Cacau (trans. Cocoa) is Brazilian Social Realism novel written by Jorge Amado.

It was written by Jorge Amado in 1933 and was his second novel, forming together with Suor the beginning of the development of Amado's project of a Proletarian novel, that would communicate the basics of communist thought.

It was published in 1933 by the Ariel publishing house in Rio de Janeiro.

Background

The book had considerable autobiographical elements. Amado, twenty-one years old at the time of writing, had in his earlier life considerable direct contact with the hard life of the laborers in the cocoa plantations, and his experience formed the basis for this novel. Unlike in his first novel, the present one is written in the first person.

Reflecting the author's political development, the book expresses Socialist ideas and promotes workers' organizing for class struggle - specifically, in the harsh and exploitive world of the cocoa plantations. Cacau ends with the hero renouncing the opportunity to marry the landowner's daughter and, instead, setting off to join the class struggle in Rio de Janeiro.

Plot

The book tells the story of a Sergipano (inhabitant of Sergipe), who arrives in Ilhéus in search of work. He suffers long hunger and is apprehensive of the city until encountering a good-hearted guard named Roberto in front of a big bakery, who gives him some bread. Later on the same day he encounters Roberto again, gets invited to  a canteen to eat a feijoada and there meets several men sitting at the back. He is presented to one of them, nicknamed "The '98", who in turn introduces the protagonist to a Colonel Misael, involved in recruiting men to work on the cocoa plantations. With the money that these two new friends give him, the young man manages to catch the train to Pirangi and, after a long journey and numerous events described in detail, he arrives at his destination. There, he embarks on the course of hard work and befriends the carpenter Colodino, as well as fellow workers João Grilo, Antonio Barriguinha and Honório, who are mostly Blacks or Mulattos.

But there is not only work. On days of rest the protagonist and his friends drink a lot, especially cachaça, frequent the brothels, working men's club, and gambling dens. Many of the characters would also play an important roles in later works of Amado. Ultimately, they develop an increasing class consciousness and start becoming politically involved. This, again, is a highly autobiographical element paralleling Amado's own life.

Reception

The first edition of 2,000 copies sold out in 40 days.

It was published the same year as Serafim Ponte Grande by Oswald de Andrade. Due to the fashion of the "proletarian novel" both "Cacau" by Jorge Amado and "Os Corumbas" by Amando Fontes were bestsellers that year. Pagu's Parque Industrial published also in 1933 did not share the same luck.

Alberto Passos Guimarães was the book's first published critic: an avowed communist, his judgement of value was based on how much the novel was a proper "Proletarian novel", and in his judgement it largely does.

References

Bueno, Luís "Uma história do romance de 30" EdUSP, São Paulo 2006

D'Angelo, Biagio & Silva, Márcia Rios da "Cacau, vozes e orixás na escrita de Jorge Amado" EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre  2013

1933 Brazilian novels
Novels by Jorge Amado
Portuguese-language novels
Socialism in Brazil
Novels set in Bahia

Cacau (novel)


Arcoona or Arcoona Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a sheep station.

It is located about  north east of Woomera in the outback of South Australia,

The station occupies an area of . The station was founded prior to 1880 and was owned by Mr A. M. Wooldridge in 1880. Wooldridge owned the Parakylia lease that he had established and then sold the western portion and kept the balance himself and renamed as Arcoona. The neighbouring properties are Wirraminna to the south and Andamooka Station to the north.

History
The pastoralist James Gemmell who had been managing Mundi Mundi Station left to take over Arcoona in 1893.

The horse Discussion by Light Artillery from Small Talk was bought in 1906 and sent to Arcoona to stud. Richardson paid 190 guineas for the sire.

It was sold in 1909 by Messrs. Richardson and Gemmell to John Pick of Terowie, who would be elected to the House of Assembly while at Arcoona. At the time the station was stocked with 12,000 sheep, 600 cattle, 250 horses and 7 camels.

Although Arcoona has an arid climate it is occasionally inundated with rain, in 1919 Mr J. H. Mules reported  of rain falling and the lake filling fast, and again on New Year's Day in 1921  of rain fell.

Pick sold Arcoona in 1920 and bought Coondambo Station in May 1920 for £37,200.

The station was restocked in 1930 with 2,000 ewes being delivered from the Matakanna district.

Following a great season in 1938 the percentage of lambing was excellent with 6,637 lambs produced from 6,977 ewes.

The 1942 season was fairly dry but some patchy rains provided enough feed for the sheep to graze on but not enough to fill any surface tanks. At this time the station was owned by Arcoona Pastoral Co. of which Mr. R. J. McEwin was a partner.

During the drought of 1944–1945 stock numbers were very low.

The station was sold once again in 1947, for an undisclosed price believed to be in excess of  £75,000 on account of J. E. Pick to Kidman Estates of Adelaide. At the time the area of the property was  and had an estimated flock of 25,000 sheep. The station had also received heavier than normal rainfall over the last year and all the creeks were flowing and lakes were full to capacity.

In 2003 the station was selected by the then federal Science Minister, Peter McGauran, as a low level nuclear waste dump. The site was chosen as it had better security, a less environmentally sensitive access route and more saline water which has no pastoral use. About  of radioactive waste generated each year in Australia would be stored in an underground repository. The plan was abandoned in 2004, following legal action from the then owners, the Polke family, as well as opposition from the state government and traditional owners.

In 2008 the property was acquired by the Handbury family who also owned Collinsville Station. The property occupied an area of  and was managed by Andrew Willis. The property was running a flock of about 20,000 sheep as well as 100 shorthorn cattle.

The land occupying the extent of the Arcoona pastoral lease was gazetted by the Government of South Australia as a locality in April 2013 under the name 'Arcoona'.

See also
List of ranches and stations

References

Stations in South Australia
Far North (South Australia)

Arcoona


Allium stipitatum, Persian shallot, is an Asian  species of onion native to central and southwestern Asia.

Some sources regard Allium stipitatum and A. hirtifolium as the same species, while others treat A. stipitatum and A. hirtifolium as distinct. Allium stipitatum in the more inclusive sense occurs in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.

The epithet stipitatum means 'with a little stalk' referring to the ovary.

Description
Allium stipitatum grows from bulbs, 3 to 6 cm in diameter, which have blackish, paper-like tunics. The 4–6 basal leaves are broad, green to greyish green in colour, and variably hairy. The leaves are normally withered by the time the bulb flowers. Flowers are borne on stems which are  tall and arranged in an umbel (a structure where the individual flowers are attached to a central point). The umbels are some  in diameter, relatively small compared to the tall stems, hence the description 'drumstick allium'. Individual flowers, of which there are many, are a typical allium shape, with a superior ovary and six tepals of a lilac to purple colour, around 2.5 to 5 cm long; white forms are known.

Plants grow on rocky slopes and in fields at elevations of . It is a typical 'drumstick allium', with a more-or-less spherical umbel on a tall stipe, and as such has often been confused with other similar species.

Use in Persian cuisine

Bulbs of Allium stipitatum are eaten in Iran, where they are called موسیر (pronounced /muːˈsiːɾ/). They grow wild across the Zagros Mountains. Most of those eaten are harvested from the wild, sliced, dried, and sold at markets. Buyers will often soak the shallots for a number of days then boil them to obtain a milder flavour. They are often crushed and mixed with yogurt. Iranians enjoy yogurt in this way, especially in restaurants and kebab-saras where just kebabs are served.

Iranian plants are among those referred to as A. hirtifolium, when distinguished from A. stipitatum.

Ornamental use
Mathew describes this species as "stately", and the easiest to grow of the tall alliums, flowering in about four years when grown from seed. In keeping with the wild habitat of the species, when grown for ornament, well-drained, sunny conditions are recommended. Care is needed in placing all the drumstick alliums, since their withered leaves are unattractive at flowering time. Davies notes that "as a bonus numerous offsets are produced"; this has the potential to make the species invasive when grown in borders.

The cultivars 'Mount Everest'
and 'Violet Beauty'
have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Medicinal properties and health effects
Allium stipitatum is used as a medicinal plant in Central Asia. Extracts of the bulbs of the plant, which showed activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, were found to contain several pyridine-N-oxide derivatives. Analysis of the cut plant using a mass spectrometer equipped with a DART ion source showed the presence of N-hydroxypyridine-2-thione, also known as pyrithione, a compound which is moderately cytotoxic toward human tumour cell lines, and highly active against fungi and Gram-negative bacteria. Pyrithione-containing plant extracts are used in herbal medicine for treatment of malaria. Zinc pyrithione is used in commercial anti-dandruff shampoos.

References

stipitatum
Onions
Plants described in 1881
Flora of temperate Asia

Allium stipitatum


Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CELSR2 gene.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the flamingo subfamily, part of the cadherin superfamily. The flamingo subfamily consists of nonclassic-type cadherins; a subpopulation that does not interact with catenins. The flamingo cadherins are located at the plasma membrane and have nine cadherin domains, seven epidermal growth factor-like repeats and two laminin A G-type repeats in their ectodomain. They also have seven transmembrane domains, a characteristic unique to this subfamily. It is postulated that these proteins are receptors involved in contact-mediated communication, with cadherin domains acting as homophilic binding regions and the EGF-like domains involved in cell adhesion and receptor-ligand interactions. The specific function of this particular member has not been determined.

See also
 Flamingo (protein)

References

Further reading

External links

Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors
G protein-coupled receptors

CELSR2


Yugoslav Drama Theatre (; abbr. JDP or Jugodrp) is a theatre located in Belgrade, Serbia.

It was founded in 1947 as the representative theater of new Yugoslavia. Actors from Zagreb, Novi Sad, Sarajevo, Split, Ljubljana and other cities were invited to perform there.

