The Historic Walden United Methodist Church is located on West Main Street (New York State Route 52) in Walden, New York, United States. It was desanctified in 2013 and sold by the congregation on November 24, 2014. The current location is at 1206 New York State Route 52, Walden, New York, United States. Ground was broken on a new House of Worship in September 2019 and was completed in 2022.

The historic church is a brick building constructed in the late 19th century, for a congregation dating to 1817. Primarily in the late Victorian Gothic architectural style, its complex massing and decoration include elements of other contemporary modes such as Romanesque Revival. Its ornate interior, originally built in the Akron Plan, reflects changing thinking regarding church interior design from the era of its construction.

It has survived mostly intact to the present. The current building incorporates part of an earlier church on the same site built in 1840 for another church. In the early 20th century a parsonage was built next door, and other facilities were built later in the century to the south. Due to increasing maintenance costs, the congregation voted to move to the new site and build another church there. In 2008 the historic church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Building

The church's lot is located at the southeast corner of West Main and Pine streets, on the western edge of downtown, on the opposite corner of the same large block from St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, also listed on the National Register. The ground slopes gently west towards the Wallkill River. The church's main bell tower rises well above tree level, making the church a prominent aspect of the village skyline when viewed from the west.

There are three buildings on the property: the church (the only contributing resource to the listing), its parsonage to the east and a rental property to the west, all facing on West Main. A parking lot with its entrance on Pine Street is behind the buildings, along with a fenced-in playground. In front is a small lawn, sloping gently to the sidewalk, with a large mature tree and shrubbery on the side.

Exterior

The dark red painted brick exterior of the church is complemented by black asphalt roofing and rough-hewn bluestone courses. It has three sections: a fellowship hall on the east, central bell tower and worship section on the west.   They create a north (front) facade that starts with the three-bay gabled roof. Tall Gothic arched windows, the center one larger than those on the flanks, with bluestone sills and keystones, are centered in the first story, with a pair of smaller double-hung sash windows in the apex, set off by a brickwork course.

At the northeast corner is a tower. Six stone steps and a railing lead to its ground-floor entrance, with paired batten doors in a Gothic opening with a similar treatment as the fellowship hall windows. Above it is a stained glass transom and small lozenge-shaped window above. Decorative corbeling marks the roofline and the transition to a pyramidal roof with finial.

The ground floot of the three-stage bell tower has a Gothic door similar to, but larger, than the northeast tower. On either side are corner buttresses. They rise to the bluestone course that sets off the second stage, and also serves as the sill for a group of three small sash windows. The third stage harbors the bell, with large arched  louvered openings rising from another belt course, split by a third at the impost. Above the corbeled roofline, the octagonal spire rises, topped by a cross and set off with four small pyramids at the corners, to 100 feet (30 m) high.

At the worship space, a three-sided steeply pitched gabled section projects from the pyramid-roofed main block. The wall spaces on the bay have large windows similar to those on the fellowship hall. Those on the side sections are subdivided into two smaller arched windows below the impost, and two small windows are located in the gable apex. At the extreme west is a third entry, a projecting gabled vestibule with similar doors leading to a white wooden wheelchair ramp.

The east profile has five tall square-headed windows with bluestone trim. On the southeast is a gabled block used for the outreach office, aligned with the roof crest parallel to the wall. The west elevation has three gables, with the middle one larger. It has three arched windows similar to the other ones; the flanking gables have small lozenges in their apexes. In the center apex are two smaller trabeated windows. On this section is an engaged endwall chimney, consisting of two that rise separately and then join at the apex. It is parged in a tan-colored substance. At the southwest is a small two-by-two-bay flat-roofed brick classroom addition with segmental arch window openings now filled with modern aluminum sash windows.

On the rear facade are the two rear bays of the classroom addition, a bricked-in window on another gabled projection and seven segmented-arch windows (one also bricked in) in the choir alcove. There is also a shed-roofed projection between the south wall and west addition, and two more second story trabeated windows.

Interior
The tower entrance leads into a vestibule that leads directly into the worship area. Oak slip pews, with scroll armrests and hymnal racks on the rear, are arranged in semicircular fashion around a dais and organ opposite. Doors on the south lead to two classrooms.

The plaster on sawn lath walls have beaded wainscoting, stained lighter than the chair rail at its top. They rise to vaulted ceilings finished in deep-stained thin-width board with molded wood ribs and paterae at vault intersections. Flat surfaces between the roof and ceiling are marked by a plaster cornice. Circular fluted columns with similarly shaped capitals support the roof timber.

On the east, a similar vestibule, connected to the main one by a hallway and stairs, leads into the fellowship room. It is similarly decorated, but more modestly, with acoustic tiles covering its ceiling. The windows have flat molding indicating that they survive from the 1840s predecessor to the current building. Four are memorial stained glass; two are figural while the other two are architectural.

The remaining rooms are furnished more modestly, in modern styles. The basement areas have flagstone floors and painted cinderblock walls.

Aesthetics

The church's original layout followed Lewis Miller's Akron Plan, in which the Sunday school and worship areas were adjacent, with sliding partitions allowing for controlled access between the two. It could also be used to expand the worship space for overflow crowds. This arrangement had apparently been abandoned by the early 1920s in favor of fixed walls and room sizes.

Another feature of the church that reflects the era of its construction is the auditorium-style worship space, in which the pews are arranged in a semicircle around the dais. It was a popular way to maximize available worship space, allowing for clearer sightlines from all seats. The only aspect of the plan the Walden Methodist Church lacks is the inclined floor.

The building's exterior is eclectic, another late 19th century touch, reflecting the move away from the early Gothic Revival's insistence on historically correct detail. Victorian Gothic, seen in the high lancet windows accentuated by the steep roofs and towers. The stone belt courses amid the red brick facade and understated polychromy are also more distinctly High Victorian Gothic, showing the influence of John Ruskin's aesthetic theories and the Venetian Gothic. On the other hand, the corbelling at the towers suggests a Romanesque Revival nod, and the upper gable of the fellowship hall suggests Richardsonian Romanesque.

Inside, the rich decoration was meant to enhance the character of the worship service. The stained glass floods the hall with mellow-toned natural light, augmented by electric light fixtures hung from the ceiling. The most important aspect of the interior is the intricate vaulted ceiling. All reflected an era when Protestant church interiors were moving away from the asceticism that had characterized them earlier in the century, with the intent of providing an atmosphere more conducive to the proper spirit of worship.

History

1817–93

The first Methodist meetings in Walden, then known as Walden's Mills, were held around 1817. At first congregants used the services of an itinerant preacher, and met in the ballroom of a local tavern. Later they used a schoolhouse on what is today Ulster Avenue (NY 208).

By 1850 the congregation decided that it needed a church of its own, and a committee was formed to bring that about. It bought for $1,000 ($ in contemporary dollars) the former Scotch Covenanter Society church built at the present site in 1840. It was expanded in 1870 to keep pace with the church's steady growth during the late 19th century.

As the century continued and the village grew and prospered, so did the church. In the late 1880s members began discussing building a new one, as there were over 350 of them with almost as many in Sunday school each week. Under a new pastor, The Rev. J.M. Cornish, those plans began to take more definite form.

A subscription drive brought the church $11,000 ($ in contemporary dollars). It is not known who the architect was. The general contractor, Edwin McWilliams of Middletown broke ground in spring 1893. A cornerstone-laying ceremony in August of that year featured the district's presiding elder and a 40-year member of the congregation, from the days when Walden United Methodist had just moved into the building being replaced. The old church was moved to the east and enclosed in brick to serve as the new church's Sunday school.

1893–present

The first significant change to the building came in 1906 when four stained glass windows were added to the east facade of the fellowship hall. In 1911 the parsonage was built on the church's west. It is two-and-a-half-story gabled Queen Anne Style home that has since been resided in vinyl and thus is not considered contributing to the National Register listing.

At some point prior to the 1920s the partitions and fluid space of the Akron Plan interior were abandoned in favor of fixed walls. This would be compensated for by the 1933 addition of the classroom wing onto the southwest corner. In 1952 came another addition, a small office block on the southeast.

Later on in the 20th century, in the early 1960s, an engineering and construction campaign led to the excavation of a new basement and additional facilities below ground level. In the 1990s and 2000s, the wheelchair ramps were added.

Maintenance costs for the building were still considerable enough that in 2007, members of the congregation voted narrowly to explore moving to a new site and constructing a new church. They noted that the building needed $2 million of repairs, and that a third of the church's budget went to annual operating and maintenance costs, meaning that only six cents of every donated dollar could be used for church activities.

Some dissenting members felt that their fellow congregants were acting too hastily, that the building could be saved. They also noted that only 95 of 344 eligible members voted, and felt those who were absent should have been allowed to vote as well.

The church today

Walden United Methodist has a very active religious program and presence in the community.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, New York

References

External links
Church website

United Methodist churches in New York (state)
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, New York
Religious organizations established in 1817
Churches completed in 1893
19th-century Methodist church buildings in the United States
Churches in Orange County, New York
1817 establishments in New York (state)
Akron Plan church buildings

Walden United Methodist Church


Changesite-(Y), with the chemical formula (Ca8Y)□Fe2+(PO4)7, is a mineral found forming colorless transparent columnar crystals in basalt particles on the Moon. Changesite-(Y) is a member of the merrillite group of phosphate minerals.

History
Changesite-(Y) is named after Chang'e, the Moon goddess in Chinese mythology. The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program's fifth lunar exploration mission, Chang'e 5, is China's first sample-return mission to the Moon. China National Space Administration and China Atomic Energy Authority jointly announced in Beijing on September 9, 2022, that the new mineral, Changesite—(Y), was found by scientists at the Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology from lunar surface samples returned by the country's Chang'e 5 robotic mission and has been approved by the International Mineralogical Association and its Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification.

Application
Changesite-(Y) contains the element Helium-3, which is useful in fueling nuclear fusion reactions.

References

Lunar samples
Phosphate minerals
Calcium minerals
Yttrium minerals
Iron(II) minerals

Changesite-(Y)


Charles Herbert Workman (5 May 1872 – 1 May 1923) was a singer and actor best known as a successor to George Grossmith in the comic baritone roles in Gilbert and Sullivan operas. He was variously credited as Charles H. Workman, C. Herbert Workman and C. H. Workman.

Workman joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in 1894 and played several roles with the company in London before becoming principal comedian, for nearly a decade, with D'Oyly Carte touring companies. He was cast in the comic leads for the two London repertory seasons of Gilbert and Sullivan at the Savoy Theatre in 1906−07 and 1908−09, earning mostly enthusiastic reviews. After this, he left the company and took on the management of the Savoy Theatre. He soon fell out with W. S. Gilbert over his production of the dramatist's Fallen Fairies; Gilbert banned Workman from appearing in his operas in Britain.

