The Victoria Station and Pimlico Railway was an early British railway company which was incorporated by Act of Parliament 23 July 1858. to build a railway line connecting the existing London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) terminus in Battersea to a new terminal at London Victoria station in Westminster. This involved constructing the Grosvenor Bridge over the river Thames. The company later leased its lines and stations to the LB&SCR and the London Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR) but continued in existence until December 1922 when it was briefly amalgamated with the South Eastern Railway as a result of the Railways Act 1921, which created the Big Four on 1 January 1923.

Origins
The railway was originally created to provide a West End of London terminus for the LB&SCR and three British railways which already had access to, or were planning to use the misnamed 'Pimlico' station of the LB&SCR, (which was actually sited in Battersea). These were the Great Western Railway (GWR), the London and North Western Railway (L&NWR), and the East Kent Railway, which would soon afterwards become the London Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR). The new company had an authorised capital of £1 million 45% of which was subscribed by LB&SCR. It was empowered to make agreements with the LC&DR and GWR, for these two companies to pay an agreed rent in perpetuity. The Brighton Company was to have custody and regulation of the line

A further bill of 1859 enabled the widening of the proposed lines and for the L&NWR and  GWR to subscribe £100,000 each, towards the cost of construction.

Completion
The line was completed and the LB&SCR side of Victoria station opened in the basin of the Grosvenor Canal on 1 October 1860. and leased to the LB&SCR which company had also promoted a bill enabling it to amalgamate with the VS&PR. However this was opposed by the GWR and LC&DR and rejected by Parliament. An agreement was made to widen the lines and bridges to separate the two main users, which was completed in 1862/3.  The LC&DR and GWR station at Victoria (which also provided running powers for the L&NWR) was opened 25 August 1862

Absorption
The VS&PR continued in existence until 14 December 1922 when it was absorbed by the South Eastern Railway as a result of the Railways Act 1921, prior to the creation of the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923.

References

Early British railway companies
Railway companies established in 1858
Railway lines opened in 1860
1858 establishments in England
British companies established in 1858

Victoria Station and Pimlico Railway


Cachorro Grande (Portuguese for "Big Dog") was a Brazilian rock band from Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul.

In 2003, the music video for "Lunático" was nominated for Best New Artist at the 2003 MTV Video Music Brazil. In 2007, they won the MTV Video Music Brazil for Best Live Performance.

Original bassist Jerônimo "Bocudo" left the band in 2005. He was then replaced by bassist Rodolfo Krieger. In 2018, guitarist Marcelo Gross was replaced by Gustavo X, but soon afterwards rejoined the band for their farewell tour the following year.

History

The origin of the name
The name Cachorro Grande was suggested by Beto Bruno. Soon after, it had the endorsement of Marcelo Gross and the rest of the band. The origin came from the fact that, at the beginning of the band, still without their own songs, covers of bands like The Rolling Stones, The Beatles and The Who were part of the group's repertoire. To choose which songs to play, it was a "big dog fight", an expression used in Rio Grande do Sul to refer to something very complicated. So, the name of the band became Cachorro Grande.

Discography

Studio albums
 (2001) Cachorro Grande
 (2004) As Próximas Horas Serão Muito Boas
 (2005) Pista Livre
 (2007) Todos os Tempos
 (2009) Cinema
 (2011) Baixo Augusta
 (2014) Costa do Marfim
 (2016) Electromod

Live albums

 (2018) Clássicos

Split albums

 (2005) Acústico MTV: Bandas Gaúchas
 (2007) Estúdio Coca-Cola

Video albums

 (2013) Cachorro Grande ao Vivo no Circo Voador

Singles
"Sexperienced"
"De Baixo do Meu Chapéu"
"Lunático"
"Dia Perfeito"
"Hey, Amigo"
"Que Loucura!"
"Você Não Sabe o Que Perdeu"
"Agora Eu Tô Bem Louco"
"Desentoa"
"Bom Brasileiro"
"Sinceramente"
"Velha Amiga"
"Você Me Faz Continuar"
"Conflitos Existenciais"
"Roda-Gigante"
"Dance Agora"
"Difícil de Segurar"
"Por Onde Vou"

Influences
David Bowie
Jethro Tull
Led Zeppelin
Oasis
Os Mutantes
Supergrass
The Beatles
The Kinks
 The Rolling Stones
 The Who
 The Hives
 AC/DC

Brazilian indie rock groups
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups disestablished in 2019
Musical groups from Porto Alegre
1999 establishments in Brazil
2019 disestablishments in Brazil

Cachorro Grande


Andrew George Robson (born 27 April 1971) is an English former cricketer. Robson was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at East Boldon, County Durham.

Robson made his debut for Surrey in a List A match against Derbyshire in the 1990 Refuge Assurance League, in what was his only appearance in 1990. The following season, he made his first-class debut against Essex in the County Championship at the County Ground, Chelmsford. He made a further first-class appearance for the county in 1991, against Kent. He also made three List A appearances in the Refuge Assurance League against Kent, Lancashire and Hampshire. In four List A matches for Surrey, he took 8 wickets at an average of 20.62, with best figures of 3/42. With opportunities limited at Surrey, Robson proceeded to join Surrey for the 1992 season, making his first-class debut for his new county against Hampshire in the County Championship, with him making four further first-class appearances in that season, the last of which came against Durham. In five first-class matches for Sussex, he took 8 wickets at an average of 50.62, with best figures of 4/37. In his only season with Sussex, he did feature more in limited overs cricket, making fifteen List A appearances, the last of which came against Hampshire in the 1992 Sunday League. In his limited overs appearances for Sussex, he took a total of 12 wickets at an average of 36.08, with best figures of 2/14.

He later made two appearances for Northumberland in the 1995 Minor Counties Championship, against Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire.

References

External links
Andy Robson at ESPNcricinfo
Andy Robson at CricketArchive

1971 births
Living people
People from The Boldons
Cricketers from Tyne and Wear
English cricketers
Surrey cricketers
Sussex cricketers
Northumberland cricketers

Andy Robson (cricketer)


Russell Benjamin Harrison (August 12, 1854 – December 13, 1936), also known as Russell Lord Harrison, was a businessman, lawyer, diplomat, and politician. Harrison was the son of U.S. President Benjamin Harrison and Caroline Harrison, and a great-grandson of U.S. President William Henry Harrison.

Life
Born in Oxford, Ohio, Harrison grew up in Indianapolis, Indiana, where his father had a successful law practice. Harrison graduated from the Pennsylvania Military Academy and in 1877 graduated from Lafayette College where he took courses in mining and engineering. In 1878, his grandfather John Scott Harrison was exhumed from his grave and hung by his neck in a tree near the Ohio Medical College. Harrison oversaw communication with newspapers during the incident.

At the end of 1878, he moved to Helena, Montana, where he took a job in the U.S. Assay Office with the help of his father who was then a United States senator. During his time there, he met and married May Saunders, the daughter of ex-Governor and ex-Senator Alvin Saunders of Nebraska, on January 10, 1884. The couple had two children, William Henry and Marthena. In 1885 the family moved briefly to New York City, but had returned to Montana by 1890 when Harrison purchased the Helena Daily Journal. He became estranged from his father following the latter's remarriage to a much younger woman, Russell Harrison's first cousin Mary Scott Lord Dimmick, but inherited a large part of his father's estate when the former president died in 1901.

Using the wealth, Russell Harrison invested in the Austin and Northwestern Railway, public transportation systems in Richmond and Muncie, Indiana, and engaged in land speculation in Montana. In 1894, he moved to Terre Haute, Indiana as president of the Terre Haute Street Railway Company, which he reorganized into the Terre Haute Electric Street Railway Company. His son, also named William Henry Harrison III – who later became a United States Representative for Wyoming – was born in Terre Haute in 1896. During the late 1890s, he was admitted to the bar.

With the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Harrison was commissioned as a major and inspector general in May 1898. He served in the force that occupied Puerto Rico and later became inspector general of Puerto Rico. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in January 1900, and finally discharged in December of the same year. After the war he moved his family to Indianapolis, where he set up a law office.

By right of his service in the Spanish–American War, as well as his descent from President and Major General William Henry Harrison, Harrison became a companion of the Military Order of Foreign Wars. He also became a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States in succession to his father. In 1891 he became an early member of the District of Columbia Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.

In 1908 he returned to public service, serving as consul to Mexico until 1927, and doubling as the consul to Portugal from 1919 to 1927. He first entered politics in 1921, serving two two-year terms in the Indiana House of Representatives. In 1924 he was elected to the Indiana State Senate where he served two four-year terms. He died of a heart attack in Indianapolis on December 13, 1936. He was the last surviving child of Benjamin and Caroline Harrison.

References

1854 births
1936 deaths
Lafayette College alumni
People from Oxford, Ohio
Politicians from Indianapolis
Politicians from Helena, Montana
People from Indiana in the Spanish–American War
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Republican Party members of the Indiana House of Representatives
Republican Party Indiana state senators
Indiana lawyers
Children of presidents of the United States
Russell Benjamin
Benjamin Harrison
Businesspeople from Indianapolis
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
Montana Republicans

Russell Benjamin Harrison


Andre Kasongo Ilunga (allegedly born 20 October 1972) was supposedly the Vice-President of the UNAFEC party and the Minister for Foreign Trade of the Democratic Republic of the Congo for much of 2007, despite doubts on whether or not he ever actually existed as a real person. Although a member of the UNAFEC party selected by Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga, he failed to appear at the opening of the new Government, and never claimed his office. As a result, Kasongo Ilunga is now considered by the local media and the international community to have been an imaginary person, most likely created by Kisimba Ngoy, leader of the UNAFEC party, as a part of a plan to win the lucrative role for himself.

Under government rules, a party must provide a short list of at least two candidates for any ministerial role, with the Prime Minister making the final choice from the list. The only two candidates put forward for the Foreign Trade post were Kasongo Ilunga and Kisimba Ngoy, with the list being compiled by Kisimba himself. However, Kisimba had been a vocal supporter of Mobutu Sese Seko, someone whom Antoine Gizenga had once strongly opposed, likely causing him to choose the unknown Ilunga over Kisimba. Kisimba denied these charges, claiming that Ilunga later declined the role for personal reasons, and that he had sent a signed letter to the Prime Minister tendering his resignation. Despite this, Gizenga refused to accept the resignation unless Ilunga resigned in person.

