The Treasure of El Carambolo () was found in El Carambolo hill in the municipality of Camas (Province of Seville, Andalusia, Spain), 3 kilometers west of Seville, on 30 September 1958. The discovery of the treasure hoard spurred interest in the Tartessos culture, which prospered from the 9th to the 6th centuries BCE, but recent scholars have debated whether the treasure was a product of local culture or of the Phoenicians. The treasure was found by Spanish construction workers during renovations being made at a pigeon shooting society.

After years of displaying a replica while the original treasure was locked in a safe, the Archeological Museum of Seville has put the original artifacts on permanent display since January 2012.  A replica is on display in the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid.

Gold treasure

It consists of 21 pieces of crafted gold: a necklace with pendants, two bracelets, two ox-hide-shaped pectorals, and 16 plaques. The jewelry had been buried inside a ceramic vessel. The plaques may have made up a necklace or diadem; alternatively, some current thinking is that they were attached to textiles adorning animals led to sacrifice, while the necklace and bracelets were worn by the priest officiating.  Following the discovery, archaeologist Juan de Mata Carriazo excavated the site. The treasure has been dated to the 8th century BCE, with the exception of the necklace, which is thought to be from 6th century BCE Cyprus. The hoard itself is thought to have been deliberately buried in the 6th century BCE.

Two distinct archaeological sites have been found at El Carambolo with the later replacing the first. One, on top of a hill, referred to as "Carambolo Alto" dates from the ninth to mid-eighth century BCE. Remains at this site consist mainly of burned huts and pottery with geometric designs. The first site reflects indigenous culture and is dated before the arrival of the Phoenicians. The second site, on the side of the hill facing the river, is known as "Carambolo Bajo." This site dates from the beginning of trade with the Phoenicians in the mid-eighth century. The Treasure of El Carambolo is associated with the second site, and may have been buried at the time of the site's destruction in the sixth century. The discovery of a statue of the Phoenician goddess Astarte cast doubt on the interpretation of the site as an indigenous settlement and led some to argue that it was more Phoenician than Tartessian. Further excavations at the site revealed a Phoenician religious sanctuary.

Phoenician statuette

Between 1960 and 1962, a small bronze statuette of Astarte was found in El Carambolo. The plinth (4.1 x 2.8 cm) contained a notable Phoenician inscription, known today as KAI 294, with five lines of Phoenician text. It was delivered to the Archeological Museum of Seville by Joaquín Romero Murube in 1963.

Provenance
A 2018 study used chemical and isotopic analysis to try and resolve this debate over the hoard's provenance. The study concluded that while the jewelry was crafted using predominantly Phoenician techniques, the gold itself was sourced from mines only  away, likely the same mines which provided gold for the massive underground tombs at Valencina de la Concepcion.

Notes

References

External links

 Archaeological Museum of Seville - item description

8th-century BC works
1958 archaeological discoveries
Tartessos
Phoenician metalwork
Treasure troves in Spain
Camas, Seville

Treasure of El Carambolo


Robert Henry Guinn (January 19, 1822 – January 18, 1887) was a Texas politician.

Guinn was a Democrat and served District 11, representing Cherokee County, Texas, in the Texas State Senate during the Fifth Texas Legislature, Sixth Texas Legislature, Seventh Texas Legislature, and Eighth Texas Legislature sessions (1853–1861).  The Eighth Texas Legislature (1859–61) was called into special session by Governor Sam Houston, and retroactively authorized the Secession Convention, whose ordinance of secession from the United States was approved by the voters on February 23, 1861 , against the Governor's wishes.  In the Ninth Texas Legislature, Tenth Texas Legislature, and Eleventh Texas Legislature sessions, Guinn served as President pro tempore (1861–1866), following which no legislative sessions were held until 1870.

Notable descendants of Robert Henry Guinn include Leland A. Guinn, Architect, of Longview, Texas, whose contributions include portions of the Kilgore College campus; as well as Colin Guinn, contestant on The Amazing Race 5.

References
 Handbook of Texas Online: Texas State Legislature

1822 births
1887 deaths
Texas state senators
19th-century American politicians

Robert Henry Guinn


Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (12 January 1721, Wolfenbüttel – 3 July 1792, Vechelde), was a German-Prussian field marshal (1758–1766) known for his participation in the Seven Years' War. From 1757 to 1762 he led an Anglo-German army in Western Germany which successfully repelled French attempts to occupy Hanover.

Early life
The fourth son of Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Ferdinand joined the Prussian army as a colonel in 1740. He was present in the battles of Mollwitz and Chotusitz. After Margrave Wilhelm of Brandenburg-Schwedt was killed at Prague in 1744, Ferdinand received command of Frederick the Great's Leibgarde battalion, and at the Battle of Soor (1745) he distinguished himself greatly, especially in the assault of a steep hill, that incidentally was defended by his older brother duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg.  He took part in the Second Silesian War before leading part of the invasion of Saxony and Bohemia in 1756 during the Seven Years' War. He participated in the Battle of Rossbach, and then became commander of the allied Hanoverian Army.

He also was a freemason, initiated in 1740 into the Lodge of The Three Globes in Berlin, and received the degree of Master Mason in 1743 at Breslau.

During ten years of peace, he was in the closest touch with the military work of Frederick the Great, who supervised the instruction of the guard battalion, and sought to make it a model of the whole Prussian army. Ferdinand was, moreover, one of the most intimate friends of the king, and thus he was peculiarly fitted for the tasks which afterwards fell to his lot. In this time, he was promoted to major-general and then lieutenant-general.

Seven Years' War

In the first campaign of the Seven Years' War, Ferdinand commanded one of the Prussian columns which converged upon Dresden, and in the operations which led up to the surrender of the Saxon army at Pirna (1756). At the Battle of Lobositz, he led the right wing of the Prussian infantry. In 1757, he distinguished himself at Prague, and served also in the Rossbach campaign.

Hanover

Shortly after this, he was appointed to command the Hanoverian Army of Observation which had been raised and funded by Britain to protect western Germany, but had recently failed to prevent the French Invasion of Hanover under the previous commander the Duke of Cumberland. Ferdinand accepted this appointment on the condition that he would have direct access to George II ruler of Hanover and Britain. His new commission placed him in Hanoverian service, rather than Prussian or British. Despite this Frederick continued to communicate with him as though he were under his direct command.

He found this army dejected by a reverse and a capitulation, yet within a week of his taking up the command, he assumed the offensive, and thus began the career of victory which made his reputation as a soldier. He tried to raise Hanoverian support for the war effort by highlighting various atrocities committed by French troops during their occupation. By Spring 1758 he had driven the French out of Hanover and back across the River Rhine which gave him a reputation in Britain as a talented General, and helped boost support for British involvement in the German war. From June 1758, following the Capture of Emden, British troops arrived on the continent and directly added to Ferdinand's forces. The number of British troops was increased throughout the war.

Offensive across the Rhine
Ferdinand followed up his success in driving the French back by crossing the Rhine himself as part of a fresh offensive. This caused alarm in France, as it was feared that a naval descent by large number of British reinforcements was intended to be co-ordinated with Ferdinand's advance, although the destination of the descent soon turned out to be St Malo in Brittany rather than the Low Countries. In spite of this Ferdinand still posed a not insignificant threat and it was believed he was poised to attack the Austrian Netherlands or even northern Italy.

On 12 June 1758 he fought an indecisive Battle of Rheinberg before he won the Battle of Krefeld but could not easily maintain so advanced a position and fell back to the River Lippe.

Minden

He resumed a bold offensive in 1759, only to be repulsed at Bergen where he was defeated by France in the Battle of Bergen on 13 April 1759. Following the battle Ferdinand retreated in the face of a French advance, but managed to check them with a decisive victory at the Battle of Minden. This ended the immediate French threat to Hanover, as the French army was in no condition to continue its advance.

Villinghausen, Wilhelmsthal, Warburg and other victories attested the increasing power of Ferdinand in the following campaigns, and Frederick, hard pressed in the eastern theatre of war, owed much of his success in an almost hopeless task to the continued pressure exerted by Ferdinand in the west.

In promoting him to Field Marshal in  November 1758, Frederick acknowledged his debt in the words, Je n'ai fait que ce que je dois, mon cher Ferdinand. After Minden, King George II of Great Britain gave the duke the Order of the Garter, and the thanks of the British parliament were voted on the same occasion to the victor of Minden.

Later career
After the war, he was honored by other sovereigns, and he received the rank of field marshal and a regiment from the Austrians. During the War of American Independence, there was a suggestion, which came to nothing, of offering him the command of the British forces. He devoted most of the small income he received from his various offices and the rewards given to him by the allied princes to compensate those who had suffered in the Seven Years' War.

The estrangement of Frederick and Ferdinand in 1766 led to the duke's retirement from Prussian service, but there was no open breach between the old friends, and Ferdinand visited the king in 1772, 1777, 1779 and 1782. Ferdinand retired to Brunswick and his castle of Vechelde, where he occupied himself in building and other improvements. He became a patron of learning and art, and a great benefactor of the poor. He died on 3 July 1792.

The merits, civil and military, of the prince were recognized by memorials not only in Prussia and Hanover, but also in Denmark, the states of western Germany and England. The Prussian memorials include an equestrian statue at Berlin 1863.

Ancestry

References

Bibliography

1721 births
1792 deaths
Ferdinand
Field marshals of Prussia
Ferdinand
Knights of the Garter
German military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
German military personnel of the Seven Years' War
People of the Silesian Wars
Burials at Brunswick Cathedral
Sons of monarchs
Military personnel from Lower Saxony

Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel


George Lantei Lamptey is a retired Ghanaian jurist and justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana.

Early life and education
Lamptey is a native of Jamestown, Accra. He was born in Accra on 3 June 1932 to Maa Kowa and Akwete Aku.
He had his secondary education at the Accra Academy from 1948 to 1951 and continued at Achimota College for his Higher School Certificate. He later proceeded to the United Kingdom to pursue further studies at the University of Durham from 1955 to 1958. He had his solicitor's education in Newcastle upon Tyne completing in 1961 and returning to Ghana that same year.

Career
His career begun as an Assistant Registrar General in 1962 at Accra. He was also a part-time lecturer at the school of administration, University of Ghana from 1962 to 1965. He became a District Court Judge in 1965 and consequently became a member of the Commonwealth Magistrates Association. He rose through the ranks from a District Court Judge to a High Court Judge and later an Appeal Court Judge in 1989. In 1990, he was an external examiner for the Ghana School of Law. He was appointed Supreme Court Judge on July, 2000. He took his oath of office with Justice Theodore Adzoe on 7 December 2000. He retired on 3 June 2002.