Workman subsequently had leading roles in several West End musical comedies and operettas. In 1914 he relocated to Australia, where he spent much of his later career in his old Gilbert and Sullivan roles with the J. C. Williamson Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company, and in a few parts in musicals. At the age of 50 he died at sea near Hong Kong while returning from a Williamson tour.

Life and career
Charles Herbert Workman was born in Bootle, on the outskirts of Liverpool, Lancashire, the son of Charles Workman and his wife, Sarah, née Forrest. He was educated at Waterloo College, Liverpool, and studied singing under his brother, Albert Edward Workman.

D'Oyly Carte years
A newcomer to the stage, Workman joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in 1894 as Calynx in a provincial tour of Utopia, Limited, making his debut at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon. In 1895 he played the roles of Pedrillo in The Chieftain, Bunthorne's Solicitor in Patience and Pennyfather in After All!, the curtain raiser for a revival of The Mikado. He then created the small part of Ben Hashbaz in The Grand Duke at the Savoy Theatre, London (1896).  He later created the part of Adam in F. C. Burnand and R. C. Lehmann's His Majesty (1897; appearing briefly as King Ferdinand when George Grossmith abandoned the part, until Henry Lytton took over).  Workman was Simon in Old Sarah, the companion piece for the first revival of The Yeomen of the Guard (1897).  In The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein that year, he played Carl.

Beginning in 1897, Workman was promoted to principal comedian in D'Oyly Carte touring companies, appearing as the Lord Chancellor in Iolanthe, Ko-Ko in The Mikado, and Jack Point in Yeomen.  He toured with D'Oyly Carte until 1906, appearing as John Wellington Wells in The Sorcerer, Sir Joseph Porter in H.M.S. Pinafore, Major-General Stanley in The Pirates of Penzance, Reginald Bunthorne in Patience, the Lord Chancellor, King Gama in Princess Ida, Ko-Ko, Jack Point, the Duke of Plaza-Toro in The Gondoliers, and Scaphio in Utopia. He also appeared as Hassan in The Rose of Persia (1901) and as the Learned Judge in Trial by Jury beginning in 1904. After a brief tour of South Africa with his own company he returned to the Savoy Theatre in 1906 and played the principal comedian roles created by George Grossmith for the company's repertory seasons there and on tour with the company, until 1909, except that he never played a role in Ruddigore, as that opera was not in the D'Oyly Carte repertory during his tenure.

In 1907 The Times commented, "As the Duke of Plaza-Toro, Mr. Workman surpasses both his predecessors". Of his Jack Point, the paper said: "His patter is delivered with a clearness that neither of the older performers could surpass; he dances as lightly as either, and has as spontaneous a sense of fun. His was the chief triumph of Saturday night." However, The Times warned Workman, "in Patience [he] makes the grave mistake of trying to add fun of his own by clowning to the part of Bunthorne.  He is too clever an actor to be allowed to go on in this path without warning." Workman redeemed himself in Iolanthe: "The Lord Chancellor of Mr. Workman is a masterpiece, and the whole audience were of one mind as to the double encore for the dancing trio, and the 'Nightmare' song was sung with marvellous glibness."

In Yeomen, when Workman was playing Jack Point, in one scene he stood between the ladies portraying Elsie Maynard and Phoebe Meryll.  Workman wrote: "I used to kiss the cheek of first one and then the other, quickly and repeatedly, and Sir William thought there was too much kissing for a Savoy audience.  'You would cut the kissing, then?'  I said.  'I would not', he returned drolly, 'but I must ask you to.'"

Later years

Workman then left the D'Oyly Carte organisation and became an actor-manager. He leased the Savoy and produced two comic operas: Eden & Somerville's The Mountaineers (1909), appearing as Pierre, and W. S. Gilbert and Edward German's Fallen Fairies (1909), appearing as Lutin. He then produced an Edwardian musical comedy, Two Merry Monarchs (1910), appearing as Rolandyl, and an opera, Gluck's Orpheus, (1910).

None of these was a financial success.  The production of Fallen Fairies was particularly disappointing, leading to a serious battle between Workman and Gilbert.  Workman expected Gilbert's libretto, based on Gilbert's successful earlier play The Wicked World, to be followed by more works with the dramatist. However, Workman and his financial backers quarrelled with Gilbert over the casting of the librettist's protégée, Nancy McIntosh, as Selene, the Fairy Queen.  At the end of the first week of the run, Workman replaced McIntosh.  Gilbert angrily forbade Workman from ever again appearing in any of his works on stage in the United Kingdom, although Gilbert could not enforce a prohibition elsewhere or in the recording studio. In 1910 and 1911, Workman recorded songs, mostly patter songs, for Odeon.  Nineteen of these songs were re-issued by Pearl in 1974. It is likely that, but for this conflict, Workman would have continued as principal comedian for the D'Oyly Carte company.

Workman continued his acting career in London, earning good notices, in The Chocolate Soldier (1910–11, running for 500 performances), Nightbirds (1911) and The Girl in the Taxi (1912–13). In 1914 he travelled to Australia where he once again appeared in Gilbert and Sullivan operas with the J. C. Williamson Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company (1918 and thereafter).  In 1919 Rupert D'Oyly Carte wrote to Workman asking him to return to the D'Oyly Carte company: "We intend to present Gilbert and Sullivan at the Savoy again, and if we knew you would be coming to London, we would await your arrival, so that your reappearance and the revival of Gilbert and Sullivan opera might be made two important simultaneous events.  You will, of course, play all your old parts.  Excellent news, this, if it materialises." In the event Workman did not return and the comic roles were played by Henry Lytton.

In Australia in 1920, Workman appeared in the "mystery musical comedy" F.F.F. He also played Ali Baba in the first Australian production of Chu Chin Chow (1920–21) alongside Louie Pounds as Alcolom. In 1922–23, he led a tour of India and east Asia with his wife, Bessel Adams, a former D'Oyly Carte singer, playing in Gilbert and Sullivan, again with J. C. Williamson's company.  Adams died suddenly of heart failure on that tour in Calcutta in February 1923. Workman died in May of the same year, just short of his 51st birthday, in a steamer outside Hong Kong, returning from the same tour.

Recordings

From the Savoy operas, Workman recorded 19 numbers for the Odeon label: Trial by Jury – "When I, good friends, was called to the bar" (1910); The Sorcerer – "My name is John Wellington Wells" (1910); H.M.S. Pinafore – "When I was a lad I served a term" (1910); The Pirates of Penzance – "I am the very model of a modern major general" (1910) and "Sighing softly to the river" (1911–12); Patience – "If you're anxious for to shine" (1910); Iolanthe – "Love, unrequited, robs me of my rest" (1910), "When I went to the bar as a very young man" (1911–12) and "The Law is the true embodiment" (1911–12); Princess Ida – "If you give me your attention" and "Whene'er I spoke sarcastic joke" (1910); The Yeomen of the Guard – "A private buffoon" (1910) "I've jibe and joke" (1910) and "I have a song to sing, o" (with Elsie Spain, soprano)" (1911–12); The Gondoliers – "In enterprise of martial kind" and "I stole the prince" (1910); Utopia Limited – "First you're born, " (1911–12); The Rose of Persia – "There was a small street arab" (1911–12). These recordings have been reissued by Pearl on LP and CD. His other recordings are five numbers from Oscar Straus's The Chocolate Soldier: "That would be lovely" (with Evelyn D'Alroy, soprano), "Sympathy" (with D'Alroy), "The letter song", "The tale of a coat" (with D'Alroy, Amy Augarde, mezzo-soprano, and Lemprière Pringle, bass) and the Finale, Act II (with D'Alroy, Augarde and Pringle).

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 C. H. Workman at "Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte
 Profile of Workman
 Biography of Workman and discussion of his recordings

1872 births
1923 deaths
English male musical theatre actors
Actor-managers
19th-century British male singers
People from Bootle
People who died at sea
Singers from Liverpool
Male actors from Liverpool

Charles H. Workman


The African bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus), also known as the Giant bullfrog or the South African burrowing frog, is a species of frog in the family Pyxicephalidae. It is also known as the pixie frog due to its scientific name. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has been extirpated from Eswatini. It has long been confused with the edible bullfrog (P. edulis), and species boundaries between them, including exact range limits, are not fully understood. Additionally, P. angusticeps of coastal East Africa only was revalidated as a separate species in 2013.

The natural habitat of the African bullfrog is moist to dry savanna, subtropical to tropical dry shrubland, intermittent freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, canals, and flooded ditches. It is among the largest anurans on the planet, sixth only to the goliath frog, the  helmeted water toad, the Lake Junin frog, the Blyth's river frog, and the cane toad.

Appearance
The males weigh up to  and grow to  in snout–to–vent length. Females are half the size of males, which is unusual, considering that most female amphibians are (generally) larger than males, to help the amplexus. The dorsum is dark olive-green in adults. Juveniles have bright green coloration with a yellow stripe down the back. The abdomen is white to creamy-yellow with breeding males having yellow forelimbs.

Feeding and habits

The African bullfrog is a voracious carnivore, eating insects, other invertebrates, small rodents, reptiles, small birds, fish, and other amphibians that can fit in their mouths. It is also a cannibalistic species—the male African bullfrog is known for occasionally eating the tadpoles he guards, and juveniles also eat tadpoles. An African bullfrog kept at the Pretoria Zoo in South Africa once ate 17 juvenile Rinkhals snakes (Hemachatus haemachatus).

When exposed to dry conditions, they become dormant and may form a cocoon which covers the entire body surface except the external nostrils. The cocoon significantly decreases the rate of evaporative water loss. When it rains, the water softens the cocoon and the frog crawls out.

Reproduction
Breeding typically starts after about  of rain over the course of two days. They breed in shallow, temporary water bodies, such as pools, pans, and ditches. Eggs are laid in the shallow edge of the pond, but fertilization takes place above water.

The African bullfrog males call out during the rainy season. The call lasts about a second and can be described as a low-pitched whoop. Males have two breeding strategies, depending on their age. Young males congregate in a small area, perhaps only  of shallow water. The larger males occupy the centre of these breeding arenas or leks, and attempt to chase off other males. Often, they fight, causing injury or even killing one another. The dominant male attempts to prevent other males from breeding. A female approaches the group of males by swimming along at the surface until she is within a few metres of the group. Then, the female dives to avoid the smaller males and surfaces in the defended area of a larger male in the middle of the group. This helps to ensure that she mates with the dominant male.

