1393 was a common year.

Events of 1393
 In central Persia, the Muzzafarid Empire, led by Shah Mansur, rebels against their Timurid occupiers. The rebellion is squashed and the Muzaffarid nobility are executed, ending the Muzaffarid Dynasty in Persia.
 George VII succeeds his popular father, Bagrat V, as King of Georgia.
 Abdul Aziz II becomes Sultan of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morroco after the death of Sultan Abu Al-Abbas.
 Raimondo del Balzo Orsini succeeds Otto of Brunswick as Prince of Taranto (now south-eastern Italy).
 Samsenethai succeeds his father, Fa Ngum, as King of Lan Xang (now Laos).
 King James I of Cyprus inherits the title of King of Armenia after the death of his distant cousin Leo VI. Although, the Mamluk conquerors from Egypt remain the true rulers.
 A Ming Dynasty Chinese record stated that 720,000 sheets of toilet paper (two by three ft. in size) alone were produced for the various members of the imperial court at Beijing, while the Imperial Bureau of Supplies also reported that 15,000 sheets of toilet paper alone were designated for the royal family (made of fine soft yellow tissue and perfumed).
 Bosnia resists an invasion by the Ottoman Empire.
 The Ottoman Turks capture Turnovgrad (now Veliko Tarnovo), the capital city of east Bulgaria. Emperor Ivan Shishman is allowed to remain as a puppet ruler of east Bulgaria.
 Sikander Shah I succeeds Muhammad Shah III as Sultan of Delhi. Sikander Shah I is succeeded two months later by Mahmud II.
 Abu Thabid II succeeds, Abu Tashufin II, as ruler of the Abdalwadid dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria. Abu Thabid II is succeeded in the same year by his brother, Abul Hadjdjadj I.
 Konrad von Jungingen succeeds Konrad von Wallenrode as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
 Maelruanaidh MacDermot succeeds Aedh MacDermot as King of Moylurg in north-central Ireland.
 King Stjepan Dabiša of Bosnia signs the Contract of Djakovice, establishing peace with King Sigismund of Hungary.

Births
 August 24 – Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (died 1458).
 John Capgrave, theologian (died 1464).
 Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini, Prince of Taranto (died 1463).

Deaths
 June 6 – Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan, former Pretender to the thrown of Japan (born 1359).
 Fa Ngum, creator of the Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang.
 King Leo VI of Armenia.
 King Bagrat V of Georgia.
 Sultan Abu Al-Abbas of the Marinid dynasty.
 Konrad von Wallenrode, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.

1393


The John Ownby Cabin is a historic cabin in Sevier County, Tennessee, United States.  Located in The Sugarlands, it lies within the boundaries of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.  It was built in 1860, and is the last surviving structure from the pre-park Forks-of-the-River community.  Repairs were carried out on the dilapidated cabin in 1964, which included replacing the front porch, and the cabin was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.  The cabin currently stands along the Fighting Creek Nature Trail, an interpretive trail accessible behind the Sugarlands Visitor Center.

The cabin is a one-story, single-pen cabin measuring  by .  The walls are built of hewn white pine and poplar logs with dove-tail notching.  The cabin's interior contains a sawn board floor, and lacks a loft.  The  porch consists of sawn boards over a hewn log sill.  The cabin's gabled roof is covered with split oak shingles, and the roof of the porch, which is slightly lower than the cabin roof, is supported by hardwood posts.  The cabin has two board and batten doors and two windows, and a chimney constructed of rubble and red clay.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Houses completed in 1860
Houses in Sevier County, Tennessee
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Log cabins in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Sevier County, Tennessee
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
1860 establishments in Tennessee

John Ownby Cabin


Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker  (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For 20 years he served as director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, succeeding his father, William Jackson Hooker, and was awarded the highest honours of British science.

Biography

Early years
Hooker was born in Halesworth, Suffolk, England. He was the second son of Maria Sarah Turner, eldest daughter of the banker Dawson Turner and sister-in-law of Francis Palgrave, and the famous botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker, Regius Professor of Botany. From the age of seven, Hooker attended his father's lectures at the University of Glasgow, taking an early interest in plant distribution and the voyages of explorers like Captain James Cook. He was educated at the Glasgow High School and went on to study medicine at the University of Glasgow graduating with an MD in 1839.

His degree qualified him for employment in the Naval Medical Service. He joined the polar explorer Captain James Clark Ross's Antarctic expedition to the South Magnetic Pole after receiving a commission as Assistant-Surgeon on . On this expedition, Hooker was granted full access to the private library of Richard Clement Moody, then Governor of the Falkland Islands. Hooker described the library as 'excellent', and developed a close friendship with Moody.

Marriages and children

In 1851, he married Frances Harriet Henslow (1825–1874), daughter of Darwin's mentor, John Stevens Henslow. They had  three daughters and four sons:
 William Henslow Hooker (1853–1942)
 Harriet Anne Hooker (1854–1945) married William Turner Thiselton-Dyer
 Charles Paget Hooker (1855–1933)
 Maria Elizabeth Hooker (1857–1863) died aged 6.
 Brian Harvey Hodgson Hooker (1860–1932)
 Reginald Hawthorn Hooker (1867–1944) statistician
 Grace Ellen Hooker (1868–1955)

Frances Harriet Henslow's contribution to his work included translating French botanical texts which Hooker edited.

After his first wife's death in 1874, in 1876 he married Lady Hyacinth Jardine (1842–1921), daughter of William Samuel Symonds and the widow of Sir William Jardine. They had two sons:
 Joseph Symonds Hooker (1877–1940)
 Richard Symonds Hooker (1885–1950).

Lady Hooker was elected a Fellow of the RSPB in 1905.

Sons Willy and Brian
Hooker regularly corresponded with the chief government scientist in New Zealand, Sir James Hector. He sent his son Willy (aged 15) to stay in New Zealand with the recently married Hector in 1869, Willy was sickly and coughing up blood, and a warmer climate was recommended. Though well-behaved he was indolent. Hector sent him on a cruise on a Government steamer the Sturt with a son (also 15) of Colonel Haultain the Defence minister. Mrs Hector treated him like a younger brother. After eight months and in better health Hector sent him home to England, saying he had greatly improved. His father was grateful, and surprised when Willy passed the civil service examination. He got an administrative job in the India Office, and lived to age 89.

However, his third son, Brian, was a "great worry" to him. He qualified as a geologist and mining engineer at the Royal School of Mines but unable to get a job in Britain emigrated to Australia, where he married. He resigned a Queensland lectureship to invest (with his brother Willy) in an impressively named but cash-strapped gold-mining company which collapsed, the Queensland Minerals Exploration Company. Joseph was appalled; Brian could not support his wife and children or find employment.

In 1891, Hector sent a pessimistic report on a proposed tin mine on Stewart Island, and saw Brian in 1892 and 1893, after he left his family in Australia. Hector ceased to be involved with mining in New Zealand under the new Liberal government. Brian returned to his family in Australia in 1894.

Death and burial
On 10 December 1911, after a short and apparently minor illness, Hooker died in his sleep at home, the Camp, Sunningdale, Berkshire. The Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey offered a grave near Darwin's in the nave but insisted that Hooker be cremated before.

His widow, Hyacinth, declined the proposal and eventually Hooker's body was buried, as he wished to be, alongside his father in the churchyard of St Anne's Church, Kew, a short distance from Kew Gardens. His memorial tablet in the church, with a motif of five plants, was designed by Matilda Smith.

Work

Voyage to the Antarctic 1839–1843

Hooker's first expedition, led by James Clark Ross, consisted of two ships,  and ; it was the last major voyage of exploration made entirely under sail. Hooker was the youngest of the 128-man crew. He sailed on the Erebus and was assistant to Robert McCormick, who in addition to being the ship's Surgeon was instructed to collect zoological and geological specimens. The ships sailed on 30 September 1839. Before journeying to Antarctica they visited Madeira, Tenerife, Santiago and Quail Island in the Cape Verde archipelago, St Paul Rocks, Trinidade east of Brazil, St Helena, and the Cape of Good Hope. Hooker made plant collections at each location and while travelling drew these and specimens of algae and sea life pulled aboard using tow nets.

