Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are a type of microscope. AFMs provide pictures of atoms on or in surfaces. Like the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the purpose of the AFM is to look at objects on the atomic level. In fact, the AFM may be used to look at individual atoms. It is commonly used in nanotechnology.

The AFM can do some things that the SEM cannot do. The AFM can provide higher resolution than the SEM. Further, the AFM does not need to operate in a vacuum. In fact, the AFM can operate in ambient air or water, so it can be used to see surfaces of biological samples like living cells.

The AFM works by employing an ultra-fine needle attached to a cantilever beam. The tip of the needle runs over the ridges and valleys in the material being imaged, "feeling" the surface. As the tip moves up and down due to the surface, the cantilever deflects. In one basic configuration, a laser shines on the cantilever at an oblique angle, and allows for the direct measurement of the deflection in the cantilever by simply changing the angle of incidence for the laser beam. In this way, an image may be created revealing the configuration of the molecules being imaged by the machine.

There are many different operating modes for an AFM. One is the "contact mode", where the tip is simply moved across the surface and the cantilever deflections are measured. Another mode is called "tapping mode", because the tip is tapped against the surface as it travels along. By controlling how hard the tip is tapped, the AFM can move away from the surface when the needle feels a ridge, so that it will not hit against the surface when it moves across. This mode is also useful for biological samples, because it is less likely to damage a soft surface.
These are the basic modes most commonly used. However there are different names and methods such as "intermittent contact mode", "non-contact mode", "dynamic" and "static" modes and more, but these are often variations on the above described tapping and contact modes.

Related pages
 Microscope
 Electron microscope

References

Microscopes

Atomic force microscope


Michel Hockx (born 1964) is a professor of Chinese Literature in the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures  and the Director of the Liu Institute for Asia and Asian Studies in the Keough School of Global Affairs at the  University of Notre Dame. Hockx previously served as a Professor of Chinese at SOAS, University of London and as Founding Director of the China Institute.

He has published widely, both in English and in Chinese, on topics related to modern Chinese poetry and literary culture, especially early 20th-century Chinese magazine literature and print culture and contemporary Internet literature. He is the author of Questions of Style: Literary Societies and Literary Journals in Modern China, 1911-1937, which focuses on how the style of Republican-era Chinese literature was shaped by the context in which it was produced. His latest book, Internet Literature in China, was listed by Choice magazine as one of the "Top 25 Outstanding Academic Titles of 2015." His ongoing research focuses on the effects of moral censorship on the preservation and digitization of modern Chinese cultural products.

In December 2016, Hockx's first book A Snowy Morning was made freely available to download under an Open Access licence.

References

Bibliography
 A Snowy Morning: Eight Chinese Poets on the Road to Modernity, 282pp. : Leiden University. Published in 1994, .
 Questions of Style: Literary Societies and Literary Journals in Modern China, 1911–1937, 310pp. : Brill (Netherlands). Published in 2003, .
 Internet Literature in China, 272pp. : Columbia University Press. Published in 2015, .

External links
Personal Homepage at University of Notre Dame
Michel Hockx, scholar of Chinese literary and Internet culture, appointed director of Liu Institute for Asia and Asian Studies
Choice's "Outstanding Academic Titles" Top 25 Books for 2015
Review of Internet Literature in China
Review of Questions of Style

1964 births
Living people
Dutch sinologists
University of Notre Dame faculty
Academics of SOAS University of London
Leiden University alumni

Michel Hockx


Kurdistan Vegans is the first vegan nonprofit organization working for animal rights in Iraq. It was established on June 24, 2018, by Zanko Bakhshi and Zhiar Ali, in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The organization focuses on animal rights, and encourages environmental protection and choosing a healthy lifestyle by promoting veganism and abstaining from using animal products.

The organization had its first physical activity on November 1, 2018, on World Vegan Day in two cities of the Kurdistan region in Sulaymaniyah and Erbil. The events took place in Azadi Park in Sulaymaniyah and Sami Abdulrahman Park in Erbil and consisted of distributing pamphlet and booklets containing information about veganism and the vegan diet.

After and during the event, local TVs interviewed members of the organization and started shining a light on the philosophy of veganism.

History

Appearance

At first, the project started as a blog to inform the Kurdish people about veganism in 2017. Until its formal establishment, the activities of Kurdistan Vegans consisted of only online posting on platforms such as Facebook and Instagram. After Bakhshi came into contact with some animal rights activists, they decided to work more formally, as an organization, and like so the organization was certified by the Ministry of Nongovernmental Organizations on June 24, 2018.

World Vegan Day

The organization executed its first physical activity five months after its establishment on November 1, 2018, in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah. In Sulaymaniyah, the team consisted of five people led by the Vice President Zhiar Ali in Azadi Park, and in Erbil it consisted of 4 people led by the founder himself in Samy Abdulrahman Park. The event consisted of distributing pamphlets and booklets which contained information about veganism, a vegan diet, public figures who are vegan and such. The team also verbally explained and promoted veganism.

Goals and belief

Kurdistan Vegans' philosophy is based on a moral philosophy called veganism. The organization believes that animals must not be used for human benefits in any way and that they "should not be exploited." In an interview with Jiyan Media, Bakhshi said:

Vegans believe in a moral philosophy where the people who believe it not only take out animal products from their meals, but they stop using them for clothes as well, because we believe that as long as there are alternatives for those things, animals don't want to be part of the abuse they go through in animal industries.

In another interview, Bakhshi explained the difference between veganism, the philosophy of the organization, and vegetarianism, and said: "you can look at vegetarianism as a diet, they are people who don't eat meat only, but vegans stop using animal products altogether, such as eggs and dairy products [as well], because they believe that what's going on in the bird farms are not less than killing."

The organization and its members believe that using animals and their byproducts is wrong because of the unethical treatment and abuse farmed animals go through.

Sources

Animal rights

Kurdistan Vegans


Mount Banahaw (; also spelled as Banahao and Banájao) is an active complex volcano on Luzon in the Philippines. The three-peaked volcano is located at the boundary of Laguna and Quezon provinces. It is the highest mountain in both provinces and Calabarzon region, dominating the landscape for miles around.

The mountain is considered by many as a holy mountain, thus a bundok dambana, and is popular among pilgrims along with mountain climbers. It is located in a protected area known as Mounts Banahaw–San Cristobal Protected Landscape covering  of land.

Physical characteristics
The andesitic Banahaw volcanic complex is composed of several stratovolcanoes with Mount Banahaw, the largest with a maximum elevation of  above mean sea level. The summit is topped by a  and  deep crater that is breached on the southern rim believed to have been caused by the 1730 eruption. Prior to 1730, a lake occupied the summit crater of Mount Banahaw. The resulting flood destroyed the town of Sariaya, Quezon located below the mountain.

 Other peaks:
Mount San Cristobal (on the western slope)
Mount Banahaw de Lucban (at northeastern slope)
Buho Masalukot Domes (at southwestern slope)
Mount Mayabobo

 Maars:  Lake Dagatan/Gunao Lake and Lake Ticob
 Thermal Areas:

Tiaong-San Pablo hot/warm springs
Bakia warm/cold springs
Sampaloc warm springs
Mainit hot/warm springs
Cagsiay hot/warm springs

Importance to locals

Banahaw is a custom pilgrimage site for locals, believed by many as a holy mountain, a spiritually-charged location. The mountain and its environs are considered sacred by local residents; the water from its sacred springs are deemed "holy water" for allegedly having beneficial qualities, issuing forth from locations called "puestos" or "holy sites". These sites are unique natural features composed not only of springs, but also caves, streams and boulders; with names with biblical allusions, and shrines erected in, on or around them. These locations were allegedly revealed to a man named Agripino Lontoc by the "Santong Boses" or the "Holy Voices", which also gave the names to these places way back during the Spanish colonial era. Another one of these mountains is the adjacent Mount Banahaw de Lucbán.

Banahaw is also a part of the Makiling-Banahaw Watershed, a reservation of the National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) providing steam for power generation, as well as water source for domestic and industrial uses.

Hiking activity on Banahaw

The mountain is popular not only with pilgrims but also among mountain climbers being the closest over  mountain from Manila. Before 2004, hiking activity peaks during Holy Week each year, with climbers numbering to the thousands. At least four trails exist from Dolores, Sariaya, and other towns of Quezon located on its foothills. The most frequently used trails are the Cristalino and Tatlong Tangke, taking an average of 9 and 5 hours, respectively. These two trails originate from Barangay Kinabuhayan in Dolores, and meet near the summit, which is actually the rim of the Banahaw caldera. On the summit are viewpoints, labeled as Durungawan I, II, and III, which are the usual destination for pilgrims and hikers.  Other points of interest include the "Kuweba ng Diyos Ama" (Tagalog: Cave of God the Father) and the spring at Brgy. Kinabuhayan, said to have curative powers.

Pollution
Due to incessant climbing activity the mountain trails have become littered with trash. In March 2004, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources ordered a 5-year suspension of hiking activity in the mountains, covering the Dolores and Sariaya trails. Reopening was delayed was then scheduled to March 2012, but was further extended to February 2015. Some sections of the mountain were reopened to hikers in 2019, and the mountain observed seasonal openings due to the mountain's religious significance, but most sections of the mountain still remain closed.

Endemic fauna
Frogs endemic to Mount Banahaw include Platymantis banahao, Platymantis indeprensus, Platymantis montanus, Platymantis naomii, and Platymantis pseudodorsalis. Parvoscincus banahaoensis is an endemic skink.

See also
 Sacred mountains
List of volcanoes in the Philippines
List of active volcanoes in the Philippines
List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines
List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines
 List of protected areas of the Philippines
 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
 List of Ultras of the Philippines

References

External links

 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Mt Banahaw page
 "Mount Banahao, Philippines" on Peakbagger

Mountains of the Philippines
Volcanoes of Luzon
Complex volcanoes
Active volcanoes of the Philippines
Sacred mountains
Landforms of Quezon
Landforms of Laguna (province)
Stratovolcanoes of the Philippines

Mount Banahaw


Leather crafting or simply leathercraft is the practice of making leather into craft objects or works of art, using shaping techniques, coloring techniques or both.

