Prinair is a Puerto Rican charter operator airline. It was Puerto Rico's domestic and international flag carrier airline for almost two decades from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s. Despite previously ceasing scheduled commercial operations twice, it restarted charter flights in 2019.

History
Service began in 1966 under the name Aerolíneas de Ponce (Ponce Airlines) with Aero Commander aircraft. The initial service flew from Mercedita Airport in Ponce to Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (then known as Isla Verde International Airport) in San Juan. The company's name was changed to Prinair the following year (Puerto Rico International Airlines).

The airline later used de Havilland Heron piston-engined aircraft for its services.  Prinair introduced their own version of the Heron by converting the aircraft to use 300 hp Continental IO-520 engines in place of the original 250 hp Gipsy Queen 30-2 engines.  The Prinair fleet which grew to over 20 aircraft was the largest Heron fleet in the world. During the 1970s, expansion saw the airline start cargo freighter services to Opa-locka (a Florida location near Miami) as well as passenger service to Santo Domingo, the Virgin Islands (U.S. and British), Martinique, Barbados, Puerto Plata, and other Caribbean destinations, as well as Vieques, Mayagüez, Culebra and Aguadilla on the domestic side.

During 1978, Nicolas Nogueras, a Puerto Rican politician, sought a writ of certiorari against Prinair at the United States Supreme Court; he was denied.

In the early 1980s, Prinair introduced into service larger and more capable Convair 580 turboprop aircraft. This provided the plane spotter at San Juan with another interesting aircraft type to look out for, but did little for the airline other than help increase the earnings from the Virgin Islands routes. Increased competition for these routes from Aero Virgin Islands and Oceanair, in addition to a measure of distrust from the public that had not forgotten a number of fatal crashes, resulted in Prinair ceasing operations in 1985. It was the intention that Prinair would have been one of the launch customers of the CASA CN-235 and at the roll-out of the new aircraft in September 1983 the prototype was actually painted in Prinair colors (right side only). However, the demise of Prinair prevented delivery.  The airline did operate an earlier CASA-manufactured aircraft, the C-212 Aviocar turboprop.

In 2007, the airline resumed operations with Piper Chieftain propeller-driven aircraft; The airline again ceased all flights in 2010.

The company's Prinairtours announced that in 2019 Prinair would relaunch flights as a charter airline, starting with services between Aguadilla on Puerto Rico's northwest coast and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic.

Incidents and accidents
Prinair suffered three fatal accidents and two non-fatal hijacking incidents during its existence.

On March 5, 1969 Prinair Flight 277 departed Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands for a flight to San Juan. Seventeen minutes after take-off, the crew contacted San Juan Approach Control. The approach controller on duty (a trainee) replied; "Prinair Two Seven Seven, San Juan Approach Control, radar contact three miles east of Isla Verde...maintain four thousand." The aircraft was actually three miles east of the Fajardo waypoint instead of the Isla Verde waypoint (which is located about 10 miles west of the Fajardo waypoint). Six minutes later the aircraft crashed in the Sierra de Luquillo mountains at an elevation of about 2400 feet; all 19 occupants were killed. The accident investigation found that Air Traffic Control was to blame.

On June 24, 1972 Prinair Flight 191 crashed after going around just after touching down at Ponce's Mercedita Airport, killing five of the 20 occupants (including both pilots). An accident investigation found that the go-around was prompted by a vehicle on the runway, but the investigation was re-opened three years after the accident due to evidence that there was no vehicle on the runway; the second investigation concluded that the go-around was due to unknown reasons.

Prinair Flight 610 crashed moments after taking off at Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands on July 24, 1979, with the loss of eight lives. An accident investigation found that the aircraft had been overloaded by 1,060 pounds and that the center of gravity (CG) was 8 inches beyond the maximum rear limit.

Destinations in 1981

According to the February 1, 1981 Prinair system timetable route map, the airline was operating scheduled passenger service to the following destinations in the Caribbean.  All flights were operated with either Convair 580 turboprop or de Havilland Heron prop aircraft at this time:

 Antigua, West Indies
 Guadeloupe, Caribbean
 Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
 Ponce, Puerto Rico - Airline headquarters
 St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
 St. Kitts, West Indies
 St. Maarten, Netherlands Antilles
 St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
 San Juan, Puerto Rico - Hub
 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
 Tortola, British Virgin Islands

Historical fleet
 28 – de Havilland Heron
 4 – Convair CV-580
 7 – CASA C-212 Aviocar

A second version of Prinair operated between 2007 and 2010 with Piper Chieftain aircraft.

In popular culture
A Prinair Beechcraft King Air aircraft appears in the 2022 film The Lost City

See also
 List of airlines of Puerto Rico
 Aeronaves de Puerto Rico
 Oceanair
 Puertorriquena de Aviacion
 VAL

References

Airlines of Puerto Rico
Airlines established in 1966
Airlines established in 2007
Airlines established in 2019
Airlines disestablished in 1985
Airlines disestablished in 2010
1966 establishments in Puerto Rico
Economic history of Puerto Rico
2007 establishments in Puerto Rico
2010 disestablishments in Puerto Rico
Companies based in Ponce, Puerto Rico
2019 establishments in Puerto Rico
Companies based in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican brands

Prinair


Gunnar Bull Gundersen (5 April 1929 – 7 November 1993) was a Norwegian sailor, novelist, playwright and lyricist.

Biography
Gunnar Bull Gundersen was born at Stavanger  in Rogaland, Norway. Gundersen grew up with changing foster parents and at different boarding schools. He referred to his young years as a very itinerant childhood  and said he had visited 10 schools and been expelled from three of them. Shortly after World War II, he went to sea. He was welfare secretary in the State Welfare Office for the merchant navy (Statens Velferdskontor for Handelsflåten), where he was stationed in Antwerp, Rotterdam and Liverpool.  He took the officer and later captain examinations at Oslo Public Seamen's School (Oslo Offentlige Sjømannsskole) in 1953 and sailed for some years as an officer in foreign trade.  At one time he was also captain of the ferry between Nesodden and Oslo. While a newly qualified officer, he was hired as stage manager at the Radio Theatre for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.

Gundersen was active in many fields. He was a theater director, novelist, playwright, emcee of radio and television, and wrote  lyrics with jazz musicians or in concert with his friend and colleague, lyricist   Harald Sverdrup  (1923–1992). He also made an important contribution as an enthusiastic jazz communicates through a long series of radio programs in 1960 - 1970.  In addition, he was a frequent contributor to the press.

In 1956, he made his literary debut with the novel Om natten – en bakgårdsfantasi. He was soon noticed  for his sure sense of language and fanciful imagination, which would become his trademarks. Gundersen published twelve novels receiving positive reviews and earning  several awards. Gundersen was awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature in 1959 for the novel Martin. For the stage, he wrote several plays and in collaboration with Jon Michelet  (1944–2018) wrote  Matros Tore Solem og hans skip (1979).

Selected works
Om natten – en bakgårdsfantasi (novel) 1956
Martin (novel) 1959
Judith; blader fra en kystskippers dagbok (novel) 1963
En dagdrivers opptegnelser (short stories) 1966
Han som ville male havet (novel) 1968
De hjemløse (novel) 1977
Matros Tore Solem og hans skip (play, with Jon Michelet)  1979

Awards
Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature (Kritikerprisen) - 1959
Mads Wiel Nygaard's Endowment  (Mads Wiel Nygaards legat) - 1960
Riksmål Society Literature Prize (Riksmålsforbundets litteraturpris) - 1961

References

1929 births
1993 deaths
Writers from Stavanger
20th-century Norwegian novelists
Norwegian radio personalities
Norwegian music journalists
Norwegian dramatists and playwrights
Norwegian theatre people
Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature winners
20th-century Norwegian journalists

Gunnar Bull Gundersen


The Enlightenment Foundation Libraries (EFL) are a set of graphics libraries that grew out of the development of Enlightenment, a window manager and Wayland compositor. The project's focus is to make the EFL a flexible yet powerful and easy to use set of tools to extend the capabilities of both the Enlightenment window manager and other software projects based on the EFL. The libraries are meant to be portable and optimized to be functional even on mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets.

The libraries were created for version 0.17 of the window manager.

EFL is developed by Enlightenment.org with some sponsorship from Samsung, ProFUSION and Free.fr. EFL is free and open source software.

Core components

Evas
Evas is the EFL canvas library, for creating areas, or windows, that applications can draw on in an X Window System. The EFL uses hardware-acceleration where possible to allow it to work faster, but is also designed to work on lower-end hardware, falling back to lower color and quality for graphics if necessary. Unlike most canvas libraries, it is primarily image-based (as opposed to vector-based) and fully state-aware (the vast majority of canvases are stateless, requiring the programmer to keep track of state).

Edje
Edje is a library that attempts to separate the user interface from the application. It allows applications to be skinnable, so that it is possible to change the GUI of an application without changing the application itself. Edje-based applications use files which contain the specifications for the GUI layout that is to be used. Edje themes are contained using EET generated files.

Ecore
Ecore is an event abstraction, and modular convenience library, intended to simplify a number of common tasks. It is modular, so applications need only call the minimal required libraries for a job. Ecore simplifies working with X, Evas, and also a few other things, such as network communications and threads.

Embryo
Embryo implements a scripting language used by other parts of the EFL, such as Edje. The language has a C-like syntax, and was based on the C-like, scriptable language Pawn - built on the old Small-C compiler.

EET
EET is a library that is designed to store and load all types of data, locally or through a network stream. It is designed to be light-weight, efficient and quick. EET forms the basis of theme files in the EFL, i.e. if you want to install a theme for Enlightenment or another themable EFL app, you would be installing an EET-format file, which contains all of the theme graphics and configuration and it does not need to be extracted onto the filesystem in order to be used.

It is also the basis for all IPC communication and all configuration. Even if it's a binary file format, it is possible to dump/undump it on the fly to see what's going from a human point of view.

Eina
Eina is the base library of all data types used by the EFL. It is designed to reduce CPU-usage as much as possible without using too much memory. It provides list (and inlined list), hash, red-black tree, shared string, rectangle, array, iterator and accessor, memory pool, module, fixed point and magic check helper.

