Anochetus exstinctus is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae known from two possibly Miocene fossils found on Hispaniola. A. exstinctus is one of eight species in the ant genus Anochetus to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is one of a number of Anochetus species found in the Greater Antillies.

History and classification
Anochetus exstinctus is known from three solitary fossil insects which are inclusions in yellow transparent chunks of Dominican amber.  The amber was produced by the extinct Hymenaea protera, which formerly grew on Hispaniola, across northern South America and up to southern Mexico. The specimens were collected from an undetermined amber mine in fossil bearing rocks of the Cordillera Septentrional mountains, northern Dominican Republic.  The amber dates from at least the Burdigalian stage of the Miocene, based on studying the associated fossil foraminifera and may be as old as the Middle Eocene, based on the associated fossil coccoliths. This age range is due to the host rock being secondary deposits for the amber, and the Miocene age range is only the youngest that it might be.

At the time of description, the holotype specimen, number D-5479, and the paratype, number D-3734, were preserved in the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart amber collections.  A third fossil was identified from a photograph as most likely belonging to the species, but unavailable for study.  The holotype and paratype fossils were first studied by entomologist Maria L. De Andrade of the University of Basle with her 1994 type description of the new species being published in the journal Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). The specific epithet is derived from the Latin exstinctus which mean "extinct".

The species is one of eight Anochetus species which have been described from Dominican amber.  Two species were described prior to A. exstinctus, A. corayi in 1980 and A. brevidentatus in 1991.  The remaining five species, A. ambiguus, A. conisquamis, A. dubius, A. intermedius, and A. lucidus, were all described by De Andrade in the same 1994 paper as A. exstinctus.  A number of modern species live in the Greater Antilles, with at least three modern species found on Hispaniola.

Description
Both the Anochetus exstinctus type specimens are well preserved, though the paratype is missing some body structures, including the apical portion of the right antenna and portions of all three right legs, .  The specimens have an body length between , with a  long head and  long mandibles.  The overall coloration of the body is a brown, with the coxae and portions of the trochanters and femora are a reddish tone.  The mandibles are just under the width of the head and about two-thirds the length, flare in width from the base to tips and have between twelve and thirteen teeth which decrease in size from the tips to the bases.  The apical three teeth on each mandible blade are elongated and slender for grasping prey, with the apical two teeth longer than the third tooth.  Both the mesonotum and pronotum have a slight "u" shaped profile, with the undersides of each curved upwards. The propodium sports short spines,  long, on the rear edge, while the petiole has a two longer spines,  placed near the center of the petiolar node.

References

†Anochetus exstinctus
Fossil ant taxa
Burdigalian life
Miocene insects of North America
Prehistoric insects of the Caribbean
Fauna of Hispaniola
Insects of the Dominican Republic
Fossils of the Dominican Republic
Dominican amber
Fossil taxa described in 1994

Anochetus exstinctus


Cava is a white sparkling wine from Catalonia. Like other similar sparkling wine, fermentation will happen in the bottle. It is produced from different kinds of white grapes. It has been produced since 1872. Today, most Cava is produced in Penedès. Tzhe regulations for Cava are similar to those for Crémant, which is mostly produced in France.

Wine
Spanish food
Catalonia

Cava


London Central Bus Company Limited, trading as Go-Ahead London, is a bus company operating in South London. The London Central brand is a subsidiary of Go-Ahead London and operates services under contract to Transport for London.

History

London Central commenced operating on 1 April 1989 when London Buses was divided into 11 separate business units. In September 1994, it was sold to the Go-Ahead Group for £23.8 million. In August 2008, Go-Ahead's London bus operations all adopted the Go-Ahead London trading name, although the individual company names are still applied beneath the logo.

Garages
London Central operates five bus garages.

Bexleyheath (BX)
As at January 2023, Bexleyheath garage operated routes 51, 89, 132, 244, 321 (night service only on this 24-hour route), 486, 624, 625, 658, B11, B12, B13 and B16.

History
Built as a trolleybus depot by the London Passenger Transport Board, Bexleyheath was the only new garage built for trolleybuses. The depot is a large and imposing building, slightly set back from the main road to enable parking on the forecourt, which was used as a terminus for route 122. Bexleyheath closed in 1986, with work transferred to Catford, Plumstead and Sidcup garages.

In 1988 it re-opened under the guise of Bexleybus, a low-cost unit set up by London Buses under de-regulation, and had a large and varied allocation from Iveco/Robin Hoods and MCW Metroriders to Leyland Olympians and Daimler Fleetlines. The move to set up the new company to tender for routes backfired, and in the next round of tendering only route B16 was awarded to Bexleybus, whilst London Central won nine.

London Central took control of Bexleyheath garage and routes in 1990. Lately the garage has had a good utilisation figure, up to 139 in 2001 which necessitated parking in the rear yard and the forecourt. In January 2007, the garage received its first Alexander Dennis Enviro400s for use on route 486.

This garage also houses one of the companies iBus hubs, controlling routes for Bexleyheath, Morden Wharf, New Cross, and Peckham garages.

In 2022, Bexleyheath became the first bus garage in London to be equipped for 'opportunity charge' electric bus operation, whereby the bus is charged while terminating before starting its next journey. This was introduced on route 132 whose eastern terminus is at the garage. A gantry was installed at the garage connecting with a pantograph on the top of the bus. On 9 July 2022, a fleet of Alexander Dennis Enviro400EVs began to enter service on the route.

Camberwell (Q)
As at September 2023, Camberwell garage operated routes 1, 12, 35, 40, 42, 100, 108D, 176, 185, 355, 360, 484, N1, N15 (additional workings only) and SL6. On 30 April 2016, route 345 passed to Abellio London. On 2 May 2020, route P5 passed to Abellio London with new Caetano e.City Gold Buses.

History
Although built in 1914, Camberwell garage was not used as a bus garage until 1919 as it had been requisitioned for the war effort. Once it came into use it was one of London's largest garages and also carried out body overhauls in 1940/41. The garage was bombed during World War II in 1940 with four buses being destroyed and 13 seriously damaged.

During the early 1950s the garage underwent modernisation with the welfare and operational block reconstructed and the parking area extended. The new building also incorporated a new pit and workshop layout in a separate self-contained block which also undertook heavy maintenance for the adjacent Walworth garage, 350 buses in all.

The allocation at Camberwell decreased slightly over the years from 165 in 1952 until the closure of Walworth garage in 1985 increased the allocation to 142. Camberwell was also the home of three Leyland Titans fitted with electronic blinds which were used on night bus standby duties.

New Routemasters were introduced on routes 12 and 68 between 2015 and 2016, and new Alexander Dennis Enviro200EVs were introduced on route 484 on 20 March 2021.

On 18 March 2023, London Central commenced operating two additional journeys on route N15.

Route 188 was transferred from this garage back to Morden Wharf (MG) garage on 30 September 2023.

Route 1 was transferred to this garage from Morden Wharf (MG) garage on 30 September 2023.

Morden Wharf (MG)
As of September 2023, Morden Wharf garage operated routes 108, 178, 188, 225, 286, 291, 386 and 469.

History
On 29 July 2017, Morden Wharf garage opened in North Greenwich after London General's Mandela Way garage closed, initially operating routes 108, 129, and 286.

New Cross (NX)
As at September 2023, New Cross garage operated routes 21, 36, 129, 171, 172, 321 (daytime only), 343, 436, 453, N21, N89, N136, N171 and N343.

History
Said to be the largest of London's bus garages with space for over 300 buses, New Cross garage was originally a tram depot and opened in 1906. In 1952 with the trams withdrawn, the depot was converted into a bus garage. The garage has never been even close to its capacity due to the close proximity of other garages, but has at various times been used to store surplus vehicles.

The garage allocation has fluctuated over the years, from 191 in 1966 to 132 in 2001. The garage also houses some of the private hire fleet which is painted in the style of the former London General company. New Cross was also the garage for two special services, first in 1972 when it operated en ex Tilling ST on route 100 and LPG East Lancs Myllennium bodied DAF SB220s for Millennium Dome services M1 and M2. In 2003 the garage also began operating Mercedes-Benz Citaro articulated buses on route 436. In January 2005 route 36 ceased to be operated by AEC Routemasters with one man operated double deckers taking over.

Peckham (PM)
As at September 2023, Peckham garage operated routes 37, 197, 363 and P12.

History
Peckham garage was converted from a local authority maintenance depot and opened in 1994 with a capacity for 75 buses. In 2000 the garage put London's first Alexander ALX400 bodied Volvo B7TL low-floor vehicles into service on 63. Peckham won bus garage of the year in 2004, although this turned out to be a poisoned chalice for the garage, losing almost half of its work in the next year's tender awards.

Fleet
As at December 2019, London Central had a peak vehicle requirement of 676 buses.

References

External links

 Company website

Go-Ahead Group London bus operators
1989 establishments in England

London Central


Michael James Foster (born 17 September 1972, Leeds, Yorkshire, England) is a former first-class cricketer, who played for Yorkshire, Durham and Northamptonshire.

Foster appeared for Yorkshire in 1993 and 1994, and for Durham from 1996 to 1998.  He also played one day cricket for Northamptonshire in 1995, and then for Durham until 1999.

In 30 first-class matches, this right-handed batsman scored 1,128 runs at 23.50, with a best of 129 against Glamorgan, his only first-class century.  He took 61 wickets with his right arm fast medium pace at 30.14, with a best of 4 for 21 against Middlesex.

In 63 one day games, Foster scored 962 runs at 20.91, with a top score of 118 for Yorkshire against Leicestershire, and he took 42 wickets at 43.28, with a best of 3 for 26 against Worcestershire.

He also played in three Youth Test Matches against Pakistan Under-19s on tour in 1991-92, plus two one day internationals.

References

External links
Cricinfo Profile
Cricket Archive Statistics

1972 births
Living people
Cricketers from Leeds
English cricketers
Yorkshire cricketers
Durham cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers

Michael Foster (cricketer, born 1972)


The Politburo, a 49-member body, formulates and decides policy for the Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front,  a governing party in the Zimbabwean Parliament. Robert Mugabe, the former President of both the country and the party, appointed most of the members of the Politburo.

