The National Institute of Business Management (Sinhala: ජාතික ව්‍යාපාර කළමනාකරණ ආයතනය, romanized: jātika vyāpāra kaḷamanākaraṇa āyatanaya) also known as NIBM, is a public business school based in Colombo, Sri Lanka.

The institute was established in 1968 and offers Graduate, Post Graduate, Executive Education, Diploma and Certificate programmes in the fields of Information Technology, Business Management, Languages, Engineering, and Design. The MBA programme is the flagship programme of the institute and is offered in two year full time. NIBM has collaborated with Coventry University, UK and Limkokwing University, Malaysia in offering degree programmes.

The main campus is located in Colombo 07 and the four regional campuses are located in Galle, Kandy, Kurunegala, and Matara. The National Innovation Centre (NIC) that houses programmes in Design, Humanities, and Data Sciences is located in Kirulapone, Colombo.

The National Institute of Business Management is headed by V. K. Choksy as Chairman and Dr. D. M. A. Kulasooriya as Director General.

History
The Management Development & Productivity Centre (MDPC) was established as a means of producing trained and skilled personnel particularly in the field of Management. Based on a proposal submitted to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) by the Ministry of Industries, which was overseeing a large number of statutory boards and public corporations, the Management Development & Productivity Centre (MDPC) was established on 16 August 1968, in collaboration with the UNDP and the International Labour Organisation (ILO), which acted as the executing agency of the MDPC. Thus, MDPC became the first ever management training institute of Sri Lanka.

In 1972, the center began to function under the name of National Institute of Management (NIM). NIM commenced its first Diploma programme in 1975 in Business Management and in the following year, the institute was incorporated as the National Institute of Business Management by an Act of Parliament (The National Institute of Business Management Law, No. 23 of 1976). The first Diploma in Computer System Design was inaugurated in the year of 1980.

In the year of 1996, BSc in Management Information Systems was commenced in collaboration with University College Dublin, Ireland. Subsequently, the first convocation ceremony of NIBM was held in the year of 1999.

In 2017, NIBM commenced four Undergraduate Degree programmes in collaboration with Coventry University, UK. In the same year, NIBM established the National Innovation Centre (NIC) in collaboration with Limkokwing University, Malaysia.

Academics
NIBM has degree granting, diplomas and certificate programmes in business, computing and engineering, design and languages.

School of Business

The School of Business is the flagship school of NIBM and functions as a continuation of The Management Development & Productivity Centre (MDPC). Currently it houses close to 5000 students. SOB offers a number of degrees, higher diploma and diploma courses, and Certificate programmes for General Management, Human Resource Management, Productivity and Quality Improvement, Marketing, Finance, Accounting, Project Management, and Logistics Management.

SOB also provides consultancy services, computer application programmes, and tailormade training programmes. Diploma in Business Management offered by SOB is the oldest program of NIBM and is now known as advanced diploma in Business Management (ADBM). The programmes are affiliated with international; universities and recognized from a number of professional bodies.

The School of Business is currently headed by Mr. Kolitha Ranawaka, Director of SOB.

Productivity & Quality Centre
The Productivity Division that was there from the inception of NIBM was re-introduced in 2018 with a new identity as Productivity & Quality Centre (PQC).  The Career Guidance & Industrial Training Unit and the Personal Certification Unit function under PQC.

The Centre provides consultancy services to the industry to improve productivity and quality, facilitates NIBM students to gain internships, and provides personal certifications (ISO 17024:2012) to professionals. PQC maintains a very close relationship with the industry.

The Productivity & Quality Centre is currently headed by Ms. Pavithra Wickramasuriya, Head of PQC.

Business Consultancy Unit
The Business Consultancy Unit provides consultancy services to businesses. NIBM's Business Consultancy Unit consists of a team of business consultants from different disciplines.

The Business Consultancy Unit is currently headed by Dr. Himendra Balalle.

School of Computing and Engineering (SOCE)
The origin of the Management Information Systems Division (MIS) can be traced back to the early 1980s. It was the first division to offer the Bachelor of Science Degree in Information Technology in collaboration with the University College Dublin in 1996. The division was rebranded as the School of Computing and Engineering in 2018 and currently it has over 6000 students. The School offers degree programmes, Higher National Diplomas, Diplomas, Advanced Certificate and Certificate level programmes in Computer Programming, Software Engineering, Web Development, Graphic Designing, Application Packages, Hardware, and Networking. These programmes are conducted for school leavers and IT professionals.

SOCE is a CISCO Networking Academy, a Microsoft Imagine Academy, and a Redhat Academy.  In addition, NIBM is an accredited training provider for BCS Agile and Business Analysis Certifications in Sri Lanka. Since August 2018, NIBM is a Pearson VUE Authorized Test Centre.

The School of Computing and Engineering is currently headed by Ms. G. C. Wickramasinghe, Director of SOCE.

The School of Computing and Engineering currently consists of two units: Computer Science Unit and Mathematics and Engineering Unit.

Computer Science Unit
The Computer Science Unit offers programmes under four specialization areas: Software Engineering, Network Engineering, Management of Information Systems, and Multimedia. In addition to the academic programmes it offers, custom programmes and workshops are conducted for private and public sector organizations. The Computer Science Unit develops industry standard software through the Software Development Unit of NIBM.

Software Development Unit (SDU)
Software Development Unit, which comes under the Computer Science Unit, was first established in 1988 and the unit is engaged in developing industry standard software for public and private sector organizations. Support services for its clients are also provided by the unit. SDU also provides employment opportunities to students with the intention of giving industry exposure.

Mathematics and Engineering Unit
The Engineering division offers BSc (Hons.) in Quantity Surveying, Higher Diploma and Diploma in Quantity Surveying, and several other certificate programmes.

National Innovation Centre (NIC)
The National Innovation Centre (NIC) was created with a strategic partnership agreement with the Limkokwing University of Creative Technology in Malaysia in 2017. NIC is located in Kirulapone and is equipped with a language lab and a Data Analytics Centre.

The National Innovation Centre is currently headed by Mr. Samira Wijayasiri, Director of NIC and SOL.

NIC currently consists of three division: School of Humanities, School of Design, and Data Analytics Centre.

School of Humanities (SOH)
The School of Humanities offers Diploma programmes, Bachelor's and Master's degree programmes in Psychology. It also offers Bachelor's degrees in Teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages (BA in TESOL) and English Studies (BA in English Studies). A number of certificate programmes in foreign languages (Japanese, French, German, and Chinese) are also offered by the School of Humanities.

School of Design (SOD)
School of Design at NIC offers degree programmes in disciplines including Fashion Design, Interior Architecture, Broadcasting & Journalism, and Mobile Computing, while Diploma and Certificate courses are offered in a variety of similar subjects including Fashion Design, Fashion Entrepreneurship, Pattern Making, Accessory Design, Fashion Marketing, and Fashion Industry.

Data Analytics Centre (DAC)
The Data Analytics Centre offers an undergraduate degree programme in Data Science alongside an Advanced Diploma in Data Science. The center is also intended to provide data analytics to industries in Sri Lanka.

School of Language (SOL)
To cater to the increasing demand for learning English, the English Language Unit was established in the year 2006.

The School of Language conducts Diploma, Certificate, and Professional Certificate programmes in English, German, French, and in other foreign languages  designed to enable students to acquire a variety of skills including speaking, business writing, reading, and listening. SOL also conducts workshops, training consultancies, and tailormade training programmes upon requirement.

Regional Campuses
NIBM has four campuses around the island. There are situated in the cities of Kurunegala, Kandy, Galle, and Matara.

Kurunegala Regional Campus
The regional campus in Kurunegala was established in the year 1996 with the assistance of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation of Germany, the Research Institute for Management (RVB) of the Netherlands, and the Regional Industrial Development Project.

Kurunegala Regional Campus offers a variety of programmes in the fields of Management, IT, and Languages and currently houses close to 700 students. The regional campus in Kurunegala is the first branch of NIBM and is currently headed by Mr. K. P. C. Gunarathna.

Kandy Regional Campus
The second branch of NIBM was established in Kandy in the year of 1996 in order to cater to the growing demand for training in Management and IT.

Kandy Regional Campus offers programmes in Management, IT, and Languages along with training programmes and workshops. The Degree School of NIBM Kandy located at Getambe will be in operation from April 2021. The branch is currently headed by Mr. Ishan Wiratunga.

Southern Campus – Galle/Matara
In 2010, the third regional campus of NIBM was established in Galle to cater to the increased needs of Management and IT education in the Southern Province.

The campus offers an array of programmes in IT, Management, and Languages. Matara regional campus was established in 2014 and is managed under the supervision of the Galle Regional Campus. Mr. Thusitha Liyanagamage currently heads the Southern Campus in Galle and Matara.

NIBM Digital Campus (NDC)/ NIBM Virtual University
The NIBM Digital Campus is the newest addition to the NIBM family, and is the platform of online education at NIBM.

NDC was established in the year of 2019 under the guidance of Dr. D.M.A. Kulasooriya, Director General of NIBM and under the supervision of Dr. Himendra Balalle, Head of Business Consultancy Unit. NDC is equipped with a Learning Management System (LMS) that encourages students to engage in the learning process with a new experience.

At present, NDC offers a number of foundation and certificate programmes online in Python, Database Management System, Mobile Application Development (Android), TESOL, Business Management, and Business English.

The online platform also allows hybrid assessments exposing students at NIBM to a state-of-the-art learning system.

References

Business schools in Sri Lanka
Educational institutions established in 1968
Universities and colleges in Colombo District
Universities in Sri Lanka

National Institute of Business Management (Sri Lanka)


Chaoyangopterus is a genus of chaoyangopterid pterosaur known from a partial skeleton found in Liaoning, China. Chaoyangopterus was found in rocks dating back to the Aptian-age Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Chaoyang.

Etymology
Chaoyangopterus was named and described in 2003 by Wang Xiaolin and Zhou Zhonghe. The type species is Chaoyangopterus zhangi. The genus name is derived from Chaoyang and a Latinized Greek pteron, "wing". The specific name honors journalist Zhang Wanlian for his efforts in protecting fossil sites.

Description
Chaoyangopterus is based on holotype IVPP V13397, which includes the front of the skull, the lower jaws, the neck vertebrae, the shoulder and pelvic girdles, and the limbs. The skull is about  long and toothless, and its wingspan is estimated to have been around . Wang and Zhou concluded that it compared most closely to Nyctosaurus and classified it as a nyctosaurid, although they found that its shin was proportionally longer compared to the femur and humerus in Chaoyangopterus, that their animal had relatively shorter wings and longer legs than Nyctosaurus, and that it still had four fingers.

