11'09"1 September 11 is a 2002 international film composed of 11 contributions from different filmmakers, each from a different country. Each gave their own vision of the events in New York City during the September 11 attacks, in a short film of 11 minutes, 9 seconds, and one frame. The original concept and production of the film was by French producer Alain Brigand. It has been released internationally with several different titles, depending on the language. It is listed in the Internet Movie Database as 11'09"01 - September 11, while in French, it is known as 11 minutes 9 secondes 1 image and in Persian as 11-e-Septambr.

Plot
Eleven episodes of eleven different directors on the tragedy of September 11, 2001, each lasting 11 minutes, 9 seconds, and 1 frame: 11'09"01.

Episode # 01: " Iran"
  'Direction' : Samira Makhmalbaf
The news of the September 11, 2001 attacks reaches an Afghan refugee camp, where bricks are produced to build new shelters, in view of the attacks promised by the United States. Here a young teacher tries to explain to her young students what happened and to make them respect a minute of silence in honor of the victims. Attempts, however, fail one after another. Finally, the teacher finds herself having to impose the minute of silence on the children near a chimney (the most similar to a skyscraper).

Episode # 02: " France"
  'Direction' : Claude Lelouch
New York, September 11, 2001: a young French photographer deaf-mute is a guest of her fiancé, a tourist guide for disabled people who is about to bring a group to visit the Twin Towers. After she tried to explain to him that a story "at a distance" like theirs has no chance of succeeding, he tries to leave a message to the computer before leaving explaining that only a miracle can keep them together. At that moment he returns home covered in dust, miraculously escaping the attack.

Episode # 03: " Egypt"
  Director : Youssef Chahine
New York, September 10, 2001: director Yusuf Shahin is finalizing the filming of a film at the World Trade Center, but is sent away with his crew in a decisive manner by a policeman because he has no authorization to stay there. Two days later, Shahin presented himself at a press conference, but said he was upset by the attacks and asked to be able to postpone it, triggering the reaction of a journalist.

While he is on the cliff in front of the house, the ghost of a young American soldier appears to him, who died in the attack on multinational forces in Lebanon in 1983. The soldier reveals to Shahin that he is the only one who can see him, because he is the only one who can hear and understand what is going on around. The two face a "journey" that leads them to analyze the roots of the clash between the United States and the Arab world, starting from the house of the young Arab who was the executor material of the attack. After observing his preparation, Shahin discusses with his parents, who say they are proud of what he has done and go on to complain of the constant violence suffered by the Palestinians by Israel.

The soldier reacts by saying that, although he understands the attacks against the soldiers, it is still not right to shoot in the pile. The director counters by showing the list of victims of US military interventions and wars after the Second World War, not justifying the violence but complaining about the United States' inability to understand that the legitimate defense of their principles often goes through the destruction of other countries. Their path ends at Arlington National Cemetery, where Shahin finds his girlfriend and the young soldier's father, who turns out to be the policeman who drove him away from the Twin Towers and with whom he reconciles. Shortly thereafter, the phantom of the attacker appears, who resolutely reproaches the director for appearing too good with that soldier. Shahin replies that both are victims of human stupidity, but the attacker responds by reiterating his position once again and showing he does not want to understand, leaving the director stunned by his uncompromising words.

Episode # 04: " Bosnia-Herzegovina"
  Director : Danis Tanović
Despite the attacks in New York, a girl from Srebrenica considers it appropriate to celebrate the monthly demonstration anyway, in memory of the massacre of the local population by Bosnian Serb soldiers, which took place on July 11, 1995.

Episode # 05: " Burkina Faso"
  'Direction' : Idrissa Ouédraogo
Ouagadougou, September 2001: Adamà is a boy who is forced to leave school and work as a newsboy in order to be able to pay for medicines to his sick mother. Two weeks after the attacks, Adamà sees a man very similar to Osama bin Laden and decides to capture him with the help of his friends, in order to claim the size of 25 million pending on his boss. The boys decide to use that money to treat Adamà's mother and, potentially, many other sick people in the country, as well as not to say anything to the adults, to prevent them from wasting the money of the size.

The boys steal the camera of one of their parents and start to follow "Osama bin Laden" to a clearing where, every day, he goes to pray. The five therefore devise a plan to capture him in that clearing, but "bin Laden" does not show up that day. The boys try to capture him at the hotel, but they discover that the man is now going to the airport, where they are stopped by the policeman before they could enter. In the end, the boys decide to sell the camera and give Adamà the money, so he can look after his mother and go back to school.

Episode # 06: " United Kingdom"
  'Direction' : Ken Loach
Pablo, a Chilean refugee in London, writes a letter to the families of the victims of the September 11 attacks, reminding them of "his" September 11: Chilean coup of 1973, when the general Augusto Pinochet implemented a coup d'état (backed by the US) against left-wing president Salvador Allende, democratically elected in 1970. Pablo narrates in his letter of US involvement in financing of right-wing and subversive groups, up to the coup, and of the violence and torture suffered by him and his countrymen. Forced to first five years in prison and then into exile, he declares that he can no longer return to Chile because his family and children are now born and raised in the United Kingdom. Pablo concludes his letter with the hope that, as he will unite in the memory of the victims of September 11, 2001, so they will join him in memory of the victims of September 11, 1973.

Episode # 07: " Mexico"
  'Direction' : Alejandro González Iñárritu
Black screen. Background noises and rumors of everyday life, suddenly interrupted by the screams of the witnesses of the crash of flight AA11 against the North Tower of the World Trade Center. While the black screen is occasionally interrupted by the repertoire images of the attacks, the voices of the announcements on television, the screams of the victims, the explosions of the planes, the calls made by the victims and their relatives overlap. The sound stops and you can see the two towers collapse without sound. The background voices start again on a background of violins, while the screen gradually changes from black to white. Two writings appear (one in Arabic characters and one in Latin characters) of the same meaning: "Does God's light guide us or blind us?" The sentences finally disappear in a blinding light.

Episode # 08: " Israel"
  'Direction' : Amos Gitai
A suicide attack shakes Tel Aviv. Soldiers, policemen and doctors for various, long minutes try to coordinate the operations of security and rescue. A journalist and her crew arrive at the scene and try in every way to obtain information from the police forces present, obtaining only peremptory invitations to clear the area. At one point, the director tells the journalist that she won't go on the air and she reacts first by protesting, then starting to rattle off various historical events that took place all on September 11. While the journalist insists on carrying out her service, the voice of the director is heard in the background telling her that something very serious happened in New York, to the point of explicitly saying "remember this date, September 11th, because it is a date that nobody more will forget ". Faced with the further (but now unintelligible) protests of the journalist, the director replies "I'm not talking to you about September 11th of '44 or '97, I'm talking about September 11th today".

Episode # 09: " Pakistan"
  'Direction' : Mira Nair
A Pakistani woman has not heard from her son Salman since the day of the attacks on the Twin Towers. CIA and FBI repeatedly question her, since they believe the young man, of Muslim faith, could be linked to the attacks. In particular, they ask many questions about why he did not show up for work that day and why, despite having decided to pursue a medical career and leave the police academy, he still held the latter's card.

While the woman does not resign herself to the disappearance of her son, the media begin to report the news of her involvement in the attack, which does nothing but exacerbate the isolation in which the woman and the family have fallen. Only after six months, the boy's remains are identified among those found among the rubble and the truth is re-established: it turns out that the young man died while he was helping at the site of the attacks. During the funeral, the mother denounces the climate of suspicion that has been created against her family and against the Muslim community in the United States.

Episode # 10: " United States of America"
  'Direction' : Sean Penn

An old man spends his life alone in an apartment overshadowed by the Twin Towers. The widowed man vents his loneliness by talking to his late wife as if she were still alive and cultivating her flower pot, withered by the lack of light. The collapse of the Towers finally allows the light to flood the apartment and suddenly revitalizes the flowers. The elder, happy for what happened, tries to show the vase to his wife, but the light "reveals" the illusion in which he lived until then. Between tears, he regrets that his wife is not there to finally see the vase bloom again.

Episode # 11: " Japan"
  'Direction' : Shōhei Imamura
Japan, August 1945. Yoichi, a soldier returned from the front with post-traumatic disorder, behaves like a snake, to the dismay of his parents and his wife. His family tries to convince him to return to the "human" state, but without success. The other villagers begin to look at them with suspicion and fear, but this does not prevent Yoichi's wife from having an extra-marital relationship.

While the wife and her lover talk about the traumatic experiences that the soldier must have suffered, of the new type of bomb used in the bombing of Hiroshima and the forthcoming end of the war, the situation worsens: Yoichi swallows a mouse under the horrified eyes of his mother, who decides to chase him away. In the following days, the villagers suffer the loss of various animals and everyone blames the mad soldier. It is thus decided to organize a search operation to find it, but without success. Meanwhile, a flashback clarifies the reason for the soldier's behavior: hiding behind a boulder after a violent battle, Yoichi is beaten by a fellow soldier who asks him why he does not take part in this "holy war".

During the hunt, Yoichi's wife accidentally finds her husband drinking water from a river and asks him "do you dislike being a man so much?" Yoichi, in response, crawls away ignoring his wife. Finally, a snake is shown above a river stone, while the inscription in Japanese "Holy wars do not exist" appears.

Awards
At the 2002 Venice Film Festival, the film received the UNESCO Award and Ken Loach's segment was the winner of the FIPRESCI Prize for Best Short Film.