Kasongo Ilunga is a common name in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and at least three people claimed to be him. However, all of these people were denounced as impostors, as none of them had the correct background. The event damaged the reputation of the government, the first to be democratically elected in over 40 years, leading to the dismissal of Kisimba from the UNAFEC and the emergency election of a new party president.

References

1972 births
Nonexistent people used in hoaxes
People from Haut-Lomami
Government ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Living people
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people

Kasongo Ilunga


Ameerega berohoka is a species of poison dart frog that is endemic to Goiás and Mato Grosso in Brazil. It can be found near the Araguaia River and near Itiquira. It can be found in cerrado biome, open and forested areas, and cultivated lands. It is associated with Brachiaria grasses. It is threatened by deforestation, charcoal production and hydroelectric dam construction. It can be found in the protected area of Emas National Park.

References

berohoka
Amphibians described in 2011
Amphibians of Brazil
Endemic fauna of Brazil

Ameerega berohoka


Mother Mary Angelica of the Annunciation  (born Rita Antoinette Rizzo; April 20, 1923 – March 27, 2016), also known as Mother Angelica, was an American Roman Catholic nun of the Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration.  She was best known for the television show Mother Angelica Live. She was the founder of the international broadcast cable television network Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN) and the radio network WEWN. EWTN became a voice for Catholics worldwide.

In 1981, Angelica started broadcasting religious programs from a converted garage in Birmingham, Alabama. Over the next twenty years, she developed a media network that included radio, TV, and internet channels as well as print media. Angelica hosted shows on EWTN until she had a stroke in 2001. She continued to live in the cloistered monastery in Hanceville, Alabama, until her death in 2016.

Early life
Mother Angelica was born Rita Antoinette Rizzo on April 20, 1923, in Canton, Ohio, in a community of African-American and Italian immigrant mill workers. Of Italian-American background, from Capriati a Volturno, Campania. She was the only child of John and Mae Helen Rizzo (née Gianfrancesco). Her father, a tailor by trade, abandoned the family when Rizzo was only five, and her parents divorced two years later. On March 10, 1931, her mother was granted custody of the young Rizzo, and her father was ordered to pay five dollars a week in child support. Her mother only received "intermittent child-support payments from the father." While maintaining full custody, her mother struggled with chronic depression and poverty. This was in part because being a divorcée carried a social stigma at the time and the opportunities for a woman to secure income were limited especially in the height of the Great Depression.

Looking back at her childhood, Angelica described herself and her mother as being "like a pair of refugees." "We were poor, hungry, and barely surviving on odd jobs until Mother joined the dry cleaning business as an apprentice to a Jewish tailor in our area. Even then, we pinched pennies just to keep food on the table." The pair lived with her maternal grandparents, moving out for a time between 1933 and 1937, but were forced to return because of financial pressures. Matters were complicated when her grandfather, Anthony Gianfrancesco, suffered a stroke in their absence, which paralyzed him on one side and required him to use a cane.

Education
Rizzo attended a parochial school, but disliked the nuns there, whom she recalled as being "the meanest people on earth" and treating her with harsh discipline due to her parents' divorce. She then attended Canton's McKinley High School, where she was one of the school's first drum majorettes. She later told an interviewer, "I did very poorly in school. I wasn't interested in the capital of Ohio. I was interested in whether my mother had committed suicide that day." Rizzo developed no intimate friendships in high school, partly because of her fear that it would further upset her mother, who saw other demands for attention as a threat. Rizzo never dated, recalling later, "I never had a date, never wanted one. I just didn't have any desire. I suppose having experienced the worst of married life, it was not at all attractive to me."

In 1939, Rizzo, feeling overwhelmed by crowd noise and school chatter, began to leave McKinley High in the afternoons. She was given calcium and nerve medication to treat what was deemed a nervous condition. When her mother's mental condition seemed to worsen, she made arrangements with her grandparents to have her sent to Philadelphia to be with a relative. Rizzo graduated from McKinley High School in 1941.

Adulthood
A stomach ailment that Rizzo had from 1939 continued to cause severe abdominal pain, despite the extensive medical treatment she received. Her mother took her to Rhoda Wise who was hailed as a mystic and stigmatic and "who claimed to receive visions of St Thérèse of Lisieux." Wise instructed Rizzo to pray a novena (a nine-day course of prayers) and made the girl promise that she would spread devotion to the saint if she was cured.

On January 17, 1943, following the novena's final day, Rizzo declared that she woke up with little pain and the abdominal lump causing it had vanished. This experience profoundly touched her; she believed that God had performed a miracle and she traced her lifelong commitment to God to this event. She later told an interviewer "[at that point] I knew that God knew me and loved me and was interested in me. All I wanted to do after my healing was give myself to Jesus."

One evening in 1944, Rizzo stopped at a church to pray and felt that God was calling her to be a nun. She sought guidance from a local parish priest who encouraged her to begin visiting convents. Her first visit was to the Sisters of St. Joseph in Buffalo, New York, but the active congregation felt that she was better suited to contemplative life. She also visited Saint Paul's Shrine of Perpetual Adoration, a facility operated by an order of cloistered contemplative nuns, located in Cleveland, Ohio. When visiting this order, she felt as if she were at home. The order accepted her as a postulant, inviting her to enter on August 15, 1944. She was 21 years old.

On November 8, 1945, Rizzo was vested as a Poor Clare nun. She received a new name, which her Mother Superior had chosen for her, and title, "Sister Mary Angelica of the Annunciation". Soon afterwards, the Cleveland monastery established a new monastery in her home town of Canton and she moved there.

In 1946, as a young nun, Angelica had an accident with an industrial floor-scrubbing machine that knocked her over and injured her spine, causing her ongoing pain and requiring her to wear leg braces for most of her life. Angelica saw the accident as a divine sign and promised Jesus to build a new monastery deep in the Protestant-dominated Southern United States if she recovered.

After nearly three years in the monastery, Angelica made her first profession of vows on January 2, 1947. In 1953, she made her solemn profession of vows at Sancta Clara Monastery in Ohio.

Our Lady of the Angels
While at Sancta Clara, Angelica was inspired to create a religious community which would appeal to African Americans in the southern states and began to seek support. In 1957, Archbishop Thomas Toolen suggested that she open this community in Birmingham. With a number of other Poor Clare nuns she worked to raise the necessary funds, partially from a small business venture making and selling fishing lures. In 1961, the nuns bought a building and land, and in 1962, the community was officially established. It was named Our Lady of the Angels Monastery and located in Irondale, Alabama. Later it was relocated to the grounds of the Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament. The subject experienced the Baptism of the Holy Spirit which a Birmingham priest associated with the charismatic movement had told her about, which resulted in a new understanding of the Holy Spirit.

Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament

In 1995, Angelica visited Colombia, where she had a vision that told her to build a temple in honor of the Child Jesus. Private donors contributed $48.6 million and she opened the Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament in Hanceville in 1999.

EWTN
In 1962, Angelica began a series of community meetings on matters relevant to Catholicism and also began recording her talks for sale. Bishop Joseph Vath noticed her talent for communicating with the lay public and encouraged her to continue; she began taping a radio show for broadcast on Sunday mornings and published her first book in 1972. In the late 1970s she began videotaping her talks for television, which were broadcast on the satellite Christian Broadcasting Network. In 1981, after visiting a Chicago television studio and being impressed by its capability, she formed the non-profit EWTN corporation. Initially, she recorded her shows in a converted garage on the monastery's property.

EWTN became a voice for American conservatism and traditional Catholics, with its position on religious and social issues often mirroring that of Pope John Paul II. Angelica's emphasis on tradition led to feuds with some members of the Roman Catholic hierarchy. Most famous is the feud over a pastoral letter written by Cardinal Roger Mahony of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles over teachings surrounding the Eucharist and the liturgy.

The largest Roman Catholic television network in the world, EWTN estimates the network's channels reach 264 million households globally.

WEWN
On December 28, 1992, Angelica launched a radio network, WEWN, which is carried by 215 stations, as well as on shortwave.

Later years
On November 12, 1997, Angelica, on her Mother Angelica Live show, called on the faithful under Cardinal Roger Mahony to disobey the cardinal's Guide for Sunday Mass, saying "I'm afraid my obedience in that diocese would be absolutely zero, and I hope everybody else's in that diocese is zero." On November 18, Angelica apologized.

In the late 1990s, her EWTN show was so popular that she occasionally was the victim of live, call-in pranks by Captain Janks which were aired on The Howard Stern Show. Most of these calls were of a vulgar, sexual nature, but she handled them with her usual stern, but forgiving candor.

Angelica stepped down from control of EWTN in 2000 and handed control to a board of lay people. In 2001 she had one of several strokes.

Illness and death
Angelica returned to taping her show twice a week on September 25, 2001. On Christmas Eve, she suffered another stroke and underwent a thrombectomy to remove a blood clot, a procedure that resulted in improvement of her vision. The stroke caused partial paralysis of the right side of her body and affected her speech. She began speech therapy and stopped hosting television programs. As her health declined, fellow sisters of her order in Hanceville began providing her with constant care.

On October 4, 2009, Angelica and Deacon Bill Steltemeier, then chairman of EWTN's board of governors, received the papal medal (Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice) from Pope Benedict XVI for their distinguished service to the Catholic Church. Because of her ill health, Angelica received the award in her room. Bishop Robert J. Baker of the Diocese of Birmingham said: "Mother Angelica's effort has been at the vanguard of the new evangelization and has had a great impact on our world."

In early December 2015, Angelica was placed on a feeding tube. A representative for her order explained, "It's not that she's completely unable to eat. It's assisting her to get the nutrients she needs." He added that she had experienced "some up and downs the last few months. She's a fighter." Although Angelica was confined to her bed, a representative said that she was "able to communicate with a squeeze of a hand, make gestures with her eyes. She acknowledges people when they're there. The nuns say she does sleep a lot." The use of a feeding tube was in accord with the wishes she made before her stroke in 2001 – a reporter recalled her saying: "We don't understand the awesomeness of living even one more day... I told my sisters the other day, 'When I get really bad give me all the medicine I can take, all the tubes you can stuff down me. ... I want to live. ... Because I will have suffered one more day for the love of God... I will exercise you in virtue. But most of all I will know God better. You cannot measure the value of one new thought about God in your own life.'"