History
In 1947, director Bojan Stupica was appointed the head of the theatre as an artistic manager, much to the dismay of his mother, along with the critic Elli Fincci. Fincci laid the foundation for the reporter orientation of the Yugoslav Drama Theatre as the theatre that focused on high literary quality. Approximately 60 renowned actors were selected as initial members, among them Мarija Crnobori, Мira Stupica, Branka Veselinović, Мlađa Veselinović and Kapitalina Erić.

The Yugoslav Drama Theatre was founded on the site of the driving school, and the stable was adapted and turned into the stage. The first performance, "The King of Betajnova" by Ivan Cankar and directed by Bojan Stupica, was performed on 3 April 1948. This date is celebrated as the Yugoslav Drama Theatre Day, and on that date the annual awards are given. The first two seasons were marked by presentations of world and domestic classic dramas: Chekhov, Goldoni, Sheridan, Ostrovsky, Lope de Vega, Gorky, Shaw, Shakespeare, Plaut, Raisin, Molière, Ibsen, Lorca, and the Domestic classics Cankar, Držić, Sterija Popović, Јаkšić and Nušić. The early directors who contributed to the reputation of the Yugoslav Drama Theatre (Bojan Stupica, Мata Мilošević and Тоmislav Таnhofer) were influenced by European modernism as explored between the two world wars, which was evident in their selection of plays. From the mid-eighties, theatrologist Јоvan Ćirilov, during fourteen seasons as the manager, upgraded the Yugoslav Drama Theatre to the representative theatre of modern stage expression far beyond the boundaries of the former soviet state. The Yugoslav Drama Theatre was destroyed by fire on 17 October 1997, allegedly due to an installation malfunction. The theatre was rebuilt, and the Great Stage was opened again on 23 May 2003 with an opening night featuring the play "The Patriots" by Јоvan Sterija Popović, directed by Dejan Mijač. Branko Cvejić, an actor, was the assistant director, and since 12 July 2002 he has been the director of the theatre. Another director Gorčin Stojanović has been the manager since 2001, and an artistic director since 12 July 2002. The Great Stage now bears the name of the great figure of the Serbian acting stage, Ljuba Tadić. Since 2003 to the present, the renewed Yugoslav Drama Theatre has performed the plays by Chekhov, Shakespeare, Bulgakov, Wedekind, Аndrejev, Ödön von Horváth, Ostrovsky, LaBute, Hristić, Dukovski, Srbljanović, and Маrković.The Yugoslav Drama Theatre Studio was the third addition to the theatre, it serves as an experimental stage for young authors and actors.

Historical uses of the Yugoslav Drama Theatre building

Manjež
During the time of the Principle of Serbia, there used to be a manege – a building which was used by the Royal Cavalry squadron. It was a simple, two-story building, with elongated basis, which, a couple of decades later, was to become the home of the ensemble of the National Theatre, because the main building was damaged during the First World War. The old stable, popularly known as "Wooden manege" for a very short time served to the theatre admirers. In 1927, the building  burned to the ground. The construction of the new building began that same year. After the plan designed by the prominent Russian architect, Nikolai Petrovich Krasnov, the new building was financed by the shareholders' funds. Academically conceived, the main facade was enlivened by the series of decorative architectural elements and allegoric sculptures, by the author Vojislav Ratimirović Šikoparija, a Belgrade sculptor.

Theatre building
The last temporary Assembly building was commissioned from 1931 until 1936.
From 1929 until 1931, it served as the theatre building ("The building on Vračar") when the interior of the building was altered due to the temporary moving in of the National Assembly.

After World War II
In 1947, the eminent architect Моmčilo N. Belobrk created the design for the readaptation of the building for theatre performances. The building of the Yugoslav drama Theatre, as it was then officially named, was a brave modernist and monumental work. It remained typical for its long facade without ornamentation. An architect, Моmčilo Belobrk, put the special accent on the аtrium, at the centre of which was a small decorative pool with a bronze sculpture, by sculptor Boris Kalin. Belobrk did not only modernize the theatre, which included a new type of stage, lighting, acoustics, grandstand, but he particularly insisted on detailed design of the entire theatre inventory, starting from the tickets. The new time brought new changes. The team of two authors, an architect, Đorđe Bobić, and an academic painter, Čedomir Vasić, came up with the new concept of the appearance of the building, which included the combination of the old and the new. Based on the announced competition in 1997, which included the reconstruction, modernization and detailed reparation of the building, the works started after the best design of a young architect Zoran Radojčić and friends (as the author called his associates). The object was evaluated as "the sensible modernistic intervention" and is nowadays the venue of the rich theatre life in the centre of the capital.

The new building
In 1997, architect Zoran Radojičić won a competition for the reconstruction of Yugoslav Drama Theatre in Belgrade. Within the project bureau "Arktik", Radojičić and Dejan Miljković designed a new structure, and the interior was designed in cooperation with the architect Ivan Milenković. A statue of the sculptor Mrđan Bajić is featured in the theatre entrance hall.

The building won the following awards:
 The Award of the Union of Architects of Serbia in 2005 (Yugoslav Drama Theatre, Belgrade)
 The April Award of the City of Belgrade for Architecture and Urbanism for the object Yugoslav Drama Theatre in Belgrade 2004
 The Award of the company "Novosti" for architecture 2003, for the best architectural achievement (Yugoslav Drama Theatre, Belgrade) 2004
 Grand Prix XXVI Salon of architecture (Yugoslav Drama Theatre, Belgrade), 2004
 BPB Award 2003 for the interior (Yugoslav Drama Theatre, Belgrade)

See more
 List of theatres in Serbia
 Yugoslav Film Archive
 Museum of Yugoslavia
 Archives of Yugoslavia

References

External links

 Zgrada Jugoslovenskog dramskog pozorišta - od manježa do savremenog teatra
 Промене у позоришту су неопходне

Theatres in Belgrade
Savski Venac

Yugoslav Drama Theatre


Jamie Danbrook (born June 5, 1988, in Vernon, British Columbia) is a Canadian curler.

Career

Junior career: British Columbia & P.E.I.
Danbrook won three provincial junior titles for two different provinces. In 2005 and 2008, he won the British Columbia junior titles. In 2005 playing second for Tyrel Griffith and in 2008 playing lead for Jay Wakefield. The 2005 team went 4–8 at the 2005 Canadian Junior Curling Championships. In 2008, the team went 5-7 at nationals. That year Danbrook moved to Prince Edward Island where he joined the Brett Gallant rink as lead. The team won the P.E.I. junior championship and the 2009 Canadian Junior Curling Championships. At the 2009 World Junior Curling Championships, representing Canada, the team lost in the gold medal final to Denmark.

2010-11: Newfoundland and Labrador
In 2010, Danbrook moved to Newfoundland and Labrador. He played second for Matt Blandford at the 2010 Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard, which lost in the tie breaker match. At the end of the season it was announced that Danbrook would play as Brad Gushue's alternate for the 2010-11 curling season, and would play lead for the team at the 2011 Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard (as normal skip Randy Ferbey lives in Alberta). The team won the Tankard, and therefore Danbrook would play in his first Brier. Ferbey left the team in February 2011, promoting Danbrook to the position of lead on a full-time basis.

2011-13: Ontario and Newfoundland again
During the 2011 off-season, Danbrook moved to the Sarnia, Ontario based Mark Bice while residing in Toronto. However, he left the team after the 2011–12 season and returned to Newfoundland again as the lead for the Andrew Symonds team. He played in the 2013 Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard, with the Symonds team finishing the round robin with a 5–2 record. However, they lost in their first playoff game.

2013-present: Nova Scotia
This lasted for one season, when he moved to Halifax, Nova Scotia to play lead for Brent MacDougall. After one season with MacDougall, he formed his own team in 2014. Danbrook won his first career World Curling Tour event in his first event as a skip, when he won the 2014 Gibson's Cashspiel.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Vernon, British Columbia
Curlers from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Curlers from British Columbia
Curlers from Prince Edward Island
Curlers from Newfoundland and Labrador
Curlers from Ontario
Canadian male curlers
Canadian curling coaches

Jamie Danbrook


Pekka Kristian Strang (born 23 July 1977) is a Finland-Swedish actor and the artistic director of Lilla Teatern in Helsinki, 2005–2014. He grew up in Vaasa on the Finnish west coast. In 1997 he was admitted to the Theatre Academy of Finland and graduated in 2001. The same year he starred in the movie Drakarna över Helsingfors (English title: Kites over Helsinki) and in 2004 he had a role in Producing Adults. Strang plays the titular character in the 2017 Dome Karukoski film Tom of Finland.

Strang is the Swedish actor of The Hemulen in the Finnish-British animated television family drama Moominvalley (2019–).

In 2021 Strang played main role in video to Beast in Black song "Moonlight Rendezvous".

References

External links

1977 births
Finnish male actors
Living people

Pekka Strang


A kockásfülű nyúl () is a 26-episode Hungarian animated children's series produced from 26 August 1977 on in the studios of PannóniaFilm. Created by the acclaimed children's literature writer and graphic artist Veronika Marék and animator Zsolt Richly, its protagonist, the rabbit with checkered ears quickly became one of the most prolific mascots of Hungarian animation.

Format

At its debut the series ran every Saturday in the children's programming section of the then only Hungarian television channel, Magyar Televízió. The few-minute long episodes consisted of simple stories in which the rabbit with checkered ears helped one or more of the series' other main characters, four children called Kriszta (dark-haired girl), Menyus (red-haired boy), Kistöfi (blond toddler boy) and Mozdony (big bully) in various situations.

