Star Trek uniforms are costumes worn by actors portraying personnel of a fictitious Starfleet in various television series and films in the Star Trek science fiction franchise. During the various series, the costume design has often changed to represent different time periods and for reasons of appearance and comfort. Sometimes different styles were deliberately mixed to enhance the sense of time travel or alternative universes.

Original series
The original uniform designs were the product of costume designer Bill Theiss. These uniforms consisted of a colored top and dark pants, with significant variations between the designs used in the pilot episodes and the rest of the series.

Pilot version

The Starfleet uniforms seen in the unaired pilot "The Cage" (footage of which was re-used in a later episode, "The Menagerie") and the second pilot "Where No Man Has Gone Before", consisted of a tunic with a heavy ribbed turtle neck collar for men, and a cowl neck variation for women, each in three colors: gold, beige ("sand"), and light blue, worn over charcoal slacks. Gray jackets were sometimes worn on landing party duty.

Officers in the first Star Trek pilot, "The Cage", wore a single solid gold sleeve stripe, and only the officer grades of "lieutenant" and "captain" were used in dialog. A "chief" was also visible, but wearing a different sleeve stripe, consisting of two thin lines encircling the cuff, with a wavy gold line appearing above and below these lines. Characters addressed as "crewman" wore no sleeve insignia. The gray coats also bore silver rank stripes on the sleeves.  In the second pilot episode, "Where No Man Has Gone Before", most officers again wore a single stripe; Captain James T. Kirk wore two stripes.

The rank indicators used in the pilots and the production series differed because Roddenberry and Theiss had not yet worked out a consistent system for officer-grade indicators on the uniforms; this they would do after the second pilot.

The original series Starfleet uniforms do not include headgear of any sort, including the officer's combination cap and service side cap.

Production version

The original uniform material was velour. This was used in the first and second seasons because it was cheap and easy to care for, but it shrank after it was dry-cleaned, and it tore easily. It was replaced in the third season by a nylon fabric used in professional baseball uniforms. Differently colored shirts were worn with charcoal slacks – which appeared black on camera – only by men.

While women wear trousers in the pilots, most female Starfleet personnel wear more revealing costumes per request from NBC; Grace Lee Whitney suggested miniskirts. William Shatner observed that Star Trek, "to the appreciation of all the men on the set, in fact all around the world, would boast the shortest skirts on women of any regular series on television". Miniskirt-length dresses (of the same materials and colors as the shirts) with cheer briefs and dark tights were worn by the women. Black boots were worn by both sexes. Nichelle Nichols did not believe that the miniskirts were unusually short or revealing:

Once the series went into production, use of the jackets on landing parties stopped, even in inclement weather (e.g. "Mudd's Women").

On certain occasions, the characters would wear dress uniforms (TOS: first shown in "The Menagerie"  and later used in "Court Martial", "Space Seed", "Journey to Babel", and "The Savage Curtain") that are made of a shinier fabric, presumably a polyester satin, and are decorated with gold piping and colored badges that vary depending on rank. Montgomery Scott's dress uniform, especially as seen in "The Savage Curtain", includes a Scottish tartan. Specifically, it is the tartan of the Clan Scott, one of Scotland's oldest clans. Jumpsuits in the same colors with black undershirts were also worn, mostly by background characters.

Beginning with the first production episode "The Corbomite Maneuver", the department colors were slightly altered from the pilot versions: command and helm personnel wear gold shirts; operations, engineering and security personnel wear red; and science and medical personnel wear blue, all with black collars and undershirts. The most commonly used Command Section shirts were actually chartreuse-green in color, but they appeared to be a golden-yellow color both under the lights used on the set and in the post-development film stock. In later series, the gold color was canonized in dialog. However, some uniforms – the alternate shirts worn by Captain Kirk, and the Command Section dress uniforms – were made of a different material which, while the same color, showed up as chartreuse-green even under the lights and when photographed. The green shirts (seen in TOS: "The Trouble with Tribbles", "Charlie X" and "The Immunity Syndrome") may have the rank stripes on the sleeves or on the collar (TOS: "The Enemy Within"), and always feature the Enterprise assignment patch near the waist as a belt fastener.

Rank and insignia
The production rank system worked out by series creator Gene Roddenberry and costume designer Bill Theiss resembles that of the United States Navy, in contrast to other science fiction franchises that use an army ranking system. In Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS) and Star Trek: The Motion Picture, ranks are indicated by sleeve stripes. While these were originally planned to follow the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard model, the pattern was modified to avoid an overly flashy or militaristic look by removing one stripe from each Starfleet rank. Thus: a Commodore, when seen, wears a wide gold braid with a gold stripe above and below; a captain's insignia resembles that of a naval lieutenant commander (two and a half stripes); a commander's resembles a naval lieutenant (two stripes); a lieutenant commander's resembles a naval lieutennant junior grade (LtJG) (one and a half stripes); a lieutenant's resembles a naval ensign (one stripe), and an ensign wears no sleeve stripes. The LtJG rank was not used in TOS (though there have been references to "sub-lieutenants" in subsequent works). Also, there was no distinction made between ensigns and non-commissioned officers or enlisted crew members in TOS; everyone below the rank of lieutenant was presumed to be an ensign. (This was later determined to be unrealistic when the movies were made and thus was reversed.)

In later movies based on The Original Series, ranks are indicated by pins on a shoulder strap and the left sleeve. These are unique symbols for each rank like those worn universally by officers in all branches of the U.S. Armed Forces.

In most franchise television series, ranks are indicated by varying numbers of gold or black dots ("pips") or bars worn on the uniform collar. These more closely follow the naval officer pattern, with gold pips equating to a whole stripe and black pips equating to a half stripe.

Service insignia
Six duty insignia were defined for TOS:

Starship duty

Theiss designed a shield-shaped badge in 1964 which he called the "arrowhead", with input from Roddenberry. This came to be known as the Star Trek delta insignia, and has since become iconic of the Starship Enterprise and the entire Star Trek franchise. Roddenberry's intent was that personnel of all starfleet starships would wear this, but in production of the second season episode "The Omega Glory", Theiss mistakenly got the idea that each starship would have a unique insignia, from the fact that some starship officers in an earlier episode "Charlie X" wore a different insignia (see Civilian starship duty). He therefore designed a rectangular insignia worn by the captain and the chief medical officer of the USS Exeter. Shortly before October 7, 2018, a December 18, 1967, memo to Theiss from producer Bob Justman was discovered. Justman noticed the error while reviewing footage and consulted with Roddenberry, who clarified that this indeed was a mistake: all Starfleet starship personnel are to wear the delta insignia as seen on the Enterprise crew uniform. Footage was not reshot to correct the error, but Justman made it clear it was not to be repeated. Going forward, the delta symbol remained consistent for all starship personnel, as seen in "Court Martial" and "The Tholian Web".

This was not publicized, leading to the "unique starship insignia" theory taking hold among fans. Confusion returned to the franchise during production of the Star Trek: Enterprise episode "In a Mirror Darkly", which shows what happened to the lost USS Defiant appearing in the original series episode "The Tholian Web". The Enterprise costume designers designed an insignia for the Defiant, based on the incorrect assumption that universal use of the delta symbol was in honor of the NCC-1701 Enterprise completing its first five-year mission.

In all other Star Trek series and movies, the delta insignia is universal regardless of duty posting.

The delta symbol has a number of variants, based on the ship's department served in:
Command: Including helm and navigation functions; the basic delta with an elongated star is worn on a gold tunic and the captain's special green tunic.
Science: The star is replaced with a circle representing a planet with its equator outlined. This is worn on a blue tunic.
Operations: This includes Engineering, Security, and Communications. The symbol is a six-sided spiral shape. This is worn on a red tunic. A large number of security officers sacrificially die in landing party duty, leading to the meme "redshirt" which is often parodied in other media.
Medical: Doctors wear the science insignia, and nurses wear the Red Cross, on blue tunics. Doctors occasionally wear scrubs in sick bay.

There were slight variations in the delta insignia among the two pilots and production. In the first pilot, all delta insignia were bordered in gold; this changed to black for the second pilot and subsequent productions. Also, in the pilots, the science and operations symbols were switched (spiral for science and planet circle for operations).

Civilian ship duty
The early first season episode "Charlie X" shows the captain and first officer of the Antares wearing a differently shaped insignia. As Roddenberry clarified
this was due to their service on a civilian (merchant marine) vessel, but led to Theiss' mistaken idea that every starship had a unique insignia.

Fleet command
Commodore Matt Decker is seen in the second season episode "The Doomsday Machine", wearing a pretzel-shaped insignia. This designates Decker's rare status as a flag officer in command of a single starship, the USS Constellation. This likely added to the confusion of the "unique starship insignia" theory.

Starbase duty
This insignia is a gold-colored stylized representation of an evening starflower; this is mainly seen worn by commodores, admirals, JAG personnel, and support staff in episodes revolving around courts-martial such as Spock's in "The Menagerie" and Kirk's in "Court Martial".

Outpost duty
A gold spikelet on a black background is worn by persons on special duty posted in the Federation frontier. These are second only to the security redshirts as "cannon fodder".

Cadet duty
Starfleet Academy cadets wear a smaller, pewter-colored version of the Evening Starflower worn by Starbase personnel. A simulacrum of Kirk's academy rival and bully Finnegan is seen wearing it in "Shore Leave (Star Trek: The Original Series)".

Star Trek: The Animated Series
Based on the success and increasing popularity of Star Trek in syndication, an animated version of the series was produced from 1973 to 1974. The uniforms depicted in this series matched the general parameters and appearance of those used in the live action series. The perception by fans of the command uniforms being yellow/gold instead of green, thanks to set lighting and other factors, resulted in the producers committing to a definitive gold-color for animation purposes. The command dress uniforms remained green to match the perceived colors represented by the live action series. However, the uniform pants were colored gray to match the actual fabric used in the live action series as opposed to the black they had appeared to be when filmed.

