Jerry Colangelo (born November 20, 1939) is an American businessman and sports executive. He formerly owned the Phoenix Suns of the NBA, the Phoenix Mercury of the WNBA, the Arizona Sandsharks of the Continental Indoor Soccer League, the Arizona Rattlers of the Arena Football League, and the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball. He was also instrumental in the relocation of the original Winnipeg Jets team in the NHL to Phoenix to become the Phoenix Coyotes (now the Arizona Coyotes). In 2014, Grand Canyon University renamed its Christian based school of business after Jerry Colangelo, replacing Ken Blanchard's namesake. From December 2015 to April 2016, Colangelo served as chairman of basketball operations for the Philadelphia 76ers, before serving as a special advisor to the team until December 2018.

He became the youngest general manager in professional sports in 1968 after being hired to that position by the Phoenix Suns. He holds the distinction of the second-longest tenure running an NBA franchise, exceeded only by that of Red Auerbach of the Boston Celtics.

In the summer of 2005, Colangelo was named director of USA Basketball whose team represented the United States in the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2010 FIBA World Championship.   Since 2009, he has served as Chairman of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Colangelo also serves as Chairman of the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF), a nonprofit nonpartisan educational foundation that promotes Italian-American culture and heritage.

Early life
Colangelo was born and raised in Chicago Heights, Illinois, to an Italian-American working class family. He played basketball and baseball for Bloom Township High School. Colangelo enrolled at the University of Kansas, but transferred to the University of Illinois after prospective teammate Wilt Chamberlain left. He played basketball for the Illinois Fighting Illini, earned All-Big Ten honors, and captained the Illini as a senior. He was later inducted into the Illinois Basketball Hall of Fame. Colangelo also played two years of baseball at Illinois. In 1962, he graduated from the University of Illinois with a degree in physical education.

In his autobiography, How You Play the Game, Colangelo tells of working at the House of Charles, a tuxedo rental shop in Chicago Heights, after graduating from college.

Basketball

Colangelo began his sports career in 1966 in professional basketball with the Chicago Bulls. He worked as a marketing director, scout, and assistant to the president of the team. In 1968, he left the Bulls and was hired as the first general manager of the expansion team, the Phoenix Suns. He was the youngest general manager in professional sports. When he and his family left for Arizona, he had $200 in his wallet.

Colangelo got off to an unlucky start, losing a 1969 coin flip to the Milwaukee Bucks for the rights to UCLA phenom Lew Alcindor (who became Kareem Abdul-Jabbar). The Suns were competitive during most of the 1970s, making it to the NBA Finals in 1976, but losing to the Boston Celtics in six games. Colangelo had two stints as head coach during that decade, compiling a record of 59 wins and 60 losses.

Throughout most of the 1980s, Colangelo's Suns faced difficulties.  Some players, including 1976 NBA Finals player Garfield Heard, were involved in an infamous drug scandal, young center Nick Vanos died in a 1987 plane crash, and, from 1985 through 1988, the Suns failed to qualify for the playoffs. Colangelo assembled a group of investors that bought the Suns in late 1987, in the wake of the drug scandal.  He subsequently made a trade for Kevin Johnson in 1987.

The Suns made one of the biggest turnarounds in NBA history in 1988–89, nearly doubling their win total (from 28 wins to 55) and making the first of 13 straight playoff appearances.  In 1989, Colangelo was an essential part of the group that provided financial backing to build America West Arena (renamed Talking Stick Resort Arena). In 1992, Colangelo traded Jeff Hornacek, Tim Perry, and Andrew Lang to the Philadelphia 76ers for Charles Barkley. The trade proved to be productive for the Suns, and they reached the NBA Finals for the second time in 1993, this time losing to the Chicago Bulls starring Michael Jordan in six games. Barkley's relationship with Colangelo, however, grew sour over the years, and in 1996, he was traded to the Houston Rockets.

Throughout his time with the Suns, Colangelo would win four different NBA Executive of the Year honors with the team. It would stand to be the most honors for an executive of one team in the NBA. He eventually turned over the Suns' presidency to his son Bryan, who later left the organization to become general manager of the Toronto Raptors. Bryan ended up winning two NBA Executive of the Year honors: one with Phoenix, and one with Toronto only two seasons later.

On December 7, 2015, Colangelo decided to return to the NBA to become the new chairman of basketball operations for the Philadelphia 76ers, as well as special adviser to the team's managing partner. On April 7, 2016, Colangelo's son, Bryan, took on the role of general manager and president of basketball operations for the 76ers after their former president and general manager, Sam Hinkie, resigned from his position before end of the 2015–16 season due to irreconcilable differences with Jerry. The move reunited the Colangelos for the first time since 2004 with the Phoenix Suns. Colangelo stepped down as chairman of basketball operations following the hiring of his son, but he retained his role as special adviser to the managing partner. Just before his son's later resignation from the position of general manager, Colangelo attempted to save Bryan's job by threatening to damage the team's NBA relationships. On July 30, 2018, it was revealed that he would retire as of 2019.

Additional sports activities
Colangelo has been involved in many professional sports teams in Arizona.

Baseball
While in Chicago for a Suns game, Colangelo attended a Chicago Cubs baseball game at Wrigley Field. Soon thereafter he decided to inquire to Major League Baseball about bringing an expansion team to Arizona. He assembled a group of investors in 1994 to buy a franchise, a year ahead of MLB's proposed expansion selection meetings. In 1995, Colangelo's group was granted an expansion team, the Arizona Diamondbacks.

The Diamondbacks began playing in 1998. For his new baseball club, Colangelo hired Joe Garagiola, Jr. as general manager. He next brought in Buck Showalter coming off a successful stint as manager of the New York Yankees. Showalter and Yankees owner George Steinbrenner did not agree to a contract extension, so Colangelo quickly hired Showalter as future manager of the Diamondbacks. These hirings proved to be instrumental to the expansion franchise's quick success. Key acquisitions made by Garagiola included the signing of Randy Johnson in 1999 and a trade for Curt Schilling in 2000 from the Philadelphia Phillies.  They were co-MVPs of the 2001 World Series when the Diamondbacks beat the Yankees in seven games. This is, , the only major professional sports championship for the Phoenix area.

The Diamondbacks had gone into significant debt to build the 2001 champions. For example, he asked 12 of the highest-paid players to defer their salaries for four years and repay them over eight years. The ensuing debt came back to haunt the Diamondbacks in 2004. Only three years after winning the World Series and two years after winning a third division title in three years, the Diamondbacks never recovered from a slow start. They ultimately finished 51–111, the worst record in baseball and still the worst in franchise history.

By then, Colangelo was gone. He was forced to resign as Managing General Partner in the summer of 2004, and subsequently sold his interest. Ken Kendrick succeeded him as managing general partner, while Jeff Moorad became CEO and operating head of the franchise.

In an interview with USA Today, Colangelo defended his approach to building the Diamondbacks, saying that he was only trying to build a winning team. He contrasted his approach with that of the Diamondbacks' expansion brethren, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, who at the time had finished in either last or next-to-last every season (and would not have a winning season until 2008). He claimed that the plan only backfired when the economy went sour and he didn't get as much from baseball's central fund as anticipated.

Women's basketball
In 1997, Colangelo's team in the Women's National Basketball Association, the Phoenix Mercury, began playing. The following year, the Mercury reached the WNBA Finals but lost to the Houston Comets.

Arena football
In 1992, Colangelo founded the Arena Football League's Arizona Rattlers and owned them until 2005. Under Colangelo's guidance, the Rattlers won Arena Bowl championships in 1994 and 1997. They were also one of the AFL's model franchises and were a perennial playoff team. According to published reports, the Rattlers struggled to stay afloat as a franchise after Colangelo sold the team.

Hockey
Following the demise of the proposed move of the Winnipeg Jets to Minneapolis, Colangelo was involved in bringing the National Hockey League (NHL) to Arizona, successfully convincing the team's ownership to relocate the franchise to the area as the Phoenix Coyotes in 1996. The move made Phoenix one of 13 metropolitan areas with franchises in all four major North American professional sports leagues). The team plays in the Phoenix suburb of Tempe at Arizona State University facilities (upon recently ending a tenure in the nearby suburb Glendale).

Exit from sports
In April 2004, Colangelo sold the Suns, Mercury and Rattlers to an investment group headed by San Diego, California businessman, Tucson, Arizona native Robert Sarver for $401 million.

Late in the 2004 baseball season, Colangelo sold his controlling interest in the Arizona Diamondbacks to a group of investors led by Jeff Moorad.

Other interests

 Jerry Colangelo was part of an investment group planning development in Buckeye, Arizona. They planned a 300,000+ residence development called Douglas Ranch and a smaller  development called Trillium.

Colangelo purchased the bankrupt Wigwam Resort in Litchfield Park, Arizona.

In 2011, Jerry Colangelo assisted in creating Grand Canyon University's Colangelo School of Sports Business and served as an advisor. On September 25, 2014, Grand Canyon University announced their college of business would be renamed Colangelo College of Business.

Awards
Colangelo has been named the NBA's Executive of the Year four times (1976, 1981, 1989, 1993). He is an honorary member of the Marchegiana Society of his hometown, Chicago Heights, Illinois. A street in that city bears his name.

In 1994, Colangelo received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

On May 9, 2002, Colangelo was awarded an honorary degree from Arizona State University.

On April 4, 2004, Colangelo was elected to the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame.

On November 4, 2007, Colangelo was inducted into the Phoenix Suns Ring of Honor at the halftime of a Suns game against the Cleveland Cavaliers.

He is the National Leadership Director of the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame and is also a Hall of Fame inductee. It is located in the Colangelo Building on Taylor Street in Little Italy, Chicago.

On Friday, October 21st, 2016, Colangelo was honored by Phoenix Rotary 100, Arizona's first Rotary Club, the prestigious John D. Driggs Outstanding Career Achievement and Community Service Award.

On Saturday, May 18, 2019, The Lincoln Academy of Illinois granted Colangelo the Order of Lincoln award, the highest honor bestowed by the State of Illinois.

Personal life
Colangelo is a Christian and has spoken about his faith saying, "The first priority in life is to have that relationship with Jesus Christ. So your faith is number one. ... God [has] a plan for my life. You know, the way I've tried to live my life is I have this platform, it was given to me by the Lord. And He's blessed me with a lot of things. And someday I'm going to be held accountable with what I did with those things."

Colangelo is married to Joan, whom he met on a blind date while at college. They have four children: Kathy Holcombe, Kristen Young, Mandie Colangelo, and Bryan Colangelo. Bryan had been president of the Phoenix Suns when his father was part of the ownership group, and rejoined his father with the Philadelphia 76ers from 2016 to 2018.

