Marple Hall School is a specialist language college in Marple, Greater Manchester, England. The headteacher is Mr. Joseph Barker. The school is on the outskirts of Greater Manchester, near the River Goyt.

History

Marple Hall was a manor house once owned by John Bradshaw. Born at Marple Hall, Bradshaw was first a clerk, then a lawyer. After the English Civil War he was the first to sign the death warrant of Charles I of England. The house was later owned by the Isherwood family. The ruins of the house are still near the grounds of the school. Two of the modern buildings are named for these two. In 1960 a grammar school was built on the grounds of the manor. In 1965 the school had separate schools for boy and girls. In 1974 it became Marple Hall County High School. This school is for both boys and girls.

References

Schools in England

Marple Hall School


Bill Schmidt (born December 29, 1947) is a retired male American javelin thrower from the Pittsburgh suburb of Southview, Pennsylvania. He is the son of Helen and Louis Schmidt, and won the bronze medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

His dad was born in Germany and came to the United States at the age of 7. His dad was a coal miner for 29 years and marched with John L Lewis, the UMW organizer and President. Bill is the youngest of seven children, six boys and one girl. He has an identical twin named Bob Schmidt.

He attended Canon McMillan Senior High School in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania and competed in football and track and field. He played linebacker and threw the javelin. His personal best in the javelin was 204'4". He played American Legion Baseball and made the Western Pennsylvania All Star Team. He also had a tryout with professional baseball. Bill graduated in June 1965.

In 1966 he was a walkon track and field athlete at North Texas State University (later named University of North Texas) in Denton, TX. He later earned a full scholarship, throwing the javelin. His sophomore year his best throw was 219'2", his junior year 253'1" and his senior year 280'7". He earned All American honors and placed second at the NCAA Championships in 1970 at Des Moines, IA. He was also named track captain his senior year. He graduated in August 1970 with a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) degree with a major in Business and minors in Psychology and Personnel Management. He competed in the World University Games in Turin, Italy in September 1970 and again in 1975 in Rome, Italy, where he won the silver medal.

On September 20, 1970 he was drafted into the United States Army. He did his Basic Training at Ft. Dix, NJ and his Advanced Infantry Training at Ft. Polk, LA. He was stationed at Ft. Ord, CA, Ft. MacArthur, CA and The United States Military Academy at West Point, NY. He competed in the CISM (Conseil International du Sport Militaire) Games, the World Military Championships with competition in over 20 sports and 40 countries. He won the military championships, setting a new world military record in the javelin at Turku, Finland in August 1971.

He competed for the United States in the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich, Germany in the javelin throw where he won the bronze medal. He still remains the only American to medal in the javelin event in the last 71 years.

He earned a post graduate scholarship and attended The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. There he earned a Master of Science (MS) degree in Business Education with a concentration in accounting in 1976. He taught in the Knoxville City Schools at Central High School in Knoxville, TN and coached boys and girls cross country and track. He won the USA National Championships in the javelin at UCLA in 1978 and was named "Javelin Thrower of the Decade" (the 1970s)in the United States by Track and Field News. His career best was 283'2".

In the sports marketing world he is considered a pioneer and a giant in the industry. He was named by the Sporting News as one of "The 100 most Powerful People in Sports" in 1996 and 1998. In 2014 The Sports Business Daily/Global/Journal awarded its Champions Award to Schmidt recognizing him as a Pioneer & Innovator in Sports Business.

His career positions include Director of Sports at the 1982 World's Fair Knoxville, TN 1982, Director of Development, Stokely Van Camp, Indianapolis, IN 1983, Vice President of Sports at the Los Angeles Olympics, Los Angeles, CA 1984, Vice President of Worldwide Sports Marketing at Gatorade, Chicago, IL 1984–1999, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Oakley Inc., Foothills Ranch, CA 1999, former President, Pegasus Sports Marketing, Knoxville, TN. He is also an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Exercise, Sport and Leisure Studies The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. He is retired and recently, November 15, 2022, published his life story, SOUTHVIEW TO GETTYSVUE, "From a Coal Camp to Olympic Podium to Courtside with Michael Jordan." Published by Newman Springs Publishing and available at amazon.com

In 2013 Schmidt was inducted into the Greater Knoxville Sports Hall of Fame.

He is an avid sports fan, world traveler and golfer.

References

American male javelin throwers
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Jewish American sportspeople
Sportspeople from Washington County, Pennsylvania
Track and field athletes from Pennsylvania
American twins
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Living people
1947 births
Universiade silver medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1975 Summer Universiade
21st-century American Jews

Bill Schmidt


Mixa is a French brand of cosmetics for sensitive skin. It is part of the L'Oréal group.

History
The company was founded in 1924 in Paris. For that time, it was different from other brands because of its special method of production by mixing of traditional pharmaceutical ingredients and moisturizer.

Mixa was bought by L'Oréal in 1958.

The first Mixa product "Mixed Cream-Powder" was released in 1926.

In 1969, the first line of children's skin care Mixa Bebe Series was created.

Since 1976, Mixa children's cosmetics have been used by women to care for their sensitive skin.

In 1997, Mixa launched a product for the care of dry sensitive skin, it was regenerating body milk.

In 1999, the line of body care products became № 1 in France.

In 2003, the company released its first line of facial care, which consists of moisturizers for dehydrated sensitive skin.

In 2013, the first CC cream Mixa appeared.

Products
Currently Mixa is a brand № 1 in the categories "Body Care" and "Baby Cosmetics" in France.

The main products are:

 Facial skin care: products for cleansing and caring for sensitive skin that has such problems as dehydration, dryness, redness, imperfections, hypersensitivity, and anti-aging care products.
 Body care: milk, creams, oils.
 Lip care: lip balms.
 Hand skin care: moisturizing and regenerating creams.
 Cosmetics for children.
 Sunscreen.

References

1924 establishments in France

Mixa


Bernd Spier (6 April 1944 – 30 December 2017) was a German schlager singer and record producer. He later was a real estate broker.

Biography
Spier was born in Ludwigslust, Mecklenburg and is the son of Robby Spier, who was the conductor of the Hessischer Rundfunk orchestra in Frankfurt. Spier started his first band with two friends at the age of 15. Because of his father, he became a frequent guest on a popular radio program in Frankfurt, which then led to his discovery by CBS. His first record was released in 1963.

He sang easy listening schlager music until the Beatles and other rock 'n roll groups began to gain in popularity, threatening the careers of older artists. In 1966, he was made CBS Schallplatten's youngest record producer and as his first record as producer, he recorded his brother, Uwe.

Spier made a brief comeback in 1969 with longer hair and German versions of "Pretty Belinda", by Chris Andrews and "Knock Three Times" by Tony Orlando and Dawn. They were two of his biggest hits. With his singing career in decline, Spier became a real estate broker in Rödermark. Spier died on 30 December 2017.

References

1944 births
2017 deaths
German male singers
Schlager musicians
People from Ludwigslust

Bernd Spier


Deira (Brittonic: Dubro or dyfr) was a kingdom in Northern England. The Anglian people living there were known as the Dere. Deira occupied the area that was later called the East Riding of Yorkshire. Deira was one of two early Anglian kingdoms north of the River Humber; the other being Bernicia, their northern neighbor. In the early 7th century they combined to become the kingdom of Northumbria.

Roman and early Anglian Deira

In Roman Britain Deira was separated from Bernicia. The two had a broad area between them where no one lived. The Romans had small defensive works in this area to protect the route to Hadrian's Wall. It was a kind of no man's land after the Angles arrived. Deira first came under the control of the Angles in 560 under their leader Ella. He conquered the Britons in Deira in 581. Deira was still blocked from northward expansion by Bernicia. To the west they were blocked by the last remaining British kingdom of any size, Elmet. King Athelfrith of Bernicia united the kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia into Northumbria. In 617 Edwin of Deira defeated Elmet and expelled their king, Cerdic. Deira and Bernicia were separated again briefly after the death of King Oswald of Bernicia. His brother Oswiu of Northumbria inherited the kingship of Bernicia but did not control Deira until 651. From that time until 867, Deira was treated as a subkingdom of Northumbria. In 867 the Vikings took control of Deira.

Kings of Deira

 Aelle (–
 Athelric (–
 Athelfrith (604–616) Defeated Deira to form Northumbria
 Edwin (616–)
 Osric (–) Kingdom split back into Deira and Bernicia
 —no ruler— (634–635)
 Oswald (645–642) Reunited Northumbria
 Oswiu of Northumbria (642–670) From 654 he ruled Northumbria. had several sub-kings who ruled Deira:
 Oswine (643–651)
 Athelwald (651–655) Only son of King Oswald.
 Alfrith (655–)
 Ecgfrith of Northumbria (664–670) Ruled Deira under his father Oswiu
 Ecgfrith of Northumbria (670–685) Ruled Northumbria. Gave Deira to his brother:
Elfwine (670–679)
 Aldfrith (685–704) Ruled Northumbria including Deira

Notes

References

Anglo-Saxons
Petty kingdoms of England

Deira


Cry of Morning is a novel by the English-born author, Brian Cleeve. It deals with the economic and cultural transformation that overtook Ireland during the 1960s. It marked a significant shift away from the murder mysteries and spy thrillers for which Cleeve had previously been noted.

Plot summary

The novel is set in the Republic of Ireland during the period of economic expansion that took place in the 1960s when Seán Lemass was Taoiseach. The narrative is concerned with an attempt by property developer, Francis O'Rourke, to erect a new office block in the centre of Dublin. The site is occupied by a slum dwelling whose occupants are about to be evicted in order to make way for the new development. Pitted against O'Rourke is a determined coalition of interests opposed to his plans. As the story unfolds, Cleeve highlights examples of corruption in Irish political and business life at that time.

Characters in "Cry of Morning"
Francis O'Rourke: an Irish-born property developer who has made his fortune working in England.

John Lennox: a high-profile TV presenter.

Lady Honoria Gandon: a member of the Anglo-Irish aristocracy who leads the campaign against the destruction of historic Dublin buildings.

Felicity O'Connor: a playwright from the west of Ireland whose semi-autobiographical plays make her famous in England.

Father Herbert Tracey: a Catholic priest who works with the poor and who is concerned with social justice.

Literary significance & criticism
The Irish Times (20 November 1971): "The book is a consummately professional piece of work, continuously interesting and amusing, its extensive cast so intricately marshalled that each takes his precise share of the limelight."