Original film franchise
The original plans for the aborted Star Trek: Phase II television series involved retaining TOS uniforms but when the project became Star Trek: The Motion Picture, they were replaced with a new design by Robert Fletcher, because, according to Susan Sackett and Gene Roddenberry in The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture, the bright colors of the 1960s original, so vibrant on television, would distract viewer attention on the big screen.

Star Trek: The Motion Picture
The film has multiple uniform styles, including one-piece jumpsuits, matching shirt and pants, and tunics either with buttons or a sash around the waist. All uniform variants include shoes ("foot coverings") built into the trousers. Some uniforms have short sleeves, while others are long-sleeved, with either standing, v-neck, or turnover collars. Uniforms come in gray, white, gray and white, blue, brown, and beige.

The Star Trek delta still remains the symbol for all Enterprise staff members, but the science department's planetary circle and the operations 6-sided spiral are discontinued, replaced with the elongated star. Divisions or section assignments are indicated by a colored circle behind the delta, rather than the uniform color itself: red is for engineering, pale green for medical, orange for science, white for command, pale gold for operations, and gray for security.

Most of the uniforms in the first movie also included a personal scanner ("perscan") medical monitoring device in the position where one would expect to see a belt buckle. This is mentioned in the Roddenberry's novelization of The Motion Picture.

Rank is indicated by stripes on long sleeves as per TOS, but now shoulder board stripes are employed when there are no long sleeves. Also, ensigns are now given a dotted braid (half stripe). Non-commissioned officers wear a hollow gold square on the shoulder boards but not at the sleeves. New rank insignia for admirals are shown, in the shape of three solid braids side-by-side, followed by another solid braid on its own, with an 8-pointed star on shoulder boards. The number of stripes was kept lower than on U.S. Navy uniforms to avoid an overly militaristic look as per TOS, reflecting Roddenberry's insistence that the role of Starfleet was expressly non-military.

Security guards (non-commissioned personnel) wear white uniforms with brown helmets and breastplates. Engineering personnel (commissioned and non-commissioned) wear white pressure suits with large black ribbed collars.

The new officers' uniform designs proved unpopular with the regular cast, and when  Harve Bennett took over as producer of the second motion picture, he ordered another redesign because he did not want "an all-gray crew on an all-gray ship."

The Wrath of Khan through Star Trek Generations

Fletcher redesigned the costumes for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. This design is used in the following movies, up to Star Trek Generations, and variations appear in some flashback scenes of Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Voyager. In this version, Starfleet officers wear rank insignia on the shoulder strap and left sleeve just above the armband. A service bar is worn just below the sleeve rank pin, denoting how long the officer has served in Starfleet in five-year and ten-year increments.

The second movie-era uniform consists of a burgundy ("blood") double-breasted jacket with a black stripe along a sealing mechanism (admirals also had smaller gold stripes below, the number depending on rank), with a colored strap over the right shoulder to close the tunic, attached to which is a rank pin. All uniforms include the command star arrowhead insignia from TOS, now adopted as the Starfleet emblem, on the left chest; officers have a stylized gold rectangular piece behind the arrowhead, while enlisted personnel do not. Characters also wear a black belt with a buckle shaped like the Starfleet arrowhead in a circle, all in gold, complete with TOS command star.

Departments are indicated by the color of the shoulder strap, arm band, and undershirt, rather than insignia. The colors include white for command; gold for engineering; gray for science, communications and navigation; dark green for security; light green for medical; dark blue for operations; light blue for special services; and red for low-grade officers and officer cadets. All officer uniforms have a division colored stripe on the trousers or skirt seams that matches the shoulder strap and service bar, except for command branch, where the stripes are red, rather than white. Instead of the foot coverings built into the trousers, this uniform design had black boots whose uppers were eight or ten inches high. This costume was nicknamed "The Monster Maroon" uniform because of the difficulty fans often encountered duplicating it.

An alternate "bomber" jacket was worn by Kirk and Scott, as well as Admiral Morrow (Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier). In later years Scotty would often remove the jacket altogether, simply wearing a black vest, with numerous pockets useful for an engineer, with his undershirt. Scotty's undershirt itself is inconsistent – he wears a white shirt (consistent with his rank of Captain) with the vest or bomber, but a gold one (used by Engineering crew) with his formal duty tunic.

Security and engineering personnel wear armor and radiation suits respectively, similar to those worn in The Motion Picture, although security guards wear a red, turtle-necked uniform underneath (Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country). The engineering radiation suits have a colored collar (Star Trek II): black indicates officer, red indicates cadet. There is also a field jacket for away missions with several large pockets, arm patches, white ribbing and a large white turnover collar. Starfleet cadets in The Wrath of Khan wear the same uniforms as officers, but with bright red undershirts and a red shoulder strap instead of one indicating department.

Enlisted personnel wear a one-piece red jumpsuit in a similar color to the officer uniform, with tan shoulders and upper chest and black undershirts. Enlisted trainees wear the same uniform, except with a red undershirt instead of a black one. (Star Trek II).

Uniforms similar to the officer style are shown in the Next Generation television series, although without the turtleneck (either replacing it with a crew neck, or no undershirt at all) or belt, and sometimes with the TNG-era combadge replacing the Starfleet badge (TNG: "Yesterday's Enterprise", "Dark Page", "Family, "Violations"). Enlisted uniforms kept their turtleneck undershirts. An updated, but almost identical version of this uniform is also worn by an alternate universe future Captain Pike in season 1 episode 10 of Star Trek: Strange New Worlds ("A Quality of Mercy").

The Next Generation

Star Trek: The Next Generation
The Starfleet officers and crewmembers seen in The Next Generation wear a jumpsuit with a Starfleet communicator badge (or 'combadge' as it was sometimes called) on the left chest and rank insignia on the right side of the collar. The black areas are seen on the shoulders and the pants, and the uniforms's sleeves and abdominal area are colored to indicate the individual's division, with red indicating command and helm; gold for engineering, security, and operations; and blue for science and medical (TNG: "Encounter at Farpoint"). The division colors for command and operations switched from those used in Enterprise and TOS while the division color for science stayed the same. In early episodes some crew members can be seen wearing a tunic version of the uniform with bare legs and boots ("skant").

Beverly Crusher often wears a blue laboratory coat over her standard uniform, beginning in TNG: "The Naked Now." The lab coat was used extensively to hide Gates McFadden's pregnancy in the fourth season. The blue tended to appear teal under certain lighting conditions in the later seasons and subsequent spinoffs. In some episodes of the later seasons, starting in TNG: "Darmok", Jean-Luc Picard would sometimes wear a different uniform that consisted of a gray shirt with black ribbed shoulders and collar with a "bomber jacket" that was red overall with black ribbed shoulders, often worn open or very loosely fastened. The uniforms could be fitted with pouches for carrying tricorders and Type 2 phasers on the waist, and the early versions had a small pocket built in on the left side of the waist for carrying a smaller Type 1 phaser when appearing openly armed was not desired. The removable gear pouches were also incorporated into the uniforms used in DS9 and the TNG-era films from First Contact onward.

In the show's early seasons the uniforms were one-piece jumpsuits made of Spandex, and sized slightly too small so that they would be stretched when worn and provide a smooth appearance. But the cast members hated the uniform's painfully tight fit and lack of pockets, and after Patrick Stewart's chiropractor warned that they risked permanent injury, the actors persuaded the costumers to gradually replace them with wool uniforms. The wool uniforms, which most main cast members wear from the third season onward, are two-piece (tunic and pants) designs that lack colored piping on the shoulders and edges of the pant leg cuffs and have a raised collar. The collar of the tunic has a colored piping similar to that of the original diamond-shaped shoulder piping. The spandex uniforms continued to make appearances throughout TNG, usually worn by extras in various scenes. These were later altered to lack the piping on the shoulders and trouser hems and include a raised collar as a cost-cutting measure.

Admirals wore numerous different uniform variations in the early years of TNG; a final design was settled on for all admirals in the sixth season onwards, featuring a jacket with gold piping along a centered front closure, and rank pips (indicating the number of "stars"), in gold squares on either side of the collar.

The TNG dress uniform, which continued to be used in Deep Space Nine and Voyager, is a colored wraparound robe-like coat of a solid division color, save for black shoulders. The edges of the coats are piped in silver for field officers and in gold for flag officers. For the first few seasons of TNG, this coat was knee-length and had piping all around the edge; in later seasons, as well as DS9 and Voyager, the coat was shortened to just above the thighs, and the piping was removed from the side.

Other uniform designs appeared briefly in individual episodes, always following the theme of a colored or differentiated shoulder yoke. Examples include cadet uniforms in several episodes (including "The First Duty"). Wesley Crusher's 'Acting Ensign' gray costume was never specifically identified as a uniform, but it also exhibited a shoulder yoke design.

Theiss, the costume designer from the original series, returned to design the initial TNG uniforms; they marked his last contribution to Star Trek wardrobe before he died. The costumes adopted from season 3 onward and later series' costumes were designed by Robert Blackman.

During all the shows set in the 24th century, a consistent insignia scheme is used for officers: a series of gold pips, either a solid color or an outline, worn on the right collar. After the first season of Star Trek: The Next Generation, a consistent scheme is also used for admiral insignia: a series of gold circles inside a black rectangle with a gold border worn on both collars.

For the first season of TNG, admirals wear a different insignia, consisting of a triangle or stripe resembling gold weave along the right collar; one or two gold pips are sometimes underneath the weave. Three variants are visible in "Conspiracy": Admiral Quinn's insignia has no pips, Admiral Savar's has one, and Admiral Aaron's has two.