Works

References

External links

1939 births
Living people
American autobiographers
American men's basketball players
American sports businesspeople
American writers of Italian descent
Arena Football League executives
Arizona Coyotes owners
Arizona Diamondbacks owners
Arizona Rattlers
Basketball coaches from Illinois
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Illinois Fighting Illini baseball players
Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players
Major League Baseball executives
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People from Chicago Heights, Illinois
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Women's National Basketball Association executives

Jerry Colangelo


Oliver Burgess Meredith (16 November 1907 – 9 September 1997) wis an actor frae America. He wis known for appearin on Batman.

1907 births
1997 daiths
20t-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male televeesion actors
American male stage actors
American male radio actors
Unitit States Airmy Air Forces personnel o Warld War II
American fowk o Canadian strynd
American fowk o Inglis strynd
American Theater Hall of Fame inductees
American male jurnalists
American jurnalists
Amherst College alumni
Daiths frae Alzheimer's disease
Daiths frae melanoma
Disease-relatit daiths in Californie
Male actors frae Cleveland
Tony Awaird winners
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners
Fowk wi bipolar disorder
Unitit States Airmy Air Forces officers
American Methodists
Californie Democrats
Ohio Democrats

Burgess Meredith


Power Finance Corporation Ltd. (P. F. C.) is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Power, Government of India. Established in 1986, it is the financial backbone of Indian power sector. PFC's net worth as on 30 June 2023 is INR 1,184 billion. PFC is the 8th highest profit making Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) as per the Department of Public Enterprises Survey for FY 2017–18. PFC is India's largest NBFC and also India's largest infrastructure finance psu. Government has raised status of PFC from ' Navratna' to 'Maharatna' psu on 12 October 2021.

Initially wholly owned by the Government of India, the company issued an initial public offering in January, 2007. The issue was oversubscribed by over 76 times, which is one of the largest for an IPO of any Indian psu. PFC is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE). It is also an ISO 9001:2000 certified company and enjoys the status of Maharatna PSU in India. On 6 December 2018, the Government of India approved PFC's takeover of REC. The acquisition transaction was completed on 28 March 2019 with PFC paying almost Rs. 14,500 Crs to the Govt. of India for the 52.63% stake.

Organization structure
The corporation is headed by the chairman and managing director, who at present is Ravinder Singh Dhillon. The company has three wings, each headed by a Functional Director namely, Commercial Division, Projects Division and Finance Division. The Commercial Division looks after the credit appraisal and categorization of borrower entities, power sector reforms, review and analysis. The Projects Division controls the operation in various states and project appraisal. Finance  Division looks after the Fund Mobilization and Disbursement. PFC is a lean organization. The number of employees as on 31 March 2023 was around 550.

Borrowings
The major part of PFC's funds is raised through Rupee-denominated bonds. PFC bonds enjoy the highest credit rating in the Indian market and in international markets; they are rated at par with the Indian Sovereign rating. It also borrows short term and long term from various banks and other financial institutions. It has also raised external commercial borrowings (ECB) through private placement in the US market. PFC is one of the institutions eligible for raising funds through capital gain tax bonds under section 54EC of the Income Tax Act, 1961.

Over the last two-three years, PFC has focused on diversifying its borrowing portfolio by raising funds from international markets. In November 2017, PFC launched its main Green Bond issue for US$400 million, which witnessed the tightest ever spread for any Indian Issuer for its maiden 10-year issue. In the first quarter of the Financial year 2020, PFC has raised about US$1.3 billion from the international markets. Out of this US$1 billion was raised in June 2019, which was the first dual and largest USD bonds transaction for Govt owned Indian NBFC. This was also PFC's first borrowing from the international markets after the successful acquisition of REC Limited.

In 2017, PFC was granted approval by the Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India, to raise funds under section 54EC of the Income Tax Act 1961. PFC was the first company to obtain such approval post the budget announcement in February 2017. PFC has raised more than Rs. 1,000 Crs under these bonds since their launch in 2017.

Operations
Since its inception, PFC has been providing financial assistance to power projects across India including generation, transmission, distribution and RM&U projects. Recently, it has forayed into the financing of other infrastructure projects which have backward linkages to the power sector like coal mine development, fuel transportation, oil & gas pipelines, etc. The borrower profile includes State Electricity Boards, State sector power utilities, Central sector power utilities and Private sector companies. PFC is also the nodal agency for the implementation of the ambitious Ultra Mega Power Plants (UMPPs) and the R-APDRP programme of Govt. of India. The company also has the mechanism of rating different state Power Utilities on its performance.

Subsidiary and Associate Companies
PFC presently has ten subsidiary companies. PFC Consulting Ltd. (PFCCL) is a wholly owned subsidiary handling fee based services. The six other companies namely Orissa Integrated Power Limited, Coastal Karnataka Power Limited, Coastal Tamil Nadu Power Limited, Coastal Maharashtra Power Limited, Jharkhand Integrated Power Limited and Akaltara Power Limited, are SPVs (Shell Companies) created for implementing the flagship Ultra Mega Power Projects. After the purchase of the entire holding of the Govt. of India in Rural Electrification Corporation Limited(REC) in FY 2018-19, REC has now become a subsidiary of PFC.

PFC is also one of the promoters in Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), with NTPC, Powergrid and REC being the other promoters. EESL is currently implementing of world's largest energy efficiency portfolio and has been instrumental in energy savings of more than 50 billion kWh/year and an estimated GHG reduction of more than 40 million tonne CO2/year.

Awards & recognitions

Notes

External links

Government-owned companies of India
Indian companies established in 1986
Financial services companies of India
Companies based in New Delhi
Electric power in India
1986 establishments in Delhi
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange

Power Finance Corporation


To Be or Not to Be is a 1942 American comedy film directed by Ernst Lubitsch, starring Carole Lombard and Jack Benny, and featuring Robert Stack, Felix Bressart, Lionel Atwill, Stanley Ridges and Sig Ruman. The plot concerns a troupe of actors in Nazi-occupied Warsaw who use their abilities at disguise and acting to fool the occupying troops. It was adapted by Lubitsch (uncredited) and Edwin Justus Mayer from the story by Melchior Lengyel. The film was released one month after actress Carole Lombard was killed in an airplane crash. In 1996, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

Plot
The well-known stars of a Warsaw theater company, including "ham" Josef Tura and wife Maria, are rehearsing Gestapo, a satirical play. That night, when the company performs Hamlet, with Josef in the title role, one actor, Bronski, commiserates with colleague Greenberg about always being spear carriers. Greenberg, implied to be Jewish, reveals he's always dreamed of playing Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.

Maria receives an admiring letter from Lieutenant Stanislav Sobinski; she invites him to visit her in her dressing room that night when Josef begins his "To be, or not to be" speech. Soon, the government issues orders to cancel Gestapo in order to avoid worsening relations with Germany. The following night, Sobinski again walks out during "To be..." to meet Maria, infuriating Josef. Sobinski confesses his love to Maria, assuming that she'll leave her husband, and the stage, to be with him. Before Maria can correct him, news breaks out that Germany has invaded Poland. Sobinski leaves to join the Polish division of the Royal Air Force (RAF), and the actors hide as Warsaw is bombed.

Sobinski and his fellows meet the Polish resistance leader Professor Siletsky. Siletsky will return to Warsaw soon, and the men give him messages for their loved ones. However, Sobinski becomes suspicious when Siletsky doesn't know of Maria Tura. The Allies realize that Siletsky knows the identity of Polish airmen's relatives, against whom reprisals can be taken should he tell the Nazis. Sobinski flies back to warn Maria; however, Siletsky has Maria brought to him by German soldiers and passes on Sobinski's message to her. He invites Maria to dinner, hoping to recruit her as a Nazi spy. Just before she arrives home, Josef returns and finds Sobinski in his bed. Maria and Sobinski try to figure out what to do about Siletsky, while Josef tries to understand his wife's relationship with the pilot. Josef proclaims he'll kill Siletsky.

A company member in Gestapo disguise summons Siletsky to "Gestapo headquarters", the theatre. Josef pretends to be Gestapo Colonel Ehrhardt. After giving Josef the list of Polish resistance fighters' loved ones, Siletsky becomes suspicious and mentions Sobinski's message for Maria and that "To be or not to be" signals their rendezvous. A surprised Josef uncontrollably reveals himself. Siletsky pulls a gun on him and tries to escape but is shot and killed on the theatre's stage by Sobinski. Josef disguises himself as Siletsky and goes to Siletsky's hotel to retrieve an extra copy of Siletsky's list. There he finds Maria, who was unable to leave without Siletsky's approval, and Captain Schultz, who has come to take him to meet with Ehrhardt.

Josef successfully passes himself off as Siletsky and names recently executed prisoners as the leaders of the resistance. The next day, Ehrhardt, who believes Siletsky convinced Maria to join the Nazi cause, informs her that they found Siletsky's corpse in the theatre. Unaware of this, Josef telephones Ehrhardt still masquerading as Siletsky and comes to meet with him. To expose Joseph as an impostor, Ehrhardt leaves him in a room with Siletsky's dead body. Josef has an extra fake beard, shaves off Siletsky's beard and applies the fake beard. He then goads Ehrhardt into pulling it off, convincing him Josef is the real Siletsky. Unaware of Josef's successful scheme, several actors disguised as Hitler's safety squad arrive, yank off Josef's fake beard, and pretend to drag him out. Everyone is safe but now cannot leave Poland on the plane Ehrhardt had arranged for Siletsky.

The Germans stage a show to honor the visiting Hitler. The actors slip into the theater dressed as Germans and hide until Hitler and his entourage take their seats. As the Germans sing the Deutschlandlied, Greenberg suddenly appears and rushes Hitler's box, causing enough distraction to allow the actors to infiltrate the real Germans. Acting as the head of Hitler's guard, Josef demands to know what Greenberg wants, giving the actor his chance to deliver Shylock's speech, ending with "if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?!" Josef orders Greenberg to be "taken away". All the actors march out, including Bronski disguised as Hitler, get in Hitler's cars and drive away.

At her apartment Maria waits for the company to pick her up, but Ehrhardt arrives and tries to seduce her. Bronski enters costumed as Hitler then walks out speechless, which makes Ehrhardt believe she's Hitler's mistress. Maria runs after Bronski, and Ehrhardt shoots himself out of shame.

The actors take off in Hitler's plane, and Sobinski flies to Scotland. When Joseph is asked by the press what reward he would like for saving the underground movement, Maria asserts that he wants to play Hamlet. While performing, Josef is gratified to see Sobinski sit quietly in the audience at the critical moment of his soliloquy. But as he proceeds, another handsome young officer gets up and heads noisily backstage.