Evening Standard (January 11, 1972): "This is an honest book, and an entertaining one, with its face resolutely set against sentimentality.  It must be as good a picture of Ireland today as we are likely to get."

Film, TV or other adaptations
In conjunction with Peter Hoar, Brian Cleeve adapted Cry of Morning as a radio play and it was broadcast by the BBC in 1974.

Trivia
 Because of libel fears, Cleeve's regular publisher, Cassell, delayed publication several times. His patience exhausted, Cleeve took back the manuscript and sold it to the eventual publisher, Michael Joseph Ltd.
 The novel was originally entitled The Green and the Gold, but Cleeve came up with the present title prior to publication.
 Doubleday published the novel in the USA as The Triumph of O'Rourke.
 Several of the characters are quickly recognisable as thinly disguised versions of real people in Irish society of the time; "John Lennox" is obviously Gay Byrne while "Felicity O'Connor" closely resembles Edna O'Brien.

Release details
1971, United Kingdom, Michael Joseph Ltd. , Pub date 15 November 1971, Hardback
1972, United Kingdom, Corgi , Pub date 15 December 1972, Paperback

Sources, references, external links, quotations

1971 novels
Novels by Brian Cleeve
Novels set in Dublin (city)
1960s in Ireland
Michael Joseph books

Cry of Morning


Whale oil is oil obtained from the blubber of whales. Oil from the bowhead whale was sometimes known as train-oil, which comes from the Dutch word traan ("tear drop").

Sperm oil, a special kind of oil obtained from the head cavities of sperm whales, differs chemically from ordinary whale oil: it is composed mostly of liquid wax. Its properties and applications differ from those of regular whale oil, and it was sold for a higher price.

Source and use
Emerging industrial societies used whale oil in oil lamps and to make soap. In the 20th century it was made into margarine. With the commercial development of the petroleum industry and vegetable oils, the use of whale oils declined considerably from its peak in the 19th century into the 20th century. This is said to have saved whales from extinction. In the 21st century, with most countries having banned whaling, the sale and use of whale oil has practically ceased.

Whale oil was obtained by boiling strips of blubber harvested from whales. The removal is known as flensing and the boiling process was called trying out. The boiling was carried out on land in the case of whales caught close to shore or beached. On longer deep-sea whaling expeditions, the trying-out was done aboard the ship in a furnace known as a trywork and the carcass was then discarded into the water.

Baleen whales were a major source of whale oil. Their oil is exclusively composed of triglycerides, whereas that of toothed whales contains wax esters. The bowhead whale and right whale were considered the ideal whaling targets. They are slow and docile, and they float when killed. They yield plenty of high-quality oil and whalebone, and as a result, they were hunted nearly to extinction.

Chemistry

Whale oil has low viscosity (lower than olive oil), is clear, and varies in color from a bright honey yellow to a dark brown, according to the condition of the blubber from which it has been extracted and the refinement through which it went. It has a strong fishy odor. When hydrogenated, it turns solid and white and its taste and odor change. Its composition varies with the species from which it was sourced and the method by which it was harvested and processed. It is composed mainly of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). Oil sourced from toothed whales, especially the oil of sperm whales, contains a substantial amount of wax esters. Most of the fatty acids are unsaturated. The most common fatty acids are oleic acid and its isomers (18:1 carbon chains). Whale oil is exceptionally stable.

Applications

The main use of whale oil was for illumination and machine lubrication. Cheaper alternatives to whale oil existed, but were inferior in performance and cleanliness of burn. As a result, whale oil dominated the world for both uses. This in turn further fueled the Industrial Revolution, in the United States, in Britain, and continental Europe. As demand for whale oil increased at the end of the 18th century, the whaling industry expanded until its peak around the 1820s. Due to dwindling whale populations causing higher voyage costs, as well as taxation, the market changed rapidly in the 1860s after the discovery of mineral oils and expansion of chemical refineries to produce kerosene and lubricants. By 1870, kerosene became the dominant illumination fuel and the whaling industry was in decline.

The use of whale oil had a steady decline starting in the late 19th century due to the development of superior alternatives, and later, the passing of environmental laws. In 1986, the International Whaling Commission declared a moratorium on commercial whaling, which has all but eliminated the use of whale oil today. Aboriginal whaling, part of the subsistence economy, is still permitted. Groups such as the Inuit of North America are granted special whaling rights, integral to their culture, and they still use whale oil as a food and as lamp oil in the ceremonial qulliq.

Whale oil was used as a cheap illuminant, though it gave off a strong odor when burnt and was not very popular. It was replaced in the late 19th century by cheaper, more efficient, and longer-lasting kerosene. Burning fluid known as camphine was the dominant replacement for whale oil until the arrival of kerosene.

In the United States, whale oil was used in cars as a constituent of automatic transmission fluid until it was banned by the Endangered Species Act of 1973. It was also a major component of hydraulic fluid in tractors (like the ubiquitous JDM Type 303 Special Hydraulic Fluid) until its withdrawal in 1974.

In the United Kingdom, whale oil was used in toolmaking machinery as a high-quality lubricant.

After the invention of hydrogenation in the early 20th century, whale oil was used to make margarine, a practice that has since been discontinued. Whale oil in margarine has been replaced by vegetable oil.

Whale oil was used to make soap. Until the invention of hydrogenation, it was used only in industrial-grade cleansers, because its foul smell and tendency to discolor made it unsuitable for cosmetic soap.

Whale oil was widely used in the First World War as a preventive measure against trench foot. An infantry battalion of the British Army during World War I on the Western Front could be expected to use  of whale oil a day. The oil was rubbed directly onto bare feet in order to protect them from the effects of immersion.

Gallery

Literature
The pursuit and use of whale oil, along with many other aspects of whaling, are discussed in Herman Melville's 1851 novel, Moby-Dick. The novel's narrator is sometimes misquoted as saying that whale oil is "as rare as the milk of queens". The quote is:

According to the rest of the paragraph, sailors onboard the merchantman had to sleep, dress, and maneuver below decks in the dark as opposed to the whalers who used the oil for light.

John R. Jewitt, an Englishman who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of the Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka), an Indigenous Pacific Northwest people on the British Columbia Coast, from 1802 to 1805, claimed whale oil was a condiment with every dish, even strawberries.

In Robert Browning's Pied Piper (§ VII), the Piper's piping leads the rats to imagine the sound of "breaking the hoops of train-oil flasks".

Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind (1896), when discussing food materials in Oceania, quoted Captain James Cook's comment in relation to the Māori people: "No Greenlander was ever so sharp set upon train-oil as our friends here, they greedily swallowed the stinking droppings when we were boiling down the fat of dog-fish."

See also

Oleochemistry
Rendering (animal products)
Spermaceti
Sperm whaling

References

Further reading
Whale oil and its uses, an overview with illustrations

, Includes descriptions, photographs and statistics.

How Capitalism Saved the Whales, by James S. Robbins

External links

Animal fats
Animal fat products
Animal products
Biofuels
Whale products
Lighting

Whale oil


Holywood Cricket Club 1881 is a cricket club in Holywood, County Down, Northern Ireland, playing in the Northern Cricket Unions ("NCU") Senior League.

History
The Club was founded in 1881, originally playing at Kinnegar in Holywood, but after an 1885 storm blew the pavilion away the club found a new home at Belfast Road, where it stayed until 1996.

Holywood experienced difficulties in 1997 as a result of the raising by St Paul's Gaelic Athletic Club on its adjacent pitch, which was used by the cricket club as its outfield. For the 1997 season the club moved to Sullivan Upper School thanks to the generosity of the school and its then headmaster John Young. This arrangement lasted 8 seasons until the club moved to their current home at the 'Seapark Oval' (Seapark Road, Holywood, BT18 0LL). The male teams of the club are known as The Black Knights, the junior / youth teams are known as the Green Dragons, and the women's teams are known as the Aces and Bandits.

Holywood has produced many great players over its history and some of those who have excelled are Bill Pollock, Brian Shannon, Ernie Shannon, Con McCall and  Stewart McCormick.International wicketkeepers that learned the game at Holywood are Paul Moore and Gary Wilson. On the administration side, Holywood has produced NCU presidents such as R.M. Erskine and Dawson Moreland. Cecil Cave was president of what is now Cricket Ireland in 1976.

The Graham Cup, the Premier U15 competition on the NCU, is also linked to Holywood. The cup was donated by Mr. H Graham and his son Harry was a member of the Holywood team that won the trophy in its 1st year. The Final was held at Holywood until 1996.

Junior cricket
In 2018 Holywood created an extensive schools coaching programme that provides an introduction to the game for many primary and secondary schools in North Down and East Belfast.

The Club has a large junior section for both boys and girls (more than 300 children in 2019) aged 3+ and fields 2 U9 teams (incrediball), 4 Under11 hardball teams (including 1 all-girls team. The only club in Northern Ireland to do so), 3 Under13 teams (including 1 all-girls team) and an Under15 team. In June the club hosts "The Mini World Cup" of KWIK Cricket for ~ 200 primary school age boys and girls from 10+ different schools and also hosts 2 all-girls KWIK Cricket Tournaments for ~ 280 players at Under13 and Under15 levels.

In 2019 Holywood introduced "Mini Bouncers" for kids aged 3 to 7 to provide their 1st contact with the sport of cricket and the fundamentals of movement.

Girls and women's cricket
In 2018 the club began a long term strategic plan to become a centre for female cricket, working closely with Sullivan Upper School, Rockport School and Strathearn School. Holywood hosts numerous female cricket tournaments, both inter-school and inter-club. The latter featuring its own club female teams the Holywood Aces and Holywood Bandits.

Social media
Instagram
Facebook
Twitter
Governing Body
Youtube
LinkedIn
 Website for Bookings. Academy

Honours
NCU Senior League: 6 (1 shared)
1901, 1909, 1912, 1914, 1956, 1958 (shared)
NCU Challenge Cup: 2
1899, 1905

Cricket clubs in County Down
NCU Senior League members
1881 establishments in Ireland

Holywood Cricket Club 1881


The Guadalajara Cathedral or Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady (), located in Centro, Guadalajara, Jalisco, is the Roman Catholic cathedral of the Archdiocese of Guadalajara and a minor basilica. It is built in the Spanish Renaissance style, except its neo-Gothic spires.

History

The first cathedral was built in 1541 on the site of the present Templo de Santa Maria de Gracia. This primitive church was built with adobe and a thatched roof. Nevertheless, in 1548 the region was declared a diocese by the Holy See and the church became the cathedral of the city.

