Chandi (, ) or Chandika () is a Hindu deity. Chandika is another form of Mahadevi, similar to Durga. Chandika is a powerful form of Mahadevi who manifested to destroy evil. She is also known as Kaushiki, Katyayani, Asthadasabuja Mahalakshmi and Mahishasuramardini.

History
 or  is the name by which the Supremely divine is referred to in Devī Māhātmya. Chandi represents the killer of Chanda.  Chanda and Munda were Ashur's strong army generals. The word Chandi also refers to the fiery power of anger of the Brahman. Bhaskararaya, a leading authority on matters concerning Devi worship, defines Chandi as 'the angry, terrible or passionate one'. While scholars debate whether an old Goddess was Sanskritized or a suppressed Goddess was reclaimed, the fact remains that since the very early days, the Devi was worshiped in the subcontinent regardless of whether she appears as a supreme deity in Sanātanī texts. Scholars who trace her tracks show that she was very much a part of an early theistic impulse as it was being crystallised in the Indic mind. C. Mackenzie Brown writes:

"Hymns to goddesses in the late portions of the great Mahabharata epic and in the Harivamsa (AD 100-300) reveal the increasing importance of female deities in Brahminical devotional life.… The re-emergence of the divine feminine in the Devi-Mahatmya was thus both the culmination of centuries-long trends and the inspirational starting point for new investigations into the nature of feminine transcendence."

When she does appear in Markandeya Purana, in the section known as Caṇḍī Pāṭha or Devī Māhātmya, she proclaims her preeminence:

This text recounts the tale of male demons and their destruction by the Great Goddess and traces its lineage through the Devīsūkta in the Rigveda and also connects with the Samkhya Prakriti to establish itself as a canonical text for the Shaktas.

Chandi, the fiercest form of the Goddess, is the main deity of the famous Devi Mahatmya, a great poem of seven hundred verses (also called Durga Saptashati or Chandi Patha) which celebrates how she fights and destroys the greatest demons.  As Chandi, the destroyer of opposition, she can be invoked for removing obstacles, to allow us to attain Puruṣārtha, the four goals of human life.

The designation of Chandi or Chandika is used twenty-nine times in the Devi Mahatmya, which is agreed by many scholars to have had originated in Bengal, the primary seat of the Shakta or Goddess tradition and tantric sadhana since ancient times. It is the most common epithet used for the Goddess. In Devi Mahatmya, Chandi, Chandika, Ambika and Durga have been used synonymously.

The basis for Chandi worship is found in the Devi Bhagavata as well as in the Markandeya Purana containing the well-known Saptashati. This narrates the three tales of Chandika fighting and destroying the evil forces in the forms of Madhu & Kaitabha, Dhumralochana, Chanda and Munda, Raktabeeja, Shumbha & Nishumbha, and Mahishasura. These stories are narrated in thirteen chapters in the form of seven hundred stanzas or half stanzas. Each of these is considered as an independent mantra, by repeating which one attains profound benefits.

Goddess Chandi is associated with the nine-lettered Navakshari mantra that has its basis in the Devi Upanishad, one of the five Atharva Shirsha Upanishads. It is also called Navarna Mantra or Navavarna Mantra. Besides the Sri Vidhya mantras, it is one of the principal mantras in Shakti worship. It is customary to chant this mantra when chanting the Devi Mahatmya. She is supposed to live in a place called Mahakal, which is close to Kailasa

Named after the goddess is the city of Chandigarh (literally: 'fort of Chandi'), the joint capital of the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana.

Legends
Chandika is an avatar of Durga. The three principal forms of Durga worshipped are Mahagauri, Chandika and Aparajita. Of these, Chandika has two forms called Chandi and Chamunda who is created by the goddess Kaushiki for killing demons Chanda and Munda.

She is known as the supreme goddess Mahishasuramardini or  Durga who slayed the demon Mahishasura. She has been affiliated with and also considered as Katyayini, Kaushiki or Ambika who killed Shumbha, Nishumbha and their fellow demons.  "The great Goddess was born from the energies of the male divinities when the devas became impotent in the long-drawn-out battle with the asuras. All the energies of the Gods became united and became supernova, throwing out flames in all directions. Then that unique light, pervading the Three Worlds with its lustre, combined into one, and became a female form."

"Devi projected overwhelming omnipotence. The three-eyed goddess was adorned with the crescent moon. Her multiple arms held auspicious weapons and emblems, jewels and ornaments, garments and utensils, garlands and rosaries of beads, all offered by the gods. With her golden body blazing with the splendour of a thousand suns, seated on her lion vehicle, Chandi is one of the most spectacular of all personifications of Cosmic energy."

In other scriptures, Chandi is portrayed as "assisting" Kali in her battle with the demon Raktabīja. Chandi wounded him, but a new demon sprang up from every drop of his blood that fell on the ground. By drinking Raktabīja's blood before it could reach the ground, Kali enabled Chandi to first destroy the armies of demons and finally kill Raktabīja himself. In Skanda Purana, this story is retold and another story of Mahakali killing demons Chanda and Munda is added. Authors Chitralekha Singh and Prem Nath says, "Narada Purana describes the powerful forms of Lakshmi as Durga, Kali, Bhadrakali, Chandi, Maheshwari, Lakshmi, Vaishnavi and Andreye".

Chandi Homa (Havan)

Chandi Homa is one of the most popular Homas in Hindu religion. It is performed across India during various festivals, especially during the Navaratri. Chandi Homa is performed by reciting verses from the Durga Sapthasathi and offering oblations into the sacrificial fire. It could also be accompanied by the Navakshari Mantra. Kumari Puja, Suvasini Puja also form a part of the ritual.

Iconography

The dhyana sloka preceding the Middle episode of Devi Mahatmya the iconographic details are given. The Goddess is described as having vermilion complexion, eighteen arms bearing string of beads, battle axe, mace, arrow, thunderbolt, lotus, bow, water-pot, cudgel, lance, sword, shield, conch, bell, wine-cup, trident, noose and the discus (sudarsana). She has a complexion of coral and is seated on a lotus. In some temples the images of Maha Kali, Maha Lakshmi, and Maha Saraswati are kept separately. The Goddess is also portrayed as four armed in many temples.

As Purnachandi, she is visualised as both the essence as well as transcendence i.e. the Brahman; who is beyond Laghu Chandika, who is of the combined form of Parvati, Lakshmi and Saraswati as represented in Durga Saptashati of Markandeya Purana. As Purnachandi, she sports with her sixteen hands, sword, arrow, spear, shakti, chakra, mace, rosary, khartal, phalaka, karmuka, nagapasha, axe, damaru, skull, boon gesture and protection gesture.

In folklore of Bengal
Chandi is one of the most popular folk deities in Bengal, and a number of poems and literary compositions in Bengali called Chandi Mangala Kavyas were written from 13th century to early 19th century. These had the effect of merging the local folk and tribal goddesses with mainstream
Hinduism. The Mangal kavyas often associate Chandi with goddess Kali or Kalika and recognise her as a consort of Shiva and mother of Ganesha and Kartikeya, which are characteristics of goddesses like Parvati and Durga. The concept of Chandi as the supreme Goddess also underwent a change. The worship of the goddess became heterogeneous in nature.

Chandi is associated with good fortune. Her auspicious forms like Mangal Chandi, Sankat Mangal Chandi, Rana Chandi bestow joy, riches, children, good hunting and victory in battles while other forms like Olai Chandi cure diseases like cholera, plague and cattle diseases.

These are almost all village and tribal Goddesses with the name of the village or tribe being added onto the name Chandi. The most important of these Goddesses is Mongol Chandi who is worshipped in the entire state and also in Assam. Here the word "Mongol" means auspicious or benign.

See also
 Chandi di Var (in Sikhism)
 Candi of Indonesia

Notes

References

 Coburn, Thomas B., "Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition", South Asia Books, 2002. ()
 Manna, Sibendu, Mother Goddess, , Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, India, 1993. ()
 Mookerjee, Ajit, Kali, The Feminine Force, Destiny Books, Rochester, Vermont, 1988, ()
 Sankaranarayanan, S., Glory of the Divine Mother (Devī Māhātmyam), Nesma Books, India, 2001. ()
 McDaniel, June, Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West , Published 2004, Oxford University Press - US, 368 pages,
 McDaniel, June, Making Virtuous Daughters and Wives: An Introduction to Women's Brata Rituals in Benegal Folk Religion, Published 2002, SUNY Press, 144 pages,
 Wilkins, William Joseph, Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic, Published 2004, Kessinger Publishing, 428 pages,  (First edition: Published 1882; Thacker, Spink & co.)

Hindu goddesses
Mother goddesses
Shaktism
War goddesses
Forms of Parvati

Chandi


Haig Mardirosian (born 1947 in New York City) is Dean Emeritus of the College of Arts and Letters at the University of Tampa, Professor Emeritus at American University in Washington, DC, a concert organist, composer, and conductor. He has performed in many of the most important concert venues throughout North America and Europe. He has over a dozen commercial recordings to his credit including well known and respected performances of the organ works of Bach, Brahms, Liszt, Petr Eben, and Jean Langlais.

Performing career
In 1977, Haig Mardirosian was invited to be the first American to perform in the International Organ Week in Bonn, Germany. In 1989, he was one of two Americans performing in the first (and only) Soviet-American Organ Music Festival. In 1999, he was awarded a Swiss-American Cultural Exchange Partner Grant in collaboration with Ensemble Corund, the only professional choir in German-speaking Switzerland, a grant that resulted in a study and performing tour of Switzerland. In sum, he has performed well over 500 solo recitals in some of the most important venues of his profession and under the sponsorship of the most importing presenting organizations including the American Guild of Organists and the Royal Canadian College of Organists.

As composer, conductor, and organist, Mardirosian has been heard on WDR, the BBC, Belgian Radio, the Voice of America, ABC, National Public Radio, and American Public Media. This broadcast work includes important broadcasts from the famed Busch-Reisinger Museum at Harvard University. His new Requiem for choir, strings, and percussion was premiered in November, 2007 in Washington, DC.

Writer
For 25 years, Mardirosian served as a critic for Fanfare Magazine, the leading recording review journal in the United States, and for 26 years he has written reviews of recordings, scores, books, and New Media for The American Organist for which publication he continues to write his monthly editorial column, Vox Humana.  He has also contributed articles to The Diapason and The Journal of American Organbuilding. In 1993, he traveled to Stockholm, Sweden, under the auspices of a grant from the Swedish Institute, to research and write about the music of Otto Olsson. In sum, he has produced more than 1900 articles. He is also active as a consultant on the design and construction of pipe organs.

