Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c. (Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants of Hungary, Moravia, et al.) is one of the many works by an Abbot monk named Antoine Augustin Calmet, an exegete and an 18th-century Lorraine scholar of the Benedictine Order; also known as Dom Calmet. The work was published in 2 volumes that dealt with the extensive investigation into occult matters regarding the apparitions of angels, demons and other spirits.

It included dissertations on various topics of magic, sorcery, witchcraft and instances of vampires, revenants and individuals returning from the grave. This study analyzed accounts of these various topics located in the Bible, mythology, cultural legends and famous accounts of historically documented cases or claims.

History
The work was first published in 1746 under the title Dissertations sur les apparitions des anges, des démons et des esprits, et sur les revenants et vampires de Hongrie, de Bohême, de Moravie et de Silésie. After a great deal of praise and response from his readers, the work was expanded and published with Privilege of the King of France in 1751 under the new title Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.. The new version included letters and dissertations by some of his readers and extra chapters as a response to refutations and various claims.

Publication history
 1746 Dissertations sur les apparitions des anges, des démons et des esprits, et sur les revenants et vampires de Hongrie, de Bohême, de Moravie et de Silésie
(Dissertations on the apparitions of angels, of demons, and spirits and on Revenants or vampires of Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia)
 1751 Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.
(Treatise on the apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants of Hungary, Moravia, etc.)

Structure
The total work consists of 115 chapters contained in two volumes. The dissertation is divided into four parts. In the first, Calmet speaks of good angels. In the second, of the appearance of bad angels. In the third, of the apparitions of souls of the dead. In the fourth, of the appearance of living men to others living, absent, distant, and this unknown to those who appear, occasionally adding research on magic, wizards, and witches, on the Sabbath, oracles, and the obsession and possession by demons throughout the volumes.

He used a scientific approach when looking into pre-modern cases of witchcraft, vampires, superstitious beliefs and various other topics of the occult. He delved into the use of the scientific method, biology, psychology, chemistry, etymology and investigated the history of various legends of folklore to determine whether a claim of hauntings, apparitions or magic were truth or fraud.

Tome 1
The treatise as a whole consists of extensive research across a wide range of topics. The first tome contains 52 chapters and mostly deals with the apparitions of spirits, angels and demons while also covering the study of magic, sorcery and witchcraft. Topics also include:

 Angelic and demonic intervention
 The history, reality and mythology of magic; divination; curses
 Understanding the difference between real accounts vs that of impostors
 Examples and instances of real possessions caused by the devil
 The power and authority which Satan and demons possess
 False prophets and predictions of happenstance
 The appearance and examinations of specters and pretended specters
 Examinations on Specters that haunt houses
 The dead who return to the earth
 Explanations and objections on the instances of apparitions;
 The studies on Familiars; Elves
 The secrets of physics and chemistry or Alchemy taken as supernatural things

Tome 2
The second tome consists of 63 chapters and includes a series of letters thereafter. The study includes:

 Resurrection of the dead
 Instances of people returning from the grave
 Examination to people being buried alive but thought to be dead
 Historical accounts of revenants, ghosts and vampires
 The study of vampires, ghosts in classical mythology and religions
 Historically recorded accounts of vampires between the 17th and 18th centuries
 Examinations on bodies that do not decay and corpses that show life after death
 The power of demons to kill and restore life
 On the return of the excommunicated
 Instances of bodies that devour their own flesh
 Instances on exhumed bodies and their examinations
 Analysis on whether vampires or revenants are truly dead
 Instances of people returning from the grave months after declared deceased.

Letters
Included in the printing of the second tome were many letters. Some were of approbation but also contained in this collection was a letter written by Marquis of Maffei that was of itself a selected dissertation on magical studies that was written in 16 chapters.

Themes

Demonic possession
Calmet, doubtful of the circumstances involved in the Loudun Possessions, made a detailed comparison to other cases he believed was more true to the principle symptoms of demonic possession.

Mademoiselle Elizabeth de Ranfaing
Calmet researched a judicial case that described the possession of Elizabeth de Ranfaing, who having become a widow in 1617, was later sought in marriage by a physician (afterwards burned under judicial sentence for being a practicing magician).  After being rejected, he gave her philters to make her love him which occasioned strange developments in her health and proceeded to continuously give her some other forms of medicament. The maladies which she suffered were incurable by the various physicians that attended her and eventually led to a recourse of exorcisms as prescribed by several physicians that examined her case.

They began to exorcise her in September, 1619. During the exorcisms, the demon that possessed her made detailed and fluid responses in varying languages including French, Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Italian and was reportedly able to know and recite the thoughts and sins of various individuals who examined her. She was further also able to describe in detail with the use of various languages the rites and secrets of the church to experts in the languages she spoke. There was even a mention of how the demon interrupted an exorcist, who after making a mistake in his recital of an exorcism rite in Latin, corrected his speech and mocked him.

Vampirism
Calmet describes the vampire as a "revenant corpse" thus distinguishing the intangible ghosts such as phantoms or spirits. He conducted a synthesis of studies on the subject and considers that vampirism is the result of undernourished Balkan. As Calmet amassed numerous reports on events of vampires, his attempt to refute false claims of vampirism proved difficult:

[T]hey see, it is said, men who have been dead for several months, come back to earth, talk, walk, infest villages, ill use both men and beasts, suck the blood of their near relations, make them ill, and finally cause their death; so that people can only save themselves from their dangerous visits and their hauntings by exhuming them, impaling them, cutting off their heads, tearing out the heart, or burning them. These revenants are called by the name of oupires or vampires, that is to say, leeches; and such particulars are related of them, so singular, so detailed, and invested with such probable circumstances and such judicial information, that one can hardly refuse to credit the belief which is held in those countries, that these revenants come out of their tombs and produce those effects which are proclaimed of them.

Calmet analyzed many famous cases including that of Arnold Paole. Calmet also investigated the Lettres juives in which an account of a vampire had been recorded in 1732 Hungary, witnessed by officers of the tribunal of Belgrade and an officer to the emperor's troops at Graditz. Although the letters were published as an epistolary novel, it was widely believed to be accurate and true records by the populace at the time.

Also investigated were various judicial cases of dead persons reported to return from the grave and attack and suck the blood of the living. One such case was in 1730 of a soldier lodged at the house of a peasant in Hungary. As the soldier sat with the homeowner and the rest of the company at the table for dinner, a person he did not know came into the home and quietly sat at the table with them. The homeowner appeared frightened and was discovered deceased the next day. After inquiry, the soldier learned that the father of the homeowner had died and was buried 10 years before and the family believed the man who came the previous night was the father's body.

The soldier informed the regiment, giving notice to the general officers who commissioned the captain of the infantry to further investigate. The captain, accompanied by other officers, a surgeon and an auditor had recorded dispositions of the family who confirmed the soldier's report and also received dispositions of all the residents of the village. The corpse of the father was ordered to be exhumed and was found to be in the likeness of a man recently deceased but with the blood-flow of a living man. The Count de Cabreras ordered the corpse's head to be cut off and to be reinterred in his tomb.

The count also received other information of another man dead for more than thirty years that was reported by family to have come back to his house on three separate occasions during meal time. On the first he had sucked the blood from the neck of his brother, the second time from one of his sons, and the third from one of the servants in the house, all three of which had died immediately after. Upon this disposition, the commissary took the suspected corpse from the grave, finding it to be like the first corpse discovered with a living blood-flow and he ordered them to run a large nail through the temple then placed the body back into the grave.

Reactions and scholarly criticism
Calmet's treatise was awarded numerous approbations and letters of criticism following his first publication in 1746, many of which were included in its republication and expanded 1751 version that included new chapters to answer his audience.

The treatise received 'Approbation of the King' to the 7th Register on the registry of The Chamber of Royal Booksellers and Printers to Paris on 9 June 1751.

He is mentioned by Voltaire who in his Dictionnaire philosophique explains:

Calmet became their historian, and treated vampires as he treated the Old and New Testament, reporting faithfully all that had been said before him

Cultural impact
Calmet analyzed a report that was written from a priest who learned information of a town being tormented by a vampiric entity 3 years earlier. After having traveled to the town to investigate and collect information of the various inhabitants there, the priest learned that a vampire had tormented many of the inhabitants at night by coming out from the nearby cemetery to haunt many of the residents at their beds.

An unknown Hungarian traveler came to the town during this time and helped the town by setting a trap at the cemetery which ultimately led to the decapitation of the vampire that resided there and curing the town of their torment. This story was retold by Sheridan Le Fanu and adapted into the thirteenth chapter of the novella Carmilla, a work that heavily inspired Bram Stoker's classic Dracula.

See also

Notes

References

External links
 Available Online in French Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, etc. (1746), 2 t. 1751
 Available Online in English.

1746 non-fiction books
1751 non-fiction books
Books in political philosophy
Demonological literature
Magic (supernatural)
Occult books
Philosophy of science books
Philosophy of religion books
Theses
Vampirism
Witchcraft treatises
Witch hunter manuals
Demonic possession
Treatises


Edward Flanders Robb Ricketts (May 14, 1897 – May 11, 1948) was an American marine biologist, ecologist, and philosopher.  Renowned as the inspiration for the character Doc in John Steinbeck's 1945 novel Cannery Row, Rickett's professional reputation is rooted in Between Pacific Tides (1939), a pioneering study of intertidal ecology. A friend and  mentor of Steinbeck, they collaborated on and co-authored the book, Sea of Cortez (1941).

Eleven years later, and just 3 years after the death of Ed Ricketts, John Steinbeck reprinted the narrative portion of their coauthored book with a new publisher, with Steinbeck removing Ed as coauthor, adding a biography of Ed Rickett and re-titling the book The Log from the Sea of Cortez (1946). Steinbeck also added a eulogy for Ricketts, though it was met with public backlash.

Gwyn Conger Steinbeck, the writer's second wife, thought highly of Ricketts. She said, "There was such a special magic about Ed Ricketts, and, in many ways he was John's offspring; he was the source of the Steinbeck Nile."

Life
Ricketts was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Abbott Ricketts and Alice Beverly Flanders Ricketts.  He had a younger sister, Frances, and a younger brother, Thayer.  His sister, Frances (Ricketts) Strong, said of him that he had a mind like a dictionary and was often in trouble for correcting teachers and other adults.  Ricketts spent most of his childhood in Chicago, except for a year in South Dakota when he was ten years old.

After a year of college, Ricketts traveled to Texas and New Mexico.  In 1917, he was drafted into the Army Medical Corps. He hated the military bureaucracy but, according to John Steinbeck, "was a successful soldier".

After discharge from the army, Ricketts  studied zoology at the University of Chicago. He was influenced by his professor, W. C. Allee, but dropped out without taking a degree.  He then spent several months walking through the American south, from Indiana to Florida.  He used material from this trip to publish an article in Travel magazine titled "Vagabonding Through Dixie".  He returned to Chicago and studied some more at the university.

