A Zen gairden, a Japanese kynd o Karesansui 枯山水 stane gairden, is a shauld saundpit conteenin saund, grush, stanes, whiles girse or ither naitral elements. Thay are uised bi Japanese Zen monks in meditation.

Ryoan-ji Temple
The stane gairden wis addit for tae provide a place for the monks tae meditate an is aften said tae hae a suithin eftercome.

Layoot

Thare haes been monie attempts tae expone the Zen gairden's layoot. Some o thir are:

 the grush represents the ocean an the stanes represents the islands o Japan
 the stanes represents a mither teeger wi her cubs, soumin tae a draigon
 the stanes forms pairt o the kanji fae hert or mynd

It is doutfu that a Zen maister wad gree wi thae claims, houaniver.

A recent sugeestion bi researchers Gert van Tonder o Kyoto Varsity an Michael J. Lyons o ATR Media Information Labs is that the stanes forms the subleeminal eimage o a tree. This eimage canna be consciously perceived whan leukin at thaim; the researchers claims the subconscious mynd is able tae see a subtle association atween the stanes. Thay believe this is responsible for the suithin eftercome o the gairden.

Mainteenance as a discipline
The rakin o the grush is an experience closely associate wi Zen philosophy, bein the preenciple raison for haein sicna gairden. This is shawn in the "executive Zen garden" kits that's selt, seemilar tae that shawn abuin, in that a body daesna expect tae mak an keep a perfit gairden as a static object, but raither tae experience the processes o design an maintenance. Whan the raking is duin in a fou size gairden, a body can anerly tread whaur a body haesna yit rakit, an sae this canna be duin thochtless-lik, yit tae dae it weel (an tae win the maist frae it) requires the nae mynd state o mynd, an the koan intrinsic in this fecht gaes tae the hert o Zen.

Adaptations tae laundscape design
The conceits o Zen gairden design haes been adaptit tae the makkin o a mair naturalistic plantit laundscape. This can be seen in the eimage ablo, a wee zen gairden that is a pairt o the Japanese Tea Gairden in San Francisco's Gowden Yett Pairk. Nae seen in this view is a wheen whappin boulders tae the left at the strand o the peeble bed inby bi the borderin fulyerie.

Fremmit airtins
 Neuroscience unlocks secrets of Zen garden (Requires subscription)
 Neuroscience unlocks secrets of Zen garden  (Mirror)
 Zen garden images and meaning

Gairdenin
Releegion

Zen gairden


The Singapore strategy was a strategy about defending the British Empire in the Asian Far East, mainly against the Empire of Japan. The strategy involved a number of different plans and stages, developed between 1919 and 1941. The basic idea was to base a fleet of ships in the Far East. This fleet could then be used to stop and defeat a Japanese force heading towards India or Australia. In 1919, Singapore was chosen because of its strategic location at the end of the Strait of Malacca.

The planners thought that a war with Japan would have three phases: while the garrison of Singapore defended the fortress, the fleet would make its way to Singapore, so that it could relieve or recapture Hong Kong. The fleet could also  impose a blockade on the Japanese home islands, which would force the Japanese to accept terms. The planners did not think it was practical to invade Japan. The planners also thought that the Japanese would fight a naval battle. Japan consists of many islands. The planners therefore thought that economic pressure would be enough.

The Singapore strategy was the cornerstone of British Imperial defence policy in the Far East during the 1920s and 1930s. By 1937, according to Captain Stephen Roskill, "the concept of the 'Main Fleet to Singapore' had, perhaps through constant repetition, assumed something of the inviolability of Holy Writ".  With the time, many problems became apparent. One of the problems was that implementing the strategy cost a lot of money. Other difficulties were of a  political or  practical nature. Because of all these problems, the strategy could not be implemented. During the 1930s, the strategy was constantly criticised in Britain and abroad. Australia used the strategy to spend as little money as possible on the defence of the country.  The strategy ultimately led to the despatch of Force Z to Singapore and the sinking of the Prince of Wales and Repulse by Japanese air attack on 10 December 1941. The subsequent ignominious fall of Singapore was described by Winston Churchill as "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history". The Japanese Occupation of Singapore began.

References

Further reading

British Empire
20th century in Singapore

Singapore strategy


The Redwood Experimental Forest (also Yurok Redwood Experimental Forest, formerly Yurok Experimental Forest) (established 1940) is an experimental forest in Del Norte County, California. The forest is near the mouth of the Klamath River in the California Coast Ranges of Northern California. The  forest is drained by High Prairie Creek. As its name implies, the principal species in the forest is coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), but the site also contains Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, and Port Orford cedar.  The forest is managed by the United States Forest Service. Tree ages range up to 1,200 years. Topography varies considerably over the forest. Slopes range from 0 to over 75 percent, and elevation ranges from .

About 45 percent of the total area was clearcut between 1956 and 1985. About 1 percent was harvested in 1981 using the selection system. An additional 23 percent is available for approved manipulative research studies, and 16 percent is preserved in an undisturbed old-growth redwood forest condition in the Yurok Research Natural Area (RNA) established in 1976.

The Redwood Experimental Forest was designated part of the California Coast Ranges International Biosphere Reserve in 1983.

Climate

The climate at the Redwood is typically mild and foggy in summer. The average July temperature is , with little precipitation other than fog drip. The average January temperature is . Annual rainfall averages  and snowfall is uncommon. Precipitation is well in excess of potential evapotranspiration, except for about a month in midsummer.

Geology
The entire region is underlain by Mesozoic rocks of the Franciscan formation, a complex of raw to slightly metamorphic sedimentary rocks. This formation is generally soft and easily weathered, so that soil development is good, with unweathered regolith at depths of about  in most areas. Rock outcrops are few, and where they do occur, shallow soils and exposure combine to make such sites ecologically unique.

References

External links

 Yurok Redwood Experimental Forest (1983)

1940 establishments in California
Research forests
National Forests of California
Coast redwood groves

Redwood Experimental Forest


Texas is home of several national sports league franchises among other professional sports, being the second most populated U.S. state. Since the state is located in the South Central United States, most teams are part of the Central / South or West league divisions, with the notable exception of the NFL Dallas Cowboys, which is an NFC East franchise.

Major league professional teams

Texas is home to 12 major league sports teams and two major women's teams.

American football

Many Texans are passionate about American football and intensely follow high school and college football teams, which often dominate social and leisure activity. Professional football is also intensely popular in Texas, and the state is home to two National Football League (NFL) franchises, the Dallas Cowboys and Houston Texans. In addition to the Cowboys and Texans, two current NFL teams previously played in the state, and one now-defunct NFL team also called the state home.

The Dallas Cowboys, founded in 1960, are one of the most popular teams in the league and have fans in many parts of the United States, leading to the nickname "America's Team". They are also one of the most successful, having reached eight Super Bowls and won five (tied with the San Francisco 49ers for second all-time). The Cowboys play their home games at AT&T Stadium in nearby Arlington, into which they moved in 2009 after having spent 38 years at Texas Stadium in Irving.

The first major-league sports team in Texas was also an NFL franchise—the Dallas Texans, which joined the league in 1952. The team's first game, however, proved to be a harbinger for the season—a 24–6 loss in front of fewer than 18,000 fans in the then-75,000-seat Cotton Bowl. Home attendance continued to slump, dropping to 10,000 for a loss that left the team 0–7. The team owners, unable to make payroll, returned the Texans to the league, and the team played the rest of the 1952 season as a traveling team, never returning to Texas. After the season, the NFL folded the Texans, making them the last NFL team to permanently cease operations.

In the same year that the Cowboys entered the NFL, the American Football League (AFL) began operations with two teams in the state—the Dallas Texans and Houston Oilers. The new Texans shared the Cotton Bowl with the Cowboys, while the Oilers played at Jeppesen Stadium (now the site of the University of Houston's TDECU Stadium). The Texans and Cowboys shared the city and stadium through the 1962 season; while the Texans enjoyed more on-field success, including an AFL title in 1962, the team's owner Lamar Hunt concluded that Dallas could not support two professional football teams and moved the Texans to Kansas City, Missouri, where they play to this day as the Kansas City Chiefs. The Oilers moved from Jeppesen Stadium to the larger Rice Stadium after the 1964 season, and then joined baseball's Houston Astros at the Astrodome in 1968. Two years later, the merger that the AFL and NFL had agreed to in 1966 took effect, with all AFL franchises being incorporated into the NFL. The Oilers remained at the Astrodome into the 1990s, but the failure of team owner Bud Adams to reach an agreement with the city on a new stadium led to his moving the franchise to Nashville, Tennessee, where it was renamed the Tennessee Titans.

The NFL returned to Houston in 2002 with the debut of the current Texans, who play their home games at NRG Stadium, the first NFL stadium with a retractable roof.

In 2020, the Dallas Renegades and Houston Roughnecks launched as inaugural teams in the new XFL. The XFL's first season was cut short by COVID-19, and the league did not resume play until 2023, with both teams returning. Shortly before play resumed, the Renegades changed their geographic identifier to Arlington.

Baseball

Baseball has a strong presence in Texas, with two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams. The Houston Astros (originally the "Colt .45s") started playing in 1962. The Texas Rangers debuted in 1972 after relocating from Washington, D.C. In 2005, the Astros became the first team in Texas to make it to the World Series. The Rangers followed the Astros in 2010 to their first World Series and the following year as well. In 2017, the Astros became the first team in Texas to win the World Series.

Minor League Baseball (MiLB) is also closely followed in Texas—especially in the smaller metropolitan areas. As of the 2023 season, three teams play in the Triple-A Pacific Coast League: the El Paso Chihuahuas, Round Rock Express, and Sugar Land Space Cowboys. Five teams play in the Double-A Texas League: the Amarillo Sod Poodles, Corpus Christi Hooks, Frisco RoughRiders, Midland RockHounds, and San Antonio Missions. The Fort Worth Cats were a team in Fort Worth that won three-straight championships in independent leagues, one in the Central Baseball League and the last two in the American Association.

