Sergeant (abbreviated to Sgt. and capitalized when used as a named person's title) is a rank in use by the armed forces of many countries. It is also a police rank in some police services. The alternative spelling, serjeant, is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British light infantry. Its origin is the Latin , 'one who serves', through the French term .

The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal, and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant in the US, and below an inspector in the UK. In most armies, the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad (or section). In Commonwealth armies, it is a more senior rank, corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command. In the United States Army, sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a squad- (12 person) or platoon- (36 person) leader.

More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant, for example staff sergeant, gunnery sergeant, master sergeant, first sergeant, and sergeant major.

In many nations and services, the rank insignia for a sergeant often features three chevrons.

History

In medieval European usage, a sergeant was simply any attendant or officer with a protective duty. Any medieval knight or military order of knighthood might have "sergeants-at-arms", meaning servants able to fight if needed. The etymology of the term is from Anglo-French ,  "servant, valet, court official, soldier", from Middle Latin  "servant, vassal, soldier".

Later, a "soldier sergeant" was a man of what would now be thought of as the "middle class", fulfilling a slightly junior role to the knight in the medieval hierarchy. Sergeants could fight either as heavy cavalry, light cavalry, or as trained professional infantry; either spearmen or crossbowmen. Most notable medieval mercenaries fell into the "sergeant" class, such as Flemish crossbowmen and spearmen, who were seen as reliable quality troops. The sergeant class was deemed to be 'worth half of a knight' in military value.

A specific kind of military sergeant was the serjeant-at-arms, one of a body of armed men retained by English lords and monarchs. The title is now given to an officer in modern legislative bodies who is charged with keeping order during meetings and, if necessary, forcibly removing disruptive members.

The term had also civilian applications quite distinct and different from the military sergeant, though sharing the etymological origin – for example the serjeant-at-law, historically an important and prestigious order of English lawyers.

Types of sergeant
"Sergeant" is generally the lowest rank of sergeant, with individual military entities choosing some additional words to signify higher-ranking individuals. What terms are used, and what seniority they signify, is to a great extent dependent on the individual armed service. The term "sergeant" is also used in many appointment titles.

Ranks

 Chief sergeant
 Chief master sergeant
 Colour sergeant
 Command sergeant major
 Company sergeant
 First sergeant
 Second sergeant
 Third sergeant
 Flight sergeant
 Gunnery sergeant
 Master gunnery sergeant
 Master sergeant
 Senior master sergeant
 Lance sergeant
 Junior sergeant
 Senior sergeant
 Senior staff sergeant
 Sergeant first class
 Sergeant major
 Staff sergeant
 Station sergeant
 Technical sergeant

Appointments

 Academy sergeant major
 Band sergeant major
 Company quartermaster sergeant
 Company sergeant major
 Drill sergeant
 Drum major
 First sergeant
 Garrison sergeant major
 Master tailor
 Petty officer
 Pioneer sergeant
 Pipe major
 Platoon sergeant
 Platoon sergeant major
 Provost sergeant
 Quartermaster sergeant instructor
 Recruiting sergeant
 Regimental quartermaster sergeant
 Regimental sergeant major
 Senior enlisted advisor
 Sergeant major instructor
 Sergeant pilot
 Serjeant-at-arms
 Squadron quartermaster sergeant
 Squadron sergeant major
 Staff sergeant major
 Troop sergeant major

Current adaptations
In most non-naval military or paramilitary organizations, the various grades of sergeant are non-commissioned officers (NCOs) ranking above privates and corporals, and below warrant officers and commissioned officers. The responsibilities of a sergeant differ from army to army. There are usually several ranks of sergeant, each corresponding to greater experience and responsibility for the daily lives of the soldiers of larger units. In police forces, sergeants are usually team leaders in charge of an entire team of constables to senior constables at large stations, to being in charge of sectors involving several police stations. In country areas, sergeants are often in charge of an entire station and its constabulary. Senior sergeants are usually in specialist areas and are in charge of sergeants and thus act as middle management.

Australia
Sergeant (Sgt) is a rank in both the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force. The ranks are equivalent to each other and the Royal Australian Navy rank of petty officer.

Although the rank insignia of the RAAF rank of flight sergeant (Flt Sgt) and the Australian Army rank of staff sergeant (SSgt) are identical, flight sergeant in fact outranks the rank of staff sergeant in the classification of rank equivalencies. The Australian Army rank of staff sergeant is now redundant and is no longer awarded, due to being outside the rank equivalencies and the next promotional rank is warrant officer class two. Chief petty officers and flight sergeants are not required to call a warrant officer class two "sir" in accordance with Australian Defence Force Regulations 1952 (Regulation 8).

The rank of sergeant exists in all Australian police forces and is of higher ranking than a constable or senior constable, but lower than an inspector.

The sergeant structure varies among state police forces, generally two sergeant ranks are commonly classed as non-commissioned officers:
 Sergeant (Sgt) (three chevrons); and
 Senior sergeant (Sen Sgt) (three chevrons, crown surmounted by a laurel leaf)

South Australia Police has the additional rank of brevet sergeant (two chevrons below an inverted arrow head) which is an authorization for a temporarily higher rank. A brevet sergeant is less senior than a sergeant.

New South Wales Police Force has the additional rank of incremental sergeant (three chevrons and a crown). This is an incremental progression, following an appointment as a sergeant for seven years. An incremental sergeant rank is less senior than a senior sergeant but is more senior than a sergeant.

Upon appointment as a sergeant or senior sergeant, the sergeant is given:
 A warrant of appointment under the commissioner's hand and seal.
 A navy blue backing (which replaces a light blue backing to the officer's police badge)
 A navy blue nameplate (which replaces a light blue nameplate)
 A silver chinstrap positioned above his peaked cap on his headdress, replacing a black chinstrap.

Within the New South Wales Police Force, a sergeant is a team leader or supervisory rank, whilst the rank of senior sergeant is a middle management rank with coordination responsibilities over human and physical resources.

All three sergeant ranks are informally referred to as "sergeant", or "sarge". However, at the New South Wales Police Academy, recruits must address all ranks of sergeants as "sergeant", and senior sergeants as "senior sergeant".

Canada

Army and Air Force
Sergeant (Sgt) ( or ) is an Army or Air Force non-commissioned officer rank of the Canadian Armed Forces. Its naval equivalent is petty officer 2nd class (). It is senior to the appointment of master corporal and its equivalent naval appointment, master seaman, and junior to warrant officer and its naval equivalent, petty officer 1st class. Sergeants and petty officers 2nd class are the only senior non-commissioned officers in the Canadian Armed Forces, as WOs, MWOs and CWOs are warrant officers, not senior NCOs in accordance with the Queens Regulations and Orders. Volume 1, Article 102 "Definitions".

In army units, sergeants usually serve as section commanders; they may often be called to fill positions normally held by warrant officers, such as platoon or troop warrant, company quartermaster sergeant, chief clerk, etc.

The rank insignia of a sergeant is a three-bar chevron, worn point down, surmounted by a maple leaf. Embroidered rank badges are worn in "CF gold" thread on rifle green Melton, stitched to the upper sleeves of the service dress jacket; as miniature gold metal and rifle-green enamel badges on the collars of the army dress shirt and army outerwear jackets; in "old-gold" thread on air force blue slip-ins on air force shirts, sweaters, and coats; and in a tan thread on CADPAT slip-ins (army) or dark blue thread on olive-drab slip-ins (air force) on the operational dress uniform.

Colour sergeant in the Canadian Armed Forces is not a rank of sergeant, but a warrant officer in one of the two Foot Guards regiments (the Governor General's Foot Guards and the Canadian Grenadier Guards). Likewise, a sergeant-major (including regimental sergeant-major) is not a sergeant rank, but an appointment held by a master warrant officer or chief warrant officer.

Sergeants generally mess and billet with warrant officers, master warrant officers, and chief warrant officers, and their naval counterparts, chief petty officers and petty officers. Their mess on military bases or installations is generally named the warrant officers' and sergeants' mess.

Historically, the rank of sergeant was severely downgraded after unification of the three services in 1968. An army sergeant before unification was generally employed in supervisory positions, such as the second in command of a platoon-sized unit (i.e. an infantry platoon sergeant, or troop sergeant in an armoured unit). After unification, sergeants were downgraded in status to section commander, a job previously held by corporals, and the former "platoon/troop sergeants" were replaced by "platoon/troop warrant officers".

Police
Police forces across Canada also use the rank of sergeant and staff sergeant for senior non-commissioned officers above the rank of constable or corporal. Except in the province of Quebec and in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the insignia for a police sergeant is three chevrons, worn point down. Staff sergeants rank above sergeants and are responsible for a unit or team within a station or division. The insignia for a staff sergeant is three chevrons, worn point down surmounted by a royal crown. In the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the insignia for a sergeant is three chevrons, worn point down surmounted by a royal crown (which is the insignia of a staff sergeant in other Canadian police forces). The insignia of a staff sergeant in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is four chevrons worn point up.

Denmark
In the Danish Defence, sergeants are typically squad (6-12 soldiers) or section commanders. The sergeants in the Danish forces also act as drill sergeants and platoon instructors, training both new soldiers in basic training, as well as professional soldiers. Sergeants with 1–2 years in the rank, who are in basic training units, are often second-in-command of the platoon.

In professional units, the role of second-in-command in the platoon is sometimes given to a very experienced sergeant, but in most cases will be a Senior sergeant (), the rank above sergeant.