A Starfleet insignia is worn on the left breast: this also functions as a communicator badge. This combadge insignia was redesigned for the movie Star Trek Generations (the only surviving part of a planned redesign of the uniforms), replacing the oval with a trapezoid with a cutout oval in the center. This new combadge is also used in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine from season three onward, and in Star Trek: Voyager.

Cadet ranks are rarely ever seen, with the exception of the various visits from Wesley Crusher to the Enterprise in TNG. As it appears in those instances, it can be surmised that the insignia of a Cadet consists of one, two, three, or four copper and black bars, similar to those of a modern Lieutenant in the United States Army. It can also be surmised that if a cadet has one bar, he has one year at the academy, two bars for two years, and so on.

Enlisted ranks are seen even less; their insignia are unclear.

Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
Deep Space Nine introduced a new style of uniform that appeared to run in parallel to the one seen on TNG. The new uniform comprised a single two-piece open-necked jumpsuit with the colored and black areas of the TNG uniform reversed (black torso/sleeves/pants and colored shoulders) with the upper part being a removable jacket along with a visible zipper, resembling the TNG cadet uniforms. The division colors use the same TNG scheme, though the science division is now blue-green. A grayish-indigo mock turtleneck undershirt was added, to which rank pips are affixed. Interestingly, Miles O'Brien (who is the first character to wear the DS9 uniform) is the only character in the series to have the sleeves of the uniform rolled up. The characters of Major Kira and Odo did not wear Starfleet uniforms, as they were part of the Bajoran militia. Throughout the run of DS9, ship-based Starfleet personnel continue to wear the older uniform design. Sisko also wore the TNG uniform on certain formal occasions, during his first arrival at DS9 (in the series pilot episode, "Emissary"), and when he was temporarily given the duties of "Head of Security" for Starfleet Headquarters on Earth (in the Season 4 episode, "Paradise Lost"). Admirals also retained the TNG style. A uniform similar to that appearing in the DS9 series can be seen in the TNG Season 3 episode "Allegiance", worn by the alien masquerading as a Starfleet cadet. The DS9 uniforms were first used in the premiere episode, "Emissary" and would continued to be used up to the Season 5 episode, "The Ascent".

Following the release of Star Trek: First Contact, the new gray movie uniform design also appeared in DS9s fifth season and for the remainder of the series. However, the old DS9 uniform appears four more times following the introduction of the movie gray uniform design in the Season 5 episodes, "In Purgatory's Shadow" and "By Inferno's Light" worn by the real Dr. Julian Bashir while still being trapped in the Internment Camp 371 as well as the Season 7 episode, "Field of Fire" in a photograph and in the flashback scenes of the series finale, "What You Leave Behind".

Star Trek Generations
New uniforms were designed and made for the film Star Trek Generations, but were abandoned at the last minute. These included a fastening on the right side of the chest and a slightly more militaristic approach with rank bandings on the sleeves (similar to the TOS uniforms), a colored collar, and the lack of a black "W" shape on the abdomen. On the abandoned costumes for the female crew-members, instead of the additional fastening, there was a higher black band around the waist. Despite their not appearing in the film, Playmates Toys released a number of action figures wearing these planned uniforms. Generations instead has the crew wearing both TNG and DS9 uniforms, sometimes in the same scene (for instance, Worf and Riker in the battle against the Duras Sisters' Bird of Prey or Data and Geordi scanning the Amargosa Observatory for trilithium), as there was only enough time to make DS9-style costumes to fit on Patrick Stewart and Brent Spiner, so Jonathan Frakes and LeVar Burton had to borrow Avery Brooks and Colm Meaney's costumes, respectively. Neither borrowed costume fit very well, as Brooks' costume was too small on Frakes, which resulted in the sleeves being rolled up (similar to Miles O'Brien's on Deep Space Nine), and Meaney's costume looked too big on Burton. Picard, Riker, Data and LaForge are the only four characters in the TNG crew to wear the DS9 uniform in the film. Picard wears a black belt around the waist with the DS9 uniform. Worf is the only male member of the TNG crew to not wear the DS9 uniform in the film, although he would later join Deep Space Nine crew in the fourth season. None of the female characters, except Nurse Alyssa Ogawa, wear the DS9 uniform in the film.

As the film progresses, some characters alternate between the TNG and DS9 uniforms and sometimes switch back to the old TNG uniforms (for instance, Picard switches back to the TNG uniform in the film's last scene).

The new style combadge (with the previous gold oval background replaced by a rectangular gold background with a cutout in the center) was also introduced for all uniform types. This combadge was subsequently adopted for DS9 at the beginning of its third season and for Voyager.

Star Trek: Voyager
The crew in Star Trek: Voyager use the same uniforms seen in the early episodes of Deep Space Nine throughout the show's run. Because they were stuck in the Delta Quadrant and out of contact with Starfleet, the Voyager crew never made the switch to the updated uniform seen in later DS9 episodes and in the last three TNG films; they continued to use the old DS9 uniforms, although in the episode "Message in a Bottle" the EMH mark II is wearing the later DS9/movie gray TNG uniform. Starfleet personnel back in the Alpha Quadrant are seen wearing this uniform in later seasons of the show as well, when Voyager reestablishes contact with home. The crew also wears the TNG-style dress uniforms (VOY: "Course: Oblivion", "Someone to Watch Over Me", "One Small Step", "Ashes to Ashes").

B'Elanna Torres is sometimes seen wearing an overcoat over her normal uniform which matches the colors of her normal uniform, but has a pocket on the right breast for carrying small tools. The jacket was added to help conceal actress Roxann Dawson's pregnancy in the fourth season. She wore it again during the character's pregnancy in the seventh season, beginning in the episode "Q2".

Voyager used the new-style combadge and introduced 'provisional' rank insignia which consisted of a gold-metal-bordered enamel oval in the crewman's Branch color with diagonal black or gold bars to signify rank instead of the traditional pips. Provisional ranks were worn by the Maquis members of Voyagers crew, as they were ineligible to wear official Starfleet ranks. All ranks up to Captain appeared on screen; The Star Trek Encyclopedia showed them all to be analogous to the normal rank system. A  black diagonal bar is equal to a black pip and a gold diagonal bar is equal to a gold  pip. (e.g.: a yellow-enamel oval with one black bar and two gold bars signifies a Lieutenant-Commander in Operations, which is normally signified by one black pip and two gold pips.)

The crew aboard the USS Equinox also use the same uniforms seen in the early episodes of Deep Space Nine as they are also stuck in the Delta Quadrant and out of contact with Starfleet (VOY: "Equinox (Parts I and II)").

The 29th-century officers in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Relativity" wear chevron-like collar insignia (worn in a horizontal line like the pips and oriented pointing forwards towards the collar). Captain Braxton wears four gold chevrons (equivalent to four gold pips) and Lieutenant Ducane wears two gold chevrons (equivalent to two gold pips). The new Starfleet insignia is a silver diamond shape inset with a gold "Arrowhead" symbol facing to the left; this is probably a combination communicator and temporal beacon. The tunics have a quilted fabric in branch color on the right shoulder and sleeve (Blue for Command, Olive Drab Brown for Operations, and Gray for Sciences) and branch-color piping on the edge of the shoulder yoke.

In "Living Witness", the crew was shown to be wearing black undershirts with a high collar (turtleneck style) instead of the usual grayish-indigo undershirts with a low collar, no combadges or rank insignia, while some were wearing black gloves including Captain Kathryn Janeway. This was in the context of historical records that wrongly asserted that Voyager's crew had acted in a malign manner, until corrected by The Doctor, who was brought back to life 700 years in the future after a "relic" (containing a backup copy of his program) was discovered among wreckage and his program was recovered.

Movies from Star Trek: First Contact on and later DS9 seasons
Star Trek: First Contact introduces a new uniform style later adopted in DS9 (DS9: "Rapture"). This uniform features a colored turtleneck undertunic (with the same departmental color scheme as in earlier shows) covered by a black jacket with colored bands on the lower sleeves near the cuffs showing the wearer's division, the shoulders and upper chest of which are ribbed and made of thick, violet-gray material. Like the last two uniforms, the communicator badge is worn on the jacket, while rank pins are worn on the undertunic's collar. The pants are black. Star Trek: Insurrection also introduced a new dress uniform, consisting of a white jacket and black pants both with gold trim, a gray ribbed tunic (white tunic for flag officers and captains), and rank insignia on the collar of the tunic with the combadge worn in the customary location on the jacket. Unlike the previous uniform, it was the same color regardless of the wearer's division, save for colored bands on the lower sleeves like the standard uniform. It also appeared in the DS9 episode "Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges". Captains also had the option of a more casual uniform vest of the same basic design, though the violet-gray extended much lower.

As depicted in Insurrection, a new admiral's duty uniform was shown, looking similar to those worn by officers, and yet containing markers to set it apart from the ordinary. The stripes on the jacket cuffs are double the width of those on the officer's jacket, and they show the admiral's rank insignia. The jacket also has gold edging. Furthermore, the admiral's uniform incorporates a belt, whose buckle is either a plain gold rectangle, as seen frequently in DS9, or a gold oval with an image of the United Federation of Planets' Seal, as was the case with Admiral Dougherty from Insurrection.

Lower Decks
A new uniform is introduced in the animated series Star Trek: Lower Decks in the early 2380s. This uniform is very similar to the version prototyped for Star Trek Generations, but has slight alterations such as a white band between the shoulder area and the body; a simplified badge featuring only the Starfleet arrowhead insignia; a V-shaped tunic front; and colored bands at the tops of the boots corresponding to the division color, echoed in the boots' soles. The division colors still follow the TNG scheme, though the science division is now sky blue rather than blue-green. This uniform is explicitly worn contemporary to the later Deep Space Nine/First Contact uniform.

