Kent. Today, the three primary sectors are tourism, higher education and retail.

In 2015, the value of tourism to the city of Canterbury was over £450 million; 7.2 million people visited that year, making it one of the most-visited cities in England. A full 9,378 jobs were supported by tourism, an increase of 6% over the previous year. The two universities provided an even greater benefit. In 2014/2015, the University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University were worth £909m to city's economy and accounted for 16% of all jobs.

Unemployment in the city dropped 0.6 percentage points to 1.7% from 2001 to 2007. The registered unemployment rate as of September 2011 stood at 5.7%. By May 2018, the rate had dropped to 1.8%; in fact, Kent in general had a moderate unemployment rate of 2%. This data considers only people claiming either Jobseekers Allowance or Universal Credit principally for the reason of being unemployed. It does not include those without access to such benefits. At the time, the national rate was 4.2%.

A report in 2023 by the Poverty Working Group of the Canterbury Sustainable Development Goals Forum evidenced increasing poverty in the city using, for example, life expectancy figures and the number of meals provided by the city food banks, as well as interviews with organisations and individuals attempting to help those in danger of and in poverty. This supports earlier findings on poverty in the city.

Culture

Landmarks

The 17th century, double jettied, half-timbered Crooked House bookshop operated by the Catching Lives homelessness charity at the end of Palace Street, opposite Kings School is frequently photographed for its quirky, slanted appearance. Canterbury Roman Museum houses an in situ mosaic pavement dating from around 300 AD. Other surviving Roman structures in the city include Queningate, a blocked gate in the city wall, and the Dane John Mound, once part of a Roman cemetery. The Dane John Gardens were built beside the mound in the 18th century, and a memorial placed on the mound's summit.

Westgate Towers is a museum narrating its earlier use as a jail. The medieval church of St Alphege is  used by the King's School. The Old Synagogue, now the King's School Music Room, is one of only two Egyptian Revival synagogues still standing. The city centre contains many timber-framed 16th and 17th century houses but others were destroyed, particularly in the Second World War Baedeker Blitz. Survivors include the Huguenot "Old Weaver's House". St Martin's Mill is the only surviving mill out of the six known to have stood in Canterbury. It was built in 1817 and worked until 1890 but is now a residence.

Theatres

The Marlowe Theatre is named after Christopher Marlowe, who was born in the city.  It was formerly located in St Margaret's Street but moved to the present location in 1984. It was completely rebuilt in 2011 with a main 1,200-seat auditorium and secondary performance space. It's modern structure is a landmark across the city.
The University of Kent's Gulbenkian Theatre serves the city, and incorporates a cinema and café. Other theatrical performances take place at Canterbury Cathedral and St Augustine's Abbey. The oldest surviving theatre building in Canterbury is The Shakespeare bar which had been a playhouse in the Tudor period. Theatre companies in Canterbury include The Canterbury Players.

Music

In common with many English towns and cities in the Middle Ages, Canterbury employed a band of waits. There are records of payments to the waits from 1402, though they probably existed earlier. The waits were disbanded by the city authorities in 1641 for 'misdemeanors' but reinstated in 1660 when they played for the visit of King Charles II on his return from exile. Civic waits were ultimately abolished nationally by the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 but a modern, early music group called The Canterbury Waits has revived the name.

Canterbury's Catch Club was a musical and social club which met in the city between 1779 and 1865. Its male club members met weekly in the winter and employed an orchestra to assist in performances for the first half of their evening. After an interval, the members sang catches and glees from the club's extensive music library which is now deposited at Canterbury Cathedral's archives.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Canterbury Scene emerged comprising progressive rock, avant-garde and jazz musicians established within the city. Members included Soft Machine, Caravan, Matching Mole, Egg, Hatfield and the North, National Health, Gilgamesh, Soft Heap, Khan and In Cahoots. Ian Dury, front man of 1970s rock band Ian Dury and the Blockheads, taught Fine Art at Canterbury College of Art and early incarnations of his band Kilburn and the High Roads performed in the city. Canterbury Choral Society give regular concerts in Canterbury Cathedral, typically large-scale classical choral works. The Canterbury Orchestra, founded in 1953, perform major works from the symphonic repertoire. Other local musical groups include the Canterbury Singers, founded in 1953; Cantemus; and the City of Canterbury Chamber Choir.

The Canterbury Festival takes place over two weeks in October including musical events ranging from opera and symphony concerts to world music, jazz and folk. From 2006 to 2015 the July Lounge On The Farm music festival presented rock, indie and dance artists near Canterbury.

Sport

Cricket

Canterbury is the home of Kent County Cricket Club, with the St Lawrence Ground hosting many of the team's matches. It has also been used for several One Day Internationals, including an England match during the 1999 Cricket World Cup.

The St Lawrence Ground is notable for being one of only two grounds used regularly for first-class cricket that have had a tree within the boundary, the other being the City Oval in Pietermaritzburg.

American Football

There have been multiple American football teams based in Canterbury since the game was popularised in the UK. Currently, the city is the home of the East Kent Mavericks, 2023 BAFA National Leagues Southern Football Conference 2 Champions, as well as teams from both universities.

Football

Canterbury City F.C. reformed in 2007 as a community interest company and currently compete in the Southern Counties East Football League. The previous incarnation of the club folded in 2001.

Rugby

Canterbury RFC were founded in 1926 and became the first East Kent club to achieve National League status and currently play in the fourth tier, National League 2 South.

Tour de France

The cycling Tour de France passed through the city in 1994, and again in 2007 when it hosted the finish for Stage 1.

Hockey

Canterbury Hockey Club is one of the largest in the country; it enters teams in both the Men's and Women's England Hockey Leagues.  Former Olympic gold medal winner Sean Kerly has been a member.

Public Facilities

Public sporting facilities are provided at Kingsmead Leisure Centre, including a  swimming pool and sports hall for football, basketball, and badminton.

Education

Universities

Canterbury hosts some 31,000 students and has the highest student to permanent resident ratio in the UK. They attend three universities, and other higher education institutions. The University of Kent's main campus extends to  and is situated on Saint Stephen's Hill, a mile north of Canterbury city centre. , it enrolled around 20,000 students. Canterbury Christ Church University was founded as a teacher training college in 1962 by the Church of England; in 2005 it became a university. , it had around 15,000 students. Canterbury is home to Girne American University, a Franciscan International Study Centre is close to the University of Kent campus.

Schools

King's School is the oldest secondary school in the United Kingdom. St. Augustine established it shortly after his 597 arrival in Canterbury though documented history of it only began after dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century, when it took the present name in honour of Henry VIII.

The city's secondary grammar schools are Barton Court Grammar School, Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys and Simon Langton Girls' Grammar School, all of which in 2008 had over 93% of their pupils gain five or more GCSEs at grades A* to C including English and maths.

Transport

Rail

The pioneering Canterbury & Whitstable Railway, known locally as the Crab and Winkle line, had a terminus at North Lane station. It ran from 3 May 1830 to 1953 and was the first regular passenger steam railway in the world. Canterbury South railway station was sited on the Elham Valley Railway. The station opened in 1889 and closed, along with the rest of the railway, in 1947.

Canterbury West railway station is operated by Southeastern.
Canterbury East railway station, (Canterbury's other station) is also operated by Southeastern. There is no direct interchange between Canterbury West and Canterbury East stations because the two railways into the city were built by rival companies. Canterbury Parkway railway station has been proposed as an additional station outside of the city, with links to both lines.

Bus

Stagecoach run local bus routes in Canterbury, as well as long-distance services. Its bio fuel 'Unibus' service operates between the city centre and University of Kent. Canterbury has two operational park and ride sites at Wincheap and New Dover Road, both intended for visitors arriving from the south by road.

Cycling

National Cycle Routes 1 runs through Canterbury from Dover and Sandwich to Whitstable.  National Cycle Route 18 runs from Canterbury to Ashford.

Local media

Newspapers
Canterbury's first newspaper was the Kentish Post, founded in 1717. It merged with newly founded Kentish Gazette in 1768 which is still being published, claiming to be the country's second oldest surviving newspaper. It is currently produced as a paid-for newspaper by KM Group in Whitstable with a 25,000 circulation across East Kent.

Three free weekly newspapers provide local news. The Daily Mail and General Trust's Canterbury Times has a circulation of 55,000. Similar circulation Canterbury Extra is owned by KM Group. yourcanterbury is published by KOS Media, which also prints Kent on Sunday.

Radio
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Kent on 104.2FM, Heart South on 102.8FM and KMFM Canterbury on 106FM. KMFM Canterbury was formerly KMFM106, and from foundation in 1997 until KM Group took control CTFM, a reference to Canterbury's CT postcode. KMFM's studio moved from the city to Ashford in 2008. Canterbury Hospital Radio serves Kent and Canterbury Hospital, and SBSLive's coverage is limited to the Simon Langton Boys School grounds.

Television
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South East and ITV Meridian from the Dover TV transmitter.

Notable people
Composer Orlando Gibbons (1583–1625) died in Canterbury and is commemorated by a marble bust and memorial tablet in the cathedral.
The grave of author Joseph Conrad, in Canterbury Cemetery, is a Grade II listed building.