Recording artist
Haig Mardirosian records for Centaur Records. His releases include two masses of Orlande de Lassus with the source motets, in which he conducts the Choir of the Church of the Ascension and Saint Agnes, Washington, DC. He has also recorded a collection of organ suites, music of the late Czech composer, Petr Eben, and the Bach, Clavierübung, Part III. In fall, 2008, he recorded the organ works of Johannes Brahms for the second time in his career.

Haig Mardirosian was previously Dean of Academic Affairs and Professor of Music at American University in Washington, DC, and Organist and Choirmaster at the Church of the Ascension and Saint Agnes (Washington D.C.). He was Organist and Music Director at St. Andrew's Episcopal Church in Tampa, FL, from 2016-2018.

Discography
Mors et Ressurectio [sic], Chant Requiem and Mass for Easter, Centaur Records CRC 3028
Brahms, Complete Organ Works, Centaur Records CRC 2996
Lo in the Time Appointed, A&StA 0601
Bach, Clavierübung III, Centaur Records CRC 2667
Choral Works of Orlande de Lassus, Centaur Records CRC 2477
The Washington Organ Book, Gothic Records CD 49059
Organ Suites, Centaur Records CRC 2368
Eben and Langlais Organ Works, Centaur Records CRC 2042
Mozart, Vespers and Mass, Centaur Records CRC 2074
Works of Mendelssohn, Schroder, Organophon Records E 90018
Organ Music of Liszt, Mitra Records, M 16182
20th Century English Organ Music, Musical Heritage Society MHS 3265
English Organ Voluntaries of the 18th Century, Musical Heritage Society, MHS 1854
Organ Works of Johannes Brahms, Musical Heritage Society, MHS 1751

Books

Vox Humana: Essays about the World of the Pipe Organ and Those who Play it, St. Louis: Morningstar Music Publishers, 2017.
J. Michael Barone and Pipedreams, New York: The American Guild of Organists Monograph Series, No. 1, 2018.
The Organ on Campus,New York: The American Guild of Organists Monograph Series, No. 2, 2018 (in preparation).
The Making of a Virtuoso, New York: The American Guild of Organists Monograph Series, No. 3, 2018 (in preparation).

American classical organists
American male organists
American people of Armenian descent
Living people
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
University of Tampa faculty
1947 births
Writers from New York City
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century organists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American keyboardists
Centaur Records artists
Male classical organists

Haig Mardirosian


Derek Ringer (born 11 October 1956) is a Scottish rally co-driver. He is most closely associated with Colin McRae, with whom he won the 1995 World Rally Championship.

Although their partnership extended back to the 1980s when McRae was a teenager, the two split at the end of 1996 when they failed to defend their title, several mid-season crashes being blamed on Ringer. After a year's absence, Ringer returned to partner Martin Rowe in the British Rally Championship, the pair winning the 1998 title in a Renault Mégane Maxi and competing together in the World Rally Championship in 1999.

Ringer then moved on to Mitsubishi for two years, before McRae's split with replacement co-driver Nicky Grist in 2002 reunited the two Scots for 2003. However, the partnership did not yield fresh success and both men lost their seats at Citroën. McRae competed in only three more world rallies, partnered by Nicky Grist on each occasion.

In February 2008, Ringer served as Travis Pastrana's interim co-driver beginning with the second-round, 100 Acre Wood event on 22 February.  Pastrana's former co-driver, Christian Edstrom announced his retirement from rallying after one race in January.

References

1956 births
Scottish rally drivers
British rally co-drivers
World Rally Championship co-drivers
Living people

Derek Ringer


The Checkered Madtom (Noturus flavater) is, a small freshwater catfish found in the United States, in the rivers of Arkansas and Missouri. It is one of 29 species of madtom.

Description
Like many other madtom, the Checkered Madtom has a stout body. The body is yellow and has four obvious saddle-like stripes of black on top. The bottom is white to yellow. The dorsal fin on the back has a black blotch on the top third of the fin. The caudal (tail) fin has a black bar at its base and at the end. The caudal fin is usually straight or slightly rounded.

The Checkered Madtom is thought to be the second largest species of madtom commonly 4-7 inches, with the largest being Noturus flavus.

Distribution and habitat
The Checkered Madtom is uncommon in the upper White River system in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas. Checkered Madtom has a disjunct population in the Jacks Fork and Current River (Missouri) in Missouri.

The fish inhabits the margins of pools and in the backwaters of clear small or medium rivers, usually with a moderate to high gradient. It is often found among leaves and woody debris. The fish is demersal—it stays near the bed of the body of water.

Biology
Daytime habitat use in the Jacks Fork River, Missouri, found Checkered Madtom commonly associated with boulder substrate and an average water depth of 0.67 meters.

Checkered Madtom are ready to spawn by April, but may not spawn until July. Males of 3 to 5 years guard the nests. Females most likely leave the nests while males remain to care for the embryos.

Checkered madtom embryos resemble the embryos of other madtoms. Larvae 10 to 12 days old begin to have proportions resembling adults.

References

Noturus
Freshwater fish of the United States
Endemic fish of the United States
Fish described in 1969

Checkered madtom


The Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement (TTTA) is an arrangement between Australia and New Zealand which allows for the free movement of citizens of one of these countries to the other. The arrangement came into effect in 1973, and allows citizens of each country to reside and work in the other country, with some restrictions. Other details of the arrangement have varied over time. From 1 July 1981, all people entering Australia (including New Zealand citizens) have been required to carry a passport. Since 1 September 1994, Australia has had a universal visa requirement, and to specifically cater for the continued free movement of New Zealanders to Australia the Special Category Visa was introduced for New Zealanders.

New Zealand's arrangement extends also to Australian permanent residents or resident return visa holders.

History

The arrangement was announced on 4 February 1973 and came into effect soon after. The arrangement is not expressed in the form of any binding bilateral treaty between Australia and New Zealand, but rather is a series of immigration procedures applied by each country and underpinned by joint political support. Although the exact nature of the arrangement has been varied from time to time, it still allows citizens of Australia or New Zealand to live in the other country indefinitely and take on most employment. New Zealand citizens who are not also Australian citizens may not work in Australia in areas involving national security or in the Australian Public Service. The arrangement itself is linked to and grounded by a system of other agreements and treaties such as the New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement (1966), Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement (1983), Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement (1998), various Social Security agreements between Australia and New Zealand (1994, 1995, 1998 and 2002), Australia and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (2006), SmartGate (2007) and Trans-Tasman Patent Attorney Regime (2013).

Pre-1973 procedures and introduction of the Arrangement
Prior to 1973, neither New Zealand nor Australia exercised systematic control over immigration from the main Commonwealth countries (principally the United Kingdom and Canada), and New Zealanders and Australians were thus free to move between each country under informal arrangements.

On 22 January 1973, the Prime Ministers of Australia and New Zealand (Gough Whitlam and Norman Kirk respectively) announced the basis for what would become known as the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement (or TTTA) in a joint communiqué that covered a wide range of issues including economic and defence cooperation, travel, South Pacific affairs, race relations and nuclear weapons testing. With regards to travel, the two Prime Ministers agreed that citizens of each country and citizens of other Commonwealth countries who had resident status in either Australia or New Zealand should henceforth be able to travel between Australia and New Zealand, for a permanent or temporary stay, without passports or visas. They also agreed that talks between immigration officials of the two countries regarding practical arrangements for the implementation of the new policy would take place as soon as possible thereafter.

The negotiation of the details of the Arrangement (or Open Door Policy as it was then called) was announced on 4 February 1973 by the Australian Minister for Immigration, Mr. A. J. Grassby. Two special emissaries of the Australian government (Mr. G. E. Hitchins and Mr. T. A. Smith of the Department of Immigration) visited New Zealand from 5–9 February 1973 to arrange the details of the implementation of the open door policy agreed upon by Prime Ministers Whitlam and Kirk.

The TTTA itself was then implemented on 1 March 1973. Two weeks later on 15 March 1973, the New Zealand Minister for Immigration, Mr. F. M. Colman, and Mr. A. J. Grassby reviewed the revised travel requirements in Canberra and issued a joint press release on the exercise. For the press release the Ministers recalled that under the relaxed procedures passports and prior authority to enter were not required for direct travel between Australia and New Zealand by:

(1) Citizens of Australia or New Zealand;
(2) Citizens of other Commonwealth countries who have been granted permission to reside indefinitely in either Australia or New Zealand;

It was also announced that in addition to the relaxed requirements for crossing the Tasman Sea all holders of New Zealand passports would in future be permitted to travel to Australia without prior authority. All Australian passport holders travelling to New Zealand from any part of the world had been able to enter New Zealand without prior authority for the past two years.

Changes in the 1980s
On 24 April 1981, Australian Minister for Immigration Ian Macphee announced that all people entering Australia (including New Zealand citizens) would be required to carry a passport as from 1 July 1981. This measure was intended to curb abuses of the existing Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement. The Australian Royal Commission of Inquiry into Drugs and Australian police, security and immigration authorities had drawn attention to the ease with which the existing arrangement at the time could be exploited. People involved in terrorism, drug trafficking or other illegal activities, could too easily pass themselves off as Australian or New Zealand citizens under the arrangement, representing a significant threat to society. The existing arrangement had also been exploited by people who had abducted children from Australia.

The new measures were also aimed at preventing people from other countries circumventing Australia's normal migration requirements by significantly curbing the ability of people to falsely represent themselves as Australian or New Zealand citizens.

"The new measures will preserve a uniquely privileged position for New Zealanders in Australia's immigration policies in allowing them to enter Australia without visas", the Minister said.

"The passport requirement represents the option involving least delay and inconvenience to travellers among the various approaches which might have been taken to close off this
loophole in Australian entry controls", the Minister said.

The Australian government had considered and rejected the alternative of instituting intensive interrogation and baggage search of people crossing the Tasman. It was also announced that arrangements for special lines at major airports exclusively for
Australian and New Zealand citizens would be developed, further facilitating the traditional right of Australians and New Zealanders to travel freely between the two countries.

By 1981, when these new changes to the TTTA were announced the number of New Zealanders living in Australia had approximately doubled to around 177,000 from 80,000 in 1971.

