In law, allocatur (from med. Lat. allocatur, "it is allowed") refers to the allowance of a writ or other pleading. It may also designate a certificate given by a taxing master, at the termination of an action, for the allowance of costs.

The 1910 Black's Law Dictionary (Second Edition) described it as: "A word formerly used to denote that a writ or order was allowed", as well as a word "denoting the allowance by a master or prothonotary of a bill referred for his consideration, whether touching costs, damages, or matter of account". The dictionary also defined a "Special allocatur" as the "special allowance of a writ (particularly a writ of error) which is required in some particular cases" and an "Allocatur exigent" as a kind of writ "anciently issued in outlawry proceedings, on the return of the original writ of exigent".

Pennsylvania
In Pennsylvania courts, the term is still commonly used to denote permission for an appeal to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, even though the procedure for obtaining discretionary review in the court is now called a petition for allowance of appeal.  See Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1112.  In most other American courts, the term certiorari is used.

References

Latin legal terminology
Legal procedure

Allocatur


Harold Rowe "Hal" Holbrook, Jr. (born 17 Februar 1925; deed 23 Januar 2021) wis an American movie, televeesion, stage an vyce actor. Holbrook is kent tae the general audience for playin famous author Mark Twain in plays or on biographical shaws.

Holbrook wis born in Cleveland, Ohio. He began actin in 1954. He began his Mark Twain routine, sae that he can earn money.

Holbrook suin began appearin on plays. He then callit his Twain shaw Mark Twain Tonight. He is an aa kent for his feectional-poleetical shaws an as "Deep Throat" in Aw the Preses's Men. He an aa playit Abraham Lincoln in several biographical televeesion movies.

Holbrook first appearit in movies in 1966, in The Group. Efter this, he appearit in twa mair movies: Magnum Force in 1973 an Aw the Preses's Men in 1976. Later, he appearit in The Fog, Wall Street, Hercules, The Bachelor, an in Walking the Dead.

He is an aa kent for his role in the 2007 movie Into the Wild, for which he wis nominatit for a Screen Actors Guild Awaird an an Academy Awaird. He an aa appearit in Water for Elephants in 2011.

Later he haes appeared as Francis Preston Blair in Steven Spielberg's film Lincoln in 2012.

Holbrook wis nominatit for mony awairds durin his career. He is the auldest actor tae hae nominatit for an Academy Awaird for Best Supportin Actor.

Holbrook nou lives in his wife, Dixie Carter's home, McLemoresville, Tennessee an in Beverly Hills, Californie.

Early life
Holbrook wis born on 17 Februar 1925 in Cleveland, Ohio. His parents wur Harold Rowe Holbrook, Sr. an Aileen Davenport. His parents left him, sae he an his twa sisters war raisit bi his grandparents in South Weymouth, Massachusetts. He studit at Culver Academies an at Denison Varsity. His actin career wad begin in theater in 1954.

Career
Holbrook is kent for his televeesion roles. These include Abraham Lincoln, Hays Stone in The Bold Ones: The Senator an Capt. Lloyd Bucher in Pueblo. But he is best kent as Mark Twain in comedy stage wirks an comedy shaws. His first solo performance as Twain wis at Lock Haven State Teachers College in Pennsylvania in 1954. Holbrook haed tae smeuk for his role as Twain. He wad later name that play Mark Twain Tonight.

Holbrook first appearit in movies in 1966, in The Group. Efter this, he appearit in twa mair movies: Magnum Force in 1973 an Aw the Preses's Men in 1976. Later, he appearit in The Fog, Wall Street, Hercules, The Bachelor, an in Walking the Dead.

He is an aa kent for his role in the 2007 movie Into the Wild, for which he wis nominatit for a Screen Actors Guild Awaird an an Academy Awaird. He an aa appearit in Water for Elephants in 2011.

Later he haes appeared as Francis Preston Blair in Steven Spielberg's film Lincoln in 2012.

Personal life
Holbrook wis marrit tae Ruby Holbrook frae 1945 till thay divorcit in 1965. Then he wis marrit tae Carol Eve Rossen frae 1966 till thay divorcit in 1979. He wis last marrit tae Dixie Carter frae 1984 till her daith in 2010. Holbrook haes twa childer wi Ruby an ane wi Rossen.

Holbrook met Carter on the set o The Killing of Randy Webster in 1980. Holbrook nou lives in McLemoresville, Tennessee, an in Beverly Hills, Californie. On 2 Februar 2021, his daith on 23 Januar wis propaled; he wis 95 year auld.

Awairds
Holbrook haes won three Tony Awairds, in 1971, 1974, an in 1976. He won a Drama Desk Awaird in 1989. He an aa won a Primetime Emmy Awaird in 1966. He wis nominatit for an Academy Awaird an a Screen Actors Guild Awaird in 2007 for his role in Into the Wild. In 2008, at age 82, he acame the auldest male actor tae be nominatit for an Academy Awaird.

References

Ither wabsteids

The Seventh Day, a 2002 5-DVD set documentary on the history o the Sabbath. Produced bi LLT Productions.
2004 Story on Holbrook frae NOW
Biography an 2004 story about his return to Broadway frae Playbill
State of Mississippi Resolution

Tony Awaird winnin actors
Emmy Awaird winners
Drama Desk Awaird winnin actors
1925 births
2021 daiths
American male film actors
American male televeesion actors
American male stage actors
American male vyce actors
Fowk frae Cleveland, Ohio
Fowk frae Ohio
Actors frae Ohio
Writers frae Ohio

Hal Holbrook


Alexander Rodin, sometimes spelled as Alexandr or Alex Rodin (; Belarusian pronunciation: Aliaksandr Rodzin; 15 May 1947 – 19 December 2022) was a Belarusian contemporary painter.

Biography
Alexandr Rodin was born on 15 May 1947 in Baranovichi, a city in the Brest Region of western Belarus. He moved to Minsk in 1950. From 1960 until 1965 he studied at the 'School of Arts nr. 1' in the same city; in 1966 he started a study at the Belarusian State Academy of Arts, which he finished in 1971. His first exhibition was in 1971 at the Exhibition of Young Artists at the Belarusian National Arts Museum. Since 1971, he had held over 100 exhibitions in Belarus, Russia, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Germany. He resided at Kunsthaus Tacheles, Berlin, Germany for 12 years, because (as he describes it himself in an interview with website .eu) 'Berlin is a place interested in art. [...] I am an artist and exhibitions are my life. And when I suggest a concept of an exhibition or an event and see that it fascinates Germans – why not to organize it there? Why not to hold an exhibition in Berlin when it acknowledges my creativity?'.

Work
Art critic Larysa Mikhnevich described him as "the representative of neo-avart-garde and of the 'good old' painting: anecdotic and figurative". His works are often large in size (up to over 6 metres in length and 2 metres in height, albeit spread out over several canvases), and represent surreal scenes in Rodin's mental universe. Rodin's paintings can always be interpreted in several ways.

Exhibitions
1971 graduated from the Belarusian Academy of Arts.

1980 became a member of the Belarusian Artists Union.

2000 became a member of the International Guild of Artists.

2001 became a member of the Contemporary Art Association.

From 2001 to 2014 was a resident artist of Kunsthaus Tacheles, Berlin, Germany.

Since 2003 organized the international festival of experimental art DAСH in Germany and Belarus.

 1971 – Exhibition of Young Artists, National Museum, Minsk, Belarus
 1976 – Republican Exhibition, National Gallery, Minsk, Belarus
 1980 – Personal Exhibition, Hall of the Belarusian Artists Union, Minsk, Belarus
 1988 – Personal Exhibition "Rush Hour", Museum of the Great War, Minsk, Belarus
 1989 – Group Exhibition Treasure of the Belarusian Avant-garde, Minsk, Belarus
 1990 – Group Exhibition, The Centre of Contemporary Art Norblin, Warsaw, Poland
 1990 – Exhibition "Cassandra Call", National Gallery, Minsk, Belarus
 1991 – Personal Exhibition, Centre House of Artists, Moscow, Russia
 1992 – Group Exhibition "Art Shock", Palace of Arts, Minsk, Belarus
 1993 – Group Exhibition, Days of Belarusian Art at the Exhibition Hall of Ukrainian Artists Union, Kyev, Ukraine
 1993 – Group Exhibition, Julia-Nova, Italy
 1994 – Personal Exhibition, Gallery "The Sixth Line", Minsk, Belarus
 1994 – Personal Exhibition, Centre of Experimental Arts, Vlissingen, Netherlands
 1996 – Personal Exhibition, Gallery "IFIAC", Brussels, Belgium
 1997 – Group Exhibition, Herbert Exhibition Centre, Paris, France
 1998 – Group Exhibition "Pahonia", National Gallery, Minsk, Belarus
 1999 – Personal Exhibition, National Gallery, Minsk, Belarus
 2002 – Group Exhibition, Gallery of Pierre Cardin, Paris, France
 2003 – Group Exhibition, Klermon-Ferron, France
 2004 – Personal Exhibition, National Library, Minsk, Belarus
 2006 – Personal Exhibition, Podzemka Art Gallery, Minsk, Belarus
 2008 – Group Exhibition, Museum of Nonconformism, St-Petersburg, Russia
 2008 – Group Exhibition "Biennale of Fine Arts", National Library, Minsk, Belarus
 2008 – Personal Exhibition at the Gallery "Dobryja mysli", Minsk, Belarus
 2008 – Personal Exhibition "Dach-5", Museum of Contemporary Arts, Minsk, Belarus
 2009 – Personal Exhibition "Dach-9", Minsk, Belarus
 2010 – Group Exhibition "Belarusian Art Week", the National Art Museum, Minsk, Belarus
 2001–2014 – Personal Exhibition, Kunsthaus "Tacheles", Berlin, Germany
 2014–2018 – Personal Exhibition, festival "Freqs of Nature", Berlin, Germany
 2014–2018 – Personal Exhibition, festival "Odyssee", Berlin, Germany
 2016–2018 – Personal Exhibition "Global warning/Global warming", Minsk, Belarus
 2019 – Personal Exhibition, "Mythologeme of the millennium", Minsk, Belarus
 2021 – Group Exhibition, "Labyrinth", Minsk, Belarus
 2021 – Personal Exhibition "Trans Atlantic Art Message", National Library, Minsk, Belarus
 2022 – Personal Exhibition "Stolen inspiration", Minsk, Belarus
 2022 – Group Exhibition & Concert  (Rodin, Missing, Pijarowski, Skrzek), Centrum Kultury Stary Młyn, Zgierz, Poland.
Rodin's works are at the National Art Museum of Belarus, the Museum of Modern Art in Minsk, Belarus, Hasso-Platter Institute in Potsdam Germany and numerous private collections in Germany, Switzerland, UK, Poland, France, the USA, Italy, Sweden, the Netherlands, Russia, Belgium and other countries.

