The Blacklist is an American crime thriller television series created by Jon Bokenkamp and developed by John Eisendrath. It stars James Spader as Raymond Reddington, a former US Naval Intelligence officer turned one of the Most Wanted fugitives who cooperates with the FBI in hunting down threatening criminals on a special list of his called the "Blacklist". The series also stars Megan Boone, Diego Klattenhoff, Ryan Eggold, Amir Arison, Hisham Tawfiq, and Harry Lennix. The Blacklist is produced by Sony Pictures Television, Universal Television and Davis Entertainment. John Eisendrath, John Davis and John Fox serve as executive producers for the entire run of the series; its creator Jon Bokenkamp also executive produced the series for the first 8 seasons. Other executive producers include director Joe Carnahan and Spader.

It was given a series order in May 2013, and ran from September 23, 2013 to July 13, 2023 on NBC. The pilot episode gathered 12.6 million viewers in the United States. During its run, The Blacklist won a Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award and was nominated for six more, as well as received nominations for two Golden Globe Awards, two Saturn Awards and two People's Choice Awards.

The series spawned a tie-in media franchise, including comic series, standalone novels and a video game. A spin-off, The Blacklist: Redemption, also created and developed by Bokenkamp and Eisendrath, aired on NBC from February to April 2017. It shared the same fictional universe with the original series and was entirely focused on Ryan Eggold's character, Tom Keen.

Plot
With a few exceptions, each episode features one of the global criminals, and Raymond Reddington assists the task force in hunting down and capturing them. In every such episode, the rank and name or alias of the featured criminal on Red's blacklist are displayed at the close of the opening sequence. Otherwise, only the episode name is shown. The action takes place primarily in present-day Washington D.C., other locations around the world are featured occasionally.

Original storyline (seasons 1–8)
Raymond "Red" Reddington, an ex-US Naval Intelligence officer who had disappeared twenty years earlier to become number 4 on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, surrenders himself to FBI Assistant Director Harold Cooper at the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C. Taken to an FBI "black site", Reddington declares he wishes to help the FBI track down and apprehend the criminals and terrorists he has spent the last twenty years associating with. They are the individuals who are so dangerous and devious that the United States government is unaware of their very existence.

He offers Cooper his knowledge and assistance on two conditions: immunity from prosecution and cooperation only with FBI Special Agent Elizabeth Keen, a rookie criminal profiler recently assigned to Cooper's task force. Keen and Cooper are suspicious of Reddington's interest in her, but he will only say that she is "very special". After Cooper tests Reddington's offer in locating and neutralizing Serbian terrorist Ranko Zamani in the first episode, Reddington reveals that this man was only the first on the "blacklist" of global criminals that he has compiled over his criminal career and states that he and the FBI have a mutual interest in eliminating them.

Hints and solution to the mysteries of Reddington's and Liz's lives, and his interest in her, are revealed as the series progress. She digs into her family past, the question of his real identity and their connection, while he desperately tries to hide them. Each season, the danger to Liz caused by his reemergence intensifies, and Reddington uses Cooper's task force to protect her. The storyline ends with season 8, when Liz is murdered by a hitman seeking revenge for Red's killing a crime lord at the end of the season. The explanation of Reddington's identity and his interference in Elizabeth's life is never formally given.

Renewed storyline (seasons 9–10)
Following Liz's death at the end of the eighth season, Cooper's task force has disbanded and Reddington has fled the country. For the next two years, the deal with Red and the FBI sits inactive. However, the world's criminals remain active, evolving in their methods. When a modern pirate named the "Skinner" explodes and nearly kills Dembe Zuma, Red's former bodyguard who has become an FBI Special Agent with the assistance of Cooper, Red is forced to return and help him. At first, Red promises to retire and move to Cuba with his girlfriend once the Skinner is neutralized. However, when Red begins to take over management of the remains of his empire, he breaks his promise and decides to stay in charge of what he can still control.

Red and Cooper come to an agreement to resume his deal with the FBI and continue hunting down global criminals on his "blacklist" in honor of Liz's undertaking. Cooper manages to find the old task force members and re-create their division. The secret Red kept from Liz becomes irrelevant, and the story now centers on not only Red but also Cooper and the field agents Liz used to work with. Now, the task force must confront new criminals as well as familiar ones who have returned in order to take revenge on Red for his betrayal.

After the threat of the former Blacklisters is neutralized, the task force faces a new threat in the form of ambitious Congressman Arthur Hudson who suspects them of rogue behavior and works tirelessly to uncover their many secrets. They also contend with Red making unexpected moves by using them to shut down several central parts of his criminal empire for unknown reasons. It all comes to the point of no return when Reddington closes his operations center responsible for the blacklist and after a legal investigation is launched against the task force, Cooper must arrest Red to avoid prosecution against him and his task force. Reddington is never caught by either of them but is gored by a bull in Andalusia.

Cast and characters

Main cast
 James Spader as Raymond "Red" Reddington: an ex-US Naval Intelligence officer and a master criminal turned FBI confidential informant who is presumed to be Elizabeth Keen's biological father. During seasons 1–8, Elizabeth and the task force's effort to uncover his true identity is a major ongoing narrative. During season 9, his main concern is ferreting out a traitor within his organization. During the final season, he faces off against former Blacklisters looking for revenge for their downfalls, and an ambitious congressman looking to take down the task force and, by extension, him.
 Megan Boone as Elizabeth "Liz" Keen (seasons 1–8): Born Masha Rostova, Keen is an FBI special agent and profiler on Harold Cooper's task force. Her presence is part of Reddington's deal with Cooper for no apparent reason until her connection to Reddington becomes obvious.
 Diego Klattenhoff as Donald Ressler: an FBI special agent on Cooper's task force.
 Ryan Eggold as Tom Keen (seasons 1–5): Born Christopher Hargrave, later taking the adoptive name Jacob Phelps, Keen works as a covert operative and is Liz's husband.
 Parminder Nagra as Meera Malik (season 1): a field agent with the CIA who worked with Cooper's FBI task force.
 Nikita Tewani as young  Meera Malik (guest season 10).
 Harry Lennix as Harold Cooper: the assistant director of the FBI Counterterrorism Division who uses Reddington to expose and stop people on his blacklist.
 Amir Arison as Aram Mojtabai (recurring season 1; main, seasons 2–9; guest season 10): an FBI special agent and cyber expert on Cooper's task force.
 Mozhan Marnò as Samar Navabi (main seasons 2–6; guest, season 9): a Mossad agent who works with Cooper's FBI task force.
 Hisham Tawfiq as Dembe Zuma (recurring seasons 1–2; main, seasons 3–10): Reddington's bodyguard and confidant, who separated from him and turned FBI special agent with the help of Cooper in season 9.
 Laura Sohn as Alina Park (recurring season 7; main, seasons 8–9): an FBI special agent who previously worked in Anchorage.
 Anya Banerjee as Siya Malik (season 10): Meera's daughter and an intelligence officer with MI6 who comes to work with Cooper's team.

Recurring actors
 Teddy Coluca as Teddy Brimley: Red's interrogator who uses extravagant methods (usually involving various animals) to make his victims talk.
 Susan Blommaert as Mr. Kaplan: born Kathryn Nemec, Kaplan is Red's cleaner. She has also been a nanny for Liz and therefore is feared for her collaborations with Reddington (seasons 1–4; guest, season 8).
 Clark Middleton as Glen "Jellybean" Carter: Reddington's tracker "with a twist" (seasons 2–7). He has frequently let Red down but never loses his credibility despite criticism from other members of the team.
 Lotte Verbeek as Katarina Rostova (in flashbacks): the former KGB spy and biological mother of Elizabeth (seasons 3–8). She has been hunted worldwide after the establishment of The Townsend Directive. The question of her fate and location is one of the main storylines in the first eight seasons.
 Deirdre Lovejoy as Cynthia Panabaker: a United States senator from Virginia, formerly a White House counsel who operates the legal aspects of Cooper's taskforce (season 3–10). She always tries to act as the law says, bringing trouble to Reddington's illegal cooperations.
 Fisher Stevens as Marvin Gerard: a shadow counsel whom Reddington hires as his attorney (seasons 3–9). He manages most of the empire's dealings, and, being very proud of his achievements, stands up for the benefit of it.
 Brian Dennehy (seasons 3–7) and Ron Raines (season 8) as Dominic Wilkinson: Elizabeth's grandfather who knows some unexpected information about Reddington's past.
 Various actresses (seasons 3–8) and Sami Bray (season 9–10) as Agnes Keen: the daughter of Elizabeth and Tom who reflects after any major event occurring to Liz.
 Aida Turturro as Heddie Hawkins: Reddington's financial manager and an owner of a smuggling corporation (season 5–10).
 Jonathan Holtzman as Chuck: Reddington's hitman who works alongside Morgan and usually replaces his bodyguards (season 5–10).
 Genson Blimline as Morgan: Reddington's operative who usually accompanies Chuck on their missions (seasons 5–9).
 Fiona Dourif as Jennifer Reddington: the elder daughter of Reddington, adopted as Lillian Roth (seasons 5–6; guest, season 8). She helps Liz investigate Reddington's true identity and their shared past.
 Laila Robins as Tatiana Petrova: an operative in Reddington's organization. Assigned as a body double of Katarina Rostova meant to draw suspicion away from her, she ends up on the run instead. She manipulates Liz to get to Reddington, the only man who is aware of the true Katarina's location (seasons 7–8; guest, season 6).
 Alex Brightman as Herbie Hambright: a quirky cyber expert who previously worked for Reddington (season 10). He joins the Task Force as Aram's de facto replacement.
 Toby Leonard Moore as Arthur Hudson: an ambitious US Congressman with a passion for exposing government corruption (season 10). He begins to dig into secrets about Cooper's FBI Task Force after noticing the extraordinary amount of funding they receive.

Episodes

Production

Development

The first mention of The Blacklist appeared on August 13, 2012, when Jon Bokenkamp came up with the idea of an international crime series introduced to him by John Fox, his fellow producer The same day it was revealed that NBC had bought rights for the series from Sony. John Eisendrath from Universal Television, John Davis and Fox had already signed a contract as executive producers. NBC ordered a pilot for the series on January 22, 2013, along with three other dramas. Deadline Hollywood reported on March 13, 2013, that the pilot was written by Bokenkamp and directed by Joe Carnahan. On May 10, the series was picked up by NBC for the 2013-14 television season. During an NBC upfront presentation in May 2013, it was announced that The Blacklist was NBC's highest-testing drama for the last 10 years. The official trailer for the series was released on May 12, 2013. Originally, a 13-episode first season was planned, but after the premiere reached 12.3 million viewers, NBC ordered nine additional episodes on October 4, 2013, bringing the season's episode count to 22 episodes.

