Genevieve Bell  is an Australian cultural anthropologist, best known for her work at the intersection of cultural practice research and technological development (including as a pioneer in the field of futurist research), and for being an industry pioneer of the user experience field. Bell was the inaugural director of the Autonomy, Agency and Assurance Innovation Institute (3Ai), which was co-founded by the Australian National University (ANU) and CSIRO's Data61, and a Distinguished Professor of the ANU College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics. In 2021, she became the inaugural Director of the new ANU School of Cybernetics. She also holds the university's Florence Violet McKenzie Chair, and is the first SRI International Engelbart Distinguished Fellow. Bell is also a Senior Fellow and Vice President at Intel. She is widely published, and holds 13 patents.

Early life
Daughter of renowned Australian anthropologist, Diane Bell, Genevieve Bell was born in Sydney and raised in a range of Australian communities, including Melbourne, Canberra, and in several Aboriginal Communities in the Northern Territory. Bell attended university in the United States, where she graduated from Bryn Mawr College in 1990 with a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Philosophy in anthropology. She went on to attend Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, for graduate studies. In 1993, Bell earned her master's degree from Stanford, followed by a PhD in 1998, both in anthropology. Her doctoral research focused on the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, which operated in rural Pennsylvania in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Career
From 1996 to 1998, Bell taught anthropology and Native American Studies at Stanford University, in both the Department of Anthropology and Department of Anthropological Sciences, as well as in the Continuing Studies Program.

Bell was recruited from her faculty position by Intel Corporation in 1998 to help build out their nascent social-science research competency in the advanced research and development labs. She was based at one of the company's campuses in Hillsboro, Oregon, where she worked as a cultural anthropologist, studying how different cultures around the globe used technology. She and her colleagues helped reorient Intel to a more market-inspired and experience-driven approach, and she is widely credited with establishing "user experience" as a recognised competency at Intel.

Bell started Intel's first User Experience Group in 2005, as part of Intel's Digital Home Group. The company named her an Intel Fellow, their highest technical rank, in November 2008, for her work in the Digital Home Group. She rejoined the advanced research and development labs in 2010, when Intel made her the director of their newly forming User Experience Research group. This group was Intel's first fully integrated user experience research and development group; they worked on questions of big data, smart transportation, next generation image technology and ideas about fear and wonder. After steering that group to a range of successes inside and outside the company, she was made a vice president in 2014 and senior fellow in 2016.

Bell's impact has been recognised repeatedly outside Intel.  In 2010, she was named one of the Top 25 Women in Technology to Watch by AlwaysOn and as one of the 100 Most Creative People in Business by Fast Company. In 2012, Bell was inducted to the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame and in 2013, she was named Anita Borg's Women of Vision in Leadership. In 2014, she was included in Elle Magazine's first list of influential women in technology and also included in a new exhibit at London's Design Museum profiling 25 women from around the world.

Bell was also a Thinker in Residence for South Australia from 2008 to 2010. Her visiting appointment was intended to help guide government policy surrounding a new national broadband initiative. Bell conducted ethnographic research and developed new innovative research methods to identify barriers to adoption and drivers around broadband uptake. Her final report, "Getting Connected, staying connected: exploring the role of new technology in Australian society" is available online.

After 18 years as Intel's resident anthropologist in Silicon Valley, Bell returned to Australia in 2017 as the first of five appointments under the ANU Vice-Chancellor Brian Schmidt's Entrepreneurial Fellows scheme. She is a distinguished professor at the ANU College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics, where she initially focused on "exploring how to bring together data science, design thinking and ethnography to drive new approaches in engineering; and ... exploring the questions of what it means to be human in a data-driven economy and world". She is the university's inaugural appointee of the Florence Violet McKenzie Chair, named in honour of Australia's first female electrical engineer and lifelong proponent of technical education for women.

In 2017, the ANU announced a major 10-year plan to drive the expansion of its program in engineering and computer science. The expansion in part was to be led by Bell as the director of the newly founded Autonomy, Agency and Assurance Institute, to be known as the 3A Institute or 3Ai, co-founded by Australian National University and CSIRO's Data61, Australia's largest data innovation network. The 3A Institute brings together a diverse team from a range of disciplines to tackle complex problems around artificial intelligence, data and technology and managing their impact on humanity.

Since returning to Australia, Bell's expertise in the field of AI development and regulation has been recognised by government and industry. At the 2016 Advance Awards, Bell received the Award for Technology Innovation and Overall 2016 Advance Global Australian Award. In October 2018, Bell was elected as a fellow of the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering (ATSE), a not-for-profit organisation which brings together leading minds in technology and engineering from academia, government and industry sectors. She was also appointed to the National Science and Technology Advisory Council among other members including Nobel Laureate and ANU Vice-Chancellor Brian Schmidt and Chair Prime Minister Scott Morrison. The council is responsible for providing expert advice to the prime minister and other ministers on science and technology challenges facing Australia. During her time on the council, Bell was involved in authoring a 2020 report titled "What motivates people to download and continue to use the COVIDSafe app?". Additionally, Bell was the lead author of the 2023 Rapid Response Information Report (RRIP) on Generative AI for the Minister for Industry and Science.

In January 2019, Bell was appointed as an independent non-executive director of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia board.

On 22 January 2020, Bell was named the first Engelbart Distinguished Fellow by SRI International. The fellowship is named after Douglas C. Engelbart, a pioneer of modern computing, and recognises 'visionaries who are disrupting the traditional way we interact with and view technology' from around the globe. Shortly after, Bell was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2020 Australia Day Honours for distinguished service to education, particularly to the social sciences and cultural anthropology. That same year she was also elected as a Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities.

In 2021, Bell created the new School of Cybernetics at the ANU and was appointed the inaugural Director. Informed by the intellectual legacy of cybernetics and building on the foundational work of the 3A Institute, the School of Cybernetics aims to inspire and shape safe, sustainable, and responsible futures that consider people, the environment, and technology. The School is committed to helping Australia and the world navigate major 21st century challenges, particularly those involving new and emerging technologies.

On 26 September 2023, Bell resigned from the Commonwealth Bank board. The same day, Bell was announced as the 13th Vice-Chancellor and President of the Australian National University. She will take up the position as of the 1 January 2024.

Notable talks and works
Bell is a notable public voice in the realms of emerging and historical technology, cybernetics, and artificial intelligence. She has given multiple TED and TEDx talks, including "6 Big Ethical Questions About the Future of AI" and "The Value of Boredom".

In October 2017, Bell presented the ABC's 2017 Boyer Lectures, interrogating what it means to be human, and Australian, in a digital world. Bell joins the list of prominent Australians selected each year by the ABC since 1959 to present the annual Boyer Lectures and stimulate a national conversation on social, cultural and political issues of contemporary Australian society.

In 2021, Bell delivered the IPAA's Garran Oration, the Australian public sector's most prestigious address that honours one of the most prominent Australian Commonwealth public servants, Sir Robert Garran GCMG. The talk has been held every year since 1959 and has previously been delivered by former Australian Prime Ministers and other notable Australian figures. Bell's 2021 Oration highlights the role of cybernetics in imagining, understanding, and building the future.

Bell also delivered the inaugural Ann Moyal Lecture in 2023 in association with the National Library of Australia, a talk given by distinguished speakers on a contemporary topic which draws on interdisciplinary knowledge relating to fields such as science, history, art, anthropology, technological change and more. Ann Moyal was a highly influential Australian historian who pioneered the history of science in Australia. Bell's lecture explores Australia's Overland Telegraph Line through a cybernetic lens, building on years of innovative research partly funded by Meta and their responsible Metaverse fund.

Other speaking highlights include her 2016 O'Reilly Conference keynote on AI and making human connection, her 2018 WIRED25 talk on ethical AI, her 2018 ASSA Fay Gale lecture on anthropological interventions for decolonizing AI, and her 2020 Long Now seminar on responsible AI in the fourth industrial revolution.

Alongside her speaking engagements, Bell has authored several articles, books, and other publications. Her first book, Divining a Digital Future: Mess and Mythology in Ubiquitous Computing, written in collaboration with Paul Dourish, is an exploration of the social and cultural aspects of ubiquitous computing, with a particular focus on the disciplinary and methodological issues that have shaped the ubiquitous computing research agenda. The book was published by MIT Press in 2011.

An earlier essay from 2007 by Bell, also co-authored with Dourish, Resistance is Futile': Reading Science Fiction Alongside Ubiquitous Computing", has been widely cited as an inspiration for, or a key influence on, the emergence of the field of design fiction.

Bell contributed to the 2015 book Data: Now Bigger and Better! in her chapter "The Secret Life of Big Data", building on her previous talks surrounding critical accounts of technology.

In 2021, Bell contributed to the Griffith Review 71: Remaking the Balance through her piece "Touching the Future", which builds on her 2017 ABC Boyer Lectures and aims to introduce an approach to the future and cybernetics to a broader audience. The same year she also published the chapter "Talking to AI: An anthropological encounter with artificial intelligence" in The SAGE Handbook of Cultural Anthropology, drawing from her earlier talks and presentations on anthropological approaches to AI. Additionally, she was lead author of the "Custodians and Midwives: The Library of the Future" School of Cybernetics report, a work which represents the culmination of a year-long collaboration with the National Library of Australia and provides a cybernetic analysis of the library and strategies for integrating AI in the library's future.

In 2022, she published "The metaverse is a new word for an old idea" in the MIT Technology Review. In the article she discusses the origins and early histories of the metaverse and how it can inform the building of present day metaverse and other technologies.

