Pe Maung Tin ( ; 24 April 1888 – 22 March 1973) was a scholar of Pali and Buddhism and educator in Myanmar, formerly Burma. Born to an Anglican family at Pauktaw, Insein Township, Rangoon, he was the fifth child of U Pe and Daw Myaing. His grandfather was the first Burmese pastor of Henzada. He learnt the basic Buddhist texts at a local private school before he went to Rangoon Government High School where he won a scholarship at age 14.

Distinguished career
He graduated with a B. A. degree from University College, Rangoon in 1909 and an M. A. degree from the University of Calcutta in 1911. Pe Maung Tin became the first national professor of Pali language at University College, Rangoon, and also, at the age of 24, the youngest professor in Burma in 1912. The position came with the post of librarian of Bernard Free Library and the job of Honorary Secretary of the Burma Research Society as well as editor of its journal JBRS.
He was called  "M.A. Maung Tin" or "Pali Maung Tin" because of his knowledge of Buddhism. He obtained his Bachelor of Letters (B. Litt.) degree from Oxford University in 1922. He had also visited Paris for further studies (1920–21), and was invited back to lecture on Asian literature in 1936.

Pe Maung Tin was the only Burmese to be appointed to the commission set up in 1918 to establish  Rangoon University independent of Calcutta. He then worked hard to raise the status of Burmese literature as an Honours degree subject. He himself brought out texts to teach. The first course was taught in 1924, and the first student was Sein Tin who graduated in 1927 and later became famous under the pen name Theippan Maung Wa.

He was close friends with professors J S Furnivall of the BRS and Gordon H Luce, who married his sister Tee Tee in 1915. He contributed to various language debates held by the Society (1922–1925). The year 1934 saw the publication of Hkit san pon byin (, Experimental Tales), a collection of short stories in a new style of writing, by his students Theippan Maung Wa, Zawgyi and Min Thu Wun, followed by an anthology called Hkit san kabya (, Experimental Poems). Professor Pe Maung Tin explained in his foreword that he coined the word hkit san (, testing the times) as he wanted his students to experiment and test the reaction of the readers. He was also an accomplished musician and had helped sponsor the Rangoon College Philharmonic Society.

Pe Maung Tin became principal of University College, Rangoon University, in 1937. In 1939 he was elected president of the Burma Research Society. After the Second World War in 1946, he retired at age 58. He was however asked to serve as principal of the University of Adult Education in 1947. He then became chairman of the University Translation and Publication Advisory Board and professor emeritus of Pali the following year. He was re-elected president of the BRS in 1950, and awarded an honorary doctorate LL. D. by Rangoon University in 1952.

In 1957-58 Pe Maung Tin visited the United States of America to lecture on Buddhism at the University of Chicago which awarded him an honorary doctorate. He was also invited to speak at Bucknell University, Pennsylvania. In May 1959 he attended the East Asia Christian Conference meeting in Kuala Lampur, and later went to China as a member of a cultural exchange delegation.

From 1960 to 1964, Pe Maung Tin served as chairman of the Burma Historical Commission. He led the Burma Translation Society in compiling the Burmese Encyclopedia. In 1968 the BRS marked his 80th birthday with a special celebration. The Pali Text Society in 1972 requested him to become their editor for the 50 volume publication of the Atthakatha, the year before he died in 1973 at age 85.

Many did not realize that he was a Christian and thought he was a former Buddhist monk because of his knowledge of Buddhism. He was a leader of the Christian Literature Society of the Burma Council of Churches. A popular story was that some of his students asked him to become a Buddhist because of his familiarity with the religion and the similarity of his thoughts with Buddhist philosophy. Pe Maung Tin reportedly told them that it had been a long time that he was a Christian, and at his age, he did not want to abandon his 'old wife' for a new one.

Publications
The first of his numerous articles and reviews to appear in the JBRS, in 1911, was titled Missionary Burmese which acknowledged the achievements of the American Baptist lexicographer and missionary Adoniram Judson (1788–1849) and exhorted the contemporary missionaries to study the best of Burmese literature so their sermons could be more effective. Another early publication was titled Notes on Dipavamsa, a Buddhist text, in 1912.

He was also professor of Oriental studies and was honored by the Pali Text Society for his translation of the Visuddhimagga, an encyclopedia of the dhamma written by Buddhaghosa, into English. It was for this work that he had received the B. Litt. from Oxford. His first translation work for the PTS, started in 1916, was The Expositor (Atthasalini): Buddhaghosa's Commentary on Dhammasangani The First Book of the Abhidhamma Pitaka published by the Oxford University Press in 1920-21. He co-authored, whilst in London with Lilias E. Armstrong, a Burmese phonetic reader in 1925.

Pe Maung Tin was a prodigious writer, and his works, such as a Burmese grammar (1951–1955), selections of Burmese prose, a history of Burmese literature (1938), and the Visuddhimagga, are still used as references. Pe Maung Tin with Gordon Luce translated the Glass Palace Chronicle. It was the first time he signed the name Pe Maung Tin to the introduction dated 1 November 1922. The year 1928 saw the publication of Selections from the Inscriptions of Pagan compiled with Luce.

He also edited Kinwun Mingyi U Kaung's London and Paris Diaries (1927–28) among several works for the Burma Education Extension Association (BEEA) founded by Furnivall after he retired.

Family
Pe Maung Tin married at the age of 40 to Edith Kyi Kyi, daughter of U Po Dan and Daw Mya Gyi and 13 years his junior, on 9 June 1928, at an Anglican church in Thayarwady. Their youngest daughter Tin Tin Myaing (Brenda), a scholar of French language and literature and librarian, lives in London. She is on the council of the Britain Burma Society She organised a symposium on her celebrated father's 110th anniversary in 1998 at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. His centenary was overshadowed by the momentous events in Burma in 1988.

References

Bibliography

External links
The Path of Purity being a translation of Buddhaghosa's Visuddhimagga Pe Maung Tin 1922
Disapramok Inscription (U Pe Maung Tin 1936) Jon Frenquest, Burmese Epigraphy Blog, February 19, 2008
U Pe Maung Tin Symposium 1998 Center for Burma Studies, Northern Illinois University.
The Journal of Burma Studies - Special Issue in Homage to U Pe Maung Tin, Vol.9 2004 NIU
A Note on the Development of the Burmese Language Pe Maung Tin, JBRS 1924.

1888 births
1973 deaths
Burmese Anglicans
Burmese writers
Burmese studies scholars
Burmese educators
University of Calcutta alumni
University of Yangon alumni
Linguists from Myanmar
Presidents of the Burma Research Society
People from Yangon Region
Burmese people of Mon descent
20th-century linguists

Pe Maung Tin


The dusky thrush (Turdus eunomus) is a member of the thrush family which breeds eastwards from central Siberia to Kamchatka  wintering to Japan, South China and Myanmar. It is closely related to the more southerly breeding Naumann's thrush T. naumanni; the two have often been regarded as conspecific. The scientific name comes from Latin Turdus, "thrush" and Ancient Greek eunomos, "orderly".

This species breeds in open woodland areas, but unlike Naumann's thrush, the dusky thrush is more tolerant of mountainous and tundra-edge habitats. This species is strongly migratory, wintering south to southeast Asia, principally in China and neighbouring countries. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe. In December 2016 a sighting of one in the Derbyshire in the United Kingdom brought hundreds of birdwatchers to see it.

It nests in trees, laying 3-5 eggs in an untidy but neatly lined nest. Migrating birds and wintering birds often form small flocks. It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, especially mosquitoes,  earthworms and berries.

This is a medium-sized but stocky thrush, reminiscent in structure of a small fieldfare. The underwing is reddish brown, and there is a pale .

Dusky thrush has a dark brown back and rump; the face, breast, and flank spots rump are black and the belly and undertail are white. Naumann's thrush in comparison has a paler brown back and head; the face, breast, flank spots and rump are reddish, and the belly and undertail are white.

The female is fairly similar to the male, but immatures have a weaker patterning.

The male dusky thrush has a simple fluted or whistling song, similar to the redwing. There are suggestions that the songs of dusky and Naumann's thrush differ.

References

External links

dusky thrush
dusky thrush
Birds of North Asia
Birds of Mongolia
dusky thrush

Dusky thrush


Alfred Edward Haynes (4 April 1907 – 23 June 1953) was an English footballer.

Born in Oxford, Haynes started out at Oxford City before joining Arsenal aged 21 in 1928. A half back, he spent six seasons at Arsenal but only played 29 first-team games; however these coincided with the start of the club's first period of success under Herbert Chapman. Haynes made his debut against Liverpool on 21 December 1929 at Anfield, a game Arsenal lost 1–0. Nevertheless, Haynes played 14 games that season but missed out on the 1930 FA Cup Final, which Arsenal won, gaining their first major trophy.

Haynes continued to play mostly for the reserves, winning the London Combination three times. However, he missed out on a first-team winners' medal as he was only used sparingly as Arsenal won two League titles in 1930-31 and 1932-33. However, he did pick up a winners medal after playing in Arsenal's 1–0 defeat of West Bromwich Albion in the 1931 FA Charity Shield. His final appearance for Arsenal came against Blackburn Rovers on 7 October 1933.

Unable to oust the first-choice half backs of Frank Hill, Herbie Roberts and Bob John, Haynes was sold to Crystal Palace in November 1933, and played there for three seasons, retiring in 1936. He made 48 league appearances for Palace (51 in total) scoring once.

Haynes died in Oxford in 1953 at the age of 46.

References

English men's footballers
1907 births
1953 deaths
Footballers from Oxford
Oxford City F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Men's association football wing halves

Alf Haynes


Axial mesoderm, or chordamesoderm, is the mesoderm in the embryo that lies along the central axis under the neural tube.

 will give rise to notochord
 starts as the notochordal process, whose formation finishes at day 20 in humans.
 important not only in forming the notochord itself but also in inducing development of the overlying ectoderm into the neural tube
 will eventually induce the formation of vertebral bodies.
 ventral floor of the notochordal process fuses with endoderm.
 The notochord will form the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs. There is some discussion as to whether these cells contributed from the notochord are replaced by others from the adjacent mesoderm.

It gives rise to the notochordal process, which later becomes the notochord.