Ancillary uniform
Starfleet personnel fighting in ground battles appear in the DS9 episodes "...Nor the Battle to the Strong" and "The Siege of AR-558". They wear one-piece black uniforms with divisional stripes across the chest.

Alternative timelines
In the TNG episode "All Good Things...", an alternate timeline showed a uniform with the full color shirt (including shoulders). The same colors were used and the rank insignia would be shown above the right breast over a black line which cut off the shoulder area. These uniforms would also make an appearance in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "The Visitor" and the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Endgame". These episodes also included a new combadge design where the Starfleet arrow was just an outline surrounded by two gold vertical bars. This badge was also worn by Geordi La Forge in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Timeless" but on the gray shoulder uniform used in the last three TNG movies and the later episodes of Deep Space Nine.

The Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Parallels" used an alternate combadge design where rank was denoted by the number of bars behind the arrowhead.

Variations in uniforms and insignia are occasionally used as plot devices in the various series. In the episode "Future Imperfect", the insignia are slightly altered so as to convince a character that 16 years have passed. In the episode, "Parallels", variations in uniforms and insignia suggest a meeting of characters from different parallel universes.

Prequel era

Star Trek: Enterprise

In Enterprise, field officers and crewmembers wear duty uniforms consisting of a dark long-sleeved undershirt and blue jumpsuit with colored piping around the shoulders and, occasionally, baseball caps. There is also a desert uniform with khaki pants and white shirt. Both uniforms have a United Earth Starfleet patch (featuring the stylized arrowhead emblem) on the right upper arm, and a patch left upper arm denoting the ship one is serving on. Enterprise, set before all other incarnations, did not include characters who hold the ranks of lieutenant commander or lieutenant, junior grade. The highest-ranking admiral seen wears two sets of three-pip insignia.

Division colors follow the original TOS scheme, with command and flight control officers wearing gold piping, engineering, communications, and security officers wearing red piping, and medical and science officers (including linguists) wearing blue piping. Throughout the series, men and women wear the same type of uniform. Unlike the other series' uniforms, standard uniforms on Enterprise include zip-up pockets, and the undershirt is buttoned at the neck – while Gene Roddenberry had explicitly forbidden such devices as buttons and zippers on Starfleet uniforms, believing they would be obsolete in the future, designer Bob Blackman consciously used them as a way of dating the series, implying that closures Roddenberry envisioned had not been invented yet. Blackman described the jumpsuits as "more like a NASA flight suit" than the previous Starfleet costumes, and actors from other Star Trek shows envied the Enterprise actors' much more comfortable and conventional outfits.

Admirals wear a navy-blue jumpsuit-like uniform, open to show a white shirt and navy tie. The jacket has similar piping style to the regular uniform, but with the color in red and white. The sleeve jacket also features silver braiding at the cuffs. Admirals' insignia consists of a series of squares (similar to those worn by officers) on a navy-blue patch with silver border, the number of squares matching rank in the same manner as TNG-onwards admirals; two sets of insignia are worn, one on each side of the chest.

On certain occasions, Enterprise characters wear dress uniforms similar to the blue jumpsuit, decorated with the same pattern of colored piping, but lacking the zip-up pockets and combined with a white long-sleeved undershirt and, sometimes depending on rank, a white tie.

Rank insignia on duty uniforms are worn on right side of shoulders only, but rank insignia on dress uniforms are worn on both sides.

Also, there are two different kinds of field jackets worn on away missions. They have zippered pockets and the same colored pipings as the jumpsuits, as well as cold weather gear, pressure suits, spacesuits, an EV undersuit, and a royal blue undergarment with slight differences on male and female garments.

During the series, T'Pol is almost never seen wearing the standard uniform although she is a commissioned officer in Starfleet, and often considered to be the first officer. The only times she wears the uniform is in the episode "Twilight"  (featuring an alternate timeline) and briefly (as a disguise) in "Hatchery".

Star Trek: Discovery

In 2017's Star Trek: Discovery, set ten years prior to Star Trek: The Original Series, the uniform underwent another redesign. Like its Enterprise predecessor, a blue uniform was worn, with a shirt-trouser combination with a single collar on the left side. A large zipper fastens the front of the shirt, and pants pockets have zippers as well. Repeating patterns of tiny delta insignias ran down the sides of the uniforms, its colors denoting the wearer's division. The classic yellow, blue, red combination was eschewed in favor of gold, silver and copper for command, sciences and operations respectively. Ranks were embedded onto the Starfleet Delta, along with gold shoulder stripes for captains and shoulder stripes plus gold shoulder markings for admirals, and following the same standard as Star Trek: The Next Generation style rank insignias.

"Reboot" films
J. J. Abrams' Star Trek series takes place in a parallel universe starting in 2233 (James T. Kirk's birth year), known as the "Kelvin timeline" for the fact it was created when the late twenty-fourth century Romulan Nero destroyed the USS Kelvin, on which Kirk's parents served. Kirk's father is killed, and Jim Kirk is born in space three months prematurely after his mother is evacuated from the Kelvin.

The uniform design for the reboot basically recreates the original series uniforms, but with some cosmetic changes.

Star Trek (2009 film)
The delta insignia badge is now a metal pin rather than a sewn-on patch, gold for flag officers and silver for all lower-ranked officers. The shirts are now in two layers: a wide-collared over-shirt color-coded gold, blue, or red for department as in the original series, with a quilted pattern and a colored hem-line from the neck to the armpit; and a black undershirt, visually imitating the black collar of the original TOS design. The over-shirt has the division delta badge shape printed onto the fabric, providing a textured appearance. Rank is indicated by 1 to 4 silver metallic-cloth bands worn above the overshirt's cuffs (1 for lieutenants, 2 for commanders, 3 for captains, and 4 for flag officers).

As in the original series, female officers wear dresses, some with short sleeves (seen on Lt. Uhura), others with long sleeves (as seen on some of the background extras). Also, a number of women onboard can be seen wearing the long sleeve top and pants uniform similar to those worn in "The Cage". Unlike other Trek, this uniform is worn only aboard starships—other personnel wear black one-piece uniforms of a much more "military" appearance. In an unexplained change from previous series, many female crew members wear nail polish (Uhura wears black polish, while many extras wear red).

Dress uniforms for academy cadets and staff are crimson, while flag officers (fleet captains and admirals) use a gray uniform with a white false-plastron front. The design is similar to that in The Motion Picture, stated by designer Michael Kaplan in the book Star Trek: The Art of the Film to be a deliberate homage. Rank is indicated by 1 to 5 paired diamond-shaped silver-metal "pips" worn on the tunic's shoulder-boards (ensigns wear 1 paired pip, lieutenants wear 2 paired pips, commanders wear 3 paired pips, captains wear 4 paired pips, and flag officers wear 5 paired pips). One significant change from TOS is the addition of the peaked cap to the dress uniforms.

Star Trek Into Darkness (2013 film)
The uniforms in the second reboot film are developed further. The dress uniform for Starfleet officers on the ground is shown to be a mid-gray in color and a similar style to the red uniforms worn by the academy cadets in the first film. A more informal uniform jumpsuit is worn at various points by several characters (including Kirk and Scotty). These jumpsuits have high collars and are made of a dark gray fabric, with triangles of transparent plastic at the collarbones which show the color of the officer's regular uniform shirt beneath.

The personnel on the USS Vengeance wear a different duty uniform from the norm. It consists of black trousers and undershirt, with a quilted blue overshirt with long black sleeves and black cloth epaulets. This might either be the uniform of a private armed security or military contractor company hired by Marcus through Section 31 or the duty uniform for Section 31 itself (the blue indicating its Research & Development wing). Admiral Marcus' rank on this uniform is indicated by a wide silver band over a narrow silver band and under two narrow silver bands on the cuff.

Rank for admirals (as worn by Admiral Alexander Marcus) is indicated by 1 to 5 paired diamond-shaped gold-metal "pips" worn on the flag officer tunic's shoulder-boards. Marcus is described as a fleet Admiral (usually equivalent to a NATO five-star military rank) and wears 5 paired gold pips on his shoulder-boards. There are other ranks mentioned in the movies (Kirk himself is offered the rank of Vice-Admiral in Star Trek: Beyond). If the rank scheme is similar to NATO ranks they would be: commodores wear 1 paired gold pip, Rear Admirals wear 2 paired gold pips, vice-admirals wear 3 paired gold pips, and admirals wear 4 paired gold pips. Alternatively, the rank of fleet captain (a senior grade of captain and brevet flag officer rank) is signified by 5 paired silver pips, and the rank of admiral is always signified by 5 paired gold pips regardless of grade.

Other publications
Some licensed Star Trek publications present some insignia that contradict the ones shown on screen or in other publications. For example, the second and third editions of The Star Trek Encyclopedia offer differing insignia for various Starfleet ranks. Additionally, some Star Trek publications, including officially licensed ones, posit additional ranks that are not seen or mentioned in live-action productions.

See also
United States Navy officer rank insignia

Notes

References

External links

Uniforms
Uniforms
Military uniforms
 Uniforms

Star Trek uniforms


Emmett Littleton Ashford (November 23, 1914 – March 1, 1980), nicknamed Ash, was the first African American umpire in Major League Baseball, working in the American League from 1966 to 1970.

Early life
Ashford was born in Los Angeles, California. His father, Littleton, was a policeman, but abandoned the family, leaving Ashford's mother Adele to raise Emmett and his brother Wilbur. Ashford earned money selling Liberty magazine, and as a cashier in a supermarket. Ashford attended Jefferson High School, and was co-editor of the school paper, played baseball and track, and was the senior class president.

