The 1965 Cotton Bowl Classic was the 29th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, on Friday, January 1. With national championship implications, the game matched the Southwest Conference champion Arkansas Razorbacks and the Nebraska Cornhuskers, champions of the Big Eight Conference.

Second-ranked Arkansas rallied to defeat #6 Nebraska 10–7 in front of 75,504 to win their first Cotton Bowl and claim to a first national title.

Setting

Arkansas

The Razorbacks stormed into Dallas after winning all ten of its games to earn the Southwest Conference title and a #2 ranking in the AP and Coaches polls. The Hogs defeated #1 Texas 14–13 in Austin to clinch the bowl berth, and the conference championship. Longhorn head coach Darrell Royal went for two in the game and failed, giving the game, conference, bowl bid, and later the national crown to the Razorbacks.

Razorback guard Ronnie Caveness was named an All-American. Ken Hatfield again led the nation in punt return yards, with 518. Tom McKnelly scored 45 points kicking 27 extra points and 6 field goals, which tied him with LSU's Doug Moreau for fourth place nationally.

Arkansas entered the bowl season on a sour note, with losses in major bowl games in January 1961, 1962, and 1963; they didn't play in a bowl the previous season due to their 5–5 record.

Nebraska

Under third-year head coach Bob Devaney, Nebraska won its first nine games and was fourth in the rankings, but lost 17–7 at rival Oklahoma on November 21, which snapped a sixteen-game winning streak. The Huskers' previous bowl trips were split at 2–2, with both wins in the last two seasons.

Game summary
This was the first-ever meeting between the two programs. Arkansas' number-one rated defense was giving up only 5.7 points per game, while Nebraska's #7 offense was scoring 24.9 points per contest.

A standing room only crowd watched as Arkansas opened the scoring on a Tom McKnelly field goal in the first quarter. Nebraska responded in the second, with Harry Wilson punching it into the end zone from one yard out for a touchdown, giving the Huskers a 7–3 lead at halftime.

The third quarter passed with no scoring. Fred Marshall took over at quarterback for the Razorbacks in the fourth quarter and engineered an 80-yard drive with little time left on the game clock. Marshall pitched to running back Bobby Burnett, who scampered in from the three-yard line for the game's final touchdown, giving Arkansas a 10-7 victory. It was their first win in a major bowl and their first bowl win in four years.

Aftermath
The Razorbacks were selected as national champions by the Football Writers Association of America and the Helms Athletic Foundation, after the Alabama Crimson Tide lost their bowl game against the Texas Longhorns in the Orange Bowl. Arkansas defeated Texas in Austin earlier in the season. Because the final major polls (AP and Coaches (UPI)) were released in early December before bowl games were played, the Crimson Tide was selected national champions. Because of the controversy, the AP Poll decided to wait until after the bowl games to select their champion in the 1965 season. Nebraska entered the game sixth in the final AP poll, while Arkansas was second.

Arkansas improved to  in bowls with the win, while Nebraska's record in the postseason dropped to

Jerry Jones, the Arkansas co-captain, went on to build AT&T Stadium in suburban Arlington, where the Cotton Bowl Classic is now played.

Ken Hatfield of Arkansas returned to the Cotton Bowl Classic in January 1989
as the Razorbacks' head coach; Arkansas was defeated  by UCLA (quarterbacked by Troy Aikman whom Jones signed for the Dallas Cowboys); and in the next year, 1990, where they lost to Tennessee 31-27.

References

Cotton Bowl Classic
Cotton Bowl Classic
Arkansas Razorbacks football bowl games
Nebraska Cornhuskers football bowl games
Cotton Bowl
January 1965 sports events in the United States

1965 Cotton Bowl Classic


Okitipupa is a in Nigeria and part of the Ikale-speaking nation in Ondo State. Okitipupa Government headquarter is located in Okitipupa Major town with a university, Ondo State University of Science and Technology (OSUSTECH) which commenced academic sessions in 2010–11.

Ìkálè or Old Ìkálè is part of the Yoruba tribe of Ondo state in Nigeria which was originally Ikaleland and combination of the present Okitipupa Local Government and Irele Local Government before the two local governments were split into two namely: Ìrèlè local government and Okitipupa local government.

Name
"Okitipupa" town was historically known as Ode-Idepe and is still called as such by many of the town's native inhabitants. The newer name "Okitipupa" owes its meaning to the relative elevation of the town. Migration of people to the virgin area and the red colour of the soil (Pupa in Ikale/Yoruba). Okitipupa is derived from the Ikale (Yoruba) words; Okiti (hilly) and Pupa (red) which became a name used by people travelling from other communities to trade in the central market of the town of Idepe. Today, the |inhabitants use the names of Okitipupa and Idepe interchangeably.

Okitipupa has always been the central town for the inhabitants of Ondo South senatorial district of Ondo state, comprising; Okitipupa, Irele, Ilaje, Ese Odo, Odigbo and Ile-Oluji/Okeigbo local governments respectively due to the presence of many basic amenities. Okitipupa town is the administrative headquarters of Okitipupa local government with neighbouring communities such as: Ode-Erinje, Ikoya, Ode-Aye, Ayila, Igbotako, Ilutitun, Igbodigo, Iju-Odo, Igbishin-Oloto,  Erekiti, Iju-Oke, Omotosho, Akinfosile, Igodan-Lisa, Okunmo, Ayeka, Ode-Idepe and others.
It was a district in colonial times before Nigeria's independence in 1960. It has a University, a specialist hospital, several private hospitals, a Magistrate court, a High court, a Nigerian Police Force area command, an Army barrack, Commercial banks, Telephone exchange and numerous Primary and Secondary schools.

Natives of Okitipupa are predominantly employed in agriculture. The major cash crops are Oil-palm, Rubber and Cassava. They also cultivate yams, Beans, Okra, Pepper, Melon and various other Vegetables. Staple foods include but are not limited to; A kind of local Cassava meal popularly known as Pupuru, Yams, Rice, Yam flour and Garri among others.

It has a market that has been a major shopping center for traders from all Yorubaland and beyond since pre-colonial times. A modern market was built by the administration of Herbert Kuewumi in 1979 when he was the executive chairman of the Old Okitipupa Local government before the administration of governor Olusegun Mimiko of Ondo state rebuilt the market in 2009. A large percentage of the roads in the town were constructed by the administration of Olusegun Agagu when he was governor of Ondo state.
Major industries located in the town include the Okitipupa Oil Palm Plc and the now defunct Oluwa Glass factory (both of which were listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Oil palm and Rubber litter the landscape.

History

In about 1502, there was a development in Benin Kingdom, Oba Esigie was on the throne and since succession to the throne was from father to son, he was worried that he had no male child to ascend the throne after his death. He married many wives so as to produce a male child. The premonition was that some forces were behind his not having male children. One of his wives conceived and went into hiding. He gave birth to a male child in the morning but at that time, many people had gone to their places of work. Automatically, the male child should reign after him. Before he could make an Oba, certain rites were to be performed. They put all the things: crown, sekere, horsetail, beads as a mark of an Oba before the child.
Towards evening, when people were returning from their various places of work, another wife of the Oba gave birth to a male child and people were happy, and started jubilating to herald in the new Oba. News now came that a male child had been given birth to the Oba in the morning but kept in secrecy Abodi.

The two male children grew up in the palace. The Oba foresaw problems as to who was to ascend to the throne after him. He advised the elder male child to go across Owena River to establish his own kingdom. Abodi left with some chiefs in Benin and came to the western side of the Owena. He first settled at Arogbo–Ile. While leaving the place, he asked Larogbo to take charge of Arogbo–Ile. He proceeded to Irele and settled there for a while. This first Abodi is called Abodi Jabado. He reigned for a long period before joining his ancestors. His son, called Tufewa, reigned after him. People that were with the Abodi were called Abodi people. The settlement of Abodi in each of the places he settled was called Ikoya. Tufewa went to Ile–Ife to learn the art of governance because he had not learnt the intricacies of palace administration in Benin.

It was also recorded that Esigie sent him to Ooni in Ile–Ife. He was there for three years. At the end of his third year, the Ooni gave Abodi benedictions. He made him to kneel down in a circle marked with white chalk and asked him to carry out these rites in his kingdom/Domain. Abodi came home with this chalk. This led to the use of white chalk (Efun) which is used to make inscriptions or marks on the ground (meaning) Ikale. That is what we bear today. Without prejudice to anybody, some people say we covered the land "a ka ile yi". While some people claimed that a man was living beside the Owena River named Aale, and so his village was called Aale. From the three schools of thought, we presume that the act of using a white chalk to make an inscription on the ground to mean Ikale is the most acceptable.
The Chiefs that accompanied him from Benin and those that joined him later were given districts to administer. These chiefs were called Olojas. They were given recognitions as Obas in 1979. meanwhile, Abodi gave them titles and they were responsible to him. Today, to a large extent they are autonomous in the administration of their areas. There is no time that the Ikales are nine or their rulers were nine. But the idea of Ikale mehan came during the colonial era. The reasons were best known to the colonial masters. Ajagba, Ujosun and Akotogbo were administered by Benin confederation. Two reasons were advanced for carving out the three: (i) They spoke Benin language (ii) They were too distant from Ikoya administration. One needs to say that if the colonial masters had understood the origin of the Ikales, they would not have carved out these three areas and put them under Benin Administration.

Originally, there was; Larogbo of Akotogbo; Oluhogbo of Ujosun, Ahaba of Ajagba, Laragunsin of Iyansan, Odogbo of Omi, Olofun of Irele, Halu/Lapoki of Ode-Aye, Jagun of Idepe, Obagberume of Igbodigo, Lumure of Ayeka, Orungberuwa of Erinje, Olura of Igbinsin Oloto, Rebuja of Osooro, and Onipe of Ubu.

Some of the rulers mentioned above are offsprings of other royal fathers. For example, Jagun is an offspring of Larogbo, Rebuja is an offspring of Lumure. Due to lack of contact, Onipe was lost to Ijebu area. Today, in addition to the aforementioned Obas, we have: Norogun of Ayede, Olu of Igodan, Majuwa of Morubodo Kingdom, and Orofun of Iju – Odo. Ikoya is very important in the history of Ikale development. Abodi Jabado was asked to move out and found his kingdom. Esigie gave Abodi all the paraphernalia of office. Sword (Uda) was left out. Oba Esigie was confused with whom to give; either Oba Abodi or Orogbua. Oba Esigie then called his palace chiefs to consider whom to be given the sword. The palace chiefs made two of them to contest for the "Uda". The sword was thrown up for them to catch.
In the process, Abodi gripped the handle while Orogbua held the blade. Orogbua's hand was cut and Abodi won the contest and had the "Uda". Oba Esigie told Abodi to use the sword to ward off attacks, aggressions and insults. In other words, the uda was given to Abodi to ward off enemies (ki o fi ko iya) To confirm this, Abodi is the only Oba that bears the appellation, "Ogun Olugba uda…"
Anywhere Abodi settles is called Ikoya. He settled in Atijere, Ode, Lagos, etc. It was Abodi Kugbayigbe who came to found the present Ikoya. Ikoya is a shifting settlement along with its civilization, culture, custom, ethics and norms.

