The 1967 Opium War took place in northwestern Laos between February and August 1967; actual fighting took place from 29 July to 1 August 1967. A mule train, led by Burmese militia, carrying 16 tons of opium crossed into Laos to Ban Khwan, where they were attacked by rival drug smugglers from the Chinese Nationalists' Third and Fifth Armies. The intended recipient of the shipment, Royal Lao Army General Ouane Rattikone, bombed both sides while moving in troops to sweep the battlefield. With both Burmese militia and Nationalist Chinese defeated and expelled from Laos, the Lao general confiscated the opium for himself.

With this supply of raw opium base, plus his greater grasp on the drug trade, Ouane's refineries began to ship their heroin worldwide. He also supplied this injectable heroin to his allies – U.S. troops in the Vietnam War.

Background

As World War II ended, the French found themselves embroiled in the First Indochina War. On 23December 1950, the United States signed the Pentalateral Treaty with France, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam binding them to financially support the French effort. From that point onwards, the U.S. would fund an ever greater proportion of the French war effort; by 1952, it was funding about a third of the French budget for the war. Beginning as early as 6May 1953, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used its proprietary airline, Civil Air Transport, for combat supply drops in support of the French Army in Laos. Following the North Vietnamese 1953 invasion of Laos and the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu, the independence of the Kingdom of Laos was confirmed by international treaty on 20July 1954. In December 1955, the secretive Programs Evaluation Office was established in the American embassy in Vientiane, Laos to help the Royal Lao Government battle the communist insurgency.

The CIA was the lead American agency in the American penetration of Laos that resulted in the Laotian Civil War. One of its agents, William Young, was a missionary's son recruited for his cultural understanding of hill tribes in northwestern Laos. He founded a base for a guerrilla force at Nam Yu, Laos, near the triple border junction of China, Burma, and Laos.

Marooned in the vicinity were the remnants of the Nationalist Chinese Army loyal to the Kuomintang (KMT) that had been stranded there when the Chinese Civil War ended in a communist victory. Although Young recruited some of the Nationalist Chinese soldiers into the Royal Lao Army's 101st Special Battalion (French: Bataillon Especiale 101 – BE 101), many others became involved in the opium trade. Although they were funded by the Republic of China for intelligence activities and espionage, their money was cut off in 1961. When the KMT generals shifted to opium trading, they claimed it as a necessity to fund their armies. In short order, the KMT troops soon controlled 90 percent of the Burmese opium. Still maintaining their military capabilities, including a radio net for communications and weaponry that included crew-served weapons such as .50 caliber machine guns and 75mm recoilless rifles, the KMT would move caravans of 100 to 600 pack mules loaded with raw opium without interference. Their largest shipments contained nearly 20 tons of raw opium. They charged a "transit tax" on the opium they handled or protected.

Opium train

In February 1967, Shan Burmese warlord Khun Sa declared he was entitled to a "transit tax" from KMT opium shipments moving through the Wa State of Burma; the KMT had already claimed the prerogative of similarly extorting a fee of nine dollars per kilo for opium to cross the Burmese border into Thailand or Laos. Khun Sa's proclamation served as a declaration of war. He had his agents buy and gather 16 tons of opium from Wa and Kokang states for his mule train to transport from Ving Ngun, Burma into nearby northwestern Laos. There he would sell this record-setting $500,000 shipment to General Ouane Rattikone, the Royal Lao Army commander of that region of Laos. The caravan of hundreds of pack mules was escorted by 800 men from Khun Sa's army. They had a 200-mile trek from Burma to Ban Khwan in the Kingdom of Laos. Ouane's drug refinery was there. News of this double challenge to the KMT drug trade spread through their radio net. They monitored the Shan caravan's progress. It was obvious that if Khun Sa succeeded with the sale, he could arm an additional 1,000 troops for his army with the proceeds, achieving armed parity with the KMT.

The remnants of the Kuomintang Third and Fifth Armies that existed on the Thai border with Burma were the ones customarily paid off to allow passage of opium. Khun Sa elected to ignore their charge for the border crossing. Consequently, his opium train was hotly pursued by between 700 and 1,000 Nationalist Chinese soldiers, who wanted either their payoff or the opium. They made their first attack as the caravan departed Kengtung. Khun Sa's rear guard drove off the attackers. On 14 and 15 July, the mile-long mule train crossed the Mekong River into Laos. Marching south from Muong Mounge, they reached Ban Khwan two days later.

Once there, they moved into defensive positions in Ouane's sawmill. Located on a sand spit jutting into the river, the mill was only approachable by land through its boggy lumberyard. The Burmese barricaded themselves in behind the unmilled logs. As this was occurring, the local school principal had carried word of the invasion to the nearest RLA post at Ton Peung. In turn, they advised the principal that for safety's sake, the villagers should evacuate themselves across the river into Thailand. The Lao soldiers also radioed in a report on the incursion.

The Chinese pursuit crossed the Mekong in the path of the fleeing Burmese on 24 July 1967, and marched south to Ban Khwan. After a preliminary skirmish, negotiations in the empty village began between the parties, with no result. A helicopter flew in from Ban Houayxay carrying the provincial RLA commander. He bore a message from General Ouane; both sides should get out of Laos. In return, Khun Sa's men received orders from him via radio to remain on station. The Nationalist Chinese demanded $250,000 as the price for their departure. A firefight between the Burmese and the Chinese followed on 29 July, using small arms, .50 caliber machine guns, 60mm mortars, and 57mm recoilless rifles. The following day at noon, as the fighting continued, six AT-28s of the Royal Lao Air Force bombed the battlefield. Unbeknown to the combatants, the Lao general had also received permission from Lao Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma to fly the 2nd Paratroop Battalion to Ban Houayxay. From there they marched northward to block the southern exit from the battlefield. On the north side of Ban Khwan, a couple of RLA infantry battalions marched southward to block that egress. Two river patrol launches were sent to contest any crossing of the Mekong. As this occurred, the AT-28s from Luang Prabang struck four or five times daily for two days running, bombing both sides indiscriminately, men and mules alike.

The 400 surviving Burmese muleteers and guards deserted their position in the face of the bombing and fled cross-river via boat back to Burma, leaving most of the opium cargo, their 82 dead, and 15 dead mules.

The Nationalist Chinese had suffered 70 killed in action. Abandoning their dead, 24 machine guns, and their dead mules, they also fled the bombing, headed north up the Lao bank of the Mekong towards Burma because they lacked boats for a river crossing. Ten kilometers upon their way, they were blocked by the RLA infantry troops. A fortnight's impasse ensued, during which additional Lao troops flown in from Vientiane helped encircle the outnumbered KMT. The dispute was settled when Ouane struck a deal with the leaders of the caravan. According to one account, he would pay them only the customary transportation fees for the opium. Another version says that the Chinese paid $7,500 to Rattikone as a departure fee. Either way, essentially the Lao general gained an enormous amount of free opium when his paratroopers gathered it from the battlefield and shipped it to Ban Houei Sai. Ouane had had his sawmill bombarded, and his heroin refinery had burnt down during the fighting. However, he reputedly still had five more refineries working nearby. Ouane's damages were far outweighed by his gains.

On 19 August, the 700 remaining KMT crossed the Mekong to land in Chiang Saen, Thailand. They resisted being disarmed by the Royal Thai Army. They returned to their bases at Mae Salong and Tham Ngop.

Aftermath

The resultant embarrassing bad publicity from the opium war brought on a Thai crackdown on all the Kuomintang remaining on their northern border. Prior to the 1967 Opium War, the Thais and KMT had preserved a fiction that the Chinese were civilian refugees seeking asylum. After the Chinese exposure caused by the battle at Ban Khwan, the Royal Thai Army began strictly supervising the Kuomintang units, insisting that their commanders be accountable for their troops. Eventually, the Thais would quietly legitimize the KMT as paramilitary units.  The KMT's revenue from the opium trade was much diminished; their 15-year control of the smuggling routes, collecting their "transit tax", had ended with the fighting at Ban Khwan.

On the other hand, Khun Sa's bid for supremacy in opium dealing had come to naught. He had lost his $500,000 investment; his army had been defeated and humiliated. His troopers began to quit him; by late 1968, more than half of his 2,000 man army had deserted. When he tried to ally himself with Shan insurgents, Burmese military intelligence clapped him in jail. However, when Khun Sa retired in 1971, he was still wealthy.

With his initial huge haul of confiscated opium, and his newly won control of opium traffic into Laos, General Ouane improved his refineries. At the time of the 1967 Opium War, they were turning out morphine base; some of that was further refined into crude but smokeable Number 3 Globe heroin. Within two years of the war, highly refined injectable Number 4 Globe heroin was being produced. Ouane's product now spread beyond its prior Asian market, to be smuggled into and sold in the United States and Europe. Not least among his markets was disaffected American troops in Vietnam.

See also
 First Opium War
 Second Opium War
 Campaign at the China–Burma border

Notes

References
 Castle, Timothy N. (1993). At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975. Columbia University Press. .
 Conboy, Kenneth and James Morrison (1995). Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Paladin Press. .
 Friesendorf, Cornelius (2007). US Foreign Policy and the War on Drugs: Displacing the Cocaine and Heroin Industry. Routledge. , .
 Gibson, Richard Michael (2011). The Secret Army: Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle. John Wiley & Sons. , .
 McCoy, Alfred W. (1972). The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia. Harper & Row. , .

Further reading
 McCoy, Alfred (2003). The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia. Lawrence Hill Books. , .

Conflicts in 1967
1967 in Laos
Laotian Civil War
Wars involving Laos
Organized crime conflicts
Illegal drug trade in Southeast Asia

1967 Opium War


The Miller–Leuser Log House is a historic eighteenth-century log cabin near the city of Cincinnati in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States.  One of the oldest houses in the area, it has been named a historic site.