All four showrunners signed a deal with Sony before the premiere; first, Eisendrath on June 7, 2013, then, Bokenkamp on July 16, and both Davis and Fox on July 29. Additionally, in November 2013 J.R. Orci became a co-executive producer. In 2015, Michael Watkins also became co-executive producer. On June 24, 2021, a day after the finale of season 8 was aired, Bokenkamp revealed that he would not return for future seasons while Eisendrath became the sole showrunner. However, Bokenkamp remained credited as creator in future seasons. On March 14, 2022, Eisendrath prolonged his deal with Universal Television for three additional years.

In February 2018, Watkins was fired over alleged harassment involving a camera assistant. He claimed that there was no reason for firing him and blamed his colleague, Laura A. Benson, for using him as a way to rise in her career. Then, he sued Sony, Laura Benson, and another of his colleagues, Bill Roe, a year later.

The series was renewed for the seventh season on March 11, 2019, and was renewed for its eighth season on February 2, 2020. The seventh season was originally set to consist of 22 episodes. However, the production suffered from COVID-19 pandemic and was shut down in May 2020. Filming of the nineteenth episode has been suspended, while episodes 20, 21 and 22 were never put in production. The producers decided to shorten the episode count to 19 episodes and put off three remaining episodes until season 8. The nineteenth episode, which eventually became the season finale, was produced using filmed material in live-action combined with animation created by Proof, a visual effects company which uses uses 3D animation software and real-time computer graphics led by Eisendrath's brother in law. The episode aired on May 15, 2020.

Filming for the eighth season resumed in live-action with extra COVID-19 precautions. The eighth season premiered November 13, 2020. On January 26, 2021, the series was renewed for the ninth season. The series was renewed for the tenth season on February 22, 2022, which, unlike the previous renewals, was first announced by Spader himself during his appearance on The Tonight Show, not by a press release. On February 1, 2023, it was announced that the tenth season is going to be the final of the series despite the extension of Eisendrath's contract.

The Blacklist received a panel twice on San Diego Comic-Con. The panel appeared before the show's debut on July 18, 2013, and during a remote special convention on July 23, 2020. On May 11, 2014, NBC decided an episode of the series would air after the 49th Super Bowl.

Casting

Main characters

John Eisendrath told Collider that the casting process was difficult. In February 2013, he and Bokenkamp invited Kiefer Sutherland, Bryan Cranston, Pierce Brosnan and Richard Gere to apply for the role of Raymond Reddington. In an interview to Variety, Bokenkamp told about his intentions to cast Sutherland for the role, though he also expressed doubt about the significance of the role to all these actors. At last, three days before filming began, they contacted James Spader to see if he would be interested in playing Reddington. After a lengthy remote conversation, Bokenkamp and Eisendrath cast Spader, as they felt confident in his understanding of the character. Spader's vision was for the international criminal to be a bald or short-haired person wearing a hat. The producers rejected his idea, however, Spader insisted on trying on a fedora while screening the pilot; later, the crew felt the hat enhanced Reddington's image and agreed to keep it. In an interview on Late Night with Seth Meyers, Spader admitted that he had gotten into the role of Reddington over the nine seasons; he also noted that to play his role plausibly at the beginning of season nine, he spent a considerable amount of time alone and not appearing on set.

Although showrunners attempted to search for a more established actor as they cast Reddington, they invited more obscure performers for the role of FBI profiler Elizabeth Keen. Megan Boone got to know about the role by chance, she instantly got passionate about it. She had taken a week to prepare for her audition as Keen and had been called back multiple times before she received the role in March 2013. Eisendrath recalled that he and Bokenkamp found "something specific" about Boone, and they got comfortable with her playing of the character. In 2015, Boone revealed her pregnancy which was implemented as a season 3 plot point. She was absent in a part of the season with her character killed, while her subsequent return was kept in secret from the cast. In June 2021, it was revealed that Boone would be leaving the series after season 8, which was initially written to be focused on her departure so as to close the storyline of Elizabeth.

On March 11, 2013, Ryan Eggold accepted the role of Tom Keen, Elizabeth's husband, who has previously worked for Reddington as a spy. In the middle of season 4, Eggold left the series to star in The Blacklist: Redemption, a new spin-off centered on his character, but returned later this season following the cancellation of Redemption. He was ultimately written off the next season. In a 2021 interview, he spoke about an option to return to the series, perhaps as a guest star, stating that it was "not totally out of the realm of possibility".

On March 13, 2013, Diego Klattenhoff joined the series as Donald Ressler, a law-abiding field agent working with Cooper's task force.

The next day, on March 14, 2013, Harry Lennix was cast as Harold Cooper, the leader of a newly formed task force, which cooperates with Reddington. Lennix has appeared in each season of the series; in an interview with Collider, he stated that he would be willing to continue his role into the show's twentieth season, like his favorite TV show, Gunsmoke.

On July 25, 2013, Parminder Nagra joined the cast as Meera Malik, a professional field agent who decides to help Elizabeth settle into her new job. However, she was written out of the series after the first season. Eight years after her departure, Anya Banerjee joined the series for the tenth season in a role of Meera's daughter, Mi-6 intelligence officer Siya Malik.

On October 8, 2014, Amir Arison was promoted to a recurring role as Aram Mojtabai, a quirky technician and a professional computer master after he showed some extraordinary on-the-move improvisation skills in his debut episode. He was promoted to series regular on May 20, 2014. After the finale of season 9, Arison departed the series, but return appearances were left possible.

Hisham Tawfiq's appearance as Dembe Zuma was never presumed to exceed a one-time guest appearance. However he managed to prolong his contract first as recurring for the first two seasons, and, on March 31, 2015, earned a place in the main cast. He also admitted that producers and scriptwriters gave him permission to alter the story and the past of Dembe based on his own insight and life experience.

Mozhan Marnò joined the cast for the second season on July 29, 2014. Various news sources confirmed that the name of the character she would reprise was Tamar Kartzman, until it was initially changed to Samar Navabi. Samar was a field professional agent recruited by the task force Director and originally working for Mossad who develops relationships with Aram. She officially confirmed her departure on March 29, 2019, in the middle of the sixth season. She returned once, in 2022, during the show's ninth season.

On May 7, 2020, Laura Sohn was promoted to series regular as Alina Park, another new field agent taken into Cooper's task force, also previously recurring in the seventh season. She departed after the series' ninth season.

Supporting cast
The first season introduced several well-known actors in recurring roles. For the pilot, Ilfenesh Hadera was cast alongside Harry Lennix, playing Jennifer Palmer, a federal agent and a friend of Elizabeth. Alan Alda was cast in a major supporting role in September, as Alan Fitch, the Deputy Director of National Intelligence and one of Red's former allies. To bring the series closer to reality a former CIA agent, Bazzel Baz, was hired by the producers to teach CIA techniques on assaulting buildings to the crew. Baz instead contacted old associates for the scenes, and went on to play a role in the show that was similar to his own experiences in the CIA. Chin Han and Margarita Levieva were among the blacklisters besides Peter Stormare as Berlin. Susan Blommaert and Teddy Coluca also began starring as Reddington's valuable team members.

For the second season, Mary-Louise Parker was cast as Carla Reddington, one of Red's ex-wives. The episode "Luther Braxton" introduced David Strathairn in a guest role of Peter Kotsiopulos, the Director of the National Clandestine Service. Reed Birney played the final blacklister of season two, Tom Connoly, and his death scene in the season finale was met with a standing ovation from the crew. Stormare continued to recur through the season and later departed in the middle of it.

The third season featured numerous celebrities in major recurring roles as well as provided various comebacks of familiar characters. Deidre Lovejoy was cast as White House Counsel Cynthia Panabaker, set to replace Adriane Lenox, who had left earlier this season. Fisher Stevens debuted as Marvin Gerard, an imprisoned criminal attorney joining Reddington's criminal empire, in the eponymous episode of the third season. Two actors portraying former blacklisters, Lance Henriksen and Margarita Levieva, returned during the third season. Strathairn also returned as one of the lead villains of the season, with two back-to-back episodes under his Blacklist number. The season also featured most of the lead cast from the series' spin-off, The Blacklist: Redemption. In July 2015, Edi Gathegi was revealed as a high-class operative and assassin set up to kill Elizabeth. Famke Janssen was cast as Susan Hargrave, an authoritative criminal magnate and Tom's mother. Ulrich Thomsen served as the blacklister in the finale.

The fourth season opened with the misleading departure of Blommaert after her character Mr. Kaplan was seemingly shot by Reddington. However, Kaplan remained alive till the end of the season. In August 2016, Leon Rippy joined as a ranger and her savior, Hunter, while Enrique Murciano landed a role as Julian Gale, an FBI investigator who previously worked with Ressler on capturing Reddington, in February 2017. Thomsen continued his role as Alexander Kirk, Liz's presumed father, who had been holding her hostage. He left the series in the first half of the season, although the fate of his character remained undisclosed. In the finale, Bazzel Baz, Murciano and Blommaert departed from the series.

The fifth season brought more new recurring characters. In August 2017, it was announced that Michael Aronov, and Aida Turturro would take the recurring roles of Smokey Putnum, the logistician and an embezzler, and Heddie Hawkins, his accountant. In October, Jonny Coyne was cast as Red's nemesis and Tom's murderer, Ian Garvey; his adopted daughter, Lilian Roth, actually Liz's stepsister, Jennifer Reddington, was portrayed by Fiona Dourif. Jonathan Holtzman and Genson Blimline also began starring in recurring capacities as two Reddington's operatives. Nathan Lane played a notable blacklister for the series' 100th episode. John Waters and Julian Sands appeared in season conclusion with Sands portraying Sutton Ross, a spy trying to take revenge on Reddington and the eventual blacklister of the finale. Janssen also returned for one episode.

In the sixth season, Dourif continued to recur in the season while Aronov departed. In November 2018, it was revealed that Coy Stewart would play Vontae Jones, Reddington's innocent cellmate Reddington meets and befriends while in prison. Stacy Keach played financier and con man Robert Vesco, who in real life escaped without payment of $200 billion from the U.S. and who was rumored to die from lung cancer in 2007, amidst theories about his pseudocide. In two back-to-back episodes, the series connects Vesco and Reddington as Red searches for a lost treasure. Bokenkamp said about the two actors: "Spader and Keach together are a delight!". Laila Robins also appeared in the season's final minutes as Liz's mother, Katarina Rostova, a subject of the show's major story line.