The library itself is small and could easily be used without any other EFL libraries.

Helper components

Ethumb
Ethumb is a library for creating thumbnails of many types of images, designed to be compliant with freedesktop.org's Thumbnail Managing Standard. It supports all of the file formats that Evas supports, including PNG, JPEG, TIFF, GIF, etc.

Emotion
Emotion is a library providing video-playing capabilities through the use of smart-objects. Emotion provides several video backends. The best-supported one is libxine, a well-established video-playing library, but gstreamer and vlc backends are also provided. Thus, Emotion supports all of the video formats that video libraries support, including Ogg Theora, DivX, MPEG2, etc.

Elementary
Elementary is a widget set based on the EFL that makes heavy use of Evas and Edje to provide a fast, stable, and scalable library that can be used to create both rich and fast applications that can be used on anything from every day desktop computers to small PDAs and set-top boxes. It is designed to fully expose the capability of the EFL.

EIO
EIO provide asynchronous file system operation, like listing the content of directory, copying and moving directory and files around. It relies on Ecore thread ability and,  if correctly used, prevents any lock in the interface when browsing local file content.

Defunct/deprecated EFL components

 EWD (features now added to Ecore)
 Estyle (features have been absorbed by Etox)
 Etox (obsolete)
 Ebits (replaced by Edje)
 Evoak (dead)
 Imlib2 (replaced by Evas in E17, no new features will be added)
 EDB (replaced by EET)
 EXML
 EPEG (feature obsoleted by Evas)
 Epsylon (replaced by Ethumb)
 Engrave (feature have been absorbed by Edje)
 Esmart (not maintained and job's better done by Elementary)

References

External links

Free graphics software
Software using the BSD license
Cross-platform software
Widget toolkits

Enlightenment Foundation Libraries


Alexandre Flanquart (born 9 October 1989) is a former French rugby union player. He played as a lock for Stade Français, Bordeaux Bègles, and Provence Rugby.

Career
Alexandre Flanquart began playing professional rugby in 2009 for Stade Français, the club he remains playing for six years later. Even though he signed with Stade Français in 2008, he didn't receive his first appearance until 2009, where he came of the bench on the 74th minute against Bourgoin. On this occasions, Paris were victors 20–6. He became a more consistent player the following season, making 16 appearances overall. His form for his club saw him called up to the French national side for the 2013 France rugby union tour of New Zealand. He earned his first cap on the 8 June, coming of the bench for Yoann Maestri on the 70th minute. His has since then been a regular player in the French camp, being named in the squad for the 2014 and 2015 Six Nations Championship's, plus the 2014 end-of-year rugby union internationals squad.

References

1989 births
Living people
French rugby union players
People from Cambrai
Stade Français Paris players
Union Bordeaux Bègles players
Provence Rugby players
Rugby union props
Sportspeople from Nord (French department)
France international rugby union players
2015 Rugby World Cup players

Alexandre Flanquart


Fida Mohammad Khan ( 24  November 1919 – 20 December 2007) was a Pakistani conservative economist and lawyer who served as the Governor of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province under the military government of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq from 1986 until 1988. He was one of the founding members of the All-India Muslim League for its Northwest Frontier Province chapter before 1947.

Early life and career
Born in 1919, Fida Khan was educated at the Peshawar University, graduated and earned his BA degree in economics from the Edwardes College, and LLB degree in economic law from Aligarh Muslim University in 1945. During this time, Fida Khan joined All-India Muslim League and actively participated in Pakistan Movement, serving as the leading activist of Pakistan Movement in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.  Fida Muhammad Khan was a veteran Muslim Leaguer and former Governor of NWFP. He had also served as an ex-senator, federal minister, provincial minister and a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan (MNA). He had represented Pakistan in the United Nations also at an early age of 27. As a young man, Fida Mohammad Khan took part in the independence movement. As All-India Muslim League - Peshawar chapter president, he played an active role in the 1947 referendum in the NWFP in which majority of voters opted for their province to become part of Pakistan. The referendum was rejected and boycotted by the Pashtun nationalists led by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan.

He also remained active in the All-India Muslim League's National Guards and Muslim Students Federation. He subsequently served as central and provincial president of the Muslim League. Twice during his political career, Fida Mohammad Khan was elected member of the Senate. However, he never contested an assembly election. During General Ziaul Haq's martial law regime, he served as federal housing minister. He remained governor of the NWFP from 1986 to 1988.

Fida Mohammad was fond of narrating the story of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah's visit to Khyber Agency. Due to opposition by the Congress party of India and its ally, Khudai Khidmatgar movement, Jinnah's trip to Khyber Agency was considered risky. But Fida Mohammad Khan volunteered to drive Jinnah to Landikotal, where his father Tehmas Khan was serving as political Tehsildar.

This was a historic trip as tribesmen gave a warm welcome to the Quaid-i-Azam and announced their allegiance to the All-India Muslim League. Quaid-i-Azam was driven to Torkham on the border with Afghanistan and brought back by Fida Mohammad Khan to Peshawar. For the young Fida, this was a memorable event and he never missed an opportunity to narrate the story.

The PML under Mohammad Khan Junejo formed the government in the so-called 'non-party' elections of March 1985, but the President,  General Zia ul Haq dismissed it on 29 May 1988 on account of challenges to Zia's power. Following this, Fida Khan lead a break-away faction of the PML, the so-called PML-F, which remained loyal to Zia. After Gen. Zia's death in a mysterious Pakistan Air Force crash in August 1988 the Supreme Court of Pakistan mandated free and fair multi-party general elections to be held in November 1988. The PML-F, under pressure from Inter-Services Intelligence Director-General Hamid Gul merged with the Jamaati Islami and a few smaller parties to form the 'Islami Jamhoori Ittihad.' The IJI under Fida Khan failed to achieve a majority in the National Assembly, but found victory in the Punjab Provincial Assembly under Nawaz Sharif. As a result Sharif soon eclipsed Khan as leader of the IJI, and its main successor, the PML-N.

Death, awards and recognition
 Nishan-e-Imtiaz Award by the Government of Pakistan for his services
 Fida Mohammad Khan died on 20 December 2007 in Peshawar after a protracted illness at age 88.

References

External links
Fida Mohammad Khan's interview, before his death, on YouTube

1919 births
2007 deaths
Governors of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians
Pakistan Movement activists
Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)
Pakistani economists
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Edwardes College alumni
Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz
Pakistani political party founders

Fida Mohammad Khan


The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of four wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the Sultanate of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company (represented chiefly by the neighbouring Madras Presidency), Maratha Empire, Kingdom of Travancore, and the Kingdom of Hyderabad on the other. Hyder Ali and his succeeding son Tipu fought the wars on four fronts: with the British attacking from the west, south and east and the Nizam's forces attacking from the north. The fourth war resulted in the overthrow of the house of Hyder Ali and Tipu (the latter was killed in the fourth war, in 1799), and the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which took control of much of the Indian subcontinent.

The four wars

First Anglo-Mysore War

The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767 – 1769) Hyder Ali enjoy some measure of success against the British, almost capturing Madras. The British convinced Nizam Mir Nizam Ali Khan to attack Ali. That was temporary, however, and the Nizam signed a new treaty with the British in February 1768. Ali had to contend with a British Bombay army attacking on the west and a Madras army attacking from the northeast. However, Hyder's attack towards Madras resulted in the Madras government suing for peace, and the resultant Treaty of Madras.

Second Anglo-Mysore War

The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780 – 1784) witnessed bloodier battles with fortunes fluctuating between the contesting powers. Tipu defeated William Baillie at the Battle of Pollilur in September 1780, and John Braithwaite at Kumbakonam in February 1782, both of whom were taken prisoners to Seringapatam. This war saw the comeback of Sir Eyre Coote, the British commander who defeated Ali at the Battle of Porto Novo and Arni. Tipu continued the war following his father's death. Finally, the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore on 11 March 1784, which restored the status quo ante bellum. The Treaty of Gajendragad in April 1787 ended the conflict with the Marathas. Warren Hastings (1772-1785) was Governor-General of India during the Second Anglo- Mysore War. The Second Anglo-Mysore was fought between the years 1780-1784.

Third Anglo-Mysore War

In the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790 – 1792), Tipu, now an ally of France, invaded in 1789 the nearby Kingdom of Travancore, a British ally. British forces were commanded by Charles Cornwallis. The resultant war lasted three years and was a resounding defeat for Mysore. The war ended after the 1792 Siege of Seringapatam and the signing of the Treaty of Seringapatam, according to which Tipu had to surrender half of his kingdom to the British East India Company and its allies.

Fourth Anglo-Mysore war

The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798 – 1799) saw the death of Tipu and further reductions in Mysorean territory. Mysore's alliance with the French was seen as a threat to the East India Company and Mysore was attacked from all four sides. Mysore had 35,000 soldiers, whereas the British commanded 60,000 troops. Nizam Akbar Ali Khan and the Marathas launched an invasion from the north. The British won a decisive victory at the Siege of Seringapatam (1799). Tipu was killed during the defence of the city. Much of the remaining Mysorean territory was annexed by the British, the nizam, and the Marathas. The remaining core, around Mysore and Seringapatam, was restored to the Indian prince Yuvaraja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III (later Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III) under his grandmother's regency; members of the Wodeyar dynasty had been in power before Ali became the de facto ruler. The Wodeyars ruled the remnant Kingdom of Mysore until 1947, when it joined the Dominion of India.

Aftermath
After the Battles of Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764), which established British dominion over East India, the Anglo-Mysore Wars, the Anglo–Maratha Wars (1767 – 1799), and finally the Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845–1849), consolidated the British claim over South Asia, resulting in the British Empire in India, though resistance among various groups such as the Afghans and the Burmese would last well into the 1880s.

Rockets

The Mysorean rockets used by Tipu during the Battle of Pollilur were much more advanced than any that the British East India Company had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant. This enabled higher thrust and a longer range for the missile (up to ). After Tipu's eventual defeat in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and the capture of a number of Mysorean iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development, inspiring the Congreve rocket, which was soon put into use in the Napoleonic Wars.