When Columbia was founded in 1788 as Hamilton County's first settlement, the pioneers spread out as far upriver as today's Anderson Township.  Land in the township, including the location of the Miller–Leuser House, was surveyed five years later as part of a general survey of the Virginia Military District.  In 1796, explorer Nathaniel Massie purchased the site of the present house and quickly devised it to Ichabod Miller; he is believed to have constructed the house by the end of the year, and he retained ownership until selling it in 1836.  The cabin remained in residential use until 1971, when it was bought by the Anderson Township Historical Society; as one of the oldest buildings in southwestern Ohio, and as a typical component of the pioneer built environment, locals deemed it a highly significant part of their history.

In building his house, Ichabod Miller employed a mix of logs: some were hand-hewn, while others retained their original round shape, and all are notched to enable them to fit together at the corners.  The entire building is one and one half stories tall.

In 1974, the Miller–Leuser Log House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, one of more than three hundred such locations in Hamilton County.  It qualified for inclusion primarily because of its architecture, rather than because of its place in local history.  The house is one of twelve National Register locations in Anderson Township, along with one house in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Cincinnati, three sites in the village of Newtown, and seven other places in the unincorporated portions of the township.

References

Log cabins in the United States
Houses in Hamilton County, Ohio
Former houses in Ohio
Houses completed in 1796
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Hamilton County, Ohio
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
1796 establishments in the Northwest Territory

Miller–Leuser Log House


Diana Patrícia Silveira da Piedade (born 22 April 1985 - Lagos, Portugal) is a Portuguese rock singer and songwriter.

In February 2010, Diana finished as the runner-up in 2009 season 3 of Ídolos, the Portuguese version of Pop Idol, a known musical tv show.

Biography
With a powerful raspy and soulful voice, this charismatic rock figure was considered in 2010 one of Portugal's upcoming voices.

Between the ages of 15 and 19, Diana Silveira began her career as a professional singer. First with the band "Duck," and later with "Fadomorse," she recorded songs such as "Funk my Funk" from Duck and "Deicídio" from Fadomorse along with a special guest Adolfo Luxúria Canibal from a Portuguese cult band Mão Morta.

In 2004, she took part of the first cast of the Musical Theatre "Cabeças no Ar" written by author Carlos Té and directed by Adriano Luz at the "Teatro Municipal de Lisboa, S. Luiz".

Throughout her living period in Paris (2006/2009), she did backing vocals for a Pink Floyd Tribute Band.

During her participation on the TV Show "Idols" (2009/2010), her music career gets to a higher level.

Reaching an incredible number of fans on her Facebook page in just about 4 months, with her 173.000 "Likes" scattered all over the planet that the phenomenon reaches a gigantic proportion. ("Diana Piedade Idolos" FB page, is now offline. You can find her Official Facebook Page at )

The recognition of her talent also happens through various online pages, one of them being Janis Joplin's (janisjoplin.net), after her interpretation of the "Piece of my heart" song.

Considered by the media as "Best New Artist" in 2010, the charismatic figure and voice of Diana takes her to the world's biggest music festival, Rock in Rio in Lisbon. And is with the all-star band HAIL! That Diana assumes her Heavy-Metal vein, alongside Andreas Kisser (Sepultura), Ripper Owens [YNGWIE MALMSTEEN and ex-JUDAS PRIEST], Paul Bostaph (Slayer, Testament, Exodus) and James Lomezo (White Lion and Black Label Society, Megadeth).

Between May and September 2010, the National Tour "Rock ON Diana" was a success. Along with Ivo Perpétuo, Vasco Moura, Hugo Palma, Ademar Alves and Bruno Victor Martins, the adventure took place and led to the creation of a music project called 3:33 that would end in 2012 after one EP ("EUFÊMEA") and another tour all over the country.

Among some advertising works like the biggest campaign of SONAE calendar ("Popota e o Natal", 2010/2012) and pro-Bono participations as well as solidarity events, the voice of Diana Silveira also became part of a big YouTube hit "Margem Sul State of Mind" with Rui Unas, a satire on the everyday life of some Portuguese people based on the music "New York State of Mind" from Jay-Z and Alicia Keys.

In 2011 she made a special appearance on the soundtrack of the award-winning short film "TEJO" of Francisco Baptista and Henrique Pina.

In 2011 Diana also met Gary Lucas, an American guitarist and Grammy-nominated songwriter. One of the great names in the world of music and known developer of Jeff Buckley, Captain Beefheart among many others. Diana was invited to participate in a concert tribute to Jeff Buckley at the Knitting Factory concert house in New York, where she received very positive recognition by the New York's music scene critics.

In January 2012, she was invited once again by Gary Lucas to perform, now in Portugal, at Galeria Zé dos Bois in Lisbon and Plan B, Oporto.

In October 2013, the book Touched by Grace--My Time with Jeff Buckley by Gary Lucas was edited by Jawbone and Diana appeared in the book alongside the American guitarists as part of his story with Jeff Buckley.

Later in November 2013, Diana flew to London to be part of the official release of the book, performing at the Southbank Center on the 14th Nov with Gary Lucas, Najma Akhtar, Mari Conti and Frances Brennand Roper.

In 2015, she attempted to represent Portugal at the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Maldito Tempo". However, she was not selected and ended up finishing fourth place on her semifinal at the portuguese preselection, named Festival da Canção.

Idols
Diana auditioned for the third season of Ídolos in Lisbon. She eventually became the runner-up.

Curiosities
After her version of the Janis Joplin song, the video became part of a Joplin's tribute website, janisjoplin.net, becoming the first artist ever to have a video of her own on this website, besides Joplin.

Also, after her performance on Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love", Diana made it again to a main site of dedicated fans. This time was the site led-zeppelin.org - Achilles Last Stand (online since 1996), the biggest fan site of the band, that referred her performance.

According to the jury of the contest, her version of "E Depois do Adeus" was the best performance in all the seasons of Portuguese Idols until the date.

During summer, the singer gave many concerts in her own name, performing with a live band "Les Miserables", composed by Ivo Perpétuo on guitar, Vasco Moura on bass, Hugo Palma on drums and also the special guest, guitarist Tuniko Goulart. During the performances were explored various styles from rock to the blues, from Jimi Hendrix to Queens of the Stone Age.

References

21st-century Portuguese women singers
1985 births
Living people
Idols (franchise) participants

Diana Piedade


Ladislaus Weinek (, 13 February 1848, Buda – 12 November 1913, Prague) was an Austro-Hungarian astronomer.

He was educated in Vienna, and worked for a period at the photography laboratories in Schwerin.

In 1874 he joined a German expedition to the Kerguelen Islands to observe a transit of Venus across the face of the Sun. His results from the expedition were published in Nova Acta Leopoldina.

In 1883 he became a professor in Prague and was the ninth director of the Klementinum observatory. There, on 27 November 1885, he took the first known photograph of a meteor. He set up observing stations in Prague and Jena (to observe the Andromedids shower of that year, which turned out to be very intense), and caught a 7mm-long trail on a plate in Prague.

In collaboration with Friedrich Küstner, he made measurements of the height of the pole. During their investigations they also discovered polar motion, the movement of the Earth's polar axis relative to the crust.

Using images taken at the Lick Observatory and the Meudon Observatory, he produced the first atlas of the Moon that was based on photographs.

The crater Weinek on the Moon and the asteroid 7114 Weinek are named after him.

References

External links
 Lunární kráter Weinek – historická pocta klementinskému astronomovi
 Scheller, A., 1914, "Anzeige des Todes von Ladislaus Weinek", Astronomische Nachrichten, vol. 196.
 Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000-1990 at www.mek.iif.hu

19th-century Hungarian astronomers
19th-century Austrian astronomers
People from Austria-Hungary
Hungarian expatriates in Germany
Hungarian expatriates in the Czech lands
People from Buda
1848 births
1913 deaths

Ladislaus Weinek


John William Hiden (1940-2012) was a British historian who was emeritus professor of Baltic studies at Bradford University and senior research fellow at Glasgow University. He was a specialist in modern German history and the history of the Baltic republics, and advised the British government at the time when the Baltic states were reaching independence.

Education
Hiden was born in London on 21 February 1940, and educated at Acton County Grammar School. He receiving his PhD from the University of London in 1970. His thesis was published as The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik in 1987.

Career
Hiden taught at a primary school and then at Repton. His first academic post was at the University of Aberdeen (1973–79). In 1974 he produced The Weimar Republic of which the Central and Eastern European Review said "arguably it has never been bettered". He joined the University of Bradford in 1979. There he created the Baltic Research Unit and founded the journal Baltic Briefing. He advised the British government about policy towards the Baltic states at the time they were approaching independence and after. He finished his career as emeritus professor of Baltic studies at Bradford and senior research fellow at Glasgow University.

Death
Hiden died on 10 August 2012. He was survived by his wife, Juliet, whom he married in 1963, and their two children.

Selected publications
The Weimar Republic. Longman, 1974. (Second edition 1996) (Seminar Studies in History)
Germany and Europe, 1919-39. 1977.
Explaining Hitler's Germany. 1983. (With John Farquharson)
The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.
Republican and Fascist Germany. 1996.
The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War. Cambridge University Press, 2003. (with Thomas Lane)
Defender of Minorities: Paul Schiemann, 1876-1944. 2004.
Neighbours or Enemies? Germans, the Baltic and Beyond. Rodopi, Amsterdam, 2008. (With Martyn Housden)
Ethnic Diversity and the Nation State. 2012. (With David Smith)

References

British historians
Academics of the University of Bradford
Academics of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of the University of London
People educated at Acton County Grammar School
Academics of the University of Aberdeen
Alumni of the University of Hull
1940 births
2012 deaths
Historians of Europe

John Hiden


José Enrique Arrarás Mir (born 25 September 1937) is a Puerto Rican politician and former member of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico.

Early life
Arrarás was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. He obtained his primary and secondary education at Academia de la Inmaculada Concepción in Mayagüez and Mercersburg Academy in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania.

Arrarás is great-great-grand-nephew of , and a third-cousin of Charytín Goyco.