References

External links
 Diagrams at cornell.edu

Embryology
Animal developmental biology

Axial mesoderm


Jean-Pol Martin (born 1943, Paris, France) was a professor for foreign language teaching in Germany. He established the teaching method learning by teaching, a method for students to learn by teaching their peers.  This concept has developed into a common practice throughout Germany and has been experimented with in other countries.

Biography
Martin was born in 1943 in Paris and went to Germany in 1968.  He studied German and French in order to become a teacher at a German grammar school, becoming a professor for foreign language teaching didactics at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (Bavaria) in 1980.  In that year he had the idea to let the students teach their peers in French.  That experience was successful, so he could establish the "Lernen durch Lehren" (LdL) (learning by teaching) method in Germany.  He was the first scholar to do active research on that topic for 25 years, building a wide network with several thousand teachers and promoting it to a large scale.  All teachers in Germany are trained in that method during their pedagogic studies.

Bibliography
1994: Vorschlag eines anthropologisch begründeten Curriculums für den Fremdsprachenunterricht. Tübingen 1994 (Habilitation)

Other websites
LdL-Portal
Video about JP.Martin (Learning by teaching in English)

German academics
1943 births
Living people
People from Paris

Jean-Pol Martin


Icelandic names are different from most other naming systems used in the West, in that the names follow a patronymic (sometimes matronymic) surname pattern.

This means that when a person is named, their last name is the name of their father, plus -son. So if a man called Eric had a son called Leif, Leif's name would be Leif Ericsson.

The same is true for females, although sometimes women take the name of their father for their last name, or the name of their mother. Also, the suffix -sdottír is added to the end of the parent's name. So, if a girl called Astrid's parents were Leif and Inga, then their daughter could be called either Astrid Leifsdóttir, or Astrid Ingasdóttir.

Changes were announced to the laws about names in 2019. Given names are not limited by gender anymore. People that are registered officially with a non-binary gender will be able to use the suffix -bur ("child of") instead of -son or -dóttir.

This naming system is the same naming system that was used by the Vikings. Iceland has kept this naming system because Iceland is an island, and had little contact with the outside world for quite some time, so there was not much change in things like customs, language and naming systems.

Iceland

Icelandic name


Webster is an unincorporated community in Fountain Green Township, Hancock County, Illinois, United States.  It was originally known as Ramus and was settled under the direction of Joel H. Johnson.

The settlement here was largely due to the presence of Ute and Sarah Perkins who had moved to the area in 1826. This area became known as Perkins Settlement. A short time later a group of Catholic families moved from Kentucky, led by Mordecai Lincoln. In 1838 Lincoln established the Catholic Church of St. Simon the Apostle in the area, which was supervised by the diocese of St. Louis.

The Perkins family joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1839, responding to the teaching of Joel H. Johnson. The Perkins became the center of the community. The Perkinses were so central to the community that at times it was called Perkins Settlement.

Johnson moved to the area in February 1840. In July 1840 a stake of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was organized giving the place the name of Ramus. Some of the Perkins land was purchased, and set out into a town of 24 blocks. Johnson set about promoting the town to Mormons elsewhere as a worthwhile place with plenty of surrounding agricultural land and a growing settlement. In 1841 nine blocks were added to the town.

In about 1841, the Latter Day Saints built a meetinghouse in Ramus, which may have been the first meetinghouse built by Latter Day Saints. Other sources call this building a schoolhouse.  Another notable early resident of Ramus was Benjamin F. Johnson who operated a store there.

By the end of 1842 there were between 500 and 600 people in Ramus.

In 1843 the town was renamed Macedonia when it was formally incorporated by the Illinois legislature. By 1845 the population had declined to 380.

Doctrine and Covenants sections 130 and 131 are gathered from remarks given by Joseph Smith at Ramus.

Today the Webster Community Church, built in 1897, occupies the site of this early Latter Day Saint meetinghouse.

Notes

References

External links
NACo

Unincorporated communities in Hancock County, Illinois
Unincorporated communities in Illinois
Populated places established in 1840
Significant places in Mormonism
1840 establishments in Illinois

Webster, Illinois


Dodge Macknight (né William Dodge MacKnight; 1 October 1860, in Providence, Rhode Island – 23 May 1950, in East Sandwich, Massachusetts) was an American painter.

Career
MacKnight's work falls under the post-Impressionism, an art movement that succeeded the nineteenth-century impressionism. McKnight made the major part of his career watercolors. His colorful works were appreciated by amateurs in Boston, who were receptive to impressionist aesthetics. He painted mostly landscapes and was considered as the equal of John Singer Sargent.

MacKnight lived in Fontvieille at the time when Vincent van Gogh was living in Arles. In 1888, they met through John Russell. MacKnight became a friend of van Gogh, and introduced him to the Belgian painter Eugène Boch. Russell portrayed both van Gogh and MacKnight.

The largest collections of MacKnight's works are at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston. The Museum of Fine Arts (Boston) and the Fogg Art Museum in Cambridge (Massachusetts) also have a collection of his paintings.

References

External links

 The Free Library

1860 births
1950 deaths
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists

Dodge MacKnight


Bonnie M. Watson Coleman (born February 6, 1945) is an American politician. She has served as the U.S. representative for New Jersey's 12th congressional district since 2015. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Watson Coleman served in the New Jersey General Assembly, from 1998 to 2015 for the 15th legislative district. She is the first African-American woman to represent New Jersey in Congress.

Early life and education
Watson Coleman was born in Camden, New Jersey. Her father, John S. Watson, served six terms in the New Jersey legislature. She graduated from Ewing High School. She received a B.A. from Thomas Edison State College in 1985 after briefly attending Rutgers University-Camden. She is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. Raised Baptist, she resides in Ewing Township.

Early career
In 1974, Watson Coleman established the first Office of Civil Rights, Contract Compliance and Affirmative Action, in the New Jersey Department of Transportation and remained the director of that office for six years. In 1980, she joined the Department of Community Affairs, where she held a number of positions including assistant commissioner responsible for aging, community resources, public guardian and women divisions.

Watson Coleman served on the Governing Boards Association of State Colleges from 1987 to 1998 and as its chair from 1991 to 1993. She was a member of the Ewing Township Planning Board from 1996 to 1997, a member of The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey board of trustees from 1981 to 1998, and its chair from 1990 to 1991.

Watson Coleman served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1998 to 2015 for the 15th Legislative District, the same district her father represented. She became the first African American woman to lead the state party when she was elected chair of the New Jersey Democratic State Committee on February 4, 2002. She served until 2006. Watson Coleman served as Majority Leader of the New Jersey General Assembly from 2006 to 2010.

U.S. House of Representatives

2014 election
Following the announcement that Congressman Rush Holt would not seek another term in office, Watson Coleman announced her candidacy for the seat in New Jersey's 12th congressional district.

On June 3, Watson Coleman won the Democratic primary. She defeated Republican nominee Alieta Eck in the November 4 general election with 60.9% of the vote. She resigned her state legislature seat to enter Congress. Watson Coleman's win made her the first African-American woman elected to represent a New Jersey district in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Tenure
On March 3, 2015, Watson Coleman participated with fellow Democrats in the boycott of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's speech to Congress.

In March 2016, Watson Coleman and Representatives Robin Kelly and Yvette D. Clarke founded the Congressional Caucus on Black Women and Girls. "Black women and girls are disproportionately affected by myriad socioeconomic issues that diminish their quality of life and threaten the well-being of their families and communities. The Congressional Caucus on Black Women and Girls gives black women a seat at the table for the crucial discussion on the policies that impact them while also providing a framework for creating opportunities and eliminating barriers to success for black women", they announced in a press release. They were inspired by the #SheWoke Committee, a group of seven activists that reached out to lawmakers and staffers to start.

Watson Coleman co-sponsored the International Megan's Law, to combat child exploitation and other sex crimes abroad. President Barack Obama signed the bill into law in February 2016.

In July 2019, Watson Coleman voted against H. Res. 246 - 116th Congress, a House resolution introduced by Representative Brad Schneider opposing efforts to boycott the State of Israel and the Global Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement targeting Israel. The resolution passed 398–17.

Committee assignments
 Committee on Homeland Security
 Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications
 Subcommittee on Oversight and Management Efficiency (Ranking Member)
 Subcommittee on Transportation and Public Assets
 Committee on Appropriations
 United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies

Caucus memberships
Congressional Progressive Caucus
Congressional Black Caucus
Congressional Arts Caucus
Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus
Medicare for All Caucus
Blue Collar Caucus

Political positions

Watson Coleman has been a strong supporter of programs allowing criminal offenders to reenter society. Her two sons were sentenced to seven years in prison after committing armed robbery against a Kids R Us store in 2001. One of her sons gained employment with a county agency after his release. Watson Coleman also supports a ban of the type of assault rifles her sons used in the robbery. As a New Jersey Assemblywoman, she sponsored a bill that bars companies with more than 15 employees from conducting criminal background checks on candidates during the interview process.

In October 2020, Watson Coleman co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan's offensive operations against the Armenian-populated enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh, denounced Turkey's role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and called for an immediate ceasefire.

Personal life
In 1972, Watson Coleman married Jim Carter. They had a son. They divorced in the early 1980s. In 1995, she married William Coleman. He has two sons from a previous marriage.

Watson Coleman's two sons, William Carter-Watson and Jared C. Coleman, pleaded guilty to holding up the Kids "R" Us store at Mercer Mall with a handgun as it was about to close on March 12, 2001; they were sentenced to seven years in prison and served five and a half years. Watson Coleman has acknowledged it in the past and introduced legislation "that bars companies with more than 15 employees to conduct criminal background checks on candidates during the interview process". She argued for the law, saying, "One of the greatest barriers to a second chance in the state of New Jersey is a barrier to employment"; it was later passed and signed into law. In 2014, her son William Carter-Watson was hired by the Mercer County Park Commission as an entry-level laborer. When asked for comment, Brian Hughes, the County Executive, said, "the county has maintained a policy of hiring ex-convicts in search of a second chance".

In the summer of 2018, Watson Coleman underwent surgery to remove a cancerous tumor.

Watson Coleman tested positive for COVID-19 on January 11, 2021. She believed she contracted the virus from Republican colleagues who refused to wear masks while they sheltered together during the 2021 storming of the Capitol.

