Carol Jean Menken-Schaudt (born November 23, 1957) is an American All-American basketball player from Jefferson, Oregon, who won a gold medal on the U.S. team at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Menken-Schaudt later played basketball professionally for eight seasons, including six years in Italy and two in Japan.

Menken-Schaudt is a 1993 inductee into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame.

Biography

Collegiate career
Carol Menken, born in Albany, Oregon, attended and graduated Jefferson High School in Jefferson, Oregon, a small community located in Marion County. During her time at the small school Menken was unable to play high school basketball every year as a coach was not always available. Consequently, following her graduation in 1975 Menken was unrecruited and she enrolled on her own at the local Linn-Benton Community College, majoring in graphic arts.

Menken was enticed to try out for the Linn-Benton women's basketball team and she became one of just seven players on the club. She approached Oregon State University (OSU) about the possibility of playing collegiately and received a partial scholarship, joining the team for its 1979–1980 season. The raw young player became a special project for OSU head coach Aki Hill, who helped Menken develop her fundamental skills, including a solid back-to-the-basket game in the low post and smooth turnaround jump shot.

Menken's work paid off and she was named a 1981 All-American following her senior year, 1980–81, during which she led the nation in field goal percentage at .750. Menken still holds Oregon State's career records for points (2,243), rebounds (901), and field goal percentage (.692). She registered double-doubles for points and rebounds in 55 collegiate games and recorded a career scoring high of 51 points.

Menken married in 1982, thereafter hyphenating her surname as Menken-Schaudt.

USA basketball
Menken-Schaudt was chosen to represent the USA on the USA Basketball team at the 1981 World University games, held in Bucharest, Romania and coached by Kay Yow. After winning the opening game, the USA was challenged by China, who held a halftime lead. The USA came back to win by two points, helped by 26 points from Denise Curry. The USA also was challenged by Canada, who led at halftime, but the USA won by three points, 79–76. The USA beat host team Romania, behind 23 points from Menken-Schaudt, to set up a match with undefeated Russia for the gold medal. The Russian team was too strong, and won the gold, leaving the US with the silver medal. Menken-Schaudt averaged 10.4 points per game.

Menken-Schaudt played on the 1983 World University Games team, coached by Jill Hutchison. She averaged 11 points per games, and had a 25-point contribution in the semi-final against Yugoslavia, a game the USA won by only a single point. She helped the team go on to win the gold medal.

In 1984, the USA sent its national team to the 1984 William Jones Cup competition in Taipei, Taiwan, for pre-Olympic practice. The team easily beat each of the eight teams they played, winning by an average of just under 50 points per game. Menken-Schaudt averaged 4.1 points per game.

Professional career
Following graduation, Menken-Schaudt played professionally for eight years, logging six seasons in Italy and two more in Japan. She credits playing professionally with helping to extend her playing days, thereby allowing her the opportunity to make the gold medal-winning 1984 American Olympic team.

Legacy
Carol Menken-Schaudt was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1993 and the Pac-12 Conference Hall of Honor in 2017.

References

1957 births
Living people
All-American college women's basketball players
American women's basketball players
Basketball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Oregon
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Oregon State Beavers women's basketball players
People from Albany, Oregon
People from Marion County, Oregon
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the United States
Universiade medalists in basketball
Universiade silver medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1981 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1983 Summer Universiade
United States women's national basketball team players

Carol Menken-Schaudt


St Mary's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Barnetby, Lincolnshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.

History

The church dates from the 11th century, and some of the remaining fabric in the south wall of the nave is Anglo-Saxon.  The tower was built in the 11th–12th century, and the tower arch, the north arcade, and the chancel date from the 13th century.  More alterations were made in the 17th and 18th centuries, including the demolition of the north aisle, and the addition of a new east window to the chancel.  In 1829 a gallery and a gallery window were added to the nave.  Other alterations made during the 19th century include the replacement of the south porch with buttresses.  During the 20th century some rendering was applied to the exterior of the church, and further repairs were carried out.

In 1927, the congregation stopped meeting in St Mary's, and began using St Barnabas church, a brick structure half a mile away in Barnetby. St Mary's fell into disuse, was declared redundant in 1972, and the Churches Conservation Trust now cares for it.

In his well-regarded memoir, "No Moon Tonight, " Don Charlwood, an Australian navigator in RAF Bomber Command at nearby RAF Elsham Wolds in World War II, refers, movingly and repeatedly, to visits to St. Mary's.

Architecture

Exterior
St Mary's is constructed in a mixture of ironstone, chalk, limestone, and red and yellow brick.  Cement rendering has been applied to parts of the nave and the tower.  The roof of the nave is slated, and the roof of the chancel is tiled.  The plan of the church consists of a three-bay nave, a three-bay chancel, and a west tower.  The squat-looking tower is in two stages on a plinth.  It has quoins and a moulded string course.  In the west side of the lower stage is a round-headed doorway, over which is a small lancet window.  In the upper stage there are small round-headed bell openings on the west and south sides, and a square-headed bell opening on the north side.  In the north wall of the nave are the remains of two arcade arches, a 15th-century three-light window under a segmental arch containing Perpendicular tracery, and two plain three-light windows with mullions.  On the south side of the nave are two buttresses between which is a round-headed gallery window.  To the east of these are a narrow 11th-century round-headed window with a lintel carved in relief with a lion, and a large square-headed window dating from the 16th–17th century with four trefoil-headed lights.  In the south wall of the chancel are a single lancet and a twin lancet window, between which is a blocked doorway.  The east window is round-headed.  Above the window is a gable containing red and yellow brick and rendering.

Interior
The tower arch is pointed and is partly obscured by the west gallery.  The gallery is carried on a pair of wooden columns.  On the south wall of the nave is a blocked round-headed doorway, and on the north wall is the blocked arcade.  The chancel arch is pointed, and in the chancel is a blocked south door.  The chancel rails are in two bays with a central opening; they were made from a former 15th-century oak rood screen.  The wooden octagonal pulpit dates from the late 18th or the early 19th century, and contains painted panels.  In the tower is a carved stone infant's coffin.  The lead Romanesque font that was formerly in the church has been moved to the North Lincolnshire Museum in Scunthorpe.  There is a ring of three bells, but these are no longer ringable.  The oldest bell was cast in 1578 by Henry I Oldfield, and the other two were made in about 1599 by John Woolley.

External features
The churchyard contains war graves of three Royal Engineers soldiers of the First World War.

See also
List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in the East of England

References

11th-century church buildings in England
Grade I listed churches in Lincolnshire
Church of England church buildings in Lincolnshire
Churches with elements of Anglo-Saxon work
English churches with Norman architecture
English Gothic architecture in Lincolnshire
Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust
Former Church of England church buildings

St Mary's Church, Barnetby


Trap rock, also known as either trapp or trap, is any dark-colored, fine-grained, non-granitic intrusive or extrusive igneous rock. Types of trap rock include basalt, peridotite, diabase, and gabbro. Trap is also used to refer to flood (plateau) basalts, e.g. the Deccan Traps and Siberian Traps. The erosion of trap rock created by the stacking of successive lava flows often created a distinct stairstep landscape from which the term trap was derived from the Swedish word , which means "stairway".

The slow cooling of magma either as a sill or as a thick lava flow sometimes creates systematic vertical fractures within the resulting layer of trap rock. These fractures often form rock columns that are typically hexagonal, but also four- to eight-sided.

Uses
Trap rock, i.e. basalt or diabase, has a variety of uses. A major use for basalt is crushed rock for road and housing construction in concrete, macadam, and paving stones. Because of its insensitivity to chemical influences, resistance to mechanical stress, high dry relative density, frost resistance, and sea water resistance, trap rock is used as ballast for railroad track bed and hydraulic engineering rock (riprap) in coast and bank protection for paving embankments. It is also used for the production of cast rock that is used in corrosion and abrasion protection, as for sewage pipes and acid-resistant rocks. Other uses of trap rock include gardening and landscaping, for the production of millstones, for the production of mineral fibres (basalt wool), as a flux in ceramic masses and glazes, for the production of glass ceramics, crushed as a filter aggregate (air filtration of poison gas) in ABC bunkers, as filter bed material water treatment facilities, and ground as a soil improvement product. Trap rock has been used to construct buildings and churches: Trinity Church on the Green with trap rock quarried from Eli Whitney's quarry, is a particularly colorful example of a red-orange-brown-colored, natural-faced trap rock. It was also used for foundations and railroad beds in the New Haven area.

Examples
Well-known examples of outcropping trap rock include both intrusive sills and extrusive lava flows. They include the Palisades Sill, a Triassic, 200 Ma diabase intrusion that forms the Palisades along  of the Hudson River in New York and New Jersey. Vast areas of trap rock in the form of thick lava flows and other volcanic rocks comprise the Deccan Traps of India and Siberian Traps of Russia.

Other prominent basalt ridges, mountains, buttes, canyons, and other landscape features include:

 In North America:
 The ridges and cliffs of the Columbia River Gorge in Oregon and Washington state
 Basalt Mountain in Colorado, for which the town of Basalt, Colorado is named.
 The Metacomet Ridge of Connecticut and Massachusetts.
 The Watchung Mountains of New Jersey
 Devils Postpile National Monument and other parts of California's inner coastal range.
 Most of the Hawaiian Islands and their mountains are composed of basalt or similar volcanic rock.
 The Green Gardens region of Gros Morne National Park in Newfoundland
 The Emeishan Traps in China
 Giant's Causeway in Ireland
 Organ Pipes National Park in Australia
 The Paraná and Etendeka Traps of Brazil
 The island of Surtsey in Iceland, a new (1963) volcanic island.
 The Vilyuy Traps of Russia

See also

 List of flood basalt provinces

References

Igneous petrology

Igneous intrusions
Mafic intrusions

Trap rock


Oostpoort (; ) is a neighborhood in the borough Amsterdam-Oost in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

The neighborhood is situated at  between the Linnaeusstraat, the Ringvaart, the Amsterdam–Arnhem railway, and the Amsterdam–Zutphen railway.

