Amy McDonald (born 17 October 1985) is a Scottish football coach and former player for the Scotland national team as well as Hamilton Athletic, Kilmarnock, Queen's Park, Celtic and Glasgow City in the Scottish Women's Premier League.

After working in youth development at Glasgow City, in May 2017 she became the head coach of Rangers Women, moving to a role as overall manager of the women's section of the club in 2019.

Playing career

Club
Born in Rutherglen and a pupil at Stonelaw High School in the town, McDonald emerged as a central defender or defensive midfielder. Her progression into elite football coincided with the introduction of the new Scottish Women's Premier League. She spent time as a youth with East Kilbride (recruited initially as a goalkeeper) and began her senior career with Hamilton Athletic.

In 2005, McDonald moved to Kilmarnock. In May 2006 she played a pivotal role in Killie winning the Scottish Women's Premier League Cup 3–2 against Glasgow City, scoring in the first half of the final and deputising as goalkeeper for the entire second half due to an injury, keeping a clean sheet.

In summer 2007, 21-year-old McDonald signed for newly-promoted Queen's Park and in November captained the team in another SWPL Cup final, which this time ended with a defeat to Hibernian; at the end of the season the Queen's Park squad (including future international Jen Beattie) broke up and the club resigned from the league, with McDonald rejoining Kilmarnock for 2008–09.

In summer 2009, Celtic secured McDonald's services for their third campaign in the SWPL, immediately installing her as captain. The Hoops, who also brought in Scotland players Gemma Fay and Suzanne Grant to strengthen their squad, finished runners-up in both the 2009 and 2010 seasons (the league having transitioned from a winter to a summer schedule), and defeated Rangers 8–0 in the inaugural fixture between the rivals, with McDonald among the scorers. In May 2010 Celtic secured a first major trophy in the women's game by winning the SWPL Cup, McDonald lifting the trophy after a 4–1 win over Spartans. However her form fluctuated and she took a break from football to deal with personal issues going into the following season, and in June 2011 she was released by Celtic.

A short time later, 25-year-old McDonald was acquired by reigning Scottish champions Glasgow City. She featured in most of the remaining games in the 2011 Scottish Women's Premier League (which ended with a fifth successive title and a perfect season for the club), but did not make the squad for the final of the 2011 Scottish Women's Cup. She made one substitute appearance for City in the Champions League, scoring an own goal in a club record 0–10 defeat against Potsdam.

The 2012 season proved to be McDonald's last as a player. Having made six appearances for Glasgow City at the start of the campaign, she suffered a serious ankle ligament injury in a cup game against Aberdeen on 15 April 2012. She was an unused substitute in the 2012 SWPL Cup final which Glasgow City won as part of a treble, but despite her best efforts and several operations, she was unable to fully recover to play competitively again, bowing out at the age of just 26. It was also a blow to the club, as manager Eddie Wolecki Black had commented on her arrival that he expected McDonald to be "An integral part of the team for years to come"; however she was an active member of the squad for less than a year before being forced to quit.

International
After being part of the various age-group squads in her formative years, McDonald earned 30 full caps for Scotland between 2004 and 2009, as well as being a member of the squad for many other fixtures. Her final appearance came in September 2009 against Switzerland.

While playing for Hamilton, Kilmarnock and Queen's Park she was usually the only representative of each club selected for national squads; she stated that she chose to sign for the weaker SWPL clubs in the early part of her career as she would be more likely to play regularly, and to find herself having to deal with more challenging defensive situations.

Coaching career
McDonald had gained qualifications and work experience in sports coaching and had shown enthusiasm and aptitude for coaching since joining Glasgow City, so when forced to retire from playing she was invited to take up a voluntary role with the club overseeing their youth system; she was presented with an SFA Grassroots Award for her efforts as a volunteer. In July 2014 this was made a full-time position, working under the club manager Laura Montgomery, with McDonald also completing her UEFA A Licence during the period. In the 2015 season, each of the Glasgow City age-group teams under her charge reached the final of their respective Scottish Cup. She also became involved with coaching the Scotland Under-15 squad.

On 3 May 2017 McDonald was appointed as the head coach of SWPL club Rangers W.F.C., following on from Kevin Murphy who had moved to Manchester City W.F.C. at the end of the 2016 season. Her first game in charge was against one of her former clubs, Hamilton Accies, who had been coached by Murphy during McDonald's playing spell there. Rangers achieved a 4-0 victory.

in July 2019, McDonald moved to a role as the overall manager of the women's section at Rangers after the club announced a programme of increased investment; Grégory Vignal was appointed as head coach for the senior team.

Personal life
In 2006, McDonald graduated from the University of the West of Scotland (via Glasgow College of Nautical Studies) with a BA degree in Sport studies. Prior to becoming a full-time football coach she also worked in the social care sector with the charity Quarriers and as a sports instructor with Glasgow Life (an agency of Glasgow City Council).

She is a keen user of social media, and during her time at Glasgow City was quick to comment on issues in Scottish football which she perceived as misogynistic or homophobic.

Managerial statistics

 (end of head coach role)

References

External links

Personal reflective blog at Scottish Women in Sport (May 2015)

1985 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of the West of Scotland
Footballers from Rutherglen
People educated at Stonelaw High School
Women's association football defenders
Scottish women's footballers
Scotland women's international footballers
Hamilton Academical W.F.C. players
Glasgow City F.C. players
Celtic F.C. Women players
F.C. Kilmarnock Ladies players
Glasgow City F.C.
Rangers W.F.C. managers
Scottish football managers
Scottish Women's Premier League players
Scottish Women's Premier League managers
Female association football managers
Rangers F.C. non-playing staff
Queen's Park Women players
Scotland women's youth international footballers

Amy McDonald (Scottish footballer)


Chamoli district is a district of the Uttarakhand state of India.It is bounded by the Tibet region to the north, and by the Uttarakhand districts of Pithoragarh and Bageshwar to the east, Almora to the south, Pauri Garhwal to the southwest, Rudraprayag to the west, and Uttarkashi to the northwest. The administrative headquarters of Chamoli district is in Gopeshwar.

References

Chamoli district


Rancho Entre Napa was a  Mexican land grant in present-day Napa County, California given in 1836 by Governor Mariano Chico to Nicholas Higuera.  The grant extended along the west bank of the Napa River from present-day Napa south to Carneros Creek.

History
Nicholas Higuera was a soldier in San Francisco from 1819–1823, and alcalde at Sonoma.  Higuera married Marta Frias.  Higuera was granted the one square league Rancho Entre Napa, and the  Rancho Rincon de los Carneros.

Unlike most Mexican land grants in California that remained intact at the end of the Mexican era, Rancho Entre Napa was subdivided.  Higuera subdivided and sold much of the land in 1847, retaining  for himself.   With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored.  As required by the Land Act of 1851,  16 claims were  filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852 for 14  tracts (Land Cases 80 ND, 108 ND, 113 ND, 152 ND, 160 ND, 171 ND, 172 ND, 176 ND, 177 ND, 231 ND, 242 ND, 244 ND, 260 ND, and 365 ND) of Rancho Entre Napa and 2 tracts (Land Cases 282 ND and 296 ND) of Rancho Rincon de los Carneros.

Nathan Coombs (1826–1877) arrived in the Napa Valley in 1845, and bought a small piece of Rancho Tulucay on the east side of the Napa River from Juarez Cayetano. Coombs purchased  of Rancho Napa on the east side of the Napa River from Salvador Vallejo in 1847.  Coombs purchased  of Rancho Entre Napa from Nicholas Higuera in 1847, and founded and laid out the town of Napa on Rancho Entre Napa in 1848.

See also

List of Ranchos of California

References

Entre Napa
Entre Napa
Napa Valley
Napa, California
Entre

Rancho Entre Napa


Stowmarket Town Football Club is a football club based in Stowmarket, Suffolk, England. The club are currently members of the  and play at Greens Meadow.

History
The club was founded as Stowmarket Association F.C. in 1883 by a merger of Stowmarket St Peter and Stowmarket Ironworks. Originally playing at the Cricket Meadow, their first match was against Needham Market School. The club were founder members of the Suffolk County Football Association in 1885. By the late 1800s the club had dropped the word "Association" from its name, which had originally been used to distinguish it from the local rugby club.

They joined the newly formed Ipswich & District League in 1896, and won the title in its first two seasons and again in 1899–1900. In 1907 they won the Suffolk Junior Cup, beating Westbourne Mills 5–1, and in 1909–10 the club won the league again, with the reserve team winning the second division. They won the title again in 1921–22, before transferring to the Essex & Suffolk Border League in 1925. In 1931 the club won the Suffolk Senior Cup for the first time, beating Sudbury Town 3–1. They won it for a second time in 1933, beating Kirkley 5–2, and again the following season, with a 3–0 win over Bury Town.

At the end of the 1936–37 season the club disbanded due financial difficulties. After World War II local club Stowupland Corinthians began playing at the Cricket Meadows, and joined the Border League in 1946. In the summer of 1947 the club's name was changed to Stowmarket Corinthians, and in August it was changed again to Stowmarket Town. After legal advice, it was changed for a third time, to Stowmarket F.C. Under the management of player-coach Jackie Little, The club won the Border League, the League Cup and the Suffolk Senior Cup in 1950–51, beating Sudbury Town 2–0 in front of 10,867 supporters in the final of the latter. The League Cup and the Senior Cup were won again in 1951–52, and at the end of the season the club joined the Eastern Counties League.

In 1957–58 they won the Senior Cup again, beating Newmarket Town 2–0. They won the trophy for a sixth time in 1961–62, beating Brantham Athletic 2–0. The following year they entered the Suffolk Premier Cup and won it, beating Lowestoft Town 3–0. A seventh success in the Senior Cup was achieved in 1965 with a 4–0 win over Orwell Works, and the Premier Cup was won again in 1977 with a 2–1 win over Sudbury Town after the original two-legged tie had ended level.

In 1983 they were renamed Stowmarket Town, and a year later moved to Greens Meadow. The club won the Premier Cup again in 1986, beating Lowestoft 1–0, and in 1991, when Haverhill Rovers were beaten 3–2 after extra time. At the end of the 2004–05 season the club were relegated for the first time in their history, dropping into Division One, where they have remained since. After a hiatus of over forty years, the club won the Senior Cup again in 2006–07, beating Grundisburgh 2–1. In 2016–17 season they were Division One champions and were promoted back to the Premier Division. In 2019–20 the club were unbeaten 28 games into the league season, but the league was abandoned due to the coronavirus pandemic. At the end of the 2020–21 season, which was also curtailed due to the pandemic, they were promoted to the North Division of the Isthmian League.