Awards and fellowships
Bell has received a number of awards and fellowships throughout her career in recognition of her work, including:
 (2021, 2023) The Australian Top 100 Innovator
 (2021) Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
 (2020) Inaugural SRI International Engelbart Distinguished Fellow
 (2020) Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering
 (2020) Officer of the Order of Australia
 (2017) Inaugural Florence Violet McKenzie Chair
 (2016) Overall Winner and Innovation Awardee of the Advance Global Australian Awards
 (2014) Elle Magazine Influential Woman in Tech
 (2013) Anita Borg Foundation Woman of Vision
 (2013) Fast Company 25 Smartest Women on Twitter
 (2012) Women in Technology Hall of Fame Inductee
 (2010) Fast Company Influential Woman in Technology
 (2009) Fast Company 100 Most Creative People in Business

References

External links

 ANU School of Cybernetics
 3Ai Website
 Genevieve Bell, ANU biography

Living people
Australian anthropologists
Australian women anthropologists
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Intel people
People from Hillsboro, Oregon
Scientists from Sydney
Stanford University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Futurologists
Academic staff of the Australian National University
Officers of the Order of Australia
Cyberneticists
Women cyberneticists

Genevieve Bell


Texas smoked brisket or barbecue brisket, is an American dish made with brisket that is popular in Texas.

History

Precursors
During the late 1800s, many Ashkenazi Jews, as well as Czechs and Germans, emigrated to Texas. These immigrants brought with them their cuisine, which included brisket. Brisket was a very important and popular food in Ashkenazi Jewish culture and cuisine, and has been eaten by Jews since at least the 1700s, as it was cheap and they were allowed to eat it despite their strict dietary laws. When these immigrants arrived in Texas, they were able to procure beef much more easily than in their home countries as Texas had many heads of cattle available for purchase.

Jewish immigrants were the first to smoke brisket in the United States. By the early 1900s smoked brisket appeared on Jewish deli menus across Texas. The first mention of smoked brisket appears in newspaper advertisements in 1910 geared towards the Jewish community of Texas, Watson's Grocery in El Paso and Naud Burnett grocery store in Greenville both sold smoked brisket in their Jewish deli counter, alongside other foods such as smoked whitefish salad and chopped liver. In 1916, Alex and Moise Weil (of French Jewish descent) advertised smoked brisket alongside pastrami in an advertisement for their grocery store in Corpus Christi.

1950s to present
In the late 1950s, Black's BBQ in Lockhart credits themselves as the first restaurant outside the Jewish community in Texas to serve smoked brisket exclusively in their barbecue restaurant.  It wasn't until the 1960s when most of the barbecue restaurants in Texas began adopting brisket.

Smoked brisket is one of the most popular dishes enjoyed in barbecue joints in Texas today.

Serving

Smoked brisket is commonly served with pickles and onions, and sometimes Texas toast.

References

Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine
Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Texas
Czech-American cuisine
Czech-American culture in Texas
German-American cuisine
German-American culture in Texas
Jewish American cuisine
Jews and Judaism in Texas
Smoked meat
Texan cuisine

Texas smoked brisket


Martin L. (Marty) Demaine (born 1942) is an artist and mathematician, the Angelika and Barton Weller artist in residence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Demaine attended Medford High School in Medford, Massachusetts. After studying glassblowing in England, he began his artistic career by blowing art glass in New Brunswick in the early 1970s. The Demaine Studio, located in Miramichi Bay and later at Opus Village in Mactaquac, was the first one-man glass studio in Canada, part of the international studio glass movement. Demaine's pieces from this period are represented in the permanent collections of half a dozen major museums including the Canadian Museum of Civilization and the National Gallery of Canada. Since joining MIT, Demaine has begun blowing glass again, as an instructor at the MIT Glass Lab; his newer work features innovative glassblowing techniques intended as a puzzle to his fellow glassblowers.

Martin Demaine is the father of MIT Computer Science professor and MacArthur Fellow Erik Demaine; in 1987 (when Erik was six) they together founded the Erik and Dad Puzzle Company which distributed puzzles throughout Canada. Erik was home-schooled by Martin, and although Martin never received any higher degree than his high school diploma, his home-schooling caused Erik to be awarded a B.S. at age 14 and a Ph.D. and MIT professorship at age 20, making him the youngest professor ever hired by MIT.
The two Demaines continue to work closely together and have many joint works of both mathematics and art, including three pieces of mathematical origami in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York, and another three in the permanent collection of the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian Museum. Their joint mathematical works focus primarily on the mathematics of folding and unfolding objects out of flat materials such as paper and on the computational complexity of games and puzzles. Martin and Erik were fans of Martin Gardner and in 2001 they teamed up with Gathering 4 Gardner founder Tom M. Rodgers to edit a tribute book for Gardner on his 90th birthday. Father and son are both featured in the movie Between the Folds, a documentary on modern origami.

Demaine is a dual citizen of Canada and the United States.

References

External links
Demaine's web site

1942 births
Living people
American glass artists
Canadian glass artists
Origami artists
Researchers in geometric algorithms
Artists from Massachusetts
Artists from New Brunswick
Massachusetts Institute of Technology people
Mathematical artists

Martin Demaine


Burton Kent Farnsworth (March 6, 1890 – September 27, 1945) was a Director of Secondary Education of Utah and a leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Farnsworth was born in Beaver, Utah Territory. From 1909 to 1912, he was a LDS Church missionary in Samoa. After his mission, he obtained education degrees from Utah State Agricultural College and a doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley. He was a professor of education at Utah State, and from 1934 until his death was the Director of Secondary Education of Utah.

In the LDS Church, Farnsworth was a bishop in Fillmore, Utah, from 1928 to 1931, and from 1937 until his death was the second assistant George Q. Morris, the general superintendent of the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association (YMMIA). He had joined the general board of the YMMIA in 1935.

Farnsworth died in Seattle, Washington, and was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. Farnsworth's papers are housed at the Harold B. Lee Library of Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. He was married to Mabel Pearce and was the father of six children.

References
Andrew Jenson. Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, vol. 4, pp. 237–38.

External links
Mabel Pearce and Burton K. Farnsworth papers, Brigham Young University

1890 births
1945 deaths
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
American Mormon missionaries in Samoa
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
Counselors in the General Presidency of the Young Men (organization)
Education in Utah
People from Beaver, Utah
State cabinet secretaries of Utah
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Utah State University alumni
Utah State University faculty
20th-century American politicians
Latter Day Saints from California
Latter Day Saints from Utah

Burton K. Farnsworth


Robert E. Walkup (November 14, 1936 – March 12, 2021) was an American politician who served as the 40th mayor of Tucson from 1999 to 2011.

Early life and career
Walkup was born in Ames, Iowa, on November 14, 1936.  His father was a professor of engineering at Iowa State University.  He obtained a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering from Iowa State University, before serving in the US Army Corps of Engineers.  Upon his return from military service, he worked in the aerospace industry for 35 years.  He was employed by Rockwell International, Fairchild Republic, and Hughes Aircraft Company.  While working at Rockwell International, Fairchild Republic, he oversaw the production of the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II. He also served as the chairman of the Tucson Economic Council.

Mayoral career
Walkup was first elected on November 2, 1999, defeating Democratic former City Councilwoman Molly McKasson and local businessman Bob Beaudry. Benefitting from a split in the Democratic vote, he was sworn into office on December 6, 1999, succeeding two-term Tucson mayor George Miller, who retired from office as the city's longest-serving official. He became the first Republican mayor of Tucson since 1983.

During his first term as mayor, Walkup intervened after both the University Medical Center and Tucson Medical Center announced the closure of their trauma centers in 2001.  He phoned every hospital in the city and hosted a meeting at his office, where plans were formulated for a new world class trauma center, opened on January 8, 2008.  He oversaw Tucson's resumption of using Colorado River water in 2001, which was suspended in the 1990s after it corroded residents' pipes. The city corrected this issue by diminishing its salinity and mineral levels.  The reintroduction added to the potable supply and decreased reliance on groundwater.

Walkup was re-elected for a second term November 4, 2003, narrowly defeating Democratic former mayor Tom Volgy.  During this tenure, he became the first mayor in his state to sign the U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement and presided over the development of Tucson's solar energy capability.  Although his proposal of a transportation tax was defeated at the ballot box, this paved the way for a similar tax of half a cent across Pima County that was approved by voters in 2006.  He introduced fees for waste collection and for development impact, and shifted the library system to the county.  He was partly responsible for amalgamating the economic development agencies into a single regional organization in 2005. He was re-elected for a third term on November 6, 2007, defeating a Green Party candidate with 72% of the vote after the Democrats opted not to field a candidate.

Walkup announced on February 22, 2011 that he would not seek re-election after his current term ended in December.  Democrat Jonathan Rothschild won the election and was sworn into office on December 5, 2011.

Personal life
Walkup was married to his second wife, Beth LaRouche for over 30 years until his death.  They met while working at the Children's Museum Tucson, and had five children.

Walkup died on the night of March 12, 2021, at his home in midtown Tucson.  He was 84, and had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

References

External links

Tucson Mayor's official website; Mayor Jonathan Rothschild a/o 2012-09-16.
"Walkup" search of Tucson city website; 167 mentions a/o 2012-09-16.

1936 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American aerospace engineers
Arizona Republicans
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
Iowa State University alumni
Mayors of Tucson, Arizona
Military personnel from Iowa
Politicians from Ames, Iowa
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel

Bob Walkup


Kotha Raghuramaiah (1912 –1979) was a veteran Indian politician and barrister who served as the Union Cabinet minister of Defence, Civil Aviation, Petroleum & Chemicals, Tourism and Parliamentary Affairs. He is one of the longest-serving cabinet minister in the History of India. The Members of Parliament from the Lok sabha and Rajya Sabha participate in a friendly Cricket competition annually for the honor of lifting the Raghuramaiah Trophy named after him.

Family
Raghuramaiah was born on 6 August 1912 to Kotha Jagannadham and Kotamma in Sangam Jagarlamudi in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, South India. He had two brothers and six sisters. He married Suguna Jampala in 1936. Later, he was married to Lakshmi Raghuramaiah, a prominent scholar-activist in the cause of women upliftment in India on 3 July 1937.

Education
Raghuramaiah was educated at Andhra Christian College, Guntur and Lucknow University. He studied Bar-at-Law from Middle Temple in United Kingdom. He was awarded gold medal in the All India Inter-University Oratorical Contest (English) held at Lucknow, 1932–33. He was conferred Doctorate Degrees by Andhra University in 1975 and by Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati in January 1977.