Education
He obtained a B.A. in Public and International Affairs (magna cum laude) at Princeton University in 1959. As a Fulbright Scholar to the United Kingdom, he did post-graduate work in political, economic and social problems of underdeveloped countries at Victoria University of Manchester as well as Oxford University.

Back in Puerto Rico, he obtained his L.L.B. law degree (magna cum laude and valedictorian) at the University of Puerto Rico School of Law in 1963, received his Doctor in Civil Law (magna cum laude) from the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain in 1971.

He also holds a doctorate honoris causa from World University.

Public service at University of Puerto Rico
Arrarás began serving UPR Chancellor Jaime Benítez as his special assistant in 1962, even before graduating from law school. He began teaching law at the University of Puerto Rico School of Law shortly after obtaining his law degree in 1963, while remaining the Chancellor's trusted aide until 1964, when he began a two-year stint as the UPR Río Piedras Campus Dean of Administration and Acting Chancellor. As Benítez moved on to become the institution's first system-wide President, Arrarás served as the first chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico's Mayagüez Campus for over 5 years, from 1966 to 1971.

Years later, he would also teach at the Interamerican University's School of Law in San Juan.

Political life and state government service
After an unsuccessful run for Mayor of San Juan in 1972 under the Popular Democratic Party banner, Arrarás was appointed in 1973 as the Secretary of the new Housing Department by incoming Gov. Rafael Hernández Colón, a position he held until 1976, when he once again ran unsuccessfully for mayor, losing by a landslide to then Rep. Hernán Padilla.

He began his first ten-year stint in the Puerto Rico House of Representatives in 1978, serving as chairman of the powerful Budget and finance committee from 1981 to 1984.

During his second stint in the House, from 1993 to 1996, in which he served two years as House Minority Leader, he faced ethics charges and a Justice Department referral to the Special Independent Prosecutor. Arrarás did not seek re-election in the 1996 General Elections.

Sports life
In addition to all that Arrarás accomplished in academia and public office, he has been one of the most prominent figures in organized sports in Puerto Rico for the past four decades.

He served as vice president of the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee (COPUR) from 1969 to 1972 before serving as the president of COPUR from 1973 to 1976, at the same time that he served as president of the Puerto Rico Equestrian Federation.

In 2000 he served as owner of the Mayagüez Basketball Team. From 2001 on, he serves once again on the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee and president of the Puerto Rico Amateur Athletics Federation, and since 2002 is also the Commissioner of the Inter-University Athletic League (LAI by its Spanish acronym).

In 2004, as a member of the International Athletics Federation (IAFF), he was appointed to its Youth & School Committee.

Professional and private life
An attorney, José Enrique Arrarás served as senior partner at the Goldman Antonnetti law firm from 1989 to 1992 and currently works out of the Castellanos Law Firm office in San Juan. He is married to professor Brenda López González and is father of seven children: Maria Celeste, Astrid, José Enrique, Jr., Patricia, Gabriel Enrique, Enrique Antonio and Isabel Celeste. María Celeste's TV journalism career has proudly turned Arrarás, in spite of his extensive life achievements, into "María Celeste's father".

His wife, Brenda López, was elected in 2008 as an at-large member of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico.

Publications
Arrarás' extensive writing includes the following publications:
 "Judicial Attitudes and Amendments to the Compact", Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Vol. XXXI (1962)pp. 65–78.
 "Spontaneous Manifestations, Objections and the First Opportunity Doctrine". Pueblo vs. Oquendo. 83 D.P.R. 234 (1961).
 Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Vol. XXXII, Núm. 1 (1963), pp. 141–150 "The Insanes' capacity to Contract".
 Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Vol. XXXII, Núm. 1 (1963) pp. 69–80 "Consensual Marriage in the United States of America".
 Revista Estudios de Derechos, (Republica de Colombia), Vol. 63 (1963) pp. 53–62 "Concubinage in Latin America".
 Journal of Family Law, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 330–339 (1963)
 "A note on Free Union in Latin American", Marriage and Family Living", 1964
 "The Commonwealth Concept", oral presentation made at the Second Conference of Caribbean Scholars, in the University of Western Indians, (Kingston, Jamaica). Published by Instituto de Estudios del Caribe de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. (1965).
 Doctoral Thesis: "El Derecho Matrimonial Puertorriqueño"

See also
University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez people

Sources
 Galería Universia - Last additions/José Enrique Arrarás

 Puerto Rico en el Olimpismo

1937 births
Living people
Presidents of the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee
Puerto Rican sports executives and administrators
Popular Democratic Party members of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico
Mercersburg Academy alumni
Puerto Rican lawyers
Politicians from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni
Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent
University of Santiago de Compostela alumni

José Enrique Arrarás


Wolfgat Nature Reserve is a coastal nature reserve in Mitchells Plain on False Bay in the Western Cape, South Africa.

This conservation area consists of  of endangered dune vegetation and majestic limestone cliffs, extending along a portion of the False Bay coastline. The Cape Flats Dune Strandveld vegetation in this reserve contains over 150 plant species. These include evergreen shrubs, flowering succulents, arum lilies and a variety of daisy species. Birds such as kelp gulls and black oystercatchers nest here.

A major threat to the reserve is the invasive alien Acacia cyclops ("rooikrans") tree. This weed has spread across large parts of the coastline, smothering and killing local vegetation and upsetting coastal ecosystems. Wolfgat Nature Reserve is managed by the city of Cape Town, in partnership with the local communities of Khayelitsha and Mitchell's Plein.

The name Wolfgat means "wolf cave", and refers to the brown hyena or strandwolf which existed here until the 19th century. An ancient fossilised den of this species was discovered here in the 1960s and the stretch of coast was named after this discovery.

See also
 Biodiversity of Cape Town
 List of nature reserves in Cape Town
 Cape Flats Dune Strandveld

References

Nature reserves in Cape Town
Protected areas of the Western Cape

Wolfgat Nature Reserve


The Upper Cretaceous is the last geological epoch in the Cretaceous. It began 100.5 million years ago, and ended 66 million years ago.

The Cretaceous is traditionally divided into Lower Cretaceous (early), and Upper Cretaceous (late), because of the different rocks. The rocks reflect the conditions in which they were formed. From lowest to highest, it is subdivided into the Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, Santonian, Campanian, and Maastrichtian ages.

The Upper Cretaceous is the time of chalk. Chalk is composed of countless millions of calcareous (CaCO3) plates called coccoliths. They are so small they can only just be seen with a light microscope; details require an electron microscope. The plates are formed by single-celled planktonic algae called coccolithophores, and were laid down in the off-shore seas.

The only other rock found in chalk is the flint, which is siliceous (silica, SiO2). This derives from those algae and animals which have skeletons of silica. Undoubtedly, this marks periods when the climate was somewhat different.

The Cretaceous was the last period when dinosaurs were the dominant land animals. Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor lived at this time. The huge Mosasaurus was the dominant marine predator. In the Cretaceous period, birds became more diverse. Flowering plants developed more, and became the dominant plants on land. The Upper Cretaceous ended with the K/T extinction event.

Extinction events
The end of the Cretaceous period is marked by the huge extinction event which marked the end of the dinosaurs. However, many groups had already disappeared long before then. There was an earlier extinction event in the Upper Cretaceous at the CenomanianTuronian boundary, about 95 to 90 million years ago. All we know about it is that there was huge volcanic activity which led to changes in sea life.

The event brought about the extinction of the pliosaurs, and most ichthyosaurs, and most lines of pterosaurs. Although the cause is uncertain, the result starved the Earth's oceans of oxygen for nearly half a million years. This caused the extinction of about 27 percent of marine invertebrates, including certain planktonic and benthic foraminifera, mollusks, bivalves, dinoflagellates and calcareous nannofossils. This global environmental disturbance increased atmospheric and oceanic temperatures. Boundary sediments show an enrichment of trace elements, and contain elevated δ13C values. δ13C varies in time as a function of biological productivity. This means the seas were no longer so favourable for life at that time, and many species went extinct.

References

Cretaceous

Upper Cretaceous


The Agreement between the Allied and Associated Powers with Regard to the Contribution to the Cost of Liberation of the Territories of the Former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was concluded on 10 September 1919 and complemented the Saint-Germain peace treaty with Austria.

It was concluded between the governments of Italy and the other main Allied Powers of the First World War in order to regulate the issue of war reparations exacted from the Austrian government in the peace treaty. Since most of the territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire were now ceded either to existing states (such as Italy and Romania) or were incorporated into newly created states (such as Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Poland), it was decided that some of the war reparations due to be exacted from the Austrian government would be actually exacted from the former territories of its empire that were now in the hands of other states.

Article I of the treaty acknowledged the Italian sacrifices in the war, and accepted the Italian willingness to pay part of the reparations from the territories Italy got from Austria as the result of the war (South Tyrol). Articles II-IV set the ratio between reparations to be borne by the Austrian government and those to be borne by the territories newly added to Italy.

The treaty was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on 21 October 1920.

The agreement was modified by a declaration issued by the signatory parties on 8 December 1919, which allowed the Italian government to issue bonds over a longer period of time to pay off its debts.

See also
 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
 Agreement between the Allied and Associated Powers with Regard to the Contribution to the Cost of Liberation of the Territories of the Former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy

Notes

External links
 text of the agreement

Interwar-period treaties
Treaties concluded in 1919
Treaties entered into force in 1920
Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
Treaties of the French Third Republic
Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of the Empire of Japan
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
Treaties of the Portuguese First Republic
Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
Treaties of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Treaties of Thailand
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Reparations

Agreement Between the Allied and Associated Powers with Regard to the Italian Reparation Payments


The wooden horse or Spanish donkey is a torture device where the victim is made to straddle a triangular "horse" and place their full body weight on their genitals, which rested on the point of the angle which causes pain in the lower regions. Sometimes cannonballs or something similar would be tied to the victim's feet. There is also a less intense variation was probably developed for BDSM play.

