Carrow Road is a British football stadium in Norwich, England. It is the home of . The stadium is in the centre of the city, near to Norwich railway station and the River Wensum.
The stadium is on Carrow Road, and is named after the road.  The stadium was built by Norwich City in 1935. Construction took just 82 days. There has been a lot of work done to Carrow Road since 1935. Since 1990 the stadium has been an all-seater. The ground can accommodate 27,244 today and the record attendance is presently 27,091. The record attendance at Carrow Road before it became an all-seater stadium was 43,984 in 1963. The modern Carrow Road site has a club superstore, catering facilities and a Holiday Inn hotel.

History

Background
Norwich City F.C. played at Newmarket Road from 1902 to 1908. The record attendance at this time was 10,366 in a match against Sheffield Wednesday in a second round FA Cup match in 1908. After a disagreement over the rent of the Newmarket Road ground, Norwich City moved to a new home in 1908 - a converted disused chalk pit in Rosary Road which became known as The Nest.
By the 1930s, the ground was not big enough for the growing support. Expansion of The Nest was not possible, and there were safety problems with the existing structures. The club began looking for another ground in 1926. Part of the pitch eventually collapsed. The Football Association were not happy with Norwich City's efforts to repair The Nest. They eventually wrote to the club on 15 May 1935, saying " The Nest was no longer suitable for large crowds and measures must be taken".

With the new season just weeks away, Norwich City were very concerned. About half a mile south of The Nest, they found a new site, the home of the Boulton Paul Aircraft Sports Ground in Carrow Road. On 1 June 1935, the club purchased the ground on a 20-year lease, from its owners Colman's.

Initial construction
The new stadium took its name from the street. However, the name "Carrow" originally referred to the former Carrow Abbey that once stood on the riverside. Construction began quickly. Ten days after buying the site, work began.

By 17 August most of the stands and terraces had been completed. Finally, after just 82 days, on 31 August Carrow Road football ground was opened for the Second Division match v West Ham United.

Norwich won the game 4-3. The attendance was 29,779 – at the time, a new record crowd for Norwich home games. The first competitive goal at the ground was scored by Norwich's Doug Lochhead.

An aerial photograph from August 1935 shows three sides of open terracing and a covered stand, with a Colman's Mustard advertisement painted on its roof, visible only from the air. The club's association with Colman's has continued into the modern era; in 1997 the club signed a shirt sponsorship deal with the company. The mustard manufacturer's original factory was next to the stadium in Carrow Road, and the ground was opened by Russell Colman, the President of the club. Inglis describes the early Carrow Road as comprising "a Main Stand, a covered end terrace and two large open banks". The covered terrace was paid for by Captain Evelyn Barclay, the vice-president of Norwich City. It was constructed in time for the opening of the 1937-38 season. There is a stand named after Barclay in the modern stadium.

At this time, the ground's capacity was 38,000. The new ground received a royal seal of approval: on 29 October 1938, King George VI watched the home game versus Millwall. This was the first time a ruling monarch had watched a Second Division match.

Ground developments
Floodlights were erected at the ground in 1956 and the £9,000 cost nearly sent the club into bankruptcy. However, Norwich's success in the 1959 FA Cup secured the financial status of the club and provided sufficient funds for a cover to be built over the South Stand. In 1963, the record was set for attendance for Carrow Road: a crowd of 43,984 watched a sixth round FA Cup match against Leicester City, and the South Stand (now the Jarrold) was covered "soon after".

After a disaster at Glasgow Ranger's Ground, Ibrox in 1971, ground capacities had to be reduced to around 20,000 people.

A two-tier terrace was built at the River End. Soon afterwards, seats began to replace the terraces. By 1979 the stadium had a capacity of 28,392 with seats for 12,675. A fire in 1984 partially destroyed one of the stands. The damaged stand was eventually demolished completely. In 1987 it was replaced by a new City Stand. Chairman Robert Chase said that "Coming to a football match within the City Stand is very much like going to the theatre – the only difference being that our stage is covered with grass".

Conversion to all-seater
After a disaster at Sheffield Wednesday's ground Hillsborough in 1989 and, afterwards, the outcome of the Taylor Report in 1990, the stadium was converted to all-seater with the corners being filled. Today, Carrow Road is an all-seater stadium, with a capacity of 26,034, with a record attendance for an all-seated crowd of 25,522 for the Premiership match against Manchester United in April 2005.

The South Stand was replaced in 2003 when a new 7,000 seat South stand, subsequently renamed the Jarrold Stand was built in its place. The club installed new electronic screen/scoreboards at either end of the stadium in 2007. Behind the goals, they are full colour, with scope for still and moving images. They were first used in the 5-2 Carling Cup victory over Barnet F.C. in August 2007.

Stands
The current stadium consists of five stands; the Barclay (sponsored by Coral (the northeastern stand), the River End known as the Regency Security Stand Stand (the southwestern stand), the Geoffrey Watling City Stand (the northwestern stand), the Jarrold Stand (the southeastern stand) and the most recent addition, the Aviva Community Stand (the southern stand).

Regency Security Stand

The previous River End stand (named due to it being close to the River Wensum) was demolished in April 1979. A two-tiered replacement, costing £1.7m, was completed in December 1979. Its name was changed to the Norwich & Peterborough Stand in the 1990s due to a sponsorship deal with the Norwich & Peterborough building society.

The Barclay

This stand is named after Captain Evelyn Barclay, a former vice-president of the club, who donated the roof costs for the original stand. The Barclay is often incorrectly referred to as the Barclay Stand.

The original Barclay was built in 1937 and demolished in 1992, when a new two-tier structure, modelled on the River End (now the Norwich & Peterborough Stand) was built at a cost of £2.8m (offset by a £2m grant from the Football Trust).

Floodlights are supported on both corners of the Barclay and the Norwich & Peterborough stands, which are the ends behind the goals.

Geoffrey Watling City Stand
The single-tiered Geoffrey Watling City Stand was built following a severe fire on 25 October 1984. The fire was apparently caused by an employee of the club leaving a three-bar electric fire switched on overnight. The City Stand (as it was named at the time) cost £1.7 million to build and was used for the first time on 30 August 1986 when City hosted Southampton. It was formally opened by the Duchess of Kent on 14 February 1987. The stand was renamed in honour of Norwich City president Geoffrey Watling, who died in 2004.

The stand is the smallest of the four in terms of capacity, but includes the Directors' Box, Press Area, and various other hospitality suites.

Thorpe Corner
Where The Barclay extends around to meet the Geoffrey Watling City Stand, is the Thorpe Corner infill, "affectionately dubbed 'The Snakepit' by supporters", a term that is even sometimes used in official club reports.

Jarrold Stand

The Jarrold Stand is on the former site of the South Stand, which was named in honour of Sir Arthur South.

The Jarrold Stand was partially opened for the game against Sheffield United on 31 January 2004, and fully opened for the next home match against West Ham United on 21 February 2004. This was a landmark for the stadium - it represented the final stand of the original ground to be replaced.

The Jarrold Stand is sponsored by Jarrolds, a local department store. The original 4-year sponsorship deal has now been extended through to 2013. The stand is a cantilever, single-tiered, all-seated stand, that can hold up to 8,000 supporters. The Jarrold Stand is "unusual in having not one, but three separate television gantries suspended beneath its largely perspex roof."

In 2005, further work was undertaken on the stand and it reopened in 2006. The stand now extends around the Norwich and Peterborough Stand corner of the ground.

Visiting supporter accommodation

Accommodation for visiting supporters is provided in the end of the Jarrold Stand closest to The Barclay.

Aviva Community Stand

The corner infill between the Jarrold and Norwich & Peterborough stands is called the Aviva Community Stand, which was originally built in 2005 and named after sponsors Norwich Union. It seats up to 1,500 fans and also provides extensive facilities for disabled supporters.

Other facilities and services

Holiday Inn Hotel
The club had two options on how to fill the corner between the Barclay and the Jarrold Stand. The club decided not to fill this corner with seats, as this would lead to away supporters being surrounded by home fans.

It was therefore decided to complete the ground's corners with a hotel. It was hoped that a hotel could offer greater financial rewards than ticket sales. In 2005, a contract was signed with the Holiday Inn hotel chain in 2005, and construction commenced in 2006. The hotel opened in 2007 and allows customers with pitch-facing rooms to watch matches.

Catering
Catering at Carrow Road is provided by Delia's Canary Catering, which is part of Norwich City Football Club PLC. The service is described: "All menus are made up from Delia Smith's own published recipes (6,000 in all) and as we are in an agricultural area we take pride in using the finest ingredients and local seasonal produce."

Yellows
Yellows is a "New York-style diner" in the Norwich & Peterborough Stand. Earlier restaurants in the same place were called 'Strikers' and 'Scores'.

Delia's Restaurant and Bar
Delia's Restaurant and Bar is a restaurant in the Norwich & Peterborough Stand.

The Gunn Club
The Gunn Club is a catering facility behind The Barclay. With access restricted to members and season-ticket holders, "The Gunn Club" offers a slightly more up-market catering experience, available for hire on non-match days. The club offers facilities and features including video screens, appearances by current and former club members and (by popular demand) real ale.

Other merchandising
The 68-page match programme for Norwich City matches costs £3.

Future plans for construction
The club have, in the past, stated that they have plans to increase the capacity of the stadium should the club win promotion back to the Premier League, using the increase in funds to finance the expansion. Specifically, these plans include building a second tier on the Jarrold Stand or the Geoffrey Watling City Stand. The club have stated that the Geoffrey Watling stand has foundations designed to support a second tier, and that the roof can be removed and replaced after a second tier is added. At the time the original stand was built the inner ring road ran next to the ground, and any extensions of an upper tier outside the existing footprint of the stand would have caused planning difficulties. Since the road was re-routed in the late 1990s an extension to the stand is less likely to raise planning objections.

Other uses

International football

Carrow Road has never hosted a match involving the England national football team, but the England national under-21 football team has played at the stadium on three occasions. The first was in 1983 in a UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualifying match against Denmark national under-21 football team, which England won 4-1. The team played another qualifying match in the same tournament at the stadium in 1997, beating Greece national under-21 football team 4-2. This game saw Michael Owen's only ever appearance for the England Under-21 side, before his subsequent rise to fame in the senior national team. As part of their preparations for the 2007 finals of the European Championship tournament, the England Under-21s played Slovakia national under-21 football team in a friendly match at the ground in June 2007. England won 5-0 in front of a crowd of 20,193 people.