Personal life
He was married Mary Awule Mele Lamptey (née Halm) daughter of W.M.Q. Halm the then Ghana ambassador to the United States of America at the Washington DC Cathedral, USA. Together they have three children. He is a devoted Methodist and preaches in selected churches.

See also
List of judges of the Supreme Court of Ghana
Supreme Court of Ghana

References

Living people
1932 births
20th-century Ghanaian judges
Alumni of the Accra Academy
Alumni of Achimota School
Justices of the Supreme Court of Ghana
Alumni of King's College, Newcastle
21st-century Ghanaian judges

George Lamptey


Edmund Levi Pitts (May 23, 1839 – July 11, 1898) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a member of the New York State Assembly and New York State Senate.

Early life and education
Pitts was born in Yates, New York, the son of John M. Pitts (1814–1907) and Mary Ann Clark Pitts (1820–1873). He was educated at Yates Academy, then studied law with Sanford E. Church at Albion, New York, and graduated from the State and National Law School in Ballston Spa, New York in 1860.

Career
He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867 and 1868. In 1867, he was chosen Speaker of the New York State Assembly, at the age of 27 the youngest man ever to hold this office. He was a delegate to the 1868 Republican National Convention.

From May 1870 to June 1873, he was an Assessor of United States Revenue for Orleans County.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (29th D.) from 1880 to 1883, sitting in the 103rd, 104th, 105th and 106th New York State Legislatures. In May 1881, when Roscoe Conkling and Thomas C. Platt resigned their seats in the United States Senate, he opposed firmly their re-election. He was a delegate to the 1884 Republican National Convention.

He was again a member of the State Senate in 1886 and 1887, and was President pro tempore.

Personal life
He married Una E. Stokes (1843–1920) on December 9, 1862. Their only child was Grace M. Pitts (1867–1900). Pitts died in Medina, New York. He was buried at Boxwood Cemetery in Ridgeway, New York.

Sources
 Speaker election, NYT on January 3, 1867
 Nomination for re-election to the State Senate, in NYT on September 30, 1881
 Chosen as Pres. pro tem of State Senate, in NYT on January 5, 1886
 His father's and wfe's obits, at Rootsweb
 List of burials at Boxwood Cemetery, at Rootsweb
 His obit in NYT on July 12, 1898

1839 births
1898 deaths
Speakers of the New York State Assembly
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
Majority leaders of the New York State Senate
People from Yates, New York
People from Medina, New York
People from Ridgeway, New York
19th-century American politicians

Edmund L. Pitts


Jean LeClerc (born July 7, 1945) is a Canadian actor best known for his work in the United States as Jeremy Hunter on the American daytime soap operas All My Children and Loving in the 1980s and 1990s.

Career
LeClerc first started his career in Quebec on the television series Les Belles Histoires des pays d'en haut. Roles in Québécois movies followed, culminating in his first English-speaking role in the 1976 Canadian film, Strange Shadows in an Empty Room. That same year, he acted in a television miniseries about the life of Sarah Bernhardt, playing the role of Bernhardt's husband Jacques Damala, and the following year he played a film director in the horror anthology film The Uncanny. LeClerc moved to the United States in 1982, playing the part of a French doctor on the soap opera The Doctors. He played similar roles on The Edge of Night and As the World Turns before being offered the role of American Jeremy Hunter in 1985.

In 1991, LeClerc and his All My Children costar Genie Francis made an extended appearance on another ABC soap opera Loving for the November sweeps period in an effort to boost the show's ratings. LeClerc left All My Children in 1992 to join Loving full-time until his character was killed off in 1995. In 2001, LeClerc briefly reappeared on All My Children, with his character Jeremy appearing as a ghost.

LeClerc most recently appeared in a Patty Duke Show television reunion special and in the 2005 film Idole instantanée. He also appeared on Broadway as the title character in a production of Dracula.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Canadian male soap opera actors
Canadian male television actors
Male actors from Montreal
1948 births
Living people

Jean LeClerc (actor)


Deformation can refer to:

 Deformation (engineering), changes in an object's shape or form due to the application of a force or forces.
 Deformation (physics), such changes considered and analyzed as displacements of continuum bodies.
 Deformation (meteorology), a measure of the rate at which the shapes of clouds and other fluid bodies change.
 Deformation (mathematics), the study of conditions leading to slightly different solutions of mathematical equations, models and problems.
 Deformation (volcanology), a measure of the rate at which the shapes of volcanoes change.
 Deformation (biology), a harmful mutation or other deformation in an organism.

See also
 Deformity (medicine), a major difference in the shape of a body part or organ compared to its common or average shape.
 Plasticity (physics), the study of the non-reversible deformation of materials subjected to forces.
 Super-deformed, or the chibi style of art associated with anime and manga

Deformation


Theodor Hirsch (17 December 1806 – 17 February 1881) was a German historian who was a native of Altschottland, Danzig. He was a cousin to historian Siegfried Hirsch (1816-1860).

Life and career
Born Jewish, he converted to Christianity and studied history and theology at Berlin, and in 1833 became a teacher at a secondary school in Danzig, where he would teach history for the next 32 years. At Danzig he focused on the local history of the city, and in 1850 was responsible for re-arrangement and supervision of the municipal archives. In 1865 Hirsch became an associate professor at the University of Greifswald and director of Greifswald University Library.

Works
In 1858 he published one of his better known works, Danzig's Handels- und Gewerbegeschichte Unter der Herrschaft des Deutschen Ordens (Danzig's Commercial and Industrial History under the Reign of the Teutonic Order). With Ernst Strehlke (1834-1869) and Max Töppen (1822-1893), he edited Scriptores Rerum Prussicarum, a scholarly five-volume work on early Prussian history.

External links

 The Messianic Judaism Wiki biography of Theodor Hirsch.

19th-century German historians
Writers from Gdańsk
People from West Prussia
Academic staff of the University of Greifswald
19th-century German Jews
Converts to Christianity from Judaism
1806 births
1881 deaths
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers
Polish schoolteachers

Theodor Hirsch


The Meitei scriptures are a number of books and other texts which tell about Meitei religion (Sanamahism) as well as Meitei mythology. They are the sacred literature for the Meitei pagans. Notably, one should not confused all the Puya (Meitei texts) to be Meitei scriptures, because many puyas were written based on the topics irrelevant to religion.

Puya

Meitei scriptures


Allen House, also known historically as The Terraces, is an historic house at 2 Solomont Way on the South Campus of the University of Massachusetts Lowell in Lowell, Massachusetts.  Built about 1854, it is one of the city's finest early examples of Italianate architecture. In the early 20th century, it was the home of Charles Herbert Allen, a prominent local politician.  Since 1957, it has been owned by the University of Massachusetts Lowell; restored in the 2000s, it houses a gallery and event space used for university programs and is home to the university's Honors College. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Description and history
Allen House stands on the UMass Lowell South Campus. It is set on a rise above the Merrimack River, of which it has commanding views.  It is an irregularly massed and somewhat rambling brick building,  stories in height, with a gabled roof.  The gable ends are adorned with cloverleaf windows and there is brick drop ornamentation along the eaves.  Some windows are set in round-arch openings.  A bracketed Italianate porch is found on the front (east) side, and a Colonial Revival porch extends across part of the west side.

The house was built in the early 1860s as the mansion house of Rollin White, who invented a type of rear-loading revolver.  White worked for Samuel Colt in Hartford, Connecticut for many years before moving to Lowell and establishing his own firearms company, later the Lowell Arms Company.  The house was later the home of Charles Herbert Allen, a politician prominent in state politics and the first civilian U.S. governor of Puerto Rico.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lowell, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Houses in Lowell, Massachusetts
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Italianate architecture in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Lowell, Massachusetts

Allen House (Lowell, Massachusetts)


No Name is a novel by Wilkie Collins, first published in 1862. Illegitimacy is a major theme of the novel. It was originally serialised in Charles Dickens' magazine All the Year Round before book publication.

Plot summary
The story is told in eight major parts, called Scenes.

Scene One begins in 1846, at Combe-Raven in West Somerset, the country residence of the wealthy Vanstone family: Andrew Vanstone, his wife, and their two daughters. Norah, age 26, is happy and quiet; Magdalen, 18, is beautiful but volatile and willful. The family lives in peace and contentment, with the girls' former governess, Miss Garth.

Through amateur theatricals, Magdalen discovers she is a talented actress and falls in love with Frank Clare, who is also in the play. Frank, the idle but handsome son of a neighbour, has reluctantly tried to pursue a career but failed, and his father is not wealthy. However, the young couple wish to marry and Magdalen's fortune will easily support them.

Their fathers agree to the marriage, but before it takes place Mr. Vanstone is killed in a train crash and Mrs. Vanstone dies in childbirth. The family lawyer, Mr. Pendril, tells Norah and Magdalen that despite appearances their parents had only been married for a few months, and their wedding invalidated the will which left everything to the daughters.

Since the daughters are illegitimate, they have no name, no rights, and no property. Combe-Raven and the entire family fortune are inherited by Andrew's older brother, Michael Vanstone, who has been bitterly estranged from the family for many years. He refuses to provide any support for the orphaned young women. With the help only of their governess Miss Garth, they set out to make their own way in the world.

Scene Two is set in York, where Magdalen is found by Captain Wragge, a distant relative of her mother's, who confesses that he is a professional swindler. He helps her in getting started on the stage in return for a share of the proceeds. His wife Matilda, whom he married for an expected inheritance, is physically huge and kindly but mentally slow; she has to be supervised like a child.

Scene Three is in Vauxhall Walk, Lambeth. Magdalen, having earned some money, forsakes the stage and plots to get her inheritance back. Michael Vanstone has died; his only son Noel is sickly and looked after by his housekeeper, Virginie Lecount, a shrewd woman who hopes to inherit his money. Magdalen goes to Lambeth and disguised as Miss Garth visits Noel to see how the land lies, but Mrs. Lecount sees through her disguise and cuts a bit of cloth from the hem of her brown alpaca dress as evidence of Magdalen's deception.

Scene Four is in Aldborough, Suffolk, where Magdalen tries to carry out her plot to regain her inheritance by marrying Noel Vanstone under an assumed name, with Captain and Mrs. Wragge posing as her uncle and aunt. Captain Kirke, a sea captain, sees Magdalen and is smitten; she is privately annoyed by his attention to her. Wragge and Lecount plot against and attempt to outdo each other; in the end, Lecount is sent on a false errand to Zurich. Captain Wragge arranges Noel and Magdalen's marriage with the understanding that he will receive a payment promised by Magdalen and have no further contact with her afterwards.

