Beam-riding, also known as Line-Of-Sight Beam Riding (LOSBR), beam guidance or radar beam riding is a technique of directing a missile to its target by means of radar or a laser beam. The name refers to the way the missile flies down the guidance beam, which is aimed at the target. It is one of the simplest guidance systems and was widely used on early missile systems, however it had a number of disadvantages and is now found typically only in short-range roles.

Basic concept
Beam riding is based on a signal that is pointed towards the target. The signal does not have to be powerful, as it is not necessary to use it for tracking as well.
The main use of this kind of system is to destroy airplanes or tanks. First, an aiming station (possibly mounted on a vehicle) in the launching area directs a narrow radar or laser beam at the enemy aircraft or tank. Then, the missile is launched and at some point after launch is "gathered" by the radar or laser beam when it flies into it. From this stage onwards, the missile attempts to keep itself inside the beam, while the aiming station keeps the beam pointing at the target. The missile, controlled by a computer inside it, "rides" the beam to the target.

Radar beam riding
Beam riding is one of the simplest methods of missile guidance using a radar. It was widely used for surface-to-air missiles in the post-World War II era for this reason. An early example was the British Brakemine, first tested in 1944, as was the first commercially available SAM, the Oerlikon Contraves RSA.

Early tracking radars generally use a beam a few degrees wide, which makes it easy to find the target as it moves about. Unfortunately, this makes the beam too wide to accurately attack the target, where measurements on the order of  of a degree are required. To perform both operations in a single radar, some additional form of encoding is used. For WWII-era systems this was either lobe switching, or more commonly by the second half of the war, conical scanning. Conical scanning works by splitting the single radar beam in two, and comparing the return strength in the two beams to determine which is stronger. The radar is then rotated towards the stronger signal to re-center the target. The antenna is spun so that this comparison is being carried out all around the target, allowing it to track in both altitude and azimuth. Systems that performed this automatically were known as "lock on" or "lock follow".

Beam riding systems can be easily adapted to work with such a system. By placing receiver antennas on the rear of the missile, the onboard electronics can compare the strength of the signal from different points on the missile body and use this to create a control signal to steer it back into the center of the beam. When used with conical scanning, the comparison can use several sets of paired antennas, typically two pairs, to keep itself centered in both axes. This system has the advantage of offloading the tracking to the ground radar; as long as the radar can keep itself accurately pointed at the target, the missile will keep itself along the same line using very simple electronics.

The inherent disadvantage of the radar beam riding system is that the beam spreads as it travels outward from the broadcaster (see inverse square law). As the missile flies towards the target, it, therefore, becomes increasingly inaccurate. This is not a problem at short ranges, but as many early surface-to-air missiles were designed to work at long ranges, this was a major issue. For example, earlier versions of the RIM-2 Terrier missile introduced in the 1950s were beam riders, but later variants employed semi-active radar homing to improve their effectiveness against high-performance and low-flying targets. In contrast to beam riding, semi-active guidance becomes more accurate as the missile approaches the target.

Another issue is the guidance path of the missile is essentially a straight line to the target. This is useful for missiles with a great speed advantage over their target, or where flight times are short, but for long-range engagements against high-performance targets the missile will need to "lead" the target in order to arrive with enough energy to do terminal manoeuvres. A possible solution for this problem was to use two radars, one for tracking the target and another for guiding the missile, but this drove up implementation costs. A more common solution for long-range missiles was to guide the missile entirely independently of the radar, using command guidance, as was the case for the Nike Hercules. Pure radar beam riding was rare by 1960.

Laser beam riding
Beam riding guidance based systems became more common again in the 1980s and 90s with the introduction of low-cost and highly portable laser designators. Due to the shorter wavelengths used, a laser beam can be projected with a much narrower angular resolution than a radar beam while not requiring a significant increase in the size of the projector's aperture when compared to other optical devices being used by a typical guidance system for precision-guided munitions. Because of this, it is possible to spatially encode additional information in a beam using digital or electro-optical means, which has a number of advantages. Missiles with small optical receivers on their tail can beam-ride on lasers with similar ease as earlier radar beam systems, but will be inherently more accurate due to the higher spatial resolution of the beam's encoding at the target.

Additionally, because the beam is usually projected directly onto the missile's receiver, an order of magnitude less intensity is needed than a semi-active design where the target must be "painted" and the missile must detect the laser's diffuse reflection from the target. The lower intensity requirement of laser beam riding systems compared to semi-active laser homing systems can make them significantly more difficult for a target's laser warning receivers to detect. Very low power signals can be used.

In modern use, laser beam riding is generally limited to short-range missiles, both anti-air and anti-tank. Examples include ADATS, the Starstreak, the RBS 70, MSS-1.2, Russian 9K121 Vikhr and 9M119 Svir, Ukrainian Skif and Stuhna-P ATGMs.

References

External links
Jerzy Maryniak et al., "Modeling of Motion of an Automatically Controlled Beam-Riding Guided Missile in Terms of the Maggi Equations" (pdf), AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference and Exhibit, August 2005

Missile Guidance, aerospaceweb.org, accessed March 14, 2007
Greg Goebel, "Early Radar Technology", February 1, 2007, accessed March 14, 2007
Carlo Kopp, "Man Portable Surface-Air Missiles", Australian Aviation, July, 1989
Carlo Kopp, "Active and SemiActive Radar Missile Guidance", Australian Aviation, June 1982

Missile guidance
Military radars
Military lasers

Beam riding


The November 1989 tornado outbreak was a natural disaster in the United States from November 15-16, 1989.

Notable tornadoes

Huntsville, Alabama
During the morning hours of November 14, the local forecasts issued a warning for severe thunderstorms on Wednesday.

At 9:30 a.m. on November 15, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center issued a strong potential for severe thunderstorms and tornadoes across the Tennessee Valley. At 10:50 a.m., the Birmingham office issued a major severe weather threat for Alabama and northern Florida.

A tornado watch was issued at 12:45 p.m. CST and was in effect until 8:00 p.m. CST that evening. Shortly thereafter, warnings were coming out as a squall line passed through. Spotters reported large hail and damaging winds at this time.

At the time of the tornado, a severe thunderstorm warning was in effect. Later, they spotted rotation in the wall cloud, but the rotation dissipated shortly thereafter. At 4:25 p.m., the rotation picked up again.

The tornado hit during the afternoon rush hour, killing 21 people and injuring 463 others. Most of these deaths happened in cars (similar to the 1979 Wichita Falls tornado). This was rated an F4 on the Fujita Scale.

Newburgh, New York
A downburst struck East Coldenham Elementary School on November 16, 1989 at 11:35 a.m., blowing down a cafeteria wall, killing nine people and injuring eighteen. This was considered a F1 tornado. Former President Ronald Reagan was on the site within minutes.

1989 in the United States
1989
1980s in weather

November 1989 tornado outbreak


Francesco Granacci (1469 – 30 November 1543) was an Italian Renaissance painter active primarily in his native Florence. Though little-known today, he was regarded in his time and is featured in Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists.

Granacci was born in 1469 in Villamagna, and was trained in Florence in the workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio, where he became lifelong friends with Michelangelo. The two frequented Lorenzo de' Medici's famous sculpture garden near the convent of San Marco. His earliest works, such as the Madonna and Child with Saints Michael and John the Baptist (Staatliche Museen, Berlin), Adoration of the Child (Honolulu Museum of Art) and his panel from the four histories of Saint John the Baptist (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) show the strong influence of Ghirlandaio as well as Filippino Lippi, who might have been Granacci's first master. According to Vasari, when Granacci was still a youth he modeled for the nude figure in Filippino's Raising of Theophilus in the Brancacci Chapel.

In 1508 Granacci went to Rome, where he and other artists, including Agnolo di Domenico del Mazziere, were asked to help Michelangelo with the Sistine chapel ceiling. On his return to Florence, he painted a number of altarpieces and other important works, like the Madonna with Child with Saints Francesco and Jerome for the Augustinian convent of San Gallo or the Assumption of the Virgin for Santi Girolamo e Francesco sulla Costa (both now at the Galleria dell'Accademia). In 1515 he participated in the decorations celebrating Pope Leo X's visit to Florence. In 1519 he completed a large panel of the Virgin and Child with Saint John the Baptist, now at the Museum of Western and Eastern Art in Odessa.

Granacci's works from the years 1520–1525 show some similarities to the work of Fra Bartolomeo. For example, his Madonna and Child with Saints Sebastian and Francis at the Museo di Santa Verdiana in Castelfiorentino is more dynamic and dramatic than his earlier works. The same can be said of his Madonna and Child with Four Saints (1521) at San Giovanni Battista Decollato, Montemurlo, near Prato. In 1527, Granacci painted the Entry of Charles VIII into Florence (Uffizi, Florence) and an altarpiece of the Ten Thousand Martyrs for the Church of San Simone e Giuda in Florence. In 1530 he completed the high altarpiece for the church of Sant'Apollonia, Florence; according to Vasari, this work was designed by Michelangelo. Its four main panels, depicting Saints Jerome, Apollonia, John the Baptist and Mary Magdalen, are at the Alte Pinakothek, Munich; a central Annunciation is at Corsham Court and the ten-part predella is now divided between the Accademia in Florence, the Villa I Tatti in Florence and a private collection.

Granacci died in 1543. He is buried in the church of Sant'Ambrogio in Florence.

Sources

 Holst, Christian von. Francesco Granacci, Munich: Bruckmann, 1974.
 Markova, Vittoria. "Una tavola data di Francesco Granacci e qualche nota sul percorso," Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorichen Institutes in Florenz, 37, Bd., H. 2/3 (1993): pp. 293–302.
 Aquino, Lucia and Giordani, Simone, eds. Francesco Granacci e Giovanni Larciani all'Oratorio di Santa Caterina all'Antella. Florence: Polistampa, 2013.

Gallery

References

External links

Italian Paintings: Florentine School, a collection catalog containing information about Granacci and his works (see pages: 180–186).

1469 births
1543 deaths
People from Bagno a Ripoli
15th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
16th-century Italian painters
Painters from Tuscany
Italian Renaissance painters

Francesco Granacci


Aviator sunglasses are a style of sunglasses that was developed by a group of American firms. The original Bausch & Lomb design is now commercially marketed as Ray-Ban Aviators, although other manufacturers also produce aviator-style sunglasses.

Design
Aviator style sunglasses are intended to be worn under headgear and are characterised by dark, oftentimes reflective lenses and thin monel, steel or titanium metal frames with double or triple bridges and bayonet earpieces or flexible cable temples that hook more securely behind the ears. The large lenses are not flat but slightly convex. The design attempts to cover the entire field of vision of the human eye and significantly reduce the amount of transmitted visible light and (near) infrared radiation and prevent (erythemal) ultraviolet radiation from entering the eye from any angle.