Initially, the area was named Polderweggebied after the Polderweg, which is a road running through it. Between 1885 and 1921, the Oostergasfabriek (Eastern Gas Factory) was located in the area. After the factory was closed, the neighborhood became a business area. In the early 2000s, multiple buildings were demolished and the terrain was remediated. In 2007, the first new buildings were constructed. In 2008, the neighborhood was renamed Oostpoort.

In 2013, Oostpoort had a population of 573. The local government is expecting the population to peak with 2,274 in the year 2020.

The district office () of Amsterdam-Oost, a shopping area, one primary school, and two secondary schools are located in Oostpoort.

References

External links

Amsterdam-Oost
Neighbourhoods of Amsterdam

Oostpoort


Elena Jane "Ellie" Goulding (born 30 December 1986) is a British singer-songwriter. She was born in Hereford and raised in Herefordshire, England. Her debut studio album was Lights in 2010.

Goulding studied drama, politics, and English at the University of Kent.

In 2010, she became the second artist to both top the BBC's yearly Sound of... poll and win the Critics' Choice Award at the Brit Awards in the same year. The first was Adele in 2008.

Goulding released her first studio album, Lights, in 2010. The album started at number one on the UK Albums Chart. It has sold over 850,000 copies in the UK.  The album's title track was released as a single and rose to number 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100.  The song was later ranked as the number-five song of 2012 in the United States.

She performed her cover of Elton John's "Your Song" at the wedding reception of Prince William and Kate Middleton at Buckingham Palace. On 6 August 2011, Goulding performed at Lollapalooza in Chicago. Goulding performed at the yearly Nobel Peace Prize Concert on 11 December 2011 in Oslo, Norway. She also was on a panel discussion with Amy Lee of Evanescence and Janelle Monáe. On 1 December 2011, Goulding performed at the White House during the National Christmas Tree lighting ceremony.

She will make her film debut in John Grisham's adaptation of The Testament with Nicole Appleton.

Her 2012 album, Halcyon, debuted at number 9 on the US Billboard 200 album chart.  Its lead single, "Anything Could Happen", reached number five in the UK, while it made the top 50 in the US.  The album was re-released as Halcyon Days in 2013 and provided the single, "Burn", which reached number one in the UK and the top twenty in the US.

In 2015, her song "Love Me like You Do" was released from the soundtrack for the movie Fifty Shades of Grey, based on the novel by E. L. James.  The song reached the top three in the US and reached number one in the United Kingdom.  She released her third studio album, Delirium, in November of that year. It included the singles "On My Mind", "Love Me like You Do", and a collaboration with Scottish DJ Calvin Harris, "Outside".

Goulding recorded a single in 2016, "Still Falling for You", for the movie Bridget Jones's Baby.  She also released a collaboration with rapper Swae Lee and DJ Diplo, "Close to Me".

Discography

 Lights (2010)
 Halcyon (2012)
Delirium (2015)

References

Other websites

1986 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Kent

English pop singers
English singer-songwriters
People from Hereford
Synth-pop singers

Ellie Goulding


The Joffrey Ballet, is one of the  world's leading dance companies.  It is based in Chicago, Illinois, USA.  The dance company performs both classical ballets and modern dance pieces.  Today, the company is based in Chicago, but from its first days in 1956 until 1995, it was based in New York City,  USA.  Many prominent choreographers have worked with the Joffrey, for example, Paul Taylor, Twyla Tharp, George Balanchine, and Robert Joffrey.  The administrative center is in Joffrey Tower.  Its dances are held at the Auditorium Theatre, but for 2020 the company had plans to move and begin holding its dances in the Civic Opera House (Chicago) as part of a seven-year rental agreement.

History

When Robert Joffrey and Gerald Arpino started the company in 1956, they did something different from what other touring ballet companies did.  Instead of just performing ballet classics, they had their six dancers dance new ballets by Joffrey. The troupe first performed in a major city in Chicago in 1957.  The Joffrey Ballet originally settled  in New York City,  where joffrey was teaching dance to pay for the company.  At that time, it was called    the Robert Joffrey Theatre Ballet.  The company began touring internationally  in 1962.  They first toured in the Middle East and Southeast Asia.  In 1963, the company performed in the USSR.  After some troubles, Joffrey built the company anew in 1965.

The new company was called the Joffrey Ballet. Following a successful season at the New York City Center in 1966, it was invited to become City Center's resident ballet company with Joffrey as artistic director and Arpino as chief choreographer.  In 1973 Joffrey asked Twyla Tharp to create her first commissioned ballet, Deuce Coupe. The company continued as City Center Joffrey Ballet until 1977.  From 1977, it performed as the Joffrey Ballet, with a second home in Los Angeles from (1982-1992).  In 1995, the company left New York City  and moved to Chicago. At first, the Joffrey had financial difficulties in Chicago. But then it became successful. In 2005 the Joffrey Ballet celebrated its 10th anniversary in Chicago. In 2006 and 2007, it held two-season-long 50th anniversary celebrations.  The celebrations included River to River tour of free, outdoor performances across Iowa, sponsored by Hancher Auditorium at the University of Iowa.

In 2007 Gerald Arpino retired from day-to-day operations, becoming artistic director emeritus until his death in 2009. In October 2007 former Joffrey dancer Ashley Wheater, assistant artistic director and ballet master for San Francisco Ballet, became the third artistic director.

In 2020, the company was one of a number of Chicago cultural organizations to receive financial support as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic/   That same year, the Joffrey canceled its entire 2020 season due to the pandemic. "In addition, the Joffrey Academy of Dance, Official School of The Joffrey Ballet, and Joffrey Community Engagement . . . shifted to virtual programming until further notice."

References

More reading
 Anawalt, Sasha. (January 19, 1998). The Joffrey Ballet: Robert Joffrey and the Making of an American Dance Company. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press; Paperback Edition. ISBN 978-0-226-01755-6

Other websites

Entertainment in Chicago

Joffrey Ballet


Wilton Norman "Wilt" Chamberlain (August 21, 1936–October 12, 1999) was a British basketball player. Chamberlain played in the NBA during the 1960s, and many people think he is one of the best players in basketball history. At 7 feet 1 inch, he was the tallest and heaviest player in the league for most of his career, and he was one of the most famous people in the game for many years. He is the first and only basketball player to score 100 points in an NBA game. Chamberlain led the league several times in points, accuracy, rebounds, and minutes.  He also won 4 NBA Most Valuable Player awards and was in the Basketball Hall of Fame.

He won two NBA championships: the first in 1967, with the Philadelphia 76ers, and the second in 1972, with the Los Angeles Lakers.  Chamberlain also played for several seasons with the Philadelphia Warriors and toured with the Harlem Globetrotters. In 1999, he died from congestive heart failure.

Other websites

NBA legends profile

1936 births
1999 deaths
African-American basketball players
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Philadelphia 76ers players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees

Wilt Chamberlain


Louise Johnson (about 1908–after 1930) was an American Delta blues singer and pianist, who was active in the 1920s and 1930s. From her brief recording career, Johnson completed four songs during a famed recording session in 1930 which included Charley Patton, Son House, and Willie Brown. Little else is known about her, although Johnson's self-accompaniment during the session is stylistically unique among female musicians of the era.

Biography
Johnson was born in around 1908, in Tennessee. She lived in Clarksdale, Mississippi and is believed to have been from Robinsonville. According to pianist John "Red" Williams, who remembered her in Tunica in the late 1920s, "she was a small woman, about 20 years old, playing piano in a joint attached to the cotton mill quarters".  By 1930, she was living and performing on a plantation in Claxton.

On May 28, 1930, after traveling to Grafton, Wisconsin, she partook in a recording session arranged by record producer Art Laibly for Paramount Records with Son House, Willie Brown, and her romantic partner Charley Patton. At the session, Johnson recorded four sides, including an unreleased alternate take. Cripple Clarence Lofton claimed he accompanied her on piano for her songs, but House disagreed, insisting Johnson herself provided the instrumentals. Blues writer Steve Cheseborough in his book Blues Traveling: The Holy Sites of Delta Blues commented on the rarity: "This concept was so unfamiliar to scholars and fans that for years they tried to determine which male pianist had backed Johnson on her records".

Despite her small stature, Johnson sang in a lusty voice and some of her material was of the dirty blues variety. Her best-known song is "On the Wall", a sexually explicit tune showcasing Johnson's piano arrangement loosely based on "Cow Cow Blues". Returning to Mississippi, Johnson was also a part of a "love triangle" with Patton and House, apparently wooing House on the trip home. Patton referred to the turn of events in his song, "Joe Kirby Blues".

Around 1940, she was allegedly living in Memphis, but not much is known about Johnson's life after the recording session.

References

American blues singers
American pianists
American women pianists
20th-century American singers
Musicians from Clarksdale, Mississippi
People from Tunica County, Mississippi
20th-century American women musicians
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing

Louise Johnson (blues)


The Williams' bon chretien pear, commonly called the Williams pear, or Bartlett pear in the U.S. and Canada, is the most commonly grown variety of pear in most countries outside Asia.

It is a summer pear, not as tolerant of cold as some varieties. It is often eaten raw, but holds its shape well when baked, and is a common choice for canned or other processed pear uses.

History

The Williams pear is thought to date from 1765 to 1770 from the yard of an Aldermaston, England, schoolmaster named Mr. Stair or Mr. Wheeler, giving rise to the now-obscure names Aldermaston pear and Stairs pear. A nurseryman named Williams later acquired the variety, and introducing it to the rest of England, which is why the pear became known as the Williams Pear. However, the pear's full name is Williams' Bon Chretien, or "Williams' good Christian."