Classification
The classification of Chaoyangopterus has since become unsettled, with subsequent reviewers disagreeing with the nyctosaurid assessment. David Unwin, in a popular work, included it without comment with the tapejarid family of azhdarchoid pterosaurs, known for their large head crests. A detailed phylogenetic analysis of Liaoning pterosaurs published by Lü Junchang and Ji Qiang in 2006 found it instead to be a basal azhdarchoid of no particular familial affiliation. However, subsequent analysis by Lü and Unwin found that within the Azhdarchoidea it formed a clade with several other forms such as Jidapterus and Shenzhoupterus, which they named Chaoyangopteridae.

Wang and Zhou, however, stated in 2006 that Chaoyangopterus was a member of the Pteranodontidae and that Jidapterus, Eoazhdarcho and Eopteranodon are subjective junior synonyms of the former. This interpretation was not supported by a 2017 redescription of Jidapterus, which was able to reliably distinguish all of these genera.

Below are two cladograms showing the phylogenetic placement of Chaoyangopterus within the Azhdarchoidea. The one on the left is a topology by Felipe Pinheiro and colleagues in 2011, they recovered Chaoyangopterus within the family Tapejaridae, more specifically within a subfamily called Chaoyangopterinae, sister taxon to both Jidapterus and Shenzhoupterus. The cladogram on the right is a different topology, recovered by Alexander Kellner and colleagues in 2019. Unlike the analysis by Pinheiro and colleagues, the analysis by Kellner and colleagues did not recover Chaoyangopterus as a tapejarid, but instead recovered it within the family Chaoyangopteridae, still the sister taxon to both Jidapterus and Shenzhoupterus, though. Chaoyangopteridae in turn was found as the sister taxon of the family Azhdarchidae, both within the clade Azhdarchoidea.

Topology 1: Pinheiro and colleagues (2011).

Topology 2: Kellner and colleagues (2019).

Paleobiology
Chaoyangopterus is known to have been a toothless pterosaur and was assumed by Wang to have been a piscivore or fish-eater, but other relevant details of its paleobiology will have to await a more detailed description. Chaoyangopterids in general are now thought to have been similar to azhdarchid pterosaurs, implying that they were probably crane-like terrestrial omnivores and opportunistic carnivores.

See also
 List of pterosaur genera
 Timeline of pterosaur research

References

External links
Chaoyangopterus in The Pterosauria

Early Cretaceous pterosaurs of Asia
Chaoyangopterids
Fossil taxa described in 2003
Jiufotang fauna
Chaoyang, Liaoning

Chaoyangopterus


Cairrge Brachaidhe, aka Carrickbraghy or Carrichbrack, was a Gaelic-Irish medieval territory located in Inishowen, County Donegal, Ireland.

Overview
Thought to have been named after, or by, Brachaidi mac Diarmata of the Cenél Fergusa (see List of Irish clans in Ulster), a clan who held the territory from the early medieval period. The family of Ó Maol Fábhail were its kings.

In the early modern era it was part of the barony of Inishowen West, in County Donegal.

Cairrge Brachaidhe in the Irish annals
 721: Snedgus Dearg Ua Brachaidhe, was slain in battle on the side of Aedh Allan, son of Fearghal, and the Cinel Eoghain.
 834, Fearghus son of Badhbhchadh, lord of Carraig (Cairge or Cairrge) Brach Aidhe, was slain by the Munstermen.
 857, Seghonnán, son of Conang, lord of Carraig Brachaidhe, died.
 859, Sechonnan filius Conaing, rex Cairgi Brachaide, died.
 878/81, Maelfabhaill, son of Loingseach, lord of Carraig Brachaighe (or Chairrge Brachaighe), died.
 907, Ruarc, mac Maol Fabhaill, tighearna Cairrge Brachaidhe, died.
 965/67, Tigernach mac Ruairc, ri Carce Brachaidhe, died.
 1014, Cú Dubh, mac Maol Fabhaill, toiseach Cairrge Brachaighe was slain by the Síl Taidhg i m-Breghaibh.
 1053, Flaithbhertach Ua Mael Fabhaill, tigherna Cairrcce Brachaidhe, died.
 1065, Muircertach Ua Mael Fhabaill ri Cairce Brachaidhe was slain by the Ui Meithe Menna Tire.
 1082, Gilla Crist Ua Mael Fhabaill ri Cairrce Brachaidhe, died.
 1102, Sitricc Ua Maol Fabhaill tigherna Cairrge Brachaidhe.
 1166, Aedh Ua Mael Fhabhaill, tigherna Cairrcce Brachaidhe, was slain by the son of Néll Uí Lochlainn.
 1198, Cathalan O'Mulfavil, Lord of Carrick-Braghy, was slain by O'Dearan, who was himself slain immediately afterwards in revenge of him.
 1199, Cathalan h-Ua Mael Fhabaill, ri Cairrgi Brachaidhe, was slain by d'O Deran.

External links
 http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/uineill.htm#fergusa

References
 Cenél Conaill and the Donegal Kingdoms, AD 500 – 800, Brian Lacy, Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2006. .

States and territories established in the 7th century
History of County Donegal
Kingdoms of medieval Ireland
Ulster
Geography of County Donegal

Cairrge Brachaidhe


The Captive King is a sketch by Joseph Wright of Derby completed in 1772 or 1773. It depicts the French nobleman Guy de Lusignan held prisoner by Saladin. The sketch is thought to have been a preparation for the now-lost painting Guy de Lusignan in Prison.

Description
The sketch was titled The Captive King and it shows the French nobleman Guy de Lusignan held prisoner by Saladin. Lusignan had fought Saladin on 4 July 1187 and was taken prisoner following his army's defeat. It is said that the relics from the true cross were also lost during this battle. Lusignan, who came from near Poitiers in France, had become the King of Jerusalem as a result of his marriage to Sibylla of Jerusalem. Eventually, Lusignan was released by Saladin and went on to rule Cyprus. The sketch by Joseph Wright contains annotations by his friend Peter Perez Burdett. Wright had taken lessons from Burdett in perspective and consulted him over the construction of his paintings.

History
The sketch was one of at least three that Wright drew before making two similar paintings concerning the captured crusader. The sketches were sent to Peter Perez Burdett in Liverpool for his comment in the winter of 1772–73 before Wright created the smaller of the paintings, which was exhibited at the Society of Artists in 1773 with a version of The Blacksmith's Shop. Wright had hoped to sell a version of The Captive King to Markgraf Karl Friedrich in 1774. Friedrich was to eventually employ Burdett when he moved to Germany to avoid his debts – including money owed to Wright. A larger version of the painting that was 40 inches by 50 inches was in the possession of Wright's son-in-law after it was sold in 1810. There is no report of it after that in Nicolson's book on Wright's work.
In 1774 and 1778 Wright created paintings with a similar subject of a man abandoned in prison, but the later paintings concern an extract from a contemporary novel. The last of these was Sterne's Captive, exhibited in 1778.

References

Paintings by Joseph Wright of Derby
Lost paintings
1770s paintings

The Captive King


Saint Ubaldo Day or Festa dei Ceri is an event celebrated on 15 May in the Italian town of Gubbio. It honors the life of Bishop Ubaldo Baldassini who was canonized as protector of Gubbio. It is also celebrated in the American town of Jessup, Pennsylvania

The eve of his death anniversary, May 15, is marked in Gubbio by a procession known as Corsa dei Ceri. Jessup conducts a nearly identical "Race of the Saints" on the Saturday of Memorial Day weekend.

The procession through the streets features small statues of Saint Ubaldo, Saint George, and Saint Anthony, in order. They are mounted upon immense wooden pedestals each hoisted by a team of "Ceraioli" (runners) clad respectively in yellow, blue, or black.

In Gubbio, Italy
In Gubbio, the procession ends by carrying the ceri to the Basilica di Sant' Ubaldo, which stands on top of Gubbio's Mount Ingino. In this case, an obvious competition occurs as Saint Ubaldo's ceraioli try to close the basilica doors before George and Anthony can join Ubaldo inside.

The event in Gubbio is bigger in many ways: a longer course, more participants and thousands more spectators, and a higher level of excitement and intensity.

The event in Gubbio may be a survival of a similar rite described in the pre-Christian Iguvine Tablets.

In Jessup, Pennsylvania

Origin
The borough of Jessup, a suburb of Scranton, organized and presented to the Luzerne County court for incorporation in December, 1876, grew in subsequent decades along with the anthracite coal industry. The demand for miners brought many European immigrants to the Lackawanna Valley. Italians came to Jessup mostly from Gubbio and other communities of the Umbria region's Province of Perugia.

Jessup's new sizable Perugian enclave transplanted the tradition of La Festa dei Ceri in 1909.  It continued only until 1952 but was revived for the borough's centennial celebration 24 years later. Certain years since then had up to 30,000 spectators joining Jessup's population of under 5,000 for the event, attracting national news media. Today, it is administered by the community's Saint Ubaldo Society and coupled with Jessup Hose Company No. 2's weekend-long carnival and picnic.

Gubbio, incidentally, is "Sister City" to Jessup resulting from a process that began in May, 1978 and was formally completed in May, 2004. As customary in Italy, Gubbio refers to Jessup as its "Città Gemellata" or "Twinned City".  2009 will be celebrated as the 100th anniversary of Saint Ubaldo Day in Jessup and numerous commemorative celebrations were planned by the Saint Ubaldo Society to mark the occasion.

Events
Saint Ubaldo Day begins early in the morning with roving musicians from Valley View High School about town and an intimate ceremony at Saint John's Catholic Italian cemetery. Members of all three families, Sant' Ubaldo, San Giorgio, and Sant' Antonio, then gather together for a frittata breakfast. Participants then process to Saint Mary's Assumption Church for a special Mass followed by "L'Alzata".

During the Alzata, three "stanga" (the H-shaped platforms to be placed upon teams' shoulders) are stood vertically as the large "ceri" (the pedestals) are fastened into them perpendicularly with wooden pegs. This hardware weighs approximately 400-450 pounds (900 in Gubbio) each and is reminiscent of the bier that carried Saint Ubaldo himself through Gubbio in proclamation of his heroism. The saints' statues are affixed after "capodieci" (team captains) climb atop the cross-members, where they bless the structures with holy water from "brocca", ceramic vases sent directly from Gubbio.

