Trap shooting, or trapshooting in North America, is one of the three major disciplines of competitive clay pigeon shooting, which is shooting shotguns at clay targets. The other disciplines are skeet shooting and sporting clays.

They are distinguished roughly as follows, with variations within each group. In trap shooting, the targets are launched from a single "house" or machine, generally away from the shooter. In skeet shooting, targets are launched from two houses in somewhat sideways paths that intersect in front of the shooter. Sporting clays includes a more complex course, with many launch points.

Diffusion

Trap shooting is practiced all over the world but is most popular in the United States (particularly the Midwest), Canada and Europe. Trap shooting variants include, but are not limited to, international varieties Olympic trap, also known as "International Trap", "Bunker", ISSF Trap, "Trench". Non-Olympic shooting variants include Down-The-Line, also known as "DTL", Nordic Trap, and double trap. American Trap is the predominant version in the United States and Canada.

American Trap has two independent governing bodies. The Amateur Trapshooting Association (ATA) sanctions events throughout the United States and Canada, as well as the Pacific International Trapshooting Association (PITA) which sanctions events on the West Coast of North America.

History
Trap shooting was originally developed, in part, to augment bird hunting and to provide a method of practice for bird hunters. Use of targets was introduced as a replacement for live pigeon-shooting. Indeed, one of the names for the targets used in shooting games is clay pigeons. The layout of a modern trap shooting field differs from that of a skeet field and/or a sporting clays course.

Trap shooting has been a sport since the late 18th century when real birds were used; usually the passenger pigeon, which was extremely abundant at the time. Birds were placed under hats or in traps which were then released. Artificial birds were introduced around the time of the American Civil War. Glass balls (Bogardus) and subsequently "clay" targets were introduced in the later 1800s, gaining wide acceptance.

Arms and equipment

Trap shooting is typically shot with a 12 gauge shotgun. Smaller gauge firearms (e.g. 16, 20, 28 gauge, and .410 bore) can be used, but no allowance is given. Trap shooting is shot at either single or double target presentations. This refers to the number of clay targets which are launched simultaneously.

Both general purpose shotguns and more specialized target-type shotguns are used in trap shooting, and may be double-barreled or single-barreled. Shooters who shoot all sub-events will often buy a combination-set of a single and double barrel for shooting both singles and double targets respectively. Self-loading (semi-automatic shotguns) are popular for recreational shooting due to the lower perceived recoil and versatility because they can be used for singles, handicap, and doubles. Shotguns used in trap shooting can differ from field and skeet guns in several ways and normally are designed with a higher "point of impact" as the targets are intended to be shot as they rise.

Trap shooting shotguns can be adjustable. Stocks may have a "Monte Carlo" (fixed, raised "comb") configuration and/or include a comb height adjustment, a butt plate adjustment for length, angle, or both. Trap guns typically have longer barrels of , possibly with porting and featuring tighter chokes to compensate for the longer distances at which trap shooting targets are broken. The majority of trap shotguns built today feature interchangeable choke tubes as opposed to older guns which used chokes of a "fixed" constriction. Interchangeable choke tubes can come in a variety of constrictions and may use names such as "modified", "improved cylinder", and "full". Trap guns are built to withstand the demands and stress of constant and lengthy repeated use—hundreds of shots in a single day of events, whereas typical field guns are built to be lighter, carried afield, and not shot in such quantity.

Common accessories include wearing a vest or pouch that will hold at least 25–50 cartridges or "shells" for singles and/or doubles events. Most ranges and clubs require eye and ear protection due to the extremely loud environment and possible danger of using firearms.

Shooting glasses may be something as simple as the eyeglasses or sunglasses one presently wears however this is generally considered unsafe as standard eyeglasses and sunglasses are often not shatter proof. Specialized shooting glasses typically have interchangeable colored lenses, are adjustable, and designed for high-impact resistance. A spectrum of different colored lenses are offered to compensate for light conditions as well as enhance the color of the target thrown while muting the color of the background. Adjustable glasses allow on-range changes for conditions of light, color, etc.

Hearing protection also comes in a variety of styles. Dense foam and electronics are used to reduce sound levels. Typical hearing protection is either an "earmuff" (worn over the ear) or an "ear plug" (worn in the ear canal). Some shooters use both simultaneously to gain greater noise reduction (NRR). There are also "ear plugs" molded to the shape of the ear, which can be used for listening to music while shooting.

Trap machines and target launching methods
Trap shooting requires the use of a target throwing device(s). American trap and DTL utilize a single trap machine which is typically enclosed within a traphouse, downrange from the shooters' shooting positions. The house provides protection for the machine (e.g. from weather and errant shots) and also acts to obscure the machine's oscillating throwing position. International or Olympic trap employs 15 trap machines housed within a large elongated traphouse recessed into the ground to form a "bunker" and/or resemble a trench. International or Olympic trap may at times be referred to as bunker trap.

Modern automatic throwing machines can store hundreds of clay targets in a carousel and systematically self-load targets onto the throwing mechanism. Manual electric target throwers require a person in the trap house with the trap machine to set the target(s) by hand onto the machine arm. For both types, an electrical signal, from the push of a button or a sound-activated device, causes the trap machine to throw its targets after the shooter calls for their bird(s).

Temporary or informal trap shooting can utilize other methods to launch targets. The simplest is a "hand thrower" which is a hand-held arm which holds and releases that target when a person swings it. Another type of manual, non-electrical thrower utilizes a spring-loaded mechanism which is cocked and subsequently released by hand or foot.

Ammunition

American trap typically uses lead shot ammunition, with shot sizes (for lead shot) ranging between #7 ½ and #9 (2.0–2.4 mm). The major components of a shotshell are the "hull" (casing), "primer" (ignition device), "powder" (smokeless gunpowder), "wad" (shot cup and cushion), and "shot" (round pellets).

The "shot" in a "shotshell" consists of approximately 300–450 small spheres. Shotshells are allowed a maximum payload weight of  of shot. Velocity may vary but is limited based upon shot mass:  for ,  for , and  for . Maximum loads are generally only needed for longer "handicap" yardages or the second shot in doubles trap. Steel shot, which may be required at certain trap clubs or ranges, is used with slightly larger shot size (e.g. #6 or #7).

Reloading or self-loading of ammunition is popular among a segment of trap shooters, due in part to the sheer quantity of ammunition used in trap shooting as well as the fact that many ranges will have shells that are used only once and are able to be obtained by people who reload their own shells at little to no cost. Reloading can be economical and allows for the ability to customize a shotshell "recipe" to one's shooting, making reloading attractive and adds another dimension to the enjoyment of shotgun shooting sports, as well as other firearm-related activities for recreational and competitive purposes.

History
Trap shooting has been around since the 18th century. A publication known as Sporting Magazine states that by the year 1793, trap shooting was "well established" in England. The first recorded organized trap shooting in the United States is likely to have taken place at the Sportsman's Club of Cincinnati, Ohio in 1831. Originally, live birds were used as targets, released from under hats. Glass balls came into use as targets in the 1860s and began to partially replace live birds, but live targets are still used in some parts of the United States. The glass ball targets were invented by Charles Portlock, of Boston, and were used by notable shooters such as Annie Oakley, Doc Carver, and Capt. A. H. Bogardus. Most of the glass ball targets were made of colorless glass and had a diameter of . Some targets were filled with colored powder to indicate a hit and add a visual effect. For the shooters who liked live game sport, targets were filled with feathers.

Bogardus took up glass ball and clay pigeon shooting in 1868, and went on to win many championships. He was known as one of the most successful trap shooters in the early years of the sport. In the spring of 1883 he was defeated by a competitive shooter named Doc Carver. Carver idolized Bogardus and other renowned shooters. He attempted to attract the great Bogardus, but it wasn't until six years later that the two legends finally came together for a match, and the winner was the less-experienced Doc Carver. Carver won 19 out of 25 matches. In most of those matches they used Ligowsky targets.

In 1880 "clay" birds (disks) were invented by a man named Fred Kimble, although George Ligowsky took credit for the invention. The Ligowsky target was used widely in the early trap shooting community as a replacement for the glass ball targets. The downside of the Ligowsky targets was that they were too hard to break when hit. Fred Kimble made a more breakable target. Unlike the Ligowsky target, which was made of hard baked clay, the Kimble target was made of coal-tar, pitch and other ingredients.

There were many different types of target throwers, also known as "traps," like one made by Bogardus, which was made to throw glass targets. This trap was able to throw the targets for a distance of . It was operated by a person behind the shooter, who pulled a string and released an elastic spring, launching the target. The first automatic trap machine to launch clay targets was used in 1909. Following the invention of the automatic trap machines, doubles trap was introduced. It was a big success in the competition community. In the 1912 Olympics, Jay Graham became the first American to win the gold medal in doubles trap.

Three years later, in 1915 the American Amateur Trapshooting Association (AATA) was formed with John Philip Sousa as president. This organization was the first organized and run by amateurs. When the AATA was disbanded in 1919, it was absorbed by an organization called the American Trapshooting Association. In 1923 the American Trapshooting Association was renamed Amateur Trapshooting Association, and the same organization is still active today.

International versions

Olympic trap (bunker trap)
Olympic trap, also known as international and/or bunker trap, is one of the ISSF shooting events, introduced to the Olympic program in 1900; the current version was introduced in 1950. In international competitions the course of fire is 125 shots for men and 75 shots for women. There is a 25-shot final for the top six competitors.

Olympic trap uses 15 fixed-angle machines as opposed to the single oscillating machine used in American trap or DTL. The 15-machine, computer-controlled program is designed to deliver 10 left, 10 right and 5 straight-away targets to each competitor in a randomized sequence. A microphone release system is employed to provide uniformity in target release times.

The process of a round is as follows: There are six shooters, one to each station, with the sixth shooter initially starting at a holding station immediately behind shooter number one. At the beginning of first round of the day, test firing is allowed at the referee's permission. Upon receiving the start signal, the first shooter has 10 seconds to call for his target. After firing at his target, the first shooter waits for the second shooter to complete firing, then moves to station two, with the shooter on station six smoothly moving to station one. This procedure continues through the squad until the completion of the round.