In 1799 James Carter imported several Williams trees into the United States, and they were planted on the grounds of Thomas Brewer in Roxbury, Massachusetts.  The Massachusetts estate was later acquired by Enoch Bartlett of Dorchester, Massachusetts. Unaware of their origin, Bartlett named the pears after himself and introduced the variety into the United States. It was not realized that Bartlett and Williams Pears were the same until 1828, when new trees arrived from Europe.  By that time the Bartlett variety had become vastly popular in the United States, and they are still generally known as Bartlett pears in the U.S. and Canada, although there are about 150 other names worldwide.

Pear Tree

Pear trees are typically in production for an average of 50 to 75 years, although some trees still produce fruit after 100 years.
Height: 15–20 ft with slightly less spread.
Flowers: White flowers grouped in a corymb.
Blooming Time: April - May.
Fruit & Seeds: Large, golden yellow skin, brownish red blush, classic shape with smooth, white flesh. Harvest from mid-August to mid-September. But depends on which side of the earths hemisphere the plant has been placed for harvest time.
Leaves: The leaves are simple, glossy green leaves that alternate on the twig. They grow up to 3" long, are thick with slight midrib curves folding the edges inwards. They have fine teeth on the margin.
Elevation: 1000 - 5000 Feet.
Habitat: Orchards and landscaping.

Production and uses

U.S. Pear production

In 1985, the pear represented 80% of U.S. pear production, and in 2004, it represented 50% of reported pear production, displaced primarily by the continuing growth of d'Anjou and Bosc pears, both winter pears more tolerant of cold than the Bartlett.

"A Canning Tradition"

While more pears are sold fresh in the U.S. than processed, Bartlett pears are the primary choice for canned halves, puree, and most pear juice and nectar in the U.S., comprising about two thirds of Bartlett production. Bartletts are traditionally known as the canning pear due to their "definitive flavor and sweetness," making them well-suited for many forms of processing.

Poire Williams

The Williams pear is used in making Poire Williams, a colourless brandy.

Notes

Pears
Dishes named after people

Williams pear


Lois Hackbert Hart Walker (born on February 5, 1950, in Atlanta, Georgia) is a retired journalist. She worked on the evening news in Sacramento on KCRA-TV with her husband, Dave Walker, from 1990 through 2008.

Hart first worked at KCRA in the 1970s and later worked at KOVR. Hart and Walker were married in 1979. Later, they went Sacramento to work for CNN. Hart's first show with CNN was broadcast in 1980. In 1989, Hart and Walker both left CNN and began working for CNBC. Hart was on TV Shows CNBC Mornings, Money Wheel, and America's Vital Signs.

Hart and Walker retired on November 26, 2008.

Living people
1950 births
Journalists from Georgia (U.S. state)
American journalists

Lois Hart


Possession is the debut studio album of GOD, released on 17 April 1992 by Caroline and Virgin Records.

Accolades

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from the Possession liner notes.

GOD
 Steve Blake – alto saxophone, baritone saxophone, tenor saxophone, didgeridoo
 Justin Broadrick – guitar
 Lou Ciccotelli – drums
 Dave Cochrane – bass guitar
 John Edwards – double bass
 Tim Hodgkinson – alto saxophone, bass clarinet
 Gary Jeff – bass guitar
 Scott Kiehl – drums, percussion, mixing
 Kevin Martin – lead vocals, tenor saxophone, sampler, production, mixing

Additional musicians
 Peter Kraut – piano (4, 5, 7, 8)
 Gary Smith – guitar (8)
 John Zorn – alto saxophone (3, 5, 6), mixing
Production and additional personnel
 Silvia Edin – cover art
 Oz Fritz – mixing
 Steve Lowe – recording
 Imad Mansour – assistant engineering
 Peter Morris – photography
 Howie Weinberg – mastering

Release history

References

External links

1992 debut albums
God (British band) albums
Albums produced by Kevin Martin (British musician)
Caroline Records albums
Virgin Records albums

Possession (God album)


The 1889 Washington football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1889 college football season. The 1889 Washington team was the first team to represent the University of Washington.  The team played only one game, losing to a team made up of eastern college alumni, 20–0, in Seattle on November 28, 1889. Frank Griffiths was the team captain.

Schedule

References

Washington
Washington Huskies football seasons
College football winless seasons
Washington football

1889 Washington football team


Sally Oliver (born 26 December 1983) is an English actress who appeared in British soap opera Emmerdale from July 2007 to August 2009, playing the character of Lexi, the daughter of Carrie Nicholls (played by Linda Lusardi) and the sister of Scarlett Nicholls (played by Kelsey-Beth Crossley). Emmerdale was Sally's first television role.

As a theatre actress, Sally made her professional London debut playing the role of Catherine in Proof at the Arts Theatre in February/March 2007. The role was originally played in London by Gwyneth Paltrow.

Sally grew up in Dagenham, East London, and attended William Bellamy Junior and Infants Schools, St Edwards Secondary School, before later moving to Havering Sixth Form College in September 2000 to study for her A' Levels.

Sally had a cameo role as Caitlin in Holby City in August 2010.

External links

Living people
English soap opera actresses
1983 births
People educated at Havering Sixth Form College

People from Dagenham
Actresses from London

Sally Oliver


Goudseweg is a town in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Krimpenerwaard, and lies about 5 km southeast of Gouda.

The statistical area "Goudseweg", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 50.

Until 2015, Goudseweg was part of Vlist.

References

Populated places in South Holland
Krimpenerwaard

Goudseweg


1920s
On August 5, 1921, the first Major League Baseball game was broadcast on the radio by Harold Arlin. Harold Arlin was an engineer for Westinghouse Electric in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Arlin was offered an announcer's job for the KDKA radio station. At the time, this was one of the few radio stations in the country. In 1920, Arlin was asked to read the returns from that year's presidential race. His work in the early 1920s led him to getting a full-time job as an announcer on the radio.

Harold Arlin was just 25 years old when he called the action from a box seat at Forbes Field. The game that was played was between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Philadelphia Phillies which ended in an 8–5 Pirates victory. To call the game, he used a converted telephone as a microphone. Arlin worked for a company called KDKA, which was the first commercial radio station in the United States.

Arlin soon helped sports broadcasting to become a sensation. Fans were so interested in Arlin's broadcasts that record numbers of fans began traveling to Forbes Field to watch the games. The radio soon became an essential tool for sports fans all over the world. When teams had home games, stores and shops would mount loudspeakers outside so listeners could experience the game on their own time.

As the radio developed throughout the 1920s, networks like CBS and NBC established its versatility by their ability to broadcast to an audience.

1930s
The majority of the leagues' teams were reluctant to the idea of broadcasting their games. They all feared that fans would rather listen to the game on the radio than go to the ballpark. The fear was so overpowering that radio broadcasting was within one or two votes from being permanently banned.

The first-ever televised baseball game aired on May 17, 1939, between Princeton and Columbia. Princeton beat Columbia 2–1 at Columbia's Baker Field. The game was aired on NBC station W2XBS. At the time, this was NBC's experimental station located in New York City, which would ultimately become WNBC. The game was announced by Bill Stern.

On August 26 of the same year, the first ever Major League Baseball game was televised once again on W2XBS. With Red Barber announcing, the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds played a doubleheader at Ebbets Field. The Reds won the first game 5–2, while the Dodgers won the second game 6–1. Barber called the game without the benefit of a monitor and with only two cameras capturing the game. One camera was placed behind home plate, in the second tier of seating, while another was positioned near the visitors' dugout, on the third-base side.

Later that year, Major League Baseball announced that all 16 major league teams were on the radio.

1940s
During the Golden Age of Radio, televised sports was something not many people were familiar with. At this time, the radio was still the main form of broadcasting baseball games. Many notable and famous broadcasters such as, Vin Scully, Red Barber, Harry Caray, Ernie Harwell, and Mel Allen.

By 1947, television sets were selling almost as fast as they could be produced. For this reason, Major League Baseball teams began televising games which attracted a whole new audience to the ballparks. Casual fans who only rarely followed baseball began going to the games in person and enjoyed themselves. As a result, Major League Baseball's attendance reached a record high of 21 million just a year later.

In 1947, The World Series was televised for the first time ever. The games were shown in on NBC over their WNBT channel (now WNBC). The broadcast was sponsored by Gillette and Ford. With only about 100,000 television sets in the country at the time, the 1947 World Series brought in an estimated 3.9 million viewers. Many fans watched the action unfold from bars and other public places. This soon became television's first mass audience.

On April 16, 1948, Chicago's WGN-TV (run by Jake Israel) broadcast its first big-league game. Jack Brickhouse called the Chicago White Sox' 4–1 victory over the Chicago Cubs in an exhibition game at Wrigley Field. WGN televised each Cubs and White Sox home game live. According to Brickhouse,

1950s
On July 11, 1950, the All-Star Game was televised for the first time from Chicago's Comiskey Park. On November 8, 1950, Commissioner Happy Chandler and player reps agreed on the split of the TV-radio rights from the World Series.

On August 11, 1951, WCBS-TV in New York City televised the first baseball game in color using its field-sequential color system. In this game, fans saw the Boston Braves beat the Brooklyn Dodgers by the score of 8–1.

On October 1 of that year, NBC aired the first coast-to-coast baseball telecast. The Brooklyn Dodgers were beaten 3-1 by the New York Giants in a tiebreaker game of a playoff series. It was in this game in which Giant's third baseman, Bobby Thomson hit his famous game-winning home run. This clutch home run would later be named the "Shot Heard 'Round the World".

NBC added another first in 1955, when they televised that year's World Series entirely in compatible electronic color. The Dodgers defeated the Yankees that season for their only championship while they were based in Brooklyn.

In 1958, KTTV in Los Angeles, California, aired the first regular-season baseball game ever played on the West Coast, a Los Angeles Dodgers-San Francisco Giants game from Seals Stadium in San Francisco, California, with Vin Scully announcing. In its first year airing Major League Baseball, KTTV aired only the Dodgers' road games.

What may be the first sports instant replay using videotape occurred on July 17, 1959, during a broadcast of a New York Yankees game by New York TV station WPIX. It came after a hit by Jim McAnany of the Chicago White Sox ended a no-hitter by the Yankees' Ralph Terry. Since the game was being videotaped, broadcaster Mel Allen asked director Terry Murphy to play a tape of McAnany's hit over the air.

