The method of loci is a strategy for memory enhancement, which uses visualizations of familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of information. The method of loci is also known as the memory journey, memory palace, journey method, memory spaces, or mind palace technique. This method is a mnemonic device  adopted in ancient Roman and Greek rhetorical treatises (in the anonymous Rhetorica ad Herennium, Cicero's De Oratore, and Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria). Many memory contest champions report using this technique to recall faces, digits, and lists of words.

The term is most often found in specialised works on psychology, neurobiology, and memory, though it was used in the same general way at least as early as the first half of the nineteenth century in works on rhetoric, logic, and philosophy. John O'Keefe and Lynn Nadel refer to:... "the method of loci", an imaginal technique known to the ancient Greeks and Romans and described by Yates (1966) in her book The Art of Memory as well as by Luria (1969). In this technique the subject memorizes the layout of some building, or the arrangement of shops on a street, or any geographical entity which is composed of a number of discrete loci. When desiring to remember a set of items the subject 'walks' through these loci in their imagination and commits an item to each one by forming an image between the item and any feature of that locus. Retrieval of items is achieved by 'walking' through the loci, allowing the latter to activate the desired items. The efficacy of this technique has been well established (Ross and Lawrence 1968, Crovitz 1969, 1971, Briggs, Hawkins and Crovitz 1970, Lea 1975), as is the minimal interference seen with its use.

The items to be remembered in this mnemonic system are mentally associated with specific physical locations.  The method relies on memorized spatial relationships to establish order and recollect memorial content. It is also known as the "Journey Method", used for storing lists of related items, or the "Roman Room" technique, which is most effective for storing unrelated information.

Contemporary usage

Many effective memorisers today resort to the "method of loci" to some degree. Contemporary memory competition, in particular the World Memory Championship, was initiated in 1991 and the first United States championship was held in 1997. Part of the competition requires committing to memory and recalling a sequence of digits, two-digit numbers, alphabetic letters, or playing cards. In a simple method of doing this, contestants, using various strategies well before competing, commit to long-term memory a unique vivid image associated with each item. They have also committed to long-term memory a familiar route with firmly established stop-points or loci. Then in the competition they need only deposit the image that they have associated with each item at the loci. To recall, they retrace the route, "stop" at each locus, and "observe" the image. They then translate this back to the associated item. For example, Ed Cooke, a Grand Master of Memory, describes to Josh Foer in his book Moonwalking with Einstein how he uses the method of loci. First, he describes a very familiar location where he can clearly remember many different smaller locations like his sink in his childhood home or his dog's bed. Cooke also advises that the more outlandish and vulgar the symbol used to memorize the material, the more likely it will stick.

Memory champions elaborate on this by combining images. Eight-time World Memory Champion Dominic O'Brien uses this technique. The 2006 World Memory Champion, Clemens Mayer, used a 300-point-long journey through his house for his world record in "number half marathon", memorising 1040 random digits in a half-hour. An anonymous individual has used the method of loci to memorise pi to over 65,536 (216) digits.

The technique is taught as a metacognitive technique in learning-to-learn courses. It is generally applied to encoding the key ideas of a subject. Two approaches are:
 Link the key ideas of a subject and then deep-learn those key ideas in relation to each other, and
 Think through the key ideas of a subject in depth, re-arrange the ideas in relation to an argument, then link the ideas to loci in good order.

The method of loci has also been shown to help those with depression remember positive, self-affirming memories.

A study at the University of Maryland evaluated participants' ability to accurately recall two sets of familiar faces, using a traditional desktop, and with a head-mounted display. The study was designed to utilize the method of loci technique, with virtual environments resembling memory palaces. The study found an 8.8% recall improvement in favor of the head-mounted display, in part due to participants being able to employ their vestibular and proprioceptive sensations.

Method
The Rhetorica ad Herennium and most other sources recommend that the method of loci should be integrated with other forms of elaborative encoding (i.e., adding visual, auditory, or other details) to strengthen memory. However, due to the strength of spatial memory, simply mentally placing objects in real or imagined locations without further elaboration can be effective for simple associations.

A variation of the "method of loci" involves creating imaginary locations (houses, palaces, roads, and cities) to which the same procedure is applied. It is accepted that there is a greater cost involved in the initial setup, but thereafter the performance is in line with the standard loci method. The purported advantage is to create towns and cities that each represent a topic or an area of study, thus offering an efficient filing of the information and an easy path for the regular review necessary for long-term memory storage.

Something that is likely a reference to the "method of loci" techniques survives to this day in the common English phrases "in the first place", "in the second place", and so forth.

The technique is also used for second-language vocabulary learning, as polyglot Timothy Doner described in his 2014 TED talk.

Applicability of the term
The designation is not used with strict consistency. In some cases it refers broadly to what is otherwise known as the art of memory, the origins of which are related, according to tradition, in the story of Simonides of Ceos and the collapsing banquet hall. For example, after relating the story of how Simonides relied on remembered seating arrangements to call to mind the faces of recently deceased guests, Stephen M. Kosslyn remarks "[t]his insight led to the development of a technique the Greeks called the method of loci, which is a systematic way of improving one's memory by using imagery." Skoyles and Sagan indicate that "an ancient technique of memorization called Method of Loci, by which memories are referenced directly onto spatial maps" originated with the story of Simonides. Referring to mnemonic methods, Verlee Williams mentions, "One such strategy is the 'loci' method, which was developed by Simonides, a Greek poet of the fifth and sixth centuries BC." Loftus cites the foundation story of Simonides (more or less taken from Frances Yates) and describes some of the most basic aspects of the use of space in the art of memory. She states, "This particular mnemonic technique has come to be called the "method of loci". While place or position certainly figured prominently in ancient mnemonic techniques, no designation equivalent to "method of loci" was used exclusively to refer to mnemonic schemes relying upon space for organization.

In other cases the designation is generally consistent, but more specific: "The Method of Loci is a Mnemonic Device involving the creation of a Visual Map of one's house."

This term can be misleading: the ancient principles and techniques of the art of memory, hastily glossed in some of the works, cited above, depended equally upon images and places. The designator "method of loci" does not convey the equal weight placed on both elements. Training in the art or arts of memory as a whole, as attested in classical antiquity, was far more inclusive and comprehensive in the treatment of this subject.

Spatial mnemonics and specific brain activation

Brain scans of "superior memorizers", 90% of whom use the method of loci technique, have shown that it involves activation of regions of the brain involved in spatial awareness, such as the medial parietal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, and the right posterior hippocampus. The medial parietal cortex is most associated with encoding and retrieving of information. Patients who have medial parietal cortex damage have trouble linking landmarks with certain locations; many of these patients are unable to give or follow directions and often get lost. The retrosplenial cortex is also linked to memory and navigation.  In one study on the effects of selective granular retrosplenial cortex lesions in rats, the researcher found that damage to the retrosplenial cortex led to impaired spatial learning abilities. Rats with damage to this area failed to recall which areas of the maze they had already visited, rarely explored different arms of the maze, almost never recalled the maze in future trials, and took longer to reach the end of the maze, as compared to rats with a fully working retrosplenial cortex.

In a classic study in cognitive neuroscience, O'Keefe and Nadel proposed "that the hippocampus is the core of a neural memory system providing an objective spatial framework within which the items and events of an organism's experience are located and interrelated." This theory has generated considerable debate and further experiment. It has been noted that "[t]he hippocampus underpins our ability to navigate, to form and recollect memories, and to imagine future experiences. How activity across millions of hippocampal neurons supports these functions is a fundamental question in neuroscience, wherein the size, sparseness, and organization of the hippocampal neural code are debated."

In a more recent study, memory champions during resting periods did not exhibit specific regional brain differences, but distributed functional brain network connectivity changes compared to control subjects. When volunteers trained use of the method of loci for six weeks, the training-induced changes in brain connectivity were similar to the brain network organization that distinguished memory champions from controls.

Fictional portrayals

 Fictional portrayals of the method of loci extend as far back as ancient Greek myths.
 In the novels Hannibal (1999) and Hannibal Rising (2006), by Thomas Harris, a detailed description of Hannibal Lecter's memory palace is provided.
We catch up to him as the swift slippers of his mind pass from the foyer into the Great Hall of the Seasons. The palace is built according to the rules discovered by Simonides of Ceos and elaborated by Cicero four hundred years later; it is airy, high-ceilinged, furnished with objects and tableaux that are vivid, striking, sometimes shocking and absurd, and often beautiful. The displays are well spaced and well lighted like those of a great museum. [...] On the floor before the painting is this tableau, life-sized in painted marble.
A parade in Arlington National Cemetery led by Jesus, thirty three, driving a '27 Model-T Ford truck, a "tin lizzie", with J. Edgar Hoover standing in the truck bed wearing a tutu and waving to an unseen crowd. Marching behind him is Clarice Starling carrying a .308 Enfield rifle at shoulder arms.
 In the first episode of Bordertown (2016), detective Kari Sorjonen explains the memory palace concept, and, throughout the series, he marks rectangles with tape on his basement floor where he stands to imagine himself at various significant loci in a case, organized into memory palaces.
 The television series The Mentalist, which premiered in late 2008, mentions memory palaces on multiple occasions. The main character Patrick Jane claims to use a memory palace to memorise cards and gamble successfully. In the eleventh episode of season two, Jane teaches his colleague Wayne Rigsby how to construct a memory palace, explaining that they are good for memorising large chunks of information at a time.
 In the 2003 film Dreamcatcher, the character Jonesy has an elaborate memory palace which plays a major role in the plot and is shown several times in the film, depicted as a physical building that Jonesy is walking through as a way to represent him accessing the memories.
 In the BBC television series Sherlock, which premiered in 2010, the title character uses mind palaces to remember various things throughout the show.
 In Hilary Mantel's 2009 novel, Wolf Hall, the fictionalized version of Thomas Cromwell describes "memory palace" techniques and his uses of it.
 In the 2017 medical drama The Good Doctor, series protagonist Shaun Murphy uses the Method of Loci to figure out various medical diagnoses.
 In the 2020 video game The Sinking City, the main character Charles Winfield is a detective that keeps points of interest in a mind palace menu.
 In the 2020 video game Twin Mirror, the main character Sam Higgs uses the mind palace in various points of the game to relive memories and investigate.
 In the 2023 video game "Alan Wake II", the protagonist uses an adapted version which she calls the "Mind Place" throughout the story to review evidence and cases.