Games involving the England Under-19 team and the full England women's national football team have also been played at the stadium. The women's team have played there on two occasions; the first a 1-0 defeat to Nigeria women's national football team in 2002, in front of 8,000 fans, and the second a 1-0 victory over Iceland national women's football team in 2006. The latter game's attendance of 9,616 was the largest crowd that had watched a friendly game involving the women's team.

Music
The stadium has also occasionally hosted music concerts. Status Quo played a concert there in 1997. Elton John, supported by Lulu, appeared at the venue in 2005, performing what was at the time the largest concert ever to have been staged in Norwich. George Michael gave a performance there on June 12 2007, supported by Sophie Ellis-Bextor. The John and Michael concerts both attracted crowds of over 20,000 people. Andrew Cullen, the director of sales and marketing for the Carrow Road ground, told BBC Radio Norfolk prior to the George Michael performance that he hoped such concerts would become an annual summer event for the venue, if big enough star names could be attracted.

Statistics

Summary of ground records
 Attendance 43,984 Norwich City 0–2 Leicester City, FA Cup Sixth Round, 30 March 1963
 Attendance 27,091 Norwich City 1-1 Arsenal (all-seater)
 Attendance (first home game of season, all-seater) 27,036 (2015-16)
 Margin of victory
 Goals in a game

Average attendances since 2000
2014-15: 26,367 (Sky Bet Championship)
2013-14: 26,805 (Barclays Premier League)
2012-13: 26,672 (Barclays Premier League)
2011-12: 26,548 (Barclays Premier League)
2010-11: 25,386 (npower Championship)
2009-10: 24,756 (Coca-Cola League 1)
2008-09: 24,542 (Football League Championship)
2007-08: 24,527 (Coca-Cola Championship)
2006-07: 24,544 (Coca-Cola Championship)
2005-06: 24,833 (Coca-Cola Championship)
2004-05: 24,350 (Barclays Premiership)
2003-04: 18,866 (Football League First Division) (Jarrold Stand rebuilding for first half of the season)
2002-03: 20,352 (Football League First Division)
2001-02: 18,629 (Football League First Division)
2000-01: 16,525 (Football League First Division)

References

Other websites

 Norwich City Homepage
 Football Ground Guide to Carrow Road
 Satellite view of Carrow Road

Football stadiums in England
Norwich
1935 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Norfolk

Carrow Road


Hideshi Hino's Theater of Horror, also known as the Kaiki Gekijou Hexalogy, is a series of six live action Japanese horror films from Pony Canyon. Based on several manga of Hideshi Hino, the series was released theatrically in Japan in year 2004, and later released in North America in 2006.

Movie list
Although it is six-film horror series, the movies have no form of continuity, canon, or connection between them.

The Boy From Hell (Jigoku Kozou)

Setsu has recently lost her child, Daio in a tragic accident. Soon after, she meets a mysterious old woman who says she can resurrect Setsu's son. Daio revives, however he is half-decomposed and inhuman. In order for Daio to become whole again, he needs fresh human organs. Setsu goes to great limits to help her son, but the boy becomes a monster. A murder spree ensues, getting the attention of a local detective. Directed by Mari Asato. The cast includes Mirai Yamamoto, Mitsuru Akaboshi, Baku Numata, and Hanae Shouji.

Dead Girl Walking
Sayuri is pronounced "dead" on a hospital table, yet her body continues to function. Her wounds continue to fester, and her skin begins to rot. Discovering this, her family begins to despise her. With the home reeking of rotted flesh, the family decides to confront Sayuri. Escaping home, she get captured by a circus owner, and is forced into freak show entertainment. Running away from the circus, she heads to the lonely hills, thinking she has managed to escape... Directed by Kōji Shiraishi.

Lizard Baby
A horror screenwriter, named Umeki, has writer's block. But after going with his pregnant wife, Akiko to a check-up, he gets an idea – a horror story about a woman giving birth to a reptile! Akiko is disgusted with the idea, but Umeki develops the screenplay, which the critics are pleased with. Unfortunately, life imitates art, as Akiko gives birth to a half-human, half-lizard son. Umeki slowly slips into a downward spiral, as his wife cuddles the lizard child. Directed by Yoshihiro Nakamura. The cast includes Kurume Arisaka, Mansaku Ikeuchi, Matomu Onda and Yoshie Ootsuka.

The Ravaged House: Zoroku's Disease (Tadareta Ie: Zoroku no Kibyo)
In a rural village, there lives a man named Zoroku, with his sister, Haruko. All is well until one day, Zoroku becomes infected with a bizarre disease that blisters his skin and deforms his body. Fearing the reactions of the townspeople, his parents lock him in the house. Unfortunately, the village chief sees him, and soon, Zoroku and Haruko are mistreated by everyone in the village. Unable to watch Haruko suffer any longer, the parents decide to end Zoroku's misery themselves. Haruko tries to save her brother, and they leave home, but what comes afterward? Directed by Kazuyoshi Kumakiri.

The Doll Cemetery
Out of curiosity, Nanami and Daisuke decide to join their high school's Occult Research Club. The odd group is a handful of weirdos and the group's leader, Shiratori, who purportedly has supernatural powers.  They are currently investigating a 'curse' surrounding a student who committed suicide last year. An old doll found in the back of her closet may hold a clue.  Daisuke is freaked out, whereas Nanami is intrigued, until she is possessed by the same spirit of the 'Doll' that drove the student to suicide.  The group decides to investigate a cryptic spot called 'The Doll Cemetery', a wretched graveyard with piles upon piles of discarded mannequins and stuffed animals. Sensing intruders, the 'dead' dolls suddenly come to life. 'You won't leave here alive!' Nanami and the group desperately fight off ghoulish toy clowns and zombie dolls. But what awaits them was far worse.

Death Train
All set to enjoy their day off, three high school friends, Yukino, Asako, and Natsu, board a seemingly normal train, when suddenly, a deafening sound and a flash of light envelop them.  But the three arrive at school the next day as if nothing happened. And yet, something is not right.  They see oddly familiar faces, their families are out of sync and they are chased by strange men in black. Plagued by these nightmarish sensations, Yukino flees, only to find herself in front of the amusement park they were heading to on that fateful train ride.  Slumping to the ground, Yukino comes to a strange realization:  They are stuck between nightmare and reality, between the walls of two worlds that are closing in on them. But which world is real?

External links
 Listal.com
 MidNight Eye

2004 films
2004 horror films
Fiction about murder
Films directed by Mari Asato
Films directed by Yoshihiro Nakamura
Hexalogies
Horror film series
Japanese horror anthology films
2000s Japanese-language films
Live-action films based on manga
Trains in fiction
2000s Japanese films

Hideshi Hino's Theater of Horror


SAE Online, formerly SAE Graduate college or International Graduate College, is the trade name of SAE Alumni GmbH, an unaccredited, distance learning, proprietary, for-profit higher education company located in Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany. It provides post graduate courses in Creative Media Industries, as well as several other professional skills courses (short courses) taught by non academic staff.

The university has no campus and no professors. Candidates for a degree are usually required to discuss a project. The school issues unaccredited Master's and even PhDs («Online Graduate College provides post graduate courses from Masters to Doctorate»).

See also
 Educational accreditation
 SAE Institute

References

External links
 SAE Graduate College

For-profit universities and colleges in Europe
Distance education institutions based in Germany
Unaccredited institutions of higher learning

SAE Online


Chania is a Greek city which is the capital of Chania prefecture. It is in the west of Crete. 55,838 people live there. Chania has an important port which connects Chania with the port of Piraeus.

History
Chania had an significant development from 13th century till 17th century. Then it was under Venetian rule. After the Venetians, ruled the Ottomans until 1912. This year Crete was liberated and it is united with Greece.

Cities in Greece

Chania


Alexander Nikolayevich Sokurov, PAR (; born 14 June 1951) is a Russian filmmaker. His most significant works include a feature film, Russian Ark (2002), filmed in a single unedited shot, and Faust (2011), which was honoured with the Golden Lion, the highest prize for the best film at the Venice Film Festival.

Life and work
Sokurov was born in Podorvikha, Irkutsky District, in Siberia, into a military officer's family. He graduated from the History Department of the Nizhny Novgorod University in 1974 and entered one of the VGIK studios the following year. There he became friends with Tarkovsky and was deeply influenced by his film Mirror. Most of Sokurov's early features were banned by Soviet authorities. During his early period, he produced numerous documentaries, including The Dialogues with Solzhenitsyn and a reportage about Grigori Kozintsev's flat in Saint Petersburg. His film Mournful Unconcern was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 37th Berlin International Film Festival in 1987.

Mother and Son (1997) was his first internationally acclaimed feature film. It was entered into the 20th Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Special Silver St. George. It was mirrored by Father and Son (2003), which baffled the critics with its implicit homoeroticism (though Sokurov himself has criticized this particular interpretation). Susan Sontag included two Sokurov features among her ten favorite films of the 1990s, saying: "There's no director active today whose films I admire as much." In 2006, he received the Master of Cinema Award of the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg.

Sokurov is a Cannes Film Festival regular, with four of his movies having debuted there. However, until 2011, Sokurov didn't win top awards at major international festivals. For a long time, his most commercially and critically successful film was the semi-documentary Russian Ark (2002), acclaimed primarily for its visually hypnotic images and single unedited shot.

Sokurov has filmed a tetralogy exploring the corrupting effects of power. The first three installments were dedicated to prominent 20th-century rulers: Moloch (1999), about Hitler, Taurus (2001), about Lenin, and The Sun (2005) about Hirohito. In 2011, Sokurov shot the last part of the series, Faust, a retelling of Goethe's tragedy. The film, depicting instincts and schemes of Faust in his lust for power, premiered on 8 September 2011 in competition at the 68th Venice International Film Festival. The film won the Golden Lion, the highest award of the Venice Festival. Producer Andrey Sigle said about Faust: "The film has no particular relevance to contemporary events in the worldit is set in the early 19th centurybut reflects Sokurov's enduring attempts to understand man and his inner forces."