Techniques

Dyeing

The application of pigments carried by solvents or water into the pores of the leather. Can be applied to tooled or untooled leather, either for even coloration or to highlight certain areas. For example, application to a tooled piece can result in pooling in the background areas giving contrasts and depth.

There are oil, alcohol, and water based leather dyes available. Although the water-based alternatives tend to not work as well due to poor penetration.

Painting
Leather painting differs from leather dyeing in that paint remains only on the surface while dyes are absorbed into the leather.  Due to this difference, leather painting techniques are generally not used on items that can or must bend nor on items that receive friction, such as belts and wallets because under these conditions, the paint may crack or wear off. However, latex paints can be used to paint such flexible leather items. In the main though, a flat piece of leather, backed with a stiff board is ideal and common, though three-dimensional forms are possible so long as the painted surface remains secured.

Acrylic paint is a common medium, often painted on tooled leather pictures, backed with wood or cardboard, and then framed.  Unlike photographs, leather paintings are displayed without a glass cover, to prevent mould.

Carving

Leather carving, or "tooling", entails using metal implements to compress moistened leather in such a way as to give a three-dimensional effect.  The surface of the leather is not intended to be cut through, as would be done in filigree.

The main tools used to carve leather include: swivel knife, veiner, beveler, pear shader, seeder, various sculpting implements, and background tools. The swivel knife is held with one finger providing downward pressure upon a stirrup-like top and drawn along the leather to outline patterns.  The other tools are punch-type implements struck with a wooden, nylon, metal or rawhide mallet.  The object is to add further definition, texture and depth to the cut lines made by the swivel knife and the areas around the cut lines.

In the United States and Mexico, the western floral style, known as "Sheridan Style", of carving leather predominates.  Usually, these are stylized pictures of acanthus or roses although, increasingly, modern leather artists are redefining and expanding the potential of the materials. By far the most preeminent carver in the United States was Al Stohlman.  His patterns and methods have been embraced by many hobbyists, scout troops, reenacters, and craftspeople.

Stamping and embossing

Leather stamping involves the use of shaped implements (stamps) to create an imprint onto a leather surface. This is a form of artistic expression and many in leather crafting world consider it an artform. The stamping is generally performed by using specially designed leather stamps that are struck with a mallet.

Commercial stamps are available in various designs, typically geometric or representative of animals. Most stamping is performed on vegetable tanned leather that has been cased. This is the action of dampening the leather with water so that it soaks into the surface fibres. The water makes the leather softer and able to be compressed by the design being pressed or stamped into it. After the leather has been stamped, the design stays on the leather as it dries out, but it can fade if the leather becomes wet and is flexed.  To make the impressions last longer, the leather is conditioned with oils and fats to make it waterproof and prevent the fibers from deforming.

In embossing, a handheld tool or custom metal die is used to elevate portions of dampened leather. A die consists of two parts that function as a stamp. The leather is shaped by the combination of pressure and heat when pressed between the die's parts and then heated.

Molding/shaping
Leather shaping or molding consists of soaking a piece of leather in water to greatly increase pliability and then shaping it by hand or with the use of objects or even molds as forms. As the leather dries it stiffens and holds its shape. Carving and stamping may be done prior to or after molding. Molding has become popular among hobbyists whose crafts are related to fantasy, goth/steampunk culture and cosplay as well as those interested in more classic styling of bags and household items.

Two well known pieces of molded leather are part of the funerary achievements of Edward, the Black Prince, the heraldic crest and shield.

Laser cutting/etching
Carbon dioxide lasers cut through leather very smoothly, and at low power a laser cutter can etch detailed designs into leather to any desired depth although some discoloration and stiffening occurs in vegetable tanned tooling leather.

Perforation
Perforation – the result of punching with a pricking iron or chisel that is provided for the manufacture of a large number of regularly arranged holes of regular shape in the sheet and other material. A decorative technique that is used to connect two sheets of leather or to decorate them.

Pyrography
Pyrography (purogravure) on leather is the art of using a hot needle to make a drawing on leather. Under the influence of heat the leather takes on darker shades which subsequently become a complete picture.

References

Leather
Carving

Leather crafting


The European Landowners' Organization (ELO) is a non-profit organization representing the interests of the owners and managers of rural land, and rural businesses, within the EU. The secretariat is based in Brussels.

History
The member-based organization was created in 1972, when the United Kingdom was joining the European Economic Community, as a European extension of the British Country Landowners' Association.

Purpose
Its more than 50 members form a network to better understand, explain and influence EU decisions. The ELO works not only to defend specific interests but also to plan a future of balanced development within Europe.

The organization aims to promote "a prosperous and attractive European countryside", based on fundamental values of sustainable land management, property rights and profitable rural businesses.

ELO policy recommendations are developed by upholding its values and by engaging with its members and European, national and international stakeholders.

ELO is a member of consultative committees and working groups within the EU, tackling different areas: innovation, environment, agriculture and rural development, forestry, climate action, renewable energy, resource efficiency, property rights and trade.

References

External links

CountrySide Magazine
A French study on the major NGOs where the ELO is mentioned

Organizations established in 1972
Landowners' organizations

European Landowners' Organization


Tevfik Ahmet Özal (born 3 December 1955) is a Turkish politician, the son of former Turkish President and Prime Minister Turgut Özal and a member of the Özal family. He has been an MP, and co-founded the Uzan Group and later the Özal Group.

Career
After graduating from the North Carolina State University he worked at the International Monetary Fund and in international banking from 1979 to 1988. In 1989 he co-founded (with Cem Uzan) Turkey's first private television station, "Magic Box" (now Star TV).

Özal was elected to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1999 as an independent; he joined the Motherland Party in 2002, and was the party's candidate for Mayor of Istanbul in the March 2009 local elections (gaining less than 1% of the vote). Later, he would become Deputy Chairman of the Democratic Party, after the Motherland Party merged with it in October 2009.

Since taking public office, he has adamantly stated that he feels his late father, former Turkish President and Prime Minister Turgut Özal, was assassinated. He has suggested that the Soviet Union might have been responsible, because of Turgut's efforts to unite the Turkic republics of Central Asia. In 2013 Özal said that several months before the 1988 assassination attempt on Turgut, Turgut had survived a plane incident in which his official plane lost an engine and crash-landed (Ahmet was on board at the time). The manufacturer later reported a 95% probability that the plane would explode under the circumstances present.

He is on the Board of Trustees of Turgut Özal University, named after his father.

On 23 July 2016, in the course of the 2016 Turkish purges, the university was shut down by the Turkish government among other 15 universities due to its alleged ties with the Gülen movement.

References

Deputies of Malatya
Democrat Party (Turkey, current) politicians
Motherland Party (Turkey) politicians
Living people
Ahmet
Children of presidents of Turkey
Children of prime ministers of Turkey
1955 births
North Carolina State University alumni
Members of the 21st Parliament of Turkey

Ahmet Özal


Justus II of Jerusalem was a 2nd-century Jewish Christian bishop of Jerusalem.

According to Eusebius of Caesarea, there were thirteen bishops of Jerusalem, all Jewish Christians. and he was 11th on that list. Exact dates are not given by Eusebius, for his bishopric.

Justus is also mentioned in the apocryphal Letter of James to Quadratus, and Epiphanius of Salamis.

Some scholars have suggested that he was not a bishop but rather a presbyter assisting James the first Bishop, though this is controversial.

References

2nd-century bishops of Jerusalem
Year of birth unknown

Justus II of Jerusalem


Roberto Bendini (28 July 1945 – 14 April 2022) was an Argentine lieutenant general. He was chief of the general staff of the Army from 28 May 2003 to 19 September 2008. Bendini was the general who took down the paintings of former de facto presidents Jorge Rafael Videla and Reynaldo Bignone in 2004 at the Casa Rosada.

Bendini died of pancreatic cancer on 14 April 2022 at the age of 76 in Del Viso, Argentina.

References

1945 births
2022 deaths
Argentine military people
Deaths from pancreatic cancer

Roberto Bendini


Abraham (8th century) was ruler of the Nubian kingdom of Makuria.

According to Severus of El Ashmunein, upon the death of king Simon, Zacharias the son of king Merkurios then appointed Abraham, "a valiant youth attached to the palace" to succeed Simon.1 However, Abraham proved to be an unsatisfactory ruler, and refused the advice of his mentor, bishop Kyriakos, and in the end sent him with letters "full of false testimonies" to Patriarch Michael I. Patriarch Michael invoked a synod where king Abraham's accusations were read, and Abraham's plea to replace bishop Kyriakos with his own nominee, a man named John.

Despite the outrageousness of king Abraham's claims the synod acquiesced to his demands, but in response to a miraculous event Kyriakos was permitted to return to Makuria, where he settled in a monastery. Severus claims that for the remaining 24 years of the former bishop's life, no rain fell in Makuria, "every year the people were visited by a pestilence, and that those who bore false witness against him were suddenly struck blind". When he learned what had happened, the former king Zacharias deposed Abraham and exiled him to an island in the middle of the Nile, replacing him with Markos.

Notes
 B. Evetts, History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, Part 3 (1910)

Nubian people
Makuria
8th-century monarchs in Africa

Abraham of Makuria


The following are academic ranks in the Finnish higher education system. There are a specific number of posts, which can be applied to when they are vacated or established.

Professors

Finland's system is similar to the traditional German system in that there is a limited number of posts for professors (professori), who head research groups, and take part in administration in addition to lecturing and thesis supervision.  Fulfillment of a professor's post often requires that the previous professor has retired. Traditionally, there was no assistant / associate / full professor career track, nor an official "tenure track". The title of apulaisprofessori ("assistant professor") was retired in 1998, but reintroduced in 2010.

Qualifications for a professor's position are a doctoral degree and an extensive independent publication and teaching record. It is typical, but not mandaratory, for the newly recruited professors to hold the title of docent.

Honorary
In Finland, Professori can, in addition to denoting an academic rank, also be an honorary title, awarded usually to heads of certain research organisations as well as to particularly distinguished creative professionals by the President upon recommendation of the Title Board of the Prime Minister's Office.

