NT (sometimes marketed under the name Scoopman) is a digital memo recording system introduced by Sony in 1992.

The NT system was introduced to compete with the Microcassette, introduced by Olympus, and the Mini-Cassette, by Philips.

Design

The system was an R-DAT based system which stored memos using helical scan on special microcassettes, which were  with a tape width of 2.5 mm, with a recording capacity of up to 120 minutes similar to Digital Audio Tape. The cassettes are offered in three versions: The Sony NTC-60, -90, and -120, each describing the length of time (in minutes) the cassette can record.

NT stands for Non-Tracking, meaning the head does not precisely follow the tracks on the tape.  Instead, the head moves over the tape at approximately the correct angle and speed, but performs more than one pass over each track. The data in each track is stored on the tape in blocks with addressing information that enables reconstruction in memory from several passes. This considerably reduced the required mechanical precision, reducing the complexity, size, and cost of the recorder.

Another feature of NT cassettes is Non-Loading, which means instead of having a mechanism to pull the tape out of the cassette and wrap it around the drum, the drum is pushed inside the cassette to achieve the same effect. This also significantly reduces the complexity, size, and cost of the mechanism.

Audio sampling is in stereo at 32 kHz with 12 bit nonlinear quantization, corresponding to 17 bit linear quantization. Data written to the tape is packed into data blocks and encoded with LDM-2 low deviation modulation.

Uses

The Sony NT-1 Digital Micro Recorder, introduced in 1992, features a real-time clock that records a time signal on the digital track along with the sound data, making it useful for journalism, police and legal work. Due to the machine's buffer memory, it is capable of automatically reversing the tape direction at the end of the reel without an interruption in the sound.  The recorder uses a single "AA"-size cell for primary power, plus a separate CR-1220 lithium cell to provide continuous power to the real-time clock.  The Sony NT-2, an improved successor to the Sony NT-1 Digital Micro Recorder, introduced in 1996, was the final machine in the series.

NT cassettes were used in the film industry and law enforcement, as the quality was superior to most portable audio recorders in that time period. The data portion embedded in the recording made it an excellent choice for law enforcement in addition to recording to a proprietary tape in a proprietary format.

As digital technology evolved, and became accepted in US court systems, the NT2 was replaced by devices that recorded to internal drives and removable digital media. The new media was much more cost-effective, and yielded premium quality audio recordings at a lesser cost. It was also easier to make court admissible copies utilizing other media, besides NT2 cassettes.

Rebranded NT cassettes were used as the storage medium in the Datasonix Pereos backup system from 1994, claiming a capacity of up to 1.25 gigabytes per tape. Due to overhead and variable data compression ratios, the actual amount of data stored could be significantly below a gigabyte.

See also

References

Digital electronics
Sony products
Audiovisual introductions in 1992
Discontinued media formats

NT (cassette)


Amanda Ava Koci (born Amanda Koçi; February 16, 1994), known professionally as Ava Max (), is an American pop singer and songwriter. She signed with Atlantic Records in 2016, through which she released her breakthrough single, "Sweet but Psycho", in August 2018. The song peaked at number one in 22 countries and reached number two and number 10 on the Australian ARIA Charts and US Billboard Hot 100, respectively.

In March 2020, Max released the song, "Kings & Queens", which peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart. It was followed by the release of her debut studio album, Heaven & Hell, in September 2020, which charted at number two on the UK Albums Chart and at number 27 on the US Billboard 200. In November 2020, the song "My Head & My Heart" was released, which peaked at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart. Max released her second studio album, Diamonds & Dancefloors, on January 27, 2023.

Life and career

1994–2012: Early life
Amanda Ava Koci was born Amanda Koçi, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on February 16, 1994. Max's parents are from Albania; her father, Paul, is from Qeparo and her mother, Andrea, is from Sarandë. Max has an older brother named Denis. In 1991, her parents fled Albania after the fall of communism in the country, and lived at a Red Cross supported church in Paris for a year. While in Paris, they encountered a woman from Wisconsin and were given passports by her before immigrating to the United States to reside in the state, where Max was born. During her childhood, Max often saw her parents struggle to earn an income, as they each worked three jobs without speaking English. Her mother was a classically trained opera singer, while her father was a pianist.

Max moved with her family to Virginia when she was 8 years old, where she was raised in Hampton Roads. While living in Virginia, she competed in numerous Radio Disney singing competitions at Greenbrier Mall in Chesapeake and debuted at the NorVa in Norfolk when she was 10 years old as an opening act, where she performed Whitney Houston's 1987 song "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)". Max often traveled to Florida in order to perform in singing competitions, and began releasing music under the moniker Amanda Kay, including a 2008 extended play. At the age of 13, Max came up with the middle name Ava and adopted it as her first name after stating that she did not like being called Amanda while growing up.

Max adopted the stage name Ava at the age of 14, and moved to Los Angeles, California, to pursue a music career at the suggestion of her mother, but was constantly rejected for being underage. Max relocated to South Carolina a year later, where she began writing songs about relationships she had observed, including those of her brother. She later stated that she was grateful for the move, as it allowed her to experience a normal childhood. During her time in South Carolina, Max attended Lexington High School for a year, after being previously homeschooled, and she recalled being constantly bullied there. After she turned 17, Max returned to Los Angeles with her brother, who acted as her manager. She acknowledged that the partnership "did not work out" due to differences and receiving orders from her brother and because neither knew anyone in the area. Max's difficulty in searching for producers and songwriters alone caused her to spiral "down a really bad path", which led her to drink at an early age and survive on 20 dollars a week.

2013–2017: Career beginnings and formations

Max released "Take Away the Pain" in 2013, which was remixed by the Canadian duo Project 46 in July 2015. For several years, her demos were rejected and not returned by record producers and songwriters. She also faced several incidents of sexual harassment. In 2014, Max had her first meeting with Canadian record producer Cirkut at a dinner party in the Chateau Marmont. Cirkut was also an acquaintance of her brother. Max sang "Happy Birthday" to him, which led both musicians to work together, writing hundreds of songs and releasing "Anyone but You" on SoundCloud in July 2016. The song gained traction and attracted the attention of various record labels that contacted Max through email, ultimately leading her to sign a record deal with Atlantic Records in 2016. Max acknowledged that working with Cirkut changed her life, as she considered leaving the music industry after being creatively stifled.

After signing the deal at the age of 22, she began searching for a last name to use as her stage name, eventually deciding on Max. The name was chosen since it combined elements of being masculine and feminine. From 2016 to 2017, Max adopted her signature hairstyle titled the 'Max Cut', which is seen in her logo as a substitute for the 'A' in Max. On August 4, 2017, Max was featured on the Le Youth song "Clap Your Hands", where she sang two different melodies.

2018–2021: International breakthrough and Heaven & Hell

Max released the song "My Way" on April 20, 2018, which peaked at number 38 on the Romanian Airplay 100 chart. On May 11, 2018, "Slippin", a collaboration with American musician Gashi, was released. On June 8, 2018, Max was featured on the song "Into Your Arms" by American rapper Witt Lowry. A month later, "Salt" was sent to SoundCloud. On August 13, 2018, she released "Not Your Barbie Girl" as a promotional single. "Sweet but Psycho" was released on August 17, 2018. The song became Max's commercial breakthrough, reaching number one in more than 22 countries including Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Sweden, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, where it stayed at number one for four consecutive weeks. In January 2019, the song reached the top of the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, and later peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. Max was also featured on the Vice and Jason Derulo song "Make Up" on October 23, 2018, and made an appearance on David Guetta's 2018 studio album 7 on the track "Let It Be Me".

On March 7, 2019, she released the follow-up single "So Am I", which reached the top 10 in Poland, Norway, Finland and the Netherlands. A remix of the song was released on July 3, 2019, which featured South Korean boy band NCT 127. The songs "Blood, Sweat & Tears" and "Freaking Me Out" were released as promotional singles in July 2019. On August 7, 2019, Max was featured on the song "Slow Dance" by American singer-songwriter AJ Mitchell, and released "Torn" as a single on August 19, 2019. On September 4, 2019, she entered a joint co-publishing deal with Warner Chappell Music and Artist Publishing Group. On October 31, 2019, she released a music video for "Freaking Me Out" as a Halloween special. Max won Best Push Act at the 2019 MTV Europe Music Awards. On November 6, 2019, a duet called "Tabú" between Max and Pablo Alborán was released. Max performed at the Jingle Bell Ball on December 7, 2019. The previously released song "Salt" was sent to digital streaming platforms on December 12, 2019. She collaborated with British-Norwegian disc jockey and record producer Alan Walker on the song "Alone, Pt. II", which was released on December 27, 2019. "On Somebody" was released as a promotional single on December 30, 2019.

On March 12, 2020, Max released "Kings & Queens" as the fifth single from her then-unreleased debut studio album Heaven & Hell (2020). The song topped the Billboard Adult Top 40 on the chart dated December 12, 2020. She also appeared as a featured artist on the country song "On Me" with Thomas Rhett and Kane Brown. It was included on the soundtrack of the 2020 film Scoob! on May 15, 2020, accompanied with a music video. Max released "Who's Laughing Now" on July 30, 2020, and "OMG What's Happening" on September 3, 2020, as singles from the album. Heaven & Hell was released on September 18, 2020, alongside a music video for the song "Naked". The album peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and at number 27 on the Billboard 200. On November 13, 2020, Max was featured on "Stop Crying Your Heart Out" as part of the BBC Radio 2 Allstars Children in Need charity single, which peaked at number seven on the UK Singles Chart. "My Head & My Heart" was released on November 19, 2020, which served as a bonus track from the digital re-issue of Heaven & Hell. On June 8, 2021, Max released "EveryTime I Cry", which she stated was a "continuation" of her aforementioned studio album. She appeared on the R3hab and Jonas Blue song "Sad Boy" as a featured artist with Kylie Cantrall on September 10, 2021, in addition to Tiësto's song "The Motto" on November 4, 2021.