Cast
 Carole Lombard as Maria Tura, a famous Polish actress
 Jack Benny as Joseph Tura, a famous Polish actor and Maria's husband
 Robert Stack as Lt. Stanislav Sobinski, a Polish airman in love with Maria
 Felix Bressart as Greenberg, a Jewish actor who plays bit parts and dreams of playing Shylock
 Lionel Atwill as Rawitch, a ham actor
 Stanley Ridges as Professor Alexander Siletsky, a Nazi spy pretending to be a Polish resistance worker
 Sig Ruman as Col. Ehrhardt, the bumbling Gestapo commander in Warsaw
 Tom Dugan as Bronski, a minor actor who impersonates Hitler
 Charles Halton as Dobosh, the producer of the company
 George Lynn an actor who masquerades as Col. Ehrhardt's adjutant
 Henry Victor as Capt. Schultz, the real adjutant of Col. Ehrhardt
 Maude Eburne as Anna, Maria's maid
 Halliwell Hobbes as Gen. Armstrong, a British intelligence officer
 Miles Mander as Major Cunningham, a British intelligence officer
 James Finlayson as Scottish farmer (uncredited)
 Olaf Hytten as Polonius in Warsaw (uncredited)
 Maurice Murphy as Polish RAF Pilot (uncredited)
 Frank Reicher as Polish Foreign Office official (uncredited)

Production
Lubitsch had never considered anyone other than Jack Benny for the lead role in the film. He had even written the character with Benny in mind. Benny, thrilled that a director of Lubitsch's caliber had been thinking of him while writing it, accepted the role immediately. Benny was in a predicament as, strangely enough, his success in the film version of Charley's Aunt (1941) did not interest anyone in hiring the actor for their films.

For Benny's costar, the studio and Lubitsch decided on Miriam Hopkins, whose career had been faltering in recent years. The role was designed as a comeback for the veteran actress, but Hopkins and Benny did not get along well, and Hopkins left the production.

Lubitsch was left without a leading lady until Carole Lombard, hearing his predicament, asked to be considered. Lombard had never worked with the director and yearned to have an opportunity. Lubitsch agreed and Lombard was cast. The film also provided Lombard with an opportunity to work with friend Robert Stack, whom she had known since he was a teenager. The film was shot at United Artists, which allowed Lombard to say that she had worked at every major studio in Hollywood.

Reception
The initial reception of To Be or Not To Be was marked by public apprehension due to its satirical depiction of the Nazis. Reviewers at the time criticized the use of such a serious and palpable threat as a basis for comedy. However, modern-day critics have since come to regard the movie as one of Lubitsch's notable achievements. According to Jack Benny's unfinished memoir, published in 1991, Benny's father initially left the theater in disgust at seeing his son in a Nazi uniform in the film, but Benny eventually convinced him to return. Subsequently, his father not only embraced the movie but watched it an astounding 46 times.

The same could not be said for all critics. While they generally praised Lombard, some scorned Benny and Lubitsch and found the film to be in bad taste. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that it was "hard to imagine how any one can take, without batting an eye, a shattering air raid upon Warsaw right after a sequence of farce or the spectacle of Mr. Benny playing a comedy scene with a Gestapo corpse. Mr. Lubitsch had an odd sense of humor—and a tangled script—when he made this film." The Philadelphia Inquirer agreed, calling the film "a callous, tasteless effort to find fun in the bombing of Warsaw." Some critics were especially offended by Colonel Ehrhardt's line: "Oh, yes I saw him [Tura] in 'Hamlet' once. What he did to Shakespeare we are now doing to Poland."

However, other reviews were positive. Variety called it one of Lubitsch's "best productions in [a] number of years...a solid piece of entertainment." Harrison's Reports called it "An absorbing comedy-drama of war time, expertly directed and acted. The action holds one in tense suspense at all times, and comedy of dialogue as well as of acting keeps one laughing almost constantly." John Mosher of The New Yorker also praised the film, writing "That comedy could be planted in Warsaw at the time of its fall, of its conquest by the Nazis, and not seem too incongruous to be endured is a Lubitsch triumph."

In 1943, the critic Mildred Martin reviewed another of Lubitsch's films in The Philadelphia Inquirer and referred derogatively to his German birth and his comedy about Nazis in Poland. Lubitsch responded by publishing an open letter to the newspaper in which he wrote, What I have satirized in this picture are the Nazis and their ridiculous ideology. I have also satirized the attitude of actors who always remain actors regardless of how dangerous the situation might be, which I believe is a true observation. It can be argued if the tragedy of Poland realistically portrayed as in To Be or Not to Be can be merged with satire. I believe it can be and so do the audience which I observed during a screening of To Be or Not to Be; but this is a matter of debate and everyone is entitled to his point of view, but it is certainly a far cry from the Berlin-born director who finds fun in the bombing of Warsaw.

In recent times the film has become recognized as a comedy classic. To Be or Not To Be has a 96% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 8.7/10, based on 47 reviews, with the consensus: "A complex and timely satire with as much darkness as slapstick, Ernst Lubitsch's To Be or Not To Be delicately balances humor and ethics." Slovenian cultural critic and philosopher, Slavoj Žižek named it his favourite comedy, in an interview in 2015, where he remarked "It is madness, you can not do a better comedy I think".

Awards and honors
To Be or Not to Be was nominated for one Academy Award: the Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #49

Remakes
 A radio drama adaptation of To Be or Not to Be was produced by the Screen Guild Theatre on January 18, 1943, starring William Powell and Diana Lewis.
 The film was remade by 20th Century Fox under the same name, To Be or Not to Be, in 1983. It was directed by Alan Johnson and starred Mel Brooks and Anne Bancroft.
 A stage adaptation was written in German by Juergen Hoffmann in 1988.
 A Bollywood version, Maan Gaye Mughal-e-Azam, was released in 2008.
 A stage version also titled To Be or Not to Be opened on Broadway in 2008.
 A stage adaptation was created in Budapest, Hungary by Marton László, Radnóti Zsuzsa, and Deres Péter in 2011.
 A stage adaptation was created in Madrid, Spain by Juan Echanove in 2022.

References
Notes

Further reading
 Eyman, Scott Ernst Lubitsch: Laughter in Paradise p. 302

External links

To Be or Not to Be essay by David L. Smith at National Film Registry
To Be or Not to Be essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 , pages 349-350

 To Be or Not to Be (1942) Movie stills and literature
 To Be or Not to Be on Screen Guild Theater: January 18, 1943
To Be or Not to Be: The Play's the Thing an essay by Geoffrey O'Brien at the Criterion Collection

1942 films
1940s black comedy films
1942 comedy-drama films
1940s screwball comedy films
American comedy-drama films
American screwball comedy films
American black-and-white films
American political satire films
American black comedy films
1940s English-language films
Films about actors
Films about theatre
Films directed by Ernst Lubitsch
Films set in Warsaw
Films set in 1939
Military humor in film
Films based on works by William Shakespeare
United States National Film Registry films
United Artists films
World War II films made in wartime
Films scored by Miklós Rózsa
Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler

To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)


Ed Madden is an American poet, activist, and Director of Women's and Gender Studies at the University of South Carolina in the USA.  He grew up in Newport, Arkansas, got his B.A. from nearby Harding University, and received his Ph.D. in literature from the University of Texas, Austin.

Professor and poet
Madden is an associate professor of English.  He has written several critical articles on modern British and Irish poetry and has completed a book on representations of Tiresian liminality in modernist poetry (Tiresian Poetics: Modernism, Sexuality, Voice, 1888-2001 from Fairleigh Dickinson University Press).  He co-edited (with Marti Lee) Irish Studies: Geographies and Genders, also co-edited an anthology of essays and poems on male experience, The Emergence of Man into the 21st Century, and wrote "An Open Letter to My Christian Friends," which appears in various textbooks, including Everything's an Argument. Madded has undertaken extensive research on the Irish writer Colm Ó Clúbhán and hosted a Boston College Ireland symposium on Ó Clúbhán in 2017.

In addition to his literary criticism, he also publishes on issues involving sexuality and spirituality.  He has published "Gospels of Inversion: Literature, Scripture, Sexology" in a collection of essays entitled Divine Aporia: Postmodern Conversation About the Other (edited by John C. Hawley).  Another intervention in the intersection of religion, literature, and sex came in the essay "'The Well of Loneliness', or the Gospel According to Radclyffe Hall," published in Reclaiming the Sacred: The Bible in Gay and Lesbian Culture (edited by Raymond-Jean Frontain).

Madden has been a South Carolina Academy of Authors fellow in poetry twice.  He has been writer in residence at the Riverbanks Botanical Gardens in Columbia, South Carolina, and he also worked as writer in residence at Fort Moultrie in Charleston, South Carolina, as part of the state's African-American Heritage Corridor project.  He also works with the South Carolina Poetry Initiative and has been named a 2006 Artist-in-Residence by the South Carolina State Parks.

Madden won not only the single-poem contest sponsored by The State newspaper (Columbia, South Carolina) and the South Carolina Poetry Initiative (with "Prodigal: Variations"), but he has also won the South Carolina Poetry Book Prize, with Signals, which was published by the University of South Carolina Press.  More recently, Madden was selected as one of the top 50 New Poets by Meridian Magazine (which is published by the University of Virginia Press) for his poem, "Sacrifice," which was included in the Best New Poets of 2007 anthology .

His poetry collection Prodigal: Variations appeared in 2011.  His chapbooks include My Father's House (Seven Kitchens Press, 2013), runner-up for the 2011 Robin Becker Chapbook Prize ; So they can sing (Seven kitchens Press, 2017, Robin Becker Series); and Sebastian (Seven Kitchens Press, 2021, ReBound Series). His latest books of poetry are Nest (Salmon Press, 2014) and Ark (Sibling Rivalry Press, 2016).

In January 2015, Madden was named Columbia, SC's first Poet Laureate.

Activist
Madden has been Secretary, Vice President, and President of the South Carolina Gay and Lesbian Pride Movement.  He has written numerous editorials advocating gay liberation in local and national newspapers.  He is also the executive producer of Rainbow Radio: The REAL Gay Agenda, a South Carolina-based, gay-themed radio talk show that is broadcast Sundays at 10 a.m. in Columbia, South Carolina on Air America, WOIC-AM 1230.  This project culminated in the book Out Loud: The Best of Rainbow Radio, a collection and joint project with fellow activist Candace Chellew-Hodge.  This book was chosen by the University of South Carolina's Upstate campus as a common reader for their first-year experience.  This led the South Carolina House of Representatives to cut funds to that school in what some called an act of censorship.

His life partner is Mr. Bert Easter, President of the South Carolina Gay and Lesbian Pride Movement.  They live in Columbia, South Carolina, and both serve as board members for the South Carolina Gay and Lesbian Community Center, now called the Harriet Hancock Community Center.  They were among the first men to file for a marriage license, and ten years after doing so for the first time, they were also among the first men legally married in the state (November 20, 2014).