The military world of the former USSR is one of Sokurov's ongoing interests, because of his personal connections to the subject and because the military marked the lives of a large part of population of the USSR. Three of his works, Spiritual Voices: From the Diaries of a War, Confession, From the Commander's Diary and Soldier's Dream revolve around military life. Confession has been screened at several independent film festivals, while the other two are virtually unknown.

In 1994 Sokurov accompanied Russian troops to a post on the Tajikistan-Afghanistan border. The result was Spiritual Voices: From the Diaries of a War, a 327-minute cinematic meditation on the war and the spirit of the Russian army. Landscape photography is featured in the film, but the music (including works by Mozart, Messiaen and Beethoven) and the sound are also particularly important. Soldiers' jargon and the combination of animal sounds, sighs and other location sounds in the fog and other visual effects give the film a phantasmagorical feel. The film brings together all the elements that characterize Sokurov's films: long takes, elaborate filming and image processing methods, a mix of documentary and fiction, the importance of the landscape and the sense of a filmmaker who brings transcendence to everyday gestures.

On the journey from Russia to the border post, in the film, fear never leaves the faces of the young soldiers. Sokurov captures their physical toil and their mental desolation, as well as daily rituals such as meals, sharing tobacco, writing letters and cleaning duties. There is no start or end to the dialogues; Sokurov negates conventional narrative structure. The final part of the film celebrates the arrival of the New Year, 1995, but the happiness is fleeting. The following day, everything remains the same: the endless waiting at a border post, the fear and the desolation.

In Confession: From the Commander's Diary, Sokurov films officers from the Russian Navy, showing the monotony and lack of freedom of their everyday lives. The dialogue allows us to follow the reflections of a Ship Commander. Sokurov and his crew went aboard a naval patrol ship headed for Kuvshinka, a naval base in the Murmansk region, in the Barents Sea. Confined within the limited space of a ship anchored in Arctic waters, the team filmed the sailors as they went about their routine activities.

Soldier's Dream is another Sokurov film that deals with military themes. It contains no dialogue. This film actually came out of the material edited for one of the scenes in part three of Spiritual Voices. Soldier's Dream was screened at the Oberhausen Film Festival in Germany in 1995when Spiritual Voices was still at the editing stageas Sokurov's homage to the art critic and historian Hans Schlegel, in acknowledgement of his contributions in support of Eastern European filmmakers.

He suffers from severe eyesight problems.

Studio

In 2010 Sokurov launched his personal course at the Kabardino-Balkarian State University in Nalchik. In 2015, 12 students graduated from his course, among them were such rising starts of cinema, as Kantemir Balagov, Vladimir Bitokov, Kira Kovalenko, and Alexander Zolotukhin.

Political stance

During a December 2016 meeting of the Council for Culture and Arts, Sokurov appealed to President Vladimir Putin to reconsider the verdict against filmmaker Oleg Sentsov (which Putin refused).

In 2022, Sokurov criticized Kremlin and opposed the war in Ukraine. For this, in June 2022 he was denied the right to leave Russia.

In October 2023, Sokurov's film Fairytale was banned in Russia. No specific reason was given, only subparagraph "zh" of the rules on the issuance of release certificates was cited: "in other cases determined by federal laws." Sokurov emphasized that censorship is prohibited in Russia and no one has the right to restrict the Russian audience's access to works of art. "Because the movie has already been shown and is being shown all over the world," he said.

Filmography

Feature films

Other works
The Degraded (Разжалованный, 1980)
Sonata for Viola. Dmitri Shostakovitch (1981)
Empire (Ампир, 1986)
Elegy (1986)
And Nothing More (1987)
Evening Sacrifice (1987)
Patience of Labour (1987)
Maria (Peasant Elegy) (1988)
Moscow Elegy (1988)
Sonata for Hitler (1989)
Soviet Elegy (1989)
Petersburg Elegy (1990)
To The Events In Transcaucasia (1990)
A Simple Elegy (1990)
A Retrospection of Leningrad (1957–1990) (1990)
An Example of Intonation (1991)
Elegy from Russia (1992)
Soldier's Dream (1995)
Spiritual Voices (1995)
Oriental Elegy (1996)
Robert. A Fortunate Life (1997)
A Humble Life (1997)
The St. Petersburg Diary: Inauguration of a monument to Dostoevsky (1997)
The St. Petersburg Diary: Kosintsev's Flat (1998)
Confession (1998)
The Dialogues with Solzhenitsyn (1998)
dolce… (1999)
Elegy of a Voyage (2001)
The St. Petersburg Diary: Mozart. Requiem (2004)
Elegy of a life: Rostropovich, Vishnevskaya (2006)

Awards
 Locarno International Film Festival, Bronze Leopard (The Lonely Voice of Man, 1987)
 Moscow International Film Festival, FIPRESCI Award (out of competition, The Lonely Voice of Man, 1987)
 Berlin International Film Festival, Award of the Forum special programme (Days of Eclipse, 1989)
 International Film Festival Rotterdam, FIPRESCI Award, KNF Award (Elegy, A Simple Elegy, 1991)
 State Prize of the Russian Federation (Mother and Son, 1997)
 State Prize of the Russian Federation (Moloch, Taurus, 2001)
 Russian Guild of Film Critics Prize for Best Director (Taurus, 2001)
 Nika Award for Best Director and Best Picture (Taurus, 2001)
 Toronto International Film Festival, IFC Vision Award (Russian Ark, 2002)
 São Paulo International Film Festival, Special Award for Lifetime Achievements (2002)
 Cannes Film Festival, FIPRESCI Award (Father and Son, 2003)
 Argentine Film Critics Association, The Silver Condor Award (Russian Ark, 2004)
 Yerevan International Film Festival, Golden Apricot for Best Picture (The Sun, 2005)
 Locarno International Film Festival, Leopard of Honour for Lifetime Achievements (2006)
 Venice Film Festival, Robert Bresson Award for spiritual search and promotion of human culture (2007)
 Venice Film Festival, Golden Lion for Best Picture (Faust, 2011)
 FEST, Belgrade Winner Award for his lifetime contribution to the art of film (2015)
 International Film Festival of Kerala, Lifetime Achievement Award for his lifetime contribution to world cinema (2017)

References

Sources
The Cinema of Alexander Sokurov (Kino – The Russian Cinema), ed. by Birgit Beumers and Nancy Condee, London: Tauris I B, 2011

External links

 Sokurov's home page

 The Island of Sokurov  Stephen M. Norris, Russia Beyond the Headlines, 23 December 2009

1951 births
Living people
People from Irkutsk Oblast
Soviet film directors
Russian film directors
Soviet screenwriters
20th-century Russian screenwriters
Russian male screenwriters
20th-century Russian male writers
Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography alumni
German-language film directors
Directors of Golden Lion winners
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Recipients of the Nika Award
People's Artists of Russia
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Academicians of the Russian Academy of Cinema Arts and Sciences "Nika"
Russian activists against the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Alexander Sokurov


The Daewoo Tico is a city car produced by the Korean automaker GM Daewoo from 1991 to 2001 and from 1996 to 2008 from the Egyptian Speranza.

The Tico was based on the 1988 Suzuki Alto. The car was equipped with a three-cylinder  796 cc S-TEC ingine an had a five-speed manual transmission or three-speed automatic transmission. The Tico was exported to Europe, mainly to eastern markets. It was hichtlie popular in six countries as: Romanie, Bulgarie, Macedonie, Poland an Czech Republic.  It was an aa exportit tae Latin Americae whaur it an aa was named Daewoo Fino for some markets. It was especially popular in Peru.

Daewoo expanded to Western Europe at the beginning o 1995, but the Tico was never sauld in ony o thir markets, awtho its successor (the Matiz) wis launched thare in 1998 an went on tae be a great sales success.

Ower its years o production, the Tico haes seen serious modifications, maistly tae the ingine. Oreeginally equipped wi a carburetor (47 bhp), it wis later upgradit tae fuel injection, sicweys reachin Euro 2 pollution standard. Injection gae an increase o pouer. Some versions o the Tico in the Korean domestic mercat wur pouered on liquefied petroleum gas.

Daewoo assembled the Tico at the auld Oltcit factory in Romanie, an at the FSO factory in Poland.

In 2000, the Tico wis replaced wi a new caur, the Daewoo Matiz. The Tico wis sauld alangside the Matiz till 2001.

Tico
Ceety caurs
Vehicles introduced in 1991

Daewoo Tico


The Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) is a group of over 400 European scientists and software engineers formed with the objective to design, develop and execute the data processing system for ESA's ambitious Gaia space astrometry mission. It was formally formed in June 2006 by European scientists, with the initial goal of answering an Announcement of Opportunity to be issued by ESA before the end of that year.  At a meeting in Paris on 24–25 May 2007, ESA's Science Programme Committee (SPC) approved the DPAC proposal submitted in response to the Announcement of Opportunity for the Gaia data processing. The proposal describes a complete data processing system capable of handling the full size and complexity of the Gaia data within the mission schedule. Following the SPC approval, the DPAC is officially responsible for all Gaia data processing activities.

On 1 January 2010, DPAC comprises 430 members coming from 24 European countries, with the largest contributions coming from France, Italy, United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, Spain and Switzerland. The consortium is organized around a set of nine Coordination Units (CUs), eight being each in charge of a particular aspect of the processing, and the last one being in charge of the publication of the Catalogue.

References

External links
DPAC
Gaia

European Space Agency
Technology consortia

Data Processing and Analysis Consortium


Karl Leopold Escherich (18 September 1871 – 22 November 1951) was a German entomologist and professor of zoology. Known as a pioneer of applied entomology and expert in termites, he was rector of the University of Munich from 1933 to 1936.

Escherich was born in Schwandorf, Bavaria, to parents Hermann N. Escherich and Katharina von Stengel. His older brother Georg Escherich would become a noted forester and politician.

He studied medicine in Munich and Würzburg, graduating in 1893. After gaining his postdoctoral qualification in Strasbourg in 1901, he received a professorship at the Department of Forest Zoology in Tharandt in 1907, which had been orphaned since the death of Hinrich Nitsche. In 1914 he joined the Chair of Applied Zoology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, where he succeeded August Pauly. In 1917 he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

After a 1911 trip to the United States, he conceived a plan to redesign applied entomology in Germany after the American model. In 1913 he co-founded the German Society for Applied Entomology.