Teachers and researchers

Tenure track positions ranking below the rank of full professor are called associate professor and assistant professor, for which various translations are in use. Non-tenure track positions ranking below the (full) professor are "yliopistonlehtori" (senior lecturer; literally "university lecturer"), or "yliopistotutkija" (senior researcher; literally "university researcher"), which are roughly equivalent to a senior lecturership/readership in the UK or an associate professorship in the US. The honorary title of dosentti, also called dosentuuri (Title of Docent) is similar in required qualifications, but the related form of employment is often task-based (e.g., teaching a specific course, supervising a specific student) rather than full-time employment. When it does include full-term employment, it has fewer or no administrative responsibilities and may be combined with work at a company or another university. The alternative translation for docent is "associate professor" or "adjunct professor".

Mid-level educators and researchers are called by lehtori (lecturer), tutkijatohtori (postdoctoral researcher), and opettava tutkija (teaching researcher). However, due to the poor opportunities to advance career-wise (e.g. to obtain a tenured or tenure-track position as senior lecturer/researcher, or assistant/associate/full professor), researchers might be stuck with positions such as tutkijatohtori for quite some time, even if they have already acquired the honorary Title of Docent.

Junior educators and researchers are called by terms such as assistentti (literally "assistant" and is typically a position designed for PhD students), tohtorikoulutettava (doctoral trainee), jatko-opiskelija (doctoral student), projektitutkija (project researcher), väitöskirjatutkija (PhD researcher), or yliopisto-opettaja (literally "university teacher").

Researchers and professors funded by the Academy of Finland are generally styled accordingly, "akatemiatutkija" and "akatemiaprofessori" (academy researcher and academy professor, respectively).

Academic Positions

Professors and tenure track
 Professori (Professor) is the highest non-administrative position and the third position of the tenure track. Generally, professors have a permanent work contract.
 Associate professor, translated as apulaisprofessori, tenure track -professori or professori (associate) is a mid-level tenure track position between the full professor and the assistant professor. The position can be either a fixed-term or a permanent position. Typically, a doctoral degree and a qualification as a Docent is expected.
 Assistant professor, translated as nuorempi apulaisprofessori, apulaisprofessori,  tenure track -tutkija or professori (assistant) is the entry-level tenure track position for which a doctoral degree is required.

Research track
 Yliopistotutkija (Senior Research Fellow), a position for a senior researcher. Typically, post-doctoral experience and/or a qualification as a Docent is expected.
 Tutkijatohtori (Post-Doctoral Researcher), a position for a junior post-doctoral researcher.
 Tohtorikoulutettava or väitöskirjatutkija (Doctoral student), tutkija (Research Associate, Research Scientist) and projektitutkija (Project Researcher) are positions intended for doctoral students
 Tutkimusavustaja or tutkimusapulainen (Research Assistant) is a Bachelor's or Master's student position.

Teaching track
 Vanhempi yliopistonlehtori (Senior University Lecturer), a senior faculty position indicating experience, expertise and excellent teaching merits. Research and teaching, PhD required.
 Yliopistonlehtori (University Lecturer), tenured faculty position involving both research and teaching. Usually PhD degree required.
 Lehtori (Lecturer) used only at some universities; a mid-level title between a university teacher and university lecturer. Being phased out.
 Yliopisto-opettaja or yliopistonopettaja (University Teacher), a junior teaching-oriented faculty position.
 Tutkijaopettaja or opettava tutkija (Senior Instructor), a non-tenured senior position involving both research and teaching. Being phased out.

Administrative positions
 Rehtori (Rector) or kansleri (Chancellor) is the highest official of a university.
 Dekaani (Dean) leads a faculty.
 Yksikönjohtaja (Head of Unit) leads a laboratory or a unit. This position is typically held by a professor.
 Laboratorioinsinööri (Laboratory Engineer), a formally administrative position, the holders of which often conduct research and teach, however.
 Laboratorioteknikko (Laboratory Technician), a junior administrative position similar to Laboratory Engineer

Obsolete positions
 Yliassistentti (Senior Assistant), post-doctoral researcher or senior doctoral student position.
 Assistentti (Assistant), a teaching-oriented position intended for doctoral students.

Related titles
 Dosentti (Title of Docent) is a title equivalent to that of an associate professor and bestows the right to teach () and supervise doctoral students independently. The title also gives the right to act as a principal investigator. Similarly to German Privatdozent and Swedish docent, receiving the title requires academic merits significantly exceeding a doctoral degree. The Docents' Association of the University of Helsinki recommends use of associate professor for docents in Finland but this can be confusing as associate professor is also a tenure track title in some Finnish universities. From 1994 to 2009, the designation docent also referred to a position, which sometimes caused confusion.

Typical organisational hierarchy
 Kansleri (Chancellor), only in the Universities of Helsinki and Åbo Akademi.
 Rehtori (Rector)
 Vararehtori (Vice Rector)
 Dekaani (Dean)
 Laitoksen johtaja or osastonjohtaja (Head of Department)
 Professori (Professor)

References

Academic ranks
Education in Finland
Ranks

Academic ranks in Finland


Information bias is a cognitive bias to seek information when it does not affect action. An example of information bias is believing that the more information that can be acquired to make a decision, the better, even if that extra information is irrelevant for the decision.

Example

In an experiment , subjects considered this diagnostic problem involving fictitious diseases:

A female patient is presenting symptoms and a history which both suggest a diagnosis of globoma, with about 80% probability. If it isn't globoma, it's either popitis or flapemia. Each disease has its own treatment which is ineffective against the other two diseases. A test called the ET scan would certainly yield a positive result if the patient had popitis, and a negative result if she has flapemia. If the patient has globoma, a positive and negative result are equally likely. If the ET scan was the only test you could do, should you do it? Why or why not?

Many subjects answered that they would conduct the ET scan even if it were costly, and even if it were the only test that could be done. However, the test in question does not affect the course of action as to what treatment should be done. Because the probability of globoma is so high with a probability of 80%, the patient would be treated for globoma no matter what the test says. Globoma is the most probable disease before or after the ET scan.

In this example, we can calculate the value of the ET scan by considering 100 patients, of which 80 have globoma. Since it is equally likely for a patient with globoma to have a positive or negative ET scan result, 40 people will have a positive ET scan and 40 people will have a negative ET scan. The remaining 20 patients have either popitis or flapemia. Out of those, the 10 patients with popitis will have a positive ET scan while the 10 patients with flapemia will have a negative scan. Thus, out of the 50 patients with a positive result (40 globoma + 10 popitis), 80% have globoma; likewise, out of the 50 patients with a negative test (40 globoma + 10 flapemia), 80% have globoma. The probability of globoma is therefore entirely unaffected by the result of the test, regardless of how it turns out. The test can provide no information that would affect the decision to treat the globoma, so it should not be carried out.

See also
 Shared information bias
 Cognitive psychology
 List of cognitive biases

References

Studies

Cognitive biases

Information bias (psychology)


Alan Brennert (born May 30, 1954) is an American author, television producer, and screenwriter. Brennert has lived in Southern California since 1973 and completed graduate work in screenwriting at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Career

Television
Alan Brennert's earliest television work was in 1978 when he wrote several scripts for the Wonder Woman series. He was story editor for the NBC series Buck Rogers in the 25th Century and wrote seven scripts for that series. He won an Emmy Award as a producer and writer for L.A. Law in 1991. For fans of science fiction and fantasy, he might be best known as a writer for the revival series The Twilight Zone and The Outer Limits. One of his best regarded episodes was for The Twilight Zone, "Her Pilgrim Soul", which became a play. Brennert said that writing "Her Pilgrim Soul" was a deeply cathartic experience which allowed him to get past the death of a woman he had loved. He also wrote two The Twilight Zone teleplays based on stories by Harlan Ellison, who later said that Brennert was the only writer he would ever allow to adapt his works. Since 2001 Brennert has written episodes of the television series Stargate Atlantis and Star Trek: Enterprise under the name of Michael Bryant.

Prose
Brennert also writes short stories and novels. His first story, "City of Masques", was published in 1973. In 1975 he was nominated for the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer in Science Fiction. He won a Nebula Award for Best Short Story in 1991 and had stories in Gardner Dozois's Year's Best volumes. His 2003 book Moloka'i is a historical novel that focuses on life in Honolulu and the leper colony at Kalaupapa in Hawaii made famous by Father Damien, Mother Marianne Cope, and Lawrence M. Judd, historical people who appear in the novel set in the early 1900s. It received mostly favorable reviews. The decision to write Moloka'i came after a four-hour miniseries Brennert wrote for NBC was not picked up. According to his website, Brennert wanted to "write something that people would get to see." In 2009, Brennert returned to Hawai'i in Honolulu, a historical novel centering on a Korean picture bride in the early 1900s. The story told in Honolulu came out of Brennert's research from Moloka'i.

Comic books
Brennert's first work in the comics industry was conducting interviews with A. E. van Vogt, Larry Niven, and Theodore Sturgeon which were published in Marvel Comics' Unknown Worlds of Science Fiction  comics magazine. His first comics story was plotting DC Comics' Wonder Woman #231 (May 1977) and #232 (June 1977) which were scripted by Martin Pasko. Brennert and Pasko collaborated again on Star Trek #12 (March 1981) for Marvel. That same month, he and artist Dick Giordano crafted the lead Batman story for Detective Comics #500. This story, "To Kill a Legend", was included in DC's "Year's Best Comics Stories" of 1981 collection. Brennert then wrote four issues of The Brave and the Bold featuring Batman team-ups with the Creeper, the Hawk and Dove, the Robin of Earth Two, and the Catwoman. Editor Dennis O'Neil had him write Daredevil #192 (March 1983), which followed Frank Miller's run on that title. Due to his television schedule, Brennert did not have the time to write any additional comic books for several years. A Deadman story in Christmas with the Super-Heroes #2 (1989) was his next work in the comics industry, followed by a Black Canary tale in Secret Origins vol. 2 #50 (Aug. 1990). He wrote  Batman: Holy Terror, the first DC comic book to feature the Elseworlds logo. His final comics story was a "Batman Black and White" backup feature in Batman: Gotham Knights #10 (Dec. 2000) drawn by José Luis García-López.

In 2014, Brennert "requested equity in the [Barbara Kean Gordon] character and compensation for her use" in the Gotham television series due to having introduced the character in Detective Comics #500. DC Comics and parent company Warner Bros. denied the request claiming that the character was "derivative" of an already existing DC character.