From the Cape they entered the Southern Ocean. Their first stop was the Crozet Islands where they set down on Possession Island to deliver coffee to sealers. They departed for the Kerguelen Islands where they would spend several days. Hooker identified 18 flowering plants, 35 mosses and liverworts, 25 lichens and 51 algae, including some that were not described by surgeon William Anderson when James Cook had visited the islands in 1772. The expedition spent some time in Hobart, Van Diemen's Land, and then moved on to the Auckland Islands and Campbell Island, and onward to Antarctica to locate the South Magnetic Pole. After spending 5 months in the Antarctic they returned to resupply in Hobart, then went on to Sydney, and the Bay of Islands in New Zealand from 18 August to 23 November 1841. They left New Zealand to return to Antarctica. After spending 138 days at sea, and a collision between the Erebus and Terror, they sailed to the Falkland Islands, to Tierra del Fuego, back to the Falklands and onward to their third sortie into the Antarctic. When Hooker arrived on the Falkland Islands with the expedition of Ross, he developed a close friendship with Richard Clement Moody, the Governor of the Falkland Islands. Moody granted Hooker full use of his personal library, which Hooker described as 'excellent', and Hooker described Moody as 'a very active and intelligent young man, most anxious to improve the colony and gain every information [sic] respecting its products'.

Subsequently, the Ross expedition made a landing at Cockburn Island off the Antarctic Peninsula, and after leaving the Antarctic, stopped at the Cape, St Helena and Ascension Island. The ships arrived back in England on 4 September 1843; the voyage had been a success for Ross as it was the first to confirm the existence of the southern continent and chart much of its coastline.

Geological Survey of Great Britain
In 1845, Hooker applied for the Chair of Botany at the University of Edinburgh. This position included duties at the Royal Botanic Gardens of Scotland, and so the appointment was influenced by local politicians. An unusually protracted struggle ensued, resulting in the election of the locally born and bred botanist, John Hutton Balfour. The Darwin correspondence, now public, makes clear Darwin's sense of shock at this unexpected outcome. Hooker declined a chair at Glasgow University which became vacant on Balfour's appointment. Instead, he took a position as botanist to the Geological Survey of Great Britain in 1846. He began work on palaeobotany, searching for fossil plants in the coal-beds of Wales, eventually discovering the first coal ball in 1855. He became engaged to Frances Henslow, daughter of Charles Darwin's botany tutor John Stevens Henslow, but he was keen to continue to travel and gain more experience in the field. He wanted to travel to India and the Himalayas. In 1847 his father nominated him to travel to India and collect plants for Kew. In 2011, a collection of glass plate slides of paleontological fossils, some prepared by Darwin, William Nicol and others, which had been lost following Hooker's brief tenure with the Survey, were rediscovered in the Survey vaults in Keyworth in Nottinghamshire, and they shed light on the international breadth of English scientific research in the first half of the nineteenth century.

Voyage to the Himalayas and India 1847–1851

On 11 November 1847 Hooker left England for his three-year-long Himalayan expedition. This was just 10 days after being granted two and a half years' leave from the Geological Survey to study fossil plants in India and Borneo on behalf of Kew and the Admiralty. He would be the first European to collect plants in the Himalaya, but abandoned the projected visit to Labuan. He received free passage on , to the Nile and then travelled overland to Suez where he boarded a ship to India. He arrived in Calcutta on 12 January 1848, leaving on 28th to begin his travels with a geological survey party under 'Mr Williams', who he left on 3 March to continue travelling by elephant to Mirzapur, up the Ganges by boat to Siliguri and overland by pony to Darjeeling, arriving on 16 April 1848.

Hooker's expedition was based in Darjeeling where he stayed with naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson. Through Hodgson he met British East India Company representative Archibald Campbell who negotiated Hooker's admission to Sikkim, which was finally approved in 1849 (He was later briefly taken prisoner by the Raja of Sikkim). Meanwhile, Hooker wrote to Darwin relaying to him the habits of animals in India, and collected plants in Bengal. He explored with local resident Charles Barnes, then travelled along the Great Runjeet river to its junction with the Teesta River and Tonglu mountain in the Singalila range on the border with Nepal.

Hooker and a sizeable party of local assistants departed for eastern Nepal on 27 October 1848. They travelled to Zongri, west over the spurs of Kangchenjunga, and north west along Nepal's passes into Tibet. In April 1849 he planned a longer expedition into Sikkim. Leaving on 3May, he travelled north west up the Lachen Valley to the Kongra Lama Pass and then to the Lachoong Pass. Campbell and Hooker were imprisoned by the Dewan of Sikkim as they travelled towards the Cho La in Tibet. A British team was sent to negotiate with the king of Sikkim. However, they were released without any bloodshed and Hooker returned to Darjeeling, where he spent January and February 1850 writing his journals, replacing specimens lost during his detention and planning a journey for his last year in India. According to an 1887 journal written by Indian administrator Richard Temple, many of the rhododendrons found in English gardens of the time were grown from seeds collected by Hooker in Sikkim.

Reluctant to return to Sikkim, and unenthusiastic about travelling in Bhutan, he chose to make his last Himalayan expedition to Sylhet and the Khasi Hills in Assam. He was accompanied by Thomas Thomson, a fellow student from Glasgow University. They left Darjeeling on 1 May 1850, then sailed to the Bay of Bengal and travelled overland by elephant to the Khasi Hills and established a headquarters for their studies in Churra, where they stayed until 9 December, when they began their trip back to England.

Hooker's survey of hitherto unexplored regions, the Himalayan Journals, dedicated to Charles Darwin, was published by the Calcutta Trigonometrical Survey Office in 1854, abbreviated again in 1855 and later by the Minerva Library of Famous Books published by Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co. in 1891.

When Hooker returned to England his father, who had been appointed director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1841, was now a prominent man of science. William Hooker, through his connections, secured an Admiralty grant of £1000 to defray the cost of plates for his son's Botany of the Antarctic Voyages, and an annual stipend of £200 for Joseph while he worked on the flora. Hooker's flora was also to include that collected on the voyages of Cook and Menzies held by the British Museum and collections made on the Beagle. The floras were illustrated by Walter Hood Fitch (trained in botanical illustration by William Hooker), who would go on to become the most prolific Victorian botanical artist.

Hooker's collections from the Antarctic voyage were described eventually in one of two volumes published as the Flora Antarctica (1844–47). In the Flora he wrote about islands and their role in plant geography: the work made Hooker's reputation as a systemist and plant geographer. His works on the voyage were completed with Flora Novae-Zelandiae (1851–53) and Flora Tasmaniae (1853–59).

Voyage to Palestine 1860
This trip was taken in the autumn of 1860, with Daniel Hanbury. They visited and collected in Syria and Palestine; no full-length report was published, but a number of papers were written. Hooker recognised three phytogeographical divisions: Western Syria and Palestine; Eastern Syria and Palestine; Middle and Upper mountain regions of Syria.

Voyage to Morocco 1871
Hooker visited Morocco from April to June 1871, in the company of John Ball, George Maw and a young gardener from Kew, called Crump. They published an account of their travels entitled Journal of a Tour in Marocco and The Great Atlas (1878).

Voyage to Western United States 1877
This was undertaken with his friend Asa Gray, the leading American botanist of the day. They wished to investigate the connection between the floras of eastern United States and those of eastern continental Asia and Japan; and the line of demarcation between Arctic floras of America and Greenland. As probable causes they considered the Glacial periods and an earlier land connection with an Arctic continent. "A difficult question was why in the great mountain chains of the Western United States there appeared to be only a few botanical enclaves of plants of eastern-Asiatic afinities among plants of Mexican and more southern types."

Hooker visited a number of cities and botanical institutions before moving west and climbing to 9,000 ft to camp at La Veta. From Fort Garland they climbed the Sierra Blanca at 14,500 ft. After returning to La Veta, they went beyond Colorado Springs to Pike's Peak. Next to Denver and Salt Lake City for an excursion into the Wasatch Range. A journey of 29 hours took them to Reno and Carson City, then Silver City and ten days by wagon across the Sierra Nevada. Thus they came to the Yosemite and Calaveras Grove, and ended up in San Francisco. Hooker was back in Kew with 1,000 dried specimens by October.

His comments on his encounters include the following:
 After meeting and talking to Brigham Young, whom he described as respectable and well-spoken: "All the school children are brought up to believe in him [Brigham Young], and in a lot of scripture history as useless and idle as that taught in our schools."
 Of Georgetown: the "finger-tip of civilisation" where "the people sleep without locks to their doors, the fire-engines are well-manned and in capital order, and there is no end of food".
 "The New Englanders are most like us in language, speech and habits... The Americans are great and promiscuous eaters... beds are remarkably clean and good, but the pillows are too soft."

His views on the flora of Colorado and Utah: There are two temperate, and two cold or mountain floras, viz: 1. a prairie flora derived from the eastward; 2. a so-called desert and saline flora derived from the west; 3. a sub-alpine; 4. an alpine flora, the two latter of widely different origin, and in one sense proper to the Rocky Mountain ranges.