In those days, there was a lot of human sacrifice. Only the relations of Abodi were spared. Strangers were used for these sacrifices. This made them move from Ikoya Kingdom because that time, to stay at Ikoya was between life and death. The Ikales because of their good administration, their neighbours feared them. There were two events when we had clashes. Alake wanted to override Onipe. Onipe called on Abodi and the force of Alake was forced to retreat. It was not directly between Alake and Ikale. It was later that Alake discovered that Abodi assisted Onipe but Abodi had already moved away from there. Ondos and Ikales fought wars though not with the entire Ikale but with some districts like Aye, Irele having boundaries with them. In each of these wars, Ikales always emerged victorious because the entire Ikale fought as a unit.

In one of the wars, the Ondo warriors were decisively rooted which led to the immediate death of the then Osemawe who could not stand the defeat (O si igba). Apart from external wars, Ikales had internal conflicts between Osooro and Idepe and Ayeka. We had no war with the Ilajes, Ijaws, and the Ijebus. The war we had with Larogbo was a very critical one in which Erinje was grossly affected which made them to hide in a place called Aluma. Apart from this, there were no serious wars like Kiriji and others. The present chieftaincy titles practiced in Ikale was brought by Abodi Tufewa when he traveled to Ile – Ife. The first set of Ijama were Ligha, Jomo, Petu, Yasere, Odunwo and Isowa, headed by Lema. They were established in all Ikale areas by the second Abodi. In most Ikale areas today, these six chiefs form the leadership of Ijama. It is not mandatory that you have all of them. In some towns, they are Egharepara. Ijama was banished in 1919 but resuscitated in 1930's because Ijama is the organ of administration. The hierarchical setup is: Oba – Ijama – Ijoye – Omaja.lkale land covered two local government in ondo state and part of Ogun waterside Local government Ogun state.
Okitipupa local government.
Irele Local government.
Ogun waterside Local government.

Foundation
Ikale is one of the several dialects spoken by the Yoruba of Nigeria.
The name also refers to the people who speak the dialect.
This subgroup is made up of fourteen communities in the southwestern part of Ondo state of Nigeria.
They share boundaries with the Ilaje, Ijo Apoi, and Ijo Arogbo to the south; Edo state to the east and Ogun state to the west. Ikale ccommunties include Ikoya-Ikale, Ode-Irele, Ode-Omi, Igbodigo, Ayeka, Idepe-Okitipupa, Ode-Aye, Erinje, Osooro and Igbinsin-Oloto, Akotogbo, Ajagba, Iyansan and Iju-Osun and also cover many towns and villages in Odigbo local government (Agbabu, Lafelepe, Okeoluwa, Sheba, Mulekangbo, Modebiayo, Lafe-lepa, Egbe, Ago-Lagaba, Ago-Lowo, Ayetedo, Ojabale, Ajebamidele, Ajebambo, koseru, Onipetesi, Imorun, Sokoto, Ayetoro, Basola, Agirifon, Ayetunmbo Ode-Ore.
These last four communities were formerly group under the so called Benin confederation by the British administration. Osooro is a conglomeration of Igbotako, Ilutitun, Iju-odo, Iju-oke, Erekiti Luwoye, Ilado, Agbetu and Omotosho townships.
The Ikale also have kindred communities in parts of Ogun state, viz; Ayede, Ayila, Arafen and Mobolorundo

While some ikale communities claim direct descent from ife, others claim Benin, or Ugbo Ilaje descent, and a few others elsewhere like Akoko land. Oral tradition confirms that there were migrations from Ife Ooye before the Benin contact of the Sixteenth century, which tend to link Ikale dynasty to Oba Esigie.  According to the history, it occurred during the Edi festival, an annual festival in Ile Ife. For seven days, he claimed, the priest would spend mats on the floor on which all necessary rites would be performed. The mats would be removed on the seventh day, making the end of the festival, when the mats are removed, elders would say ''a ka ile'' according to the history that was the day people now known as ikale migrated from Ife.
The people never settled in the same spot, when they met each other as they moved about, they exchanged greetings and asked from each other the day they left Ile-ife. In response, they said that they left Ife ''ni ojo ikale'' the day when the mats were removed from the ground. Since then, they have started calling themselves Ikale. According to history it was claimed that Ikale refers to an incident that happened during the second abodi's visit to Ile-ife. Before he left Ife, he knelt down inside a circle of chalk to receive blessings from Ooni of ife. Ikale is said to derive from the drawing of circle with the hand: Ika, on the ground: Ile.

However, the genuineness of these migration theory riddles remains to be determined. What is clear that the culture of the ikale and the edo are relatively similar. Moreover, both Ikale and Ilaje oral traditions emphasize their mutual relationship with Ife in their frequent mention of Ife in their music and in their propitiation.

Government of Okitipupa
The Government of Okitipupa is defined and authorized under the Federal Republic of Nigeria Constitution,
Government of Ondo State is in practice of some responsibility of county governments, such as the Government of Okitipupa. The Government of Okitipupa provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration, law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, public health, health care, and social services, clean environment, diversified and substainble water supplysupply, provide medical services or emergency medical services. In addition the County serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas.

Geography
Ikale occupies a large area along the southwestern part of Ondo state and, sharing land borders with Ilaje Local Government to the south; Edo state to the east  Ogun State the west; and Ondo Local Government to the north. It has an area of  and a population of 233,565 as at 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 350.

List of Oba in Okitipupa Local Government

List of Obas in Irele Local Government

List of Ikale Obas in Odigbo Local Government

Education

Colleges and university

There is only one public university within the town limits:| Ondo State University Of Science and Technology  (OSUSTECH).

There are numerous additional colleges and universities outside the town limits in the Okitipupa Local Government Area, including the Federal University of Technology(FUTA), Adeyemi College Of Education (ACE) consortium, which includes the most selective liberal arts colleges in the Nigeria, and the Adekunle Ajasin University (AAUA),

Alternative and citywide schools

Public primary schools

St. John's RCM, Okitipupa
St. Mary's RCM Okitipupa
L.A Primary School, Okitipupa
St. Joseph CAC, Okitipupa
Caring Heart Mega Primary School, Ayeka, Okitipupa
Caring Heart Mega Primary School, Ilutitun
St. Banarbas Anglican School, Ode-Erinje
Methodist Primary School, Okitipupa
St. Paul's Anglican Primary School, Okitipupa
Ebenezer UNA Primary School, Okitipupa
The Apostolic Primary School, Okitipupa
Methodist Primary School, Idepe Okitipupa
St. Edward's RCM Idepe Okitipupa
St. Mary's C/S Primary School, Okitipupa
St. Dominic's Mega Ayeka Igbidigo
St. Raphael's C/S Oke-Igbala
Methodist Primary School, Araromi Ayeka
Methodist Primary School, Igodan Lisa
St. Patrick's RCM, Okunmo
Methodist Primary School, Ode-Erinje
St. Joseph RCM, Ode-Erinje
C.P.S Ode-Igbodigo
Ansarul Islam Primary School, Okitipupa
L.A. Primary School, Farm Settlement
Army Children School I, Okitipupa
Baptist Day School, Okitipupa
L.A Practising School, Ode-Aye
C. P.S Orokin Aye
St. Christopher Anglican, School, Ode-Aye
St. Gregory RCM Ode-Aye
C.A.C Primary School, Ode-Aye
Baptist Day School, Ode-Aye
Methodist Primary School, Ode-Aye
St. Mathias RCM, Ode-Aye
Methodist Primary School, Okerisa, Aye
L.A. Primary School Igboluwoye Aye
L.A. Primary School, Igbo-Odofin
C.P.S Agbaje, Aye
L.A. Primary School, Moboro Aye
L. A. Primary School, Ikoya
St. Joseph's RCM Ikoya
St. Paul's Anglican School, Ikoya
Methodist Primary School, Abusoro Idepe
L.A Primary School, Igedege
Methodist Primary School, Igorisa-Aye
Army Children School II, Okitipupa
L.A. Primary School, Ilutitun
Ebenezer Anglican School, Ilutitun
St. Paul's C/S Primary School, Ilutitun
St. Peter's Primary School, Ilutitun
St. Augustine's RCM, School, Ilutitun
Methodist Primary School, Ilutitun
C/S Zion Primary School, Ilutitun
Baptist Day School, Igbotako
St. Mathew's Anglican School, Oloto
St. Benedict RCM Igbisin
C.P.S Oagunte, Ikoya
C. P. S Eleron, Ilutitun
ST. John's Anglican, Igbotako
St. Pius RCM Igbotako
Methodist Primary School, Igbotako
Baptist Day School, Igbotako
St. Stephen's Anglican, Igbotako
St. Paul's Anglican Erekiti-Luwoye
L.A Primary School, Ilu-Odo
St. Paul's Anglican School, Ilu-Odo
St. Mathew's Anglican School, Ilu-Oke Market
L.A. Primary School, Sogbon, Igbotako
L. A. Primary School, Ilado-Market
St. Paul's Anglican School, Ilado, Olowosusi
St. Columcille's R.C.M Irowa
St. Benedict's R.C.M Iwada
L.A. Primary School, Agbetu
St. Andrew's Anglican School, Abusoro, Igbotako
St. Andrew's R.C.M Ijuoke, Market
L.A. Primary School, Erekiti, Jomo
L.A. Primary School, Idiobilayo
L.A. Pry School Ajewole Igbotako
St. Anthony's R.C.M, Omotoso
L.A. Primary School, Akinfosile Junction
C.P.S Mobolorunduro
C.P.S Wakajaye, Idera
C.P.S Ayetoro I
C. P. S Primary School, Adewinle
C.P.S Ayetoro II
L.A. Primary School, Okegbe
C. P. S Idogun Omowole
Gudu Primary School, Igbodigo
St. Ezekiel C/S Primary School, Okititpupa
St. Andrew's R.C.M Ijuoke, Market

Public secondary schools

Idepe High School, Idepe-Okitipupa
Igodan Lisa/Okunmo High School, Igodan Lisa
Manuwa Memorial Grammar School, Iju-Odo
Moribodo College, Ilutitun-Osooro *Comprehensive High School, Ilutitun Osooro
Methodist High School,Okitipupa
Ofedepe Comprehensive High School, okitipupa
Stella Maris College, okitipupa
Community High School, Erekiti-Luwoye
Community Grammar school,Igbotako
Ayeka Igbodigo High School, igbodigo
Erinje Grammar School, Ode-Erinje
Ikoya Grammar School, Ikoya
Lubokun Comprehensive High School, Igbotako
Moribodo College, Ilutitun-Osooro
Omotoso Community Grammar School, Omotoso
Ogundubuja High School, Okitipupa
Community High School, Mobolorunduro-Okitipupa
Ikale High School, Igbisin-Oloto
Danike High School, Ode-Aye
Comprehensive High School, Ode-Aye
Unity Secondary School,Ode-Aye
Layelu High School, Ode-Aye         *Baptist Grammar School, Ode-Aye

Private secondary schools

Ultimate International High School, Ode-Aye
Victory High School, Ilutitun, Osooro
Deal Prospects High School, Okitipupa
Success Secondary School, Okitipupa
Trinity College, Olorintedo
Saint Josiah's College, Okitipupa
Christ Unity High School, Ode-Aye, Okitipupa
Emmanuel Royal College, Okitipupa
Esther-Kawe Secondary School, Okitipupa
Wisdom Assembly College, Ode-Ayeka
Atoyebi Memorial Secondary School, Wakajaye, Okitipupa
Ibukun olu C.A.C secondary school, okitipua
Corner Stone Girls' College, Okitipupa
Mercuri Model Secondary School, Ikoya
Sarah International College, Okitipupa
Holy Trinity College, Okitipupa
St,william secondary school,okitipupa
Optimum victory college, okitipupa
Elisiry International High School, Okitipupa
Goshenland Academy School, Okitipupa
Compendium Academy,Okitipupa
Yalamatrix School, Igbodigo, Okitipupa

Military Base
 Okitipupa is home to the 19th Battalion Naquora Barracks.