Electoral history

See also
 List of African-American United States representatives
 Women in the United States House of Representatives

References

External links

 Congresswoman Bonnie Watson Coleman official U.S. House website
 Bonnie Watson Coleman for Congress

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1945 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
African-American members of the United States House of Representatives
African-American state legislators in New Jersey
African-American women in politics
Chairmen of the New Jersey Democratic State Committee
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey
Ewing High School (New Jersey) alumni
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Living people
Democratic Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly
People from Ewing Township, New Jersey
Politicians from Camden, New Jersey
Stockton University
Thomas Edison State University alumni
Women state legislators in New Jersey
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

Bonnie Watson Coleman


A geological basin is a large low-lying area. It is often below sea level.

Geological basins are one of the two most common places inland which collect sediment (the other is lakes). The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent. The geology is of interest to oil prospectors, hydrologists and palaeontologists.

Causes
One cause is stretching of the lithosphere (crust + upper mantle). Examples: North Sea; Nevada basin; Death Valley; Red Sea.
Overthrusting of a continental plate, at a plate boundary, causes the plate to flex. Part goes up, and part goes down. The downward part becomes a foreland basin. Examples: the Ebro basin next to the Pyrenees in Spain; the Molasse and Po River basins next to the Alps.
Rifting can cause basins, as with the Dead Sea rift.

Death Valley example

Starting around 16 million years ago in the Miocene, and continuing into the present, a large part of the North American Plate has been stretched by being pulled apart.p611 The result has been the creation of a large and still-growing region of relatively thin crust; the region grew an average of  per year initially and then slowed to  per year in the last 5 million years. Geologists call this region the Basin and Range Province.

Pulling forces causes rock at depth to stretch like silly putty and rock closer to the surface to break along normal faults into downfallen basins called grabens.

Sediment
Because the basin is low-lying, it collects sediment. Rivers may run down into the basin from surrounding mountains. Floods or lakes may form with no outlet to the sea. Evaporation occurs; more sediment arrives, and so on. The strata which forms gives clues as to the palaeoclimate.

Other terms that are used to describe a basin are: drainage basin, catchment, catchment area, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin, water basin, endorheic basin and watershed.

Drainage
Some basins, such as the Great Basin, do not drain to the sea. The water may drain into underground aquifers, or evaporate to form salt lakes.

Most basins, however, are drainage basins with rivers bringing their water into the sea. Many such rivers meander through a web of islands at the river delta, and bring along a huge amount of sediment in the form of mud, clay and sand. The Amazon and the Mississippi river systems are like this. The strata which form are quite different from inland basin lakes.

References

Landforms

Basin (geology)


Wilford, Arizona is a ghost town in Navajo County, Arizona,  United States, located approximately 7 miles south of Heber-Overgaard, along Black Canyon Rd. The town was settled in April 1883 by a group of Latter-day Saints from the failed Brigham City settlement. Wilford was eventually abandoned due to years of overgrazing by cattle. The last residents moved out in 1926.

History

During the 1880s, discouraged Little Colorado River settlers began migrating to the forests of the Mogollon Rim. Wilford was settled in April 1883 by LDS members from Brigham City. Originally called "Adam's Valley", after founder (Jerome Jefferson Adams), the name was changed to "Wilford", President Wilford Woodruff, fourth president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), at a quarterly stake conference in August 1883.

Joining the Adams family, from Brigham City, were the Edmund Richardsons, Charles Whitings, Andrew Petersons, and Sullivan Richardsons. These families were later joined by the Brookbanks and Nathanael Porter families. Sunset residents had formed a settlement 3/4 miles south at "The Forks", and former St. Joseph residents lived north in Heber (Heber-Overgaard, Arizona). Over 30 families inhabited these settlements by 1883. At this time, Wilford consisted primarily of single room log cabins. Dry farming and cattle ranching were the primary way of life. Milk, from the cattle, had a number of uses, and abundant crops consisting of corn, potatoes, wheat, squash, melons and popcorn could be traded for goods and services. Childbirth was dangerous to both mother and child at this time. The closest doctor was a 2-day ride.

In February 1885, the Edmunds Act led the LDS Church to counsel polygamists to move south to Mexico and build a city of refuge on the Casas Grandes River in Chihuahua. Nearly half of Wilford's population was lost to the migration. The following year, non-Latter-day Saint families and Hashknife Cowboys began moving into the area, forever changing the atmosphere. The Hashknife cowboys drove herds of cattle for the Aztec Land and Cattle Company. Many residents felt intimidated by the cowboys, but some firmly stood their ground. It was not unheard of, for residents returning home after a leave of absence, to find that Hashknife Cowboys had moved into their vacant cabin. This eventually became such a problem, that law enforcement began getting involved. John Hoyle, a former cook for the Hashknife Outfit, ran a store and ranch in "Hoyle's Canyon" for 3 years before relocating to Heber in 1891.

By 1888, due to years of overgrazing by the cattle of the Aztec Land & Cattle Company, most of the grassy meadows had become eroded washes. Numerous families abandoned the settlement at this time. Some residents relocated to nearby Heber, while others joined their friends in Mexico. Wilford ceased being a town by 1889; then consisting of sparsely populated ranches. The last residents moved out in 1926. Today, loose rock foundations are the only physical evidence of the former settlement.

See also
 Brigham City, Arizona
 Heber, Arizona
 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Arizona

References

Former populated places in Navajo County, Arizona
Ghost towns in Arizona

Wilford, Arizona


EZproxy is a web proxy server used by libraries to give access from outside the library's computer network to restricted-access websites that authenticate users by IP address. This allows library patrons at home or elsewhere to log in through their library's EZproxy server and gain access to resources to which their library subscribes, such as bibliographic databases.

The software was originally written by Chris Zagar in 1999 who founded Useful Utilities LLC to support it. OCLC announced in January 2008 that it had acquired the product and was hiring Zagar as a full-time consultant for a year. Zagar is a librarian who serves as a systems librarian at the Estrella Mountain Community College, a part of the Maricopa Community Colleges in Arizona. He won the 2006 LITA/Brett Butler Entrepreneurship Award for his work with EZproxy.

EZproxy is a URL rewriting program, which works by dynamically altering the URLs within the web pages provided by the database vendor. The server names within the URLs of these web pages are changed to reflect the EZproxy server instead, causing users to return to the EZproxy server as they access links on these web pages." Previous proxy solutions were complex and difficult to maintain, and when EZproxy was created, authentication systems like Shibboleth were still far in the future.

The software is sometimes confused with generic proxy server software designed to control web access. It is sometimes referred to as a "proxy referral" server to distinguish it.

The software has been purchased by more than thousands of institutions in over 100 countries.

References

External links
EZproxy authentication and access software, official webpages at OCLC

Federated identity
Internet access
Library 2.0
OCLC

EZproxy


The Rampart Engineering Company was a British manufacturer of fire extinguishers founded in 1910.

Company timeline

1910 Rampart Engineering Company was formed in 1910 by Leonard Jones to make fire extinguishers for the trade. Their first factory was in Walworth Road, London. Leonard Jones was the grandson of Samuel Jones, the founder of Samuel Jones and Co. Ltd. the famous paper converters and finishers.
1912 Rampart moved to Peckham Grove, London and became the engineering department of Samuel Jones and Co. Ltd., making tape-dispensing machines as well as fire extinguishers.
1918 Rampart took over a new factory in Peckham Grove and expanded throughout the first World War and after, continuing to make extinguishers for the trade, its customers including Pyrene and Minimax. Read and Campbell's famous copper-shell hand-rivetted extinguisher was also made by Rampart.
1926 Production of extinguishers had expanded to one thousand per week.
1929 Rampart changed its name to Samuel Jones and Co. (Engineering) Ltd., but for many years after was known by the locals as 'down the Rampart'. In the period between the wars the company became the largest manufacturer to the fire trade in the UK, producing an extremely wide range of extinguishers, hose reels, and trolley and trailer units.
1937 A new factory was built at Peckham Grove.
1939-45 During the second World War one million extinguishers, four hundred thousand sten guns and vast quantities of other military equipment were produced as part of the war effort.
1968 Chubb and Sons Ltd. purchased Samuel Jones (Engineering) Ltd., and in 1973 the name reverted to the original Rampart Engineering Co. Ltd. In 1971 Rampart purchased Fireward Ltd., specialist manufacturers of plastic bodied fire extinguishers.
1981 Rampart was still operating from Peckham Grove manufacturing for the trade.

See also

Chubb Fire & Security
Chubb Locks
Read and Campbell Limited
Minimax Limited
The Pyrene Company Limited

External links
 http://www.chubb.co.uk

Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Firefighting equipment

Rampart Engineering


Polly Young-Eisendrath (born 1947) is an American psychologist, author, teacher, speaker, Jungian analyst, Zen Buddhist, and the founder of Dialogue Therapy and Real Dialogue and creator of the podcast Enemies: From War to Wisdom.

She has been a featured speaker at the Aspen Ideas Festival, TED-X, and is the recipient of the Otto Weininger Award for Lifetime Achievement in Psychoanalysis. Young-Eisendrath is the originator of Dialogue Therapy, designed to help couples and others transform chronic conflict into greater closeness and development. In 1983, she and her late husband, Ed Epstein, designed Dialogue Therapy as a new form of couples therapy that combined psychoanalysis, Jungian theory, psychodrama, and gender theory. She has published two books on Dialogue Therapy (1984 and 1993), detailing its theory and methods for clinicians and the general public. She has now re-visioned and updated Dialogue Therapy to include the distinctive combination of psychodrama, Object Relations, and Mindfulness. In 2019 Shambhala Publications released Love Between Equals: Relationship as a Spiritual Path, a book that offers her vision of personal love as a spiritual path and draws on her experience of 30 years as a Dialogue Therapist and Jungian analyst. In September, 2021 Routledge released Dialogue Therapy for Couples and Real Dialogue for Opposing Sides: Methods Based on Psychoanalysis and Mindfulness. She maintains a clinical practice of Jungian analytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis in Vermont, United States.

Life and career
Raised as a Catholic, Polly Young-Eisendrath was born and grew up in Akron, Ohio, where she graduated first in her class from Akron East High School. As a teenager, she worked as a long-distance telephone operator.

Young-Eisendrath attended Ohio University where she met, among other scholars, Huston Smith. Smith's work in comparative religions had a profound and transformative influence on her, leading her to search for a religion that was not fundamentally ritualistic or dogmatic, but experiential and connected with daily life.