College baseball is also quite popular, as Texas A&M University, Rice University, University of Texas at Austin, University of Houston, Baylor University, Texas Tech University, and Texas Christian University have all made multiple Men's College World Series appearances.

Basketball

Basketball is also popular, and Texas hosts three NBA teams: the San Antonio Spurs, the Houston Rockets, and the Dallas Mavericks. All three have won championships, however the Spurs having won at least 50 games for 18 consecutive seasons and winning 5 NBA championships, are arguably the best professional franchise in Texas sports and are considered one of the best NBA franchises in history. The Houston Rockets did however distinguish themselves as the first team in Texas to win an NBA Finals.

Texas is home to one WNBA team, the Dallas Wings, which relocated from Tulsa, Oklahoma after the 2015 season. The state had two other WNBA teams, the Houston Comets and San Antonio Stars. The Comets, a founding member of the WNBA, won the league's first four championships (1997–2000), but folded after the 2008 season. The Stars were also a founding member of the WNBA as the Salt Lake City-based Utah Starzz, and moved to San Antonio when the team was bought by the Spurs' parent company, Spurs Sports & Entertainment (SSE), before the 2003 season. The team then took the identity of San Antonio Silver Stars, dropping the word "Silver" after the 2013 season. After the 2017 season, SSE sold the Stars to MGM Resorts International, which moved the team to Las Vegas as the Las Vegas Aces.

At the collegiate level, the state is home to two NCAA Division I Men's Championship teams: the Texas Western Miners (now UTEP Miners) team, who won the 1966 NCAA University Division basketball tournament (the historic predecessor to today's Division I men's tournament), and the Baylor Bears, who won the 2021 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.  In women's collegiate basketball, several teams have won championships, including the Texas Tech Lady Raiders, Texas Longhorns, Texas A&M Aggies, and Baylor Bears.

Texas also has a statewide championship recreational basketball league, Shamrock Basketball Association.

Horse racing
From 1905–1915, people in Dallas and Fort Worth turned out by the thousands for horse racing, which was usually tied to the state fair schedule. Dallas established a Jockey Club early on. The Fort Worth Driving Club (for owners of Standardbred trotters and pacers) had 101 members when it opened in 1905. Trotters raced at a park in Fort Worth, but both cities attracted thousands of people for each style of racing.

Lone Star Park, in the Dallas–Fort Worth suburb of Grand Prairie, hosted the Breeders' Cup, the climax to the American Thoroughbred racing season, in 2004.

Ice hockey

Ice hockey has been a growing participatory sport in the Dallas-Fort Worth area since the Minnesota North Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL) became the Dallas Stars in 1993. The Stars made the Stanley Cup playoffs their first year in Dallas and remained competitive through the rest of decade, culminating in a Stanley Cup championship in 1999. The team returned to the Stanley Cup Finals the next year, only to lose to the New Jersey Devils. In addition to the 1999 Stanley Cup and 2000 Western Conference championship, the team has also won two Presidents' Trophies as the NHL's regular-season points champion and seven division titles.

Prior to the advent of the Stars, top-tier professional ice hockey existed in Texas in the form of the Houston Aeros, who played in the World Hockey Association (WHA) from 1973 to 1978. The team was notable for featuring hockey legend Gordie Howe, who was lured out of retirement by the prospect of playing alongside his sons, Mark and Marty. Led by the Howes, the Aeros won back-to-back Avco World Trophies as the WHA champions in 1974 and 1975. The Aeros folded after they failed to gain admission into the NHL, first as part of a merger between the WHA and NHL and then as an expansion team.

Minor league professional hockey has also become popular in the last several decades. The Houston Huskies played in the old United States Hockey League (USHL) and won its championship in 1948, led by legendary NHL coach Toe Blake. In 1994, Houston received a franchise in the International Hockey League (IHL), which was named the Aeros after the city's old WHA side. The new Aeros won the IHL's Turner Cup in 1999. In 2001, the team transferred to the American Hockey League (AHL) after the IHL's demise; it won the AHL's Calder Cup in 2003 and reached the Calder Cup Finals in 2011. The AHL has established two more teams in Texas since that time – the San Antonio Rampage (owned by the NBA's San Antonio Spurs and affiliated with the NHL's Colorado Avalanche) began play in 2002, and the Texas Stars (an AHL affiliate of the Dallas Stars based in the Austin suburb of Cedar Park), began play seven years later. In 2013 the Aeros would leave Texas to become the Iowa Wild.

Between 1992 and 2014, the Central Hockey League had fifteen different teams based in Texas and as many as nine from 2002 to 2005. However, by the CHL's final season, only the Allen Americans remained. The Americans joined the ECHL in 2014 and went on to win the championship in their first season in the league.

Soccer

The major professional North American Soccer League had teams in the Dallas/Fort Worth area, Houston, and in San Antonio.  The Dallas Tornado played between 1968–1981 (winning the 1971 Soccer Bowl), the Houston Stars played for one season in 1968, and the San Antonio Thunder played for two seasons, 1975–1976.  Houston returned to the league in 1978 as the Hurricanes and played until 1980.  Soccer returned to Texas with the 1994 FIFA World Cup with the Cotton Bowl hosting matches.

In 1996, the Dallas Burn was born as one of 10 founding members of Major League Soccer, which is the current Division 1 professional soccer league overseen by the U.S. Soccer Federation. The Dallas Burn were later renamed FC Dallas with a new logo and colors, and now play in a soccer-specific stadium called Toyota Stadium in Frisco. A second Texas team, Houston Dynamo FC, joined MLS in 2006 (with "FC" added to the club branding in 2020). The Dynamo won the MLS Cup in their first year in Houston, and again in their second year in 2007. Dynamo FC now plays at Shell Energy Stadium, a soccer-specific stadium near downtown Houston. Texas received its third MLS team in 2021 with the arrival of Austin FC. The city had originally been planned as the future home of the Columbus Crew, but the move proved controversial, triggering lawsuits by the city of Columbus and state of Ohio. The dispute was settled with an investment group led by the owners of the Cleveland Browns buying the Crew, while former Crew owner Anthony Precourt received a new Austin team.

Before the Austin FC deal was finalized, MLS Commissioner Don Garber had stated publicly that a third city in Texas—either San Antonio or Austin—was under consideration for a possible MLS expansion franchise. At that time, only San Antonio had a professional minor league soccer team; San Antonio FC play in the second-tier USL Championship, but another Texas team, Austin Bold FC, joined in 2019. Bold FC effectively replaced the Austin Aztex, which joined the USL Championship in 2015, when the competition was known as the United Soccer League, but only played one season. The Aztex went on hiatus while seeking to build a new stadium, but eventually folded after being unable to secure a site. Eventually, a new deal for a stadium on the grounds of the Circuit of the Americas emerged, clearing the way for Bold FC to join the league. Bold FC isn't currently active in the league, pending a move to Fort Worth. Texas currently has three active teams in the USL Championship—Rio Grande Valley FC Toros, which began play in 2016 as the reserve side of the Dynamo, San Antonio FC which also began play in 2016, and El Paso Locomotive FC, which started play in 2019. Another professional team, North Texas SC, began play in 2019 as the reserve side of FC Dallas, playing in the newly launched third-level USL League One. It has since moved to another third-level league, MLS Next Pro, which began play in 2022 as the de facto successor to MLS' former reserve league.

In 2014, the Houston Dash, owned and operated by Dynamo FC and also playing at Shell Energy Stadium, joined the National Women's Soccer League, the country's current top-level women's league. Texas also fields 12 teams in the Women's Premier Soccer League, the second-highest league in the United States soccer pyramid. Those teams are the El Paso Surf, DKSC BADTOP, FC Dallas, SouthStar FC, AHFC Royals, Austin Rise FC, Bat Country FC, Challenge Red Devils, Corinthians FC of San Antonio, Houston Aces, Lonestar SC and San Antonio Blossoms.

The Cotton Bowl in Dallas hosted six matches during the 1994 FIFA World Cup. During the 2026 FIFA World Cup, matches will be held at AT&T Stadium in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex and NRG Stadium in Houston. Along with California, Texas is one of two states which will host 2026 FIFA World Cup matches at two stadiums in their respective state.

Collegiate

Originally, most Texas Division I universities were part of the Southwest Conference until it dissolved in 1996. As of the current 2023 season, 13 Texas schools compete in the top level of college football, Division I FBS. Six of those schools compete in a Power Five Conference, with a seventh joining such a league in July 2024. The Baylor Bears, Houston Cougars, TCU Horned Frogs, Texas Longhorns, and Texas Tech Red Raiders compete in the Big 12 Conference; the Texas A&M Aggies in the Southeastern Conference; the North Texas Mean Green, Rice Owls, SMU Mustangs and UTSA Roadrunners in the American Athletic Conference; the Texas State Bobcats in the Sun Belt Conference; and the Sam Houston Bearkats and UTEP Miners in Conference USA. SMU will move from The American to the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2024. Texas has the most FBS schools in the United States.

According to a survey of FBS coaches, the rivalry between the University of Oklahoma and the University of Texas at Austin, the Red River Shootout, ranks the third-best in the nation. A fierce rivalry, the Lone Star Showdown, also exists between the two state's largest universities, Texas A&M University and the University of Texas. This athletic rivalry has been put on hold after the Aggies joined the Southeastern Conference in 2012, but is likely to resume when the Longhorns move to the SEC in 2024. The SMU Mustangs and Texas Christian University Horned Frogs have a rivalry called the Battle for the Iron Skillet. The Houston–Texas Tech football rivalry is a Big 12 intraconference rivalry. Houston's two largest athletic programs hold the Houston–Rice rivalry with a large focus on the Bayou Bucket Classic.