1960s
On July 23, 1962, Major League Baseball had its first satellite telecast (via Telstar Communications). The telecast included portion of a contest between the Chicago Cubs vs. the Philadelphia Phillies from Wrigley Field with Jack Brickhouse commentating.

On July 17, 1964, a game out of Los Angeles between the Chicago Cubs and Los Angeles Dodgers became the first Pay TV baseball game. Basically, subscription television offered the cablecast to subscribers for money. The Dodgers beat the Cubs by the score of 3–2, with Don Drysdale collecting 10 strikeouts along the way.

On March 17, 1965, Jackie Robinson became the first black network (ABC) broadcaster for Major League Baseball. That year, ABC provided the first-ever nationwide baseball coverage with weekly Saturday broadcasts on a regional basis. Some time later, Bill White became the first black man to regularly do play-by-play work for Major League Baseball.

1970s
On October 13, 1971, the World Series held a night game for the first time. Commissioner Bowie Kuhn, who felt that baseball could attract a larger audience by featuring a prime time telecast (as opposed to a mid-afternoon broadcast, when most fans either worked or attended school), pitched the idea to NBC. An estimated 61 million people watched Game 4 on NBC; TV ratings for a World Series game during the daytime hours would not have approached such a record number. In subsequent years, all weekday games would be played at night.

Except for Game 1 in both series, all League Championship Series games in 1975 were regionally televised. Meanwhile, Game 3 of both League Championship Series were aired in prime time, the first time such an occurrence happened.

On October 18, 1977, ABC's Bill White became the first African American broadcaster to preside over the presentation of the Commissioner's Trophy at the conclusion of the World Series.

1980s
In 1985, NBC's telecast of the All-Star Game out of the Metrodome in Minnesota was the first program to be broadcast in stereo by a TV network. Also in 1985, ABC announced that every game of the World Series would be played under the lights for the biggest baseball audience possible. It marked the first time that all World Series games were played at night.

In 1989, NBC's Gayle Gardner became the first woman to regularly host Major League Baseball games for a major television network.

1990s
In 1990, CBS Sports' Lesley Visser became the first female to cover the World Series, serving as their lead field reporter. In addition to working the World Series from 1990-1993 for CBS, Visser covered the 1995 World Series for ABC Sports via The Baseball Network.

On August 3, 1993, Gayle Gardner became the first woman to do television play-by-play for a Major League Baseball game. It was the Colorado Rockies vs. Cincinnati Reds on KWGN-TV in Denver.

Also in 1993, CBS' Andrea Joyce became the first woman to co-host the network television coverage of the World Series. Joyce co-hosted that particular World Series with Pat O'Brien.

On October 2, 1995, ESPN televised the first tie-breaker playoff game on cable television. Jon Miller and Joe Morgan called the game from Seattle's Kingdome between the Seattle Mariners and California Angels.

In 1995, NBC's Hannah Storm not only became the first woman to serve as solo host a World Series game, but also the first woman to preside over the World Series Trophy presentation.

In 1996, ESPN began a five-year contract with Major League Baseball worth $440 million and about $80 million per year. ESPN paid for the rights to a Wednesday doubleheader and the Sunday night Game of the Week, as well as all postseason games not aired on Fox or NBC. As a result, Major League Baseball postseason games were aired on cable for the very first time.

On July 8, 1997, Fox televised its first ever All-Star Game (out of Jacobs Field in Cleveland). For this particular game, Fox introduced "Catcher-Cam" in which a camera was affixed to catchers' masks in order to provide unique perspectives of the action around home plate. Catcher-Cam soon would become a regular fixture in Fox's baseball broadcasts.

On March 31, 1998, NBC affiliate KXAS presented the first non-experimental high-definition broadcast of a regular-season game, an Opening Day contest between the Chicago White Sox and the Texas Rangers. The White Sox prevailed that day, defeating the Rangers 8–1.

2000s
2001 marked first year of split coverage of one League Championship Series game as well as the first cable involvement in LCS. Game 5 of the NLCS and Game 4 of the ALCS were split between the Fox Broadcasting Company and Fox Sports Net. 2001 also featured the first cable League Division Series game to be aired in prime time.

The 2002 World Series, broadcast on Fox, was the first World Series to be broadcast in high-definition.

With TBS acquiring rights to air one half of the League Championship Series (the other half going to Fox), 2007 marked the first time that an LCS was broadcast exclusively on cable. It also marked the first time that cable television produced postseason games weren't available on over-the-air television in the participating teams' home markets.

Also in 2007, ESPN2 broadcast the Major League Baseball Draft. It was the first time the draft was televised.

2009 marked the first time that Baseball Hall of Fame election ceremony was broadcast live, when MLB Network televised the occasion.

Also in 2009, New York Yankees broadcaster Suzyn Waldman became the first woman to work a World Series game from the broadcast booth.

2010s
For the first time ever, in 2010, the MLB season opener was televised live in China over five broadcasters reaching nearly 300 million fans. The game was played on April 4, 2010, between the Boston Red Sox and the reigning World Series champion New York Yankees.

On August 24, 2015, Jessica Mendoza was the first female analyst for a Major League Baseball game in the history of ESPN, during a game between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Arizona Diamondbacks. On August 30, 2015, Mendoza filled in for suspended color commentator Curt Schilling for the Cubs-Dodgers game on Sunday Night Baseball. Cubs pitcher Jake Arrieta pitched a no hitter in the game. John Kruk, Dan Shulman and Mendoza called the 2015 American League Wild Card Game on October 6, and Mendoza became the first female analyst in MLB postseason history.

2020s
On May 13, 2021, Major League Baseball extended their deal with ESPN through the year 2028. The agreement is set to begin at the start of the 2022 season. With this agreement, ESPN will televise 30 regular season games for the next 6 years. In addition, ESPN will also host the annual Home Run Derby and up to 10 spring training games. ESPN has been one of the MLB's biggest partners and it allows for a way for fans to see the biggest match ups of the year.

On July 20, 2021, Melanie Newman was the play-by-play announcer as part of the first all-female broadcast team, who called the Baltimore Orioles vs. Tampa Bay Rays game for YouTube.

On September 29, 2021, ESPN aired the first nationally televised Major League Baseball broadcast to be called entirely by women. Melanie Newman and Jessica Mendoza called the game in Los Angeles between the Dodgers and San Diego Padres.

References

Sources
Sportscasting Firsts, 1920 - Present
Home > Index > Broadcast Firsts > Sports
Searchable Network TV Broadcasts

Broadcasting Firsts
Broadcasting Firsts
Firsts

Baseball broadcasting firsts


The Football Association of Wales (FAW; ) is the governing body of association football and futsal in Wales, and controls the Wales national football team, its corresponding women's team, as well as the Wales national futsal team. It is a member of FIFA, UEFA and the IFAB.

Established in 1876, it is the third-oldest national association in the world, and one of the four associations, along with the English Football Association, Scottish Football Association, Irish Football Association and FIFA, that make up the International Football Association Board, responsible for the Laws of the Game.

History

The FAW was founded at a meeting held on 2 February 1876 at the Wynnstay Arms Hotel in Wrexham, initially to formalise the arrangements for the forthcoming match against Scotland.

In May 1876, a further meeting was called, this time in the ballroom of the Wynnstay Arms Hotel in Ruabon where the name "Football Association of Wales" was agreed and the constitution drawn up. The arguments and discussions continued so long that the local policeman came in to call time."Sadly we have no record of the words actually used by the police constable as he stood sternly surveying the scene in the Wynnstay Arms, Ruabon, on that May night in 1876; but what they amounted to was that even if the gentlemen were busy forming the Football Association of Wales it was past closing time so would they mind forming it somewhere else… "

Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn was in attendance; as the local JP (and also the incumbent Member of Parliament), he went next door, opened the court, extended the hotel's licensing hours and thus enabled the meeting to continue. The meeting ended with Llewelyn Kenrick appointed as the first chairman and honorary secretary with John Hawley Edwards as first treasurer.

Kenrick continued to serve the FAW until 1884, when he left, probably because of the trend towards professionalism. In 1897, when the FAW secretary was charged with fraud, Kenrick returned to guide the association through the crisis. He made the final break a few months later over the minor issue of the allocation of gate money to Welsh Cup semi-finalists and finalists.

Inspired by the success of the FA Cup, in 1877 the FAW ran the inaugural Welsh Cup competition.  The trophy was intended to raise the standard of play and organisation of football in Wales.  As such English border clubs were invited to participate.  The prominent north–south divide within Wales meant that the association did not set up a national league. By the twentieth century Wales's senior clubs were competing in English league competitions thus relegating the lower standard and less glamorous Welsh Cup in importance.  The allocation of a place in the European Cup Winners Cup from 1960 did boost interest in the competition but it has remained secondary in the priorities of Wales' leading clubs.

The FAW is financially reliant on the proceeds of international matches.  A lack of success on the pitch, Wales' unstable economy and a reoccurring inability to pick its star players have all meant that the association has struggled to achieve financial security.  In the second half of the 20th century this was compounded by a failure to take full advantage of the new commercial and television opportunities that the wider game has enjoyed.  On occasions financial problems have led the FAW to stage Wales' home matches in English stadia where capacities were larger than at domestic grounds.

The FAW's inability to always pick the best players for the national side was rooted in the Welsh game's subservience to English football.  As a foreign association, the FAW had no powers to demand players employed outside Wales be released for its international games.  With Wales' best players traditionally employed by English clubs, her national team was reliant on clubs' willingness to release players. This caused reoccurring tensions as the Football League and its clubs tried to impose their authority over the national associations.

Many of the FAW's members have also always been affiliated to the FA thus creating an uncertainty over the association's responsibilities and powers.  Its unwillingness and inability to assert its independence was illustrated by it following the FA out of FIFA in 1919 and 1928, only to rejoin when its English counterparts did in 1946.  Before World War II, like Wales as a whole, the FAW's ambitions for recognition were firmly within a British context.  Her first international against opponents from beyond Britain was not until a match against France in 1933.