His overview of North American flora contained these elements:
Polar area, from the Behring Strait to Greenland.
British North American flora, south of the Arctic flora, in five meridional belts.
United States flora, in belts:
The Great Eastern Forest region, from the Atlantic to beyond the Mississippi.
The Prairie region.
The Sink region, confined to gullies of the mountains.
The Sierra Nevada.

Darwin and evolution

While on the Erebus, Hooker had read proofs of Charles Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle provided by Charles Lyell and had been very impressed by Darwin's skill as a naturalist. They had met once, before the Antarctic voyage embarked. After Hooker's return to England, he was approached by Darwin who invited him to classify the plants that Darwin had collected in South America and the Galápagos Islands. Hooker agreed and the pair began a lifelong friendship. On 11 January 1844 Darwin mentioned to Hooker his early ideas on the transmutation of species and natural selection, and Hooker showed interest. In 1847 he agreed to read Darwin's "Essay" explaining the theory, and responded with notes giving Darwin calm critical feedback. Their correspondence continued throughout the development of Darwin's theory and in 1858 Darwin wrote that Hooker was "the one living soul from whom I have constantly received sympathy".

 wrote "Hooker was Charles Darwin's greatest friend and confidant". Certainly they had extensive correspondence, and they also met face-to-face (Hooker visiting Darwin). Hooker and Lyell were the two people Darwin consulted (by letter) when Alfred Russel Wallace's famous letter arrived at Down House, enclosing his paper on natural selection. Hooker was instrumental in creating the device whereby the Wallace paper was accompanied by Darwin's notes and his letter to Asa Gray (showing his prior realisation of natural selection) in a presentation to the Linnean Society. Hooker was the one who formally presented this material to the Linnean Society meeting in 1858. In 1859 the author of The Origin of Species recorded his indebtedness to Hooker's wide knowledge and balanced judgment.

In December 1859, Hooker published the Introductory Essay to the Flora Tasmaniae, the final part of the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. It was in this essay (which appeared just one month after the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species), that Hooker announced his support for the theory of evolution by natural selection, thus becoming the first recognised man of science to publicly back Darwin.

At the historic debate on evolution held at the Oxford University Museum on 30 June 1860, Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, Benjamin Brodie and Robert FitzRoy spoke against Darwin's theory, and Hooker and Thomas Henry Huxley defended it. According to Hooker's own account, it was he and not Huxley who delivered the most effective reply to Wilberforce's arguments.

Hooker acted as president of the British Association at its Norwich meeting of 1868, when his address was remarkable for its championship of Darwinian theories. He was a close friend of Thomas Henry Huxley, a member of the X-Club (which dominated the Royal Society in the 1870s and early 1880s), and the first of the three X-Clubbers in succession to become President of the Royal Society. In 1862, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

By his travels and his publications, Hooker built up a high scientific reputation at home. In 1855 he was appointed Assistant-Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and in 1865 he succeeded his father as full Director, holding the post for twenty years. Under the directorship of father and son Hooker, the Royal Botanic gardens of Kew rose to world renown. At the age of thirty, Hooker was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1873 he was chosen its president (till 1877). He received three of its medals: the Royal Medal in 1854, the Copley in 1887 and the Darwin Medal in 1892. He continued to intersperse work at Kew with foreign exploration and collecting. His journeys to Palestine, Morocco and the United States all produced valuable information and specimens for Kew.

He started the series Flora Indica in 1855, together with Thomas Thompson. Their botanical observations and the publication of the Rhododendrons of Sikkim–Himalaya (1849–51), formed the basis of elaborate works on the rhododendrons of the Sikkim Himalaya and on the flora of India. His works were illustrated with lithographs by Walter Hood Fitch.

His greatest botanical work was the Flora of British India, published in seven volumes starting in 1872. On the publication of the last part in 1897, he was promoted Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (being made a Knight Commander of that Order in 1877). Ten years later, on attaining the age of ninety in 1907, he was awarded the Order of Merit.

He was the author of numerous scientific papers and monographs, and his larger books included, in addition to those already mentioned, a standard Students Flora of the British Isles and a monumental work, the Genera plantarum (1860–83), based on the collections at Kew, in which he had the assistance of George Bentham. His collaboration with George Bentham was especially important. Bentham, an amateur botanist who worked at Kew for many years, was perhaps the leading botanical systematist of the 19th century. The Handbook of the British flora, begun by Bentham and completed by Hooker, was the standard text for a hundred years. It was always known as 'Bentham & Hooker'.

In 1904, at the age of 87, Hooker published A sketch of the Vegetation of the Indian Empire. He continued the compilation of his father Sir William Jackson Hooker's project, Icones Plantarum (Illustrations of Plants), producing volumes eleven through nineteen, with most of the illustrations being prepared for him by Matilda Smith.

Attacks on Hooker and on Kew
The Herbarium at Kew was founded in 1853, and quickly grew in size and importance. At the time, Richard Owen was the Superintendent of the natural history departments of the British Museum, reporting only to the Head of the British Museum. Hooker, appointed in 1855 as Assistant Director of Kew, was the man most responsible for bringing foreign specimens to Kew.

The relationship between the two men continued to deteriorate after Hooker became a supporter of Darwin's views and a member of the X-Club, who set out to get their way with the Royal Society. In 1868 Hooker had proposed that the whole of the huge herbarium collection of Joseph Banks should be moved from the British Museum to Kew, a reasonable idea, but a threat to Owen's plans for a museum in South Kensington to house the natural history collections. Hooker cited mismanagement at the British Museum as a justification.

After Joseph had succeeded his father as Director, in 1865, the independence of Kew was seriously threatened by the machinations of a member of parliament, Acton Smee Ayrton, whose appointment as First Commissioner of Works by Gladstone in 1869 was greeted in The Times with the prophecy that it would prove "another instance of Mr. Ayrton's unfortunate tendency to carry out what he thinks right in as unpleasant a manner as possible". This was relevant because Kew was funded by the Board of Works, and the Director of Kew reported to the First Commissioner. The conflict between the two men lasted from 1870 to 1872, and there is a voluminous correspondence on the Ayrton Episode held at Kew.

Ayrton behaved in an extraordinary way, interfering in matters and approaching Hooker's colleagues behind his back, apparently with the aim of getting Hooker to resign, when the expenditure on Kew could be curtailed and diverted. Ayrton actually took staff appointments out of Hooker's hands. He seemed not to value the scientific work, and to believe Kew should be just an amusement park. Hooker wrote:

Finally, Hooker asked to be put in communication with Gladstone's private secretary, Algernon West. A statement was drawn up over the signatures of Darwin, Lyell, Huxley, Tyndall, Bentham and others. It was laid before Parliament by John Lubbock, and additional papers laid before the House of Lords. Lord Derby called for all the correspondence on the matter. The Treasury supported Hooker and criticised Ayrton's behaviour.

One extraordinary fact emerged. There had been an official report on Kew, which had not previously been seen in public, which Ayrton had caused to be written by Richard Owen. Hooker had not seen the report, and so had not been given right of reply. Nonetheless, the report was amongst the papers laid before Parliament, and it contained an attack on both the Hookers, and suggested (amongst much else) that they had mismanaged the care of their trees, and that their systematic approach to botany was nothing more than "attaching barbarous binomials to foreign weeds". The discovery of this report no doubt helped to sway opinion in favour of Hooker and Kew (there was debate in the press as well as Parliament). Hooker replied to the Owen report in a point by point factual manner, and his reply was placed with the other papers on the case. When Ayrton was questioned about it in the debate led by Lubbock, he replied that "Hooker was too low an official to raise questions of matter with a Minister of the Crown".

The outcome was not a vote in the Commons, but a kind of truce until, in August 1874, Gladstone transferred Ayrton from the Board of Works to the office of Judge Advocate-General, just before his government fell. Ayrton failed to get re-elected to Parliament. From that moment to this, the value of the Botanic Gardens has never been seriously questioned. In the midst of this crisis, Hooker was elected as President of the Royal Society in 1873. This showed publicly the high regard which Hooker's fellow scientists had for him, and the great importance they attached to his work.

Honours and commemoration
 1847 Fellow of the Royal Society
 1869 Companion of the Order of the Bath
1869 Election to the American Philosophical Society
 1877 Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India
 1873 President of the Royal Society
 1883 Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society
 1885 Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
 1897 Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
 1902 Pour le Mérite from the Kingdom of Prussia, awarded by the German Emperor
 1907 Order of Merit

Hooker Oak in Chico, California, was named after him.
Hooker Island in Franz Josef Land was named after him following its 1880 discovery.