Texas is home to many other Division I programs with football teams competing in Division I FCS—the Abilene Christian Wildcats, Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks, and Tarleton Texans of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) and, for football only, the United Athletic Conference (UAC); the Houston Christian Huskies, Incarnate Word Cardinals, Lamar Cardinals, and Texas A&M–Commerce Lions of the Southland Conference (SLC); and the Prairie View A&M Panthers and Texas Southern Tigers of the Southwestern Athletic Conference. Rivalries include the Battle of the Piney Woods between Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin and another between Prairie View A&M and Texas Southern.

In addition, the state has three Division I programs that do not sponsor football—the Texas A&M–Corpus Christi Islanders of the SLC, and the UT Arlington Mavericks and UTRGV Vaqueros of the WAC. UTRGV has announced plans to establish an FCS football program in the near future, with an exhibition schedule in 2024 followed by full varsity play in 2025 as a member of the UAC (a football-only partnership between the.WAC and the ASUN Conference).

Collegiate teams nationwide see Texas as an American football recruiting hotbed. In 2006, 170 players in the NFL came from Texas high schools.

High school
Most primary and secondary school athletic, music, and academic contests in Texas involving public schools are organized and administered by the University Interscholastic League (UIL). As a general rule, the UIL only governs public schools. Private schools are governed by other bodies, the largest of which is the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools (TAPPS). Both bodies have similar governing scope, although some terminology differs. The TAPPS category of "fine arts" encompasses what UIL calls "academic" and "music" competitions, and also includes competitions for spirit squads (i.e., cheerleading and dance teams), which UIL does not sponsor (other bodies govern cheer/dance competitions among public schools).

Rodeo

Texans also enjoy going to the rodeo. The annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is the largest rodeo in the world. The event begins with trail rides that originate from several points throughout the state, all of which convene at Reliant Park. The world's first rodeo was held in Pecos, Texas on July 4, 1883. The Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show in Fort Worth, Texas has a cowboy, and a Mexican and many traditional rodeos. The State Fair of Texas is held each year at Fair Park in Dallas.

Gymnastics
Gymnastics in Texas is very popular and is one of the largest states for the sport in the country. Multiple Olympians and World Champions have come out of the state including; Nastia Liukin (2008 Olympic AA Champion), Carly Patterson (2004 Olympic AA Champion) and Simone Biles (2013, 2014, and 2015 World AA Champion and 2016 Olympic all-around champion). Madison Kocian (2015 world uneven bars champion).

There are many gymnastics clubs in Texas but the top facilities include World Olympic Gymnastics Academy (Plano & Frisco), Texas Dreams Gymnastics (Coppell) and Metroplex Gymnastics (Allen).

The Women's U.S. National Gymnastics Training Center had been just outside Houston, at the Karolyi Ranch in Huntsville, Texas, from 2001 to 2018, when Karolyi Ranch closed permanently in the wake of the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal.

Plano, Texas is considered the "gymnastics capital of the world" because of the gymnastics academy, WOGA.

Golf

Texas hosts five PGA Tour golf tournaments: WGC Match Play, Houston Open, Texas Open, Byron Nelson Classic, and Colonial National Invitational. Other professional tournaments in the state are the North Texas LPGA Shootout and the Insperity Invitational. Notable Texan golfers include Ben Hogan, Byron Nelson, Jimmy Demaret, Tom Kite, Ben Crenshaw, Jordan Spieth, Lee Trevino, and Kathy Whitworth.

Motorsport

The state is home to motorsport venues such as the Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth, which hosts NASCAR and IndyCar races, and the Texas World Speedway in College Station. The Circuit of the Americas near Austin hosts the United States Grand Prix in Formula One and the Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas in MotoGP.

Texas Motorplex and Houston Raceway Park dragstrips host rounds of the NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series. Dallas and Houston have hosted street races, the Dallas Grand Prix and the Grand Prix of Houston, as well as AMA Supercross Championship rounds.

Auto racing is also the second most watched sport on TV in the state, behind American football. NASCAR races tend to do well in Texas media markets than NBA games.

Esports
Major esports organizations located in Texas:

Other sports
Another popular sport in Texas is year-round fishing. Lacrosse, originally played by some of the indigenous tribes, is growing in popularity.

Notable professional league and amateur teams

Notes

Stadiums and arenas

Notes

See also
 AT&T SportsNet Southwest
 Comcast/Charter Sports Southeast
 Fox Sports Southwest
 Houston Astros Radio Network

References

External links

Sports in Texas


Rameshwar Singh Thakur  (16 January 1860 – 3 July 1929) was the maharaja of Darbhanga in the Mithila region from 1898 to his death. He became maharaja on the death of his elder brother Maharaja Sir Lakshmeshwar Singh, who died without issue. He was appointed to the Indian Civil Service in 1878, serving as assistant magistrate successively at Darbhanga, Chhapra, and Bhagalpur. He was exempted from attendance at the Civil Courts and was appointed a Member of the Bengal Legislative Council in 1885. He was the first Indian appointed to the lieutenant governor's Executive Council.

He was a member of the Council of India of the governor general of India in 1899 and on 21 September 1904 was appointed a non-officiating member representing the Bengal Provinces, along with Gopal Krishna Gokhale from Bombay Province.

He was president of the Bihar Landholder's Association, president of the All India Landholder's Association, president of Bharat Dharma Mahamandal, a member of the Council of State, a trustee of the Victoria Memorial in Calcutta, president of the Hindu University Society, M.E.C. of Bihar and Orissa and Member of the Indian Police Commission (1902–03). He was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind medal in 1900. He was the only member of the India Police Commission who dissented with a report on requirements for police service, and suggested that the recruitment to the Indian Police Services should be through a single exam only to be conducted in India and Britain simultaneously. He also suggested the recruitment should not be based on colour or nationality. This suggestion was rejected by the India Police Commission. Maharaja Rameshwar Singh was a Tantric and was known as Buddhist Siddha. He was considered a Rajarshi (sage king) by his people.

He was made a knight commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) on 26 June 1902, was promoted to a knight grand commander in the 1915 Birthday Honours List and was appointed a knight commander of the Order of the British Empire, Civil Division in the 1918 Birthday Honours List.

References

1860 births
1929 deaths
History of Bihar
Mithila
People from Bihar
Maharajas of Darbhanga
Members of the Council of India
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Indian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal
Members of the Council of State (India)

Rameshwar Singh


Scarlet offers fixed telephony, digital television, fixed Internet connections and mobile subscriptions for private consumers.

Founded in the Netherlands in 1992, Scarlet is also active in Belgium since 1997 and part of the Proximus Group since February 2008.

To this day, Scarlet's ambition is to offer essential telecom at the lowest price.

Netherlands
Scarlet was established in The Netherlands in 1992 as an independent ISP and telephony provider. It was acquired by Belgacom Group in 2008. It was rebranded Stipte ('Punctual' in Dutch) after a management buy-out in June 2014. From then on, Belgacom permanently divested its Dutch operations. Stipte was acquired by Fiber Netherlands in 2016.

Belgium
The company has been active in Belgium since 1997 as an independent ISP and telephony provider. In 2002, the company bought its competitor KPN Belgium. In 2003, it acquired Planet Internet Belgium and, at the end of 2004, Tiscali Belgium as well.

On Feb. 15, 2008, Belgian telecom giant Belgacom Group (from 2014 Proximus) announced the acquisition of Scarlet. Starting in 2011, the Dutch and Belgian branches of Scarlet were split and the Dutch operations divested in June 2014.

On October 1, 2022, Scarlet Belgium SA is fully acquired by its parent company and ceases to exist as a separate company. Scarlet is integrated as a trademark into Proximus SA under public law.

IPTV using Proximus TV hardware
Scarlet offers Television services also in HD using IPTV service of its parent company Proximus. To have this consumers are required to take a "Trio" pack aka Triplay service of Internet, TV & Fixed or Mobile Telephony.

Television stations per region
 Brussels
 Flanders
 Wallonia

References

External links

Meilleur Abonnement Iptv

Telecommunications companies of the Netherlands
Telecommunications companies of Belgium
Proximus Group
Television broadcasting companies of Belgium
Internet service providers of Belgium
Companies based in Brussels

Scarlet (company)


Zhou Cang is a fictional character in the 14th-century Chinese historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Story
A strong warrior with a dark face and a wiry beard, Zhou Cang gets caught up in the Yellow Turban Rebellion towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and joins the rebels. It is during this time that he first meets Guan Yu, who impresses him with his courage and sense of honour. However, after the rebellion is crushed by Han imperial forces, Zhou Cang becomes a renegade bandit. He inhabits Mount Woniu with another former Yellow Turban rebel, Pei Yuanshao, and becomes known as a warrior of great strength and skill. After encountering Guan Yu again on a mountain road, he swears an oath of allegiance to the worthy general and is appointed as Guan Yu's weapon bearer. A skilled boatman, his talents are critical in Guan Yu's naval assault during the Battle of Fancheng. At Fancheng, he manages to capture the enemy general Pang De during the flooding of the castle. He commits suicide after learning that Guan Yu and Guan Ping have been captured and executed by Sun Quan's forces.

Legacy
Zhou Cang sometimes appears as a door god partnered with Guan Yu in Chinese and Taoist temples. He also sometimes accompanies Guan Yu in his role as a war god, alongside Guan Yu's adopted (historically biological) son Guan Ping. Zhou Cang's face is portrayed as coal black, in contrast to Guan Yu's red and Guan Ping's white.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
 List of fictional people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).

Fictional people of the Three Kingdoms
Guan Yu
Chinese gods

Zhou Cang


Sargam is a Pakistani Urdu movie. It was directed by Syed Noor. The movie starring the singer Adnan Sami Khan and his former wife Zeba Bakhtiar. The movie was Khan's first and last movie. He composed some songs with Indian singer Asha Bhonsle. He created 10 songs for this movie. This is more songs than any other Pakistani movie. Most of the songs were very popular. A classical musician, Maharaj Ghulam Hussain Kathak appeared as an actor in this movie. The song "Woh Mujhey" was sung by the popular Pakistani pop singer Hadiqa Kiyani. It was an instant hit for her and increased her popularity.