2022–present: Diamonds & Dancefloors

In February 2022, Max hinted at a new project by replacing her 'Max Cut' hairstyle with cherry-red shoulder-length hair and emphasizing a red and pink appearance on her social media accounts. While interviewed at the Billboard Women in Music event in March 2022, she acknowledged that her second studio album was written the previous year during a personally difficult time. The album's lead single "Maybe You're the Problem" was released on April 28, 2022. Max announced her second studio album Diamonds & Dancefloors on June 1, 2022, which later released on January 27, 2023. She released "Million Dollar Baby" on September 1, 2022. The album's third single "Weapons" was released on November 10, 2022. On November 16, 2022, the Ubisoft dance game Just Dance 2023 Edition revealed that "Million Dollar Baby" would be featured in the game, with Max herself serving as the coach for the dance. She released the fourth single "Dancing's Done" on December 20, 2022.

On January 12, 2023, Max released the fifth single "One of Us". She performed at the WorldPride festival in Sydney, Australia, on March 5, 2023. Max then embarked on her first headlining concert tour, titled On Tour (Finally), between April to September 2023, with shows across Europe and North America. During her Los Angeles concert on June 20, 2023, a man jumped on stage and slapped Max while she was performing "The Motto". She later revealed that the inside of her eye was scratched. The incident occurred two days after Bebe Rexha was hit by a smartphone thrown by a concert-goer during her New York concert. She collaborated with Brazilian DJ Alok on "Car Keys (Ayla)", which was released on June 30, 2023. Her song "Choose Your Fighter" appeared on the soundtrack of the 2023 film Barbie, which was released on July 21, 2023. The song was later serviced to Italian radio as the fifth single of the soundtrack on July 28, 2023.

Artistry and influences
Max has been labeled as a pop and dance-pop singer, whose music often contains interpolations from previous songs. She has been compared to contemporary artists such as Sia, Lady Gaga, Bebe Rexha, Sigrid and Dua Lipa. Max grew up listening to artists including Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Celine Dion, Aretha Franklin, Fugees, Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston. She also cited Beyoncé, Madonna, Gwen Stefani, Fergie, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and Gaga as some of her influences. Max stated that Carey was the biggest influence on Heaven & Hell and recalled how she grew up listening to her music on loop, such as "Vision of Love".

Public image

Max has often been compared to Lady Gaga for her music and "ostentatious presentation", which includes her platinum blonde hair, persona, and stage name. Chris DeVille of Stereogum criticized Max's music for being too similar to Gaga, stating that it "falls short in terms of lyrics, production, melody, dynamics, personality, and every other conceivable metric", despite recognizing that the latter was also highly compared to Madonna. Max responded to the comparisons, stating that while Gaga was an "incredible" artist, people should not compare her to other people only for having the same hair color and releasing pop music. Although she described the comparisons as "lazy", she understood that it is "an easy thing to do" after being fascinated with pop artists since her childhood.

Max acknowledged that she often goes against the grain while making public appearances, often seeking designers who are overlooked, and wearing outlandish outfits, as she wants "to give people an experience". She stated that she was influenced by fashion in the 1990s, citing Gwen Stefani and Cindy Crawford as influences. However, Max preferred making music in the studio than appearing in public, stating that she did not like the attention of the fashion and cameras on the red carpet. Her self-cut 'Max Cut' hairstyle consists of her asymmetric peroxide blonde hair parted down the center, with the right side containing a chin-length bob cut, while the left side was longer and wavy. She explained that she did not feel authentic with her normal haircut, and that it was about embracing herself and being unique. While interviewed by Audacy in 2020, Max described her hair as "symbolic of having the freedom to do your own thing" and a "visual representation of her self expression", stating that it was an escape from conformity.

Personal life
Max has described herself as "100% Albanian" and stated that she wants to give back to the community. She is able to speak the language, but cannot read it. Max is outspoken about female empowerment, which is reflected in her music. In a 2023 interview with Nylon, Max revealed that she dated Cirkut briefly after they met and have remained friends since then.

Discography

Heaven & Hell (2020)
Diamonds & Dancefloors (2023)

Tours

Headlining
On Tour (Finally) (2023)

Supporting
Maroon 52021 Tour (2021)
 Jingle Ball Tour (2022)

Accolades

Notes

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
21st-century American songwriters
21st-century American women singers
American people of Albanian descent
American women pop singers
American women songwriters
Atlantic Records artists
Musicians from Milwaukee
MTV Europe Music Award winners
Singers from Virginia
American women in electronic music
American synth-pop musicians
Dance-pop musicians

Ava Max


was a Japanese educator of the Meiji, Taishō and Shōwa periods, and the matriarchal head of the prominent Japanese Hatoyama political family which has been called "Japan's Kennedy family." She was a co-founder of what is today Kyoritsu Women's University. Her husband was politician Kazuo Hatoyama.

Early life
Haruko Hatoyama was born in Matsumoto, the youngest of seven children (five girls and two boys). Her father, Tsumu, was a samurai. He changed the family name from Watanabe to Taga after the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Her education began at home with her mother, and was supplemented by the lessons from local teachers of Chinese classics. Her education was different from her sisters because she was allowed to pursue the same curriculum as a boy. She was among the first students to enroll when a small, all-girls school opened in Matsumoto in 1873. However, her knowledge was so advanced that her father decided to pull her out of the small school and take her to Tokyo to be educated.

She attended the Takebashi Girls' School, which had been opened by the government in 1872 for the purpose of training female teachers. Her lessons were held both in her native Japanese dialect and in American English. After the government closed the school in 1877, the Education Ministry transferred her and her classmates to a newly established English section within the Tokyo Women's Normal School. She graduated in 1878.

She continued her education by enrolling the Tokyo Women's Higher Normal School. In 1879, she was one of three students selected by the Ministry of Education to study in the United States. She graduated in July 1881, and briefly joined the faculty until she got married, at which point she resigned.

Family
Haruko married Kazuo Hatoyama in an arranged marriage on November 16, 1881. Her behavior was different from that of a typical bride of that period because she held a job outside the home and engaged in translating legal documents.

Kazuo Hatoyama was speaker of the House of Representatives of the Diet of Japan from 1896 to 1897 during the Meiji era. Kazuo later served as the president of Waseda University.

Haruko died at home on July 12, 1938 of arteriosclerosis.

Politician progeny
Her son was former Prime Minister Ichirō Hatoyama, who founded and was the first president of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).

Her grandson was former Foreign Minister Iichirō Hatoyama. Her great-grandson Kunio Hatoyama served as Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications under Prime Minister Taro Aso until June 12, 2009.

Her great-grandson Yukio Hatoyama represents the 9th district of Hokkaidō in the House of Representatives and is a former leader of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ). Yukio was Prime Minister of Japan between September 16, 2009 and June 8, 2010.

Modern Femininity and Education
Hatoyama was one of the leaders of the strong Westernizing trend during the Meiji period, known as . She wrote several essays for women's magazines on the importance of raising the level of women's education in Japan.

After helping found the Kyoritsu Women's University, she became head of the newly created home economics department. In December 1922, she became president of the school, and held this position until her death.

She was a member of the Japanese Women's Hygiene Association, Women's Patriotic Association, and the Japanese League of Women Association, among others. She received awards from the Imperial Household Ministry, the Tokyo prefecture, Tokyo City, the Tokyo League of Women's associations, and the Koishikawa Young Women's Association.

Notes

References
  Itoh, Mayumi (2003). The Hatoyama Dynasty: Japanese Political Leadership through the Generations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. , . .

External links

1861 births
1938 deaths
Japanese educators
Spouses of Japanese politicians
Ochanomizu University alumni
Hatoyama family
People from Matsumoto, Nagano
Japanese women educators
Parents of prime ministers of Japan
20th-century Japanese women educators
20th-century Japanese educators
19th-century Japanese women educators
19th-century Japanese  educators

Haruko Hatoyama


Karl August Wünsche (August 22, 1838, Hainewalde bei Zittau - November 15, 1912, Dresden) was a German Christian Hebraist.

He devoted his attention almost exclusively to rabbinic literature. After completing his commentaries on the Book of Hosea (1868) and Book of Joel (1872), he wrote Neue Beiträge zur Erläuterung der Evangelien aus Talmud und Midrasch (1878), the most complete collection of the parallel passages of the Talmud and the New Testament since the works of John Lightfoot and Johann Christian Schöttgen.

In his Bibliotheca Rabbinica (Leipzig, 1880–85) he made a German translation of the whole of the Midrash Rabbah and the Midrash to the Five Megillot, and he also translated haggadic portions of the Jerusalem Talmud (1880) and of the Babylonian Talmud (1886–89), as well as the Pesiḳta (1885) and the Midrash to the Psalms (1891).

Smaller works of his are:
Die Rätselweisheit bei den Hebräern (1883)
Die Freude im Alten Testament (1896); "Naturbildersprache des Alten Testaments" (1897)
Die Schönheit der Bibel (Leipzig, 1905)

Together with Jakob Winter he compiled the Geschichte der Jüdischen Litteratur (3 vols., Leipzig, 1892–95).

References

 Joseph Kürschner, Deutscher Litteratur-Kalender

External links
 Source

1839 births
1913 deaths
19th-century German people
Christian Hebraists
German Hebraists
German scholars
German biblical scholars
Old Testament scholars
German male non-fiction writers

August Wünsche


Carl Theodore Vogelgesang (January 11, 1869 – February 16, 1927) was a United States Navy rear admiral and Navy Cross recipient. He was the first U.S. Navy flag officer from California.

Early life
Vogelgesang was born at North Branch, California, on 11 January 1869, one of ten children (six boys and four girls) born to John Henry Vogelgesang and his wife, Anna Elizabeth (maiden name Vennigerholz). The youngest of the six sons, he received his education in the public schools of Stockton, California.