Career

Raghuramaiah joined Government of India service as Deputy Secretary in the Department of Law.  He relinquished the job to enter active politics in 1949. He was elected to the Indian Parliament from Tenali and Guntur. He served as a Union cabinet minister of Defence, Civil Supplies, Petroleum and Chemicals and Parliamentary Affairs.

 Practiced Law in Madras High Court, 1937–1941
 Joined Provincial Judicial Service in 1941; between 1941 and 1951, held various posts like:
 Assistant Secretary, Legal Department, Government of Madras – 1941.
 Assistant Director of Employment and Regional Publicity Officer (Madras) in the Resettlement Directorate of the Ministry of Labour, Government of India.
 Assistant Solicitor to the Government of India, Ministry of Law.
 Deputy Secretary and Joint Secretary, Legal Department, Government of Madras
 Legal Secretary and Legal Remembrancer to the Government of Madras.
 Reesignation from Government service in 1951.
 Enrolled as an Advocate of the Supreme Court.
 Editor, 'Asian Recorder', 1955.
 Member, AICC, 1955–59.
 Legal Advisory Committee, AICC, 1956.
 Secretary, Harijan Sevak Sangh, Madras.
 Vice-president, Madras Corporation Labour Union prior to 1942.
 Member, Executive Committee, Indian Institute of Public Administration, 1954.
 Member, Railway Corruption Enquiry Committee, 1954.
 President, P.& T. Workers' Union (Andhra Circle), 1954.
 President, Andhra Pradesh Life Insurance Salaried Officers Association, 1954.
 President, All-India Postal Employees' Union, Class III, Andhra Circle, 1956.
 President, All-India R.M.S. Employees Union, Class IV, Andhra Circle, 1956.
 Member, First Lok Sabha, 1952–57, Second Lok Sabha, 1957–62, Third Lok Sabha, 1962–67, Fourth Lok Sabha 1967–70 and Fifth Lok Sabha 1971–77.
 Member, Executive Committee, Congress Party in Parliament – 1954.
 Secretary, Executive Committee, Congress Party in Parliament – 1955.
 Convener, External Affairs Standing Committee, 1952–57.
 Member, Estimates Committee 1954.
 Member, General Purposes Committee and Rules Committee, 1955–57.
 Chairman, Petitions Committee, 1955–57.
 Deputy Minister of Defence, May 1957.
 Minister of State for Defence on 16 April 1962.
 Minister of Defence Production on 14 November 1962.
 Minister of State in the Ministry of Labour & Employment on 9 June 1964.
 Minister of Supply in the Ministry of; Industry and Supply on 13 June 1964.
 Minister of Supply and Technical Development on 3 October 1964.
 Minister of State in the Ministry of Law on 13 March 1967.
 Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Chemicals and of Planning and Social Welfare on 13 March 1967.
 Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Chemicals and of Social Welfare on 5 September 1967.
 Minister of Petroleum and Chemicals on 23 August 1968.
 Minister of Parliamentary Affairs and Shipping and Transport on 14 February 1969.
 Cabinet Minister of Parliamentary Affairs and Shipping and Transport 26 June 1970 – March 1971.
 Cabinet Minister of Parliamentary Affairs in February 1973.
 Additional charge of Ministry of Works and Housing in October 1974.
 Minister of Works & Housing and Parliamentary Affairs.
 Minister of Tourism & Civil Aviation and Parliamentary Affairs in December 1976.
 Chairman, Government of India Tobacco Delegation to Far East, 1954 and Tobacco Export Committee, 1956–57.
 Member, Indian Central Tobacco Committee, 1953–57.
 Vice-president from 1955 to 1956; Alternate Delegate to the Trusteeship Committee of the United Nations, 1956.
 India's Representative in the U.N. Committee on Information from, Non-Self Governing Territories, 1956.
 Alternate Delegate to the U.N. General Assembly, 1956.
 Member, Executive Committee of the Indian Parliamentary Group, 1955–57.
 Member, "Law of the Sea" Conference, Geneva, April 1960.
 delegate to the International Parliamentary Council Meeting at Nice (France) in 1957 and at Dubrovnik (Yugoslavia) in 1966.
 Represented Government of India at the function, of the assumption of office by the President of Philippines in December 1969.
 Leader of the Indian delegation at the International Highway Conference held at Montreal in 1970.
 Member, Indian Parliamentary delegation to USA in 1970.
 Attended Colombo Housing Ministers Conference at Sri Lanka in 1975.
 Leader of Indian Delegation to the 21st Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference held in New Delhi in 1975.
 Leader of the Indian Delegation to the U.N. Conference on Habitat held in Vancouver in June 1976.
 Leader of the Indian Delegation to the 22nd Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference held in Mauritius in September 1976.

Honours
Raghuramaiah served the Indian Parliament for three decades from 1952 to 1979. He died on 6 June 1979.
 Andhra University conferred Doctorate Degree in 1975.
 Sri Venkateswara University conferred Doctorate Degree in 1977.
 Two colleges in the towns of Narasaraopeta and Duggirala in Guntur district were named in his honour.

References

External links
 Biodata of Kotha Raghuramaiah at Lok Sabha website.

1912 births
1979 deaths
20th-century Indian lawyers
India MPs 1952–1957
India MPs 1957–1962
India MPs 1962–1967
India MPs 1967–1970
India MPs 1971–1977
India MPs 1977–1979
Civil aviation ministers of India
Defence Ministers of India
Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh
Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh
Members of the Cabinet of India
Members of the Middle Temple
People from Guntur district
Telugu politicians
Tourism ministers of India
University of Lucknow alumni

Kotha Raghuramaiah


The spontaneity of a process refers to whether or not the reaction would occur without an input of energy, because of the value of the reaction's Gibbs free energy.

The Gibbs free energy is given by:

where  refers to the Gibbs free energy, to the enthalpy change,  to the temperature (in Kelvin) and  to the entropy change.

If the Gibbs free energy change is 0 or negative, the reaction is said to be spontaneous and can occur without an input of energy into the system. If the Gibbs free energy were above 0, the reaction would not be spontaneous and would require an input of energy in order for it to proceed.

In equilibrium reactions, a reaction one way will be spontaneous, while the reverse reaction will be non-spontaneous. Therefore, using a general formula for equilibria:

A <=> B + C

If the formation of compounds  and  from  were spontaneous, the formation of compound  from  and  would be non-spontaneous.

An example of a spontaneous process is the conversion of diamond into graphite, because graphite has a more thermodynamically stable structure. An example of a non-spontaneous process would be the combustion of methane in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water, as this requires an input of energy.

References

Chemical reactions
Physical chemistry

Spontaneity (chemistry)


Francis Scott Napier, 8th Lord Napier (23 February 1758 – 1 August 1823) was a British peer and army officer.

Biography

Napier was born in Ipswich in 1758, the son of William Napier (later 7th Lord Napier) and his wife, Mary, a daughter of Charles Cathcart, 8th Lord Cathcart.

Inheriting his father's title on 2 January 1775, Napier was earlier commissioned into the 31st Foot in 1774 and was promoted to a lieutenant in 1776. After serving with General Burgoyne in Canada, he fought in the American Revolutionary War with the Convention Army under Burgoyne at the time of their defeat and surrender at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777. After release from captivity at Cambridge, Massachusetts, he purchased a captain's commission in the 35th Foot in 1779 and transferred to the 4th Foot in 1784, becoming a major soon afterwards.

From 1788 to 1790, Napier was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland and laid the foundation stone of the new buildings of the University of Edinburgh in 1789, for which he was awarded a LLD.

In 1796, 1802 and 1807, he was chosen as a Representative peer and was Lord Lieutenant of Selkirkshire from 1797 until his death in 1823. From 1802 until his death, Napier was, with Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville's help, annually nominated as Lord High Commissioner.

Napier died at his home, Dacre Lodge in Enfield, in 1823 and his title passed to his eldest son, William.

Family
On 13 April 1784, Napier married Maria Margaret Clavering (c.1756–1821), the daughter of Lt.-Gen. Sir John Clavering, at St George's, Hanover Square. They had five daughters and four sons, including William John (1786–1834), later 9th Lord Napier.

External links
 An article mentioning Lord Napier's service under Burgoyne.

East Surrey Regiment officers
35th Regiment of Foot officers
King's Own Royal Regiment officers
British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Francis
Lord-Lieutenants of Selkirkshire
Scottish representative peers
1758 births
1823 deaths
British Freemasons
Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Lords Napier
Scott baronets

Francis Napier, 8th Lord Napier


Waldorf education is  education based on Rudolf Steiner's conceptions. During his carreer, Rudolf Steiner published a number of works regarding education and pedagogy.  There are schools, which use these ideas. The ideas are called  Anthroposophy. Rudolf Steiner stated it . These schools started in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. There, they are often an alternative to state-run schools; usually they are private schools. Since the second half of the 20th century, Waldorf education has also spread to other countries.
Education

Waldorf Education


Adoramus te (Latin, "We adore Thee") is a stanza that is recited or sung mostly during the ritual of the Stations of the Cross.

Primarily a Catholic tradition, is retained in some confessional Anglican and Lutheran denominations during the Good Friday liturgy, although it is recited generally in the vernacular. It is recited or sung between stations. The words in Latin and an English translation are as follows:

Text

External links
Thesaurus Precum Latinarum

Stations of the Cross
Christian songs

Adoramus te


"Dark Crisis" (later called "Dark Crisis on Infinite Earths") is a 2022 comic book storyline published by DC Comics, comprising an eponymous central 7 issue mini-series by writer Joshua Williamson and artist Daniel Sampere, and a number of tie-in books. The event received critical acclaim, with critics praising Williamson's writing, inclusion of characters, art, story, and action. The storyline takes place towards the end of Infinite Frontier, with the conclusion of the series leading into the Dawn of DC in 2023.

The title of the series was changed to Dark Crisis on Infinite Earths on and after issue #4, which denoted how the series is a direct sequel to Crisis On Infinite Earths. The series results in the return of the DCU's infinite multiverse which was destroyed in the original crisis in 1986.

