Thandi Ruth Modise (born 25 December 1959) is a South African politician who is currently serving as the Minister of Defence and Military Veterans. She was previously the Premier of the North West from 2010 to 2014, Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces from 2014 to 2019, and Speaker of the National Assembly from 2019 to 2021.

Modise has been a member of the African National Congress (ANC) since the 1976 Soweto uprising, when she dropped out of high school to join Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the ANC's armed wing, in exile. In 1978 she returned to South Africa as a trained guerrilla operative for MK and from 1980 to 1988 she was imprisoned under the Terrorism Act for her anti-apartheid activism.

She was elected to the South African Parliament in South Africa's first democratic election in 1994. After ten years in the National Assembly, she served as the Speaker of the North West Provincial Legislature from 2004 to 2009 before becoming Premier in 2010. She next returned to the executive branch of government in August 2021, when President Cyril Ramaphosa appointed her to replace Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula as Defence Minister.

Modise has also held various senior positions in the ANC, including as Deputy President of the ANC Women's League from 1993 to 2003 under Winnie Madikizela-Mandela; Deputy Secretary-General of the ANC from 2007 to 2012 under Jacob Zuma; and member of the National Executive Committee for several terms, including from 2017 to present.

Early life
Modise was born on 25 December 1959 in Huhudi, a township near Vryburg in what is now the North West province (then the northern part of the Cape province). Her father, Frans Modise, was a railway worker (a stoker) and a member of the African National Congress (ANC), which was banned by the apartheid government the year after Modise's birth. She was the youngest of six children.

Modise was educated at Barolong High School until she dropped out in July 1976 during the Soweto uprising. The student protests were given particular fervor in Huhudi because of the imminent threat that the township would be incorporated into the so-called independent homeland of Bophuthatswana. Later in July, Modise, with some former classmates, fled to Botswana, crossing the border by foot, and joined the ANC in exile.

Umkhonto we Sizwe: 1976–1979
Modise received preliminary political education in Tanzania and then received military training at various Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) camps in Angola and later in Maputo, Mozambique, becoming one of the few women in MK's famous "June 16" detachment. After her training she worked in MK camps as a political commissar, a section commissar, and ultimately a commander. She also sang soprano in a recreational MK choir.

In January 1978, shortly after her 19th birthday, Modise used a false passport to cross the Swazi border into South Africa, where she worked underground as an MK operative. She had received topographical training and her primary task was reconnaissance of potential targets for sabotage and other guerrilla attacks. She was based variously in Johannesburg, in Diepkloof, Soweto, and in Eldorado Park, and she occasionally crossed back into Swaziland to report back to the MK regional command stationed there. Over the course of two days in March 1978, she planted homemade incendiary devices, concealed in matchboxes, inside two OK Bazaars and Edgars stores in Johannesburg.

Detention: 1979–1988
Modise was arrested on 31 October 1979 in Eldorado Park, where she was completing a new MK assignment which involved political mobilisation through a network of underground ANC cells in the area. According to the police, she was arrested on the basis of a tip-off which identified her as a terrorist. She was detained without trial during five months of interrogation at the notorious John Vorster Square. She later told a judge that, though she was pregnant during the first months of her detention, she had been intimidated and assaulted by police officers.

She and her co-accused first appeared in the Johannesburg Magistrate's Court in May 1980. Modise faced various charges related to her MK activities between 1976 and 1978, including that she had trained with MK, plotted to commit arson, propagated the aims of the banned ANC, conducted reconnaissance with the intention to commit sabotage, possessed illegal weapons and explosives, and recruited for the ANC. She was convicted of three charges under the Terrorism Act and on 7 November 1980 was sentenced to a total of 16 years' imprisonment – two eight-year sentences run concurrently.

Modise served her full eight-year sentence (less one day) in Pretoria Central Prison, Kroonstad Women's Prison, and Klerksdorp Women's Prison. While in prison, she completed her matriculation certificate and a Bachelor's degree in industrial psychology and economics. She was released in November 1988.

Career in government

Legislatures: 1994–2009
In South Africa's first post-apartheid election in April 1994, Modise was elected to represent the ANC in the National Assembly, the lower house of South Africa's new Parliament. She held her seat until the 2004 general election and during that period, from 1998 onwards, served as chairperson of the Portfolio Committee on Defence and Joint Standing Committee on Defence. Subsequently she was Speaker of the North West Provincial Legislature from 2004 to 2009. She was also a member of the Robben Island Museum Council from 1994 to 2010.

Premier of the North West: 2010–2014
The Mail & Guardian reported that following the 2009 general election, the North West branch of the ANC supported a proposal to elect Modise as Premier of the North West. Maureen Modiselle was appointed instead – but only until 19 November 2010, when Modise succeeded her as Premier.

Modise was Premier during the Marikana massacre in the North West in 2012. During her tenure, she had an increasingly difficult relationship (which she described in 2011 as "a bit of a headache") with Supra Mahumapelo, then the ANC Provincial Chairperson in the North West and the Speaker of the North West Provincial Legislature. She remained in office as Premier until the next general election in 2014, when she was succeeded by Mahumapelo.

NCOP Chairperson: 2014–2019
Pursuant to the 2014 election, Modise was elected unopposed as Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces (NCOP), the upper house of the national Parliament. She held the position throughout the second term of President Jacob Zuma and later said, during a 2021 hearing of the Zondo Commission, that it was "a pity" that she and other parliamentary leaders did not "wake up" to allegations of state capture during Zuma's presidency and therefore did not use Parliament's investigatory powers to their fullest.In 2017, NCOP administrators reportedly advised Modise that she had claimed an excessively large parliamentary travel allowance, calculated using an incorrect formula. She was asked to repay the R125,953 which she had received in excess since 2014. The Sunday Times reported that she was "resisting" this request and disputed the claim that she had been overpaid.
When Supra Mahumapelo resigned as Premier in 2018, it was rumoured that Modise would return to the North West to replace him. Addressing the rumours, Modise said lightheartedly, "If the ANC asks you to do something, you go, but I wish they don't send me back there"; she ultimately served the full parliamentary term as NCOP Chairperson.

NA Speaker: 2019–2021
Following her term as NCOP Chairperson, Modise was elected to the counterpart position in the National Assembly, becoming the Speaker of the National Assembly after the 2019 general election. In 2021, the Daily Maverick complimented Modise's performance, which it said had helped restore dignity to the assembly's proceedings after years of "destabilising" controversy during Zuma's administration. This assessment received wide assent among parliamentary leaders of the country's opposition parties: the United Democratic Movement's Bantu Holomisa described Modise as "a no-nonsense-taker", while Narend Singh of Inkatha Freedom Party said she had "run a tight ship" and the Democratic Alliance's Natasha Mazzone described her as the legislature's "UN peacekeeping force" and as truly non-partisan. The Business Day agreed that she "exercised a firm grip" over the assembly's sittings.

Defence Minister: 2021–present
On 5 August 2021, President Cyril Ramaphosa appointed Modise to his cabinet as Minister of Defence and Military Veterans. Her appointment was part of a cabinet reshuffle which saw her swap positions with former Defence Minister Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula and which was partly intended to reinvigorate the so-called security cluster of ministries following an episode of serious civil unrest.

On the evening of 14 October 2021, Modise was at a hotel in Pretoria when she was held hostage by a group of military veterans calling themselves the Liberation Struggle War Veterans. She was detained with 25 others, including her deputy, Thabang Makwetla, and the Minister in the Presidency, Mondli Gungubele. The veterans demanded a meeting with President Ramaphosa and reparations for their role in the anti-apartheid struggle. After almost three hours, members of the Special Task Force entered the hotel, freeing the hostages and making dozens of arrests. The National Prosecuting Authority charged 53 people with kidnapping and suggested that it might add terrorism-related charges, but in May 2022 the case was withdrawn.

Career in the ANC

ANC Women's League
Modise served as a member of the National Executive Committee of the ANC Women's League from 1991 until December 1993, when she was elected deputy president of the league. She held that position for two terms until 2003. Additionally, towards the end of her second term, in April 2003, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela resigned as ANC Women's League president and Modise stepped in as acting president. Modise subsequently launched a campaign to succeed Madikizela-Mandela permanently, but, in a heated contest, she was defeated in August 2003 by league secretary-general Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula, who beat her by 528 votes.

On 16 March 2022, the National Working Committee of the ANC appointed Modise to lead a task team to assess the status of the ANC Women's League ahead of the party's next national elective conference in December 2022. Controversially, Modise recommended that the mainstream party should disband the incumbent leadership of the league, at that time headed by Bathabile Dlamini.

North West "Talibans"
Modise is also a senior member of the mainstream ANC. During her early parliamentary career, she emerged as a key figure in the North West branch of the ANC, particularly as a member of a group which sought to challenge the leadership of longstanding ANC Provincial Chairperson and Premier Popo Molefe. While Molefe's opponents argued that Molefe had failed to act against corruption or to resolve division in the provincial party, academic Andrew Manson suggested that Modise's supporters believed that the political leadership of the North West "ought to be in the hands of people indigenous to the province, i.e. herself and her supporters". During this period, Modise and others, backed by provincial leaders of the ANC Youth League (particularly Supra Mahumapelo), introduced an unsuccessful motion of no confidence in Molefe. The Mahumapelo-led pro-Modise faction was nicknamed "the Talibans", a moniker that was borrowed two decades later by Siboniso Duma's faction in the KwaZulu-Natal ANC.

Ahead of the 2002 North West ANC provincial elective conference, Modise mounted an unsuccessful challenge to Molefe's bid for re-election. Her campaign to become ANC Provincial Chairperson in the North West initially appeared highly successful: she was nominated for the position by four of five regional branches in the province, with only Bojanala region expressing support for Molefe, and she received strong support from the provincial Youth League, from the provincial Women's League, and from senior members of the ANC Provincial Executive Committee. She was also viewed as the favoured candidate of the incumbent national leadership of the party.

However, when the elective conference was held in June 2002 in Rustenberg, Modise lost, winning only 229 votes against Molefe's 355. In the aftermath, the Mail & Guardian reported that she was upset about the way the election had been conducted. Political commentator William Gumede described the conference as "ugly" and adduced, from the "derogatory slogans" shouted at Modise during the conference, that she had lost because she was "seen as [incumbent ANC President Thabo] Mbeki's candidate".