Other people connected with Canterbury include:

International relations
Canterbury is twinned with the following cities:

 Reims, France
 Esztergom, Hungary
 Saint-Omer, France, since 1995
 Wimereux, France, since 1995
 Certaldo, Italy, since 1997
 Vladimir, Russia, since 1997
 Mölndal, Sweden, since 1997
 Tournai, Belgium, since 1999
 Bloomington, Illinois, United States

Religion

In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine to convert its King Æthelberht to Christianity. After the conversion, Canterbury, being a Roman town, was chosen by Augustine as the centre for his episcopal see in Kent, and an abbey and cathedral were built. Augustine thus became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. In 672, the Synod of Hertford gave the see of Canterbury authority over the entire English Church. In 978, Archbishop Dunstan refounded the abbey built by Augustine, and named it St Augustine's Abbey. In 1504 the cathedral's main tower, the Bell Harry Tower, was completed, ending 400 years of building. Cardinal Wolsey visited in June 1518 and was given a present of fruit, nuts, and marchpane. During the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the city's priory, nunnery and three friaries were closed. St Augustine's Abbey, the 14th richest in England at the time, was surrendered to the Crown, and its church and cloister were levelled. The rest of the abbey was dismantled over the next 15 years, although part of the site was converted to a palace.

After the murder of the Archbishop Thomas Becket at the cathedral in 1170, Canterbury became one of the most notable towns in Europe, as pilgrims from all parts of Christendom came to visit his shrine. This pilgrimage provided the framework for Geoffrey Chaucer's 14th-century collection of stories, The Canterbury Tales. Thomas Becket's shrine in the cathedral was demolished and all the gold, silver and jewels were removed to the Tower of London, and Becket's images, name and feasts were obliterated throughout the kingdom, ending the pilgrimages. In 1620, Robert Cushman negotiated the lease of the Mayflower at 59 Palace Street for the purpose of transporting the Pilgrims to America. In 1647, during the English Civil War, riots broke out when Canterbury's puritan mayor banned church services on Christmas Day. In 1848, St Augustine's Abbey was refurbished for use as a missionary college for the Church of England's representatives in the British colonies. The extensive restoration of the cathedral that was underway in mid 2018 was part of a 2016–2021 schedule that includes replacement of the nave roof, improved landscaping and accessibility, new visitor facilities and a general external restoration. The so-called Canterbury Journey project was expected to cost nearly £25 million.

Canterbury Cathedral is Mother Church of the Anglican Communion and seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Founded in 597 AD by Augustine, it forms a World Heritage Site, along with Saxon St. Martin's Church and the ruins of St Augustine's Abbey.  The cathedral receives a million visitors annually and is one of the most visited places in the country. Services are held three or more times a day.

St Thomas of Canterbury Church is the only Roman Catholic church in the city and contains relics of Thomas Becket.

In popular culture

Russell Hoban repurposed Canterbury as "Cambry" in his 1980, post apocalyptic novel Riddley Walker.

References

Sources

External links

 Canterbury City Council
 Canterbury Buildings website – Archaeological and heritage site of Canterbury's buildings.

Market towns in Kent
Coloniae (Roman)
Cities in South East England
Towns in Kent
Unparished areas in Kent
Holy cities
Former civil parishes in Kent
City of Canterbury

Canterbury


Joseph Friedrich Abert (11 June 1879 – 25 October 1959, Würzburg) was a German historian and archivist.

Life
Abert was born in 1879 in Würzburg. His uncle was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Bamberg, Friedrich Philipp von Abert. In 1898 he passed his final exams, and studied history in Würzburg and Munich. In 1904 he received a Ph.D. in history. His thesis was published in 1905 as Die Wahlkapitulationen der Würzburger Bischöfe bis zum Ende des XVII. Jahrhunderts, 1225-1698. His career as an archivist began as an intern at the General State Archives in Munich in 1904. From 1908 to 1910 he was employed by the Archive of the noble family of Schönborn.

Abert served as a lieutenant in World War I. As a member of the Freikorps "Franz Xaver Ritter von Epp" he was involved in the suppression of the Bavarian Soviet Republic. From 1919 to 1926 he was head of the archives of the city of Würzburg and appointed afterwards Head of the State Archives in Würzburg. In 1928 he became an honorary professor.

Joseph Friedrich Abert lived together with Albrecht Becker (1906-2002) a production designer, photographer, and actor.

During the Nazi era, they were arrested for violating Section 175, the legal ban on homosexuality and imprisoned. Abert lost his membership in the SA and Nazi Party and the privileges as a public servant. Later, he lived for a while in Rome, where he worked at the German Historical Institute of the Repertorium Germanicum. In 1945 he returned to Würzburg, where he died on 25 October 1959.

In the exhibition of the Imperial War Museum in London on the Holocaust the fate of Joseph Friedrich Abert and Albrecht Becker is shown as an example of Nazi-persecution of homosexuals.

Works
Die Wahlkapitulationen der Würzburger Bischöfe bis zum Ende des XVII. Jahrhunderts, 1225-1698 (Würzburg University Press, 1905)
Vom Mäzenatentum der Schönborn (Würzburg: Freunde Mainfränkischer Kunst und Geschichte, 1950)
Aus Würzburgs Biedermeierzeit (Würzburg: Freunde Mainfränkischer Kunst und Geschichte, 1950)
See also: World Cat: "Most widely held works by Josef Friedrich Abert", accessed January 6, 2010

Literature
 Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller: Mann für Mann, 2001, Suhrkamp Verlag.

Notes

1879 births
1959 deaths
20th-century Freikorps personnel
German gay writers
German expatriates in Italy
20th-century German historians
German librarians
German male non-fiction writers
German military officers
German prisoners and detainees
LGBT historians
LGBT academics
German Army personnel of World War I
People convicted under Germany's Paragraph 175
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Writers from Würzburg
Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
Sturmabteilung personnel
LGBT people in the Nazi Party

Joseph Friedrich Abert


Vittus Qujaukitsoq (born October 5, 1971 in Qaanaaq, Greenland, Kingdom of Denmark) is a Greenlandic politician.  Qujaukitsoq was appointed as Minister of Finance and Interior of Aleqa Hammond cabinet from May 2013 to November 2014. After November 2014 to 2017 Qujaukitsoq was Minister of Industry, Labour, Trade and Foreign Affairs of Kim Kielsen cabinet. After disagreements on complaint to United Nations for environmental restoration of former U.S. Military installations in Greenland. He was previously a member of Siumut, and served as Minister of Industry, Labour, Trade and Foreign Affairs, caretaker as Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs on two occasions during 2014-2017  in the Kielsen government.

He founded the pro-independence party Nunatta Qitornai in March 2018 prior to the Parliamentary election in April 2018.

Vittus Qujaukitsoq was elected to Greenland Parliament on behalf of Nunatta Qitornai, and was appointed as Minister of Mineral Resources and Labour in May 2018 in Kim Kielsen government III. He then was appointed as Minister of Finance and Nordic Cooperation in October 2018. After the cabinet was including the Demokraatit, Qujaukitsoq has been Minister of Finance since October 2019.

References

Living people
Siumut politicians
Government ministers of Greenland
Greenlandic Inuit people
Greenlandic independence activists
1971 births
21st-century Greenlandic politicians

Vittus Qujaukitsoq


Gilles Simon (born 14 June 1958 in Oujda, Morocco) is a French Formula One engineer and designer.

Career
Simon studied at the École des Mines, one of France's top engineering schools.  He graduated in 1984 and joined the Renault team, where he worked in R&D for four years.  He was then hired by Peugeot and worked on the marque's V10 engine, which would ultimately achieve success in their Le Mans effort in the early 1990s.

In 1993, Simon followed compatriot Jean Todt to Ferrari, assisting Paolo Martinelli in the Engine and Electronics Department.  Following the Italian's move to an executive role within Fiat, Simon took over as head of the department in October 2006. Simon left his position in October 2009, and was replaced by Luca Marmorini.

In December 2009, FIA President Jean Todt revealed that Simon is to join a working group to investigate new energies and environmentally friendly technology in motorsport.

In July 2011, Simon left his FIA role to join Propulsion Universelle et Recuperation d'Energie (PURE), a new F1 engine supplier which aimed to enter the sport in .

In 2013 Simon was hired as a consultant by Honda to work on their Formula One engine. He parted company with the Japanese marque in 2017.

References
Who is Gilles Simon? Grandprix.com article, retrieved October 28, 2006.

1958 births
Living people
Formula One engine engineers
Ferrari people
Honda people
French motorsport people
People from Oujda

Gilles Simon (Formula One)


Camino Real Hotels is a Mexican-based hotel chain that operates 18 hotels in Mexico.

History
The first hotel to use the Camino Real name was the Camino Real Guadalajara, opened in 1958. The name of the hotel was taken from that given by 16th century Spaniards to the road that led to the capital of New Spain, today known as Mexico.

In 1960, Banamex and a group of private investors created Hoteles Camino Real. Their efforts would be bolstered in 1962 with an affiliation agreement with Western International Hotels (renamed Westin in 1980). The relationship between Westin and Camino Real established the first internationally backed luxury hotel chain in Mexico and ended 31 years later, in 1993.

In 2000, Camino Real was bought by business group Grupo Empresarial Ángeles for US$252 million. The deal included six hotels plus operating rights to 16 total hotels.

Currently there are 18 Camino Real hotels in Mexico. Grupo Real Turismo, the unit of GEA that operates hotels, also operates Quinta Real resorts and Real Inn hotels, which cater to business travelers.