In 1987, New Zealand introduced a new Immigration Act. The 1987 Act and regulations under it exempted Australian citizens and permanent residents from the requirements to hold a visa and/or residence permit to enter and stay in New Zealand in order to continue with the free movement regime of the TTTA. The exemptions were put into effect by regulations made under the Act, not the 1987 Act itself. It gives Australian citizens an indefinite stay in New Zealand, without restriction on work, study or re-entry under immigration legislation. The holders of Australian permanent resident visas were granted New Zealand residence permits on arrival and to re-enter New Zealand, this group must have continued to hold a valid Australian permanent resident visa or obtain a New Zealand Returning Resident Visa.

As a result of higher wages and the greater economic market in Australia, the vast majority of trans-Tasman migration is from New Zealand to Australia.

Visa requirements
Prior to 1 September 1994, Australia generally treated New Zealanders as exempt non-citizens. Since 1 September 1994 Australia has had a universal visa requirement. To specifically cater for the continued free movement of New Zealanders to Australia, the Special Category Visa was also introduced on 1 September 1994 by the Migration Regulations 1994. It is known as a subclass 444 visa. Under the 1994 regulations New Zealand citizens entering Australia are treated as having applied for a temporary entry visa, which is automatically granted (subject to health and character considerations) and recorded electronically. Unlike other nationals, there is no requirement to obtain a visa prior to arrival. And unlike other temporary visas, this particular visa – known as Special Category Visa (SCV) subclass 444 – has no time limit for New Zealand citizens. A date stamp in their passport on arrival is all that New Zealand citizens would observe on entry to Australia. For ePassport holders who use SmartGate, there is no date stamp.

In 2009 New Zealand introduced a new Immigration Act, which provided for a universal visa system similar to Australia's. The 2009 Act also reflected Australia's Special Category Visa system in that it provided for Australians to be automatically granted an electronic visa on arrival to New Zealand to facilitate entry without any additional administrative requirements such as completing visa application forms.

The 2009 Act entitled someone to reside in New Zealand indefinitely if the person holds one of the following residence class visas:

 a resident visa with entry permission issued under the Immigration Act 2009 or
 a permanent resident visa issued under the Immigration Act 2009 or
 a resident permit issued under the Immigration Act 1987 (these were issued before 29 November 2010).

Australian citizens and Australian permanent residents are considered to be holding a residence class visa for the purposes of the Act and based on regulations made under the Act.

The 2009 Act and regulations re-confirmed the previous conditions necessary in order for Australian citizens and permanent residents to be allowed to live, work and study in New Zealand under the TTTA. Australian citizens would need to be of good character (a character declaration is made by completing the character section of the New Zealand Passenger Arrival Card) and need to show a valid Australian passport on arrival in New Zealand (or if holding a foreign passport, this passport must show an Australian Citizen Endorsement or Australian Citizen Declaratory Visa (either with a label or a confirmation letter) as evidence of your Australian citizenship). Australian permanent residents also need to show they are of good character, but do not need a physical label in their passports as in most cases Immigration New Zealand will recognise Australian permanent resident visas issued electronically.

After arrival in New Zealand under the TTTA, Australian citizens and permanent residents may qualify for a Permanent Resident Visa (PRV) provided they have held a Resident Visa continuously for more than 24 months, and have met the PRV criteria. However, Resident Visas held by Australians expire upon exit from New Zealand, so travelling in and out of New Zealand can affect the requirement that the Resident Visa must be held for two years continuously. If an Australian citizen or permanent resident is in New Zealand on a Resident visa and wishes to stay long term and apply for a permanent resident visa in the future, they should make an application for a Variation of Travel Conditions (VOTC) if they wish to travel in the meantime to ensure that the resident visa does not expire when leaving New Zealand.

Entitlement to benefits
Originally, New Zealand citizens arriving in Australia were entitled to unemployment benefits immediately on arrival in Australia. Similarly, Australian citizens were entitled to social security benefits in New Zealand. During the 1980s and 1990s, this became a hotly debated political issue. Starting in 1986, New Zealand citizens were required to be resident in Australia for six months before receiving benefits, and in 2000, New Zealand citizens were required to reside in Australia for two years before they could receive payments. This is also the case for Australian citizens residing in New Zealand. However, this was subsequently restricted further.

In 2001, Australian legislation classified New Zealanders living in Australia into two categories: those who were resident in Australia on 26 February 2001 (Protected Special Category Visas), and those who arrived in Australia after that date (Special Category Visa).

Those who were resident before or on 26 February 2001 may claim unemployment benefits as they are protected Special Category Visa holders under the Social Security Act. New Zealanders who arrive in Australia after 26 February 2001 must apply for and be granted a formal Australian permanent visa to obtain certain social security benefits not covered by the bilateral Social Security Agreement, despite being able to live indefinitely in Australia.

They may qualify for benefits after applying to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship for a permanent visa and serving the two-year newly arrived resident waiting period.

While this still allowed the freedom to live and work indefinitely in Australia, it restricted access to certain privileges of holding a formal Australian permanent visa, such as access to certain social security payments and the ability to apply for naturalisation as an Australian citizen after a sufficient period of residence.

Employment of New Zealanders in Australia
In a 2013 article entitled "Tougher policy needed for New Zealanders wanting to work in Australia", Bob Birrell, an academic at Monash University, wrote that:

"During the 1990s, the Australian government sought to better target its migration program to skills needed in Australia. The resulting tight arrangements contrasted with the freedom of New Zealand citizens, regardless of age or skills, to move to Australia. Also, by this time about a third of the New Zealand citizens arriving in Australia were from non-white countries who had gained New Zealand citizenship after the required three years of residence (now five years). As the New Zealand migration rules were less strict than those applying in Australia it was thought that this was a form of "back door" entry.

The changes to the Trans-Tasman rules in 2001 reflected these concerns. The Australian government's expectation was that the new rules would deter movement on the part of New Zealand citizens who could not meet the requirements for permanent skilled migration.

Few New Zealand citizens arriving since 2001 have accessed this permanent residence pathway. The changes have also not deterred New Zealand citizens (including those from non-white countries) from moving to Australia. Their numbers continue to increase. New Zealand citizens are adding about a net 27,000 to the number of Australian residents each year – more than any other country.

The reason is that the gap in GDP per capita in Australia and New Zealand is growing and is currently over 20%. New Zealanders will keep on coming while this gap persists.

Successive Australian governments have continued to better target the migration program to skills needed in Australia. The emphasis now is on employer sponsorship – on the grounds the employers are the best judge of the skills needed. The unregulated New Zealand flow is leaving a gaping hole in these efforts."

The Australian Dental Association has expressed in 2014 about the dental occupation that:
"There is substantial oversupply in metropolitan areas as indicated by the number of applications received for each advertised position in both the public and private sector, the proportion of full-time to part-time work available and the number of dentists who report difficulty in obtaining full-time work."
...
"Overseas qualified dentists who have met registration requirements in New Zealand receive automatic recognition in Australia .... Achieving registration in New Zealand is seen by many as a means of 'back door' entry into Australia"

Removal on character grounds
In 2014, the Australian Government amended the Migration Act to allow the cancellation of Australian visas for non-citizens on character grounds, including having been sentenced to prison for more than twelve months. The stricter character requirements also target non-citizens who have lived in Australia for most of their lives. By July 2018, about 1,300 New Zealanders had been deported from Australia on character grounds. While Australian officials have defended the tougher deportation measures, their New Zealand counterparts have warned that these would damage the historical "bonds of mateship" between the two countries. See more at New Zealand Australians#2014 character test and subsequent developments.

Under Sections 15 and 16 of New Zealand's 2009 Immigration Act, any person (including Australian citizens and permanent residents) may be denied resident visas and entry into the country if they:
 have been convicted and sentenced to five or more years of imprisonment, even if the conviction was later expunged
 have been convicted and sentenced to one or more years of imprisonment within the past ten years
 have been prohibited entry by sections 179 or 180 of the Immigration Act or by any other enactment
 have been removed or deported from any country
 are a member of a group designated as a terrorist entity under the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002
 are deemed by the Minister of Immigration to be likely to commit an imprisonable offence
 are deemed by the Minister of Immigration to be a threat or risk to security, public order, or the public interest

See also
Central America-4 Border Control Agreement
Nordic Passport Union
Schengen Agreement
Schengen Area
Visa policy in the European Union
Common Travel Area an arrangement between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, similar to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement
Union State, an arrangement between Belarus and Russia, similar to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement
1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship
CANZUK, a proposal for free movement between Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom using the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement as a model

References

External links
Related reading
Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement at the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade

Immigration to New Zealand
Australian migration law
1973 in New Zealand
Australia–New Zealand relations
Australia–New Zealand border
1973 in international relations
1973 in New Zealand law
1973 in Australian law
Expedited border crossing schemes
Trans-Tasman organisations

Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement


Irkutskenergo () is a power company in Russia.  It mainly focus on the generation of hydroelectricity.

The company's hydroelectric facilities are located on the Angara River: Irkutsk, Bratsk, and Ust-Ilimsk hydroelectric power plants.  In addition, the company owns 13 coal-fired combined heat and power plants.  The total installed capacity of Irkutskenergo is 12,879.9 MW of electric power and 13,002 Gcal/hour of thermal power.

Ownership
Irkutskenergo is controlled by EuroSibEnergo, a subsidiary of Oleg Deripaska owned En+ Group, which owns a 90.8% share in the company. The rest of shares is traded on the Moscow Exchange.

Inter RAO previously owned 40% of shares. RusHydro had shown its interest to acquire stake owned by Inter RAO.

See also

Bratsk hydroelectric plant

References

External links

Electric power companies of Russia
Companies based in Irkutsk
Companies listed on the Moscow Exchange
Hydroelectric power companies of Russia

Irkutskenergo


Leon H. "Bud" Carson (April 28, 1930 – December 7, 2005) was an American football player and coach.  He served as the head football coach at the Georgia Institute of Technology from 1967 to 1971, compiling a record of 27–27.  Carson then coached in the National Football League (NFL), mostly as a defensive coordinator.  He was a member of two Super Bowl-winning teams with the Pittsburgh Steelers and one losing team with the LA Rams in the 1970s.  Carson served as the head coach of the Cleveland Browns from 1989 until he was fired midway through the 1990 season. He is credited with developing the Steel Curtain.

Player
Carson played defensive back for North Carolina from 1949 to 1951, then entered the Marines.

Coach
His first coaching job was at Scottdale High School in Southwestern Pennsylvania which he began in 1955.