Ikale Divisions

IKALE KINGDOM
Akinfosile
Ayeka
Okunmo
Ayetedo Aye
Ayede
Ayila
Agbetu
Araromi Ayeka
Abusoro Idepe
Abusoro
Agbaje Aye
Agbabu Aye
Agric
Batedo Aye
Ode-Erinje
Erekiti
Ikoya-Ikale
Igodan-Lisa
Igbotako
Igbodigo
Iwada
Irowa
Ilu-Titun
Igodan
Igorisa-Aye
Iju-Oke
Igboluwoye-Aye
Igbo-Odofin
Ilado
Iju-Odo
Igbinsin
Idera
Idiobilayo
umoboro Aye
umobi Aye
Epewi Aye
oke-Idebi village
Luwoye
Igedege
Idogun Omowole
Jeremiah
Okitipupa (Rural)
Ode-Idepe
Omotoso
Oke-Igbala
Ode-Aye
Olowosusi
Orokin Aye
Olorintedo
Igbo Odofin Aye
Oloto
Ominla
Mobolorunduro
Wakajaye

Notable people
 Akintunde Aduwo, former Governor, Western Region and navy vice admiral
 Olusegun Agagu, former Governor of Ondo State
 Jimoh Ibrahim, lawyer and business man

References

Local Government Areas in Ondo State
Towns in Yorubaland

Okitipupa


The Bishop of Penrydd (originally spelled Penreth) was a suffragan see in the Church of England (then covering England and Wales) named in the Suffragan Bishops Act 1534.

Only one bishop was appointed by Robert Holgate, Bishop of Llandaff from 1537 until 1539. The holder John Bird went on to be Bishop of Bangor and then Chester.

An Inventory of Ancient Monuments explains how the establishment of the see may have come about.

Penrydd was subsequently (until 1974) a parish in Cilgerran Hundred.

References

Sources
Richard Copsey, 'Bird, John (d. 1558)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008 accessed 12 August 2008

Penrydd, Bishop of

Bishop of Penrydd


Stavangerflint AS was an earthenware factory  that was in operation from 1949 until 1979 in Stavanger, Norway.

Company history
Production of pottery tableware for households and for the professional market started in 1949 under the name of Stavanger Fajansefabrikk A/S .  The initiators, Trygve Brekke (1908–1994) and Trygve Pedersen (1887-1969) took as their starting point the market conditions and needs resulting from inter-war imports of ceramic tableware, the war and post-war shortage of goods, and expectations for a growing domestic demand as the country gradually recovered, and as retail purchasing power grew. Stavanger Fajansefabrikk aimed from the start for a clay mixture and manufacturing process which was to be marketed as Stavangerflint, based on a recipe developed by Josiah Wedgwood in England around 1750. This was a marketable name which had the aim of presenting the factory's products as strong and durable earthenware.

On 16 April 1952 Stavanger Fajansefabrikk A.S. changed its name to Stavangerflint AS.  By adding the word flint to the company name, the quality angle of the products would be enhanced. In 1968 Stavangerflint AS merged with its competitor Figgjo Fajanse AS. Stavangerflint continued as a branch of Figgjo Fajanse - Stavangerflint AS.
Thirty years after Stavangerflint had started production and quickly developed into a showcase manufacturing plant, it was closed down.  In 1979 the properties in Stavanger were sold.  All production was transferred to Figgjo and the business changed its name from Figgjo Fajanse – Stavangerflint A/S to Figgjo AS.

Management and Artistic Directors

During its 19 years as an independent company, Stavangerflint had three artistic directors: Thorbjørn Feyling (1949-1955), Eystein Sandnes (1955-1957) and Kåre Berven Fjeldsaa (1958-1968). In 1963 Sigurd Jensen (1919-2000) succeeded Trygve Brekke as managing director. Sigurd Jensen had been Commercial Director and second in command at Stavangerflint from the start. Jensen was to play an important role as the driving force in the processes which led to the amalgamation of Stavangerflint AS and Figgjo Fajanse AS. The new company continued production at the old premises as two branches and the goods had their old markings which were identical to the original factory names.

Artists
An important source for information about what was produced in the potteries in Rogaland is the Internet auction sites and shops which sell the factories' goods.  Signed works by Turi Gramstad Oliver, Kari Nyquist, Gro Pedersen Claussen, Anne Lofthus and Inger Waage are among those who have created great interest among collectors, both national and international.  Because many of the products were exported, they are collectables found on international Net auction sites.

References

Other sources
Jostein Berglyd: Alt har sin tid. Trygve Brekke ser tilbake. Private print, Stavanger 1993.
Jan Gjerde: Fra Kvaleberg til cyberspace. Glimt fra Stavangerflints historie. With summary in English. .
Ulf E. Rosenberg (editor): Figgjo, Formet av entusiasme gjennom 60 år - 1941 - 2001. Private print by Figgjo AS 2001.

External links
Stavangerflint homepage
Inger Waage homepage

Ceramics manufacturers of Norway
Manufacturing companies of Norway
Companies based in Stavanger
Manufacturing companies established in 1949
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1979
Defunct companies of Norway
Design companies established in 1949
Design companies disestablished in 1979
Norwegian companies established in 1949
1979 disestablishments in Norway

Stavangerflint


Karen Ritscher is an American violist and academic.

She is on the faculties of the Manhattan School of Music, New York University and Boston University. She has performed and taught in the United States, Asia and Europe. She is a certified 5Rhythms® Movement teacher, she has led workshops and clinics, often combining the exploration of movement with the art of self-expression as a musician.

Ritscher served as the Principal Violist for both the Dallas Opera and the Houston Grand Opera and the Assistant Principal for the American Composers Orchestra. She has performed with the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra, the Houston Symphony, New York City Ballet Orchestra and the New York City Opera Orchestra. She has been a member of the Aureus Piano Quartet the Azure Ensemble as well as playing in many other chamber music ensembles and festivals. She has commissioned and performed  new works by composers such as by Chen Yi, Bruce Adolphe and Gabriela Lena Frank.

Ritscher has served on the faculties of Rice University, the Mannes College of Music, Oberlin Conservatory and the Eastman School of Music. She has served on the faculty of the Karen Tuttle Coordination Workshop since its inception. She was the string consultant for Madeline Bruser's book, "The Art of Practicing; A Guide to Making Music from the Heart."

References

American classical violists
American women violists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Manhattan School of Music faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)

Karen Ritscher


White Light/Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is an HBO documentary film directed and produced by Steven Okazaki. It was released on August 6, 2007, on HBO, marking the 62nd anniversary of the first atomic bombing. The film features interviews with fourteen Japanese survivors and four Americans involved in the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Interviews

Japanese survivors

In preparation for the film, Okazaki met with more than 500 Japanese survivors of the bombings and collected over 100 interviews before settling on the fourteen subjects featured in the film. They were, in order of appearance, including age at the time of the bombings:
Shigeko Sasamori, 13 years old. Sasamori came to the United States in 1955 to undergo reconstructive plastic surgery as part of a group of women called the Hiroshima Maidens.
Keiji Nakazawa, 6 years old. Nakazawa lost most of his family in the bombing and later recounted his story in the Barefoot Gen manga series and the follow-up story, an autobiography, I Saw It.
Yasuyo Tanaka and Chiemi Oka, 9 and 10 years old. Tanaka and Oka were the only survivors among 20 children housed at a Catholic orphanage in Nagasaki.
Sakue Shimohira, 10 years old. Shimohira survived along with her sister, but lost her mother and brother to the bombing. Her sister later committed suicide.
Kyoko Imori, 11 years old. Imori and her friend were the only survivors out of 620 students attending a Hiroshima school, although her friend died a week later from radiation poisoning.
Katsuji Yoshida, 13 years old. Yoshida incurred several injuries in the blast, including the right side of his face, which was disfigured by a severe burn.
Sunao Tsuboi, 20 years old. At the time of the bombing, Tsuboi majored in science at a Hiroshima University.
Shuntaro Hida, 28 years old. Military doctor who treated Hiroshima survivors after the bombing.
Satoru Fukahori, 11 years old. Orphaned
Pan Yeon Kim, 8 years old. Prior to the bombing her family immigrated to Japan from Korea to escape starvation.
Etsuko Nagano, 16 years old. Nagano lost her brother and sister to the bombing.
Senji Yamaguchi, 14 years old. During his lengthy hospitalization Yamaguchi started a survivors' group to petition the Japanese government to provide medical care to victims of the bombings.
Sumiteru Taniguchi, 16 years old. Taniguchi was a mail carrier and incurred heavy burns during the blast.

American personnel
Okazaki also interviewed four Americans for the film. Morris R. Jeppson, weapons test officer, and Theodore "Dutch" Van Kirk, navigator, were on board the Enola Gay during the bombing missions. Harold Agnew joined them as a scientific observer during the Hiroshima mission. Lawrence Johnston was a scientist at Los Alamos who claims to be the only person to have witnessed the Trinity test as well as the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Recognition
White Light/Black Rain was named by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as one of 15 films considered for nomination as the Best Documentary Feature for the 80th Academy Awards. It was not included among the five nominees. The film was also a nominee for the Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award at the 2008 Producers Guild Awards and the Grand Jury Prize at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. It did win the 2008 "Exceptional Merit in Nonfiction Filmmaking" Primetime Emmy Award.