The afternoon is spent socializing among neighbors. Many households assemble in their yards and on their sidewalks to offer homemade food and wine to passersby. During these hours, the saints are carried leisurely throughout Jessup on display and for practice.

The procession is the main event and is termed a "race" more for its quick pace and level of excitement than for any competitive aspect.  It begins in the uptown section of Jessup and winds its way through residential blocks before reaching the Church Street business district.  This downhill stretch ends at Station Park in the opposite end of town.  The course is reversed and climbs Church Street again before turning toward the Jessup Veterans' Memorial Stadium.  Teams circle the fields three times in a spectacle called "I tre giri". Saint Ubaldo always "wins", though George and Anthony can gain favor by having their ceri removed more swiftly as teams lay the stanga at rest and hammer the wooden pegs out.

References

External links
The official site of Saint Ubaldo Day
The official site of La Festa dei Ceri (Italiano)

Festivals in Pennsylvania
Italian-American culture in Pennsylvania
May observances
Ubaldo
Gubbio
Italian traditions

Saint Ubaldo Day


Kenya National Theatre is part of the Kenya Cultural Centre, a Semi Autonomous Government Agency under the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture in Kenya. It is mandated to offer space for the rehearsal and staging of productions to both local and international repertoire.  It is  based in Nairobi along Harry Thuku Road and borders the University of Nairobi (UON), The Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC) and The Fairmont Norfolk Hotel.

The history of the building has viewed its location as a hurdle for an earnest identification with the local artistic performances.  The cost of maintenance has meant higher booking fees for fledgling repertoires, eventually reserving itself for a corporate clientele.  The Kenya National Theatre has also been a subject of scholarly criticism and a basis for formulating a cultural policy.

In 2004, Kenya Cultural Centre Ltd contracted Millicon's Ltd to undertake a three phase renovation of the facility.  In October 2007, Kenya National Theatre was handed over and renamed "National Theatre" with a notable interior design of the first floor's "Wasanii Restaurant" by Terry Tabor.

History
Plans for the Kenya National Theatre begun in 1949 when a committee requested the colonial government to build a theatre. The government passed a law (Chapter 218 of 1951), and provided land on what is now Harry Thuku Road for the building. The choice of location was due to safety considerations, as this was at the beginning of the Mau Mau uprising and that area was away from the areas frequented by Africans. Once complete, the 450-seat theatre had a dilapidated orchestra pit in the basement, an auditorium with a curtained stage, and a balcony. It also included a bar and restaurant on the first floor.

The theatre underwent a multimillion shilling renovation, which was completed between March 2014 and March 2015.

Notable productions
The most notable performance is Conrad Makeni's production of I Will Marry When I Want by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and Ngugi wa Mirii, play with a cast of 500. which landed Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o in trouble with authorities in the 1980s.

In May 2003 the South African musical Sarafina!,was produced at the Kenya National Theatre by Sterling Quality Entertainment Company. The producers of the show, Peter J. Oyier and Paul J. Oyier also hosted Mbongeni Ngema and Leleti Khumalo for the premiere of the show, which had an all-Kenyan cast and was praised by Ngema and Khumalo for its accurate and powerful portrayal of the world-acclaimed musical theatre piece.

In 2017, the theatre hosted award-winning musical Jesus Christ Superstar, as well as Too Early for Birds, an experimental theatre production that stages stories from Kenyan history.

References

National theatres
Theatre in Kenya
Nairobi

Kenya National Theatre


There are special electronic devices, that can be permanently attached to a person. These devices are called electronic tags. Using wireless or mobile phone networks, it is then possible to monitor where the person is, all the time. The device can also have extra functions, such as measuring certain parameters.

There are two basic use cases:
 People who have committed a crime can serve part or all of their sentence with an electronic tag. This is not available in all countries, and it is also not available for all crimes
 Certain people (mostly old people) have diseases or conditions where they often need help. Using such a device, it is possible to locate them easily.

Especially in the case of monitoring old people, there have been concerns about privacy.

In the case of monitoring a criminal or someone on probation, the person has to report to a base station at given times. When the base station no longer detects the signal from the tag, it will alert the authorities.

Electronics

Electronic tagging


The Hyde Mansion, originally known as Elmhurst, is a historic house at 616 High Street in Bath, Maine, United States.  Now the main building on the Bath campus of The Hyde Schools, it was built in 1913 for John Sedgewick Hyde, the son of Bath Iron Works (BIW) founder Thomas W. Hyde.  It was designed by John Calvin Stevens, and is an example of Colonial Revival architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Description and history
The Hyde Mansion is located on the heights of Bath's west side, roughly west of the Bath Iron Works complex on the west side of High Street.  It is set on a landscaped estate that now houses the facilities of the Hyde School.  It is a -story brick building with trim of wood and stone.  It is covered by a hip roof, and has extended brick chimneys at either end.  A porch extends across the central portion of the front facade, with a narrower porte-cochere extending further out; both are supported by square brick columns with stone capitals.  The school has added a modern wing, sympathetic in materials and style, to the south side of the building.

The mansion was designed by Maine's leading architect of the early 20th century, John Calvin Stevens, and was completed in 1913.  The grounds on the west side of the house were landscaped in the Italian garden style by Carl Rust Parker, a landscape architect from Portland. The mansion was built for John Sedgewick Hyde, the son of Bath Iron Works founder Thomas W. Hyde, on land that had been in the family since the early 19th century.  Hyde was then the owner of BIW, having purchased it from Charles M. Schwab in 1905.  The younger Hyde is credited with developing the works as a leading naval shipyard in the following decades.

In 1947, Hyde's heirs donated the estate to the Pine Tree Society for Crippled Children, for use as rehabilitation and convalescent facility.  In 1966, the estate became the campus of The Hyde Schools.  The interior of house was extensively damaged by fire in the 1970s, but was meticulously restored.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sagadahoc County, Maine

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Colonial Revival architecture in Maine
Houses completed in 1913
Houses in Bath, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Sagadahoc County, Maine

Hyde Mansion


The Punti–Hakka Clan Wars were a conflict between the Hakka and Cantonese people in Guangdong, China between 1855 and 1867. The wars were fierce around the Pearl River Delta, especially in Toi Shan of the Sze Yup counties. The wars resulted in roughly a million dead with many more fleeing for their lives.

Background
Hakka (; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hak-kâ) literally means guest family, and Punti (; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Pún-thi) literally means natives. The Punti are also referred to by the languages that they spoke, Yue Chinese. The origins of the bloody conflict lay in resentment of the Cantonese towards the Hakka people, whose dramatic population growth threatened the Cantonese people. The Hakka were marginalized and resentful in turn. They were forced to inhabit the hills and waterways, rather than the fertile plains.

The existing Cantonese-speaking natives of those areas, known in Cantonese as "Punti", were protective of their own more fertile lands. The newcomers were pushed to the outer fringes of fertile plains, or they settled in more mountainous regions to eke out a living. Conflict between the two groups grew and it is thought that "Hakka" became a term of derision used by the "Punti" that was aimed at the newcomers. Eventually, the tension between the two groups (the Hakkas had by then been settled for several hundred years and could not be regarded as migrants in any sense) would lead to a series of 19th-century skirmishes in the Pearl River Delta, known as the Punti–Hakka Clan Wars. The problem was not that the two groups spoke a different language. In fact, the "locals" comprised different peoples speaking several mutually-unintelligible tongues, as was typical of the Chinese countryside all over southern China, but they would regard one another as "locals" or Puntis and exclude the Hakkas from such designation. (The Chinese bendi describes any native people in any location; the English term "Punti" describes the native Cantonese in Guangdong but not the emigrant Cantonese elsewhere.)

Over time, the newcomers adopted the term "Hakka" to refer to themselves, not least because of the migratory tendencies inherent in their own culture. Although most of the immigrants who were called Hakkas were Hakka-speakers, the term was later used to include various hill ethnicities such as the She and Yao people, which were registered as so-called "Guest Families" since they had migrated with the Hakkas from the hills. Intermarriages among Hakka and Punti was extremely rare. Studies of both Cantonese and Hakka genealogies, some Hakka and Punti people with the same surnames allege that they may have the same ancestors, but their descendants strongly identify with one group to the exclusion of the other.

During the Qing conquest of the Ming, Ming loyalists under Koxinga
established a temporary seat and regional office for the Ming dynasty in Taiwan in the hopes of eventually retaking Mainland China. In an attempt to defeat those warriors and pirates without a war, the Kangxi Emperor strengthened his dynasty's sea ban (haijin) in 1661 and issued the order for the Great Clearance of the southeastern coast. Chinese, especially the ethnic Tanka, who were living off the coast of Shandong to Guangdong were ordered to destroy their property and to move inland 30 to  (about ) upon pain of death to deprive the Taiwanese rebels of support or targets to raid. The governors and viceroys of the affected provinces submitted scathing memorials, and the policy was reversed after eight years. In 1669 and 1671, however, strong typhoons destroyed what few settlements existed.

As far fewer Punti returned to the abandoned lands than had been expected, the Qing ruler decided to provided incentives to repopulate these areas. The most visible of those who responded were the Hakka. For some time, the Punti and the Hakka lived together peacefully. As the population of Guangdong Province soared, life became increasingly difficult, and unrest broke out, such as the Red Turban Rebellion, which was led by the Cantonese, and attacked Ho Yun and Fat Shan.

Clan war
During the Red Turban Rebellion in Canton, the Hakkas had helped the imperial army raid Punti villages to kill the rebels and any real or suspected sympathisers, including villagers who had been forced to pay taxes to the Red Turbans. That precipitated open hostility between the Hakka and the Punti, with the Punti attacking Hakka villages in revenge.

Battles raged in which both sides fortified their villages with walls, destroyed bridges and roads, and raised armies as best they could. Entire villages were involved in the fighting, with all able-bodied men called to fight. The Cantonese were armed with the help of their relatives in Hong Kong and the Chinese diaspora who lived abroad. Some captives were sold to Cuba and South America as coolies through Hong Kong and Macau, and others were sold to the brothels of Macau. During the war, 500,000 perished from genocidal fighting in which thousands of villages were destroyed, but an even greater number perished in epidemics.

Resolution
The conflict reached a devastating scale. It is estimated that over a million died and that thousands of villages were destroyed. The Punti significantly outnumbered the Hakka, whose losses were therefore more extensive. The population share of Hakka in the Sze Yup area dropped to 3%, with many relocating to Guangxi.