See also
Spatial memory

Notes

References

 Dann, Jack (1995) The Memory Cathedral: A Secret History of Leonardo da Vinci: Bantam Books 0553378570

 Mnemonic Training Reshapes Brain Networks to Support Superior Memory, Neuron, 8 March 2017.

Mnemonics
Dialectic
Rhetoric
Learning methods
Conceptual models
Cognitive training
Spatial cognition

Method of loci


Lenzburg  is a municipality in the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. It is the capital city of the district. The town was founded in the Middle Ages. It is in the Seetal valley, about  south of the Aare delta. Lenzburg and the municipalities of Niederlenz and Staufen have merged over time. The city name refers to the name of the castle which can be translated as spring castle.

As of 31 December 2010, Lenzburg about 8,341 people lived in Lenzburg.  Lenzburg is about  west of Zürich. Many people living in Lenzburg go to Zürich to work.

Geography

The district of  in area is in a valley between two ranges of minor limestone mountains which rise about  above the otherwise flat valley. The two major mountains are Während der Schlossberg at  above sea-level with a diameter of only , and the nearby Goffersberg at  above sea-level which is only  long and has a broad plateau  wide. Lenzburg grew together with the nearby communities into a regional area

Nearby municipalities are Rupperswil in the northwest, Niederlenz and Möriken Wildegg in the north; Othmarsingen in the northeast, Hendschiken in the east, Ammerswil in the southeast, Egliswil the south, Seon in the southwest as well as Staufen in the west.

History

The area has a long history. A neolithic cemetery with 16 chambered tombs built about 3,800 years ago was found near the castle in 1959.

A Roman theatre was uncovered when the motorway was built in 1964. It was built about 100 AD. It could seat an audience of about 4,000 people. It was part of a small village of 400 to 600 people that existed for about 200 years. The village was built on either side of the road for a distance of about 400 metres. There were shops, taverns, and small factories making wood and leather products. Behind these building were houses and farms. It is possible that there was a small fort in the village. The first buildings were wooden but these were destroyed in a fire at the end of the first century. The new buildings were made of stone. The village was abandoned in the 3rd century.

In the 5th and 6th centuries, an Alamanni village existed. The oldest registered usage of the name Lencis (from which Lenzburg derives) is from 893. In 1036, Castle Lenzburg became the seat for the count of Lenzburg, then an important lord. The family died out in 1173, and the castle was then owned by emperor Frederick Barbarossa. After this, it was mainly used by the Kyburger house. The Habsburgs took over the castle in 1273.

City rights were granted in 1306. Lenzburg was conquered by Bern in 1415, along with the western part of what is now Aargau. Bern did not take away its city rights. In 1433, the city of Bern bought the castle and used it to govern the area from 1444 to 1798. A major fire ruined the town in 1491. Only fifteen houses were not destroyed. The reformation was carried out at the same time with the rest of the region in 1528. The economy started to move slowly from a farming economy to a more industrial one in the 16th century. A textile factory was founded in 1732.

In 1798, the Helvetian Republic was made and the lords from Bern were removed. The canton of Aargau was founded and Lenzburg became the capital of the district in 1803. The canton gained the castle in 1804. Lenzburg became the economic center of the area in the 19th century. In 1875, Lenzburg was added to the railway system. Competition for trade became too much and Lenzburg became bankrupt only one year later. The town recovered from bankruptcy during the next 10 years.

In 1886, the German playwright, Frank Wedekind lived in the castle which his father had bought. It was sold in 1892 to August Edward Jessup from Philadelphia who spent a lot of money restoring the castle. He sold it to a Chicago banker, James W. Ellsworth in 1911. Ellsworth's son, Lincoln Ellsworth and Roald Amundsen used the castle to plan their polar explorations in the 1920s.

Places of interest

The main place to see in the town is the Lenzburg castle. It was built in the 11th century and has been added onto several times. Lenzburg is among the oldest and most important high-castles in Switzerland. Some of the city wall has been kept and is now under protection. Some interesting buildings are in the old part of town. These include:
 Town church, built 1667
 Old Burghalde, built in 1628
 New Burghalde, built in 1794
 A library
 The Museum Burghalde
 Roman theatre, from the 1st century A.D.
 Aquatinta

Economics

Lenzburg is an important economic centre. It contains over 800 companies. Most of the businesses are small to medium sized, but some worldwide companies are established in Lenzburg, for example the global Asea Brown Boveri (ABB). About 6,000 people work in Lenzburg.

Transportation

Lenzburg is a good place for transportation. It is about  from Zürich with access to the A1, Switzerland's most important motorway. Two main axes of traffic cross in Lenzburg, one running from Waldshut to Lucerne and the other running from Zurich to Berne.

Some of the trains from Zurich to Berne stop in Lenzburg. Lenzburg is part of the Suburban rail system of Zurich. Other trains connect the city to Brugg, Lucerne, Zofingen and Zug. The line to Wettingen was closed, because of low traffic. The trains were replaced by a commuter line from Zurich (which runs to Aarau).

Zürich International Airport is close to the town of Lenzburg.  The local bus Regionalbus Lenzburg leads to the municipalities of Brunegg, Dintikon, Möriken-Wildegg, Schafisheim and Seengen. Lenzburg has an urban bus system as well.

Events

For over 400 years, the youth celebration (Jugendfest) is the largest event in Lenzburg. It takes place every year on the second Friday of July.  In August, the Gauklerfestival takes place in the streets of the old part of town with food and entertainment on the streets of the city.

References

General
 Home page of the city of Lenzburg
 -  History of Lenzburg.
 -  History of Castle Lenzburg

Specific

Other websites

Municipalities in Lenzburg
Cities in Switzerland

Lenzburg


Paul Decauville (1846–1922) was a French engineer and businessman. He was also mayor of Evry-Petit Bourg and senator from Seine-et-Oise.

He is the founder of a manufacturing company that bears his name (Decauville, established in 1875), producing industrial railways, locomotives, and cars.  By extension, the name is also used for his invention of a narrow gauge track railway system, the Decauville system, through the vast business acumen of its promoter.  His name was also used for a subsidiary, Voitures automobiles Decauville, producing early automobiles. Decauville's name is further associated with the towns of Corbeil-Essonnes and Evry, Essonne, on whose territories the company Decauville erected its factories, which he directed until 1885.

He founded a construction company in 1910 to exploit the patents it had obtained. This company, Comptoir d'outillage et de matériel à air comprimé (Commercial establishment for tools and compressed air equipment), survived until the late 1980s. Another of his companies, Emidecau, specializing in hydraulic presses, still exist.

In politics, Paul Decauville was mayor of Evry-Petit Bourg from 1881 to 1892. He was also Senator of Seine-et-Oise from 1890 to 1900, member of the Board of Customs, Secretary from 1897 to 1899. After leaving Paris, Paul Decauville served as mayor of the town of Saint-Léger (Manche).

Other narrow gauge pioneers
 Abraham Fitzgibbon
 Carl Abraham Pihl
 Everard Calthrop
 Robert Fairlie
 Thomas Hall

Decauville
1846 births
1922 deaths
French businesspeople
French people in rail transport
Senators of Seine-et-Oise

Paul Decauville


Mark Muir Mills (August 8, 1917 – April 7, 1958) was an American nuclear physicist and a developer of atomic bombs.

He was born in Estes Park, Colorado to Enoch and Ethel Mills. Prior to college he attended Estes Park High School and then moved to Ft. Lauderdale High School, Florida. He received his B.S. from the California Institute of Technology in 1940. During World War II, he served as a physicist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, heading up the solid propellant section. He was also a physics instructor and lectured for the aeronautics department at Caltech.

It was during the war in 1942 that he married Pauline Riedeburg. He completed his Ph.D. in physics from Caltech in 1948.

Following his graduation he started working at North American Aviation, performing theoretical work in their atomic energy research department. He and his colleagues made valuable contributions in the field of nuclear reactor technology. In 1951 he became technical director at Project SQUID at Princeton University, where basic research was performed in aircraft propulsion. In 1952 he returned to his work in reactor design at North American.

In 1954 he joined the radiation laboratory at the University of California, becoming head of the theoretical division. By 1955 he was a part-time lecturer at the university, on the subject of nuclear reactor theory. He also helped organize the nuclear engineering program at the institution. He would become a professor of Nuclear Engineering at the university in 1957. He was also made chairman of the school's division of nuclear engineering.

In 1958 he took a leave of absence to become deputy director of the Livermore radiation laboratory at the University of California. It was during this period that he was killed during an accident at the Eniwetok Proving Ground, located on the Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands. He was flying in a helicopter that was forced down as a result of torrential rain. This accident occurred during the preparations for a series of atomic bomb tests.

Dr. Mills and his wife had two children, Mark John and Ann.

Awards and honors
 Presidential citation for significant contributions to the national defense.
 The Mark Mills Memorial Library, part of the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the University of California at Berkeley, was named for him.
 American Nuclear Society's Mark Mills Award is named for him.
 The crater Mills on the Moon is named after him.

Bibliography
 Mills, Mark M., Modern Nuclear Technology, a Survey for Industry and Business, 1960, New York, McGraw-Hill.
 Howard S. Seifert, Mark M. Mills and Martin Summerfield, Physics of Rockets: Liquid-Propellant Rockets, AJP 15, 121–140, (1947).
 Howard S. Seifert, Mark M. Mills and Martin Summerfield, Physics of Rockets: Dynamics of Long Range Rockets, AJP 15, 255–272, (1947).
 Safety of Nuclear Reactors.

External links
 Condolence letter from President Eisenhower to the widowed Mrs. Mills

1917 births
1958 deaths
American nuclear physicists
California Institute of Technology alumni
Fort Lauderdale High School alumni
People from Estes Park, Colorado
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1958
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Marshall Islands
Victims of helicopter accidents or incidents

Mark Muir Mills


Chan Sek Keong  (born 5 November 1937) is a Malayan-born Singaporean judge who served as chief justice of Singapore between 2006 and 2012.

He was appointed by former President S. R. Nathan, and took office on 11 April 2006.  Prior to his appointment as chief justice, he served as the third attorney-general of Singapore between 1992 and 2006.

Early life and education
Chan was born in 1937 in Ipoh, Malaya as the third of five children in an ethnic Chinese family of Cantonese descent. His father was a clerk in the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank. During World War II, Chan and his family fled from Ipoh to Taiping to live with his grandfather.