Ashford attended Los Angeles Junior College. He graduated from Chapman University in 1941.

In about 1936, Ashford took a job as a post office clerk, a position he held for 15 years. In the late 1930s, Ashford briefly attempted to play semipro baseball, but turned to umpiring when he was asked to fill in for an umpire who did not show up to a game.

Ashford served in the Navy during World War II, and was inspired to become the first black major league umpire while stationed in Corpus Christi, Texas, when an announcement came on the radio that Jackie Robinson had broken baseball's color barrier.

Early career
In 1951, Ashford took a leave of absence from his Santa Ana, California post office job, where he moonlighted as a Santa Ana municipal league softball and National Night Ball League of Southern California umpire. His colorful style included a personal trademark: when a batter received a base-on-balls, instead of simply calling "Ball Four," Ashford would grandly intone, "Ball Fo-uh, you may proceed to first base."  He left Santa Ana to umpire in the Southwestern International League, becoming the first black umpire in the traditionally white professional baseball system. When he was offered a full-season umpiring job, Ashford resigned from the postal service.

After the Southwestern International League folded mid-season, Ashford joined the Arizona–Texas League. He moved on to the Western International League in 1953, and was promoted to the Pacific Coast League in 1954. He worked with Cece Carlucci as his crew chief for 922 games.

Ashford spent 12 years in the PCL, and became known for his exuberance, showmanship and energy, even interacting with the crowd between innings. During the off-seasons, Ashford refereed Pac-8 basketball games and college football. He also umpired in the Caribbean winter leagues, and ran several umpiring clinics. In 1963, Ashford was named the PCL's umpire-in-chief, making him responsible for training crews and advising the league on disputed games or rules.

Major league career
By the early 1960s, many West Coast sportswriters began to suggest that Ashford be promoted to the major leagues. In September 1965, Ashford's contract was sold to the American League. Ashford made his debut at D.C. Stadium on April 11, 1966. He quickly became a sensation, becoming known for sprinting around the infield after foul balls or plays on the bases. Ashford also brought a new style to being an umpire. He wore jewelry, including flashy cuff links, and wore polished shoes and freshly-pressed suits. While some observers believed that his race prevented him from working in the majors earlier than he did, others maintained that his flashy style actually delayed his major league debut due to general disdain for umpires to draw attention to themselves. The Sporting News stated that "For the first time in the history of the grand old American game, baseball fans may buy a ticket to watch an umpire perform."

Ashford was the left field umpire in the 1967 All-Star Game, and worked all five games of the 1970 World Series, but did not work home plate.

Ashford was one of the only umpires fiery Baltimore Orioles manager Earl Weaver was ever nice to during a game. During a doubleheader against Washington on April 13, 1969, Ashford ruled that a ball hit by Ken McMullen had landed fair in left field, when in actuality Don Buford had caught it just before it hit the ground. Weaver went up to Ashford and politely asked him, "Can you change your call? Just ask the other umpires, because I understand you couldn't see it where you were running from." The other umpires all said Buford had made the catch, so Ashford reversed the call.

Ashford reached the American League's retirement age of 55 in December 1969, but still umpired one additional season in 1970 before retiring.

After umpiring
In 1971, Ashford was hired by Bowie Kuhn as a public relations adviser, a role in which Ashford spoke and held clinics on the west coast, and as far away as Korea. He also served as umpire-in-chief for the Alaskan summer league for three years. He appeared in television commercials, playing a cashier in an ad for A&P Grocery stores. Ashford also appeared as an umpire in the 1976 film The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings, and in episodes of Ironside, The Jacksons, and What's My Line?, in which Ashford appeared in his first major league season. Ashford was also a contestant on November 17, 1955, TV edition of You Bet Your Life.

Ashford was inducted into the Baseball Reliquary's Shrine of the Eternals in 2008.

Ashford died of a heart attack at age 65 in Marina del Rey, California. Upon his death, Bowie Kuhn issued a statement, saying, "As the first black umpire in the major leagues, his magnanimous nature was sternly tested, but he was unshaken and uncomplaining, remaining the colorful, lively personality he was all his life." At his funeral, Ashford was eulogized by Kuhn and former USC baseball coach Rod Dedeaux. Ashford was cremated, and his ashes were interred in Cooperstown, New York.

Further reading

See also

List of Major League Baseball umpires

References

External links
Retrosheet
SABR biography
Ashford's appearance on You Bet Your Life, 1955
Emmett Ashford Oral History Interview - National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection

1914 births
1980 deaths
African-American sports officials
American League umpires
Chapman Panthers baseball players
Chapman University alumni
Los Angeles City College alumni
Major League Baseball umpires
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company
Baseball people from California
Jefferson High School (Los Angeles) alumni
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Baseball players from Los Angeles

Emmett Ashford


Centre-to-centre distance (c.t.c. distance or ctc distance) is a concept for distances, also called on-center spacing (o.c. spacing or oc spacing), heart distance, and pitch.

It is the distance between the centre (the heart) of a column and the centre (the heart) of another column. By expressing a distance in c.t.c., one can measure distances between columns with different diameters without confusion. This concept applies to other architectural features that may have variable diameters/widths and spacings, such as pillars or ceiling beams and baffles.

Architectural terminology
Columns and entablature
Technical drawing

Centre-to-centre distance


John Charles Groome (June 8, 1800 – November 30, 1866) was Secretary of State of Maryland, appointed by Governor Thomas W. Veazey in 1838.

Biography
He was born in Elkton, Maryland on June 8, 1800, to John Groome and Elizabeth Black. He graduated from Princeton College then studied law under E.F. Chambers and Levin Gale.  He graduated from Litchfield Law School.  He married Elizabeth Riddle Black on December 6, 1836 and they had five children: James Black Groome, Maria Stokes Groome Knight, Elizabeth Black Groome Constable, Jane S. Groome Black, and John C. Groome II (1839-1860). He died on November 30, 1866 in Elkton, Maryland.

References

|-

Secretaries of State of Maryland
1800 births
1866 deaths
People from Elkton, Maryland
19th-century American politicians

John Charles Groome (secretary of state)


Prince Wilhelm of Urach, Count of Württemberg (27 September 1897 – 8 August 1957) was a member of the German princely House of Württemberg and a senior automotive production engineer.

Most of his professional career was spent working for Daimler-Benz in Stuttgart-Untertürkheim. Between 1941 and 1944, he was sent to France, however, and given responsibility over the technical division of the important Renault company. During these years, he successfully avoided knowing about the covert development of the Renault 4CV, which after 1945, proved crucial to the survival of what became France's largest automobile manufacturer.

Life and career
Wilhelm was the eldest son of Wilhelm Karl, 2nd Duke of Urach and his first wife, known as Amalie, Duchess in Bavaria. On leaving his Stuttgart preparatory school, he moved on, in 1908, to the Karls-Gymnasium (secondary school), passing his Abitur (school leaving examination) in 1914.

War broke out at the end of July 1914, and on 3 August 1914, Wilhelm was drafted into The First Württemberg Field Artillery Regiment. Before the month was over, on 18 August 1914 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. His wartime career included periods of service in Reserve Field Artillery Regiment No.26 and the Imperial Fourth Reserve Corps, and took him to France, Poland, Flanders, Serbia, the Carpathians and Bukovina. On 30 August 1915, he was honoured with the Military Merit Order (Württemberg). On 18 December, he was promoted to the rank of Oberleutnant.

While the war was still underway, probably at the instigation of his father, he enrolled as a "war student" at the University of Tübingen to study Law. However, his own interest was directed more towards engineering and technology. Between 1919 and 1922, Wilhelm studied Mechanical engineering at Stuttgart's Technical Academy, emerging with an engineering degree. As a student, he became a member of the student fraternity "Akademische Gesellschaft Sonderbund" in Stuttgart.

Following his graduation, he worked successively for Steiger in Burgrieden, Cockerell in Munich and Bugatti in Molsheim. In 1927, he switched to Daimler-Benz, working at Untertürkheim as a design engineer. In 1933, he joined the top management team and in 1937, he was appointed a chief engineer. His responsibilities included taking care of the Mercedes drivers at sporting events.

During the Second World War, he was mandated to take responsibility for the technical directorship of Renault, based in a northern suburb of Paris. In 1945 he returned to Daimler-Benz as a member of the top management team ("Direktions-Sekretariat"). Between 1946 and 1950, he was in charge of passenger car testing. In 1954, he received Procuration responsibility on behalf of the company, and this was also the year in which he took over the Mercedes-Benz Museum.

He died at Munich on 8 August 1957. He is buried in Stuttgart.

Family
Wilhelm married Elisabeth Theurer on 19 June 1928, in the teeth of opposition from his father voiced when they got engaged. Elisabeth was the daughter of Richard Theurer, General Director of G. Siegle & Co., a long-established Stuttgart manufacturer of dyes and colourings, and his wife Elisabeth Groß. By the date of his marriage, Wilhelm's father had been dead for nearly three months, but the marriage was nonetheless deemed morganatic, and he was required to renounce his right to the title Duke of Urach, Count of Württemberg. Headship of the noble family instead passed to his younger brother, Karl Gero, Duke of Urach.

The marriage produced two recorded daughters, the elder of which, Elisabeth von Urach (b. 1932), obtained a doctorate in psychology and worked in a top job with Stuttgart's Education and Youth Counselling service. The younger daughter, Maria Christine von Urach (1933–1990), mirrored her father's career choice, with a successful 31-year career at Daimler-Benz, starting as an engineer and ending up in charge of Data Processing at Untertürkheim.