Taxa named in honour
 There are number (at least 30) of plants with specific name hookeri and hookeriana Many of them are named in honour of Joseph Dalton Hooker. Including; Banksia hookeriana, Grevillea hookeriana, Iris hookeriana, Polygonatum hookeri, and Sarcococca hookeriana.
 land snail Notodiscus hookeri (Reeve, 1854)
 Sea Lion: New Zealand or Hooker's Sea Lion Phocarctos hookeri (Gray, 1844)

Selected publications
 1844–1859: Flora Antarctica: the botany of the Antarctic voyage. 3 vols, 1844 (general), 1853 (New Zealand), 1859 (Tasmania). Reeve, London.
 1864–1867: Handbook of the New Zealand flora
 1849: Niger flora
 1849–1851: The Rhododendrons of Sikkim–Himalaya
 1854: Himalayan Journals, or notes of a naturalist, in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, Khasia Mountains ...
 1855: Illustrations of Himalayan plants
 1855: Flora indica, with Thomas Thomson
 1858:  ("Bentham & Hooker")
 1859: A century of Indian orchids
 1859: Introductory Essay to the Flora of Australia
 1862–1883:  with George Bentham
 1862–1883:  with George Bentham
 1870; 1878: The student's flora of the British Isles. Macmillan, London.
 1872–1897:
  with Emmanuel Le Maout
 1878: Journal of a Tour in Marocco and The Great Atlas. Macmillan, London. with John Ball
 1898–1900: Handbook to the Ceylon flora
 1904–1906: An epitome to the British Indian species of Impatiens

Standard author abbreviation

See also
 Bentham & Hooker system
 European and American voyages of scientific exploration
 :Category:Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

 Hooker's letters from the Kew Gardens' archive

 Darwin–Hooker Correspondence at the Cambridge Digital Library
 Hooker's letters from the Royal Horticultural Society's Digital Collections website
 Joseph Dalton Hooker's work on orchids
 "Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1817–1911)" Botanicus Missouri Botanical Garden Library

 Gutenberg e-text of Hooker's Himalayan Journals

 Directors' Correspondence Project – Correspondence to Joseph Dalton Hooker as Director of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

19th-century British botanists
19th-century explorers
1817 births
1911 deaths
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Botanists active in Australia
Botanists active in India
Botanists active in Kew Gardens
Botanists active in New Zealand
British Geological Survey
British mycologists
British pteridologists
Bryologists
Burials at St. Anne's Church, Kew
Charles Darwin
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
English botanists
English explorers
British evolutionary biologists
Fellows of the Ethnological Society of London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Members of the Order of Merit
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Paleobotanists
People educated at the High School of Glasgow
People from Halesworth
Phycologists
Plant collectors
Presidents of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Royal Medal winners
Victoria Medal of Honour recipients
Himalayan studies

Joseph Dalton Hooker


Johnny Carson: King of Late Night is a documentary film by two-time Emmy-winning filmmaker Peter Jones about the life of American television talk show host Johnny Carson. It is narrated by Kevin Spacey, and aired on PBS on May 14, 2012, as part of their American Masters series. Johnny Carson: King of Late Night is a co-production of Peter Jones Productions, Inc. and THIRTEEN'S American Masters for WNET.

The film received two Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Writing Nonfiction Programming and Outstanding Picture Editing Nonfiction Programming. It was also nominated by the Writers Guild of America in the Television Documentary category.

Synopsis
The film features 45 original interviews with Carson's friends, family, and colleagues. Interviewees include David Letterman, Jay Leno, Jerry Seinfeld, Jimmy Fallon, Ray Romano, Drew Carey, Steve Martin, Ellen DeGeneres, and Bob Newhart.

Carson rarely gave interviews and remained a very private man, despite his public persona. He once revealed, "I can get in front of an audience and be in control... Offstage, I'm aloof because I'm not very comfortable." The documentary explores this dichotomy and enigma, unearthing clues about Carson's childhood, early days in the business, and personal and professional life.

Production

Access
For 15 years, Jones wrote an annual letter to Carson requesting his permission and cooperation in production of the documentary. Carson called Jones in 2003 and said, "You write a damn fine letter, Peter, but I don't have anything more to say."  Jones stated that he also made documentaries about Carson's personal idols, Jack Benny and Edgar Bergen, in part, to get the attention of Johnny Carson. When Carson made the initial phone call to Jones in 2003 he made a point of telling him that he appreciated the films about Bergen and Benny.

Following Carson's death in 2005, Jones began directing his letters to Carson's nephew, Jeff Sotzing, who controls his uncle's archives. In 2010, Sotzing agreed to cooperate and the Carson Entertainment Group granted Jones access to Johnny's personal and professional archives, including family photo albums, home movies, memorabilia, and all existing episodes of The Tonight Show from 1962 until his retirement in 1992. Carson's personal archive, which is preserved in an underground vault in Kansas, holds more than 3,500 hours of tape that have now been digitized.

Sotzing has said that his reasoning for granting this kind of access was because, "he didn't want people to forget about Johnny Carson".

Approach
Filmmaker Peter Jones stated that he wanted to find clues to Johnny's character and his past from actual moments on The Tonight Show itself. Jones claims that Johnny revealed things about himself on the show that he felt uncomfortable sharing in his "real" life.

Jones pulled clips from The Tonight Show that were entertaining, but also revealed something specific about him as a performer or person. His other priority in making the film was to rely on first-hand memories and reflections from those that were closest to him.

References

External links

2010s American television specials
American Masters films
2012 television specials
Documentary films about comedy and comedians
American documentary television films
Documentary films about television people

Johnny Carson: King of Late Night


Frederick Walter Staniforth (23 November 1884 – 23 May 1955) was an English footballer who played as an outside right. He made over 200 appearances in Football League in the years prior to the First World War.

Career
Fred Staniforth was born in Kilnhurst near Rotherham to Elijah Farewell Staniforth, a miner, and Elizabeth (née Wilson). He played locally for Kilnhurst Town, Rotherham Main and Mexborough Town in Yorkshire. Harry Thickett signed Fred Staniforth in July 1906 from Mexborough Town for Bristol City Bristol City had just been promoted to the First Division as Second Division champions. Staniforth replaced Walter Bennett to make his First Division debut on the right wing in a 0–2 defeat at Everton on 6 October 1906. He scored his first goal in his fourth league appearance in a 3–2 win at Notts County. Staniforth made 24 appearances scoring 3 goals in 1906-07 as Bristol City achieved their highest ever League position finishing as First Division runners up to Newcastle United. In 1907-08 Staniforth continued as part of a regular forward line comprising Staniforth, Billy Maxwell, Sam Gilligan, Andy Burton and Frank Hilton. He made 35 appearances scoring 4 goals in 1907-08 when the "Babes" finished in 10th place. The following season in 1908-09 the forward line was broken up as Willis Rippon and Bob Hardy came into the team. Staniforth made 34 appearances scoring 4 goals in the First Division as Bristol City finished in 8th place. He also played in all 10 FA Cup ties as Bristol City reached the FA Cup Final in 1909 for the first and only time. Bristol City slipped to 16th position in the First Division in 1909-10 when Staniforth shared right wing duties with Bob Hardy making 22 appearances scoring 3 goals. Staniforth made 19 appearances without scoring in 1910-11 when Bristol City finished 19th and were relegated to the Second Division. Staniforth lost his regular place on the right wing in October 1910 when City signed Willie Clark from Sunderland but returned for 6 games of the final run of 8 matches.

After his playing career finished Fred Staniforth returned to Bristol and settled there until his death on 23 May 1955.

References

External links
 LFC History profile

1884 births
English men's footballers
Rotherham Main F.C. players
Mexborough Town F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
1955 deaths
Kilnhurst Colliery F.C. players
Men's association football outside forwards
People from Kilnhurst

Fred Staniforth


Helen Corbitt (1906–1978) was an American chef and cookbook author. Corbitt was born in New York but spent nearly 40 years in Texas promoting gourmet cuisine with new and unusual flavor combinations and serving temperatures. She traveled widely searching for new culinary inspiration. She was an early advocate of using the finest, freshest ingredients.

Career
She moved to Austin in 1931 from her job as dietitian at Cornell Medical Center in New York City to become an instructor and manage the tearoom at the University of Texas. She was lured to the Houston Country Club before operating the tearoom at Joske's department store in Houston and had started her own catering business when the Driskill Hotel called her back to Austin.

In 1955, after being courted by Stanley Marcus for eight years, she joined Neiman-Marcus as Director of Food Services. Several of her recipes are still on the department store's menu, including her famous Poppy Seed Dressing. In the 1969 edition of its famously extravagant Christmas catalog, Neiman-Marcus advertised the Neiman Marcus Kitchen Computer, the first computer ever offered as a consumer product, with an option to purchase collections of Corbitt's recipes for use with the device. Corbitt left Neiman-Marcus in late 1969 to write, teach, and consult.