1990s Pakistani movies
1995 movies
Urdu-language movies

Sargam (1995 movie)


The hydrosphere is the total mass of water on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It is part of physical geography. The oceans, rivers, and lakes are all part of the hydrosphere. Some electricity is made by the hydrosphere.

The total mass of the Earth's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 1024 grams, which is about 0.023% of the Earth's total mass. Around 2 × 1019 grams of this is the Earth's atmosphere. In addition, 71% of the Earth's surface, an area of 361 million square kilometers, is covered by ocean.

References

Related pages
Water cycle

Physical geography

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Emilio Cavallini (born 1945 in San Miniato, Province of Pisa) is an Italian fashion designer, particularly noted for his hosiery collections.

Biography
From 1964 to 1966 he attended College in Florence "Universita' di Firenze, Economia e Commercio". He quit college because of this fascination with the world of fashion and went to the "Swinging London". He met Mary Quant, his passion for hosiery started and started to dress women's legs with patterned hosiery. He developed pantyhoses with black/white patterns, dots, starts and skulls, stripes, animal and different kids of fishnets. He loved the fluorescent colors.

In 1970 he opened in San Miniato his own company, Stilnovo Spa. Besides Mary Quant he started producing for the most important brands such as Dior, Celine, Roberta di Camerino, Balenciaga, Gucci, Alexander McQueen and more..

In 1980 he launched his own brand of Emilio Cavallini hosiery. It was an immediate success, he started designing shoes, leather accessories, bathing suits and a full avant-garde clothing line for young men and women. Licensees' retail stores started to open in Florence, Milan, Rome, Paris, Düsseldorf, London, Hong Kong and Tokyo.  He had a runway show in Paris with his line for men and in Milan for women. He became member for Milan Chamber of Fashion. In the 1980s he believed that the time to look for new clothing forms is over and he started to develop clothing without seams on special seamless machines with large cylinders that were intended for hosiery. He launches the collection in New York and continues developing a large tight that covers the whole body.

In 2009 Stilnovo S.p.A. produces 4 million fashion tights per year and sells worldwide. Currently he is working on a building and archive with the patterns and techniques he developed in 40 years of design. He also nourishes his passion for current and ancient art. This passion leads him to build art pieces of various forms and dimensions using tights as if they were strings, he uses his mathematical knowledge to figure out the tensions of yarns.

Awards, Prizes and Acknowledgments
In 1986 Italian President Francesco Cossiga made him "Cavaliere del lavoro".
In 1989 Italian President Francesco Cossiga made him "Ufficiale"
In 1989 he won "Leone d'oro" prize in Venice for fashion.
In 1993 Italian President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro made him "Commendatore".

Sources
Official Italian website of national acknowledgments
Some Biographic Informations
1988 article about opening of Emilio Cavallini store in New York

External links
Official Website

Stilnovo S.p.A. Website

1945 births
Living people
People from San Miniato
Italian fashion designers
Italian businesspeople in fashion
LGBT fashion designers
Italian LGBT businesspeople
Italian LGBT artists

Emilio Cavallini


Turkish Airlines Flight 981 was a regular flight operated by Turkish Airlines, from Istanbul to London Heathrow, with a stopover in Paris. On 3 March, 1974, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operating the flight suffered an explosive decompression and crashed into the Ermenonville Forest, shortly after it had left Paris. All 346 people on board were killed in the accident. An investigation after the crash found out that one of the cargo doors at the rear of the aircraft was not properly closed and secured. After takeoff, part of the door broke off and caused an explosion in the rear of the aircraft. The explosion also damaged cables needed to fly the aircraft. This meant that after the explosion, the aircraft was uncontrollable.

Earlier issues

A McDonnell Douglas DC-10, flying as American Airlines Flight 96, had experienced an explosive decompression in the aft cargo hold in June 1972. American Airlines Captain McCormick had managed to land the plane safely. On the ground, it was discovered the rear cargo door had opened in flight. This caused damage to the fuselage, but not the explosive damage in the case of Turkish Flight 981. The two planes were also configured differently above the baggage compartment. There were three rows of extra seats added to TC-JAV, which added a greater overall load to the floor. When the cargo door blew out, the additional seats and passengers were ejected from the plane. Both flights experienced uncontrolled explosive decompression when the cargo door latches failed.

An Airworthiness Directive was immediately issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FFA), calling for strengthening the load floor and control cables. It also required improving the electrical wiring having to do with the cargo door, so that if the cargo door was not closed properly, the light in the cockpit indicating that the door was still open would stay lit.

Crew
The pilot in command was Nejat (or Mejat) Berkoz, age 44, a former Turkish Air Force pilot and had a total of 7,783 flight hours, and has been with Turkish Airlines for six years. He also had flown the Fokker F27 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-9.

The First Officer was Oral Ulusman, age 38, he had been with Turkish Airlines for five years at the time of the accident, with a total of 5,589 flight hours.

The Flight Engineer was Huseyin Ozer, age 37, he ha had 2,113 flight hours at the time of the accident..

The cabin consisted of eight flight attendants.

Accident

TK981 was scheduled to fly from Istanbul to London Heathrow, with a stop in Paris Orly airport. The first leg from IST to ORY went smoothly, with a flying time of four hours. While the ORY-LHR leg usually did not attract many passengers, an ongoing strike by British European Airlines employees meant that the economy cabin was full, with the aircraft originally 167 passengers and 11 crew members for the first leg, 50 disembarked, and 218 more pasengers boarded. The flight departed at 12:32 PM local time.

ATC cleared the aircraft to 6,000 initially, then up to FL230 within 2 minutes of leveling off. Shortly after 1140 hrs, when Turkish Airlines flight TK981 had reached 12,000 (roughly 3,700 m) feet during climb, the Air Traffic Control recorded a transmission in the Turkish language, partly covered by heavy background noise and accompanied by the pressurization warning and then the overspeed warning; and at the same time, the aircraft radar return split in two and the secondary radar label disappeared.

The flight was over Coulommiers, France at the time. A rapid decompression caused the last two rows of seats to be sucked through a large hole in the plane. The loss of the rear left cargo door caused a huge pressurization difference with the cabin right above it. This section was ripped off the aircraft, along with the six passengers seated there. However, the loss of the door resulted in pilots losing access to critical parts of the plane, including the rudder, elevator, and engine two.

The six passengers in the seats were killed when they fell into a field in St. Pathus. The plane remained in the air another 70 seconds while the pilots tried to regain control, unsuccessfully. The aircraft's pitch angle gradually decreased to negative 20 degrees in the next 20 seconds after the explosion, resulting in the aircraft accumulating a massive amount of airspeed during its quick descent. In the final 15 seconds, the aircraft's descent rate began to decrease as the nose raised as a result of the aircraft's high speed. Captain Ulusman pushed the throttles forward to TO/GA in a last ditch effort to save the aircraft, calling out "Speed, speed!" The aircraft hit the tree tops at about 434 knots (500 mph; 800 km/h) at a negative 4 degree pitch angle; the wings broke up, spilling and igniting fuel, exploding and killing the remaining 340 passenger and crew on board on board. The plane almost completely disintegrated leaving only 40 bodies intact.

Investigation
The investigation sparked blame on Turkish Airlines and Douglas itself since both were at fault for different parts of the crisis. The airline had failed to station an engineer on the ground and had reportedly rushed the training process for the DC-10. However, McDonnell-Douglas knew about the flaws with the door design and an NTSB directive after a similar incident had not been implemented.

TK981 went on to become the deadliest single aircraft crash for over a decade, until the crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 in 1985, which became the single deadliest aircraft disaster, holding a death toll of 520. The aftermath saw several design changes to the DC-10 to prevent such crashes and renewed scrutiny of the design process.

The accident was the result of the ejection in flight of the aft cargo door on the left-hand side: the sudden depressurization which followed led to the disruption of the floor structure, causing six passengers and parts of the aircraft to be ejected, rendering No 2 engine inoperative and impairing the flight controls (tail surfaces) so that it was impossible for the crew to regain control of the aircraft.

The underlying factor in the sequence of events leading to the accident was the incorrect engagement of the door latching mechanism before take-off. The characteristics of the design of the mechanism made it possible for the vent door to be apparently closed and the cargo door apparently locked when in fact the latches were not fully closed and the lock pins were not in place.

It should be noted, however, that a view port was provided so that there could be a visual check of the engagement of the lock pins.

This defective closing of the door resulted from a combination of various factors:

 incomplete application of Service Bulletin 52-37;
 incorrect modifications and adjustments which led, in particular, to insufficient protrusion of the lock pins and to the switching off of the flight deck visual warning light before the door was locked;
 the circumstances of the closure of the door during the stop at Orly, and, in particular, the absence of any visual inspection, through the view port, to verify that the lock pins were effectively engaged, although at the time of the accident inspection was rendered difficult by the inadequate diameter of the view port.

Finally although there was apparent redundancy of the flight control systems, the fact that the pressure relief vents between the cargo compartment and the passenger cabin were inadequate and that all the flight control cables were routed beneath the floor placed the aircraft in grave danger in the case of any sudden depressurization causing substantial damage to that part of the structure.

All these risks had already become evident, nineteen months earlier, at the time of the Windsor accident, but no efficacious corrective action had followed.

Passengers and Crew

Of the 346 people on-board,

177 passengers came from the United Kingdom,

48 came from Japan,

45 passengers and 11 crew members came from Turkey,

25 came from the United States,

16 came from France,

10 were from Italy,

9 from Thailand,

7 from Austria,

6 from China,

5 each from Hong Kong and Brazil,

4 from Canada,

3 each from Argentina, Portugal, Taiwan, and Yugoslavia,

2 each from Australia, Hungary, India, Mexico, the Philippines, South Korea, Singapore,

and 1 each from Belgium, Cyprus, West Germany, Greece, Iran, Israel, Ireland, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Portugal, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and South Vietnam.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Plane Crash Turkish Airlines flight 981 Dc 10; YouTube

1974 in Europe

1970s in France
Aviation accidents and incidents in the 1970s

Oise

Turkish Airlines Flight 981


David Sergio Trezeguet (born 15 October 1977) is a French former professional footballer who played as a striker.