Honours

Eastern Counties League
Division One champions 2016–17
Suffolk & Ipswich League
Champions 1896–97, 1897–98, 1899–1900, 1909–10, 1921–22
Division Two champions 1909–10 (reserves)
Essex & Suffolk Border League
Champions 1950–51
League Cup winners 1950–51, 1951–52, 1970–71, 1991–92, 1994–95
Suffolk Premier Cup
Winners 1962–63, 1976–77, 1985–86, 1990–91
Suffolk Senior Cup
Winners 1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1950–51, 1957–58, 1961–62, 1964–65, 2006–07
Suffolk Junior Cup
Winners 1907

Records
Largest victory
13–0 at Cornard United, Eastern Counties League Division One, 11 December 2010
Largest attendance
3,338 vs Romford in the FA Amateur Cup, 1951–52 (at Cricket Meadow)
1,200 vs Ipswich Town XI in a friendly match, 1994–95 (at Greens Meadow)

References

External links

Association football clubs established in 1883
Football clubs in Suffolk
Eastern Counties Football League
1883 establishments in England
Stowmarket
Football clubs in England
Isthmian League clubs

Stowmarket Town F.C.


Wallasea Island lies in Essex, England.  It is bounded to the north by the River Crouch, to the south east by the River Roach, and to the west by Paglesham Pool and the narrow Paglesham Creek. The population of the Island is included in the civil parish of Canewdon.

Much of the island is farmland, and wheat is the main crop.  A small settlement at its western end is linked by road to the mainland and is home to a campsite and marina.  It is linked by a ferry to Burnham-on-Crouch.

It is possible to walk for about  around most of the sea wall. The south side of the island is one of the most tranquil places in Essex, where wildlife typical of open farmland such as skylarks, corn buntings and hares can be observed. Close by, on the opposite side of the estuary of the River Roach, Foulness Island and Potton Island are visible.

History

The name is said to derive from Old English "wala" meaning "foreigner" and the name is tautological. Almost nothing is known about the early history of Wallasea. At the end of the last ice age it was almost certainly dry land like most of the North Sea basin. Rising sea levels are thought to have deposited the silt and sand which (together with older clays) underlie the island's soil. Several archaeological features have been recorded on the south and east edges of the island, these are the "red hills" typical of the Roman period and were probably relics of a process of extraction of salt from sea water.
Thirteenth-century records mention several places on Wallasea such as Lower Barn and Sherwoods. It is likely that Wallasea was used for grazing at that time and there may have been some arable land too. The origins of the various farms is unclear, though it is known there was a farmhouse at Grapnells as far back as 1546. Saxton's map of 1576 shows that creeks divided Wallasea into three separate islands, and this is confirmed by Camden's description of 1551.

In the 15th century these lands were drained by Dutch settlers for agricultural use with the construction of the original sea wall. The population of Wallasea was at its highest in the mid to late 19th century. In 1875 there were 135 inhabitants and there were 13 houses. A school was opened in 1879 and lasted for 20 years. Import of cheap American wheat resulted in an agricultural depression starting in 1875. Most of the island's population left and Wallasea reverted to pasture.

Much of the island was ploughed up during the First World War when the import of grain was made more difficult by German U-boats. Bumper crops of wheat were grown in this period. The island was also under the plough in the Second World War.

Over the centuries Wallasea has been flooded in a number of storms. The most catastrophic inundation was in 1953 after which large sections of sea wall had to be rebuilt. The eastern end of the island was one of the last places in the UK to be drained of floodwater. The storm swept away the Tyle House, sometimes known as the Devil's House, which according to legend was the abode of a demon.

Wallasea Wetlands

On July 4, 2006, a £7.5 million project to convert part of the island's farmland into mudflats and salt marsh was completed by bulldozing 300m of the sea defence wall, at the points of maximum pressure on the estuary. An area of 115 hectares was flooded, which is evolving into wetland, mudflats, saline lagoons and seven artificial islands. The wetlands are intended to provide winter grounds for wading birds, and ease flood problems on the River Crouch.

In December 2008, the RSPB submitted a planning application to Essex County Council for a £12 million scheme to break open Wallasea's remaining sea walls and turn the rest of the island's farmland into a wetland bird reserve. In September 2012 it was announced that work had begun on the Wallasea Island Wild Coast Project under which around 4.5 million tonnes of earth shall be transported to Wallasea Island, via over 1500 separate trips, many by rail and water, to help create the nature reserve from London's Crossrail tunnel (Elizabeth line) excavation.

References

Sources
Most of the history has been summarised from:- "Wallasea Island; the history and archaeology of a marshland landscape", by Ellen Heppell, Essex Archaeology and History, 35 (2004) 98–113
BBC News: "New £5m haven for wading birds" 4 March 2004
BBC News: "Farmland becomes wildlife habitat" 19 March 2005
BBC News: "Huge marine wetland starts life" 4 July 2006
BBC News: "Farmland yields to major wetland" 7 October 2007

Notes

Islands of Essex
Wetlands of the United Kingdom

Wallasea Island


Forest inventory is the systematic collection of data and forest information for assessment or analysis. An estimate of the value and possible uses of timber is an important part of the broader information required to sustain ecosystems. When taking forest inventory the following are important things to measure and note: species, diameter at breast height (DBH), height, site quality, age, and defects. From the data collected one can calculate the number of trees per acre, the basal area, the volume of trees in an area, and the value of the timber. Inventories can be done for other reasons than just calculating the value. A forest can be cruised to visually assess timber and determine potential fire hazards and the risk of fire. The results of this type of inventory can be used in preventive actions and also awareness. Wildlife surveys can be undertaken in conjunction with timber inventory to determine the number and type of wildlife within a forest.
The aim of the statistical forest inventory is to provide comprehensive information about the state and dynamics of forests for strategic and management planning. Merely looking at the forest for assessment is called taxation.

History
Surveying and taking inventory of trees originated in Europe in the late 18th century out of a fear that wood (the main source of fuel) would run out. The first information was organized into maps used to plan out usage. In the early 19th century forest harvesters estimated the volume and dispersal of trees within smaller forests with their eyes. More diverse and larger forests were divided into smaller sections of similar type trees that were individually estimated by visual inspection. These estimates were related together to figure out the entire forest's available resources. As the 19th century progressed so did the measurement techniques. New relationships between diameter, height, and volume were discovered and exploited. These newfound relationships allowed for a more accurate assessment of wood types and yields of much larger forests. By 1891, these surveys were conducted through sample-based methods involving statistical averages and more sophisticated measuring devices were implemented. In the 20th century, the statistical method of sampling had become well established and commonly used. Further developments, such as unequal probability sampling, arose. As the 20th century progressed, an understanding of co-efficients of error became clearer and the new technology of computers combined with the availability of aerial as well as satellite photography, further refined the process. Laser Scanning both terrestrially and aerially are now used alongside more manual methods. As a result, sampling accuracy and assessment values became more accurate and allowed for modern practices to arise.

A forest inventory does not only record the trees height, DBH and number for tree yield calculations. It also records the conditions of the forest, which might include (for example) geology, site conditions, tree health and other forest factors.

Timber cruise

A timber cruise is a sample measurement of a stand used to estimate the amount of standing timber that the forest contains. These measurements are collected at sample locations called plots, quadrants, or strips. Each of these individual sample areas is one observation in a series of observations called a sample. These sample areas are generally laid out in some random fashion usually in the form of a line plot survey. Depending on the size of the plot and the number of plots measured, the data gathered from these plots can then be manipulated to achieve varying levels of certainty for an estimate that can be applied to the entire timber stand. This estimate of stand conditions, species composition, volume and other measured attributes of a forest system can then be used for various purposes. For example, in British Columbia the sale of Crown timber is a business proposition and both the buyer and the Ministry of Forests and Range (seller) must know the quantity and the quality of timber being sold. Generally a timber cruise includes measurements or estimates of timber volume by forest product sort (and sometimes grade), log defect, and log lengths, whether the estimates are made in the field or using computer software.

Plot selection
Plots are samples of the forest being inventoried and so are selected according to what is looked for.

Simple random sampling: A computer or calculator random number generator is used to assign plots to be sampled. Here random means an equal chance of any plot being selected out of all of the plots available. It does not mean haphazard. Often it is modified to avoid sampling roads, ensure coverage of unsampled areas and for logistics of actually getting to the plots.

Systematic sampling: Commonly this is done by a random point and then laying a grid over a map of the area to be sampled. This grid will have preassigned plot areas to be sampled. It means more efficient logistics and removes some of the human bias that may be there with simple random sampling.

Systematic stratified sampling: The most common type of inventory is one that uses a stratified random sampling technique. In includes first grouping by age classes or soil characteristics or slope elevation. And then plots are chosen from each grouping by another sampling technique. It requires some knowledge of the land first and also trust that the groupings have been done properly. In forestry it may be done to separate plantation areas from mixed forest for example and reduce the amount of sampling time needed.

Systematic clustered sampling: When it is not possible to make strata for stratified sampling, there may be some knowledge about the forest where it can be said that small groupings are possible. These small groupings of plots if they are near to each other form a cluster. These clusters are then randomly sampled with the belief that they are representing the actual mix of the forest. As they are close to each other there is less walking needed and so it is more efficient.

Types of sample plots
In a fixed radius plot, the forester finds the center of a plot and every tree within a certain fixed distance away from that point is measured. Sample measurements are taken so that they are a fraction of the entire timber stand. This means that the numbers are all proportional to the actual stand values and that by multiplying by the correct corresponding value you can obtain the actual tract values. These plots are taken randomly so that each sample point has an equal probability of being included in the random sample. Often, circular plots are used because it only requires measuring the radius. Commonly, tenth acre plots are used (37.2 ft radius).

A variable size plot is more dependent of the size of the trees. The tract is measured on a series of points and the trees are tallied for being in or out depending on their size and location relevant to the plot center. Usually an angle gauge, wedge prism, Tunagmetor, or Relascope are used to gather data for this type of plot. This allows for a very quick estimate of the volume and species of a given tract.

Transects are arbitrarily determined lines (to prevent sampling bias) through a stand employed as a linear form of sample plot. They are sometimes referred to as "strip lines."