Legacy
Corbitt authored numerous cookbooks and was the first woman to receive the Golden Plate Award, the highest honor in the food business. In 1969, she was presented the Outstanding Service Award by the Texas Restaurant Association for "her inestimable contributions" to the food service industry. A 1975 profile by the Chicago Tribune described Corbitt as "the Balenciaga of food and the best cook in Texas". In December 1999, Texas Monthly declared Corbitt to be the "Tastemaker of the Century". In 2009, the Los Angeles Times described her as "the Julia Child-esque cooking celebrity with a Texas twang".

References

External links

American chefs
American food writers
Cuisine of the Southwestern United States
Writers from New York (state)
Writers from Dallas
Skidmore College alumni
University of Texas at Austin faculty
1906 births
1978 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Texas
20th-century American non-fiction writers

Helen Corbitt


St John's Church, Trofarth, is a redundant church standing in an isolated position in Conwy County Borough, Wales ().  It was designated as a Grade II listed building on 2 July 1998.

It was built in 1873 as an Anglican church to a design by Sir George Gilbert Scott and consecrated on 19 June that year.  A small church with lancet windows, it consisted of a nave, a small chancel, a south porch and it had a bellcote at the west end.  It was restored in 1899 by the Chester firm of architects, Douglas and Fordham, who added a vestry at the northeast and an organ chamber, and increased the size of the chancel by extending it into the nave.  At the same time, the internal plaster was removed and replaced by a veneer of limestone, and furnishings designed by Douglas were added.

In January 2009 permission was obtained for the building to be converted for domestic use.

There is a churchyard at the west side of the redundant church. Burials include:

Kyffin Roberts of Pentre, Betws yn Rhos - died in 1900.
Robert Evans and his wife Anne - of Pandu, Llangernyw - died in 1890.

See also
List of church restorations, amendments and furniture by John Douglas

References

Grade II listed churches in Conwy County Borough
Former churches in Wales
Gothic Revival church buildings in Wales
John Douglas buildings
Churches completed in 1873

St John's Church, Trofarth


Mo Said She Was Quirky is a novel by James Kelman first published in 2012 by Hamish Hamilton.  This novel is Kelman's first that is set in London, and also his first to feature a female principal character.

Plot
The novel is about Helen, a 27-year-old Glaswegian, who lives in London and works in a casino. Helen has one daughter, Sophie, from a previous relationship, and she lives with her boyfriend Mo, whose family is from Pakistan.

At the start of the story, Helen is taking a taxi-ride home from work.  She sees a homeless person walking past who she thinks is her brother Brian.  The novel then follows Helen for the next 24 hours of her life.

Reception
Writing in The Guardian, Adam Mars-Jones highlights what he sees as a lack of concrete details provided in Kelman's writing, which he likens to "The semi-arid ecology of Beckett's novels".

Boyd Tonkin of The Independent writes that Helen's casino workplace is "both a metaphor for winner-takes-all metropolitan life and keenly observed real workplace". He continues: "Kelman brings gentle humour and profound compassion to his tale of getting by in an unjust time and place."

References

2012 British novels
Novels by James Kelman
Hamish Hamilton books
Novels set in London

Mo Said She Was Quirky


Takbir is the name for the Arabic phrase Allahu Akbar which is a Muslim saying. The exact words in Arabic mean  "God is greater", but people know that saying "God is great" in the right time and place means the same as "God is Greater." "Allahu Akbar" is the first part of the Adhan, which people hear 5 times a day where Muslim people live together. Saying "God is Great" tells people in a few words what Islam believes and teaches.

This Arabic phrase was added to the Iraqi flag, in Saddam Hussein's handwriting, in 2001. Muslims say it before changing positions during their prayers. Allahu Akbar was the anthem of Libya during the rule of Muammar Gaddafi.

Islam

Takbir


Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Henry Howard  (25 February 1915 – 6 May 2000) was a British Army officer who was twice awarded the Military Cross for gallantry and was later awarded the Distinguished Service Order for leadership whilst commanding the 1st Battalion of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (the 43rd) in the North-West Europe campaign during the Second World War. He later became Laird of the Hebridean island of Gometra.

Early life
Frederick Henry Howard was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was commissioned into the Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment), known as the Buffs, in 1935.

Early Military career
Howard was awarded his first Military Cross while serving with the 2nd Battalion, Royal East Kent Regiment, during the Arab Revolt in Palestine in 1936. His platoon, while on internal security duties, came under heavy fire near Tarshiha and despite being injured his action led to the assailants being forced from their position on a hillside. He was seconded to the King's African Rifles and served in the East African campaign against the Italians in Kenya, Somaliland and Abyssinia, where he was mentioned in dispatches. Howard rejoined the regiment in 1941 and served with the 1st Battalion in the Western Desert campaign in North Africa. He was awarded his second Military Cross for leading an attack on the night of 21 January 1943 down the Tarhuna Pass towards Tripoli which succeeded in driving the enemy back two miles. He later attended the Staff College at Haifa.

North West Europe
Howard was appointed to command the 1st Battalion the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (the 43rd) in 1944. He led his battalion into the Netherlands, the Ardennes, the Battle of the Reichswald, the Rhine crossing and during the advance across Germany to Hamburg, where it remained until the end of the War in Europe. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership during the crossing of the River Roer on the border of the Netherlands and Germany.

After the Second World War
In 1946 Howard was appointed to command the 2nd Reconnaissance Regiment in Singapore. He later became second-in-command of the 3rd Hussars in Bielefeld. His final military appointment was as commander of the Tactical Wing at Lulworth, Dorset. He retired from the Army in 1953.

Later life
In 1940 Howard married Estelle Georgette Sharp, second daughter of Mrs. W. B. Atkinson of Londiani, Kenya and the late Mr. Sharp. In 1952 he married secondly Jean Parnell, second daughter of the 6th Lord Congleton, with whom he was to have four children. His wife inherited an estate on the Isle of Ulva, where they settled and he farmed cattle and sheep. He added to the property by buying the neighbouring island of Gometra.

Henry Howard died on 6 May 2000, at the age of 85.

References

1915 births
2000 deaths
Recipients of the Military Cross
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry officers
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
People educated at Gresham's School
King's African Rifles officers
3rd The King's Own Hussars officers
Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Reconnaissance Corps officers
British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

Henry Howard (British Army officer)


Stanford is a hamlet in the civil parish of Southill, in the Central Bedfordshire district of the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England. It is about  south-east of the county town of Bedford. In 1870–72 it had a population of 385.

Geography
Stanford lies  north-east of Shefford,  south-west of Biggleswade and  south-west of Cambridge.

Landscape

The village lies within the Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire Claylands (NCA 88) as designated by Natural England. Central Bedfordshire Council has locally classified the landscape as Upper Ivel Clay Valley. Flat, open arable fields predominate.

Elevation

The village is  above sea level.

Geology, soil type and land use

The village is surrounded by arable farmland and lies on glacial gravel (till) over Lower Greensand. The soil is highly fertile, freely draining and slightly acid but base-rich.

Stanford Wood, a pine wood with a small lake is to the east of the hamlet between Stanford Road and the B658. A gravel pit is shown here on the Ordnance Survey map of 1900.

A playing field in the middle of the village includes a playground area, basketball court and  football pitch. Broom South sand and gravel quarry lies to the north-east.

The night sky and light pollution

Light pollution is the level of radiance (night lights) shining up into the night sky. The Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) divides the level of night sky brightness into 9 bands with band 1 being the darkest i.e. with the lowest level of light pollution and band 9 the brightest and most polluted. Stanford has an index of 0.5–1 nanoWatts (nW) which places it in band 3. However, the night sky brightens towards Langford, Clifton and Shefford.

History
Stanford means "stone ford".
The Domesday Book records eight land holdings in Stanford in 1086 and lists thirteen villagers, three smallholders and four slaves.

A water mill at the end of Mill Road was fed by a mill race from the Ivel Navigation but by 1916 it was no longer in operation.

A small school was opened in 1899 but a falling role led to its closure in 1921 and pupils transferred to Broom. The building on the junction of Old School Lane and the B658 road is now a residential dwelling .

Stanford at one time had three public houses. Only the Green Man remains.

Governance
Stanford elects three councillors to Southill parish council.
It is part of Northill ward for elections to the Central Bedfordshire Unitary Authority.

Prior to 1894, Stanford was administered as part of the hundred of Wixamtree.
From 1894 until 1974 it was in Biggleswade Rural District and from 1974 to 2009 in Mid Bedfordshire District.