See also
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission
Hibakusha
Hiroshima Peace Memorial
Hiroshima (BBC documentary)

References

External links

Official Site

2007 films
2007 in the environment
American documentary films
Films about Japanese Americans
World War II television documentaries
Documentary films about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Television shows about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Films directed by Steven Okazaki
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Primetime Emmy Award-winning broadcasts
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Metalearning is a neuroscientific term proposed by Kenji Doya, as a theory for how neurotransmitters facilitate distributed learning mechanisms in the Basal Ganglia. The theory primarily involves the role of neurotransmitters in dynamically adjusting the way computational learning algorithms interact to produce the kinds of robust learning behaviour currently unique to biological life forms. 'Metalearning' has previously been applied to the fields of Social Psychology and Computer Science but in this context exists as an entirely new concept.

The theory of Metalearning builds off earlier work by Doya into the learning algorithms of Supervised learning, Reinforcement learning and Unsupervised learning in the Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Cerebral Cortex respectively. The theory emerged from efforts to unify the dynamic selection process for these three learning algorithms to a regulatory mechanism reducible to individual neurotransmitters.

Roles of Neuromodulators

Dopamine
Dopamine is proposed to act as a "global learning" signal, critical to prediction of rewards and action reinforcement. In this way, dopamine is involved in a learning algorithm in which Actor, Environment and Critic are bound in a dynamic interplay that ultimately seeks to maximise the sum of future rewards by producing an optimal action selection policy. In this context, Critic and Actor are characterised as independent network edges that also form a single Complex Agent. This Agent collectively influences the information state of the Environment, which is fed back to the Agent for future computations. Through a separate pathway, Environment is also fed back to Critic in the form of the reward gained through the given action, meaning an equilibrium can be reached between the predicted reward of given policy for a given state, and the evolving prospect of future rewards.

Serotonin
Serotonin is proposed to control the balance between short and long term reward prediction, essentially by variably "discounting" expected future reward sums that may require too much expenditure to achieve. In this way, serotonin may facilitate the expectation of reward at a quasi-emotional level, and thus either encourage or discourage persistence in reward-seeking behaviour depending on the demand of the task, and the duration of persistence required. As global reward prediction would theoretically result from Serotonin modulated computations reaching a steady state with the computations similarly modulated by Dopamine; high serotonergic signalling may override the computations of Dopamine and produce a divergent paradigm of reward not mathematically viable through the dopamine modulated computations alone.

Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine is proposed to facilitate "wide exploration" by stochastic action selection. The choice between focusing on known, effective strategies or selecting new, experimental ones is known in probability theory as the Exploration-Exploitation Problem. An interplay between situational urgency, and the effectiveness of known strategies thus influences the dilemma between reliable selection for the largest predicted reward, and exploratory selection outside known parameters. Since neuronal firing cascades (such as those required to perfectly swing a golf club) are by definition unstable and prone to variation; Norepinephrine thus selects for the most reliable known execution pattern at higher levels, and allows for more random and unreliable selection at low levels with the purpose of potentially discovering more efficient strategies in the process.

Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine is proposed to facilitate the balance between memory storage and memory renewal, finding an optimal balance between stability and effectiveness of learning algorithms for the specific environmental task. Acetylcholine thus modulates plasticity in the Hippocampus, Cerebral Cortex and Striatum to facilitate ideal learning conditions in the brain. High levels of Acetylcholine would thus allow for very rapid learning and remodelling of synaptic connections, with the consequence that existing learning may become undone. Likewise, the learning of states that takes place over an extended temporal resolution may be overridden before it reaches a functional level, and thus learning may occur too quickly to actually be performed efficiently. At lower levels of Norepinephrine, plastic changes are proposed to occur much more slowly, potentially being protective against unhelpful learning conditions or allowing for information changes to embody a much broader temporal resolution.

Metalearning
Central to the idea of Metalearning is that global learning can be modelled as function of efficient selection of these four neuromodulators. While no mechanistic model is put forward for where Metalearning ultimately exists in the hierarchy of agency, the model has thus far demonstrated the dynamics necessary to infer the existence of such an agent in biological learning as a whole. While computational models and information systems are still far away from approaching the complexity of human learning; Metalearning provides a promising path forwards for the future evolution of such systems as they increasingly approach the complexity of the biological world.

Potential Applications
The investigation of Metalearning as a neuroscientific concept has potential benefits to both the understanding and treatment of Psychiatric Disease, as well as bridging the gaps between Neural Networks, Computer Science and Machine Learning.

References

External links
Neural Computation Unit at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology
Neural Computation Project at the ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group

Computational neuroscience

Metalearning (neuroscience)


Douglas Albert Munro (October 11, 1919 – September 27, 1942) was a United States Coast Guardsman who was posthumously decorated with the Medal of Honor for an act of "extraordinary heroism" during World War II. He is the only person to have received the medal for actions performed during service in the Coast Guard.

Munro was born in Canada to an American father and a British mother, and his family moved to the United States when he was a child. He was raised in South Cle Elum, Washington, and attended Central Washington College of Education before volunteering for military service shortly before the United States entered World War II. Munro and his shipmate Raymond Evans were known as the Gold Dust Twins, so-called because they were inseparable.

During the Guadalcanal Campaign, Munro was assigned to Naval Operating Base Cactus at Lunga Point, where small boat operations were coordinated. At the Second Battle of the Matanikau in September 1942, he led the extrication of a force of Marines whose position had been overrun by Japanese forces. He died of a gunshot wound at age 22 while using the Higgins boat that he was piloting to shield a landing craft filled with Marines from Japanese fire.

Several ships, buildings, and monuments have been dedicated to Munro, and a street in his hometown is named after him. The anniversary of his death is annually observed in Cle Elum and at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May. His grave has been designated a historical site by Washington state. He is the namesake of the Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building, Munro Hall at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, the "Douglas Munro March", the Navy League's Douglas A. Munro Award, the Coast Guard Foundation's Douglas Munro Scholarship Fund, and the Veterans of Foreign Wars' Douglas Munro–Robert H. Brooks Post. He is the only non-Marine to have his name enshrined on the Wall of Heroes of the National Museum of the Marine Corps.

His Medal of Honor Citation reads, "For extraordinary heroism and conspicuous gallantry in action above and beyond the call of duty as petty officer in charge of a group of 24 Higgins boats, engaged in the evacuation of a battalion of marines trapped by enemy Japanese forces at Point Cruz, Guadalcanal on 27 September 1942. After making preliminary plans for the evacuation of nearly 500 beleaguered marines, Munro, under constant strafing by enemy machine guns on the island, and at great risk of his life, daringly led five of his small craft toward the shore. As he closed the beach, he signaled the others to land, and then in order to draw the enemy's fire and protect the heavily loaded boats, he valiantly placed his craft with its two small guns as a shield between the beachhead and the Japanese. When the perilous task of evacuation was nearly completed, Munro was instantly killed by enemy fire, but his crew, two of whom were wounded, carried on until the last boat had loaded and cleared the beach. By his outstanding leadership, expert planning, and dauntless devotion to duty, he and his courageous comrades undoubtedly saved the lives of many who otherwise would have perished. He gallantly gave his life for his country."

Early life and education

Family
Munro's father, James Munro (1891–1962), was born in Sacramento, California as James Wilkins. By age eight he had moved to Canada; his divorced mother remarried a Canadian citizen whose surname he took. Munro's mother, Edith Fairey (1895–1983), was born in Liverpool, England, and—in childhood—relocated with her family to Canada. James Munro and Fairey married in 1914 at Vancouver's Christ Church Cathedral; under U.S. naturalization laws at the time, Fairey automatically assumed American citizenship upon her marriage to Munro.

Youth, schooling, and enlistment

Douglas Albert Munro was born on October 11, 1919, in Vancouver, British Columbia. His father repatriated his family from Canada to the United States in 1922, settling in South Cle Elum, Washington, where he was employed as an electrician. Munro was baptized at the Holy Nativity Episcopal Church in South Cle Elum.

In his youth Munro showed a high level of musical aptitude, mastering percussion, trumpet, and harmonica. He performed in a drum and bugle corps sponsored by the American Legion, the Sons of the American Legion Drum and Bugle Corps, eventually becoming the corps' drillmaster. Munro was also a member of Cle Elum's Boy Scout Troop 84. He attended Cle Elum High School, where he was a member of the school's wrestling team. Following his 1937 high school graduation, Munro enrolled in the Central Washington College of Education due to its proximity to Cle Elum, so that he could continue performing in the Sons of the American Legion. Munro was a yell king (a male cheerleader) at Central Washington.

In 1939, with the threat of war growing, Munro decided to withdraw from college and enlist in the military. He reportedly told his sister he had chosen the Coast Guard because its primary mission was saving lives. Slightly built, Munro spent the week before his induction eating heavily to meet the Coast Guard's minimum weight standard. He spent most of his last night in Cle Elum with his friend Marion "Mike" Cooley, with whom, according to Munro's biographer, Gary Williams, he had been "almost inseparable" since childhood.

Munro underwent entrance processing in Seattle, where he met and became friends with Ray Evans. Munro would spend the rest of his Coast Guard career with Evans, and the pair became known to shipmates as "the Gold Dust Twins".

Career

Munro and Evans underwent recruit training at Coast Guard Air Station Port Angeles. They were then assigned to the Treasury-class cutter USCGC Spencer, serving aboard the vessel until 1941. During the course of his military service, Munro received consistently high marks on his performance evaluations and—according to Evans—expressed a desire to become a career Coast Guardsman.

Guadalcanal campaign
In mid-1941, with tension with Japan on the rise, the U.S. government began emergency mobilization, and transferred the Coast Guard from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of the Navy. Munro and Evans volunteered for reassignment to the attack transport USS Hunter Liggett, which was being outfitted and manned by the Coast Guard as part of preparations for War Plan Orange.

By mid-1942, Hunter Liggett had been assigned to Transport Division 17, tasked with supporting the Guadalcanal Campaign. In preparation for the planned amphibious operations, Navy personnel began training as small boat handlers under Coast Guard tutelage; owing to the shortage of coxswains, Munro and Evans volunteered to join the training. Prior to the initial landings at the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo, Munro was posted to Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner's staff aboard USS McCawley. Cross-trained as both a coxswain and a signalman, he was ordered to ferry troops to shore during the third attack wave, then beach his boat and attach himself to a U.S. Marine unit to help manage ship-to-shore communication.

Following the Allied victory at Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo, Munro and Evans were among Coast Guard and Navy personnel who staffed Naval Operating Base (NOB) Cactus at Lunga Point on the northern coast of Guadalcanal. NOB Cactus served as a communication hub between land forces and offshore vessels. Established on August 9 by Coast Guard Commander Dwight Dexter, NOB Cactus is the only known instance of a naval operating base primarily led by Coast Guard personnel. Munro volunteered for assignment at Lunga Point; Dexter was his favorite officer.