On May 30, 1574, during Mass, neighbors fired shots into the air. Some of the bullets fell onto the cathedral and started a fire, severely damaging the building. Work began on a new cathedral designed by master architect Martín Casillas, which was commissioned in 1561 by King Felipe II, but progressed slowly because of scarce funds. The new cathedral was completed in February 1618. Finally in April of that year, the Blessed Sacrament was moved from the former church to the new one; however, it would not be consecrated until October 12, 1716. In 1818, an earthquake shook the city, causing the towers and the dome to collapse. These were replaced, but the new structures were destroyed by a subsequent earthquake in 1849. The new towers were designed by architect Manuel Gómez Ibarra. Construction took three years and cost 33,521 pesos. The new structures were completed in 1854. Pope Pius XII elevated the cathedral to the rank of a minor basilica.

Currently, the cathedral continues to be in danger: it was damaged by earthquakes in 1932, 1957, 1979, 1985, 1995 and 2003. Current threats include a slight tilt of the north tower and structural damage to the dome.

The cathedral occupies an area that is 77.8 x 72.75 meters. It contains altars dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption, Our Lady of Guadalupe, Our Lady of Sorrows, Our Lady of Zapopan (patron saint of Guadalajara), Saint Dominic, St. Nicholas, St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Christopher and St. John of God. The altar is made of marble and silver. The stained glass was imported from France.

The cathedral houses the mummified body of Santa Innocencia (a young girl from the 1700s who, according to legend, was killed by her father for converting to Catholicism),  well as the remains of three cardinals and several other former bishops of the diocese, and Fr. Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo, who was assassinated in 1993 at the Guadalajara International Airport.

Gallery

See also
Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan
List of basilicas

References

External links
Ocf.berkeley.edu: All about Guadalajara

Buildings and structures in Guadalajara, Jalisco
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Mexico
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1618
Basilica churches in Mexico
Shrines to the Virgin Mary
National Monuments of Mexico
Tourist attractions in Guadalajara, Jalisco
Renaissance architecture in Mexico
Spanish Colonial architecture in Mexico
Articles containing video clips
1618 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Roman Catholic shrines in Mexico
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Mexico
Centro, Guadalajara

Guadalajara Cathedral


The 1931 Fabrique Nationale (FN) Baby Browning is a small blowback-operated semi-automatic pistol designed by Belgium-born Dieudonné Saive chambered in .25 ACP (6.35x15 mm).  The pistol features a six-round magazine capacity and is a striker-fired, single action, blow back mechanism. The manual thumb operated safety locks the slide in the closed position when engaged using side thumb pressure.

History
FN produced under license from the American arms designer John Browning the revolutionary Model 1905 pocket pistol. Despite the name FN used for this pistol, it was later marketed as the FN 1906, the V.P. .25 (V.P. denoting Vest Pocket), and most confusingly, the Baby.

The .25 ACP cartridge became widely available during this time. The term ACP stands for "Automatic Colt Pistol".  This cartridge was among the first automatic pistol cartridges to be utilized worldwide.  It was designed with a semi-rimmed shell casing made of brass.  The rim of the shell casing had a slightly larger circumference than the base of the cartridge and an extractor groove was cut directly above it.  The shell casing was headspaced on this small rim; however, the utilization of the rim in this design complicated the mechanics of the cartridge because, while still in the magazine, the rim of one cartridge would sometimes get hung up on the extractor groove of the following cartridge (also known as "rim lock").

The 1905 Vest Pocket pistol incorporated a grip safety mechanism and also a small safety lever on the left side of the frame, which locked the trigger. In addition, this safety lever locked the slide about a half inch back from the front of the pistol to enable easy disassembly.

Design
Pressured by the proliferation of unlicensed copies, FN began work in earnest on a successor product to the 1905 Vest Pocket pistol. Its basic design was used as a starting point for a new design. FN's Director of Operations, Dieudonné Saive (who would later design the Browning Hi-Power pistol and the FN FAL rifle) developed the new version during 1926–1927.

His design was smaller, lighter, and incorporated several refinements and improvements to the 1905 Vest Pocket pistol. The grip safety was eliminated and the small safety lever on the left side of the frame was extended under the grip plate toward the trigger, so that the thumb of a right-handed shooter could easily engage and disengage it. This feature enabled the user to manipulate the safety without having to release his grip on the pistol. The frame has a full-length dust guard extending to the end of the slide, and an area behind the trigger was relieved to allow the user to maintain a more substantial grip than with the 1905 version. The new design also introduced an auto-safety mechanism similar to the one utilized on the Colt Vest Pocket of similar vintage, which prevented the pistol from being fired if the magazine was removed. A cocking indicator was also incorporated and is attached to the firing pin spring opposite the firing pin. It protrudes through a pin hole in the rear of the frame when the pistol is loaded.

The new version was marketed under the name Baby – and some of the original thermal hardened plastic grip plates were molded with both the initials "FN" at the top of the grip plate in a circle and the word "Baby" at the bottom of the grip plate under a raised crescent. This particular pistol came to be known worldwide as the Baby Browning pistol and is the pistol shown in the top picture, except for the "Browning" marked grip plates which indicate a more recent (circa 1960 and beyond) production run utilizing nylon impregnated black polymer grip plates.

During the Vietnam War it was issued to MACVSOG teams with a wallet-like concealment holster as a last resort gun.

Production history

European production
FN manufactured and marketed the Baby Browning from 1931 until 1979, though exports to the US only took place between 1953 and 1968. About 550,000 units were produced, including the hand chiseled engraved "Renaissance" and the "Lightweight" version. The Lightweight utilized a 6061 T6 aluminum frame and hexavalent chrome-plated (over electro-less nickel) slide and external detail parts.  With the exception of special order nickel-plated units and the above-mentioned versions, all of the 1931 Baby Brownings were finished in chemical hot blue. The halt to exports to the US in 1968 was mandated by the Gun Control Act of 1968 – which was precipitated by Robert Kennedy's assassination involving an Iver Johnson manufactured revolver.  This piece of legislation was signed into law by then President Lyndon Johnson. It forbade the importation of certain firearms, among them the 1931 Baby Browning – but it didn't forbid the domestic production of these same weapons. FN transferred production of the Baby Browning to Manufacture d'armes de Bayonne (MAB) during 1979. Based in Bayonne, France, MAB produced the pistol from 1979 until 1983 when bankruptcy forced it to discontinue production. Production of the Baby Browning ceased in Europe at that time.

North American production – FN-licensed
During 1982, discussions began between FN and its North American-based representative Jim Stone focusing on securing a North American-based contractor to manufacture the Baby Browning on a turnkey basis. In 1984 a Canadian Swiss screw machine shop, Precision Small Parts, Ltd (PSP) entered into a technology transfer and production agreement with FN to manufacture the pistol. It was based in Aurora, Ontario and maintained a subsidiary in Charlottesville, Virginia.

FN issued an order to PSP for 40,000 of the pistols, all to be exported to Austria for onward distribution under the Browning logo.  PSP's owner Joseph Maygar Sr. had a long working relationship with FN dating back to the days of the Hungarian Resistance Movement of WWII. PSP produced firearms parts as well as sub-machine guns for FN. In 1985 the Canadian federal authorities forced PSP to transfer production of the Baby Browning pistol frame (the essential part according to the legal definition of a firearm) to its Virginia, US facility, though the Canadian side of the company continued to manufacture the slide and detail parts for the pistol (except for the magazine, which was contracted out to Mec-Gar of Italy). When the US subsidiary of PSP applied for a federal export permit with the Department of State to transfer the pistols to FN via its Austrian intermediary, the permit was denied.  At that time, Austria was known to be a trans-shipment point for armaments for the Middle East, and presumably the State Department did not want a large number of Baby Browning pistols ending up in that region.

This action on part of the State Department caused PSP to become insolvent. The insolvency of the company eventually precipitated a sale to a US/Canadian-based investor group in 1991 orchestrated by San Francisco, California based merchant banker Lenn Kristal. During 1995 the technology and inventory of parts of the FN Baby Browning project was spun out by the investor group into a new entity under Kristal's control and direction, which became known as Precision Small Arms, Inc. (PSA), and the pistol was rebranded at that time as the PSA-25 Baby.

, PSA offers 27 versions of the original 1931 Baby Browning, including exhibition grade versions which incorporate orange, green and yellow gold, hand chisel engraving and rare materials. All metal parts of the PSA-25 Baby are machined using 4 and 5 axis computerized numeric controlled machining centers and process dimensional control probe technology. All metal parts are hand finished. In 2008 a 303 stainless steel version of the pistol was introduced, and in 2009 a hand drop forged 7075-T652 aluminum framed version (the "Featherweight"). Limited edition runs are made of damascus steel and titanium. As of November 2017 primary machining, finish work and assembly of all of PSA's versions of the Baby Browning has been undertaken in Minden, Nevada. The US Patent Office issued a Configuration Patent to PSA for the configuration of the Baby Browning in 2015.

PSA and its former parent company PSP have been the only licensed manufacturers of the Fabrique Nationale 6.35 mm pocket pistol since 1984, although a copy has been produced in the US (see below).

North American production – unlicensed

From 1972 until 1984, Bauer Firearms of Fraser, Michigan manufactured and marketed the Bauer Automatic which is a copy of the Baby Browning machined from 416 investment cast stainless steel. From 1984 to 1986 this pistol was marketed as the Fraser-25.

The Bauer Automatic is an approximate copy of the Baby Browning and was designed as such in order to avoid copyright infringement claims from FN, which at that time still had US patent protection on various components of the 1931 Baby Browning. For example, the Bauer Automatic was produced using 416 stainless steel investment castings while the FN Baby Browning slide and frame were originally produced from 8620 carbon steel bar stock. (However, with the purchase of a European-based investment casting operation during the early 1970s, the FN pistol frame and slide were produced from 8620 Carbon steel investment castings). The Bauer Automatic utilized a different auto safety spring and the barrel was removed (and the slide released from the frame) by twisting it clockwise 45 degrees, rather than counterclockwise, as is the case with the FN Baby Browning. The Bauer Automatic has engraving on both sides of the slide, whereas the FN Baby Browning has engraving only on the side opposite the ejection port. This copy of the Baby Browning is not known for its consistent machining tolerances. Many parts interchange with the FN Baby Browning, including grips, magazines, and various internal parts.