Amenities
One Camino Real hotel in Mexico City features a restaurant owned by Masaharu Morimoto.

References

External links

Hotel chains in Mexico
Companies based in Mexico City
Hotels established in 1960
Grupo Empresarial Ángeles
Mexican brands
Mexican companies established in 1960

Camino Real Hotels


Ryan McIntosh (born March 19, 1983 in Hollywood, Florida) is a former American soccer goalkeeper.

Early life and education
McIntosh grew up in South Florida playing on travel teams becoming one of the top youth goalkeepers in the State of Florida by the time he graduated from high school. He was selected to the Florida State ODP Team prior to his senior year at St. Thomas Aquinas High School. During his senior year, he posted .62 GAA and 17 shutouts, which helped lead his team to the Florida State Semi-Finals.

He went on to play college soccer for the University of Central Florida from 2002 to 2005. As a redshirt freshman, he earned the starting goalkeeper position and was voted to be a captain. He continued to be the starting goalkeeper and captain all four years, playing in every match and helping the team win three consecutive Atlantic Sun Conference Titles in 2002, 2003, and 2004. He was also named the Atlantic Sun Defensive Player of the Year in 2003 and 2004.

Career
During his college career, he played for the Central Florida Kraze in the Premier Development League and earned a record of 16–5–1 in 22 games over two seasons, including winning the PDL National Championship in 2004.

In 2006, following his graduation from UCF, he was invited to preseason tryouts with the Chicago Fire, New York Red Bulls, and D.C. United. In March 2006, he signed a one-year developmental contract with D.C. United as the third-string goalkeeper behind USMNT Goalkeeper Nick Rimando and USMNT Goalkeeper Troy Perkins. McIntosh spent his first season with the club developing under these two goalkeepers and playing with the reserve squad but made the game-day roster several times. He appeared in seven reserve team games (four starts) helping the team earn a 6–5–1 record. He allowed seven goals during his time in goal and recorded one shutout while maintaining a goals-against-average of 1.25.

In 2007, McIntosh signed for USL-1 side Atlanta Silverbacks with a plan to earn more match experience. During the 2007 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup McIntosh grabbed national attention following a performance against FC Dallas, though his ten-man Atlanta side fell short following a shootout McIntosh was lauded by fans and pundits. He also made a save in a penalty shootout to win the USL Playoff Semi-Final at the Portland Timbers stadium in front of thousands of fans.

In 2008, McIntosh began the season as the starting goalkeeper the Atlanta Silverbacks but the team struggled to win matches the first half of the season resulting in the coach making several changes to the starting line-up. The Atlanta Silverbacks did not make the USL-1 playoffs. Though McIntosh was still under contract with Atlanta, he decided it was best to retire from soccer and go back to school.

Honors

University of Central Florida
Atlantic Sun Conference Champions (3): 2002, 2003, 2004
Atlantic Sun Defensive Player of the Year (2): 2003, 2004

Central Florida Kraze
USL Premier Development League National Champions (1): 2004

References

1983 births
Living people
UCF Knights men's soccer players
American men's soccer players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Orlando City U-23 players
D.C. United players
USL First Division players
Atlanta Silverbacks FC players
USL League Two players
Sportspeople from Hollywood, Florida
Soccer players from Broward County, Florida

Ryan McIntosh


Alessandro Vollero (1889 - 1959) was a New York mobster and a high-ranking member of the Neapolitan Camorra Navy Street gang in Brooklyn. Vollero served as a lieutenant to gang boss Pellegrino Morano during the Mafia-Camorra War of 1916.

Born in Italy, Vollero emigrated with his family to the United States in 1909 and settled in Brooklyn. He soon became involved with the Camorra-aligned street gangs in that area. Vollero eventually bought a coffee shop on Navy Street in Brooklyn, which became the home of the Navy Street Gang. The Neapolitan gangs were the chief rivals of the Morello crime family, a Sicilian Mafia gang from Manhattan that was trying to expand its territory. The Neapolitan gangs eventually united against the Morello family.

On September 7, 1916, Vollero participated in the murders of mob boss Nicholas Morello and Charles Ubriaco. Vollero wanted revenge against the Morellos for their murder of his friend Nicholas DelGardio. Vollero lured Morello and Ubriaco to his coffee shop on the pretext of arranging a ceasefire with Morano. When they reached the cafe, Morello and Ubriaco were gunned down. Although the murders were successful, the assassins, "Torpedo" Tony Notaro and Ralph Daniello, were eventually apprehended. Daniello agreed to turn state's evidence in exchange for a reduced sentence.

Based on Daniello's testimony, Vollero and Morano were convicted of first degree murder. On June 20, 1918, Vollero was sentenced to death at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York. However, Vollero's sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment. In 1925, during his imprisonment, Vollero became acquainted with Jimmy "The Shiv" DeStefano and his boyhood friend, future mob turncoat Joe Valachi, and served as their mentor. On April 28, 1933, after 14 years in prison, Vollero was released and sent to his birth town, Gragnano, a small town near Naples.

External links
 The American "Mafia": Who was Who ? - Alessandro Vollero
 American Mafia: Allessandro Vollero

References

American gangsters of Italian descent
Mafia–Camorra War
American Camorristi
1889 births
1959 deaths

Alessandro Vollero


David James Baker is an American filmmaker.

Education
Baker holds a B.A. from the University of Denver, an M.A. from New Mexico Highlands University, and an M.F.A from New Mexico State University.

Career
Baker is the writer-director of Portraits of the Southwest, a documentary series produced by Public Television for Southern New Mexico and West Texas. Portraits of the Southwest profiles people and their environments in the American Southwest. The most recent episode, "Portraits of the Southwest - Road Closed," tells the story of a gay couple who tried for 10 years to open a hotel in Radium Springs, New Mexico.

Before he began producing documentaries for public television, Baker produced the documentary film In Their Own Words - A Return to Vietnam about a group of American Veterans and family members whose hearts and minds are connected to battlefields they visit and where they meet former enemy soldiers. Baker is a visiting professor at Western New Mexico University. His background includes stints at Disney and working in media technology at UCLA.

References
  Independent Film: IFP.org
 Desert Exposure: Radium Hot Springs
 Robert Nott. "Meaning and Remembrance." The Santa Fe New Mexican, May 28, 2004; p. 66
 Skyhorse Media
 Desert Exposure: July 2005 Events Guide
 Portraits of the Southwest Series Features Music of Steve Smith
 David James Baker in India for discussion with aspiring media professionals and designers

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American film directors
University of Denver alumni
New Mexico State University alumni
New Mexico Highlands University alumni
Western New Mexico University faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)

David James Baker


& is an extended play by Japanese recording artist and songwriter Ayumi Hamasaki. It was released on 9 July 2003, by record label Avex Trax. Hamasaki's fourth extended play, & consists of four recordings; "Ourselves", "Greatful Days", "Hanabi: Episode II", and "Theme of A-Nation 03", with three additional instrumentals of the first three tracks. It was released in two different formats; a stand-alone CD, and a digital EP. The artwork for the EP depicts Hamasaki posing in front of a cloudy backdrop, with the title of the work superimposed over her hair. & contains predominantly J-pop and dance music.

Hamasaki contributed by writing the lyrics to all the tracks, while Japanese production and manager Max Matsuura served as the EP's main producer. & received favourable reviews from music critics who commended the EP's production and commercial appeal. & reached number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments of 500,000 units. "Ourselves", "Greatful Days", "Hanabi: Episode II", and "Theme of A-Nation 03" served as promotional singles, while all but the latter track receiving music videos respectively. & was awarded the Japan Record Award at the 46th Japan Record Awards for Best Pop/Rock Album.

Background and release
Ayumi Hamasaki announced that she would release a new extended play, marketed as a single, entitled &. It consists of four recordings – "Ourselves", "Greatful Days", "Hanabi: Episode II", and "Theme of A-Nation 03" – with additional instrumental versions of the first three tracks. & was released on 9 July 2003 as the first single from Hamasaki's 2003 extended play, Memorial Address. ("Ourselves", "Greatful Days", and "Hanabi: Episode II" were included in Memorial Address.) & follows the releases of Hamasaki's previous extended plays; Nothing from Nothing (1995), A (1999), and H (2002). Hamasaki did not release another extended-play single until Five in 2011. & was released in two formats: a stand-alone CD and a digital EP. The artwork for the EP depicts Hamasaki posing in front of a cloudy backdrop, with the title of the work superimposed over her hair.

& opens with the first track, "Ourselves", which is an R&B tune with influences of "exoticism pop". The lyrics describe Hamasaki's "painful" sense of sorrow and love. "Greatful Days" is a "refreshing" pop song that showcases Hamasaki's "festive" nature, her "pastel" vocals, and a "relaxing" positive message of happiness. "Hanabi: Episode II" is an answer song to Hamasaki's 2002 song, "Hanabi". It describes Hamasaki's "miserable" state and "struggle[s]" that is transformed into strength. "Theme of A-Nation 03" was used for the Avex A-Nation concert tour in 2003, and emphasizes traditional Japanese instrumentals, progressing more oriental J-pop sounds. The next three tracks are instrumental versions of "Ourselves", "Greatful Days", and "Hanabi: Episode II".