Karl Escherich was one of the few forestry academics who took part in the early Hitler movement of the inflation period. He joined the Nazi Party in 1921, and participated in the 1923 Munich Putsch. In 1924, he still participated in the election campaign for the "Volkischer Block", but remained remote from the new NSDAP.

For his research, Karl Escherich received the Goethe Medal for Art and Science.

To commemorate its founder, the German Society for Applied Entomology awards the Escherich Medal for outstanding achievements in the field of entomology.

References

External links

1871 births
1951 deaths
German entomologists
People from Schwandorf (district)

Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch

Karl Escherich


Frieda Rapoport Caplan (August 10, 1923 — January 18, 2020) was an American businesswoman who was the founder of Frieda's Inc., a specialty produce company in Los Alamitos, California. She created the specialty produce industry in the United States and revolutionized the fresh produce industry.

Early life
Caplan was born Frieda Rapoport in downtown Los Angeles on August 10, 1923. Her parents, Solomon and Rose Yanowa Rapoport, were Jewish Russian immigrants. She was raised in Highland Park. Her father worked for a clothing manufacturer as a pattern cutter, and her mother was a homemaker.  She attended UCLA, where she earned a bachelor's degree in Economics and Political Science in 1945. Caplan never learned to cook.

Career
Caplan worked in a law office and a nylon factory before the birth of her first child. In 1955 she had her first child and was looking for a job with flexible hours that allowed her to breastfeed. Relatives of her husband managed a produce company, Giumarra Brothers, that sold at the Los Angeles Wholesale Produce Market. They hired her as a bookkeeper, despite her lack of bookkeeping and produce knowledge. When they left for a vacation shortly afterward, they asked her to take charge on the market floor.

In the 1950s, most grocery store produce aisles carried a very limited selection of produce. According to Cynthia Graber and Nicola Twilley of Gastropod, they might include only a single type of apple, lettuce and onion. According to Caplan, there were "sixty items at the most" in a produce department. In 2020, according to Graber and Twilley, there were approximately 130 produce items generally available. The New York Times noted that as late as the mid-1970s, avocados and Belgian endive were considered exotic. On the first day Caplan worked on the market floor, she saw some unsold portobello mushrooms and started trying to sell them. Most of the produce buyers for local groceries were not interested in this exotic version, as most US produce aisles carried only the immature form of the mushroom, known as white button mushrooms. One buyer, however, said he could use them for a Thanksgiving ad. According to the Los Angeles Times, "his order was massive, and they didn't have enough in stock to fill his request." Caplan sought out the mushrooms, and found workers at a local mushroom farm packing them. She offered to help and obtained enough mushrooms to fill the order. According to her daughter, Karen Caplan, she was eventually "credited with launching and promoting the California fresh brown mushroom market."

Caplan was not particularly interested in food or produce, and she did not cook, but she enjoyed interacting with people and promoting. She began to work on the market floor more frequently. She talked with the small growers at the market—mainly small farmers—about what they were growing. Most of them primarily grew what would sell well at the market to grocery buyers, but many of them also sold items that grew particularly well in their area, that they liked, or that were used in their culture's cuisine. They had a hard time selling these items at the produce market. Since most grocery stores were not carrying them, grocery buyers were not buying them. Caplan told the Orange Country Register in 2015, "The other people on the market were only interested in high-volume items. Small farmers had no place to go. Nobody was interested. So I started listening to all these small farmers." When farmers approached buyers with unusual fruits or vegetables, they were told to talk to Caplan.

In the early 1960s, premises next door to Giumarra Brothers became vacant. Encouraged by the market's landlord, Southern Pacific Railroad, Caplan took over the spot. Her father had to co-sign a loan for her to start her business; typically at the time, women in the US were unable to apply for credit themselves. She was then the only woman working the floor of the market, and according to Entrepreneur, the first woman to "launch, own and operate a wholesale business in the male-dominated US produce industry." She opened the business on April 2, 1962, and began by selling "four or five" items and became "the go-to distributor for anyone offering something unusual."

Kiwifruit
In 1962, her first year doing business as Frieda's Specialty Produce, she began promoting kiwifruit, then known by the "offputting name" of Chinese gooseberry. An importer approached her and the other produce wholesalers in the market about selling it; Caplan was the only one to say yes. The fruit was unattractive and sold very slowly. Growers in New Zealand began to call the fruit "kiwifruit" in 1959, and Caplan started selling it by that name. She recruited local chefs to create dishes with the fruit and gave out samples on the market floor. She sold the idea of carrying the fruit to the president of the Alpha Beta grocery chain by serving him and his produce supervisors a lunch featuring several courses of kiwifruit dishes. At the time, marketing fruit was a revolutionary idea. The kiwifruit was the first totally new fruit since the banana to be introduced in the US for 90 years. Caplan sold  of kiwifruit in 1962. Kiwifruit became a news story, and by 1986 it was carried in 84% of the nation's supermarkets. Because Caplan was so closely associated with its popularity, food editors started referring to her as "the Queen of Kiwi". The kiwi established her reputation, and growers and importers from outside the market starting contacting her. In 1985 The New York Times called the marketing and promotion of the kiwifruit "her greatest claim to fame".

By the 1970s, Caplan had a sales team who were all women. She had a regular spot on local television giving "market reports to consumers". By 1979 she was selling 130 specialty produce items.

Packaging and promoting
Caplan was known for her inventiveness at packaging and promoting unusual produce and being willing to take risks with profits. The Los Angeles Times said she revolutionized the industry. In 2020, The New York Times credited her with coming up with the idea of packaging and labeling produce with use information and advice on storing and labeling. After selling an order containing both root ginger and Jerusalem artichokes, which Mimi Sheraton credited Caplan for branding "sunchokes", she received a complaint that customers, produce department managers, and grocery cashiers could not tell them apart, and that the sunchokes' shelf life was too short. She started packaging the sunchokes in  plastic bags to identify them and to improve shelf life, with a recipe attached, an approach which was unheard of at the time. According to Karen Caplan, "six times as many sunchokes were sold because my mom put them in a package".  According to Graber and Twilley, "this was the first real label" and the first packaged produce. According to Caplan, it "stunned the industry", because except for Sunkist's stamping the word "Sunkist" on oranges, there had "never been any labelling or packaging" in the fresh produce industry. They started packing other produce with labels that identified the item, explained where it was from and how to tell if it was ripe, and gave contact details for Frieda's Specialty Produce. They were "flooded" with hundreds of letters each week, many of which asked how to use the product, and decided to start adding recipes to the labels, many of which were developed by Karen Caplan, who was by this time working full time for her mother.

In the mid-1970s Frieda's introduced sugar snap peas, but grocery buyers did not understand the product which is an edible-pod sweet pea. They contacted the food writer for The Baltimore Sun, who wrote a story about the "totally edible sweet pea" and put it on the front page of the food section. In 1979 she told Mimi Sheraton it was not the consumer but  "the retailer who is afraid to try anything new. When we pioneer a new item, we are willing to take a small markup to get it introduced. Then when it catches on we realize a better profit."

At one point Caplan, worried about whether it was possible to run out of new products to introduce and contacted a horticultural expert, who told her there were between 20,000 and 80,000 edible species and that only around 200 had ever been commercially developed. Caplan retired in 1990 but as of 2012 still worked full time as chairman of the board. In 1995 she appeared on the David Letterman Show. A 2015 documentary about her career, Fear No Fruit, was produced by Cinetic.

Legacy and recognition
According to The New York Times, Caplan "[broadened] the choices available to American consumers by importing products from South America, Australia, Asia and elsewhere. She taught retailers how to store and promote them and buyers how to prepare them." In 2015, Entrepreneur said that Caplan "forever changed the American produce landscape, and our palates by extension, by ushering edible oddities out of obscurity and into the mainstream." In 2020, The New York Times credited her with the idea of packaging and labeling produce. The Washington Post said she whetted "the American appetite for dozens of once-rare fruits and vegetables that today are commonplace in groceries, kitchens and restaurants." The Los Angeles Times noted that she "broke the glass ceiling in the testosterone-doused produce world and forever changed the way Americans eat fruits and vegetables" and credited her with creating the specialty produce industry in the US, saying that she "almost singlehandedly created fruit and vegetable trends". University of California Cooperative Extension advisor Ben Faber, who works with specialty crops, said, "She changed our eating habits." In 1990 the Los Angeles Times named her, along with Steve Jobs and Jane Fonda, among a dozen Californians who "shaped American businesses in the 1980s." The Wall Street Journal said she "spawned today's culinary daredevils".

Caplan was named an Outstanding California Woman in Business in 1987. UCLA gave her a Professional Achievement Award. She was the first woman awarded a Produce Man of the Year award from The Packer, the newspaper of the fresh produce industry, and refused to accept it until it was renamed to Produce Marketer of the Year. Cal Poly-San Luis Obispo awarded her an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters. United Fresh Produce Association gave her a Lifetime Achievement Award. The National Association of Women Business Owners gave her a Legacy Award, Working Woman magazine gave her their first Harriet Alger Award for Entrepreneurship and the Produce Marketing Association gave her a Women's Catalyst Award in 2019.

Frieda's Specialty Produce

According to The New York Times, an endorsement from Frieda's represents "a game-changer" for growers.

Caplan's daughters, Karen and Jackie, took over the business after her retirement. The business is now called Frieda's Inc. As of 2020, Frieda's was "basically where all the new fruits and vegetables on our supermarket shelves come from", according to Graber and Twilley. The company no longer deals in kiwifruit; it is no longer considered specialty produce. According to Graber and Twilley, Frieda's is "ground zero" for growers of a new-to-the-US produce item. The company buys products from American farmers and from importers.

The company's introductions to supermarket produce departments, in addition to kiwifruit, sugar snap peas and Jerusalem artichokes, include: jicama, blood oranges, guavas, shallots, Belgian endive, red seedless grapes, passion fruit, star fruit, jackfruit, many chili peppers including habaneros, Asian pears, many squashes including spaghetti squash, Meyer lemons, and fresh herbs.

By 2018 Frieda's had 75 full-time employees and 110 part-time. As of January 2020 the company's annual sales are US$60 million.