Sergeants in the Danish military are instructors in military drill, weapons, field-craft, small unit tactics, and physical training.

Finland

Army
 (Finnish language abrv. kers.) or Sergeant (swedish language abrv. Serg) is in Finnish Defence Forces the second and highest non-commissioned officer rank that a conscript who has completed the junior NCO course ( in Finnish) can reach before entering the reserve. The lowest and most common non-commissioned officer rank is  (lit. "lower sergeant"); see corporal.

Only a few non-commissioned officers in each conscript company reach the higher rank of full three-chevron . There's no difference between the 4-month squad leader training and service time of  and ; all start their squad leader tour with the lower rank and the optional promotion is based on the superior's assessment of individual performance and intended duties in the wartime organization; special roles such as that of platoon sergeant or company first sergeant are typically reserved for  and upwards.

A corporal can also obtain the rank of sergeant (and possibly above, the next rank being four-chevron , which is comparable to staff sergeant) by taking some military refresher courses while in reserve, or by enlisting to (short-term) professional service in the military.

France

Army
French sergeant ranks are used by the air force, engineers, infantry, Foreign Legion, , communications, administrative service, and . Other branches of the army and  use the equivalent ranks of  ("marshal of lodgings" in English) instead of sergeant ranks.

There were three sergeant ranks in France, although the most junior, contract sergeant, has been superseded by student sub-officer now that conscription has been suspended. When the army contained a large proportion of conscripts, contract sergeant was very common as a rank for conscripts considered to have leadership potential. In general the term  was used for both contract sergeant and career sergeant. Contract sergeant was classified as the lowest sub-officer rank, the rank below being chief corporal.
 Student sub-officer,  (formerly "contract sergeant", ): One chevron, gold or silver. "Contract sergeant" was a rank used for junior sergeants, either conscripts or reservists. The rank insignia is used nowadays for students. After a certain amount of time, a student sub-officer is entitled to be addressed "sergeant".
 Sergeant,  (formerly "career sergeant", ): Two chevrons.Normal sergeant rank, though normally directly recruited from civilian life into the sub-officer ranks, so the rank implies less experience and higher academic requirements than for a commonwealth sergeant. As a typical rank for the command of a squad (typically eight soldiers), a tank, or a gun, this rank is roughly equivalent to a commonwealth corporal, a US Army staff sergeant, or a US Marine Corps sergeant.
 Principal sergeant, : Three chevrons.With long service, a sergeant's promotion to chief sergeant is automatic. Typically being a platoon second-in-command, the holder of this rank is therefore equivalent to a commonwealth sergeant or a US "sergeant first class". The next rank up is adjutant.

Germany

The  was introduced 1843 and was used until 1921, when the rank was changed to .
The current rank used in the  which is equal to an American/British sergeant is the rank of .

India, Nepal and Pakistan

Police
In many metropolitan police forces in both India, Nepal and Pakistan, a sergeant (called armed sub-inspectors in some states) is equivalent to a police sub-inspector. They are subordinate to police inspectors in rank but are senior to assistant sub-inspectors, head constables, naiks (corporals) and police constables in Indian police forces. In British-India days, the practice began of transferring British Army NCOs to Indian constabularies to teach them foot and rifle drill and weapons handling (called "musketry") and to maintain disciplinary standards. This is the historical origin of the rank of sergeant in the forces of today's Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata (their equivalents in state forces are called armed sub-inspectors). Sergeants have always served in the non-investigative branches of the 'protective police' [e.g., armed and mounted branches; port, river, and traffic police, reserve forces, etc.] and one per police station. Their use is focused more upon security and public order situations than investigating routine domestic, commercial, and street crime which is the purview of the investigative branches of the 'detective police' where their counterparts are called sub-inspectors. Head constables (not to be confused with sergeants) wear three chevrons (rank insignia) point-down on their sleeve or three bars on their epaulettes.

Ireland

Army
Sergeant (Sgt) ( in Irish) is the second rank of non-commissioned officer within the Irish Army. The naval equivalent is petty officer.

The army rank insignia consists of three winged chevrons (or "stripes"). The service dress insignia consists of three wavy red chevrons 9 cm wide bordered in yellow. The main infantry role of a sergeant is as second-in-command of a platoon or commander of a fire support section of a weapons platoon, such as an anti-tank or mortar platoon. Another role is that of company clerk and instructor. There are higher ranks of company sergeant and company quartermaster sergeant. Artillery sergeants are usually assigned as detachment and section commanders, as well as in administrative roles. The difference in roles of sergeant and corporal in the artillery corps is not as clearly defined as in the infantry corps.

Sergeant is also the second rank of non-commissioned officer in the Irish Air Corps. Before 1994, the Air Corps was considered part of the army and wore army uniforms with distinct corps badges, but the same rank insignia. With the introduction of a unique Air Corps blue uniform in 1994, the same rank markings in a white colour were worn, before the introduction of a new three-chevron with wing rank marking. There are higher ranks of flight sergeant and flight quartermaster sergeant.

Police
Sergeant is the second rank in the , above  and below inspector.

Sergeants appointed as detectives use the rank title detective sergeant (DS). They do not outrank regular sergeants, the 'detective' prefix indicates that they are permanently allocated to detective duties.

Israel

Defense forces

In the Israel Defense Forces, soldiers are promoted from corporal to sergeant after approximately 18 months of service (16 for combatants), if they performed their duties appropriately during this time, and did not have disciplinary problems. Soldiers who take a commander's course may become sergeants earlier. Sergeants get a symbolic pay raise of 1.80 NIS.

The Hebrew name for the rank is  originated as an acronym for   ("supernumerary lieutenant") (inspired by the abbreviation "NCO"). Nowadays is no longer treated as an acronym or an abbreviation .

Police
In the Israeli Police, sergeant is the third rank, coming after constable and corporal. Officers are promoted to this rank after a year as a corporal, or after 20 months of service in total. Excelling officers may be promoted to this rank (or any other rank) in up to 6 months instead of a year.

Russia

Armed Forces
Within the Russian Armed Forces, there are three ranks which are explicitly sergeant ranks: junior sergeant (, ), sergeant (, ) and senior sergeant (, ). There is also a rank called "" (), which is often translated as "master sergeant". These ranks are inherited from the Soviet Union.

In the Soviet army, most sergeants (with the exception of the aforementioned ) were not career non-commissioned officers but specially trained conscripts; the rank of  was reserved for career non-commissioned officers. In the modern Russian army, there are attempts to change this system and make most or all sergeants career non-commissioned officers; they are met with limited success.

Police
Unlike most police forces of the world, in the Russian police sergeant is a starting, entry-level rank. Ranks of "policeman" or "senior policeman" are not used in Russia (the rank of "private of police" technically exists but is rare, and most recruits become sergeants right away). It is divided into three grades the same way as the army sergeant rank.

Singapore

Singapore Armed Forces
In the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), there are five different grades of sergeant: third sergeant (3SG), second sergeant (2SG), first sergeant (1SG), staff sergeant (SSG), and master sergeant (MSG). Sergeants are considered specialists in the SAF. They are equivalent to the non-commissioned officers of other militaries.

Soldiers must complete their specialist course at the Specialist Cadet School, formerly known as the School of Infantry Specialists (SISPEC) or other training institutes before being promoted to third sergeant. While active duty national servicemen may be promoted to second sergeant, most personnel holding ranks above that are career soldiers.

Promotion from third sergeant to staff sergeant takes an average of 6 years, although there are many factors that may cause a soldier's promotion to cease. These factors include failure to pass an annual physical fitness proficiency test, poor performance, or being charged for offences.

Third sergeants are usually section commanders. They may also hold certain logistics or administrative posts such as company quartermaster sergeant. Second sergeants usually serve as platoon sergeants. First sergeants, staff sergeants and master sergeants usually serve as company sergeant majors or administrative specialists at company level or higher.

Home Team
In the Singapore Police Force, Singapore Civil Defence Force, Singapore Prison Service and Immigration and Checkpoints Authority, the rank of sergeant lies between corporal and staff sergeant. Unlike most police forces in the world, the rank of sergeant has been changed since the late 1990s to an entry-level rank for Diploma/GCE "A" Level holders rather than a supervisory one.

Uniformed Youth Organisations
In the National Cadet Corps (NCC), the rank of third sergeant is below second sergeant, and above corporal. In the National Police Cadet Corps (NPCC) and the National Civil Defence Cadet Corps (NCDCC), the rank of sergeant is below staff sergeant, and above corporal. The rank of third sergeant and sergeant is held by cadets who have been appointed as non-commissioned officers by their units and thus have the power to command a squad.

NPCC and NCDCC sergeants wear a rank insignia of three pointed-down chevrons, with the letters 'NPCC' and 'NCDCC' located below the insignia, so as to differentiate NPCC and NCDCC cadets from Singapore Police Force and Singapore Civil Defence Force personnel respectively.

NCC third sergeants, second sergeants and first sergeants wear a rank insignia of three pointed-down chevrons, three pointed-down chevrons with one pointed-up chevron and three pointed-down chevrons with two pointed up-chevrons respectively, all with the letters 'NCC' located below the insignia, so as to differentiate NCC cadets from Singapore Armed Forces personnel.

In the St John Brigade (SJB), the rank of sergeant is above corporal and below staff sergeant. It is usually held by a non-commissioned officer.