See also
Ed Madden Collection - Furman University Special Collection

References

External links
http://www.cas.sc.edu/ENGL/faculty/faculty_pages/madden/madden.html
SC Gay and Lesbian Pride Movement
http://www.cas.sc.edu/engl/poetry/general.htm
Rainbow Radio: The REAL Gay Agenda

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American academics of English literature
American activists
American male poets
American gay writers
Harding University alumni
People from Newport, Arkansas
University of South Carolina faculty
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
Women's studies academics
Poets from Arkansas
Poets from South Carolina
Place of birth missing (living people)
American LGBT poets
American male non-fiction writers
Gay poets

Ed Madden


Kaanum Pongal or Kanum Pongal () is the fourth and the final day of the four-day Pongal festival. According to the Gregorian calendar it is celebrated on 17 January. Though the name of the festival is specific to Tamil Nadu, it is also celebrated in other southern Indian states such as Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka as the festival is significantly popular in South India. The day of Kaanum Pongal is often acknowledged as the Thiruvalluvar Day in remembrance of the great historic Tamil writer, poet and philosopher Thiruvalluvar who was known for writing the world famous Thirukural. The day is also popularly treated as the sightseeing day as well as the Thanksgiving day. People believe Kaanum Pongal is an auspicious day to arrange marriage proposals and to kick start new bonds and relationships.

Naming and celebrations
The word Kaanum means 'viewing and seeing'. Kaanum Pongal is the day of relaxation and enjoyment as it implies that people spend their time by arranging family trips, picnics, visiting neighbours and relatives houses. In the state of Andhra Pradesh, the festival is earmarked and celebrated as Mukkanuma and the auspicious festival is observed in Andhra by worshipping the cattle. In the state of Tamil Nadu, the day of Kanum Pongal is also referred to as Virgin Pongal or Kanni Pongal, the word Kanni implies virgin/maiden/unmarried girl. Unmarried girls celebrate the festival by playing in the water at the river banks and pray the god to have a very successful matrimonial life. Kanni Pongal is celebrated coinciding Kaanum Pongal for the wellbeing of unmarried women and for the fertility.

Kaanum Pongal for women offer special prayers towards the Sun god for the wellbeing of their brothers and as per the customs and traditions, women visit the brothers places.

References

Tamil festivals
January observances
Food and drink festivals in India
Festivals in Tamil Nadu
Festivals in Andhra Pradesh
Festivals in India
Hindu festivals
Harvest festivals
Harvest festivals in India
Hindu festivals in India
Religious festivals in India

Kaanum Pongal


There's That Woman Again is a 1938 American comedy mystery film directed by Alexander Hall. It is the sequel to There's Always a Woman, released the same year. In both films, Melvyn Douglas stars as a private investigator whose wife involves herself in his work. Joan Blondell played the wife in the first film, but that role went to Virginia Bruce in this one.

Plot
Private detective Bill Reardon (Melvyn Douglas) is awakened one morning by his dizzy wife, Sally (Virginia Bruce), who can't remember what the string tied to her finger is supposed to remind her of.

While discussing the unfortunate financial condition of their private detective agency during breakfast, an executive of a jewelry story, Mr. Stone (Reardon's only client) calls him and demands to know why he hasn't shown up for an important meeting to discuss the recent robberies the store has experienced. Sally Reardon was supposed to give her husband a message about the meeting (which explains the string on her finger).

Reardon hurries off to meet with Mr. Stone and Mr. Davis (the jewelry store executives), along with Mrs. Nacelle (the wife of the rich owner of the store). Reardon informs them that he has a solid suspect for the crimes, a clerk named Charles Crenshaw (Gordon Oliver).

Meanwhile, Charles Crenshaw shows up at the Reardon Detective agency and wants to hire them to find out why he's being followed by an unknown man who recently searched his apartment. Sally Reardon pretends to be one of the agency's detectives, hoping to help her husband's failing business. She accepts Crenshaw's case.

Crenshaw is unaware that the man who followed him and searched is apartment was actually Bill Reardon himself, since he thinks Crenshaw is the thief.

That afternoon, Bill Reardon has lunch with the attractive Mrs. Nacelle (Margaret Lindsay), who informs him that her husband took over the jewelry store from Mr. Davis because he owed her husband money.  Mrs. Nacelle thinks Davis resents losing the store, and she suggests that he might be the thief.

Sally Reardon shows up at the restaurant and overhears her husband say that Charles Crenshaw (the agency's newest client) is also the chief suspect for the jewel thefts!  Believing Crenshaw is innocent, Sally quickly leaves the restaurant so she can call the young clerk at the jewelry store and warn him.  Soon afterwards, Bill Reardon and his agents apprehend Crenshaw.

That evening the Reardon's join Mr. and Mrs. Nacelle for dinner at a posh nightclub. The jewelry store's manager and former owner (Davis) is seen leaving the nightclub, and he deliberated picks up a note at the hat check stand which was left for Tony Croy (Stanley Ridges), a known mob boss.  Moments later Tony Croy arrives and asks the hat check girl if there's a note for him, but the girl says it was just picked up by another man who claimed to be Mr. Croy.

Davis leaves in a cab, and Croy jumps into a cab to follow him. In the cab, Davis reads the note he stole, which gives the location of some unnamed object located in a specific filing cabinet at the jewelry store. Davis goes to the jewelry store to find out what the note refers to, but he's shot by an unseen assailant.

Meanwhile, back at the nightclub, Sally devises a harebrained scheme to help clear Crenshaw of the robberies by stealing something from the jewelry store while Crenshaw is still in jail, which would prove he was not the culprit.  Using the keys she takes from Mrs. Nacelle's purse, she goes to the jewelry store and steals several items from a display case.

The next morning at the crime scene, the police detectives are busy collecting evidence. Bill Reardon secretly finds the note that Davis brought to the store the night before, and Reardon realizes that it's connected to the case.

Bill and Sally Reardon eventually discover that Tony Croy and Mrs. Nacelle were married some years earlier, but never got divorced. Croy has been blackmailing Mrs. Nacelle with this info, forcing her to steal the jewelry from her husband's store. When Croy comes to Mrs. Nacelles mansion to collect the stolen jewels,
Mrs. Nacelle tricks him by having him open a safe which is rigged to fire a gun attached to a device inside.

Back at the jewelry store, Bill shows the police detectives that Mr. Davis was actually killed by a trick gun which fired from inside the file drawer when it was opened — the same trick Mrs. Nacelle used inside her home wall safe. The rigged filing cabinet drawer was meant to kill Croy, the man who was supposed to get the note which gave directions to that particular file drawer.

Bill and Sally Reardon set a trap for Mrs. Nacelle, solve the case, and lead the police to the final showdown with the murderous wife.

Cast
 Melvyn Douglas as William "Bill" Reardon
 Virginia Bruce as Sally Reardon
 Margaret Lindsay as Mrs. Nacelle
 Stanley Ridges as Tony Croy
 Gordon Oliver as Charles Crenshaw
 Tom Dugan as Flannigan
 Don Beddoe as Johnson
 Jonathan Hale as Rolfe Davis
 Pierre Watkin as Mr. Nacelle
 Paul Harvey as Stone
 Lillian Yarbo as Ladies Room Attendant (uncredited)

Reception
In The New York Times, Frank Nugent described it as "a crudely jointed mystery film", but conceded "it's a harmless way of killing time."

References

External links

American black-and-white films
American crime comedy films
Columbia Pictures films
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Alexander Hall
1930s comedy mystery films
1930s crime comedy films
American sequel films
American comedy mystery films
1938 comedy films
1938 films
1930s American films

There's That Woman Again


International Chess Day is celebrated annually on 20 July, the day the International Chess Federation (FIDE) was founded, in 1924.

The idea to celebrate this day as the international chess day was proposed by UNESCO, and it has been celebrated as such since 1966, after it was established by FIDE. FIDE, which has 181 chess federations as its members, organizes chess events and competitions around the world on this day. As recently in 2013, the international chess day was celebrated in 178 countries, according to FIDE President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov.  On 12 December, 2019, the UN General Assembly unanimously approved a resolution recognizing the day.

See also

References

External links
International Chess Day website

Chess
July observances
1966 in chess

International Chess Day


Jacques de Sève  (fl. 1742 – 1788) was a French illustrator.

Career
De Sève was commissioned by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon to provide the quadruped illustrations for Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (1749-1778, in 36 volumes) (François-Nicolas Martinet did the birds) and then Buffon's Recueil de Vingtquatre Plantes et Fleurs (1772). He also illustrated work by Duhamel du Monceau, Claude Perrault (later editions) and parts of Encyclopédie Méthodique. His illustrations are sometimes exact anatomical representations or show the animals against landscape backgrounds. They were engraved by Louis Le Grand.

His son, Jacques Eustache also worked as an artist and engraver, contributing to the later Suites à Buffon. Together father and son produced thousands of illustrations.

References
 Benezit, Emmanuel (1911–1923). Dictionnaire de Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs, vol. 12, p. 713

External links

 The Buffon project: L'histoire naturelle online (in French), edited by a history of science labs from CNRS (2006).

Scientific illustrators
French naturalists

Jacques de Sève


Ten15 is an algebraically specified abstract machine. It was developed by Foster, Currie et al. at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment at Malvern, Worcestershire, during the 1980s. It arose from earlier work on the Flex machine, which was a capability computer implemented via microcode. Ten15 was intended to offer an intermediate language common to all implementations of the Flex architecture for portability purposes. It had the side effect of making the benefits of that work available on modern processors lacking a microcode facility.

Ten15 served as an intermediate language for compilers, but with several unique features, some of which have still to see the light of day in everyday systems. Firstly, it was strongly typed, yet wide enough in application to support most languages — C being an exception, chiefly because C deliberately treats an array similar to a pointer to the first element of that array. This ultimately led to Ten15's development into TDF, which in turn formed the basis for ANDF. Secondly, it offered a persistent, write-only filestore mechanism, allowing arbitrary data structures to be written and retrieved without conversion into an external representation.

Historical note
Why 'Ten15'? Nic Peeling reports that during early discussions of the concepts of Ten15, it was agreed that this was important and should have a name - but what? Ian Currie looked up at the clock and said 'Why not call it 10:15?'

See also
 Virtual machine
 TenDRA Compiler

References

Computer languages
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Malvern, Worcestershire
Science and technology in Worcestershire
Theory of computation

Ten15


Antezana de la Ribera is a village in the municipality of Ribera Alta in Álava, Basque Country, Spain.

Location and access
Antezana de la Ribera is located on the eastern slope of Montemayor, 29 kilometers from Vitoria on the A-3310 between Manzanos and Pobes.