Georgia Tech
After his discharge from the Marines, he went into coaching, working at Georgia Tech under head coach Bobby Dodd. Carson took over as head coach in 1967. Under Carson, the Yellow Jackets endured three straight 4–6 seasons before going 9–3 and winning the Sun Bowl in 1970. In 1971, Tech finished 6–6 after a Peach Bowl loss.  His dismissal as Head Coach of the Yellow Jackets by James E. Boyd was reported in the Atlanta Constitution under the headline "Bitter Bud Carson Is Ousted at Tech".

In 1970 the GT Band began playing the Budweiser tune after the end of the 3rd quarter.  In tribute to the then head coach the words were actually sung as, "When you say Bud Carson, you've said it all!"

NFL
Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Chuck Noll hired Carson as defensive backs coach in 1972. He was elevated to defensive coordinator in 1973. Under Carson, the "Steel Curtain" developed as one of the best defenses in National Football League history. In Pittsburgh's Super Bowl seasons of 1974 and 1975, this unit, led by Jack Lambert, Mel Blount, Jack Ham and Mean Joe Greene, gave up fewer points than any other American Football Conference team.  In 1976, the "Steel Curtain" allowed fewer than 10 points per game.

After the 1977 season, Carson was hired as defensive coordinator for the Los Angeles Rams, and in 1979, helped guide them to Super Bowl XIV (against his former team, the Steelers). He later served on the coaching staffs of the Kansas City Chiefs and Baltimore Colts before running the New York Jets' defense from 1985 to 1988. He finally landed a head-coaching job with the Cleveland Browns in 1989, replacing Marty Schottenheimer, who was fired after a wild card playoff loss to the Houston Oilers in 1988.

Cleveland won the AFC Central Division in 1989; however, for the third time in four years, the Browns lost to John Elway's Denver Broncos in the conference championship game, 37–21. Browns owner Art Modell fired Carson halfway through the 1990 season, following a 42–0 home loss to the eventual 1990 AFC Champion Buffalo Bills.  Browns' offensive coordinator Jim Shofner became head coach and the Browns finished the season with a 3–13 record.  Save for a 13–10 win over the Atlanta Falcons, the Browns were outscored 217–87, including being shut out 35–0 by the Pittsburgh Steelers and losing 58–14 to the rival Houston Oilers. In the AFC Central Division rival games, the Browns won on opening day against the Steelers, 13–3. They  lost their remaining five AFC Central games however, being outscored by a total of 183–64. Carson's immediate predecessor, Marty Schottenheimer, led his Kansas City Chiefs to an 11–5 won-loss record and a wild card playoff appearance. The Chiefs defeated the Browns 34–0 in Week Four.  Carson returned for successful stints as the defensive coordinator for the Philadelphia Eagles (the 1991 Eagles' defense accomplished the rare feat of being ranked No. 1 versus the pass, #1 versus the rush, and #1 overall) and Rams — by then in St. Louis — before retiring in 1997, due to health concerns.

Family
Carson, a former smoker, died in 2005 of emphysema. He was married to Linda Carson, an anchorwoman at WDAF in Kansas City, and Sarasota television station WWSB. His daughter Cathi Carson worked as the sports reporter at two Jacksonville stations in Jacksonville WJAX-TV and WFOX-TV and was formerly a reporter at WWSB before later becoming a lawyer. He also had a son, Cliff, and another daughter, Dana, as well as a stepson, Donald. His brother, Gib Carson, is currently owner of Gib Carson Associates, which specializes in manufactured gifts.

Head coaching record

College

NFL

References

Further reading
 Grossi, Tony (2004). Tales from the Browns Sideline. (Champaign, Ill.): Sports Publishing LLC.
 Carroll, Bob, et al. (1999). Total Football II. New York: HarperCollins. .

1930 births
2005 deaths
American football safeties
Cleveland Browns head coaches
Los Angeles Rams coaches
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football coaches
North Carolina Tar Heels football coaches
North Carolina Tar Heels football players
People from Brackenridge, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Deaths from emphysema
National Football League defensive coordinators

Bud Carson


Ernst Heinrich Hoffmann (June 18, 1899–January 3, 1956) was an American conductor who served as the music director of the Houston Symphony for eleven years.

Hoffmann was born in Boston, Massachusetts.  His father was a violinist in the Boston Symphony Orchestra.  Although Ernst was an accomplished musician in his youth, during which he studied piano with the noted Harold Bauer, he enrolled in the anthropology program at Harvard University.  Hoffmann was graduated cum laude in that discipline, whereupon he was offered a position on the Harvard anthropology faculty.  He chose instead to go to Germany in 1920 to study music at the conservatory in Berlin.  During this time he met Annemarie Clara ("Mini") Hoffmann (her maiden name), a native German teacher of mathematics and languages, whom he married in 1922, and with whom he had one child, a son, Clifford (born in 1927).

Following his Berlin studies, Hoffmann performed as a violinist in Berlin theatre orchestras, often under the baton of the eminent Richard Strauss.  In 1924 he was appointed conductor-in-chief of the Breslau Opera and Philharmonic, a position he held for ten years until, under the advent of Hitler's regime, he was declared unacceptable for the position because of his American citizenship.

Hoffmann returned to the United States in 1934.  In Boston, he founded the Commonwealth Symphony Orchestra and became its music director.  There he came to the attention of leaders of the Houston Symphony, and he was engaged as that orchestra's music director in 1936.  Hoffmann was a popular figure in Houston, and his tenure on the podium there was the longest of any music director to that point.

In 1947 Hoffmann left Houston and soon afterward accepted a position as director of orchestral music at Indiana University, a position he held until his death.

En route to Indiana following a Christmas 1955 visit to their son in Houston, Ernst and Annemarie Hoffmann died in an automobile accident near Clarksdale, Mississippi, on January 3, 1956.

References
Roussel, Hubert. The Houston Symphony Orchestra 1913-1971. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972. .

1899 births
1956 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Jacobs School of Music faculty
American male conductors (music)
Texas classical music
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
Road incident deaths in Mississippi

Ernst Hoffmann (conductor)


Arnold Vosloo (born 16 June 1962) is a South African actor. He is famous for roles such as Imhotep in The Mummy and The Mummy Returns, Colonel Coetzee in Blood Diamond, Pik van Cleef in Hard Target, Dr. Peyton Westlake in Darkman II and Darkman III, Zartan in G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra and its sequel, sniper Jacob Broadsky in the TV series Bones and Islamic terrorist Habib Marwan in the fourth season of 24.

Early life
An Afrikaner of Dutch and German ancestry, Vosloo was born into a Pretoria acting family, his parents having been stage-actors. His father ran a drive-in theater in Alberton, Gauteng. He has one sister. After high school and military service (from which he received a medical discharge), he took drama courses at the Technikon Pretoria.

Career
Vosloo began his acting career in the South African theatre where he won several Dalro Awards for his performances in such plays as Don Juan, Hamlet, and Môre is 'n Lang Dag (Tomorrow is a Long Day) and he quickly became a regular at Pretoria's State Theatre. He also starred in Torch Song Trilogy and won another award for the TV show, Meisie van Suid-Wes (Girl from South West).

In 1984, he moved on to film where he continued Dalro Award-winning performances  in films such as Boetie gaan Border toe (Boetie goes to the border, a comedy about the Border War) acting alongside fellow South African actor Frank Opperman, and Circles in a Forest (based on the book Kringe in 'n Bos by author Dalene Matthee) in 1990. Vosloo also starred in the "Boetie" sequel, Boetie op maneuvers (Boetie on maneuvers) in 1986. Next was the German three-parter Morenga (1985), Saturday Night at the Palace (based on the play by Paul Slabolepszy about racism in South Africa), Skeleton Coast (1987) and The Rutanga Tapes (1990).

Upon arriving in the U.S., Vosloo returned to the theatre where he appeared in Born in the R.S.A. at Chicago's Northlight Theatre and in the NY's Circle in the Square Uptown's short-lived production of Salomé (1992) together with Al Pacino.

His American film debut was in Gor (1987). He later appeared in the two less successful sequels to the 1990 film Darkman, Darkman II: The Return of Durant (1994) and Darkman III: Die Darkman Die (1996), filling the shoes of Liam Neeson as the title character Darkman.

Vosloo is also known for portraying villains such as in the John Woo film Hard Target (1993), starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, and the title role of the 1999 film The Mummy (starring Brendan Fraser), as well as its 2001 sequel, The Mummy Returns. In both films he played Imhotep, an ancient Egyptian high priest. Vosloo also played François Molay, the main villain's henchman, in the 2003 film Agent Cody Banks.

In 2004, The Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride opened in both Universal Studios theme parks in Orlando and Hollywood. Vosloo and Fraser were there at both openings to promote the new rides, in which both of them star, as well as featuring a life size image of Vosloo as The Mummy.

Alongside his film career, he guest-starred in several TV series, including The Red Shoe Diaries, American Gothic (1995), Nash Bridges (1995), Charmed (2000), Alias (2004) and NCIS (2009). He was one of the main characters in Veritas: The Quest (2003). He also had a major role in the fourth season of 24 (2005), as terrorist leader Habib Marwan. Vosloo appeared in three episodes of Chuck in 2009 as Fulcrum agent Vincent.

In 2004, Vosloo returned to South Africa to make Forgiveness, about an ex-policeman who seeks out the family of the anti-Apartheid activist that he killed. He played mercenary Colonel Coetzee in the 2006 film Blood Diamond, which was partially filmed in South Africa.

Vosloo has been involved in video games: his likeness, as well as his voice, was chosen for the main hero (Saul Myers) of video game Boiling Point: Road to Hell, published in the summer of 2005 by Atari.

Vosloo portrayed the Cobra mercenary and master of disguise, Zartan, in the summer 2009 release G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, reprising this villainous role in the 2013 release G.I. Joe: Retaliation.

Personal life
In 1988, Vosloo became a naturalized United States citizen after marrying his Act of Piracy and Skeleton Coast co-star Nancy Mulford; they divorced three years later. On 16 October 1998, he married Southern California native Silvia Ahí, a Mexican-American marketing director. Vosloo and Ahí are spokespersons for the International Fund for Animal Welfare, IFAW.