National Executive Committee
Modise was first elected to the ANC's National Executive Committee at the party's 49th National Conference in 1994; by popularity she was ranked 50th of 60 candidates elected. At the next national conference in 1997 she was not re-elected to the committee but was co-opted onto it shortly after the elections. She was returned by election at the 51st National Conference in 2002, ranked 31st of 60.

At the ANC's 52nd National Conference in December 2007, Modise was elected Deputy Secretary-General of the ANC. She was nominated from the floor of the conference when Baleka Mbete, the frontrunner until then, withdrew her name to stand instead for the position of National Chairperson. Modise's candidacy was part of an informal slate aligned to Jacob Zuma, who won the ANC presidency at the same conference, and she comfortably defeated Thoko Didiza for the position, winning 2,304 votes to Didiza's 1,455.

At the conclusion of her term as Deputy Secretary-General, she was nominated for reelection but declined, choosing instead to challenge Mbete, who was running – with Zuma's endorsement – for reelection as National Chairperson. When the election was held at the 53rd National Conference in December 2012, Modise lost, receiving only 939 votes against Mbete's 3,010. She also failed to gain election to an ordinary seat on the National Executive Committee. However, she regained her seat on the committee for another five-year term at the 54th National Conference in December 2017, and she was re-elected at the 55th National Conference in December 2022. There were also rumours that she was a possible candidate to become ANC Deputy President in 2022, and the ANC Women's League supported this proposal, but she did not appear on the ballot paper.

Animal cruelty charges
In July 2014, the NSPCA discovered a number of dead animals, including chickens, pigs, goats and geese, on a farm owned by Modise in Modderfontein outside Potchefstroom. The animals had starved to death and some of the surviving pigs were eating the carcasses of other animals. Modise said that the animals had been abandoned by a caretaker she had hired to monitor the farm while she was attending to her NCOP responsibilities in Cape Town, and she said she was "saddened" by the incident. She also said, "I am not a farmer. I am trying to farm. I am learning. But if you are a woman and you are learning you are not allowed to make mistakes". The Freedom Front Plus said that Modise was a poor example for emerging black farmers.

On behalf of the NSPCA, AfriForum instituted private prosecution against Modise on animal cruelty charges. However, in April 2021, a Potchefstroom court found Modise not guilty, ruling that Modise had not been negligent and that the hired caretaker should be held responsible for the incident.

Personal life
Modise has four children. She gave birth to a daughter named Boingotlo in January 1975 when she was still in high school. A second daughter, Mandisa, was born on 15 February 1980 at Johannesburg Hospital while Modise was being detained by the apartheid police. While Modise was occupied with her MK work, Boingotlo and Mandisa were raised by her mother.

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
People from Vryburg
South African Tswana people
African National Congress politicians
Chairpersons of the National Council of Provinces
Premiers of North West (South African province)
Women premiers of South African provinces
Women members of the National Council of Provinces
Women legislative speakers
21st-century South African politicians
21st-century South African women politicians
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa
Female defence ministers
Defence ministers of South Africa
Women government ministers of South Africa
Women members of the National Assembly of South Africa
Anti-apartheid activists
UMkhonto we Sizwe personnel
Prisoners and detainees of South Africa

Members of the North West Provincial Legislature

Thandi Modise


Frederick Grant Dunn (1905–1959) was an American criminal, burglar and bank robber whose career spanned over four decades from 1919 until his mysterious death in 1959. He led a small gang during the 1940s and 1950s, Dunn becoming referred to by the press as "the modern John Dillinger", and whose activities eventually resulted in his being listed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted in 1958.

Biography

Early life and criminal career
Born in 1905, Frederick Dunn's criminal career began when he was convicted of breaking and entering and larceny at the age of 14. He was sent to the Iowa Training School for Boys at Eldora, Iowa and remained there for five years, being paroled in 1921, and eventually discharged in 1924. Two months after leaving the school, he was arrested with two others for attempting to burglarize a general store in Gayville, South Dakota. The owner confronted Dunn and his two partners, firing at them with a gun and hitting one of the would-be robbers in the eye, with Dunn and his wounded friend being arrested by police. The two were convicted of burglary in November of that year and sentenced to five years in South Dakota state prison. Dunn was released on parole in 1927 but was returned to prison a year later following his arrest in Omaha for a parole violation.

Robbery in Sioux City
He was released in August 1929 and linked to a bank robbery in Salix, Iowa after only a few weeks. In Sioux City, three weeks later, he and a masked accomplice robbed a store on the outskirts of town. Upon entering the store, Dunn fired a shot into the ceiling and escaped with $67. Early the following year, he and another man robbed a suburban bank also near Sioux City. In February 1930, Dunn was picked up in Chicago and returned to Iowa for trial. Ten days after his arrival in Sioux City, Dunn managed to obtain a smuggled pistol and escaped with another inmate. One of the guards was shot in the thigh when he attempted to stop Dunn.

Managing to elude authorities for a few hours, Dunn was confronted by police later that day. He was surprised by sheriff's deputies in a nearby alley and surrendered after a brief shootout. Dunn was eventually given a 40-year prison sentence for bank robbery as well as an additional 30 years for "assault with intent to kill" as a result of his escape attempt. He was sent to the Iowa state prison in Fort Madison in March 1930 where he remained until his parole in June 1940.

Crime spree in Kansas
Dunn quickly returned to crime and, within two years, was being referred to as a "modern-day [John] Dillinger" for his skill in using nitroglycerine in blowing open safes. On July 2, 1942, he and two others robbed $2,861 from a bank in Portis, Kansas. Although they locked everyone in the vault, one of the bank owners, Carl Thomas, managed to get free and grabbed a rifle which he used to wound one of the robbers as they made their getaway. They later lost the car outside town when the driver suddenly swerved and sent the car rolling over several times. A second getaway car was nearby allowing Dunn and the others to escape.

Less than three weeks later, Dunn and his partners were arrested by federal agents in Denver, Colorado on July 21, 1942. He and the rest of his gang were convicted on federal charges and received 15 years. Two women associated with the gang were also charged as accessories and sentenced to six years each. Prior to sentencing, hacksaw blades were found in Dunn's cell and he later confessed to planning a jail break.

The "Modern Dillinger" and the FBI
Dunn was imprisoned in Leavenworth federal penitentiary in Kansas and spent a decade there until his parole in November 1952. Within seven months, an arrest warrant was issued for a parole violation. He was found living in Kansas City in January 1954 and arrested on a weapons charge. He was brought back to Leavenworth to complete his sentence. Dunn was finally released on August 16, 1957.

He was accused of burglarizing a store in Westphalia, Iowa, but no charges were brought against him. He was, however, arrested in Russell, Kansas on November 21 in connection with another burglary in nearby Palco. He was indicted on that charge six days later and transferred to the county lockup in Lincoln. While awaiting trial for the burglary of a grocery store in Sylvan Grove, he escaped from custody on January 11, 1958.

The FBI put out an arrest warrant charging him with "unlawful flight to escape prosecution" five days later and, on July 29, officially added him to the FBI Top Most Wanted. Their investigation soon ran cold, however, Dunn seemingly having disappeared. It was presumed by authorities that he had fled the state after his escape.

On September 7, 1959, his skeletal remains were found near Ellsworth and confirmed by a post-mortum examination two weeks later. With Dunn not having left Kansas after all, there was some speculation that he had committed suicide, but the cause of death was ultimately ruled as murder.

See also
List of unsolved murders

References

1905 births
1959 deaths
American bank robbers
Date of birth missing
Date of death missing
Depression-era gangsters
FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
Fugitives
People from Iowa
Unsolved murders in the United States

Frederick Grant Dunn


Oenosandra is a monotypic moth genus in the family Oenosandridae. Its only species, Oenosandra boisduvalii, or Boisduval's autumn moth, is found in the southern half of Australia, including Tasmania. Both the genus and species were first described by Edward Newman in 1856.

The wingspan is about 50 mm.

The larvae feed on Eucalyptus species.

References

Oenosandridae
Taxa named by Edward Newman

Oenosandra


Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1908 silent horror film starring Hobart Bosworth, and Betty Harte in her film debut. Directed by Otis Turner and produced by William N. Selig, this was the first film adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The screenplay was actually adapted by George F. Fish and Luella Forepaugh from their own 1897 four act stage play derived from the novel, causing a number of plot differences with the original source. Despite Stevenson's protests, this film became the model which influenced all the later film adaptations that were to come.

Roy Kinnard states it is also considered to be the first American horror film. There are no known extant copies of the film.

Plot
The film begins with the raising of a stage curtain. Dr. Jekyll vows his undying love for Alice, a vicar's daughter, in her spacious garden. Suddenly, seized by his addiction to the chemical formula, Jekyll begins to convulse and distort himself into the evil Mr. Hyde. He savagely attacks Alice, and when her father tries to intervene, Mr. Hyde takes great delight in slaughtering him. While in his lawyer's office, Dr. Jekyll sees visions of himself being executed for his crime.

Hyde later visits a friend Dr. Lanyon to ask him to procure some chemicals he needs, and after drinking the potion, he transforms back into Jekyll right before the doctor's eyes. Later in his lab, Jekyll transforms back into Mr. Hyde again, but haunted by visions of the gallows, he takes a fatal dose of poison, killing both of his identities simultaneously. In true theatrical tradition, the curtain then closes.

Production
The screenplay was adapted by George F. Fish and Luella Forepaugh based on their own 1897 four act stage play, which was condensed into a 16-minute long film. Selig thought the screenplay he used was based directly on Stevenson's novel, not realizing it had been adapted from Fish and Forepaugh's stage play instead, causing some plot differences. Selig erroneously commented upon its release that his film was "presented in strict accordance with the original book....involving each detail of pose, gesture and expression.....executed by persons of indisputed dramatic ability."

Despite its brevity, the film was also organized into four acts, just like the play. Each act consisted of a single scene, and the acts were separated onscreen by the rising and falling of a curtain. Selig produced a number of films from this period in much the same way, as if a static camera had simply photographed a stage play that was in progress.

The film was released seven months after the death of stage actor Richard Mansfield. (Mansfield had created the part of Jekyll/Hyde in the theater in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the first stage adaptation written by Thomas Russell Sullivan, beginning in 1887.)