Tales of the Batman: Alan Brennert, a hardcover collection of Brennert's work for DC Comics, was published in 2016. He has named "The Autobiography of Bruce Wayne" from The Brave and the Bold #197 (April 1983) as his personal favorite of his DC stories.

Bibliography

Novels and short story collections
City of Masques (1978)
Kindred Spirits (1984)
Time and Chance (1990)
Her Pilgrim Soul: And Other Stories (1990)
Moloka'i (2001)
Honolulu (2009)
Palisades Park (2013)
Daughter of Moloka'i (2019)

Comic books

DC Comics
 Batman: Gotham Knights #10 ("Batman Black and White") (2000)
 Batman: Holy Terror (Elseworlds) (1991)
 The Brave and the Bold #178, 181–182, 197 (1981–1983)
 Christmas with the Super-Heroes #2 (Deadman) (1989)
 Detective Comics #500, 600 (1981–1989)
 Secret Origins vol. 2 #50 (Black Canary) (1990)
 Wonder Woman #231–232 (1977)

Marvel Comics
 Unknown Worlds of Science Fiction #4–5, Special #1 (text articles) (1975–1976)
 Star Trek #12 (1981)
 Daredevil #192 (1983)
 Sub-Mariner: Marvels Snapshot #1 (2020)

Television and film
Wonder Woman (1978–1979)
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (1979–1980)
The Mississippi (1984)
Simon & Simon (1983–1985)
The Twilight Zone (1985–1989)
China Beach (1989)
L.A. Law (1991–1992)
The Outer Limits (1995–1997, 2001)
The Lake (1998)
Odyssey 5 (2002)
Stargate Atlantis (2005)

Awards and nominations

References

External links
Biography from Bookbrowse

Official Website

1954 births
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American male writers
American comics writers
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
American science fiction writers
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Living people
Nebula Award winners
Novelists from New Jersey
People from Englewood, New Jersey
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from New Jersey
UCLA Film School alumni
Television producers from California
Television producers from New Jersey

Alan Brennert


Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce (June 24, 1842 – ) was an American short story writer, journalist, poet, and American Civil War veteran. His book The Devil's Dictionary was named one of "The 100 Greatest Masterpieces of American Literature" by the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration.  His story "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" has been described as "one of the most famous and frequently anthologized stories in American literature", and his book Tales of Soldiers and Civilians (also published as In the Midst of Life) was named by the Grolier Club one of the 100 most influential American books printed before 1900.

A prolific and versatile writer, Bierce was regarded as one of the most influential journalists in the United States and as a pioneering writer of realist fiction. For his horror writing, Michael Dirda ranked him alongside Edgar Allan Poe and H. P. Lovecraft. S. T. Joshi speculates that he may well be the greatest satirist America has ever produced, and in this regard can take his place with such figures as Juvenal, Swift, and Voltaire. His war stories influenced Stephen Crane, Ernest Hemingway, and others, and he was considered an influential and feared literary critic. In recent decades, Bierce has gained wider respect as a fabulist and for his poetry.

In 1913, Bierce told reporters that he was travelling to Mexico to gain first-hand experience of the Mexican Revolution. He disappeared and was never seen again.

Early life
Bierce was born in a log cabin at Horse Cave Creek in Meigs County, Ohio, on June 24, 1842, to Marcus Aurelius Bierce (1799–1876) and Laura Sherwood Bierce.  He was of entirely English ancestry: all of his forebears came to North America between 1620 and 1640 as part of the Great Puritan Migration.  He often wrote critically of "Puritan values" and people who "made a fuss" about genealogy. He was the tenth of thirteen children,  all of whom were given names by their father beginning with the letter "A": in order of birth, the Bierce siblings were Abigail, Amelia, Ann, Addison, Aurelius, Augustus, Almeda, Andrew, Albert, Ambrose, Arthur, Adelia, and Aurelia. His mother was a descendant of William Bradford.

His parents were a poor but literary couple who instilled in him a deep love for books and writing. Bierce grew up in Kosciusko County, Indiana, attending high school at the county seat, Warsaw.

He left home at 15 to become a printer's devil at a small abolitionist newspaper, the Northern Indianan.

Military career
Bierce briefly attended the Kentucky Military Institute until it burned down. At the start of the American Civil War, he enlisted in the Union Army's 9th Indiana Infantry. He participated in the operations in Western Virginia (1861), was present at the Battle of Philippi (the first organized land action of the war) and received newspaper attention for his daring rescue, under fire, of a gravely wounded comrade at the Battle of Rich Mountain. Bierce fought at the Battle of Shiloh (April 1862), a terrifying experience that became a source for several short stories and the memoir "What I Saw of Shiloh".

In April 1863 he was commissioned a first lieutenant, and served on the staff of General William Babcock Hazen as a topographical engineer, making maps of likely battlefields. As a staff officer, Bierce became known to leading generals such as George H. Thomas and Oliver O. Howard, both of whom supported his application for admission to West Point in May 1864. General Hazen believed Bierce would graduate from the military academy "with distinction" and William T. Sherman also endorsed the application for admission, even though stating he had no personal acquaintance with Bierce. In June 1864, Bierce sustained a traumatic brain injury at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain and spent the rest of the summer on furlough, returning to active duty in September. He was discharged from the army in January 1865.

His military career resumed in mid-1866, when he joined General Hazen as part of an expedition to inspect military outposts across the Great Plains. The expedition traveled by horseback and wagon from Omaha, Nebraska, arriving toward year's end in San Francisco, California. In the city, Bierce was awarded the rank of brevet major before resigning from the Army.

Journalism
Bierce remained in San Francisco for many years, eventually becoming famous as a contributor or editor of newspapers and periodicals, including The San Francisco News Letter, The Argonaut, the Overland Monthly, The Californian and The Wasp. A selection of his crime reporting from The San Francisco News Letter was included in the Library of America anthology True Crime.

Bierce lived and wrote in England from 1872 to 1875, contributing to Fun magazine. His first book, The Fiend's Delight, a compilation of his articles, was published in London in 1873 by John Camden Hotten under the pseudonym "Dod Grile".

Returning to the United States, he again took up residence in San Francisco. From 1879 to 1880, he traveled to Rockerville and Deadwood in the Dakota Territory, to try his hand as local manager for a New York mining company. When the company failed he returned to San Francisco and resumed his career in journalism.

From January 1, 1881, until September 11, 1885, he was editor of The Wasp magazine, in which he began a column titled "Prattle". He also became one of the first regular columnists and editorialists on William Randolph Hearst's newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner, eventually becoming one of the most prominent and influential writers and journalists on the West Coast. He remained associated with Hearst Newspapers until 1909.

Railroad refinancing bill

The Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad companies had received large, low-interest loans from the U.S. government to build the first transcontinental railroad. Central Pacific executive Collis P. Huntington persuaded a friendly member of Congress to introduce a bill excusing the companies from repaying the loans, amounting  to $130 million (worth $ today).

In January 1896 Hearst dispatched Bierce to Washington, D.C., to foil this attempt. The essence of the plot was secrecy; the railroads' advocates hoped to get the bill through Congress without any public notice or hearings. When the angered Huntington confronted Bierce on the steps of the Capitol and told Bierce to name his price, Bierce's answer ended up in newspapers nationwide: "My price is one hundred thirty million dollars. If, when you are ready to pay, I happen to be out of town, you may hand it over to my friend, the Treasurer of the United States."

Bierce's coverage and diatribes on the subject aroused such public wrath that the bill was defeated. Bierce returned to California in November.

In 1899, he moved back to Washington, D.C., and remained a resident until his disappearance in 1913. The best known of his four different residences in the city during this time perhaps is the townhouse at 18 Logan Circle.

McKinley controversy
Bierce's long newspaper career was often controversial because of his penchant for biting social criticism and satire. On several occasions his columns stirred up a storm of hostile reaction, which created difficulties for Hearst. One of the most notable of these incidents occurred following the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901 when Hearst's opponents turned a poem Bierce had written about the assassination of Governor William Goebel of Kentucky in 1900 into a cause célèbre.

Bierce meant his poem to express a national mood of dismay and fear, but after McKinley was shot in 1901, it seemed to foreshadow the crime:

Hearst was thereby accused by rival newspapers—and by then-Secretary of War Elihu Root—of having called for McKinley's assassination. Despite a national uproar that ended his ambitions for the presidency (and even his membership in the Bohemian Club), Hearst kept employing Bierce.

Literary writer

During his lifetime, Bierce was better known as a journalist than as a fiction writer.  His most popular stories were written in rapid succession between 1888 and 1891, in what was characterized as "a tremendous burst of consummate art". Bierce's works often highlight the inscrutability of the universe and the absurdity of death.

Bierce wrote realistically of the terrible things he had seen in the war in such stories as "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge", "A Horseman in the Sky", "One of the Missing", and "Chickamauga". His grimly realistic cycle of 25 war stories has been called "the greatest anti-war document in American literature".

According to Milton Subotsky, Bierce helped pioneer the psychological horror story. In addition to his ghost and war stories, he also published several volumes of poetry.  His Fantastic Fables anticipated the ironic style of grotesquerie that became a more common genre in the 20th century.

One of Bierce's most famous works is his much-quoted The Devil's Dictionary, originally an occasional newspaper item, first published in book form in 1906 as The Cynic's Word Book. Described as "howlingly funny", it consists of satirical definitions of English words which lampoon cant and political double-talk. Bierce edited the twelve volumes of The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce, which were published from 1909 to 1912. The seventh volume consists solely of The Devil's Dictionary.

Bierce has been criticized by his contemporaries and later scholars for deliberately pursuing improbability and for his penchant toward "trick endings". In his later stories, apparently under the influence of Maupassant, Bierce "dedicated himself to shocking the audience", as if his purpose was "to attack the reader's smug intellectual security".

Bierce's bias towards Naturalism has also been noted: "The biting, deriding quality of his satire, unbalanced by any compassion for his targets, was often taken as petty meanness, showing contempt for humanity and an intolerance to the point of merciless cruelty".

Stephen Crane was of the minority of Bierce's contemporaries who valued Bierce's experimental short stories.  In his essay "Supernatural Horror in Literature", H. P. Lovecraft characterized Bierce's fictional work as "grim and savage."  Lovecraft goes on to say that nearly all of Bierce's stories are of the horror genre and some shine as great examples of weird fiction.