See also
 Zhangzhou-Quanzhou conflict, Lin Shuangwen rebellion
 Hakka
 Punti
 Cantonese culture

References

External links

 土客械斗十二年 (Simplified Chinese)
 Punti-Hakka Clan Wars

Wars involving the Qing dynasty
Clannism
History of Hong Kong
Military history of Guangdong
Cantonese culture
Hakka culture in China
Hakka culture in Hong Kong
19th-century military history of China
19th-century conflicts
Siyi

Punti–Hakka Clan Wars


An Evening of Long Goodbyes is a 2003 comic novel by Irish author Paul Murray. It was shortlisted for the 2003 Whitbread First Novel Award and for the 2003 Kerry Group Irish Fiction Award.

Synopsis
An Evening of Long Goodbyes is about a 24-year-old wealthy layabout who prefers to watch Gene Tierney movies in his chaise longue, with a gimlet in hand, rather than go out and find a job.

Charles Hythloday is a Trinity College dropout living with his sister, Christabel ("Bel"), in their parents' mansion, Amaurot (named after the capital city of More's Utopia). There are only two things that Charles loves more than the film actress, Gene Tierney: his home and his struggling actress sister.  While Charles loves his childhood home, Bel notices it makes people become phony, and wants out of the mansion.  Charles argues that his time is well spent building a folly in the back garden and perfecting sprezzatura, the art of acting like a gentleman while making it appear like one is doing nothing at all.  Charles dreams of a return to a time when men wear top coats and women have white gloves.

But the fantasy ends when the bills pile up and the bank threatens to repossess the house.  Charles devises a plan to blow up the folly, fake his death, use the insurance money to save Amaurot and move to South America.  His plans go awry when he finds out that his Bosnian maid, Mrs P, has her children living in the folly.  The folly explodes and a large stone gargoyle falls on Charles's head, putting him into a coma for a few weeks.  He dreams of living in Chile with W. B. Yeats, where they spend their time perfecting sprezzatura, drinking gimlets, wearing sombreros, and tending the vineyard.

Eventually, Charles is forced to work in a Latvian factory.  In his spare time, Charles pens a play entitled There's Bosnians in my Attic! A Tragedy in Five Acts.  The Latvian factory suddenly upgrades and swindles its employees out of their wages, leaving Charlie and hundreds of immigrants jobless.  In order to make some fast cash, Charles lays down all his winnings on the local underdog, An Evening of Long Goodbyes, who narrowly wins the race despite being severely injured in the process.  Affected by the little dog's plight, Charles decides to give him to Bel to smooth their rift.

Charles is shocked to learn that Bel is planning a trip to Chekhov's home town in Russia to study The Cherry Orchard, her favorite play.  The next morning, however, Bel drives her car into a wall at full speed, smashing through the windshield and flying into the sea. The circumstances surrounding her death are strange and mysterious, and life for everyone in the house falls into disarray.  Charles takes a night job, sweeping the floor of a factory.  He has begun writing a novel describing his fall from wealth, and that he likes his new life, in a way.

One night, he finds Bel's mobile phone and receives a mysterious call from her.  She says that she might come back to him one day, and Charles ends his story walking out into his decayed Ireland, bleakly anticipating her return.

Reception
The book has received good reviews. Stephen Amidon in The New York Times wrote that Murray "writes with the cunning and confidence of a seasoned pro", and that "the novel achieves an unexpected poignancy".  A reviewer for RTÉ described the book as "cleverly written".

Film adaptation
A film adaptation, with a script by Kieran Carney, was in development during 2012 by Subotica Films.

References

2003 Irish novels
Irish comedy novels
Novels about writers
Hamish Hamilton books
2003 debut novels

An Evening of Long Goodbyes


Edward "Eddie" McKay Cheever, Jr. (born January 10, 1958 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American racing driver. He raced for almost thirty years in Formula One, Sports cars, CART and the Indy Racing League. Cheever participated in 143 World Championship Formula One races and started 132, more than any other American, driving for nine different teams from 1978 through 1989. In 1997, he formed his own IRL team and won the Indianapolis 500 as both owner and driver in 1998. The team now competes in sports cars.

1958 births
Living people
American Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
IndyCar Series drivers

Eddie Cheever


Hans von Koessler (1 January 1853 – 23 May 1926) was a German composer, conductor and music teacher. In Hungary, where he worked for 26 years, he was known as János Koessler.

Biography
Koessler, a cousin of Max Reger, was born in Waldeck, Fichtelgebirge (now part of Kemnath, Upper Palatinate). He was taught the organ from 1874 to 1877 by Josef Rheinberger and attended the choir lessons of Franz Wüllner in Munich. Immediately after that, he moved to Dresden, where he was appointed director and teacher for music theory and choral music at the Dresden School of Music. From 1878, he was also conductor of the Dresdner Liedertafel orchestra. From 1882 to 1908, he initially taught organ and choir at the National Music Academy of Budapest in Hungary. Later, he also became professor for composition and was also given a peerage.

His students became some of the best Hungarian composers of the time: Zoltán Kodály, Béla Bartók, Ernő Dohnányi; for more  After his retirement in 1908, he returned to Germany, but became appointed to the agency of Kálmán and Dohnányi in order to ensure that he received a moderate income.

He died in Ansbach in 1926, aged 73.

Music
Koessler composed over 130 works, including an opera, two symphonies, symphonic variations for orchestra, a violin concerto, two string quartets, a string quintet, a string sextet, a piano quintet, a suite for piano, violin and viola, and a mass for female choir and organ. He also set psalms to music. However, as a result of his erratic way of living, a large number of his compositions were lost, or found themselves only being played in private hands.

Koessler's chamber music has been highly praised by several commentators, including the eminent chamber music scholar Wilhelm Altmann, who has singled out Koessler's Second String Quartet and his Trio Suite for Piano, Violin and Viola for especial praise.

Bibliography
 Cobbett's Cyclopedic Survey of Chamber Music (London: Oxford University Press, 1963)
 Wilhelm Altmann: Handbuch für Streichquartettspieler (Wilhelmshaven: Heinrichshofen, 1972)
 The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians (London: Macmillan, 1980)

External links
 Hans Koessler sound-bites of & information about his Trio Suite for Violin, Viola & Piano, String Quintet & String Sextet

1853 births
1926 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century German male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century German composers
Academic staff of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music
German expatriates in Hungary
German male classical composers
German music educators
German opera composers
German Romantic composers
Academic staff of the Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber
Hungarian people of German descent
Male opera composers
People from Tirschenreuth (district)
Pupils of Josef Rheinberger

Hans von Koessler


The Honda Eve or Honda Spree or Nifty 50  (NQ50) is a  motor scooter made by Honda in the 1980s. Honda marketed two more models based on the Eve's design. All models utilized a single geared AF05 engine.

Honda Eve Smile
The first variation of the NQ50 was the Honda Eve Smile, and was exclusive to Japan. One of the rarest Honda scooter ever made.
 1983: The Eve was available in red for its first year of production.
The bike was missing some vital features, including battery, starter motor, and automatic bystarter. This model also lacked a removable main jet, so tuning was limited without replacing the carburetor with a later model revision. Due to the lack of automatic start, the Eve required a kick start. Eve standard speed can reach up to 60kph and its fuel consumption is 1liter per 83km and Changing tuned bigger carburetor increased its potential speed and more throttle respond and upgrading its ignition spark system can increase its fuel economy.
 1984-1987:  The Eve Pax also gained a battery and starter motor, but retained the manual bystarter control mounted underneath the horn switch. A form of hybrid carburetor containing features from both the Spree/Nifty and the previous Eve, including a removable main jet and a slightly bigger intake.
Like the Nifty 50, the Eve lacked a dedicated engine stop switch, so the only way to manually stop the engine was to turn the key off. The 1984-87 Eve was available in white, blue, or red.

Honda Spree

Model Differences By Year
 1984: The Spree was available in sparkling red (US Only), cortina white, or vista blue (Canada Only) The speedometer design was slightly different from that used in the 1985-7 Sprees, with speed numbers 10-20-30-40 instead of 5-15-25-35. The logo was also much smaller than later years.
 1985: The Spree logo was much larger than the '84 Sprees, making it more visible.
 1986: The Spree got a kick starter. Honda also produced a "Special Edition" Spree, in shasta white and lollipop green combo. This Spree is now extremely rare.
 1987: The dashboard, front indicators and tail lamps were redesigned for a more aerodynamic shape. Also a glove box was added behind the shield or front of the scooter, underneath the handlebars and in front of the floorboard.

Iowa Edition
The Iowa Edition Spree was a restricted version that utilized a restricted muffler, smaller main jet and a 12:83 (6.917) gear ratio in order to comply with Iowa laws on the use of mopeds. It was limited in top speed to 25mph. The 1987 Iowa Edition Spree is a very rare model.

Honda Nifty 50

AU
 1984-1987: The Nifty was available in red or dark blue; the latter seems most common. The main visible difference from the Spree is the round headlight and the curved edges of the dashboard.

EU
 1984: The Nifty was available in red or dark blue; The main visible difference from the Spree is the round headlight and the curved edges of the dashboard.  The front headlights are mounted upside down on the underside of the handlebars. The luggage rack is simpler than the Spree's, and the rear lights are mounted either side of the number plate mount rather than on the luggage rack tubing.
 1985: The EU Nifty was identical to the 1984 and '85, with the exceptions of different labels and stickers, and a square red start button rather than a round yellow.

Neither of the Niftys included an engine stop switch above the engine start switch, so the only proper way of stopping the engine was to turn off the ignition.

Spree
Motor scooters
Motorcycles introduced in the 1980s

Honda NQ50


The MV Dara was a Dubai-based passenger liner, built in 1948 by Barclay, Curle & Co. Ltd., a shipyard in Glasgow, Scotland. The , four-decked vessel travelled mostly between the Persian Gulf and the Indian subcontinent, carrying expatriate passengers who were employed in the nations of the Gulf.

Following a powerful explosion on 8 April 1961, Dara sank in the Persian Gulf on 10 April 1961. The explosion caused the deaths of 238 of the 819 people on board at the time, including 19 officers and 113 crew. Another 565 people were rescued during an operation by a British Army tank landing craft, a number of ships of the Royal Navy, and several British and foreign merchant ships.

Sinking
The vessel had sailed from Bombay on 23 March, on a round trip to Basra, calling at intermediate ports. Dara arrived at Dubai on 7 April and was unloading cargo, embarking and disembarking passengers when the wind picked up; it quickly reached force seven and prevented further work. The Dara was hit by another boat which had dragged its anchor in the bad weather and Captain Elson decided to take the ship out of harbour to ride out the storm. Due to the conditions there had been no opportunity to disembark those people on board who did not intend to travel, including relatives and friends seeing off passengers, cargo handlers and various shipping and immigration officials.