BDSM
Torture

Wooden horse


Circle Seven Animation (or Disney Circle Seven Animation) was a short-lived division of Walt Disney Feature Animation specializing in computer-generated imagery (CGI) animation and was originally intended to create sequels to the Disney-owned Pixar properties, leading rivals and animators to derisively nickname the division "Pixaren't". The studio did not release any films during its existence, nor were any of its scripts used by Pixar.

The division was named after the street where its studio was located, Circle Seven Drive in Glendale, California which is also home to KABC-TV.

Due to Disney's purchase of Pixar in January 2006, on May 26 of the same year, Disney shut down Circle Seven Animation, and transferred about 136 out of the studio's 168 employees to Walt Disney Feature Animation, which was renamed Walt Disney Animation Studios in 2007, and the planned Pixar sequels (which included Monsters Inc. 2: Lost in Scaradise, Finding Nemo 2 and the Circle Seven version of Toy Story 3) were cancelled following Circle Seven's closure.

Background
Pixar and Disney originally had a seven-film distribution agreement that gave Disney full ownership of Pixar's feature films and characters up to and including the film Cars, and the rights to make sequels. With the success of Toy Story 2 in the end of 1999, then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner and then-owner of Pixar Steve Jobs began to disagree on how Pixar should be run and the terms of a continued relationship.

Eisner claimed that Toy Story 2, as it was a sequel, did not count towards the "original" film count of the agreement, though Jobs disagreed.

Jobs announced in January 2004—after ten months of negotiations—that Pixar would not renew their agreement with Disney, and would seek out other distributors for releases starting in 2006. Jobs wanted Pixar to receive most of the profits that their films made (giving Disney the standard 10% distribution fee) as well as full ownership of any future films and characters that the studio would create after Cars (2006).

Eisner found these terms unacceptable. Pixar executive producer John Lasseter, who had personally directed Toy Story (1995), A Bug's Life (1998), and Toy Story 2 (1999), became distraught over the breakdown of the Disney-Pixar relationship, as he was worried about what Disney might do with the characters Pixar had created.

When he had to announce what had happened at a meeting of Pixar's 800 employees, Lasseter reportedly said, through tears, "It's like you have these dear children and you have to give them up to be adopted by convicted child molesters."

Name
Circle Seven Animation was named after the street where its studio was located, and the often-used Circle 7 logo, a television station logo in the United States designed in the early 1960s for ABC's five owned-and-operated stations, all of which broadcast on VHF channel 7.

History
In March 2004, Disney Circle Seven Animation was formed as a CGI animation studio to create sequels to the Disney-owned Pixar properties, and the studio began to hire staff shortly thereafter. It was seen as a bargaining chip by people within both Pixar and Disney, but also as a backup plan by Eisner in case negotiations fell through.

The projects that the studio worked on were early drafts of Toy Story 3, Monsters, Inc. 2: Lost in Scaradise, and Finding Nemo 2.

Bob Iger succeeded Eisner as the new CEO of Disney in 2005. While viewing a parade at Hong Kong Disneyland that fall, Iger felt that Disney needed Pixar because all of the characters less than ten years old in the parade were from Pixar's films. On January 24, 2006, Iger and Jobs agreed to a deal in which Disney would buy Pixar for $7.4 billion, with Pixar's leadership (Edwin Catmull and Lasseter) taking control of Disney's animation group. Under this new deal, Pixar would make Toy Story 3 with a new script; director Andrew Stanton stated that Pixar purposely avoided looking at Circle Seven's script.

On May 26, 2006, Disney shut down Circle Seven Animation, and transferred about 136 out of the studio's 168 employees to Walt Disney Feature Animation (renamed Walt Disney Animation Studios in 2007). Catmull later disclosed in his 2014 book Creativity, Inc. that although Pixar employees had been frustrated with Disney's decision to create Circle Seven Animation in order to create sequels to Pixar's own films, they did not hold that against Circle Seven's employees, who had no part in that decision. This was why Catmull and Lasseter were willing to absorb most of the Circle Seven workforce directly into Walt Disney Animation Studios. They eventually appointed Andrew Millstein, the former head of Circle Seven, as the general manager of Walt Disney Animation Studios to handle day-to-day business affairs on their behalf.

References

American animation studios
Walt Disney Animation Studios
Entertainment companies based in California
Mass media companies established in 2005
Mass media companies disestablished in 2006
Companies based in Glendale, California
2005 establishments in California
2006 disestablishments in California
Michael Eisner

Circle Seven Animation


Sam, SAM or variants may refer to:

Places
 SAM, IATA airport code for Salamo Airport in Papua, New Guinea
 SAM, IOC and FIFA country code for American Samoa
 Sam, Benin
 Sam, Boulkiemdé, Burkina Faso
 Sam, Bourzanga, Burkina Faso
 Sam, Iran
 Sam, Kongoussi, Burkina Faso
 Sam, Teton County, Idaho, a populated place located in Idaho

People and language
 Sam (given name), a list of people with the given name
 Sam (surname), a list of people with the surname
 Cen (surname) (岑), romanized "Sam" in Cantonese
 Shen (surname) (沈), often romanized "Sam" in Cantonese
 Sam languages, comprising Somali, Rendille and Boni
 Sam language of New Guinea
 Sam (Book of Mormon), elder brother of Nephi
 Sām, a Persian folk hero
 Shem, Noah's son

Animals
 Sam (army dog) (died 2000)
 Sam (horse) (b 1815), British Thoroughbred
 Sam (koala) (died 2009), rescued after 2009 bush fires in Victoria, Australia
 Sam (orangutan), in the movie Dunston Checks In
 Sam (ugly dog) (1990–2005), voted the world's ugliest dog in 2003, 2004, and 2005
 Unsinkable Sam (died 1955), cat, survived the sinking of 3 ships during WWII

Art, entertainment, and media

 Sam (1967 film), a 1976 film directed by Larry Buchanan
 Sam (1986 film), a 1986 documentary film
 Sam (Osvajači album), 1995
 Sam (Škabo album), 2003
 "Sam" (Olivia Newton-John song), 1977
 Sam (1973 TV series), British drama
 Sam (1978 TV series), US crime drama
 S.A.M. (comics), a French comic book
 SAM Awards, for South Australian Music Awards given by Music SA

Business

Brands and enterprises
 SAM (vehicles), a Greek truck manufacturer
 S.A.M.: Simply About Music, a satellite-driven radio network
 SAM, stock ticker of Boston Beer Company, the brewers of Samuel Adams beer
 SAM Colombia, a Colombian airline
 SAM Records, an American disco/post-disco record company
 Società Aerea Mediterranea, an Italian airline 1926-1934 and 1959-1981

Business terminology
 Serviceable available market
 Shared appreciation mortgage
 Social accounting matrix of transactions in an economy
 System for Award Management (SAM), U.S. Government supplier database

Museums
 Seattle Art Museum
 SAM, museum code for the South Australian Museum

Organizations
 Scientific Advice Mechanism of the European Commission
 Serve America Movement, an American political party
 Snowmobile Association of Massachusetts
 Society of American Magicians

Science and technology

Biology, chemistry and medicine
 Phytelephas seemannii, known in Cuna as ''
 S-Adenosyl methionine, a common co-substrate involved in methyl group transfers
 SAM, a candidate phylum of bacteria
 SAMtools (for Sequence Alignment Map), a data storage format for DNA sequencing
 Self-assembled monolayer of amphiphilic molecules
 Shoot apical meristem, a plant tissue
 Significance analysis of microarrays, in DNA microanalysis
 Spore photoproduct lyase, an enzyme
 Sorting and assembly machinery, a protein complex in the outer mitochondrial membrane
 Segmental arterial mediolysis, a medical condition affecting the arteries

Physics and astronomy
 Southern Annular Mode of southern hemisphere atmospheric variability
 Swinging Atwood's machine
 SAm, an unbarred Magellanic spiral galaxy

Software and computing
 SAM (file format) or Sequence Alignment Map, a data format used in bioinformatics.
 SAM (chatbot)
 Sam (text editor)
 Microsoft Sam, a voice for the screen reader in Windows 2000 and XP
 SAM Broadcaster, an Internet radio broadcasting application
 SAM Coupé, an 8-bit British home computer
 SAM Lock Tool, better known as Syskey
 Sequential access memory
 Simple Anonymous Messaging, a protocol specification used in the I2P network layer
 Simulation for Automatic Machinery, two minicomputers
 Software asset management
 Software Automatic Mouth, speech synthesis program
 SAM (Synchronous Address Multiplexer), a chip in some 8-bit computers
 Syriac Abbreviation Mark, a Unicode control character

Security
 SAM card (Security Authentication Module card), holding cryptographic keys
 Secure access module
 Security Account Manager in Microsoft Windows

Other
 Scanning acoustic microscope
 Sample Analysis at Mars, on the Curiosity rover
 Scanning Auger microscope in Auger electron spectroscopy
 Small article monitor, screening for radioactive contamination
 Sparse antimagic square, in mathematics
 Stop action magnet in a pipe organ
 Surface-to-air missile, an anti-aircraft missile

Sports
 Sam (mascot), 1984 Summer Olympics
 Strongside linebacker, gridiron football nickname

Other uses
 Sandy Area Metro, Oregon, US
 Special administrative measures, in US law
 Uncle Sam, a personification of the US government
 Synodically Authorized Minister, often used in parentheses after an officiator's name

Related pages
 Sam and the Womp, a British band
 Sam FM (disambiguation)
 Samantha, Samhita, Samskruthi, female given names often shortened to "Sam"
 Sammy (disambiguation), an informal variation on the name "Sam"
 Samsø, earlier Samsey, literally "Sam's island"
 Samuel (name)
 Son of Sam

Sam


The Return of Swamp Thing is a 1989 American superhero film based on the DC Comics' character of the same name. Directed by Jim Wynorski, it is a sequel to the 1982 film Swamp Thing, having a lighter tone than its predecessor. The film has a main title montage consisting of comic book covers set to Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Born on the Bayou", and features Dick Durock and Louis Jourdan reprising their roles as Swamp Thing and Anton Arcane respectively, along with Sarah Douglas and Heather Locklear.