In 1922, Ricketts met and married Anna Barbara Makar, daughter of Croatian immigrants- Marija Piskuric (married as Mary Makar) and Miho (Michael) Makar. As a private person, Anna often went by other names of "Nancy" and even "Barbara", and Ricketts was known to call her "Nan". Anna was born in Johnstown, PA in the beginning of 1900. Ricketts and Makar married in Chicago, Illinois, in 1922 and one year later they had a son, Edward F. Ricketts, Jr. and moved to California to set up Pacific Biological Laboratories with Albert E. Galigher: Galigher was Ricketts' college friend with whom he had run a similar business on a smaller scale.  In 1924, Ricketts became sole owner of the lab, and soon two daughters were born: Nancy Jane on 28 November 1924, and Cornelia on 6 April 1928.

Between 1925 and 1927, Ricketts' sister Frances and both his parents moved to California; Frances and their father Abbott worked with Ricketts at the lab. In late 1930 Ricketts met aspiring writer John Steinbeck and his wife Carol, who had moved to Pacific Grove earlier in the year. For more than a year Carol worked half-time for Ricketts at the lab, until 1932 when Ricketts' wife Nan left, taking their two daughters, and Ricketts no longer had enough money to pay Carol's salary. Steinbeck himself also spent time at the lab, learning marine biology, helping Ricketts preserve specimens and talking about philosophy. Steinbeck lived very near the lab. What kept them together was the discovery that each had an almost boundless curiosity about almost everything, and that their personality meshed so well. Steinbeck had a need to give, and Ricketts a need to receive. Ricketts made listening an art. At one point in Steinbeck's life, he suffered an  "overwhelming emotional upset", and went to the lab to stay with Ricketts. Ricketts played music for Steinbeck until he could bear to come back to himself.

Nan's separation from Ricketts in 1932 was the first of many separations. In 1936, Ricketts and Nan separated for good, and he took up residence in his lab. On 25 November 1936, a fire spread from the adjacent cannery, destroying the lab. Ricketts lost nearly everything, including an extraordinary amount of correspondence, research notes, manuscripts, and his prized library, which had held everything from invaluable scientific resources to his beloved collection of poetry. However, the manuscript of Ricketts' textbook (with Jack Calvin) Between Pacific Tides had already been sent to the publisher. John Steinbeck would become a silent 50% partner in the lab, after funding its reconstruction costs.

In 1940, Ricketts and Steinbeck journeyed to the Sea of Cortez (Gulf of California) in a chartered fishing boat to collect invertebrates for the scientific catalog in their book, Sea of Cortez. Also in 1940, Ricketts began a relationship with Eleanor Susan Brownell Anthony "Toni" Solomons Jackson, who became his common-law wife.  As Steinbeck's secretary, Jackson helped edit The Log From the Sea of Cortez. Jackson, who had attended the University of California, Los Angeles, was the daughter of Katherine Gray Church and Theodore Solomons, an explorer and early member of the Sierra Club, who had discovered and defined the John Muir Trail.  Jackson and her young daughter Katherine Adele moved in with Ricketts and lived with him until 1947. In addition to Steinbeck, their circle of friends included the novelist and painter Henry Miller and the mythologist, writer, and lecturer Joseph Campbell.

During World War II, Ricketts again served in the Army, this time as a medical lab technician; he was drafted in October 1942, missing the age cut-off by days. During his service, he kept collecting marine life and compiling data. His son was drafted in 1943.

In 1945, Steinbeck's novel Cannery Row was published. Ricketts, the  model for "Doc" became a celebrity, and tourists and journalists began seeking him out. Steinbeck portrayed "Doc" (and thus, Ricketts) as a many-faceted intellectual who was somewhat outcast from intellectual circles, a party-loving drinking man, in close touch with the working class and with the prostitutes and bums of Monterey's Cannery Row. Steinbeck wrote of "Doc": "He wears a beard and his face is half Christ and half satyr and his face tells the truth."

Ricketts himself read Cannery Row with exasperation, by all accounts, but ended saying simply that it could not be criticized because it had not been written with malice.  Ricketts was also portrayed as "Doc" in Sweet Thursday, the sequel to Cannery Row; as "Friend Ed" in Burning Bright; as "Doc Burton" in In Dubious Battle; as Jim Casy in The Grapes of Wrath; and as "Doctor Winter" in The Moon Is Down.

In September 1946, Ricketts' daughter Nancy Jane had a son, making Ricketts a grandfather. That same year the health of his stepdaughter Kay deteriorated due to a brain tumor; she died the following year, on 5 October 1947. Kay's mother, Toni left Ricketts shortly afterwards.

Just a few weeks later, Ricketts met Alice Campbell, a music and philosophy student half his age. They "married" in early 1948,  though the marriage was not valid because Ricketts had never legally divorced Nan.

In March 1948 in New York City, Toni Jackson married Dr Benjamin Elazari Volcani, a renowned microbiologist she had met while he was working with the famous microbiologist C. B. van Niel (a student of Albert Kluyver's) at Stanford University's Hopkins Marine Station in Monterey in 1943.

In 1948, Ricketts and Steinbeck planned together to go to British Columbia and write another book, The Outer Shores, on the marine life north towards Alaska. On previous trips Ricketts had already done most of the needed research and he gave Steinbeck the typescripts for these as he had done previously with The Sea of Cortez.

A week before the planned expedition, on 8 May 1948, as Ricketts was driving across the railroad tracks at Drake Avenue, just uphill from Cannery Row, on his way to dinner after his day's work, a Del Monte Express passenger train hit his car.  He lived for three days, conscious at least some of the time, before dying on May 11.

A life-size bust of Ricketts, at the site of the long-defunct rail crossing, commemorates the biologist-philosopher who inspired novelist John Steinbeck and mythologist Joseph Campbell. Passers-by often pick nearby flowers and place them in the statue's hand. Also at the crossing are derelict crossbucks marking the site of the accident.

Lab

In 1923, Ed Ricketts and his business partner Albert Galigher started Pacific Biological Laboratories (PBL), a marine biology supply house.  The lab was located in Pacific Grove at 165 Fountain Avenue.  The business was later moved to 740 Ocean View Avenue, Monterey, California, with Ricketts as sole owner. Today, that location is 800 Cannery Row.

On 25 November 1936, a fire broke out at the Del Mar Cannery next to the lab. Most of the laboratory's contents were destroyed. The typescript of Between Pacific Tides survived, as it had already been sent to Stanford University for publication. With an investment from John Steinbeck, who became silent partner and 50% owner of the business as a result, Ricketts rebuilt the lab using the original floorplan.

Ricketts' lab on Cannery Row had attracted visitors who ran the gamut from writers, artists and musicians to prostitutes and bums. Gatherings often included discussions of philosophy, science and art, and sometimes developed into parties that continued for days. Participants in meetings had included Steinbeck, Bruce Ariss, Joseph Campbell (who had worked at the lab as Ricketts' assistant), Adelle Davis, Henry Miller, Lincoln Steffens and Francis Whitaker. Amidst the tumult of commercial activity and tourist attractions that Cannery Row has become in recent decades, the modest and mostly unnoticed and unmarked lab stands as a silent witness to the bygone era celebrated in Steinbeck's work.

Ricketts' laboratory business was fictionalized in Steinbeck's Cannery Row as "Western Biological Laboratories."

Steinbeck was inspired to write The Pearl after visiting La Paz, Baja California Sur, with Ricketts on their Sea of Cortez expedition.

Philosophy
In addition to his writings on marine life, Ricketts wrote three philosophical essays; he continued to revise them over the years, integrating new ideas in response to feedback from Campbell, Miller, and other friends. The first essay lays out his idea of "nonteleological thinking" – a way of viewing things as they are, rather than seeking explanations for them. In his second essay, "The Spiritual Morphology of Poetry," he proposed four progressive classes of poetry, from naive to transcendent, and assigned famous poets from Keats to Whitman to these categories. The third essay, "The Philosophy of 'Breaking Through'," explores transcendence throughout the arts and describes his own moments of 'breaking through', such as his first hearing of Madame Butterfly.

According to his letters, conversations with composer John Cage helped Ricketts clarify some of his thoughts on poetry, and gave him new insight into the emphasis on form over content embraced by many modern artists.

Even though Steinbeck presented the essays to various publishers on behalf of Ricketts, only one was ever published in his lifetime: the first essay appears (without attribution) in a chapter titled "Non-Teleological Thinking" in The Log From the Sea of Cortez.  All of his major essays, along with other shorter works were published in The Outer Shores, vols. 1 and 2, edited by Joel Hedgpeth, and with additional biographical commentary also by Hedgpeth. Much of this material appears in Katharine Rodger's book, Breaking Through: Essays, Journals, and Travelogues of Edward F. Ricketts (2006).

In the 1930s and 1940s, Ricketts strongly influenced many of Steinbeck's writings. The biologist inspired a number of notable characters in Steinbeck's novels, and ecological themes recur in them. Ricketts' biographer Eric Enno Tamm notes that, except for East of Eden (1952), Steinbeck's writing declined after Ricketts' death in 1948.

Ricketts also influenced the mythologist Joseph Campbell.  This was an important period in the development of Campbell's thinking about the epic journey of "the hero with a thousand faces." Campbell lived for a while next door to Ricketts, participated in professional and social activities at his neighbor's, and accompanied him, along with Xenia and Sasha Kashevaroff, on a 1932 journey to Juneau, Alaska, on the Grampus.  Like Steinbeck, Campbell played with a novel written round Ricketts as hero, but unlike Steinbeck, didn't complete the book. Bruce Robison writes that "Campbell would refer to those days as a time when everything in his life was taking shape.... Campbell, the great chronicler of the "hero's journey" in mythology, recognized patterns that paralleled his own thinking in one of Ricketts's unpublished philosophical essays. Echoes of Carl Jung, Robinson Jeffers and James Joyce can be found in the work of Steinbeck and Ricketts as well as Campbell."

Henry Miller wrote about Ricketts in his book The Air-Conditioned Nightmare: [Ed Ricketts is] "a most exceptional individual in character and temperament, a man radiating peace, joy and wisdom" and said that Ricketts was (apart from L. C. Powell) the only person whom Miller, during his journey across USA, found being "satisfied with his lot, adjusted to his environment, happy in his work, and representative of all that is best in the American tradition."

Ecology
In Ricketts' day, ecology was early in its development. Now-common concepts such as habitat, niche, succession, predator-prey relationships, and food chains were not yet mature ideas. Ricketts was among a few marine biologists who studied intertidal organisms in an ecological context.

His first major scientific work — now regarded as a classic in marine ecology, and in its fifth edition — was Between Pacific Tides, published in 1939, co-authored with Jack Calvin. The third and fourth editions were revised by Joel Hedgpeth, a contemporary of Ricketts and Steinbeck; Hedgpeth continued the book's taxonomic excellence, while retaining its ecological approach.