Stanford is in the Mid Bedfordshire parliamentary constituency and the elected member is Nadine Dorries of the Conservative Party.

Public transport
Grant Palmer operates route 200 a two-hourly Monday to Saturday daytime bus service to Biggleswade (journey time 9 to 15 minutes) and to Clifton, Shefford and Flitwick (50 minutes).
There is a weekly, Wednesday only service to Bedford by community bus operator, Wanderbus (journey time 26 minutes).  Wanderbus also runs monthly services to St Neots and Welwyn Garden City.

The nearest railway station is Biggleswade.

References

External links
Southill Parish Council

Hamlets in Bedfordshire
Central Bedfordshire District

Stanford, Bedfordshire


The University of Texas Harris County Psychiatric Center (aka the UTHCPC, Harris County Psychiatric Center or HCPC is a psychiatric hospital in Harris County, Texas, that caters to the psychiatric and sometimes psychological needs of persons aged 3 and older, diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, disruptive behavior disorders, anxiety disorders, dual diagnoses, anger, paranoia, schizoaffective disorder, personality disorders, adjustment disorders, and possibly more. The facility contains 11 patient units, including general psychiatry units as well as specialty units such as those dedicated to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and patients with dual diagnoses.

The facility takes patients regardless of their immigration status, race, gender, language, income, address, criminal record, whether they have a home or not, or their ability to pay for any services.

The facility provides diagnosis, limited psychotherapy, medication, referrals to MHMRA clinics where the patients can get free medication and see psychiatrists for free as well as other services.

A typical stay at the HCPC is from 7 to 10 work days, though some stay longer and in some rare cases some may stay for less than 3 days.

The HCPC accepts both voluntary and involuntary patients. The facility is for inpatients only. HCPC does not provide outpatient services, such as medication refills. Outpatients are referred to the NeuroPsychiatric Center at Ben Taub General Hospital, or to their nearest MHMRA clinic.

The facility offers church services on Sundays. On some days, it offers group therapy sessions, including recreation therapy, coping skills, depression support, and spirituality.

Staff include psychiatrists, psychologists, psych nurses, psych techs, and a chaplain.

External links
University of Texas Harris County Psychiatric Center

Institutions in the Texas Medical Center
Psychiatric hospitals in Texas

Harris County Psychiatric Center


Rane (Madras) Ltd is a part of the Rane group of companies involved in the manufacture and distribution of steering and suspension systems. The main components manufactured by the company include Manual Steering Gear Products (SGP) and Suspension & Steering Linkage Products (SSLP). The other products include tie rod assemblies, drag link assemblies, center link assemblies and gear shift ball joints. Automobile companies that use its products include Ashok Leyland, Volvo, M&M, Tafe, Tata among many others. Tata motors remains its major customer and is the primary parts manufacturer for Tata's Nano. The company has also set up a dedicated plant for Tata Nano in Sanand, Gujarat. The company was forced to change its manufacturing facility from West Bengal to Gujarat after Tata moved out.

History

Rane group of companies was founded by Shri T. R. Ganapathy Iyer in the year 1929 and the group was originally named as Rane (Madras) Ltd. It started off as a distributor of automobiles and parts. After his death, the business was taken over by his son-in-law Lakshmana Iyer Lakshminarayan, popularly known as LLN, among friends and business circles. Under the leadership of LLN, the company was shaped into an auto-component business house. LLN remained as the founder chairman of the group for over three decades.

During the early periods. Rane Madras Ltd was engaged in trading only. Later in the year 1960, they completely dropped trading and started manufacturing and it all started with the manufacture of Tie Rod ends at their plant in Velachery, Chennai. Later; as the automobile industry flourished, the business spread to the manufacturing of other suspension and steering systems. As a major turn of events, in 2005 the company was de-merged from the group and the group holding company called Rane Holding Ltd (RHL) and several other subsidiary companies were formed. It was during this period that Rane (Madras) Ltd emerged as a public limited company. Later, Rane Holding Ltd made additional investment in the company, and thus Rane (Madras) Ltd became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Rane Holdings Ltd. It remained a major manufacturer and supplier of major OEMs in India and abroad.

Over the years Rane (Madras) Ltd has grown to be the largest in the group, both in terms of size and turnover, with five manufacturing plants in Chennai and Kancheepuram in Tamil Nadu, Mysore in Karnataka, Thirubuvanai in Pondicherry and Pantnagar in Uttarakhand. Each of the company's production plants addresses a specific industry segment. The production facilities in Mysore cater to the tractor and commercial vehicle segment; the Pondicherry plant to the passenger car segment; the plant in Chennai caters to the light commercial vehicle, heavy commercial vehicle and utility vehicle segment; the Kancheepuram plant to the export market and the manufacturing facility in Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) supplies gears exclusively to Tata Motors Ltd. The company has also started setting up its plant in Gujarat

In 2013 this group merged with GTC inc. (Gaurav Jagannath Rane) Director & S.E.O.

References

External links
 Official website

Auto parts suppliers of India
Manufacturing companies based in Chennai
Indian companies established in 1929
Manufacturing companies established in 1929
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange

Rane (Madras)


St Michael and All Angels Church is the parish church of Great Houghton in South Yorkshire.

The church is dedicated to St Michael, and was originally a private chapel and was built by Sir Edward Rodes, the High Sheriff of Yorkshire, who was a conspicuous Parliamentarian. It was built about 1650 and used for worship by his family and the tenants of his land.

Sir Edward was a great friend of Oliver Cromwell, when he was the Lord Protector of England. He served in Cromwell's Privy Council and was also the Colonel of his Cavalry. Cromwell visited the church on its completion and approved of its simple design.
Sir Edward died on 19 February 1666 and is buried in Darfield Church. His Coat of Arms appeared in stone on the east gable of the church. This mysteriously disappeared over the years but the space where it lay still remains.

The first religious ceremony in the chapel was the baptism of one of the younger sons of Sir Edward by Mr Edward Bowles of York, one of the most eminent Presbyterian clergy of his day. Richard Taylor was the first officiating minister as Chaplain to the Rodes family. He had been prevented from exercising his ministry in public by the Act of Uniformity. The Rodes family were great patrons of nonconformity. The chapel at Great Houghton must have been well known throughout the country as a haven for persecuted clergy of the period. The chapel had a succession of non-conforming ministers who existed under Rode's protection.

The chapel remained private for many years and it was not until 1849 that it became 'Episcopally licensed' for worship. It only became part of the Church of England (under Darfield parish) in 1906 and the first Anglican service was a Holy Communion which took place on 24 November 1908.

External links
Official St.Michael And All Angels Website

Church of England church buildings in South Yorkshire

St Michael and All Angels Church, Great Houghton


An injector is a system of ducting and nozzles used to direct the flow of a high-pressure fluid in such a way that a lower pressure fluid is entrained in the jet and carried through a duct to a region of higher pressure. It is a fluid-dynamic pump with no moving parts except a valve to control inlet flow.

Steam injector
The steam injector is a common device used for delivering water to steam boilers, especially in steam locomotives. It is a typical application of the injector principle used to deliver cold water to a boiler against its own pressure, using its own live or exhaust steam, replacing any mechanical pump. When first developed, its operation was intriguing because it seemed paradoxical, almost like perpetual motion, but it was later explained using thermodynamics.  Other types of injector may use other pressurised motive fluids such as air.

Depending on the application, an injector can also take the form of an eductor-jet pump, a water eductor or an aspirator. An ejector operates on similar principles to create a vacuum feed connection for braking systems etc.

History

Giffard
The injector was invented by Henri Giffard in early 1850s and patented in France in 1858, for use on steam locomotives. It was patented in the United Kingdom by Sharp, Stewart and Company of Glasgow.

After some initial scepticism resulting from the unfamiliar and superficially paradoxical mode of operation, the injector became widely adopted for steam locomotives as an alternative to mechanical pumps.

Kneass
Strickland Landis Kneass was a civil engineer, experimenter, and author who became president of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1880, following many other accomplishments involving railroading.  Kneass began publishing a mathematical model of the physics of the injector, which he had verified by experimenting with steam.  A steam injector has three primary sections:

Steam nozzle, a diverging duct, which converts high pressure steam to low pressure, high velocity steam
Combining tube, a converging duct, which mixes high velocity steam and cold water
Delivery tube, a diverging duct, where a high velocity stream of steam and cold water become a slow high pressure stream of water

Nozzle

Figure 15 shows four sketches Kneass drew of steam passing through a nozzle.  In general, compressible flows through a diverging duct increases velocity as a gas expands.  The two sketches at the bottom of figure 15 are both diverging, but the bottom one is slightly curved, and produced the highest velocity flow parallel to the axis.  The area of a duct is proportional to the square of the diameter, and the curvature allows the steam to expand more linearly as it passes through the duct.