See also
 Mysorean invasion of Malabar
 Battle of Nedumkotta
 Regiment de Meuron
 Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam

References

Further reading

  – a novel linked to TV series

18th-century conflicts
18th century in India
History of Karnataka
History of Kerala
Military history of British India
Mysorean invasion of Malabar
Wars involving Great Britain
Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore

Anglo-Mysore Wars


Kamal Al Taweel or Kamal El-Tawil () (11 October 1922 – 9 July 2003) was a distinguished Egyptian composer and music author.

Born as Kamal Zaki Al Taweel in 1922 in Cairo, Egypt, Kamal graduated from the school of applied arts, and worked after graduating in 1942 at the Ministry of Social Affairs; however he joined the evening classes at the Higher Institute of Arabic music. He moved between more than one job, including the Office staff, inspectors of the telephone service, and control of music and singing on the Egyptian radio, before moving to the Ministry of Education as an Inspector of Music, and in 1965 he was dedicated only to music writing.

Kamal had a distinctive relationship with the late singer Abdel Halim Hafez, especially after graduation with Faida Kamel and Ahmed Fouad Hassan of the Institute of Arabic music in 1951. Kamal entered the public service, he was elected as a member of the Council of the Parliament of Egypt. Egyptian famous actress Soad Hosni first marriage to Abdel –Halim Hafiz was at first rumoured, but music composure Kamal Al-Taweel was one of the people who confirmed it.

Kamal composed many songs for Nagat El-Sagheera such as "Live with me"

He survived by his wife Paola Ezzat and two sons, Khaled and Ziyad, with the latter establishing a reputation as a composer.

Awards
On his death, he received the Egyptian State Merit Award.

See also
list of Egyptians
كمال الطويل

References

External links
 Egypt State Information Service
 Obituary in Al Ahram

1922 births
2003 deaths
Egyptian composers
20th-century Egyptian male singers

Kamal Al Taweel


Charles Emil Peterson (1906–2004) is widely considered to be a seminal figure in professionalizing the practice of historic preservation in the United States. He is referred to as the "founding father" of the professional advocation of historic preservation, the "godfather of preservation," and an "extraordinary preservationist" who made important contributions to the knowledge of early American building practices, helped create the profession of the preservation architect, and passionately advocated for the retention and restoration of the American built heritage. According to Jacques Dalibard, a professor at McGill University School of Architecture, "with James Marston Fitch, I cannot think of two people who had more influence on historic preservation in North America."

During his long career, Peterson received numerous awards for his service including the National Trust for Historic Preservation's Louise du Pont Crowninshield Award (1966) and the American Institute of Architects (AIA) medal for "vision and determination" (1979) and the Presidential Citation (1990). The AIA inducted him into the College of Fellows in 1962.

Early career
Peterson was raised in Madison, Minnesota, and received his bachelor's degree in architecture in the early 1920s from the University of Minnesota. In 1929, he began a thirty-three year tenure with the National Park Service. In 1931, his efforts were instrumental in saving the Moore House, the site of the British surrender, in Yorktown, Virginia. While documenting this building, Peterson created the prototype for the historic structure report, the basic format of which is still in use.

Peterson is perhaps best remembered for establishing the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), a federal documentation program that is still active and which has spawned the Historic American Engineering Record and the Historic American Landscape Survey. On November 13, 1933, while he was the Chief of the Eastern Division for the National Park Service, Peterson wrote a memo to the director which became the charter for the program and successfully garnered funds from the Civil Works Administration the following month. HABS targeted unemployed architects, draftsmen, and photographers to make as complete a record as possible of "the rapidly disappearing examples of early architecture and historic structures throughout the country." This program was credited as "the first major step upon the part of the Federal Government toward the cataloging and preservation of historic structures." The first HABS survey work began in January 1934 and later that year was formalized as a joint agreement with the American Institute of Architects and the Library of Congress. The HABS program has continued nearly unabated to the present.

During his life, Peterson constantly advocated for HABS, and was instrumental in restarting the program in 1957 and later saved it from oblivion when the Reagan administration threatened to pull funding. The end result was a stronger program with greatly increased funding.

Early Philadelphia era
Peterson and NPS historian Roy E. Appelman were assigned to Philadelphia in early 1947 to advise the Philadelphia National Shrines Park Commission on the national park being proposed for the area surrounding Independence Hall. Peterson was the uncredited primary author and editor of the Shrines Commission's 7-volume final report to Congress (December 1947), which was incorporated into the enabling legislation under which Independence National Historical Park was created.

Peterson returned to Philadelphia in the early 1950s to work at INHP. While there, he helped restore Carpenters' Hall and re-create Library Hall, and directed much of the preservation-related activity of the National Park Service in the region. It was in this era that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania demolished all the 19th- and early 20th-century buildings on the 3 blocks north of Independence Hall, to create an open European-style mall. (Independence Mall remained a state park until 1974.) Peterson oversaw the moving of the Free Quaker Meetinghouse, the only building spared in the creation of the Mall, to accommodate the widening of 5th Street. He opposed the demolition of important 19th-century buildings within INHP, but did not prevail. He retired from the National Park Service in 1962, but continued to live and work from his row house located on Spruce Street. During Peterson's tenure at the National Park Service, he educated numerous students about historic preservation.

In the 1950s, Philadelphia was in decline and the oldest neighborhoods, dating to the 18th century, were being abandoned and left to decay. It was in such a place that Peterson decided to purchase two row homes in 1954, one of which became his home. The area, which is now known as "Society Hill," is today one of the most desirable areas to live in Philadelphia. Peterson not only helped name the area, but his tireless preservation advocacy secured the revitalization of Society Hill by motivating his friends and acquaintances to buy property there.

Career highlights
The 1960s were an extremely productive time for Peterson. He contributed to many scholarly conferences, including the Second International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historical Monuments in Venice in 1964. It was at this conference that the enormously influential Venice Charter was created, which established much of preservation philosophy that exists to this day and has become ingrained in the National Park Service's Secretary of the Interior's Standards for preservation. Peterson, along with the entire U.S. delegation rejected the charter, however, due to its European focus and the radical emphasis on preservation instead of restoration. In the 1960s, restoration—defined as the "scraping" of later layers of historic fabric in order to restore the appearance of a building to an arbitrary date—was the status quo and represented the majority of preservation work in the United States. The Venice Charter was a radical shift in preservation philosophy that would not become fully accepted in the United States until the 1980s. Peterson also served on the Committee on Principles and Guidelines for Historic Preservation established by the National Trust which helped influence the future direction of the preservation movement.

In the mid-1960s, Peterson was appointed as an adjunct professor to the fledgling historic preservation program at Columbia University where he taught early-American building technology. He worked closely with James Marston Fitch to build this program into the first graduate degree program in historic preservation in the country. Columbia's program became the model which spawned the tens of graduate and undergraduate programs in historic preservation that now exist across the United States. In 1970, Peterson established the European Traveling Summer School for Restorationists that allowed architects to view and participate in restoration projects outside the United States.

Peterson was a founding member of the Association for Preservation Technology International (APT), which was created in 1968 in an effort to provide better education for the restoration, documentation, and preservation of historic buildings. He became the organization's first president in 1969. APT was enormously influential as it represented the first scholarly outlet for the activities of historic preservation. Peterson's activities through APT helped move preservation from an antiquarian hobby to a professional endeavor.

Throughout his career, Peterson was an avid researcher on the history of American building technology. He is best known for his work on Robert Smith, a colonial-era architect which culminated in the publication of his book Robert Smith (1722-1777): Architect, Builder and Patriot by The Athenaeum of Philadelphia and the Carpenters' Company of Philadelphia in 2000. Other topics that Peterson covered included the early architecture of the Mississippi River valley, the use of iron in roofs, the development of the I-beam, and the recovery of the "lost" history of cement and concrete construction.

In 1983, Peterson established the Charles E. Peterson Prize to be awarded to students displaying superior drawing abilities in documenting HABS buildings. Managed by The Athenaeum of Philadelphia, the prize is awarded by HABS, the Athenaeum, and the AIA. He also donated all of his research papers and books to the University of Maryland in 1998, having in 1981 endowed a substantial fund to support scholarly research in American Architecture prior to 1860 at The Athenaeum of Philadelphia and gifted his Archive and Library of Early American Building Technology and Historic Preservation.

Peterson is credited as an architect of Colonial National Historical Park, Jamestown and Yorktown, Virginia, listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Creation of the profession of the preservation architect
According to many contemporary preservation architects, Peterson "almost singlehandedly invented and developed the profession of historical architect." In a similar vein he is considered to be "the father of modern restoration techniques." From his start with the National Park Service in the 1930s, Peterson continually advocated for training of architects in the proper restoration of buildings that respected their history, technology, and authenticity. A continual theme of his was the inadequacy of most architects' work on historic buildings:
The shortcomings of architects in the field of historical restoration began long ago. It became clear, even in the days of Latrobe, that the most talented designers could not always be trusted around important landmarks. ... Some of our most stylish architects have proposed—and have carried out—gruesome butcheries on historic buildings. ... The architectural profession should police its own ranks, if for no reason than that many laymen have done their homework in history (as a hobby) and are today well ahead of architects.

Peterson explained that there are very few people who understand older buildings and how they are constructed and "as a result, things happen to historic buildings that should not happen to a doghouse."

Architects could not simply learn from books and drawings, but had to experience an old building in all its unrestored, disheveled, shabbiness: "The man who doesn't get his hands dirty on the job will never know enough." Peterson's work in this regard has helped spawn innumerable training programs for architects, such as that offered by the Heritage Conservation Network, that provide hands-on training on a wide variety of techniques from documentation to pointing with lime mortar.

Legacy
Peterson's legacy can be summed up by his tireless efforts to establish historic preservation as a professional endeavor. He made essential contributions to how old buildings should be documented and architects trained. Every holder of a degree in historic preservation should also credit Peterson for the origins of their education. Lastly, Peterson established a scholarly basis for building interventions. No longer was an antiquarian aesthetic ethic acceptable for historic preservation; all work had to be documented and changes well substantiated with historical records.