Sweden

Army
In Sweden,  is the most junior specialist officers rank above  (a squad leader at skill level C (advanced)) and below . The Swedish rank system comprises two different types of officers, "specialist officers" (in other countries categorized as NCO:s) and "tactical officers". Though marked as OR 6 to OR 9, the Swedish rank system is that of a parallel system, and both officer categories mentioned above are recognized as officers according to the stipulations of commission, given by Swedish parliament. The rank of  (OR 7) is superior to that of a second lieutenant (OF1). An individual officer can transition during a career between serving as a tactical officer or specialist officer, depending on what kind of role the officer are serving in and if one meets the qualifications to transfer. Specialist Officers ranking from OR7 to OR9 can be found in the same tactical and strategical levels as tactical officers, for example in staff positions on brigade and higher tactical levels, as advanced and skilled specialist or staff section commanders.

The creation of the specialist officers corps in 2008, meant that many former officers from OR 1b to OR 3 where commissioned to the ranks of OR 7 - OR 9.

From 1983 to 2008 there was only one professional officers corps within the Swedish armed forces (OF 1 to OF 9). All OR-ranks where hold by conscripts.

Historically, the role of the specialist officer, until 1972 categorised as "underofficer" in Sweden is reminiscent of that of a senior non-commissioned officer in Germany (), hence there was a third stipulated "corps" of junior commanding ranks, that of the , in direct translation "sub commanders" or "junior leader ranks", comprising the equivalents to the ranks of corporal (OR 4),  (OR5) and  (OR5b). This former "corps" (until 1983) was much like that of the senior  ranks within the different German-speaking armed forces. These ranks are today held by long serving and skilled professional or reservist soldiers, but are distinctly not specialist officers ranks.

In order to be appointed sergeant (until 2019 "first sergeant") in today's Swedish armed forces, it is required that the candidate have completed specialist officer training (1.5years).

United Kingdom

Royal Marines and British Army
A sergeant in the Royal Marines and British Army wears three-point-down chevrons on their sleeve and usually serves as a platoon or troop sergeant, or in a specialist position. Staff sergeant (in technical units) or colour sergeant (in the Royal Marines and the infantry), is the next most senior rank, above which come warrant officers. The Household Cavalry use the rank of corporal of horse instead, the only regiments to preserve the old cavalry tradition of having corporals but not sergeants.

A lance-sergeant (LSgt) was formerly a corporal acting in the capacity of a sergeant. The appointment now survives only in the Foot Guards and Honourable Artillery Company, where it is awarded to all corporals. A lance-sergeant wears three chevrons and belongs to the sergeants' mess, however, functionally he remains a corporal rather than an acting sergeant (e.g., he will typically command a section). In the Household Cavalry, the equivalent appointment is lance-corporal of horse.

A sergeant in infantry regiments usually holds the appointment of "platoon sergeant" and is second in command of a platoon. In the Royal Marines a sergeant is sometimes the commander of a platoon-sized Close Combat Rifle Troop.

Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force also has the rank of sergeant, wearing the same three chevrons. The rank lies between corporal and flight sergeant (or chief technician for technicians and musicians).

Between 1950 and 1964 in technical trades there was a rank of senior technician which was the equivalent of a sergeant. Senior technicians wore their chevrons point up.

On 1 July 1946, aircrew sergeants were re-designated as aircrew IV, III or II, replacing the chevrons with one, two or three six-pointed stars within a wreath and surmounted by an eagle. This was unpopular and in 1950 they returned to the old rank, but have worn an eagle above their chevrons ever since.

Sergeants of the Royal Flying Corps wore a four-bladed propeller above their chevrons.

The spelling "serjeant" was never used in the Royal Air Force.

Police

Within the British police, sergeant is the first supervisory rank. Sergeant is senior to the rank of constable, and junior to inspector. The rank is mostly operational, meaning that sergeants are directly concerned with day-to-day policing. Uniformed sergeants are often responsible for supervising a shift of constables and allocating duties to them. Prisoner-handling stations will also have one or more separate custody sergeants who are responsible for authorising and supervising the detention of arrested persons in accordance with the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, along with the daily management and effective running of the custody suite.

Detective sergeants are equal in rank to their uniformed counterparts; only the prefix 'detective' identifies them as having completed at least one of the various detective training courses authorising them to conduct and/or manage investigations into serious and/or complex crime. In British police services, not all officers deployed in plain clothes are detectives, and not all detectives are deployed within the CID. Thus, it is not unusual for detectives to supervise uniformed officers and vice versa.

Uniformed sergeants' epaulettes feature three down-pointed chevrons, above or below a personal identification number. Sergeants (and constables) in service with the Metropolitan Police, responsible for law enforcement in Greater London, have a "shoulder number", analogous to the collar number of regional forces, which is distinct from the warrant number on their warrant card. This is simply a management device to help order what is by far the largest police service in the UK. In the case of the Police Service of Northern Ireland, sergeants' chevrons point upwards. This is derived from the practices of the Royal Irish Constabulary, who were a mounted police force and followed a tradition of upward-pointing ranks.

Until the abolition of first-class detective sergeants in 1973, Metropolitan Police detective sergeants when initially promoted were officially known as second-class detective sergeants.

Unlike the military and allowing for regional variations, addressing a police sergeant as "sarge" is commonplace. Additionally, in some forces (especially the Metropolitan Police) sergeants are referred to as "skippers" and again allowing for regional variations, context and expectations it is not necessarily wrong for a constable to address their sergeant as "skip" or "skipper".

United States

History
The rank of sergeant was inherited from its use in the British Army and its colonial America regulars and militia of the several colonies. The sergeant has historically been the senior non-commissioned officer rank immediately subordinate to an officer and superior to corporal.

Commonly, in the British Army and American colonial forces there was one sergeant for each officer with the sergeants serving as the senior non-commissioned officer of each section or squad (the terms were used somewhat interchangeably). Companies would sometimes be split into half-companies, or platoons, commanded by a lieutenant, for special duties. A typical British infantry regiment of the time was essentially coincident with a battalion, with eight "battalion" (or line infantry) companies consisting of men equipped with muskets who fought in a line, a light company with muskets and sometimes rifles for reconnaissance and skirmishing, a grenadier company equipped with muskets, and a small support staff. Some larger "strong" regiments did have multiple battalions, each commanded by a major or lieutenant colonel. The regiment frequently had a ceremonial colonel-in-chief who was often a general officer or other dignitary, with day-to-day responsibility exercised by a colonel commandant, who held the rank of brigadier general (in more elite regiments) or colonel. The colonel commandant personally commanded one of the companies, in addition to having responsibility for the regiment, and had his own sergeant. While corporals and lance-corporals could be removed by order of the regimental commander, a sergeant could only be reduced in rank by a court-martial.

In British Army and its colonial American forces, infantry companies usually had three officers (a captain, lieutenant, the now obsolete rank of ensign, later second lieutenant and three sergeants, with the sergeants' primary role in combat being to protect the officers, while any wikt:supernumerary officers assigned to the regiment often had a corporal as their bodyguard instead. Several higher ranks of sergeant existed, including the staff sergeant who was appointed over the other sergeants in the company, and the "sergeant major", an informal designation for the senior-most sergeant in the colonel's company, which was later formalized as a separate rank the British Army in 1797.

In battle formation, the line companies were marched into formation in three ranks consisting of the "rank and file" (i.e., the corporals and privates), also referred to as the "bayonet strength", in order to present volley fire by rank or massed bayonets for assault or defense, with each sergeant marching with a spontoon or half-pike, which was also frequently born by officers of this period. The sergeants played less of a leadership role in combat than in modern forces, as the massed company was under the direct control of the officers, but the sergeant aided the officer by repeating commands, and by using his spontoon to signal, align the ranks, and ensure that their muskets were properly leveled. When a soldier was sentenced to lashing by company punishment or by court martial, the sergeants' spontoons would be bound together in a triangle frame to which the unfortunate soldier could be tied and lashed. Spontoons driven into the ground were also used as braces for stacking arms when not in use, one of the many tasks in which the men would frequently be supervised by a non-commissioned officer when not in combat. Many of these practices would persist in the Continental Army even as it began to adopt Prussian or French organization and drill.

Beginning in 1775, the Thirteen Colonies' Continental Army began to organize under the Continental European (i.e., Prussian-French) model, which in addition to organizing infantry companies into two platoons and forming each platoon into two ranks by section/squad, vice the three ranks of the British model, gave a more direct leadership role to sergeants by assigning two sergeants to each platoon as section/squad leaders. Sergeants began to transition from serving as the battlefield bodyguards of aristocratic officers and disciplinarians into being combat leaders integral to the tactical situation. In 1781, a fifth sergeant was authorized in each company to serve as company first sergeant, although a separate grade of rank was not established until 1831. However, from 1775, each regiment/battalion (these two terms were also used interchangeable during this time period as mentioned above) was authorized a sergeant major and a quartermaster sergeant.

The rank was used by both the U.S. Army and the Confederate army during the American Civil War. The same rank insignia was used similarly by both armies. Both varied the color of the stripes by assigning red for artillery, yellow for cavalry, blue for infantry and later in the war, green for sharpshooters. Some militia units varied these colors even further and had other colors including black and red with gold piping for various units. The rank was just below first sergeant and just above corporal. They usually commanded a section of twenty men with two corporals under him. As the war progressed these men were often in command of platoons and even companies as the units were depleted of officers during combat.

