This is a list of National Historic Landmarks and comparable other historic sites designated by the U.S. government in the U.S. state of New York.  The United States National Historic Landmark (NHL) program operates under the auspices of the National Park Service, and recognizes buildings, structures, objects, sites and districts of resources according to a list of criteria of national significance. There are 276 NHLs in New York state, which is more than 10 percent of all the NHLs nationwide, and the most of any state. The National Park Service also has listed 20 National Monuments, National Historic Sites, National Memorials, and other sites as being historic landmarks of national importance, of which 7 are also designated NHLs. All of these historic landmarks are covered in this list.

There are 139 NHLs in upstate New York, 13 on Long Island, and 116 within New York City (NYC).  Three counties have ten or more NHLs: New York County (Manhattan) has 86; Westchester County, just north of NYC, has 18; and Erie County in western New York has 10. Twelve other counties have five to nine NHLs, eight have three or four, 27 counties have one or two, and the remaining twelve of the state's 62 counties have none. The first New York NHLs were eight designated on October 9, 1960; the latest was designated on January 13, 2021. The NHLs and other landmarks outside NYC are listed below; the NHLs in NYC are in this companion article.

Seven NHL sites are among the 20 National Park System historic areas in New York state.  The other 13 National Park Service areas are also historic landmark sites of national importance, but are already protected by Federal ownership and administration, so NHL designation is unnecessary. A list of these National Park Service areas that conserve historic sites in New York State is also provided. Finally, three former NHLs in the state are also listed.

Overview

New York State NHLs include ten prehistoric or other archeological sites, 12 historical Dutch farmhouses, manors, and historic districts, and 21 architecturally and/or historically important churches or houses of worship. Fully 26 NHLs are primarily military, including 13 fort sites (five standing forts, three fortified houses, and five ruins), five other battlegrounds, seven military headquarters, training facilities, arsenals and armories, and one military shipwreck site. One of these NHLs is associated with the American Civil War, while all the rest of these forts and other military places are associated with the French and Indian War and/or the American Revolutionary War.

There are nine NHL ships, including a warship and a tugboat that served in World War II, one warship that saw combat in the Vietnam War, three sailing boats, two fireboats and a lightvessel. Salient in the list are 24 mansions, and four sites primarily significant for their architectural landscaping. Many properties, numbering in the thousands, are contributing or non-contributing structures in the state's nine National Historic Landmark Districts. Intellectual accomplishments of New Yorkers are associated with 22 sites, including nine university buildings, ten other NHLs associated with inventions, inventors or scientists, and four engineering landmarks, including two bridges that were once the longest of their types. Commercial accomplishments include 11 historic skyscrapers, five of which were once the tallest in the world, seven stock exchanges and other buildings important in commercial history, two bank buildings, five industrial facilities, and three water-based civil engineering works. Two are architectural oddities.

Political and social accomplishments are represented by four former mental care institutions (a legacy of the state's leading role in mental health care), 14 sites associated with suffragettes or other women leaders, five Underground Railroad or other sites associated with abolitionists, six sites associated with African-American leaders, three sites associated with labor rights, and four sites associated with other social activism. In addition, there are 21 homes of other national leaders, and six government buildings that are significant on a national scale. Community, arts and entertainment accomplishments represented include two utopian communes, the Adirondack Park and four of its Great Camps, and five other retreat sites. No fewer than nine artist homes or studios are landmarked, as well as nine homes of writers and composers. There are four club buildings, of which two are historical societies, and eight entertainment venues or sites associated with entertainers. Sixteen others are unique sites that are difficult to classify.

Notable architects whose work is represented in the NHLs of the state include: Alexander Jackson Davis (7 sites), Andrew Jackson Downing (2), William West Durant (2), Leopold Eidlitz (2), Cass Gilbert (2), Henry J. Hardenbergh (2), Raymond Hood (3), Philip Hooker (2), Minard Lafever (7), John McComb Jr. (3), Frederick Law Olmsted (3), Isaac G. Perry (2), George B. Post (3), James Renwick, Jr. (4), Henry Hobson Richardson (2), Louis Sullivan (2), Richard Upjohn (6), Calvert Vaux (6), and Frederick Clarke Withers (2).  The firm McKim, Mead, and White participated in design of at least six buildings later declared to be NHLs. It was also that firm's work, Pennsylvania Station, whose pending demolition in 1963 launched a historic preservation movement in New York City and led to creation of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1965.

Current National Historic Landmarks in Upstate and Long Island

The State of New York, exclusive of NYC, is home to 155 of these landmarks, which are tabulated here.  Twenty-three of these are also State Historic Sites (SHS), and fourteen are National Park System areas; these designations are indicated in italics.

Key

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Current NHLs in New York City

New York City alone is home to 114 NHLs. The earliest was designated on October 9, 1960; the latest was designated on November 2, 2016.  Many of the NHLs in NYC are also landmarked individually or as part of districts by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. See List of New York City Designated Landmarks.

Historic areas in the United States National Park System
National Historic Sites, National Historic Parks, National Memorials, and certain other areas listed in the National Park system are historic landmarks of national importance that are highly protected already, often before the inauguration of the NHL program in 1960.  There are 20 of these in New York State.  The legislation establishing the National Historic Landmark program does not prevent these from being designated, but in practice these are not often named NHLs per se, due to administrative costs of their nomination and to the low preservation value of designating them.

For the first 16 years of the National Historic Landmarks program, the National Park Service did not consider any sites already within the National Park system for NHL designation, and in fact if an NHL-designated site came into the NPS system it was de-designated.

In New York State, the William Floyd House within the Fire Island National Seashore and Ellis Island within the Statue of Liberty National Monument were both deemed NHL-eligible by the advisory board but were not designated.

It was not until 1977 that a policy was promulgated that would allow for designation of a National Historic Landmark "whose primary significance is not related to its park's purpose".  The Jacob Riis House in Queens was de-designated in 1973.

The National Park Service identifies 18 historic sites within national park units in New York State, and lists these together with the NHLs in the state, and there are also two National Historic Sites that are "affiliated areas," receiving National Park Service support but not directly administered by it.  Seven of the 20 were declared National Historic Landmarks, in several instances before receiving the higher protection designation, and retain their NHL standing.  Four of these are listed above and three are included within the New York City list of NHLs.  The 13 others are:

There are four other National Park Service areas in New York State that do not have historic standing.

NHLs formerly located in New York
The following Landmarks were located in New York at the time they were declared National Historic Landmarks, but have since moved to other states.

Former NHLs in New York
The following sites in New York were formerly National Historic Landmarks but were delisted.

See also

Great Camps
Historic preservation in New York
New York State Register of Historic Places
List of National Historic Landmarks by state
List of National Natural Landmarks in New York
List of New York State Historic Sites
List of New York state parks § State historic sites
National Register of Historic Places listings in New York

Notes

References

External links

 (Note its count of 258 for New York mistakenly includes the absent Coast Guard cutter Fir.)
National Historic Landmarks Program, at National Park Service
National Park Service listings of National Historic Landmarks
1838 Peter Augustus Jay House

New York
 |National Historic Landmarks in New York
National Historic Landmarks

List of National Historic Landmarks in New York


In Greek mythology, the Cabeiri or Cabiri  (, Kábeiroi), also transliterated Kabeiri or Kabiri, were a group of enigmatic chthonic deities. They were worshipped in a mystery cult closely associated with that of Hephaestus, centered in the north Aegean islands of Lemnos and possibly Samothrace—at the Samothrace temple complex—and at Thebes. In their distant origins the Cabeiri and the Samothracian gods may include pre-Greek elements, or other non-Greek elements, such as Thracian, Tyrrhenian, Pelasgian, Phrygian or Hittite. The Lemnian cult was always local to Lemnos, but the Samothracian mystery cult spread rapidly throughout the Greek world during the Hellenistic period, eventually initiating Romans.

The ancient sources disagree about whether the deities of Samothrace were Cabeiri or not; and the accounts of the two cults differ in detail. But the two islands are close to each other, at the northern end of the Aegean, and the cults are at least similar, and neither fits easily into the Olympic pantheon: the Cabeiri were given a mythic genealogy as sons of Hephaestus and Cabeiro. The accounts of the Samothracian gods, whose names were secret, differ in the number and sexes of the gods: usually between two and four, some of either sex. The number of Cabeiri also varies, with some accounts citing four (often a pair of males and a pair of females), and some even more, such as a tribe or whole race of Cabeiri, often presented as all male.

The Cabeiri were also worshipped at other sites in the vicinity, including Seuthopolis in Thrace and various sites in Asia Minor. According to Strabo, Cabeiri are most honored in Imbros and Lemnos but also in other cities too.

Etymology and origin
The Cabeiri were possibly originally Phrygian or Thracian deities and protectors of sailors, who were imported into Greek ritual. R. S. P. Beekes believes that their name is of non-Indo-European, pre-Greek origin.

In the past, the Semitic word kabir ("great") has been compared to Κάβειροι since at least Joseph Justus Scaliger in the sixteenth century, but nothing else seemed to point to a Semitic origin, until the idea of "great" gods expressed by the Semitic root kbr was definitively attested for North Syria in the thirteenth century BCE, in texts from Emar published by D. Arnaud in 1985–87. Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling connected the Greek word to  the Hebrew חבר (khaver "friend, associate") and via this to several priest names as one attached to the Persians ("Chaverim"), linking them to the Dioskouri or priestly blacksmiths alternatively. T. J. Wackernagel produced an Indian etymology in 1907; in 1925 A. H. Sayce had suggested a connection to Hittite habiri ("looters", "outlaws"), but subsequent discoveries have made this implausible on phonological grounds. Dossein compares Κάβειροι to the Sumerian word kabar, "copper."

The name of the Cabeiri recalls Mount Kabeiros, a mountain in the region of Berekyntia in Asia Minor, closely associated with the Phrygian Mother Goddess. The name of Kadmilus (Καδμῖλος), or Kasmilos, one of the Cabeiri who was usually depicted as a young boy, was linked even in antiquity to Camillus, an old Latin word for a boy-attendant in a cult, likely a loan from the Etruscan language, which may be related to Lemnian. However, according to Beekes, the name Kadmilus may be of pre-Greek origin, as seems to be the case with the name Cadmus.