Trezeguet began his career in Argentina with Club Atlético Platense at the age of eight, progressing through their youth system to their first team, where he made his debut in the Primera División in 1994. After one season, he transferred to Ligue 1 side AS Monaco, where he would form a striking partnership with international teammate Thierry Henry, winning the league in the 1996–97 season. He left the club in 2000, having scored 52 goals in 93 Ligue 1 appearances and having claimed two Ligue 1 championships and the 1997 Trophée des champions.

In 2000, Trezeguet signed for Serie A club Juventus for a transfer fee of £20 million. With 24 goals, he was the joint recipient of the Capocannoniere award for top scorer as his team won the 2001–02 Serie A title; Trezeguet also scored eight goals in 10 Champions League appearances as Juventus reached the second round of the tournament. Despite struggling with injuries the following season, he won another league title with the club, and also scored four goals in 10 Champions League appearances as Juventus reached the final of the tournament, eventually losing 2–3 on penalties to Milan, as Trezeguet missed his spot kick in the resulting shoot-out. Overall, Trezeguet scored 138 goals in 245 league appearances for Juventus, making him the fourth-highest goalscorer in the club's history. Later in his career he had brief spells in Spain, the United Arab Emirates, Argentina and India.

At international level, Trezeguet scored 34 goals in 71 appearances for the France national team between 1998 and 2008. He also played for France at under-18, under-20, and under-21 levels. Trezeguet represented France at the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship, the 1998 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2000 (scoring the golden goal in the final against Italy, which gave France a 2–1 win in extra time), the 2002 World Cup, Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup (where he missed his penalty in the shoot-out against Italy in the final).  Trezeguet is part of the FIFA 100 list of 125 Greatest living players. In 2015, he was named one of the Golden Foot Award Legends.

Personal life
Trezeguet was born in Rouen, Normandy, France, but grew up in Buenos Aires, Argentina. His father, Jorge Trezeguet, is a former Argentine footballer of French descent, who now works as his agent, and his mother, Beatriz, is Argentine. David Trezeguet has a younger sister.

Trezeguet was married to Beatriz Villalba for 13 years, they have two sons together, Aarón (born 2000) and Noraan (born 2008). Beatriz is from Alicante, Spain. They divorced in 2012. Aaron did not follow in his father's footsteps as a footballer, instead practicing Muay Thai kickboxing.

Club career

Platense
Trezeguet began his career at Platense in the Argentine Primera División, where he played his first professional game on 12 June 1994 as a 16-year-old in a 1–1 tie against Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata. After just five matches with the team, he moved to his native country to play for AS Monaco.

Monaco
In 1995, he was close to joining Paris Saint-Germain, but the deal was cancelled after the two clubs failed to agree a deal. Shortly afterwards, he opted to join Monaco. Monaco coach Jean Tigana was "impressed" by Trezeguet who scored 5 goals in trial, signing a deal which saw him earn 15,000 francs a month.

Trezeguet spent two seasons with Monaco B, having made just nine appearances in total for the club's first team during his first two seasons. In 1998, Trezeguet scored the fastest ever goal in terms of velocity in UEFA Champions League history in a quarter-final match against Manchester United. The shot that resulted in a goal was clocked at 97.6 mph (157.3 km/h). With Monaco, he won Ligue 1 twice and was named Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year in 1998. He scored a total of 60 goals in 113 appearances for the French club and it was here that he made his name as a potent goalscoring poacher.

Juventus
During his first season with Juventus, under manager Carlo Ancelotti, Trezeguet managed 14 goals in Serie A, despite being predominantly utilised as a substitute striker, behind Filippo Inzaghi, who started alongside Alessandro Del Piero. Juventus missed out on the 2000–01 Serie A title that season, finishing in second place behind Roma. In his second season at the club, under manager Marcello Lippi, he scored 24 league goals in 34 league matches to finish as the Serie A top goalscorer, along with Dario Hübner of Piacenza, as Juventus won the 2001–02 Serie A title. That same season, he was named Serie A Footballer of the Year and Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year, also reaching the final of the 2001–02 Coppa Italia; he also scored eight goals in ten UEFA Champions League appearances, although the club were eliminated in the second round of the competition. In January 2002, a car carrying Trezeguet and teammates Mark Iuliano, Gianluca Zambrotta and Enzo Maresca after a 3–1 win over Hellas Verona, collided with two others; none of the four players were injured in the accident. In his third season, his appearances were limited by injuries, although he still helped Juventus to defend the Serie A title, also winning the 2002 Supercoppa Italiana and scoring four goals in ten appearances as Juventus reached the 2003 UEFA Champions League Final. In the final, Trezeguet was one of three Juventus players to have their penalty saved by Milan keeper Dida, as Juventus lost 3–2 on penalty kicks after a 0–0 draw. This would be the closest Trezeguet ever got to winning the Champions League. During the 2003–04 season, Trezeguet helped the team to win a second consecutive Supercoppa Italiana title, scoring a goal during the match, also reaching another Coppa Italia final, although their European and domestic league campaigns would be less successful, despite his 16 goals in Serie A that season, as the club finished the league in third place. In 2004, Brazilian legend Pelé included Trezeguet in the FIFA 100, his list of the 125 greatest living footballers.

Although Trezeguet won the 2004–05 Serie A and 2005–06 Serie A titles with Juventus, scoring 23 league goals in the 2005–06 season, Juventus were caught in the 2006 Italian football scandal that rocked Italian football, and along with Milan, Fiorentina, Lazio, and Reggina were accused of match fixing. While the players had no part in the scandal, Juventus were subsequently stripped of their 2004–05 and 2005–06 titles, relegated to Serie B, and were to start the 2006–07 season with a deficit of 30 points, eventually reduced to nine points on appeal. Following the enforced relegation to Serie B, the club lost several of its star players, including Fabio Cannavaro to Real Madrid, Gianluca Zambrotta to FC Barcelona, Adrian Mutu to Fiorentina, and Zlatan Ibrahimović to Internazionale. Trezeguet's compatriots Lilian Thuram and Patrick Vieira also left Juventus, for Barcelona and Inter, respectively. Manager Fabio Capello defected to Real Madrid and former Juventus legend and Trezeguet's former France teammate and captain, Didier Deschamps, was appointed the new manager of Juve. As one of the club's star players, Trezeguet was heavily linked to a move away from Juventus, but he ultimately stayed with the Bianconeri to help the club return to Italy's top flight.

On 16 September 2006, before Juventus' Serie B match against Vicenza, he was awarded a commemorative plate in recognition of his 125 career goals. On 19 May 2007, Juventus achieved promotion to Serie A after a 5–1 win over Arezzo. Trezeguet scored the fifth goal which made the promotion mathematically possible. Despite the successful return to Serie A, and an eventual Serie B title, the season was not without controversy. After scoring a goal in Juventus' final match of the 2006–07 Serie B season against Spezia, Trezeguet made a gesture toward the club president, making a number 15 with his fingers – the number of goals he scored throughout the Serie B season – which was followed by a hand gesture which, in Italian, means "I'm out of here". Juventus, however, announced on 25 June 2007 that Trezeguet had renewed his contract until 2011.

During the 2007–08 Serie A season, Trezeguet scored 20 league goals and was second only to teammate and club captain Alessandro Del Piero for the Capocannoniere. Juventus finished third in the league to qualify for the Champions League after missing out on the tournament for two consecutive seasons.

In the 2008–09 season, Trezeguet sustained a groin injury that kept him out for most of the season. Trezeguet finally made his return on 4 February 2009 against Napoli in the Coppa Italia and had a goal controversially disallowed. Nevertheless, he was one of the players who scored in the penalty shootout, which Juventus won 4–3. Trezeguet would shortly get his first goal of 2009 in a 2–0 win against Palermo in late February – a match where he received the captaincy for the first time in his professional career. Juventus finished the season in second place in the league, also reaching the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia and the round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League.

On 9 December 2009, Trezeguet scored his 168th goal for Juventus in a 4–1 defeat to Bayern Munich in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League, making him the club's highest-ever foreign goalscorer, surpassing Omar Sívori's total of 167 goals. At the end of the 2009–10 season, Trezeguet ranked fourth among Juventus' all-time top goalscorers with 171 goals. In August 2010, he was released from the remaining 12 months of his contract by Juventus.

Hércules

On 28 August 2010, Trezeguet completed his move to newly promoted La Liga team Hércules CF on a two-year deal; the club is based in his then wife's hometown. He made his debut on 11 September in a 2–0 surprise victory against defending champions Barcelona. Eight days later, Trezeguet scored his first goal for the club, a conversion from the penalty spot in a 2–1 loss against Valencia CF. He was unable to prevent relegation for the side, however, and left the club at the start of the summer of 2011. Trezeguet made 31 league appearances and scored 12 goals, making him the club's top goalscorer for the season.

Baniyas
On 30 August 2011, Trezeguet completed his move to UAE Pro-League side Baniyas SC on a one-year deal. On 21 November 2011, his contract was mutually terminated due to an injury which had kept him sidelined for most of the season. Trezeguet only appeared in the opening league match and a fixture in the Etisalat Emirates Cup for Baniyas.

River Plate
On 19 December 2011, Trezeguet moved to River Plate in Argentina on a three-year contract, shortly after the club was relegated to the Argentine second division for the first time in its history. Trezeguet, a childhood fan of River, having grown up in Buenos Aires, spoke of it as his dream move, saying, "Being here is a unique feeling, motivated by everything that River represents." On 19 January 2012, Trezeguet scored in his first appearance for River Plate in a friendly match against Racing Club de Avellaneda.