Personal life
Caplan married Alfred Hale Caplan, a labor relations consultant, in 1951. They had two daughters, Karen and Jackie. Caplan's husband died in 1998. At age 95 she became a vegan. Caplan died January 18, 2020, in Los Alamitos at the age of 96.

References

1923 births
2020 deaths
Rossmoor, California
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
People from Los Alamitos, California
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American women in business
Jewish women in business
21st-century American women

Frieda Rapoport Caplan


A sigma bond (σ bond) is a type of chemical bond. It is the strongest one of the covalent type. In a sigma bond, the atomic orbitals from two atoms which are nearby go one on top of each other. This is different from a pi bond where they touch sideways. This is why a sigma bond is stronger. Sigma bonds can involve s, p, d or f orbitals. They must however be of the right symmetry to be able to form the bond.

Since the σ bond is strong, the bonding orbital is low in energy. This also means that the antibonding orbital σ* is high in energy.

References

Sigma bond


Christianity is the predominant religion in Georgia. The wide variety of peoples inhabiting Georgia has meant a correspondingly rich array of active religions in the country.

Overview

The most recent census in 2014 showed that most of the population in Georgia practiced Orthodox Christianity, primarily in the Georgian Orthodox Church, whose faithful make up 83.4% of the population. Around 2.9% of the population followed the Armenian Apostolic Church (Oriental Orthodoxy), almost all of which are ethnic Armenians. Adherents of Islam made up 10.7% of the population and are mainly found in the Adjara and Kvemo Kartli regions and as a sizeable minority in Tbilisi. Catholics of the Armenian and Latin churches made up around 0.8% of the population and were mainly found in the south of Georgia and a small number in Tbilisi. Protestants also made up less than 1%. There was also a sizeable Jewish community in Tbilisi served by two synagogues.

The Georgian Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church is one of the world's most ancient Christian Churches, founded in the 1st century by the Apostle Andrew the First Called. In the first half of the 4th century Christianity was adopted as the state religion. This has provided a strong sense of national identity that has helped to preserve a national Georgian identity, despite repeated periods of foreign occupation and attempted assimilation.

Georgia has a long history of religious harmony within its borders despite the historical conflicts with the surrounding nations. Different religious minorities have lived in Georgia for thousands of years and religious discrimination is virtually unknown in the country. Jewish communities exist throughout the country, with major concentrations in the two largest cities, Tbilisi and Kutaisi. Azerbaijani groups have practiced Islam in Georgia for centuries, as have Adjarians and some of the Abkhazians concentrated in their respective autonomous republics. The Armenian Apostolic Church, whose doctrine differs in some ways from that of Georgian Orthodoxy, has autocephalous status.

Religious demography
The country has a total area of approximately , and a population () of 3.7 million people.

In 2020, 85.84% of the population adhered to Christianity (mainly Orthodox), 11% were Muslim, 0.1% were Jewish, 0.04% were Baha'i and 3% had no religious beliefs.  Other religious groups include Jehovah's Witnesses and Yazidis. Orthodox churches serving other non-Georgian ethnic groups, such as Russians and Greeks, are subordinate to the Georgian Orthodox Church. Non-Georgian Orthodox Churches generally use the language of their communicants.

In addition, there are a small number of mostly ethnic Russian believers from two dissenter Christian movements: the ultra-Orthodox Old Believers, and the Spiritual Christians (the Molokans and the Doukhobors). The majority of these groups have left the country since the mid-1980s.

Under  Soviet rule (1921-1990), the number of active churches and priests declined sharply and religious education became nearly nonexistent. Membership in the Georgian Orthodox Church has increased markedly since independence in 1991. The church maintains 4 theological seminaries, 2 academies, several schools, and 27 church dioceses; it has 700 priests, 250 monks, and 150 nuns. The Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Ilia II, with his seat in Tbilisi, heads the  Church.

Several religions, including the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Catholic Church, Judaism, and Islam, traditionally have coexisted with Georgian Orthodoxy. A large number of Armenians live in the southern Javakheti region, in which they constitute a majority of the population. Islam is prevalent among Azerbaijani and north Caucasus ethnic communities in the eastern part of the country and also is found in the regions of Adjara and Abkhazia.

Judaism, which has been present since ancient times, is practiced in a number of communities throughout the country, especially in the largest cities, Tbilisi and Kutaisi. Approximately 8,000 Jews remain in the country, following two large waves of emigration, the first in the early 1970s and the second in the period of perestroika during the late 1980s. Before then, Jewish officials estimate, Georgia had as many as 100,000 Jews. There also are small numbers of Lutheran worshippers, mostly among descendants of German communities that first settled in the country from 1817. A small number of the ethno-religious group of the  Yezidis have lived in the country for centuries.

Christianity

According to Orthodox tradition, Christianity was first preached in Georgia by the Apostles Simon and Andrew in the 1st century. It became the state religion of Kartli (Iberia) in 337. The conversion of Kartli to Christianity  is credited to St. Nino of Cappadocia. The Georgian Orthodox Church, originally part of the Church of Antioch, gained its autocephaly and developed its doctrinal specificity progressively between the 5th and 10th centuries. The Bible was also translated into Georgian in the 5th century, as the Georgian alphabet was developed for that purpose. As was true elsewhere, the Christian church in Georgia was crucial to the development of a written language, and most of the earliest written works were religious texts. From the first centuries C.E., the cult of Mithras, pagan beliefs, and Zoroastrianism were commonly practiced in Georgia.

Christianity gradually replaced all the former religions except Zoroastrianism, which became somewhat of a second established religion in Iberia after the Peace of Acilisene in 378, which placed Georgians permanently on the front line of conflict between the Islamic and Christian worlds. Georgians remained mostly Christian despite repeated invasions by Muslim powers, and long episodes of foreign domination. After Georgia was annexed by the Russian Empire, the Russian Orthodox Church took over the Georgian church in 1811.

The Georgian church regained its autocephaly only when Russian rule ended in 1917. The Soviet regime that ruled Georgia from 1921 did not consider revitalization of the Georgian church an important goal, however. Soviet rule brought severe purges of the Georgian church hierarchy and frequent repression of Orthodox worship. As elsewhere in the Soviet Union, many churches were destroyed or converted into secular buildings. This history of repression encouraged the incorporation of religious identity into the strong nationalist movement and the quest of Georgians for religious expression outside the official, government-controlled church. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, opposition leaders, especially Zviad Gamsakhurdia, criticized corruption in the church hierarchy. After Ilia II became the patriarch (catholicos) of the Georgian Orthodox Church in the late 1970s, Georgian Orthodoxy experienced a revival. In 1988 Moscow permitted the patriarch to begin consecrating and reopening closed churches, and a large-scale restoration process began. The Georgian Orthodox Church has regained much power and full independence from the state since the restoration of Georgia's independence in 1991. It is not a state religion, but its special status is recognized by the Concordat of 2002.

Apart from the Georgian Orthodox Church, Christianity in Georgia is represented by followers of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Russian Orthodox Church, and a Georgian Catholic Church which mostly follows either the Latin Rite or the Armenian rite.

A 2015 study estimates some 1,300 Christian believers from a Muslim background in the country, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.

Islam

Islam in Georgia was introduced in 645 AD during the reign of third Caliph of Islam, Uthman. During this period, Tbilisi (al-Tefelis) grew into a center of trade between the Islamic world and northern Europe. Islam's history continued in Georgia throughout the late 14th and early 15th centuries with Timur's invasions of Georgia and during the 16th and early 19th centuries, the Iranians (Safavids, Afsharids, Qajars) and Ottomans commanded influence in the region until its annexation by Russia in 1801. In 1703, Vakhtang VI became the ruler of the kingdom of Kartli and he embraced Islam. Other notable Georgian Muslims from that era include David XI of Kartli,  Jesse of Kakheti and Simon II of Kartli.

Muslims constitute 9.9%, or 463,062 of the Georgian population. The ethnic Georgian Muslims are predominantly Sunni and living in Adjara near the border with Turkey. The ethnic Azerbaijani Muslims are mostly Shia, and live near the border between Azerbaijan and Armenia. The Parliament of Georgia passed a law in July 2011 to allow religious minority groups with "historic ties to Georgia" to register with the government, with a focus on Islam and four other religions. The draft of the law specifically mentions Islam and four other religious communities.

Judaism

The Jews have a history in Georgia extending back over 2000 years. Today there is a small Jewish community in the country (3,541 according to the 2002 census), although the Jewish population was over 100,000 as recently as the 1970s. Especially following the collapse of the Soviet Union, almost all of the country's Jews have left, mainly to Israel. The majority of Georgia's remaining Jews today live in Tbilisi and are served by its two synagogues. Because the size of the community is now so small, and for economic reasons, the two congregations are now housed on two storeys of one of the formerly separate synagogues.

Bahá'í Faith

The history of the Bahá'í Faith in Georgia begins with its arrival in the region in 1850 through its association with the precursor religion the Bábí Faith during the lifetime of Bahá'u'lláh. During the period of Soviet policy of religious oppression, the Bahá'ís in the Soviet Republics lost contact with the Bahá'ís elsewhere. However, in 1963 an individual was identified in Tbilisi. Following Perestroika the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly in Georgia formed in 1991 and Georgian Bahá'ís elected their first National Spiritual Assembly in 1995. The religion is noted as growing in Georgia.

Religious freedom

The Georgian Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice. Citizens generally do not interfere with traditional religious groups; however, there have been reports of violence and discrimination against nontraditional religious groups.

In 2023, the country was scored 2 out of 4 for religious freedom. It was noted that religious minorities have reported discrimination and that members of the clergy have been surveilled by the SSS.

See also

 Secularism and Irreligion in Georgia
 Religion in Abkhazia

References

Further reading
 Charles, Robia: "Religiosity in Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 20
 Baramidze, Ruslan: "Ethnic Georgian Muslims: A Comparison of Highland and Lowland Villages" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 20

Religion in Georgia (country)


Laopteryx is the name assigned to a pterosaur (flying reptile) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, United States; it was originally thought to be a bird.