United States Naval Academy
While in his senior year of high school he was given an opportunity to enter a competitive examination for entrance into the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. He won the appointment, and went on to Washington, D.C., where he was the protégé of Congressman James A. Louttit of Stockton. In order to reach Annapolis in time, he was granted his high school diploma in advance.

He passed the final examination at Annapolis in June 1886, was appointed a naval cadet—the term then applied to young men studying at the Naval Academy—on 6 September 1886, and graduated on 6 June 1890. Graduates at that time were given the privilege of remaining in the Navy or retiring. In answer to a letter asking his mother's advice, she said, "My son, as long as the government has given you your education, you should repay with your service". Vogelgesang followed her advice, and never regretted his decision.

Marriage and family
On December 27, 1899, Vogelgesang married Zenaide Shepard, daughter of Admiral Edwin M. Shepard. Their children were a son, Shepard, and a daughter, Zenaide.

Early service
Upon graduation from the Naval Academy, Vogelgesang began active duty as a passed naval cadet aboard the gunboat USS Alliance. At the completion of his requisite two years of sea duty before final graduation, he was commissioned as an ensign on 14 July 1892 to date from 1 July 1892.

Successive tours of duty on board screw sloop USS Adams and sloop of war USS Mohican occupied his time until 1895 when he was ordered to Washington, D.C., for duty in the Bureau of Navigation. Detached from that post on 29 August 1896, Ensign Vogelgesang reported to the gunboat USS Bancroft on 3 September 1896.

Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars
Bancroft remained Vogelgesangs home through the Spanish–American War of 1898. During that war, Vogelgesang served in her during convoy escort missions and on blockade duty off Havana, Cuba, and near the Isle of Pines. Vogelgesang received the Spanish Campaign Medal for this service.

A tour of duty in the stores ship USS Celtic followed during which Celtic supported operations in the Philippine–American War; Vogelgesang received the Philippine Campaign Medal in 1899 for this service.

Peacetime service, 1900–1914
He then served at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York, in conjunction with the fitting out of battleships USS Kentucky (Battleship No. 6) and USS Wisconsin (Battleship No. 9) followed.

On 6 June 1904, Vogelgesang returned to the Bureau of Navigation for a two-year tour of duty, during which he attained the rank of lieutenant commander on 1 July 1905. A fifteen-month assignment as navigator on board battleship USS Louisiana (Battleship No. 19) followed from June 1906 to September 1907, during which he was awarded the Army of Cuban Pacification Medal in 1906. This was followed by his first command, the Presidential yacht USS Mayflower during the latter part of the administration of President Theodore Roosevelt.

That tour of duty ended in March 1908 when he transferred to the battleship USS Wisconsin as navigator. In May 1909, Lieutenant Commander Vogelgesang reported for duty ashore once more, this time to study at the Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island. where he taught the Science of War. In this assignment he was instrumental in working out a course of study which was adopted and remains in use. On 2 May 1911, near the end of his assignment at the War College, Vogelgesang was promoted to full commander.

On 2 May 1912, Vogelgesang transferred to the battleship USS Wyoming (Battleship No. 32) to fit her out. When she was commissioned, he assumed duty as her executive officer.

Veracruz
In late January 1914, Commander Vogelgesang was ordered to protected cruiser USS Des Moines (Cruiser No. 15) to serve as her commanding officer. During his tour aboard Des Moines, he was awarded the Mexican Campaign Medal for his service in quelling the uprising at Veracruz, Mexico, during the United States occupation of Veracruz.  He commanded Des Moines until 23 October 1914.

Naval War College, World War I, and Navy Cross
On 21 November 1914, Vogelgesang reported for duty at the Naval War College and remained there until the beginning of 1917, when he became Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief, United States Asiatic Fleet. Just after assuming the duties of that office, he received his promotion to captain, to date from 29 August 1916. During his tour of duty with the Asiatic Fleet he received the Navy Cross, with the following citation: "For exceptionally meritorious service in duty of great responsibility as Chief of Staff to Commander-in-Chief, U. S. Asiatic Fleet."

In January 1918, Captain Vogelgesang relinquished his position as Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief Asiatic Fleet, and reported to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as senior officer of the American naval commission. During his tour in Brazil, he worked with the Brazilian Naval College.

In 1919, Captain Vogelgesang received the World War I Victory Medal.

Post-World War I service
On 9 January 1919, Captain Vogelgesang reported to the New York Shipbuilding Company as Naval Inspector of Machinery and took charge of the fitting out of battleship USS Idaho (Battleship No. 42) at Camden, New Jersey. He assumed command of Idaho when she was placed in commission on 24 March 1919. He commanded Idaho until June 1920 when he became the chief of staff to the Commander in Chief, United States Atlantic Fleet. In June 1921, Captain Vogelgesang became commandant, 3rd Naval District, at New York City, headquartered at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn.

Naval Commissioner to Brazil
In 1922, the President of Brazil sent a request to President Warren G. Harding asking that Admiral Vogelgesang be detached from the 3rd Naval District and sent to Brazil to aid in the reconstruction and reorganization of the Brazilian Navy. At first the United States Government did not heed the request, because under Admiral Vogelgesang the New York Navy Yard had been free from strikes and had enjoyed its best financial status in years; consequently, the Governor of New York, senators, and other prominent New Yorkers protested that Rear Admiral Vogelgesang should be retained at the New York Navy Yard.

When a second Brazilian request came asking for Rear Admiral Vogelgesang along with a statement that if he could not be spared Brazil would have to make a selection from the British Royal Navy, the United States decided that the value of establishing a good relations with Brazil merited sending Vogelgesang there. Vogelgesang was ordered to form a commission, and, with 35 other selected U.S. Navy officers, proceeded to Rio de Janeiro. Having a basic knowledge of French and Spanish, he was able in six weeks' time to absorb the Portuguese language sufficiently to conduct his lectures to the Brazilian officers in their native tongue.

During his two years' service in Brazil as Naval Commissioner in the Diplomatic Service, he was instrumental in planting the first seeds of friendship between Brazil and the United States. As a mark of esteem for his excellent service, the Brazilian Government sent an envoy to place a commemorative plaque in the Mahan Library at the United States Naval Academy in his honor.

Early in his Brazilian assignment, Vogelgesang was promoted to rear admiral, to date from 16 October 1922, the first person from California to become a flag officer.

Final years
Rear Admiral Vogelgesang completed his mission in Brazil in January 1925 and returned to the United States on 7 February 1925. He took up duties at OpNav at the Department of the Navy in Washington, D.C.

On 3 April 1925, he broke his flag in battleship USS New York (BB-34), meaning his flag was raised on this ship, and became Commander, Battleship Division 2 of the Scouting Fleet; one of his first duties during this tour was to command the 1925 Midshipman Summer Cruise, which took him to the Pacific. In June 1926, he was detached from command of Battleship Division 2 and took command of the Light Cruiser Division, Scouting Fleet, with light cruiser USS Trenton (CL-11) as his flagship.

Death
Rear Admiral Vogelgeangs tour of duty in the Light Cruiser Division was abbreviated when he entered the Naval Hospital, Washington, D.C., for treatment of a kidney ailment. He died there on 16 February 1927.

Vogelgesang had so endeared himself to the Brazilian people that the entire Brazilian Legation was present at his burial services at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. A year later, to commemorate the day, the Brazilian Legation once more gathered there.

Namesakes
During World War II, the U.S. Navy destroyer escort USS Vogelgesang (DE-284) was named for Rear Admiral Vogelgesang.  Her construction was canceled in March 1944 before she could be launched.

However, in New York City on 3 August 1944, work began at the Bethlehem Steel Corporation shipyard at Staten Island on a new destroyer, to which the name Vogelgesang had been transferred. She was christened USS Vogelgesang (DD-862) on 15 January 1945, by Vogelgesangs daughter Zenaide (by then Mrs. Walter Bradley of Whitefield, New Hampshire). The christening party also included his widow and daughter-in-law, Mrs. Shepard Vogelgesang, Mrs. Gregory Davison (his widow's sister), Mr. and Mrs. George Moulson (his widow's sister and brother in law), Specialist T 1/c Barbara Jane Sullivan, Lieutenant Bill Vogelgesang, USNR, and Lieutenant Commander Woodson P. Vogelgesang, USNR, the last three named being on active duty with the Navy in that area.

USS Vogelgesang was commissioned on 28 April 1945, and served in the U.S. Navy until decommissioned in 1982; she then served in the Mexican Navy from 1982 to 2002 under the name Quetzalcoatl, and finally was scuttled as an artificial reef in 2006.

Military career

References

 Navy News Service, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
 Vogelgesang, Dorothy; Family Tree, Vogelgesang-Vennigerholz
 Who was Who in America 1897(?) – 1943(?)

1869 births
1927 deaths
American people of German descent
United States Navy admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
People from Calaveras County, California
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
United States Navy personnel of World War I

Carl Theodore Vogelgesang


Sami Yli-Sirniö (born 10 April 1972) is a Finnish musician, currently the lead guitarist of the Finnish metal bands Waltari, Barren Earth and German band Kreator. He spent part of his life in Germany and thus has strong ties with the German metal scene. German Rock Hard magazine featured him in 2007 as "forgotten guitar hero".

Career
While living in Germany, he served as a session musician for rock band In Rags, gothic act Tiamat and thrash metal band Grip Inc. For both Tiamat and Grip Inc., he played sitar, his second favourite instrument. Yli-Sirniö is currently endorsed by Ibanez.

Waltari (1989–1995, 2001–present)
Yli-Sirniö originally joined experimental Finnish crossover legend Waltari in 1989. He left the band in 1995 to live in Germany, returning in 2001. So far he has recorded eight studio albums with Waltari. Yli-Sirniö likes to explore other opportunities and has had many guest appearances with other bands.