Membership as of 14 February 2010
Politburo Z A N U - P F, 14 February 2010

BHASIKITI, Kudakwashe, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Economic Affairs,  DOB:  06 Feb 1962 Nat ID no: 54-016702F54

BUKA, Flora, Committee Member,  DOB:  25 Feb 1968

CHAKANYUKA, Edison, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Youth Affairs,

CHIMBUDZI, Alice, Committee Member,  DOB:  5 May 1954 Nat ID no: 45-025625W45

CHINAMASA, Patrick Anthony, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Legal Affairs,  DOB:  25 Jan 1947 Nat ID no: 63-005591M42

CHITEPO, Victoria Fikile, Committee Member,  DOB:  27 Mar 1928

CHIZEMA, Cleveria, Committee Member,  DOB:  23 Mar 1946 Nat ID no: 63-179352H32

CHOMBO, Ignatius Morgen Chiminya, Secretary, Dept of Land Reform & Resettlement,  DOB:  01 Aug 1952 Nat ID no: 70- 086938D 70

DAMASANE, Sipambekile Abigail, Secretary, Dept of Gender & Culture,  DOB:  27 May 1952 Nat ID no: 08-247958W21

DOKORA, Lazarus Dagwa Kambamarami, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Education,  DOB:  03 Nov 1957 Nat ID no: 22-047107W61

DUBE, Tshinga Judge, Committee Member,  DOB:  03 Jul 1941 Nat ID no: 63-260026X39

GOCHE, Nicholas Tasungurwa, Secretary, Dept of Transport & Welfare,  DOB:  01 Aug 1946 Nat ID no: 63-355978S68

GUMBO, Rugare Aleck Ngidi, Secretary, Dept of Information & Publicity,  DOB:  08 Feb 1940 Nat ID no: 63-263682W03

GUMPO, James, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Business Development & Liaison,

HUNGWE, Josaya Dunira, Committee Member,  DOB:  07 Nov 1935 Nat ID no: 63-435251J12

KANGAI, Kumbirai Manyika, Committee Member,  DOB:  17 Feb 1938 Nat ID no: 63-696211L07

KARIMANZIRA, David Ishemunyoro Godi, Secretary, Dept of Finance,  DOB:  23 May 1947 Nat ID no: 63-327605C47

KASUKUWERE, Saviour, Secretary, Dept of Indigenisation & Economic Empowerment,  DOB:  23 Oct 1970 Nat ID no: 45-046113Q45

KHAYA MOYO, Simon, Member, Dept of The Presidium,  DOB:  01 Oct 1945 Nat ID no: 63-735452P56

MADZONGWE, Edna, Committee Member,  DOB:  11 Jul 1945 Nat ID no: 63-748119H32

MALINGA, Joshua Teke, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Disabled & Disadvantaged Persons,  DOB:  28 Apr 1944 Nat ID no: 08-165505Y21

MALULEKE, O, Committee Member,

MASAWI, Ephraim Sango, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Commissariat,

MASUKU, Angelinah, Committee Member,  DOB:  14 Oct 1936 Nat ID no: 08-266228E19

MATHEMA, Ndabazekhaya Cain Ginyilitshe, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Information & Publicity,  DOB:  28 Jan 1949 Nat ID no: 63-683168J73

MATHUTHU, Sithokozile, Committee Member,  DOB:  20 Jun 1968 Nat ID no: 21-024916T21

MAVHAIRE, Dzikamai Callisto, Secretary, Dept of Production & Labour,  DOB:  07 Mar 1951 Nat ID no: 63-358200H22

MAWEMA, Nelson Takawira, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Environment & Tourism,  DOB:  15 May 1937 Nat ID no: 63-358134L27

MNANGAGWA, Emmerson Dambudzo, Secretary, Dept of Legal Affairs,  DOB:  15 Sep 1946 Nat ID no: 63-450183P67

MOMBESHORA, Douglas T, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Health & Child Welfare,  DOB:  06 Jan 1961

MPOFU, Obert Moses, Secretary, Dept of Economic Affairs,  DOB:  12 Oct 1951 Nat ID no: 08-186074F79

MSIPA, Cephas George, Committee Member,  DOB:  07 Jul 1931 Nat ID no: 63-358147A67

MUCHENA, Olivia Nyembezi, Secretary, Dept of Science & Technology,  DOB:  18 Aug 1946 Nat ID no: 63-337191X50

MUCHINGURI, Oppah Charm Zvipange, Secretary, Dept of Women's Affairs,  DOB:  14 Dec 1958 Nat ID no: 63-741411R50

MUDENDA, Jacob, Committee Member,

MUDENGE, Stanislaus Isack Gorerazvo, Secretary, Dept of External Relations,  DOB:  17 Dec 1941 Nat ID no: 63-645385Q22

MUGABE, Robert Gabriel, First Secretary, Dept of The Presidium,  DOB:  21 Feb 1924 Nat ID no: 63- 693939R70

MUGANDE, Samuel, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Transport & Welfare,

MUJURU, Joice Teurai, Second Secretary, Dept of The Presidium,  DOB:  15 Apr 1955 Nat ID no: 63-445325J18

MUJURU, Solomon Tapfumaneyi Ruzambo, Committee Member,  DOB:  1 May 1949

MUKUSHA, Stefano, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Gender & Culture,

MURERWA, Herbert Muchemwa, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Land & Resettlement,  DOB:  31 Jul 1941 Nat ID no: 25- 021670R 25

MUTASA, Didymus Noel Edwin, Secretary, Dept of Administration,  DOB:  27 Jul 1935 Nat ID no: 63-358184Q42

MUTEZO, Munacho Thomas Alvar, Committee Member,  DOB:  14 Feb 1954 Nat ID no: 29-129727W44

MUZENDA, Tsitsi Veronica, Committee Member,  DOB:  22 Aug 1922

NCUBE, Edson, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Administration,

NCUBE, Abednico, Deputy Secretary, Dept of External Relations,  DOB:  13 Mar 1954 Nat ID no: 28-011436M28

NDLOVU, Richard, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Production & Labour,  DOB:  26 Jun 1942

NDLOVU, Naison Khutshwekhaya, Committee Member,  DOB:  22 Oct 1930 Nat ID no: 08-213829Z21

NHEMA, Francis Chenayimoyo Dunstan, Secretary, Dept of Environment & Tourism,  DOB:  17 Apr 1959 Nat ID no: 63-117843A66

NKOMO, John Landa, Second Secretary, Dept of The Presidium,  DOB:  22 Aug 1934 Nat ID no: 63-358161Q73

NYONI, Sithembiso Gile Glad, Secretary, Dept of Business Development & Liaison,  DOB:  20 Sep 1949 Nat ID no: 08-434871M67

PARIRENYATWA, David Pagwesese, Secretary, Dept of Health & Child Welfare,  DOB:  02 Aug 1950 Nat ID no: 63-320762P47

PATEL, Kantibhai Gordhanbha, Committee Member,  DOB:  28 Oct 1928 Nat ID no: 63-010704V00

SAKUPWANYA, Stanley Urayayi, Secretary, Dept of Welfare Of The Disabled & Disadvantaged Persons,  DOB:  14 May 1939 Nat ID no: 63-435281R50

SANDI MOYO, Eunice Nomthandazo, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Women's Affairs,  DOB:  08 Nov 1946 Nat ID no: 08-443369Z56

SAVANHU, Tendai, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Indigenisation & Economic Empowerment,  DOB:  21 Mar 1968

SEKERAMAYI, Sydney Tigere, Secretary, Dept of National Security,  DOB:  30 Mar 1944 Nat ID no: 63-358166W43

SHAMU, Webster Kotiwani, Secretary, Dept of Commissariat,  DOB:  06 Jun 1945 Nat ID no: 63- 676065N32

SHAMUYARIRA, Nathan Marwirakuwa, Committee Member,  DOB:  28 Sep 1930 Nat ID no: 63-327601Y32

SIKHOSANA, Absolom, Secretary, Dept of Youth Affairs,

TAWENGWA, Charles, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Finance,

ZHUWAO, Patrick, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Science & Technology,  DOB:  23 May 1967 Nat ID no: 63-621736K70

Former members
 Simba Makoni (Politburo Deputy Secretary General for Economic Affairs)
 Zenzo Nsimbi

Politics of Zimbabwe
Political organisations based in Zimbabwe
Politburo
Politburos

Politburo of ZANU–PF


Cow urine (गोमूत्र "Gomutra" in Hindi) is used as medicine mainly in India where cows are considered as holy by Hindus. In addition cow urine is consumed as a drink by people believing it to boost the immunity. Cow urine is one of the five contents of Panchagavya meaning five products obtained from a cow (urine, milk, ghee, curd and dung). Cow urine is also used in folk medicine in Myanmar, Nepal and Nigeria.

Uses of cow urine

To treat diseases
From ancient times it is used in Ayurveda medicine to treat leprosy, fever, peptic ulcers, liver diseases, kidney diseases, asthma, psoriasis and for weight loss in obesity.

In Farming
Cow urine is used in organic farming as a fertilizer and to protect crops from fungal infections.

Other uses
In addition cow urine is used as a floor cleaner and to manufacture cosmetic products like skin creams, bathing liquids and soap.

False Beliefs
Although many Hindus believe cow urine can cure cancer, it is not backed by scientific research with some scientists saying cow urine may not have any medicinal value at all. Some Hindus including political figures in India believe that cow urine contains gold which is also a myth.

References

Alternative medicine

Cow urine


Bolton ( , locally  ) is a town in Greater Manchester in England. In the foothills of the West Pennine Moors, Bolton is between Manchester ( south-east), Blackburn, Wigan, Bury and Salford. It is surrounded by several towns and villages that form the wider borough, of which Bolton is the administrative centre. The town is also within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire.

A former mill town, Bolton has been a centre for textile production since the 14th century when Flemish weavers settled in the area, introducing a wool and cotton-weaving tradition. It was a 19th-century boomtown, development largely coincided with the introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. At its peak in 1929, its 216 cotton mills and 26 bleaching and dyeing works made it one of the largest and most productive centres of cotton spinning in the world. The British cotton industry declined sharply after the First World War and, by the 1980s, cotton manufacture had virtually ceased in the town.

The town has a population of 139,403, whilst the wider metropolitan borough has a population of 262,400. Bolton originated as a small settlement in the moorland known as Bolton le Moors. In the English Civil War, the town was a Parliamentarian outpost in a staunchly Royalist region and, as a result, was stormed by 3,000 Royalist troops led by Prince Rupert of the Rhine in 1644. In what became known as the Bolton Massacre, 1,600 residents were killed and 700 were taken prisoner.

Bolton Wanderers football club now play home games at the University of Bolton Stadium in Horwich and the WBA World light-welterweight champion Amir Khan was born in the town. Cultural interests include the Octagon Theatre and the Bolton Museum and Art Gallery, as well as one of the earliest public libraries established after the Public Libraries Act 1850.