Population
Antezana de la Ribera consists of 11 inhabitants who live continuously and another six that visit on weekends. Its main activity is agriculture (5 farmers), others work in industries in Vitoria and Miranda de Ebro and the rest are retired.

Geography
The large hill that forms most of Antezana de la Ribera's jurisdiction of 575 hectares consists of pines and holm oaks dotted with oak trees.

Monuments
Antezana de la Ribera has a well-preserved church dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption whose feast is celebrated on August 15. The altar is flanked by some newly restored paintings. The entrance to the San Andrés chapel is guarded by an elegant gate dating from 1576. There is also a confessional. The pilgrimage to the shrine of Our Lady of Joy is celebrated in May and September. The shrine is located in the upper part of the town from where the views of the valley are splendid. Up to ten other villages belonging to the municipality and the County of Treviño can be seen.

Populated places in Álava

Antezana de la Ribera


Karl Ludwig Hampe (3 February 1869 – 14 February 1936) was a German historian of the Middle Ages, particularly the history of the Holy Roman Empire in the High Middle Ages.

Hampe was born in Bremen and graduated from Berlin in 1893. Following graduation, he spent five years as an employee of the Monumenta Historica Germaniae. In Bonn Hampe met his later wife Charlotte Rauff, daughter of Heidelberg geologist Hermann Rauff. On 2 March 1903 he married at the age of 34, Rauff (19 years old). They had four sons and three daughters. Among them architect Hermann Hampe and archaeologist Roland Hampe. In 1903 he was appointed to a professorship in medieval history and historical auxiliary sciences at Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg. In 1924/25 he served as university rector. Hampe remained at Heidelberg until 1933 when he refused to cooperate with the increasing pressure put on universities by the new Nazi-led government of Germany and resigned his professorship. He died in Heidelberg.

Published works
Hampe's major historical works include Deutsche Kaisergeschichte in der Zeit der Salier und Staufer, later translated into English and published as "Germany under the Salian and Hohenstaufen emperors" (1974). Other significant works by Hampe include:
 Geschichte Konradins von Hohenstaufen, 1893 – History of Conradin of Hohenstaufen.
 Kaiser Friedrich II., der Hohenstaufe, 1899 – Kaiser Friedrich II.
 Mittelalterliche Geschichte, 1922 – Medieval history.
 Die Aktenstücke zum Frieden von S. Germano 1230, 1926 – Filed documents associated with the Peace of San Germano 1230.
 Herrschergestalten des deutschen Mittelalters, 1927 – Ruling figures of the German Middle Ages.
 Das Hochmittelalter. Geschichte des Abendlandes von 900 bis 1250, 1932 – The High Middle Ages. History of the West 900-1250.

See also
Roland Hampe

References

German medievalists
1869 births
1936 deaths
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Writers from Bremen (city)
German male non-fiction writers

Karl Hampe


Portland limestone is a limestone which was deposited in the latest stage of the Upper Jurassic period. It was first found on the Isle of Portland, Dorset. However, it occurs over a much wider area, including France.

The strata are beds of white-grey limestone separated by beds of chert.

Formation

Origin
Portland limestone was formed in a shallow, warm, sub-tropical sea on the continental shelf of what is now western Europe.

Limestones are mostly made of calcium carbonate. This comes originally from the bodies of many small organisms which build their shells or framework out of CaCO3 crystals. An example is the type of protist called coccolithophores.
"[Coccolithophores] were the first organisms to bring about a steady rain of calcium carbonate from the upper, illuminated zone of the ocean towards the deep sea".p144

On the continental shelves of the world photosynthetic organisms, like coccoliths, bacteria, and algae, produce calcium carbonate. Many animals, like bivalves and coral reefs, then use it to make their shells or other structures. Carbonates are rocks formed from these sources, plus any CaCO3 which is precipitated out of solution.

Florida Bay
Florida Bay, the shallow lagoon behind the Florida Keys, is a model for the conditions which produced limestones on the continental shelf. Of course, all the species were somewhat different then but, as an ecosystem, it is similar.

In the Florida Bay a type of flowering plant called sea grass is in abundance. Also in abundance is white, milky water full of calcium carbonate. This is mainly formed by Melobesia, a small red alga which lives on the sea grass.p151 Finally, the organisms produce huge amounts of slime, which is a polysaccharide. There is good reason to think the slime is produced by microorganisms to control the way their carbonate skeletons are formed.p139

Florida Bay is a flat platform which has laid down a huge amount of carbonate rock.
"You have to drill for more than 3000 feet before you reach a different rock type, and that is of Cretaceous age—some 70 million years ago".p158

Later events
Carbonate rocks are different in different places and at different times. This is because varied organisms lived there and produced the carbonate. Also various events happened, like underwater landslides and earthquakes, which disrupted the beds. Sometimes the deposition of carbonate was interrupted, and different organisms produced silica, which we see as beds of chert.

In the Portland sandstone, much of the limey mud was laid down with bits and pieces of shells or sand. These became coated with layers of lime mud, and formed small balls (less than 0.5 mm diameter). Over time, countless billions of these balls, known as "ooids" or "ooliths", became partly cemented together by more calcite, to form the oolitic limestone we call Portland limestone.

Practical uses

As a building stone
It has been widely used as a building stone in the British Isles, though it is relatively expensive.

It was used seen in major public buildings, such as Buckingham Palace, St Paul's Cathedral and the British Museum. It is also exported to many countries. Portland stone is used in the United Nations headquarters building in Manhattan, for example.

Portland stone is hard enough to resist weathering but soft enough to be worked (cut and carved) by stonemasons. This is one of the reasons why it is so good for monuments and architecture.

In a cement
In 1824 Joseph Aspdin invented a cement by  burning a mixture of limestone and clay. The limestone he used was Portland linestone, and so he
patented the term Portland Cement. Builders quickly recognised that it was better than older cements, although more expensive. It is still widely used in the building trade today.

References

Carbonate rocks
Building materials

Portland limestone


Asa G. Hilliard III (August 22, 1933 – August 13, 2007), also known as Nana Baffour Amankwatia II, was an African-American professor of educational psychology who worked on indigenous ancient African history (ancient Egyptian), culture, education and society. He was the Fuller E. Callaway Professor of Urban Education at Georgia State University, with joint appointments in the Department of Education Policy Studies and the Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education.  Prior to his position at Georgia State, Hilliard served as the Dean of the School of Education at San Francisco State University in San Francisco, California.

Career
In 1981, Hilliard introduced the concept of "Baseline Essays" (short stories "of the experience of a particular geo-cultural group within a particular academic area from earliest times to the present" ) to the Portland, Oregon school district. This resulted in a collection of essays advocating Afrocentrism, authored by "six scholars," known as the African-American Baseline Essays, which were adopted by the district in 1989.

Selected memberships: Alliance of Black School Educators, San Francisco Chapter founder; American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, board; American Psychological Association, fellow, board of ethnic and minority affairs; Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations, founding member, vice president; National Black Child Development Institute, founding board member.

Selected awards: Republic of Liberia, Knight Commander of the Humane Order of African Redemption, 1972; American Association of Colleges for Teachers, Thurgood Marshall Award for Excellence; American Association of Higher Education Black Caucus, Harold Delaney Exemplary Educational Leadership Award; American Educational Research Association, Distinguished Career Contribution Award, Research and Development Award for Excellence; honorary doctorates from DePaul University, Wheelock College.  He was also the recipient of awards including the Outstanding Scholarship Award from the Association of Black Psychologists and the Distinguished Leadership Award from the Association of Teachers of Education. Hilliard was a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.

Personal life
Hilliard was married to Patsy Jo Hilliard, the first African American and/or female mayor of the City of East Point, Georgia, with whom he had four children (Asa IV, Robi, Patricia and Hakim) and eight grandchildren (Maia, Terry, T'Shaka, Foluke, Xavier, Dayo, Shaidah and Asa Pearl).

Hilliard's grandfather, Asa Grant Hilliard was a high school principal in Bay City, Texas, for whom the former Hilliard High School was named.  His father, Asa Grant Hilliard II, was also a high school principal, who spent most of his teaching career in Tyler, Texas.

He declared of his work: "I am a teacher, a psychologist and a historian. As such, I am interested in the aims, the methods and the content of the socialization processes that we ought to have in place to create wholeness among our people."

He believed that all children were capable of achieving excellence. The keys to achievement were high expectations, well-trained teachers, and the abandonment of standardized testing. Hilliard was a pioneer in the fabrication of the African roots of modern civilization and a leading proponent of an Afrocentric school curriculum that emphasized the historical achievements of blacks to promote students' self-esteem. Hilliard authored more than a thousand publications on subjects including educational policy, teaching strategies, testing, child growth and development, and African history and culture. Several of his programs for teaching, assessment, and pluralistic curricula became national models. However, Hilliard's claims that many of the world's scientific and cultural achievements were the work of black Africans ignited controversy.

Death
Hilliard was traveling with his wife and a tour group in Egypt in 2007 when he died unexpectedly of what was determined to be Malaria.

Published work
 The Maroon Within Us: Selected Essays on African American Community Socialization
 SBA: The Reawakening of the African Mind
 Teaching/Learning Anti-Racism: A Developmental Approach (Paperback)
 The Teachings of Ptahhotep (Paperback)
 The Price They Paid: Desegregation in an African American Community (Paperback)
 Infusion of African & African American Content in the School Curriculum (Paperback)
 African Power: Affirming African Indigenous Socialization in the Face of the Culture Wars (Paperback)
 ''Rx for Racism: Imperatives for America's Schools (Article; Phi Delta Kappan April 1990)

Selected works

Books
 The Intellectual Strengths of Black Children and Adolescents: A Challenge to Pseudo Science, Institute of Afrikan Research, 1974.
 (With others) From Ancient Africa to African-Americans Today, Portland Public Schools, 1983.
 (Editor, with Barbara Sizemore) Saving the African American Child, National Alliance of Black School Educators, 1984.
 (With Bettye M. Caldwell) What Is Quality Child Care? National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1985.
 (Editor, with Larry Williams and Nia Hilliard Damali) The Teachings of Ptahhotep: The Oldest Book in the World, Blackwood Press, 1987.
 Fifty Plus Essential References on the History of African People, Black Classic Press, 1993.
 The Maroon Within Us: Selected Essays on African American Community Socialization, Black Classic Press, 1995.
 (Editor) Testing African American Students, Third World Press, 1995.
 SBA: The Reawakening of the African Mind, rev. ed., Makare Publishing, 1998.
 African Power: Affirming African Indigenous Socialization in the Face of the Cultural Wars, Makare Publishing, 2002.
 (Editor, with Nefertari Patricia Hilliard-Nunn) True of Voice: The Poetry of Listervelt Middleton, Makare Publishing, 2003.
 (With Theresa Perry and Claude Steele) Young, Gifted, and Black: Promoting High Achievement Among African American Students, Beacon Press, 2003.

