Events in the year 1982 in Japan.

Incumbents
Emperor: Hirohito (Emperor Shōwa)
Prime Minister: Zenko Suzuki (L–Iwate) until 27 November 1982, Yasuhiro Nakasone (L–Gunma)
 Chief Cabinet Secretary: Kiichi Miyazawa (L–Hiroshima) until November 27, Masaharu Gotōda (L–Tokushima)
 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court: Takaaki Hattori until September 30, Jirō Terata from October 1
 President of the House of Representatives: Hajime Fukuda (L–Fukui)
 President of the House of Councillors: Masatoshi Tokunaga (L–national)
 Diet sessions: 96th (regular session opened in December 1981, to August 21), 97th (extraordinary, November 26 to December 25), 98th (regular, December 28 to 1983, May 26)

Governors
Aichi Prefecture: Yoshiaki Nakaya
Akita Prefecture: Kikuji Sasaki
Aomori Prefecture: Masaya Kitamura
Chiba Prefecture: Takeshi Numata
Ehime Prefecture: Haruki Shiraishi
Fukui Prefecture: Heidayū Nakagawa
Fukuoka Prefecture: Hikaru Kamei
Fukushima Prefecture: Isao Matsudaira
Gifu Prefecture: Yosuke Uematsu
Gunma Prefecture: Ichiro Shimizu
Hiroshima Prefecture: Toranosuke Takeshita
Hokkaido: Naohiro Dōgakinai
Hyogo Prefecture: Tokitada Sakai
Ibaraki Prefecture: Fujio Takeuchi
Ishikawa Prefecture: Yōichi Nakanishi
Iwate Prefecture:
Kagawa Prefecture: Tadao Maekawa
Kagoshima Prefecture: Kaname Kamada
Kanagawa Prefecture: Kazuji Nagasu
Kochi Prefecture: Chikara Nakauchi
Kumamoto Prefecture: Issei Sawada
Kyoto Prefecture: Yukio Hayashida
Mie Prefecture: Ryōzō Tagawa
Miyagi Prefecture: Sōichirō Yamamoto
Miyazaki Prefecture: Suketaka Matsukata
Nagano Prefecture: Gorō Yoshimura
Nagasaki Prefecture: Kan'ichi Kubo (until 1 March); Isamu Takada (starting 1 March)
Nara Prefecture: Shigekiyo Ueda
Niigata Prefecture: Takeo Kimi
Oita Prefecture: Morihiko Hiramatsu
Okayama Prefecture: Shiro Nagano
Okinawa Prefecture: Junji Nishime
Osaka Prefecture: Sakae Kishi
Saga Prefecture: Kumao Katsuki
Saitama Prefecture: Yawara Hata
Shiga Prefecture: Masayoshi Takemura
Shiname Prefecture: Seiji Tsunematsu
Shizuoka Prefecture: Keizaburō Yamamoto
Tochigi Prefecture: Yuzuru Funada
Tokushima Prefecture: Shinzo Miki
Tokyo: Shun'ichi Suzuki
Tottori Prefecture: Kōzō Hirabayashi
Toyama Prefecture: Yutaka Nakaoki
Wakayama Prefecture: Shirō Kariya
Yamagata Prefecture: Seiichirō Itagaki
Yamaguchi Prefecture: Toru Hirai
Yamanashi Prefecture: Kōmei Mochizuki

Events

January 6 - According to Japan Coast Guard official confirmed report, a fishing boat, Akebono Maru No.28 sank with high waves caused by stormy weather in Bering Sea, 32 crew were perished.
February 8 - A fire at the Hotel New Japan in Tokyo kills 33.
February 9 - Japan Airlines Flight 350 crashes in Tokyo Bay, killing 24 on board.
March 21 – According to Japanese government official report, twelve climbers were human fatalities, due suffer heavy fog and avalanche hit on Mount Yatsu, Nagano Prefecture.
April 1 - The 500 yen coin is introduced.
July 23 - A heavy torrential rain, landslide hit in central Kyushu Island, according to Fire and Disaster Management Agency confirmed report, total 326 person lives, including 299 in Nagasaki area.
August 2 - Typhoon Bess, according to Fire and Disaster Management Agency confirmed report, 95 person fatalities.
September 1 – A  first edition of Dōshin Sports (道新スポーツ), a subsidiary of Hokkaidō Shinbun (北海道新聞) was published in Sapporo.
September 24 - A Ministry of Education official is arrested on bribery charges.
Date unknown
Yamaha bravo snowmobile is introduced and begins production.

Popular culture

Arts and entertainment
In anime, the winners of the Anime Grand Prix were the TV series Six God Combination Godmars for best work, an episode of Urusei Yatsura for best episode, Takeru Myoujin from Six God Combination Godmars and voiced by Yū Mizushima for best character, Toshio Furukawa for best voice actor, Mami Koyama for best voice actress and Macross, the opening for the TV series Super Dimension Fortress Macross and sung by Makoto Fujiwara for best song. For a list of anime released in 1982 see :Category:1982 anime.

In film, Fall Guy won the Best Film award at the Japan Academy Prize, the Blue Ribbon Awards and the Hochi Film Award. Exchange Students won the Best Film award at the Yokohama Film Festival. For a list of Japanese films released in 1982 see Japanese films of 1982.

In manga, Gakuto Retsuden by Motoka Murakami (shōnen), Yōkihi-den by Suzue Miuchi (shōjo) and Karyūdo no Seiza by Machiko Satonaka (general) were the winners of the Kodansha Manga Award. The winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award were Tsuribaka Nisshi by Jūzō Yamasaki and Ken'ichi Kitami (general), Miyuki and Touch by Mitsuru Adachi (shōnen or shōjo) and Game Center Arashi and Kon'nichiwa! Mi-com by Mitsuru Sugaya (children). Gin no Sankaku by Moto Hagio won the Seiun Award for Best Comic of the Year. For a list manga released in 1982 see :Category:1982 Manga.

In music, the 33rd Kōhaku Uta Gassen was won by the Red Team (women). They were: Junko Mihara, Naoko Kawai, Aming, Mizue Takada, Seiko Matsuda, Kyoko Suizenji, Sugar, Naoko Ken, Los Indios and  Sylvia, Mina Aoe, Chiyoko Shimakura, Mieko Makimura, Ikue Sakakibara, Rumiko Koyanagi, Junko Sakurada, Miyuki Kawanaka, Hiromi Iwasaki, Masako Mori, Sayuri Ishikawa, Sachiko Kobayashi, Aki Yashiro and Harumi Miyako. Hiromi Iwasaki won the Nippon Television Music Festival and the Japan Music Awards with her song Madonna tachi no lullaby. The Japan Record Award was won by Takashi Hosokawa with his song Kita Sakaba. The May edition of the Yamaha Popular Song Contest was won by Aming with their song Matsuwa. Seiko Matsuda won the FNS Music Festival with Nobara no Etude.

In television, for dramas initially broadcast in 1982 see: List of Japanese television dramas#1982. For more events see: 1982 in Japanese television.

Sports
At the 1982 Asian Games Japan ranked second in the number of gold medals with 57 and tied with China in the total medal count with 153.

In badminton, Hiroyuki Hasegawa won the Men's singles and Sumiko Kitada the Women's singles at the Japanese National Badminton Championships (for the other results see the article).

In baseball, the Seibu Lions won the Japan Series 4-3 against the Chunichi Dragons. The MVP in the Central League was Takayoshi Nakao and in the Pacific League Hiromitsu Ochiai. At the Japanese High School Baseball Championship Ikeda won 12-2 against Hiroshima.

In basketball, Japan hosted the ABC Championship for Women 1982 that was won by Korea, with the Japanese team winning the third place. The All Japan Intercollegiate Basketball Championship was won by Nippon Sport Science.

In chess, Hiroyuki Nishimura (men's) and Naoko Takemoto (women's) were the winners of the Japanese Chess Championship.

In figure skating, the winners of the 1981–1982 Japan Figure Skating Championships were Fumio Igarashi (men), Mariko Yoshida (women) and Noriko Sato and Tadayuki Takahashi in ice dancing.

In golf, Yoshitaka Yamamoto won the NST Niigata Open, Hideto Shigenobu won the Kansai Pro Championship, Takashi Kurihara won the Hiroshima Open, Masahiro Kuramoto won the Japan PGA Championship, Teruo Sugihara won the Kansai Open and Akira Yabe won the Japan Open Golf Championship.

In football (soccer) Japan hosted the 1982 Intercontinental Cup between C.A. Peñarol and Aston Villa F.C. Peñarol won 2-0. Mitsubishi Motors (currently the Urawa Red Diamonds) won the 1982 Japan Soccer League. Yamaha Motor Company (currently the Júbilo Iwata) won the Second Division of the Soccer League and was promoted to the First Division. It also won the Emperor's Cup. For the champions of the regional leagues see: Japanese Regional Leagues 1982.

Births

January to June
 January 5
Norichika Aoki, baseball player
Maki Tsukada, judoka
 January 7 - Ryang Yong-Gi, Japanese-born football player
 January 12 - Ayumi Murata, singer, voice actor
 January 20 - Takatoshi Uchida, football player
 January 21 – Go Shiozaki, professional wrestler
 January 25 – Sho Sakurai, singer
 January 26 – Yasushi Tsujimoto, wrestler
 January 30 - Daiki Iwamasa, football player
 February 7 - Osamu Mukai, actor
 February 9 – Ami Suzuki, singer
 February 17 - Satoko Mabuchi, softball player
 February 18 - Akiko Chubachi, model
 February 20 - Ryosei Konishi, actor, voice actor
 March 7  – Erika Yamakawa, gravure idol, talent
 March 10 - Shin Koyamada, actor, martial artist, philanthropist
 March 12 - Hisato Satō, football player
 March 15 - Yōko Maki, actress
 March 15 - Tonikaku Akarui Yasumura, comedian
 March 19 – Yoshikaze Masatsugu, sumo wrestler
 March 24  – Kenichirou Ohashi, voice actor
 March 25 - Kayoko Fukushi, long-distance runner
 March 25 - Yoshikazu Kotani, actor, singer
 March 27 - Kurara Chibana, model
 April 3  – Kasumi Nakane, gravure idol
 April 3 - Hiraku Hori, kickboxer, martial artist
 April 20
Sayaka Kamiya, actress and model
Keiichiro Nagashima, speed skater
 May 4 - Norihito Kobayashi, Nordic combined skier
 May 13  – Yoko Kumada, gravure idol
 May 14  – Ai Shibata, swimmer
 May 15  - Tatsuya Fujiwara, actor
 May 21 - Kota Ibushi, professional wrestler
 May 24 - Hiroyasu Tanaka, baseball player
 May 30 - Asahi Uchida, actor
 June 4 - Soshi Tanaka, figure skater
 June 9 - Yoshito Ōkubo, football player
 June 27  – Takeru Shibaki, actor