The female lays about 3,000 to 4,000 eggs at a time. The tadpoles hatch, and after two days, start feeding on vegetation, small fish, invertebrates, and even each other. Defending males continue to watch over the tadpoles, which  metamorphose within three weeks. During the tadpole's development, the father guards his young. Due to the male bullfrog's overprotective behaviour, he pounces and bites anything that he views as a threat. If the pool is in danger of drying out, the father uses his legs and head to dig a canal from the drying pond to a bigger pond. He continues to guard the tadpoles until they are old enough to fend for themselves, although he may also eat some of them.

Status
They are listed as "least concern" globally. However, they are considered "near threatened" in South Africa due to habitat loss.

Human use
The African bullfrog is an exotic pet in many countries around the world. Animals sold are generally bred in captivity. Pet African bullfrogs may live for 35 years in captivity. As pets, African bullfrogs are considered to be easygoing and low-maintenance in terms of their care. Pet African bullfrogs should be housed in a tank at least 10 gallons large, and should receive roughly 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness daily. The enclosure should be kept at a temperature of or around 75 degrees Fahrenheit, and the humidity level should be maintained at around 80 to 90 percent. African bullfrog pet owners should be aware that these animals typically do not like to be held and handled by humans, and that they tend to bite their handlers when handled in a way that causes the animal stress.

It is considered a delicacy in Namibia.

Gallery

References

External links

 Natural History, Care and Breeding Information for African Bullfrogs / Pyxie frogs

Pyxicephalus
Amphibians described in 1838
Frogs of Africa
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

African bullfrog


Domenico Induno (14 May 1815 – 5 November 1878) was an Italian painter, primarily of genre and historical scenes. His younger brother, Gerolamo, also became a well-known artist and they often worked together.

Biography

He was born in Milan, where his father was a chef and butler at the Milanese court. He was apprenticed at an early age to the goldsmith and medalist, , who was impressed by his talent for drawing and convinced him to enroll at the Brera Academy. He was accepted there in 1831 and studied, successively, with Pompeo Marchesi, Luigi Sabatelli and Francesco Hayez, who had the most influence on his style.

At this time, he favored scenes from the Bible or classical history. In 1840, he obtained a commission from agents representing Emperor Ferdinand I to paint a scene depicting Saul being anointed king by the prophet Samuel, for display at the Imperial Gallery in Vienna.

Over the next few years, he gradually abandoned history painting in favor of genre scenes, which were then in style among liberal members of the Milanese aristocracy. His mentor, Hayez, assisted him in obtaining noble patrons. In 1843, he married Emilia Trezzini, the sister of one of his students, Angelo Trezzini. Five years later, following his participation in the Five Days of Milan he, his wife and brother Gerolamo were forced to flee to Ticino, to escape the reprisals that followed. In 1850, when it was safe, they returned and settled in Florence.

In 1854, he was named a "Socio d'Arte" at the Brera Academy. The following year, he held his first exhibition outside Italy at the Exposition Universelle in Paris, which was considered a great success. In 1860, he was named a judge for a major patriotic art competition sponsored by Bettino Ricasoli. Later that year, he began working on several scenes related to the Armistice of Villafranca; one of which was commissioned by King Victor Emmanuel II and earned him a title in the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.

In 1863, he became Director of the Brera Academy and no longer participated in their annual exhibitions. Ten years later, at the World Exposition in Vienna, he was awarded a gold medal for Un dramma domestico, a critique of society in post-unification Italy. After that, his paintings became rather gloomy and melancholy. Although suffering from a serious eye ailment, he was able to participate in the Exposition Universelle of 1878, but died later that year, in Milan.

Selected paintings

References

Further reading
 Giuliano Matteucci (Ed.), Domenico e Gerolamo Induno: La storia e la cronoca scritte con il pennello, Fondazione Cassa di risparmio di Tortona, 2006
 Silvestra Bietoletti, Domenico Induno, Vol.10 of "Mensili d'arte", Edizioni dei Soncino, 1992
 Fernando Mazzocca (Ed.), Immagini di Arte Italiana - Domenico Induno, L'italica, 1995

External links

Laura Casone, Domenico Induno, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo
ArtNet: More works by Induno.
Archivio Induno @ Studio Manusardi.

1815 births
1878 deaths
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Milan
Brera Academy alumni
Italian genre painters
History painters
Academic staff of Brera Academy
Burials at the Cimitero Monumentale di Milano
Recipients of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
19th-century Italian male artists

Domenico Induno


"Right by My Side" is a song by rapper Nicki Minaj, released as the second single from her second studio album, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded (2012). The song also features additional vocals from R&B artist Chris Brown. "Right by My Side" was written by Ester Dean and Minaj, while production was handled by Pop & Oak. On March 27, 2012, "Right by My Side" was released as the second official single from the album to Rhythmic and Urban radio in the U.S.

Musically, "Right by My Side" is an upbeat ballad infused with elements of pop. It was compared to several other songs, including Jordin Sparks "No Air", in which Brown was featured on, Rihanna's "You da One", and even Minaj's own track "Right Thru Me". Critics noted the songs "bubbly" persona, as well as its high quality production. Minaj performed the song live for the first time on 106 & Park on April 3, 2012. Minaj also performed the single during her surprise appearance at the Nokia Lumia 900 launch in Times Square.

Background and composition

In an interview with Ryan Seacrest, Minaj said about the song: "Toward the end of the album I wanted something more melodic that I could give to urban radio and that pop radio could enjoy as well. I actually had the beats for like 3 months just sitting in my computer and then I said, 'You know what? This sounds like a summer, R&B classic joint' and I just could not hear anyone else on it but Chris Brown. So I reached out to Ester Dean and I said, 'Could you write something for Chris Brown?' Because she's amazing with writing and especially for his voice, she has a great skill to write for his tone and she sent it, I fell in love with it, you know 'cause everybody has had a relationship like this song is talking about, [so] I went in and I wrote my rap, cause I'm rapping and singing in the song, and when we put it all together and let people hear it, everybody was like, this is a hit, release this ASAP."

"Right by My Side" is an upbeat take on a downtempo ballad. The song is also heavily influenced by pop, and features a "glossy", "bubbly" production. Some critics found similarities between "Right by My Side" and other songs by fellow female R&B artists, specifically Jordin Sparks and Rihanna. Both Justin Ray of Billboard, Andrew Hampp of Billboard, and Robbie Daw of Idolator found the lyrics and themes similar to those of Sparks 2008 single "No Air" which also featured Brown, Andrew Unterberger of Popdust felt the song was a more successful version of Rihanna's "You da One".

Critical reception
Andrew Hampp of Billboard said the song sounded "sonically similar to Jordin Sparks and Brown's 'No Air'", and complimented Minaj for letting her guard down. Jesal Padania of Rap Reviews criticized the song for being weak, as well as commenting on the choice to release it as a single, saying "I guess they choose star power over star quality." Andrew Martin of Prefix Magazine was disappointed that the song featured almost no rapping, and called it another "soft-as-hell ballad". In a separate article, Justin Ray of Billboard gave a positive review of the song, and praised Brown's verse.

Chart performance
Upon being released, "Right by My Side" entered the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at 52 in its opening week, and peaked at 21 on the chart. "Right by My Side" debuted and peaked at 51 in the Billboard Hot 100. The song also peaked at number 70 on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending June 17, 2012.

Music video
Filming for the music video began on April 28, 2012 and ended the next morning. It features Nas as Nicki Minaj's love interest. In the video Minaj dons a blonde wig. The video consists mainly of the duo enjoying each other's company, featuring scenes such as the two of them going shopping, holding hands, hugging, or Nicki jumping into Nas' arms in joy. There are also cut away scenes of Chris Brown singing, Nicki Minaj and Chris Brown singing together against a grey background and Nas looking stressed as Nicki raps about arguing. The music video, which was directed by Benny Boom, was released on May 16, 2012.

Live performances
Minaj performed "Right by My Side" live for the first time on April 3, 2012, on 106 & Park, along with "Beez in the Trap", "Roman Reloaded", "HOV Lane", "I Am Your Leader", "Champion", and "Fire Burns". She also surprised fans by performing the single for the launch of Nokia Lumia 900 in Times Square on April 6, 2012. Minaj performed the song in a mash-up with "Starships" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on May 10, 2012. Minaj performed "Right by My Side" live during Radio 1's Hackney Weekend on June 23, 2012, as part of the line-up on the main stage.

Charts

Year-end charts

Radio release history

References

2012 songs
Nicki Minaj songs
Chris Brown songs
Cash Money Records singles
Songs written by Nicki Minaj
Contemporary R&B ballads
Pop ballads
Music videos directed by Benny Boom
Songs written by Pop Wansel
Songs written by Ester Dean
Songs written by Oak Felder
2010s ballads

Right by My Side


The Boy is an oil painting by Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani created in 1919. It is currently part of the permanent collection at the Indianapolis Museum of Art.

Description
The portrait is of an unknown male youth, sitting at a chair, his left elbow on a table, and his head resting on his palm. The Boy is a typical Modigliani portrait. The boy's face is elongated into an oval, his eyes are hollow and without pupils. He wears a blue shirt, that seems to blend him into the background. His cheeks are rosy and youthful, which contrasts with the hollow eyes. His face is mask-like and expressionless. The portrait is enlivened by the artist's brushstrokes, even in the limited color palette. Unlike most of Modigliani's subjects, this sitter cannot be identified.

Historical information
Modigliani was dying of tubercular meningitis by the time he painted this portrait. He was forced by his doctors to move to southern France from Paris, in hopes that it would improve his failing health. Along with this, Paris was becoming increasingly less safe as World War I heightened.  While there, Modigliani shifted his focus to painting unnamed, young workers, like the one portrayed in The Boy. Modigliani's portraits and sculptures reveal the influence of ancient Greek and African sculpture that started to hold more sway in the modern art world. Modigliani's work is easily recognized by his elegant, elongated figures.

Acquisition
The painting was purchased from the artist by Leopold Zborowski, a Polish-born art dealer who represented Modigliani. By 1929, it was bought by Maurice J. Speiser, a Philadelphia-based attorney and patron of the arts, and was illustrated in a Modern Art catalog that same year. It was auctioned in New York in January 1944. It was likely purchased by Theodore Schempp from there. The painting was bought from him in 1946, with funds given by Mrs. Julian Bobbs, in memory of William Ray Adams.