Timber metrics
The amount of standing timber that a forest contains is determined from:

 Age class (Size class). This is a misnomer as in German it is Wuchsklass (Growth class) and properly should be the size of the tree (Size class), which may be limited by shade over it and not necessarily the biological and thus physiological age of the tree. This distinction is important if tree growth over time is expected by an owner or forester to produce timber, as a small old tree will grow differently from a small young tree. Commonly these age classes are split into: Seedling, Sapling, Pole, Mature Tree (subdivided into Weak wood, Middle wood and Strong wood stages), Old / Senescent Tree. Sometimes it is called size class or a cohort. There are differences between countries and forests.
 Basal area – defines the area of a given section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks and stems at their base
 Diameter at breast height (DBH) – measurement of a tree's girth standardized with different countries having different standards they are often at 1.3 meters (about 4.5 feet) above the ground
 Form factor – the shape of the tree, based on recorded trees and commonly then given for calculating tree volumes for a given species. It is usually related to DBH or age class. It is distinct from taper. So it can be conical or paraboloid for example.
 Girard form class – an expression of tree taper calculated as the ratio of diameter inside the bark at 16 feet above ground to that outside bark at DBH, primary expression of tree form used in the United States
 Quadratic mean diameter – diameter of the tree that coordinates to the stand's basal area
 Site index – a species specific measure of site productivity and management options, reported as the height of dominant and co-dominant trees (site trees)in a stand at a base age such as 25, 50 and 100 years
 Tree taper – the degree to which a tree's stem or bole decreases in diameter as a function of height above ground. So it can be sharp or gradual.

Volume estimation
 Stocking – a quantitative measure of the area occupied by trees relative to an optimum or desired level of density, which will vary according to management purpose
 Stand Density Index – a measure of the stocking of a stand of trees based on the number of trees per unit area and DBH of the tree of average basal area, based on historical records and is particular to site type and species
 Volume table – a chart based on volume equations that uses correlations between certain aspects of a tree to estimate the standing volume
 Stand density management diagram – model that uses current stand density to project future stand composition

Volume can be calculated from the metrics recorded in a plot sample. For example, if a tree was measured to be 20m tall and with a DBH of 19 cm using previous measured tree data a volume could be approximated according to species. Such a table has been constructed by Josef Pollanschütz in Austria.

Volume of tree = BA X h x f pollanschutz

So f pollanschütz would be derived from the table and is properly called the Form Factor.

To scale this up to a hectare level the result would have to be multiplied by the number of trees of that size. This is called the blow up factor.

Tools used in inventory
 Biltmore stick – utilizes ocular trigonometry to quickly measure diameter and height
 Diameter tape – cloth or metal tape that is wrapped around the bole, scaled to diameter
 Tree caliper – two prongs connected to a measuring tape or stick are placed around the most average part of the bole to determine diameter
 Relascope – multiple-use tool that is able to find tree height, basal area, and tree diameter anywhere along the bole
 Clinometer – common tool used to measure changes in elevation and tree height
 Cruising rod – used to estimate the number of pieces of lumber yielded by a given piece of timber
 LASER Scanner used with computer software to calculate the metrics from the collected data by use of Lidar.
 Wedge prism – a small glass wedge that refracts light to create visible offsets in order to be able to choose which trees at a sampling point should be included in the sample.
 Data collector – an electronic device used to quickly enter sample data, geo-locate the data, and, in more modern times, to also access reference, web and historic materials while timber cruising.
 Increment borer – a device used to retrieve a cylindrical sample of wood material orthogonally from the stem while doing as little damage as possible to the remaining tissues.

In 2014, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and partners, with the support of the Government of Finland, launched Open Foris – a set of open-source software tools that assist countries in gathering, producing and disseminating reliable information on the state of forest resources. The tools support the entire inventory lifecycle, from needs assessment, design, planning, field data collection and management, estimation analysis, and dissemination. Remote sensing image processing tools are included, as well as tools for international reporting for REDD+ MRV and FAO's Global Forest Resource Assessments.

See also
 Forest informatics
 Forest management
 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)
 Inventaire forestier national  (National forest inventory)
 Tree measurement

References

External links
Forest inventory wiki.
Common forest inventory metrics.
National Forest Inventory (Canada)

Forest modelling
Habitat management equipment and methods
Forest management
Trees
Measurement

Forest inventory


The United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia (in case citations, N.D. Ga.) is a United States district court which serves the residents of forty-six counties. These are divided up into four divisions.

Appeals from cases brought in the Northern District of Georgia are to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

History
The United States District Court for the District of Georgia was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, , on September 24, 1789. The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on August 11, 1848, by . The Middle District was formed from portions of those two Districts on May 28, 1926, by .

Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction and venue are enumerated in .

The Atlanta division includes: Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Douglas, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Newton, and Rockdale counties.

The Gainesville division serves: Banks, Barrow, Dawson, Fannin, Forsyth, Gilmer,  Habersham, Hall, Jackson, Lumpkin, Pickens, Rabun, Stephens, Towns, Union, and White counties.

The Newnan division hears cases for: Carroll, Coweta, Fayette, Haralson,  Heard, Meriwether, Pike, Spalding, and Troup counties.

The Rome division serves: Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Dade, Floyd, Gordon, Murray, Paulding, Polk, Walker, and Whitfield counties.

The United States Attorney's Office for the Northern District of Georgia represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court.

, the United States attorney is Ryan K. Buchanan.

Current judges
:

Former judges

Chief judges

Succession of seats

See also
 Courts of Georgia
 Garcia-Mir v. Meese
 List of current United States district judges
 List of United States federal courthouses in Georgia

References

External links
 Home of Northern District of Georgia

Georgia, Northern District
Georgia (U.S. state) law
Organizations based in Atlanta
Gainesville, Georgia
Coweta County, Georgia
Rome, Georgia
1848 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Courts and tribunals established in 1848


Windward Studios is a software development company based in Boulder, Colorado.  The company began in 1996 with the release of Enemy Nations, a popular Real-Time strategy game, before focusing on its reporting software program Windward Reports.

1996-2003: Enemy Nations

Windward Studios was founded by David Thielen as a software gaming company. Enemy Nations is a real-time strategy game that received very high rankings in video game magazines. The publisher went out of business shortly after the game's release, forcing developer Windward Studios to sell the game exclusively from its website. Since October 2005 the game is non-commercial Freeware and the game and the source code was made available to download.

2003-Present: Windward Reports / Windward Studios
In 2003, the company realigned and focused on offering an enterprise-level suite of reporting and document generation tools for business teams called Windward Reports.  Windward Reports is comparable to other reporting software such as Crystal Reports and Pentaho.  Windward Reports' customers include GE Industrial Equipment Services, Fidelity Investments and Pfizer Inc.

Windward's solution includes a .NET or Java Engine, a set of code libraries for integrating reporting and document generation into both internal and commercial software applications, and AutoTag, a template design tool that allows technical and non-technical users create report and document templates in Microsoft Office. Windward's products have been positively reviewed in eWeek  and DevSource.

2011-Present: Code Wars
Windward Studios sponsors the annual International Collegiate Programming Championship, aka "Code Wars," "a huge student hackathon where teams from top universities around the world have 8 hours to analyze a problem, create a solution, and test it against the entries of the other programming experts."

Media coverage
Cubicle Wars, an early marketing video by the company, received an overwhelming response when it debuted in 2006. With over 2 million views on YouTube and Digg.com the video became an internet phenomenon large enough to merit a response in BusinessWeek's August 2007 SmallBiz publication.

References

External links

Video game companies of the United States
Defunct software companies of the United States
Business software companies
Companies established in 1996
1996 establishments in Colorado

Windward Studios


William T. Schwendler (April 1, 1904 - January 15, 1978 in Farmingdale, New York) was a founder, chief engineer, executive vice-president and Chairman of the Board of the Grumman Corporation.  He and other founders of Grumman had worked together at Loening Aeronautical Engineering until leaving to form their new company in a rented garage in December 1929.

The son of a German immigrant father, Schwendler was a 1924 graduate of New York University where he was one of the school's first students of aeronautical engineering. In 1956, Schwendler became a trustee of NYU. He was a member of Phi Kappa Tau fraternity at NYU and is a charter member of the fraternity's Hall of Fame.

He resided until his death on a  estate on Merritts Road in Farmingdale, New York, adjacent to the Bethpage State Park Golf Course.

References

External links
 Time magazine: Milestones, Jan. 30, 1978
 Brooklyn Genealogy Information Page
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers: Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark Paper

1904 births
1978 deaths
American people of German descent
Businesspeople in aviation
People from Farmingdale, New York
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
20th-century American businesspeople

William T. Schwendler


A Way of Life is a 2004 British drama film directed by Amma Asante starring Stephanie James and Brenda Blethyn. It is Asante's debut film. The film portrays Leigh-Anne Williams, a teenage mother living in a dilapidated Cardiff council flat. Brenda Blethyn plays the child's paternal grandmother.

Plot
Leigh-Anne Williams is still only in her late teens and has already suffered the suicide of her mother when she was a child, as well as abuse at the hands of her father, and they worry about their younger sister who is in her early teens. Their father later married their mother's sister and they have a much younger daughter together.

Leigh-Anne has had a baby daughter Rebecca, less than a year old, and is very protective towards her. The father is in prison, but his mother remains in contact with Leigh-Anne and suggests that Rebecca would be better off in her care.

Leigh-Anne has made quite a few significant enemies in her local area, a deprived part of South Wales. She is involved in constant confrontations with her Turkish Muslim neighbour Hassan Osman, and is so desperate to support her baby that she will commit shocking acts in order to get money. She tricks a much older man out of £30 by pretending to be a pimp. She gets a younger girl (under the age of consent) to have sex with the man, which doesn't come to the attention of the police but is witnessed by Hassan's teenage daughter.

Three of the few people who have good relationships with Leigh-Anne are her younger brother Gavin, and Gavin's friends Robbie and Stephen. But they are actively involved in crime including anti-social behaviour, and Leigh-Anne is a willing participant or bystander in many of their antics. She receives regular visits from a social worker, and fears that Rebecca will be taken away from her. When Leigh-Anne sees her social worker talking with Hassan Osman, she fears that Osman is trying to get Rebecca taken into care by the local authority.

Leigh-Anne, Gavin, Robbie and Stephen are at a local library one day when they encounter Hassan Osman and his teenage daughter Julie, who has recently been in a relationship with Gavin. Julie's had effectively ended their relationship by his disapproval. An argument starts as they leave the centre, and it turns into a full-scale street fight in which the three boys brutally attack Osman while Leigh-Anne looks on.

After Leigh-Anne returns home, she is visited by the police, who want to question her related to an attack on Hassan Osman, who had died as a result of the beating. She leaves to go to the police station with them and sees her three friends being taken away, with Robbie still wearing the bloodstained jumper that he wore during the attack.

The last scenes show Leigh-Anne crying uncontrollably in police custody after her daughter has been handed over to Social Services. Her social worker says that nobody was planning to remove her daughter, and she had been speaking to Osman about his own daughter Julie's issues. Julie tells the police that she is pregnant with Gavin's baby.

