Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ;  ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary () and historical Hungarian lands (i.e. belonging to the former Kingdom of Hungary) who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family, alongside, most notably Finnish and Estonian.

There are an estimated 14.5 million ethnic Hungarians and their descendants worldwide, of whom 9.6 million live in today's Hungary. About 2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbouring countries, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Austria. In addition, significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States, Canada, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Chile, Brazil, Australia, and Argentina, and therefore constitute the Hungarian diaspora ().

Furthermore, Hungarians can be divided into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the Székelys (in eastern Transylvania as well as a few in Suceava County, Bukovina), the Csángós (in Western Moldavia), the Palóc, and the Matyó.

Name

The Hungarians' own ethnonym to denote themselves in the Early Middle Ages is uncertain. The exonym "Hungarian" is thought to be derived from Oghur-Turkic On-Ogur (literally "Ten Arrows" or "Ten Tribes"). Another possible explanation comes from the Old East Slavic "Yugra" ("Югра"). It may refer to the Hungarians during a time when they dwelt east of the Ural Mountains along the natural borders of Europe and Asia before their conquest of the Carpathian Basin.

Prior to the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in 895/6 and while they lived on the steppes of Eastern Europe east of the Carpathian Mountains, written sources called the Magyars "Hungarians", specifically: "Ungri" by Georgius Monachus in 837, "Ungri" by Annales Bertiniani in 862, and "Ungari" by the Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus in 881. The Magyars/Hungarians probably belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance, and it is possible that they became its ethnic majority. In the Early Middle Ages, the Hungarians had many names, including "Węgrzy" (Polish), "Ungherese" (Italian), "Ungar" (German), and "Hungarus". The "H-" prefix is a later addition of Medieval Latin.

The Hungarian people refer to themselves by the demonym "Magyar" rather than "Hungarian". "Magyar" possibly derived from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, the "Megyer". The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" in reference to the Hungarian people as a whole.

The Greek cognate of "Tourkia" () was used by the scholar and Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his  of c. AD 950, though in his use, "Turks" always referred to Magyars. This was a misnomer, as while the Magyars do have some Turkic genetic and cultural influence, including their historical social structure being of Turkic origin, they still are not widely considered as part of the Turkic people.

The obscure name kerel or keral, found in the 13th-century work the Secret History of the Mongols, possibly referred to Hungarians and derived from the Hungarian title király 'king'.

The historical Latin phrase "Natio Hungarica" ("Hungarian nation") had a wider and political meaning because it once referred to all nobles of the Kingdom of Hungary, regardless of their ethnicity or mother tongue.

History

Origin

The origin of Hungarians, the place and time of their ethnogenesis, has been a matter of debate. The Hungarian language is classified as an Ugric language, and Hungarians are commonly considered an Ugric people that originated from the Ural Mountains, Western Siberia or the Middle Volga region. The relatedness of Hungarians with other Ugric peoples is confirmed by linguistic and genetic data, but modern Hungarians have also substantial admixture from local European populations.

The consensus among linguists is that the Hungarian language is a member of the Uralic family and that it diverged from its Ugric relatives in the first half of the 1st millennium BC, in western Siberia, east of the southern Urals. The ancient Ugrians are associated with the Mezhovskaya culture, and arrived into Central Europe by the historical Magyar or Hungarian "conquerors".

The historical Magyars were found to show significant affinity to modern Volga Tatars, and stood also in contact with Iranian peoples (especially Jaszic speakers), Turkic peoples (presumably Oghuric speakers) and Slavs. The historical Magyars created an alliance of steppe tribes, consisting of an Ugric/Magyar ruling class, Iranian but also Turkic (Oghuric) and Slavic tribes, which conquered the Pannonian Steppe and surrounding regions, giving rise to modern Hungarians and Hungarian culture.

"Hungarian pre-history", i.e. the history of the "ancient Hungarians" before their arrival in the Carpathian basin at the end of the 9th century, is thus a "tenuous construct", based on linguistics, analogies in folklore, archaeology and subsequent written evidence. In the 21st century, historians have argued that "Hungarians" did not exist as a discrete ethnic group or people for centuries before their settlement in the Carpathian basin. Instead, the formation of the people with its distinct identity was a process. According to this view, Hungarians as a people emerged by the 9th century, subsequently incorporating other, ethnically and linguistically divergent, peoples.

Pre-4th century AD

During the 4th millennium BC, the Uralic-speaking peoples who were living in the central and southern regions of the Urals split up. Some dispersed towards the west and northwest and came into contact with Turkic and Iranian speakers who were spreading northwards. From at least 2000 BC onwards, the Ugric-speakers became distinguished from the rest of the Uralic community, of which the ancestors of the Magyars, being located farther south, were the most numerous. Judging by evidence from burial mounds and settlement sites, they interacted with the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture and Baikal-Altai Asian cultures.

4th century to c. 830

In the 4th and 5th centuries AD, the Hungarians were an "[e]thnically mixed people" who moved to the west of the Ural Mountains, to the area between the southern Ural Mountains and the Volga River, known as Bashkiria (Bashkortostan) and Perm Krai. In the early 8th century, some of the Hungarians moved to the Don River, to an area between the Volga, Don and the Seversky Donets rivers. Meanwhile, the descendants of those Hungarians who stayed in Bashkiria remained there as late as 1241.

The Hungarians around the Don River were subordinates of the Khazar Khaganate. Their neighbours were the archaeological Saltov culture, i.e. Bulgars (Proto-Bulgarians, Onogurs) and the Alans, from whom they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. Tradition holds that the Hungarians were organized in a confederacy of seven tribes. The names of the seven tribes were: Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Kürt-Gyarmat, Megyer, Nyék, and Tarján.

c. 830 to c. 895
Around 830, a rebellion broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three Kabar tribes of the Khazars joined the Hungarians and moved to what the Hungarians call the Etelköz, the territory between the Carpathians and the Dnieper River. The Hungarians faced their first attack by the Pechenegs around 854. The new neighbours of the Hungarians were the Varangians and the eastern Slavs. From 862 onwards, the Hungarians (already referred to as the Ungri) along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of looting raids from the Etelköz into the Carpathian Basin, mostly against the Eastern Frankish Empire (Germany) and Great Moravia, but also against the Balaton principality and Bulgaria.

Entering the Carpathian Basin (c. 862–895)

The Hungarians arrived in the Carpathian Basin, in a geographically unified but politically divided land, after acquiring thorough local knowledge of the area from the 860s onwards.

After the end of the Avar Kaganate (c. 822), the Eastern Franks asserted their influence in Transdanubia, the Bulgarians to a small extent in the Southern Transylvania and the interior regions housed the surviving Avar population in their stateless state. The downfall of the Avar Khaganate at the beginning of the 9th century did not mean the extinction of the Avar population, contemporary written sources report surviving Avar groups. According to the archaeological evidence, the Avar population survived the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin. In this power vacuum, the Hungarian conqueror elite took the system of the former Avar Kaganate, there is no trace of massacres and mass graves, it is believed to have been a peaceful transition for local residents in the Carpathian Basin. The Hungarian conquerors together with the Turkic-speaking Kabars integrated the Avars and Onogurs.

In 862, Prince Rastislav of Moravia rebelled against the Franks, and after hiring Hungarian troops, won his independence; this was the first time that Hungarians expeditionary troops entered the Carpathian Basin. In 862, Archbishop Hincmar of Reims records the campaign of unknown enemies called "Ungri", giving the first mention of the Hungarians in Western Europe. In 881, the Hungarian forces fought together with the Kabars in the Vienna Basin. According to historian György Szabados and archeologist Miklós Béla Szőke, a group of Hungarians were already living in the Carpathian Basin at that time, so they could quickly intervene in the events of the Carolingian Empire. The number of recorded battles increased from the end of the 9th century. In the late Avar period, a part of Hungarians was already present in the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century, this has been supported by genetic and archaeological research, because there are graves in which Avar descendants are buried in Hungarian clothes. The contemporary local population is descended from previous peoples of the Carpathian Basin, and a large number of people survived to the 10th century from the previous Avar period. An important segment of this Avar era Hungarians is that the Hungarian county system of King Saint Stephen I may be largely based on the power centers formed during the Avar period. Based on DNA evidence, the Proto-Hungarians admixed with Sarmatians and Huns, this three genetic components appear in the graves of the Hungarian conqueror elite of the 9th century. Based on the DNA in the Hungarian conqueror graves, the conquerors had eastern origin, but the vast majority of the Hungarian conquerors had European genome. The cemeteries of the Hungarian commoners had fewer Asian genomes than the cemeteries of the Hungarian elite. According to some genetic studies, there is a genetic continuity from the Bronze Age, a continuous migration of the Steppe folks from east to the Carpathian Basin. Other studies point out that the Hungarian conqueror group and the local population started admixing only on the second half of the 10th century, and that research done of the first and second generation cemeteries in the Carpathian basin show uniparental lineages can be derived from Iron Age Sargat culture's population, suggesting "only limited interaction with the local population of the Carpathian Basin"

Foundation of the Hungarian state is connected to the Hungarian conquerors, who arrived from the Pontic steppes as a confederation of seven tribes. The Hungarians arrived in the frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince Álmos and his son Árpád, they became founders of the Árpád dynasty, the Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The Árpád dynasty claimed to be a direct descendant of the great Hun leader Attila. Medieval Hungarian chronicles from the Hungarian royal court like Gesta Hungarorum, Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, Chronicon Pictum, Buda Chronicle, Chronica Hungarorum claimed that the Árpád dynasty and the Aba clan are the descendants of Attila.

Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians says in the Gesta Hungarorum:

The Hungarians took possession of the Carpathian Basin in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862 and 895. This is confirmed by the archaeological findings, in the 10th century Hungarian cemeteries, the graves of women, children and elderly people are located next to the warriors, they were buried according to the same traditions, wore the same style of ornaments, and belonged to the same anthropological group. The Hungarian military events of the following years prove that the Hungarian population that settled in the Carpathian Basin was not a weakened population without a significant military power. Other theories assert that the move of the Hungarians was forced or at least hastened by the joint attacks of Pechenegs and Bulgarians. According to eleventh-century tradition, the road taken by the Hungarians under Prince Álmos took them first to Transylvania in 895. This is supported by an eleventh-century Russian tradition that the Hungarians moved to the Carpathian Basin by way of Kiev. Prince Álmos, the sacred leader of the Hungarian Great Principality died before he could reach Pannonia, he was sacrificed in Transylvania.

In 895/896, under the leadership of Árpád, some Hungarians crossed the Carpathians and entered the Carpathian Basin. The tribe called Megyer was the leading tribe of the Hungarian alliance that conquered the centre of the basin. At the same time (c. 895), due to their involvement in the 894–896 Bulgaro-Byzantine war, Hungarians in Etelköz were attacked by Bulgaria and then by their old enemies the Pechenegs. The Bulgarians won the decisive battle of Southern Buh. It is uncertain whether or not those conflicts contributed to the Hungarian departure from Etelköz.

From the upper Tisza region of the Carpathian Basin, the Hungarians intensified their campaigns across continental Europe. In 900, they moved from the upper Tisza river to Transdanubia, which later became the core of the arising Hungarian state. By 902, the borders were pushed to the South-Moravian Carpathians and the Principality of Moravia collapsed. At the time of the Hungarian migration, the land was inhabited only by a sparse population of Slavs, numbering about 200,000, who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Hungarians.

Archaeological findings (e.g. in the Polish city of Przemyśl) suggest that many Hungarians remained to the north of the Carpathians after 895/896. There is also a consistent Hungarian population in Transylvania, the Székelys, who comprise 40% of the Hungarians in Romania. The Székely people's origin, and in particular the time of their settlement in Transylvania, is a matter of historical controversy.

After 900

In 907, the Hungarians destroyed a Bavarian army in the Battle of Pressburg and laid the territories of present-day Germany, France, and Italy open to Hungarian raids, which were fast and devastating. The Hungarians defeated the Imperial Army of Louis the Child, son of Arnulf of Carinthia and last legitimate descendant of the German branch of the house of Charlemagne, near Augsburg in 910. From 917 to 925, Hungarians raided through Basle, Alsace, Burgundy, Saxony, and Provence. Hungarian expansion was checked at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, ending their raids against Western Europe, but raids on the Balkan Peninsula continued until 970.

The Pope approved Hungarian settlement in the area when their leaders converted to Christianity, and Stephen I (Szent István, or Saint Stephen) was crowned King of Hungary in 1001. The century between the arrival of the Hungarians from the eastern European plains and the consolidation of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1001 was dominated by pillaging campaigns across Europe, from Dania (Denmark) to the Iberian Peninsula (contemporary Spain and Portugal). After the acceptance of the nation into Christian Europe under Stephen I, Hungary served as a bulwark against further invasions from the east and south, especially by the Turks.

At this time, the Hungarian nation numbered around 400,000 people.

Early modern period
The first accurate measurements of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary including ethnic composition were carried out in 1850–51. There is a debate among Hungarian and non-Hungarian (especially Slovak and Romanian) historians about the possible changes in the ethnic structure of the region throughout history. Some historians support the theory that the proportion of Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin was at an almost constant 80% during the Middle Ages. Non-Hungarians numbered hardly more than 20% to 25% of the total population. The Hungarian population began to decrease only at the time of the Ottoman conquest, reaching as low as around 39% by the end of the 18th century.

The decline of the Hungarians was due to the constant wars, Ottoman raids, famines, and plagues during the 150 years of Ottoman rule. The main zones of war were the territories inhabited by the Hungarians, so the death toll depleted them at a much higher rate than among other nationalities. In the 18th century, their proportion declined further because of the influx of new settlers from Europe, especially Slovaks, Serbs and Germans. In 1715 (after the Ottoman occupation), the Southern Great Plain was nearly uninhabited but now has 1.3 million inhabitants, nearly all of them Hungarians. As a consequence, having also the Habsburg colonization policies, the country underwent a great change in ethnic composition as its population more than tripled to 8 million between 1720 and 1787, while only 39% of its people were Hungarians, who lived primarily in the centre of the country.

19th century to present
In the 19th century, the proportion of Hungarians in the Kingdom of Hungary rose gradually, reaching over 50% by 1900 due to higher natural growth and Magyarization. Between 1787 and 1910 the number of ethnic Hungarians rose from 2.3 million to 10.2 million, accompanied by the resettlement of the Great Hungarian Plain and Délvidék by mainly Roman Catholic Hungarian settlers from the northern and western counties of the Kingdom of Hungary. Spontaneous assimilation was an important factor, especially among the German and Jewish minorities and the citizens of the bigger towns. On the other hand, about 1.5 million people (about two-thirds non-Hungarian) left the Kingdom of Hungary between 1890–1910 to escape from poverty.

The years 1918 to 1920 were a turning point in the Hungarians' history. By the Treaty of Trianon, the Kingdom had been cut into several parts, leaving only a quarter of its original size. One-third of the Hungarians became minorities in the neighbouring countries. During the remainder of the 20th century, the Hungarians population of Hungary grew from 7.1 million (1920) to around 10.4 million (1980), despite losses during the Second World War and the wave of emigration after the attempted revolution in 1956.

The number of Hungarians in the neighbouring countries tended to remain the same or slightly decreased, mostly due to assimilation (sometimes forced; see Slovakization and Romanianization) and to emigration to Hungary (in the 1990s, especially from Transylvania and Vojvodina). After the "baby boom" of the 1950s (Ratkó era), a serious demographic crisis began to develop in Hungary and its neighbours. The Hungarian population reached its maximum in 1980, then began to decline.

For historical reasons (see Treaty of Trianon), significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, most of them in Romania (in Transylvania), Slovakia, and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Sizable minorities live also in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Croatia (primarily Slavonia), and Austria (in Burgenland). Slovenia is also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians, and Hungarian language has an official status in parts of the Prekmurje region. Today more than two million ethnic Hungarians live in nearby countries.

There was a referendum in Hungary in December 2004 on whether to grant Hungarian citizenship to Hungarians living outside Hungary's borders (i.e. without requiring a permanent residence in Hungary). The referendum failed due to insufficient voter turnout. On 26 May 2010, Hungary's Parliament passed a bill granting dual citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living outside of Hungary. Some neighboring countries with sizable Hungarian minorities expressed concerns over the legislation.

Ethnic affiliations and genetic origins

The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family. Early Uralic-speakers may be associated with an ancestry component linked to the pre-Indo-European Tarim mummies (Tarim EMBA), and later dispersed along the Seima-Turbino route, but after contact events with Ancient Northeast Asians (presumably Early Turkic) and Western Steppe Herders (Indo-European). Modern Hungarians are however genetically rather distant from their closest linguistic relatives (Mansi and Khanty), and more similar to the neighbouring non-Uralic neighbors. Modern Hungarians share a small but significant "Inner Asian/Siberian" component with other Uralic-speaking populations maximized among modern Khanty people. The historical Hungarian conqueror YDNA variation had a higher affinity with modern day Bashkirs and Volga Tatars, while their mtDNA has strong links to the populations of the Baraba region, Inner Asia, Eastern Europe, Northern Europe and Central Asia. Modern Hungarians also display genetic affinity with historical Sintashta samples.