Scene Five is in Baliol Cottage, Dumfries. Noel is alone, as his wife has left to visit friends in London. Mrs. Lecount is back from Zurich and explains who his wife really is, with the help of the cut bit of cloth from the brown alpaca dress. Noel, at her direction, rewrites his will, disinheriting his wife and leaving a respectable legacy to Lecount and the remainder to Admiral Bartram, his cousin. Lecount also induces Noel to write a Secret Trust to Admiral Bartram, directing that the money be passed to young George Bartram, but only on the condition that he marry someone not a widow within six months. This Secret Trust precludes Magdalen from marrying George in order to regain the inheritance. The stress of writing an angry letter denouncing his wife is too much for Noel, and he dies from a weak heart.

Scene Six is in St John's Wood where Magdalen has lodgings. Estranged from Norah and from Miss Garth, who she thinks betrayed her husband's whereabouts to Lecount, she conceives a plot to disguise herself as a parlour maid and infiltrate Admiral Bartram's house in order to search for the Secret Trust document. Her own maid, Louisa, trains her for this role in return for Magdalen's giving her the money to marry her fiance, the father of her illegitimate child, and emigrate to Australia.

Scene Seven is at St. Crux, the Bartram country house. Magdalen, serving as a parlour maid under Louisa's name for Admiral Bartram, searches through the house for the Secret Trust. Eventually she locates it by following Admiral Bartram as he sleepwalks, but she is discovered and secretly leaves the house before she can be discharged for being a thief.

The last scene is set in a poor lodging house, Aaron's Building. Magdalen is ill and destitute, on the verge of being sent to a hospital or the workhouse, when a handsome man appears and rescues her. It is Captain Kirke, the sailor who had become enamored of her after seeing her once at Aldborough. Meanwhile, Norah has married George Bartram, thus inadvertently regaining half the Vanstone inheritance. The other half reverted to Magdalen, because her dead husband never made a provision for George not marrying within 6 months, or the admiral passing away. Magdalen however denies her money, because she is trying to become a better person. Admiring the integrity of Norah and Captain Kirke, she confesses her disreputable past to him and affirms that she will live a life worthy of him henceforth. The novel ends with Kirke and Magdalen professing their mutual love.

Adaptations
The book was dramatized as Great Temptation by Collins and Wybert Reeve, who played "Captain Wragge" to great effect.

The book has been adapted for radio. It was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in six episodes, from 24 September to 29 October 1989 and repeated on BBC Radio 4 Extra beginning 4 March 2013, and again in October 2019 and September 2021.

Characters

Major characters

 Magdalen Vanstone – the heroine; a headstrong young woman with dramatic talent, who is determined to regain her family's lost inheritance; aged 18 at the opening of the novel
 Norah Vanstone – Magdalen's elder sister by nine years
 Captain Horatio Wragge – an audacious, self-proclaimed swindler who is also the Vanstone sisters' uncle by their mother
 Noel Vanstone – Magdalen and Norah's first cousin; Michael Vanstone's son
 Mrs Lecount – Noel Vanstone's domineering housekeeper

Minor characters

 Andrew Vanstone – Magdalen and Norah's father
 Miss Harriet Garth – the Vanstone sisters' governess
 Francis Clare, Sr. – the Vanstone family's cynical neighbour
 Francis (Frank) Clare, Jr. – Magdalen Vanstone's beloved
 Mr Pendril – Andrew Vanstone's family lawyer
 Michael Vanstone – the Vanstone sisters' vindictive uncle; Noel Vanstone's father
 Matilda Wragge – Captain Horatio Wragge's wife; a giantess with the mind of a child
 Robert Kirke – a captain in the merchant service who falls in love with Magdalen
 Louisa – Magdalen's lady's maid during her betrothal and marriage
 Admiral Bartram - Noel Vanstone's cousin, into whose service Magdalen enters under an assumed name
 Mr Merrick - a surgeon in general practice
 Mr, Mrs and Miss Marrable – a family living in Evergreen Lodge, Clifton, fond of "private theatricals"
 John Loscombe – Noel Vanstone's lawyer who also advises Mrs Lecount
 Mrs Drake – Admiral Bartram's housekeeper at St Crux-in-the-Marsh
 Mr Mazey – the "admiral's coxswain"; Admiral Bartram's elderly friend

References

External links

1862 British novels
British novels adapted into plays
Novels adapted into radio programs
Novels by Wilkie Collins
Theatre-fiction
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in All the Year Round

No Name (novel)


Thirayattam () is a ritual art form of the South Malabar region in Kerala state, India. It  blends dance, theatre, music, satire, facial and body painting, masking, martial art and ritualistic function. This vibrant  art form has a great resemblance to the tradition and customs of the Prehistoric era . Thirayattam usually enacted in courtyards of "kaavukal" (sacred groves) and village shrines of south Malabar region (kozhikode & malappuram dt:) in Kerala. Traditionally, the "Perumannan" community has the right to perform this magnificent art form in "kaavukal" (sacred Groves). Today, the members of "Panan" and "Cherumar" communities also perform Thirayattam. The performer comes into a trance with "Moorthy" or deity whose "Kolam" is enacted and moves vigorously, exhibiting belligerent mannerism and gestures, believed to be divine.

See also
Theyyam

References

Arts of Kerala
Dance in India
Arts in India

Thirayattam


The Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) is a federal school system headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia, responsible for planning, directing, coordinating, and managing prekindergarten through 12th grade educational programs on behalf of the United States Department of Defense (DoD). DoDEA is globally positioned, operating 163 accredited schools in 8 districts located in 11 foreign countries, 7 states, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

DoDEA employs 15,000 employees who serve 71,000 children of active duty military and DoD civilian families.

DoDEA operates as a field activity of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Personnel and Readiness). It is headed by a director who oversees all agency functions from DoDEA headquarters in Alexandria. DoDEA's schools are divided into 3 geographic areas: Europe, the Pacific, and the Americas.

It is one of two U.S. federal government school systems, along with the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE).

History
Shortly after the end of World War II, the United States military established schools for the children of its service men and women stationed in Europe and the Pacific. Schools for children of military members stationed at various bases in the United States were already well-established. First administered by the military branches they served, the growing number of schools was soon transferred to civilian managers, then organized into two separate but parallel systems: the Department of Defense Dependents Schools (Pacific and Europe) overseas, and the Department of Defense Domestic Dependent Elementary and Secondary Schools (Americas) in the United States. In 1994 the two systems were brought together under an umbrella agency, the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA). Shortly thereafter, the official DoDEA logo was created by DoDEA Art Director, Calvin Bohner, in 1998.

Activities
The DoDEA instructional program provides a prekindergarten through 12th grade curriculum. Currently 100% of DoDEA schools are accredited and in good standing with their regional accrediting agency. Students consistently achieve high scores in the National Assessment of Educational Progress and above the national average on standardized assessments. Minority students have been especially successful, scoring at or near the highest in the United States in mathematics.

DoDEA measures student progress with multiple performance-based assessments. The TerraNova standardized test provides DoDEA with results that it can compare to a nationwide sample. DoDEA students also take the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), which provides comparisons of student achievement in reading, writing, math, and science. All DoDEA schools are accredited by the North Central Association Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement (NCA CASI) or the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Council on Accreditation and School Improvement (SACS CASI), which provide each school with an independent evaluation.

Schools submit annual reports of data, and every five years they host an on-site validation visit led by education experts from the United States. Following the on-site visits, the experts send a report that includes recommendations for improvements to each of the schools visited. DoDEA conducts internal monitoring of educational programs to ensure high-quality implementation of new programs and overall effectiveness of existing programs. Monitoring activities may include, but are not limited to the following activities: surveys, interviews, focus groups, classroom observations and the analysis of achievement and training data. Currently 100% of DoDEA schools are accredited and in good standing.

Operations
In 2008 the U.S. Congress published a study stating that decreased military budgets resulted in 70% of the DoDEA schools having campuses in less than ideal physical condition, with their conditions specifically noted as either "poor" or "failing".

A 2015 editorial of the Minneapolis Star-Tribune noted that schools in the DoDEA, were well funded, partly due to post-September 11 attacks security concerns and partly because of the size of the DOD itself, as well as the leadership of Robert Gates, who served as the Secretary of Defense. The Star-Tribune contrasted this with the lesser-funded Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) network, also federal and serving Native American students.

Sarah Mervosh of The New York Times, citing National Assessment of Educational Progress scores and performance levels of racial minorities, wrote in 2023 that DoDEA campuses "quietly achieve results most educators can only dream of." The nature of military employment means that students have parents with jobs and support structures, and according to Mervosh, the DoDEA campuses are "well-funded, socioeconomically and racially integrated, and have a centralized structure that is not subject to the whims of school boards or mayors." That year, David Leonhardt, also of The New York Times, wrote that the DoDEA "has been performing well for years and continued to do so during the [COVID-19 pandemic]."

Academic achievement
In 2001 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) wrote "The academic achievement of DOD students, as measured by their performance on standardized tests and their plans for enrolling in college, generally exceeds that of elementary and secondary students nationwide. On college admission tests, DOD students score at or near national averages."

DoDEA Americas Region
Headquartered in Peachtree City, Georgia, in the Atlanta metropolitan area, DoDEA Americas is divided into 2 school districts (Americas Mid-Atlantic and Americas Southeast) and operates 51 schools at 16 military communities on the U.S. mainland, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. As of May 2019, it educates approximately 22,000 students of U.S. military and eligible DoD civilian personnel families.

DoDEA Americas' Mid-Atlantic District

Camp Lejeune, NC

 Bitz IS
 Brewster MS
 Heroes ES
 Johnson PS
 Lejeune HS
 Tarawa Terrace ES
(note DeLalio ES is at MCAS New River)

Fort Bragg, NC

 Albritton MS
 Bowley ES
 Devers ES
 Gary Ivan Gordon ES - In the Linden Oaks area
 Hampton PS
 Irwin IS
 Poole ES
 Randall David Shughart ES - In Linden Oaks
 Shughart MS - In Linden Oaks

High school students attend local public schools based on what county they reside in: Cumberland County Schools for Cumberland County residents, and Hoke County Schools for Hoke County residents. The Cumberland County parts are assigned to EE Smith High School.

The Linden Oaks area is in Harnett County Schools, and is assigned to Overhills High School.

