Harold "Hal" Jordan, one of the characters known as Green Lantern, is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created in 1959 by writer John Broome and artist Gil Kane, and first appeared in Showcase #22 (October 1959). Hal Jordan is a reinvention of the previous Green Lantern who appeared in 1940s comic books as the character Alan Scott.

Hal Jordan is a former fighter pilot who works for Ferris Aircraft as a test pilot, a member and occasionally leader of an intergalactic police force called the Green Lantern Corps, as well as a founding member of the Justice League, DC's flagship superhero team, alongside well-known heroes such as Batman, Superman, and Wonder Woman. He fights evil across the universe with a ring that grants him a variety of superpowers, but is usually portrayed as one of the protectors of Sector 2814, which is the sector where Earth resides. His powers derive from his power ring and Green Lantern battery, which in the hands of someone capable of overcoming great fear allows the user to channel their will power into creating all manner of fantastic constructs. Jordan uses this power to fly, even through the vacuum of space; to create shields, swords, and lasers; and to construct his Green Lantern costume, which protects his secret identity in his civilian life on Earth. Jordan and all other Green Lanterns are monitored and empowered by the mysterious Guardians of the Universe, who were developed from an idea editor Julius Schwartz and Broome had originally conceived years prior in a story featuring Captain Comet in Strange Adventures #22 (July 1952) entitled "Guardians of the Clockwork Universe".

During the 1990s, Jordan also appeared as a villain. The story line Emerald Twilight saw a Jordan traumatized by the supervillain Mongul's destruction of Jordan's hometown Coast City, adopt the name "Parallax", and threaten to destroy the universe. In subsequent years, DC Comics rehabilitated the character, first by having Jordan seek redemption for his actions as Parallax, and later by revealing that Parallax was in fact an evil cosmic entity that corrupted Jordan and took control of his actions. Between the character's stint as Parallax and his return to DC Comics as a heroic Green Lantern once more, the character also briefly served as the Spectre, a supernatural character in DC Comics stories who acts as God's wrathful agent on Earth.

Outside of comics, Hal Jordan has appeared in various animated projects, video games and live-action. Jordan's original design in the comics was based on actor Paul Newman, and the character is ranked 7th on IGN's in the Top 100 Comic Book Heroes in 2011. In 2013, Hal Jordan placed 4th on IGN's Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics.

Hal Jordan made his cinematic debut in the 2011 film Green Lantern, played by Ryan Reynolds.

Publication history

Recreated for the Silver Age
After achieving great success in 1956 in reviving the Golden Age character The Flash, DC editor Julius Schwartz looked toward recreating the Green Lantern from the Golden Age of Comic Books. Drawing from his love for science-fiction, Schwartz intended to show the new Green Lantern in a more modern light, enlisting writer John Broome and artist Gil Kane, who in 1959 would reintroduce Green Lantern to the world in Showcase #22 (October 1959) by creating Hal Jordan.

The character was a success, and it was quickly decided to follow up his three-issue run on Showcase with a self-titled series. Green Lantern #1 began in July–August 1960 and would continue until #89 in April–May 1972.

Starting in issue #17, Gardner Fox joined the book to share writing duties with John Broome. The quartet of Schwartz, Broome, Fox, and Kane remained the core creative team until 1970.

O'Neil/Adams and socially-conscious Green Lantern/Green Arrow
Starting with issue #76 (April 1970), Dennis O'Neil took over scripting and Neal Adams, who had drawn the cover of issue #63, became the series' artist. O'Neil and Adams had already begun preparation for the classic run in the form of their re-workings of another DC superhero, the archer Green Arrow.

 In an introduction to the 1983 reprinting of this O'Neil/Adams run, O'Neil explains that he wondered if he could represent his own political beliefs in comics and take on social issues of the late sixties and early seventies. O'Neil devised the idea of portraying Hal Jordan, effectively an intergalactic law enforcement officer, as an establishment gradualist liberal figure against Oliver Queen (Green Arrow), who O'Neil had characterized as a lusty outspoken anarchist who would stand in for the counter-culture movement. The first of these socially motivated Green Lantern/Green Arrow stories was written with Gil Kane slated to be the artist, but Kane dropped out and was replaced by Neal Adams. The stories tackled questions of power, racism, sexism, and exploitation, and remain viewed in the comics community as the first socially-conscious superhero stories.