References

1947 births
2022 deaths
People from Baranavichy
Artists from Minsk
20th-century Belarusian painters
Belarusian State Academy of Arts alumni
20th-century male artists
21st-century Belarusian painters
21st-century male artists
Belarusian male painters

Alexandr Rodin


Caitlin O'Heaney (born August 16, 1952) is an American television, film and stage actress. O'Heaney has worked extensively in live theater, but is best known for playing Sarah Stickney White, the female lead on the ABC series Tales of the Gold Monkey in the early 1980s.  She also played Snow White Charming in the first season of ABC's The Charmings in 1987.

Early life
O'Heaney was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and raised in Whitefish Bay. Her great-great-great-grandfather is Jacob Best, founder of what became the Pabst Brewing Company. O'Heaney was raised Roman Catholic.

She won a full scholarship to the Juilliard School in New York City when she was 17. Then known as Kathleen Heaney, she was a member of the Juilliard Drama Division's Group 3 (1970–1974) where she studied under Academy Award-winning actor John Houseman.  Her performances at Juilliard included several classic roles, such as Masha in The Seagull; Doreen in Tartuffe; Juliet in Romeo and Juliet; Mary Boyle in Juno and the Paycock; Maryanne in Measure for Measure; and Esmeralda in Camino Real.

Stage career
O'Heaney made her off-Broadway debut as Loretta in The Hot House at the Chelsea Theatre, then remained at the Chelsea to play Finkel in Yentl and to understudy Tovah Feldshuh in the title role.  She moved to Broadway to understudy the role of Elizabeth in A Matter of Gravity, starring Katharine Hepburn and co-starring her Juilliard friend and colleague Christopher Reeve.

She relocated to Seattle to appear as Celia in As You Like It, Gwendolyn in Travesties, and Eylie in Ladyhouse Blues at ACT/Seattle, then returned to New York to play the double roles of Belle and Mrs. Cratchit in A Christmas Carol at Playwrights Horizon. When A Christmas Carol closed, O'Heaney moved to Los Angeles, and five weeks later she was cast as Anna Marie Hollyhock in the 1978 ABC comedy series Apple Pie, which was produced by Norman Lear, directed by Peter Bonerz, and starred Rue McClanahan, Dabney Coleman, Jack Gilford, Derrel Maury, Mike Binder and Richard Libertini. This was a highlight of O'Heaney's career.  She says with regard to the experience, "It was pure magic and incredible fun working every day with these wonderful people!"

O'Heaney remained in Los Angeles to play fourteen-year-old Bianca in White Marriage at the Odyssey Theatre and won a Drama-Logue Award for Best Actress for the role.  She then returned to the East Coast to star as Ersilla Drei in Pirandello's Naked at the Syracuse Stage, and performances in Ape Watch at the Mark Taper Forum Lab and in The Brides at the Lenox Art Centre soon followed.  She appeared off-Broadway as Olive Lashbrook in The Voice of the Turtle, for which she received a very positive review in The New York Times, and in Scenes and Revelations.

Film and television work
O'Heaney appeared in the television movie The Seeding of Sarah Burns in 1979 and as waitress Lurleen Hamett in ABC's One Life to Live. She played the female lead, Amy, in the horror feature He Knows You're Alone (1980), which was Tom Hanks' first feature film. In 1982, she was cast in the lead female role of Sarah Stickney White in ABC's Tales of the Gold Monkey, also starring Stephen Collins, Roddy McDowall and Jeff MacKay. She also appeared as 1930s Hollywood actress Dolores Farrar in Woody Allen's 1983 film Zelig, and Allen would cast her again in The Purple Rose of Cairo in 1985. She played Miss Farmer in the 1987 film Three O'Clock High.

Although she was active in television until 1993, O'Heaney did not appear in any feature films for nearly two decades, then returned in 2002 as Mrs. Woodbridge in The Emperor's Club with Kevin Kline, O'Heaney's colleague and friend at Juilliard. She also played Aunt Fran in the 2005 film Brooklyn Lobster, and most recently appeared in the 2007 independent feature Asylum Seekers.
O'Heaney wrapped the feature film Late Phases, a thriller directed by Adrian Garcia Bogliano, in June 2013 in which she played the role of Emma.

Other work and interests
In the mid-1970s, Salvador Dalí offered Caitlin the opportunity to model for him, but Gala, his wife, was not in favor of the project so it was canceled.

O'Heaney lists her interests as the environment, performing as an actress in theatre, film, television, animal rights, writing, music, singing, reading, and the design of fragrance. She used her interest in fragrance to create Caitlin, a cruelty-free fragrance containing gardenia, apple, sandalwood and patchouli.  InStyle magazine reported that the fragrance was favored by Naomi Judd, Rosanna Arquette, Terri Hatcher and Paula Abdul.

In 2006-2007, O'Heaney performed on radio with Air Pirates Radio Theater.

In February 2008, she wrote the music and lyrics for an anti-war environmentalist song titled "Who Have We Freed?" which she recorded with Pete Seeger.  She and Seeger have performed "Who Have We Freed?" at various environmental/anti-war festivals in and around New York.

O'Heaney is involved with independent playwrights at Manhattan Theatre Source and the National Arts Club, both in New York City.

Personal life
O'Heaney had a lengthy relationship with Jared Martin, who played Dusty Farlow on Dallas, and the two remained friendly after their romantic relationship ended.

Filmography
Film

Television

References

External links

Actresses from Wisconsin
American film actresses
American television actresses
Juilliard School alumni
People from Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin
1953 births
Living people
21st-century American women

Caitlin O'Heaney


The Dominican Constitution says that the flag of the Dominican Republic has a white cross in the centre; the arms of the cross get to the sides of the flag and divides the flag into four rectangles —the left rectangles are blue (top) and red (bottom), and the right ones are red (top) and blue (bottom). The width of the white cross is half the height of one of the rectangles.

The National Flag, like the state and war flags of other Latin American countries, has a small coat of arms in the centre of the white cross but there is not a coat of arms in the ensign (the flag used by commercial ships).

The Dominican flag was created the first day of Independence (27 February 1844); it was created from the Haitian flag but with a white cross; that is, two blue rectangles on the top and two red rectangles on the bottom. The colors are from the French flag. That was the First National Flag.

The first Dominican Constitution of 6 November 1844 did not say anything about the distribution of the rectangles but from the start the flag was represented with alternation of the colors (that is, blue and red on top and red and blue on bottom); this is the Second National Flag. Only the Constitution of 1908 is specific about the color distribution.

References

Dominican Republic, Flag of
National symbols of the Dominican Republic

Flag of Dominican Republic


Selaginella oregana is a species of spikemoss known by the common name Oregon spikemoss. It is native to the Pacific Coast of western North America, where it can be found from British Columbia to northern California. It grows in mossy, shady coastal forests. It is often epiphytic, growing attached to tree branches, its stems hanging in sheets of green, mosslike streamers. Trees commonly occupied by the spikemoss include bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), and red alder (Alnus rubra). It also grows on the ground and on rocks in carpetlike mats. This lycophyte has creeping or hanging stems up to about 60 centimeters long, usually with forking branches. They curl as they dry. The stems are radially symmetric, with spirals of lance-shaped leaves each measuring 2 or 3 millimeters in length and tipped with a tiny, rigid bristle. The strobili containing the reproductive structures are up to 6 centimeters long and often occur in pairs.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Washington Burke Museum
Photo gallery

oregana
Epiphytes
Flora of British Columbia
Flora of Washington (state)
Flora of Oregon
Flora of California

Selaginella oregana


Swanage is a seaside town on the east-south coast of England. The town in Dorset that has a population of around 10,001 people. The town has a wide range of tourist attractions: a steam Railway, Durlston Country Park (Nature reserve), Victorian Pier, two public swimming pools, tennis courts, Indoor & Outdoor bowling greens, and Corfe Castle.

Towns in Dorset

Swanage


The Auld Firm is a term for the twa maist muckle fitbaw teams in Scotland, Celtic an the Rangers. The name cam in tae exeestance in aboot the early pairt o the 20t Century an refers tae the theory hauden tae bi ither clubs in Scotland that Celtic an the Reengers wis awmaist lik the ae company hyne the Auld Firm. In the 1980s Aiberdeen an Dundee Unitit becam major rivals tae the Auld Firm an the term New Firm wis cleckit referin tae thae twa teams.

Baith teams haes a muckle problem wi sectarianism that is weel kent.

Fitbaw derbies in Scotland

Auld Firm


Oedipus complex is a term Sigmund Freud introduced. Freud said it was that someone wanted to have a sexual relationship with the parent of the opposite sex, and to kill the parent of the same sex. Freud uses the figure Oedipus, from Greek mythology: Oedipus killed a man in a fight, when he didn't know this man was his father, king Laios of Thebes. In that time, the Sphinx besieged Thebes, and gave riddles to those who passed. Those who weren't able to answer or solve the riddles, would be killed or eaten. Oedipus was able to solve the riddle, and as a prize, he received Iokaste, the widow of king Laios. He didn't know that Iokaste was his mother. The Sphinx was very ashamed that someone had been able to solve the riddle, and killed itself.

Freud developed a whole theory, and he says that humans are driven, which is comomnly known as drive theory ("Triebtheorie" in German). He said that all children between ages three and five have what he called fantasies of incest. He also thought that the opposite case: the love of the same-sex parent, and the rivalry with the opposite-sex parent was normal.

After Freud, people like Carl Gustav Jung made a difference between the Oedipus complex they associated with boys, and a similar phenomenon they called Electra complex they associated with girls.
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis

Oedipus complex


The Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) (, or GTM) -officially Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano ()- is the world's largest single-aperture telescope in its frequency range, built for observing radio waves in the wave lengths from approximately 0.85 to 4 mm. It has an active surface with a diameter of  and  of collecting area.