History

Toponymy
Bolton is a common Northern English name derived from the Old English -, meaning a settlement with a dwelling. The first recorded use of the name, in the form Boelton, dates from 1185 to describe Bolton le Moors, though this may not be in relation to a dwelling. It was recorded as Bothelton in 1212, Botelton in 1257, Boulton in 1288, and Bolton after 1307.
Later forms of Botheltun were Bodeltown, Botheltun-le-Moors, Bowelton, Boltune, Bolton-super-Moras, Bolton-in-ye-Moors, Bolton-le-Moors.
The town's motto of  means "overcome difficulties" (or "delays"), and is a pun on the Bolton-super-Moras version of the name meaning literally, "Bolton on the moors". The name itself is referred to in the badge of the Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council using a form of visual pun, a rebus, in combining motifs of arrow for 'bolt' and heraldic crown for 'tun', the term for the central high point of a defensive position that is the etymon of the suffix of Bolton.

Early history to the Civil War
There is evidence of human existence on the moors around Bolton since the early part of the Bronze Age, including a stone circle on Cheetham Close above Egerton, and Bronze Age burial mounds on Winter Hill. A Bronze Age mound was excavated in Victorian times outside Haulgh Hall. The Romans built roads from Manchester to Ribchester to the east and a road along what is now the A6 to the west. It is claimed that Agricola built a fort at Blackrod by clearing land above the forest. Evidence of a Saxon settlement exists in the form of religious objects found when the Victorian parish church was built.

In 1067 Great Bolton was the property of Roger de Poitou and after 1100, of Roger de Meresheys. Bolton became the property of the Pilkington family until they forfeited the land in the Wars of the Roses. The land was given to the Stanley family and thus the  Earls of Derby who became royalists in the English civil war. The area surrounding Bolton was subsequently divided into four parts including the Stanley family, the Earl of Bradford, a Freeman and various other parties. Great Bolton and Little Bolton were part of the Marsey fee, in 1212 Little Bolton was held by Roger de Bolton as plough-land, by the service of the twelfth part of a knight's fee to Randle de Marsey. The parish church in Bolton has an early foundation although the exact date is unknown; it was given by the lord of the manor to the Gilbertine canons of Mattersey Priory in Nottinghamshire, founded by Roger de Marsey.

A charter to hold a market in Churchgate was granted on 14 December 1251 by King Henry III of England. Bolton became a market town and borough by a charter from the Earl of Derby, William de Ferrers, on 14 January 1253, and a market was held until the 18th century. Burgage plots were laid out on Churchgate and Deansgate in the centre of the medieval town close to where Ye Olde Man & Scythe public house, dating from 1251, is situated today.
In 1337 Flemish weavers settled and introduced the manufacture of woollen cloth. More Flemish weavers, fleeing the Huguenot persecutions, settled here in the 17th century. The second wave of settlers wove fustian, a rough cloth made of linen and cotton. Digging sea coal was recorded in 1374. There was an outbreak of the plague in the town in 1623.

During the English Civil War, the people of Bolton were Puritans and supported the Parliamentarian cause. A parliamentary garrison in the town was attacked twice without success but on 28 May 1644 Prince Rupert's Royalist army with troops under the command of the Earl of Derby attacked again. The attack became known as the Bolton Massacre in which 1,500 died, 700 were taken prisoner and the town plundered. The attackers took to referring to the town as the "Geneva of the North", referencing Geneva's dominant Calvinism, although historian Malcolm Hardman says this was a description borne "more of irritation than accuracy". At the end of the Civil War, Lord Derby was tried as a traitor at Chester and condemned to death. When his appeal for pardon to parliament was rejected he attempted to escape but was recaptured and executed for his part in the massacre outside Ye Olde Man & Scythe Inn on 15 October 1651.

Industrial revolution onward

Bolton was a 19th-century boomtown and, at its zenith in 1929, its 216 cotton mills and 26 bleaching and dyeing works made it one of the largest and most productive centres of cotton spinning in the world. The British cotton industry declined sharply after the First World War and, by the 1980s, cotton manufacture had virtually ceased in Bolton.

A tradition of cottage spinning and weaving and improvements to spinning technology by local inventors, Richard Arkwright and Samuel Crompton, led to rapid growth of the textile industry in the 19th century. Crompton, whilst living at Hall i' th' Wood, invented the spinning mule in 1779. Streams draining the surrounding moorland into the River Croal provided the water necessary for the bleach works that were a feature of this area. Bleaching using chlorine was introduced in the 1790s by the Ainsworths at Halliwell Bleachworks. Bolton and the surrounding villages had more than thirty bleachworks including the Lever Bank Bleach Works in the Irwell Valley. The mule revolutionised cotton spinning by combining the roller drafting of Arkwright's water frame with the carriage drafting and spindle tip twisting of James Hargreaves's spinning jenny, producing a high quality yarn. Self-acting mules were used in Bolton mills until the 1960s producing fine yarn. The earliest mills were situated by the streams and river as at Barrow Bridge, but steam power led to the construction of the large multi-storey mills and their chimneys that dominated Bolton's skyline, some of which survive today.

Growth of the textile industry was assisted by the availability of coal in the area. By 1896 John Fletcher had coal mines at Ladyshore in Little Lever; The Earl of Bradford had a coal mine at Great Lever; the Darcy Lever Coal Company had mines at Darcy Lever and there were coal mines at Tonge, Breightmet, Deane and Doffcocker. Some of these pits were close to the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal providing the owners with markets in Bolton and Manchester. Coal mining declined in the 20th century.

Important transport links contributed to the growth of the town and the textile industry; the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal constructed in 1791, connected the town to Bury and Manchester providing transport for coal and other basic materials. The Bolton and Leigh Railway, the oldest in Lancashire, opened to goods traffic in 1828 and Great Moor Street station opened to passengers in 1831. The railway initially connected Bolton to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in Leigh, an important link with the port of Liverpool for the import of raw cotton from America, but was extended in 1829 to link up with the Manchester to Liverpool Line. Local firms built locomotives for the railway, in 1830 "Union" was built by Rothwell, Hick and Company and two locomotives, "Salamander" and "Veteran" were built by Crook and Dean.

Bolton's first Mayor, Charles James Darbishire was sympathetic to Chartism and a supporter of the Anti-Corn Law League. In August 1839 Bolton was besieged by Chartist rioters and the Riot Act was read and special constables sworn in. The mayor accompanied soldiers called to rescue special constables at Little Bolton Town Hall, which was besieged by a mob, and the incident ended without bloodshed. Derby Barracks was established in Fletcher Street in the early 1860s.

One of two statues prominent on Victoria Square near Bolton Town Hall is that of Samuel Taylor Chadwick (1809 – 3 May 1876) a philanthropist who donated funds to Bolton Hospital to create an ear, nose and throat ward.  Built houses for people living in cellars, through Bolton Council fought for better public health including cleaner water, established the Chadwick Orphanage, improved the Bolton Workhouse and funded the towns natural history museum that was the basis of the present Bolton Museum at Le Mans Crescent, the original museum was in a building at Queens Park. The second statue at Victoria Square is in memory of a former Bolton Mayor Sir Benjamin Alfred Dobson (1847–1898) who died in office in 1898, he was a textile machinery manufacturer and chairman of Dobson & Barlow, a significant employer in the town. By 1900 Bolton was Lancashire's third largest engineering centre after Manchester and Oldham. About 9,000 men were employed in the industry, half of them working for Dobson and Barlow in Kay Street.

Another engineering company Hick, Hargreaves & Co based at the Soho Foundry made Lancashire boilers and heavy machinery. Thomas Ryder and Son of Turner Bridge manufactured machine tools for the international motor industry. Wrought iron was produced for more than 100 years at Thomas Walmsley and Sons' Atlas Forge.

By 1911 the textile industry in Bolton employed about 36,000 people.  As of 1920, the Bolton Cardroom Union had more than 15,000 members, while the Bolton Weavers' Association represented 13,500 workers. The last mill to be constructed was Sir John Holden's Mill in 1927. The cotton industry declined from the 1920s. A brief upturn after the Second World War was not sustained, and the industry had virtually vanished by the end of the 20th century.

During the night of 26 September 1916, Bolton was the target for an aerial offensive. L21, a Zeppelin commanded by Oberleutnant Kurt Frankenburg of the Imperial German Navy, dropped twenty-one bombs on the town, five of them on the working class area of Kirk Street, killing thirteen residents and destroying six houses. Further attacks followed on other parts of the town, including three incendiaries dropped close to the Town Hall.

Lord Leverhulme
In 1899 William Lever, Lord Leverhulme, bought Hall i'th' Wood as a memorial to Samuel Crompton inventor of the spinning mule. Lever restored the dilapidated building and presented it to the town in 1902, having turned it into a museum furnished with household goods typical of domestic family life in the 16th and 17th centuries. Lever re-endowed Bolton Schools, giving land and his house on Chorley New Road. He presented the town with  of land for a public park which the corporation named Leverhulme Park in 1914. In 1902 he gave the people of Bolton Lever Park at Rivington. In 1911, Lever consulted Thomas Mawson, landscape architect and lecturer in Landscape Design at the University of Liverpool, regarding town planning in Bolton. Mawson published "Bolton – a Study in Town Planning and Civic Art" and gave lectures entitled "Bolton Housing and Town Planning Society" which formed the basis of an illustrated book "Bolton – as it is and as it might be". In 1924, Leverhulme presented Bolton Council with an ambitious plan to rebuild the town centre based on Mawson's designs funded partly by himself. The council declined in favour of extending the town hall and building the civic centre.

Governance

Lying within the county boundaries of Lancashire, until the early 19th century, Great Bolton and Little Bolton were two of the eighteen townships of the ecclesiastical parish of Bolton le Moors. These townships were separated by the River Croal, Little Bolton on the north bank and Great Bolton on the south. Bolton Poor Law Union was formed on 1 February 1837. It continued using existing poorhouses at Fletcher Street and Turton but in 1856 started to build a new workhouse at Fishpool Farm in Farnworth. Townleys Hospital was built on the site which is now Royal Bolton Hospital.