July to December
 July 3 - Cyber Kong, professional wrestler
 July 5 - Junri Namigata, tennis player
 July 9  – Sakon Yamamoto, racing driver
 July 21 - Mao Kobayashi, newscaster and actress (d. 2017)
 July 28 - Yoshiyuki Kamei, baseball player
 August 4 - Seiichi Uchikawa, baseball player
 August 6 - Hiroki Hirako, speed skater
 August 15 - Tsuyoshi Hayashi, actor
 August 16 - Tomohiro Ito, sprinter
 August 24 - Daiki Hata, mixed martial artist
 August 24 - Tetsu Sawaki, actor
 August 27 - Tatsuyuki Tomiyama, football player
 September 3 – Kaori Natori, singer
 September 9 – Ai Otsuka, singer, songwriter, pianist and actress
 September 12 – Nana Ozaki, gravure idol
 September 19 - Shoji Sato, badminton player
 September 22 – Kosuke Kitajima, swimmer
 September 23 - Ryuichi Kiyonari, motorcycle road racer
 September 28 - Takeshi Aoki, football player
 October 4 - Takashi Kitano, football player
 October 28 - Mai Kuraki, singer-songwriter, producer
 November 2 – Kyoko Fukada, actress, singer
 November 5 - Saho Harada, synchronized swimmer
 November 5 - Akinori Nakagawa, singer, songwriter, actor
 November 6 - Daisuke Watanabe, actor
 November 8 - Aisa Senda, singer, actress, presenter
 November 13 – Kumi Koda, singer
 November 15 - Rio Hirai, Japanese actress
 November 18 - Masanori Kanehara, mixed martial artist
 November 21 - Shingo Takagi, professional wrestler
 November 27 - Tatsuya Tanaka, football player
 December 12 - Noriyuki Kanzaki, figure skater
 December 12 - Ai Kato, actress, model
 December 13 - Eita, actor
 December 18 - Aya Yasuda, luger
 December 24 – Masaki Aiba, singer
 December 25 - Yasuhiro Kido, kickboxer, martial artist
 December 29 - Noriaki Kinoshita, American football player

Deaths
 February 13 - Chiemi Eri, singer, actress
 February 26 - Teinosuke Kinugasa, actor, film director
 March 12 - Genzō Kitazumi, photographer
 March 16 - Arihiro Fujimura, actor, voice actor
 May 1 - Torajiro Saito, film director
 September 22 - Shin Saburi, actor
 December 28 - Shin Kishida, actor

See also
 1982 in Japanese television
 List of Japanese films of 1982

References

1982 in Asia

External links

1980s in Japan
1982 by country
Years of the 20th century in Japan

1982 in Japan


Mariella Adani (born December 17, 1934) is an Italian classical soprano who had an active career in operas, concerts, and recitals from the 1950s through the 1980s. She has sung under the musical direction of Vittorio Gui, Carlo Maria Giulini, Nino Sanzogno, Oliviero De Fabritiis, and Peter Maag and under the directors Sandro Bolchi, Franco Zeffirelli Luchino Visconti, and Walter Felsenstein. A light lyric soprano, she has particularly excelled in the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Gioachino Rossini. She has also been admired for her performances in Baroque opera. Retired from the stage, she now devotes her time to teaching singing.

Biography
Adani was born in Palanzano. She studied voice at the Parma Conservatory with Ettore Campogalliani and at the L'Accademia di La Scala with Giulio Confalonieri. In 1954 she made her professional opera debut at La Scala as Barbarina in Le nozze di Figaro with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf as the Countess, Irmgard Seefried as Susanna, Mario Petri as the Count, and Rolando Panerai as Figaro. She returned frequently to that house through 1962, singing such roles as Gretel in Hänsel und Gretel, Amore in Christoph Willibald Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice, Nannetta in Giuseppe Verdi's Falstaff, Lucieta in Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari's I quatro rusteghi, and Musetta in Giacomo Puccini's La bohème. She also portrayed the title role in the Italian premiere of Leoš Janáčeks' The Cunning Little Vixen at La Scala in 1958.

In 1956 Adani made her first appearance at La Fenice as Elena in Nino Rota's Il cappello di paglia di Firenze. She returned there periodically through 1968 in such roles as Anna in Die Jahreszeiten, Norina in Don Pasquale, and Zerlina in Don Giovanni. In 1957 she married bass Giorgio Tadeo, with whom she has two children. That same year she made her debut at the Teatro della Piccola Scala as Sofia in Riccardo Malipiero's La donna è mobile. She returned to that house often through 1973, portraying such roles as Arminda in La finta giardiniera, Bellina in Le astuzie femminili, Fanny in Gioachino Rossini's La cambiale di matrimonio, Paoluccia in La buona figliuola, and the title heroine in Gaetano Donizetti's Rita among other roles.

During the 1960s, 1970s, and into the 1980s Adani was active at many of the major opera houses in Italy. She was often found at the Teatro di San Carlo, where she appeared as late as 1983 as Donizetti's Rita. She also was a repeat performer at the Teatro Regio di Torino, the Teatro Massimo, the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi, and the Teatro Comunale di Bologna. At the latter house she had a particular triumph as Fiorilla in Rossini's Il turco in Italia in 1966. She also made a number of appearances at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino and at the opera festival at the Baths of Caracalla in Rome.

Adani was also highly active as a freelance artist on the international stage. She appeared almost every year at the Aix-en-Provence Festival between 1957 and 1967, where she was a lauded Mozart interpreter. Some of her portrayals at that festival included Despina in Così fan tutte, Papagena in The Magic Flute, Susanna in Le Nozze di Figaro, and Zerlina. She made her debut at the Holland Festival as Flamina in Haydn's Il mondo della luna in 1959. That same year she made her first appearance at the Wexford Festival Opera as Ninetta in Rossini's La gazza Ladra.

In 1960 Adani portrayed both Nannetta and Susanna at the Glyndebourne Festival. She made her debut at the Vienna State Opera that year as Susanna. In 1961 she made her debut at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo in the world premiere of Bruno Gillet's Il visconte dimezzato. She also made guest appearances at the Bavarian State Opera, the Hamburg State Opera, the Deutsche Oper Berlin, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the Teatro Colón, De Nederlandse Opera, the Opéra National de Paris, the Liceu, the Romanian National Opera, the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, the Palacio de Bellas Artes, and at the opera houses in Cologne and Wiesbaden.

Discography
 Don Giovanni, Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, 1960 (Zerlina)
 1960 Club Français Du Disque (Serpina)
 Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari's I quatro rusteghi, Orchestra di Teatro Communale di Torino, 1969. (Lucieta)

References

External links
Discography

Italian operatic sopranos
1934 births
Living people
Parma Conservatory alumni
20th-century Italian women opera singers

Mariella Adani


Mission: Impossible III (abbreviated as M:i:III)  is a 2006 American action spy film directed by J. J. Abrams in his directorial debut and produced by, and starring, Tom Cruise, from a screenplay by Abrams, Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci. It is the sequel to Mission: Impossible (1996) and Mission: Impossible 2 (2000) and the third installment in the Mission: Impossible film series. It also stars Philip Seymour Hoffman, Ving Rhames, Michelle Monaghan, Billy Crudup, Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Keri Russell, Maggie Q and Laurence Fishburne. In Mission: Impossible III, retired Impossible Mission Force (IMF) agent and trainer Ethan Hunt (Cruise) is forced to return to active duty to capture elusive arms dealer Owen Davian (Hoffman).

Development for a third Mission: Impossible film began in 2002, with David Fincher slated to direct; he and his eventual replacement Joe Carnahan both departed by 2004, both citing creative differences. Abrams was hired months later at the behest of Cruise, who was a fan of Abrams' Alias (2001–2006), but this further delayed production on the film due to Abrams' contractual obligations for Alias and Lost (2004–2010), and caused prospective cast additions Kenneth Branagh, Carrie-Anne Moss and Scarlett Johansson to depart the film. Principal photography began in July 2005 and lasted until that October, with filming locations including Shanghai, Berlin, Rome, Los Angeles and the Vatican City.

Mission: Impossible III premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26, 2006, and was released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on May 5, 2006. It received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise for its pace and stunts, and was considered an improvement over its predecessors. The film grossed $398 million worldwide, becoming the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2006. The sequel, Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, was released in 2011.

Plot

Ethan Hunt has retired from IMF fieldwork. He trains recruits and has settled down with his fiancée, nurse Julia Meade, who is unaware of his real job. He is approached by IMF Director of Operations John Musgrave about a special mission to rescue one of his protégés, Lindsey Farris, who was captured while investigating arms dealer Owen Davian. Musgrave has already prepared a team for Ethan: Declan Gormley, Zhen Lei and old partner Luther Stickell. The team rescues Lindsey in Berlin and collects two damaged laptops. As they flee, Ethan discovers an explosive pellet implanted in Lindsey's head. Before he can disable it with a defibrillator, it detonates and kills her.

IMF Director Theodore Brassel reprimands Ethan and Musgrave. Ethan learns that Lindsey mailed him a postcard before her capture and discovers a magnetic microdot under the stamp. IMF technician Benji Dunn recovers enough data from the laptops to determine Davian will be in Vatican City to obtain a mysterious biological hazard codenamed the "Rabbit's Foot." Ethan plans an unofficial mission to capture Davian. Before leaving, he and Julia have an impromptu wedding at her hospital's chapel. The team successfully infiltrates the Vatican and captures Davian. On the return flight to the U.S., Davian is unfazed by Ethan's interrogation and responds by promising to kill everyone he cares about.

After landing, Ethan learns that Lindsey's microdot contains a warning about Brassel and Davian. The convoy taking them across the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel is ambushed by mercenaries who extract Davian. Realizing Julia is in danger, Ethan races to Julia's hospital to discover she has already been kidnapped. Davian calls Ethan and gives him 48 hours to deliver the Rabbit's Foot in exchange for Julia's life. Before he can move, Ethan is apprehended by the IMF and questioned about the loss of Davian. While in the room as part of Ethan's interrogation, Musgrave discreetly mouths that the Rabbit's Foot is located in Shanghai and assists Ethan in escaping. Ethan travels to Shanghai and meets his team, which Musgrave sent there under the guise of another operation. Ethan obtains the Rabbit's Foot and delivers it to Davian, who tranquilizes him and implants a micro-explosive similar to the one that killed Lindsey in his head.

Waking up, Ethan sees Davian holding a gagged Julia at gunpoint. Davian tells Ethan that he's going to count to ten and shoot Julia if he doesn't tell him where the Rabbit's Foot is. Despite Ethan asserting that he brought the real Rabbit's Foot, Davian ignores him and continues to count, causing Ethan to snap at him. However, Davian once again ignores him and accuses Ethan of thinking that he's playing. Davian shoots Julia and leaves. Musgrave arrives and reveals himself as the actual IMF traitor. Julia is still alive, and the dead woman is actually Davian's translator, used to confirm the authenticity of the Rabbit's Foot. Musgrave was working with Davian to obtain the Rabbit's Foot so that the IMF would have cause to launch a preemptive strike against the terrorists Davian works for. Ethan knocks Musgrave unconscious, frees himself, and uses Musgrave's phone to obtain Julia's location.

With Benji's help, Ethan locates Julia but encounters Davian, who arms the explosive in Ethan's head. Ethan fights and kills Davian before freeing Julia. He jury-rigs an impromptu defibrillator to deactivate the explosive, asking Julia to bring him back and teaching her how to shoot a gun. Julia kills a henchman, then Musgrave, who is carrying the Rabbit's Foot, before resuscitating Ethan.