The genus was named in 1881 by Othniel Charles Marsh. The generic name is derived from Greek laas, "stone", and pteryx, "wing". The full species name given by Marsh was Laopteryx priscum; the specific name meaning "of venerable age" in Latin. However, Marsh incorrectly used the neuter form, while pteryx is feminine in Greek. (See grammatical gender.) This was in the 19th century emended to an, also incorrect, masculine priscus and in 1971 by Pierce Brodkorb to prisca.

A partial skull, holotype YPM 1800, was discovered in Quarry 9 at Como Bluff. It consists of a piece from the hind portion of the cranium. There is also a single tooth, found near the skull and referred to the type. Marsh identified it as a bird, about the size of a heron, of the family Archaeopterygidae within the Odontornithes. As such it would have been one of the oldest known and the only one of that age then discovered in America. Only a century later would another possible Archaeopteryx - type bird be described from North America: Palaeopteryx, also from the Upper Jurassic of the US. This has been identified as a dinosaur but may more precisely have been an archaeopterygid; however, all that can be told from the single known specimen is that it was probably a more general eumaniraptoran. The fossil record of Mesozoic birds mainly consists of Eurasian rather than American Laurasian forms.

During most of the 20th century the identification by Marsh was generally doubted but the limited remains generated little interest. In 1986 however, the fossil was restudied by John Ostrom who concluded that Laopteryx was a pterosaur. There were some indications it belonged to the Pterodactyloidea but Ostrom, in view of the lack of information, limited his determination to a more general Pterosauria incertae sedis. Of the tooth he thought it likely belonged to some crocodylomorph. The name is also regarded as a nomen dubium, because the fragmentary remains are not sufficiently diagnostic to refer future other fossils to it.

See also

 List of pterosaur genera
 Timeline of pterosaur research

References

External links
 The Pterosaur Database (pdf)

Pterosaurs
Late Jurassic pterosaurs of North America
Morrison fauna
Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
Fossil taxa described in 1881

Laopteryx


Hannu Aravirta (born 26 March 1953) is a Finnish ice hockey player and an ice hockey coach for the Finnish national men's team, SM-liiga and Elitserien.

Career as player
Aravirta was born in Savonlinna, and made his first professional appearance in the 1973–1974 season, playing 35 games for TuTo in the SM-liiga. In the following season Aravirta played for his hometown team SaPKo in the Suomi-sarja for one season (1974–1975). Aravirta then headed to Kärpät for a three-season stint. Kärpät gained promotion from the first division to the SM-liiga after the 1976–1977 season and Aravirta played for the team in the 1977–1978 season. Aravirta left Oulu and Finland as he went to Södertälje SK to play in Swedish Allsvenskan. Aravirta stayed in Södertälje for a total of 3 seasons (1978–1980), and then played in Kiruna AIF for 1980–1981, his last season in Sweden. Aravirta returned to Finland and played for Kärpät for two seasons (1981–1983) before retiring from playing.

Career as coach
Aravirta's first SM-liiga head coaching job was in the 1988–1989 season at JYP. Aravirta was the head coach of JYP for 5 seasons (1989–1993), winning 2 silver medals, 1 bronze and the Coach of the Year trophy (Kalevi Numminen trophy). More success came when in 1993 Aravirta was hired as the new head coach for Jokerit. In his first season at the helm of Jokerit Aravirta won the Finnish Championship. In the following season (1994–1995) he won silver and at his third season (1995–1996) another Finnish Championship.

After the success of 1996 Aravirta left his position in Jokerit to concentrate in his national team assistant coaching job. Aravirta returned to the SM-liiga for the 2003–2004 season when he was hired to coach former Helsinki rivals HIFK. Aravirta's first season was good as HIFK won bronze but his second season however was to be different. Aravirta was fired during the 2005 SM-liiga playoffs after very poor play from HIFK. Aravirta made his third return to SM-liiga in 2006 when he replaced Jami Kauppi as the head coach of Pelicans(whom he has lifted from a team constantly fighting among the bottom teams to a force to be reckoned with. In the 2007–2008 season, Pelicans led the league for the greater part of the year). During his 10-season SM-liiga coaching career Aravirta has won 2 championships, 3 silver medals and 2 bronze medals.

In January 2010, Aravirta signed on for Modo Hockey in the Swedish Elitserien. His contract was not extended after the season, and he signed with Kärpät in November 2010.

International career
In 1992 Aravirta was hired as assistant coach in Finnish national men's ice hockey team Aravirta's first international success came in the 1994 Winter Olympics where Finland was 3rd, winning its second Olympic medal in ice hockey. Finland also placed 2nd in the 1994 Ice Hockey World Championships, losing to Canada in a shootout. In 1995 Finland won its first ever World Championship when the Finnish team defeated hosts of the 1995 Ice Hockey World Championship tournament, Sweden 4–1.

The following World Championships in 1996 and 1997 were disappointments as the Finnish team couldn't qualify for medal games (1997 Ice Hockey World Championships were in Finland). 1998 became a blockbuster season for Finnish ice hockey. First the Finns defeated Canada in the 1998 Winter Olympics to win their third Olympic medal, again a bronze one. 1998 Ice Hockey World Championships featured Finland going against Sweden in the two game finals. Finland lost the first final game 1–0 and the second game was a 0–0 tie. Sweden won the World Championships and Aravirta took his first medal as the head coach of Finland (Curt Lindström retired after 1997 championships). Aravirta had a good start as the head coach of team Finland and more was to come. in 1999 Finland was yet again in the finals but this time the Czech Republic won.

The 2000 tournament was a step backwards; the Finnish team was beaten by Slovakia in the semifinals so Finland was to face Canada in the bronze game. Finland won the tight game 2–1 and got its first bronze medal in the World Championships. The 2001 World Championship tournament was Aravirta's last tournament in medals. Finland fought its way to the Finals and faced off with the Czech Republic. Finland led the game 2–0 but ended up losing 2–3 in overtime. The 2002 Olympic tournament saw the Finnish team lose to Canada in the quarterfinals 2-1 and the 2002 World Championships didn't have a better ending for Finns. Finland lost to Sweden in the Bronze game and the Swedes would avenge their defeat in 1995 (the 2002 tournament was played in Sweden). The 2003 Ice Hockey World Championships marked the last tournament for Hannu Aravirta as the head coach of team Finland. Finland progressed through to the quarterfinals where it yet again faced Sweden. Finland had a comfortable 5–1 Lead after the first period but 2nd and 3rd periods of that game were catastrophic. Sweden won the game 6–5 and dropped Finland from the semifinals. After retiring from national team coaching Aravirta was the head coach of the Finnish Junior Ice Hockey Team.

Achievements
As National Team Assistant Coach: 1 Gold (1995), 1 Silver (1994) & 1 Olympic Bronze (1994).
As National Team Head Coach: 3 Silvers (1998, 1999 & 2001), 1 Bronze (2000) & 1 Olympic Bronze (1998)

References

Finnish ice hockey world championship gold medalists
Ice hockey people from Savonlinna
1953 births
Finland men's national ice hockey team coaches
Finnish ice hockey forwards
Finnish ice hockey coaches
Living people
Oulun Kärpät players
TuTo players
SaPKo players
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden

Hannu Aravirta


David Arnot (before 1497 – 1536 or 1537) was a Scottish prelate of the Catholic Church. He was the Bishop of Galloway (Scotland) from 1509 to 1526. He was from the Arnot family of Arnot, Fife.

Early career

Archdeacon of Lothian

Arnot was Rector of Kirkforthar, Fife, receiving crown presentation to that parish church on 19 September 1497. He received crown presentation to become Archdeacon of Lothian on 26 October 1498.

Provost of Bothwell

Arnot is found to be provost of the collegiate church of Bothwell in a document dating to 20 September 1499, a document recording a grant made to Arnot by the king of a tenement in Linlithgow; it is not known when he attained this position. The last known provost is found as provost no later than 26 January 1468; and although this man, Patrick Leich, did not die until either 1493 or 1494, it is not known if Leich still held this position at his death. Arnot was provost there no later than 30 November 1502, when James Beaton is attested as provost.

Abbot of Cambuskenneth

After the death of Henry Abercrombie, Abbot of Cambuskenneth, on 29 March 1503, Arnot was provided to succeed him. He is found as abbot-elect on 30 May and then as full abbot on 28 November. Arnot led the Abbey of Cambuskenneth for over five years.

Bishop of Galloway

In November 1508, after the translation of James Beaton from Bishop of Galloway to Archbishop of Glasgow, Arnot received crown nomination to the papacy to fill the vacant see of Galloway. He was provided to the bishopric on 29 January 1509, and granted the temporalities of the see on 27 May as "Bishop of Candida Casa [Whithorn] and of the Chapel Royal". Since 1504, the position of Bishop of Galloway and that of Dean of the Chapel Royal at Stirling went together.

Arnot's position was supplemented in 1509, when he received crown nomination to receive Tongland Abbey in commendam, after the resignation of the previous Abbot of Tongland Peter Damian de Falcutiis. Bishop Arnot was provided as Commendator of Tongland on 18 April 1510, for which on 7 May he paid the papacy 50 florins.

Arnot was sent on an embassy on behalf of King James V of Scotland in April 1516 to Henry VIII of England, for which he received a royal letter of protection on 3 April 1516; he was accompanied by, among others, the Bishop of Dunblane, the Bishop of Caithness, the Earl of Cassillis, the Earl of Morton and the Earl of Eglinton.

Arnot witnessed a royal charter on 18 February 1517, and another on 28 March 1522.

Arnot resigned his bishopric on 23/4 January 1526, to Henry Wemyss, with right of return and for a pension. Although Arnot also resigned Tongland for lifelong pension with right of return on vacancy, Arnot may have effectively held on to Tongland for a few more years; repeated crown nominations of Wemyss to Tongland failed, apparently because of Arnot, while William Stewart, a secular canon of Glasgow Cathedral, also got crown nomination until the Pope finally agreed to give Wemyss the commend in 1530, with Stewart resigning his rights.

Arnot is found consenting to a deed of Bishop Henry on 7 June 1535, and to another on 10 July 1536. This was the last time Arnot can be found in the sources; he was dead by 25 August 1537, though he could have died at any time before this and after 10 July 1536.