Along with his elder brother, Chan received his early education in King Edward VII School in Taiping. When the war ended in 1945, he returned to Ipoh and continued studying at Anderson School. Chan, who was then eight years old, was placed with other children who had missed entering school at the usual age of six years. At the time, Anderson School was the premier government school in Ipoh. In school, he interacted well with students of other ethnicities. In 1955, Chan scored eight distinctions for his Senior Cambridge School Certificate examinations—one of the best in Malaya that year. He was offered a teaching bursary. However, as a teaching career was not what he envisaged, he continued on to the sixth form in hopes of securing a place in a university.

During his second year of the sixth form course, Chan heard from his English literature teacher, Dr. Alan Etherton, that a law professor from the University of Malaya would be visiting the school to encourage students in the form to take up a new law course offered by the university. Etherton saw Chan's potential for law and urged him to go for it. Chan, unaware about the career prospects that a law degree could offer, heeded Etherton's advice and went for an interview conducted by Professor Lee Sheridan.

Legal education and training
Chan, along with the students, was a member of the inaugural batch of students admitted to the Law Faculty of the University of Malaya in 1957. He graduated in 1961 and began his career with Messrs Bannon & Bailey in Kuala Lumpur as a pupil of Peter Mooney. Six months later, he learnt that the law degree he had graduated with was not yet recognised for admission to the bar as the necessary legislation had not been enacted yet. As soon as the legislation was passed, Chan applied to the Bar Council of Malaysia to ask for the period of pupillage he was required to serve to be shortened. Following a rejection of his request, Chan petitioned the court against the Bar Council's decision. R. Ramani, a leading advocate and Chairman of the Bar Council, appeared personally to object to Chan's petition on the grounds that he had provided only one reason for abridgment of time when the relevant provision in the legislation referred to "reasons" (or "special grounds", the accurate wording used). Justice H.T. Ong ruled in Chan's favour, holding that the provision should be interpreted to include situations where there was only one reason for reducing the length of a pupillage stint.

Career
After being admitted to the bar on 31 January 1962, Chan practised as a lawyer for a number of years first with Bannon & Bailey in Kuala Lumpur and then with Braddell Brothers and Shook Lin & Bok in Singapore before being appointed the first Judicial Commissioner of Singapore on 1 July 1986. Two years later, he became a Judge of the Supreme Court of Singapore.

In 1992, Chan was appointed Attorney-General. Acting in this capacity in 1997, he submitted an opinion to the Singapore government that although the Parliamentary Elections Act forbade unauthorised persons to loiter within 200 metres of polling stations on polling day, this did not apply to unauthorised persons who were inside the stations. Chan was asked to render this opinion following a complaint by the Workers' Party that during the 1997 general election former People's Action Party Members of Parliament had loitered in polling stations.

Chan relinquished the position of Attorney-General on 11 April 2006 when he was appointed Chief Justice. He retired in 2012, having spent 26 years in legal service. In October 2013, he joined the National University of Singapore's Faculty of Law as its first Distinguished Fellow. The term of appointment is on an honorary basis and will be for an initial period of three years. As a Distinguished Fellow, Chan pursued research and writing projects.

In October 2019, Chan called for a review of the constitutional validity of Section 377A.

Awards and decorations
Chan was conferred the Order of Temasek (Second Class) by the Singapore Government on 9 August 2008 for his outstanding contributions to the team representing Singapore in the Pedra Branca dispute against the Malaysian government before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In the same month, he became the first Singaporean law graduate to be made an honorary bencher of Lincoln's Inn.

On 21 November 2009, Chan became the first Asian jurist to be given the International Jurists Award in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the administration of justice which, according to International Council of Jurists president Adish Aggarwala, had "enhanced the dignity of the judiciary in Asian countries".

Chan was conferred the state award, Darjah Dato' Seri Paduka Mahkota Perak (SPMP), which carries the title Dato' Seri, by Azlan Shah, the Sultan of Perak, in 1999.

Notes

External links
Judges, Judicial Commissioners and Registrars on the official website of the Supreme Court of Singapore

1937 births
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Chief justices of Singapore
Living people
People from Ipoh
Singaporean people of Cantonese descent
Singaporean Roman Catholics
Singaporean Senior Counsel
Malaysian emigrants to Singapore
People who lost Malaysian citizenship
Naturalised citizens of Singapore
Recipients of the Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang
Recipients of the Darjah Utama Temasek
Malaysian people of Cantonese descent

Chan Sek Keong


Seudah shlishit ( third meal) or shaleshudes (Yiddish, an elided form of šālōš sǝʿuḏôt ()) is the third meal customarily eaten by Sabbath-observing Jews on each Shabbat. Both names refer to the third of the three meals a Jew is obligated to eat on Shabbat according to the Talmud.

The practice of eating three meals is homiletically attached to Ex. 16:25, in which the word for day, hayom, appears three times with reference to the manna that fell in a double portion on Friday.

Practices
According to Halakha, the meal is to be eaten in the afternoon. It is usually the smallest of the three meals, often consisting of foods such as salads, herring, and gefilte fish in Ashkenazi custom and tuna, harissa, and fruits in Mizrahi and Sephardi customs. According to the Arba'ah Turim, it is also to be eaten on Jewish holidays.

It has special significance because it is a mitzvah ("commandment") to eat three meals on the Sabbath. In Hasidic communities, this mitzvah is carried out with great enthusiasm as the Hitveadut. In some Hasidic circles, this third meal continues hours after the Sabbath has officially ended concluding with Birkat HaMazon over the same cup with Havdalah giving rise to the tradition of Melaveh Malkah. The lights might be turned off, either by a timer, or by a person after the Sabbath has ended.  Some have a custom to rise and "accept the Kingdom of Heaven", by reciting
Ein Kamocha ("The Lord is King, the Lord was King, the Lord will always be King") and the Shema Yisrael.

While most poskim (Jewish legal decisors) encourage people to eat bread at this meal, most agree that eating cake or fruit will minimally suffice. However, many Jews of the Hasidic Chabad community have a custom specifically to refrain from eating bread at this meal, as do some German Jews.

Special Sabbath songs that are often sung at this meal include Bnei Heichala (a Kabbalistic hymn by Rabbi Isaac Luria), Mizmor L'David (23rd Psalm), and Yedid Nefesh (a piyyut, or liturgical poem, composed by 16th century Kabbalist rabbi Elazar ben Moshe Azikri).  Some also finish the morning hymn Baruch Adonai Yom Yom, starting either from the words B'vo'o M'Edom or Y'tzaveh Tzur Chasdo.  Many recite the "Acceptance of the Kingdom of Heaven" before the last verse of this hymn.  Some sing other Sabbath morning hymns, and some Kabbalistic hymns for the third meal, such as Kel Mistater. During the meals from Passover until Rosh Hashanah, many recite Pirkei Avot during the meal, one or two chapters per week, so as to finish three times.

Although according to some opinions one is required to recite kiddush at this meal, most say it is not necessary.  However, some have either maintained the recitation of kiddush as a custom, or merely partake of some wine or grape juice in order to recite the blessing, but do not consider it as the recitation of kiddush.  Others have no particular custom as to the partaking of wine or grape juice at this meal.

Shabbat meals
The Talmud (tractate Shabbat 117b) states that a Jew must eat three meals on the Sabbath day, based on a derivation from a Biblical passage referring to Shabbat. Some rabbinic commentators conjecture that this three meal requirement was instituted in order to lend a special measure of honor to Shabbat, since the normative practice at the time was to eat two meals in the course of a normal weekday: one during the day and one at night.

Later rabbinic sources list great spiritual rewards for eating this third meal and state that it is equivalent to all the meals combined. Indeed, while sometimes called seudah shlishit, or "third meal," it is often called shalosh seudos, "three meals" for its significance.

While not described as a required act, it has become common practice today. In commemoration of the double portion of manna that fell for Shabbat, it is customary to have two loaves of bread at each meal. Among European Jewry this bread often takes the form of challah, while Middle Eastern Jews and Sephardi Jews normally use their own traditional breads or regional breads.  Some Ashkenazi Jews will eat Matza.

See also

Shabbat meals
Seudat mitzvah
Melaveh Malkah

External links
Songs for Seudah Shlishit from The Zemirot Database.
The source in the Torah for the Mitzvah of Shalosh Seudos
Shalosh Seudos in Satmar

Notes

Shabbat
Jewish traditions
Jewish ceremonial food and drink
Jewish festive meals
Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law

Seudah shlishit


In mathematics, the term permutation representation of a (typically finite) group  can refer to either of two closely related notions: a representation of  as a group of permutations, or as a group of permutation matrices. The term also refers to the combination of the two.

Abstract permutation representation
A permutation representation of a group  on a set  is a homomorphism from  to the symmetric group of :

The image  is a permutation group and the elements of  are represented as permutations of . A permutation representation is equivalent to an action of  on the set :

See the article on group action for further details.

Linear permutation representation
If  is a permutation group of degree , then the permutation representation of  is the linear representation of

which maps  to the corresponding permutation matrix (here  is an arbitrary field). That is,  acts on  by permuting the standard basis vectors.

This notion of a permutation representation can, of course, be composed with the previous one to represent an arbitrary abstract group  as a group of permutation matrices. One first represents  as a permutation group and then maps each permutation to the corresponding matrix. Representing  as a permutation group acting on itself by translation, one obtains the regular representation.

Character of the permutation representation
Given a group  and a finite set  with  acting on the set  then the character  of the permutation representation is exactly the number of fixed points of  under the action of  on . That is  the number of points of  fixed by .

This follows since, if we represent the map  with a matrix with basis defined by the elements of  we get a permutation matrix of . Now the character of this representation is defined as the trace of this permutation matrix. An element on the diagonal of a permutation matrix is 1 if the point in  is fixed, and 0 otherwise. So we can conclude that the trace of the permutation matrix is exactly equal to the number of fixed points of .

For example, if  and  the character of the permutation representation can be computed with the formula  the number of points of  fixed by .
So
 as only 3 is fixed
 as no elements of  are fixed, and
 as every element of  is fixed.

References

Representation theory of finite groups
Permutation groups

External links
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/286393/how-do-i-know-if-an-irreducible-representation-is-a-permutation-representation

Permutation representation


Female bodybuilding is when women do bodybuilding. It started in the late 1970s when women began taking part in bodybuilding competitions.