Episodes

 Kriszta születésnapja (Krisztina's birthday)
 Menyus és a hóember (Menyus and the snowman)
 Kistöfi az állatkertben (Kistöfi at the zoo)
 Kriszta a majálison (Krisztina at the picnic)
 Menyus és a sportsverseny (Menyus and the sports competition)
 Kriszta, az indián (Krisztina, the Indian)
 Kriszta és a jelmezbál (Krisztina and the costume)
 Kistöfi a tóparton (Kistöfi at the lake)
 Menyus és a rajzverseny (Menyus and the drawing competition)
 Kistöfi a hegyekben (Kistöfi in the mountains)
 Kriszta a játszótéren (Krisztina on the playground)
 Kistöfi eltéved (Kistöfi gets lost)
 Menyus meg a foxi (Menyus and the fox terrier)
 Tulipánok a téren (Tulips in the field)
 A fényképezőgép (The camera)
 Az erőművész (The artist's power)
 A kölcsönkért babakocsi (The borrowed stroller)
 Kutyasétáltatás (Dog walking)
 A cirkusz (The circus)
 A repülő térkép (The airport map)
 Süt a nap (The sun is shining)
 A csodakocsi (The wonder car)
 Az elveszett papagáj (The lost parrot)
 Kié a ház? (Whose house is this?)
 Zenedélután (Afternoon music)
 A nagy bújócska (A great hide and seek)

Legacy

The series was first syndicated in the countries around Hungary, and then in nearly ninety other countries around the world. Having no spoken dialogue, the episodes needed no dubbing (except for text), and the universal storylines were easily comprehensible, making the series adaptable in various countries.

The checkered-eared rabbit's fame rocketed in and around Hungary with the rise in popularity of retro not only in fashion and design but with the rediscovery of the qualities of Central Eastern Europe's pre-1980s culture.  It also became somewhat sought after in the U.S., where it is often described as the "bunny in a suitcase" and recalled from its frequent broadcasts on the Pinwheel cable program on Nickelodeon.  At the time of the original series, merchandising was an unknown term in Hungary, but with the return of the series (as well as other popular children's programmes of the seventies and eighties from the region) the rabbit can now be found on school accessories, pillows as well as in the form of plush toys.

In Hungary, 2002 and 2003 saw the release of two DVD sets of the series, each holding 13 of the 26 episodes.

References
 Website of Veronika Marék on the premise of the series
 Interview with Veronika Marék about the creation and legacy of the series

External links
 Kockásfülű's homepage

Hungarian television shows
Hungarian children's television series
1977 Hungarian television series debuts
1979 Hungarian television series endings
Hungarian animated television series
1970s Hungarian television series
1970s animated television series
Animated television series about rabbits and hares
Rabbit and hare mascots
Hungarian-language television shows

A kockásfülű nyúl


Limits to arbitrage is a theory in financial economics that, due to restrictions that are placed on funds that would ordinarily be used by rational traders to arbitrage away pricing inefficiencies, prices may remain in a non-equilibrium state for protracted periods of time.

The efficient-market hypothesis assumes that whenever mispricing of a publicly traded stock occurs, an opportunity for low-risk profit is created for rational traders.  The low-risk profit opportunity exists through the tool of arbitrage, which, briefly, is buying and selling differently priced items of the same value, and pocketing the difference.  If a stock falls away from its equilibrium price (let us say it becomes undervalued) due to irrational trading (noise traders), rational investors will (in this case) take a long position while going short a proxy security, or another stock with similar characteristics.

Rational traders usually work for professional money management firms, and invest other peoples' money.  If they engage in arbitrage in reaction to a stock mispricing, and the mispricing persists for an extended period, clients of the money management firm can (and do) formulate the opinion that the firm is incompetent.  This results in withdrawal of the clients' funds.  In order to deliver funds, the manager must unwind the position at a loss.  The threat of this action on behalf of clients causes professional managers to be less vigilant to take advantage of these opportunities.  This has the tendency to exacerbate the problem of pricing inefficiency.

In perhaps the best known example, the American firm Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) fell victim to limits-to-arbitrage, in 1998. The company had staked its investments on the convergence of the prices of certain bonds. These bond prices were guaranteed to converge in the long run. However, in the short run, due to the East Asian financial crisis and the Russian government's debt default, panicked investors traded against LTCM's position, and so the prices that had been expected to converge were, instead, driven further apart. This caused LTCM to face margin calls. Because the firm did not have enough money to cover these calls, they were compelled to close out their positions and to take great losses; whereas, if they had held their positions, they then could have made significant profits.

See also
 Arbitrage#Dual-listed companies

References

Further reading
 Inefficient Markets: An Introduction to Behavioral Finance, Andrei Shleifer, 2000, Oxford University Press.
 Andrei Shleifer and Robert W. Vishny, 1997, 'The Limits of Arbitrage', The Journal of Finance, American Finance Association
 Gromb, Denis, and Dimitri Vayanos, 2002, Equilibrium and welfare in markets with financially constrained arbitrageurs, Journal of Financial Economics 66, 361–407.
 Gromb, Denis, and Dimitri Vayanos, 2010, Limits of Arbitrage: The State of the Theory, the Annual Review of Financial Economics, forthcoming.
 Kondor, Peter, 2009. Risk in Dynamic Arbitrage: Price Effects of Convergence Trading, Journal of Finance 64(2), April 2009
 Xiong, Wei, 2001, Convergence trading with wealth effects, Journal of Financial Economics 62, 247–292.

Arbitrage
Financial economics
Financial markets

Limits to arbitrage


R. Jeffrey Smith is a managing director of RosettiStarr LLC, a corporate security and intelligence firm, where he leads investigative work and conducts corporate risk analysis for attorneys, management teams and investors worldwide. Its clients include corporate enterprises with global operations and major private equity firms and hedge funds with a combined $650 billion in assets under management. He joined RosettiStarr in November, 2021.

Previously, he was a managing editor for national security at the Center for Public Integrity, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, investigative newsroom in --Washington, D.C. He has been honored by the Gerald R. Ford Foundation for distinguished national defense reporting, and edited and co-written articles that won a National Headliner Award, two Associated Press Media Editors Awards for Investigative Reporting and Public Service, the top award of the Military Reporters and Editors group, and an Editor and Publisher EPPY Award. In August 2020, he also won a Sunshine Award from the Society of Professional Journalists for his "notable contributions to open government."

Previously, he was the national investigative editor, national security correspondent, and national investigative correspondent at The Washington Post, writing about public corruption, judicial issues, intelligence matters, counter-terrorism, and other national security topics. From 1998 until 2001, he was the newspaper's bureau chief in Rome, covering Southern Europe and the armed conflicts and political revolutions in the Balkans. In total, he has conducted or overseen reporting and investigations in more than 50 countries.

Smith won a Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting in 2006, along with two colleagues at the Washington Post, for articles on corruption involving House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and lobbyist Jack Abramoff. He was also a finalist with other Washington Post reporters for the Pulitzer Prize in international reporting in 1999 (from Kosovo), and a finalist with others for the Pulitzer Prize in national reporting in 2005 (about Abu Ghraib and military prisoner abuse). In 2006, he and two other Washington Post reporters received the Selden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting and the Worth Bingham Prize for Investigative Reporting.

Prior to working at The Post, Smith was a senior writer for the News and Comment section of Science Magazine in Washington, D.C., writing about national security issues, the space program, government regulations, and the environment. In 1986, he received the National Magazine Award for Public Interest from the American Society of Magazine Editors, for writing about arms control. In 1984, he received the Citation for Excellence, Best Magazine Story on Foreign Affairs from the Overseas Press Club. The National Association of Science Writers honored him twice with its Science-in-Society Journalism Award, in 1982 and 1979, for articles about the MX missile and the space program.

Smith received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and public policy from Duke University and a Master of Science degree from the Columbia University School of Journalism. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He was awarded a fellowship at Stanford University's Center for International Security and Arms Control in 1992, a Jefferson Fellowship at the East–West Center in Hawaii in 1997, a fellowship at New York University's Remarque Institute in 2001, a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship in Bellagio, Italy, in 2001, and four media fellowships at Stanford's Hoover Institution between 2002 and 2016. He was journalist-in-residence at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University in 2002.

Smith authored an article on the Srebrenica massacre on Encyclopædia Britannica. He also sat for an interview on the subject for the Encyclopædia.

References

External links

American male journalists
Living people
Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting winners
The Washington Post people
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

R. Jeffrey Smith


Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal Church congregation in Mobile, Alabama, United States.  Emanuel AME began when church trustees purchased a vacant lot for their church in 1869, as African Americans in Mobile established their own congregations following the American Civil War.  The trustees completed a frame building in that same year.  The frame building was altered in 1881 when James F. Hutchisson, a locally prominent white architect, was hired to design a new facade. The existing building was faced in brick and the facade was redesigned in the Gothic Revival style.  This made Emanuel AME Church comparable to white churches in the city and superior to both African American and white rural churches of the period.  The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 29, 1987, due to its architectural and historic significance.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Mobile, Alabama
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Churches in Mobile, Alabama
African Methodist Episcopal churches in Alabama
Gothic Revival church buildings in Alabama
Churches completed in 1869
19th-century Methodist church buildings in the United States
African American Heritage Trail of Mobile
1869 establishments in Alabama

Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Mobile, Alabama)


Flag football is a variant of American football where, instead of tackling players to the ground, the defensive team must remove a flag or flag belt from the ball carrier ("deflagging") to end a down. The sport has a strong amateur following with several national and international competitions each year sponsored by various associations but is most popularly played in America where it was invented. A flag variant of Canadian football also exists.

In flag football, contact is limited between players. The international governing body for the sport is the International Federation of American Football (IFAF). In 2022, flag football was shortlisted as a proposed discretionary event for the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, and subsequently accepted on October 16, 2023, for inclusion.

History
The best available records to date point to the early 1940s during World War II as the sport's starting point. The game began as a recreational sport created for American military personnel to help them stay fit but was designed in a way that would help prevent them from becoming injured during wartime. At the time it was called "Touch and Tail football", which then became "flag football" after the war ended.

The first known recorded history of flag football can be traced to Fort Meade, Maryland, USA, which is now generally accepted as the sport's birthplace. The first national flag football organization, the National Touch Football League, was formed in the 1960s in St. Louis, Missouri. Since 1971, the league has had a national championship game.

Arizona teachers Porter Wilson and Norman Adams invented flag-a-tag belts and flags which are the template for the flags used in the game today.