Producers
 Alain Brigand (artistic producer)
 Jacques Perrin
 Nicolas Mauvernay
 Tania Zazulinsky (segment "France")
 Gabriel Khoury (segment "Egypt")
 Marianne Khoury (segment "Egypt")
 Čedomir Kolar (segment "Bosnia-Herzegovina")
 Nicolas Cand (segment "Burkina Faso")
 Rebecca O'Brien (segment "United Kingdom")
 Alejandro González Iñárritu (segment "Mexico")
 Gustavo Santaolalla (segment "Mexico")
 Laurent Truchot (segment "Israel")
 Lydia Dean Pilcher (segment "India")
 Jon C. Scheide (segment "United States of America")
 Catherine Dussart (segment "Japan")
 Nobuyuki Kajikawa (segment "Japan")
 Masamichi Sawada (segment "Japan")
 Masato Shinada (segment "Japan")

Writers
 Youssef Chahine (segment "Egypt")
 Sabrina Dhawan (segment "India")
 Amos Gitaï (segment "Israel")
 Alejandro González Iñárritu (segment "Mexico")
 Paul Laverty (segment "United Kingdom")
 Claude Lelouch (segment "France")
 Ken Loach (segment "United Kingdom")
 Samira Makhmalbaf (segment "Iran")
 Idrissa Ouedraogo (segment "Burkina Faso")
 Sean Penn (segment "United States of America")
 Marie José Sanselme (segment "Israel")
 Danis Tanović (segment "Bosnia-Herzegovina")
 Daisuke Tengan (segment "Japan")
 Pierre Uytterhoeven (segment "France")
 Vladimir Vega (segment "United Kingdom")

Music
 Michael Brook (segment "United States of America")
 Mohammad-Reza Darvishi (segment "Iran")
 Alexandre Desplat (title music)
 Manu Dibango (segment "Burkina Faso")
 Osvaldo Golijov (segment "Mexico")
 Tarō Iwashiro (segment "Japan")
 Salif Keita (segment "Burkina Faso")
 Heitor Pereira (segment "United States of America")
 Gustavo Santaolalla (segment "Mexico")
 Vladimir Vega (segment "United Kingdom")

Cinematography
 Samuel Bayer (segment "United States of America")
 Luc Drion (segment "Burkina Faso")
 Ebrahim Ghafori (segment "Iran")
 Pierre-William Glenn (segment "France")
 Peter Hellmich (segment "United Kingdom")
 Yoav Kosh (segment "Israel")
 Mustafa Mustafić (segment "Bosnia-Herzegovina")
 Mohsen Nasr (segment "Egypt")
 Masakazu Oka (segment "Japan")
 Declan Quinn (segment "India")
 Toshihiro Seino (segment "Japan")
 Jorge Müller Silva (segment "United Kingdom")
 Nigel Willoughby (segment "United Kingdom")

Editing
 Rashida Abdel Salam (segment "Egypt")
 Kim Bica (segment "Mexico")
 Jay Cassidy (segment "United States of America")
 Robert Duffy (segment "Mexico")
 Alejandro González Iñárritu (segment "Mexico")
 Julia Gregory (segment "Burkina-Faso")
 Allyson C. Johnson (segment "India")
 Mohsen Makhmalbaf (segment "Iran")
 Stéphane Mazalaigue (segment "France")
 Jonathan Morris (segment "United Kingdom")
 Kobi Netanel (segment "Israel")
 Hajime Okayasu (segment "Japan")
 Monique Rysselinck (segment "Bosnia-Herzegovina")

References

External links

11'09"01 September 11 at Allmovie

2002 films
Anthology films
2000s Arabic-language films
2000s English-language films
English-language Egyptian films
English-language French films
English-language Iranian films
English-language Japanese films
English-language Mexican films
2000s French-language films
French Sign Language films
2000s Hebrew-language films
Persian-language films
2000s Spanish-language films
Films scored by Michael Brook
Films scored by Alexandre Desplat
Films scored by Heitor Pereira
Films scored by Gustavo Santaolalla
Films scored by Taro Iwashiro
Films based on the September 11 attacks
Films directed by Youssef Chahine
Films directed by Amos Gitai
Films directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu
Films directed by Shohei Imamura
Films directed by Claude Lelouch
Films directed by Ken Loach
Films directed by Samira Makhmalbaf
Films directed by Mira Nair
Films directed by Idrissa Ouedraogo
Films directed by Sean Penn
Films directed by Danis Tanović
Films with screenplays by Alejandro González Iñárritu
Films with screenplays by Sabrina Dhawan
Films about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Films about post-traumatic stress disorder
Films set in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Films set in London
Films set in Virginia
Films set in 1945
Films about refugees
Films set in Manhattan
Films set in Iran
Israeli–Palestinian conflict films
Films about veterans
Japanese World War II films
Films set in Tel Aviv
Films set in Burkina Faso
Films set in Japan
Films set in Pakistan
Bosnian War films
Films about coups d'état
Films about photographers
Films about film directors and producers
2000s Japanese films

11'09"01 September 11


Sustainable population refers to a proposed sustainable human population of Earth or a particular region of Earth, such as a nation or continent. Estimates vary widely, with estimates based on different figures ranging from 0.65 billion people to 9.8 billion, with 8 billion people being a typical estimate. Projections of population growth, evaluations of overconsumption and associated human pressures on the environment have led to some to advocate for what they consider a sustainable population. Proposed policy solutions vary, including sustainable development, female education, family planning and broad human population planning.

Emerging economies like those of China and India aspire to the living standards of the Western world, as does the non-industrialized world in general. As of 2022, China and India account for most of the population in Asia, with more than 1.4 billion each. It is the combination of population increase in the developing world and unsustainable consumption levels in the developed world that poses a stark challenge to sustainability.

According to the UN Population Fund, high fertility and poverty have been strongly correlated, and the world's poorest countries also have the highest fertility and population growth rates.

Estimates

Sustainable population
Many studies have tried to estimate the world's sustainable population for humans, that is, the maximum population the world can host. A 2004 meta-analysis of 69 such studies from 1694 until 2001 found the average predicted maximum number of people the Earth would ever have was 7.7 billion people, with lower and upper meta-bounds at 0.65 and 9.8 billion people, respectively. They conclude: "recent predictions of stabilized world population levels for 2050 exceed several of our meta-estimates of a world population limit". A 2012 United Nations report summarized 65 different estimates of maximum sustainable population size and the most common estimate was 8 billion.

Climate change, excess nutrient loading (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus), increased ocean acidity, rapid biodiversity loss, and other global trends suggest humanity is causing global ecological degradation and threatening ecosystem services that human societies depend on. Because these environmental impacts are all directly related to human numbers, recent estimates of a sustainable human population tend to put forward much lower numbers, between 2 and 4 billion. Paul R. Ehrlich stated in 2018 that the optimum population is between 1.5 and 2 billion. Geographer Chris Tucker estimates that 3 billion is a sustainable number, provided human societies rapidly deploy less harmful technologies and best management practices. Other estimates of a sustainable global population also come in at considerably less than the current population of 8 billion.

A 2014 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America posits that, given the "inexorable demographic momentum of the global human population," efforts to slow population growth in the short term will have little impact on sustainability, which can be more rapidly achieved with a focus on technological and social innovations, along with reducing consumption rates, while treating population planning as a long term goal. The study says that with a fertility-reduction model of one-child per female by 2100, it would take at least 140 years to reduce the population to 2 billion people by 2153. The 2022 "Scientists' warning on population," published by Science of the Total Environment, states that "environmental analysts regard a sustainable human population as one enjoying a modest, equitable middle-class standard of living on a planet retaining its biodiversity and with climate-related adversities minimized," which is estimated at between 2 and 4 billion people.

Skeptics criticize the basic assumptions associated with these overpopulation estimates. For example, Jade Sasser believes that calculating a maximum of number of humanity which may be allowed to live while only some, mostly privileged European former colonial powers, are mostly responsible for unsustainably using up the Earth, is wrong.

But if current human numbers are not ecologically sustainable, the costs are likely to fall on the world's poorest citizens, regardless of whether they helped cause the problem. In fact, countries that contribute the most to unsustainable production and consumption practices often have higher income per capita and slower population growth, unlike countries that have a low income per capita and rapidly growing populations.

According to a 2022 study published in Sustainable Development, a sustainable population is required for both preserving biodiversity and food security. The study says that falling fertility rates are linked to access to contraception and family planning services, and has little to no relation to economic growth.

World population
According to data from 2015, the world population is projected to reach 8.5 billion by 2030, up from the current 8 billion, to exceed 9 billion people by 2050, and to reach 11.2 billion by the year 2100. Most of the increase will be in developing countries whose population is projected to rise from 5.6 billion in 2009 to 7.9 billion in 2050. This increase will be distributed among the population aged 15–59 (1.2 billion) and 60 or over (1.1 billion) because the number of children under age 15 in developing countries is predicted to decrease. In contrast, the population of the more developed regions is expected to undergo only slight increase from 1.23 billion to 1.28 billion, and this would have declined to 1.15 billion but for a projected net migration from developing to developed countries, which is expected to average 2.4 million persons annually from 2009 to 2050. Long-term estimates in 2004 of global population suggest a peak at around 2070 of nine to ten billion people, and then a slow decrease to 8.4 billion by 2100.

However, these projections assume substantial improvements in contraceptive availability throughout the developing world and large decreases in desired family size (particularly in sub-Saharan Africa), which may or may not happen. In the end, all population projections must be taken with a large pinch of salt. Particular care is needed to remember that future population size will depend on policy decisions and individual choices.

Carrying capacity

Talk of economic and population growth overshooting the limits of Earth's carrying capacity for humans is popular in environmentalism. The potential limiting factor for the human population might include water availability, energy availability, renewable resources, non-renewable resources, heat removal, photosynthetic capacity, or land availability for food production. Or, as current trends suggest, the limiting factors might involve ecosystems' ability to absorb human pollution, as with climate change, ocean acidification, or the toxification of rivers and streams. The applicability of carrying capacity as a measurement of the Earth's limits in terms of the human population has been questioned, since it has proved difficult to calculate or predict the upper limits of population growth. Carrying capacity has been used as a tool in Neo-Malthusian arguments to limit population growth since the 1950s. The concept of carrying capacity has been applied to determining the population limits in Shanghai, a city faced with rapid urbanization.

The application of the concept of carrying capacity for the human population, which exists in a non-equilibrium, has been criticized for not successfully being able to model the processes between humans and the environment. In popular discourse the concept is often used vaguely in the sense of a "balance between nature and human populations".

In human ecology a popular definition from 1949 states "the maximum number of people that a given land area will maintain in perpetuity under a given system of usage without land degradation setting in". Sociologists have criticized this for numerous reasons. Aside from the fact that humans are able to adopt new customs and technology, some common critiques are 1.) an assumption an equilibrium population exists, 2.) difficulties in measuring resources, 3.) inability to account for human tastes and how much labour they will expend, 4.) assumption of full usage of resources, 5.) assumption of landscape homogeneity, 6.) assumption that regions are isolated from each other, 7.) contradicted by history, and 8.) the standard of living is ignored.

Romanian American economist Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, a progenitor in economics and a paradigm founder of ecological economics, has argued in 1971 that the carrying capacity of Earth — that is, Earth's capacity to sustain human populations and consumption levels — is bound to decrease sometime in the future as Earth's finite stock of mineral resources is presently being extracted and put to use. Leading ecological economist and steady-state theorist Herman Daly, a student of Georgescu-Roegen, has propounded the same argument. In a series of writings, Daly has explored the connection between limiting population and achieving ecologically sustainable societies, arguing that a sustainable economy must involve limits to human numbers, since per capita human resource use can never be driven down to zero.