Notes

References
 Donaldson, Gordon, "The Bishops and Priors of Whithorn", in Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History & Antiquarians Society: Transactions and Journal of Proceedings, Third Series, vol. 27 (1950), pp. 127–54
 Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
 Watt, D. E. R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969)
 Watt, D. E. R. & Shead, N. F. (eds.), The Heads of Religious Houses in Scotland from the 12th to the 16th Centuries, The Scottish Records Society, New Series, Volume 24, (Edinburgh, 2001)

Year of birth unknown
1530s deaths
Canonical Augustinian abbots and priors
Canonical Augustinian bishops
Bishops of Galloway (pre-Reformation)
Scottish abbots
16th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops

David Arnot (bishop)


Breathing is moving air in and out of the lungs.  The air going in and out is called breath.  If a person cannot breathe, they will die.

Breathing helps people do two very important things:
 Get oxygen into the body.  Every part of the body needs oxygen to survive.  The only way humans can get oxygen is to breathe it in.
 Get carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the body.  When the body makes energy, carbon dioxide gets left over.  The body needs to get rid of extra carbon dioxide, because too much of it is poisonous.  The only way humans can get rid of carbon dioxide is to breathe it out.

When a person breathes in, they bring air into their lungs.  Air has oxygen in it.  The oxygen goes from the lungs into the person's bloodstream.  When oxygen goes into the bloodstream, extra carbon dioxide comes out and goes into the lungs.  This is called gas exchange: basically, oxygen and carbon dioxide are changing places.  Oxygen is now in the bloodstream, which can carry that oxygen around to every part of the body.  Also, carbon dioxide is now in the lungs, where it can be breathed out.

Adults breathe about 18 times a minute, which is more than 25,000 times a day.  Children breathe even faster.

How the brain controls breathing

A part of the brainstem called the medulla oblongata controls breathing.  Groups of neurons in the medulla tell the breathing muscles when to breathe in, when to breathe faster, and when to breathe slower.

The brainstem measures how much carbon dioxide is in a person's blood.  If there is too much carbon dioxide, the medulla tells the body to breathe faster.  This helps the person breathe out the extra carbon dioxide.  Once the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood is normal again, the medulla tells the body to breathe slower again.

The body also measures the amount of oxygen in the blood.  If there is not enough oxygen in the blood, the medulla will tell the body to breathe faster, to take in more oxygen.  Once there is enough oxygen in the blood, the medulla will tell the body to breathe slower again.

Breathing muscles
For a person to breathe, certain muscles have to contract (get tighter) and relax at the right times.  The special groups of neurons in the medulla tell these breathing muscles when to contract (which makes a person breathe in) and when to relax (which makes a person breathe out).  There are a few main groups of muscles that control breathing.

The diaphragm

The diaphragm is the main muscle that controls breathing.  It is a sheet of muscle that runs along the bottom of the rib cage.  When the diaphragm is relaxed, it is shaped like a dome (like a half circle).  When the medulla tells the diaphragm to make the body breathe in, the diaphragm pulls down and straightens out.  This creates more room inside the chest, and more room for the lungs to fill up with air.  Air comes into the lungs (this is inhalation).  When it is time to breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes again and air leaves the lungs.

About 60% - 70% of a person's ability to breathe comes from the diaphragm.

The diaphragm is controlled by a special set of nerves called the phrenic nerves.  The medulla tells the diaphragm when to contract by sending messages through the phrenic nerves.  Because the diaphragm is so important for breathing, the phrenic nerves are very well protected in the body.  They are at the very top of the spinal cord, near the neck.

The intercostals (rib muscles)
The intercostal muscles run between each rib.  When a person needs to breathe in, these muscles contract and pull the ribs upward.  This creates more room inside the chest for the lungs to fill.

When a person is resting, about 30% to 40% of their ability to breathe comes from the intercostal muscles.

The intercostal muscles are controlled by the intercostal nerves.  The medulla tells the intercostals when to contract by sending messages through these nerves.  The intercostal nerves are not as well protected as the phrenic nerves.  The intercostal nerves run along the thoracic spine (which is in the upper to middle back) and connect to the intercostal muscles.  This means that if a person injured their thoracic spine, they might not be able to use their intercostal muscles.  They would then lose 30% to 40% of their ability to breathe.  However, since the nerves that control the diaphragm are much farther up in the spine and better protected, the person would still be able to use their diaphragm to breathe.  They would still have 60% to 70% of their ability to breathe.

Accessory muscles

Accessory muscles are muscles that a person uses only when they need extra help breathing.  Sometimes this is normal.  For example, if a person has just done a lot of exercise, they may need extra oxygen.  The medulla will tell the accessory muscles to kick in, to make it easier for the person to lift their chest to create more room for the lungs to fill.  The most important accessory muscles are the muscles in the chest, abdomen, and neck.

However, if a person has to use accessory muscles to breathe while they are resting, this is a sign that they are not getting the oxygen their body needs.  They may need medication, extra oxygen given through a mask, or even emergency medical treatment to help them breathe normally.  For example, people with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often use an inhaler when they have trouble breathing. The inhaler puffs a medicine like albuterol down into the windpipe and into the lungs.  This makes the air passages wider and helps the person breathe better than they could before.

Related pages
 Inhalation (breathing in)
 Gas exchange
 Cellular respiration
 Medulla oblongata
 Respiratory tract

References

Physiology
Breathing problems

Breathing


Sam Scott Anno (born January 26, 1965) is a former American football linebacker, and currently a defensive assistant coach for the San Diego Strike Force of the Indoor Football League.

High school career

Anno prepped at Saint Monica Catholic High School and then at Santa Monica High School in Southern California where he was recruited to play college football at USC. During his tenure at Santa Monica High, actors Charlie Sheen and Dean Cain, also alumni of Santa Monica High School, were teammates and good friends of Sam Anno.

He was also teammates in high school with fellow Santa Monica High standout USC linebacker Keith Davis and Arizona State standout safety Darren Willis and free safety Junior Thurman who eventually (along with Anno) transferred to USC after playing football at West Los Angeles College. He starred as a player on the 1982 California Interscholastic Federation championship football team.

College career
Anno played linebacker during college in 1987 alongside Jack Del Rio; the two would be reunited years later in the NFL where Anno and Del Rio played for the Minnesota Vikings. Anno played for Ted Tollner, who ironically, was dismissed in 1986 from Southern Cal despite a winning record. Anno holds the All-time tackle record at USC for a single game with 23 tackles against Illinois in 1986.  He also obtained his master's degree from USC in Athletic Administration.

Professional career
Anno played in the NFL between 1987 and 1994 as a linebacker, long snapper and special teams player for the Los Angeles Rams, the Minnesota Vikings, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the San Diego Chargers. He spent three seasons as the Bucs' long snapper and special teams' captain. Anno was a very popular member of the Bucs with the fans. He went on to fulfill the same roles with San Diego after leaving the Bucs. He was the leading special teams tackler on all of his previous teams. Anno was voted team captain for three years during his career. The special teams tackle records he set still stand today with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In 1989, players from the NFL voted him NFL Special Teams Player of the Year while he was at Tampa Bay.

Anno was on the 1991 Tampa Bay Buccaneers squad the year that former Santa Monica High School Vikings quarterback Pat O'Hara (1984) was drafted by the Bucs (10, 260). I was just in junior high school then and even though I didn't know him personally, I knew of him", said at O'Hara who grew up a mile from Sam Anno "Everyone knew who he was. Sam was a legend."

"It was really weird when I found out that they had drafted Pat", said Anno, who was about to enter his third season with the Buccaneers. "I said, `No way . . . I can't believe that Pat is coming here.' "

Anno and O'Hara renewed their friendship at Tampa Bay. O'Hara spent most of the season on the team's development squad and Anno led the Buccaneers in tackles on special teams.

Coaching career
Prior to coaching at University of San Diego, Anno coached at Central Connecticut, USC, Santa Monica High School, Venice High School and St. Monica High School between 1996 and 2007. Anno played a key role in comforting the USC football team and staff when he broke the news to the team of the death USC placekicker (whom Anno coached) Mario Danelo in 2007. His body was found at the bottom of a rocky cliff, and police investigated his death as an accident or possible suicide. The notion that Danelo could take his own life was so unbelievable to Anno that he went to the site near the Point Fermin Lighthouse from where Danelo apparently fell. Anno saw the slippery ice plants, the jutting rocks and the loose ground on the other side of the 4-foot concrete barrier where plenty of people went, despite the "Danger: Do Not Enter" signs. Anno told the story of the former Trojan walk-on's beginnings as a kicker during his San Pedro High School career as an All-City linebacker. Danelo had asked his father, former NFL kicker Joe Danelo, whose father kicked for the New York Giants and the Buffalo Bills to teach him.

"His father told Mario, 'I'll help you kick if you're up and have a bag of balls,'" Anno said. "And every morning at 3 a.m., Mario would be at the door with a bag of balls, and they'd go kick at the high school in the dark until 5 a.m."

In February 2015, Anno and Del Rio were reunited again when Del Rio, having been recently hired as head coach of the Raiders, hired Anno as a defensive assistant.

References

External links
La Daily News Article

1965 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Silver Spring, Maryland
Players of American football from Montgomery County, Maryland
American football linebackers
American football long snappers
USC Trojans football players
Los Angeles Rams players
Minnesota Vikings players
Oakland Raiders coaches
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
San Diego Chargers players
San Diego Toreros football coaches
High school football coaches in California
USC Trojans football coaches
Central Connecticut Blue Devils football coaches

Sam Anno


In Irish mythology the three Findemna or Finn Eamna (variously interpreted as "fair triplets" or "three fair ones of Emain Macha") were three sons of the High King of Ireland, Eochaid Feidlech. Their names were Bres, Nár and Lothar.

They conspired to overthrow their father. The day before meeting him in battle they were visited by their sister, Clothru, who tried in vain to dissuade them from this course of action. They were childless, so for fear that they might die without an heir Clothru took all three of them to bed, conceiving Lugaid Riab nDerg, son of the three Findemna.  Lugaid later became High King of Ireland, so that Clothru's incest preserved the line of succession to the high kingship.

References

Ulster Cycle
Sibling trios
Incest in mythology
Irish princes

Findemna


The 2006 Categoría Primera A season is the 59th season of Colombia's top-flight football league.