For selecting sunglasses, the United States Federal Aviation Administration has published an aeromedical safety brochure for general aviation pilots, commercial pilots and physicians. Polarized and photochromic lenses are not recommended for use by pilots. The UK Civil Aviation Authority has also provided guidance on the use of sunglasses by pilots.

History

U.S. Army Air Corps D-1 sunglasses
The first aviator style sunglasses contracted by the US military in 1935 were the U.S. Army Air Corps D-1 Sunglasses made by American Optical. They have a conspicuous USAC engraving on the hinged bridge. The D-1 flying goggle assembly was standardized on 13 August 1935, and was actually a pair of sun glasses with a rigid frame and plastic insulated arms. The D-1 sunglasses were superseded by the more comfortable AN6531 flying sun glasses (comfort cable) in November 1941.

AN6531 military sunglasses

In the second half of the 1930s and early 1940s, a group of American firms continued developing sunglasses. The military  "flying sun glasses (comfort cable)" were standardized in November 1941. They were produced in huge quantities (several million pieces) for pilots and sailors. The lenses were made to a joint standard shared by the U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Navy. As a result, the lens carried an "AN" (Army/Navy) specification number: the AN6531. The U.S. Government specified the shape of the lens and the color, which was initially a green tinted lens that transmitted 50% of incoming visible daylight. This AN6531 Type 1 lens proved insufficient to protect the pilot's eyes from sun glare so this lens was superseded by the darker AN6531 Type 2 lens in rose smoke. Various contractors made the frames and ground the lenses. These included American Optical, Bausch & Lomb, The Chas. Fischer Spring Co., Willson Optical and Rochester Optical Co. Frame and hinge design varied slightly from contractor to contractor.
Despite being designed for utility, these glasses had advanced properties: teardrop-shaped and convex lenses, plastic nose pads and a prominent brow bar and featured flexible cable temples. The nickel plated frame was made of a copper based alloy to prevent offsetting compasses. The "teardrop" shape lens of the AN 6531 was designed to accommodate Air Force pilots who were constantly looking down at their instrument panel while in flight, and that influenced all future Aviator style lens shapes.

The AN6531 Comfort Cable aviator sunglasses frame kept being issued by the U.S. military as No. MIL-G-6250 glasses after World War II with different lenses as Type F-2 (arctic) and Type G-2 aviator sunglasses but fitted with darker lenses until their substitute the Type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses became available in the late 1950s.

After World War II AN6531 Comfort Cable aviator sunglasses were available for civilians on the surplus market.
Subsequently, civilian models and options appeared without a frontal brow bar and with plastic earhooks. Since everything military was in fashion in those years, these glasses became popular among the people and companies got their bearings on time and began to promote such glasses for civilian use in the 1940s and 1950s.

Commercial history

Bausch & Lomb
In 1929, US Army Air Corps Colonel John A. Macready worked with Bausch & Lomb, a Rochester, New York-based medical equipment manufacturer, to create aviation sunglasses that would reduce the distraction for pilots caused by the intense blue and white hues of the sky. Specifically, MacCready was concerned about how pilots' goggles would fog up, greatly reducing visibility at high altitudes. The prototype, created in 1936 and known as "Anti-Glare", had plastic frames and green lenses that could cut out the glare without obscuring vision. It went on sale to the public in 1937. Impact-resistant lenses were added in 1938.

Ray-Ban Aviator

The sunglasses were redesigned with a metal frame in 1939 and promoted by Bausch & Lomb as the Ray-Ban Aviator. According to the BBC, the glasses used "Kalichrome lenses designed to sharpen details and minimise haze by filtering out blue light, making them ideal for misty conditions." In 1936 Ray-Ban had been founded as a civilian division of Bausch & Lomb. This style of sunglasses is credited with being one of the first popularized styles of sunglasses to be developed. In its military usage, the sunglasses replaced the outmoded flight goggles used previously, as they were lighter, thinner, and "more elegantly designed". Writing about the transition of aviators from military gear to a commercial product, Vanessa Brown wrote that, "The War was a ... revelation of the sheer might, scale, power, and horror of the modern world ... [which] necessitated a new kind of military demeanor and gave rise to new definitions of the heroic stance which was to have a profound influence on modern fashion." Eventually, the aviator sunglasses produced by Bausch & Lomb were trademarked as "Ray-Bans".

Aviators became a well-known style of sunglasses when US General Douglas MacArthur landed on a beach in the Philippines in World War II and newspaper photographers snapped several pictures of him in October 1944 wearing them that became a lasting image of the Second World War. Bausch & Lomb dedicated a line of sunglasses to him in 1987.

The first advertisements for Ray-Ban Aviators stated they would provide "real scientific glare protection" and were sold as sporting equipment. At this time, they had not yet taken on their name of "aviators", the Second World War has not yet begun. During the 1950s, aviator sunglasses were a part of the cultural style, mimicking the military style. In addition to popularity in the 1950s, aviators were popular in the 1970s and 1980s, being worn by public figures like Slash, Michael Jackson, George Michael, Tom Cruise, Freddie Mercury, Jeff Lynne, Roger Waters and Elvis Presley.

Besides flexible cable temples and bayonet temples, non-military issued glasses often feature traditional skull temples.

Ray-Ban Aviator variations
Besides the standard model there are several different Ray-Ban Aviator sunglasses variations designed as functional, technical and recreational sunglasses . The Ray-Ban Shooter variant was introduced in 1938 and the Ray-Ban Outdoorsman variant in 1939. These sunglasses both feature a large brow bar above the nose intended to keep sweat and debris from inhibiting the wearer's vision. The brow bar and temple end pieces of the Shooter and Outdoorsman variants have been covered through years with different materials. Aimed at the sports enthusiast and outdoorsman, The Ray-Ban Shooter variant incorporates a cigarette holder, a circular device located at the center of the nose bridge originally intended to free the sportsman's hands while taking aim. In 1953 Ray-Ban introduced G-15 tempered glass lenses. These neutral gray/green lenses transmit 15% of incoming visible light whilst providing "true" color and contrast distribution.

Military type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses

In 1958, American Optical created the Flight Goggle 58 according to the then-new U.S. Air Force Type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses standard.
Type HGU-4/P sunglasses feature semi-rectangular lenses with less lens surface area and are lighter compared to the preceding Type G-2 sunglasses.
The HGU-4/P design frame allowed the visor to reliably clear the aviator's spectacles when a flight helmet is worn, and covers the full field of vision. The frame additionally features bayonet temples designed to slip under a flight helmet or other headgear and was more compatible with oxygen masks. They are commercially known as "Original Pilot Sunglass", and were issued by the U.S. military in 1959 to pilots shortly after the HGU4/P was officially recommended by military optometrists in November 1958. The HGU-4/P design frame is also issued to military personnel that require various corrective clear or other types of lenses and allows corrected vision through the full field of vision. Besides the military, Type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses were also issued to and used by NASA astronauts.
By 1982, Randolph Engineering had become the prime contractor for military-style Type HGU-4/P aviation flight glasses for the United States Department of Defense. They are commercially known as "Randolph Aviator" sunglasses.
HGU-4/P aviation flight glasses are still built to the guidelines of the MIL-S-25948 military specification, a document detailing the manufacturing specifications. One of the many specifications is that the neutral grey lenses used in Type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses must transmit between 12% and 18% of incoming visible daylight whilst providing "true" color and contrast distribution.
The military HGU-4/P Aviator and the Modified HGU-4/P Apache spectacles intended for Apache attack helicopter aircrew are under regular review to determine their functionality.

Gallery

See also

Aviator hat

References

Sunglasses
Aviation wear
1960s fashion
1970s fashion
1980s fashion
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion

Aviator sunglasses


Cub Aircraft was a Canadian aircraft manufacturer established at Hamilton, Ontario in 1937, originally to manufacture Piper Cubs for the Canadian market (under the name "Cub Prospector").  Production was interrupted by World War II, In 1941 they also commenced building Harlow PJC-5s. Although the company resumed business afterwards, it did not survive for more than a few years.

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Canada
Companies based in Hamilton, Ontario

Cub Aircraft


Santiago is a city in Paraguay, located in the Misiones Department in the south of the country.

Toponym
Originally named San Ignacio de Caaguazú, it was re-founded in the Misiones department, Paraguay, in 1669 with the name of Santiago Apostol.

History
Santiago stands as an ancient city with roots as a Jesuit mission settlement, proudly retaining the timeless traits of its colonial past. These include its expansive main square, the historically significant "house of the Indians," and a meticulously curated museum safeguarding colonial-era artworks.

In the colonial epoch, Santiago held a position of significance owing to its population, which flourished to approximately 3,000 inhabitants.

Throughout festive periods, the city orchestrated the grand spectacle of the Opera of Santiago, underscoring its cultural vibrancy and artistic fervor.

Geography
Santiago is located 278 kilometers from Asunción, the capital Paraguay. It is located on a hill between the cities of Ayolas and San Patricio.

The geography of Santiago is characterized by rolling hills, forests, and grasslands. The city is surrounded by dense forests and agricultural land, with the Paraguayan Chaco to the west and the Paraná Plateau to the east.

The Tebicuary River is an important part of the geography of Santiago, providing a source of water for agriculture and transportation. The river is also home to a variety of fish species, which support the local fishing industry.

Climate
In summer, the temperature reaches 39°C, and in winter can drop to 0°C. The annual average is 21°C.

The climate of Santiago is subtropical, with warm temperatures year-round and a distinct rainy season from October to April. The region receives ample rainfall, which supports the growth of lush vegetation and crops.

Population
Santiago has a population of 7,702 inhabitants, 4,017 men and 3,685 women, according to the General Direction of Polls, Statistics and Census.

Economy
The people of Santiago mostly raise cattle. Other local agriculture includes corn, sugar cane, cotton and soy.

Municipality
The former governor is Ignacio Larre (Liberal Party).

Tourism
Santiago has a sacred art museum, the "Museo Jesuítico de Santiago" (Jesuit Museum of Santiago). The museum displays paintings and sculptures, including a collection of 3 sculptures depicting the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ and La Piedad.

The church preserves many images carved in wood by the natives. The "House of the Indians" museum exhibits images of saints. The church has a unique altarpiece in the Missions, many of the pictures in the church center around biblical themes.

The Benedictine monastery "Tupasy María" is a place of meditation, it was founded in 1984.