It is located at an altitude of 4850 metres on top of the Sierra Negra, the fifth highest peak in Mexico and an extinct volcanic companion to Mexico's highest mountain, the Pico de Orizaba, inside the National Park Pico de Orizaba in the state of Puebla. It is a binational Mexican (70%) – American (30%) joint project of the Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE) and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Millimetre wavelength observations using the LMT give astronomers a view of regions which are obscured by dust in the interstellar medium, thus increasing our knowledge of star formation. The telescope is also particularly fitted for observing solar system planetesimals and planets as well as extra-solar protoplanetary disks which are relatively cold and emit most of their radiation at millimetre wavelengths.

The mission of the LMT is to: 1) pursue pioneering research, 2) train the future generations of scientists and engineers and 3) develop new technology for the benefit of society. The LMT mainly studies thermally cold objects, most of which are associated with large amounts of cosmic dust and/or molecular gas. Among the objects of interest are: comets, planets, protoplanetary discs, evolved stars, star-forming regions and galaxies, molecular clouds,  active galactic nuclei (AGNs), high-redshift galaxies, clusters of galaxies and  the cosmic microwave background.

The LMT has a bent Cassegrain optical system with a 50m-diameter reflecting primary surface (M1) formed by 180 segments, these are distributed in five concentric rings. The number of segments in the rings, from the center of the dish to the outside are: 12, 24 and 48 in the three outermost rings. Each segment is connected to the structure of the telescope through four actuators, allowing for an active reflecting primary surface. In addition, each segment is formed by eight precision electro-formed nickel sub-panels. The reflecting secondary surface (M2) has a 2.6m diameter, also built by nine electro-formed nickel sub-panels, and is attached to the telescope with an active hexapod that allows precise focus, lateral offsets and tilts. The hexapod is attached to the telescope through a metal tetrapod. Finally, the reflecting tertiary surface (M3) is almost flat, elliptical with a 1.6m major axis and delivers the light beam to the receivers.

History

INAOE and UMass-Amherst signed the agreement to develop the Large Millimeter Telescope project on 17 November 1994, but construction of the telescope did not begin until 1998. The first observations were taken in June 2011 at 1.1 and 3 mm using the AzTEC camera and Redshift Search Receiver (RSR), respectively. In May 2013, the Early Science phase began, producing over a dozen scientific articles. The official name of the LMT was changed to "Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano" on 22 October 2012 in order to honour the initiator of the project, Alfonso Serrano Pérez-Grovas.

Instrumentation
The set of LMT instrumentation is built by heterodyne receivers and broad-band continuum cameras, some of them still under development:

Broad-band continuum
TolTEC

TolTEC is a three-band imaging polarimeter which completed laboratory testing and was installed on the LMT in December of 2021, later undergoing commissioning in several phases up to 2023. TolTEC can image the sky at three (1.1, 1.4 and 2.1 millimetre) bands simultaneously using 7000 polarization-sensitive kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs). Each TolTEC observation produces nine independent images - measuring total intensity (I) and two Stokes parameters (Q and U) in all three bands. Because of the nearly ubiquitous presence of dust in our universe, TolTEC's science reach includes cosmology, the physics of clusters, galaxy evolution and star-formation along the history of the Universe, the relation between the star-forming process and the molecular clouds, small bodies of the Solar System, and much more. The instrument is designed to be capable of rapid mapping of the sky and is capable of a rate of mapping in excess of eight times greater than the decommissioned AzTEC instrument. The TolTEC Project is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF).

Heterodyne Receivers
SEQUOIA

SEQUOIA operates in the range 85–116 GHz band using a cryogenic focal-plane array of 32 pixels arranged in dual-polarized 4×4 arrays fed by square horns separated by 2 fλ. The arrays are cooled to 18K and use low-noise Indium Phosphide (InP) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) preamplifiers designed at UMass to provide a characteristic receiver noise of 55K in the range 85–107 GHz, increasing to 90K at 116 GHz.

Redshift Search Receiver (RSR)

A novel MMIC-based receiver designed to maximize the instantaneous receiver bandwidth to cover the 90 GHz atmospheric window from 75 to 110 GHz in a single tuning. The receiver has four pixels arranged in a dual-beam and dual polarized configuration. Orthogonal polarizations are combined in waveguide-based orthomode transducers. Beam-switching at 1 kHz on the sky is achieved using a fast Faraday rotation polarization switch and a wire-grid to interchange the reflected and transmitted beams to each receiver. This ultra-wide-band receiver typically achieves noise temperatures < 50K between 75 and 110 GHz. The Redshift Search Receiver has exceptional baseline stability because it does not involve mechanical moving parts, therefore being well-suited to the detection of redshifted transitions of the CO ladder from star-forming galaxies at cosmological distances. An innovative wide-band analog autocorrelator system which covers the full 38 GHz with 31 MHz (100 km/s at 90 GHz) resolution serves as the backed spectrometer.

Decommissioned
AzTEC

The AzTEC millimetre camera was developed to operate at 1.1mm. It is formed by a 144 silicon nitride micromesh bolometer array arranged in a compact hexagonal package and fed by an array of horns separated by 1.4 fλ. The detectors are cooled down to ~250 mK inside a 3He closed-cycle cryostat, achieving a ~3 mJy Hz-1/2 pixel sensibility. The AzTEC field of view at the LMT is 2.4 arcminutes square and manages to take completely sampled images through telescope or reflecting secondary surface movements.

References

External links

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica
University of Massachusetts Astronomy Department
TolTEC instrument website
National Science Foundation (NSF)

Radio telescopes
Astronomical observatories in Mexico
Buildings and structures in Puebla
Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

Large Millimeter Telescope


Time and Chance: an Autobiography is the autobiography of science fiction and fantasy writer L. Sprague de Camp, first published in hardcover by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. in 1996. An E-book edition was published by Gollancz's SF Gateway imprint on September 29, 2011, as part of a general release of de Camp's works in electronic form.

Summary
The book covers the writer's life and ancestry in a series of vignettes extending from the immigration of his ancestor Laurent de Camp to Nieuw Amsterdam in 1664 to his own move to Plano, Texas in 1989. The main focus is on his own life, travels, works, and friends in the writing community, such as Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein. There is little in the way of evaluation of his work, a task he leaves in the main for others, though he frequently makes note of people, places and incidents that inspired characters, locales and similar incidents in his fiction.

Awards
The book won the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book and placed second in the 1997 Locus Poll Award for Best Non-Fiction.

References

External links
 "TIME AND CHANCE An Autobiography " - a book review by Steven H. Silver

1996 non-fiction books
Books by L. Sprague de Camp
Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book winning works
Literary autobiographies
Books with cover art by Frank Kelly Freas
Donald M. Grant, Publisher books

Time and Chance: An Autobiography


Adrian Hill (born in Washington, D.C.) is an American football official  in the National Football League (NFL) since the 2010 NFL season, wearing uniform number 29.

Career
Hill was an official in Conference USA, where he worked at the referee position. In 2007, Hill worked in the now-defunct NFL Europe league as a line judge.

Hill was hired by the NFL in 2010 as a line judge, and was promoted to referee with the start of the 2019 NFL season following the retirements of Pete Morelli and Walt Coleman. He worked as a line judge, side judge, and field judge before being promoted to referee, the seventh African-American to receive this honor.

Hill made unwanted headlines during a January 3, 2021 game when he called a "roughing-the-passer" penalty against Detroit Lions safety Tracy Walker after he sacked Kirk Cousins of the Minnesota Vikings on a 4th and goal play. The sack, which would have given the Lions the ball, appeared to be routine as the Lions players started to celebrate before realizing the penalty flag was against them. Cousins told Walker "I don't necessarily agree with that call, but I'll take it" as players on both sides of the field looked befuddled about the call. The Vikings would score a touchdown two plays later and go on to win the game 37–35. Both social media and mainstream media outlets covered the call with headlines such as "Tracy Walker's phantom personal foul penalty causes uprising on social media" (Detroit Sports Nation), "NFL fans could not believe the horrendous, game-changing roughing call from Lions-Vikings" (USA Today), "Detroit Lions robbed by one of the worst calls ever in game vs. Minnesota Vikings" (Detroit Free Press), "Ridiculous roughing call on Kirk Cousins sack sets up Vikings' game-winning TD" (Yahoo Sports), "Lions flagged for roughing passer against Vikings on simple sack, befuddles fans" (Fox News) and "Worst Call in NFL History Aids Vikings in 37-35 Win against Lions" (Sports Illustrated). Though it seemed to be a blown call, Hill explained it as a clear-cut penalty in a post-game interview saying "By rule, one of the categories for roughing-the-passer is full body weight, where the tackler lands with his full body weight on the quarterback. That's the category this play fell into."

2023 Crew
Source:
 R: Adrian Hill
 U: Roy Ellison
 DJ: David Oliver
 LJ: Brett Bergman
 FJ: Mearl Robinson
 SJ: Jim Quirk
 BJ: Greg Steed
 RO: Roddy Ames
 RA: Joe Wollan

Personal life
Hill resides in Bowie, Maryland. Outside of the NFL, Hill is an aerospace software engineer at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) Space Exploration Sector. He is the brother of Seattle radio host, Steve "The Thrill" Hill of the KISW 99.9 radio show The Mens Room.

References

Living people
African-American sports officials
National Football League officials
Year of birth missing (living people)
University at Buffalo alumni
21st-century African-American people

Adrian Hill (American football official)


Road signs in Wales follow the same design principles as those in other parts of the United Kingdom. All modern signs feature both Welsh- and English-language wording, with Welsh first signage present in some areas of Wales and mandated for all new signs, but some English first signage remains when it was legally allowed before 2016.

Current policy
New regulations that came into force in 2016 mandate that all signs be in Welsh first, with the existing "English-priority" signage (in those areas where the local authority previously had such a policy) being replaced whenever they otherwise would (life expiry or altered road conditions). The Welsh Government states in its Welsh Language Standards, Article 119, page 17, that; 'Where a sign contains the Welsh language as well as the English language, the Welsh language text must be positioned so as to be read first.' and; 'Replacement signage on Welsh Government trunk roads will be taken forward as part of general rolling programme of renewals with priority given to main routes.' The previous Welsh Language Scheme stated that English-only signs would be made bilingual when they were replaced, and that the order in which the languages appear would follow the practice adopted by the local authority where the sign is located.