In an interview with Charlie Rose, Vosloo noted he looked similar to American actor Billy Zane. According to Vosloo, when people came asking him if he was "the guy in Titanic," he would reply, "Of course, of course," as a joke.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
Afrikaner people
Male actors from Pretoria
Naturalized citizens of the United States
South African emigrants to the United States
South African male film actors
South African male stage actors
South African male television actors
South African male video game actors
South African male voice actors
South African people of Dutch descent
South African people of German descent
20th-century South African male actors
21st-century South African male actors

Arnold Vosloo


William G. Tapply (July 16, 1940 – July 28, 2009) was an American writer who published over 40 works. He is best known for his legal mystery series featuring lawyer and detective Brady Coyne, and he also wrote about one of his favorite pastimes, fishing.

Tapply was born, raised, and lived in New England. He was a high school teacher and a college professor.

Early life and education
Tapply was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, and raised in Lexington by his father, H.G. Tapply, and his mother, Muriel. Tapply's father wrote the column "Tap's Tips" for Field & Stream.

Tapply graduated from Lexington High School. He earned a bachelor's in American studies from Amherst College in 1962 and received a master's in teaching from Harvard.

Career
Tapply published over 40 books in his 25-year career. Over half of his books featured lawyer detective Brady Coyne in a mystery series. Tapply also published essays and books about fishing, and, like his father, wrote for Field & Stream. In addition to his non-fiction about fishing, Tapply published a short series of mysteries in which the protagonist was a Maine fishing guide.

Tapply's first Coyne mystery, Death at Charity's Point, was published in 1984. Tapply described Coyne as "a lawyer with Brahmin clients who always wanted to keep the police out of it." Coyne, like his creator, was an avid trout fisherman. Writing about Tight Lines (1992), one of the Coyne mysteries, a reviewer said, "Brady is as appealing a character as ever". Reviewing Scar Tissue (2003), the 17th Coyne mystery, a critic stated: "Like a well-worn, comfortable pair of shoes or a favorite old college sweat shirt, William G. Tapply and Brady Coyne just don't disappoint."

Tapply also wrote other kinds of fiction, including The Nomination, his last novel, published after his death. One reviewer described The Nomination as a "fascinating political thriller".

Before becoming a full-time writer, Tapply was a school teacher and administrator at his alma mater, Lexington High School. He also taught at Emerson College and was an English professor at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. According to the owner of Kate's Mystery Books in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Tapply "helped young writers a lot and was a wonderful teacher." Tapply wrote The Elements of Mystery Fiction (2004), a book that describes the process of writing and publishing mysteries.

Tapply's final Coyne mystery, Outwitting Trolls, was published in 2010, a year after his death.

Honors
Death at Charity's Point (1984), Tapply's first mystery novel, won the Scribner Crime Novel Award.

Personal
Tapply was married to editor and mystery writer Vicki Stiefel and had five children. Tapply met Stiefel at a writer's group in 1992. Stiefel said that Tapply "helped a lot with my writing. He's a terrific teacher."

Tapply died on July 28, 2009, from leukemia at his farm in Hancock, New Hampshire.

References

External links
Tapply's website

1940 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American crime fiction writers
American male novelists
American thriller writers
Amherst College alumni
Clark University faculty
Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni
People from Hancock, New Hampshire
People from Waltham, Massachusetts
Novelists from Massachusetts
Novelists from New Hampshire
Lexington High School alumni
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers

William G. Tapply


Homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) beginning with the first edition, published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). This classification was challenged by gay rights activists in the years following the 1969 Stonewall riots, and in December 1973, the APA board of trustees voted to declassify homosexuality as a mental disorder. In 1974, the DSM was updated and homosexuality was replaced with a new diagnostic code for individuals distressed by their homosexuality. Distress over one's sexual orientation remained in the manual, under different names, until the DSM-5 in 2013.

Pre-DSM
The DSM's direct predecessor was the Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions of the Insane, first published in 1918 (by its 10th edition in 1942 it had become called the Statistical Manual for the Use of Hospitals of Mental Diseases). The Statistical Manual was ambiguous on the topic of homosexuality; it included a condition called "constitutional psychopathic inferiority (without psychosis)" that was described as "a large group of pathological personalities" including "sexual perversions." Meanwhile, in the 1935 Standard Classified Nomenclature of Disease, homosexuality was classified as a "pathological sexuality" under the category of "psychopathic personality."

DSM-I
When the APA published the DSM-I in 1952, homosexuality was classified as a "sexual deviation" within the larger "sociopathic personality disturbance" category of personality disorders. The sexual deviation diagnosis included "homosexuality, transvestism, pedophilia, fetishism and sexual sadism" as examples.

Four years prior to the publication of the DSM-I, the first Kinsey Report was published by Alfred Kinsey and his fellow researchers, which found that "only 50 percent of the adult population is exclusively heterosexual throughout its adult life," based on a study of 5,300 men, but the psychiatry field was hostile to the Kinsey Report and the implications that same-sex sexual behavior was far more common than mainstream society had previously believed. In 1957, psychologist Evelyn Hooker published the results of a study that compared the happiness and well-adjusted nature of 30 self-identified homosexual men with 30 heterosexual men and found no difference, which similarly stunned the medical community. Hooker argued that researchers who claimed homosexuality was a mental disorder were drawing a false correlation by only studying homosexuals who had a history of treatment for mental illness. Meanwhile, a study of 106 homosexual men by Irving Bieber and other researchers, published in 1962, was used to justify the inclusion of homosexuality as a pathological hidden fear of the opposite sex caused by traumatic parent–child relationships, a view that was influential in the medical profession.

DSM-II

Initial classification
The DSM-II, published in 1968, expanded the "sexual deviation" diagnostic category (now located within the larger category of "personality disorders and certain other nonpsychotic mental disorders") so that different "sexual deviations" were listed under ten individual diagnostic codes: homosexuality, fetishism, pedophilia, transvestitism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadism, masochism, other sexual deviation, and unspecified sexual deviation. While the DSM-I and its precursor the Statistical Manual included ambiguity in terms of whether homosexuality was a mental disorder, the DSM-II removed that ambiguity and clearly presented homosexuality and the other "sexual deviations" as mental disorders.

Change to seventh printing
After extensive organizing by gay rights activists, the seventh printing of the DSM-II in 1974 renamed the code "homosexuality" as "sexual orientation disturbance," and added descriptive text that noted that homosexuality "by itself does not constitute a psychiatric disorder" and that the renamed code should be used for "individuals whose sexual interests are directed primarily toward people of the same sex and who are either disturbed by, in conflict with, or wish to change their sexual orientation." This was considered a major victory by gay activists, because it clearly articulated a shift from considering homosexuality a mental disorder to only characterizing people as unwell if their sexual orientation caused them distress. The change was a compromise between competing schools of thought within the psychiatry field: the view that homosexuality was a pathological condition and the view that homosexuality is a normal variation of sexuality.

Background
The activism that resulted in changing the seventh printing of the DSM-II began in earnest in the wake of the Stonewall riots in 1969. Specific protests by gay rights activists against the APA began in 1970, when the organization held its convention in San Francisco. The activists disrupted the conference by interrupting speakers and shouting down and ridiculing psychiatrists who viewed homosexuality as a mental disorder. At the 1971 conference, gay rights activist Frank Kameny, working with the Gay Liberation Front to demonstrate against the convention, grabbed the microphone and yelled: "Psychiatry is the enemy incarnate. Psychiatry has waged a relentless war of extermination against us. You may take this as a declaration of war against you." At the 1972 conference, gay psychiatrist John E. Fryer spoke to the audience about what it was like for the many gay psychiatrists in the APA who had to hide their sexuality due to anti-gay prejudice within the field; he wore a mask and a wig and used a voice distorter to conceal his identity. This activism occurred in the context of a broader anti-psychiatry movement that had come to the fore in the 1960s and was challenging the legitimacy of psychiatric diagnosis. Anti-psychiatry activists protested at the same APA conventions, with some shared slogans and intellectual foundations.

Psychiatrist Robert Spitzer, who served as technical consultant to the DSM-II Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics, became a go-between in the dispute. Spitzer originally believed that homosexuality belonged in the DSM, but after meeting with gay activists, including a secret group of gay APA members later known as the Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrists, and faced with data from researchers such as Kinsey and Hooker, he drafted the compromise of removing homosexuality itself from the DSM and replacing it with "sexual orientation disturbance". After a vote by the APA board of trustees in December 1973, and confirmed by the wider APA membership in 1974, this change was made. Psychiatrist Richard Green, who had argued forcefully in favor of declassifying homosexuality as a mental disorder, viewed Spitzer's insistence on including a diagnosis for homosexuals who were distressed by their sexuality as a poorly disguised attempt to maintain homophobic bias in the DSM, and publicly resigned from the APA nomenclature committee over it. Meanwhile, critics argued that declassifying homosexuality was a result of pressure from gay activists and demanded a referendum among voting members of the APA. The referendum was held in 1974 and the APA's decision was upheld by a 58% majority.

Despite the retention of "sexual orientation disturbance," gay activists celebrated the removal of homosexuality from the APA's list of mental disorders and declared victory. Kameny, now the head of the Mattachine Society of Washington, said, "This represents the culmination of a decade-long battle," and Ronald Gold of the National Gay Task Force declared, "We've won."

The APA published a position statement that urged an end to anti-homosexual discrimination and called for decriminalizing private sexual acts between consenting adults. However, the APA also made it clear that it did not endorse the view that homosexuality was a normal variant of sexuality.

DSM-III

Classification
In the DSM-III, published in 1980, "sexual orientation disorder" was reworked as "ego-dystonic homosexuality" and the overarching categories were reorganized. The DSM-III included the completely new overarching diagnostic category "psychosexual disorders," which was divided into four subcategories:

 "gender identity disorders" (e.g., "transsexualism")
 "paraphilias" (which included everything previously called "sexual deviations" except for sexual orientation disturbance, with the addition of "zoophilia")
 "psychosexual dysfunctions" (e.g., "inhibited sexual desire" and "premature ejaculation")
 "other psychosexual disorders" (which consisted of two diagnoses: "ego-dystonic homosexuality" and "psychosexual disorder not elsewhere classified")

Ego-dystonic homosexuality was defined as having a desire to be heterosexual but not experiencing heterosexual arousal, or experiencing unwanted or distressing homosexual arousal that gets in the way of being heterosexual.