Ethan finally explains his IMF career to her. Back in the US, Brassel and others congratulate Ethan as he leaves for his honeymoon with Julia.

Cast

 Tom Cruise as Ethan Hunt: An agent of the Impossible Missions Force (IMF).
 Ving Rhames as Luther Stickell: A computer hacker, IMF agent and Ethan's closest ally.
 Philip Seymour Hoffman as Owen Davian: An arms dealer looking for the Rabbit's Foot
 Michelle Monaghan as Julia Meade: Ethan's fiancée and a nurse.
 Maggie Q as Zhen Lei: An IMF Agent who assists Ethan at the Vatican and Shanghai.
 Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Declan Gormley: An IMF Agent who assists Ethan at the Vatican & Shanghai.
 Billy Crudup as John Musgrave: The IMF Director of Operations who recruits Ethan to find Farris.
 Keri Russell as Lindsey Farris: An IMF agent held captive at Berlin.
 Simon Pegg as Benjamin "Benji" Dunn: An IMF agent and technician.
 Laurence Fishburne as Theodore Brassel: The IMF Director, who recruits Ethan to find Davian
 Bahar Soomekh as Davian's translator
 Jeff Chase as Davian's bodyguard
 Michael Berry Jr. as Julia's kidnapper
 Eddie Marsan as Brownway
 Bellamy Young as Rachael
 Carla Gallo as Beth
 Greg Grunberg as Kevin
 Rose Rollins as Ellie
 Sasha Alexander as Melissa Meade
 Aaron Paul as Rick Meade

Production

Development

In 2002, director David Fincher was slated to direct the next installment of the Mission: Impossible film series for a summer of 2004 release date. Fincher dropped out in favor of another film, later citing creative differences over the direction of the series. Joe Carnahan was chosen to replace Fincher; Carnahan worked on developing the film for fifteen months. Under his involvement, the film was to feature "Kenneth Branagh playing a guy who's based on Timothy McVeigh," as well as Carrie-Anne Moss and Scarlett Johansson in other roles. Moss would have played a new character named Leah Quint.

After a creative dispute, Carnahan quit in July 2004. Tom Cruise then called J. J. Abrams, offering the directorial role for the film after having binge-watched the first two seasons of Alias. Abrams ultimately signed on and production was delayed a year due to his contractual obligations with Alias and Lost. During this time, Branagh, Moss and Johansson departed from the project because of the many delays in production. Ricky Gervais was allegedly cast as Benjamin Dunn, but due to production delays, Gervais left the project due to scheduling conflicts with For Your Consideration (2006). Simon Pegg, who ended up playing the character, has since debunked this fact and claims that Gervais was meant to play a different character in the movie. On June 8, 2005, Paramount Pictures gave the film the green light after a new cast of actors was hired and the film's budget was redeveloped, and Cruise took a major pay cut.

Filming
Principal photography began in Rome, Italy on July 12, 2005, and ended in October. Location filming took place in China (Shanghai and Xitang), Germany (Berlin), Italy (Rome and Caserta), the United States (California, Virginia and Maryland) and Vatican City. The night scenes involving the skyscrapers were filmed in Shanghai, while some of the Shanghai filming was also done in Los Angeles.

Music

The film's musical score was composed by Michael Giacchino. He is the third composer to take on the series, following Danny Elfman and Hans Zimmer. The score album was released on May 9, 2006, by Varèse Sarabande Records. Unlike the previous installments, no soundtrack album featuring the film's contemporary music was released. Despite this, the film features a song by Kanye West entitled "Impossible" that also features Twista, Keyshia Cole and BJ.

Distribution

Marketing
To promote the film, Paramount rigged 4,500 randomly selected Los Angeles Times vending boxes with digital audio players which would play the theme song when the door was opened. The audio players did not always stay concealed. In many cases, they came loose and fell on top of the stack of newspapers in plain view, with the result that they were widely mistaken for bombs. Police bomb squads detonated a number of the vending boxes. They even temporarily shut down a veterans hospital in response to the apparent "threat." Despite these problems, Paramount and the Los Angeles Times opted to leave the audio players in the boxes until two days after the movie's opening.

"Trapped in the Closet" controversy

A blog entry of Hollywoodinterrupted.com in March 2006 alleged that Viacom (parent of Paramount and Comedy Central) canceled the rebroadcast of the South Park episode "Trapped in the Closet" due to threats by Cruise to refuse to participate in the Mission: Impossible III publicity circle. These assertions were soon also reported by E! News and American Morning.

Fox News attributed threats from Cruise, stating, "to back out of his Mission: Impossible III promotional duties if Viacom didn't pull a repeat of the episode", as evidence of "bad blood" between Cruise and Viacom. The Washington Post reported that South Park fans "struck back", in March 2006, and threatened to boycott Mission: Impossible III until Comedy Central put "Trapped in the Closet" back on its schedule. Melissa McNamara of CBS News later questioned whether this boycott hurt the film's box office debut. Political blogger Andrew Sullivan encouraged a boycott of the film, based on claims that Cruise allegedly forced Comedy Central to censor a South Park episode about Scientologists. "Make sure you don't go see Paramount's Mission: Impossible III, Cruise's upcoming movie," Sullivan wrote. "I know you weren't going to see it anyway. But now any money you spend on this movie is a blow against freedom of speech. Boycott it. Tell your friends to boycott it."

When asked in ABC's Primetime about his involvement with stopping the episode rebroadcast on Comedy Central, Cruise stated, "First of all, could you ever imagine sitting down with anyone? I would never sit down with someone and question them on their beliefs. Here's the thing: I'm really not even going to dignify this. I honestly didn't really even know about it. I'm working, making my movie, I've got my family. I'm busy. I don't spend my days going, 'What are people saying about me?'"

Reception

Box office

Opening in 4,054 theaters all across the United States, the fourth-largest opening ever up to that point, the film topped the box office in its opening weekend. It made US$16.6 million on its opening day and $47.7 million in its opening weekend, a solid opening yet almost $10 million lower than the franchise's previous films. The film remained at number one with $25 million during its second weekend, ahead of Poseidon gross of $22.2 million. The film remained in the Top 10 at the box office for the remainder of its first six weeks. It ended its initial domestic run on July 20, 2006, taking in a total of $134 million. It was the second movie in 2006 to pass the $100 million mark in the box office, following Ice Age: The Meltdown. The film's domestic gross was significantly lower than that of Mission: Impossible 2, and remains the lowest of the series as of 2022.

The film grossed $70 million outside the U.S. during its first five days (in some Asian countries, it opened two days before its North American release date). It was easily the box-office champion in many countries. Its international box-office gross reached $264.4 million for a combined worldwide gross of $398.5 million, the lowest of the series as of 2022.

In the Netherlands, the film debuted at  1 in the week of May 4–10, grossing a total of €532,384. The following week, the film remained in the top position. In its third, the film dropped to No. 2 and fell to No. 4 to the following week. Next, it maintained the No. 4 position to drop to No. 6 (in the week of June 6 – 14). In total, the film has grossed over €2,141,162.

Critical response

On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Mission: Impossible III holds an approval rating of 71% based on 224 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Fast-paced, with eye-popping stunts and special effects, the latest Mission: Impossible installment delivers everything an action fan could ask for. A thrilling summer popcorn flick." Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, an improvement on the first two installments.

On the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper gave Mission: Impossible III a "thumbs up," while Roger Ebert gave it a marginal "thumbs down." In Ebert's print review, he gave the film a score of two-and-a-half stars out of four, saying, "Either you want to see mindless action and computer-generated sequences executed with breakneck speed and technical precision, or you do not. I am getting to the point where I don't much care." He felt "surprised that the plot hangs together more than in the other two films."

Keith Phipps of The Onion The A.V. Club said the film is "business as usual, but it's the best kind of business as usual, and it finds everyone working in top form." Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly called Mission: Impossible III "a gratifyingly clever, booby-trapped thriller that has enough fun and imagination and dash to more than justify its existence." Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle said that "it's all poppycock, of course, but it's done with such vim and vigor and both narrative and visual flair that you care not a jot." James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a score of two-and-a-half stars out of four, saying that it "provides lots of action, but too little excitement."

Ian Nathan of Empire said that Mission: Impossible III has "an inspired middle-hour pumped by some solid action" but added that "we now live in a post-Bourne, recalibrated-Bond universe, where Ethan Hunt looks a bit lost." Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said that "Hoffman enlivens Mission: Impossible III" but criticized the film's "maudlin romance" and "Abrams's inability to adapt his small-screen talent to a larger canvas." Rob Nelson of the Dallas Observer said that "Abrams's movie is too oppressive, too enamored of its brutality to deliver anything like real thrills; its deeply unpleasant tone nearly makes you long even for [Mission: Impossible 2 director John] Woo's cartoon absurdities."

Claudia Puig of USA Today said that "Mission: Impossible III delivers" despite "a sense that the franchise is played out and its star over-exposed." Maitland McDonagh of TV Guide described the film as "breezy, undemanding, and a carefully balanced blend of the familiar and the not-quite-what-you-expected." Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer said that Mission: Impossible III is "plenty of fun" despite being "overwrought and overplotted."

Pete Vonder Haar of Film Threat said that "you may be mildly entertained, but damned if you'll remember any of it five minutes later." Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com said that "Cruise is the single bright, blinking emblem of the failure of Mission: Impossible III." William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer remarked that "the latest [Mission: Impossible film] is just this side of insultingly stupid." Shawn Levy of The Oregonian said that Mission: Impossible III "feels like one of the more forgettable James Bond films—saddled, moreover, with a star who's sliding into self-parody."

Home media
Mission: Impossible III was released on DVD, HD DVD and Blu-ray on October 30, 2006, the first film by a studio to be released simultaneously in all three formats. A 4K UHD Blu-ray release occurred on June 26, 2018.

Sequel

See also
 List of Mission: Impossible filming locations

References

External links

Mission: Impossible (film series)
2006 films
2006 action thriller films
2000s spy action films
American spy action films
American action adventure films
American action thriller films
American sequel films
Cruise/Wagner Productions films
2000s English-language films
Films scored by Michael Giacchino
Films based on television series
Films directed by J. J. Abrams
Films set in Berlin
Films set in Rome
Films set in Shanghai
Films set in Vatican City
Films shot in California
Films shot in China
Films shot in Germany
Films shot in Italy
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Rome
Films shot in Virginia
Films shot in Washington, D.C.
Films with screenplays by Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci
Films with screenplays by J. J. Abrams
Paramount Pictures films
Films produced by Tom Cruise
Drone films
2006 directorial debut films
2000s American films

Mission: Impossible III


The Vadodara train crash occurred on 21 April 2005 at the village of Samlaya near Vadodara in Gujarat when the Sabarmati Express passenger train crashed at high speed into a stationary goods train carrying cement.

The passenger train was carrying over 430 passengers to holy city of Varanasi, when at 3.30am it collided with the cement train which was on the same track. Local citizens rushed to help pull survivors from the wreckage, which did not catch fire. They were joined later in the day by soldiers armed with cutting equipment as well as police and medical personnel.