In January the "Fiesta de la Tradicion Misionera" (Missioner Traditional Festivity) brings horse breakers from Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay to show their abilities in racing and breaking in horses. Traditional Paraguayan food is sold at the festival, including "Batiburrillo", sopa and Chipa guasu with barbecues and the traditional Mandioca. The festival is usually held on January 20, 21 and 22. Michel Telo performed at the festival in the 2014. It is organized by the "Club de Leones" of Santiago Misiones, and claims to be the biggest rural traditional festivity in Paraguay.

The State "Tacuaty" is place for the Festival of Breaking-in and Folklore, located on the road to Ayolas.

References

Geografía Ilustrada del Paraguay, Distribuidora Arami SRL; 2007.
Geografía del Paraguay, Primera Edición 1999, Editorial Hispana Paraguay SR

External links
 Secretaria Nacional de Turismo
 ABC Digital "Así es Nuestro País" MISIONES (VIII Departamento)
 Turismo en Misiones

Populated places in the Misiones Department

Santiago, Paraguay


The brown catshark (Apristurus brunneus) is commonly found in the Pacific Ocean, ranging from the northern Pacific waters off the coast of British Columbia and south to the Baja California peninsula in Mexico. They may live as far south as Ecuador and Peru. Brown catsharks are deep-water sharks that live on the outer continental shelf and the upper slope. They have been known to live at depths ranging from 30 to 650 m and live on the bottom, usually in muddy or sandy areas.
The brown catshark, when originally described, was called Catulus brunneus.

Description
Brown catsharks have long, slender bodies with broad, bell-shaped snouts. They are dark brown with light-colored markings on the posterior margins of their fins. Their bodies are soft and flabby, with a weak skin that can easily be harmed. Brown catsharks' two dorsal fins are the same size and do not have spines. The first dorsal fin originates to the front of the pelvic fin and the second dorsal fin is located in front of the anal fin's insertion. They typically reach a maximum size of 68 cm in total length, but they average between 30 and 60 cm.

Behavior
Very little is known about the behavior of brown catsharks; they are believed to be solitary, nocturnal creatures. They are thought to be migratory, but most of the year near the edge of the continental shelf.

Communication specific to brown catsharks is unknown. However, as with most other sharks, including other members of the family Scyliorhinidae, they are believed to have a well-developed sense of smell, and are electroreceptive, which allows them to detect electricity emitted by other animals, and may also allow them to detect magnetic fields, which aides in navigation.

Food habits and predation
Brown catsharks feed on many bottom-dwelling species, including small shrimp, euphausiids, squid, and small fish. It is unknown whether brown catsharks are important predators within their ecosystem.

Reproduction
Reproduction in brown catsharks is oviparous, with a single egg at a time per oviduct. Egg cases are usually about 5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. The egg cases are transparent and have long tendrils that are probably used to attach them to hard structures. The incubation period is possibly a year. In Canadian waters, females carry egg cases from February to August; however, the carrying time for warmer waters is unknown.

Conservation status and economic impact
Brown catsharks are not listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List or the CITES list. They are not known to be a vulnerable or threatened species. They are, however, listed on the IUCN list as needing to be reclassified. The only known negative impact that brown catsharks have on humans is the frequent bycatch of deep-water fishing trawlers, which while not economically significant, can cause damage to nets, as well as time lost in removing the bycatch from the viable catch.

References

Sources
 Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes.. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655.
 Shark Foundation. 2006. "Brown catshark (Apristurus brunneus)" (On-line). Accessed April 6, 2006 at http://www.shark.ch/Database/Search/species.html?sh_id=1189

brown catshark
Western North American coastal fauna
Taxa named by Charles Henry Gilbert
brown catshark

Brown catshark


Mason City is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Cerro Gordo County.

On February 3, 1959, a Beechcraft Bonanza 35 airplane carrying Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson and the pilot Roger Peterson, crashed into a field near Mason City. Singer Don McLean's popular 1971 song "American Pie" made this event and February 3 known as "The Day the Music Died."

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa

Mason City, Iowa


Adegbenga Adejumo (born 1986), known as Benga, is a British musician from Croydon, known for being a pioneer of dubstep record production. He has been featured on a variety of compilations including Mary Anne Hobbs's Warrior Dubz, Tempa's The Roots of Dubstep and the BBC Radio 1Xtra anniversary mix.

Career
Adejumo is of Yoruba Nigerian descent.

Inspired by UK garage producer Wookie, Benga would produce tunes on a PlayStation, and subsequently FruityLoops. As a teenager he would visit the Big Apple record shop in Croydon where he was introduced to Skream, and together they would help forge the sound of dubstep emerging in the early 2000s. His productions caught the attention of DJ Hatcha, who worked at the shop, and, by the age of 15, Benga had made his first record, "Skank", released on Big Apple's own record label in 2002.

Benga's second release was a collaboration with Skream, called "The Judgement". Further releases followed on Big Apple Records, Hotflush Recordings and Planet Mu, before Benga self-released his debut album Newstep in 2006. As dubstep garnered mainstream attention, Benga continued to release singles, including a collaboration with Coki of Digital Mystikz called "Night", that reached 98 in the UK Singles Chart in 2008. Diary of an Afro Warrior, Benga's second album, followed in the same year with Resident Advisor describing it as "one of the most anticipated LPs in dubstep yet."

In 2007 Benga along with fellow producers Skream and Artwork, formed the dubstep supergroup Magnetic Man. This resulted in the release of an EP and eponymous studio album in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Benga also produced Katy B's debut single "Katy on a Mission", which peaked at number 5 in the UK Singles Chart in 2010.

From January 2011, Benga joined BBC Radio 1 with Skream as part of 'In New DJs We Trust', and presented a weekly Friday night show. Skream and Benga performed together at Field Day music festival in Sydney on New Year's Day 2012.

Benga generated controversy in July 2012 after reportedly saying he wished to remove himself from dubstep, insisting that he no longer wanted to be a part of the genre. He went on to clarify his comments saying "For me to remain creative, I've kinda not got to call my music dubstep and for me to keep pushing boundaries and moving around, making songs... I can't call myself dubstep."

In 2013, he released his third album Chapter II on Sony Music, which included the single "Forefather" featuring Kano. He also created an official remix of Donna Summer's "I Feel Love", which features on the tribute remix album Love To Love You Donna, and co-produced Dominique Young Unique's 2014 debut single "Throw It Down" with DJ Fresh.

On 2 February 2014, Adejumo announced on social media that following his engagement to Holly-Jae Treadgold, he was retiring to focus on raising a family. However, in May 2014, he announced plans to complete a new album.

In September 2015, Benga revealed via his Twitter account that mental health issues had been the reason for his retirement announcement. In an interview with The Guardian, he explained that he noticed issues in late 2013 and was subsequently sectioned in March 2014. He stated that drug use from the age of 17 had caused bipolar disorder, whilst excessive touring led to schizophrenia. In an interview with Annie Mac on BBC Radio 1 in 2018, Benga claimed to have deleted all of his productions from his hard drive during his hospital stay. He premiered a new track "Psychosis" on the radio show, inspired by and to treat his psychological experiences, and was released in February 2018 on his new Illuminate record label.

Discography

Albums

EPs

Singles

As lead artist

Benga & Skream

Hatcha & Benga

Benga & Walsh

Benga & Coki

Benga & Paul Trueman

Production credits

References

External links

Benga RBMA lecture

1986 births
Living people
Dubstep musicians
Black British musicians
Black British DJs
English people of Nigerian descent
English record producers
Musicians from Croydon
People with bipolar disorder
People with schizophrenia
English people of Yoruba descent
Yoruba musicians
Planet Mu artists
English people with disabilities

Benga (musician)


Florian Rudy (born January 7, 1989) is a German footballer who plays as a striker for SV Heimstetten. He is the brother of Sebastian Rudy.

Career

Rudy played as a youth for four of southwest Germany's top clubs (VfB Stuttgart, 1899 Hoffenheim, 1. FC Kaiserslautern and Karlsruher SC), but it was with FC 08 Villingen of the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg that he made his breakthrough in senior football. He spent three and a half years with the club, making over a hundred appearances, before joining SpVgg Unterhaching of the 3. Liga in January 2012. He made his debut for the club a month later, as a substitute for Ömer Kanca in a 5–1 defeat to Chemnitzer FC, and made a further five appearances before the end of the season. After making no appearances during the first half of the 2012–13 season, he joined Regionalliga Bayern side SV Heimstetten on a six-month loan in January 2013. At the end of the season, the move was made permanent.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
German men's footballers
SpVgg Unterhaching players
3. Liga players
Men's association football forwards
SpVgg Unterhaching II players
SV Heimstetten players
FC 08 Villingen players

Florian Rudy


The Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine (ACAHM) is a specialized accreditation agency recognized by the United States Department of Education. ACAHM is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit corporation, incorporated in the District of Columbia with a corporate office in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. National, regional, and specialized accreditors are reviewed by the USDE to ensure that the accrediting body meets specific standards established by the United States Congress. The Secretary of Education is charged with review of accrediting bodies and providing recognition to those accrediting agencies that meet the Secretary of Education's criteria. ACAHM's scope of recognition from the USDE is "the accreditation and pre-accreditation ("candidacy") throughout the United States of professional non-degree and graduate degree programs, including professional doctoral programs, in the field of acupuncture and/or Oriental medicine, as well as freestanding institutions and colleges of acupuncture and/or Oriental medicine that offer such programs".

In 2021, the organization changed its name from the Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine to the Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine.

Accredited programs and institutions
Over 50 post-secondary institutions with over 120 programs hold accredited or pre-accredited status with ACAHM.

References

External links

Acupuncture organizations
Healthcare accreditation organizations in the United States
Medical education in the United States
Traditional Chinese medical organizations


Archon is a multigenre convention that has been held annually in Collinsville, Illinois and is hosted by St. Louis Science Fiction, Ltd.  It is the largest convention of its type in the St. Louis, Missouri area, bringing a few thousand fans of science fiction, fantasy and horror each year. Archon is held at the beginning of October.

Past highlights
The first Archon in 1977 drew a crowd of 253 and was held at Stouffer's Riverfront Towers (now the Millennium) in downtown St. Louis. In 1982 Archon 6 brought author Stephen King and attracted 1,750 participants to the Chase Park Plaza Hotel. The convention had a ten-year run at the now-defunct Henry VIII Hotel near Lambert Airport. In 1993, it settled in its current home at the Gateway Center in Collinsville. Archon 20's guest of honor, author Ray Bradbury, attracted record attendance of more than 2,500 convention-goers in 1996. In 2003 Archon 27 expanded from three days to four. Archon 30 attracted nearly 2,800 convention-goers in 2006, a record for the convention.