To cash in on the popularity of their 1908 film, the Selig Polyscope company released another version of the Jekyll-Hyde story (running 7 minutes) in 1909 called A Modern Dr. Jekyll, which updated the story to a contemporary setting. Jekyll's formula was depicted as more of a magic potion in that film, and even transforms him into a woman in one scene. The 1909 film is also considered lost.

Critiques
Jekyll's transformation into Hyde was filmed all in one continuous shot without the use of any special effects. Bosworth simply contorted his body into a hunchbacked position and slid part of the wig he was wearing lower down over his forehead. Critics were enthusiastic, giving Bosworth special mention: "The change is displayed with a dramatic ability almost beyond comprehension".

Motion Picture World opined "The successful reproduction of this well-known drama surpassed our expectations".

References

External links
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde at the Internet Movie Database

1908 films
1908 horror films
American black-and-white films
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films
1900s science fiction horror films
Lost horror films
American silent short films
Films directed by Otis Turner
Selig Polyscope Company films
Lost American films
American science fiction horror films
1908 lost films
American films based on plays
1908 short films
1900s American films
Silent science fiction horror films
1900s English-language films

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908 film)


Bolling Hall is one of the oldest buildings in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. It is currently used as a museum and education centre. The building is about a mile from the centre of Bradford in East Bowling. Its surroundings are suburban in character.

Before the Industrial Revolution, Bradford was a small town and difficult to defend as it lay in a basin. However, Bolling Hall occupies a commanding position on a hillside. The earliest part of this building, dating from the 14th century, has been interpreted as a peel tower, although Bradford is somewhat outside the typical geographical area for these defensive structures.

The Manor of Bolling (Bollinc) is first mentioned in Domesday Book and was at that time in the possession of a man named Sindi. The manor then came under the control of Ilbert de Lacy. By 1316 the manor was owned by William Bolling, and Bollings owned the estate until the late 15th century when control went to the Tempests who held the estate until 1649. The estate changed hands several times thereafter until eventually it was let to several tenants until being presented to Bradford Corporation in 1912. It was opened as a museum three years later.

During the second siege of Bradford in 1643, during the English Civil War, the house was a Royalist base. On this occasion the Royalists took the town, which had strong Parliamentarian sympathies, and it was thought that the victors would put the inhabitants to the sword. There is usually material on display relating to the English Civil War including a death mask of Oliver Cromwell. In the 18th century, parts of the house were modernised by the architect John Carr, following a fire. The Hall was designated as a Grade I listed building in 1952.

The Bolling chapel at Bradford parish church, now Bradford Cathedral, was founded by the owners of Bolling Hall and was restored by the Tempest family in the 17th century but did not survive the 20th-century rebuilding of the chancel.

See also
 Grade I listed buildings in City of Bradford
 Listed buildings in Bradford (Bowling and Barkerend Ward)
 Battle of Adwalton Moor

References

External links

 Bolling Hall official web site

Country houses in West Yorkshire
Buildings and structures in Bradford
Museums in Bradford
Grade I listed houses
Grade I listed buildings in West Yorkshire
Bolling family of Virginia
Historic house museums in West Yorkshire
Peel towers in West Yorkshire

Bolling Hall, Bradford


Great-circle navigation or orthodromic navigation (related to orthodromic course; ) is the practice of navigating a vessel (a ship or aircraft) along a great circle. Such routes yield the shortest distance  between two points on the globe.

Course

The great circle path may be found using spherical trigonometry; this is the spherical version of the inverse geodetic problem.
If a navigator begins at P1 = (φ1,λ1) and plans to travel the great circle to a point at point P2 = (φ2,λ2) (see Fig. 1, φ is the latitude, positive northward, and λ is the longitude, positive eastward), the initial and final courses α1 and α2 are given by formulas for solving a spherical triangle

where λ12 = λ2 − λ1
and the quadrants of α1,α2 are determined by the signs of the numerator and denominator in the tangent formulas (e.g., using the atan2 function).
The central angle between the two points, σ12, is given by

(The numerator of this formula contains the quantities that were used to determine
tanα1.)
The distance along the great circle will then be s12 = Rσ12, where R is the assumed radius
of the Earth and σ12 is expressed in radians.
Using the mean Earth radius, R = R1 ≈   yields results for
the distance s12 which are within 1% of the geodesic length for the WGS84 ellipsoid; see Geodesics on an ellipsoid for details.

Relation to geocentric coordinate system

Detailed evaluation of the optimum direction is possible if the sea surface is approximated by a sphere surface. The standard computation places the ship at a geodetic latitude  and geodetic longitude , where  is considered positive if north of the equator, and where  is considered positive if east of Greenwich. In the geocentric coordinate system centered at the center of the sphere, the Cartesian components are

and the target position is

The North Pole is at

The minimum distance  is the distance along a great circle that runs through  and . It is calculated in a plane that contains the sphere center and the great circle,

where  is the angular distance of two points viewed from the center of the sphere, measured in radians. The cosine of the angle is calculated by the dot product  of the two vectors

If the ship steers straight to the North Pole, the travel distance is

If a ship starts at  and swims straight to the North Pole, the travel distance is

Derivation
The cosine formula of spherical trigonometry yields for the
angle  between the great circles through  that point to the North on one hand and to  on the other hand

The sine formula yields

Solving this for  and insertion in the previous formula gives an expression for the tangent of the position angle,

Further details
Because the brief derivation gives an angle between 0 and  which does not reveal the sign (west or east of north ?), a more explicit derivation is desirable which yields separately the sine and the cosine of  such that use of the correct branch of the inverse tangent allows to produce an angle in the full range .

The computation starts from a construction of the great circle between  and . It lies in the plane that contains the sphere center,  and  and is constructed rotating  by the angle  around an axis . The axis is perpendicular to the plane of the great circle and computed by the normalized vector cross product of the two positions:

A right-handed tilted coordinate system with the center at the center of the sphere is given by the
following three axes: the
axis , the axis

and the axis .
A position along the great circle is

The compass direction is given by inserting the two vectors  and  and computing the gradient of the vector with respect to  at .

The angle  is given by splitting this direction along two orthogonal directions in the plane tangential to the sphere at the point . The two directions are given by the partial derivatives of  with respect to  and with respect to , normalized to unit length:

 points north and  points east at the position .
The position angle  projects
into these two directions,
,
where the positive sign means the positive position angles are defined to be north over east. The values of the cosine and sine of  are computed by multiplying this equation on both sides with the two unit vectors,

Instead of inserting the convoluted expression of , the evaluation may employ that the triple product is invariant under a circular shift
of the arguments:

If atan2 is used to compute the value, one can reduce both expressions by division through
and multiplication by ,
because these values are always positive and that operation does not change signs; then effectively

Finding way-points

To find the way-points, that is the positions of selected points on the great circle between
P1 and P2, we first extrapolate the great circle back to its node A, the point
at which the great circle crosses the
equator in the northward direction: let the longitude of this point be λ0 — see Fig 1.  The azimuth at this point, α0, is given by

Let the angular distances along the great circle from A  to P1 and P2 be σ01 and σ02 respectively. Then using Napier's rules we have
(If φ1 = 0 and α1 = π, use σ01 = 0).

This gives σ01, whence σ02 = σ01 + σ12.

The longitude at the node is found from

Finally, calculate the position and azimuth at an arbitrary point, P (see Fig. 2), by  the spherical version of the direct geodesic problem. Napier's rules give

The atan2 function should be used to determine
σ01,
λ, and α.
For example, to find the
midpoint of the path, substitute σ = (σ01 + σ02); alternatively
to find the point a distance d from the starting point, take σ = σ01 + d/R.
Likewise, the vertex, the point on the great
circle with greatest latitude, is found by substituting σ = +π.
It may be convenient to parameterize the route in terms of the longitude using

Latitudes at regular intervals of longitude can be found and the resulting positions transferred to the Mercator chart
allowing the great circle to be approximated by a series of rhumb lines.  The path determined in this way
gives the great ellipse joining the end points, provided the coordinates
are interpreted as geographic coordinates on the ellipsoid.

These formulas apply to a spherical model of the Earth.  They are also used in solving for the great circle on the auxiliary sphere which is a device for finding the shortest path, or geodesic, on an ellipsoid of revolution; see the article on geodesics on an ellipsoid.

Example
Compute the great circle route from Valparaíso,
φ1 = −33°,
λ1 = −71.6°, to
Shanghai,
φ2 = 31.4°,
λ2 = 121.8°.

The formulas for course and distance give
λ12 = −166.6°,
α1 = −94.41°,
α2 = −78.42°, and
σ12 = 168.56°.  Taking the earth radius to be
R = 6371 km, the distance is
s12 = 18743 km.

To compute points along the route, first find
α0 = −56.74°,
σ01 = −96.76°,
σ02 = 71.8°,
λ01 = 98.07°, and
λ0 = −169.67°.
Then to compute the midpoint of the route (for example), take
σ = (σ01 + σ02) = −12.48°, and solve
for
φ = −6.81°,
λ = −159.18°, and
α = −57.36°.

If the geodesic is computed accurately on the WGS84 ellipsoid, the results
are α1 = −94.82°, α2 = −78.29°, and
s12 = 18752 km.  The midpoint of the geodesic is
φ = −7.07°, λ = −159.31°,
α = −57.45°.

Gnomonic chart
A straight line drawn on a gnomonic chart would be a great circle track. When this is transferred to a Mercator chart, it becomes a curve. The positions are transferred at a convenient interval of longitude and this is plotted on the Mercator chart.

See also
 Compass rose
 Great circle
 Great-circle distance
 Great ellipse
 Geodesics on an ellipsoid
 Geographical distance
 Isoazimuthal
 Loxodromic navigation
 Map
 Portolan map
 Marine sandglass
 Rhumb line
 Spherical trigonometry
 Windrose network

Notes

References

External links
 Great Circle – from MathWorld Great Circle description, figures, and equations.  Mathworld, Wolfram Research, Inc. c1999
 Great Circle Mapper  Interactive tool for plotting great circle routes.
 Great Circle Calculator deriving (initial) course and distance between two points.
 Great Circle Distance Graphical tool for drawing great circles over maps.  Also shows distance and azimuth in a table.
  Google assistance program for orthodromic navigation

Navigation
Circles
Spherical curves

Great-circle navigation


Ash Grove is an 18th-century plantation house in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States.  In 1790, Bryan Fairfax built Ash Grove on Leesburg Pike, two miles west of present-day Tysons Corner, for his son Thomas Fairfax.