Campeonato Apertura
The Copa Mustang I 2006 was the first tournament of the 2006 season of Fútbol Profesional Colombiano, first division in Colombian football. The new season started in Saturday February 4 and finished Sunday June 25.

Tournament Fixtures

Standings

 Pts=Puntos; GP=Games played; W=Wins; D=Draw; L=Lost; GF=Goals Favored; GA=Goals Allowed; DIF=Difference

Results

Semifinals Group Stage

The second phase of the 2006 tournament consisted of two groups of 4 teams semifinals. This was disputed by the best eight teams from the first phase of the tournament. the winners of each group will face on the finals to define a champion.

Group A

Group B

Final

Campeonato Finalización
2006-II - Copa Mustang or Torneo Finalización 2006 was the 64th installment of the Mustang Cup. It began on the night of July 15, 2006 with the opening match between Atlético Nacional and Cúcuta Deportivo in Medellín at the stadium Estadio Atanasio Girardot. 18 teams compete against one another and played each weekend until November 12. At that point, the top 8 teams in the league stage advanced to the group stage, each group with 4 teams. From that point on the teams play on a home and away basis, for a total of a six matches each. The winner of both groups at the end advance to the home-and-away final.

In the league stage, last year's Finalización champions Deportivo Cali were knocked out after a last-round defeat to Independiente Medellín, while Envigado FC were relegated to Primera B after losing 12 of their 18 games, thus ending with the worst point average. América de Cali played its worst season, losing 11 matches and struggling at the bottom of the table.

The Group Stage saw Deportes Tolima getting a dramatic 2–1 win over Atlético Nacional thus becoming leaders of Group A while in Group B, Independiente Medellín thrashed Millonarios 4–0 in the Estadio Atanasio Girardot only to learn that Cúcuta Deportivo and Atlético Huila tied 0-0. The champions were Cúcuta Deportivo defeating Deportes Tolima in the finals with the total aggregate score of 2-1 from two matches.

Schedule

Standings
Standings until November 16, 2006

 Pts=Points; GP=Games played; W=Wins; D=Ties; L=Losses; GS=Goals scored; GA=Goals allowed; DIF=Goal difference

Results

Quadrangular/Semifinals

The second phase of the 2006-II Copa Mustang consisted of the quadrangular phase or semifinals. It was played between the best first eight teams from the tournament's standing, and then it was divided in two groups between odd and even numbers. The first team of each group were qualified directly to the finals, and then deciding a champion.

Group A

Group B

Final

Promotion Game

After the 2006 season of Fútbol Profesional Colombiano ended, Envigado FC was relegated directly to Categoría Primera B while Atlético Huila played the promotion game against Valledupar FC.

Relegated and Promoted Team(s)

References

External links
 Copa Mustang Official Page
 Dimayor Official Page

Categoría Primera A seasons
Colombia
1

2006 Categoría Primera A season


The Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development (), abbreviated KPWKM, is a ministry of the Government of Malaysia responsible for social welfare: children, women, family, community, older people, destitute, homeless, disaster victim, disabled. The ministry determines the policies and direction to achieve the goals of gender equality, family development and a caring society in line with Malaysia's commitment towards the United Nations' Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the Beijing Declaration.

Background
Following the Fourth World Conference on Women organised by the United Nations in Beijing, China in 1995, efforts to establish a cabinet-level body to aid the Malaysian Government in realising its aspiration towards elevating the status of women were made.

KPWKM was officially established on 17 January 2001 as the Ministry of Women's Affairs with Datuk Seri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil acting as the first cabinet-level Minister to solely focus on the development of women. The scope of the Ministry was widened to include family development and the name was changed to the Ministry of Women and Family Development on 15 February 2001. In 2004, the scope was further widened to include social welfare and development and the Ministry adopted its current name on 27 March 2004.

Following the 14th General Elections, the Deputy Prime Minister, YAB Datuk Seri Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (PKR), was appointed Minister of Women, Family and Community Development on May 21, 2018. She succeeds YB Dato Sri Rohani Abdul Karim (PBB).

The following departments and agencies are under the purview of the KPWKM:

Department for Women's Development (Jabatan Pembangunan Wanita)

In 1975, the Government set up the National Advisory Council on the Integration of Women in Development (NACIWID) as the machinery to ensure the involvement of women in development. In 1983, the Secretariat for Women's Affairs (HAWA) in the Prime Minister's Department was established to take over the tasks of the NACIWID Secretariat. From 1997, HAWA functioned as a department under the former Ministry of National Unity and Social Development. In 2001, the Department was placed under the then newly established KPWKM and restructured as the Department for Women's Development (DWD). By 2002, the DWD had set up branch offices in every state in Malaysia.

Social Welfare Department (Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat)

Initially set up in 1946 as the Community Welfare Department of Malaya, the Social Welfare Department (SWD) has evolved in fulfilling its role in national development. From initially being involved in mitigating the social problems brought about by the immediate post-war period, the role and functions of this department have expanded to cover prevention and rehabilitation services in social issues as well as community development.

National Population and Family Development Board (Lembaga Penduduk dan Pembangunan Keluarga Negara)

The National Population and Family Development Board (NPFDB) was established in 1966 to improve the reproductive health status of women and men and encourage family planning. It has since evolved to include policy and advisory roles by assisting planners and programme managers to integrate population and family development into sectoral development programme planning as well as facilitate policy makers to consider population and family development factors in the formulation of national development policies and strategies.

Social Institute of Malaysia (Institut Sosial Malaysia)

The Social Institute of Malaysia was set up to promote professional and semi-professional training in the field of training and research as well as social education to all social workers from various levels and groups from within and outside the country including non-governmental organisations. It currently operates from a  campus in Sungai Besi that was completed in 2001.

Counsellors Board (Lembaga Kaunselor)

In the 2004 Cabinet reshuffle, the Counsellor Board and its administration was placed under the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development. The unit was then led by a Registrar in the Board's Management Unit. The Board is responsible for all matters pertaining to the enforcement of the Counsellors Act 1998 [Act 580].

Organisation
Minister of Women, Family and Community Development
Deputy Minister of Women, Family and Community Development
Second Deputy Minister of Women, Family and Community Development
Secretary-General
Under the Authority of Secretary-General
National Key Result Area Unit
Corporate Communication Unit
Legal Advisory Unit
Board of Counsellors Secretariat
Internal Audit Unit
Integrity Unit
Deputy Secretary-General (Operations)
Information Management Division
Development Division
Management Services Division
Account Division
Human Resource Management Division
Finance Division
Deputy Secretary-General (Strategic)
Policy and Strategic Planning Division
International Relations Division
Strategic Collaboration Division

Federal departments
 Department of Social Welfare, or Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat (JKM). (Official site)
 Department of Women's Development, or Jabatan Pembangunan Wanita (JPW). (Official site)

Federal agencies
 National Population and Family Development Board, or Lembaga Penduduk dan Pembangunan Keluarga Malaysia (LPPKN). (Official site)
 Non-Aligned Movement Institute for the Empowerment of Women (NIEW), or Institut Pengupayaan Wanita bagi Anggota Negara-negara Berkecuali. (Official site)
 Social Institute of Malaysia, or Institut Sosial Malaysia (ISM). (Official site)
 National Welfare Foundation of Malaysia, or Yayasan Kebajikan Negara Malaysia (YKNM). (Official site)
Counsellors Board, or Lembaga Kaunselor Malaysia (LKM). (Official site)

Key legislation
A number of Acts of Parliament are assigned to or affect the Ministry. These include:

Initiatives

Strategies
To ensure that gender, family and community perspectives are incorporated in the formulation of policies and plans as well as in the implementation of programs;
To instill positives family values among the people by working with Government agencies, private sector and NGO's;
To review existing laws and regulations and to suggest new legislation that are able to afford better protection for the livelihood and development of women, family and the community;
To undertake research and development on gender, population, family and community development in order to introduce innovative approaches in the planning and implementation of programs so as;
To develop and strengthen a comprehensive and integrated social database for the purpose of planning, monitoring and evaluation of programs for target groups;
To increase the level of skills and knowledge as well as to empower target groups to enable their effective participation in nation buildings;
To increase and diversify the opportunities for target groups towards enhancing their effective participation in nation building;
To strengthen the networking both at the national and international levels to facilitate the sharing of information, experience and expertise;
To establish effective monitoring and evaluating mechanism to improve the implementation of policies and programs;
To increase access to information and communication technology (ICT) for women, families and community;
To consolidate and strengthen services delivery systems at all levels through professional and optimal human resources, financial and technology management and;
To disseminate information on facilities and services provided by various agencies and organisations for the benefits of women, family and the community.

Policies
Policy guidelines developed and adopted to date include:
National Social Policy
Officially adopted by the Government in 2003, the NSP seeks to create a progressive and established Malaysian society with every member having the opportunity to develop his/her potential to the optimum in a healthy social environment based on the qualities of unity, resilience, democracy, morality, tolerance, progress, care, fairness and equity.

National Policy On Women
The main objectives of this policy are to ensure an equitable sharing in the acquisition of resources, information, opportunities and benefits of development for men and women. The objectives of equality and justice must be made the essence of development policies which must be people oriented so the women, who constitute half the nation's population, can contribute and realize their potentials to the optimum; and to integrate women in all sectors of development in accordance with their capabilities and needs, in order to enhance the quality of life, eradicate poverty, ignorance and illiteracy, and ensure a peaceful and prosperous nation. KPWKM has also gotten the Government to agree towards achieving a minimum of a 30% representation of women in decision making positions in the public sector.

National Social Welfare Policy
In seeking to achieve a contented and strong society for national development, the NSWP shall develop human potential to the optimum and to strengthen society to face current social challenges, create various facilities for enhancing self-development and development of the individual, and build and inculcate the spirit of mutual help and assistance to reinforce a caring culture.

National Policy for the Elderly
This policy was adopted to establish a society of the elderly who are contented, dignified, possessed of a high sense of self-worth, and optimising their potential, as well as to ensure that they enjoy all opportunities besides being given the care and protection as members of a family, society and the nation.

See also
Minister of Women, Family and Community Development (Malaysia)
Women's rights
Reproductive rights
United Nations Commission on the Status of Women

References

External links
 Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development website

Gender equality ministries
Federal ministries, departments and agencies of Malaysia
Ministries established in 2001
Malaysia
Women's rights in Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia