Rescue Me is an American comedy-drama television series that aired on FX from July 21, 2004, to September 7, 2011. The series focuses on the professional and personal lives of a group of New York City firefighters.

The protagonist and focal point of the series is veteran New York City firefighter Tommy Gavin (Denis Leary). The series follows Tommy's troubled family and co-workers as they deal with real-life issues, such as post-9/11 trauma or their own domestic problems. Tommy struggles with the loss of his cousin and best friend, firefighter Jimmy Keefe (James McCaffrey), as well as 59 other firefighters whom he knew who died in the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. Jimmy frequently visits Tommy in ghostly dreams.

Tommy is an impatient, self-loathing, hypocritical, manipulative relapsed alcoholic who suffers with severe survivor guilt and posttraumatic stress disorder as a result of 9/11. In the pilot episode, he and his wife Janet (Andrea Roth) have already separated, although they are technically still married, and Tommy has moved across the street. Most of Tommy's actions as a firefighter are heroic and brave, but his family members and fellow firefighters view him as selfish, despite his concern for others and passion for the job.

Rescue Me was created by Leary and Peter Tolan, who also serve as executive producers and head writers, and is produced by Cloudland Company, Apostle, DreamWorks Television, and Sony Pictures Television.

Series overview

Season 1
Season 1 of Rescue Me debuted on July 21, 2004, and began by introducing the members of New York City Fire Department's fictional Ladder Company 62—aka "62 Truck"—quartered with the fictional Engine Company 99 and the Chief of the 15th (later 30th) Battalion in a firehouse in northeastern Harlem, New York City. Tommy Gavin deals with the effects of the September 11, 2001, attacks, which, for him, include seeing the ghost of his cousin, Firefighter Jimmy Keefe, who died on 9/11, as well as the ghosts of various people he failed to save over the years. Gavin and his wife Janet are separated and, from across the street, he sees her begin to date again. He plans to get her back and prevent her from leaving the state with his children. Janet separated from Tommy several months prior, due to his failure to commit to his family and open up about 9/11.

15th Battalion Chief Jerry Reilly attacks a gay former firefighter in a bar after the former FDNY member speaks to the press and claims that at least 20 of the 343 men who died during the 9/11 attacks were gay. Sean Garrity begins to date one of Franco Rivera's numerous ex-girlfriends, which leads to Franco's discovering that he has a daughter with the woman; Rivera later takes the daughter in after the mother fatally overdoses. Tommy begins a love affair with Jimmy's widow Sheila (a taboo among firefighters), and Probationary Firefighter Mike Silletti begins to secretly date a "fat chick" named Theresa (Ashlie Atkinson). Lieutenant Ken Shea, Tommy's superior officer, deals with 9/11 by secretly writing poetry and then starts to have an affair after learning his wife is preparing to leave him anyway.

After firefighter Billy Warren dies in a fire, the city sends Laura Miles to replace him. She clashes with the men and Tommy in particular. She begins to believe that Tommy is becoming dangerous as he takes more unnecessary risks on the job. Tommy's mistake at a fire that causes injury to Franco; this coincides with Tommy's transfer out of the house after the rest of the crew discovers he has been seeing Sheila and they're expecting a child. In the final scene of the season finale, Tommy shows up at his wife's house to find her and his children missing, along with everything in the house. While consuming a bottle of vodka he finds in a cupboard, he uses a baseball bat to destroy anything that's left in the house.

Season 2
Season 2 premiered on June 21, 2005.

Tommy is at a new firehouse on Staten Island and his replacement at 62 Truck, Sully, becomes everyone's favorite. While responding to a fire at an underground sex club, they discover that a "woman" they rescued is Sully in a black leather skirt and bustier.  The next day, Sully requests a transfer because he knows the crew will never let him live that down. This clears the way for Tommy to return.

Back in the old house, Tommy shifts his focus to finding his family and dealing with his father, who took an unannounced vacation and came home with a new, wealthy wife, Jenny Ng. Sheila has a miscarriage, but lies about it to keep Tommy close.  Later on, Sheila begins a relationship with a woman named Debbie who turns abusive towards her. Tommy and his brother Johnny Gavin learn that their father, Michael Gavin, had a long, ongoing affair during their childhood, which produced two children. Eventually their new-found half brother, who is a priest, is arrested after they discover he is a pedophile.

Silletti stalks his ex-girlfriend after she dumps him. Chief Jerry's wife gradually deteriorates from Alzheimer's, and he is forced to seek help from his estranged son before placing her in a long-term care facility. Laura and Franco begin dating, but Laura eventually leaves Franco and the firehouse. Lieutenant Shea is conned by a prostitute named Candy, resulting in his losing his entire life savings. Jenny Ng dies, but the expected financial windfall for Tommy's father never happens. Tommy's estranged sister Maggie re-enters the lives of Tommy and his father.

Tommy and his family reconcile for a time, but when their only son Connor is killed by a drunk driver, it is too much for Janet to handle, and she blames Tommy. Matters worsen when Johnny learns that the driver is well-connected and may not be sentenced, so Tommy's uncle Teddy murders the man in public.

Season 3
Season 3 premiered on May 30, 2006.

Tommy and Janet have re-separated, and Teddy is in jail for murder. Janet begins sleeping with Johnny Gavin, and Tommy attacks Johnny at their father's 83rd birthday dinner.

Meanwhile, Lieutenant Shea, still smarting from getting conned, becomes testy with everyone on the crew and slowly spirals downward. Janet wants to talk to Tommy about their settlement, but a heated argument ignites and Tommy rapes Janet.
Mike Silletti, no longer a Probationary Firefighter, begins a sexual relationship with his male roommate, and Tommy falls back in love with Sheila. Sheila, desiring Tommy to stay away from Janet completely, begins to drug him with rohypnol and Viagra in order to rape him. Maggie soon finds herself dating Sean Garrity, among others.

Janet gets pregnant with either Johnny's or Tommy's baby, and announces she wants to keep it to replace Connor. The crew learns about Mike's possible homosexuality, and Tommy comes to his defense out of fears over the fire crew breaking up. Franco starts to date Alicia (Susan Sarandon), a wealthy older woman who eventually takes his daughter from him. (He is unable to do anything about it, because he had taken her from foster care without permission and therefore is not the girl's legal guardian.)

Lieutenant Shea moves in with Tommy and begins seeing Theresa, a soon-to-be ex-nun with whom he plans on moving to Florida to be first mate on his cousin's boat. Chief Reilly tries to meet his wife's increasing health care costs by taking a second job at a bar. Later, he suffers a heart attack after having sex with Karlene, an illegal Jamaican immigrant who is a caretaker at the long-term care facility where his wife now lives.

During a stakeout, Johnny is killed by someone who was contracted to stop him from testifying against a powerful drug dealer Johnny had arrested months beforehand. During his funeral, Sean and Maggie decide to get married at the cemetery. Tommy, Johnny, and Maggie's long lost sister Rosemary Gavin is introduced; she is deaf and had been shunned by her parents, but reconciles with her father.

Uncle Teddy, still in prison, receives numerous letters from a woman named Ellie, who is proud of the action he took upon Connor's killer. The two begin a relationship and get married, which allows Ellie to meet with him for conjugal visits.

With the 62 Truck crew seemingly breaking up, Tommy decides to retire and move in with Sheila in her new home on Long Island. He changes his mind after talking with Janet about her pregnancy and discovering that his crew will remain together after all. (Mike isn't transferring, Lou has changed his mind about the boat after discovering he lacked "sea legs", and Franco has failed a lieutenant's exam.) Jerry defends his crew when several officials visit his firehouse.

While at Sheila's new house, Tommy tells her he is not retiring from the FDNY. Distraught, she drugs him again and accidentally starts a fire. The fire spreads while the frantic Sheila is overwhelmed by frustration, and the finale closes without making it clear if Tommy survives.

Season 4
Season 4 premiered on June 13, 2007.

Tommy and Sheila are apparently rescued by volunteer firefighters, but are then accused of arson and insurance fraud. Janet has given birth, and while Tommy has come to accept it as his own, the baby's hair finally comes in and it is "jet black" in color, leaving them to now believe that it is Johnny's son, instead.

Teddy is released from prison and immediately abandons his new wife Ellie in a coffee shop. Colleen runs away from home and moves in with her boyfriend, Sean Murphy, leaving her parents enraged.

Depressed after being told that he can no longer serve in active duty due to his poor heart, Jerry takes a desk job. After using his position behind a computer to tamper with evidence, effectively clearing Tommy of the arson charges, Jerry commits suicide. As a result, the firehouse brings in a new chief.

Janet suffers from postpartum depression and is deeply affected by her inability to bond with her new son. The baby cries constantly, and his crying seems to worsen when Janet holds him. Getting wind of this, Sheila hounds Tommy about giving her the baby, offering $500,000 in payment. Seeing how his wife is suffering, how the baby is being neglected and seemingly rejected by everyone in the family but himself, Tommy reluctantly begins to reconsider Sheila's offer.