Promotion
"Ourselves", "Greatful Days", and "Hanabi: Episode II" all served as the EP's promotional singles, released on 9 July 2003; the singles did not chart in any Japanese music charts. The singles were promoted through different endorsements deals in Japan; "Ourselves" was used as the televised theme song for Japanese cosmetics brand, Visee, and "Greatful Days" was used as the theme song for Hamasaki's 2004 TV series, Ayuready?. However, by the time the promotion of &, Memorial Address, and her 2003–2004 arena tour was complete, Hamasaki had grown dissatisfied with her position in Avex; she felt that the company was treating her as a product instead of a person. Although Hamasaki initially supported the exploitation of her popularity for commercial purposes, saying that it was "necessary that [she is] viewed as a product", she eventually opposed Avex's decision to market her as a "product rather than a person". All three songs featured an accompanying music video, which were included on several DVD compilations by Hamasaki.

Reception

& received favourable reviews from music critics. A reviewer from CD Journal commended the EP's production, and highlighted all the singles as stand out tracks; the reviewer highlighted its "music quality" as a positive note. Kondo Yang from Listen Japan was positive in his review, stating that & was a sign of growing "maturity" in Hamasaki's music. He also felt that her "charisma" and "personality" was a reason why & became successful. Eri Kato from Hot Express was positive in her review, commending Hamasaki's songwriting and composing skills, particularly with "Hanabi: Episode II", and the music arrangements. She later praised them as "unique masterpieces" and  Alexey Eremenko, who wrote the biography for Hamasaki on AllMusic, highlighted "Ourselves" and "Greatful Days" as one of the stand-out tracks of the extended play and Hamasaki's long career.

On the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart, & reached number one on its debut week, her third consecutive EP to have reached number one, and her sixteenth number one single overall. The EP lasted sixteen weeks in the top 100, selling 680,000 units, and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments of 600,000 units. & is Hamasaki's final single to sell over 600,000 units, and her only post-single to achieve a close achievement of the limit is "No Way to Say" with 400,000 physical and digital sales.

Track listing

Charts
 Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)

  Total Sales :  680,000
 RIAJ certification: Platinum

Certifications

Notes

References

External links
 Information at Avex Network.
 Information  at Oricon.

2003 singles
Ayumi Hamasaki songs
Oricon Weekly number-one singles
Songs written by Ayumi Hamasaki
Songs written by Dai Nagao
Song recordings produced by Max Matsuura
2003 songs
Avex Trax singles

& (Ayumi Hamasaki EP)


Alfonso Lovo Cordero (June 11, 1927 – May 10, 2018) was a Nicaraguan politician. He served in Liberal-Conservative Junta from May 1, 1972 until December 1, 1974. He was born in Danli, Honduras.

Lovo Cordero was a member of the Nationalist Liberal Party (NLP).

On December 23, 1972, Lovo Cordero exercised power after the NLP as Chief Director of the National Guard. On March 1, 1973, President of the National Guard Agüero resigned and Edmundo Paguaga Irías was appointed in his place; they handed power to him on December 1, 1974. Lovo along with doctor Lorenzo Guerrero Gutiérrez became senators of the National Congress.

Lovo Cordero retired from politics and from public life in 2013. He died on May 10, 2018 in the United States at the age of 90.

References

1927 births
2018 deaths
Presidents of Nicaragua

Alfonso Lovo Cordero


Timothy John Schafer (born July 26, 1967) is an American video game designer. He founded Double Fine Productions in July 2000, after having spent over a decade at LucasArts. Schafer is best known as the designer of critically acclaimed games Full Throttle, Grim Fandango, Psychonauts, Brütal Legend and Broken Age, co-designer of Day of the Tentacle, and assistant designer on The Secret of Monkey Island and Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge. He is well known in the video game industry for his storytelling and comedic writing style, and has been given both a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Game Developers Choice Awards, and a BAFTA Fellowship for his contributions to the industry.

Career

College and LucasArts (1989–2000)
Tim Schafer was born on July 26, 1967, in Sonoma, California, the youngest of five children. His father was a doctor and his mother was a nurse. While studying computer science at UC Berkeley, Schafer became interested in writing, and took inspiration from Kurt Vonnegut, who while a publicist at General Electric wrote short stories in the evenings. Schafer opted for a similar course, interning to help develop databases for small companies while trying to position himself for an opening in a larger corporation such as Atari and Hewlett-Packard, but he was rejected by these. He saw an offering at Lucasfilm Games, looking for programmers who could also write game dialog, which piqued his interest.

During his application process for the job, he had a somewhat disastrous phone interview with David Fox in which he mentioned being a fan of Ballblaster. Fox informed him that the Lucasfilm Games title was Ballblazer, and that only the pirated version was known as Ballblaster, but despite the misstep, Fox asked Schafer to submit his resume for further consideration.<ref name="Rogue Leaders pg. 54">Rogue Leaders: The Story of LucasArts pg. 54</ref> To make up for the phone interview, Schafer sent in a comic of himself applying for and getting the job at Lucasfilm Games, drawn as a text adventure.

Schafer was hired by LucasArts in 1989, and his first position was as a "scummlet", a programmer who helped to implement features and ideas proposed by the lead game developers within the LucasArts SCUMM engine. He, alongside Dave Grossman, helped to playtest Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game and implement the NES version of Maniac Mansion. Schafer and Grossman, along with two others, were taught by Ron Gilbert as part of a "SCUMM University" on how to use the engine to set up rooms and puzzles.

Later, Gilbert approached Schafer and Grossman, offering them the chance to work on his new project, which would ultimately become the pirate-themed adventure game The Secret of Monkey Island.

According to series creator Gilbert, Schafer and Grossman were responsible for about two thirds of the game's dialogue. The Secret of Monkey Island became one of the most acclaimed games of its kind. The same team created the sequel, Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge.

In his first lead role on a game project, Schafer co-designed (with Dave Grossman) Day of the Tentacle, a time-travel comedy adventure and the sequel to Ron Gilbert's Maniac Mansion. Schafer's first solo project, the biker adventure Full Throttle, was released in 1995. He went on to design the highly acclaimed Grim Fandango, a noir adventure game set in the Aztec afterlife featuring characters similar to the papier-mâché skeleton decorations from the Mexican holiday Dia De Los Muertos. Grim Fandango won many awards, including GameSpot's Game of the Year award of 1998.

Double Fine Productions (2000–present)

Schafer worked on an unannounced PlayStation 2 action-adventure game at LucasArts, but it never entered production. Prior to his departure, a number of other developers were leaving LucasArts as the studio shifted away from adventure games. Schafer was approached by his colleagues with the idea of leaving the company to develop PlayStation 2 games on their own; Schafer was initially wary of this believing he felt secure in his position at LucasArts. He left the company in January 2000, to found Double Fine Productions, where he created the platform game Psychonauts. The game was first released on Xbox in North America on April 19, 2005. While the game was met with critical acclaim, including a Game of the Year award from Eurogamer, it sold poorly at its initial release and led to financial troubles for its publisher Majesco Entertainment. Double Fine reacquired full rights to Psychonauts by 2012, allowing them to release the game with improvements for modern systems, and in that year, Schafer stated that "We made more on Psychonauts [in 2012] than we ever have before."

On March 7, 2007, he hosted the annual Game Developers Choice Awards. He later hosted it again in 2009. To coincide, Double Fine released a free Flash minigame entitled Host Master and the Conquest of Humor, a pastiche of Schafer's LucasArts games in which the player takes on the role of Schafer backstage at the GDC Awards.

Schafer led the development of Double Fine's next game, Brütal Legend, released on October 13, 2009, after a tortuous development route due to having its original publisher Vivendi Games drop the title following its merge with Activision in 2008 to be picked up later by Electronic Arts. The game was Schafer's tribute to the music and art of heavy metal and featured voice acting from actor/musician Jack Black and cameos from rock musicians including Lemmy Kilmister, Rob Halford, Ozzy Osbourne and Lita Ford. Schafer said "For Brütal Legend, I've always seen this overlap between medieval warfare and heavy metal. You see heavy metal singers and they'll have like a brace around their arm and they'll be singing about Orcs. So let's just make a world where that all happens. That all gets put together, the heavy metal, and the rock, and the battling, actually does happen. Let's not flirt around with this; let's just do it."

During Brütal Legend development, Schafer had Double Fine's staff take two weeks away from the game's development to participate in Amnesia Fortnights once a year starting in 2007. This was an internal game jam where the company was split into four teams to make a pitchable game prototype, an idea he compared to what film director Wong Kar-Wai had used previously. After Brütal Legend release, the game had generally positive reviews but did not perform as well as expected, and Electronic Arts cancelled the preliminary work Double Fine had started on the sequel. To keep Double Fine above water financially, Schafer went back to the past Amnesia Fortnight projects and selected games they could reasonably expand into full releases. From these, four smaller games were picked up by publishers, and were the first games in Double Fine's history to have project leaders other than Schafer: Costume Quest, Stacking, Iron Brigade and Once upon a Monster. The titles helped to keep Double Fine financially stable, and Schafer has continued to implement the Amnesia Fortnight as a yearly process; most of the games that result from these are led by someone other than Schafer.

On February 1, 2012, Schafer returned to the role of director in the Kinect-based Double Fine Happy Action Theater, a game concept he devised based on Once Upon a Monster to be able to play a game with his two-year-old daughter that she would be able to enjoy as well.