Critic and novelist  William Dean Howells said, "Mr. Bierce is among our three greatest writers." When told this, Bierce responded, "I am sure Mr. Howells is the other two."

Personal life

Bierce married Mary Ellen "Mollie" Day on December 25, 1871. They had three children: sons Day (1872–1889) and Leigh (1874–1901) and daughter Helen (1875–1940). Both of Bierce's sons died before he did. Day committed suicide after a romantic rejection (he non-fatally shot the woman of his affections along with her fiancé beforehand), and Leigh died of pneumonia related to alcoholism. Bierce separated from his wife in 1888, after discovering compromising letters to her from an admirer. They divorced in 1904. Mollie Day Bierce died the following year.

Bierce was an avowed agnostic and strongly rejected the divinity of Christ. He had lifelong asthma, as well as complications from his war wounds, most notably episodes of fainting and irritability assignable to the traumatic brain injury experienced at Kennesaw Mountain.

Disappearance
In October 1913, Bierce, then age 71, departed from Washington, D.C., for a tour of his old Civil War battlefields. According to some reports, by December he had passed through Louisiana and Texas, crossing by way of El Paso into Mexico, which was in the throes of revolution. In Ciudad Juárez he joined Pancho Villa's army as an observer, and in that role he witnessed the Battle of Tierra Blanca.

It was reported that Bierce accompanied Villa's army as far as the city of Chihuahua. His last known communication with the world was a letter he wrote there to Blanche Partington, a close friend, dated December 26, 1913. After closing this letter by saying, "As to me, I leave here tomorrow for an unknown destination," he vanished without a trace, one of the most famous disappearances in American literary history.

Theories
Despite numerous conjectures, Bierce's ultimate fate continues to remain a mystery. He wrote in one of his final letters: "Good-bye. If you hear of my being stood up against a Mexican stone wall and shot to rags, please know that I think it is a pretty good way to depart this life. It beats old age, disease, or falling down the cellar stairs. To be a Gringo in Mexico--ah, that is euthanasia!"

Skeptic Joe Nickell noted that the letter to Partington had not been found (all that existed was a notebook belonging to his secretary and companion, Carrie Christiansen), and concluded that Bierce deliberately concealed his true whereabouts when he finally went to a selected location in the Grand Canyon and committed suicide.

There was an official investigation by U.S. consular officials of the disappearance of one of its citizens. Some of Villa's men were questioned at the time of his disappearance and afterwards, with contradictory accounts. Pancho Villa's representative in the U.S., Felix A. Sommerfeld, was contacted by U.S. Army chief of staff Hugh L. Scott and Sommerfeld investigated the disappearance.  Bierce was said to have been last seen in the city of Chihuahua in January.

Oral tradition in Sierra Mojada, Coahuila, documented by a priest, James Lienert, states that Bierce was executed by firing squad in the town's cemetery.

Legacy and influence

Bierce has been fictionalized in more than 50 novels, short stories, movies, television shows, stage plays, and comic books. Most of these works draw upon Bierce's vivid personality, colorful wit, relationships with famous people such as Jack London and William Randolph Hearst, or, quite frequently, his mysterious disappearance.

Bierce has been portrayed by such well-known authors as Ray Bradbury, Jack Finney, Carlos Fuentes, Winston Groom, Robert Heinlein, and Don Swaim. Some works featuring a fictional Ambrose Bierce have received favorable reviews, generated international sales, or earned major awards.

Bierce's short stories, "Haita the Shepherd" and "An Inhabitant of Carcosa" are believed to have influenced early weird-fiction writer Robert W. Chambers' tales of The King in Yellow (1895), which featured Hastur, Carcosa, Lake Hali and other names and locations initiated in these tales. Chambers in turn went on to influence H. P. Lovecraft and much of modern horror fiction.

In 1918, H. L. Mencken called Bierce "the one genuine wit that These States have ever seen."

At least three films have been made of Bierce's story "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge". A silent film version, The Bridge, was made in 1929 by Charles Vidor. A French version called La Rivière du Hibou, directed by Robert Enrico, was released in 1962; this black-and-white film faithfully recounts the original narrative using voiceover. It aired in 1964 on American television as one of the final episodes of the television series The Twilight Zone: "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge". Prior to The Twilight Zone, the story had been adapted as an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents. Another version, directed by Brian James Egen, was released in 2005. It was also adapted for the CBS radio programs Escape (1947), Suspense (1956, 1957, 1959), and Radio Mystery Theater (1974).

In his 1932 book Wild Talents, American writer and researcher into anomalous phenomena Charles Fort wrote about the unexplained disappearances of Ambrose Bierce and Ambrose Small, and asked, "Was somebody collecting Ambroses?"

Actor James Lanphier (1920–1969) played Bierce, with James Hampton as William Randolph Hearst, in the 1964 episode "The Paper Dynasty", of the syndicated western television series Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. In the story line, Hearst struggles to turn a profit despite increased circulation of the San Francisco Examiner. Robert O. Cornthwaite appears as Sam Chamberlain.

Carlos Fuentes's 1985 novel The Old Gringo is a fictionalized account of Bierce's disappearance; it was later adapted into the film Old Gringo (1989), starring Gregory Peck in the title role. Fuentes stated: "What started this novel was my admiration for Ambrose Bierce and for his Tales of Soldiers and Civilians."

Two adaptations were made of Bierce's story "Eyes of the Panther". One version was developed for Shelley Duvall's Nightmare Classics series and was released in 1990. It runs about 60 minutes. A shorter version was released in 2007 by director Michael Barton and runs about 23 minutes.

Bierce was a major character in a series of mystery books written by Oakley Hall and published between 1998 and 2006.

Biographer Richard O'Connor argued that, "War was the making of Bierce as a man and a writer... [he became] truly capable of transferring the bloody, headless bodies and boar-eaten corpses of the battlefield onto paper."

Essayist Clifton Fadiman wrote, "Bierce was never a great writer. He has painful faults of vulgarity and cheapness of imagination. But ... his style, for one thing, will preserve him; and the purity of his misanthropy, too, will help to keep him alive."

Author Alan Gullette argues that Bierce's war tales may be the best writing on war, outranking his contemporary Stephen Crane (author of The Red Badge of Courage) and even Ernest Hemingway.

The short film "Ah! Silenciosa" (1999), starring Jim Beaver as Bierce, weaves elements of "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" into a speculation on Bierce's disappearance.

Bierce's trip to Mexico and disappearance provide the background for the vampire horror film From Dusk Till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter (2000), in which Bierce's character plays a central role. Bierce's fate is the subject of Gerald Kersh's "The Oxoxoco Bottle" (aka "The Secret of the Bottle"), which appeared in The Saturday Evening Post on December 7, 1957, and was reprinted in the anthology Men Without Bones. Bierce reappears in the future on Mount Shasta in Robert Heinlein's novella, "Lost Legacy".

In the fall of 2001, An Occurrence Remembered, a theatrical retelling of Bierce's An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge and Chickamauga, premiered off-Broadway in New York City under the production and direction of Lorin Morgan-Richards and lead choreographer Nicole Cavaliere.

American composer Rodney Waschka II composed an opera, Saint Ambrose (2002), based on Bierce's life.

In 2002 the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco premiered a one-act version of Bierce's ultra-short story "The Difficulty of Crossing a Field" by American composer David Lang.  The opera has since been performed by other companies.

In 2005, author Kurt Vonnegut stated that he considered "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" the "greatest American short story" and a work of "flawless ... American genius".

"The Damned Thing" was adapted twice. First time in 1975, into a Yugoslav TV-movie Prokletinja. Second time, into a 2006 Masters of Horror episode of the same title directed by Tobe Hooper.

Don Swaim writes of Bierce's life and disappearance in The Assassination of Ambrose Bierce: A Love Story (2015).

Ambrose Bierce features as a character in Winston Groom's 2016 novel El Paso. In the novel, Bierce is personally executed by Pancho Villa.

Weird-fiction critic and editor S. T. Joshi has cited Bierce as an influence on his own work, and has praised him for his satirical wit, saying "Bierce will remain an equivocal figure in American and world literature chiefly because his dark view of humanity is, by its very nature, unpopular. Most people like writing that is cheerful and uplifting, even though a substantial proportion of the world's great literature is quite otherwise."

Works

Volumes published

Published during Bierce's lifetime
 The Fiend's Delight (as by "Dod Grile"). (London: John Camden Hotten, 1873). Stories, satire, journalism, poetry.
 Nuggets and Dust Panned Out in California (as by "Dod Grile"). (London: Chatto & Windus, 1873). Stories, satire, epigrams, journalism.
 Cobwebs from an Empty Skull (as by "Dod Grile"). (London and New York: George Routledge & Sons, 1874). Fables, stories, journalism.
 (with Thomas A. Harcourt) The Dance of Death (as by "William Herman"). (San Francisco: H. Keller & Co., 1877). Satire.
 Map of the Black Hills Region, Showing the Gold Mining District and the Seat of the Indian War (San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Co., 1877). Nonfiction: map.
 Tales of Soldiers and Civilians (San Francisco: E. L. G. Steele, 1891; many subsequent editions, some under the title In the Midst of Life). Fiction: stories.
 (with G. A. Danziger) The Monk and the Hangman's Daughter (Chicago: F.J. Schulte & Co., 1892). Fiction: novel (translation of Der Mönch von Berchtesgaden by Richard Voss).
 Black Beetles in Amber (San Francisco and New York: Western Authors Publishing, 1892). Poetry.
 Can Such Things Be?  (New York: Cassell, 1893). Fiction: stories.
 How Blind Is He  (San Francisco: F. Soulé Campbell, c. 1896). Poetry.
 Fantastic Fables (New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1899). Fiction: fables.
 Shapes of Clay (San Francisco: W. E. Wood George Sterling, 1903). Poetry.
 The Cynic's Word Book  (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1906). Satire.
 A Son of the Gods and A Horseman in the Sky  (San Francisco: Paul Elder, 1907). Fiction: stories.
 Write It Right: A Little Blacklist of Literary Faults (New York and Washington, D.C.: Neale Publishing, 1909). Nonfiction: precise use of words.
 The Shadow on the Dial and Other Essays S. O. Howes, ed. (San Francisco: A.M. Robertson, 1909). Collected journalism.
 The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce (New York and Washington, D.C.: Neale Publishing, 1909–1912):
 Volume I: Ashes of the Beacon
 Volume II: In the Midst of Life: Tales of Soldiers and Civilians
 Volume III: Can Such Things Be?
 Volume IV: Shapes of Clay
 Volume V: Black Beetles in Amber
 Volume VI: The Monk and the Hangman's Daughter; Fantastic Fables
 Volume VII: The Devil's Dictionary
 Volume VIII: Negligible Tales; On with the Dance; Epigrams
 Volume IX: Tangential Views
 Volume X: The Opinionator
 Volume XI: Antepenultimata
 Volume XII: In Motley