Book chapters
 "I.Q. Testing as the Emperor's New Clothes," in Perspective on Bias in Mental Testing, ed. Cecil Reynolds and Robert E. Brown, Plenum Press, 1984, pp. 139–169.
 "Historical Perspectives of Black Families," in Proceedings of the Black Family Summit, National Urban League, 1985.
 "Blacks in Antiquity: A Review," in African Presence in Early Europe, ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Transaction, 1985, 2000.
 "Waset, the Eye of Ra and the Abode of Maat: The Pinnacle of Black Leadership in the Ancient World," in Egypt Revisited, ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Transaction, 1991.
 "Mathematical Excellence for Cultural Minority Students: What Is the Problem?" in Prospects for School Mathematics: Seventy-Five Years of Progress, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1995.
 "Race, Identity, Hegemony, and Education: What Do We Need to Know Now?" in Race and Education, ed. William Watkins, James Lewis, and Victoria Chou, Allyn & Bacon, 2001, pp. 7–33.
 "Language, Culture, and the Assessment of African American Children," in The Skin We Speak: Thoughts on Language and Culture in the Classroom, ed. Lisa D. Delpit and Joanne Kilgour Dowdy, New Press, 2002.
 "If We Had the Will to See It Happen," in Letters to the Next President: What We Can Do About the Real Crisis in Public Education, ed. Carl D. Glickman, Teachers College Press, 2004.
 "The Meaning of KMT (Ancient Egyptian) History for Contemporary African American Experience," in Africana Legacy: Diasporic Studies in the Americas, ed. Cecily Barker McDaniel and Tekla Ali Johnson, Tapestry Press, 2006.

Periodicals
 "Psychological Factors Associated with Language in the Education of the African-American Child," Journal of Negro Education, 1983, pp. 24–34.
 "The Cultural Unity of Black Africa: The Domains of Patriarchy and of Matriarchy in Classical Antiquity," Journal of African Civilizations, 1986, pp. 102–109.
 "Back to Binet: The Case Against the Use of IQ Tests in the Schools," Contemporary Education, 1990, pp. 184–189.
 "Do We Have the Will to Educate All Children?" Educational Leadership, 1991, pp. 31–36.
 "What Good Is This Thing Called Intelligence and Why Bother to Measure It?," Journal of Black Psychology, 1994, pp. 430–44.
 "Excellence in Education versus High-Stakes Standardized Testing," Journal of Teacher Education, 2000, pp. 293–304.

Video recordings
 Free Your Mind: Return to the Source, African Origins, Waset Education Productions, 1986.
 Testing and Tracking, National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1989.
 (With Ela Aktay) Cultural Diversity and Student Achievement: A Basic Necessity, Skylight Professional Development, 1999.
 First People, Our People: Ancient Egypt Revealed, MEE Productions, 2001.

Online

Sources
Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 8, 1999, p. JD9; August 14, 2007, p. B5.

Atlanta Tribune: The Magazine, February 2006, p. 14.

Educational Leadership, May 1999, pp. 58–62.

Intervention in School & Clinic, November 2004, pp. 96–105.

New York Beacon, October 11–17, 2007, p. 23.

Washington Post, August 16, 2007, p. B7.

"Asa Hilliard Biography," The History Makers, https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111347/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=552&category=EducationMakes (accessed November 15, 2007).

"Dr. Asa G. Hilliard, III Biography," College of Education, Georgia State University, https://web.archive.org/web/20100701013752/http://education.gsu.edu/main/1641.html (accessed November 15, 2007).

"Dr. Asa Grant Hilliard, III, Pan-Africanist, Educator, Historian and Psychologist, Has Passed from This Life," Asa G. Hilliard, https://web.archive.org/web/20090511193405/http://www.asaghilliard.net/ (accessed November 15, 2007).

"Tribute to Dr. Asa Grant Hilliard III (1933-2007), " Black Britain, http://www.blackbritain.co.uk/feature/details/120/USA/ (accessed November 15, 2007).

References

External links

 The Wright Side of the Brain
 Asa G. Hilliard, III Papers, Audio-Visual Materials Series at Atlanta University Center

1933 births
2007 deaths
African-American psychologists
American social scientists
20th-century American psychologists
American social sciences writers
Historians of Africa
American pan-Africanists
Infectious disease deaths in Egypt
Deaths from malaria
Afrocentrists
Academics from Texas
American academic administrators
African-American educators
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century American academics

Asa Grant Hilliard III


Nicolas Wadimoff is a Swiss director and producer. He was born in 1964 in Geneva, Switzerland.

Biography
Wadimoff was born in 1964 in Geneva, Switzerland.

1983: Graduated from the Collège de Genève

1987: Degree in Communication from the University of Quebec, Montreal (UQAM, specialisation in cinema).

1983-1990: Guitarist in an alternative rock group and toured round Europe.

1985-1990: founding member of the association État d'Urgences (State of Emergency), alternative cultural action group, and management of USINE, cultural centre.

Between 1992 and 1996, worked at TSR (French language TV network in Switzerland) as a director for different news magazines, including the programme Temps Présent. During this time, he filmed in Libya, Algeria, Palestine and Israel, Yemen, Rwanda, Chiapas, etc…

1994: Actor directing class with Judith Weston

1996: Directed his first feature length fiction movie, "Clandestins", winner of more than fifteen awards at international festivals.

1997-2002: Co-founder of the movie production company Caravan prod. for which he produces and directs adverts and movies to order, documentaries and fiction movies, including the TV movie "15, rue des Bains", the feature length cinema movie "Mondialito" then in 2002 the TV movie "Kadogo, l'enfant-soldat" for France 2 and TSR.

In 2002, he left his role at caravan prod. to dedicate himself exclusively to being a writer-director. Through Akka Films, Nicolas Wadimoff started up and developed the project "Swiss Palestinian Encounters": five short documentaries were borne out of a documentary workshop in which young aspiring Palestinian movie directors took part. The world premieres of the movies, presented under the title "My Home", took place at the Visions du Réel Festival in April 2005 before being shown at international festivals.

In 2005, he brought out "L'Accord", a feature length documentary that tells the behind the scenes story of the Geneva Initiative; the movie had its world premiere at the Locarno festival.

In 2006, together with the Palestinian Filmmaker's Colllective, Nicolas Wadimoff co-produced "Summer 2006 in Palestine", a collection a 13 short 3 minute movies by Palestinian filmmakers.

In autumn 2006, Nicolas Wadimoff directed the fictional part of a docudrama for the Franco-German TV network Arte, "Les Mystères de Monte Sana", a science-fiction movie on stem cell treatments.

Between November 2006 and May 2007, he also directed two 26 minute episodes for the "Toutes les Télés du Monde" series, again for Arte.

In 2007, he produced "5 minutes from Home", a documentary by Nahed Awwad, which had its international competition premiere at the Visions du Réel festival in Nyon, Switzerland.

In 2008, while still developing his own projects, Nicolas Wadimoff produced the 13 episode 6 minute "Futurofoot" series for TSR, Direct 8 (France) and Orange TV, then the movie "Dowaha" (The Secrets) by Raja Amari, shortlisted at the 2009 Venice Film Festival and "Fix Me" by Raed Andoni, shortlisted at the 2010 Sundance Festival.

In February 2009, following the War in Gaza, he shot the documentary "Aisheen" (Still Alive in Gaza), shortlisted at the 2010 Berlin Festival, then entered at the Visions du Réel festival in Nyon in April 2010.

His next feature length fiction movie, "Libertad", based on a script written with Jacob Berger, was premiered in Director's Fortnight in Cannes Film Festival in 2012.

In 2015, he won the prestigious "Prix de Soleure" award with "Spartans". Documentary about Yvan Sorel, who runs a MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) club in Marseille's "Quartier nord", a district of the city mainly known in the media for its drug trafficking, gang shootings and kalashnikovs.

Filmography
 1989: Yehudi, Arabi, Yemeni, with Naïma Bachiri, documentary
 1990: Arménie-Jerusalem, documentary
 1992: Le Bol, documentary
 1992: Les Gants d'or d'Akka, documentary
 1992: Le temps des clandestins, documentary Temps Présent
 1994: Silence, on développe, documentary Temps Présent
 1995: Quand on allait voir Carlos, documentary Temps Présent
 1996: Cyber-Guerilla, documentary
 1997: Clandestins, with Denis Chouinard
 2000: Mondialito
 2000: 15, rue des Bains
 2002: Kadogo, l'enfant soldat
 2003: Alinghi, the Inside Story, documentary
 2005: L'Accord, with Béatrice Guelpa, documentary
 2005: Last Supper, with Issa Freij
 2007: Les mystères de Monte Sana, with Leo Singer
 2007: Toutes les télés du monde, documentary
 2009: Aisheen (still Alive in Gaza), with Béatrice Guelpa, documentary
 2012: Opération Libertad
 2013: Chasseurs de crimes, documentary
 2014: Spartans , documentary
2016: Jean Ziegler, the Optimism of Willpower, documentary
2018: The Apollo of Gaza, documentary

Awards
 1997 : Winner at the Locarno film Festival (Jury des Jeunes award, FIPRECI award), Clandestins.
 1997 : Namur film festival. Bayard d'Or (award for best film), Public Award, Award for Best Screenplay and Jury des Jeunes award, Clandestins.
 1997 : Quebecois Film Festival. Award for Best Screenplay and Best Direction-Photography, Clandestins.
 1999 : Tokyo International Festival. Best Actor Award for Moussa Maaskri, Mondialito.
 2000 : Vues d'Afrique Festival. Special mention from the Jury, Mondialito.
 2000 : Tbilisi International Film Festival. Award for Best Director, Mondialito.
 2010 : Festival International de Berlin, Forum. Prix du Jury Œcuménique pour Aisheen (still alive in Gaza)
 2010 : Festival Visions du Réel.  "Buyens-Chagoll award and Special mention from the Jury des Jeunes,  Aisheen (still alive in Gaza)
 2010 : Moqavemat International Film Festival of Téhéran . Award for Best film in Gaza category, Aisheen (still alive in Gaza)
 2012 : 44th Director's Fortnight, in Cannes. World première, Opération Libertad.
 2013 : Swiss film award. Nomination (Best Fiction Film, Best Screenplay and Best Performance in a Supporting Role) for Opération Libertad. Quartz of the Best Performance in a Supporting Role to  Antonio Buil.
 2013 : 7th Festival international du film policier de Liège. Insigne de Crystal, and public award, Opération LIbertad.
 2015.  Solothurner Filmtage. Prix de Soleure, Spartans.
 2015 : Festival AMDOCS. Drew-Vérité Award, Spartans s.
 2015: Plein les Yeux, Frans Film Festival. Best french speaking film, Spartans .