Generally, the round is refereed by a person on the line, behind the shooters. They use a bicycle-type horn, or similar, to signal lost targets. The referee is assisted by one or two flankers to either side of the bunker who keep score. With modern technology, computer screens may be used both at the bunker and in the club house to show the rounds' progress. In major matches, there is a board, perhaps 1 × 2.5 m (4 × 8 feet), to one side that shows the scoring status clearly to all with large tiles: white to show hits, red to show misses.

The guns may be loaded—but open-actioned—between stations 1 through 5. Guns must be unloaded and open in the walk from station five back to one. The unloading must be done before the shooter makes the turn to step off station five. This open action requirement alone tends to discourage the use of auto-loading shotguns, as it is time consuming to unload if the second shell is not used. Additionally, there are issues of reliability and the loss of the advantage which a more open choke of the over-under shotgun type can provide for the first shot.

Since the UIT, now ISSF, mandated the 24 gram (7/8 ounce) shot load in 1991, chokes have tended to become tighter. Often competitors will use 0.64–0.72 mm (0.025–0.030 inch) for the first barrel and 0.80–1.00 mm (0.032–0.040 inch) for the second. Guns are regulated to shoot dead on or, at most 5–8 cm (2–3 inches) high. Considerable effort is expended to ensure a perfect fit as the relatively high 100 km/h (62 mph) exit speed of the target allows no time for conscious compensation of a poor fit as it so often can occur in the slower 64 km/h (40 mph) exit speed target games of American trap and skeet.

Double trap
Double trap is a relatively new trap form. An Olympic event since 1996 (from 2008 it has Olympic status only for men), two targets are thrown simultaneously but at slightly different angles from the station three bank of machines. The target speed is about 80 km/h (50 mph), very close to that of ATA doubles.

The only unique item is that the targets are released with a variable delay up to 1 second. This was instituted to minimize the practice of spot-shooting the first target.

The ISSF has continuously adjusted the difficulties of its disciplines (trap, skeet, and double trap) to minimize the number of perfect scores, unlike ATA/NSSA where perfect scores are the norm. Missing a single target in a large ATA or NSSA match means the competitor has a limited chance of winning, whereas missing a target in Bunker or International Trap still allows a competitor a good shot at victory.

With her victory in women's skeet shooting at the 2012 London Olympic games, Kim Rhode became the first American to win medals in five successive Olympic games. Her prior Olympic medals were for doubles trap shooting in 1996, 2000, and 2004 and for skeet shooting in 2008.

Nationally and regionally recognized versions

American trap
American trap is popular throughout the United States and may be the most popular form of clay target shooting in North America. It is widely practiced at clubs and facilities that offer trap shooting.

Trap shooting outside of any official event is common and arguably the majority of American trap shooting. Most official events are governed by the Amateur Trapshooting Association or ATA and its rules. The ATA is the primary governing body of American trap shooting and is one of the largest shooting sports organizations in the world. The Pacific International Trap Association (PITA) is an independent governing body, and is active in the western US and British Columbia. PITA rules are nearly identical to ATA rules. Trapshooting outside of official events follows ATA rules and norms to widely varying degrees.

The ATA hosts the Grand American World Trap Shooting Championships, which is held every August. After decades in Vandalia, Ohio, the "Grand" moved to the new World Shooting and Recreational Complex in Sparta, Illinois. The Grand attracts 4,500 (2015 numbers) shooters for the thirteen-day event. It was billed as the world's largest shooting event until the USA High School Clay Target League's Minnesota State Championship held in Alexandria, MN reached over 5,000 participants in June, 2015. The Grand American is still the largest ATA event.

The ATA sanctions registered trap shooting competitions at local clubs and facilities throughout North America, and it coordinates Zone competitions leading up to the Grand American each summer along with "Satellite Grands" throughout the U.S. State organizations hold state championship shoots each year, which are coordinated with and sanctioned by the ATA.

American Trap is broken down into three categories: singles, doubles, and handicap. The targets are thrown by a machine located at approximately ground level and covered by a "trap house." For singles and doubles, there are five "stations", each 16 yards (15.6 m) behind the trap house. In singles, each competitor shoots at five targets from each station. The trap machine oscillates left to right within a 54 degree arc (up to 27 degrees right and left of center), and at least a 34 degree arc (up to 17 degrees right and left of center)., and the competitor does not know where in that arc the target will emerge. In doubles, the machine does not oscillate, but throws two targets simultaneously with each competitor shooting at five pairs (10 targets) from each station. In the handicap events, the machine operates the same as in singles, but the shooters stand farther away from the trap house.

Recent changes specify a minimum handicap yardage of 18 yards (16.5m). Each time a competitor wins an event or shoots a score of 96 or higher, s/he may earn additional yardage (also known as "getting a punch"), and must thereafter shoot from farther away from the traphouse. The increase in effective distance is designed to increase difficulty. The maximum distance at which a handicap sub-event is shot is 27 yards (24.7 m). Safety regulations prohibit members of a handicap squad from shooting at varying yardages of more than 2-3 yards (1.8m-2.7m) apart, depending upon the handicap classification. In American Trap, each shooter is allowed only one shot per target. Unless the target was an illegal target, in which case the target is either broken or has broken regulations the shooter may reshoot that bird.

When shooting American Trap for practice or fun, a squad of up to five individuals will shoot a "round" of trap which equals 25 targets per participant. Registered ATA events may require each shooter to shoot 50, 100 or 200 targets, depending upon the scheduled sub-event. Many of these shoots are for personal average or handicap yardage.

ATA rules specify that shotgun gauges larger than 12 gauge (such as 10 gauge) are not permissible. Maximum shot velocity is 1290 FPS (Feet Per Second) for shot charges up to 1 1/8 oz. and 1325 FPS for shot charges up to 1 oz.

A variant of standard trap is Wobble or Wobble trap. The main difference is a more variable target flight path than in standard trap shooting because the trap machine oscillates up and down as well as side to side. Shooters are allowed two shots per pull, and shooters at stations 1 and 5 stand at the 18 yard (16.5 m) mark while positions 2–4 stand at the 17 yard (15.5 m) mark. Although this version of trap is not sanctioned by the ATA, many shooters consider it to be both more challenging and engaging as well as a more realistic preparation for bird hunting.

Other nationally and regionally recognized forms
Down-The-Line (DTL) is a form of trap popular in Great Britain, Australia, and South Africa. The trap machine oscillates left to right within a 45 degree arc and each competitor shoots in turn, then moves station after having attempted 5 targets from each station in each round of 25 targets. Two shots are permitted at each target, but second shots incur a points penalty. 3 points are awarded for each first-barrel hit, 2 points for a second-barrel hit, and 0 for a miss. A perfect score in a 100-target competition is written as 100/300. The points score, rather than the number of targets hit, determines the winner and is used to determine classifications (AA, A, B and C class).

In the Nordic countries and Great Britain (which is part of the Nordic Shooting Region), a form of trap formerly known as Hunter's trap and now as Nordic trap is popular. It is easier than the Olympic version.

Etiquette and practices

Trap etiquette is expected and practiced more fully during official and competitive events, but, to a lesser extent, also during informal shooting. American Trapshooting, more so than other shooting disciplines, including Olympic "international" trap, develops a certain rhythm to a squad timing between shots. The manners of any other squad member(s) can affect the performance of individuals within a squad. Most persons using a semi-automatic shotgun employ a shell catcher - an ejected hull hitting an adjacent shooter in the head or arm can certainly disrupt their concentration. Most shooters carry a few extra shells in case they drop one or have a misfire. Shooters usually avoid picking up any dropped shell, or other item, until after the 5th shooter has fired their 5th shot of the station and the squad is about to rotate to the next position, or sometimes until the end of the entire round. Idle chatting between shots, vulgar calls, and unnecessary movement can be generally disruptive. Additionally, where voice-activated throwing systems are in use, talking between shots may be detected by nearby microphones and prematurely launch targets during another shooter's turn.

Commands from the scorer and other shooters are as important to squad timing as the behaviors of the shooters on the squad. To start a squad the shooter will ask if the squad and puller are ready (usually by calling "Squad ready?" then "Puller ready?"), followed by asking to see one free target, traditionally saying, "Let's see one." Especially during official and competitive events the scorer will call missed targets with a command of: loss, lost, etc. When the first shooter has fired their final shot of the position the scorer will sometimes call "end" or "ready" and will command "all change" or "please move" after the fifth shooter has fired their last shot. The shooter on position five then moves behind the rest of the shooters on their way to the first station and will signal when he is ready to the first shooter who is now on station two. The standard call for a target is "pull," but many shooters like to use their own variations of "pull," or words that will help them concentrate on the target; such as, "yah", a grunt is acceptable, some may even use a whistle or beeper.

Technique
The technique for trap shooting is fundamentally different from rifle or pistol shooting. The latter shoots one projectile and aims to place accurately at a usually stationary target, and usually with at least a few seconds to aim. Trap shooting involves shooting hundreds of pellets at a time, at a target that is moving quickly downrange, and often quickly laterally, typically with less than a second to move the gun and fire. Most shotguns have a bead at the end of the rib, located on top of the barrel(s), and a smaller bead halfway down the rib, used for aiming the firearm. Instructors generally refer to the process as "pointing" the shotgun rather than aiming it.

Champion shooters
Notable champion shooters include:
 Capt. Adam Henry Bogardus, born on a farm on Ravine Road in 1834, became the World Champion and United States Champion trap shooter. He is credited with romanticizing trap shooting and he invented the first practical glass ball trap in 1877. He and his sons were renowned crack shots that toured with the Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. He is in the Trapshooting Hall of Fame.
William Frank Carver, "Doc" William Frank Carver (1840–1927), defeated Captain Adam Henry Bogardus, World Champion and United States Champion trap shooter, 19 times in a series of 25 matches.