Published posthumously

Fiction
 My Favorite Murder (New York: Curtis J. Kirch, 1916)
 A Horseman in the Sky: A Watcher by the Dead: The Man and the Snake (San Francisco: Book Club of California, 1920)
 Ten Tales (London: First Edition Club, 1925)
 Fantastic Debunking Fables (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, 1926)
  An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge and Other Stories (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, c. 1926)
 The Horseman in the Sky and Other Stories (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, c. 1926)
 Tales of Ghouls and Ghosts (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, c. 1927)
 Tales of Haunted Houses (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, c. 1927)
 My Favorite Murder and Other Stories (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, c. 1927)
 Ghost and Horror Stories, E. F. Bleiler, ed. (New York: Dover, 1964)
 The Complete Short Stories of Ambrose Bierce, Ernest Jerome Hopkins, ed. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970)
 The Stories and Fables of Ambrose Bierce, Edward Wagenknecht, ed. (Owings Mills, MD: Stemmer House, 1977)
 For the Ahkoond (West Warwick, RI: Necromomicon Press, 1980)
  A Horseman in the Sky  (Skokie, IL: Black Cat Press, 1983)
  One Summer Night
  One of the Missing: Tales of the War Between the States (Covelo, CA: Yolla Bolly Press, 1991)
 Civil War Stories (New York: Dover, 1994)
  An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge and Other Stories (London: Penguin, 1995)
 The Moonlit Road and Other Ghost and Horror Stories (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1998)
 A Deoderizer of Dead Dogs, Carl Japikse, ed. (Alpharetta, GA: Enthea Press, 1998)
 The Collected Fables of Ambrose Bierce, S. T. Joshi, ed. (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2000)
 The Short Fiction of Ambrose Bierce: A Comprehensive Edition (3 vols.), S. T. Joshi, Lawrence I. Berkove, and David E. Schultz, eds. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 2006)
 Ambrose Bierce: Masters of the Weird Tale, S. T. Joshi, ed. (Lakewood, CO: Centipede Press, 2013)
Satire
 Extraordinary Opinions on Commonplace Subjects (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, c. 1927)
 A Cynic Looks at Life (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, c. 1927)
 The Sardonic Humor of Ambrose Bierce,  George Barkin, ed. (New York: Dover, 1963)
 The Fall of the Republic and Other Political Satires, S. T. Joshi and David E. Schultz, eds. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 2000)

Poetry
 An Invocation (San Francisco: John Henry Nash/Book Club of California, 1928)
 The Lion and the Lamb (Berkeley: Archetype Press, 1939)
  A Vision of Doom: Poems by Ambrose Bierce , Donald Sidney-Fryer, ed. (West Kingston, RI: Donald M. Grant, Publisher 1980)
 Poems of Ambrose Bierce, M. E. Grenander, ed. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1995)

Journalism
 Selections from Prattle, Carroll D. Hall, ed. (San Francisco: Book Club of California, 1936)
 The Ambrose Bierce Satanic Reader, Ernest Jerome Hopkins, ed. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1968)
 Skepticism and Dissent: Selected Journalism from 1898 to 1901, Lawrence I. Berkove, ed. (Ann Arbor: Delmas, 1980)

Autobiography
 Iconoclastic Memories of the Civil War: Bits of Autobiography (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, c. 1927)
 Battle Sketches (London: First Editions Club, 1930)
 A Sole Survivor: Bits of Autobiography, S. T. Joshi and David E. Schultz, eds. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1998)

Collections of mixed types of content
 The Collected Writings of Ambrose Bierce (New York: Citadel Press, 1946)
 Ambrose Bierce's Civil War, William McCann, ed. (Chicago: Gateway Editions, 1956)
 The Devil's Advocate: An Ambrose Bierce Reader, Brian St. Pierre, ed. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1987)
  An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge and Selected Works (Des Moines: Perfection Form Co., 1991)
 Shadows of Blue and Gray: The Civil War Writings of Ambrose Bierce, Brian M. Thomsen, ed. (New York: Forge, 2002)
 Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period: The Complete Civil War Writings of Ambrose Bierce, Russell Duncan and David J. Klooster, eds. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 2002)
 Ambrose Bierce: The Devil's Dictionary, Tales, and Memoirs, S. T. Joshi, ed. (Boone, IA: Library of America, 2011)
 Collected Essays and Journalism: Volume 1: 1867–1869, David E. Schultz and S. T. Joshi, eds. (Seattle: Sarnath Press, 2022)
 Collected Essays and Journalism: Volume 2: 1869–1870, David E. Schultz and S. T. Joshi, eds. (Seattle: Sarnath Press, 2022)
 Collected Essays and Journalism: Volume 3: 1870–1871, David E. Schultz and S. T. Joshi, eds. (Seattle: Sarnath Press, 2022)
 Collected Essays and Journalism: Volume 4: 1871–1872, David E. Schultz and S. T. Joshi, eds. (Seattle: Sarnath Press, 2022)
 Collected Essays and Journalism: Volume 5: 1872–1873, David E. Schultz and S. T. Joshi, eds. (Seattle: Sarnath Press, 2022)
 Collected Essays and Journalism: Volume 6: 1873–1874, David E. Schultz and S. T. Joshi, eds. (Seattle: Sarnath Press, 2023)

Letters
 Containing Four Ambrose Bierce Letters (New York: Charles Romm, 1921)
 The Letters of Ambrose Bierce, Bertha Clark Pope [and George Sterling, uncredited], eds. (San Francisco: Book Club of California, 1922)
 Twenty-one Letters of Ambrose Bierce, Samuel Loveman, ed. (Cleveland: George Kirk, 1922)
 A Letter and a Likeness (n.p.: Harvey Taylor, [1930?])
 Battlefields and Ghosts (Palo Alto: Harvest Press, 1931)
 Ambrose Bierce: "My Dear Rearden": a Letter. (Berkeley: Bancroft Library Press, 1997)
 A Much Misunderstood Man: Selected Letters of Ambrose Bierce, S. T. Joshi and David E. Schultz, eds. (Columbus: Ohio State University, 2003)
 My Dear Mac: Three Letters (Berkeley: Bancroft Library Press, 2006)

Short stories

Ambrose Bierce was a prolific writer of short fiction. He wrote 249 short stories, 846 fables, and more than 300 humorous Little Johnny stories. The following list provides links to more information about notable stories by Bierce.

War stories
 Killed at Resaca (1887)
 One of the Missing (1888)
 A Tough Tussle (1888)
 A Horseman in the Sky (1889)
 An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (1890)

Supernatural stories
 A Psychological Shipwreck (1879)
 An Inhabitant of Carcosa (1886)
 An Unfinished Race (1888)
 One of Twins (1888)
 The Spook House (1889)

 The Man and the Snake (1890)
 The Realm of the Unreal (1890)
 The Middle Toe of the Right Foot (1890)
 The Boarded Window (1891)
 The Death of Halpin Frayser (1891)
 The Secret of Macarger's Gulch (1891)
 John Bartine's Watch (1893)
 The Eyes of the Panther (1897)
 The Moonlit Road (1907)
 Beyond the Wall (1907)

Science fiction
 The Damned Thing (1893)
 Moxon's Master (1899)

See also

 List of horror fiction authors
 List of people who disappeared
 List of authors in war
 List of American print journalists
 List of short-story authors
 List of satirists and satires
 Fable
 The Devil's Dictionary
 Tales of Soldiers and Civilians
 "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

References

Bibliography

 Cozzens, Peter. 1996. "The Tormenting Flame: What Ambrose Bierce Saw in a Fire-Swept Thicket at Shiloh Haunted Him for the rest of his Life." Civil War Times Illustrated. April 1996. Volume XXXV (1). pp. 44–54.
 De Castro, Adolphe (1929). Portrait of Ambrose Bierce (New York and London: Century).
 Eckhardt, Jason. "Across the Borderlands of Conjecture with Mr Bierce." Studies in Weird Fiction 4 (Fall 1988), 26–31.
 Fatout, Paul. Ambrose Bierce: The Devil's Lexicographer. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951.

 Grenander, M.E. Ambrose Bierce. NY: Twayne Publishers, 1971.
 McWilliams, Carey (1929; reprinted 1967). Ambrose Bierce: A Biography, Archon Books.

 O'Connor, Richard (1967). Ambrose Bierce: a Biography, with illustrations, Boston, Little, Brown and Company.

Primary sources
 Bierce, Ambrose. (2010) The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce (3 vol 1910) online
 Bierce, Ambrose. The Civil War Short Stories of Ambrose Bierce (U of Nebraska Press, 1988). online

 Bierce, Ambrose. The complete short stories of Ambrose Bierce (1970; reprint U of Nebraska Press, 1984). online
 The Ambrose Bierce Papers, 1872–1913 (2 linear ft.) and Foster family collection of Ambrose Bierce materials (3 linear feet) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries.
 The Ambrose Bierce Papers, ca. 1894–1913 and the Collection of Ambrose Bierce Papers, 1875–1925, bulk 1890–1913 are housed at The Bancroft Library.