Cast
Stephanie James as Leigh-Anne Williams
Nathan Jones as Gavin Williams
Brenda Blethyn as Annette (surname unknown)
Marged Esli as a Social Worker
Oliver Haden as Hassan Osman
Sara Gregory as Julie Osman
Dean Wong as Stephen Rajan
Gary Sheppeard as Robbie Matthews
Nicholas McGaughey as Terry Williams
Amy Morgan as Karen Williams
Lynsey France as a Housing Officer
Phillip Howe as Jacob
Victoria Pugh as a Social Worker
Danielle Clare Symonds as a Barmaid

Awards
A Way of Life won the "Alfred Dunhill UK Film Talent Award" at the 2004 London Film Festival and its director won the BAFTA's "Carl Foreman Award" for a debut by a British filmmaker, as well as being named The Times Breakthrough Artist Of The Year at the 2005 South Bank Show Awards. The film also picked up the FIPRESCI Prize for Best Film at the 2005 Miami International Film Festival, and a special commendation Signis Award at the 2004 San Sebastian International Film Festival.

See also
Racism

External links

A Way Of Life at The British Council's British Films Website

2004 films
2004 drama films
British drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

A Way of Life (2004 film)


Jose Y. Dalisay Jr. (born January 15, 1954) is a Filipino writer. He has won numerous awards and prizes for fiction, poetry, drama, non-fiction and screenwriting, including 16 Palanca Awards.

Early life and education
Dalisay was born in Romblon in 1954. He completed his primary education at La Salle Green Hills, Philippines in 1966 and his secondary education at the Philippine Science High School in 1970. He dropped out of college to work as a newspaper reporter. He also wrote scripts mostly for Lino Brocka, the National Artist of the Philippines for Theater and Film. Dalisay returned to school and earned his B.A. English (Imaginative Writing) degree, cum laude from the University of the Philippines in 1984. He later received an M.F.A. from the University of Michigan in 1988 and a PhD in English from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in 1991 as a Fulbright scholar.

Literary career

Dalisay has authored more than 30 books since 1984. Six of those books have garnered National Book Awards from the Manila Critics Circle. In 1998, Dalisay made it to the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Centennial Honors List as one of the 100 most accomplished Filipino artists of the past century. Among his numerous books are Oldtimer and Other Stories (Asphodel, 1984; U.P. Press, 2003); Sarcophagus and Other Stories (U.P. Press, 1992); Killing Time in a Warm Place (Anvil, 1992); Madilim ang Gabi sa Laot at Iba Pang mga Dula ng Ligaw na Pag-Ibig (U.P. Press, 1993); Penmanship and Other Stories (Cacho, 1995); The Island (Ayala Foundation, 1996); Pagsabog ng Liwanag/Aninag, Anino (U.P. Press, 1996); Mac Malicsi, TNT/Ang Butihing Babae ng Timog (U.P. Press, 1997); The Lavas: A Filipino Family (Anvil, 1999); The Best of Barfly (Anvil, 1997); The Filipino Flag (Inquirer Publications, 2004); Man Overboard (Milflores, 2005); Journeys with Light: The Vision of Jaime Zobel (Ayala Foundation, 2005); Selected Stories (U.P. Press, 2005); and "The Knowing Is in the Writing: Notes on the Practice of Fiction" (U.P. Press, 2006).

Editor
Dalisay has also worked extensively as a professional editor. He served as Executive Editor of the ten-volume Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People (Manila: Asia Publishing/Reader's Digest Asia , 1998). His clients have included the Asian Development Bank, the Ayala Foundation, SGV & Co., the National Economic and Development Authority, the Office of the (Philippine) President, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippine Airlines, and the Ramon Magsaysay Awards Foundation, among others.

Achievements

Dalisay has won 16 Palanca Awards in five genres. For winning at least five First Prize awards, he was elevated to the Palanca Hall of Fame in 2000. He has also garnered five Cultural Center of the Philippines awards for playwriting; and FAMAS, URIAN, Star and Catholic Mass Media awards and citations for his screenplays. He also chaired the 1992 ASEAN Writers Conference/Workshop, in Penang, Malaysia. He was named one of The Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) of 1993 for his creative writing. In 2005, he received the Premio Cervara di Roma in Italy for extensively promoting Philippine literature overseas. In 2007, his second novel, Soledad's Sister, was shortlisted for the inaugural Man Asian Literary Prize in Hong Kong.

He has received Hawthornden Castle, British Council, David T.K. Wong, Rockefeller (Bellagio), and Civitella Ranieri fellowships, and has held the Henry Lee Irwin Professorial Chair at the Ateneo de Manila University; and the Jose Joya, Jorge Bocobo, and Elpidio Quirino professorial chairs at U.P. Diliman. He has lectured on Philippine culture and politics at the University of Michigan, University of Auckland, Australian National University, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, St. Norbert College (Wisconsin, U.S.), University of East Anglia, University of Rome, London School of Economics, and the University of California, San Diego, where he was named Pacific Leadership Fellow in 2015..

After serving for three years as English and Comparative Literature Department Chair, Dalisay assumed the post of Vice President for Public Affairs of the U.P. System from May 2003 to February 2005; he returned to the post in February 2017 and retired in January 2019. He is currently a Professor Emeritus of English and creative writing at the College of Arts and Letters, U.P. Diliman, where he also coordinated the creative writing program. He was Director of the U.P. Institute of Creative Writing from 2008 to 2017. Aside from his weekly Arts & Culture column for the Philippine Star, he wrote political and social commentary for the newsmagazine Newsbreak and the San Francisco-based Filipinas magazine.

In 2017, the One UP-Jose Yap Dalisay Jr. Professorial Chair in Creative Writing was endowed in his honor by an anonymous donor at the University of the Philippines.

Notable works

Novels

 Killing Time in a Warm Place, 1992
 Soledad's Sister, 2008
 "Soledad: Rocambolesco Romanzo Filippino" (Italian edition), 2009
 "In Flight: Two Novels of the Philippines" (a combined US edition), 2011
 La Soeur de Soledad," (French edition), 2013

Plays

 Madilim ang Gabi sa Laot at Iba Pang Mga Dula ng Ligaw na Pag-Ibig, 1993
 Pagsabog ng Liwanag/Aninag, Anino, 1996
 Ang Butihing Babae ng Timog/Mac Malicsi, TNT, 1997

Screenplays

More than twenty produced screenplays, including

 Miguelito, 1985
 Tayong Dalawa, 1994 Saranggola, 1999

Books written

Fiction
  "Oldtimer and Other Stories" (Quezon City: Asphodel Books, 1984)
  "Sarcophagus and Other Stories" (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1992)
  "Killing Time in a Warm Place" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 1992)
  "Penmanship and Other Stories" (Pasig: Cacho Publishing, 1995)
  "The Island" (Makati: Ayala Foundation, 1996). With Jaime Zobel and Francisco Doplon.
  "Selected Stories" (QC: UP Press, 2005)
  "Soledad's Sister" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2008)
  "Soledad: Rocambolesco Romanzo Filippino" (Milano: Isbn Edizioni, 2009). Translated by Clara Nubile.
  "In Flight: Two Novels of the Philippines" (Tucson: Schaffner Press, 2011)
  "Pasando el rato en un pais calido" (Barcelona: Libros del Asteroide, 2012). Translated by Marta Alcaraz.
  "La soeur de Soledad" (Paris: Mercure de France, 2013).  Translated by Jean-Pierre Aoustin.
  "Voyager and Other Fictions: The Collected Stories of Jose Dalisay" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2019)

Essays

  "The Best of Barfly" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 1997)
  "Man Overboard" (QC: Milflores, 2005)
  "The Knowing Is in the Writing: Notes on the Practice of Fiction" (QC: UP Press, 2006)
  "Why Words Matter" (QC:Center for Art, New Ventures & Sustainable Development, 2019). With illustrations by Marcel Antonio.
  "A Richness of Embarrassments and Other Easy Essays" (Quezon City: UP Press, 2020)

Nonfiction

  "The Lavas: A Filipino Family" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 1999)
  "Bandera: The Filipino Flag" (Makati: Inquirer Publications, 2004)
  "Journeys with Light: The Vision of Jaime Zobel" (Makati: Ayala Foundation, 2005)
  "Power from the Deep: The Malampaya Story" (Makati: Shell Philippines, 2005)
  "Unleashing the Power of Steam: The PNOC-EDC Story" (Makati: PNOC-EDC, 2006)
  "Portraits of a Tangled Relationship: The Philippines and the United States" (Manila: Ars Mundi Philippinae, 2008). With Jose Ma. Cariño and others.
  "Wash: Only a Bookkeeper" (Makati: SGV Foundation, 2009)
  "The Voices of the Mountain: The People of Mt. Apo Speak" (Makati: EDC, 2009)
  "Decade of Reform, Decade of Innovation: The GSIS Under PGM Winston Garcia, 2001-2010" (Manila: GSIS, 2010)
  "Builder of Bridges: The Rudy Cuenca Story" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2010). With Antonette Reyes.
  "With Hearts Aflame: The Christian Brothers in the Philippines, 1911-2011" (Mandaluyong: DLSP, 2012)
  "A Man Called Tet" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2015)
  "Edgardo J. Angara: In the Grand Manner" (Quezon City: UP Press, 2015)
  "Harvest of Heroes" (Manila: Land Bank of the Philippines, 2015)
  "Lighting the Second Century, with Exie Abola and Felice Sta. Maria" (Pasig: Meralco, 2015)
  "Lessons from Nationalist Struggle: The Life of Emmanuel Q. Yap), with Josef T. Yap" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2016
  "The Shell Century: Powering Philippine Progress" (Makati: Pilipinas Shell, 2016)
  "Andrew and Mercedes Gotianun: Useless Each Without the Other" (Quezon City; ABS-CBN Publishing, 2018). With Jonathan Gotianun, Josephine Gotianun Yap, and Charlson Ong.
  "Transforming Horizons: The PRSB Story" (Pasig: Philippine Resources Savings Bank, 2019). With Vanessa D. Gregorio.
  "A Millennial Man for Others: The Life and Times of Rafael M. Salas, with Carmen Sarmiento" (Mandaluyong: Commission on Population, 2019)

Drama

  "Madilim ang Gabi sa Laot at Iba Pang mga Dula ng Ligaw na Pag-Ibig" (Quezon City: UP Press, 1993)
  "Pagsabog ng Liwanag / Aninag, Anino" (QC: UP Press, 1996)
  "Ang Butihing Babae ng Timog / Mac Malicsi, TNT" (QC: UP Press, 1997)

Poetry

  "Pinoy Septych and Other Poems" (Manila: UST Publishing, 2011)