Bilingual signing

Bilingual signs in Wales were permitted by special authorisation after 1965. In 1972 the Bowen Committee recommended that they should be provided systematically throughout Wales. Throughout Wales, instructions for drivers appear on the road itself. One of the most common painted instructions is  – slow.

Controversies and campaigns
The Welsh-language pressure group Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg have been campaigning for a number of years with the  () scheme, which campaigns for all road signs in Wales to display both Welsh and English information on public information signs. The campaign is most noted for its placement of stickers with the group's logo, a dragon's tongue, on signposts that are written only in English.

In an overwhelmingly English-speaking area of Monmouthshire, bilingual village name signs at Rockfield and Cross Ash were removed in 2011 after complaints from local residents, as the given Welsh names are neither in common usage by Welsh speakers nor close derivatives of the English names.

Errors
The requirement for bilingual signs has sometimes led to errors, such as the two languages presenting differing information. In 2006, a bilingual pedestrian sign in Cardiff told pedestrians to "" in English, but  () in Welsh. In 2008, a sign erected near the entrance to a supermarket in Swansea was mistakenly printed with an automatic e-mail response which read "" which translates as ""

See also
Welsh Government
List of Welsh principal areas by percentage Welsh language

References

Roads in Wales
Wales
Welsh language

Road signs in Wales


The Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods (WISERD) is an interdisciplinary social science research centre with its administrative base at Cardiff University, Wales. Its aim is to draw together and build upon the existing expertise in quantitative and qualitative research methods and methodologies.

The institute is a collaborative venture between the Universities of Cardiff, Swansea, Aberystwyth, Bangor and South Wales. Funding is jointly provided by the Welsh Assembly Government (via the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales, HEFCW), and the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC).

The Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research, Data & Methods (WISERD) was established in 2008. Its current director is Professor Ian Rees Jones. The principal aims of WISERD are:
 To develop the quality and quantity of social science research in Wales, particularly through externally funded research projects;
 To promote collaborative research activity across the participating universities and across disciplines and sectors;
 To develop the social science research infrastructure in Wales; and
 To strengthen the impact of social science research on the development of policy in the public, private and third sectors through a focus on knowledge exchange and engagement.

WISERD seeks to achieve these aims through two programmes: a research programme and a research infrastructure programme.

WISERD's research programme consists of activities from basic science to applied research projects, within the following key themes: Civil Society; Education; Health, Wellbeing and Social Care; Economic and Social Inequalities; Localities; and Data and Methods.

WISERD Civil Society
WISERD Civil Society is a research centre, launched in October 2014 and funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. It is undertaking a five-year programme of research addressing Civil Society in Wales, the UK and internationally.

Its four research themes are:
 Locality, Community and Civil Society;
 Institutions and Governance;
 Economic Austerity, Social Enterprise and Equality; and
 Generation, Life Course and Social Participation.

References

Social science research institutes
Research institutes in Wales
Cardiff University
Think tanks based in Wales

WISERD


Robert Earl Price (born 1942) is an American playwright and poet. He is a recipient of the American Film Institute's William Wyler award for screenwriting and is the author of four books of poetry and has had eleven plays produced in American regional theaters and abroad in Berlin and Johannesburg. He is artist-in-residence in the Drama Department at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, where he also serves as artistic director of the Charles Sumner G.A.R. Post #25, a historic hall built in 1908 to honor African-American veterans of the Civil War.

Early life
Robert Earl Price was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He has a B.A. from Clark College in Atlanta and graduated from the American Film Institute's Film Conservatory in Los Angeles in 1977.

Early career
Price spent fifteen years in Los Angeles working in the Black film movement and collaborated with artists associated with the L.A. Rebellion, including Julie Dash, Halie Gerima and Charles Burnett. Price received an NAACP Image Award for service with the Black Anti-Defamation Coalition formed with Pearl Sharp in 1980. During this period, Price worked as a screenwriter, for television and film. This includes sole credit on an episode of Palmerstown USA (1980), a CBS series by Alex Haley and Norman Lear, as well as work on The Lazarus Syndrome (1978) and Freedom Road (1979).

Poet and playwright
By 1985, Price had settled in Atlanta, Georgia and worked primarily as a poet and playwright. He was appointed playwright in residence at 7 Stages Theater in Atlanta in 1987. At 7 Stages, he premiered several plays beginning with Black Cat Bones for Seven Sons in 1988. Several of his plays took jazz or blues musicians as their subject and married poetry and experimental drama: Yardbird's Vamp (1990), Blue Monk (1996), and HUSH: Composing Blind Tom Wiggins (2002). The latter play, based on the true story of a blind savant pianist born as a slave to a Confederate general and attaining a national reputation, was hailed by the Atlanta Journal-Constitution as the "most important Atlanta premiere of the new century". Blue Monk was featured as part of the Cultural Olympiad connected with the 1996 Olympics held in Atlanta. The play, about Thelonious Monk, was later performed at the Windy Brow Theater in Johannesburg, South Africa.

His play Come on in My Kitchen (2006) uses the myth of blues guitarist Robert Johnson's legendary deal with the devil to discuss the compromises of African-American celebrities, with characters clearly based on Colin Powell, Jesse Jackson, Condoleezza Rice, and Clarence Thomas. The play won the Gene Gabriel Moore Playwriting Award. The contribution of this work to the ever-evolving myth of Robert Johnson is discussed in the film documentary America's Blues (2015).

In 2011, Price's play All Blues was performed at Washington College and at 7 Stages Atlanta. With variations of the Miles Davis composition "All Blues" interweaving through the work, the play reimagines the story of Ray Sprigle, a white reporter from the Pittsburgh Gazette who, in 1948, traveled through the Jim Crow South posing as a black man and recorded his life-changing experiences in a series of articles entitled "I Was a Negro in the South for Thirty Days." Price's most recent play is Red Devil Moon, a musical written with composer Pam Ortiz based on excerpts from Cane by Jean Toomer.

Price regularly publishes poetry in literary magazines including The Chattahoochee Review and the Atlanta Review; he was awarded the Atlanta Mayor's Fellowship for Poetry in 1998, the same year he was part of the Georgia Poetry Circuit Tour. In 1991 he was selected for a National Endowment for the Arts Literature Fellowship for Poetry. He has published several collections of poetry, with many poems written in a style inflected by American blues music. His most recent collection is Wise Blood (2004).

References

Writers from Atlanta
American male poets
American male dramatists and playwrights
1942 births
Living people
Clark Atlanta University alumni
African-American poets
African-American dramatists and playwrights
Poets from Georgia (U.S. state)
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American poets
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American poets
NAACP Image Awards
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
20th-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American writers
African-American male writers

Robert Earl Price


Jacopo II da Carrara (or Giacomo II) (died 1350), of the Carraresi family, was the capitano del popolo of Padua from 1345 until his death. Though he assumed power through forged documents and political murder, he was a patron of art and literature. He succeeded in bringing Francesco Petrarca to Padua for a time, and his own son, Francesco I, was an artisan. Jacopo also introduced the carrarino as the currency of Padua.

In May 1345 Jacopo murdered the incumbent prince, Marsiglietto Papafava. He in turn was assassinated in 1350. At his death he was still illiterate, a fact he much regretted, as Petrus Paulus Vergerius wrote in a letter to his grandson Ubertino. His younger brother Jacopino succeeded him as capitano, to be succeeded in turn by Francesco. In 1351 Petrarca wrote a eulogy for the deceased Jacopo, Andriolo de Santi was commissioned to carve his sepulchre, and Guariento di Arpo began work on a fresco of the coronation of the Virgin Mary to adorn his tomb in the church of Sant' Agostino (it was moved, following bombing during the Second World War, to the Church of the Eremitani).

1350 deaths
Lords of Padua
14th-century Italian nobility
Assassinated Italian people
Year of birth unknown
Da Carrara family
14th-century assassinated people

Jacopo II da Carrara


Barisone III (also Barison or Barusone) (1221–1236) was briefly the Giudice of Logudoro from 1232 until his death. He was the only son of Marianus II, whom he succeeded.

The nobility opposed to the Visconti family chose Orzocco de Serra as regent. Barisone was assassinated at Sorso by a peasant revolt instigated by the pro-Genoese faction of the nobility, the Doria and the Malaspina.

According to Marianus' will, should Barisone die without and heir, the magnates of the realm should elect one of his sisters, either Adelasia or Benedetta. Barisone did die without heirs and Adelasia was elected to succeed him.

Sources
Ghisalberti, Alberto M. (ed) Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: I Aaron – Albertucci. Rome, 1960.

Judges (judikes) of Logudoro
1236 deaths
1221 births

Barisone III of Torres


Andre Petim (born 3 August 1985 in Cape Town, Western Cape) is a South African football (soccer) goalkeeper for Premier Soccer League club Vasco Da Gama. He was born to Portuguese settlers from Madeira.

Career
He started off his career at Vasco Da Gama and started off his Ajax Cape Town career at the age of 15 years, at the age of 19 years he made his 1st team debut. He has represented the South African U23 team and has also played in the African Champions League with Ajax. He was also part of the successful Ajax team that won the ABSA Cup in 2007. Petim also played a big part in the winning of the 2008 Telkom Knockout for Ajax when he saved two penalties in the 1st round and had a fantastic game in the final and was also a nominee for goalkeeper of the tournament.

He is currently the Head Goalkeeper Coach at Ajax Cape Town.

References

1985 births
South African men's soccer players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Living people
Cape Town Spurs F.C. players
Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C. players
South African people of Portuguese descent
People of Madeiran descent
Soccer players from Cape Town
White South African people
Vasco da Gama (South Africa) players

Andre Petim


A babygrow, babygro, sleepsuit, or sleep suit in British English is a one-piece item of baby clothing with long sleeves and legs used for sleep and everyday wear. They are typically made from cotton and closed with snaps, although they may also be made from fleece or closed with zips. The feet are often enclosed, but they may be footless. They are distinguished from bodysuits by having legs and long sleeves.

This terminology is common in the United Kingdom, where the trademark is not registered. In the United States, where the trademark is registered, the name is uncommon as other manufacturers of the item use different terms.