Depiction in literary sources
They were most commonly depicted as two people: an old man, Axiocersus, and his son, Cadmilus. Due to the cult's secrecy, however, their exact nature and relationship with other ancient Greek and Thracian religious figures remained mysterious. As a result, the membership and roles of the Cabeiri changed significantly over time, with common variants including a female pair (Axierus and Axiocersa) and twin youths (frequently confused with Castor and Pollux, who were also worshiped as protectors of sailors). Roman antiquarians identified the Cabeiri with the three Capitoline deities or with the Di Penates.

Lemnos
The Lemnians were originally non-Greek; they were Hellenized after Miltiades conquered the island for Athens in the sixth century BCE. In Lemnos the cult of the Cabeiri survived, according to archaeological evidence, through the conquest: an ancient sanctuary dedicated to the Cabeiri is identifiable by traces of inscriptions, and seems to have survived the process of Hellenization. Walter Burkert records that wine jars are "the only characteristic group of finds" from the Cabeirium of Lemnos and that the Cabeirium was the location for initiation into an ancient mystery cult. However, due to the secret nature of mystery cults in the ancient world little survives to indicate what was involved in these initiation ceremonies; indeed, Hugh Bowden notes that on the basis of our evidence we do not know what happened at Lemnos beyond the fact of initiation, and that "we have no descriptions and nothing on which even to base speculation". However, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Lemnos held an annual festival of the Cabeiri, lasting nine days, during which all the fires were extinguished and fire brought from Delos.

The geographer Strabo reported (Geogr. 10,3,21) that in Lemnos, the mother (there was no father) of the Cabeiri was Kabeiro (Greek: Καβειρώ) herself, a daughter of Nereus (one of the "old men of the sea") and a goddess whom the Greeks might have called Rhea.

In general Greek myth identifies the Cabeiri as divine craftsmen, sons or grandsons of Hephaestus, who was also chiefly worshipped on Lemnos. Aeschylus wrote a tragedy called The Kabeiroi, which apparently featured the deities as a chorus greeting the Argonauts at Lemnos and the Argonauts' initiation into the cult of the Cabeiri.

Samothrace
The Samothracians were also originally non-Greek, and are associated with the Trojans and the Pelasgians; they used a foreign language in the temple through Julius Caesar's time. Samothrace offered an initiatory mystery, which promised safety and prosperity to seamen. The secret of these mysteries has largely been kept; but we know that of three things about the ritual, the aspirants were asked the worst action they had ever committed.

The mysteries of Samothrace did not publish the names of their gods; and the offerings at the shrine are all inscribed to the gods or to the great gods rather than with their names. But ancient sources tell us that there were two goddesses and a god: Axieros, Axiokersa, and Axiokersos, and their servant Cadmilos or Casmilos. Karl Kerényi conjectured that Axieros was male, and the three gods were the sons of Axiokersa (Cadmilos, the youngest, was also the father of the three); Burkert disagrees.

In Classical Greek culture the mysteries of the Cabeiri at Samothrace remained popular, though little was entrusted to writing beyond a few names and bare genealogical connections. Seamen among the Greeks might invoke the Cabeiri as "great gods" in times of danger and stress. The archaic sanctuary of Samothrace was rebuilt in Greek fashion; by classical times, the Samothrace mysteries of the Cabeiri were known at Athens. Herodotus had been initiated. But at the entrance to the sanctuary, which has been thoroughly excavated, the Roman antiquary Varro learned that there had been twin pillars of brass, phallic hermae, and that in the sanctuary it was understood that the child of the Goddess, Cadmilus, was in some mystic sense also her consort. Varro also describes these twin pillars as Heaven and Earth, denying the vulgar error that they are Castor and Pollux.

Thebes in Boeotia
At Thebes in Boeotia there are more varied finds than on Lemnos; they include many little bronze votive bulls and which carry on into Roman times, when the traveller Pausanias, always alert to the history of cults, learned that it was Demeter Kabeiriia who instigated the initiation cult there in the name of Prometheus and his son Aitnaios. Walter Burkert (1985) writes, "This points to guilds of smiths analogous to the Lemnian Hephaistos." The votive dedications at Thebes are to a Kabeiros (Greek: Κάβειρος) in the singular, and childish toys like votive spinning tops for Pais suggest a manhood initiation. Copious wine was drunk, out of characteristic cups that were ritually smashed. Fat, primitive dwarves (similar to the followers of Silenus) with prominent genitalia were painted on the cups. Thebes is connected to Samothrace in myth, primarily the wedding of Cadmus and Harmonia, which took place there.

Myth
In myth, the Cabeiri bear many similarities to other fabulous races, such as the Telchines of Rhodes, the Cyclopes, the Dactyls, the Korybantes, and the Kuretes. These different groups were often confused or identified with one another since many of them, like the Cyclopes and Telchines, were also associated with metallurgy.

Diodorus Siculus said of the Cabeiri that they were Idaioi dactyloi ("Idaian Dactyls"). The Idaian Dactyls were a race of divine beings associated with the Mother Goddess and with Mount Ida, a mountain in Phrygia sacred to the goddess. Hesychius of Alexandria wrote that the Cabeiri were karkinoi ("crabs"). The Cabeiri as Karkinoi were apparently thought of as amphibious beings (again recalling the Telchines). They had pincers instead of hands, which they used as tongs (Greek: karkina) in metalworking.

Notes

References
Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion, Sect. VI.1.3 "The Kabeiroi and Samothrace",Harvard University Press. .
 This contains more details, as understood at the time, of the Lemnos and Samothrace cults and references some 19th-century archeological discoveries.
Ferguson, John (1970). The Religions of the Roman Empire (pp. 122–123). London: Thames and Hudson. .
Hammond, N.G.L. & Scullard, H.H. (Eds.) (1970). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (p. 186). Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
Kerenyi, Karl (1951). Gods of the Greeks. Thames & Hudson. .
Bernard Evslin. Gods, Demigods and Demons: A Handbook of Greek Mythology. .
The Odd Fellows Improved Manual, A.B Grosh 1871 p. 91
 Richard Noll, Mysteria: Jung and the Ancient Mysteries (unpublished page proofs, 1994)
Albert Schachter, "Evolutions of a Mystery Cult: The Theban Kabiroi", in Greek Mysteries: The Archaeology and Ritual of Ancient Greek Secret Cults, ed. Michael B. Cosmopoulos. London–NY: Routledge, 2003, pp. 112–142. .

External links

Ancient Greek religion
Ancient Lemnos
Ancient Samothrace
Greco-Roman mysteries
Religion in ancient Boeotia
Greek deities
Hellenistic deities
Children of Hephaestus
Chthonic beings
Nature deities

Cabeiri


Richard Dale Jenkins (born May 4, 1947) is an American actor. He is well known for his portrayal of deceased patriarch Nathaniel Fisher on the HBO funeral drama series Six Feet Under (2001–2005). He began his career in theater at the Trinity Repertory Company and made his film debut in 1974. He has worked steadily in film and television since the 1980s, mostly in supporting roles. His eclectic body of work includes such films as The Witches of Eastwick (1987), Little Nikita (1988), Flirting with Disaster (1996), Snow Falling on Cedars (1999), The Mudge Boy (2003), Burn After Reading (2008), Step Brothers (2008), Let Me In (2010), Jack Reacher (2012), The Cabin in the Woods (2012), Bone Tomahawk (2015), The Last Shift (2020), The Humans (2021), and Nightmare Alley (2021).

Jenkins received nominations for the Academy Award, Spirit Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award (each for Best Actor) for the drama film The Visitor (2007). He won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for the limited drama series Olive Kitteridge (2014). For his performance in the fantasy drama film The Shape of Water (2017), he was nominated for the Academy Award, Golden Globe, and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actor. The Netflix miniseries Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story (2022) garnered him both Golden Globe and Emmy nominations for Best Supporting Actor, plus an additional Emmy nod for producing the series.

Early life
Jenkins was born and raised in DeKalb, Illinois. His mother, Mary Elizabeth (née Wheeler), was a housewife, and his father, Dale Stevens Jenkins, was a dentist. He attended DeKalb High School. Before he was an actor, Jenkins drove a linen truck (his boss was actor John C. Reilly's father). He earned a degree in drama from Illinois Wesleyan University before relocating to Rhode Island.

Career

Theatre
Jenkins worked with the Trinity Repertory Company in Providence, Rhode Island, while breaking into film with a bit part in Feasting with Panthers (1974), a television film about Oscar Wilde. When he was given the option of joining the Screen Actors Guild, he accepted immediately. He continued as a member of Trinity's resident acting company and served as its artistic director from 1990 to 1994.

Film
Since his debut in the television movie Feasting with Panthers (1974), Jenkins has worked steadily in film. His earlier film credits include Silverado (1985), Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), The Witches of Eastwick (1987), Sea of Love (1989), Blue Steel (1990), How to Make an American Quilt (1995), Flirting with Disaster (1996), and Snow Falling On Cedars (1999).

He has worked with the director siblings the Farrelly brothers in There's Something About Mary (1998), Outside Providence (1999), Me, Myself & Irene (2000), Say It Isn't So (2001) and Hall Pass (2011). He has also appeared in three Coen Brothers movies: The Man Who Wasn't There (2001), Intolerable Cruelty (2003), and Burn After Reading (2008). He is in North Country (2005), has three memorable scenes as FBI Director James (Robert) Grace in The Kingdom (2007), and Dr. Robert Dobeck in Step Brothers (2008).

Although primarily known for supporting parts, Jenkins had a lead role in The Visitor (2007) for which he was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award and an Academy Award for Best Actor. Jenkins won the International Press Academy's Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture.