In 1951, which was the association's 75th anniversary, they commissioned a new logo for the team, it was designed by a H. Ellis Tomlinson  who was an English educationist and heraldist, by November of the same year, the design was granted by the College of Arms.

The FAW's internal relationships were no easier due to a history of tension between members from north and south.  Before World War II it did not even have complete control over football in the whole nation.  The South Wales and Monmouthshire FA (founded in 1893) essentially acted as an independent association for all purposes except the national team.  Although the south was represented on the FAW, the north effectively retained control of its decision-making council until the 1970s. The location of home internationals was the most common source of tension until 1989 when it was decided to hold all home games in the National Stadium at rugby's Cardiff Arms Park. When in 1985 the FAW moved its headquarter from Wrexham in the north to the capital Cardiff, the balance of power shifted firmly to the south.

By the 1980s there was concern within the FAW that its very existence was under threat.  The UK's four independent associations within a single state were unique and the result of football's British origins.  As pressure grew from non-European associations for a greater say in the running of football, Britain's special position became vulnerable. The case for Wales as a football nation was particularly weak in foreign eyes given the absence of any national league.  Thus the FAW founded the League of Wales in 1992 to try and ensure its very future.  Over 100 years after the formation of its national association, Wales finally became a football nation with its own national league.

Yet despite the entry to European competitions that the league offered, Welsh clubs playing in England were less than enthusiastic about its prospects and a prolonged battle with the association began.  This ended up in the High Court and defeat for the FAW in its attempt to coerce clubs to join the League of Wales.  The league and the FAW emerged with their credibility and finances damaged, while Wales' best teams and players continue to play outside the immediate jurisdiction of their national association.

The 1990s also saw the FAW struggle to establish its credibility with Welsh fans.  Its choice of national manager, the weaknesses of its national league and its unmeritocratic committee structure have left the association vulnerable to public criticism.  However, in the 21st century, the FAW modernised, developed innovative marketing strategies and concentrated on improving its relationships with fans and being seen as an important Welsh cultural institution. This centred on its Together Stronger campaign and culminated in qualification for Euro 2016.

The FAW is also responsible for all disciplinary actions against players in teams associated with the FAW. This includes Welsh teams playing in the English football pyramid, superseding the English FA disciplinary system with the exception of Cardiff City and Swansea City A.F.C.

In 2020 the FAW announced in a statement that confirmed a major restructure of the Welsh female domestic leagues after a period of consultation with stakeholders. The statement confirms that the goal is to 'provide competitive women's football appropriate to playing standards, economic means, geographical location, facilities and club structure.'

In October 2022, the FAW announced it was considering rebranding the Wales national football team as "Cymru", the Welsh language name for Wales, in international events. The association already uses the term in its internal and external communications, including its staff at its base in the Vale of Glamorgan. The association said it was in discussions with UEFA over how to change the name, and were inspired by Turkey's rebrand to .

Structure
The FAW is based at Hensol in the Vale of Glamorgan. It is governed by a council, including nineteen councillors who are either elected, or appointed every three years.

In 2012 chief executive Jonathan Ford claimed the FAW had an income of £14 million, funded from FIFA, UEFA, grants, sponsorship and television revenue. All expenditure was on the further development of the game.

In 2013 Dragon Park, the Wales National Football Development Centre, opened in Newport.

See also

 Wales national football team
 List of football clubs in Wales
 Ted Robbins, Secretary of the FAW from 1909 to his death in 1946, the longest serving secretary in the organisation's history
 Noel Mooney, CEO of the FAW

References

External links
 Official website
 FIFA profile
 UEFA profile

Sports organizations established in 1876
Wales
Sports governing bodies in Wales

Organisations based in Cardiff
1876 establishments in Wales
Sport in Cardiff
Professional associations based in Wales

Football Association of Wales


Thomas Holdup Stevens Jr. (27 May 1819 – 15 May 1896) was an admiral of the United States Navy who fought in the American Civil War.

Early life and commission
Stevens, the son of Captain Thomas Holdup Stevens (1795–1841) was born in Middletown, Connecticut, on 27 May 1819. He was appointed acting midshipman on 14 December 1836 and, after two years at sea in , was warranted midshipman. After three months leave, from April to June 1840, he served at the Depot of Charts and Instruments. Following a tour at the Washington Navy Yard and coast survey duty at New York, he attended the Naval School at Philadelphia, stood his examination on 2 June 1842, and was warranted a passed midshipman on 2 July. Between 1842 and 1855, Stevens served at various posts ashore, among which were two tours on coast survey duty, one tour as acting master of  during her construction and 30 months as storekeeper in Honolulu, Hawaii. In September 1855, Lt. Stevens was dropped from the Navy under an Act of 28 February 1855.

American Civil War
On 29 January 1858, he was recommissioned a lieutenant. From then until the outbreak of the Civil War, Stevens served with the Home Squadron, principally in , , and Michigan. On 4 September 1861, he assumed command of . In November, he fought at Port Royal, South Carolina and helped capture Forts Beauregard and Walker. Between New Year's Day  and 4 March 1862, he blockaded the coast of Florida and helped to capture Fort Clinch, and the towns of Fernandina and St. Mary's. He also commanded the first expedition up the St. Johns River in March and April.

Late in April, he transferred to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, and to the command of . He commanded her in operations supporting General George McClellan's advance during the Peninsula Campaign in May 1862. On 15 July, he was promoted to commander and, from 9 May to 6 September, commanded . He was ordered to the command of  on 12 September and led her on to capture five Confederate ships and, in a 34-hour chase, privateer Florida.

On 18 June 1863, Commander Stevens was detached from Sonoma at New York and, on 3 August, he was directed to report to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren, the squadron commander, placed Stevens in command of the ironclad  and, between 21 August and 4 November, he led attacks on the defenses of Charleston harbor. By 1 July 1864, Comdr. Stevens commanded , operating with the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. There, he took part in operations before Mobile, until 3 August. Admiral David Farragut then ordered him to command the double-turreted monitor  which he led in attacks on Fort Powell and in the Battle of Mobile Bay on the 5th. He resumed command of Oneida on 18 August and retained it through the end of the war and until August 1865.

Flag officer
In 1866, Comdr. Stevens was appointed lighthouse inspector for the 11th Treasury District. During that assignment, he was promoted to captain. He was detached from duty as lighthouse inspector on 14 September and, on 26 July 1870, was ordered to command  in the European Squadron. Stevens was promoted to commodore on 19 February 1873, to date from 20 November 1872, and was assigned to the Norfolk Navy Yard—first as commanding officer, then on a special assignment related to Norfolk harbor.

In 1879, he was promoted to rear admiral to date from 19 January 1880, and on 19 August 1880, he was ordered to the command of the Pacific Squadron. He relinquished that command on 16 May 1881, pending his retirement on 27 May.

Stevens was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States as well as an honorary companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of Foreign Wars.

Rear Admiral Stevens died at Rockville, Maryland, on 15 May 1896 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Legacy
In 1942, the destroyer  was named in honor of both R.Adm. Stevens and his father, Capt. Thomas H. Stevens.

References

1819 births
1896 deaths
United States Navy admirals
People of Connecticut in the American Civil War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from Connecticut

Thomas H. Stevens Jr.


Paul Rand (born Peretz Rosenbaum; August 15, 1914 – November 26, 1996) was an influential American graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs, including the iconic logos for IBM, ABC, and UPS. Rand was a pioneer of the modernist movement in graphic design and is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential designers of the 20th century. His work was characterized by simplicity, wit, and elegance, and he was known for his ability to distill complex ideas into memorable and timeless designs. Rand was also a prolific writer and educator, and his books, including "Thoughts on Design" and "Design, Form, and Chaos," are still widely read and studied today. Throughout his career, Rand was honored with numerous awards and accolades, including induction into the Art Directors Club Hall of Fame and the New York City Art Directors Club Hall of Fame.

Early life and Education
Paul Rand was born as Peretz Rosenbaum on August 15, 1914, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish immigrants from Russia. He grew up in a working-class family and was the youngest of three sons. Rand showed an early interest in art and design, often drawing cartoons and designing posters for his school's events.

Early Career

Rand attended the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, where he studied advertising and illustration. During his time at Pratt, Rand became interested in the work of modernist designers such as Jan Tschichold and László Moholy-Nagy. He also studied the works of artists such as Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, whose cubist style would later influence his design work.

After completing his studies at Pratt in 1932, Rand worked as a freelance designer and illustrator. He also studied at the Art Students League of New York, where he honed his skills in drawing and painting.

Rand's early influences, combined with his education in advertising and illustration, led him towards a career in graphic design. His innovative and minimalist approach to design would later make him one of the most influential designers of the 20th century."

Other websites
Official Website
Paul Rand Quotes

Paul Rand


In biology, an atavism is a modification of a biological structure whereby an ancestral genetic trait reappears after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations. Atavisms can occur in several ways, one of which is when genes for previously existing phenotypic features are preserved in DNA, and these become expressed through a mutation that either knocks out the dominant genes for the new traits or makes the old traits dominate the new one. A number of traits can vary as a result of shortening of the fetal development of a trait (neoteny) or by prolongation of the same. In such a case, a shift in the time a trait is allowed to develop before it is fixed can bring forth an ancestral phenotype. Atavisms are often seen as evidence of evolution.

In social sciences, atavism is the tendency of reversion. For example, people in the modern era reverting to the ways of thinking and acting of a former time.

The word atavism is derived from the Latin atavus—a great-great-great-grandfather or, more generally, an ancestor.

Biology
Evolutionarily traits that have disappeared phenotypically do not necessarily disappear from an organism's DNA. The gene sequence often remains, but is inactive. Such an unused gene may remain in the genome for many generations. As long as the gene remains intact, a fault in the genetic control suppressing the gene can lead to it being expressed again. Sometimes, the expression of dormant genes can be induced by artificial stimulation.