Archeological mtDNA haplogroups show a similarity between Hungarians and Turkic-speaking Tatars and Bashkirs, while another study found a link between the Mansi and Bashkirs, suggesting that the Bashkirs are a mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions. The homeland of ancient Hungarians is around the Ural Mountains, and the Hungarian affinities with the Karayakupovo culture is widely accepted among researchers. A full found that the Bashkirs, next to their high European ancestry, displayed affinity to both Uralic-speaking populations of Northern Asia, as well as Inner Asian Turkic groups, "pointing to a mismatch of their cultural background and genetic ancestry and an intricacy of the historic interface between Turkic and Uralic populations".

The homeland of the proto-Uralic peoples may have been close to Southern Siberia, among forest cultures in the Altai-Sayan region. The arrival of the Indo-European Afanasievo culture and Northeast Asian tribes may have caused the dispersal and expansion of proto-Uralic languages along the Seima-Turbino cultural area.

Neparáczki et al. argues, based on archeogenetic results, that the historical Hungarian Conquerors were mostly a mixture of Central Asian Steppe groups, Slavic, and Germanic tribes, and this composite people evolved between 400 and 1000 AD. According to Neparáczki: "From all recent and archaic populations tested the Volga Tatars show the smallest genetic distance to the entire Conqueror population" and "a direct genetic relation of the Conquerors to Onogur-Bulgar ancestors of these groups is very feasible." Genetic data found high affinity between Magyar conquerors, the historical Bolgars, and modern day Turkic-speaking peoples in the Volga region, suggesting a possible language shifted from an Uralic (Ugric) to Turkic languages.

Hunnish origin or influences on Hungarians and Székelys have always been a matter of debate among scholars. In Hungary, a legend developed based on medieval chronicles that the Hungarians, and the Székely ethnic group in particular, are descended from the Huns. However, mainstream scholarship dismisses a close connection between the Hungarians and Huns. A genetic study published in Scientific Reports'' in November 2019 led by Neparáczki Endre had examined the remains of three males from three separate 5th century Hunnic cemeteries in the Pannonian Basin. They were found to be carrying the paternal haplogroups Q1a2, R1b1a1b1a1a1 and R1a1a1b2a2. In modern Europe, Q1a2 is rare and has its highest frequency among the Székelys. It is believed that conquering Magyars may have been Avar, Hunnish and Xiongnu influences.

Foundation of the Hungarian state is connected to the Hungarian conquerors, who arrived from the Pontic steppes as a confederation of seven tribes. The Hungarians arrived in the frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince Álmos and his son Árpád, they became founders of the Árpád dynasty, the Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The Árpád dynasty claimed to be a direct descendant of the great Hun leader Attila. In Hungary, a legend developed based on foreign and Hungarian medieval chronicles that the Hungarians, and the Székely ethnic group in particular, are descended from the Huns. The basic premise of the Hungarian medieval chronicle tradition was that the Huns, i.e. the Hungarians coming out twice from Scythia, the guiding principle was the Hun-Hungarian continuity. Mainstream scholarship dismisses a close connection between the Hungarians and Huns.

Paternal haplogroups
Hungarian males possess a high frequency of haplogroup R1a-Z280 and a low frequency of haplogroup N-Tat, which is uncommon among most Uralic-speaking populations.

In the case of the Southern Mansi males, the most frequent haplogroups were N1b-P43 (33%), N1c-L1034 (28%) and R1a-Z280 (19%).The Konda Mansi population shared common haplotypes within haplogroups R1a-Z280 or N-M46 with Hungarian speakers, which may suggest that the Hungarians were in contact with the Mansi people during their migration to the Carpathian Basin.

According to a study by Pamjav, the area of Bodrogköz suggested to be a population isolate found an elevated frequency of Haplogroup N: R1a-M458 (20.4%), I2a1-P37 (19%), R1a-Z280 (14.3%), and E1b-M78 (10.2%). Various R1b-M343 subgroups accounted for 15% of the Bodrogköz population. Haplogroup N1c-Tat covered 6.2% of the lineages, but most of it belonged to the N1c-VL29 subgroup, which is more frequent among Balto-Slavic speaking than Finno-Ugric speaking peoples. Other haplogroups had frequencies of less than 5%.

Among 100 Hungarian men, 90 of whom from the Great Hungarian Plain, (including Cuman descendants from Kunság region) the following haplogroups and frequencies are obtained: 30% R1a, 15% R1b, 13% I2a1, 13% J2, 9% E1b1b1a, 8% I1, 3% G2, 3% J1, 3% I*, 1% E*, 1% F*, 1% K*. The 97 Székelys belong to the following haplogroups: 20% R1b, 19% R1a, 17% I1, 11% J2, 10% J1, 8% E1b1b1a, 5% I2a1, 5% G2, 3% P*, 1% E*, 1% N. It can be inferred that Szekelys have more significant German admixture. A study sampling 45 Palóc from Budapest and northern Hungary, found 60% R1a, 13% R1b, 11% I, 9% E, 2% G, 2% J2.  A study estimating possible Inner Asian admixture among nearly 500 Hungarians based on paternal lineages only, estimated it at 5.1% in Hungary, at 7.4 in Székelys and at 6.3% at Csángós.

An analysis of Bashkir samples from the Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Volga-Ural region, revealed them to belong to the R1a subclade R1a-SUR51, which is shared in significant amounts with the historical Magyars and the royal Hungarian lineage, and representing the closest kin to the Hungarian Árpád dynasty. This subclade was also found among historical Scytho-Iranian samples in modern day Afghanistan.

Historical Magyar conquerors had around ~37.5% Haplogroup N-M231, as well as lower frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 at 6.25% with the remainder being Haplogroup R1a and Haplogroup Q-M242.

Autosomal DNA
Modern Hungarians show relative close affinity to surrounding populations, but harbour a small "Siberian" component argued to have arrived with the historical Magyars. Modern Hungarians formed from several historical population groupings, including the historical Magyars, assimilated Slavic and Germanic groups, as well as Central Asian Steppe tribes (presumably Turkic and Iranian tribes). Genetic analyses link parts of the historical Magyars ancestors to Western Siberian hunter-gatherers (WSHG). These historical Western Siberian hunter-gatherers were characterized by high Ancient North Eurasian ancestry.

The historical Magyar genome corresponds largely with the modern Bashkirs, and can be modeled as ~50% Mansi-like, ~35% Sarmatian-like, and ~15% Hun/Xiongnu-like. The admixture event is suggested to have taken place in the Southern Ural region at 643–431 BCE. Modern Hungarians were found to be admixed descendants of the historical Magyar conquerors with local Europeans, as 31 Hungarian samples could be modelled as two-way admixtures of "Conq_Asia_Core" and "EU_Core" in varying degrees. The historical Magyar component among modern Hungarians is estimated at an average frequency of 13%, which can be explained by the relative smaller population size of Magyar conquerors compared to local European groups.

Other influences

Besides the various peoples mentioned above, the Magyars were later influenced by other populations in the Carpathian Basin. Among these are the Cumans, Pechenegs, Jazones, West Slavs, Germans (more specifically Hungarian Germans but also Transylvanian Saxons or other ethnic German minorities in the former Kingdom of Hungary or in Central and Eastern Europe such as the Zipser Germans), and Vlachs (Romanians).

Ottomans, who occupied the central part of Hungary from  1526 until  1699, inevitably exerted an influence, as did the various nations (Germans/Banat Swabians, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, and others) that resettled the depopulated central and southern territories of the kingdom (roughly present-day South Hungary, Vojvodina in Serbia and Banat in Romania) after their departure. Similar to other European countries, Armenian, and Roma (Gypsy) ethnic minorities have been living in Hungary since the Middle Ages. Jews have been living in Hungary since the Roman era, as the archeological evidence of Jewish gravestones dating from this period demonstrates.

Diaspora

Hungarian diaspora (Magyar diaspora) is a term that encompasses the total ethnic Hungarian population located outside of current-day Hungary.

Maps

Culture

The culture of Hungary shows distinctive elements, incorporating local European elements and minor Central Asian/Steppe derived traditions, such as Horse culture and Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore.