References

Paintings in the Indianapolis Museum of Art
Paintings of children
Paintings by Amedeo Modigliani
1919 paintings

The Boy (Modigliani)


John Drake Hoffman (November 26, 1922 – February 21, 2004) was an American chemist and author who was awarded the Soldier's Medal, the United States Army's highest award for an act of valor in a non-combat situation, and the only one awarded to a member of the Manhattan District. After the war he worked for the National Bureau of Standards, becoming the director of its national measurements laboratory. He was a professor and director of the engineering materials program at the University of Maryland from 1982 to 1985, director of the Michigan Molecular Institute, and a professor of materials science and engineering at Johns Hopkins University.

Early life
John Drake Hoffman was born in Washington, D.C., on November 26, 1922. He grew up in Bethesda, Maryland, and attended Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School.  He entered Franklin & Marshall College in Pennsylvania, graduating with a B.S. in chemistry in 1942.

Manhattan Project
Hoffman served in the U.S. Army during World War II. In 1944, he was posted to the Special Engineer Detachment at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In August 1944, he was one of ten enlisted men to volunteer for a dangerous special assignment: along with four civilians, they were sent to learn about a prototype liquid thermal diffusion uranium enrichment plant at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, part of the Manhattan Project's S-50 Project. This knowledge would be put to use at a larger, production plant then under construction at Oak Ridge.

On 2 September 1944, a  cylinder of highly corrosive uranium hexafluoride exploded. Nearby steam pipes ruptured, the steam reacting with the uranium hexafluoride to create hydrofluoric acid. Hoffman ran through the toxic cloud to rescue Private Arnold Kramish and two civilians, Peter N. Bragg Jr. (a United Naval Research Laboratory chemical engineer) and Douglas P. Meigs (a Fercleve Corporation employee). Bragg and Meigs died from their injuries but Kramish, Hoffman, and nine others recovered from burns and other injuries. Hoffman received the Soldier's Medal, the United States Army's highest award for valor in a non-combat situation, and the only one awarded to a member of the Manhattan District.

Post-war
Hoffman left the army in 1946, and entered Princeton University, where he earned M.S. and Ph.D. degrees, writing his 1949 doctoral thesis on "The Dielectric Properties of Long Chain Compounds" under the supervision of Charles Phelps Smyth.  He married Barbara Smith in 1949. They had three sons: James, John and Robert. After her death in 1980, he married Dolores Garcia. Through his second marriage he acquired two stepdaughters, Carol Wichers and Valerie Wichers-Calder.

After graduation, Hoffman worked at General Electric as a researcher from 1949 to 1954. He then joined the National Bureau of Standards as a research chemist.  He  became the chief of the Dielectrics Section in 1957, and of the Polymers Division in 1964. In 1967, he became the director of the Institute for Materials Research. Finally, in 1978, he became the Director of the National Measurement Laboratory. He retired from the Bureau of Standards in 1982. He was a professor at the University of Maryland from 1982 to 1985, and Director and CEO of the Michigan Molecular Institute from 1985 to 1990. Finally, he was professor of materials science and engineering at Johns Hopkins University. He was awarded the Department of Commerce Gold Medal in 1965, the Samuel Wesley Stratton Award of the National Bureau of Standards in 1967, and the Presidential Rank Award of Meritorious Executive. He published over 60 scientific papers, but is best remembered for his 1961 work with John I. Lauritzen on Hoffman nucleation theory.

Hoffman died from congestive heart failure at George Washington University Hospital on February 21, 2004.

Notes

References

External links

1922 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American chemists
Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School alumni
Franklin & Marshall College alumni
General Electric employees
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Manhattan Project people
People from Washington, D.C.
Princeton University alumni
Recipients of the Soldier's Medal
Fellows of the American Physical Society

John D. Hoffman


Bernardo Morando, also known as Bernardino or Morandi (ca. 1540 - 1600) was an Italian architect from the Republic of Venice. He is notable as the designer of the new town of Zamość, modelled on Renaissance theories of the 'ideal city'.

Born around 1540 in either Padua or Venice, Morando moved to Poland in 1569, where he started working as an architect. On 1 July 1578 he signed an agreement with Jan Zamoyski, one of the wealthiest men of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth for a project of an ideal city and fortress for the founder. The extreme opulence that Poland's nobility enjoyed during the Renaissance left Poland's elites with not only obscene amounts of money to spend, but also motivated them to find new ways to invest their hefty fortunes away from the grasp of the Royal Treasury. Zamoyski, Great Crown Chancellor and Hetman whose financial empire within the Polish Republic spanned 6400 km2 with 11 cities and over 200 villages, in addition to the royal lands he controlled of over 17 500 km2 with 112 cities and 612 villages. Zamoyski's estates functioned as a country within a country, and he decided to found the city of Zamość in order to circumvent royal tariffs and duties while also serving as the capital for his mini-state.

Until 1586 Morando prepared plans of the new city, as well as supervised the erection of first notable monuments, including the Lublin Gate, arsenal and Zamoyski's palace. Between 1587 and 1594 he supervised the construction of the Town Hall and the collegiate church, one of the most notable examples of classical Renaissance architecture north of the Alps. It was completed by 1598, two years before Morando's death. Aside from the notable projects, throughout his stay in Zamość Morando also supervised the construction of burgher houses and the notable star-shaped fortifications. Zamość was so successful that 11 years after its construction began it had only 26 empty lots left. However, it was not until the 1620s when his successor, Andrea dell'Aqua, completed the fortress. During the following years Zamość Academy and numerous churches were built.

Apart from the city of Zamość, Morando also prepared plans of construction of two smaller fortified towns: Tomaszów Lubelski and Szarogród in Podolia, in what is now Ukraine. It is also probable that he created the scenery for Jan Kochanowski's Odprawa posłów greckich, the first Polish drama staged during Zamoyski's marriage to Krystyna née Radziwiłł.

For his merits to Zamoyski, he was given two large houses in Zamość. Between 1591 and 1593 he was also the mayor of that city and was ennobled. He married certain Katarzyna, with whom he had six children. His successors used the Polish name of Morenda and used the Mora Coat of Arms granted to Bernardo Morando. He himself died in Zamość in 1600 and was buried in the collegiate church he built not so long before.

One of his sons, Gabriel Morenda, became a doctor of science at the University of Padua and returned to Zamość, where he became the mayor and judge. He was also a professor of mathematics at the Zamość Academy which was built according to his father's plans.

References

1600 deaths
16th-century Italian architects
Republic of Venice architects
Italian Renaissance architects
Renaissance architects
Italy–Poland relations
Italian emigrants to Poland
Year of birth unknown

Bernardo Morando


Theme Time Radio Hour (TTRH) was a weekly one-hour satellite radio show hosted by Bob Dylan that originally aired from May 2006 to April 2009. Each episode had a freeform mix of music, centered on a theme (such as "Weather", "Money" or "Flowers") rather than genre. Much of the material for the show was culled from producer Eddie Gorodetsky's music collection.

Dylan would read emails from fans, take listener phone calls, play vintage radio promos and jingles, tell jokes, recite poetry, play taped messages from celebrities, and provide commentary on the music. Throughout the show, Dylan would claim that musical genres were constructed "ticky-tacky boxes" not to be taken seriously. The show was not live, taped at various locations and while touring; the "Abernathy Building" studio location mentioned was fictitious. Most of the "listener phone calls" and emails were also fictitious, although at least one email read on the show came from an actual listener.

Original broadcast history
The first episode of TTRH was broadcast on May 3, 2006 on the Deep Tracks channel of XM Satellite Radio (now Sirius XM Radio). The show was originally broadcast every Wednesday at 10:00 am ET on Deep Tracks, with several "encore" repeats throughout the week on various channels, including an all-day airing on what was XMX Channel 2.

On November 12, 2008, Sirius XM revised its channel lineup, providing Sirius and XM listeners with access to programming on both networks, with TTRH airing every Wednesday at 11 am ET on Deep Tracks. Several channels on both stations were discontinued in November 2008, including XMX Channel 2, which had aired TTRH all day on Wednesdays.

The show was simulcast on DirecTV until February 9, 2010.

From 2006 through 2008, AOL Radio offered the show on "AOL Radio featuring XM" until XM Radio and America Online announced that their relationship was terminated.

From 2007 to 2009 the program aired in the United Kingdom on BBC Radio 2 and BBC 6 Music, and in Ireland on Dublin-based alternative rock station Phantom FM.

Season 3 of TTRH concluded with the show's 100th original episode on April 15, 2009. The theme of that show was "Goodbye". During an April 2009 interview with Rolling Stone magazine, Dylan implied that his contract with Sirius XM had ended, and that he had no plans to do additional episodes of the show.

In September 2020, SiriusXM announced that a 101st episode of the Theme Time Radio Hour would be produced and aired as part of a marathon rerunning of the whole series. The new episode, with a "Whiskey" theme, was being produced as a tie-in to Dylan's line of whiskeys, "Heaven's Door".

Reruns
Sirius XM continued to air rebroadcasts of Theme Time Radio Hour on the Deep Tracks channel to the end of April 2011. At the beginning of May 2011, TTRH was replaced with the "Earle Bailey" show.

On July 25, 2011, Sirius XM issued a press release announcing the launch of a 24/7 "Bob Dylan's Theme Time Radio Hour" internet-only channel. The press release noted that channel would launch on Monday, August 15 on channel 801 on Sirius XM Internet Radio and would feature "every one of Dylan's classic 'Theme Time Radio Hour' shows."  The release also noted "Sirius XM listeners will hear a show from the Theme Time Radio Hour vault on Deep Tracks, channel 27, on Mondays at 8:00 pm; Wednesdays at 11:00 am; Thursdays at 12:00 am and Sundays at 8:00 am (all times Eastern)," marking the show's return to satellite radio. The internet channel and radio rebroadcasts were discontinued in August 2013.

Seasons and episode lists

Season 1 of TTRH consists of fifty episodes, airing from May 3, 2006 to April 18, 2007.

Season 2 of TTRH consists of twenty-five new episodes, airing from September 19, 2007 to April 2, 2008. Three episodes ("Halloween," "Leftovers" (Thanksgiving) and the "Christmas/New Year's Special") were repeats from Season 1.

Season 3 of TTRH consists of twenty-five new episodes, airing from October 8, 2008 to April 15, 2009. Three episodes ("President's Day," "Christmas/New Year's Special," and "Number One") were repeats from earlier seasons.

The "Kiss" episode, 2015
In early February 2015, Berlin radio station Radio Eins announced that it would broadcast a new episode of Theme Time Radio Hour, titled "Kiss," as a special episode of the station's Friendly Takeover series. The Radio Eins "Kiss" episode was broadcast on February 11, 2015 and later by SiriusXM and the BBC. Due to time constraints, both the Radio Eins and BBC versions of the "Kiss" episode were edited by the respective stations, and neither broadcast the complete hour-long show.