For the seventh season, Robins was given a recurring role. The Blacklist's showrunners told Deadline and Variety that they were trying to change the format of the series to a family drama, rather than a crime drama as it was intended to be. It was the reason for the introduction of Rostova, who also served as the lead villain of the season. Brett Cullen starred in the season as Ilya Koslov, a person previously pretending to be the real Reddington. In December 2019, Joely Richardson was cast as Cassandra Biancchi, an international thief and the ex-girlfriend of Reddington, for a special episode partly based on Agatha Christie novels. Today host and meteorologist Al Roker appeared in the series' 150th episode as himself.

In the eighth season, various familiar actors returned in guest roles because it was the last season of the original storyline. The series continued casting new characters as well. Reg Rogers was cast in the role of the main antagonist, the mentally disordered crime lord Neville Townsend, who sought revenge on Red after he murdered his family and who launched a bounty hunt on Katarina Rostova. One of his bodyguards, who also assisted in the murder of Elizabeth, Elias Vandyke, was played by Lukas Hassel. Blommaert returned in a guest appearance in the season, as a hallucination of Mr. Kaplan coming for Liz. Dourif also made a cameo appearance in the season. The penultimate episode brought back Robins (who departed after the second episode of the season), Thomsen, and Cullen. Robins was revealed to be Tatiana Petrova, Katarina Rostova's body double, instead of Rostova herself.

In the ninth season, while casting continued for new roles, most of the recurring characters of the previous seasons, such as Lovejoy, Turturro, Holtzman, Blimline and Coluca, maintained their roles. Blimline, whose character died offscreen, departed at the end of the season. In October 2022, Diany Rodriguez and Karina Arroyave revealed that they would be starring in the upcoming season as Cuban sisters Weecha and Mierce Xiu, respectively. Keach and Richardson both returned for one episode. Stevens also left the series after the ninth season's finale which had the title addressed to his character. However, he was still nominated for the 47th Saturn Awards for best guest starring role. Han also returned in the finale, when his character, after being incarcerated for 10 years, escapes from prison and starts gathering blacklisters from all over the world to avenge Reddington.

Two major recurring stars died while starring. Clark Middleton, who played Glen Carter, Reddington's tracker and one of his best friends, from the second to the seventh seasons, and he was scheduled to appear in season eight, but died of West Nile virus in 2020, before the season was filmed. He was honored by the series in one of the episodes of season eight, as his character also died of the same virus; Huey Lewis also appeared as himself. Brian Dennehy, who played Elizabeth's grandfather and Rostova's father, Dominic Wilkinson, also died in 2020. He appeared in guest roles from the third to the seventh season, when he died during the filming of the final episodes. However, his character was included in the animated special, which was filmed in his honor. For storyline purposes, his character was recast with Ron Raines.

Filming
Despite being set in Washington, D.C., the series is filmed in New York. The series' Task Force headquarters are located at Chelsea Piers which was mostly used while filming Law & Order. Producer Richard Heus said they chose to film specific Washington, D.C. locations for the series, including the Lincoln Memorial, the Washington Monument, and the National Mall, because they were "iconic American locations." All the sets, excluding the Task Force headquarters, are either shot in different locations of the state or are filmed in special sound studios. The process of filming a single episodes usually takes an average of nine days, while sometimes two episodes may be filmed simultaneously in order to save time.

The series is filmed in 4K using Sony PMW-F55 cameras that are adapted to use Panavision lenses. It is edited using Avid Media Composer, and editor Christopher Brookshire says the show has "a very distinctive look and pace." An average of three cameras are used at one time, but as many as six cameras are sometimes recording.

The final episode of the series was filmed in Nyack village in Rockland County, New York, on April 24, 2023.

Broadcast

Netflix deal
On August 28, 2014, Netflix signed a deal with Sony to access The Blacklist through its subscription, with an estimated price of $2,000,000 per episode, the biggest overall deal at that time.

New episode releases varied widely due to shortening Netflix rights in front of local TV networks; it was mostly based on location and local language. In the United States and Canada, the ninth season debuted on October 6, 2022, and September 21, 2022, respectively, prior to the premiere of season 10. In DACH countries and Luxembourg, the ninth season was released on June 26, 2022. In the Netherlands, the ninth season was released on December 3, 2022. In Scandinavian countries, the ninth season was released on October 23, 2022, along with Spain. In Latin America, the premiere date of season eight was scheduled on July 18, 2021, but was changed to June 1, 2022. In France and the majority of French-speaking countries in Africa, the eighth and latest season premiered on Netflix on November 13, 2022.

Some countries with domestic language voiceover did not violate any broadcaster rights and therefore were allowed to release new episodes simultaneously with NBC. For season nine, these countries included India, Israel, South Korea, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Portugal, Slovakia and Romania. Netflix also has streaming rights for all nine seasons in Greece and Australia.

The series performed well on Netflix. In almost every country new seasons scored a place in the local Top 10 and usually remained there for more than a week. The eighth and ninth seasons had most notable performances in Romania, Greece, and DACH countries.

Regional broadcasters

Sony divisions
In Asia and Oceania, the series is broadcast by AXN Asia; the tenth season premiered on February 26, 2023, and will air simultaneously with NBC. This excludes Japan, where only two seasons have been broadcast by AXN Japan, although most recent episodes were scheduled to air starting July 18, 2022. In Latin America and Brazil, the series was broadcast by AXN Latin America and AXN Brazil, respectively, with the ninth season awaiting release. In Spain and Portugal, the broadcaster was AXN Portugal, with the tenth season premiering on February 28, 2023. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the ninth season was due to premiere on August 2, 2022, on Sony AXN.

Russian channel Sony Turbo, one of three Sony channels in Russia, also broadcast the first four seasons of the series before shutting down on June 24, 2021. Sony Channel Turkey also broadcast the show before closing.

In Hungary, Sony-owned channel Viasat 3 broadcast the first two seasons of The Blacklist, with the second season premiering on April 16, 2015.

Local networks
In the United States, all episodes were available for purchase on Prime Video. The new episodes were released on Peacock the day after the debut on NBC. The series was broadcast simultaneously on Global in Canada. In France, the first eight seasons were broadcast by TF1, with all seasons available on pay TV service Serieclub. In Germany, the first five seasons were broadcast on RTL Crime. In Italy, the first seven seasons and the first seventeen episodes of season eight were broadcast on Fox Crime before a transfer to Sky Group-owned Sky Investigation. It broadcast the final five episodes of season eight and season nine, which was split into two parts and premiered on December 19, 2021, and July 3, 2021, respectively. Sky Group also had the rights to broadcast The Blacklist in the United Kingdom and Ireland, where season nine premiered on May 11, 2022, on Sky Max, and formerly broadcast the series on Sky One. Spanish channel Energy had the rights to broadcast the first seven seasons, with the latest season premiering on January 22, 2022. The series is also broadcast in Spain through Movistar Plus+, where the tenth season premiered on February 27, 2023, without domestic dubbing, which was later added.  In Australia, the broadcast rights belonged to 7 Australia, where the tenth season will premiere on May 22, 2023. In the Netherlands, the tenth season is broadcast on Videoland starting March 6, 2023.

Reception

Critical response

The first seasons of The Blacklist received mostly positive reviews from television critics. The pilot was lauded by the critics, praising the original plot and cast performance, especially by Spader. At the time, it was usually compared with Hostages, which premiered alongside the series, and Homeland due to the mutual connection between the characters of Reddington and Nicholas Brody and the transfer of Diego Klattenhoff, comparing him to Homelands Mike Faber. David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle said about the pilot, "You think you know this situation and how it will turn out, but there are surprising, yet entirely credible, twists throughout Monday's episode". Brian Lowry said about the second season, "At times during its first season, 'The Blacklist' felt like two series in one: The very good one  starring James Spader as a ruthless criminal, and the more mundane procedural in which he had taken refuge. Thanks to the show's success, though, NBC and the producers have little reason to tinker with that formula, other than having Spader's 'Red' Reddington assume an expanded role within the premiere, while tapping some fine new actors to join (temporarily, perhaps) the program's extended company". Canadian television critic John Doyle from The Globe and Mail wrote a glowing review on the third season, praising Spader's performance, the soundtrack and the plot. He called the series "outstanding and inventing" and wrote, "Network drama isn't dead as long as something like The Blacklist can be created and thrive".

Criticisms of the series mostly arose starting the seventh season. Brian Lowry panned the eighth season, despite previously responding positively to the series. He criticized the mystery of Red's identity, claiming it has been running for too long without a revelation and ended up not being provided. He wrote, "Like any network drama steeped in mythology, the procedural case-of-the-week format lost its luster as the clues and red herrings piled up, until The Blacklist went from a hit to (mostly) an afterthought, certainly in terms of its declining ratings".

 Ratings

 Note:''' The ninth episode of the second season, "Luther Braxton", aired on a Sunday at 10:38 p.m, with Super Bowl XLIX as its lead-in.

 Accolades

 Other media

 Publications
Titan Books released an official comic book series based on the series, written by Nicole Phillips and illustrated by Beni Lobel. The series' crew is working in the project as well. The series' editor, David Leach, stated that the comic was "a true extension of the television series". Issue #1 was launched on July 22, 2015, in both comic book and digital stores. The comic series ran across two major storylines and introduced new criminals that were never featured in the series before. The first one, The Gambler, was introduced under the number 148 and ran across the first five volumes in 2015, with the final collection appearing in stores on April 5, 2016. The second one, entitled The Arsonist (No. 123), also continued for five volumes, all of them published through 2016, with the final compilation released in September 2016 for sale. The visual style of the animated scenes for the season seven finale was loosely based on the comics.

There were also two novels based on the series, also introducing new criminals, focusing entirely on their capture. The first one was written by Steven Piziks under the title The Beekeper and was published worldwide by Titan Books on November 29, 2016. The second one, The Dead Ring, written by Jon McGoran, was published on March 28, 2017, also by Titan Books.

 Games

 Mobile game
The mobile game The Blacklist: Conspiracy was released on June 23, 2016, by Gameloft for Android, iOS, and Windows devices. As a member of the task force, the player was able to interact with Reddington, Cooper, and other members and interrogate potential suspects and witnesses. The game mostly consisted of searching for missing items in different environments, as well as mini games to further the investigations. Players could also make decisions that alter the route of the story.

 City Hunt
NBC announced during Super Bowl XLIX that The Blacklist would change its slot from Mondays to Thursdays after the airing of the second-season episode "Luther Braxton" and launched a city scavenger hunt event called Red Is on the Run to Thursdays (originally Red Across America). The participants had to search across the city to find Red's doppelgänger, left by Reddington in order to get lost from the FBI. The first person who found him in their city was awarded $500, the second one earned $300, and the third received $200. The Blacklist official accounts on Twitter and Facebook, in addition to NBC and CBS news affiliates and regional stations published hints on their location through the hunt.

