Dead Island is a 2011 action role-playing game developed by Techland and published by Deep Silver. Released for Linux, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, the game is centered on the challenge of surviving a zombie-infested open world with a major emphasis on melee combat. The plot focuses on four playable survivors trying to survive and escape off the fictional island of Banoi.

The game was announced at the 2006 Electronic Entertainment Expo, but delayed until 2011. The game's cinematic announcement trailer was met with controversy over its depiction of a dead child. However reception was nonetheless positive, with praise going towards the emotional impact, animation and story, with the trailer being held as one of the best in any medium. The game was released in 2011. September for North America/Europe and in October for Japan. Despite the pre-release acclaim, the game received generally lukewarm reviews. While praised for its atmosphere, gameplay and playable characters, it was also criticized for large technical difficulties and in-game glitches, graphics and most notably being hampered for lacking the emotional themes presented in the trailer. It sold over 5 million units by February 2013.

A standalone DLC expansion, Dead Island: Riptide, was released in 2013; a spin-off, Escape Dead Island, was released on 18 November 2014; and a sequel, Dead Island 2, was set to be released in 2015, but was delayed and eventually released on April 21, 2023. A remastered version of the game, titled Dead Island Definitive Edition, was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on May 31, 2016 with a Linux version following on June 3, 2016. The remastered version was also bundled as part of the Dead Island Definitive Collection along with Dead Island Riptide: Definitive Edition, all DLC and a 16-bit side-scrolling spin-off game called Dead Island: Retro Revenge.

Gameplay
Dead Island features an open world, divided by relatively large areas, and played from a first-person perspective. Most of the gameplay is built around combat (mainly melee weapons) and completing quests. Dead Island is an action role-playing game and uses experience-based gameplay. The player earns XP by completing tasks and killing enemies. Upon leveling up, the player gains health and can invest one skill point into a skill tree and level up one of their skills.

Combat is carried out through either physical attacks or through the use of melee weapons and firearms. Melee weapons are emphasised to the point that firearms are not available for the first half of the game, and consist of blunt and bladed weapons. Melee weapons can also be thrown at targets at any point in the game. Weapons are randomly generated and positioned in predetermined locations as well as found on some enemies; they have unique stats that are generally based on the player's current level. Each weapon can be upgraded three times to increase its stats, and most weapons can be "modded" – customized based on a blueprint to add special features, such as nails or electrified blades, and poison. These weapons will wear out from constant usage and require repairs and careful use, especially because once a weapon becomes damaged beyond a certain point it becomes much more expensive to repair.

There is also a stamina bar, meaning that after a set amount of physical action, such as running, jumping, or swinging a weapon, the character needs to stop to regain his or her stamina. Fighting with a high-level zombie will result in the player often running out of stamina and potentially being killed. The game features "special class" zombies, which are more powerful than the standard zombie. Players need to use flashlights in dark areas and during night-time sections, adding suspense.

Zombies in the game have different abilities, such as the Walkers being Romero-style zombies and the Infected being 28 Days Later-style running zombies. There are also other special zombies in the style of Left 4 Dead.

Plot
The night after a party, four playable main characters (hereafter referred to as "the survivors"): rapper Sam B., hotel receptionist and spy for the Hong Kong Government Xian Mei, former American football-star Logan Carter, and ex-police officer Purna Jackson—are awakened by a voice over the emergency intercom system directing them to evacuate the hotel. They discover that the majority of the population have been overcome by a contagious and infectious plague, turning them into psychopathic, flesh-eating creatures. Briefly overcome by one of the infected, they are rescued by lifeguard John Sinamoi.

The survivors discover that they are apparently immune from infection, and "The Voice" out of contact, the survivors are tasked by Sinamoi to try to find supplies and contact the outside world. As it becomes obvious that the resort lacks enough supplies to survive for long, Sinamoi instead has them travel to the city of Moresby to find help. The survivors take along Jin, the daughter of the bitten mechanic who modifies an armoured car they use to break out of the resort.

Upon arriving in Moresby, after taking down a new special infected known as the Ram, the survivors aid a holdout at a barricaded church. Directed first to the wealthier sections of town, they ultimately raid a supermarket under the control of "Raskol" gangs. Jin tries to offer supplies to another Raskol faction, in the abandoned police station, who capture and rape her. The gang kill the Raskol members and rescue Jin, but her actions anger Sam.

Upon their return to the resort, the survivors make contact with "The Voice": Colonel Ryder White, a Banoi Island Defense Force (BIDF) commander who is currently trapped in a high-security prison located on a remote island, only accessible through the jungle. He states that due to the characters' immunity he could create a cure/vaccine, and in-turn save his bitten wife. White directs the survivors into the jungles of Banoi having them find a smuggler named Mowen who can reach the prison.

Mowen stonewalls the survivors on the prison, but does take them to a lab studying the plague. Their researchers determine the infection is a mutation of Kuru that originated from the indigenous population. At their behest, the survivors collect a tissue sample from a native mummy to better examine the pre-mutation form of Kuru and rescue a native woman, Yerema, who was about to be sacrificed by her tribe.

Mowen finally agrees to take the survivors to the prison. After the survivors complete the preparations that he and Jin requested, they hurry back to the lab when White reports that somethings' gone wrong. They find the zombies the scientists were studying were accidentally released, with only Yerema still alive. Rescuing Yerema and retrieving what appears to be a prototype vaccine, the survivors proceed to the prison island.

The survivors initially help the surviving prisoners to arm themselves in exchange for reaching White, but when White finally contacts them again he urges them to abandon the prisoners and proceed to him. The prisoners' holdout eventually falls and Mowen dies helping Jin and Yerema escape. As the survivors are about to reach White, however, they are hit with a knockout gas inside their elevator. Awoken by a tech-savvy prisoner named Kevin, they learn that White stole the vaccine and intends to flee with his wife and call in a nuclear strike to purge the island.

Racing to the roof helipad, the survivors find themselves held by White at gunpoint. Jin, disgusted by White's plan, releases White's now-zombified wife from her restraints, and she bites White on the wrist. White kills his wife and shoots Jin dead, then injects himself with the vaccine, only for it to accelerate and amplify his own mutation. The survivors kill White, then finally escape Banoi with his helicopter as Kevin intones that things will never be the same.

Ryder White campaign
Two weeks prior to the outbreak, Ryder White, a Colonel in the B.I.D.F, is interviewed by a commanding officer. He is presented with a series of targets and asked if he would kill each without question. White agrees he would kill all including, after some hesitation, his wife Emily. Those viewing the interview note this and have him reassigned to Banoi, where Emily also works. They speculate that he will not "push the button because of her".

Upon the zombie outbreak, White oversees the bombing of bridges to slow the infection, but his helicopter crashes in Moresby when the co-pilot turns. Alerted that the main bridge in Moresby remains intact, he proceeds to recover the demolition charges from the Raskols and carry out the demolition himself. He is contacted by Emily, who has taken shelter inside the prison with the help of a man known as Kevin.

Upon extraction from Moresby, White hears from Emily that she has been bitten by one of her zombified patients. Disregarding his wife's pleas to leave her, White has himself dropped off at the prison, intent on saving her before ordering a nuclear strike to purge the island. By the time he arrives Emily has almost turned. Kevin then contacts White over the intercom, offering to help him as well. When they meet, however, White identifies Kevin as Charon, a notorious terrorist-affiliated hacker. However, with no other options, he follows Charon's instructions to restore emergency power and find antibiotics for Emily, fighting off armed escaped prisoners. Charon also tells White he has survivors en route with an antidote.

After administering the antibiotic to Emily, Charon notifies him that a group of prisoners are approaching in reprisal for the ones that White killed to obtain the Tetracycline. With the prisoners dead, White travels to the control room in Block C and meets up with Charon. As White approaches, he discovers that Charon was behind the deaths of the scientists at the Laboratory, including Dr. West, but hides his suspicion. He is then instructed to clear the zombies from the shower room in Block C for when the Heroes arrive.

With the shower room cleared, White uses the sewers to return to the control room. While eavesdropping on Charon's conversation with the group (the survivors from the main campaign), he discovers that Charon has been posing as him (The Voice). Out of rage, White threatens to kill Charon for endangering Emily and making him betray his country. Charon then assures him that the group have the "antidote" and that the Heroes will not trust either White or Charon if it is revealed that they were never actually speaking to White. Charon then instructs White to store knockout gas above the elevator lift that the group will be using, so they can steal the antidote from them and avoid having to negotiate.

After placing the gas and returning to the control room, Charon and White watch the Heroes pass out from the gas. Before leaving to retrieve the gas, White destroys the control room's computer to prevent Charon from pulling any more tricks. He then locks Charon in the control room and tells him that he is going to get the antidote for Emily. Charon replies to White stating that the antidote would only work on people that were in the early stages of Infection, which Emily is already well beyond. Shaken by his words, White runs off to get back to Emily in the intensive care unit. With White gone, Charon reveals that he had a hidden backup key card and taunts him stating that White should have killed him when he had the chance.

Afraid of being too late, White collects the antidote from the group and frantically fights through countless waves of Zombies to get back to Emily. Upon finding her, White finds she has already become an Infected. White then vows to make a complete antidote out of the serum. He brings Emily to the roof where he discovers that Charon has turned the group against him. Jin releases Emily to attack White, forcing him to kill his wife. White then kills Jin in retaliation. He injects himself with the antidote only to discover that it was actually an enhanced version of the plague, which transforms him into a powerful Special Infected. He is then killed by the group. The survivors then flee to safety using White's helicopter. It is revealed that Charon plans on using Yerema as what Dr. West called her, "a walking timebomb", to spread the plague.

Development

A promotional film, created by UK animation studio Axis Productions and directed by Stuart Aitken, featuring the transformation of a young girl into a zombie, played in a nonlinear sequence, was commented upon by Ben Parfitt of MCV. Parfitt praised the trailer itself, but criticised the online reaction to it, writing "It's a video that uses an image of a dead girl and images of her dying to create an emotional bond with a product." Wired exclaimed, "It may be the best video game trailer I've ever seen; gorgeous, well-edited and emotionally engaging." However Wired urged caution, stating that Techland did not make the trailer and that "everyone is hyped up about a short film, not the game itself."

Dead Island was originally announced on 8 August 2007 and stated to be released in 2008, developed by Techland and produced by Adrian Ciszewski, but was delayed. An official teaser trailer, titled "Part 1: Tragedy Hits Paradise", was released on 17 May 2011 featuring various gameplay aspects. A follow-up trailer, titled "Part 2: Dead Island Begins", was released on 6 June 2011 along with the announcement of the game's release being set for 6 September 2011 for the US and 9 September 2011 for the worldwide release. The game's zombies were rendered to have fully modelled layers of meat and muscle, meaning they have a multi-layered damage system with real-time injuries. On 9 August 2011, Deep Silver announced that Dead Island's development had finished and that production had begun.