Ash Grove is said to have been named for an older Fairfax family house in England.  In his later years, Thomas  bought Vaucluse Plantation, near Alexandria, Virginia, and bestowed Ash Grove upon his second son, Henry.  He married Caroline Herbert of Maryland, and they had several children, and operated a boarding school for young ladies.

Captain Henry Fairfax died during the Mexican–American War, at Saltillo, Mexico, on August 14, 1847. The property was purchased by James Sherman on June 20, 1851.

Descendants on occasion relate some interesting family lore of American Civil War events when the neighborhood was a "no man's land."

James Sherman died in spring 1865, and left the property to his son, Franklin Sherman (February 11, 1843 - April 9, 1915),  Lieutenant in the 10th Michigan Cavalry.  He returned after the Civil War to farm, was Sheriff, member of the Board of Supervisors, and School Board.  (A Fairfax County Elementary School is named for him.)  The property passed to Wells Alvord Sherman, and then Wilson C Sherman.

The house was purchased from the Sherman family in 1997, and dedicated as a Fairfax County, Virginia, park.

See also
Historic houses in Virginia

References

External links
 GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR ASH GROVE HISTORIC SITE, Fairfax County Park Authority

Houses in Fairfax County, Virginia
Fairfax family residences
Plantation houses in Virginia
Georgian architecture in Virginia
Parks in Fairfax County, Virginia
Houses completed in 1790

Ash Grove (plantation)


Marc-Amable Girard (April 25, 1822 – September 12, 1892) was the second premier of Manitoba, and the first Franco-Manitoban to hold that post.  The Canadian Parliamentary Guide lists Girard as having been Premier (or Chief Minister) from 1871 to 1872, but he did not have this title at the time and was not the government leader.  In 1874, however, Girard led Manitoba's first ministry to be constituted on principles of "responsible government".  In this sense, he may be regarded as the first Premier of Manitoba.

Early life
Girard was born in Varennes, Lower Canada (now Quebec).

Political career
He worked as a Notary Public between 1844 and 1870, and was active in local political life (serving as Mayor of Varennes at one stage). He lost an electoral bid for the Province of Canada's Legislative Council in 1858, and a further bid for the Canadian Assembly in 1863 (losing to Parti Rouge leader A.A. Dorion in Hochelaga).

During the Riel Rebellion, Girard was sent to Manitoba by George-Étienne Cartier, leader of the Conservative Party's Quebec wing.  Girard and Joseph Royal met with Riel on August 23, 1870, and may have encouraged his flight from Winnipeg before Canadian soldiers arrived the next day.  Subsequently, Girard attempted to ensure that the new province remained open to French-Canadians.

Girard was appointed Provincial Treasurer by Lieutenant-Governor Adams George Archibald on September 16, 1870, and remained in this position until March 14, 1872. Archibald was effectively his own Premier during this period; Girard was his leading minister from the francophone community.

In Manitoba's first provincial election (December 27, 1870), Girard was elected by acclamation for the riding of St. Boniface East.  He continued to hold his provincial seat after being appointed to the Senate of Canada on December 13, 1871, maintaining a controversial "dual mandate" for several years.  (He resigned his cabinet seat soon after the Senate appointment, however.)

On December 28, 1872, Girard acquired a triple mandate being appointed to the Temporary North-West Council of Northwest Territories.  He maintained an interest in the rights of French Canadians in the North West for the rest of his career.

By 1874, the Manitoba government was having difficulties maintaining its policy of "conciliation" among the province's ethnic, religious and linguistic groups.  In June 1874, cabinet minister John Norquay attempted to redistribute Manitoba's electoral districts so as to reflect the increased English presence in the province.  Norquay's bill was poorly drafted, however, and met opposition from both an opposition "English Party" under Edward Hay, and the "French Party" under Joseph Dubuc.  On June 22, 1874, Girard voted with the French party on a non-confidence motion which brought down the government; he was called to form his own administration the next day.

Until July 3, 1874, the government of Manitoba had been dominated by the province's Lieutenant-Governors—Archibald (1870–1872), and his replacement Alexander Morris (1872–1877).  Girard was the first elected official in Manitoba to choose his own cabinet and act as head of government.

Girard's government was founded on an unstable alliance with Hay's English party, and fell as a result of ongoing recriminations over Louis Riel's Red River Rebellion (1869–70).  Girard and other members of the French caucus maintained regular communications with Riel between 1870 and 1874, an association which most English parliamentarians found unpalatable.  In November 1874, Ambroise Lepine, the Adjutant-General in Riel's provisional government, was convicted of the murder of Orangeman Thomas Scott, who had been executed under Riel's authority in 1870.  In the aftermath of this decision, Girard was abandoned by his English ministers and forced to resign.  He was succeeded as Premier by Robert A. Davis on December 3, 1874.

During its brief existence, Girard's ministry promoted fiscal restraint and an effective system of auditing public accounts, also advocating the abolition of the unelected Legislative Council.  It also passed a redistribution bill which allowed for 14 ridings with an English-speaking majority and 10 ridings with a French-speaking majority.  Most considered this to be a fair compromise.

Girard was re-elected (again by acclamation) for the restructured riding of St. Boniface in Manitoba's second general election (December 30, 1874).  The Davis government soon won the confidence of most elected members (formal party politics had not yet been introduced to Manitoba), and Girard played only a minor role in provincial politics for the next four years.

Girard intended to run for re-election in 1878, but was opposed by a "citizen's committee" which argued against his continued double mandate.  This committee secured Alphonse LaRiviere's victory by acclamation (elections during this period were sometimes determined by public meetings, rather than formal balloting).

Subsequent events soon brought Girard back into cabinet.  John Norquay succeeded Davis as Premier immediately prior to the 1878 election.  Norquay initially won a working majority in the new parliament, but soon saw his government threatened by an alliance of Thomas Scott (not the same as above) and Joseph Royal.  Norquay was only able to retain power by forming an alliance with the province's English MLA, and temporarily excluding French representatives from the cabinet.

The reconstituted Norquay ministry threatened to eliminate government bilingualism, and to redraw the electoral map to favour the English.  Norquay recognized the continued need for conciliation, however, and secured Girard's return to cabinet as Provincial Secretary on November 18, 1879.  Girard was probably at the height of his popularity with the French community during this period, securing a compromise on bilingualism and receiving guarantees on education and representation.  He returned to the Manitoba legislature in the Province's fourth general election (December 16, 1879), being acclaimed for the riding of Baie St. Paul.

On November 16, 1881, Girard resigned as Provincial Secretary and became Minister of Agriculture and Statistics.  He was unable to run in Manitoba's fifth general election (January 23, 1883) due to a recent legal change which made his "double mandate" illegal.  He remained on the province's Executive Council until September 6, 1883, when he resigned.

Girard was a member of the Senate until his death (on September 12, 1892), where he supported the Conservative Party.  He opposed the efforts of Thomas Greenway and D'Alton McCarthy to eliminate French-language services in Manitoba and the North West Territories, though he also condemned Louis Riel's second rebellion in 1885.

References
G. O. Rothney (1990), "GIRARD, MARC-AMABLE", in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 12, University of Toronto / Université Laval, 2003–, accessed December 29, 2020.

1822 births
1892 deaths
Canadian senators from Manitoba
Premiers of Manitoba
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) senators
Franco-Manitoban people
People from Varennes, Quebec
Members of the Executive Council of Manitoba
Finance ministers of Manitoba

Marc-Amable Girard


Amjad Jaimoukha (Circassian: Жэмыхъуэ Амджэд, ; sometimes quoted as "Амыщ", the Circassian personal name) was a Circassian writer, publicist and historian, who wrote a number of books on North Caucasian – specifically Circassian and Chechen – culture and folklore. According to the Circassian Encyclopaedia, "Jaimoukha was perhaps the most important writer on Circassian issues." In particular, he was active in promoting and assisting a new crop of Circassian and non-Circassian writers working on raising the profile of Caucasian issues at the global level.

Principal works
The Circassians: A Handbook (London and New York: Routledge; New York: Palgrave, 2001): It has become the prime reference work on the Circassians. It has been reviewed in more than a dozen international journals."
The Chechens: A Handbook (Routledge, 2005) with contributions from the Canadian writer and poet JonArno Lawson. The book sheds light on some obscure aspects of Chechen culture and folklore, and includes an account of the ancient native religion and beliefs of the Nakh peoples (Chechens, Ingush, Kist, and Batsbi [Tsova-Tush]). According to the publishers it is "the only comprehensive treatment of this subject available in English".
Kabardian-English Dictionary, Sanjalay Press, 1997. (Some 22,000 words, 574 pages. Principally based on: Kardanov (Qarden), B. M. (ed.), КЪЭБЭРДЕЙ-УРЫС СЛОВАРЬ. Kabardinsko-russki slovar' [Kabardian-Russian Dictionary], Kabardino-Balkarian Science and Research Institute, Moscow: State Press of Foreign and National Dictionaries, 1957.
Parlons tcherkesse: Dialecte kabarde [Let's Speak Circassian: Kabardian Dialect], (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2009) Co-authored with Michel Malherbe. This book is the only treatment of the Kabardian dialect of Circassian in the French language.
Circassian Culture and Folklore: Hospitality Traditions, Cuisine, Festivals & Music (Kabardian, Cherkess, Adigean, Shapsugh & Diaspora), London: Bennett and Bloom, 2010.
Circassian Customs and Traditions, The International Center for Circassian Studies, 2009.
Circassian Religion, The International Centre for Circassian Studies, 2009.
Circassian Bibliography, The International Centre for Circassian Studies, 2009.
Circassian Proverbs and Sayings, Sanjalay Press, 2009. (Has some 3,000 entries in Kabardian [in Cyrillic and Latin orthographies] with corresponding English expressions)

Jaimoukha published with the following Western publishing houses: Routledge [RoutledgeCurzon], Curzon, Bennett and Bloom, Palgrave (Macmillan) [St. Martin's Press], L'Harmattan. He also worked with Sanjalay Press and the International Centre for Circassian Studies.

International Centre for Circassian Studies (ICCS)
Jaimoukha was director of the International Centre for Circassian Studies (ICCS), an institute specializing in the dissemination of Circassian culture and folklore. The Center is the brainchild of the famous Circassian writer and film producer and director Mohydeen Quandour.  The principal aim of the Centre is the development and dissemination of Circassian literature, culture and folklore. There is a particular emphasis on boosting the status of Circassian and to promote its teaching and use. The Centre publishes a bilingual journal (in Circassian and English) "The Hearth Tree". The publications of the Centre can be accessed via its website.