See also
 Astra-Unceta y Cia SA
 Galesi-Brescia
 Fabrique Nationale
 Walther Model 9

References

External links
 PSA-25 Operators Manual
 Precision Small Arms, Inc.

.25 ACP semi-automatic pistols
FN Herstal firearms
Semi-automatic pistols of Belgium

FN Baby Browning


Mandeep Benipal is an Indian film director. He made his directorial debut with movie Ekam - Son of Soil in 2010. Later he came up with the movie Sadda Haq (2013), Yoddha (2014) and Dakuan Da Munda.

Career
Mandeep Benipal started his career as an assistant director. He assisted director Manoj Punj for movie Shaheed-E-Mohabbat Boota Singh (1999) starring Gurdas Maan, Divya Dutta and Des Hoyaa Pardes (2004) starring Gurdas Maan, Juhi Chawla. He also assisted Gaurav Trehan for movie Hashar (2008) starring Babbu Maan.

Mandeep Benipal made his debut as a director in the year 2010 with Punjabi movie Ekam - Son of Soil starring Babbu Maan, Mandy Takhar. The film opened to a good response at the box office.

In 2013, Mandeep Benipal came up with movie Sadda Haq in the year 2013. Sadda Haq is based on the events in the 1980s and 1990s when the state suffered from militancy, portrays several issues; including the murder of a human rights activist, alleged police torture, fake encounters, jailbreak and the assassination of a politician. This movie performed really well at box office. It was also a hit in UK. Sadda Haq was nominated in 10 different categories in PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2014 and the movie succeeded in winning three of them. Sadda Haq was initially banned by the Punjab Government, which stated that "The release of the film was banned to maintain communal harmony in the state". This movie was later released after the order of Supreme Court to lift the ban. Censor Board of India's gave this movie A Certificate.

In 2014, he came up with movie Yoddha - The Warrior starring Kuljinder Singh Sidhu in lead role. The film is based on the life of a simple person who becomes a warrior due to circumstances. Yoddha was notimated for 6 categories in PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2015.

In 2018, he directed the upcoming movie Dakuan Da Munda

Filmography
 Ekam - Son of Soil (2010)
 Sadda Haq (2013)
 Yoddha (2014)
 Dakuaan Da Munda (2018)
 Kaka Ji (2019)
 DSP Dev (2019)
 Dakuaan Da Munda 2 (2022)
 DJ Wale Babu (2022)

Awards
Benipal was nominated in Best Director category of PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2014.

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
People from Patiala
Film directors from Punjab, India

Mandeep Benipal


A phonorecord is defined by the United States Copyright Act of 1976 to be a material object that embodies sounds (other than those accompanying audio-visual recordings such as movies).

From the Copyright Act: "Phonorecords" are material objects in which sounds, other than those accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work, are fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from which the sounds can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. The term "phonorecords" includes the material object in which the sounds are first fixed.

For example: all of the following are "phonorecords" under the law: A wire recording; a 16-rpm, 33-rpm, 45-rpm or 78-rpm phonograph record (vinyl disc), a reel-to-reel tape, an 8-track tape, a compact cassette tape, a compact disc, an audio DVD, and an MP3 file stored on a computer, compact disc or USB flash drive.

To explain the legal distinction between definitions, suppose a person or group takes a song and makes a performance.  The recorded performance is a sound recording (also called phonogram); the physical media that the sound recording is stored upon is a phonorecord.

References

Copyright law
Sound recording
Audio storage

Phonorecord


Laura Jean Moffatt (née Field; born 9 April 1954) is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Crawley from 1997 until 2010.

Early life
Born Laura Jean Field in London in 1954, she was educated at Hazelwick School in Crawley, West Sussex before attending the Crawley College of Technology (now renamed Central Sussex College).

From 1975 until her election to the House of Commons in 1997, she worked as a state registered nurse at Crawley Hospital. She joined the Labour Party in 1979 and was elected to Crawley Borough Council in 1984, remaining as a councillor until 1997 and serving as the town's mayor in 1990.

Parliamentary career
Moffatt stood in Crawley at the 1992 general election, but lost out to the sitting Conservative MP Nicholas Soames. For the following election she was again selected as the Labour candidate, though this time through an all-women shortlist.

At the 2005 general election she was elected to the Commons on the smallest majority in the country with 37 votes, with her share of the vote falling by over 10 per cent from the 2001 general election result. After an epic count, and numerous re-counts, Moffatt broke down in tears after being returned to Parliament.

In the Commons, Moffatt served variously as a Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the Lord Chancellor Derry Irvine (2001–03); the Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs Charles Falconer (2003–05); the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions David Blunkett (2005); the Minister of State at the Department for Education and Skills Jacqui Smith (2005–06), and from 2006 served as the PPS to Alan Johnson initially as Secretary of State for Education and Skills and since 2007 as Secretary of State for Health. From 1997 to 2001 she served as a member of the Defence Select Committee.

On 15 March 2010, Moffatt announced her intention to stand down at the 2010 General Election because the job had taken a toll on her family life.

Personal life
She married Colin Moffatt in 1975 in Crawley and they have three sons. She lives in the Broadfield area of the town.

In May 2009, Moffatt made the news during the MPs' expenses row for giving up her flat in London because she said that the "annual cost did not sit comfortably with me", in her blog she wrote: "I never travel first class when commuting and since getting rid of my flat I more often sleep on a camp bed in my office when the house sits late … and have only made one claim for personal goods in 2007/08, under £20, I think, to replace some towels."

Moffatt has said she has felt unsafe travelling late at night on trains as she has been the victim of a flasher on two occasions on a late night train. She has a tattoo on her left foot of a Labour rose with the number '37' in order to remind her of her slim majority in 2005.

References

External links
Official Website
Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Laura Moffatt MP
TheyWorkForYou.com – Laura Moffatt MP
BBC Politics Profile

News items
Supporting Muslim women after London bombings in 2005
Having the support of John Prescott in 2005

1954 births
20th-century British women politicians
21st-century British women politicians
People educated at Hazelwick School
Councillors in West Sussex
English nurses
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Mayors of places in West Sussex
People from Battersea
People from Crawley
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Women mayors of places in England
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
21st-century English women
21st-century English people
Women councillors in England

Laura Moffatt


Julia Kathleen Beckett (born 4 July 1986) is an English competitive swimmer who has represented Great Britain in the Olympics and FINA world championships, and England in the Commonwealth Games.

Beckett was born in Winchester, Hampshire, England, and attended Loughborough University.

At the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia, she earned a silver medal as part of the runner-up English team in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay, together with teammates Joanne Jackson, Kate Richardson and Melanie Marshall.

Competing for Great Britain in the 2008 FINA Short Course World Championships in Manchester, Beckett won a bronze medal as a member of the third-place British women's team in the 4x100-metre freestyle relay.  At the 2008 Summer Olympics hosted by Beijing, China, she swam for the British team in the preliminary heats of the women's 4×100-metre freestyle relay.

External links
British Olympic Association athlete profile

Living people
1986 births
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
English female swimmers
English female freestyle swimmers
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Olympic swimmers for Great Britain
Sportspeople from Winchester
Swimmers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

Julia Beckett


Giovanni Antonio Galignani (1757–1821) was an Italian newspaper publisher born at Brescia.

After living some time in London, he moved to Paris, where in 1800 he started an English library, and in 1808 a monthly publication, the Repertory of English Literature. In 1814 he began to publish the Galignani's Messenger, a daily paper printed in English.

After his death in 1821, his two sons, John Anthony (1796–1873) and William (1798–1882) continued publishing the paper. Under their management it enjoyed a high reputation for its global coverage and emphasis on progressive news. Its stated policy was to promote goodwill between England and France. The brothers' goodwill was not simply rhetoric. They expanded their prestige by establishing and endowing hospitals at Corbeil and at Neuilly-sur-Seine. In recognition of their generosity, the city of Corbeil erected a monument in their honour.

In 1884 the Galignani family disposed of their interest in Galignani's Messenger. Since then until it was finally discontinued in 1904, the paper appeared under the title of the Daily Messenger.

Galignani's Messenger is referred to in Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons.
Also mentioned in George du Maurier's "Trilby". It is also mentioned in the Diary of Maria Bashkirtseff.
It is also visited by the main character of J.K. Huysmans' novel À rebours.

The account book of Eng and Chang Bunker, The Original Siamese Twins - on page 120 references "Advertising in Gulignani's Messenger from 4 Jan to 28 Feb" on page 120 in 1836.

There are also references to 'Galignani's' in Trollope's Last Chronicle Of Barset, Thackeray's Vanity Fair and Stevenson's and Osbourne's The Wrong Box.

Notes

References
 Twenty-four lectures on the Italian language delivered at the Lyceum of Arts, Sciences, and Languages; ... By Mr. Galignani. London: printed for the author, and sold by Messrs. B. and J. White; Mr. Edwards; Messrs. Hookham and Carpenter; Mr. Emsley; Mr. Longman; Mr. Cawthorne; Mr. Heptinstall; and by the author, 1796.
 Twenty-four lectures on the Italian language by Mr. Galignani. In this second edition, the work is enlarged one third, by numberless additions and improvements by the editor, Antonio Montucci. Edinburgh: printed by C. Stewart, ... for T. Boosey, ... London., 1806.
 Italian extracts, being an extensive selection from the best classic & modern Italian authors preceded by a copious vocabulary with familiar phrases and dialogues by the editor, Antonio Montucci (2nd. ed.). 	London: Boosey, 1818
 Traveller's guide through Italy. Paris: 1819.
 Traveller's guide through France. Paris: 1819.

Sources
 Barber, Giles: "Galignani's and the Publication of English Books in France from 1800 to 1852", Library s5-XVI (1961), p. 267–286

1757 births
1821 deaths
19th-century French newspaper publishers (people)
Italian newspaper publishers (people)
Giovanni Antonio

Giovanni Antonio Galignani


Marc Butan is an American film producer and CEO at MadRiver Pictures, a Santa Monica, California-based motion picture production company.

During his career, he has served as co-president at Sierra/Affinity, president at Panorama Media, president at 2929 Productions and executive vice president of production at Lionsgate, where he was responsible for overseeing film production for the studio. Butan was previously an investment banker at Kidder, Peabody & Co. and Prudential Financial.