An ideal gas cools during adiabatic expansion (without adding heat), releasing less energy than the same gas would during isothermal expansion (constant temperature).  Expansion of steam follows an intermediate thermodynamic process called the Rankine cycle.  Steam does more work than an ideal gas, because steam remains hot during expansion.

The extra heat comes from enthalpy of vaporization, as some of the steam condenses back into dropplets of water intermixed with steam.

Combining tube
At the end of the nozzle, the steam has very high velocity, but at less than atmospheric pressure, drawing in cold water which becomes entrained in the stream, where the steam condenses into droplets of water in a converging duct.

Delivery tube
The delivery tube is a diverging duct where the force of deceleration increases pressure, allowing the stream of water to enter the boiler.

Operation
The injector consists of a body filled with a secondary fluid, into which a motive fluid is injected. The motive fluid induces the secondary fluid to move. Injectors exist in many variations, and can have several stages, each repeating the same basic operating principle, to increase their overall effect.

It uses the Venturi effect of a converging-diverging nozzle on a steam jet to convert the pressure energy of the steam to velocity energy, reducing its pressure to below that of the atmosphere, which enables it to entrain a fluid (e.g., water). After passing through the convergent "combining cone", the mixed fluid is fully condensed, releasing the latent heat of evaporation of the steam which imparts extra velocity to the water. The condensate mixture then enters a divergent "delivery cone" which slows the jet, converting kinetic energy back into static pressure energy above the pressure of the boiler enabling its feed through a non-return valve.

Most of the heat energy in the condensed steam is returned to the boiler, increasing the thermal efficiency of the process. Injectors are therefore typically over 98% energy-efficient overall; they are also simple compared to the many moving parts in a feed pump.

The motive fluid may be a liquid, steam or any other gas. The entrained suction fluid may be a gas, a liquid, a slurry, or a dust-laden gas stream.

Key design parameters
Fluid feed rate and operating pressure range are the key parameters of an injector, and vacuum pressure and evacuation rate are the key parameters for an ejector.

Compression ratio and the entrainment ratio may also be defined:

The compression ratio of the injector, , is defined as ratio of the injector's outlet pressure  to the inlet pressure of the suction fluid .

The entrainment ratio of the injector, , is defined as the amount  (in kg/h) of suction fluid that can be entrained and compressed by a given amount  (in kg/h) of motive fluid.

Lifting properties
Other key properties of an injector include the fluid inlet pressure requirements i.e. whether it is lifting or non-lifting.

In a non-lifting injector, positive inlet fluid pressure is needed e.g. the cold water input is fed by gravity.

The steam-cone minimal orifice diameter is kept larger than the combining cone minimal diameter. The non-lifting Nathan 4000 injector used on the Southern Pacific 4294 could push 12,000 US gallons (45,000 L) per hour at 250 psi (17 bar).

The lifting injector can operate with negative inlet fluid pressure i.e. fluid lying below the level of the injector. It differs from the non-lifting type mainly in the relative dimensions of the nozzles.

Overflow
An overflow is required for excess steam or water to discharge, especially during starting. If the injector cannot initially overcome boiler pressure, the overflow allows the injector to continue to draw water and steam.

Check valve
There is at least one check valve (called a "clack valve" in locomotives because of the distinctive noise it makes) between the exit of the injector and the boiler to prevent back flow, and usually a valve to prevent air being sucked in at the overflow.

Exhaust steam injector
Efficiency was further improved by the development of a multi-stage injector which is powered not by live steam from the boiler but by exhaust steam from the cylinders, thereby making use of the residual energy in the exhaust steam which would otherwise go to waste. However, an exhaust injector also cannot work when the locomotive is stationary; later exhaust injectors could use a supply of live steam if no exhaust steam was available.

Problems
Injectors can be troublesome under certain running conditions, such as when vibration causes the combined steam and water jet to "knock off". Originally the injector had to be restarted by careful manipulation of the steam and water controls, and the distraction caused by a malfunctioning injector was largely responsible for the 1913 Ais Gill rail accident. Later injectors were designed to automatically restart on sensing the collapse in vacuum from the steam jet, for example with a spring-loaded delivery cone.

Another common problem occurs when the incoming water is too warm and is less effective at condensing the steam in the combining cone. That can also occur if the metal body of the injector is too hot, e.g. from prolonged use.

The internal parts of an injector are subject to erosive wear, particularly damage at the throat of the delivery cone which may be due to cavitation.

Vacuum ejectors

An additional use for the injector technology is in vacuum ejectors in continuous train braking systems, which were made compulsory in the UK by the Regulation of Railways Act 1889. A vacuum ejector uses steam pressure to draw air out of the vacuum pipe and reservoirs of continuous train brake. Steam locomotives, with a ready source of steam, found ejector technology ideal with its rugged simplicity and lack of moving parts. A steam locomotive usually has two ejectors: a large ejector for releasing the brakes when stationary and a small ejector for maintaining the vacuum against leaks. The exhaust from the ejectors is invariably directed to the smokebox, by which means it assists the blower in draughting the fire.  The small ejector is sometimes replaced by a reciprocating pump driven from the crosshead because this is more economical of steam and is only required to operate when the train is moving.

Vacuum brakes have been superseded by air brakes in modern trains, which allow the use of smaller brake cylinders and/or higher braking force due to the greater difference from atmospheric pressure.

Earlier application of the principle

An empirical application of the principle was in widespread use on steam locomotives before its formal development as the injector, in the form of the arrangement of the blastpipe and chimney in the locomotive smokebox. The sketch on the right shows a cross section through a smokebox, rotated 90 degrees; it can be seen that the same components are present, albeit differently named, as in the generic diagram of an injector at the top of the article. Exhaust steam from the cylinders is directed through a nozzle on the end of the blastpipe, to reduce pressure inside the smokebox by entraining the flue gases from the boiler which are then ejected via the chimney. The effect is to increase the draught on the fire to a degree proportional to the rate of steam consumption, so that as more steam is used, more heat is generated from the fire and steam production is also increased. The effect was first noted by Richard Trevithick and subsequently developed empirically by the early locomotive engineers; Stephenson's Rocket made use of it, and this constitutes much of the reason for its notably improved performance in comparison with contemporary machines.

Modern uses

The use of injectors (or ejectors) in various industrial applications has become quite common due to their relative simplicity and adaptability. For example:

 To inject chemicals into the boiler drums of small, stationary, low pressure boilers. In large, high-pressure modern boilers, usage of injectors for chemical dosing is not possible due to their limited outlet pressures.
 In thermal power stations, they are used for the removal of the boiler bottom ash, the removal of fly ash from the hoppers of the electrostatic precipitators used to remove that ash from the boiler flue gas, and for drawing a vacuum pressure in steam turbine exhaust condensers.
 Jet pumps have been used in boiling water nuclear reactors to circulate the coolant fluid.
 For use in producing a vacuum pressure in steam jet cooling systems.
 For expansion work recovery in air conditioning and refrigeration systems.
 For enhanced oil recovery processes in the oil & gas Industry.
 For the bulk handling of grains or other granular or powdered materials.
 The construction industry uses them for pumping turbid water and slurries.
 Eductors are used in ships to pump residual ballast water, or cargo oil which cannot be removed using centrifugal pumps due to loss of suction head and may damage the centrifugal pump if run dry, which may be caused due to trim or list of the ship.
 Eductors are used on-board ships to pump out bilges, since using centrifugal pump would not be feasible as the suction head may be lost frequently.
 Some aircraft (mostly earlier designs) use an ejector attached to the fuselage to provide vacuum for gyroscopic instruments such as an attitude indicator (artificial horizon).
 Eductors are used in aircraft fuel systems as transfer pumps; fluid flow from an engine-mounted mechanical pump can be delivered to a fuel tank-mounted eductor to transfer fuel from that tank.
 Aspirators are vacuum pumps based on the same operating principle and are used in laboratories to create a partial vacuum and for medical use in suction of mucus or bodily fluids.
 Water eductors are water pumps used for dredging silt and panning for gold, they're used because they can handle the highly abrasive mixtures quite well.
 To create vacuum system in vacuum distillation unit (oil refinery).
 Vacuum autoclaves use an ejector to pull a vacuum, generally powered by the cold water supply to the machine.
 Low weight jet pumps can be made out of paper mache.