Jaimoukha devised a Latin orthography for Kabardian (Eastern Circassian) that's characterised by relative simplicity (considering the complexity of the language). An advantage of this system is that it has a one-to-one correspondence with the current Cyrillic orthography used for Kabardian, and already a software has been designed to render one orthography into the other, making it possible to turn works already published in Cyrillic Kabardian into the new orthography, and vice versa, facilitating transition from one system to the other.

Work at the Royal Scientific Society
Jaimoukha previously held the position of Assistant President of the Royal Scientific Society (RSS) in the period 2003-2007. He published a number of studies and bibliographic tomes during his tenure at RSS, including Scientific Integrity, Intellectual Capital Report, and Bibliography of the Publications of the Royal Scientific Society.

Circassian culture and folklore
Jaimoukha was a strong advocate of the revival of all aspects of Circassian culture and folklore, including obsolete and defunct genres of art and culture. He wrote a number of books and articles in journals and newspapers championing the raising of the status of the Circassian language in both the Circassian republics in the Northwest Caucasus (where about one million Circassians live) and in the diaspora (principally in Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq, US, Germany, France, and the Netherlands), where some 5 million descendants of the 19th-century Circassian forced immigrants reside. The ultimate survival of the Circassian language and culture is intimately associated with the political fate of the Circassians in the Caucasus and the re-establishment of Circassia as a viable state, recognized as a full member of the comity of nations. The unification of the Kabardians, Cherkess, Adigeans, and Shapsugh in the Northwest Caucasus in the political and cultural spheres is a requisite step towards enhanced autonomy. Jaimoukha was among the vocal Circassians actively engaged in raising awareness of Circassian issues amongst the Circassians themselves and at a global level. He planned to publish a book on the controversial issue of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics, to be held in Circassia.

Jaimoukha was a proponent of North Caucasian unity and independence (from Daghestan in the east to Abkhazia in the west). He advocated Circassian independence on a number of media outlets. He referred to the historical lands of the Circassians as "Circassia". Despite the linguistic diversity, the peoples of the North Caucasus share similar traditions, beliefs and culture. His work "Thoughts on North Caucasian Federation" maps a plan of unification of the western part of the region (the historical lands of the Circassians (Adiga), Abkhaz-Abaza [Apswa] and the Ubykh). According to this scheme, the Adiga entities (perhaps with the inclusion of the Abaza) would be united into one independent state that might eventually opt to enter into federative arrangements with the already independent Abkhaz and the Karachai-Balkar state. This would remove the artificial tensions that might flare up into open conflict between the Kabardians and Balkar in Kabardino-Balkaria and the Karachai and Cherkess in the Karachay–Cherkess Republic. The Adigeans would become more secure and more resistant to the Russian drive to undo their fragile republic. It would seem that the logical (interim) step of uniting the Kabardians and Cherkess into one autonomous entity on the one hand and the Karachai and Balkar into another, on the other, is considered taboo by the authorities in the two republics.

Collaborations
Principal literary collaborations included work with Nicholas Awde, the editor of the Caucasus World series published by Routledge and co-owner of the publishing house Bennett and Bloom, JonArno Lawson, the writer of a number of fantastic books, and Michel Malherbe, the prolific writer and editor of the Parlons... series published by the French publishing house L'Harmattan. A work on the Adigean dialect of Circassian was scheduled to be published by L'Harmattan in 2010. Jaimoukha contributed five articles (on the Circassians, Kabardians, Karachai, Dagestanis, and Jordan) in Carl Skutsche's seminal three-volume work Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, published by Routledge  in 2004 in New York.

There was a close co-operation with the Circassian writer Luba Belaghi (Balagova; publications in Circassian and Russian) in the framework of the publications of the International Centre for Circassian Studies.

References

Mamser, M., The Circassian Encyclopaedia, 2009, vol. IV, entry "Amjad Jaimoukha". [There are two entries for Amjad Jaimoukha: one concerning his work at the Royal Scientific Society and the other on his career as a writer and publicist]

External links
The International Centre for Circassian Studies website
Personal website
Circassian Culture and Folklore website
"The acclaimed book by Amjad Jaimoukha is available at eBooks.com in several formats for your eReader."

1964 births
2017 deaths
Cultural anthropologists
History of the North Caucasus
Nationality missing

Amjad Jaimoukha


Donato Francisco Rico II (September 26, 1912 – March 27, 1985) was an American paperback novelist, screenwriter, wood engraver and comic book writer-artist, who co-created the Marvel Comics characters the Black Widow (Natasha Romanova) with plotter Stan Lee and artist Don Heck; Jann of the Jungle with artist Arthur Peddy; Leopard Girl with artist Al Hartley; and Lorna the Jungle Girl with an artist generally considered to be Werner Roth.  His pen names include Dan Rico, Donella St. Michaels, Donna Richards, Joseph Milton, and N. Korok.

Biography

Early life and career
Don Rico was born in Rochester, New York, the eldest of nine children. His parents were emigrants from Italy: Father Alessandro was a shoe designer from Celano, Abruzzi, and mother Josephine was from the Basilicata region. At age 12, Rico received a scholarship to study drawing at the Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester. The following year, his family moved to The Bronx, New York City.

At 16, under artist H. J. Glintenkamp, Rico learned to make wood engravings. Prints of his engravings of Depression-era life for the W.P.A. Federal Art Project in the mid-to-late 1930s, under the supervision of Lynd Ward would eventually become part of the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, and elsewhere.

He began his comics career in 1939, during the period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books, beginning at Victor A. Fox's Fox Publications. There he penciled and inked the six-page "Flick Falcon" feature in Fantastic Comics #1 (Dec. 1939). He continued on that feature through issue #8 (July 1940 ), by which time the hero's name and the feature's title had been changed to "Flip Falcon". He drew the features "Blast Bennett" and "Sorceress of Zoom" for Fox's Weird Comics, and did stories for Fiction House's Planet Comics and Fight Comics. Beginning with Silver Streak Comics #11 (June 1941), he worked on some of the earliest stories of Lev Gleason Publications' 1940s superhero Daredevil (unrelated to Marvel Comics' Daredevil), helping lay the foundation for a character that would go on to a celebrated run in his own title under Charles Biro.

His first story for Timely Comics, a forerunner of Marvel Comics, was an eight-page backup feature starring a hero called the Secret Stamp in Captain America Comics #13 (April 1942); another, uncredited adventure of the Secret Stamp was published in U.S.A. Comics #7 (Feb. 1943). Other early work for the company included a story of the superhero the Terror and co-creating, with an unknown writer, the obscure Jekyll-and-Hyde-like feature "Gary Gaunt", both in Mystic Comics #9 (May 1942). After inking Al Avison on a Captain America story in All Winners Comics #5 (Summer 1942), Rico soon became one of the regular pencilers for that cornerstone hero of the publisher's, starting with the 16-page "The Mikado's Super Shell" in Captain America Comics #18 (Sept. 1942). By the following year, Rico was variously writing/drawing stories featuring such characters as the Human Torch, the Whizzer, the Destroyer, the Blonde Phantom, Venus, and the Young Allies.

Timely artist Allen Bellman recalled in 2005, "Don and some of the other artists didn't bother with [artist] Syd Shores, who was the unofficial bullpen director. Rico was the ringleader of this 'ignore Shores' group. He was always causing small problems in the office and publisher [Martin] Goodman knew this, and hence the name 'Rat Rico' he referred to Don with." Artist Gil Kane recalled that, "Timely was my second job after MLJ. ... Stan [Lee] was the editor at 19 years old but all the day-to-day managing of the work was done by Don Rico, who also did most of the hiring and firing."

Other credits during the 1940s include Fawcett Publications' America's Greatest Comics and Bulletman; MLJ's Black Hood Comics and the dual-hero Shield-Wizard Comics; Lev Gleason's Captain Battle and Captain Battle Junior; Quality Comics' National Comics, and Smash Comics; and Et-Es-Go Magazines' Terrific Comics. From 1946 to 1948, he worked primarily for Novelty Press, on that publisher's Blue Bolt Comics and Target Comics.

1950s
In 1949, Rico began working again for Timely Comics as a writer-editor as the company was transitioning to become Marvel's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics. Around this time, he became one of at least five staff writers (officially titled editors) there under editor-in-chief Stan Lee, along with Hank Chapman, Ernie Hart, Paul S. Newman, Carl Wessler, and, doing teen-humor comics, future Mad cartoonist Al Jaffee. Among the Atlas titles for which Rico wrote are the horror comics series Adventures into Terror, Astonishing, Marvel Tales, Suspense and  Strange Tales. He co-created Jann of the Jungle with artist Jay Scott Pike in Jungle Tales #1 (Sept. 1954), and co-created Leopard Girl with artist Al Hartley in  Jungle Action #1 (Oct. 1954), and wrote virtually every story and feature in those two titles. Marvel Comics reprinted several of his jungle stories in the 1970s. Rico briefly returned to comic art as an illustrator on the Atlas series Bible Tales for Young Folk. His last published story for Atlas was the four-page anthological Western tale "The Bushwhacker", with artist Angelo Torres, in Rawhide Kid #16 (Sept. 1957).

In 1958, Rico moved to Los Angeles, where he began writing for film and television.

1960s
In California, Rico began writing paperback novels, eventually penning more than 60 for a variety of publishers including Lancer Books and Paperback Library. His pseudonyms included Donna Richards, Joseph Milton, and Donella St. Michaels.

Rico wrote only thrice for Marvel during the Silver Age of Comics in the 1960s, with a Doctor Strange story in Strange Tales #129 (Feb. 1965), and scripting two Iron Man plots by Stan Lee in Tales of Suspense #52–53 (April–May 1964), the former introducing the Black Widow. On both, he used the pseudonym N. Korok, later explaining he hadn't wanted his paperback-book publisher to know he was taking on lower-paying comic-book work.

Later career
Rico co-wrote, with Don Henderson, the story basis for the bisexual-vampiress horror movie Mary, Mary, Bloody Mary (U.S.-Mexico, 1975), by director Juan Lopez Moctezuma and scripter Malcolm Marmorstein. He also drew movie and television production illustrations, including two years at Hanna-Barbera Productions drawing storyboards for TV shows.