Initial reports claimed that 24 people had been killed in the crash, but these were subsequently scaled down to 17 or 18, with at least 80 people seriously injured and requiring hospitalisation. The railway authority authorised a payment of 100,000 rupees to the families of the dead, and other provisions for those less injured.

The cause of the crash was apparently the train's failure to stop at a signal warning the driver that there was an obstacle on the track ahead. The driver, Sita Ram, was killed in the crash, so his testimony will never be known, but the schools of thought on the cause of the crash are that either the driver did not see or did not pay attention to the signal, or that the signalman in Samlaya failed to produce the signal, or finally that the wiring from the box to the signal was faulty, thus mislaying the message.

The manager of the rail line concerned, M. Z. Ansari provoked controversy, by declaring just a few hours after the crash that "Prima facie the accident appears to have been caused by human error on the part of the staff at B Cabin in Samlaya", which caused much anger amongst the local people aiding the rescue operations, particularly since Mr Ansari was not at the site, and could not have known the full details of what had caused the crash.

See also
 List of rail accidents (2000–09)

References
Early News Report
CBS News Report

2005 disasters in India
Train collisions in India
Railway accidents in 2005
Transport in Vadodara
2005 in India
History of Gujarat (1947–present)
Railway accidents involving a signal passed at danger
Railway accidents and incidents in Gujarat
April 2005 events in Asia

Vadodara train crash


The People's Commissariat for Education (or Narkompros; , directly translated as the "People's Commissariat for Enlightenment") was the Soviet agency charged with the administration of public education and most other issues related to culture. In 1946, it was transformed into the Ministry of Education. Its first head was Anatoly Lunacharsky. However he described Nadezhda Krupskaya as the "soul of Narkompros". Mikhail Pokrovsky, Dmitry Leshchenko and Evgraf Litkens also played important roles.

Lunacharsky protected most of the avant-garde artists such as Vladimir Mayakovsky, Kazimir Malevich, Vladimir Tatlin and Vsevolod Meyerhold. Despite his efforts, the official policy after Joseph Stalin put him in disgrace.

Narkompros had seventeen sections, in addition to the main ones related to general education, e.g.,
 Likbez, a section for liquidation of illiteracy,
 "Profobr", a section for professional education,
 Glavlit, a section for literature and publishing (also in charge of censorship in publishing),
 "Glavrepertkom" (Главрепертком), a commission for approval of performers' repertoires.
 Department of the Mobilisation of Scientific Forces, to which the Russian Academy of Sciences reported after 1918.
 TEO, the Theatre Department which published Vestnik Teatra
 Vneshkol'nyi Otdel, the adult Education Department run by Krupskaya
Some of these evolved into separate entities, others discontinued.

Relationship with Proletkult
Pavel Lebedev-Polianskii, as chair of the Organizing Bureau for the National Proletkult argued that Narkompros, as a state organ, had responsibilities for the whole of society, whereas Proletkult asserted its autonomy as an organisation set up specifically for workers class. However, there was concern with "parallelism" - the situation which arose when similar work was carried out in parallel by different organisations. In early 1918 Narkompros gave Proletkult a budget of over 9,200,000 rubles, whereas the entire Adult Education Division received 32,500,000 rubles.

Izo-Narkompros
The Izo-Narkompros (Изо-наркомпрос), or the section of visual arts (отдел изобразительных искусств) created on 29 January 1918. It consisted of two parts: the collegium (deliberative organ) and the section proper (executive organ). The first collegium was headed by Vladimir Tatlin  and included  Kasimir Malevich, Ilya Mashkov, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Olga Rozanova,  Alexander Rodchenko, Wassily Kandinsky. It was subdivided into a number of subsections.

Lunacharsky directed some of the great experiments in public arts after the Revolution such as the agit-trains and agit-boats, that circulated over all Russia spreading Revolution and revolutionary arts. He also gave support to Constructivism's theatrical experiments and the initiatives such as the ROSTA Windows, revolutionary posters designed and written by Mayakovsky, Rodchenko, and others.

Izo-Narkompros also published Iskusstvo kommuny (Art of the Commune) of which 19 issues appeared between 7 December 1918 and April 1919.

Museum Bureau

Film industry
Lenin saw film as the most important medium for educating the masses in the ways, means and successes of communism. As a consequence Lenin issued the "Directives on the Film Business" on 17 January 1922, which instructed the Narkompros to systemise the film business, registering and numbering all films shown in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, extracting rent from all privately owned cinemas and subject them to censorship.

People's Commissars

See also
 Foreign Literature Committee
 Ministry of Education (Russia)
 Academic Centre

References
The Governments of  the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics   1917-1964

Soviet culture
Education
Education in the Soviet Union
Education ministries

People's Commissariat for Education


The Australian Community Television Alliance (ACTA) is a not-for-profit industry association representing free-to-air community television (CTV) channels licensed by the Australian Government under the Cth. Broadcasting Services Act 1992.

ACTA has been established to represent existing and potential CTV licensees and to advance the interests of community television.

ACTA is currently governed by an executive group currently consisting of the heads of the capital city CTV stations.

Full voting membership of ACTA is open to CTV licensees who broadcast for more than 12 hours per day for at least 5 days per week. Non-voting associate membership is open to CTV licensees not meeting this qualification.

External links
 ACTA

Television organisations in Australia
Australian community television
Television channels and stations established in 1992


Aydın Aybay (1929 – 6 March 2013) was a Turkish professor of civil law, writer and lawyer. He was one of the founders of the Istanbul University Faculty of Political Sciences, the Maltepe University Faculty of Law and the Cumhuriyet Foundation.

Biography
Aydın Aybay was born in Istanbul. He graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Law in 1953. In the same year, he started his academic career as a research assistant at department of civil law. He earned Doctor of Law degree in 1958 at the same faculty. He became associate professor (doçent) in 1963 and full professor in 1973.

In 1979, he founded Istanbul University Faculty of Political Sciences with his friends. After 1980 coup d'état, military administration sacked Aydın Aybay from university with many other academics. They are against coup d'état. In 1990s, he returned Istanbul University. In 1996, he retired from public university and started to lecture at the Maltepe University.

In January 2010, Aydın Aybay suffered lung cancer. He died of respiratory failure on 6 March 2013 in Istanbul.

References

1929 births
2013 deaths
Turkish lawyers
Turkish writers
Deaths from respiratory failure

Aydın Aybay


The Minkowski distance or Minkowski metric is a metric in a normed vector space which can be considered as a generalization of both the Euclidean distance and the Manhattan distance. It is named after the German mathematician Hermann Minkowski.

Definition

The Minkowski distance of order  (where  is an integer) between two points

is defined as:

For  the Minkowski distance is a metric as a result of the Minkowski inequality. When  the distance between  and  is  but the point  is at a distance  from both of these points.  Since this violates the triangle inequality, for  it is not a metric. However, a metric can be obtained for these values by simply removing the exponent of  The resulting metric is also an F-norm.

Minkowski distance is typically used with  being 1 or 2, which correspond to the Manhattan distance and the Euclidean distance, respectively. In the limiting case of  reaching infinity, we obtain the Chebyshev distance:

Similarly, for  reaching negative infinity, we have:

The Minkowski distance can also be viewed as a multiple of the power mean of the component-wise differences between  and

The following figure shows unit circles (the level set of the distance function where all points are at the unit distance from the center) with various values of :

See also

External links

 Unit Balls for Different p-Norms in 2D and 3D at wolfram.com
 Unit-Norm Vectors under Different p-Norms at wolfram.com
 Simple IEEE 754 implementation in C++
 NPM JavaScript Package/Module

Distance
Hermann Minkowski
Metric geometry
Normed spaces

Minkowski distance


Corrèze (; ) is a département in France, named after the river Corrèze which runs through it. Although its prefecture is Tulle, its most populated city is Brive-la-Gaillarde. Corrèze is located in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, on the border with Occitania and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.

In 2019, Corrèze had a population of 240,073, divided among 279 communes. Its inhabitants are called Corréziens (masculine) and Corréziennes (feminine). Its INSEE and postal code is 19.

Geography
The department makes up of most of Lower Limousin and owes its name to the Corrèze river whose entire course flows through the centre, and passes through the two main cities, Tulle and Brive. Tulle is the prefecture of Corrèze and Brive-la-Gaillarde the largest city.

Location
Since 2015, the department is administrated by the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. To the north, it borders the departments of Haute-Vienne and the Creuse, to the east, the departments of Puy-de-Dôme and Cantal, to the south of that of the Lot and, finally, to the west of that of the Dordogne.

Geology and relief
Located west of the Massif Central, it consists of three zones: the Mountains (Montagne), the plateaus and the Brive Basin.

The mountains' peak at 977 m at Mount Bessou. Its Rhenohercynian Zone formation is quite eroded.

The plateaus have deep valleys that head towards the Dordogne river, such as at the Gimel waterfalls.

South-west of Corrèze, the Brive sedimentary basin enjoys a more favourable climate. There are sandstone hills like Collonges-la-Rouge.

Hydrography
The department is crossed by several rivers, such as Vézère, Corrèze or the Dordogne.

Climate
The department transitions between the Aquitaine and the Massif Central, the Corrèze department sees its elevation gradually rise from the basin of Brive to the Plateau de Millevaches, watershed of the Atlantic facade. This relief explains the wide variety of climates of Corrèze.

Principal towns

The most populous commune is Brive-la-Gaillarde; the prefecture Tulle is the second-most populous. As of 2019, there are 7 communes with more than 4,000 inhabitants:

History

Corrèze is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It includes part of the former province of Limousin (the Bas-Limousin).

Within Corrèze the nineteenth-century railway planners, influenced in part by the department's topography, endowed Brive-la-Gaillarde with good connections and a major junction from which railway lines fanned out in six different directions. The railways arrived in 1860, at an opportune moment, directly after phylloxera had destroyed the local wine industry. The new railways enabled the farms in the area surrounding Brive to specialise in fruits and vegetables which they could now transport rapidly to the larger population centres of central and southern France. Locally, the new agriculture triggered the development, in the Brive basin, of related businesses and industries such as the manufacture of jams and liquors, as well as timber/paper-based packaging businesses.

Demographics

The 1851 census recorded a population of 320,866: this remained relatively constant for the rest of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century, however, Corrèze shared the experience of many of the country's rural departments as the population fell steadily.

Politics

The President of the General Council was François Hollande of the Socialist Party until 2012 when he was elected President of the Republic.  Jacques Chirac also served as a Deputy of the National Assembly from here for many years.