Peterson served as the first president of the Association for Preservation Technology International. A 2006 issue of its APT Bulletin featured remembrances by his colleagues.

Notes

Further reading
 Boucher, Jack E. "In Memory of Charles E. Peterson, 1906-2004." APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 2.
 "Charles E. Peterson, FAIA, Godfather of Historic Preservation." AIArchitect (Aug 27, 2004).
 "Charles E. Peterson, FAPT, FAIA, FSAH (1906-2004)." APT Communiqué 33, no. 3 (2004): 5.
 Committee on Principles and Guidelines for Historic Preservation in the United States. A Report on Principles and Guidelines for Historic Preservation in the United States. Washington, D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1964.
 Dalibard, Jacques. "In Memory of Charles E. Peterson, 1906-2004." APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 2.
 DeLony, Eric. "In Memory of Charles E. Peterson, 1906-2004." APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 3.
 Ferrick, Tom, Jr. "He Gave New Life to What Was Old." The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 8, 2004.
 Gianopolis, Nicholas. "In Memory of Charles E. Peterson, 1906-2004." APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 3.
 Gray, Gordon. Historic Preservation Tomorrow. Washington, D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1967.
 Greiff, Constance. "In Memory of Charles E. Peterson, 1906-2004." APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 3.
 Kapsch, Robert. "In Memory of Charles E. Peterson, 1906-2004." APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 3.
 Massey, James C. "In Memory of Charles E. Peterson, 1906-2004." APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 4.
 McDonald, Travis. "In Memory of Charles E. Peterson, 1906-2004." APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 4.
 Miller, Hugh C. "Preservation Technology Comes of Age in North America: Part I." APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 55-59.
 Moss, Roger W. "Charles E. Peterson,"  Athenaeum Profiles: A Not-for-Profit Education New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Press, 2014.
 National Park Service. Historic American Buildings Survey. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1936.
 Peterson, Charles E. "Restoration: An Emerging Profession." Building Research 1, no. 5 (1964): 5.
 Peterson, Charles E. "The Role of the Architect in Historical Restorations." In Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practices; Proceedings of the North American International * Regional Conference Williamsburg, Virginia, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 10–16, 1972, edited by Sharon Timmons, 1-11. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1976.
 Peterson, Charles E. "Charles E. Peterson, FAIA." In Recording Historic Structures, edited by John A Burns, viii-ix. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
 Sims, Ronan Gayle. "Charles E. Peterson, 97, Preservationist." The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 20, 2004.
 Thompson, Maria M. "In Memory of Charles E. Peterson, 1906-2004." APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 5.
 Waite, Diana S. "In Memory of Charles E. Peterson, 1906-2004." APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 2.
 Waite, John G. "In Memory of Charles E. Peterson, 1906-2004." APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 5.

External links

 Charles E. Peterson papers at the University of Maryland Libraries

1906 births
2004 deaths
University of Minnesota School of Architecture alumni
People from Madison, Minnesota
20th-century American architects
Preservationist architects
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects

Charles E. Peterson


Leeds Akkies are a rugby league team based in The Old Modernians Sports Club, Cookridge Lane, Leeds, LS16 7ND, West Yorkshire. They play in the Yorkshire Regional division of the Rugby League Conference, their A side plays in the Yorkshire & Humber Merit League.

History
Leeds Akademiks were founded in 2003 by students from the three Universities of Leeds to provide a pathway from student rugby league to open age amateur rugby league. They were admitted into the North East Division of the Rugby League Conference in 2003, playing out of West Park Bramhope RUFC. This was to pave the way for a huge influx of truly heartland teams the following season, drastically changing the face of the Conference.

Leeds won the North East Division in 2003 and the newly formed Yorkshire Division in 2004.

Leeds Akademiks had to change their moniker to Akkies due to a legal challenge from an American clothing brand named Akademik in 2005. The newly renamed Leeds Akkies joined the newly created Central Premier Division which they won. Leeds Akkies were defeated by the Bridgend Blue Bulls in the Grand Final of the Harry Jepson Trophy.

In 2007 the club joined the newly renamed RLC National Division and fielded three open age teams during a season at Weetwood, whilst redevelopment work took place at West Park. The club ended the season a tour to Barcelona - becoming the first British side to face local opposition on Spanish soil when they defeated a Catalan Universities XIII in Girona.

The Akkies launched its first women's team in 2008 whilst the men's team dropped to the Premier North. The club again fielded men's sides in the RLC Yorkshire Premier and Regional divisions in 2009. The club's women's side came within points difference of claiming the WRLC Yorkshire minor premiership and a place in the national play-offs. Leeds Mongrels RL were formed in 2009 by Leeds Akkies club member Carl Brown as an opportunity to play rugby league at a social level. They became part of the Akkies in 2010.

In 2010 the club ended its seven-year association with West Park Leeds RUFC in order to accept an invitation to join the Old Modernians Association in Cookridge, north-west Leeds.

Akkies 2016 went unbeaten at home all season and had 2 narrow away losses which crowned them champions with a very impressive team coached by Dr. Charanjit Sandhu of Wortley.

Club honours
 RLC North East Division: 2003
 RLC Yorkshire Division: 2004
 RLC Central Premier: 2005
 Women's RLC Plate: 2011
 Yorkshire division 2 champions 2016

External links

Rugby League Conference teams
Sport in Leeds
Rugby clubs established in 2003
Rugby league teams in West Yorkshire

Leeds Akkies


Kristina Marie Kerscher Keneally (born 19 December 1968) is an American-born Australian politician who served as the first female Premier of New South Wales from 2009 to 2011 and was later a Labor Senator for New South Wales from February 2018 until April 2022. She resigned from the Senate to contest the House of Representatives seat of Fowler, but was unsuccessful. From 2019 to 2022 she served as Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, Shadow Minister for Home Affairs, and Shadow Minister for Immigration and Citizenship.

Keneally was born in the United States to an American father and an Australian mother. She grew up in Toledo, Ohio, and is a graduate of the University of Dayton. After marrying an Australian, Ben Keneally, she settled in Australia permanently and became a naturalised citizen in 2000. Keneally was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Heffron at the 2003 state election, succeeding Deirdre Grusovin after a controversial preselection process. After being re-elected to parliament at the 2007 state election, she became the Minister for Ageing and Disability Services and was subsequently appointed Minister for Planning by Premier Nathan Rees in 2008. She was also the state government's spokeswoman for World Youth Day 2008.

By December 2009, Keneally had emerged as the preferred leadership candidate of the Labor Right faction, and defeated incumbent Premier Nathan Rees (who had been in office for just 15 months) in a party room ballot, winning by 47 votes to 21. The Keneally Government went on to suffer a 16.5 percent two-party preferred statewide swing at the 2011 state election – the biggest swing in Australian political history. She resigned as Labor Party leader on election night and was succeeded by John Robertson, who was elected unopposed, on 31 March 2011. She resigned from Parliament in June 2012.

In 2014, Keneally joined Sky News Live as a political commentator, later becoming co-host of To The Point. She took leave in November 2017 to stand as the Labor candidate for the Bennelong by-election, achieving a swing to Labor but losing to previous member John Alexander. In February 2018 she was appointed to the Senate to fill a casual vacancy caused by Sam Dastyari's resignation. After the 2019 leadership election, Keneally was selected as deputy Senate leader in the shadow cabinet of new Labor leader Anthony Albanese. She was also given the portfolios of Home Affairs and Immigration and Citizenship.

At the 2022 federal election, Keneally, whose main residency is in the Northern Beaches, was parachuted into the traditionally safe Labor seat of Fowler, which has one of the highest concentrations of Vietnamese Australians in the country. As a result of community backlash against her candidacy, Labor suffered a 15.6% swing against them, and she was defeated by independent challenger Dai Le, a Vietnamese-Australian journalist and former Liberal Party candidate.

Early life
Keneally was born Kristina Marie Kerscher in Las Vegas to an American father and an Australian mother (born in Brisbane). She lived briefly in Colorado but grew up in Toledo, Ohio, where she attended high school at Notre Dame Academy. While at Notre Dame she was twice awarded most valuable player (1985, 1986) in the Academy's soccer team.

Upon graduating from Notre Dame, she undertook studies at the University of Dayton, also in Ohio. While there she became involved in student politics, and was involved in founding the National Association of Students at Catholic Colleges and Universities, serving as president of the group in 1990 and 1991. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1991, was a registered Democrat and worked as an intern for the Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, Paul Leonard. In 1995 she graduated with a Master of Arts in religious studies. She later studied at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. After graduating from the University of Dayton she worked for a year as a volunteer teacher in New Mexico.

For most of her life, she has identified as a staunch feminist.  In 2009, she told The Daily Telegraph that when she heard her diocese's bishop was on a local talk show, she called to ask him why girls could not be altar servers.  The bishop's "unsatisfactory answer," she said, awakened her to "how women are disadvantaged in the Church and society."

Keneally met her future husband, a member of the Australian Labor Party, Ben Keneally, at World Youth Day 1991 in Poland. She moved to Australia in 1994 to be with him, but they returned to the US, so Ben could take up a position with the Boston Consulting Group. They married there in 1996. They returned to Australia two years later, after their elder son was born. She became a naturalised Australian in 2000, the same year she joined the Labor Party. She renounced U.S. citizenship in 2002, prior to standing for election.

After arriving in Australia she worked for the New South Wales branch of the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul as State Youth Coordinator before leaving full-time work to care for her children. She also briefly attended the Australian Catholic University in Strathfield, New South Wales.

State politics
Keneally was elected to the seat of Heffron in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 2003, following a bitter pre-election battle with Deirdre Grusovin, the sister of senior Labor politician Laurie Brereton. It was in fact her husband Ben who was more interested in a political career, relying on his friendship with Joe Tripodi. However, the party's affirmative action rules required a female candidate, so Keneally ran instead. Before the election, Labor insiders were concerned that her strong American English accent would not play well with voters. Although she reportedly took elocution lessons to sound more Australian, to this day she speaks with a marked American accent.