While the number of sergeants (including the first sergeant) authorized in an infantry company fluctuated from three to five during various periods of history, by the United States Civil War it was relatively fixed at four sergeants, a first sergeant, and a company quartermaster sergeant (added in 1861). In 1898 the infantry company was expanded to three platoons, increasing the number of sergeants in each company to six, along with a first sergeant and a company quartermaster sergeant. In 1905, the company quartermaster sergeant was renamed as company supply sergeant and a mess sergeant was added to the company.

In 1917, the Army reorganized under the "square division" plan. The size of units from company up increased significantly and there were now four rifle platoons and 12 sergeants per company, along with three "staff" NCOs (first sergeant, supply sergeant, and mess sergeant). While there were still two sergeants assigned as section leaders in each platoon, a new position of "assistant to platoon commander" was filled by the senior ranking sergeant of the three assigned to assist the lieutenant in leading the unit.

The 1939 "triangular division" reorganization eliminated sections in rifle platoons. In 1940, rifle squad leaders, who had been corporals, became sergeants (with two staff sergeants – one as a platoon leader and the other as a platoon guide in the platoon headquarters; the lieutenant was still titled platoon commander), with three squads/sergeants per rifle platoon. In 1942, sergeants became assistant squad leaders, with staff sergeants as squad leaders (and a technical sergeant and a staff sergeant, as platoon leader and platoon guide, respectively, in the platoon headquarters).

In 1943 platoon leaders (technical sergeants) were re-designated as platoon sergeants, while platoon commanders (officers – usually second or first lieutenants) became platoon leaders, with only company and higher-level commanding officers known as a "commander". (Of note, while the U.S. Marine Corps followed the Army's lead in re-designating the senior NCO in a platoon from "assistant to platoon commander" to platoon leader and then as the platoon sergeant, the Marine Corps continues to style an officer commanding a platoon as "platoon commander".) In 1948, squad leaders again became sergeants (with corporals as assistant squad leaders) and finally, in 1958, sergeants became fire-team leaders under a staff sergeant as squad leader.

In 1958, as part of a rank restructuring, two pay grades and four ranks were added: sergeant (E-5) returned to its traditional three chevron insignia, E-6 became staff sergeant, which had been eliminated in 1948.

Army
In the United States Army, although there are several ranks of sergeant, the lowest carries the title of sergeant. Sergeant is the enlisted rank in the U.S. Army above specialist and corporal and below staff sergeant, and is the second-lowest grade of non-commissioned officer. The rank was often nicknamed "buck sergeant" to distinguish it from other senior grades of sergeants. Sergeants in the infantry, for example, lead fire teams of four men. There are two fire teams in a nine-man rifle squad, which is led by a staff sergeant. Sergeants are normally section and team leaders and are a critical link in the NCO channel. These non-commissioned officers live and work with their soldiers every day and are responsible for their health, welfare and safety. These section and team leaders ensure that their soldiers meet standards in personal appearance and teach them to maintain and account for their individual and unit equipment and property. The NCO enforces standards and develops and trains soldiers daily in their military occupational specialty and unit mission.

Drill sergeants are typically addressed as "drill sergeant" regardless of rank, though use of this term depends on post policy. When serving a tour as drill sergeant this is indicated by the traditional campaign hat. In late 1971, Headquarters, Continental Army Command (CONARC) received approval from the Chief of Staff of the Army for permission to include women in the Drill Sergeant Program. In February 1972, six Woman Army Corps (WAC) noncommissioned officers from Fort McClellan, Alabama, were enrolled in the Drill Sergeant Program, at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Upon graduation, the women were authorized to wear the female drill sergeant campaign hat. Today, women drill sergeants are also referred to as "drill sergeant", regardless of their rank. Both men and women drill sergeants will always wear the drill sergeant badge indicating they completed the required training program at an authorized drill sergeant academy. The army drill sergeant badge appears on the right breast pocket.

Marine Corps
The United States Marine Corps has several ranks that include the title of "sergeant", the lowest of which is sergeant (E-5). Marine sergeants are the fifth enlisted rank in the U.S. Marine Corps, ranking above corporal and below staff sergeant, and are often referred to as the backbone of the Marine Corps.

Infantry sergeants typically serve as squad leaders in either a rifle or weapons platoon or as the platoon guide (i.e., assistant platoon sergeant) in a rifle platoon.

Once a Marine attains the rank of sergeant, promotions no longer derive from a composite and cutting score-based system; instead, they receive a Fitness Report, or FITREP (i.e., a formal written evaluation, grading attributes from appearance and bearing to leadership and technical proficiency).

In the Marine Corps, enlisted ranks above sergeant are referred to as staff non-commissioned officers, or SNCOs. These ranks, staff sergeant through sergeant major, are always referred to by their full rank and never merely as "sergeant".

Staff sergeant is usually the lowest enlisted rank that reports directly to an officer. In the infantry this would typically be as a rifle platoon sergeant or as a section leader in a weapons platoon (i.e., machine guns, mortars, anti-tank/assault weapons).

Infantry gunnery sergeants usually serve as platoon sergeants for weapons platoons before moving up to a company gunnery sergeant billet. This position is filled by an experienced gunnery sergeant who is typically in charge of coordinating operations, logistics, and individual training for a company-sized group of Marines (approximately 180 personnel). Owing to their involvement in the management of unit supply/re-supply the "Company Gunny" is colloquially known to be in charge of the "3 Bs": beans, bullets, and band-aids. Gunnery sergeants are commonly addressed as "gunny", but never officially. Use of this informality by subordinates is permitted solely at the rank holder's discretion.

Infantry master sergeants typically serve as the operations chief of a weapons company (in lieu of the Company Gunnery Sergeant located in the rifle companies) or as the assistant operations chief in the headquarters of an infantry regiment. Master sergeants are addressed as either "master sergeant" or "top" at the preference of the incumbent and dependent upon the commonly accepted practice within the MOS community. For example, in Intelligence (the 02 MOS field), use of "Top" is common; in the Infantry (the 03 MOS field) its use is nearly unheard of and aggressively discouraged.

First sergeants serve as the senior enlisted advisor (SEA) to a company or battery commander and are always addressed by their full rank title as "first sergeant". However, it is common for first sergeants to be referred to as "first shirt" by those under their command. Unlike "gunny" and even "top", a first sergeant is never addressed as "first shirt" directly.

Infantry master gunnery sergeants serve as the operations chief in the headquarters of an infantry battalion or higher level organization (viz., Marine Expeditionary Unit, regiment, Marine Expeditionary Brigade, division, Marine Expeditionary Force) and follow the same verbal address protocol as master sergeants but are commonly referred to as "master guns", or "master gunny".

Sergeants major serve as the SEA to a battalion or squadron, or higher level, commander, and are always addressed by their full rank title as "sergeant major".

The history of the rank of sergeant in the USMC roughly parallels that of the US Army until 1942. From 1775 until WWII the Marine Corps used essentially the same rank and organizational structure as its common British and colonial forebears with the Army, as well as the later Continental and U.S. Armies. In 1942, as the Army modified its triangular-division infantry organization to best fight in the European/North African/Middle Eastern theatre, the Marine Corps began modifying the triangular-division plan to best employ its amphibious-warfare doctrine in the Pacific Theatre. This meant that for the Corps, squad leaders would remain as sergeants and the rifle squad would be sub-divided into three 4-man fire teams, each led by a corporal.

Air Force

The U.S. Air Force title "sergeant" (E-4, equivalent to an Army or Marine corporal and Navy/Coast Guard petty officer third class), commonly and informally referred to as "buck sergeant", was used beginning in October 1967 in the hope that the prestige of being an NCO would increase the re-enlistment rate. The title was phased out again in the 1990s.

From 1952 through October 1967, E4s were titled "Airman First Class" (A/1c) and there was no rank titled "sergeant", though A/1cs were often called "sarge" or "sergeant" informally. During the period when the E4 title was "sergeant", senior airmen, earlier known as airmen second class (A/2c, pay grade E3), were promoted to sergeant and granted non-commissioned officer status after 12 months time in grade; this lateral promotion is no longer conferred and senior airmen compete directly for promotion to staff sergeant. The current title for airmen at the E4 grade is "senior airman". From 1976 – 1995, senior airman rank insignia had a subdued central star (light blue vice silver for sergeant and above), as did airman first class (E3) and airman (E2). Airman Basic, E1, has no rank insignia.

In today's Air Force, the term sergeant refers to all Air Force non-commissioned officers up to the rank of senior master sergeant (E-8). An Airman who has achieved the rank of senior master sergeant (E-8) may also be referred to as "senior". An airman who has achieved the rank of chief master sergeant (E-9) is referred to as "chief". Those in the grade of staff sergeant (E-5) and technical sergeant (E-6) are referred to as non-commissioned officers, while those in the grade of master sergeant (E-7) through chief master sergeant (E-9) are referred to as senior non-commissioned officers.

Space Force
On February 1, 2021, the United States Space Force established the rank of sergeant for the paygrade E-5, replacing the rank of staff sergeant used in the Air Force. This aligned the Space Force's E-5 grade with the Army and Marine Corps, in which sergeants hold the grade of E-5 and staff sergeants hold the grade of E-6. In the Air Force, staff sergeants hold the grade of E-5 and the prior rank of sergeant was a non-commissioned officer in the grade of E-4, equivalent to the U.S. Army's corporal. Sergeants rank above specialist 4 but below technical sergeant.

NATO code
While the rank is used in a number of NATO countries, it is ranked differently depending on the country.