Marketing

In Australia, a collector's edition was available to pre-order exclusively from EB Games. The collector's edition came with a Turtle Beach X12 headset, Ripper weapon DLC and Bloodbath Arena DLC. The collector's edition in Canada has the Ripper and Bloodbath DLC. On 20 July, Dead Island became available for pre-purchase on Steam as a single copy of the game for full price, or a four pack with one free copy. Both the single copy and the four pack include the Ripper and Bloodbath DLC.

In PlayStation Home (North American version), the PlayStation 3's social gaming network, users could pre-order Dead Island from a special kiosk in the Central Plaza (Home's central meeting point redesigned for this promotion and includes a "Zombie Survival" minigame) and receive an "Exploding Zombie Outfit" (features a remote option for users to explode) for their Home avatar.

Deep Silver funded a four-part series of comedic short films written and starring hosts of Talkradar from the video game journalistic website GamesRadar, titled Dead Island: Secret Origins. The films depict fictionalised versions of the hosts who travel to Dead Island and become zombies out of choice. There is also a novelisation with the same name, released by Bantam Books on the same date to accompany the game. The novelisation differs slightly from the game, with more mature themes and an alternate ending that was presumably unsuitable for the game.

On 21 March 2011, gaming licenser ESRB announced that the original version of the Dead Island logo was not suitable for release in North America, and Deep Silver was told to change it. Instead of the hanging corpse in the original logo, it was changed to a zombie standing by the tree. This logo change appears on the boxart of the North American release (the logo in-game, however, remains unchanged), with the logo remaining unchanged in other territories. In Australia, the game was released a day early, instead of its intended release date, 9 September by EB Games.

Dead Island was offered for free to Xbox Live users with a Gold Membership as part of Microsoft's "Games with Gold" program. It was available to download from Xbox Live until 15 February 2014.

Riptide

On 3 November 2011, Techland registered the name "Dead World". When questioned about this, they denied a sequel was in production. On 5 June 2012, at E3 2012, Techland officially announced another game in the Dead Island universe, a stand-alone expansion under the title Dead Island: Riptide. The ending of Riptide also hints toward another continuation.

Related media

Comic
A one-issue comic book version of the series was released by Marvel Comics, and begins with Roger Howard, an investigative journalist, as he looks into the illegal exploitation of Banoi Island's resources. He appeared in the game as a voice, leaving behind tape recordings.

The story begins just as Roger Howard arrives. He explains why he is at the Royal Palms Resort, and then begins to target Kenneth Ballard the Royal Palms' manager. After gaining access to his office, Roger finds detailed files on Xian Mei, Purna, Logan Carter, and Sam B. After going through the files, Roger hears a knock on the door. Before opening it, he begins to explain that he was looking for the bathroom. Unfortunately, after opening the door, he comes face-to-face with a zombie. The story then ends, with Roger's fate unknown. In the video game, audio logs of Roger are found, with him slowly going insane from being infected, and when the survivors reach the prison, they find his last audio log, which implies a prison guard killed him once he became infected, with the log found next to (presumably) Roger's corpse.

The audio logs detail his journey, which is revealed that he and a group of survivors tried to escape into the jungle, but crashed. The driver and Roger were attacked by an infected Orangutan, with the driver dying and Roger escaping. Roger makes it to the prison, and he states he is making this log for scientists to see the full symptoms of infection, and starts hallucinating about his son.

Film
On 27 September 2011, Lionsgate announced that they had acquired the rights to develop a film based on the game's release trailer, as its portrayal of a family desperately fighting for their lives provided artistic inspiration. On 1 August 2014, it was announced that Occupant Entertainment and Deep Silver would produce and finance the film; little is known about the film as of yet other than it was expected to be started around 2015.

Novel
A novelisation, based on events which take place within the game's storyline, was released concurrently in September 2011.

Reception

Critical reception

Dead Island received generally lukewarm to positive reviews from critics. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version 80/100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", while the Xbox 360 version received a score of 71/100, and the PlayStation 3 version received a score of 71/100, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

IGN gave the game an 8.0/10, criticizing the game presentation, glitches, various bugs for the consoles, and texture loading, but praising the atmosphere and overall feel of the game and stating that the game's  points are significant enough to outweigh its  points. Official Xbox Magazine (UK) gave the game a score of 7.0/10, stating that while it falls short of its potential, there is more than enough to make up for the in-game issues, while the US version gave it 8.0/10.

Computer and Video Games awarded the game a more mixed score of 6.5/10, stating, "This budget zombie thriller ain't too pretty but could manage to capture a cult following." However, Edge magazine gave Dead Island a 3/10 score referencing a very large number of gameplay and technical issues.

The Microsoft Windows version of the game received many negative reviews from magazines and websites stemming from an accidental release of a development build of the game on Steam. This included features such as noclipping and the ability to toggle the third-person perspective. Rock, Paper, Shotgun also noted that the code revealed references to the Xbox 360 version. Developer Techland released a first-day patch seeking to address as many as 37 issues. A patch for the console versions has been released and fixed many issues, including corrupted savegames. As of 17 August 2013, the PC version still had many user reports of gamebreaking bugs including being unable to use savegames. This software was replaced on Steam and other distribution sites in 2016 by the Definitive Edition, which uses a different game engine (though is unlikely to be bug-free itself).

Controversy
The game was not released in Germany due to the amount of violence. It was sold in some German online stores such as Amazon Germany for a limited time. It was indexed as "media harmful to youth" by the  (USK) in November 2011. The Definitive Edition was removed from the USK index in January 2019.

"Gender Wars", an unlockable skill for the playable character Purna which increases her combat damage against male opponents, was referred to during development as "Feminist Whore". Although changed throughout the game before release, the original name could still be found in debug code on the PC version. Publisher Deep Silver described the line in question as a "private joke" made by one of the developers, and regretted its appearance in the final product.

Sales
Dead Island has sold over 5 million units by February 2013.

Sequels

On 7 August 2013, Deep Silver announced a new game titled Dead Island: Epidemic. As a MOBA (multiplayer online battle arena) game, Epidemic had three teams of players battling one another for survival while facing the hordes of undead that inhabit the series. On 19 May 2014, Epidemic was released through Steam early access, allowing players to actively participate in the final development stage of the game, reporting bugs and issues within the game so that the release is polished. Epidemic was a free-to-play title. In 2015, the game was cancelled during the open beta phase.

On 9 June 2014, Dead Island 2 was announced during the PlayStation E3 press conference. Unlike the somber trailer, the new title's trailer is vibrant and comedic similar to the Dead Rising series. The game was in development by Yager Development, before moving to Sumo Digital. It is now being developed by Dambuster Studios.

On 1 July 2014, Escape Dead Island was announced. The game was developed by Fatshark and was released in November 2014 for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows.

References

External links

2011 video games
Action role-playing video games
Deep Silver games
2010s horror video games
Infectious diseases in fiction
Linux games
MacOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Obscenity controversies in video games
Open-world video games
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PlayStation 4 games
Post-apocalyptic video games
Role-playing video games
Survival video games
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Video games about cannibalism
Video games about zombies
Video games adapted into comics
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Video games set in Papua New Guinea
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Dead Island


Massimo Tamburini (November 28, 1943 – April 6, 2014) was an Italian motorcycle designer for Cagiva, Ducati, and MV Agusta, and one of the founders of Bimota. Tamburini's designs are iconic in their field, with one critic calling him the "Michelangelo of motorbike design". His Ducati 916 and MV Agusta F4 were included in the Guggenheim Museum's The Art of the Motorcycle exhibit of 1998–1999.

He lived and worked in San Marino at the Cagiva Research Center (, CRC), a subsidiary of Cagiva now MV Agusta, from which he retired on December 31, 2008.

Early life
Tamburini was born on November 28, 1943, in Rimini, where his family were farmers. Although he aspired to attend university, for financial reasons he instead attended the Istituto Tecnico Industriale di Rimini, a technical school in Rimini. According to his biography published by the City of Rimini, he did not finish his technical education for health reasons, and began working at age 18 on heating ductwork.

Career
Tamburini said, "I have always had a huge passion for motorcycles—my mother used to complain about it when I was a little boy, calling it my obsession! I have never had any desire to design anything else." His exposure to the motorcycle industry began when he attended the world championship race at Monza in 1961. Captivated by the sound of the MV Agusta's four stroke engine ridden by Provini, and entirely self-taught in design, Tamburini eventually devoted his life to the making of motorcycles.

While Tamburini owned a heating business in his home town of Rimini, he was becoming known for his race tuning, improving motorcycles' power and handling, as well as making them lighter. Rimini was a motorcycling enthusiast's town, being near a Benelli motorcycle factory, and the site of many road races following World War II. The MV Agusta 600 four was Tamburini's particular specialty, for which he was known "throughout Italy", according to Mick Walker, who said, "the transformation of what had been an ugly and slow touring bike into a sleek and fast sportster was truly sensational."

Tamburini created his first motorcycle design in 1971, customizing an MV Agusta 750 Sport by welding the frame himself.

In 1973, Tamburini, Valerio Bianchi, and Giuseppe Morri founded Bimota. Previously the three had been designing and fabricating air conditioning ducts.  The company name was a portmanteau of the first letters of their last names, Bi, Mo, Ta. Speaking of motorcycles of the future, Tamburini summed up his design philosophy by saying, "The ideal one would be a 750 with the power of a 1000 and the weight of a 500. You don't need a huge amount of power on a road bike, but it's important to have light weight as well." Tamburini criticized the Ducati ST2, saying, "I think the ST2 is an attempt to follow a Japanese concept, and this shouldn't be done by Italians."

After 11 years at Bimota, Tamburini left and for a short time joined Roberto Gallina's 500 cc Grand Prix world championship team. Then, in February 1985, he joined Claudio Castiglioni's Cagiva Group. Cagiva had acquired Ducati that year, and Tamburini worked designing both Ducati and Cagiva brand motorcycles.

In 1985, Bimota was under "controlled administration", or fallimento, similar to US Chapter 11 reorganization and Tamburini had officially left the company, Giuseppe Morri having purchased Tamburini's Bimota stock. Tamburini's successor as chief designer at Bimota was Federico Martini. Even though Tamburini was in his new position as head of Cagiva's design studio, he continued work back at Bimota, in spite of the falling out with his partners that led to his departure, working on the Bimota DB1 prototype, a bike that used the engine of the Ducati Pantah 750, which was to be presented at EICMA, the Milan motorcycle show. Martini was responsible for the engineering of the DB1, Tamburini, as a consultant to Cagiva, handled the styling.