Books edited

  "Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People, 10 volumes" (Manila: Asia Publishing, 1998). Written by various authors.
  "The Likhaan Book of Poetry and Fiction" (Quezon City: UP Press, 1999). With Ricardo de Ungria, written by various authors.
  "From Earth to Sky: The Life and Times of Hans Menzi" (Manila: Menzi Trust Fund, 2001). Written by Alya Honasan.
  "A Promise to Keep: From Athens to Afghanistan" (Xlibris, 2003). Written by Arthur and Julie Hill.
  "Remembering NVM" (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2004). Written by various authors.
  "Fourteen Love Stories, with Angelo R. La Cuesta" (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2004).
  "The Silk Road Revisited: Markets, Merchants, and Minarets" (Bloomington: Author House, 2006). Written by Julie Hill.
  "Likhaan: The Journal of Contemporary Philippine Literature" (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2007). Written by various authors.
  "Hidden Treasures, Simple Pleasures" (Makati: Bookhaven, 2009). Written by Jaime C. 9. Laya, Mariano C. Lao, and Edilberto B. Bravo.
  "Shadow of Doubt: Probing the Supreme Court" (Quezon City: Public Trust Media Group, 2010). Written by Marites Danguilan Vitug.
  "Our Rights, Our Victories: Landmark Cases in the Supreme Court" (Quezon City: Cleverheads Publishing, 2011). Written by Marites Danguilan Vitug and Criselda Yabes.
  "Endless Journey: A Memoir" (Quezon City: Cleverheads Publishing, 2011). Written by Jose T. Almonte with Marites Danguilan Vitug.
  "The Future Begins Here" (Manila: De La Salle University, 2011). Written by various authors.
  "Privileged Witness: Journeys of Rediscovery" (Bloomington: Author House, 2014). Written by Julie Hill.
  "In the Afternoon Sun: My Alexandria" (Makati: Society for Cultural Enrichment, 2017). Written by Julie Hill.
  "Stories from the Heart" (Manila: Philippine Airlines, 2017). Written by various authors.
  "Joey: A Tribute to Joey Concepcion" (Makati: Studio 5, 2017)
  "Rock Solid: How the Philippines Won Its Case Against China" (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2018). Written by Marites Danguilan Vitug.
  "Gold on the Horizon: Transforming Oriental Mindoro" (Makati: Studio 5, 2018). Written by various authors.
  "Budget Reform in the Philippines" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2019). Written by Ronald Mendoza and David Timberman.
  "The Story of Philippine Central Banking: Stability and Strength at Seventy" (Makati: Studio 5, 2019). Written by various authors.
  "An Appointment with the Vatican: A Biography of Bienvenido R. Tantoco Sr." (Quezon City: Creative Programs, Inc., 2019). Written by Rodolfo G. Silvestre.
  "The Essential Manuel Arguilla Reader" (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2019). Written by Manuel Arguilla.

Honors and awards

 Civitella Ranieri Fellowship
 David T.K. Wong Fellowship for Creative Writing, University of East Anglia
 Chamberlain Award
 Milwaukee Fiction Award
 American Poets Prize
 Fulbright- Hays Scholarship
 Hawthornden Castle Fellowship, Scotland
 British Council Fellow to Cambridge
 Word Festival (Australia)
 Asia 2000 (New Zealand)
 Centennial Honors for the Arts, Cultural Center of the Philippines
 Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) of the Philippines
 Cultural Center of the Philippines Awards for Literature
 National Book Awards from the Manila Critics Circle
 FAMAS Award for Best Screenplay
 Catholic Mass Media Award for Best Screenplay
 URIAN citation for Best Screenplay
 Star Awards citation for Best Screenplay
 Palanca Awards for Literature
 Palanca Hall of Fame Winner
 Man Asian Literary Prize 2007 Shortlistee for Soledad's Sister
 7th Department of Tourism Kalakbay Award for Best Travel Writer
 Fellow, Standard Chartered International Literary Festival, Hong Kong

 Philippine Graphic Awards
 U.P. President's Award for Outstanding Publications
 Writing fellow, 20th Dumaguete National Writers' Workshop (1981)
 Henry Lee Irwin Professorial Chair, Ateneo de Manila University
 Jose Joya, Jorge Bocobo, and Elpidio Quirino Professorial Chairs at the U.P. Diliman
 Rockefeller Fellowship in Bellagio, Italy
 Premio Cervara di Roma'', Italy
 Has lectured at the University of Michigan, University of Auckland, Australian National University, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, St. Norbert College, University of East Anglia, University of Rome, and the London School of Economics and the University of California, San Diego

See also
Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero
Severino Montano
Rene Villanueva

References and external links

  U.P. Institute of Creative Writing
 Philippine-American Educational Foundation
  20th Dumaguete National Writers Workshop
 Odds and ends from a writer, teacher, and Mac addict from the Philippines
 New Zealand Writers' Ezine
 National Academy of Science and Technology
 Archipelago
 UP Forum Online
 Cyberdyaryo
 English Speaking Union

 University of Michigan
 Remembering NVM by Jose Y. Dalisay Jr.
 University of East Anglia
 Christchurch City Council, New Zealand
 Filipinas Heritage Library
 University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
 Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia
 University of California, San Diego
 Philippine Star
 University of California, Berkeley
 Kalakbay Awards, Department of Tourism
 2nd Hong Kong International Literary Festival
 Philippine Science High School Alumni Association
 Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino 1977
 Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino 1985
 University of Hawaii at Manola Library
 University of Illinois at Springfield
  The Don Carlos Palanca Awards 1987
 Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., Ph.D. at Mac.com
 Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., Saranggola, Review Summary, Filmography, Movies, The New York Times, 1999
 Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., Saranggola, Filmography, Movies, The New York Times, 1999

Tagalog-language writers
People from Romblon
University of Michigan alumni
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni
Filipino male short story writers
Filipino short story writers
Filipino dramatists and playwrights
Teachers of English
University of the Philippines alumni
Academic staff of the University of the Philippines
1954 births
Living people
Palanca Award recipients
Academics of the University of East Anglia
The Philippine Star people
Writers from Romblon
Marcos martial law victims
Marcos martial law prisoners jailed at Ipil Detention Center

Jose Dalisay Jr.


Jorge Raúl Porcel de Peralta (; 7 September 1936 – 16 May 2006), known as Jorge Porcel, was an Argentine comedy actor and television host. He was nicknamed El Gordo de América (America's Fat Guy). Porcel is considered, along with Alberto Olmedo, one of Argentina's greatest comic actors of the twentieth century.

Film career
Porcel worked in 49 movies, starting with 1962's Disloque en Mar del Plata, and ending with Carlito's Way (1993). Many of these 49 movies were collaborations with Olmedo. Among the movies they did together was 1986's Rambito y Rambón: Primera Misión. (Little Rambo and Big Rambo: First Mission)

Many of Porcel and Olmedo's movies in the 1970s and 1980s were adult-oriented comedies. Conservative Argentine authorities rated these movies as PM-18 (age 18 and above), except for some movies planned for family audiences, which had "tamer" content. These movies are considered to be the pinnacle of Argentina's sexy comedy movie genre. Most of these movies were directed by Gerardo Sofovich or his brother Hugo. Porcel virtually stopped appearing in these movies after the accidental death of Olmedo, which left him clinically depressed.

Films

Television career

Porcel had many TV hit shows as well, including Operación Ja Ja (both the 1960s original and the 1980s remake) and Polémica en el bar (Debate at the Café), where he had celebrated moments of comedy with fellow comedian Juan Carlos Altavista. Most of these TV efforts were linked to the Sofovich brothers. He also did Las Gatitas Y Ratones de Porcel (Little Cats & Mice of Porcel).

After he retired from filming movies in Argentina, he moved to Miami, where he starred in a risqué late-night variety show named A la cama con Porcel (To Bed with Porcel) on the Telemundo network, and was given a cameo in Hollywood production Carlito's Way. A La Pasta con Porcel is a restaurant in Miami Beach opened by Porcel and named after his popular television show.

Porcel's health deteriorated with time, due to his struggles with obesity and diabetes, to the point of ending up using a wheelchair in his later years. He toured during 1999 through Latin America to promote his autobiography Laughs, Applause and Tears. By this time, he had also become a born again Christian.

Porcel died in a hospital in Miami after a gallbladder surgery at the age of 69. His body was flown to Argentina and buried at the Chacarita Cemetery.

Music
In 1980 he recorded a bolero record called Pure heart (Spanish: Puro Corazón (1980)) . Jorge Porcel loved music and in his shows he used to sing boleros, as in Las gatitas y ratones de Porcel (Porcel's kittens and mice) (where he was frequently accompanied by piano player Mike Rivas) and at ¿Lo viste a Porcel? (Have you seen Porcel). With his character Don Mateo he took part in a record from the show Operacióm Ja-Já (Operation Ha ha) singing along with Rolo Puente, Leo Dan's hit «Libre, solterito y sin nadie» (Free, single and with nobody).

Comics
In 1970's decade, for several years, Cielosur Editora published several magazines dedicated to TV characters, as Piluso, Minguito and El Gordo Porcel. Las aventuras del Gordo Porcel (The adventures of Porcel the Fat Man) was the title of the one dedicated to Jorge. The usual play -with drawings by Francisco Mazza- consisted of el Gordo getting in trouble and several confusions, during the time in between the feasts of food prepared by his mother, who he lived with. Other frequent characters are his girlfriend and his dog Banana, who had his own comic.

See also

Argentine humour
List of television presenters/Argentina

References

External links

1936 births
Male actors from Buenos Aires
Argentine male film actors
Argentine male television actors
Argentine comedians
Argentine evangelicals
2006 deaths
Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery
20th-century comedians

Jorge Porcel


Knife Edge Two Piece 1962–65 is an abstract bronze sculpture by Henry Moore. It is one of Moore's earliest sculptures in two pieces, a mode that he started to adopt in 1959. Its form was inspired by the shape of a bone fragment. Moore created the sculpture from an edition of 10 working models in 1962; these working models are now in public collections. Moore created four full-size casts between 1962 and 1965, with one retained by him. The three casts are on public display on College Green in Westminster, London; Queen Elizabeth Park in Vancouver; and the garden at Kykuit, the house of the Rockefeller family in Tarrytown, New York. Moore's own cast is on display at his former studio and estate, 'Hoglands' in Perry Green, Hertfordshire in southern England. A similar work,  Mirror Knife Edge 1977 (or Knife Edge Mirror Two Piece), is displayed at the entrance to I. M. Pei's east wing of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. The Westminster cast was donated by Moore through the Contemporary Art Society to what he believed was the City of London, but its actual ownership was undetermined for many years. The Westminster cast subsequently fell into disrepair, and was restored in 2013 after it became part of the British Parliamentary Art Collection; it was granted a Grade II* listing in January 2016.

Background

By 1960 Moore was moving on from his earlier works, directly inspired by the human form and with textured surfaces, such as Draped Seated Woman 1957–58, to more rounded abstract shapes, inspired by the shapes of stones or bones. Moore made a connected work in 1961, also inspired by bone, Standing Figure (Knife Edge) (LH 482).