In February 2012, Schafer launched a crowdfunded project for an unnamed adventure game via the crowd-sourced Kickstarter, using the placeholder title "Double Fine Adventure"; Schafer stated that he had found publishers extremely wary of an adventure in the current video game industry, and decided to turn to crowdfunding to seek player interest. The game and accompanying documentary were projected to cost . Contributions exceeded that amount by more than three times in less than 24 hours, making it the first Kickstarter project to reach a $2 million figure, and the second most successful project on the website at the time. When the project ended on March 13, funding reached a level of $3,336,371 in Kickstarter with an additional $110,000 from premium pledges. Ultimately, the project culminated in Broken Age, released in two acts over 2014 and 2015.

Schafer and Double Fine had been able to negotiate with The Walt Disney Company, who acquired Lucasfilm in 2012, to obtain the rights to three of the titles that Schafer had directed there: Day of the Tentacle, Full Throttle, and Grim Fandango, by 2014. Double Fine subsequently released remastered versions of all three games over the following years.

Schafer stood in support of Anita Sarkeesian and other game developers that were being harassed by supporters of Gamergate, a loosely organized misogynistic online harassment campaign and a right-wing backlash against feminism, that started in August 2014.

Schafer hosted the 2015 Game Developer's Choice Awards on March 5; during the event one of his jokes referenced the #NotYourShield tag connected to the harassment Campaign. Gamergate supporters claimed #NotYourShield was used to demonstrate women and minorities supported their cause, but Schafer's remarks spoke to the wider assessment that the tag's use was largely composed of sockpuppets, which was later proven to be true. Following the event, Gamergate supporters targeted Schafer for harassment by claiming he had been making a joke that mocked the minorities using this hashtag.

Gamergate supporters also found other opportunities to target Schafer for harassment, including a decision to expand the scope of Broken Age after its Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign raised far more than the amount asked for, and a later decision to seek additional funding for the studio by offering the game's first half for sale on early access. Since then he continues to be an occasional target of harassment from either GamerGate supporters or those who were swayed by the campaign's claims.

Schafer joined with other industry leaders with crowdfunding experience to help create the crowdfunding platform Fig in August 2015, serving on its advisory board until March 2020.  Through Fig, Schafer announced the sequel Psychonauts 2 in December 2015.

In June 2019, Microsoft announced that it had acquired Double Fine as part of Xbox Game Studios. Schafer stated that while he had not been looking to be acquired, he found the opportunity in his talks with Microsoft to be promising; the acquisition would not affect Double Fine's independence and would still allow the company to publish its pending titles on its own choice of platforms, and would provide the financial security needed for Double Fine to be able to concentrate on developing a quality product. Through this support, Double Fine was able to retain several gameplay elements within Psychonauts 2, which was eventually released on August 25, 2021, to critical praise.

Influences and philosophy
In an interview at the Game Developers Conference in 2003, Schafer stated that he strives for integrating story into the gameplay, setting a creative goal of someday creating a video game without any cutscenes at all. Furthermore, he said he often sets a story in an established world:

"[O]ften, the world is the initial inspiration for the game. One day I was listening to someone tell me their stories of spending the summer in Alaska. They had hung around this one biker bar, with these people with names like Smilin' Rick and Big Phil. And I thought, 'Wow, what a crazy world that is.' It's so apart from everybody's life, and yet it's right there, it's so mundane in a way. And that's where Full Throttle came from."

Recognition
The press first previewed Psychonauts at the E3 trade show in 2002, where it won the Game Critics Award for Best Original Game.
An hour-long episode of Icons on the G4 Network documented the last week of the production of Psychonauts and explored Schafer's career. At the 2006 Game Developers Choice Awards, Schafer and Erik Wolpaw won the award for Best Writing for Psychonauts. Schafer and Double Fine Executive Producer & COO Caroline Esmurdoc also won the award for Best New Studio. In October 2006, Schafer received a BAFTA video game Best Screenplay award for Psychonauts. In 2012, the Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI) organized the "Game Masters" exhibition, where Schafer was featured as the creator of Grim Fandango'', among a few other visionary designers, credited for having "pushed the boundaries of game design and storytelling, introducing new genres, creating our best-loved characters and revolutionising the way we understand and play games" In 2015, he won the Vanguard Award at Bilbao's Fun & Serious Game Festival. Schafer received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Game Developers Choice Awards in March 2018. He received a BAFTA Fellowship as "a true pioneer of game design, who has pushed the boundaries of the medium through his extraordinary talents" at the British Academy Games Awards in April 2018. In February 2023 Schafer was recognised as "a beacon of creativity and innovation in the games industry" by being selected as a Hall of Fame Inductee at the 26th annual D.I.C.E Awards, by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences

Ludography

References

External links

 Double Fine Productions Schafer's game development studio
 What does the game industry have against innovation? (a news feature centered on Psychonauts, with comments from Schafer)
 "Tim Schafer on Taking Risks" (D.I.C.E. Summit 2005)
 "Tim Schafer on Memorable Character Design" (GDC 2004, audio recording)
 Tim Schafer on the Monkey Island Wiki
 Trip to Double Fine from The International House of Mojo
 Return to Double Fine from The International House of Mojo
 Millennium Gaming: 20 Gaming Visionaries Usher In The Next Millennium of Gaming at GameSpot (1999)
 A Conversation with Tim Schafer by Celia Pearce at GameStudies (2003)
 Rebel With a Cause: Traveling through the mind of Tim Schafer at 1UP.com (2006)
 Tim Schafer's KickStarter Project Interview at DICE (2012)

1967 births
American video game designers
American video game directors
American video game programmers
BAFTA fellows
Double Fine people
Game Developers Conference Lifetime Achievement Award recipients
Living people
Lucasfilm people
Microsoft employees
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Video game writers
Xbox Game Studios
People from Sonoma, California

Tim Schafer


Hobart Johnstone Whitley (October 7, 1847 – June 3, 1931) was a Canadian-American businessman and real estate developer. Whitley is best known for helping create the Hollywood subdivision in Los Angeles. He is among those known as the "Father of Hollywood."

Early life
Whitley was born in Toronto, the seventh and youngest son of Joseph Whitley and Eleanor Johnstone. He grew up in Flint, Michigan, and attended Toronto Business College. Whitley became a naturalized citizen of the United States in the 1870s.

In 1887, Whitley married his second wife, Margaret Virginia Ross.

Early career
Whitley moved to Chicago, where he owned a hardware store and candy store. He became interested in land development, became a land agent for the Rock Island Railroad and was elected to its board of directors. He plotted and organized towns in the Cherokee Strip, and when Oklahoma became a state in 1912 he "declined the first governorship."

California

Hollywood

Whitley came to California in 1893; the next year, 1894, he established the HJ Whitley Jewelry Store in Los Angeles.

Hollywood was then a rural settlement of eighteen families; Whitley envisioned Hollywood "as a thriving suburb of Los Angeles." He subdivided 400 acres of open fields and gardens into a residential section, and more families came here to live."

Whitley became a major shareholder, with Harrison Gray Otis and George W. Hoover, of the Los Angeles Pacific Boulevard and Development Company. He orchestrated the opening of the Ocean View Tract and construction of a bank located on the corners of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland.

Whitely built the Hollywood Hotel on the same Hollywood and Highland corner, with George W. Hoover as builder. Construction was completed in February 1903.

The neighborhood of Whitley Heights in the Hollywood Hills originated as a residential housing development financed by Whitley.

Whitley, along with Charles E. Toberman, has been called "The Father of Hollywood." The first reference to Whitley by that title was in 1905.

Corcoran, California
Whitley took the lead in building the city of Corcoran, California. He purchased over  to start the development, and was able to control the town's development through an interlocking set of companies that he controlled.

Whitley Gardens, California
Whitley's last development was never finished. He bought thousands of acres and started the town of Whitley Gardens. It is about ten miles (16 km) east of Paso Robles, California. Around 1924, as Los Angeles Times columnist Lee Shippey put it:

Whitley became a Paso Robles enthusiast, after the waters had given him new strength. He bought 48,000 acres of ranch lands there and dreams of putting through one more great development project. He can't understand how fine fertile land with water on it, on a state highway and within reach of ocean winds can still be bought for around $50 an acre.

It was said that Whitley had amassed "a private fortune running into the millions" but "most of this wealth dwindled in [this] one unfortunate investment at Paso Robles."

Other projects
In 1905, he and others began the development of 47,000 acres of land in the San Joaquin Valley and 50,000 acres in the San Fernando Valley.

In 1909 he formed the Suburban Homes Company, a syndicate, along with Harry Chandler, H. G. Otis, M. H. Sherman and O. F. Brandt. Henry E. Huntington extended his Pacific Electric Railway (Red Cars) through the Valley to Owensmouth (now Canoga Park).  The Suburban Home Company laid out plans for roads and the towns of Van Nuys, Reseda (Marian) and Canoga Park (Owensmouth). The rural areas were annexed into the city of Los Angeles in 1915.

From about 1920 until his death, his company Whiltley Oil and Refining engaged in oil drilling in California.

Death
Whitley died on June 3, 1931, at the Whitley Park Country Club on Ventura Boulevard near Van Nuys. He was buried in the Hollywood Memorial Park Cemetery, today named Hollywood Forever Cemetery. On his crypt is inscribed "The Father of Hollywood".

He was survived by his wife, a son and a daughter.

Legacy
It is estimated that Whitley founded more than 140 towns in his lifetime.