In her maiden speech, she talked about her commitment to social justice, equal opportunity for women and her Roman Catholic faith. She also made light of an incident that happened during the 1999 state election. She was working in John Watkins' campaign office when she took a call from Premier Bob Carr's communications director, Walt Secord. Keneally later learned that Secord had demanded that Watkins' campaign team "get that woman with an American accent off the telephones." She replied, "Well, I got off the phones that day, but today I have the floor."

As NSW Minister for Disability Services, Keneally undertook measures to rebuild outdated institutional residential facilities for people with disability, going back on promises made by her (non-immediate) predecessor Faye Lo Po'.

As NSW Planning Minister from August 2008, Keneally's department oversaw the local traffic diversions, and strict environmental management during construction, around the desalination pipeline works between Erskineville and Kurnell, approved by the department under the desalination pipeline project approval, granted by Frank Sartor, in November 2007.

In August 2009, Keneally was alleged to be one of the names being put forward in a challenge to wrest the leadership from NSW Premier Nathan Rees. Keneally responded to the accusations by stating: "He (Nathan Rees) has my support (as Premier)" and it was reported that she insisted she would never be Premier of New South Wales, something that was continuously disputed in the media.

On 17 November 2009, Keneally was appointed Minister for Infrastructure after her friend and supporter Joe Tripodi was sacked by Rees from the frontbench. It was rumoured that she was angered at the sacking, which she denied. She also said she had "always supported the Premier, Bob Carr, Morris Iemma and now Nathan Rees" and it was "time to put this ridiculous leadership speculation behind us".

Premier

Challenges for leadership
Less than a month later, however, the dominant Right faction withdrew support from Rees.  On 3 December, Keneally narrowly defeated Sartor by two votes to become the Right's candidate in a leadership spill against Rees.  Later that day, she defeated Rees in a party room ballot with a majority of 45–21. Prior to the vote, Rees declared "Should I not be Premier at the end of this day, let there be no doubt in the community's mind that any challenger would be a puppet of Eddie Obeid and Joe Tripodi", a claim later rejected by Keneally, who stated "I am nobody's puppet, I am nobody's protege, I am nobody's girl."

On 4 December 2009 Keneally was sworn in as the 42nd (and first female) premier of New South Wales by the State Governor, Marie Bashir. For the first time in Australian history, both the Premier and Deputy Premier (Carmel Tebbutt) of a state were women.

During her time as Premier Keneally was a supporter of the development of the  headlands. To ensure the project was completed without delay, Keneally transferred various local government planning powers to the state government, created a new portfolio relating to the major development Barangaroo for which she took responsibility, and oversaw the project while Premier. Despite her dedication to the project she was criticised for a perceived conflict of interest in the development of Barangaroo worth over one million dollars and linked to installation of electric car infrastructure associated with the development and additionally for giving exemption to Barangaroo from environmental planning laws. In the eve of her time as premier, during investigations into corrupt dealings by former minister Ian Macdonald, Keneally refused to release a report made about him relating to misuse of taxpayer funds, though she was compelled to release the report to the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC).

Party renewal
Keneally pushed to renew the Labor Party, with 23 members of the 50 caucus members retiring. Her push also included the resignation of the NSW Labor President, Bernie Riordan and retirements of Labor powerbrokers, Joe Tripodi and Eddie Obeid.

Electricity privatisation

On 14 December 2010 her government sold the first tranche of the partial privatisation of the state's electricity assets for $5.3 billion. Eight of the directors quit in protest over the sale of trading rights to the output of generators. After criticism of the privatisation, her Government abandoned the second stage of its electricity privatisation plan, as no companies bid.

On 22 December 2010 NSW Governor Marie Bashir prorogued Parliament on Keneally's request. This act normally takes place later than December prior to elections. There were accusations that Keneally tried to halt the electricity inquiry, which later proceeded.

In October 2011, the inquiry which the O'Farrell government set up reported to the NSW Liberal/National Government that the partial sale was "reasonable and appropriate".

Popularity

When she became Premier, she was highly popular and was the most popular Australian political leader at one stage, as the Galaxy poll showed in March 2010, her public satisfaction of her was 53 per cent. However, her own personal popularity did not transfer to her party, which had been well behind the Coalition in opinion polling since 2008.

With her governments popularity declining, Keneally's personal popularity began to decline too, with her approval rating falling to 39 per cent in an August 2010 poll. In October 2010, Newspoll reported that the Keneally government only had 23 per cent of the primary vote—the worst showing on record for a Labor government at the state level in Australia. The only lower result Newspoll had recorded at the time was in 1989, when the Queensland Nationals polled at 22 percent.

In May 2010, junior minister Karyn Paluzzano was forced out of politics for using public money for her 2007 reelection campaign and lying about it. Keneally moved to have Paluzzano suspended from the Labor Party, and Paluzzano resigned soon afterward. It was not enough to prevent Paluzzano's once-safe seat of Penrith from being resoundingly lost to the Liberals at the ensuing by-election.  Labor suffered a swing of over 26 points—the largest swing against a sitting government in New South Wales history.

Election defeat
Keneally led Labor into the 2011 state election. She was seeking to lead Labor to a fifth consecutive term in government, and also to become the second woman elected as a state premier in her own right, after Anna Bligh in Queensland.

However, Keneally was a heavy underdog for most of the campaign.  At one point, polls showed Labor trailed the Barry O'Farrell-led Coalition by 26 points on the two-party vote and Keneally trailed O'Farrell by 16 points as preferred premier. Despite Keneally's efforts to rehabilitate Labor's image, opinion polls and commentators had almost universally written Labor off by the time the writs were dropped.  An election-eve poll showed Labor's support at a record low of 23 percent primary vote. The ABC's Antony Green estimated that Labor faced being cut down to as few as 13 seats.

In the 26 March election, the Labor government was heavily defeated, suffering a swing of over 16 points on a two-party basis —the largest in a general election at any level in Australia since World War II.  In the process, Labor lost many seats in its former western Sydney heartland.  Ultimately, Labor was reduced to 20 seats (down from 48 at dissolution), its worst showing in over a century

Keneally resigned as Premier and state Labor leader on election night and announced she would return to the backbench. Accepting responsibility for the worst defeat of a sitting government in NSW's history, Keneally said, "The truth is the people of NSW, who entrusted us with government for 16 years, did not leave us. We left them." On 11 June 2011, Keneally was granted by the Governor retention of the title "The Honourable". On 23 June 2012, Keneally announced her resignation from the New South Wales Parliament.

Labor government and ICAC

After the defeat of the Labor government, a series of investigations at the Independent Commission Against Corruption, found that Keneally ministers Obeid, Tripodi, and McDonald had acted in a corrupt manner. Counsel assisting the inquiry, Geoffrey Watson , said in 2012 of investigations into the actions taken by the men in 2010 that these inquiries were the most important investigation ever undertaken by the ICAC and that there was corruption on a scale probably unexceeded since the days of the Rum Corps.

Keneally appeared as a witness at the ICAC in March 2014 concerning investigations of her former colleagues. She said that she had had concerns about Obeid, Tripodi and Tony Kelly's lobbying and that their efforts had not influenced her. Asked if Obeid had "put her in her job" as premier, Keneally replied: "No, caucus did".

Private sector

Sporting roles
In 2011, Keneally became a director of Souths Cares, the nominated charity of the South Sydney Rabbitohs and Chair of the Basketball Australia board.
She resigned from Parliament on 29 June 2012, to commence work as the Chief Executive of Basketball Australia. Keneally left Basketball Australia in April 2014 to spend more time with her family.
In 2016, she was named as Chairperson of Souths Cares following incumbent Chairman Nicholas Pappas stepping aside after eight years.

Political commentator and television host
In 2014, Keneally began a career as a media presenter. In May, she spent a week filling in for Ita Buttrose on panel show Studio 10.
In July, Keneally joined Sky News Australia and began co-hosting panel program The Contrarians every Friday afternoon with Ross Cameron, before the pair were given their own self-titled program Keneally and Cameron. This program was axed in April 2015. Keneally joined Peter van Onselen as co-host of Sky News daytime program To The Point on 1 June 2015 which airs during PVO NewsDay. Keneally was also a regular presenter of primetime programs The Cabinet and Credlin & Keneally. Upon announcing her intention to stand for Federal parliament, she took leave from Sky News on the same day as her announcement on 14 November 2017.

Keneally regularly contributed to The Guardian Australia on a range of politico-social issues such as religion in politics, same sex marriage and asylum seeking between December 2014 and June 2019.

Federal politics

Bennelong by-election, 2017
In November 2017, Keneally was preselected by federal Labor as their candidate for the Bennelong by-election on 16 December. Despite picking up a five percent two-party swing, she lost to the previous incumbent and Liberal candidate John Alexander.

Senator and opposition frontbencher, 2018–2022

On 30 January 2018, the Labor Party announced that Keneally would fill the casual vacancy caused by the resignation of New South Wales senator Sam Dastyari, who resigned earlier that month. Keneally was formally appointed to the vacancy on 14 February 2018 and was sworn in as a senator the following day.

In June 2018, Keneally stated her opposition to mandatory reporting for Catholic priests who are informed of child sexual abuse in confession; she believes it is not the most effective way to prevent abuse. Keneally also attended the Rambam Israel Fellowship Program in Israel, sponsored by the Australia/Israel and Jewish Affairs Council. The lobby group funded "transport, accommodation, meals and other associated costs".

After the 2019 federal election, new leader Anthony Albanese expressed his intention to bring Keneally onto the frontbench despite opposition from the NSW Right faction. On 29 May, Ed Husic announced his resignation from the frontbench and endorsed Keneally as his replacement. On 30 May, Labor's deputy leader in the Senate Don Farrell announced his resignation from the position to make way for a gender-balanced leadership team (since 2013, two of the four leadership positions were held by women). Keneally was subsequently announced as the new Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, Shadow Minister for Home Affairs, and Shadow Minister for Immigration and Citizenship in the Albanese shadow cabinet. She resigned from the senate on 13 April 2022.

Fowler candidacy, 2022
In September 2021, it was reported that Keneally would seek preselection for the Division of Fowler in the House of Representatives to succeed retiring MP Chris Hayes at the 2022 federal election.