Show track listings:

 "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" – Betty Everett (1964)
 "Always Late with Your Kisses" – Lefty Frizzell (1951)
 "Passionate Kisses" – Lucinda Williams (1988)
 "Kissing At Midnight" – Billy Boy Arnold (1957)
 "Kiss" – Prince (1986)
 "Kissing in the Dark" – Memphis Minnie (1953)
 "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye" – Danny White (1963)
 "Pucker Paint" – Huelyn Duvall (1960)
 "Lipstick on Your Collar" – Connie Francis (1959)
 "(Till) I Kissed You" – The Everly Brothers (1959)
 "Let's Kiss and Make Up" – The Falcons (1963)
 "Baby, Let Me Kiss You One More Time" – Roy Head and The Traits (1958)
 "Last Kiss" – J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers (1964)
 "A Kiss to Build a Dream On" – Louis Armstrong (1951)

The "Whiskey" episode, September 21, 2020
Dylan resurrected his Theme Time Radio Hour format when he broadcast a two-hour special on the theme of "Whiskey" on Sirius Radio on September 21, 2020.

Show track listings:

 "Quiet Whiskey" — Wynonie Harris (1953)
 "If the River Was Whiskey" — Charlie Poole (1930)
 "Whiskey River" — Willie Nelson (1973)
 "Bottleneck Blues" (excerpt) — Sylvester Weaver and Walter Beasley (1927)
 "Whiskey Sununu Odia" (aka "Whiskey Sonn Onuo Da") — Edmund Tagoe and Frank Essien (1929)
 "He's Got All the Whiskey" — Bobby Charles (1972)
 "Good Whiskey (And a Bad Woman)" — Timmie Rogers (1946)
 "The Whiskey Makes You Sweeter" — Laura Cantrell (2000)
 "Drinking Again" — Frank Sinatra (1967)
 "I've Been Drinking" (excerpt) — Jeff Beck / Rod Stewart (1968)
 "Corn Whiskey" — Jimmy Witherspoon (1952)
 "Ain't That Whiskey Hot" — Billie Harbert (1954)
 "One Scotch, One Bourbon, One Beer" — Alfred Brown (1968)
 "Rye Whiskey" — Harry Choates (1948)
 "Coming through the Rye" — John C. Reilly (2020)
 "Coming Through the Rye" — Julie London (1959)
 "Mountain Dew" — The Stanley Brothers (1960)
 "Moonshine Whiskey" — Van Morrison (1971)
 "Bourbon from Heaven" (excerpt) — Dean Martin (1964?)
 "Mack the Knife" (excerpt )— Louis Armstrong (1955)
 "Alabama Song (Whiskey Bar)" — Lotte Lenya (1930)
 "Jockey Full of Bourbon"— Tom Waits (1985)
 "Tennessee Whiskey" — George Jones (1983)
 "Whiskey in the Jar" — Thin Lizzy (1972)
 "The Parting Glass" — The Clancy Brothers (1959)
 "Hangover Blues" — Byllye Williams (1954)
 "Tuff" (excerpt) — Ace Cannon (1962)
 "Let's Go to the Liquor Store" — Tuff Green (1949)
 "Top Cat" (underscore) — Hoyt Curtin (1961)

Credits
Although uncredited in the closing credits, actress Ellen Barkin read the opening "Night/Night time in the Big City" introduction for each episode during the first two seasons of the show, with the exception of the Season 1 Halloween episode (read by comedian Steven Wright). Barkin read the "Big City" intro intermittently during Season 3.

The production credits were usually read at the close of each show.  The usual theme music played under the closing credits was "Top Cat (Underscore)" which can be found on the CD compilation Tunes from the Toons: The Best of Hanna-Barbera, issued in 1996 and reissued in 2002.  The music is an acoustic version of the theme song from the 1960s cartoon Top Cat. The show's usual credits were as follows:

 Host: Bob Dylan
 Producer: Eddie Gorodetsky
 Associate Producer: Season 1 – Sonny Webster. Season 2 – Ben Rollins. Season 3 – Nina Fitzgerald-Washington
 Continuity: "Eats" (spelling unknown) Martin
 Editor: Damian Rodriguez
 Supervising Editor: Rob Macomber
 Research Team: Diane Lapson, Bernie Bernstein
 Additional Research: Season 1 – Lynne Sheridan, Kimberly Williams, Robert Bower. Seasons 2 and 3 – April Hayes, Callie Gladman, Terrence Michaels, Sean Patrick, and Lynne Sheridan
 Librarian: Seasons 2 and 3 – Robert Bower
 Production Coordinator: Seasons 2 and 3 – Debbie Sweeney
 Production Assistance: Jim McBean
 Special Thanks to: Randy Ezratty, Coco Shinomiya, Samson's Diner and Lee Abrams (Season 3)
 Studio Engineer: Tex Carbone (changed to Director of Studio Operations midway through Season 2 and continuing through Season 3)
 For XM Radio: Lee Abrams (Seasons 1 and 2)
 Location: Announced as "Recorded in Studio B, the Abernathy Building" – a fictitious location. (Season 2 modified this to "Recorded in Studio B, in the historic Abernathy Building". Season 3 had several variations on the line including "take the tour", "crown jewel of the city skyline", and "on the 8th floor".)
 A Greywater Park Production in Association with Big Red Tree
Announcer: "Pierre Mancini" (suspected to be the voice of Producer Eddie Gorodetsky)

Reception
The show received positive reviews. Terry Teachout wrote, for The Wall Street Journal, that "[to] listen to Theme Time Radio Hour is to rediscover the sense of musical adventure that old-fashioned disc jockeys with strongly individual personalities offered in the days before big-money stations pinned their fiscal hopes to the rigid Top 40-style playlists that took the fun out of radio". Linton Weeks, writing for The Washington Post, praised Dylan's hosting qualities, calling him "voluble, generous, articulate. He's liable to quote a poem, give tips on hanging drywall, pass along a recipe".

See also
The Best of Bob Dylan's Theme Time Radio Hour

References

External links
Deep Tracks Sirius XM site featuring Theme Time Radio Hour
History of Theme Time Radio Hour Blog by Lee Abrams (XM Radio VP) who had the original idea for a Bob Dylan radio show.
BBC6 Music: Theme Time site
The Dreamtime Podcast Commentary on Bob Dylan's Theme Time Radio Hour
* T H E M E * T I M E * The playlists (including release dates) of the tracks Bob Dylan chose to present, as well as the lyrics to some of the songs
Annotated Theme Time Radio Hour Annotated Theme Time Radio Hour page from the Bob Dylan Fan Club website
DylanRadio.com Internet webcast that airs episodes of Theme Time Radio Hour twice daily among other content related to Bob Dylan.
Theme Time Radio Hour Archive Contains podcasts and 'Singers and Songs' lists for all episodes

American music radio programs
Bob Dylan
Radio programs on XM Satellite Radio
2006 establishments in the United States
2009 disestablishments in the United States

Theme Time Radio Hour


Wiguläus Xaverius Aloysius Kreittmayr, since 1745 Freiherr von Kreittmayr (14 December 1705 – 27 October 1790) was a Bavarian jurist and public official who served as head of the public administration (Wirklicher Geheimer Staatskanzler, state chancellor) of the Electorate of Bavaria since 1758.

Von Kreittmayr's lasting work was as a legislator. A leading member of the Bavarian civil service since 1725, he drafted the Bavarian criminal code (1751), code of civil procedure (1753) and civil code (Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis, 1756). His criminal code, which remained in force until 1813, reflected pre-Enlightenment Catholic views and proved inadequate after the second half of the 18th century. But his civil codifications lasted (although by then very dated) until 1869 and 1900 respectively. His extensive commentaries on Bavarian civil and public law are an important source of legal history and reflect von Kreittmayr's practical and realistic understanding of law.

In 1958, the city of Munich commissioned a bronze statue of von Kreittmayr. But protests by human rights lawyers, who noted that von Kreittmayr's criminal code introduced torture in Bavaria just as other jurisdictions began to abolish it, prevented its installation. The statue was gifted to von Kreittmayr's home village of Offenstetten.

References

Bavarian nobility
Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
People from the Electorate of Bavaria
Jurists from Bavaria
1705 births
1790 deaths

Wiguläus von Kreittmayr


This is the second season of the American drama television series 24 and known as Day 2. The seasons narrative begins at 8 AM, last 24 hours and ends at 8 AM the next day.

Season Overview
Jack and CTU try to stop a nuclear bomb from being blown up in Los Angelos. Terrorists blow up CTU to draw away their attention. George Mason ends up detonating the bomb over the Mojave Desert and away from the city. Afterwards Jack follows leads that indicate that a recording implicating three Middle Eastern countries is false. President David Palmer decides to not attack these Middle Eastern Countries. His cabinet removes him from office under the Twenty-fifth Amendment and the Vice President becomes President. Eventually Jack finds the evidence and Palmer is reinstated as President. At the end of the season, Palmer is poisoned with anthrax.

Starring

 Kiefer Sutherland as Jack Bauer (24 episodes)
 Sarah Wynter as Kate Warner (24 episodes)
 Elisha Cuthbert as Kim Bauer (22 episodes)
 Xander Berkeley as George Mason (15 episodes)
 Penny Johnson Jerald as Sherry Palmer (13 episodes)
 Carlos Bernard as Tony Almeida (24 episodes)
 Dennis Haysbert as President David Palmer (24 episodes)

Guest Starring

 Reiko Aylesworth as Michelle Dessler (24 episodes)
 Jude Ciccolella as Mike Novick (19 episodes)
 Michelle Forbes as Lynne Kresge (18 episodes)
 Laura Harris as Marie Warner (14 episodes)
 John Terry as Bob Warner (12 episodes)
 Lourdes Benedicto as Carrie Turner (10 episodes)
 Phillip Rhys as Reza Naiyeer (10 episodes)
 Harris Yulin as Roger Stanton (9 episodes; uncredited)
 Skye McCole Bartusiak as Megan Matheson (8 episodes)
 Daniel Dae Kim as Tom Baker (8 episodes)
 Billy Burke as Gary Matheson (7 episodes)
 Innis Casey as Miguel (7 episodes)
 Alan Dale as Vice President Jim Prescott (7 episodes)
 Sarah Clarke as Nina Myers (6 episodes)
 Donnie Keshawarz as Yusuf Auda (6 episodes)
 Paul Schulze as Ryan Chappelle (6 episodes)
 Sara Gilbert as Paula Schaeffer (5 episodes)
 Francesco Quinn as Syed Ali (5 episodes)
 Tamlyn Tomita as Jenny Dodge (5 episodes)
 Tobin Bell as Peter Kingsley (4 episodes)
 Timothy Carhart as Eric Rayburn (4 episodes)
 Gregg Henry as Jonathan Wallace (4 episodes)
 Michael Holden as Ron Wieland (4 episodes)
 Michael McGrady as Raymond Brown (4 episodes)
 Tracy Middendorf as Carla Matheson (4 episodes)
 Kevin Dillon as Lonnie McRae (3 episodes)
 Glenn Morshower as Aaron Pierce (3 episodes)
 Douglas O'Keeffe as Eddie Grant (3 episodes)
 Al Sapienza as Paul Koplin (3 episodes)
 Thomas Kretschmann as Max (2 episodes)
 Randle Mell as Brad Hammond (2 episodes)
 Rick D. Wasserman as Alex Hewitt (2 episodes)
 Mia Kirshner as Mandy (1 episode)
 Vicellous Shannon as Keith Palmer (1 episode)
 Eric Christian Olsen as John Mason (1 episode)

Reception
The season received positive reviews with a 95% on Rotten Tomatoes.