Traditional costumes (18th and 19th century)

Folklore and communities

See also

References

Sources

 Korai Magyar Történeti Lexicon (9–14. század) (Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th Centuries)) Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó; 753. .
 Károly Kocsis (DSc, University of Miskolc) – Zsolt Bottlik (PhD, Budapest University) – Patrik Tátrai: Etnikai térfolyamatok a Kárpát-medence határon túli régióiban + CD (for detailed data), Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) – Földrajtudományi Kutatóintézet (Academy of Geographical Studies); Budapest; 2006.;

External links

 Origins of the Hungarians from the Enciklopédia Humana (with many maps and pictures)
 Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin
 Hungary and the Council of Europe
 Facts about Hungary
 Hungarians outside Hungary – Map

Genetic studies
 MtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms in Hungary: inferences from the Palaeolithic, Neolithic and Uralic influences on the modern Hungarian gene pool

 Human Chromosomal Polymorphism in a Hungarian Sample
 Hungarian genetics researches 2008–2009

Ethnic groups in Hungary
Ethnic groups in Austria
Ethnic groups in Romania
Ethnic groups in Serbia
Ethnic groups in Slovakia
Ethnic groups in Slovenia
Ethnic groups in Ukraine
Ethnic groups in Vojvodina
Ethnic groups divided by international borders
Ugric peoples

Hungarians


Cruis'n Exotica is a 1999 racing game developed for arcades by Midway Games. The game is a sequel to Cruis'n World and is the third entry in the Cruis'n series.

It was ported by Gratuitous Games and released on the Nintendo 64 in 2000, along with a Game Boy Color version developed by Crawfish Interactive.

Gameplay

Cruis'n Exotica plays similarly to the previous games in the series, but it adds a PIN system to track progress like San Francisco Rush 2049. The levels take place in exotic locations in the universe, such as Las Vegas, Hong Kong, Atlantis, India, Alaska, The Amazon jungle with dinosaurs, Sahara, Tibet, Korea, Ireland, Holland and the surface of Mars. The game also allows a player to choose a driver visible onscreen during races, including a Martian, a baby, a clown, and a cowboy.

The Nintendo 64 version is similar to its arcade counterpart, with changes being made to race track layouts, lack of fully licensed vehicles, and more hidden vehicles.

Reception

The home ports of the game were met with very mixed reception. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 55.87% and 43 out of 100 for the Nintendo 64 version, and 48% for the Game Boy Color version.

Electronic Gaming Monthly noted that the Nintendo 64 version "runs smoothly, but suffers from a tremendous level of draw-in. This visual hitch can make it difficult to navigate the road, a problem that becomes particularly potent when racing friends in the multiplayer mode. Another concern is replay value: the first 10 minutes or so really hook you in, but when you get the hang of the control, the challenge disappears, and so does the fun".

Brad Shoemaker of GameSpot wrote about the Nintendo 64 version: "The game's graphics run quite smoothly on a platform that's hardly renowned for smooth graphics. Unfortunately, this smoothness comes at a price - Exotica's cars and tracks lack detail. The game looks decent, but it won't blow your mind". Shoemaker also wrote that the game "requires very little skill or finesse, but for the casual gamer who doesn't want to commit lots of time to racing a track, that's not really a bad thing".

Cory D. Lewis of IGN wrote that the Nintendo 64 version featured nearly identical gameplay to its predecessors, writing "that right there spells certain doom for this latest title. Once again we find only a few extra little touches to help differentiate this sequel as something 'new' for gamers". Lewis wrote the game would become boring "unless you are extremely young or easily impressed". Lewis praised the game's framerate but criticized its graphics, writing: "Yuck. Yuck, yuck, yuck. We have one word to describe these visuals, and you've just heard it four times in a row". Lewis offered some praised for the game's music, but criticized its sound effects, and compared the game to other Midway racing games such as Stunt Racer 64 and San Francisco Rush 2049: "Except that for what each of these games does well, Exotica simply does the complete opposite and truly disappoints in comparison".

Frank Provo of GameSpot wrote that the Game Boy Color version "bears only a passing resemblance to its arcade and console counterparts". Provo criticized the game's artificial intelligence and its limited sounds, including its "bland" engine effects and "tinny rhythm and blues music" and noted that the game has "a speedy frame rate and obstacle-filled backgrounds, albeit at the cost of an overall grainy veneer and two-tone vehicle sprites". Provo wrote that despite the game's flaws, there "is never any doubt that you're playing a Cruis'n game".

IGN's Craig Harris, who reviewed the Game Boy Color version, wrote that "as impressive as the game engine is, the game is just flat-out bland". Harris criticized the game's artificial intelligence and its Cruis'n Freestyle mode, writing "where's the incentive to play the circuit mode if you can race all the tracks in a separate mode? That's not exactly smart planning. […] the replay factor is destroyed simply by the inclusion of one single mode that really didn't need to be there".

References

External links

1999 video games
Arcade video games
Game Boy Color games
Midway video games
Nintendo 64 games
Cruis'n
Video games about dinosaurs
Video games developed in the United States
Crawfish Interactive games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Gratuitous Games games

Cruis'n Exotica


Jaws 2 is an American adventure horror thriller movie. It is the first sequel to Steven Spielberg's Jaws (1975). It was released in 1978. It is the second in the Jaws series of movies. These are based on Peter Benchley's Jaws novel of the same name. Directed by Jeannot Szwarc, Jaws 2 stars Roy Scheider as Police Chief Martin Brody. He has to deal with another great white shark terrorizing the waters of Amity Island, a fictional seaside resort. Jaws 2 was followed by Jaws 3-D (1983) and Jaws: The Revenge (released in 1987).

Release dates

References

1978 horror movies
1978 thriller movies
1978 adventure movies
1970s horror thriller movies
American sequel movies
1970s English-language movies
Jaws movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Massachusetts
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Jeannot Szwarc
Movies about sharks
Movies set on beaches
Movies set on islands

Jaws 2


The Milanese coachbuilder Carrozzeria Colli was established by Giuseppe Colli in 1931 and included his four sons, Mario, Candido, Beniamino and Tarcisio.
The company was specialized in using aluminium its works. The first automobiles it made were racing cars using Fiat 1100 mechanicals and chassis, also Fiat 500, Lancia Astura and Aprilia were used as basis. During the World War II the company worked for airforces and after the war made car bodies.  After the war they made couple of Alfa Romeo 6C 2500SS, (Fiat 6C 1500cc)  Lancia Aprilia based cars and for the 1947 Villa d'Este a Fiat 500 barchetta.

Colli made one very special prototype in 1946, the Aerauto PL.5C roadable aircraft. From the 1950s it worked with Alfa Romeo making cars such as 6C 3000CM and its own single variant of Disco Volante. The company built also Giulietta and Giulia estate cars in the 1960s.
In 1955 Colli constructed the very shortly used Arzani-Volpini Formula One car utilising a twin-supercharged Maserati 1500 inline-four engine.

Colli made car bodies until 1973.

References

Coachbuilders of Italy
Milan motor companies
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1931
Italian companies established in 1931
Italian brands

Carrozzeria Colli


The Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (German: Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg) is a higher education and applied research institution located in Hamburg, Germany. Formerly known as Fachhochschule Hamburg, the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences was founded in 1970. In terms of student enrolment, the HAW is the second-largest university in Hamburg and the forth-largest applied sciences university in Germany, with a student body of 16.454.

History
The Hamburg University of Applied Sciences was founded in 1970 as the Fachhochschule Hamburg. Four engineering schools and six vocational schools were brought together with the goal of developing a new form of higher education. The focus was on the application of knowledge, with degree programmes that included placements in industry, laboratory work and practice-related projects.

The Fachhochschule Hamburg initially had 13 departments. Its Business School was founded in 1994.

In 1998, as part of the increased internationalisation within higher education in Germany, the Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs allowed the Fachhochschulen to add 'university of applied sciences' to their names. In 2001, the Fachhochschule Hamburg decided to take this a step further and changed its German name to Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg (HAW Hamburg), which more closely reflected the English name, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences.

All of the Bachelor's programmes offered at the university are taught in German, with the exception of Information Engineering, which offers both English and German options.

At the end of 2007, the Faculty of Business and Public Management and the Faculty of Social Work and Nursing were joined to form one faculty. Today the university has four faculties at four different campus locations in Hamburg:

 Engineering and Computer Science
 Life Sciences
 Design, Media and Information
 Business and Social Sciences

As of 1 January 2006, the Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geomatics departments joined the building faculties of two other Hamburg universities to become the new HafenCity University.