The pioneering nature of Ricketts' book may be appreciated by comparison with another classic work, now in its fourth edition, that was published two years later, in 1941: Light's Manual, by S. F. Light, of the University of California, Berkeley. Light's Manual is technical, difficult for laymen, but essential for specialists. On the other hand, Ricketts' Between Pacific Tides is readable, full of observations and side comments, and readily accessible to anyone with a genuine interest in seashore life. It cannot serve as a thorough manual to marine invertebrates, but it addresses the common and conspicuous animals in a style that invites and educates newcomers and offers substantial information for experienced biologists. It is not organized according to taxonomic classification, but instead by habitat. Thus, crabs are not all treated in the same chapter; crabs of the rocky shore, high in the intertidal, are in a separate section from crabs of lower intertidal zones or sandy beaches.

Some concepts that Ricketts used in Between Pacific Tides were novel then and ignored by some in academia. Ricketts, writes Bruce Robison of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, "was 'a lone, largely marginalized scientist' with no university degrees, and he had to struggle... against... traditionalists" to get the book published by Stanford University Press.

Ricketts' subsequent book, Sea of Cortez, is almost two separate books. The first section is a narrative, co-written by Steinbeck and Ricketts (Ricketts kept a daily journal during the expedition; Steinbeck edited the journal into the narrative section of the book). Later, the narrative was published alone as The Log From the Sea of Cortez, without Ricketts's name. The remainder of the book, about 300 pages, is an "Annotated Phyletic Catalog" of specimens collected. This section was Ricketts' work alone. It was presented in the traditional taxonomic arrangement, but with numerous notes on ecological observations.

Ricketts pursued pathfinding studies in quantitative ecology, analyzing the Monterey sardine fishery. In a 1947 article in the Monterey Peninsula Herald, he documented sardine harvests, described sardine ecology, and noted that harvests were declining as fishing intensity increased. When the sardines became depleted and the industry was destroyed, Ricketts explained what had happened to the sardines: "They're in cans."

The research Ricketts did on sardines was a seminal application of ecology to fisheries science, but it was not published as an academic paper. He is not widely recognized by fisheries scientists. The prominent fisheries scientist Daniel Pauly comments: "That's probably due to the fact that his stuff isn't widely available... This is strange, but fisheries scientists so far as they are trained do extraordinarily little ecology... I will not publish a paper on pelagics without now mentioning Ricketts".

The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute deploys a four kilometer depth rated remotely operated vehicle named in honor of Ricketts's work, the ROV  Doc Ricketts.

Eponymous species
Since 1930, over 16 species have been named after Ricketts:

Aclesia rickettsi (Sea slug)
Catriona rickettsi (Sea slug)
Hypsoblenniops rickettsi (Blenny)
Longiprostatum rickettsi (Flatworm)
Mysidium rickettsi (Opossum shrimp)
Siphonides rickettsi (Peanut worm)
Nephtys rickettsi (Polychaete worm)
Mesochaetopterus rickettsi (Polychaete worm)
Polydora rickettsi Woodwick 1961 (Polychaete worm)
Panoploea rickettsi (Sand flea)
Pentactinia rickettsi  (Sea anemone)
Palythoa rickettsi (Zoanthid)
Isometridium rickettsi (Sea anemone)
Pycnogonum rickettsi Schmitt, 1934 (Sea spider)
Asbestopluma rickettsi Lundsten et al., 2014 (Sea sponge)
Poecillastra rickettsi (Sea sponge)
Acorylus rickettsi Coan & Valentich-Scott, 2010 (Clam)

Other eponyms
Ricketts Bar MX in San Jose del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Mexico is named for him and features Bryant Fitch's photograph over the bar.

Doc Ricketts is the name of a robotic undersea rover operated by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.  The 12-foot-long (3.6 m), 10,000-pound (4,500 kg) submersible has explored the depths of Monterey Bay.

References

Sources
Astro, Richard. (1973). John Steinbeck and Edward F. Ricketts: the Shaping of a Novelist. University of Minnesota Press.
Astro, Richard.  (1976). Edward F. Ricketts. Western Writers Series No 21. Boise State Univ.
 Benson, Jackson J., "John Steinbeck, Writer", Penguin Putnam Inc., NYC, 1990,
 Lannoo, Michael J. Leopold's Shack and Ricketts's Lab: The Emergence of Environmentalism (University of California Press; 2010) 196 pages; a combined study of Aldo Leopold and Ed Ricketts as major and parallel influences on environmentalism.
Ricketts, Edward F. and Jack Calvin. (1939). Between Pacific Tides.  Stanford University Press; 5th/Rev edition. 1992.
Ricketts, Edward Flanders. Hedgpeth, Joel W. (ed). (1978). Outer Shores. Mad River Press.
Ricketts, Edward Flanders. Hedgpeth, Joel W. (ed). (1979). Outer Shores 2: Breaking Through. Mad River Press.
Ricketts, Edward Flanders. Rodger, Katharine A. (2003). Renaissance Man of Cannery Row: The Life and Letters of Edward F. Ricketts. University of Alabama Press.
Robison, Bruce, "Mavericks on Cannery Row," American Scientist, vol. 92, no. 6 (November–December 2004, p. 1: a review of Eric Enno Tamm, Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecologist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell, Four Walls Eight Windows, 2004.
Smith, R.I. and J. T. Carlton. 1975. Light's Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California Coast. University of California Press.
Steinbeck, John.  Ricketts, Edward F. (1941). Sea of Cortez: A leisurely journal of travel and research, with a scientific appendix comprising materials for a source book on the marine animals of the Panamic faunal province. Reprinted by Paul P Appel Pub. 1971.
Steinbeck, John. Shillinglaw, Susan (intro). (1994). Cannery Row. Penguin Classics; Reprint edition.
Steinbeck, John. Astro, Richard (intro). (1995). The Log from the Sea of Cortez. Penguin Classics; Reprint edition.
 Tamm, Eric Enno (2005) Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecologist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell Thunder's Mouth Press. .

External links

National Public Radio (USA) piece on Ed Ricketts and the 'Dream' of Cannery Row
Ecology Hall of Fame's biography of Ed Ricketts; contains several errors
Website about the first biography on Ed Ricketts titled "Beyond the Outer Shores" by Eric Enno Tamm (cited above)
California Views photography website,The Pat Hathaway Collection with good photos and brief biographical info
Another California Views photography website, The Pat Hathaway Collection with good photos and brief biographical info
San Francisco Chronicle article on plans to repeat the Ricketts / Steinbeck Sea of Cortez trip
"Ed Heads", San Francisco Chronicle article on latter day Ricketts followers, written by Eric Tamm
  "The Science and Philosophy of Edward Flanders Robb Rickets", Stanford University website that identifies books in Ricketts' library, his collection cards, and sources that influenced him.

1897 births
1948 deaths
Scientists from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Military personnel from Illinois
American marine biologists
American ecologists
Fisheries scientists
John Steinbeck
Railway accident deaths in the United States
Marine fauna researchers of the Gulf of California
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century American zoologists
United States Army soldiers

Ed Ricketts


Devi Adi Parashakti is a mythological television series based on the Hindu texts of the Shiva Purana, the Devi-Bhagavata Purana, the Markandeya Purana, and pan-Indian folktales of the Goddess. The series was created by Siddharth Kumar Tewary, directed by Loknath Pandey and Manish Singh, and produced by Swastik Productions. Rati Pandey plays the role of Devi Adi Parashakti and her incarnations Goddess Sati, and Goddess Parvati. Tarun Khanna played the role of Devi's husband, Lord Shiva with Kanan Malhotra as Lord Vishnu, Devi's brother. The show also features Sonia Singh as Goddess Diti, the main antagonist.

The serial first aired on February 10, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 lockdown in India, the show was delayed. This show started airing once again on November 9, 2020, and ended on December 26, 2020 in Dangal TV.

Plot

Devi Sakthi adhyaya
The story begins with Shiva's questions on The Self and how he discovers that it was the Supreme Goddess Adi Parashakti who created him, Vishnu, and Brahma. Shiva destroys Brahma's arrogance by beheading his fifth head in a feast arranged by Brahma's sons like Daksha and Narada to honour their father. She reveals herself from the cut off head and imparts true wisdom of who She is to the Tridevas. She then assumes three different forms: Saraswati - who weds Brahma, Lakshmi - who weds Vishnu, and Shakti - who becomes Shiva's beloved, and resides with them in their respective abodes. Then Daksha, the son of Brahma gets his two daughters Diti and Aditi married to Rishi Kashyapa. Aditi gives birth to Devas like Devraj Indra and Pancha bhoota devas i.e., Surya, Varuna, Vayu, Agni and Prithvi. While, Diti who is jealous of her sister, gives birth to Daityas or demons. Brahma dev creates Svarga for Devas and Patala for Asuras. Infuriated Diti, takes oath that she will capture Svarga. In the course of time, an Asura named Tarakasura, a son of Diti obtains a boon from Brahma that he would only be killed by the offspring of Shiva. Thinking of himself as immortal, he displaces the Devas, the immortal enemies of the Asuras, from the heaven.

Devi Sati adhyaya
Then compelled by her daughter Diti to separate Shakti from Shiva and Kailasha, Daksha compels Devi Shakti to be born as his and his wife Prasuti's daughter in earth as Sati. After Sati discovers Shiva, who Daksha disapproves of and abhors, she falls in love with him. Then, Lord Vishnu and Indra disguise themselves as Sages and guide her towards Lord Shiva.

Devi Kalyanasundari adhyaya
Daksha gives up Sati, and she moves to Kailasha where Shiva and Sati's marriage ceremony starts. But, Tarakasura and his asuras sent by Diti, polluted the marriage yagna fire. But, Lord Shiva and Sati's marriage takes place without any ceremony and this type of marriage is named as Gandharva marriage and Sati's bride avatar is named as Kalyanasundari.

Devi Kali adhyaya
In an attempt to humiliate Shiva and Sati, Daksha performs a Yajna inviting the residents of all the realms, with the sole exceptions being the residents of Kailasha. Sati, however, goes to the Yajna, where she is humiliated. As a result, she immolates herself in the presence of all those gathered. Infuriated Shiva and Shakti beheaded Daksha, thus avenging Sati's death by assuming the terrible forms of Veerabhadra and Kali. Later on, Daksha's head is replaced with an goat's head. Sati's body is cut up into fifty-two pieces - which become Shakti Peethas, and sorrowful Shiva isolates himself in the caves of the Amarnath.

Devi Shailaputri adhyaya
At the behest of Vishnu, then Devi takes birth once again as the daughter of the Himavat and Mainavati. She was named by Vishnu in his disguise as a doctor by the name Shailaputri who is the daughter (putri) of King of mountains (Shaila). Meanwhile, Diti sends her demon to get all the Shakti Peethas for consuming them to get supreme power. So, Vishnu in the disguise of doctor makes baby Parvati to tell the name "Shiva". This awoke Lord Shiva to take his Bhairava avatar. In his Bhairava avatar, Lord Shiva protected Shakti Peethas from the demons. Known by the birth of Devi, Tarakasura and Diti sent their demonic army to kill her. So, King Himavat and Queen Mainavati move to the ashram of Rishi Markandeya.