Plot
After her mother's mysterious death, Abigail Arcane travels to the Florida swamps to confront her evil stepfather Dr. Anton Arcane, who had been resurrected after his death in the first film.

In an attempt to stave off the effects of aging, Dr. Arcane, assisted by Dr. Lana Zurrell, combines genes from various swamp animals and human beings, creating an army of monsters known as Un-Men. Dr. Arcane tries to use his stepdaughter Abby in his genetic experiments until she is rescued by Swamp Thing, a scientist previously transformed into a bog creature after a confrontation with the evil doctor.

Cast

 Louis Jourdan as Anton Arcane
 Heather Locklear as Abby Arcane
 Sarah Douglas as Dr. Lana Zurrell
 Dick Durock as Alec Holland / Swamp Thing
 Ace Mask as Dr. Rochelle
 Monique Gabrielle as Miss Poinsettia
 Daniel Emery Taylor as Darryl
 Joey Sagal as Gunn
 RonReaco Lee as Omar
 Frank Welker as the voice of Gigi the Parrot, and creature vocal effects

Production
In a 2018 interview, director Jim Wynorski recalled that he wanted Louis Jourdan to refer to the character of Miss Poinsettia as "Points". Jourdan refused because he knew that the character's nickname was a sexual-innuendo referring to her breasts. Wynorski then asked Jourdan, "Weren't you just in a movie called Octopussy?" Jourdan refused to speak to Wynorski for much of the shoot afterward.

In 2008, Dick Durock said to Bullz-Eye.com that the suit made filming difficult: "I hated the thought of having to go through the whole thing of wearing 50, 60, 70 pounds of weight in the summertime in Savannah, Georgia, but the money was there, and it's a job".

According to BPA, Locklear had a hard time working with the guy who played Swamp Thing in his human form: "The model was full of himself and really rubbed Heather the wrong way. As soon as the model's scene was done, he was asked to leave the set".

Release

Home media
RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video released the film in 1989 on VHS.

The film was issued on DVD by Image Entertainment, with a commentary by Wynorski which suggests that some of the film's humor was not as intentional as it seems and that Wynorski had a degree of contempt for the material. The DVD also includes two environmental public service announcements for television recorded with Durock in character and the two children featured in the film. The PSAs aired in certain markets in 1989.

Warner Bros. re-released the film in April 2008 on DVD. A Blu-ray edition was released by the British label Screenbound Pictures in May 2017.

MVD Entertainment Group released the film on Blu-ray/DVD combo pack May 8, 2018, as part of their MVD Rewind Collection line. The DVD extras were ported over along with a new commentary track and interviews with Jim Wynorski, composer Chuck Cirino, and editor Leslie Rosenthal, an interview with executive of Lightyear Entertainment Arnie Holland, plus a remastered 2K HD transfer.

An Ultra HD Blu-ray edition of the film was released on February 7, 2023.

Reception

Critical response
As of October 2020, on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film had an approval rating of 44% based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 3.92/10.

Vincent Canby of The New York Times gave a negative review, proclaiming the film "is intended for people who missed the 1982 Swamp Thing and don't want the bother of renting the videocassette". He added that it "means to be funnier than it ever is" and "contains scenes of violence, most of which are so unconvincing as to be less scary than an average comic book".

A writer for Time Out gave a somewhat neutral review, stating that "Wynorski is well-versed in double-bluffing his audience, denying them the chance of balking at dreadful special effects by implying that the ineptitude is deliberate. He opts for cheap nostalgic laughs and camp '50s sci-fi scenery; depending on whether you find this funny, you'll either smile knowingly or gasp in disbelief". Another positive review was from Roger Ebert. He gave the movie a "thumbs up" when Gene Siskel did not in the talk show Siskel & Ebert & the Movies. Cinapse also gave the positive review as "The Return Of Swamp Thing is a humorous and oddly sweet action adventure that wants nothing more than to entertain you with its quirkiness from start to finish".

Before his death a year later, Dick Durock said in a 2008 interview that "they tried in Return of Swamp Thing to make it comedy, campy, and that's tough to make that work. I think [for the TV series] they kind of gave up on that idea and got back to the darker side of the character as he was written in the comic book".

Kathleen Norris published a poem referring to this film ("Return of Swamp Thing") in her book Journey: New and Selected Poems 1969-1999 (2001).

DVD Talk rated the film as 4 stars of 5 stars as "Highly Recommended".

Accolades
Heather Locklear won the Razzie Award for Worst Actress for her performance in the film.

Other media

Novelization
Peter David wrote a novelization of the film. Disappointed with the script, David rewrote large chunks of the story. To his surprise, the producers enjoyed the changes and allowed the book to see print as is.

References

External links
 Official website

 Return of Swamp Thing at Louisjourdan.net

1989 films
1980s science fiction action films
1980s monster movies
1989 horror films
1980s science fiction horror films
1980s superhero comedy films
American sequel films
American monster movies
American science fiction action films
Films based on DC Comics
Films directed by Jim Wynorski
Films produced by Benjamin Melniker
Films produced by Michael E. Uslan
Films set in swamps
Swamp Thing in other media
American superhero films
Mad scientist films
American science fiction comedy films
Live-action films based on DC Comics
Films based on works by Len Wein
Superhero horror films
Golden Raspberry Award winning films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
Films set in Florida
Resurrection in film

The Return of Swamp Thing


Chipping Campden is a town in the Cotswolds area in Gloucestershire, England. It is famous for its High Street, which has buildings many very old buildings, including one that was built almost 400 years ago. That building is called the Market Hall and it is where people used to sell things, including wool from sheep which were, and still are, raised on farms in Chipping Campden.

Other websites

Chipping Campden's website

Towns in Gloucestershire

Chipping Campden


Morgaine le Fey is a supervillainess appearing in DC Comics, based on Morgan le Fay, the mythical sorceress and half-sister of King Arthur. She debuted in The Demon vol. 1  #1 (September 1972), and was created by Jack Kirby.

Fictional character biography
Morgaine le Fey is the ancient sorceress of Arthurian legends. Her history is slightly different from the legends, but she is a sorceress gifted in the arts of black magic. In Madame Xanadu #1 (2008), Morgaine (or "Morgana") is revealed as a sister of Nimue Inwudu (the future Madame Xanadu) and Vivienne, the Lady of the Lake. All three women are said to be descended from the "Elder Folk", survivors of the fall of Atlantis that evolved into the Homo magi, explaining Morgaine's affinity for magic. While Nimue is shown as kind and caring about the early, magic-free Homo sapiens, Morgaine exhibits a mean streak, treating the new human breed as little more than playthings, using contempt even towards her kinder little sister.

After several centuries of manipulating humans and taking many lovers (including Julius Caesar), Morgaine sets her sights on Uther Pendragon, High King of Britain. Her advances are rejected, as Uther only has eyes for Igraine, the wife of Duke Gorlois of Cornwall. Seeking to meddle in their lives, Morgaine assumes a magical glamour and disguises herself as one of Igraine's daughters, but this causes her to be exiled from the Elder Folk. Her sister Vivienne gives her shelter on the isle of Avalon. Following the Flashpoint event which alters the timeline of the DC Universe, this history appears to have been revised. In the Demon Knights series, Morgaine and Nimue are biological daughters of Igraine, who is herself identified as a Fae (perhaps of the Elder Folk).

In the early 6th century, Morgaine trains her sisters Morgause and Elaine to be adept with sorcery like her. Following Gorlois' death at Uther's hands, Morgaine blames her half-brother King Arthur (Uther's son) for stealing her and her sisters' birthright. She conspires against him throughout his time on the throne and seeks the destruction of Camelot.

In the waning days of Camelot, Merlin merges his demon familiar Etrigan with a man, Jason Blood, as part of a last-ditch effort to defend the kingdom against Morgaine le Fey's assault. Blood had been an ally of le Fey and is bonded to Etrigan as penance. He and Morgaine become enemies henceforth. Following the fall of Camelot, Morgaine continues to practice her dark arts and retains her youth for many centuries, always seeking more power and a new kingdom to rule. By the 20th century, Merlin has arisen anew and tricks Morgaine, causing her to lose her youth and beauty which she had preserved using her magics. She wishes to replenish her youth with Merlin's secrets. She forces Jason Blood to bond with Etrigan the Demon again and to lead her to Merlin's tomb. Etrigan eventually strives to keep Morgaine le Fey from restoring her youth with the powers of Merlin.

In Batman Family #17, the Huntress's use of the Justice League transporter frees Morgaine le Fey (who captures the Philosopher's Stone). Le Fey seeks a baby with latent demon powers in the maternity ward where Man-Bat's wife is giving birth. Several women give birth to demon-babies as a result. Etrigan also appears and together he and Man-Bat defeat le Fey (this story takes place in Pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths continuity).

Also in Pre-Crisis continuity, Morgaine's daughter Morgana is one of Wonder Woman's foes, a mischievous young witch. In the Post-Crisis timeline, this character is no longer referenced and Morgaine herself has gone on to become an enemy of Wonder Woman.

Morgaine later attempts to steal Wonder Woman's eternal youth, not realizing that Wonder Woman has already given it up. Her spell backfires and she disintegrates into dust. She retains enough magic for a resurrection, however, and returns to battle the Demon and Wonder Woman on many occasions.

Morgaine returns in the series Trinity, teaming up with a mysterious man called Enigma and the alien warlord Despero to usurp the symbolic position of Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman. The trio of villains succeed in creating an alternate timeline with their efforts, but the spell is not entirely successful, as this "Despero" is in fact the alien villain Kanjar Ro in disguise, which disrupts Morgaine's enchantment.

While her bid for godhood is disrupted, she nonetheless acquires magical might to enslave the Earth by infusing an already powerful supervillain team with the might of the Major Arcana of the Tarot, giving them a measure of control over reality. As she is part of this Dark Arcana team, as the High Priestess, she has also this measure of control, allowing her to bring Europe and most of Asia Minor under her control, and ultimately lead the forces of good back to America for a final showdown of the powers of the Arcana.