See also
Population growth
Human overpopulation
Overshoot (population)

References

External links

World population
Human overpopulation
Sustainability

Sustainable population


P. T. Bhaskara Panicker (1922–1997) was a famous social activist and writer of Kerala, India.

He was born on 15 October 1922 in Adakkaputhur in Palakkad district to K.M.V.Namppoothiri and Kavukkutty amma. After passing BSc and BT, he worked as a school teacher for two years. He joined the Communist party and spent three years underground and in jail. When the ban on the party was lifted he worked again as teacher in various schools for two years.

In the 1954 elections to the Malabar District Board, Panicker contested as a Communist party candidate and won; he became the President of the Board. In 1958 he was posted as the secretary to the Minister for Education in the first ministry of Kerala state. From 1959 to 1965 he served as a member of the Kerala Public Service Commission,  from 1969 to 1971, Editor of the Viswavijnana kosam (10 volumes), and from 1971 to 1974, President of Grandhasalasamgham. Panicker was one of the leaders of the science popularisation movement Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad, in the 1960s and 1970s.

He was the founder editor of journals including Sasthra Keralam (science journal for children) Primary Teacher (journal for school teachers), and Pusthaka Sameeksha (journal for book review ). He was also the editor of encyclopedias like Jeevacharithra kosam for children, Science Encyclopedia for children, Balavijnana kosam, Sasthra Vijnana kosam, Dravida Vijnana kosam.

He has been an active leader member of many organizations including KANFED (Kerala Association for Nonformal Education), STEPS Publications, Inter Disciplinary Studies, Bharana Parishkara Vedi (forum for the study of civil service reforms), and Kerala Sthala Nama Samithi (body for research on place names). He has written more than 100 books, mostly scientific and educational.
His elder brother was Professor P. Kochunni Panicker, former principal of Government Victoria College, Palakkad.

He died on 30 December 1997.

Major Works

Sasthra Parichayam

Sciencinte Kadhakal (In 3 parts)

Jeevante Kadha

Manushyan Enna Yanthram

Grahanthara Yathra

References

1922 births
1997 deaths
Writers from Kerala
Indian materialists
Indian atheists
Malayali people
People from Palakkad district
Indian male writers
Malayalam-language writers
Indian Marxist writers
Indian Communist writers
20th-century Indian writers

P. T. Bhaskara Panicker


Femke Dekker (born 11 July 1979) is a Dutch rower from the Netherlands.

Dekker started rowing in 1990 and made her international debut in the double sculls at the 1995 Junior World Championships in Poznań. Together with Christel Rijnten she won the bronze medal. The following year Dekker became World Junior Champion in the four with Rijnten, Karin Klinge and Maartje Breeman in Glasgow. In 1997 she finished fifth in the single scull race at the Junior World Championships in Hazewinkel. She kept on rowing the single scull in 1998 with winning a bronze medal in the Nations Cup. In 1999 in the double sculls with Annemieke Klaren she was unsuccessful.

Dekker and Marloes Bolman qualified for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney and became 10th in the coxless pairs. In 2001, she formed a fours boat with Anneke Venema, Hurnet Dekkers and Carin ter Beek that finished fourth and fifth at the Rowing World Cup meetings in Sevilla and Munich. At the World Championships in Luzern with Christine Vink as a replacement of Hurnet Dekkers they won the bronze medal in the coxless fours. 2002 was a disappointing year for Dekker as she only reached two fourth places in World Cup meetings with Marlies Smulders, Nienke Hommes and Melina Bus in the fours. At the World Championships they could only reach to an eighth position. The double sculls season in 2003 with Froukje Wegman was even more disappointing as not one single A-final was reached. She decided to row on her own in 2004 and to aim to qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics. In the single scull she became fifth and third in World Cup meetings, which secured her spot in Athens, but at the Olympics itself she only was able to finish in tenth position.

In 2005 it was time to start with the newly born Dutch eights project. The team existing of Dekker, Sanne Beukers, Nienke Hommes, Hurnet Dekkers, Annemarieke van Rumpt, Laura Posthuma, Annemiek de Haan, Helen Tanger and cox Ester Workel managed to row to the second spot at the World Cup meeting in Munich straight away. With Marlies Smulders instead of Hommes they reached the same spot in Luzern. Hommes returned to the team instead of Smulders for the World Championships, while Beukers was replaced by Nienke Dekkers. This team dropped down one place and won the bronze medal. In 2006 Dekker remained in the eights, but at the World Championships in Eton she performed in the coxless fours with Posthuma, Nienke Kingma and Roline Repelaer van Driel to finish in fifth.

She returned to the eights in 2007 rowing to two third positions in the World Cup in Linz and Luzern as well as the first place in Amsterdam with Jacobine Veenhoven, Smulders, Hurnet Dekkers, Van Rumpt, Repelaer van Driel, Sarah Siegelaar, De Haan and Workel. Then at the World Championships in Munich the team failed to achieve the A-final and had to be satisfied with the 7th position overall. In 2008 the team tried to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics and at the first World Cup in Munich Veenhoven was replaced by Nienke Dekkers while Hurnet Dekkers was replaced by Nienke Kingma; they finished in fourth position. Helen Tanger replaced Nienke Dekkers in the second meeting held in Luzern and another fourth position was achieved. This also meant the Olympic qualification was accomplished.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Dutch female rowers
Olympic medalists in rowing
Olympic rowers for the Netherlands
Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Leiderdorp
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
World Rowing Championships medalists for the Netherlands
20th-century Dutch women
21st-century Dutch women

Femke Dekker


The Tosa Inu () also called the Japanese Mastiff is a breed of dog of Japan.  It was originally bred in Tosa (present day Kōchi) as a fighting dog and still today is a known fighting dog.

Appearance
The Japanese breed generally weighs between 40 and 60 kg, while the non-Japanese breeders have focused on dogs that weigh from 55 to 95 kg and stand 24.5 to 31 inches (62 to 80 cm) at the withers.
The coat is characterized by its short and smooth appearance and is often red, brindle, or fawn. Occasionally it can be a dull black, but this is somewhat rare. Maintenance of the coat is usually minimal. Dogs should be very muscular and athletic. Tosa is a very resistant to pain and physical exhaustion.

History
This breed originated in the second half of the nineteenth century in Japan. The breed started from the native Shikoku-Inu, an indigenous dog weighing about 25 kilograms (45 pounds) and standing about 55 centimetres high, which closely resembles the European Spitz.  These dogs were crossed with European dog breeds, such as the Old English Bulldog in 1872, Mastiff in 1874, St. Bernard, German Pointer in 1876,  Great Dane in 1924, and the Bull Terrier.  The aim was to breed a larger, more powerful and very fast agile fighting dog. Today it is still used in some countries as a fighting dog, but usually it is kept as a pet where it is ideal companion. In family environment Tosa is patient and very friendly in attitude.

References

Other websites
 Shakuhachi Imperial Tosa-inu
 Tosa Inu Information Pages
 Wielie Walie Tosa Inu
 Molosserworld's Tosa Inu Page
 More Japanese dog breeds
 Greatbreed.com
 Ostuni, Steve (2003) Japanese Tosa.  Allenhurst: Kennel Club Books. .
 Tosa Inu Information Pages

Dog breeds originating in Japan
Rare dog breeds
FCI breeds

Tosa (dog)


Central Valley Wicca, sometimes abbreviated as CVW, refers to a particular group of traditions within the Neopagan religion of Wicca which trace their roots to a group of Wiccan practitioners who brought their practice from England to the Central Valley of California at some point in the early 1960s.  It is one branch of British Traditional Wicca, alongside Gardnerian, Alexandrian Wicca and Mohsian, as defined by New Wiccan Church in California.

There are several theories about the origins of Central Valley Wicca, leading to a degree of debate among researchers. Some speculate that CVW is an early offshoot or even a precursor of Gardnerian Wicca, while others suggest that the CVW share a common ancestor with what later became Gardnerian Wicca.  According to their original custom, an initiate of Central Valley Wicca was not told who their initiator's initiator was; therefore, the identity of the person who first brought Wicca to the Central Valley remains a mystery. What is known is that she had ties to England and had most likely lived there; she was either British or had close connection to a British subject prior to settling in California.

At that time, individual names for "traditions" of Wicca were not in use; they simply called themselves "Wicca." Today, however, the various branches of Wicca that descend from the Central Valley Wicca have developed into traditions in their own right, including Silver Crescent, Kingstone, Daoine Coire, Assembly of Wicca, and Majestic. Some of the offshoot traditions from CVW have blended in influences from other related Pagan paths, although most retain the core essence of CVW.

Central Valley Wicca shares basic beliefs with, and has similar ritual structures and practices to, other forms of British Traditional Wicca as they are practiced in England. However, their interpretation of some of the material is unique, and their lore is similar but not identical.

References

External links
An article on the Central Valley Wicca and the Kingstone Tradition.

1960s in modern paganism
Wicca in the United Kingdom
Wicca in the United States
Wiccan traditions

Central Valley Wicca


Earle E. Williams (1898–1983) was a California historian who wrote articles, pamphlets, essays and biographies focused on the region around southwest San Joaquin County and Tracy, California, where he grew up in and lived nearly all his life.

Williams was born on January 1, 1898, in Woodside, California, to George and Frances Belknap Williams. In 1910, he moved to Tracy where he lived with his sister and her husband on their ranch in the Vernalis area and attended New Jerusalem School and Tracy Joint Union High School. After leaving school at age 16, in 1914, he worked locally in the aggregates industry for many years. In 1928, Williams married Elinor Counihan of Petaluma in settled in Tracy, California, where they raised two children. In 1946, he founded and built the Kerlinger Plant of Pacific Cement and Aggregates on the alluvial fan of Corral Hollow Creek. He operated the plant until he retired in 1965. Williams died on July 4, 1983.

Williams was active in a variety of social and civic organizations including the Rotary Club, the West Side Pioneers (now the West Side Pioneer Association), San Joaquin Historical Society and the Native Sons of the Golden West. He was also president of the Tracy District Chamber of Commerce, the San Joaquin County Chamber of Commerce, and the San Joaquin County Historical Society; regional vice-president of District 8 of the Conference of California Historical Societies; and served on the Tracy Community Memorial Hospital board of directors, Tracy Planning Commission, and the Tracy City Council. He was also mayor of Tracy.

Williams' extensive historical research made him known as "the historian" of southern San Joaquin County. Among his writings are his books Old Spanish Trails of the San Joaquin Valley, El Camino Viejo: A Brief History of California's Forgotten Second Highway of the Pioneers, Carrell of Corral Hollow, and History of Tesla: A California Coal Mining Town.