Marine Corps Air Station New River, NC
 DeLalio ES
Brewster Middle School and Lejeune High School in Camp Lejeune serve the community for secondary school.

Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, VA

 Dahlgren ES/MS
 The school first opened in 1921. The school's principal facility was built during World War II. In 2011 a review of the building found that it was in "poor" shape.

King George County Public Schools operates non-DoDEA public schools in King George County. Most off-post persons associated with NSF Dahlgren send their children to King George County schools. King George High School is the local county high school.

Marine Corps Base Quantico, VA

 Crossroads ES
The  facility was scheduled to open in Spring 2016. It had a cost of $47 million. It has a two-story media center and a rooftop environmental science center, patio, and garden. The facility uses natural light and heating from geothermal sources. In 2015 the Star-Tribune described it as "state-of-the-art school design". It replaced Ashurst, Burrows, and Russell elementary schools in Quantico.
 Quantico MS/HS

USMA West Point, NY

 West Point ES
 West Point MS

The academy is physically in the Highland Falls Central School District. The military installation sends students to James I. O'Neill High School of Highland Falls for high School, under contract. Pre-school through 8th grade attend school on the military academy grounds. The elementary school and the middle school are part of the DoDEA system, not in the Highland Falls School District.  In 2021, 190 high school children living on post attended James I O'Neill High School. In 2021 the agency at West Point announced that the bid to educate West Point High School students would be competitive. In March 2022 the O'Neill contract was renewed.

Guantanamo Bay Naval Station, Cuba

 W.T. Sampson ES/HS

Coast Guard Air Station Borinquen, PR

 Ramey Unit School

Fort Buchanan, PR

 Antilles ES
 Antilles MS
 Antilles HS

DoDEA Americas' Southeast District

Fort Moore, GA

 Dexter ES
 Faith MS
 McBride ES
 Stowers ES
 White ES

High school students attend local public high schools operated by county governments. The portion in Muscogee County is zoned to high schools of Muscogee County Schools. The portion in Chattahoochie County is zoned to Chattahoochee County Schools. Off-base families attend county school systems, with residents of Georgia attending those systems, and Alabama residents being in Lee County Schools and Russell County Schools.

Fort Campbell, KY

 Barkley ES
 Barsanti ES
 Fort Campbell HS
 Lucas ES
 Mahaffey MS
 Marshall ES

The high school first opened in 1962. The current high school building was dedicated in 2018. Of the students, the percentage who attend for all four years total at FCHS is 10.

There were plans for a new middle school, but in 2019 the funds were instead designated for a wall along the Mexico-United States border.

Fort Jackson, SC
The DoDEA schools on-post for Fort Jackson are Pierce Terrace Elementary School (Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 1) and C.C. Pinckney Elementary School (grades 2–6). Students are zoned to non-DoDEA schools for secondary school: Dent Middle School and Richland Northeast High School, which are operated by Richland County School District Two.

Fort Knox, KY

 Fort Knox Middle High School
 Scott Intermediate School
 Van Voorhis ES
 Kingsolver ES

Fort Rucker, AL

 Ellis D. Parker Elementary School

Students beyond the elementary level may attend non-DoDEA schools for secondary levels, with an on-post family choosing one of the following three options: Daleville City School System, Enterprise City School System, or Ozark City Schools. Enterprise operates Enterprise High School and Ozark operates Carroll High School.

Fort Stewart, GA

 Diamond ES
 Kessler ES
 Murray ES

Students at the secondary level on Fort Stewart attend public schools operated by county school districts. Liberty County School District operates the public schools in Liberty County.

Maxwell Air Force Base, AL

 Maxwell AFB ES/MS Magnet

For high school residents are zoned to Montgomery Public Schools facilities: residents of the main base are zoned to George Washington Carver High School, while residents of the Gunner Annex are zoned to Dr. Percy L. Julian High School. Residents may attend magnet schools.

Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, SC

 Bolden ES/MS
 Elliott ES

Beaufort County School District operates public high schools serving MCAS Beaufort, and in sum has the highest number of students, of any school system, affiliated with MCAS Beaufort.

DoDEA Europe Region
Headquartered in Kapaun AS, Kaiserslautern, Germany, DoDEA Europe is organized into 3 districts (EU East, EU South, and EU West) and operates 65 schools within 27 U.S. military communities across Europe. As of May 2019, the DoDEA European region educates approximately 27,000 children of U.S. military and eligible DoD civilian personnel families.

DoDEA Europe East District

USAG Ansbach, Germany

 Ansbach ES
 Ansbach MS/HS

Baumholder Military Community, Germany (USAG Rheinland-Pfalz)

 Baumholder MS/HS
 Smith ES

Garmisch Military Community, Germany USAG Bavaria

 Garmisch ES/MS

Grafenwohr/Vilseck Military Community, USAG Bavaria, Germany

 Grafenwoehr ES
 Netzaberg ES
 Netzaberg MS
 Vilseck ES
 Vilseck HS

Hohenfels Military Community, Germany USAG Bavaria, Germany

 Hohenfels ES
 Hohenfels HS

Kaiserslautern Military Community (KMC), Germany

 Kaiserslautern ES
 Kaiserslautern MS
Kaiserslautern HS
 Landstuhl ES/MS
 Sembach ES
 Sembach MS
 Vogelweh ES

Ramstein AB, Germany (Part of KMC)

Ramstein ES
Ramstein HS
 Ramstein IS
 Ramstein MS

USAG Stuttgart, Germany

 Patch ES
 Patch MS
 Robinson Barracks ES
 Stuttgart ES
 Stuttgart HS

USAG Wiesbaden, Germany

 Aukamm ES
Wiesbaden HS
 Wiesbaden MS
 Hainerberg ES

DoDEA Europe South District

Ankara American Community, Turkey

 Ankara ES/MS/HS

Aviano AB, Italy

 Aviano ES
 Aviano MS/HS

Naval Support Activity Bahrain

 Bahrain ES/HS

Camp Darby Military Community, USAG Italy

 Livorno ES/MS

Naval Support Activity Naples, Italy

 Naples ES
 Naples MS/HS

Naval Air Station Rota, Spain

 Rota ES
 Rota MS/HS

Moron AB, Seville, Spain

 Sevilla ES/MS

Sigonella Air Station, Sicily (IT)

 Sigonella ES
 Sigonella MS/HS

Vicenza Military Community, USAG Italy

 Vicenza ES
 Vicenza MS
 Vicenza HS

DoDEA Europe West District

Schinnen Military Community, USAG Benelux, Brunssum, The Netherlands

 AFNORTH ES
 AFNORTH MS/HS

RAF Alconbury, United Kingdom

 Alconbury ES
Alconbury MS/HS

Brussels Military Community, USAG Benelux, Belgium

 Brussels ES/HS

RAF Croughton, United Kingdom

 Croughton ES

Kleine Brogel Air Base, USAG Benelux Belgium

 Kleine Brogel ES

RAF Lakenheath, United Kingdom

 Feltwell ES
 Lakenheath ES
 Lakenheath HS
 Liberty IS

SHAPE Military Community, US Army Garrison Benelux, Mons, Belgium

 SHAPE ES
 SHAPE MS
SHAPE HS

Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany

 Spangdahlem ES
 Spangdahlem MS
 Spangdahlem HS

DoDEA Pacific Region

Headquartered in Yokota AB, Japan, the DoDEA Pacific region is organized into 3 districts (Pacific East, Pacific South, and Pacific West) and operates 47 schools on 21 U.S. military installations in Guam, Japan, Okinawa and South Korea. As of May 2019, the DoDEA Pacific Region educates over 22,000 children of U.S. military and eligible DoD civilian personnel families.

Pacific East District

Camp Zama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan

 Arnn American ES
 Zama American MS/HS

Commander Fleet Activities Sasebo

 Darby ES
 E.J. King MS/HS
 Sasebo ES

Commander Fleet Activities Yokosuka

 Ikego ES
 Kinnick HS
 Sullivans ES
 Yokosuka MS

Marine Corp Air Station Iwakuni

 Iwakuni ES
 Iwakuni MS
 M.C. Perry ES
 M.B. Perry HS

Misawa Air Base

 Edgren HS
 Sollars ES

NAF Atsugi

 Lanham ES

Yokota Air Base

 Mendel ES
 Yokota MS
 Yokota HS
 Yokota West ES

Pacific South District

Andersen AFB (Guam)

 Andersen ES
 Andersen MS

Camp Foster, Okinawa

 Killin ES
 Kubasaki HS
 Zukeran ES

Camp Kinser, Okinawa

 Kinser ES

Camp Lester, Okinawa

 Lester MS

Camp McTureous, Okinawa

 Bechtel ES

Kadena Airforce Base, Okinawa

 Amelia Earhart IS
 Bob Hope PS
 Kadena ES
 Kadena HS
 Kadena MS
 Ryukyu MS
 Stearley Heights ES

Naval Base Guam

 McCool ES/MS

U.S. Naval Hospital (Guam)

 Guam HS

Pacific West District

Osan Air Base

 Osan American ES
 Osan American MS/HS

Osan American Middle High School formed in 2017 with the consolidation of the middle and high schools. In September 2017 it had 320 students.

US Army Garrison Daegu – Camp George

 Daegu American ES

US Army Garrison Daegu – Camp Walker

 Daegu MS/HS

Daegu Middle High School formed in 2017 with the consolidation of the middle and high schools. In September 2017 it had 299 students.

US Army Garrison Humphreys

 Humphreys Central ES
 Humphreys West ES
 Humphreys MS
 Humphreys HS

Former schools
 Iceland
 AT Mahan High School (Keflavik)
 AT Mahan Elementary School (Keflavik)

 Panama
 Balboa HS
 Curundu ES
 On Fort Clayton, it operated from 1968 to 1999.
 Curundu MS
 Fort Clayton ES
 Fort Kobbe ES
 Howard ES

 Philippines
 Wagner High School (Clark Air Base)

 United Kingdom
 London Central Elementary High School (formerly London Central High School)
 West Ruislip Elementary School

See also
 Department of Defense Dependents Schools
 List of schools in United States territories

References

External links

Official DoDEA Website

Education Activity


Since their discovery, anabolic steroids (AAS) have been widely used as performance-enhancing drugs to improve performance in sports, to improve one's physical appearance, as self-medication to recover from injury, and as an anti-aging aid. Use of anabolic steroids for purposes other than treating medical conditions is controversial and, in some cases, illegal. Major sports organizations have moved to ban the use of anabolic steroids. There is a wide range of health concerns for users. Legislation in many countries restricts and criminalizes AAS possession and trade.