In early February 2016 Pope Francis, while en route to Cuba, recorded a message for Angelica, saying: "To Mother Angelica with my blessing and I ask you to pray for me; I need it. God bless you Mother Angelica." Near the end of that month, her fellow nuns at Our Lady of Angels Monastery called for prayers on her behalf saying that "Mother's condition remains delicate and she receives devoted care day and night by her sisters and nurses. In God's Providence, she was able to receive the special Jubilee grace of passing through the Holy Door shortly after its opening. Although she is most often sleeping, from time to time Mother will give a radiant smile. ... Please continue to keep her in your prayers; each day is a gift!"

Angelica remained living at the monastery until her death on March 27, 2016 (Easter Sunday), at the age of 92 from complications due to the stroke she had 14 years prior. At the time, she "also suffered from Bell's palsy, heart disease and asthma."

Angelica held the Catholic belief in redemptive suffering, the belief human suffering can become meritorious if offered to Jesus Christ and mystically united with his suffering. Because of this belief, in her period of declining health Angelica "instructed her nuns to do everything to keep her alive, no matter how much she suffered, because every day she suffered, she suffered for God." EWTN chaplain Joseph Mary Wolfe told reporters that Angelica's desire to unite with Jesus in suffering was fulfilled when she "went into her death throes on Good Friday".

Wolfe recalled that "Mother began to cry out early in the morning from the pain that she was having. She had a fracture in her bones because of the length of time she had been bedridden. They said you could hear it down the hallways, that she was crying out on Good Friday from what she was going through. These two people [a caregiver and one of the sisters of her order] said to me she has excruciating pain." Wolfe said that "After the 3 o'clock hour arrived on Good Friday she was more calm, she was more peaceful." By 5:30 a.m. on Easter Sunday, Wolfe was contacted by Mother Delores who told him that Angelica "was really struggling, she wasn't doing very well." Wolfe went to her bedside to administer the Catholic last rites with the sisters of her order in attendance. The sisters prayed their morning prayers, the Divine Office, around her bed. As it was Easter, the prayer was liturgically required to contain Alleluias, which are usually not contained in the office for the dead – a fact that Wolfe felt had significance. Around 10:30 a.m., Father Paschal offered Mass in her room and she received her last communion (Viaticum). She died shortly before 5:00 p.m.

Tributes
Sean O. Sheridan, the former president of the Franciscan University of Steubenville where Angelica received an honorary doctorate of sacred theology, described her as "a true media giant. She proved that the Church belonged in the popular media alongside the news, sports, and talk shows". Mark Evans of Deadline wrote, "Though her stances were decidedly old-school – she was critical of religious and political progressives – her lectures were lightened with an often self-deprecating humor. She famously said the nuns she remembered from her youth were 'the meanest people on God's earth.'"

On March 30, 2016, at a general audience in St. Peter's Square, Rome, an employee of EWTN held up a portrait of Angelica and Pope Francis responded to the display by saying "she's in Heaven".

In a ceremony on March 29, 2016, Angelica's body was brought to the Our Lady of the Angels Monastery for private visitation by the Poor Clare nuns. Public visitation occurred at the upper church of the Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament on March 30–31. The Mass of Christian Burial at the shrine's upper church took place on April 1 with the Archbishop of Philadelphia and EWTN board member Charles J. Chaput serving as principal celebrant and the EWTN chaplain Joseph Mary Wolfe as the homilist. Robert J. Baker and David E. Foley, the current and emeritus Bishops of Birmingham (where both EWTN and Our Lady of the Angels Monastery are located), respectively, concelebrated the Mass, along with Archbishop Thomas J. Rodi of Mobile (whose ecclesiastical province includes the Diocese of Birmingham), Bishop Thomas Olmsted of Phoenix, Bishop Richard F. Stika of Knoxville, and Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò, the Apostolic Nuncio to the United States, who delivered a message from Pope Francis. In addition, many priests, deacons, religious, and seminarians were in attendance. This was followed by the rite of committal at the shrine's crypt chapel. All the funeral rites were televised on EWTN.

Cause for canonization
After Angelica's death in 2016, there were calls from many for her to be canonized. Catholic Church rules dictate that a person's cause for sainthood cannot begin until five years after the person has died. As of September 2022, there has been no announcement from the Diocese of Birmingham whether a petition will be sent to Rome to begin a cause for her canonization.

References

Bibliography

External links
 EWTN: Mother Angelica Official Dedication Site
 YouTube: Bishop Robert Barron on Mother Angelica
 YouTube / EWTN: Mother Angelica Live Classics
 IMDb: Mother Angelica's biography

1923 births
2016 deaths
American people of Italian descent
20th-century American Roman Catholic nuns
American television company founders
American television hosts
American television evangelists
People from Hanceville, Alabama
People from Canton, Ohio
Poor Clares
Religious leaders from Alabama
Religious leaders from Ohio
Roman Catholic activists
Roman Catholic writers
American women company founders
American company founders
Writers from Alabama
Writers from Ohio
American anti-abortion activists
Catholics from Ohio
Catholics from Alabama
American women television presenters
21st-century venerated Christians
21st-century American Roman Catholic nuns
Catholic Church in popular culture
Conservative media in the United States
Eyepatch wearers

Mother Angelica


Methyldesorphine is an opioid analgesic. First synthesized in Germany in 1940 and patented in the US in 1952, it has a high potential for abuse as with any potent opioid agonist, and is sometimes found along with desomorphine as a component of the home-made opioid mixture known as "Krokodil" used in Russia and the neighboring former Soviet republics. It is approximately 15 times more potent than morphine as an analgesic but if the 6-7 bond is saturated, the β isomer is some 50 times more potent than morphine.

Methyldesorphine is listed as a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act 1970 in the United States with a DEA ACSCN of 9302 and zero annual aggregate manufacturing quota.  The free base conversion ratio of the hydrochloride is 0.89.

See also
 6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine

References

4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Ethers
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Opioids
Phenols
Semisynthetic opioids

Methyldesorphine


The Kingdom of Mrauk-U (Arakanese: မြောက်ဦး နေပြည်တော်,) was a kingdom that existed on the Arakan littoral from 1429 to 1785. Based in the capital Mrauk-U, near the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal, the kingdom ruled over what is now Rakhine State, Myanmar and southern part of Chittagong Division, Bangladesh. Though started out as a protectorate of the Bengal Sultanate from 1429 to 1531, Mrauk-U went on to conquer Chittagong with the help of the Portuguese. It twice fended off the Toungoo Burma's attempts to conquer the kingdom in 1546–1547, and 1580–1581. At its height of power, it briefly controlled the Bay of Bengal coastline from the Sundarbans to the Gulf of Martaban from 1599 to 1603. In 1666, it lost control of Chittagong after a war with the Mughal Empire. Its reign continued until 1785, when it was conquered by the Konbaung dynasty of Burma.

It was home to a multiethnic population with the city of Mrauk U being home to mosques, temples, shrines, seminaries and libraries. The kingdom was also a center of piracy and the slave trade. It was frequented by Arab, Danish, Dutch and Portuguese traders.

History

Launggyet Dynasty
Although Arakan kings paid tribute to the Pagan dynasty, the South was mostly free of Pagan suzerainty and largely cut off from the rest of Burma. Separated from Pagan by the Arakan Mountains, Arakan developed more independently to other Burmese regions. its capital moved from Thaibeiktaung to Dhanyawadi to Vesali before the 11th century, and then to Pyinsa, Parein, and Hkrit in the 12th century, with the capital moving to Pyinsa again in 1180, and then Launggyet in 1237.

Vassal state of Bengal Sultanate

Background
Arakan had close contact with Bengal, coming into full contact with it as it was expanding eastwards. Bengal captured Satgaon and later Sonargaon towards the beginning of the 14th century, and during the reign of King Min Hti of Arakan (1279–1374), Bengal invaded Arakan by sea, raiding the Hinya river at Chittagong. Following the collapse of Pagan power and the death of Min Hti, Arakan fell into an interregnum, and constant raids were conducted by both the Burmese and the Talaing. The new king who took power in 1404, Narameikhla, who was a great-grandson of Min Hti, was immediately ousted by the forces of the Burmese Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa, who captured Launggyet and forced Narameikhla to flee to the court of the Sultanate of Bengal at Gour. During Narameikhla's 24-year exile, Arakan became an extensive battleground for the Ava Kingdom and the Pegu Kingdom. The King of Ava installed his son-in-law on the throne of Arakan, bestowing him the title of Anoarahtâ. Pegu forces later captured and executed him. The power struggle ended with Razadarit coming out on top, capturing Taunggyet and installing his own governor, who was in power until 1423.

Reign of Narameikhla
Following the death of Ahmed Shah in 1426, his son Nazir Shah took the throne of Bengal. After 24 years of exile, Narameikhla finally regained control of the Arakanese throne in 1430 with military assistance from Bengali commanders Wali Khan and Sindhi Khan. The Bengalis who came with him formed their own settlements in the region. Narameikhla ceded some territory to the Sultan of Bengal and recognised his sovereignty over the areas. In recognition of his kingdom's vassal status, the kings of Arakan received Islamic titles, despite being Buddhists, and legalised the use of Islamic gold dinar coins from Bengal within the kingdom. The kings compared themselves to Sultans and fashioned themselves after Mughal rulers. They also employed Muslims in prestigious positions within the royal administration. Narameikhla minted his own, with Burmese characters on one side and Persian characters on the other. Despite ruling parts of Bengal, it continued to remain a protectorate of the Sultan of Bengal up until 1531.

Narameikhla founded the city of Mrauk U, which was declared the capital of the Arakanese kingdom in 1431. As the city grew, many Buddhist pagodas and temples were built. Several of them remain, and these are the main attraction of Mrauk-U. From the 15th to the 18th centuries, Mrauk U was the capital of the Arakan kingdom, frequently visited by foreign traders (including Portuguese and Dutch). The golden city of Mrauk U became known in Europe as a city of oriental splendor after Friar Sebastian Manrique visited the area in the early 17th century. Father Manrique's vivid account of the coronation of King Thiri Thudhamma in 1635 and about the Rakhine Court and intrigues of the Portuguese adventurers fire the imagination of later authors. The English author Maurice Collis who made Mrauk U and Rakhine famous after his book The Land of the Great Image: Being experiences of Friar Manrique in Arakan based its accounts on Friar Manrique' travels in Arakan.