In 2015, he founded MadRiver Pictures to produce star-driven commercial feature films.  Since inception, the company has produced James Gray's The Lost City of Z starring Charlie Hunnam; Burr Steers' Pride and Prejudice and Zombies; Triple 9 starring Casey Affleck, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Kate Winslet and Woody Harrelson; Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House starring Liam Neeson and most recently James Gray's Ad Astra starring Brad Pitt.

In 2016, MadRiver Pictures and Vincent Maraval's Insiders joined forces to form an international film sales joint venture, IMR international. In 2021, IMR rebranded to The Veterans.

Butan is a native of Dayton, Ohio and an alumnus of Ohio State University, where he became a member of Phi Kappa Tau.

Filmography
He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted.

Film

Thanks

References

External links

Businesspeople from Dayton, Ohio
Film producers from Ohio
Ohio State University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American chief executives

Marc Butan


John C. "Johnny" Knorr (May 24, 1921 in Crissey, Ohio – August 29, 2011) was a musician and bandleader.

Career
After World War II, Knorr played with several traveling bands.  In 1960, he formed his own band.  He has shared the stage with Bobby Vinton, Helen O'Connell,  Johnny Desmond and played for Bob Hope.

Knorr has been acknowledged for his work to repopularize big band music.  For his efforts, he was recognized by Big Bands Magazine in 1984, received an award from the United States Postal Service in 1996, and, later that year, the mayor of Toledo honored him.  He also received the People's Choice Award for Performing Arts in 1997 and was inducted into the Lake Erie West Hall of Fame in 1999.

Personal life
Knorr grew up in Toledo, where he learned the violin in school.  He was married to Jane Hammer and had two children, Janice and Jerry Knorr. He died age 90 after a battle with leukemia. His son Jerry took the lead of the orchestra after his death.

References

External links

American bandleaders
1921 births
2011 deaths

Johnny Knorr


Jurassic World: Dominion is an American science fiction adventure movie directed by Colin Trevorrow, who wrote the screenplay with Emily Carmichael, based on a story by Trevorrow and his writing partner, Derek Connolly.

A sequel to the 2015 and 2018 movies: Jurassic World and Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, it is the sixth movie in the Jurassic Park franchise and the final movie in the Jurassic World trilogy.

It stars Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas Howard, Sam Neill, Laura Dern, Jeff Goldblum, Jake Johnson, Omar Sy, Daniella Pineda, Justice Smith, Isabella Sermon, BD Wong, Mamoudou Athie, DeWanda Wise, Dichen Lachman, and Scott Haze with Campbell Scott.

On March 13, 2020, production was stopped as a safety precaution due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The movie was released on June 10, 2022 by Universal Pictures.

References

2022 science fiction movies
2022 adventure movies
American sequel movies
Jurassic Park movies
Maltese movies
Movies about dinosaurs
Movies about insects
Movies about families
Movies about genetic engineering
Movies about animal cruelty
Movies set in forests
Movies set in Italy
Movies set in Malta
Movies set in Nevada
Movies set in Pennsylvania
Movies set in Texas
Movies set in Utah

Jurassic World Dominion


Acorn Energy Inc. is a NASDAQ-listed conglomerate investing in electricity generation and security.  It was founded by George Morgenstern in 1984 as Decision Systems, Inc. and was taken public by Laidlaw Securities.  The name was later changed to Data Systems and Software Inc. John Moore became CEO in 2006 and changed the name to Acorn Factor and later to Acorn Energy.

Major subsidiaries
DSIT, based in Israel, makes systems of sonar arrays that detect underwater activity; these are marketed by Acorn Energy for the protection of energy infrastructure facilities near water. GridSense makes hardware for monitoring transformer performance for smart grid applications.  OmniMetrix monitors critical energy infrastructure like standby generators, compressors and pump jacks to ensure up-time. US Seismic Systems manufactures fibre-optic transducers for monitoring oil and gas fields during production.

References

External links

Companies listed on the Nasdaq

Acorn Energy


Michael Bakos (born March 2, 1979 in Augsburg, West Germany) is a German professional ice hockey defenceman for the Augsburger Panther of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.

Playing career
Bakos began playing professionally in 1996 with the Augsburger Panthers, with whom he played for four seasons until 2000. Beginning with the 2000–01 season, he played with Mannheim Eagles for six years. He joined ERC Ingolstadt in 2006.

During his fourth season with Ingolstadt, on January 2, 2010, it was announced that Bakos signed a two-year-contract with the Straubing Tigers to start in the 2010–11 season.

Bakos returned to the Augsburger Panthers to begin the 2012–13 season.

Bakos was selected to play for the German national team for the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1979 births
Adler Mannheim players
Augsburger Panther players
ERC Ingolstadt players
German ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic ice hockey players for Germany
Sportspeople from Augsburg
Ice hockey people from Bavaria
Straubing Tigers players

Michael Bakos


An interrupter in electrical engineering is a device used to interrupt the flow of a steady direct current for the purpose of converting a steady current into a changing one.  Frequently, the interrupter is used in conjunction with an inductor (coil of wire) to produce increased voltages either by a back emf effect or through transformer action.  The largest industrial use of the interrupter was in the induction coil, the first transformer, which was used to produce high voltage pulses in scientific experiments and to power arc lamps, spark gap radio transmitters, and the first X-ray tubes, around the turn of the 20th century.  Its largest use was the contact breaker or "points" in the distributor of the ignition system of gasoline engines, which served to periodically interrupt the current to the ignition coil producing high voltage pulses which create sparks in the spark plugs.  It is still used in this application.

Medical use

Bird's interrupter
The physician Golding Bird designed his own interrupter circuit for delivering shocks to patients from a voltaic cell through an induction coil.  Previously, the interrupter had been a mechanical device requiring the physician to manually turn a cog wheel, or else employ an assistant to do this.  Bird wished to free his hands to better apply the electricity to the required part of the patient.  His interrupter worked automatically by magnetic induction and achieved a switching rate of around  (five times per second).  The faster the interrupter switches, the more frequently an electric shock is delivered to the patient and the aim is to make this as high as possible.

Page's interrupter
A rather more cumbersome interrupter was constructed by the American Charles Page slightly earlier in 1838 but Bird's work was entirely independent.  Although there is little in common between the two interrupter designs, Page takes the credit for being the first to use permanent magnets in an automatic interrupter circuit.  Bird's (and Page's) interrupter had the medically disadvantageous feature that current was supplied in opposite directions during the make and break operations, although the current was substantially less during the make operation than the break (current is only supplied at all while the switch is dynamically changing).  Treatment often required that current was supplied in one specified direction only.

Letheby's interrupter
A modified version of the interrupter was produced by Henry Letheby which could output only the make, or only the break currents by a mechanism consisting of two spoked wheels.  Bird also produced a uni-directional interrupter using a mechanism we would now call split-rings.  The date of Bird's design is uncertain but may predate Letheby's.  Both designs suffered from the disadvantage that automatic operation was lost and the interrupter had to once again be hand-cranked.  Nevertheless, this arrangement remained a cheaper option than electromagnetic generators for some time.

Other designs
Other early interrupters worked by clockwork mechanisms or (non-magnetic) reed switches operated by motion of the patient's limbs.  One example of such a device is found in the Pulvermacher chain.

See also
Daniel Davis Jr.

References

Bibliography
Bird, Golding "Observations on induced electric currents, with a description of a magnetic contact-breaker", Philosophical Magazine, pp. 18–22, no.71, vol.12, January 1838.
Bird, Golding Lectures on Electricity and Galvanism, in their physiological and therapeutical relations, Wilson & Ogilvy, London, 1847.
Coley, N. G. "The collateral sciences in the work of Golding Bird (1814–1854)", Medical History, vol.13, iss.4, pp. 363–376, October 1969.
Morus, Iwan Rhys Frankenstein's Children: Electricity, Exhibition, and Experiment in Early-nineteenth-century London, Princeton University Press, 1998 .
Lardner, Dionysius Electricity, Magnetism, and Acoustics, London: Spottiswoode & Co. 1856.
Letheby, Henry "A description of a new electro-magnetic machine adapted so as to give a succession of shocks in one direction", London Medical Gazette, pp. 858–859, 13 November 1846.
Pulvermacher, Isaac Lewis "Improvement in voltaic batteries and apparatus for medical and other purposes", , issued 1 February 1853.

Electrical components

Interrupter


John McLure Hamilton (January 31, 1853–September 9, 1936) was an Anglo-American artist. He was born in Philadelphia  and began his art education at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, under Thomas Eakins. Later he travelled to Europe and continued his education at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris and at the Royal Academy in Belgium. Hamilton was  noted for portraits, figure paintings and illustrations. While maintaining a permanent address in Philadelphia, he lived in England for fifty-eight years where he was official portrait painter to William Ewart Gladstone, prime minister of the United Kingdom.

In addition to Gladstone, Hamilton painted portraits of many English notables including Cardinal Manning, George Meredith and Richard Vaux. He was the author of a book, Men I Have Painted. In the book he writes of himself thus,

As I grow older the advantage of having been born an American of British and French blood becomes daily more ideal. I now know that I have escaped the insulating influences and the national prejudices of all three countries, and have retained only their qualities — mainly good.

In a review of the book, which reveals insights into some famous personalities of the time, the New York Times wrote, "... his chats about his sitters are delightfully without pretense ... if his portrait turns out a bad one, he mentions it".

The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography said of the book,

For Philadelphians who have known J. McLure Hamilton as a fellow townsman — even if a somewhat cosmopolitan one who dissembles his love for his native city by very rarely remaining in it for any length of time, much to the regret of his numerous friends — the dictum of Mary Drew, one of the Gladstone family, that 'it is doubtful if there is one individuality more unusual or more interesting than that of the writer himself' will be accepted as final and quite a summing up of his gossipy new book 'Men I Have Painted,' with 48 portraits. ... But, a book which deals with Bismarck, Asquith, Balfour, Manning, Tyndall, Spencer, General Booth, G. F. Watts and George Meredith, selecting a few of the more world-famous names cannot be but fascinating especially in these days of the craze for personality in biography. Here is indeed revealed the man and his manner and his method and the character of a great period in modern life as is set out by human beings who find in this singularly human being, Hamilton, the painter, a true interpreter of manners and of men."

Hamilton was a member of  the American Federation of Arts, the Philadelphia Water Color Club, the Pastel Society, the Royal Society of Portrait Painters  and the Senefelder Club, London. His portraits are found in the following galleries; Luxembourg Museum, Paris, (which is devoted to artists foreign to France), the National Portrait Gallery, London and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, which awarded him its Gold Medal of Honor in 1918.