This occurred after Tu Le, a Vietnamese-Australian lawyer was endorsed by Hayes. Le was his preferred candidate due to her ability to reflect the multiculturalism of the area and her strong links to the community. The electorate of Fowler includes Sydney suburbs such as Cabramatta and Liverpool which has a population of over 50,000 Asian-Australians. Though Keneally moved to the seat after winning preselection, she did not have roots within the electorate and previously resided on Scotland Island in the Northern Beaches area of Sydney. The push for a white American-born woman with limited connections to a safe Labor seat primarily made up of people of Asian or Middle Eastern background, including a large proportion of recent migrants and refugees, was criticised by Labor MPs such as Anne Aly and Peter Khalil. Others, including former prime minister Paul Keating, supported Keneally, who was installed by party leadership without a pre-selection ballot. Independent Dai Le, a Vietnamese refugee and former Liberal Party councillor and candidate, nominated for the seat, and defeated Keneally in one of only two Labor losses at the 2022 federal election.

Personal life
Keneally is married to former Mayor of Botany Bay, Ben Keneally; together they have two sons. A daughter died at birth. Her husband is the nephew of Australian writer Thomas Keneally. Keneally is the patron of the Stillbirth Foundation Australia.

Keneally and her family previously lived in Pagewood, within the electorate of Heffron which she represented in state parliament. In 2016, Keneally and her husband sold their home and moved across Sydney to a rented home in Hunters Hill. Together they own a $1.8 million home on the isolated Scotland Island on the Northern Beaches of Sydney and a townhouse in Wollstonecraft purchased for $1.3 million in 2016. Keneally and her family moved to Liverpool prior to contesting the local seat of Fowler at the 2022 federal election.

In late 2022, Keneally was appointed as chief executive officer of the Sydney Children's Hospitals Foundation, which raises funds for children's healthcare.

Keneally is a supporter of the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL.

Keneally is ketogenic.

Publications

See also

 Keneally ministry
 2011 New South Wales state election
 List of female heads of government in Australia

References

External links
 Australian Senate – Senator the Hon Kristina Keneally

 Personal website – kristinakeneally.com.au

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

1968 births
American emigrants to Australia
Australian chief executives
Australian Roman Catholics
Australian feminists
Living people
Marquette University alumni
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Politicians from the Las Vegas Valley
Politicians from Toledo, Ohio
Former United States citizens
Politicians from Sydney
Premiers of New South Wales
University of Dayton alumni
Australian sports executives and administrators
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Right politicians
Australian republicans
Sky News Australia reporters and presenters
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
Women heads of government of Australian states and territories
Women members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Women members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Politicians from Las Vegas
Catholic feminists
Catholics from Nevada
Catholics from Ohio
Nevada Democrats
Ohio Democrats
Women deputy opposition leaders
Foreign born Australian politicians

Kristina Keneally


James Carson Whitsett  was an American keyboardist, songwriter, and record producer.

Biography
Carson Whitsett was born in Jackson, Mississippi.  He joined his older brother Tim's band, Tim Whitsett & The Imperials (later known as The Imperial Show Band) and quickly became a stand-out on the B-3 organ. Following the breakup of the band, Whitsett spent time in Canada playing with Eric Mercury before an invitation to Stax Records where Tim Whitsett was now in charge of the label's East Memphis publishing arm. Carson's playing inspired bassist Donald "Duck" Dunn and drummer Al Jackson Jr. to reemerge, along with Stax session guitarist Bobby Manuel in place of Steve Cropper, as The MG's, releasing an album in 1973.

Whitsett moved to Malaco Records, where he played in the Malaco Rhythm Section with drummer James Stroud, bassist Vernie Robbins and guitarist Jerry Puckett, appearing on Paul Simon's There Goes Rhymin' Simon album, Anita Ward's "Ring My Bell", Dorothy Moore's "Misty Blue", albums by Connie Francis and fellow Mississippian Paul Davis, one of the highest selling Blues albums of all time in Z. Z. Hill's Down Home Blues, and numerous albums by such legends as Bobby "Blue" Bland, Little Milton, and former Stax sensation Johnnie Taylor. Several Malaco acts, including Taylor and Moore, recorded songs written by Whitsett, and he produced Fern Kinney's No. 1 UK hit "Together We Are Beautiful" in 1980.

Whitsett's first major success as a songwriter also came in 1980 with a number one song on the Adult Contemporary chart (#18 Pop, #30 Country), J. Fred Knobloch's "Why Not Me". Lorrie Morgan requested on her debut album to record Whitsett's "Dear Me", which became her first top ten hit. Another Country hit followed with John Anderson's "Mississippi Moon", co-written with Tony Joe White. With longtime collaborator and friend Dan Penn and Hoy Lindsey, Whitsett penned the title track to Solomon Burke's Grammy winning "comeback" album Don't Give Up on Me, later covered by Joe Cocker and Susan Boyle. Actor Peter Gallagher performed the song on the hit TV show The O.C.

Other artists who recorded songs written or co-written by Carson Whitsett include Soul icons Etta James, Eddie Floyd, Johnny Adams, James Carr, Ruth Brown, and Wilson Pickett, as well as Country superstars Conway Twitty and Barbara Mandrell and Gospel greats Albertina Walker and The Staple Singers. He also played and wrote material for B.B. King, Jerry Butler, Suzy Bogguss, and Irma Thomas, among others. At least two Carson Whitsett collaborations are considered modern day Blues standards in Joe Louis Walker's "Blues of the Month Club" and the W.C. Handy Award winning "One Foot in the Blues" recorded by Johnny Adams.

In 2002, Whitsett served as arranger for the highest selling female Pop artist of the 1950s, Patti Page, on her Sweet Sounds of Christmas CD, and in 2006, played on Janis Ian's Folk Is the New Black.  He teamed again with producer Dan Penn and Hoy Lindsey, writing a dozen songs, arranging, and playing on the Better to Have It CD by Bobby Purify in 2005. He played on several Tony Joe White albums including The Heroines in 2004 with singers Lucinda Williams, Shelby Lynne, Jessi Colter, and Emmylou Harris and 2006's Uncovered, which featured guest appearances by Eric Clapton, J. J. Cale, Michael McDonald, Mark Knopfler, and also Waylon Jennings in one of his last performances.

For several years he served as keyboardist for country music star Kathy Mattea and became very close with Mattea's husband, songwriter Jon Vezner. Vezner's skills inspired Whitsett to new heights as an arranger, composer, and musician. During this time, Whitsett also recorded three solo piano projects. In November 2005, he was interviewed along with fellow famed Southern soul keyboardist Spooner Oldham in Keyboard Player Magazine.

Carson Whitsett died in Nashville, Tennessee, on May 8, 2007, of brain cancer. Southern soul musician Dan Penn said of his collaborator of the past three decades that "he played with the most authentic R&B feel of anybody I ever worked with".

References

Further reading
Soulsville USA: The Story of Stax Records By Rob Bowman
The Last Soul Company: Malaco, A Thirty Year Retrospective By Rob Bowman
Heeey Baby Days of Beach Music By Greg Haynes
All Shook Up By Christine Wilson

External links

Keyboard Ace Carson Whitsett (The Tennessean)
Southern Music legend passes
Remembering legendary musician (Jackson Clarion-Ledger)
(The B Side)
(Barnes & Noble)
[ (Recording Credits)]
[ (Songwriting Credits)]

1945 births
2007 deaths
Songwriters from Mississippi
Musicians from Jackson, Mississippi
American session musicians
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
Booker T. & the M.G.'s members
American rock keyboardists
American organists
20th-century American keyboardists
Record producers from Mississippi
American rhythm and blues keyboardists
American soul keyboardists

Carson Whitsett


The Central American paper wasp (Apoica pallens) is a nocturnal eusocial wasp (family Vespidae). It is famous for its swarming behavior. It is native to the lowlands of central and northern South America.

This species has developed special night vision adaptations which help their night-time swarming and foraging behavior. It has important medicinal properties for the Pankararé people of Brazil.

Distribution and habitat
Apoica pallens populations are native to the lowlands of Central and northern South America. Generally, they are found in areas of tropical savanna, semi-deciduous tropical dry forest, gallery forest, and marshland. Apoica is one of the prominent genera of the New World tropics, and is rather abundant.

Swarming
Apoica pallens is best known for its unique swarm founding behavior, in which the adult population of a colony abandons an old nest and emigrates to a new site. This has been observed for several reasons. Firstly, as part of normal colony reproduction. And secondly, in response to severe disturbance or destruction of the original nest. Additionally, nest abandonment is sometimes correlated with changing climates, and in the case of Apoica pallens, has been observed more frequently during the dry season. Males follow swarm emigrations and may stay with the newly created colony for the following weeks.

Epiponini are either permanently or mainly polygynous.

Other behavior

Foraging
Foraging  takes place at night. Swarms of wasps explosively leave the nest, then quickly return only to leave again in a similar fashion. As the night progresses there are moderate to heavy levels of return and departures by smaller groups of wasps. The foraging patterns of Apoica pallens depends on the moon's cycle: when the moon is new, it forages during the first four hours after sunset, with another small peak of activity just before dawn as wasps return to the nest. When the moon is waxing, it extends the hours of forage until individuals are out all night long.

Their adaptations allow them to forage in low light conditions. These wasps have larger visual fields compared to those of relatives.

Dominance hierarchy
Apoica pallens is a caste species with morphological differentiation between females. These castes are classified as workers and queens. This is based on the size of ovaries. The differences between the castes of queens and workers are formed during the larval stage. Queen-destined larvae show faster growth rates in various bodily compartments than worker-destined larvae. This results in individuals with different shapes even though larvae are about the same size.

Uses in folk medicine
Folk medicine is prominent in various areas of Brazil. Insects are used in folk remedies. Medicinal insects are the focus of healing methods targeted to treat ailments, serving as drug resources that come from nature. The nests of Apoica pallens, is known to be significant in the practices of Pankarare ́Indians and also the rural people of Brazil.

Nests of these wasps are burned and the smoke released is inhaled in order to heal stroke. Furthermore, when the presence of evil is suspected in an Indian's life, they must bath in this smoke of the burning nest as treatment. In Matinha dos Pretos, pieces of the nest may be boiled in water to make a tea that serves as treatment for asthma.