Plot

Prelude
Darkseid reveals to his Apokoliptian Elites his knowledge of the Great Darkness, of which he is planning to take control, and his plan to crack the Omniverse. After escaping from Darkseid, Barry Allen runs aimlessly into the ruin of Multiverse-2 where he meets Pariah, who imprisoned him in an alternate reality.

Doctor Multiverse from Earth-8 had not received contact from Machinehead after his negotiation with Darkseid while planning the crack the multiverse. Justice League Incarnate, led by Calvin Ellis, decided to rescue the Flash until they got separated from the Parademon armies attacking their headquarters and confronting other multiversal threats. When Doctor Multiverse touches the crack, she learns a shocking history and convinced the heroes to let Darkseid win.

She reveals to the heroes and Darkseid that the Great Darkness was responsible for causing multiple catastrophic events because of its desire to end all things. During the birth of the multiverse, the Great Darkness declares war against the Light in an attempt to conquer it. The Great Darkness took possession of the Anti-Monitor as its champion while facing off against the Light's champion, the Monitor who summons the heroes to stop Anti-montor's goal resulting in the obliteration of the entire multiverse into a single universe which weakens the Light in the process. As the Darkness attempted to regain control, the Swamp Thing successfully brokered the truce with the Light forcing it to retreat into slumber. However, the Darkness has other plans as it continues to exert its influence by possessing Magog, the Anti-Life Entity, Extant, Superboy-Prime, and Mister Mind, resulting to the creation of 52 Earths. When the Multiverse of 52 Earths was created, the truce was broken allowing the Darkness to reawaken as it continuously spread across the multiverse, which forces the Monitors to contain 52 piles of Earths from collapsing each other. During Final Crisis, Darkseid, who was one of the few beings aware of its existence, had planned to conquer Earth-0 by altering the prophecy and maintaining the possession of the Anti-Life equation to lure the Darkness so that he might take control of entire multiverse. His plan succeeded but at the cost of his life. When Superman activates the Miracle Machine to heal the fabric of the universe, the Darkness reveals itself as it took control of a fallen monitor Mandrakk but was later defeated when his son Nix Uotan summons the entire heroes to kill it. This enrages the Darkness believing that the heroes of the multiverse are much of a greater threat than other powerful beings such as Darkseid. As Darkness continually spread its influence further across the multiverse, it encounters a quantum life-form and manipulates him into altering timelines and history from the Heroes of Earth-0. During Justice League Incarnate's confrontation with the Gentry, the primordial entity known as Empty Hand was created out of existence as Darkness' right hand caused by its truce with the Light. This enables Empty Hand to summon his Gentry by conquering Earth-7, possess Nix Uotan, and create the Oblivion Machine to undo the wish of the Miracle Machine. During the Metal Wars, Darkness summons the bat demon Barbatos as its avatar and the group of Dark Knights as its pawn to sink Earth-0 into blackness by revealing the unknown horrors of the Dark Multiverses. Despite Barbatos' failure and Perpetua's escape from the Source Wall, the Darkest Knight ascended to power by taking over the Multiverse and devastated other Earths until he was defeated by Wonder Woman allowing the Hands to restore Perpetua's actions and recreate an omniverse, which Earth-0 is no longer the center of it. Doctor Multiverse then reveals Darkseid's plan into taking control of the Great Darkness after obtaining his power on Earth-Omega, killing the Quintessence, and cracking open the Omniverse, which the heroes thwarted his plans. Doctor Multiverse believed that the only way to defeat The Great Darkness is to let Darkseid win.

The heroes disapprove of this while Darkseid reveals his first plan to control the Darkness is to declare war on Earth-7 and defeat Empty Hand. As Thomas Wayne attempts to sedate Doctor Multiverse, he is now possessed by the Great Darkness causing Darkseid to kill him and take Doctor Multiverse's energy with him before teleporting to Earth-7. As the heroes try to intervene, the possessed members attack them under the influence of the Empty Hand which Doctor Multiverse frees them. The Empty Hand manages to overpower Darkseid allowing him to activate the Oblivion Machine and lure Darkseid into the dark void. With Orion now the ruler of Apokolips, he decided to destroy Oblivion Machine which the Justice Incarnate continues to rescue Barry Allen. The heroes enter the void only to discover that Barry is trapped in the twisted reality. As they tried to convince Barry to leave, he refused. Pariah suddenly appears and tries to persuade them of their desire but Doctor Multiverse knows his deception and forced the team to retreat. As Orion departed to Apokolips, Thunderer summons his powers to destroy the Machine decimating Earth-7 in the process before evacuating with the team. Having failed to rescue Barry and the multiverse in jeopardy, the Justice League Incarnate decides to summon Barry's Justice League for aid. Somewhere in the Void, Pariah revealed to Darkseid that despite the Justice League Incarnate's success in closing the portal, both Multiverse-1 and 2 were weakened allowing the Great Darkness to take control of Darkseid and submit him to its will creating its own Dark Army alongside Ares, Doomsday, Eclipso, Nekron, Neron, Empty Hand, and Upside Down Man.

Black Adam, Batman, Wonder Woman, Hawkgirl, Superman, Zatanna, Aquaman, John Stewart, Martian Manhunter, Black Canary, and Green Arrow are transported into the House of Heroes (headquarters of the Justice League Incarnate) where it's revealed that Calvin Ellis teleported them because Barry Allen is trapped in a twisted reality and the Great Darkness has enslaved Darkseid and killed Spectre. Wonder Woman explains her discussion with The Hands about the cost to the team. Arriving at Multiverse-1 ruins after the attack, The team is encountered by Pariah who is now under influence of the Darkness. Superman offered Pariah aid to absolve his mistakes but Pariah rejects their help believing that the heroes ruined everything. He claims that he will let the Justice League's world die for the true Multiverse to be reborn. Pariah summons the Dark Army, with Spectre and the Anti-Monitor's shadow demons as their allies, to fight against the Justice League and Justice League Incarnate. During the battle, the Justice League was surprised at how brutal they were and discovered that they were all possessed by the Great Darkness. The battle ends when Green Arrow shoots his arrow to destroy Pariah's machine before being pummeled by Doomsday. Enraged by their interference, Pariah summons his power to erase both the Justice League and Justice League Incarnate from existence. During a battle with Pariah, Black Adam manages to escape and lands in front of the Hall of Justice, saying the Justice League is dead.

After Talia al Ghul killed Deathstroke, his army put his body in the Lazarus Pits where Deathstroke is revived and tells everyone that he will kill everyone.

Jon Kent meets up with Nightwing and reports to him about the Justice League's death from Black Adam. Nightwing and Jon Kent discuss how heroes that die are usually resurrected, and they decide to team up to honor their mentors' legacy. Wally West, Iris West, Linda Park, and Wallace West discuss Barry's disappearance and Wally promises Iris that he will find him. After his hero duties with Wallace, Wally revisits the Flash museum honoring heroes' sacrifices before receiving the call from Jon. Hal Jordan learns from Aquaman (Jackson Hyde) about the Leagues' death before escorting the corrupted alien to its home after being cured. Taking place before the Justice League's death, Pariah wanders endlessly in the false reality while facing his guilt until he discovered the reality of multiverse-2 destruction, unaware that the Great Darkness manipulates him into building the machine. Noctura encounters Stephanie Brown at the museum and understood the loss of Batman until she was persuaded to join the Secret Society of Super Villains.

Plot
Nightwing gives a eulogy to the Justice League in front of the rest of the superhero community and the general public, while Deathstroke and his Secret Society of Super Villains also pay their respects as he blows out the candle. As villains spread chaos across the world out of fear, Hal Jordan joins in after hearing from Jon Kent and Wally West that the Justice League was killed by Pariah according to Black Adam, and doesn't trust Black Adam's word. Wally West tells him that Doctor Fate, Ray Palmer, Ryan Choi, and Captain Cold don't know where the Justice League and Barry Allen are. With Hal Jordan departing for galactic threat and Wally West leaving to find Barry, Jon Kent tries persuading Yara Flor (the Brazilian Wonder Girl) and Jace Fox (the new Batman of New York) to join his new Justice League, but they refuse due to them being busy. Jon Kent creates his new Justice League (Damian Wayne, Supergirl, a female Doctor Light, Blue Beetle, Booster Gold, Ted Kord, Harley Quinn, Killer Frost, Jackson Hyde, and Frankenstein), to which Black Adam tells Jon that his Justice League is not ready because some of the members are reformed villains. Deathstroke and his army launch an attack on the Titans Academy, injuring many superheroes and shooting Beast Boy in the head. On Multiverse-2, Pariah reveals his plan to the Great Darkness by using the Justice League's death to incite Earth-0 into deep despair, allowing him to excess his phase of destroying the multiverse.

Nightwing manages to recover from the attack and confronts Deathstroke who reveals that his army has already targeted Nightwing's closest allies. Deathstroke challenges Nightwing to a fight which Nightwing wins, but Deathstroke offers a second challenger and Nightwing realizes that Deathstroke will kill the person who loses him in a fight. Nightwing offers himself up but is saved by Jon Kent. Deathstroke also sends in Cyborg Superman to take down Jon Kent, but Jon Kent defeats Cyborg Superman. Pariah tells Deathstroke to spare the heroes and orders him to retreat bringing his Secret Society with him, which he relents. Black Adam arrives and announces that he will be training the new Justice League. Kyle Rayner escapes from prison and meets up with Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps (Jo Mullein, Kilowog, Guy Gardner, Simon Baz, and Jessica Cruz), where he learns that Wally West, Kid Flash, Jesse Chambers, Max Mercury, and Wally's kids are trying to find Barry Allen.