Gallery
More images available at Commons.

External links

References

  Richard J. Alperin (1993), Art's Anglo-American Paper Lion: John McLure Hamilton's Untold Story, published by Junius,

19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
American illustrators
1853 births
1936 deaths
American portrait painters
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Students of Thomas Eakins
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists

John McLure Hamilton


Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus (born between 47 BC and 35 BC) was an ancient Roman politician and the son of suffect consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna and Pompeia Magna. His sister was Magna.

His maternal grandparents were triumvir Pompey and Mucia Tertia, while his paternal grandparents were consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna and an unnamed Roman woman. Cinna is the only grandson of Pompey who has the name 'Magnus', or, indeed, any part of his name.

Cinna became a supporter to triumvir Mark Antony.  He was promoted to a priesthood. In 16 BC, Cinna and Aemilia Lepida, the granddaughter of triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, were involved in a conspiracy against the Emperor Augustus. Cinna and Lepida were the first and last people pardoned by the emperor after having conspired against him. Indeed, this was famously the last documented conspiracy against Augustus. Cinna served as a consul in 5 AD and is said to have been a close friend and adviser to Augustus until his death.

Cinna is the main character of a tragedy called Cinna by the famous 17th-century French playwright Corneille.

References
 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 754 (v. 1)
 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 755 (v. 1)
 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 472 (v. 3)

1st-century BC births
1st-century deaths
1st-century BC Romans
1st-century Romans
Imperial Roman consuls
Gnaeus, Magnus
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown

Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus


Trevor James Constable (17 September 1925 − 31 March 2016) was an early UFO writer who believed that the UFO phenomenon was best explained by the presence of enormous amoeba-like animals inhabiting earth's atmosphere. A native of Wellington, New Zealand, he served 31 years at sea, 26 of them as a radio officer in the U.S. merchant marine. He authored several books on the aerial warfare of World War II, together with co-author Raymond Toliver. These works have been described as uncritical and not grounded in historical realities by several historians.

Authorship on World War II
Constable was an author who produced 10 non-fiction books, many well known to aficionados of famous fighter aces. His co-author on these works was Raymond Toliver, a former U.S. Air Force pilot and official historian of the American Fighter Aces Association. Their work on German fighter ace Erich Hartmann, The Blond Knight of Germany, was described by historians Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies in their work The Myth of the Eastern Front as a "hallmark of romanization", with its "insidious" title suggesting medieval chivalry that "not only fails to characterize the conduct of the Wehrmacht during the Soviet-German war, but, indeed, marks its opposite".

The historian Jens Wehner notes that the 1971 book by Constable and Toliver on Hartmann, published in German as Holt Hartmann vom Himmel! Die Geschichte des erfolgreichsten Jagdfliegers der Welt, was immensely popular in Germany, but contained serious flaws in terms of presentation of historical realities. These included the uncritical borrowing from the Nazi propaganda elements of the Fliegerassen ("aces") and stereotypes about the Soviet Union. According to Wehner, the latter could be traced to the prevailing attitudes during the Cold War. Further, the political and social consequences of World War II were completely ignored.

UFO hypothesis
After reading about radionics and Wilhelm Reich's orgone, Constable became convinced that supposed UFOs were in fact living organisms. He set out to prove his theory by taking a camera with him, fitted with an ultra-violet lens and high-speed film. The processed pictured showed signs of discolouration, which Constable insisted were proof of amoeba-like animals inhabiting the sky.

Reviewing his new found 'evidence', Constable was moved to write in two books that the creatures, though not existing outside of the "infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum", had been on this Earth since it was more gaseous than solid. He claimed that the creatures belonged to a new offshoot of evolution, and that the species should be classified under macrobacteria. According to Constable, the creatures could be the size of a coin or as large as half a mile across.

The biology of the creatures supposedly meant that they were visible to radar, even when not to the naked eye. To explain supposed cattle (and occasionally human) mutilations, Constable theorised that the use of radar angered the organisms, who would become predatory when provoked. At a later date a crypto-zoologist officially classified these supposed creatures as Amoebae constablea, named after their discoverer. Constable wrote a book entitled The Cosmic Pulse of Life in 1975 that outlined his ideas.

Work with TJC/Atmos Engineers

In 1991 Constable worked with the local Malaccan government on a project to fill the Durian Tunggal Dam.

He and the company promoted the idea that they had created a 'rain-making' technology, which employed "metal cylinders placed in cones and modified gadgets", which would then alter the ether or 'chi' of the atmosphere. The benefits of using such a device were touted as avoiding electromagnetism or radioactive substances being placed into the country's air. Constable did express concern at having to use the devices for a localised area, saying that "it's like trying to put rain in a small container".

Constable claimed that his technology and methods had already been used to fill the Gibraltar Dam in California.

In the earlier stages of the operation there were apparently not yet any notable results in filling the reservoir, and some Malacca residents blamed evil spirits, which were fighting against the attempts to align the atmosphere. Constable said he believed "there could be some truth in the rumours", but he was confident that his technology could overcome the obstacle.

The Malaysian government eventually began a probe into TJC/Atmos Engineers to look into whether there was any evidence that the State government had been cheated. In total the local government had paid them $3.2 million. However, the following was reported on Aug 14, 1991 in the New Straits Times, "TJC Atmos Engineers was hired by the Malacca Government to solve the State's water problems by filling up the 28-metre Durian Tunggal dam which dried up in January. They will be paid $3.2 Million if they succeed and half if the dam is half full by the end of next month. The operation started on July 1. Mr. Constable described the contract to undertake the operation in Malacca as totally contingent - no result, no pay."  It would appear then that if the Malacca Government paid out the full amount of $3.2 Million to TJC/Atmos Engineers, that they would have been deemed to have fulfilled the full contractual obligations for receiving that sum of money.

Bibliography
 Raymond F. Toliver and Trevor J. Constable. Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe. London: Arthur Barker, 1968. Reissued: Atglen, PA: Schiffer, 1996
 Raymond F. Toliver and Trevor J. Constable. The Blond Knight of Germany: A biography of Erich Hartmann. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Aero, 1970.
 Trevor James [Constable]. They Live in the Sky! Los Angeles: New Age Publishing Co., 1958.
 Trevor James [Constable]. The cosmic pulse of life: the revolutionary biological power behind UFOs. Santa Ana, CA: Merlin Press, 1976.

References

Sources
  H-Soz-Kult

1925 births
2016 deaths
Parapsychologists
Writers from Wellington City
UFO writers
United States Merchant Mariners

Trevor James Constable


Luthite is a lightweight synthetic material developed by the Westheimer Corporation (a United States-based importer of Cort Guitars) for the construction of bass guitar and electric guitar bodies. The 1996 patent application credits Jack L. Westheimer as the sole inventor. The term refers both to the composite material and to its forming process. Luthite is very similar in purpose to the later Vibracell used in the all-plastic Switch Music instruments.

Luthite was developed specifically for use in building stringed musical instruments (luthiery). The intention was to create a substitute for wood in building solid-body electric guitars and basses, as there is much greater control over the consistency of production, and thus of tone and overall quality from one instrument to the next. Additionally, the material is able to be formed to almost any shape (i.e. 3-D shapes out of plane) where the wood equivalent would require a very large body blank or laminates.

Apart from these advantages, Luthite is less resistant to impact than its wooden counterparts, which renders finished instruments more susceptible to dings and chips; or developing cracks if dropped or otherwise stressed.

Luthite was employed in Ibanez  Ergodyne series electric guitars (EDR/EXR) and basses (EDA/EDB/EDC), and Cort Curbow series basses.

References

Electric bass guitars

Luthite


Zero-X (spelling variants include "Zero X" or "ZeroX") is a fictional Earth spacecraft that first appeared in two of Gerry and Sylvia Anderson's Supermarionation productions, the 1966 film Thunderbirds Are Go and the 1967 television series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. Although publicity material for the various Supermarionation series, and the TV Century 21 comic, made references to connections between the Thunderbirds and Captain Scarlet canons, Zero-X is the only official link between the two series.

Fictional history
The first crewed craft to land on Mars, the metallic-blue Zero-X comprises a number of detachable sections. The main body houses the chemical engines which provide the craft with the thrust required for lift-off and the subsequent journey to Mars. The Martian Excursion Vehicle (MEV; later renamed Martian Exploration Vehicle) is attached to the front of the main body where it serves as the spaceship's main control centre during spaceflight. During atmospheric ingress or egress, two remotely controlled "lifting bodies" (self-propelled "flying wing" aerofoils) are attached to the main body at the front and rear of the craft. Finally, a heatproof nose cone with an aluminium exoskeleton protects the MEV during take-off and provides further aerodynamic flow to the vehicle in atmospheric ascent; it is jettisoned just before leaving the Earth's atmosphere, and is the only non-reusable part of the spacecraft.

The lifting bodies act as wings to allow the craft to operate from a runway like a conventional aeroplane, and carry multiple jet engines to reduce the amount of fuel needed for the main body's chemical engines. They separate from the main body when the craft is at a sufficiently high altitude and fly back to base; on re-entry, they rendezvous with the spacecraft and dock with it to again act as wings and provide propulsion in the atmosphere. On reaching Mars, the MEV detaches from the main body, which is left in orbit piloted by a single astronaut, and descends towards the planet's surface. At the surface the MEV extends caterpillar tracks to negotiate the rocky terrain.

The concept of a reusable first-stage lifting body (or in this case, bodies) boosting a smaller spacecraft to high altitude for more efficient use of its propulsion was in direct competition with the vertical-ascent rocket doctrine of the 1960s as a means of achieving spaceflight, and for some time lost out to it, as even the Space Shuttlewhich landed as a conventional aircraftmakes a vertical rocket-powered ascent in the "classical" manner. In more recent years Virgin Galactic have re-established the concept, providing the first private commercial suborbital spaceflights in a similarly launched vehicle. The Zero-X contrasts in this way with Thunderbird 3, which, though nominally more advanced (hinted at because of its secrecy), is still a vertical-ascent rocket.

Zero-X has a total delta velocity of 40 miles per second, a standard acceleration of 1 g, a maximum acceleration of 10 g, and an emergency acceleration of 15 g. It is built by New World Aircraft Corporation, the same company that builds Skyship One.