 Vic Reinders (1906–1995), won eleven Grand American championships, including the Clay Target Championship in 1958, and has the distinction of being on more All-American teams than any other shooter in history. He is a member of the Trapshooting Hall of Fame, the Wisconsin Trapshooting Association Hall of Fame, and the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame.
SFC Glenn Eller, won the gold medal in double trap at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and has won double trap gold 12 additional times in International Shooting Sport Federation sanctioned events.
Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, won the silver medal while representing India in double trap at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens and won gold medals in double trap in 2004 and 2006 ISSF World Cup events. He is a two-time winner of the Commonwealth Games gold medal in individual double trap.
Harlan Campbell Jr., won over 125 Grand American awards, including three All-Around and two High Overall championships, and over 60 Satellite Grand titles. He is a member of the Trapshooting Hall of Fame and the Kansas Trapshooting Association Hall of Fame.
Kim Rhode, a six-time U.S. Olympic medal winner (1996–2016 games) including three gold medals and six-time national champion in double trap. She won a gold medal in skeet shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics, equaling the world record of 99 out of 100 clays.
Susan Nattrass O.C. Ph.D, born in Medicine Hat, Alberta. Competing at an elite international level since 1970s, Nattrass has had multiple appearances, in one or both of trap or double trap, at Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, World Championships, and Pan American Games. Nattrass is a 7-Time World Champion and repeat medalist at the Commonwealth Games, World Championships, and Pan American Games. As of the 2012 Olympics, Nattrass is one of only 122 athletes (and one of only 46 still active), all sports, to compete in at least six Olympic Games, appearing in 1976, '88, '92, 2000, '04 and '08. She won a gold medal at the World Championships in 1974, '75, '77, '78, '79, '81, and 2006. She is also a member of the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame and the Amateur Trapshooting Association Hall of Fame.

Youth shooting
Trap shooting is becoming ever more popular among younger shooters. There are a number of programs geared towards encouraging youth shooting.

The USA High School Clay Target League is the largest youth clay target shooting program in the world, with over 38,000 participants yearly. The USAHSCTL runs high-school trap shooting leagues in various states nationwide, the largest of which is Minnesota, where 12,000 students from nearly 450 schools compete. All teams in USAHSCTL leagues are school-sanctioned as a prerequisite for team/league formation. The Minnesota State High School Clay Target League Championship is the largest trap shooting event in the world with over 8,000 student athletes participating in 2018. The League's motto is "Safety, Fun, Marksmanship - In that order."

The Scholastic Clay Target Program (SCTP) is the second largest clay target program in the country, with just under 15,000 participants. SCTP promotes gun safety, personal responsibility, and sportsmanship among primary and secondary students. Teams compete at the local, state, and national level. Athletes are divided into four divisions based on academic grade level and experience: Rookie (fifth grade and below), Intermediate (sixth through eighth grades), Junior Varsity (ninth through twelfth grades), and Varsity (eleventh and twelfth grades with at least two years of experience at the Junior Varsity level). Trophies and college scholarships are awarded to third place, runner-up, and champion squads in each division at the SCTP National Championships, which are held concurrently with the first two days of the Grand American Trapshooting Championships in Sparta, Illinois.

The Amateur Trapshooting Association launched its youth program, AIM in October 2008. With about 3000 participants, the program, focusing on academics, integrity, and marksmanship, seeks to provide a safe and positive experience with firearms for youth, elementary through college age. AIM encourages good sportsmanship and personal responsibility through competition in order to make trap shooting a lifelong avocation. Categories and classes are designed to create a more level playing field and encourage genuine competition. Age based categories are established on the birthday of the shooter. Categories are Pre-Sub (11 and under), Sub-Junior (12–14), Junior (15–18) and Graduates/Collegiate (18–23). For purposes of determining age category the category declared by the participant on the first day he/she shoots shall be used. AIM Shooters have the opportunity to compete at local and State/Provincial levels as well as at the Grand American World Trapshooting Championships. The AIM Program offers the opportunity to compete in a unique sport that is heavily reliant on mental focus as well as enjoy the thrill and excitement of registered trap shooting.

To encourage young shooters, the ATA provides "special categories" for younger shooters who compete at ATA events. These categories include 'Junior' class for shooters who have not turned 18, and 'Sub-junior' for those not yet 15 as of the beginning of the ATA trap year (September 1). The ATA also allows shooters under the age of 18 to shoot for half-price at the Grand American as well as many other large ATA sponsored shoots. The ATA and state organizations such as the Texas Trapshooters' Association (TTA) award scholarships to college bound trap shooters based on citizenship, scholarship, and need. Numerous former TTA junior shooters are now attending college with the help of TTA and ATA scholarships.

Additionally, non-scholarship college teams are growing in popularity. Leading college trap teams include those from Texas A & M, Purdue, Virginia Tech, and Lindenwood (MO). Teams from these schools dominate the U.S. intercollegiate trap championships.

See also
 Double trap
 International Shooting Sport Federation
 ISSF Olympic trap
 ISSF shooting events

References

External links

Shotgun shooting sports
ISSF shooting events
Clay pigeon shooting

Trap shooting


Wyalusing State Park  is a  Wisconsin state park at the confluence of the Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers in the village Bagley, just south of Prairie du Chien.

Wyalusing means "home of the warrior" in the Lenape language spoken by Munsee-Delaware tribes who settled in the area in the 19th century after being displaced from farther east.  bluffs dotted with prehistoric Native American mounds look out over the river valleys. Two park resources have been recognized nationally: the Wyalusing Hardwood Forest is a National Natural Landmark and the Wyalusing State Park Mounds Archaeological District is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geology
The park is in the Driftless Area of Wisconsin, a portion of territory that remained ice free during the last ice age, while land to the east and west was crushed by glaciers. The high bluffs along the Mississippi River and the large deep canyon of the Wisconsin River are evidence of glacial meltwaters reshaping this region.

History
John Nolen recommended Wyalusing as one of four locations for Wisconsin's first state parks in a 1909 report to the State Parks Board. It became Wisconsin's fourth state park when it was established in 1917 on land originally belonging to former State Senator Robert Glenn. Originally named Nelson Dewey State Park after Wisconsin's first governor, it was changed to Wyalusing State Park in 1937.

Visitor Information

Hours
The park is open year-round from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m.

Map
PDF Maps

Hiking Trails
Wyalusing has more than  of hiking trails with varying difficulty.
 Bluff Trail -
 Mississippi Ridge Trail -
 Old Wagon Road Trail -
 Sand Cave Trail -
 Sugar Maple Nature Trail -  loop
 Turkey Hollow Trail -  loop
 Walnut Springs Trail -
 Whitetail Meadows Trail -  or  loop

Canoe Trails
 Canoe Trail -  - Canoeists travel down stream (with the current) through the backwaters of the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge until they reach an area of backwater that then leads back to the boat landing. At every major intersection of waterways, there are blue and white canoe trail signs. There are no signs at the end of the sloughs leading back to the canoe trail, only at intersections.

Fishing
An accessible fishing pier is located at the boat landing.

Cross-Country Skiing
During winter, there are a number of cross-country ski trails for all levels of skiing abilities. Trails are groomed for classic and skate skiing.

Bird Watching
Over 100 bird species have been observed in Wyalusing State Park, including yellow-throated warbler, prothonotary warbler, Bell's vireo, Henslow's sparrow, wild turkey, red-tailed hawk and red-shouldered hawk, turkey vulture, and bald eagle.

The area is listed as one of the "Wisconsin Important Bird Areas" by the Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative.

The Friends of Wisconsin State Parks organization presented Wyalusing State Park System the 2018 Gold Seal Award for Best State Park System for Eagle Watching.

Camping & Group Camp

Camping
There are two main campgrounds: Homestead and Wisconsin Ridge, offering a total of 114 campsites

Hugh Harper Indoor Group Camp
The Hugh Harper Indoor Group Camp is the largest of only three indoor group camps in the Wisconsin State Park system. It has four dorm buildings (two are fully accessible) that can house up to 27 people each. There are two bathrooms in each dorm that have showers, toilets and sinks.

Astronomy Center
The Lawrence L. Huser Astronomy Center is located inside the park. It is one of only two astronomy observatories located in Wisconsin state parks and features a 16-inch telescope. Groundbreaking for the Center took place in October 1999  and it was dedicated on June 8, 2003. It is named for Lawrence Huser, a park ranger who worked at Wyalusing for 30 years, beginning in 1952.

The Center and observatory are run by the Starsplitters, a local nonprofit group that conducts free seasonal astronomy programs at the Center.

Passenger Pigeon Monument
In 1947, the Wisconsin Society for Ornithology (WSORC) erected a monument to the now-extinct passenger pigeon in Wyalusing State Park. It is the only monument in the United States dedicated to the passenger pigeon. The inscription on the monument, drafted by ornithologist Arlie W. Schorger, reads: "Dedicated to the last Wisconsin Passenger Pigeon shot at Babcock, Sept. 1899. This species became extinct through the avarice and thoughtlessness of man."Aldo Leopold wrote the essay "On a Monument to the Pigeon" on the occasion of the dedication of the monument in 1947. A version of this essay appeared in his book A Sand County Almanac.The monument was restored and rededicated in 2014, in observance of the centenary of the pigeon's extinction. At the rededication ceremony, Stanley Temple, Beers-Bascom Professor Emeritus in Conservation at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Senior Fellow at the Aldo Leopold Foundation, delivered a keynote speech.

References

External links

Wyalusing State Park Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Wyalusing State Park History
Friends of Wyalusing State Park
Starsplitters at Lawrence L. Huser Astronomy Center

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Driftless Area
IUCN Category V
National Natural Landmarks in Wisconsin
Protected areas established in 1917
Protected areas of Grant County, Wisconsin
Protected areas on the Mississippi River
State parks of Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Grant County, Wisconsin
1917 establishments in Wisconsin

Wyalusing State Park


The Seattle Chamber Players are a chamber ensemble focused on contemporary music, founded in 1989 in Seattle, Washington, U.S. In January 2004, the group was awarded the ASCAP/Chamber Music America Award for Adventurous Programming.

, the core members are Laura DeLuca (clarinet), David Sabee (cello), Mikhail Shmidt (violin), and Paul Taub (flute). DeLuca, Sabee, and Schmidt are members of the Seattle Symphony (SSO); Shmidt is also a former member of the Moscow State Symphony; Taub is a professor of music at Cornish College of the Arts. Other players are brought into the orchestra for specific performances. For example, a series of performances of Ástor Piazzolla's tango opera during the 2004–2006 season featured Uruguayan pianist and conductor Pablo Zinger, Russian bandoneonist Alexander Mitenev, Venezuelan tenor Leonardo Granadas, Argentine tango vocalist Katie Viquiera, Slovene accordionist Borut Zagoranski, and Welsh guitarist Michael Partington.