This bid also fails, as the divinely-empowered Trinity of Batman, Superman and Wonder Woman return from their exile and destroy the Dark Arcana's reality-based powers, vanquishing Morgaine's control over Europe. Morgaine, during the part of the series where she enjoys the massive power boost, is portrayed as a power-drunk menace, scorching the Earth as she walks; her powers are used so recklessly and dangerously that even her Dreambound soldiers defect and join forces with the heroes in a plan to bring her down. Ultimately, she seeks the aid of Krona, first, to enslave, and later, to destroy the Earth, as she preferred to have it blasted to nothingness than allow it to remain outside of her control. When this alliance failed, Morgaine offered Krona the soul of Enigma's daughter, causing him to turn on her. Morgaine is defeated, and she is imprisoned in a stone idol, which is placed in the custody of Jason Blood.

During the Brightest Day crossover, Mr. Terrific mentions that Morgaine is among the dozens of magical beings driven insane by the Starheart. According to him, Morgaine was spotted in New Mexico, where she was going on a rampage.

Morgaine appears as a member of Hawkman & Hawkgirl's group The Immortals, advising Kendra Saunders/Lady Blackhawk to use the brain of Anti-Monitor to destroy the Dark Multiverse.

Powers and abilities
 Morgan le Fey is a sorceress skilled in the use of black magic. She has cast spells that are able to control even the strongest of supernatural beings. She was able to transport Wonder Woman to another dimension (the Nether Plane) and fight her for her Amazonian fighting skills. By using a device, she was able to magically view individuals from miles away.
 She is immortal, although she claims to have lost this ability. As shown in the Wonder Woman comic, she must "steal" immortality from other immortals to maintain her youth. After Merlin robs her of her youth and beauty, she wears a golden armor to shield her withered and ancient body. Morgaine also possesses a machine capable of binding beings and stealing their immortal lifeforces.
 Other powers include magic immunity, immunity to telepathy, immunity to power theft through the use of her armor, cancellation of magic and annulment of divine powers.

Other versions

Camelot 3000
An alternate version, with her name spelled Morgan Le Fay, appears in the maxiseries Camelot 3000, where characters from Arthurian myth have no contact with DC superheroes in present day. She organizes an alien invasion to Earth after magically transporting herself to another planet, which also leaves her in the year 3000.

Just Imagine...
In Stan Lee's Just Imagine..., Morgana serves as a secondary antagonist alongside Reverend Darrk in building his Church of Eternal Empowerment. She is also the mother of Adam Strange.

In other media

Television

 Morgaine le Fay appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe, voiced by Olivia d'Abo:
 Introduced in the Justice League episode "A Knight of Shadows", this version was Jason Blood's lover, to whom he betrayed Camelot to during its invasion, only for her to betray and poison him in turn. In the present, she manipulates Martian Manhunter into stealing the Philosopher's Stone in exchange for her resurrecting the Martian race, and uses it to convert London into a massive castle, with her son Mordred as the ruler. After reading Etrigan's mind and seeing firsthand Morgaine's betrayal of him, J'onn comes to his senses and destroys the stone, realizing she will not keep her word.
 Morgaine le Fey appears in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Kids Stuff", where she aids the Justice League in fighting Mordred after he steals the Amulet of First Magic and banishes all adults on Earth to another dimension.
 Morgaine le Fey appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Tatyana Yassukovich.

Video games
 Morgaine le Fey appears in the DS version of Batman: The Brave and the Bold – The Videogame.

See also
 Morgan le Fay in popular culture

References

Arthurian comics
Characters created by Jack Kirby
Comics characters introduced in 1972
DC Comics female supervillains
DC Comics fantasy characters
DC Comics witches
DC Comics characters who are shapeshifters
DC Comics characters who can teleport
DC Comics characters who use magic
DC Comics characters with immortality
Fictional characters with absorption or parasitic abilities
Fictional characters with elemental and environmental abilities
Fictional characters with evocation or summoning abilities
Fictional characters with precognition
Fictional empaths
Magical supervillains
Mythology in DC Comics

Morgaine le Fey (DC Comics)


The Volkswagen Golf Mk4 (or VW Type 1J) is a compact car, the fourth generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk3. Launched in October 1997 for the 1998 model year, it was the best selling car in Europe in 2001 (though it slipped to second place, behind the Peugeot 206, in 2002).

The Mk4 was a deliberate attempt to take the Volkswagen Golf series further upmarket, with a high-quality interior and higher equipment levels.

It was replaced in 2003 by the Volkswagen Golf Mk5 in European markets. However, manufacturing continued in South America and China for developing markets until 2014.

Design and engineering

As with the larger Passat, launched a year earlier, the MK4 Golf helped form a part of Volkswagen's strategy of moving its products upmarket to plug a gap between mainstream economy cars and premium cars, with SEAT and Škoda, two other VW Group owned marques, poised to fill the gap below the new Golf. In fact, the quality of the Golf was comparable with the Audi A3, which was the first car based on this floor pan when it was launched a year earlier, but cost considerably more than most of its competitors.

This generation of the Golf brought in the Haldex 4 Wheel Drive system, which was previously only available on Audi products, the system was used with the 1.9TDI Sport Engines, i.e. PD115 (then replaced by the PD130) and the PD150 Engines, (Codes: AJM/ASZ/ARL) and with the VR6 powered models. This featured a totally revised rear axle and rear floor pan, which was shared with the Audi TT 8N. This went on to be used in the R32 model in 2003 - 2004.

This version of the Golf was the only version to do away with the GTD nameplate  - there were Petrol and Diesel versions of the GTI, which featured slightly lowered suspension, the 1.8T or the 1.9 TDI (PD 150) and premium interior features like Climatronic, full leather, and wood trims, however it was not as sporty as the preceding generations of the GTI. As part of VW's move upmarket, the firm down played the sportiness of the hatchback in favour of comfort. The Mk4 GTI is looked down upon because of this and VW restored the GTI's reputation as a sporting hatch with the 25th Anniversary edition, and the Mk5 Golf that followed it.

It was also one of the very first Golfs to come with Xenon headlamps (optional) and rain sensing wipers at the end of its manufacturing in Europe, and along with this a full 12 year anti-corrosion warranty, which was rarely seen at this time.

The Mk4 Golf was praised for its quality improvements, but was criticised for its handling characteristics, and was compared with the Mk1 Ford Focus of the time, which had an independent rear suspension in the 2WD models, unlike the Mk4 which had a torsion beam rear axle setup in the 2WD models.

The Mk4 Golf platform remained to be widely used in the VW Group much after its demise in 2004 (2006 for the Bora and Variant models).

Models

Golf Cabriolet

As with the Mk2 Golf, Volkswagen did not make a convertible version of the Mk4 Golf. Instead, they facelifted the front bumper, fenders, hood, and headlights of the Mk3 Golf Cabrio to resemble the styling of the Mk4 Golf (colloquially referred to as the Mk3.5). Changes to the rear included a redesigned hatch, which moved the number plate tub to a restyled rear bumper, in addition to a handle and larger VW emblem more closely resembling the rear of a Mk4 Golf. VW incorporated other non-structural parts from the Mk4 as well, such as fender repeaters, grille, side mirror caps, etc. The interior remained largely similar to the Mk3 interior save for a Mk4 style three-spoke leather steering wheel and airbag, a textured dashboard (also known as "dimpled dash" or "shark skin dash"), heavily bolstered front seats with incorporated side airbags, and a chromed finish on several parts, such as the inner door handles, emergency brake button, door strikers, front seat-belt anchors, key lock cylinders, and shifter button in automatic transmission equipped cars. The instrument panel was updated with a relocated hazard light switch and blue and red backlighting, as found in the Mk4. Technical updates include the immobilizer and engine computer from the Mk4 Golf being retrofit to the older Mk3 engine mechanicals.

Variant

The Volkswagen Golf Mk4 Variant was introduced in 1999. It was discontinued in 2006, and succeeded in 2007 by the Volkswagen Golf Mk5 Variant. Unlike the Mk3, it was offered in North America with the "Jetta" name with corresponding front styling. The "Jetta Wagon" was used in North America instead of the "Bora" name.

Volkswagen Bora/Jetta Mk4

Volkswagen produced a saloon version of the Mk4 Golf, launched around a year later. As with previous incarnations of the Golf, it had its own identity, and this time was called the Volkswagen Bora although the name Jetta remained in North America and South Africa. Unlike its predecessors, the Bora/Jetta featured unique rear doors, front wings and bonnet. The front doors were the only body panels it shared with the Golf. The interior, though, was almost identical to the Golf, featuring very minor styling changes like its predecessor.

The Golf 4 was produced in Germany, South Africa, Slovakia, Brazil, Belgium, and China. Eastern European locations making the Golf 4 included Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Vogošća, which also made Mk1 and Mk2 models.

The Golf/Jetta Mk4 engine choices included 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.3  litre VR5, 2.8  litre V6 and 3.2  litre R32 petrol engines, 1.9-litre naturally aspirated diesel SDI engine, and a 1.9-litre turbodiesel, with power ranging from 90 to 150 PS (66 to 110 kW). The R32 engine was not added to the range until much later, while the 2.3 V5 was a new addition to the Golf range. The rest of the engine line-up differed little from that of the MK3 Golf.

Volkswagen made a choice of three and five-door hatchback or a five-door station wagon available.  The European Golf wagon, launched in the spring of 1999, was nearly identical to the North American Jetta Wagon.  The only difference was the use of the Golf front headlights, bumpers, grille, hood, and fenders as these parts are interchangeable between the Mk4 Golf and Bora/Jetta.