Basic rules
The specific rules of flag football vary widely by league, though all share in common their replication of the rules of traditional US-American football with tackling replaced by flag-pulling.

Traditional American football rules are often eliminated or modified to reflect the more recreational nature of the game, the desire to avoid physical contact and injury, and the generally smaller number of participating players per side.

Variations

Chiefly, because there is no dominant sanctioning organization for the sport, the game has mutated into many variations: 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, and 4 players on each side; coed or single-gender; with kicking and punting and with point-after conversions (including some with 1, 2, and 3 point tries) or without; and field sizes that vary from full Canadian Football League (CFL) size, National Football League (NFL) size (120 yards long by 53 yards wide), to fields a third that size.

An important distinction is whether linemen are allowed to catch passes ("Eligible Linemen") or, as in the NFL / CFL, are not allowed to do so ("Ineligible Linemen").  Flag (and touch) football may also be divided into "contact" or "non-contact", depending on whether or not blocking is allowed; if allowed, blocking is usually restricted to the chest.

The ability or inability of the quarterback to advance the ball past the line of scrimmage (LOS) by running is another rule subject to variation by the league.

The sport is also played on surfaces other than a traditional grass football field, including on sand beaches; beach flag football has previously featured as a discipline at the Asian Beach Games.

IFAF Flag Football World Championship

The IFAF Flag Football World Championship is normally conducted every two years. IFAF stands for International Federation of American Football.

IFAF Flag Football World Championship 2021

The International Federation of American Football (IFAF) had selected Israel to host the Flag Football World Championships for 2021 IFAF Flag Football World Championship with World Games places up for grabs. The Kraft Family Sports Campus in Jerusalem was originally scheduled to stage the men's and women's events, however, due to expected high winds the games were played at Teddy Stadium.

An IFAF event record of 39 men's and women's teams combined, spanning 22 countries, competed at the tournament in Israel. Normally conducted every two years, Denmark was scheduled to host the 2020 edition only for it to be canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic.

The United States retained their men's and women's titles at the International Federation of American Football (IFAF) World Flag Football Championships in Jerusalem. The US fought back in both finals, against Mexico to successfully defend their world crowns.

Women's gold
Against Mexico in the women's gold-medal match, the Americans scored 12 unanswered points in the second period to seal a 31–21 victory. In the semi-finals, the US beat Austria 33–6, and Mexico beat Brazil 47–6 to reach the final.

Men's gold
The US Men's team rallied from behind against Mexico to a 44–41 victory and retain their world title. A 35–6 win over Panama sent the US through to the final, and Mexico beat Italy 36–35 to join them in the tournament's showpiece contest.

Other nations

 Austria defeated Brazil 26–13 to win the women's bronze medal.

 Panama edged out Italy 45–40 in the men's third-place playoff.

Medal table

Olympics
In July 2022, the National Football League (NFL) and the IFAF partnered on a bid for flag football to be included as an optional event during the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. The NFL had sponsored the inclusion of flag football as an invitational event during that month's 2022 World Games—a multi-sport event featuring sports and disciplines not currently contested at the Olympics—in Birmingham, Alabama. The men's tournament was won by the United States, and the women's tournament by Mexico. The NFL's executive VP of football operations Troy Vincent stated that the sport was "the future of American football", as it was inclusive and had fewer barriers to access.

In August 2022, flag football was shortlisted as one of nine sports advancing to the next phase of the bid process. On October 9, 2023, the LA organizing committee officially proposed the inclusion of flag football as an event. On October 16, 2023, flag football received approval at the 141st IOC Session of the International Olympic Committee for inclusion in the 2028 Summer Olympics to be held in Los Angeles.

World Games

The 2022 World Games marked the 40th anniversary of the event, which took place from July 7–17, 2022. Hosted at Birmingham's historic Legion Field, Flag Football featured eight men's teams and eight women's teams from around the world. In 2021 the World Games uploaded a beginner's guide to World Games Flag Football.

As the reigning world champions, the United States men's and women's teams both pre-qualified for the 2022 World Games. The remaining seven teams were selected through the IFAF qualifying process

North America

USA Football
USA Football is the governing body of American football in the United States, the sole US member of the International Federation of American Football, and a recognized sports organization of the US Olympic & Paralympic Committee. Its non-profit mission includes designing and delivering premier educational, development, and competitive programs for American football, including tackle and flag football. USA Football is the only organization that selects and organizes the U.S. national team (men's and women's) in federation-sanctioned international competition.

USA Flag
USA Flag currently operates the largest National Championships flag football tournament in the United States, along with a club World Championships every January in Florida that eclipsed over 980 teams this past January 2023, the largest single weekend flag football tournament ever recorded. The USA Flag has grown exponentially each year.

NFL Pro Bowl Flag
For the 2023 Pro Bowl, the National Football League showcased its premier Pro Bowl players and the best of NFL Flag teams from around the country with their skills in a week-long celebration, "The Pro Bowl Games," featuring a new format spotlighting Flag Football.

NFL Flag
The National Football League and its teams have promoted and sponsored flag football leagues in the United States as a youth sport under the branding NFL Flag; in 2020, Denver Broncos quarterback Russell Wilson became a chairman and co-owner of NFL Flag, as part of efforts by the NFL to expand its promotion of the sport into other territories. The program has also placed a particular focus on expanding women's flag football, due to gridiron football having predominantly been played by men.

American Flag Football League

The American Flag Football League (AFFL) is a flag football organization that offers youth and women's competition, and in 2023, a men's professional division.

Canadian Flag Football League

The Canadian Flag Football League (CFFL) was established in 2019 and runs Canada's CFFL National Championship. The league is affiliated with Football Canada, the national governing body for football in Canada and its variants. The winners of the CFFL National Championship also gain the opportunity to represent Canada in international competition.

The league's major objective is to help integrate existing adult flag leagues on a nationwide basis. Depending on the region, teams compete in their Regional Championships, either Eastern, Western, or Central. The top two teams from each division advance to the national championship.

There are three divisions for the CFFL: male, female, and mixed.

Flag Football National Championships

The Canadian Flag Football National Championships (FFNC) was established in 2007 to provide athletes with the opportunity to develop their skills and compete in national team competitions and eventually the Canadian Flag Football League (CFFL) which was established in 2019. Since its inception, the format of the championship has undergone several changes.

In 2011, in response to the growth of flag football and the development of Football Canada's Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model, the under-15 co-ed division was replaced by separate boys and girls under-16 divisions. These divisions supplemented the pre-existing under-18 divisions that were added in 2010.

By 2013, the championship featured three divisions: male and female under-16 divisions and a female under-18 division.

In 2017, with the introduction of the Under-16 Regional Flag Challenge, the championship shifted to an under-18 format with male and female divisions.

Varsity sport

America
In May 2020, the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), in partnership with the NFL, announced the addition of flag football as a varsity sport for female student-athletes. The NAIA became the first collegiate governing body to sanction the sport at the varsity level.

Women's flag began during the 2020–21 season as an emerging sport with at least 15 teams, and the NAIA and NFL also expected an upgrade of the sport to an invitational level sport by 2022 with at least 25 teams.

International

International Woman's Flag Football Association
The International Woman's Flag Football Association, IWFFA, hosts 8-on-8 flag football tournaments and flag football training across the world with participants from the United States, Canada, Mexico, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, Scotland and several other nations. The organization is the largest for women and girls in the sport. The most active tournament is held each February in Key West, Florida, called the Kelly McGillis Classic where over 90 women and girls teams participate in 8-on-8, semi-blocking contact flag football. There are no restrictions for girls and women to play.

International Federation of American Football
The International Federation of American Football (IFAF) organizes the IFAF Flag Football World Championship every two years since 2002.

International Flag Football Festival
The International Flag Football Festival (IFFF) organizes the World Cup of Flag Football featuring teams from the United States, Mexico and several other nations.

United Kingdom
Flag football competition in the United Kingdom is, mostly, 5-a-side. There are two main organizations: The adult-only Outlaw Flag League, which run Tournaments in two conferences, the Exile conference and the Bandit conference, from March to October, culminating in playoff and championships. Secondly, the NFFL, The National Flag Football League, organized by The British American Football Association (BAFA). At a senior level, there are sixty teams divided into two leagues. NFL Division One: Highlands, North A, North B, Midlands, South East, and South West and The Premiership: Highlands, North, South East, and South West, with the top teams qualifying for playoffs at the end of the season. BAFA also runs The Youth Flag Football League (YFFL) and organizes teams competing at under 17, under 14, and under 11.  Flag football games in the UK are played with five players on each side with no contact, and are officiated according to the IFAF flag football rules with a few minor variations. The U17s and U14s, and, for the 2023 season U11s, compete in the National Youth Flag Football League, which runs from April to August, with teams playing in Local and regional tournaments to qualify for National Finals Day and ultimately be crowned National Champions.

BAFA National Flag finals

See also

 Touch football (American)
 American football strategy
 Rugby football
 Tag rugby

References

External links

 United States Flag & Touch Football League

Sports originating in the United States
Variations of American football

Flag football


Kul-chur inscription or Küli Čor inscription was an inscription erected in honor of a military leader called Kul Chur of the Xueyantuo. It was erected between 723 and 725.