In 2010, Jenkins costarred in Dear John, as the father of John Tyree (Channing Tatum), and also co-starred with Julia Roberts and Javier Bardem in Eat Pray Love. In 2012, he appeared in the Joss Whedon and Drew Goddard horror film The Cabin in the Woods and the action film Jack Reacher. He then appeared in the action films White House Down (2013) and Kong: Skull Island (2017).

Jenkins co-starred in Guillermo del Toro's fantasy romance drama film The Shape of Water (2017), for which he received critical acclaim. For his performance, he garnered Academy Award, Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor.

Television
Jenkins is perhaps best known on television for playing Nathaniel Fisher in the HBO drama series Six Feet Under. His character is the deceased patriarch of the Fisher family and regularly appears to his family as a ghost or in dreams. He played the role for the show's entire run. He and his castmates received a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2002.

Jenkins portrayed a DEA agent in one episode of Miami Vice and a mob boss in a later episode.

In 2015, Jenkins won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie for his performance as Henry Kitteridge in the HBO miniseries Olive Kitteridge.

In 2022, Jenkins portrayed Lionel Dahmer, father of notorious serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer, in Netflix's limited series Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story. Starring alongside Evan Peters and Molly Ringwald, Jenkins appears in all ten episodes of the series created by Ryan Murphy. His performance was described in The New Yorker as "brilliant," and he was nominated for the 2023 Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie.

Personal life
Jenkins is married to choreographer Sharon R. Friedrick, with whom he has two children.

Awards and honors
In 2014, Jenkins and his wife Sharon received the Pell Award for Lifetime Achievement from Trinity Repertory Company in Providence.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

 Interview with Richard Jenkins at everydayyeah.com
 Richard Jenkins interview by Davy Rothbart for Grantland
 Richard Jenkins interview at The Faster Times, Davi Napoleon's Theater Talk

1947 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Audiobook narrators
People from DeKalb, Illinois
People from Cumberland, Rhode Island
Male actors from Illinois
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Male actors from Providence, Rhode Island

Richard Jenkins


In archaeology a chopping tool is a stone tool. Stone tools have been dated using scientific dating such as Carbon 14 dating and Potassium argon dating. Stone tools have been found to be almost 2 million years old. Chopping tools have been found to be about 2 million years old as well. The oldest object in the British Museum is a Chopping Tool. It was found in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. Since Chopping tools are a sub category of stone tools we can see how these tools have developed over time.

Looking at how these tools are made is an important part in the history of the Chopping Tool. A large, hard stone was needed as well as a softer stone that would be made into the chopper. The soft stone was commonly basalt (volcanic rock). The large hard stone acted as a hammer as it was hit against the soft stone. The soft stone would begin to chip away. The maker of the chopping tool would use the hard stone to create the edges and point needed to make the chopping tool efficient. Double sided sharp edges and a point are a common form of the chopping tool. The look is Similar to a Native American Projectile point, except that a chopping tool was used for stationary objects.

The use of the chopping tool varied from place to place just like any other archaeological artifact. Depending on what the maker of the chopping tool made or ate depended on what the chopping tool was used for. Most commonly the chopping tool was used for food purposes. They could be used for cutting down tree branches to get to fruits or to cut large plants that could be used for food. Anything that requires a knife today could have been replaced with a chopping tool. They were also used to help assist the maker in cutting the meat of the animals. Just like butchers today, skinning and cleaning of all the meat that we eat is needed. The chopping tool helped assist hunters gather the meat, especially from large animals that were hard to carry back to the location they were staying at, and make it edible for them to consume. Another use for the chopping tool was to smash bones. Bone marrow is a good source of nutrients to help your body function. For hunters and gatherers this was important since the next source of food could have been days to weeks away. When they would hunt animals they would use the sharp edge to cut the meat off the bones and then the back edge was hard enough to smash and crush bones. Once the bones were crushed the marrow could be collected.

The flakes that were chipped off the soft rock did not go to waste. Many of the thick sharp pieces were used as small knives to do very light cutting tasks. The flakes were a very important part of everyday life just like the chopping tool. Both pieces were used in everyday life to help with survival.

The idea of the chopping tool spread from people to people throughout the land. In Asia stone tools did not develop as much as other places in the world. To make these tools like the chopping tool you have to have specific types of rock such as flint and jasper. In Asia these rocks were hard to find but the amount of the coarse-grained rocks and material was much easier to find. Even though the materials they used such as volcanic material and petrified wood wasn't as strong or as easy to shape they still were able to make tools that resembled the chopping tool and they were used in very similar ways. Many of the tools that were found in Asia, they were found in the Choukoutienian caves. The Choukoutienian industry is where many of the stone tools in Asia started. The caves are filled with many artifacts and the early chopping tool is one of the many artifacts found.

The resources used to make many variations of the chopping tool were present in much of the world. Even if the items that were used to make the chopping tool in various parts of the world were not as durable or as powerful or sharp they still were used for cutting items as well as day to day survival.

References

Lithics
Archaeological artefact types

Chopping tool


Jill Goldsmith is an American writer and producer for television, with credits on  Emmy-winning series including NYPD Blue, The Practice, Ally McBeal, Law & Order, and Boston Legal,  and was a 2008 finalist for the Humanitas Prize.  She has also been a featured speaker at numerous law schools, conferences, and writing programs, and has appeared as a panelist on C-Span Close Up, CBS News, and CNN.  She earned her J.D. from Washington University School of Law, and served an internship with U.S. Senator Paul Simon on the Senate Judiciary Committee. She also earned an MFA in screenwriting from the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television.  Prior to writing for television, Jill spent seven years as a Public Defender in the Juvenile and Felony Trial Divisions of the Cook County Public Defender's Office in Chicago, Illinois.  She is also a contributing author to the book, Lawyers in Your Living Room! Law on Television, published in 2009, in which she wrote the chapter titled, Writing for Television: From Courtroom to Writer's Room.

References

External links

American television producers
American women television producers
American television writers
Living people
American women television writers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Public defenders
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Washington University School of Law alumni
UCLA Film School alumni
21st-century American women

Jill Goldsmith


German wines are those produced in Germany, one of the oldest wine producing region, and are considered to be among the best wines in the world. Wine is a popular beverage in Germany. Depending on the vintage, Germany is the world's eight largest producer of wine. Grapes are grown only in the sout-western parts of Germany in the states of Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse an Baden-Württemberg, with more than 102,000 hectares vineyards under cultivation.

German food
Rhineland-Palatinate
Hesse
Baden-Württemberg

German wine


Darwin's Nightmare is a 2004 Austrian-French-Belgian documentary film written and directed by Hubert Sauper, dealing with the environmental and social effects of the fishing industry around Lake Victoria in Tanzania. It premiered at the 2004 Venice Film Festival, and was nominated for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 78th Academy Awards. The Boston Globe called it "the year's best documentary about the animal world."

Overview
The film opens with a Soviet-made Ilyushin Il-76 cargo plane landing on Mwanza airfield in Mwanza, Tanzania, near Lake Victoria. The plane came from Europe to ship back processed fillets of Nile perch, a species of fish introduced into Lake Victoria that has caused the extinction of hundreds of endemic species.

Through interviews with the Russian and Ukrainian plane crew, local factory owners, guards, prostitutes, fishermen and other villagers, the film discusses the effects of the introduction of the Nile perch to Lake Victoria, how it has affected the ecosystem and economy of the region. The film also dwells at length on the dichotomy between European aid which is being funneled into Africa on the one hand, and the unending flow of munitions and weapons from European arms dealers on the other. Arms and munitions are often flown in on the same planes which transport the Nile perch fillets to European consumers, feeding the very conflicts which the aid was sent to remedy. As Dima, the radio engineer of the plane crew, says later on in the film: the children of Angola receive guns for Christmas, the children of Europe receive grapes. The appalling living and working conditions of the indigenous people, in which basic sanitation is completely absent and many children turn to drugs and prostitution, is covered in great depth; because the Nile perch is fished and processed for export, all the prime fillets are sold to European supermarkets, leaving the local people to survive on the festering carcasses of the gutted fish. As to why the local fish can not be sold to the domestic market to counter the impending famine (local news reports relayed in the film indicated Northern and Central Tanzania were facing famine), one fish processing factory manager says "it is too expensive".

Reception

Critical response
Darwin's Nightmare has an approval rating of 90% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 52 reviews, and an average rating of 7.56/10. The website's critical consensus states, "This eye-opening documentary brings some of the shocking effects of globalization to light". It also has a score of 84 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 18 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

Awards
 2004 Entrevues Film Festival (Entre vues), Audience Award
 2004 European Film Award for Best Documentary
 2004 Vienna International Film Festival, Vienna Film Award
 2005 Thessaloniki Documentary Festival, Audience Award
 2005 Angers European First Film Festival, European Jury Award
 2005 Mexico City International Contemporary Film Festival, Audience Award
 2005 Sydney Film Festival, FIPRESCI Prize
 2005 Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival, Special Jury Prize and Community Cinema Award
 2006 César Award for Best First Feature Film
 2006 Academy Awards Best Documentary Feature nominee

References

External links
 Official website

 Les ambiguïtés du Cauchemar de Darwin  - The ambiguity of Darwin's Nightmare article at Africultures.net
 Révélations et impasses d'une approche radicale de la mondialisation  - Paper by Frédéric Giraut at EspacesTemps.net which assesses the scientific interest of both the movie and the critical book by

2004 films
2004 documentary films
Environment of Tanzania
French documentary films
Mwanza
Documentary films about environmental issues
Austrian documentary films
Films set in Tanzania
Films directed by Hubert Sauper
European Film Awards winners (films)
Best First Feature Film César Award winners
2000s French films

Darwin's Nightmare


Boccia is a ball sport played by disabled people including people with cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy or spinal cord injury. Players use leather or soft plastic covered balls. It was first played at the Paralympic Games in 1984. The sport is for both men and women, who play against each other in competition. It was originally developed to be a sport that could be played by wheelchair users with severe cerebral palsy, was then extended to include other players with severe impairment affecting their movement, and later to the wider community including people with learning disability, milder movement disabilities, or visual impairment.