Independence from Bengal

Narameikhla was succeeded by his brother, Min Khayi Ali Khan (reigning 1434–59), who annexed Sandoway and Ramu in 1437. Ali Khan's successor, Ba Saw Phyu (Kalima Shah, named after his coins bearing the Kalima, reigning 1459–82) occupied Chittagong with the help of the Portuguese, at the beginning of his reign. Although Barbek Shah, the new Sultan of Bengal, allowed Bengal to falter, Arakan remained subordinate to Bengal until 1531. Ba Saw Phyu was succeeded by his son Dawlya, who launched a rebellion against him in 1482, taking his life. A line of weak kings followed. However, in 1531, Minbin took the throne, strengthening the fortifications of Mrauk U and fighting back against coastal raids by pirates. Minbin was responsible for the construction of the Shwedaung pagoda as well as the Shitthaung, Dukkanthein, and Lemyethna temples in Mrauk U.

During Minbin's reign, Arakan came under attack both from the north, from the coast, and from the east. In 1544, the armies of King Tabinshwehti of Burma invaded and took Sandoway, beginning the Toungoo–Mrauk-U War. However, he was unable to march further, and was held there for two years. Thus, he brought in Talaing and Shan fighters and revitalized his offensive, marching north to Mrauk U. However, once he reached the city, Tabinshwehti retreated, as he realised it was too well-defended and he did not want to besiege or blockade it. From the north came the Raja of Twipra, who marched as far as Ramu. However, he was driven back, and upon the Arakanese reclamation of Chittagong, Minbin struck from producing coins with his name that styled him as sultan. Minbin's reign ended in 1553.

Portuguese interference
Down the line of kings came Min Razagyi (1593–1612). In 1597, he joined the First Toungoo Empire in its siege of Pegu and requested the aid of Portuguese captain Felipe de Brito to assist him in it. Land levies and ships from Chittagong, and the city fell in 1599. de Brito was appointed governor of Syriam by Minyazagyi. However, he shook off Arakanese power over the region, and, supported by Goa, he pushed away the many attacks of Arakan. Minyazagyi took three years (1602–1605) to take Sandwip from Manuel de Mattos and Domingo Carvalho.

From 1531 to 1629, Arakanese raiders and Portuguese pirates operated from havens along the coast of the kingdom and brought slaves in from Bengal to the kingdom. Following many raids into Bengal, the slave population increased in the 17th century as they were employed in a variety of industries in Arakan.  Slaves included members of the Mughal nobility. A notable royal slave was Alaol, a renowned poet in the Arakanese court. Some of them worked as Arabic, Bengali, and Persian scribes in the Arakanese courts, which, despite remaining mostly Buddhist, adopted Islamic fashions from the neighbouring Sultanate of Bengal.

Mughal period
Arakan lost control of end of western bank of the Naf River in southeast Bengal after the Mughal conquest of Chittagong. In 1660, Prince Shah Shuja, the governor of Mughal Bengal and a claimant of the Peacock Throne, fled to Arakan with his family after being defeated by his brother Emperor Aurangzeb during the Battle of Khajwa. Shuja and his entourage arrived in Arakan on 26 August 1660. He was granted asylum by King Sanda Thudhamma. In December 1660, the Arakanese king confiscated Shuja's gold and jewelry, leading to an insurrection by the royal Mughal refugees. According to varying accounts, Shuja's family was killed by the Arakanese, while Shuja himself may have fled to a kingdom in Manipur. However, members of Shuja's entourage remained in Arakan and were recruited by the royal army, including as archers and court guards. They were king makers in Arakan until the Burmese conquest. The Portuguese and Arakanese continued their raids of Mughal Bengal which includes a raid in Dhaka in 1625.

The Mahamuni Buddha image, which is now in Mandalay, was cast and venerated some 15 miles from Mrauk U where another Mahamuni Buddha Image flanked by two other Buddha images. Mrauk U can be easily reached via Sittwe, the capital of Rakhine State. From Yangon there are daily flights to Sittwe and there are small private boats as well as larger public boats plying through the Kaladan river to Mrauk U. It is only 45 miles from Sittwe and the seacoast. To the east of the old city is the famous Kispanadi stream and far away the Lemro river. The city area used to have a network of canals. Mrauk U maintains a small archaeological Museum near Palace site, which is right in the centre of town. As a prominent capital Mrauk U was carefully built in a strategic location by levelling three small hills. The pagodas are strategically located on hilltops and serve as fortresses; indeed they are once used as such in times of enemy intrusion. There are moats, artificial lakes and canals and the whole area could be flooded to deter or repulse attackers. There are innumerable pagodas and Buddha images all over the old city and the surrounding hills. Some are still being used as places of worship today many in ruins, some of which are now being restored to their original splendor.

Burmese conquest
Following Konbaung Dynasty's conquest of Arakan in 1785, as many as 35,000 people of the Rakhine State fled to the neighbouring Chittagong region of British Bengal in 1799 to escape persecution by the Bamar and to seek protection under the British Raj.

Cultural legacy

Arakanese chronicle records that more than six million shrines and pagodas flourished in Mrauk-U. A British archaeologist,  Emil Forchhammer noted that "in durability, architectural skill, and ornamentation the Mrauk-U temples far surpass those on the banks of Irrawaddy." Illustrative examples of Mrauk U period architecture include the Shite-thaung and Htukkanthein Temples.

Gold and silver coins serve as the heritage of the Mrauk-U period. The tradition of coin-making was handed down from the Vesali kings who started minting coins around the fifth century. The coins so far found are of one denomination only. Inscribed on the coins are the title of the ruling king and his year of coronation; coins before 1638 had Rakhine inscriptions on one side and Persian and Nagari inscriptions on the other. The inclusion of the foreign inscriptions was meant for the easy acceptance by the neighbouring countries and the Arab traders. Twenty-three types of silver coins and three types of gold coins have so far been found.

See also
 History of Chittagong
 History of Rakhine
 List of Arakanese monarchs
Arakanese monarchs' family tree
 History of Burma

Notes

Bibliography

 Encyclopædia Britannica. 1984 Edition. Vol. VII, p. 76

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Former countries in Burmese history
Former countries in Southeast Asia
Former kingdoms
Burmese monarchy
Former monarchies of Southeast Asia
History of Chittagong Division
15th century in Burma
16th century in Burma
17th century in Burma
18th century in Burma
2nd millennium in Bangladesh
States and territories established in 1429
States and territories disestablished in 1785
1429 establishments in Asia
1780s disestablishments in Asia
Bengal Sultanate
Former monarchies of Asia
Former protectorates

Kingdom of Mrauk U


Star Channel (formerly known as FOX and later Fox Channel) is a Latin American subscription television channel of US origin, owned by The Walt Disney Company Latin America and operated by Disney Media Networks Latin America. It is mainly aimed at the family audience.

It began broadcasting on August 14, 1993 under the Fox name, presenting comedy, action, and drama series under its original name (except for The Simpsons and Futurama), as well as films of various cinematographic genres. Since 2005, it has had a block of cartoons for adults, broadcast from Monday to Friday at night called ¡No Molestar! (¡Do Not Disturb!).

On November 5, 2018, the channel was renamed to Fox Channel. After the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney in 2019, and in order to avoid relating it to the current Fox Corporation, on November 27, 2020, Disney announced that the Fox channels would be renamed under the name Star, issue that was finalized on February 22, 2021.

History

Beginnings (1990s)

On August 14, 1993, Fox extends its broadcasts to Latin America. Its programming had a high percentage of series aimed at families and adults. In its beginnings, the signal broadcast old series from 20th Century Fox such as Batman and Lost in Space, among other series.  The most watched series on the channel are The Simpsons [citation needed], which is broadcast to this day, along with series such as Dark Angel, Buffy The Vampire Slayer, The X-Files, Ally McBeal, among others. In addition, the signal broadcasts a block of movies since its inception, either from 20th Century Fox, as well as from other film production companies such as Dreamworks, and is characterized by transmitting suspense, action, drama, comedy and animated films.

In 1994, Fox had blocks dedicated to the family and the sports world, so some of them were on the channel itself to date. Its first blocks were Cine Fox, Fox Kids and Fox Sports.

In 1999, the Hispano-American signal decided to create an animated block on Sundays named Animated Sunday, where series such as The Simpsons, Futurama and Los Reyes de la Colina, among other series, were broadcast. That same year they created the website canalfox.com to see information about the series, channel programming, movies, etc.

2000s

In 2005, Fox decided to change the name of animated Sunday to Do Not Disturb!, a section that has the same characteristics as the previous block, but during the commercials, acid dialogues of some subject are shown.

In 2007, the Fox website changes its name to mundofox.com but the theme of the site is the same and includes special sites for the series, videos and image galleries.

That same year, Fox created the first original series for Latin America: Final Time, an adaptation of the Argentine series of the same name. It is produced in Colombia by the production company Fox Telecolombia and has the participation of renowned Ibero-American actors. This series also aired on FX.

In 2008, and as part of its 15th anniversary, Fox organized a contest where viewers could take a photo with any object, but as long as it bore the figure of an oval that represents the letter "O" of the Fox brand, having a recognized success since more than 350,000 photos per minute (approximately) were sent to the site.

2010s

Starting in 2012, the Fox site is renamed canalfox.com again, as it reserved the mundofox.com site for the launch of MundoFox.

On October 15, 2013, the channel premiered a new graphic package for its 20th anniversary. On August 17, Fox kicked off its 20th anniversary celebration with a 24-hour marathon of The Simpsons. On December 28, 2014, the channel began broadcasting 16:9 programming for series originally shot in that aspect ratio. On February 9, 2015, Fox debuted a new graphics package.

On November 5, 2018, the channel changed its typography, graphics, and renamed itself Fox Channel.

2020s

On February 22, 2021, the channel was renamed as Star Channel. This change also affected Fox Life and Fox Premium, which were renamed Star Life and Star Premium respectively.

Sister channels
Through the commercial success, other channels associated with Star (formerly Fox) have been released:
FX (Latin American TV channel): The channel is a counterpart of the flagship FX channel, many shows which were broadcast on Fox have been moved to FX, such as Prison Break and Bones. The channel is mainly orientated to male audiences.
Star Life (Latin American TV channel) (formerly Fox Life): It was orientated mainly to female audiences.
Star Premium (Formerly Fox Premium):

References

Other websites
  (in Spanish)
  (in Portuguese)

Television channels

Star Channel


Xiao Shan Going Home () is a Chinese featurette directed by Jia Zhangke. The film, running around one hour in length, was made by Jia while he was attending the Beijing Film Academy and stars his friend, classmate, and now frequent collaborator, Wang Hongwei in the title role.