Synonyms
In American English, different terms are more usual. The most common are sleeper or sleep and play. If made of fleece, they are considered blanket sleepers. They may also be referred to in American English simply as pajamas or one-pieces, or if they have feet as footie pajamas or footed one-pieces. If closed with a zipper, they may be referred to as zipper pajamas, zip up pajamas, or simply zip pajamas.

History
Babygro is a trademark brand, invented in the U.S. in the 1950s by Walter Artzt.

See also
 Romper suit
 Infant bodysuit

References

Nightwear
One-piece suits
Children's clothing
Infants' clothing

Babygrow


Traffic congestion is a condition in transport that is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. Traffic congestion on urban road networks has increased substantially since the 1950s. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the traffic stream, this results in congestion. While congestion is a possibility for any mode of transportation, this article will focus on automobile congestion on public roads.

As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is  known as a traffic jam or (informally) a traffic snarl-up or a tailback.

Drivers can become frustrated and engage in road rage. Drivers and driver-focused road planning departments commonly propose to alleviate congestion by adding another lane to the road. This is ineffective: increasing road capacity induces more demand for driving.

Mathematically, traffic is modeled as a flow through a fixed point on the route, analogously to fluid dynamics.

Causes

Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic generates demand for space greater than the available street capacity; this point is commonly termed saturation.  Several specific circumstances can cause or aggravate congestion; most of them reduce the capacity of a road at a given point or over a certain length, or increase the number of vehicles required for a given volume of people or goods.  About half of U.S. traffic congestion is recurring, and is attributed to sheer weight of traffic; most of the rest is attributed to traffic incidents, road work and weather events. In terms of traffic operation, rainfall reduces traffic capacity and operating speeds, thereby resulting in greater congestion and road network productivity loss.

Traffic research still cannot fully predict under which conditions a "traffic jam" (as opposed to heavy, but smoothly flowing traffic) may suddenly occur. It has been found that individual incidents (such as crashes or even a single car braking heavily in a previously smooth flow) may cause ripple effects (a cascading failure) which then spread out and create a sustained traffic jam when, otherwise, the normal flow might have continued for some time longer.

Separation of work and residential areas
People often work and live in different parts of the city. Many workplaces are located in a central business district away from residential areas, resulting in workers commuting. According to a 2011 report published by the United States Census Bureau, a total of 132.3 million people in the United States commute between their work and residential areas daily.

Movement to obtain or provide goods and services
People may need to move about within the city to obtain goods and services, for instance to purchase goods or attend classes in a different part of the city. Brussels, a Belgian city with a strong service economy, has one of the worst traffic congestion in the world, wasting 74 hours in traffic in 2014.

Mathematical theories

Some traffic engineers have attempted to apply the rules of fluid dynamics to traffic flow,  likening it to the flow of a fluid in a pipe. Congestion simulations and real-time observations have shown that in heavy but free flowing traffic, jams can arise spontaneously, triggered by minor events ("butterfly effects"), such as an abrupt steering maneuver by a single motorist. Traffic scientists liken such a situation to the sudden freezing of supercooled fluid.

However, unlike a fluid, traffic flow is often affected by signals or other events at junctions that periodically affect the smooth flow of traffic.  Alternative mathematical theories exist, such as Boris Kerner's three-phase traffic theory (see also spatiotemporal reconstruction of traffic congestion).

Because of the poor correlation of theoretical models to actual observed traffic flows, transportation planners and highway engineers attempt to forecast traffic flow using empirical models. Their working traffic models typically use a combination of macro-, micro- and mesoscopic features, and may add matrix entropy effects, by "platooning" groups of vehicles and by randomizing the flow patterns within individual segments of the network. These models are then typically calibrated by measuring actual traffic flows on the links in the network, and the baseline flows are adjusted accordingly.

A team of MIT mathematicians has developed a model that describes the formation of "phantom jams", in which small disturbances (a driver hitting the brake too hard, or getting too close to another car) in heavy traffic can become amplified into a full-blown, self-sustaining traffic jam. Key to the study is the realization that the mathematics of such jams, which the researchers call "jamitons", are strikingly similar to the equations that describe detonation waves produced by explosions, says Aslan Kasimov, lecturer in MIT's Department of Mathematics. That discovery enabled the team to solve traffic-jam equations that were first theorized in the 1950s.

Economic theories

Congested roads can be seen as an example of the tragedy of the commons. Because roads in most places are free at the point of usage, there is little financial incentive for drivers not to over-use them, up to the point where traffic collapses into a jam, when demand becomes limited by opportunity cost. Privatization of highways and road pricing have both been proposed as measures that may reduce congestion through economic incentives and disincentives . Congestion can also happen due to non-recurring highway incidents, such as a crash or roadworks, which may reduce the road's capacity below normal levels.

Economist Anthony Downs argues that rush hour traffic congestion is inevitable because of the benefits of having a relatively standard work day . In a capitalist economy, goods can be allocated either by pricing (ability to pay) or by queueing (first-come first-served); congestion is an example of the latter. Instead of the traditional solution of making the "pipe" large enough to accommodate the total demand for peak-hour vehicle travel (a supply-side solution), either by widening roadways or increasing "flow pressure" via automated highway systems, Downs advocates greater use of road pricing to reduce congestion (a demand-side solution, effectively rationing demand), in turn plowing the revenues generated therefrom into public transportation projects.

A 2011 study in The American Economic Review indicates that there may be a "fundamental law of road congestion." The researchers, from the  University of Toronto and the London School of Economics, analyzed data from the U.S. Highway Performance and Monitoring System for 1983, 1993 and 2003, as well as information on population, employment, geography, transit, and political factors. They determined that the number of vehicle-kilometers traveled (VKT) increases in direct proportion to the available lane-kilometers of roadways. The implication is that building new roads and widening existing ones only results in additional traffic that continues to rise until peak congestion returns to the previous level.

Classification
Qualitative classification of traffic is often done in the form of a six-letter A-F level of service (LOS) scale defined in the Highway Capacity Manual, a US document used (or used as a basis for national guidelines) worldwide. These levels are used by transportation engineers as a shorthand and to describe traffic levels to the lay public. While this system generally uses delay as the basis for its measurements, the particular measurements and statistical methods vary depending on the facility being described. For instance, while the percent time spent following a slower-moving vehicle figures into the LOS for a rural two-lane road, the LOS at an urban intersection incorporates such measurements as the number of drivers forced to wait through more than one signal cycle.

Traffic congestion occurs in time and space, i.e., it is a spatiotemporal process. Therefore, another classification schema of traffic congestion is associated with some common spatiotemporal features of traffic congestion found in measured traffic data. Common spatiotemporal empirical features of traffic congestion are those features, which are qualitatively the same for different highways in different countries measured during years of traffic observations. Common features of traffic congestion are independent on weather, road conditions and road infrastructure, vehicular technology, driver characteristics, day time, etc. Examples of common features of traffic congestion are the features [J] and [S] for, respectively, the wide moving jam and synchronized flow traffic phases found in Kerner's three-phase traffic theory. The common features of traffic congestion can be reconstructed in space and time with the use of the ASDA and FOTO models.

Negative impacts

Traffic congestion has a number of negative effects:
 Wasting time of motorists and passengers ("opportunity cost"). As a non-productive activity for most people, congestion reduces regional economic health.
 Delays, which may result in late arrival for employment, meetings, and education, resulting in lost business, disciplinary action or other personal losses.
 Inability to forecast travel time accurately, leading to drivers allocating more time to travel "just in case", and less time on productive activities.
 Wasted fuel increasing air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions owing to increased idling, acceleration and braking.
 Wear and tear on vehicles as a result of idling in traffic and frequent acceleration and braking, leading to more frequent repairs and replacements.
 Stressed and frustrated motorists, encouraging road rage and reduced health of motorists
 Emergencies: blocked traffic may interfere with the passage of emergency vehicles traveling to their destinations where they are urgently needed.
 Spillover effect from congested main arteries to secondary roads and side streets as alternative routes are attempted ('rat running'), which may affect neighborhood amenity and real estate prices.
 Higher chance of collisions due to tight spacing and constant stopping-and-going.

Road rage
Road rage is aggressive or angry behavior by a driver of an automobile or other motor vehicle. Such behavior might include rude gestures, verbal insults, deliberately driving in an unsafe or threatening manner, or making threats. Road rage can lead to altercations, assaults, and collisions which result in injuries and even deaths. It can be thought of as an extreme case of aggressive driving.The term originated in the United States in 1987–1988 (specifically, from Newscasters at KTLA, a local television station), when a rash of freeway shootings occurred on the 405, 110 and 10 freeways in Los Angeles, California. These shooting sprees even spawned a response from the AAA Motor Club to its members on how to respond to drivers with road rage or aggressive maneuvers and gestures.

Economic loss

Positive effects

Congestion has the benefit of encouraging motorists to retime their trips so that expensive road space is in full use for more hours per day. It may also encourage travellers to pick alternate modes with a lower environmental impact, such as public transport or bicycles.

It has been argued that traffic congestion, by reducing road speeds in cities, could reduce the frequency and severity of road crashes. More recent research suggests that a U-curve exists between the number of accidents and the flow of traffic, implying that more accidents happen not only at high congestion levels, but also when there are very few vehicles on the road.