Tommy decides to give the baby to Sheila after contemplating dumping him into the Hudson River at the request of Johnny's ghost. After Tommy confesses this to Janet, she leaves with their youngest daughter Kathy. Janet sends Katy up to Sheila's apartment to steal the baby back. Meanwhile, Tommy has a breakdown in which all of his ghostly visitors, including Jimmy, tell him they are fed up with his selfishness.

Tommy then shares custody with Sheila by bribing his daughter Colleen with a no limit credit card.  Colleen gives the baby to Tommy whenever she has him, so he can in turn give him to Sheila. After Tommy learns that Colleen's boyfriend, Sean, used the credit card to buy a wedding ring, Tommy attacks him in his recording studio. Sean tells Tommy the ring wasn't for Colleen, but for another girl. Relieved, Tommy apologizes to Sean and wishes him and his new girlfriend the best of luck. When Sean explains this to Colleen, he says he left her because Tommy scares him, which makes Colleen hate Tommy even more.

Maggie Gavin and Sean Garrity are on-again and off-again throughout the season, with Garrity pretending to be an alcoholic like Maggie to spend more time with her, leading to the two divorcing.

The Gavin family starts their own AA meetings due to the high number of alcoholics in the family. Michael Gavin, Tommy's father, refuses to attend meetings, but contacts Tommy and ironically tells him that he's going to be sober to "keep his friends close and his enemies closer."

Tommy also begins seeing a woman named Valerie (Gina Gershon), who can't be touched after she orgasms. She and Tommy are on and off due to Tommy's periodic desire for his ex-wife Janet. Janet has taken a job, where she begins dating her much-younger boss.

A new firefighter named Bart joins the house, after Lou and Franco negotiated to get him for their basketball team. Bart says he goes by his nickname, Shawn, so the crew decides to call him "Black Shawn" to distinguish him from Sean Garrity. Black Shawn is not happy with this. Using the basketball team as leverage, Shawn expects to not be referred to as "Probie" and to be absolved of any probie work. This initially angers Garrity, Mike, and Tommy. However, after Black Shawn shows himself worthy in the face of a raging fire, the entire crew accepts him, and even Tommy pays him grudging respect.

The season concludes with Tommy, Lou, Sean, Michael Gavin, and Uncle Teddy attending a Newark Bears minor league baseball game at the request of Michael while Colleen attends a picnic with Black Shawn. Tommy tries to show Michael a hit, but he doesn't respond. Tommy realizes that his father has died, wraps his arm around him, and continues to watch the game.

Minisodes

On June 23, 2008, webisodes seasons premiered on Crackle and between shows on FX. Ten episodes aired.

The webisodes are largely stand-alone pieces, often showing the group in action rescuing people in fires, dream-like scenarios (such as Tommy imagining a night out with his various romantic interests), or general slice of life scenes set inside the station house.

One story depicts Truck 62 in the moments before the fire crew left the station to respond to the September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade Center.

Season 5
The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes. Michael J. Fox joined the cast, playing Janet's new love interest.

Conspiracy theories swarm Truck 62, especially from Franco, which lead to tensions within and outside Truck 62. Tommy and Lou vie for the affections of the woman (Karina Lombard) who is writing a 9/11 story. Silletti gets insurance money and an inheritance following his mother's death in season 4, and is convinced by Franco and Garrity to invest it in a bar. The bar becomes a popular after-hours place for the fire crew.

Garrity suffers renal carcinoma and requires surgery, forcing him to reunite with his estranged mother and brother. Damian, Sheila and Jimmy's son, finishes training and joins the firehouse as a probie. A woman named Kelly (Maura Tierney) rushes into a fire that the crew is fighting and retrieves a mysterious metal suitcase. Tommy appears to shun both Janet and Sheila to spend time with Kelly. While there are some romantic undertones, Tommy is more interested in why the suitcase was so important to Kelly.

Candy (Milena Govich), the prostitute who conned Lou in season 2, reappears after being released from jail, claiming that she has turned her life around. After Lou's vehement dismissals, he lets her move in with him. After Candy claims to have inherited a large sum of money, they marry, combining their assets. A brief time later, Lou discovers that Candy's real name is Barbara Callahan, and she is wanted in Florida for fraud. He empties their joint bank account, taking back the money she stole from him, including interest, and confronts her. When Barbara denies the allegations, Lou tells her that he's called the police; if she's truly innocent, she'll wait for them to arrive, and if guilty, she'll run. Barbara ends up fleeing.

Tommy's extended family — Cousin Mickey (Robert John Burke), Cousin Eddie (Terry Serpico), Uncle Teddy (Lenny Clarke), and Teddy's wife Ellie (Patti D'Arbanville) — as they all return to drinking after spending several unsuccessful months in AA. The four are drinking one night with Tommy when a drunk Ellie leaves to pick up a dog she and Teddy had adopted. Shortly after leaving, Ellie runs a red light and gets hit by an 18-wheeler, killing her instantly.

In the final episode, Janet and Sheila convince Kelly to no longer see Tommy, and lie to her about something Tommy didn't do. Enraged over losing a positive relationship with Kelly, Tommy threatens Sheila and breaks up with her. After Tommy and Lou "kidnap" Katy from Janet as revenge for the incident with Kelly, the two and the crew of Ladder 62 go to their bar. Teddy eventually arrives and blames Ellie's death on Tommy. Teddy proceeds to shoot Tommy twice in the shoulder, leaving him to bleed to death, and threatens to kill anyone who tries to leave and seek help.

Season 6
Season 6 premiered on June 29, 2010. Tommy is miraculously saved and during his ambulance ride to the hospital, experiences a vision of going to hell. Tommy subsequently vows to change his ways, to stop drinking, and to be a better person, firefighter, father, and husband.

Janet alerts Tommy that Colleen, now 21-years-old, is becoming an alcoholic, leading Tommy to take drastic measures. Janet also seeks to force Tommy to permanently sever ties with Sheila, as Sheila uses her son Damian and his position in Tommy's fire crew as leverage to continue their affair, even as she begins to date Tommy's ex-priest cousin Mickey. Tommy and Janet reconnect, even as their daughter Katy threatens to disown them after she is accepted into a private boarding school away from the city.

Engine Company 99/Ladder Company 62 Firehouse is targeted for closure due to citywide budget cuts, which would leave the community it serves without any fire and emergency rescue services. This causes a major power struggle to break out between Battalion Chief "Needles" Nelson and his superior, Battalion (later Deputy) Chief Feinberg. Feinberg is accused by Needles of betraying the firefighters under him, as it appears Feinberg has made a corrupt bargain that will give him command over another existing house, nearby Engine Company 333/Ladder Company 74, in exchange for allowing his station to be shut down (and his men laid off and/or transferred).

Taking matters into his own hands, Needles video-records Tommy and the crew rushing to the aid of deaf children when a fire breaks out at the community school, while the firefighters are all off-duty. The first fire company arrives late to the scene, long after Needles' crew has saved the children. Needles promptly uses the video to blackmail his and Feinberg's superiors into saving the house from any budget shutdowns, earning Needles the praise of his underlings, and exposing Feinberg's disdain for Tommy and the rest of the rank and file firefighters.

Damian — who had begun to have doubts about being a firefighter, only to be talked into continuing by Tommy — suffers a traumatic head injury while fighting a fire, which leaves him severely brain-damaged and unable to walk or communicate. The strain of dealing with her son's incurable condition breaks up Sheila and Mickey's relationship. Amidst Tommy trying to balance both Sheila and Janet, Janet reminds him that Damian is not his responsibility, and that he should be more concerned with his own children. Tommy realizes he needs to be more proactive and committed if he is going to change his ways.

Season 7
The seventh and final season of the series premiered on Wednesday, July 13, 2011.

Tommy confronts Janet about her pregnancy, and is told that the only way she will have the child is if Tommy retires from the FDNY and takes a safer job. Janet is supported by Sheila, and the two women bond together over their shared grief of losing a son (despite Damian not being dead).

Tommy's stress about his job is exacerbated when Colleen and Black Shawn become engaged. Tommy's frustrations get the better of him during an interview about 9/11 and Jimmy, who is the subject of a hero piece. Tommy hurls obscene gestures and expletives at the reporter and leaves the interview. Enraged by the interview, Franco looks to move beyond 62 Truck before his own life becomes too tainted and feuds with Needles and Tommy.

The reporter for Tommy's interview begins hanging around the building and digging through the past of the guys on 62 Truck for more stories. After the crew realizes the sheer volume of bad press this would generate, Tommy reaches out to Johnny's old contacts at the police department. He manages to obtain a video of the reporter performing oral sex on another officer after being busted with cocaine, which Sheila uses to scare her off.