According to U.S. Marine Master Sergeant James Hurlbut, Munro and Evans lived at the base in an approximately  hut "they had made from packing boxes and scrap material", which he also described as "quite a swank establishment for Guadalcanal".

On September 20, 1942, Munro volunteered to lead a small boat search-and-rescue mission seeking to recover the crew of a Navy airplane that had been forced down off Savo Island. During the operation, Munro's craft came under intense fire from Japanese shore positions, though he was able to maneuver the boat back to base with only minor injuries to his crew. The downed aircrew was ultimately found and rescued by a flying boat.

On September 27, Lt. Colonel Chesty Puller ordered three companies of Marines to attack the flank of Japanese positions on the west side of the Matanikau River. Munro was placed in charge of two landing craft tank (LCT) and eight Higgins boats tasked with transporting the Marines to their landing points. Preceded by a beach-clearing ship-to-shore bombardment from the destroyer , the amphibious force landed and began moving inland towards its objective. Meanwhile, Munro withdrew his boats to Lunga Point as ordered, carrying with him injured sailors and Marines, among them Navy coxswain Samuel B. Roberts, who had been mortally wounded while using his landing craft to draw Japanese fire away from the Marines.

The U.S. Marine Corps landing force came under attack in a Japanese counteroffensive and quickly found itself encircled on a hill. With the Marines in danger of being overrun, Monssen opened fire on the Japanese positions with her  caliber guns, managing to clear a narrow corridor to the beach. Using Monssens signal lamp, Puller ordered the Marines to fight their way to the shore.

At Lunga Point, the landing craft were instructed to return and extract the besieged Marines. Commander Dexter asked Munro and Evans if they would take charge of the mission, to which Munro answered, "Hell yes!" As the boats under Munro's charge approached the recovery points, they came under heavy fire from the Japanese at a ridge abandoned by the Marines. Munro used a .30 caliber machine gun aboard his landing craft to direct suppressing fire against the enemy positions as the other boats recovered the Marines. With Japanese troops moving against the beach, Munro piloted his boat closer to shore to act as a shield. Though the initial extraction was successful, one of the LCTs became grounded on a sandbar. Munro directed the other LCT to help extricate the grounded vessel as he maneuvered his own boat to shield the Marines from Japanese fire from the shore. Munro was shot in the base of his skull and lost consciousness.

The LCT was ultimately freed and the boats resumed their withdrawal. When out of range of Japanese forces, Munro briefly regained consciousness before succumbing to his wounds. According to Evans, his dying words were, "Did they get off?" Evans said later that "... seeing my affirmative nod, he smiled with that smile I knew and liked so well, and then he was gone".

Burial and decoration

Munro was buried on September 28, 1942, the day after his death, on Guadalcanal. In a letter to James Munro, Hurlbut described Munro's grave as being marked by a wooden cross constructed by Evans.

According to Munro's biographer, Williams, the public details of Munro's actions were first chronicled in The Seattle Times on October 15, 1942, though initial reports did not reveal Munro had been killed in action. Four days later, Coast Guard officers arrived at the home of Munro's parents in South Cle Elum to inform them of his death. A memorial service was held on November 1 at the Holy Nativity Episcopal Church in South Cle Elum. The Washington State Guard and American Legion volunteers provided sentries and a cordon of honor outside the church.

Colonel Puller, the Marine officer who had ordered the attack in which Munro perished, nominated the Coast Guardsman for the Medal of Honor, the highest U.S. personal military decoration. The nomination was endorsed by Admiral William Halsey Jr., and President Franklin Roosevelt approved the decoration on or about May 1, 1943. The medal was presented to Munro's parents on May 24 by Roosevelt in a White House ceremony. The citation reads:

For extraordinary heroism and conspicuous gallantry in action above and beyond the call of duty as Officer-in-Charge of a group of Higgins boats, engaged in the evacuation of a Battalion of Marines trapped by enemy Japanese forces at Point Cruz, Guadalcanal, on September 27, 1942. After making preliminary plans for the evacuation of nearly 500 beleaguered Marines, Munro, under constant risk of his life, daringly led five of his small craft toward the shore. As he closed the beach, he signaled the others to land, and then in order to draw the enemy's fire and protect the heavily loaded boats, he valiantly placed his craft with its two small guns as a shield between the beachhead and the Japanese. When the perilous task of evacuation was nearly completed, Munro was killed by enemy fire, but his crew, two of whom were wounded, carried on until the last boat had loaded and cleared the beach. By his outstanding leadership, expert planning, and dauntless devotion to duty, he and his courageous comrades undoubtedly saved the lives of many who otherwise would have perished. He gallantly gave up his life in defense of his country.

To date, Munro is the only member of the U.S. Coast Guard to have received the Medal of Honor.

Munro's remains were recovered from Guadalcanal in 1947 and were reinterred at Laurel Hill Memorial Park in Cle Elum in 1948, his family having declined a full military burial at the Arlington National Cemetery. In 1954, the City of Cle Elum expanded Munro's gravesite with the installation of two decommissioned Mk22 naval deck guns to either side of the tombstone. Munro's parents were later buried on either side of their son's grave at Laurel Hill. The entire site has since been added to the Washington Heritage Register as the Douglas Munro Burial Site.

Personal life
Munro had a sister, Patricia, who attempted to enlist in the Coast Guard Women's Reserve following her brother's death but was rejected as she was underweight. Patricia's son, Douglas Sheehan, was named after her brother and joined the Coast Guard Reserve, retiring at the rank of commander.

At the time of Munro's death, according to a shipmate, he had a girlfriend. Munro also had a maternal cousin serving in the Royal Canadian Navy who was among those killed in the sinking of HMCS Guysborough when she was torpedoed by U-868 in 1945.

Legacy

Monuments and memorials

Three United States warships have been named after Munro: the destroyer escort , and the cutters  and . As of 2018, USCGC Munro (WMSL-755) is in active Coast Guard service. It was commissioned in 2017 with Julie Sheehan—Munro's great-niece—serving as the ship's sponsor.

Three Coast Guard facilities are named in honor of Munro: Munro Hall at the United States Coast Guard Academy, Munro Hall at United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May, and the Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building in Washington, D.C. The Munro headquarters building was named by an act of Congress and opened in 2013. The act to designate the Coast Guard headquarters in tribute to Munro was introduced by Eleanor Holmes Norton, the Delegate of the District of Columbia to the United States, and co-sponsored by United States Congressmen Duncan Hunter, John Garamendi, and Lou Barletta.

Several monuments have also been erected to Munro, including a bronze statue at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May (Douglas Munro by Carey Boone Nelson), a larger-than-life bust at the Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters (Douglas Munro by John Tuomisto-Bell and Tyson Snow), a black marble pillar etched with Munro's visage at the Coast Guard Academy, a memorial marker at the Point Cruz Yacht Club in Honiara in the Solomon Islands, and a monument in Crystal River, Florida. In 2006, Munro was added to the Wall of Heroes of the National Museum of the Marine Corps, becoming the only non-Marine represented on it.

In Cle Elum, Washington, Munro is commemorated by Douglas Munro Boulevard.

Observances
At Coast Guard Training Center Cape May, recruit classes are annually assembled at the statue Douglas Munro on the anniversary of Munro's death, during which three-volleys are fired.

July 24, 2009 was declared Douglas Munro Memorial Day in the State of Washington by Governor Christine Gregoire.

Cooley flagpole at the Douglas Munro Burial Site
For several decades, Munro's boyhood friend Mike Cooley raised and lowered the United States flag at Munro's gravesite, daily walking three miles from his home to the cemetery. According to Cooley's daughter, for over 30 years he never missed a day, even when he was ill with pneumonia. Upon his death in 1999, a lighted flagpole dedicated to Cooley was installed to allow the U.S. colors to be displayed continuously at Munro's grave without the need to be lowered at dusk. Cooley was cremated and his ashes interred at the Douglas Munro Burial Site with the remains of the Munro family.

Since the dedication of the new flagpole, an annual military ceremony has been held at the gravesite on the anniversary of Munro's death. The 75th anniversary ceremony, held in 2017, was attended by Commandant of the Coast Guard Admiral Paul Zukunft.

Other

In 1989 the Coast Guard commissioned the painting Douglas A. Munro Covers the Withdrawal of the 7th Marines at Guadalcanal from Bernard D'Andrea.

The Veterans of Foreign Wars post in Cle Elum is named the Douglas Munro-Robert H. Brooks VFW Post 1373, and the Anacostia chapter of the Surface Navy Association is officially named the Douglas Munro Chapter. The Douglas A. Munro Award, established in 1971 and sponsored by the Navy League of the United States, is annually presented to an enlisted Coast Guardsman "who has demonstrated outstanding leadership and professional competence to the extent of their rank and rate". The "Douglas Munro March", composed by Lewis J. Buckley, was debuted by the United States Coast Guard Band on September 26, 1982, at Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. In 2014, the Coast Guard Foundation established the Douglas Munro Scholarship Fund. University scholarships from the fund are awarded to the children of U.S. Coast Guard personnel.

Several members of Munro's extended family have been named Douglas as a familial tribute to Munro. The former Washington Secretary of State, Ralph Munro, who is not related to Douglas Munro, has said he frequently visits Munro's grave for personal reflection.

Ratings

Decorations
As well as the Medal of Honor, Munro was awarded the Purple Heart, the Coast Guard Good Conduct Medal, the American Defense Service Medal, the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (with one battle star), and the World War II Victory Medal.

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

Notes

References

External links

1919 births
1942 deaths
Munro, Douglas A.
United States Coast Guard non-commissioned officers
United States Coast Guard Medal of Honor recipients
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Canadian-born Medal of Honor recipients
Guadalcanal Campaign
United States Coast Guard personnel killed in World War II
Military personnel from Washington (state)
Central Washington University alumni
Canadian emigrants to the United States
People from Cle Elum, Washington
People from Vancouver
American people of English descent
Canadian people of American descent
Canadian people of English descent
20th-century American Episcopalians

Douglas Albert Munro


James Matthews (born 24 May 1929) is a South African poet, writer and publisher. During the Apartheid era his poetry was banned, and Matthews was detained by the government in 1976 and for 13 years was denied a passport.

Biography
James David Matthews was born to working-class parents in District Six, Cape Town, on 29 May 1929. He attended Prestwich Primary School and then went on to Trafalgar High School in Cape Town. He has said:
"I grew up in a household where there were no shelves filled with books. My father was illiterate and my mother read Oracle and Miracle, two thin paperbacks from the United Kingdom which could hardly be considered as literature....

I was almost 14 and in standard eight (grade 10) when we were asked to write a composition. It is now termed creative writing. I will never forget the name of our English teacher – Miss Meredith. She announced to the class that I had written a short story and not a composition. She marked it 21, one mark above the accepted 20 and informed the class that I was a writer.