The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley maintains a collection of Williams' correspondence, writings, photos, and research, relating to the history of Tracy and San Joaquin County, California. It includes his research materials and drafts of his many books, articles, and stories about the Corral Hollow area and its ghost towns, including San Joaquin City, Carnegie, and Tesla, along with El Camino Viejo.

References

20th-century American historians
Historians of California
People from Woodside, California
1898 births
1983 deaths

Earle E. Williams


A ghungroo (, ), also known as ghunghroo or ghunghru or ghungur or ghungura (Assamese, Bengali and Odia) or Chilanka or Salangai or Gejje (in Malayalam, Tamil and Kannada respectively), is one of many small metallic bells strung together to form ghungroos, a musical anklet tied to the feet of classical Indian dancers. The sounds produced by ghungroos vary greatly in pitch depending on their metallic composition and size. Ghungroos serve to accentuate the rhythmic aspects of the dance and allow complex footwork to be heard by the audience. They are worn immediately above the ankle, resting on the lateral malleolus and medial malleolus. A string of ghungroos can range from 50 to greater than 200 bells knotted together. Novice children dancers may start with 50 and slowly add more as they grow older and advance in their technical ability. Ghungroos are worn in traditional performances of classical Indian dance forms such as Bharatnatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Mohiniyattam, Lavani, and Odissi.

Nepal
The anklet or rhythmic instrument (talbaja) is also used by folk-dancers in Nepal, where it is called the chap (चाँप). Its Nepalese form consists of 9 to 27 small "curling" bronze bells, sewn onto a cloth about 23 cm long x 7.5 cm wide, tied around the ankle, as ornaments. The Nepalese may choose different chaps, according to the lyrics of the song, choosing ones with smaller or larger arrangements of bells. The bells are called Ghunguru (घुँघुरा).

Ghunghroo vadan

Ghunghroo vadan is a music style evolved by V. Anuradha Singh, an Indian classical kathak exponent. She developed bells as a main musical instrument and performs in many pure music festivals where dance is not allowed. Ghunghroo vadan focuses solely on foot movement as percussive art (100 minutes, non-stop in one place).

See also
 Konguro'o
 Jingle bell

References

Dance equipment
Hindu temple dance
Indian musical instruments
Bells of Nepal

Ghungroo


Ramya Krishnan (born 15 September 1970), also credited as Ramya Krishna (in the Telugu and Kannada film industries) is an Indian actress. She has appeared in five languages: Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Hindi. Ramya has won four Filmfare Awards, three Nandi Awards, and a Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize.

Early life
Ramya was born on 15 September 1970 in Madras (present-day Chennai) to a Telugu father. She is the niece of Tamil film actor, comedian and former Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha Cho Ramaswamy. She received initial training in Bharathanatyam, Western, and Kuchipudi dance forms and has given many stage performances.

Film career

Debut and early struggles (1986–1988)
She started her acting career with the Malayalam film Neram Pularumbol. Although this was the first movie where she acted, it had a delayed release in 1986. Her first release was Vellai Manasu in 1985, a Tamil movie opposite Y. G. Mahendra. Her first Telugu film was Bhalae Mithrulu (1986). Then she went on to play supporting roles in Tamil films which include Padikkadavan (1985) starring Rajinikanth where she was given a uncredited role and Per Sollum Pillai (1987) starring Kamal Haasan. In Telugu, she starred with Rajendra Prasad in Madana Gopaludu (1987), Bhama Kalapam (1988), Asthulu Anthasthulu (1988) and Bava Marudula Saval (1988). She worked in Malayalam films such as Orkkappurathu, Aryan and Anuragi with Mohanlal. She enjoyed success in Kannada movies as well. One of her earlier roles as heroine was in Krishna Rukmini opposite superstar Vishnuvardhan. She played a small role in the Hindi film Dayavan that starred veteran actor Vinod Khanna.

Breakthrough in Telugu and Hindi (1989–1998)
After a series of failures in both Tamil and Telugu, she achieved fame through K. Viswanath's Sutradharulu, released in 1989. Her breakthrough came from K. Raghavendra Rao directorial movies where she emerged as a commercial romantic diva, due to successful movies such as Alludugaru (1990), Allari Mogudu (1992), Major Chandrakanth (1993) along with Mohan Babu and Allari Priyudu (1993) along with Rajasekhar. She played the role of a devoted wife of Sri Annamacharya, which was played by Nagarjuna in the film Annamayya (1997). In 1998, she played a leading role in Kante Koothurne Kanu. She received a Nandi Award for Best Actress from the Government of Andhra Pradesh for her performance in the film. Her biggest Kannada hits include Gadibidi Ganda (1993) and Mangalyam Tantunanena (1998) with Ravichandran.

Ramya made her debut as a heroine in Hindi films with Yash Chopra's Parampara (1993). She acted in a few more Hindi films including Subhash Ghai's Khalnayak (1993), Mahesh Bhatt's Chaahat (1996), David Dhawan's Banarasi Babu (1997), Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998) along with Amitabh Bachchan and Govinda and Shapath with Mithun Chakraborty.

Comeback to Tamil cinema and debut in TV serials (1999–2009)
After a four-year break from Tamil cinema, in 1999, Krishnan played the female antagonist in Padayappa opposite Rajinikanth. The critic from Rediff stated "Ramya does a fantastic job. She is vicious to her dying breath, when she declares she will revenge herself in her next life. She does a fabulous tandav of rage when her father commits suicide". She went onto receive several awards including Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil and Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize.  She then starred in commercially successful films like Budget Padmanabhan and Panchatanthiram. The critic from Screen called her performance in Panchatanthiram "one of the finest performances ever".
Ramya has also acted in many devotional films including Rajakali Amman (2000), Nageswari (2001), Sri Raja Rajeshwari (2001) and Annai Kaligambal (2003).

Her notable film in Malayalam was Ore Kadal (2007) with Mammootty, which received the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam. She had acted as the mother-in-law of N. T. Rama Rao Jr. in the movie Naa Alludu (2005) marked for her role and later in the film Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam (2009). She also appeared in a guest role in item songs in Tollywood and Kollywood.

She turned to acting in TV serials before hosting a game show called Thanga Vettai, on Sun TV, and judging a dance show, Jodi Number One, on Vijay TV. Krishnan is stepping in television serials for the first time. She was seen in Kalasam in two roles. One of them is Neelambari, a character she played in the Rajinikanth starrer Padayappa. In 2009, she appeared in Suresh Krissna's Arumugam and Rama Narayanan's Kutti Pisasu.

Versatility in roles (2010–2014)
She continued her stay under the Sun TV banner to act in Thangam, Vamsam and  Rajakumari. Later, Krishnan acted in supporting roles in Telugu as Ranga The Donga (2010), Yamudiki Mogudu (2012) and in Kannada as Sweety Nanna Jodi (2013 and Maanikya (2014). Krishna acted as Goddess Parvati in Sri Vasavi Kanyaka Parameswari Charitra (2014) with Suman.

2015–present

In 2015, Krishnan acted in S.S. Rajamouli's film  Baahubali: The Beginning and its sequel Baahubali: The Conclusion, where she played Rajamata Sivagami Devi. Her performance met with the critical acclaim and the films became the highest grossing Indian films. Sangeetha Devi Dundoo praised Ramya's performance and stated "Ramya Krishnan once again aces with her part". She received the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Telugu for both films. In 2019, she played a porn actress in Super Deluxe directed by Thiagarajan Kumararaja. Srivatsan S from The Hindu stated her role as "boldest role yet".

She made her debut in the digital platform with Queen in 2019. The critic from India Today stated "Ramya Krishnan as the failing actress and a budding politician (the later part of Shakthi's life) puts in a measured performance and it is what stands out in a series that relies heavily on performances". In 2022, Ramya appeared in Dharma Productions and Puri Jagannadh's sports action film Liger.

Personal life
She married Telugu film director Krishna Vamsi on 12 June 2003. The couple have a son.

Filmography

Awards

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Kannada cinema
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Indian film actresses
Indian game show hosts
Indian women television presenters
Actresses from Chennai
Filmfare Awards South winners
Nandi Award winners
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Actresses in Tamil television
Actresses in Telugu television
South Indian International Movie Awards winners
Telugu people

Ramya Krishnan


Rosangélica Piscitelli Ferreri (born September 3, 1993) is a Venezuelan actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was 4th Runner-Up at Miss Venezuela 2016. She represented the state of Miranda at the pageant of Miss Venezuela 2016 .

Early life
Rosangélica Piscitelli was born on September 3, 1993, in Los Teques, Venezuela, but she grew up in the city of Caracas from a very young age. She has Italian ancestry. Rosangélica from small the arts have interested her, declaring to her parents that she wanted to be an artist.

Pageantry

Miss Miranda 2016
Rosangélica participated in the first edition of Miss Miranda 2016 regional beauty contest representing the Guaicaipuro Municipality where she obtained the special bands of "Miss Fotogénica" and "Miss Internet". On the final night of the contest held on May 5 at the Eurobuilding Hotel & Suites, Caracas; manages to position itself among the three finalists allowing a direct pass to the Miss Venezuela 2016.

Finally, in the official presentation to the press of the candidates for Miss Venezuela 2016, it turns out to be the winner obtaining the right to represent Miranda State in the Miss Venezuela 2016.

Miss Venezuela 2016

During the interactive gala of Miss Venezuela 2016, an event prior to the final night of the contest, Rosangélica won the special bands of "Miss Rostro", "Miss Online" and "Miss Belleza Integral". Days later in a special event a new special band was awarded "Miss Salud y Estética" which fell on her.

The final of the Miss Venezuela 2016 took place in Venevisión, Caracas; the night of October 5 where Rosangélica was positioned as the fourth finalist obtaining also the bands of "Miss Elegance" and "Miss Photogenic".

References

External links
Miss Venezuela Official Website

1993 births
Living people
Venezuelan female models
Venezuelan beauty pageant winners
People from Los Teques
21st-century Venezuelan women

Rosangélica Piscitelli


Harlem is a 1943 Italian sports crime film directed by Carmine Gallone and starring Massimo Girotti, Amedeo Nazzari and Vivi Gioi. It was shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Guido Fiorini. The former world heavyweight champion Primo Carnera appears in a small role. It is also known by the alternative title of Knock Out.

It is noted for its anti-Americanism at a time when the two countries were at war. In postwar re-releases, Amedeo's final line was redubbed with a more positive view on life in the United States.