After hearing about other firefighters writing letters to their family members in case they died in the line of duty, Tommy writes letters to his family and the guys, and gives them to Lou to hand them out if he dies. Lou reads his immediately and is busted by Tommy, having set him up to steal a box of cupcakes he had stowed under his bunk for Janet. Due to increasing pressure from the crew (who had to fake Lou's physical for him), Lou starts a weight-loss regimen, and Tommy promises that if Lou loses weight he will make him the godfather of their new child. Lou struggles with his diet, and eventually lashes out at Tommy that food is how he copes with the hole that 9/11 created in him and that Tommy simply filled his hole with booze instead.

Tommy writes Lou another, legitimate letter and gives it to him. Lou reads it and is moved to tears by his friend. Lou gives Sheila and Janet their letters, as they were angry with Tommy at the time, and both start being much kinder to Tommy. However, the letter Janet received was written by Lou, who accidentally burned the real one, and it promises that Tommy would quit the FDNY for her, unbeknownst to Tommy.

Colleen and Black Shawn finally marry. During the wedding reception, a drunken Sheila suggests Tommy and Janet renew their vows, which Colleen and Katy second. Tommy is blindsided when Janet adds a new vow of him promising to retire from active duty, and take an administrative or training job. Tommy hesitates, but after Katy threatens to start drinking and become a prostitute, he agrees to take Janet's vow.

During one of Tommy's last tours of duty as a firefighter, Engine 99 and Ladder 62 respond to a warehouse fire that quickly escalates. Both Chief Feinberg and Chief Nelson take command and call for a fourth alarm. The men see hanging latex gloves and the smell of diesel fuel, realizing they are in the middle of an arson attempt. After reaching a window to escape, they hear voices of kids still inside. They locate the kids but are unable to reach the ladder, and try to make for the roof. However, the door to the roof has been bricked over, trapping them inside. The chauffeur firefighter of Ladder 62, Niels Jorgensen, reports he can't rescue the men from the outside and has to leave the roof before it collapses. Tommy is about to leave the group and look for another route out after Lou tells him to go, obviously reminded about his vow to Janet. Tommy asks if Lou is sure, and Lou replies, "We'll be fine, trust me." Seconds later, a massive explosion guts the building.

The series finale begins with Lou eulogizing Tommy, Franco, Sean, Black Shawn, and Mike during a joint funeral with family, friends, and many other firefighters. This all turns out to be Tommy's dream. Tommy becomes acting Lieutenant, and while filling out a department report for Needles on that final incident, it is revealed that it was in fact only Lou who died, after having his face burned off in the fire. The recovering crew all contemplate their futures in leaving Ladder Company 62 and firefighting in general. Tommy files for retirement; Franco passes the Lieutenant's exam awaiting reassignment; Mike and Sean consider transferring; and Black Shawn considers quitting for Colleen.

Tommy eventually finds a letter that Lou has left him in the event of his death, to be read at the scattering of his ashes. Tommy reads Lou's letter, which tells the guys to remain together, then spreads Lou's "remains". (Lou's ashes had to be replaced with dry cake mix after the crew had a mishap on the way.) Immediately after the service, Janet goes into labor at home, and Tommy delivers his son. After some debate over a name, Janet decides to name the baby Shea Gavin in honor of Lou. After an earlier scolding from Sheila and an incident with Wyatt at a playground involving liberal parents, Janet realizes that Tommy, regardless of everything, is not yet ready to retire.

Tommy speaks to the new academy class, but this time with more clarity and a warning not to drown their sorrows with sex, violence, and alcohol. As newly appointed Lieutenant Franco Rivera takes over, Tommy returns to his truck and converses with Lou's ghost. The two make their peace and Tommy drives away. The episode ends with The Pogues' "Dirty Old Town" playing as the camera pans over to the Manhattan skyline, where 1 World Trade Center's construction progress can be seen.

Cast and characters
Rescue Me mainly focuses on Tommy Gavin's family and the men of his firehouse, but many other characters are introduced over the seven seasons who stay on as regular characters. Recurring guests include Maura Tierney, Artie Lange, Susan Sarandon, Desmond Harrington, Marisa Tomei, Gina Gershon, Peter Gallagher, Michael J. Fox, Cam Neely, Lyndon Byers, Phil Esposito, and Jennifer Esposito.

Main

Recurring

Production
In a 2008 interview on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Leary revealed season 5 had been delayed until March 2009 because of the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike, but all 22 episodes would air on consecutive weeks.

According to the L.A. Weekly, on December 1, 2008, during an appearance at Book Soup in West Hollywood, Leary revealed plot details for season 5, specifically a retrospective look into the events leading up to and surrounding 9/11 by each of the characters.

On June 16, 2009, the Los Angeles Times confirmed Rescue Me would return in 2010 for a ten-episode sixth season, due to increased ratings.  Season 6 premiered Tuesday, June 29 at 10 p.m. A season 6 trailer was shown Tuesday, May 11, during FX's airing of Justified.

Music

The main title theme song for Rescue Me is a shortened version of "C'mon C'mon" by The Von Bondies.  That and several other songs were picked by Leary's son. The underscore and end title theme for the show were scored by composer Christopher Tyng, who also scored Leary's previous television series The Job.

Rescue Me often ends with a musical montage. The official soundtrack was released on May 30, 2006, on Nettwerk.

Michael Lombardi's band, Apache Stone, performed several times on the show, although they do not appear on the soundtrack.

Reception
The show  was well received when it premiered. The series premiere garnered Denis Leary and Peter Tolan an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series. Tolan also received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series. Leary received another Emmy nomination the next year, this time for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. Critics praised the show's willingness to take risks and talk about family, depression, alcoholism, homophobia, and the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks.

The debut episode was seen by almost 4.1 million viewers, ranking #8 all-time for series premieres in basic cable. Seasons 1 and 2 averaged 2.7 and 2.8 million viewers, respectively.

Rescue Me received critical acclaim, scoring 86/100, 89/100, 90/100, 85/100, 84/100, 77/100 and 73/100 on Metacritic for seasons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively.

Accolades
Wins

 2005 - Producers Guild of America Award for Visionary Award (Jim Serpico)
 2005 - Satellite Award for Best Ensemble, Television (Lenny Clarke, Charles Durning, Denis Leary, Michael Lombardi (actor), James McCaffrey, Jack McGee, Steven Pasquale, Andrea Roth, John Scurti, Daniel Sunjata, Callie Thorne & Dean Winters)
 2006 - American Film Institute Award for TV Program of the Year (Rescue Me)
 2007 - Casting Society of America Award for Best Dramatic Episodic Casting (Julie Tucker)
 2007 - Gracie Allen Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (Marisa Tomei)
 2009 - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series ("Sheila") (Michael J. Fox)
 2011 - Prism Award for Drama Series Multi-Episode Storyline - Substance Use (Rescue Me)
 2012 - Humanitas Prize Award for 60 Minute Category ("For Ashes") (Denis Leary & Peter Tolan)

Nominations

 2004 - Online Film & Television Association Award for Best Drama Series (Rescue Me)
 2004 - Online Film & Television Association Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series (Denis Leary)
 2005 - Golden Globe Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Series, Drama (Denis Leary)
 2005 - Online Film & Television Association Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series (Denis Leary)
 2005 - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series ("Pilot") (Peter Tolan)
 2005 - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series ("Pilot") (Peter Tolan & Denis Leary)
 2005 - Satellite Award for Best Television Series, Drama (Rescue Me)
 2005 - Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Series, Drama (Denis Leary)
 2005 - Satellite Award for Best DVD Release of a Television Show (Complete First Season)
 2005 - Television Critics Association Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama (Rescue Me)
 2005 - Television Critics Association Award for Outstanding New Program of the Year (Rescue Me)
 2006 - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series ("Justice") (Denis Leary)
 2006 - Prism Award for Performance in a Drama Series Storyline (Denis Leary)
 2006 - Satellite Award for Best Television Series, Drama (Rescue Me)
 2006 - Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Series, Drama (Denis Leary)
 2007 - Motion Picture Sound Editors Award for Best Sound Editing in Sound Effects and Foley for Television - Short Form ("Devil") (Eileen Horta, Mark Cleary, James Bailey, Damien Smith, Kevin McCullough & Ashley Harvey)
 2007 - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series ("Retards") (Denis Leary)
 2007 - Prism Award for Performance in a Drama Series Multi-Episode Storyline (Denis Leary)
 2007 - Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Series, Drama (Denis Leary)
 2008 - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series ("Yaz") (Charles Durning)
 2008 - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography ("Babyface") (Tom Houghton)
 2008 - Prism Award for Performance in a Drama Series Multi-Episode Storyline (Tatum O'Neal)
 2009 - Online Film & Television Association Award for Best Guest Actor in a Drama Series (Michael J. Fox)
 2010 - NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Larenz Tate)
 2011 - Hollywood Post Alliance Award for Outstanding Editing - Television ("Rescue Me: Vows") (Finnian Murray)
 2012 - Prism Award for Performance in a Drama Episode (Denis Leary)

Home media
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released Rescue Me on DVD in Regions 1, 2, and 4. All seven seasons have been released in Region 1, seasons 1–3 in Regions 2 and 4. Season 3 was the only one to be released for the Blu-ray Disc by itself. Rescue Me: The Complete Series was released on DVD on September 25, 2012, with all seven seasons' 93 episodes in a 26-disc set.  Mill Creek Entertainment released a box set with all seven seasons on Blu-ray on September 11, 2018.