The first Ducati he designed was the Paso 750, a bike that helped move fully enclosing bodywork into the mainstream.

Ducati 916

Tamburini later designed the now classic Ducati 916. South African motorcycle designer Pierre Terblanche and Tamburini were working side by side at the Cagiva Research Center (CRC) on new designs, Tamburini on the 916 and Terblanche on the Ducati Supermono. Terblanche's Supermono, which shared several visual cues with the Tamburini's 916, was shown to the public before the 916, leaving the impression that Tamburini was influenced by Terblanche. In fact, the influence was the other way around, with Terblanche incorporating ideas that Tamburini shared with him in the design studio from his 916 design. Journalist Kevin Ash said that the roots of the 916's styling were found elsewhere, outside Ducati and CRC. Ash said that the timing of the public debut of Honda's advanced oval-piston, 32-valve V4 engine Grand Prix racing bike, the NR750, in August 1991, indicates that NR750 influenced the final shape of the 916, though Tamburini, Terblanche and others at Ducati would not confirm this, Tamburini only saying that he was influenced by "existing designs." Ash said that Tamburini showed a better understanding of visual weight than the NR750's designers, and the 916 design, "moved it forward, personalized, and Ducati-fied it, in particular the blend of sharp edges and sweeping curves, which, like most innovation, broke existing rules."

After Ducati
When the Castiglioni brothers sold Ducati in 1996, Tamburini stayed with Cagiva, where he designed the MV Agusta F4 to great acclaim. While designing the F4 , he was diagnosed with prostate cancer; his son Andrea said he wanted to survive the illness long enough to finish the F4 and save MV Agusta. His final motorcycle was the MV Agusta F3 675. Cycle Worlds Brian Catterson spotted Tamburini riding his creation, the F4, in the hills of Tuscany during the 2001 Motorgiro d'Italia.  Tamburini retired from Cagiva in December, 2008.

Illness and death
Tamburini was diagnosed with lung cancer in November 2013 and underwent chemotherapy near his residence in San Marino. His health continued to decline, and he died on April 6, 2014, at age 70. Around 500 people attended his funeral in Rimini on April 9, including the mayor in his official capacity.

Motorcycle designs
 Bimota Tesi 1D
 Bimota KB2
 Bimota DB1
 Ducati Paso
 Ducati 916
Ducati 748
Ducati 996
Ducati 998
 Cagiva Aletta Oro
 Cagiva Freccia
 Cagiva Mito
 Moto Morini Dart
 F4 750 Serie Oro
 F4 750 S
 F4 750 Senna
 F4 750
 F4 750
 F4 750 750 SPR and SR
 F4 1000
 F4 AGO
 F4 Tamburini
 F4 Senna
 F4 Veltro
 F4 750 R 312
 F4 750 CC
 MV Agusta Brutale
 Tamburini Corse T12 Massimo (Released posthumously) project realized by his son Andrea Tamburini

Awards
Tamburini was awarded the Sigismondo d'Oro in 2012, the highest award of the city of Rimini.

References

Sources

External links
The Man behind the MV Agusta F4 ... and the Ducati 916

Italian motorcycle designers
Ducati designers
1943 births
2014 deaths
Bimota
People from Rimini
MV Agusta

Massimo Tamburini


92 (ninety-two) is the natural number following 91 and preceding 93.

In mathematics
92  is a composite number; a square-prime, of the general form (p2, q) where q is a higher prime. It is the tenth of this form and the eighth of the form (22.q).

92 is the eighth pentagonal number, and an Erdős–Woods number, since it is possible to find sequences of 92 consecutive integers such that each inner member shares a factor with either the first or the last member.

With an aliquot sum of 76; itself a square-prime, within an aliquot sequence of five composite numbers (92,76,64,63,1,0) to the prime in the 63-aliquot tree.

For , there are 92 solutions in the n-Queens Problem.

There are 92 "atomic elements" in John Conway's look-and-say sequence, corresponding to the 92 non-transuranic elements in the chemist's periodic table.

92 is palindromic in bases 6 (2326), 7 (1617), 22 (4422), and  45 (2245).

The most faces or vertices an Archimedean or Catalan solid can have is 92: the snub dodecahedron has 92 faces while its dual polyhedron, the pentagonal hexecontahedron, has 92 vertices.

As a simple polyhedron, the final stellation of the icosahedron has 92 vertices.

There are 92 Johnson solids.

In science
The atomic number of uranium, an actinide.
 Messier object M92, a magnitude 7.5 globular cluster in the constellation Hercules
 The New General Catalogue object NGC 92, a magnitude 13.1 peculiar spiral galaxy in the constellation Phoenix, and a member of Robert's Quartet

In other fields
Ninety-two is also:

 The code for international direct dial phone calls to Pakistan.
 The numeric code for the Hauts-de-Seine department of France. The number is reflected in the department's postal code, plus the names of at least three local sports clubs, specifically Racing 92 in rugby union and Metropolitans 92 and Nanterre 92 in basketball.
 In the title of the book Ninety-two in the Shade, by Thomas McGuane.
 The 92nd Tiger book by Michael Gilbert.
 The House on 92nd Street, a 1945 film.
 The model number of the gray Texas Instruments TI-92 graphing calculator.
 The Beretta 92 series of semi-automatic pistols.
 The "Illustrious 92" or "Glorious 92": Massachusetts legislators who refused to rescind the Massachusetts Circular Letter soliciting other British colonies' support in resistance to the Townshend Acts prior to the American Revolution. Analogous to the number 45 in reference to the protests of John Wilkes against British corruption.
 The ISBN Group Identifier for books published by international publishers such as UNESCO.
 The number which runs through almost every single of British film-maker Peter Greenaway's films. This number has special association with the fictional character of Greenaway's creation, Tulse Luper. It is said the number itself is based on a mathematical error in calculations concerning John Cage's work Indeterminacy. See The Falls for extensive use of this number.
"92", a song by Avail from their 1996 album 4am Friday.
 STS-92 Space Shuttle Discovery mission, on October 11, 2000, to the International Space Station.
 According to Guinness World Records, Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaurehaeaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu is the longer version of the longest place name in the world, with 92 letters.
 The 92nd Street Y in Manhattan.

Vehicles
 The Saab 92 automobile
 The  gunboat

In sports
 The 92 Club is a society of association football fans who have attended a home match of all 92 current member clubs of the Premier League and English Football League in England and Wales.

See also
 List of highways numbered 92

References

Integers

92 (number)


The Children's Songbook of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the official songbook for children in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It was first published in English in 1989. These songs are for the Primary, which is an organization in the LDS Church for children between the ages of 18 months and 12 years old, who learn about the teachings of Jesus Christ.

The Children's Songbook replaced Sing with Me, which was published in 1969. The songs in the Songbook help young children learn to live righteously and keep God's commandments. The book is simplified in comparison to the LDS Hymn Book. The songs are designed to be easy for children to learn.

The contents are divided so that different sections refer to various gospel topics for children. Some of the topics include prayer, reverence, gratitude, Jesus' mission, the importance of family and the home, love for God, the good feelings you can get when you live righteously, as well as a few activity songs and some songs on the beauty of nature. There is also some prelude music for playing before Sacrament meetings or in the home.

Although the songs are intended primarily for children, adults in the LDS Church also utilize songs in the book for other purposes. The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square has sung several of these songs from time to time in their weekly Sunday broadcast of Music and the Spoken Word. Some of the songs that appear in the Songbook also appear in the church's hymnal. Most songs that appear in either book can be sung in sacrament meeting as part of a musical program or musical number after the sacrament is delivered. There are some songs that also have been written for use in sacrament meeting that don't appear in either book, but are approved for use.

One of the songs has American Sign Language (ASL) pictures that teaches how to use sign language for the words of the song. Additionally, the LDS Church's website contains ASL videos for about 45 songs from the Children's Songbook. There are 268 songs in the songbook.

A few new Primary songs have been adopted by the LDS Church since Children's Songbook was published. Children in Primary sing the new songs, but a revised Songbook has not been published. Two new songs have been written in 2008 and 2009. Their lyrics reinforce the roles that fathers and mothers play, and teaches that children can also contribute to the family and grow up and become fathers and mothers.

On June 18, 2018, the church announced revisions the hymnbook and the Children's Songbook in an effort to reflect the needs of church members around the world. The new children's songbook will offer the same hymns and songs in all languages.

See also
Janice Kapp Perry

References

External links
Children's Songbook at churchofjesuschrist.org (includes index, text, music and free audio downloads)
Children's Songbook - American Sign Language (ASL) at churchofjesuschrist.org (includes 47 free videos for download, each containing one song being signed in ASL)

Children's music
Latter Day Saint hymnals
Primary (LDS Church)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints texts
1989 books
1989 in Christianity
1989 in music
Religious works for children

Children's Songbook


Stav may refer to

Geography
Stav, Sweden location in Ekerö Municipality, 135 population

People
Stav Davidson, Australian broadcaster on Couch Time TV show and B105 FM Breakfast with Stav and Abby (redirect from Labrat Camilla and Stav)
Stav Danaos, English broadcast journalist and BBC's national weather forecaster
Stav Elimelech, (Hebrew: סתיו אלימלך, 1969), former Israeli international footballer
Stav Prodromou, (Greek: Σταύρο Εύαγγελο Προδρομου, 1944), Greek American businessman
Stav Shaffir, (Hebrew: סתיו שפיר, 1985), Israeli Knesset member
Stav Sherez, British novelist whose first novel, The Devil's Playground, was published in 2004 by Penguin
Stav Strashko, (Hebrew: 1992 סתיו סטרשקו), Israeli fashion model and actress
Stav Zalait, Israeli footballer who plays for Maccabi Netanya
Khodoriv 1394, also referred to as Khodoriv-stav
Stavros Halkias, American comedian and podcaster

Surname
Brit Stav ( 1944)  Norwegian archer at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich
Rabbi David Stav, chief rabbi of Shoham

Surname
Stav Abbreviated for Stavropoulos a Greek surname originated from the Arcadia region of Peloponnese Greece.
Peloponnese takes its name from the mythological figure Arcas. In Greek mythology, it was the home of the god Pan.

Acronyms
Cambodian genocide denial  "Standard Total Academic View on Cambodia" (STAV) Peace

Other
Stav-church Stave church
Stav of the rune in Pentadic numerals

Stav


Pierre Francastel (8 June 1900 – 2 January 1970) was a French art historian, best known for his use of sociological method.