The film follows a poor cook in Beijing as he tries to find his way back home for the Spring Festival. As one obstacle after another seems to appear before him, Xiao Shan soon realizes that his goal is moving ever further out of reach.

Reception
The film, made in 1995 while Jia was still in school, screened at the 1997 Hong Kong Independent Short Film & Video Awards, where it won the Grand Prix. This put Jia in touch with the European-trained cinematographer Yu Lik-wai (who has become one of Jia's most important collaborators), and producer Li Kit Ming. The three men then began work on Jia's feature film debut, Xiao Wu, which was completed in 1997.

Style
Like his later film Still Life, Xiao Shan Going Home uses intertitles seemingly divorced from the narrative, including one intertitle giving a resume-like listing of Xiao Shan's career goals, while another lists the broadcast schedule for a television station after narrating to the audience Xiao Shan's plan to go watch TV with a friend for the evening.

The film is also notable for its use of non-Mandarin dialects, including in the very first instance, where the audience is treated to the sound of Jia's native Shanxi dialect. This is in contrast to most Chinese films that had, for the most part, followed government regulations to be dubbed into Standard Chinese.

References

External links

Xiao Shan Going Home from the Chinese Movie Database

1995 films
Chinese short films
1990s Mandarin-language films
Films directed by Jia Zhangke
Jin Chinese-language films

Xiao Shan Going Home


Michel de l'Hôpital (or l'Hospital) (1506 – 13 March 1573) was a French lawyer, diplomat and chancellor during the latter Italian Wars and the early French Wars of Religion. The son of a doctor in the service of Constable Bourbon he spent his early life exiled from France at Bourbon's and then the emperors court. When his father entered the service of the House of Lorraine, he entered the patronage network of Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. Through his marriage to Marie Morin, he acquired a seat in the Paris Parlement. In this capacity he drew up the charges for the king, concerning the defenders of Boulogne who surrendered the city in 1544, before taking a role as a diplomat to the Council of Trent in 1547. The following year he assisted Anne d'Este in the details of her inheritance to ensure she could marry Francis, Duke of Guise.

In 1553 he entered Lorraine's service, providing support to the family in return for receiving offices from them. That year they secured for him the position of maître des requêtes for the hôtel du roi, an important post. The following year he was elevated to the chambre des comptes as président, granting him considerable influence in the financial administration of the kingdom. With his patron assuming overall control of the kingdoms finances in the late 1550s, he entered the conseil privé. Early into the reign of François II the old chancellor, François Olivier died. Lorraine nominated L'Hôpital as his replacement. An energetic reformer, L'Hôpital moved into conflict with the Parlements to ensure the passing of the Edict of Romorantin. Later that year, conscious of the scale of the financial and religious problems that were affecting the kingdom, he was among those advocating for an Assembly of Notables. The Assembly in turn called for a Estates General, which L'Hôpital opened and sought to direct towards widescale reforms. Unable to achieve quite what he sought, he fought the Parlement to push through the Ordinance of Orléans that resulted from the sessions.

Upon the death of François II, L'Hôpital did not fall from the centre of royal politics with his patrons. Instead supporting Catherine in her religious policy which increasingly put him at odds with Lorraine. He helped formulate and championed the Edict of 19 April, July and Saint-Germain. The former two which moderated persecution of Protestantism and the latter of which legalised Protestant worship in France. Throughout this he found himself in opposition to Parlement, which resisted both the intrusions on their authority and any legalisation of Protestantism. After the first civil war in the French Wars of Religion, L'Hôpital entered his period of ascendency. He championed the king's decision to declare his majority at Rouen, to punish the Paris Parlement for its failure to register the peace treaty. He successfully opposed Lorraine's attempt to implement the Tridentine decrees upon his return from Trent. The next year he accompanied the court on its grand tour, with L'Hôpital berating each Parlement in turn for their impudence and failure to follow the king's will. When the court stopped at Moulins he promulgated a wide reaching set of legal reforms, which sought to combat Venal office, severely curtail the number of jurisdictions and overlapping law codes, and limit the power of governors and certain judges to interpret and execute justice that rightfully flowed from the king. By now his influence was waning and he was forced to abandon much of the edict due to the crown's monetary needs during the second civil war. Lorraine had by now returned to court, and he succeeded in besting L'Hôpital concerning a petition raised by the Dijon Parlement against him.

During the civil war he negotiated with the Prince of Condé who was besieging Paris, and urged concessions to the rebels, for which he received a cold reception. After the Peace of Longjumeau in March 1568, he retired from court in May, increasingly aware that his opinions were no longer received well by Catherine or the court. Returning to court in September he made a last attempt to oppose the crown's acceptance of alienated church lands in return for a war on heresy offered by the Pope. Failing in this he was relieved of his seals of office, and though he remained chancellor until his death, he would no longer exercise its authority. Threatened during the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew he and his daughter survived under Catherine and the duke of Guise's protection, he died in March the following year, his daughter inheriting his lands under the administration of his wife.

Early life and family

Family
Michel de l'Hôpital was born in 1506 in the town of Aigueperse, the son of the duchess of  Lorraine's physician. His father also provided medical assistance to the Constable de Bourbon, whose treason in 1525 forced L'Hôpital and his family into an Italian exile. While in Italy, L'Hôpital received his doctorate in law. The family travelled with Bourbon to Spain and Italy in his travels before the Constable's death in 1527. After this the family moved to the court of Lorraine, where his father finished out his life in service to the duchess of Lorraine. Michel having studied law in Italy now studied also in France to further his education.

Daughter
During the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, L'Hôpital's only daughter Magdelaine was caught up in the capital. Due to both her Protestantism and her father's religious policy in the proceeding decade she was at great risk of being killed. The Duke of Guise took her under his protection. She would marry Robert de Hurault, a robe noble. In 1555 the Cardinal of Lorraine became godfather to his recently born grandson.

Views
L'Hôpital was one of several leading French figures who was interested in the philosophy of stoicism. To this end and beyond, L'Hôpital was a great advocate of learning Greek. L'Hôpital opined that there was no provincial or town governor in France who had not in their tenure committed enough graft with the king's money to be executable if the king willed it. He was frustrated by how infrequently the estates had met in the last century, viewing them as a valuable mechanism of receiving feedback on government policies. He was overall autocratic in disposition, arguing that the purpose of the estates was to  provide their complaints and receive redress from the king, while the Parlement's were a vehicle through which the king delivered his justice.

Contemporary Opinion
L'Hôpital's detractors characterised his religious policy as proof that he was a crypto-Protestant. Montaigne referred to both him and François Olivier as being "men extraordinarily sufficient, and endowed with no vulgar virtue [...] great Chancellor of France".

Reign of François I

Marriage
In 1532 he married the daughter of the lieutenant-criminel of the Châtelet, Marie Morin, receiving as part of the dowry his entrance to the Paris Parlement Now serving as a councillor in the Parlement, he was afforded valuable experience for his dealings with the body as chancellor. The Parlement would feel betrayed by his later attempts to curtail their power, due to him having once been one of their own.

Lèse majesté
As a councillor, he took responsibility for drawing up the charges against the chief defenders of Boulogne (the seigneur de Vervins), who had surrendered the important port town to the English in 1544. Vervins was condemned to death. Marshal de Biez was likewise condemned but would not be killed, with others sent into exile or imprisoned.

In 1547 he was made French ambassador to the Council of Trent.

Reign of Henri II

Anne d'Este
In 1548 he was in Ferrara, where he assisted Anne d'Este in her renunciation of the Este inheritance that was a precondition for her marriage to the duke of Guise. He accompanied her on her journey back to France to meet her new husband.

During the 1550s, L'Hôpital served as chancellor to the duchess of Savoy, Marguerite, sister to Henri II. Marguerite was sympathetic to Protestantism, and allowed L'Hôpital to obtain a chair of jurisprudence for François Hotman, a virulent Protestant polemicist. In gratitude to the chancellor, Hotman dedicated his work Anti-Tribonian to L'Hôpital.

Lorraine
In 1553 he entered the service of the Cardinal of Lorraine, serving them as a voracious polemicist and was rewarded by the family with the post of maître des requêtes for the hôtel du roi. He denounced those who characterised the house of Lorraine as 'foreigners', arguing that France rightfully extended to the Rhine. He called his benefactor, Lorraine, the 'hope of the French race'. He further praised the valour of the duke of Guise. The following year, Cheverny, future chancellor of France, purchased his councillor seat on the Paris Parlement.

Chambre des comptes
He took up the position of president of the chambres des comptes in 1554, this granted him experience with the kingdoms financial administration, and also a place in the conseil privé. In 1558 in his capacity at the chambres des comptes he offered a panegyric at the wedding of the dauphin François II to Mary, Queen of Scots in which he boasted that the marriage would subdue England without the need for a war or violence.

While much of the French military aristocracy was disgusted by the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, which brought the Italian Wars to a close, L'Hôpital praised the treaty, writing a 'carmen de pax' in support of it. While an opponent of the war he had found it necessary to balance this with support for his patrons the Guise, as demonstrated in the poem he composed celebrating the duke of Guise's expedition into Italy in 1557. He wrote further poems in celebration of Guise's capture of Calais in 1558.

Reign of François II

Finance
With Cardinal Lorraine taking charge of the kingdoms finances on the death of Henri II, L'Hôpital served as his chief financial adviser. To salvage the kingdoms credit, he recommended to the Cardinal a radical program in which loans would be rescheduled, taxes raised and spending drastically cut. These policies were met with strong resistance in the provinces. In Normandie, a forced loan of 800,000 livres on the province went unpaid, even decades later the hardship induced by attempts to raise the funds was recalled by those in the province. Peasants fled their villages to avoid having to pay. The size of the army was slashed, but many soldiers were left in arrears over pay, and entered opposition to the regime.

Chancellor
During the discord that convulsed the kingdom with the Conspiracy of Amboise in early 1560, L'Hôpital was absent from the kingdom, returning to the court in May 1560 before receiving confirmation as chancellor the month after on 30 June 1560 with the support of the Guise, Lorraine recommending him personally to the king for the post.