At approximately 04.30 on 8 April 1961, a large explosion struck the port side of the engine casing between decks, passing through the engine bulkhead and two upper decks, including the main lounge. The explosion occurred as Dara was returning to the harbour and it started a series of large fires. The explosion affected all electrical, fire-water and steering systems, and the fire spread rapidly, aided by the wind. The captain ordered the evacuation of the ship.

Launching the lifeboats was chaotic in the rough seas; one witness described an overcrowded lifeboat overturning due to the height of the waves. A second lifeboat which had been damaged earlier during the storm was intercepted by the lifeboat of a Norwegian tanker.There were several ships nearby and aid was given by British, German and Japanese vessels in the vicinity, as well as boats travelling from Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman and Umm Al Qawain.

A nearly completed hotel building in Dubai was taken over as a reception centre for the injured, many of whom were suffering from burns, exposure and wounds from flying metal shards. The tide of injured people overwhelmed Al Maktoum Hospital and field stations were opened at Sheikh Rashid's Customs House office block.

In the days following, three British frigates and a US destroyer sent parties on board the Dara to extinguish the fires and the vessel was then taken in tow by the Glasgow salvage vessel Ocean Salvor, but she sank at 09.20 on 10 April 1961.

Possible cause of explosion
The explosion is believed to have been caused by a deliberately placed explosive device, planted by an Omani rebel group or individual insurgents.  A British Admiralty court concluded, more than a year after the disaster, that an anti-tank mine, "deliberately placed by a person or persons unknown", had "almost certainly" caused the explosion. British Solicitor General Sir John Hobson, testifying before the court, said that fighters in the Dhofar Rebellion were likely to be responsible, having previously sabotaged British assets. However, no forensic evidence has ever been provided to prove that a bomb was the cause.

Wreck
The wreck sits at a depth of .

References

External links

  (with photo) Warning this website appears to have been hijacked

Maritime incidents in 1961
Ship bombings
Shipwrecks in the Persian Gulf
1947 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Passenger ships
Acts of sabotage

MV Dara


Hongi is a traditional Māori greeting performed by two people pressing their noses together; some include, at the same time, the touching of foreheads. The greeting is used at traditional meetings among Māori people, and at major ceremonies, such as a pōwhiri. It may be followed by a handshake.

Traditions

Hongi


Sautéing or sauteing (, ;  in reference to tossing while cooking) is a method of cooking that uses a relatively small amount of oil or fat in a shallow pan over relatively high heat. Various sauté methods exist.

Description
Ingredients for sautéing are usually cut into small pieces or thinly sliced to provide a large surface area, which facilitates fast cooking.  The primary mode of heat transfer during sautéing is conduction between the pan and the food being cooked. Food that is sautéed is browned while preserving its texture, moisture, and flavor. If meat, chicken, or fish is sautéed, the sauté is often finished by deglazing the pan's residue to make a sauce.

Sautéing may be compared with pan frying, in which larger pieces of food (for example, chops or steaks) are cooked quickly in oil or fat, and flipped onto both sides. Some cooks make a distinction between the two based on the depth of the oil used, while others use the terms interchangeably. Since there is no "jumping or hopping" involved in this technique, as the root word "sote" would imply, using sauté for large cuts of protein that are turned once while cooking is an inappropriate use of the term.

Sautéing differs from searing in that searing only browns the surface of the food.

Certain oils should not be used to sauté due to their low smoke point. Clarified butter, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil are commonly used for sautéing; whatever the fat, it must have a smoke point high enough to allow cooking on medium-high heat, which is the temperature at which sautéing is done. For example, although regular butter would impart more flavor, it would also burn at a lower temperature and more quickly than other fats due to the presence of milk solids. Clarified butter is more fit for this use.

Methods
In a sauté, all the ingredients are heated at once and cooked quickly. To facilitate this, the ingredients are rapidly moved around in the pan, either by the use of a utensil or by repeatedly jerking the pan itself. A sauté pan must be large enough to hold all of the food in one layer, so steam can escape, which keeps the ingredients from stewing and promotes the development of fond. Most pans sold specifically as sauté pans have a wide flat base and low sides, to maximize the surface area available for heating.  The low sides allow quick evaporation and escape of steam.  While skillets typically have flared or rounded sides, sauté pans typically have straight vertical sides. This keeps the ingredients from escaping as the pan is jerked or stirred.

Only enough fat to lightly coat the bottom of the pan is needed for sautéing; too much fat will cause the food to fry rather than just to slide, and may interfere with the development of fond. The food is spread across the hot fat in the pan, and left to brown, turning or tossing frequently for even cooking. The sauté technique involves gripping the handle of the sauté pan firmly and using a sharp elbow motion to rapidly jerk the pan back toward the cook, repeating as necessary to ensure the ingredients have been thoroughly jumped. Tossing or stirring the items in the pan by shaking the pan too often, however, can cause the pan to cool and make the sauté take longer.

See also

 Pan frying
 Saucier
 Stir frying
 Sweating (cooking)
 Tempering (spices)

References

External links

Cooking techniques
Culinary terminology

Sautéing


Shen of the Sea is a collection of short stories written by Arthur Bowie Chrisman. It was first published by Dutton in 1925, illustrated with more than 50 silhouettes by Else Hasselriis. Chrisman won the 1926 Newbery Medal for the work, recognizing the previous year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children".

The original title page shows subtitle A Book for Children and one early dustjacket shows Chinese Stories for Children. Both subtitles have been used for later editions.

Chrisman's 16 original stories are written in the style of humorous Chinese folk tales.  The title story tells of a king who tries to match wits with the demons of the water in order to save his city from a flood.  Other tales relate the origin of chopsticks, and an instance when mud pies are revealed to be the origin of fine China.

Stories

Ah Mee's Invention - about the invention of the printing press
Shen of the Sea - a story about tricking demons to save a kingdom
How Wise Were the Old Men - a story about prophecy and the twists life take
Chop-Sticks - about the invention of chop sticks
Buy a Father - a story about morality, primarily obedience
Four Generals - a story about using cleverness to overcome
The Rain King's Daughter - a story about a young woman who uses cleverness to avoid a war
Many Wives - a story about a beautiful young maiden and a not so bright king
That Lazy Ah Fun - about the invention of gunpowder
The Moon Maiden -  a love story
Ah Tcha the Sleeper - a story about tea
I Wish It Would Rain - a story about an over indulged queen
High as Han Hsin - about the invention of the kite
Contrary Chueh Chun - a funny story about a man who always does or believes the opposite
Pies of the Princess - the invention of fine china
As Hai Low Kept House - a funny story about following orders literally and a series of unfortunate circumstances

References

External links

1925 children's books
1925 short story collections
American short story collections
Children's short story collections
Short stories set in China
Newbery Medal–winning works
E. P. Dutton books
Children's books set in China

Shen of the Sea


Web colors are colors used in displaying web pages on the World Wide Web;  they can be described by way of three methods:  a color may be specified as an RGB triplet,  in hexadecimal format (a hex triplet) or according to its common English name in some cases. A color tool or other graphics software is often used to generate color values. In some uses, hexadecimal color codes are specified with notation using a leading number sign (#). A color is specified according to the intensity of its red, green and blue components, each represented by eight bits. Thus, there are 24 bits used to specify a web color within the sRGB gamut, and 16,777,216 colors that may be so specified.

Colors outside the sRGB gamut can be specified in Cascading Style Sheets by making one or more of the red, green and blue components negative or greater than 100%, so the color space is theoretically an unbounded extrapolation of sRGB similar to scRGB. Specifying a non-sRGB color this way requires the RGB() function call. It is impossible with the hexadecimal syntax (and thus impossible in legacy HTML documents that do not use CSS).

The first versions of Mosaic and Netscape Navigator used the X11 color names as the basis for their color lists, as both started as X Window System applications.
Web colors have an unambiguous colorimetric definition, sRGB, which relates the chromaticities of a particular phosphor set, a given transfer curve, adaptive whitepoint, and viewing conditions. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world monitors and viewing conditions, to allow rendering to be fairly close to the specified values even without color management. User agents vary in the fidelity with which they represent the specified colors. More advanced user agents use color management to provide better color fidelity; this is particularly important for Web-to-print applications.

Hex triplet
A hex triplet is a six-digit (or eight-digit), three-byte (or four-byte) hexadecimal number used in HTML, CSS, SVG, and other computing applications to represent colors. The bytes represent the red, green, and blue components of the color. The optional fourth byte refers to alpha channel. One byte represents a number in the range 00 to FF (in hexadecimal notation), or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each of the color components. Thus web colors specify colors in the 24-bit RGB color scheme. The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order:
 Byte 1: red value (color type red)
 Byte 2: green value (color type green)
 Byte 3: blue value (color type blue)
 Byte 4 (optional): alpha value
For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=36, green=104, blue=160 (a grayish-blue color). The decimal numbers 36, 104, and 160 are equivalent to the hexadecimal numbers 24, 68, and A0 respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by concatenating the six hexadecimal digits together, 2468A0 in this example.

If any one of the three color values is less than 10 hex (16 decimal), it must be represented with a leading zero so that the triplet always has exactly six digits. For example, the decimal triplet 4, 8, 16 would be represented by the hex digits 04, 08, 10, forming the hex triplet 040810.

The number of colors that can be represented by this system is 166 or 2563 or 224 = 16,777,216.

Shorthand hexadecimal form
An abbreviated, three (hexadecimal)-digit or four-digit form can be used, but can cause errors if software or maintenance scripts are only expecting the long form. Expanding this form to the six-digit form is as simple as repeating each digit: 09C becomes 0099CC as presented on the following CSS example:

.threedigit { color: #09C;    }
.sixdigit   { color: #0099CC; } /* same color as above */

This shorthand form reduces the palette to 4,096 colors, equivalent of 12-bit color as opposed to 24-bit color using the whole six-digit form (16,777,216 colors). This limitation is sufficient for many text-based documents.

Converting RGB to hexadecimal

RGB values are usually given in the 0–255 range; if they are in the 0–1 range, the values are multiplied by 255 before conversion. This number divided by sixteen (integer division; ignoring any remainder) gives the first hexadecimal digit (between 0 and F, where the letters A to F represent the numbers 10 to 15. See hexadecimal for more details). The remainder gives the second hexadecimal digit. For instance, the RGB value 201 divides into 12 groups of 16, thus the first digit is C. A remainder of nine gives the hexadecimal number C9. This process is repeated for each of the three color values.