References

Television seasons

24 (season 2)


John Braxton Hicks  (23 February 1823 – 28 August 1897) was a 19th-century English doctor who specialised in obstetrics.

He was born to Edward Hicks in Rye, Sussex. He was educated privately and in 1841 entered Guy's Hospital Medical School. He obtained his MB at the University of London in 1845 and an MD in 1851. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1866.

In 1856 he was appointed assistant obstetric physician at Guy's Hospital and full physician in 1868. In 1888 he became obstetric physician at St Mary's Hospital, London. Hicks was the first physician to describe the bipolar and other methods of the version of a fetus. In 1872, he described the uterine contractions not resulting in childbirth now known as Braxton Hicks contractions.

In 1862 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society by virtue of his interest in Natural History, about which he wrote numerous papers. He gave the Hunterian Oration to the Hunterian Society in 1868 and was elected their president for 1879.

Braxton Hicks is buried at St Thomas Church, Lymington, Hampshire. For a while, an obstetric ward at St Thomas' Hospital was named after him; Braxton Hicks ward is now closed.

He was the father of coroner Athelstan Braxton Hicks (b 1854).

References

External links

ADC online article on John Braxton Hicks

1823 births
1897 deaths
People from Rye, East Sussex
19th-century English medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Alumni of the University of London
Physicians of Guy's Hospital

John Braxton Hicks


John Robert Stobo Prichard,  (born 1949) is a Canadian lawyer, economist, and academic. He is the past president and chief executive officer and former director of Torstar Corporation. He is now the chairman of the Bank of Montreal.

Academia
Born in London, England, Prichard attended prep school at Upper Canada College before studying economics at Swarthmore College, business at the University of Chicago, and law at the University of Toronto and Yale Law School.

Prichard joined the Faculty of Law at the University of Toronto in 1976. He served as dean of the faculty from 1984 to 1990.

Prichard was appointed the thirteenth president of the University of Toronto in 1990, a position which he held until 2000. During his ten years as president, the U of T's endowment rose to $1.4 billion, the most of any Canadian university.

Toronto Star
Upon leaving the University of Toronto, Prichard became the president of the Star Media Group and chief operating officer of the Torstar Corporation in May 2001. In 2004, Prichard pushed out John Honderich as publisher of the Toronto Star because he resisted making the deep cost cuts that Prichard demanded. However, in 2006, Honderich, a Torstar director who chairs a voting trust comprising five families that control Torstar, instigated a "coup" among the five families that resulted in the termination of Prichard's chosen publisher Michael Goldbloom and editor-in-chief Giles Gherson.  Some have suggested that Torstar's financial woes have been caused by Prichard's distraction by his presence on several boards, including Onex and Four Seasons.

Prichard has also been a member of Imasco's board of directors since 1993. Imasco owns and controls Imperial Tobacco, the largest tobacco manufacturer in Canada. Prichard's involvement with Imasco was the subject of criticism, due to a perceived conflict of interest for his role as university head. During Prichard's term as president, the University of Toronto accepted $2 million from Imasco between 1997 and 1999. In 1998, Imasco contributed just over $2.5 million to educational institutions across the country. Similar conflict of interest concerns have been raised about the 2005 deal engineered by Prichard by which Torstar acquired a 20 per cent stake in broadcaster and rival publisher Bell Globemedia Inc.

Political work
Prichard served on the transition teams of three Ontario premiers of three different parties: Liberal David Peterson in 1985, New Democrat Bob Rae in 1990, and Progressive Conservative Mike Harris in 1995.

Prichard was deemed by several political insiders to be a contender in the race to become Liberal Party Leader, following the resignation of former Prime Minister Paul Martin.

Business career
Prichard is past president and chief executive officer and former director of Torstar Corporation, and also sits on the boards of George Weston Limited, Onex Corporation, and is the chairman of the board of the Bank of Montreal.

Current work
Prichard is the chair of the board of Metrolinx and Penguin Group Canada, as well as the chair of Toronto law firm Torys LLP.

References

External links
Order of Canada Citation

1949 births
Living people
Canadian economists
Lawyers in Ontario
Canadian legal scholars
Canadian university and college faculty deans
Directors of Bank of Montreal
Directors of George Weston Limited
English emigrants to Canada
Deans of law schools in Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
Members of the Order of Ontario
Presidents of the University of Toronto
Academic staff of the University of Toronto Faculty of Law
Yale Law School alumni
Swarthmore College alumni
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Canadian chief executives
Torstar people
Directors of Onex Corporation
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Robert Prichard


KEYE-TV (channel 42) is a television station in Austin, Texas, United States, affiliated with CBS and Telemundo. Owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group, the station maintains studios on Metric Boulevard in North Austin and a transmitter on Waymaker Way on the city's west side.

History

Early years
The UHF channel 42 allocation in Austin had originally been used by NBC affiliate KHFI-TV when that station signed on in February 1965. That station moved to channel 36 and became KTVV in 1973; it is now KXAN-TV.

On December 4, 1983, what is known today as KEYE-TV began broadcasting originally as KBVO-TV, an independent television station. Its call sign referenced Bevo, the mascot of the hometown University of Texas Longhorns. The station's original owner was the Austin Television Company, a group of local investors including former congressman Joe Kilgore but dominated by Darrold Cannan, Jr., owner of NBC affiliate KAMR-TV in Amarillo, and Michael McKinnon, who owned two ABC affiliates in Texas (KBMT in Beaumont and KIII-TV in Corpus Christi) and independent station KUSI-TV in San Diego; local advertising executive Steve Beard was the general manager. On October 9, 1986, the station became a charter affiliate of the upstart Fox network and began branding itself as "Fox 42" on air in the early 1990s. By 1994, it was one of the top 10 highest-rated Fox affiliates in the country; Cannan and Beard were now the sole owners.

From Fox to CBS
In 1994, New World Communications purchased longtime CBS affiliate KTBC, which was included in a groupwide affiliation deal to switch most of New World's stations to Fox (which later purchased the New World holdings).  With KTBC set to switch to Fox, Austin Television Company initially reached out to CBS for KBVO to land the CBS affiliation. However, CBS balked at first, mainly due to concerns with affiliating with an independently owned UHF outlet. In addition, CBS outlets KENS in San Antonio and KWTX in Waco provided Grade B signals into the Austin market, should there be a concern with the region lacking a CBS affiliate. (Both stations were listed in TV listings in the Austin American-Statesman for decades.)

In October 1994, Austin Television reached a deal to sell KBVO-TV for $54 million to Granite Broadcasting Corporation, which would affiliate KBVO-TV with CBS once the network was bumped from KTBC. Austin Television thus earned a handsome return on its original investment of 12 years earlier.

On July 1, 1995, KTBC and KBVO swapped affiliations, with Fox moving to KTBC and the CBS affiliation going to KBVO. Simultaneously with the affiliation switch, KBVO changed its callsign to KEYE-TV the same day, seeking to avoid confusion over where CBS programs were in the Austin market and bolster its ties to the new network. The callsign refers to the iconic CBS Eye logo, as well as to "The Eyes of Texas", one of several songs associated with the University of Texas. It branded itself as "K-EYE 42, Your Eye on Austin" until 1999 when the branding was shortened to simply "K-EYE" on account of the fact that it was now available to all Austin area cable subscribers on cable channel 5.

In 1999, Granite put KEYE up for sale in order to meet debt obligations; that April, CBS agreed to buy the station for $160 million. The sale closed that August, making KEYE the second owned-and-operated station of any major network in the market (after KTBC). The next year, Viacom bought CBS; at that time, KEYE became part of a cluster of television stations in Texas owned by Viacom, alongside fellow CBS station KTVT and then-UPN affiliate KTXA (now an independent station) in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, and Houston UPN station KTXH. The latter station was then swapped to Fox (alongside WDCA in Washington, D.C.) in 2001 in exchange for San Francisco's KBHK-TV.

In 2005, the station modified its branding to "CBS42 K-EYE" to reflect its CBS ownership and for cable subscribers to avoid confusion with San Antonio's CBS outlet KENS-TV, seen on VHF analog channel 5. The "K-EYE" branding was phased out altogether in 2006, with references to the KEYE-TV call sign limited to station identifications and the station's website address.

On February 7, 2007, CBS agreed to sell seven of its smaller-market stations to Cerberus Capital Management, L.P., for $185 million. Cerberus formed a new holding company for the stations, Four Points Media Group, which took over the operations of the stations through local marketing agreements in late June 2007. The sale to Four Points was consummated on January 10, 2008; Four Points operated the stations outright until March 20, 2009, when it entered into a three-year local service agreement with the Irving, Texas-based Nexstar Broadcasting Group. The latter company then took over the management of all of the Four Points stations, including KEYE. In August 2009, the "CBS42" branding was dropped and the station returned to branding with its call letters; the station website address was concurrently changed to weareaustin.com.

On September 8, 2011, Sinclair Broadcast Group announced its intent to purchase Four Points from Cerberus Capital Management for $200 million; Sinclair began managing the stations, including KEYE, under local marketing agreements after receiving antitrust approval from the U.S. Department of Justice, until the sale's closure. The sale made KEYE-TV the third Sinclair-owned television property in Texas, as the group already owned Fox affiliate KABB and CW affiliate KMYS (and has since acquired NBC affiliate WOAI-TV) in San Antonio (it has also since bought Fox affiliate KFOX-TV and CBS affiliate KDBC-TV in El Paso). The deal was completed on January 3, 2012. In August 2016, the station dropped its call sign branding again and began referring to itself as "CBS Austin".