Assembly of notables
In May 1560, L'Hôpital oversaw the passing of the first religious edict that moderated persecution, the Edict of Romorantin. This edict had been formulated before his return to court. Upon presenting it to Parlement the body resisted its registration, and he was forced to push it through, regardless it would remain unimplemented, and he later afforded the body a backtrack as regards their authority over illegal assemblies. With the regime floundering in the aftershocks of Amboise, and with continued discord rocking the kingdom in the south, L'Hôpital was among those who pushed for the calling of an Assembly of Notables, to examine a potential package of financial and religious measures. Only through financial, judicial and religious reform could the kingdom be saved, in L'Hôpital's estimation.
L'Hôpital opened the Assembly with a speech to the assembled grandees. In it he characterised the kingdom as a sick man, with the package of reforms to represent a cure to the ailments that destabilised and weakened the country.

The assembly soon found itself threatened with derailment by an altercation between Admiral Coligny and Cardinal Lorraine after the former brought forth a petition for Protestants to have temples in which to worship much to the latter's consternation. L'Hôpital took charge of the situation, bringing the conversation away back to financial matters.

In July 1560 L'Hôpital promulgated a law reforming how inheritance worked for the children of second marriages. He issued several sumptuary laws in April 1561 and January 1563. He established a special jurisdiction in Paris for lawsuits between merchants. Expanding this to other towns while the court resided at Moulins in 1566. While staying at Moulins, an edict was also issued outlining the special circumstances by which the royal domain could be temporarily alienated, through the supervision of the Parlement and chambre des comptes.

In September 1560 L'Hôpital spoke before the Paris Parlement, he informed them that daily new word was arriving at court of various seditions across the country. He held responsible for this 'those who use the cloak of religion', an understanding of his, in which the pretext of religion was used to camouflage other grievances. The Parlement frustrated with him for his chastisements, retorted that the true cause of disorder in France was the presence of two Protestants among the great offices of state.

Condé
The Prince of Condé had failed to show up for the Assembly of Notables, along with his brother the only prince to do so. He was conscious that he was implicated in both the Conspiracy of Amboise and the later disorders in Lyon. The court was not however to be denied his presence and he was summoned to bring himself to the Estates General that was shortly to convene in December. Arriving at court he was promptly arrested, and a trial began on 13 November. Though he repeatedly attempted to derail the proceedings a verdict was at last reached, guilt of lèse majesté. Two judges however refused to sign the conclusion, L'Hôpital, and du Mortier. Condé would be released in December after the death of François II made his imprisonment politically untenable. L'Hôpital was responsible for calling the trial to a close.

Reign of Charles IX

Estates General
L'Hôpital gave the opening address at the Estates General in 1560. During his speech he first cautioned radical Catholics, for their violence against Protestants and general intolerance. He then turned his ire on radical Protestants, chiding them for their provocative impatience in establishing a new order. He emphasised that both Catholic and Protestant must wait until such time as a church council could be convened, to restore unity to the Christian church. In the meanwhile he stressed that it was important for all parties, to be peaceful and law abiding. The Council of Trent had recently been declared reconvened by the Pope, as such L'Hôpital hoped that the delegates would avoid matters of religious debate, leaving those to the bishops and religiously learned.

He provided the assembled delegates an appraisal on the kingdoms finances, informing them all pensions were at least two years in arrears. He further informed the estates that the crown was in 43 million livres worth of debt, and that the only solution was to raise taxes, the deputies baulked at this notion, so the crown turned to the alienation of church land to remain afloat.
In financial matters, the estates would recommend certain reforms to the system of the guilds. L'Hôpital however desired to go much further than the estates, and in the ordinance of Orléans he outlined an attack on the guild system. His aims were to reduce the burdens of the apprenticeship system, and release the hold that the guilds had over the labour market. He saw the engine to achieving this as being through attacks on the confraternity system, which operated alongside the guilds and strengthened them. He ordered that their capital be distributed to local schools in the baillages. This attempt to divest the guilds of their capital, would not go unanswered however, the guilds in retaliation, reinvented the confraternity as a religious organisation, and found strong support among the Catholic ultra party. This allowed them to weather his attacks until they faded in 1567 with his loss of influence.

An informal reconciliation between Guise and Montmorency, known as the 'triumvirate' was agreed in April 1561 to oppose the religious policy being pursued by L'Hôpital and Catherine de Medici. He was also in April attempting to drive the Ordinance of Orléans through the Parlement, issuing lettres de jussion to command them to do so without further protestation. Facing remonstrances he tried to court the senior judges, inviting them to council with the prospect of involvement in high affairs of the state, however the Parlementaires were uninterested and several more rounds of lettres de jussion and remonstrances followed into November of that year. In January 1563 he attempted to mollify Parlementaire opposition through a decree outlining that extraordinary courts established by the crown would be illegal without the Parlement having provided commission to the judges.

Religious toleration

That same month an edict was issued that prohibited the use of the epithets 'Papiste' and 'Huguenot', two terms that L'Hôpital had taken issue with during his address to the estates in December. The religious situation in France continued to deteriorate in 1561, in June of that year L'Hôpital warned the Paris Parlement that it would be necessary to stop Catholic children from parading through the streets with crosses, as this was viewed as incendiary by the Protestants, making it liable to cause a riot. That same month he shaped the legislation that would form the Edict of July, which affirmed the prohibition on Protestant worship, but at the same time formally removed the penalty of death for heresy, which had been defacto abolished in the Edict of Romorantin, and prohibited those who were not officers of the crown from investigating their neighbours houses in search of heretical worship, which effectively legalised private worship. During the debates in the pourparler that formulated the edict, L'Hôpital had been keen to go further, arguing that the ban on Protestantism was no longer workable, however the council voted against legalisation.
In September 1561, a council, along the lines of the one L'Hôpital had envisioned at the Estates General, convened at Colloquy of Poissy, with leading Catholics and Protestants in attendance. L'Hôpital opened the proceedings with a call for the assembled Catholic clergy to listen to the Protestant speakers, in the interests of reaching a harmonious position. Despite proposals of uniting the faiths around the Confession of Augsburg, talks with break down into acrimony over the subject of the Eucharist, leaving the talks to end in failure.

Edict of Saint-Germain
On 3 January 1562, L'Hôpital gave a speech in front of the Paris Parlement in which he argued for the present necessity of religious toleration for Protestantism, as the only alternative to the king descending into civil war. That same month he aided in the engineering of the Edict of Saint-Germain, which provided formal toleration to Protestantism, pending the reconciliation of the church in a religious council, during the meeting at Saint-Germain, he admitted that the Edict of July had never been quietly repealed, with no window of its implementation. He was assisted in his efforts by Catherine, the Protestant Admiral Coligny and Theodore Beza, the Protestant cleric. The edict immediately ran into furious opposition from the Parlements and much of the Catholic nobility. A little taken aback, Catherine attempted to arrange another Colloquy, such as that which had occurred at Poissy, L'Hôpital took charge of outlining the subjects that would be debated at the conference, however it would be an ignominious failure, breaking down over the first topic of the agenda 'images', shortly after which it was dissolved. L'Hôpital defended the necessity of the edict in front of the Parlement, arguing the only alternative was the expulsion or execution of the Protestants, neither of which was a realistic course of action.

In the wake of the Massacre of Wassy, the kingdom rapidly descended towards civil war, as Protestants began to take arms and seize towns. In the chaotic atmosphere, the Spanish ambassador hoped to gain advantage for his king, and moved that the influence of L'Hôpital was destructive on the crown due to his 'evil reputation', and thus hoping for his removal, however the crown did not oblige.

Ascendency
During the period 1563-1566, L'Hôpital and his faction were ascendant on the council.  In March 1563 the first war of religion was brought to a close in the Edict of Amboise, which granted limited toleration to Protestantism. L'Hôpital opined that the experience of civil war, would induce French citizens to be more forgiving of their neighbours, and less quick to cause disorder. Much of Catholic France was horrified at the terms, and attempted to resist the edicts implementation. De Thou of the Paris Parlement was summoned to meet with L'Hôpital in May, and despite his best efforts to appease the chancellor was compelled to withdraw the courts policy that all its members complete a profession of faith.  In August 1563, Charles IX was declared an adult in a session of the Parlement of Rouen. His majority was combined with a formal proclamation of the Edict of Amboise. It was hoped by L'Hôpital and Catherine that by packaging the two together it would be harder for the court to oppose the peace. Rouen was chosen as the location in which to declare the majority by the pair as a way to punish the Paris Parlement for its resistance to the policies they had been promulgating in the previous years, the Parlement was greatly wounded by this blow to its prestige as the premier Parlement. The Parlement remonstrated the king, refusing to recognise either his majority or the permanence of the peace, complaining about the linking of the two. The king reprimanded those representatives that came to visit him, telling them that the role of the Parlement was to administer justice, not to be his mentors, or custodians of the kingdom.

Trent
In February 1564, the Council of Trent at last concluded, and with this Lorraine returned to the kingdom, hoping to ensure that the councils recommendations would be adopted by the kingdom. L'Hôpital positioned himself in opposition to Lorraine, arguing that the Tridentine decrees would violate the Gallican privileges of France. He further argued that Lorraine was attempting through the presenting of these suggestions, to achieve through council what he had failed to achieve on the battlefield in 1562, i.e. the domination of France by ultra-Catholicism. Lorraine reacted with outrage to these suggestions, characterising L'Hôpital as an ingrate who failed to appreciate what the Guise family had done for him in the past decades. He further shouted that he was no longer sure what religion L'Hôpital followed. L'Hôpital retorted that the office of maître des requêtes that they had afforded him was a minor privilege and while he remained forever grateful for what they had afforded him, the debts that he owed their family could not be weighed against his service towards the king. As a parting shot he remarked that it was the duke of Guise who had brought the kingdom into discord with the Massacre of Wassy in 1562. This spat concluded, the council voted on the adoption of the councils findings, and refused to validate them all, much to Lorraine's disgust.