In Australia, Region 4, Season 1 and 2 were released in 2006, three years later, season 3 was released in 2009, followed by Season 4 in 2010. No further individual seasons were released by Sony, however, 'The Complete Series' boxset was released in October 2012.

Via Vision Entertainment acquired the rights to the series and released 'The Complete Collection' in April 2020.

References

External links

2000s American comedy-drama television series
2000s American black comedy television series
2004 American television series debuts
2010s American comedy-drama television series
2010s American black comedy television series
2011 American television series endings
English-language television shows
FX Networks original programming
Television series about dysfunctional families
Irish-American mass media
Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series
Serial drama television series
Television series by DreamWorks Television
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television shows set in New York City
Television series about firefighting
Television Academy Honors winners

Rescue Me (American TV series)


The Saint Stephen Triptych is a 1616–1617 oil on panel painting by Peter Paul Rubens, produced as the high altarpiece for Saint-Amand Abbey, a Benedictine house near Valenciennes. It was seized during the French Revolution and is now in the Musée des Beaux Arts de Valenciennes.

The central panel shows The Stoning of Saint Stephen, whilst the main images on the two side panels show The Preaching of Saint Stephen and The Burial of Saint Stephen. When closed, the reverse of the two side panels form an Annunciation scene. Jacob Nicolas Moreau, a traveller during the reign of Louis XV, mentioned the altarpiece, stating "I believed I saw the heavens opened, so much was I struck by the beauty of the colouring and by the freshness of this admirable painting".

Sources

Paintings in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes
1616 paintings
1617 paintings
Altarpieces
Paintings by Peter Paul Rubens
Paintings of Saint Stephen
Triptychs

Saint Stephen Triptych


Ike & Tina Turner were an American musical duo consisting of husband and wife Ike Turner and Tina Turner. From 1960 to 1976, they performed live as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, supported by Ike Turner's band the Kings of Rhythm and backing vocalists called the Ikettes. The Ike & Tina Turner Revue was regarded as "one of the most potent live acts on the R&B circuit."

The duo had a string of R&B hits with their early recordings "A Fool In Love", "It's Gonna Work Out Fine", "I Idolize You", "Poor Fool", and "Tra La La La La". The release of "River Deep – Mountain High" in 1966, followed by a tour of the UK with The Rolling Stones, increased their popularity in Europe. Their later works are noted for interpretive soul-infused re-arrangements of rock songs such as "Come Together", "Honky Tonk Woman", and "Proud Mary", the latter of which won them a Grammy Award in 1972. Ike & Tina Turner received the first Golden European Record Award for their international hit "Nutbush City Limits" in 1974. They released dozens of albums; their most successful being Workin' Together and Live at Carnegie Hall. Pitchfork listed their album River Deep – Mountain High among the best of its era. In spite of their success, they had a tumultuous marriage and the duo split in 1976. Following their divorce, Tina went on to enjoy a highly successful solo career.

Ike & Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1991. They have two singles inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, "River Deep – Mountain High" and "Proud Mary". Rolling Stone ranked them No. 2 on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time.

Ike died on December 12, 2007, at age 76, while Tina died on May 24, 2023, at age 83.

Career

1954–1959: Origins
In 1954, musician and bandleader Ike Turner visited his sister Lee Ethel Knight in St. Louis, Missouri. Soon after, he returned with his band, the Kings of Rhythm, to perform at Ned Love's club in East St. Louis, Illinois. Love eventually convinced Turner to relocate his band from Clarksdale, Mississippi. By 1956, Turner and his band became one of the most popular live attractions in the St. Louis and neighboring East St. Louis club scene. Prior to his move, Turner worked as a talent scout and session musician for Sun Records, Modern Records, and RPM Records. Around this time, Ann Bullock had moved to St. Louis from Brownsville, Tennessee. She began attending a predominantly African American nightclub, Club Manhattan, where she saw the Kings of Rhythm for the first time. She later recalled that she "almost went into a trance" watching Turner play.

Bullock eventually got to know Turner and his band. Bullock, who had tried to convince Turner to let her perform onstage with him, was given a microphone from the band's drummer Eugene Washington. Washington was the boyfriend of Bullock's sister Alline Bullock, who was a bartender at the club. Turner was playing B.B. King's "You Know I Love You" on the organ when Bullock chimed in. He was taken aback by her strong voice which was in contrast to her skinny frame. He asked her if she knew more songs, and by the end of the night she had joined the Kings of Rhythm. Still in high school, Bullock performed with Turner on weekends at all of the local clubs. She was one of many other vocalists, mostly male, who would front the band at times. She began dating Turner's saxophonist Raymond Hill, with whom she had her first child, Craig Raymond Turner, born in 1958.

In 1958, Bullock sang on her first record, the Ike Turner tune "Boxtop", under the name "Little Ann". The single was released on the St. Louis label, Tune Town Records. Bullock later moved into Turner's home in East St. Louis where she was trained by him on vocal control and performance. They developed a close friendship, and acted more like "brother and sister". However, their friendship eventually turned into a romantic relationship and she became pregnant in January 1960.

1960–1965: Early success
In March 1960, Ike scheduled his band to record a song he wrote titled, "A Fool In Love", for singer Art Lassiter. Lassiter failed to show up for the recording session at Technisonic Studios in St. Louis. Having already booked the studio time, Ike allowed Bullock to record the song as a demo with Lassiter's backing vocalists, the Artettes: Robbie Montgomery, Frances Hodges, and Sandra Harding. During a gig at the Club Manhattan in East St. Louis, Ike played the record which caught the attention of local disc jockey Dave Dixon from the radio station KATZ. Dixon asked Ike to let him send the record to Juggy Murray, the president of Sue Records in New York. Murray was impressed by Bullock's vocal delivery and bought the rights to the song. Murray offered Ike a $20,000 advance, convincing him to keep Bullock's vocals on the record and suggested that he "make her the star" of his show. This prompted Ike to rename her Tina Turner, however, family and friends still called her Ann. He then trademarked the name for protection, so that if she left he could hire another female artist and have her perform under the moniker "Tina Turner". He chose the name Tina because it rhymed with Sheena, his favorite character, Sheena, Queen of the Jungle. At first they were going to use "Ike Turner and Tina" on the record, but Murray suggested that "Ike and Tina Turner" sounded better. Tina had reservations about continuing her relationship with Ike. According to Tina, after she expressed her concern, Ike responded by hitting her in the head with a wooden shoe stretcher.

"A Fool In Love" became an immediate hit after its release in July 1960, reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot R&B Sides on August 15. Ike formed the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which included the Kings of Rhythm, male vocalist Jimmy Thomas, and a trio of female vocalists called the Ikettes. As the single climbed the pop chart they went from playing in clubs to theaters such as the Apollo Theater in Harlem. On October 3, they made their first national television debut on American Bandstand when Tina was over eight months pregnant. "A Fool In Love" peaked at No. 27 on the Hot 100 on October 17, eventually selling a million copies. Journalist Kurt Loder described the song as "the blackest record to creep into the white pop charts since Ray Charles's gospel-styled 'What'd I Say' the previous summer." On October 27, Tina gave birth to their son Ronald "Ronnie" Renelle Turner.

The success of the single was followed with another hit, "I Idolize You" and the release of their debut album The Soul of Ike & Tina Turner in February 1961. That same month, before a gig at Howard Theatre in Washington, D.C., Tina decided to have her hair bleached, but a miscue resulted in her hair falling out. To cover up the incident Ike bought Tina a wig, which became incorporated into her stage appearance. In June 1961, the duo released their next hit, "It's Gonna Work Out Fine". Juggy Murray is credited as the sole producer, but the R&B duo Mickey & Sylvia also contributed to the song. It became Ike and Tina's second million-seller, and earned them their first Grammy nomination for Best Rock and Roll Recording at the 4th Annual Grammy Awards.

The Ike & Tina Turner Revue toured a grueling series of one-nighters throughout the United States on the Chitlin' Circuit, breaking racial barriers by performing in front of integrated audiences in the Deep South. Follow-up top 10 R&B hits in 1962 include "Poor Fool" and "Tra La La La La". Thanks to the addition of singers Stacy Johnson and Vernon Guy, Tina and the Ikettes who at this point comprised Robbie Montgomery, Venetta Fields, and Jessie Smith, began incorporating dance routines into the act. During this period, the revue build a reputation as one of the most explosive R&B ensembles. Their live performances were a musical spectacle comparable to the style of James Brown and the Famous Flames.