NFL preseason coverage
From 2002 to 2008, KEYE held local broadcast rights to Houston Texans pre-season games, in addition to airing CBS' coverage of NFL games from the Texans' home conference, the American Football Conference. On April 3, 2006, the station signed a deal to become the official home of the Dallas Cowboys in Austin; KEYE airs pre-season games as well as several Cowboys-related shows during the NFL season.

News operation
Before it switched to CBS, KEYE (as KBVO) had no newscasts with the exception of nightly updates aired during Fox prime time programming from a small closet studio. After the affiliation swap, on July 3, 1995, KEYE immediately launched a full slate of newscasts, under the moniker "K-EYEWitness News". Veteran anchorman Neal Spelce, formerly of KTBC, was hired as part of the new operation, and the station's Metric Boulevard studios were expanded to house the news department.

Since that time, the first newscast to be dropped was the noon newscast. The station has also added and since dropped three hours of newscasts on weekend mornings. KEYE originally used the Eyewitness News format (titled K-EYEwitness News), which was used until 2000 (the newscast title was shorted to KEYE News in late 1998, became CBS 42 K-EYE News in 2005, and then simply CBS 42 News in 2006).

KEYE-TV presently broadcasts 24½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 4½ hours on weekdays and one hour each on Saturdays and Sundays); unlike most CBS stations in the Central Time Zone, KEYE does not carry a midday newscast on weekdays. In addition, the station produces five hours of newscasts each week (consisting of 5 and 10 p.m. newscasts on weeknights, which are broadcast in Spanish) for its Telemundo-affiliated digital subchannel.

KEYE became the first television station in the Austin market—and the first station in the Four Points Media Group—to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition on November 1, 2007. However, while the in-studio video is in high definition, most of the field video remains in pillarboxed 4:3 standard definition.

The station canceled its 5 p.m. newscast in September 2009, replacing it with We Are Austin LIVE, an hour-long 4 p.m. lifestyle show anchored by Michelle Valles and Jason Wheeler. A few weeks later, the weekday morning newscast was canceled and later replaced with a simulcast of the J.B. and Sandy Morning Show from KAMX (94.7 FM; which was formerly owned alongside KEYE during its CBS ownership until CBS Radio sold KAMX, KKMJ, KXBT and KJCE to Entercom Communications in August 2006); this left KEYE with only the 6 and 10 p.m. newscasts and a 5:30 p.m. newscast on Sunday evenings. On June 30, 2011, the simulcast of the J.B. and Sandy Morning Show was replaced by the in-house newscast We Are Austin Mornings, a morning extension of We Are Austin LIVE that was similar in format to that of the national network morning news programs; the replacement was due in part to KEYE and Entercom-owned KAMX being unable to reach a renewal agreement for Channel 42 to continue airing the JB and Sandy Morning Show simulcast.

On May 31, 2012, KEYE-TV announced the reversal of its September 2009 late afternoon news programming changes with cancellation of We Are Austin LIVE effective June 15 (which was replaced by The Insider and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire); the 5 p.m. newscast also returned to the schedule on June 18, 2012.

In contrast to former Fox stations on UHF that are now CBS, ABC or NBC stations—which often have had little to no success against their better-established news competitors, resulting in some stations even shutting down their news departments outright—KEYE's news department has made a particularly good account of itself in the quarter-century since the switch. It has benefited from CBS pouring significant resources into the news department when the network owned the station. Austin's meteoric growth in the new millennium also benefitted the station, as new residents judge all the market's stations on their current-day merits rather than their small-market beginnings, including KEYE. It wages a spirited battle for second place in the local Nielsen ratings with KXAN, and occasionally beats out KVUE for first.

Notable former on-air staff
 Robert Flores – sports director (2000–2004; recently left ESPN; now at MLB Network)
 Shaun Robinson – 5 p.m. anchor (1995–?; recently left Access Hollywood)

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

It was announced on March 29, 2008, that KEYE would begin carrying the Retro Television Network on a new digital subchannel 42.2, running a customized schedule for the Austin market.

On October 1, 2009, digital channel 42.2 switched its affiliation to Telemundo and debuted locally produced Spanish-language newscasts at 5 and 10 p.m. weeknights, displacing RTV. It was the second Sinclair property upon their purchase associated with a Spanish-language network after West Palm Beach sister station WWHB-CA with Azteca America.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KEYE-TV shut down its analog signal in November 2008. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 43, using PSIP to display KEYE-TV's virtual channel as 42 on digital television receivers.

Due to the 2016–2017 FCC TV spectrum auction, KEYE moved from RF channel 43 to RF channel 34 on June 21, 2019.

ATSC 3.0 channels
On October 7, 2020, ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) began broadcasting on KBVO-CD, with KEYE-TV as a participating station. KEYE-TV's CBS subchannel was added to the ATSC 3.0 multiplex, with the station hosting two subchannels on KBVO's behalf.

References

"Dallas Cowboys align with KEYE" Austin Business Journal, April 3, 2006
"KVUE, KXAN hold on in latest ratings" Austin Business Journal, August 30, 1996
"KVUE sweeps up competition in November" Austin Business Journal, December 20, 1996

External links

 – Telemundo Austin

EYE-TV
CBS network affiliates
Telemundo network affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1983
Sinclair Broadcast Group
1983 establishments in Texas

KEYE-TV


St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery is a parish of the Episcopal Church located at 131 East 10th Street, at the intersection of Stuyvesant Street and Second Avenue in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The property has been the site of continuous Christian worship since the mid-17th century, making it New York City's oldest site of continuous religious practice. The structure is the second-oldest church building in Manhattan.

In 2020, it reported 103 members, average attendance of 67, and $142,197 in plate and pledge income.

History and architecture
In 1651, Petrus Stuyvesant, Director General of New Netherland, purchased land for a bowery or farm from the Dutch West India Company and by 1660 built a family chapel at the present day site of St. Mark's Church. Stuyvesant died in 1672 and was interred in a vault under the chapel.

Stuyvesant's great-grandson, Petrus "Peter" Stuyvesant, sold the chapel property to the Episcopal Church for $1 in 1793, stipulating that a new chapel be erected to serve Bowery Village, the community which had coalesced around the Stuyvesant family chapel. In 1795 the cornerstone of the present day St. Mark's Church was laid, and the fieldstone Georgian style church, built by the architect and mason John McComb Jr., was completed and consecrated on May 9, 1799. Alexander Hamilton provided legal aid in incorporating St. Mark's Church as the first Episcopal parish independent of Trinity Church in New York City. By 1807 the church had as many as two hundred worshipers at its summer services, with 70 during the winter.

In 1828, the church steeple, the design of which is attributed to Martin Euclid Thompson and Ithiel Town, in Greek Revival style, was erected. More changes came about beginning in 1835, when John C. Tucker's stone Parish Hall was constructed, and the next year (1836) the church itself was renovated, with the original square pillars being replaced with thinner ones in Egyptian Revival style. In addition, the current cast- and wrought iron fence was added in 1838; these renovations are credited to Thompson. At around the same time, the two-story fieldstone Sunday School was completed, and the church established the Parish Infant School for poor children.

Later, in 1861, the church commissioned a brick addition to the Parish Hall, which was designed and supervised by architect James Renwick Jr., and the St. Mark's Hospital Association was organized by members of the congregation. Outside the church, the cast iron portico, was added around 1858; its design is attributed to James Bogardus, who was an early innovator in cast iron construction.

At the start of the 20th century, leading architect Ernest Flagg designed the rectory. Overall, while the 19th century saw St. Mark's Church grow through its many construction projects, the 20th century was marked by community service and cultural expansion.

In 1966, the Poetry Project and The Film Project, which later became the Millennium Film Workshop, were founded. Furthermore, in 1975, the Danspace Project was founded by Larry Fagin; the Community Documentation Workshop under the direction of Arthur Tobier was established; and the Preservation Youth Project expanded to a full-time work training program, which undertook the mission of the preserving St Mark's landmark exterior under the supervision of artisan teachers. On July 27, 1978, a fire nearly destroyed the church. The Citizens to Save St Mark's was founded to raise funds for its reconstruction and the Preservation Youth Project undertook the reconstruction supervised by architect Harold Edelman and craftspeople provided by preservation contractor I. Maas & Sons. The Landmark Fund emerged from the Citizens to Save St Mark's and continues to exist to help maintain and preserve St. Mark's Church for future generations. The restoration was completed in 1986, with new stained-glass windows designed by Edelman.

Usage

Rector William Guthrie was known to incorporate Native American, Hindu, Buddhist, and Bahá'í ceremonies and guest speakers into services.

Today, the rectory houses the Neighborhood Preservation Center, the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation and the Historic Districts Council, as well as other preservation and community organizations such as the Poetry Project, the Millennium Film Workshop, and the Danspace Project.

Over the years, several Dutch dignitaries visited the church while they were in the United States. In 1952, Queen Juliana of the Netherlands visited the church and laid a wreath given by her mother, Queen Wilhelmina, at the bust of Petrus Stuyvesant, which had been given to the church by Wilhelmina and the Dutch government in 1915. In 1981 and 1982, Princess Margriet and Queen Beatrix, both of the Netherlands, also visited.

The arts
St Mark's has supported an active artistic community since the 19th century.

In 1919 poet Kahlil Gibran was appointed a member of the St. Mark's Arts Committee, and the next year, the two prominent Indian statues, "Aspiration" and "Inspiration" by sculptor Solon Borglum, which flank the church entry, were unveiled. Gibran also presented readings of his famous written works, some of which became annual affairs for a while, as well as an exhibition of his drawings. Isadora Duncan danced in the church in 1922, and Martha Graham in 1930. In 1926, poet William Carlos Williams lectured at the St. Mark's Sunday Symposium, which over the years featured such artists as Amy Lowell, Edward Steichen, Houdini, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Ruth St. Denis and Carl Sandburg.

Starting in 1955, the Lower East Side artists' held an annual exhibition during the summer at St. Mark's. It was an inclusive, non-juried group exhibition that featured hundreds of artists from the neighborhood and utilized both the interior spaces and the yard.

Theatre Genesis was founded by director Ralph Cook in 1964 and, in the same year, Sam Shepard had his first two plays, Cowboys and Rock Garden produced at the church. In 1969, St. Mark's innovated a fusion of liturgy and experimental rock music, the Electric Liturgy given by the Mind Garage, which was the first work of its kind to be nationally televised.