In 1977, Rico, Sergio Aragones, and television and comic-book writer Mark Evanier co-founded the Comic Art Professional Society (CAPS). Rico also worked with Aragones as scripter for the artist-plotter's female-detective strip "T.C. Mars" in Joe Kubert's magazine Sojourn. Also in 1977, Rico drew a six-page chapter starring Captain America in the World War II-superhero flashback series The Invaders Annual #1. In 1977, Rico drew the cover and wrote an introduction for a 128-page anthology of black-and-white reprints, The Magnificent Superheroes of Comics [sic] Golden Age  #1 (Vintage Features).

During the mid-1970, Rico taught a college course on comic books at UCLA, titled "The Theory, History and Technique of Comic Books". In the early 1980s, he taught drawing at Cal State Northridge.

Death
Rico lived in Los Angeles at the time of his death in 1985. He was survived by his second wife, Michele Hart-Rico; his son, Donato "Buz" Rico III; and his daughter, Dianne Marie Rico Tran (1933–2007).

Awards
Inkpot Award at the 1976 Comic-Con International in San Diego.
The Comic Art Professional Society - CAPS presents the Don Rico Award, named in his honor that is awarded for an organization  member who goes above and beyond to support CAPS.
In 2022, Rico was chosen as one of two winners of the Bill Finger Award for Excellence in Comic Book Writing.

Bibliography
Paperback novels
 Nikki (Midwood Books, 1963)
 The Unmarried Ones (Beacon Signal Sixty, 1964)
 The Sad Gay Life (Lancer Books imprint Domino Books, 1964; under pseudonym Donna Richards)
 The Odd World (Domino Books, 1965; under pseudonym Donna Richards)
 The Last of the Breed (Lancer/Magnum, 1965)
 The Big Blue Death (Lancer Books, 1965; under publishing-house pseudonym Joseph Milton)
 Lorelei (Belmont Books, 1966)
 The Prisoner (Lancer Books, 1966; under pseudonym Donella St. Michaels)
 The Girls of Sunset (Lancer Books, 1966)
 Counterspy (Lancer Books, 1966)
 Nightmare of Eyes (Lancer Books, 1967)
 The Man From Pansy (Lancer Books, 1967; Buzz Cardigan series)
 The Daisy Dilemma (Lancer Books, 1967; Buzz Cardigan series)
 The Passion Flower Puzzle (Lancer Books, 1968, Buzz Cardigan series)
 Casey Grant Caper #1: The Ring-A-Ding Girl (Paperback Library, 1969)
 Casey Grant Caper #2: the Swinging Virgin (Paperback Library, 1969)
 Casey Grant Caper #3: So Sweet, So Deadly (Paperback Library, 1970)
 The House of Girls (New English Library, 1969)

Other work
 Copyright: How to Register Your Copyright and Introduction to New and Historical Copyright Law by Walter E. Hurst, illustrated by Don Rico (Seven Arts Press, 1977)

References

External links
 Rico, Don at The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012 (requires scrolldown).
 Don Rico at the Lambiek Comiclopedia, .

Sorceress of Zoom at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016.

1912 births
1985 deaths
American comics artists
American comics writers
American wood engravers
Golden Age comics creators
Silver Age comics creators
Inkpot Award winners
Atlas Comics
Marvel Comics people
American writers of Italian descent
People of Abruzzese descent
20th-century engravers

Don Rico


City System is an accessory for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. It was written by Jeff Grubb and Ed Greenwood, and published in 1988 by TSR. It includes extensive and detailed maps of the city of Waterdeep, and was intended to serve as a companion to Waterdeep and the North. The sheer expanse of the maps drew praise from Ken Rolston of Dragon magazine, although he criticized their lack of personality and utility.

Contents
City System contains ten large detailed color maps of the city of Waterdeep, with another map of the entire city, and another of the Castle Waterdeep interior.

The set includes fold-out maps, a booklet of essays, and presents a large city through numerous charts and tables. Ten of the twelve full-color fold-out maps fit together to depict a vast maze of streets, alleys, and rooftops, with over 200 numbered-keyed locations. The floor diagrams shown on the maps for some of the more notable locations are filled with schematic icons for tables, fireplaces, beds, trunks, barrels, lumber, and other standard features.

Publication history
City System was written by Jeff Grubb and Ed Greenwood, with a cover by Larry Elmore, and maps by Dennis Kauth and Frey Graphics. It was published by TSR in 1988 as a boxed set with a 32-page booklet and 12 large color maps. The set includes full-color 22" × 34" maps. City System is intended to be a companion to Waterdeep and the North.

Reception
Ken Rolston reviewed City System for Dragon magazine #156 (April 1990). He thought the title misleading, as it is not a system for designing or presenting fantasy role-playing cities: "If you're looking for guidance and support in designing and developing your own FRPG city settings, or for a stand-alone FRPG urban adventuring supplement, this is of no use to you." According to Rolston, the fold-out maps are "lovely" and the booklet with essays is useful, although the essays would have been more appropriately included in Waterdeep and the North, and the charts and tables are "of dubious utility". Rolston wrote that "the Waterdeep urban setting is more sprawling and less cohesive than the Greyhawk setting, and is somewhat less persuasive as a theater for real role-playing action". However, the sheer expanse of Waterdeep is "impressive, and the 12 full-color fold-out maps in City System are equally impressive", although "not particularly interesting, useful, or expressive of the setting", and "the Waterdeep birds-eye view hasn't got very much personality and isn't so readily cross-referenced to keyed locations". Rolston concluded that anyone who owned and enjoyed Waterdeep and the North "ought to have this set; it's not an inspirational model of game design, but the maps are big and colorful, and might be useful for Waterdeep campaigning". To those who want to run urban adventures in the Forgotten Realms and must choose between Waterdeep and the North and the more expensive City System, he said: "by all means the former is the better deal, and all you really need; City System is only a big, colorful, and unnecessary secondary accessory to Waterdeep and the North".

Lawrence Schick, in his 1991 book Heroic Worlds, writes that the ten city maps, when combined, "can cover an entire wall".

References

Forgotten Realms sourcebooks
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1988

City System


Robroyston () is a suburb of Glasgow, Scotland, located around 3 miles (5 km) north-east of the city centre.

To the north, it directly adjoins Auchinairn (part of Bishopbriggs) in the neighbouring East Dunbartonshire local authority area. The Glasgow neighbourhoods of Balornock and Barmulloch lie to the west, but these are largely separated from Robroyston by a nature reserve. Land to the east towards North Lanarkshire is open countryside, which has made the area a popular location for housing developments. Land to the south is also unoccupied, but is on the opposite side of the M80 motorway, Junction 2 of which directly serves the area.

History

William Wallace
It was in Robroyston that the Scottish leader William Wallace was turned over to English soldiers in 1305. At the site of Wallace's capture there stands a monument — there have also been proposals put forward for a visitor's centre in the area, at the site of the monument. On the monument there is a plaque in Latin, which reads 'Dico tibi verum, libertas optimum rerum, nunquam servili sub nexu, vivito fili', which translates to 'I tell you the truth, the best of all things is freedom, never son, live under the bonds of slavery' which was taught to William Wallace in his boyhood.

Wallace's Well is located around  from the monument.

Hospital
Robroyston Hospital was built as a municipal smallpox and tuberculosis hospital and opened in 1918. It was temporarily used as a military hospital in 1918–19. By 1925, 450 beds at Robroyston were devoted to tuberculosis patients, almost half of Glasgow's total complement. In 1945 a maternity unit was added. In 1948, Robroyston joined the National Health Service under the Board of Management for Glasgow Northern Hospitals. In 1974 it was placed in the Northern District of the Greater Glasgow Health Board. It closed in 1977.

Housing developments

A small housing community of mainly miners' rows formed the village of Robroyston c. 1929 to the east of the Barmulloch estates. The row houses were replaced in the 1930s by a development of cottage flats (comprising Zena Street, Earnock Street, Olive Street, Sheila Street, Winifred Street and Hilda Crescent). At that time an open cast mine and a brick works occupied the land to the north of the housing (nowadays this is Robroyston Park) and these homes were occupied mostly by workers. The larger Barmulloch housing estate was constructed during the 1950s and in turn this original Robroyston village became associated with its newer neighbour.

Throughout the 1990s, large-scale housing developments were undertaken to the north east of the original village on the site of Robroyston Hospital and on land that was commonly known as Robroyston Mains in this part of the outskirts of Glasgow. The houses in the initial phase were within four clusters: Brookfield, Briarcroft, Glendale and Louden Hill. This drastically increased the population of the suburb to some 8,300 people. As a result of the boom in population, the area became chronically deficient in infrastructure and provision of many local services, although this problem has been lessened somewhat by the construction of Asda, Lidl and Aldi superstores.

Robroyston is underdeveloped in terms of community facilities, but a newly opened primary school (Wallacewell Primary) with community access out of hours is nearby. The Church of Scotland has responded to the growing needs of this new community by establishing Robroyston Church behind Asda at Saughs Drive in the Glendale Estate. Robroyston Church runs both Girls' and Boys' Brigades and employs two youth workers to work with the local teenagers. The church building is also used by a number of other organisations including a parent and toddler group.

The development of the Nova Technology Park also looks to boost the local economy and jobs market. Currently, the area is dependent on neighbouring Bishopbriggs, however, a new development which will bring many new homes and leisure and health facilities, as well as a new train station, worth £300 million has been approved by Glasgow City Council, so this should address the lack of facilities in Robroyston.

Current status

Transport
Robroyston's proximity to the M80 motorway permits easy access to Glasgow city centre as well as direct commuter routes to Falkirk, Stirling and Edinburgh. Development is continuing at Robroyston, and demand is expected to be high for new properties at the Stewart Milne Campsie Meadows development (near the site of the local mansion, Robroyston House) Cala Homes Wallacefield and Dickie Homes Robroyston Estate which are situated close to the original modern Robroyston development and near the site of the Wallace Memorial.

Robroyston railway station opened in December 2019.

A pedestrian bridge is planned that will cross the M80 and link the north and south areas of Robroyston.

Shopping
In August 2007, the new Robroyston Retail Park opened for business. Currently B&M, The Food Warehouse, Lidl, Under a Pound and Pure Gym occupy the available units. There is also a McDonald's and Costa Coffee based in the grounds of the retail park.