See also
 Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)

References

Military personnel of Württemberg
German people of World War I
German mechanical engineers
Bugatti people
Mercedes-Benz Group people
Renault people
House of Urach
Engineers from Stuttgart
1897 births
1957 deaths
Heirs apparent who never acceded

Wilhelm von Urach


The University of International Business and Economics (UIBE; ) is a public university located in Beijing, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education. and co-sponsored by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Commerce. The university is part of Project 211 and the Double First Class University Plan.

The university emphasizes on economics, finance, international business, management, business, law, foreign languages and foreign relations. It was established in 1951 in Beijing by China's Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. It is one of China's most competitive and selective schools for undergraduate admission.

History
The school was formerly known as the Senior Business Cadre School and was founded in 1951. In 1953, it was renamed Beijing Foreign Trade College. In 1954, the foreign trade major of the Department of Trade of Renmin University of China was merged into the Beijing College of Foreign Trade and the Beijing College of Foreign Trade was established. In 1984, it was renamed the University of International Business and Economics. In June 2000, the former China Finance Institute and the former University of International Business and Economics merged to form a new University of International Business and Economics, which was placed under the management of the Ministry of Education. In December 2010, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Commerce signed an agreement to jointly build the University of International Business and Economics.

Faculty
The university offer a range of courses in international business, economics, international trade, finance, management, commercial law, foreign languages and related fields.

UIBE is the home of The Beijing Center, a program for mainly American students studying in China who reside at UIBE and take Chinese language courses, as well as other courses taught in English.

Schools and departments

School of International Trade and Economics
Department of International Trade
Department of Finance
Department of Economics
Department of Transportation and Logistics
Department of Political Economy
Department of International Economic Cooperation
Department of Mathematical and Quantitative Economics

The School of International Trade and Economics is one of China's leading centers for the study and research of international trade and finance. The School is an established, research-intensive institution including seven departments and ten research centers.

School of Banking and Finance
Department of Banking
Department of Financial Engineering
Department of Investment

In 2001, the School of Banking and Finance in UIBE merged with the former China Institution of Finance which was widely known as the undergraduate school of the Peoples' Bank of China and received endorsement from the Chinese central government. Currently, about 1500 students are studying in SBF, with 950 being undergraduates, 179 graduates, and 33 doctoral graduates, including more than 100 foreign students. The school also has roughly 300 graduate students, specialized in finance, studying as part-time students.

School of Business
Department of International Business Administration
Department of Accounting
Department of Corporate Finance
Department of Human Resources Management
Department of Marketing
Department of Statistics

The Business School at the University of International Business Economics (hereafter UIBEBS) was established in 1982 as Department of International Business Management. It is now the second largest among 16 schools on the campus in terms of enrollment and faculty team.  Teaching and research at UIBEBS covers virtually all facets of business management with programmes in accounting, finance, marketing, business management and human resource management. UIBEBS uses textbooks and teaching materials from the United States in courses taught in English. The business school is currently [as of May 2014] a member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) as well as European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS). By the end of 2013, UIBEBS has 87 full-time and 31 part-time faculties, 2499 full-time and 1060 part-time students. Of the total number, 597 are international students.

School of Law
Department of International Law
Department of Civil Law
Department of Economic Law

Founded in 1984, the University of International Business and Economics (UIBE) School of Law features a State-approved key discipline of international law and has around 50 full-time faculty members.  Half of the full-time faculty have served as arbitrators of various domestic and foreign arbitration institutions.  In 2010, UIBE ranks second in China's National Higher Education Institution Rankings by Employment Rate.  The university has enrolled many foreign students.

School of Foreign Studies
Department of Arabian
Department of Korean
Department of German
Department of Russian
Department of Japanese
Department of French
Department of Italian
Department of Spanish
Department of Vietnamese
Department of Portuguese
Department of Persian
Department of Modern Greek

The School of Foreign Studies (SFS), originally the second Department of the Beijing Foreign Trade College founded in 1954, is composed of eight departments and one centre, namely, Departments of Arabic, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Russian, and Vietnamese, as well as the Sino-Italian Language Training Centre. In its history of half a century, there appeared many known scholars and professors: Chen Tao, Song Wenjun, Shen Daming, Zhang Xiongwu, Zhao Run, Jiang Xindao, Xiao Tianyou, among others.
Up till now, the school has produced about 1,000 undergraduates and 100 post graduates.  Prominent among them:  Shi Guangsheng as the ex-minister of Foreign Trades, Song Hai, now the vice provincial governor of Guangdong Province, Cao Weizhou, the deputy Secretary-General of the National Standing Committee of People's Congress of China, Guo Li, the deputy director of the Hong Kong Liaison Office of China.
The eight departments of the School are all members and/or standing members of their separate National Teaching Associations and Literature Societies.
The faculty consists of 21 full professors and 33 associate professors. Among them, 34 are graduate supervisors, 21 have obtained PhD degrees. The SFS also employs some foreign teachers.
There are 700 undergraduate and 100 postgraduate students enrolled.  The school has exchange programs with 20 overseas universities.

School of International Studies
Department of English Linguistics and Literature
Department of Business English
Department of Translation and Interpretation
Department of General English

School of International Education (SIE) of UIBE is engaged in recruiting international students for UIBE's degree and non-degree study programs, and provides related services.  SIE offers language training programs, including the Chinese Language and Business Chinese at different levels, and Advance Studies on Chinese Economy and Culture.

Currently, there are more than 3,100 foreign students from 126 countries and regions studying at the University of International Business and Economics.  Over 2,300 of them are taking degree courses and over 800 students are taking Chinese language courses and non-degree courses.

School of International Education has Dean's Office, Admissions Office, Office for Degree Education, Office for Non-Degree Education, Department of Students' Affairs, Department of Teaching and Service Center.

School of Information Technology and Management Engineering
Department of Information Management
Department of Electronic Business
Department of Computer Software Application
School of International Relations
Department of Political Science
Department of International Politics
Department of International Political Economy
Department of Diplomacy

Research Institute for Global Value Chains

School of Public Administration

School of Insurance and Economics

School of Chinese and Literature

Sino-French International Management School

Zhuoyue International School

China Institute for WTO Studies

Institute of International Economics

School of Distance Education

School of Executive Development

Campus

Buildings
The campus has been nicknamed "Hui Garden" (). Seven buildings are either dormitories or classroom buildings. There is a major academic building at the northwest of the site, which used to belong to the China Institute of Finance, named Boxue (). Another modern teaching building is located in the southeastern corner, named Ningyuan (). There is also an imposing structure in the middle of the campus, named Chengxin (). A new library building was opened in October 2008.

Apart from the sports areas, there is a Chinese garden (south side), a bird cage, and a pond dubbed the "Back Sea" (see Houhai) by students.

The University recently hired a foreign branding expert – Alexander Goldsborough – as Director of International Marketing and Communications, to revisit the brand image of the University.

Israel campus
In August 2021 UIBE opened a new campus in Petah Tikvah in Israel, in a ceremony that was attended by UIBE's Party Chief Jiang Qingzhe, UIBE's President Xia Wenbin, Israeli Ambassador to China Matan Vilnai and Petah Tikva's Mayor Rami Greenberg.

Notable Figures

Alumni
Dou Jianzhong () – Executive Director and Chairman, CITIC Limited
Gao Xiaoli () – Judge (2022-2026) of United Nations Appeals Tribunal, and Chief Judge of 4th Civil Division, Supreme Court of China
Gao Xiqing – CEO of China Investment Corporation, one of the largest SWFs in the World, former vice President of National Social Security Fund (NSSF), former Vice President of China Securities Regulatory Commission(CSRC)
Geng Xin – CEO of Daiwa Securities (China)(大和証券-中国)
Gong Zheng – Mayor of Shanghai and former Governor of Shandong
Gu Yongjiang () – Former Chairman of China Resources
He Weiwen () – Senior Fellow of Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies, Renmin University of China (RDCY) and Vice Chairman of Global Alliance of SMEs
Hong Hao () – Managing Director and Head of Research at BOCOM International, Former Chief Global Equity Strategist and Executive Director at CICC (Beijing, Hong Kong), and Global Strategist at Morgan Stanley (Sydney, New York) and at Citigroup (New York, London), named as the "Most Accurate Strategist in China" by Bloomberg
Huang Tao () – Senior Partner and the Managing Partner of the Dispute Resolution Group of King & Wood Mallesons
Jiang Wei () – Former CFO of China Resources
Jiao Jinhong () – Chief Legal Counsel of the China Securities Regulatory Commission
Li Jinyan () – Interim Dean (2009-2010), Full Professor, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Canada
Li Shu () – Partner at the Boston Consulting Group
Li Xiang – Chinese actress, host and singer
Lin (Kevin) Chaolun () –Lead Interpreter (Chinese) of the Foreign Office of the British Government
Lin Jianhai –  first-ever Secretary of International Monetary Fund(IMF) from China
Liu Guixiang () –Grand Justice of the second rank, and Judicial Committee Member of Supreme Court of China
Liu Jinbao –Former CEO of Bank of China (Hong Kong)
Lu Xiaoqiang () – Managing Director of Deutsche Bank AG, former Director of Citigroup AG
Chrissy Luo () – Co-founder of Shanda Group and the Caltech Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute
Qi Huanwu () – the former Ambassador of Poland to people's Republic of China
Qian Feng () – Deputy Minister of Ministry of Veterans Affairs and Former Deputy Director of Legislative Affairs Office, State Council of People's Republic of China
Qiu Zhongqiang () – Global Vice President & Asia Senior Vice President of Procter & Gamble Company (P&G)
Weijian Shan – CEO of PAG Group, former professor at Wharton Business School of the University of Pennsylvania, former Managing Director of JPMorgan Chase, former Partner at TPG Capital
Shi Guangsheng – former Minister of China Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation
Sun Yonghong () – Managing Director of Standard Chartered Bank AG, former Executive Director of JPMorgan Chase AG, former Executive Director of Goldman Sachs AG
Sun Zhenyu () –  Ambassador and Permanent Representative of China to the WTO from 2002 to 2010
Wang Guiying () – Deputy Governor of Shandong Province
Wang Jinlong – President of Starbucks AP, Senior Vice President of Starbucks International
Wang Shouwen () – Vice Minister of the Ministry of Commerce, Deputy China International Trade Representative
Wang Lingjun () – Vice Minister and Deputy Customs Commissioner-General, of the General Administration of Customs of China
Wang Xuebing () – former Chairman at Bank of China, former Chairman at China Construction Bank
Wu Weijun () – the first man in Mainland China who obtained the membership of ACCA, and also a Deloitte China Vice Chairman
Jing Zhang () – MD, China Chief Legal Counsel of Goldman Sachs
Yang Fuchang () – former Vice Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of PRC, and former President of China Foreign Affairs University (外交学院)
Yang Jingyu () – former Chair of Law Committee of National People's Congress, China (全国人大法律委员会) and former Director of Legislative Affairs Office, State Council of People's Republic of China
Yong Mei – Chinese actress, winner of Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 69th Berlin International Film Festival
Yu Xubao () – Chairman of COFCO
Bessie Xin Yuan () – President, 微软中国
Windy Yuan () – a successful entrepreneur and a community activist in Canada, now the President and CEO of Bradley Pacific Enterprises
Zhang Jixun () – Professor at Japan Josai University
Zhang Libin () – Partner of Baker Botts L.L.P.
Zhang Liping () – Chairman, Greater China of Blackstone
Zhang Yi () –Chairman of China Management Committee, King & Wood Mallesons
Zhang Zhiwei () – Chief China Economist at Deutsche Bank
Zhao Zhongxiu () – President of UIBE (since Jan.2023), former President of Shandong University of Finance and Economics
Zhou Keren () – Former Vice Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation
Zhou Wenzhong – Former Ambassador of the People's Republic of China to the United States of America from 2005 to 2010