In 2007 in place of Archon, convention organizers hosted Tuckercon, the 9th North American Science Fiction Convention. The convention was held two months earlier than the normal Archon, on August 2–5, 2007.  Guests of honor included Barbara Hambly, Darrell K. Sweet, and Mystery Science Theater 3000 personalities Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett (replacing Mira Furlan, who had to cancel).

Masquerade
Archon hosts one of the best known masquerade competitions in the country. In 2005, over 50 entries were presented in four separate classes, Junior, Novice, Journeyman and Master. These costumers represent a wide range of fandom, presenting recreations of favorite cinema and literary characters along with original creations. Until his passing, author Vic Milan was the emcee of the Archon Masquerade for many years. Kevin Dulle was chosen by Vic Milan as his successor after having worked as the Archon Stage Manager for 20 years. The masquerade is unique for its team of professional light and sound engineers who volunteer their time working with the presenters for the show. The Archon Masquerade rules are compatible with the International Costumers' Guild guidelines for competition, which means that any major awards won at Archon are included in standings at other ICG convention competitions.

Gaming
Archon features extensive gaming. Among some of the many attractions at Archon gaming are LARPing, Battletech games, Science Fiction RPGs ran yearly, D&D games and CCG tournaments.

Tax ruling
In 1985, St. Louis Science Fiction Ltd. was subject to an adverse court tax court ruling that denied it non-profit 501(c)(3) status, on the basis that it was not "operated exclusively for exempt purposes", but instead "in part, for the private benefit of artists and dealers", and "in furtherance of substantial nonexempt commercial, and social and entertainment purposes".

See also
 Henry VIII Hotel
 Science fiction fandom
 List of multigenre conventions

References

External links
 Archon's official website
 Archon's Masquerade web site
 The North American Science Fiction Convention
 Human interest news segment on Archon

Science fiction conventions in the United States
Multigenre conventions
Recurring events established in 1977
Conventions in Illinois
Conventions in Missouri

Archon (convention)


The Emery LDS Church is significant as the oldest remaining religious building in Emery County and as the last remaining "New England" clapboard style meetinghouse of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Utah. Structurally, the meetinghouse is significant because of its wood-frame construction sheathed in clapboard and lined with non-load bearing wall of adobe.  This construction technique was very unusual for a Mormon meetinghouse built at the turn of the 20th century.

The first settlers built a post office and at the time a log one-room school house (16' x 18') was constructed.  The structure, with its dirt floor and backless plank benches, also served as a meetinghouse and amusement hall.

In 1898, work began on the construct of the Emery meetinghouse.  The frame meetinghouse was built of local lumber with the dimensions being 36.5' and 84'6".  The meetinghouse was reported to have a capacity of 500 people.

The frame construction was typical of many of the buildings in Emery County.  However, it was seldom used in LDS meetinghouses.  Ironically, a more expensive brick meetinghouse constructed in 1896 at nearby Huntington, Utah was torn down in the 1960s. Some people argued that the alkali soil of Emery County could not support the heavier brick structure and, therefore, the lighter frame meetinghouse in Emery did not suffer from a weakened foundation as did the Huntington meetinghouse.

The meetinghouse in Emery, Utah was constructed under the direction of Bishop Alonzo Brinkerhoff.  The construction was completed in 1900.  Upon completion in 1900, services were however held in the chapel. However, because an apparent problem in paying the $7,000 construction cost, the meetinghouse was not dedicated until July 27, 1902.  At the dedication services, Bishop Brinkerhoff reported that "it had cost $7,000 to build the house, and that it was paid for."  Elder Rudger Clawson, an Apostle in the LDS Church, offered the dedicatory prayer and later in the meeting went on to praise all those, "…who had assisted in building such a splendid meeting house, and the blessing of God would rest upon the people and crown their labors."

The handsome frame church served the members of Emery well until the post World War II years, when the LDS Church shifted to exclusively build and use multipurpose meetinghouses.  Accordingly, a new, modern meetinghouse was dedicated June 25, 1956.  The old building was purchased by the city in 1967 for use as a town meeting and recreation hall.

References

External links

19th-century Latter Day Saint church buildings
Buildings and structures in Emery County, Utah
Former churches in Utah
Former Latter Day Saint religious buildings and structures
Meetinghouses of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Churches completed in 1900
Historic American Buildings Survey in Utah
1898 establishments in Utah
National Register of Historic Places in Emery County, Utah

Emery LDS Church


Paul Nougé (12 February 1895 – 6 November 1967) was a Belgian poet, founder and theoretician of surrealism in Belgium, sometimes known as the "Belgian Breton".

Biography
Born of a French father who originated from the Charent region in France and a Belgian mother, Paul Nougé attended a French school in Brussels studying Biological Chemistry and worked as a Biochemist in a medical laboratory from 1919 to 1953. He became a founding member of the first Belgian Communist Party in 1919. In November 1924 he created the journal Correspondance, which published 26 pamphlets up to September 1925, in collaboration with Camille Goemans and Marcel Lecomte.  In July 1925 he was expelled from the party. That same year Nougé met the French surrealists, Louis Aragon, André Breton and Paul Éluard, and together they signed the tract "La Révolution d'abord et toujours" (The Revolution First and Forever). In 1926 he made the acquaintance of Louis Scutenaire, and September of that year marked the drafting of the constitution of the Belgian Surrealist Group that comprised Nougé, Goemans, René Magritte, E. L. T. Mesens and André Souris.

In 1927 Nougé composed plagiarised examples of a grammar book of Clarisse Juranville, illustrated with five drawings by Magritte.  In 1928 he founded the magazine Distances and wrote the poem catalogue of a fur trader that was illustrated by Magritte entitled Le catalogue Samuel (re-edited by Didier Devillez, Brussels, 1996).  He also wrote the preface of a Magritte exhibition at the gallery "L'époque" (signed by his 'accomplices' Goemans, Mesens, Lecomte, Scutenaire and Souris) and delivered in January 1929 to Charleroi – a conference on the accompanying music to a concert conducted by Souris and an exhibition of Magritte ("La conférence de Charleroi", published in 1946).  Between December 1929 and February 1930 Nougé created 19 photographs, unpublished until 1968, under the title Subversion des images.  These photographs have since been displayed, notably at the Edinburgh Art Festival 2009. In 1931 he wrote the preface to an exhibition which followed the return of Magritte to Brussels. Extracts from "Images défendues" were published in 1933 in issue number 5 of Surréalisme au service de la Révolution. In 1934 Nougé co-signed "L'action immédiate" in Documents 34, edited by Mesens.  In 1935 "Le Couteau dans la plaie" ('The Knife in the Wound') was published and in 1936, René Magritte ou la révélation objective was published in "Les Beaux-Arts" in Brussels.  In that same year, Nougé, along with Mesens, organised the exclusion of Souris from the group.

Nougé was mobilised in 1939 in Mérignac then Biarritz, during World War II, as a military nurse.  In 1941 Nougé prefaced an exhibition, quickly closed by the occupying forces, of photographs by Raoul Ubac in Brussels L'expérience souveraine (The Sovereign Experience).  In 1943 he published the complete text of René Magritte ou Les images défendues.  In January 1944, under the pseudonym of Paul Lecharantais, he prefaced a new exhibition of Magritte that was criticized by the collaborators of nazism.  In 1945 Nougé participated in the exhibition "Surréalisme" organised by the Editions La Boétie de Bruxelles gallery. In 1946 he published La Conférence de Charleroi and, under the title Élémentaires a preface for the exhibition of Magritte "Le Surréalisme en Plein Soleil" (Surrealism in Full Sunlight) at the Dietrich gallery.

Paul Nougé died in Brussels on 6 November 1967.

A number of his poems have been translated into English by Robert Archambeau and Jean-Luc Garneau, and appear in the poetry magazine Samizdat.

Selective bibliography
 Histoire de ne pas rire, Les Lèvres nues, Brussels, 1956; L'Âge d'homme, Lausanne, 1980.
 L'Expérience continue, Les Lèvres nues, Brussels, 1966; L'Âge d'homme, Lausanne, 1981.
 Journal (1941-1950), Les Lèvres nues, Brussels, 1968; Didier Devillez Editor, Brussels, 1995.
 From 1973 numerous unpublished texts by Nougé were published by Tom Gutt in "Le Vocatif".
 Des mots à la rumeur publique, Lausanne, L'Âge d'homme, 1983.
 Erotiques, Didier Devillez editor, Brussels, 1994.
 Journal 1941-1950, Didier Devillez editor, Brussels, 1995.
 Quelques lettres, Didier Devillez editor, Brussels, 1995.
 Paul Nougé, René Magritte, Le catalogue Samuel, prefaced by Tom Gutt, Brussels, Didier Devillez, 1996.
 René Magritte (in extenso), Didier Devillez editor, Brussels, 1997.
 Fragments, Didier Devillez editor, Brussels, 1997.
 La Musique est dangereuse, writings around music, compiled and presented by Robert Wangermée, Didier Devillez editor, Brussels, 2001.

Re-issued journals
 Correspondance (1924-1925), Brussels, Didier Devillez, "Fac Similé", 1993
 Marie, Journal bimensuel pour la belle jeunesse (1926-1927), Brussels, Didier Devillez, "Fac Similé", 1993.

About Nougé

André Souris, Paul Nougé et ses complices in "Entretiens sur le surréalisme", under the direction of Ferdinand Alquié, Mouton, Paris-La Haye, 1968.
Christian Bussy, Anthologie du surréalisme en Belgique, Paris, Gallimard, 1972.
Marcel Mariën, L'activité surréaliste en Belgique (1924-1950), Brussels, Lebeer-Hossmann, 1979.
René Magritte et le surréalisme en Belgique, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels, 1982.
Le mouvement surréaliste à Bruxelles et en Wallonie (1924-1947), Paris, Centre Culturel Wallonie Brussels, 1988.
Olivier Smolders, Paul Nougé, Écriture et caractère. À l'école de la ruse, Labor, Brussels, 1995.
Christine de Naeyer, Paul Nougé et la photographie, Brussels, Didier Devillez, 1995.
Irène, Scut, Magritte & Co, Brussels, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, 1996, 558 p.

See also
Surrealism in Belgium (in French)

References

External links
 In 1927 René Magritte painted a picture entitled Paul Nougé (Legacy Irène Scutenaire-Hamoir at the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium)
 Archives and Museum of Literature (in French)

1895 births
1967 deaths
Belgian male poets
Belgian poets in French
Burials at Ixelles Cemetery
Belgian surrealist artists
Belgian surrealist writers
Surrealist poets
20th-century Belgian poets
20th-century Belgian male writers
Belgian people of French descent

Paul Nougé


The Helter Skelter scenario is an apocalyptic vision that was supposedly embraced by Charles Manson and members of his so-called Family.  At the trial of Manson and three others for the Tate–LaBianca murders, the prosecution presented it as motivating the crimes and as an aspect of the case for conspiracy. Via interviews and autobiographies, former Family members related what they had witnessed and experienced of it.