Current National Assembly Representatives

Tourism

People
People who were born or have significantly lived in Corrèze include:
 The House of Noailles, dukes of Noailles and Ayen, which provided three marshals of France, one admiral of France and one archbishop of Paris
 The House of La Tour d'Auvergne, viscounts of Turenne
 Bernard de Ventadour (1135–1195), a famous troubadour born at the castle of Ventadour
 Pope Clement VI (1291–1352), 198th pope, born Pierre Roger in Rosiers-d'Égletons
 Pope Innocent VI (1295–1362), 199th pope, born Etienne Aubert in Beyssac
 Pope Gregory XI (1329–1378), 201st pope and last French pope, born Pierre Roger de Beaufort in Rosiers-d'Egletons
 Étienne Baluze (1630–1718), scholar and personal librarian of Colbert
 Guillaume Dubois (1656–1723), cardinal and statesman, Prime Minister of France during the Régence
 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard (1742–1810), political figure of the French Revolution, member of Committee of Public Safety, president of the Convention that judged and sentenced to death King Louis XVI, member of the Directory and one of the redactors of the Napoleonic codes; he is buried in the Panthéon
 Jean-Antoine Marbot (1754–1800), general of the French Army and politician, deputy of Correze in the Legislative Assembly, deputy of Corrèze in the Council of the Ancients, twice elected President of the Council of the Ancients
 Pierre-André Latreille (1762–1833), zoologist and entomologist
 Guillaume Marie Anne Brune (1763–1815), marshal of France, marshal of the Empire and godfather of author Alexandre Dumas
 Antoine Adolphe Marcelin Marbot (1781–1844), general of the French Army
 Jean-Baptiste Antoine Marcelin Marbot (1782–1854), general of the French Army, author of the famous Memoirs of General Marbot
 Edmond Perrier (1844–1921), anatomist and zoologist
 Robert Nivelle (1856–1924), general, commander-in-chief of the French armies on the Western Front in 1917
 Léon Eyrolles (1861–1945), entrepreneur and politician
 Eugène Freyssinet (1879–1962), structural and civil engineer, major pioneer of prestressed concrete
 In 1879 Adolphe Clément-Bayard built an iron smelter in Tulle to supply his Parisian cycle manufacturing business, but he did not have sufficient finance to make it viable.
 Marius Vazeilles (1881–1973), politician and archeologist
Henri Queuille (1884–1970), mayor of Neuvic (1912–1965), deputy for Corrèze (1914–1935 and 1946–1958), senator for Corrèze (1935–1941) who refused to vote full powers to Pétain in 1940, three times Prime Minister of France during the Fourth Republic
 Edmond Michelet (1899–1970), politician and statesman, who did the first act of resistance of World War II in France by distributing tracts calling to continue the war in all Brive-la-Gaillarde's mailboxes on 17 June 1940, one day before Charles de Gaulle's Appeal of 18 June
 Antoinette Feuerwerker (1912–2003), lawyer and resistance member
 David Feuerwerker (1912–1980), Rabbi and resistance member
 Marie-Thérèse Nguyễn Hữu Thị Lan (1914–1963), the last empress consort of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam
 Jean Cazeneuve (1915–2005), philosopher and sociologist, president of the ORTF and of TF1
 Pierre Neuville (1922– ), author of "Les combats de ma vie" SDE (2013).
 Jacques Delors (1925– ), economist and politician, 8th President of the European Commission (1985–1994), father of socialist leader Martine Aubry
 André Malraux (1901–1976), writer, adventurer and statesman, member of the French Resistance in Corrèze during the Second World War
 Jacques Chirac (1932–2019), deputy to the Assemblée Nationale for Corrèze (1967–1995), President of the departement's General Council (1970–1979), Prime Minister of France (1974–1976 and 1986–1988), Mayor of Paris (1977–1995) and 22nd President of the French Republic (1995–2007)
 Bernadette Chirac (1933– ), member of the departement's General Council and aide to the mayor of Sarran
 François Hollande (1954– ), deputy for Corrèze (1988–1993 and 1997–2012), mayor of Tulle (2001–2008), President of the department's General Council (2008–2012), leader of the Socialist Party (1997–2008), 24th President of the French Republic (2012–2017)
 Pierre Tornade (1930–2012), actor born in Bort-les-Orgues.
 Rose Warfman (1916–2016 ), resistance member
 Eric Rohmer (1920–2010), film director
 Marcel Conche (1922– ), philosopher
 Max Mamers (1943), born in Objat, racing driver two times champion of France of rallycross, organizer of the Andros Trophy and the Paris-Corrèze.
 Patrick Sébastien (1953– ), born in Brive-la-Gaillarde, a man of television, singer.
 Pierre Villepreux (1943– ), rugby player
 Denis Tillinac (1947– ), author and journalist
 Richard Millet (1953— ), novelist and essayist, born in Viam.
 Marie-Anne Montchamp (1957– ), politician, former Secretary of State for Solidarities and Social Cohesion (2010–2012)
 Valérie Pécresse (1967– ), politician, former Minister of Higher Education and Research (2007–2011), former Minister of the Budget and Government's Spokeswoman (2011–2012)
 René Teulade (1931–2014), member of the Senate
 Cédric Villani (1973– ), mathematician, Fields Medalist in 2010
 Cédric Heymans (1978– ), French international rugby union player
 Dimitri Yachvili (1980– ), French international rugby union player
 Laurent Koscielny (1985– ), footballer who plays for Arsenal in the Premier League
 Thomas Domingo (1985– ), French international rugby union player
 Varg Vikernes (1973– ), Norwegian musician and writer

See also
Cantons of the Corrèze department
Communes of the Corrèze department
Arrondissements of the Corrèze department

References

External links
  Prefecture website
  Departmental Council website
lacorreze.com a lot of photos

Massif Central
1790 establishments in France
Nouvelle-Aquitaine region articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Departments of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
States and territories established in 1790

Corrèze


Medianoche (; Spanish for "midnight") is a type of sandwich which originated in Cuba. It is served in many Cuban communities in the United States. It is so named because of the sandwich's popularity as a staple served in Havana's night clubs right around or after midnight.

A medianoche consists of roast pork, ham, mustard, Swiss cheese, and sweet pickles. It is a close cousin to the Cuban sandwich, the chief difference being that a medianoche is made on soft, sweet egg dough bread similar to Challah rather than on crustier Cuban bread. Like the Cuban sandwich, the medianoche is typically warmed in a press before eating.

Elena Ruz
The Elena Ruz sandwich is a turkey sandwich with cream cheese and strawberry jam on toasted but not pressed medianoche bread. It is named after the Cuban socialite Elena Ruz Valdés-Fauli, who convinced the Havana restaurant El Carmelo to put it on the menu in the late 1920s or early 1930s. As of the 2020s, Cuban-American restaurants such as Versailles in Miami have continued to serve the sandwich despite waning popularity.

See also
List of sandwiches
Cuban cuisine
Muffuletta

References

Cheese sandwiches
Cuban cuisine
Pork sandwiches

Medianoche


Groypers, sometimes called the Groyper Army, are a group of white nationalist and far-right activists, provocateurs and internet trolls who are notable for their attempts to introduce far-right politics into mainstream conservatism in the United States, their participation in the 2021 United States Capitol attack and the protests leading up to it, and their extremist views. They are known for targeting other conservative groups and individuals whose agendas they view as too moderate and insufficiently nationalist. The Groyper movement has been described as white nationalist, homophobic, nativist, fascist, sexist, antisemitic, and an attempt to rebrand the declining alt-right movement.

Groypers are a loosely defined group of followers and fans of Nick Fuentes, a white nationalist, far-right political commentator and livestreamer. After Fuentes, there is no clear second in the Groyper hierarchy. Groypers are named after a cartoon amphibian named "Groyper", which is a variant of the Internet meme Pepe the Frog.

Michelle Malkin, a conservative blogger and political commentator, has referred to herself as the "mommy" of the Groyper movement, though she plays a minor role in the cause.

In February 2021, the Groyper movement splintered between Nick Fuentes and Patrick Casey over fears of infiltration by federal informants and doxing at the 2021 America First Political Action Conference, held by Fuentes. Jaden McNeil of America First Students joined in support of Fuentes' conference and accused Casey of disloyalty to Fuentes. In May 2022, McNeil distanced himself from Fuentes in an "interpersonal clash of egos" following conflict over his former position as treasurer of Fuentes' America First Foundation.

Ideology
Groypers are extremely conservative and critical of more mainstream conservative organizations, which they believe to be insufficiently nationalist and pro-white; thus, appealing to racist and xenophobic individuals. Groypers and their leaders have tried to position the group's ideology as being based around "Christian conservatism", "traditional values", and "American nationalism". Some Groypers downplay the extremism of their positions, and instruct others on how to engage in entryism and radicalization tactics such as slowly introducing their targets to increasingly extreme ideas. Despite attempts to brand themselves more moderately, the group is widely recognized as white nationalist, antisemitic, and homophobic.

Fuentes claimed that he had been "oppressed" by "the Jews" and blamed antisemitic actions as being the Jewish community's own fault, claiming that matters "tend to go from zero to sixty" and that "the reason is them". Fuentes declared that matters would get "a lot uglier" for their community if they did not begin to support "people like us". According to the Anti-Defamation League, Groypers blame the mainstream conservative movement as well as the political left for what they view as "destroying white America". They oppose immigration and globalism. Groypers support "traditional" values and Christianity and oppose feminism and LGBTQ rights.

Describing the relationship between Groypers and the Republican Party, Nick Fuentes has stated, "We are the right-wing flank of the Republican Party." He summarized his political ambitions by stating, "We have got to be on the right, dragging [moderate Republicans] kicking and screaming into the future. Into a truly reactionary party." In 2022, Fuentes advocated for a political "white uprising" to bring Donald Trump back to power and "never leave," wanting America to "stop having elections" and abolish the United States Congress.

Background
Groypers are named after a cartoon amphibian named "Groyper", which is a variant of the Internet meme Pepe the Frog. Groyper is depicted as a rotund, green, frog-like creature, often in a sitting position with its chin resting on interlocked fingers. There is some disagreement around the specifics of Groyper: it is alternatively said to be a depiction of the Pepe character, a different character from Pepe but of the same species, or a toad. The Groyper meme was used as early as 2015, and became popular in 2017.

In 2018, a group of computer scientists studying hateful speech on Twitter observed the Groyper image being used frequently in account avatars among the accounts identified as "hateful" in their dataset. The researchers observed that the profiles tended to be anonymous and collectively tweeted primarily about politics, race, and religion. Similarly, they detected that the users were not "lone wolves" and the individuals could be identified as a community with a high network centrality. The same year, Right Wing Watch reported that Massachusetts congressional hopeful Shiva Ayyadurai had created a campaign pin featuring a variation of the Groyper image, which RWW described as an attempt to appeal to the far-right activists on 4chan, Gab, and Twitter who had adopted the meme.

Followers of Nick Fuentes began to be known as Groypers beginning in 2019. Fuentes' followers are also sometimes called "Nickers". In September 2019, Ashley St. Clair, a "brand ambassador" for the conservative student group Turning Point USA, was photographed at an event featuring several allegedly white nationalist and alt-right figures, including Fuentes, Jacob Wohl, and Anthime Gionet, better known as "Baked Alaska". After Right Wing Watch brought the photographs to Turning Point USA's attention, the organization issued a statement declaring that it had severed ties with St. Clair, and condemning white nationalism as "abhorrent and un-American". At the 2019 Politicon convention, Fuentes tried to access several of the Turning Point USA events featuring its founder Charlie Kirk, including a line to take photos with Kirk and Kirk's debate with Kyle Kulinski of The Young Turks. Security repeatedly barred him from being allowed anywhere near Kirk, with Fuentes accusing Kirk of deliberately suppressing him in order to avoid a confrontation, as Fuentes had grown critical of Kirk's positions, which he believes are too weak. Charlie Kirk and along with Rob Smith was then questioned by Patrick Casey and other plants in the audience on his views on free speech and homosexuality, which they see conservatives as moving the country towards the left on these matters and ceding a lot of ground on cultural issues, by banning members for associating with white nationalists or neo-Nazis and not caring about what consenting adults do.