Countermeasures

Improving Road infrastructure

 Increasing road capacity is standard response to congestion, perhaps by widening an existing road or adding a new road, bridge or tunnel. However, this has been shown to result in attracting more traffic, otherwise known as induced demand.  The result can be  greater congestion on the expanded artery itself or on auxiliary roads. In a similar vein, Braess's paradox shows that adding road capacity might make congestion worse, even if demand does not increase. In his paper, "The Law of Peak Hour Express Way Congestion," published in 1962, Anthony Downs formulated this phenomenon as a "law": "on urban commuter expressways, peak-hour traffic congestion rises to meet maximum capacity."
 Junction improvements
 Grade separation, using bridges (or, less often, tunnels) freeing movements from having to stop for other crossing movements
 Ramp signaling, 'drip-feeding' merging traffic via traffic signals onto a congested motorway-type roadway
 Reducing junctions
 Local-express lanes, providing through lanes that bypass junction on-ramp and off-ramp zones
 Limited-access road, roads that limit the type and amounts of driveways along their lengths
 Reversible lanes, where certain sections of highway operate in the opposite direction on different times of the day(s) of the week, to match asymmetric demand. These pose a potential for collisions, if drivers do not notice the change in direction indicators. This may be controlled by variable-message signs or by movable physical separation
 Separate lanes for specific user groups (usually with the goal of higher people throughput with fewer vehicles)
 Bus lanes as part of a busway system
 Express toll lanes
 HOV lanes, for vehicles with at least three (sometimes at least two) riders, intended to encourage carpooling
 Slugging, impromptu carpooling at HOV access points, on a hitchhiking or payment basis
 Market-based carpooling with pre-negotiated financial incentives for the driver

Urban planning and design
City planning and urban design practices can have a huge impact on levels of future traffic congestion, though they are of limited relevance for short-term change.
 Grid plans including fused grid road network geometry, rather than tree-like network topology which branches into cul-de-sacs (which reduce local traffic, but increase total distances driven and discourage walking by reducing connectivity). This avoids concentration of traffic on a small number of arterial roads and allows more trips to be made without a car.
 Zoning laws that encourage mixed-use development, which reduces distances between residential, commercial, retail, and recreational destinations and encourage cycling and walking. Cycling modal share is strongly associated with the availability of local cycling infrastructure.
 Carfree cities, car-light cities, and eco-cities designed to eliminate the need to travel by car for most inhabitants.
 Transit-oriented development are residential and commercial areas designed to maximize access to public transport by providing a transit station or stop (train station, metro station, tram stop, or bus stop).

Supply and demand

Congestion can be reduced by either increasing road capacity (supply), or by reducing traffic (demand). Capacity can be increased in a number of ways, but needs to take account of latent demand otherwise it may be used more strongly than anticipated. Critics of the approach of adding capacity have compared it to "fighting obesity by letting out your belt" (inducing demand that did not exist before). For example, when new lanes are created, households with a second car that used to be parked most of the time may begin to use this second car for commuting. Reducing road capacity has in turn been attacked as removing free choice as well as increasing travel costs and times, placing an especially high burden on the low income residents who must commute to work.

Increased supply can include:
 Adding more capacity at bottlenecks (such as by adding more lanes at the expense of hard shoulders or safety zones, or by removing local obstacles like bridge supports and widening tunnels)
 Adding more capacity over the whole of a route (generally by adding more lanes)
 Creating new routes
 Traffic management improvements (see separate section below)

Reduction of demand can include:
 Parking restrictions, making motor vehicle use less attractive by increasing the monetary and non-monetary costs of parking, introducing greater competition for limited city or road space. Most transport planning experts agree that free parking distorts the market in favor of car travel, exacerbating congestion.
 Park and ride facilities allowing parking at a distance and allowing continuation by public transport or ride sharing. Park-and-ride car parks are commonly found at metro stations,  freeway entrances in suburban areas, and at the edge of smaller cities.
 Reduction of road capacity to force traffic onto other travel modes. Methods include traffic calming and the shared space concept.
 Road pricing, charging money for access onto a road/specific area at certain times, congestion levels or for certain road users
 "Cap and trade", in which only licensed cars are allowed on the roads. A limited quota of car licenses are issued each year and traded in a free market fashion. This guarantees that the number of cars does not exceed road capacity while avoiding the negative effects of shortages normally associated with quotas. However, since demand for cars tends to be inelastic, the result are exorbitant purchase prices for the licenses, pricing out the lower levels of society, as seen Singapore's Certificate of Entitlement scheme.
 Congestion pricing, including:
 Congestion zone charges - a certain area, such as the inner part of a congested city, is surrounded with a cordon into which entry with a car requires payment. The cordon may be a physical boundary (i.e., surrounded by toll stations) or it may be virtual, with enforcement being via spot checks or cameras on the entry routes. Major examples are Singapore's electronic road pricing, the London congestion charge system, Stockholm congestion tax
 Fixed (the same at all times of day), variable (higher at peak times), or dynamic (higher during actual congestion) toll roads, toll bridges, toll tunnels, and toll lanes
 Managed lanes
 High-occupancy toll lanes
 Reversible lanes
 High-occupancy vehicle lanes
 Bus lanes
 Truck lane restrictions and climbing lanes, to allow faster vehicles to move unimpeded
 Allowing driving on highway shoulders at peak times
 Road space rationing, where regulatory restrictions prevent certain types of vehicles from driving under certain circumstances or in certain areas.
 Number plate restrictions based on days of the week, as practiced in several large cities in the world, such as Athens, Mexico City, Manila and São Paulo. In effect, such cities are banning a different part of the automobile fleet from roads each day of the week. Mainly introduced to combat smog, these measures also reduce congestion. A weakness of this method is that richer drivers can purchase a second or third car to circumvent the ban.
 Permits, where only certain types of vehicles (such as residents) are permitted to enter a certain area, and other types (such as through-traffic) are banned. For example, Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Paris, has proposed to impose a complete ban on motor vehicles in the city's inner districts, with exemptions only for residents, businesses, and the disabled.

 Policy approaches, which usually attempt to provide either strategic alternatives or which encourage greater usage of existing alternatives through promotion, subsidies or restrictions.
 Incentives to use public transport, increasing modal shares. This can be achieved through infrastructure investment, subsidies, transport integration, pricing strategies that decrease the marginal cost/fixed cost ratios, improved timetabling and greater priority for buses to reduce journey time e.g. bus lanes or bus rapid transit .
 Cycling promotion through legislation, cycle facilities, subsidies, and awareness campaigns. The Netherlands has been pursuing cycle friendly policies for decades, and around a quarter of their commuting is done by bicycle.
 Promotion of more flexible work place practices. For example, a flexible workplaces pilot was undertaken in Brisbane, Australia during 2009 to test the applicability of a voluntary travel behavior change program to achieve transport system outcomes, particularly as they related to managing congestion, either through mode shift or peak spreading. During the one-month Pilot, amongst almost 900 Brisbane CBD workers across 20 private and public sector organizations, shifts of more than 30% out of the morning and afternoon peak travel was recorded.
 Remote work encouraged through legislation and subsidies.
 Online shopping promotion, potentially with automated delivery booths helping to solve the last mile problem and reduce shopping trips made by car.

Traffic management

Use of so-called intelligent transportation systems, which guide traffic:
 Traffic reporting, via radio, GPS and mobile apps, to advise road users
 Variable message signs installed along the roadway, to advise road users
 Navigation systems, possibly linked up to automatic traffic reporting
 Traffic counters permanently installed, to provide real-time traffic counts
 Automated highway systems, a future idea which could reduce the safe interval between cars (required for braking in emergencies) and increase highway capacity by as much as 100% while increasing travel speeds
 Parking guidance and information systems providing dynamic advice to motorists about free parking
 Active traffic management system opens up UK motorway hard shoulder as an extra traffic lane; it uses CCTV and VMS to control and monitor the traffic's use of the extra lane.

Other associated

 School opening times arranged to avoid rush hour traffic (in some countries, private car school pickup and drop-off traffic are substantial percentages of peak hour traffic).
 Considerate driving behavior promotion and enforcement. Driving practices such as tailgating, frequent lane changes, and impeding the flow of traffic can reduce a road's capacity and exacerbate jams. In some countries signs are placed on highways to raise awareness, while others have introduced legislation against inconsiderate driving.
 Visual barriers to prevent drivers from slowing down out of curiosity (often called "rubbernecking" in the United States). This often includes crashes, with traffic slowing down even on roadsides physically separated from the crash location. This also tends to occur at construction sites, which is why some countries have introduced rules that motorway construction has to occur behind visual barrier
 Speed limit reductions, as practiced on the M25 motorway in London. With lower speeds allowing cars to drive closer together, this increases the capacity of a road. Note that this measure is only effective if the interval between cars is reduced, not the distance itself. Low intervals are generally only safe at low speeds.
 Lane splitting/filtering, in which some jurisdictions allow motorcycles, scooters and bicycles to travel in the space between cars, buses, and trucks.
 Reduction of road freight avoiding problems such as double parking with innovative solutions including cargo bicycles and Gothenburg's Stadsleveransens.
 Reducing the quantity of cars that are on the road, i.e. through proof-of-parking requirements, circulation plans, corporate car sharing, bans on on-street parking or by increasing the costs of car ownership

By country

Australia

Traffic during peak hours in major Australian cities, such as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth, is usually very congested and can cause considerable delay for motorists. Australians rely mainly on radio and television to obtain current traffic information. GPS, webcams, and online resources are increasingly being used to monitor and relay traffic conditions to motorists.

Bangladesh

Traffic jams have become intolerable in Dhaka. Some other major reasons are the total absence of a rapid transit system; the lack of an integrated urban planning scheme for over 30 years; poorly maintained road surfaces, with potholes rapidly eroded further by frequent flooding and poor or non-existent drainage; haphazard stopping and parking; poor driving standards; total lack of alternative routes, with several narrow and (nominally) one-way roads.

Brazil

According to Time magazine, São Paulo has the world's worst daily traffic jams. Based on reports from the Companhia de Engenharia de Tráfego, the city's traffic management agency, the historical congestion record was set on May 23, 2014, with  of cumulative queues around the city during the evening rush hour.  The previous record occurred on November 14, 2013, with  of cumulative queues.

Despite implementation since 1997 of road space rationing by the last digit of the plate number during rush hours every weekday, traffic in this 20-million-strong city still experiences severe congestion. According to experts, this is due to the accelerated rate of motorization occurring since 2003 and the limited capacity of public transport. In São Paulo, traffic is growing at a rate of 7.5% per year, with almost 1,000 new cars bought in the city every day.  The subway has only  of lines, though 35 further kilometers are under construction or planned by 2010. Every day, many citizens spend between three up to four hours behind the wheel. In order to mitigate the aggravating congestion problem, since June 30, 2008, the road space rationing program was expanded to include and restrict trucks and light commercial vehicles.

Canada

According to the Toronto Board of Trade, in 2010, Toronto is ranked as the most congested city of 19 surveyed cities, with an average commute time of 80 minutes.