Devi Parvati adhyaya
In the ashram, she was named as Devi Parvati. She grew there as his (Markandeya's) disciple. She was taught with Shiva's devotion by the Rishi. On the other hand, Diti sends demoness Bahurupa to kill the child. But Parvati wins her by giving moksha to the demoness. Parvati too, just like in her previous life as Sati, falls in love with Shiva. Later on the day of Mahashivaratri, she wished to marry Lord Shiva. Rishi also accepted and guided her in right way.

Devi Brahmacharini adhyaya
She found him in the caves of her father's kingdom and sits at his feet, meditating upon him and gets the name Brahmacharini one who done a great penance. In a rush to awaken Shiva so that he would fall in love with Devi again and have a son who could kill Tarakasura, the Devas deploy Kama, the God of Love, who is burnt to ashes by Shiva for disturbing his trance. Hearing the death of her husband, Devi Rati curses Parvati that she could never bear a child.

Devi Sundareshwari adhyaya
Shiva, although aware of Parvati's devotion and love towards him, behaves indifferently to her. When she tries to speak to him, he informs her that only after she passes some of his tests, would she obtain the desire of her heart. Parvati agrees to his challenge, and Shiva puts her through various trials, in Kashi and in Kailasha, all of which she passes. This impresses Shiva, who agrees to marry her. To celebrate Shiva's marriage, in Kailasha, a ceremony conducted where all Devas, Shivgan are drunk with liquor. Now, Diti plots a plan to make Rishi Durvasa enter the ceremony. There Nandi greets Durvasa with liquor which makes him anger and made him to curse that he will also be blocked in the way. Also, Durvasa curses that Shiva's marriage would not take place in his normal form. Then, marriage rituals starts. First Nandi is asked to take the haldi [used for Lord Shiva] and give it to Parvati. Here, Tarakasura stops Nandi in his way and kills him. Stopped by Durvasa's curse, Shiva can't rescue Nandi. After his death, Lord Shiva got very anger. Understanding Lord Shiva's anger, Devi Parvati calls Shukracharya. He gives rebirth to Nandi. According to Durvasa's curse, Lord Shiva starts his marriage procession in Aghori form. Meanwhile, Devi Parvati decorates herself as bride with the name Sundareshwari.

Devi Chandraghanta adhyaya
Meanwhile, Daksha's family is also invited to the marriage. Daksha's another daughter Revati is worried that, her husband Lord Chandra is cursed by Daksha that he is only close to his only one daughter while he is married to all his 27 daughters. To remove the curse of Lord Chandra and to perform the Equilibrium Jewelry ritual, Shiva keeps Chandra in his head and Devi Parvati takes the avatar of Chandraghanta. When Himavat and Mainavati sees Shiva as Aghori, they refuse for the marriage. Then according to the idea of Parvati, Shiva was dressed as Sundareshwarar with the help of Vishnu. Then the marriage of Shiva and Parvati occurs.

Devi Kushmanda adhyaya
During a marriage ritual when Parvati is asked to wash Shiva's foot. Shiva informs that he had to wash her foot. Puzzled Parvati states that she was only a human. Then, Parvati learns about who she really is with the help of Shiva and takes the avatar of Kushmanda one who is the goddess of cosmos.

Devi Annapurna adhyaya
Then Devi arranges a feast in Kailash where all Devas are invited. There Devas get satisfied with the food prepared by Devi and Devi assures that Tarakasura will be surely slayed by hers and Shiva's child. Then Devi takes the avatar of Annapurna. Meanwhile, Devi Ganga is forced to go into the earth, away from the Svarga to give moksha for ancestors. So, infuriated Ganga tries to destroy the earth by using her complete force. So, Lord Shiva takes her in his hair band and releases her calmly in the earth.

Devi Lalitha adhyaya
Rishi Bhringi arrives to Kailasha to pray Lord Shiva. He offers prayer only to Shiva dishonoring Devi Parvati. He also informs that a lady is not enough to be prayed. Infuriated Parvati merges with Lord Shiva to take the avatar of Ardhanarishvara and stated that both male and female are equal. Meanwhile, Tarakasura threatens the devas by capturing Deva Lok. So Parvati and Shiva do a penance together, which results in the creation of power-ball. To slay Bhandasura who tries to destroy the power-ball, Devi Parvathi takes the form of Lalitha and slays him with the acceptance of Rati.

Devi Kartika adhyaya
But by the act of Bhandasura, the power ball fell down into the river. At last it smashed in a stone and turned into six pieces that turned into six children which was caught by Kartikai ladies in Kartikai loka. To test Kartikai ladies' love towards the children, Parvati takes the disguise as Devi Kartika and tests them.

Devi Skandamata adhyaya
In this test, Kartikai ladies got passed. Also, in Kartikai loka, no negative energies can't enter. So, Parvati thinks that Kartikai loka is safer that Kailash. Therefore, she left her children with them and reunited all the six children into Kartikeya (son of Karthikai ladies) or Skanda (one who born from stone smash) and she got the name of Skandamata.

Ashta Matrika adhyaya
After this, they are threatened by the demon duos Shumbha and Nishumbha, another sons of Diti. Shumbha falls in love with Parvati. He orders Chanda and Munda to bring her to the netherworld. Angered by this, Parvati changes into Kali, her untamed warrior form with the help of the Ashta matrikas. Then as Kali, she slays Chanda-Munda. Frightened Shumbha asks the help from Diti, who sends Raktabija and Devi Kali kills him and drinks his blood. To calm Devi Kali, Lord Shiva falls in the path of her. Kali steps on him and realises her mistake. To get rid of her guilt, she sacrifices all her powers and isolates herself in a cave where she gets sorrow with the help of Rishi Markandeya and who indeed helps him for writing Markandeya Purana.

Devi Kaushiki adhyaya
On the other hand, to bring Parvati to netherworld, Nishumbha comes to the cave. First Devi Parvati goes inside Karthika loka and slays the demon who tried to kill Kartikeya by changing into a peacock as only positive energies can enter there. Then, to kill Nishumbha, Parvati takes the form of Devi Kaushiki and slays him.

Devi Mahagauri adhyaya
After Nishumbha's death, Devi Parvati returns to Kailasha. She got rid from the guilt of stamping her husband, she was consoled by her guru that once she was cursed that she can't bear a child for her husband's anger. Then in Kailash Devas gave her a great welcoming ceremony and gives her the name of Mahagauri.

Devi Kalratri adhyaya
Parvati takes the form of Kalaratri to corner Shumbha and in her original divine form, she kills Shumbha. This is a huge shock to Diti. Then Kartikeya gets his adult age and to complete his purpose for birth, he goes to Kailash from Kartikai loka for learning the art of war from his real mother Parvati. Initially, he hated his mother.

Devi Katyayani adhyaya
Parvati takes the form of Katyayani from the yagna in sage Katyayana's ashram and kills Mahishasur in order to save the inhabitants of Dev Lok and Kartikeya. Now, Kartikeya is happy with his mother. Devi Parvati teaches Kartikeya about the rules of war. Meanwhile, Tarakasura arranges a battle in Kailash. On the other hand, Kartikeya learns the art of war and battle from his mother Parvati, and succeeds in killing Tarakasura.

Devi Siddhidhartri adhyaya
Diti realises her mistakes and finally surrenders to Devi. Everyone assembles in Kailash where the devas including Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma and the demons including Diti perform the ritual of Maha Aarti to Devi. The show ends with Devi attaining her form of Siddhidhatri and giving blessings to everyone.

Cast
 Rati Pandey as Adi Parashakti and her avatars:
Dasa Mahavidya: Shakti, Sati, Kalyanasundari, Kali, Parvati, Sundareshwari, Lalitha, Annapurna, Kartika, Kaushiki
Nava Durga: Shailaputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Katyanani, Kalaratri, Mahagauri, Siddhidhatri
Ashta Matrika: Brahmani, Vaishnavi, Raudri, Ambika, Mahendri, Dandinatha, Chamunda, Pratyangira
Tarun Khanna as Mahadev and his avatars:
Veerabhadra
Aghori
Sundareshwarar
Bhairava
Ardhanarishvara
 Kanan Malhotra as Vishnu
 Sonia Singh as Diti
 Richa Dixit as Lakshmi
 Deepak Dutta as Brahma
 Nisha Nagpal/Sangeeta Odwani as Saraswati
Krish Chauhan as Kartikeya
 Deepali Saini as Menavati
 Yogesh Mahajan as Himavan
 Raj Premi as Prajapati Daksha
 Heer Malik as Prasuti
 Raja Kapse as Markandeya
 Vinit Kakar as Raktabija
 Shalini Vishnudev as Aditi
 Kunal Bakshi as Indra
 Ajay Mishra as Narada
 Himanshu Bamzai as Mahishasura
 Nimai Bali as Shukracharya
 Saif Ullah Rahmani as Tarkasura
 Rohhit Parshuram as Bandasura
 Kanishka Soni as Ganga
 Naman Rupa Mukuil as Nandi
 Poonam Rao as Revati
 Danika Singh as Bahurupa
 Aleya Ghosh as Prithvi
 Sandeep Arora as Kaamdev
 Harsha Khandeparkar as Rati
 Ujjwal Sharma as Varuna
 Sumit Tiwari as Vayu
 Deepesh Gangawat as Agni
 Sanjay Sharma as Surya
 Govind Sharma/Raju Makwana as Shiv Gan

Production

Development

Series' title
The show was originally planned to be called Devi but later it was changed to Devi Aadi Parashakti. It is still referred to in short as Devi.

Music and Background Score composed by Lenin Nandi & Shaam Chettri.

Casting
The show casts actors who have already been famous for their mythological characters. Tarun Khanna who played Shiva in Swastik's RadhaKrishn and Karmaphal Daata Shani reprises his role in the show. Rohit Khurana who played Shani in Swastik's Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai and Karmaphal Daata Shani reprises his role in the show. Kanan Malhotra who played the role of Vishnu in Swastik's Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai also reprises his role. Kunal Bakshi who played the role of Indra in Swastik's Karmphal Daata Shani, also reprises his role. The makers have recast actors who have already been associated with Swastik Productions such as Rati Pandey, Nimai Bali and Saurabh Raj Jain (as narrator).

When the Young/child casts who played already been famous for different mythological. Krish Chauhan already starring in Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai and Ram Siya Ki Luv Kush when this show is his third mythological show.

Meanwhile, this serial's some casts was replaced. Aleya Ghosh replaced by Dharshna Sripal Golecha and Sanjay Sharma replaced by Salil Ankola.

Broadcast
This show aired on Dangal TV on 10 February 2020, but the telecast was stopped in the last week of March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The show made a return on November 9, 2020.

Dubbed Version
This show is also arrived in South Indian languages. Sun TV (India) acquired Tamil language version; Gemini TV took Telugu language version; Udaya TV bought Kannada version; Surya TV acquired Malayalam version.