In 1962, Ike and Tina married in Tijuana, Mexico, and moved their entire band to Los Angeles. In November 1962, Ike and Tina filed a $330,000 joint lawsuit with Placid Music Corporation against Sue Records, Saturn Music, and Juggy Murray for "failing and refusing to give an accounting and pay certain royalties." They also charged that Sue "withheld and concealed over $100,000" of their earnings from them. In 1963, their last two album were release on Sue, Don't Play Me Cheap and It's Gonna Work Out Fine. Also in 1963, Ike purchased a home in View Park with an advance given by Murray for a renewed contract which they didn't sign. Instead, the duo severed ties with Murray who had been their manager during their Sue tenure. In 1964, they signed to Warner Bros. Records and hired Bob Krasnow as their manager.

To make sure he always had a record out while on tour, Ike formed various labels such as Teena, Prann, Innis, Sony, Sonja Records. He released singles from vocalists within the revue and other groups as well. While Ike constantly recorded the revue, they performed 300 days out of the year to make up for lack of hit records. The personnel of the Kings of Rhythm and the lineup of Ikettes changed often. In the mid-1960s, Jimi Hendrix briefly played backing guitar in the band.

In 1964, Ike and Tina had modest R&B hits with "You Can't Miss Nothing That You Never Had" and "A Fool For A Fool". They released their first live album, Ike & Tina Turner Revue Live, on Kent in November 1964. It was their first album to chart, reaching No. 90 on the Cash Box Top 100. Their first Billboard charting album, Live! The Ike & Tina Turner Show, was released in January 1965 on Warner Bros. Records. It reached No. 126 on Billboard Top LP's and No. 8 on Hot R&B LP's in February 1965. In 1965, the duo had two top 40 Billboard R&B hits with "Tell Her I'm Not Home" on Loma Records and "Good Bye, So Long" on Modern Records. Later that year, they re-signed to Sue and released the single "Two Is A Couple", which peaked at No. 15 on the Cash Box R&B chart.

Throughout 1965, the Ike & Tina Turner Revue performed on several teen rock and roll television shows including Shindig!, Hollywood A Go-Go, and American Bandstand. Tina and the Ikettes improved their choreography by incorporating high energy dance routines. Phil Spector had seen them perform at a club on the Sunset Strip and invited them to appear in the concert film The Big T.N.T. Show which was filmed on November 29, 1965. By the end of the year, the official incarnation of the Ikettes abruptly left and eventually formed the Mirettes. Ike hired another set of Ikettes: Pat Arnold (a.k.a. P. P. Arnold), Gloria Scott, and Maxine Smith.

1966–1969: Career development

Eager to produce Tina, Phil Spector negotiated a deal with Ike and Tina's manager Bob Krasnow, who was head of Loma Records. Spector offered $20,000 to release them from their contract and for creative control over his sessions with Tina. After their release from Loma, they signed to Spector's Philles Records label. On March 7, 1966, Tina began recording the Phil Spector/Ellie Greenwich/Jeff Barry composition "River Deep – Mountain High" at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. The single failed to chart successfully in the United States, reaching No. 88 on the Hot 100. The disappointing chart performance caused the album, River Deep – Mountain High, to be shelved in America where it wasn't released until 1969. However, in Britain, the song became a hit, reaching No. 3 on the UK charts. It also reached No. 1 on Los 40 Principales in Spain. Due to popular demand, Spector released the album in the UK on London Records in September 1966 with liner notes written by Decca's promotion man Tony Hall. Hall included a quote from Spector stating, "We can only assume that England is more appreciative of talent and exciting music than the U.S.".

Following their chart success in Britain, they toured with the Rolling Stones as an opening act on their 1966 UK Tour. The successful 12-date tour began at the Royal Albert Hall on September 23 and concluded on October 9 at the Gaumont Theatre. After the tour, the Turners performed at California Ballroom and toured Britain's club circuit to receptive crowds at Tiles, Ricky-Tick and the Mojo Club. When they returned to the US, they were involved in a serious bus accident while on the road in Wichita, Kansas. A few band members were hospitalized, so Turner recruited members from St. Louis to continue the tour. By 1967, the revue started to book bigger venues in the United States. They performed a series of "exclusive deals" during this period, to help increase their finances. As their careers were rising, their personal relationship was deteriorating and Tina attempted suicide before a show in 1968.

In 1968, Bob Krasnow founded Blue Thumb Records, and Ike gave him enough masters for two albums. The first album, Outta Season, peaked at No. 43 on the Billboard R&B LP's chart. It produced the duo's cover of Otis Redding's "I've Been Loving You Too Long", which peaked at No. 23 on the R&B singles chart. In March 1969, Ike and Tina performed at the Grand Gala du Disque in Amsterdam. In May 1969, Ike and the Kings of Rhythm released the album A Black Man's Soul on Pompeii Records. The album earned Ike his first solo Grammy nomination for Best R&B Instrumental Performance at the 12th Annual Grammy Awards.

In August 1969, the duo headlined at International Hotel's Casino Theatre in Las Vegas. It was in Vegas that Ike, who up to that point had lived a drug and alcohol-free life, began using cocaine. He later recalled that he was introduced to the drug by "two famous Las Vegas headliners".

In September 1969, A&M Records reissued the album River Deep – Mountain High, and for the first time it was issued in the US. It was successful, reaching No. 28 on the R&B albums chart. The next month The Hunter was released on Blue Thumb, one of their most blues-oriented albums which features electric blues guitarist Albert Collins. The title track, "The Hunter", an Albert King cover, reached No. 37 in the R&B singles chart. The album peaked at No. 47 on the R&B albums chart and earned Tina her first solo Grammy nomination for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female at the 12th Annual Grammy Awards.

In 1969, Ike and Tina began performing at rock festivals. They performed at the Newport Pop Festival in Northridge, the Seattle Pop Festival in Woodinville, and the Gold Rush rock music festival in Amador County. In November 1969, Ike and Tina reportedly upstaged the Rolling Stones as the opening act on their 1969 US Tour. Tina emerged as a sex symbol and was praised for sensuality on stage. Their erotic performance of "I've Been Loving You Too Long", filmed during a concert at Madison Square Garden, is featured in the Rolling Stones' 1970 documentary Gimme Shelter. During a concert at Madison Square Garden, Janis Joplin joined the Turners on stage for an impromptu performance of "Land of 1000 Dances." Ike and Tina added rock songs by the Rolling Stones and the Beatles to their repertoire, which was receptive among crowds. Their new label, Minit Records, responded by rushing the release of a studio version of "Come Together".

1970–1976: Mainstream success
In January 1970, Ike and Tina performed on The Ed Sullivan Show. Their performance of "Bold Soul Sister" propelled the single to No. 22 on the R&B chart. In March, their single "Come Together" peaked at No. 21 on the R&B chart. Due to the success of their singles, they were signed to Minit's parent label Liberty Records. In April 1970, their first album on Liberty, Come Together, was released, reaching No. 13 on the R&B albums chart. Their next single "I Want to Take You Higher" by Sly and the Family Stone was released in May 1970. It charted higher on the Billboard Hot 100 than the original. The revue's performance fee increased from $1,000 a night to $5,000 a night following their successful run. In July, they headlined the Newport Jazz Festival in Rhode Island and the Schaefer Music Festival at New York's Central Park. That Summer, they were featured in the Isley Brothers concert film It's Your Thing and they filmed Miloš Forman's Taking Off (1971). In October 1970, they headlined the Soul Bowl at Tulane University's Sugar Bowl Stadium; a concert to raise money for disadvantaged minority students. Later that year, they made their first trip to Asia to perform in Siam, China, Japan, and the Philippines.

Ike and Tina began performing "Proud Mary" by Creedence Clearwater Revival during their shows in 1969. Ike wasn't fond of the original song, but he liked the cover version by Checkmates, Ltd. Ike and Tina released their version on the album Workin' Together in November 1970. Set at first to a slow acoustic rendition sung softly by both Ike and Tina, the song then transformed into a frenetic rock and soul dervish led by Tina and the Ikettes. The single was released in January 1971, reaching No. 4 on the Hot 100 and No. 5 on the R&B chart. It sold more than a million copies, becoming the duo's best-selling single to date and won them a Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group at the 14th Annual Grammy Awards. Workin' Together became their most successful studio album, peaking at No. 25 on the Billboard 200 and No. 3 on the R&B chart. It includes the duo's social conscious title track, "Workin' Together", "Funkier Than A Mosquita's Tweeter" penned by Tina's sister Alline Bullock, and notable covers such as "Get Back" and "Let It Be" by the Beatles.

In January 1971, Ike and Tina embarked on a European tour that included dates at Midem in Cannes, the Palais d'Hiver in Lyon, and the Olympia in Paris. Their performances received rave reviews. The conservative Le Monde described Ike and Tina as "the voice of desire". Their concert at the Olympia was recorded and released as the album Live In Paris. While in Paris the Turners received the French Jazz Academy Soul award.

Ike and Tina participated in the concert celebrating Ghana's 14th Independence Day on March 6, 1971. The concert was filmed and released as Soul To Soul in theaters in August 1971. The following month the soundtrack Soul To Soul was released which featured the Turners. The album peaked at No. 10 on the Billboard Soul LP's chart.