Buddhism
Young-Eisendrath began Zen training in 1970 at the Rochester Zen Center with Philip Kapleau.  She became a student of Shinzen Young in 1998. She is currently a Mindfulness and Dharma teacher in the tradition of Shinzen Young, and practices both Soto Zen and Vipassanā, and has also practiced Phowa with Ayang Rinpoche and Anyen Rinpoche. She directs Waysmeet Sangha, a friendship-based Buddhist sangha, which she hosts in Vermont.

Education and career
Young-Eisendrath attended Ohio University (OU) from 1965 to 1970 and graduated with a major in English literature. While at OU, she was an Ohio Fellow and a student in the Honors College. She earned a Masters of Arts from Goddard College, a Masters of Social Work in Clinical Social Work and a Ph.D. in Developmental and Counseling Psychology from Washington University. She is also a diplomate Jungian analyst and completed her training through the Inter-Regional Society of Jungian Analysts. She has maintained an independent clinical practice as a psychologist since 1982: in Pennsylvania from 1982 to 1994 and in Vermont since 1992. She has been a clinical associate professor in Psychiatry at the University of Vermont Medical College since 1994 and is a clinical supervisor at the Norwich University Counseling Service.

A prolific writer, Young-Eisendrath has published 19 books and numerous academic articles. She is influential in the fields of Jungian analysis, feminist psychology, and the application of Zen Buddhist concepts to psychoanalytic theory. Translated into 12 languages, her books have been characterized as "scholarly and thoughtful, yet totally accessible", and "incisive, persuasive, practical and wise".

With her late husband, Ed Epstein, she created Dialogue Therapy for Couples, a time-limited couples therapy done by one or two therapists, designed to help couples to handle their conflicts respectfully through the use of a combination of psychoanalysis, mindfulness and psychodrama. Epstein died of Alzheimer's disease in 2014 and Young-Eisendrath's memoir of the experience narrates the process of the disease from the lens of a practicing Buddhist, offering insight into methods of coping with loss, death and grief.

Young-Eisendrath is the director of the  Mustard Seed Project: Research and Application of a Buddhist Model for Transforming Loss and Bereavement, and the founder and director of Enlightening Conversations: Psychoanalysts and Buddhist Teachers Talking about Enlightenment and Awakening, which was described by Mark Matousek in Psychology Today as "fascinating, potentially life-changing".

Bibliography
O'Connor, Kevin. Books: What One Vermonter Found When Her Husband Lost His Memory. Seven Days. 18 Feb. 2015. Web. 27 Oct. 2016
Rice, Rebecca. The 9 secrets of happy couples. Redbook Feb. 1997: 92+. PowerSearch. Web. 27 Oct. 2016
Are you kidding? Maclean's 10 Nov. 2008: 10. PowerSearch. Web. 27 Oct. 2016.
Herman, Bethany. Is envy getting the best of you? Nowadays, people divulge tons of private life details. But TMI can create covetous feelings that wreak havoc on self-esteem. Cosmopolitan Nov. 2008: 170+. PowerSearch. Web. 27 Oct. 2016.
Satow, Roberta. Review: Female Authority: Empowering Women through Psychotherapy by Polly Young-Eisendrath, Florence Wiedemann. Gender and Society 5, no. 1 (1991): 134-38
Smith, Roger. Review: The Cambridge Companion to Jung by Polly Young-Eisendrath, Terence Dawson The British Journal for the History of Science 32, no. 3 (1999): 377-78

Published works
Young-Eisendrath, P. (2021). Dialogue Therapy for Couples and Real Dialogue for Opposing Sides: Methods Based on Psychoanalysis and Mindfulness. London, England: Routledge.
Young-Eisendrath, P. (2019). Love Between Equals: Relationship as a Spiritual Path. Boulder, CO: Shambhala Publications.
Young-Eisendrath, P. & Hill, D. (under contract). Enlightenment and Idealization: Views from Buddhism and Psychoanalysis. London, England: Routledge.
Young-Eisendrath, P. (2014). The Present Heart: A Memoir of Love, Loss and Discovery. – September 2, 2008. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press.
Young-Eisendrath, P. (2011) Over 60 and Looking for Love: Why Not? The desire for intimate love never dies Psychology Today, Posted Nov 17, 2011
Young-Eisendrath, P. (2008). The Self-Esteem Trap: Raising Confident and Compassionate Kids in an Age of Self-Importance. New York, NY: Little, Brown.
Young-Eisendrath, P. and Dawson, T. (Eds.) (2008). The Cambridge Companion to Jung: New and Revised. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Young-Eisendrath, P. (2004). Subject to Change: Jung, Gender, and Subjectivity in Psychoanalysis. London, England: Routledge.
Young-Eisendrath, P. and Muramoto, S. (Eds.), (2002). Awakening and Insight: Zen Buddhism and Psychotherapy. London, England: Routledge.
Young-Eisendrath, P. and Miller, M. (Eds.), (2000). The Psychology of Mature Spirituality: Integrity, Wisdom, Transcendence. London, England: Routledge.
Young-Eisendrath, P. (1999). Women and Desire: Beyond Wanting to be Wanted. New York: Harmony Books.
Young-Eisendrath, P. (1997). Gender and Desire: Uncursing Pandora. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
Young-Eisendrath, P. (1997). The Resilient Spirit: Transforming Suffering into Insight, Compassion and Renewal. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, Longman. (Previously entitled The Gifts of Suffering in hardcover.
Young-Eisendrath, P. and Dawson, T. (Eds.), (1997). The Cambridge Companion to Jung. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Kapleau, P. (1997) Awakening to Zen: Teachings of Roshi Philip Kapleau. P. Young-Eisendrath and R. Martin, (Eds.) New York: Scribners. (Paperback by Shambala Press)
Young-Eisendrath, P. (1993). You're Not What I Expected: Learning to Love the Opposite Sex. New York: William Morrow. (Re-issued by Fromm International Press, 1997).
Young-Eisendrath, P. and Hall, J. (1991). Jung's Self Psychology: A Constructivist Perspective. New York: Guilford.
Young-Eisendrath, P. and Wiedemann, F. (1987). Female Authority: Empowering Women Through Psychotherapy. New York: Guilford.
Young-Eisendrath, P. and Hall, J. (Eds.) (1987). The Book of the Self: Person, Pretext, Process. New York: New York University Press.
Young-Eisendrath, P. (1984). Hags and Heroes: A Feminist Approach to Jungian Psychotherapy with Couples. Toronto: Inner City Publications.

References

External links
 www.young-eisendrath.com

Jungian psychologists
American women psychologists
21st-century American psychologists
American psychology writers
Analytical psychology
American Buddhists
Writers from Akron, Ohio
Ohio University alumni
Goddard College alumni
George Warren Brown School of Social Work alumni
1947 births
Living people
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American psychologists

Polly Young-Eisendrath


Spantik (Balti Language), or Golden Peak, is a mountain situated in the Spantik-Sosbun Mountains subrange within the Karakoram range. It is located in the Arandu Valley of Shiger, Skardu District, within the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. The northwest face of Spantik is renowned for its exceptionally challenging climbing route, famously referred to as the "Golden Pillar."

Spantik is positioned to the east of Diran and northeast of Malubiting. There are various routes leading to Spantik, including paths from the Arandu village in the Shigar District, as well as routes originating from the Hoper and Hispar valleys in the Nagar District

Climbing
Spantik's first ascent took place in 1955, accomplished by a German expedition led by Karl Kramer. The most frequently chosen route for climbers follows the southeast ridge, a line that was originally attempted by the Bullock Workman party in 1906.

The southeast ridge presents a challenging ascent, spanning 2,700 meters over a lateral distance of 7.6 km. The terrain along this ridge is diverse, ranging from rocky outcrops to snow, ice, and scree. The incline along this route generally remains under 30 degrees, with a few sections reaching up to 40 degrees

The mountain is very popular with organised commercial expeditions, due to its relative ease of ascent and scarcity of objective dangers. The short 3-day approach trek across straightforward terrain also provides for easy access and gradual acclimatization.
This peak was scaled by Aus-Pak expedition in July 2011, led by a team of mountaineers from Army High Altitude School Rattu. Lt Col Abdul Aziz was supervising the team of Climbers. The peak can be approached from Nagar Valley as well as from Baltistan side. The First expedition was held in 1988, the team composed of six Pakistan Army Personnel with German Team, The first Pakistani who reached the summit was Captain (now Brigadier) Muhammad Moiz Uddin Uppal. Another expedition named the China-Pakistan Friendship Expedition scaled Spantik Peak. Expedition leader Lt Col (retired) Dr Abdul Jabbar Bhatti in a call from the summit said that the expedition members took turns to reach the summit between 1:45pm and 2:15pm on Sunday July 15. Earlier, the summit team, which had started from Camp II (5, 600 meters) on July 14, set up Camp III (6,000 metres) the same day and pushed for the summit the following day. C III was established 300 meters lower than planned, which, combined with worst weather conditions and lack of visibility during return from summit, resulted in missing the route, and it forced the whole team to spend the night outside the camp, at a time when members were already exhausted. Digging out snow caves was the only option for protection from extreme environment.

Uzma Yousaf on August 2, 2017 scaled the  Spantik peak. Uzma is the first Pakistani lady to climb Spantik as well as any peak above 7000 meters in Pakistan. She climbed Spantik Peak approaching from Chogholungma glacier above Arandu in Basha valley, Shigar district of Gilgit Baltistan.
Uzma's high-altitude team included Wajid Ullah Nagri, Asghar Hussain and Yaseen. Uzma and her team reached at the top of Spantik at 9:16 am August 2, (Wednesday) 2017.
The 43-year old, who started her climbing career by scaling 6050-metre Mingling Sar in October 2016 and 5098-metre Rush Peak in February 2017, said that it took her team 31 days to complete the voyage.

On 17-Jul-2019 a 10 year old Selena Khawaja Pakistani girl (resident of Abbottabad) reach the summit of the Spantik peak. By doing this she became the youngest person to scale Spantik and any peak over 7000 meters in the World.

She became the youngest to scale the 5,765-metre-high Quz Sar Peak in Shimshal valley of Gojal upper Hunza on 02-Mar-2018. She achieved this feat at the age of 9. Selena told in an interview that she has a special love for peaks in her heart. Her goal for 2019 is to reach the summit of Mount Everest.