As Donna Troy discusses the aftermath of Titans Academy's incident, Deathstroke's army tries to capture more heroes while the public starts to lose hope that the Justice League will return forcing other heroes to make difficult choices. Barbara Gordon, Duke Thomas, Jason Todd, Stephanie Brown and Cassandra Cain go visit the Titans tower to make sure Nightwing is okay after the attack while checking on Beast Boy. Black Adam is trying to train the new Justice League and convinces them they must kill their enemies to scare Deathstroke, but they disapprove of his actions believing that killing them will not justify their victory. Damian Wayne confirms that Deathstroke is well aware of their moral views of killing. Yara Flor arrives and stops Black Adam from killing Count Vertigo in front of the Justice League forcing Black Adam to leave in humiliation and ask the Legion of Doom for help. Deathstroke reunites with Ravager and persuades her to be her legacy as the Darkness infested his Secret Society to start a crisis. As Jon Kent and Damian Wayne argue about their loss of hope, the Justice Society of America arrives to help the new Justice League. Meanwhile, Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps arrive at Planet Ryut of sector 666 using Nekron's old central power battery that allows Hal, Kyle, and Mullein to teleport toward Multiverse-2, leaving other Green Lanterns to prepare for the upcoming battle. As the three Green Lanterns confront Pariah on Multiverse-2's ruin, Hal Jordan discovers the Great Darkness' plan of using the Justice League's death to weaponize them and recreating new pocket dimensions before being disintegrated and transported to the pocket world of John Stewart.

Barry Allen arrives and saves Hal Jordan, revealing that Wally West rescued him from Pariah's mind control and choose to rescue the Justice League after learning about their death and examining their alternate worlds. Barry tells Hal that Pariah is using the Justice League's prisons to harness energy to power a bomb and takes him to Batman's prison. As the Justice League and Justice Society discuss the Great Darkness' threat, Alan Scott manages to persuade Nightwing to lead the new team by stating they need his new leadership since he was the original sidekick who went out of his mentor's shadow. Nightwing, Yara Flor, Alan Scott, and Jon Kent visit the Justice League Dark's headquarters owned by John Constantine, Detective Chimp, and two avatars of Swamp Thing (Alec Holland and Levi Kamei) where they tell the heroes that the Great Darkness is not a benevolent or malevolent force, and someone is corrupting it. Deathstroke attacks the Legion of Doom's headquarters and a fight breaks out. Lex Luthor manages to disarm Deathstroke, but is attacked by infected Prometheus, who manages to take control of the Legion of Doom and attacks Black Adam, with Pariah revealing that he plans to use the energy from the Justice League worlds to create a new Multiverse as he retells its origin.

Black Adam is saved by Sideways, Mister Terrific, Jackson Hyde, and Supergirl from the possessed Legion of Doom, and Mister Terrific realizes that Deathstroke's army spreads The Great Darkness influence over people, and Jon Kent reveals that Pariah is corrupting the Great Darkness. Damian Wayne tells Doctor Light to follow him as he has a secret plan while Nightwings prepares the Titans to fight against Deathstroke's army despite Black Adam's complaint. Flash and Green Lantern manage to free Batman and Wonder Woman from their imprisonment. As they rescue Superman, who is fully aware of his prison world. He reveals to them that he managed to break free of his prison after studying his alternate reality allowing him to absorb the crisis energy. Desperate to recreate the worlds, Pariah discovers that the infinite Earths are unstable and he requires more heroes to stabilize them. Imbued with cosmic powers, Superman manages to free all of the Justice League members, including the revived Green Arrow, as they confront Pariah. Pariah disappears back to Earth-Zero where he attacks the rest of Earth's heroes with Deathstroke's Secret Society and his Dark Army.

The Shadow Demons quickly ambush the Green Lantern Corps as they flush out from the central power battery, while the heroes on Earth are overwhelmed by Pariah's Dark army. As Pariah laments his desire toward the Great Darkness, Deathstroke pleads with Pariah to end this pain, and Pariah states Deathstroke will be freed after he succeeded in Darkness' mission before confronting Nightwing and a recovered Beast Boy. Jace Fox arrives to help the heroes on Earth alongside Miss Martian, Blue Beetle, Connor Hawke, Nubia, and Steel. Pariah vaporizes Steel, Ted Kord, Firestorm, Booster Gold, and Connor Hawke, which recreates more worlds to allow the Great Darkness to overrun the Multiverse. Yara Flor uses her Lasso of Truth on Pariah long enough for Jace Fox and Mister Terrific to use Pariah's machine on him, killing him in the process. Overpowered by the combined strength of Darkseid, Eclipso, Ares, Nekron, Doomsday, and Neron, Jonathan Samuel Kent is about to accept his fate until he was joined with Superman, along with the Justice League and the Green Lantern Corps, who manages to arrive back home thanks to Hal Jordan and Barry Allen's combination of the speed force and the power ring (although Green Arrow is killed once again, since he wasn't vaporized by Pariah). The heroes manage to gain the upper hand on the Dark Army. However, the Great Darkness chooses Deathstroke as its final host, causing him to mutate into a Doomsday-like monstrosity. The now-insane Deathstroke prepares to kill Nightwing and Ravager as he declares that he intends not to control the Multiverse, but to destroy it instead.

As the Justice League tries to fight off Deathstroke, Nightwing and Deathstroke fight in their minds with Deathstroke explaining he wants to destroy the Multiverse to break the cycle of villains rising again and causing everyone to suffer as a result. Damian Wayne brings in the Justice League Incarnate as well as Doctor Light who reveals she is connected to the DC Multiverse just like The Great Darkness. As the Justice League fend off the Great Darkness, Doctor Light combines her power with the Speed Force that The Flash has charged up to repel the Great Darkness from the DC Multiverse becoming more infinite. As Doctor Light and the speedsters successfully healed the multiverse, the Dark Army vanished pulling back from where they came from while the heroes who were erased by Pariah were restored from their deaths. Black Adam gives his powers to the rest of the heroes while weakening Deathstroke but the Great Darkness chooses Nightwing as its new host. Nightwing manages to fight off the Great Darkness influence and knocks out Deathstroke before he could kill Black Adam, and Ravager convinces Deathstroke to stop. As the rest of the heroes reunited with their family and celebrated their victory for saving the multiverse, Deathstroke loses his Super Soldier serum due to the Great Darkness corrupting him, Spectre reconnected with Jim Corrigan along with the restored quintessences, Darkseid returns to Apokolips regaining his leadership, Dr Light exploring the multiverse under Justice League Incarnate supervision, Canary and Arsenal mourns Oliver Queen's death, and members of the Legion of Doom and the Secret Society escaped from chaos and plot their next schemes. With the Great Darkness laid in rest, the heroes concluded that Pariah was never really corrupted by the Great Darkness but it was all in his head. Pariah was only able to tap into a fraction of the Great Darkness' true power. Barry Allen decided to investigate the multiverse for upcoming threat with Wallace West while Hal Jordan rejoins with the Green Lantern Corps for their mission. Superman and Jonathan Samuel Kent thank Black Adam for his help, and Black Adam begrudgingly compliments Jonathan Samuel Kent. While meeting up with Nightwing, Batman announces the Justice League are disbanded because of their experiences and decides that every hero will work together before hearing a call. In the epilogue, Amanda Waller and her Suicide Squad meets up with The Light to try to convince them to eradicate all metahumans.

Tie-ins

Aquamen

After Jackson Hyde, Mera, and Garth defeat Black Manta, they hear that the Justice League was killed. Jackson goes to mera to console her over the death of Arthur Curry.

Dark Crisis: Big Bang
After the final battle, the restoration of the infinite Multiverse led to the return of the Anti-Monitor. The Anti-Monitor once again attempted to destroy the Multiverse, but was foiled by Barry Allen, Wallace West and a team of Multiversal heroes.

Dark Crisis: The Dark Army
Damian Wayne leads Sideways, Power Girl, Doctor Light, and Red Canary to Earth 53 to find a way to prevent The Great Darkness from taking over more heroes and Earths. There they realize that the Great Darkness is trying to infect the orrey of worlds. They then travel to the House of Heroes where they are then ambushed by Justice League Incarnate, who are now possessed by the Great Darkness. Doctor Light learns that her powers are connected to the source and frees Justice League Incarnate, as well as preventing the Great Darkness infecting the orrery of worlds, but Doctor Light frees them thanks to her powers, and they head back to their homeworld.

Dark Crisis: War Zone
Linda Park helps save Iris West while revealing she has super-speed, and together they hold off some villains until the Justice League arrives. Meanwhile, Jim Corrigan who has been separated from The Spectre, with the help of Raven, manages to subdue The Spectre long enough to merge back together in order to remove the influence of the Great Darkness. Nubia has a vision where Deathstroke and his army will cause Dark Crisis in Themiscyra. When the Justice League arrive on Earth, the Green Lanterns manage to repel the Great Darkness. During the battle, Damian Wayne belittles Red Canary. But with the help of Black Canary, Cassandra Cain and Stephanie Brown, Red Canary regains her confidence and helps defeat some villains.

The Flash
Mister Terrific asks Wally West, Wallace West, Jay Garrick, Jesse Chambers, and Max Mercury to help save Barry Allen by going into the Speed Force and finding Barry's vibrations. Linda Park meets up with Wally and is about to tell him that she has powers when their kids Irey and Jai West go into the Speed Force portal that Mister Terrific opened. Irey and Jai West, as well as Max Mercury and Jesse Quick land on two different worlds while Wally and Wallace West land on Barry's prison world. Max Mercury and Jesse Quick land on an Earth where Barry is not a speedster and is in an apocalyptic world while Irey and Jai West land on an Earth where they escape from a speedster Night-Flash (an amalgamation of Batman and Flash). Wally tries talking to Barry Allen, but Barry sees Eobard Thawne instead due to the prison world and nearly kills him.

Linda Park manages to persuade Mister Terrific to let her go in the Speed Force after waiting for a long time and punches Barry before he could kill Wally. Wallace West is nearly tricked to stay in the Prison World but snaps out of it. Jay Garrick arrives to take Irey and Jai West home, and all the speedsters rendezvous at Barry's prison world, with Barry realizing that the Justice League are alive and they're trapped in prison worlds like he was when he encountered Pariah. The rest of the speedsters return to Earth while Barry Allen goes out to try to free the rest of the Justice League before rejoining them.