In the Paralympics there are four categories of players based on their level of disability: BC1, BC2, BC3 and BC4. Players take part in competition one at a time, in twos or in teams of three.

BC1 - Players in this group throw the ball with the hand or foot. They may play with support from a helper who stands outside of the competitor's playing box. The helper may stabilize or adjust the player's wheelchair and give the ball to the player when requested.
BC2 -  players in this group throw the ball with the hand. They are not allowed any help while they are playing.
BC3 - players in this group have very serious movement disability in both hands and feet. They can not grasp or let go of the ball very well, or at all. They may be able to move their arms, but they do not have enough strength, control or range of movement to be able to throw forward a boccia ball onto the court. They use a ramp for the ball to roll onto the court instead of throwing the ball. They compete with a helper who moves the ramp and puts the balls on the ramp for the player; helpers must keep their back to the court and can not talk or look at the game while it is happening.
BC4 -  players in this group have serious movement disability in both hands and feet as well as poor control of the torso. They can show enough motor skill to throw the ball onto the court with the hand or foot. Players who use their hand to throw are not allowed any help. Players who use their foot or feet to throw the ball have a helper, like BC1 players.

The organisation which controls international boccia is called BISFed - the Boccia International Sports Federation. BISFed write the rules of the international game, control the selection of players for the Paralympic Games, and run competitions for boccia players. The biggest competition is the world championships. The world championships happen every 4 years, two years before and after the Paralympic Games.

References

Paralympic Games

Boccia


The Sun Theatre is an eight-screened cinema located in Melbourne, Australia, in the inner-west suburb of Yarraville.

History
The Sun Theatre originally opened in 1938 as a single-screen cinema seating 1,050 patrons. The Theatre was very popular in the area; it was noted for being the most luxurious cinema in the area and drew large crowds each week.  Ticket counters and a booking office were used to handle the crowds. The Sun's original candy location is today known as the Sun Bookshop. A unique feature to the cinema was the pram room, where babies in their prams were placed and given a number. If a baby started crying, its number was flashed on the screen to alert the parents.

The Sun's popularity began to dwindle during the 1950s and 60s, largely due to the introduction of television in Australia. In the late 1960s, the Sun was transformed into a Greek theatre to satisfy the growing Greek population of Yarraville. However, the new Greek Theatre was eventually shut down by the Health Department, due to unsanitary carpets.

The Sun remained in a derelict condition for 20 years, until it was purchased in 1995 by the current owners. However, years of neglect, graffiti and pilfering had reduced the once modern and sophisticated theatre into little more than four brick walls. The new owners transformed the Sun into one of Melbourne's most popular film societies between 1998 and 2003.

Facilities
Today, the Sun Theatre seats 700 patrons in eight boutique cinemas. Following its reopening in 1995, the Sun's large auditorium was divided into four cinemas, and another two were added to the rear. All of the new screens have the original architecture of the theatre. A popular feature of the current cinema is the original club seating which has all been fully refurbished with suede upholstery. A coffee table is shared between all seats in each group, which are noted for their ample leg room.

The cinemas of the Sun Theatre are all named after closed-down cinemas in Melbourne, in particular Yarraville and the Western suburbs.
 Grand, named after the last cinema to close operations in Footscray, is the Sun's largest cinema.
 Barkly, named after once famous Footscray cinema, is based on the dress circle of the original Sun.
 Trocadero, named after another long-closed cinema in Footscray, this cinema features parts of the original plaster of the Sun.
 Lyric, named after the second cinema in Yarraville, this cinema was originally intended to be the private screening room. It now features 33 chairs and 7 lounge chairs with coffee tables.
 Davis, named after the cinema's principal benefactor who was a projectionist at the Sun in the 1950s, this cinema features 100 seats and is decorated with memorabilia such as telegrams and the original Wurlitzer organ.
 La Scala, named after an Italian cinema in Footscray, this cinema features such luxuries as 52 leather couches and paintings by local artists.
 Roxy, the smallest cinema at the Sun, it is one of the cinemas three lounge cinemas and has only 20 leather lounge seats with art deco stylings on the walls
 St. Georges, named after the closed-down theatre in Yarraville across the train line, the St. Georges is a small cinema with two levels and couch seating. At the entrance is a painting by Wassily Kandinsky titled St. Georges.

Trivia
 It was the first Melbourne cinema to be constructed with a parabolic floor and pioneered the 'Continental' form of seating
 Was opened by Cr. Free, Mayor of Footscray
 Much of the Sun Theatre's unique interior suffered decay beyond repair during the 13-year period of its abandonment. The decorative ceiling had collapsed onto a tangled mess of wrought iron chairs, white ants had invaded all timber construction and floorboards, and there were gaping holes in the roof, along with graffiti, rot, and general destruction. The building had been stripped of its ornate doors, skirting and decorative features, walls were collapsing, cracks opening and the sub-floor furnace room was completely submerged. The building was an ashen shell having experienced several fires (believed to be deliberately lit).
 The Sun neon sign, which is positioned above the roof of the theatre and which can be seen from many points around Yarraville, surrounding suburbs and even the Westgate Bridge, has become a Yarraville icon.
 The Sun was visited in a surprise visit by Quentin Tarantino, Samuel L. Jackson and Kurt Russell in 2016, because the theatre was one of the select few Australian venues for the roadshow 70mm presentation of The Hateful 8, and Tarantino was impressed by the theatre's attempt to secure a proper 70mm projector just so they could show this film. The trio happened to be in Melbourne promoting the film and thought it would give the audience in attendance a memorable experience.
 The Sun was the filming location for some select interior scenes for the 2015 movie The Dressmaker, doubling for the Dungatar Theatre and exploiting its vintage seating for a story set in the 1950s.

References

External links

Cinemas in Melbourne
Art Deco architecture in Melbourne
Heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne
1938 establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures in the City of Maribyrnong
Theatres completed in 1938

Sun Theatre


John Alexander Macdonald,  (April 12, 1874 – November 15, 1948) was a Canadian politician.

Born in Tracadie, Prince Edward Island, the son of John Charles Macdonald, he represented 3rd Kings in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1908 to 1915 and from 1923 to 1925 as a Conservative member. Macdonald served in the provincial cabinet as Minister without Portfolio from 1911 to 1915 and as Minister of Public Works and Highways from 1923 to 1925. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the riding of King's in the 1925 federal election. A Conservative, he was re-elected in 1926 and 1930. Macdonald was a Minister without Portfolio in the federal cabinet in 1926 and from 1930 to 1935. In 1935, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada representing the senatorial division of Cardigan, Prince Edward Island. He served until his death in Cardigan in 1948.

Macdonald was a merchant, exporter and shipbuilder. He also was a director of the Cardigan Electric Company, the Cardigan Silver Fox Company Limited and the Georgetown Fish Company. In 1905, he married Marie Josephine MacDonald.

His son John Augustine also represented the riding of King's in the House of Commons. John Augustine's wife Margaret Mary was the first woman from Prince Edward Island to serve in the House of Commons.

References

1874 births
1948 deaths
People from Queens County, Prince Edward Island
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) senators
Canadian senators from Prince Edward Island
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Prince Edward Island
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island MLAs

John Alexander Macdonald (Prince Edward Island politician)


Xiao Wen Ju (; born 19 May 1989) is a Chinese model. She was the first model of Chinese descent to be the face of Marc Jacobs.

Early life
Xiao Wen Ju was born on May 19, 1989, in the city of Xi'an in Shaanxi province. She began her modeling career in China in 2010, signing with IMG Models.

Career
After gaining attention with her appearance on the cover of Harper's Bazaar China May 2010, which focused on Chinese models, Ju debuted in New York City at the Honor Fall 2011 show. During the New York Fashion Week Fall/Winter 2011 she also walked for DKNY, Prada and L.A.M.B. by Gwen Stefani during which she fell after the platform of her right shoe broke mid-walk. During the next 2011 fashion seasons she walked for Shiatzy Chen, 3.1 Phillip Lim, Calvin Klein Jeans, DKNY, Emanuel Ungaro, Hermès, Louis Vuitton, Prada, Rochas and Thierry Mugler among others. In addition she was picked to be on Lane Crawford's Fall/Winter 2011 campaign, along with other top Chinese models like Ming Xi and Shu Pei.

In 2012 she has walked for 3.1 Phillip Lim, DKNY, DSquared², Hermès, Jill Stuart, Jonathan Saunders, Louis Vuitton, Marc Jacobs, Moschino Cheap & Chic and Tory Burch.  She has done ad campaigns for Adidas, Dior, Kenzo, Lane Crawford and Marc Jacobs (becoming the first Chinese to front the designer's campaign). She has also appeared on the cover of Vogue China and Numero China (twice). At Tibi's Fall/Winter 2012 show she mistakenly walked down the runway in the wrong direction. In 2015 she appeared on the cover of Vogue Italia.

As of July 2012 she was ranked number 22 on models.com's Top 50 female models list.

In 2015 she was placed as number 6 in Arogundade's top ten Asian models list. In 2016 she became the new face of L'Oréal.

She walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2016 in Paris, becoming only fifth Chinese model to do so after Liu Wen, Sui He, Shu Pei, and Ming Xi. She walked again at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2017 in Shanghai.

As of 2017, she was inducted into models.com's list of "Industry Icons".

In 2018, Ju was featured in a show called Model Diaries where her trip to Dubai was documented by Etihad Airways as it shows its support for the global fashion industry.

References

External links

1989 births
Chinese female models
IMG Models models
Living people
People from Xi'an

Xiao Wen Ju


Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Pepper Arden, 3rd Baron Alvanley (8 December 1792 – 24 June 1857) was a British Army officer and peer.

He was the son of Richard Pepper Arden, 1st Baron Alvanley and Anne Dorothea (née Wilbraham-Bootle). As a young man, he was one of a circle of friends surrounding William Wilberforce.