Before 1977, bodybuilding was a male sport. The first official female bodybuilding competition was in Canton, Ohio, November 1977. It was called the Ohio Regional Women's Physique Championship. It was judged as a bodybuilding contest.

In the 1980s, female bodybuilding took off. The National Physique Committee and Ms. Olympia held many bodybuilding contests for women. Later in the 1980s, Ms. International, which was in Atlantic City, New Jersey, came into the picture. In the 1989 Ms. International, the runner-up, Jackie Paisley, received the 1989 title. The original winner was disqualified because she used a surrogate during a drug test.

The International Federation for Body Builders made several changes for the Ms. Olympia contest in 2000. The first change was the Ms. Olympia contest was no longer being held as a separate contest. It became part of the "Olympia Weekend" in Las Vegas. The second change was when lightweight and heavyweight classes were added. The third change was for bringing in new judging guidelines.

References

Bodybuilding
Women's sports

Female bodybuilding


The Smell of Apples is a 1993 debut novel by South African Mark Behr, published in Afrikaans as Die Reuk van Appels then published in 1995 in English.

Mark Behr describes the Afrikaner mentality in apartheid South Africa as seen through the eyes of an 11-year-old boy called Marnus, the son of an Army General. The novel also appeared in South Africa the same year in Afrikaans as Die reuk van apples. In 2017, the Afrikaans novel was adapted for the stage by the theatre company Theatrerocket, featuring Gideon Lombard in this solo production, directed by Lara Bye. The production toured the country to several festivals and main theatres to great acclaim. To date, it has earned the following awards and recognition: Kanna Award for Best Actor (KKNK 2017), Aardklop Award nomination for Best Actor (2017), Aardklop Award nomination for Best Director (2017), Best Actor (South African Theatre Magazine Awards 2017), four BroadwayWorld 2017 nominations (Best New Work, Best Performer in a Leading Role in a Play, Best Sound Design, Best Play) and four kykNET Fiësta Awards 2017 (Best Performance in a Solo Production, Best Adaption of an Existing Work; Best Director and Best overall production).

Plot summary
Marnus Erasmus is an eleven-year-old boy who, with his family, lives in Cape Town, South Africa in the early seventies. The Erasmus family, as white Afrikaners, lives in a country where blacks and coloured people form the majority, but where the white Apartheid regime rules and Marnus' father is an important general in the army.

Marnus grows up believing that black people are second-class people because he has been indoctrinated by the Apartheid system and his parents' views. On the other hand we, the readers, see that all Marnus' encounters with black people have actually been positive. Marnus' father hates black people because his father, Marnus' grandfather, and his family were driven away and their land was expropriated by the black majority from Tanganyika, today's Tanzania. They fled to South Africa and, together with the descendants of other white settlers, turned it into an ostensibly modern state. Now Marnus' father thinks that the black people are going to destroy everything that they built up and that the white population has to prevent this by keeping the native Africans under control. Marnus' older sister Ilse, an intelligent and talented girl, under the influence of a stay in the Netherlands, but also of an aunt living in London, gradually begins to become more and more sceptic of her father's beliefs.

Marnus' best friend is Frikkie, who is also white. They attend the same school and meet almost every minute in their free time. In the summer holidays, Frikkie stays with Marnus in the Erasmuses' house, where Marnus' father often meets generals from other countries. He tells Marnus that he is not allowed to tell anybody else that a general from another country (Chile) is visiting there and that he has to call him "Mr. Smith". At dinner, Marnus' father and the general speak about the political situation in the world. Mr. Smith says that he is relieved that his army has overthrown Allende's socialist government in Chile. Marnus' father tells the general that South Africa, too, is in a very bad position because the world is "against his country". He claims that the rest of the world is against them and that the white government of South Africa does not discriminate against the black population in any way.

Marnus makes an agreement with Frikkie that they will tell each other all their secrets, which is why Marnus ignores his father's warning not to tell anybody that he speaks with Mr. Smith. Marnus tells Frikkie that the whole world is against South Africa and that the coloured people are to blame for that.

One night Marnus wakes up and notices that Frikkie is not in his bed. He can see the spare room through the floor-boards in his room and witnesses Frikkie being raped. He assumes the rapist is Mr. Smith who is supposed to have left that night, and goes downstairs to wake his parents, but finds his father is not in bed. He goes back upstairs and observes that the man who is raping Frikkie does not have a scar on his back like the General (Mr. Smith) and realizes that it is his father. The next day he asks Frikkie if something happened during the night but Frikkie does not tell Marnus anything. Frikkie says that he has decided to go home and he does not want to stay longer. Marnus reassures himself that Frikkie will never tell anyone what happened.

In specially interspersed italicized sections of the novel set in the late 1980s, Marnus is presented to be a soldier in the South African Border War, in which he is apparently killed.

Awards and nominations
 Art Seidenbaum Award for First Fiction from the Los Angeles Times 1996
 M-Net Award
 Eugene Marais Award
 CNA Literary Award
 Betty Trask Award

 Nominations
 Nominated for the Booker Prize

References

External links
The Smell of Apples at Google Books

1993 novels
1993 debut novels
20th-century South African novels
Apartheid novels
Novels by Mark Behr
Novels set in Cape Town
Novels set during the South African Border War
Afrikaans literature

The Smell of Apples


Henry Wyche Andrews (4 October 1821 – 13 December 1865) was an English amateur cricketer who played matches for Kent County Cricket Club and a variety of amateur Gentlemen's sides, including the Gentlemen of Kent, Gentlemen of England and an England side. He played between 1849 and 1863 with many of his appearances taking place either during Canterbury Cricket Weeks, a major social event in the south-east of England, or at Lord's.

Andrews was born at Eling in Hampshire in 1821.  His parents Joshua and Elizabeth Andrews moved to Blackheath, then a village in north-west Kent, and he was educated at Blackheath Propriety School. He was one of the founders of Blackheath Paragon Cricket Club which played on the heath.

As a cricketer he was known as a hard hitter of a cricket ball, favouring playing to the leg side. He made his first-class cricket debut for the Gentlemen of Kent during the 1849 Canterbury Week as a wicket-keeper. In total he played in 41 first-class matches, playing intermittently for Kent between 1854 and 1863 as well as making appearances for amateur sides. He took 31 catches and made eight stumpings in first-class matches. Unusually Andrews played wearing spectacles, including whilst he was keeping wicket, is reported to have developed an innovative outfit for keeping wicket in consisting of a waistcoat attached to trousers, allowing him to "dispense with belt as well as braces". The Times reported in 1936 that "he was so chaffed ... that he never wore it again in public".

Andrews lived at Blackheath Park in Kent and was a member of the London Stock Exchange. He married Harriet Terrey, the couple having 11 sons one of whom, Walter, played first-class cricket for Sussex between 1888 and 1892.

Andrews died at Dulwich Common in Surrey in 1865 aged 44.

References

External links

English cricketers
Kent cricketers
1821 births
1865 deaths
Gentlemen of the South cricketers
Gentlemen of Kent cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Gentlemen of Kent and Sussex cricketers
People from Totton and Eling
Cricketers from Hampshire

Henry Andrews (cricketer)


Piketberg (also sometimes spelt Piquetberg in the past) is a town in the Western Cape, South Africa, located about 80 km east of Saldanha Bay.  The original spelling of the name was "Piquetberg". The town is in the foothills of the Piketberg mountains, a range of low mountains formed from Table Mountain Sandstone.

The area around the mountains is conducive to the farming of wheat, while the area on top of the Piketberg Mountains range (called Piket-Bo-Berg), being cooler and generally frost-free, is suited to the farming of fruit and Rooibos Tea.  Piketberg possesses a large Dutch Reformed Church designed by the architect Carl Otto Hager in his trademark neo-Gothic style.

History
The area was inhabited by the Khoikhoi and the San before the arrival of 21 Dutch, Huguenot and German families in 1705-06, and there is still well-preserved San rock art in the mountains.  There was once a small military post in the town to protect the livestock of farmers from raids by the Khoikhoi. By the 1730s the population had grown to 35 families and around 400 White people. The Holtzhausen, Reyneke, Joubert, van Rooyen, Niewoudt and Visagie families are among the earliest settler-pioneers of 1705-06.

The Picquet commando was established in 1711 by the VOC and consisted of a squad of 15 Riflemen of the Militia and a single 80 mm field cannon for protection against depredations of natives and wild animals. The cannon-fire protected the European-descended farming community from the attacks of the indigenous groups, the "Gonjemans".

The community used its cannon to signal the arrival of ships in Cape Town. Piketberg's farmers would load their carts with produce and wares. Then head to Cape Town to do business. The cannon also fired on special occasions like Queen Victoria's birthday and the arrival of the town's first telephone line. It fired for the last time in the 1961 on the proclamation of the Republic. A misfire left the school's windows aflame. Hereafter, the cannon was filled with cement. Until recently, the Piketberg cannon stood in front of Piketberg High School, aimed East, in the direction of Porterville High School, its rival.

Jewish Heritage

The many Jewish surnames in Piketberg's historic graveyard bear witness to its once-vigorous Jewish community. Most had Lithuanian roots. They were entrepreneurs and raised themselves out of poverty by wheeling and dealing from farmstead to farmstead.

Lodewyk Ando Simon, of Hungarian Jewish descent, moved from nearby Redelinghuys to Piketberg and built the synagogue in 1925. It is estimated that 30 Jewish families lived in Piketberg at this time. Rabbi Moses Beraitzer, was the first rabbi. He was a strict shepherd to his flock. Though blind in his later years, the Rabbi served undaunted, and preached the Talmud from memory. It is unsure when the congregation disbanded.

The University of Cape Town's Kaplan Centre houses several of the synagogue's historic documents. Since 1996 the synagogue has been home to the Piketberg Tourism Bureau. In recent years the synagogue has been part of the town museum.  In February 2004 descendants of Piketberg's lost Jewish community celebrated their roots with a tree planting ceremony.

Bio-scope
The Piketberg Bio-scope building was built in the late 1920s. It was one of the first bios in the region. During the 1970s the cinema ran performances on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. Bruce Lee and James Bond movies were popular. South Africa's segregation also crept into the movie theatre. Non-whites sat in the gallery and whites sat on the main seats.