Discovery and translation

Region
It is located in Ih-hoshoot district of Delgerhaan sum in Töv Province, in 200 km southwest from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Location: N46º54´ - E104º33´

Complete text

Identity
Since the first line of the Küli Çor inscription is incomplete, the "apa tarqan čıqan tonyukuk atıγ bermiš" section follows the part that starts with the "üčün" preposition. It is translated as "apa tarqan gave the name čıqan tonyukuk". Thus, it is possible to argue that the name of Küli Çor before he received his hero name (er at) was Tonyukuk. Because, on the second line of the western face of the inscription, the missing beginning of the line could be read as "quda jegtürmiš Išbara Čїqan Küli Čur bolmïš" which translated into "(when … happened) (since) he was created (better), he took that title of Išvara Čıqan Küli Čor". It is understood that the hero name of the protagonist of the inscription hero was Küli Çor. Gerard Clauson states that the first three lines of the inscription provides information on the identity of Küli Çor. The author considered that the personal name of Küli Çor was Tonyukuk, however this person was not in fact the known Tonyukuk, since his known title was Boyla Baγa Tarqan and especially based on the name Qapaghan Qaghan to be mentioned in the third line, it was not possible for Küli Çor to die after 716. It was not possible to obtain the title of "Köl", witnessed as Kül Tigin in Turks, and "otčigin" by Mongolians, which was given to the smallest male child of the house. It is worth noting that the name or title unity in the first line of the Küli Çor inscription should be considered with the name Tonyukuk mentioned both in Tonyukuk and Küli Çor inscriptions, although both are not related to the famous Tonyukuk. It is not written with ñ but using the signs that correspond to n and y. Based on the mentioned views, it is possible to argue that the title unity "Toñuquq Boyla Baγa Tarqan" observed in Tonyukuk inscriptions referred to Tonyukuk, and the Chykan Tonyukuk mentioned in Küli Çor inscription was not related to Tonyukuk, and it was the childhood name of Küli Çor before he received his hero name.

References

Further reading
 Erhan Aydın: "Name, Titles, And Identity in the Küli Čor Inscription", Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, vol. 24 (2018), p. 5-18.

History of Mongolia
Archaeological sites in Mongolia
Turkic inscriptions
Göktürks
8th-century inscriptions

Kul-chur inscription


Microbiotheria are a small order of marsupial mammals with only one living species, the Monito del Monte (Spanish for 'little mountain monkey').

It is the only New World representative of the superorder Australidelphia; all other New World marsupials are part of the Ameridelphia.

The species is nocturnal and arboreal, and lives in thickets of Chilean bamboo in the temperate rain forests of the southern Andes. It eats mainly insects and other small invertebrates, supplemented with fruit.

At one time, they were placed in the order Didelphimorphia, the opossums, but due to many morphological differences, they were placed in another order. The skull's shape is strange, with many technical differences from the opossums.

Phylogeny and biogeography

It has long been suspected that South American marsupials were ancestral to those of Australia. The two continents were connected via Antarctica in the early Cainozoic era.

Australia's earliest known marsupial is Djarthia, a primitive mouse-like animal that lived about 55 million years ago. Djarthia had been identified as the earliest known australidelphian, and this research suggested that the Monito del Monte was the last of a clade which included Djarthia.

In 2010, analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of marsupials confirmed the placement of the Monito del Monte in Australidelphia. It also showed its position as the most basal of that superorder.

The study also confirmed that the most basal of all marsupial orders are the other two South American lineages (Didelphimorphia and Paucituberculata, with the former probably branching first). This indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America (with the ancestors of all other living marsupials), and probably reached Australia in a single dispersal event after Microbiotheria split off (originated).

References

Marsupials of Australia
Chile

Microbiotheria


Cecil is a pure object-oriented programming language that was developed by Craig Chambers at the University of Washington in 1992 to be part of the Vortex project there. Cecil has many similarities to other object-oriented languages, most notably Objective-C, Modula-3, and Self. The main goals of the project were extensibility, orthogonality, efficiency, and ease-of-use.

The language supports multiple dispatch and multimethods, dynamic inheritance, and optional static type checking. Unlike most other OOP systems, Cecil allows subtyping and code inheritance to be used separately, allowing run-time or external extension of object classes or instances. Like Objective-C, all object services in Cecil are invoked by message passing, and the language supports run-time class identification. These features allow Cecil to support dynamic, exploratory programming styles. Parameterized types and methods (generics, polymorphism), garbage collection, and delegation are also supported. Cecil also supports a module mechanism for isolating independent libraries or packages. Cecil does not presently support threads or any other form of concurrency. A standard library for Cecil is also available and includes various collection, utility, system, I/O, and GUI classes.

The Diesel language was the successor of Cecil.

References

External links
 UW Cecil Group: Home Official webpage
 Cecil language features

Dynamically typed programming languages
Object-oriented programming languages
Prototype-based programming languages

Cecil (programming language)


The Edmund Fowle House is a historic house and local history museum at 28 Marshall Street in Watertown, Massachusetts, USA.  Built in 1772, it is the second-oldest surviving house in Watertown (after the Browne House, built c. 1698), and served as the meeting place for the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in the first year of the American Revolutionary War.  Now owned by the local historic society, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

Description
The Edmund Fowle House is located northeast of Watertown Square, on the south side of Marshall Street between Spring and Mount Auburn Streets.  It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior.  It has a five-bay front facade, with a center entrance sheltered by a projecting enclosed flat-roofed vestibule.  The vestibule entry is flanked by sidelight windows and framed by fluted moulding.

History
The house was built by Edmund Fowle (1747–1821) in 1772, and was originally located on Mount Auburn St., then called Mill St.  Watertown was the seat of Massachusetts Provincial Congress, its de facto government, during the British occupation of Boston during the American Revolution. The committees of the 2nd and 3rd Provincial Congress met in this house from April 22 to July 19, 1775, and the Executive Committee met here from July 19, 1775, to September 18, 1776. In 1776, the Treaty of Watertown, the first treaty signed between the newly formed United States of America and a foreign power, the St. John's and Mi'kmaq First Nations of Nova Scotia, was signed in this house.

Sturgis and Brigham Architects (Charles Brigham and John Hubbard Sturgis) purchased the house in 1871, moved it to its present Marshall St. address and converted it into a two family residence. The Historical Society of Watertown purchased the house in 1922.

The Historical Society was awarded $500,000 in 2004 and another $200,000 in 2006 by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for the restoration of the Edmund Fowle House. The grand re-opening of the house took place in May 2008.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

References

External links
 Historical Society of Watertown

Houses completed in 1772
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Historic house museums in Massachusetts
Museums in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Watertown, Massachusetts
1772 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
Georgian architecture in Massachusetts

Edmund Fowle House


Byron M. Baer (October 18, 1929 – June 24, 2007) was an American Democratic Party politician from New Jersey who served in both houses of the New Jersey Legislature. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1972 to 1993 and in the State Senate from 1994 to 2005, where he represented the 37th Legislative District. In the early 1970s, Baer was the primary author of the Open Public Records Act, New Jersey's Sunshine Law, and was an advocate of open government throughout his legislative career.

Career
In the upper house, the Senator filled a variety of different leadership roles including as Democratic Senate Leader Ex Officio (2002–2003), Minority Leader Pro Tempore (1996–2001), and as Senate Leader Ex Officio, a post he held from 2004.

As Senator, Baer served on a variety of Senate Committees including: Legislative Services Commission, Joint Committee on Public Schools, State Government, and Judiciary. He was also the Chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee.

Before serving as a State Senator, Baer served 21 years in the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature, the New Jersey General Assembly, from 1972 to 1993. While in the Assembly, Baer served in a variety of different posts including  Minority Leader Pro Tempore (1992–1993), Deputy Speaker (1991), Associate Assembly Leader (1990), and Assistant Minority Leader (1986–1989).

In February 1993, Baer announced that he would run for the seat in the New Jersey Senate being vacated by Matthew Feldman. Together with Assembly running mates Loretta Weinberg and Ken Zisa, who was on the ballot for Baer's former Assembly seat, Baer won election to the Senate.

Baer attended Cornell University, New York University and Columbia University, but never received a degree.

Baer had a short-lived career in special effects, which included work on the horror classic, The Brain That Wouldn't Die.

In 1961, Baer was arrested as a Freedom Rider at the Greyhound Bus station in Jackson, Mississippi, and served six weeks in the Mississippi State Penitentiary. In 1965, he participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches.  Baer advised and befriended Martin Luther King Jr. Because of this, Baer served, from 2002 to 2004, on New Jersey's standing Martin Luther King Jr. Commemorative Commission,  which works to raise public awareness of King's ideals and philosophy.

Senator Baer resigned from the New Jersey Senate effective September 8, 2005, due to health reasons. In a letter to Acting Governor of New Jersey Richard Codey, Baer stated that "I officially tender my resignation as State Senator, representing District 37 in the New Jersey Legislature, effective today, September 8, 2005, at 11:59 p.m." On Election Day on November 9, 2005, voters chose Loretta Weinberg to serve the remaining portion of Baer's four-year term of office, which ended in January 2008.

Succession in Senate
After Baer's resignation, Assemblywoman Loretta Weinberg of Teaneck and Hackensack Police Chief Ken Zisa faced off in balloting by the Bergen County Democratic Committee on September 15. 2005. to fill Baer's seat on an interim basis and to fill his ballot spot for the November General Election.

Zisa outpolled Weinberg at the September 15 caucus, with Representative Steve Rothman — in his role overseeing the Special Convention — ruling that ballots from the so-called "Tenafly Five" should not be counted, as their names had not been filed with the County Committee within the prescribed thirty-day limit. On October 5, 2005, after an extended court battle, Weinberg was ultimately successful in her bid to replace Baer, with the five previously uncounted ballots opened and cast for Weinberg, providing the necessary margin of victory. Weinberg was sworn into office on November 10, 2005, to assume Baer's vacant seat.

District 37
Each of the forty districts in the New Jersey Legislature has one representative in the New Jersey Senate and two members in the New Jersey General Assembly. The other representatives from the 37th Legislative District for the 2004-2005 Legislative Session were:
 Assemblyman Gordon M. Johnson, and
 Assemblywoman Loretta Weinberg

Family
Baer was a resident of Englewood, New Jersey. He was married to Linda Pollitt Baer, a State Administrative Law Judge and former Bergen County Freeholder. His children are David Baer and Laura Baer and his stepchildren are Lara (Pollitt) Rodriquez and Roger Pollitt. He died on June 24, 2007, following several years of ill-health.