In both the trial and his subsequent book, Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders, prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi presented evidence that, in a period that preceded the murders, Manson prophesied what he called Helter Skelter, an apocalyptic war that would arise from racial tensions between black and white people.   The prophecy involved reference to the New Testament's Book of Revelation and to The Beatles' music, particularly songs from their 1968 White Album.

A major part of the evidence was the testimony of Paul Watkins, a Family member who was not involved in the crimes and who presented the vision in full form. Though the defendants were convicted on all charges of conspiracy and murder, various parties have argued for other motives of the murders. Writers, police detectives, attorneys involved with the case, and perpetrators have contended that the crimes were copycat killings, revenge for a bad drug deal, or a combination thereof.

Background
As assembled by Bugliosi, the evidence of the vision indicated that Manson had been predicting racial conflict for some time before he used the term Helter Skelter. According to Paul Watkins, he first used the term at a gathering of the Family on New Year's Eve 1968 at Myers Ranch, near California's Death Valley. The apocalyptic scenario had Manson as the war's ultimate beneficiary and its musical cause. With the Family, Manson would create an album whose songs would bear messages as subtle as those he had heard in songs of the Beatles. These would draw the "love"—the hippies in Haight-Ashbury— to join the family.

In the vision's logic, black men would thus be deprived of the white women whom the political changes of the 1960s had made sexually available to them; they would lash out in violent crimes against whites. Manson, according to Family member Brooks Poston, "said a group of real blacks would come out of the ghettos and do an atrocious crime in the richer sections of Los Angeles and other cities.  They would do an atrocious murder with stabbing, killing, cutting bodies to pieces, smearing blood on the walls, writing 'pigs' on the walls... in the victims' own blood."

When frightened whites, according to Watkins and Tex Watson, would retaliate with a murderous rampage, militant blacks would exploit it to provoke a war of near-extermination between racist and non-racist whites over the treatment of blacks. In the wake of that, black militants would arise to finish off the few white survivors and to kill off all non-blacks.

In this holocaust, as Watkins went on to explain, the members of the enlarged Family would have little to fear; they would wait out the war in a secret city underneath Death Valley, a city they'd reach through a hole in the ground. Upon the war's conclusion, they would be the only remaining whites.  Emerging from underground, they would rule the blacks, who, having "completed the white man's karma", would want no longer to kill.  Proving, as Watkins explained, incapable of running the world, blacks would go to Manson, who'd "scratch [the black man's] fuzzy head and kick him in the butt and tell him to go pick the cotton and go be a good nigger."

The term Helter Skelter was taken from the Beatles' song of the same name, which Manson purportedly interpreted as concerned with the war. The song was on the band's self-titled double album, also known as the "White Album", which Manson heard within a month or so of its November 1968 release.

Appearing in a 2009 documentary, former Manson follower Catherine Share said the following:When the Beatles' White Album came out, Charlie listened to it over and over and over and over again. He was quite certain that the Beatles had tapped in to his spirit, the truth—that everything was gonna come down and the black man was going to rise. It wasn't that Charlie listened to the White Album and started following what he thought the Beatles were saying. It was the other way around. He thought that the Beatles were talking about what he had been expounding for years. Every single song on the White Album, he felt that they were singing about us. The song 'Helter Skelter'—he was interpreting that to mean the blacks were gonna go up and the whites were gonna go down.

According to Paul Watkins, Manson and his followers began preparing for Helter Skelter in the months before they committed the murders. They worked on songs for the hoped-for album, which they anticipated would set off everything. They prepared vehicles and other items for escape from their Los Angeles base to Death Valley, when the days of violence would arrive. They pored over maps to plot a route that would bypass highways and get them to the desert safely. Manson, according to Tex Watson, "used ... parts of the song ["Helter Skelter"] to plot out [the] escape route to the desert."

Tate-LaBianca murders

On the night of August 9–10, 1969, Manson and several Family members drove to the Los Angeles home of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca, who were murdered.  In trial testimony, an interview with the Los Angeles Times, or autobiography, Linda Kasabian, Susan Atkins, and Tex Watson, who were in the party, stated that Manson guided the group to the home, directed the tying-up of the LaBiancas or said he'd tied them up, or gave instruction as to the killings.   In LaBianca blood, one or more female Family members wrote "Healter Skelter" on the refrigerator and "Rise" and "Death to Pigs" on walls.

On the previous night, August 8–9, Tex Watson and three female Family members had driven to 10050 Cielo Drive, in Beverly Hills, where actress Sharon Tate and four other persons were murdered.  In trial testimony, an interview with the Los Angeles Times, or autobiography, Linda Kasabian, Susan Atkins, and Tex Watson, who were in the party, stated that Manson assembled the group, whom he instructed to get weapons and changes of clothes; gave an instruction to "Go with Tex and do whatever Tex tells you to do"; and/or instructed Watson to go to the house and kill everyone in it.  Using Tate's blood, Atkins wrote "Pig" on the door.

Earlier that day, Kasabian would testify, Manson told the Family, "Now is the time for Helter Skelter." Upon the group's return from the Tate residence, stated Watson, in his autobiography, Manson asked him, "Was it really Helter Skelter?"  Replied Watson, "Yeah, it was sure Helter Skelter."

On October 12, 1969, during the arrests that led to the charges in the murders, California Highway Patrol officer James Pursell found Manson at Barker Ranch.  According to Pursell, "Charlie told us that his group was out there looking for a place to hide because there was an impending race war. He told us that the blacks were going to win. He told us that because we were number one, cops, and number two, white, we should stop right there, let them loose, and flee for our lives."

In early 1969, Paul Watkins told Bugliosi, Manson had told him Helter Skelter would start that summer. In May or June, months after he had been frustrated in his efforts to make the album,he told Watkins Helter Skelter was "ready to happen." "Blackie never did anything without whitey showin' him how," Watkins would recount Manson's saying. "Helter Skelter is coming down.  But it looks like we're gonna have to show blackie how to do it."

References to the Beatles and the Book of Revelation
In Helter Skelter, Bugliosi writes that Manson told "numerous people", including former Barker gang member Alvin Karpis, that "given the chance, he could be much bigger than the Beatles."

In My Life with Charles Manson, Watkins said Manson delivered the Helter Skelter prophecy around a campfire at Myers Ranch.  As Family members listened to the White Album repeatedly over the following days, they believed it:At that point Charlie's credibility seemed indisputable. For weeks he had been talking of revolution, prophesying it. We had listened to him rap; we were geared for it—making music to program the young love. Then, from across the Atlantic, the hottest music group in the world substantiates Charlie with an album which is almost blood-curdling in its depiction of violence. It was uncanny.Watkins said, too, that Manson "spent hours quoting and interpreting Revelation to the Family, particularly verses from chapter 9".

Watson wrote that the Bible had "absolutely no meaning in our life in the Family" apart from Revelation chapter 9. Manson lived with an aunt and uncle for a period in his childhood when his mother was in prison. He later told a counselor that the aunt and uncle had "some marital difficulty until they became interested in religion and became very extreme".

Beatles songs, as interpreted in the vision
The following summarizes Bugliosi's account of statements made to him by Family members Paul Watkins and Brooks Poston and talent scout Gregg Jakobson. It also includes statements from Tex Watson's autobiography, published years after the Tate–LaBianca murders, and statements of Manson himself to David Dalton.