History
Performance-enhancing substances have been used for thousands of years in  traditional medicine by societies around the world, with the aim of promoting vitality and strength. The use of gonadal hormones pre-dates their identification and isolation. Medical use of testicle extract began in the late 19th century, while its effects on strength were still being studied. In 1889, the 72-year-old Mauritian neurologist Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard injected himself with an extract of dog and guinea pig testicles, and reported at a scientific meeting that these injections had led to a variety of beneficial effects. However, almost all experts, including some of Brown-Sequard's contemporaries, had agreed that these positive effects were induced by Brown-Séquard himself. In 2002, a study replicating Brown-Séquard's method determined that the amount of testosterone obtained was too low to have any clinical effect.

Testosterone, the most active anabolic-androgenic steroid produced by Leydig cells in the testes, was first isolated in 1935 and chemically synthesized later in the same year. Synthetic derivatives of testosterone quickly followed. By the end of the following decade, both testosterone and its derivatives were applied with varying degrees of success for a number of medical conditions. It was not until the 1950s, however, that athletes began to discover that anabolic steroids could increase their muscle mass. According to sports physician John Ziegler, the first confirmed use of an anabolic steroid in an international athletic competition was at the weightlifting championships in Vienna in 1954, when Russian weightlifters used testosterone.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the use of anabolic steroids was confined largely to the professional levels of sport. In the Eastern bloc, programs of training went as far as forcing some athletes to take anabolic steroids. In the United States, sports physicians, including Ziegler, and medical texts were still widely proclaiming that anabolic steroids were ineffective in helping athletes gain muscle. These doctors did acknowledge the usefulness of anabolic steroids for debilitated patients. The package insert for Dianabol, a common anabolic steroid used at the time, stated, "Anabolic steroids do not enhance athletic ability." Despite these warnings, use of anabolic steroids began in competition bodybuilding, in track and field events, such as the shot put, and in other sports where performance depended on muscle strength or speed of recovery during training.

At the end of the 1960s, Science published a study on the effects of Dianabol on athletes. This open label study, conducted by J.P. O'Shea and colleagues at Oregon State University, confirmed the muscle building effects of anabolic steroids on athletes that followed a high protein diet. Two years later, O'Shea replicated the results in a double blind design.

At the beginning of the 1970s, sporting organizations, including the IOC and NCAA, declared the use of anabolic steroids unethical, but with no effective means of testing athletes, the issue remained academic.

Prevalence and user profiles

General population
It is difficult to determine what percent of the population have used anabolic steroids due to the fact that most studies are based on self-reporting. Studies in the United States have shown anabolic steroid users tend to be mostly middle-class heterosexual men with a median age of about 25 who are noncompetitive bodybuilders and non-athletes. They cite using the drugs for cosmetic purposes. Another study found that non-medical use of anabolic steroids among college students was at, or less than, 1%. According to a 2006 survey, 78.4% of steroid users were noncompetitive bodybuilders and non-athletes. About 13% reported unsafe injection practices such as reusing needles, sharing needles, and sharing multi-dose vials, though a 2007 study found sharing of needles was extremely uncommon
(less than 1%) among individuals using anabolic steroids for non-medical purposes. Another 2007 study found that 74% of non-medical anabolic steroid users had secondary college degrees and more had completed college and less had failed to complete high school than is expected from the general population. The same study found that individuals using anabolic steroids for non-medical purposes had a higher employment rate and a higher household income than the general population. Anabolic steroid users research the drugs they are taking more than other controlled-substance users; however, the major sources consulted by steroid users include friends, non-medical handbooks, and fitness magazines, which can provide questionable or inaccurate information. According to a 1998 study, 2.7% of middle school (age 9-13) students in the United States reported using steroids, with 2.8% being female and 2.6% being male. A 1988 study found that 6.6% of 12th grade (17 or 18 years old) students use or have used steroids.

Anabolic steroid users tend to be disillusioned by the portrayal of anabolic steroids as deadly in the media and in politics. According to one study, anabolic steroid users also distrust their physicians, and in the sample, 56% had not disclosed their anabolic steroid use to their physicians. Another 2007 study showed that while 66% of individuals using anabolic steroids for non-medical purposes were willing to seek medical supervision for their steroid use, 58% lacked trust in their physicians, 92% felt that the medical community's knowledge of non-medical anabolic steroid use was lacking, and 99% felt that the public has an exaggerated view of the side effects of anabolic steroid use. A 2006 study has showed that long-term anabolic steroid users were more likely to have symptoms of muscle dysmorphia and also showed stronger endorsement of more traditional male roles.

Sports
Anabolic steroids have been used by athletes in many professional sports, including track and field, weightlifting, bodybuilding, shot put, cycling, baseball, wrestling, mixed martial arts, boxing, and football. Such use is prohibited by many of the professional and amateur associations that organize these sports.

Anabolic steroid use occurs among adolescents, especially by those participating in competitive sports. It has been suggested that the prevalence of use among high-school students in the U.S. may be as high as 2.7%. Male students used anabolic steroids more frequently than female students and, on average, those who participated in sports used steroids more often than those who did not.

Celebrity controversies
In 1992, NFL football player Lyle Alzado died from brain cancer, which he said was caused by his steroid use. Although 17α-alkylated steroids have been known to cause liver cancer, when taken by mouth, there is no published evidence that anabolic steroids cause either brain cancer or the specific type of T-cell lymphoma that caused Alzado's death. However, Alzado also stated that he felt addicted to steroids and that he had become increasingly violent.

Arnold Schwarzenegger acknowledged using anabolic steroids for many years during his bodybuilding career, although steroids were legal in the US during the time he used them. In 1997, he underwent surgery to correct a heart defect. Some have assumed this was because of his use of anabolic steroids. Although the use of anabolic steroids can sometimes cause enlargement and thickening of the left ventricle, Schwarzenegger was born with a congenital genetic defect in which his heart had a bicuspid aortic valve, a condition that rendered his aortic valve with two cusps instead of three, which can occasionally cause problems later in life.

Doping

The use of anabolic steroids is banned by all major sporting associations, including the International Olympic Committee, Major League Baseball, the National Football League, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, WWE, ICC, ITF, FIFA, World Rugby, FINA, UEFA, the European Athletic Association, and the Brazilian Football Confederation.  Anabolic steroids are controlled substances in many countries, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, the Netherlands (NL), the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (U.S.).

The Olympics, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and the National Football League also ban the use of anabolic steroids. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) maintains the list of performance-enhancing substances used by many major sports associations and includes all anabolic agents, which includes all anabolic steroids and precursors as well as all hormones and related substances. Spain passed an anti-doping law that created a national anti-doping agency. Italy passed a law in 2000 where penalties range up to three years in prison if an athlete has tested positive for banned substances. In 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed into law ratification of the International Convention Against Doping in Sport, which would encourage cooperation with WADA. Many other countries have similar legislation prohibiting anabolic steroids in sports, including Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and Sweden.

Legal status and politics
The legal status of anabolic steroids varies from country to country. In the U.S., anabolic steroids are listed as Schedule III controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act, which makes the possession of such substances without a prescription a federal crime punishable by up to seven years in prison. In Canada, anabolic steroids and their derivatives are part of the Controlled drugs and substances act and are Schedule IV substances, meaning that it is illegal to obtain or sell them without a prescription. However, possession is not punishable, a consequence reserved for schedule I, II or III substances. Those guilty of buying or selling anabolic steroids in Canada can be imprisoned for up to 18 months. Importing or exporting anabolic steroids also carry similar penalties. Anabolic steroids are also illegal without prescription in Australia, Argentina, Brazil, and Portugal, and are listed as Schedule 4 Controlled Drugs in the United Kingdom.

United States
The United States first considered classifying anabolic steroids as a controlled substance in the late 1980s after a controversy over Ben Johnson's victory at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. During deliberations, the American Medical Association (AMA), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) all opposed listing anabolic steroids as controlled substances. These organizations argued that use of these drugs  does not lead to the physical or psychological dependence required for such scheduling under the Controlled Substance Act. However, anabolic steroids were added to Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act in the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990. The same act also introduced more stringent controls with higher criminal penalties for offenses involving the illegal distribution of anabolic steroids and human growth hormone. By the early 1990s, after non-medical use of anabolic steroids was criminalized in the U.S., several pharmaceutical companies stopped manufacturing or marketing the products. Some brand names included Ciba, Searle, and Syntex. In the Controlled Substances Act, anabolic steroids are defined to be any drug or hormonal substance chemically and pharmacologically related to testosterone (other than estrogens, progestins, and corticosteroids) that promote muscle growth. The act was amended by the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004, which added prohormones to the list of controlled substances, with effect from January 20, 2005.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, anabolic steroids are completely legal for personal use although it is illegal to sell them. In 2008, a study published in the Lancet suggested that anabolic steroids are less dangerous than most other illegal substances, and some legal ones.

Economics and law enforcement

Illegal trade

In countries where anabolic steroids are illegal or controlled, the majority of steroids are obtained illegally through black market trade. These steroids are usually manufactured in other countries, and therefore must be smuggled across international borders.

In September 2007, the DEA completed an 18-month international investigation of illicit anabolic steroid use in which 124 arrests were made. The investigation targeted more than 25 Chinese companies which produced raw materials for producing steroids and human growth hormone. The companies exported raw products to Mexico, where the consumer products were packaged. The investigation, dubbed "Operation Gear Grinder," was the largest anabolic steroid operation in the United States, and involved China, Mexico, Canada, Australia, Germany, and Thailand, among other countries. The investigation also focused on online message boards where advice was given on how to use anabolic steroids. The DEA also intercepted thousands of e-mails in the course of the investigation. The DEA has stated that the e-mails intercepted were compiled into a massive database of names which could lead to months or years of future arrests of steroid users.

Production
Anabolic steroids are produced in pharmaceutical laboratories, but in nations where stricter laws are present, they are also produced in small homemade laboratories. Common problems associated with illegal drug trades, such as chemical substitutions, cutting, and diluting, affect illegal anabolic steroids, so that when they reach the distribution level, the quality may be compromised and the drugs may be dangerous. In the 1990s, most U.S. producers such as Ciba, Searle and Syntex stopped making and marketing anabolic steroids within the U.S. However, in many other regions, particularly Eastern Europe, they are still mass-produced.