Bibliography
 Old Glasgow and Its Suburbs in their Celtic Gard: Also Parish of Baldernock – Kirkintilloch to Stirling – Robroyston by Neil Thomson with 80 pages.

See also
Wallace's Well - Robroyston, Glasgow.
Wallace's Heel Well - Ayr
Noddy housing

References

External links

Robroyston Community Council
 Old Robroyston area profile at Royston Road Project
Wallace's or Auchinleck Well
Wallace's Cross or Monument video

Areas of Glasgow
Former mines in Scotland
Mining communities in Scotland

Robroyston


Carrusel () is a Mexican children's telenovela produced by Valentín Pimstein for Televisa in 1989. It's based on the Argentinean character Jacinta Pichimahuida (first televised in 1966), and produced by and broadcast on Televisa in 1989. It covers daily life in a Mexican elementary school and the children's relationships with a charismatic teacher named Ximena. Among other plot devices, it deals with the differences between the upper and lower classes of Mexican society – specifically as seen in a romantic relationship between Cirilo, a poor black boy, and a spoiled white rich girl, Maria Joaquina Villaseñor.

Gabriela Rivero starred as main protagonist, while Janet Ruiz and Beatriz Moreno starred as main antagonists. Ludwika Paleta, Pedro Javier Viveros, Hilda Chávez, Flor Eduarda Gurrola, Joseph Birch, Abraham Pons, Mauricio Armando, Gabriel Castañon, Yoshiki Takiguchi, Manuel Fernández, Karin Nisembaum, and Silvia Guzmán starred as stellar performances.

Plot
The story begins with the daily lives of a group of schoolchildren from a Mexican primary school ("Escuela Mundial") and the relations of the latter with their teacher, Ximena. In the series, several issues about life, while stressing values such as love, trust and friendship touched.

The characters
 Teacher Ximena Fernández is something like the embodiment of all that is good. She is a teacher, friend and mother to her students. She shows friendliness and enormous patience, she is loved by all.
 Cirilo Rivera is a good boy, and the only child of black ancestry in school. He is the son of a humble carpenter and a housewife who adore him to the utmost.
 María Joaquina Villaseñor is a rich girl, daughter of a renowned and prestigious physician (Dr. Miguel Villaseñor). Beautiful, selfish, overlooked by her colleagues, but eventually learns to value the important things in life.
 Laura Quiñones is a chubby yet romantic girl. She spends most of the day with a big sandwich in hand, and never misses an opportunity to let go a sigh and say, That's so romantic, or, You are very anti-romantic.
 Kokimoto Mishima is a boy of Japanese origin and the only Asian child at school. Always with his hachimaki tied around his head, he was one of the henchmen and bodyguard of Pablo Guerra in the early chapters and later was replaced on paper as right arm by Mario Pablo Ayala. His signature phrase is: "Yyyaaaaa yyyyaaaaaa!!!" (a battle cry used in karate).
 Bibi Smith is a girl of American origin. She is a polite and gentle girl, and a good friend. Bibi speaks Spanish imperfectly, since her native language is English.
 David Rovinovich is a Jewish boy, angelic face and curly blond hair. He wastes no time with the girls, coming to fall in love with Valeria, one of his classmates.
 Valeria Ferrer is the girlfriend of David Rovinovich. She is a cheerful girl and joker character who helps others but cannot help her joking, she is not as bad as Pablo Guerra.
 Jaime Palillo is a robust, stocky, rough and clumsy child, but also very brave to come forward and defend his friends, especially Cirilo. His biggest complication is the school subjects. He's not outstanding in studies but gets some recognition after.
 Pablo Guerra is the naughty boy of the class, but often his jokes go too far. He is used to annoy his sister Marcelina and play practical jokes on Cirilo.
 Marcelina Guerra is the sister of Pablo. Pablo would often make fun of her, annoy her and show the quality of dislike towards her but Marcelina still likes his brother no matter what.
 Daniel Zapata is one of the top students in the class and the leader of the "Patrulla Salvadora". He is regarded by all as a good friend and a good leader.
 Carmen Carrillo is a noble, kind, and loving girl who has to endure the difficult situations faced by her parents. However, she tries very well to succeed at school and she is very excellent in her notes at school.
 Jorge del Salto is a rich boy, smug and pampered by his mother, who thinks he is superior to all children by their economic status, having empathy alone with Maria Joaquina, who is the only one whom he considers in his class.
 Mario Ayala is a boy living with his father and stepmother, the latter an abusive woman who loves tormenting Mario because she does not consider him his son. When he arrives at school for the first time, he responds badly to teacher Ximena who leaves the classroom crying. This causes him to be severely punished by his classmates. He later becomes the right arm of Pablo Guerra.
 Alicia Guzmán is another of the girls attending the second year of teacher Ximena, being very fond of all the girls in the classroom, sharing many adventures with them. On one occasion, she suffers from appendicitis which causes her to be urgently operated on by María Joaquina's father.
 Margarita Garza is a native girl from Monterrey that came to live in Mexico City with her mother. A distinctive characteristic, wearing a different uniform from the school children in Mexico City (She wears the uniform of the headquarters of the Escuela Mundial of Monterrey) with jacket and cowboy boots.
 Clementina Suárez was a child who initially was in the second year of teacher Ximena, but had to drop out of school because her parents suffered a traffic accident and were hospitalized in Guadalajara.

Cast

The children
 Ludwika Paleta as María Joaquina Villaseñor
 Pedro Javier Vivero as Cirilo Rivera
 Johan Sierra as Pedro Simishikis
 Joseph Birch as David Ravinovich
 Gabriel Castañón as Mario Ayala
 Hilda Chávez as Laura Quiñones
 Manuel Fernández as Adrián García
 Gina Garcia as Marcelina Guerra
 Flor Edwarda Gurrola as Carmen Carrillo
 Silvia Guzmán as Alicia Guzmán
 Jorge Granillo as Jaime Palillo
 Kristel Klitbo as Valeria Ferrer
 Ramón Valdez Urtiz as Abelardo Cruz
 Mauricio Armando as Pablo Guerra
 Karin Nisembaum as Bibi Smith
 Abraham Pons as Daniel Zapata
 Yoshiki Takiguchi as Kokimoto Mishima
 Rafael Omar as Jorge del Salto
 Erika Garza as Clementina Suárez

The adults
 Gabriela Rivero as Teacher Ximena Fernández
 Augusto Benedico as Don Fermín #1
 Armando Calvo as Don Fermín #2
 Odiseo Bichir as Federico Carrillo
 Rebeca Manríquez as Inés de Carrillo
 Johnny Laboriel as José Rivera
 Verónica con K. as Belen de Rivera
 Arturo García Tenorio as Ramón Palillo
 Adriana Laffan as Luisa de Palillo
 Álvaro Cerviño as Dr. Miguel Villaseñor
 Karen Sentíes as Clara de Villaseñor #1
 Kenia Gascón as Clara de Villaseñor #2
 David Ostrosky as Isaac Ravinovich #1
 Gerardo Paz as Isaac Ravinovich #2
 Rossana Cesarman as Rebeca de Ravinovich
 Beatriz Moreno as Directora Felicia Orraca
 Raquel Pankowsky as Teacher Matilde Mateuche
 Alejandro Tommasi as Alberto del Salto
 Cecilia Gabriela as Roxana de del Salto
 Marcial Salinas as Germán Ayala
 Beatriz Ornella as Natalia de Ayala
 Oscar Narváez as Ricardo Ferrer
 Bárbara Córcega as Elena de Ferrer
 Ismael Larumbe as Roberto Guerra
 Erika Magnus as Isabel de Guerra
 Manuel Guízar as Sr. Marcos Morales
 Yula Pozo as Juanita
 Janet Ruiz as Teacher Susana
 Pituka de Foronda as Sara Ravinovich
 Blanca Torres as Toña
 Ada Carrasco as Aunt Matilde
 Queta Carrasco as Aunt Rosa
 Ignacio Retes as Sr. Ortiz
 Tony Carbajal as Licenciado Tomás Bobadilla
 Lupita Sandoval as Dorotea
 Ana María Aguirre as Mercedes de Fernández

Awards

References

External links

1989 telenovelas
Televisa telenovelas
1989 Mexican television series debuts
1990 Mexican television series endings
Television series about children
Television shows set in Mexico City
Children's telenovelas
Mexican television series based on Argentine television series

Carrusel


Ernst August Wagner (22 September 1874 – 27 April 1938) was a German teacher with depression who became a mass murderer when on 4 September 1913 he killed his wife and four children by stabbing in Degerloch. He subsequently drove to Mühlhausen an der Enz where he set several fires and shot 20 people, of whom at least nine died, before he was beaten unconscious by furious villagers and left for dead.

He was the first person in Württemberg to be found not guilty by reason of insanity after several psychiatric assessments had diagnosed him with paranoia. He was brought to an asylum in Winnenthal, where he wrote several plays and dramas. He died there of tuberculosis in 1938.

Early life and education

Ernst August Wagner was born on 22 September 1874 in Eglosheim near Ludwigsburg as the ninth of ten children, as well as one half-brother and half-sister. Most of his siblings died early, so that in 1913 only two sisters and one brother remained. After his father, a poor peasant with drinking problems, died one day before Ernst Wagner's second birthday, the indebted family was forced to sell their farm. His mother tried to make a living by running a small shop; she soon remarried, but due to her many affairs, the marriage ended in divorce when Ernst was seven years old.

Ernst Wagner, who was known as the "widow's boy" in the village, had depression and suicidal thoughts;  he was quite intelligent and did well enough at school to earn a public stipend.  In this way, despite his poverty, he was able to study and become a teacher.

Career
After his qualifying exam, he worked as an auxiliary teacher at several schools in Württemberg from 1894 to 1901, though in April 1900 he was suspended for six months because of "severe nervousness and irritability". He then went to Switzerland for two months, where he tried to sell some of his poems to newspapers.

In July 1901, Wagner was assigned a teaching position in Mühlhausen an der Enz, where he stayed until 1902. Sometime in the summer of 1901, while drunk, he sodomized an animal. He then became increasingly wary and suspicious that others might be aware of his deed, and began to see signs and hints that the villagers of Mühlhausen were mocking him for this act of bestiality. For this reason, he bought a revolver, which he always carried with him from that point on so that he could evade a potential arrest.