Synopsis
Tommaso Rossi, a young Italian goes to America to visit his elder brother Amedeo who has a business in the construction industry. He is discovered as a talented boxer after getting into a fight with a champion in a restaurant and flooring him. However his elder brother's business is wrecked and he is arrested for a crime he did not commit. Forced to fight in order to raise enough money to bail his brother, Tommaso is then told by a dying Amedeo to return to Italy as the American dream holds nothing for Italian American immigrants.

Cast

 Massimo Girotti as Tommaso Rossi
 Amedeo Nazzari as Amedeo Rossi
 Vivi Gioi as Muriel
 Elisa Cegani as La donna del gangster
 Osvaldo Valenti as Chris Sherman
 Erminio Spalla as Franckie Battaglia, l'allenatore
 Enrico Glori as Ben Farrell
 Lodovico Longo: as Charlie Lamb, a black boxer
 Gianni Musy as Il piccolo Tony Rossi
 Enrico Viarisio as Pat
 Luigi Almirante as Barney Palmer
 Greta Gonda as Milena Zvetcovic
 Giuseppe Porelli as Il duca di Solimena
 Mino Doro as Bill Black
 Giovanni Grasso as Guardascione
 Luigi Pavese as Joe Smith
 Guglielmo Sinaz as Sinclair Roswell
 Primo Carnera as Se stesso

References

Bibliography
 Peter Bondanella & Federico Pacchioni. A History of Italian Cinema. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017.

External links

1943 films
Italian crime films
1943 crime films
1940s sports films
Italian boxing films
1940s Italian-language films
Films directed by Carmine Gallone
Italian black-and-white films
Films shot at Cinecittà Studios
Films set in New York City
1940s Italian films

Harlem (film)


Crumlin () is a Southside suburb of Dublin, Ireland. Formerly a rural area, it became heavily built up from the early 20th century onwards. Crumlin is the site of Ireland's largest children's hospital, Our Lady's Children's Hospital.

The population of all electoral divisions labelled as Crumlin was 19,287 as of the 2022 census.

Location
Crumlin covers the area from the River Poddle near the KCR (Kimmage Cross Roads) to Sundrive Road and Crumlin Cross at The Submarine Bar to Crumlin's village core and the Drimnagh Road, to Bunting Road, Crumlin Road then along the Grand Canal from Rialto Bridge to Sally's Bridge. It is situated near to the city centre, on the Southside of Dublin city. Neighbouring areas include Walkinstown, Perrystown, Drimnagh, Terenure, and Kimmage. Crumlin is contained within postal district Dublin 12.

Name
Crumlin gets its name from the "crooked valley" known as Lansdowne Valley. The valley was formed by glacial erosion in the distant past and is now bisected by the River Camac. The valley is situated in front of Drimnagh and is largely made up of good-quality houses with plentiful recreational parkland.

History
During the medieval period, Dublin was surrounded by manorial settlements, each comprising a manor house, church and graveyard, farmland and cottages. These settlements grew into a network of villages around Dublin, creating stability and continuity of location. Crumlin village developed as an Anglo-Norman settlement soon after the Norman Conquest in 1170 (although the circular configuration of the old graveyard of Saint Mary's in the village suggests pre-Norman associations), and has survived through the centuries to become the village of today. The Old Saint Mary's Church stands on the site of a 12th-century church of the same dedication, and a succession of churches occupied the site down through the centuries to the present day.  In 1193, King John (the then Earl of Moreton) gave the Crumlin church to form one prebend for the collegiate church of Saint Patrick. When the main body of the present old church was rebuilt in 1817, the old tower of much earlier origin was preserved.

Crumlin, along with Saggart, Newcastle, Lyons and Esker (Lucan), was constituted a royal manor by King John sometime before the end of his reign in 1216. The English noble families of the time had strong links with Ireland, particularly in Leinster. For example, William Fitz John of Harptree was a lord of some significance in Somerset and likely to have served in Ireland under King John. At the beginning of the reign of King Henry III, Fitz John acquired the custody of the lands of William de Carew and held the royal manor of Crumlin, although he did not establish family roots in Ireland.

18th century
Crumlin House was said to have been constructed by Joseph Deane in the area in the early 18th century incorporating elements of an earlier manor house. The house was later owned by members of the catholic Purcell family. It still stands as of 2023 incorporated into the structure of the Salesian provincial house.

19th century

During the 19th century, Crumlin was the centre for the production of bricks used in urban development around Dublin. The site at Brickfields Park contained yellow clay suitable for bricks.

20th century
Some of the local amenities in Crumlin, such as Pearse College on Clogher Road and Ceannt park, are named after some of the 1916 Rebels who had a training camp in nearby Kimmage at Sundrive crossroads.

Having been predominantly rural, the character of Crumlin changed dramatically from the 1920s onwards. The Corporation of Dublin built 702 new houses around this time to resolve overcrowding in the city centre, along with Iveagh Trust, who built 136 houses on a  site off Crumlin Road. In 1935, a further 2,915 properties were constructed after the Corporation had been given additional compulsory purchase powers, following by a further 2,416 in a site off Kildare Road by 1945.

The old church of St Mary the Virgin stands on a site of a 12th century property. In 1942, following the rapid housing development, it moved to a new site designed by McDonnell and Dixon in yellow brick. The other local church is St Agnes's, which opened in 1935.

Features
Crumlin is home to Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, the largest children's hospital in the country, which opened in 1956.

A number of roads are named after some of Ulster's towns and various Irish towns associated with pagan or religious sites/towns. There's a statue of the warrior Cúchulainn situated opposite St. Mary's Church at the junction with Bunting Road. The statue is for Oisín, a Kildare man who played hurling in the Crumlin area. Cúchulainn, his father, was from the Cooley mountains around Louth, South Armagh where the Cooley Road in Drimnagh gets its name.

Schools
Schools serving the area include Loreto College, Rosary College, Scoil Úna Naofa (previously St. Agnes NS), Marist National School, Our Lady Queen of Hope. St. Kevin's College, and Scoil Íosagáin.

Transport
Dublin Bus routes which serve the Crumlin area include route numbers 9, 27, 56A, 77A, 83, 83A, 122, 123, 150, and 151.
Go-Ahead Ireland Commuter Route 125 to Naas stops outside Crumlin Hospital and Go Ahead Ireland route 18 from Palmerstown to Sandymount
and 17 from Rialto to Blackrock also serves Crumlin

Sport
GAA clubs in the area include Crumlin GAA (based in Pearse Park, with its clubrooms in O'Toole Park), Kevin's GAA (based in Dolphin Park) and Templeogue Synge Street GAA (based in Dolphin Park, with clubrooms in Bushy Park). St James Gaels, another GAA club in the area, play their home games at the Iveagh Grounds. Guinness Rugby Football Club is also based at the Iveagh Grounds.

Local Association football (soccer) clubs include Crumlin United F.C., St James's Gate F.C., and Lourdes Celtic FC. The latter is a junior football team from the Sundrive area, which plays in the Leinster Junior Leagues. Damien Duff and Andy Reid formerly played for the club.

Crumlin Boxing Club is based in Windmill road and produced Dean Byrne. Crumlin Bowling Club is based on St.Mary's Road and was originally part of the Imperial Tobacco Company from 1926 to 1947.

Main Stage Wrestling Academy, based on Sundrive Road, is a professional wrestling school.

In popular culture
When the RTÉ drama Fair City launched in 1989, exterior shots were filmed in the Crumlin-Drimnagh area for the first three seasons of the programme (1989–93) until season four launched in 1994, the year the set in RTÉ, Donnybrook was completed.

In 1994, replicas of the exterior of the houses used in the series were constructed in the Donnybrook studios. It is still filmed there to this day.

Notable people
Notable people who have lived in or been associated with the area include:
Brendan Behan, writer who  lived at 70 Kildare Road which is marked with a plaque in his honour
Christy Brown, writer born in Crumlin
Dean Byrne, light welterweight boxer, born in Crumlin
Gabriel Byrne, actor, born in Crumlin
Martin Cahill, prominent criminal who lived in Crumlin
Paddy Casey, singer/songwriter from Cashel Road in Crumlin
Gemma Craven, actress from Crumlin
Joseph Deane, politician, judge, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, and owner of the Crumlin estate, born in Crumlin
Martin Duffy, filmmaker and author from Leighlin Road, Crumlin
Richie Egan, professional musician from Crumlin
Seamus Elliott, professional competitive cyclist
Jazzy (or Yasmine Bryne), pop and dance music singer
Henry Mitchell Jones, recipient of the Victoria Cross
Liam Lawlor, controversial teachta dála, born in Crumlin
Phil Lynott of rock group Thin Lizzy lived on Leighlin Road, Crumlin. A plaque was erected at the family home in 2020.
Paul McGrath, footballer who grew up in Crumlin
Conor McGregor, mixed martial artist and former UFC champion
Rick O'Shea, RTÉ broadcaster, grew up in Crumlin
Fintan O'Toole, journalist and Irish Times assistant editor, grew up in Crumlin
Noel Pearson, theatrical and film producer from Crumlin
Andy Reid, former professional footballer grew up on Clogher Road
Eamonn Rogers, former professional footballer

See also
 List of towns and villages in Ireland

References

Towns and villages in Dublin (city)

Crumlin, Dublin


Studio fotografico Vasari it is one of the oldest Italian companies operating in the field of photography.

The studio is known for its specialization in architectural photographs and works of art, and for having documented the transformation of Rome in the twentieth century.

Collections of Vasari photographs are held by the International Museum of Photography and Film at George Eastman House in Rochester (New York), at the Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica in Rome, and at the Centro studi e archivio della comunicazione (CSAC) of the University of Parma.

History

The company founder Cesare Vasari (Arezzo, 30 May 1846 - Rome, 31 May 1901) moved to Rome in 1860, working initially for professional photographers. He become a collaborator of Tommaso Cuccioni's widow, Isabella Bonafede. In 1875 he opened one of the first ateliers for the production of art and architecture photographs.

After Cesare moved to Florence, the Roman atelier passed to his nephew Alessandro (Rome, 1 July 1866 - 18 March 1929); Alessandro's son Tommaso (Rome, March 21, 1894 - August 25, 1971) documents the artistic and architectural story of Rome of the Twenties, becoming a supplier of the Royal House, and photographing the post-war reconstruction.

Initially, the laboratory for the development and printing of the photographs was located in via della Mercede, subsequently transferred to via Ludovisi and finally to via Condotti, where all the processing of the negatives was carried out, the subsequent printing and final retouching.

Tommaso, who had two children (Laura and Giorgio), was succeeded by Giorgio, a doctor in chemistry (Rome, 11 September 1931 - Filettino, 3 July 2004). Under Giorgio, the business developed in the fields of art, architecture and industry, including the photographic documentation of public works for the 1960 Olympics, the headquarters of the major companies of the Italian "economic boom", as well as editions that dealt with the most important basilicas, churches and Roman galleries of art and antiques.