See also
 Miar Glacier
Nagar Valley
 List of mountains in Pakistan
 Gilgit Baltistan

References

 Dave Hancock - Climbing Spantik, The FTA trip Files (Perth, WA 2004)

External links
 Northern Pakistan detailed placemarks in Google Earth

Mountains of Gilgit-Baltistan
Seven-thousanders of the Karakoram

Spantik


John Calhoun Nicholls (April 25, 1834 – December 25, 1893) was a U.S. Representative from Georgia.

Born in Clinton, Georgia, Nicholls attended private schools and graduated from the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1855. After studying law,
he was admitted to the bar in 1855 and practiced in Clinch and Ware Counties, Georgia.  He was practicing law in Waynesville, Wayne County, Georgia by 1860.
During the Civil War he first served in the Confederate States Army as captain, Sea Coast Guard, commissioned a brigadier general of the 2nd Brigade of the 6th Division Georgia Militia, and then served as a captain, Company I, of the Fourth Regiment, Georgia Cavalry.
After the war, Nicholls was a lawyer in Blackshear, Georgia.
He served as member of the State constitutional convention in 1865, as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1876, and in the Georgia State Senate from 1870 to 1875.
Nicholls was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-sixth Congress (March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1881), was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1880, but was elected to the Forty-eighth Congress (March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885).  After becoming an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1884, he resumed the practice of law in Blackshear, Georgia, where he died December 25, 1893.
He was interred in Blackshear Cemetery.

Nicholls is the namesake of the city of Nicholls, Georgia.

Notes

References

 Smith, Gordon Burns, History of the Georgia Militia, 1783-1861, Volume One, Campaigns and Generals, Milledgeville: Boyd Publishing, 2000. ASIN:B003L1PRKI.

1834 births
1893 deaths
American planters
College of William & Mary alumni
Confederate States Army officers
Democratic Party Georgia (U.S. state) state senators
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Blackshear, Georgia
People from Wayne County, Georgia
19th-century American politicians

John C. Nicholls


Game 6 (stylized as Game6) is a 2005 American comedy drama film directed by Michael Hoffman. It stars Michael Keaton, Robert Downey Jr., Bebe Neuwirth, Griffin Dunne, and Catherine O'Hara. The plot follows fictional playwright Nicky Rogan, who has a new stage play opening on the same day of the sixth game of the 1986 World Series. The screenplay, written in 1991, is Don DeLillo's first script to be made into a film. The soundtrack is written and performed by Yo La Tengo. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and was given a limited theatrical release on March 10, 2006.

Plot
Nicky Rogan has written several plays and has achieved success. It's now opening night of his latest effort and everyone around him assure him that this one will be the best yet. But as opening hour approaches, Rogan falls prey to doubts and fears, egged on by another playwright whose last work was trashed by the local newspaper's new drama critic, Steven Schwimmer. He eventually lets those fears drive him to resolve to kill the critic (who he assumes will also trash his play) and he procures a handgun with which to perform the deed.

Instead of attending the play's opening night, Rogan spends time in a bar, accompanied by a lady cab driver and her grandson; earlier in the evening she misidentified Rogan as a local, small-time hoodlum but he doesn't correct her misidentification.

They watch the crucial Game 6 of the 1986 World Series between the Boston Red Sox and the New York Mets. The Sox have won 3 games and could clinch the title by winning Game 6 but Rogan, a lifelong Sox fan, knows how easily the team can lose when they should win. He spends the evening waiting for the inevitable, even though the Sox are leading most of the time. When the inevitable does occur (due to an unexpected pair of errors at the end of the final inning), he snaps and leaves to take out his rage on the newspaper critic.

Rogan not only finds the critic but sees him in the early stages of deflowering the playwright's daughter. He begins firing wildly and is finally calmed when he learns the critic is equally devastated by the Sox's loss. They end up together, watching an interminable rerun of the final error by Bill Buckner on a small television set in the critic's apartment.

Cast

Production
Don DeLillo first wrote the script in 1991. The film went through a long period of development hell in which multiple directors expressed interest at different points, including Neil Jordan, Robert Altman, and Gore Verbinski.

Director Michael Hoffman got Bill Buckner's blessing before making the film.

Michael Keaton, a longtime friend of producer Griffin Dunne, was cast as the lead. The film was made as an independent effort and largely as a labor of love, with all the "name" players working for little more than scale (Keaton's salary was $100/day, for instance).

The film was shot on location in Manhattan. Hoffman paid out of his own pocket to enable filming of scenes at Shea Stadium. Filming took place over 18 days in the summer of 2004, on a budget of half a million dollars.

Vin Scully read his scene of dialogue over the phone.

Release
The film premiered at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival. After going through a period of finding no distributors, Kindred Media Group expressed interest and bought the distribution rights. On March 10, 2006, the film was released in New York and Boston to mirror the 1986 World Series. The film was screened in only 4 theaters. Jeffrey D. Erb, the president of Kindred, said the film was difficult to market, but producers claimed Kindred did not properly promote the film.

The film went unreleased on home media and streaming for many years. On August 10, 2021, Serenade Films released the film on VOD.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 60% approval rating based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Though packed with Don DeLillo's witty dialogue and bolstered by strong performances, particularly by lead Michael Keaton, Game 6 also suffers from uneven direction and overwrought symbolism."

Andrew O'Hehir of Salon gave a positive review, writing "even if you know all too well what happened in that game between the Red Sox and the New York Mets, DeLillo and Hoffman make it seem both dramatic and momentous. I'm not wowed by the spoofy 'Taxi Driver' resolution, but for fans of DeLillo, Keaton and/or either team in that classic Series, this curious little picture is worth tracking down." Roger Ebert gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four. He praised the performances of Keaton and Downey Jr., saying of the former: DeLillo's "dialogue requires an actor who sounds like he understands what he is saying, and Keaton goes one better and convinces us he is generating it. Life for him is a play, he is the actor, his speech is the dialogue, and he deepens and dramatizes his experience by the way he talks about it".

Leonard Maltin gave the film two and a half stars, describing it as "a writer's film if there ever was one".

See also
 List of baseball films

References

External links

 Official website

2005 films
2005 comedy-drama films
2005 independent films
2000s sports comedy-drama films
American baseball films
American comedy-drama films
American independent films
American sports comedy-drama films
Films set in 1986
Films about playwrights
Works by Don DeLillo
Films directed by Michael Hoffman
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
Films about Major League Baseball

Game 6


Ronald Mann (born June 13, 1958), credited professionally as Ron Mann, is a Canadian documentary film director.

His work includes the films Imagine the Sound (1981); Comic Book Confidential (1988); Grass (1999) and Go Further (2003), both of which feature Woody Harrelson; In the Wake of the Flood (2010), which features author Margaret Atwood; and Altman (2014), about the life and career of film director Robert Altman.

Early life
Mann stated that the first film he watched was This Is Cinerama, a documentary. He considers A Hard Day's Night his favourite film and stated that it "really changed my life" as it made him choose to become a filmmaker rather than a musician.

Career

1970s–1980s
Mann began making films at a young age, creating Super 8mm films in the 1970s. Mann worked at Sam the Record Man for three years and saved money to produce his first 16mm film, Flak, in 1975. He was influenced by Robert Kramer's Ice, John Cassavetes's Shadows, Michelangelo Antonioni's Red Desert, and Norman Mailer's Maidstone.

Mann began making short films while in high school and studied briefly at Vermont's Bennington College before receiving a B.A. in film from the University of Toronto. His 1973 student film, The Strip, documented the historic Yonge Street strip.

Mann met Elia Kazan at the Cannes Film Festival and asked if he should go to film school. Kazan told him not to study film, but to make them instead. Mann did not attend film school; instead, he learned filmmaking first-hand and using his own funds. In an interview with Now, he described this process: Every film was my last movie, I would go into debt, make another film to get myself out of debt. That's how I actually needed to keep going.

Mann and David Fine started collaborating in 1978. One of their films, The Only Game in Town, won a Genie Award.

Mann attempted to make a documentary about the new wave music concert Heat Wave, but licensing issues prevented him. After the success of The Only Game in Town he met Emile de Antonio, who agreed to become the film's executive producer. However, five days before filming started Mann was told that they did not have enough money. Mann decided to instead make a film about avant-garde jazz, Imagine the Sound. The film, released in 1981, deals with the once-controversial genre of free jazz. Critic and film historian Jonathan Rosenbaum has said that Imagine the Sound "may be the best documentary on free jazz that we have."

Poetry in Motion (1982) was Mann's second feature film after Imagine the Sound. While watching John Giorno and William S. Burroughs at a rock club, Mann discovered Giorno's Dial-A-Poem recordings during a break in the performance. The director later decided to create an anthology of "post-Beat" poets for a film. His idea was based on the poem anthology publication The New American Poetry 1945–1960 by Donald Allen.

Mann met Joe Medjuck while attending the University of Toronto and Medjuck hired him in 1984, for Listen to the City, his only fiction film. Mann received a three-picture contract with Ivan Reitman Productions. Mann wrote a comedy for Bill Murray, Hoods in the Woods, and made a behind-the-scenes documentary for Legal Eagles.

Mann has also made numerous short films, including Echoes Without Saying (1983), about the publishing and printing company Coach House Press and its founder Stan Bevington, and Marcia Resnick's Bad Boys (1985), about the New York based photographer.

Mann found success with his 1988 documentary Comic Book Confidential. The film is a survey of the history of the comic book medium in the United States from the 1930s to the 1980s, as an art form and in social context. Confidential was first released theatrically in Canada in 1988, and in the United States on April 27, 1989. The film received the 1989 Genie Award for Best Feature Length Documentary from the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television. Caryn James of The New York Times found the film deft and intelligent—it "takes off when it abandons the archives and focuses on the creators," but "it plays to the converted," and its attempt to relate comics to social context is "fleeting."