Living people
1964 births
Swiss movie directors
Swiss movie producers
Movie people from Geneva

Nicolas Wadimoff


Ahamb, also spelled Axamb or Akhamb is an Oceanic language spoken in South Malakula, Vanuatu.

Ahamb has around 1000 speakers, most of whom reside on the small low-lying Ahamb Island and the nearby Malekula mainland. The language is endangered due to a number of factors, including climate change and environmental factors.

Linguist Tihomir Rangelov published a grammatical description of Ahamb in 2020.

The language

Phonology
Ahamb's phonology is characterised by distinctive prenasalisation in its plosives and trills. There are four contrastive trills, including the typologically rare plain bilabial trill.

The vowel inventory is also relatively large compared to other related languages, with eight contrastive vowels.

Grammar
Nouns in Ahamb are classified as common, personal and local. They can also be classified as alienable and inalienable, which corresponds to a structural distinction in possessive constructions involving classifiers (general and alimentary) or direct suffixation respectively. Noun phrases consist of a nominal head and various modifiers that follow it in a relatively flexible order.

Verbs in Ahamb can be transitive and intransitive. Intransitive verbs are further classified as active or stative. Detransitivisation is possible with the use of prefixation or reduplication. Verbs can take a number of prefixed tense/aspect/mood/polarity modifiers and commonly feature a subject index. Subject indexes come in three paradigms with forms for all person, number and clusivity distinctions. Neutral subject indexes are used in a variety of situations and combine most freely with other preverbal modifiers. Sequential event subject indexes are used to mark the second and subsequent verb in complex clauses that encode sequential events with the same subject. Irrealis mood subject indexes are used in interrogatives and negative modality constructions, among others. The objects of transitive verbs can be encoded by an object pro-index, which can take four different forms.

Ahamb has SVO word order. Negation can be expressed in a number of ways, including a separate prohibitive coding and a negative modality particle. Different verb-like forms can function as prepositions and deixis markers. Complementation can be expressed with or without a complementiser, corresponding to a distinction in the semantic properties of the complement taking verb. Verb serialisation has been attested on the nuclear and core level. A special type of nuclear serialisation-like construction involves coverbs – non-prototypical verb forms that are only attested in such constructions. On the core level, switch-function and ambient serialisation is attested. Subordination is possible with a large variety of conjunctions. Other complex clause types include sequential event constructions and both syndetic and asyndetic coordinating constructions.

Resources
A collection of Ahamb texts is available with open access at the Endangered Languages Archive.

References and links

References

External links
Axamb resources in the OLAC Language Catalog
Axamb resources in WorldCat
The Story of the Reef Numbur in Ahamb and English
Ahamb phrases and texts, 1999

Malekula languages
Languages of Vanuatu

Axamb language


Alexandra Fol (born July 11, 1981 in Sofia, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian-Canadian composer who resides in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Fol has composed more than 40 works in different mediums, which have been performed by ensembles such as Sofia Philharmonic Orchestra, the orkest de ereprijs, Ossia New Music, the New Fromm players, the thingNY ensemble, the Young Artists Orchestra, McGill University Orchestra, and others.

Fol's works have been performed by the Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal, the Sofia Philharmonic, the New Score Chamber orchestra, among others. In 2005 she was one of four composers commissioned to write a children's work for the 70th anniversary of the Montréal Symphony Orchestra's Children's series. "Pegasus", op. 37 was performed throughout the 2005-2006 season and included in an educational CD for children. Important performances of her works include the premiere of her "Two Songs for Voice and Orchestra" by one of the Tokyo Symphony Orchestras in 1994 and the premiere of her Concerto for Violinon a 16 c. Storioni violin by Leonid Iogansen and the Boston University Orchestra in 2001.

Fol teaches composition for the  She was a finalist for the 2006 Gaudeamus International Composers Award and a 2007 Tanglewood Music Center composition fellow, and is recipient of grants by the Canada Council for the Arts and the Bulgarian Ministry of Culture among others.

Fol studied composition at Boston University, the Eastman School of Music and McGill University. Her principal teachers include  and John Rea.

Fol is currently organist and director of music at St. James United Church in Montréal.

Selected works

Orchestra:

"One Day God Will Return" for chamber orchestra, 2008

"Requiem no. 2", op. 40, 2006

"Pegasus", op. 37, 2005

Concerti for solo and orchestra:

"A Swan song for the Impossible Love" for Bass clarinet and chamber orchestra, 2004

Viola concerto no. 2, 2002

Violin concerto, 2001

Viola concerto no. 1, 1999

Piano concerto, 1999

Chorus and orchestra:

"Requiem no. 1", op. 19, 2001

Stage:

Incidental music for Macbeth, 2007

"In the name of... a Cantata", 2004

"Cinderella, the fairy tale", 2003

Chamber music

"Sics", 2009

"Happy memories" for violin, 2008

"Be/alls" for percussion, 2008

String quartet no. 2, 2006

Brass Quintet, 2005

"Frenzi" for piano and clarinet, 2003

String quartet no. 1, 1999

Publications

Beauty and Perfection - an Eternal Artistic Paradox

Arms

References

Articles by Alexandra Fol

1981 births
Living people
Bulgarian classical composers
Musicians from Sofia
Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni
University of Rochester alumni
21st-century classical composers
Bulgarian emigrants to Canada
Bulgarian women classical composers
Bulgarian composers
Bulgarian women composers
21st-century women composers

Alexandra Fol


The Schule für Gestaltung Basel (Basel School of Design), located at the Allgemeine Gewerbeschule in Basel Switzerland, and its students have influenced the international graphic design community since it opened in 1968. Its tradition is shaped by graphic design pioneers Armin Hofmann, Emil Ruder, and Wolfgang Weingart. The name of the school represents an educational approach which perpetuates their ideas: to lay a strong and broad foundation for the major design disciplines.

The Weiterbildungsklasse für Grafik (Advanced Class for Graphic Design) was an international postgraduate program that ran from 1968–1999 to address the growing interest of many trained designers who were searching for a means to deepen or extend their knowledge or skills. The program offered an intensive study of basic design principles and a broad horizon in form-related design processes. For thirty years, students from all over the world attended the program and it became an outstanding model for a modernist design education.

In 1999, part of the Schule für Gestaltung Basel was assimilated by the University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW). Continuing the tradition set forth by the Weiterbildunglsklasse für Grafik, a collaboration initiated in 2007 by the School of Design at University of Illinois Chicago (UIC) and the Academy of Art and Design FHNW offers a two-year internationally accredited Master of Design degree, providing graphic designers with a bachelor's degree and professional design experience the opportunity to hone their skills and further develop their approach to visual communication.

The Schule für Gestaltung Basel's Basics in Design program offers its own professional courses of study, as well as postgraduate programs in textile design, typography, and graphic design. In addition, a month-long Summer Workshops has been offered since 2005, based on the Yale-Brissago Summer Program (1977–1996).

External links
 Schule für Gestaltung Basel
 Basics in Design
 Basel Summer Workshops
 MDes Basel
 MDes at UIC School of Design

Organisations based in Basel
Educational institutions established in 1968
1968 establishments in Switzerland

Schule für Gestaltung Basel


Greenwood Music Camp is a summer camp in Cummington, Massachusetts whose primary focus is chamber music.  Other activities include soccer, crackabout, softball, capture the flag, a treasure hunt, charades, talent show, hikes up Mount Greylock, visits to art museums, a contra dance and a visit to the Cummington Fair, as well as sports swimming, tennis or ping-pong.

Greenwood was founded in 1933 by Dorothy "Bunny" Fay Little and Ruth Hill McGregor, and moved to its current location in 1940.  The senior session (up to age 18) is five weeks in July, and the junior session (up to age 13) is two weeks in August.

History

Greenwood Music Camp was founded in 1933 by Dorothy "Bunny" Fay Little and Ruth Hill McGregor.

In a 1982 essay, Dwight Little wrote:

Greenwood really started by chance.  Bunny (Fay) and Ruth (Hill) had taught at the Smith College Summer School of Music after graduating, but in 1933 Rumsey McGregor (engaged to Ruth) said, "Why don't you and Bunny take a few of your students to Isle La Motte"—Ruth's parents' summer home on Lake Champlain—"for a month this summer?"  Ruth thought it was a great idea, wrote to Bunny, and had a reply (positive) by return mail.
That first year, in 1933, there were five students, and Ruth's parents, Dr. and Mrs. Hill, enthusiastically made way for them ... The name Greenwood had been given to the Hill's summer place by Ruth's younger brother who loved Robin Hood.  He shot home-made arrows up and down the hill when he was a boy.

When the camp grew to ten students, Dwight and Bunny moved it to Harvard, Massachusetts, to a large house with a warren of rooms and studies—known as the Hutch—on the side of a hill.  The move to the Berkshires, to a beautiful hilltop location, made it possible to house more than 40 campers plus faculty.

The camp and its music teaching methods have been featured on the Classical Connections show on Boston's WGBH (FM).

Notable alumni
Alan Gilbert
Gilbert Kalish
Joel Krosnick
Anton Kuerti
Julian Kuerti
Charles Neidich
Peter G. Neumann
Andy Stein
Mark Steinberg
Mark Wood
James Yannatos

References

External links
Greenwood homepage
WGBH (FM) program Classical Connections has two radio stories:
article
interview
announcement of Bunny Little's passing

Summer camps in Massachusetts
1933 establishments in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Cummington, Massachusetts

Greenwood Music Camp


Philippe Malaud (2 October 1925, in Paris – 14 October 2007, in Paris) was a French diplomat and politician. He graduated from the École nationale d'administration in 1956. From 1968 until 1978, he was a member of the Independent Republicans.

He was the minister of civil service between 1973 and 1974 and was Minister of Information for a short period of time. Between 1973 and 1981, he was a member of the Parliament. Then between 1984 and 1989, he was a Member of the European Parliament.

1925 births
2007 deaths
École nationale d'administration alumni
French Ministers of Civil Service
Ministers of Information of France
Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite

Philippe Malaud


Peranakan cuisine or Nyonya cuisine comes from the Peranakans, descendants of early Chinese migrants who settled in Penang, Malacca, Singapore and Indonesia, inter-marrying with local Malays. In Baba Malay, a female Peranakan is known as a nonya (also spelled nyonya), and a male Peranakan is known as a baba. The cuisine combines Chinese, Malay, Javanese, South Indian, and other influences.