Groyper Wars
In the fall of 2019, Kirk launched a college speaking tour with Turning Point USA titled "Culture War", featuring himself alongside such guests as Senator Rand Paul, Donald Trump Jr., Kimberly Guilfoyle, Lara Trump, and Congressman Dan Crenshaw. In retaliation for the firing of St. Clair and the Politicon incident, Fuentes subsequently began organizing a social media campaign asking his followers to go to Kirk's events and ask provocative and controversial leading questions regarding his stances on immigration, Israel, and LGBT rights during the question-and-answer sessions, for the purpose of exposing Kirk as a "fake conservative". At a Culture War event hosted by Ohio State University on October 29, eleven out of fourteen questions during the Q&A section were asked by Groypers. Groypers asked questions including, "Can you prove that our white European ideals will be maintained if the country is no longer made up of white European descendants?", and directed the question "How does anal sex help us win the culture war?" at Kirk's co-host Rob Smith, a gay black veteran of the Iraq War. Fuentes' social media campaign against Kirk became known as the "Groyper Wars". Kirk, Smith, and others at Turning Point USA, including Benny Johnson, began labeling the questioners as white supremacists and anti-Semites.

Another Turning Point USA event targeted by the Groypers was a promotional event for Donald Trump Jr.'s book Triggered, featuring Trump, Kirk, and Guilfoyle at the University of California, Los Angeles in November 2019. Anticipating further questions from Fuentes' followers, it was announced that the originally planned Q&A portion of the event would be canceled, which led to heckling and boos from the mostly pro-Trump audience. The disruptions eventually forced them to cut the event short after 30 minutes, when it was originally scheduled to last for two hours.

Groypers' targets for heckling quickly expanded beyond Charlie Kirk and Turning Point USA. Groypers began targeting other mainstream conservative groups and individuals, which they sometimes collectively call "Conservative Inc.", including events hosted by Young America's Foundation and their student outreach branch Young Americans for Freedom, which included such speakers as Ben Shapiro and Matt Walsh of The Daily Wire, and Jonah Goldberg of The Dispatch. Questions posed to their opponents often focus on topics including United States–Israel relations, immigration policy, affirmative action, and LGBTQ conservatives. They regularly use anti-Semitic dogwhistles in their confrontations with other conservatives, including numerous questions about the USS Liberty incident, and references to the "dancing Israelis" conspiracy theory alleging Israeli involvement in the September 11 attacks.

Other activities
In December 2019, Fuentes announced and held the Groyper Leadership Summit in Florida. A small group attended the event in person, and attendees also joined via livestream. The event was held at the same time and in the same city as Turning Point USA's Student Action Summit (SAS); Groypers argued with SAS attendees outside of their venue, and Fuentes, Patrick Casey, and some Groypers were removed from the SAS venue after attempting to enter. At the Groyper Leadership Summit, Fuentes, Casey, and former InfoWars contributor Jake Lloyd spoke about the Groypers' strategy and ideology. While outside of a venue where a Turning Point USA event was being held, Fuentes crossed paths with Ben Shapiro, who was on his way to the event with his pregnant wife and two children. Fuentes confronted Shapiro over his past public speaking comments, while Shapiro refused to acknowledge him. Fuentes faced widespread condemnation from politicians and various pundits—including Nikki Haley, Meghan McCain, Sebastian Gorka, Megyn Kelly, and Michael Avenatti—for confronting Shapiro while he was with his family.

In January 2020, Groyper and former leader of Kansas State University's Turning Point USA chapter Jaden McNeil formed the Kansas State University organization America First Students. The group, which shares a name with Fuentes' America First podcast, was conceived at the Groyper Leadership Summit, and Groyper leaders have helped promote the group. The America First Students organization, which states it was formed "in defense of Christian values, strong families, closed borders, and the American worker", is considered to push the Groyper movement.

In February 2020, Fuentes spoke at several events that were held as rival events to the Conservative Political Action Conference. One such event, hosted by the online publication National File, featured Fuentes, Alex Jones of InfoWars, and Proud Boys founder Gavin McInnes. Fuentes hosted the first annual America First Political Action Conference, which included such speakers as Patrick Casey, former Daily Caller author Scott Greer, and Malkin.

Groypers are very active online, particularly on Twitter, and have engaged in targeted harassment against opponents. Financial Times reported that many Groypers use "deceptively anodyne" Twitter biographies, describing themselves in terms that downplay their extremism, like "Christian conservative". In April 2020, The Daily Dot reported that Fuentes and other Groypers had begun to move to the video sharing platform TikTok, where they streamed live and used the "duet" feature to respond to Trump supporters. Groypers particularly targeted one left-wing teenage girl for harassment, which began on TikTok but spread across platforms. Fuentes and some other Groyper accounts were banned from TikTok shortly after the Daily Dot article was published.

Presence at January 6 United States Capitol attack
Groypers were present at the January 6 United States Capitol attack.  Exact numbers are not known but several were arrested.
Nicholas (Nick) Fuentes was on the steps of the Capitol and celebrated the temporary disruption of Congress, but has not been charged.
Patrick Casey is the leader of American Identity Movement (AIM), was on the steps of the Capitol and celebrated the temporary disruption of Congress, but has not been charged.
Riley June Williams of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania was accused of invading Nancy Pelosi's office and stealing her laptop and gavel and of accelerating the attack in general.  She was tried and found guilty of six charges, including a felony count of civil disorder.  She was sentenced on March 23, 2023, to three years in prison with three years of probation and fined.
Christian Secor of Cosa Mesa, California was present at the Capitol Building, where he allegedly flew the Groypers flag.  He was accused of Obstruction of an Official Proceeding, Civil Disorder, Assault, and Resisting arrest.  At trial, he was found guilty and sentenced last year to three years and six months in prison.

Joseph Brody of Springfield, Virginia, and four others acted as a group which assisted the mob "...in using a metal barricade against a U.S. Capitol Police officer, knocking the officers back as he attempted to secure the North Door". He faces felony charges of assaulting a police officer, resisting or impeding law enforcement officers, causing bodily injury, interfering with a law enforcement officer during a civil disorder and obstruction of an official proceeding.
Thomas Carey of Pittsburgh, Ohio, pled guilty to demonstrating in a Capitol Building and was fined $500.
Gabriel Chase of Gainesville, Florida, pled guilty to demonstrating in a Capitol Building and was fined $500.
Jon Lizak of Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pled guilty to demonstrating in a Capitol Building and was fined $500.
Paul Ewald Lovley of Halethorpe, Maryland, pled guilty to demonstrating in a Capitol Building and was fined $500.

Political activism
The Groyper movement has repeatedly failed to gain any serious political traction, often being disavowed by most politicians it has attempted to support. Congressman Paul Gosar, the keynote speaker for Fuentes' AFPAC II in 2021, disavowed Fuentes and his followers the following day while addressing CPAC. At AFPAC III in 2022, several political figures whom Fuentes claimed were slated to speak, including Arizona gubernatorial nominee Kari Lake and former acting Director of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Thomas Homan, did not attend and disavowed the event upon learning of Fuentes' views. The conference's keynote speaker, Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene, later claimed that she did not know who Fuentes was and, upon learning of his views, condemned him as well.

Of the speakers at AFPAC III who did not rescind their support for Fuentes, only two went on to run for major office: Lieutenant Governor of Idaho Janice McGeachin and Arizona State Senator Wendy Rogers. Rogers ultimately won a competitive primary later that year and was re-elected to the senate, although she was censured for her remarks at the conference calling for political violence. McGeachin, who ran for governor of Idaho that year, was defeated in the primary by incumbent Governor Brad Little by a 20-point margin.

One of the candidates endorsed by Fuentes in the 2022 midterms who later disavowed his endorsement was Joe Kent, running for the 3rd congressional district in Washington. In response to the disavowal, Fuentes began organizing an online campaign against Kent in the hopes of blocking him from winning the nomination; Kent ultimately secured the Republican nomination, defeating incumbent Congresswoman Jaime Herrera Beutler.

Fuentes and the Groyper movement later supported the candidacy of Laura Loomer for the 11th congressional district of Florida in 2022. On the night of the primary, Fuentes attended Loomer's election watch-party, and they were filmed sharing a toast as results came in that seemed to suggest Loomer would actually defeat incumbent Congressman Daniel Webster; Loomer toasted "to the hostile takeover of the Republican Party." When additional results came in confirming Loomer's loss to Webster by a 7-point margin, she claimed without evidence in a speech to her supporters that her loss was due to voter fraud.

In late 2022 and early 2023, the Groyper movement shifted away from its longtime position of supporting Donald Trump and instead began promoting the presidential campaign of rapper Kanye West. West brought Fuentes with him for a dinner at Mar-a-Lago with former President Trump, which generated significant controversy while also raising Fuentes' profile; Trump later disavowed Fuentes, claiming he was not initially aware of Fuentes' views. West's campaign soon included other figures in the Groyper movement, including Milo Yiannopoulos, Ali Alexander, and Rumble streamer Nico Kenn De Balinthazy, better known by his online alias "Sneako". Many Groypers, including fellow streamers on Fuentes' website Cozy.tv, began using their platforms to promote West's anti-Semitic views. Two Cozy streamers, Dalton Clodfelter and Tyler Russell, began streaming themselves harassing students at college campuses with a table display reading "Ye is Right - Change my Mind," a slogan that was derivative of a prior college tour by right-wing commentator Steven Crowder. The events were frequently protested by Jewish student groups and allies, who played music on loudspeakers and chanted in order to drown out the streamers' speeches. The planned college tour was canceled after less than one month, after Clodfelter lost the funding for both the tour itself and the Rumble channel associated with it.

On May 4, 2023, it was reported that West had fired Fuentes and Alexander, the latter of whom had become embroiled in a sexual harassment scandal involving young men and underaged boys, and re-hired Yiannopoulos, who had since split from Fuentes and was the first one to leak the allegations against Alexander.

Reactions
The Groyper Wars earned widespread media attention after the UCLA incident with Donald Trump Jr. Chadwick Moore of Spectator USA commented that the ordeal revealed deep divisions within the American right among young voters, particularly with regards to the political beliefs of Generation Z, or "Zoomers". This divide, Moore claims, is due to the Groypers viewing Charlie Kirk and others in the mainstream conservative movement as "snatching the baton and appointing themselves the guardians of 2016's spoils", despite holding beliefs that Fuentes and his followers believe to be in conflict with then-President Trump's "Make America Great Again" agenda. Another Spectator author, Ben Sixsmith, claimed that Turning Point's unwillingness to respond to controversial questions, and subsequent use of insults to dismiss their critics, revealed the organization's hypocrisy after having "promoted themselves as the debate guys".