He made his official debut on 13 February 2012. He played his first match at Estadio Monumental the following week and scored his first official goal for River Plate after coming on as a substitute. On 26 February, he scored his second official goal, again after coming on as a substitute in the second half. Trezeguet scored his first double in River Plate on 10 March against Defensa y Justicia, the first goal giving River Plate a 2–1 lead, while the second one tying the match 3–3. In the next match, he played for the first time in the starting XI and scored in the first half to maintain his excellent scoring form for River Plate.

Trezeguet would later state that the adrenaline he gets while playing for River surpasses any other moment he experienced in his career, including winning the 1998 FIFA World Cup with France and scoring the golden goal in the finals of UEFA Euro 2000: "I am feeling things that I have never felt before. Not with Juventus, nor with Monaco and not even at international level with France. Being a River fan and seeing the passion that exists in this team, all the people and all the pressure, I have more adrenaline than ever before."

In the final match of the championship against Almirante Brown on 23 June, Trezeguet secured victory by scoring both of River's goals to seal promotion back to the top flight; Trezeguet also missed a penalty during the match. Trezeguet finished his first season at River Plate with 13 goals in 18 matches, finishing sixth behind the team's top goalscorer, Fernando Cavenaghi.

On 9 September 2012, he scored his first goal in the Primera División Argentina against Newell's Old Boys in a 3–3 draw. He would later score against Estudiantes de La Plata in a 1–0 win and also against Colón de Santa Fe in a 2–1 victory.

Despite being a key member of the River Plate squad which returned to the Primera División Argentina, it was decided in June by head coach and manager Ramón Díaz that he would no longer be a part of the team's squad, despite fan protests.

Newell's Old Boys
On 22 July 2013, Trezeguet joined Newell's Old Boys on a one-year deal. He made his debut on 18 August coming on as a substitute for Víctor Aquino in the 73rd minute, his side drew 0–0 with Belgrano de Córdoba. In his second game for the NOB he scored his first goal in the 90th minute against Atletico Rafaela, they won the game 2–0. On 1 November, Trezeguet scored his 300th career goal against Colón de Santa Fe and 11 minutes later followed up with his 301st career goal and subsequently the equaliser, drawing 2–2 on the night.

On 16 March 2014, Trezeguet was subbed on in the 78th minute for Ezequiel Ponce. In the 83rd minute he scored the second goal of the game with his side winning 2–0 against Racing Club de Avellaneda, a team which Trezeguet's former Juventus teammate Mauro Camoranesi played for and was subbed on earlier in the match.

FC Pune City
On 30 July 2014, Trezeguet signed for Indian Super League club Pune City. Trezeguet scored his first goal for the club against FC Goa, by the virtue of which, his franchise registered their first victory in the tournament. This was followed by his second and his last goal in ISL, which came in a defeat against Kerala Blasters FC.

On 20 January 2015, it was announced that Trezeguet had retired as a player and was set to join the Juventus management team. It was confirmed by Trezeguet's agent.

International career
As a French–Argentinian, Trezeguet was eligible to play for France or Argentina.

Trezeguet first competed internationally in the French youth squad alongside Thierry Henry, Willy Sagnol, and William Gallas, and played in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship. In the lead up to the 1998 World Cup in France, Aimé Jacquet gave younger players such as David Trezeguet, Henry and Patrick Vieira the chance to display their talent, and all three were eventually selected for the World Cup ahead of experienced French players including David Ginola. Trezeguet scored one goal in the tournament, in the 4–0 win over Saudi Arabia, as France went on to win the World Cup, defeating Brazil 3–0 in the final at the Stade de France. Two years later France were crowned European champions after defeating Italy 2–1 in the Euro 2000 final, courtesy of Trezeguet's golden goal in extra time from a Robert Pires assist.

Although ranked first in the world, France was not very successful in the 2002 World Cup, being eliminated in the group stage without scoring a single goal, despite David Trezeguet, Thierry Henry and Djibril Cissé being the top goalscorers respectively in Serie A, the Premier League and Ligue 1 that season. The failure was then followed up by a quarter-final exit at Euro 2004 at the hands of unheralded Greece with Trezeguet scoring just one goal in the tournament in a 2–2 draw against Croatia. However, with the return of Zinedine Zidane from brief international retirement, France would go on to reach the final of the 2006 World Cup. Throughout the tournament, Trezeguet found himself out of place in Raymond Domenech's 4–2–3–1 formation which only used one striker – a position allocated to Thierry Henry. On 9 July 2006, Trezeguet took part in the final, coming on as a substitute. The match, against Italy, went to a penalty shootout and Trezeguet was the only player from either team to miss his penalty, his shot hitting the crossbar, as Italy won 5–3 on penalty kicks after a 1–1 draw.

On 19 October 2007, Trezeguet threatened to quit France after being overlooked for two Euro 2008 qualifying matches by coach Raymond Domenech. On 26 March 2008, Trezeguet was selected for a friendly against England to replace the injured Karim Benzema, which would turn out to be his last appearance for France as he was subsequently not chosen for the squad that competed in Euro 2008.

On 9 July 2008, he announced his retirement from international football, finishing his France career ranked third among France's all-time top goalscorers with 34 goals from 71 caps. He cited "the awful Euro 2008 and the reappointment of the coach" being the main reasons for this decision, and also added "I see football differently from how they see it in France. Euro 2008 was very negative, but what annoys me more is that Domenech is staying."

Style of play
Trezeguet was a prolific, complete, and talented striker, who was gifted with pace, power, instinct, and an eye for goal. A highly opportunistic player, he was excellent at taking advantage of chances and loose balls in the area, and was an accurate striker of the ball, known for his clinical finishing, as well as his ability to score with few touches, due to his ability to shoot first time and finish off chances from close range, even when off-balance or from awkward positions. He was capable of scoring with either foot, despite being naturally right footed, as well as with his head, and excelled in the air; he was also known for having a penchant for scoring acrobatic goals. Although he wasn't particularly talented, skillful, or known for his link-up play, he was also highly regarded for his positional sense, anticipation, reactions, offensive movement, and his ability to lose his markers, as well as for his skill at playing with his back to goal, courtesy of his solid technique. Considered to be one of the best strikers of his generation, due to the number of goals he scored for Juventus he gained the nicknames: Cobra, Trezegol, and Re David (King David, in Italian), during his time at the club. Despite his ability, his playing time throughout his career was often limited by injuries.

Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Trezeguet goal.

Honours
Monaco
Division 1: 1996–97, 1999–2000
Trophée des Champions: 1997

Juventus
Serie A: 2001–02, 2002–03
Serie B: 2006–07
Supercoppa Italiana: 2003

River Plate
Primera B Nacional: 2011–12

France
FIFA World Cup: 1998, runner-up: 2006
UEFA European Championship: 2000

Individual
FIFA World Youth Championship Silver Shoe: 1997
UNFP Division 1 Young Player of the Year: 1997–98
UEFA Team of the Year: 2001
Serie A Footballer of the Year: 2001–02
Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year: 2001–02
Serie A Top Goalscorer: 2001–02
FIFA 100
Golden Foot: 2015 (Under the category of "Football Legend")
Juventus Greatest XI of All Time: 2017

Orders
Knight of the Legion of Honour: 1998

References

External links

 David Trezeguet Photos and Statistics at sporting-heroes.net
 Trezeguet's career stats and timeline
 Brand Ambassador

1977 births
Living people
French people of Argentine descent
Sportspeople of Argentine descent
Footballers from Rouen
French men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Club Atlético Platense footballers
AS Monaco FC players
Juventus FC players
Hércules CF players
Baniyas Club players
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Newell's Old Boys footballers
FC Pune City players
Argentine Primera División players
Ligue 1 players
Serie A players
Serie B players
La Liga players
UAE Pro League players
Primera Nacional players
Indian Super League players
Indian Super League marquee players
France men's youth international footballers
France men's under-21 international footballers
France men's international footballers
1998 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
European champions for France
2002 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA World Cup-winning players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
FIFA 100
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
French expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
French expatriate sportspeople in Italy
French expatriate sportspeople in Spain
French expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
French expatriate sportspeople in India
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina
Expatriate men's footballers in Monaco
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Expatriate men's footballers in India
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Association football people awarded knighthoods

David Trezeguet


The Slovenia national football team represents Slovenia in association football and is controlled by the Football Association of Slovenia, the governing body for football in Slovenia. It competes as a member of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), which encompasses the countries of Europe. Slovenia joined UEFA and the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) in 1992, a year after the country gained independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Slovenia's first official match—a 1–1 draw against Estonia—took place on 3 June 1992. Their first victory came in their third match, a 2–0 home win against the same opponents. They entered their first major international competition in 1994: the qualifying rounds for the 1996 UEFA European Football Championship. The team won their first competitive match on 29 March 1995 when they defeated Estonia 3–0 in the 1996 European Championship qualifiers. Slovenia made its first appearance in the qualifying rounds of the FIFA World Cup during the 1998 edition.

The team's largest victory came on 8 February 1999 when they defeated Oman by seven goals to nil in the Oman International Tournament. Their worst loss is a 5–0 against France in 2002. Boštjan Cesar holds the appearance record for Slovenia, having been capped 101 times between 2003 and 2018. The goalscoring record is held by Zlatko Zahovič, who scored 35 times in 80 matches. As of October 2023, Slovenia are ranked 54th in the FIFA World Rankings. Its highest-ever ranking of 15th was achieved in October and November 2010.

Results
Key

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

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2011

2012

2013

2014

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2020s

References
General

Specific

Slovenia national football team results

Slovenia national football team results (1992–2019)


Politico (stylized in all caps), known originally as The Politico, is a Washington metropolitan area, U.S., based politics focused newspaper company owned since 2021 by German publisher Axel Springer SE. It covers politics and policy in the United States and internationally. Primarily providing distributed news, analysis and opinion online, it also produces printed newspapers, radio, and podcasts. Its coverage focuses on topics such as the federal government, lobbying and the media.