Russian musicologist Elena Dubinets, music research coordinator for the SSO, joined the ensemble in 2002 as artistic advisor, and has been largely responsible for transforming them from a local to an international institution, hosting international festivals such as Icebreaker I: Voices from New Russia (2004) and Icebreaker II: Baltic Voices (2004); the planned Icebreaker III (2006) will feature music from the countries of the Caucasus. They have travelled twice to Eastern Europe, scoring critical successes in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Tallinn, and are scheduled to tour Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Ecuador in spring 2005.

Recordings
 Otis Spann: Music of Wayne Horvitz (Periplum)
 Reza Vali's Folksongs (Set No. 15) (release expected 2005)

External links
Official site
Art of the States: Seattle Chamber Players live performance of 1987 (2008) by composer Anna Clyne
'Ep. 48: Paul Taub, flutist' Interview by Tigran Arakelyan

Musical groups established in 1989
American orchestras
Musical groups from Seattle

Seattle Chamber Players


Westbury Brook Ironstone Mine () is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, notified in 1998.

Location and habitat
The mine is one of a series of Sites of Special Scientific Interest within the Forest of Dean and Wye Valley (Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire).  These sites support (between them) breeding and hibernation roosts for Lesser and Greater horseshoe bats.  This is of European importance. Other sites in the group in Gloucestershire (all of which are SSSIs) include the breeding sites of Blaisdon Hall, Caerwood And Ashberry Goose House, Dean Hall Coach House & Cellar and Sylvan House Barn.  Hibernation sites include Buckshraft Mine & Bradley Hill Railway Tunnel, Devil's Chapel Scowles, Old Bow And Old Ham Mines and Wigpool Ironstone Mine.

The deciduous woodlands and sheltered valleys of the Forest of Dean and the Wye Valley provide a good feeding area, and the underground systems provide roosting and breeding sites. A ring of iron-ore bearing Carboniferous Limestone in the Forest of Dean has created a series of ancient and more recent mines which provide hibernation sites. The citations for the series of sites provide common information.

Westbury Brook Ironestone Mine is a recorded hibernation site for both Lesser and Greater Horseshoe bats. The entrances to the site, which are at Scowles, are gated and grilled to protect the bats from interference.

The Westbury Brook Ironstone Mine notification overlaps underground with the Edgehills Quarry notification.  The latter is notified for its geological special interest.

References

SSSI Source
 Natural England SSSI information on the citation
 Natural England SSSI information on the Westbury Brook Ironstone Mine units

External links
 Natural England (SSSI information)

Audio

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1998
Forest of Dean
Mines in Gloucestershire

Westbury Brook Ironstone Mine


AM:PM Records was the dance division of A&M Records Ltd in the United Kingdom from 1994 to 1998, with Simon Dunmore as A&R.  In 1999, A&M's owner PolyGram merged with Universal Music Group, and the label ceased in 2002. AM:PM produced 11 UK top 40 hits including Ultra Naté's "Free", Mousse T's "Horny", Wamdue Project's "King of My Castle", Heller and Farley Project's "Ultra Flava", Smokin Beats' "Dreams", MJ Cole's "Sincere" and the 2000 release of K-Ci & JoJo's "Tell Me It's Real". The dance label of Universal, similarly named PM:AM Recordings, was launched in 2012 with releases by artists such as Afrojack, Tiesto and Avicii.

See also
 List of record labels

References

A&M Records
English record labels
English electronic dance music record labels
1994 establishments in England
2002 disestablishments in England
Defunct record labels of the United Kingdom

AM PM Records


Arthur Edmund Morris (May 27, 1940 – May 24, 2019) was a Kenyan-born British-American writer. He was born in Nairobi, Kenya. Morris was best known for his biographies of United States Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan.

Morris's first book, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, was the first volume of what would eventually become a trilogy on the life of the 26th president and won the 1980 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography and the 1980 National Book Award for biography.

In 1981, Ronald Reagan became President of the United States and was impressed by a reading of The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. In 1985, Reagan made Morris his official biographer. In 1999, Morris published Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan.

He was a travel journalist and wrote for The New Yorker, The New York Times, and Harper's Magazine.

Morris died on May 24, 2019 in Kent, Connecticut from a stroke at the age of 78.

References

Pulitzer Prize winners
1940 births
2019 deaths
American biographers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Kenyan writers
British journalists
American journalists
American political writers
People from Nairobi

Edmund Morris (writer)


Dead Heat (released in the Philippines as Iron Cops) is a 1988 American buddy cop action zombie comedy film directed by Mark Goldblatt and starring Treat Williams, Joe Piscopo, Darren McGavin, Lindsay Frost and Vincent Price. The film is about an LAPD police officer who is murdered while attempting to arrest zombies who have been reanimated by the head of Dante Laboratories in order to carry out violent armed robberies, and decides to get revenge with the help of his former partner.

Plot
Detectives Roger Mortis and Doug Bigelow are called to the scene of a rather violent jewelry store robbery. The robbers take on a squadron of police in a messy shootout, but neither seems affected when they are riddled with bullets. Thanks to the combined, albeit extreme measures of Mortis and Bigelow, they are able to take out the criminals. Narrowly avoiding termination, their captain assigns them to the investigation.

Meanwhile, a coroner friend of Roger's, Rebecca informs the detectives that the two bodies they had brought in had previously been to the morgue: not only do they have autopsy scars, but she herself clearly remembers performing the autopsy and has pictures to prove it, suggesting that they simply got up and left the morgue of their own volition.

There is a preservative chemical compound found in the bodies that connect the pair of detectives to a company that had ordered a great amount of it recently. Mortis and Bigelow investigate and meet the company's head public relations person, Randi James who gives them a tour of the facility. When Doug wanders off to investigate a suspicious room, he encounters the reanimated corpse of a biker on a strange machine. A fight ensues, Roger comes to aid his partner, and in the fray, he is knocked into a decompression room used to humanely kill failed test animals and is asphyxiated to death when an unknown person activates the room.

Encountering the machine, and realizing it is capable of bringing people back from the dead, Rebecca and Doug successfully bring Roger back from the dead. He says he feels fine, yet he has no heart beat and his skin is cold to the touch, Rebecca surmises he has about twelve hours before the reanimation process ends and he dissolves into a puddle of mush. Roger decides to take this time to find and exact his vengeance on the person who killed him, as well as solve the case he and Doug are working on. They go to Randi's house just shortly before she is attacked by two more undead thugs, which the partners are able to subdue. Randi says that she is the daughter of a rich industrialist, and the owner of the company she works for until his death, Arthur P. Laudermilk.

The two of them pay another visit to Rebecca, who says that she might have found a way to keep Roger in healthy condition indefinitely, but the unsure nature of the theory has him decide to spend his final hours finding the man who killed him. Doug splits from Roger, agreeing to meet back at Randi's home, while Roger and Randi pay a visit to Laudermilk's tomb. Randi admits she's not his daughter, more a protégé or daughter he'd never had. While there, they encounter a numeric code, which Roger discovers later is a vital clue. Upon returning to Randi's home, they find Doug dead, having been suspended and drowned in a fish tank for some time. Randi tells Roger that she too is undead, having been one of Laudermilk's first test subjects for resurrection, shortly before abruptly dissolving while asking for Roger's forgiveness.

Roger confronts the head coroner Dr. Ernest McNab, Rebecca's boss, who was linked to the secret numeric code that Roger had found. Roger also has determined that McNab reanimated the robbers to steal for him all while keeping his hands clean, in addition to killing Doug and himself. But McNab turns the tables on Roger, capturing him, then locking him in an ambulance with Rebecca's dead body, after killing her, in order to wait out his last hour to dissolution. He releases the brakes on the ambulance and puts it in neutral, sending it careening down the highway into a massive collision, from which he emerges, even more zombified and scarred almost beyond recognition. He returns to the laboratory where McNab and a resurrected Laudermilk are pitching the resurrection machine to a group of very rich clients. Mortis charges in and in the ensuing crossfire between him and McNab's men a few of the rich clients are killed, leaving Laudermilk cowering in a corner.

McNab reveals a test subject; Doug, resurrected by the machine. But because he's been dead for hours, the brain deterioration leaves him little more than an obedient zombie with no memory of who Roger is. Before he can obey McNab's orders to kill Mortis, however, Roger manages to trigger Doug's short-term memory and bring him back to normal. The pair go after McNab who immediately kills himself before they can do anything. Roger and Doug put McNab onto the resurrection table and resurrect him. But to exact revenge, Roger starts the resurrection process again and it overloads, causing a screaming McNab to explode in the machine. Despite Laudermilk's pleas and promises of eternal life, the pair then destroy the machine completely, leaving the room pondering about the afterlife and reincarnation; Doug's fond wish of being reincarnated as a girl's bicycle seat intriguing the both of them. The film ends with Roger stating, "This could be the end of a beautiful friendship."

Cast
 Treat Williams as Roger Mortis
 Joe Piscopo as Doug Bigelow
 Lindsay Frost as Randi James
 Darren McGavin as Dr. Ernest McNab
 Vincent Price as Arthur P. Loudermilk
 Clare Kirkconnell as Dr. Rebecca Smythers
 Keye Luke as Mr. Thule
 Robert Picardo as Lieutenant Herzog
 Mel Stewart as Captain Mayberry
 Professor Toru Tanaka as Butcher
 Martha Quinn as Newscaster
 Shane Black as Patrolman
 Beth Toussaint as Lab Technician
 Ron Taylor as Shoot Out Zombie

Production
According to The Hollywood Reporters chart from 1 September 1987, principal photography began on Dead Heat on 19 August 1987 in Southern California. The Los Angeles Times mentioned Darren Star as a writer on the film along with Terry Black. The film's credits only list Black as the screenwriter.

Release
Dead Heat opened in Los Angeles and New York on May 6, 1988. In the Philippines, the film was released as Iron Cops on November 10, 1988.

Reception
Dead Heat received negative reviews from The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times. The film has an 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 9 critics.