Background
The decision to include this reworked diagnosis in the DSM-III came after years of continued debate and controversy, both public and private. More and more scientific evidence challenged the assumption that homosexuality was a pathological condition, yet many within the psychiatric field adamantly believed it was. Robert Spitzer was chosen to lead the DSM-III's Task Force on Nomenclature, and he continued to feel that it was important to take "a middle position regarding the pathological status of homosexuality"; nine members of the task force agreed with him and five disagreed, leading to a deadlock. Classifications of "homodysphilia," "dyshomophilia," and "homosexual conflict disorder" were discussed, until finally, "ego-dystonic homosexuality" was proposed, along with a conceptual shift: instead of focusing on distress about being homosexual, the new classification was about a desire to be heterosexual and distress at one's inability to achieve that desire. A proposal to include additional information such as a note about how internalized homophobia can be a contributing factor eventually swayed enough critics; others, including Richard Green and Richard Pillard, remained adamantly opposed to including homosexuality in the DSM in any form, but they were eventually overruled.

Ego-dystonic homosexuality and its predecessor, sexual orientation disturbance, both legitimized sexual conversion therapies.

DSM-III-R

Classification
In 1987, the APA published a major revision of the DSM-III (the DSM-III-R), again under the leadership of Robert Spitzer. In this edition, the "ego-dystonic homosexuality" classification was removed. In its place, "persistent and marked distress about one's sexual orientation" was added as one of three examples of the classification "sexual disorder not otherwise specified." The overarching section was renamed "sexual disorders" and the subsection "gender identity disorders" was moved to a different category—"disorders usually first evident in infancy, childhood, or adolescence"—and the "paraphilias" subsection was slightly reorganized.

Background
Leading up to the publication of the DSM-III-R, it had become clear to more and more people that the inclusion of "sexual orientation disturbance" and later "ego-dystonic homosexuality" in the DSM was the result of political compromises rather than scientific evidence, and that neither diagnosis actually met the definition of a disorder; critics pointed out that by the same logic, short people unhappy with their height could be considered mentally ill. Also influential was that it had been proven that psychological therapies could not "cure" homosexuality.

Just like in 1974 with the substitution of "sexual orientation disturbance" for homosexuality, in 1987 many people saw the removal of "ego-dystonic homosexuality" as the APA removing homosexuality from the DSM, but although the word "homosexuality" was removed, treatment was still provided. Mental health professionals could—and did—still diagnose LGB people with "sexual disorder not otherwise specified," thanks to the retention of "distress about one's sexual orientation" as part of that diagnostic category.

DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR
No change was made to the "sexual disorder not otherwise specified" category in either the DSM-IV, published in 1994, or the text revision of the manual in 2000 (the DSM-IV-TR). "Persistent and marked distress about sexual orientation" was still included as one of that category's examples. The overarching section of the manual was renamed "sexual and gender identity disorders" and the "gender identity disorders" subsection was moved back into this section.

DSM-5
The DSM-5, published in 2013, does not include any diagnostic category that can be applied to people based on their sexual orientation. Some scholars have argued that only this can be considered "complete declassification" of non-heterosexual sexual orientations as mental disorders.

See also
 Homosexuality and psychology
 Heteronormativity
 Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine
 Association of LGBTQ Psychiatrists
 Sexual orientation change efforts
 Gender Dysphoria

References

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Homosexuality
LGBT studies
Medical controversies in the United States
Psychiatry controversies
Sexual orientation and psychology
Social problems in medicine

Homosexuality in the DSM


Anaerobacter is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria related to Clostridium. They are anaerobic chemotrophs and are unusual spore-formers as they produce more than one spore per bacterial cell (up to five). They fix nitrogen. Their G+C content is 29%.
Only one species of this genus (Anaerobacter polyendosporus) has been described.

References

Clostridiaceae
Monotypic bacteria genera
Bacteria genera

Anaerobacter


Beer money is the nickname for an allowance, established in the year 1800, that was given to non-commissioned officers and soldiers in the British Army.  The practice was started at the suggestion of the Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Beer money payments were 1 penny per day and was a replacement for a daily issuance of beer or spirits while troops were on home service.  The allowance continued until 1873 when it was rolled into the soldier's daily pay.

The phrase "beer money" is still commonly used in the British Army and to a lesser extent in England as a colloquialism for personal money set aside for entertainment, such as going to a pub.

References
 Beer money, The New International Encyclopedia, Volume II, 1912, Page 681

19th-century history of the British Army
1800 establishments in Great Britain
1873 disestablishments

Beer money


"I Can't Live Without You" is a song by the Liechtenstein producer Al Walser.

The song was nominated for Best Dance Recording at the 2013 Grammy Awards. It lost to "Bangarang" by Skrillex & Sirah.

Reception
The song's nomination for a Grammy Award caused controversy. Philip Sherburne of Spin noted a lack of notability of Walser compared to Avicii, Calvin Harris, Skrillex and Swedish House Mafia, also nominated for the award, writing that the song's "clunky rock/trance fusion and low-budget video make Rebecca Black's 'Friday' sound and look cutting-edge in comparison". Bill Freimuth, the vice president of the Recording Academy – which is responsible for the Grammy Awards – told MTV that Walser "was a very active marketer of his work, and got his music out to lots and lots of our voting membership, and they chose to vote for it". He noted that the ballot is audited by Deloitte and said that "they found nothing really anomalous or wrong with the votes surrounding this nomination".

Speculation surrounding the nomination includes Walser's membership of the Recording Academy. Walser stated his position as a voter "was only helpful to the extent that I had access to the other voters, and they could see what I was doing on a regular basis". Billboard compared the incident to Linda Chorney, who gained a Grammy Award nomination the previous year through a similar tactic.

Track listing
 Digital download
 "I Can't Live Without You" (Maui & Chris Mix) – 3:19
 "I Can't Live Without You" (Malibu Mix) – 3:15
 "I Can't Live Without You" (Turnyboy Mix) – 3:29

References

External links

2012 singles
2012 songs
Eurodance songs

I Can't Live Without You


Oxley (postcode 2903) is the smallest suburb in Canberra. It is located in the district of Tuggeranong. The suburb is named after the explorer John Joseph William Molesworth Oxley (1783 to 1828), who explored parts of New South Wales. It was gazetted on 22 March 1982 and first settled in 1985. Streets are named after social reformers and the suburb has an area of 1.08 km2.

It is next to the suburbs of Greenway, Wanniassa and Monash and is bounded by Drakeford Drive, Taverner Street and Erindale Drive.

Geology

Deakin Volcanics green grey, purple and cream rhyolite occurs over most of the suburb and Deakin Volcanics green grey and purple rhyodacite is found in the far south east corner.  These rocks are from 414 mya in the Silurian period.

Notes

References
Place names search, Geoscience Australia

Suburbs of Canberra

Oxley, Australian Capital Territory


Smailholm Tower is a peel tower at Smailholm, around five miles (8 km) west of Kelso in the Scottish Borders. Its dramatic situation, atop a crag of Lady Hill, commands wide views over the surrounding countryside. The tower is located at grid reference , just west of Sandyknowe farm, and is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument in the care of Historic Environment Scotland. In June 2007, it was awarded the maximum "five-star" status as a tourist attraction from VisitScotland, a rating bestowed on only eight other sites in Scotland.

History

Smailholm Tower was originally built in the 15th century or early 16th century by the Pringle family. This family, originally spelt Hoppringle, who were followers of the Earl of Douglas, held the lands of Smailholm from the early 15th century, and managed part of Ettrick Forest for their feudal superior.

In December 1482, James Hoppringill of Smailholm, son of David Hoppingrill, was sued for 300 merks by Margaret Kerr. He married Isobell Murray, their heir was David Hoppringill who married Margaret Lundy, and their eldest son was also called David.

Smailholm Tower was designed, in common with all Scottish peel towers, to provide its occupants with protection from sporadic English raids. The tower was attacked by English soldiers in 1543, 1544 and again in 1546, when the garrison of Wark Castle sacked the tower and carried off prisoners and cattle. The castle was successfully defended against the English in 1640, by Sir Andrew Ker of Greenhead.

Smailholm was obtained by the Scotts of Harden around this time. The Scotts – ancestors of Sir Walter – rebuilt parts of the tower and barmkin. In the 18th century the tower decayed, following the family's move into nearby Sandyknowe. The last owner, the Earl of Ellesmere, handed the property into state care in 1950. It was restored in the 1980s, and now operates as a museum.

The tower

Smailholm was a relatively small tower house, offering around 200 m2 of floorspace, later extended by construction of a hall house and second kitchen within the barmkin, or courtyard.

The rectangular tower is of four storeys, situated on top of a rocky outcrop. The tower is approximately 12.1 m by 9.4 m, with basalt rubble walls 2.4 m thick. The vaulted basement was originally divided into two floors by a wooden entresol reached by a ladder. The door is on the south side, in a large red sandstone arch, with the turnpike stair in the south-east corner. Above the vault is the hall, with a fireplace to the north featuring a carved human face.

The top floor has an unusual elliptical stone vault which supports a stone flag roof. Parapet walks run along the longer north and south sides, although both are interrupted – the north by a chimney and the south by a window. These upper parts of the tower, including a gunloop in the west gable covering the barmkin, were remodelled in the 17th century.

The tower is surrounded by the remains of a stone barmkin wall, within which the ruins of outbuildings and a small chapel are still visible. The east part of the barmkin once contained a small garden, all of which is now gone. The western barmkin is more intact, with walls up to first floor level around the narrow entrance in the west wall. The courtyard, around 16 m by 19 m, contains the foundations of a single-storey hall house of the 17th century to the north, and a two-roomed kitchen block to the south.

A ditch protects the western approach to the tower, the other three sides being naturally protected by the face of the outcrop. One hundred metres to the southeast, more earthworks mark the presence of a much older settlement, probably dating from the first millennium BC.

Smailholm Tower is now used to display an extensive array of model people illustrating the history of Smailholm and the stories of Walter Scott, a display created by two local artists and employing high-quality embroidery and modelling techniques.  From 2006 experiments were conducted on the roof to establish the most suitable damp-proofing method to apply to other such properties, including the planting of turf or mats of sedum plants. As a result of this, a restoration project in 2010/11 reinstated a turf roof over the entire structure.

Sir Walter Scott

The tower provided inspiration to Sir Walter Scott, who visited his paternal grandfather here when still a boy. Scott spent considerable time at the tower during his youth, reportedly for the benefit of his health.  Smailholm provides the setting for Scott's ballad The Eve of St John, and also appears in Marmion.