Working model
In 1962 Moore created an edition of 10 working models (LH 504) for a new two-piece sculpture. The Tate Gallery in London acquired a small working model in 1963. Other working models are in the collections of the Gemeentemuseum in The Hague, the Didrichsen Art Museum in Helsinki, the Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, and the Kunsthaus in Zurich. Moore planned the full-size sculpture to be over 10 feet high, large enough for a person to walk between the two elements.

Sculpture
The full-size sculpture, catalogued as "LH 516", was cast in an edition of four (or "3+1"; one being retained by the artist). Moore was inspired by the "lightness and strength of bone fragment" in creating the piece. The full-size sculptures,  long and weighing about , were cast by Hermann Noack in Berlin.

The second cast of the work is located in Abingdon Street Gardens (better known as College Green) in the City of Westminster. The other full-size casts are located near the fountains next to Bloedel Floral Conservatory in Queen Elizabeth Park in Vancouver, BC, Canada, donated by Prentice Bloedel; near the Rose Garden of the Rockefeller family house at Kykuit at Tarrytown, New York. Moore donated his artist's copy (0/3) to the Henry Moore Foundation in 1977, and it is displayed at Perry Green, Hertfordshire.

Moore made a larger and reversed version of the sculpture, Mirror Knife Edge 1977 or Knife Edge Mirror Two Piece (LH 714) – which is 5.34x7.21x3.63m or about 17.5x23.7x11.9 feet and weighs about   – which was commissioned for the entrance to I. M. Pei's east wing of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. The work is carefully cleaned and conserved each year to maintain the distinction between its shiny and patinated surfaces, as the artist intended.

Westminster cast

The second cast of Knife Edge Two Piece is located in Abingdon Street Gardens, also known as College Green, opposite the Palace of Westminster in London. In 1965 Whitney Straight, the chairman of the Contemporary Art Society, wrote to Charles Pannell MP, the Minister of State for Public Buildings and Works to tell him that the society was "considering the possibility of 'making a gift of a substantial work of art to be erected at some suitable site in London". The Contemporary Art Society met with Henry Moore to discuss their proposal and Moore subsequently chose the site at Abingdon Street Gardens for the sculpture. Moore waived his usual fee, and the Contemporary Art Society paid for the cost of the casting. The sculpture was unveiled by Robert Mellish, the Minister of Public Building and Works, on 1 September 1967.

Moore liked the site so much that he did not even visit an alternative site in Hyde Park; he felt that the sculpture might have been lost in such a big park, recalling an experience he had trying to find the sculpture Riva by Jacob Epstein in the park. He welcomed the fact that the sculpture would be next to a public path and would have seating nearby to allow contemplation, and compared the gardens favourably with the setting for Hubert Le Sueur's equestrian statue of Charles I at Charing Cross, "which, in order to look at closely and appreciate in detail, you have to risk your life in crossing a maze of traffic". The siting of the sculpture was disliked by some, with Neil Marten MP asking Parliament why "this lovely part of Westminster should be littered with something that looks like a crashed unidentified flying object."

Moore believed he had donated the work to the City of London, but the Henry Moore Foundation believed it was owned by the City of Westminster, and its delivery was accepted by the Ministry of Public Building and Works. The land where it is situated was a bombsite in the Second World War, and is owned by the Parliamentary Estate; Westminster City Council operates a car park underneath. The sculpture was moved and placed on a plinth in 1969. No formal arrangements were ever made for the ownership and care of Knife Edge Two Piece, and it fell into a state of disrepair. Though it is worth an estimated £5m, no conservation work ever took place on the sculpture, and its ownership was unresolved until the House of Commons agreed to take responsibility for it. Knife Edge Two Piece entered the Parliamentary Art Collection in 2011.  It was granted a Grade II* listing in January 2016.

Restoration

The Chair of the House of Commons Works of Art Committee, Frank Doran MP, had been concerned by the appearance of the sculpture and enquired of the Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries, Ed Vaizey MP, what plans there were for its care and maintenance. Vaizey replied that the House of Commons should take ownership of the statue and responsibility for its care. Vaizey subsequently described Knife Edge Two Piece as "one of the most televised works of art in London". Restoration work was originally planned to be completed in time for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, but was not begun until February 2013.

Due to a lack of maintenance, the protective lacquer covering Knife Edge Two Piece degraded and exposed the surface of the sculpture to the elements. This resulted in oxidation of the bronze metal. Subsequent deterioration of the patination and years of graffiti scratched into the surface resulted in further corrosion. The conservation aimed to remove the remaining protective lacquer and surface dirt, and to remove the result of corrosion and oxidation from the sculpture, and take the surface back to the bare metal. Following the removal of graffiti the sculpture was repatinated to return it to its original colour. It was finally waxed with a weatherproof surface to protect it from future damage. The conservation work was undertaken by Rupert Harris Conservation, working in consultation with the Henry Moore Foundation. The cost of the conservation was £16,190, with £11,000 contributed by the Henry Moore Foundation.

See also
List of sculptures by Henry Moore
List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

References

External links

1965 sculptures
Articles containing video clips
Bronze sculptures in British Columbia
Bronze sculptures in New York (state)
Bronze sculptures in the City of Westminster
Grade II* listed buildings in the City of Westminster
Grade II* listed public art
Outdoor sculptures in Vancouver
Outdoor sculptures in London
Outdoor sculptures in New York (state)
Sculptures by Henry Moore
Tourist attractions in the City of Westminster

Knife Edge Two Piece 1962–65


The Country Liberal Party (CLP), commonly called the Country Liberals, is a centre-right, liberal conservative political party in the Northern Territory. It is a merger of the Liberal Party and the National Party. Its current leader is Lia Finocchiaro and its deputy leader is Gerard Maley.

Political parties in the Northern Territory
Liberal Party of Australia
National Party of Australia

Country Liberal Party


A family name is a name shared by people in the same family. Different cultures have different customs for a person's family name and given name. In English, the family name is always at the end, and it is called a last name or surname. Children usually have the same family name as their father. A married woman usually changes her family name to be the same as her husband.

For example, Mary Brown married John Smith and she changed her name to Mary Smith. They had two children, David Smith and Kate Smith. Smith is the family name shared by the parents Mary and John, and their children David and Kate.

Some languages put the family name first. Some (for example Spanish) give both parents' family names in the children's' surnames. In Russian most surnames change depending on the gender of the person (example: ...ski or ...sky for a male, and ...skaya for a female). Some, such as Javanese, do not often give anyone a family name.

References

Related pages
 Personal name
 Posthumous name
 Regnal name

Family name


Passionate People () is a 2002 Argentine romantic comedy film directed by Juan José Jusid, starring Pablo Echarri, Nancy Dupláa and Natalia Verbeke.

Plot summary

Uma (Natalia Verbeke) lives in the city of Buenos Aires with her friend Roberto, who happens to be homosexual. She works as a flight attendant, and her job lets her travel all around the world and live an independent life without commitments. But she has a dream to fulfill: to be a mother. Since she can't find the perfect man, thanks to her job, she decides to look for a sperm donor in different parts of the world, but what she is looking for her child's father can't be found anywhere in the sperm banks. After being desperate and tired of not being able to complete her goal, she decides to look for the perfect man that has all the requirements she wants in a father, to leave her pregnant.

Lucía (Nancy Dupláa) is Uma's best friend, divorced with a daughter called Violeta, and is always willing to give Uma a hand in whatever she needs. She manages a travel agency, in which a guide called Nico (Pablo Echarri) works, and is Lucía's future husband. Nico is what every woman wants; handsome, intelligent, a good person and loves kids. All this characteristics make Uma choose him as the donor. But there is a complication, asking Lucía if she can borrow her boyfriend, to accomplish her dream.

When Uma convinces Lucía, she agrees and then tells Nico, which after thinking about it agrees as well. Considering it as "simple donation" in which each person would later follow their own lives. But this simple transaction will bring problems after Uma gets pregnant, and the feelings that no one was waiting for appear, transforming the lives of each of the characters.

External links
  Apasionados Official Website

2002 films
2000s Spanish-language films
2002 romantic comedy films
Films set in Argentina
Films scored by Federico Jusid
Argentine romantic comedy films
2000s Argentine films

Passionate People


The Wisconsin Lottery is run by the Wisconsin Department of Revenue and was authorized in 1988 by the state legislature. It is a member of the Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL). Its games consist of Mega Millions, Powerball, Megabucks, Supercash!, Badger 5, Pick 3, Pick 4, All or Nothing, and  scratch games. Since its founding,  it has generated $4.6 billion for property tax relief for state residents.

The minimum age to buy Wisconsin Lottery tickets is 18.

Televised history

The Money Game
Until 2003, a game show produced by the Wisconsin Lottery and Hearst-Argyle Television, called Wisconsin Lottery Money Game, was aired weekly on the Lottery's network of stations. Contestants won a chance to play the game (and $100) if a scratch ticket contained three "TV" symbols; if not chosen for the main game, would win at least $500 from a pool of money split between them and the other 54 players not chosen. Five contestants would play the game, consisting of four or five rounds where they would choose cash prizes hidden behind the letters Wisconsin Lottery Moneygame, which were set up in the style of the Wheel of Fortune gameboard, but with reversed play. Here, contestants hit a plunger to light up one of the word rows, then picked one letter in that word. The letter was turned over to reveal the prize, which in the last round was a maximum of $7,500; there were no letters with penalties where money was taken away. The winner of the main game went to the bonus round, where they spun a wheel which had alternating values of $25,000 and $50,000. During the show, new instant games were showcased, along with lottery news, and a second-chance drawing of losing mailed-in tickets (instant and online) was conducted.

The program was taped at WISN-TV in Milwaukee. All contestants (each could bring a guest 18 or older) living outside of the Milwaukee area received a two-night stay at the Grand Milwaukee Hotel (later the Four Points Sheraton-Mitchell Field, which closed at the end of 2012.) for their appearance. Hosts were Mark Johnson and Parker Drew; the show's hostesses were Mary Christine and Lori Minetti. The show's format was changed to a new version known as the Super Money Game in mid-2002, involving more contests with a smaller contestant pool, equivalent to a lower-cost version of the Hoosier Lottery's Hoosier Millionaire.

Television network
The Lottery television network consisted of the following stations from 1988 until 2002:;

WISN (12) - Milwaukee
WKOW (27) - Madison
WBAY (2) - Green Bay (converted from CBS to ABC in 1992)
WXOW & WQOW (19/18) - La Crosse/Eau Claire
WAOW/WYOW (9/34) - Wausau/Eagle River/Rhinelander
KBJR (6) - Superior, Wisconsin/Duluth, Minnesota (the only non-ABC station to air the show)

WISN Radio (1130) in Milwaukee aired the drawings on radio until the station's 1997 sale from Hearst to Clear Channel Communications. Several Wisconsin stations picked up the audio portion of the television drawings, though most stations read the winning numbers from Associated Press releases from the Lottery on the mornings after the drawings, which also are published online, in newspapers throughout Wisconsin, USA Today, and the border areas of outlying states. Lottery results are also a common feature of the last segments in the state's late newscasts, and a feature of station news tickers.