Appearances

Thunderbirds Are Go
The first crewed mission to Mars ended in failure after the Zero-X spacecraft was accidentally sabotaged by the Hood, who had stowed aboard the craft to photograph its wing mechanisms. The crew managed to escape and two years later a second Zero-X craft successfully reached Mars. However, soon after touching down on the surface, the MEV fired upon a Martian "rock snake" in the belief that it was a lifeless rock formation, provoking retaliation by fire-shooting rock snakes, resulting in the first open combat between humans and extraterrestrials. While the astronauts managed to escape, the lifting body control systems on board the MEV sustained damage during the confrontation, causing the Zero-X to crash upon its return to Earth, landing in Craigsville, United States (roughly 20 miles from its launch site, the fictitious Glenn Field Spaceport). The crew survived, having been saved at the last moment by International Rescue.

In both missions, the Zero-X carried a crew of three with two scientists:

 Paul Travers (captain of the mission) - Travers was modelled on Sean Connery, who was starring as James Bond at the time Thunderbirds Are Go was made.
 Greg Martin (space captain)
 Brad Newman (navigator)
 Dr Tony Grant (astrophysicist)
 Dr Ray Pierce (astronomer)

Captain Scarlet
Re-commissioned by the Spectrum Organisation, the Zero-X returned to Mars in 2068 in search of the source of alien signals detected from Earth.(But only the MEV comes into the picture, not the entire Zero-X)   The crew's hostile actions led to a "war of nerves" with the Mysterons in Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. After tracing the signals to an alien city complex, the mission commander, Spectrum officer Captain Black, gave the order to fire upon the facility after mistaking imaging devices for weapons and fearing they were about to be attacked. Following the destruction, the three-man crew of the MEV witnessed the miraculous re-materialisation ("retro-metabolism", as it is termed in the TV series) of the Mysteron city, and for their act of aggression the Mysterons took control of Black's mind and body as the principal agent of their vengeance. It is never specified whether Black and the crew actually died on Mars. However, when the Zero-X returned to Earth, Black was its only occupant.(but you can not see that in the episode)  He vanished upon landing at Glenn Field, and shortly after the Mysterons issued their first threat against Earth.

Although the Zero-X does not appear in New Captain Scarlet (2005), a reference is made to it through the depiction of lifting bodies being used to assist spaceships in entering Earth orbit.

Thunderbirds Are Go (TV series)
The Zero-X appears in an episode of the remake series Thunderbirds Are Go: "Signals, Part 1". During its launch, the Zero-X is stolen by the Hood for its light-speed engines, however soon after the engines begin to overload and threaten to create an Extinction-Level Event, Jeff Tracy boards the Zero-X and attempts to take control whilst the Hood ejects in the only escape capsule, Jeff Tracy attempts to take the Zero-X into space, shortly thereafter there is a massive explosion and the ship is presumed destroyed and Jeff Tracy killed. Eight years later, an SOS is picked up from the Oort Cloud apparently from Jeff Tracy and International Rescue attempts to recover the Zero-X escape capsule believing it to be the key to understanding how he survived and his current situation. After analyzing footage from the escape capsule, they determine that the witnessed explosion was actually an aftershock of the Zero-Xs main engine firing at full power and that the Zero-X itself launched into space and subsequently the Oort Cloud at near light speed. The remains of the Zero-X were later discovered partially embedded in a small minor planet in "The Long Reach, Part 1" where Jeff Tracy cannibalized what he could to create a make-shift shelter inside the control deck and was able to survive for eight years until he was rescued by his sons in a new Zero-X called the Zero-XL.

Tie-in media
A series featuring the adventures of the crew of the Zero-X appeared in the comic TV Century 21 and its successors, including Countdown. The strip was written by Angus Allan and illustrated by Mike Noble; running in TV Century 21 (later renamed TV21) from 21 Jan. 1967 to 21 Sept. 1968. A model of the Zero-X was included in the "Project SWORD" line of toys marketed by Century 21 Merchandising.

Filming models
Zero-X was designed by Derek Meddings, whose original drawing named the craft "ZX 26". AP Films commissioned Mastermodels in Slough to make two scale filming models. The larger of the pair, which was built at a cost of £2,500 (), was  long and weighed . The puppet set design of the cockpit was inspired by the interiors of Concorde, a prototype of which the crew viewed at Filton Airfield.

In 2012, the original MEV filming model, minus the cockpit canopy, was acquired by prop restoration company The Prop Gallery, which commissioned the still-trading Mastermodels to refurbish the miniature that it had built 46 years earlier.

Critical response
According to spaceflight historian Jack Hagerty, the way in which the MEV is deployed from the mothership was inspired by both the titular spacecraft of the Andersons' earlier puppet series Fireball XL5 (whose cockpit section breaks off to form a lander, Fireball Junior) and the modular construction of the real-life Apollo spacecraft. He also states that the name "MEV" is based on "LEM" (Lunar Excursion Module), the original designation for the Apollo Lunar Module. Among other observations, Hagerty questions the names given for some of Zero-Xs components in Thunderbirds Are Go, stating that the craft's so-called nose cone "looks nothing like a cone" and that its lifting bodies do not meet the technical definition a lifting body. He also regards the brevity of the Martian landing as a flaw in the film's plot: "After spending, presumably, many years and billions of dollars mounting this expedition to Mars, all they get for their effort is a couple of hours driving around on the surface." However, he calls the destruction of the Zero-X Mark II "one of the most spectacular crash sequences ever filmed".

Stephen La Rivière, in his book Filmed in Supermarionation: A History of the Future, calls Zero-X "the star of Thunderbirds Are Go", praising Meddings' design and acknowledging its commercial nature: "... cynics would suggest that the various detachable segments (wings and nose cone) had less to do with the storyline and more to do with potential toy manufacturing!" Glenn Erickson of the website DVD Talk considers Zero-X "unwieldy" and aesthetically inferior to Skyship One from the sequel Thunderbird 6 (1968).

Alasdair Wilkins of io9 questions the design of Zero-X in that it is "not especially aerodynamic-looking". He also notes the craft's protracted introduction in Thunderbirds Are Go, judging the film's 10-minute opening launch sequence excessively long: "It's pretty much the Alpha and Omega of launch sequences ... a sequence that threatens to make 2001 [: A Space Odyssey] look like non-stop, thrill-a-minute action." He believes that with the attention to detail given to the various stages of the craft's assembly and take-off, these scenes constitute "launch sequence porn", elaborating: "It's a bunch of people effectively saying, 'Action? Characters? Humour? Nah, forget all that. We know what the people really want to see, and it's clearly the model-work.'" Hagerty states that notwithstanding the quality of Meddings' effects in this sequence, "there are limits to audience patience!" Mark Bould considers the sequence an example of the Anderson productions' "technophilic model-work".

References

Captain Scarlet (franchise)
Fictional elements introduced in 1966
Fictional spacecraft
Thunderbirds (TV series)

Zero-X


The May-Stringer House, home of the Hernando Heritage Museum, is a historic residential building in Brooksville, Florida, United States. It is located at 601 Museum Court. On March 8, 1997, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

Overlooking the City of Brooksville, the house is a 4-story, seven gable, gingerbread trim, 14 room "Painted Lady" Victorian era home. The Hernando Historical Museum Association has created exhibit rooms with a Victorian Look, and there are rooms devoted to specific themes such as an Elegant Dining Room, Victorian Bedrooms, Military Room, an 1880s Doctor's Office, and a 1900s Communication Room. The museum contains over 10,000 artifacts that can be viewed.

History
In 1842, The Armed Occupation Act ratified by the U.S. Congress, stated: "any settler who came to Florida, lived on the land for five years, cultivated five acres, and built a dwelling would be granted 160 acres". Richard Wiggins homesteaded the land where the May Stringer house is located.

In 1855, John L. May purchased the property and built a 4-room home for his family. John lived in the simple four-room house with his wife, Marena, and their daughters, Matilda and Annie.  Unfortunately, John died of tuberculosis three years later.

Marena remained in the home throughout the Civil War and eventually married Confederate hero Frank Saxon. She died giving birth to the couple's child, a girl named Jessie Mae, in 1869. Jessie survived her birth but died of unknown causes three years later. Marena and Jessie were buried on the property, as were John May and the infant son of Frank and Marena, a detail which fuels many rumors about the May-Stringer haunting. It is known as one of the most haunted houses in Florida.

Frank Saxon sold the home, and the property eventually made its way to Dr. Sheldon Stringer. The doctor added ten rooms to the house giving it the Victorian appearance it has today. The estate also served the doctor's  medical practice for many years.

After the death of the Stringers, the house passed from one owner to another until Dr. Earl Hensley and his wife Helen sold it to The Hernando Historical Museum Association in 1980.

The May-Stringer Heritage Museum is one of three museums operated by the Hernando Historical Museum Association.  In addition to the May-Stringer House, the 1885 Brooksville Train Depot Museum and One Room Schoolhouse Museum are run by the Association.

References

External links
Hernando Historical Museum Association (official website)

Houses in Brooksville, Florida
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Museums in Hernando County, Florida
History museums in Florida
Military and war museums in Florida
American Civil War museums in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Hernando County, Florida
1855 establishments in Florida
Houses completed in 1855
Queen Anne architecture in Florida
Vietnam War museums

May-Stringer House


Friedrich Karl Forberg (30 August 1770, Meuselwitz – 1 January 1848, Hildburghausen) was a German philosopher and classical scholar.

Biography

Born in 1770 in Thuringia, Forberg studied under Karl Leonhard Reinhold at Jena. In 1791 he travelled to Klagenfurt, writing to Reinhold that there was much sympathy for the French Revolution, and to the followers of Immanuel Kant that the young ladies of Klagenfurt substituted Kant's writings (modestly bound in black) for their prayer books.

He was a headmaster at Saalfeld/Saale, and from 1801 to 1826 Director of the Sächsische Landesbibliothek. His philosophical publications are less known now than his 1824 edition of an erotic poem sequence in renaissance Latin, Hermaphroditus by Antonio Beccadelli. This was accompanied by Forberg's own learned commentary, which took the form of a catalogue and anthology of descriptions of sexual acts and postures in classical and later literature.

Forberg's journal article regarding religion and its effect on morality initiated the Atheism Dispute which resulted in Johann Gottlieb Fichte's dismissal from his professorship.