In 1838 Great Bolton, most of Little Bolton and the Haulgh area of Tonge with Haulgh were incorporated under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 as a municipal borough, the second to be created in England. Further additions were made adding part of Rumworth in 1872 and part of Halliwell in 1877. In 1889 Bolton was granted County Borough status and became self-governing and independent from Lancashire County Council jurisdiction. In 1898, the borough was extended further by adding the civil parishes of Breightmet, Darcy Lever, Great Lever, the rest of Halliwell, Heaton, Lostock, Middle Hulton, the rest of Rumworth which had been renamed Deane in 1894, Smithills, and Tonge plus Astley Bridge Urban District, and part of Over Hulton civil parish. The County Borough of Bolton was abolished in 1974 and became a constituent part of the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton in Greater Manchester. Bolton unsuccessfully applied for city status in 2011.

Bolton Council is divided into twenty wards, each of which elects three councillors for a term of up to four years.

Under the Reform Act of 1832, a Parliamentary Borough was established. The Bolton constituency was represented by two Members of Parliament (MPs). The Parliamentary Borough continued until 1950 when it was abolished and replaced with two parliamentary constituencies, Bolton East and Bolton West, each with one Member of Parliament. In 1983 Bolton East was abolished and two new constituencies were created, Bolton North East, and Bolton South East covering most of the former Farnworth constituency. At the same time major boundary changes also took place to Bolton West, which took over most of the former Westhoughton constituency. Under the town twinning scheme the local council have twinned Bolton with Le Mans in France, since 1967, and Paderborn in Germany, since 1975.

It is surrounded by several neighbouring towns and villages that together form the  Borough of Bolton, of which Bolton is the administrative centre. The town of Bolton has a population of 139,403, whilst the wider metropolitan borough has a population of 262,400.

Geography

Close to the West Pennine Moors, Bolton is  north-west of Manchester.

The early name, Bolton le Moors, described the position of the town amid the low hills on the edge of the West Pennine Moors southeast of Rivington Pike (456 m). Bolton lies on relatively flat land on both sides of the clough or steep-banked valley through which the River Croal flows in a southeasterly direction towards the River Irwell. The geological formation around Bolton consists of sandstones of the Carboniferous series and Coal Measures; in the northern part of Bolton the lower Coal Measures are mixed with underlying Millstone Grit.

Climate in the Greater Manchester area is generally similar to the climate of England, although owing to protection from the mountains in North Wales it experiences slightly lower than average rainfall except during the summer months, when rainfall is higher than average. Bolton has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round.  The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).

Demography

At the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, according to the Office for National Statistics, the Urban Subdivision of Bolton was part of the Greater Manchester Urban Area and had a total resident population of 139,403, of which 67,823 (48.7%) were male and 71,580 (51.3%) were female, living in 57,827 households.  The settlement occupied , compared with  in the 1991 census, though the 2001 Urban census area contains a large rural area to the south of the town. Its population density was 31.35 people per hectare compared with an average of 40.20 across the Greater Manchester Urban Area.  The median age of the population was 35, compared with 36 within the Greater Manchester Urban Area and 37 across England and Wales.

The majority of the population of Bolton were born in England (87.10%); 2.05% were born elsewhere within the United Kingdom, 1.45% within the rest of the European Union, and 9.38% elsewhere in the world.

Data on religious beliefs across the town in the 2001 census show that 67.9% declared themselves to be Christian, 12.5% stated that they were Muslim, 8.6% said they held no religion, and 3.4% reported themselves as Hindu.

Population change

Economy

At the time of the 2001 Census, 56,390 people resident in Bolton were in employment. Of these, 21.13% worked in the wholesale and retail trade, including repair of motor vehicles; 18.71% worked within manufacturing industry; 11.00% worked within the health and social work sector and 6.81% were employed in the transport, storage and communication industries.

In the last quarter of the 20th century heavy industry was replaced by service-based activities including data processing, call centres, hi-tech electronics and IT companies. The town retains some traditional industries employing people in paper-manufacturing, packaging, textiles, transportation, steel foundries and building materials. Missiles were produced at the British Aerospace (BAe) factory in Lostock, now closed. The Reebok brand's European headquarters are located at the Reebok Stadium. Bolton is also the home of the family bakery, Warburtons, established in 1876 on Blackburn Road. On 13 February 2003, Bolton was granted Fairtrade Town status.

Bolton attracts visitors to its shopping centres, markets, public houses, restaurants and cafes in the town centre
as well retail parks and leisure facilities close to the town centre and in the surrounding towns and suburbs. Tourism plays a part in the economy, visitor attractions include Hall i' th' Wood, Smithills Hall and Country Park, Last Drop Village, Barrow Bridge and the Bolton Steam Museum.

There are several regeneration projects planned for Bolton over the next ten years, including Church Wharf by Ask Developments and Bluemantle and Merchant's Quarter by local developer Charles Topham group, which together will contribute  of business space. The Bolton Innovation Zone is a large £300 million development with the University of Bolton at its core.

Landmarks

Situated in the town centre on the site of a former market is the Grade II* listed town hall, an imposing neoclassical building designed by William Hill and opened in June 1873 by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. In the 1930s the building was extended by Bradshaw Gass & Hope. Within the Town Hall are the 'Albert Halls and several function rooms. The original, single Albert Hall was destroyed by fire on 14 November 1981. After rebuilding work, it was replaced by the present Albert Halls, which were opened in 1985. The halls underwent a major restoration project, reopening in 2017.

The Great Hall of Smithills Hall was built in the 14th century when William de Radcliffe received the Manor of Smithills from the Hultons, the chapel dates from the 16th century and was extended during the 19th. Smithills Hall was where, in 1555, George Marsh was tried for heresy during the Marian Persecutions. After being "examined" at Smithills, according to local tradition, George Marsh stamped his foot so hard to re-affirm his faith, that a footprint was left in the stone floor. It is a Grade I listed building and is now a museum.

Hall i' th' Wood, now a museum, is a late mediaeval yeoman farmer's house built by Laurence Brownlow. Around 1637 it was owned by the Norris family, who added the stone west wing. In the 18th century it was divided up into tenements. Samuel Crompton lived and worked there. In the 19th century it deteriorated further until in 1895 it was bought by industrialist William Hesketh Lever, who restored it and presented it to Bolton Council in 1900.

Bolton's 26 conservation areas contain 700 listed buildings, many of which are in the town centre, and there is parkland including the Victorian Queen's Park, Leverhulme Park and other open spaces in the surrounding area. These include Le Mans Crescent, Ye Olde Man & Scythe, Little Bolton Town Hall, the Market Place, Wood Street and Holy Trinity Church. The Market Hall of 1854 is a Grade II listed building. Outside the town centre can be found Mere Hall, Firwood Fold, Haulgh Hall, Park Cottage, St Mary's Church, Deane, Lostock Hall Gatehouse and All Souls Church. Notable mills still overlooking parts of the town are Sir John Holden's Mill and Swan Lane Mills.

Most views northwards are dominated by Rivington Pike and the Winter Hill TV Mast on the West Pennine Moors above the town.

Transport
Bolton is well served by the local road network and national routes. The A6, a major north–south trunk road, passes to the west through Hunger Hill and Westhoughton.
The A666 dual carriageway,  is a spur to and from the M61 motorway through the town centre to Astley Bridge, Egerton, Darwen and Blackburn. The M61 has three dedicated junctions serving the borough.

A network of local buses coordinated by Transport for Greater Manchester serves the Bolton district and beyond; bus operators include Arriva North West and Diamond North West. Bolton is also served by the National Express coach network. The bus station on Moor Lane was scheduled to be replaced by a new interchange in the town centre next to the railway station by the end of 2014, at a cost of £48 million.

Bolton Interchange is managed by Northern; the railway station is part of a town centre transport interchange with services to Manchester, Wigan, Southport, Kirkby, Blackburn, Preston, Blackpool, Barrow in Furness, Windermere, Glasgow, Edinburgh and intermediate stations operated by Northern and TransPennine Express.

Education

Bolton School, a private day school, was founded on a site next to the parish church in 1524 as a grammar school for boys; it merged around 1656 with a free grammar school (Lever's grammar) that had been founded shortly after 1641.  In 1898, it moved to its present site in Chorley New Road, and in 1913 merged with Bolton Girls' Day School. In 1855 the Bolton Church Institute was founded by Canon James Slade near to the parish church. The school became Canon Slade School, which has since relocated to Bradshaw. The town's other secondary schools include Bolton St Catherine's Academy, Ladybridge High School, Sharples School, Smithills School, Thornleigh Salesian College and University Collegiate School. Bolton College provides further education from sites throughout the borough. Bolton Sixth Form College comprises the Town Centre Campus and Farnworth Campus.  The Bolton TIC (Technical Innovation Centre), opened in 2006, supports local schools by providing additional technical training. The University of Bolton, formerly the Bolton Institute of Higher Education, gained university status in 2005.

Religion

There is evidence from Saxon times of Christian churches and at the time of the Civil War a Puritan and nonconformist presence in the town. The Unitarians were among the early dissenting congregations which eventually included Methodists, Baptists, Seventh Day Adventist and other denominations. More than forty churches were built during the Victorian era, but some have now been closed, demolished or converted to other uses.

Today, the parish of Bolton-le-Moors covers a small area in the town centre, but until the 19th century it covered a much larger area, divided into eighteen chapelries and townships. The neighbouring ancient parish of Deane centred around St Mary's Church once covered a large area to the west and south of Bolton, and the township of Great Lever was part of the ancient parish of Middleton.

The Church of St Peter, commonly known as Bolton Parish Church, is an example of the gothic revival style. Built between 1866 and 1871 of Longridge stone to designs by Paley, the church is  in width,  in length, and  in height. The tower is  high with 13 bells. The first church on the same site was built in Anglo-Saxon times. It was rebuilt in Norman times and again in the early 15th century. Little is known of the first two earlier churches, but the third building was a solid, squat building with a sturdy square tower at the west end. It was modified over the years until it fell into disrepair and was demolished in 1866. Fragments of stone and other artefacts from these first three buildings are displayed in the museum corner of the present church.

St Mary's Deane, once the only church in a parish of ten townships in the hundred of Salford, is a church established in Saxon times. The current building dates from 1250 with extensions and restoration in the 19th century and is a Grade II* listed building.

St George's Church was built between 1794 and 1796 when Little Bolton was a separate township. Built by Peter Rothwell and paid for by the Ainsworth family. in 1975 it was leased to Bolton Council, and became a craft centre in 1994. St Patrick's Roman Catholic Church on Great Moor Street, was built in 1861.

The New Zakaria Mosque, the first mosque in Bolton, served the Muslim community from Pakistan and India from the 1960s. The first place of worship for Hindus was in the former St Barnabas Church, converted into a Hindu temple.