References

External links
 .
 Byron Bear's Resignation Press Release
 New Jersey Senate Democrats Website Biography

1929 births
2007 deaths
Columbia University alumni
Cornell University alumni
Democratic Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly
Democratic Party New Jersey state senators
New York University alumni
Politicians from Englewood, New Jersey
Politicians from Bergen County, New Jersey
20th-century American politicians

Byron Baer


The Boulevard  Ring (; transliteration: Bulvarnoye Koltso) is Moscow's second innermost ring road (the first is formed by the Central Squares of Moscow running along the former walls of Kitai-gorod). Boulevards form a semicircular chain along the western, northern and eastern sides of the historical White City of Moscow; in the south the incomplete ring is terminated by the embankments of Moskva River.

The first of the boulevards, Tverskoy Boulevard, emerged in 1796, but the ring was completely developed in 1820s, after the disastrous 1812 fire. The Ring replaced the medieval walls of the White City in the 1820s. The wall itself was razed in 1760, and despite the royal decrees to keep the site clear, the area was soon built over with private and state property. The Fire of Moscow destroyed many of those buildings, allowing the city planners to replace them with wide green boulevards.

In the 20th century, the width of the Boulevard Ring was expanded, as the formerly paved areas along the Pokrovsky Boulevard and Strastnoy Boulevard were planted with trees. Plans to complete the ring through Zamoskvorechye never materialized, however.
These plans to properly terminate the ring through Yakimanka and Zamoskvorechye districts, proposed in 1935, periodically resurface in city planners' discussions.

List of boulevards

See also

 Garden Ring in Moscow
 Third Ring Road in Moscow
 MKAD in Moscow

Ring roads in Moscow
Boulevards in Moscow
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Moscow

Boulevard Ring


Antonio Rodotà (24 December 1935 – 23 February 2006) was the fifth Director General of the European Space Agency (ESA), serving from 1997 until 2003. He died in Rome on February 23, 2006, aged 70.

He was the brother of Stefano Rodotà, a former Italian politician.

Early years
Rodotà was born on 24 December 1935 in Cosenza, Italy. After graduating from University of Rome in 1959 as an electronics engineer, he began his career with SISPRE SpA, Italy.

Career
In 1965 he served as Italian delegate to NATO in Paris, then joined Italian company Selenia from 1966 to 1980, followed by three years as head of the Compagnia Nazionale Satelliti. He then moved on to Alenia-Spazio in 1983 where he held a series of senior positions before becoming chief executive in 1995. Under his leadership, Alenia became a supplier of space hardware for the International Space Station.

European Space Agency
Before joining ESA, he was director of the Space Division of Finmeccanica (Italy) and a member of the boards of several international companies, as well as Arianespace.

During his term of office at ESA, Rodotà was an active advocate of international cooperation, a promoter of European space activities, and was one of the founders of the Galileo European satellite navigation system.

Tribute
ESA's next Director General Jean-Jacques Dordain paid tribute by saying,

Sources
 Antonio Rodotà

1935 births
2006 deaths
European Space Agency personnel
Italian people of Arbëreshë descent

Antonio Rodotà


In France, a subprefecture () is the administrative center of a departmental arrondissement that does not contain the prefecture for its department. The term also applies to the building that houses the administrative headquarters for an arrondissement.

The civil servant in charge of a subprefecture is the subprefect, assisted by a general secretary. Between May 1982 and February 1988, subprefects were known instead by the title commissaire adjoint de la République.

Where the administration of an arrondissement is carried out from a prefecture, the general secretary to the prefect carries out duties equivalent to those of the subprefect.

The municipal arrondissements of Paris, Lyon, and Marseille are divisions of the city (or commune) rather than the prefecture, and so are not arrondissements in the same sense.

Related pages

List of arrondissements of France

Subprefectures in France


Ardeshir Cowasjee (13 April 1926 – 24 November 2012) () was a Pakistani newspaper columnist, social activist, and philanthropist. Belonging from Karachi, his columns regularly appeared in the country's oldest English newspaper, Dawn. He was also the Chairman of the Cowasjee Group and was engaged in philanthropic activities in addition to being regarded as an old "guardian" of the city of Karachi.

On 3 November 2013, Institute of Business Administration, Karachi launched the Ardeshir Cowasjee Centre for Writing in his honor.

Biography
Cowasjee was born on 13 April 1926 in Karachi to the Cowasjee Parsi (Zoroastrian) family. His father, Rustom Fakirjee Cowasjee, was a businessman in merchant shipping, and the family spoke Gujarati at home. Ardeshir attended the Bai Virbaiji Soparivala (BVS) Parsi High School and graduated from DJ Science College, Karachi. Later, he joined his father's business, the Cowasjee Group. In 1953, he married Nancy Dinshaw, with whom he had two children – Ava (daughter) and Rustom (son).

Career
Cowasjee owned a family run shipping company, that at the time of the independence of Pakistan was Karachi's largest shipping company. This shipping company was nationalized during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's premiership. He was appointed by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as Managing Director of Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC) in 1973. He was jailed for 72 days in 1976 by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto for which no explanation has been given to date; it is said that Prime Minister Bhutto did this because Cowasjee was becoming increasingly vocal about Bhutto's authoritarian ways. Cowasjee subsequently started writing letters to the editor of Dawn newspaper, which led to him becoming a permanent columnist. Since then, his hard-hitting and well-researched columns in Dawn have continuously exposed corruption, nepotism, and incompetence in different local, provincial, and national governments. Cowasjee's last article for Dawn was published on 25 December 2011.

Los Angeles Times described him thus: "His is a stubborn non-Muslim voice in this nation created as an Islamic homeland, refusing to be silenced. Attempts have been made. His life has been threatened so often the government has provided him with 24-hour protection.

Activities
Via the Cowasjee Foundation, Cowasjee was the financier of many scholarships for students wishing to pursue higher education. These included grants for both local and overseas education. They were termed "loans" and Cowasjee encouraged recipients to repay them so that others could benefit from the funds; however, he expected that the majority of the funds would not be repaid.

Death
Cowasjee died at the age of 86, on 24 November 2012. He was suffering from chest illness and remained in hospital for twelve days.

References

External links
 Cowasjee's archives in Dawn Newspaper
 Dawn coverage of his passing

1926 births
Parsi writers
Pakistani philanthropists
Pakistani industrialists
Pakistani male journalists
Pakistani columnists
Parsi people
Pakistani Zoroastrians
Pakistani socialites
Dawn (newspaper) people
B. V. S. Parsi High School alumni
2012 deaths
Journalists from Karachi
Businesspeople from Karachi
Pakistani people of Gujarati descent
20th-century philanthropists
People from Karachi

Ardeshir Cowasjee


Donald James Marshall (May 2, 1936 – October 30, 2016) was an American actor best known for his role as Dan Erickson in the television show Land of the Giants.

Early life
Marshall was born on May 2, 1936, to father Ernest Overton Marshall (1910-1992) and mother Alma Louise Marshall (nee Williams 1912-1993) in San Diego. He lived with his father, mother, maternal grandmother Leola Williams, his two older sisters (Leola Marceline and Ernestine), and his twin brother (Douglas). He graduated from San Diego High School in 1954. While studying engineering between 1956 and 1957, he was encouraged to try acting by a friend, Peter Bren. Marshall was still in the army at this time, but later studied acting at the Bob Gist Dramatic Workshop, while taking a course in theatre arts at Los Angeles City College. While at college, he was a pole vaulter on the track team.

Career

1960s
Marshall's first professional role was in a 1962 Columbia Studios feature The Interns in an uncredited role. In 1964, he was in Shock Treatment, another uncredited role. Also in 1964, Marshall took the role of Chris Logan, playing opposite Nichelle Nichols in CBS Repertoire Workshop episode titled "Great Gettin' Up Mornin'", a made-for-TV-movie about an African-American family preparing their children for their first day at a racially integrated school in America's South. That same year, Nichols played Marshall's fiancée in a controversial episode of Gene Roddenberry's series The Lieutenant. In 1965, Marshall appeared in a pilot for a series Premiere in the episode "Braddock". In 1966, he appeared as recurring character Luke in Daktari.

Later in the 1960s he appeared in Roddenberry's next series, Star Trek portraying Lieutenant Boma in the episode "The Galileo Seven" (1967). Other TV series he appeared in were Tarzan (the series with Ron Ely), Dragnet 1967, and Ironside. In 1968, he appeared as Ted Neumann, the recurring love interest of Julia Baker, in four episodes of the television series Julia, a series about an African-American widow raising her son on her own.

Land of the Giants
As a result of appearing in Premiere in the episode "Braddock", the actor met Irwin Allen, leading to Marshall gaining his role in Land of the Giants, in which he performed alongside Gary Conway, Don Matheson, Kurt Kasznar, Stefan Arngrim, Deanna Lund, and Heather Young. The series, created by Irwin Allen, featured Marshall as a competent African-American in a leading role. This was also a first for an African-American male in the 1960s to be featured so prominently in science fiction. The only other African-American actors to be in such a position in the 1960s were Nichelle Nichols, known for her role as Lt. Uhura in the TV series Star Trek, and Greg Morris as electronics expert Barney Collier in Mission: Impossible.

On set, the actors had to perform many of their own stunts, and here Marshall's athleticism was an asset; he credited his previous football, track, and pole vaulting work with enabling him to do many of the stunts required. In one of the episodes, "Ghost Town", while diving over a fire, Marshall actually dislocated his shoulder and the next day had to shoot new scenes with his arm in a sling. Another episode, "Giants and All That Jazz", which featured former world champion boxer Sugar Ray Robinson as Biff Bowers and Mike Mazurki as Loach, had Marshall teaching Biff Bowers how to play the trumpet. This episode, which Marshall called "Beautiful", seems to have been a favorite of his and made him want to act rather than follow or figure out what dialogue to use or say. He also claimed that actors had a better time on the set when Irwin Allen was not present; when he was, it was very different and people would get uptight.