Atavisms have been observed in humans, such as with infants born with vestigial tails (called a "coccygeal process", "coccygeal projection", or "caudal appendage"). Atavism can also be seen in humans who possess large teeth, like those of other primates. In addition, a case of "snake heart", the presence of "coronary circulation and myocardial architecture [that closely] resemble those of the reptilian heart", has also been reported in medical literature. Atavism has also recently been induced in avian dinosaur (bird) fetuses to express dormant ancestral non-avian dinosaur (non-bird) features, including teeth.

Other examples of observed atavisms include:
Hind limbs in cetaceans and sirenians.
Extra toes of the modern horse.
Reappearance of limbs in limbless vertebrates.
Re-evolution of sexuality from parthenogenesis in oribatid mites.
Teeth in avian dinosaurs (birds).
Dewclaws in dogs.
Reappearance of prothoracic wings in insects.
Reappearance of wings on wingless stick insects and leaf insects and earwigs.
Atavistic muscles in several birds and mammals such as the beagle and the jerboa.
Extra toes in guinea pigs.
Reemergence of sexual reproduction in the flowering plant Hieracium pilosella and the Crotoniidae family of mites.
Webbed feet in adult axolotls.
Human tails (not pseudo-tails) and supernumerary nipples in humans (and other primates).
Color blindness in humans.

Culture
Atavism is a term in Joseph Schumpeter's explanation of World War I in twentieth-century liberal Europe. He defends the liberal international relations theory that an international society built on commerce will avoid war because of war's destructiveness and comparative cost. His reason for World War I is termed "atavism", in which he asserts that senescent governments in Europe (those of the German Empire, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, and Austro-Hungarian Empire) pulled the liberal Europe into war, and that the liberal regimes of the other continental powers did not cause it. He used this idea to say that liberalism and commerce would continue to have a soothing effect in international relations, and that war would not arise between nations which are connected by commercial ties. This latter idea is very similar to the later Golden Arches theory.

University of London professor Guy Standing has identified three distinct sub-groups of the precariat, one of which he refers to as "atavists", who long for what they see as a lost past.

Social Darwinism

During the interval between the acceptance of evolution in the mid-1800s and the rise of the modern understanding of genetics in the early 1900s, atavism was used to account for the reappearance in an individual of a trait after several generations of absence—often called a "throw-back". The idea that atavisms could be made to accumulate by selective breeding, or breeding back, led to breeds such as Heck cattle. This had been bred from ancient landraces with selected primitive traits, in an attempt of "reviving" the aurochs, an extinct species of wild cattle. The same notions of atavisms were used by social Darwinists, who claimed that "inferior" races displayed atavistic traits, and represented more primitive traits than other races. Both atavism's and Ernst Haeckel's recapitulation theory are related to evolutionary progress, as development towards a greater complexity and a superior ability.

In addition, the concept of atavism as part of an individualistic explanation of the causes of criminal deviance was popularised by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso in the 1870s. He attempted to identify physical characteristics common to criminals and labeled those he found as atavistic, 'throw-back' traits that determined 'primitive' criminal behavior. His statistical evidence and the closely related idea of eugenics have long since been abandoned by the scientific community, but the concept that physical traits may affect the likelihood of criminal or unethical behavior in a person still has some scientific support.

See also
 Atavistic regression
 Exaptation
 Spandrel (biology)
 Torna atrás

References

External links

 Photograph of an additional (third) hoof of cows

Evolutionary biology
Genetics

Atavism


Char is the solid material that remains after light gases (e.g. coal gas) and tar have been driven out or released from a carbonaceous material during the initial stage of combustion, which is known as carbonization, charring, devolatilization or pyrolysis.

Further stages of efficient combustion (with or without char deposits) are known as gasification reactions, ending quickly when the reversible gas phase of the water gas shift reaction is reached.

See also
 Biochar
 Charcoal
 Coke (fuel)
 Petroleum coke
 Shale oil extraction
 Spent shale

Oil shale
Coal

Char (chemistry)


William IV (or Guillem IV) was the Lord of Montpellier from 1058 until his death in 1068. He was the son of William III and Beliardis. He was married to Ermengarde, daughter of Raymond I, Count of Melgueil. He is the first of his dynasty with charters preserved in the family cartulary, the Liber instrumentorum memorialium. They record agreements concerning some local castles in 1059. He was succeeded by his son, William V.

Notes

Guilhem dynasty
1068 deaths
Year of birth unknown

William IV of Montpellier


Sakurab is either a relative of the scallion (Allium fistulosum L.) or a white variant of the wild leek (Allium ampeloprasum). There have been journals discussing its growth patterns and potential usage as an ingredient in a healthy beverage with evidence to support either view.  It is a traditional food seasoning in the Philippines, used in the traditional cuisines in the islands of Mindanao and the Visayas where it is commonly known as sibujing.

Description
Sakurab resembles a scallion having bulb at its base, a white stalk, and a fan of slender green leaves as well as an intense aroma and flavor reminiscent of shallots. It grows natively in the Lanao provinces of Mindanao in the Philippines, mostly commonly in cities and towns around Lake Lanao, and is sold by Maranao merchants in areas where it is desired but not commonly grown.

Cuisine

The most common use for sakurab is in the ubiquitous Maranao condiment palapa, in which it is used in its entirety along with chili peppers, garlic, salt, ginger, and coconut flakes (if dry palapa) or coconut milk (if wet palapa). It can be eaten in its raw form as a side dish or added as an ingredient for another dish such as piaparan. The flavor of sakurab has been described as similar to scallions and shallots, but richer; half of one stem of sakurab is enough to cover the need for a full piece of a scallion.

Sakurab has been found to contain at least 3 times as much sugar compared to other species of Allium ampeloprasum, containing 18.33g of sugar per 210g following a Brix test while other species contained about 5.9g of sugar per 210g. This makes it much easier to utilize the nutritional benefits of the plant when mixing it with fruit juices to give it a more pleasant means of ingestion. In the highest concentrations tested (250g of sakurab mixed with juices), the apple juice formulation was most enjoyed for its taste and aroma, while the lemon juice formulation was most enjoyed for its color and texture.

See also
 Palapa (condiment)
 Piaparan

Notes

Root vegetables
Filipino cuisine
Mindanao

Sakurab


Renato Marcos Endrizzi Sabbatini (born 20 February 1947, Campinas) is a retired professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering and at the State University of Campinas Institute of Biology. He received a B.Sc. in Biomedical Sciences from Medical School of the University of São Paulo and a doctorate in behavioral neuroscience in 1977, followed by postdoctoral work at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry's Primate Behavior Department. He founded the Center for Biomedical Informatics,
and helped create the Brazilian Society for Health Informatics.

Sabbatini received the 1992 Prêmio José Reis de Divulgação Científica award for popular science writing,
and was named one of Info Exame Magazine's "50 Champions of Innovation" for 2007. He is currently president of the Edumed Institute for Education in Medicine and Health, a "not-for-profit educational, research and development institution."

Professor Sabbatini is a Fellow Elect (Inaugural Class) of the International Academy of Health Sciences Informatics, established by the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA), and a Fellow Elect of the American College of Medical Informatics, established by the American Medical Informatics Association.

Selected publications
 Sabbatini, R.M.E.: A multilayered neural network for processing 2D tomographic images in neurosurgery. Proceed. Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, IEEE, 1992
 Ortiz J., Ghefter C.G., Silva C.E., Sabbatini R.M.E.: One-year mortality prognosis in heart failure: a neural network approach based on echocardiographic data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Dec;26(7):1586–93.
 Sabbatini, R.M.E.; Cardoso, S.H.: The Virtual Hospital, Electronic Publications and the Visible Human: New Paradigms for Health Education. Proceed. Regional Conference on Health Information Systems, p. 128–137, São Paulo, BIREME, 1996. (In Portuguese)
 Sabbatini, R.M.E.: Using neural networks for processing biologic signals. MD Comput. 1996 Mar–Apr;13(2):165–172.
 Da Costa, C.G.A. & Sabbatini, R.M.E.: A Survey of Software Engineering Practices in the Development of Electronic Patient Record Systems. Proceed. AMIA Annu. Meet.
 Cardoso, S.H.; Sabbatini, R.M.E.: "Brain & Mind" Magazine: An On-Line Multimedia Resource for Dissemination and Evaluation of Knowledge in Neuroscience. Proceed. AMIA Annu. Meet. (In PDF)
 Carvalho, P.M.; Sabbatini, R.M.E. Integrating the Teaching of Informatics to Medical Students in a Problem-Based Learning Undergraduate Course. Proceed. AMIA Annu. Meet.
 Botelho, M.L.; Araújo, L.; Sabbatini, R.M.E.: A Neural-Network Based System on the World Wide Web for Prognosis and Indication of Surgery in Head and Brain Trauma. Proceed. AMIA Annu. Meet., 1997 (In PDF)
 Quaresma, R.P.; Sabbatini, R.M.E.; Cardoso, S.H.; Ortale, J.R.: Adding Java and CGI Functionality to an On-Line Atlas of Anatomy for Medical Education. Proceed. AMIA Annu. Meet., 1997 (In PDF)
 Palombo, C.R. Maccari-Filho, M.; Sabbatini, R.M.E. and Halstead, C.L.: The Virtual Dental Center: Resource for Research and Education on the WWW. Proceed. AMIA Annu. Meet., 1997 (In PDF)
 Sabbatini, R.M.E.; Cardoso, S.H.: Interdisciplinarity and the Neurosciences. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 27(4) Dec 2002, pp. 303–311.
 Sabbatini, R.M.E.; Cardoso, S.H.: Internet-2 Based Tele/Videoconferencing for Distance Medical Education: The EduMed. Net Project. AMIA Annual Meeting
 Cardoso, S.H.; Sabbatini, R.M.E.: On-line Resources for a WWW-based Continued Education Curriculum on Behavioral Neurobiology. AMIA Annual Meeting (in PDF).
 Sabbatini, R.M.E.: The Brazilian Virtual Hospital. A Case in e-Health. In: Knight, P. et al.: e-Democracy in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Pearson Educational, 2003. (In Portuguese).
 Sabbatini, R.M.E. & Cardoso, S.H.: A Distance Interactive Course on the History of Neuroscience. Abstr. Annu. Meet. Soc. Neurosci. (SFN 2003), New Orleans, LA, USA, Nov. 2003.
 Lopes da Silva, J.V.; Santa Bárbara, A.; Cardoso, S.H.; Sabbatini, R.M.E. and Coimbra, N.C.: Construction of 3D Anatomical Models in Polymer Using Selective Laser Sintering – A New Method for Teaching Human Anatomy, Proc. VIII International Conference on Nursing Informatics. Rio de Janeiro, June 2003.
 Sabbatini, R.M.E. Internet Health Applications in Brazil. In: Sosa-Iudicissa, M. et al. (Eds). Internet, Telematics and Health. IOP Press, 1997. Excerpt at Google Books
 Sabbatini, R.M.E. – Applications of connectionist systems in Biomedicine. In: Lun, K.C.; Degoulet, P. & Piemme, T. (Eds.) – Proceed. 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics (MEDINFO 92). p. 418–425, 1992.
 Sabbatini RM. A head-mounted stereotaxic platform with movable electrodes for intracerebral exploration. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1982 Apr;15(1):65–71.