Faculties

Business and Social Sciences [Berliner Tor Campus]
Design, Media and Information [Armgartstrasse/Finkenau Campus]
Engineering and Computer Science [Berliner Tor Campus]
Life Sciences [Bergedorf Campus]

Research
Energy and Sustainability
Biomass
Environmental Analysis and Ecotoxicology
Fuel Cells
Lifetec Process Engineering
Health and Nutrition
Biomedical Systems/Networks in Diagnostics
Evaluation Research in Social, Health and Education Sectors
Food Science
Public Health
Mobility and Transport
New Flight
AERO - Aircraft, Design, and Systems Group
Driver Assistance and Autonomous Systems (FAUST)
Application of Dynamic Systems (ADYS)
IT, Communication and Media
Ambient Intelligence
iNET - Internet Technologies Research Group
Interactive Multimedia Systems
Knowledge Access and Accessibility
Information and the Development of the Internet
MARS - Multi-Agent Research and Simulation
Sound Analysis and Design
Visual Thinking
Games
Diverse Research Activities
Dynamics and Interactions of Fluid and Structures (DISS)
Optical Sensing and Image Processing
Innovation in Medium Sized Companies
Family Relationships/Children at Risk
Integrated Industrial Business Processes

Partnerships
HAW Hamburg has partnerships with various other universities, including the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (China), the University of Huelva (Spain) and the Institute of Technology Tallaght in Dublin (Ireland). A 'joint college' collaboration between HAW Hamburg and the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology offers Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering degree courses to Chinese students. A third of the courses take place at the University of Shanghai campus.

HAW Hamburg partners with California State University – Long Beach (CSULB) every fall and summer for a short-term study abroad programme. German students host CSULB students in the summer and are hosted in the fall in return.

HAW Hamburg also partners with the Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering at Virginia Tech.

Campuses
The HAW has four campuses. The main campus and official address is in St. Georg; the Bergedorf Campus is in Lohbrügge.

See also

 Education in Hamburg

References

External links

 Hamburg University of Applied Sciences
 Official Campus Locations

Universities and colleges established in 1970
Buildings and structures in Hamburg-Mitte
1970 establishments in West Germany
Universities of Applied Sciences in Germany
Universities and colleges in Hamburg

Hamburg University of Applied Sciences


Retigabine (INN) or ezogabine (USAN) is an anticonvulsant used as an adjunctive treatment for partial epilepsies in treatment-experienced adult patients. The drug was developed by Valeant Pharmaceuticals and GlaxoSmithKline. It was approved by the European Medicines Agency under the trade name Trobalt on March 28, 2011, and by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), under the trade name Potiga, on June 10, 2011. Production was discontinued in June 2017.

Retigabine works primarily as a potassium channel opener—that is, by activating a certain family of voltage-gated potassium channels in the brain. This mechanism of action is unique among antiepileptic drugs, and may hold promise for the treatment of other neurologic conditions, including tinnitus, migraine and neuropathic pain. The manufacturer withdrew retigabine from clinical use in 2017.

Adverse effects
The adverse effects found in the Phase II trial mainly affected the central nervous system, and appeared to be dose-related. The most common adverse effects were drowsiness, dizziness, tinnitus and vertigo, confusion, and slurred speech. Less common side effects included tremor, memory loss, gait disturbances, and double vision.
In 2013, FDA warned the public that Potiga (ezogabine) can cause blue skin discoloration and eye abnormalities characterized by pigment changes in the retina. FDA does not currently know if these changes are reversible. FDA is working with the manufacturer to gather and evaluate all available information to better understand these events. FDA will update the public when more information is available.
Psychiatric symptoms and difficulty urinating have also been reported, with most cases occurring in the first 2 months of treatment.

Interactions

Retigabine appears to be free of drug interactions with most commonly used anticonvulsants. It may increase metabolism of lamotrigine (Lamictal), whereas phenytoin (Dilantin) and carbamazepine (CBZ, Tegretol) increase the clearance of retigabine.

Concomitant use of retigabine and digoxin may increase serum concentration of the latter. In vitro studies suggest that the main metabolite of retigabine acts as a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, and may thus increase absorption and reduce elimination of digoxin.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action
Retigabine acts as a neuronal KCNQ/Kv7 potassium channel opener, a mechanism of action markedly different from that of any current anticonvulsants. This mechanism of action is similar to that of the chemically similar flupirtine, which is used mainly for its analgesic properties.

The term "channel opener" refers to a shift in the voltage dependence for channel opening towards more negative potentials. This means that KCNQ/Kv7 channels open at more negative potentials in the presence of Retigabine. Recently, it has also been shown that Retigabine stabilizes the open Kv7.2/7.3 channel, making deactivation slower with little change in voltage dependence. This effect of Retigabine is observed at concentrations below 10 micromolar. A similar effect is observed on the homomeric Kv7.2 channel.

Pharmacokinetics
Retigabine is quickly absorbed, and reaches maximum plasma concentrations between half an hour and 2 hours after a single oral dose. It has a moderately high oral bioavailability (50–60%), a high volume of distribution (6.2 L/kg), and a terminal half-life of 8 to 11 hours. Retigabine requires thrice-daily dosing due to its short half-life.

Retigabine is metabolized in the liver, by N-glucuronidation and acetylation. The cytochrome P450 system is not involved. Retigabine and its metabolites are excreted almost completely (84%) by the kidneys.

History

Among the newer anticonvulsants, retigabine was one of the most widely studied in the preclinical setting: it was the subject of over 100 published studies before clinical trials began. In preclinical tests, it was found to have a very broad spectrum of activity—being effective in nearly all the animal models of seizures and epilepsy used: retigabine suppresses seizures induced by electroshock, electrical kindling of the amygdala, pentylenetetrazol, kainate, NMDA, and picrotoxin. Researchers hoped this wide-ranging activity would translate to studies in humans as well.

Clinical trials
In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II clinical trial, retigabine was added to the treatment regimen of 399 participants with partial seizures that were refractory to therapy with other antiepileptic drugs. The frequency with which seizures occurred was significantly reduced (by 23 to 35%) in participants receiving retigabine, and approximately one fourth to one third of participants had their seizure frequency reduced by more than 50%. Higher doses were associated with a greater response to treatment.

A Phase II trial meant to assess the safety and efficacy of retigabine for treating postherpetic neuralgia was completed in 2009, but failed to meet its primary endpoint. Preliminary results were reported by Valeant as "inconclusive".

Regulatory approval
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration accepted Valeant's New Drug Application for retigabine on December 30, 2009. The FDA Peripheral and Central Nervous System Drugs Advisory Committee met on August 11, 2010, to discuss the process and unanimously recommended approval of Potiga for the intended indication (add-on treatment of partial seizures in adults). However, the possibility of urinary retention as an adverse effect was considered a significant concern, and the panel's members recommended that some sort of monitoring strategy be used to identify patients at risk of bladder dysfunction. Potiga was approved by the FDA on June 10, 2010, but did not become available on the U.S. market until it had been scheduled by the Drug Enforcement Administration.

In December 2011, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) placed the substance into Schedule V of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), the category for substances with a comparatively low potential for abuse. This became effective 15 December 2011.

Name
The International Nonproprietary Name "retigabine" was initially published as being under consideration by WHO in 1996. This was later adopted as the recommended International Nonproprietary Name (rINN) for the drug, and, in 2005 or 2006, the USAN Council—a program sponsored by the American Medical Association, the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, and the American Pharmacists Association that chooses nonproprietary names for drug sold in the United States—adopted the same name. In 2010, however, the USAN Council rescinded its previous decision and assigned "ezogabine" as the United States Adopted Name for the drug. The drug will thus be known as "ezogabine" in the United States and "retigabine" elsewhere.

References

Further reading

Anticonvulsants
Carbamates
Potassium channel openers
Fluoroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Withdrawn drugs
Orphan drugs

Retigabine


Diocesan Classical Gymnasium "Ruđer Bošković" () is a classical gymnasium in Dubrovnik, Croatia. It is affiliated with and operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dubrovnik. It is named after former student Ruđer Bošković.

It is one of the city's oldest educational institutions with roots dating back to a seminary founded by the Jesuits during the 17th century. The Collegium Ragusinum was the first such institution in the city of Dubrovnik. It had a strong tradition in the maritime sciences and is the predecessor of the present-day University of Dubrovnik. In 1941 the secondary school section was founded.

The Diocesan Classical Gymnasium is not to be confused with Gimnazija Dubrovnik, which is a state-funded (rather than church-affiliated) general gymnasium outside the old town.