In later years, Marshall wrote a script for a sequel to the series called Escape from a Giant Land. He hoped that it would be a big-screen production and would feature as many original cast members as possible.

1970s
Marshall had a role in the made-for-TV-movie The Reluctant Heroes, or The Egghead on Hill 656 (1971), a film that was directed by Robert Day. This war film was set in the Korean War with men under a newly commissioned lieutenant who are trapped on a hill surrounded by the enemy. His character as  Pvt. Carver LeMoyne was subject to continual racial abuse by Cpl. Leroy Sprague (Warren Oates). The film also starred Ken Berry, Jim Hutton, Ralph Meeker, Cameron Mitchell, and Trini Lopez.

Marshall was subsequently cast in the role of Dr. Fred Williams in the science-fiction horror exploitation film The Thing with Two Heads (1972), which starred Ray Milland and Rosey Grier. This was a tale about a wealthy and racist white man who has his head transplanted onto the body of a black prisoner from death row. In 1974, he was cast in Uptown Saturday Night as Slim's Henchman. In 1976, he played the part of Captain Colter in an episode of The Bionic Woman, and in 1979 he was in a two-part episode of Buck Rogers in the 25th Century as Julio. From 1978 to 1980, Marshall was in three episodes of The Incredible Hulk.

1980–2016
In the 1980s, Marshall had few roles, appearing occasionally in episodes of Little House on the Prairie as Caleb Ledoux, as Doctor Jim Blair in Finder of Lost Loves, and as Senator Ed Lawrence in Capitol. In 1992, he played the concierge in Paul Schneider's made-for-TV-movie Highway Heartbreaker. Marshall often stated that he was proud of his work on Little House. In 2011, he was in Pioneers of Television as Pvt. Ernest Cameron in archival footage from the episode titled "To Set It Right" in 1964's The Lieutenant for PBS.

After he retired from acting, Marshall set up his own company called DJM Productions, Inc., which produced television commercials and documentary films. He was popular with Star Trek fans, as he was a Star Trek convention regular.

Personal life and death
He had one daughter and one son. Marshall provided consultation on matters connected with his work and with racial issues, and received an award for "Outstanding Achievement in his field as a Black Achiever in the United States". He died on October 30, 2016,  at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. Veteran actress BarBara Luna had reported his death on Facebook.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

Sources

External links

 Irwin Allen News Network: "Land Of The Giants"

1936 births
2016 deaths
Male actors from San Diego
American male television actors
African-American male actors
Burials at Miramar National Cemetery
Los Angeles City College alumni
20th-century American male actors
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
San Diego High School alumni

Don Marshall (actor)


John Godfrey Saxe I (June 2, 1816 – March 31, 1887) was an American poet known for his re-telling of the Indian parable "The Blind Men and the Elephant", which introduced the story to a western audience.

Biography
Saxe was born in 1816 in Highgate, Vermont, at Saxe's Mills, where his grandfather, John Saxe (Johannes Sachse), a German immigrant and Loyalist, built the area's first gristmill in 1786. Saxe was the son of Peter Saxe – miller, judge and periodic member of the Vermont House of Representatives – and Elizabeth Jewett of Weybridge, Vermont. Saxe was named for two of his paternal uncles, John and Godfrey, who had died as young men before his birth. Raised in a strict Methodist home, Saxe was first sent, in 1835, to Wesleyan University, which he left after a year, and then to Middlebury College, from which he graduated in 1839.

In 1841, he married Sophia Newell Sollace, a sister of a Middlebury classmate, with whom he had six children, including John Theodore Saxe.

He was admitted to the Vermont bar in 1843 and tried to run a business with his dutiful and pious older brother, Charles Jewett Saxe. For some years, he practiced successfully in Franklin County. In 1850–51, he served as state's attorney for Chittenden County.

Bored by his legal work, Saxe began publishing poems for The Knickerbocker, of which "The Rhyme of the Rail" is his most famous early work. He soon caught the attention of the prominent Boston publishing house Ticknor and Fields. Though he received no royalties for his first volume, it ran to ten reprintings. He became a solid performer for Ticknor and Fields, though his sales ranked far behind those of his friend, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. His poem "The Puzzled Census-Taker" amused many, and "Rhyme of the Rail" was possibly the most admired poem of the period about rail travel. Saxe was editor of the Sentinel in Burlington, Vermont from 1850 to 1856.

Saxe became a sought-after speaker, toured frequently and stayed prolific throughout the 1850s. In 1859 and 1860, he ran unsuccessfully for governor of Vermont. As a northern Democrat, he advocated a non-interference policy on slavery and supported Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglas's policy of "popular sovereignty", a position which rendered the poet extremely unpopular in Republican Vermont. After his second and even more punishing electoral defeat, Saxe left his home state in 1861 for Albany, New York. Convinced extremists on both sides had pushed the nation into a fratricidal war, he composed "The Blind Man and The Elephant", his most famous poem. Saxe never fully embraced abolition, opposed the enfranchisement of black voters, and became a critic of the federal policy on Reconstruction. He was one of the featured speakers at a mass rally in Manhattan in September 1866 opposing Reconstruction. His views clashed with those of his older brother, who had served in the New York Assembly as a War Democrat.

Saxe spent his summers in Saratoga, contributed articles for the Albany Evening Journal and Albany Morning Argus, and published poems in Harper's Magazine, The Atlantic, and The Ledger, and remained popular on the lecture circuit. "The Proud Miss McBride" and "Song of Saratoga" were some of famous works in this period. However, his attempts to re-enter politics remained unsuccessful.

Always mercurial, Saxe became more erratic following the death of his oldest brother in 1867. He was not temperamentally suited to assume the role of head of the family. Instead, the poet's son, John Theodore Saxe, took the reins of his brother's lumber firm and managed the family's finances. In the 1870s, while he was living in Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn, a series of woes befell Saxe. His youngest daughter died of tuberculosis. In 1875, he suffered head injuries in a rail accident near Wheeling, West Virginia, from which he never fully recovered, and then over the next several years, his two other daughters, his eldest son, and daughter-in-law also died of tuberculosis. In July 31, 1880, his wife died of bronchitis. Including a young son who died in the 1840s, Saxe had lost five of his six children as well as his wife.

Saxe sank deep into depression and spent his final years in Albany to live with his last surviving child, Charles Gordon Saxe. His decline from the rollicking poet to grieving recluse earned the sympathy of the people of Albany, and when he died in 1887, the New York State Assembly ordered his likeness to be chiseled into the "poet's corner" of the Great Western Staircase in the New York State Capitol.

Legacy

His best remembered poem "The Blind Men and the Elephant", a version of the ancient tale Blind men and an elephant, was not his most famous in his day. Though a satirist, his poems written during more somber periods earned more recognition, including "Little Jerry the Miller", about his father's mill assistant; few of the satirical works which had made him famous are read today.

The poet's orphaned grandson, John Godfrey Saxe II, became a New York state senator, President of the New York Bar, and counsel of Columbia University.

According to Fred R. Shapiro, author of the Yale Book of Quotations, The Daily Cleveland Herald, in its issue of March 29, 1869, quotes Saxe as saying, "Laws, like sausages, cease to inspire respect in proportion as we know how they are made."

Partial bibliography
 The Poems of John Godfrey Saxe (many editions)
  Progress : a satire (1847)
 Table Rock Album and Sketches Of the Falls and Scenery Adjacent (1848)
 The proud Miss MacBride,: a legend of Gotham (1850)
 The money-king and other poems (1859)
 Clever stories of many nations, rendered in rhyme (1855)
 The Masquerade and other poems (1866)
 Leisure-Day Rhymes (1875)
 The poetical works of John Godfrey Saxe: Household Edition: with illustrations (1889)

See also

Blind men and an elephant
Elephant test
John Godfrey Saxe II

References

External links

 Laws, like sausages, cease to inspire respect in ... - Barry Popik
Guide to the John Godfrey Saxe Collection 1857-1875 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

19th-century American poets
American humorous poets
American male poets
American people of German descent
Wesleyan University alumni
Middlebury College alumni
1816 births
1887 deaths
People from Highgate, Vermont
19th-century American male writers
Vermont lawyers
State's attorneys in Vermont
People from Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn
19th-century American lawyers
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery

John Godfrey Saxe


"Salvador" is a science fiction short story by American writer Lucius Shepard.  Originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction in 1984, the following year it won the Locus Poll award for Best Short Story, the SF Chronicle award for Short Story and was nominated for the Hugo and Nebula awards for Best Short Story.

Plot summary
The story follows Dantzler, a soldier in the Special Forces of the US Military. He and his platoon are in El Salvador looking for Sandinista patrols prior to an invasion of Nicaragua. The soldiers rely on ampules, drugs that help them stay calm and focus their rage, and discover that their increasing use of the drug make it difficult to distinguish between reality and hallucination.

References

Science fiction short stories
1984 short stories
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction

Salvador (short story)


Roger Wilkins (March 25, 1932 – March 26, 2017) was an African-American civil rights leader, professor of history, and journalist. He was a journalist for The Crisis and for a short time wrote for The Washington Post. Between 1966 and 1969, Wilkins served as the United States Assistant Attorney General during the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was a history professor at George Mason University.

In the 1990s, Wilkins was an anti-apartheid activist and strong supporter of Nelson Mandela. He protested many times for Mandela's release in South Africa during that time period.

Wilkins was a political writer and was known for writing Jefferson's Pillow: The Founding Fathers and the Dilemma of Black Patriotism (2001).

Wilkins was born in Kansas City, Missouri. He was raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He studied at the University of Michigan. He was married to Patricia King until his death. They lived in Washington, D.C..

Wilkins died on March 26, 2017 in Kensington, Maryland from complications of dementia, aged 85.

References

Other websites

Booknotes interview with Wilkins on Jefferson's Pillow: The Founding Fathers and the Dilemma of Black Patriotism, August 12, 2001.