China

The Chinese city of Beijing started a license plate rationing since the 2008 Summer Olympics whereby each car is banned from the urban core one workday per week, depending on the last digit of its license plate. As of 2016, 11 major Chinese cities have implemented similar policies. Towards the end of 2010, Beijing announced a series of drastic measures to tackle the city's chronic traffic congestion, such as limiting the number of new plates issued to passenger cars to 20,000 a month, barring vehicles with non-Beijing plates from entering areas within the Fifth Ring Road during rush hours and expanding its subway system. The government aims to cap the number of locally registered cars in Beijing to below 6.3 million by the end of 2020. In addition, more than nine major Chinese cities including Shanghai, Guangzhou and Hangzhou started limiting the number of new plates issued to passenger cars in an attempt to curb the growth of car ownership. In response to the increased demand to public transit caused by these policies, aggressive programs to rapidly expand public transport systems in many Chinese cities are currently underway.

A unique Chinese phenomenon of severe traffic congestion occurs during Chunyun Period or Spring Festival travel season. It is a long-held tradition for most Chinese people to reunite with their families during Chinese New Year. People return to their hometown to have a reunion dinner with their families on Chinese New Year. It has been described as the largest annual human migration in the world. Since the economic boom and rapid urbanization of China since the late 1970s, many people work and study a considerable distance from their hometowns. Traffic flow is typically directional, with large amounts of the population working in more developed coastal provinces needing travel to their hometowns in the less developed interior. The process reverses near the end of Chunyun. With almost 3 billion trips made in 40 days of the 2016 Chunyun Period, the Chinese intercity transportation network is extremely strained during this period.

The August 2010 China National Highway 110 traffic jam in Hebei province caught media attention for its severity, stretching more than  from August 14 to 26, including at least 11 days of total gridlock. The event was caused by a combination of road works and thousands of coal trucks from Inner Mongolia's coalfields that travel daily to Beijing. The New York Times has called this event the "Great Chinese Gridlock of 2010." The congestion is regarded as the worst in history by duration, and is one of the longest in length after the  long Lyon-Paris traffic jam in France on February 16, 1980.

Recently, in Hangzhou City Brain has become active, reducing traffic congestion somewhat.

A 2021 study of subway constructions in China found that in the first year of a new subway line, road congestion declined.

Greece

Since the 70s, the traffic on the streets of Athens has increased dramatically, with the existing road network unable to serve the ever-increasing demand. In addition, it has also caused an environmental burden, such as the photochemical smog. To deal with it, the Daktylios has been enforced.

India

The number of vehicles in India is quickly increasing as a growing middle class can now afford to buy cars. India's road conditions have not kept up with the exponential growth in number of vehicles.

Various causes for this include:
 Private encroachments
 Non cooperation among drivers
 Unscientific road design
 Lack of free ways/exit ways where local roads and main roads intersect
 Lack of demarcated footpaths
 Lack of bus bays
 Lack of cycle tracks
 Lack of coordination among various government departments (e.g. digging of roads by telecom/water department and leaving it open)

Indonesia

According to a 2015 study by motor oil company Castrol, Jakarta is found to be the worst city in the world for traffic congestion. Relying on information from TomTom navigation devices in 78 countries, the index found that drivers are stopping and starting their cars 33,240 times per year on the road. After Jakarta, the worst cities for traffic are Istanbul, Mexico City, Surabaya, and St. Petersburg.

Daily congestion in Jakarta is not a recent problem. The expansion of commercial area without road expansion shows worsening daily congestion even in main roads such as Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Jalan M.H. Thamrin, and Jalan Gajah Mada in the mid-1970s.

In 2016, 22 people died as a result of traffic congestion in Java. They were among those stuck in a three-day traffic jam at a toll exit in Brebes, Central Java called Brebes Exit or 'Brexit'. The traffic block stretched for 21 km here and thousands of cars clogged the highway. Many people died because of carbon monoxide poisoning, fatigue or heat.

New Zealand

New Zealand has followed strongly car-oriented transport policies since after World War II (especially in Auckland, where one third of the country's population lives, is New Zealand's most traffic congested city, and has been labeled worse than New York for traffic congestion with commuters sitting in traffic congestion for 95 hours per year), and currently has one of the highest car-ownership rates per capita in the world, after the United States. Traffic congestion in New Zealand is increasing with drivers on New Zealand's motorways reported to be struggling to exceed 20 km/h on an average commute, sometimes crawling along at 8 km/h for more than half an hour.

Philippines

According to a survey by Waze, traffic congestion in Metro Manila is called the "worst" in the world, after Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Jakarta. It is worsened by violations of traffic laws, like illegal parking, loading and unloading, beating the red light, and wrong-way driving. Traffic congestion in Metro Manila is caused by the large number of registered vehicles, lack of roads, and overpopulation, especially in the cities of Manila and Caloocan, as well as the municipality of Pateros.

Traffic caused losses of ₱137,500,000,000 on the economy in 2011, and unbuilt roads and railway projects also causes worsening congestion. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) feared that daily economic losses will reach Php 6,000,000,000 by 2030 if traffic congestion cannot be controlled.

Turkey

In recent years, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality has made huge investments on intelligent transportation systems and public transportation. Despite that, traffic is a significant problem in Istanbul.
Istanbul has chosen the second most congested and the most sudden-stopping traffic in the world. Travel times in Turkey's largest city take on average 55 percent longer than they should, even in relatively less busy hours.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom the inevitability of congestion in some urban road networks has been officially recognized since the Department for Transport set down policies based on the report Traffic in Towns in 1963:
Even when everything that it is possibly to do by way of building new roads and expanding public transport has been done, there would still be, in the absence of deliberate limitation, more cars trying to move into, or within our cities than could possibly be accommodated.

The Department for Transport sees growing congestion as one of the most serious transport problems facing the UK. On December 1, 2006, Rod Eddington published a UK government-sponsored report into the future of Britain's transport infrastructure.  The Eddington Transport Study set out the case for action to improve road and rail networks, as a "crucial enabler of sustained productivity and competitiveness".  Eddington has estimated that congestion may cost the economy of England £22 bn a year in lost time by 2025. He warned that roads were in serious danger of becoming so congested that the economy would suffer. At the launch of the report Eddington told journalists and transport industry representatives introducing road pricing to encourage drivers to drive less was an "economic no-brainer".  There was, he said "no attractive alternative".  It would allegedly cut congestion by half by 2025, and bring benefits to the British economy totaling £28 bn a year.

A congestion charge for driving in central London was introduced in 2003. In 2013, ten years later, Transport for London reported that the scheme resulted in a 10% reduction in traffic volumes from baseline conditions, and an overall reduction of 11% in vehicle kilometers in London. Despite these gains, traffic speeds in central London became progressively slower.

United States

The Texas Transportation Institute estimated that, in 2000, the 75 largest metropolitan areas experienced 3.6 billion vehicle-hours of delay, resulting in 5.7 billion U.S. gallons (21.6 billion liters) in wasted fuel and $67.5 billion in lost productivity, or about 0.7% of the nation's GDP. It also estimated that the annual cost of congestion for each driver was approximately $1,000 in very large cities and $200 in small cities. Traffic congestion is increasing in major cities and delays are becoming more frequent in smaller cities and rural areas.

30% of traffic is cars looking for parking.

According to traffic analysis firm INRIX in 2019, the top 31 worst US traffic congested cities (measured in average hours wasted per vehicle for the year) were:

The most congested highway in the United States, according to a 2010 study of freight congestion (truck speed and travel time), is Chicago's Interstate 290 at the Circle Interchange. The average truck speed was just .

See also

 Connected car
 IBUS (device)
 Journal of Transport and Land Use
 Peak car
 Smeed's law
 Transims
 Transportation forecasting
 Tourist rental cars
 Traffic Message Channel (TMC)
 Donald Shoup
 Traffic obstruction
 Urban planning

References

Bianchi Alves, B., & Darido, G. (February 7, 2016). Sustainable cities, two related challenges: high quality mobility on foot and efficient urban logistics (Part II). Retrieved November 2, 2019, from https://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/sustainable-cities-two-related-challenges-high-quality-mobility-foot-and-efficient-urban-logistics-1.
2019 Top 100 Truck Bottlenecks. (February 14, 2019). Retrieved November 3, 2019, from https://truckingresearch.org/2019/02/06/atri-2019-truck-bottlenecks/.
Haag, M., & Hu, W. (October 27, 2019). 1.5 Million Packages a Day: The Internet Brings Chaos to N.Y. Streets. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/27/nyregion/nyc-amazon-delivery.html?searchResultPosition=1.
Popovich, N., & Lu, D. (October 10, 2019). The Most Detailed Map of Auto Emissions in America. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/10/climate/driving-emissions-map.html?module=inline.
Reed, S. (September 21, 2018). In London, Electric Trucks Are Helping UPS Make 'Eco-Friendly' Deliveries. Retrieved November 3, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/21/business/energy-environment/electric-ups-trucks-in-london.html?module=inline.
Rooney, K. (April 3, 2019). Online shopping overtakes a major part of retail for the first time ever. Retrieved November 2, 2019, from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/02/online-shopping-officially-overtakes-brick-and-mortar-retail-for-the-first-time-ever.html.

Further reading

 B.S. Kerner, Introduction to Modern Traffic Flow Theory and Control: The Long Road to Three-Phase Traffic Theory, Springer, Berlin, New York 2009
 B.S. Kerner, The Physics of Traffic, Springer, Berlin, New York 2004
 Koslowsky, Meni; Avraham N. Kluger; and Mordechai Reich.  Commuting Stress, New York: Plenum, 1995.

 Victoria Transport Policy Institute (March 2013), Smart Congestion Relief – Comprehensive Analysis Of Traffic Congestion Costs and Congestion Reduction Benefits
 R. Wiedemann, Simulation des Straßenverkehrsflusses. Schriftenreihe des IfV, 8, 1974. Institut für Verkehrswesen. Universität Karlsruhe (in German).

External links

 Institute of Transportation Engineers
 How Traffic Works from HowStuffWorks.com

Road transport
Road traffic management
Transport reliability

Traffic congestion


Espresso Tales is a novel by Alexander McCall Smith, the author of The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency.
The story was first published as a serial novel in The Scotsman, like its predecessor, 44 Scotland Street.  The book retains the 100+ short chapters of the original.

Plot introduction
The novel continues to follow Pat Macgregor, a student who has taken a second gap year and who is unsure about her future direction, and the lives of her friends, roommates and fellow tenants at 44 Scotland Street.