Young Justice
Tim Drake, Arrowette, Cassie Sandsmark, Bart Allen, and Conner Kent set up statues after Nightwing's speech in Dark Crisis #1. While talking in a table, Tim Drake, Conner Kent, and Bart are suddenly transported into different worlds where Tim sees Alfred Pennyworth again, Connor sees Dubbilex, and Bart meets up with Max Mercury. Cassie tries asking Wally West, Nightwing, and Jonathan Samuel Kent but they don't know where they are. The trio meet up with each other on Happy Harbor (first headquarters of the Justice League) where they are confronted by a female villain name The Mighty Endowed but an alternate version of Cassie saves them.

Cassie manages to convince Arrowette to help her, and they track down Red Volcano and Red Tornado. Connor, Tim, Bart, and alternate Cassie go to Metropolis to fight Tora where they realize something's not right with this world. They go to the Justice League headquarters where they debate whether they should stay in the prison world. When they go back to Happy Harbor, they see Lex Luthor, Deathstroke, and Captain Boomerang.

I Am Batman
Sinestro, under orders of Pariah and Deathstroke, tries to torture Jace Fox (the new Batman) and have Jace get the Yellow Lantern ring. This fails when Jace Fox sees through Sinestro's illusions, and decides to go help the Justice League fight against Pariah's Great darkness enemy.

Superman: Kal-El Returns Special
After defeating Mongul, Superman returns to Earth where he reunites with his family and friends. After talking to Lois, Superman heads to the Hall of Justice where he meets with Naomi McDuffie, Wally West, and Martian Manhunter. As they bond and talk about their recent's adventures, Superman is transported to the Justice League Incarnate to help them deal with Pariah and his dark army. This issue sets up Superman's prior actions before Justice League #75: the death of the Justice League.

Dark Crisis: Worlds Without a Justice League
Following the events of Justice League #75 and the supposed deaths of the League, they are not dead but instead trapped in dream universes by Pariah, in order to power his machine. In these universes the rest of the Justice League does not exist, just the titular character and their supporting cast. These dream universes are meant to show the Justice League their perfect lives. This happiness powers Pariah's machine, which helps him and his Dark Army exert influence and power in the main DC multiverse.

Superman
Superman is trapped in a world where he has to deal with his son Jon Kent growing up and being independent.

Wonder Woman
Wonder Woman is trapped in a world where Etta Candy is president of the United States and Artemis of Bana-Mighdall didn't murder her mother, Queen Hippolyta. She encounters Doctor Psycho who is held captive by the Amazons.

Batman
Batman is trapped in a world where his Bruce Wayne persona is separated by Alfred because Alfred wants Bruce and Batman to be happy. Meanwhile, Zatanna is trapped in a world, but is freed by Zatara, John Constantine, Aquaman, Batman, Superman, Flash, Hal Jordan, and Wonder Woman.

Green Lantern
John Stewart is transported to a world where John helps fight off an enemy called The Radiant Dead who killed Guardians of the Universe. Meanwhile, Kendra Saunders is trying to enter the Temple of Life to break her reincarnation cycle to be her own person.

Green Arrow
Green Arrow is in a world where he is Robin Hood alongside Connor Hawke, Roy Harper, and Mia Dearden trying to fight Merlyn, who is the Sheriff of Nottingham. Green Arrow is attacked by Black Canary, but they stop fighting in order to get to know each other. While at a club, they are attacked by an alternate version of Oliver Queen who never left the island, but Black Canary saves Green Arrow and they kiss, revealing that no matter what world they are in, they will always be soulmates.

Issues involved

Prelude issues

Main series

Tie-in issues

Collected issues

Critical reception
According to Comic Book Roundup, Dark Crisis has a score of 8.1 out of 10 based on 131 reviews. The series as a whole has an average rating of 3.91 out of 5 based on 1,461 readers of the League of Comic Geeks.

References

Comics set on fictional planets
DC Comics titles
2022 in comics
Storylines in comics

Dark Crisis


Percy Daniel Ellsworth III (born October 19, 1974 in Drewryville, Virginia) is a retired former American football safety in the National Football League for the New York Giants and the Cleveland Browns.  Ellsworth joined the Giants as an undrafted free agent in 1996 after playing college football at the University of Virginia.  He was teammates with Tiki Barber at both Virginia and with the Giants.  Ellsworth attended Southampton High School in Courtland, Virginia, where he was a Super Prep All-American as a senior.  He was the NFC Defensive Player of the Week for week 16 of the 1998 NFL season.

See also
History of the New York Giants (1994-present)

References

1974 births
Living people
American football safeties
Virginia Cavaliers football players
New York Giants players
Cleveland Browns players
People from Southampton County, Virginia

Percy Ellsworth


Robin Hood is an English opera in three acts, music by George Alexander Macfarren and libretto by John Oxenford. It was first performed in London, on October 11, 1860.

Principal characters

 Robin Hood (in disguise as Locksley) - tenor
 Marian (daughter of Sheriff) - soprano
 Sir Reginald d'Bracy (Sheriff of Nottingham) - baritone
 Hugo (Sompnour, Collector of Abbey dues) - bass

Synopsis

Act I

The High Street of Nottingham

In the busy street, armourers work at their forge with women spinning yarn while a little flirting goes on between Allan and Alice. Robin Hood soon appears, masquerading under the name of Locksley, and meets Marian, the Sheriff's daughter. Their intimate conversation is overheard by the Sheriff who will accept Locksley as son-in-law if he proves his marksmanship at tomorrow's fair. The Sheriff issues a proclamation, offering a reward for the capture of Robin Hood, unaware that he is present as the yeoman, Locksley. The Sompnour enters to ask the Sheriff for protection through the forest as he carries the dues collected for the abbey from the peasantry. Allan, unable to afford his taxes, is ordered to the stocks by the Sheriff despite protests by the townsfolk. Locksley steps forward to pay Allan's dues for his release. As the sun sets, the Sompnour and Sheriff leave for the castle. Locksley and Marian declare their affection before departing.

Act II

Scene 1: The Trysting tree in the Greenwood

Deep in Sherwood forest, by the trysting tree in moonlight, the Merrie Men relax after their toils, with a fat deer roasting. Robin appears to tell Little John of the Sompnour's expected journey through the forest. They prepare to entrap him: the outlaws conceal themselves while Robin, John and Much, the miller's son, disguise themselves as shepherds and tend to the fire. The Sompnour appears and tells his guards to arrest the shepherds for stealing the King's venison. With affected humility they plead for mercy. When this is sternly refused Robin throws off his disguise and sounds his horn. The Sheriff's men flee, leaving the Sompnour to be captured. Much proposes that he be hanged, but merciful Robin invites the Sompnour to supper. Yet he must pay generously for it. To escape the hanging he must dance for the outlaws' amusement.

Scene 2: Marian's bower

Marian watches the dawn break, imploring Heaven to assist her lover's marksmanship and gain her father's approval. The Sheriff appears and gives encouragement. Much reveals to the Sheriff that Robin Hood will be at the fair and asks for the reward, but the Sompnour recognises him from the forest and he is taken away. In the guise of a friar the Sompnour promises to find Robin and claim the reward himself. To this the Sheriff agrees.

Scene 3: The Fair outside Nottingham

We discover a scene of sport, dancing and games. Robin, as Locksley, recognises the Sompnour and tells Allan to get rid of him. After a dance Allan has the Sompnour blindfolded to play a game of 'Hoodman Blind'. The archery match commences and Locksley proves his skill, enabling him to claim Marian's hand. The Sompnour returns, recognises Locksley, and denounces him as the infamous Robin Hood. Amidst turmoil Robin is seized by the Sheriff's men and led away.

Act III

Scene 1: The Castle garden

Allan and Alice lament the execution of Robin, to take place on the following day. Alice informs the Sheriff that Marian has escaped from her apartment. The Sompnour arrives to claim his reward, but is first told to go to the King for a warrant for Robin Hood's execution.

Scene 2: The Greenwood at noon

Marian appears, dressed as a boy, to tell the outlaws that Robin is to be executed. She leads them to the castle.

Scene 3: Prison cell

In isolation, a distraught Robin awaits his fate. He then hears Marian with his Merrie Men singing outside. This renews his hopes.

Scene 4: The Courtyard of the Castle

Robin is brought from the castle and given time to confess his sins. With his arm freed, he then blows his horn to signal his faithful followers. They appear, led by Marian, to release him but are overpowered. However, the document assumed to be the death warrant is in fact a pardon, given on the understanding that they enter the service of the King. The Sheriff once again consents to the union of Robin and Marian, for which there is general rejoicing.

Structure of opera

 Overture

Act I
 No. 1. Introduction: "Clang, clang, it is a merry sound!" (Alice, Allan, Chorus)
 No. 1a. Ballad with Chorus: "The hunters wake with the early morn" (Alice, Chorus)
 No. 2. Duet: "When lovers are parted" (Locksley, Marian)
 No. 3. Trio: "A dark and troublous time is this" (Sheriff, Marian, Locksley)
 No. 4. Ballad: "True love, true love in my heart" (Marian)
 No. 5. Song: "The monk within his cell" (Sompnour)
 No. 6. Scena: "Be not severe—be not severe, I pray" (Allan, Locksley, Chorus)
 No. 6a. Song: "Englishmen by birth are free" (Locksley, Chorus)
 No. 7. Finale/Round: "May the saints protect and guide thee" (Sheriff, Sompnour, Alice, Allan, Chorus)
 No. 7a. Finale/Duet: "Good night, good night, the sun has set" (Locksley, Marian)

Act II
 No. 8. Part Song: "The wood, the gay greenwood" (Chorus)
 No. 9. Robbery Scene: "A good fat deer" (Robin, Much, Little John, Sompnour, Chorus)
 No. 9a. Song: "The grasping, rasping Norman race" (Robin, Much, Little John, Sompnour, Chorus)
 No. 10. Scena: "Hail, happy morn!" (Marian)
 No. 11. Duet: "To the fair" (Marian, Alice)
 No. 12. Ballad: "From childhood's dawn" (Sheriff)
 No. 13. Second Finale: "How bright is the day" (Allan, Alice, Robin, Marian, Chorus)
 No. 13a. Round Dance and Tilting at the Quintain
 No. 13b. Hoodman Blind: "Who's for a game of "Hoodman Blind?"" (Sompnour, Sheriff, Allan, Alice, Robin, Marian, Chorus)
 No. 13c. Ballad: "Thy gentle voice would lead me on, My own, my guiding-star" (Robin)
 No. 13d. Archery Scene: "Merry laughter, heavy thwacks" (Sheriff, Marian, Alice, Allan, Chorus)
 No. 13e. Quintet: "My heart from its terror reposes at last" (Marian, Alice, Allan, Robin, Sheriff)
 No. 13f. Discovery Scene: "My children, thus your loves I bless" (Sheriff, Sompnour, Allan, Alice, Robin, Marian, Chorus)

Act III
 No. 14. Entr'acte
 No. 15. Duet: "Greatest plague on earth" (Allan, Alice)
 No. 16. Scene: "My child has fled" (Sheriff)
 No. 17. Duet: "To King Richard at once you must go" (Sheriff, Sompnour)
 No. 18. Part Song: "Now the sun has mounted high" (Chorus)
 No. 19. Song: "Sons of the greenwood come!" (Marian, Chorus)
 No. 20. Scena: "Vain was the proud ambition of a sanguine hour" (Robin, Marian, Chorus)
 No. 21. Finale: "Hark to that doleful bell" (All)

Recordings
 2010: Nicky Spence (Robin Hood/Locksley), Kay Jordan (Marian), George Hulbert (Sceriff), Louis Hurst (Sompnour); John Powell Singers, Victorian Opera Chorus and Orchestra, Ronald Corp (Naxos)

Sources

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

1860s operas

Robin Hood (Macfarren)


Make Way for Tomorrow is a 1937 American drama film directed by Leo McCarey. The plot concerns an elderly couple (played by Victor Moore and Beulah Bondi) who are forced to separate when they lose their house and none of their five children will take both parents.

The film was written by Viña Delmar, from a play by Helen and Noah Leary, which was in turn based on the novel The Years Are So Long by advice columnist Josephine Lawrence. McCarey viewed the film as his best, and it has been praised by later critics. In 2010, it was selected for preservation by the United States Library of Congress's National Film Registry.

Plot
Barkley "Bark" (Victor Moore) and Lucy Cooper (Beulah Bondi) are an elderly couple who lose their home to foreclosure, as Barkley has been unable to find employment because of his age. They summon four of their five children—the fifth lives thousands of miles away in California—to break the news and decide where they will live until they can get back on their feet. Only one of the children, Nell (Minna Gombell), has enough space for both, but she asks for three months to talk her husband into the idea. In the meantime, the temporary solution is for the parents to split up and each live with a different child.

The two burdened families soon come to find their parents' presence bothersome. Nell's efforts to talk her husband into helping are half-hearted and achieve no success, and she reneges on her promise to eventually take them. While Barkley continues looking for work to allow him and his wife to live independently again, he has little or no prospect of success. When Lucy continues to speak optimistically of the day that he will find work, her teenage granddaughter bluntly advises her to "face facts" that it will never happen because of his age. Lucy's sad reply is to say that "facing facts" is easy for a carefree 17-year-old girl, but that at Lucy's age, the only fun left is "pretending that there ain't any facts to face ... so would you mind if I just kind of went on pretending?"

With no end in sight to the uncomfortable living situations, both host families look for a way to get the parent they are hosting out of their house. When Barkley catches a cold, his daughter Cora (Elisabeth Risdon) seizes upon it as a pretext to assert that his health demands a milder climate, thus necessitating that he move to California to live with his daughter Addie.

Meanwhile, son George (Thomas Mitchell) and his wife Anita (Fay Bainter) begin planning to move Lucy into a retirement home. Lucy accidentally finds out about their plans, but rather than force George into the awkward position of breaking the news to her, she goes to him first and claims that she wants to move into the home. Meanwhile, Barkley resigns himself to his fate of having to move thousands of miles away, though he too is entirely aware of his daughter's true motivation.

On the day Barkley is to depart by train, he and Lucy make plans to go out and spend one last afternoon together before having a farewell dinner with the four children. They have a fantastic time strolling around the city and reminiscing about their happy years together, even visiting the same hotel in which they had stayed on their honeymoon 50 years prior. Their day is made so pleasant partly because of the kindness of people they encounter, who, although strangers, seem to find them a charming couple, to genuinely enjoy their company, and to treat them with deference and respect—in stark contrast to the treatment the two are receiving from their children.

Eventually Barkley and Lucy decide to continue their wonderful day by skipping the farewell dinner and dining at the hotel instead; when Barkley informs their daughter with a blunt phone call, it prompts introspection among the four children. Son Robert (Ray Meyer) suggests that each of the children has always known that collectively they are "probably the most good-for-nothing bunch of kids that were ever raised, but it didn't bother us much until we found out that Pop knew it too." George notes that it is now so late in the evening that they won't even have time to meet their parents at the train station to send off their father. He says that he deliberately let the time pass until it was too late because he figured their parents would prefer to be alone. Nell objects that if they don't go to the station, their parents "will think we're terrible," to which George matter-of-factly replies, "Aren't we?"

At the train station, Lucy and Barkley say their farewells to one another. On the surface, their conversation echoes Lucy's comments to her granddaughter about preferring to pretend, rather than facing facts. Barkley tells Lucy that he will find a job in California and quickly send for her; Lucy replies that she is sure he will do so.

They then offer each other a truly final goodbye, saying that they are doing so "just in case" they do not see each other again because "anything could happen." Each makes a heartfelt statement reaffirming their lifelong love, in what seems an unspoken acknowledgment that it is almost certainly their final moment together. Barkley boards the train, and Lucy and he acknowledge each other and wave through the closed window as the train pulls away. A somber Lucy turns from the scene.

Cast

Production
Victor Moore and Beulah Bondi, who played "Pa" and "Ma", respectively, were both relatively young actors who wore make-up to appear older.

Reception
Writing for Night and Day in 1937, Graham Greene gave the film a neutral review, summarizing it as "a depressing picture about an old couple". Greene noted that the overall effect the audience receives is "a sense of misery and inhumanity ... left vibrating in the nerves", and commented that the description from Paramount gave a distinctly different expectation of the actual film.

McCarey himself believed that it was his finest film. When he accepted his Academy Award for Best Director for The Awful Truth, which was released the same year, he said, "Thanks, but you gave it to me for the wrong picture."

Make Way for Tomorrow earned good reviews when originally released in Japan, where it was seen by screenwriter Kogo Noda. Years later, it provided an inspiration for the script of Tokyo Story (1953), written by Noda and director Yasujirō Ozu.

Orson Welles said of the film, "It would make a stone cry," and rhapsodized about his enthusiasm for the film in his 1992 book-length series of interviews with Peter Bogdanovich. In Newsweek magazine, famed documentary filmmaker Errol Morris named it his #1 film, stating "The most depressing movie ever made, providing reassurance that everything will definitely end badly."
Roger Ebert added this film to his "Great Movies" list on February 11, 2010, writing:"Make Way for Tomorrow" (1937) is a nearly-forgotten American film made in the Depression ... The great final arc of "Make Way for Tomorrow" is beautiful and heartbreaking. It's easy to imagine it being sentimentalized by a studio executive, being made more upbeat for the audience. That's not McCarey. What happens is wonderful and very sad. Everything depends on the performances.

Also in February 2010, the film was released by the Criterion Collection, whose website describes it asone of the great unsung Hollywood masterpieces, an enormously moving Depression-era depiction of the frustrations of family, aging, and the generation gap ... Make Way for Tomorrow is among American cinema's purest tearjerkers, all the way to its unflinching ending, which McCarey refused to change despite studio pressure.In interviews filmed for the Criterion release, Gary Giddins and Peter Bogdanovich summarize the film's message as to be kind to others, especially ones' family or elders. Giddins posits that, without being political, the film provides an argument for Social Security (which was being implemented in the United States at the time of the film's release). Both Giddins and Bogdanovich argue that the film avoided derogatory ethnic stereotypes by humanizing the supporting characters of the Black maid and the Jewish merchant.

In late 2010, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically" significant.

See also

 Tokyo Story (1953)
 Baghban (2003)

References

External links

Make Way for Tomorrow: Make Way for Lucy... an essay by Tag Gallagher at the Criterion Collection
Make Way for Tomorrow essay by Daniel Eagan In America's Film Legacy, 2009-2010: A Viewer's Guide To The 50 Landmark Movies Added To The National Film Registry In 2009–10, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011,  pages  52-55

1937 films
1937 drama films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
Films scored by Victor Young
Films scored by George Antheil
Films about old age
Films based on American novels
Films based on adaptations
American films based on plays
Films directed by Leo McCarey
Films set in New York City
Paramount Pictures films
United States National Film Registry films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Make Way for Tomorrow


A Second Face is an independently produced adventure game that was created by German developer Jospin Le Woltaire in 2008 and released as freeware. It contains elements of fantasy but also science-fiction, however it also unifies them with elements of classic Cyberpunk and overtones of Enlightenment Thought.

Plot
The story is set on a tide locked planet. The sun-facing side is inhabited by the Strefis, the illuminated ones, while the dark side is populated by the Ugeltz, the people of night. No Ugeltz has ever seen a Strefis however each civilisation remembers the other, in legends. Ugk, the sovereign of the dark realm, has summoned his two sons Rabokk and Torg to send them on a quest that solves the energy problem of the dark side. The dark society depends on a substance called Margin, that is the only energy source and also the main currency of the realm. This substance is running out, because it can't be harvested any longer. Ugk hopes to find a solution for this problem by looking for the legendary realm of light, which could be a new energy source. He offers his position to the son who will succeed in finding the Realm of Light.

History
A Second Face was scripted in Adventure Game Studio, with puzzles invented during the scripting process. Le Woltaire improvised much of this,  starting with some backgrounds and characters until he got ideas for the plot and puzzles. Then the main cut-scenes were written to model the basic plot structure, and then the game was developed non-linearly. "Drawing, CAD-modelling, dramaturgy and scripting were mixed together which was a good way for me to make things grow together."