Diet
Apoica pallens collects various arthropods including flies, caterpillars, and beetles. It also collects pollen and nectar from banana blossoms. This species practices brood cannibalism: the adults will eat some of the brood if their own nutritional needs are not met. Generally, several adults will divide up a single larva. In addition, adults will exchange food via trophallaxis.

Defense
Apoica pallens displays active, rather than chemical defense behavior. During the day, when adult individuals are not swarming, they cover the comb face of the nest several layers thick. The wasps on the outer layer of the comb face outward. They watch for predatory ants trying to reach the interior of the nest. It is thought that the advantages of this protective formation during the day is what led to the nocturnal foraging and swarming.

References

Wasps

Apoica pallens


Richard Tüngel (1893 – 1970) was a German journalist and publisher, originally an architect and a longtime Director of Construction (Baudirektor) in Hamburg.

Life
Removed from this position by the Nazis in 1933, he went to Berlin, where he lived until 1945 as a translator and writer. For example, one still finds his name on current German-language editions of Igor Stravinsky's memoirs. Immediately after the war, he was one of the co-founders of Die Zeit, initially as fiction editor (Feuilletonchef) and a bit later as editor-in-chief.

After that it is remarkably difficult to find biographical information about him, not least because he had a rather inglorious departure from Die Zeit: He had to leave, after Marion Dönhoff had provoked a scandal by enforcing a decision concerning the political line of the paper. Tüngel, who was described by his successor as editor-in-chief as "...helpful and inconvenient. Brilliant and the embodiment of antagonism and artistic temperament," (Ralf Dahrendorf in his biography of Gerd Bucerius), stood politically on the right and was steering Die Zeit into a current "farther right than the CDU" (the German Christian Democratic Union). In 1955, the "difficult, but at the same time respected and feared" man (Dahrendorf's expression, again) had to resign. The years-long arguments between Bucerius and the newspaper's co-founders, which had started as early as 1949, ended in 1956 because Tüngel was no longer a partner.

The book Auf dem Bauche sollst du kriechen... Deutschland unter den Besatzungsmächten (Upon thy belly shalt thou go... Germany under the Occupying Powers) published  in 1958, which Tüngel wrote together with journalist Hans Rudolf Berndorff, is sometimes referred to as his "memoirs". The book was reissued by Matthes & Seitz Berlin Verlag under the title Stunde Null. Deutschland unter den Besatzungsmächten (Zero Hour: Germany under the Occupying Powers). In this work, the two authors describe their experience of the immediate post-war years, and so one learns a bit about the founding of Die Zeit. Beyond that, one must form one's own opinion of this man, who does not make it easy to form a simple verdict. Those that would like to see a balanced, but critical, view can take a look at the German-language Die Herren Journalisten. Die Elite der deutschen Presse nach 1945 (The gentlemen journalists: the elite of the German press after 1945) by Lutz Hachmeister and Friedemann Siering, (Beck, Munich, 2002). He is of course also mentioned in the biographies of Marion Dönhoff, e.g. the one by Alice Schwarzer, and in the correspondence between Dönhoff and Gerd Bucerius, published in 2004.

External links
 Zeit.de: Wie alles begann (german)

1893 births
1970 deaths
German newspaper editors
Die Zeit founders
Architects from Hamburg
German male non-fiction writers
German journalists
German male journalists
20th-century German journalists
20th-century German newspaper publishers (people)
German newspaper publishers (people)
Die Zeit editors

Richard Tüngel


David Forrest Wilber (December 7, 1859 –August 14, 1928) was a United States Representative and consul from New York.

Biography
Wilber was born in Milford, New York, the son of David Wilber, who also served in Congress. He attended public schools before graduating from Cazenovia Seminary in 1879. He then engaged in the hops business at Milford in 1879 and at Oneonta, New York, in 1880, and was also involved in real estate, agriculture, and stockbreeding. He twice represented Oneonta on the Otsego County Board of Supervisors and was vice president and director of the Wilber National Bank of Oneonta from 1883 to 1896. He also served as member of the board of trustees of his alma mater, the Cazenovia Seminary.

He married Deforest, a native of Schoharie County, New York, and they had one daughter.

Wilber was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1895 - March 3, 1899). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1898. After his two terms in Congress, he began a career as a consul. He served as United States consul to Barbados from 1903 to 1905 and then as consul general to Singapore (1905–1907), Halifax (1907–1909), Kobe (1909–1910), Vancouver (1910–1913), Zürich (1913–1915), Genoa (1915–1921), and finally Auckland and Wellington (1922–1923).

Wilber retired in June 1923 and returned to Oneonta to care for his business interests. He was a member of the New York Republican State Committee from 1924 to 1927. He died at his summer camp in Upper Dam, Maine, and was buried at Glenwood Cemetery in Oneonta.

Wilber was a presidential elector in the 1924 presidential election.

References

External links

1859 births
1928 deaths
Cazenovia College alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
People from Milford, New York
People from Oneonta, New York
1924 United States presidential electors
American diplomats

David F. Wilber


Simbirsky Uyezd (Симбирский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Simbirsk Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the eastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk).

Demographics
At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Simbirsky Uyezd had a population of 225,873. Of these, 77.1% spoke Russian, 9.8% Tatar, 7.4% Chuvash, 4.9% Mordvin, 0.2% Estonian, 0.2% Polish, 0.1% Ukrainian, 0.1% Yiddish and 0.1% German as their native language.

References

Uezds of Simbirsk Governorate
Simbirsk Governorate

Simbirsky Uyezd


Sir Henry Thomas Tizard  (23 August 1885 – 9 October 1959) was an English chemist, inventor and Rector of Imperial College, who developed the modern "octane rating" used to classify petrol, helped develop radar in World War II, and led the first serious studies of UFOs.

Life
Tizard was born in Gillingham, Kent in 1885, the only son of Thomas Henry Tizard (1839–1924), naval officer and hydrographer, and his wife, Mary Elizabeth Churchward. His ambition to join the navy was thwarted by poor eyesight, and he instead studied at Westminster School and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he concentrated on mathematics and chemistry, doing work on indicators and the motions of ions in gases. Tizard graduated in 1908 and at his tutor's suggestion, he spent time in Berlin, where he met and formed a close friendship with Frederick Alexander Lindemann, later an influential scientific advisor of Winston Churchill. In 1909, he became a researcher in the Davy–Faraday Laboratory of the Royal Institution, working on colour change indicators. In 1911, Tizard returned to Oxford as a tutorial fellow at Oriel College and to work as a demonstrator in the electrical laboratory. On 25 July 1942, Tizard was elected President of Magdalen College, Oxford. He resigned this position in 1946.

Tizard was married on 24 April 1915 to Kathleen Eleanor (d. 1968), daughter of Arthur Prangley Wilson, a mining engineer. They had three sons: Sir (John) Peter Mills Tizard, who became a professor of paediatrics at the University of London and Regius Professor of Physic at Oxford (1916-1993); Richard Henry Tizard (1917–2005), an engineer and senior tutor at Churchill College, Cambridge; and David (b. 1922), a general practitioner in London.

Career

First World War
"The secret of science", Tizard once said, "is to ask the right question, and it is the choice of problem more than anything else that marks the man of genius in the scientific world". His chosen problem became aeronautics. At the outbreak of World War I, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Royal Garrison Artillery on 17 October 1914, in which his training methods were famously bizarre. He later transferred to the Royal Flying Corps, where he became an experimental equipment officer and learned to fly planes after his eyesight improved. He acted as his own test pilot for making aerodynamic observations. When his superior Bertram Hopkinson was moved to the Ministry of Munitions, Tizard went with him. When Hopkinson died in 1918, Tizard took over his post. Tizard served in the Royal Air Force from 1918 to 1919, ending the war at the rank of temporary lieutenant colonel

Interwar period
After the end of the war, he was made Reader in Chemical Thermodynamics at Oxford University, where he experimented in the composition of fuel trying to find compounds which were resistant to freezing and less volatile, devising the concept of "toluene numbers", now referred to as octane ratings. After that work (largely for Shell), he took up again a government post in 1920 as Assistant Secretary to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. His successes in that post (and after promotion to permanent secretary on 1 June 1927) included the establishment of the post of the Chemical Research Laboratory in Teddington, the appointment of Harry Wimperis as Director of Scientific Research to the Air Force and finally the decision to leave to become the President and Rector of Imperial College London in 1929, a position he held until 1942, when he was elected President of Magdalen College, Oxford.

In 1935, the development of radar in the United Kingdom was started by Tizard's Aeronautical Research Committee (and Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air Defence, which he chaired since 1933) doing the first experimental work at Orfordness, near Ipswich, before moving to the nearby Bawdsey Research Station (BRS) in 1936. In 1938, Tizard persuaded Mark Oliphant at Birmingham University to drop some of his nuclear research and concentrate on development of an improved source of short-wave radiation. This led to the invention by John Turton Randall and Harry Boot of the cavity magnetron, a major advance in radar technology, which in turn provided the basis for airborne interceptors using radar.

Second World War
In September 1940, after a top-secret landmark conference with Winston Churchill—at which his opposition to R.V. Jones' view that the Germans had established a system of radio-beam bombing aids (Battle of the Beams) over the UK had been overruled—Tizard led what became known as the Tizard Mission to the United States. This introduced to the US—among other things—the newly invented resonant-cavity magnetron (and other British radar developments), the Whittle gas turbine, and the British Tube Alloys (nuclear weapons) project.

Postwar
In 1946, Tizard remained in the defence establishment, chairing the Defence Research Policy Committee. He also chaired the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy from 1947 to 1952. In 1948, Tizard returned to the Ministry of Defence as Chief Scientific Adviser, a post he held until 1952. The Ministry of Defence's Nick Pope states that: The Ministry of Defence's UFO Project has its roots in a study commissioned in 1950 by the MOD's then Chief Scientific Adviser, the great radar scientist Sir Henry Tizard.  As a result of his insistence that UFO sightings should not be dismissed without some form of proper scientific study, the department set up arguably the most marvellously-named committee in the history of the civil service, the Flying Saucer Working Party (FSWP).