Founded by American banker Robert Allbritton in 2007, it was acquired by Axel Springer, a German publisher, in 2021. Axel Springer is Europe's largest newspaper publisher and had previously acquired Insider. Ideologically, its coverage has been described as moderate.

History

Origins, style, and growth
Politico was founded in 2007 to focus on politics with fast-paced Internet reporting in granular detail, comparable to the sports analysis of SportsCenter or ESPN. John F. Harris and Jim VandeHei left The Washington Post to become Politicos editor-in-chief and executive editor, respectively. With the financial backing of Robert L. Allbritton, the pair launched the website on January 23, 2007. Their first hire was Mike Allen, a writer for Time, and Frederick J. Ryan Jr. served as its first president and chief executive officer. Martin Tolchin was another member of the editorial founding team.

From the beginning, journalists covering political campaigns for Politico carried a video camera to each assignment, and they were encouraged to promote their work elsewhere. By 2008, Politico received more than three million unique visits per month.

In September 2008, The New York Times reported that Politico would expand its operations following the 2008 U.S. presidential election, and that "after Election Day, [Politico] will add reporters, editors, Web engineers and other employees; expand circulation of its newspaper edition in Washington; and print more often." Between the 2008 and 2012 elections, Politicos staff more than tripled in size. Notable additions included two political commentators, Michael Kinsley and Joe Scarborough, as opinion writers.

In 2009, the web pages shortened their name from The Politico to more simply Politico. In 2011, Politico began to focus more on long-form journalism and news analysis. This shift in coverage received further support in June 2013 with the hiring of Susan Glasser to oversee "opinion from prominent outside voices" and "long-form storytelling". In September 2014, Glasser was tapped to serve as Politicos new editor, following the resignation of Richard Berke the previous month.

VandeHei was named Politicos new CEO in October 2013. Under his leadership, Politico continued to grow: in 2014 alone, it expanded revenues by 25%. By 2016, Politico had nearly 500 employees worldwide.

Amidst reports of tensions, VandeHei and Allen announced that they would leave Politico after the 2016 presidential election, but left far sooner. Allbritton, then Executive Chairman and owner, was named acting CEO in Vandehei's stead. Several months after their departure, Washingtonian Magazine reported that the relationship ultimately deteriorated during a series of events including VandeHei pushing Allbritton to sell the company, and Allbritton losing faith in VandeHei's abilities as a CEO.

Investment banker Patrick Steel served as CEO between 2017 and 2021. He departed the company in early 2021 after four years.

Goli Sheikholeslami, who had been the CEO of WNYC public radio, was announced as CEO by new owner Axel Springer in January 2022 and tasked with leading operations of both Politico and Politico Europe.

Dafna Linzer, who had been at MSNBC and NBC News, was named as the new executive editor in March 2022.

Politico Playbook
On June 25, 2007, Mike Allen launched Playbook, a daily early-morning email newsletter. Within a few years, the newsletter had attained a large readership amongst members of the D.C. community. By 2016, over 100,000 people—including "insiders, outsiders, lobbyists and journalists, governors, senators, presidents and would-be presidents"—read Playbook daily. Multiple commentators credit Allen and Playbook with strongly influencing the substance and tone of the rest of the national political news cycle.

Daniel Lippman joined Politico in June 2014, in large part to assist Allen with Playbook. Upon Allen's departure in July 2016 to start Axios, Anna Palmer and Jake Sherman joined Lippman to assume Playbook-writing duties. In March 2017, Politico announced the creation of a second, mid-day edition of Playbook—entitled "Playbook Power Briefing"—written by the same people who authored the morning edition.

In 2017, a weekly sponsorship of Playbook cost between $50,000 and $60,000. After Palmer and Sherman left to found Punchbowl News, Politico announced a new team of Playbook authors in 2021, including Rachael Bade, Ryan Lizza, Tara Palmeri and Eugene Daniels. Mike Debonis, previously of the Washington Post, was hired as editor of Politico Playbook in 2022.

Politico Pro
Politico Pro, a B2B subscription service, launched in 2010. With roughly 300 reporters at its disposal, Politico Pro provides in-depth coverage of over a dozen major topic areas. The service charges subscribing businesses by licenses and topic area (verticals), with the costs in the high four figures to high six figures depending on the scope of the subscription. Despite the paywall in place, Politico Pro has a 93% subscription renewal rate, and it provides nearly half of Politicos overall revenue. Access to the Politico.com, Politico Playbook, and its other newsletters remained free of charge.

Politico Magazine

In November 2013, Politico launched Politico Magazine (), which is published online and bimonthly in print. In contrast to Politicos focus on "politics and policy scoops" and breaking news, Politico Magazine focuses on "high-impact, magazine-style reporting", such as long-form journalism. The first editor of Politico Magazine was Susan Glasser, who came to the publication from Foreign Policy magazine.

After Glasser was promoted to become Politicos editor, Garrett Graff was named editor of the magazine. He was followed by Blake Hounshell (2016–18), and Stephen Heuser (2019-2022). In September, 2022, Elizabeth Ralph was named editor of POLITICO Magazine, now solely a digital publication.

Protocol
In February 2020, Robert Allbritton, the then owner of Politico, launched Protocol, an online tech news site focused on the "people, power and politics of tech." The site focuses on how to "arm decision-makers in tech, business and public policy" with important global technology news. It operates as a separate company and with separate business and editorial management than Politico.

State editions
In September 2013, Politico acquired the online news site Capital New York, which also operated separate departments covering Florida and New Jersey. In April 2015, Politico announced its intention to rebrand the state feeds with the Politico name (Politico Florida, Politico New Jersey, and Politico New York) to expand its coverage of state politics. In September 2018, Politico announced it would launch Politico California Pro.

Global expansion
In September 2014, Politico formed a joint venture with German publisher Axel Springer SE to launch its European edition, based in Brussels. In December 2014, the joint venture announced its acquisition of Development Institute International, a leading French events content provider, and European Voice, a European political newspaper, to be re-launched under the Politico brand. Politico Europe debuted in print on April 23, 2015.

Politico.eu, the publication's Brussels-based European operation, was formally launched in 2015. In early 2016, it had about 50 editorial employees and two dozen business employees. A third-party survey published at the time ranked Politico.eu as most widely read news organization among 249 Brussels "influencers" surveyed, although the same panel found it less influential than The Financial Times, BBC, and The Economist.

Stephen Brown, who was named editor-in-chief of Politico Europe in September 2019, died suddenly of a heart attack on March 18, 2021.

Jamil Anderlini, previously Asia Editor of the Financial Times, was named Editor-in-Chief of Politico Europe in July, 2021.

Focus on investigations
Under Glasser and successor Carrie Budoff Brown, Politico expanded its focus on investigating Washington policymakers, leading to multiple resignations. A series of stories by Sherman and Palmer in 2015 "helped break open the scandal that forced the resignation of Representative Aaron Schock of Illinois in 2015," according to the New York Times. Reporter Marianne Levine in 2017 "helped bring down Trump's Labor Secretary pick," Andy Puzder, after breaking the story that Puzder's ex-wife had accused him of spousal abuse, according to Poynter. Puzder withdrew his nomination after the story.

In September 2017, reporters Rachana Pradhan and Dan Diamond authored a "bombshell" investigation of how President Donald Trump's health secretary, Tom Price, was flying on charter jets paid for by taxpayers, according to the Washington Post. Price resigned after the stories.

The "indispensable" stories published by Politico under Budoff Brown in 2017 helped it "get its groove back," according to the Washingtonians Andrew Beaujon.

Politico reporter Alex Thompson in February 2022 broke the "bombshell report" of how Eric Lander, President Joe Biden's science adviser, had been "demeaning" colleagues in the office, according to Endpoints News. Lander resigned after the story.

Expansion
Politico acquired E&E News in December 2020 to expand its coverage of the energy and environmental sectors. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.

Acquisition by Axel Springer
In October 2021, the large German publishing and media firm Axel Springer SE announced that it had completed the acquisition of Politico for over $1 billion. The closing took place in late October 2021. The new owners said they would add staff, and at some point, put the publication's news content behind a paywall.

Axel Springer's Chief Executive Mathias Döpfner said that Politico staff would need to adhere to Axel Springer's principles, including support for a united Europe, Israel's right to exist and a free-market economy, and that staff who disagree with the principles "should not work for Axel Springer, very clearly". Axel Springer said that they would not require Politico employees to sign documents in support of a transatlantic alliance or Israel, though this policy is enforced at German newspaper Bild, another Axel Springer subsidiary.

Supreme Court leak
On May 2, 2022, Politico obtained and released a 98-page draft document indicating that the Supreme Court was poised to strike down the landmark Roe v. Wade decision that legalized abortion nationwide, as well as Planned Parenthood v. Casey, in its ruling on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. Chief Justice John Roberts directed the Marshal of the Court to conduct an investigation into the source of the leak. The story became the most-trafficked in the publisher's history, with 11 million views by May 6. Politicos first tweet on the report gained more than triple the impressions it normally saw in an entire month on Twitter.

Collaboration with Welt on COVID-19 global response criticisms
In September 2022, Politico published an exposé critical of NGO leadership at the helm of the world-wide COVID-19 pandemic response, written in cooperation with the German newspaper Die Welt. Criticisms included the interconnectivity of the non-profits with Bill Gates, as well as his personal lack of formal credentials in medicine. Additionally, the article cited the lack of public accountability of the NGOs, their haste to put forward their selected vaccine candidates while public debate was yet unfinished, possible conflicts of interest due to employment of non-profit staff in influential health regulatory bodies, and the massively funded lobbying arm of the consortium. Further censure was given due to lack of consultation with other well-credentialed international not-for-profit groups, and to governments for allowing themselves to be lobbied and yield leadership.

Controversies
Politico editor Michael Hirsh resigned in November 2016 after publishing the home address of white supremacist Richard B. Spencer on Facebook.