Francastel's initial period of study was in literature, at the Sorbonne. He worked in building conservation at Versailles while undertaking research toward his doctoral degree, which was on the sculpture of Versailles, and in 1928 he published a monograph, including a critical catalogue, on the seventeenth-century French sculptor François Girardon. In 1930, he was appointed director of the Warsaw Institut français, and in 1936 he was appointed professor at the University in Strasbourg. In 1948, he was created inaugural Professor of the Sociology of Art at the École pratique des hautes études in Paris.

Francastel's research interests varied between the French seventeenth century and the nineteenth century, but his sociological methodology, strongly influenced by the work of Émile Durkheim, remained the intellectual basis upon which his scholarly thought and corpus were organised. Francastel is also noted for his promotion of spatial concerns, both physical and conceptual, prefiguring the "spatial turn" of later scholars such as Henri Lefebvre. Two of his key works, that emphasise Francastel's view of art as a system both embedded within and productive of social relations, are his Art et Sociologie (1948) and Peinture et Société (1951).

Key works
Girardon. Biographie et catalogue critiques, l'œuvre complète de l'artiste (Paris, 1928)
La sculpture de Versailles. Essai sur les origines et l'évolution du gout français classique (Paris, 1930)
Art et Technique aux 19e et 20e siècles''' (Paris, 1956). English translation by Randall Cherry: Art & Technology in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York, 2000)La réalité figurative : éléments structurels de sociologie de l'art (Paris, 1965)

Further reading
Yve Alain Bois, "Foreword", to Francastel's Art & Technology in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries'' (trans. Randall Cherry; New York: Zone Books, 2000), pp. 7–15.

References

Writers from Paris
1900 births
1970 deaths
Academic staff of the École pratique des hautes études
20th-century French historians
French art historians
French Resistance members
University of Paris alumni

Pierre Francastel


Dorothy Espelage is an American psychologist. She is the William C. Friday Distinguished Professor of Education at the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill), and an international expert in bullying, youth aggression, and teen dating violence. She has authored several books including Bullying in North American Schools, Bullying Prevention and Intervention: Realistic Strategies for Schools, and Handbook of Bullying in Schools: an International Perspective.

Education
Espelage grew up in Virginia and received her bachelor's degree in psychology from Virginia Commonwealth University. She then received a master's degree in clinical psychology from Radford University before receiving her PhD in counseling psychology from Indiana University. From 1997 to 2016 she worked at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where she held the Edward William and Jane Marr Gutgsell professorship in educational psychology. In 2016, she accepted a position in the department of psychology at the University of Florida.

Professional life
Espelage has appeared as a speaker and consultant in numerous media outlets such as CNN, Anderson Cooper, Oprah, Huffington Post, and USA Today. Recently, she was invited to the White House in 2011 as a part of the Bullying Summit to discuss policy decisions regarding aggression in schools. Likewise, she was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the American Psychological Association's Division 17 for Counseling Psychology. As the author of over 200 publications, Espelage is known for her work in bullying, homophobic teasing, sexual harassment, and teen dating violence. In particular, her research focuses on translating empirical findings into prevention and intervention programming. As a result, Espelage regularly speaks at conferences and schools to teachers, parents, and children about why bullying occurs, why bystanders do not assist victims, and what individuals can do to respond to stop school bullying, harassment, and violence.

References

American women psychologists
21st-century American psychologists
Virginia Commonwealth University alumni
Radford University alumni
Indiana University alumni
University of Florida faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics
21st-century American women

Dorothy Espelage


The Strangers in 7A is a 1972 American made-for-television thriller drama film directed by Paul Wendkos and starring Andy Griffith, Ida Lupino, and Michael Brandon. It is based on the 1971 novel of the same title by Fielden Farrington and originally aired on CBS on November 14, 1972.

The film was the first real dramatic role for Griffith following his eight-year run on The Andy Griffith Show, and his two unsuccessful series follow-ups (Headmaster and The New Andy Griffith Show). The film would lead Griffith to star in a series of TV-movies throughout the entire 1970s and most of the 1980s before he re-emerged with another successful series (Matlock).

Plot
Artie Sawyer (Griffith) is a World War II veteran who has been laid off from his factory job. His relationship with his wife, Iris (Lupino), is strained as a result.  He takes a job as the superintendent of an apartment building in New York. One night, when Iris is out of town, Artie goes to a bar.  He meets a pretty girl named Claudine (Benton) who is looking for an apartment. He brings her to his apartment building intending to let her stay in Apartment 7A, but she seduces Artie. Artie falls for the girl, but her attentions are a ruse. Her sadistic boyfriend Billy (Brandon) and his Army buddies Riff and Virgil plan to use the apartment as a base from which to rob the bank next door. Not knowing about their plans, Artie is suspicious of them when they arrive, but they promise to leave as soon as possible. Artie allows them to stay temporarily, fearing they could expose his tryst with Claudine to Iris.

Artie's conscience gets the better of him, and he sneaks into 7A while the conspirators are away at the bank planting the bomb under a ruse of needing a large safety deposit box for wedding keepsakes while on their honeymoon from Minnesota.  Unbelievably they say they've just been married for about three hours.

He discovers the plan to rob the bank. He is caught by Virgil, who holds him there until Billy and Claudine return.  Billy orders Virgil and Riff to kidnap Iris, and Iris and Artie are tied up in 7A until after the robbery.

The robbery is foiled when the police surround the bank, and Virgil is killed in an exchange of gunfire. Billy blames Riff when the bomb they rigged to open the vault does not detonate on schedule.  To escape the police, Billy forces Riff to plant another bomb in the elevator of the apartment building. Billy orders Iris to tell the police that he will detonate the bomb, killing everyone in the building, if the thieves are not allowed to escape.

Claudine's growing reluctance with the increasing violence and guilt for what she put Artie and Iris through forces her to openly resist Billy's plans.  He ridicules her, but leaves her behind (her fate is left unknown.) Billy and Riff then take Artie with them as a hostage.  In the elevator, Billy berates Riff again for the failure of the first bomb. When Riff rebuts that the second bomb is their salvation, Billy tells him that he is no longer entitled to the money and kills him with a shotgun.  Billy decides to still detonate the bomb. In response, Artie jams the elevator.  Billy, enraged, threatens Artie with the shotgun. Artie asks him where he placed the bomb, warning him that now he too will die with everyone else in the building when it goes off.  They struggle over the gun, and Billy is shot in the shoulder, losing consciousness. Artie grabs Billy's two-way radio and climbs to the top of the elevator where the bomb is.  The police are able to guide him in disarming the bomb, and Artie saves the building.

Artie confesses his indiscretion, and he and Iris reconcile their differences and embrace their relationship.  With Iris' support, Artie begins taking engineering classes so that he can get a better job.

Cast

Home video
Synergy Entertainment released the movie on home video with the incorrect title Strangers in 7A (without The) printed on the box. The title card at the start of the film still reads The Strangers in 7A, though.

References

External links

1972 television films
1972 films
1970s thriller films
American thriller films
Films directed by Paul Wendkos
Films based on American novels
CBS network films
1970s American films

The Strangers in 7A


Subhasish Mukherjee () is an Indian Bengali actor. He is a well-known actor in Bengali cinema. He generally appears in comedy and in supporting roles. However, he has proven his versatility as an actor in films like Herbert and Mahalaya. Some of his well-known films where he acted are Guru Shishya, Shatrur Mokabila, Surya, Coolie, Greptar, Besh Korechi Prem Korechi.

Career
He made his debut in 1987 through Purnendu Patri's film Choto Bakulpurer Jatri. In the following years, he became a regular actor in Tollywood. His performance in the Bengali film Herbert was well received by the audience and media, globally.  Mukherjee served as the lead actor in the 2011 Bengali fictional movie, Tenida (film). Some of his other notable works are in the movies Teen Kanya and Meghe Dhaka Tara. He has acted in several telefilms. In 2019, he acted in film named Mahalaya and Sandip Ray's Professor Shonku O El Dorado. He is known for comedic roles in movies like Sasur Bari Zindabad, Streer Maryada, Protisodh, Praner Cheye Priyo, Surya, Akrosh, Dada Thakur, Sakal Sandhya, Besh Korechi Prem Korechi, Mon Mane Na, Saat Pake Bandha, Madhu Malati

Filmography
 Oti Uttam (2022)
 Habu Chandra Raja Gobu Chandra Montri  (2021)
 Sohorer Upokotha (2021)
 Cholo Potol Tuli (2020)
 Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti
 Paran Bandhu Re (2019)
 Professor Shonku O El Dorado (as Nakur Babu) (2019)
 Hullor
 Mahalaya (as Birendra Krishna Bhadra) (2019)
 Signature (2018), short film by kolkotha production.
 Sultan: The Saviour (2018) as Disha's father
 Prem Ki Bujhini (2016) as Principal
 Hera Pheri (2016)
 Besh Korechi Prem Korechi (2015) as Tab Shastri
 Arshinagar (2015) as Purohit
 Pendulum (2014)
 Gogoler Kirti (2014)
 Nirbhoya (2013)
 Mrs. Sen (2013)
 Teen Kanya (2012)
 Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013)
 Bangal Ghoti Phataphati (2012)
 Baghini Kanya (2012)
 Awara (2012)
 Haatchhani (2012)
 Chalo Patol Tuli (2011)
 Khokababu (2011)
 Faande Poriya Boga Kaande Re (2011)
 Mon Bole Priya Priya (2011)
 Tenida (film) (2011)
 Gorosthaney Sabdhan (Feluda movie, 2010) as William Girindranath Biswas
 Mon Chay Tomay (2010)
 Pratidwandi (2010)
 Export (2010)
 Hangover (2010)
 Mon Mane Na (2008)
 Bhalobasa Bhalobasa (2008)
 Greptar (2007) as Hitler
 Sangharsha (2007)
 I Love you(2007)
 Eri Naam Prem (2006)
 Nayak The Real Hero (2006)
 Herbert (2006)
 Shubhodrishti (as Nitai Pondit)(2005)
 Bazi (2005)
 Chore Chore Mastuto Bhai (2005)
 Shakal Sandhya (2005)
 Amu (2005)
 Rajmohol (2005)
 Pratisodh (2004)
 Barood (2004)
 Coolie (2004)
 Surya (2004) as Shambhu
 Premi (2004)
 Sajani (2004)
 Tyaag (2004)
 Badsha The King (2004)
 Kalo Chita (2004)
 Aakrosh (2004)
 Champion (2003) as Kanu
 Mayer Anchal (2003)
 Rakhe Hari Mare Ke (2003)
 Sabuj Saathi (2003)
 Shatrur Mokabila (2002)
 Kurukshetra (2002)
 Dada Thakur (2001)
 Guru Shisya (2001)
 Har Jeet (2000) as Bhola
 Sasurbari Zindabad (2000)
 Bakul Priya (1997)
 Bhoy (film) (1996)
 Ujaan (1995)
 Sansar Sangram (1995)
 Kaalpurush (1994)
 Anubhav (1993)
 Koto Bhalobasha(1992)
 Surer Bhubane (1992)
 Choto Bakulpurer Jatri (1987) - debut film

Web series
 Tansener Tanpura

Television appearances
 Byomkesh as Boroda (episodic appearance)
 Detective (Zee Bangla TV series) as Jal Mohan Ganguly
 Taranath Tantrik on  Colors Bangla as Kapalik
 Rakhi Bandhan (Star Jalsha) as Amaresh Chatterjee
 Koler Bou (Star Jalsha) as Nakuleshwar Ghatak
 Jarowar Jhumko (Zee Bangla) as Ajit Karmakar, Jarowar and Jhumko's father
  khelaghor (Star Jalsha) as Sarbojit Roy, Ranjit, Ajit and Shantu's father

References

External links

Bengali male actors
Living people
Scottish Church Collegiate School alumni
Seth Anandram Jaipuria College alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Indian male television actors
Indian male film actors
Male actors from Kolkata
Male actors in Bengali cinema
Bengali male television actors
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
Year of birth missing (living people)

Subhasish Mukherjee


Hermann Brehmer (14 August 1826 – 28 December 1889) was a German physician who established the first German sanatorium for the systematic open-air treatment of tuberculosis.