Sport
Bolton Wanderers F.C. is an English Football League club which was formed in 1874 and for 102 years played at Burnden Park. The club moved to the Toughsheet Community Stadium in Horwich in 1997. The club has won four FA Cups, the most recent in 1958, and spent 73 seasons in the top division of the English league – more than any club never to have been league champions.

Bolton Hockey Club fields women's men's and junior teams and has more than 120 playing members.  The town has a local cricket leagues, the Bolton Cricket League, Bolton also has a rugby union club, Bolton RUFC formed in 1872 situated on Avenue Street. The club operates four senior teams, as well as women's and junior sections. Bolton Robots of Doom is a baseball club started in 2003, playing home games at Stapleton Avenue. In addition to the adult team there is a junior team, Bolton Bears. Baseball in Bolton dates back to 1938 with a team called Bolton Scarlets. An American football team, the Bolton Bulldogs, plays home games at Smithills School operating varsity and junior varsity teams.
Speedway racing, known as Dirt Track Racing, was staged at Raikes Park in the pioneering days of 1928, but the speedway was short-lived.
Greyhound racing took place at the Raikes Park Greyhound Stadium from 1927 until 1996.

Culture and society

According to a survey of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Boltonians are the friendliest people in Britain. Humphrey Spender photographed Bolton calling it Worktown for the Mass-Observation Project, a social research organisation which aimed to record everyday life in Britain. His photographs provide a record of ordinary people living and working in a British pre-War industrial town.

Bolton has several theatres including the Octagon and independent groups such as Bolton Little Theatre and the Phoenix Theatre Company. Inside the Town Hall there is a theatre and conference complex, the Albert Halls. Le Mans Crescent, home to the central library, museum, art gallery, aquarium, magistrates' court and town hall, is to be the centre of a new Cultural Quarter. The library and museum are to be extended into the area now occupied by the Magistrates Court. Bolton Museum and Art Gallery houses a collection of local and international art. Bolton Steam Museum houses a variety of preserved steam engines in part of the old Atlas Mill.

Bolton Central Library was one of the earliest public libraries established after the Public Libraries Act 1850, opening in October 1853 in the Exchange Building on the old market square (Victoria Square) before moving to Le Mans Crescent in July 1938. The Bolton Symphony Orchestra performs regular concerts at the Albert Halls and Victoria Hall in the town centre.
The 2008 BBC Radio 3 Adult Choir of the Year and five times gold-medal winning barbershop chorus The Cottontown Chorus is based in Bolton.

The town's daily newspaper is The Bolton News, formerly the Bolton Evening News. There is a weekly free paper, the Bolton Journal and Bolton Council's monthly newspaper, Bolton Scene. The town is part of the BBC North West and ITV Granada television regions, served by the Winter Hill transmitter near Belmont. Local radio is provided by Greatest Hits Radio Greater Manchester (formerly Tower FM), which broadcasts across Bolton and Bury; Bolton FM began broadcasting in 2009.

The fictional village of Newbank in Benjamin Disraeli's novel Coningsby was based in part on the industrial village of Barrow Bridge. Spring and Port Wine by playwright, Bill Naughton was filmed and set in Bolton and The Family Way based on Naughton's play All in Good Time was also filmed and set in the town. Peter Kay filmed comedy TV series That Peter Kay Thing in the town.

Bolton has been used as a setting for film and television drama. Le Mans Crescent has featured as a London street in the Jeremy Brett version of Sherlock Holmes, a Russian secret service building in the 1990s comedy series Sleepers and in Peaky Blinders in 2014. The 1990s BBC drama Between the Lines filmed an episode in Victoria Square.

Bolton Community and Voluntary Services supports voluntary and community activities. A network of volunteer groups look after the environment in Bolton supported by Bolton Green Umbrella.

The first Bolton LGBT+ Pride was held in 2015 and has been an ongoing annual event which since its second year has included a parade and live music.

Public services

Bolton is policed by the Bolton Division of Greater Manchester Police.  The statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, from Bolton Central, Bolton North, Horwich and Farnworth Fire Stations. Hospital services are provided by the Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, which provides Accident and Emergency and other services at Royal Bolton Hospital in Farnworth. Community health services, including GPs, district and community nurses, dentists and pharmacists, are co-ordinated by
the Bolton Primary Care Trust. Waste management is co-ordinated by the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority. Bolton's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is Electricity North West Ltd. United Utilities manage Bolton's drinking and waste water.

Notable people

Among the notable people born in Bolton are the Protestant martyr George Marsh, 1515–55, the inventor of the spinning mule that revolutionised the textile industry, Samuel Crompton, 1753–1827, and industrialist Lord Leverhulme of Bolton-le-Moors, 1851–1925.

More recently, people born and raised in Bolton include Fred Dibnah, a steeplejack who became a popular television historian of Britain's industrial past; world champion boxer Amir Khan, who became the WBA World light-welterweight champion on 18 July 2009 at the age of 22, making him Britain's third-youngest world champion boxer; comedian Peter Kay; and president of the International Paralympic Committee Philip Craven. Playwright and author Bill Naughton was born in Ireland but brought up in Bolton from an early age.

See also

 List of mills in Bolton
 Listed buildings in Bolton

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

   Bolton Council

Towns in Greater Manchester
Market towns in Greater Manchester
Unparished areas in Greater Manchester
West Pennine Moors
Geography of the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton

Bolton


Scheme Requests for Implementation (SRFI) is an effort to coordinate libraries and extensions of standard Scheme programming language, necessitated by Scheme's minimalist design, and particularly the lack of a standard library before Scheme R6RS.  Specific SRFI documents are supported by many Scheme implementations.  This, in effect, makes SRFI an informal standards process.

History

At the Scheme Workshop held in Baltimore, Maryland, on September 26, 1998, the attendees considered several proposals for standardized feature sets to include in Scheme implementations.

Alan Bawden proposed that there be a repository for library proposals. Shriram Krishnamurthi volunteered to host the library, and Dave Mason and Mike Sperber joined him as initial editors and coordinators of the library process. The term Request for Implementation, a play on the Internet Request for Comments, was coined at the workshop, and modified to Scheme Request for Implementation by the editors.

On November 1, 1998, the srfi-discuss mailing list was established which had as subscribers many major implementors of Scheme and other contributors to the language. An archive of the discussion is kept online.

The SRFI website, along with the other SRFI procedures, was established in late December 1998.

As of 2023, 245 SRFIs have been published, and new contributions and discussion continue.

References

External links

 1998 talk on SRFI history ()
 2022 SRFI status report talk ()

Scheme (programming language)

Scheme Requests for Implementation


Cypress is an unincorporated community in Harris County, Texas, United States. It is also a suburb of Houston, Texas. As of 2010, the population was at 122,803 people. It includes neighborhoods such as Coles Crossing, and has schools such as Farney Elementary, Goodson Middle School, Spillane Middle School, and Cy-Woods High School. The main school district for this area is Cypress Fairbanks Independent School District.

Unincorporated communities in Texas
Settlements in Harris County, Texas

Cypress, Texas


The SMG GSM 02.07 Technical Specification (Version 7.1.0 Release 1998) called Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Mobile Stations (MS) features
defines Mobile Station (MS) features and to classifies them according to their type and whether they are mandatory or optional. The MS features detailed in this TS do not represent an exhaustive list.

References

GSM standard

GSM 02.07


Dennis Perry Tarnow (born May 28, 1946) is an American dentist specializing in  periodontics, prosthodontics and implant dentistry and is renown for his mark on dental implant research and education.  He is currently director of implant dentistry at Columbia University College of Dental Medicine and former chairman of the department of periodontics and implant dentistry at New York University College of Dentistry.  He is a sought after speaker on the subject of implant dentistry.

Early years and education
Tarnow was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York to Joseph and Mildred Tarnow.  After graduating from James Madison High School, he received his bachelor's degree in biology from Brooklyn College in 1968.  He attended Camp Vacamas as a child and, later in life, volunteered his time for their Hands in 4 Youth programming for close to 40 years, both as an officer and as a board member.

Tarnow wanted to be a dentist because he liked working with his hands and was fond of his own dentist when growing up.  He attended NYU College of Dentistry, graduating with his DDS in 1972.  After a one-year GPR at Brookdale Hospital, he entered the postgraduate periodontics program at NYU, receiving his certificate in 1976.  He then completed a postgraduate program in prosthodontics, also at NYU, receiving his certificate in 1978.

While in dental school, Tarnow held various jobs to help him afford tuition; he worked as a NYC taxi driver, a phlebotomist and a swim instructor.

Tarnow has a brother, Herman, who is a lawyer and who shares his time between NYC and Naples, Florida.

Career
Tarnow is board certified in periodontics and practices at Synergistic Dentistry of New York (SDNY), formerly Tarnow, Fletcher, Zamzok & Smith, a joint specialty practice in Manhattan, since 1975.

Tarnow, who is a graduate of the New York University College of Dentistry, is a specialist in both periodontics and prosthodontics, and former chairman of the college's Department of Periodontics and Implant Dentistry.  He has written over 250 scientific papers and has co-authored or contributed chapters to several textbooks, including Aesthetic Restorative Dentistry and The Single Tooth Implant, which he co-authored with Dr. Stephen Chu, his partner at SDNY. Tarnow is a section editor for two peer reviewed dental journals and on the editorial review board of ten others. He has received the Master Clinician Award from the American Academy of Periodontology and in addition, has been  named New York University's Outstanding Teacher of the Year. The NYU College of Dentistry has named its periodontal and implant dentistry postgraduate clinical wing in his honor.

Tarnow has received many awards over his long and distinguished career, including:

 the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry Charles L. Pincus / Ronald E. Goldman Lifetime Achievement Award in 2019
 the American College of Prosthodontists (ACP) Distinguished Lecturer Award in 2015
 the William J. Gies Award for outstanding contribution to the field of periodontology by the American Academy of Periodontology in 2005
 the 2017 Academic Excellence in Prosthodontics award from the Northeastern Gnathological Society
 the honorary Alumni Award from Columbia University College of Dental Medicine

He also received a 2005 award from the California Society of Periodontists for his outstanding contribution to the specialty of periodontists and personal commitment to the highest professional standards of dentistry.

Since May 1, 2010, Tarnow has been the director of implant education at Columbia University College of Dental Medicine.

Personal life
Together with his wife Karen, Tarnow has a son named Derek.