1990s–2000s
Mann continued to make documentaries throughout the 1990s and 2000s. His 1999 film was Grass, a documentary about the history of the United States government's war on marijuana in the 20th century.  Narrated by actor Woody Harrelson, it premiered at the 1999 Toronto International Film Festival and won the Genie Award for Best Feature Length Documentary. His 2003 film, Go Further, saw him re-team with Harrelson on a film that followed a group of environmental activists riding around in a large, bio-fueled bus. The film debuted at the South by Southwest Film Festival in March 2003, and at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2003, where it was first runner-up for the People's Choice Award. It was also nominated for a Genie Award for Best Documentary.

In 2003, Mann co-founded a film distribution company called FilmsWeLike with Gary Topp. FilmWeLike's curation has been described by Vice as a "veritable auteur smorgasbord."

In 2009, he released a documentary on mushrooms and mushroom hunting called Know Your Mushrooms.

2010s–present
In 2014, Mann directed the Robert Altman-based documentary Altman. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised the film.

His latest film is Carmine Street Guitars (2018). The film depicts Carmine Street Guitars, a long-running guitar store in New York City. It premiered at the 75th Venice International Film Festival, and had its Canadian premiere at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival. It went into general theatrical release in April 2019.

Impact
Mann has served as mentor to and worked with many filmmakers from the Toronto New Wave of the 1980s, including Atom Egoyan, Bruce McDonald, Jeremy Podeswa, and Peter Mettler.

Filmography
Imagine the Sound (1981)
Poetry in Motion (1982)
Comic Book Confidential (1988)
The Twist (1992)
Dream Tower (1994)
Grass (1999)
Go Further (2003)
Tales of the Rat Fink (2006)
Know Your Mushrooms (2008)
In the Wake of the Flood (2010) featuring author Margaret Atwood
Altman (2014)
Carmine Street Guitars (2018)

References

Works cited

External links

Ron Mann's website
Ron Mann archives at the University of Toronto Media Commons

1959 births
Living people
Canadian documentary film directors
University of Toronto alumni
Film directors from Toronto
Directors of Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners for Best Documentary Film
Collage filmmakers

Ron Mann


Fort Tillinghast was a small lunette that the Union Army constructed in Alexandria County (now Arlington County), Virginia, as part of the Civil War defenses of Washington (see Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War). Fort Tillinghast stood about 0.6 miles away from Arlington House, the Union-occupied estate of Confederate General Robert E. Lee.

History

Following the Union Army's rout at the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) in late July 1861, the Union Army constructed Fort Tillinghouse in August of that year. The lunette was part of the Arlington Line and tied into Fort Craig approximately  to the south and Fort Cass approximately  to the north. Along with Forts Cass, Woodbury, Morton, and Strong, the fortification covered approaches to the Long Bridge and the Aqueduct Bridge (near the modern Key Bridge).

The lunette was named in honor of Captain Otis H. Tillinghast, Quartermaster, killed at the  First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861. Oriented to the west, it had a perimeter of , emplacements for 12 guns, and two magazines as well as a bomb-proof. The fortification's armaments included four 24-pound guns, one 24-pound field howitzer, four 30-pound Parrott rifles, two 20-pound Parrott rifles, and two 24-pound Coehorn mortars. Units garrisoned at the lunette included the 16th Maine Infantry, 1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, 4th New York Heavy Artillery, and the 145th and 138th Ohio Infantry.

A May 17, 1864, report from the Union Army's Inspector of Artillery (see Union Army artillery organization) noted the following:Fort Tillinghast, Major Rolfe commanding.–Garrison, two companies First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery– 7 commissioned officers, 1 ordnance-sergeant, 220 men. Armament, one 24- pounder field howitzer (smooth), two 20-pounder Parrotts (rifled), three 24-pounder siege guns (smooth), one 24-pounder F. D. howitzer, four 30-pounder Parrotts (rifled), two 24-pounder Coehorn mortars. Magazines being rebuilt; at present unserviceable; work progressing slowly; ammunition kept in bomb-proof. Ammunition, full supply and serviceable. Implements, complete and in good order. Drill in artillery, fair. Drill in infantry, fair. Discipline, fair. Garrison sufficient for the work.
In June, 1865, Fort Tillinghast was ordered dismantled and the site returned to its previous owners. The fortification stood near 205 North Wayne Street in Arlington, but no sections remain today. A historic marker, near the intersection of Arlington Boulevard (U.S. 50) and North 2nd Street in Arlington, shows the location where the fort once stood. The marker depicts the fort's position on a map of the city's defenses and states:Here stood Fort Tillinghast, a lunette in the Arlington Line constructed in August 1861. It had a perimeter of 298 yards and emplacements for 13 guns. A model of this fort, typical of all lunettes in the Arlington Line, can be seen at the Hume School museum of the Arlington Historical Society.

Notes

External links
 National Park Service - A Historic Resources Study: The Civil War Defenses of Washington

Government buildings completed in 1861
Infrastructure completed in 1861
Tillinghast
1861 establishments in Virginia
1865 disestablishments in Virginia

Fort Tillinghast


James Edward Campbell (born 1 April 1988 in Cheltenham, England) is a Great British and Scottish track and field athlete.

Campbell set the Scottish record in the javelin throw in 2006, throwing for a distance of  at the World Junior Championships in Beijing, ranking him 8th (junior) in the world.
In 2009 Campbell improved his lifetime best to 76.71 to set his 3rd National record of his career.

At the Commonwealth Games trials, just weeks after he became UK Champion in 2010, Campbell became only the 10th Briton and 3rd British Under 23 to ever throw over 80m recording a new Scottish National Record and a lifetime best of 80.38.

Campbell also won a gold medal in the 2004 Commonwealth Youth Games, and he was recognized as Scotland's Athlete of the Games.

References

Further reading

External links

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Cheltenham
Scottish male javelin throwers
British male javelin throwers
Commonwealth Games competitors for Scotland
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
British Athletics Championships winners

James Campbell (javelin thrower)


Thomas J. Weiss (born July 21, 1942) is an emeritus professor of Economics at the University of Kansas and a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. His research has investigated colonial economic growth and development and the growth of service sector. His work has been recognised by The Cliometric Society via their awarding him a Clio Can in recognition his of exceptional support of cliometrics. Between 1988 and 1992 he served as one of the two co-editors of the Journal of Economic History.

Selected publications
 Weiss, Thomas J.(1975) The Service Sector in the United States, 1839 through 1899.  New York, Arno Press
 Weiss, Thomas J.and Fred Bateman (eds)(1981) A Deplorable Scarcity:  The Failure of Industrialization in the Antebellum South, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
 Weiss, Thomas J. and D. Schaefer (eds)(1994) Economic Development in Historical Perspective, Stanford University Press

References

1942 births
Living people
Economic historians
University of Kansas faculty

Thomas J. Weiss


The Battle of Warrington Bridge was a skirmish fought on 13 August 1651 between the invading Royalist Scottish army of Charles II and Parliamentary forces under the command of Major-General John Lambert.

Prelude
Lambert returned to England from Scotland with a cavalry corps that had accompanied Oliver Cromwell when he invaded Scotland. His orders were to harass the Royalist army. Major-General Thomas Harrison had been left in command of Parliamentary forces in England. Harrison and Lambert's forces rendezvoused near Warrington.

Battle
The united forces of Harrison and Lambert, reinforced by some 3,000 militia from Staffordshire and Cheshire, amounting to some 3,000 foot and 9,000 horse took up position at the  Bridge at Warrington, over the Mersey where it divided the Counties of Lancashire and Cheshire, and prepared to resist its passage by the Scots. Lambert sent a few troops north  to skirmish with the advanced guard whilst occupying the bridge and preparing it for defence.  The skirmishers encountered the royalists two miles north of the town and were quickly dispersed. The royalists then pressed on into the town reaching the bridge at noon.

On reaching the bridge the Scots at once attacked and a sharp fight ensued between their advance guard and Harrison's troops. The Cheshire foot who were posted there held their ground for an hour and a half; with 2,000 Scots sent in against them they were for a time hard pressed. When Lambert found the Scots were in considerable force he fell back, after his men had done what damage to the bridge they could. His retreat was quickened by pressure from the Scots' attack.

Aftermath
Lambert's rapid retreat enabled the Royalists to claim they had forced the bridge and won a victory.

Citations

References

Battles of the English Civil Wars
1651 in England
Conflicts in 1651
Battle

Battle of Warrington Bridge (1651)


James Robert Snyder (August 15, 1932 – March 9, 2021) was an American professional baseball player, coach and manager, best known for his 105-game stint as pilot of the 1988 Seattle Mariners, from June 6 through the end of the season.  The former second baseman, born in Dearborn, Michigan, threw and batted right-handed, stood  tall and weighed  during his 12-year playing career, which included 41 games played at the Major League level over three terms with the Minnesota Twins (1961–62; 1964).

Snyder attended Eastern Michigan University, earning bachelor's and master's degrees.  His minor league career as a second baseman began in 1953, and after lengthy service with the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians, he was acquired by the Twins in September 1961. As a 29-year-old rookie, Snyder went hitless in five at bats that month, then notched only one safety in ten at bats during an early-season 1962 trial with Minnesota.  He did not return to the Majors until June 1964, when the Twins gave him a 26-game audition.  Altogether, he batted only .140 in 86 MLB at bats, with 12 hits and one home run, hit July 15, 1964, off Don Rudolph of the Washington Senators.

In 1966, he began his managerial career in the farm system of the Cincinnati Reds, where over 11 years he rose from Short Season–Class A to the Triple-A level as skipper of the 1976 Indianapolis Indians. Snyder then spent five seasons as a manager in the Philadelphia Phillies' organization, including two years at Triple-A with the Oklahoma City 89ers. In 1982, he was among several Phillies' instructors and scouts who accompanied Dallas Green to the Chicago Cubs' system, where Snyder was field coordinator of instruction from 1982 to 1986 and a Major League coach in 1987.

During that offseason, Snyder joined the Mariners' 1988 staff as first-base coach for veteran manager Dick Williams.  With the Mariners at 23–33 on June 6, and Williams under fire for lack of communication with his players, Snyder was promoted to acting manager.  Weathering a 1–12 patch from June 8–21, Seattle played marginally better (.429 vs. .411) in its four months under Snyder, but the Mariners finished last in the American League West and at the end of the season, he was replaced by Jim Lefebvre.

Snyder then spent his first term as coordinator of instruction for the Chicago White Sox in 1989–90, returning to the big leagues as a coach for San Diego Padres' manager Greg Riddoch in 1991–92.  After working as a minor-league coach in the Atlanta Braves' system in 1993, Snyder rejoined the White Sox as director of instruction in 1994, serving for a dozen years in that role.