Anabolic steroids are still in wide use for veterinary purposes, and often contain the same components as those prepared for humans, but without the same quality control. These can also be dangerous, as they may have been produced and handled in cruder and less sterile environments. Often times these veterinary grade anabolic steroids are used by athletes in a measure to bypass restrictions in their local countries. Administration of such carries huge risks and users are often rushed to hospitals with complications. Though different laws encompass usage of anabolic steroids under different jurisdictions, such underground illicit usage is discouraged by the online athletic/steroids communities as well.

Distribution
In the U.S., Canada, and Europe, illicit steroids are purchased just like any other illegal drug. Dealers are able to obtain the steroids from a number of sources. Illegal anabolic steroids are sometimes sold at gyms, competitions, and through the mail, but may also be obtained through pharmacists, veterinarians, and physicians. In addition, a significant number of counterfeit products are sold as anabolic steroids, particularly via mail order from websites posing as overseas pharmacies. In the U.S., black market importation continues from Mexico, Thailand, and other countries where steroids are not illegal.

See also
Androgen replacement therapy
Growth hormone
Muscle dysmorphia
Performance-enhancing drugs
 Steroid rosacea
 Steroid use in Bollywood
 Bigger, Stronger, Faster*
 Juiced: Wild Times, Rampant 'Roids, Smash Hits & How Baseball Got Big
 Selective androgen receptor modulator

References

Androgens and anabolic steroids
Exercise physiology

Ergogenic use of anabolic steroids


The Austin 8 wis a smaw caur made bi the Austin Motor Company. Launched in 1939 an produced intae the war (at least until 1942), aboot 9,000 o the wartime Austin 8 models wur twa-seater tourers produced for the military an govrenment, an the rest wur saloons. Efter Warld War II, the model wis made frae 1945 tae 1947.

Bi the late 1930s, sales o Austin's big seller, the Austin 7, wur declinin an the 1938 addition tae the range o the 900 cc "Big 7" did little tae fill the demand for in spite o its lairger ingine its suspension an handling wur still rooted in its early 1920s origins. A restyled an re-engineered range o caurs haed stairtit tae appear in 1937 wi the Cambridge 10 wi its much mair streamlined leuk an wi the shake up follaein the arrival o Leonard Lord development o a proper 8 hp caur wis accelerated.

The new caur, thit wis shawn tae dealers in Februar 1939, kept the 900 cc, fower cylinder, side valve ingine frae the Big 7, nou wi a higher 6.5:1 compression ratio, but haed a completely new chassis. This wis halfway tae full unitary construction in that the main member wis a pressed steel floor pan wi a box section welded doun each side o the caur wi three ithers going across the floor. The body wis then bolted tae this structur. Suspension wis bi semi elliptic leaf springs wi hydraulic dampers.

Twa an fower door saloon bodies wur made as well as twa an fower seat tourers an aboot 20,000 wur made afore war closed production. In 1945, production restarted, but thare wur no mair tourers or twa door saloons.

References
 "The Austin Eight". Paul Skilleter. "The Automobile" Februar 1984.

8
1940s automobiles

Austin 8


The London Midland and Scottish Railway LMS ex-ROD 2-8-0s were a class of 2-8-0 steam locomotive designed for freight work.

In 1927, the LMS purchased 75 ex-Railway Operating Division ROD 2-8-0s from George Cohen and Armstrong Disposals Corporation, primarily for their tenders, which were used for various ex-LNWR locomotives.  Thirty engines were sold, minus their tenders, to Armstrong Whitworth, who exported most of them to China as Chinese Government Railways KD4.  25 engines were scrapped by the LMS between 1927 and 1930.  The remaining 20 were overhauled and pressed into service as numbers 9646–65 in 1927 and 1928.  Initially given power classification of 5, this was later revised to 7F.  Several were later renumbered but some were withdrawn before they had a chance to receive their allotted numbers.  All were withdrawn between 1929 and 1932 and scrapped.

References

7F
2-8-0 locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives
Freight locomotives

LMS ex-ROD 2-8-0


Perth is the capital city of Western Australia. It was established by Britain as the Swan River Colony in 1829. The area had been explored by Europeans as early as 1697, and occupied by the Indigenous Whadjuk Noongar people for millennia.

Perth was established by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony. It gained city status (currently vested in the smaller City of Perth) in 1856 and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929. The city inherited its name due to the influence of Sir George Murray, then Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies.

Perth has been shaped by successive periods of mineral resource-led economic expansion and population growth commencing with the gold rush of the 1890s. Since at least 1966 Perth's growth rate has been continuously higher than the national average.

Aboriginal history

Before the founding of the Swan River Colony, the indigenous Noongar people were well established in the southwest corner of Western Australia, hunting and gathering. They called the area on which Perth now stands Boorloo. Boorloo formed part of Mooro, the tribal lands of Yellagonga, whose group was one of several based around the Swan River, known collectively as the Whadjuk. Like elsewhere in Australia, Aboriginal occupation of the coastal plain created conditions attractive to European settlement. In many cases colonial settlements and homesteads were located on grounds which Aboriginal people had cultivated with native vegetation cropping and cleared with fire whilst road alignments often followed Aboriginal tracks through the bush.

The lakes on the coastal plain were particularly important to the Aboriginal people, providing them with both spiritual and physical sustenance. The swamps to the north of the river provided food, meeting places, shelter, and familiar hunting grounds. Fish, turtles, oysters, crabs, birds and their eggs, frogs, edible roots, fungi, kangaroos and possums abounded. The waters were fringed with tea-tree, grass trees and paper bark, the last providing shelter. The large flat spaces of the swamp flood plains created natural amphitheatres for ceremonies and camping.

From 1831, there were hostile encounters between settlers and Noongars that culminated in several executions and massacres that lead to the disintegration of the tribes and their retreat to the swamps and lakes north of the river. These were known to them as Boodjamooling, and became their main campsites and gathering places following dispossession from traditional lands.

Early European exploration

Early European exploration of the area commenced in 1697 with the discovery of the Swan River by Dutch captain Willem de Vlamingh. A sloop was dragged over the limestone bar and sandy shoals that blocked the river mouth, and an expedition made up the river. Surveying the area from "high ground" (Mount Eliza), Vlamingh was not impressed. Similar explorations by the French in 1801, and the British in 1822 left equally unfavourable impressions regarding any potential settlement of the area.

The first explorer to gain a favourable opinion of the Swan River was Captain James Stirling, who explored the area in March 1827. With relatives in the powerful British East India Company, Stirling was predisposed to the idea of a West Australian colony with potential for Indian Ocean trade.

With Frederick Garling and the botanist Charles Fraser, Stirling spent 12 days exploring the river, travelling as far upstream as the Ellen Brook junction. The party did not go far enough ashore to see that sandy soil characterised much of the land around the river. As a result, their favourable impressions of the quality of the soil was highly inaccurate, but became instrumental in the decision to establish the Swan River Colony.

In his reports to the Home Office, Stirling acknowledged that previous explorations had found the area "sterile, forbidding and inhospitable" but argued that he had found it superior to New South Wales even, and promoted in glowing terms the agricultural potential of the area. His lobbying was for the establishment of a free settlement, unlike the other penal settlements at New South Wales, Port Arthur and Norfolk Island. Persuaded that the proposed colony would incur no significant cost on the part of the British Government, and perhaps fuelled by rumours that the French were about to establish a penal colony in the western part of Australia, the Colonial Office assented to the proposal in mid-October 1828.

Founding of the Swan River Colony (1829)

The first fleet of settlers arrived in June 1829, disembarking with their possessions on the sandy beaches north of the Swan River. No advance party had been sent, no land had been allocated, and no buildings had been constructed.
Under intense pressure from the settlers, Stirling's energetic Surveyor-General, John Septimus Roe went to work demarcating the allotments along the river. The fertile locations around Perth did not extend very far from the Swan and Canning Rivers, and the most fertile locations were upstream. The district of Guildford had the best quality soils and was settled in the first year of the colony.

Layout of the principal towns

Septimus Roe laid out the townsites of Perth, Fremantle and Guildford. Fremantle was to be the port city, and entry into the colony; Guildford was the loading point for agricultural produce that was to be shipped down the Swan River; and Perth was the administrative and military hub. All three towns developed slowly in the early years.

The boundaries of the capital Perth were defined by the Swan River to the south and east, by the promontory of Mount Eliza to the west, and by a chain of swamps and lakes to the north. The site was chosen for its access to fresh water and river transport, the availability of building materials, fine views of the Darling Scarp and the shelter offered by Mount Eliza from naval bombardment. The official foundation ceremony took place on 12 August 1829 with the chopping down of a tree by Helen Dance, the wife of Captain William Dance of the Sulphur. This event is commemorated by a plaque set in the footpath of Barrack Street at the approximate location.

Early years (1830 - 1849)

As much of the remaining land turned out to be quite sandy and unsuitable for agriculture, the first reports of the colony were not as glowing as Stirling had been led to expect. These reports, along with the difficulty of clearing land to grow crops, was a factor in the slow growth of Perth during the first two decades. Agriculture developed away from Perth in places like the Avon Valley, and along the southwest coastline.

Transport in the early years was primarily along the coastline and river system, and one of the earliest projects was the construction of a  canal creating Burswood Island. Two years later, in 1833, the first dirt track between Perth and Fremantle was cut through the bush. Other tracks from the towns to the districts of Canning, Kelmscott, Guildford and Mandurah followed. The first bridge was the causeway across the Swan River, little more than a primitive timber bridge, but connecting what is now the suburbs of East Perth and Victoria Park.

Early building activity laid the administrative, institutional and social foundations of colonial society. In 1831 the Round House was completed, providing the colony with its first prison; the Court House was opened in December 1836, doubling as place of worship until St George's Church was built in 1842. This wasn't the first church however; that honour goes to the  All Saints Church in the Swan Valley, north-east of Perth, completed in 1841. The colony's first brewery, Swan Brewery, was established at the corner of Spring Street and Mounts Bay Road, near the base of Mount Eliza in Perth.

Relations between the Europeans and local Aboriginal peoples were not always amicable, and sometimes resulted in violent skirmishes. On 11 July 1833, a senior warrior named Yagan, of the local Aboriginal tribe near the Swan River, was murdered after a bounty was issued for his capture following the slaying of a couple of settlers.

By 1850, the population of the colony of Western Australia had increased to 5886, while the population around Perth was still only about 1940, approximately equal with that of Fremantle.