References

External links
 Dr. Dennis Tarnow's official website
 NYU Faculty Biography - Dennis P. Tarnow, DDS
 American Academy of Periodontology - Periodontal Program Directory
 List of Publications
 Specialized Dentistry of Fort Worth(TX) Website
 Synergistic Dentistry of New York (SDNY) Website

Periodontists
Living people
New York University College of Dentistry alumni
Columbia University faculty
Columbia Medical School faculty
Brooklyn College alumni
1946 births

Dennis P. Tarnow


The Awakening Slave is a 2.67m high marble statue by Michelangelo, dated to 1525-1530. It is one of the 'Prisoners', the series of unfinished sculptures for the tomb of Pope Julius II. It is now held in the Galleria dell'Accademia in Florence.

It seems that from the first project for the tomb of Julius II (1505) in the lower register of the mausoleum were planned a series of "Prisons", that is, a series of statues larger than the life of figures chained in various poses as prisoners, precisely, to be placed on the pillars that framed niches and topped with Hermes. Paired with each niche (in which a winged victory was planned) they were to initially be sixteen or twenty, being gradually reduced in the projects that followed, to twelve (second project, 1513), eight (third project, 1516) and finally perhaps only four (perhaps from the fourth or fifth project, 1526 and 1532), and then definitively eliminated in the final project of 1542.

The first of the series, of which traces can be found in Michelangelo's chart, are the two Prisons of Paris, called from the nineteenth century "Slaves": the Dying Slave and the Rebel Slave. They were carved in Rome around 1513.

The Florentine Prisons (Young Slave, Bearded Slave, Atlas, Slave who is reamed) may have been carved in the second half of the 1520s, while the master was engaged at San Lorenzo in Florence (but historians have proposed dating ranging from 1519 to 1534). It is known that they were in the artist's workshop in Via Mozza again in 1544, when Michelangelo's nephew, Leonardo Buonarroti, asked permission to sell them (Michelangelo did not set foot in Florence again after 1534). The permit was denied and only in 1564 they were donated, with the Genius of Victory, to Grand Duke Cosimo I who then placed them at the four corners of the Cave of Buontalenti, by 1591.

From there they were removed in 1908 to gather them at the michelangiolesco corpus that was forming in the Florentine Gallery.

As for the dating Justi (and others) they proposed 1519 on the basis of a letter of 13 February in which Jacopo Salviati promised Cardinal Aginesis, heir to Julius II, that the sculptor would perform four figures for the tomb by the summer of that year; Wilde the 1523, referring to a hint of Cardinal Giulio de' Medici (future Clement VII)who would see them before leaving for Rome on that date; finally de Tolnay gave them to 1530-1534, based on style, frequent references to unfinished sculptures for the tomb of Pope Julius in the paperwork of 1531-1532 and on the basis of the pottery mention that they were made while the artist prepared the cardboard of the Universal Judgment.

See also
 List of works by Michelangelo

External links
http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/catalogo/scheda.asp?nctn=00281981&value=1

Tomb of Pope Julius II
Sculptures by Michelangelo
Marble sculptures in Italy
Unfinished sculptures
Sculptures in the Galleria dell'Accademia
Nude sculptures in Italy
Slavery in art

Awakening Slave


Ernest Charles François Babelon (born 7 November 1854 in Sarrey, Département Haute-Marne;  died 3 January 1924 in Paris) was a French numismatist and classical archaeologist.

Education and career
Ernest Babelon trained from 1874 to 1878 to be an archivist at the École Nationale des Chartes. He wrote his thesis on Les bourgeois du roi au Moyen Âge. From 1878 he worked for the Cabinet des Médailles. With Salomon Reinach he led excavations in North Africa in 1883. In 1890 he was appointed Deputy to the Director of the Cabinet des Médailles, Henri Michel Lavoix; two years later he was himself appointed Director of the museum and he remained in that position for 32 years, until his death in 1924. His successor was Adolphe Dieudonné. During the First World War he was responsible for sending the artistic treasures of the museum away for safekeeping and for gathering them back after the war. In 1902 he received an additional appointment as Lecturer for Numismatics and Glyptics, in 1908 he was appointed Professor with the chair for the Cours de numismatique antique et médiévale (course in ancient and medieval numismatics) at the Collège de France. That same year he was also appointed President of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. His son Jean Babelon was also Director of the Cabinet des Médailles.

Babelon devoted himself initially to Medieval studies. His interest soon expanded to ancient numismatics, where he became a respected expert. In addition he was also a specialist in Ancient Near Eastern languages, working closely with his friend François Lenormant. Babelon became a central figure in French archaeology. He sat on several important committees and was co-editor of the Gazette archéologique. His numismatic work had two focuses: on the one hand he wrote numismatic catalogues and on the other he wrote syntheses of his individual studies in comprehensive works. His handbook Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines (Account of Greek and Roman Coinage) remained incomplete, he planned an account of all numismatic knowledge of his time based on the collection of William Henry Waddington. His corpus Recueil général des monnaies grecques d'Asie mineure (General Record of the Greek Coinage of Asia Minor), produced with Théodore Reinach, in which he synthesised all the mints of Asia Minor also remains incomplete. To this day the work is important to scholarship because of its comprehensiveness.

At the end of the First World War he intervened in the political discourse about the Saargebiet with a two volume work about Rome and the Germans called Le Rhin dans l'histoire. (The Rhine in History). He was one of the leaders of the Comité d'études which existed from 1917 to 1918 and advanced the argument for the Saar belonging to France. Following the work of Paul Vidal de la Blache, he favoured a military protectorate, but misquoted Paul Vidal de la Blache.

Awards
Babelon was esteemed and honoured many times. For his service to the Cabinet des Médailles he was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour. In 1899 he was recognised with the Medal of the Royal Numismatic Society and in 1922 with the Archer M. Huntington Medal.

Publications (selected)

 Monnaies de la Republique Romaine (Coinage of the Roman Republic). 2 Vols. Paris, 1885.
 Les monnaies d'or d'Athènes (The Gold Coinage of Athens) Rev. des Etudes grecques, 1889, I. 187.
 Les Rois de Syrie, d'Arménie, et de Commagène. Catlogue de monnaies grecques de la Bibliothèque Nationale. (The Kings of Syria, Armenia and Commagene. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of the Bibliothèque Nationale) Paris, 1890.
 Les Perses Achéménides (The Achaemenid Persians). Paris, 1893.
 Carthage. Ernest Leroux, Paris 1896.
 La collection Waddington au cabinet des médailles (The Waddington Collection in the Cabinet des Médailles). RN.Paris, 1897-1898.
 Numismatique d'Edessa (Numismatics of Edessa). Paris, 1904. link
 Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines. (Account of Greek and Roman Coinage) 11 Volumes. Leroux, Paris 1901–1933.
 Recueil général des monnaies grecques d'Asie mineure (General Record of the Greek Coinage of Asia Minor), began by William Henry Waddington; continued and completed by Ernest Babelon and Théodore Reinach. Leroux, Paris 1908–1925. link
 Le Rhin dans l'histoire. (The Rhine in History) Leroux, Paris 1916–1917.
Bd. 1: L'antiquité: Gaulois et Germains. (Antiquity: Gauls and Germani) 1916.
Bd. 2: Les Francs de l'Est: Français et Allemands. (The Franks and the East: French and Germans) 1917.

See also L' Oeuvre numismatique d'Ernest Babelon, by A. Dieudonné (Paris : Feuardent Frères, 1924)

Bibliography
 Helmut Schubert. Babelon, Ernest. in Peter Kuhlmann, Helmuth Schneider (Ed.): Geschichte der Altertumswissenschaften. Biographisches Lexikon (= Der Neue Pauly. Supplement Vol. 6). Metzler, Stuttgart. 2012, , pp. 41–42.

External links
 Biography at sacra-moneta.com (French)
 Jean-Jacques Barthélemy Garde du Cabinet du roi (1745/1754-1795), by Dominique Gérin, INC Compte rendu 46, 1999, pp. 54-63

French numismatists
Classical archaeologists
French archaeologists
Directors of museums in France
Academic staff of the Collège de France
French librarians
École Nationale des Chartes alumni
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Officers of the Legion of Honour
1854 births
1924 deaths
People from Haute-Marne
Members of the Ligue de la patrie française

Ernest Babelon


The Battle of Les Tres Acequias, fought during the Chilean War of Independence, occurred near San Bernardo on 26 August 1814. The confrontation occurred between the two factions of Carrera and Bernardo O'Higgins, resulting in a defeat for O'Higgins that would in turn lead on to the defeat of the nationalists by the royalist forces at the battle of Rancagua a month later.

Background

On 23 July, after two months of arguing with the Supreme Director Francisco de la Lastra, and unable to retreat to Argentina, José Miguel Carrera seized power in Chile once again, dismissing the Director and installing a new junta. Carrera had refused to accept the Treaty of Lircay, signed by Francisco's government. The treaty would have overturned many acts of the governments in the last few years, including removing the Chilean flag created during the administration of Carrera, and introducing acts of devotion to King Fernando VII and a promise of absolutist restoration. On a more personal level, the negotiations over the treaty had not included provision for the exchange of prisoners; Carrera was a prisoner of the royalists in Chillán at the time of the signature of the treaty, before then escaping from royal custody to join other patriots in exile in Mendoza, Argentina.

O'Higgins, meanwhile, was still the commander in chief of Francisco's government, and had acquiesced to the signature of the treaty. O'Higgins marched from Talca towards Santiago with a division of troops to remove Carrera. O'Higgins regarded Carrera and his political faction as being responsible for the military failures of the earlier campaign, as well as the previous overthrow of O'Higgins' political mentor, Juan Martínez de Rozas. In the eve of the battle O'Higgins encamped in the Mardones property, to the south of Maipo River, waiting for Carrera's forces, overnighting at the small hamlet of Pérez farm.

The battle

On the morning of 26 August, the then brigadier O'Higgins crossed the Maipo River and on to the level ground on the other side. His intention was to advance rapidly on Santiago and thereby to defeat Carrera; because of this, he did not initially realise the size and disposition of Carrera's forces. At 13:00 hours, O' Higgins' advance parties, under the command of Ramon Freire, joined combat with the forward echelons of Carrera's forces, under the command of José's youngest brother, Colonel Luis Carrera, protected by a low bank. Luis Carrera had deployed his forces with the infantry to his right, the artillery to the centre, his cavalry to his left and behind these, a line of eight hundred cavalry militia from  Aconcagua under the command of the colonel José Maria Portus. These militia were badly equipped, of poor quality, and were only deployed during the final phases of the battle.