St. Mark's hosts modern artistic endeavors, including the Poetry Project, and Danspace Project, which stage events throughout the year.  A November 1971 Poetry Project reading by Patti Smith, accompanied by Lenny Kaye on guitar, launched their rock and roll careers and marked the founding of the Patti Smith Group.

In addition, Richard Foreman's avant-garde Ontological-Hysteric Theater was also housed there in its own space from 1992 until 2010.

Notable burials

Both the church's East and West Yards have under them stone burial vaults, in which many prominent New Yorkers were interred. Although it no longer does full body burials, the church still does cremation burials in the church vault under the West Yard.

 Charles Anthon – scholar of the classics
 Joseph S. Brasuell - Lower East Side community leader who served as warden and vestry member of the Church
 John C. Colt – convicted murderer and brother of Samuel Colt – of Colt Revolver fame – was interred in 1842 after his suicide in The Tombs jail.
 Miriam Friedlander (1914-2009) – was a Bronx born American politician who represented the city council district in New York City's Lower East Side and Chinatown from 1974 to 1991.
 Augustus van Horne Ellis – lawyer, sea captain, and a brevet brigadier general in the Union Army during the Civil War; killed in action at the Battle of Gettysburg
 Thomas Addis Emmet – lawyer and politician who served as New York State Attorney General
 Nicholas Fish (1758–1833) – Revolutionary War soldier, who later served as adjutant general of New York State; father of New York Governor and United States Senator Hamilton Fish (1808–1893).
 Josiah Ogden Hoffman – lawyer and politician
 Philip Hone (1780–1851) – merchant and Mayor of New York.
 John Brooks Leavitt – attorney, Senior Warden of St. Mark's
 Gideon Lee (1778–1841) – Mayor of New York and United States Representative.
 Commodore Matthew C. Perry – famous for his role in the "opening" of Japan; his body was later moved to Island Cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island.
 Alexander Turney Stewart (1803–1876) – wealthy New York merchant, whose body was stolen two years after his burial and held for ransom.
 Peter Stuyvesant (1612–1672) – Director-General of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam.
 Daniel D. Tompkins (1774–1825) – Vice President of the United States under President James Monroe and former Governor of New York.

See also
 St. Mark's Historic District

References

Further reading
 St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery, Memorial of St. Mark's Church in the Bowery: containing an account of the services held to commemorate the one-hundredth anniversary of the dedication of the church on May 9, 1799. New York: Published by the Vestry, 1899

External links

 St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery website
 Self-Guided Walking Tour
 The Villager: Dutch remember Stuyvesant in 'Year of the Hudson'
 Lower East Side Preservation Initiative

1698 establishments in the Province of New York
18th-century Episcopal church buildings
20th-century Episcopal church buildings
Churches completed in 1799
Churches in Manhattan
East Village, Manhattan
Episcopal church buildings in New York City
Federal architecture in New York City
Gothic Revival church buildings in New York City
John McComb Jr. buildings
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Religious organizations established in the 1690s
Stone churches in New York City

St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery


The Government of India Act 1935 was the last constitution of British India which split Burma from it. It lasted until 1947, when British territory was split into Pakistan and India.

Features of the act:

 Detailed document with 321 sections and 10 schedules.
 Divided powers between the Centre and units in terms of 3 lists: Federal list (59 items), Provincial list (54 items) and Concurrent list (36 items).
 Gave Indian provinces much less independence.
 Provision for the establishment of an All India Federation at the center, consisting of Provinces of British India and the Princely states.
 For the first time direct elections were introduced. Women were also allowed to vote.
 Sindh was separated from Bombay, Orissa was separated from Bihar, and Burma was separated from India. The number of provinces were increased to eleven by giving North West Frontier Province (NWFP) the status of fully-fledged province and creating two new provinces, Orissa and Sindh.
 The System of Diarchy was dropped at the provincial level but introduced at the central government level.
 Two Houses of Parliament at central government level were introduced with Council of State being the Upper House and Assembly being the Lower House.
 Special Responsibilities and Safeguards vested in British Executive power in London
 Introduced the Reserve bank of India to look after the cash flow and printing processes

Background

Despite the failure of round table conferences, in March 1933 the British government announced its proposals for how India should be governed. These were published in a 'white paper' (a discussion issued before a Bill is presented to the British parliament). After discussions by the British politicians and consultation with Indian delegates, nominated by the government to take part in the talks, a Bill was introduced before the British parliament in December 1934. In August 1935, the Government of India Act became law. This was the last major legislation that the British government passed before independence was granted. The act was an important point in the move towards formal Independence. It provided the basis for negotiations which resulted in the British leaving India.
This act was opposed by both the Muslim League and Congress however both contested in the elections of 1937.

1930s in India

Government of India Act 1935


Angus Anderson Fulton  (10 January 1900 – 21 June 1983) was a British civil engineer.

Life

Fulton was born in Motherwell, Lanarkshire, Scotland on 10 January 1900. His father was an associate member of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) for more than 50 years and Angus followed in his footsteps to become a civil engineer. Fulton was educated at the High School of Dundee, and University College, Dundee, part of the University of St Andrews where he was a cadet in the senior division of the Officer Training Corps. Following his graduation in 1922 with a Bachelor of Science degree he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant into the 51st (Highland) Division engineers section of the Territorial Army Royal Engineers.

In 1953 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Robert McAdam, Thomas Cooper, 1st Baron Cooper of Culross, James Cameron Smail, David Kerr Duff and James Reed.

Fulton was elected president of the ICE for the November 1969 to November 1970 session. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Dundee on 6 July 1970. Fulton was involved with many institutions and was elected a fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Institution of Electrical Engineers and the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In addition he was also elected a member of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers in 1972. Fulton was appointed as Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He died at Inveresk, Mid-Lothian, Scotland on 21 June 1983.

References

British civil engineers
Scottish civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1900 births
1983 deaths
Royal Engineers officers
People educated at the High School of Dundee
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of the University of Dundee
People associated with Dundee

Angus Fulton


Dung beetles are beetles that feed partly or only on the dung of mammals. They are a kind of scarab beetle. All these species belong to the superfamily Scarabaeoidea, and most of them to the family Scarabaeidae. The subfamily Scarabaeinae alone has more than 5,000 species. There are dung-feeding beetles in other related families, such as the Geotrupidae (the 'earth-boring dung beetles').

Many dung beetles, known as rollers, roll dung into balls, which are used as a food source or brooding chambers. Other dung beetles, known as tunnelers, bury the dung wherever they find it. A third group, the dwellers, neither roll nor burrow: they simply live in dung. They are often attracted by the dung burrowing owls collect.

Taxonomy
Dung beetles are not a single taxonomic group: dung feeding is found in a number  of beetle families. The behaviour probably evolved more than once.
 Coleoptera (order), beetles
 Scarabaeoidea (superfamily), scarabs (most families in the group do not use dung)
 Geotrupidae (family), "earth-boring dung beetles".
 Scarabaeidae (family): scarab beetles (not all species use dung)
 Scarabaeinae  (subfamily): true dung beetles.
 Aphodiinae (subfamily): small dung beetles (not all species use dung).

Ecology and behavior
Dung beetles live in many different habitats, including deserts, farmlands, forests, and grasslands. They do not like extremely cold or dry weather. They are found on all continents except Antarctica.

Dung beetles eat the dung of herbivores and omnivores, and prefer it to any other kind of dung. They may also feed on mushrooms and rotting leaves and fruits. One species living in South America, Deltochilum valgum, is a carnivore which eats millipedes. Those that eat dung do not need to eat or drink anything else, because the dung provides all the necessary nutrients.

Most dung beetles search for dung using their sensitive sense of smell. Some of the smaller species simply attach themselves to the dung-providers to wait for their reward. After capturing the dung, a dung beetle will roll it, following a straight line despite all obstacles. Sometimes dung beetles will try to steal the dung ball from another beetle, so the dung beetles have to move rapidly away from a dung pile once they have rolled their ball to prevent it from being stolen. Dung beetles can roll up to 50 times their weight.  Male Onthophagus taurus beetles can pull 1,141 times their own body weight: the equivalent of an average person pulling six double-decker buses full of people. In 2003, researchers found one species of dung beetle (the African Scarabaeus zambesianus) navigates by using polarization patterns in moonlight. The discovery is the first proof any animal can use polarized moonlight for orientation.

The "rollers" roll and bury a dung ball either for food storage or to make a brooding ball. In the latter case, two beetles, one male and one female, will be seen around the dung ball during the rolling process. Usually it is the male that rolls the ball, with the female hitch-hiking or simply following behind. In some cases the male and the female roll together. When a spot with soft soil is found, they stop and bury the dung ball. They will then mate underground. After the mating, both or one of them will prepare the brooding ball. When the ball is finished, the female lays eggs inside it. Some species do not leave after this stage, but remain to safeguard their offspring.

The dung beetle goes through a complete metamorphosis. The larvae live in brood balls made with dung prepared by their parents. One idea is that the dung helps to keep parasitoids at bay. During the larval stage, the grub feeds on the dung surrounding it.

The behavior of the beetles was much misunderstood until the studies of Jean Henri Fabre. Fabre corrected the myth that a dung beetle would seek aid from other dung beetles when confronted by obstacles. By painstaking observations and experiments, he found the seeming helpers were, in fact, robbers awaiting an opportunity to steal the roller's food source.

References

Polyphaga

Dung beetle


Hanseatic flags are the banners of Hanseatic cities that were flown by cogs and other ships of the Hanseatic League from 13th to 17th centuries.

History
Originally, Hanseatic ships displayed red gonfalones on their masts, which had a cross at its peak to denote the protection of the sovereign. Red was also the colour used by Danish and English shipping, the English later adopting the St George's Cross. From the second half of the 13th century, the individual Hanseatic cities created various banners to distinguish themselves from other member cities. The red gonfalone remained in use in addition to these flags. The oldest Hanseatic flag is the plain red banner used by Hamburg. Hanseatic flags were mostly red-white and some featured symbols, such as crosses.

Many cities that were members of the Hanseatic league continue to use red and white as their city colours today.

Hanseatic pennant
In addition to these banners, ships also flew a Hanseatic pennant (Hanseatenwimpel) where the upper half is white (silver) and the lower half is red.

Banners

13th century

14th century

15th century

Other seals and coins

Flags of Hanseatic cities today

External links

 International Civic Heraldry

Flags
Lists and galleries of flags
Historical flags
Flags of Germany
Flags of Poland
Flags of Russia
Flags of Latvia

Hanseatic flags