References

External links

Official Dangal TV Website
 Swastik Productions

Indian television series about Hindu deities
2020 Indian television series debuts
Hindi-language television shows
Dangal TV original programming
Swastik Productions television series

Devi Adi Parashakti


News and Letters Committees is a small revolutionary-socialist organization in the United States.

History
Founded in 1955 by Raya Dunayevskaya, the Committees trace their origin to a split in the Correspondence Publishing Committee, which had been led by C. L. R. James and Dunayevskaya. The organization publishes a newspaper, News & Letters, edited from 1955 to 1983 by Charles Denby (born Simon Owens), that tries to unite activist struggles to transform the world with what it calls the "philosophy of liberation" of Karl Marx and Marxist Humanism.

Views

News and Letters Committees is committed to the abolition of capitalism, the establishment of what it calls "a new human society," and  women's liberation.  It supports freedom struggles of workers, African-Americans and other people of color, women, and youth, and it opposes heterosexism against gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transsexuals.  It has opposed both "private" capitalism and the former Stalinist states, which it regarded as  state-capitalist, and has opposed the imperialism of both. In recent years, it has opposed what it regards as imperialist wars waged by the U.S. (and its allies) in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as Islamic fundamentalism and non-state terrorism.  Arguing that a new, human society is the only viable alternative to permanent war and terrorism, it supports the struggles of what it regards as democratic, secular, anti-imperialist organizations of women and workers in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Partly as a response to the past decade's movement against global capitalism and its slogan, "Another World is Possible," News and Letters Committees calls for and seeks to help develop what it calls a "philosophically grounded alternative to capitalism," rooted in the theory of post-capitalist human development that Marx sketched in his 1875 Critique of the Gotha Program. The organization has also paid particular attention to the rights of prisoners in the United States and published a short book, Voices from Within the Prison Walls, on the topic in 1998.

Organization
There are News and Letters Committees in a small number of cities in the United States, including Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, Memphis, New York City, and the San Francisco Bay Area.  Unusually for a Marxist organisation, the groups are freely associated, and work together through a decentralized committee.

Publications
The group's major publication is  News & Letters.

Members of News and Letters Committees occasionally contribute to other political journals with somewhat related outlooks, such as New Politics, and to theoretical journals. In addition, one of the two Co-National Organizers, Olga Domanski, is listed as an editor of Lexington Books' Raya Dunayevskaya Series in Marxism and Humanism, which includes books by Dunayevskaya and others, including The Power of Negativity, a posthumous collection of Dunayevskaya's writings on the dialectic in G. W. F. Hegel and in Marx.

References

External links
 News & Letters Newspaper
 News & Letters Archive at marxists.org
 Raya Dunayevskaya Archive at marxists.org

Humanist associations
Political parties established in 1955
Defunct Trotskyist organizations in the United States
1955 establishments in the United States

News and Letters Committees


The Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 were a series of acts of Congress that supported the construction of a "transcontinental railroad" (the Pacific Railroad) in the United States. This happened through authorizing issuing government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies. The War Department under then-Secretary of War Jefferson Davis was authorized by the Congress in 1853 to do surveys of five different potential transcontinental routes from the Mississippi. These surveys ranging from north to south and submitted a massive twelve volume report to Congress with the results in early 1855. However, no route or bill could be agreed upon and passed authorizing the Government's financial support and land grants. This change when the secession of the southern states in 1861 ended their opposition to a central route. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 () was the original act. Some of its provisions were changed, expanded, or repealed by four more amending Acts: The Pacific Railroad Act of 1863 (), Pacific Railroad Act of 1864 (), Pacific Railroad Act of 1865 (), and Pacific Railroad Act of 1866 ().

The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 started federal government land grants directly to corporations; before that act, the land grants were made to the states, for the benefit of corporations.

1862 in the United States
1864 in the United States
Trains

Pacific Railroad Acts


Weimar Cranach Altarpiece (or Herderkirche Weimar Cranach Altarpiece) is a Lutheran winged altarpiece created by Lucas Cranach the Elder and his son Lucas Cranach the Younger between 1552 and 1555 for the Church of St. Peter und Paul in Weimar, Germany.

History and description
The triptych altarpiece was commissioned by the Elector of Saxony John Frederick I and installed at the high altar of the city parish church of St. Peter und Paul in Weimar in 1555, thus making it one of the major Protestant altarpieces of Reformation, made by Cranachs. The painting of the three-winged altarpiece was started by Lucas Cranach the Elder and upon his father's death, the task was completed by the son Lucas Cranach the Younger in 1555. It is one of the most important Thuringian masterpieces of art produced in the 16th century. The chancel area houses the authentic grave slab of Lucas Cranach the Elder, who now rests at Jacobsfriedhof. During World War II, the altarpiece was stored elsewhere, and therefore survived the air raids of 1945.

Interpretation of the altarpiece

As in almost all cases of Cranach Post-Reformation altarpieces, there is also a great deal of Christocentric Lutheran symbolism, Christian allegory and Protestant theological concept of Five solas depicted in the Weimar altarpiece, with each image referring to salvation alone in Jesus, emphasizing the sacrifice of Jesus in Solus Christus. The altarpiece is Christ-centered with main focus on the crucified Christ with John the Baptist pointing up at Jesus and index finger from his other hand to the Agnus Dei, while Lucas Cranach the Elder and Martin Luther are standing on the right side. Christ's image is repeated on the left side, he is depicted defeating Satan and conquering death. Cranach is depicted being washed by the blood of Jesus, while there is an open Bible in Luther's hand with his index finger pointing at the Bible to signify the importance of preaching of the Word of God and the doctrine of Sola scriptura. In the background, the fallen nature of mankind is depicted through a scene of the Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, along with the Old Testament narrative of the revelation of the Ten Commandments, the Brazen Serpent, Moses preaching to Israelites and Annunciation to the shepherds. When the triptych is closed, the outer sides of the wings depict the Biblical scenes of Baptism of Jesus and Resurrection.The altarpiece also serves as a grave monument to John Frederick I, his wife Sibylle of Cleves and their descendants who were laid to rest beneath the vault in front of the altar, with their names carved on the predella in the form of an epitaph and their images depicted on the outer wings of the triptych.

See also
Wittenberg Altarpiece
Schneeberg Altarpiece

References

External links

 / Protected landmark status of the church and description of altar (in German)
 In the footsteps of Cranach - Weimar

Paintings by Lucas Cranach the Elder
Paintings by Lucas Cranach the Younger
1555 paintings
Christian paintings
Paintings in Thuringia
Reformation in Germany
Altarpieces
Lutheran art
Paintings depicting Adam and Eve
Paintings depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus
Paintings depicting Moses
Paintings depicting John the Baptist
Demons in art
16th-century allegorical paintings
Triptychs

Weimar Altarpiece


Richard John Livingstone (born November 1964) is a British billionaire property developer, through the privately held London & Regional Properties, owned jointly with his brother Ian Livingstone.

Early life
Richard John Livingstone was born in November 1964 in the UK, the son of a dentist in Ealing, London. He was educated at St Paul's School, a leading private school.

Career
He trained as a chartered surveyor. Together with his brother Ian, a former optometrist, they acquired the David Clulow opticians chain in 1992. They sold it in 2011 and are now primarily property developers.

Many of their early developments were financed by Jacob Rothschild's merchant bank Dawnay Day, who Ian said "proved very supportive".

Through their company London & Regional Properties, they own David Lloyd Leisure and luxury hotels including Cliveden House in Berkshire, Hilton Hotels in London's Green Park and Park Lane. They redeveloped Marks & Spencer's former headquarters at 55 Baker Street, which now houses the offices of Knight Frank, the accountant BDO Stoy Hayward, and London & Regional itself.

, together with Jaime Gilinski Bacal, they are developing the $700 million Panama Pacifico project in Panama City, Panama on the former Howard Air Force Base. They are also reveloping the former Elizabeth House hotel near London's Waterloo station in a $930 million project.

In the 2014 Sunday Times Rich List, together with his brother Ian, they have an estimated net worth of £2.6 billion.

Personal life
In 1997, Livingstone married Claire Burns, the daughter of John Burns, who founded the Derwent London property group. They are now divorced. Livingstone is Jewish.

The Evening Standard notes that they are eager to avoid publicity and seek to lead a normal life for the sake of their children, and calls them "arguably the lowest-profile billionaire siblings in London" and "these most secretive of brothers".

References

1964 births
Living people
British real estate and property developers
British billionaires
People educated at St Paul's School, London
British Jews

Richard Livingstone (businessman)


Sam's West, Inc. (doing business as Sam's Club) is an American chain of membership-only retail warehouse clubs owned and operated by Walmart Inc., founded in 1983 and named after Walmart founder Sam Walton as Sam's Wholesale Club. , Sam's Club ranks second in sales volume among warehouse clubs with $84.3 billion in sales (in fiscal year 2023), behind its main rival Costco Wholesale.

, Sam's Club operates 600 membership warehouse clubs in the United States in 44 states and Puerto Rico. The only states where Sam's Club does not operate are Alaska (all three locations in that state closed in 2018 as part of a plan to close 63 clubs), Massachusetts (its last remaining location in that state, located in Worcester, closed in 2018 as part of a plan to close 63 clubs), Oregon, Rhode Island (the state's only location, in Warwick, closed in 2016 as part of a plan to close 269 stores globally, including four U.S. clubs), Vermont, and Washington (all three locations in that state closed in 2018 as part of a plan to close 63 clubs), as well as the District of Columbia. Sam's Club offers car wash services at gas stations in 41 locations.

Walmart International also operates Sam's Club stores in Mexico and China. It has 167 locations in Mexico, and 39 in China. Grupo Big, formerly Walmart Brazil, which was de-consolidated from Walmart in August 2018, also operates Sam's Clubs in Brazil. Locations generally range in size from , with an average club size of approximately . From 2003 to 2009 Sam's Club had 6 locations in Canada.

On January 11, 2018, Sam's Club announced the permanent closure of select stores. In a number of cases, employees showed up to work and found the doors locked and a notice saying that the store would soon be liquidated. Walmart eventually told Business Insider that 63 Sam's Club stores would begin liquidating across the country, including in Alaska, Arizona, California, Illinois, New York, Ohio, and Texas.

According to Business Insider, the Sam's Club closings and plans to convert some stores into e-commerce fulfillment centers as announced in January 2018 are part of Walmart's growing commitment to online retailing that will allow it to better compete with rival Amazon.

History

Sam Walton opened the first Sam's Club on April 7, 1983, in Midwest City, Oklahoma, 21 years after he founded Walmart.

In 1987, Sam's Club made its first acquisition by purchasing West Monroe, Louisiana-based SuperSaver Wholesale Warehouse Club; the purchase expanded the chain by 24 locations.  The stores were owned by Alton Hardy Howard and his son John.