Notable people

 Shaun Abrahams, former national director of public prosecutions (NDPP) at the National Prosecuting Authority was born in Piketberg.
Sheila Cussons (1922-2004), Afrikaans language writer and poet was born in Piketberg.
Andries Treurnicht (1921-1993), Apartheid era National Party politician a former Minister of Education was born in the town.
Colla Swart (b. 1930), noted photographer and resident of Piketberg.

References

External links

Populated places in the Bergrivier Local Municipality
Populated places established in 1840

Piketberg


Saw O Moo (1975 – 5 April 2018) was a Karen people activist in the Mutraw District of Myanmar who worked as an indigenous wildlife researcher, took on the role of a Luthaw Paw Day community forest coordinator, and actively advocated for Karen people land rights by campaigning for a number of years to establish a Karen people managed and Karen people governed 5,400 km2 Indigenous and Community Conservation Area in the Salween River basin.

Saw O Moo was born in 1975 at Ler Mu Plaw, Myanmar, where he married Naw Paw Tha, had 7 children, and since 2006 has partnered with the Karen Environmental and Social Action Network to establish a Karen people managed and governed Salween Peace Park including remnant old growth forests, plus habitats of Asiatic black bear and Sunda pangolins threatened by mercury pollution from goldmines and the Hat Gyi hydroelectric project

In August 2017 he assisted launch a documentary at Yangoon for World Indigenous Peoples Day. In October 2017 he travelled with 12 other Karen leaders to the Philippines to learn about Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs), and by December 2017 he was publicly promoting the proposed Salween Peace Park quoted as saying "For us as Indigenous people, the Salween Peace Park represents our deepest desires and needs,"

Saw O Moon died at Wah Klo Hat, Myanmar where he was reportedly shot by the Myanmar military who presumed him to be a plain clothes soldier with the Karen National Liberation Army

References

1975 births
2018 deaths
Indigenous activists of Asia
Burmese people of Karen descent
Deaths by firearm in Myanmar
People from Kayin State

Saw O Moo


Travis Cross (born December 1, 1980) is an amateur Canadian freestyle wrestler, who played for the men's light heavyweight category. He qualified for the 84 kg class in men's freestyle wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing by finishing eighth from the 2007 World Wrestling Championships in Baku, Azerbaijan. He is also a three-time Canadian national wrestling champion.

Wrestling career
Cross grew up in Port Alberni, British Columbia, and started his wrestling career as a seventh grade student at Mount Klitsa Junior High School. He became a two-time high school state wrestling champion, while attending Alberni District Secondary School, and eventually continued his sporting career as a varsity team member at Simon Fraser University. After completing his college diploma, he enrolled in the Justice Institute's Firefighting program to follow his ultimate career goal of firefighting.

While pursuing his education, Cross continued his wrestling career by participating in numerous tournaments. He had won two silver medals and claimed three back-to-back titles for his weight division from the national championships. Cross also reached into an international level, when he first competed as a member of national wrestling team at the World Junior Championships in Paris. In 2005, Cross finished twelfth at his first World Championships in Budapest, Hungary, and achieved an eight-place finish two years later, in Baku, Azerbaijan, where he received an automatic qualifying berth for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Cross was also a full-time member at the Burnaby Mountain Wrestling Club in Burnaby, British Columbia, where he had been training for two years with his partner Ivan Diaconu, a seven-time national champion from Moldova, who competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Cross competed for the men's light heavyweight class in freestyle wrestling. He lost the second preliminary round match to Turkey's Serhat Balcı, who was able to score the final point first for each period based on the international wrestling rules.

Cross currently works as a firefighter at the local department, and also, resides in Port Alberni, British Columbia, with his wife and former high school sweetheart Melissa, and son Nicholas.

References

External links
FILA Profile
NBC 2008 Olympics profile
Profile – Royal Canadian Mountain Police
Profile – Canadian Olympic Team

Canadian male sport wrestlers
1980 births
Living people
Olympic wrestlers for Canada
Wrestlers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Nanaimo

Travis Cross


is the name of a street in Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan, which begins at Geba Yotsukado and ends at the Nagoshi Pass. It takes its name from the district of Ōmachi, which it crosses. At the time of the shogunate it was the most important road that went from east to west. The entertainment and red-light district of the city used to be at the intersection between Komachi Ōji and Ōmachi Ōji. The branch of the street that from the intersection goes in the opposite direction is called Yuigahama Ōdori (Yuigahama Avenue). On it stand temples like An'yō-in and Ankokuron-ji.

Notes

References

Kamakura, Kanagawa

Ōmachi Ōji


The Renault Type AG, commonly referred to as the Renault Taxi de la Marne or Marne Taxi is a hackney carriage automobile manufactured by the French automaker Renault from 1905 to 1910. The name Taxi de la Marne was not used until the outbreak of World War I, when the fleet of Paris taxis was requisitioned by the French Army to transport troops from Paris to the First Battle of the Marne in early September 1914.

Production and sales
It was the first car produced after Marcel Renault's death in 1903, along with another four models. The vehicle was produced in Renault's  assembly plant in Billancourt.

A car-rental company in Paris ordered 1,500 cars in 1905 as a result of a recent invention that automatically calculated how much the passenger had to pay, the taximeter. By 1907, Renault had sold over 3,000 Type AGs, with exports to Argentina, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Approximately 1,100 vehicles were shipped to London to serve as taxi cabs.

First Battle of the Marne

Prior to the start of the war, Paris had over 10,000 taxis. However with the onset of World War I, only 3,000 taxis were still in service in Paris by September 1914; typically driven by chauffeurs aged 55 to 65. Many of these taxis were Renault Type-AGs, owned by the G7 taxi company; and as a result, gained the attention of the public for its role in transporting soldiers to the First Battle of the Marne from 6 September to 8 September.

During the battle, the French Army's 62nd Division arrived at a railway station outside Paris, a significant distance away from the main battle. The French Army estimated it needed approximately 1,200 taxis to transport the 6,000 man division to the battle, resulting in the National Gendarmerie searching for taxis throughout Paris, and the village of Gagny. On 6 September 1914, General Gallieni gathered about six hundred taxicabs at Les Invalides in central Paris to carry soldiers to the front at Nanteuil-le-Haudouin, fifty kilometres away. In the night of 6-7, two groups set off: the first, comprising 350 vehicles, departed at 10 PM, and another of 250 an hour later. Each taxi carried five soldiers, four in the back and one next to the driver. Only the back lights of the taxis were lit; the drivers were instructed to follow the lights of the taxi ahead. The chauffeurs were willing to provide their services to the French Army due to the promise of reimbursement for distance travelled, which resulted in races between taxi cab drivers to reach the collection points, as well as a traffic jam at the collection points themselves. Most of the taxis were demobilised on 8 September but some remained longer to carry the wounded and refugees. The taxis, following city regulations, dutifully ran their meters. The French treasury reimbursed the total fare of 70,012 francs. In total, taxis helped transport approximately 4,000 men, or five battalions to the battle.

Although the Marne taxis were used to transport members of the 62nd Division, its public prominence was largely due to the improvised nature of the effort. Analysis of the battle typically view the role of the taxis' as marginal in the overall course of the battle; as the bulk of the 150,000 soldiers in the French 6th Army had already been brought to the battle earlier by train. However, reports on the Marne taxis had a real effect in boosting the morale of French Army, and its civilian populations.

References

Sources

External links

T
Taxi vehicles
Cars introduced in 1905
Brass Era vehicles

Renault Taxi de la Marne


Säve Airport (Säve flygplats), known as Göteborg City Airport  until 2015, is an airport located  north-west from the centre of Gothenburg, near Säve, on the island of Hisingen, Bohuslän, Sweden. It is located within the borders of Gothenburg Municipality, hence its former name. It was Gothenburg's second international airport, with international scheduled flights from 2001 to 2015. In addition to commercial airlines, the airport was also used by a number of rescue services, including the Swedish Coast Guard.

Owing to damage to the airport's runway by heavy aircraft and the high cost of repairs, the airport was closed to airline traffic indefinitely on 18 January 2015, but remains open to light aircraft.

Overview
Although it was primarily a low-cost airline airport, it is actually located closer to Gothenburg city centre than the main Göteborg Landvetter Airport, even if the driving time is around the same. It was one of the few city airports to receive Ryanair flights in the 2000s. Göteborg City Airport was able to handle aircraft up to the size of a Boeing 737, an Airbus A320, or similar jets. The airport still accommodates general aviation activities, including two flying clubs, Aeroklubben i Göteborg and Chalmers flygklubb.

DFDS Seaways cited competition from low-cost air services, especially Ryanair (which flew to Glasgow Prestwick and London Stansted from Gothenburg City Airport), as being a reason for its scrapping its Newcastle-Gothenburg ferry service in October 2006. It was the only dedicated passenger ferry service between Sweden and the United Kingdom, and had been running since the 19th century (under various operators).

History

Development

Construction of the airport began in 1940, as a military airbase for Göta Wing (F 9), a wing of the Swedish Air Force. The airbase was closed down in 1969. The old civil airport at Torslanda (about 10 km south of Säve) was closed down in 1977, and scheduled flights moved to Landvetter Airport; general aviation activities were moved to Säve. In 1984 the runway was improved and extended, to allow larger business jets to operate.

In 2001 the airport was renamed City Airport, and Ryanair started operating scheduled flights to London. Prior to the arrival of Ryanair in 2001, the airport had 9,000 passengers per year; 844,000 passengers flew from City Airport in 2008.

In 2004 the Swedish Armed Forces entirely left the airport, when a helicopter squadron of the Swedish Marines was disbanded. A legacy of the military presence is a museum called Aeroseum, preserving various fighter jets and displaying military aircraft history.

Closure for airline service
On 26 November 2014 the airport had to ban all heavier aircraft, such as the Boeing 737, because the taxiway was not rated to carry heavy aircraft. This meant that all flights operated by Ryanair, Wizz Air and Gotlandsflyg were diverted to Landvetter Airport. The lighter aircraft flown by Sparrow Aviation were allowed to fly after a ban of one day. In the early days following the ban, most passengers still cleared security at Gothenburg City Airport before being transferred by bus. Later all check-in was done at Landvetter Airport for diverted flights.

Initial plans were for the airport to remain closed to heavy aircraft until at least the end of January 2015. However, on 13 January 2015, the decision was published to close the airport permanently to passenger traffic, owing to the high cost of fixing the runway/taxiway problem. Sparrow Aviation, using lighter aircraft, continued to use City Airport until 18 January 2015.