References

Schools in Croatia
Private schools in Croatia
Catholic schools in Croatia
Gymnasiums in Croatia
Buildings and structures in Dubrovnik

Diocesan Classical Gymnasium "Ruđer Bošković" in Dubrovnik


Robby Cantarutti (born 17 June 1966) is an Italian architect and industrial designer from Venice and the best known practitioner of Italian Rationalism.
Cantarutti's works reflect an individualized and distinctive style. Most are located in Friuli Venezia Giulia, including his Cabin at the River, where he lives with his family.Cantarutti's work was influenced by his passions in life: architecture and nature. Cantarutti considered every detail of his creations and integrated into his architecture such crafts as wood, clear glass and raw ironwork. He also introduced new techniques in the treatment of materials, such as natural aging by atmospheric conditions.

Style
Under the influence of Bauhaus and Le Corbusier, Cantarutti transcended mainstream Rationalism, culminating in an organic style inspired by natural materials. Cantarutti's work enjoys global popularity and continuing admiration and study by architects. His masterpiece, the Cabin at the River was also substance of the film "Cabin at the River" directed  by Silvia Zeitlinger and was awarded with the Green LEAF Award 2015 for Best Single House Architecture 2015. It is the most-photographed and filmed private building in Italy. Leading life style companies  like Illy, Knoll use the Cabin as a filming location for their promotion work.

Furniture
Cantarutti´s Industrial Design is distributed by the companies Vibia and Fast all over the world.

Architecture work
1998 - reconstruction Premariacco Udine
1999 - several single-family homes in Udine
2000 - reconstruction of a single-family home in  Udine
2001 - single-family home in Campoformido Udine
2002 - industrial building in Campoformido Udine
2005 - edificio destinato a clinica casa allogio a Cussignacco Udine
2005 - winner of the competition for the reconstruction of the Piazza dei Martiri di Cittadella Padova
2006 - bridge Ciclopedonale location Rizzi Udine

Design work
Chair Lachaise for ETA spa  1995
Poltroncina Spock for ETA spa  1995
Sedia Bauhaus Collection for Natison Chair  1996
Chair Pocket  per Arrmet  1997
Chair Orbit  per Sintesi  2002
Sgabello Ginger per Sintesi 2002
Chair Gaia per Airnova 2003
Libreria funcube per natison sedia 2003
Chair Jo per Arrmet 2004
Poltrona Maxo per Arrmet 2004
Chair Exyte per jds 2006
Chair Brillant per Figurae 2006
Sgabello Estro per Alea Office 2006
Kanapee Alma Alea Office 2006
Liberia Code for Sintesi 2007
Chair Forest for fast spa 2010
Chair Elena per tramo 2010
Lampada Samurai per vibia 2011
Lampada Infinity per Vibia 2011
Chair Niwa per fast spa 2015
marquee da sole Domea per bat 2016
marquee Qubica per ke  2016
Remote control  for marquee 2016

Awards Design
1996 - award top ten (promosedia ) for chair chaise
1997 - award top ten (promosedia ) for  "Bauhaus"  collection
2002 - award top ten (promosedia ) for chair " orbit "
2003 - award catas per la sedia innovativa e affidabile con lo sgabello "ginger"
2007 - gold medal at the competition Neocon Chicago con la sedia "elena"
2007 - segnalazione  al premio delta Spagna con la sedia "elena"
2011 - award red dot germania con sedia "forest"
2011 - award Asiad  Usa  with the chair "forest"
2017 - award trophies Francia with marquee "qubica"
2017 - European Product Design Award
2017 - A´Design Award&Competition  for Filoferru Outdoor Chair in Furniture, Homeware Design Category, 2016 - 2017

References
article about Cantarutti in DIVISARE
Cantarutti in ARCHITONIC
magazine Professione Architetto about LEAF award
area Declic
STYLESPARK
Marie Claire Maison
ITALCHAIR
Corriere della Sera "Living in the Kitchen"
Messaggero Veneto
Professione Architetto

External links
website
Paddle8 Manta chair
Bucharest International Architecture Forum
Robby Cantarutti IMDb

International style architects
Modernist architects
1966 births
21st-century Italian architects
Architectural theoreticians
Italian furniture designers
Italian urban planners
Architects from Wuppertal
Urban theorists
Italian industrial designers
Living people

Robby Cantarutti


Bendigo is a settlement and historic area in Central Otago, in the southern South Island of New Zealand. It is located some 20 kilometres to the north of Cromwell, to the east of the head of Lake Dunstan, on the banks of the Bendigo Creek, a small tributary of the Clutha River.

In pre-European times, the area was not widely used, though an established Māori trail ran through it. Remains of pounamu weapons have been found in the area, as has a waka paddle now in the collection of the Otago Museum, and the remains of some moa egg shells, all suggesting it may have been used as a temporary camping area.

Bendigo first achieved notability in the 1860s, during the Otago Gold Rush. Gold was discovered at Bendigo Creek in 1862. The Bendigo Goldfields around the original Bendigo settlement became one of the country's richest, yielding an estimated 15 to 50 ounces of gold per week. The initial alluvial gold was rapidly played out, but quartz reefs bearing the precious metal were discovered by Thomas Logan in 1863 and many mine shafts were sunk into the rock during the 1860s. By the mid 1870s, the reef was considered Otago's (and the country's) richest. Mining continued in the area until the 1940s. The settlement's name is a relic of this time, having been transplanted from the Australian town of the same name by gold miners who had travelled from the Victorian goldfields.

The remains of the gold field, which was rapidly played out, have been largely preserved, and form the basis of the 1085 hectare Bendigo Historic Reserve. The reserve contains numerous walkways and includes the remains of mineshafts, water races, stamping batteries and the remains of several now-deserted settlement buildings.

Bendigo wine sub-region

Today, Bendigo's economy is based on tourism and wine. The area around Bendigo is one of the major subregions of the Central Otago wine region, with several top wineries and vineyards. As with other parts of the wine region, the main grape variety in the area is pinot noir.

Vineyards and Wineries in the area

Bendigo

 Aurora Vineyard
 Clutha Ridge
 Lamont
 Folding Hill
 Misha's Vineyard
 Moko Hills
 Mondillo
 Mud House Wines
 Prophet's Rock
 Quartz Reef
 Zebra NZ Vineyards

Tarras and Māori Point

 Māori Point Vineyard
 Swallows Crossing Vineyard
 Tarras Vineyards

References

Populated places in Otago
Geography of Otago
Otago Gold Rush
Wine regions of New Zealand
1862 establishments in New Zealand
Ghost towns in Otago

Bendigo, New Zealand


Henry Bynneman (died 1583), was an English printer of the 16th century.

Career
His career as a printer lasted from 1566, when he became free of the Stationers' Company, until 1583. He had been apprenticed to Richard Harrison in 1560, but that printer died about January 1563; though definitive evidence is lacking, Bynneman likely served the remainder of his apprenticeship with Reyner Wolfe. He became one of that select group of printers to whom the Archbishop of Canterbury, Matthew Parker, extended his patronage.

Through the good offices of Leicester and Sir Christopher Hatton, in 1580 Bynneman obtained a privilege to print "all dictionaries in all tongues, all chronicles and histories whatsoever." He had previously printed and published with privileges for "bookes" [i.e. proclamations] dealing with the lottery as well as a variety of works seemingly secured after Matthew Parker wrote to William Cecil in 1569 on his behalf. Though he is known for printing Holinshed's Chronicles for a group of wealthy stationers in 1577, he did not so under his royal patent, which he did not yet have. In addition to printing works by noted authors such as Edmund Spenser, Gabriel Harvey, George Turberville, and others, Bynneman printed the first Welsh New Testament translated directly from Greek in 1567 for publisher Humphrey Toy, along with the first Welsh edition of the Book of Common Prayer.

Bynneman had three presses by 1583, and, as the inventory of his property shows, had a varied stock of type, including Greek and Hebrew. He was the first printer in England to use a script of the kind known as civilité or "secretary."

Bynneman died in 1583, leaving a widow and several children, one of whom, Christopher, was in 1600 apprenticed to Thomas Dawson. Upon his death his stock of books was handed over to London Armourer Richard Hutton, because Bynneman had, by 1581, defaulted on a loan of £1,000 given to him by Hutton. The Eliot's Court Press purchased some of his type and his decorative blocks and initials.

References

1583 deaths
English printers
16th-century English businesspeople
Year of birth unknown

Henry Bynneman


Grow Home is an adventure platform video game developed by Ubisoft Reflections and published by Ubisoft. It was released for Microsoft Windows on February 4, 2015, and for PlayStation 4 on September 1, 2015. The game follows a robot named B.U.D., who is tasked with growing a plant that will oxygenate its home planet. Players explore an open world, moving B.U.D. and individually using each of its arms to climb and interact with objects.