On 19 March 1811, he purchased a cornetcy in the 15th Hussars. Promoted lieutenant on 3 October 1811, he served with the regiment in the Peninsular War from February 1813 to April 1814. Arden fought at the battles of Morales, Vittoria, Orthez and Toulouse and received the service medal for the latter three.

Arden was gazetted a captain in the 2nd Garrison Battalion on 26 April 1815, being unable to afford a captaincy in a cavalry regiment. Placed on half-pay, he later exchanged into the 32nd Regiment of Foot on 8 July 1819. He purchased a commission as major in the 84th Regiment of Foot on 4 October 1822, and an unattached lieutenant-colonelcy on 30 October 1823. On 1 June 1829, he exchanged from half-pay into the Coldstream Guards as a captain and lieutenant-colonel. However, he sold out and retired from the army on 4 June 1829.

He married Lady Arabella Vane, youngest daughter of the 1st Duke of Cleveland, on 24 April 1831. On 16 November 1849 he succeeded to the title of Lord Alvanley on the death of his brother William Arden, 2nd Baron Alvanley. With no son to inherit the title, the Barony of Alvanley became extinct when he died.

References
Notes

Sources

External links

1792 births
1857 deaths
15th The King's Hussars officers
32nd Regiment of Foot officers
84th Regiment of Foot officers
3
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Coldstream Guards officers
Younger sons of barons

Richard Arden, 3rd Baron Alvanley


In statistical inference, specifically predictive inference, a prediction interval is an estimate of an interval in which a future observation will fall, with a certain probability, given what has already been observed. Prediction intervals are often used in regression analysis.

Prediction intervals are used in both frequentist statistics and Bayesian statistics: a prediction interval bears the same relationship to a future observation that a frequentist confidence interval or Bayesian credible interval bears to an unobservable population parameter: prediction intervals predict the distribution of individual future points, whereas confidence intervals and credible intervals of parameters predict the distribution of estimates of the true population mean or other quantity of interest that cannot be observed.

Introduction
For example, if one makes the parametric assumption that the underlying distribution is a normal distribution, and has a sample set {X1, ..., Xn}, then confidence intervals and credible intervals may be used to estimate the population mean μ and population standard deviation σ of the underlying population, while prediction intervals may be used to estimate the value of the next sample variable, Xn+1.

Alternatively, in Bayesian terms, a prediction interval can be described as a credible interval for the variable itself, rather than for a parameter of the distribution thereof.

The concept of prediction intervals need not be restricted to inference about a single future sample value but can be extended to more complicated cases. For example, in the context of river flooding where analyses are often based on annual values of the largest flow within the year, there may be interest in making inferences about the largest flood likely to be experienced within the next 50 years.

Since prediction intervals are only concerned with past and future observations, rather than unobservable population parameters, they are advocated as a better method than confidence intervals by some statisticians, such as Seymour Geisser, following the focus on observables by Bruno de Finetti.

Simple Example
Given a six-sided die with face values ranging from 1 to 6, the confidence interval for the estimated expected value of the face value will be around 3.5 and will become narrower with more samples. However, the prediction interval for the next roll will approximately range from 1 to 6, even with any number of samples seen so far.

Normal distribution
Given a sample from a normal distribution, whose parameters are unknown, it is possible to give prediction intervals in the frequentist sense, i.e., an interval [a, b] based on statistics of the sample such that on repeated experiments, Xn+1 falls in the interval the desired percentage of the time; one may call these "predictive confidence intervals".

A general technique of frequentist prediction intervals is to find and compute a pivotal quantity of the observables X1, ..., Xn, Xn+1 – meaning a function of observables and parameters whose probability distribution does not depend on the parameters – that can be inverted to give a probability of the future observation Xn+1 falling in some interval computed in terms of the observed values so far,  Such a pivotal quantity, depending only on observables, is called an ancillary statistic. The usual method of constructing pivotal quantities is to take the difference of two variables that depend on location, so that location cancels out, and then take the ratio of two variables that depend on scale, so that scale cancels out.
The most familiar pivotal quantity is the Student's t-statistic, which can be derived by this method and is used in the sequel.

Known mean, known variance
A prediction interval [ℓ,u] for a future observation X in a normal distribution N(µ,σ2) with known mean and variance may be calculated from

where , the standard score of X, is distributed as  standard normal.

Hence

or

with z the quantile in the standard normal distribution for which:

or equivalently;

The prediction interval is conventionally written  as:

For example, to calculate the 95% prediction interval for a normal distribution with a mean (µ) of 5 and a standard deviation (σ) of 1, then z is approximately 2. Therefore, the lower limit of the prediction interval is approximately 5 ‒ (2·1) = 3, and the upper limit is approximately 5 + (2·1) = 7, thus giving a prediction interval of approximately 3 to 7.

Estimation of parameters
For a distribution with unknown parameters, a direct approach to prediction is to estimate the parameters and then use the associated quantile function – for example, one could use the sample mean  as estimate for μ and the sample variance s2 as an estimate for σ2. Note that there are two natural choices for s2 here – dividing by  yields an unbiased estimate, while dividing by n yields the maximum likelihood estimator, and either might be used. One then uses the quantile function with these estimated parameters  to give a prediction interval.

This approach is usable, but the resulting interval will not have the repeated sampling interpretation – it is not a predictive confidence interval.

For the sequel, use the sample mean:

and the (unbiased) sample variance:

Unknown mean, known variance
Given a normal distribution with unknown mean μ but known variance 1, the sample mean  of the observations  has distribution  while the future observation  has distribution  Taking the difference of these cancels the μ and yields a normal distribution of variance  thus

Solving for  gives the prediction distribution  from which one can compute intervals as before. This is a predictive confidence interval in the sense that if one uses a quantile range of 100p%, then on repeated applications of this computation, the future observation  will fall in the predicted interval 100p% of the time.

Notice that this prediction distribution is more conservative than using the estimated mean  and known variance 1, as this uses variance , hence yields wider intervals. This is necessary for the desired confidence interval property to hold.

Known mean, unknown variance
Conversely, given a normal distribution with known mean 0 but unknown variance ,
the sample variance  of the observations  has, up to scale, a  distribution; more precisely:

while the future observation  has distribution
Taking the ratio of the future observation and the sample standard deviation  cancels the σ, yielding a Student's t-distribution with n – 1 degrees of freedom:

Solving for  gives the prediction distribution  from which one can compute intervals as before.

Notice that this prediction distribution is more conservative than using a normal distribution with the estimated standard deviation  and known mean 0, as it uses the t-distribution instead of the normal distribution, hence yields wider intervals. This is necessary for the desired confidence interval property to hold.

Unknown mean, unknown variance
Combining the above for a normal distribution  with both μ and σ2 unknown yields the following ancillary statistic:

This simple combination is possible because the sample mean and sample variance of the normal distribution are independent statistics; this is only true for the normal distribution, and in fact characterizes the normal distribution.

Solving for  yields the prediction distribution

The probability of  falling in a given interval is then:

where Ta is the 100((1 − p)/2)th percentile of Student's t-distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom.  Therefore, the numbers

are the endpoints of a 100(1 − p)% prediction interval for .

Non-parametric methods
One can compute prediction intervals without any assumptions on the population, i.e. in a non-parametric way.

Conformal Prediction

In general the conformal prediction method is more general.
Let us look at the special case of using the minimum and maximum as boundaries for a prediction interval:
If one has a sample of identical random variables {X1, ..., Xn}, then the probability that the next observation Xn+1 will be the largest is 1/(n + 1), since all observations have equal probability of being the maximum. In the same way, the probability that Xn+1 will be the smallest is 1/(n + 1). The other (n − 1)/(n + 1) of the time, Xn+1 falls between the sample maximum and sample minimum of the sample {X1, ..., Xn}. Thus, denoting the sample maximum and minimum by M and m, this yields an (n − 1)/(n + 1) prediction interval of [m, M].

Notice that while this gives the probability that a future observation will fall in a range, it does not give any estimate as to where in a segment it will fall – notably, if it falls outside the range of observed values, it may be far outside the range. See extreme value theory for further discussion. Formally, this applies not just to sampling from a population, but to any exchangeable sequence of random variables, not necessarily independent or identically distributed.

Residual Bootstrap

The residual bootstrap method can be used for constructing non-parametric prediction intervals.

Quantile Regression

Quantile regression can be used to construct prediction intervals.

Contrast with other intervals

Contrast with confidence intervals

Note that in the formula for the predictive confidence interval no mention is made of the unobservable parameters μ and σ of population mean and standard deviation – the observed sample statistics  and  of sample mean and standard deviation are used, and what is estimated is the outcome of future samples.

Rather than using sample statistics as estimators of population parameters and applying confidence intervals to these estimates, one considers "the next sample"  as itself a statistic, and computes its sampling distribution.

In parameter confidence intervals, one estimates population parameters; if one wishes to interpret this as prediction of the next sample, one models "the next sample" as a draw from this estimated population, using the (estimated) population distribution. By contrast, in predictive confidence intervals, one uses the sampling distribution of (a statistic of) a sample of n or n + 1 observations from such a population, and the population distribution is not directly used, though the assumption about its form (though not the values of its parameters) is used in computing the sampling distribution.

Contrast with tolerance intervals

Applications
Prediction intervals are commonly used as definitions of reference ranges, such as reference ranges for blood tests to give an idea of whether a blood test is normal or not. For this purpose, the most commonly used prediction interval is the 95% prediction interval, and a reference range based on it can be called a standard reference range.

Regression analysis

A common application of prediction intervals is to regression analysis.

Suppose the data is being modeled by a straight line regression:

where  is the response variable,  is the explanatory variable, εi is a random error term, and  and  are parameters.

Given estimates  and  for the parameters, such as from a simple linear regression, the predicted response value yd for a given explanatory value xd is

(the point on the regression line), while the actual response would be

The point estimate  is called the mean response, and is an estimate of the expected value of yd,

A prediction interval instead gives an interval in which one expects yd to fall; this is not necessary if the actual parameters α and β are known (together with the error term εi), but if one is estimating from a sample, then one may use the standard error of the estimates for the intercept and slope ( and ), as well as their correlation, to compute a prediction interval.