References

External links
 Personal website (In English and Portuguese)

Brazilian physiologists
Brazilian computer scientists
Brazilian neuroscientists
Brazilian businesspeople
Brazilian science writers
Brazilian agnostics
Brazilian skeptics
People from Campinas
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Health informaticians
1947 births
Living people
University of São Paulo alumni
People associated with the State University of Campinas

Renato M. E. Sabbatini


The University Centre in Svalbard (; UNIS) is a Norwegian state-owned limited company that is involved in research and provides some higher education in Arctic studies. The company is wholly owned by the Ministry of Education and Research, and the universities of Oslo, Bergen, Tromsø, NTNU and NMBU appoint the board of directors. It is led by a director appointed by the board for a four-year term. The centre is the world's northernmost research and higher education institution, in Longyearbyen at 78° N latitude. The courses offered fall into five main science disciplines: Arctic biology, Arctic geology, Arctic geophysics, Arctic technology and Arctic safety.

Organization

The centre was established in 1993 in Longyearbyen, a town of 2,100 inhabitants on the western coast of Spitsbergen island. Despite its name, it is not a university (a status that can only be conferred by the government under certain conditions to larger institutions), but a state-owned enterprise involved in research and some university-level education. The main idea behind establishing UNIS was that the unique geographic location of the island permits the study of Arctic sciences in situ, right outside the company walls. Its official language is Norwegian, but English is used in all tuition and 68% of its 690 students originate from outside Norway (in 2015, foreign students came from 43 countries). The number of students at UNIS was affected by COVID-19 regulations, with 743 students in 2019, 299 students in 2020, and 482 students in 2021, with a corresponding increase of Norwegian students fraction from 32% in 2019 up to 43% in 2020.
In 2021 the largest student group came from Norwegian universities (60%), followed by students from Germany (18%) and the Netherlands (10%). The tuition is free of charge and is carried out by 27 full-time professors, 43 adjunct professors, and 160 guest lecturers. The latter are invited from Norwegian and foreign institutions within various joint research projects. Those projects are also instrumental for the enrollment of master and PhD students – UNIS does not accept its own graduates for those courses and requires potential candidates to present a letter of support from their home institution. One important collaboration is the educational exchange program with Russia. The funding for UNIS is provided by the Norwegian government, research councils, and private industry.

Campus and events
The company conducts both teaching and scientific research. The original UNIS building opened in 1995. The new Svalbard Science Centre, designed by Jarmund/Vigsnæs architects, was officially opened on April 26, 2006, by the King and the Queen of Norway. On September 2, 2009, the Secretary-General of the  United Nations, Ban Ki-Moon  visited UNIS. Together with the Norwegian Minister of Environment Erik Solheim, Ban Ki-Moon led a debate on the impact of a melting Arctic on the environment.

The Norwegian Polar Institute, the Svalbard Museum, and the Svalbard Science Forum share the building.

Services
Although UNIS has no formal tuition fee, students are required to pay a semester fee of 580 NOK (about 65 EUR). For overnight scientific cruises, fieldwork, and excursions, students must pay a daily rate of NOK 200 for food. UNIS has a library, established in 1993. A significant part of the library is electronic: the company is subscribed to a number of electronic databases that can be accessed from the library computers. UNIS has several research laboratories and a 15 m long research ship Viking explorer.

Before 2021 most students at UNIS used to live in five renovated mining barracks in Nybyen, a settlement on the southern outskirts of Longyearbyen (30–40 minutes by foot). Since September 2014, some students live in the newly built campus Sjøskrenten, which is a 2-minute walk from UNIS. Both campuses are owned and administered by the Arctic Student Welfare Organization in Tromsø. Nybyen student housing is located in an area with high avalanche risks from the nearby mountain of Gruvefjellet. This led to the construction of a new student housing Elvesletta, completed in the summer of 2021 and located in the city center, which allowed to stop using Nybyen. Elvesletta student housing has a capacity of 300 students and the construction project cost 400 million Norwegian Krones.

Safety and well-being
There is a small hospital and a dentist in Longyearbyen, and a search and rescue team led by the Governor of Svalbard. Any seriously ill person is transported by airplane to mainland Norway. The nearest regional hospital is located in Tromsø, a two-hour flight away.

Polar bears are abundant in the area and are a potential threat to human life. As a result, local citizens often carry rifles, and every UNIS student and member of staff spends their first day learning how to use a rifle to defend themselves against bears.

Because UNIS activities include fieldwork carried out on boats, snowmobiles or on foot in a harsh environment, all new students and staff members are required to present a self-declaration confirming that they are in good health.

Student life
There are various self-organized student groups at UNIS. Many change each semester according to students' areas of interest, whereas some are fixtures. The UNIS student council is elected once per semester and represents the students' interests at university meetings and outside parties. Students are able to rent outdoor equipment, such as skiing or camping gear, from the student equipment group, which is also self-organized by students with an interest in outdoor pursuits. Due to nature being easily accessed in the Arctic, outdoor sports and hiking are popular recreational activities for many students.

See also
 List of northernmost items

References

External links

 University Centre in Svalbard

Research institutes in Norway
Longyearbyen
Education in Svalbard
Science and technology in Svalbard
1993 establishments in Norway
Organisations based in Longyearbyen

University Centre in Svalbard


The Orange Tornadoes and Newark Tornadoes were two manifestations of a long-lived professional American football franchise that existed in some form from 1887 to 1941 and from 1958 to 1970, having played in the American Amateur Football Union from 1888 to 1895, the National Football League from 1929 to 1930, the American Association from 1936 to 1941, the Atlantic Coast Football League from 1963 to 1964 and 1970, and the Continental Football League from 1965 to 1969. The team was based for most of its history in Orange, New Jersey, with many of its later years in Newark. Its last five seasons of existence were as the Orlando Panthers, when the team was based in Orlando, Florida. The NFL franchise was sold back to the league in October 1930. The team had four head coaches in its two years in the NFL – Jack Depler in Orange, and Jack Fish, Al McGall and Andy Salata in Newark.

History

Early years
The Orange Tornadoes can trace their roots back to the Orange Athletic Club. The Orange A.C.  was originally an amateur football team that began play in 1887. The team's first ever game was a 36–0 loss to the Seton Hall University football team. By the 1890s the Orange became a semi-pro team. In 1892, the team practiced under electric lights at night to prepare for an October 8 game against Rutgers College. The Orange A. C. would go on to win that game 22–10. In 1893, the team won the American Football Union Championship, after posting an 8–2 record. In 1902, the Orange A. C. played against Philadelphia Phillies and the Philadelphia Athletics of the first National Football League. The team also played in World Series of Football in that year, at Madison Square Garden. In 1902, Orange lost to All-Syracuse, 36–0. However, the team returned to the World Series of Football in 1903, when they played the Watertown Red & Black and the eventual champion, the Franklin Athletic Club. Orange lost to Watertown, 11–0, and to Franklin, 12–0. However, it did manage to defeat the Oreo Athletic Club of Asbury Park, 22–0.

Pre-NFL
The Orange team became an established independent pro team from 1919 until 1928, under the nickname the Orange AC Golden Tornadoes. During this time, Orange defeated the New York Brickley Giants of the NFL. They also played pre-NFL versions of the Frankford Yellow Jackets and the Staten Island Stapletons. They also played against the Atlantic City Roses and the Millville Big Blue, two of the top independent teams of the 1920s. By 1928, Orange held the New York Giants and Frankford Yellow Jackets to close scores. On September 16, 1928 Orange held the 1927 NFL Champion New York Giants to just a 7–0 victory. A week earlier the NFL's previous champions, the Frankford Yellow Jackets, were held to a 12–0 victory. Orange showed that their team could compete in the NFL.

While the Golden Tornadoes played in Orange, a separate Newark Bears played in the original American Football League in the 1926 season in Newark, unrelated to the Tornadoes team that would later take on that identity. That Newark Bears club was later absorbed into the Staten Island Stapletons.

1929 season

In 1929 Ole Haugsrud, the owner of Duluth Eskimos, sold his NFL franchise rights for the Eskimos to Piggy Simandl, a wholesale meat salesman and sports promoter from Orange, who named his franchise the Orange Tornadoes. The Tornadoes played their home games at Knights of Columbus Stadium. The first game for the new team was a scoreless tie against the New York Giants on September 29, 1929. A week later the team recorded its first NFL win by defeating the Boston Bulldogs 7–0.  The victory came off a short George Pease pass to Paul Longua, who ran 60 yards for a touchdown. However, the following week, Orange experienced its first NFL loss in a 7–0 defeat to the 1928 NFL Champions, the Providence Steamroller. The team regrouped on October 19, 1929, and the Tornandoes held the Frankford Yellow Jackets to a 6–6 tie at Frankford Stadium. A week later the team rallied from a 13–0 deficit to defeat the Boston Bulldogs, 19–13.