Drawings
The Lottery joined the multi-jurisdictional Lotto*America game in 1989. Later, the Lottery began its Wisconsin's Very Own Megabucks jackpot drawings after the launch of Powerball (which replaced L*A) in 1992.

The Lottery's nightly drawings, starting in 1991 with the introduction of Supercash! (a $250,000 daily six-number game when it began), took place at WISN-TV. Employees who were not part of the station's news department, or employees of WISN Radio and WLTQ, which were owned by Hearst at the time and shared the WISN studios, drew the numbers. In 1993, the Lottery added a Pick 3 game, followed by Pick 4 in 1997.
Other games were added by the Lottery, but were not always successful, such as MUSL's Daily Millions, which was infamous for having few winners of the $1 million cash prize, and having a complicated drawing procedure involving three number pools and various colored balls. Another MUSL game, Cash4Life (not to be confused with the current multi-state game by that name), which offered an annuitized prize of $1,000 per week for life (no cash option was available) with a first-prize win from a 99-ball pool; only four players won that game by its end in 1999. Neither WISN nor the Wisconsin Lottery network televised either game's drawings (held at 9:45pm) due to lack of popularity and their drawing time being during primetime. The Badger 5 game continues to this day; its play style is found in most U.S. lotteries.

The televised drawings and the Money Game were discontinued in late 2002, due to budget constraints and stations moving the show to lower-rated timeslots. The drawings were moved to Madison, where they are conducted around 9:30pm nightly at the Lottery's headquarters building using an air-gapped random number generator machine instead. The stations which were part of the Lottery network continue to receive first priority to release the nightly numbers. The Mega Millions and Powerball drawings now can be aired by any Wisconsin station, although they usually televise the drawings only for large jackpots. Until 2014, the Chicago cable channel WGN America also carried both drawings, as the channel is nearly universally available across the state of Wisconsin, though since then they have not been carried after the network's conversion to a general entertainment format.

On June 14, 2020, the Lottery began to draw Pick 3, Pick 4, and All or Nothing twice daily from Madison; the drawings occur at 1:30 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. CT daily, and are uploaded to the Lottery's YouTube channel shortly after the numbers are generated.

Pre-Wisconsin Lottery
The federally recognized Oneida Nation of Wisconsin sold the first "modern" lottery tickets in the state in the 1980s at their reservation near Green Bay, Wisconsin. Before the Wisconsin Lottery began in 1988, some players who did not want to drive to Illinois tried their luck at stores on the reservation. The main game offered by the Oneida Nation was Big Green, which began as a pick-6-of-36 jackpot game.

The Oneida Nation also offered a televised bingo game program on Green Bay stations in the mid-to-late 1980s, which was in the form of a caller reading the numbers on the bottom of the screen, with the lighted number board on the top portion. Winners could redeem winning cards at the tribe's bingo hall. It has since established a full-service gaming casino, known as the Oneida Bingo & Casino, which includes hotel and conference facilities.

Current lottery-offered online games

Pick 3
Pick 3 is drawn twice daily. It began on September 21, 1992. Pick 3 draws three digits 0 through 9. Prizes and options vary.

Pick 4
Pick 4 began on September 15, 1997 and is drawn twice daily. It draws a four-digit number in the style of Pick 3.

All or Nothing
All or Nothing is drawn twice daily. It draws 11 numbers from 1 through 22, with the top $100,000 prize being won by either matching all eleven numbers, or having none of the eleven drawn numbers; smaller prizes involve matching 1, 2, 3, 8, 9 or 10 numbers. Minimum play is $2, and the game launched on April 7, 2019.

Badger 5
Badger 5 is drawn nightly. It draws 5 numbers from 1 through 31. Badger 5 jackpots begin at $10,000, increasing by at least $1,000 per drawing if not won. Games cost $1. Badger 5 began on February 17, 2003.

SuperCash!
SuperCash! also is nightly. It began on February 4, 1991. SuperCash! draws 6 numbers 1 through 39 (previously from 1 through 36). Players get 2 sets of numbers for each $1 game they play. an even number of games must be played. The top prize is $350,000; initially, the top prize was $250,000.

Wisconsin's Megabucks
Wisconsin's Megabucks (once known as "Wisconsin's Very Own Megabucks" to distinguish itself from the "local" name of Lotto*America), is drawn Wednesdays and Saturdays. It draws 6 numbers 1 through 49. Players get 2 sets of numbers for each $1 game they play.

There have been two incarnations of this game, the first incarnation beginning August 10, 1989 and being replaced by Powerball on April 19, 1992 (which was the year Lotto*America had its final drawing), and the second and current incarnation beginning two months later on June 18, 1992.

Wisconsin's multi-state games

Mega Millions

Mega Millions began as The Big Game in 1996. Mega Millions was expanded in 2010 to include Wisconsin. Its starting jackpot is $40 million. In 2018 the biggest jackpot was $1.537 billion. Mega Millions is drawn Tuesday and Friday nights. Plays are $2 each, or $3 with the Megaplier.

Powerball

Wisconsin has been a member of MUSL since 1989. Powerball began on April 19, 1992, replacing the original incarnation of Wisconsin's Megabucks. Its minimum jackpots is $40 million; it is drawn Wednesdays and Saturdays. Plays are $2; with the PowerPlay, $3.

References

External links

 Lottery drawings playlist on YouTube
 State lottery history page

State lotteries of the United States
Economy of Wisconsin
Computer-drawn lottery games
State agencies of Wisconsin

Wisconsin Lottery


In computational complexity theory, the complexity class NP-equivalent is the set of function problems that are both NP-easy and NP-hard.  NP-equivalent is the analogue of NP-complete for function problems.

For example, the problem FIND-SUBSET-SUM is in NP-equivalent.  Given a set of integers, FIND-SUBSET-SUM is the problem of finding some nonempty subset of the integers that adds up to zero (or returning the empty set if there is no such subset).  This optimization problem is similar to the decision problem SUBSET-SUM.  Given a set of integers, SUBSET-SUM is the problem of finding whether there exists a subset summing to zero.  SUBSET-SUM is NP-complete.

To show that FIND-SUBSET-SUM is NP-equivalent, we must show that it is both NP-hard and NP-easy.

Clearly it is NP-hard.  If we had a black box that solved FIND-SUBSET-SUM in unit time, then it would be easy to solve SUBSET-SUM.  Simply ask the black box to find the subset that sums to zero, then check whether it returned a nonempty set.

It is also NP-easy.  If we had a black box that solved SUBSET-SUM in unit time, then we could use it to solve FIND-SUBSET-SUM. If it returns false, we immediately return the empty set. Otherwise, we visit each element in order and remove it provided that SUBSET-SUM would still return true after we remove it. Once we've visited every element, we will no longer be able to remove any element without changing the answer from true to false; at this point the remaining subset of the original elements must sum to zero. This requires us to note that later removals of elements do not alter the fact that removal of an earlier element changed the answer from true to false. In pseudocode:

 function FIND-SUBSET-SUM(set S)
     if not(SUBSET-SUM(S))
         return {}
     for each x in S
         if SUBSET-SUM(S – {x})
             S := S – {x}
     return S

Another well-known NP-equivalent problem is the traveling salesman problem.

Clarification

In this context NP stands for nondeterministic polynomial time.
There are also NP-equivalence classes of Boolean functions, where NP stands for negation and permutation.

Notes

References
 .

Complexity classes

NP-equivalent


The Eleventh and Final Report of the Royal Commissioners appointed to Inquire into the Organization and Rules of Trades Unions and Other Associations (1868-1869) Parliamentary Papers vol xxxi (or the Report of the Royal Commission on Trade Unions) was a landmark report to the United Kingdom Parliament, which led to the legalisation of trade unions. The Commissioners who wrote the Report were divided, and delivered a Majority Report, and a dissenting Minority Report. The Minority Report was preferred by the Liberal Government, and this led to the Trade Union Act 1871.

Background
Combinations of Workmen Act 1825
Friendly Societies Act 1855
Hilton v Eckersley (1855) 6 El & Bl 47
Reform Act 1867
Hornby v Close (1867) LR 2 QB 153
Skinner v Kitch (1867) LR 2 QB 393
K Marx, Das Kapital (1867)
Trade Union Congress, first meeting in 1868

Content

Majority Report
The Majority Report recommended that trade union internal affairs should be regulated in a manner 'resembling in some degree that of Corporations.' But little else. It wanted a system of registration, which would give immunity from criminal law. But union rules would be subject to approval by the Registrar of Friendly Societies, which would reject rules that restricted entry to trade, had a closed shop objective, or permitted sympathetic action on behalf of other workgroups.

Elcho and Herman Merivale dissented in part on the question of whether prosecutions for breach of contract should be allowed.

Minority Report
A combined dissent was written by the Earl of Lichfield Thomas George Anson, Thomas Hughes and Frederic Harrison. Their Minority Report emphasised the work of unions in providing benefits to their members. It recommended they be given sufficient legal status to have immunity from criminal and restraint of trade laws, and to enable protection of their funds. It wanted rule registration, but no control for the Registrar, except where incomplete or fraudulent, and no legal process over union internal affairs.

See also
UK labour law

Notes

United Kingdom labour law
Reports of the United Kingdom government
1868 in the United Kingdom
1869 in the United Kingdom
British trade unions history
1868 in labor relations
1869 in labor relations
1869 documents


Kumara Swamy Desikar (born Kumara Swamy, 8 October  1711 – 5 December 1810), was a Saiva spiritual writer. He was born to a Tamil-speaking Desikar family in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu. He composed over three books.

Life
Kumara Swamy Desikar was born in a town called Kanchipuram Thondai mandalam in Tamil Nadu, South India, into an orthodox Saiva Tamil (Desikar) family around the 17th century. He was a respectable spiritual leader. Kumara swamy Desikar was the Archaka and Dikshithar for the people of Thondai mandalam. He left his family and went to Thiruvannamalai with his disciples. There he planned to become a sage. But it failed. He married Thangammal.

Lineage
He had three sons and a daughter: Siva Prakasar, Velaiyar, Karunai prakasar, and Gnambikai Ammal.

Siva prakasar a poet was blessed as 'Sivanuputhichelvar' by the grace of God, as claimed. He is acclaimed as 'Karpanai Kalangiyam' by renowned scholars of Tamil-speaking world. He compiled " Neerotta Yamaha Anthathi " to defeat the arrogant poet. The verses will not make both lips touch. And also written Nanneri, Naalvar Naan Mani Maalai, Yesu Matha Niragaranam. He attained mukthi motcha at 32 age in Nallathur, near Pondicherry.