External links

 The Ambrose Bierce Site
 The Ambrose Bierce Project
 Ambrose Bierce at PoetryFoundation.org
 One of Bierce's last letters
 Collected journalism of Ambrose Bierce at the Archive of American Journalism

1842 births
1910s deaths
1910s missing person cases
19th-century American short story writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American short story writers
American abolitionists
American agnostics
American columnists
American horror writers
American male poets
American satirists
Aphorists
Writers from Indiana
Comedians from Ohio
Fabulists
Ghost story writers
Hearst Communications people
Journalists from Ohio
Missing person cases in Mexico
People declared dead in absentia
People from Meigs County, Ohio
People of Indiana in the American Civil War
People of the Mexican Revolution
San Francisco Examiner people
Union Army officers
Weird fiction writers
Writers from Ohio
Writers from San Francisco
People from Kosciusko County, Indiana
Comedians from California
20th-century American comedians
American atheists

Ambrose Bierce


Leave It to Bryan is a Canadian home renovation reality series hosted by contractor Bryan Baeumler, which premiered in January 2012 on HGTV.

The show is based around the concept that the renovations most desired by a homeowner aren't necessarily always the ones most urgently needed in the home. Baeumler has described the series as inspired by various past clients who wanted big-ticket renovations, such as kitchen or bathroom upgrades or home theatre spaces, while neglecting or even being entirely unaware of structural deficiencies that were much more critical to the value of their home, or even to their basic physical health and safety. He has suggested in interviews that this issue has become so common that many North American cities will face a major housing crisis within 15 to 20 years, as an increasing number of homes risk becoming entirely uninhabitable, if homeowners continue to emphasize lifestyle luxuries over basic structural improvements.

Episodes typically revolve around homeowners who may not realize that they have neglected a critical structural issue, couples who disagree on which renovation should be the immediate priority within their renovation budget, or other situations where the homeowners' wants and needs may be in conflict. In each episode, Baeumler meets with the homeowner to identify the desired renovation, while also assessing the home to identify whether another renovation is more critical; he subsequently returns to the home and begins the renovation he has identified as the most immediate requirement, and the homeowners only learn which project he has actually chosen after the renovation is already underway. The show is produced by Si Entertainment in Toronto and the GTA.

Production was indefinitely suspended with the start of Bryan Inc.

Episodes

Season 1 (2012)

Season 2 (2012)

Season 3 (2013–14)

Season 4 (2014–15)

Season 5 (2015)

Season 6 (2016)

Season 7 (2017)

References

External links
 Leave It to Bryan

2012 Canadian television series debuts
HGTV (Canada) original programming
Television series by Corus Entertainment
2010s Canadian reality television series
Bryan Baeumler television franchise
English-language television shows

Leave It to Bryan


Michael Blomquist (born August 14, 1981 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina) is an American rower and a former World Champion.

Education
Blomquist was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard University. He then enrolled at St Peter's College, Oxford where he undertook a Master of Science degree in Nature, Society & Environmental Policy.

The Boat Race
Whilst at Oxford University, Blomquist was a member of Oxford University Boat Club and took part in the Boat Race in 2005. Both universities had extremely strong intakes that year, with Cambridge boasting several world champions and the Oxford crew including Olympic silver-medallist Barney Williams. Oxford, with Mike in the six seat, won the epic contest by 2 lengths in a time of 16 minutes and 42 seconds.

International rowing career
Blomquist won his first senior international vest in 2001. He sat in the two-seat of the United States Coxed Four, which made the final of the World Championships in Lucerne, and again a year later in Seville. After a break from international rowing, he returned in 2005, becoming World Champion as part of the United States Eight, at the World Championships in Gifu. In 2006 Mike was in the Coxless Four, which finished fourth at the World Championships at Eton.

Achievements

World Championships
 2006 Eton – 4th, Coxless Four (two)
 2005 Gifu – Gold, Eight (four)
 2002 Seville – 6th, Coxed Four (two)
 2001 Lucerne – 6th, Coxed Four (two)

World Cups
 2005 Eton – 9th, Coxless Pair (stroke)

References

1981 births
Living people
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Harvard University alumni
Alumni of St Peter's College, Oxford
American male rowers
Oxford University Boat Club rowers
Sportspeople from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
World Rowing Championships medalists for the United States
Harvard Crimson rowers

Michael Blomquist


The 1978 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Hawthorn Football Club and North Melbourne Football Club at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 30 September 1978. It was the 82nd annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1978 VFL season. The match, attended by 101,704 spectators, was won by Hawthorn by a margin of 18 points, marking that club's fourth premiership victory.

Background

It was the third time in four seasons that these two sides met in a Grand Final while North Melbourne was competing in its fifth successive Grand Final. They were the reigning premiers, having defeated Collingwood in the 1977 VFL Grand Final.

At the conclusion of the regular home-and-away season, North Melbourne had finished on top of the VFL ladder with 16 wins and 6 losses. Hawthorn had finished second, also with 16 wins but with an inferior percentage.

In the finals series leading up to the Grand Final, Hawthorn comfortably defeated Collingwood in the Qualifying Final by 56 points before beating North Melbourne by 10 points in the Second Semi-Final to progress to the Grand Final. North Melbourne, after their Second Semi-Final loss, defeated Collingwood by 12 points in the Preliminary Final to progress to the Grand Final.

In the week leading up to the Grand Final, North Melbourne's Malcolm Blight was awarded the Brownlow Medal.

Match summary
North Melbourne went into the game without a number of players from the previous season's premiership victory - star full-back David Dench, who had injured his knee in Round 3, ruckman Peter Keenan, who had received a two-match suspension for striking Hawthorn captain Don Scott in the last quarter of the semi-final, and injured utilities Steven Icke and Brent Crosswell.

First quarter
Hawthorn got off to a fast start, with forward Michael Moncrieff kicking three goals (including two goals in the first two minutes of the game), and they led by nineteen points at quarter time.

Second quarter
North Melbourne hit their stride in the second quarter, with Phil Baker became the focal point of the North attack and taking the mark of the year over Ian Paton. He helped North kick five goals to two to lead by four points at half time.

Third quarter
Hawthorn ultimately finished victors thanks largely to a strong third quarter which saw them kick 7 goals whilst closing down the Kangaroos. The turning point occurred when two North Melbourne players spoiled each other in the goal square at the 6-minute mark, when a mark and a goal could have put them 17 points up.  The Hawks went on to dominate play after this incident, and never looked back, kicking 6.3 to North's one behind in the next 12 minutes.

Fourth quarter
The teams traded goals in the fourth quarter but by that time the damage was done for the Kangaroos, as they were not able to make up ground. After being flattened off the ball, Peter Knights was moved forward, kicking two goals then taking a spectacular mark beside the point post which rivalled Phil Baker's mark.

For the victors, Leigh Matthews was considered best on ground with 28 disposals and four goals, lifting his game when the result was on the line. Also important was Robert DiPierdomenico, who gave Hawthorn considerable attacking drive off half back and kept his opponent Arnold Briedis, considered by Hawthorn to be North's most dangerous forward, quiet for most of the match. Terry Wallace capped off an outstanding debut season with a prominent midfield performance, gathering 21 kicks.

Besides the loss of Keenan, Icke and Crosswell before the match, North lost Malcolm Blight early with a torn groin muscle after just five minutes, and Stan Alves also limped off in the second quarter.

Epilogue
The Kangaroos' loss represented another instance in which the team which had finished first at the end of the home and away season lost the Grand Final. Since the final five finals system began in 1972, only Carlton (1972) and Richmond (1974) had won premierships from that position.

This win represented the first for David Parkin as coach. He had previously captained the Hawks to the 1971 VFL Grand Final victory, and later went on to coach Carlton to premierships in the 1980s and 1990s.

Hawthorn's next success came five years later, when they won the 1983 VFL Grand Final against Essendon. It would take another 18 years for North Melbourne to appear in another premiership decider, when it defeated the Sydney Swans in the 1996 AFL Grand Final.

Teams

Scoreboard

References

External links
Hawks Headquarters page on the grand final

See also
 1978 VFL season

VFL/AFL Grand Finals
Grand
Hawthorn Football Club
North Melbourne Football Club

1978 VFL grand final


In chemistry, a polar bond is a type of covalent bond between two or more dissimilar atoms, in which electrons are shared unequally.  A covalent bond is the "strong" kind of bond that makes a molecule.

Electrons are negatively charged. If the two atoms share the electrons equally, then the negative charge is evenly spread out over the entire molecule, balanced out by the positive charges of the protons in the atoms' nuclei. This makes the entire molecule neutral - a non-polar bond, making a non-polar molecule. However, if one of the atoms is particularly greedy for electrons (called electronegativity), then its side of the bond will have more electrons. Therefore, that side of the bond will have a slightly negative charge, and the other side will have a slightly positive charge.

This is important because it turns the bond into an electrical dipole. This dipole acts like a magnet, if other bonds that work as dipoles are nearby, it will react to them.

In some molecules, these polar bonds are lined up with each other. Then the entire molecule is a dipole, and attracts other dipoles. Water does this. You can see in the image that the hydrogen (small and white) is positively charged and the oxygen (big and red) is negatively charged. This picture shows how the little water dipoles line up with each other, in the same way that if you toss a bunch of little magnets into a box, they will line up with each other.

This is one of the most basic and important differences between bonds (and the resulting molecules) in chemistry.  This can be easily predicted (because the electronegativity of all the atoms in the periodic table is known).  It creates an enormous difference in how the molecules behave.

When the difference in electron negativity between the 2 atoms Is more in covalent bond the more electron negativity, atom acquire partial negativity charge and other atom acqiure partial positive charge.