The Golf 4 was introduced to North America in mid-1999. Available engines for the Golf at its introduction to the American market were a 2.0 L gasoline engine, and a 48mpg 1.9 L TDI engine. In 2004 the updated 1.9L TDI PD or "Pumpe-Düse" engine was installed in the Golf and Jetta.  The "Pumpe-Düse" or Pump Nozzle was a Robert Bosch extreme high pressure fuel injection system for direct cylinder injection.  A 1.8 L turbocharged gas engine was introduced in 2000, along with the 12-valve 2.8 L VR6. At the same time, the 1.6 L 8-valve unit was replaced with the 16-valve unit from the Polo GTI, but detuned to 77 kW (105 PS).For 2000, Volkswagen opted for the relatively new 1.8 L 20-valve turbocharged gasoline engine as a base engine for the GTI.  The top-of-the-line GLX model was equipped with Volkswagen's 2.8 L VR6, which produced . The VR6 engine, with its narrow 15-degree Vee design, was unique to Volkswagen. This engine is shorter and lighter (featuring a single cylinder head) than other V6 engines.  For the 2002.5 model year Volkswagen introduced a 24-valve version of its VR6 engine to the North American market under engine code BDF.  This engine had the same torque characteristics of the older 12-valve version which had been carried over from the Mk3 Golf under engine codes AAA and AFP. The 24-valve version gained an additional  over the 12-valve to reach 204BHP. In Europe, the VR6-engined V6 4Motion variant was produced from 1999 with 204BHP and a 24-valve engine from the outset, using engine codes AUE and AQP. In 2002, the European market began using the BDF-code engine at the same time as the North American market. This had the same 204BHP power output but now featured variable valve timing on the exhaust valves which allowed the engine to rev more freely in the higher ranges and now had "coil-on-plug" ignition coils. The 1.8T and VR6 models continued until 2005, when the Mk4 platform came to an end in North America (except Canada). Both the Mk4 Golf and the Mk4 Jetta were still in production in Brazil, Mexico, and China as of 2008, it was named the Mk4.5.

The Mk4.5 Brazilian Golf TDI PD was sold in Canada due to its popularity as a full 2006 models in base, GL and GLS trim levels for the full model year as there were no diesel engine versions for the North American 2007 Mk5 Golf (Rabbit).

In Europe, trim levels were country-specific however the base trim levels were: Trendline, Comfortline, Highline and GTI, any others like the Ocean, Pacific and Edition Trim levels were modifications on the preceding 4 trim levels.

The United Kingdom sold the Mk4 with the following trim levels:  E, S, SE, GT TDI, GTI TDI, GTI and V5/V6/V6 4MOTION versions. The V5 was available in 150 bhp/110 kW (1997-2000) and 170 bhp/125 kW (1999-2003) versions.

Special editions

GTI 25th Anniversary Edition (2001) / 337 Edition (2002)

The GTI 25th Anniversary Edition was a special version of the Golf GTI for the European market to commemorate the first GTI, launched in 1976. The 25th Anniversary edition was available in three paint colour options: Tornado Red, Reflex Silver & Diamond Black.

The GTI 25th anniversary edition was equipped with many extra features not included in the standard GTI, which included: 18x7.5" BBS RC wheels with a special shot peened finish, a perforated leather steering wheel, shift boot, and handbrake, red accented seat belts, red and black upholstered Recaro seats, a body kit (front valance, side skirts, hatch spoiler, and rear valance), blackened headlights, a 02M 6-speed manual transmission, larger 312mm front brakes and 256mm vented rear brakes with red painted calipers, a lowered sport tuned suspension, and brushed aluminium interior trim.

At the 2002 New York International Auto Show, VW announced the 25th Anniversary Edition would be sold in the US Market as the GTI 337 Edition, named for the early 1970s Golf/GTI codename. Available only in Reflex Silver, the 337 Edition was substantially the same as the European 25th Anniversary GTI, albeit without the black headlight trim.

These models were never equipped with a sunroof as to take the car back to its roots, the Mk1 GTI, and improve handling and performance. However, one instance of the 337 edition is known to have been special ordered with a sunroof.

This version of the GTI was only available in a 3-door configuration and was also available with the PD150 TDI engine, running the shortest ratio EFF 02M 6 speed manual gearbox. (Standard GTI TDI models had the PD150 engine with the ERF 02M gearbox, the mid-way point for ratio length).

The UK versions of the Anniversary edition were numbered with individual plaques placed on the fusebox cover.

GTI 20th Anniversary Edition (North American Market)

Following the initial commemorative anniversary edition MK3 GTI produced in Europe in 1996 celebrating the introduction of the GTI model in 1976, and the overwhelming popularity of the 25th anniversary edition GTI produced 2001, Volkswagen of America produced 4,200 "20th Anniversary Edition" GTIs for 2003; 4,000 were shipped to the United States and 200 to Canada. This marked the 20th anniversary of the GTI's 1983 introduction to the U.S. and Canadian market, some seven years after the GTI was introduced to the European market. Several special features distinguish the 20th Anniversary GTI from the standard GTI, most of which were shared with the 337 Edition of 2002.

On the outside, the 20th Anniversary edition came with throwback red-lettered GTI logos on the left front and right rear. The rear was also accompanied by a vintage-look chrome rabbit. Similar to the 25th Anniversary edition, exterior included Votex front and rear valences, side skirts, and hatch spoiler, black headlight trim, black painted wing mirrors, and 18" OZ Aristo alloy wheels wrapped in Michelin Pilot Sport tires. These models were only produced in three colors: Imola Yellow, Jazz Blue, and Black Magic Pearl. Distribution of production was 50% Black magic pearl, 25% Jazz Blue and 25% Imola Yellow.

Inside, all 20th Anniversary GTIs included a sunroof, a black headliner, and a golf ball shift knob. The steering wheel, shifter boot, and handbrake handle were trimmed in black leather with silver stitching. Unique black cloth Recaro bucket seats with silver stitching accents and red GTI embroidery were also included. Aluminum trim came standard, and included a numbered nameplate above the radio identifying the exact production number (US production only) of the vehicle. Volkswagen's premium 8-speaker Monsoon stereo system was also standard.

Mechanically, the 20th Anniversary Edition GTI is nearly identical to the GTI 337 Edition. Including the 6-speed manual 02M transmission, 30 mm lowered suspension, and 1.8T engine. The brakes were also upgraded with 12.3" vented rotors up front and 10.3" vented rotors in the rear, as well as red powder-coated calipers.

Golf R32 (2003)

In 2002, Volkswagen produced the Golf R32 in Europe as a 2003 model year. It was the world's first production car with a dual-clutch gearbox (DSG) — available for the German market. Due to unexpected popularity, Volkswagen decided to sell the car in the United States and Australia for the 2004 model year Volkswagen R32.

The R32 shared many mechanical components with the 3.2-litre Audi TT, including the  DOHC 24v VR6 engine (ID codes: BFH/BML), which produced  at 6,250 rpm and  at 2,800 rpm. Further additions included Haldex Traction-based 4motion on-demand four-wheel drive system, a six-speed manual transmission, aluminum front control arms, independent rear suspension, and larger  disc brakes with gloss blue painted calipers. Exterior changes included R32 specific bumpers and side skirts, a hatch spoiler, and 18" OZ Aristo alloy wheels (Ronal produced the wheels towards the end of production). The interior of the R32 was equipped with Climatronic automatic climate control, sport seats from König with R logo embroidery, a sunroof (US only), Xenon Headlamps (for Europe), and more.

For Australia, two hundred "Edition 200" cars were produced, each uniquely plaqued and available in three colours: Black Magic Pearl, Deep Blue Pearl and Reflex Silver.

For the US, Tornado Red was an available fourth colour. The distribution of US-spec R32 colours were:
 Deep Blue Pearl: 40%
 Reflex Silver: 35%
 Black Magic Pearl: 15%
 Tornado Red: 10%

For the US, five thousand cars were produced and intended to be sold over a two-year period. The allotment sold out in 13 months.

The R32 is capable of 0- in 6.6 seconds, reduced to 6.4 seconds with the dual clutch gearbox. Clearing the quarter mile in 14.1 seconds at , the R32 edges out its third fastest sibling, the top-of-the-line Phaeton 6.0-litre W12 (414 bhp), by a tenth of a second at the  (i.e. 1/4 mile) mark.

Extended production Mk4.5

China

In China, the Golf Mk4 commenced production in 2003 by FAW-Volkswagen where it was sold alongside a new version of the Golf IV with FAW-VW's facelifted Bora front. It was shown at the Beijing International Automobile Exhibition in 2006 and was named as the Bora HS to complement the Bora Mk IV range and shared similar styling cues. Both the Mk4 Golf and Bora HS ended production in 2008, where they were both succeeded by the Volkswagen Golf Mk6 for the 2009 model year. The Golf came standard with the 1.6 litre engine and 1.8 litre engine for the 2005 model year. The engines were paired to a 5 speed manual or 4 speed automatic gearbox as standard. Its Bora counterpart came standard with the same 1.6 litre engine and transmission options as the Golf. In comparison to pricing and trim levels, the 2004 Golf was priced from 116,000 to 139,000 yuan ($17,680 to $21,190 US - March 2021 exchange rate) and 2 trim levels available known as Fashion and Charming. For the Bora HS, pricing ranged from 112,500 to 129,800 yuan ($17,150 to US$19,780 - March 2021 exchange rate) also with 2 trim levels known as Fashion and Luxury.

Americas

The facelifted Golf Mk4 (nicknamed as the Mk4.5) continued to be produced in Brazil until 2013. In Argentina the range was available with a 1.6 L or 2.0 L petrol four-cylinder, a 1.8 L turbocharged petrol four-cylinder, or with a 1.9 L   turbodiesel. In Chile, it was also sold until 2010, with a 1.6 to 2.0 L petrol range. All of these are Brazilian built models, although the diesels are only for export markets.

In Brazil, the Mk4.5 Golf has a 1.6 L engine (with Volkswagen's Total Flex system which accepts both gasoline and ethanol), or a 2.0l engine (the 1.8 turbo engine was discontinued in 2009). It is available in two trim levels: the basic Sportline model with the 1.6 engine, and the 2.0 version with a Tiptronic 6-speed transmission.