On October 29, 1929, the Bulldogs and Tornadoes met again to play, in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. Prior to 1929, the Bulldogs played as the Pottsville Maroons and the teams played for their still loyal fans at the Maroons' Minersville Park. This time however, the Tornadoes lost 6–0 by way of a 4-yard touchdown run from Boston's Tony Latone. On October 3, the Tornadoes held the Staten Island Stapletons to a scoreless tie at Thompson Stadium. During that game the Stapletons were within scoring distance three times, but to no avail. Meanwhile, the Tornadoes only penetrated the Staten Island 20-yard line once.

The Orange then lost a rematch against the New York Giants, 22–0, a week later. But after a scoreless tie against Frankford, the Orange defeated the Staten Island Stapletons 3–0, due to a Felix McCormick field goal. However, the next game, against the Chicago Cardinals, resulted in a 26–0 Tornadoes loss. The Cardinals, led by Ernie Nevers, put up 20 points in the second quarter of the game. The Tornadoes then ended their 1929 season with a 10–0 loss to Frankford. They finished with a 3–5–4 record, scoring 35 points, while giving up 80.

1930

The team's fortune in the NFL changed for the worse after it moved to Newark in 1930. During the team's time in Newark, it played its home games at Newark Schools Stadium. Head coach Jack Depler defected to buy the Dayton Triangles, moving that team to Brooklyn and transforming that team into the Brooklyn Dodgers. He took most of the members of the 1929 Tornadoes with him. Meanwhile, the Tornadoes went through three coaches during the 1930 season, and the team's only victory during the 1930 season was against the Frankford Yellow Jackets.

The last game for the Newark Tornadoes was against the New York Giants, a 34–7 loss on October 29, 1930.  The franchise ended league play after the 1930 season and was sold back to the NFL. The league ordered the franchise sold to the highest bidder prior to the 1931 season, but there were no takers and the team took the field as the "Cleveland Indians" under league ownership.

In 1932, a Boston-based group won a new NFL franchise and was awarded the remains of the failed Newark organization.  The new team would be named the Boston Braves, now the Washington Commanders.  However, the NFL does not consider Washington to be a continuation of the Tornadoes, just as it does not consider the Tornadoes to be a continuation of the Duluth Eskimos.

Tornadoes and Bears in the American Association
Though the NFL franchise had moved to Newark, owner Edwin Simandl had kept a barebones organization back in Orange, just in case the NFL Tornadoes failed. When they did, he moved as many players as he could from the Newark squad back to Orange. The minor league Tornadoes played in various leagues, including the American Association, of which it was a charter member. The Orange Tornadoes moved back to Newark in 1937 and were eventually bought by the Chicago Bears. Playing under the name Newark Bears (a name previously used by the Newark Bears of the 1926 American Football League), the team played in the AA through 1941.

The team did not return after World War II; instead, George Halas took what was left of the team and split it into the Newark Bombers and the Akron Bears. The Bloomfield Cardinals replaced both teams in 1947. The NFL severed ties with all minor league teams in 1948.

Bears revived in the ACFL and Continental League

The Newark Bears returned in 1963, when the Atlantic Coast Football League's Paterson Miners (a team that had been in operation since 1958 as the Franklin Miners) moved to Newark and took the Bears name. This version of the Bears was owned by Sol Rosen. In 1965, the team applied to the American Football League to join that league, but were turned down (as the New York metropolitan area already had both the Jets and NFL's Giants, both of which counted North Jersey as their market and would eventually move to New Jersey in later years), and instead joined the upstart Continental Football League, where it played one season in 1965 before moving to Orlando, Florida,  and becoming the Orlando Panthers. The Panthers played in the ContFL from 1966 to the league's dissolution in 1969; it was consistently one of the most successful teams in that league. When the Continental Football League folded, the Bears returned to the ACFL, playing one more season in 1970. The Panthers were thrown out of the ACFL following the 1970 season, after the ownership group that bought the team attempted to cut the team's budget by simply not paying its expenses.

Meanwhile, in New Jersey, the ACFL moved the former Charleston Rockets franchise to Newark in 1969, becoming the "Jersey Jays." The Jays played from 1969 to 1971.

Uniforms
In 1929, Orange experimented with using letters instead of numbers on player jerseys; Heinie Benkert, for example, wore the letter "C" on his uniform.

Season-by-season

A complete game-by-game record to 1937 can be found here.

References

Sources
Pro-Football Reference
HickokSports.com
1929 NFL season
Orange Athletic Club of New Jersey: Complete Football Records
In the Same League
Uniform Numbers of the NFL
Discussion of Newark and Orlando in the Continental Football League from the Professional Football Researchers Association

American football teams established in 1929
American football teams disestablished in 1969
Defunct National Football League teams
Sports in Newark, New Jersey
Continental Football League teams
World Series of Football (1902–03)
Orange, New Jersey
1929 establishments in New Jersey
1969 disestablishments in Florida
 Athletic Club football teams and seasons

Orange/Newark Tornadoes


JG Montgomery is an Australian/ English author. He was born in Redruth,  Cornwall, England and lives in Canberra, Australia.

He is the son of a Royal Australian Air Force officer and defence attaché. He is known for his writing on the supernatural and paranormal.

Personal life
He is the older brother of renowned Australian/ English based conductor Jessica Cottis. He is a graduate of the University of Canberra.

He is also a musician, vocalist and songwriter. He has university degrees in cultural heritage and teaching and a Diploma in parapsychology. He is also a decorated State Emergency Service (SES) volunteer.

Career
He served in both the Australian Army Reserve and Australian Air Force and the Australian Capital Territory State Emergency Service (SES). He was awarded the Emergency Service Medal in the 2021 Queen's Birthday honours for distinguished service.

He is the author of A Case for Ghosts (Ginninderra Press 2012) which was described by poet PS Cottier as "an engaging book to read. It's as if the author were sitting with the reader in a pub, in front of an open fire, telling anecdotes about his explorations into the ghostly universe that may possibly shadow the everyday," and by the RiotACT that (he) "is quite open-minded in his approach to the subject. He does not preach as to the existence or non-existence of ghosts, but tantalises and entertains."

He is also the author and illustrator of the children's book The Oomee Mau Mau as well as WYRD- A journey into the beliefs and philosophies of the known and unknown and Meditations in Orange, an autobiographical look at his career as an active member in the Australian State Emergency Service (SES). He also wrote Haunted Australian: Ghosts of the Great Southern Land and Haunted  Britain: Supernatural Realms of the United Kingdom, both of which were released in 2017.

In March 2018 he released Summer to Summer, a fictional account/ memoir coming of age novel based in Canberra during the 1980s. Also in 2018 he released Haunted Castles of England. A Tour of 99 Ghostly Fortesses, which examined the history and alleged hauntings of numerous castles in England sorted by geographical regions. In April of the same year he also released a solo album of original songs Paper Walls under the name James Montgomery-Willcox.

He contributed and edited poetry in Capital Reflections. He has also spoken about ghosts on radio programs and at the National Museum of Australia, and has written, researched and co-produced numerous short documentaries. In 2019 he appeared as an extra playing a parliamentarian in the ABC/ Blackfella Films television series Black Bitch. In 2020 he released his fifth book about ghosts- Capital Manifestations- Tales of Haunted Canberra. In 2021 he appeared ABC's television series "Total control" as a parliamentarian.

Bibliography

Supernatural/ paranormal

Capital Manifestations- Tales of Haunted Canberra (Pendragon Publishing & Design) 2020

Haunted Castles of England. A Tour of 99 Ghostly Fortesses (Llewellyn Publications ) 2018

Haunted  Britain: Supernatural Realms of the United Kingdom (Schiffer Publishing) June 2017

Haunted Australia: Ghosts of the Great Southern Land (Schiffer Publishing) 2017

WYRD- A journey into the beliefs and philosophies of the known and unknown (CFZ Press 2014)

A Case for Ghosts (Ginninderra Press 2012) -Nominated for ACT Book of the Year 2013

Children's
The Oomee Mau Mau  (Willowmoon Press 2012)

Autobiographical
Meditations in Orange (Pendragon Publishing & Design 2014)

Fiction/ Memoir
Summer to Summer (Pendragon Publishing & Design 2018)

Poetry
Capital Reflections (Contributed to and compiled. Pendragon Publishing & Design 2014)

Essays
What Are Ghosts? And Why Do We Believe in Them? (The Llewellyn Journal) 2018

Screenplay
The Roaring Bunyip with Tim the Yowie man. (Documentary. Carillion Pictures 2013)

TYM The Series - Haunted Tales of Burnima Homestead. (Documentary. Austography 2017)

TYM The Series - The Mysteries of Lake George. (Documentary. Austography 2017)

TYM The Series - The Great Aussie Pie Challenge. (Documentary. Austography 2017)

References

External links
 Dread Central
 Haunted Australia: Ghosts of the Great Southern Land
 New book by Canberran author JG Montgomery- Meditations in Orange
 The Oomee Maui
 New book by Canberran author JG Montgomery- Meditations in Orange
 A case for ghosts : a personal journey into the unexplainable world of ghosts and the supernatural National Library of Australia
 Interview with JG Montgomery
 Interview with JG Montgomery
 Willowmoon Publishing
 JG MONTGOMERY
 Still on the Track
 Meditations in Orange JG
 Ginninderra Press
 A Case for Ghosts National Library of Australia
 Capital Reflections
  "The Roaring Bunyip"
 Tim the Yowie Man- The Bunyip Hunt
 Goodreads- Haunted Britain
 Ghosts with JG Montgomery- Interview on SubjectACT 2XX

Year of birth missing (living people)
Writers from the Australian Capital Territory
Living people

JG Montgomery