Subsequently, Giorgio's sons (Alessandro, Andrea and Francesco) continued the studio's activity, establishing the Vasari Photographic Archive and enriching it through photographic campaigns commissioned by state bodies, museums, private collections and national and international publishers.

Today the company is directed by Alessandro Vasari (Rome, 25 February 1957).

Vasari and the architecture
The specialization in architectural photography began at first under Cesare Vasari, but Tommaso and Giorgio added a strong impulse to this kind of shooting with their work for important architects such as Enrico Del Debbio, Pier Luigi Nervi, Luigi Walter Moretti and Giuseppe Vaccaro

The photographic archive
The historical archive of Vasari which contains 5,024 plate (in glass 21x27 cm and other 13x18 cm). It is currently available at the Chalcography-Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica.

The third party production from 1910 ca. to immediately postwar period, consisting of 350,000 black and white and color plates and negatives, is kept in the Study and Communication Archive Center (CSAC) of the University of Parma.

The Vasari private archive (about 90,000 films of various positive, negative black/white and color formats and high resolution digital files). This constantly expanding fund includes the photographic production of the Vasari to date and can be consulted on a research database by subject, author and location via the website of the photographic studio.

Exhibitions on Vasari photographers
 Rome 1991: The Vasari: a dynasty of photographers in Rome from 1875 to 1991, 26 February - 30 April, Biblioteca Vallicelliana of Oratorio dei Filippini
 Parma 1994: Plaster and clay: Vasari Rome studio, the Ximenes atelier, curated by Paolo Barbaro, texts by Marzio Pieri, CSAC of University of Parma.
 Milan 2010: Walk the Stones - a journey through time and the streets of Rome, Spazio ILEX of Archivolto - Milan, 14–30 April
 Stockholm 16 October - 6 November 2014:  At the origins of the European Union. Italian architecture and art for the Palazzo della Farnesina, Istituto Italiano di Cultura
 Berlin 12 November - 4 December 2014:  At the origins of the European Union. Italian architecture and art for the Palazzo della Farnesina, Italian Embassy
 Skopje 11 December 2014 - 21 January 2015:  At the origins of the European Union. Italian architecture and art for the Palazzo della Farnesina, Macedonian National Gallery "Chifte Hamam"

Gallery

See also
 Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica
 Centro studi e archivio della comunicazione
 George Eastman House
 Tommaso Cuccioni

References

Further reading
 Alberto Manodori, Alessandro Vasari, Roma mai più Roma: attraverso le fotografie di Alessandro Vasari, Edizioni Golden Series, 1983
 Marina Miraglia, Cesare Vasari e il "genere" nella fotografia napoletana dell'Ottocento, in Bollettino d'Arte, serie VI, 33–34, pp. 199–296
 Biblioteca Vallicelliana, I Vasari: una dinastia di fotografi a Roma dal 1875 al 1991, a cura della Biblioteca Vallicelliana, catalogo della mostra, Roma 1991
 Paolo Barbaro, testi di Marzio Pieri, Il *gesso e la creta: studio Vasari Roma, l'atelier Ximenes, catalogo della mostra, CSAC dell'Università, Parma 1994, codice SBN BVE0084839
 Anita Margiotta e M. Grazia Massafra, Un percorso fotografico a palazzo Braschi (1870-1987). Catalogo della mostra (anche e-book), pag. 129, Gangemi Editore, Roma 2012,
 Roberta Tucci, I suoni della campagna romana. Per una ricostruzione del paesaggio sonoro di un territorio del Lazio., con CD Audio, pag. 206, Rubettino Editore, Soveria Mannelli 2003,
 Francesca Recine, La documentazione fotografica dell'arte in Italia dagli albori all'epoca moderna, pp. 49 e 50, Edizioni Scriptaweb, Napoli 2006
 Francesco Buranelli, Laocoonte: alle origini dei Musei Vaticani, pag. 80 e 136, Edizioni L'Erma di Bretschneider, Roma 2006,
 Marina Miraglia,Fotografi e pittori alla prova della modernità, Bruno Mondadori Editore, Milano 2012,

External links
 Website of the Photographic Archive
 Since 2023, the Istituto Centrale per la Grafica in Roma has put online 998 glass plates by Alessandro Vasari (1866-1929), (in italian)
 Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities (Italy) - Central Institute for Catalog and Documentation
 I Vasari, exhibition catalog held at the Biblioteca Vallicelliana (in Italian).
 Photographs of the Vasari Studio fund at the National Institute for Graphics (in Italian)
  Fondo Vasari at the Istituto Centrale per la Grafica, Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities (MIBACT) (in Italian)
  Il Fondo Vasari nel Catalogo del Sistema Museale dell'Università di Parma (in Italian)

 Vasari Images at the International Museum of Photography and Film in Rochester

Italian Royal Warrant holders
Italian photographers
Photo agencies

Studio fotografico Vasari


Lady Deathstrike (Yuriko Oyama), occasionally spelled Deathstryke, is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is a foe of the X-Men, especially Wolverine.

Her father Lord Dark Wind created the adamantium-bonding process that was forced on Wolverine by Weapon X. A self-styled warrior, Lady Deathstrike hired the villain Spiral's "body shoppe" to bond adamantium to her skeleton in addition to other cyber-genetic enhancements. She has worked as a mercenary and assassin and feels a need to prove herself by killing Wolverine. Lady Deathstrike is the sister of human crime boss Lord Deathstrike (Kazuo Oyama). She, along with former X-Men members Mystique, Sabretooth, Domino, Warpath, and Old Man Logan formed a team called Weapon X-Men, but later changed to Weapon X-Force after Logan and Warpath left with Omega Red.

A mutant version of Lady Deathstrike, played by Kelly Hu and without any of Deathstrike's backstory, appeared as a brainwashed henchman of William Stryker in the 2003 film X2.

Publication history

She first appeared as Yuriko Oyama in Daredevil #197 (August 1983) and later as Lady Deathstrike in Alpha Flight #33 (April 1986). She was created by writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Larry Hama. Writers Bill Mantlo and Chris Claremont added defining characteristics such as her cyborg abilities, while artist Barry Windsor-Smith designed her cyborg appearance.

Fictional character biography

Early life in Japan
Yuriko Oyama (大山 ゆりこ Oyama Yuriko) was born in Osaka, Japan. Her father was Lord Dark Wind (Kenji Oyama), a Japanese crime lord and criminal scientist who created the process by which adamantium can be bonded to bone. Kenji was a former Japanese kamikaze pilot during World War II. His face was horribly scarred in a failed suicide attack on an American battleship. Feeling ashamed by his failure decades earlier, he scarred the faces of Yuriko and her two brothers in a ritual design. Her two brothers later died while in their father's service.

Yuriko teamed up with Daredevil to free her lover, Kiro, from her father's servitude, and to take vengeance on her father for her scarring and the death of her two brothers. She guided Daredevil to Lord Dark Wind's private island in search of Bullseye. However, when Yuriko slew Lord Dark Wind, the devoted Kiro chose suicide to honor his master.

Wolverine, X-Men, and Alpha Flight
Distraught, Yuriko belatedly embraced her father's ideals and sought to track down whoever dishonored him and restore Japan's honor. She adopted a costumed identity, as a samurai warrior. She attempted to find Bullseye with an adamantium tracking device, intending to get revenge on him for betraying her father and retrieve the adamantium in his bones for study. Instead, the device led to Wolverine, whose skeleton had also been bonded with adamantium. Deathstrike sought to kill him to right the wrong of the theft of her father's theories and to restore her family's honor; however, she and her followers were defeated by Wolverine and Vindicator of Alpha Flight. She went to the Mojoverse and sought Spiral's "body shoppe" where she received extensive cybernetic enhancements including adamantium bones and talons. As a cyborg, she became a professional criminal, and joined forces with former Hellfire Club mercenaries-turned-cyborgs Cole, Macon, and Reese. The four cyborgs stalked Wolverine and Katie Power in New York.

Lady Deathstrike — along with Cole, Macon, and Reese — joined the team of criminal cyborgs called the Reavers, led by Donald Pierce. Together, the Reavers captured and crucified Wolverine. Lady Deathstrike was accidentally teleported along with Wolverine and Puck to 1937 in Spain. There, she joined forces with a Luftwaffe unit, and battled Wolverine. Her right arm was destroyed by a tank, and when she returned to the present she was given a new right arm. The Reavers gang was broken up by Trevor Fitzroy's Sentinels and most of them were destroyed, though Deathstrike herself survived. She later battled Wolverine and Sabretooth in Times Square.

At times she has resigned her quest to kill Logan and has even worked with the X-Men cooperatively toward a common goal, such as the defeat of Stryfe. In an encounter with Logan shortly after Magneto removed the adamantium from his skeleton, Lady Deathstrike again encountered Puck and Vindicator. The fight with Wolverine destroyed much of Vindicator's house and ended when Wolverine revealed his bone claws. As Logan no longer possessed the adamantium stolen from her father, she concluded there was no honor to be gained by killing him. She leaves the premises peacefully. However, she still remains a mercenary and an assassin.

When Captain America appears in Japan after a year spent in another dimension, he manages to find Lady Deathstrike working with terrorists. Their goals were to drive American influence out of Japan, by any means possible, including mass murder. Captain America defeats her before any innocent lives are lost.

Lady Deathstrike resurfaced as an ally of William Stryker. She displays a new ability to access the Internet via her cybernetics but this led to her being co-opted and controlled by Mount Haven's computer systems.

Lady Deathstrike was responsible for mutilating and nearly killing Sunfire, whose legs she severed in battle.

Civil War
Following her confrontation with Rogue and Sunfire, Lady Deathstrike resurfaced as a member of one of the United States government's Army of Thunderbolts in the super hero Civil War, temporarily released from prison in order to go after the Secret Avengers, who resisted the Superhuman Registration Act. She fights alongside other criminals such as Venom, Jester, Bullseye, Jack O'Lantern, Taskmaster, and Songbird. She participates in the final battle of the Civil War in Times Square, New York City, before being sent to the Negative Zone Prison.