In regression,  makes a distinction between intervals for predictions of the mean response vs. for predictions of observed response—affecting essentially the inclusion or not of the unity term within the square root in the expansion factors above; for details, see .

Bayesian statistics

Seymour Geisser, a proponent of predictive inference, gives predictive applications of Bayesian statistics.

In Bayesian statistics, one can compute (Bayesian) prediction intervals from the posterior probability of the random variable, as a credible interval. In theoretical work, credible intervals are not often calculated for the prediction of future events, but for inference of parameters – i.e., credible intervals of a parameter, not for the outcomes of the variable itself. However, particularly where applications are concerned with possible extreme values of yet to be observed cases, credible intervals for such values can be of practical importance.

See also

Extrapolation
Posterior probability
Prediction
Prediction band
Seymour Geisser
Statistical model validation
Trend estimation

Notes

References

Further reading

 ISO 16269-8 Standard Interpretation of Data, Part 8, Determination of Prediction Intervals

Statistical forecasting
Regression analysis
Statistical intervals

Prediction interval


Antonio Barichievich (October 10, 1925 – September 7, 2003), born Anton Barichevich and better known as The Great Antonio, was a Croatian-Canadian strongman, professional wrestler, and a Montreal eccentric artist. Barichievich was born in  Zagreb, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Nothing is known about his early life and family aside that according to biographers he started to do menial work by the age of six and could uproot trees by age 12. During World War II, he spent time at the Bagnoli displaced persons camp. He arrived as refugee in Canada in 1945, and established himself in Montreal, Quebec. In the late 1940s, Barichievich made a name for himself with demonstrations of strength, and in 1952 he pulled a 433-tonne train 19.8 metres a feat featured in the Guinness Book of World Records.

Moving forward Barichievich would tour making demonstrations of strength and wrestled professionally. In 1960, he appeared for the second time in Guinness Book of World Records by pulling four city buses loaded with passengers. Barichievich wrestled until the late 1970s and demonstrations of strength until the 1980s.

Until his death in 2003, Barichievich became a Montreal eccentric roaming the streets selling photomontage postcards of his past exploits. At the end of his life, his photomontages started to gain artistic recognition and are currently featured in museum exhibits.

Early life
Barichievich was born Anton Baričević in Zagreb, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Biographers have written that he went to work with a pick and shovel at the age of six and was able to uproot trees with a cable around his neck by age 12. Antonio was at the Bagnoli displaced persons camp during World War II. In 1945, he arrived by refugee ship in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. He never discussed his experiences during World War II, but writers speculate that he was psychologically affected by whatever he saw and experienced.

Career

Strongman competitions
Beginning in the late 1940s, Barichievich began appearing as a strongman in Montreal. He first made it into the Guinness Book of World Records in 1952 by pulling a 433-tonne train 19.8 metres.

In 1960, he made it again into Guinness by pulling four city buses loaded with passengers. He weighed 465 pounds (211 kg) and stood about 6 foot 4 inches (1.93 m). His suits were size 90 and his shoes size 28. He could eat 25 chickens or 10 steaks at one sitting.

During the 1970s he toured the world as a strongman and performer, appearing in world capitals and on popular TV variety shows.

Despite his imposing stature, Barichievich is said to have sung with a soft, beautiful voice, and at one time wanted to tour with Tiny Tim. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, he made increasingly eccentric demands: he said he would pull a Boeing 747 down the tarmac provided Boeing gave him a jet for his own personal use, and he approached Don King saying that he would do a fight film for one million dollars.

Professional wrestling
In addition to strongman exhibitions, he participated in professional wrestling matches. As a younger wrestler he performed under the names Narcissus or Sweet Narcissus but by the late 1950s he had developed the Great Antonio persona. Barichievich purportedly almost won the Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship in wrestling in Calgary in 1971, but fans nearly rioted at the idea that Antonio, wrestling as a heel at the time, could appear and beat their hometown favorite. His wrestling career continued into New Japan Pro-Wrestling through the 1970s without much success. On December 8, 1977, he lost a notorious match against Antonio Inoki during which Barichievich inexplicably began no-selling Inoki's attacks and then stiffing Inoki; Inoki responded by shooting on Barichievich, knocking him down with palm strikes and kicks, and then stomping him into a bloody mess as he lay on the mat.

Film and television
Barichievich appeared in several movies, including Quest for Fire (1982), A 20th Century Chocolate Cake (1983),and Abominable Snowman (1996). In addition, he made appearances on several television shows, including The Ed Sullivan Show and Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show.

Later life
As Barichievich grew older, he became a noted eccentric figure in his adopted home town of Montreal. He changed the story of his background on at least two occasions. In one instance, he claimed that, rather than being of Croatian descent, he was Italian. In his later years, he claimed that he was an extraterrestrial. Destitute, he frequented doughnut shops in Rosemont as well as Berri-UQAM metro station, where he sold postcards of himself and brochures outlining his life story. He carried "every scrap of paper that had been written about him over the years, news clippings from all over the world, in garbage bags." According to Elliott Augustine of Erudit, Barichievich started making photomontage of his past exploits to turned them into postcards in 1972. He describes Barichievich's work as well crafted, humorous, and "works of art in their own rights".

Prior to his death in September 2003, Barichievich was working with Quartier Éphémère, to present his photomontage works in an exhibit about outsiders artists. the event took place between October and December of that year.

2003 to present day: tributes and posthumous success
After his death, discovered among the clippings was a letter from the office of Bill Clinton, and old photos of Barichievich with people including Pierre Trudeau, Liza Minnelli, Lee Majors, Sophia Loren and Johnny Carson.

In 2008, the Quebecois group Mes Aïeux recorded a song in homage to Barichievich on their album La ligne orange, as well as a recording of a song sung by the strongman himself.

In 2014, Élise Gravel wrote and illustrated a children's book about Barichievich. In 2015, a plaque and bench were dedicated to him in the Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie borough of Montreal, where he had lived the last 20 years of his life in a small apartment.

Also that year, the American Folk Art Museum presented Barichievich's "first institutional presentation of his works."

In 2017, The Barr Brothers reference Barichievich in their track "Song That I Heard" from the album Queens of the Breakers.

Also that year, Barichievich personal papers went into the archives of McCord Stewart Museum.

Death
Barichievich died in 2003 at the age of 77 of a heart attack while in a grocery store in Montreal.

Personal
He is believed to have been married at least twice, once in Europe and once in Canada, but he left behind no known descendants on either side.

Accolades

 1952 - Guinness World Records - by pulling a 433-tonne train 19.8 metres
 1960 - Guinness World Records - by pulling four city buses loaded with passengers
 1994 - The Mirror's Best Great Montrealer

References

External links

 Information about the Great Antonio at the Montreal Mirror

1925 births
2003 deaths
Canadian strength athletes
Canadian male film actors
Male actors from Montreal
Male actors from Zagreb
Sportspeople from Zagreb
Yugoslav emigrants to Canada
Stampede Wrestling alumni
Croatian male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Montreal

Great Antonio


The Augustan Society, Inc., headquartered in Orlando, Florida, was founded in 1957 to preserve material related to heraldry, genealogy, nobility, and orders of chivalry; and to further chivalric ideals in society. The Society moved to its current location from its long-time home in California in 2007. The Society's journal, The Augustan Omnibus, is published semi-annually.

Boasting one of North America's most complete libraries of some 20,000 volumes dedicated to nobility, chivalry, genealogy, and heraldry, the Society supports research in these fields. In addition to these main goals of fostering research and promoting chivalry, the Augustan Society has sub-groups of interest available to members. The first two were established to promote the ideals of the Society and are as follows:

 The Order of the Augustan Eagle, established to serve as the court of honor of the Augustan Society, as well as to set the privileges of the members of the Society.
 The Noble Company of the Rose, which exists to foster the true ideals of chivalry. Members fulfill their duties to their fellow men through an active practice of the Code of Chivalry and by individual and concerted charitable activities.

The other sub-groups are dedicated to providing kinship among members of various lineages, interests, and backgrounds, in the form of lineage societies. They are as follows:

 The Society of Descendants of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, composed of members who descend from an individual who lived in the Holy Land during the Crusades, or belong to an Order of Chivalry which fought in the Holy Land, or have made a personal pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
 The Society of Descendants of Ireland, which was organized for the purpose of gathering together persons of Irish origin, and for preserving and cherishing the memories of our ancestors of Ireland, and to reflect with affection upon the Emerald Isle.
 The Society of Descendants of Scotland, which is composed of those who can submit a proven and unbroken lineage from a Scottish family who lived in Scotland for a minimum of three generations, or from a Scottish king.
 The Society of Descendants of the Conquest, which is made up of two groups, being those who can demonstrate unbroken descent from William the Conqueror and his wife Matilda of Flanders as well as those who can demonstrate unbroken descent from one of 39 companions they accept as having fought with William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings.

The Society also holds yearly conventions to gather members and promote research in Society areas of specialty. The 2014 gathering was to be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

See also
 Committee on Heraldry of the New England Historic Genealogical Society
 International Register of Arms

References

External links
 Augustan Society main website
 Augustan Society Online Store
 Augustan Society Library Catalog

American heraldry
Learned societies of the United States
Organizations established in 1957
1957 establishments in Florida

Augustan Society


Veronica anagallis-aquatica is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae known by the common names water speedwell, blue water-speedwell,brook pimpernel, and sessile water-speedwell. It is also listed as Veronica catenata.
Its true native range is not clear, but the plant is present on most continents, and in most places it is probably naturalized. It occurs in many types of moist and wet habitat, and it is semi-aquatic, often growing in shallow water along streambanks, in ponds, and in other wetland environments. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb with stems growing 10 centimeters to about a meter in maximum length. It may be decumbent, the stem spreading along the ground and rooting where it touches moist substrate, or erect in form. The oppositely arranged leaves are green, smooth-edged or toothed, and sometimes clasping the stem where the leaf pairs meet at the bases. The inflorescence is a raceme of many flowers arising from the leaf axils. Each flower is borne on a short, curving pedicel. The flower corolla is up to a centimeter wide with four lobes, the upper lobe being widest. It is blue, lavender, or violet with purple lines near the base of each lobe. At the center are two small protruding stamens.