Tizard had followed the official debate about ghost rockets with interest and was intrigued by the increasing media coverage of UFO sightings in the United Kingdom, America and other parts of the world. Using his authority as Chief Scientific Adviser at the MOD he decided that the subject should not be dismissed without proper, official investigation. Accordingly, he agreed that a small Directorate of Scientific Intelligence/Joint Technical Intelligence Committee (DSI/JTIC) working party should be set up to investigate the phenomenon. This was dubbed the Flying Saucer Working Party. The DSI/JTIC minutes recording this historic development read as follows:

After discussion, it was agreed that the members of the Working Party should be representatives from DSI1, ADNI(Tech), MI10 and ADI(Tech). It was also agreed that it would probably be necessary at some time to consult the Meteorological Department and ORS Fighter Command, but that these two bodies should not at present be asked to nominate representatives.

One of the most controversial meetings that Tizard had to attend in his capacity as chair of the Defence Research Policy Committee would emerge only many years later with the declassification of CIA documents: a meeting on 1 June 1951 at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, between Tizard, Omond Solandt (chairman of Defence Research and Development Canada) and representatives of the CIA to discuss "brainwashing".

Awards and honours
Tizard was awarded the Air Force Cross on 2 November 1918 in recognition of his contribution to the war effort. In May 1926, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Tizard was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1927, a Knight Commander (KCB) in 1937 and a Knight Grand Cross (GCB) in 1949. Tizard was awarded the 1946 Franklin Medal for his work in the field of engineering and presided over the 1948 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Dundee.

Death
Tizard died in Fareham, Hampshire in 1959. His papers are kept at the Imperial War Museum, London.

See also
 Dehousing

References

Sources
. A biography written at the request of the subject's son.

External links
 The Royal Air Force Air Defence Radar Museum at RAF Neatishead, Norfolk

1885 births
1959 deaths
People from Gillingham, Kent
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
English chemists
Royal Air Force officers
Radar pioneers
Rectors of Imperial College London
Presidents of Magdalen College, Oxford
Knights Bachelor
Chief Scientific Advisers to the Ministry of Defence
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the British Science Association
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
20th-century British inventors
Royal Flying Corps officers
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Royal Garrison Artillery officers
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
Recipients of Franklin Medal

Henry Tizard


Henry Gales  (1834–1897) was an English painter, most well known for his portrait of the 1867 Derby Cabinet.

Biography
Gales was born in Acle, Norfolk, England to Daniel Gales and Mary Church (Daniel's first wife).  After studying in the 1850s at the Norwich School of Design, he moved to London in the 1860s.

In 1868, Gales painted The Derby Cabinet of 1867, an oil painting on canvas depicting Prime Minister Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, and his cabinet: Benjamin Disraeli, Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos; Frederic Thesiger, 1st Baron Chelmsford; Henry Thomas Lowry-Corry; Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook; Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby; John Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton; Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh; James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury; John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough; Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo; Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond; John Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland; and Spencer Horatio Walpole.  The portrait is said to have been painted to a design by John Gilbert.  It depicts the cabinet in consultation upon the question of the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia. The Derby Cabinet of 1867 is in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London.

Gales married Sarah Richmond of Tasmania in The Stand, London, in 1869.  They had one child, Lilian, born in 1871 in Westminster, London.  Lilian died at the age of three in Kensington, London.  Gales and his wife divorced in 1896.

Gales returned to Norfolk, exhibiting with the Norwich Art Circle during 1888 and 1889.  His name also appears in Kelly's Directory, which describes him as "private resident, artist of Acle Norfolk."

In 1897, Henry Gales died in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk.

Works

References

People from Broadland (district)
1834 births
1897 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
Alumni of Norwich University of the Arts
19th-century English male artists

Henry Gales


The Compañía Cervecera de Canarias (CCC) is a brewery based in Santa Cruz de Tenerife that was founded in 1939 when it started to make a beer that is today called Dorada. In 1994 it merged with the Sociedad Industrial Canaria (Sical) based in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, which traced it roots back to the La Tropical brewery founded in 1924. Today the company is part of the international group AB InBev, following the successful merger between SAB Miller and AB InBev.

Sociedad Industrial Canaria (Sical)

In 1924, entrepreneur Castor Gómez Navarro founded the brewing company La Tropical in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, but the start of the Spanish Civil War led to its bankruptcy and it was acquired by a group of entrepreneurs who created the Sociedad Industrial Canaria. The production of this new society went beyond the scope of a brewer, and was involved in other sectors such as coffee, chocolate and fishing.

The opening in 1960 of the Barranco Seco factory in Las Palmas was the beginning of the expansion of the company, becoming the leading company producing beers in the Canaries and one of the largest local businesses. Its product name was Tropical, which continues to be marketed.

Compañía Cervecera de Canarias (Cercasa)

In August 1939, a group of Canarian businessmen headed by Maximino Acea Perdomo founded the first brewery on the island of Tenerife, the Compañía Cervecera de Canarias (Cercasa) in Santa Cruz.

The company launch occurred in turbulent times, Spain was plunged into the war and the rest of the world was preparing for World War II. As a result, the equipment that was purchased in Germany could not reach Tenerife through the end of 1945. In July 1948 the first beer was bottled under the supervision of the German brewmaster Hans Carlos. CCC was the name of that beer, which in the 1960s was renamed Dorada. In the 1970s, a new modern factory opened, contributing to the expansion of the company.

Recent achievements of the brand include being awarded the gold medal by the International Institute for Quality Selections, in its Monde Selection 2011 contest for its Dorada, Dorada Especial and Dorada Sin products. In the International Taste & Quality Institute, an independent organization of chefs and sommeliers based in Brussels, at its Superior Taste Award, Dorada Especial was awarded two stars.

Products
 Dorada
 Dorada Especial
 Dorada Sin
 Tropical
 Tropical Premium
 Tropical Limón

References

External links
 Official website (in Spanish)

Beer in Spain
Companies of the Canary Islands
Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Compania Cervecera de Canarias


Norman Kirkman (6 June 1920 – 17 November 1995) was an English footballer who played as a full-back for various clubs in the Football League in the 1940s and 1950s, before a brief career as a manager.

Football career

Playing career
Kirkman was born in Bolton and attended Folds Road School. His football career started when he joined Burnley in May 1939, but his professional career was immediately interrupted by the Second World War.

During the war, he trained as an R.A.F. navigator and represented the R.A.F. in a football match against an Army team. He also made guest appearances for Brighton & Hove Albion, Fulham and Manchester United.

After he was "demobbed", he returned to Burnley before being signed by Rochdale in October 1946. He spent a little over a year in the Third Division North, during which he made 53 League appearances before moving up to the Second Division when he joined Chesterfield in November 1947.

Two years later, in August 1949, Kirkman joined fellow Second Division club, Leicester City, for a fee of £8,500. Although he made five appearances at the start of the 1949–50 season, he lost his place, firstly to Sandy Scott and then to Ron Jackson, before a return to the side in March for the final seven matches of the season.

In July 1950, he was signed by another Second Division side, Southampton, for "a four figure fee". Described as "a cool professional player", who "possessed a fastidious left foot", he made his debut for the "Saints" in the opening match of the 1950–51 season, playing at left-back in a 2–1 victory at Barnsley on 19 August 1950. After only one further match, he was replaced by Ted Ballard, although Kirkman regained his place in January before losing out again to Jack Gregory. In the following season, Kirkman made only seven further appearances, with the teenaged Peter Sillett being the first-choice at left-back.

In March 1952, Kirkman was "persuaded" to move to Exeter City in a player-manager role, with George Roughton moving in the opposite direction to replace Sid Cann, who had been "relieved of his duties" in December, following a falling-out with the board of directors.

Management career
Kirkman spent a year at St James Park in the Third Division South with no conspicuous success, before spending the 1953–54 season at Bradford Park Avenue of the Third Division North.

He then dropped out of football, to become a baker although he did return to management briefly in 1965 with Northwich Victoria. He also became a scout for various clubs, including Southampton, Newcastle United, Leeds United, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Stoke City and Carlisle United.

References

External links
Career details

1920 births
1995 deaths
Footballers from Bolton
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
English Football League players
Burnley F.C. players
Fulham F.C. wartime guest players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. wartime guest players
Manchester United F.C. wartime guest players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
English football managers
Exeter City F.C. managers
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. managers
Northwich Victoria F.C. managers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II

Norman Kirkman


Hilary McRae (born July 23, 1986) is an American pop singer-songwriter. She was the first 'developing artist' to release an album on the Starbucks Cafe and Concord Music Group's label, Hear Music.

Career
Hilary McRae, born in Boynton Beach, Florida, began writing songs at age 16. After attending Boston's Berklee School of Music she toured Central and South America as the keyboardist and backing vocalist for Latin musician Cristian Castro. She was discovered by producer Zach Ziskin, who produced and recorded her self penned debut album entitled "Through These Walls", which led to a deal with Starbucks' Hear Music label.

She became popular in late 2007 when 1.5 million digital downloads of her song "Consider Me Gone" were promoted as the "Song of the Day" at all U.S. Starbucks stores. "Through These Walls" was released April 15, 2008, on the Hear Music record label. The album attained Billboard top "Heatseeker" status for 4 consecutive weeks, peaking at No. 17. Her pop single, "Every Day (When Will You Be Mine)", was on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for eleven consecutive weeks, peaking at No. 22 for the week ending September 6, 2008. McRae, a Yamaha-endorsed artist, has opened for recording artists such as Fergie, Natasha Bedingfield, Teddy Geiger, Leon Russell, Huey Lewis, and Todd Rundgren, and completed her first nationwide tour in late 2008. She made her national television debut on the CBS Early Show which aired May 24, 2008.

Discography
 Through These Walls (Hear Music, 2008)

References

External links
 Hilary McRae Recorded Artist Biography, Concord Music

 Palm Beach Post Interview

American pop pianists
People from Boynton Beach, Florida
Living people
1986 births
Singer-songwriters from Florida
American women pianists
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters

Hilary McRae