Conversion between number bases is a common feature of calculators, including both hand-held models and the software calculators bundled with most modern operating systems. Web-based tools specifically for converting color values are also available.

HTML color names

Recent W3C specifications of color names distinguishes between basic and extended colors. In HTML and XHTML, colors can be used for text, background color, frame borders, tables, and individual table cells.

Basic colors

The basic colors are 16 colors defined in the HTML 4.01 specification, ratified in 1999, as follows (names are defined in this context to be case-insensitive):

These 16 were labelled as sRGB and included in the HTML 3.0 specification, which noted they were "the standard 16 colors supported with the Windows VGA palette."

Extended colors

Extended colors are the result of merging specifications from HTML 4.01, CSS 2.0, SVG 1.0 and CSS3 User Interfaces (CSS3 UI).

Several colors are defined by web browsers. A particular browser may not recognize all of these colors, but as of 2005, all modern, general-use, graphical browsers support the full list of colors. Many of these colors are from the list of X11 color names distributed with the X Window System. These colors were standardized by SVG 1.0, and are accepted by SVG Full user agents. They are not part of SVG Tiny.

The list of colors shipped with the X11 product varies between implementations and clashes with certain of the HTML names such as green. X11 colors are defined as simple RGB (hence, no particular color space), rather than sRGB. This means that the list of colors found in X11 (e.g., in /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt) should not directly be used to choose colors for the web.

The list of web "X11 colors" from the CSS3 specification, along with their hexadecimal and decimal equivalents, is shown below. Compare the alphabetical lists in the W3C standards. This includes the common synonyms: aqua (HTML4/CSS 1.0 standard name) and cyan (common sRGB name), fuchsia (HTML4/CSS 1.0 standard name) and magenta (common sRGB name), gray (HTML4/CSS 1.0 standard name) and grey.

CSS colors
The Cascading Style Sheets specification defines the same number of named colors as the HTML 4 spec, namely the 16 HTML colors, and 124 colors from the Netscape X11 color list for a total of 140 names that were recognized by Internet Explorer (IE) 3.0 and Netscape Navigator 3.0. Blooberry.com notes that Opera 2.1 and Safari 1 also included Netscape's expanded list of 140 color names, but later discovered 14 names not included with Opera 3.5 on Windows 98.

In CSS 2.1, the color 'orange' (one of the 140) was added to the section with the 16 HTML4 colors as a 17th color. The CSS3.0 specification did not include orange in the "HTML4 color keywords" section, which was renamed as "Basic color keywords". In the same reference, the "SVG color keywords" section, was renamed "Extended color keywords", after starting out as "X11 color keywords" in an earlier working draft. The working draft for the level 4 color module combines the Basic and Extended sections together in a simple "Named Colors" section.

|}

CSS 2, SVG and CSS 2.1 allow web authors to use system colors, which are color names whose values are taken from the operating system, picking the operating system's highlighted text color, or the background color for tooltip controls. This enables web authors to style their content in line with the operating system of the user agent. The CSS3 color module has deprecated the use of system colors in favor of CSS3 UI System Appearance property, which itself was subsequently dropped from CSS3.

The CSS3 specification also introduces HSL color space values to style sheets:
/* RGB model */
p { color: #F00 } /* #rgb */
p { color: #FF0000 } /* #rrggbb */
p { color: rgb(255, 0, 0) } /* integer range 0 - 255 */
p { color: rgb(100%, 0%, 0%) } /* float range 0.0% - 100.0% */

/* RGB with alpha channel, added to CSS3 */
p { color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5) } /* 0.5 opacity, semi-transparent */

/* HSL model, added to CSS3 */
p { color: hsl(0, 100%, 50%) } /* red */
p { color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%) } /* green */
p { color: hsl(120, 100%, 25%) } /* dark green */
p { color: hsl(120, 100%, 75%) } /* light green */
p { color: hsl(120, 50%, 50%) } /* pastel green */

/* HSL model with alpha channel */
p { color: hsla(120, 100%, 50%, 1) } /* green */
p { color: hsla(120, 100%, 50%, 0.5) } /* semi-transparent green */
p { color: hsla(120, 100%, 50%, 0.1) } /* very transparent green */

CSS also supports the special color transparent, which represents an alpha value of zero; by default, transparent is rendered as an invisible nominal black: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0). It was introduced in CSS1 but its scope of use has expanded over the versions.

CSS Color 4
Level 4 of the CSS Color specification introduced several new CSS color formats.

Besides new ways to write colors, it also introduces the concept of mixing colors in a non-sRGB color space, a first step towards fixing a well-known issue in color gradients. Some sections explaining color theory and common operations like gamut mapping are also added to aid implementation.

Device independent color
CSS Color 4 introduces several different formats for device independent color that can display the entirety of visible color (in a capable screen), including:
 Lab and LCH
 OKLab and OKLCH (preferred over Lab/LCH)
 XYZ (D50 or D65 [default])

Predefined color spaces
A number of RGB spaces with gamuts that are wider than sRGB are also introduced through the new color() function:
 Display P3
 Prophoto
 REC.2020
 Adobe 1998 RGB

A linearized variant of sRGB is also defined for color mixing.

Other formats
On 21 June 2014, the CSS WG added the color RebeccaPurple to the Editor's Draft of the Colors module level 4, to commemorate Eric Meyer's daughter Rebecca, who died on 7 June 2014, her sixth birthday.

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CSS4 also introduces the HWB color model as an alternative to HSL/HSV.

CSS Color 5

The draft CSS Color 5 specification introduces syntax for mixing and manipulating existing colors, including:
 A color-mix() function for mixing colors
 Relative color syntax for manipulating components of an existing color

Custom color spaces are also supported via ICC profiles. This allows the use of CMYK on web pages.

Web-safe colors

In the mid-1990s, many displays were only capable of displaying 256 colors. These may be dictated by the hardware or changeable by a "color table". When a color is found (e.g., in an image) that is not available, a different one had to be used. This can be done by either using the closest color or by using dithering.

There were various attempts to make a "standard" color palette. A set of colors was needed that could be shown without dithering on 256-color displays; the number 216 was chosen partly because computer operating systems customarily reserved sixteen to twenty colors for their own use; it was also selected because it allows exactly six equally spaced shades of red, green, and blue (6 × 6 × 6 = 216), each from 00 to FF (including both limits).

The list of colors is presented as if it had special properties that render them immune to dithering, but on 256-color displays applications can actually set a palette of any selection of colors that they choose, dithering the rest. These colors were chosen specifically because they matched the palettes selected by various browser applications. There were not very different palettes in use in different browsers.

"Web-safe" colors had a flaw in that, on systems such as X11 where the palette is shared between applications, smaller color cubes (5×5×5 or 4×4×4) were allocated by browsers—the "web-safe" colors would dither on such systems. Different results were obtained by providing an image with a larger range of colors and allowing the browser to quantize the color space if needed, rather than suffer the quality loss of a double quantization.

Through the 2000s, use of 256-color displays in personal computers dropped sharply in favour of 24-bit (TrueColor) displays, and the use of "web-safe" colors has fallen into practical disuse.

The "web-safe" colors do not all have standard names, but each can be specified by an RGB triplet: each component (red, green, and blue) takes one of the six values from the following table (out of the 256 possible values available for each component in full 24-bit color).

The following table shows all of the "web-safe" colors. One shortcoming of the web-safe palette is its small range of light colors for webpage backgrounds, whereas the intensities at the low end of the range, such as the two darkest, are similar to each other, making them hard to distinguish. Values flanked by "*" (asterisk) are part of the "really safe palette;" see Safest web colors, below.

Color table

Safest web colors
Designers were encouraged to stick to these 216 "web-safe" colors in their websites because there were a lot of 8-bit color displays when the 216-color palette was developed. David Lehn and Hadley Stern discovered that only 22 of the 216 colors in the web-safe palette are reliably displayed without inconsistent remapping on 16-bit computer displays. They called these 22 colors "the really safe palette"; it consists largely of shades of green, yellow, and cyan.

Accessibility

Color selection
Some browsers and devices do not support colors. For these displays or blind and colorblind users, Web content depending on colors can be unusable or difficult to use.

Either no colors should be specified (to invoke the browser's default colors), or both the background and all foreground colors (such as the colors of plain text, unvisited links, hovered links, active links, and visited links) should be specified to avoid black on black or white on white effects.

Color contrast
The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines recommend a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 between the relative luminance of text and its background color or at least 3:1 for large text.  Enhanced accessibility requires contrast ratios greater than 7:1.

However, addressing accessibility concerns is not simply a matter of increasing the contrast ratio.  As a report to the Web Accessibility Initiative indicates, dyslexic readers are better served by contrast ratios below the maximum.  The recommendations they refer to of off-black (#0A0A0A) on off-white (#FFFFE5) and black (#000000) on creme (#FAFAC8) have contrast ratios of 11.7:1 and 20.3:1 respectively.  Among their other color pairs, brown (#282800) on dark green (#A0A000) has a contrast ratio of 3.24:1, which is less than the WCAG recommendation, dark brown (#1E1E00) on light green (#B9B900) has a contrast ratio of 4.54:1 and blue (#00007D) on yellow (#FFFF00) has a contrast ratio of 11.4:1.  The colors named in the report use different color values than the web colors of the same name.

See also

References

External links
 CSS color value on MDN Web Docs
 CSS2.1 Color Specification

Color
Web design
Articles with example code

Web colors


The Beebe Plain–Beebe Border Crossing is a border crossing station on the Canada–United States border.  It connects Rue Principale (Quebec Route 247) in Beebe Plain, Quebec (a former municipality, since 1995 part of the town of Stanstead) with Beebe Road in Beebe Plain, a village in Derby, Vermont.  Both the US and Canadian station buildings are historical properties listed by their respective governments.

Setting
The crossing is located in western Stanstead and central Derby, near the heart of the village of Beebe Plain, which is divided by the international border.  This crossing area is best known for being bisected by Canusa Street which runs along the border for almost a half-mile, before emerging between the US and Canada border stations.  Residents on the south side of Canusa Street live on the American side of the border, while those living across the street on the north side reside in Canada; they are prohibited by law from visiting one another without first reporting to border inspectors.  Both Rue Principale and Canusa Street are signed as part of Quebec Route 247.