In January 2022, Politico Playbook incorrectly reported that United States Supreme Court justice Sonia Sotomayor had been seen having dinner with leading Democrats, after Sotomayor earlier having claimed that she could not appear in person for oral arguments at the court. It later turned out that Politico had mistaken Chuck Schumer's wife Iris Weinshall for Sotomayor, who had never been at the dinner, and Politico did not verify the report.

Accusations of antisemitism
Politico Magazine published an article in April 2017 purporting to show long-term links among U.S. President Donald Trump, Russian President Vladimir Putin, and the Orthodox Jewish Hasidic dynasty Chabad-Lubavitch. The article was widely condemned, with the head of the Anti-Defamation League, Jonathan Greenblatt, saying that it "evokes age-old myths about Jews".

In March 2019, Politico was again accused of antisemitism when it published an article depicting imagery of presidential candidate U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders next to money trees. Sanders, one of two Jewish candidates for the 2020 U.S. presidential election, was targeted for the amount of wealth he accumulated over his lifetime. Politico staff writer Michael Kruse wrote the article detailing the senator's wealth, writing that Sanders "might still be cheap", according to one of the senator's friends, "but he's sure not poor", which was criticized as combining two antisemitic tropes (Jews are cheap; Jews are rich). Politico official Twitter account used the quote to share the story; the tweet was later deleted.

Donald Trump
On January 14, 2021, conservative commentator Ben Shapiro was featured as a guest writer for Politico's Playbook newsletter, where he defended Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives who opposed the second impeachment of Donald Trump. The newsletter drew backlash from Politico staffers. Matthew Kaminski, editor in chief of Politico, declined to apologize and defended the decision to publish the article, stating: "We're not going to back away from having published something because some people think it was a mistake to do so." He added that the newspaper "stands by every word" in the article. According to The Daily Beast, more than 100 Politico staffers signed onto a letter to publisher Robert Allbritton criticizing Politicos decision to feature Shapiro's article and the response from Kaminski.

Cambridge Analytica, a British political consulting firm, microtargeted pro-Trump voters and anti-Hillary Clinton voters with native advertising and sponsored or branded content on Politico.

Distribution and content

As of 2017, Politico claimed to average 26 million unique visitors a month to its American website, and more than 1.5 million unique visitors to its European site. Following the acquisition of the company by Axel Springer SE, Haaretz and Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting reported that Politico would enforce a policy on employees requiring them to acknowledge Israel's right to exist.

The print newspaper had a circulation of approximately 32,000 in 2009, distributed free in Washington, D.C., and Manhattan. The newspaper prints up to five issues a week while Congress is in session and sometimes publishes one issue a week when Congress is in recess. It carries advertising, including full-page ads from trade associations and a large help-wanted section listing Washington political jobs.

Influence
Multiple commentators have credited Politicos original organizational philosophy—namely, prioritizing scoops and publishing large numbers of stories—with forcing other, more-established publications to make a number of changes, such as increasing their pace of production and changing their tone. Other outlets, including Axios and Punchbowl News, were started by Politico employees.

Awards and recognition
Politico won a Pulitzer Prize in 2012, for Matt Wuerker's editorial cartoons. Politico also has won three George Polk Awards, the first in 2014 for Rania Abouzeid's investigation of the rise of the Islamic State, the second in 2019 for Helena Bottemiller Evich's investigation of the Trump administration's efforts to bury its climate change plans, and the third in 2020 for Diamond's investigation of political interference in the U.S. federal government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

See also
 List of newspapers in Washington, D.C.

References

External links

2007 establishments in Virginia
2021 mergers and acquisitions
American political websites
Axel Springer SE
Centrism
Companies based in Arlington County, Virginia
Internet properties established in 2013
Newspapers published in Virginia
Podcasting companies
Privately held companies based in Virginia
Newspapers established in 2007

Politico


In Spain, the legal designation Conjunto histórico (formerly Conjunto Histórico-Artístico or "Historic-Artistic Grouping") is part of the national system of heritage listing.  It is applied to buildings in a given locality. It is typically used to protect complete villages, such as Peñaranda de Duero, or historic quarters of towns such as Avilés.

Conjunto means "group", and as a group listing, the Conjunto histórico is comparable with the British concept of a Conservation Area.
Conjunto histórico is a sub-category within a broader category of Bien de Interés Cultural, which protects Spain's cultural heritage and is regulated by the country's Ministry of Culture. As well as conjuntos históricos, the category of Bien de Interés Cultural includes the following sub-categories of non-movable heritage:
 Jardín histórico, historic garden (for example the gardens of Aranjuez)
 Monumento
 Sitio histórico (for example the Bulls of Guisando)
 Zona arqueológica, archaeological zone (for example the Archaeological Site of Atapuerca)

A Conjunto histórico may include buildings which are individually protected as monuments, as is the case at, for example, Peñaranda de Duero or Covarrubias.

Examples
Nogal de las Huertas (1931)
Avilés (1955)
Covarrubias (1965)
Sos del Rey Católico (1968)
Daroca (1968)
Sanlúcar de Barrameda (1973)
Peñaranda de Duero (1974)
Santa Cruz de La Palma (1975)
La Orotava (1976)
Garachico (1994)
Gumiel de Izán (2003)
Frías (2005)

See also
UNESCO World Heritage Site

Notes

External links
  "Patrimony and protected cultural goods", Ministry of Culture
  Guía de Conjuntos Histórico-Artísticos declarados en España.

Heritage registers in Spain
Urban planning in Spain
Architecture in Spain
Cultural history of Spain

Conjunto histórico


In sport, a cap is a player's appearance in an international game. The term comes from the practice in the United Kingdom of giving a cap to every player in an international match of rugby football and association football. In the early days of football, the concept of each team wearing a set of matching shirts was not commonly used. Instead, each side would wear a different type of hat to appear different than their opponent.

Other websites

 Men's Records and Facts—FIFA
 Players with 100+ Caps (men) RSSSF
 Picture of International Football Cap—National Museum of Scotland
 Gallery of International Caps and Honours Caps

Sports words

Cap (sport)


The Man Who Bought London is a 1915 crime novel by the British writer Edgar Wallace. It was originally published as a magazine serialisation.

An American, Kerry King, leads a syndicate of millionaires seeking to buy up large chunks of London in order to redevelop them for the benefit of the poorer inhabitants. However, his plan is threatened by the schemes of a former business partner, Hermann Zeberlieff.

Film adaptation
It was adapted for a 1916 British silent film of the same title directed by Floyd Martin Thornton and starring Evelyn Boucher and Roy Travers. It was the first of many screen adaptations of Wallace's novels and stories.

The tale was adapted again under the title Time to Remember (1962), directed by Charles Jarrott. It was an entry in the Edgar Wallace Mysteries series of second features made at Merton Park Studios.

References

Bibliography
 Bergfelder, Tim. International Adventures: German Popular Cinema and European Co-Productions in the 1960s. Berghahn Books, 2005.
 Clark, Neil. Stranger than Fiction: The Life of Edgar Wallace, the Man Who Created King Kong. The History Press, 2015.
 Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

1915 British novels
Novels by Edgar Wallace
British crime novels
British novels adapted into films
Novels set in London

The Man Who Bought London (novel)


UNIT: Dominion is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It is a special four-hour-long story in a five disc CD box set.

Plot
UNIT, and their current Scientific Adviser, Elizabeth Klein, are fending off a spate of unusual alien invasions.  Assisting her is a man she's never seen before, claiming to be the Doctor.

Cast
The Doctor – Sylvester McCoy
Klein – Tracey Childs
Raine Creevey – Beth Chalmers
The Other Doctor/The Master – Alex MacQueen
Colonel Lafayette – Julian Dutton
Sergeant Pete Wilson – Bradley Gardner
Sylvie / Liz Morrison – Miranda Keeling
Private Phillips / John Starr – Ben Porter
Major Wyland-Jones – Sam Clemens
Private Maynard / Arunzell – Alex Mallinson
Ace – Sophie Aldred

Continuity
The Seventh Doctor first met Klein in the audio story Colditz.  She was a scientist from an alternate time line, a version of the 1960s where the Nazis had won World War II.  The Doctor erased that time line, but Klein became trapped in the primary time line.  Eventually, the Doctor discovered her again, in A Thousand Tiny Wings, and took her with him.  However, she stole the TARDIS and created multiple alternate time lines.  In The Architects of History, the Doctor, with help from the Time Lords, repaired the damaged course of time and erased Klein from history.  Afterward, he visited Klein – the version who was raised in the primary time line – who had no recollection of her alternate life or travels with the Doctor.  This new current version of Klein works at UNIT as their Scientific Advisor, a position previously held by the Third Doctor.
Klein says the German name Johann seemed very familiar.  This is a reference to the pseudonym an alternate version of the Eighth Doctor used to trick the original version of Klein.
Raine travelled with the Seventh Doctor and Ace in the Lost Stories audios, starting with Crime of the Century.  The Doctor met her parents in the previous story, Thin Ice, where he helped deliver Raine.  UNIT: Dominion takes place a long time after those stories, from the Doctor's perspective, but for Raine, who has spent little time with him, this story takes place between Animal and Earth Aid.
Ace's voice is heard briefly, warning the Doctor from Gallifrey.  How or why she is there is not explained, however, the producers of the original television series planned to take her there as part of her departure story.  The intention was that the Doctor wanted her to be educated by the Time Lords, but that story was never told, due to the cancellation of the series in 1989.
The TARDIS found on the planet Tersurus was explained in the 1976 television story, The Deadly Assassin.  A Time Lord named Chancellor Goth discovered the Master there and returned him to Gallifrey where he battled the Fourth Doctor.
"The Omega business" and force field that Klein mentions is in regards to the 1973 story, The Three Doctors.
The Fourth Doctor gave Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart a space-time telegraph, as revealed in the 1975 story, Terror of the Zygons.
In part one the Doctor refers to the events of The Tenth Planet and The Caves of Androzani.

References

2012 audio plays
Seventh Doctor audio plays
UNIT audio plays
Master
Audio plays by Nicholas Briggs

UNIT: Dominion