Related pages
 Covalent bond
 Electronegativity

References

Chemical bonding

Polar bond


Lug or LUG may refer to:

Places

Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Lug (Bugojno), a village
 Lug (Derventa), a suburb in Bosanska Posavina
 Lug, Jablanica, a village
 Lug (Kiseljak), a village
 Lug, Prozor, a village
 Lug, Tomislavgrad, a village

Croatia
 Lug, Bilje, a settlement in Croatian Baranja
 Lug, Karlovac County, a village
 Lug, Lika-Senj County

Ireland
 Lug, a townland in Durrow, County Offaly, barony of Ballycowan
 Lugnaquilla, a mountain often abbreviated as Lug

Serbia
 Lug (Bajina Bašta), a village
 Lug (Beočin), a village

Other countries
 Lug, Germany, a municipality in Südwestpfalz district, Rhineland-Palatinate
 Ług, Łódź Voivodeship, a village in Poland

Handles or connectors
 Lug (electrical connector), a bolt on an enclosure tied to an electric potential within the enclosure, supporting the connection of a cable
 Lug (hinge), a protuberance of a hinge, featuring a hole for the axis of the hinge
 Lug (knob), handles are a kind of flattened knob attached to the side of pottery
 Locking lug, a protrusion on a firearm's bolt head that help securing it into the receiver or barrel
 Lug, part of a drum used in conjunction with tension rods and counter hoops to tension the drum head in relation to the shell
 Lug, the  protrusion from the case of a wristwatch to which the strap or bracelet attaches, usually by means of spring bars that bridge pairs of lugs at the upper and lower sides of a watch's case
 Bayonet lug, a metal mount for a long gun that either locks a bayonet onto the weapon or provides a base for the bayonet to rest against
 Lug nut, a fastener, specifically a nut, used to secure a wheel on a vehicle

Brands and enterprises
 Last Unicorn Games (or LUG), games publisher later absorbed by Wizards of the Coast
 Level Up! Games (or LUG), the leading portal and brand name for locally published online games in the Philippines
 Lug, a brand of luggage

Organizations
 LEGO Users Group (or LUG), a group of people who meet to discuss and participate in the LEGO hobby
 Linux User Group (or LUG), private organization providing support for Linux users

Transportation
 Lug (bicycle part), steel tubing and sockets of a bicycle
 Lug or grouser, the portion of the tread design in a tire that contacts the road surface
 Lug sail, a four sided sail bent to a yard
 Lugano Airport, IATA Airport Code LUG, a regional airport located west of the Swiss city of Lugano
 Lugging, damage -prone mode  of operation in internal combustion engines

Other uses
 Lug (unit), a unit of measure for linear distance equal to a rod or  of a statute mile
 Lug or Lugh, an ancient god in Irish mythology
 Law of Universal Gravitation (or LUG), Isaac Newton's equations for gravity
 Lesbian until graduation (or LUG), slang term

Lug


Lyons is a town in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 3,648 at the 2020 census. The unincorporated communities of Lyons and Springfield are  located within the town.

History
It was originally created as Hudson by the legislature of the Wisconsin Territory on January 23, 1844.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.7 square miles (89.9 km), of which 34.5 square miles (89.3 km) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.6 km) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,440 people, 1,231 households, and 940 families residing in the town. The population density was 99.8 people per square mile (38.5/km). There were 1,307 housing units at an average density of 37.9 per square mile (14.6/km). The racial makeup of the town was 97.62% White, 0.32% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.44% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.15% of the population.

There were 1,231 households, out of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.2% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.6% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $55,741, and the median income for a family was $61,077. Males had a median income of $42,583 versus $28,113 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,389.  About 2.0% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.1% of those under age 18 and 13.4% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Wag-Aero, an aircraft parts company, is in Lyons.

Transportation
Lyons was a stop on the Racine & Southwestern branch line of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, better known as the Milwaukee Road. In its 1980 bankruptcy, the Milwaukee Road disposed of the Southwestern Line and the line through Lyons did not survive.

Notable people

 William Meadows, Wisconsin State Representative, businessman, and farmer, lived in Lyons; Meadows served as the Lyons Town Board chairman

References

External links
Town of Lyons, Walworth County, Wisconsin

Towns in Walworth County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Lyons, Wisconsin


Established in 2001, the Economic Development and Research Center (Armenian: «Տնտեսական Զարգացման և Հետազոտությունների Կենտրոն») is a Yerevan based non-profit, nonpartisan think-tank dedicated to addressing economic and social challenges and contributing to public policy discourse in Armenia.

Mission and values
The mission of EDRC is to conduct high-quality policy relevant research and build capacities to contribute to sound social policy formation and the development of a competitive economy in Armenia.
EDRC is a politically independent institution and is therefore not affiliated with any specific political party and or interests. Independent statehood, democracy and regional cooperation, private entrepreneurship and social cohesion form the ideological underpinnings of the center.

Areas of interest
A broad spectrum of policy areas, ranging from Sustainable Human Development and Social Security,  Infrastructure and Knowledge Economy, Economic Governance and Public Administration to Sustainability of Growth and Development Prospects lie at the center of EDRC's attention. The Center gathers and analyzes data, monitors and evaluates public policies and services, and based on its findings develops policy options and relevant recommendations.
EDRC disseminates its knowledge and research results through its website, various independent reports and publications, the Economic Policy Journal, as well as events such as symposia, workshops and training. The output of EDRC's work is aimed to draw attention towards salient issues that impact Armenia's socioeconomic development, promote healthy discussions on these matters and contribute to informed policy formation in the country.

Publications
Information dissemination is of critical importance to EDRC as it is dedicated to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data, analysis and research reports. Throughout the years, EDRC's publications have attracted a great number of readers, both in and outside Armenia and have interested numerous experts and professionals in various areas.

Team and management
EDRC has a multi-layer governance structure that includes the General Meeting, Chairman, consultative bodies, executive office and the research team. The center also draws on a large pool of consultants' network, and, affiliates. The General Meeting (Management Council) is the governing body of the center.

Partners and donors
Through the years the center has built a strong track record of successfully implemented projects that involved close collaboration with various national and international institutions such as the:
 Asian Development Bank (ADB),
 Department for International Development (DFID), UK
 German International Cooperation Agency (GIZ),
 Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC),
 NOVIB, the Netherlands,
 Oxfam GB,
 UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM),
 UN Development Program (UNDP),
 United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
 World Bank (WB),
 World Food Program (WFP)

EDRC has traditionally cooperated with various government agencies in Armenia as Ministries of Economy, Finance, Labor and Social Issues, Transport and Communications, as well as Statistical Committee of Armenia, Central Bank of Armenia, State Employment Service and other agencies.

References

External links

 About EDRC
 Projects
 Publications
 Partners and Donors

2001 establishments in Armenia
Political and economic think tanks based in Asia
Research institutes in Armenia

Economic Development and Research Center (Armenia)


Lionel Erskine Nimmo Britton (4 November 1887 – 9 January 1971) was a British working-class author.

Biography
Lionel Britton was born at Astwood Bank, on the borders of Warwickshire and Worcestershire. His father was a solicitor in the village, although the practice collapsed the year after Lionel's birth. Following the death of his father six years later, Lionel and his siblings went to live with their grandparents in Redditch.

Britton claimed that the National school he briefly attended in Redditch called him 'too advanced', so he educated himself for a while at his grandfather's house in Hewell Road, before escaping from the family. After existing in Birmingham for a week on just a loaf of bread, he left for London, where his first job was as an errand-boy in a greengrocer's shop, and later in an educational bookshop connected with the University Tutorial College, where one of his literary heroes, H. G. Wells, was once a tutor. He later claimed that his universities were, as he termed them, 'the penny dumps on the secondhand book-barrows' in Farringdon Road and around the British Museum, and that his finishing school was Speakers' Corner at Marble Arch in Hyde Park.

A conscientious objector during the First World War, Britton was imprisoned for a year, and, according to some autobiographical notes by his friend Erik Warman, 'he was a difficult prisoner and refused to do any work or take any exercise'. Britton nevertheless managed to find work after his imprisonment, for about six years with the Incorporated Society of British Advertisers, the final two as Assistant General Secretary. At the time, Britton had been working on Hunger and Love, the only novel of his ever published, for some years. It is a huge digressive book about the intellectual life and grinding poverty of a teenage bookshop assistant; Bertrand Russell was so impressed with the novel that he wrote a five-page Introduction to it. By the time the novel came out in 1931, Britton had already made the headlines with his first published play, Brain, which received such considerable attention because of Bernard Shaw's generally favourable comments about it.

As early as 1917, Britton had started to learn Russian, and even applied a little later for citizenship of that country, although his application was disallowed for reasons unknown. He had another play published – Spacetime Inn (1932) – but waited until his third play, Animal Ideas, was published very shortly before his long projected visit to Russia in 1935. He stayed there at the expense of the International Union of Revolutionary Writers, but the visit was a great disappointment for him: he hated the queues, what he considered to be the ignorance of the Russian people, and the fact that they would not answer his questions or allow him to walk around freely. Above all, perhaps, he thought that his belief in co-operation as opposed to competition was not being carried out in Russia: he believed that the shortages of almost everything were caused by the government funnelling money into defence. He stayed for three months, and then took the boat back.

For several months, Britton remained incommunicado. He had awoken from his utopian dream of Russia to find an only too real nightmare both abroad and at home. Putnam, having made only a modest profit from Hunger and Love and losses with Brain and Spacetime Inn, had already refused to give more than a perfunctory promotion to Animal Ideas. It bombed. He was facing ruin as a writer.

Britton escaped to Hastings, a place with literary working-class associations: the town was the setting of Robert Tressell's The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists (1914). There, Britton worked at Netherwood, a large, run-down property bought by the actor and playwright E. C. Vernon Symonds to convert into a left-wing haven for meetings, trade union conferences, or simply as a guest house. Britton received free board and lodging in return for manual work. He hated almost everything about the house. Now demolished, the building is generally only remembered as the last resting place of Aleister Crowley.

He wrote more plays and one novel, philosophical works, and dramatised versions of novels by Dickens, Trollope and J. Jefferson Farjeon. But apart from two translations of rather obscure Russian writers in the 1940s, nothing else of Britton's was published.

On Britton's writing, his friend Herbert Marshall explains: 'He would not allow a single comma to be altered from his original text, so eventually quarrelled with his publishers who refused to publish the vast, lengthy works without some editing'.

Britton spent his last three years as a virtual recluse in Margate and died in 1971 at the local hospital following a heart attack aged 83. Marshall, then Professor and Director of Soviet and East European Studies (Performing Arts) at Southern Illinois University, had all Britton's literary effects transported to the university, where they remain.

Bibliography
Novel
Hunger and Love (1931), with an Introduction by Bertrand Russell

Plays
Brain (1930)
Spacetime Inn (1932)
Animal Ideas (1935)

Secondary literature
The Work of Lionel Britton (PhD, 2007) by Tony Shaw

References

External links
Lionel Britton Papers, 1885–1971 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center

1887 births
1971 deaths
British socialists
20th-century British novelists
British conscientious objectors
Bertrand Russell
People from Redditch
British male novelists
Proletarian literature

Lionel Britton