Kreator (2001–present)
He also replaced injured Swiss guitarist Tommy Vetterli (of Coroner fame) on some live dates for Teutonic thrash metal pioneers Kreator.

In 2001, Vetterli departed and Yli-Sirniö was asked to replace him on a permanent basis. To this day, he has appeared on six studio albums with the band: 2001's Violent Revolution, 2005's Enemy of God, 2009's Hordes of Chaos, 2012's Phantom Antichrist, 2017's Gods of Violence and 2022's Hate Über Alles. He also appears on the Live Kreation double-album and DVD, released in 2003 as well as the live album Dying Alive released in 2013.

Barren Earth (2007–present)
Yli-Sirniö is the lead guitarist in the progressive death metal band Barren Earth, while not officially a supergroup, the band does consist of prominent members of other metal bands such as Jón Aldará of Hamferð, Janne Perttilä of Rytmihäiriö and Moonsorrow, Olli-Pekka "Oppu" Laine of Amorphis.

References

External links

 Biography on Waltari's official website

1972 births
Finnish expatriates in Germany
Finnish guitarists
Finnish heavy metal guitarists
Kreator members
Lead guitarists
Living people
Finnish male guitarists
Sitar players

Sami Yli-Sirniö


A game of skill or game of wits is a game where the outcome is determined mainly by mental or physical skill, rather than chance.

Alternatively, a game of chance is one where its outcome is strongly influenced by some randomizing device, such as dice, spinning tops, playing cards, roulette wheels, or numbered balls drawn from a container.

While a game of chance may have some skill element to it, chance generally plays a greater role in determining its outcome. A game of skill may also have elements of chance, but skill plays a greater role in determining its outcome.

Some commonly played games of skill include: collectible card games, contract bridge, backgammon and mahjong.

However, most games of skill also involve a degree of chance, due to natural aspects of the environment, a randomizing device (such as dice, playing cards or a coin flip), or guessing due to incomplete information. Some games where skill is a component alongside gambling and strategy such as poker may involve the application of such methods as mathematical probability and game theory, bluffing, and other forms of psychological warfare.

Legal meaning
The distinction between "chance" and "skill" has legal significance in countries where chance games are treated differently from skill games. The legal distinction is often vague and varies widely from one jurisdiction to the next.

In Germany, whether a game is considered of skill has legal implications with respect to whether money bets on the game's outcome are considered gambling or not. For example, poker is legally considered a game of chance in Germany (thus only allowed in casinos), whereas a tournament of skat is considered a game of skill and competitions with money prizes are allowed.  Alternatively, poker has been ruled by a United States federal judge as a game of skill rather than chance.

Examples

Games of skill requiring special equipment (selection)
 Air hockey
 Billiards
 Pinball machine
 Skee ball
 Snooker
 Table football
 Table ice hockey
 Whac-A-Mole

With the increasing spread of computer games, a lot of software of this genre was also created. Originally, these were mainly so-called jump'n'run games. However, the range has long since expanded and now also includes games with a greater strategic component, for example the various Tetris variants. In contrast to the non-virtual skill game, which usually involves the entire body, eye-hand coordination is required here. Encouraging player responsiveness and imagination is controversial. Nevertheless, various online skill games and jump'n'run adventures also find a place in child psychotherapeutic work.

See also

 Casino game
 Game of chance
 Game of dares
 Mind sport
 Matching game
 Memory sport
 Strategy game
 List of types of games

References

External links

Game terminology
Skills

Game of skill


Gradiva is a novel by Wilhelm Jensen, first published in instalments from June 1 to July 20, 1902 in the Viennese newspaper "Neue Freie Presse". It was inspired by a Roman bas-relief of the same name and became the basis for Sigmund Freud's famous 1907 study Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva (). Freud owned a copy of this bas-relief, which he had joyfully beheld in the Vatican Museums in 1907; it can be found on the wall of his study (the room where he died) in 20 Maresfield Gardens, London – now the Freud Museum.

Plot synopsis
The story is about an archaeologist named Norbert Hanold who is obsessed with a woman depicted in a bas-relief that he sees in a museum in Rome. He names her Gradiva, Latin for "she who steps along". After his return to Germany, he manages to get a plaster-cast of the relief, which he hangs on a wall in his work-room and contemplates daily. He comes to feel that her calm, quiet manner does not belong in bustling, cosmopolitan Rome, but rather in some smaller city, and one day an image comes to him of the girl in the relief walking on the peculiar stepping-stones that cross the streets in Pompeii. Soon afterwards, Hanold dreams that he has been transported back in time to meet the girl whose unusual gait so captivates him. He sees her walking in the streets of Pompeii while the hot ashes of Vesuvius subsume the city in 79 AD.

This fantastical dream leads Hanold on a real journey to Rome, Naples, and ultimately Pompeii, where, amazingly, he sees the Gradiva of his bas-relief stepping calmly and buoyantly across the lava stepping-stones. He follows her, loses her, then finds her sitting on the low steps between two pillars. He greets her in Latin, only to be answered, "If you wish to speak to me, you must do so in German." When he addresses her as if she were the girl of his dream, however, she looks at him without comprehension, gets up and leaves. Hanold calls out after her, "Are you coming here again tomorrow in the noon hour?" But she does not turn round, gives no answer, and a few moments later disappears round the corner. Hanold hurries after her, but she is nowhere to be seen. What follows is his quest to determine whether the woman he has seen is real or a delusion.

Films
In 1970, the Italian actor and filmmaker Giorgio Albertazzi released a film titled Gradiva, based on Jensen's novel and featuring Laura Antonelli as Gradiva. Albertazzi is best known for his portrayal of the male protagonist in Last Year at Marienbad, written by Alain Robbe-Grillet, who would himself go on to direct a film based on Jensen's novel.

In 2006, the French writer and filmmaker Alain Robbe-Grillet released a film titled  ("It's Gradiva Who is Calling You"), which was roughly based on the novel, although updated to more recent times. It begins with an English art historian who is doing research in Morocco on the paintings and drawings that French artist Eugène Delacroix (1798 – 1863) produced over a century before, when he travelled to the country as part of a diplomatic mission. Spotting a beautiful, mysterious blonde woman (Gradiva) in flowing robes, dashing through the back alleys of Marrakech, he becomes consumed with the need to track her down.

Jensen's novella and Freud's analysis
Sigmund Freud analyzed the actions and dreams of this young archaeologist in his 1908 study, Der Wahn und die Träume in W. Jensens Gradiva. Freud's study saved the novella from obscurity and made Gradiva into a modern mythological figure.

Freud's analysis is one of his first analyses of a literary work. Freud owned a copy of this relief, which hangs in his study at 20 Maresfield Gardens, London, now the Freud Museum.

Recently discovered letters show Freud corresponded with Jensen.

References

External links

 Freud Museum, Vienna: Sigmund Freud Museum Wien / Vienna - Sigmund Freud Privatstiftung
 Freud Museum, London: Freud Museum London
 The relief at the Freud Museum, London: Visiting Freud's Home In London - New York Times

1903 German-language novels
1996 films
1903 German novels
Campania in fiction
Case studies by Sigmund Freud
1990s French-language films
French drama films
German novels adapted into films
German romance novels
Novels about museums
Novels about psychoanalysis
Novels set in museums
Pompeii in popular culture
S. Fischer Verlag books

Gradiva (novel)


An e-mail attachment is a computer file that is sent along with an e-mail message. The user can attach one or more files to any e-mail message. E-mail attachments are a simple method to share documents and images. A paper clip icon is usually used to signify an attachment.

E-mail

E-mail attachment


Charles W. Jensen is a retired captain of the Portland Police Bureau in the U.S. state of Oregon. Jensen was also a regular on the Fox television series World's Wildest Police Videos. He also appeared on other police-related programs, including American Detective and World's Scariest Police Chases, which first aired in 1991 and 1997 respectively.

Police career
Jensen spent over 20 years with the Portland Police Bureau, and retired as a captain after a career that included assignments in homicide, hostage negotiation, and undercover street crime operations. He was a patrol shift commander and also commanded Internal Affairs and the Training Division.

He has written several articles about his experience when he shot and killed an armed robbery suspect who was holding a hostage. In November 1989, Jensen and Sgt. David Trimble of the Clark County, Washington Sheriff's Office interviewed Westley Allan Dodd, who confessed to sexually assaulting and murdering three young boys.

Jensen first met Paul Stojanovich, the producer of World's Scariest Police Chases, when he and his partner in the homicide squad appeared in the premiere episodes of ABC's American Detective in the early 1990s. He was the Portland Police spokesman from 1994 to 1996.

Disciplinary history
Jensen was investigated in 1999 for allegedly claiming improper reimbursement on some meals. However, the investigation was suspended when Jensen took medical leave from his police job, claiming trauma from a previous shooting and alcohol abuse meant that he was no longer fit for the job. Jensen then requested to continue with his old job in September 2003, which subsequently caused the investigation to resume. Jensen was then interviewed by David Corey to determine whether he was fit for duty. However, this interview contradicted many of Jensen's previous statements, leading Jensen to claim medical leave again. Then-Portland Mayor Vera Katz fired Jensen in March 2004 for engaging in a "pattern of deceptive behavior". After Jensen threatened Katz with a lawsuit, a monetary settlement was reached that reinstated him as a captain for retirement reasons.

Post-retirement
After retiring from the Portland Police Bureau, Jensen became a television reporter at KGW-TV, the NBC affiliate in Portland. Jensen filled the role as police expert. Jensen is also the crime and police expert for KXL radio in Portland. Most recently Jensen has appeared in a series of television infomercials. He has appeared on Maury several times, and has become a frequent contributor on Nancy Grace. With the ongoing investigation of the Kyron Horman case in Portland, Oregon, Jensen has appeared on several national news programs as an expert commentator. Most recently he appeared on an episode of ID's Real Detective titled "Malice", which chronicled the Dodd investigation and arrest.