Snyder died on March 9, 2021, in Lutz, Florida.

References

External links

1932 births
2021 deaths
Albany Senators players
Asheville Tourists managers
Atlanta Crackers players
Chicago Cubs coaches
Columbus Foxes players
Dallas Rangers players
Des Moines Bruins players
Eastern Michigan Eagles baseball players
Eastern Michigan University alumni
Fordson High School alumni
Indianapolis Indians managers
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball bench coaches
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball second basemen
Memphis Chickasaws players
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Reading Phillies managers
San Antonio Missions players
San Diego Padres coaches
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Sportspeople from Dearborn, Michigan
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Jim Snyder (second baseman)


The National Alcohol Beverage Control Association (NABCA) was established in 1938 as the nationwide organization representing the interests of alcoholic beverage control states or monopoly sale states in the United States.

NABCA's stated mission is to support those states and areas in which governmental agencies exclusively wholesale and/or retail some form or forms (beer, wine or distilled spirits) of alcohol beverages by supporting member jurisdictions in their efforts to protect public health and safety and ensure responsible and efficient systems for beverage alcohol distribution and sales.

Currently, control jurisdictions represent approximately 25.2%  of the nation's population.  They account for roughly 22% of distilled spirit sales and a significantly smaller percentage of beer and wine sales.

Leadership
Daniel Noble, chairman of the director of the Wyoming Department of Revenue, assumed the role of chair of the NABCA Board of Directors in May 2019.  At the same time, A.D. "Zander" Guy, Jr, chairman of the NC ABC Commission, assumed the role of chair-elect.

See also
See Alcoholic beverage control state for a list of "control states" and their exact level of control.

References

1938 establishments in the United States
Organizations established in 1938
Trade associations based in the United States
Alcohol in the United States


"The Princess and the Tin Box" is a short story by James Thurber in the form of a modern fable. It was first published in the September 29, 1945 edition of The New Yorker magazine and republished in 1948 in Thurber's The Beast in Me and Other Animals: A New Collection of Pieces and Drawings about Human Beings and Less Alarming Creatures. The story is widely used as a text in schools for teaching both writing skills and reading comprehension.

References

Works by James Thurber
Works originally published in The New Yorker
1945 short stories

The Princess and the Tin Box


Capitalism: A Love Story is a 2009 American documentary film directed, written by, and starring Michael Moore. The film centers on the late-2000s financial crisis and the recovery stimulus, while putting forward an indictment of the then-current economic order in the United States and of unfettered capitalism in general. Topics covered include Wall Street's "casino mentality", for-profit prisons, Goldman Sachs' influence in Washington, D.C., the poverty-level wages of many workers, the large wave of home foreclosures, corporate-owned life insurance, and the consequences of "runaway greed". The film also features a religious component in which Moore examines whether or not capitalism is a sin and whether Jesus would be a capitalist; this component highlights Moore's belief that evangelical conservatives contradict themselves by supporting free market ideals while professing to be Christians.

The film was widely released to the public in the United States and Canada on October 2, 2009. Reviews were generally positive. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 9, 2010.

Synopsis
Moore begins by discussing what capitalism and "free enterprise" mean. Looking back on his happy and prosperous early life, Moore asserts that "if this was capitalism, I loved it... and so did everyone else". Moore states that in the 1950s, the top tax rate was 90% (in his view, this tax rate enabled the U.S. to build dams, bridges, schools and hospitals), most families only had one working parent, union families had free healthcare, college tuition was free, most people had little personal debt and pensions were guaranteed. This prosperity was driven by the manufacturing industry, which benefited from post-war West Germany and Japan struggling to recover. He describes President Jimmy Carter's Crisis of Confidence speech as a turning point that led to the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980; Moore calls Reagan a "spokesmodel" for banks and corporations who wanted to remake America to serve their interests.

Moore looks back on his first film, Roger & Me, about the regional economic impact of General Motors CEO Roger Smith's decision to close several auto plants in his hometown of Flint, Michigan despite large profits. He notes that by the time of the job cuts in Flint, Germany and Japan had rebuilt their automotive industries and were producing better, safer, cleaner, more reliable cars. Moore then returns to the present, showing President George W. Bush enjoying his final year in office as companies announce massive layoffs and the economy starts to collapse.

After seeing the congressional testimony of pilot Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger (who reported that over the course of his career, his salary had been cut by 40 percent and his pension, like most airline pensions, was terminated and replaced by a "PBGC" guarantee worth only pennies on the dollar), Moore notes that pilots being overworked and underpaid did not enter into the media discussion following the crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407. He asserts that capitalism allows people to get away with anything, including making a profit from someone's death. He speaks to the family of a man who worked for Amegy Bank of Texas, which had secretly taken out a life insurance policy on the man with itself as the beneficiary and had then accidentally informed his widow that the bank was receiving a $1.5m payout due to his death of cancer. Moore wonders how the bank's actions can be legal when he himself is prohibited from taking out home insurance on someone else's property.

Moore speaks to Catholic priests and Bishop Thomas Gumbleton, who believes that capitalism is evil and contrary to the teachings of Jesus and the Bible. Moore examines the claim that the tenets of capitalism are compatible with Christianity, arguing that the rich ignore religion when it comes to the poor, sick and disadvantaged. He points to Citigroup's leaked "plutonomy memo", which said that America and other countries were not democracies anymore, but were ruled by the wealthy.

Moore reports on the 2008 presidential campaign of Democratic Senator Barack Obama, who was demonized as a "socialist". He notes that the smears against Obama did not work, as support for him increased and people become curious about what socialism actually meant. He profiles Wayne County Sheriff Warren Evans, who orders an end to foreclosures; the Miami Low Income Families Fighting Together, who re-occupy foreclosed homes; and workers at Republic Windows and Doors, who organized a sit-down strike after being fired without severance, vacation time, or health care benefits after the company was taken over by Bank of America and JPMorgan Chase.

The film ends with Moore marking Wall Street off as a crime scene, opining that American people live in the richest country on Earth and deserve decent jobs, healthcare, good educations and homes of their own. Moore adds that it is a crime that Americans do not have these things and never will have them as long as the evil of capitalism continues to enrich the few at the expense of the many. He calls for capitalism to be eliminated and replaced with something good for all people: Democracy. Moore concludes that he cannot accomplish this goal alone and appeals for help from the viewer, ending the film. He quotes Don Regan's line to Ronald Reagan, "... and please, speed it up".

Participants
 William K. Black, attorney, academic, author and former bank regulator
 Elijah Cummings, U.S. Representative (D-MD)
 Warren Evans, Wayne County Sheriff
 Thomas Gumbleton, retired Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit
 Baron Hill, U.S. Representative (D-IN)
 Marcy Kaptur, U.S. Representative (D-OH)
 Stephen Moore, economic writer and policy analyst (no relation to Michael Moore)
 Bernie Sanders, U.S. Senator (I-VT)
 Wallace Shawn, actor
 Elizabeth Warren, U.S. Senator (D-MA), Chair of the Congressional Oversight Panel and bankruptcy law scholar at Harvard Law School

Production
During the Cannes Film Festival in 2008, Overture Films and Paramount Vantage announced an upcoming project by director Michael Moore, though at the time they were vague about the project's theme.  Originally thought to be a follow-up to the 2004 film Fahrenheit 9/11, it was revealed that Moore's film was to be a documentary about the financial crisis of 2007–2010. In February 2009, he issued an appeal to people who worked for Wall Street or in the financial industry to share firsthand information, requesting, "Be a hero and help me expose the biggest swindle in American history."

Prior to the film's release, Moore partnered with web development company Concentric Sky to develop a companion website for the film.

Footage of President Franklin D. Roosevelt detailing his proposed Second Bill of Rights was believed to be lost. Roosevelt, who had recently recovered from the flu, presented his January 1944 State of the Union address to the public on radio, as a fireside chat from the White House. He asked that newsreel cameras film the last portion of the address, concerning the Second Bill of Rights. This footage was believed lost until it was uncovered in 2008 in South Carolina by Michael Moore while researching for the film. The footage shows Roosevelt's Second Bill of Rights address in its entirety, as well as a shot of the eight rights printed on a sheet of paper.

Release

Theatrical run
Capitalism: A Love Story premiered at the 66th Venice International Film Festival on September 6, 2009. The film also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13 and at the New York Film Festival on September 21. On September 23, the film had a limited release at two theaters in New York City and two theaters in Los Angeles, grossing $37,832 in its first day for a $9,458 per theater average.  The theater average was considered strong, though it did not beat the record opening of Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11, which grossed $83,922 at two theaters in one day.  Over the weekend of September 25, Capitalism grossed $231,964 in the four theaters.

The film had a wide release in 995 theaters in the United States and Canada on October 2, 2009, about a year after the enacting of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which approved a $700 billion bailout of Wall Street. The film opened in eighth place at the box office on the first weekend of its wide release, grossing $4,447,378.  The final domestic total was $14,363,397, making it the 16th highest grossing documentary in history (2014).

Critical reception
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 75% based on 185 reviews, with an average score of 6.71 out of 10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "Love him or hate him, Capitalism captures Michael Moore in his muckraking element -- with all the Moore-centric showmanship that entails." Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to mainstream critics' reviews, reported an average score of 61 out of 100 based on 35 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Deborah Young, writing for the trade paper The Hollywood Reporter, wrote of Capitalism: A Love Story, "Although it's less focused than Sicko or Fahrenheit 9/11... because its subject is more abstract, this is a typical Moore oeuvre: funny, often over the top and of dubious documentation, but with strongly made points that leave viewers much to ponder and debate after they walk out of the theater." Young acknowledged Moore's simplification of the topic and added, "But here his talent is evident in creating two hours of engrossing cinema by contrasting a fast-moving montage of '50s archive images extolling free enterprise with the economic disaster of the present." The critic noted whom the documentary targeted: "Though it blames all political parties, including the Democrats, for caving in with the bailout, the film is careful to spare President Barack Obama, who remains a symbol of hope for justice."