"Honey Pie"
Lyric: Oh, honey pie, my position is tragic / Come and show me the magic / Of your Hollywood song
Meaning: The Beatles know Jesus Christ has returned to Earth and is in Los Angeles. They want Manson to create his "song", that is, his album that will set off Helter Skelter.
Lyric: Oh, honey pie, you are driving me frantic / Sail across the Atlantic / To be where you belong
Meaning: The Beatles want Jesus Christ to come to England.
Consequence: In early 1969, states Bugliosi in Helter Skelter, Manson and his female followers attempt to contact the Beatles by letter, telegram, and telephone; they are struggling to make clear to the Beatles that it is they, the Beatles, who are to come across the Atlantic, to join the family in Death Valley.
"I Will, "Yer Blues", "Don't Pass Me By"  and "Blue Jay Way" were all interpreted as the Beatles are calling for Jesus Christ.
"Blue Jay Way" appeared on Magical Mystery Tour, the album that preceded the "White Album". The Family had come to call its journey from San Francisco, to Los Angeles, the "Magical Mystery Tour".
Lyric (I Will): And when at last I find you/ Your song will fill the air/ Sing it loud so I can hear you/ Make it easy to be near you...
Meaning: The Beatles want Manson to make an album.
"Sexy Sadie"
Significance: Manson had renamed Family member Susan Atkins "Sadie Mae Glutz" long before the release of the "White Album". This served to reinforce the mental connection Manson felt he had with the Beatles.
In San Francisco, where she met Manson, Atkins had been a topless dancer. Paul Watkins wrote that Atkins "thrived on sex", and he even seemed to suggest she had the nickname Sexy Sadie before the Family heard the song. Similarly, Tex Watson wrote that the words of "Sexy Sadie" fit Atkins so well "that it made us all sure [the Beatles] had to be singing directly to us." Watson specifically noted that the song's title character "came along to turn on everyone", "broke the rules", and "laid it down for all to see". Atkins, he said, "had broken all the rules, sexually, and liked to talk about her experience and lack of inhibitions".
"Rocky Raccoon"
Significance: Rocky Raccoon means "coon", a racial epithet for a black man.
Of all the Beatles songs known to have been connected with Helter Skelter, this is the only one that mentions the Bible.
So one day [Rocky Raccoon] walked into town / Booked himself a room in the local saloon / Rocky Raccoon / Checked into his room / Only to find Gideon's Bible ... Now Rocky Raccoon / He fell back in his room / Only to find Gideon's Bible / Gideon checked out / And he left it no doubt / To help with good Rocky's revival.
Before his trial, Manson was visited at the Los Angeles County Jail by David Dalton and David Felton, who were preparing a Rolling Stone story. An article in the magazine's issue of June 25, 1970, included a passage in which Manson was quoted about "Rocky Raccoon":
"Coon," said Charlie. "You know that's a word they use for black people. You know the line, 'Gideon checked out / And left no doubt / To help good Rocky's revival.' Rocky's revival—re-vival. It means coming back to life. The black man is going to come into power again. 'Gideon checks out' means that it's all written out there in the New Testament, in the Book of Revelations.
"Happiness Is a Warm Gun"
Significance: The Beatles are telling blacks to get guns and fight whites.
Sample lyric: When I hold you in my arms / And I feel my finger on your trigger / I know no one can do me no harm / Because happiness is a warm gun / (Bang bang, shoot shoot)
"Blackbird"
Lyric: Blackbird singing in the dead of night / Take these broken wings and learn to fly / All your life / You were only waiting for this moment to arise.
Meaning: The black man is going to arise and overthrow the white man. The Beatles are programming blacks to rise.
Tex Watson wrote: "[The white Establishment] would slaughter thousands of blacks, but actually only manage to eliminate all the Uncle Toms, since the true black race would have hidden, waiting for their moment".
"Helter Skelter"
Lyric: When I get to the bottom I go back to the top of the slide / Where I stop and I turn and I go for a ride
Significance: A reference to the Family's emergence from "the Bottomless Pit", the underground Death Valley hideaway where the group will escape the violence of Helter Skelter.
Lyric: Look out... Helter Skelter... She's coming down fast... Yes she is.
Meaning: The upcoming explosion of race-based violence is imminent.
"Piggies"
Lyric: What they need's a damn good whacking
Significance: Blacks are going to give "the piggies"—i.e., the establishment—a damned good whacking.
Lyric: Everywhere there's lots of piggies / Living piggy lives / You can see them out for dinner / With their piggy wives / Clutching forks and knives / To eat their bacon.
Bugliosi noted that Leno LaBianca was left with a knife in his throat and a fork in his stomach, details that led Bugliosi to draw a further connection with George Harrison's song.
"Revolution 1"
Lyric: You say you want a revolution / Well you know / We all want to change the world ... / But when you talk about destruction / Don't you know that you can count me out (in)
Significance: The singing of "in" after the word "out", even though "in" does not appear in the lyrics as they were presented on the printed sheet enclosed with the album, indicates that the Beatles had been undecided but now favor revolution. The Beatles, as Tex Watson relates Manson's view, are no longer on a "peace-and-love trip", but they cannot admit as much to the establishment.
Lyric: You say you got a real solution / Well you know / We'd all love to see the plan
Meaning: The Beatles want Manson to tell them how to escape the horrors of Helter Skelter. According to Watson and as told to Bugliosi: the Beatles are ready for violence and want Manson to create an album that will tell them what to do.
"Revolution 9"
According to Tex Watson this is the White Album piece Manson spoke about the most, the one he deemed most significant. In his 1970 conversation with Dalton, Manson said that "Revolution 9" was the track that "turned me on" to the message of Revelations chapter 9, which "predicts the overthrow of the Establishment. The pit will be opened, and that's when it will all come down. A third of all mankind will die."
Significance: The machine-gun fire, the oinking of pigs, and the word "Rise". The piece is audio representation of the coming conflict; the repeated utterance "Number 9" is reference to Chapter 9 of the Book of Revelation. In his Rolling Stone interview, Manson identified the pig sounds followed by machine-gun fire as significant details that "predict the violent overthrow of the White man". When asked whether the Beatles intended such a message, Manson replied: "I don't know whether they did or not. But it's there. It's an association in the subconscious. This music is bringing on the revolution, the unorganized overthrow of the Establishment. The Beatles know in the sense that the subconscious knows."
"Rise," Gregg Jakobson tells Bugliosi, is "one of [Manson's] big words"; the black man is going to "rise" up against the white man. According to Ed Sanders while Manson played "Revolution 9", he [screamed] "Rise! Rise! Rise!"
Sanders also writes that Manson heard the Beatles whispering: "Charlie, Charlie, send us a telegram."

Years later Tex Watson tied the prophecy to one more White Album song, "Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey", though he changed monkey to monkeys. While on LSD at a party in late March 1969, Watson states in his autobiography, he and two Manson girls realized they themselves were "the monkeys ... just bright-eyed, free little animals, totally uninhibited," as they started "bouncing around the apartment, throwing food against the walls, and laughing hysterically".

Book of Revelation, as interpreted in the vision
Chapter 7:
Verse 4: And I heard the number of them which were sealed: and there were sealed one hundred and forty and four thousand of all the tribes of the children of Israel.
One hundred forty-four thousand would be the membership of the Family when, in Helter Skelter's aftermath, it would emerge from "the bottomless pit" to rule.
Tex Watson said this growth in the Manson Family would be a result of procreation, while Paul Watkins stated that it would result from the release of the Family's album, which would draw other people to the group. Watkins also said that the Family would acquire babies made homeless in Helter Skelter. Several decades were to pass before the Family would at last depart the Bottomless Pit; the group would live there in miniaturized form.

Chapter 9:
Verses 2–3: And he opened the bottomless pit.... And there came out of the smoke locusts upon the earth; and unto them was given power, as the scorpions of the earth have power.
locusts refers to the Beatles
According to Watkins, as the scorpions of the earth have power means the power of scorpion, that is, Manson, a Scorpio, will prevail
bottomless pit = the underground city in which the Family would ride out the ravages of Helter Skelter. The Family would be lowered into this by means of a gold rope; Manson bought gold rope at a Santa Monica sporting-goods store.

Verses 7–8:...[A]nd [the locusts'] faces were as the faces of men. And they had hair as the hair of women...
According to Gregg Jakobson:  the Beatles are men with long hair
Verse 17: And thus I saw the horses in the vision, and them that sat on them, having breastplates of fire, and of jacinth, and brimstone: and the heads of the horses were as the heads of lions; and out of their mouths issued fire and smoke and brimstone.
Breastplates of fire, according to Brooks Poston = the Beatles' electric guitars.  Fire and smoke and brimstone out of their mouths, according to Gregg Jakobson = the power of the Beatles' lyrics. According to Watson, this was the power of their music to ignite Helter Skelter
Verse 7: And the shapes of the locusts were like unto horses prepared unto battle
The horses, Brooks Poston told Bugliosi, were the dune buggies the Family will be riding during Helter Skelter
In Manson's view, according to Watkins, dune buggies were the ideal vehicles of the apocalypse; they would enable the Family to outrun police in the Bottomless Pit and were light enough that a few of the girls could carry them. During the war, the Family would be making forays from the Bottomless Pit. They would be fitted with machine gun mounts; while the men would drive, the girls would operate the guns.
Fitted next to the steering wheel of Manson's personal buggy was a metal scabbard. It held a katana with which, in July 1969, Manson allegedly slashed the ear of Gary Hinman. On the buggy's front, wrote Ed Sanders, was a winch that Manson envisioned using to evade police. He would fling the winch's rope up into a tree and then winch himself up out of sight as pursuing officers would drive haplessly by.
Family member Catherine Share said "Charlie talked about Helter Skelter every night.... [W]e'd learn to live off the land. We'd live in the desert and come in on dune buggies and rescue the orphaned white babies. We'd be the saviors."
Verse 15: And the four angels were loosed, which were prepared for an hour, and a day, and a month, and a year, for to slay the third part of men
The four angels, according to Gregg Jakobson, were the Beatles. In the vision, Watson would state in his autobiography, they were prophets, preparing the way for Jesus Christ, i.e., Manson, to lead the chosen people away to safety
slay the third part of men, according to Jakobson, meant "one third of mankind ... the white race," which would die in Helter Skelter.
Verse 16: And the number of the army of the horsemen were two hundred thousand thousand: and I heard the number of them.
two hundred thousand thousand horsemen, according to Brooks Poston referred to Straight Satans motorcycle gang-members Manson was attempting to recruit into the Family
The Straight Satans were to be the Family's "needed military wing". According to Watkins the bikers and the Family would cruise through Helter Skelter in the manner of a flock of birds, all turning in one direction or another without even a sound from their leader.
Verse 4: And it was commanded [that the locusts] should not hurt the grass of the earth, neither any green thing, neither any tree; but only those men which have not the seal of God in their foreheads.
not hurt the grass of the earth, neither any green thing, neither any tree meant only humans, not nature, will be destroyed in Helter Skelter according to Watkins
the seal of God in their foreheads, according to Gregg Jakobson = a mark that would indicate whether someone was on Manson's side or not. In Helter Skelter, those without it would perish, Watson would state, in his characterization of the vision.
Verse 20: And the rest of the men which were not killed by these plagues yet repented not of the works of their hands, that they should not worship devils, and idols of gold, and silver, and brass...
the worship of idols of gold and silver and brass, according to Gregg Jakobson = the establishment's worship of materialism and money
Verse 1: And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw a star fall from heaven unto the earth: and to him was given the key of the bottomless pit.
according to Gregg Jakobson, who arranged a recording session for Manson, the fifth angel is Stu Sutcliffe, one of the original five, not four, Beatles
according to Watson and Watkins, the fifth angel is Manson

Chapter 10:
Verses 1 and 2: And I saw another mighty angel come down from heaven, clothed with a cloud: and a rainbow was upon his head, and his face was as it were the sun, and his feet as pillars of fire: And he had in his hand a little book open: and he set his right foot upon the sea, and his left foot on the earth...
For about two weeks after their departure from a house in Canoga Park, Family members moved into—or broke into—an unoccupied mansion that had recently been vacated by the rock group Iron Butterfly. In overlooking the sea from the Mulholland Hills, the house, according to Paul Watkins, met Manson's demand, in accordance with these verses, that "[the Family] have access to the sea and to the desert and that the two roads be joined."

Chapter 21:
Verses 10 and 18: And [an angel] carried me away in the spirit to a great and high mountain, and showed me that great city... and the city was pure gold, like unto clear glass.
Verse 23: And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it
According to Watkins, the Family's sanctuary under Death Valley would be a city of gold where there would be no sun and no moon.

Chapter 22:
Verse 2: In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month...
According to Watkins, the city underneath Death Valley would have a tree that would bear twelve different kinds of fruit, a different kind each month.

In relating how Manson would discourse in early 1969, while the Family was in the house in Canoga Park, Paul Watkins would report Manson's words as follows:
Look at [the Beatles'] songs: songs sung all over the world by the young love; it ain't nothin' new.... It's written in... Revelation, all about the four angels programming the holocaust...the four angels looking for the fifth angel to lead the people into the pit of fire...right out to Death Valley.... It's all in black and white, in The White Album—white, so there ain't no mistakin' the color...

In March 1969, Tex Watson, who'd separated himself from the Family after Manson and he first heard the White Album, rejoined the group.  By that time, as he would recount in his autobiography, Helter Skelter had captured the group's imagination:
 Although I got it in bits and pieces, some from the women and some from Manson himself, it turned out to be a remarkably complicated yet consistent thing that he [Manson] had discovered and developed in the three months we'd been apart.... It was exciting, amazing stuff Charlie was teaching, and we'd sit around him for hours as he told us about the land of milk and honey we'd find underneath the desert and enjoy while the world above us was soaked in blood.