Jensen has one daughter, Anna.

See also
John Bunnell

References
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlaJKWuP4Vo Jensen is set to appear in the second episode of ID channel series "Real Detective 01/14/2016 based on the Dodd child killings. The series premieres Jan 7 2016 http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2015/12/24/homicide-detectives-relive-the-cases-that-haunt-them-in-investigation-discoverys-raw-and-gritty-series-real-detective-237210/20151224id01/

External links

Living people
Lakeridge High School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Portland Police Bureau officers

C. W. Jensen


High School Hellcats is a 1958 crime movie directed by Edward Bernds. It stars Yvonne Lime, Brett Halsey, and Jana Lund. The movie is about a group of juvenile delinquent high school girls. It was produced by American International Pictures (AIP) and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures. This is the last film to be released through RKO Radio Pictures.

1958 crime movies
English-language movies
American crime movies
Movies directed by Edward Bernds
Movies produced by American International Pictures

High School Hellcats


In computer science, lazy deletion refers to a method of deleting elements from a hash table that uses open addressing. In this method, deletions are done by marking an element as deleted, rather than erasing it entirely. Deleted locations are treated as empty when inserting and as occupied during a search. The deleted locations are sometimes referred to as tombstones.

The problem with this scheme is that as the number of delete/insert operations increases, the cost of a successful search increases. To improve this, when an element is searched and found in the table, the element is relocated to the first location marked for deletion that was probed during the search. Instead of finding an element to relocate when the deletion occurs, the relocation occurs lazily during the next search.

References

Hashing

Lazy deletion


Merrily Weisbord is a Canadian literary non-fiction writer, documentary screenwriter and broadcaster. Her 2010 book The Love Queen of Malabar, a memoir of her longtime friendship with the late Indian writer Kamala Das, was a finalist for the 2010 Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction, the QWF Mavis Gallant Prize for Non-fiction, and the Charles Taylor Prize for Literary Non-Fiction. Her other books include Dogs with Jobs, The Valour and the Horror (coauthored with Merilyn Simonds), Our Future Selves: Love, Life, Sex and Aging and The Strangest Dream.

Career
Weisbord lives in Montreal and the Laurentian mountains. She was a CBC Radio broadcaster before writing The Strangest Dream: Canadian Communists, the Spy Trials and the Cold War. She co-authored The Valour and the Horror: The Untold Story of Canadians in the Second World War, which was six weeks on Maclean's best-seller list. She also authored Our Future Selves: Love, Life, Sex and Aging, published in Canada, the US, French Canada, and Japan. She co-created the hit TV series Dogs with Jobs, which sold in 57 countries worldwide, and she wrote the documentary Deconstructing Supper, finalist for the Writers Guild of Canada Top Ten Awards. She wrote and co-directed Ted Allan: Minstrel Boy of the Twentieth Century, winner of the Chris Award for social documentary.

Weisbord is a founding member of the Quebec Writers Federation, served on the National Council of the Writers' Union of Canada and the CBC Short Story Competition jury, Canada Council Non-Fiction and Public Reading juries, and the Hilary Weston Non-Fiction jury. She is currently coordinator of the QWF Workshop Committee.

As a teacher, Weisbord was distinguished visiting professor at the Honors Center at SUNY Plattsburgh, has taught creative writing and documentary film at McGill University and Concordia University and was Concordia's first literary non-fiction writer-in-residence. She is based in Montreal, Quebec.

Books
The Strangest Dream: Canadian Communists, the Spy Trials and the Cold War (1983)
Our Future Selves: Love, Life, Sex and Aging (1991)
The Valour and the Horror: the Untold Story of Canadians in the Second World War (co-written with Merilyn Simonds, 1991)
The Love Queen of Malabar: Memoir of a Friendship with Kamala Das (2010, McGill-Queens University Press)
Dogs with Jobs: Working Dogs Around the World (co-written with Kim Kachanoff, 2000)

Film and television
 Writer/co-director: Ted Allan: Minstrel Boy of the Twentieth Century
 Writer: Deconstructing Supper
 Creator: Dogs with Jobs
 Writer: Prostate Cancer: The Male Nightmare
 Writer: Once in August: Margaret Atwood
 Writer: Songololo: Voices of Change

References

External links
Merrily Weisbord Profile on QWF Literary Database of Quebec English-Language Authors

Canadian women non-fiction writers
Writers from Montreal
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Merrily Weisbord


"Hey Diddle Diddle" (also "Hi Diddle Diddle", "The Cat and the Fiddle", or "The Cow Jumped Over the Moon") is an English nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19478.

Lyrics and music
A version of the rhyme is:
Hey diddle diddle,
The cat and the fiddle,
The cow jumped over the moon;
The little dog laughed
To see such sport,
And the dish ran away with the spoon.

The rhyme is the source of the English expression "over the moon", meaning "delighted, thrilled, extremely happy".

The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs (1870). The word "sport" in the rhyme is sometimes replaced with "fun", "a sight", or "craft".

Origins

The rhyme may date back to at least the sixteenth century. Some references suggest it dates back in some form a thousand or more years: in early medieval illuminated manuscripts a cat playing a fiddle was a popular image. There is a reference in Thomas Preston's play A lamentable tragedy mixed ful of pleasant mirth, conteyning the life of Cambises King of Percia, printed in 1569 that may refer to the rhyme:

They be at hand Sir with stick and fiddle;
They can play a new dance called hey-diddle-diddle.

Another possible reference is in Alexander Montgomerie's The Cherry and the Slae from 1597:

But since you think't an easy thing
To mount above the moon,
Of your own fiddle take a spring
And dance when you have done.

The name "Cat and the Fiddle" was a common name for inns, including one known to have been at Old Chaunge, London by 1587.

The earliest recorded version of the poem resembling the modern form was printed around 1765 in London in Mother Goose's Melody with the lyrics:
Hey diddle diddle,
The Cat and the Fiddle,
The Cow jump'd over the Moon,
The little dog laugh'd to see such Craft,
And the Fork ran away with the Spoon.

In L. Frank Baum's "Mother Goose in Prose", the rhyme was written by a farm boy named Bobby who had just seen the cat running around with his fiddle clung to her tail, the cow jumping over the moon's reflection in the waters of a brook, the dog running around and barking with excitement, and the dish and the spoon from his supper sliding into the brook.

In J.R.R. Tolkien's The Fellowship of the Ring, the rhyme was written by Bilbo Baggins, and is part of a much longer narrative poem.

Meaning
The numerous theories seeking to explain the rhyme have been largely discredited.  James Orchard Halliwell's suggestion that it was a corruption of an ancient Greek chorus was probably passed to him as a hoax by George Burges.
Another theory is that it comes from a low Dutch anti-clerical rhyme about priests demanding hard work. Still other theories refer to Hathor worship; various constellations such as Taurus and Canis Minor; Elizabeth, Lady Katherine Grey, and her relationships with the Earls of Hertford and Leicester; and the Flight from Egypt.
The "cat and the fiddle" has been tied to Catherine of Aragon (Katherine la Fidèle); Catherine I of Russia, the wife of Peter the Great; Canton de Fidèle, an alleged governor of Calais; and the game of cat (trap-ball). The profusion of unsupported explanations was satirised by J. R. R. Tolkien in his fictional explanations of "The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late". Although there is some support for the trap-ball theory, scholarly commentators mostly conclude that the verse is simply meant to be nonsense.

See also
List of nursery rhymes

Notes

External links

English nursery rhymes
Year of song unknown
Songwriter unknown
English folk songs
English children's songs
Traditional children's songs
Songs about cattle
Songs about cats
Songs about dogs
Songs about fiddles
Songs about the Moon

Hey Diddle Diddle


Walpole is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Walpole Town, as the Census refers to it, is located about  south of downtown Boston, Massachusetts, and  north of Providence, Rhode Island. The population of Walpole was 26,383 at the 2020 census. Walpole was first settled in 1659 and was considered a part of Dedham until officially incorporated in 1724. The town was named after Sir Robert Walpole, de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain. It also encompasses the entirely distinct entity of Walpole (CDP), with its much smaller area of 2.9 square miles.

History

It started out as a territory that was claimed by the Neponset band of the Massachusett Native American tribe. The Neponset tribe officially claimed the area that is now Walpole, and some of its surrounding territory, in 1635. The town of Dedham was not included in this claim, so they began to negotiate with the Neponset tribe to gain land. In 1636, a deal was made between the town of Dedham and the Neponsets to grant Dedham lands that now comprise the towns of Walpole, Norwood, Westwood, Medfield, Norfolk and Dover as well as Dedham. The land given to Dedham in this deal currently includes parts of 16 different towns.

After the territory was bought from Dedham, the saw mill industry began to rise in the area. The first saw mill in Walpole was built near what is now School Meadow Brook and the Neponset River. It was located in the area that is now the Walpole Town Forest. The mill was built and later owned by Joshua Fisher and Major Eleazer Lusher, two wealthy men of Dedham.

On May 13, 1717, Dedham's Town Meeting voted to allow those in outlying areas to stop paying for the central village's minister and to move the school around town seasonally. When residents of the sawmill village asked to establish their own church, however, the Town voted not to allow it on March 7, 1721. Two months later, on May 15, 1721, the same residents presented a petition asking to be set off as their own town. Town Meeting once again rejected their request.

Soon residents of the other outlying areas began joining forces with them. Finally, with the urging of the Great and General Court, the new town of Walpole was created in May 1724. The town was named after Sir Robert Walpole.