See also
List of horror films of 1988

References

External links

1988 films
1988 action films
1988 directorial debut films
1988 comedy horror films
1988 action comedy films
1980s action horror films
1980s American films
1980s buddy cop films
1980s English-language films
1980s science fiction films
1980s science fiction action films
1980s science fiction comedy films
1980s science fiction horror films
American action comedy films
American action horror films
American buddy cop films
American buddy comedy films
American comedy horror films
American exploitation films
American films about revenge
American science fiction action films
American science fiction comedy films
American science fiction horror films
American splatter films
American zombie comedy films
Buddy comedy films
Films directed by Mark Goldblatt
New World Pictures films
Resurrection in film
Films about the Los Angeles Police Department

Dead Heat (1988 film)


James Earle Fraser (fl. 2000s) is a Canadian historian and Picticist. He is a graduate of the University of Toronto, and did masters work at the University of Guelph. He went on to do his Ph.D  on the Christianization of Fortriu and its impact of Vikings at the University of Edinburgh, and was a senior lecturer in the School of History, Classics and Archaeology until 2015.  Fraser has since returned to Canada as the Chair of the Scottish Studies Foundation at the University of Guelph.

Fraser has completed articles on various dark age topics, including St Ninian and Adomnán's Vita Sancti Columbae. He has published two books relating to Pictish and northern British warfare, and wrote the first volume in the New Edinburgh History of Scotland series, titled From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795 (EUP, 2009).

Select bibliography

The Battle of Dunnichen 685, (Stroud: Tempus, 2002)
The Roman Conquest of Scotland: the battle of Mons Graupius AD 84, (Stroud: Tempus, 2005)
From Caledonia to Pictland : Scotland to 795 (Edinburgh: EUP, 2009)

References

External links
University of Guelph faculty profile: James E. Fraser

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Celtic studies scholars
Picts
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People associated with the University of Edinburgh School of History, Classics and Archaeology
University of Guelph alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Writers from Ontario

James E. Fraser (historian)


Yoruba-English: G

1.	Gá: v. to be tired: Ó gá mi (slang); I am tired/I give up.

2.	Gàn: v. to despise: Ó gàn án; He despised him (ii) sneer: Ó gàn mí; He sneered at me.

3.	Gẹ̀: v. (i) to cut: Ó gẹ irun; He cut his hair (ii) to pet: Ó gẹ̀ mí; He petted me (iii) to put something on in a jaunty way: Ó gẹ gèlè' She puts on her head-kerchief in a jaunty way.

4.	Gọ́: v. to be tired (slang): Ó gọ́ mi; I am tired.

5.	Gọ: v.to lurk in hiding: Ó gọ; he lurked in hiding.

Atúmọ̀-Èdè (Yorùbá-Gẹ̀ẹ́sì): G1


Northern Norway is a geographical region and district of Norway. It is the three northernmost counties Nordland, Troms and Finnmark.

Northern Norway has a total of about 35% of the Norwegian mainland. Some of the largest towns in Northern Norway (from south to north) are Mo i Rana, Bodø, Narvik, Harstad, Tromsø and Alta. Northern Norway is often described as the land of the midnight sun and the land of the northern lights.

Geography of Norway

Northern Norway


Anna Maria Taigi (29 May 1769 - 9 June 1837), born Anna Maria Giannetti, was an Italian Roman Catholic professed member from the Secular Trinitarians. She married Domenico Taigi, a brash and impulsive individual though devoted to his wife. Taigi experienced a series of ecstasies during her life and was reported to have heard the voices of God and Jesus Christ on several occasions. She became a Secular Trinitarian after experiencing a sudden religious conversion. That happened in the winter of 1790 at Saint Peter's Basilica when Taigi came into contact with a range of cardinals and luminaries, which included Vincent Strambi and the bishop Benedict Joseph Flaget.

The beatification process opened in 1863 under Pope Pius IX after she was titled as a Servant of God and Pope Benedict XV later beatified her in mid-1920.

Life

Childhood and education
Anna Maria Giannetti was born in Siena, Italy on May 29, 1769, as an only child to Luigi Giannetti and Maria Masi. On May 30, 1769, she was baptized in her local parish church as "Anna Maria Gesualda Antonia Giannetti".

Her father served as a pharmacist in a small store in Siena. However, he lost his fortune. In 1774, the family moved to Rome where Luigi found work as a household servant. From 1774 - 1776, Anna Maria attended a school, managed by the Filippini Sisters. After graduation, she worked as a domestic servant to help provide for her family. While living in Rome, she was nicknamed "Annette". In 1780, she received her Confirmation in the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran and, in 1782, received her First Holy Communion in her parish church of San Francesco di Paola.

Marriage
On January 7, 1789, Anna Maria married the Milanese Domenico Taigi (1761-1850s). Domenico served as a butler for the noble House of Chigi in the church of San Marcello al Corso. The couple had seven children, three of whom died in infancy.

When Sofia was about to be married, her fiancée, Micali, was allowed to frequent the house. For two months prior to the marriage the couple could meet, but only in the presence of her parents. Sofia's son, Camillo, was conscripted into the armed service. When Sofia was widowed, Taigi allowed Sofia and her six children to move into her home.

Although Taigi's husband, Domenico, could be ill-tempered and caustic, he was devoted to his wife. After her father died, Taigi's mother moved in with the family. In winter 1790, Taigi and Domenico visited Saint Peter's Basilica. She was leaning on his arm in an extravagant dress. A large throng saw her bump into the Servite priest, Father Angelo Verandi, in the piazza. Taigi went to confession and felt a strong inspiration to renounce her vanities. She cried to the priest: "Father; you have at your feet a great sinner." The priest replied, "Go away; you are not one of my penitents." Finally, the priest relented and allowed Anna Maria to confess. After he absolved her, the priest curtly slammed the confessional slide shut. On another occasion, Taigi entered the church of San Andrea della Valle. Before the Crucifix, Taigi reported hearing the voice of Jesus Christ, "What is your wish? To follow Jesus poor and naked and stripped of all? Or to follow Him in His triumph and glory? Which do you choose?" Taigi replied, "I embrace the cross of my Jesus. I will carry it like Him in pain and ignominy. I await at His hands triumph and glory in the hereafter."

On December 26, 1802, Taigi became a professed member of the Secular Trinitarians in the church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane. She frequented hospitals and especially liked to visit and aid patients at San Giacomo of the Incurables. Taigi experienced a series of ecstasies and frequent visions in which she foresaw the future. She knew a range of religious individuals, including Cardinal Carlo Maria Pedicini. Their friendship lasted three decades. One evening, Taigi drifted off to sleep with a serene expression on her face. Her eyes drifted upwards, towards Heaven, which alarmed her daughter, Maria, who tearfully proclaimed, "Mamma is dead; Mamma is dead." Her sister, Sofia, corrected Maria, "No! She is praying," but Domenico said to them, "Be quiet! She's asleep. Leave her alone. She had no sleep last night." Before Taigi died, she met with the first Bishop of Louisville Benedict Joseph Flaget. She praised the bishop and the United States of America. Napoleon's mother, Letizia Ramolino, learned of Taigi and sought her spiritual advice. Some of Taigi's spiritual advisors were Raffaele Natali, the secretary of Pope Pius VII and Vincent Strambi.

Later life
Taigi became acquainted with Cardinal Luigi Ercolani, and Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti who would become Pope Pius IX. Pope Pius VII often asked Strambi how Taigi was doing and would send his blessings to her. Pope Leo XII and Giuseppe Bartolomeo Menocchio both held her in high esteem. Taigi composed a prayer to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Pedicini took this prayer to Pius VII who, in a rescript on 6 March 1809, granted an indulgence. For 100 days, those who recited it, a plenary indulgence once a month on the usual conditions.

Taigi attended the 1825 Jubilee which Pope Leo XII had summoned. She knew of the latter pope's ill health. Before he died, in 1829, she saw the morning sun and prayed for him. Taigi heard a heavenly voice say, "Arise and pray. My vicar is on the point of coming to render an account to me." Pope Leo's successor Pope Pius VIII lived in the shadow of ill health. Taigi foresaw his death and prayed for his soul as she did with his predecessor. She had predicted the pontificate of Pius VIII would be a short one.

She successfully foresaw that Cardinal Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari would be elected as Pope Gregory XVI. Before Pius VIII died, Taigi and Natali went to San Paolo fuori le Mura. When Cappellari arrived, she was in a small chapel which the Natali tried to have her vacate for the cardinal. Taigi would not leave. Cappellari told Natali not to disturb her so the Natali went to kneel elsewhere in reflection. When Taigi emerged, she fixated her eyes on Cappellari. When Natali asked why she was doing that, she frankly responded, "That is the future pope."

Final year and death
On 20 May 1836, Taigi went to San Paolo fuori le Mura. She had confided in Natali this would be her final visit there. Natali celebrated Mass with her before reflecting in front of the crucifix. On 24 October 1836, Taigi fell ill. She was confined to her bed and would never rise again. On 2 June 1837, her fever slightly declined but a few days later, her fever rose. On June 5, Taigi bid farewell to those who visited her bedside. On June 8, she received the last rites of Extreme Unction.

Taigi received the Viaticum and the Anointing of the Sick from the local curate. On 9 June 1837 at 4 am she died. Pedicini sent a letter at once to Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi to inform him of her death. Taigi's remains were exposed until June 11 in the church of Santa Maria in Via Lata. Natali asked for a death mask to be made before her burial. She was buried at Campo Verano where, on the orders of Pope Gregory XVI, her remains were enclosed in a leaden sepulcher with seals affixed to it. Odescalchi asked Natali to compile all documents so that Luquet could publish her biography. Pedicini was a frequent visitor to Taigi's tomb. The Capuchin Cardinal Ludovico Micara always kept an image of her on his person. The Minim priest Bernardo Clausi said of Taigi, "If she is not in Heaven, there is no room there for anybody." Vincent Pallotti praised her after she died for her saintliness and life of holiness.

It was learned that Taigi had wanted to be buried in San Crisogono Rome. So, on 18 August 1865, Taigi's relics were transferred there. In 1868, her remains were found intact; however, her clothes had decayed and were replaced. In 1920, her remains were found no longer incorrupt.