Gallery

See also
 Comparative military ranks
 Military rank
 Military unit
 Chevron (insignia)

Notes

References

External links

Enlisted ranks of the United States Air Force
Enlisted ranks of the United States Space Force
Military ranks of Australia
Military ranks of Canada
Military ranks of Ireland
Military ranks of Singapore
Military ranks of the Commonwealth
Military ranks of the Francophonie
Military ranks of the British Army
Military ranks of the United States Army
Military ranks
Police ranks in the United Kingdom
Police ranks of Sri Lanka
Police ranks
Military ranks of the United States Marine Corps
United States military enlisted ranks
Military ranks of the Royal Air Force
Military ranks of the Royal Marines

Sergeant


Carlos Somoano is an American soccer coach and is currently the head coach of the University of North Carolina men's soccer team. In his first season in charge of the Tar Heels, he led the team to the NCAA championship, becoming the second rookie head coach in NCAA history to do so after Mike Freitag.

Education
Somoano received a Bachelor of Science in biology (concentration in pre-medicine) from Eckerd College in 1992. He also earned four letters in soccer and was a two-year team captain. In 2000, he earned a Master's in Sport Management degree from the University of Richmond.

Coaching career
In 1992, he started his career as an assistant coach at his alma mater, Eckard College, and there he spent four seasons. In 1996, he moved to Virginia Commonwealth University in an assistant role, serving under Tim Sullivan. After spending six seasons at the Rams, he again took up an assistant role, this time under Elmar Bolowich, at the University of North Carolina.

Somoano helped recruit six top-10 recruiting classes and watched over one of the most successful periods in school history as an assistant coach for nine seasons from 2002 to 2010. The Tar Heels advanced to three consecutive NCAA College Cups, including the 2008 National Championship game, and amassed a 118–52–27 record. He helped lead the Tar Heels to nine All-America honors and 41 All-Atlantic Coast Conference honors as an assistant including the 2003 ACC Rookie of the Year, Jamie Watson.

On 25 April 2011, Somoano was promoted as Bolowich's replacement, thus becoming the fifth head coach in the Tar Heels' history. Upon his unveiling as head coach, he said, "It is an honor to be able to represent the University of North Carolina and its tradition of excellence. I want to thank Mr. Dick Baddour for offering me the opportunity to lead the men's soccer program. When I came to Carolina nine years ago I was immediately welcomed into the Carolina family and I am excited that I will continue to be a part of this great institution. I would also like to thank Elmar Bolowich for his guidance and trust. He gave me the opportunity to be a Tar Heel and he was a great mentor to me."

in his first season with the Tar Heels, he led them to the 2011 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship with a 1–0 win over The University of North Carolina at Charlotte men's soccer team. The Tar Heels posted a 21–2–3 mark en route to the title. They also became only the second team in Atlantic Coast Conference history to claim the treble in a single year by winning the ACC regular season title, the ACC Tournament crown and the national championship. As such, he was awarded the Atlantic Coast Conference Men's Soccer Coach of the Year for the 2011 season.

In the following season, the Tar Heels did well in recording a 16–4–3 mark and came within one match of a fifth-straight College Cup, ultimately falling 1–0 to eventual national champion Indiana in the quarterfinal round of the NCAA tournament. The 2013 Tar Heels featured one of the top defensive sides in the nation and they advanced to the second round of the NCAA tournament, finishing with a 9–6–5 record. 2014 turned out to be another stellar campaign for the Tar Heels, who posted a 15–5–2 overall mark and again reached the NCAA quarter-finals for the sixth time in the last seven seasons. They were a prolific scoring team, leading the country in goals (52) and total points (157) and were second with 53 assists.

As of August 2015, Somoano's record with the Tar Heels is 61–17–13.

References

External links
 North Carolina profile

Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American soccer coaches
Eckerd Tritons men's soccer players
Eckerd Tritons men's soccer coaches
North Carolina Tar Heels men's soccer coaches
VCU Rams men's soccer coaches
Sportspeople from Houston
Soccer players from Houston
University of Richmond alumni
Men's association football players not categorized by position
Association football players not categorized by nationality

Carlos Somoano


Chiswick Town Hall stands on Heathfield Terrace, Chiswick, London, facing Turnham Green. It is a Grade II listed building.

History
In the mid 19th century St Nicholas Parish Council had met in a variety of different locations including, latterly, the Boys' National School at Turnham Green. After parish leaders found that this arrangement was inadequate for their needs, they elected to construct a purpose-built vestry hall: a site on Turnham Green, which had previously been open land, was purchased for the benefit of the parish in 1874.

The new building was designed by William Joshua Trehearne in the Italianate style and opened in 1876. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with three bays facing onto Heathfield Terrace; the central section featured a porte cochère flanked by Corinthian order columns on the ground floor; there were three round arched windows on the first floor with a pediment above. Internally, the principal room was the council chamber on the first floor.

After the area became an urban district in 1896, civic leaders decided that it would be necessary to extend the building. They launched a fund raising campaign to establish a lasting memorial to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee; at least part of the fund, to which the Duke of Devonshire had been a significant donor, was used to finance the extension. The extension was designed by the council surveyor, Arthur Ramsden, with three extra bays to the east on Heathfield Terrace and an extra nine bays along Sutton Court Road; the principal rooms in the extension were the main assembly hall, initially known as the Devonshire Hall, and a large reception room, which became known as the Hogarth Hall. The enlarged complex re-opened as Chiswick Town Hall in February 1901.

In December 1901, a bust of the local painter, William Hogarth, which had been commissioned by the philanthropist, John Passmore Edwards, was unveiled by the painter, Sir William Richmond, in the newly named Hogarth Room.

The building became the town hall of Chiswick Urban District in 1927 and of the merged Municipal Borough of Brentford and Chiswick in 1932 but ceased to be the local seat of government when the enlarged London Borough of Hounslow was formed in 1965. It was subsequently used as a local register office until Feltham Lodge became the main register office for London Borough of Hounslow and it still remains an approved venue for marriage and civil partnership ceremonies. A Citizens Advice Bureau was also established in the building. A programme of restoration works was carried out by T&B Contractors to plans by A3 Architects in 2010.

References

Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Hounslow
Government buildings completed in 1901
City and town halls in London
Chiswick
Buildings and structures in Chiswick

Chiswick Town Hall


Tanglewood Music and Arts Festival was an annual two-day music, comedy and arts event held within the grounds of Narrow Water Castle, County Down, Northern Ireland. The festival, founded in 2011, has attracted significant attention both within the local area and around Northern Ireland with buses coming from as far as Belfast to the event. For the 2011 and 2012 festivals Tanglewood was held on one day; however for 2013 and 2014 it expanded into a two-day camping festival.

Facilities
Tanglewood consists of four music and arts stages. Other facilities include toilet areas, food and refreshment vans, bars and as of 2013 a camping site. From 2013 the four music and art stages have been called:

Main Stage
The Spirit Store Boat Stage
The Gramophone Acoustic and ComedyTent
The Riff Raff Dance Tent

2011 Festival
The first Tanglewood festival took place on Saturday 6 August 2011. The lineup included popular local acts The Genuine Articles, Pearl Jem, A Plastic Rose, Identity Parade and many others.

2012 Festival
The first Tanglewood festival took place on Saturday 4 August 2012. The festival grounds expanded around the area of Narrow Water Castle due to popularity. The lineup included more popular local acts while also attracting more famous acts such as Aslan.

2013 Festival
The 2013 festival was confirmed by Tanglewood towards the end of 2012. In early 2013 the organizers confirmed that early bird tickets would be available for the first time, which include the option to camp within the festival site, another first.

2014 Festival
Tanglewood was once again a two day camping festival in 2014. 2014 was to date the last year the festival was held.

References

Music festivals in Northern Ireland

Tanglewood Music and Arts Festival


Fereydoon Foroughi (; 29 January 1951 – 5 October 2001) was an Iranian singer, musician and composer. He contributed greatly to Iranian music and arts and his unique voice and style soon caught on with the people. In addition to his studies in acting, playing the guitar, piano and organ he also composed music. His style was inspired by jazz and blues.

Early life and education
Fereydoon was born on Monday, January 29, 1951 in the Salsabil neighborhood of Tehran. His father, Fathullah, was a tobacco worker and wrote poetry and strings on his own. His paternal family was one of the great landowners of Naraq. At first, Farhad's was chosen his name by his father, but at the request of his grandfather, his name was changed to Fereydoon. He was the fourth and last child of his family to have three older sisters, Parvaneh, Effat and Forough.

In 1956, at the age of six, he began his education, and finally in 1968, he received a diploma in natural sciences, after which he dropped out of school. Fereydoon practiced music himself, due to his interest in rock music, especially in Ray Charles.

Career
At the age of 16, Fereydoon began playing music in earnest with a group of musicians, performing popular Western songs and tunes of the day, especially blues music, in various venues. He continued to do so until the age of 18. It is during this period that he gives up music for a while after a love failure, but after this short period of withdrawal, in 1969, the owner of the Kazab's cabaret in Shiraz invited Foroughi and his companions to perform in that place. In the late 1970s, he became a prominent singer in the nightclubs of old Tehran and the star of famous cafes such as the Marquis and Kakouleh.

1970s and playback
He started playback work in 1971 with the film Adamak directed by Khosrow Haritash, who realized that he had found the person he was looking for sing. As a result, Fereydoon performed two songs titled "Adamak" and "Parvaneh Man" ("My Butterfly") with the music of Touraj Shabankhani and the lyrics by Labat Vala. After the release of the film, the 45-page pages of these two songs will be offered in famous stores such as Al Cordobs, Pop, Disco, Beethoven and Pars. These two songs blossom and fall on the tongues and Fereydoun becomes famous. Although he was criticized at the time for imitating Farhad's voice, he was no longer overshadowed by the name of his beloved singer, Ray Charles.