After its incorporation, Walpole had a role in the events leading up to the American Revolutionary War. The citizens opposed taxes imposed by the British government. They sent a representative, Joshua Clapp, to the state meetings at Faneuil Hall in Boston. These meetings were to discuss how Massachusetts was going to keep its residents safe and peaceful during the events of the American Revolutionary War. In 1775, Walpole sent 157 men to the Battle of Lexington and Concord. These men were led by Captain Seth Bullard. In December 1777, a British fleet of ships came into Narragansett Bay and anchored in Newport Harbor in Rhode Island. Walpole sent two groups of minutemen, consisting of 65 men in total, to help with the situation. These men were led by Joshua Clapp, and Oliver Clapp. They stayed in Rhode Island to defend the port for three weeks.

Walpole began to grow after the Revolutionary War. By 1860, the town had 1,935 residents. Starting around this time, several mills began to be built, largely on the Neponset River in order to harness the power of falls. Over the years, these mills grew and mainly manufactured products such as  cotton, lumber, and paper in its many mills. The most notable of these was the Bird Company, which comprised a large complex on the river in East Walpole. After the company ceased operations at the site in 1980, most of the buildings were razed over the years; a housing development now occupies a large portion of the old mill site and only a few remnants of the area's former use are still evident. The Neponset River was also used for transport between the close towns of Sharon, Foxborough and Medfield. It was also used as a water supply and for water power. The Norfolk County railroad also connected the town. It was also part of a railroad network that connected Walpole to Boston and New York City. Many churches were formed in Walpole at this time, including Trinitarian, Unitarian and Methodist ones: Union Congregational Church est. 1877, etc.

Walpole's first public library was founded in 1872. It was founded by Walpole resident Miss Mary R. Bird. The first library in Walpole was actually founded in 1816 by a group known as "The Ladies' Literary, Moral Society". It was not public, and was built to provide books to Walpole that may, in the words of the society, "afford useful information to the mind and improvement to the heart."

The town grew considerably throughout the 1900s, with an increase of over 3,000 by the 1920s. At a town meeting in 1922, local resident Maude R. Greeves said:

In 1929, Harriet Nevins donated $50,000 for the erection of a public building as a memorial for her parents George Blackburn and Nancy H. Blackburn. Her father, a merchant from Bradford, England, had once lived and done business in Walpole. Blackburn Memorial Building (more commonly known as "Blackburn Hall") was designed by the architectural firm of Putnam & Cox Company of Boston, built by the F.J. Tetreault Company of Walpole, and dedicated in 1932. The red brick building, which features a neo-classical façade with whitewashed pillars, is still owned by the Town of Walpole and is used for a variety of activities throughout the year including children's theater production. To the Families of Boston and Eastern Massachusetts, Harriet Nevins also left $2500 to fund the construction of a fountain for horses and dogs. The fountain is now dry yet still stands on School Street in Walpole opposite the Town Hall.

Demographics

At the census of 2010, there were 24,070 people, 8,060 households, and 5,972 families residing in the town. The population density was 429.0/km (1077.3/sq mi). There were 8,229 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 95.41% White, 1.59% Black or African American, 0.11% Native American, 1.13% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.12% from other races, and 0.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.02% of the population. The Census of 2010 shows very little variance in these figures. Only the Asian population has seen somewhat of a change.

There were 8730 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $74,757, and the median income for a family was $84,458. Males had a median income of $54,243 versus $39,516 for females. The per capita income for the town was $32,117. About 1.5% of families and 2.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.

Weather and climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Walpole has a humid continental climate (Dfa), which is the predominant climate for Massachusetts and New England. Walpole's inland location causes it to experience cooler winter temperatures than many coastal locations in New England. Summers are typically hot and humid, while winters are cold, windy, and often snowy.

Walpole's warmest month is July, with an average high temperature of  and an average low of . The coldest month is January, with an average high temperature of  and an average low of .

Much like the rest of the Northeastern seaboard, Walpole receives ample amounts of precipitation year-round. On average, summer months receive slightly less precipitation than winter months. Walpole averages  of rainfall a year. Walpole, like other Massachusetts towns, is very vulnerable to Nor'easter weather systems. The town is sometimes vulnerable to Atlantic hurricanes and tropical storms, which infrequently threaten the New England region during the early autumn months.

Education

Walpole's school system, the Walpole Public Schools, is run by a school committee made up of seven members. The committee appoints a superintendent, who then appoints individual principals in each of Walpole's public schools. The current school superintendent is Bridget Gough. Walpole has seven public schools, which include four elementary schools, two middle schools, and one high school.

The four elementary schools in Walpole include Old Post Road School, Elm Street School, Boyden School, and Fisher School. Old Post Road school is located in East Walpole. It has about 500 students attending and serves students in from kindergarten through grade five. Currently, there are three modular classrooms for the fourth grade to accommodate the growing student population. Fisher School was the first to be established, on North Street, in 1790. It was a one-room schoolhouse until 1914, when a modern building was built on Main Street. In 2007, the school was attended by about 470 students. Boyden Elementary School was founded in 1854 by Jeremiah Boyden. It was first named South Primary School until 1902, when the town decided to name it after Boyden. It was closed between 1981 and 1988 and was used as a school for troubled boys. It reopened in 1990 and in 2010 had about 460 students and 30 teachers. Elm Street school is Walpole's newest school, which was opened in 1999, and renovated in 2004. It has about 520 students.

 Middle schools in Walpole include Johnson Middle School and Bird Middle School.
 The Blessed Sacrament is a private Catholic School in Walpole.
 Shishu Bharati School of Languages and Culture of India, a private, non-profit institution, has a branch in Walpole.
 The town is also home to the Norfolk County Agricultural High School and the Longview Farm School.

Law and government
Walpole, like most New England towns, has a Select Board style of government. The town has a five member select board. The current members, Mark Gallivan, Benjamin Barrett, James O'Neil, Glenn Maffei, and Allyson Hamilton, were each elected to three year terms. It also uses a Representative Town Meeting, with about 150 representatives. Walpole is divided into 8 precincts, and each precinct elects 18–20 representatives to the town meeting. Representatives serve a 3-year term.

The town also elects a moderator, and members to the board of assessors, housing authority, library board of trustees, planning board, school committee, and sewer & water commission.

Jake Auchincloss and Stephen F. Lynch represent different areas of the town in the United States House of Representatives, and Elizabeth Warren and Edward Markey represent Wapole in the United States Senate.

State Prison Closure

It is only partially accurate to say that Walpole is the location of Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Cedar Junction, a maximum security prison for males that was originally named "MCI—Walpole" until town residents successfully lobbied in the mid-1980s for the change. In reality, only part of the facility actually lies in Walpole. The southwest part of it lies in the neighboring town of Norfolk, but as Norfolk already has a prison (MCI Norfolk), Cedar Junction was originally known as MCI Walpole.

As of April 2022, Cedar Junction is planned to be shut down within the next two years due to reduced incarceration rates (currently the lowest in 35 years) and the high costs of maintenance.

Recreation

Francis William Bird Park is an  landscaped park, owned and maintained by The Trustees of Reservations. Over three miles (5 km) of walking and biking paths wind through the park, traversing streams across old granite bridges and passing through rolling, grassy meadows punctuated with mature shade trees, tree groves, and ponds.

Facilities at the park include bike racks, public restroom (open seasonally), a "tot lot" with children's play equipment, four tennis courts, a basketball backboard, and an outdoor stage.

Bird Park was created and endowed in 1925 by local industrialist Charles Sumner Bird, Sr. and his wife Anna in memory of their eldest son, Francis William Bird who had died seven years earlier in the influenza epidemic of 1918. Landscape architect and town planner John Nolen designed the park. A social reformer, Nolen believed that parks were critical to the health of urban residents and should be designed to provide a place of respite and relaxation in nature. In his original design plan, Nolen wrote that this park should be:
...a sequestered breathing place in the heart of East Walpole...a combination of broad, sun-swept meadow lands, speckled with shadowed glades, higher tree-screened knolls for the lover of shade, the whole set to the music of a babbling stream.

For most of its history, the park was owned and maintained by the Francis William Park Trust. By the later decades of the 20th century, parts of the park suffered badly from vandalism and neglect. The Trustees of Reservations gained possession of this property in 2002. Today the park is in excellent condition and several young ornamental trees such as cherry and Japanese maple have been added to the landscape, as have flower beds.

Sports

Walpole High School athletics
 The Walpole High School football team has made USA Today's Top 25 list twice, in 1986 (#24), and 1989 (#15).
 The Walpole High School boys lacrosse team won the 2009 Division 2 State Championship.
 In 2004, the Walpole boys and girls high school basketball teams captured the Massachusetts State Titles on the same day in the Fleet Center in Boston.
 The boys cross country team won up to Massachusetts State Division III Sectional Championships in 1932, 1934, 1957, 1958, 1966, 1971, 1985, 1986,1992, 1993, 2014 and 2018.
The boys hockey team made the Massachusetts High School Super 8 for the first time in school history in 2017. Then won the Division 1 state championship in 2020 being named Co-State Champions with Belmont High School.

Timberwolves and Porkers
 All Walpole High School teams are nicknamed Timberwolves, except for the girls field hockey team, which is nicknamed Porkers.
 In 2006, the girls field hockey team won their 10th State Championship in a 1–0 win over Notre Dame Academy of Worcester. This win set the record for number of overall Championship titles for Massachusetts field hockey.

Youth sports

 Walpole Little League has won the state championship twice: 1991, and 2007. They went to the Little League World Series in 2007 with a record of 19–1. They defeated Shelton, CT 14–4 in five inning mercy rule to advance to the LLWS. In round robin play, Walpole was eliminated with a 1–2 record, after losing to Oregon and Georgia, 1–0 and 8–1 respectively, and finished 21–3.
 There are youth sports leagues in Walpole providing youth athletes with a number of options throughout the year, many of which are run through the Walpole Recreation Department and their affiliates.
 The Walpole Express is a junior, youth, and girls hockey organization based in Walpole, Massachusetts.