Messiah Complex
Lady Deathstrike returns during the Messiah Complex story to play an important role in the series, facing off against X-23. This was confirmed by IGN Comics, who, in their editorial analysis "13 Days of Messiah Complex," revealed that Deathstrike would be leading a new team of Reavers throughout the event. As reported, Lady Deathstrike appears alongside the Reavers, now made up of nameless Purifiers with armor and weapons instead of any former members. Having allied with the Purifiers to destroy mutant-kind, Lady Deathstrike leads the new Reaver team against the New X-Men, gravely wounding Hellion in the process. Her armor was destroyed by X-23 and Rockslide. She appears again in pursuit of Cable and the mutant newborn where she battled X-Force and X-23 again and X-23 nearly kills her.

Sisterhood of Mutants
Lady Deathstrike is apparently saved from death due to the actions of Spiral, as she is later seen under repair in Spiral's Body Shoppe when Madelyne Pryor approaches Spiral with an invitation of membership in her Sisterhood of Mutants. Despite not originally being approached to join the Sisterhood, Lady Deathstrike accepts Pryor's offer nonetheless. It appears that while Spiral repaired Lady Deathstrike's body, she gave her a more submissive personality, as during missions with the Sisterhood, she continually does whatever she is told, while referring to Spiral as "Mistress". After the Sisterhood resurrects Psylocke, they make their move on the X-Men, with Lady Deathstrike being tasked to take down Wolverine, by piercing his lungs. Lady Deathstrike kept Wolverine busy while the Sisterhood raided his room for one of his most treasured possessions: a lock of Jean Grey's hair.

Rejoining with the Reavers
Lady Deathstrike reappeared with the Reavers. Still driven for revenge against Wolverine, Lady Deathstrike worked with the Reavers to suicide-bomb Utopia. However, when X-Force intervened, Lady Deathstrike escaped her body via Internet.

During the Ends of the Earth storyline, Lady Deathstrike was seen in one of Doctor Octopus's facilities in Australia. When Kangaroo II enters this facility, Lady Deathstrike ambushes and kills him in one swift swipe from her claw.

Lady Deathstrike and the Reavers are later seen in the Core, an underground city populated by robots. She battles with Captain Britain after the Secret Avengers arrive in the city in search of Ant-Man.

Lady Deathstrike's consciousness was later uploaded in the body of Ana Cortes, establishing a symbiotic relationship with Ana's consciousness. Cortes was a teenage Latin female that has returned to Bogota, Colombia from boarding school after the death of her father to inherit her deceased father's kingdom. She then traveled to the Jean Grey Academy alongside her friend Reiko to find Karima Shapandar and retrieve the Omega Sentinel technology. Deathstrike and her team see her jogging with Monet, and attempt to ambush them. During the confrontation, Karmina is shot, and Monet manages to protect her temporarily, until Monet gets caught off guard. Before Deathstrike could finish her attack, Karmina shoots, and injures Lady Deathstrike causing her to retreat to regroup and get more intel. She then learns of Arkea, and has hired Typhoid Mary to help her achieve this goal. Deathstrike and Typhoid Mary argue with John Sublime about Arkea and they manage to get information out of him that there was more than one piece of Arkea that was alive, as the one they had was dead and not viable. Mary knocks Sublime unconscious and she and Deathstrike manages to escape before Psylocke comes to check on Sublime. Deathstrike and Mary makes their way to Troms, Norway, where they find Amora, who has been exiled by Thor and stripped of her powers. Deathstrike promises Amora that she will make her powerful once again. Amora brings Deathstrike and Mary to where the Arkea meteorite is located when Mary wants to renegotiate the terms of her hire and want to become partners. Deathstrike says it was not just a partnership, but the formation of a new Sisterhood of Mutants. With the live Arkea taking possession of Reiko, she empowers Deathstrike, Mary and Amora. Deathstrike and her Sisterhood manage to escape the X-Men and Monet with Arkea activating several sentinels under the ocean. The mental conflict between Ana and Yuriko made Lady Deathstrike increasingly unstable. Ana Cortes grew to regret her life as a supervillain and did not like the direction Arkea was leading the Sisterhood. She notified the X-Men of the Sisterhood's location, after she became increasingly concerned about Arkea's bold moves such as having Amora resurrect Selene Gallio, the Black Queen. Ana flipped out and tried to get Typhoid Mary to kill her, but Mary refused. Upon Arkea asking Ana to come be a part of the procedure to resurrect Madelyne Pryor, Ana killed herself to prevent Arkea from using her further. Ana's death didn't stop Arkea's plans. Arkea simply removed Yuriko's consciousness from Ana's body and placed it in Reiko's body along with Arkea's own. Ana's body was spliced with Jean Grey's DNA in order to enable it to host Madelyne Pryor's consciousness. Amora then completed the resurrection of Madelyne Pryor. After the X-Men's confrontation with the Sisterhood, Karima leaves the X-Men to team up with Sabra and investigate the Cortes crime family. Though Arkea was destroyed by the X-Men, Lady Deathstrike's consciousness remained intact inside Reiko's body.

The Reavers later arrived in Killhorn Falls with Lady Deathstrike and attempt to hunt down Logan for good. As the Reavers attacked Killhorn Falls, Old Man Logan single-handedly killed all the Reavers soldiers and confronted Lady Deathstrike before saving Maureen. After being wounded multiple times, Logan manages to defeat Lady Deathstrike, as she started limping away when Logan blacked out. Thinking that he failed to protect Maureen from the chaos, Logan decided to set-off to find Lady Deathstrike.

While in hiding during the "Weapons of Mutant Destruction" storyline, Lady Deathstrike is discovered and captured by the new Weapon X. While held in their captivity, she is experimented on. This experiment led to her nanotechnology being used in their creation of Weapon H.

Hunt for Wolverine
During the "Hunt for Wolverine" storyline, Lady Deathstrike is seen at Chester's Bar where she tells Daken and Sabretooth about what the Reavers discovered when they went after Wolverine and that he has recently been sighted alive. The three of them go on the trail of Wolverine where they arrive in Maybelle, Arizona. Sabretooth and Lady Deathstrike continue searching Maybelle for Wolverine when they are attacked by zombies made from those at a birthday party. One of them bites Sabretooth as Lady Deathstrike gets him away from the zombies. Both of them wonder where the zombies came from. As they get to their car, it suddenly explodes. Sabretooth starts running and finds that his zombie bite is not healing. Sabretooth comes across more zombies as he starts killing them with Lady Deathstrike not far behind him. Both of them take refuge in a garage. When Daken catches up to them, Lady Deathstrike and Sabretooth are informed of a glowing green device in the power station that has to do with the zombies and they must fight their way past the zombies to destroy it before Maybelle is burned to the ground. While fighting zombies and Soteira Killteam Nine, Lady Deathstrike discovers that one of the soldiers from Soteira Killteam Nine is a zombified version of her father who stabs Lady Deathstrike. Lady Deathstrike recovers and continues her fight with her father until Lord Dark Wind cuts off her left hand. Using her right hand, Lady Deathstrike stabs her father in the neck. Then she does the same thing to a zombified Graydon Creed. After telling Sabretooth that the adamantium they tracked was her father's adamantium and learning that Daken is dead, Lady Deathstrike accompanies Sabretooth to where the glowing device is and destroy the device before Maybelle can be burned to the ground. The next day, Sabretooth and Lady Deathstrike carjack someone outside a diner as Sabretooth suggests to Lady Deathstrike to have her Reaver friends get her a new hand. Lady Deathstrike tells Sabretooth to shut up and drive.

Powers and abilities
Lady Deathstrike was transformed into a cyborg by Spiral and the "Body Shop" using alien technology of Mojo's dimension, with later modifications by Donald Pierce. She has superhuman strength, speed, stamina, durability, and agility. Deathstrike's skeleton has been artificially laced with molecules of adamantium, rendering her skeletal structure physically unbreakable. Later, in the pages of Uncanny X-Men, it was shown that Spiral used magic to infuse the metal into Deathstrike's body. Deathstrike's fingers have been replaced by five  long adamantium claws replacing each finger of each hand. Aside from being as indestructible as her skeleton, these talons are capable of slicing through virtually any substance, other than adamantium itself and Captain America's shield. She is capable of telescoping these claws to twice their usual length. She also had the ability to interface with computers, allowing direct data access to her brain's memory centers. Although her normal form is visibly that of a cyborg, she uses disguises when necessary. She is a trained assassin and is skilled in a variety of Asian martial arts. Lady Deathstrike is especially skilled with swords, and while she prefers stealth and subtlety in her killings, she is emotionally disturbed and this interferes with her effectiveness. Deathstrike suffers from mental instability; she is an unbalanced fanatic, a condition worsened by her transformation into a cyborg.

Before she received her cybernetic enhancements, Deathstrike used a special five-foot steel katana that was electromagnetically tempered and sheathed in energy.  The energy sheath enabled the sword to cut through most substances and made it as resilient as adamantium. She has also used shuriken, nunchakus, a high-powered long-range blaster which fires armor-piercing explosive bullets, and wrist-bands containing adamantium detectors. She also wore a modified traditional Japanese battle-armor which could withstand even superhuman blows. Her items were constructed by weapon-smiths of Lord Dark Wind's organization.

Deathstrike later received an upgrade that provides her with a kind of "cybernetic healing factor" that functions similarly, although not as efficiently, to Wolverine's.

Lady Deathstrike is fluent in both English and Japanese, and an accomplished pilot of various air and sea-craft.

The left side of Yuriko Oyama's face was scarred in a ritual design by her father; this was apparently surgically repaired when she became a cyborg.

Lady Deathstrike's original body was destroyed. She became a digital consciousness. She was downloaded into Ana Cortes, who became her host and the new Lady Deathstrike until Ana killed herself. Yuriko's mind was placed into the body of her friend Reiko, who currently hosts her.

Reception

Accolades

 In 2009, IGN ranked Lady Deathstrike 78th in their "Top 100 Comic Book Vilains" list.
 In 2019, CBR.com ranked Lady Deathstrike 6th in their "Marvel: Old Man Logan Villains" list.
 In 2019, IGN ranked Lady Deathstrike 20th in their "Top 25 Marvel Villains" list.
 In 2021, Screen Rant included Lady Deathstrike in their "10 Marvel Characters Fans Would Love To See In Marvel's Wolverine" list.
 In 2022, CBR.com ranked Lady Deathstrike 9th in their "10 Deadliest Female Villains In Marvel Comics" list.

Other versions

Amalgam
In the Amalgam Comics universe, Lady Deathstrike was merged with Talia al Ghul of DC Comics and became Lady Talia. She was the lover of Logan Wayne aka Dark Claw, but swore revenge when Dark Claw murdered her father, Ra's Al-Pocalypse, to prevent him from unleashing a deadly chemical on the world. She became cybernetically enhanced and ambushed Dark Claw in his cave after tying up his sidekick, the Sparrow. In a choice between love and revenge, she nearly murders Logan, but his healing factor allows him to recover from the injury.