As a result of Scott's poetry, his uncle restored the tower, making it safe, around 1800. Turner visited Smailholm with Scott in the author's later years; his sketch of the tower was included in Scott's Poetical Works. Turner's journey with Scott traced scenes from Marmion, and not long after this, the pioneer of photography Fox Talbot repeated Turner's itinerary, publishing what is considered to be the first photographic travelogue or tourist coffee-table book, Sun Pictures in Scotland in homage to both Scott and Turner.

In popular culture
Smailholm Tower was the centerpiece of the children's adventure novel In the Keep of Time by Margaret J. Anderson, in which four English children staying with their aged Aunt Grace travel through time by means of a magical key, first to the time of James II, then to a future after the fall of civilization.

It also features in the book Smailhom by C. L. Williams, in which thirteen-year-old Wynn discovers a miniature village hidden close to Smailholm Tower.

See also
 Clan Pringle
 Brotherstone Hill
 List of places in the Scottish Borders
 List of places in Scotland
 Castles in Scotland

Notes

References
 Coventry, Martin The Castles of Scotland (3rd Edition), Goblinshead, 2001
 Lindsay, Maurice The Castles of Scotland, Constable & Co. 1986
 Salter, Mike The Castles of Lothian and the Borders, Folly Publications, 1994
 Tabraham, Chris Scotland's Castles, BT Batsford/Historic Scotland, 1997

 National Monuments Record of Scotland Site Reference NT63SW 2

External links

 Historic Environment Scotland: Visitor guide
 The Clan Pringle Website - www.smailholm.com & www.clanpringle.org.uk
 Smailholm Tower panorama

Houses completed in the 16th century
Towers completed in the 16th century
Peel towers in the Scottish Borders
Listed castles in Scotland
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in the Scottish Borders
15th-century establishments in Scotland
Historic Scotland properties in the Scottish Borders
Tower houses in Scotland

Smailholm Tower


Custom House for ExCeL is a Docklands Light Railway (DLR) station at Custom House in London, England.  In the future, it will also serve the Elizabeth Line. It is near the Royal Docks in the London Borough of Newham. It is in Travelcard Zone 3. Its name comes from the old Custom House, which used to be nearby, and Exhibition Centre, London (ExCeL) which is nearby.

Docklands Light Railway stations in the London Borough of Newham

Custom House for ExCeL DLR station


West Texas intermediate (WTI), also known as Texas light sweet, is a grade of oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing. This grade is described as light crude oil because of its relatively low density, and sweet because of its low sulfur content. It is the underlying commodity of New York Mercantile Exchange's oil futures contracts.

The price of WTI is often included in news reports on oil prices, alongside the price of Brent crude from the North Sea.

Notes

Petroleum

West Texas Intermediate


Raffaele Nuzzo (born 21 February 1973) is an Italian former professional footballer. He spent most of his career in the Italian Serie C1 and Serie C2, in the role of a backup goalkeeper.

Career

Internazionale
Born in 1973, in Monza, which at the time was in the Province of Milan (now in the Province of Monza and Brianza), Nuzzo started his professional career at F.C. Internazionale Milano, one of the major Italian clubs of the region, initially joining the team's youth side.

Since the 1992 season, he spent his career on loan at various Serie C2 clubs, as Internazionale had more experienced players as their second goalkeeper, such as Beniamino Abate, Luca Mondini, Marco Landucci and Andrea Mazzantini. He played 26 out of 34 league matches for Fasano, and his performances secured him a move to Livorno, a team with the aim of obtaining promotion to Serie C1. He played 2 matches for the Serie C2 runners-up, but the club failed to obtain promotion as they lost in the playoffs. The following season, he moved to Gualdo of Serie C1, which had finished in fifth place the previous season. Due to the departure of Davide Torchia and Oscar Verderame, he became one of the team's first choice keepers, along with the more experienced Marco Savorani. Although Gualdo finished just above the relegation zone, Nuzzo's performances earned him a place in Internazionale's first team, as third goalkeeper behind Andrea Mazzantini, but ahead of the young youth products. He was on the bench for the second leg of the club's victorious 1994 UEFA Cup Final (Beniamino Abate was on the bench for the first leg). In the 1998–99 season, Internazionale signed Sébastien Frey, which led to Mazzantini's departure from the club in the January transfer window, while Nuzzo remained as the team's third-choice keeper. He played his only match in Serie A and for Internazionale on the last matchday of the Serie A season, on 23 May 1999, when he came on as a substitute for starting goalkeeper Gianluca Pagliuca in the last minute of Inter's match against Bologna, with the score 2–1; the match ended in a 3–1 victory for Inter.

In June 1999, Nuzzo left for FA Premier League side Coventry City on loan, along with Antonio Caruso. Following Steve Ogrizovic's recovery from injury, who was originally the team's second goalkeeper, Nuzzo was sent back to Internazionale in November. His only Coventry appearance was one to forget. It came in the League Cup against Tranmere Rovers, as the second-tier team trounced their Premier League opponents 5–1.

Reggiana
After he returned from England, Nuzzo was signed by Reggiana in January 2000. In his first season with the team, he played as a backup to Mirko Bellodi and Beniamino Abate, replacing the recently departed Alberto Maria Fontana. In his second season with the team, he played as Lorenzo Squizzi's backup. As the club also had Andrea Artich and Michele Nicoletti, he left for England again in February 2001, joining Wigan Athletic, but did not make a single first team appearance for the club.

He returned to Reggiana in the 2001–02 season, where he continued to serve as the team's backup goalkeeper, for Patrick Bettoni. In 2002–03 season, however, he played as the team's first choice keeper, ahead of Luca Mondini, making 19 appearances. The following season, however, Mondini was restored as the team's first choice keeper. In the 2004–05 season, Gabriele Paoletti succeed Mondini as Reggiana's first choice keeper, and Nuzzo played one match for the team throughout the season, which ultimately ended in relegation to Serie C2 in 2005.

In his final years with club, he finally became the team's first choice keeper, as the club had only signed the inexperienced Davide Bagnacani as an additional goalkeeper, who had recently graduated from Piacenza Calcio's youth system.

After the club lost in the promotion playoffs in 2007, Nuzzo retired from professional football. He was replaced by Marco Ambrosio and Luca Tomasig.

References

External links

Inter Archive

Living people
1973 births
Footballers from Monza
Men's association football goalkeepers
Italian men's footballers
Italian expatriate men's footballers
Inter Milan players
US Livorno 1915 players
Coventry City F.C. players
AC Reggiana 1919 players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Serie A players
Italian expatriate sportspeople in England
UEFA Cup winning players

Raffaele Nuzzo


The Charlotte Museum of History is a history museum located in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. Originally founded to be the steward of the 1774 Alexander Rock House, the museum has since expanded its scope to cover all periods of Charlotte's history with exhibits covering everything from the history of music in the city to the experiences of soldiers from Charlotte during the 1st World War.

History
In 1943, then owner of the 1774 Rock House Mr. Eugene M. Cole donated the structure and surrounding farm to the Western North Carolina Annual Conference of the Methodist Church for a planned retirement community known as the Methodist Home, now called Aldersgate. In 1949, the Daughters of the American Revolution leased the house and some of the surrounding land from the Methodist Home in hopes of preserving it. Renovations started soon thereafter hoping to restore the Rock House to what it would have looked like in the 1770s. During this time, a committee of DAR chapters allowed people to take tours of the property. The Hezekiah Alexander Home Foundation was formed in 1969 to better facilitate fundraising and renovations for the house, and eventually raising $200,000 to help continue restoration. However, though progress had been made, the foundation could not complete a planned nearby reception center on its own.

In 1975, the Charlotte city council put the home under the Mint Museum. The home site was called Mint Museum of History until November 1985, when the Mint Museum finished work on expansion that would allow all operations to move to Randolph Road. On October 13, 1986, the Mint Museum voted to go along with the city council's plan to move the museum to the city's parks and recreation department. This resulted from complaints that the Mint Museum lacked interest in history, but the change also would allow the Mint Museum to focus on fine arts rather than history.

The foundation took over administration of the house and museum in 1990. The city required that $2 million be raised, and the foundation exceeded that amount by more than $1 million.

Late in 1993, the Charlotte Museum of History moved its archives and a 5000-piece historical collection, divided among many locations, into a 1500-square-foot addition to its 5000-square-foot building.

In 1996, the foundation began work on a 36,000-square-foot building. With $7 million raised, the building officially opened October 24, 1999. In 2002, the foundation changed its name to Charlotte Museum of History, Inc.

Historic Structures

Alexander Homesite
The museum is home to the 1774 Alexander Rock House along with several outbuildings which are a five-minute walk from the rear of the main building with tours of the House's interior given on the hour.

Completed in 1774, the Rock House is the oldest building in Mecklenburg County and was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The home is notable not only for its age, but also because it was home to supposed signer of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, Hezekiah Alexander.

Siloam School
The Siloam School is a historic Rosenwald School which the museum is in the process of restoring and plans to move to museum grounds. The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

References

External links

 Charlotte Museum of History

Museums in Charlotte, North Carolina
History museums in North Carolina

Charlotte Museum of History


Louis René Édouard de Rohan known as Cardinal de Rohan (25 September 1734 – 16 February 1803), prince de Rohan-Guéméné, was a French bishop of Strasbourg, politician, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, and cadet of the Rohan family.

His parents were Hercule Mériadec, Prince of Guéméné and Louise Gabrielle Julie de Rohan. He was born in Paris.

Rohan was made Ambassador to Vienna in 1771. He arrived at Vienna in January 1772, and made a great party of himself. Because of this, Empress Maria Theresa and her daughter, Marie Antoinette did not like him.

He was a key figure of the Affair of the Diamond Necklace. In an attempt to get on Marie Antoinette's good side, he thought that Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy was a friend of the Queen, however not knowing that she lied to him, he was tricked into buying the diamond necklace and giving it to Jeanne.

References

1734 births
1803 deaths
French cardinals
Ambassadors of France
Politicians from Paris

Cardinal de Rohan


Casey A. Royer (born October 8, 1958), is an American musician and an early pioneer of the hardcore punk rock genre in Orange County. He named and formed the band Social Distortion as a teenager. In a career spanning more than 40 years, Royer is best known as the lead vocalist for Southern Californian punk rock band D.I. and as a drummer for the Adolescents.

Early years
Royer was born on October 8, 1958, at St. Joesph's Hospital in Orange, California. Royer was adopted as a baby by Jack Royer and Virgina Royer. Jack was a public servant, serving the City of Fullerton's Water & Utility District. Royer's father taught him electrical and plumbing skills from a young age; he introduced him to music and drumming at the age of 9. Royer was raised as a single child; he keeps in touch with his biological sister who he met later in life. His family had a second home by the beach in El Morro, California, where Royer learned how to surf. Southern California's surf scene sun, and Royer's suburban upbringing would later influence much of the punk rocker's lyrical and musical style.