Well pumps

Jet pumps are commonly used to extract water from water wells. The main pump, often a centrifugal pump, is powered and installed at ground level. Its discharge is split, with the greater part of the flow leaving the system, while a portion of the flow is returned to the jet pump installed below ground in the well. This recirculated part of the pumped fluid is used to power the jet. At the jet pump, the high-energy, low-mass returned flow drives more fluid from the well, becoming a low-energy, high-mass flow which is then piped to the inlet of the main pump.

Shallow well pumps are those in which the jet assembly is attached directly to the main pump and are limited to a depth of approximately 5-8m to prevent cavitation.

Deep well pumps are those in which the jet is located at the bottom of the well. The maximum depth for deep well pumps is determined by the inside diameter of and the velocity through the jet. The major advantage of jet pumps for deep well installations is the ability to situate all mechanical parts (e.g., electric/petrol motor, rotating impellers) at the ground surface for easy maintenance. The advent of the electrical submersible pump has partly replaced the need for jet type well pumps, except for driven point wells or surface water intakes.

Multi-stage steam vacuum ejectors
In practice, for suction pressure below 100 mbar absolute, more than one ejector is used, usually with condensers between the ejector stages. Condensing of motive steam greatly improves ejector set efficiency; both barometric and shell-and-tube surface condensers are used.

In operation a two-stage system consists of a primary high-vacuum (HV) ejector and a secondary low-vacuum (LV) ejector. Initially the LV ejector is operated to pull vacuum down from the starting pressure to an intermediate pressure. Once this pressure is reached, the HV ejector is then operated in conjunction with the LV ejector to finally pull vacuum to the required pressure.

In operation a three-stage system consists of a primary booster, a secondary high-vacuum (HV) ejector, and a tertiary low-vacuum (LV) ejector. As per the two-stage system, initially the LV ejector is operated to pull vacuum down from the starting pressure to an intermediate pressure. Once this pressure is reached, the HV ejector is then operated in conjunction with the LV ejector to pull vacuum to the lower intermediate pressure. Finally the booster is operated (in conjunction with the HV & LV ejectors) to pull vacuum to the required pressure.

Construction materials

Injectors or ejectors are made of carbon steel, stainless steel, brass, titanium, PTFE, carbon, and other materials.

See also

Aspirator (pump)
De Laval nozzle
Diffusion pump
Giovanni Battista Venturi
Gustaf de Laval
Nozzle
Surface condenser
Venturi effect

References

Further reading

External links

Use of Eductor for Lifting Water

Chemical equipment
Fluid dynamics
Pumps
Locomotive parts
Steam locomotive technologies

Injector


Kulpara is a rural town in South Australia, situated on the Copper Coast Highway and Upper Yorke Road in the Hummocks Range at the northern end of Yorke Peninsula.

The name Kulpara is derived from an Aboriginal word Kula meaning "eucalyptus". The area was proclaimed in 1862, surveyed in 1864 and settled soon after. The township itself was surveyed in 1932 and proclaimed in 1934. A community hall was built in 1902, replaced by a soldiers' memorial hall in 1953. The school opened in 1877 and expanded in 1957. The Bible Christian church foundation stone was laid in 1879 with services starting soon after. The church building is now a convenience store.

It was the seat of its own municipality, the District Council of Kulpara, from 1878 to 1932.

References

Towns in South Australia
1864 establishments in Australia

Kulpara, South Australia


Afikpo North is a Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Its headquarters is in the town of Ehugbo, Afikpo. Important townships include Ehugbo (with Itim Ukwu, Ohaisu, Nkpoghoro, Ugwuegu/Amaizu, Ozizza autonomous   communities characteristic of towns too) Unwana and Amasiri. Other notable areas are Ibii and Akpoha.

It has an area of 240 km and a population of 881,611 at the 2021. Its postal code is 490.
The major language is a more localised form of the Igbo language known as the 'Ehugbo Language'. It has a rich Igbo traditional heritage and culture and has festivals like the 'New Yam Festival' that hold at the end of the month of August every year, which marks the beginning of a new traditional year.

Igbo traditional centre

Afikpo is a centre of ancient Igbo tradition. Ceremonial (now antique) masks have been carefully preserved by the state tourism board. Afikpo is an ancient city-state. Several archaeological findings support the claim that Afikpo civilisation existed as far back as the Neolithic age.

There is a rite of passage for every male child from Afikpo. This entails initiation into the Ogo cult. It is shrouded in secrecy and mystery, as women are not let into the workings of the cult. This confers adulthood to the male child.

Higher institutions in Afikpo North

 Mater Misericordia Hospital School of Nursing and Midwifery
 Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana

Notable people

 Chris Abani, Nigerian-American author
 Uche Azikiwe, premier first Lady of Nigeria, wife of Nnamdi Azikiwe
 Onyebuchi Chukwu, Minister of Health from 2010 until 2014
 Priscilla Ekwere Eleje, first woman to have her signature on the naira note
 Akanu Ibiam, first governor of Eastern Nigeria, predecessor of Chukwuemeka Ojukwu

References

Local Government Areas in Ebonyi State

Afikpo North


"Gateway to Strangeness", also titled "Dust of Far Suns" and "Sail 25", is a science fiction novelette by American writer Jack Vance. It was first published in the August 1962 issue of Amazing Stories magazine.

Plot
Eight space trainees apprehensively await their new instructor, Henry Belt. Despite the many strange and outrageous stories they have heard about him, including his legendary drunkenness, one of them notes that all of the top men in space seem to have trained under him.

Since only six trainees can go on the space journey, Belt first assigns each man the task of building three specific devices using identical piles of assorted parts. The two men who become the most frustrated by the nearly impossible tasks are dropped. The others board a small spaceship (Sail 25) propelled solely by a solar sail for a flight to Mars. Belt leaves the navigation entirely in their hands. All the while, he makes careful note of their faults (according to his idiosyncratic standards), recording their demerits in his little red book.

However, a mistake repairing a malfunctioning computing device causes them to miss their rendezvous, first with Mars, then with Jupiter. No other planet whose gravity could halt their outward flight (their solar sail can only propel them away from the Sun) is within reach. Belt dismantled their radio and the box of spare parts turns out to contain Belt's whiskey, so they cannot call for rescue. It seems that they are doomed. One man commits suicide, while two others become catatonic. Henry Belt insists that he is fated to die in space and offers no way out of their predicament.

The three remaining men eventually come up with a way to return safely to Earth. As they prepare to debark, spare parts for the computing device mysteriously appear.

References

External links
 Jack Vance home page and archive

1962 short stories
Novelettes
Science fiction short stories
Short stories by Jack Vance
Works originally published in Amazing Stories

Gateway to Strangeness


Empty Stares was an alternative rock band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. that was formed in 1992 and ended in 1997.  In those five years, Empty Stares made a serious impact on the Philadelphia music scene. ES was composed of NottingCognito (vocals), Randy (bass), Ted (guitar), Tom (guitar) and Kevin (drums). The band was formed as Point Blank in 1988 by blue-collar friends Ted, Mario & Kevin changing their name to Empty Stares with the addition of Randy and Tom soon after meeting in 1990 at Cardinal Dougherty High School located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The self-financed "To One His Own" was released in 1992, but after graduating in 1993, and a reworking of their sound, they were signed to Shangri-la Records.

Their dynamic of melodic alternative rock that occasionally expanded into full-blown trance nu-metal mode, complete with lyrics that strike a grim tone on life, was evident on the highly successful Shangri-la Records Release "for...", where spiritual overtones were also present. This earned Empty Stares a management contract with Buzz Trip and a booking contract with Bay Ridge Talent, New York City and extensive touring with the likes of Anthrax, Clutch, The Misfits, Life of Agony, Type O Negative and Gwar. No less intense was 1997's "Rain", produced, by Joe Campbell of MudWax Records which appeared on the nationally released "Horse Nation: A tribute to the life, music and spirit of The Cult." One of their last songs written "Changes", addressed the changes they were going through, and allowed the band to expand their musical direction. The band's unexpected success continued into 1996 when "for..." was certified as selling 10,000 copies in the United States. The band were also produced by two significant leaders of the Philadelphia punk culture, Rodney Anonymous & Joe Jack Talcum of The Dead Milkmen.  Rodney & Joe assisted and performed on a four song demo for Empty Stares that was never officially released.  By 1997, the band was due a much needed break and have remained on hiatus ever since.

Discography

Full length studio albums
To One His Own — 1992
for... — 1994

Compilation albums
Horse Nation: A Tribute to the Life, Music, and Spirit of The Cult — 1997

Other releases
The Dead Milkmen Sessions — 1997, demo

External links
Official Empty Stares website

Musical groups from Philadelphia
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
Alternative rock groups from Pennsylvania

Empty Stares