My introduction to a library was one of wonderment. I was a messenger at the Cape Times and a reporter asked me to take her books to the library. I was confronted by row upon row of stalls stacked with books. My eyes travelled along the lines of names and titles. None of them were known to me. My reading at that stage was limited to James Hadley Chase. Tentatively I asked the reporter if I could take out a book for myself when I returned her books the following time. She agreed and a new world opened to me because public libraries were then exclusively for the benefit of whites....

After leaving school, Matthews had a number of jobs, including as newspaper boy, office messenger, clerk and telephonist; then following the publication of his first writings in 1946, when he was aged 17, he found work as a journalist, over the years contributing to various national publications such as the Golden City Post, The Cape Times, and Drum, as well as the independent community newspaper The Muslim News.

Matthews through his poetry became "a leading articulator of the Black Consciousness philosophy". In 1972 his first collection, Cry Rage (co-authored with Gladys Thomas), was published. It was banned by the apartheid regime — the first poetry collection to be thus targeted — as would also happen to most of his later works. Matthews was detained by the government in 1976, and was denied a passport for 13 years.

He established the first black-founded art gallery in South Africa (Gallery Afrique) in 1972, and the first black-owned publishing house, BLAC (standing for Black Literature Arts and Culture), 1974–91, which closed as a result of constant government harassment. In 2000, he founded the publishing house Realities.

In 1984, Matthews visited the campus of the University of Iowa and met with students there who, so profoundly influenced by his descriptions of the horrors of the Apartheid regime, would go on to organize thousands of students to occupy the main administration building at Iowa and ultimately convince University authorities to sell off all portfolio investments in companies that were doing business in South Africa.

He is a founding member and the patron of the Congress of South African Writers since its inception in 1987.

Honours and recognition

Awards that Matthews has received include the Woza Afrika Award (1978), Kwaza Honours List – Black Arts Celebration, Chicago (1979), and the Freeman of the towns of Lehrte and Nienburg, Germany (1982).

He was the recipient of a national honour, the Order of Ikhamanga (Silver), in December 2004, for "His excellent achievements in literature, contributing to journalism and his inspirational commitment to the struggle for a non-racial South Africa."

On 11 March 2013, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of the Western Cape. Rhodes University in Grahamstown also awarded him an honorary doctorate, on 31 March 2016.

Film
In 2014, Shelley Barry's documentary Diaries of A Dissident Poet, a film profiling James Matthews, premiered at the Encounters Film Festival in South Africa.

Awards
 Woza Afrika Award (1978)
 Kwaza Honours List — Black Arts Celebration, Chicago, U.S.A. (1979)
 Freeman of Lehrte and Nienburg, Germany (1982)
 National Order of Ikhamanga, South African government (2004)
 Honorary doctorate, University of the Western Cape (2013)
 Honorary doctorate, Rhodes University (2016)

Bibliography

Poetry
Cry Rage (1972), Spro-Cas Publications
Black Voices Shout (1974)
Pass me a Meatball, Jones (1977)
No Time for Dreams (1981), BLAC Publications
Poisoned Wells and Other Delights (1990), BLAC Publications
Flames and Flowers (2000), Realities
Poems from a Prison Cell (2002), Realities
Age is a Beautiful Phase (2008), Realities
Gently Stirs My Soul (2015), Rhodes University

Short stories
The Park and Other Stories (1983), Ravan Press

Novels
The Party is Over (1997), Kwela

References

External links
Poetry Africa UKZN entry
SA Government page
 Mphutlane Wa Bofelo, "James Matthews: Still Kicking Butt @ 77", Botsotso, 6 May 2013.
 James Matthews, "How reading can change your life", Mail & Guardian, 15 April 2016.
  Paul Maylam, "Citation for James Matthews" (Honorary graduand, Rhodes University, 31 March 2016).

Living people
1929 births
Recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga
Anti-apartheid activists
International Writing Program alumni
South African publishers (people)
South African journalists
Writers from Cape Town
20th-century South African poets
21st-century South African poets
20th-century South African male writers
21st-century South African male writers

James Matthews (writer)


Matej Andraz Vogrinčič (born  October 12, 1970) is a Slovenian artist. He has been creating site-specific work in urban and natural environments since the early 1990s.  He has built an international reputation by creating installations specific to local places, traditions, and histories – filling the most ordinary or neglected places with even more ordinary objects.  With all his work, Vogrinčič starts with the space but always leaves room to alter and develop the idea in the process. His projects rely on a direct connection with the local community, including clothing and toy car donations.

Vogrinčič first "dressed" a dilapidated house with donated clothing in his hometown and then presented a similar project at the Venice Biennale in 1999.  He created the project "Car Park: Members Only" – a wall installation consisting of 15,000 toy cars placed on a wall of a building in Adelaide, Australia, in response to the city's traffic and parking problems and continued to the Australian outback, where he put up a watering can installation, consisting of some 2,000 plaster watering cans arranged over the area of a football field in a region largely devoid of rain.  As part of the 2003 Awesome Festival in Perth, Western Australia, he filled up an area of 7,000 square meters with 10,000 balloons of red, orange, blue, pink, green and yellow colors.  He filled the atrium of the former Melbourne GPO with 1000 umbrellas in 2005.  One of his recent projects include Untitled (56 Boats) commissioned for the 4th Liverpool Biennial in England, an installation of 56 upturned boats placed inside the bombed ruins of the Gothic Era St. Luke's Church. In 2013, Vogrinčič was selected to be part of 'KASHIMA' international artist-in-residence run by the npo BEPPU PROJECT in Beppu, Japan. During the residence he experimented a work in collaboration with Japanese bamboo craft masters and he created the site-specific artwork, 'Rope', in an abandoned hot-spring. He is invited as an artist for a contemporary art triennial called the Beppu Contemporary Art Festival 'Mixed Bathing World' 2015 in Beppu, Japan.

Personal
Vogrinčič is born in Ljubljana, Slovenia

Projects in Public Spaces

2013 , Beppu, JapanSelected artist for 'KASHIMA' international artist-in-residence program

2007    Untitled (Shovels), Krasnoyarsk, RussiaCommissioned by the Biennial of Siberia

2007    Untitled (It used to be my playground) Farmington Canal New Haven, CT United StatesCommissioned by Site Projects

2006    Untitled (56 Boats) St. Luke's Church, Liverpool, United Kingdom  Commissioned by Liverpool Biennial

2005    When on a Winter's Night a Traveller GPO Melbourne, Melbourne, AustraliaCommissioned by L'Oréal Melbourne Fashion Festival and GPO

2004    Untitled (Enchanted Forest) Ljubljana, Slovenia Commissioned by Microsoft

2003    Beach Balls Perth, AustraliaCommissioned by the Awesome Festival

2002    Moon Plain Coober Pedy, Australia
Commissioned by South Australian Tourism Commission

2002    Port Christchurch, New Zealand
Commissioned by Scape: Arts & Industry Urban Arts Festival

2000    Car Park: Members Only Adelaide, Australia

1999    Casa Vestita (Dressed House) Venice, Italy

1997    Street Wear Ljubljana, Slovenia

1993    Dressed House Ljubljana, Slovenia

Selected solo exhibitions

2003    Moon Plain, Museum of Modern Art, Ljubljana, Slovenia

2002    Moon Plain, SOFA Gallery, Christchurch, New Zealand

1999    Clothes Sculpture, John Gibson Gallery, New York, USA

1996    Dressing, Anonimus Gallery, Ljubljana, Slovenia

1992    Ready Made, SKUC Gallery, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Selected group exhibitions

2005    Slovene Art 1995–2005: Territories, Identities, Nets, Museum of Modern Art, Ljubljana, Slovenia

The First Line, 26th Biennale of Graphic Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia

2004    Slovene Art 1985–1995, Museum of Modern Art, Ljubljana, Slovenia

2002    Art+Industry Biennial, Christchurch, New Zealand

Tancat per Obres (Artists in Architecture) Collegi d'Arquitectes de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

1997    U3, Triennial of Slovene Contemporary Art, Museum of Modern Art, Ljubljana, Slovenia

This Art is Recycled, SKUC Gallery, Ljubljana, Slovenia

1996    Urbanaria, SCCA Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Art interventions, performances, films, theatre design

1998    Le Coco Fruitwear Co, commissioned by Biennale of Young European and Mediterranean Artists,     Turin, Italy

Activities of Le Coco Fruitwear Co. continue with new collections and new shows at:

K4 Club, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Kibla Club, Maribor, Slovenia

Institute of Contemporary Art, London

1998 Set designs for Marina Grzinic and Aina Šmid's video Madame Butterfly Theater, Mladinsko, Ljubljana

1995    Le Coco fruitwear, a manufactory for fruit clothes, Ljubljana Markets, Slovenia

1994    The House, short film with Damjan Kozole, Ljubljana, Slovenia

1994    House Tailor, documentary film with Tibor Ogrizek, Ljubljana, Slovenia

1994    Paints garments and makes fashion accessories for Hej Salvador, a music-fashion performance (directed by Matjaž Pograjc, produced by Glej theatre), Ljubljana, Slovenia

References

External links
 Site Projects
 Casa Vestita

Installation artists
Slovenian artists
1970 births
Living people

Matej Andraž Vogrinčič


Raft is a 1991 hard science fiction book by British writer Stephen Baxter. Raft is both Baxter's debut novel and the first book in the Xeelee Sequence, although the Xeelee are not present. Raft was nominated for the Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1992.

Setting
The novel is an elaborated version of his 1989 short story of the same title. The story follows a group of humans who have accidentally entered an alternate universe where the gravitational force is far stronger than our own, a "billion" times as strong. Planets do not exist, as they would immediately collapse under their own gravity; stars are only a mile across and have extremely brief life-spans, becoming cooled kernels a hundred yards wide with a surface gravity of five g. Human bodies possess a "respectable" gravity field in and of themselves. "Gravitic chemistry" also exists, where gravity is the dominant force on an atomic scale.

Plot summary

The few thousand humans survive in a nebula of relatively breathable air, existing in divided communities. The society is highly stratified, with the elite living on the "Raft" (the remains of the starship that contains almost all the high technology), workers/miners living on various "Belt" worlds (where they mine burned-out star kernels), and the "Boneys", a nomadic band of "unmentionables" who live on worlds created out of corpses.

It is not directly detailed how humans came to the universe, but hints within the story indicate that the Raft ship came through a rift in our universe into this alternate reality. The original short story, also by Stephen Baxter, provides more insight as to how humans arrived, "five hundred years ago a great warship – chasing some forgotten opponent – blundered through a portal. A gateway. It left its own universe and arrived here."  A glimpse of the high-gravity universe is seen in the book Ring, implying that the humans in Raft came from the main universe of the Xeelee Sequence, although during which time period they escaped is not clear.