In May 1971, Ike and Tina were the opening act for Johnny Mathis at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas; performing for the first time in a main showroom at the hotel. Earlier in the year Liberty Records was absorbed into United Artists Records, where Ike and Tina would remain as a duo. Their first release for the label was the live album, What You Hear Is What You Get, recorded during their concert at Carnegie Hall in April 1971. It peaked at No. 25 on the Billboard 200 and No. 7 on the R&B chart. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA in 1972. In July 1971, Ike and Tina filmed a concert during the Schaefer Music Festival at Central Park. It aired as Good Vibrations from Central Park on ABC-TV in August 1971. Also in 1971, they had a top 40 R&B hits with "Ooh Poo Pah Doo" and "I'm Yours (Use Me Anyway You Wanna)". In November 1971, Ike and Tina released the album 'Nuff Said. Around this time, the Kings of Rhythm were renamed the Family Vibes. In February 1972, the Turners officially opened their recording studio, Bolic Sound, to the public. The facilities had already been in use for Turner productions since 1970. A few months later they released the album Feel Good. Nine out of the ten tracks on the album were written by Tina. In August, they performed at Nassau County's first major rock festival, Festival of Hope Rockfest, at Roosevelt Raceway to benefit crippled children. In October, they performed "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, which was included on the album Here's Johnny: Magic Moments From the Tonight Show. The duo had moderate R&B chart success with the Tina penned "Up in Heah" in 1972 and a cover of Little Richard's "Early One Morning" in 1973.In August 1973, they released their hit record "Nutbush City Limits" which was written by Tina. It peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 11 on the R&B chart. The single was even more successful in Europe, reaching No. 4 in the UK and No. 1 in Austria. It was also a top 5 hit in several other countries. In 1974, the Turners received the Golden European Record Award, the first ever given, for selling more than one million records of "Nutbush City Limits" in Europe. Their follow-up singles "Sweet Rhode Island Red" and "Sexy Ida" did well on the R&B chart and in Europe.

In April 1974, Ike and Tina released the album The Gospel According to Ike & Tina Turner. A few months later in September, Tina released her first solo album titled Tina Turns the Country On!. Both albums received Grammy nominations at the 17th Annual Grammy Awards. Their gospel album was nominated for Best Soul Gospel Performance. Ike also earned a solo nomination for his single "Father Alone". Tina was nominated for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female for her solo album.

In 1975, the revue began billing themselves as the Ike & Tina Turner Explosion. In February 1975, it was announced that Gerhard Augustin, co-founder of Beat-Club and former head of A&R at United Artists in Munich, became Ike and Tina's manager. He had previously co-produced a few of their singles and the album Feel Good (1972). In 1975, Tina starred as the Acid Queen in the rock opera film Tommy. To capitalize off her publicity surrounding the film, a solo album by Tina was released titled Acid Queen. The lead single "Baby, Get It On" became the duo's last charting single together, peaking at No. 31 on the R&B chart. It was a hit in Europe where the Turners had a strong following, reaching No. 20 in Belgium and No. 9 in the Netherlands.

In September 1975, Ike and Tina were co-headliners at the Newport Pop Festival—a March of Dimes benefit—at Orange Coast College Stadium in Costa Mesa. In January 1976, they embarked on their second Australian concert tour. In March 1976, they headlined at the Waldorf Astoria in New York City. They also signed a deal with CBS-TV for nine television shows revolving around the Ike & Tina Turner Revue with the possibility of it becoming a regular series.

1976–1978: The end of the duo
By 1976, Ike's cocaine addiction had caused a hole in his nasal septum, leading to nosebleeds from which he would relieve himself by using more of the drug. Ike was planning for them to leave United Artists for a new record company, Cream Records, for a reported annual amount of $150,000. The contract had a key person clause, meaning they would have to sign it in four days, keeping Tina contractually tied to Ike for five more years.

On July 1, 1976, the Ike & Tina Turner Revue flew from Los Angeles to Dallas, Texas where they had a gig at the Dallas Statler Hilton. While en route to the hotel, the Turners got into a physical altercation in the car. Shortly after their arrival, Tina fled from Ike with only 36 cents and a Mobil gas card to the nearby Ramada Inn across the freeway.  On July 27, 1976, Tina filed for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences. Years later in her 1986 autobiography I, Tina: My Life Story, she alleged that Ike had abused her throughout their marriage. Ike claimed in his 1999 autobiography, Takin' Back My Name: The Confessions of Ike Turner, that Tina initiated their final fight by purposely irritating him so that she would have a reason to break up with him before they were scheduled to sign their new contract.

Their divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978. In the settlement, Tina gave Ike her share of their Bolic Sound recording studio, publishing companies, real estate, and he kept his four cars. Tina retained her songwriter royalties from songs she had written, but Ike received the publishing royalties for his compositions and hers. She also kept her two Jaguars, furs and jewelry along with her stage name. Tina took responsibility for the debts incurred from their missed concert dates as well as an IRS lien.

United Artists responded to the abrupt split by finishing albums from their last recording sessions, releasing Delilah's Power (1977) and Airwaves (1978). In 1980, Ike released the single "Party Vibes"/"Shame, Shame, Shame" taken from The Edge (1980). The single peaked at No. 27 on the Billboard Disco Top 100 chart.

After Tina's resurgence as a solo artist in the mid-1980s, compilation albums containing unreleased material were released, including Get Back (1985) and Gold Empire (1985). Get Back reached No. 189 on the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart.

Awards and nominations
Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1991, and the St. Louis Classic Rock Hall of Fame in 2015. They've each received a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Tina received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1986. She is also inducted into the SoulMusic Hall of Fame, the Memphis Music Hall of Fame, and the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist. Additionally, she is a 2005 recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors. Ike is inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame, the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame, and Hollywood's RockWalk.

Ike & Tina Turner received the following awards:

 1971: Top Duo of the Year for their single "Proud Mary" from Hit Parade
 1971: Top Duo (Singles) from Record World DJ Poll
 1971: Best Duo from NATRA (The National Association of Television and Radio Announcers)
 1971: French Jazz Academy Soul Award
1971: Prix Otis Redding from the Académie du Jazz for best R&B album (Workin' Together)
 1974: Golden European Record Award, the first ever given for selling over one million records of "Nutbush City Limits"

Grammy Awards
Ike & Tina Turner won a Grammy Award for "Proud Mary" in 1972. Two of their songs, "River Deep – Mountain High" and "Proud Mary" were inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999 and 2003, respectively. Tina won an additional seven Grammys as a solo artist; Ike won one as a solo artist in 2007. Tina received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018.

|-
|1962
|Ike & Tina Turner – "It's Gonna Work Out Fine"
|Best Rock & Roll Recording
|
|-
|1970
|Tina Turner – The Hunter
|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
|
|-
|1970
|Ike Turner – A Black Mans Soul
|Best R&B Instrumental Performance
|
|-
|1972
|Ike & Tina Turner –  "Proud Mary"
|Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group
|
|-
|1975
|Tina Turner – Tina Turns The Country On!
|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
|
|-
|1975
|Ike Turner – "Father Alone"
|Best Soul Gospel Performance
|
|-
|1975
|Ike & Tina Turner – The Gospel According to Ike & Tina
|Best Soul Gospel Performance
|
|}

Grammy Hall of Fame

|-
| 1999
| "River Deep – Mountain High"
| Hall of Fame (Single)
|
|-
| 2003
| "Proud Mary"
| Hall of Fame (Single)
|

Living Blues Awards

!
|-
| 2014
| Ike and Tina Turner, On the Road 1971-72
| Best Blues DVD of 2013
|
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"|
|-
| 2017
| Ike & Tina Turner, The Complete Pompeii Recordings 1968-1969
| Best Blues Album of 2016 (Reissue Recording)
|
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"|
|-

Rankings
Rolling Stone ranked Proud Mary: The Best of Ike & Tina Turner No. 212 on their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (No. 214 on 2012 revised list)
Rolling Stone ranked "River Deep, Mountain High" No. 33 on the list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
NME ranked "River Deep, Mountain High" No 37 of their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
Rolling Stone ranked Ike & Tina Turner No. 2 on their list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time
Pitchfork ranked River Deep – Mountain High No. 40 on their list of the 200 Best Albums of the 1960s

Billboard
Billboard Year-End charts are a cumulative measure of a single or album's performance in the United States, based upon the Billboard magazine charts.

Cash Box
Cash Box magazine was a weekly publication devoted to the music and coin-operated machine industries which was published from July 1942 to November 16, 1996. It was one of several magazines that published charts of song popularity in the United States. In 1961, they began a year-end survey complied from their weekly Top 100 Best Seller list.

Record World
Record World magazine (1946–1982) was one of the three main music industry trade magazines in the United States, along with Billboard and Cash Box. The Record World Awards were an annual award given to most successful artists in the US.