Ultimate Marvel
Lady Deathstrike has also appeared in Ultimate Marvel's Ultimate X-Men line. There, her connection lies mainly with Storm, instead of Wolverine as in the original storyline. As Yuriko (or 'Yuri'), she taught Storm how to hotwire vehicles and be a car thief. The two later had a falling out, and Yuri ended up being run over by a truck. Yuri survived, but needed to use a wheelchair. There, Dr. Cornelius of Weapon X offered to have her shattered body rebuilt with adamantium, extendable claws, and an accelerated healing factor based on Wolverine's DNA, which would allow her to have her revenge against Storm, though if she wanted to kill Storm she would have to kill Storm's friend Wolverine as well. Yuri agreed, and underwent the modifications. She later went after Storm and Wolverine, but was defeated, and later imprisoned by S.H.I.E.L.D.

While imprisoned at the Triskelion, she encountered the X-Men Dazzler and Angel (who were out searching for their friends, elsewhere in the base). After Dazzler taunted Yuri, saying how Storm had mentioned her to them, the power went out, allowing Yuri to escape her cell and stab Dazzler through the stomach. Before she could do anything else, the mutant Longshot (another prisoner at the Triskelion) snapped Yuri's neck. Whether or not this attack killed her is unknown. She has previously survived being struck by lightning and smashed by a falling tree. Dazzler survived Yuri's attack, remaining in a coma for a few weeks before awakening.

Wolverine Noir
A non-powered Yuriko briefly appears in Wolverine Noir when Logan investigated the Bowery and faced off against her, who mistakenly thought he works for Creed. The two discusses about Logan finding his brother Dog, but when Yuriko was about to kiss him, he refused and she disappeared. She later showed up deceased having been killed by Rose, Logan's ex girlfriend.

In other media

Television

Lady Deathstrike appears in the X-Men: The Animated Series two-part episode "Out of the Past", voiced by Jane Luk. This version was previously in a romantic relationship with Wolverine before joining the Reavers and becoming a cyborg to avenge the death of her father, Professor Oyama.

Film

 Lady Deathstrike appears in X2, portrayed by Kelly Hu. This version is a brainwashed mutant and assistant to William Stryker who was granted an adamantium skeleton. She faces off against Wolverine, who defeats her and injects her with fluid adamantium.
 Lady Deathstrike appears in Hulk Vs Wolverine, voiced by Janyse Jaud. This version is a member of Team X.

Video games
 Lady Deathstrike appears as a playable character in X-Men: Next Dimension, voiced by Gwendoline Yeo. This version is a member of the Brotherhood of Mutants.
 Lady Deathstrike appears as the final boss of X2: Wolverine's Revenge, voiced again by Gwendoline Yeo.
 Lady Deathstrike appears as a boss in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced by Kim Mai Guest. This version is an associate of Apocalypse.
 Lady Deathstrike appears as a boss in X-Men: The Official Game, voiced by Vyvan Pham. This version is a student of the Silver Samurai and agent of HYDRA.
 Lady Deathstrike appears as a boss in Wolverine: Adamantium Rage.
 Lady Deathstrike appears as a mini-boss in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2, voiced by Jocelyn Blue. She is among the supervillains injected with Iron Man's control nanites and tasked with fighting those who oppose the Superhuman Registration Act.
 Lady Deathstrike appears in Strider Hiryu's ending in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3.
 Lady Deathstrike appears as a boss in Marvel Heroes, voiced by Minae Noji.
 Lady Deathstrike appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force.

References

External links
 Lady Deathstrike at Marvel.com
 Deliver Us From Deathstrike at UncannyXmen.net

Characters created by Dennis O'Neil
Comics characters introduced in 1983
Cyborg supervillains
Female film villains
Female soldier and warrior characters in comics
Fictional blade fighters
Fictional female assassins
Fictional female martial artists
Fictional female swordfighters
Fictional henchmen
Fictional Japanese people
Fictional kenjutsuka
Fictional lords and ladies
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional swordfighters in comics
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics cyborgs
Marvel Comics female supervillains
Marvel Comics film characters
Marvel Comics martial artists
Marvel Comics mutates
Wolverine (comics) characters
X-Men supporting characters

Lady Deathstrike


Ruth Lovell Murray (October 20, 1900 – September 5, 1991) was a pioneer in the field of dance education.

Early life and education
Ruth L. Murray was born on October 20, 1900, in Detroit, Michigan. She attended Teachers College, Columbia University and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in 1925. She earned her master's degree from that university in 1933.

Career
Murray served as a member of the faculty of Wayne State University for forty-six years. Her book, Dance in Elementary Education, was published in 1953 by Harper and Row. It is considered to be an important contribution to the field of dance education. Murray also served on numerous committees and received such awards as the Hetherington Award from the American Academy of Physical Education and the Arts Achievement Award from Wayne State and the Heritage Award (1969) from the National Dance Association. The Ruth Lovell Murray Endowed Scholarship in Dance was created in her name at Wayne State.

Further reading
Wayne State University

External links
The Ruth Lovell Murray Endowed Scholarship in Dance at Wayne State University
Finding Aid for the Ruth L. Murray Papers at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro

1900 births
1991 deaths
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Wayne State University faculty
Dance teachers

Ruth Murray


Ivor Seward Richard, Baron Richard,  (30 May 1932 – 18 March 2018) was a British Labour politician who served as a member of Parliament (MP) from 1964 until 1974. He was also a member of the European Commission and latterly sat as a life peer in the House of Lords.

Education
Born in Cardiff, Wales, Ivor Richard was educated at St. Michael's School, an independent school in Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, followed by Cheltenham College, an independent school in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, and Pembroke College at the University of Oxford.

Political career

1959–1974
Lord Richard had been an active member of the Labour Party and the Fabian Society since University and stood for Parliament in Kensington South in the general election of 1959. This was one of the most prosperous constituencies in the whole country, and he came third, but it was intended as no more than an opportunity to try his campaigning skills. For the 1964 election, Richard was adopted as candidate for Baron's Court, a highly marginal constituency between Hammersmith and Fulham. Baron's Court had seen knife-edge contests before, and the presence of the BBC television centre nearby ensured good media coverage.

Richard won the seat by just over 1,000 votes. In Parliament he served briefly as an assistant to Denis Healey as Secretary of State for Defence and was appointed as Minister for the Army in 1969. He was lucky to keep his seat despite the swing to the Conservatives in the 1970 election, and he became an opposition spokesman on telecommunications. He lost this job when he voted in favour of joining the European Communities (Common Market) in 1971, but was swiftly reappointed as a Foreign Affairs spokesman.

However, the Baron's Court seat was too small to survive the redistribution that took effect in 1974. Richard found it difficult to find a new seat, as pro-Europeanism was not popular within the Labour Party. He was eventually chosen at the last minute to fight Blyth against the sitting Labour MP who had been deselected in a row over his allegations of the corruption of the local Labour Party. With no background in the area and a popular opponent, Richard was defeated convincingly.

1974–1985
The incoming Labour Government appointed him in June 1974 as the UK Permanent Representative to the UN, where he served for five years. Richard played a role in trying to bring together the sides in the Middle East and Rhodesia conflicts. He became a figure of controversy after the then US Ambassador, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, criticised the UN for passing a resolution stating that Zionism was a form of racism, and Richard denounced him for behaving "like the Wyatt Earp of international politics"; shortly thereafter Moynihan was removed from office by Henry Kissinger.

Richard presided as chairman over the Geneva Conference on Rhodesia from 28 October to 14 December 1976. The conference was called to implement the terms of Henry Kissinger's agreement with Prime Minister Ian Smith of Rhodesia from the previous month on the creation of an interim government to preside. At the same time, a new majority-rule constitution was written. But the various African nationalists from Rhodesia refused to recognise the agreement and no progress was made during the six weeks of the conference. Smith was scathing in his treatment of Richard in his memoirs, citing Richard's "lack of integrity and courage" in failing to hold to the terms of the Kissinger agreement.

The incoming Conservative government in 1979 replaced Richard within months. However, in 1980 he was chosen by the Labour Party to take one of the posts on the European Commission (replacing Roy Jenkins). It was known that he was the Labour Party's third choice for the position: former Treasury Minister Joel Barnett had rejected an invitation, and the Conservative government had vetoed former Defence Secretary Fred Mulley. Richard took responsibility for Employment, Social Policy, Education and Training.

After 1985
Richard returned to Wales in 1985 and was appointed Chairman of World Trade Centre Wales Ltd., which tried to attract international investors for Welsh business. He unsuccessfully sought the Labour nomination for Cardiff West losing to Rhodri Morgan. In 1990, his name was included on a list of Labour Party 'Working Peers', and was created a life peer on 14 May 1990 taking the title Baron Richard, of Ammanford in the County of Dyfed and became an opposition spokesman in the House of Lords. His barrister's style led to his appointment as Leader of the Labour Peers from 1992, which brought with it appointment to the Privy Council. Richard led Labour in the Lords during their final spell in their near 20-year opposition before the landslide victory in 1997. Richard attempted to step up the Labour attack and in late 1993 pioneered an unprecedented (for the House of Lords) Motion of No Confidence in the Government, although he acknowledged it was a symbolic gesture and would not bring down the government, due to the primacy of the House of Commons.

When Labour won the 1997 election, Richard became Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords. With Labour policy favouring a reform of the House starting with removing the hereditary peers, Richard began work on the new composition of the House but was shocked when he was suddenly removed at the first reshuffle in July 1998 to be replaced by Baroness Jay of Paddington. His thoughts on the reform of the House were published in Unfinished Business in 1999, and Richard became a critical friend of the Government.

Lord Richard latterly served as chairman of the parliamentary Joint Committee on the Draft House of Lords Reform Bill.

Death
Lord Richard died in Lambeth, London, in March 2018 at the age of 85.

Richard Commission
The Coalition Government in the National Assembly for Wales invited Richard to chair a commission on the future powers of the Assembly from 2002. The report was published on 31 March 2004 and recommended that the Assembly have full primary legislative powers in devolved areas from 2011, a recommendation that was controversial with Wales' Labour MPs.

References

External links
Debrett's People of Today
Richard Commission
Richard Commission final report

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1932 births
2018 deaths
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
British European Commissioners
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Leaders of the House of Lords
Lords Privy Seal
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Cheltenham College
People educated at St Michael's School, Llanelli
Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the United Nations
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
Welsh politicians
European Commissioners 1981–1985
Ministers in the Wilson governments, 1964–1970
Politicians from Cardiff
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Ivor Richard