Kumara Swamy Desikar's daughter Gnambikai married Perur Santhalinga Swamigal.

His second son Karunai Prakasar wrote more than five books in Tamil "Seegalathi sarukkam, Ishtalinga Agaval". He died at Thiruvengai.

Velaiyar wrote more than seven books. Mayilathula, Nallur puranam, Mayilai thirattai mani maalai, Ishta linga kaithala maalai, Kumbakona Sarangathevar history as Veera singhathana puranam, Gugai Namachivaya Desikar history as Namchivaya leelai and Krisnanan history as Paarijatha leelai.

Swaminatha Desikar converted to Christianity in October 1884, changing his name to Susai Alias Swaminatha Desikar.

There were no children for Siva Prakasar, Karunai Prakasar, Gnambikai ammal. Only Velaiyar had a son. Likewise Kumara Swamy Desikar's lineage continues via Susai alias Swaminatha Desikar.

References

External links

Tamil-language literature
18th-century Indian philosophers
Indian spiritual writers
1711 births
1810 deaths
18th-century Indian writers
People from Kanchipuram district
18th-century Hindu religious leaders
Scholars from Tamil Nadu

Kumara Swamy Desikar


Joan Tavares Avant (born April 14, 1940), also known as Granny Squannit, is a Mashpee Wampanoag tribal leader, historian, and writer living in Mashpee, Massachusetts.

Biography
Joan Tavares Avant is the granddaughter of respected Mashpee leader Mabel Pocknett Avant (Nokomis). Avant has served three terms as Tribal President, four terms as Tribal Historian, and was the Director of Indian Education in the Mashpee Public School System for 26 years where she developed a Wampanoag curriculum along with teaching and promoting history and cultural awareness to Native parents, students and non-Natives. She has worked with Wampanoag families for over 30 years regarding social issues and has served in the court as a Professional Tribal Elder for family in crises (IQUA). In that latter capacity, she worked to provide guidance and promote cultural awareness to local Wampanoag students and teachers, as well as to provide school day care and tutoring services. She worked with Native and non-Native educators to create a curriculum that highlighted local Wampanoag elders, culture, history, legends, and values.

In 1993, the Falmouth Affirmative Action Committee recognized Avant for her work with education.  In November 2012 she was featured in the CBS News segment Wampanoag: Reviving the language discussing the Wampanoag Language Reclamation Project. Avant remains actively involved in the Mashpee community as a Clan Mother, Commissioner for the Tribal Housing Commission, and member of the Mashpee Historical Commission. She also serves on the Mittark Committee, which publishes Nashauonk Mittark, the monthly Mashpee Wampanoag newsletter.

Avant is mother to four children, grandmother to five grandchildren, great-grandmother to 3 great-grandchildren, and has two unadopted adult children, all which she loves dearly. She is also one of seven clan mothers, the Deer clan mother of her tribe.

Education
Avant received a Bachelor of Arts in human services in 1993 at the age of 53  from the University of Massachusetts Boston, and a master's degree in education at Cambridge College in 1995. She is currently working on a doctoral degree in Education at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Publications
Avant has had a long career as a columnist for the Mashpee Enterprise, in which she currently writes a column titled "Tales From Granny Squannit," and has also written for the Cape Cod Times. Two of her articles, Now, and Always, Wampanaog  and With Intent to Civilize, have been featured in the Cultural Survival quarterly magazine. She is also an editor of the National League of American Pen Women's newsletter.

She has also self-published two books: Wampanoag cooking: A prelude to the soon-to-be-published book Wampanoag foods & legends (1993) and People of the First Light (2010).  The latter is a compilation of personal memoirs, Wampanoag history, and recipes, focusing on Avant's own experiences in the Mashpee Community.

The Tale of Granny Squannit
Granny Squannit is one of the oldest Wampanoag legends. An old medicine woman with long black hair covering the single eye in her forehead, she snatches away children who misbehave, taking them away in her canoe to her cave in Cummaquid to scare them into being good. However, Granny Squannit also has a benevolent side, giving presents to good children and guiding sailors who leave her gifts. Every Halloween, Avant dresses up as Granny and greets (often scaring them in the process) Mashpee children as they walk through the woods.

After playing Granny Squannit for adults, children and organizations and keeping her alive through writings for 20 years, Avant was given "Granny Squannit" as her native name from their tribal medicine man. She continues to write articles on Granny Squannit, even having her own column titled "Tales from Granny Squannit" in the Mashpee Enterprise in recent years. She also has a black and white tattoo of Granny Squannit on her right arm.

Today
Joan writes, "I am honored to serve as a founding trustee for the WLRP project to open a K-3 immersion charter school in the fall of 2015. It has been my forever passion to not only preserve the culture but to assist making wise pedagogic decisions for our children and families in their own public recognized tribal school".

References

Mashpee Wampanoag people
Native American writers
Historians of Native Americans
Educators from Massachusetts
American women educators
University of Massachusetts Boston alumni
People from Mashpee, Massachusetts
American cookbook writers
Women cookbook writers
1940 births
Education in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Living people
American women historians
Women food writers
Native American people from Massachusetts
Historians from Massachusetts
20th-century Native Americans
20th-century Native American women
21st-century Native American women
Native American women writers
21st-century Native American writers

Joan Tavares Avant


Polyura athamas, the common nawab, is a species of fast-flying canopy butterfly found in tropical Asia. It belongs to the Charaxinae (rajahs and nawabs) in the brush-footed butterfly family (Nymphalidae).

It occurs in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim, the hills of central India and the Eastern Ghats, the Western Ghats and southern India, Sri Lanka, Assam, Cachar, and via Myanmar, Cambodia and the Tenasserim Hills far into Indonesia. In August 2016 a specimen was spotted and caught in Palawan, Philippines.

Description

Male and female. Upperside black. Forewings and hindwings with a discal broad transverse area from below vein 4 in forewing to vein 2 on hindwing, a moderately large spot in interspace 5, a minute preapical dot beyond in interspace 6 on forewing, and a subterminal row of spots with two or three spots beyond them on the tornal angle of the hindwing, pale yellow, sometimes with an ochraceous, sometimes with a greenish tinge. The discal area on the forewing nearly as broad in interspace 3 as on the dorsum, on the hindwing narrowing to an acute point on vein 2 at two-thirds of its length from base of wing. Tails touched with bluish grey. Underside with the discal transverse area and spot in interspace 5 as on the upperside; base and costal margin of the forewing to apex, and base and dorsal margin of the hindwing broadly lilacine brown, on forewing with two small black spots near base. Bordering the transverse discal area on the inner side, where it is margined with black lines, and above, is a broad chocolate carved band, continued more narrowly along the outer side of the discal area; beyond this on the forewing is a concave series of dusky black lunules, on the hindwing the band itself is traversed by a line of obscure pale lunules; finally on the hindwing there is a subterminal series of internally white-bordered black spots followed by an obscure ochraceous terminal line, and above the tornal angle a slender transverse black line from vein 1 to the dorsal margin.

Wingspan 64–85 mm.

Variation
"The species exhibits considerable seasonal variation, especially in South and North India; for we find that the specimens obtained in March and April in North and North-west India have the discal band much widened and the underside pale, while the individuals flying in May and June have the band narrower, and those found in Sikkim from August to November have it narrowest. In South India there are two well distinguished forms, the one corresponding to the spring form of North India, but with the band less broad and representing most likely the dry-season brood, respectively a form that inhabits dry districts, and the second having the band narrower and the underside brighter in tint. In Burma broad-banded, pale specimens occur also, besides narrow-banded ones......  The differences exhibited by the pale and the narrow-banded forms have often been treated as being of specific value; for instance, the pale South Indian form has been described as E. agrarius, while the darker form is referred to as E. samatha; the North Indian spring form has been designated as E. hamasta, the form May to June as E. bharata, and the summer form as E. athamas.....As the species is so susceptible to climatical differences, it is self-evident that the individuals caught in the same month at the same locality, but in different years, are not always identical in the width of the band, and that, further, in different localities of the same country one may meet with somewhat different forms of athamas in one year, and identical forms in another year. This one must bear in mind in working with the individuals of athamas from a certain country."

"Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan in their monograph of Charaxes and allied Prionopterous genera divide the forms of athamas (then placed in genus Eulepis) occurring within our limits into two subspecies—(1) E. athamas athamas, the Northern and Eastern race, with three seasonal forms; and (2) E. athamas agrarius, the Southern Indian and Ceylon race, with two seasonal forms. The differences between the subspecies seem to not sufficient to necessitate detailed descriptions in the present work. Following Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan, I keep, with much doubt, however, the next form separate from athamas, of which it is possibly only a dimorph."

C. & R. Felder described Charaxes bharata in 1867 which was later considered as a synonym of this species. A molecular phylogenetic work (Toussaint et al. 2015) has suggested this to be a distinct species.

Caterpillar
"Elongated, slug-shaped, dark green; head large, wide and surmounted by four divergent curved fleshy spinous processes; anal segment with two short naked terminal points; the segments with an oblique yellowish-white lateral stripe, most prominent on the 7th, 9th and 11th segments, and beneath these a lower series of small white spots." (Moore.)  The caterpillars are popularly known as "Dragon-headed Caterpillars" because of the shape of the "horns".

Pupa
"Thick, cylindrically oval; green streaked with white; dorsum and thorax convex; head broad, truncated, obtusely pointed in front." (Moore.)

Ecology
Eggs are laid on various species of Fabaceae plants. These include acacias such as A. caesia, A. catechu (black cutch) and A. farnesiana (needle bush), Adenanthera pavonina, Albizia species such as A. chinensis, A. corniculata, A. julibrissin (nemu tree) and A. lebbeck (siris or lebbeck), Caesalpinia species such as C. bonduc, C. major and C. regia, Delonix regia (gulmohar), Grewia species, Leucaena leucocephala (white popinac), Peltophorum pterocarpum (copperpod), Pithecellobium clypearia and Pithecellobium dulce (monkeypod).

At least on Borneo but probably elsewhere too, adults do generally not visit carrion or old fruit to drink liquids.

See also
 Anomalous common nawab (Polyura agraria, now Charaxes agrarius)

Footnotes

References

 Hamer, K.C.; Hill, J.K.; Benedick, S.; Mustaffa, N.; Chey, V.K. & Maryati, M. (2006). Diversity and ecology of carrion- and fruit-feeding butterflies in Bornean rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22: 25–33.  (HTML abstract).
 Robinson, Gaden, S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian J.; Beccaloni, George W. & Hernández, Luis M. (2007). HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Accessed December 2006.

Polyura
Fauna of Pakistan
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Indochina
Butterflies described in 1773
Taxa named by Dru Drury

Polyura athamas