The alternate universe the humans live in follows same laws as our universe, except that it has a gravitational constant which is orders of magnitude larger than our own universe.

The physics of the alternate universe have slowly turned the nebula into an increasingly hostile environment and the humans, along with the bizarre native species, are suffering the effects of environmental collapse.

References

External links
 "Raft", at Worlds Without End.
 Original short story "Raft".

1991 British novels
1991 science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
Novels by Stephen Baxter
Debut science fiction novels
Xeelee Sequence
Hard science fiction
Grafton (publisher) books
Fiction about nebulae
1991 debut novels

Raft (novel)


Bughouse chess (also known as exchange chess, Siamese chess (but not to be confused with Thai chess), tandem chess, transfer chess, double bughouse, doubles chess, cross chess, swap chess or simply bughouse, bugsy, or bug) is a popular chess variant played on two chessboards by four players in teams of two. Normal chess rules apply, except that captured pieces on one board are passed on to the teammate on the other board, who then has the option of putting these pieces on their board.

The game is usually played at a fast time control. Together with the passing and dropping of pieces, this can make the game look chaotic to the casual onlooker, hence the name bughouse, which is slang for mental hospital. Yearly, several dedicated bughouse tournaments are organized on a national and an international level.

History
The absolute origin of Bughouse chess is currently unknown, but it rose to prominence in chess circles in the 1960s. There are references to four-player chess with two boards in German chess articles going back to the 1820s, but there is no known direct connection. There are references to a bughouse-like game in the 1930's, perhaps evolved by players like Alekhine who visited Japan and witnessed Shogi.

Rules

Bughouse is a chess variant played on two chessboards by four players in teams of two. Each team member faces one opponent of the other team. Partners sit next to each other and one player per team has black pieces, while the other has white pieces. Each player plays the opponent as in a standard chess game, with the exception of the rules specified below.

Captured pieces
A player capturing a piece immediately passes that piece to their partner. The partner keeps these pieces in their reserve and may, on their turn, instead of playing a regular move, place one of these pieces on the board (as in shogi and crazyhouse), called dropping the piece. Pieces in reserve may be dropped on any vacant square, including squares where the piece delivers check or checkmate; however, pawns may not be dropped on the first or last . (A variant does not allow dropped pieces to deliver check.) Dropped pawns may promote, but all promoted pawns convert back to pawns when captured. In play over the board, a promoted pawn can be put on its side to indicate promotion. A pawn placed on the second rank may move two squares on its first move, and, if it lands directly next to an enemy pawn, be captured en passant. A rook placed on the rook's typical starting square (a1, h1, a8, h8) may take part in castling. Each player must keep the reserve or stock pieces on the table in front of the board, always visible to all players of the game.

Clock and completion of a move
Bughouse chess is usually played with chess clocks to prevent players from waiting indefinitely to be passed a piece. Clocks are placed on the outside of the adjacent boards so that all players can see both clocks. At the start of the game, the players with the black pieces start the clocks simultaneously. Bughouse is usually played using , meaning players are committed to a move only after pressing the clock.  is practiced to a lesser extent. When used, it applies to pieces in reserve as well; they are considered dropped after contact has been made with an empty square.

Bughouse can be played without a clock, but then there is usually a rule preventing a player waiting for pieces (stalling or sitting) indefinitely. One rule states that players may not delay their move beyond the time that it takes for their partner to make three moves.

End of the game
The match ends when the game on either board ends. A game is won when one player gets checkmated, resigns, runs out of time, or makes an illegal move. The match can be drawn by agreement or when two players on opposite teams run out of time or are checkmated simultaneously. Threefold repetition may apply to a single board; however, players should be mindful that the reserve of pieces is taken into account (eg, even if one board repeats the same position after three moves, it is not a draw if the piece reserve changes).

Alternatively, when one board finishes, play can continue on the other board. In this case, pieces in reserve can still be dropped, but no new pieces are coming in. The outcome of the match is then decided by adding the score of the two boards.

Communication
Partners are normally allowed to talk to each other during the game. They can, for instance, ask for a specific piece, for more trades, ask to hold a piece, suggest moves or ask their partner to stall. Shouts like "Knight mates!" or "Don't give up a Bishop!" are common and can lead to seemingly absurd sacrificial captures on the other board. Partners are not allowed to physically act on the other board.

Two-player and six-player variations
It is possible to play the game with just two players (one per team) by having each player move on two boards. Analogously to simultaneous chess, this way of playing the game is referred to as simultaneous bughouse. It can also be played with just one clock by playing the boards in a specific order (White A, White B, Black B, Black A) and pressing the clock after each move. This variation is suitable for play by mail.

Bughouse can be played with three or more boards. The game is played in exactly the same way as normal bughouse with boards placed with alternating colours and two players and one clock per board.  On capturing a piece however, the player may have to decide which player of the team will get that piece.  In three-board bughouse chess, the middle player is the key since they get material from two boards, but have to decide how to divide the captured pieces.  The middle board also commonly becomes very cramped due to having twice the number of extra pieces available.

Strategy

Material
In chess, a minor material advantage is important as when material gets exchanged, the relative advantage becomes larger. Because new pieces come in, there is no endgame play in bughouse and material is therefore less important. It is common to sacrifice pieces in bughouse while attacking, defending, or hunting down a certain piece which one's partner requires.

The material balance of a position can be calculated by adding up the piece values of each player's pieces. In standard chess, a pawn equals one unit, a bishop or knight is worth three, a rook five and a queen nine. These values are a consequence of the difference in mobility of the pieces. Bughouse piece values differ because pieces in reserve essentially have the same mobility as they can be dropped on any vacant square. The pawn relatively gains importance in bughouse chess, as its very limited mobility does not handicap reserve pawns. They can, for instance, be dropped to block non-contact checks. Pawns can be dropped onto the seventh rank, one step away from promotion, which further adds to their importance. Long-range pieces like the queen or the rook lose relative value, due to the constantly changing pawn structure. They are also more likely to be hemmed in. A valuation system, first suggested by the popular and one-time highest rated bughouse player André Nilsson of Sweden (ICC and FICS nick Gnejs), often applied to bughouse is pawn=1, bishop=knight=rook=2 and queen=4.

Coordination
Captured pieces are passed on, and thus what happens on one board influences what happens on the other board. It is, therefore, natural for team members to communicate during game play. A common request of an attacking player would be "trades are good," while players in trouble may ask their partners to hold trades with "trades are bad." Similarly, a player can request a piece (e.g. "knight wins a queen") or ask their partner to hold a piece (e.g. "rook mates me").

Another common situation in the interplay between the two boards is a player not moving, a strategy known as sitting or stalling. Stalling can happen in anticipation of a certain piece or at the request of the partner. If, for example, a player is under heavy attack, and an additional pawn would mate them, but their partner cannot prevent giving up a pawn on the next move, sitting is the only strategy. It would, however, be perfectly logical for the attacker to sit as well, waiting for a pawn to come. The situation where diagonal opponents sit at the same time is known as a "sitzkrieg" (literally "sitting war" in German, and a pun on "blitzkrieg"). The difference in time between the diagonal opponents will eventually force one party to move. This diagonal time advantage is more important than the difference on the clock between opponents on the same board. At the higher levels (>2000), players move very quickly, especially in the opening, as a time advantage of as little as 10 seconds can be more important than seemingly decisive positional advantages.

Apart from active communication, a good bughouse player tries to coordinate silently by keeping an eye on the other board and adapting moves accordingly. This can mean as little as glancing at the other board before trading queens, or as much as playing an opening adapted to the other board.

Attack and defense
Attacking the king can mean checking the opponent but also controlling vital squares around the king. It is an essential part of bughouse gameplay. From a player's perspective, attacking the king has important advantages as opposed to defending or attempting to win material:
 Because of the possibility of dropping pieces, attacks in bughouse can quickly lead to checkmate.
 The attacking player has the initiative; the attacker controls the board, while their opponent is left to react. This fact has important consequences for the other board as well.
 It is easier to attack than to defend. A defensive mistake can have bigger consequences than an offensive mistake. Thus, the defender needs to be more precise, which, in turn, can lead to a time advantage for the attacker.
 It is common to sacrifice material to build up or sustain an attack. Characteristic of attacks is the so-called "piece storm", where a player drops piece after piece with check. Contact checks and knight checks, which force the king to move as opposed to dropping pieces, are especially important. They can be used to drive the king into the open, away from its defenders, while they prevent the opponent from putting new material on the board.

Partner communication is essential in a good defense. When one partner is under attack, the other partner should be aware of which pieces hurt most. Sitting strategies might be necessary, and it is therefore important for the defending player to play quickly. Often, accepting a sacrifice can be lethal, while, on the other hand, it results in the attacker having a piece less to play with and the defender's partner having a piece more. Sacrifices, therefore, give the partner of the defender an opportunity to take initiative.

Opening
There are significantly fewer bughouse openings than there are chess openings. Many chess openings create weaknesses which can be easily exploited in bughouse. It is, for instance, not recommended to move pawns other than the d- and e-pawns. Bughouse openings are generally geared towards dominating vital squares and fast development. Captured pieces become available after the first few moves and it is important to develop at this stage as there is often not enough time to do so later. Development also helps to defend against early piece drop attacks.

Notation and sample game

The algebraic chess notation for chess can be used to record moves in bughouse games.
Different notations for piece drops are possible. The internet chess servers FICS and Internet Chess Club use the at-sign @, as in N@f1 (knight drop at f1), Q@e6+ (queen drop with check at e6) or P@h7# (pawn drop with checkmate at h7).

Because of the fast pace at which the game is played, bughouse games are rarely recorded
in games played over the board. With the arrival of online chess it has become possible to systematically record games. The format in which this is done is the bughouse portable game notation (BPGN), an extension of the Portable Game Notation for chess. Software such as BPGN viewer can be used to replay and analyse bughouse games. Below is an example bughouse game in the BPGN format.