Eschewing further reconnaissance, O'Higgins ordered his men forward in a determined attack against the larger enemy force, apparently optimistic following the early preliminary victory delivered by Freire along the bank. After an unfruitful cannonade, O' Higgins attacked in force at 16:00, placing his infantry in the centre of his line, supported by four guns, and dividing his cavalry between both flanks. After one hour of fruitless attack, and having received numerous losses without causing much damage to the defenders, O'Higgins' forces began to retreat in relative disorder. This moment was seized by the cavalry of Luis Carrera, who ordered Diego Jose Benavente to encircle the enemy's right flank and begin to further disrupt his line. This was followed by the mounted militia of Aconcagua charging the middle of O'Higgins' line, breaking through it and taking numerous prisoners, amongst them four senior officers.

O'Higgins' men fled, mainly to the south, attempting to cross the Maipo river and seeking safety in the buildings around Chena. O'Higgins' own mount had collapsed wounded, and he retreated from the field on a borrowed horse, leading a unit of 100 men to safety. Meanwhile, the bulk of the 3rd division of Carrera's force, under the command of José Miguel Carrera himself, had been positioned on the suburbs of Santiago at the beginning the battle. Despite a force march, it did not arrive in time to take part in the main action. When the cavalry from the 3rd division arrived, it joined the units chasing O'Higgins' men from the battlefield – but as the sun set around 18:30, Carrera's men gave up the pursuit.

Consequences of the battle

Luis Carrera did not pursue his enemies any further that night, keeping to his position. He placed some forces as a diversion towards the Hacienda de Tango, accompanied by the guns he had seized from O'Higgins. Whilst these guns provided a desultory bombardment, Carrera's main body left Perez's farm and retreated two kilometers to the north, to the hamlet of Ochagavia.

On the next day, O'Higgins finally regrouped to the south of the Maipo and reunited his men, with the intention of joining them with his rear units and undertaking a fresh attack. In the midst of this, news came from Talcahuano of the arrival of the royalist expedition of General Mariano Osorio, advancing quickly towards them. This intervention encouraged both sides to settle their differences and to jointly defend their country.

O'Higgins sent a representative to José Miguel Carrera to convey the news of the situation and his intentions. After some further negotiations, the two leaders settled their differences at the Hacienda de Tango, jointly signing a declaration in Santiago on 4 September. On the following day O'Higgins left the capital to assume the leadership of the 1st division, consisting of his old forces, under the overall command of José Miguel Carrera. These forces would conduct the defence of Chile, leading up to the disaster of the battle of Rancagua.

Conflicts in 1814
Battles involving Chile
Battles of the Spanish American wars of independence
Battles of the Chilean War of Independence
Battles of the Patria Vieja Campaign
History of Santiago Metropolitan Region
1814 in the Captaincy General of Chile
August 1814 events

Battle of Las Tres Acequias


Abdul Karim al-Anizi is an Iraqi politician and a member of the National Assembly of Iraq, representing Islamic Dawa Party - Iraq Organisation, the fifth largest party within the ruling United Iraqi Alliance coalition.

He served as Minister of State for National Security under the Iraqi Transitional Government.

In May 2005 he was tipped as a possible compromise candidate for Prime Minister after Ibrahim al-Jaafari was vetoed by the Alliance's Kurdish and Sunni coalition partners.

References

Living people
Members of the Council of Representatives of Iraq
Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Abdul Karim al-Anizi


Heinrich Schreiber (14 July 1793, in Freiburg im Breisgau – 29 November 1872, in Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German Catholic theologian and historian, known for his writings about the city of Freiburg.

He studied at the University of Freiburg and in 1815 received his ordination as a priest. Later on, he taught classes at the gymnasium in his hometown, then worked as a librarian at the university. In 1821 he obtained his habilitation, and five years later became a professor of moral theology at the university. In 1836 he switched from the theological to the philosophical faculty, and thus gave lectures in German literature and ethics.

Around 1845 he joined the German Catholic Church, an action that led to his excommunication by the Roman Catholic Church and his dismissal from the University of Freiburg. From 1846 onward, he devoted his time and energy to historical research.

Selected works
 Kriegs- und siegeslieder aus dem 15ten jahrhundert; as editor (by Leonhard Wächter, 1819) – War and victory songs from the 15th century.
 Freiburg im Breisgau mit seinen umgebungen; geschichte und beschreibung, 1825 – Freiburg im Breisgau with its surroundings; history and description.
 Urkunden der Stadt Freiburg im Breisgau (2 volumes, 1828–29) – Documents of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau.
 Das Theater zu Freiburg, nebst urkundlichen Nachrichten über die ehemalige Schule der Meistersänger daselbst, 1837 – The Theater at Freiburg, along with documentary information on the former school of the Meistersinger.
 Heinrich Loriti Glareanus; seine freunde und seine zeit, 1837 – Heinrich Glarean; his friends and his era.
 Die hexenprozesse zu Freiburg im Breisgau, Offenburg in der Ortenau und Bräunlingen auf der Schwarzwalde, 1837 – The witch trials at Freiburg im Breisgau, Offenburg in Ortenau and Bräunlingen of the Black Forest.
 Die feen in Europa. Eine historisch-archäologische monographie, 1842 – The fairies in Europe; a historical-archaeological monograph.
 Die ehernen Streitkeile zumal in Deutschland : eine historisch-archäologische Monographie, 1842.
 Geschichte der Stadt und Universität Freiburg im Breisgau (7 volumes, 1857–60) –  History of the city and university of Freiburg im Breisgau.
 Der deutsche bauernkrieg; gleichzeitige urkunden ... 1524-1525, (1863) – German Peasants' War; concurrent documents ... 1524-1525.
Also, he was editor of the Taschenbuch für Geschichte und Alterthum in Süddeutschland ("Paperback of history and antiquity in southern Germany"; 5 volumes, 1839–46).

References

1793 births
1872 deaths
Clergy from Freiburg im Breisgau
University of Freiburg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg
19th-century German Catholic theologians
19th-century German historians

Heinrich Schreiber


Southwestern Christian University is a private Pentecostal university in Bethany, Oklahoma. It was founded in 1946 as Southwestern Bible College in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and was the first Pentecostal educational institution in the state. While it was established as a Bible college for the training of Christian church leaders within the International Pentecostal Holiness Church, the denomination planned to quickly expand the school into a junior college.

History
By the 1960s the college had developed a junior college program (becoming accredited in 1964) and was able to open its doors to an expanding student body. During this time it began a steady growth as one of the largest junior colleges in the country and the largest within the Pentecostal Holiness Church. These broad changes resulted in various buildings being built (Light Library, Irwin Learning Center, Mabee Science Center, and the Mash Loflin Field House) and degree offerings saw the name shifting to Oklahoma City Southwestern College (OCSC) to better reflect the scope of the expanded school.

However, in 1981 the governing body of the denomination decided to re-focus the goals of the institution.  The International Pentecostal Holiness Church ended the school's junior college plan and scaled back the institution to an abbreviated form of its  original design.  As a result, it became a Ministry training college.  In addition to this they moved to the Oklahoma City suburb of Bethany, Oklahoma.  At this time the name changed from Southwestern Bible College to Southwestern College of Christian Ministries (SCCM).

In 1998, in response to changing needs, the school implemented a five-year program to change its direction.  A Master of Ministry graduate program was developed and added in this time period. As a result of these combined changes, in 2001 the school, Southwestern Christian University, was granted a name change by the North Central accrediting body.  An integral part of Oklahoma City history for over half a century, SCU developed beyond the parameters of just a Bible college to become a full Christian liberal arts university.

Accreditation and approval
SCU is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and approved by the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education. It is also approved by the General Department of Church Education Ministries of the International Pentecostal Holiness Church for training ministers, missionaries, and Christian workers and the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI) to offer Bible and theology courses for teacher certification for Christian day schools.

Athletics
The Southwestern Christian athletic teams are called the Eagles. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Sooner Athletic Conference (SAC) since the 2013–14 academic year. They are also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the Central Region of the Division I level. The Eagles previously competed in the defunct Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference (MCAC) from 2010–11 to 2012–13.

Southwestern Christian competes in 13 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports include archery and cheerleading. Former sports include men's & women's bowling and men's & women's tennis.

In 2014, basketball player Tyler Inman won the NAIA Men's Basketball Dunk Contest and was drafted by the Harlem Globetrotters.

In 2015, disgraced basketball coach Dave Bliss was hired as the head coach at NAIA-member school Southwestern Christian University. Bliss resigned from Southwestern Christian on April 3, 2017, following the airing of the Showtime documentary Disgraced, which chronicled the cover-up at Baylor University.

References

External links

 Official athletics website

Pentecostal universities and colleges
Pentecostalism in Oklahoma
Private universities and colleges in Oklahoma
Universities and colleges established in 1946
Education in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma
Buildings and structures in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma
1946 establishments in Oklahoma

Southwestern Christian University


The Yukon Trail is a 1994 educational computer game from the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC), similar to their previous Oregon Trail series but set during the Klondike Gold Rush of the late 19th century. Players start out in Seattle and must make decisions concerning supplies, a partner, and travel plans as they head to Alaska before boating down a river to Dawson City and staking a claim to mine for gold. The game features the famous author Jack London and authentic 19th-century photographs that show what life was like back then.

Gameplay

Start
The game starts in Seattle in August 1897 (right before the actual Klondike Gold Rush). The player must first choose one out of four partners. Each partner has unique advantages over the others. Next the player purchases two tickets for a ship to Skagway or Dyea. Tickets are more expensive for ships that depart immediately, and less expensive for those departing later. The player can buy equipment, food and other items, or they can wait until they get to Alaska. The player's partner can offer their advice on making purchases, but their advice is sometimes unwise. Upon reaching Skagway or Dyea, the player can purchase any supplies, gamble or gather information. Gambling takes the form of a War card game or a shell game, but can be unfair and lead to losses for the most part. Gambling can be disabled in the settings.

When starting the journey the player can choose the longer and easier White Pass Trail or the shorter but more difficult Chilkoot Trail. The player can also hire packers in the two cities that would haul their supplies to the respective routes. The packers are very expensive, so they usually are out of reach for the average player.

The Trail
The Yukon Trail gives players plenty of opportunities to think about the situation, giving many options and many possible consequences for each event, thus building problem-solving skills. The initial choice players make on the trail, which can be subsequently changed, is the load personally carried. A smaller load results in the ground moved each day to become shorter (as some of the supplies have to be left behind and then returned for). Moreover, the trail becomes much more difficult to travel when encroaching upon the winter months. However, a larger load will result in a higher probability of the player or partner being injured.