After a while, Fereydoun was signed a contract with Farshid Ramzi, the director of the TV show Six and Eight. This collaboration leads to produce songs such as "Zendoone Del" ("Prison of the Heart") and "Sorrow of Loneliness" with poems by Arash Sezavar and composed by William Khno, the former of which makes Foroughi an artist of style. Fetne chakmepoosh directed by Homayoon Bahadoran was the second film in which Foroughi performed a song of the same name in 1972. In the same year, he met and married to Goli Fatorehchi.

In 1973, Amir Naderi's Tangna, with its exhilarating and shocking melodies by Monfaredzadeh, had Foroughi's voice on the credits. In the same year, he performed several songs, the most prominent of which was "Niaz" ("Need"), lyrics by Shahyar Ghanbari and music by Monfardzadeh; a song that leads to the interrogation of all three people by SAVAK. He will perform the song "Fresh Air" in a colorful TV program in the same year.

In 1974, he was perform a song for the film Yaran, played and directed by Farzan Deljou. In the same year Foroughi divorced his wife due to a misunderstanding. After that, he performed the song "Hamisheh Ghayeb" ("Always Absent") with a lyrics by Shahyar Ghanbari, music by William Kheno and arrangement by Varoujan Hakhbandian. The song was previously performed as "Tired Fish".

Gradually becoming an experienced artist, he began to collect his works and released his first album, Zendoone Del. He released his second album called Yaran in 1974. In the same year he was banned from acting for two years due to the performance of the song "Sale Ghahti" ("Year of Famine") by the imperial government. In 1977, after the announcement of political open space by the government, Foroughi released his third album called the Sale Ghahti after a two-year ban. In February of this year, his father died of pneumonia.

Islamic revolution

In 1978, during Islamic revolution with the deterioration of the political situation in Iran, Foroughi protested against the situation in the country with the release of the album Bateshkan. In the same year he performed a song titled "Prostitute", which was never released. In 1979, after the revolution, Foroughi stayed in Iran and performed a concert that included the songs of this concert in Foroughi's album in a new beginning. And "swindler" was not exist in Foroughi's record like them. After the release of this cassette, in 1980, Foroughi performed the song "Yar Dabestani" for the film Az faryad ta teror (From Screaming to Assassination), directed by Mansour Tehrani, which is used in the film's credits. While no official ban has been announced for Foroughi's activities yet, Tehrani has been informed that he must remove Foroughi's voice from the credits of his film. As a result, Jamshid Jam undertakes to sing this song. At the same time, whispers are heard about the ban on Foroughi's activities. He sang the song "Koocheye Shahre Delam" ("Alley of the City of My Heart").

Death

Fereydoon died of a heart attack at the age of 50 on 5 October 2001 at his home in Tehranpars. He was buried in the village of Qurqurak Buin Zahra in Qazvin, next to small ponds, in the shadow of a large mountain and in the tranquility that he had been waiting for years. Shahyar Ghanbari, singer, songwriter, composer and old friend of Fereydoun, says about his death:

Nowadays his Instagram followers gather together on his grave in Gorgorak village.

Discography
Studio albums
 Zendoone Del (1972)
 Sale Ghahti (1977)
 Doe Taa Chesm Seyah Dari (1979)

Filmography
Adamak (1971)
Fetne chakmepoosh (1972)
Zan-e bakere (1973)
Tangna (1973)
Keyfar (1973)
 Yaran (1974)

References

External links

1951 births
2001 deaths
20th-century Iranian male singers
20th-century guitarists
Iranian singer-songwriters
Iranian guitarists
Singers from Tehran

Fereydoon Foroughi


"The Man in the Fallout Shelter" is the ninth episode of the first season of the television series, Bones. Originally aired on December 13, 2005 on FOX network, the episode is written by Hart Hanson and directed by Greg Yaitanes. The plot features FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth, Dr. Temperance Brennan and the rest of her team being forced to remain at the Jeffersonian Institute over the Christmas holiday.

Summary
This is a holiday episode based on events happening on Christmas Eve. On December 23, Booth brings in the skeletal remains of a man found dead in a bomb shelter discovered recently. Everyone is in Christmas-Eve mode with a company party going on upstairs. Bones and the rest of the team start investigating the dead man's story when Zack triggers the bio-hazard alarm while cutting through the skeleton.

The lab is shut down for containment and every one is under quarantine based on the discovery of a fungus causing Valley fever (even though it's not actually contagious). The prospect of spending the two mandatory quarantine days away from friends and family makes everyone morose. Booth develops a side-effect of euphoria due to drugs given to immunize them from the disease.

The case, meanwhile, progresses into the discovery of a love affair between the dead man, Lionel Little, who worked as a lease inspector for a company called Silver Cloud Petroleum and had a coin collection, and his black cleaning lady (Ivy Gillespie) in the late 1950s. Due to the oppressive racial climate in the US, they planned to emigrate to France. Lionel tried to sell his valuable coin collection to a shifty con artist who murdered Lionel to procure the collection (worth approximately $8000 at the time).

An emotional segment in the show occurs when everyone gets to meet their family and friends with Christmas carols crooning in the background. We find out that Booth has a 4-year-old son named Parker (because his mother didn't marry him, his parental rights are vague), and that Billy Gibbons from ZZ Top is Angela's father.

With everyone else in the lab celebrating Christmas with secret Santa gifts, Bones decides to track down Ivy and reveal the lethal mystery behind Lionel's disappearance to her. Bones does this on Angela's advice. Angela says that Bones must find Ivy so she can have the closure that Temperance herself never had (her parents disappeared when she was 15, and no information has been uncovered regarding their whereabouts). Bones, listening to her friend, goes to her office and starts making phone calls trying to locate Ivy Gillespie. Finally, on Christmas morning, she finds Ivy's granddaughter who provides information to contact her.

Bones asks Booth to look at the penny they found in Lionel's pocket. She scanned it to find out that it was actually a bronze penny minted in 1943, unlike almost all pennies from that time that were made of zinc clad steel to conserve copper for World War II. Today, there are just 12 of them and it is worth over $100,000 dollars. Dr. Goodman enters telling them that it is time for the results.

They are all together waiting for the results as the Head of the Jeffersonian and other guys in biohazard suits are running them in a computer and a green light turns on. They remove their helmets and one of them tells "Merry Christmas". They all start walking out the Jeffersonian but Temperance stays behind. When Booth realizes it he stops and turns to her, she just says: "Go, go have Christmas. Wish your boy a Merry Christmas from me," to which he says: "I'm at Wong Foo's if you decide you want company. Merry Christmas Bones," and he leaves.

A young and an elderly woman came in the lab. They are Lisa Pearce (granddaughter) and Ivy Gillespie. Bones takes them to her office and she starts explaining all that happened. Ivy starts crying when she realizes that she wasn't abandoned by Lionel; that he was actually trying to keep his promise to go to Paris. But that is not all the happiness that Temperance gave them. Lisa wants to be a doctor but can't afford it, but Brennan gives her and her grandmother Lionel's 1943 bronze penny, worth over $100,000.

After visiting Booth at Wong Foo's, Bones returns to the lab alone and retrieves several wrapped gifts and cards from an old suitcase; it was previously explained that when her parents went missing around Christmas, Brennan had childishly refused to open their presents to her until they returned - which they never did.  Sitting alone on the couch with Angela's holographic Christmas tree and leftover decorations still up, Temperance finally opens her parents' gifts to her and smiles through her tears.

Music
The episode featured the following music:
 "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" - Tori Amos
 "Winter Wonderland" - Jewel
 "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" - Brian Setzer

Conception
The episode was written especially for the Christmas holiday in time to be aired in December in the United States. It takes place at Christmas time, which the writers describe as "a holiday vacuum sealed with family and friends within its own parcel of time. It has its own parameters, its own rules - memories that are reconstructed and improved in our minds by years of conditioning." This setting allowed the writers to expand on the details of the characters' lives and to continue with Brennan's background story, concerning the disappearance of her parents and her experiences in foster care system.

Response
As a lead-in program for House, Bones attracted 7.12 million viewers on December 13, 2005 with episode "The Man in the Fallout Shelter". In the Tuesday 8:00 pm ET timeslot, the episode ranked fourth overall in total viewership and among 18 to 49 years old viewers.

Culture references
Hodgins makes a reference to How the Grinch Stole Christmas by Dr Seuss. Hodgins also makes a reference to Firefly when talking to Zack.

References

External links

 "The Man in the Fallout Shelter" at Fox.com

Bones (TV series) episodes
2005 American television episodes
American Christmas television episodes

The Man in the Fallout Shelter


Something Awful is a comedy website and forums. The part of the website where people are paid to write comedy is called the "front page," and the part where people talk about a variety of things is the forums. People have to pay money to join the forums to talk with other people around the world. It currently costs $9.95 to join. The money they pay goes towards keeping the website online, and is said to make the forums higher quality, because members of the forums have something to lose if they are banned. Because of the comedy nature of the website, people on the forums often post to try to make people laugh instead of posting seriously.

Something Awful was started by Richard "Lowtax" Kyanka in 1999.

In March, 2008 Richard "Lowtax" Kyanka left forums management to Kevin "Fragmaster" Bowen, in order to focus on operating the main site.