Biography
Brehmer was born in Kurtsch (Kurczów) near Strehlen (Strzelin), Prussian Silesia. He studied mathematics, astronomy, and natural science at the University of Breslau (Wrocław) from 1847 to 1850. Having gone to Berlin to work at an herbarium in 1850, he abandoned natural science and dedicated himself to medicine at the University of Berlin, receiving his doctorate in 1853.

Alternately, as a botany student in Silesia, Brehmer was diagnosed with tuberculosis and told to find a healthier climate. He went to the Himalayas, continued his studies, and found himself cured. In 1854 he returned to Germany to study medicine, ultimately writing a dissertation titled "Tuberculosis is a Curable Disease".

By 1854 Brehmer had settled in Görbersdorf (Sokołowsko), Silesia and opened the Brehmersche Heilanstalt für Lungenkranke, a hospital in Görbersdorf where patients were exposed to plentiful amounts of high altitude fresh air, and good nutrition. Initially, his sanatorium was based in a small group of cottages, though it would grow to have 300 beds. The results surpassed all previous treatments.

Brehmer died in Görbersdorf. His work was continued by one of his patients, Peter Dettweiler (1837–1904), who opened his own sanatorium (Heilanstalt Falkenberg in Hesse) in 1876; however, Dettweiler emphasized rest rather than exercise. Brehmer and Dettweiler's work was the primary influence on Dr. Edward Trudeau in establishing the successful Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium at Saranac Lake, New York, in the 1880s.

References

External links

1826 births
1889 deaths
German pulmonologists
Physicians from the Province of Silesia
University of Breslau alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni

Hermann Brehmer


Paul Madeline (7 October 1863, in Paris – 12 February 1920, in Paris) was a French Post-Impressionist painter; known for his landscapes and village scenes.

Biography
He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts de Paris. He found it necessary to work at a publishing company to support his studies there, so most of his painting had to be done in his spare time.

In 1894, he met Maurice Rollinat and Léon Detroy (1857-1955), during dinner at a friend's house. Thanks to them, he was introduced to the countryside in Creuse. He immediately became enamored of the area, and returned there to paint for several months every year; usually in autumn. He eventually became one of the best known among the artists who worked there.

Some time later, he began to exhibit regularly at the Salon. He was also a member of the "Salon de la Nationale des Beaux-Arts" and the Salon d'Automne.

By 1902, his successes had enabled to live entirely from the income created by his art. In 1908, he helped co-found "La Société Moderne", whose members included Henri Lebasque, Jean-François Raffaëlli, Edmond Aman-Jean and Maurice Chabas. In the early 1910s, he travelled throughout Brittany.

During World War I, he was mobilized as a war artist, but the works he created in that capacity are little remembered.

In 1926, the Salon des Indépendants presented a major retrospective of his works.

Selected works

References

External links

 More works by Madeline @ ArtNet

1863 births
1920 deaths
19th-century French painters
French landscape painters
École des Beaux-Arts
Post-impressionist painters
Painters from Paris
20th-century French painters

Paul Madeline


Mellor is a surname.

Notable people with this surname
 Alan Mellor (born 1959), English cricketer
 Anne K. Mellor (born 1942), feminist scholar of Romantic literature
 Chip Mellor (born 1950), President and General Counsel of the Institute for Justice
 Corin Mellor (born 1966), English silverware designer
 Danie Mellor (born 1971), Australian artist
 David Mellor (born 1949), British former MP
 David Mellor (designer) (1930–2009), English designer
 David Hugh Mellor (born 1938), English philosopher
 David Paver Mellor (1903–1980), Australian inorganic chemist
 David Alan Mellor, curator and art historian
 Frank Mellor (1854–1925), English lawyer and cricketer
 Hugh Mellor (1938–2020), English philosopher
 Jack Mellor (born 1906, date of death unknown), English footballer
 Janine Mellor (born 1980), English actress
 John Mellor (disambiguation), multiple people
 Joe Mellor (born 1990), English rugby league player
 Joseph Mellor, founder of Mellor Brothers, a farm machinery manufacturer in South Australia
 Joseph Mellor (1869–1938), English chemist
 Julie Mellor DBE (born 1957), English Parliamentarian
 Karen Mellor (born 1963), winner of Miss United Kingdom
 Kay Mellor (1951–2022), English actress
 Paul Mellor (priest), Kenneth Paul Mellor (born 1949), Anglican priest
 M. Mellor (active 1880s), English footballer
 Malcolm Mellor Australian glaciologist, after whom Mellor Glacier was named
 Marq Mellor (born 1968), American field hockey player
 Neil Mellor (born 1982), English footballer
 Oliver Mellor (born 1981), English actor
 Paul Mellor (born 1974), Australian rugby league player
 Peter Mellor (born 1947), English-born American footballer and coach
 Robert B. Mellor (born Yorkshire), British scientist
 Salusbury Mellor (1863–1917), British sailor and Olympian
 Stan Mellor (1937–2020), English jockey
 Stephen J. Mellor, American computer scientist
 Steven Mellor (swimmer) (born 1973), British swimmer
 Syd Mellor (born 1989), English footballer
 Thomas Walton Mellor (1814–1902), British cotton manufacturer
 Will Mellor (born 1976), British actor
 William Mellor (1888–1942), British journalist
 William Mellor (footballer), English footballer
 William C. Mellor (1903–1963), American cinematographer

See also
Personal name:
 Mellor Baronets
Place name:
 Mellor Glacier
 Mellor, Greater Manchester
 Mellor, Lancashire

References

English-language surnames
Surnames of Dutch origin

Mellor


John Brecken (February 23, 1800 – November 2, 1847) was a businessman and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He represented Charlottetown in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1829 to  1834.

He was born in Charlottetown, the son of Ralph Brecken, who had served as speaker in the provincial assembly, and Matilda Robinson, the daughter of Joseph Robinson. When he was thirteen, his father died and his mother took over the operation of the business. Brecken served as deputy treasurer for the colony and resident director for the Bank of British North America. In 1826, he married Margaret Leah de St Croix. He was named to the colony's Council in 1834, serving until his death in Charlottetown in 1847.

His son Frederick de St Croix Brecken served in the provincial assembly and the Canadian House of Commons.

Several of his sisters married members of the Legislative Council:
Jane Rebecca married Thomas Heath Haviland
Anna Matilda married Donald McDonald
Barbara Leila Alice married James Ellis Peake

Brecken's grandfather, also named John, also served in the colony's assembly.

References

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1800 births
1847 deaths
Politicians from Charlottetown
Members of the Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island
Colony of Prince Edward Island people

John Brecken


Finniss Conservation Park is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located in the Mount Lofty Ranges about  south of the state capital of Adelaide and about  west of Ashbourne. It is located within the  gazetted locality of  Mount Magnificent.

The conservation park consists of the following land in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Kondoparinga - "Allotment 22 of DP 63695" and sections 107,  108  and 1963. It came into existence on 29 January 1976 by proclamation under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in respect to section 1963. Land in sections 107 and 108 was added on 28 November 1985 and land in Allotment 22 was added on 23 June 2005.  As of 2018, it covered an area of .

The Heysen Trail, the long distance walking trail, passes along the west side of the  conservation park   from Ridge Road in the south to Mount Magnificent Road in the north.

In 1980, the conservation park was described as follows:A small park preserving a natural remnant of the open forest and scrub associations representative of the region, including one of the best preserved areas of Eucalyptus cosmophylla scrub in the South Mount Lofty Ranges.   The park includes crest, slope and valley floor associations and affords good views of the coast...
A high rocky plateau and south trending ridges with steep intervening valleys, including a short stretch of the Finniss River. The western end of the Park consists of E. leucoxylon/E. fasciculosa woodland over regenerating pasture.  The eastern end includes the plateau and is vegetated by very dense, spectacular scrub of E. cosmophylla, Hakea prostrata, Hulcina, Allocasuarina muelleriana, Leptospermum juniperinum and Tetratheca pilosa...
The western end has been semi-cleared and grazed,  however the E. Cosmophyla scrub is essentially undisturbed.  This scrub area is contiguous with scrub to the east and north-east of the park.

The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category III protected area.  In 1980, it was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate.

See also
Protected areas of South Australia
Mount Magnificent Conservation Park

References

External links
Finniss Conservation Park webpage on the Protected Planet website
Finniss Conservation Park webpage on the BirdSA website

Conservation parks of South Australia
Protected areas established in 1976
1976 establishments in Australia
South Australian places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate

Finniss Conservation Park


Inés Duarte, secretaria is a Venezuelan telenovela produced by Venevisión in 1990 and written by Alicia Barrios as a free version of the telenovela Buenos días, Isabel written by Delia Fiallo. This telenovela lasted 238 episodes and was distributed internationally by Venevisión International.

Amanda Gutierrez and Víctor Cámara starred as the main protagonists with  Rebeca Costoya as the main antagonist.