The competition was held from February 2 to February 5, 2015, in 25 cities across the United States, including New York, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Sacramento and Seattle. In the conclusion, on February 9, 2015, a national $25,000 lottery was held, where the participants had to answer the questions about the recently released Luther Braxton Conclusion. The winner was a resident of Washington, D.C., which was announced in The Blacklist social media accounts.

 Spin-off

In March 2016, NBC began developing a spin-off series, created and produced by the crew of The Blacklist, with the official announcement regarding the cast and crew given on March 29, 2016. Ryan Eggold was set for the lead role, playing Tom Keen, with a family relations buildup similar to what seasons seven and eight of the original series introduced. The series follows Tom leaving Washington, D.C. for New York City, where he discovers the secrets of his past and learns the truth about his mother, Susan Hargrave (née Halsted), and his father, Howard Hargrave, who was presumably dead. As Tom works at Susan's security firm, he leads her to the truth about Howard being alive, which develops into a rivalry between Susan and Howard, forcing Tom to choose his allies.

Famke Janssen and Terry O'Quinn were cast as Susan and Howard Hargrave, respectively. Janssen joined the cast since the beginning of developing, reprising her role from the original series, while O'Quinn was cast on December 12, 2016. Edi Gathegi, Tawny Cypress and Adrian Martinez also reprised their roles from The Blacklist as Mathias Solomon, Nez Rowan and Dumont, respectively. With all supporting cast appearing through the third season of The Blacklist, episodes "Susan Hargrave" and "Alexander Kirk" served as a backdoor pilot for the series, to that date unnamed.

On May 14, 2016, an eight-episode pickup for the series, which was entitled The Blacklist: Redemption, was announced by NBC. David Amann joined as a fifth executive producer alongside Bokenkamp, Eisendrath, Davis and Fox. It aired in the same Thursday slot as The Blacklist while the original series took a break. It premiered on February 23, its final episode aired on April 13, and was canceled after one season due to low ratings. Eggold, who left the mothership series for the spin-off, continued his role on the fifth season of The Blacklist''. Despite low ratings among audiences aged 19–49, it received generally favorable or mixed reviews from critics, with no score on either Rotten Tomatoes or Metacritic.

Notes

References

External links

2013 American television series debuts
American action television series
2010s American crime drama television series
2020s American crime drama television series
Television series about the Federal Bureau of Investigation
NBC original programming
Television series by Universal Television
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television shows filmed in New York (state)
Television shows set in New York City
Television shows set in Washington, D.C.
Terrorism in television
Crime thriller television series
American spy thriller television series
Television shows adapted into comics
Television shows adapted into video games
Works about the Serbian Mafia

The Blacklist


Tobias Fleet Hill (30 March 1970 – 26 August 2023) was a British poet, essayist, writer of short stories and novelist.

Life
Tobias Hill was born in Kentish Town, in North London, to parents of German Jewish and English extraction; Hill identified as Jewish. His maternal grandfather was the brother of Gottfried Bermann, confidant of Thomas Mann and, as owner of S. Fischer Verlag, German literature's leading publisher-in-exile during the Second World War. Hill's father was a journalist and his mother was a graphic designer.  Hill was educated at Hampstead School and the  University of Sussex before spending two years teaching in Japan. He lived in Cricklewood, north London.

Hill married Hannah Donat in 2003, and they had one child, Kit. He had a stroke in 2014, which ended his writing career. Hill died from glioblastoma on 26 August 2023, at the age of 53.

Work

Poetry
Hill's early work appeared in magazines such as Envoi and The Frogmore Papers and published four collections, Year of the Dog (1995),  Midnight in the City of Clocks  (1996) (influenced by his experience of life in Japan) Zoo (1998) and Nocturne in Chrome & Sunset Yellow (2006). The last of these was described by The Guardian as "A vital, luminous collection... it is rare to come across a collection of poetry that you know with certainty you will still be reading years from now, but for me, this is such a book." Hill's collection of short stories, Skin (1997), was serialised on BBC Radio 4, was shortlisted for the 1998 John Llewellyn Rhys/Mail on Sunday Prize, and won the International PEN/Macmillan Silver Pen Award.

Novels
In 1999, Hill published his debut novel, Underground. Set on the London Underground, this dark, neo-gothic work follows the story of Casimir, a Polish immigrant, as he comes to terms with his personal and national past. Underground won the Betty Trask Prize and the Arts Council Writer's Award.

The Love of Stones (2001), Hill's second novel, garnered wider recognition: it charts the lives of two nineteenth-century Jewish brothers and a contemporary protagonist, Katharine Sterne, whose stories are entwined with that of a jewel known as "The Three Brothers", once owned by Elizabeth I, but lost since the 17th century.

Hill's third novel, The Cryptographer, was published in 2003. A sparer narrative than The Love of Stones, it tells the story of a global financial disaster, examining issues of trust and secrecy. The Cryptographer is set in the near future, but comprises a shadow portrait of the enigmatic historical figure John Law. In December 2003 the Hay Festival showcased the novel as its Book of the Year. It was described by the author A. S. Byatt as evidence of "one of the two or three most original and interesting young novelists working in Britain today".

Tobias Hill's fourth novel, The Hidden, was published to acclaim in January 2009. In the Guardian, the author James Lasdun called it "an elaborate mystery along the lines of The Magus or The Secret History, and a sustained meditation on the special ethics of terrorism in ancient and modern times...You don't often see writing as lively as this." The author Kamila Shamsie, in The Observer, wrote: "Apart from everything else that this novel is — a beautifully paced thriller, a meditation on loss, guilt, obsession — it is also one of the finest novels written so far about this, our age of terror."

Other work
Hill wrote one book for children, The Lion Who Ate Everything, illustrated by Michael Foreman, twice winner of the Kate Greenaway Medal. He has also written for The Times, The Observer, The Independent, The Guardian and Time Out. From 1998 to 2001, he was the Sunday Telegraph'''s rock
critic. He has edited the works of other writers, including Edgar Allan Poe. In 2012, Hill, along with Brooke Magnanti, acted as a judge for Fleeting Magazine's Six-Word Short Story Prize.

Critical perspective
Amongst contemporary British authors, Hill is unusual in achieving recognition as a poet, a novelist and a writer of short stories. In 2003 he was nominated as one of the best young writers in Britain by the Times Literary Supplement. In 2004 he was selected as one of the country's Next Generation poets. His novels have been published worldwide.

Secrecy, revelation and obsession are recurrent themes in Hill's fiction. In Skin, a worker at London Zoo investigates the disappearance of dead animals at the hands of an eerie figure, the Featherman, finally discovering his formalin-drenched lair in Camden Town's derelict stable-yards. In Underground, Casimir's physical explorations of London's subterranean echo his mental rediscovery of a traumatic childhood in Poland. In The Love of Stones, Katharine Sterne devotes her life to a search for a legendary lost jewel, the Three Brethren. The same motifs are used to powerful effect in The Hidden, and indeed the novel is prefaced with a quotation from John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton: "Every thing secret degenerates".

Awards, residencies and associations
Hill has held writing residencies at Newnham College, Cambridge, Sussex University, and Eton College. In 1999 he was the inaugural Poet in Residence at London Zoo. In 2009 he became inaugural Programme Director of the Faber Academy. In 2012 he was appointed senior lecturer on the MA Creative Writing Course at Oxford Brookes University.

His awards include an Eric Gregory Award in 1995, the Ian St James Award in 1997, and the Pen/Macmillan Silver Pen Award in 1997. He was shortlisted for the Mail on Sunday/John Llewellyn Rhys Prize in 2002 and 2004, and for the Sunday Times Young Writer of the Year Award in 2004.

Bibliography
Source:Year of the Dog, National Poetry Foundation, 1995Midnight in the City of Clocks, Oxford University Press, 1996Skin, Faber and Faber, 1997Zoo, Oxford University Press, 1998Underground, Faber and Faber, 1999The Love of Stones, Faber and Faber, 2001The Cryptographer, Faber and Faber, 2003Nocturne in Chrome & Sunset Yellow, Salt Publishing, 2006The Lion Who Ate Everything, Walker, 2008The Hidden, Faber and Faber, 2009What Was Promised, Bloomsbury, 2014

Notes

External links
 Faber profile
 Poetry Society profile
 A review of Hill's The Hidden from "The Oxonian Review" (accessed 26 February 2009)
 British Council: Contemporary Writers website – Tobias Hill (with portrait and critical perspective) (accessed 19 March 2008)
 Guardian articles by Hill
 Review of The HIdden. Salon'' magazine 1 November 2009

1970 births
2023 deaths
21st-century English male writers
21st-century English novelists
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Deaths from brain cancer in England
Deaths from glioblastoma
English Jewish writers
English male novelists
English male poets
English people of German-Jewish descent
Fellows of Newnham College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Novelists from London
People from Cricklewood
People from the London Borough of Camden
Poets from London

Tobias Hill


Slow Food is an idea that is opposed to fast food. Many restaraunts see it as sitting down, ordering, and eating the meal within the restaraunt, as opposed to on the go. Slow food focuses on local ingredients. These ingredients are used to prepare a meal. This is in contrast to fast food, using processed ingredients. Carlo Petrini founded the movement in 1986. Even though the movement started in Italy, it soon spread to other countries.

Aims
Slow food has the following aims:
 Eating works with pleasure, which everyone deserves.
 Quality needs time.
 Quallity should respect ecology. Locally-produced fresh ingredients are preferable. The presentation of the meal should be aesthetically pleasing.
 Everyone has a different taste; discussions about taste are natural

In 2006, Petrini gave the following definition: Buono, pulito e giusto (good, clean, and fair) - If one of the three is missing, we are no longer talking about Slow Food.

Criticism
Slow Food's aims have been compared to the Arts and Crafts movement's response to 19th-century industrialisation.

Without changing the working day of the masses, the preparation of slow food can be hard to whoever prepares food. People with more money can afford the time and expense of developing "taste", "knowledge", and "discernment". Slow Food's stated aim of preserving itself from the "contagion of the multitude" can be seen as elitist by those that consume fast food or are not part of the movement. In 1989, Petrini visited Venezuela and began to recognize the socioeconomic barriers that many faced with regard to the slow food movement. To address this, he adjusted the slow food agenda to include an alternative food approach that favored healthy, local, community-based food consumption and production. While this made the slow food movement more accessible for many, it did not eliminate all of the socioeconomic barriers faced by the movement.

References

Foods

Slow Food


Mihai Popovici (21 October 1879 – 7 May 1966) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician.

Born in Brașov, he studied at the local Romanian high school and then at the universities of Budapest and Vienna, earning an undergraduate degree in philosophy and a doctorate in law. He belonged to the Romanian National Party (PNR) and was active as an opinion journalist. After the PNR merged with the Peasants' Party in 1926 to form the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ), he became vice president of the new organization.