Related pages
 Kiwi Farms
 Know Your Meme
 Reddit

Other websites
 Something Awful
 Something Awful Twitter account

Websites

Something Awful


A padayatra () is a journey undertaken by politicians or prominent citizens to interact more closely with different parts of society, educate about issues concerning them, and galvanize his or her supporters. Padayatras or foot pilgrimages are also Hindu religious pilgrimages undertaken towards sacred shrines or pilgrimage sites.

Social causes

Mahatma Gandhi originated the padayatra with his famous Salt March to Dandi in 1930. In the winter of 1933–34, Gandhi went on a countrywide padayatra against untouchability. Later, Gandhian Vinoba Bhave also started a padayatra, which was part of his Bhoodan movement in 1951. Starting from the Telangana region, Bhave concluded his padayatra at Bodh Gaya. On 6 January 1983, Chandra Shekhar started his padayatra from Kanyakumari and continued his  journey to Raj Ghat in Delhi till 25 June 1983 to understand the problems of the masses.

Puthan Veetil Rajagopal, in Janadesh 2007, led 25,000 landless peasants on a 28-day march from Gwalior to Delhi. In 1986, Ramon Magsaysay Award winner Rajendra Singh started padayatras through villages of Rajasthan, promoting construction and revival of johads and check dams.

Political purpose

Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy did a three-month-long padayatra covering  in 60 days, meeting people across 11 districts of Andhra Pradesh. He led his party to victory in the following general elections held in 2004 to become the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, which included Telangana also.

The YSRCP chief Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy launched his Padayatra named 'Praja Sankalpa Yatra' at RK Valley in his native Kadapa district after paying homage at the grave of his father. YSR Congress party coined a slogan "Raavali Jagan, Kaavali Jagan" (Jagan should come. We want Jagan) for the foot march that took to him across 125 Assembly segments in 13 districts of the state in 430 days. This Yatra was started on November 6, 2017 and ended on January 9, 2019.

The Indian National Congress, under the leadership of Rahul Gandhi, started Bharat Jodo Yatra, a padyatra on September 7, 2022 in Kanniyakumari at the tip of the Indian peninsula. This foot march will cover about 3,570 km in around five months. It will move across 12 States and two Union Territories, and shall end in Kashmir.

Religious causes
The warkaris from the Maharashtra state of western India practice a regular walk to religious places like Dehu, Alandi and Pandharpur. Ashadhi Ekadashi , Kartiki Ekadashi, Maghi Ekadashi and Chaitra Ekadashi are some of the popular days when pilgrims reach Pandharpur to worship Vithoba.

See also
Selma to Montgomery marches
Suffrage Hikes
Acharya Mahashraman

References

Politics of India
Gandhism
Social history of India
Hindu pilgrimages
Walking
Political activism

Padayatra


Sadhu Vashist Muni was a Hindu missionary from India, who came into prominence in Fiji when he assumed the leadership of the strike in the western districts of Fiji in 1921. Mystery surrounded him during his short stay in Fiji (May 1920 – March 1921) and tales of his miraculous deeds still circulate in Fiji. The Government could not find out much about him from its sources of intelligence but deported him in the belief that he was an agent of Gandhi. After his arrest, the Government House in Suva was struck by lightning and destroyed which only heightened the belief in the power this mysterious sadhu (holy man).

Early life
He was born in Banaras, India, in 1888 and was an orthodox Hindu who spoke Hindi and English fluently. He left Calcutta on 23 March 1919 and arrived in Fiji, via Australia in May 1920. His head was shaven, he wore a light orange robe and carried a light pink umbrella with him. He was greeted with enthusiasm by the local Indian community on his arrival in Fiji. Some thought of him as a reincarnation of Lord Vishnu.

Activities in Fiji

Educationist and Missionary
Initially he carried out educational work in areas where Fiji Indians were concentrated and is reputed to have doubled the attendance of a school in Lautoka by walking through the settlements and talking to parents. He built a school in Navua, enrolling boys to study Hindi, as he wanted children to be proud of their heritage. He discouraged Indians from attending Christian schools. He donated books to schools and stated that his mission was religious. He came to the attention of the Government in November 1920 when it became aware of his non-political educational work. The Government wanted to have discussions with him on Indian education but did not manage to arrange a meeting with him.

Although he was appalled at the treatment of Indians in Fiji he publicly stated his intention of working through constitutional means to improve the plight of the Fiji Indians. He did not agree with those who were encouraging Indians to return to India. The Fiji Government suspected that he might be an agent of Gandhi and asked Government officials to report on his activities. In one such report he was referred to as the "mystery man", as giving sound advice to the people and responsible for the loss of the influence that N.B. Mitter had enjoyed.

1921 Strike
Although the workers of the north-western districts were organised by N.B. Mitter, the strike which began on 11 February 1921, in Ba, was a spontaneous action of the workers and farmers. It spread to all the western districts and Labasa. The strike was peaceful and well organised.

Deportation
On 20 March 1921, while he was addressing a gathering of farmers and labourers at a school in Tavua, he was requested to accompany a police party to Lautoka, on the understanding that the Government wanted to have discussions with him. From Lautoka he was taken by ship to Suva and deported from Fiji on 23 March 1921. On the day when he was deported, the Government House in Suva was destroyed by lightning and the ship on which he was brought to Suva struck a reef.

Return to India
His deportation did not end the strike, which dragged on for six months. After his deportation to India, he made an appearance at the depot in Calcutta where ex-indentured labourers had gathered to ask for return to Fiji. He asked them not to return, undertook a hunger strike and publicly cursed C.F. Andrews, whom he accused of being a recruiter. This seemed to have the desired effect as Andrews was able to bring political pressure on the Indian Government to stop further labour ships departing for Fiji.

Legacy
Although Vashist Mini spent very little time in Fiji, his legacy lives on. There are a number of schools named after him, some of which are:
 Vashist Muni Primary School, Maqere, Tavua
 Vashist Muni Primary, Navua
 Vashist Muni College, Navua

References

1888 births
Year of death missing
Indian emigrants to Fiji
Indian Hindu missionaries
Fiji sugar industry
1920s in Fiji
People from Navua
Scholars from Varanasi
20th-century Indian philosophers

Vashist Muni


The American System-Built Homes were modest houses designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright. They were developed between 1912 and 1916 to fulfill his interest in affordable housing. Wright was devoted to the idea of providing beautiful yet affordable homes to the public. His firm produced over 960 drawings for the project, the largest number of drawings for any project in the Wright archives. The designs were standardized, and customers could choose from seven models. Because of this standardization, the lumber could be precut at the factory, thereby cutting down on both waste and the amount of skilled labor needed for  construction. The buildings are often termed prefabricated homes, but they were not, since no parts of the homes were constructed off-site. The lumber was cut at the factory, packaged along with all other components, and delivered to the work site for construction.  Some are located in a federal historic district in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and others have been designated Chicago Landmarks in Chicago, Illinois.

Manufacture and sales
In 1911, Arthur L. Richards and a partner contracted with Frank Lloyd Wright to design a hotel in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. After this, Richards learned of Wright's new American System-Built Homes, and in 1914 began construction on six as demonstrator models. Richards gained the exclusive rights to manufacture and distribute the homes. He sold franchises to market the homes, and allowed only approved contractors to build them. He had offices in Milwaukee, the Chicago area, Champaign, Decatur and Gary. The Richards Company milled the lumber, cut it to specification, and packaged all the materials needed for construction, including plaster, paint, windows, hardware and fixtures. The customer purchased a complete home, so in addition to the materials, skilled craftsmen were provided.

In April 1917, the United States entered World War I, and building materials were diverted to the war effort, stalling new home building. Later that year, Wright, dissatisfied with Richards, sued him for nonpayment of royalties and fees, and the project came to an end. It is believed that about 25 System-Built Homes were constructed, but only about 15 survive. They can be found in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa.

Burnham Street Historic District, Milwaukee

The original six homes built in the Burnham Park neighborhood of Milwaukee by Arthur Richards were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. There are four model 7a duplexes, a model B1 bungalow, the only example of its kind, and a model C3 bungalow. It is the only known grouping of System-Built homes, and the only grouping of Frank Lloyd Wright homes that includes both duplexes and single-family dwellings. Three of the homes have been purchased by the Frank Lloyd Wright Wisconsin Program. The B1 bungalow was restored in 2010, with one of the duplexes to follow. They are located in the 2700 block of West Burnham Street, at South Layton Boulevard.

American System Built Homes in the Burnham Street District:
 Arthur L. Richards Duplex Apartments - referred to as either "Model 7a Duplexes", "Model C" or "Model F" - 4 units, 3 identical units (2720-2730 West Burnham), the 4th unit (2732-2734 West Burnham) is a mirror image. The second house from the west has been converted to a single family home.  Built 1915.
 Arthur L. Richards Small House - "Model B1" or "Cottage B" located at 2714 West Burnham Street. Built 1915.
 Richards Bungalow - "Model C3" or "Cottage A" located at 1835 South Layton Boulevard.  Built 1915. This house was resurfaced in precast coral stone veneer in 1956.

The Arthur R Munkwitz Duplex Apartments were pair of four-unit apartment buildings built in 1916. The Munkwitz Duplexes were based on a different System Built plan and constructed on 1102-1112 N. 27th St - a few blocks north of the Burnham Street Historic District. They were demolished in 1973.