In 1989, Sam's Club entered New Jersey with a club in Delran in a former Two Guys/Jefferson Ward store. This was Walmart's first expansion into the Northeast. The first Walmart discount store (now expanded into a Supercenter) in New Jersey opened in 1991 in Turnersville. The company entered the Pennsylvania market in 1990.

In 1993, Walmart acquired PACE Membership Warehouse from Kmart and converted many (but not all) PACE locations into Sam's Clubs.

Sam's Club entered the Canadian market in Southern Ontario (all but one in the Greater Toronto Area/Golden Horseshoe) in 2003.

The latest flagship club opening , was in Fayetteville, Arkansas. The largest Sam's Club is located in Pineville, North Carolina,  with  of retail space that was formerly an Incredible Universe.

On September 24, 2006, Sam's Club unveiled a new logo with an updated serif font.

In December 2007, Sam's Club launched a new slogan, "Enjoy the Possibilities". Since then it became an official advertising slogan, mentioned in television and radio advertisements, but it is not mentioned on its website. , the "Enjoy the Possibilities" slogan was no longer in use. Sam's Club launched their latest slogan "Savings Made Simple" in the fourth quarter of 2009.

Starting in April 2007, there was speculation of a possible sale or spinoff of Sam's Club from parent company Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. At Walmart's 2007 annual shareholder's meeting in June, management said that Sam's Club is not for sale, although they did not say they are not considering a spinoff.

On February 26, 2009, Walmart Canada announced that it would be closing all six of its Canadian Sam's Club locations. This was part of Walmart Canada's decision to shift focus towards supercentres, but some industry observers suggested that the operation was struggling in competition with Costco and the non-membership The Real Canadian Superstore (known as Maxi & Cie in Quebec), that had a well-established history in the country. Sam's Club also rebranded the two as yet unopened locations as new Walmart Supercentres.  In January 2010, it was announced that ten clubs would be closing, including four in California. At the same time, Sam's opened six new clubs at various locations in the United States.

On January 24, 2010, it was announced that approximately 11,200 Sam's Club employees would be laid off. The layoffs resulted from the decision to outsource product sampling duties to an outside company (Rogers, Arkansas-based Shopper Events, which already performs in-store product demonstrations for Walmart) and to eliminate New Business Membership Representative positions throughout the chain. Most of the laid-off employees were part-time and represented about 10% of the total Sam's Club workforce.

Rosalind Brewer was named as the new CEO for Sam's Club, a change that came into effect on February 1, 2012.

On January 24, 2014, it was announced that Walmart will cut 2,300 jobs at the underperforming Sam's Club locations.

In 2016, Sam's Club rolled out a mobile application that allows users to scan items while they shop and pay for them, skipping the checkout line. By December 2016, the app could be used at all locations in the United States. In 2019, the dedicated scanning app was deprecated, and its features were incorporated into the main Sam's Club app.

On February 1, 2017, John Furner replaced Brewer as CEO of Sam's Club.

On January 11, 2018, Walmart announced that 63 Sam's Club locations in cities including Memphis, Houston, Seattle, and others would be closing. Some of the stores had already liquidated, without notifying employees, some employees learned by a company-wide email delivered January 11. All of the 63 stores were gone from the Sam's Club website as of the morning of January 11, 2018. Walmart said that ten of the stores will become e-commerce distribution centers and employees can reapply to work at those locations. Business Insider magazine calculated that over 11,000 workers will be affected. On the same day, Walmart announced that as a result of the new tax law, it would be raising Walmart starting wages, distributing bonuses, expanding its leave policies and contributing toward the cost of employees' adoptions. Doug McMillon, Walmart's CEO, said, "We are early in the stages of assessing the opportunities tax reform creates for us to invest in our customers and associates and to further strengthen our business, all of which should benefit our shareholders."

On November 15, 2019, Kathryn McLay succeeded Furner as CEO of Sam's Club.

In 2021 Sam's Club faced a boycott from some Chinese consumers due to taking Xinjiang-produced goods off the shelves. A number of Chinese consumers cancelled or suspended their membership cards.

In March 2020, a Sam's Club store in Midland, Texas was the site of a violent stabbing that wounded three Asian family members, including two young children. The suspect, a 19-year-old, allegedly believed the Chinese were responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design
Like other warehouse clubs, Sam's Club sells most of its merchandise in bulk and directly off pallets. The clubs are arranged like warehouses, with merchandise stocked in steel bins. Products sold include jewelry, designer goods, sunglasses, crystal, and collectibles, electronics, floral, apparel, food, and meats. Most locations have Pharmacy, Tire and Battery, Photo (as of late 2019, photo was cut from most clubs), Bakery, Optical, Café, and Floral departments.

Sam's Club markets items under the private labels Simply Right, Member's Mark, Bakers & Chefs, Daily Chef, Sam's Club, and Richelieu Foods, a private label manufacturer of frozen pizza, salad dressing, sauces, marinades, condiments, and deli salads. Sam's Club does not sell the Sam's Choice or Great Value brands that are available in Walmart stores.

Sam's Business Center
Sam's Club opened their first Business Center in Houston, Texas, in August 2008. Converted from an existing Sam's location, the Business Center is similar in concept to Costco's Business Centers.

In January 2010, the company announced it would be closing its Business Center, along with nine other clubs across the United States.

Other retail formats
In Houston, Sam's Club opened Más Club in August 2009, a club geared towards the Hispanic population. Membership in Más Club was separate from membership in Sam's Club. The store eventually began a liquidation sale in December 2013, and was closed in February 2014.

In October 2018, Sam's Club opened Sam's Club Now, a "mobile-first" retail store where customers use the Sam's Club Now mobile app to scan and pay for merchandise. Customers can also order items ahead of time with same-day curbside pickup at the store. The Sam's Club Now store is located in Dallas, TX.

See also
 Más Club
 Warehouse club

References

External links

1983 establishments in Oklahoma
American companies established in 1983
American corporate subsidiaries
Bentonville, Arkansas
Companies based in Arkansas
Defunct retail companies of Canada
Defunct supermarkets of Canada
Discount stores of the United States
Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
Online retailers of the United States
Retail companies established in 1983
Supermarkets of Mexico
Supermarkets of the United States
Walmart

Sam's Club


Lubomir (Lubosh) Kavalek (, August 9, 1943 – January 18, 2021) was a Czech-American chess player. He was awarded both the International Master and International Grandmaster titles by FIDE in 1965. He won two Czechoslovak and three U.S. championships, and was ranked as the world's No. 10 player in 1974. He was inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 2001.  Kavalek was also a chess coach, organizer, teacher, commentator, author and award-winning columnist.

Biography
Kavalek was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic). He studied at the University of Žilina. He did not complete his studies and became a chess professional. His official occupation was reporter for the news "Prace" and the newspaper Mladá fronta. He won the championship of Czechoslovakia in 1962 and 1968. When Soviet tanks rolled into Prague in August 1968, Kavalek was playing in the Akiba Rubinstein Memorial in Poland, in which he finished second. Kavalek, who had always hated Communism, decided to defect to the West rather than return to Soviet-dominated Czechoslovakia. He bought several crates of vodka with his winnings, used them to bribe the border guards, and drove to West Germany. "It was the biggest loss ever suffered by Czechoslovakian chess," wrote Andrew Soltis in "The 100 Best Chess Games of the 20th Century, Ranked."

He later entered Amsterdam on a student visa and in 1970 immigrated to the United States. On his way to America, Kavalek won a strong tournament in Caracas (scoring +10−1=6). He played the first half under the Czechoslovakian flag, the second half under the American flag. He represented the United States before officially setting foot in his new adopted country. Kavalek moved to Washington, D.C., studied Slavic literature at George Washington University and worked at Voice of America (1971–72). In 1973 he became a full-time chess professional. He later became a United States citizen. He lived in Reston, Virginia.

Chess career highlights

National championships

Czechoslovak Championships
Kavalek played in four Czechoslovak championships. Three results were significant:
1962 – aged 19, became the youngest player to win the Championship of Czechoslovakia. (Kavalek 12.5/17, Hort and Blatný 11)
1963 – shared second place (Pachman 14.5/19, Kavalek and Filip 13.5, Hort 12.5)
1968 – won the all-time strongest Championship (Kavalek 15/19, Hort and Smejkal 14, Filip 13, Pachman and Jansa 12)

US Championships
Kavalek finished first in three U.S. championships.
1972 – shared first place with Samuel Reshevsky and Robert Byrne at the U.S. Championship tournament in New York; Byrne won the playoff in Chicago in 1973.
1973 – co-winner with John Grefe.
1978 – winner with a 10–4 record, a full point ahead of James Tarjan.

International victories

Significant successes
1968 – first major international victory in Amsterdam (Kavalek 10.5/15, Bronstein 10)
1970 – On the way to the United States in 1970, Kavalek won another strong tournament in Caracas (Kavalek 13/17, Leonid Stein and Panno 12, Benko, Ivkov and Karpov 11.5)
"During the 1970s Kavalek was one of the most active and successful tournament competitors from the USA."

The best year - 1973
Besides sharing first place at the U.S. championship, Kavalek won four tournaments:

Lanzarote (Kavalek 8.5/10,  Andersson 8, Ljubojevic 7.5, Ribli 7)
Netanya (Kavalek 11/15, Reshevsky 10)
Montilla, shared first (Kavalek and Pfleger 6/9)
Bauang (Kavalek 7.5/9, Ivkov and Quinteros 6.5, Larsen 6)

He also finished third in Amsterdam (Petrosian and Planinc 10, Kavalek 9.5, Spassky 9) and in Manila (Larsen 12.5/15, Ljubojevic 11.5, Kavalek 11).

Because of these results, Kavalek moved in 1974 to number 10 in the world on the official FIDE rating list at 2625.  Also in 1974 he shared first place in Solingen (Kavalek, Polugaevsky 10/14, Spassky, Kurajica 8.5).

Zonals and Interzonals
Kavalek finished third at the 1966 The Hague European Zonal (Gligorić 12.5/16, Bilek 12, Kavalek 11.5) and qualified for the 1967 Interzonal in Sousse, where he was one of the three players to draw with Bobby Fischer. In the Manila Interzonal in 1976, Kavalek finished seventh.

Kavalek also qualified for the 1979 and 1987 Interzonals, but never achieved a place in the Candidates Matches.

Other notable results

Other first places
Split 1964 (Kavalek and Kurajica 9/11)
Varna 1965 and again in 1967
Zwolle in 1967
The Hague 1968
Netanya 1971 shared first (Kavalek and Parma 10/15)
The West German International Championship in Bochum in 1981 (Kavalek 12/15, Hort 10.5)
Mentor Hall of Fame Classic, Alexandria 1996 (Kavalek 2.5/4, Benko, Bisguier and Curdo 2, Denker 1.5)
Dutch Open in Dieren in 1969 with a 10-0 perfect score

Second places
Leipzig in 1965 (Pietzsch 10.5/15, Kavalek and Liberzon 10). The last GM norm.
Polanica Zdroj in 1968 (Smyslov 11.5/15, Kavalek 10.5)
Montilla-Moriles in 1976 (2nd through 4th) (Karpov 7/9, Kavalek 5.5)
Waddinxveen, the Netherlands, in May 1979 (Karpov 4.5/6, Kavalek 3, Hort 2.5, Sosonko 2)

Bizarre Montreal 1979
In 1979, Kavalek played in the double-round Man and his World Chess Challenge in Montreal, which he also organized. It was the most bizarre result of his career. He finished last in the first half with 1.5/9, but won the second half with 6.5/9. He ended tying for seventh place overall.