In 1916, when the Romanian Old Kingdom entered World War I, he enlisted in the Romanian Army and helped organize the Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia. He belonged to the national committee of Romanian emigrants from Austria-Hungary, set up at Odessa in January 1918. That December, he took part in the assembly at Alba Iulia that approved the union of Transylvania with Romania. Popovici was subsequently elected to the temporary ruling authority in the province, the Directing Council. In 1919, he was elected to the Assembly of Deputies, in the first parliament of Greater Romania.

During the following decade, he held two ministerial posts: Public Works (December 1919-March 1920) and Finance (January 1927, November 1928-October 1929). He was among the PNȚ supporters of bringing Prince Carol, who had renounced his succession rights, to the Romanian throne. In 1926-1927, together with other prominent politicians, he visited Carol in Paris, urging him to take the throne. Popovici served as Interior Minister from 7 to 8 June 1930, in the cabinet of Gheorghe Mironescu that was charged by the regency acting on behalf of the minor King Michael with overseeing Carol's assumption of power. He subsequently held two more portfolios: Finance (June–October 1930, October 1930-April 1931) and Justice (October 1931-January 1933, January–November 1933).

Popovici remained close to the king as the latter became increasingly authoritarian, and during the National Renaissance Front regime promised him the PNȚ would not stand in his way. He took part in the 29–30 August 1940 session of the Crown Council that approved the cession of Northern Transylvania to Hungary. PNȚ leader Iuliu Maniu proposed Popovici as a minister in the subsequent government of Ion Antonescu, which the latter declined. In August 1947, in the wake of the Tămădău Affair and shortly before the establishment of a communist regime, he was arrested and incarcerated at Sighet prison. Released in July 1955, he died in Bucharest in 1966.

Notes

References
Constantin Grigore and Miliana Șerbu, Miniștrii de interne (1862–2007), Editura Ministerului Internelor și Reformei Administrative, Bucharest, 2007.

1879 births
1966 deaths
People from Brașov
Ethnic Romanian politicians in Transylvania
Andrei Șaguna National College (Brașov) alumni
Eötvös Loránd University alumni
Romanian opinion journalists
Romanian military personnel of World War I
National Peasants' Party politicians
20th-century Romanian politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Romanian Ministers of Interior
Romanian Ministers of Finance
Romanian Ministers of Public Works
Romanian Ministers of Transport
Romanian Ministers of Justice
Romanian prisoners and detainees
Inmates of Sighet prison
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Romania

Mihai Popovici


Aviator glasses are sunglasses or eyeglasses with a double nose bridge and usually teardrop shaped lenses. Aviator glasses were originally made by Bausch and Lomb ( the company that would become Ray-Ban) for pilots in Second World War to protect their eyes while flying at high altitudes, and the glasses resemble pilot's goggles. Aviator glasses are not only made by RayBan, but also Randolph Engineering, American Optical, (the latter made the sunglasses worn by the Apollo program astronauts enroute to the Moon). As clear lens or slightly tinted eyeglasses, aviators were most popular during the 1970s to 1990s. As sunglasses, the style is most associated with police officers.

Aviation
Eyeglasses

Aviator glasses


Barry Ernest Fantoni (born 28 February 1940) is a British author, cartoonist and jazz musician of Italian and Jewish descent, most famous for his work with the magazine Private Eye, for whom he also created Neasden F.C. He has also published books on Chinese astrology as well as a mystery novel set in Miami featuring 87-year-old private investigator Harry Lipkin.

Biography

Fantoni was born in London's East End to an Italian father and a Jewish mother of French and Dutch extraction, both gifted musicians. He was educated at the Archbishop Temple School in London. At the age of fourteen, he was awarded the Wedgewood Scholarship for the Arts and studied at the Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts from 1954 until 1958. There, he formed the school's first jazz group as well as a film society and pioneered a drama group before getting expelled.

In 1963, Fantoni became a member of the editorial staff of the satirical magazine Private Eye. He was behind some of the magazine's most famous characters, and appeared in all but 31 of its 1,278 issues until his retirement in 2010. He also wrote scripts for the BBC TV programme That Was the Week That Was in 1962.

Fantoni hosted a short-lived BBC TV show called A Whole Scene Going in 1966, which won him the title of Male TV Personality of the Year. The show focused on contemporary trends in the arts: Twiggy made her first appearance on the show, and it also featured performances from The Who, The Kinks and The Pretty Things.

On 27 January 2007 he debuted on BBC Radio Five Live's Fighting Talk. He scored 28 points thus finishing in last place which is a programme tradition for a debutant. In September 2007 he was a guest on Private Passions, the weekly music discussion programme hosted by Michael Berkeley on BBC Radio 3.

E. J. Thribb (17½)

Fantoni is the creator and writer of poems supposedly penned by one E. J. Thribb — the fictitious poet-in-residence at Private Eye. His poems are usually about recently deceased famous people, and always begin "So, farewell then...".

Thribb also usually mentions the deceased's "catchphrase" or theme song and his poems often feature his friend Keith, or Keith's mum, who usually does something "like" the deceased. The poetry consists of a stream of consciousness which is just broken up into lines.

Selected filmography
Just Like a Woman (1967)
The Strange Affair (1968)
Otley (1968)

References

External links
 Fighting Talk website
 British Cartoon Archive – University of Kent – biographical page on Barry Fantoni

1940 births
Living people
Artists from London
Writers from London
English people of Italian descent
British astrologers
20th-century astrologers
21st-century astrologers
British male journalists
British comic strip cartoonists
Private Eye contributors

Barry Fantoni


The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, commonly known as Tower of Terror, is a classic Disney amusement park attraction. The ride is an elevator that drops and rises several times. It is like riding an elevator that fails while people are on it. The theme of the ride is based

Locations
There are currently four versions. Three are based on the TV show The Twilight Zone.

 Disney's Hollywood Studios near Orlando, Florida, USA
 Disney California Adventure in Anaheim, California
 Walt Disney Studios Park located in Paris, France
 Tokyo DisneySea in Tokyo, Japan, not based on the Twilight Zone. Takes place in the fictional Hotel Hightower

The ride
"Guests" get on what appears to be an old "freight elevator". The elevator car goes past several old hallways. It passes what appear to be ghosts of former guests. Next the ride enters a dark vertical shaft. Suddenly the elevator snaps upward and with the sounds and sparks of the elevator cables breaking it plunges downward. It freefalls 13 floors down before stopping. Then it climbs, stops, falls again and repeats the process. People outside the ride can hear the riders screaming in terror. The ride attracts thrill-seekers who ride again and again. Each time the ride is a little different.

Restrictions
People must be at least 40 inches (102 cm) tall to enter the ride. Wheelchairs and mobility scooters must be left behind (users must be strong enough to stand). Anyone suffering from neck, back, or heart problems, motion sickness or claustrophobia are advised not to ride. Pregnant women may not ride. Anyone with a fear of heights or fear of falling may want to avoid this ride as well.

References

Other websites

 The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror™
 Tower of Terror Tokyo DisneySea

Amusement rides

The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror


The Kippax was one of the most well known stands at Manchester City's Maine Road Ground. Originally the Popular Stand, its name was changed in 1957. The Kippax was unusual in that unlike in most other grounds, this area of support occupied a full side rather than an end of the ground. In 1994, due to the Taylor Report, the new redeveloped, all seater stand was opened by City legend Bert Trautmann. It housed 10,000 fans and had three levels. At the time it was the highest stand in the country.

The club left the Maine Road ground in 2003 and moved to the new City of Manchester Stadium.. This of course bought the end for one of City's most loved stands, The Kippax. Unofficially, the East stand in the new stadium is also named Kippax.

References

Other websites

The Official Manchester City Maine Road History Site

Sports buildings in the United Kingdom

The Kippax


Passau (; ) is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany, also known as the Dreiflüssestadt ("City of Three Rivers") as the river Danube is joined by the Inn from the south and the Ilz from the north.

Passau's population is approx. 50,000, of whom about 12,000 are students at the University of Passau, renowned in Germany for its institutes of economics, law, theology, computer science and cultural studies.

History
In the 2nd century BC, many of the Boii tribe were pushed north across the Alps out of northern Italy by the Romans. They established a new capital called Boiodurum by the Romans (from Gaulish Boioduron), now within the Innstadt district of Passau.

Passau was an ancient Roman colony called Batavis, Latin for "for the Batavi." The Batavi were an ancient Germanic tribe often mentioned by classical authors, and they were regularly associated with the Suebian marauders, the Heruli. Batavis (Passau-Altstadt) was a Roman castrum in the province of Raetia, while another late Roman castrum, Boiotro (Passau-Innstadt), was in the province of Noricum.

During the second half of the 5th century, St. Severinus established a monastery here. The site was subject to repeated raids by the Alemanni. In 739, the recently consecrated English archbishop Boniface founded the diocese of Passau, which for many years was the largest diocese of the German Kingdom/Holy Roman Empire, covering territory in southern Bavaria and most of what is now Upper and Lower Austria. From the 10th century the bishops of Passau also exercised secular authority as Prince-Bishops in the immediate area around Passau (see ).

In the Treaty of Passau (1552), Archduke Ferdinand I, representing Emperor Charles V, secured the agreement of the Protestant princes to submit the religious question to a diet. This led to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.

During the Renaissance and early modern period, Passau was one of the most prolific centres of sword and bladed weapon manufacture in Germany (after Solingen). Passau smiths stamped their blades with the Passau wolf, usually a rather simplified rendering of the wolf on the city's coat-of-arms. Superstitious warriors believed that the Passau wolf conferred invulnerability on the blade's bearer, and thus Passau swords acquired a great premium. According to the , aside from the wolf, some cabalistic signs and inscriptions were added. As a result, the whole practice of placing magical charms on swords to protect the wearers came to be known for a time as "Passau art". (See Eduard Wagner, Cut and Thrust Weapons, 1969.) Other cities' smiths, including those of Solingen, recognized the marketing value of the Passau wolf and adopted it for themselves. By the 17th century, Solingen was producing more wolf-stamped blades than Passau was.

In 1662, a devastating fire consumed most of the city. Passau was subsequently rebuilt in the Baroque style.

Passau was secularised and divided between the Electorate of Bavaria and the Electorate of Salzburg in 1803. The portion belonging to Salzburg became part of Bavaria in 1805.

From 1892 until 1894, Adolf Hitler and his family lived in Passau. The city archives mention Hitler being in Passau on four occasions in the 1920s for speeches. In addition, Heinrich Himmler spent some time there.