From 1864 to the early 1900s, this crossing was also the site of the world's only international post office, with one postmaster and two doors, one for American customers and one for Canadian customers.  That building, built in the 1820s with local granite, still stands divided at 1–3, rue Principale (Main Street) as a private home directly opposite the customs houses.

Canadian station
The Canadian station is located at the northeast corner of Canusa Street and Rue Principale.  It is a Tudor Revival style structure, built in 1932. It was recognized by the Canadian government as a Federal Heritage Building in 1991 for its architecture. Following the 1995 creation of the town of Stanstead by merging the villages of Beebe, Stanstead Plain and Rock Island, Canada renamed this station the Stanstead-Beebe border inspection station.

United States station

The US station is located at the southeast corner of Canusa Street and Beebe Road.  It is a small single-story brick building, with a side gable roof and end chimneys.  It is five bays wide, with the outer bays housing double sash windows and the inner bays housing single sash windows, with the building entrance at the center.  A single-lane porte-cochere with a cross-gabled roof extends across a single travel lane.  The station was built in 1937, and is one of four surviving buildings of this building type on American borders.  The building was listed on the US National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

A hydraulic barrier was added on the American side in 2018, disrupting the lives of American residents of Canusa Street.

See also
 Beebe Plain and Massawippi Valley Railway
 List of Canada–United States border crossings
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans County, Vermont
 List of historic places in Estrie

References

Canada–United States border crossings
Stanstead, Quebec
Buildings and structures in Derby, Vermont
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Orleans County, Vermont
Heritage sites in Quebec
1909 establishments in Quebec
1909 establishments in Vermont

Beebe Plain–Beebe Border Crossing


Francis Wayles Eppes (September 20, 1801 – May 30, 1881) was a planter and slave owner from Virginia who became a cotton planter in the Florida Territory and later civic leader in Tallahassee and surrounding Leon County, Florida. After reaching legal age and marrying, Eppes operated the Poplar Forest plantation which his grandfather  President Thomas Jefferson had established in Bedford County, Virginia, which he inherited. However, in 1829 he moved with his family to near Tallahassee, Florida. Long interested in education, in 1856 Eppes donated land and money to designate a school in Tallahassee as one of the first two state-supported seminaries, now known as Florida State University. He served as president of its board of trustees for eight years.

Early and family life

Francis Wayles Eppes was born in 1801, the second child of Maria (née Jefferson) and John Wayles Eppes, who would serve in the Virginia House of Delegates and both houses of the U.S. Congress. He was born at Monticello, his maternal grandfather's plantation in Albemarle County, Virginia. When he was born, his parents resided approximately 90 miles to the southeast at Mont Blanco plantation in Chesterfield County.

His mother died in 1804 when he was three, soon after the birth of her third child. Eppes was the only one of her three children to reach adulthood. Eppes' father soon moved his household and slaves from Mont Blanco, to another of his plantations, Millbrook, in Buckingham County, much closer to Monticello. Francis spent considerable time at Monticello with his maternal aunt Martha Randolph and his widower grandfather, Thomas Jefferson. At his father's Milbrook plantation, his chief caretaker was Betsy Hemmings, a slave whom he later called "Mam Bess." Jefferson had given her to Eppes' parents at their wedding. She was the daughter of Mary Hemings and the granddaughter of Betty Hemings, who was held by the Jeffersons at Monticello. Among his early nurses was Critta Hemings Bowles, an aunt of Betsy Hemmings, whom Eppes would purchase and manumit in 1827, after Jefferson's death (She had long been married to Zachariah Bowles, a free man of color).

Eppes studied law, but never completed his legal studies.

Marriage and family
After reaching the legal age of 21, on November 28, 1822, Francis married a distant cousin, Mary Elizabeth Cleland Randolph (January 16, 1801 – April 15, 1835), the daughter of Thomas Eston Randolph and his wife, Jane Cary (Randolph) Randolph. As discussed below, they initially lived at Jefferson's Poplar Forest plantation in Bedford County, Virginia. By 1828, when they moved to Florida, the couple had buried three children at the Jefferson family cemetery at Monticello, and both Jefferson and Eppes' father had died. Mary Randolph Eppes died in 1835, of complications following the birth of their sixth child.

Two years later, Eppes married Susan Margaret Ware Crouch (February 14, 1815 – September 1, 1887), the widowed daughter of U.S. Senator Nicholas Ware of Georgia. They had seven children together. With his two wives, Eppes was father to a total of thirteen children, but at least three died in childhood in Virginia.

Career
Initially, Eppes operated the Poplar Forest plantation in Bedford County, Virginia, which his grandfather Thomas Jefferson had established and where he often lived in his later years. Jefferson had originally planned to give this plantation to his daughter Maria (Francis' mother), and after she died in April 1804, he designated it as his grandson Francis' inheritance. Poplar Forest became the only Jefferson property to pass to his intended heir. Jefferson's debts disrupted the rest of his bequests after his death in 1826. Moreover, Eppes found Poplar Forest isolated, and was ready to try his fortunes elsewhere.

Florida, then a territory, was being rapidly developed for cotton production. In 1829, Eppes moved with his family from Poplar Forest to Leon County, Florida, settling just east of Tallahassee. Such moves broke up both planters' and slaves' families. The Eppes took numerous slaves with them, among them grown descendants of Betsy Hemmings, who his father had given to Francis as a wedding present. He established the Francis Eppes Plantation in Leon County, Florida, raising cotton as a commodity crop by the use of extensive slave labor. In the antebellum period, cotton prices were high and there was extensive trade with England.

In Tallahassee, Eppes began 35 years of distinguished service to his new community. In 1833, Eppes was appointed one of fourteen justices of the peace for Leon County. Eppes first served as intendant (mayor) of Tallahassee from 1841 to 1844 and then again from 1856 to 1857. He first won election as the community grew concerned about lawlessness, particularly duels among leading men in territorial Florida. Florida Militia Brigadier General Leigh Read had recently been killed by Willis Alston, in a case attracting much attention. Read had earlier killed Willis' brother Augustus Alston in a duel. Eppes appointed six officers, who are considered the beginning of the Tallahassee Police Department.

Eppes also took an active interest in educational issues. He became a founding member of the Episcopal Church there. In 1838 Eppes was elected to serve as a Deputy to the Episcopal Church's General Convention, held that year in Philadelphia. Among its actions, the Convention officially admitted the Diocese of Florida. In 1851, the Florida Legislature authorized two seminaries of higher learning in Florida. One seminary was to be located west of the Suwannee River and one to the east of the river. In 1854, Eppes tried to gain approval for the western seminary to be located in Tallahassee, but was rejected.

In 1856, Eppes initiated the proposal again and offered to fund an initial endowment of $10,000, plus a $2,000 per year stipend and a new building. The legislature accepted the proposal. That year, the existing Florida Institute in Tallahassee was designated as the State Seminary West of the Suwannee River. Classes began in 1857. Eppes served on the seminary's board of trustees for eleven years; for the last eight of those years, he served as president of the board. The seminary later developed as Florida State University.

Death, legacy and recent controversy
Eppes died on May 30, 1881, in Orlando, Florida, and was buried at Greenwood Cemetery. Three of his children by his first wife had died earlier in Virginia. They were buried at the Jefferson family cemetery at Monticello, as were Francis' Jefferson grandparents and mother, Maria. Later, at least three of his grandchildren were also buried there. Since the late 19th century, the cemetery has been owned and operated by the Monticello Association, a private lineage society of descendants of Jefferson and Martha Wayles. (This property is separate from the Monticello plantation, which is owned and operated by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation.)

In 1995, Florida State University established the Jefferson–Eppes Trophy to honor Eppes and his grandfather Thomas Jefferson. A statue of Eppes was installed to commemorate him at the university and unveiled in January 2002. In 2016, the Eppes statue was the subject of a non-binding removal referendum introduced by the FSU chapter of Students for a Democratic Society because Eppes owned slaves. The referendum failed by a vote of 71% to 29%. In May 2018, an FSU panel voted to recommended the removal of the statue as well as the Eppes designation at Eppes Hall.  On July 20, 2018, maintenance crews removed the statue from Westcott Plaza.  On May 12, 2019, the statue was relocated to another part of the campus.  On July 24, 2020, the statue was removed from the campus.
In 2021, FSU President John Thrasher accepted the recommendation from the Task Force on Anti-Racism, Equality, and Inclusion and directed that Eppes' name be removed from the building housing the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice.

See also
 List of mayors of Tallahassee, Florida
 Plantations of Leon County, Florida

References

External links

Jefferson family
Presidents of Florida State University
1801 births
1881 deaths
People from Albemarle County, Virginia
People from Leon County, Florida
Mayors of Tallahassee, Florida
Burials in Florida
19th-century American people
American planters
American slave owners

Francis W. Eppes


The Inn of the Sixth Happiness is a 1958 20th Century Fox film based on the true story of Gladys Aylward, a tenacious British woman, who became a missionary in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Directed by Mark Robson, who received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director, the film stars Ingrid Bergman as Aylward and Curt Jürgens as her love interest, Captain Lin Nan, a Chinese Army officer with a Dutch father. Robert Donat, who played the mandarin of the town in which Aylward lived, died before the film was released. The musical score was composed and conducted by Malcolm Arnold. The cinematography was by Freddie Young.

The film was shot in Snowdonia, North Wales. Most of the children in the film were ethnic Chinese children from Liverpool, home to the oldest Chinese community in Europe.

Plot
The story begins with Aylward (Ingrid Bergman) being rejected as a potential missionary to China because of her lack of education. Dr. Robinson (Moultrie Kelsall), the senior missionary, feels sorry for her and secures her a position in the home of Sir Francis Jamison (Ronald Squire), a veteran explorer with contacts in China. Over the next few months, Aylward saves her money to purchase a ticket on the Trans-Siberian Railway, choosing the more dangerous overland route to the East because it is less expensive. Sir Francis writes to his only surviving friend in China,  veteran missionary, Jeannie Lawson (Athene Seyler), who agrees to accept Gladys as a much-needed assistant at her mission in the remote county of Yangcheng. Lawson has set up an inn for muleteers, where the men can get clean food for their animals, communal beds without bugs, a good hot meal and Lawson's free stories (from the Bible). The film follows Aylward's acculturation, until tragedy strikes and Lawson dies when a balcony collapses. Captain Lin (Curt Jürgens), the commander of Yancheng's garrison, advises Aylward to go home and wishes her well as he leaves.