Synopsis
Ines Duarte is the kind of secretary that every executive dreams of: efficient, intelligent, dedicated and dependable. As a woman, however, Ines is mousy, drab and insignificant. The victim of an overbearing, overprotective mother, she has grown up with very low self-esteem and little interest in making herself attractive to men. For her boss, Andres Martan, a young millionaire in charge of a giant corporation, Ines is an indispensable employee but nothing more. A bitter and selfish widower with three children, Andres is too busy dealing with personal and professional problems to notice that Ines's loyalty is in reality a deep secret love, and that making him happy is her only goal in life. To achieve this goal, Ines must endure many ordeals and injustices.... and experiences an astonishing metamorphosis that will, finally, make her the woman Andres truly wants. Emotion, suspense, exciting plot twists and unexpected events make the story of Ines Duarte, Secretaria, an unforgettable one. Its excellent production and outstanding cast are guaranteed to turn this successful Venezuelan novel into an instant international hit.

Cast

Amanda Gutierrez as Inés Duarte
Víctor Cámara as Andrés Martán
Mariano Alvarez as Carlos Javier Martán
Rebeca Costoya as Raquel Mendivle
Carolina Lopez as Laura Campeche
Eva Blanco as Regina Duarte
Chony Fuentes as Lucrecia Martán
Agustina Martin as Victoria Martán
Judith Vasquez as Samantha Campeche
Helianta Cruz as Virginia Duarte
Mauricio Gonzalez as Santiago Luján
Luis Gerardo Nuñez as Roberto Suárez
Sandra Juhasz as Zuleica Torres
Barbara Mosquera as Amelia Ferro
Viviana Saez as Viviana
Andreina Sanchez as Adriana Siver
Juan Carlos Vivas as Andres "Junior" Martán
Rossana Termini as Elisa Martán
Asdrubal Blanco as David Martán
Veruska Garcia as Laurita Martán
Ricardo Garcia as Cornelio
Aidita Artigas as Tomasa
Chumico Romero
Marcelo Rodriguez as Nico
Carolina Cristancho
Nancy Gonzalez as Agustina Termini
Luis Malave as Hermes
Marco A. Casanova as Anibal
Ricardo Blanco
Henry Salvat
Jenifer Dinisio as Diana
Yelitza Hernandez as Sonia
Rafael Romero
Elizabeth Morales as Anais
Carolina Perdigon as Maria Lucia
Maria Elena Heredia as Nela

Versions
 Amor Secreto (2015):starring Alejandra Sandoval, Miguel de León, Juan Carlos García, and Alexandra Braun.

References

External links

1991 telenovelas
Venevisión telenovelas
1991 Venezuelan television series debuts
1991 Venezuelan television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Caracas

Inés Duarte, secretaria


Madvi Hidma (born c.1981) is the youngest member of the Central Committee of Communist Party of India (Maoist). Hidma is  allegedly responsible for various attacks on the security forces in Chhattisgarh, and the 2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley. A bounty has been placed for his capture.

Career
Hidma was born in Purvati village of south Sukma in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. He is also known as Hidmalu alias Santosh and is the face of Maoist  in Bastar. After completion of education up to class 10, he joined the Party and became a master strategist of military operation and guerrilla warfare.

Hidma was arrested in 2016 along with six other alleged naxals, at the time he was considered a low-level participant. About that time, Hidma became the area commander of People's Liberation Guerrilla Army Battalion No 1 and an active member of the Dandakaranya Special Zonal Committee of the CPI (Maoist), which operates in the Sukma, Dantewada and Bijapur areas. He was promoted to the Party's Central Committee as the youngest member. It is believed that Hidma is one of the masterminds behind a number of fierce attacks on security personnel that took place about a decade ago, including the April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada and 2017 Sukma attack. All told he is cited as being responsible for twenty-six separate attacks. Indian Agencies have also declared a ₹45 Lakh bounty on his head.

2021 activities
Hidma was the objective of the security forces' planned 3 April 2021 attack on the Maoists; their intent had been to capture Madvi Hidma along with his associates. The planned attack of approximately 2,000 security forces, consisting of CRPF's specialised jungle warfare unit Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA) combined with some of its regular battalions, and with units of District Reserve Guard (DRG) of Chhattisgarh Police was in turn ambushed by about 400 guerrilla. In the five hour battle, there were twenty-three deaths among the security forces as per the police report: eight CRPF, eight from the district reserve group and six special task force members. Also thirty-three others were listed as casualties, with thirteen being severely injured. In this battle the Maoists lost around fifteen members of people's liberation guerrilla army including a woman who was killed in the attack as per the police. The ambush occurred in the south Bastar forest where security intel had indicated that a major meeting of militants was to occur.

References

Living people
Anti-revisionists
Indian guerrillas
Indian Marxists
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
People from Sukma district
1981 births

Madvi Hidma


Garrett Robin Hamler, better known by his stage name Sean Garrett, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer.

Garrett is responsible for a series of chart-topping compositions, most notably "Yeah!" by Usher, Ciara's breakout song "Goodies", Teairra Mari's first single "Make Her Feel Good" and Chris Brown's first single "Run It!". He is in a production duo with Swizz Beatz, and together they produced several Beyoncé singles: "Diva", "Ring the Alarm", "Get Me Bodied", "Upgrade U" and "Check on It". He also often writes over productions by Polow da Don.

Garrett has also recently embarked on a career as a performer. He wrote and co-produced his own single "Grippin'".  His first album Turbo 919 was released June 24, 2008 on his own record label "Bet I Penned It Music".

Garrett's catchphrase appears on several songs he has produced, called "Smash on the radio, bet I penned it." Also, Sean Garrett has become good friends with Ludacris, who has collaborated on Garrett's first single from Turbo 919, "Grippin'". In return, Garrett was featured on Ludacris' "What Them Girls Like" with Chris Brown, the first single off Theater of the Mind. He worked on Ciara's third studio album Fantasy Ride in early 2009.

Living people
21st-century American singers
American record producers
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Atlanta

Sean Garrett


The 5th U-boat Flotilla (German 5. Unterseebootsflottille), also known as Emsmann Flotilla, was a U-boat flotilla of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

The flotilla was formed in December 1938 in Kiel under the command of Korvettenkapitän Hans-Rudolf Rösing. It was named in honour of Oberleutnant zur See Hans Joachim Emsmann, a U-boat commander during World War I, who died on 28 October 1918 after his U-boat  was sunk by a mine. The flotilla was disbanded in January 1940 and the boats were all transferred to 1st Flotilla.

The flotilla was re-formed as "5th U-boat Flotilla" in June 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Karl-Heinz Moehle as a training flotilla with her base in Kiel. In 1946 Moehle was sentenced to five years in prison, after being found guilty of passing the Laconia Order to new U-boat commanders before they went out on patrol. He was released in November 1949.

Flotilla commanders

References

05
Military units and formations of the Kriegsmarine
Military units and formations established in 1938
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations disestablished in 1940
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

5th U-boat Flotilla


The Haltern–Venlo railway is now largely disused and dismantled line in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the Netherlands.

It was opened in 1874 by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company (, CME) as part of the Hamburg-Venlo railway from Venlo in the Netherlands to a junction at Haltern am See on the Wanne-Eickel–Hamburg railway, which had been opened by the CME from Wanne to Munster in 1870. In contrast to the eastern section of the line, the Haltern-Venlo section ran at a loss from the beginning.

History
After the development in France of a scheme for a transcontinental railway connection between Hamburg and Paris (the so-called "Paris–Hamburg Railway") and continuing to Scandinavia, the Prussian government insisted that the section on German territory would be built by a German railway company and the western terminus of the German line would be in the Dutch town of Venlo. As a result, the line became known as the Hamburg–Venlo railway.

The Cologne-Minden Railway Company was awarded the contract for the line and began construction of the eastern section from its Wanne station on its original trunk line to Hamburg, which continues to have great importance for long-distance and regional passenger and freight traffic as the Wanne-Eickel–Hamburg railway.

Since Prussia required the line to bypass the important strategic and economic industrial area of the Ruhr to the north, the western part of the line was built from Venlo to Haltern, crossing the Rhine at Wesel and running from Wesel to Haltern along the Lippe river. Even then it was expected that these parts of the line would not operate profitably.

The construction of the bridge over the Rhine at Wesel did not begin until the much-needed and lucrative Elbe Bridge was completed between Harburg and Hamburg. The rest of the line offered no technical problems. Thus, despite the late start of construction, the Haltern–Wesel section was completed on 1 March 1874; the Wesel-Venlo section was completed three months later on 31 December 1874. On 1 June 1873 the Hamburg–Haltern line was completed with the opening of the Bremen-Hamburg section.

Use as a route for long-distance passenger traffic was brief. With the connection of the Boxtel Railway to the bridge over the Rhine at Wesel before the First World War, a long-distance connection was established on the (London–) Vlissingen–Wesel–Osnabrück–Berlin–Eydtkuhnen (now Chernyshevskoye)–Saint Petersburg route. This service was no longer necessary after the First World War due to the lack of passengers as a result of hyperinflation and the dislocation to operations caused by the occupation of the Ruhr.

Also the line had little significance for local transport, since it bypassed the Ruhr area and there was almost no demand for travel in the directions that it ran.

Ironically, the Wesel–Haltern section was later especially important as an access route to new coal mines when mining was extended to the north of the Ruhr.

Closure

In 1936, at the instigation of the Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen (Company for the Exploitation of the State Railways, the operator of the section of the line in the Netherlands), the section between Venlo, Straelen and Geldern Ost was closed, abandoning international traffic for the first time.

During the Second World War the line was put back into service at the behest of the German military and served to supply the Western Front. When Allied troops invaded, the Wesel railway bridge was blown up on 10 March 1945 by German military engineers.

After the war, services were resumed with the help of a temporary bridge, but on 29 May 1960, the last passenger train ran between Geldern and Wesel. Two years later, passenger services were also closed between Haltern and Wesel.

Freight traffic was closed in several steps. First, on 30 September 1962, it was closed between Schermbeck and Drevenack, then, on 1 August 1963, it was closed between Menzelen West and Bönninghardt and, on 28 February 1967, it was closed between Bönninghardt and Straelen. On 26 May 1974, this was followed by the closure of the section between Drevenack and Wesel, on 1 October 1985, the closure of the section between Hervest-Dorsten and Schermbeck and finally, on 29 May 1988, the closure between Haltern and Hervest-Dorsten.

Between 1975 and 1992, the closed line was gradually dismantled.

Current situation
The remaining track between the 9.1 and 16.0 km mark is now used only as a siding by the RWE company to its Kusenhorst substation. The track between the 32.7 and 41.1 km mark is mainly used by the RWE company.

The section of the line between Büderich and Menzelen West Tief West of the Rhine became part of line 2517 in 2003 and now serves as a rail connection between the ESCO salt mine in Borth and the Lower Rhine Railway.