Conservation status in the United States
It is listed as threatened in Indiana, and as endangered in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Tennessee.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Washington Burke Museum
Illinois Wildflowers

anagallis-aquatica
Flora of Asia
Flora of Europe
Flora of Northern America
Flora of Southern America
Flora of Africa
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Freshwater plants

Veronica anagallis-aquatica


An integral operator is an operator that involves integration. Special instances are:

 The operator of integration itself,  denoted by the integral symbol
 Integral linear operators, which are linear operators induced by bilinear forms involving  integrals
 Integral transforms, which are maps between two function spaces, which involve integrals

Integral calculus

Integral operator


The Chadian passport is issued to citizens of Chad for international travel. The Chadian passport is written in three languages; French, English and Arabic.

As of 1 January 2017, Chadian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 51 countries and territories, ranking the Chadian passport 85th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Bhutanese, Chinese, Malian and Rwandan passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index.

On 24 September 2017, citizens of Chad who held Chadian passports were banned from entering the United States of America. The reason was that Chadian authorities had run out of passport paper and were unable to submit sample passports to American authorities.

See also
Visa requirements for Chadian citizens

References

Passports by country
Government of Chad

Chadian passport


The ColecoVision was a second generation home video game console known mostly for its expansion packs including the Expansion Module #1 which gave it the largest library of games for its time by having compatibility with Atari 2600 games.  The system competed with other game systems popular at the time such as Atari 2600 and the Intellivision. The ColecoVision offered arcade-quality graphics and gaming style, and the means to expand the system's basic hardware. River West Brands currently owns the ColecoVision brand name. It was released in 1982 and was discontinued in 1985.

Related pages
Video game console

Video game consoles

ColecoVision


Alison "Ali" Hewson (née Stewart; 23 March 1961) is an Irish activist and businesswoman. She is the wife of singer and musician Paul Hewson, known as Bono, from the rock group U2.

Raised in Raheny, she met her future husband at a young age at Mount Temple Comprehensive School and married him in 1982. She has a degree in politics and sociology from University College Dublin in 1989. The couple have four children together and live at residences in Ireland, France, and the United States.  She has inspired several U2 songs, most famously "Sweetest Thing".

Early life
Alison Stewart was born on 23 March 1961,the daughter of Terry and Joy Stewart and the granddaughter of Hector Grey, a well known Dublin trader and shop owner. Alison studied at Mount Temple Comprehensive School where, at the age of twelve, she met Paul Hewson, who was a grade ahead of her.

Marriage and family

She married Bono on 21 August 1982 in a Church of Ireland ceremony at All Saints Church, Raheny.  In debt to U2's label, Island Records, the couple did not have ready funds for a honeymoon, but label head Chris Blackwell gave them use of the Goldeneye estate he owned in Jamaica.  At first, the newly married couple shared a small mews house in Howth with the rest of the band.  It took her a while to enjoy the band's music, as her own tastes ran toward her father's Frank Sinatra and Nat King Cole records.

Career as activist
In 1992, Hewson participated in Greenpeace protests against the Sellafield plant for nuclear reprocessing, located across the Irish Sea in Cumbria, England. This involvement led her to become interested in the Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986.

Since 1994, Hewson has been a patron of Chernobyl Children's Project International

Career as businesswoman
In 2005, Hewson, Bono and designer Rogan Gregory co-founded the Edun fashion label ("nude" spelled backwards, to suggest both "natural" and the Garden of Eden). It was intended to help bring about positive change in Africa through a fair trade-based relationship rather than by direct aid.

Hewson and U2
Songs written by Bono that were at least in part inspired by Ali go back to the earliest period of the band's recording career, with the track "Another Time, Another Place" off their 1980 first album, Boy.  She helped Bono get through a bad period of writer's block during the lead-up to the 1983 War album and especially in the lyric composition for "Sunday Bloody Sunday".  She was the inspiration for the personal themes of "New Year's Day" on that record as well.  The album and the accompanying War Tour brought financial success to the band, and Bono and Ali moved into a three-level, three-room Martello tower in Bray for some years.  The group's 1984 song "Promenade" reflects both that location and the spiritual aspects of his desire for her.

The U2 song "Sweetest Thing" was written for Hewson as a gift because Bono forgot her birthday whilst recording with the band during The Joshua Tree sessions.  Originally released as a B-side in 1987, it was later re-recorded and released as a single from the compilation album The Best of 1980–1990 in 1998.  Hewson agreed to appear in the single's music video as long as all proceeds from it went to Chernobyl Children's Project.

References

Bibliography
Dunphy, Eamon (1987) Unforgettable Fire: The Story of U2. New York: Warner Books. .
Flanagan, Bill (1996) U2: At the End of the World. New York: Delta.
Kootnikoff, David. (2012) Bono: A Biography. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
Stokes, Niall (2005 edition). Into the Heart: The Stories Behind Every U2 Song. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press.
U2; McCormick, Neil (ed). (2006) U2 by U2. London: HarperCollins.

1961 births
Living people
Anti-nuclear activists
Irish businesspeople
Irish activists

Ali Hewson


Robocopy is a command-line file transfer utility for Microsoft Windows.  Robocopy is functionally more comprehensive than the COPY command and XCOPY, but replaces neither. Created by Kevin Allen and first released as part of the Windows NT 4.0 Resource Kit, it has been a standard feature of Windows since Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008.

Features
Robocopy provides features not found in the built-in Windows COPY and XCOPY commands, including the following:

 Recovering from temporary loss of network connectivity (Incomplete files are marked with a date stamp of 1970-01-01 and contain a recovery record so Robocopy knows where to continue from).
 Detecting and skipping NTFS junction points, which, under certain circumstances, may cause copying failures because of infinite loops (with the /XJ switch).
 Preserving any combination of the following: file contents, attributes, metadata (e.g., original timestamps), NTFS ACLs (DACLs, SACLs, and owner). For example, it is possible to copy ACLs from one file to another. Before version XP026, however, this capability was limited to files only, not folders.ps).
 Utilizing the Windows NT "Backup Files and Directories" privilege (SeBackupPrivilege, normally not available to standard user accounts) to bypass NTFS ACLs that would otherwise impede transfer (requires the /B switch).
 Persistence by default, with a programmable number of automatic retries if a file cannot be copied.
 The mirror mode, which keeps two directory trees synchronized by also deleting files in the destination that are not present in the source.
 Skipping files already in the destination folder with identical size and timestamp.
 Progress indicator
 Support for paths exceeding 259 characters, up to a theoretical limit of about 32,000 characters.
 Multithreaded copying (introduced with Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2).
 Return codes (used in automation).

Compression
Since Windows Server 2019 and Windows 10, Robocopy support SMB compression for transferring files across a network. If the /compression is specified, the destination computer supports SMB compression, and the files being copied are compressible, the operation enjoys significant performance improvements. The SMB compression adds inline whitespace compression to file transfers. Compression is also available with the XCOPY command and Hyper-V live migration with SMB.

Examples of use
Here are some examples of usage, which is not case-sensitive. If more than one option is specified, they must be separated by spaces.

Example 1
Copy directory contents of the source  to the destination  (including file data, attributes and timestamps), recursively with empty directories (/E):

Robocopy "C:\Directory A" "C:\Directory B" /E

If directory names have non-standard characters, such as spaces, they must be enclosed in double quotes, as is usual in the command line.

Example 2
Copy directory recursively (/E), copy all file information (/COPYALL, equivalent to /COPY:DATSOU, D=Data, A=Attributes, T=Timestamps, S=Security=NTFS ACLs, O=Owner info, U=Auditing info), do not retry locked files (/R:0) (the number of retries on failed copies default value is 1 million), preserve original directories' Timestamps (/DCOPY:T - requires version XP026 or later):

Robocopy C:\A C:\B /COPYALL /E /R:0 /DCOPY:T

Example 3
Mirror A to B, destroying any files in B that are not present in A (/MIR), copy files in resume mode (/Z) in case network connection is lost:

Robocopy C:\A \\backupserver\B /MIR /Z

For the full reference, see the Microsoft TechNet Robocopy page.

Syntactic focus on copying folders
Robocopy syntax is markedly different from its predecessors (copy and xcopy), in that it accepts only folder names, without trailing backslash, as its source and destination arguments. File names and wildcard characters (such as * and ?) are not valid as source or destination arguments; files may be selected or excluded using the optional "file" filtering argument (which supports wildcards) along with various other options.

For example, to copy two files from folder  c:\bar to c:\baz,  the following syntax is used:

robocopy c:\bar c:\baz file1.txt file2.db

And to copy all PDF files from c:\bar to c:\baz:

robocopy c:\bar c:\baz *.pdf

The files named are copied only from the folder selected for copying; fully qualified path names are not supported.

CAUTION: A long-standing issue with Robocopy means that if you back up from the root folder of a drive [ e.g., ], the destination files will be given attributes including SH. This means that they will be invisible to normal access (including DIR in cmd.exe). To fix this, add  to the robocopy command line - or do an ATTRIB command to remove them afterwards.

Output
Robocopy outputs to the screen, or optionally to a log file, the names of all the directories it encounters, in alphabetical order. Each name is preceded by the number of files in the directory that fulfill the criteria for being copied. If the directory does not yet exist in the target, it is marked "New Dir"; if the directory is empty and the /E option is not used, or it contains no files meeting the criteria, a new directory will not be created.

If the /NFL (no file names in log) option is not used, the files being copied will be listed after the name of the directory they are in.

At the end of the output is a table giving numbers of directories, files, and bytes. For each of these, the table gives the total number found in the source, the number copied (including directories marked "New Dir" even if they are not copied), the number skipped (because they already exist in the target), and the number of mismatches, FAILED, and extras. "Failed" can mean that there was an I/O error that prevented a file being copied, or that access was denied. There is also a row of time taken (in which the time spent on failed files seems to be in the wrong column).