Controversy
From the 1960s until the 2000s, Walpole high school teams were called the Rebels. For many years, up until 1994, the song "Dixie" was commonly sung at football games, and even incorporated into the cheerleaders' cheers. During the height of the Confederate identity, the football coach, Coach Lee, was known as General Lee, and, in 1971, the face of the school yearbook was decorated with the confederate flag. Since 1994, the school has condemned the Confederate identity.

In June 2020, following the murder of George Floyd in Minnesota, which brought light to the national problem of racism and police brutality, Walpole residents started a petition to change the athletic team name due to its connection to the Confederacy and racist roots. Other Walpole residents started a petition to keep the name. The two petitions got over 5,000 signatures each, from current students, alumni, parents, residents, and residents of surrounding towns. The petitions were made to the Walpole Public Schools. In August 2020, the school committee unanimously voted to drop the name Rebels. The students voted on the new name, Timberwolves.

Media
Walpole Community Television, established in 1984, airs programming of local interest to all Walpole cable subscribers.

Transportation and geography
Walpole is bordered by Dover to the north; Westwood, Canton, and Norwood to the northeast; Sharon to the east; Foxboro to the south; and Norfolk and Medfield to the west.

Walpole is served by Walpole station on the MBTA Commuter Rail Franklin/Foxboro Line. (Plimptonville station, located in northern Walpole, was closed in 2020.) MBTA bus route  terminates in downtown Walpole.

Notable people
 Andrew Bacevich, professor of international relations at Boston University, former director of its Center for International Relations (from 1998 to 2005), and author of several books
 Todd Collins, professional American football  quarterback
 Mary Duffy, Eaton Vance executive
 Gene Lavanchy, TV news anchor for FOX channel 25 in Boston
 Mary Lavin, Award-winning short story writer. Born in Walpole, moved to Ireland at the age of 10.
 Mike Milbury, former Boston Bruins ice hockey defenseman and head coach
 Joe Morgan, professional baseball manager for a variety of teams including the Boston Red Sox.
 George Arthur Plimpton (1855–1936), American publisher and philanthropist
 Butch Songin, quarterback for the Boston College Eagles, the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Rugby Union, and for the American Football League's Boston Patriots and New York Titans. He also was an All-American defenseman for the BC Eagles ice hockey team
 Roger Turner, Olympic Figure Skater
 Chris Wagner, ice hockey player for the Boston Bruins, previously played for the Anaheim Ducks, New York Islanders and Colorado Avalanche
 Joseph N. Welch, special counsel to the United States Army during the Army–McCarthy Hearings; later played Judge Weaver in Anatomy of a Murder with Jimmy Stewart and Lee Remick

Gallery

See also

 MCI—Cedar Junction
 2007 Little League World Series

References

Works cited

External links

 Town of Walpole
 MCI - Cedar Junction
 Walpole Public School District site
 Data at citytowninfo.com
 Walpole Historical Society
 Walpole Community Television

Populated places established in 1659
Towns in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts
1659 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Walpole, Massachusetts


Ere. Elamvazhuthi (born 5 September 1925) was a Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from the Cuddalore constituency of Tamil Nadu from 1967 to 1970 representing Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK).

Early life
He was born in Sangolikuppam, a village near Cuddalore to Rengasamy and Soundharam.   He was closer to Periyar EV Ramasamy and CN Annadurai and got himself renamed as Elamvazhuthi from his original Dhandapani due to his unrelenting belief and support for the Dravidian principles.  He was a staunch rationalist though his father used to do priestly duties at Sangolikuppam.

Education
He had his schooling in St.Joseph's College (though a school, it used to be called a college), Cuddalore, under and post graduation in Annamalai University and Law in Law College, Chennai.

Personal life
He was married to Visalatchi and later to Annapoorani as his first wife met with an accident and died in Kurinjipadi.  He was so fond of Tamil that he named his children Mekala, E. Pugazhendi, Udhayarani, Kalaiarasi, Malathi and Pannir Selvam.

Politics
He was a reputed lawyer and a great orator, both in Tamil and English. He was felicitated by CN Annadurai when he became a lawyer, by publishing his photo on the first page of Dravida Nadu, a journal run by CN Annadurai himself and later fondly called him "Black Prince".  He was involved fully into the anti Hindi agitations called by the Dravidian leaders and went to the prison thrice.  As an MLA or otherwise Cuddalore was closer to his heart and toiled to bring it up by helping in the infrastructure development and helped people from all walks of life.

Death
He met with an untimely death on 22 October 1970 due to heart attack.  When this news was informed, the Chief Minister M Karunanidhi, a close friend of Elamvazhuthi, cancelled all his programmes on his way to Trichy and returned from Virudhachalam to Cuddalore.

His wife, who he renamed fondly Selvi, lives in Cuddalore in the house built by him.

References

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Annamalai University alumni
1925 births
1970 deaths

Ere. Elamvazhuthi


The Ruling Class is a teen novel by Francine Pascal released in 2004.

Plot introduction
When a new girl moves to Highland Park High School, she encounters a difficult clique and dramatic situations.

Plot summary
The book centers on a 16-year-old girl, Twyla Gay Stark. She soon transfers to a new town and a new school in a wealthy neighborhood, Highland Park High, where the rich and nasty strut around in designer labels. The worst happens when Twyla Gay runs afoul of the resident bitch clique, led by the beautiful, intimidating and rich Jeanette Sue and bringing in the rear of the vicious pack is Myrna Fry, a "hanger-on" who is shallow, ignorant, racist and lacks backbone. Jeanette Sue and her cohorts at first pretend to be friends with Twyla Gay, until a wicked prank almost has Twyla Gay raped and killed at the local mall at night.

Encouraged by the fact that Twyla Gay likes Jeanette Sue's boyfriend Ryder, the bullying becomes even worse, with Jeanette Sue marginalizing the fact that Twyla Gay is poor. She also turns everyone against the helpless Twyla Gay, making online websites to bash her and practically chasing her out of school. Twyla Gay considers dropping out, until she runs into the school outcast, Deena, another victim of the in crowd, who has been labeled a slut. Together the two girls vow to exact revenge on Jeanette Sue and her entourage, by gathering other social rejects of the school and silently retaliating.

Pessimistic at first, Twyla Gay and Deena's team eventually learn respect, trust and to stand up for themselves, and realize that Jeanette Sue is controlling the school with her mentality and peer pressure. They break out of their fear and intimidated state and it all leads to a showdown in the school between all the students, that is everyone who isn't with The Ruling Class, and Jeanette Sue's clique itself.

References

2004 American novels
American young adult novels
Dallas County, Texas
Novels set in Dallas

The Ruling Class (novel)


Conamail mac Faílbi was the tenth abbot of Iona (704–707). Although he did not die until 710, his successor Dunchad was made abbot in 707. This may be evidence of a split in the Iona community over the Easter controversy, a mistake in the sources, or an otherwise unexplained resignation. Conamail features on the guarantor-list of the Cáin Adomnáin.

References

Bibliography
 Sharpe, Richard, Adomnán of Iona: Life of St. Columba, (London, 1995)

710 deaths
Abbots of Iona
8th-century Irish abbots
Year of birth unknown

Conamail mac Faílbi


The Krauss-Maffei ML 4000 is a road switcher diesel-hydraulic locomotive, built between 1961 and 1969 by German manufacturer Krauss-Maffei in Munich, Germany. It generated  from two Maybach V16 engines. 37 examples were built for two North American railroads and one South American railroad.

History
In 1959, General Motors' Electro-Motive Division (EMD) rebuilt nine of its GP9 locomotives for the Union Pacific Railroad with pre-production examples of a new turbo-supercharging system that would raise the locomotives' horsepower to 2000. This soon evolved into the GP20. This supplemented the UP's fleet of powerful GTEL locomotives, the most recent batch of which could output 8500 horsepower.

The Southern Pacific Railroad (who served much of the same territory as UP, a rival) took this into account, as business for SP was growing rapidly. Freight trains were getting longer and heavier, and SP had to use up to 10 locomotives to power long-distance freight trains. SP's main workhorses at the time were EMD F7s and GP9s. Although SP had a small fleet of  H-24-66 "Train Master" locomotives manufactured by Fairbanks-Morse, SP found that they were not suitable for freight service and were relegated to the San Francisco Bay Area's Peninsula Commutes.

After much research, the Southern Pacific found that using many diesel electric locomotives with continual high stress on the traction motors wore out the electrical equipment. SP decided to experiment with diesel-hydraulic locomotives and stunned the railroad industry by purchasing three  ML-4000 type locomotives from German manufacturer Krauss-Maffei. Delivered by ship and unloaded at the Port of Houston, Texas, on October 31, 1961, they featured two Maybach V16  diesel engines and Voith transmissions. The Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad also ordered three units, but found them unsuitable in mountain service, and they were sold to the SP in early 1964. Upon arrival, a special track was set up at the locomotive shops in Roseville, California, just for servicing the ML-4000s.

The first order of the ML-4000s are referred to as "cab units," given that they have a fully enclosed car body, similar to that of the EMD F-unit. Following extensive testing SP returned to Krauss-Maffei for an additional fifteen units. Delivered in 1964, they featured the same engines and transmissions but looked very different on the outside. These are referred to as "hood units" because of their hood type bodies.

SP found the ML-4000s unsatisfactory in service over the Sierra Nevada mountain range, so they were relegated to service in flat territory throughout California, often paired with F7s or GP9s. The locomotives were fairly reliable, with only one recorded failure. Upon ordering the second batch of ML-4000s, SP also purchased three DH643 diesel-hydraulic locomotives from Alco.