Aylward takes over running the inn, with the help of Yang (Peter Chong), the devoted cook, who tells the stories himself while teaching Aylward Chinese. The local Mandarin (Robert Donat) appoints Aylward as his Foot Inspector, charging her with enforcing the government's command that the ancient practice of foot binding be eradicated. She succeeds in this assignment, winning the esteem of the people and of the Mandarin as she travels regularly through the mountains, earning the nickname "She who loves" and becoming a Chinese citizen. When Lin, now a Colonel, returns to prepare the region for war with Japan, she has just stopped a prison riot. Lin goes with her on her rounds. Before he leaves, they confess their love.

In 1937, Japan invades China. An air raid shatters the city, killing Yang. The Mandarin evacuates the population to the countryside, and Li (Bert Kwouk), a former prisoner, comes to help Aylward with her five adopted children.

Later, Lin returns with the news that the war is going badly and the Mandarin must go to a safe haven. Lin wants her to go too, but she says "These are my people and I will live and die for them." They kiss. At a last meeting with his council, the Mandarin announces that he is converting to Christianity to honour Aylward and the faith that underlies her work. He says farewell: They will not meet again.

In the now-virtually deserted city, Aylward has gathered 50 children at the Inn, struggling to find food, facing a bitter winter, and not knowing where to go. Another 50 children arrive from another mission with a letter from the missionary telling her that trucks will evacuate them to a new home in the interior, but they must get to the mission at Seeyan by 12 November, in three weeks, or the trucks will leave without them. The trip should take a week by road, but Lin and his men intercept them and warn her that the Japanese control the road ahead. They must go over the mountains. She believes this is why God wanted her to come to China. Lin gives her a map. Saying, "I know you'll come back if you can," he puts a ring on her hand.

After a long, difficult journey, including a perilous river crossing, they all arrive safely (except for Li, who dies to save them from a Japanese patrol) on the day the trucks are to leave. The film culminates with the column of children, led by Aylward, marching through cheering crowds and up to the steps of the mission, singing the song "This Old Man", which Aylward taught the children to warm themselves after the river crossing. Aylward is greeted by Dr. Robinson. She asks if he remembers her: "My  name used to be Gladys Aylward." He nods gravely and replies, "Yes, I remember. Gladys Aylward, who wasn't qualified to come to China."  He invites her to come to the children's village in the interior, but she declines: "I am going home," she says, looking back toward the mountains.

Cast

 Ingrid Bergman as Gladys Aylward
 Curt Jürgens as Captain Lin Nan
 Robert Donat as the Mandarin of Yangcheng
 Michael David as Hok-A
 Athene Seyler as Jeannie Lawson
 Ronald Squire as Sir Francis Jamison
 Moultrie Kelsall as Dr. Robinson
 Richard Wattis as Mr. Murfin
 Peter Chong as Yang
 Tsai Chin as Sui-Lan
 Edith Sharpe as Secretary at China Inland Mission
 Joan Young as Sir Francis' cook
 Lian-Shin Yang as Woman with Baby
 Noel Hood as Miss Thompson (credited as Noël Hood)
 Burt Kwouk as Li
 André Mikhelson as Russian Commissar (uncredited)
 Peter Foo as one of the children (uncredited)

Production

The film was shot in CinemaScope using the DeLuxe Color process.

For the production of The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, 20th Century Fox rented space at MGM British Studios Borehamwood, where the Chinese villages were built on the backlot, with location scenes filmed in Nantmor, near Beddgelert in North Wales.

A gold-painted statue of Buddha that was used on a set for the film is now located in the Italianate village of Portmeirion, North Wales. Sean Connery was considered for the role of Captain Lin. His screen test can be seen on the DVD.

Since the film's release, the filmmakers have been criticised for casting Ingrid Bergman, a tall woman with a Swedish accent, as Gladys Aylward, who was in fact short and had a cockney accent. Likewise, the two male leads, British actor Robert Donat and Austrian actor Curt Jurgens were not even Chinese (though Jurgens' character is said to be half-Dutch). Singer Bill Elliott sang the hit song "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness" with the Cyril Stapleton Orchestra.

Historical accuracy

The film was based on the biography The Small Woman (1957) by Alan Burgess.

Gladys Aylward (1902-1970) was deeply upset by the inaccuracy of the film. Although she found herself a figure of international interest thanks to the popularity of the film and television and media interviews, Aylward was mortified by her depiction in the film and the many liberties it took. The tall, Swedish Ingrid Bergman was inconsistent with Aylward's small stature, dark hair and cockney accent. The struggles of Aylward and her family to effect her initial trip to China were skipped over in favour of the plot device of her employer "condescending to write to 'his old friend' Jeannie Lawson", and Aylward's dangerous, complicated travels across Russia and China were reduced to "a few rude soldiers", after which "Hollywood's train delivered her neatly to Tsientsin."

The names of many characters and places were changed, even when the names had significant meanings, such as those of Aylward's adopted children and of her inn, named for the Chinese belief that the number eight is auspicious: The Inn of the Eight Happinesses, (八福客栈 bāfú kèzhàn in Chinese). The name was based on the eight virtues: Love, Virtue, Gentleness, Tolerance, Loyalty, Truth, Beauty and Devotion. And in real life she was given the Chinese name 艾偉德 (Ài Wěi Dé – a Chinese approximation to 'Aylward' – meaning 'Virtuous One'), not the name used in the movie (兼愛 Jiān Ài relating to universal love as advocated by the ancient philosopher Mo Zi).

It is true that in 1938 she led almost 100 children 100 miles to safety from Japanese invaders. But real life was very different from the film. At the end of the journey, "the brown-eyed, modest missionary was virtually unconscious and delirious with typhus and fever."

Captain Lin Nan was portrayed as half-European, a change which Aylward found insulting to his Chinese lineage. She also felt her reputation damaged by the Hollywood-embellished love scenes in the film; not only had she never kissed any man, but also the film's ending portrayed her character abandoning the orphans in order to join the captain elsewhere, even though in reality she worked with orphans for the rest of her life. In 1958, the year of the film's release, she founded a children's home in Taiwan, which she continued to run until her death in 1970. She continues to be regarded as a national hero.

Reception
The film was the second most popular film at the British box office in 1959 behind Carry on Nurse with a gross of $700,000.

The film is recognised by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:
 Gladys Aylward – Nominated Hero
 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated
 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated

References

External links

1958 films
British drama films
20th Century Fox films
British films based on actual events
Films directed by Mark Robson
Films set in the 1930s
Films shot in Wales
Christian missions in China
Films set in Shanxi
Films based on British novels
Films scored by Malcolm Arnold
1950s Mandarin-language films
Second Sino-Japanese War films
Films shot at MGM-British Studios
American films based on actual events
American drama films
American multilingual films
British multilingual films
1950s English-language films
1950s Japanese-language films
1950s Russian-language films
1950s American films
1950s British films

The Inn of the Sixth Happiness


The AFL Record is the official matchday programme of the Australian Football League (AFL). The publication began as the Football Record in Melbourne in 1912, making it one of the oldest magazines in Australia.

The Record, in its current format, is owned and produced by Sports Entertainment Network. Physical editions are available for purchase at all nine weekly matches, and digital versions are available to access online. As of 2023, the outgoing editor of the AFL Record is Michael Lovett, who has edited the publication since 1997.

History
The publication began as the Football Record in Melbourne, Australia on 27 April 1912, making it one of the oldest magazines in Australia. It was initially formatted as a pocketbook guide to assist spectators of matches when the league was known as the VFL. The guide helped identify players on the field. As only their numbers were worn on their guernseys, the record contained a list of player names so that spectators could tell who is who.

Over time, the record included a section for keeping track of how many goals and behinds players have kicked while the game is being played and this became a traditional pastime of many footy spectators, something which is fairly unusual to the game. Special interest articles were also added, as well as scores, reports and updates from other leagues around the country.

The AFL Record was known as the Football Record until 1998; in 1999, the current title was adopted. In July 2018, the AFL sold the AFL Record and its related products to Crocmedia (now known as Sports Entertainment Network) in an $8.1 million deal. The sports media company took all weekly match-day magazine content, including the AFL Record, AFL Women's publications, and the AFL Record Season Guide.

Today's Record
Today's official AFL Record is published in a sports magazine style format. Nine different versions (one for each game) were published for each weekly round (60,000 copies in total) prior to 2022 and Roy Morgan Research estimated in 2014 that the Record has a weekly readership of over 200,000.

To reduce costs, the format for the record changed in the 1990s with the advent of the national league to include an outer magazine which covers regular columns and stories about the entire league and an insert with specifics on the current game such as teamsheets and scoresheets.

With the advent of themed rounds in the AFL, the Record is often themed accordingly, with issues such as "Women's round", for example, containing articles about women's involvement in the game. Many themed rounds are repeated annually, such as the ANZAC Day edition, Hall of Fame, Derby Day, Showdown, Indigenous or "Dreamtime" round, the "Big Freeze", and Maddy's Round. In addition, players who reach a milestone of 250, 300 or 350 AFL games are typically honoured with a front cover and a feature story.

The Grand Final Record is typically more expensive and has significantly more content. It is distributed in newsagents, available the Monday prior to the Grand Final (the "News Stand Edition") as well as at the game (the "Match Day Edition"). These were discontinued after a time.

During 2009 to 2011, the week's records are now published and are able to be viewed in an "online magazine" format.

In late March 2020, following the COVID-19 lockdowns and as crowds were no longer permitted to attend AFL matches, Crocmedia began publishing a digital version of the Record. They were also sold in newsagents in Victoria. Links to these digital editions are made available via the Record's social media pages such as Instagram, Facebook and Twitter, and the SEN website.

During 2021 and 2022, a single standard version of the AFL Record is published weekly, containing information on all nine games. This replaces the previous format of one unique magazine per game. It is available at Coles, Victorian newsagents, as well as at every AFL game. However, exclusive variant covers are available at some games. This has been returned to the normal game specific versions as of 2023.

Publication details
 AFL record: official program of the Australian Football League. ISSN 1444-2973. 1999- to current date
 Football record  1912–1998. ISSN 1324-8340  Victorian Football League, -1989; Australian Football League, 1990–1998.
 Vol.1 no.1 (27 Apr. 1912)-v. 87, no.26 (26 Sept. 1998).

References

External links
 AFL Record online
 Complete online archive of the Football Record and AFL Record at the State Library of Victoria
 The Slattery Media Group
 B&T: AFL Record kicks revenue goal

1912 establishments in Australia
Australian Football League
Sports magazines published in Australia
Magazines established in 1912
Australian rules football culture
Mass media in Melbourne
Weekly magazines published in Australia

AFL Record