In 2007, Volkswagen Brazil introduced a major restyling of the fourth generation Golf. The front takes styling cues from the current Volkswagen Polo and the back of the car is inspired by the Golf 5. It is exported in most Latin America countries, since it is produced in Brazil. It was also sold in Canada, where the Mk4.5 model (City Golf) was sold alongside the Mk5 model (badged as the Rabbit). This car was not sold in the United States. The lack of diesel models for the 2007 model year led Volkswagen Canada to continue sales of an entry-level car that was designed as an alternative to the TDI models for budget-minded shoppers. The Canadian model was originally rebadged as the City Golf, but in 2009 it was renamed the Golf City alongside the Jetta City. Pricing of the Golf City started at C$15,300 as of 2008. As an entry-level alternative to the Rabbit, it offered only one engine: the 2.0L SOHC 8 valve with . It was not related to the South African Volkswagen Citi Golf, despite the similarity in name. The Mk4.5 Jetta was similarly reintroduced in Canada for the 2007 model year as the City Jetta. This was the first entry-level car from a previous-generation car since the 1992 Eagle Vista, which was a rebadged 1980s Mitsubishi Mirage. Although the Golf City was dated, its attractive price enabled good sales. The Golf City was discontinued after the 2010 model year.

Awards
2004 SEMA: Gran Turismo Award
2000 CAP Used Car of the Year Awards - Best Small Hatch
2000 Diesel Car 2000 Awards - Best Hatchback
1999 Used Car Buyer Greatest Used Buy Awards - Best Small Family Car
1998 What Car? Car of the Year Awards - Best Small Hatch
1998 Top Gear Magazine Top Cars - Best Family Car

Engine choices

Golf and Jetta

Golf Cabriolet (Mk3 platform)

Pope Benedict XVI
In 1999, Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, prefect of the Catholic Church's Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith under Pope John Paul II, purchased a fourth-generation Golf in which to drive around Rome, selling it in 2005 after John Paul's death in anticipation of retiring and returning to Germany.

Instead, he became Pope Benedict XVI. Shortly after John Paul's death, his 1999 Golf sold to a German owner for $13,000.

The Golf, undriven since the sale, was subsequently sold for £14,300 via eBay.

See also
Hot hatch
List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines
List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines
Compact car
VDub
Volkswagen Group A platform

References

External links

Golf at Volkswagen International

Golf 4
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Compact cars
Euro NCAP small family cars
Latin NCAP small family cars
Flexible-fuel vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Hatchbacks
Station wagons
Cars introduced in 1998
Cars powered by VR engines

2000s cars
2010s cars
Cars of Brazil
Cars of Mexico

Volkswagen Golf Mk4


James Tupper (born August 4, 1965) is a Canadian actor known for his roles as Jack Slattery on the ABC television series Men in Trees, Dr. Chris Sands on the NBC medical drama series Mercy, and David Clarke on ABC's Revenge. He also starred in the post-apocalyptic thriller Aftermath, on Space in Canada and Syfy in the U.S., and in the HBO series Big Little Lies.

Early life

Tupper was born in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. He studied acting at Concordia University, Montreal, and later at Rutgers University in New Jersey, where he earned a master's degree.

Career

Tupper acted in several off-Broadway plays, including An Actor Prepares and After the Rain. He co-wrote and appeared in 2005's Loudmouth Soup, a fully improvised independent film that was filmed in one night with no script and no second takes.

In 2006, Tupper started portraying Jack Slattery in the ABC series Men in Trees, credited for all 36 episodes of the show's run. He then appeared as Dr. Chris Sands in the NBC medical drama Mercy for 22 episodes before it was cancelled in 2010.

Tupper appeared as Dr. Andrew Perkins, a trauma counselor, on ABC's Grey's Anatomy. He appeared in seven episodes in the show's seventh season.

Tupper appeared on ABC's Revenge from 2011 to its cancellation in 2015. He portrayed the character of David Clarke, the supposedly deceased father of the main character. His character had a recurring role for the first three seasons, appearing only in flashbacks and videos. Tupper was promoted to main cast for season four after it was revealed in the season three finale that his character was still alive.

On September 27, 2016, the British Columbia, Canada-produced post-apocalyptic action thriller Aftermath debuted on Canada's Space network and on America's Syfy network. While starring in this series, his real-life partner Anne Heche played his wife for the series. In addition to his acting role on the series, Tupper also served as co-producer. The freshman season's 13-episode run ended in December 2016; the series was not renewed.

Personal life
Tupper split from his wife, Kate Mayfield, in November 2006; they were still married as of early 2009. He began dating actress Anne Heche in 2007, they met on the set of Men in Trees and went on to co-star in the 2008 film Toxic Skies.  Their son was born in March 2009. They split in January 2018.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

James Tupper Bio 5

1965 births
Living people
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
People from Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
Concordia University alumni
Rutgers University alumni
male actors from Halifax, Nova Scotia
21st-century Canadian male actors

James Tupper


Patrick Douglas Baird (1912 – 1 January 1984) was a Scottish glaciologist who worked in the Canadian Arctic.

He was born the fourth son of Brigadier-General E.W.D. Baird of Caithness, Scotland and was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, graduating in Geology.

After working for some years as a geologist in Africa he joined the British-Canadian Arctic Expedition of
1936-1939, working in Southampton Island, the Melville Peninsula and Baffin Island. In 1939 he crossed Bylot Island and sailed in the Hudson's Bay Company ship Nascopie to join the Royal Canadian Artillery. During the war he was concerned with paratrooper training in Scotland and with arctic and mountain warfare training back in Canada, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He achieved a measure of celebrity status in 1945/1946 when he successfully led the main party in "Exercise Muskox" on a 3400-mile expedition around the Canadian Arctic from Churchill via Victoria Island and Coppermine to the Peace River.

In 1946 he was appointed chief of the Arctic Section of the Canadian Defence Research Board and the following year made Director of the Montreal Office of the Arctic Institute of North America, an organisation established to improve Canadian scientific and technical expertise in the Arctic. During his time there he organised and led two major expeditions to Baffin Island, one in 1950 to the Barnes Ice Cap region and one in 1953 to the Pangnirtung Pass and Penny Highlands area, which carried out the first glaciological investigations in the Canadian Arctic. Baird became an acknowledged authority on mountain glacier research and arctic mountaineering.

In 1954 he returned to his native Scotland to work for five years as a senior research fellow in Geography at the University of Aberdeen. Whilst there he started to write his book The Polar World which was later published in 1964.

In 1959 he returned to Canada as director of the Gault Estate of McGill University, a 2,600-acre property at Mont-St-Hilaire, Quebec, and as supervisor of Northern Field Studies in the Department of Geography. In 1952 he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for "his explorations in the Canadian Arctic". Other awards included the Bruce Memorial Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and a Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal.

He died in Ottawa in 1984. He had married twice, to Gillian Margaret Warren, with whom he had a son and three daughters and to Geneva Adair Jackson of Montreal. The Baird Peninsula of Baffin Island is named after him.

Archives
There is a Patrick Douglas Baird fonds at Library and Archives Canada. Archival reference number is R5346.

References

1912 births
1984 deaths
Scottish explorers
20th-century British scientists
British glaciologists
People from Caithness
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
British expatriates in Canada

Patrick Douglas Baird


James Johonnot (1823–1888) was a New York State educator.

Biography
Born in Bethel, Vermont, he attended school at the New England Seminary in Windsor. In 1845, he became principal of Jefferson School in Syracuse.  In 1848 he graduated from the State Normal School in Albany. Starting in 1850, he was employed as an agent for publishers D. Appleton & Company, and in 1853 he was elected state agent of the New York State Teachers' Association. From 1861 to 1866, he was principal of the high school at Joliet, Illinois.  In 1872, he was elected principal of the State Normal School at Warrensburg, Missouri, where he remained until 1875. He then served as superintendent of schools for one year in Deposit, New York, and then lived from 1876 to 1880 in Ithaca, New York. After 1880 he lived in Princeton, NJ with his son-in-law, a professor at Princeton College.

He was the author of Principles and Practice of Teaching, Country School-Houses: Containing Elevations, Plans, and Specifications, and many other works, was joint author of Kruesi's Drawing Books, and assisted in the preparation of Appleton's Geographies.

His Ten Great Events in History (1887) starts as follows:

The great events in history are those where, upon special occasions, a man or a people have made a stand against tyranny, and
have preserved or advanced freedom for the people. Sometimes tyranny has taken the form of the oppression of the many by the few in the same nation, and sometimes it has been the oppression of a weak nation by a stronger one....

Johonnot's "Ten Great Events" are the following:
    i. – Defense of freedom by Greek valor
   ii. – Crusades and the Crusaders
  iii. – Defense of freedom in Alpine passes
   iv. – Bruce and Bannockburn
    v. – Christopher Columbus and the New World
   vi. – Defense of freedom on Dutch dikes
  vii. – The invincible armada
 viii. – Freedom's voyage to America
   ix. – Plassey; and how an empire was won
    x. – Lexington and Bunker hill

Johonnot's work on T.H. Huxley has been referred to by Cyril Bibby.

List of publications

 School-Houses
 Country School-Houses: Containing Elevations, Plans, and Specifications
 Principles and Practice of Teaching
 Ten Great Events in History
 Glimpses of the animate world; or, Science and literature of natural history, for school and home
 A geographical reader
 A natural history reader for school and home
 Friends in feathers and fur, and other neighbors : for young folks
 Neighbors with claws and hoofs, and their kin. For boys and girls
 Neighbors with wings and fins, and some others : for young people
 School
 Some curious flyers, creepers and swimmers
 Stories of our country
 A Natural History Reader, for school and home (1883)—a compilation of articles. (digital copy)

References

External links

Works by James Johonnot at Google Book Search. Searchable color scanned illustrated books.

1823 births
1888 deaths
People from Bethel, Vermont
Educators from Vermont
Educators from New York (state)
19th-century American educators

James Johonnot