Selected discography

Studio albums
 1961: The Soul of Ike & Tina Turner
 1962: Dynamite!
 1963: Don't Play Me Cheap
 1963: It's Gonna Work Out Fine
 1966: Get It – Get It
 1966: River Deep – Mountain High
 1968: So Fine
 1969: Outta Season
 1969: Cussin', Cryin' & Carryin' On
 1969: The Hunter
 1970: Come Together
 1970: Workin' Together
 1971: 'Nuff Said
 1972: Feel Good
 1973: Let Me Touch Your Mind
 1973: Nutbush City Limits
 1974: The Gospel According to Ike & Tina
 1974: Sweet Rhode Island Red
 1977: Delilah's Power

Live albums
 1964: Ike & Tina Turner Revue Live
 1965: Live! The Ike & Tina Turner Show
 1967: The Ike & Tina Turner Show (Vol. 2)
 1969: In Person
 1970: Festival of Live Performances
 1971: Live In Paris
 1971: What You Hear Is What You Get—Live at Carnegie Hall
 1973: Live! The World of Ike & Tina

Compilation albums
 1965: The Greatest Hits of Ike & Tina Turner
1966: The Soul of Ike & Tina
1976: Greatest Hits
 1978: Airwaves
 1985: Get Back
1985: Golden Empire
 1991: Proud Mary: The Best of Ike & Tina Turner
1997: Bold Soul Sister: The Best of the Blue Thumb Recordings
2000: The Kent Years
2002: Funkier Than a Mosquito's Tweeter
2004: His Woman, Her Man: The Ike Turner Diaries
 2007: The Ike & Tina Turner Story: 1960–1975
2016: The Complete Pompeii Recordings 1968–1969

Video albums
 1986: The Ike & Tina Turner Show
 1999: The Best of MusikLaden Live
 2004: The Legends Ike & Tina Turner Live in '71
 2009: Nutbush City Limits

Filmography
 1966: The Big T.N.T. Show
 1970: Gimme Shelter
1970: It's Your Thing
 1971: Soul To Soul
 1971: Taking Off
1971: Good Vibrations from Central Park
1975: Poiret est à vous
2012: Ike & Tina On The Road: 1971–72

References

Sources

External links

 Ike & Tina Turner on Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
 Ike & Tina Turner on History of Rock 'n' Roll
Ike & Tina Turner on AllMusic

1960 establishments in Missouri
1976 disestablishments in Texas
Married couples
African-American musical groups
African-American rock musical groups
American blues musical groups
American funk musical groups
American musical duos
American soul musical groups
Grammy Award winners
Sue Records artists
Kent Records artists
Warner Records artists
Modern Records artists
Loma Records artists
Tangerine Records artists
Capitol Records artists
London Records artists
Philles Records artists
Pompeii Records artists
Blue Thumb Records artists
Minit Records artists
A&M Records artists
Liberty Records artists
United Artists Records artists
Sonja Records artists
Male–female musical duos
Rock music duos
Music of St. Louis
Musical groups established in 1960
Musical groups disestablished in 1976
Musical groups from St. Louis
Musical groups from Missouri
American rhythm and blues musical groups
Nightclub performers
Rhythm and blues duos

Ike & Tina Turner


The X-machine (XM) is a theoretical model of computation introduced by Samuel Eilenberg in 1974.<ref
  name="Eil74">S. Eilenberg (1974)
  Automata, Languages and Machines, Vol. A.
  Academic Press, London.</ref>
The X in "X-machine" represents the fundamental data type on which the machine operates; for example, a machine that operates on databases (objects of type database) would be a database-machine. The X-machine model is structurally the same as the finite-state machine, except that the symbols used to label the machine's transitions denote relations of type X→X. Crossing a transition is equivalent to applying the relation that labels it (computing a set of changes to the data type X), and traversing a path in the machine corresponds to applying all the associated relations, one after the other.

Original theory
Eilenberg's original X-machine was a completely general theoretical model of computation (subsuming the Turing machine, for example), which admitted deterministic, non-deterministic and non-terminating computations.  His seminal work  published many variants of the basic X-machine model, each of which generalized the finite-state machine in a slightly different way.

In the most general model, an X-machine is essentially a "machine for manipulating objects of type X". Suppose that X is some datatype, called the fundamental datatype, and that Φ is a set of (partial) relations φ: X → X. An X-machine is a finite-state machine whose arrows are labelled by relations in Φ. In any given state, one or more transitions may be enabled if the domain of the associated relation φi accepts (a subset of) the current values stored in X.  In each cycle, all enabled transitions are assumed to be taken.  Each recognised path through the machine generates a list φ1 ... φn of relations. We call the composition φ1 o ... o φn of these relations the path relation corresponding to that path. The behaviour of the X-machine is defined to be the union of all the behaviours computed by its path relations. In general, this is non-deterministic, since applying any relation computes a set of outcomes on X. In the formal model, all possible outcomes are considered together, in parallel.

For practical purposes, an X-machine should describe some finite computation.  An encoding function α: Y → X converts from some input data type Y into the initial state of X, and a decoding function β: X → Z, converts back from the final state(s) of X into some output data type Z.  Once the initial state of X is populated, the X-machine runs to completion, and the outputs are then observed.  In general, a machine may deadlock (be blocked), or livelock (never halt), or perform one or more complete computations.  For this reason, more recent research has focused on deterministic X-machines, whose behaviour can be controlled and observed more precisely.

Example
A compiler with a peep-hole optimizer can be thought of as a machine for optimizing program structure.  In this Optimizer-machine, the encoding function α takes source code from the input-type Y (the program source) and loads it into the memory-type X (a parse tree).  Suppose that the machine has several states, called FindIncrements, FindSubExprs and Completed.  The machine starts in the initial state FindIncrements, which is linked to other states via the transitions:

  FindIncrements →DoIncrement FindIncrements
  FindIncrements →SkipIncrement FindSubExprs
  FindSubExprs →DoSubExpr FindSubExprs
  FindSubExprs →SkipSubExpr Completed

The relation DoIncrement maps a parsed subtree corresponding to "x := x + 1" into the optimized subtree "++x".  The relation DoSubExpr maps a parse tree containing multiple occurrences of the same expression "x + y ... x + y" into an optimized version with a local variable to store the repeated computation "z := x + y; ... z ... z".  These relations are only enabled if X contains the domain values (subtrees) on which they operate.  The remaining relations SkipIncrement and SkipSubExpr are nullops (identity relations) enabled in the complementary cases.

So, the Optimizer-machine will run to completion, first converting trivial additions into in-place increments (while in the FindIncrements state), then it will move on to the FindSubExprs state and perform a series of common sub-expression removals, after which it will move to the final state Completed.  The decoding function β will then map from the memory-type X (the optimized parse-tree) into the output-type Z (optimized machine code).

Convention
When referring to Eilenberg's original model, "X-machine" is typically written with a lower-case "m", because the sense is "any machine for processing X".  When referring to later specific models, the convention is to use a capital "M" as part of the proper name of that variant.

1980s
Interest in the X-machine was revived in the late 1980s by Mike Holcombe,<ref
  name="Hol88a">M. Holcombe (1988)
  'X-machines as a basis for dynamic system specification',
  Software Engineering Journal 3(2), pp. 69-76.</ref> who noticed that the model was ideal for software formal specification purposes, because it cleanly separates control flow from processing. Provided one works at a sufficiently abstract level, the control flows in a computation can usually be represented as a finite-state machine, so to complete the X-machine specification all that remains is to specify the processing associated with each of the machine's transitions. The structural simplicity of the model makes it extremely flexible; other early illustrations of the idea included Holcombe's specification of human-computer interfaces,<ref
  name="Hol88b">M. Holcombe (1988)
  'Formal methods in the specification of the human-machine interface',
  International J. Command and Control, Communications and Info. Systems. 2, pp. 24-34.</ref>
his modelling of processes in cell biochemistry,<ref
  name="Hol86">M. Holcombe (1986)
  'Mathematical models of cell biochemistry'.
  Technical Report CS-86-4, Dept of Computer Science, Sheffield University.</ref>
and Stannett's modelling of decision-making in military command systems.<ref
  name="Sta87">M. Stannett (1987)
  'An organisational approach to decision-making in command systems.'
  International J. Command and Control, Communications and Info. Systems. 1, pp. 23-34.</ref>

1990s
X-machines have received renewed attention since the mid-1990s, when Gilbert Laycock's deterministic Stream X-Machine was found to serve as the basis for specifying large software systems that are completely testable.<ref
  name="HI98">M. Holcombe and F. Ipate (1998)
  Correct Systems - Building a Business Process Solution.
  Springer, Applied Computing Series.</ref>  Another variant,
the Communicating Stream X-Machine offers a useful testable model for biological processes
and future swarm-based satellite systems.
<ref
  name="HRRT05">
  M. G. Hinchey, C. A. Rouff, J. L. Rash and W. F. Truszkowski (2005)
  'Requirements of an Integrated Formal Method for Intelligent Swarms',
  in Proceedings of FMICS'05, September 5–6, 2005, Lisbon, Portugal.
  Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 125-133.</ref>

2000s
X-machines have been applied to lexical semantics by Andras Kornai,  who models word meaning by `pointed' machines that have one member of the base set X distinguished. Application to other branches of linguistics, in particular to a contemporary reformulation of Pāṇini were pioneered by Gerard Huet and his co-workers

Major variants
The X-machine is rarely encountered in its original form, but underpins several subsequent models of computation.  The most influential model on theories of software testing has been the Stream X-Machine.  NASA has recently discussed using a combination of Communicating Stream X-Machines and the process calculus WSCSS in the design and testing of swarm satellite systems.