Notes

References

External links

Railway lines in North Rhine-Westphalia
Railway lines in Limburg (Netherlands)
Railway lines opened in 1874
1874 establishments in Germany
International railway lines

Haltern–Venlo railway


Stepan Lukich Velyaminov (; 1670–1737) was a Russian military and state figure, Major General#Russia, President of Collegium of Little Russia (1722–1727), privy councilor, senator.

He participated in the Great Northern War and for sometime performed duties of military commandant of Poltava city. In 1720–1722 he was a voivode of the Belgorod Province and commander of all Sloboda Ukraine cossack regiments. On instructions of the War Collegium, Velyaminov participated in fortification of the southern borders of Cossack Hetmanate. On 19 April 1722 as a brigadier he was appointed the president of the new Collegium of Little Russia (confirmed by the manifest of Emperor Peter the Great on 16 May 1722).

As the president of the Little Russian Collegium, Velyaminov made great efforts to implement in life a policy of the Tsarist government aimed at substantial narrowing of the Cossack Hetmanate autonomy, use of material resources of the land for the needs of whole empire, bringing into compliance with Russian norms the Ukrainian justice system and commerce, preparing foundation for complete annexation of the Left-bank Ukraine by the Russian Empire. He was a hard-liner against the opposition-minded Cossack officers by initiating their recall from Ukraine and imprisonment in Saint Petersburg the acting hetman Pavlo Polubotok and all Cossacks' General Officers.

Velyaminov prepared number of drafts about reformation of the system of power relations of the Cossack Hetmanate that in 1723 became a basis of legislative acts of Peter the Great and the Governing Senate. As the result of their realization, Velyaminov took over the functions of the Ukrainian Governor, subjected the Cossacks' General Military Chancellery and the local government. For success reached in reformation of the Hetmanate administrative system, Velyaminov was awarded a rank of Major General by Catherine I on 11 July 1726. At the same time Velyaminov became involved into a conflict over some properties with Alexander Menshikov who was a big landowner in Ukraine.

External links
 Stepan Veliaminov at the Encyclopedia of history of Ukraine
 Stepan Veliaminov at the Hrono

1670 births
1737 deaths
Imperial Russian major generals
Russian military personnel of the Great Northern War
Senators of the Russian Empire
Collegium of Little Russia (1722–1727)

Stepan Velyaminov


A railway gun, also called a railroad gun, is a large artillery weapon, built on, transported by, and fired from a specially designed railway wagon. Many countries have built railway guns, but the best known were made by Krupp and used by Germany in World War I and World War II. Smaller guns were often part of an armoured train.

Railway guns are no longer used. Their large size and limited movement made them easy targets. They have been replaced by  aircraft, rockets, and missiles.

History
The idea of railway guns was first suggested in the 1860s by a Mr Anderson. He published a pamphlet in the United Kingdom titled National Defence in which he proposed a plan of ironclad railway carriages. A Russian, Lebedew, claimed to have first invented the idea in 1860 when he is reported to have mounted a mortar on a railway car.

The first railway gun used in battle was a banded 32-pounder Brooke naval rifle. In the American Civil War it was mounted on a flat rail car and protected with sheets of iron. On 29 June 1862, Robert E. Lee had the gun pushed by a locomotive over the Richmond and York River line (later part of the Southern Railway) and used at the Battle of Savage's Station. There is also a photo of a Union 13-inch siege mortar mounted on a rail car during the Siege of Petersburg, Virginia. It was nicknamed the Dictator or the Petersburg Express.

Railway guns were used by France during the Siege of Paris in 1870, and by the British during the Siege of Ladysmith during the Second Boer War.

World War I
Germany already had a few Big Bertha guns at the start of the First World War but the French had a shortage of heavy field artillery. Large coastal defense guns and naval guns were moved to the front. These were usually unsuitable for field use and needed some kind of mounting. The railway gun was an obvious solution. By 1916, both sides were using railway guns.

Baldwin Locomotive Works made five 14"/50 caliber railway guns on trains for the United States Navy during April and May 1918.  Each train carried a Mk 4 14"/50 caliber gun. These were a  naval rifle used on New Mexico and Tennessee class battleships, mounted on a rail carriage with four 6-wheel bogies. One of these guns is on display outside the museum at the Washington Navy Yard.

World War II

The Second World War saw the final use of railway guns. The Germans used the massive  Schwerer Gustav gun, the largest artillery piece to be used in battle. The rise of the aeroplane effectively ended the use of the railway guns. Like battleships, they were big, expensive, and easily destroyed from the air.

Surviving railway guns
A 12 inch railway gun is at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, Virginia (see this link  for an image and brief description).

A US Navy 14"/50 caliber railway gun from World War I is at Washington Navy Yard, DC.

A German Krupp K5 gun ("Anzio Annie") is on show at the  United States Army Ordnance Museum. It was made using parts from two German guns that shelled the Anzio beachhead. They were partly destroyed by their crews before being captured by the Allies. A second K5 can be seen at the Battery Todt museum, near Audinghen in northern France.

Soviet era 305mm MK-3-12 guns are on show at the Krasnaya Gorka fort near Lomonosov, Russia, and the Museum of Railway Technology, Saint Petersburg. Soviet ТМ-1-180 180mm guns may be seen at Krasnaya Gorka fort,  the Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow and at Sevastopol Railway Station in the Ukraine.

The last surviving American-made Bethlehem 177 coastal railway gun is on show at Museu Militar Conde de Linhares in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

References

Books

 Hall, D Major.  Military History Journal The South African Military History Society. - Vol 2 No 3 June 1972. Guns in South Africa 1899-1902 Part V and VI

 Miller, H. W., Lt. Col. Railway Artillery: A Report on the Characteristics, Scope of Utility, Etc., of Railway Artillery, Volume I Washington: Government Print Office, 1921

Other websites

"When Artillery First "Took to the Rails"
"Railwaygun Web Museum" . Retrieved April 21, 2005.
Railway Gun Museum
K5 Eisenbahngeschutze
United States Navy Railway Batteries
"Gun Train Guards Ends of Panama Canal -- Rolling Fort Crosses Isthmus in Two Hours" Popular Mechanics, December 1934 pp.844-845 excellent drawings in article on the 14-inch M1920 railway gun

Artillery

Railway gun


The Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg (; SPSG) was founded by a treaty of 23 August 1994 between the German federal states of Berlin and Brandenburg as a public foundation following German reunification. The treaty came into force on 1 January 1995.
The foundation is separate from the considerably larger Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation (Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz).

History

The SPSG is an amalgamation of the Potsdam-Sanssouci State Palaces and Gardens (Staatlichen Schlösser und Gärten Potsdam-Sanssouci) in the former East Germany and the State Palaces and Gardens Administration (Verwaltung der Staatlichen Schlösser und Gärten) in West Berlin that had been formed following the division of Germany. These institutions were formed from the Prussian State Palaces and Gardens Administration that had been founded on 1 April 1927 as a result of the apportionment of assets and liabilities between the House of Hohenzollern and the Prussian state and which was disbanded in 1945.

The SPSG has its headquarters in Brandenburg's capital city, Potsdam. Its owners are the states of Berlin (21.35%) and Brandenburg (36.60%) and the federal government (42.05%) (as at: 2007). The foundation receives other support from numerous societies and private sponsors.

The Berlin-Brandenburg Foundation For Prussian Palaces and Gardens was listed in 2001 in the "Blue Book" that publishes a list of heritage sites in eastern Germany that are of national significance and currently includes 20 so-called "cultural beacons" (kulturelle Leuchttürme). The selection of heritage sites was based on an initiative of the commissaries of the Federal Office of Heritage and the Media and voted on by the East German ministers of culture.

Properties of SPSG
The Foundation manages and administers approximately 500 employees in Potsdam, Brandenburg and Berlin, about 300 buildings or structures, including more than 150 historic buildings and nearly  of gardens, with Potsdam-Berlin's cultural landscape forming the largest part. With the treaty of SPSG coming into force, these land and buildings are included in the inventory:

In Brandenburg

Buildings and parks in Potsdam:
 Sanssouci Park (289 ha) including Sanssouci, New Palace, Charlottenhof Palace, Picture Gallery, New Chambers, Orangery Palace, Dragon House, Belvedere auf dem Klausberg, Roman Baths, Chinese House, pheasant, dairy, Historic Mill, Ruinenberg, stables and other buildings in the park.
 New Garden including the Holy Lake (146 ha) with Marble Palace, Cecilienhof Castle, dairy, Orangerie, Gothic library building and other buildings in the park.
 Babelsberg Park (114 ha) including Babelsberg Palace, kitchen buildings, steam-powered pump house, Flatowturm, Gerichtslaube, Little Castle, sailor's house and various buildings.

Historic buildings in Potsdam outside the parks:
 Stern Hunting Lodge, former stables of the castle town, steam-powered pump house of Sanssouci, Kopfbau zum Langen Stall, Lindstedt Castle, Belvedere on the Pfingstberg, Pomona Temple, Thiemann House.

Castles in Brandenburg:
 Rheinsberg Palace and Park (27 ha), including all ancillary buildings, waters and bridges, Sacrow Castle and Park (38 ha), Caputh Castle and Park (5 ha), Wusterhausen Royal Castle and Park (5 ha), including ancillary facilities.

In 2001 palaces in Paretz and Oranienburg were added in order to support museums.

In Berlin

 Charlottenburg Park (55,44 ha) including Charlottenburg Palace, Belvedere, Mausoleum and New Pavillon (housing artworks including Friedrich's The Garden Terrace)
 Grunewald Hunting Lodge
 Pfaueninsel (76 ha) including Pfaueninsel Palace and other buildings in the park
 Glienicke Park (7,2 ha) including Glienicke Palace and other buildings in the park
 Schönhausen Palace

See also
Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin

References

External links

 Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg
 Kriegsverluste der Stiftung
 Fördervereine und Unterstützer der SPSG

Cultural organisations based in Germany
Historic preservation
Foundations based in Germany
Organisations based in Brandenburg
Prussian cultural sites
1995 establishments in Germany
Organizations established in 1995


Chiaroscuro in art is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark.

This is usually done to make the composition a lot more dramatic. It is also a technical term used by art historians and artists for the contrast of light. It gives a sense of volume when modelling three-dimensional (or 3D) figures. Similar effects used in photography and cinematography are also called chiaroscuro.

The word comes from Italian, from the words "chiaro" (clear) + "oscuro" (dark). The word was first known to be used in the 1680s.