Professor
Ba Shusong
Fred Engst
Shi Jingxia
Wang Linsheng
Xue Rongjiu

Foreign students
UIBE was one of the first Chinese universities to admit foreign students, with the first group enrolling in 1954.

Over 70% of the foreign student population hails from the Republic of Korea (South Korea). Students from the DPRK, (North Korea), however, despite that country's proximity to China, are very rare. Recently, there has been an influx of Western European (Finland, France, Germany, Italy) and North American students. Japanese, Indonesian, Vietnamese and Thai students also account for a sizable proportion of foreign students.

Since 1998, the UIBE and Reims Management School have created a Franco-Chinese undergraduate program CESEM. It also has an exchange agreement for Spanish students with the Comillas Pontifical University. Other dual diplomas partners are Paris-based business school ESCE and Cardiff University.

UIBE is one of the first universities in China to launch an international student program taught entirely in English. This program has become very popular among foreign students both in China and outside.

References

External links

  Official website
  Official international website
  School of International Trade and Economics, UIBE
  CESEM, Neoma Bs
 (in English) Research Institute for Global Value Chains
 Some photos of UIBE (CC)

Universities and colleges in Beijing
Project 211
Universities and colleges established in 1951
1951 establishments in China

Schools in Chaoyang District, Beijing


Jitterbugs is a 1943 Laurel and Hardy feature film produced by Sol M. Wurtzel and directed by Mal St.Clair.

Plot
Stan and Ollie are musicians travelling across the country as "The Original Zoot Suit Band". En route to their next gig, their car runs out of gas and they are rescued by Chester Wright, an inventor who has perfected a pill which will turn water into gas (in reality he is a small-time con man who simply switches a water canister with a canister of gas when the duo aren't looking).

The trio make a plan to travel to the next town "Midvale" and after using Stan and Ollie's music to attract a crowd Chester takes the opportunity to sell his "miracle pill" to the masses and make a fortune. As Stan and Ollie play, Chester makes the acquaintance of a young choir singer named Susan. The trio's sales pitch is initially a success but their scam is soon uncovered when a customer returns after having poured the "gasoline" into the fuel tank of his car and ended up in a nasty accident. Chester prevents the angry mob from attacking Stan and Ollie by posing as a police officer arriving on the scene to arrest Stan and Ollie. Susan jumps on the back of the trio's trailer after realizing Chester still has her purse that she asked him to hold. As Susan and Chester get to know each other, Susan tells Chester that her mother was recently conned out of a large amount of money by a gang who want to use the money to bet on a big horse race. Chester has a hunch that he may know the gang and with the aid of Stan and Ollie agrees to help Susan get her mother's money back.

The group returns to the town and posing as out-of-town businessmen, check into the same hotel where Henry Corcoran, the leader of the con men, is staying. In plain view of Corcoran, Ollie (going under the name "Colonel Watterson Bixby") pretends to deposit $20,000 in the hotel safe to make the gang think that Ollie is incredibly wealthy. Corcoran instructs his girlfriend Dorcas to seduce "Colonel Watterson Bixby" in her hotel room, but she accidentally ends up inviting Stan instead. When Ollie enters the hotel room, a drunken Stan thinking that it is Corcoran hides under the couch and becomes increasingly more intoxicated while he is hiding. Corcoran finally enters the room and Ollie pretends to be an undercover police officer sent to arrest Corcoran for swindling Susan's mother out of her money. Thinking he is about to be sent to jail, Corcoran agrees to give the stolen money back but reveals he only has half of the $10,000 and his partner, a man named Bennett, has the other half. Corcoran attempts to shoot Ollie and Chester but is pulled to the ground by Stan and thrown in the closet by Ollie and Chester.

The group then begin their next plan to get the other half of the money by having Susan get a job as a singer at the club on board a boat run by Bennett. They then have Stan dress as a woman and pose as Susan's rich aunt and convince Bennett to invest in a show at his club which they say will make him a fortune and will only require a combined $10,000 investment from him and Susan's aunt, which agrees to. The two agree to place $5000 apiece in an envelope and place it in a safe.

Bennett goes to a colleague of his, Tony Queen in order to loan the $5000 to put into the show, as he plans on stealing the envelope and keeping the $10,000 for himself. Unbeknownst to Bennett, the group plan to switch the envelopes and escape with Bennett's $5000. Stan and Ollie successfully switch Bennett's $5000 and give it to Chester to put in the hotel safe. However, when the gang realize they have been conned, they capture Stan, Ollie and Susan. They search the hotel for Chester but he is nowhere to be found, giving Stan, Ollie and Susan the impression that he was only using them to get the money for himself.

The trio are taken to Bennett's club where Susan is forced back into work as a singer and dancer, and Stan and Ollie are put to work in the engine room. They manage to escape after one of the guards takes one of Chester's gas pills thinking it is for indigestion and floats to the ceiling. Stan and Ollie rescue Susan but the guard accidentally lands on the controls of the ship which send it speeding out to sea, nearly hitting several other ships.

The police arrive with Chester to arrest the gang. Susan scolds Chester for running off with the money but Chester clarifies that he left the hotel to wire the money to her mother immediately, showing her a receipt as proof. Stan and Ollie arrive on deck to see Susan and Chester kiss before leaving the ship. The duo plan to leave the ship as well but suddenly the remaining gangsters come around the corner and Stan and Ollie leap overboard in order to escape.

Analysis
The film is notable for its dance sequences and the interaction between the duo with Vivian Blaine and Lee Patrick. Blaine, who later starred in the Broadway production of Guys and Dolls, was among those who honored Laurel and Hardy during their December 1954 appearance on NBC's This Is Your Life.

The film was a reworking of Arizona to Broadway, made ten years earlier by the Fox Film Corporation.

Jitterbugs is often considered to be the best Laurel and Hardy film made under 20th Century Fox.

Cast

References

External links

1943 films
Laurel and Hardy (film series)
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Malcolm St. Clair
1943 comedy films
Films scored by Leigh Harline
20th Century Fox films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

fi:Jitterbug

Jitterbugs


David Paul Mancuso (October 20, 1944 – November 14, 2016) was an American disc jockey who created the popular "by invitation only" parties in New York City, which later became known as "The Loft". The first party, called "Love Saves The Day", was in 1970.

Mancuso pioneered the private party, as distinct from the more commercial nightclub business model. In the early 1970s, Mancuso won a long administrative trial when the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs found that he was not selling food or beverages to the public and therefore did not need a New York City cabaret license.

Mancuso's success at keeping his parties "underground" and legal inspired others, and many famous private discothèques of the 1970s and 1980s were modeled after The Loft, including the Paradise Garage, The Gallery, 12 West, The Flamingo and later The Saint. Mancuso also helped start the record pool system for facilitating the distribution of promotional records to the qualified disc jockey.

Biography

Early life
Mancuso was born on October 20, 1944, in Utica, New York. He was born out of wedlock while his mother's husband was serving in World War II and lived in an orphanage for the first five years of his life. Although he nominally resided with his mother thereafter, he remained a frequent runaway and spent a year in reform school as a teenager; during this period, he cultivated an interest in early rhythm and blues music.

He dropped out of high school on his 16th birthday and worked as a dishwasher for two years to finance his move to New York City in 1962. Over the next several years, he was employed in a variety of capacities (including stints as head of Holt Rinehart Winston's Xerox department and as a personnel manager for Restaurant Associates) before pursuing a career as an independent antiques dealer.