In November 1933, the building of  (Hall of the Nibelungs) was announced. Intended to hold 8,000 to 10,000 guests, and another 30,000 in front of it, in 1935 the hall also became quarters for a unit of the Austrian Legion. Beginning in 1934, these troops had occupied a building that belonged to Sigmund Mandl, a Jewish merchant. That building, in turn, was referred to as SA barracks.

Beginning in 1940, Passau offered the building at Bräugasse 13 to Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle.

During World War II, the city also housed three sub-camps of the infamous Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp: Passau I (Oberilzmühle), Passau II (Waldwerke Passau-Ilzstadt) and Passau III (Jandelsbrunn). From January to May 1945, refugees from East Prussia and Silesia passed the city, after May, as the result of ethnic cleansing of neighboring Bohemia and Moravia of their German populace, further waves of refugees arrived in the city.

On 3 May 1945 a message from Major General Stanley Eric Reinhart's 261st Infantry Regiment stated at 3:15 am:  "AMG Officer has unconditional surrender of PASSAU signed by Burgermeister, Chief of Police and Lt. Col of Med Corps there. All troops are to turn themselves in this morning."

It was the site of a post World War II American sector displaced persons camp.

On 2 June 2013, the old town suffered from severe flooding as a result of several days of rain and its location at the confluence of three rivers. Peak elevations of floods as early as 1501 are displayed on a wall at the Old City Hall. Flood water reaches the base of that wall on average once every 5 years.

Subdivisions

Until 2013, the City of Passau was subdivided into eight statistical districts, which in general coincided with formerly separate municipalities. Since 2013, the city is divided in 16 so-called areas of open council ("Bürgerversammlungsgebiete").

Main sights
Many river cruises down the Danube start at Passau and there is a cycling path all the way down to Vienna. It is on the designated heritage route, the Route of Emperors and Kings.

Passau is notable for its gothic and baroque architecture. The city is dominated by the Veste Oberhaus and the Veste Niederhaus, both parts of the former fortress of the Bishop, on the mountain crest between the Danube and the Ilz.

Tourism in Passau focuses mainly on the three rivers, the St. Stephen's Cathedral (Der Passauer Stephansdom) and the "Old City" (Die Altstadt).

With 17,774 pipes and 233 registers, the organ at St. Stephen's was long held to be the largest church pipe organ in the world and is today second in size only to the organ at First Congregational Church of Los Angeles, which was expanded in 1994. Organ concerts are held daily between May and September. St.Stephen's is a true masterpiece of Italian Baroque, built by Italian architect Carlo Lurago and decorated in part by Carpoforo Tencalla.

Among many other churches are the Jesuits church of St. Michael, the oldest parish church of St. Paul and the pilgrim church Mariahilf on the hill south of the rivers Inn and Danube.

Before the cathedral is a large square (Domplatz) with the Lamberg-Palais, where the Peace of Passau was concluded.
The medieval Old Residence south of the cathedral and the baroque New Residence further west at Residenzplatz were the palaces of the Prince-Bishops within the city. Right beside the 14th century Gothic city hall with its neo Gothic tower and the big 19th century former Hauptzollamtsgebäude (Main Customs Office) at the Danube is the Scharfrichterhaus, an important jazz and cabaret stage on which political cabaret is performed.

Image gallery

Migrant entry point
Due to its location on the German-Austrian border, and in the south-east of the country, Passau has become a major migrant entry point into Germany. Refugees and economic migrants from the Middle East, Asia and Africa who have reached Europe, often entering either overland via Greece or across the sea via the Mediterranean (see Operation Triton), then head north and sometimes enter Germany. In 2015 the BBC reported that traffickers drive migrants and refugees through Austria and leave them on the side of the autobahn. The migrants and refugees then often walk unaccompanied into Passau, the first German town northwards. This situation has caused the government of Passau to divert funds from flood prevention to housing and feeding the refugees and migrants, around 10% of whom are unaccompanied children.

Twin towns - sister cities
Passau is twinned with:

 Hackensack, United States (1952)
 Cagnes-sur-Mer, France (1973)
 Krems an der Donau, Austria (1974)
 Akita, Japan (1984)
 Málaga, Spain (1987)
 České Budějovice, Czech Republic (1993)
 Liuzhou, China (1999)
 Veszprém, Hungary (1999)
 Montecchio Maggiore, Italy (2003)

Notable people

Otto of Passau (died after 1383/86), clerical author
Gottlieb Muffat (1690–1770), organist and composer
Joseph Ferdinand Damberger (1795–1859), historian
Joseph Maximilian von Maillinger (1820–1901), general and war minister
Hans Fruhstorfer (1866–1922), explorer and entomologist
Georg Philipp Wörlen (1886–1954), painter
Christian Rub (1886–1956), actor
Adolf Hitler (1889−1945), lived here in 1892–1894 with his family
Henry Gerber (1892−1972), early U.S. gay rights activist
Ludwig Schmidseder (1904–1971), composer and pianist
Albert Ganzenmüller (1905–1996), Nazi politician
Alfred Dick (1927–2005), politician
Nicolaus A. Huber (born 1939), composer
Heidi Schüller (born 1950), athlete
Bruno Jonas (born 1952), cabaret artist and actor
Anna Rosmus (born 1960), author, Third Reich historian
Andreas Seidl (born 1976), CEO of Sauber Motorsport and former team principal for McLaren
Andreas Scheuer (born 1974), politician (CSU)
Florian Silbereisen (born 1981), singer and television presenter
Gisela Mashayekhi-Beer (born before 1983), Austrian flautist
Michael Ammermüller (born 1986), race car driver

See also
University of Passau
Athanor Academy of Performing Arts Passau

References

Further reading

   Passau, Universität, Dissertation, 2005

External links

Passau Wiki
Passau at Flickr
Passau Cathedral, which is famous for its organ with 17,774 pipes and 233 registers - the biggest church organ on Earth - Zoomable map and satellite overview (Google Maps).
First stop for new arrivals in Germany: bureaucracy (My Way news, September 16th, 2015)

Passau (district)
Populated places on the Danube
Populated places on the Inn (river)
Roman fortifications in Raetia

Passau


The Cleaning Lady is an American crime drama television series developed by Miranda Kwok, based on the 2017 Argentinian television series La Chica Que Limpia. It premiered on Fox on January 3, 2022.

Premise
The Cleaning Lady is a drama that centers on Thony De La Rosa, formerly a Philippine medical doctor who's now currently working/living in the shadows of modern day Las Vegas. Her reason for being in the US, on an expired visa, is her five year old son, Luca. Luca has a rare and life-threatening medical disorder, for which he needs a cutting edge, bone marrow treatment, which is only available in Las Vegas. Until she gets treatment for her son, Thony makes a living, not as a trained doctor but as a cleaning service worker, alongside her, sister in law, Fiona. After Thony accidentally witnesses a serious crime and is discovered hiding by the perpetrator behind it, Arman Morales, she's offered a job both as a cleaner and a doctor within their criminal organization that could pay well enough to help her son and her family. Crossing into a world of moral grey, Thony begins to live a double life, keeping secrets from her family all the while cleaning up murder scenes and dodging the law.

Cast and characters

Main

 Élodie Yung as Thony De La Rosa, formerly a doctor in one of Manila's best hospitals, but now trapped in Las Vegas as an illegal immigrant due to her visa expiring. She becomes a cleaner for the mob in order to gain the connections needed to procure treatment for her sick son.
 Adan Canto as Arman Morales, a gangster associated with a powerful criminal cartel operating in Las Vegas. He agrees to protect Thony and help her son in exchange for her services as a cleaner.
 Oliver Hudson as Garrett Miller, an FBI agent who goes after Thony in his effort to bring down Arman
 Martha Millan as Fiona De La Rosa, Thony's sister-in-law and closest friend, with whom she and her son live
 Sebastien and Valentino LaSalle as Luca De La Rosa, Thony's son. He suffers from a rare autoimmune illness that forces Thony to keep him hidden from the outside world to protect him from contagion.
 Sean Lew as Chris, Fiona's son
 Faith Bryant as Jaz, Fiona's daughter

Recurring
 Eva De Dominici as Nadia Morales, Arman's wife
 Ivan Shaw as Marco De La Rosa, Thony's husband and Fiona's brother
 Jay Mohr as Councilman Eric Knight
 Shiva Negar as Isabel Barsamian
 Liza Weil as Katherine Russo

2022 American television series debuts

The Cleaning Lady


Frederick Loewe (, originally German Friedrich (Fritz) Löwe ; June 10, 1901 – February 14, 1988) was an American composer. He collaborated with lyricist Alan Jay Lerner on a series of Broadway musicals, including Brigadoon, Paint Your Wagon, My Fair Lady,  and Camelot, all of which were made into films, as well as the original film musical Gigi (1958), which was first transferred to the stage in 1973.

Biography
Loewe was born in Berlin (Charlottenburg), Germany, to Viennese parents Edmund and Rosa Loewe. His father was a noted Jewish operetta star who performed throughout Europe and in North and South America; he starred as Count Danilo in the 1906 Berlin production of The Merry Widow.

Loewe grew up in Berlin and attended a Prussian cadet school from the age of five until he was thirteen. At an early age Loewe learned to play piano by ear and helped his father rehearse, and he began composing songs at age seven. He eventually attended the Stern Conservatory in Berlin, one year behind virtuoso Claudio Arrau, and studied with Ferruccio Busoni and Eugene d'Albert. He won the coveted Hollander Medal awarded by the school and gave performances as a concert pianist while still in Germany. At 13, he was the youngest piano soloist ever to appear with the Berlin Philharmonic.

In 1924, his father received an offer to appear in New York City, and Loewe traveled there with him, determined to write for Broadway. This proved to be difficult, and he took other odd jobs, including cattle punching, gold mining and prize fighting. He eventually found work playing piano in German clubs in Yorkville and in movie theaters as the accompanist for silent films. In 1931, he married Ernestine Zerline. Childless, they divorced in 1957.

Loewe began to visit the Lambs Club, a hangout for theater performers, producers, managers and directors. He credited The Lambs for keeping him working until his career expanded, and left a share of his royalties of Brigadoon to The Lambs Foundation. He met Alan Jay Lerner there in 1942. Their first collaboration was a musical adaptation of Barry Connor's farce The Patsy, called Life of the Party, for a Detroit stock company. It enjoyed a nine-week run and encouraged the duo to join forces with Arthur Pierson for What's Up?, which opened on Broadway in 1943. It ran for 63 performances and was followed by The Day Before Spring, which ran on Broadway from November 1945 to April 1946.

Their first hit was Brigadoon, a romantic fantasy set in a mystical Scottish village, directed by Robert Lewis with choreography by Agnes de Mille. The musical ran on Broadway from March 1947 to July 1948 and won the 1947 New York Drama Critics' Circle award as Best Musical. It spawned the songs "Almost Like Being in Love" and "The Heather on the Hill", both of which became standards. It was followed in 1951 by the less successful Gold Rush story Paint Your Wagon, which despite its lukewarm critical reception included several songs which went on to become popular, including "Wand'rin' Star" and, perhaps most famously, "They Call the Wind Maria".