Bandwidth throttling
Robocopy's "inter-packet gap" (IPG) option allows some control over the network bandwidth used in a session. In theory, the following formula expresses the delay (, in milliseconds) required to simulate a desired bandwidth (, in kilobits per second), over a network link with an available bandwidth of  kbps:

In practice however, some experimentation is usually required to find a suitable delay, due to factors such as the nature and volume of other traffic on the network. The methodology employed by the IPG option may not offer the same level of control provided by some other bandwidth throttling technologies, such as BITS (which is used by Windows Update and BranchCache).

Limitations
 Robocopy does not copy open files. Any process may open files for exclusive read access by withholding the FILE_SHARE_READ flag during opening. Normally Volume Shadow Copy Service is used for such situations, but Robocopy does not use it. Consequently, Robocopy is not suitable for backing up live operating system volumes. However, a separate utility such as ShadowSpawn (under MIT License) or DiskShadow (included with Windows Server 2008), can be used beforehand to create a shadow copy of a given volume, which Robocopy can then back up.

 Robocopy versions on systems older than Windows Vista do not mirror properly. They ignore changed security attributes of previously mirrored files.
 When specifying the /MT[:n] option to enable multithreaded copying, the /NP option to disable reporting of the progress percentage for files is ignored. By default the MT switch provides 8 threads. The n is the number of threads you specify if you do not want to use the default.

GUI
Although Robocopy itself is a command-line tool, Microsoft TechNet provided a GUI front-end called Robocopy GUI. It was developed by Derk Benisch, a systems engineer with the MSN Search group at Microsoft, and required .NET Framework 2.0. It included a copy of Robocopy version XP026. It is no longer available from Microsoft, but may be downloaded from the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine.

There are non-Microsoft GUIs for Robocopy:
 Cinchoo's ChoEazyCopy, Simple and powerful RoboCopy GUI v126.96.36.199 (March 11, 2022)
 "Easy RoboCopy", latest version 1.0.16 released on January 11, 2022.
 "WinRoboCopy" revision 1.3.5953.40896 released on April 19, 2016.
 RoboCop RoboCopy, Robocopy GUI Skin and script generator with Progress Monitoring, 10 September 2015.
 A program by SH-Soft, also called "Robocopy GUI" v220.127.116.11 (October 8, 2005).

Ken Tamaru of Microsoft developed a copying program with functionality similar to Robocopy, called RichCopy, discontinued in 2010. It is not based on Robocopy, and does not require .NET Framework.

Versions

All versions of Robocopy store their version number and release date in their executable file header, viewable with File Explorer or PowerShell. Some of them (not all) report their version numbers in their textual output.

See also
 List of file copying software
 Command line
 List of DOS commands
 rsync
 GUI
 SyncToy
 Ultracopier

References

External links

 Official sources
 Microsoft Robocopy documentation
Robocopy download (Version XP010) as part of Windows Server 2003 Resource Kit Tools. Includes 35-page documentation "robocopy.doc".
Robocopy short documentation on Microsoft TechNet Library
Robocopy GUI download (Version 18.104.22.168) on Microsoft TechNet Magazine
 Other
ROBOCOPY.exe (XP Resource Kit/Standard Vista command)

File copy utilities

Robocopy


Curriki is an online, free, open education service. Curriki is structured as a nonprofit organization to provide open educational resources primarily in support of K-12 education. Curricula and instructional materials are available at the Curriki website to teachers, professional educators, students, lifelong learners, and parents. The majority of the resources on the Curriki site fall under a Creative Commons license. Educational materials are provided by the Curriki community and are peer-reviewed for quality and adherence to standards.

The name Curriki is a portmanteau of the words "curriculum" and "wiki".

Curriki's model is to develop curricula through community contributors, and to deliver curricula and open educational resources globally. Anyone with access to the Internet can contribute and use the material found on Curriki to teach themselves or others. Since the materials, which include digital textbooks, learning videos, and interactive resources, are provided in open source, they can be adapted as needed to particular requirements inside or outside of the classroom.

History
Curriki was founded by Sun Microsystems in March 2004 as the Global Education & Learning Community (GELC). In 2006, Sun spun GELC off as an independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit to focus on building a repository of curricula and to create an online community for this repository. The organization changed its name to Curriki in 2006.

Curriki has over 350,000 educator, parent, and student members, and has garnered over 8.5 million visits from around the world. Curriki has received a number of awards, and has also given out a number of awards over the past several years; a partial list can be found at the Curriki website. Kim Jones co-founded Curriki with Scott McNealy, a founder of Sun Microsystems.

In September 2017, Curriki partnered with AT&T in order to come up with interactive math assessments tools, with which students would be given real-time feedback.

Footnotes

External links
 Curriki website

Curricula
Educational institutions established in 2004
Educational organizations based in the United States
Educational technology non-profits
Open educational resources
American educational websites
Open content projects
2004 establishments in the United States

Curriki


The William Jillson Stone House is a historic house museum at 561 Main Street inside Jillson Square Park, in the Willimantic section of Windham, Connecticut.  Built in 1825–27, it is a rare local instance of a stone house, built by one of the area's early industrialists.  It is now maintained by the Windham Historical Society, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

Description and history
The William Jillson Stone House is located on the south side of Jillson Square Park, overlooking Main Street and the Willimantic River.  It is a two-story structure, built of native granite laid in alternating wide and narrow courses.  Its walls are roughly  thick.  A single-story ell extends to the right, at a recess from the front facade.  The front facade is five bays wide, with the main entrance at the center, set in a rounded-arch opening.  The interior follows a center hall plan, with relatively simple woodwork trimming the openings and the fireplaces.

The house is locally significant as a rare example of a stone house, and as the home of William Jillson, a native of Cumberland, Rhode Island, who was one of the first people to purchase industrial water rights at the Willimantic Falls.  Jillson and his brothers established several mills in the area, which grew to become the American Thread Company, Willimantic's leading employer for many years.  The house is built out of the same materials that were used in construction of some of the mills, quarried out of the river bed.

After Jillson died, the house was divided up into apartments, and was also used as storage by one of the mills for a time.  It returned to single family ownership in 1920.  It was rescued from demolition by local preservationists, and underwent restoration in the 1970s by the historical society.  Its rooms are decorated to depict a typical early 19th-century industrialist's home.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Windham County, Connecticut

References

External links

 Windham Historical Society

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Houses completed in 1825
Houses in Windham County, Connecticut
Willimantic, Connecticut
Museums in Windham County, Connecticut
Historic house museums in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Windham County, Connecticut
Historical society museums in Connecticut

William Jillson Stone House


The National Executive Power (PEN) () of Argentina is the executive body of the central State of this country. It is a single-person, pyramidal body headed by the President of Argentina, an official who must be elected every four years by direct, secret, universal and compulsory suffrage, in a double round, along with the vice-presidential candidate.

Presidency of the Nation
In Argentina, the Presidency of the Nation is made up of the President of the Nation and the closest organizations and personnel.

Among the latter, the General Secretariat of the Presidency, the Legal and Technical Secretariat, the Federal Intelligence Agency, the Secretariat for Strategic Affairs and the Secretariat for Comprehensive Drug Policies (SEDRONAR) stand out for their political importance.

Chief of Cabinet of Ministers

The Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers is a ministerial position of the Argentine Republic, held by a chief of staff. It corresponds to an official of the National Constitution and arises as a consequence of the constitutional reform of 1994. Its role, attributions and obligations are detailed in articles 100 and 101 of the National Constitution, deepened in art. Currently, the Chief of Staff is Juan Manzur.

Other websites
 "Presidencia de la Nación", Official website. Argentina.

National Executive Power


Charles Polydore de Mont or Pol de Mont (Wambeek, 15 April 1857 – 29 June 1931) was a Belgian writer and poet.

After his secondary education, in French, at Ninove, he went to the Klein seminarie in Mechelen. Here he wrote his first poems, which he published in one volume as Klimoprankske (1875). He studied law at the Catholic University of Leuven, where he founded, together with Albrecht Rodenbach, Het Pennoen. In 1880 he was awarded the Quinquennial Prize for Flemish Literature for his poems which were published in Gedichten.

He started his professional career as a teacher at the Koninklijk Atheneum (E: Royal Atheneum ) in Antwerp. In 1904 he was appointed Director of the Museum of Fine Arts in Antwerp, and a year later he was one of the co-founders of the illustrated magazine De Vlaamse Gids. In 1919, he resigned his position as Director of the museum because he had been accused of Activism during World War I. He became chief editor of the newspaper De Schelde, where among his employees were Paul Van Ostaijen and Alice Nahon.

Bibliography
 Klimoprankskes (poëzie, 1875)
 Rijzende sterren (poëzie, 1879)
 Gedichten (poëzie, 1880)
 Lentesotternijen (poëzie, 1881)
 Idyllen (poëzie, 1882)
 Loreley (poëzie, 1882)
 Hendrik Conscience. Zijn leven en werken (studie, 1883)
 Idyllen en andere gedichten (poëzie, 1884)
 Fladderende vlinders (poëzie, 1885)
 Claribella (poëzie, 1893)
 Iris (poëzie, 1894)
 Dit zijn Vlaamsche wondersprookjes (volkskundige studie, 1896)
 Dit zijn Vlaamsche vertelsels (volkskundige studie, 1898)
 Drie groote Vlamingen (essay, 1901)
 Vlaamse schilders der negentiende eeuw (essay, 1901)
 De schilderkunst in België van 1830 tot 1921 (essay, 1921)
 Zomervlammen (poëzie, 1922)
 Wondervertelsels uit Vlaanderen. Uit den volksmond opgeteekend (samen met Alfons De Cock, 1924)

See also
 Flemish literature

Sources
 Pol de Mont (Dutch)
 Pol de Mont (Dutch)

1857 births
1931 deaths
Flemish activists
Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni
Flemish writers

Charles Polydore de Mont