The Hollywood Citizen said of him after his death: "He is remembered by the affectionate title which his community long ago bestowed upon him, the 'Father of Hollywood.'"

He was identified with the founding of Home Savings Bank, the First National Bank of Hollywood, the First National Bank of Van Nuys, and the State Banks of Owensmouth (Canoga Park), Reseda, and Corcoran.

Whitley donated large parcels of land and money for civic use. The donations were used to finance public schools, libraries, parks, landscaping, streets, transportation, lighting and churches.

At the time of his death, he was practically insolvent, having lost heavily in real estate developments.

Streets named after Whitley include:
Hobart Blvd
Whitley Heights, Los Angeles - a residential neighborhood, historic preservation overlay zone in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, CA.
Whitley Avenue, Los Angeles - a north/south street, begins on Hollywood Blvd. in Hollywood, running to Whitley Terrace in Whitley Heights.
Whitley Terrace - an east/west street, in Whitley Heights, Hollywood.
Whitley Terrace Steps - goes from Milner Road to Emmet Terrace.
Whitley Avenue - main street in Corcoran, California.

References

Further reading
 Gaelyn Whitley Keith, The Father of Hollywood
 Newspaper article: "Will Subdivide Large Paso Robles Ranch," The Van Nuys News, March 16, 1926

1847 births
1931 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century Canadian businesspeople
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century Canadian businesspeople
American real estate businesspeople
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Businesspeople from Toronto
California Republicans
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian real estate businesspeople
History of Los Angeles
History of the San Fernando Valley
Land owners from California
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Oklahoma Republicans
People from Corcoran, California

H. J. Whitley


Peter Lehel (born 13 September 1965) is a German jazz saxophonist and composer.

Life
Peter Lehel was born in Karlsruhe in the Upper Rhine Plain in (Baden-Württemberg). He began taking saxophone lessons at an early age. From 1988 to 1990 he studied Jazz and Pop music, focusing on saxophone at the State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart. Until 1990 he lived in Budapest for one year, where he studied at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music and he completed his studies in Stuttgart in 1993. He is teaching jazz, theory, big band and saxophone at Music University Karlsruhe, Germany since 2004.

Work
His music includes works for jazz quartet, saxophone quartet, big band, saxophone & organ, string quartet, jazz quartet with string orchestra, chamber music and symphony orchestra with jazz soloists.

As an arranger, he has worked for Barbara Dennerlein (CD "Change of Pace"), Sabine Meyer, Trio Clarone with Paquito & d.. Rivera.

He is co-owner of independent record label finetone music and since 2004 he is Professor for jazz, harmony, improvisation and big band at the Karlsruhe's University of Music.

Ensembles
Lehel is leader of his own groups such as Peter Lehel Quartet, and he is a member of:
 Pipes & Phones with the organist and composer Peter Schindler
 SaltaCello (also with Peter Schindler)
 Hoppel Hoppel Rhythm Club (jazz for children)

Discography (Range)
 Sea Of Love (2021), The New Peter Lehel Quartet
 Mood Antigua (2020), Finefones Saxophone Quartet
 Sonority(2019), Finefones Saxophone Quartet & Jim Snidero
 Nocturne (2019), with Wolfgang Meyer
 Hidden Tracks (2018), with Kálmán Oláh, Thomas Gunther, Ull Moeck
 Aria (2018), with Peter Schindler
 Lyrical Album (2016), with Kálmán Oláh, Mini Schulz
 Missa in Jazz (2016), with Chamber Choir Baden-Württemberg & Peter Lehel Quartet
 Chamber Jazz (2015), with Wolfgang Meyer & Peter Lehel Quartet
 Moonlight & Lovesongs (2015), with actor Siegfried Rauch & Peter Lehel Quartet
 The Clarinet (2014), with Wolfgang Meyer & Peter Lehel Quartet & Bigband University of Music Karlsruhe
 Two of a kind (2012), with Wolfgang Meyer & Sabine Meyer, Trio di Clarone
 Song of Praise (2012), with Chamber Choir Baden-Württemberg & Peter Lehel Quartet
 Bone Talks (2002, with Henning Wiegräbe & Peter Lehel Quartet
 Funk-a-lot (2011, with Finefones Saxophone Quartet
 Choro e Bossa Nova (2009), with clarinetist Wolfgang Meyer
 Boleros (2007), with Wolfgang Meyer
 Soul Balance (2007)
 Recht harmonisch (2005)
 Live At Birdland 59 (2004)
 Moods (2003)
 Ballads (2001)
 Heavy Rotation (1998)

Awards
 1997 Jazzpreis (Jazz prize) Baden-Württemberg
 2000 Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik
 2006 Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik

External links

References

1965 births
Living people
German music arrangers
German jazz composers
Male jazz composers
German jazz saxophonists
Male saxophonists
German jazz pianists
Academic staff of the Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe
State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart alumni
21st-century saxophonists
German male pianists
21st-century pianists
21st-century German male musicians

Peter Lehel


The Gathering is a 1977 American made-for-television drama film produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions for ABC. It is about a dying executive who arranges a final Christmas reunion with his estranged wife and adult children. It was directed by Randal Kleiser and stars Edward Asner and Maureen Stapleton.

Plot
Adam Thornton (Edward Asner), an ill-tempered executive who walked out on his family, learns that he only has a little time left to live. He decides that he wants to make peace with them and have one last reunion. He confides this information to his estranged wife, Kate (Maureen Stapleton). But when his doctor says that it won't be good for him to travel, she suggests that he should call his four adult children and invite them all for Christmas.

He agrees only with the provision that they not be told of his illness and imminent death. The only problem is that most of them are not exactly fond of him because he walked out on Kate and has a stubborn nature. Of them, he is most nervous about seeing Bud (Gregory Harrison), whom he hasn't spoken to since having an argument with him regarding the Vietnam War and his move to Canada several years before.

Cast
 Edward Asner as Adam
 Maureen Stapleton as Kate
 Rebecca Balding as Julie
 Sarah Cunningham as Clara
 Bruce Davison as George
 Veronica Hamel as Helen
 Gregory Harrison as Bud Jr.
 James Karen as Bob Block
 Lawrence Pressman as Tom
 John Randolph as Dr. Hodges
 Gail Strickland as Peggy
 Edward Winter as Roger
 Stephanie Zimbalist as Toni

Sequel
The film was followed by the 1979 sequel The Gathering, Part II, which picked up two years after Adam's death (Asner did not appear in it), and largely concerned Kate's relationship with a new man (Efrem Zimbalist Jr.). It was also produced by Hanna-Barbera.

Awards
 Nomination for and won Emmy for Outstanding Special - Drama or Comedy
 Nomination for Emmy – Outstanding Art Direction for a Dramatic Special - Jan Scott (art director) Anne D. McCulley (set Director)
 Nomination for Emmy – Outstanding Directing in a Special Program - Drama or Comedy - Randal Kleiser
 Nomination for Emmy – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama or Comedy Special - Maureen Stapleton
 Nomination for Emmy – Outstanding Writing in a Special Program - Drama or Comedy - Original Teleplay - James Poe (writer)

Home media
The film was released on DVD on Christmas 2009 by Warner Home Video through its Warner Archive label. This is a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available through Warner's online store and Amazon.com.

See also
 List of Christmas films

References

External links

1977 films
1977 television films
1970s Christmas drama films
1970s Christmas films
ABC network original films
American Christmas drama films
American television films
Christmas television films
Films about death
Films about dysfunctional families
Films directed by Randal Kleiser
Films set in Cleveland
Films shot in Ohio
Films with screenplays by James Poe
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
Hanna-Barbera live-action films

The Gathering (1977 film)


The 157th (Simcoe Foresters) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.

On 30 November 1915, the 35th Regiment "Simcoe Foresters" was authorized to raise the 157th Battalion.  Based in Barrie, Ontario, the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters, began recruiting in late 1915 in Simcoe County.  2,450 volunteers were recruited, of which 1,070 officers and other ranks  were enlisted in the battalion.  Of the remainder, about 700 were rejected as being medically unfit, 75 were transferred to the 76th Battalion, and the approximately 600 remaining were transferred to the 177th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF.

Under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel D.H. MacLaren, the 157th was tasked with constructing a new army training camp on the Simcoe Pines Plain, which was to be named Camp Borden. Construction began in May 1916 with the companies from Barrie and Collingwood.  A second company from Barrie arrived in June to help speed up the construction. As such, the 157th became the founding battalion of Camp Borden, which it constructed to accommodate 40 infantry battalions in 10 brigades. Before the camp was opened the remainder of the 157th and the entire 177th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel J.B. McPhee, arrived. By that summer, Camp Borden was home to 36 CEF battalions in nine brigades before they embarked overseas.  On the night of Camp Borden's official opening, a riot by members of other battalions was suppressed by both the 157th and 177th battalions of the Simcoe Foresters, which were turned out with bayonets fixed.

On 12 October 1916, the battalion received its regimental colours at Camp Borden, which were subsequently laid up in St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Barrie, Ontario, after the war on 10 October 1919.  The colours were reclaimed by The Grey and Simcoe Foresters, which perpetuates the 157th, on 18 June 1982 and deposited in the regiment's Barrie Officers' Mess.