In 1956, Lerner and Loewe's My Fair Lady was produced on Broadway. Their adaptation of George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, with the leads, Henry Higgins and Eliza Doolittle, being played originally by Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews, was a huge hit on Broadway and in London. The musical won the Tony Award for Best Musical. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer took notice and commissioned them to write the film musical Gigi (1958), which won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

Their next Broadway musical was Camelot in 1960. The production starred Richard Burton, Julie Andrews and Robert Goulet. According to Playbill, "The show achieved an unprecedented advance sale of three and a half million dollars, propelled in part by a preview on the Ed Sullivan Show that featured its stars, Richard Burton and Julie Andrews." Camelot ran for 873 performances.

Loewe then decided to retire to Palm Springs, California, where he bought a home in 1960. For many years he did not write anything until he was approached by Lerner to augment the Gigi film score with additional tunes for a 1973 stage adaptation, which won him his second Tony, this time for Best Original Score.

In 1974, they collaborated on a musical film version of The Little Prince, based on the classic children's tale by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.
 This film was a critical failure, but the soundtrack recording and the film itself are in print on CD and DVD. Loewe and Lerner were nominated for the 1974 Academy Award for Best Song and Best Adapted or Original Song Score (with Angela Morley and Douglas Gamley).

Loewe was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972. Seven years later, in 1979, he was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.

Loewe remained in Palm Springs until his death at 86. The cause of death was cardiac arrest, according to John F. Morris, an artist and longtime friend. He had a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars dedicated to him in 1995. He was buried in the Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California.

Notes

References
 Lees, Gene (2005). The Musical Worlds of Lerner and Loewe, U of Nebraska Press,

External links

Frederick Loewe Collection at the Library of Congress

American musical theatre composers
Male musical theatre composers
American male songwriters
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Golden Globe Award-winning musicians
Broadway composers and lyricists
Kennedy Center honorees
Emigrants from the Weimar Republic to the United States
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Jewish American composers
Jewish American songwriters
Composers from Berlin
Musicians from Palm Springs, California
1901 births
1988 deaths
Burials at Desert Memorial Park
20th-century classical musicians
Songwriters from California
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
Tony Award winners
Members of The Lambs Club

Frederick Loewe


Artemas Hale (October 20, 1783 – August 3, 1882) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts.

Born in Winchendon, Massachusetts, Hale received a limited education and worked on a farm.  He taught school in Hingham, Massachusetts from 1804 to 1814.  He became interested in the manufacture of cotton gins in Bridgewater.  He served as member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1824, 1825, 1827, and 1828.  He served in the Massachusetts Senate in 1833 and 1834.  He was again a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1838–1842.  He served as delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1853.

Hale was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth Congresses (March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1849).  He engaged in agricultural pursuits.  He served as presidential elector on the Republican ticket in 1864.  He died in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, August 3, 1882.  He was interred in Mount Prospect Cemetery.

References

1783 births
1882 deaths
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Massachusetts state senators
People from Bridgewater, Massachusetts
People from Winchendon, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Republicans
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
1864 United States presidential electors
19th-century American politicians

Artemas Hale


FENE-P is a continuous model of polymer. The name FENE stands for finitely extensible nonlinear elastic while P stands for the closure proposed by Peterlin. It takes the dumbbell version of the FENE model and assumed the Peterline statistical closure for the restoring force.

Advantages
FENE-P is one of few polymer models that can be used in fluid dynamics simulations (CFD) since it removes the need of statistical averaging at each grid point at any instant in time. It is demonstrated to be able to capture some of the most important polymeric flow behaviors such as polymer turbulence drag reduction and shear thinning. It is the most commonly used polymer model that can be used in a turbulence simulation since turbulence DNS is already extremely expensive.

Disadvantages
Due to its simplifications FENE-P is not able to show the hysteresis effects that polymers have, while the FENE model can.

References
 Stretching of Polymers in Isotropic Turbulence: A Statistical Closure

Polymers

FENE-P


Carl E. Schachter (born June 1, 1932) is an American music theorist noted for his expertise in Schenkerian analysis.

Born in Chicago, he attended Austin High School, graduating at age 16.
Beginning in 1948 he began studies at the Mannes School of Music.  He studied piano with Sara Levee, Isabelle Vengerova and Israel Citkowitz, and conducting with .  Most significantly he studied with Felix Salzer, who was later co-author with Schachter of the influential text Counterpoint in Composition. He received a Bachelor of Science from Mannes; an MA from New York University (musicology); and a DM from Mannes College of Music.

Among Schachter's noted students are Murray Perahia, Richard Goode, Frederica von Stade, Rami Bar-Niv, Myung-whun Chung, and Edward Aldwell (who was co-author with Schachter of another influential text, Harmony and Voice Leading).

Schachter has held visiting professorships at Hunter College, Binghamton University, Harvard University, Mannes College of Music and École Normale Superieure de Jeunes Filles (Paris). He was Professor of Music at Queens College and the CUNY Graduate School from 1972 to 1993, where he held the position of Distinguished Professor of Music, 1993–1996.

Schachter association with the Mannes College of Music began as a student in 1948. After graduation in 1953, Schacter became a member of the Techniques of Music faculty in 1956; Chair of Theory Department, 1958–1962; Dean of Mannes, 1962–1966; and Chair of Techniques of Music Department 1966–1973. He has also served on the faculty of the Juilliard School.

Selected works

Books
 With Felix Salzer. Counterpoint in Composition. New edition (1st 1969). Columbia University Press, 1989.
 Unfoldings. Essays in Schenkerian Theory and Analysis. Oxford University Press, 1999.
 The Art of Tonal Analysis. Twelve Lessons in Schenkerian Theory. J. N. Strauss ed. Oxford University Press, 2016.
 With Edward Aldwell and Allen Cadwallader. Harmony and Voice leading. Cengage, 2019.

Articles
 "More about Schubert's Op. 94/1". Journal of Music Theory 13/2 (1969), pp. 218-229.
 "Landini's Treatment of Consonance and Dissonance. A Study in Fourteenth-Century Counterpoint". The Music Forum 2 (1970), pp. 130-186.
 "Rhythm and Linear Analysis: A Preliminary Study". The Music Forum 4 (1976), pp. 281-334.
 "Schubert, Op. 94 no. 1: A Schenkerian Analysis". Readings in Schenker Analysis and Other Approaches. M. Yeston ed., Yale University Press, 1977, pp. 171-184.
 "Diversity and the Decline of Literacy in Music Theory". College Music Symposium 17/1 (1977), pp. 150-153.
 "Rhythm and Linear Analysis: Durational Reduction". The Music Forum 5 (1980), pp. 197-232.
 "A Commentary on Schenker's Free Composition". Journal of Music Theory 25/1 (1981), pp. 115-142.
 "Beethoven's Sketches for the First Movement of Op. 14, No. 1: A Study in Design". Journal of Music Theory 26/1 (1982), pp. 1-21.
 "Motive and Text in Four Schubert Songs". Aspects of Schenkerian Theory. D. W. Beach ed., Yale University Press, 1983, pp. 61-76.
 "The First Movement of Brahms's Second Symphony: The Opening Theme and Its Consequences". Music Analysis 2/1 (1983), pp. 55-68.
 "Analysis by Key: Another Look at Modulation". Music Analysis 6/3 (1987), pp. 289-318.
 "Rhythm and Linear Analysis: Aspects of Meter". The Music Forum 6 (1987), pp. 1-59.
 "Schenker's Counterpoint". The Musical Times 129/1748 (1988), pp. 524-529
 "Either/or". Schenker Studies. H. Siegel ed., Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 165-179..
 "The Adventures of an F: Tonal Narration and Exhortation in Donna Anna's First-Act Recitative and Aria". Theory and Practice 16 (1991), pp. 5-20.
 "20th-Century Analysis and Mozart Performance". Early Music 19/4 (1991), pp. 620-626
 "The Prelude from Bach's Suite No.4 for Violoncello Solo: The Submerged Urlinie". Current Musicology 56 (1994), pp. 54-71.
 "The Sketches for Beethoven's Sonata for Piano and Violin, Op. 24". Beethoven Forum 3 (1994), pp. 107-125.
 "The Prelude in E Minor, Op. 28, No. 4: Autograph Sources and Interpretation". Chopin's Studies 2, J. Rink and J. Sampson ed., Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp.
 "Chopin's Prelude in D Major, Opus 28, No. 5: Analysis and Performance". Journal of Music Theory Pedagogy 8 (1994), pp. 27-45.
 "The Triad as Place and Action". Music Theory Spectrum 17/2 (1995), pp. 149–169.
 "Structure as Foreground: 'das Drama des Ursatzes'". Schenker Studies 2. C. Schachter and H. Siegel ed., Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 298-314.
 "Taking Care of the Sense: A Schenkerian Pedagogy for Performers". Tijdschrift voor Muziektheorie 6/3 (2001), pp. 1-20.
 "Elephants, Crocodiles, and Beethoven: Schenker's Politics and the Pedagogy of Schenkerian Analysis". Theory and Practice 26 (2001), pp. 1-20
 "Che Inganno! The Analysis of Deceptive Cadences". Essays from the Third International Schenker Symposium. Hildesheim, Olms, 2006, pp. 279-298.
 "Felix Salzer (1904-1986)". Schenker-Traditionenen. Eine Wiener Schule der Musitheorie und ihre internationale Verbreitung, M. Eybl and E. Fink-Mennel ed., Wien, Böhlau, 2006, pp. 105-111.
 "E Pluribus Unum: Large-Scale Connections in the Opening Scenes of Don Giovanni". Essays from the Fourth International Schenker Symposium. Vol. I. Hildesheim, Olms, 2008, pp. 279-298.
 "Chopin's Mazurka, Op. 59, No. 2: A Tribute to Mendelssohn?" New Horizons in Schenkerian Research. A. Cadwallader, K. M. Bottge and O. Schwab-Felisch ed., Hildesheim, Olms, 2022, pp. 73-83.

References

American music theorists
Juilliard School faculty
Mannes School of Music alumni
New York University alumni
Hunter College faculty
Living people
Harvard University staff
Schenkerian analysis
1932 births
Austin Community Academy High School alumni

Carl Schachter


Radu Vodă Monastery is a Romanian Orthodox monastery in Bucharest, Romania.