1932 births
2017 deaths
African American politicians
African American writers
Academics from Virginia
American civil rights activists
American historians
American journalists
American political writers
Politicians from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Politicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Writers from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Writers from Kansas City, Missouri
Educators from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Educators from Kansas City, Missouri
Anti-apartheid activists

Roger Wilkins


The Riverina () is a large farming area in the south west of New South Wales, Australia. It has flat plains, warm to hot climate and a large supply of water for irrigation. This has allowed the Riverina to become one of the most productive and agriculturally varied areas of Australia. With the state of Victoria to the south, and the mountains of the Great Dividing Range to the east, the Riverina covers those areas of New South Wales in the Murray and Murrumbidgee river systems.

The Riverina has been home to Aboriginal groups for over 40,000 years. It was first settled by Europens in the mid-19th century as a pastoral region growing beef and wool for markets in Australia and overseas. In the 20th century, the building of major irrigation areas in the Murray and Murrumbidgee valleys has led to the introduction of crops such as rice and grapes. The Riverina has strong links to Victoria, and the region was the source of much of the push behind the federation of Australian colonies.

The major cities and towns in the Riverina include Wagga Wagga, Albury and Griffith. Albury and Wagga Wagga are home to campuses of Charles Sturt University. Wagga Wagga is home to two major Australian Defence Force bases.

Geography

The area of the Riverina region is not fixed, but it usually includes the farming and pastoral areas of New South Wales, west of the Great Dividing Range and in the drainage basin of the snow-fed Murray and Murrumbidgee Rivers. The north edge of the Riverina is the Lachlan River catchment area known as the Central West. Along the Murray to the south, the Riverina border is the state of Victoria. West of where the Murray and Murrumbidgee meet, is the beginning of the drier Far West region.

In general, the Riverina is an alluvial plain formed by soil carried from the Great Dividing Range by streams between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago. The landscape includes rolling hills to the east but then becomes flatter to the west with most of that plain reaching less than  above sea level. The western Riverina is mainly flat saltbush plain.

Landforms and water

The geology of the Riverina has several troughs and sedimentary basins. The western Riverina is thought to be the end of the Ballarat and Bendigo geological zone. The eastern part is over the top of the western part of the Lachlan Fold Belt. It is possible that the Riverina has mineral deposits including coal, petroleum, coal seam methane, gypsum, gold, Cobar style polymetallic systems, heavy mineral sands and possibly diamonds in these fold belt rocks and basins. Riverina soils are generally sandy along the rivers, with more saline grey and brown clays found on rarely flooded areas on the edge of the floodplain. As the Murrumbidgee flows downstream, the water and soil become more saline.

The Riverina is drained by the large Murray-Darling Basin. Rivers and streams in the Riverina generally flow east to west. As well as the Murray, Murrumbidgee and Lachlan, other streams include Billabong Creek and the Edward River, an anabranch of the Murray. Much of the water carried by these streams is taken out for other uses. In 2001–2002, 52% of the Murray and Murrumbidgee water was taken, with 77% of that water used for irrigation.

References

Regions of New South Wales
Wine regions of Australia

Riverina


The year 1502 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed below.

Exploration
 January 1 – Portuguese explorers, led by Pedro Álvares Cabral, sail into Guanabara Bay, Brazil, mistaking it for the mouth of a river, which they name Rio de Janeiro.
 May 11 – Christopher Columbus leaves Cadiz, Spain for his fourth and final voyage to the New World.
 May 21 – Portuguese navigator João da Nova discovers the uninhabited island of Saint Helena.
 August 14 – Columbus lands at Trujillo and names the country 'Honduras'.
 September 18 – Columbus lands in Costa Rica.
 Amerigo Vespucci, on his return to Lisbon from a voyage to the New World, writes a letter, Mundus Novus, to Lorenzo de' Medici indicating that South America must be an independent continent.
 The Cantino planisphere is the first known world map showing Portuguese discoveries.

Technology
 In Germany, Peter Henlein of Nuremberg uses iron parts and coiled springs to build a portable timepiece, the first "Nuremberg Eg".

Births
 Pedro Nunes, Portuguese mathematician (died 1578)
 approx. date – Jorge Reinel, Portuguese cartographer (d. after 1572)

References

16th century in science
1500s in science

1502 in science


Brenda Kahn (born May 3, 1967) is an American singer-songwriter, poet and educator based in Boulder, Colorado, who is known for her poetic lyrics.

Background
Her career began in 1990, when her first album, Goldfish Don't Talk Back, was released to critical acclaim. Her punk-tinged folk music led to a major label deal with the Chaos label at Columbia Records, and in 1992, Kahn released Epiphany in Brooklyn. This album, which featured Kahn's darkly humorous stories of love, confusion, and tragedy in urban America, was heralded by critics and fans throughout the United States. People magazine compared her to the Violent Femmes and Patti Smith. Creem Magazine dubbed her "the high priestess of the apocalyptic relationship."  Kahn was selected to open up for Bob Dylan and The Kinks, toured the US and Europe, and seemed on the brink of stardom.

Chaos Records folded just two weeks before Kahn's awaited third release, the rock-tinged Destination Anywhere. Her next two albums, both featuring more electric guitar, were released under the independent label Shanachie Records, and she continued to tour Europe (particularly Germany), the east coast and midwest through the late 1990s.

Kahn performed at Lilith Fair in 1998 and 1999. In 1999, she founded Womanrock.com, Inc, an online magazine and music store designed to unite and empower female artists and give tips on how to navigate through the record industry. That same year, she self-released her fifth album, the acoustic and spoken word Hunger, which was a tribute to her late friend Jeff Buckley.

In 2010, Kahn released her sixth album, Seven Laws of Gravity, featuring New York studio musicians Jack Petruzelli, Adrian Harpham and Craig Dreyer and produced by Craig Dreyer.  A review by Soundtrack3 praised the album saying, "Kahn's music is less punk-folk now, and more alternative-country, but the lyrics remain poetic and beautiful. The hooks in this album dig their heels in and don't let go. It's great to have Kahn making music again."

In 2017, Kahn released Rocket to the Moon, a children's album, featuring the production work of multi-instrumentalist and engineer Matt Molchany.

Discography

Albums
 Goldfish Don't Talk Back (1990, Community 3)
 Epiphany in Brooklyn (1992 Chaos Produced by David Kahne)
 Destination Anywhere (1996 Shanachie)
 Outside the Beauty Salon (1997 Shanachie)
 Hunger (1999 Rocket 99)
 Seven Laws of Gravity (2010 Law of Seven)
 Rocket to the Moon (2017 Little Yellow Truck)

EPs and singles
 60 Second Critic (with Dave Pirner)
 "Life in the Drug War Trenches" (1992 Crackpot)  (vinyl EP 7" single)
 Anesthesia (1993 Chaos)
 King of Cairo (1994 Chaos)
 "Hey Romeo" (1995 TBC Records) (vinyl 7" single)
 Remington

Books
 Ode to Chores: The Good, The Bad, and The Laundry (2019, South Salem Press)

References

External links
Brenda Kahn's official website
Brenda Kahn's patreon page
Brenda Kahn Tumblr Blog Picture blog, with news and music videos
BrendaKahn3 YahooGroup News and pic trading group

1967 births
20th-century American Jews
American folk singers
American women singer-songwriters
Living people
Singers from New York City
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American Jews
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American women
21st-century American women
Singer-songwriters from Connecticut

Brenda Kahn


The 2014 United States Senate election in Iowa took place in Iowa on November 4, 2014. In it, Republican State Senator Joni Ernst faced off Democrat Bruce Baley. Ernst won the election with 52.1% of the vote to Baley's 43.8%.

Fundraising
Baley's campaign raised slightly more money than Ernst's. His campaign also spent a lot more of that money, spending $10 million, while Ernst's spent $6.6 million.

Three Debates
Three televised debates were set to occur, one in Des Moines, one in Davenport and one in Sioux City.

Republican Primaries

Joni Ernst
State Senator Joni Ernst ran in the primaries. She won all but eight of the counties in Iowa in the primaries, and 56.1% of the vote.

Mark Jacobs
C.E.O. Mark Jacobs ran in the primaries. He won just one county in North Iowa, and 16.8% of the vote.

Sam Clovis
Radio host Sam Clovis ran in the primaries. He won seven counties in Northwest Iowa, and 18.0% of the vote.

Steve King
Congressman Steve King decided against running.

Matthew Whitaker
Matthew Whitaker, an attorney, ran, but did not win any counties, and carried just 7.5% of the vote.

United States Senate election in Iowa
2010s elections in the United States
United States Senate
21st century in Iowa


Elbe-Heide is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the Börde district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Before 1 January 2010, it was a Verwaltungsgemeinschaft. It is situated on the left bank of the Elbe, northwest of Burg bei Magdeburg. The seat of the Verbandsgemeinde is in Rogätz.

The Verbandsgemeinde Elbe-Heide consists of the following municipalities (population in 2006 between brackets):

 Angern (2,264)
 Burgstall (1,777)
 Colbitz (3,419)
 Loitsche-Heinrichsberg (1,060)
 Rogätz (2,219)
 Westheide (1,857)
 Zielitz (2,013)

References

Verbandsgemeinden in Saxony-Anhalt

Elbe-Heide


The U.S. Attorney for the District of New York was from 1789 to 1815 the chief federal law enforcement officer in the federal judicial District of New York, which at that time was coterminous with the whole State of New York. In 1814, the District of New York was split into the Northern and the Southern District, and in 1815 the first U.S. Attorneys were appointed for the new districts.

The U.S. District Court for the District of New York had jurisdiction over all cases prosecuted by the U.S. Attorney.

List of U.S. attorneys for the District of New York
Richard Harison: 1789–1801
Edward Livingston: 1801–1803
Nathan Sanford: 1803–1815

Sources
Political Graveyard

Prosecution

United States Attorney for the District of New York