Other showings
Bucuresti 1966 third (Korchnoi 12.5/14, Gheorghiu 10 Kavalek 9.5)
 Tilburg 1977 shared third (Karpov 8/11, Miles 7, Kavalek, Hort, Hubner, and Timman 6)
 Amsterdam 1977 shared third (Miles 10.5/15, Hulak 9.5, Kavalek and Liberzon 9)
 Amsterdam 1981 shared fourth (Timman 7.5/11, Karpov and Portisch 7, Kavalek, Hort and Smyslov 6.5)

Olympiads and team competitions
Kavalek played in nine Chess Olympiads, representing Czechoslovakia in 1964 and 1966 and the US from 1972 through 1986 except 1980.  In his seven appearances on the US team he played top board three times and second board twice, and the team collected one gold and five bronze medals. In 1976 he was a member of the first U.S. team to win a gold medal since the 1930s.

From 1969 until 1991 Kavalek was a leading player for the German team in Solingen. During his tenure the team won 10 national championships in 1969, 1971,1972,1973,1974, 1975, 1980, 1981, 1987 and 1988 and the 1976 and 1990 European Club Championships.
In the 1977–79 European Club championship, Kavalek scored 5.5/6 on the top board, including two wins over V. Smyslov.

In the Nordic team vs. United States in Reykjavik in 1986, Kavalek on second board defeated Bent Larsen 1.5-0.5.

In the match Moscow vs. Prague in April 1968, Kavalek beat Evgeny Vasyukov 1.5-0.5.

In 1976, Kavalek was the top player on the Washington Plumbers team that won the National Chess League.

Matches
Kavalek won two international matches:
	In 1969 - won a 10-game match against the Dutch champion Hans Ree in Eersel, the Netherlands, with the score of 7 to 3.
	In 1978, Kavalek won a match against the world-class Swedish grandmaster Ulf Andersson by the impressive score of 6.5 to 3.5. The match was held in the showroom of a Volvo dealership in Washington, D.C.

Kavalek lost two matches against two of the world's best players in Solingen, Germany.  In 1970 he lost to Bent Larsen with a score 2-6 and in 1977 he was defeated by Boris Spassky 2–4.

Rating
Kavalek ranked among the top 100 players in the world continuously from the end of 1962 until September 1988, peaking at number 10 in 1974, when he achieved his peak Elo rating of 2625 on the FIDE Rating list. By Chessmetrics ratings, he achieved his peak ranking of number 18 in early 1974 with a Chessmetrics rating of 2695.

Coaching
Kavalek had a notable coaching career, working with Mark Diesen, Robert Byrne, Yasser Seirawan, Eugene Torre and Robert Hübner. Kavalek was also one of Bobby Fischer's seconds in the World Chess Championship 1972 and served as British grandmaster Nigel Short's trainer in the 1990 Interzonal in Manila, and in Short's successful Candidates matches against British grandmaster Jonathan Speelman, Israeli grandmaster Boris Gelfand, former world champion Anatoly Karpov and Dutch grandmaster Jan Timman, leading up to Short's 1993 world championship match against Garry Kasparov. Short and Kavalek parted company shortly after the beginning of the latter match, which Kasparov won decisively. Short and Kavalek later wrote articles for chess magazines criticizing each other. Kavalek was acting captain and team analyst of the Rest of the World team against the Soviet Union in London in 1984.

Organizing
 Kavalek was the chief organizer of the prestigious Man and his World Chess Challenge in Montreal in 1979.
 Serving as the Executive Director of the Grandmasters Association, he organized the first World Cup series in 1988–1989.
 He also organized the Prague 90 tournament in August/September 1990 under the auspices of the Czechoslovak president Václav Havel.

Publications

Magazine and newspaper articles
Kavalek was selected to Gallery of Distinguished Chess Journalists in 2006 and won Chess Journalists of America awards for the best newspaper column.
Between 1960 and 2012 Kavalek's chess magazine articles have appeared in different print and online publications such as Chess Life & Review (1970–1979) and British Chess Magazine (1994–2010).
He was editor-in-chief of chess publishing for RHM Press in New York from 1973 to 1986. He was the chess columnist for The Washington Post from 1986 to 2010, his last column running on January 4, 2010.  In May 2010 he became the chess columnist for The Huffington Post.
He was a member of the jury to select the best and most important games in Chess Informant (1989–1993).

Books
 "The Najdorf Variation of the Sicilian Defense" with Efim Geller, Svetozar Gligorić and Boris Spassky, published by RHM Press in 1976 –
 "Wijk aan Zee Grandmaster Chess Tournament 1975" published by RHM Press in 1976 – ; "One of the greatest tournament books of all time" – Sidney Fried, Publisher
 "World Cup Chess: The Grandmasters' Grand Prix," published in England by Bloomsbury Publishing in 1990 –  and in the U.S. by Trafalgar Square Publishing in 1990 –
 "Tilburg 1977 – Sachovy turnaj velmistru" (in Czech), published by SACHInfo in 2002 –

Brilliancy and best game prizes
Kavalek's three most important prizes:
At the 1962 Student Olympiad in Mariánské Lázně, Czechoslovakia, the brilliancy prize was awarded to arguably the most famous game ever played at the Student Olympiads – Kavalek's victory over the Soviet master Eduard Gufeld.  It is ranked 7th in Andrew Soltis's "The 100 Best Chess Games of the 20th Century."
At the 1965 Student Olympiad in Sinaia, Rumania, Kavalek won the best game prize against another Soviet player, Herman Khodos.
In 1975 in Wijk aan Zee, Kavalek won the Leo van Kuijk Prize for the Most Spectacular Game against Lajos Portisch.

Death
Kavalek died in his sleep peacefully at his residence in Reston, Virginia, on January 18, 2021, at the age of 77. He was survived by his wife of 49 years, Irena Kavalek, son Steven Kavalek, daughter-in-law Theresa Kavalek and grandson Steven Kavalek, Jr.

Tributes and condolences
GM Andrew Soltis: "I suspect few of today's young players know much about Lubos. To them I'd suggest taking a look at the 1962 game of Gufeld-Kavalek. When I have a bad day, I open up that game and enjoy it one more time. I'll be looking at it several times today."

GM Nigel Short: "Saddened to learn of the death of my former trainer, the Czechoslovakian & US Champion, Lubosh Kavalek. What he lacked in originality, he compensated for in assembling material and organising work (a particular weakness of mine) - and for that I am eternally grateful."

GM Ruslan Ponomariov: "the real chess legend. As a small kid I was inspired by his play to study chess."

Notable games

Here is a victory by the young Kavalek against Soviet grandmaster Eduard Gufeld. According to Larry Evans, Gufeld's soccer team had beaten Kavalek's on the previous day, and Kavalek vowed to get revenge:

Gufeld–Kavalek, Student Olympiad, Mariánské Lázně 1962
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Bc5 4. c3 f5 5. d4 fxe4 6. Ng5 Bb6 7. d5 e3 8. Ne4 Qh4 9. Qf3 Nf6 10. Nxf6+ gxf6 11. dxc6 exf2+ 12. Kd1 dxc6 13. Be2 Be6 14. Qh5+ Qxh5 15. Bxh5+ Ke7 16. b3 Bd5 17. Ba3+ Ke6 18. Bg4+ f5 19. Bh3 Rhg8 20. Nd2 Bxg2 21. Bxg2 Rxg2 22. Rf1 Rd8 23. Ke2 Rxd2+ 24. Kxd2 e4 25. Bf8 f4 26. b4 Rg5 27. Bc5 Rxc5! 28. bxc5 Bxc5 Now White has two rooks for a bishop, but cannot stop the march of Black's pawns. 29. Rab1 f3 30. Rb4 Kf5 31. Rd4 Bxd4 32. cxd4 Kf4 0–1 An extraordinary final position. Black, a rook down, still has all eight of his pawns, and White is helpless against them.

Here is one of Kavalek's most remarkable games, in which he sacrificed a queen for a bishop against the strong Hungarian grandmaster Lajos Portisch:

Portisch–Kavalek, Wijk aan Zee, 1975
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. f3 c6 6. Be3 a6 7. Bd3 b5 8. e5 Nfd7 9. f4 O-O 10. Nf3 Nb6 11. b3 N8d7 12. a4 bxc4 13. bxc4 c5 14. a5 cxd4 15. Nxd4 dxe5 16. Nc6 Qe8 17. axb6 exf4 18. Nd5 fxe3 19. Nc7 Bc3+ 20. Kf1 Bb7 21. Nxe8 Bxc6 22. Nc7 Rad8 23. Rc1 Bd2 24. Nd5 Bxd5 25. cxd5 Nxb6 26. Rc5 Nxd5 27. g3 Rd6 28. Kg2 Rfd8 29. Rxd5 Rxd5 30. Bc4 Rf5 31. Qb3 Rf2+ 32. Kh3 Rd6 33. Qb8+ Kg7 34. Qa7 g5 35. Qxe7 g4+ 36. Kxg4 Rg6+ 37. Kh3 Rh6+ 38. Kg4 Rg6+ ½–½

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Profile at Huffington Post
 Kavalek's archived and more recent columns at WashingtonPost.com

1943 births
2021 deaths
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Chess coaches
Czech chess players
American chess players
American chess writers
American male non-fiction writers
American non-fiction writers
George Washington University alumni
Charles University alumni
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
Czechoslovak refugees
American people of Czech descent
Sportspeople from Prague
HuffPost writers and columnists
People from Reston, Virginia

Lubomir Kavalek


Newdegate is a townsite in the Great Southern agricultural region, 399 km south-east of Perth and 52 km east of Lake Grace in Western Australia. The townsite was gazetted in 1925 and honours Sir Francis Newdegate, the Governor of Western Australia from 1920 to 1924.  The Department of Agriculture and Food operates one of its 13 research stations in the area of Newdegate.

Newdegate is situated in the heart of the south-eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia – about halfway between Perth in the west and Esperance in the south-east. It is a very successful grain and sheep farming area. Newdegate is central to the Western Mallee subregion of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia. It is a sparsely populated subregion with an area of about .

The local hall was opened in 1926 by Mr. B Carruthers from Lake Grace. A gold reef was found to the north east of town the same year.

In 1932 the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two grain elevators, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding.

The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a primary site receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.

Field days
The annual Newdegate machinery field days have been held for more than 45 years.  Displays include machinery and farm equipment as well as sheep and shearing competitions, fleece competitions, a ewe/hogget competition, cattle displays, wine tasting, art competition and exhibition, live music and entertainment. In 2007 a natural fibre fashion award was held.

References

External links
Field Days website

Towns in Western Australia
Grain receival points of Western Australia
Shire of Lake Grace

Newdegate, Western Australia


Albert Étienne Jean-Baptiste Terrien de Lacouperie (23 November 1844 – 11 October 1894) was a French orientalist, specialising in comparative philology. He published a number of books on early Asian and Middle-Eastern languages, initially in French and then in English. Lacouperie is best known for his studies of the Yi Ching and his argument, known as Sino-Babylonianism, that the important elements of ancient civilization in ancient China came from Mesopotamia and that there were resemblances between Chinese characters and Akkadian hieroglyphics.

The American sinologist E. Bruce Brooks writes that Lacouperie "gained a sufficiently accurate view of the Spring and Autumn period that he realized, half a century before Chyen Mu and Owen Lattimore, that the 'Chinese' territory of that period was in fact honeycombed with non-Sinitic peoples and even states." Brooks concluded that the "whole trend of Lacouperie's thought still provokes a collective allergic reaction in Sinology and its neighbor sciences; only now are some of the larger questions he raised, and doubtless mishandled, coming to be hesitantly askable."

Early life and name
Biographical detail on Terrien is scant, some notices drawing on Royal Asiatic Society records and prefaces. He was born in November 1844 in Ingouville, Le Havre, Normandy. He was a descendant of the Cornish family of Terrien, which emigrated in the 17th century during the English Civil War, and acquired the property of La Couperie in Normandy. Some bibliographies append "Baron" to his name and it appears he published under the name Albert Étienne Jean-Baptiste Terrien de Lahaymonnais Peixotte de Poncel, Baron de La Couperie, but there is no record of the family being ennobled. His father was a merchant, and Albert received a business education.

Career
In early life he settled at Hong Kong, where he soon turned his attention from commerce to the study of oriental languages, and he acquired an especially intimate knowledge of the Chinese language. In 1867, he published a philological work, Du Langage, Essai sur la Nature et l'Étude des Mots et des Langues (Paris, 8 volumes), which attracted considerable attention. Soon after, his attention was attracted by the progress made in deciphering Babylonian inscriptions, and by the resemblance between the Chinese characters and the early Akkadian language hieroglyphics.

The comparative philology of the two languages occupied most of his later life, and he was able to show an early affinity between them. In 1879, he went to London, was elected a fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society, and began to write works in English. In 1884, he became professor of comparative philology, as applied to the languages of South-Eastern Asia, at University College, London.

In the 1880s, he was also employed on several short-term contracts to work on the East-Asian coin collection at the British Museum. In 1892, he published his Catalogue of Chinese Coins from the VIIth Century BC to AS 621 including the Series in the British Museum, for which the Académie des Inscriptions, France, awarded him the Stanislas Julien Prize, worth 1,500 French francs, "for the best work relating to China".

His last years were largely occupied by a study of the I Ching, or Book of Changes. Its meaning had long proved a puzzle both to native and to foreign scholars. Terrien demonstrated that the basis of the work consisted of fragmentary notes, chiefly lexical in character, and noticed that they bore a close resemblance to the syllabaries of Chaldaea. In 1892, he published the first part of an explanatory treatise The Oldest Book of the Chinese (London, 8 volumes), in which he stated his theory of the nature of the I Ching, and gave translations of passages from it. The treatise, however, was not completed before his death.

In recognition of his services to oriental study he received a Doctor of Letters degree from the University of Leuven. He also enjoyed for a time a small pension from the French government, and after that had been withdrawn an unsuccessful attempt was made by his friends to obtain him an equivalent from the English ministry. He was twice awarded the prix Stanislas Julien by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres for his services to oriental philology.

Death
Terrien died in London at his residence, 136 Bishop's Road, Fulham, leaving a widow.

Evaluations of Lacouperie's theories
Lacouperie's translations and Sino-Babylonian theories that the origins of Chinese civilization lay in Mesopotamia impressed the public but were criticised or dismissed by sinologists then and in following years. James Legge, whose translations of the Chinese Classics appeared at the same time as Terrien's and are still considered standard, questioned Terrien's sinological competence. Legge's review of Lacouperie's translation of the I Ching charged that only "hasty ignorance" could have led to the mistakes, which included failing to consult the basic reference, the Kangxi Dictionary. Another reviewer at the time labelled Terrien a "specious wonder-monger." But the final decline of Lacouperie's comparativist theories of the origins of Chinese civilisation was marked by the attacks of University of Leiden sinologist, Gustav Schlegel. Schlegel and following Orientalists insisted on the independent origin and growth of Chinese civilisation. In particular, these scholars pointed out that monosyllabic Chinese characters could not be equated to polysyllabic Chaldean words; that in any case, Assyriological knowledge was "dangerously uncertain" and too unreliable to make such claims; and that it had not even been established that Babylonian civilization was earlier than Chinese.

Lacouperie's theory on the Babylonian origins of the sixty year ganzhi cyclical calendar system has fared little better, as the two systems differed both in concept and function: the Babylonian decimal system was used to count up to 60, where the cycle started again, while the Chinese system combined a cycle of twelve and a cycle of ten.

Lacouperie's ideas received attention from some Chinese intellectuals and nationalists such as Liu Shipei (in his book of expulsion (攘書, rangshu)), Zhang Binglin (in his book, book of raillery (訄書, qiushu)) and Huang Jie (黃節, in his book yellow history (黃史)), in support of anti-Manchu racist theories (founded on those of Herbert Spencer and the Yellow Book (huangshu, 黃書) by chinese historian Wang Fuzhi) that were current at the beginning of the 20th century. His theory of a Western origin of Chinese civilization had reached Japan around the same time, the academic refutation did not stop it becoming a prevalent and populist notion.

The idea for a mythical script, native to Formosa, was founded on a formulation of the author, though he also noted the paucity in quality of information from that region.

A more durable contribution to scholarship was Lacouperie's identification of the ancient names of the Indian Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts from research in Chinese sources.

Works
Besides the works mentioned, Terrien was the author of:

 Early History of Chinese Civilisation, London, 1880, 8vo.
 On the History of the Archaic Chinese Writings and Text, London, 1882, 8vo.
 Paper Money of the Ninth Century and supposed Leather Coinage of China, London, 1882, 8vo.
 Cradle of the Shan Race, London, 1885, 8vo.
 Babylonia and China, London, 1887, 4to.
 Did Cyrus introduce Writing into India? London, 1887, 8vo.
 The Languages of China before the Chinese, London, 1887, 8vo; French edition, Paris, 1888, 8vo.
 The Miryeks or Stone Men of Corea, Hertford, 1887, 8vo.
 The Yueh-Ti and the early Buddhist Missionaries in China, 1887, 8vo.
 Formosa Notes; Mss., Languages and Races, 1887, 8vo.
 The Old Babylonian Characters and their Chinese Derivates, London, 1888, 8vo. Online at Internet Archive
 The Djurtchen of Mandshuria, 1889, 8vo.
 Le Non-Monosyllabisme du Chinois Antique, Paris, 1889, 8vo.
 The Onomastic Similarity of Nai Kwang-ti of China and Nakhunte of Susiana, London, 1890, 8vo.
 L'Ère des Arsacides selon les Inscriptions cunéiformes, Louvain, 1891, 8vo.
 How in 219 B.C. Buddhism entered China, London [1891?], 8vo.
 Mélanges: on the Ancient History of Glass and Coal and the Legend of Nü-Kwa's Coloured Stones in China [1891?], 8vo.
 Sur deux Ères inconnus de l'Asie Antérieure, 330 et 251 B.C., 1891, 8vo.
 The Silk Goddess of China and her Legend, London, 1891, 8vo.
 Catalogue of Chinese Coins from the VIIth Cent. B.C. to A.D. 621, ed. R. S. Poole, London, 1892, 8vo.
 Beginnings of Writing in Central and Eastern Asia, London, 1894, 8vo.
 '*  Internet Archive

Many of these treatises were reprinted from the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society and other publications. He also edited the Babylonian and Oriental Record from 1886.

See also

 List of French people
 List of sinologists
 List of University College London people
Wonderism

References

Attribution

External links

 Titles of papers in The Academy, etc.
 "The Metallic Cowries of Ancient China (600 B.C.)" Terrien de Lacouperie The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland New Series, Vol. 20, No. 3 (July 1888), pp. 428–439
 E. Bruce Brooks,  "Albert Terrien de Lacouperie 1845–1894" Warring States Project, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

1844 births
1894 deaths
19th-century French writers
19th-century philologists
Academics of University College London
French expatriates in Hong Kong
Fellows of the Royal Asiatic Society
French emigrants to the United Kingdom
French sinologists
French scholars
People associated with the British Museum
Writers from Le Havre
French people of Cornish descent
19th-century British male writers
Chinese numismatics
French male non-fiction writers

Albert Terrien de Lacouperie


Muzio Giuseppe Spirito de Tommasini, sometimes referred to as Muzio Tommasini or as Mutius von Tommasini (4 June 1794 – 31 December 1879) was a botanist and politician born in Trieste under Austria-Hungary.

He first became interested in botany as a grammar school student in Ljubljana. While studying medicine at the University of Vienna, he was inspired by the work of professor Joseph Franz von Jacquin (1766-1839), and conducted investigations of flora in the vicinity of Vienna. Afterwards, Tommasini studied law at the University of Graz.

A career politician, he received his first appointment in 1817 as an official in the district of Istria.  During the following year he was elected district secretary of the city of Split. From 1839 to 1860 he was mayor of Trieste. Following his retirement in 1860, he devoted his time to investigations of local flora.

As a botanist he participated in several noteworthy expeditions. Early in his career he took exploratory trips to the Biokovo Mountains in 1823 and to Dalmatia in 1827. In 1832 he accompanied Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure (1767-1845) on a botanical excursion through the Austrian Littoral, and in 1837 with British botanist George Bentham (1800-1884) he carried out studies in the regions of Carniola, Carinthia and Friuli.

After his election as mayor in 1839, his scientific studies were largely confined to the vicinity of Trieste. However, in 1840 he journeyed to the Julian Alps, where he scaled Monte Matajur. Soon afterwards he collaborated with Otto Sendtner (1813-1859) on an exploratory trip to the coastal areas of Austria, where plants for an herbarium were collected.

Tommasini played an important part in the creation of the Civico Museo di Storia Naturale di Trieste. The species Crocus tommasinianus is named in his honor. This plant is commonly referred to as Elfenkrokus (elfin crocus) in Germany, and sometimes as "tommies" or "tommy" in English speaking countries.

References

Sources
  Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (biography)

Citations

19th-century Austrian botanists
1794 births
1879 deaths
University of Vienna alumni
University of Graz alumni
Austrian politicians
Mayors of Trieste

Muzio Tommasini