Abbey Road
Abbey Road was released in the United Kingdom in late September 1969 after the murders. By that time, most of the Family was at the group's camp in the Death Valley area searching for the Bottomless Pit. Three Family members arrived at the camp around October 1 with an advance copy of the album, which the group played on a battery-operated machine.

Law officers raided the desert locations in the second week of October, found the Family with stolen vehicles, and arrested Manson and several others. By mid-November, Manson had become a suspect in the Tate-LaBianca murders, but Family members made their way back to Spahn Ranch after being released from jail. The LAPD confiscated a door on November 25 on which someone had written "Helter Scelter is coming down fast." A photograph shows that the confiscated door was also inscribed with "1, 2 3 4 5 6 7 — ALL GOOD CHILDREN (Go to Heaven?)". This children's rhyme is heard in "You Never Give Me Your Money" on Abbey Road. In October 1970, the prosecution offered testimony about the door during Manson's trial for the Tate-LaBianca murders, but only the "Helter Skelter" inscription seems to have been noted.

Tex Watson had left the desert camp and gone on to separate himself from the Family. By his own account, he bought a cassette recording of Abbey Road and played it continuously while walking for miles across the desert, to rejoin the group; he was hoping to see what The Beatles might have to tell him. He turned back at the last moment, and an old prospector informed him that the arrests had taken place.

Three people were attacked on the beach near Santa Barbara, California in late July 1970 while Manson was on trial, two of them fatally. One of the Manson girls spoke of this incident as "Maxwell's Silver Hammer", an Abbey Road song about homicidal madness.

In an interview with her court-appointed attorney, on December 29, 1969, Leslie Van Houten cited Come Together, the song with which Abbey Road opens: "So because Charles is the type of person he is, like he's out front with people, and a lot of people had a hard time seeing him, or looking at him. And that's another line that the Beatles set up: 'He's got to be good-looking 'cause he's so hard to see,' because so many people couldn't even look at him."

Timeline

1969

Around January 10: according to Paul Watkins, word comes from Manson, who is in Los Angeles, that the Family is to move from the desert to a house he found in Canoga Park. Because the canary-yellow house is a place where the Family, preparing for Helter Skelter, will be "submerged beneath the awareness of the outside world," Manson, in the account of Watkins, dubs it the Yellow Submarine, another Beatles reference.
Mid-February: according to Watkins, while he and Manson drove together, they saw a white woman and black man holding hands. Manson told Watkins that access to white women had pacified black men to the point that they had not yet risen up.
March: hoping he will agree to record the music that is intended to trigger Helter Skelter, the Family vainly expects a visit from Terry Melcher, a producer for Columbia Records.
March 23: entering uninvited upon 10050 Cielo Drive, which he has known as Melcher's residence, Manson is received by a male friend of Sharon Tate, the new lessee. Manson, who is looking for someone unknown to the friend, is told to check the guest house.  After walking back to that, Manson leaves.  Later in the day, Manson revisits the guest house and speaks with Rudy Altobelli, the owner of the property.  Altobelli tells him Melcher no longer lives there.
Around April 1: the Family start settling back into Spahn Ranch. During Helter Skelter, as Watson relates it, they must be at Spahn, from which they would have a "clear escape route to the desert."
July 27: in a dispute over money, Family member Bobby Beausoleil fatally stabs Family acquaintance Gary Hinman and writes "Political piggy" on a wall in Hinman's blood.
August 6: Beausoleil is arrested after he is caught driving Hinman's car; the knife he used to stab Hinman is found in the car's tire well.
August 9: After midnight, Tex Watson and two female Family members murder Sharon Tate and four others at 10050 Cielo Drive. With Tate's blood, Susan Atkins, one of the killers, writes "Pig" on the house's front door. Upon the killers' return to Spahn Ranch, Manson, according to Watson, asks whether it was Helter Skelter. Watson assures him it was.
August 10: After midnight, Tex Watson and two female Family members murder Leno and Rosemary LaBianca at their Los Feliz home. Using LaBianca blood, Patricia Krenwinkel writes "Rise" and "Death to Pigs" on the living room walls. She writes "Healter Skelter" on the refrigerator.

Manson's testimony

Manson was permitted to testify at his 1970 trial for the Tate-LaBianca murders, after the defendants' attorneys had attempted to rest their cases, without calling a single witness. Because of concerns related to California's People v. Aranda (1965), having to do with a defendant's statements that might implicate co-defendants, it was decided that Manson would first testify without the jury in the courtroom.

Manson spoke for over an hour. As to Helter Skelter, he said the following:

It means confusion, literally. It doesn't mean any war with anyone. It doesn't mean that some people are going to kill other people. Helter Skelter is confusion. Confusion is coming down around you fast. If you can't see the confusion coming down around you fast, you can call it what you wish.

When Manson was asked by Bugliosi, after the testimony, whether he'd be willing to testify in the same manner in the presence of the jury, the defense objected. When the judge asked Manson if he wanted to testify in front of the jury, Manson said he had relieved all the pressure he had.

Manson has dismissed the Helter Skelter conspiracy as an invention by the trial prosecutor to tie him to the murders.

Is it a conspiracy that the music is telling the youth to rise up against the establishment because the establishment is rapidly destroying things? Is that a conspiracy? The music speaks to you every day, but you are too deaf, dumb, and blind to even listen to the music.... It is not my conspiracy. It is not my music. I hear what it relates. It says "Rise", it says "Kill". Why blame it on me? I didn't write the music. ... As far as lining up someone for some kind of helter skelter trip, you know, that's the District Attorney's motive. That's the only thing he could find for a motive to throw up on top of all that confusion he had. There was no such thing in my mind as helter skelter.

Statements by Van Houten
On December 29, 1969, Leslie Van Houten, who'd been charged with the LaBianca murders, was interviewed at Sybil Brand Institute.  The interviewer was Marvin Part, who'd been appointed her attorney of record on December 19.

Van Houten said the following:

"You're only waiting for this moment to arise" and then "Have you seen the little piggies" ... Helter Skelter and it's "when I get to the bottom I go back to the top of the slide then I turn around and go for a ride" and "It's coming down fast, helter skelter" ...

"...and then when we were reading the Bible it said about the four-headed locusts and it just described the Beatles so perfectly."

Lawyer: You say Revolutions 9. Do you read anything, any title in the Bible that you thought might have been the Beatles song Revolution 9?

"Yeah, we looked up Revelation in the New Testament ... and it talked about a four-headed locust that would have hair of women and mouths of lions and faces of men and a shield of protective armor, and we thought it was like their guitars, because their album when we would listen ... on acid would say so much more ...."

Lawyer: Did you believe that the Beatles were the four-headed locusts and ... prophets?

[Hard to hear:]  "Uh-huh.  I believed it.... [I]n and out of the album they've got parts of the revelations in the Bible throughout it.... I believed that they were."

"...and in one part, if you listen on another track, it sounds like they're saying 'Charlie.'"

"...all kinds of things that made it seem real to us, to connect the Beatles with us ..."

"...we started seeing that we were in this position, because we knew that we were part of the revelations in the Bible ..."

"...the chosen white people, would go down into the center of the earth and stay there for about fifty years and then ... something was going to happen and we were going to come back up and this was when the earth would be all black."

"...there would be no more white people on the earth [?]. They would all be wiped out completely."

Later, Van Houten speaks as follows:

"...and the next night [after the Tate murders] ... well, I was feeling bad, to tell you the truth, 'cause [Patricia Krenwinkel] was my best friend, and to think that she was strong enough in her believing [to kill], I wanted to, too, because I wanted to be just like [Krenwinkel]."

"So I was feeling kind of bad, 'cause I didn't get to go, and I was sure hoping that if they [?] did it again that I could go."

Lawyer: Now why in the world would you want to go out and kill somebody?

"'Cause it had to be done.  It had to be done just in order for the whole thing to be completed.  So the whole world's karma would be completed, we had to do this ...."

In the penalty phase of the trial, Van Houten testified as follows:

... I had a court-appointed attorney by the name of Marvin Part. He had a lot of different thoughts, which were all his own, on how to get me off.  He said he was going to make some tape recordings, and he told me the gist of what he wanted me to say.  And I said it.

Interviewed in 1977, by Barbara Walters, Van Houten said the following:
... and at the time, it was supposed to help people.... The crimes, they were supposed to start a revolution that would clean the souls of everyone.  And see, what Charlie would do is he would speak about people's souls and not their persons; and because we weren't tuned in enough, we couldn't see what he was talking about, so we would just have to take his word for it.

And that's what he said, that next summer there would be this big revolution and that the chosen people would live in a hole in the middle of the desert, and then after the crimes we went out and looked for the hole.

References

External links
Book of Revelation, Chapter 9, King James Version Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
Charles Manson and the Family: The Application of Sociological Theories to Multiple Murder Retrieved October 13, 2014.

Charles Manson
1969 in the United States
Anti-black racism in the United States
Book of Revelation
The Beatles

Helter Skelter (scenario)


Big stick ideology, big stick diplomacy, big stick philosophy, or big stick policy refers to an aphorism often said by the 26th president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt; "speak softly and carry a big stick;  you will go far". The American press during his time, as well as many modern historians today, used the term "big stick" to describe the foreign policy positions during his administration. Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as "the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis". As practiced by Roosevelt, big stick diplomacy had five components. First, it was essential to possess serious military capability that would force the adversary to pay close attention. At the time that meant a world-class navy; Roosevelt never had a large army at his disposal. The other qualities were to act justly toward other nations, never to bluff, to strike only when prepared to strike hard, and to be willing to allow the adversary to save face in defeat.

The idea is negotiating peacefully but also having strength in case things go wrong. Simultaneously threatening with the "big stick", or the military, ties in heavily with the idea of Realpolitik, which implies a pursuit of political power that resembles Machiavellian ideals. It is comparable to gunboat diplomacy, as used in international politics by the  powers.

Background
Roosevelt (then Governor of New York) to Henry L. Sprague, dated January 26, 1900. Roosevelt wrote, in a bout of happiness after forcing New York's Republican committee to pull support away from a corrupt financial adviser:

Roosevelt would go on to be elected Vice President later that year, and subsequently used the aphorism publicly in an address to the Minnesota State Fair, entitled "National Duties", on September 2, 1901:

Usage
Although it had been used before his presidency, Roosevelt used military muscle several times throughout his two terms with a more subtle touch to complement his diplomatic policies and enforcing the Monroe Doctrine throughout multiple interventions in Latin America. This included the Great White Fleet, 16 battleships which peacefully circumnavigated the globe as an illustration of United States's rising yet neutral prestige under Roosevelt's direction.