Training at Camp Borden ended on 13 October 1916, when the 157th Battalion departed for Halifax, Nova Scotia.  Embarking on board the  on 18 October 1916, the battalion sailed for Liverpool, England, arriving on 28 October.  From Liverpool, the 157th was stationed for only a week at Witley Camp before proceeding to Bramshott Camp as part of the 7th Training Brigade.

Like so many CEF Battalions arriving in England at that time, the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters was broken up for reinforcements to units already in the field.  Immediately a draft of 150 men was sent to the 1st, followed by a further 50 men to the 19th, on 5 December 1916.  Three days later, a further 400 men were sent to join the 116th, which was in theatre in France.  The balance of the 157th Battalion went to the 125th and the 8th Reserve Battalion.  Before being transferred to other units, the officers were sent to Crowborough for additional instructional training.

By war's end, these Foresters had fought in the following battles: Arras, 1917; Vimy Ridge, 9–14 April 1917; Arleux, 28–29 April 1917; Capture of Fresnoy, 3–4 May 1917; Affairs, South of Souchez River, 3–25 June 1917; Capture of Avion, 26–29 June 1917; Battle of Hill 70, 15–25 August 1917; Ypres, 1917; and Second Battle of Passchendaele, 26 October–10 November 1917.

Today, the volunteer Borden Pipes & Drums band wear the Hunting Stewart tartan in honour of the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters, founding battalion of the base. In June 2015, a contingent of civilian donors from the Borden Legacy Project and military personnel from CFB Borden travelled to Vimy Ridge to patriate soil, which will be encapsulated into a new memorial at the base marking its centennial of service.  During this Vimy pilgrimage, the graves and memorials for 13 members of the 157th Simcoe Foresters who lost their lives during the Battle of Vimy Ridge were visited.

During the First World War, the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters suffered 133 killed-in-action or died-of-wounds.  This was a huge sacrifice by the families of Simcoe County through just one of its CEF battalions.  From the four CEF battalions perpetuated by The Grey and Simcoe Foresters (147th, 157th, 177th, and 248th) over 450 lost their lives during the First World War.

The battalion had one commanding officer: Lieutenant-Colonel D. H. MacLaren.

References
Meek, John F. Over the Top! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War. Orangeville, Ont.: The Author, 1971.
Chajkowsky, William E. "The History of Camp Borden, 1916-1918, land of Sand, Sin and Sorrow. Viveland: Station Press, 1983.
Fisher, Major J.R. and Captain E.J. Fuller. "The Grey and Simcoe Foresters, A Concise Regimental History." Barrie: The Grey and Simcoe Foresters, 2008
Frost, Honourable Leslie. "Fighting Men" Toronto: Clark, Irwin, 1967
Rutherford, Brigadier Tom, ed. "An Unofficial History of The Grey and Simcoe Foresters Regiment 1866 to 1973." Owen Sound: The Grey and Simcoe Foresters, 1973
Telford, Major Murray M. "Scarlet to Green, the colours, uniforms and insignia of The Grey and Simcoe Foresters."  Erin: The Boston Mills Press, 1987

Battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force
Organizations based in Barrie

157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF


In hunting tactics, a cocking-cloth was a device used for catching pheasants, similar in construction to a kite.

It consists of a piece of coarse canvas, about an ell square, or 45 inches (114 cm) on side, tanned, and kept stretched by two sticks, placed from corner to corner, diagonal-wise; a hole is left to see through. The hunter, then, armed with a short gun, carries the cloth before him at arm's length; under cover of which, he may approach his game as near as he pleases. When near enough, he puts the barrel of the gun through the hole, and fires.

Richard Blome, in The Gentleman's Recreation (1686), called this technique "cocking-cloth at crowing time." According to him, at "crowing time", the pheasants "will let you come near them, and the cocks will be so bold as to fly at [the cocking-cloth]."

References

Blackmore, Howard L. Hunting Weapons. Courier Dover Publications. . 2000. p 234.
"Cocking". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.

Fowling

Cocking-cloth


RELCOM or Relcom (), an acronym for "RELiable COMmunications" is a computer network in Russia.

Network
It was launched in the Soviet Union on August 1, 1990 in the Kurchatov Institute in collaboration with DEMOS co-operative (although the engineering team at DEMOS at the time consisted mostly of Kurchatov Institute employees, some key members (Mikhail Davidov, Vadim Antonov, Dmitry Volodin) in the RELCOM team were never employed by Kurchatov Institute).

It became one of the first Russian computer networks (and the first commercial internet service provider in the USSR) and its development led to the emergence of the Runet. Initially it was purely e-mail network based on the UUCP protocol.

During the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 the Relcom network was used to spread news about the event worldwide while the coup perpetrators were trying to suppress mass media activity through the KGB.

Now it is managed by Relcom Business Network Ltd., a Russian ISP.

See also
 Kremvax
 KOI8-R
 History of the Internet in Russia

References

Further reading
 "Wide-Area Collaboration." (Archive)

External links
Relcom website

Computing in the Soviet Union
Soviet inventions
Science and technology in Russia
Internet service providers of Russia
1990 establishments in the Soviet Union

RELCOM


The Sun Tower is a Beaux-Arts building at 128 West Pender Street in Vancouver, British Columbia. The building is known for its faux-patina steel dome painted to imitate copper cladding.

The building was commissioned by L. D. Taylor to house his newspaper, The Vancouver World. It was designed by W. T. Whiteway, who was also the designer for the original Woodward's building nearby. After the building was finished in 1912, it was called The World Building. It became the tallest building in the British Empire at 82 m (269 ft). It surpassed the former record-holder, the Dominion Building which is located just around the corner. It was also the tallest building in Canada for two years until Toronto's 20-story Optima Business Centre opened in 1914 and surpassed it. In 1918, many Vancouverites turned out to watch Harry Gardiner, the "Human Fly", scale the outside of the building.

The building was bought by The Vancouver Sun in 1937 and was it was renamed. Although The Vancouver Sun newspaper had long since moved, first to South Granville then to Granville Square, the building has kept the name. The outside of the building was used as the Watchtower in Smallville. The tower had to be digitally enhanced to look taller. In some of the shots, the tower is the highest building in Metropolis. The building was also used as Chance's and Winston's office in the television show Human Target.

On March 19, 2008, it was announced that Sun Capital had bought the building on March 17. After they bought it, they overhauled the fabric and interiors of the building. In turn, the building was sold to the current owners Allied Properties REIT in August 2011. The heritage building is promised to be restored by the new owners.

References

Other websites
Official website
Emporis.com - Sun Tower
SkycraperPage.com – Sun Tower

Skyscrapers in Canada
Buildings and structures in Vancouver

Sun Tower


Quiet Take Off and Landing is a concept originating with the new generation of advanced technology engines which emit a reduction of noise levels compared to conventional turbojet and turbofan engines. Most of the main aircraft industries are developing these type of engines while the airframe manufacturers also have various new designs intended to use advanced technology engines. Apart from adapting the new engines with their twin/triple spools, methods of reducing noise include installing variable pitch fan blades to existing engine designs.

Examples of this have previously been undertaken by the firm Dowty Rotol, who by changing the position of the engine, sometimes to above the wing, as on the VFW-Fokker 614, or even back into the wing as on a number of older designs such as the De Havilland Comet and V bombers.

See also
 Continuous descent approach
 Stealth aircraft
 Cloaking device

References

Types of take-off and landing

QTOL


Golden Windows is a daytime soap opera which aired on NBC from July 5, 1954 to April 1, 1955 from 3:15 to 3:30 PM/ET.  The program was sponsored by Procter & Gamble, for Cheer.

Synopsis
The series tells the story of Juliet Goodwin (played by Leila Martin), a 22-year-old girl who spent an isolated childhood in an island retreat off the coast of Maine with her foster father, Charles Goodwin (played by Eric Dressler), and her attempt to find happiness with Tom Anderson (played by Herb Patterson), the bitter young cynic with whom she was in love, although she was engaged to another.  Julie, a girl endowed with a lovely body and a glorious voice, found that her curiosity about life and people had made her vaguely discontented with life on the idyllic island Capstan.

As the story opened, Julie discussed plans for her forthcoming marriage to her fiancé, John Brandon (played by Grant Sullivan), when a bad storm blew up and he returned to the hotel he and his mother ran on the mainland.

The following sequence of events took place in the program's opening week: Tom Anderson, battered by the New England storm and fleeing the police on what may be a murder charge, found his way to the Goodwin house. Julie convinced her father that Tom was ill and needed their help so they put him up in the guest room for the night after he had collapsed from fatigue. On the mainland, John told his mother (played by Harriet MacGibbon) that he promised to get Julie an audition with a famous musician who was staying at their resort hotel.  Meanwhile, Tom regained consciousness. There was an awareness about Tom and Julie of the growing bond between them and she promised to hide him from the police until he was stronger and could go to them with the story of his how partner was shot, and convince them he was not guilty.

The program was produced by Mary Harris, and directed by Dan Levin.  The story was by John M. Young and Corlis Wilber.

Others who appeared in the program were:  Ralph Camargo (father of actress Victoria Wyndham), Broadway star Barbara Cook, and Ethel Remey, who later played Alma Miller on As the World Turns.

Golden Windows was replaced on April 2, 1955, by a program starring Ted Mack.

References

External links

1954 American television series debuts
1955 American television series endings
American television soap operas
NBC original programming
Black-and-white American television shows
English-language television shows

Golden Windows


Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal is a 2003 book by Ian Christe, documenting the history of heavy metal music and its origins.