The airport was kept open until the end of 2015 in the hope of attracting a possible buyer who could agree to Swedavia's conditions and ensure a long-term plan.

In May 2016, it was announced that a motorsport circuit would be built at the Säve Airport, intended to host Scandinavian Touring Car Championship races. Somehow this did not come to fruition so far (2021), while the airfield itself is not closed but still open for general aviation, home of two aeroclubs and a commercial flight school as well as police and ambulance helicopters.

In 2019, Heart Aerospace established a presence at the airport.

Airlines and destinations
Owing to the aforementioned issues, there is no longer any passenger traffic scheduled. All airlines relocated to Göteborg Landvetter Airport, except Sparrow Aviation which terminated its Gothenburg-Stockholm Bromma Airport flights.

Statistics

See also

 List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries

References

External links
 Official website
 Aeroklubben
 Airport information
 Aeroseum flight museum

Airports in Sweden
Bohuslän
Buildings and structures in Gothenburg
Transport in Gothenburg
Hisingen
1940 establishments in Sweden
Airports established in 1940

Säve Airport


Enneapterygius bahasa, blacktail triplefin, also known as the blacktail threefin in Australia, is a species of threefin blenny in the genus Enneapterygius. It was described by German ichthyologist Ronald Fricke in 1997, and earns its common name from its black caudal fins. It is known from reefs in the western Pacific Ocean.

Etymology
The blacktail triplefin was described by Ronald Fricke in 1997, from a male holotype (USNM 259168) collected from Queensland, Australia, and 77 paratype specimens from its other known locale. He gave it the species name bahasa, referring to the official Indonesian language, often called "Bahasa Indonesia".

Description
Male blacktail triplefins can reach a maximum length of . Fricke described the blacktail triplefin as being a medium-sized member of the "Enneapterygius hemimelas" species group, being most closely related to the Australian Clea's triplefin (E. clea) and the Redtail triplefin (E. rubicauda) from the western Pacific. The bodies of the blennies are predominantly reddish in colour, with white spots on the bodies and white streaks around the eyes; the males have blackish faces and tails (from which the common name is derived), a trait which is not shared with the females. On average, the females have stouter bodies, shorter snouts and higher vertical fins than the males.

Distribution
It is a tropical blenny found mainly in the flats and crests of reefs in the western Pacific Ocean, and swims at depths ranging from . It has been recorded from Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Guam, Palau, and Australia.

References

External links
 Enneapterygius bahasa at www.biologie.uni-ulm.de
 Enneapterygius bahasa at www.fishwise.co.za
 Enneapterygius bahasa at World Register of Marine Species
 Enneapterygius bahasa at ITIS

bahasa
Marine fish of Northern Australia
blacktail triplefin

Enneapterygius bahasa


"Still Po Pimpin" is the lead single from Do or Die's second album, Headz or Tailz.

A "sequel" to the group's highly successful 1996 hit "Po Pimp" and like "Po Pimp", "Still Po Pimpin" was produced by The Legendary Traxster and featured a guest verse from Twista and a chorus from Johnny P. The song became a minor hit, peaking at No. 62 on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as reaching both the R&B and rap charts and to date is the group's final single to reach any of the three charts. The song also appeared on the group's 2003 compilation Greatest Hits.

Single track listing

A-Side
"Still Pimpin'" (Full Mix)
"Still Pimpin'" (Clean Mix)

B-Side
"Still Pimpin'" (Mike Dean Remix)
"Still Pimpin'" (Instrumental)

Charts

1998 singles
Do or Die (group) songs
Twista songs

Still Po Pimpin


TV5 Network, Inc., commonly known as TV5, is a Philippine media company based in Mandaluyong, with its alternate studios located in Novaliches, Quezon City. It is primarily involved in radio and television broadcasting, with subsidiaries and affiliates dealing in various media related businesses. TV5 is owned by MediaQuest Holdings, an investee company of Philippine telecommunications giant PLDT, through its Beneficial Trust Fund, and headed by business tycoon Manuel V. Pangilinan.

Among its assets owns and operates two broadcast television networks (TV5 and One Sports), the national radio station (92.3 Radyo5 TRUE FM), and the regional radio network (Radyo5). It also operates two international television channels (Kapatid Channel and AksyonTV International) along with subsidiaries digital terrestrial television providers (Sulit TV) an exclusive sales and marketing agent (Media5) as well as digital and online portals technology (D5 Studio; TV5.com.ph, News5 Digital, and GG Network).

History

Origin
Joaquin "Chino" Roces, owner of The Manila Times, was granted a radio-TV franchise from Congress under Republic Act No. 2945 on June 19, 1960. He then founded the Associated Broadcasting Corporation and the channel "ABC 5" with the call sign DZTM-TV and its first studios along Pasong Tamo in Makati, becoming the fourth television network established in the country. ABC operated radio and television services from 1962 until September 23, 1972, when the late former President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law. Both ABC and The Manila Times were shut down as a result.

Revival
After the People Power Revolution in 1986, Roces made a successful appeal to Corazon Aquino for the reopening of the network until his death on September 30, 1988.

New stockholders led by businessman Edward Tan and Roces's son Edgardo then began the arduous task of bringing the network back on the air. The Securities and Exchange Commission granted their application for an increase in capitalization and amendments to ABC's articles of incorporation and by-laws. They were subsequently given a permit to operate by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC).

ABC inaugurated its studio complex and transmitter tower in San Bartolome, Novaliches, Quezon City in 1990 and began test broadcasts by the end of 1991, officially returning on air as the Associated Broadcasting Company on February 21, 1992, with ABC Development Corporation as the new corporate name. Its radio counterpart, Kool 106 was launched at the same time. Later, it acquired a new franchise to operate on December 9, 1994, under Republic Act 7831 signed by then President Fidel V. Ramos.

In 1999, ABC was awarded the channel 47 frequency in Metro Manila, the last remaining UHF frequency in the market, christening it DWDZ-TV. However, has been inactive since 2003.

Cojuangco era
In October 2003, ABC was acquired by a group led by businessman Antonio "Tonyboy" O. Cojuangco, Jr. served as Chairman of the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT) from 1998 to 2004 and owner of Dream Satellite Broadcasting and Bank of Commerce, among other assets.

Its biggest achievement was when its flagship channel, ABC, won as the "Outstanding TV Station" award at the 2005 KBP Golden Dove Awards, with several other programs on the network also earning honors in their respective categories.

In early 2007, ABC suffered a setback when it implemented a series of budget cuts, primarily directed towards its news department, which laid off most of its employees.

In 2008, ABC-5 was rebranded as TV5 as it enters a partnership with MPB Primedia Inc., a local company backed by Media Prima Berhad of Malaysia as part of a long-term strategy to make the station more competitive. This caused the revitalization of its ratings from 1.9% in July 2008 (before the re-branding) to 11.1% in September 2009.

Acquisition by PLDT
On October 20, 2009, Media Prima announced that it would be divesting its 70% share in TV5/MPB Primedia and selling it to the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company's broadcasting arm, MediaQuest Holdings, Inc. as the company incurs losses in the midst of global financial crisis. MediaQuest also acquired Cojuangco-owned ABC Development Corporation and its television stations by the end of the year. The two acquisitions was completed on March 2, 2010, as announced by PLDT chairman Manuel V. Pangilinan. TV5 was reformatted on April 4, 2010, with a new lineup of programming and branding as the "Kapatid" ("sibling") network. ABC's radio arm Dream FM was retained under Cojuangco management  after the latter had transferred its ownership to Interactive Broadcast Media. By July 2011, Dream FM Network was closed and its Manila station was sold to Ultrasonic Broadcasting System and relaunched as 106.7 Energy FM.

Upon acquisition, TV5 expressed interest to acquire the 27.24% controlling share of Indosiar Karya Media, which operates Indosiar, by-then owned by PLDT affiliate Salim Group to transform the network as the pan-regional multimedia leader in Southeast Asia. The agreement was projected to be reached by 2011, but it was never conceptualized after Indosiar merged to Surya Citra Media, a subsidiary of Emtek in 2013.

On October 1, 2010, TV5 took over the management of MediaQuest's Nation Broadcasting Corporation stations; DWFM was re-launched as a TV5-branded news radio station on November 8, 2010, Radyo5 92.3 NewsFM, and DWNB-TV was re-launched as AksyonTV on February 21, 2011, a news channel based on TV5's newscast Aksyon.

In June 2011, Sports5 began a deal with the state-run Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation to produce sports programming for the network under the brand AKTV. The block time deal ended on May 31, 2013, although TV5 continues to use IBC-13's Broadcast City facilities for sports events as MediaQuest Holdings is a possible bidder for the privatization of IBC-13.

Through co-owned Pilipinas Global Network Ltd., international channels Kapatid TV5 and AksyonTV International were launched in April 2011. The channels were available in Europe, Middle East, North Africa, Guam, and the United States.

TV5 has also entered the social media space as it began its online lifestyle site Kristn.com, a Pinoy online music portal Balut Radio and news video content site News5 Everywhere. Kristn and Balut Radio are inactive since December 2014.

Rey Espinosa stepped down as ABC Development Corporation President and CEO on June 1, 2013, to assume his new post as Associate Director of the First Pacific Company Ltd., PLDT's majority owner. He was replaced by Noel C. Lorenzana, the Head of the Individual Business for the PLDT Group.

By December 23, 2013, the network relocated and began broadcasting from its new headquarters, the 6,000 square meter TV5 Media Center located in Reliance, Mandaluyong; vacating its Novaliches complex,  which is in use from 1992, as well as its studios in Delta Theater (Quezon City), Broadway Centrum (New Manila), Marajo Tower (Bonifacio Global City) and the PLDT Locsin Building (Makati). The transmitter and corporate offices of TV5 remained in Novaliches, Quezon City. Phase 1 (News5 Center) was completed on the same day while Phase 2 of the building (Entertainment Building, now the Launchpad Center) is currently under construction. Once the Media Center is completed in 2016, it will house TV5, and their sister companies Cignal Digital TV, Voyager Innovations and Philex Mining.

Upon failure of acquiring a stake on GMA Network, TV5's ultimate parent, the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT) pours more funds to TV5. PLDT's subsidiary, ePLDT, Inc., invests P6-billion in the form of Philippine Depositary Receipts (PDRs) in MediaQuest to sustain the growth momentum of TV5 as well as affiliate Cignal TV. PLDT will also install new platforms and technology that will suit consumers' preference. TV5 Chair Manny Pangilinan predicted that TV5 would "break even" by 2017.