Beatification
In 1852, in Rome, the beatification opened in an informative process. On March 4, 1906, the confirmation of Taigi's heroic virtue allowed for Pope Pius X to name her as venerable.

A total of 30 witnesses were summoned to testify for the cause. Included were her two daughters as well as many cardinals and bishops. Taigi's 92 year-old husband, Domenico, testified in favor. His shoulders were hunched and he leaned on a walking stick.

Two of her miracles (required for Taigi's beatification) were investigated and validated. On July 27, 1909, approval was received by an antepreparatory congregation. On April 5, 1910, approval was received by a preparatory committee. On December 3, 1918, approval was received by a general congregation. On January 6, 1919, Pope Benedict XV approved the two miracles. On May 30, 1920, the Pope presided over Taigi's beatification in Saint Peter's Basilica. The cause for her sainthood was opened on June 9, 1926. The postulator assigned to the cause is Javier Carnerero Peñalver.

References

Attribution

External links
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN

1769 births
1837 deaths
18th-century venerated Christians
18th-century Italian people
18th-century Christian mystics
19th-century venerated Christians
19th-century Italian people
19th-century Christian mystics
Beatifications by Pope Benedict XV
Roman Catholic mystics
Incorrupt saints
Italian beatified people
People from Siena
Trinitarian beatified people
Venerated Catholics by Pope Pius X

Anna Maria Taigi


Submerged Records is an independent record label based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was founded in 2005 by members of the band Hinterland. Submerged specializes in what it calls "dreamo", an invented genre that blends elements of dreampop, shoegaze, space rock, post-rock, and related styles. Artists on Submerged Records include Hinterland, Storyboard, Way to Go, Einstein, and Windows '78. Releases by Submerged Records include The Picture Plane (2006) and Pan Pan Medico (2008) by Hinterland, The Window Seat (2006) by Windows '78, Storyboard (2006) by Storyboard, and Pseudonym (2009) by Way to Go, Einstein.

See also
 List of record labels

References

Alternative rock record labels
Canadian independent record labels
Record labels established in 2006

Submerged Records


Pei Zhi (裴贄) (died 905), courtesy name Jingchen (敬臣), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor from 900 to 903 during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong.  In 905, as the warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) prepared to seize the throne, Zhu carried out a major purge of high-level Tang officials.  Pei, while not targeted in the first wave of the purge, was eventually exiled and then ordered to commit suicide.

Background and early career
It is not known when Pei Zhi was born.  He was from the Middle Juan Pei of Pei clan of Hedong, which claimed its ancestry ultimately from the mythical emperor Zhuanxu.  The traceable parts of Pei Zhi's ancestry included officials of the Han dynasty, Cao Wei, Northern Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty.  His grandfather Pei Ji (裴稷) was a prefectural prefect, while his father Pei Chu (裴儲) was a secretary general of the supreme court.  One of Pei Ji's nephews, Pei Tan, was a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xizong.

At some point, Pei Zhi passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi (進士) class.  He thereafter successively served as You Bujue (右補闕), a low-level advisory official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng); deputy chief imperial censor (御史中丞, Yushi Zhongcheng); and minister of justice (刑部尚書, Xingbu Shangshu).

Chancellorship
In 900, by which time Emperor Xizong's brother Emperor Zhaozong was emperor, Pei Zhi was made Zhongshu Shilang (中書侍郎), the deputy head of the legislative bureau; he was also made a chancellor with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事).  He was also soon given the additional post of minister of census (戶部尚書, Hubu Shangshu). At one point, Emperor Zhaozong suspected that Pei, despite a stern appearance, was actually sexually immoral, and asked the trusted imperial scholar Han Wo for his opinion. Han pointed out that the reason why rumors of immorality may have developed against Pei was that Pei was friendly to his clan members and allowed many of them to live in his mansion, and that it was those people's associations with other people that caused rumors to taint Pei — and, in stating so, Han also referred to Pei Zhi as a nephew of Pei Tan's, knowing that since Pei Tan served Emperor Zhaozong's and Emperor Xizong's father Emperor Yizong, Emperor Zhaozong would be touched by that reference. Emperor Zhaozong thereafter took no action against Pei Zhi. In 901, when Emperor Zhaozong was forcibly seized by the powerful eunuchs led by Han Quanhui and taken to Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), then ruled by the eunuchs' ally, the warlord Li Maozhen, Emperor Zhaozong commissioned Pei as the defender of Daming Palace (大明宮).

Removal and death
In 903, by which time another warlord, Zhu Quanzhong the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) had defeated Li Maozhen and forced Li to slaughter the eunuchs and deliver the emperor to him, Emperor Zhaozong was returned to Chang'an.  Thereafter, Pei Zhi was removed from his chancellor post in favor of Dugu Sun, and was instead made Zuo Pushe (左僕射), one of the heads of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng).  He was then allowed to retire with the honorific title of Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies).

In 905, by which time Zhu, in preparing of seizing the throne, had assassinated Emperor Zhaozong and replaced him with his son Emperor Ai, Zhu's associates Liu Can and Li Zhen persuaded Zhu to carry out a major purge of high-level Tang officials from aristocratic families. Pei was not targeted in the first wave, which claimed the lives of former chancellors Pei Shu, Dugu, Cui Yuan, and Lu Yi, among others. However, soon thereafter, he was exiled to be the census officer at Qing Prefecture (青州, in modern Weifang, Shandong), and then ordered to commit suicide.

Notes and references

 New Book of Tang, vol. 182.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 262, 264, 265.

9th-century births
905 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
People executed by the Tang dynasty
Forced suicides of Chinese people
Executed Tang dynasty people
10th-century executions
Suicides in the Tang dynasty

Pei Zhi


Pastophorion () is one of two chambers within an early Christian and Eastern Christian church building used as sacristies—the diakonikon and the prothesis.

Originally, in the Greek Old Testament the term pastophorion referred to the treasury and the priests' quarters in the Temple of Solomon. Since at least the end of the 4th century, pastophorion was a sacristy located at the eastern part of the church building. In the Eastern Christian architecture, the pastophoria are adjacent to the apse, flanking the central space of the bema, and sometimes form with it a tripartite sanctuary. The sacristy located to the north is known as prothesis and that to the south as diakonikon. These chambers are directly connected with the apse or bema by doorways. They account for the triple apses which became current in the Byzantine church architecture in the 9th century.

References

Greek words and phrases
Medieval architecture
Eastern Christian liturgy
Church architecture
Byzantine sacred architecture

Pastophorion


Christopher Mogere Obure (born 29 September 1943) is a Kenyan politician. He belongs to the Jubilee Party and was elected to represent the Bobasi Constituency in the National Assembly of Kenya in the December 2007 parliamentary election. He was born in Boigesa Village on September 29, 1943, in the then larger Bobasi Machoge Constituency which has since been split into Bobasi and Bomachoge Constituencies. He worked for Bata Shoe Company and Kenya Breweries Limited (now East Africa Breweries) before joining politics. He was the Minister of Public Works in the Government of National Unity.  He was the first Senator of Kisii County. Obure is also well remembered as the first non-Luo player to be recruited in Gor Mahia F.C, and was among the squad which played during the club's inaugural season in 1968 and 1969.

References

Living people
1943 births
Members of the Senate of Kenya
Orange Democratic Movement politicians
Kenya African National Union politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Kenya)
Ministers of Finance of Kenya
Ministers of Agriculture of Kenya
People from Nyanza Province
University of Nairobi alumni

Christopher Obure


The rainbow jersey is the distinctive jersey worn by the reigning world champion in a cycling discipline, since 1927. The jersey is predominantly white with five horizontal bands in the UCI colours around the chest. From the bottom up the colours are: green, yellow, black, red and blue; the same colours that appear in the rings on the Olympic flag. The tradition is applied to all disciplines, including road racing, track racing, cyclo-cross, BMX, Trials and the disciplines within mountain biking.
A world champion must wear the jersey when competing in the same discipline, category and speciality for which the title was won. For example, the world road race champion would wear the garment while competing in stage races (except for time trial stages) and one-day races, but would not be entitled to wear it during time trials. Similarly, on the track, the world individual pursuit champion would only wear the jersey when competing in other individual pursuit events.
In team events, such as the team pursuit, each member of the team must wear the rainbow jersey, but would not wear it while racing in, say, points races or other track disciplines.  If the holder of a rainbow jersey becomes leader of a stage race or a category within it, that leadership jersey takes precedence.  Failure to wear the rainbow jersey where required carries a penalty of a fine.

After the end of a rider's time as champion, they are eligible to wear piping in the same rainbow pattern on the collar and cuffs of their jersey for the remainder of their career.

Reigning world champions
The reigning world champions (elite only) are as follows:

Curse of the rainbow jersey
The curse of the rainbow jersey is a popular term to refer to the phenomenon where cyclists who have become World Champion often suffer from poor luck the next year – though, in some cases, the 'bad luck' was brought on by their own actions.

In 2015 an article by epidemiologist Thomas Perneger examining the curse was published in The BMJ. The study was based on statistical analysis of the results of World Road Champions and winners of the Giro di Lombardia (which was used as a comparison) in the riders' winning seasons and for the two years afterwards (to enable comparison of results before, during and after the supposed curse was in effect). The patterns of data were compared to four statistical models: the "spotlight effect", based on the theory that the apparent curse is due to increased public attention on the World Champion rather than a decline in success; the "marked man" hypothesis, which stipulates that the current wearer of the jersey is more closely marked by rivals during their year as champion; the "regression to the mean" model, which supposes that random variation in success rates will mean that a highly successful season for a rider is likely to be followed by less successful years; and a model combining the last two theories. The study found that the regression to the mean model was the one that fit the data best, for winners of both the World Championship and Il Lombardia, concluding that the curse probably does not exist. The author related the idea of the curse to medical professionals conflating correlation with causation when considering the effect of treatment on a patient.

Designs
In the past, each discipline had its own variation of the jersey. Since the 2016 Cyclo-cross Worlds, the 'classic' jersey without symbols (previously reserved for the road race and paracycling road race) was assigned to all disciplines.