Grand tour
Conscious of the crisis of legitimacy that faced the regime, Catherine decided to embark upon a grand tour of the kingdom, to ensure the implementation of the edict, and further to instil the young king's authority on the magnates of the kingdom. The court set off in grand fashion that month, with 2000 persons accompanying them on the journey, including many of the leading nobles of the kingdom such as Constable Montmorency and Cardinal Bourbon. Each of the kingdom's Parlements was to be visited during the royal journey, with L'Hôpital tasked to provide a stern talking to the bodies at each stop, warning them to register the edict and respect the authority of the king. L'Hôpital offered the particularly reticent parlementaires of Aix-en-Provence sharp words during the courts visit warning them that the king was unhappy with their 'disobedience' and the parlementaires as his children should obey their father the king. His speeches, like those of the king that proceeded them, were met with silence by the Parlements. While the court was staying at Crémieux, L'Hôpital modified the terms of the Edict of Amboise, prohibiting the Protestant church from holding provincial synods.

Moulins
In February 1566 the court arrived at Moulins where an Assembly of Notables was convened with most of the kingdoms grandees in attendance. L'Hôpital presented to them his thesis that the root of evil in the kingdom was the poor administration of justice. He denounced the 'excesses' of those in positions of authority to exercise it engaging in 'tyrannical legislation, venality, avarice, superfluous office' and other ills. He then targeted his attacks towards the organs of law, the Parlements, decrying them for the presumptuousness they showed in interpreting the king's laws abd their sedentary nature. He spoke nostalgically of the reign of Louis IX when the laws were few and simple and such a model that foreign nations presented their disputes in it.

Later that month L'Hôpital presented the Ordinance of Moulins, a judicial reform package composed of 86 articles. The ordinance severely curtailed the Parlements powers, allowing the king to put laws into effect even if the Parlement was remonstrating him, or refused to register the edict. The power of the governor was also attacked, with the office no longer to afford the possibility of providing pardons, raising taxes and establishing fairs. Communal judges had much of their authority stripped, reduced to overseeing petty crimes and 1500 offices were abolished or suppressed. Confraternities and leagues were banned. The edict of Amboise was upheld. This edict posed a serious threat to many of the kingdoms grandees, who utilised their positions as governors for the purpose of graft. Though the edict had demanded immediate registration in its second clause, the Parlement ignored this, and L'Hôpital was forced to accept many modifications to the Ordinace in July. During 1566, L'Hôpital created a new fiscal office of Surintendant des Finances, appointing the religiously moderate Marshal Cossé as its first incumbent.

While the court was still residing in Moulins, Lorraine arrived with a petition from the Parlement of Dijon. The Parlement was frustrated that a new interpretative declaration had been made concerning the edict of Amboise, by which Protestant ministers would be allowed to visit the dying and instruct the young. Lorraine argued in front of the assembled grandees that this was a method of proselytizing. This bombshell petition aroused the interest of the council, as it became clear L'Hôpital had not consulted any member of the council before issuing it. L'Hôpital acidly remarked to Lorraine that he had 'returned to court to trouble them', causing Lorraine to fire back that L'Hôpital, who owed his position as chancellor to him, dare say that he arrived as a trouble. From here the council descended into chaos, only salvaged when Catherine intervened. She ordered the interpretative declaration burned and that going forth, L'Hôpital be forbidden from sealing edicts without the councils consent. Lorraine, arrogant in victory declared L'Hôpital always sought to be 'cock of the dunghill' and opined that he would refuse to attend council meetings in the man's presence going forward.

L'Hôpital offered his support in July 1567 to several interpretative declarations concerning the edict of Amboise. The area in which Protestantism was prohibited from being practiced was expanded from the city of Paris, to the wider region of the Île de France. Concurrently Protestants were to be barred from public office in the governorship. While these policies appear out of step with his wider program, L'Hôpital was keen to quiet the disorder in Paris, which had been growing more severe and threatening in the previous years.

Meaux
The Surprise of Meaux, in which elements of the Protestant nobility attempted a coup to seize the king and kill Lorraine, fatally discredited L'Hôpital's project in the eyes of Catherine. L'Hôpital was with the court when word came that a Protestant force of cavalry was assembling nearby to attack them. He and the Constable advocated for holding firm at Monceaux. The Guise and Duke of Nemours argued by contrast that the court should flee to the safety of Paris. Catherine chose to follow the latter course and the court conducted a fighting retreat to the capital. The failure of the surprise led to the resumption of civil war. Besieged in the capital by Condé's forces, Catherine dispatched L'Hôpital, Morvillier and Marshal Vielleville to negotiate with the prince. Condé was feeling confident in his position, and negotiated aggressively. He demanded that all taxes implemented since the reign of Louis XII be abolished, that four surety towns (including the key border towns of Metz, Calais and Le Havre) be granted to him to secure his position in the kingdom, and that full religious toleration be granted everywhere in France. He further demanded the prosecution of the Guise and the expulsion of Italian financiers. These demands were entirely unacceptable to the negotiators, but they had been dispatched to buy time for an army to be raised by Constable Montmorency, not to reach terms. By this time, Catherine was increasingly weary of L'Hôpital, and when he proposed certain compromises the court could make to end the crisis, including the dispatch of a further embassy to the Protestant leaders so that they might better understand their intentions and aims, she accused him of bearing some responsibility for the current situation. To fund the mercenaries required to prosecute the civil war, L'Hôpital's list of offices to be suppressed on the death of their current holder, a key component of the Ordinance of Moulins was cancelled. Venality was indeed expanded in January 1568, allowing officials to pay a portion of the cost of their posts for the right to have their venal office be inherited.

Fall from favour
Though the war was formally brought to a close at Longjumeau, it quickly became apparent the peace was ephemeral in the following months, with sporadic fighting continuing in the south. L'Hôpital, who believed in the peace found himself increasingly at odds with the rest of the royal council, that wanted to overturn the peace and return to war. In May a royal council meeting met to discuss the problems of ensuring obedience towards the peace. L'Hôpital blamed the youth of the king as encouraging his vassals to disobey him. Morvillier, another moderate on the council disagreed, arguing that religious plurality was causing issues, as much as the king's youth. That same month, he withdrew from court, dispirited that his influence on the direction of royal policy appeared to be at an end. Soon thereafter he asked to be relieved of his office. Having been informed that negotiations were under way between the crown and the Pope, to receive the alienation of church land in return for the revocation of the Edict of Amboise and a resumption of war on heresy, L'Hôpital returned to the court in September to oppose it.  The Pope saw L'Hôpital as one of his chief opponents on the court. L'Hôpital for his part made it clear he would refuse to affix his seals to the alienation of church lands which would require war on heresy. In a fiery session of council L'Hôpital clashed with Lorraine on 19 September, arguing that this course of action would plunge France into civil war and overrun the land with reiters. He refused to affix his seal to any agreement that authorised this policy. Lorraine jabbed at L'Hôpital that he was a hypocrite and that his wife and daughter were both Protestants. L'Hôpital in turn shot back a sarcastic joke about Guisard corruption, enraging Lorraine who attempted to seize L'Hôpital's beard, before François de Montmorency stepped between the two men and attempted to calm the chamber. Lorraine was uninterested in his efforts and turned to Catherine, informing her that L'Hôpital was the chief cause of the kingdoms ills, and that if he was in the hands of the Parlement of Paris, he would be executed within 24 hours. L'Hôpital for his part explained that in fact Lorraine was the cause of the kingdoms ills, but it was apparent to him that he no longer had the power to change the direction of the crowns policy, and he left again shortly thereafter to his estates at Vignay near Étampes. A week later on 28 September L'Hôpital was obliged to yield the seals of his office, and he left for retirement. The crown meanwhile revoked the past toleration edicts, and issued the Edict of Saint-Maur, which outlawed Protestantism, steps L'Hôpital could not have taken.

On 7 October Jean de Morvillier received his seals. His dismissal as garde des sceaux illicited the rapturous excitement of radical preachers in Paris, Simon Vigor celebrated the news, denouncing L'Hôpital as the man who 'put the knife into the hands of our enemy'.

Writings
Severed from access to power, L'Hôpital turned his attentions to the production of 'discours', the arguments he put forward in these differed greatly from those he presented earlier in his career. No longer were Catholics to tolerate Protestants as an act of Christian clemency. Instead he argued that liberty of conscience was a natural right. He also abandoned his discussions of the two faiths being reunited, no longer viewing such a prospect as realistic, if he ever had.

Final years
The Parlement, well aware of L'Hôpital's disgrace, sought in 1571, for the seals of his office to be transferred to them, such that they could represent the king's will. While this would have been largely symbolic, Charles IX refused to provide them to the Parlement, conscious that allowing them to substitute themselves symbolically for the chancellor would be to acknowledge them as a legislative body. During marriage negotiations between the king's brother Alençon and Elizabeth I for a marriage that same year, L'Hôpital's advice was sought, and he suggested replacing Alençon, with the king's other brother Anjou. This concurred with the answer the crown wished to hear, however the negotiations did not achieve any more success.

In 1572 during the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, Catherine dispatched an escort to his residence to ensure no harm befell him. This was just as well, as his death was desired by some of the participants. He died on his estates in March 1573.

Throughout his life L'Hôpital had not accumulated significant wealth, making him atypical for the high robe nobility of his era. In his last will, he bequeathed his property to his only daughter, and assigned his wife as the administrator of his lands.

See also
 Tribunal de commerce de Paris, founded by Michel de l'Hôpital in 1563

Sources

References

External links

1500s births
1573 deaths
People from Puy-de-Dôme
Chancellors of France
French people of the French Wars of Religion
Participants in the Council of Trent
University of Padua alumni
University of Bologna alumni
16th-century French lawyers
Court of Henry II of France
Court of Francis II of France
Court of Charles IX of France

Michel de l'Hôpital


Henry Duff Traill (14 August 1842 – 21 February 1900) was a British author and journalist.

Life
Born at Blackheath, he belonged to an old Caithness family, the Traills of Rattar, and his father, James Traill, was the stipendiary magistrate of Greenwich and Woolwich Police Court. He was sent to the Merchant Taylors' School, where he rose to be head of the school and obtained a scholarship at St John's College, Oxford. Initially destined for the profession of medicine, Traill took his degree in natural sciences in 1865 but then he read for the bar and was called in 1869. In 1871 he received an appointment as an Inspector of Returns for the Board of Education, a position which left him leisure to cultivate his gift for literature.

In 1873 he became a contributor to the Pall Mall Gazette, then under the editorship of Frederick Greenwood. He followed Greenwood to the St. James's Gazette when in 1880 the Pall Mall Gazette took for a time the Liberal side, and he continued to contribute to that paper up to 1895. In the meantime he had also joined the staff of the Saturday Review, to which he sent, among other writings, weekly verses upon subjects of the hour. Some of the best of these he republished in 1882 in a volume called Recaptured Rhymes, and others in a later collection of Saturday Songs (1890).