References

art
movies
photography

Chiaroscuro


Bon, also spelled Bön, is a religion of Tibet. The modern form of Bon has its roots in the late 900s and 1000s CE, when the first Bon monasteries were started in Tibet. There are many teachings in Bon that are similar to Buddhist teachings, and so people who study Bon disagree whether it should be called a kind of Buddhism or not. Followers of Bon believe that it was founded by a teacher called Tonpa Shenrab who lived many years ago in a land called Tazig. Some people think that Tazig refers to Persia, Central Asia, or the area around Mount Kailash in western Tibet. According to Tibetans, Bon was popular in Tibet before Buddhism became the main religion of Tibet, but some non-Tibetans like Per Kvœrne say there isn't much connection between religion in Tibet before Buddhism and the living tradition of Bon. After the Chinese army sent troops to Tibet in 1959, some followers of Bon were forced to leave Tibet and many Bon monasteries and temples were shut down. Many of the followers of Bon who left Tibet started Bon centers in cities around the world. Today, most people who believe in Bon are ethnic Tibetans, but a small number of non-Tibetans have started to believe in Bon too.

The yungdrung, or left-facing swastika, is a sacred symbol in Bon, and the living tradition of Bon is sometimes called Yungdrung Bon, meaning "eternal Bon" in Tibetan. The yungdrung, like the vajra in Tibetan Buddhism, represents eternity because it is said that the yungdrung cannot be destroyed and lasts forever.

Tibetan Buddhists used to write many bad things about Bon, arguing that Bon had stolen most of its teachings from Buddhism, a view that people studying Bon from Europe and North America sometimes agreed with. The fourteenth Dalai Lama, who is seen as a religious leader by most Tibetans, said that Bon is as much part of Tibetan religion as Buddhism, encouraging people to treat Bon with respect.

Followers of Bon are called Bonpos. Bonpos believe in many gods. These gods include the creator god, Sangpo Bumtri, the god of compassion Shenlha Ökar, the goddess of compassion Sherab Chamma, and the founder of Bon Tonpa Shenrab.

References

Religion in China
Tibet

Bon


A round steak is a beef steak from the "round", the rear leg of the cow. The round is divided into cuts including the eye (of) round, bottom round, and top round, with or without the "round" bone (femur), and may include the knuckle (sirloin tip), depending on how the round is separated from the loin. This is a lean cut and it is moderately tough. Lack of fat and marbling makes round dry out when cooked with dry-heat cooking methods like roasting or grilling. Round steak is commonly prepared with slow moist-heat methods including braising, to tenderize the meat and maintain moisture. The cut is often sliced thin, then dried or smoked at low temperature to make jerky.

Rump cover, with its thick layer of accompanying fat, is considered one of the best (and most flavorful) beef cuts in many South American countries, particularly Brazil and Argentina. This specific cut does not tend to be found elsewhere, however.

Topside and silverside
British cuts topside and silverside together are roughly equivalent to the American round cut. New Zealand cuts also use these terms (or sometimes "outside round" for silverside).

Dishes
 Biltong — air-dried beef cured with vinegar, salt, and coriander; made preferentially with round steak
 Bresaola — air-dried salted beef made with round steak
 London broil — bias-cut roasted steak, commonly made with round steak
 Italian beef — thinly sliced round steak cooked in stock
 Rinderbraten — round steak stuffed with pork fat and spices
 Steak and Guinness pie — round steak with Guinness stout, bacon, and onions, in pie crust
 Tafelspitz — Austrian dish of boiled veal, prepared from the top part of the round
 Jangjorim — Korean dish of eye of round boiled down in soy sauce, commonly with braised quail eggs (mechurial jangjorim) or shishito pepper (kkwarigochu jangjorim)

Common preparations
 Ground round or beef mince — a type of ground beef made from round steak and trimmings from the primal round; this is also the name of a U.S. restaurant chain, Ground Round
 Accordion cut — cutting on alternating sides and stretching to make a thinner overall steak
 Butterflying — cutting through the center, leaving a small hinge of meat, and unfolding to create a thinner steak
 Swiss steak — preparing by making a series of small cuts with a bladed roller or pounding flat, also called Swissing, cubing or tenderizing

See also

 List of steak dishes
 Popeseye steak

References

External links

Cuts of beef

Round steak


Menopause is the time in a woman's reproductive life beginning one year after her last menstrual period. Once a woman has reached menopause she can no longer get pregnant. In the time leading up to menopause, she can have hot flashes and other physical symptoms. The time in the woman's life leading up to menopause is called perimenopause. Menopause happens between the ages of 45 and 55. Menopause can happen earlier if you have had treatment for cancer or operation to remove both ovaries. Menopause can happen after surgery to remove the uterus.

Menopause is the natural and permanent stopping of menstruation. Female hormone levels change, since they were produced by the ovaries which have stopped ovulating. The female can no longer have children after this happens. The menopausal transition most often begins between ages 45 and 55. The duration can depend on lifestyle factors such as smoking, age it begins, and race and ethnicity. During perimenopause, the body's production of estrogen and progesterone, two hormones made by the ovaries, varies greatly.

Before menopause
Signs of menopause may start suddenly or gradually. Signs can happen once in a while or most of the time. Some women have only a few signs of menopause. Having changes in periods and bad moods can happen before menopause.

Periods may change in length or be longer or shorter. Periods may have a heavier or lighter flow. Before menopause a woman may have hot flashes or  problems sleeping. A woman may be irritable or sex may be uncomfortable. Some women may have less interest in sex before menopause.  Other changes might be less noticeable. This could be changes in bone thickness.

Hot flashes
Hot flashes are a quick feeling of heat and sweat in the chest area. Hot flashes are the most common sign of menopause. Three out of four women going through menopause have hot flashes. Some women have hot flashes while still having a period. During a hot flash the skin of the face and neck becomes red. Large red spots can apper on the arms, chest and back. A woman can sweat heavily during the hot flash. A woman can have cold chills after the hot flash. In most cases, the hot flashes are frequent in the year before periods stop and can still happen after periods stop. Hot flashes can still happen up to 14 years after menopause.

Vaginal problems
Vaginal dryness, may start before and after menopause. This happens because of lower levels of hormones. These lower hormone levels cause vaginal tissue to get thinner and drier. As the tissue changes it can cause burning, itching, discomfort and pain. Sex can be painful and cause small cuts.

Sleep problems
Some women start having sleep problems before and after menopause. This could be a problem getting to sleep. Sometimes this may mean waking up too early in the morning. Hot flashes and sweating might wake a woman up at night. After waking up at night there may be a problem falling back to sleep. Mood problems and depression can make it hard to sleep.

Mood changes
Some women feel irritable and short-tempered around the time of menopause. Other things can add to a bad mood. Stress, family changes, family problems can add to moodiness. It could be aging parents, a history of depression, or feeling tired. Talking with a doctor about this can help. There are treatments for irritability and moodiness.

After menopause
After menopause, a woman will have low hormone levels. The ovaries will make low amounts hormones estrogen and progesterone. Because of the low hormone levels, the risk for osteoporosis, heart disease and stroke increases. Menopause symptoms instead of period problems. A woman may still have hot flashes because of changing hormones. After menopause a woman may have vaginal dryness.

Treatment
There are medicines that can stop some hot flashes, and there are ways that hot flashes can be helped when they happen. Sometimes a doctor can order medication that has hormones in it. Sometimes a doctor will have a woman take birth control medicine. Other hormone medications are available for women who have gone through menopause and still have hot flashes. Other medicine that does not have hormones in it can help with the hot flashes. Some things make hot flashes worse. A woman may be told by the doctor to stop drinking alcohol and caffeine. In some women, spicy foods, stress or being in a hot place can make hot flashes worse. Drinking cold water can help with hot flashes. Women with hot flashes may be encouraged to layer clothing and remove a layer when having a hot flash. Using a fan can be helpful. Losing weight may help stop hot flashes.

Vaginal dryness and thinning can be treated.  A vaginal moisturizer can be used to help keep the vaginal tissue moisturized. It can make sex more comfortable. A vaginal lubricant can be used. This is a gel that also helps make sex more comfortable.  A doctor may order medicine that can help with vaginal dryness. This may be hormonal birth control, menopausal hormone therapy, or a prescription estrogen cream, gel, or ring that is inserted into the vagina.

Sleeping can be improved before and after menopause. To get better sleep a woman can:

 Go to sleep at the same time each night.
 Keep the bedroom at a comfortable temperature.
 Not take naps during the day.
 Not watch television, computer or cell phone in the bedroom. Light from these can make it hard to sleep.
 Not exercise close to bedtime.
 Not drink things that have caffeine in them.
 Stop eating large meals close to bedtime.
Drinking alcohol doesn't help a woman fall asleep or stay asleep. Counselling can help with sleep problems.

Other websites
Menopause; Food and Drug Administration
 About Menopause, US Department of Health and Human Services  National Institutes of Health
The Menopause Society

References

Female reproductive system
Endocrinology

Menopause


The 1937 South Africa tour to Australasia was one of the most successful Springbok tours in history, so much so that the touring team was nicknamed the "Invincibles". The squad was captained by Philip Nel.

The tour started on 26 June 1937 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in Sydney, Australia with a 9–5 win over the Wallabies. The Springboks followed up the win with an emphatic 26–17 win on 17 July at the same grounds, outscoring the Wallabies 6 tries to 3 and taking the series 2–0.

When the Springboks arrived in New Zealand later that year nobody expected them to win the series, as no other South African team had ever achieved the feat, and when the New Zealand leg of the tour kicked off on 14 August with a 13–7 loss to New Zealand at Athletic Park in Wellington, it seemed business as usual.

Mr Nel and his men had other ideas however as they came back to deal New Zealand two convincing defeats; a 13–6 win at Lancaster Park in Christchurch and a 17–6 win at Eden Park in Auckland, taking the series 2–1. The latter translates into a 27–6 (5 try to nil) win using today's point system.

The 1937 Springbok team remains the only Springbok team ever to have won a series in New Zealand and contained legendary players such as Danie Craven and Boy Louw.

Matches in Australia

Scores and results list South Africa's points tally first.

Matches in New Zealand
Scores and results list South Africa's points tally first.

1937
1937
1937 in Australian rugby union
1937 in New Zealand rugby union
1937 in South African rugby union

1937 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand


The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) is the military of modern-day Vietnam. It was also the military of communist North Vietnam during the First Indochina War and the Vietnam War. Non-communist fighters called it the Viet Minh during the First Indochina War and the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) during the Vietnam War. The NVA is not to be confused with the Viet Cong because the Viet Cong were South Vietnamese who fought for North Vietnam. During the Vietnam War, the NVA made a system of trails (mostly in Laos and Cambodia) called the Ho Chi Minh Trail. This was made to send NVA soldiers into South Vietnam and to give Viet Cong support to fight against non-communist soldiers.

Vietnam War
North Vietnam
Armies
20th century in Vietnam

People's Army of Vietnam