Works
 1796 (anonymous) Fragmente aus meinen Papieren
 1797 "Briefe über die neueste Philosophie", in Philosophisches Journal
 1798 "Entwickelung des Begriffs der Religion", in Philosophisches Journal
 1802 Von den Pflichten des Gelehrten
 1824 Antonii Panormitae Hermaphroditus
 The commentary to the poem is better known as a separate publication under the titles De figuris Veneris, variously translated as Manual of classical erotology, Manuel d'érotologie classique or Manual de erótica clásica (Edición de Luis Parra y José M. Ruiz, Ediciones Clásicas, Madrid 2007)
 1840 Lebenslauf eines Verschollenen

External links

 Full bio-bibliography on the German Wikipedia

1770 births
1848 deaths
People from Meuselwitz
18th-century German philosophers
German librarians
Heads of schools in Germany
German classical scholars
Kantian philosophers
19th-century philosophers
19th-century German people
German erotica writers
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German philosophers
German idealists

Friedrich Karl Forberg


Ivo Serdar (19 December 1933 – 21 November 1985) was a popular Croatian actor.

Born in Gornji Miklouš (part of Čazma) in central Croatia (then Yugoslavia) in 1933, Serdar graduated from the Academy of Dramatic Art of the University of Zagreb.  He was a member of a theater group in Varaždin, and later joined the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb.  He played many television roles, including in comedies, and theater roles. His two sons are Ivo Serdar and Ivana Serdar.
Among his many television appearances (and by no means his most prominent), he also was a co-host with Stevo Karapandža of the popular Yugoslav weekly cooking show Male tajne velikih majstora kuhinje (Little Secrets of Great Chefs) produced by TV Zagreb, which started in 1974.

Serdar died in Zagreb in 1985 at age 51.

References

External links

1933 births
1985 deaths
People from Čazma
Croatian male actors
20th-century Croatian male actors

Ivo Serdar


"Computer Blue" is a song by Prince and The Revolution. Released on June 25, 1984, it is the fourth track on Prince's sixth album, Purple Rain, which also served as the soundtrack to the film of the same name. In the film, the song represents Prince's character's angst at the budding relationship between the characters played by Morris Day and Apollonia, the latter of whom he desires, and he performs it in front of the two during The Revolution's set at a nightclub with the aim of upsetting them. The song was composed by Prince with credit to his father, John L. Nelson, for the guitar solo based on a piano instrumental written by Nelson and Prince. He titled the instrumental piece "Father's Song" and recorded it on piano for the film, though onscreen it was portrayed as being played by Prince's character's father, played by Clarence Williams III. On the box-set Purple Rain Deluxe (2017), a different and longer recording of "Father's Song" was included.

"Computer Blue" was originally recorded at The Warehouse in Minneapolis with The Revolution a day after "Let's Go Crazy", and was later overdubbed at Sunset Sound in Los Angeles in August 1983. Prince, along with Wendy & Lisa and sound engineer Susan Rogers, set about doing further work on what would later end up being placed on the album Purple Rain, albeit in a very heavily edited form. The song begins with spoken lyrics by Wendy & Lisa which suggest a dominatrix-type relationship. The song then explodes into an experimental rock number with screaming, heavy synths, distorted guitars, and lyrics about the relationship between humans and computers. The released version has only one verse; the version that debuted at the First Avenue nightclub had a second verse, as did the song when it was originally recorded, and this original recording (later released as the "Hallway Speech" version) lasts for over 12 minutes.

Outtake
Originally conceived as a 14-minute opus, "Computer Blue" would later be edited down several times for inclusion on Purple Rain. The song was edited from a fully-mastered 7:30 down to its current length when "Take Me with U" was added to the album at the last minute. The full-length version of the song contains extended instrumental solos and additional lyrics. Also present is a repeated synthesizer segment with a sing-a-long chant, which was often played in live versions of the song. The synth part, without the vocals, made it into the film Purple Rain during a scene in which the Revolution rehearses while waiting for Prince to arrive. The track ends with three full minutes of screeching feedback. A shorter version, 12 minutes in length, was the one edited down to the album's version, and the feedback from this version forms the segue into "Darling Nikki" on Purple Rain itself. Widely regarded by hardcore Prince fans as a masterpiece, the original unedited recording features the infamous "Hallway Speech" (as termed by fans) about emotions likened to different rooms. During the Purple Rain performance, at the end of the song before "Darling Nikki" begins, the "Righteous 1" speech spoken by Wendy & Lisa cut from the final version of the track is played. A 12:18 edit of the "Hallway Speech" version was officially released on the 2017 deluxe re-release of Purple Rain.

"Father's Song"
The track's middle section stems from a piano piece written by Prince's father, John L. Nelson. The piece, named "Father's Song", was later recorded by Prince after "Computer Blue" in October of 1983. This first version was filled with piano and synthesizers with no drums, but after overdubs were completed, it was dropped and replaced by a solo piano version in February of 1984 for use in the movie. The synthesizer version of "Father's Song" would later appear on the 2017 deluxe re-release of Purple Rain, while the solo piano version has seen no release outside of the film.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from Duane Tudahl, Benoît Clerc, Guitarcloud, the Prince Vault and the album's liner notes.
 Prince – lead and backing vocals, electric lead guitar, Yamaha CP-80 electric grand piano, synthesizers, Linn LM-1
 Wendy Melvoin – electric rhythm  guitar, spoken intro, backing vocals
 Lisa Coleman – synthesizers, spoken intro, backing vocals
 Dr. Matt Fink – synthesizers, backing vocals
 Brown Mark – bass guitar, backing vocals
 Bobby Z. – Simmons SDS-V, Linn LM-1, Pearl SY-1 Syncussion, cymbals

References in other media
In a "Charlie Murphy's True Hollywood Stories" sketch on Chappelle's Show, "Computer Blue" is referenced as the name of a play drawn up by Prince (Dave Chappelle) while playing Murphy in basketball.

References

1984 songs
Prince (musician) songs
Songs written by Prince (musician)
Song recordings produced by Prince (musician)
Songs written by Lisa Coleman (musician)
Songs written by Wendy Melvoin
Songs written for films

Computer Blue


The National Sheriffs' Association (NSA) is a U.S. trade association. Its stated purpose is to raise the level of professionalism among U.S. sheriffs, their deputies and others in the fields of criminal justice and public safety. Since its founding in 1940, NSA has been the advocacy organization for the nation's sheriffs in Washington, D.C. Its Government Affairs Division, in conjunction with the Congressional Affairs Committee, develops the Association's policy positions and represents the Association before the United States Congress, the White House, and the various federal agencies.

Purpose
The NSA provides resources, technical assistance, opportunities for professional development, information, congressional advocacy, to criminal justice practitioners. Its annual conferences provide networking opportunities, discussion, review and formation of the Association's national policy positions on critical criminal justice and homeland security issues, and training and seminars for the Nation's sheriffs and sheriff deputies. The NSA represents over 3,000 elected sheriffs nationwide and has a membership of over 22,000. Its headquarters is in Alexandria, Virginia.

History
The Articles of Incorporation for NSA were filed on September 26, 1940, with the Ohio Secretary of State. The first president was Sheriff Walter P. O'Neil.

The National Sheriffs' Association badge has heraldic significance. According to their website, the shield denotes defense, protection, and faith. The fasces denotes authority.  The olive wreath denotes peace. The circle surrounding the emblem denotes eternity. The five points of the star denote friendship, guidance, honesty, integrity, and merit.

Key programs

Neighborhood Watch is a program to have citizens work with law enforcement to deter crime.
National Sheriffs' Institute (NSI) trains new sheriffs.

Leadership
The 2019-20 President of the Association is Sheriff Daron Hall, of the Davidson County (TN) Sheriff's Office.  The 2018-19 President of the Association was Sheriff John Layton of Indiana.

See also

Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies

References

+
Law enforcement non-governmental organizations in the United States
Organizations based in Alexandria, Virginia
1940 establishments in Virginia
Government-related professional associations in the United States
Organizations established in 1940

National Sheriffs' Association


Padre Bay is a bay within Lake Powell, on the Colorado River in Kane County and San Juan County, Utah. Its waters reach an elevation of .  Located 13.5 miles northeast of Glen Canyon Dam in Lake Powell, Padre Bay is the largest expanse of open water on the man made lake. Padre Bay is bounded by Alstrom Point and the island of Gunsight Butte on the west and Gooseneck Point on the east.  Cookie Jar Butte lies between them on the north shore of the bay. At the southern mouth of the bay, north of Dominguez Butte on the south shore is Padres Butte, formerly an island, now with lower water in the lake the tip of Padre Point. Padres Butte marks the location of the Crossing of the Fathers, which is approximately a mile west of the butte. It currently lies under nearly four hundred feet of water.

History
Padre Bay is named for the padres who first recorded and used the Crossing of the Fathers, a historical river crossing of the Colorado River in 1776. A group of ten men, the Dominguez–Escalante Expedition, led by the priests Silvestre Vélez de Escalante and his superior Francisco Atanasio Domínguez, were en route home from a failed attempt to find an overland trail to Monterey, California. They had first attempted to cross the Colorado River at Lee's Ferry in Arizona.

Attractions
Nearby hiking attractions are the "weathering pits," perfectly round depressions that range between 10 and 50 feet (3 to 15 m) in diameter and are between 20 and 70 feet (6 to 21 m) deep.

References

External links

Bodies of water of Utah
Lakes of Kane County, Utah
Bays of the United States
Lake Powell

Padre Bay


Pratum is an unincorporated community in Marion County, Oregon, United States. It is located northeast of Salem on Howell Prairie near the Pudding River. Pratum is Latin for "meadow". The community was settled in the late 19th century by a group of Mennonites, many of them of Swiss extraction. A branch of the narrow-gauge Oregonian Railway was built through the area in about 1880, and the station there was called "East Side Junction". The railway was eventually converted to standard gauge, and is still in use today by the Willamette Valley Railway. In 1895, the station was renamed "Enger" by a Mr. Larson, who opened the first store there. "Enger" was confused with Eugene, however, and the name of the station changed to "Pratum" in 1898. Pratum post office was established in 1887, and was originally called "Switzerland", then "Enger" and finally "Pratum" in 1898, matching the railroad station. The post office ran until 1964. Pratum Elementary School, was built in 1928 and is part of the Silver Falls School District, and is still operating.

The community is part of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area.

References

External links

Pratum Elementary School
Historic images of Pratum from Salem Public Library

Salem, Oregon metropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in Marion County, Oregon
1887 establishments in Oregon
Populated places established in 1887
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Pratum, Oregon