Convict era (1850 - 1869)

In 1849, after a decade and half of meagre growth, Perth became a penal colony and in the next 16 years received an influx of over 9000 convicts. This significantly changed the social and economic dynamics of the colony. The convicts were involved in the construction of a large amount of infrastructure and this shaped the character of the city.

Perth's early buildings had been rudimentary and simple, however with the arrival of labour in the form of a convict workforce, new buildings of colonial authority arose. These embraced the culture and aspirations of Empire in a remote settlement, and were largely constructed in the Gothic style so much in vogue in England at the time. Constructed of locally harvested clay bricks, mellow in colour and soft in texture, the public architecture of the colony was relatively small-scale as befitting a new settlement. Buildings constructed during this time include the Fremantle Prison, Government House, the Perth Town Hall, The Cloisters, Perth Gaol, and the Swan River Mechanics' Institute.

The convict workforce led to an improvement in the prospects of the colony, however Perth's underlying identity as a remote and rustic frontier town remained unchanged. Despite being proclaimed a city by Queen Victoria in 1856, fourteen years later a Melbourne journalist could describe Perth as:

"...a quiet little town of some 3000 inhabitants spread out in straggling allotments down to the water's edge, intermingled with gardens and shrubberies and half rural in its aspect ... The main streets are macadamised, but the outlying ones and most of the footpaths retain their native state from the loose sand - the all pervading element of Western Australia - productive of intense glare or much dust in the summer and dissolving into slush during the rainy season."

This village-like atmosphere of scattered single and two story brick or stone residences, surrounded by gardens, remained unchanged until the 1880s and 1890s.

Later 19th century (1870 - 1901)

The latter half of the nineteenth century, and in particular the last two decades, saw Perth begin to grow for the first time in a significant way. In 1877, a telegraph line from Adelaide to Perth was completed, vastly improving intracontinental communication. This increased the growth of colonial media, such as the first weekly newspaper, the Western Mail, which commenced publishing in 1885.

Government architecture continued to shape the central city. In 1874 large and impressive government offices were constructed, housing the Cabinet, Treasury, Titles Office and Post Office. The business district developed slowly with a mix of shops and cottages to the west of Barrack Street. By the 1880s residential development had commenced in West Perth, while industrial development was concentrated in East Perth.

During this time two events significantly shaped the development of both central Perth and the wider metropolitan region: the construction of a railway from Fremantle to Guildford, completed in 1881, and the Western Australian gold rushes, commencing in 1885.

First mining boom - the gold rushes (1885 - 1901)

The discovery of gold in the Kimberley, Murchison and Kalgoorlie regions in the 1880s and 1890s, and the concurrent granting of responsible government to Western Australia in 1890 had a huge impact on the development of Perth. The physical nature of the city changed dramatically with economic prosperity and the increase of population as a result of gold rush immigration. In one decade the population of the city tripled, from 8,447 in 1891 to 27,553 in 1901. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Perth was totally transformed. Its streets were lined with elaborately styled multi-storey buildings, many of which were designed by members of a now large architectural profession, and the population had spilled over into new suburbs that encircled the city.

The location of the central Perth railway station had an enormous influence on the pattern and concentration of land uses within the city. With the railway line providing a boundary to the north, and the Government domain to the south, commercial and professional development was concentrated within the city's central axis, bounded by William and Barrack Streets. This development was highlighted by the opening of Western Australia's first department store, Boans, in 1895. Eventually, several department stores opened in this precinct, including Foy and Gibson, Aherns, Bon Marche, Myers and David Jones. This created a vibrant walkable district, accessible by public transport, that remains to this day.

The population growth provided the impetus for the expansion of infrastructure, services, and facilities, although not necessarily fast enough to cater for growing demand. In 1893, electricity generation was made available to the city of Perth, and the suburban rail line was extended from Perth to Armadale in the same year. In 1898, the Perth Zoo opened.

In 1897, Fremantle Harbour was officially opened. The harbour provided access to the Swan River for larger vessels, made possible after blasting the rocky bar across the Swan River mouth and dredging under the guidance of the colony's Engineer-in-Chief, Charles Yelverton O'Connor. The completion of this project set the seal on Fremantle becoming and remaining the main harbour in Western Australia, finally supplanting Albany.

On 28 September 1899, the first electric tram services commenced, operated by Perth Electric Tramways Ltd, with services from East Perth along Hay Street to Milligan Street.  The Perth Mint, on Hay Street in East Perth, opened the same year.

Early 20th century (1902 - 1929)
Within two years of federation the gold boom had peaked and prospectors were either leaving the state or moving into Perth or the other regions of Western Australia.

In 1902, Claremont Teachers College, in the suburb of Claremont, became the first post-secondary educational institute in Western Australiaand eventually a campus of Edith Cowan University before being acquired by the University of Western Australia.

In 1903, a pipeline from Mundaring Weir to Kalgoorlie opened. This was a major achievement for its time by the state's first Engineer-in-Chief C. Y. O'Connor.

In 1911, the University of Western Australia became Perth's first university, but it was not until 1913 that tuition began. The original campus was located in Irwin Street, between Hay Street and St Georges Terrace.

In May 1919, riots on the Fremantle wharves escalated into fatal violence.

A Women's Citizens League held was holding meetings in Perth by 1923.

In July 1926, there was major flooding of the Swan River.  This caused the Fremantle Railway Bridge to collapse just after a train had passed over it.  The Upper Swan Bridge was also damaged by the flood.

On 12 August 1929, Perth commemorated 100 years of British settlement.

Hard times during the depression and world war (1930 - 1946)

In 1930, telephone services put Perth in connection with Adelaide, and subsequently with eastern Australia.

In 1932, the University of Western Australia campus was moved from Perth to its present-day site in Crawley.

During World War II, Fremantle served as a base for submarines operating in the Pacific Theatre, and in 1943 a US Navy Catalina flying boat fleet was based at Matilda Bay. The Americans brought sixty to seventy Catalinas, and 1,200 personnel. American, Australian and Dutch pilots and crew used the Swan River for training purposes, and undertook missions that were as far away as Ceylon.

Post war reconstruction (1947 - 1959)
Following the war there was an influx of European immigrants to Australia, with approximately 240,000 migrating to Perth between 1946 and 1970. Prior to the war, only 3.5% of Perth's population of 280,000 came from a non-English speaking background, while 14.1% of the population had been born in Britain, double the percentage of any of the other capital cities. By the 1970s, 21% of Perth's population was foreign born, with many migrating from Italy, Holland, Germany and other European nations.

In 1955, Gordon Stephenson and John Alistair Hepburn prepared a plan for Perth and Fremantle.

In 1958, the last of Perth's trams were retired from service, unable to compete with buses and cars.

The Narrows Bridge opened in 1959, linking the north and south sides of the Swan River at The Narrows between Mill Point and Mount Eliza. At the time, it was the largest precast prestressed concrete bridge in the world.

Resources boom (1960 - 1972)

Whilst the expansion of manufacturing had driven the economy through the 1950s, by 1960 the economy of the state was stagnating. This began to change in 1961 with the lifting of the iron-ore embargo and, over the next decade, the discovery of nickel, petroleum, bauxite, natural gas and alumina deposits throughout the state. This was the beginning of the state's second resources boom following the gold rush of the 1890s.

The city skyline changed significantly during this period with the construction of Perth's first skyscrapers.

On 20 February 1962, Perth became known worldwide as the "City of Light", as city residents lit their house lights and streetlights to celebrate American astronaut John Glenn on his orbit around the Earth on Friendship 7. The city repeated its feat as Glenn passed overhead on the Space Shuttle in 1998.

In 1962, Perth city hosted the British Empire and Commonwealth Games.  Events were held from 22 November to 1 December at Perry Lakes Stadium in Floreat and Beatty Park Aquatic Centre in North Perth. Both venues were built for those games.

On 26 October 1964, serial killer Eric Edgar Cooke was the last criminal to be executed, by hanging, in Western Australia.

In 1964 the City of Perth appointed Paul Ritter as the City's first town planner, tasked with establishing a planning department and preparing the first town planning scheme. Ritter elevated the public profile of town planning through public education, activism and public disagreements with elected councillors. He was controversially sacked in 1967.

In 1966 the Pensioner's Barracks was demolished in the face of widespread public opposition, with only the archway remaining. This demolition was a defining moment in the campaign to protect historic buildings in Western Australia.

In 1969, the last of Perth's trolleybuses were retired from service.

In 1970, the first Test Cricket match in Perth was played, from 11 to 16 December, against England.

On 17 September 1974 Murdoch University, Perth's second university, was opened with an inauguration ceremony.  Lectures commenced on 24 February 1975 with an enrolment of 510 students.

In 1979, the WAY '79 celebrations commemorated Perth's sesquicentenary, 150 years of European settlement. The city hosted the Miss Universe competition as part of the celebrations.

In 1979, the Fremantle railway line closed; it subsequently reopened in 1983. The reopening of the railway line was a turning point in state government policy towards the railway system leading to further investment and expansion of public transport.

Uncertainty, change and scandal (1973 - 1993)
On 26 September 1983, Australia II won the America's Cup yacht race, the first time a challenger had won it in 132 years. Although this event was held off Newport, Rhode Island, it was a significant day in Perth's history. The Australia II challenge was financed by Perth businessman Alan Bond on behalf of the Royal Perth Yacht Club. After winning the cup, Perth had four years to prepare for its defence in 1987, and in those years Fremantle especially underwent considerable economic and cultural development.

In 1985, the Burswood Casino, Perth's only casino, opened for business. The resort opened in 1988.

In 1987, the city hosted, and lost, the defence of the America's Cup.

In the 1980s, a political scandal, which came to be known as WA Inc, caused the loss of public money - an estimated minimum of $600 million - and the insolvency of several large corporations.  Some major businesses based in Perth suffered financial difficulties, in part due to the 1987 stock market crash, and eventually entered bankruptcy. On 19 November 1990, Carmen Lawrence, the then Labor premier, announced her government's intention to hold a royal commission to "inquire into certain matters".  After almost two years of enquiries and hearings, it was found that the state government had engaged in major business dealings with prominent businessmen, including Alan Bond, Laurie Connell and Warren Anderson.  Former premier Brian Burke and his predecessor, the Liberal premier Ray O'Connor ultimately served prison sentences as a result of convictions that arose from findings of the commission. Burke's successor, Peter Dowding, and public servant Len Brush were both found to have acted improperly.

In the late 1980s arson attacks on Asian-owned businesses by Jack van Tongeren and his white supremacist group the Australian Nationalist Worker's Union gained internal attention and strained ties with Western Australia's growing Asian community.