That same year, Wagner began an affair with Anna Friedericke Schlecht, the daughter of a local innkeeper.  He hated the Schlecht family, thinking that his future father-in-law despised him, and tried to avoid marrying Anna, but marriage became a foregone conclusion when she became pregnant by him and gave birth to a daughter, Klara, in the spring of 1902.

In December 1902, Wagner's mother, to whom he felt deeply attached, died. He took his final examination as a teacher and was transferred to Radelstetten, a poor and isolated village. Although he was embittered to be ordered to such a place, it also temporarily eased his feelings of constant persecution, even though the incident of sodomy continued to haunt him. On December 29, 1903, he and Anna Schlecht married in Ludwigsburg, mostly due to pressure from outside, as their daughter Klara was already ten months old.  However, he neither loved his wife nor feigned love, and while he treated her kindly, he considered her more of a servant, because of her intellectual inferiority.

In the summer of 1904 he once again went to Switzerland, trying twice to commit suicide there, once by drowning himself and by jumping off a bridge, though both attempts failed, because he was, according to his own words, too weak. In the following years his wife bore four more children, concluding in July 1909 with Rudolph Alfred. Wagner was said to have been unhappy about the births of his children and complained about the financial stress of feeding his family; he was seemingly indifferent to the interruption of his birthday in 1909 by infant Rudolph's death.

Some time in 1906 or 1907, thinking that the people from Mühlhausen had passed on their knowledge about his crime, the feelings of being ridiculed and watched by others returned, and as a consequence he began to make plans to take revenge on those whom he deemed to be the cause of his misery, the villagers, and especially the men, of Mühlhausen. In autumn 1907 he bought the first Mauser pistol, the other one following in 1909 and, with his bicycle, which he loved more than anyone or anything else, he made extensive journeys through the surrounding area and sharpened his shooting skills in remote forests.

Between 1909 and 1911 he made several requests to be transferred to another school, which was finally granted, so that on 1 May 1912 he began his work at a school in Degerloch, a suburb of Stuttgart. At that time he also decided to go ahead with his plan to avenge the derision he had to endure, as even at his new workplace he saw hints of people "knowing", and initially chose the spring of 1913 to put it into practice, but finally determined the last days of the summer holidays for his revenge. In the days leading to the murders he wrote several letters to explain his deed.

Family murders
Wagner began his killing spree on 4 September 1913 at about 5 a.m., when he knocked his sleeping wife unconscious by hitting her on the head with a blackjack, before stabbing her numerous times in her throat and chest with a dagger, cutting her carotid arteries and hitting her heart and lungs. Afterwards he successively entered the bedrooms of his two sons, Robert and Richard, and his daughters, Klara and Elsa, and stabbed each of them in their throat and chest. Wagner initially claimed that he had also hit his children with the blackjack, though later he was uncertain of this. All of his victims died of massive haemorrhaging.

After covering his family members' bodies with blankets, Wagner got out of his blood-soaked nightshirt and washed himself, before packing a bag with three guns (two Mauser C96 and a small revolver), 500 rounds of ammunition, a black veil from his wife and a belt. He subsequently left his home, leaving a note at his own door that the family was jaunting to Ludwigsburg, as well as another one at the door of Mrs Stepper, the proprietor of the house he was living in, ordering milk and leaving behind 35 pfennige as payment.

With his cycle he then rode towards Stuttgart and took a train to Ludwigsburg, where he bought a backpack, before making his way to his brother's home in Eglosheim, arriving there at about 11 a.m.

As his brother was not at home, Wagner chatted a while with his wife, telling her he wanted to spend the night at their home after fetching his children from Mühlhausen, and, as it could get late, the house should stay accessible to him during the night. In an unobserved moment he hid 228 rounds in a haystack in the garden. Wagner, accompanied by his nephew and niece, walked to the next train station, where he took a train to Bietigheim at about 1 p.m. From there he took off towards Großsachsenheim, where he mailed letters to several people, among them some of his relatives (one of them, addressed to his sister, simply reading "Take poison! Ernst" (Nimm Gift! Ernst)) and theologist and philosopher Christoph Schrempf, as well as a newspaper. Subsequently, he returned to Bietigheim, where he got his bicycle checked by a mechanic and mailed two copies of his autobiography, one again to Christoph Schrempf. At about 7 p.m. he left for Mühlhausen an der Enz.

Shooting spree

Wagner reached the hills near Mühlhausen at about 11 p.m., where he girdled himself with the belt, put a cap on his head and took the two Mauser C96s, as well as a handbag containing ammunition, the black veil and a file. His bicycle and the small revolver were later found hidden in a corn field. Next Wagner set out to cut the telephone lines to the village, but as the poles looked too high to him and due to heavy rain that had set in by that time, he dropped that part of his plan and immediately went into Mühlhausen, where he set fire to four barns. The lower part of his face hidden with the veil he began walking through the streets, shooting at any male person that crossed his path. Wagner later claimed that his female victims were accidentally hit.

In total he spent about 80 rounds and shot 20 people, instantly killing eight of them, as well as two animals, and several buildings burned to the ground, before the villagers, with help of the military, managed to extinguish the fires. A ninth person, Jakob Knötzele, was mortally wounded and died a few hours after the shooting had ended. At one point Wagner forgot to reload his weapons and thus three men were able to strike him down with hoes and sabres. He suffered several wounds in his face and right hand, and his left hand was smashed and nearly cut off. Knocked unconscious, he was disarmed and left for dead, but at 2 a.m. a police officer found him lying on the street, still breathing. When he regained consciousness, Wagner immediately confessed to killing his family, and stated that he would have committed suicide in the end, but as this was now impossible, he would appreciate if he'd be sentenced to death and decapitated.

Finally, in the evening of 5 September 1913, Wagner, who uttered concerns that he might get ill if he'd stay too long in Mühlhausen, was brought to a hospital in Vaihingen, where his left forearm was amputated and his other wounds treated.

Victims

Later life
He was the first person in Württemberg to be found not guilty by reason of insanity after several psychiatric assessments diagnosed him with paranoia. He was brought to an asylum in Winnenthal, where he wrote several plays and dramas and lived for another 25 years.
He died there of tuberculosis in 1938.

See also
Bremen school shooting, another German mass shooting by a teacher committed the same year

Literature
 Foerster, Klaus (Hrsg.): Wahn und Massenmord. Perspektiven und Dokumente zum Fall Wagner. Verlag Sindlinger-Burchartz, Frickenhausen 1999, .
 van Raden, Rolf: Patient Massenmörder. Der Fall Ernst Wagner und die biopolitischen Diskurse. Unrast-Verlag, Münster 2009,  (Edition DISS Bd. 25)
 Blom, Philipp: Der taumelnde Kontinent – Europa 1900–1914. München: Carl Hanser-Verlag 2009, S. 421-452 (chapter: 1913 – Wagners Wahn).

References

External links
Mad teacher kills 15, wounds 16, The New York Times (September 6, 1913)
Man who slew 15 insane, The New York Times (February 5, 1914)
Massenmörder Wagner irrsinnig, Vorarlberger Volksblatt (February 6, 1914)
Der Massenmord in Mühlhausen - Die Beerdigung der Opfer, Reichspost (September 9, 1913)
Die Bluttat des Lehrers Wagner - Das letzte Verhör mit dem Mörder, Die Neue Zeitung (10 September 1913)
 Ernst Wagner - Ein Lehrer, Dichter und Massenmörder muehlhausen-enz.de, 2011, Quelle Wikipedia!

1874 births
1938 deaths
1913 murders in Germany
1910s mass shootings in Europe
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
Criminals from Baden-Württemberg
Familicides
German arsonists
German male dramatists and playwrights
German mass murderers
German murderers of children
German spree killers
Mass murder in 1913
People acquitted by reason of insanity
People from Ludwigsburg
Spree shootings in Germany
Stabbing attacks in Germany
Tuberculosis deaths in Nazi Germany
Violence against men in Europe
Zoophilia

Ernst August Wagner


9 Pegasi (9 Peg) is a supergiant star in the constellation Pegasus. Its apparent magnitude is 4.35.

9 Pegasi is defined and used as an MK standard star for the spectral type G5 Ib. It is a yellow supergiant nearly two thousand times more luminous than the sun and sixty times larger. It has been reported to be slightly variable and is listed in the New Catalogue of Suspected Variable Stars with a magnitude range of 4.20 to 4.35.

9 Pegasi does not have a Bayer designation although it is brighter than several stars in Pegasus that do such as τ, φ, and σ Pegasi.  It is the 9th star numbered by Flamsteed in order of right ascension.  In the 1795 French-language Fortin-Flamsteed edition of the Atlas Coelestis, 9 Pegasi is labelled with the letter "g".

References

Pegasus (constellation)
G-type supergiants
Suspected variables
Pegasi, 09
8313
206859
107348
BD+16 4582

9 Pegasi


Michael Horsburgh (born 15 January 1958) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Horsburgh, a ruckman, played originally for Coleraine in the Western Border Football League (WBFL). In 1978 he finished second, on countback, in the league's best and fairest, but was retrospectively awarded the medal 24 years later. He made four appearances for Collingwood, early in the 1980 VFL season, then he returned to the WBFL, as playing coach of Casterton.

References

1958 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Collingwood Football Club players
Casterton Football Club players
Coleraine Football Club players
Living people

Michael Horsburgh


The Bay City Tribune is a newspaper based in Bay City, Texas, covering the Matagorda County area. It publishes twice a week, on Wednesday and Sunday. It is owned by Southern Newspapers.

History
The Tribune is the second-oldest newspaper in Texas. Established on August 23, 1845, as a weekly, the newspaper moved from Matagorda to Bay City when the location of the county seat was changed in 1894.

It was published as both a daily and weekly from 1904 to 1959, when the weekly ceased publication. The newspaper converted to twice-weekly publication in 2002.

Carey Smith Sr. bought the Tribune in 1919 and owned it until his death in 1937. He was succeeded by son Carey Smith Jr., who led the paper until it was bought by Southern Newspapers in 1958. Southern president Glenn J. Sedam then became publisher, a position he held until 1981.

The Tribune received the Texas Press Association's general excellence award in 1968 for newspapers under 25,000 circulation.

References

Bay City Tribune, Texas Press Association
1975-75 TPA president, Bay City publisher dies, Texas Press Association

External links

Newspapers published in Texas
Matagorda County, Texas
Newspapers established in 1845

Bay City Tribune