World Cup version
The UCI Road World Cup (1989–2004) leader wore a rainbow jersey with a vertical rainbow.

While the world champion wore the jersey in all events of the year in the specialization of his world title (the road champion wore it only in mass start road events, not, for example, in time trials or in track events), the World Cup leader wore it only in World Cup races.

Other sports
Rainbow jersey colors have been used unofficially by triathlon, speed skating and Crashed Ice world champions.

See also

UEC European Champion jersey
Union Cycliste Internationale

Notes and references

Sports-related curses

Cycling jerseys
Road bicycle racing terminology
1927 clothing

Rainbow jersey


Marc Stcherbina (born 7 December 1976, in Sydney) is an Australian retired rugby union player who last played for Newport Gwent Dragons. He was educated at Sydney Boys High School, and then University of New South Wales. He also played for the Waratahs, Northampton, and Cardiff Blues.

He captained Australian schoolboys, and is one of the few players to make three Australian schoolboy teams and captained the team in 1994 and 1995. He then represented his country at under 19 and u21 level, and the Australia 7's and Australia A . He represented Australia at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, winning a Bronze medal, and then in the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester.

He played most of his Super 12 Rugby on the Wing for the NSW Waratahs. In his last season The Waratahs came 3rd in the Super 12. In 2002, he accepted a 2-year deal with French side Biarritz where he switched to centre. he then decided to move to Northampton for the 04-05 season. He started 29 games for them that season, the most appearances of any player that season.

Due to Carlos Spencer joining Northampton, Guinness Premiership rules allowed only one overseas player on the pitch at a time, forcing Stcherbina to move to Cardiff Blues where he enjoyed 3 seasons earning 52 caps for the Welsh side. He moved to Newport Gwent Dragons for the 2008-09 season. However, in December 2008 Stcherbina suffered a serious neck injury playing for the Dragons in Toulouse, and did not play for the rest of the season. Despite making a good recovery, he announced his retirement on medical advice on 9 June 2009.

Recently, Stcherbina has moved into coaching.  He is currently Director of Rugby and Head Coach of Santa Monica Rugby Club in the United States. and has assisted with the coaching of the USA Maccabiah, USA u20s, and USA Girls' High School teams.

References

External links
 Newport Gwent Dragons profile

1976 births
Rugby union players from Sydney
Living people
Australian rugby union players
Northampton Saints players
Cardiff Rugby players
Dragons RFC players
Biarritz Olympique players
People educated at Sydney Boys High School
Australia international rugby sevens players
Male rugby sevens players
Commonwealth Games medallists in rugby sevens
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games rugby sevens players for Australia
Rugby sevens players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games

Marc Stcherbina


Alexander Vincent Sandusky (August 17, 1932 – August 11, 2020) was an American football guard. He played for 13 seasons with the Baltimore Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He was born in McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania.

Sandusky died on August 11, 2020 in Louisville, Kentucky just one week before his 88th birthday.

References

1932 births
2020 deaths
Baltimore Colts players
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh

Alex Sandusky


Ealing Studios is a television and film production company and facilities provider at Ealing Green in West London, London, England. Will Barker bought the White Lodge on Ealing Green in 1902 as a base for film making, and films have been made on the site ever since. It is the oldest continuously working studio facility for film production in the world, and the current stages were opened for the use of sound in 1931.

It is best known for a series of classic films produced in the post-WWII years, including Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949), Passport to Pimlico (1949), The Lavender Hill Mob (1951), and The Ladykillers (1955).  The BBC owned and filmed at the Studios for forty years from 1955 until 1995.

Since 2000, Ealing Studios has resumed releasing films under its own name, including the revived St Trinian's franchise. In more recent times, films shot here include  The Importance of Being Earnest (2002) and Shaun of the Dead (2004), as well as The Theory of Everything (2014), The Imitation Game (2014), Burnt (2015) and Devs (miniseries) (2020). Interior scenes of the British period drama television series Downton Abbey were shot in Stage 2 of the studios. The Met Film School London operates on the site.

History

Film studios (1902–1955)
The site was first occupied by Will Barker Studios from 1902. From 1929, it was acquired by theatre producer Basil Dean, who founded Associated Talking Pictures Ltd. He was joined on the management level by Stephen Courtauld and Reginald Baker. In 1931, they built Ealing Studios, transferring all production there in December of that year. When Dean left in 1938 to be replaced by Michael Balcon from MGM, about 60 films had been made at the studios. Balcon discontinued the ATP name and began to issue films under the Ealing Studios name. In 1944, the company was taken over by the Rank Organisation.

In the 1930s and 1940s, the facility as ATP and then Ealing Studios produced many comedies with stars such as Gracie Fields, George Formby, Stanley Holloway and Will Hay, who had established their reputations in other spheres of entertainment. The company was also instrumental in the use of documentary film-makers to make more realistic war films. These included Went the Day Well? (1942), The Foreman Went to France (1942), Undercover (1943), and San Demetrio London (1943). In 1945, the studio made its chiller compendium Dead of Night.

In the post-war period, the company embarked on a series of comedies which became the studio's hallmark. These were often lightly satirical and were seen to reflect aspects of British character and society. The first was Hue and Cry (1947) and the last Barnacle Bill (1956).

The best remembered Ealing films were produced between 1948 and 1955: Whisky Galore! (1949), Passport to Pimlico (1949), Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949), The Lavender Hill Mob (1951), The Man in the White Suit (1951), The Titfield Thunderbolt (1953), The Cruel Sea (1953) and The Ladykillers (1955) are all regarded as classics of British cinema.

Owned by the BBC (1955–1995)
The BBC bought the studios in 1955, though productions bearing the Ealing name continued to be made at the MGM British Studios at Borehamwood for two years. In 1958, Associated British Picture Corporation acquired Ealing's parent company, Associated Talking Pictures, together with its extensive film library. The BBC based its Film Department at the studios; and at its peak 56 film crews used the studios as a base for location filming of dramas, documentaries and other programmes; shot on 16 mm and occasionally 35 mm film. Led by a director, these crews usually consisted of a Lighting Cameraman, a camera assistant, a lighting technician (known as a 'spark'), and a sound recordist. Initially these crews were equipped with Arriflex ST cameras and EMI L2 quarter inch tape recorders that had to be tethered to one another with a physical sync cable to ensure the picture and sound ran in lock. In later years, Eclair NPR cameras replaced the Arriflex machines and Nagra tape recorders replaced the EMI units. The Nagras made use of 'crystal sync', a system that provided synchronisation between the camera and the tape recorder remotely, removing the need for a physical cable. There were also over 50 cutting rooms, equipped with Steenbeck editing tables, working on every genre except News and Current Affairs. The editing suites came complete with movable film trim bins and Acmade picsyncs (picture synchronisers) for synchronising the film and sound rushes, and working with the edited cutting copy. The latter was especially useful when splitting the sound track(s) and adding additional effects, atmospheres, music and commentary tracks in readiness for film dubbing.

Many programmes came out of Ealing from Alistair Cooke's America edited by Alan Tyrer and photographed by Kenneth MacMillan to Z-Cars edited by Shelia Tomlinson and many others and Cathy Come Home edited by Roy Watts, assisted by Roger Waugh. These programmes had post production support, viewing theatres, transfer suites, dubbing theatre, maintenance; all these staff and the film crews made up what was fondly known as the TFS Family.

It was not unknown for major international film stars to visit the studios during BBC Television days. Shortly after The Eagle Has Landed (1976) was released in London on 31 March 1977, Michael Caine was present at the studios during his promotional tour for the film. Apart from the regular production staff and technicians involved with filming the associated interview, at his table in the studio canteen he was surrounded by a large entourage of followers during the obligatory break period.

In the 1980s, the BBC developed and expanded the use of electronic PSC (Portable Single Camera) location equipment and the use of 16 mm film on location gradually declined. The BBC also used the studio facilities at Ealing for filmed inserts where an electronic studio could not be used, such as for the excavation site in Quatermass and the Pit (1958–59), The White Rabbit (TV mini-series, 1967), Colditz (1972–74) and the communal sequences in Porridge (1974–77). Programmes wholly shot on film were made there also, such as Alice in Wonderland (1966), The Singing Detective (1986), Portrait of a Marriage (1986), and Fortunes of War (1987).

The BBC had preview theatres to run 16 mm sepmag film and 35 mm. The 16 mm machines were Bauer and the 35 mm projectors Kalee 21. The projection area was a long room (open plan) with projectors serving theatres E -J. There was a separate projection room in the same area for theatre K, which was 35 mm. There was also a dubbing theatre B, where 16 mm productions would be dubbed, and film dispatch and sound transfer suites, where the quarter-inch tape from Nagra tape machines would be transferred to 16 mm magnetic film. Film previews ran rushes, cutting copies, synch rushes, answer prints and transmission prints before going to telecine.

Television Film Studios was also the home before, during and after 1977, of the BBC TV Film Technical & Training Section run by the Senior Assistant, Training, Frank A. Brown. Courses were based in a lecture room at the studios, typically lasting 6 weeks, and comprised both theoretical training, with extensive information-sheet documentation being provided, plus day excursions for practical experience sessions to film cutting rooms, a film dubbing theatre and the Rank Film Laboratories at Denham (where a considerable quantity of BBC TV film programme content was processed and printed). The courses provided instruction to trainees, culminating in a written theory test, with each either being tailored to film photography, film sound or film editing skills for incoming trainees in these departments. The BBC Engineering Training Department, for training in video work and all aspects where a detailed knowledge of electronics is essential, has, alternatively, been based at Wood Norton Hall, Evesham.

With the BBC seeking to reduce costs and in particular studio facilities, a decision was taken to sell Ealing Studios on the open market. Although a sale was agreed with BBRK, the BBC inserted a buy-back clause so that in the event that BBRK (for whatever reasons) put the site up for sale then the BBC would have first option to purchase. BBRK found it necessary to sell the site and the BBC repurchased the site and sold it on for £1.00 to the National Film and Television School, (NFTS).