Career

Mancuso continued to develop a highly variegated social network (a characteristic that he ascribed to his unconventional upbringing), frequenting rent parties in such disparate milieus as Harlem and Staten Island, while also immersing himself in the hippie culture of the era at such East Village venues as the Electric Circus, the Planetarium, and the Fillmore East (where he was present for notable performances by Timothy Leary and Nina Simone). He became an ardent devotee of Leary's The Psychedelic Experience (1966) after his initial experiments with LSD.

Before hosting his first Loft party at his home at 647 Broadway in 1970, Mancuso was playing records for his friends on a semi-regular basis as early as 1966. These parties became so popular that, by 1971, he and Steve Abramowitz, who worked the door, decided to do this on a weekly basis. These parties were similar to rent parties or house parties.

Mancuso's first major Loft party, called "Love Saves The Day", was held Saturday, February 14, 1970, at his home, at 647 Broadway. The importance of Mancuso and The Loft are also chronicled in Josell Ramos' documentary, Maestro (2003), a Paradise Garage and Levan-centered narrative of New York dance music culture in the 1970s and 1980s.

In 1999 and 2000, Mancuso and Colleen 'Cosmo' Murphy produced the compilation series David Mancuso Presents The Loft, Volumes One and Two on Nuphonic.

In 2003, British journalist and lecturer Tim Lawrence published an influential and comprehensive study of the New York roots of modern dance music culture that placed Mancuso at its narrative center. Entitled Love Saves the Day: A History of American Dance Music Culture, 1970–1979, the book highlights the influence of Mancuso's late 1960s and early 1970s Loft parties on every major figure in the New York dance music scene, including Robert Williams, the founder of Chicago's Warehouse and Muzic Box; Frankie Knuckles, the DJ at the Warehouse, Nicky Siano, the founder of the Gallery; Larry Levan, the DJ at the Paradise Garage; Tony Humphries, the founder of Zanzibar; among numerous others.

On September 19, 2005, Mancuso was inducted into the Dance Music Hall of Fame for his outstanding achievement as a DJ.

On December 23, 2006, a nightclub named after Mancuso opened in Tübingen, in southern Germany.

In May 2008, Mancuso, with the help of Goshi Manabe, Colleen Murphy, and Satoru Ogawa, launched his own audiophile record label, The Loft Audiophile Library of Music. The music is mastered by Stan Ricker.

Death
Mancuso died at his home in Manhattan on November 14, 2016.

References

 Lawrence, T. (2003). Love Saves the Day: A History of American Dance Music Culture 1970–1979. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

External links

David Mancuso interview at DiscoMusic.com

1944 births
2016 deaths
Club DJs
DJs from New York City
LGBT DJs
People from Utica, New York
LGBT people from New York (state)
21st-century American LGBT people
American people of Italian descent

David Mancuso


John Phin (September 9, 1832 – December 29, 1913) was a prolific author and publisher, a teacher of applied science and a Shakespeare scholar.

Life

He was born at 4 Bank Street in Edinburgh's Old Town the son of Charles Phin WS a lawyer and Session Clerk in the Edinburgh Law Courts. He appears to have remained in Edinburgh so presumably studied law at Edinburgh University.

In 1856 he won the Edinburgh Arrow award, therefore must have been a member of the Royal Company of Archers.

In 1861 he was a successful lawyer in the Scottish Supreme Court, living at 13 Heriot Row in the New Town in Edinburgh.

His best-known book today is The evolution of the atmosphere as a proof of design and purpose in the creation, and of the existence of a personal God.  The book was openly theistic; Phin's Intelligent Designer was the Creator God of Genesis: "...it must be equally obvious that if we find strong and unmistakable evidence of intelligent and controlling design in the earliest stages of the development of this planet, that evidence applies with equal force to the existence of a designer, or in other words, to the existence of a personal God."

Professor Phin (he taught at People's College in New York and the University of Pennsylvania) organized and ran the "Industrial Publishing Company" in New York City for 25 years; he was a member of the New York Press Club.  Some of his many publications are listed in the Bibliography (below).  He was also the editor of the American Journal of Microscopy.

Bibliography
 The evolution of the atmosphere as a proof of design and purpose in the creation, and of the existence of a personal God; A simple and rigorously scientific reply to modern materialistic atheism (1908)
 Shakespearean Encyclopedia
 Shakespearean Notes and New Readings
 The Shakespeare Cyclopædia and New Glossary (with Dr. Edward Dowden) (1902)
 Seven Follies of Science (1906)
 Natural History of Hell - A Discussion of the Relations of Christianity to Modern Science
 Lightning Rods, and How to Construct Them
 The Chemical History of the Six Days of Creation (1870)
 Hints for Beginners with the Microscope
 Practical Hints on the Selection and Use of the Microscope (Second Edition 1878)
 Practical Hints on the Selection and Use of the Microscope (Fourth Edition 1881)
 Dictionary of Practical Agriculture
 Open air grape culture: a practical treatise on the garden and vineyard culture of the vine, and the manufacture of domestic wine. Designed for the use of amateurs and others in the northern and middle states (1862)
 The workshop companion: A collection of useful and reliable recipes, rules, processes, methods, wrinkles, and practical hints for the household and the shop (1887)
 How to use the microscope: Being practical hints on the selection and use of that instrument, intended for beginners (1890)
 Common Sense Currency. A Practical Treatise on Money in Its Relations to National Wealth and Prosperity. Intended for the Use of the Common People (1894)
 Trade "Secrets" and Private Recipes (1887)
 How to become a Good Mechanic (1883)
 Plain directions for the construction and erection of Lightning-rods (1879)

Notes

References

External links
 Obituary in The New York Times

1832 births
1913 deaths
Writers from Edinburgh

John Phin


"Ain't Gonna Hurt Nobody" is a song performed by American hip hop group Kid 'n Play. It was issued as the first single from their third studio album Face the Nation, as well as appearing on the soundtrack to the film House Party 2. The song samples the Brick song of the same name, as well as "Funky President (People It's Bad)" by James Brown.

Co-written by group member Christopher "Kid" Reid, "Ain't Gonna Hurt Nobody" was the group's only single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 51 on the chart in 1991. It was also the group's second single to peak at number one on the Billboard rap chart.

Chart positions

References

External links

1991 songs
1991 singles
Elektra Records singles
Kid 'n Play songs
Select Records singles

Ain't Gonna Hurt Nobody


USS Mirth (AM-265) was an  built for the United States Navy during World War II and in commission from 1944 to 1945. In 1945, she was transferred to the Soviet Union and served in the Soviet Navy after that as T-277. The Soviets converted her into a naval trawler in 1948 and renamed her Musson.

Construction and commissioning
Mirth was laid down on 31 July 1943 at Lorain, Ohio, by the American Shipbuilding Company, launched on 24 December 1943, sponsored by Mrs. B. E. Gathercoal, and commissioned on 12 August 1944.

Service history

U.S. Navy, World War II, 1944-1945
After shakedown in the Chesapeake Bay, Mirth, a unit of Mine Division 37, got underway on 29 November 1944 for brief duty with Naval Operating Base Bermuda. During December 1944 she operated from St. George's Bay, Bermuda, sweeping the channels and conducting antisubmarine patrols to ensure safe passage into the western terminus of the southern transatlantic convoy routes and escorting single vessels to mid-ocean join-ups with convoys en route.

Mirth arrived in Virginia at the end of December 1944 and then continued on to New York City on 3 January 1945. She remained in the New York City area throughout January 1945. She departed on 8 February 1945 for the Panama Canal and duty in the Pacific.

Selected for transfer to the Soviet Navy in Project Hula – a secret program for the transfer of U.S. Navy ships to the Soviet Navy at Cold Bay, Territory of Alaska, in anticipation of the Soviet Union joining the war against Japan – Mirth proceeded to Cold Bay, where she arrived on 3 April 1945 to begin familiarization training of her new Soviet crew.

Soviet Navy, 1945-1960

Following the completion of training for her Soviet crew, Mirth was decommissioned on 21 May 1945 at Cold Bay and transferred to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease immediately. Also commissioned into the Soviet Navy immediately, she was designated as a  ("minesweeper") and renamed T-277 in Soviet service. She soon departed Cold Bay bound for Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the Soviet Union, where she served in the Soviet Far East.

In February 1946, the United States began negotiations for the return of ships loaned to the Soviet Union for use during World War II, and on 8 May 1947, United States Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal informed the United States Department of State that the United States Department of the Navy wanted 480 of the 585 combatant ships it had transferred to the Soviet Union for World War II use returned. Deteriorating relations between the two countries as the Cold War broke out led to protracted negotiations over the ships, and by the mid-1950s the U.S. Navy found it too expensive to bring home ships that had become worthless to it anyway. Many ex-American ships were merely administratively "returned" to the United States and instead sold for scrap in the Soviet Union, while the U.S. Navy did not seriously pursue the return of others because it viewed them as no longer worth the cost of recovery. The Soviet Union never returned Mirth to the United States, instead converting her into a naval trawler in 1948 and renaming her Musson. Meanwhile, the U.S. Navy reclassified her as a "fleet minesweeper" (MSF) and redesignated her MSF-265 on 7 February 1955.

Disposal
The ship was scrapped in 1960. Unaware of her fate, the U.S. Navy kept Mirth on its Naval Vessel Register until finally striking her on 1 January 1983.

References

 NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Mirth (MSF-265) - ex-AM-265

Admirable-class minesweepers
Ships built in Lorain, Ohio
1943 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Admirable-class minesweepers of the Soviet Navy
World War II minesweepers of the Soviet Union
Cold War minesweepers of the Soviet Union
Trawlers of the Soviet Navy
Cold War patrol vessels of the Soviet Union
Ships transferred under Project Hula

USS Mirth (AM-265)