Character design began with a charcoal sketch, then coloured with watercolours. These were scanned and reduced in size to make the characters more detailed. Locations were also sketched, then used as a background reference for 3D-CAD models. These were then digitally edited to match the tone and style of the characters. Characters and locations were hand animated with photo editing software, and limited to six frames to make a compromise between economy and fluid motion.

Le Woltaire was influenced by a city map of ancient Babylonia for the design for City of Ugeltz.

Gameplay
The plot develops with cinematic cutscenes and gameplay, controlled with a verb coin interface and an inventory-based action system that follows the tradition of classic point and click games. A characteristic text box makes open dialogues with other game figures possible when a single word is entered.

Awards
A Second Face received 15 nominations for the 2008 AGS Awards. It won a total of three, namely "Best Game Created with AGS", "Best Original Story" and "Best Backgrounds".

See also
List of freeware games

References

External links
 The A Second Face Website
 A Second Face at Mobygames
 A Second Face at Home of the Underdogs
 A Second Face at Adventure Gamers

2008 video games
Adventure games
Adventure Game Studio games
Video games developed in Germany
Windows games
Windows-only games
Indie games
Point-and-click adventure games
Windows-only freeware games
AGS Award winners

A Second Face


Kiryak Hristov Shkurtov or Kiriak Shkurtov () (1872 in Starichani, present-day  Lakkomata, Greece – 1965 in Plovdiv, Bulgaria) was a Bulgarian revolutionary, voivode of Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization in the region of Kostur, present-day Greece.

Life

Kiriyak Shkurtov was born in 1872 in the village of Starichani in the region of Macedonia (today Lakomata in Kastoria regional unit, Greece), at that time part of the Ottoman Empire. He graduated Greek high school and was a teacher.

Shkurtov was one of the first figures and leaders of IMARO in his village. During the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising he participated in the battle in the village , in the capture of Kleisoura, in the campaigns of the insurrectional forces in Kolonya and in other fights.  After the uprising, together with his comrades he transferred to Greece, where they were originally arrested, but later were released and are offered to join the Greek Committee. Shkurtov wrote in his memoirs:

In early 1904, despite attempts by the Greek and Turkish authorities to be arrested, Shkurtov returned to the region of Kostur and included in the reconstruction of disorganized IMARO. He was secretary of voyvode Kostando Zhivkov and after his death in December 1904 was appointed a voivode of the region of Kostenariya. He participated in the fights against the Greek andartes - in fighting in defense of the villages Osnicheni (present-day Kastanofito), Ezerets (present-day Petropoulakion), Starichani and others.

Besides his participation in battles, on behalf of the Bulgarian Macedonian revolutionaries Shkurtov was in correspondence with Greek chiefs in which he reproached them for their union with the Ottoman authorities and their actions against IMARO. In January 1905 in a letter to residents of several Greek villages, signed on behalf of deaths already Kostando Zivkov, Shkurtov laid dawn the objective of IMARO as follows:

At the end of March 1907 Shkurtov gone to treatment in Bulgaria, but after Young Turk Revolution in 1908 returned to Macedonia where he remained to First Balkan War in 1912-1913. In January 1913, after Bulgaria lost the Second Balkan War he was arrested by Greek authorities as an unreliable person and imprisoned for 14 months in the Yedikule Prison in Thessaloniki.

After the First World War Shkurtov lived in Plovdiv, Bulgaria where he worked as a clerk. In 1920s he took an active part in one of the organizations of Macedonian refugees - Ilinden organization and cooperated its magazine Illustration Ilinden, in which he published his memoirs.

References

1872 births
1965 deaths
Members of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia
Bulgarian revolutionaries
Bulgarian people imprisoned abroad
Prisoners and detainees of Greece
Bulgarian educators
Macedonian Bulgarians
Bulgarian nationalists
Refugees in Bulgaria
People from Argos Orestiko
Revolutionaries from the Ottoman Empire

Kiryak Shkurtov


Jerry LeVias (born September 5, 1946) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL.  He played college football for the SMU Mustangs.  He played professionally in the AFL with the Houston Oilers and in the NFL with the Oilers and the San Diego Chargers.  LeVias was the first African American scholarship athlete and second African American football player in the Southwest Conference.

Early years
Born in Beaumont, Texas, LeVias played quarterback for the black Hebert High School there. LeVias was  listed as  5'9" and 177 pounds (he actually measured closer to 5'7" and 140 pounds out of high school) but made up for his size with great speed.

College career
He was recruited to Southern Methodist University in the spring of 1965 by Coach Hayden Fry. LeVias had over a hundred scholarship offers, but none from Grambling, Alcorn St., Southern, Prairie View, or any of the other traditional historically black college football powers he expected to play for. He was deemed too small by those schools to be offered a football scholarship. Coach Fry saw in LeVias the character, academic potential, and skill that would be needed to successfully integrate the Southwest Conference. LeVias had to first win over his freshman football teammates, and it became one of his biggest challenges for this civil rights pioneer. His success, on and off the field, led to a highly anticipated varsity debut in 1966; he quickly became one of the most exciting players in the nation, leading the Mustangs to a conference championship. This first campaign on the varsity squad, LeVias led SMU to their first Cotton Bowl appearance since Heisman winner Doak Walker almost two decades earlier. LeVias's touchdowns against rivals Texas, Baylor, Texas A&M, and TCU saw the Mustangs earn the conference title in often dramatic fashion. Once LeVias demonstrated his ability on and off the field, Darrell Royal, head coach at conference power Texas, quipped that LeVias no longer looked too small. Speaking with LeVias' high school coach, Royal said, "Well, he didn't sound very big then when you described him, but he looks plenty big to me now."  Texas had passed over LeVias, not only due to his size but because the Longhorns would not integrate their athletic teams until after being named consensus National Champions in 1969. LeVias wore the number 23 for Psalm 23, which he also wore during his professional career---at his grandmother's insistence.

In an interview with the Houston Chronicle, LeVias called his years at SMU "living hell" due to the abuse he received from opposing players and, to some extent, his own contemporaries; he stated that he would read the Serenity Prayer every morning. At that time, he was one of the few black students at SMU and Dallas itself was still not fully integrated. Despite the unconditional support from Fry, LeVias was still a frequent target and recalled that he once overheard an alumnus telling Fry that he would withdraw his support from the university if Fry continued playing LeVias.

LeVias was three times consensus All-SWC, 1966–68, and All-America as a senior. He twice led the league in receiving and held every career record when his three varsity seasons ended, including the single game mark for reception yardage (when he caught 8 passes for 213 yards against North Carolina State in 1968.) LeVias ended his career with a TD catch in SMU's scintillating victory over the Oklahoma Sooners in the 1968 Bluebonnet Bowl and followed it as the MVP of the Senior Bowl. On top of these achievements on the field, LeVias was an Academic All-American his senior year.

In his 1987 book, Richard Pennington told the story of the integration of the Southwest Conference, beginning with John Westbrook at Baylor and Jerry LeVias at SMU in 1966.

In 2008, HBO produced a documentary, "Breaking the Huddle: The Integration of College Football", which highlighted Coach Hayden Fry's and Jerry LeVias's struggles while they integrated the Southwest Conference. This struggle was placed amongst the context of other efforts across the nation to desegregate college football. The first African American to ever play in a football game in the SWC was John Hill Westbrook from Baylor University on September 10, 1966, vs. Syracuse University; LeVias's first game was a week later vs. Illinois.

Professional career
LeVias played his first season (1969 with the American Football League's Houston Oilers, where he was selected to the 1969 AFL All-Star Team, then was with the NFL Oilers (1970) and San Diego Chargers (1971–1974).

LeVias was an immediate hit with the Oilers, as Sports Illustrated noted in their coverage of the successful pro football rookie class of 1969, and was the 1969 rookie of the year. LeVias was responsible for almost half of the Oilers' yardage in 1970. Prior to the start of the 1971 season, Levias was victimized by con man William Douglas Street Jr., who pretended to be Levias in order to briefly get onto a minor league baseball team, and later made several credit card purchase in Levias' name.  The physicality of the pro game wore on LeVias, who famously remarked, "As the season progresses I get lighter, faster and more afraid." Well versed in avoiding the measuring tape as well as bigger defensive players, one scout claimed to have measured LeVias at 5'8", 163. The pro game eventually became unappealing to LeVias, who already prepared for life after football, working for the Conoco oil company and having a partnership in a Houston men's clothing store even while playing.

Post-football
After his career ended, LeVias became a businessman.  In 1971, he was one of 16 pro footballers given the keys to the city of Beaumont. He was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1995 and to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003.

LeVias married his long-time partner, Janice, in 2009.

He works with the Houston Texans as a Texans Ambassador.

See also
 List of American Football League players

References

External links

1946 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
American Football League players
Houston Oilers players
San Diego Chargers players
SMU Mustangs football players
All-American college football players
American Football League All-Star players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Players of American football from Beaumont, Texas
African-American players of American football
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Jerry LeVias


Tsianisiha is a town and commune () in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Toliara II, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 18,000 in 2001 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. Farming and raising livestock provides employment for 40% and 58% of the working population.  The most important crop is cotton, while other important products are maize, cassava and cowpeas.  Services provide employment for 2% of the population.

References and notes

Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana

Tsianisiha


Drax the Destroyer (Arthur Sampson Douglas) is a fictional character and superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and its universe. He was created by Mike Friedrich and Jim Starlin and first appeared in The Invincible Iron Man #55 in February of 1973.

He lost his family from the Mad Titan Thanos. His main goal was to defeat Thanos. Drax would become a hero and a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy, and is an ally of the Avengers.

Drax has been featured in a variety of associated Marvel merchandise, including animated television series, action figures, and video games. American actor Dave Bautista portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movies Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Thor: Love and Thunder (2022) and Guardians of the Galaxy: Holiday Special (2022 television movie). Drax also appears in the Disney+ animated series What If..? (2021).

Source
  Some text was copied from Drax the Destroyer (Marvel) at Heroes Wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.

Marvel Comics superheroes

Drax the Destroyer