The book argues that heavy metal began with Black Sabbath in 1970, then traces the emergence of 'proto-' heavy metal bands including Budgie and Captain Beyond. He continues through the 1970s with hard rock bands such as Van Halen, Kiss, and Judas Priest, then charts the emergence of NWOBHM, practiced by Iron Maiden and Raven, and thrash metal acts such as Metallica, Megadeth, and Slayer, and subsequent genres including grindcore, death metal, and black metal.

The book has served as the basis for university-level courses studying heavy metal at Miami University of Ohio, University of Rochester, and West Texas A&M University.

Source interviews

Sound of the Beast is based on a narrative drawn from over a hundred original interviews with members of Black Sabbath, Rainbow, Kiss, Judas Priest, Raven, Tygers of Pan Tang, Venom, Saxon, Exciter, Dio, Twisted Sister, Armored Saint, Plasmatics, Misfits, Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, Anthrax, Possessed, Hirax, Bathory, Hellhammer, Celtic Frost, Voivod, Nuclear Assault, Sepultura, Napalm Death, Morbid Angel, Deicide, White Zombie, Public Enemy, Danzig, Soundgarden, Fear Factory, Mayhem, Emperor, Immortal, Mortiis, Slipknot, Death and other bands.

Foreign editions

The book was also released in a hardcover edition in the United Kingdom by Allison & Busby in 2004, and has been translated into Finnish, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Japanese, Czech, Serbian, Croatian, and Polish editions.

Reception

Greg Burk, writing for the LA Weekly in 2003, dubbed Sound of the Beast: "The first book to chart the vector of not just metal's origins, but the myriad mutations through which it continues to infect the planet."

Brent Burton, writing for the Washington City Paper, deigned that "Like Nick Tosches' 1977 Country, Christe's Sound of the Beast takes a deep-focus view of music that most regard as one-dimensional—drawing attention to some of the rawest purveyors of each subgenre. However, unlike Tosches' writing, Christe's descriptions of the music he so clearly loves are often ungainly. On his beloved Sabbath: 'Above all else they had the best riffs, the huge guitar and bass lines that last a lifetime.' And on Metallica: 'Kill 'Em All might have been the first record fast enough that when fans played it to the point of skipping, a full chorus could be captured in a single revolution of the vinyl.' Christe also falters when he inexplicably attempts to beat metal's 'white music' rap without any ammo: Hard rockers Phil Lynott and Slash are among a mere handful of names enlisted for the cause."

References

External links

Heavy metal publications
2003 non-fiction books

Sound of the Beast


John Crackston ( 1575 – c. 1620/21), also spelled as John Craxston or Crakstone, was an English Separatist from the Netherlands who came with his son John on the voyage of the Pilgrim ship Mayflower.  He signed the Mayflower Compact.<ref name="plimoth">A genealogical profile of John Crackston, (a collaboration of Plimoth Plantation and New England Historic Genealogical Society accessed 2013) [http://www.plimoth.org/media/pdf/crackstone_john.pdf] </ref>Eugene Aubrey Stratton, Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), p. 274

 English origins
Separatists were people who rejected the Church of England.  These other beliefs were not allowed in England.

Crackston's birth year is of about 1575.  It is based on a document made when his daughter married. It is believed that he moved to the Netherlands  from Colchester in co. Essex, England from another document. In the 1618 Leiden marriage of his daughter Anna, she is said to be from Colchester.Charles Edward Banks,  The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers (New York: Grafton Press, 1929), p. 50

 In Leiden
The name of John Crackston, in Leiden Netherlands, first appears in legal documents on June 16, 1616, when, along with fellow Mayflower passenger Moses Fletcher, he witnessed a promise of marriage of Zachariah Barrow.

Crackston's daughter Anna (Anne) married Thomas Smith in Leiden on December 12, 1618. In the records Anna is described as being a unmarried women from Colchester in England. At her wedding was her friend Patience Brewster.  She would also be a Mayflower passenger.  Patience would die of a fever in Plymouth in 1634 as the first wife of Plymouth Colony Governor Thomas Prence.

 Mayflower voyage
In 1620 John Crackston came to the Mayflower with other church members from Leiden and in the company of his son John. It is believed that his wife, name unknown, may have been died. His daughter Anna had married in 1618 and did not accompany them.

William Bradford, wrote in 1651, Crackston and his son John embarked on the Mayflower

John Crackston and his son left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.George Ernest Bowman,  The Mayflower Compact and its signers,  (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1920). Photocopies of the 1622, 1646 and 1669 versions of the document pp. 7–19. The Mayflower'' was supposed to land in the Colony of Virginia, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

John Crackston was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact. On that document, he signed his name as "John Craxton."  His son John Jr. was apparently not yet twenty-one years of age and did not sign the Compact.

Family of John Crackston
Crackston first wife's name is not known.

Children of John Crackston and his first wife:
  Anna (Anne) Crackston was born about 1600, probably in Colchester, co. Essex, England. She married Thomas Smith in Leiden in 1618.

  John Crackston (Jr.) name appears in the 1627 Division of Cattle, appearing as "John Crakstone" with the Allerton family.  His name also appeared in the 1623 Division of Land as "John Crackston" with the Winslow family. It is believed that John Crackston Jr. died sometime after 1627. His burial place is unknown.

Death and burial of John Crackston
John Crackston (Sr.) died in the winter of 1620, wrote Governor William Bradford.  Bradford said it was after he got lost in the woods and his feet became frozen and he got a fever.  The exact date is unknown. As with most passengers who died that winter, he was most likely buried in an unmarked grave in Cole's Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth. Cractston's name is spelled  "John Craxston Sr." on the Tomb.

References

Mayflower passengers
1575 births
1620s deaths

John Crackston


Christiania Bank og Kreditkasse, branded domestically as Kreditkassen or K-Bank and internationally as Christiania Bank was a Norwegian bank that existed between 1848 and 2000 when it merged with MeritaNordbanken and became Nordea. The bank had its headquarters in Oslo and was Norway's second largest bank at the time of the merger.

Christiania Bank had branch offices in London, New York, and Singapore.

History

The bank was founded in Oslo (then called Christiania) in 1848 as Christiania Kreditkasse, though changed its name to Christiania Bank og Kreditkasse in 1862. In 1858, the bank moved out of its temporary location at the home of the bank manager, Fritz Henrich Frölich, and to permanent locations. It opened branches in 1897, under the directorship of Peter Harboe Castberg

The bank expanded out of Oslo in 1957 when it bought Elverum Kreditbank and Hamar Privatbank, and in 1959 with the acquisition of Agder Bank. By 1965, the bank had 18 offices outside Oslo. In 1973, the bank opened its first international office, in Luxembourg. In the 1980s, the bank further acquired Andresens Bank (in 1980), Vestfoldbanken (in 1981) and Fiskernes Bank (in 1983).

In the last years of the 1980s, there was a major financial crisis in Norway and by 1991 the bank had used up all capital. To save the bank, the Government of Norway took over the bank and gave it new capital, rescuing it from bankruptcy. In the early years of the 1990s, the bank also bought Sunnmørsbanken and Sørlandsbanken. In 1995, the government reduced its ownership to 51%, listing it on the Oslo Stock Exchange, and in 1999 to 35%. The same year, the Swedish MeritaNordbanken bid for the bank, and in 2000 the government sold its shares and the bank became part of Nordea. Christiania Bank was at the time of the merger with Nordea Norway's oldest existing bank.

External links
 Nordea web site
 History of the bank

Defunct banks of Norway
Companies based in Oslo
Banks established in 1848
Banks disestablished in 2000
Companies formerly listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange
Formerly government-owned companies of Norway
2000 disestablishments in Norway
Norwegian companies established in 1848

Christiania Bank


The coat o airms o Ecuador () in its current form wis established in 1900 based on an aulder version o 1845.

Blazon
In the backgrund o the oval shield is the munt Chimborazo, while the river oreeginatin frae its base represents the Guayas.  Thay baith seembolise the beauty an wealth o the respective regions (Sierra or Costa). The ship on the river is named Guayas as well. In 1841 it wis biggit in Guayaquil an wis the first seaworthy steamship biggit on the Sooth American wast coast. Instead o a mast it features a Caduceus representin trade an economy. On tap a golden sun surroondit bi the astrological signs for Aries, Taurus, Gemini an Cancer representin the months Mairch tae Julie tae seembolise the duration o the Mairch Revolution o 1845.

The condor on tap o the shield stretches his wings tae seembolise pouer, greatness an strength o Ecuador. The shield is flanked bi fower banners o Ecuador. The laurel on the left represents the victories o the republic. The palm leaf on the richt side is a seembol o the martyrs o the fecht for unthirldom an leeberty. The Fasces belaw the shield represents the republican dignity.

History

Uisage

The coat o arms is uised bi the Preses, the parliament, the meenistries an several ither authorities an public institutions. It is pairt o the banner, an uised on mony coins an bills o the umwhile currency Sucre an the coins uised the day, Centavos del dólar o Ecuadorian mintage.

Notes

Freemit airtins
Coat of Arms description on the Ecuadorian Government's Webpage  (Spaingie)
 http://estrada.bz/escudo_del_ecuador.htm *[Ecuadorian historian's Wabpage] (Spaingie)

Naitional seembols o Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador

Coat o airms o Ecuador