Several mainstream conservative commentators also weighed in on the matter. Addressing the increase in attention towards the far-right due to the aggressive questioning of Kirk, Ben Shapiro gave a speech at Stanford University in which he attacked Fuentes (without naming him) and his followers as essentially being a rebranded version of the alt-right. Representative Dan Crenshaw similarly referred to the questioners as "alt-right 2.0" while American Conservative Union chairman Matt Schlapp said that "there is no place in our conservative movement for those interested in fomenting hate, mob violence, or racist propaganda." Conversely, conservative commentator Michelle Malkin wrote an article for American Greatness attacking Kirk for his immigration policies, and particularly his stance that green cards should be awarded to immigrants who graduate from American universities. After defending Fuentes and his followers, Malkin was fired as a speaker for Young America's Foundation, a rival organization to Turning Point whose events had also been targeted by Groypers. Malkin later would refer to herself as a mother figure among and a leader of the Groypers.

References

Further reading

2010s neologisms
Alt-right organizations
American conspiracy theorists
American nationalism
Anti-immigration politics in the United States
Anti-black racism in the United States
Anti-globalization movement
Anti-LGBT sentiment
Antisemitism in the United States
Anti-Zionism in the United States
Criticism of feminism
Criticism of neoconservatism
Groups and movements involved with the January 6 United States Capitol attack
Internet trolls
Organizations that oppose LGBT rights in the United States
White supremacist groups in the United States

Groypers


Carlo Fecia di Cossato (25 September 1908 – 27 August 1944) was an officer in the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy), in command of submarines and torpedo boats during World War II. He was credited with the confirmed sinking of 23 enemy ships (16 Allied ships before the Armistice of Cassibile, with the submarine , and 7 German vessels after the armistice, with the torpedo boat ). He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and of the Gold Medal of Military Valor, the highest decoration of the Italian Armed Forces.

Fecia di Cossato was born in Rome, Italy, on 25 September 1908. He graduated from the Naval Academy in Livorno in 1928 and assumed his duties as an officer at the Italian Naval Detachment in China. In the early 1930s, he was an officer on two submarines and his service included participation in the Spanish Civil War.

At the beginning of World War II, Fecia di Cossato was the commander of the submarine Ciro Menotti based in Messina; after some months he was transferred to Bordeaux and given command of the submarine Tazzoli. This submarine operated in the Atlantic Ocean, sinking 18 ships with a total tonnage of 96,553 tons; 16 of these ships, for a total tonnage of 86,545 GRT, were sunk under Fecia di Cossato's command. In February 1943, at the end of the mission near Brazil he was transferred to Italy, where he was given command of a squadron of torpedo boats.

After the Allies' Armistice with Italy, he fought with bravery against German shipping near Bastia, sinking seven enemy vessels. Fecia di Cossato was displeased with the events of late 1943 and early 1944, and committed suicide in Naples on 27 August 1944.

Early life and career

Fecia di Cossato was born in Rome in 1908 to a family of the Piedmontese nobility. In his youth, he attended the Royal Military College of Moncalieri and then the Italian Naval Academy in Livorno, where he graduated in 1928 as an Ensign. Immediately after graduation, he was assigned on the submarine Bausan.

In 1929, after promotion to Sub-Lieutenant, Fecia di Cossato was assigned to the Italian Naval Detachment in Beijing and sent to China on the scout cruiser Libia. He returned to Italy in 1933, was promoted to Lieutenant and was assigned on the light cruiser Bari, stationed in Massawa during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. He then participated in two special missions on submarines during the Spanish Civil War. In 1939 Fecia di Cossato attended the Italian Navy Submarine School in Pola, after which he was promoted to Lieutenant Commander and given command of a submarine.

At the outbreak of World War II

When Italy entered World War II, Fecia di Cossato was the commanding officer of the submarine Ciro Menotti, based in Messina as part of the 33rd Submarine Squadron. In this role, he participated in several missions in the Mediterranean Sea. In the autumn of 1940 he was transferred to the BETASOM submarine base, in occupied France, where he started his participation in the Battle of the Atlantic as executive officer of the submarine Enrico Tazzoli, whose commanding officer was Lieutenant Commander Vittore Raccanelli.

In command of Enrico Tazzoli

On 5 April 1941 Fecia di Cossato was given command of Tazzoli, with Lieutenant Gianfranco Gazzana-Priaroggia as executive officer. Fecia di Cossato and Gazzana Priaroggia (who was later given command of the submarines  and ) were to become Italy's most successful submariners in World War II.

Early sinkings

On April 7, 1941 Tazzoli left Bordeaux for its first mission under Fecia di Cossato. After reaching a patrol area off the coast of West Africa, on April 12 the submarine attacked two British cruisers with torpedoes, but no hits were obtained. On April 15, Tazzoli sank the British steamer Aurillac (4,733 GRT) with torpedoes and gunfire. On May 7, Tazzoli sank the Norwegian steamer Fernlane (4,310 GRT) and two days later the Norwegian tanker Alfred Olsen (8,817 GRT). The latter required two days of pursuit, all remaining torpedoes and a hundred artillery rounds, forcing Tazzoli to return to base after sinking it. On the way back, Tazzoli was attacked by an enemy plane, but the reaction of its machine guns damaged the plane and forced it to fly away.

On May 25, Tazzoli reached Bordeaux, where Fecia di Cossato was awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valor. On July 15, 1941, Fecia di Cossato sailed for a new mission during which, on August 12, he destroyed the grounded wreck of the British steamer Sangara (5,449 GRT, already damaged by a previous attack by the German submarine U-69) and on August 19 he sank the Norwegian tanker Sildra (7,313 GRT) about fifty miles off Freetown. He returned to base on September 11 and was awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valor and an Iron Cross Second Class.

Rescue of the Atlantis and Python survivors

In December 1941 Tazzoli left Bordeaux to take part in the rescue of 400 survivors from the German commerce raider Atlantis and the German supply ship Python, that had been sunk off the Cape Verde islands. German U-boats had rescued the survivors from the sea, but did not have enough space to adequately house them, therefore the German command requested the intervention of the larger Italian submarines. Tazzoli and three other Betasom submarines (Torelli, Calvi and Finzi) thus sailed from Bordeaux after disembarking nonessential personnel and loading substantial supplies of food and water. At the rendezvous with the German U-boats, Tazzoli took onboard about 70 survivors, including Atlantis' executive officer Ulrich Mohr.

On Christmas Eve Tazzoli, sailing on the surface, was attacked by an enemy plane and forced to crash dive. On the following day, the submarine reached Saint-Nazaire, where the survivors were landed. For his part in the rescue of the survivors from the two German ships, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz awarded Fecia di Cossato the Iron Cross First Class.

In American waters

On 11 February 1942, after the United States' entry into the war, Tazzoli under Fecia di Cossato left for a new mission, off the coasts of America. On 6 March the submarine sank the Dutch steamer Astrea (1,406 GRT), and on the following day the Norwegian motor ship Torsbergfjord (3,156 GRT). On 9 March Tazzoli sank the Uruguayan steamer Montevideo (5,785 GRT), on 11 March the Panama-flagged steamer Cygnet (3,628 GRT), on 13 March the British steamer Daytonian (6,434 GRT) and two days later the British tanker Athelqueen (8,780 GRT). In the fight against the latter, Tazzoli suffered some damage, following which Fecia di Cossato decided to return to base, where he arrived on 31 March. Following this mission Fecia di Cossato was awarded another Silver Medal of Military Valor by the Italian authorities and an Iron Cross Second Class with Sword by the German authorities.

On 18 June 1942, Fecia di Cossato sailed with Tazzoli for a new mission in the Caribbean. On 2 August he attacked and sank the Greek merchant Castor (1,830 GRT), and four days later he sank the Norwegian tanker Havsten (6,161 GRT), allowing her crew to abandon ship and be rescued by a nearby Argentinian ship, before sinking her. On 5 September, Tazzoli returned to base; for this mission Fecia di Cossato received a Bronze Medal of Military Valor.

On 14 November 1942, Fecia Di Cossato sailed for his last mission on Tazzoli. On 12 December the submarine sank the British steamer Empire Hawk (5,032 GRT) and the Dutch merchant Ombilin (5,658 GRT); on 21 December the British steamer Queen City (4,814 GRT) became Tazzoli's next victim, followed on Christmas by the American motor ship Dona Aurora (5,011 GRT). During the return voyage, the submarine was attacked by a British four-engined plane, that was shot down by Tazzoli's machine gunners. On 2 February 1943, Tazzoli ended her patrol in Bordeaux. On 19 March 1943, Fecia di Cossato was awarded a Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross by the German authorities, for his successes in the Atlantic.

Ships sunk

In command of Aliseo

In February 1943 Fecia di Cossato left the command of Tazzoli, was promoted to Commander and was then given command of the brand new Ciclone-class torpedo boat  and of the 3rd Torpedo Boat Squadron.  He assumed command of Aliseo on 17 April 1943. In May 1943 Fecia di Cossato learned that Tazzoli, having been converted into a transport submarine, had disappeared with all hands after sailing towards the Far East; the loss of his old crew deeply affected him.

On 22 July 1943 Aliseo left Pozzuoli together with the German torpedo boat TA11 and two submarine chaser, escorting the steamers Adernò and Colleville towards Civitavecchia. In the morning of 23 July, the convoy was attacked by Allied aircraft; one of the attacking planes was shot down, while one of the Axis escorting planes was damaged and forced to ditch. Aliseo was strafed, and suffered minor damage to her deck and rudder. Fecia di Cossato ordered the convoy to go on, then Aliseo took the ditched plane in tow and towed it towards the coast, while the damage to the rudder was repaired; Aliseo rejoined the convoy at 17:30. Around 19:30, the convoy was attacked by the submarine HMS Torbay, that torpedoed Adernò, sinking her. Aliseo launched a motorboat to pick up the survivors, then hunted the attacking submarine for several hours, but without result.

Following other escort missions in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Fecia di Cossato was awarded another Bronze Medal of Military Valor by the Italian authorities, and a War Merit Cross by the German authorities.

The Armistice and the battle of Bastia

When the armistice between Italy and the Allied forces was announced, on the evening of 8 September 1943, Aliseo was moored in the harbour of Bastia, in Italian-occupied Corsica. The harbour was packed with several vessels, both Italian and German; besides Aliseo, these included her sistership , the Italian merchant ships Sassari and Humanitas, and a small German flotilla which included the submarine chasers UJ 2203 (former French survey vessel Austral) and UJ 2219 (former Belgian yacht Insuma) and five Marinefährprahme (F 366, F 387, F 459, F 612 and F 623).

The local Italian and German commanders soon reached a "gentlemen's agreement" according to which the German forces would be allowed to safely retreat to mainland Italy. Meanwhile, however, the German forces secretly prepared to launch a surprise attack on the Italian ships moored inside the harbour, planning to capture them. The attack started at 23:45 on 8 September, when two groups of German soldiers, after hearing a whistle (the signal to attack), stormed Ardito; the torpedo boat was heavily damaged (70 of her 180 crew were killed) and captured, and the merchant ships Sassari and Humanitas also fell into German hands.

Aliseo had just left the harbour when the German attack began.