Leslie Felperin of the trade paper Variety wrote, "Pic's target is less capitalism qua capitalism than the banking industry, which Moore skewers ruthlessly, explaining last year's economic meltdown in terms a sixth-grader could understand. That said, there's still plenty here to annoy right-wingers, as well as those who, however much they agree with Moore's politics, just can't stomach his oversimplification, on-the-nose sentimentality and goofball japery." Felperin said that the documentary was similarly structured to Moore's previous documentaries, "Capitalism skips around considerably, laying down a mix of reportage, interviews and polemic." Felperin observed Moore's prominent role in his own documentary, believing it to be justified with relevance to crises in the automobile industry that Moore's family personally encountered. The critic complained that Moore strove "to manipulate viewers' emotions with shots of crying children and tearjerking musical choices", believing that the documentary worked better when the director let the topic unfold through various accounts.

Upon the film's February 2010 UK release, The Times said the film "showcases Moore at his undeniably powerful best and his exploitative, manipulative worst":

The film is brilliantly researched, both with regard to the labyrinthine web of connections between the world of finance and the corridors of power and the wittily used archive footage. Interviews with Senate insiders and financial experts are informative, and there's an amusing sequence in which he quizzes a selection of priests and bishops who opine that capitalism is "evil" and was not, in fact, the preferred economic model of Our Lord. Then Moore goes and spoils it all by hauling out his trusty bullhorn for a series of lame stunts. Like the complacent clown prince of agitprop, Moore hectors Wall Street doormen and security guards, while the company bosses remain in their fortress made of money, blissfully unaware of the fat man making a scene on the street far below....But for all his cheap tactics, Moore mounts a persuasive case that something is rotten in the current economic system.

Topical accuracy
The Associated Press's national business columnist Rachel Beck reviewed the accuracy of three points made in Capitalism:
 Three months after a scene in which Moore approaches Goldman Sachs headquarters to reclaim taxpayers' funds, the bank was one of the ten that repaid part of the $68 billion received from the Troubled Asset Relief Program.  Moore responded to the action: "We're not talking about the majority of people who took the money ... not even 10 percent of the $700 billion has been returned."
 Moore criticizes Wal-Mart for "dead peasant" policies, all 350,000 of which were cancelled in 2000. However, Moore notes that the termination of the policies was covered in the presentation of facts and quotes in the closing credits.
 The documentary criticizes Senator Christopher Dodd and other government officials for benefiting from exclusive financial programs; Moore lambasts Dodd in particular for predatory lending as chairman of the Senate Banking Committee. The AP reported that the interest rates and fees involved were norms for the industry, and that the Senate's Select Committee on Ethics cleared Dodd and Kent Conrad of getting special treatments, but it cautioned the senators to exercise "more vigilance" with such deals.

The Association of Advanced Life Underwriting issued a statement that Moore "mischaracterized" Corporate Owned Life Insurance (COLI), stating that the issues were addressed by Congress in the 1990s and again in 2006. The AALU further states that corporate-owned life insurance is taken out only on highly compensated employees, only with their knowledge and consent and that COLI finances employee benefits and protects jobs and that employees pay nothing for COLI but receive substantial benefits.

Religious subject matter
Religion expert Anthony Stevens-Arroyo stated that the film should be considered "a special kind of Catholic achievement" and asked whether Michael Moore should be named "Catholic of the Year" for raising the serious issues in the context of Catholic social teaching, and for presenting "Catholic currents of social justice" in the film.

Awards and honors
At the Venice Film Festival, Moore won the "Leoncino d'Oro" ("Little Golden Lion") award for his documentary, and he also received the festival's Open Prize. The documentary was also nominated for the festival's Golden Lion award, but lost to Lebanon. Moore also received a nomination for Best Documentary Screenplay from the Writers Guild of America. At the 15th Critics' Choice Awards, it received a nomination for Best Documentary Feature.

See also
 Late-2000s financial crisis
 Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
 Troubled Asset Relief Program
 Wall Street reform
 Eye of a needle
 Christian views on poverty and wealth
 List of films about socialism
Related films
 Roger & Me
 The Corporation
 Inside Job
 I.O.U.S.A.
 Margin Call
 Too Big to Fail
 The Big Short

References

External links

  An in-depth review and analysis from the Guardian.
Multimedia
 In The Center Ring: Michael Moore vs Capitalism - audio report by NPR
 Michael Moore: "Capitalism Has Failed" - interviewed by CNN's Larry King Live is here
 Capitalism's Enemy, Michael Moore - video report by The Colbert Report
 Naomi Klein in Conversation With Michael Moore - audio report by The Nation
 Michael Moore Examines Today's Economic State - video report by the Tavis Smiley Show
 Moore Goes to the Source in "Capitalism: A Love Story" - a 45-minute video report by Democracy Now!, September 24, 2008

2009 films
2000s Russian-language films
2000s Spanish-language films
2009 documentary films
American documentary films
Works about capitalism
Anti-capitalism
Documentary films about American politicians
Documentary films about businesspeople
Documentary films about ideologies
Documentary films about the Great Recession
Films directed by Michael Moore
Films about financial crises
Wall Street films
The Weinstein Company films
Overture Films films
Films set in Michigan
Documentary films about American politics
Documentary films about the automotive industry
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Capitalism: A Love Story


A tripod is a portable three-legged frame or stand, used as a platform for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of some other object. The three-legged (triangular stance) design provides good stability against gravitational loads as well as horizontal shear forces, and better leverage for resisting tipping over due to lateral forces can be achieved by spreading the legs away from the vertical centre.
Variations with one, two, and four legs are termed monopod, bipod, and quadripod (similar to a table).

Etymology

First attested in English in the early 17th century, the word tripod comes via Latin tripodis (GEN of tripus), which is the romanization of Greek  (tripous), "three-footed" (GEN , tripodos), ultimately from  (tri-), "three times" (from , tria, "three") +  (pous), "foot". The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek , ti-ri-po, written in Linear B syllabic script.

Cultural use

Many cultures, including the ancient peoples of China and Greece, used tripods as ornaments, trophies, sacrificial altars, cooking vessels or cauldrons, and decorative ceramic pottery.  Tripod pottery have been part of the archaeological assemblage in China since the earliest Neolithic cultures of Cishan and Peiligang in the 7th and 8th millennium BC. Sacrificial tripods were found in use in ancient China usually cast in bronze but sometimes appearing in ceramic form. They are often referred to as "dings" and usually have three legs, but in some usages have four legs.

The Chinese use sacrificial tripods symbolically in modern times, such as in 2005, when a "National Unity Tripod" made of bronze was presented by the central Chinese government to the government of northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to mark its fiftieth birthday. It was described as a traditional Chinese sacrificial vessel symbolizing unity.

In ancient Greece, tripods were frequently used to support lebes, or cauldrons, sometimes for cooking and other uses such as supporting vases.

Firearms

Tripods are commonly used on machine guns to provide a stable mount for the weapon when firing.

Tripods are generally restricted to heavier weapons where the weight would be an encumbrance. For lighter weapons such as rifles, a bipod is more common. However, in recent times tripod saddles have become popular for precision rifle shooting sports, with the weapon placed in a vise-like rest which is mounted to a tripod head or with the weapon mounted directly to the tripod head.

Photography

Surveying

Astronomy
The astronomical tripod is a sturdy three-leg stand used to support telescopes or binoculars, though they may also be used to support attached cameras or ancillary equipment.  The astronomical tripod is normally fitted with an altazimuth or equatorial mount to assist in tracking celestial bodies.

Laboratory

See also
 ISO 1222 (tripod screw mount)
 Trivet
 Triskelion

References

External links

Complete information of tripods
Firearm components
Photography equipment
Tools

pl:Statyw
sr:Tronožac

Tripod


Motor transport (MT) refers to the operation and maintenance of a military vehicle fleet (especially trucks), and sometimes to the servicemembers to operate and maintain them. Traditionally, motor transport organizations are responsible for a unit's military trucks and associated equipment, as well as the transport of personnel and material from one place to another. In a unit employing towed artillery, motor transport provides the prime movers.

See also
 List of U.S. military vehicles by model number
 Transportation Corps (United States Army)
 Motor Transport Corps (United States Army) (World War One)
 6th Motor Transport Battalion
 Army engineering maintenance

Military trucks
Military logistics

Motor transport


Deborah Mailman (born 14 July 1972) is an Australian television film actress, and singer. She was the first Aboriginal actress to win the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and had gone on to win four more both in television and film. The awards are now known as the AACTA Awards.

She is well known for having played the character Kelly Lewis on successful Australian television series, The Secret Life of Us. She is also well known for her current role as Cherie Butterfield in the successful Australian drama series Offspring. She also portrayed the role of Lorraine in the rotating cast of the acclaimed Australian TV series about Aboriginal life Redfern Now.

She starred in lead roles in the acclaimed films Rabbit-Proof Fence, Oddball, The Sapphires, Blinky Bill, and Paper Planes.

Australian movie actors
Australian voice actors

Deborah Mailman


The End–Ordovician extinction event is the third-largest extinction event of the Phanerozoic eon. The Ordovician period followed the Cambrian and was followed by the Silurian. There were no living things on the land except for bacteria and perhaps some single-celled algae. The biota was almost entirely marine.

The extinction came in two steps, at the start and the finish of the Hirnantian stage, which was the last stage of the Ordovician.

1. Pre-event: warm climate, deep ocean anoxic event. ocean bottoms were anoxic (little or no oxygen). Black shales were laid down in deep ocean strata; carbonates laid down on oxygenated continental shelves.

2. First step: climate turns cold; turnover of water in seas. Rising anoxic water kills most of the plankton, and shrinking seas remove habitats. Cold stage with clear evidence of widespread glaciation.

3. Second step: warming ocean re-established; glaciers melt, anoxic conditions reach continental shelves and kills fauna again.

Basic mechanism: climate changes from very warm to very cold and back to very warm. Changes in ocean circulation were the results of the climate changes. Both benthic (ocean bottom) and pelagic fauna were faced with conditions they were unable to cope with.

More than 100 invertebrate families became extinct in the End–Ordovician extinction event, and a total of almost half the genera. The brachiopods and bryozoans were decimated, along with many of the trilobite, conodont and graptolite families.

The cause was probably the rise and erosion of the Appalachian Mountains. The rise put much CO2 into the atmosphere, and the erosion took it out.

Related pages
List of extinction events

References

Extinction events
Palaeozoic

End–Ordovician extinction event