Initially developed by a small team at Ubisoft Reflections for internal release, the game became popular between co-workers and was eventually planned for official release, confirmed in a blog post by Ubisoft on January 22, 2015. It was created using the Unity game engine, and contains procedural animation and physics-based gameplay, which allow the player's movements to adapt to the game's environment.

Grow Home received favorable reviews upon release, with critics praising its open world and visuals, while criticizing its short length. A sequel, titled Grow Up, was released on August 16, 2016.

Gameplay

Grow Home is an adventure game played from a third person perspective. Players control a robot named B.U.D. (Botanical Utility Droid), and are tasked with oxygenating its homeworld by growing and climbing a "Star Plant", a giant beanstalk, and harvesting its seeds. Players are able to freely explore an open world, and have the ability to individually make B.U.D.'s left and right hands grab, with a button for each hand. The player can reach a small distance and grab onto any part of the environment, allowing them to push and climb objects. Throughout the game, B.U.D's ship computer entitled M.O.M. speaks to the player, informing them of gameplay objectives.

The game allows players to grow "Star Shoots" from the Star Plant, which act as platforms for the player to traverse. Star Shoots can only be grown for a limited amount of time, and their path of growth can be directed by the player. They can be used to carry the player to various floating islands found throughout the game world. Some islands, called "Energy Rocks", can be connected to Star Shoots to make the Star Plant grow along a set path. These Energy Rocks become more distant from the Star Plant as the game progresses.

Upon growing to certain heights, the Star Plant grows through larger floating islands. These islands, along with the smaller ones surrounding the Star Plant, contain power-up crystals which can be collected to provide B.U.D. with extra abilities. Creatures and other plant life can also be found throughout the game's islands, as well as environmental features, such as caves and water currents. Some parts of the environment, such as leaves growing off of both the Star Plant and Star Shoots that allow the player to jump to greater heights than normally possible, can affect how the player moves throughout the world. Teleportation pads allow the player to move around the world quickly and act as save points. The player also respawns at their last activated teleportation pad if they die, which can be caused by falling long distances, being in too much water for too long, or by the player making B.U.D. self-destruct. Additionally, players can scan various flora and fauna into the teleporters to retrieve data from them. Items can be picked up by the player and stored in B.U.D.'s backpack one at a time, such as flower parachutes that make the player fall more slowly towards the ground, and leaf gliders that allow the player to travel further through the air.

Once the player grows the Star Plant to 2000 metres and returns a seed to M.O.M., the main objective is completed, and the player is given the choice of collecting eight more seeds. Completing this final objective unlocks a special suit that allows the player to jump twice as high, and finishes the game. Players are free to explore the world after completion.

Development
Grow Home began development as an experimental project created by an eight-person team at Ubisoft Reflections, initially being launched internally for the staff. After testing the project, management at Ubisoft decided to officially launch the title, which was developed into a full game inspired by Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and WALL-E.

Grow Home has a minimalist, low poly graphical style. It uses procedural animation and physics-based gameplay, which allow objects and the player's actions to adapt to any part of the environment. The developers recommend using a gamepad to play the game, as it gives the player "the deepest connection to the gameplay mechanics". The game was created using the Unity engine and, unlike other Ubisoft titles, it does not require Uplay to run. After being announced in a post on the official Ubisoft blog on January 22, 2015, Grow Home was released on February 4, for Microsoft Windows via Valve's Steam service, as well as being released on September 1, for PlayStation 4. An OS X version was planned to be released if the PC version sold enough units. Ubisoft released multiple updates for the game following release, containing new missions, skins and bug fixes. It was however released for Linux on November 10, 2015.

Reception

The PC version received "generally favorable reviews", while the PlayStation 4 version received above-average reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

The PC version's open world was highly regarded by critics. PC Gamers Jordan Erica Webber stated that the game's joy is in discovery. Destructoids Ben Davis said that he got "more than enough enjoyment out of exploring the world", and Eurogamers reviewer Christian Donlan called the game's map wonderfully generous and varied. However, reviewers criticised the game's length, with Davis calling it relatively short and both Webber and Donlan stating that it should only take the player a couple of hours or less to complete the game's campaign, although Webber said that the game has a great pace. IGNs Brandin Tyrrel also said that there's little reason to return to the game after completing the main campaign.

The game's visuals were also commended, with Tyrrel calling the game's world gorgeous and vivid, as well as calling its procedurally generated animation a "fantastic example of how movement can speak volumes more than words". However, he also stated that the animation system sometimes caused B.U.D.'s limbs to knot themselves into a state of "unnatural contortion". Rock Paper Shotguns John Walker said that the main character's movement is "deeply involved in the world", calling its animation the reason the game is "so special".

Critics were divided on the game's control scheme. Donlan wrote that Grow Home is the best rock-climbing game he has ever played, stating that the "initially bewildering" controls allow the player to move through the world "with real skill". Davis called it the most entertaining aspect of the game, but also stated that the walking controls were awkward at times. Webber said that the climbing controls caused her wrist strain, and that the walking controls were "cute until the first time you overshoot or go skidding off the edge".

Notes

References

External links

2015 video games
3D platform games
Adventure games
Linux games
PlayStation 4 games
Single-player video games
Ubisoft games
Ubisoft franchises
Video games about plants
Video games about robots
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set on fictional islands
Video games set on fictional planets
Windows games

Grow Home


ePrivacy Group was a privacy consulting and anti-spam technology firm, founded in 2000 by David Brussin, Stephen Cobb, James Koenig, Michael Miora, and Vincent Schiavone. The team was later joined by privacy pioneers Ray Everett and Terry Pittman.

Headquartered in Malvern, Pennsylvania, ePrivacy Group engaged in privacy consulting while developing several email-related products. Consulting clients included Microsoft MSN and Pharmacia. The company's Trusted Sender email authentication application was one of the first anti-phishing technologies, successfully deployed by several organizations such as TrustArc and American Education Services.

In 2003 the company proposed the Trusted Email Open Standard, an open version of the Trusted Sender technology. According to one of the company's founders, the 35-page white paper outlining the standard was downloaded over 18,000 times in the first three months of publication.

ePrivacy Group also developed an anti-spam technology known as "SpamSquelcher" which was later spun off to another company, TurnTide Inc. In 2004 TurnTide was sold to Symantec for $28 million and ePrivacy Group was dissolved. The SpamSquelcher and Turntide technology became the Symantec Traffic Shaper.

References

Defunct companies based in Pennsylvania
Defunct privacy organizations

EPrivacy Group


Inflammatory may refer to:

 Inflammation, a biological response to harmful stimuli
 The word inflammatory is also used to refer literally to fire and flammability, and figuratively in relation to comments that are provocative and arouse passions and emotions.
 An objection (United States law)

Inflammatory


Microsoft family features (also known product name is Microsoft Family Safety and Windows Live Family Safety) was an programmer succesor Parental Controls about in Windows 10 PC, this features has introduced on early 2007 after release Windows Vista. In Windows 7, Microsoft Family Safety has replace is Parental Controls and Windows 8 is Windows Live Family Safety has added in Windows Live Essentials 2012.

History and pubilc
The first of Microsoft Family Safety has introduced in January 29 and January 30, 2007, the first day ago after release the personal computer operating system, Windows Vista, which was release next to release Microsoft Family Safety. In February 8, 2007. Microsoft announced that Microsoft Family Safety has running for Windows Vista operating system and has running replace in Parental Controls and Windows Live Messenger. However, in October 25, 2009. Microsoft announced Windows 7 has added Family Safety but was replaced is Parental Controls.

In October 8, 2012. First Windows 8 by Microsoft added Windows Live Family Safety, later. Microsoft Family Safety for all operating system was discontinued on July 27, 2012 and replaced by Windows Live Family Safety. In November 16, 2012. Microsoft introduced Family Safety Center for website, such smillar to Windows Live Family Safety and Microsoft Family Safety. In July 30, 2015. Windows Live Family Safety first added by Windows 10 PC, but nows is discontinued features, replaced for Family Safety Center in Microsoft website.

Related pages

 Microsoft
 Microsoft Edge

Microsoft

Microsoft family features


VOXFM 106.9 is a community radio station in Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia, broadcasting on 106.9 on the FM band.
The station's broadcast area in the Illawarra includes Helensburgh in the north to Gerringong in the south, and some listeners receive the signal in the Blue Mountains. The station plays music from the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. It also has jazz, blues and folk programmes, and for programmes for the area's ethnic communities including-  Bosnian, Chilean, Croatian, Cyprian, Dutch, Filipino, German, Greek, Irish, Koori, Macedonian, Portuguese, Puka Puka, Scottish, Serbian, Slovenian, Spanish, Tongan, Turkish and  Polish.