American System-Built Houses, Chicago
On July 13, 1994, the Mayor and City Council of Chicago designated two System-Built Homes as Chicago Landmarks. Built in 1917, they are located at 10410 (the Guy C. Smith House) and 10541 S. Hoyne Avenue (the H. Howard Hyde House). The first, at 10410 Hoyne, was intended to be the first of a subdivision of the homes. Both the Smith and Hyde Houses are two story, single-family units.

Other American System-Built Homes

Bungalow style units based on the "C3" or "Cottage A" design:
 Lewis E. Burleigh House - Wilmette, Illinois (1915)
 Ida and Grace McElwain House - Lake Bluff, Illinois (1915)
 Stephen M. B. Hunt House II - Oshkosh, Wisconsin (1917)

Single story, single-family units:
 The Elizabeth Murphy House (A203) - Shorewood, WI (1917)

Two story, single-family units:
 Wilbur Wynant House - Gary, Indiana (1916)
 Oscar A. Johnson House - Evanston, Illinois (1917)
 Delbert W. Meier House - Monona, Iowa (1917)
 Charles Heisen House - Villa Park, Illinois (1917)

2000s revival
In 1999 it was announced that an update of the American System-Built Homes would be part of a renewal of Atlantic City, New Jersey. Taliesin Associated Architects were contracted to design new homes based on the original designs. They were expected to sell for $125,000 to US$150,000, similar to the originals in that the cost was relatively low.

Recently identified but not verified

In 2008, Wright scholar, William Allin Storrer unveiled his controversial 29 undiscovered Frank Lloyd Wright works.  One of these houses was the Thomas E. Sullivan House at 336 Gregory Avenue in Wilmette, Illinois, next door to the Burleigh House at 330 Gregory Ave.  In 1989, Storrer had previously identified the 1916 house as the work of John S. Van Bergen even though the residence does not appear in Martin Hackl's complete catalog, The Works of John S. Van Bergen, Architect. In his 2008 findings, Storrer revised his claim, then stating that the Sullivan House was actually an American System-Built Home with a dining room addition by Van Bergen. Excluding the alleged addition, the main block of the Sullivan House is nearly identical to that of the Wynant House; only the entrance and garage orientation, a missing bedroom above the garage, and differences in trim details distinguish these two residences.  Storrer's assertion is further substantiated by a drawing from the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation which shows Model D-101 with the Sullivan House entrance and without the Wynant House garage wing.

Storrer also identified three potential single-story American System-Built Homes in Berwyn, Illinois. One, the Chester Bragg House (1916), is located at the 6644 34th Street at the corner of Wesley Avenue and has a Model B1 plan.

See also
 List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
 List of Chicago Landmarks

Notes

References
 Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006,  (S.200, S.201, S.202, S.203, S.204)

External links

 Frank Lloyd Wright's Burnham Block on Atlas Obscura
 Wright in Milwaukee
 600 Fillmore, Gary, Indiana
 Plan of model C3
 The Elizabeth Murphy House
 Richards Bungalow on dgunning.org
 H. Howard Hyde House
 H. Howard Hyde house on peterbeers.net
 H. Howard Hyde house on dgunning.org
 Guy C. Smith House
 Guy C. Smith house on peterbeers.net
 Guy C. Smith house on dgunning.org
 Frank Lloyd Wright 'American System-Built Houses' (American System Ready-Cut) 1911 - 1917, ONLINE SOURCES:
 2720 West Burnham Street in the Library of Congress
  is an example of Wright's plans and drawings that the Wisconsin Historical Society has online.  To see others, enter "American System-Built" in the Search at the top of that page.

Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
1910s architecture in the United States
Houses in Milwaukee
Houses in Chicago
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Chicago Landmarks
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Milwaukee

American System-Built Homes


Clarence Myerscough (born London, 27 October 1930; died London, 8 October 2000) was a British violinist.

He studied at the Royal Academy of Music (where in 1952 he won the Rowsby Woof Prize) and the Paris Conservatoire under Frederick Grinke and Rene Benedetti. He won the All England Violin Competition in the Festival of Britain (1951) and came second in the Carl Flesch Competition (1952).

He later formed the Fidelio Quartet together with his brother, the violist Henry Myerscough, and was known as much for his chamber music performances and recordings as for solo work. He frequently performed works by Niccolò Paganini, whose birthday he shared.

He taught for over 35 years at the Academy, becoming head of the string section, as well as teaching each weekend at The King's School, Canterbury.

He played a violin by luthier Giovanni Paolo Maggini, which on his death passed to his daughter Nadia, also a violinist, who performed with her father many times.

References

1930 births
2000 deaths
British violinists
British male violinists
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
20th-century violinists
20th-century British musicians
20th-century British male musicians

Clarence Myerscough


Upper Peirce Reservoir (Chinese: 贝雅士蓄水池上段) is Singapore's fourth reservoir. The 6-hectare Upper Peirce Reservoir Park overlooks the Upper Peirce Reservoir.

History
Originally known as the Kallang River Reservoir, Singapore's second reservoir was impounded across the lower reaches of the Kalang River in 1910. In 1922, it was renamed Peirce Reservoir in commendation of the services of Robert Peirce, who was the municipal engineer of Singapore from 1901 to 1916.

In late 1960s, due to increasing demand for water and the need to increase the capacity of Peirce Reservoir, a higher dam was constructed upstream of the existing dam at Peirce Reservoir in 1970.

In 1975, a major water supply project to develop new water resources was undertaken to support Singapore's rapid housing and industrialisation programmes. A dam was constructed at the upper reaches of the Peirce Reservoir, forming the Upper and Lower Peirce Reservoirs.

Upper Peirce Reservoir was officially opened by then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew on 27 February 1977. The fourth and largest reservoir of Singapore has a capacity of 27.8 million m3 of water over 304 hectares of water surface.

Upper Peirce Reservoir Park

Upper Peirce Reservoir Park is a popular retreat with visitors who enjoy its unique pleasant setting and tranquillity. Adding to its scenic beauty is the surrounding secondary forest which was protected as a water catchment area when the reservoir was built.

External links

National Parks Board website
Infopedia, Peirce Reservoir (National Library Board)

Reservoirs in Singapore
Central Water Catchment

Upper Peirce Reservoir


Larry Doughty was the general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates Major League Baseball team, from 1989 to 1991.

Doughty then became a scout for the Cincinnati Reds, becoming scouting supervisor and later Scouting Director for the Reds from 1983 to 1987. He joined the Pittsburgh Pirates as assistant general manager to Syd Thrift, along with Cincinnati associate Cam Bonifay as his head scout. Doughty replaced Thrift as general manager of the Pirates on November 7, 1988 due to conflict between Thrift and the ownership group. The Pirates won division titles in Doughty's third and fourth years, with new additions Don Slaught, Zane Smith and Jay Bell.

He was criticized, though, for the loss of top prospects like Wes Chamberlain (on a waiver error) and Moisés Alou (for Smith), hurting the farm system. In 1992, the club's new president, Mark Sauer, replaced Doughty with Ted Simmons.

Doughty was a special assistant to the GM for the San Diego Padres in 1993.

He was the farm director for the Kansas City Royals in 1996 and a VP for player personnel in 1998.

In 1999-2000, Doughty was a special assistant to the GM of the New York Mets.

References

Baseball America.com
The Baseball Cube

Living people
Cincinnati Reds executives
Cincinnati Reds scouts
Kansas City Royals executives
Kansas City Royals scouts
Major League Baseball executives
Major League Baseball farm directors
Major League Baseball general managers
Milwaukee Brewers scouts
New York Mets executives
Pittsburgh Pirates executives
San Diego Padres executives
Tampa Bay Devil Rays scouts
Tampa Bay Rays scouts
People from Bowling Green, Kentucky
Year of birth missing (living people)

Larry Doughty


The Tranquility Grange No. 344 is a historic Grange hall on Maine State Route 52 (Belfast Road) in Lincolnville, Maine.  Built in 1908, it exhibits restrained Craftsman styling, and has been a social and civic center of the community since its construction.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Description and history
The Tranquility Grange Hall stands on the south side of Maine State Route 52, about one mile northeast of Lincolnville Center.  It stands on a sloping lot, presenting a single story to the street, and a fully exposed basement to the side and rear.  It is topped by a hip roof with a front-facing hipped dormer, and its walls are clad in wooden shingles.  The front is symmetrical, with a recessed entrance in the center and paired sash windows to either side, each grouping topped by an entablature and shallow cornice.  There are narrow corner boards at the building corners, rising to a broad entablature that extends to the sides.  The interior of the main floor has an entrance vestibule, cloakroom, and a small kitchen at the front, with the main hall taking up most of the rear.  It has a stage at the far end, and has hardwood flooring and wainscoting, with the upper walls and ceiling finished in pressed tin.  The downstairs has the dining room, a larger kitchen, and restrooms.  Access to the lower level is gained by either stairs beside the stage, or via a secondary entrance on the exposed west side of the building.

The Grange hall was built in 1908, and was the third built by the organization, which was founded in 1898.  The first two halls were both destroyed by fire, and this one was built on the site of the second one.  The building has, since its construction, been a civic and social meeting point for the rural community, and played host to its town meetings until the 1950s.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Waldo County, Maine

References

Buildings and structures completed in 1908
Buildings and structures in Waldo County, Maine
Bungalow architecture in Maine
American Craftsman architecture in Maine
Grange organizations and buildings in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Waldo County, Maine
Grange buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
1908 establishments in Maine

Tranquility Grange No. 344