1995 to present
In 1995, the studios were purchased by the NFTS and again in mid-2000 by a consortium led by Fragile Films' Uri Fruchtmann and Barnaby Thompson, Harry Handelsman and John Kao, with an intention to revive the fortunes of the studio. Handelsman's Manhattan Loft Corporation redeveloped the 3.8-acre site to include the existing Grade II listed sound stages. The studio has since begun to produce theatrical films again, such as Lucky Break (2001), The Importance of Being Earnest (2002), and Valiant (2005). Shaun of the Dead and horror film The Descent (2005) were both shot on the lot.

In 2007, Ealing revived the St Trinian's franchise, the second film, St. Trinian's, The Legend of Fritton's Gold was released in December 2009 and took over £7 million at the UK Box Office. Between these, Ealing released Easy Virtue (2008), directed by Stephan Elliott and Dorian Gray (2009), directed by Oliver Parker.

Ealing Studios is used by the Met Film School London, which has a purposely built film school on the lot and use of the studios. ITV drama Downton Abbey filmed the kitchen and servants' quarters on stages 3A and 3B.
The studio is also home to The Imaginarium, a production company and studio specializing in performance-capture, founded by Andy Serkis and Jonathan Cavendish.

Ealing Studios films

Basil Dean/ATP era

Michael Balcon era

Documentaries

BBC TV productions
 Quatermass and the Pit (1958–59) (inserts only; programme was otherwise live)
 Doctor Who (inserts only; programme was predominantly videotaped)
 Alice in Wonderland (1966) (inserts only - stage 2 for courtroom scene)
 Civilisation (1966–69) (35mm film, shot on location around the world)
 The White Rabbit (1967)  (inserts only; programme was predominantly videotaped)
 Colditz (1972–74) (16mm film inserts only; programme was predominantly videotaped)
 Porridge (TV series) (1974–77) (16mm film inserts only; programme was predominantly videotaped)
 Oil Strike North (1975) (16mm film inserts only - stage 3A/B for oil rig exterior, using tank; programme was predominantly videotaped)
 Smiley's People (1981) (16mm film, shot at various locations)
 Bleak House (1985) (16mm film, shot at various locations)
 The Singing Detective (1986) (16mm film, shot at various locations)
 Fortunes of War (1987) (16mm film, interior scenes - otherwise shot at various locations)
 Portrait of a Marriage (1989–90) (16mm film, shot at various locations)
 An Ungentlemanly Act (1992) (16mm film, shot at various locations)

Later films

 Notting Hill (1999)
 Lucky Break (2001)
 The Importance of Being Earnest (2002)
 Shaun of the Dead (2004)
 Valiant (2005)
 I Want Candy (2007)
 St Trinian's (2007)
 Easy Virtue (2008)
 St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold (2009)
 Dorian Gray (2009)
 Burke and Hare (2010)
 I Give It a Year (2013)
 The D Train (2015)
 The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society (2018)
 Last Night in Soho (2021)

Independent TV
 The Royle Family (Granada Productions for the BBC)
 Bedtime (Hat Trick Productions)
 Randall and Hopkirk (Ghost)
 Emma Brody (20th Century Fox)
 Downton Abbey – "Downstairs" scenes only (Carnival Films)
 Tour de France ITV4 (2012–2019 VSquared Productions)
 Critérium du Dauphiné ITV4 (2015–2019 VSquared Productions)
 La Vuelta ITV4 (2012–2019 VSquared Productions)
 Luck on Sunday (2017–present, Racing TV)
 Lockwood & Co. (2023-present, Netflix)

Music videos
 "Mama" by Spice Girls
 Walk Away by Franz Ferdinand
 Talk by Coldplay
 The Drowners by Suede (US video only)
 Crazy Beat by Blur
 The Moment You Believe by Melanie C
 Champagne Supernova by Oasis

See also
 List of Ealing Studios films
 British Film Industry

References

External links

 Former BBC Film Department crew prepare to shoot a basic interview sequence on 16 mm film
 Demonstration and discussion of 16 mm cameras used at Ealing studios by former BBC Film Department cameraman
 Demonstration of a Steenbeck editing table as used in Ealing studios by BBC film editors
 Ealing Studios at screenonline.org.uk
 Ealing Studios at britmovie.co.uk
 Met Film School

Further reading
 Forever Ealing by George Perry, published by Pavilion, 1981, ; A history of Ealing Studios from its origins in 1902.
 Ealing Studios; A Short History The Film Pilgrim, Accessed 28 February 2011

British film studios
Ealing Studios films
Media and communications in the London Borough of Ealing
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Ealing
Film production companies of the United Kingdom
History of the London Borough of Ealing
Television studios in London
History of television in the United Kingdom
Television production companies of the United Kingdom

Ealing Studios


Vassås is a small village in the municipality of Bindal in Nordland county, Norway.  It is located along the Tosen arm of the Bindalsfjorden, just north of the Vassås Bridge which connects the village to the larger village of Terråk.  The village of Åbygda lies about  to the southeast.  This is also the site of Vassås Church, the parish church for this part of Bindal.

References

Villages in Nordland
Bindal

Vassås


Floris van Montmorency, baron of Montigny (?, 1528 - Simancas, 14 October 1570) was a noble and diplomat from the Spanish Netherlands.

He was born as the son of Jozef van Montmorency, Count of Nevele and Anna van Egmont the Elder, and was the younger brother of Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn.

Floris had a military training at the court of his relative Anne de Montmorency, Constable of France.
He accompanied Emperor Charles V to Spain after his abdication. At his return, Floris became a Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece with the support of William the Silent and against the wishes of Philip II of Spain. He was also appointed as Governor of the Tournaisis.

As the rest of the high nobility in Flanders, Floris was a strong opponent to Cardinal Granvelle.

In April 1566, he was sent by the Council of State with John IV of Glymes to Spain in a last attempt to avoid war. As Glymes was wounded on the leg before leaving, Floris travelled alone. When the Beeldenstorm raged across the Low Countries, Floris was arrested and kept in house arrest in the castle at Simancas. When Egmont en Horn were arrested in Brussels, Floris was also condemned to death by the Council of Troubles. Instead of returning him to the Low Countries for his sentence to be executed, Philip II of Spain had Floris strangled in secret despite the pleas of his new wife Anna of Austria to release Floris, and spread the rumor that he had died of disease.

Sources
Biography on dutchrevolt.leiden.edul
 Biographie Nationale de Belgique, s.v. "Florent de Montigny", vol. 15, kol.

1528 births
1570 deaths
16th-century executions by Spain
Belgian nobility
Floris
Dutch expatriates in Spain
Dutch nobility
Knights of the Golden Fleece
People executed by strangulation
People from Deinze
People from Leudal

Floris of Montmorency


The Battleship USS Iowa Museum is a maritime museum located at the Port of Los Angeles in San Pedro, Los Angeles, California, United States. The museum's main artifact is the USS Iowa (BB-61), lead ship of the Iowa class of battleships.

History
USS Iowa (BB-61) was the lead ship of the last class of U.S. Navy battleships to be built by the United States. The battleship was originally commissioned in 1943, and served during World War II, the Korean War, and through the Cold War. Iowa earned 11 battle stars during her career and hosted three U.S. Presidents, ultimately earning the nicknames Battleship of Presidents and Big Stick. Iowa was awarded to the Pacific Battleship Center on September 6, 2011 for display at the Port of Los Angeles in San Pedro, California – home to the United States Battle Fleet from 1919 to 1940.

On October 27, 2011, the battleship was relocated from Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet to the Port of Richmond, California for painting and refurbishment. On May 27, 2012, Iowa was towed underneath the Golden Gate Bridge on her 75th anniversary for final placement at the Los Angeles Waterfront.
Iowa opened in Los Angeles on July 4, 2012 to a crowd of over 1,500 supporters and veterans at Port of Los Angeles Berth 87. The USS Iowa Museum offers daily tours, group programs, education visits, special events, filming, military ceremonies, and is in the process of starting an overnight program.

Daily tours include visits to see the largest guns (16"/50 caliber) on a U.S. Navy ship, officers ward room, President Roosevelt's cabin, armored bridge, missile decks, enlisted berthing, mess decks, helicopter deck, and other areas. The ship is located at the Los Angeles World Cruise Center and has over 2,100 parking spaces available.

Iowa has played various roles in films and television series including NCIS: Los Angeles, American Warships, Bermuda Tentacles, The Rookie, and Dark Rising. Iowa is home to annual American-focused events including the City of Los Angeles Veterans Appreciation, a Memorial Day Celebration, and September 11 remembrance.

See also
 National Museum of the United States Navy
 List of maritime museums in the United States

References

External links
 Pacific Battleship Center / USS Iowa, official museum site

Maritime museums in the United States
Maritime museums in California
San Pedro, Los Angeles
Iowa
Museums in Los Angeles

USS Iowa Museum


The Luddites were an early 19th century radical group which destroyed textile machinery as a form of protest.

The group was protesting against the use of machinery in a "fraudulent and deceitful manner" to get around standard labour practices. They were English textile workers who took an oath to resist machinery in the textile industry.

Luddites feared  that the time spent learning the skills of their craft would go to waste as machines would replace their role in the industry. They were largely correct, but on the other hand, the textile industry grew to be a major exporter of cloth.

It is not quite right that Luddites protested against the machinery itself in an attempt to halt progress. However, over time, the term has come to mean one opposed to industrialisation, automation, or new technologies in general.

The Luddite movement began in Nottingham and ended in a region-wide rebellion that lasted from 1811 to 1816. Mill and factory owners took to shooting protesters. Eventually the movement was suppressed with military force.

References

English activists
19th century in England

Luddite


A needle threader is a device for helping to put thread through the eye of a needle. Many kinds exist, though a common type combines a short length of fine wire bent into a diamond shape, with one corner held by a piece of tinplate or plastic. The user passes the wire loop through the needle eye, passes the string through the wire loop, and finally pulls both the loop back through the needle by the handle, which pulls the thread through. The typical needle threader of this type has the image of a woman, possibly Ariadne, in profile stamped into the plate handle.

Another type of needle threader is mechanically operated. These may be part of a sewing or embroidery machine, or standalone tools.

The first known use of needle threaders in Europe was in the eighteenth or early nineteenth century.

See also
 Sewing needle
 Thimble
 Treen (wooden)

References

External links

Sewing equipment
Embroidery equipment
Tools
Notions (sewing)

Needle threader