Recession and recovery (1990 - present)
In 1990, Western Australia gets its first heritage protection legislation, the Heritage Act of Western Australia 1990 (WA). Earlier protection powers under the National Trust were insufficient to save many historic buildings throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

In 1992, the Joondalup railway line opened to the northern suburbs, becoming the first suburban passenger railway line built in Perth since the Armadale line 103 years earlier. This railway line runs mostly along the centre of the Mitchell Freeway.

In July 1994, the state government separated the Perth central business district from its surrounding suburban districts, creating a new City of Perth and three other new local government authorities.

In 1995, the French Consulate in Perth was firebombed.

21st century (2000 - present)
In the first decade of the 21st century, driven by the West Australian mining boom and associated economic development, it became Australia's fastest growing capital. From 2001 to 2011, the city's population increased by 346,000, which is comparable to Sydney's 499,000 over the same period despite being only one third the size. As with Melbourne, most population growth was absorbed by the outer suburbs, primarily in the City of Wanneroo, and the southern coastal suburbs (Cockburn, Rockingham and Kwinana). In recent years Perth has been getting a larger share of overseas migrants who, due to the demand for workers in the mining industry, are predominantly arriving on skilled migration visas. More than any other city in Australia, it has attracted migrants from the UK and South Africa. Major infrastructure projects completed included the $1.6 billion New MetroRail project, which effectively doubled the size of the Perth rail system, the Graham Farmer Freeway and Roe Highway.

On 19 September 2006, the Federal Court of Australia brought down a judgment finding that Noongar native title continued to exist over the Perth metropolitan area. An appeal was subsequently lodged and in 2008 the Full Court of the Federal Court upheld parts of the appeal by the Western Australian and Commonwealth governments. Following this appeal, the WA Government and the South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council negotiated the South West Native Title Settlement, including the Whadjuk Indigenous Land Use Agreement over the Perth region, which was finalised by the Federal Court on 1 December 2021. As part of reaching this agreement, the Noongar (Koorah, Nitja, Boordahwan) (Past, Present, Future) Recognition Act was passed in 2016, recognising the Noongar people as the traditional owners of the south west region of Western Australia.

Notable events include:

 November 2006: The first desalination plant in Australia commenced operation in Kwinana.
 22 March 2010: Storms caused hundreds of millions of dollars worth of hail damage and left 150,000 homes without power.
 October 2011: Perth hosted the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting and the Queen visited.
 2012: Construction of Brookfield Place was completed. Formerly known as City Square tower, the skyscraper is the second tallest in Western Australia and the eighth tallest in Australia.
 2012: Construction began on Elizabeth Quay, a major redevelopment of the Perth foreshore. Elizabeth Quay opened on 29 January 2016.
 2014: Barnett government abandons efforts to encourage 30 metropolitan local governments to amalgamate into 16 new local governments.
 March 2021: BP closes the Kwinana Oil Refinery.

See also
List of heritage buildings in Perth, Western Australia
Land grants in the Swan River Colony
A sketch of the vegetation of the Swan River Colony

Further reading

References

History of Perth, Western Australia


Hodh or  () is a region of West Africa. Previously administered as part of French Sudan (present-day Mali), the area was transferred to French Mauritania in 1944, apparently on a whim of the colonial governor Laigret. The transfer was still resented upon Mali's independence. Formerly more fertile, it is now largely a barren waste.

It gave its name to the modern Mauritanian regions of Hodh Ech Chargui and Hodh El Gharbi.

References

Regions of West Africa
Geography of Mali
Geography of Mauritania
West Africa

Hodh


In Greek mythology, Phyllis (Φύλλις) was the god of the homonymous river in Bithynia. By a local meadow nymph, he became father of a son Dipsacus, who led a pastoral lifestyle by his father's river and was remembered for having been hospitable to Phrixus on the latter's way to Colchis.

Sources
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 2. 652 - 657 with scholia on 652 - 653

Potamoi
Greek mythology of Anatolia

Phyllis (river god)


Methyl isocyanate is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3NCO. It has been used in the production of rubbers and adhesives.

It is highly toxic and irritating. It was the main toxic material involved in the Bhopal disaster.

Physical properties
Methyl isocyanate is a colourless, poisonous and flammable liquid. It is soluble in water.

Hazards
Methyl isocyanate is extremely toxic by inhalation, ingestion and contact in quantities as low as 0.4 ppm.

Exposure symptoms include coughing, chest pain, asthma, shortness of breath and skin damage.

Organonitrogen compounds
Poisons

Methyl isocyanate


The House of Tusculum were a powerful noble family of Latium, Italy. They were the Counts of Tusculum between the 10th and 12th centuries. Several popes and an antipope during the 11th century came from their family. The counts of Tusculum were influential figures in Roman politics and religion for more than a century.

Counts
This list is partially incomplete in the 10th century. The chronology and dates are often uncertain. They were only counts from about 1013. Before this, they were lords.

before 924 Theophylact I
until 924 Alberic I, consul son-in-law
924 – 954 Alberic II, son
before 1013 Gregory I, son (Excellentissimus vir – Praefectus navalis)
until 1012 Theophylact II, son of Gregory I
1012 – 1024 Romanus, (Consul et dux, senator) brother of Theophylact II and son of Gregory I
1032 – 1045 Alberic III, (Imperialis palatii magister Consul et dux – Comes sacri palatii Lateranensis) brother of Theophylact II and Romanus;
1024 – 1032 Theophylact III son of Alberic III
1044 – 1058 Gregory II, (Consul, nobilis vir, senator Comes Tusculanensis), son of Alberic III
1058 – ca 1108 Gregory III,  (Comes Tusculanensis Consul, illustris) son of Gregory II
ca 1108 – 1126 Ptolemy I (Tolomeo I), (Consul, comes Tusculanus) son Gregory III;
1126 – 1153 Ptolemy II (Tolomeo II), (Illustrissimus, dominus Consul et dux) son of Ptolemy I;
1153 – ca 1167 Jonathan, (Comes de Tusculano) co-ruler with Raino  son of Ptolemy II;
1153 – 1179 Raino, (Nobilis vir,  dominus) brother of Jonathan, co-ruler with Jonathan.

Popes
Those who were also counts are listed in boldface.
 John XI (931-935), son of Alberic I
 John XII (955-964), son of Alberic II
 Benedict VII (974-983), nephew of Alberic II
Benedict VIII (1012-1024), son of Gregory I
John XIX (1024-1032), son of Gregory I
Benedict IX (1032-1048), son of Alberic III

Two of the Tusculum clerics are today known as antipopes:
 Antipope Benedict X (1058-1059), son of Alberic III
 Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164), born Octavius

References

Tusculum
People from Lazio
Papal families

House of Tusculum


George the Hedgehog () is a 2011 Polish animated black comedy film directed by Wojciech Wawszczyk, Jakub Tarkowski and Tomasz Leśniak. Based on the Jeż Jerzy comic books, it tells the story of two neo-Nazis and a mad scientist creating a clone of the title character in an attempt to defeat him.

Plot

The story began in the Professor's lab, where he and his assistant are conducting an experiment. As a result, the computer produced the image of a hedgehog. Professor sent his assistant to find one.

The next day, Stefan and Zenek attacked Jerzy and his lover Yola, but they were defeated. They were approached by the assistant, who offered them a job. He took them to the Professor's lab and told them to acquire Jerzy's DNA, then kill him. They secured the DNA and created a clone, but Jerzy survived. The assistant explained that from their analysis it seemed Jerzy had the full potential to become a pop star, but there was a problem: he couldn't be contained.

Jerzy met up with Yola, but the clone appeared and assaulted Yola. She became angry and left. As Jerzy tried to explain, he's captured by the assistant, who had mistaken him for the clone. He escaped, but he was seen by Stefan and Zenek, who collided with the clone and beat him, before being stopped by Yola. She drove the clone home, thinking he's the original Jerzy. However, as the clone abused her again, she threw him out of the taxi and drove home.

The true Jerzy was waiting there, but Yola didn't listen to him. Zenek asked Jerzy to meet under the Poniatowskiego bridge by pretending to be Yola. There, Jerzy was knocked unconscious and thrown into the river. He was eventually rescued by the prostitute Lilka.

The clone became an international celebrity. Yola wanted to come to terms with Jerzy. She met Lilka, who started to suspect the truth. Jerzy decided to regain his good name. He broke into a concert where the clone was performing and revealed the truth. A fight ensued, and a beam fell and crushed the clone.

Yola witnessed the fight and tried to reach Jerzy, but she's captured by the assistant. Jerzy pursued them and the assistant was arrested. Yola finally came to terms with Jerzy. As they talked on the bridge, the Professor found out that the clone was still alive, but let him go, believing he'll manage without him. However, the clone was found by the two Vietnamese chefs and turned into a meal.

Cast
 Borys Szyc as George the Hedgehog
 Maria Peszek as Yola
 Sokół as Stefan
 Michał Koterski as Zenek
 Wojtek Wawszczyk as the clone
 Marcin Hycnar as Krzyś
 Maciej Maleńczuk as Lilka
 Krystyna Tkacz as Stefan's mother
 Grzegorz Pawlak as the scientist
 Jarosław Boberek as the assistant
 Leszek Teleszyński as the politician

Production
The film project was initiated by Paisa Films in 2007 and co-produced with Produkcja which joined in 2009. The production received 1.6 million złoty from the Polish Film Institute and had a total budget of 2.6 million złoty. The film was digitally animated and combines cutout and 3D techniques. It took two years to make and involved a team of 14 people, although according to co-director Wojciech Wawszczyk, "everyone worked for six". After the script was finished the actors recorded their lines. In August 2010 the animation work was completed and editing began.

Release
The premiere was on 11 March 2011 in Poland through Monolith Films.

See also
Tim and the Master

References

External links

2011 films
2011 3D films
2011 black comedy films
2011 science fiction films
2011 animated films
2011 computer-animated films
Polish black comedy films
Polish science fiction comedy films
Polish animated science fiction films
Flash animated films
Computer-animated films
Adult animated comedy films
3D animated films
2010s Polish-language films
Animated films based on comics
Films about hedgehogs
Mad scientist films
Films about cloning

George the Hedgehog (film)


Kurinjipadi taluk is a taluk of Cuddalore district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Kurinjipadi.
Abiyam pettai is the biggest village in this taluk

Population
According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Kurinjipadi had a population of 331,299 with 167,444 males and 163,855 females. There were 978 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 74.10

References

Taluks of Cuddalore district

Kurinjipadi taluk