Royer's biological father, Eddie Adamek, was a prize-winning cowboy who helped create Disneyland's Frontierland, and taught rope trick skills to actor Steve Martin, who performed his own rope tricks in the silent movie and fiesta sequences. Although Royer never met Adamek, Royer attributes his athleticism and passion for performing to his biological father.

Royer attended Troy High School, and began playing music with friends in the neighborhoods of Fullerton and Placentia, California. A shifting group of friends formed bands and played at parties and other gigs during their high school years.

Career
Royer began playing the drums professionally in 1978 at the age of 20, as an early member of Social Distortion with Mike Ness. Royer not only named the band, he wrote "Mommy's Little Monster" and composed the group's early lyrics with occasional help from original lead vocalist Tom Corvin. He later drummed with the Detours, and after leaving Social Distortion, he became the lead vocalist of a Social Distortion splinter group before disbanding it to drum for the Adolescents on and off between 1980 and 1987. Royer wrote the song "Amoeba" with Rikk Agnew. After the Adolescents' first break-up in 1981, Casey formed D.I., where he is the lead vocalist, primary songwriter and only consistent member. He wrote "Richard Hung Himself", which has been covered by other artists, including Slayer.

When the Adolescents reformed in 1986, Casey returned to the band but left before the 1987 reunion album Brats in Battalions was recorded. He rejoined them again in 2001–2002 for their 20th Anniversary Tour. Casey also joined former Adolescents band members in the band ADZ from 1989–93, after which he again made D.I. his primary focus. He has been the only constant member through many D.I. line-up shifts since the band's inception. Due to creative differences, Adolescents founders Tony, Frank and Steve kicked out Blue Album line-up members Casey Royer and Rikk Agnew. Casey wrote one song on the Blue album entitled Amoeba, considered a punk rock anthem. Steve, Tony, Frank, and Rikk shared songwriting credits for the rest of the Blue Album, creating the iconic Orange County sound recognized worldwide. In 2017, Casey and Rikk formed a Blue Album tribute band called the RADolescents with other former alumni of the Adolescents, including Rikk's young nephew Frank Jr. on vocals.

Royer was recognized by the County of Orange for pioneering the early punk rock scene in Orange County. With the onset of social media, his bands are seeing a popular resurgence across the globe. As his popularity continues to increase, he was asked to be a guest tour guide at the first-of-its-kind Punk Rock Museum in Las Vegas, owned by his longtime friend Fat Mike of punk band NOFX. Fat Mike of NOFX says it was seeing Royer perform when he was a teenager that inspired his own punk rock career. Noodles from the rock band The Offspring also cites D.I. and Royer as musical inspiration, as the two bands appeared on billings together during The Offspring's early musical career.

Personal life
Royer was married in 1988 and had a son, Max Royer. After the marriage dissolved, Royer had a second son who is named Casey Royer, Pt. II, the Sequel. Royer raised his second son on his own.

References

External links

1958 births
American punk rock drummers
American male drummers
Social Distortion members
Living people
Adolescents (band) members
Place of birth missing (living people)
Singers from California
American punk rock singers
Triple X Records artists
Suburban Noize Records artists
20th-century American drummers
Troy High School (California) alumni
Musicians from Fullerton, California

Casey Royer


Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic with an emphasis on liberty and the civic virtue practiced by citizens.  Republicanism always stands in opposition to aristocracy, oligarchy, monarchy, and dictatorship. More broadly, it refers to a political system that protects liberty, especially by incorporating a rule of law that cannot be arbitrarily ignored by the government.

United States
According to John Adams, "They define a republic to be a government of laws, and not of men." Much of the literature deals with the issue of what sort of values and behavior by the citizens is necessary if the republic is to survive and flourish; the emphasis has been on widespread citizen participation, civic virtue, and opposition to corruption.

Commonwealth Realms
Many Commonwealth realms (countries which have the British Monarch as their head of state) have political movements to become republics. For example, the Prime Minister of Jamaica said that it will become a republic by 2025. In 1999, Australia had a vote to decide whether or not to keep the monarchy. The result was a majority supporting the monarchy.

Other websites
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
 Res Publica: an international anti-monarchy Web directory

Political ideologies

Republicanism


Ahmed Akkari (born 1978 in Lebanon) () is a Danish political activist who became known for his involvement

in the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. Widely called an "Imam" in the media, he himself denied being one. He was a co-author of the Akkari-Laban dossier, which played a major role in the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy by bringing the issue to the attention of influential decision-makers in the Middle East. In 2013 he distanced himself from his former position and in June 2020 became one of the founders of the political party New Centre-Left.

Early years

Ahmed Akkari was born in Lebanon in 1978. In 1985 the Akkaris family came to Denmark, where they obtained asylum, but returned to Lebanon in 1990. Upon their return to Denmark a year later they found they did not qualify as refugees again, because the Lebanese Civil War was over. With the support of some Danish local media, which featured young Ahmed as a model immigrant, they were granted a humanitarian residency permit in 1994. Ahmed Akkari subsequently went to high school and trained as a teacher in Århus. He became a Danish citizen in 2005  which made him eligible to be evacuated from Lebanon again in 2006.

Legal matters
In 2001 Ahmed Akkari was sentenced to 40 days in prison for beating an 11-year-old schoolboy on 3 November 2000 because the boy had allegedly been bullying Akkari's little sister. The sentence was suspended because Akkari was a first-time offender. Akkari, who was studying to be a teacher at the time, was present that day at Muslim private school Lykkeskolen in Aarhus where he was working as an apprentice teacher. According to sources at the school quoted in Ekstra-Bladet, his 11-year-old sister was playing with a boy from her class and the boy accidentally pulled her headscarf off. Akkari sought out the boy, pulled his ear drawing blood, and threw him to the ground kicking him several times.

Cartoons controversy
During the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy Akkari acted as a spokesman of the Danish-based European Committee for Prophet Honouring
and spokesman of the Islamisk Trossamfund (Islamic Society in Denmark).

Controversial statements
In a documentary published by French television channel France 2 on 23 March 2006, Akkari was recorded - using a hidden camera - in conversation with Sheikh Raed Hlayhel (who was the head of the delegation to disseminate the "Akkari-Laban dossier"). Akkari made a statement which can be interpreted as an implicit death threat against Naser Khader, who is a moderate Muslim and, at the time, a member of the Danish parliament for the Social Liberal Party. According to the footage Akkari said: "...If Khader becomes minister of integration, shouldn't someone dispatch two guys to blow up him and his ministry?...".

The comment was disputed. In the Arabic-French translation, Akkari calls for an attack on the ministry, but in two Arabic-Danish translations, Akkari merely states the possibility of such an attack. TV2's Arabic-Danish translation says "...If he (Khader) becomes minister of integration, isn't it possible that a couple (of people) would come to blow up him and his ministry?...".

A fellow party member from Khader's party Elsebeth Gerner Nielsen reported Ahmed Akkari to the police. Ahmed Akkari initially denied the statements, but later apologized and stated it was meant as a joke. The following day, 24 March 2006, Islamisk Trossamfund announced that Ahmed Akkari was no longer spokesman for the organization; Akkari denied this.

Apology
In July 2013 Akkari distanced himself from the actions he took as an Imam in promoting fundamentalism. He stated that he had come to see the value of free speech, and apologized for his behavior during the Muhammad crisis. He also met with the cartoonist Kurt Westergaard and apologized in person.

References

1978 births
Living people
People associated with the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
Lebanese emigrants to Denmark
Former Muslim critics of Islam
Danish critics of Islam
Former Muslims turned agnostics or atheists

Ahmed Akkari


The Chandos Chair of Medicine and Anatomy is a Chair in Medicine and Anatomy of the University of St Andrews, Scotland. It was established in 1721, by a bequest of £1000 from James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos - then the Chancellor of the university.  His original aim was to establish a Chair of Eloquence, although this was rejected by the university in favour of a chair in Medicine and Anatomy.  Holders of the Chandos Chair are known as Chandos Professors.  The Chandos Chair still exists today, although in 1875 it became a chair in physiology.

 Thomas Simson 1722-1764
 James Simson 1764-1770
 James Flint 1770-1811
 Robert Briggs 1811-1840
 John Reid 1841-1849
 George Edward Day 1849-1863
 James Bell Pettigrew 1875-1905
 Percy Theodore Herring 1908-1948 - first described Herring bodies
 Anthony Elliot Ritchie 1948-1969
 Joseph Fairweather Lamb 1969-1993
 Ian Johnston 1997-present

Sources

1721 establishments in Scotland
Professorships in medicine
University of St Andrews

Chandos Chair of Medicine and Anatomy


Manzo Iwata (9 February 1924 – 4 June 1993) was a Japanese martial artist.

Life and career

Early years
Manzo Iwata was born in Tokyo, Japan, to a family that owned the Iwata-en Tea Company. He began the study of Shito-ryu karate at the age of 10. In junior high school, he also studied judo and kendo. He studied aikido with Ueshiba Morihei, the founder of aikido and a good friend of his grandfather. Iwata enrolled at Toyo University in 1941 and began training in karate directly under Grandmaster Kenwa Mabuni, the founder of Shito-ryu karate. After beginning training in Kobudo Bujutsu or staff, Iwata was advised by Mabuni to study Jojutsu, or short staff, under Seiko Fujita. In 1943, Iwata received a Jojutsu Shihan diploma from Fujita. After graduating from Toyo University in 1944, Iwata also received a Shihan diploma from Mabuni. After the death of Fujita in 1966, Iwata became heir to many of his styles, but not of Kōga-ryū Wada Ha Ninjutsu.

Later years
In 1960, Iwata established the Nihon Karate-Do Kai Eastern Japan and became its first president. In 1964, he became vice-president of the All Japan Karate-Do Federation Shito-Kai. In 1969, he became the Saitama Prefecture Karate-Do Federation vice-president. In 1972, he became an All Japan Karate-do Federation first grade referee. In 1980, he became the president of Shito-Kai, and in 1993 received the Japan Martial Arts Distinguished Service Medal. He died of heart failure in 1993.

References

1924 births
1993 deaths
Shitō-ryū practitioners
Japanese male karateka
People from Tokyo

Manzo Iwata