He was also a leader-writer for the Daily Telegraph and edited The Observer from 1889 until 1891, which experienced an increase in circulation during his time there. In 1897, he became first editor of Literature, when that weekly paper (afterwards sold and incorporated with the Academy) was established by the proprietors of The Times, and directed its fortunes until his death.

Traill's long connection with journalism must not obscure the fact that he was a man of letters rather than a journalist. He wrote best when he wrote with least sense of the burden of responsibility. His playful humour and his ready wit were given full scope only when he was writing to please himself. One of his most brilliant jeux d'esprit was a pamphlet which was published without his name soon after he had begun to write for the newspapers. It was called The Israelitish Question and the Comments of the Canaan Journals thereon (1876). This told the story of the Exodus in articles which parodied very cleverly the style of all the leading journals of the day, and was at once recognized as the work of a born humorist. Traill sustained this reputation with The New Lucian, which appeared in 1884 (2nd ed., with several new dialogues, 1900); but for the rest his labours were upon more serious lines. He directed the production of a vast work on Social England in 1893-1898; he wrote, for several series of biographies, studies of Coleridge (1884), Sterne (1882), William III (1888), Shaftesbury (1886), Strafford (1889), and Lord Salisbury (1891); he compiled a biography of Sir John Franklin the Arctic explorer (1896); after a visit to Egypt he published a volume on the country; and in 1897 appeared his book on Lord Cromer, the man who had done so much to bring it back to prosperity. Of these the literary studies are the best, for Traill possessed great critical insight. He published two collections of essays: Number Twenty (1892), and The New Fiction (1897). In 1865 his Glaucus, a tale of a Fish, was produced at the Olympic Theatre with Miss Nellie Farren in the part of Glaucus. In conjunction with Mr Robert Hichens he wrote The Medicine Man, produced at the Lyceum in 1898. He died in London on 21 February 1900.

He also edited the Centenary edition of the Works of Thomas Carlyle (30 volumes, Chapman and Hall, 1896-1907), writing introductions to the various works.

Works
Sterne (1882)
Recaptured Rhymes (1882)
The New Lucian (1884)
Coleridge (1884)
Shaftesbury (1886)
William III (1888)
Strafford (1889)
Saturday Songs (1890)
The Marquis of Salisbury (1890)
Number Twenty: Fables and Fantasies (1892)
 The Life of Sir John Franklin, R.N. (1896)
 The new fiction, and other essays on literary subjects (1897)

Notes

References

External links

1842 births
1900 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
English biographers
English humorists
English male journalists
English travel writers
British newspaper editors
The Observer people
19th-century British journalists
English male non-fiction writers
19th-century English male writers
Male biographers

Henry Duff Traill


NAO or nao may refer to:

Organisations
 National Academy Orchestra of Canada, a Canadian training orchestra
 National Applications Office, a former program of the United States Department of Homeland Security
 National Audit Office (disambiguation), in several nations
 Nautical Almanac Office (disambiguation)
 HM Nautical Almanac Office, in the United Kingdom
 Nautical Almanac Office, at the United States Naval Observatory
 New Age Outlaws, a wrestling tag team

Science and technology
 Sodium oxide (NaO)
 Nonyl Acridine Orange, a fluorescent die. It can stain cardiolipin content of mitochondria.
 North Atlantic oscillation, a climatic phenomenon
 Nao (robot), a humanoid robot developed by Aldebaran Robotics
 13221 Nao, an asteroid

People
 Nao (given name), a Japanese given name
 Nao (singer), a United Kingdom music artist

Places
 Näo, a village in Estonia
 Nao, Iran, a village in Kurdistan Province
 Nenets Autonomous Okrug, a federal subdivision of Russia

Other uses
 Carrack, a sailing ship known as a nao in Spanish
 Nanchong Gaoping Airport (IATA code), an airport in China
 Nao (musical instrument) (鐃), see List of Chinese musical instruments
 Nao, a fictional character in the Aquablue comic
 Nao Porcelain, a brand owned by Lladro

NAO


El Tribuno is an Argentine newspaper and media group from Salta Province. Widely criticized for its pro-Peronist tilt, it is the only newspaper in Salta Province, and also publishes a Jujuy Province edition.

Founded by Jaime and Ricardo Durán, its initial installations had belonged to La Provincia, the leading daily in Salta for much of the early 20th century. Released on August 21, 1949, El Tribuno was allied to Peronism, and provided a political counterpart to the UCR-leaning El Cívico Intransigente. Following President Perón's 1955 ouster, the paper was shuttered by the new regime, and sold at auction in 1957 to a consortium led by a local lawyer, Roberto Romero. Romero modernized the newspaper, which became one of the first to incorporate offset printing, in 1967. Romero left the post as publisher following his election as governor of Salta in 1983.

Following the elder Romero's death in 1992, his son, Juan Carlos, became its publisher. His tenure at its helm has been marked by the conspicuous omission of news unfavorable to local Peronist interests, particularly the Romeros'. These have included scandals, as well as failing to publish the results of the 2003 general elections, in which the Menem/Romero ticket narrowly won the first round, but was forced to withdraw when polls predicted a landslide for left-wing Peronist Néstor Kirchner.

External links

1949 establishments in Argentina
Daily newspapers published in Argentina
Newspapers established in 1949
Salta Province
Spanish-language newspapers
Argentine news websites

El Tribuno


Berent Schwineköper (8 November 1912 – 8 March 1993) was a German archivist and historian.

Born in Magdeburg, Prussian Saxony, Schwineköper was the son of an apothecary. At the universities of Göttingen, Vienna, and Freiburg, Schwineköper studied history, German studies, art history, and historical auxiliary sciences. His main advisors were Alfons Dopsch, Heinrich von Srbik, Hermann Heimpel, and especially Percy Ernst Schramm, from whom Schwineköper received his doctorate in 1937 with the work Der Handschuh im Recht, Ämterwesen, Brauchtum und Volksglauben.

Schwineköper attended the Institut für Archivwissenschaft (institute for archival science) from 1939–41 and then was the archivist at the Prussian Privy State Archives in Berlin-Dahlem. In 1944 he became archival councillor at the state archive in Magdeburg. From February 1946 to June 1959, Schwineköper was scientific archivist at the provincial archive in Magdeburg. In 1958 he was named an honorary docent for diplomatics of the Middle Ages and for regional history at the Institut für Archivwissenschaft in Potsdam.

In June 1959 Schwineköper migrated from East Germany to West Germany to work at the city archive of Freiburg. He began teaching at the University of Freiburg in 1964 and was named an honorary professor in 1972. He was a participant of the Konstanzer Arbeitskreis concerning medieval history and an extraordinary member of the historical commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. He was also a member of the East German historical commission for Saxony-Anhalt. Schwineköper died in Freiburg.

External links
Biography at the University of Magdeburg

1912 births
1993 deaths
20th-century German historians
German archivists
Writers from Magdeburg
People from the Province of Saxony
University of Göttingen alumni
University of Vienna alumni
University of Freiburg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg
German male non-fiction writers

Berent Schwineköper


Voltea pa' que te enamores ("Turn around so that you fall in love") is a Venezuelan telenovela written by Monica Montañez and produced by Venevisión between 2006 and 2007. The series was distributed internationally by Venevisión International.

Daniela Alvarado and Jonathan Montenegro starred as the main protagonists.

Plot
Dileidy María López is a young woman who makes a living selling newspapers on a corner of a downtown avenue in Caracas. She dreams of becoming an engineer and becoming the girlfriend of Luis Fernando García, a young man she sees everyday when the traffic lights turn red when he passes by the corner where she sells newspapers. One day, Dileidy sees a newspaper advertisement for a party being hosted by Luis Fernando's family. It is at this party that Dileidy and Luis Fernando meet and fall in love. But the couple will have to face several issues. Luis Fernando is a coveted bachelor with a less formal relationship with Felicita and Tatianita, her best friend. Again, Gladis, Dileidy's mother, is the maid working at Luis Fernando's family home. Gladis is a tough, single mother who has suffered a lot from love, and does not want her daughter to be left alone and cheated by men.

At the same time, in the neighborhood where Dileidy lives, a young man will arrive, Aureliano Márquez. Aureliano has a dark past, which he wants to forget, especially when he meets Dileidy, falls in love with her and will fight to be a better man capable of conquering her. Aureliano will face Luis Fernando for the love of Dileidy.

Cast

Main
 Daniela Alvarado as Dileidy María López
 Jonathan Montenegro as Luis Fernando García Malavé
 Mimí Lazo as Gladis López
 Adrián Delgado as Aureliano Márquez

Supporting
 Carolina Perpetuo as María Antonia (La Nena) Cifuentes Vda de Aristiguieta
 Franklin Virgüez as Gabriel "Gabito" Márquez
 Rafael Romero as Gonzalo Malave
 Sonia Villamizar as Pascua "Pascuita" de Guzmán
 Juan Manuel Montesinos as Ramón (Monchito) Guzmán
 María Antonieta Duque as Matilde Sánchez
 Rolando Padilla as Dorotheo "Theo" Ricon
 Elba Escobar as Eglee Malavé de García
 Carlos Mata as Rómulo García
 Raúl Amundaray as José Tadeo Malavé
 Martín Lantigua as Constantino Benítez
 Manuel Escolano as Marco Aurelio Granados
 Anabell Rivero as Betzaida Conde
 Mirtha Pérez as "Nelly de Conde"
 Zair Montes as Feliz "Felicita" Guzmán
 José Luis Useche as Santiago
 Patricia Schwarzgruber as Tatiana "Tatianita" Aristiguieta Cifuentes
 Marisol Matheus as Rosita de Malavé
 Prakriti Maduro as Yeniluz Rincón
 Damián Genovese as Gerson López
 Sindy Lazo as Cristina García Malavé
 Vanessa Pose as Alegría Guzmán
 Cristian Mcgaffney as Ernesto
 Erika Santiago as Yuraima
 María Fernanda León as María Gracia
 Lisbeth Manrique as María José
 Héctor Zambrano as Héctor
 Luis José Santander as Paco Aristigueta

References

External links

2006 telenovelas
2007 telenovelas
Venevisión telenovelas
2006 Venezuelan television series debuts
2007 Venezuelan television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Caracas

Voltea pa' que te enamores