Disposition
American locomotive technology began to catch up in the late 1960s, and the operation of diesel-hydraulic locomotives, while useful, was no longer justifiable. SP and other railroads had made their horsepower needs known and American builders responded by increasing horsepower on single-engine locomotives. In 1966, SP first ordered the EMD SD40 and SD45 locomotives from EMD. These new EMD locomotives, along with the U30C and U33Cs from General Electric, quickly became the new high-horsepower units of choice. In 1967, a deadline of ML-4000 cab units appeared at the Sacramento Locomotive Works. Hood units soon followed in the deadline, and the first ML-4000s were retired in September of that year. The Pacific Locomotive Association (the organization that operates the Niles Canyon Railway) came to SP with a request of a diesel-hydraulic powered railfan passenger excursion, preferably with a ML-4000 cab unit. However, the cab units were no longer operational, so hood unit number 9120, along with a pair of EMD FP7s powered a series of railfan passenger excursions in the spring of 1967, the only time an ML-4000 was used in passenger service. On February 13, 1968, SP announced the end of its diesel-hydraulic locomotive program. By the end of the year, all ML-4000s had been retired. The trio of ALCO diesel-hydraulics fared slightly better, and were not retired until 1973.  The powered trucks were salvaged from some of the scrapped ML 4000's and sold to Plasser & Theurer, where they were installed on that company's self-propelled ballast cleaners.

The camera car
Before the end of 1968, all but one of the ML 4000s were scrapped at Sacramento. The survivor, number 9113 (originally numbered 9010) was converted into a "camera car" between 1968 and 1969 at the Sacramento Locomotive Works. It emerged as SPMW #1, but was later renumbered SPMW 1166 due to SP's traffic computer requiring 4 digits. In June 1969, it was finally renumbered to SP 8799. Its purpose was to record films for a computerized locomotive simulator for engineer training. The most drastic change in appearance was the locomotive's short hood (or "nose"). It was completely rebuilt to house camera equipment and heavy, thick steel was used for collision protection. The front transmission was removed to house a generator to power the camera equipment. The generator drew fuel from the locomotive's original fuel tank. The two engines and rear transmission, though disabled, remained in the engine for weight. All of the controls remained in the cab so that it could control a locomotive pushing behind it, much like a cab car is used on a commuter train. The camera car could be put on the lead of any train, but it mostly made special trips with just one locomotive behind it for power. SP 8799 was based in SP's West Colton Yard in Southern California until it was retired in 1984.

The Brazilian ML-4000s
Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas of Brazil ordered four units built to meter gauge in 1966. An additional 12 units were built in 1969. They were the most powerful locomotives for use in meter gauge at that time. Although they had problems with traction (they would sometimes slip on the rails, practically burning them), they stayed in service until the 1980s with the arrival of the EMD DDM45. All of them were scrapped.

Original buyers

Preservation

SP camera car 8799 was donated to the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento in 1986. Initially, the museum removed its nose for the purpose of having a new nose built to replicate the nose that it had while it was a locomotive as part of its plan for restoration. However, that restoration never came. It sat in outdoor storage in a very forlorn state at the Sacramento Locomotive Works until it was sold to the Pacific Locomotive Association (PLA), along with several pieces of rolling stock. They were moved by the Union Pacific Railroad in summer 2008 from Sacramento to their interchange with Niles Canyon Railway at Hearst in Sunol, California. The Niles Canyon Railway then transferred it to its Brightside Yard, where it was restored by volunteers of the PLA. Initial plans called for cosmetic restoration, including building a replica of the locomotive's original nose, and returning the locomotive to its original number, 9010.

In 2013 the PLA was able to obtain a set of Krauss Maffei trucks from a retired Plasser and Theurer ballast cleaning machine from France. In 2015, they purchased replacement cardan shafts made by the Welte group in Germany. These two developments meant that if the rear Maybach could be made operational that it would be possible for SP 9010 to operate under its own power. On February 14, 2017, the rear MD870 Maybach V-16 diesel engine was successfully started after being unused for 48 years. It ran for about 16 minutes; the engine was turned off, then turned back on for 2 minutes with no problems both static runs, and with a clean exhaust. On March 1, 2017, SP 9010 operated under its own power for the first time, on the Niles Canyon Railway. Finally, on July 20, 2019, No. 9010 made its excursion debut on the railway.

See also
Southern Pacific 9010

References

External links

Krauss-Maffei locomotives
Southern Pacific Railroad locomotives
C-C locomotives
C′C′ locomotives
Experimental locomotives
Diesel-hydraulic locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1961
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Metre gauge diesel locomotives

Krauss-Maffei ML 4000


USS Washington was a large row galley, with a rowing crew of 60, that was placed into service under the control of the Continental Congress in 1776. During this age of sail, row galleys were highly maneuverable compared to sailing ships whose movements were dependent on the wind. Washingtons war record consisted of an attack on several British warships, and, after finding itself on the losing side of the battle, the row galley rowed away, out of danger. There is no further report of her efforts for the Continental Navy.

Authorized by Rhode Island

In the autumn of 1775, the Rhode Island General Assembly ordered the construction of two row galleys, Washington and Spitfire, and in January 1776 appointed John Grimes commodore of galleys. During the winter and spring of 1776, these galleys operated in Narragansett Bay, protecting the colony's shipping, carrying troops, and covering foraging parties seeking supplies.

The General Assembly voted and resolved that;

Seeking battle with the British

In July, the galleys were sent to New York City to join the tiny flotilla George Washington was fitting out on the Hudson River and apparently came under Continental control.

On the afternoon of 3 August, Washington served as flagship for Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Tupper as that officer led an attack on the Royal Navy's warships Phoenix and Rose. As the galleys approached, Phoenix opened fire on the American boats to begin an action at grapeshot range which lasted some two hours before the Americans retired to Dobb's Ferry. During the engagement, four Americans were killed, and 14 others were wounded. On the British side, Phoenix was hulled twice and suffered substantial damage.

Fate
There is no record of Washington and her sister galleys after the British captured Manhattan Island late in the summer.

See also

Captain Abraham Godwin, Captain of Marines

References

Sources

Row galleys of the Continental Navy
Ships of the Continental Navy
Rhode Island in the American Revolution
Ships built in Rhode Island
1776 ships

USS Washington (1776 row galley)


Leonard John Nike OBE DL (5 July 1935 – 25 December 2016) was an English businessman, and a Bracknell-based leisure and hotel entrepreneur. He was best known for being the owner of the eponymous John Nike Leisuresport chain of dry ski slope complexes.

Nike was the Chairman of Nike Land Securities Ltd (trading as the Nike Group of Companies), a Bracknell-based company encompassing a wide range of activities, with commercial interests spanning property, construction, a hotel, restaurants, skiing and ice skating. Nike was also a Deputy Lieutenant of Berkshire, as well as being an Honorary Freeman of the Borough of Bracknell Forest. He was a benefactor to many institutions, especially in academia, education and sports.

With his family, he was worth £92 million according to the Sunday Times Rich List 2006.

Life and career
Nike originally came from Devon. He moved to Bracknell in 1964 and worked for a garden centre until 1967. Following redundancy, Nike decided to find some land to build his own garden centre. He acquired  of land (formerly Binfield Brickworks) in the Amen Corner area of the town in 1969 through his company Key Properties Ltd. Planning permission was eventually obtained in 1979 to build a leisuresport complex, hotel, garden centre and business park. John Nike Leisuresport Bracknell (home of the Bracknell Bees ice hockey team) opened in 1985 for dry slope skiing and in 1987 for ice skating. The adjacent four star, 205-bedroom Coppid Beech Hotel, which has an alpine ski lodge design, opened in 1993 and is operated by his company Nike Group Hotels Ltd.

Nike expanded his John Nike Leisuresport Ltd business, and came to own dry ski slopes in Bracknell, Chatham, Llandudno, Plymouth and Swadlincote. He had plans to open a further dry ski slope in Wrexham. He also used to operate Bristol Ice Rink until it closed in October 2012. Nike owned Leisuresport World, a retail outlet chain specialising in the winter sports sector, with outlets at all five John Nike Leisuresport Complexes, along with an online shopping operation. In addition, he owns 94% of Techmat 2000 Ltd, which manufactures and owns the patents for the dry ski slope surfaces Skitech and Perma-snow, and the patent for the artificial grass surface Greengrass. Nike also used to own the Thames Valley Tigers basketball team until it folded in 2005.

Nike had various property and construction interests. In addition to his property letting and development company Key Properties Ltd, he owned Treescape Ltd (which specialises in estate management), Nike Construction Ltd (a construction contractor), 89.9% of Nike Design Ltd (who are architects and engineers) and the Bracknell building merchant Jubilee Building Supplies, which also has an online shopping operation. He was also a shareholder in The 33 Group Ltd, which lets out commercial property in Bracknell.

Nike funded The John Nike Athletics Stadium at the Bracknell Sport and Leisure Centre in 1984, The John Nike Lecture Theatre in the Agriculture Building at the University of Reading in 2000, The John Nike Digital Suite at South Hill Park in Bracknell in 2004 and The John Nike Dance Studio at The Brakenhale School in Bracknell in 2011.

He lived in Binfield. Nike died at a hospital in Reading on 25 December 2016.

Honours
Nike was appointed as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2002 New Year Honours List for services to business and the community in Bracknell
Nike was commissioned as a Deputy Lieutenant of Berkshire in 2005
Nike was admitted as an Honorary Freeman of the Borough of Bracknell Forest in 2013

References

Nike Group of Companies – 25 years on
Honorary Freedom of the Borough Award

External links
Nike Group of Companies
John Nike Leisuresport Ltd
Leisuresport World
Techmat 2000
Perma-snow
The Coppid Beech Hotel
Nike Construction Ltd
Nike Design Ltd
Jubilee Building Supplies
The John Nike Athletics Stadium
The John Nike Lecture Theatre
The John Nike Digital Suite
The John Nike Dance Studio
Sunday Times Rich List 2006

1935 births
2016 deaths
Businesspeople from Devon
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Deputy Lieutenants of Berkshire
People from Bracknell
People from Binfield
20th-century English businesspeople

John Nike