History of the Place

Paleolithic
Because of its favorable environment and the elevated terrain close to a big river, the area of the monastery was inhabited starting from the Paleolithic (estimated somewhere between 1,000,000 and 10,000 BC). It is the site of the oldest known settlement on the territory of Romania. Following the Paleolithic settlement there was an uninterrupted settlement during the Neolithic with tools from the Neolithic, the Bronze Age (1800–800 BC), and the Iron Age (800 BC – AD 300).

The Dacian Era
The monastery is also the site of the remains of a fortified settlement from the Dacian Era (100 BC – AD 100).

History of the Monastery
The monastery was founded by Alexandru II Mircea (1568–1577) and his lady Ecaterina (Catherine) to give thanks for their victory in battle. It was intended to be the metropolitan church of the capital.  The monastery was completely renovated during 1969–1974, on the initiative of patriarch Justinian Marina.  Upon his death in 1977, the patriarch was laid to rest in a grave in the interior wall of the monastery.

Location
Located at Radu Vodă Street, no. 24A on the banks of Dâmbovița River and close to the Romanian Patriarchal Cathedral, the monastery is located right in the middle of Bucharest, the capital of Romania. It is a few hundred meters away from the exit of Piața Unirii metro station.

Gallery

External links
 Official Site
 More info in Romanian on another site
 Bucharest Historical Monuments Map

Monasteries in Bucharest
Romanian Orthodox churches in Bucharest
Historic monuments in Bucharest
Dacian fortresses in Romania

Radu Vodă Monastery


Beryl ( ) is a mineral composed of beryllium aluminium silicate with the chemical formula Be3Al2Si6O18. Well-known varieties of beryl include emerald and aquamarine. Naturally occurring,  hexagonal crystals of beryl can be up to several meters in size, but terminated crystals are relatively rare. Pure beryl is colorless, but it is frequently tinted by impurities; possible colors are green, blue, yellow, pink, and red (the rarest). It is an ore source of beryllium.

Etymology
The word beryl –  – is borrowed, via  and , from Ancient Greek βήρυλλος bḗryllos, which referred to a 'precious blue-green color-of-sea-water stone'; from Prakrit veruḷiya, veḷuriya 'beryl'
which is ultimately of Dravidian origin, maybe from the name of Belur or Velur, a town in Karnataka, southern India. The term was later adopted for the mineral beryl more exclusively.

When the first eyeglasses were constructed in 13th-century Italy, the lenses were made of beryl (or of rock crystal) as glass could not be made clear enough. Consequently, glasses were named Brillen in German (bril in Dutch and briller in Danish).

Deposits
Beryl is a common mineral, and it is widely distributed in nature. It is found most commonly in granitic pegmatites, but also occurs in mica schists, such as those of the Ural Mountains, and in limestone in Colombia. It is less common in ordinary granite and is only infrequently found in nepheline syenite. Beryl is often associated with tin and tungsten ore bodies formed as high-temperature hydrothermal veins. In granitic pegmatites, beryl is found in association with quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, muscovite, biotite, and tourmaline. Beryl is sometimes found in metasomatic contacts of igneous intrusions with gneiss, schist, or carbonate rocks. Common beryl, mined as beryllium ore, is found in small deposits in many countries, but the main producers are Russia, Brazil, and the United States.

New England's pegmatites have produced some of the largest beryls found, including one massive crystal from the Bumpus Quarry in Albany, Maine with dimensions  with a mass of around ; it is New Hampshire's state mineral. , the world's largest known naturally occurring crystal of any mineral is a crystal of beryl from Malakialina, Madagascar,  long and  in diameter, and weighing .

Crystal habit and structure

Beryl belongs to the hexagonal crystal system. Normally beryl forms hexagonal columns but can also occur in massive habits. As a cyclosilicate beryl incorporates rings of silicate tetrahedra of  that are arranged in columns along the  axis and as parallel layers perpendicular to the  axis, forming channels along the  axis. These channels permit a variety of ions, neutral atoms, and molecules to be incorporated into the crystal thus disrupting the overall charge of the crystal permitting further substitutions in aluminium, silicon, and beryllium sites in the crystal structure. These impurities give rise to the variety of colors of beryl that can be found. Increasing alkali content within the silicate ring channels causes increases to the refractive indices and birefringence.

Human health impact

Beryl is a beryllium compound that is a known carcinogen with acute toxic effects leading to pneumonitis when inhaled. Care must thus be used when mining, handling, and refining these gems.

Varieties

Aquamarine and maxixe

Aquamarine (from , "sea water") is a blue or cyan variety of beryl. It occurs at most localities which yield ordinary beryl. The gem-gravel placer deposits of Sri Lanka contain aquamarine. Green-yellow beryl, such as that occurring in Brazil, is sometimes called chrysolite aquamarine. The deep blue version of aquamarine is called maxixe (pronounced mah-she-she). Its color results from a radiation-induced color center.

The pale blue color of aquamarine is attributed to Fe2+. Fe3+ ions produce golden-yellow color, and when both Fe2+ and Fe3+ are present, the color is a darker blue as in maxixe. Decoloration of maxixe by light or heat thus may be due to the charge transfer between Fe3+ and Fe2+.

In the United States, aquamarines can be found at the summit of Mount Antero in the Sawatch Range in central Colorado, and in the New England and North Carolina pegmatites. Aquamarines are also present in the state of Wyoming, aquamarine has been discovered in the Big Horn Mountains, near Powder River Pass. Another location within the United States is the Sawtooth Range near Stanley, Idaho, although the minerals are within a wilderness area which prevents collecting. In Brazil, there are mines in the states of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, and Bahia, and minorly in Rio Grande do Norte. The mines of Colombia, Madagascar, Russia, Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, and Kenya also produce aquamarine.

Emerald

Emerald is green beryl, colored by around 2% chromium and sometimes vanadium. Most emeralds are highly included, so their brittleness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor.

The modern English word "emerald" comes via Middle English emeraude, imported from modern French via Old French ésmeraude and Medieval Latin , from Latin , from Greek  smaragdos meaning 'green gem'.

Emeralds in antiquity were mined by the Egyptians and in what is now Austria, as well as Swat in contemporary Pakistan. A rare type of emerald known as a trapiche emerald is occasionally found in the mines of Colombia. A trapiche emerald exhibits a "star" pattern; it has raylike spokes of dark carbon impurities that give the emerald a six-pointed radial pattern. It is named for the trapiche, a grinding wheel used to process sugarcane in the region. Colombian emeralds are generally the most prized due to their transparency and fire. Some of the rarest emeralds come from the two main emerald belts in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes: Muzo and Coscuez west of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, and Chivor and Somondoco to the east. Fine emeralds are also found in other countries, such as Zambia, Brazil, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and Russia. In the US, emeralds can be found in Hiddenite, North Carolina. In 1998, emeralds were discovered in Yukon.

Emerald is a rare and valuable gemstone and, as such, it has provided the incentive for developing synthetic emeralds. Both hydrothermal and flux-growth synthetics have been produced. The first commercially successful emerald synthesis process was that of Carroll Chatham. The other large producer of flux emeralds was Pierre Gilson Sr., which has been on the market since 1964. Gilson's emeralds are usually grown on natural colorless beryl seeds which become coated on both sides. Growth occurs at the rate of  per month, a typical seven-month growth run producing emerald crystals of 7 mm of thickness. The green color of emeralds is widely attributed to presence of Cr3+ ions. Intensely green beryls from Brazil, Zimbabwe and elsewhere in which the color is attributed to vanadium have also been sold and certified as emeralds.

Golden beryl and heliodor

Golden beryl can range in colors from pale yellow to a brilliant gold. Unlike emerald, golden beryl generally has very few flaws. The term "golden beryl" is sometimes synonymous with heliodor (from Greek hēlios – ἥλιος "sun" + dōron – δῶρον "gift") but golden beryl refers to pure yellow or golden yellow shades, while heliodor refers to the greenish-yellow shades. The golden yellow color is attributed to Fe3+ ions. Both golden beryl and heliodor are used as gems. Probably the largest cut golden beryl is the flawless  stone on display in the Hall of Gems, Washington, D.C., United States.

Goshenite

Colorless beryl is called goshenite. The name originates from Goshen, Massachusetts, where it was originally discovered. In the past, goshenite was used for manufacturing eyeglasses and lenses owing to its transparency. Nowadays, it is most commonly used for gemstone purposes.

The gem value of goshenite is relatively low. However, goshenite can be colored yellow, green, pink, blue and in intermediate colors by irradiating it with high-energy particles. The resulting color depends on the content of Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Fe, and Co impurities.

Morganite

Morganite, also known as "pink beryl", "rose beryl", "pink emerald" (which is not a legal term according to the new Federal Trade Commission Guidelines and Regulations), and "cesian (or caesian) beryl", is a rare light pink to rose-colored gem-quality variety of beryl. Orange/yellow varieties of morganite can also be found, and color banding is common. It can be routinely heat treated to remove patches of yellow and is occasionally treated by irradiation to improve its color. The pink color of morganite is attributed to Mn2+ ions.

Red beryl

Red variety of beryl (the "bixbite") was first described in 1904 for an occurrence, its type locality, at Maynard's Claim (Pismire Knolls), Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah. The dark red color is attributed to Mn3+ ions. Old synonym "bixbite" is deprecated from the CIBJO because of the possibility of confusion with the mineral bixbyite (both named after mineralogist Maynard Bixby). Red "bixbite" beryl formerly was marketed as "red" or "scarlet emerald", but these terms involving "Emerald" terminology are now prohibited in the US.

Red beryl is very rare and has only been reported from a handful of North American locations: Wah Wah Mountains, Beaver County, Utah; Paramount Canyon, Round Mountain, Juab County, Utah; and Sierra County, New Mexico, although this locality does not often produce gem-grade stones. The bulk of gem-grade red beryl comes from the Ruby-Violet Claim in the Wah Wah Mts. of midwestern Utah, discovered in 1958 by Lamar Hodges, of Fillmore, Utah, while he was prospecting for uranium. Red beryl has been known to be confused with pezzottaite, a caesium analog of beryl, found in Madagascar and, more recently, Afghanistan; cut gems of the two varieties can be distinguished by their difference in refractive index, and the rough crystals easily by their differing crystal systems (pezzottaite trigonal, red beryl hexagonal). Synthetic red beryl is also produced. Like emerald and unlike most other varieties of beryl, the red ones are usually highly included.

While gem beryls are ordinarily found in pegmatites and certain metamorphic stones, red beryl occurs in topaz-bearing rhyolites. It is formed by crystallizing under low pressure and high temperature from a pneumatolytic phase along fractures or within near-surface miarolitic cavities of the rhyolite. Associated minerals include bixbyite, quartz, orthoclase, topaz, spessartine, pseudobrookite and hematite.

Footnotes

See also

 List of emeralds by size

References

Further reading

External links

Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 192

Beryl