In response to the process of shifting to digital terrestrial television, TV5 invested P500-700 million in the next four years as preparation for its shift to digital TV. Currently, TV5 and AksyonTV conduct digital test broadcasts on channels 42 and 51, operated by TV5 affiliates Nation Broadcasting Corporation and Mediascape, respectively. It also plans to convert its UHF stations that operate TV5 and AksyonTV, to DTV transmitters.

In December 2014, ABC Development Corporation partnered with Singapore-based studio Brand New Media to launch a multi-channel datacasting service 4ME Philippines. 4ME will feature original content, produced both in the Philippines and internationally, for a network of lifestyle channels covering food, health, fashion, tech, comedy, travel, home, entertainment, celebrity, sport, outdoor adventure and music. With the domain www.TV4ME.ph, 4ME was targeted to launch in 2015. Brand New Media has already launched a similar service in Australia.

In 2015, the company changed its name from ABC Development Corporation to TV5 Network, Inc.

TV5 Network, Inc. also launched its digital library of original online content called Digital5, using the company's online portals to produce exclusive programs that compass different audiences on different platforms.

On August 3, 2015, TV5 Network, Inc. and Cignal TV ties up with Viva Communications to form an entertainment network the Sari-Sari Channel that will air programs and movies from both the Viva portfolio and TV5. SSN will also handle the production of all the entertainment programs of TV5. Instead of this, TV5 has appointed Viva head honcho Vic del Rosario, Jr. as the network's chief entertainment strategist in October 2015.

On October 1, 2016, Media5 president and former Gilas Pilipinas and PBA head coach Chot Reyes became the network's officer-in-charge, replacing the network's president for four years, Noel Lorenzana, who retired from his position on September 30.

On February 17, 2018, TV5 launched its new slogan called "Get It On 5!". Along with the said launch, the network also started its five-brand strategy which consists of News5 (News), ESPN5 (Sports), On5 (Entertainment and other content), D5 Studio (Digital) and the newly revived Studio5 (Films and Originals).

In October 2018, TV5 was acquired by the MediaQuest Holdings and discontinued use of the TV5 Novaliches facilities.

On April 22, 2019, TV5 Network was granted a 25-year legislative franchise extension under Republic Act No. 11320 albeit without President Rodrigo Duterte's signature and lapsed into law after 30 days of inaction by the President. The law grants TV5 Network a franchise to construct, install, operate, and maintain, for commercial purposes, radio broadcasting stations and television stations, including digital television system, with the corresponding facilities such as relay stations, throughout the Philippines.

Upon the retirement of Chot Reyes as TV5's president and CEO, he was replaced by Media5 President (TV5's sales and marketing arm) Jane Basas.

On February 4, 2020, Robert P. Galang was appointed as the new president and CEO of TV5 Network and Cignal TV, replacing Basas who had been appointed as the new Chief Marketing Officer of Smart Communications.

On August 15, 2020, TV5 Network announced partnership with its sister company, Cignal TV to become as TV5's main content provider to handle the network's programming in order to bring back the glory days of TV5 to compete again with GMA Network, TV5's longtime rival and other TV networks in the Philippines after the expiration of the congressional franchise of ABS-CBN in May 2020. In 2021, TV5 and rival network ABS-CBN signs a deal that lets ABS-CBN programs to be broadcast in TV5 along with its own shows, and also released a new cable channel named "BuKo" that airs comedy shows which is only available in Cignal.
TV5 also released a new digital tv set-top box called the "Sulit TV" which transmits TV5's digital frequencies as well as other available digital channels, and is competing with ABS-CBN TV Plus and GMA Affordabox.

In September of the same year, University Athletic Association of the Philippines or commonly known as UAAP, inked a deal with Cignal to launch UAAP Varsity Channel to air UAAP basketball and volleyball events and is also simulcast on TV5 and One Sports.

In January 2021, TV5 started broadcast of selected programming produced by ABS-CBN to expand its nationwide reach following the shutdown of the latter's free-to-air network on May 5, 2020. On January 24, the Kapatid network began to simulcast ABS-CBN's Sunday noontime programming block, followed by the addition of the latter's primetime block on March 5 and its noontime show on July 16, 2022.

In June 2022, ABS-CBN engaged into advanced talks with TV5's parent company, MediaQuest Holdings to allow its resources combined after Villar Group-backed Advanced Media Broadcasting System acquired ABS-CBN's former frequency, and slated to begin operations in October 2022 as AMBS-2. On August 10, 2022, ABS-CBN and MediaQuest Holdings signed a "convertible note agreement" as announced on the following day for the ABS-CBN's investment into TV5 Network by acquiring 34.99% of the company's common shares, with an option to increase it stake to 49.92% within the next eight years with MediaQuest remained as the TV5's controlling shareholder with 64.79% of TV5's common shares. Meanwhile, MediaQuest Holdings executed a "debt instruments agreement" they will acquire a 38.88% minority stake of ABS-CBN's cable TV arm Sky Cable Corporation through Cignal TV, with an option to acquire an additional 61.12% of Sky Cable shares within the next eight years. After ABS-CBN and TV5 had a partnership deal, the House of Representatives has set a briefing and SAGIP Representative Rodante Marcoleta commented that TV5 violated the broadcasting franchise with ABS-CBN deal. But a day later, the briefing scheduled was cancelled that supposed to happen on that day. On August 24, the two broadcasting companies agreed to pause their closing preparations for the deal following concerns from politicians and some government agencies. On September 1, 2022, both parties announced the termination of the proposed investment.

On January 31, 2023, Guido R. Zaballero as president and chief executive officer of TV5 Network, effective February 1, 2023. He will assume the position following the retirement of Robert P. Galang, who headed Cignal TV and TV5 since 2020. Meanwhile, Jane J. Basas has assumed the post of president and CEO of Cignal TV, concurrently with her role as the president and CEO of MediaQuest, the holding company of TV5 and Cignal TV.

On April 1, 2023, the high-definition feed of TV5 was launched on Cignal Channel 15 (HD) as announced on March 21, 2023.

On April 16, 2023, the main channel switched its airing of aspect ratio quality on the channel feed and its programming to widescreen format (16:9) as being converted its mitigation of reception through analog (until the end of the year) and digital signal reception through free TV and other cable and satellite television providers after more than 31 years on the usage of broadcast video picture resolution that migrated from fullscreen format (4:3).

In June 2023, the comedic trio of Tito Sotto, Vic Sotto, and Joey de Leon (TVJ) have signed a "long term" agreement with TV5's parent company MediaQuest to produce content for TV5 and other MediaQuest properties. On July 1, 2023, TVJ's noontime variety show entitled E.A.T. premiered on TV5.

Broadcast assets

TV5

TV5 or simply as 5 (formerly known as ABC) is the flagship broadcast asset of the network. Founded on February 21, 1992, it is branded as the Kapatid (Sibling) Network in reference to the company's logo. Its headquarters can be found at the TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong and alternative studios in Novaliches in Quezon City.

Its programming includes news and current affairs programs from News5, sports programming produced by One Sports, anime, teleserye, soap operas, foreign dramas and cartoons, movie blocks, comedy and gag shows, game shows, as well as informative, talk shows, musicals, reality, variety shows, and others.

One Sports

One Sports is a television station of TV5 Network Inc. with Nation Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) as its primary content provider, and was launched on March 8, 2020. One Sports serves as a sports channel for The 5 Network with its programs primarily produced by its sports division of the same name. It was formerly called 5 Plus, when it was launched on January 13, 2019, and AksyonTV, a Filipino-language news channel launched by TV5 in 2011–2019.

Radyo5

Radyo5 is a collective name for the news/talk FM radio stations of the Nation Broadcasting Corporation. The stations' all-news format is co-branded with News5, the news department of the television channel TV5. The first one to adopt the format is DWFM 92.3 FM on October 1, 2010, followed by DYNC 101.9 FM Cebu on November 12, 2012, and DXFM 101.9 FM Davao on December 3, 2012, with 4 relay stations serving Baguio, Bacolod, Cagayan de Oro and General Santos City, as well as one affiliate station in Dagupan.

Cable/Satellite assets

Most of the assets containing cable channels and its related content are handled by Cignal TV, TV5 Network's sister company.

Internet and social media

News5 Digital
News5 Digital (News5.com.ph) (formerly known as News5 Everywhere) is the official news portal, online video and audio content management platform and Social TV of TV5. It also serves as online and on-demand streaming portal for TV5 and AksyonTV as well as serving as an online citizen journalism portal of News5.

One Sports
One Sports (ESPN5.com) is the official webpage of ESPN in the Philippines, in conjunction with One Sports. Its content draws upon the resources of both ESPN (for global articles) and One Sports (for Philippines-originating articles).

Digital5

Digital5, an online programming division of TV5, provides an array of online-exclusive content with various genres that can be viewed on all platforms through the online portals of TV5, One Sports, News5 Digital and GG Network.

International presence

TV5's International Presence is overseen by Pilipinas Global Limited, Ltd. (PGN), a joint subsidiary of TV5 Network Inc. (40%) and its parent the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (60%), Founded on April 11, 2011, at the British Virgin Islands, it has two subsidiaries of its own, PGN (Canada) Ltd., based in British Columbia, and the PGN (US) LLC., incorporated through the Delaware General Corporation Law and currently based on California. Through these subsidiaries, PGN acts as the sole and exclusive distributor and licensee of the programs, shows, films and channels of TV5 through international syndication and its owned-and-operated channels, the Kapatid TV5 and AksyonTV International.

Prior to this, TV5 (formerly ABC-5) airs its programs through an international channel, The Mabuhay Channel and its counterpart in Canada. The Mabuhay Channel features a wide array of programming from movies, music, sports, entertainment, current affairs to children's and lifestyle programming from ABC-5 as well as PTV-4, IBC-13, the CCI Asia Group and Viva Entertainment. It is founded on July 22, 2004, by Philippine Multimedia Systems, Inc. (PMSI), current operator of Dream Satellite TV and by-then sister company of ABC-5 (PMSI and ABC-5 are owned by Antonio "Tonyboy" Cojuangco, Jr.) It was closed on August 18, 2008, 9 days after ABC-5's rebrand to TV5 and due to the channel's pullout from Dish Network.