Plot summary
Pat is still sharing a flat with Bruce, the good-looking egoist, although she is no longer attracted to him.  She decides to go back to university and obtains a place at Edinburgh, but still works part-time in Matthew's art gallery.  Her friend and neighbour Domenica, the anthropologist, tries to help Pat with her love life by making the acquaintance of a good-looking waiter, but when he takes her to a nudist picnic Pat realises he is not for her. Domenica develops an interest in pirates and makes plans to travel to the South China Sea for some field-work.

Matthew is upset when his wealthy businessman father finds a girlfriend, and misjudges her motives.  He confides in Big Lou at the cafe, who has learned that her long-lost lover is returning to Scotland and hopes to resume their relationship.  Far from being a gold-digger, Matthew's father's girlfriend persuades him to give Matthew £4 million.  Matthew still cherishes feelings for Pat, but they are not returned.

Ramsey Dunbarton, the lawyer, writes his memoirs and reads them to his wife.

Stuart and Irene Pollock continue to hothouse their five-year-old son Bertie Pollock, whom Irene regards as a child prodigy.  He yearns to go to Watson's school and play rugby, even securing a blazer and sneaking into lessons, but is sent to the Steiner School instead.  He remains in psychotherapy, and his mother is impressed and attracted by the therapist, Dr Fairbairn, who is troubled by guilt.  Bertie and his father have an adventure, travelling to Glasgow on the train to recover their car, which Stuart has left there accidentally.  They meet a gangster, Lard O'Connor, who takes a fancy to Bertie and helps them recover their car, but Bertie soon realises that although the registration number is the same, the car is not.  Stuart realises how hard life is for Bertie because of his mother's expectations, and begins to stand up for his son a little more.  Irene insults Angus Lordie's dog Cyril, who bites her.  She announces that she is pregnant.

Bruce loses his job after he is caught enjoying a romantic meal with his employer's wife, and is rejected by his American girlfriend.  He decides to become a wine merchant and almost persuades a rich friend into partnership, but is foiled by the friend's girlfriend, to whom he is rude and dismissive.  He fears that some Chateau Petrus he has bought cheaply may be bogus, but it is genuine and with the profit he makes on it at auction he moves to London and puts the flat at 44 Scotland Street up for sale.

References

External links
 The Scotsman's article announcing the original serial novel of 44 Scotland Street

2005 British novels
Novels by Alexander McCall Smith
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in The Scotsman
Novels set in Edinburgh
Polygon Books books

Espresso Tales


Leslie A. Kirwan (born April 1, 1957) is an American government official and college administrator who currently serves as the Faculty of Arts and Sciences Dean for Administration and Finance at Harvard University.

Early life
A native of Cambridge, Massachusetts, Kirwan earned an A.B. from Harvard-Radcliffe in 1979 and a Master of Public Policy degree from Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1984.

Department of Revenue
In 1985, Kirwan joined the Massachusetts Department of Revenue as a manager in the Division of Local Services. In this role she oversaw the management of local budgets, the distribution of local aid, and coordinated state response to local financial emergencies. From 1991 to 1995 she was the Department's deputy commissioner, succeeding her mentor Edward J. Collins, Jr.

Undersecretary Administration and Finance
In 1995, Kirwan moved to the Office of Administration and Finance, where she was the undersecretary/chief of staff to Charlie Baker In this position she served as the Office's second in command and assisted Baker in a wide variety of  issues, which included coordinating the state's revenue optimization effort and leading the Office's relations with local government.

Massport
From 1997 to 2004, Kirwan was the Director of Administration and Finance at the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport). As Director of Administration and Finance, she served as Massport's Chief Financial Officer, leading an 80-person department responsible for all of the Authority's financial duties. She also led Massport's financial recovery following the September 11 attacks.

Secretary Administration and Finance

On December 6, 2006, Governor-elect Deval Patrick announced that Kirwan would be his Secretary of Administration and Finance. She was the first person to be named to Patrick's cabinet and the first woman to serve as Secretary of Administration and Finance. As Secretary of Administration and Finance, Kirwan managed over 2,500 state employees and was responsible for preparing the governor's budget recommendation, developing and analyzing fiscal policy, developing the Commonwealth's capital budget, and monitoring and managing the state government's budgetary activities. She also oversaw the activities of agencies and divisions ranging from the Department of Revenue to the Divisions of Human Resources and Information Technology.

Salvatore DiMasi trial
Kirwan was a witness for the prosecution in the corruption trial of former Massachusetts House Speaker Salvatore DiMasi. She testified that DiMasi had an unusually persistent interest in the Commonwealth's acquisition of a data-collection software package from Cognos. Kirwan stated that she believed that it was not right time for the government to purchase such as package and that the $15 million asking price was too much, but eventually purchased the software for a reduced price of $13 million in an effort to appease DiMasi.

Harvard University
On September 25, 2009, Harvard University's Faculty of Arts and Sciences Dean Michael D. Smith announced that Kirwan was to become the Faculty of Arts and Sciences Dean for Administration and Finance, effective November 2, 2009.

References

Living people
1957 births
Radcliffe College alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Harvard University administrators
Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts
People from Arlington, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Secretaries of Administration and Finance
Massachusetts Port Authority people
Women in Massachusetts politics
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
American women academics

Leslie Kirwan


Sir Reginald Kennedy-Cox CBE, JP (18 April 1881 – 27 July 1966) was a British dramatist and social reformer, best known for his social work in the East End of London where he founded several Dockland Settlements.

Before he committed himself to this work he was a successful playwright, several of his works being performed on the London stage.

He was knighted in 1930 and appointed CBE in 1944.

Career
Kennedy-Cox was born in 1881, the son of Reginald Cox and his wife Ada Harriette, . After attending Malvern College he studied at Hertford College, Oxford. On leaving the university he had some success as a dramatist; between 1904 and 1906 three of his plays were staged at the Royalty and London Coliseum theatres in London.

In 1905, he began work as a volunteer at the Malvern Settlement in the Canning Town district of London; the settlement had been founded in 1894 by Malvern College as a means whereby boys from the upper and middle classes could carry out social work among London's poor. In 1907, Kennedy-Cox joined the staff of the settlement.

During the First World War, he was commissioned into the Hampshire Regiment, and later served with the King's Royal Rifle Corps and at 27th Divisional headquarters, being mentioned in dispatches. After the war he returned to the Malvern Settlement as Warden and oversaw a period of considerable building and expansion.

The Malvern Settlement became "Dockland Settlement No. 1"; in the following years, using his private financial resources, Kennedy-Cox led an extension of the Dockland Settlements scheme into other areas of London, including Millwall, Rotherhithe and Stratford. Branch settlements were established in other cities.

For his work in this field, Kennedy-Cox was knighted in 1930. Sir Reginald retired from his full-time work in 1937.

During the Second World War he served as an army welfare officer at Southern Command, with the rank of colonel. In 1944 his war work earned him a CBE. After the war he returned to Canning Town to assist in the reconstruction of Settlement No. 1, whose buildings had been badly damaged by war. He also acted as chairman of the Salisbury Arts Theatre Board, and was a governor of Malvern College. He died at Salisbury on 27 July 1966. Sir Reginald had adopted a son who was killed during a London Blitz raid and is buried with him at All Saints' Church, Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire.

Publications
Kennedy-Cox wrote two biographical books: An Autobiography, 1931 and The Happiest Man: Through the Dock Gates, 1939. He also wrote a history of the docklands area, Dockland Saga, 1955. Among his dramatic works were The Chetwynd Affair, Mary Stuart and The Marriage Brokers.

References

1881 births
1966 deaths
People educated at Malvern College
Alumni of Hertford College, Oxford
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
English male dramatists and playwrights
English justices of the peace
20th-century English dramatists and playwrights
20th-century English male writers
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of World War II
Place of birth missing
Royal Hampshire Regiment officers
King's Royal Rifle Corps officers

Reginald Kennedy-Cox


The Open University (OU) is a distance learning and research university founded by Royal Charter in the United Kingdom.

The university is funded by the British state, and by student fees and contract income. It has an open entry policy. This means that students' previous academic achievements are not taken into account for entry to most undergraduate courses. Most OU undergraduate students are based in the United Kingdom and study off-campus. Many of its courses (both undergraduate and postgraduate) can be studied off-campus anywhere in the world.

There are a number of full-time postgraduate research students based on the 48 hectare university campus where they use the OU facilities for research, as well as more than 1000 members of academic and research staff and over 2500 administrative, operational and support staff.

The OU was established in 1969 and the first students enrolled in January 1971. The University administration is based at Walton Hall, Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire, but has regional centres in each of its thirteen regions around the United Kingdom. It also has offices and regional examination centres in most other European countries. The University awards undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as non-degree qualifications such as diplomas and certificates, or continuing education units.

With more than 250,000 students enrolled, including around 32,000 aged under 25 and more than 50,000 overseas students, it is the largest academic institution in the United Kingdom (and one of the largest in Europe) by student number. It is one of the world's largest universities. Since it was founded, more than 1.5 million students have studied its courses.

The OU was rated top university in England and Wales for student satisfaction in 2005, 2006, second in 2007, and top in 2012. These were United Kingdom government national student satisfaction surveys. Out of 132 universities and colleges, the OU was ranked 43rd (second quartile) in the Times Higher Education Table of Excellence in 2008. It was rated highly in Design, Art History, English, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Computer Science, Development Studies, Social Policy and Social Work, and Sociology. It was ranked overall as a nationally top forty, and globally top five hundred university by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2011, as well as being ranked 247 for citations of its academics.

The Open University is also one of only three United Kingdom higher education institutions to gain accreditation in the United States of America by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education, an institutional accrediting agency, recognized by the United States Secretary of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation.

Drastic drop in enrollments
The Open University enrollments for undergraduate courses have dropped from a peak in 2009/10 of 209,705 to the latest published figure of 121,395 in 2016/17. According to The Guardian, this was caused mainly by the government. In 2012 it allowed fees for part-time degrees to rise to £6,750 per year, whilst severely limiting maintenance grants for students. Part-time courses at traditional universities in the U.K. have also suffered a drop in enrollment.

References

Universities in the United Kingdom
1969 establishments in the United Kingdom

Open University