Analog X Machine (AXM)
The earliest variant, the continuous-time Analog X-Machine (AXM), was introduced by Mike Stannett in 1990 as a potentially "super-Turing" model of computation;<ref
  name="Sta90">M. Stannett (1990)
  'X-machines and the Halting Problem: Building a super-Turing machine'.
  Formal Aspects of Computing 2, pp. 331-41.</ref>
it is consequently related to work in hypercomputation theory.<ref
  name="Cop02">B. J. Copeland (2002)
  'Hypercomputation'.
  Minds and Machines 12, pp. 461-502.</ref>

Stream X-Machine (SXM)

The most commonly encountered X-machine variant is Gilbert Laycock's 1993 Stream X-Machine (SXM) model,
which forms the basis for Mike Holcombe and Florentin Ipate's theory of complete software testing, which guarantees known correctness properties, once testing is over.  The Stream X-Machine differs from Eilenberg's original model, in that the fundamental data type X is of the form Out* × Mem × In*, where In* is an input sequence, Out* is an output sequence, and Mem is the (rest of the) memory.

The advantage of this model is that it allows a system to be driven, one step at a time, through its states and transitions, while observing the outputs at each step.  These are witness values, that guarantee that particular functions were executed on each step.  As a result, complex software systems may be decomposed into a hierarchy of Stream X-Machines, designed in a top-down way and tested in a bottom-up way.  This divide-and-conquer approach to design and testing is backed by Florentin Ipate's proof of correct integration, which proves how testing the layered machines independently is equivalent to testing the composed system.

Communicating X-Machine (CXM)

The earliest proposal for connecting several X-machines in parallel is Judith Barnard's 1995 Communicating X-machine (CXM or COMX) model,<ref
  name="BTWM95">J. Barnard, C. Theaker, J. Whitworth and M. Woodward (1995) 'Real-time communicating X-machines for the formal design of real-time systems', in Proceedings of DARTS '95, Universite Libre, Brussels, Belgium, 9–11 November 2005</ref><ref
  name="Bar96">J. Barnard (1996)
  COMX: A methodology for the formal design of computer systems using Communicating X-machines.
  PhD Thesis, Staffordshire University.</ref>
in which machines are connected via named communication channels (known as ports); this model exists in both discrete- and real-timed variants.<ref
  name="AldBarn97">A. Alderson and J. Barnard (1997)
  'On Making a Crossing Safe',
  Technical Report SOCTR/97/01, School of Computing, Staffordshire University.
  (Citeseer)
</ref>  Earlier versions of this work were not fully formal and did not show full input/output relations.

A similar Communicating X-Machine approach using buffered
channels was developed by Petros Kefalas.  The focus of this work was on expressiveness in the composition of components.  The ability to reassign channels meant that some of the testing theorems from Stream X-Machines did not carry over.

These variants are discussed in more detail on a separate page.

Communicating Stream X-Machine (CSXM)
The first fully formal model of concurrent X-machine composition was proposed in 1999 by Cristina Vertan and Horia Georgescu, based on earlier work on communicating automatata by Philip Bird and Anthony Cowling.<ref
  name="BC94">P. R. Bird and A. J. Cowling (1994)
  'Modelling logic programming using a network of communicating machines', in
  Proc. 2nd Euromicro Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Processing, Malaga, 26–28 January 1994, pp. 156-161.
  Abstract</ref>  In Vertan's model, the machines communicate indirectly, via a shared communication matrix (essentially an array of pigeonholes), rather than directly via shared channels.

Bălănescu, Cowling, Georgescu, Vertan and others have studied the formal properties of this CSXM model in some detail.  Full input/output relations can be shown.  The communication matrix establishes a protocol for synchronous communication.  The advantage of this is that it decouples each machine's processing from their communication, allowing the separate testing of each behaviour.  This compositional model was proven equivalent to a standard Stream X-Machine, so leveraging the earlier testing theory developed by Holcombe and Ipate.

This X-machine variant is discussed in more detail on a separate page.

Object X-Machine (OXM)
Kirill Bogdanov and Anthony Simons developed several variants of the X-machine to model the behaviour of objects in object-oriented systems.  This model differs from the Stream X-Machine approach, in that the monolithic data type X is distributed over, and encapsulated by, several objects, which are serially composed; and systems are driven by method invocations and returns, rather than by inputs and outputs.
Further work in this area concerned adapting the formal testing theory in the context of inheritance, which partitions the state-space of the superclass in extended subclass objects.

A "CCS-augmented X-machine" (CCSXM) model was later developed by Simons and Stannett in 2002 to support complete behavioural testing of object-oriented systems, in the presence of asynchronous communication<ref
  name="SS02">M. Stannett and A. J. H. Simons (2002)
  'CCS-Augmented X-Machines',
  Technical Report CS-2002-04, Department of Computer Science, Sheffield University, UK.</ref>  This is expected to bear some similarity with NASA's recent proposal; but no definitive comparison of the two models has as yet been conducted.

See also
 Stream X-Machine
 X-Machine Testing
 Communicating X-Machine

Downloadable technical reports
 M. Stannett and A. J. H. Simons (2002) Complete Behavioural Testing of Object-Oriented Systems using CCS-Augmented X-Machines. Tech Report CS-02-06, Dept of Computer Science, University of Sheffield. Download
 J. Aguado and A. J. Cowling (2002) Foundations of the X-machine Theory for Testing. Tech Report CS-02-06, Dept of Computer Science, University of Sheffield. Download
 J. Aguado and A. J. Cowling (2002) Systems of Communicating X-machines for Specifying Distributed Systems. Tech Report CS-02-07, Dept of Computer Science, University of Sheffield. Download
 M. Stannett (2005) The Theory of X-Machines - Part 1. Tech Report CS-05-09, Dept of Computer Science, University of Sheffield. Download

External links
 http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~ajc/csxms/index.html - Tony Cowling's Communicating SXM Systems pages
 http://x-machines.com - Mike Stannett's Theory of X-Machines site

References

Theory of computation
Models of computation

X-machine


Keywords are the words that academics use to reveal the internal structure of an author's
reasoning.  While they are used primarily for rhetoric, they are also used in a strictly
grammatical sense for structural composition, reasoning, and comprehension.  Indeed, they are
an essential part of any language.

There are many different types of keyword categories including: Conclusion, Continuation, Contrast,
Emphasis, Evidence, Illustration and Sequence. Each category serves its own function, as do the keywords
inside of a given category.

When someone uses a search engine, they type in one or more words describing what they are looking for:
'Norwich florist' or 'cheap holidays Greece', for example. These words or phrases are known as keywords.

Corpus linguistic keywords
In corpus linguistics, key words are words that appear with statistically unusual frequency in a text
or a corpus of texts. They are identified by software that compares a word-list of the text with a word-list
based on a larger reference corpus. A suitable term for the phenomenon is keyness. The procedure used,
for example by WordSmith, to list key words and phrases and plot where they appear in texts. These items
are very often of interest—particularly those human readers would not likely notice, such as prepositions,
time adverbs, and pronouns.

Teaching Keywords
One method used to teach keywords is called the "keyword method." It involves taking complex keywords that students do not know very well, and makes them into easier words. The easier words must have something to do with the complex keywords so students can correlate between the two.

References

Scott, M. & Tribbe, C., 2006, Textual Patterns: keyword and corpus analysis in language education, Amsterdam: Benjamins.

External links
 Transitional Words and Phrases

Rhetoric

Keyword (rhetoric)


Nagore is a town in the Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the important Islamic shrine in Tamil Nadu. Five centuries old Nagore Dargah is famous throughout the state.It attracts thousands of people daily. The total population of Nagore is 97,525. It is 12km away from Karaikal and 5 km away from district headquarters Nagapattinam.

The Nagore Kandhuri Festival is very famous throughout the region. The festival season in Nagore falls in the month of May.Nagore Dargah is famous because any religious people can gather in the religious site. It is the Common Religious Gathering Point of thousands of people visiting the place each day.

Nagore is also famous for sweets and fishes that are obtained from the coastal region of Nagore. The Nagore Railway station is one of the crowded railway station in that region, since thousands of devotees come through railway to the holy Dargah.

Reference

Nagapattinam district

Nagore