Defunct services

AKTV

AKTV was a primetime sports programming block produced by Sports5 division of TV5 and was aired on state-run Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC). Formed by an blocktime agreement on February 28, 2011, it was launched on June 5, 2011, by an AKTV Run at the SM Mall of Asia in Pasay. However, due to high airtime cost and low ratings caused by the impending privatization of IBC, AKTV ceased airing in May 2013 although TV5 continues to use IBC's Broadcast City facilities for its sports programming as TV5's parent, MediaQuest Holdings, has a potential bid for its privatization that was aimed to happen by 2016, However, MediaQuest could not join the privatization bid due to ownership rules and regulations that MediaQuest owns TV5 and AksyonTV.

Dream FM Network

Dream FM Network is the original radio network of ABC Development Corporation when it is reopened in 1992. With its flagship station DWET 106.7 FM Manila (now airing as Energy FM which is owned by Ultrasonic Broadcasting System), DYET 106.7 FM Cebu (now DYQC 106.7 FM, airing as DWIZ News FM 106.7 under the auspices of Aliw Broadcasting Corporation), and DXET 106.7 FM Davao (now Radyo Digoseño by the Digos City Government), it undergoes multiple format, including Hot AC, Top 40 hits, Original Pilipino Music and sometimes, Latin music. Upon acquisition of the conglomerate by Antonio "Tonyboy" O. Cojuangco, Jr., the radio network flipped its format into smooth jazz format added up with R&B, Soul, Bossa Nova and House, remained unchanged after its TV counterpart ABC-5 reformatted in 2008. The radio network was not part of acquisition of ABC Development Corporation by the MediaQuest Holdings in 2010 since the latter has Nation Broadcasting Corporation's FM stations, which later branded to News5 as Radyo5 NewsFM. Dream FM was retained under the Cojuangco management and operated by former ABC stockholder Anton Lagdameo, with Cojuangco already transferred ABC's entire FM stations to Interactive Broadcast Media (IBMI). Majority of Dream FM stations closed in June 2011 as Ultrasonic Broadcasting System acquired the operations of DWET 106.7 FM Manila and reformatted on July 1 as Energy FM Manila (Energy FM was formerly on DWKY 91.5 FM, now 91.5 Win Radio). Only DYKP retained its operations as Boracay Beach Radio.

Balut Radio

Balut Radio was an Internet radio service of TV5 Network Inc. Founded on April 1, 2013, it featured OPM and international music channels, as well as news and sports channels powered by News5 as well as radio channel that can be customized by users. By September 2014, Balut Radio becomes inactive.

Kristn
Kristn, (kristn.com) also known as Hitlist by Kristn, was an online lifestyle hub of TV5. It featured exclusive content on food & dining, movies, tech & gaming, music & events, men's lifestyle and celebrity features. By January 2015, Kristn becomes inactive after the launch of similar service, TV4ME Philippines.

TV4ME Philippines

TV4ME Philippines was a digital advertorial datacasting service operated under the joint venture of TV5 and Brand New Media, a Singapore-based online content provider. It offered original programs that ranges from food, health, travel, shopping, motoring, property, business, finance, careers, sports, hobbies, and technology. This service is currently inactive due to financial constraints.

Catsup
Catsup (pronounced as Catch-Up) was a digital-exclusive subchannel of TV5 Network available only in Manila, where its digital signal is being tested. Under test broadcast, it airs re-runs of top-rated programs from TV5 and selected Sports5 coverages. It also aired replays of selected News5 documentaries and classic Filipino movies on weekends. However, on February 1, 2017, Catsup have been discontinued its broadcasting due to unknown reasons.

InterAksyon

InterAksyon (interaksyon.com) is an online news portal of TV5 launched in 2011. It features articles and editorials from respected journalists and News5 reporters. The website also developed the TNAV (Traffic Navigator) which features real-time traffic updates from the MMDA. The service was under the management of News5 from its launch until March 31, 2018. Currently, the PhilStar Media Group, another company under MediaQuest, handles the site under its own digital group.

AksyonTV

AksyonTV (Action TV) was a news and sports television network co-owned by TV5 Network and Nation Broadcasting Corporation. Founded on February 21, 2011, AksyonTV's programs comprised a combination of live news reports, documentaries, sports and current affairs programming. Its existing lineup of programming draws upon TV5's own resources and its news partners. It also aired simulcasts programs of Radyo5 92.3 News FM and news programs of TV5. The channel was shut down on January 12, 2019, and it was replaced by 5 Plus. AksyonTV's sports programs was carried by 5 Plus, while Radyo5 simulcast programs moved to the new stand-alone satellite channel under Radyo5 brand prior to the launch of One PH, exclusively on Cignal.

5 Plus

5 Plus was a commercial sports terrestrial television network co-owned by TV5 Network and Nation Broadcasting Corporation. Named after its parent station, it served as complementary channel for 5 with its programs primarily produced by ESPN5. 5 Plus was launched on January 13, 2019, replacing AksyonTV, until it ceased its broadcast on March 7, 2020, to give way for One Sports.

Executive management
 Manuel V. Pangilinan (chairman of the Board)
 Guido R. Zaballero (president and chief executive officer, director)
 Dino Laurena (chief operating officer, director, Media5)
 Pierre Paul S. Buhay (Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer)
 Estrelita G. Gacutan (corporate secretary)
 Michael Rex O. Celiz (assistant corporate secretary)
 Luchi Cruz-Valdes (first vice president for news and current affairs, News5 chief)
 Perci Intalan (head for programming)
 Sienna Olaso (head of One Sports)

Other assets

Divisions
Cignal Entertainment
D5 Studio
News5
News5 Digital
One Sports
Rescue5
TV5 Regional (Regional5) (dissolved 2016)

Subsidiaries and affiliates
BusinessWorld
Cignal TV (Mediascape Inc.)
Cignal
CignalPlay
SatLite
 Cinegear, Inc. (65.7%)
Media5 Marketing Corporation (Media5)
MQuest Ventures
TVJ Productions (51%)
Nation Broadcasting Corporation
Studio5, Inc.
Straight Shooters
The Philippine Star
Pilipinas Global Network Ltd. (35.4%)
 Kapatid Channel
 AksyonTV International
Sulit TV
UXS, Inc.  (30%)
TV5 Talent Center (Talent5) (dissolved 2016)

Corporate social responsibility
Alagang Kapatid Foundation
PLDT-Smart Foundation
One Meralco Foundation

References

External links

 Media Ownership Monitor Philippines - Media Companies: A Duopoly Rules by VERA Files and Reporters Without Borders

1960 establishments in the Philippines
Broadcasting companies of the Philippines
Companies based in Mandaluyong
Companies based in Quezon City
Entertainment companies established in 1960
Entertainment companies of the Philippines
Mass media companies established in 1960
Mass media companies of the Philippines
Mass media in Metro Manila
2010 mergers and acquisitions
MediaQuest Holdings
Philippine radio networks
Multinational companies headquartered in the Philippines

TV5 Network


Alexander Fraser Cochrane (8 August 1900 – 2 September 1967), known as Sandy or Alex Cochrane, was a Scottish footballer who scored 68 goals from 318 appearances in the Football League while playing for Middlesbrough, Darlington, Bradford City, Chesterfield, Northampton Town and Swindon Town. He began his career with Shawfield Juniors, played in the Scottish League for Alloa Athletic, East Stirlingshire and Dumbarton, and spent time with Welsh club Llanelly.

Life and career
Cochrane was born on 8 August 1900 in Glasgow, where he began his football career with Shawfield Juniors. He joined Alloa Athletic in January 1922, helped them win the Division Two title and with it automatic promotion to Division One, and established a reputation as a goalscorer. Cochrane moved to England to sign for First Division club Middlesbrough for what was reported as a four-figure fee, scoring on his debut against Arsenal on 3 March 1923 to help his team to their first win of the year. Middlesbrough were relegated to the Second Division at the end of the following season, and in April 1926 became one of several former first-team regulars to be transfer-listed.

He signed for Darlington for the new season, and over the next two-and-a-half years (the first in the Second Division, the remainder in the Third), he scored 24 goals from 100 League appearances. In January 1929, he returned to the second tier with Bradford City for an undisclosed fee. At Bradford he played 69 league games scoring 27 goals, as well as netting four goals from five FA Cup games. He was the club's top scorer with 21 goals in 1929–30 as they avoided relegation from the Second Division by just one point.

Cochrane spent the 1931–32 season with Chesterfield before joining Llanelly, a Welsh club playing in both the Southern League and the Welsh League, in September 1932. The Taunton Courier was effusive about his debut: "The new player was a great success, showing splendid ball control and a capacity for carrying on flanking movements which has never been surpassed by any Llanelly player. On Saturday's form he is a wonderful capture, and he had the distinction of scoring a brace of goals in a manner which marked him as a fine opportunist." He went on to captain the side, and scored the winner as they beat Cheltenham Town in the third qualifying round of the 1933–34 FA Cup, only to be eliminated because his team contained ineligible players. In January 1934, Cochrane resumed his Football League with Northampton Town.

After 18 months with Northampton and a season with Swindon Town, Cochrane returned to Scotland where he signed for Second Division club East Stirlingshire. He was retained for the 1937–38 season, but by November, the club was in deep financial trouble. Cochrane was one of several players released after refusing the club's proposal that they accept a proportion of the gate money in lieu of salary. Within days, he joined divisional rivals Dumbarton, where he finished the season.

Cochrane died on 2 September 1967 in Kettering, in Northamptonshire, England, at the age of 67.

References

1900 births
1967 deaths
Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Shawfield F.C. players
Alloa Athletic F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Llanelli Town A.F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
East Stirlingshire F.C. players
Dumbarton F.C. players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players

Sandy Cochrane


Daniel N. Robinson (March 9, 1937 – September 17, 2018) was an American philosopher. He was a professor of philosophy at Georgetown University and a fellow of the faculty of philosophy at Oxford University.

He held academic positions at Amherst College, Georgetown University, Princeton University, and Columbia University. In addition, he served as the principal consultant to PBS and the BBC for their award-winning series "The Brain" and "The Mind", and he lectured for The Great Courses' series on Philosophy.

Robinson died on September 17, 2018 from heart failure at the age of 81.

References

1937 births
2018 deaths
American philosophers
Columbia University faculty
Princeton University faculty

Daniel N. Robinson