Midway down the trail, the player and partner stop at a camp. They can then buy or sell goods before climbing the mountain pass leading to the Canada–US border where they pay a toll to pass into the Yukon Territory. The North-West Mounted Police will not let them pass unless they have 1,000 pounds of food per person. They are also required to pay a tax to bring goods into Canada. After the price for the tax is given, if the player does not have enough, the Mountie will simply take whatever money they have.

Along the trail, numerous random events may occur, including someone being injured (the player decides to continue at a slower pace or to rest), theft of food, rockslides, crowds of people or abandoned animals, and sudden inclement weather.

Periodically, the player stops at landmarks along the journey, where players can learn historical facts about each location. Some of these landmarks include the Dead Horse Trail, the totem poles, and the three rapids: Miles Canyon, White Horse Rapids and Five Finger Rapids.

The River

The player and partner arrive at Bennett Lake after hiking into Canada. While there, they meet the legendary Mountie Sam Steele. During the winter they need to acquire a whipsaw if they do not already have one and then build one of three boats. Once the spring arrives and the ice has melted, the player and partner can embark with their boat. Depending on the date of their arrival at Lake Bennett, Sam Steele will let them depart right away, or have them wait two or four days before departure.

On the river, the speed is determined by the type of boat chosen, and how much damage it has sustained. The choices for boats include a dinghy, a raft, or a canoe. The dinghy is balanced, the raft handles well but is slow, and the canoe is fast but handles poorly. There are a few minigames, which involve guiding the boat away from rocks and whirlpools. After the minigame, if the boat has been damaged, the player can choose to repair the boat or build an entirely different one.

The player and partner will eventually reach Dawson City, where they are presented with a map of mining claims they can stake. There, they meet Nellie Cashman and author Jack London. Once they have staked a claim, they can begin searching for gold. With the arrival of winter, the game ends. The player's score is determined by the amount of money they have (from the entire journey, including gold). Most claims will yield small amounts of gold, but at least one claim can get you the high score.

One notable claim is Cheechako Hill, which is always available. Staking Cheechako Hill will always result in the player becoming rich. Historically, the initial wave of prospectors ignored Cheechako Hill because only a cheechako (newcomer) would think there was gold so high up the hillside, but it turned out to contain rich deposits.

Reception
The game was used as a test product in schools for Analysis of covariance research.

References

External links

 Official website

1994 video games
Children's educational video games
Windows games
Western (genre) video games
Video games set in the 19th century
Video games set in Seattle
Video games set in Alaska
Video games set in Canada
North America-exclusive video games
Classic Mac OS games
The Learning Company games
The Oregon Trail (series)
Video games developed in the United States

The Yukon Trail


Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics is a history which began in 1931.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the region of the Netherlands Antilles was NAN.  It is now AHO.

History
Athletes from the Netherlands Antilles have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation supported the Netherlands' boycott of the 1956 Games and the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.  The Netherlands Antilles has been in the Winter Olympic Games two times.

The National Olympic Committee for the Netherlands Antilles was formed in 1931 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1950.

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, three athletes from the region of the Netherlands Antilles competed under the flag of the IOC.

List of medalists

As of 2008, Jan Boersma is the only Netherlands Antillean athlete to win an Olympic medal, a silver medal in sailing.

Churandy Martina finished second, behind Usain Bolt but was disqualified after an American led protest that Martina ran out of his lane during the race.

Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee has continued to exist as the umbrella body for sports on the five islands after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The five islands will continue to be in the Olympic Games under the  "Netherlands Antilles" name, but as a region in the Caribbean rather than a political entity. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved this in June 2007.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Netherlands Antilles at BBC

Former nations at the Olympics
Netherlands Antilles

Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics


Gerrit Henry (May 30, 1950 in New York City, New York – May 1, 2003 in New York City, New York) was an American art critic, author and poet.

Henry published feature and critical articles in After Dark, Art News, Art in America, The New York Times, The Village Voice, The Los Angeles Times, People Magazine, Art International, The Spectator, and The New Republic. His books include Janet Fish: A Monograph (Burton & Skira, Geneva, 1987), The Mirrored Clubs of Hell: Poems by Gerrit Henry (Little, Brown and Company, 1991), Poems & Ballades (Dolphin, Baltimore, 1998) and Ian Hornak: Reverence and Reverie (Katharina Rich Perlow, Inc. 1999). He is also published in Paris Review, Yale Review and Cover. The Time of the Night, a posthumous collection of his poems edited by Marc Cohen, was published in 2011 by The Groundwater Press. His last project, Climbing the Stairs, a documentary about his life and poetry (with John Ashbery), directed by Neil Grayson (artist) and produced by Dactyl Foundation for the Arts & Humanities, was released in 2004. Henry was an advisory board member and Poetry Series Director at Dactyl Foundation beginning in 1998. He graduated from Columbia College, Columbia University in 1972 with a B.A. in English. He studied poetry under Kenneth Koch. Henry received awards from The Cornell Woolrich Fellowship, Columbia University, The National Endowment for the Arts, the Ann and Erlo Von Waveren Foundation, and NYFA artists' fund. He taught at C.W. Post College on Long Island and Manhattan's and School of Visual Arts.

References
"Gerrit Henry, An Art Critic Who Also Wrote Poetry, Dies at 52," Ken Johnson, New York Times, May 12, 2003.

External links
NY Times obituary

1950 births
American art critics
The New York Times people
2003 deaths
Columbia College (New York) alumni

Gerrit Henry


Sean Taylor (born May 2, 1968) is an American comic book and short story writer, perhaps best known for his run on Gene Simmons Dominatrix published by IDW Publishing.

Biography
Taylor grew up and lived all his life in the state of Georgia, U.S.A, and he has applied that sense of Southern 'magical realism' to his writing. He began writing creating articles for trade magazines and stringing for his local paper The Alpharetta Revue.

Cyber Age Adventures
In 1999, Taylor got a job as the first staff writer for the online zine Cyber Age Adventures. While there, he soon became the Vice President of Editorial and oversaw the publication or two prose anthologies from the magazine's stories, A Private Little Corner of the Universe and Playing Solitaire. In 2011, he published a collection of all of his Cyber Age stories called Show Me A Hero, highly recommended by comics and prose pros from Marvel Comics editor Tom Brevoort to Black Lightning creator Tony Isabella.

Shooting Star Comics
In 2001, Taylor connected with other comic book writing hopefuls and helped to form the indie publisher Shooting Star Comics. Shooting Star published a quarterly anthology comic book called The Shooting Star Comics Anthology, which debuted characters including Aym Geronimo, Yellow Jacket Man of Mystery, Bed Bug, Nick Landime, and others. Taylor's own creation that ran regularly in that anthology, Fishnet Angel, originally appeared in prose in Cyber Age Adventures magazine online. In 2007, Shooting Star Comics dissolved as a company.

IDW and Gene Simmons
In 2006, Taylor signed on with IDW Publishing, publisher of comics such as 30 Days of Night and Transformers to be the writer for the flagship book of the new Simmons Comics Group, created by KISS member Gene Simmons. The series told the adventures of Dominque Stern, a professional dominatrix who becomes a pawn in a CIA adventure that has possible roots in alien technology. Simmons described the book as "CIA meets TNA" though Taylor wrote in an afterword for the trade paperback edition that he always envisioned the series as "Mary Tyler Moore meets Crimes of Passion." The book ran for 6 issues and was collected as a trade paperback in 2008.

While at IDW Taylor also contributed the story "Nymph" for the Simmons Comics Group publication Gene Simmons House of Horrors.

Other work
Taylor has announced at his website (www.taylorverse.com) that he is officially working on an original sequel to the works of H.G. Wells called A Stitch in Time, which will tie into The Time Machine, The Invisible Man, The Food of the Gods, and The War of the Worlds; with artist George Pitcher. He has also announced that he is doing gender-twisted crime comic called Quinn: The Reckoning for Markosia Publishing with Jetta: Tales of the Toshigawa artist Martheus Wade.

Bibliography
His work includes:

Comics

Shooting Star Comics Anthology #1–6, 2002–2005, published by Shooting Star Comics

Fishnet Angel: Jane Doe #1–2, 2005, published by Shooting Star Comics

"Nymph," Gene Simmons House of Horrors #1, IDW Publishing, 2007

"Nymph," reprinted in Gene Simmons House of Horrors Trade Paperback, IDW Publishing, 2007

Gene Simmons Dominatrix #1–6, IDW Publishing, 2007–2008

Gene Simmons Dominatrix Trade Paperback, IDW Publishing, 2008

The Invisible Man graphic novel adaptation, Campfire Publishing, 2009

The Tantalizing Ti-Girl, Mini-Komix, 2010

Short Story Collections and Anthologies

Show Me A Hero
Published by New Babel Books, 2011

Zombiesque
Published by Daw Books, 2011, featuring his story "Posthumous"

Classics Mutilated
Published by IDW Publishing, 2010, featuring his story "The Fairest of Them All (A Symphony of Revenge)

A Private Little Corner of the Universe
Published by Cyber Age Adventures Press, 2000, features a section of his work for the Cyber Age Adventures zine

Playing Solitaire
Published by Cyber Age Adventures Press, 2000, stories edited and selected by Sean Taylor from the Cyber Age Adventures zine

O' Georgia! A Collection of Georgia's Newest and Most Promising Writers Volume 3
Features the stories "Erosion" and "No Man Is"

O' Georgia! A Collection of Georgia's Newest and Most Promising Writers Volume 2
Features the story "Cherry Hill" and the poems "Gomer" and "Old Fall"

Nonfiction

Warts and All: Comics Scripts and Tutorials
Self-published, 2009
Currently only sold at conventions as a signed and numbered limited edition

Role-Playing Games

The Gotham City Sourcebook
Published by West End Games/D6 Legend, 2000
Wrote the bios and histories for several of the Batman and Gotham City primary and supporting cast for this role playing game sourcebook

Notes

External links

1968 births
American comics writers
American graphic novelists
Living people
Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Place of birth missing (living people)
American male novelists

Sean Taylor (writer)


"Harch" is the command issued by the Drum Major of a marching band, or by a Sergeant in charge of assembled troops, to move forwards upon the left foot. The command most commonly issued is "For'd, Harch" meaning for the entire group to move forwards as one body.  "For'd" is the attention-getting and directive part of the command; "Harch" is the executive part of the command.

The term "harch", rather than "march" is used, as the latter term may easily be scattered by noise. For similar reasons, the contraction "for'd" is (preferably) used rather than "forward."  Also, the term march may be confused with a number of other commands that include this word, e.g., "To the Right Flank, Harch."

Marching bands

Harch