Shortly after dawn on 9 September, a combat group of the Tenth Bersaglieri Group (10° Raggruppamento Celere Bersaglieri) staged a counterattack which led to the recapture of the port, as well as of Ardito, Sassari and Humanitas; the German flotilla was ordered to leave the harbour, but the ships were immediately fired upon by the Italian coastal batteries, which damaged UJ 2203 and some of the MFPs.

Aliseo, under the command of Fecia di Cossato, was then ordered by the port commander to attack and destroy the German units. Shortly after 7:00 the flotilla, proceeding in a column led by UJ 2203, opened fire on Aliseo, which returned fire at 7:06, from a distance of ; at 7:30 Aliseo was hit by an 88 mm shell in the engine room and temporarily left dead in the water, but the damage was quickly repaired and the torpedo boat closed in and engaged her adversaries in succession, destroying them one after the other. At 8:20 UJ 2203, after suffering several hits, blew up; ten minutes later UJ 2219 was also destroyed when her magazines exploded. Between 8:30 and 8:35 Aliseo also sank F 366, F 459 and F 623; the corvette Cormorano intervened during the final phase of the battle and, together with Aliseo, forced F 387 and F 612 to run aground, after which they were abandoned and destroyed.

Aliseo picked up 25 German survivors, then proceeded towards Portoferraio, as ordered, together with the damaged Ardito. Elba Island had become the collection point for Italian torpedo boats, corvettes and minor ships escaping from harbours on the northern Tyrrhenian coast; Aliseo and Ardito reached Portoferrario at 17:58 on 9 September. In the morning of 11 September, Aliseo left Portoferraio along with six other torpedo boats (including sisterships , ,  and ) and some corvettes and smaller vessels, heading for Allied-controlled Palermo, where the group arrived at 10:00 on 12 September.

The ships remained on the roads till 18 September, when they entered the harbour in order to receive water and food supplies; on 20 September they left Palermo and reached Malta, where Aliseo delivered part of the foodstuff she had been given to the Italian warships that had arrived there in the previous days. On 5 October 1943, Aliseo left Malta and returned to Italy.

For both his achievements in the Battle of the Atlantic and his victorious action off Bastia, Fecia di Cossato was awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valor.

Co-belligerence, insubordination, and death

Based in Taranto, Aliseo carried out numerous escort missions during the co-belligerence between Italy and the Allies, always under Fecia di Cossato's command. In June 1944, the new government chaired by Ivanoe Bonomi refused to swear loyalty to the king; on 22 June Fecia di Cossato, a staunch monarchist, refused in turn to swear loyalty to the new government, which he considered illegitimate. On the same day, Fecia di Cossato was relieved of command, charged with insubordination and imprisoned. His huge popularity, however, led to immediate unrest among the crews of his and other ships, who refused to put to sea and demanded that he be freed and reinstated in his role. Shortly thereafter, Fecia di Cossato was released from prison, but he was given a mandatory three months' leave.

With the armistice and the following events, Fecia di Cossato had seen the ideals that had guided him throughout his life – the Fatherland, the monarchy, the Regia Marina – crumble around him. He perceived the events of 8 September 1943 as a "shameful surrender" for the Royal Italian Navy, which, he felt, had produced no positive effects for Italy; the country was now divided and occupied by opposing foreign armies, and the armistice and the change of sides would become a stain on Italy's honour and reputation for a long time ("We have been unworthily betrayed and we discovered to have committed an ignominious act without any result"). Fecia di Cossato felt that his personal honour was stained by the surrender; furthermore, he was worried by the rumours that, despite their participation in the co-belligerence against the Germans, the surviving ships of the Italian Navy would still be handed over to the Allies at the end of the war. He was also haunted by the loss of his old crew on Tazzoli; in the letter he wrote before committing suicide, he also wrote: "For months, all I've done is thinking about my crew, who rest honourably at the bottom of the sea. I think that my place is with them". Since his family lived in German-occupied Northern Italy, out of his reach, he had to live in a friend's house in Naples. On 21 August 1944, as his mandatory leave was nearing its end, Fecia di Cossato wrote a last letter to his mother, where he explained the reasons for his extreme gesture; on 27 August 1944 he committed suicide by shooting himself in his friend's house in Naples.

He is buried in Bologna.

Commemoration

A Sauro-class submarine, commissioned in 1980 and decommissioned in 2005, was named after him.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

1908 births
1944 deaths
Military personnel from Rome
Regia Marina personnel of World War II
Italian military personnel of the Spanish Civil War
Foreign volunteers in the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
Italian monarchists
Italian nobility
Recipients of the Gold Medal of Military Valor
Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Italian military personnel who committed suicide
Suicides by firearm in Italy
Submarine commanders
Italian military personnel killed in World War II

Carlo Fecia di Cossato


Hui or Huy was an ancient Egyptian priestess during the Eighteenth Dynasty. She was the mother of Merytre-Hatshepsut, the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Thutmose III.

Hui played an important role in the cults of Amun, Ra and Atum. One of her statues was found, it names her as the possible mother of the Great Royal Wife. This might prove that Merytre was not the daughter of Queen Hatshepsut, as she was thought to be. The statue, which is now in the British Museum, also depicts the children of Thutmose and Merytre, except for Amenhotep II. Princess Nebetiunet is sitting on her grandmother's lap, Prince Menkheperre and princesses Meritamen, the other Meritamen and Iset can be seen on the side of the statue. Iset was probably the youngest, as her figure is much smaller than that of the others.

Sources

External links
 The statue of Hui (Spanish)

Priestesses of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
15th-century BC Egyptian women
15th-century BC clergy
Ancient Egyptian priestesses

Hui (priestess)


John Victor Pickstone (29 May 1944 – 12 February 2014) was a British historian of science and the Wellcome Research Professor in the Centre for the History of science, Technology and Medicine, in the Faculty of Life Sciences of the University of Manchester.

Early years

Pickstone was born and raised in Burnley, Lancashire, England, to a Methodist family. After attending Burnley Grammar School, he studied Natural sciences, especially physiology, at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge and at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. After his degree he took an MSc in History and philosophy of science at University College London, 1969, and completed his PhD at Chelsea College London, 1974 (on general physiology in early 19th-century France, especially the work of Dutrochet on osmosis). He has held fellowships in History of medicine at the University of Minnesota (1971–73) and at University College London (1974), before moving in 1974 to the Department of History of science and technology, UMIST, Manchester, to work on the history of hospitals in the Manchester region (Lecturer, 1977, later Senior Lecturer).

The middle years

In 1985–86, as part of a rationalisation program, he moved to the Victoria University of Manchester and established the Centre for the History of Science and Technology (CHSTM), including the Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine and the National Archive for the History of computing before directing the Centre until 2002 when he became a Research Professor.

Latterly, Pickstone published mainly on modern medical history, e.g. cancer and medical technology; but also on regional history of STM, on which he edited two journal numbers in 2007. With Roberta Bivins, he edited a volume in honour of the late Roy Porter (Palgrave, 2007) and with Peter Bowler, edited the Cambridge University Press History of Science volume on Modern Earth and Life Sciences (2008). 'Ways of Knowing' continues to attract attention, including a special session at the American history of science conference in Washington, DC, 2007, and an invitation to produce an Osiris volume. With his work on recent medical history, it attracted international invitations; in 2007–2008, this included visits to Yale University, Pennsylvania, Paris, Maastricht, Berlin and Mexico.

For the University of Manchester, he initiated a series of 'Interfaculty Lectures', and with friends in Manchester Metropolitan University and the City, planned a major local history festival for 2009.

Research interests

Pickstone's research interests mostly included aspects of recent medicine, such as the Wellcome project on the history of cancer in Britain, work on medical technology, the history of mental health services, and a collaborative project with the NCRDPC on recent changes in the NHS. He is increasingly interested in the uses of history for health policy.

His wider work on 'Big Pictures' and 'Ways of Knowing' grew from a conviction that through some of the hundreds of excellent papers produced in history of science, technology and medicine since the 1960s, we might develop new and better frames for understanding long-term history. He explored these themes in relation to medical technologies, science-art relations, science-technology relations, and the display of HSTM in museums.

Publications

Some of his writings he authored as 'John V. Pickstone'.

2009
(with Chris Philo) Unpromising Configurations: towards local historical geographies of psychiatry. In: Health and Place

2008
(with David Edgerton), Science, Technology and Medicine in Britain, 1750–2000: Modern Science in National and International Context, Cambridge History of Science, vol. 8
The Modern Biological and Earth Sciences, Cambridge History of Science, vol. 6

2007
(with J. Anderson & F. Neary), Surgeons, Manufacturers and Patients: a transatlantic history of total hip replacement, In: Science, Technology and Medicine in Modern History. Palgrave.

(with Roberta Bivins) Madness, Medicine and Social History: essays in honour of Roy Porter, Palgrave
Medicine in Manchester: Manchester in medicine, 1750–2005, In: Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library, LXXXVII
Medical History in Manchester: health and healing in an industrial city, 1750–2005. In: Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library, vol. LXXXVII (special number ed. Pickstone & Stella V. F. Butler, with survey article by Pickstone as introduction).
Science and Technology in Manchester: an introduction to the history. In: Manchester Regional History Review, 18.
The History of Science and Technology in the Manchester Region: Manchester Regional History Review (special number ed. Pickstone with survey article as introduction, Manchester Regional History Review, 18.

2006
(with J. S. Metcalfe), Replacing Hips and Lenses: Surgery, Industry and Innovation in Post-War Britain, New Technologies in Health Care – Challenges, Change and Innovation, Palgrave
Innovation, Diverse Knowledges and the Presumed Singularity of Science:  Cultures of Technology and the Quest for Innovation, Berghahn Books
Bones in Lancashire: towards long-term contextual analysis of medical technology, In: Devices and Designs: Medical Technologies in Historical Perspective, Palgrave

2001
Ways of Knowing: A New History of Science, Technology, and Medicine, University of Chicago Press

References

Academics of the University of Manchester
British historians
Historians of science
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
People from Burnley
People educated at Burnley Grammar School
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Alumni of University College London
Academics of University College London
1944 births
2014 deaths

John Pickstone


The Plessur Alps are a mountain range in the Alps of eastern Switzerland. They are considered to be part of the Western Rhaetian Alps. They are named after the river Plessur, which originates from the center of the ranges. The Plessur Alps are separated from the Glarus Alps in the west by the Rhine valley; from the Rätikon range in the north by the Landquart river valley (Prättigau); from the Albula Alps in the south-east by the Landwasser river valley; from the Oberhalbstein Alps in the south by the Albula river valley.

The Plessur Alps are drained by the rivers Rhine, Plessur, Landwasser and Landquart. The ski resort Arosa lies in the middle of the range.

Peaks of the Plessur Alps are the Aroser Rothorn (highest, ) and Stätzer Horn ().

A mountain pass in the Plessur Alps is the Strela Pass, from Davos to Langwies, elevation .

Peaks
The chief peaks of the Plessur Alps are:

Gallery

See also
Swiss Alps
Amselflue
Casanna

References
Swisstopo maps

External links

Mountain ranges of the Alps
Central Alps
Rhaetian Alps
Mountain ranges of Switzerland
Mountain ranges of Graubünden
Limestone Alps

Plessur Alps