 [Event "rated bughouse match"]
 [Site "chess server X"]
 [Date "2004.04.12"]
 [WhiteA "WA"][WhiteAElo "1970"]
 [BlackA "BA"][BlackAElo "2368"]
 [WhiteB "WB"][WhiteBElo "1962"]
 [BlackB "BB"][BlackBElo "2008"]
 [TimeControl "180+0"]
 [Result "0-1"]
 1A. e4 {180} 1a. Nc6 {180} 1B. d4 {179} 2A. Nc3 {179}
 1b. Nf6 {178} 2a. Nf6 {178} 2B. d5 {178} 3A. d4 {177}
 2b. e6 {177} 3a. d5 {177} 3B. dxe6 {176} 4A. e5 {176}
 3b. dxe6 {176} 4B. Qxd8+ {175} 4a. Ne4 {175}
 4b. Kxd8 {175} 5B. Bg5 {174} 5A. Nxe4 {174}
 5a. dxe4 {173} 5b. Be7 {173} 6A. Nh3 {173}
 6B. Nc3 {172} 6a. Bxh3 {171} 6b. N@d4 {171}
 7A. gxh3 {171} 7a. Nxd4 {170} 7B. O-O-O {169}
 8A. P@e6 {168} 7b. Nbc6 {168} 8B. Bxf6 {166}
 8a. N@f3+ {165} 9A. Qxf3 {165} 8b. Bxf6 {164}
 9a. Nxf3+ {164} 10A. Ke2 {164} 9B. e3 {164}
 10a. Q@d2+ {164} 11A. Bxd2 {164} 11a. Qxd2+ {164}
 {WA checkmated} 0-1

Types of play

Over the board
Little is known on the history of bughouse, but it seems to have developed in the early 1960s. It is now quite popular as a diversion of regular chess in local chess clubs throughout Europe and the US. Grandmasters such as Joel Benjamin, Yasser Seirawan, Andy Soltis, John Nunn, Jon Speelman, Sergey Karjakin, Michael Adams, Emil Sutovsky and Michael Rohde have been known to play the game. One of the strongest matches on record (in terms of chess players' ratings) took place following the 2014 Sinquefield Cup, with Magnus Carlsen and Maxime Vachier-Lagrave teaming up against Fabiano Caruana and Levon Aronian – all four being among the top ten chess players in the world at the time.

With the absence of an International Federation, over-the-board competitive bughouse is very much in its infancy. While there is no over-the-board world championship, an online world championship is sponsored by chess.com. Participants in the 2021 tournament included Grandmasters Nils Grandelius and Jeffery Xiong. Xiong, playing with partner catask (who had won the 2021 Crazyhouse World Championship), won the 2021 event. A few countries do organize bughouse tournaments within the national chess federation. Examples include:
 The yearly international chess festival Czech Open in July features the Czech republic bughouse championship.
 Yearly, USCF organizes bughouse tournaments as part of the National Junior High (K-9) Championship and the National High School (K-12) Championship.
Other tournaments are organized privately:
 One of the largest international bughouse tournaments is the yearly tournament in Berlin. Going into its sixth edition, it is popular among top players from FICS. Grandmaster Levon Aronian took part in the 2005 edition of the tournament and took the second place with his teammate Vasiliy Shakov.
 Since 2000 there has been an annual bughouse tournament in Geneva, attracting the best European players.

Online
Since 1995, Bughouse has been available online at chess servers such as FICS and ICC and, as of 2016, at Chess.com. FICS was historically the most active server for bughouse, attracting the world's best players like Levon Aronian, but it is much more likely to find a game more quickly at chess.com.

The game is played online in the same way as over the board, but some aspects are unique to online bughouse. In games over the board, communication is heard by all players, while in online bughouse it is usually done via private messages between two partners. This makes communication a more powerful weapon. It is also easier to coordinate as the second board is more visible on the screen than over the board. The time aspect is altered due to existence of premove and lag. The latter can influence the diagonal time difference significantly, and it is good sportsmanship to restart the game when this difference gets too large.

ICS compatible interfaces particularly suitable for bughouse include Thief and BabasChess. They have the ability to display both boards at the same time and store played or observed games, they also have partner communication buttons and a lag indicator. Special Chess Engine Communication Protocol compatible engines have been written that support bughouse, examples are Sunsetter, Sjeng and TJchess. Although much faster than humans, they lack in positional understanding and especially in coordination and communication, an essential skill in this team game.

In 2016, bughouse was introduced as a part of new version of Chess.com with browser-based play.

Controversy
Bughouse chess is controversial among chess teachers. While some instructors find beneficial learning outcomes for bughouse, most do not consider it to have a positive effect, especially for novice chess players. According to Susan Polgar, "If your children want to play bughouse for fun, it is OK. But just remember that it is not chess and it has no positive value for chess. In fact, I absolutely recommend no bughouse during a tournament." Arguments supporting a negative view of bughouse include that it distorts typical chess pattern recognition and that it too heavily emphasizes tactical play at the expense of positional strategy. For example, in bughouse, one can just drop a pawn to compensate for a weakness created by moving one, unlike normal chess. It also lacks endgame play due to pieces being recycled, thereby reducing the need for precise moves. In addition, the lack of control over teammates' boards introduces randomness that is not encountered in normal chess. Further, many claim that since there is no set order of moves between the two boards, normal calculation ability is diminished. It also shares criticisms with speed chess in general, potentially encouraging a habit of moving too fast or playing unsoundly with the expectation that one's opponent will be moving quickly.

Levon Aronian is among those who view bughouse as beneficial "for players who know chess well already. ... I started to play bug when I was already at master level, [you] see, and I think bughouse is good for the imagination, to develop new ideas." For Joel Benjamin, bughouse trains players to pay closer attention to empty squares on the board.

Chess.com Bughouse World Championship
The Chess.com Bughouse World Championship is an annual event organized on Chess.com since 2020, with live broadcasts on Twitch and YouTube. The winners of the championship are:

- 2020: 12teen + ChickenCrossroad

- 2021: Catask + JefferyX

- 2022: Catask + JefferyX

See also
 Four-player chess
 Two-player variants also featuring drops:
 Crazyhouse
 Hostage Chess
 Shogi

Notes

References

External links
 Explanation of BugHouse Chess by FM Gulamali and NM Stewart
 Bughouse and Tandem Chess by Hans Bodlaender, The Chess Variant Pages
 Errant Fischer's Bughouse Page
 bughouse-db.org - FICS bughouse database

Board games introduced in the 1960s
Chess variants

Bughouse chess


Elizabeth Hawley (November 9, 1923 – January 26, 2018) was an American journalist and chronicler of Himalayan expeditions. Hawley was born in Chicago, Illinois.

She was studied at the University of Michigan. She moved to Nepal after giving up her job as a researcher for Fortune magazine in New York and visiting Kathmandu on a round-the-world trip.

She found work with the Reuters news agency covering mountaineering news, including the 1963 American expedition that was the first from the United States to traverse Mount Everest.

Hawley died on 26 January 2018 at the age of 94.

References

1923 births
2018 deaths
Journalists from Chicago

Elizabeth Hawley


Claire Mackay (December 21, 1930 - August 11, 2013) was a Canadian writer of eleven books for children and young-adult fiction and non-fiction.

Early life and education
Mackay was born Claire Lorraine Bacchus.  She was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Mackay received a scholarship to the University of Toronto, where she earned an honors BA in Political Science.

Career
Mackay began her writing career by writing newsletter, newspaper and magazine articles.  She was motivated to write her first children's book when she found that there was a lack of books about mini-bikes for her son to read.  She wrote Mini-Bike Hero in 1979, which was published by Scholastic Canada. The book sold more than 450,00 copies. Mackay wrote two more related books, Mini-Bike Race  and Mini-Bike Rescue.

Mackay was one of the eleven co-founders of the Canadian Society of Children's Authors, Illustrators and Performers (CANSCAIP).

Mackay's work has been published by Annick Press, Kids Can Press, James Lorimer, Scholastic Canada, and Tundra Books.

Personal
While at the University of Toronto, Claire met Jackson Mackay, an engineering student and later a chemical engineer for Imperial Oil.  They married in 1952 and had three sons.  The family moved several times to accommodate Jack's work, living in Vancouver, Regina, and Sarnia, before finally settling in Toronto, Ontario.

Claire Mackay died on August 11, 2013, at the age of 82 from cancer.

Awards
In 1982 Mackay and co-author Marsha Hewitt received the Ruth Schwartz Award for their Young Adult novel One Proud Summer (Women's Press).  In 1983 she received the Vicki Metcalf Award, presented for an outstanding body of work in children's literature, and in 1988 for Marvin and Me and the Flies.

Bibliography
 Mini-Bike Hero  1974
 Mini-Bike Racer   1976
 Exit Barney McGee   1979
 Mini-Bike Rescue 1982
 The Minerva Program  1984
 Marvin and Me and the Flies in Canadian children's annual, 12 1987
 Pay Cheques and Picket Lines: All About Unions in Canada  1987
 The Toronto Story  1990
 Touching all the Bases: Baseball for Kids of All Ages  1994
 First Folks and Vile Voyageurs 2001

Co-authored books

 One Proud Summer   Hewitt, Marsha, and Mackay, Claire  1981
 Bats About Baseball  Little, Jean, and Mackay, Claire   1985

References

External links
 Profile by CANSCAIP
 Profile by The Canadian Children's Book Centre

1930 births
2013 deaths
Canadian children's writers
University of Toronto alumni
Writers from Toronto

Claire Mackay


Ole P. Hoff (May 17, 1853 – March 18, 1924) was a Norwegian-American Republican politician and the first commissioner of labor in the U.S. state of Oregon. Hoff was the sole employee of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Inspector of Factories and Workshops (now the Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries) when he was appointed commissioner after the bureau's creation by the state legislature on June 2, 1903. He served as Labor Commissioner until 1919, when he became the Oregon State Treasurer. He died in office on March 18, 1924.

Early life
Ole P. Hoff was born in Hadeland, Norway on May 17, 1853. After leaving Norway in 1870, he first settled in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, then in California before briefly coming to Oregon in 1875. He returned to California until 1879, when he settled permanently in Oregon. From 1870 to 1879 he worked in farming, logging, mill work and mining. In 1881 he started 13 years of work as a railroad agent, and also worked as a postmaster during this time. He married Cynthia Alice Parsons in Eugene on May 13, 1880; they had two children, who were born in Irving, Oregon. He was a member of the Elks and Masons, and the Masonic orders of the Shrine and Knights Templar. He was also a member of the Woodmen of the World.

Labor commissioner
Hoff was the first leader of the Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries (BOLI) to conduct safety inspections of factories. In 1906, he reported that 653 of the 673 factories inspected had dangerous or unsafe conditions, but he won the authority to fine violators and force compliance with safety laws. Under Hoff's leadership of BOLI, Oregon created the first enforceable minimum wage law in the United States, enacted a child labor law, and pursued a shorter 10-hour working day for women. He was also an advocate for teachers, whom he called "about the poorest paid class of wage earners in the state." After his appointment by Governor Chamberlain in 1903, Hoff was elected to the position for a full four-year term in 1906 and reelected in 1910 and 1914. He continued in office until January 6, 1919 and was replaced by Charles H. Gram who had been elected in 1918.

State treasurer
Hoff was elected state treasurer in 1918 and reelected in 1922. He died in office on March 18, 1924, at the age of 70 at Emanuel Hospital in Portland, Oregon. Oregon Governor Pierce named Jefferson Myers as his successor the same day of Hoff's death.

References

1853 births
1924 deaths
People from Hadeland
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
Oregon Republicans
Oregon Commissioners of Labor and Industries
State treasurers of Oregon
Oregon postmasters

O. P. Hoff