Latin America

Venezuelan Affair (1902) and the Roosevelt Corollary

In the early 20th century, Venezuela was receiving complaints from Britain and Germany about "acts of violence against the liberty of British subjects and the massive capture of British vessels" who were from the UK and the lack of Venezuelan initiative to pay off long-standing debts. After the Royal Navy and Imperial German Navy took naval action with a blockade on Venezuela (1902–1903), Roosevelt denounced the blockade. The blockade began the basis of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe doctrine. Though he had mentioned the basis of his idea beforehand in private letters, he officially announced the corollary in 1904, stating that he only wanted the "other republics on this continent" to be "happy and prosperous". For that goal to be met, the corollary required that they "maintain order within their borders and behave with a just obligation toward outsiders".

Most historians, such as one of Roosevelt's many biographers Howard K. Beale have summarized that the corollary was influenced by Roosevelt's personal beliefs as well as his connections to foreign bondholders. The U.S. public was very "tense" during the two-month blockade; Roosevelt asked  Britain and Germany to pull out their forces from the area. During the requests for the blockade's end, Roosevelt stationed naval forces in Cuba, to ensure "the respect of Monroe doctrine" and the compliance of the parties in question. The doctrine was never ratified by the senate or brought up for a vote to the American public. Roosevelt's declaration was the first of many presidential decrees in the twentieth century that were never ratified.

Canal diplomacy
The U.S. used the "big stick" during "Canal Diplomacy", the diplomatic actions of the U.S. during the pursuit of a canal across Central America. Both Nicaragua and Panama featured canal related incidents of big stick diplomacy.

Proposed construction of the Nicaragua Canal

In 1901, Secretary of State John Hay pressed the Nicaraguan Government for approval of a canal. Nicaragua would receive $1.5 million in ratification, $100,000 annually, and the U.S. would "provide sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity". Nicaragua then returned the contract draft with a change; they wished to receive, instead of an annual $100,000, $6 million in ratification. The U.S. accepted the deal, but, after Congress approved the contract, a problem of court jurisdiction came up. The U.S. did not have legal jurisdiction in the land of the future canal. This problem was on the verge of correction until pro-Panama representatives posed problems for Nicaragua; the current leader (General José Santos Zelaya) did not cause problems, from the outlook of U.S. interests.

Construction of the Panama Canal

In 1899, the Isthmian Canal Commission was set up to determine which site would be best for the canal (Nicaragua or Panama) and then to oversee construction of the canal. After Nicaragua was ruled out, Panama was the obvious choice. A few problems had arisen, however. With the U.S.'s solidified interests in Panama (then a small portion of Colombia), both Colombia and the French company that was to provide the construction materials raised their prices. The U.S., refusing to pay the higher-than-expected fees, "engineered a revolution" in Colombia. On November 3, 1903, Panama (with the support of the United States Navy) revolted against Colombia. Panama became a new republic, receiving $10 million from the U.S. alone. Panama also gained an annual payment of $250,000, and guarantees of independence. The U.S. gained the rights to the canal strip "in perpetuity". Roosevelt later said that he "took the Canal, and let Congress debate". After Colombia lost Panama, they tried to appeal to the U.S. by the reconsidering of treaties and even naming Panama City the capital of Colombia.

Cuba

The U.S. after the Spanish–American War had many expansionists who wanted to annex Cuba. Many people felt that a foreign power (outside of the U.S.) would control a portion of Cuba, thus the U.S. could not continue with its interests in Cuba. Although many advocated annexation, this was prevented by the Teller Amendment, which states "hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people". When summarized, this could mean that the U.S. would not interfere with Cuba and its peoples. The expansionists argued that the Teller Amendment was created "ignorant of actual conditions", which released the U.S. from its obligation. Following the debate surrounding the Teller Amendment, the Platt Amendment took effect. The Platt Amendment (the name is a misnomer; the Platt Amendment is actually a rider to the Army Appropriation Act of 1901) was accepted by Cuba in late 1901, after "strong pressure" from Washington. The Platt Amendment, summarized by Thomas A. Bailey in "Diplomatic History of the American People":

 Cuba was not to make decisions impairing her independence or to permit a foreign power [e.g., Germany] to secure lodgment in control over the island.
 Cuba pledged herself not to incur an indebtedness beyond her means [It might result in foreign intervention].
 The United States was at liberty to intervene for the purpose of preserving order and maintaining Cuban independence.
 Cuba would agree to an American-sponsored sanitation program [Aimed largely at yellow fever].
 Cuba would agree to sell or lease to the United States sites for naval or coaling stations [Guantánamo became the principal base].

With the Platt Amendment in place, Roosevelt pulled the troops out of Cuba. A year later, Roosevelt wrote:

See also

Pax Americana
Peace through strength
History of U.S. foreign policy, 1897–1913

Notes

References

External links
 A site about Big Stick Ideology
 Information about the political aspects of the Big Stick

Hegemony
American political catchphrases
Imperialism
Banana Wars
Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
Foreign policy doctrines of the United States
Metaphors referring to objects
Military diplomacy
History of United States expansionism
Monroe Doctrine

Big stick ideology


Dorados de Sinaloa, or Dorados, is a Mexican professional football club based in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.

History
Dorados de Sinaloa was founded on August 9, 2003. The Dorados was the youngest team to play on First Division de México, having joined the division for the first time for the Apertura 2004 tournament when the club was only one year old. The Dorados currently play in the Liga de Expansión MX, the second tier of the Mexican league.

First promotion and relegation
On 20 December 2003, the Dorados won their first title in the Apertura 2003 tournament of Primera División A. Guadalupe Castaneda scored the goal, beating the Cobras of Ciudad Juárez. They finished as runners-up in the Apertura 2004, and won the play-off promotion beating Club León with a goal from Roberto Dominguez and winning the promotion to Liga MX just one year after the club was founded. The club was relegated to the Apertura in a 2006 tournament after playing for just two years in the top tier.

Return to first Division

On July 27, 2015, the Dorados played their first game in the First Division after 8 seasons in the Second Division. The game was celebrated in the Banorte Stadium versus Jaguares de Chiapas, with a 0–0 final score. Their first 3 points came in the second game of the season on July 31, against Xoloitzcuintles de Tijuana in the Caliente Stadium. Dayro Moreno scored for the North Californian team, but Mauricio Martín Romero scored the first goal of Dorados in the 2015–16 Liga MX season. The Dorados played and won their first game in the first division in 9 years, 1–2. The previous game being on April 22, 2006, when the Dorados beat Jaguares de Chiapas 4–2, with goals from Andrés Orozco, Cristian Patiño, and Pep Guardiola.

Second relegation
On April 16, 2016, after losing 5–2 to Tigres UANL, the Dorados were demoted after just one season in Liga MX, finishing last in the relegation table of 2015–16 Liga MX season marking the second time the club was relegated to Ascenso MX.

Rivalry with Club León
When the Dorados de Sinaloa arrived at Primera División A in 2003, a rivalry was born. When the franchise was first created in 2003, Dorados became champions in their first tournament, becoming the first team to ever accomplish this feat in Primera A. In their second tournament, Dorados made it to the final once again, falling to Club León. Despite losing this final, Dorados and León played the promotion game to Primera División de México where Dorados were victorious. Dorados and Leon have played a total of four finals, with each team winning two.

Since the relegation of Dorados to the Ascenso MX, the two sides have not played in a league match.

Honours
 Ascenso MX: 4
Apertura 2003, Clausura 2007, Clausura 2015, Apertura 2016
 Campeón de Ascenso: 2
2004, 2015
 Copa MX: 1
Apertura 2012
International Copa Ricardo:
Second Place

Personnel

Management

Coaching staff

Players

First-team squad

Reserve teams

Dorados de Sinaloa (Liga TDP)
Reserve team that plays in the Liga TDP, the fourth level of the Mexican league system.

Notable players

 Carlos Casartelli
 César Gradito
 Diego Latorre
 Pablo Gabriel Torres
 Milton Caraglio
 Gaspar Servio
 Gabriel Hachen
 Flavio Rogerio
 Iarley
 Lucas Silva
 David Henriquez
 Andrés Orozco
 Yimmi Chara
 Óscar Rojas
 Jefferson Montero
 Vinicio Angulo
 Segundo Castillo
 Walter Ayovi
 Miguel Becerra
 Everaldo Begines
 Jared Borgetti
 Omar Briceño
 Guadalupe Castañeda
 Jorge Iván Estrada
 Hugo García
 Carlos Alberto Hurtado
 Héctor López
 David Mendoza
 Aurelio Molina
 Luis Padilla
 Mario Padilla
 Christian Patiño
 Carlos Pinto
 Aldo Polo
 Sergio Quiróz
 Lorenzo Ramírez
 Jaime Ruiz
 Diego Mejia
 Alfredo Frausto
 Mario Osuna
 Javier Güemez
 Joel Sánchez
 Cirilo Saucedo
 Christian Valdéz
 Cuauhtémoc Blanco
 Fernando Arce
 Elio Castro
 Raúl Enríquez
 Moisés Velasco
 Roberto Nurse
 Pep Guardiola
 Joe Corona
 Sebastián Abreu
 Héctor Giménez
 Nelson Maz
 Jonathan Lacerda
 Sonny Guadarrama

Coaches

  Juan Carlos Chávez (2003–2004)
  Alexandre Guimarães (2004)
  José Luis Real (2004–2005)
  Carlos Bracamontes (2005)
  Juanma Lillo (2005–2006)
  Jose Luis Saldivar (2006)
  Jacques Passy (2006)
  Hugo Fernández (2006–2008)
  Jorge Almiron (2008–2009)
  Ricardo Rayas (2009–2011)
  Francisco Palacios (Interim) (2011)
  Robert Dante Siboldi (2012)
  Francisco Ramirez (2012–2014)
  Diego Torres (2014)
  Eduardo Fentanes (Interim) (2014)
  Carlos Bustos (2015)
  Omar Briceño (Interim) (2015)
  Luis Fernando Suarez (2015–2016)
  José Guadalupe Cruz (2016)
  Gabriel Caballero (2016–2017)
  Diego Ramirez (2017–2018)
  Francisco Ramírez (2018)
  Diego Maradona (2018–2019)
  José Guadalupe Cruz (2019)
  David Patiño (2020)
  Rafael García (2021–)

References

External links

Football clubs in Sinaloa
Ascenso MX teams
Liga MX teams

Dorados de Sinaloa