The station is not privately owned, and is a non-profit organisation funded by government grants, sponsorship and donations. It is run by volunteers and a board of directors elected by station members.

References

Radio stations in New South Wales
Wollongong

VOX FM


Rūh al-Ma'ānī fī Tafsīri-l-Qur'āni-l-'Aẓīm wa Sab'u-l-Mathānī () is a 30-volume tafsir of the Qur'an, authored by the 19th-century Iraqi Islamic scholar Mahmud al-Alusi.

Comments of the Scholars of the Later Centuries
Yusuf Banuri , the favourite student of 'Allamah Anwar Shah Kashmiri (R'A), has written in his Yatīmatu-l-Bayān. Muqaddimah (Preface to) Mushkilātu-l-Qur'ān:

The third is Tafseer Roohu-l-Ma'ani which in my opinion is an exegesis for the Qur'an on the pattern of Fath al-Bari, the exegesis of Sahih al-Bukhari, except that Fath al-Bari is the interpretation of human words. It has paid the debt of the exegesis of Sahih al-Bukhari on the Ummah. But the Words of Allah are much higher and more exalted for any human being to give its due right.

Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani (DB) has written in his 'Ulūmu-l-Qur'ān (An Approach to the Qur'anic Sciences):

Since this is the publication of latest era, he has tried to gather important discussions of previous exegeses. Hence elaborate discussions have been carried out on language, grammar, literature, rhetoric, jurisprudence, beliefs, etymology, geophysics, astronomy, philosophy, spiritualism, and relevant narrations. An attempt has been made that no scientific and literary problem should remain unanswered. In the matter of reporting of Traditions also 'Allamah Alusi (R'A) had been more careful than other commentators. In this respect it may be called synopsis of the earlier exegeses, and no work on exegesis of Qur'an can do without help from this work.

Editions
1-30 in 15 volumes set, Editors: Mohammad al-Amad and Omar al-Salami, Introduction: al-Taher bn Ashur, Publisher: Dar Ihia al-Turath al-Arabi-Libanon

See also
List of Sunni books

References

Allama Aalosi Ki Tafseer Rooh Al Ma'ani Ka Urdu Tarjuma, Takhreej aur Tehqeeq (Khutba Al Mufsar, Sura Al Fatiha, Surah Al Baqrah Ayat 1 ta 29)

Alusi

Tafsir al-Alusi


The following people are all converts to Buddhism, sorted alphabetically by family name.

From Abrahamic religions

From Christianity

From Islam

 Wong Ah Kiu (1918–2006), Malaysian woman born to a Muslim family but raised as Buddhist; her conversion from Islam became a legal issue in Malaysia on her death
 Tillakaratne Dilshan, Sri Lankan cricket player who converted from Islam to Buddhism at the age of 16, previously known as Tuwan Muhammad Dilshan
 Kenneth Pai, Chinese American writer of Hui descent

From Judaism
Peter Coyote (1941–), American actor and author
Surya Das (1950–), lama who founded Dzogchen Foundation and Centers
Tetsugen Bernard Glassman (January 18, 1939–), American Zen Buddhist roshi and co-founder of the Zen Peacemakers
Jack Kornfield (1945–), teacher in the vipassana movement of American Theravada Buddhism
Sharon Salzberg (1952–), meditation teacher and co-founder of the Insight Meditation Society
 Steven Seagal (1952–), American actor, producer, screenwriter, martial artist, and musician who holds American, Serbian, and Russian citizenship.

From Indian religions

From Hinduism

Ashoka, Emperor of Maurya Empire, India's largest empire
Aśvaghoṣa (80?–150 CE?), Indian Buddhist figure, philosopher- poet
B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956), converted from Hinduism
Jagdish Kashyap (1908–1976), Buddhist monk
Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan, Buddhist monk, writer, and scholar
Balachandran Chullikkadu (born 1957), Malayalam language poet from Kerala
Rahul Sankrityayan (1893–1963), Hindi author and translator
Iyothee Thass (1845–1914), Siddha practitioner and leader of the Dravidian movement
Lalai Singh Yadav (1921–1993), social justice activist and play writer. He translated Periyar E. V. Ramasamy's The Key To Understanding True Ramayan from Tamil to Hindi as Sachi Ramayan Ki Chabi
Laxman Mane (1949–), Dalit author and social worker
Rupa Kulkarni-Bodhi, social activist
Swami Prasad Maurya, politician
Udit Raj (1958–), prominent Indian social activist and Buddhist polemicist
Lenin Raghuvanshi (1970–), activist, one of the founding members of People's Vigilance Committee on Human Rights (PVCHR)

S. N. Goenka, the foremost lay teacher of Vipassana meditation of Modern Time, Founder of multitude of Meditation Centers all-over the World, Raised in a Staunch Conservative Hindu Family in Burma.
Suresh Bhat (1932–2003), Indian poet and writer
Kabir Bedi (1946–), Indian film actor

Pracheen Chauhan, Indian television actor
Tisca Chopra (1973–), Indian actress, author and film producer

Barkha Madan, former Indian model, film actress, ordained a Buddhist nun and changed her name to Ven Gyalten Samten
Vinay Jain, Indian television actor
Poonam Joshi (1980–), Indian television soap opera actress
Shibani Kashyap, ndia singer
Sweta Keswani (1980–), Indian actress, dancer and model
Manav Gohil, Indian television actor

From other or undetermined

Robert Baker Aitken (1917–2010), co-founded the Honolulu Diamond Sangha
 Reb Anderson (1943–), Zen teacher
Alistair Appleton (1970–), British television presenter
Stephen Batchelor (1953–), writer
Orlando Bloom (January 13, 1977–), actor who played Legolas in Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit
 Kate Bosworth (1983–),  American actress
John Cage (1912–1992), American composer
Arabella Churchill (1949–2007), English charity founder, festival co-founder, and fundraiser
 Leonard Cohen, Canadian singer/songwriter/poet
John Crook (1930–2011), British ethologist
Ernest Fenollosa (1853–1908), American professor of philosophy and political economy at Tokyo Imperial University
Richard Gere (1949–), actor and activist for Tibetan causes
 Allen Ginsberg (1926–1997), poet
 Natalie Goldberg (1948–), writer
Herbie Hancock (1940–), jazz pianist who has also released funk and disco albums
Joseph Jarman (1937–), jazz musician and Jodo Shinshu priest
Miranda Kerr (1983–), model
 k.d. lang, Canadian singer
Jet Li (1963–), actor
 Courtney Love, American singer-songwriter
Menander I (died c. 130 BCE), Greco-Buddhist king (from pre-Christian Hellenistic religion)
Dennis Genpo Merzel (1944–), abbot of Kanzeon Zen Center
 Alanis Morissette, Canadian singer-songwriter
 Ole Nydahl (1941–), lama teacher
Tenzin Palmo  1943–), nun of Drukpa Kagyu lineage
Zeena Schreck (formerly LeVey) (1963–), a Berlin-based American visual and musical artist, author, the spiritual leader of the Sethian Liberation Movement (SLM),  Tantric Tibetan Buddhist yogini and second daughter of the late Church of Satan's founder Anton LaVey.
 Oliver Stone, American film director
 Sharon Stone, American actress, producer, and former fashion model
Ajahn Sumedho (1934–), most senior representative of the Thai Forest Tradition in the Western hemisphere; abbot of the Amaravati Buddhist Monastery in the UK
Tan-luan (6th to 7th century), Chinese Buddhist monk important to Pure Land Buddhism (from Taoism)
Robert Thurman (1941–), Buddhist priest and writer who has been called "the Billy Graham of Buddhism"
Tina Turner (1939–), American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress who has won eight Grammy Awards
Philip Whalen (1923–2002), Beat generation poet and Zen monk
Adam Yauch (1964–2012), aka MCA, American rapper (member of Beastie Boys), songwriter, film director, and human rights activist

Related pages
 List of Buddhists
 List of Buddhist conversions in India
 List of converts to Buddhism from Christianity
 List of converts to Christianity
 List of converts to Islam
 List of converts to Hinduism
 List of converts to Judaism
 List of converts to Sikhism
 List of people by belief
 Index of Buddhism-related articles
 Secular Buddhism

References

Buddhism, converts
Religious conversion

List of converts to Buddhism