Overview
Nyonya cooking is the result of blending Chinese ingredients with various distinct spices and cooking techniques used by the Malay/Indonesian community. This gives rise to Peranakan interpretations of Malay/Indonesian food that is similarly tangy, aromatic, spicy and herbal. In other instances, the Peranakans have adopted Malay cuisine as part of their taste palate, such as assam fish and beef rendang. Key ingredients include coconut milk, galangal (a subtle, mustard-scented rhizome similar to ginger), candlenuts as both a flavoring and thickening agent, laksa leaf, pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius), belachan, tamarind juice, lemongrass, torch ginger bud, jicama, fragrant kaffir lime leaf, and cincalok – a powerfully flavored, sour and salty shrimp-based condiment that is typically mixed with lime juice, chillies and shallots and eaten with rice and other side dishes.

There are regional variations in Nyonya cooking. Dishes from the island of Penang in the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia possess Thai influences, such as more liberal use of tamarind and other sour ingredients. Dishes from Singapore and Malacca show a greater Indonesian influence, such as the use of coconut milk. A classic example is laksa (a spicy noodle soup), which comes in two variants: the sour asam laksa from Penang and the coconut milk-based laksa lemak from Singapore and the southern regions of Peninsular Malaysia.

The flavor of laksa and other Nonya recipes is determined by the rempah, which in Malay means spices. The various combinations are pounded into a paste with a mortar and pestle, with a very specific texture and density. It is said that a Nyonya can determine the culinary skill of a new daughter-in-law simply by listening to her preparing rempah with a mortar. Nonya recipes are handed down from one generation to the next, and because of the time-consuming preparation of these dishes, it is a cuisine that is often at its best when served at home. Laksa is a notable exception to this rule.

Examples of Nonya specialities include otak-otak, a popular blend of fish, coconut milk, chilli paste, galangal, and herbs wrapped in a banana leaf; ayam buah keluak, a distinctive dish combining chicken pieces with nuts from the Pangium edule or kepayang tree to produce a rich sauce; and itek tim, a classic soup containing duck, tomatoes, green peppers, salted vegetables, and preserved sour plums simmered gently together.

Nonya desserts include colourful cakes (kue) and sweet, sticky delicacies.

List of Nyonya dishes
 Achar, various pickled meats and vegetables like achar keat-lah (honey lime/calamansi), achar hu (fried fish), achar kiam hu (salt fish), achar timun (cucumber), achar awat (mixed vegetables).
 Apam balik or terang bulan, a bread like puff with sugar, corn, and coarse nut in the middle.
Asam laksa, a soup noodle dish consisting of a bowl of translucent al dente white rice noodles served in a spicy soup made of fish (usually mackerel), tamarind (both asam jawa and asam gelugor), and daun kesum. Toppings differ considerably, and may include onion, mint, chopped torch ginger flower, and slices of pineapple and cucumber. A dollop of pungent, viscous sweet fermented shrimp paste (petis udang or hae ko) is usually served on the side. This dish is considered one of Penang's three signature dishes.
 Ayam buah keluak, a chicken or pork rib stew cooked with the nuts from the kepayang tree (Pangium edule), a mangrove tree that is native to Indonesia, but grown widely in both Indonesia and Malaysia. For this recipe, the contents of the buah keluak is dug out and sauteed with aromatics and seasonings, before it is stuffed back into the nuts and braised with the chicken or pork rib pieces.
Ayam/babi pongteh, a stew of chicken or pork cooked with tauchu or salted fermented soy beans, and gula melaka. It is usually saltish-sweet and can be substituted as a soup dish in Peranakan cuisine. Pork is more commonly used as this is a Peranakan version of the Chinese braised pork belly.
 Babi assam, a pork stew cooked with tamarind juice. This dish is also popular within the Kristang community.
 Bak chang, Nyonya-style zongzi made in a similar manner as a typical southern Chinese zongzi. However, the filling is typically minced pork with candied winter melon, ground roasted peanuts, and a spice mix. The blue butterfly pea flower is used to colour the rice with a shade of blue. Originally, Bak chang would be wrapped in dried bamboo leaves, however, the peranakans in Bangka and Belitung islands in Indonesia have been known to use pandan leaves instead, making their bak chang, known locally as nyuk cung, easily recognised. While some other peranakan group in Kalimantan may also use banana leaves.
 Bubur cha cha, a Betawi-origin dish made of pearled sago, sweet potatoes, yams, bananas, coconut milk, pandan leaves, sugar and salt. Grated coconut, coconut cream and water can be used as additional ingredients. The ingredients are cooked in coconut milk, and the dish can be served hot or cold.
 Cap cai or chap chye, stir-fried vegetables with Chinese Indonesian origin. The Nonya version of this Chinese Indonesian classic incorporates tauchu and dried shrimp.
 Chendol, an iced sweet dessert that contains droplets of green rice flour jelly, coconut milk and palm sugar syrup, arguably came from Banjar region in the island of Java.
 Cincalok, a distinctly Malay condiment made of fermented tiny shrimp (udang geragau), salt and rice. It is also a favoured cooking ingredient used by the Kristang Eurasian community of Malacca. There are varieties of cincalok can be found along both sides of Malacca strait down to the southern part of Sumatra.
 Cincaru, a small fish, deep fried and stuffed with sambal belacan or any other spice.
 Enchi kebin, deep-fried chicken pieces marinated in a paste of coconut milk and rempah (spices).
 Itek tim or kiam chhai ak thng, a soup of duck, preserved mustard greens and cabbage flavoured with nutmeg, Chinese mushrooms, tomatoes and peppercorns.
Jiu hu char, a dish made up mainly of shredded vegetables like turnip or jicama, carrot, and cabbage and fried together with thinly shredded dried cuttlefish.
Kari kapitan, a Penang Nonya take on the ubiquitous chicken curry. Kaffir lime leaves and coconut milk are among the key ingredients for this mild curry.
 Kerabu bi hun, a salad dish consisting of rice vermicelli mixed with sambal belachan, calamansi lime juice, and finely chopped herbs and spices. Other famous salad dishes are kerabu bok ni (cloud ear fungus/tikus telinga), kerabu ke (chicken), kerabu ke-kha (chicken feet), kerabu timun (cucumber), kerabu kobis (cabbage), kerabu kacang botol (four angled bean), kerabu bak pue (pork skin).
 Kiam chhai bue, a mixture of leftovers from Kiam Chhai Ak Thng, Jiu Hu Char, Tu Tɵ́ Thng and various other dishes. "Bue" literally means "end".
 Laksa lemak, a type of laksa served in a rich coconut gravy, served with prawns, cockles, lime and a dollop of sambal belacan.
 Lam mee, long yellow noodles cooked in a rich gravy made from a stock of prawns and chicken. It is always served at birthdays to wish the birthday boy or girl a long life, and thus it is also known as birthday noodles.
 Lontong cap go meh, a Peranakan Chinese Indonesian take on the traditional Indonesian dish.
 Masak titik, a style of vegetable soup that makes liberal use of white peppercorns. One version uses watermelon rind as the main ingredient. Another makes use of green or semi ripe papaya.
 Mee siam, dish of fried thin rice vermicelli with spicy gravy.
 Nasi kunyit, a glutinous rice dish seasoned with turmeric powder, coconut milk and asam gelugor. It is usually served with a chicken curry, ang ku kue, and pink-dyed hard-boiled eggs as gifts in celebration of a child of friends and family turning one month old.
 Ngo hiang, a fried meat roll made from spiced minced pork and chopped water chestnuts rolled up in soya bean curd sheets, and deep fried. It is usually served with small bowl of lor (a thick broth thickened with corn starch and beaten eggs) and chili sauce.
 Otak-otak, is a dish involving fish pieces wrapped in banana leaves. Two very different variations exist: one consists of a mixture of fish pieces and spice paste wrapped in banana leaves and char grilled.
 Pempek, is a dish involving deep fried fish balls. There are many varieties of fish balls, kapal selam has an egg inside the fish ball. In Bangka and Belitung islands, the pem-pek is eaten with three different variety of sambals and lime instead. Pempek Palembang is very popular in Indonesia, the fish balls are eaten with a spicy dark sauce made of palm sugar and vinegar known as cuko, topped with fresh cucumber and noodles.
 Perut ikan, a spicy stew (similar to asam pedas in flavour profile) comprising mainly vegetables/herbs and getting its distinctive taste mainly from fish bellies preserved in brine and daun kaduk (the Wild Pepper leaf is from the Piper stylosum or the Piper sarmentosum). A classic Penang Nonya dish.
 Pai ti, is a thin and crispy pastry tart shell filled with a spicy, sweet mixture of thinly sliced vegetables and prawns.
 Popia, a fresh spring roll made of thin paper-like or crepe-like pastry skin of Indonesian-style origin.
 Rendang, a spicy meat stew originating from the Minangkabau cuisine in West Sumatra and adopted by Peranakans throughout archipelago as part of their taste palate.
 Seh bak, a dish of pork loin, marinated overnight with herbs and spices, cooked over a slow fire and simmered to tenderness.
 Swikee is a Peranakan frog leg soup dish, popularly associated with the town of Jatiwangi and Purwodadi in Java, Indonesia.
 Tu tɵ́ thng, literally pig stomach soup, this dish requires a skilled cook to prepare and deodorise the ingredients using salt before cooking. Its main ingredients are pig stomach and white peppercorns.
 Udang masak lemak nenas, sour and sweet shrimp dish with various spices.

Gallery

See also

 Betawi cuisine
 Chinese Indonesian cuisine
 Javanese cuisine
 Malay cuisine
 Minangkabau cuisine

References

Indonesian cuisine-related lists

Peranakan cuisine


Hawkwell is a village and civil parish in the district of Rochford in Essex, England. It is the second largest village after Rayleigh. The 2001 census gave a population for the parish of 11,231, increasing to 11,730 at the 2011 Census.

Hawkwell is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, but not as 'Hawkwell', it appears as Hacuuella or Hechuuella.

Settlement
The parish includes the village itself, and also much larger suburban developments in the east (running into Rochford) and the west (running into Hockley).  East and West Hawkwell are divided by the London to Southend railway line. The White Hart Public House is no longer within Hawkwell since boundary changes and the only public house within Hawkwell is The Victory Inn.

Church

The parish church of St Mary the Virgin is located amidst fields between the two centres of population. The building is Grade II* listed building, and is largely from the fourteenth century, with the addition of a fifteenth-century bell turret and some other alterations. It was restored in the nineteenth century, and includes twentieth-century stained glass in the south and east windows. The building was damaged during a bombing raid on 15 September 1940. The concrete and asbestos vestry on the north side was removed in the 1990s, and was replaced by a north aisle, vestry and office constructed in a style to match the rest of the building. The extension nearly doubled the size of the building, and was opened in July 1996.

Amenities

The village has a primary school, leisure centre, pub and other amenities.

References

External links

Hawkwell Residents Association
 A Blog from a Hawkwell District Councillor
Hockley & Hawkwell Methodist Church
Hawkwell Parish Church, St. Mary's and Emmanuel

Villages in Essex
Rochford District
Civil parishes in Essex

Hawkwell