Despite the work of Adams and O'Neil, Green Lantern sales had been in a major decline at the time Green Arrow was brought on as co-star, and their stories failed to revive the sales figures. Green Lantern was canceled with issue #89 (April/May 1972), and the climactic story arc of the Green Lantern/Green Arrow series was published as a back-up feature in The Flash #217 through #219. In sharp contrast to the socially relevant tales which preceded it, this story centered on emotional themes, with Green Arrow struggling to deal with the guilt of having killed a man. Green Lantern continued to appear in backup stories of Flash from 1972 until the Green Lantern title was resumed in 1976.

1980s exile
In Green Lantern #151 (April 1982) through #172 (January 1984), Jordan is exiled into space for a year by the Guardians to prove his loyalty to the Green Lantern Corps, having been accused of paying too much attention to Earth when he had an entire "sector" of the cosmos to patrol. When he returns to Earth, he finds himself embroiled in a dispute with Carol Ferris. Faced with a choice between love and the power ring, Jordan resigns from the Corps. The Guardians call Jordan's backup, John Stewart, to regular duty as his replacement.

In 1985, the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" storyline that rebooted much of DC Comics' character continuity saw Jordan again take up the mantle of Green Lantern. The new Corps, with seven members residing on Earth, included several aliens, John Stewart, and Guy Gardner. Jordan becomes romantically involved with an alien Lantern named Arisia, for which he comes under fire due to Arisia being only a teenager. The alien Lanterns take a more direct hand in human affairs, a fact not appreciated by human governments. Eventually, the Earth corps break up, several members returning to their home sectors. The Guardians soon return to this dimension, and Jordan works with them to rebuild the fractured Corps.

1990s
During this time, the character's origin story is re-told and expanded in two limited series by Keith Giffen, Gerard Jones, and James Owsley, Emerald Dawn and Emerald Dawn II. The first series expanded the role of the Corps in his origin and also provided more details about his childhood and his relationship with his father and brothers, while the sequel detailed the role of Jordan in the downfall of Sinestro.

In the 1992 prestige format graphic novel Green Lantern: Ganthet's Tale, Hal Jordan first encounters Ganthet, one of the Guardians of the Universe. Ganthet asks Hal to help him battle a renegade Guardian who has attempted to use a time machine to change history.

Reign of the Supermen, Destruction of Coast City, and transformation into Parallax
In the 1993 Reign of the Supermen! storyline, the alien tyrant Mongul and his forces destroy Coast City (Jordan's former home), murdering all of its seven million inhabitants, while Jordan was off world. Angered, he flies to Engine City and attacks Mongul, eventually knocking him out with Steel's hammer. This leads into the Emerald Twilight arc, which sees Jordan using his power ring to recreate Coast City as an instrument in the process of overcoming his grief, and talking to ring-created versions of his old girlfriend and parents. After his ring's power expires, a projection of a Guardian appears and admonishes him for using the ring for personal gain and summons him to Oa (the homeworld of the Guardians and the Green Lantern Corps) for disciplinary action. Angered at what he sees as the Guardians' ungrateful and callous behavior, Jordan absorbs the energy from the Guardian's projection, goes insane and attacks Oa to seize the full power of the Central Power Battery (the source of power for all Green Lanterns), defeating and severely injuring several members of the Green Lantern Corps in the process, taking their power rings as his own and leaving them to die in space. He arrives on Oa and kills Kilowog, Sinestro, and all the Guardians except for Ganthet, who was protected by the other Guardians and survived without Jordan's knowledge. He then renounces his life as Green Lantern, adopting the name Parallax after absorbing the Power Battery's vast powers.

Ganthet designates Kyle Rayner to replace Jordan as the Green Lantern of Earth when Rayner comes into possession of the last power ring, created from the shattered remains of Jordan's. Guy Gardner has visions of the Green Lantern Corps' destruction and his yellow power ring's energy (being powered by residual Green Lantern's energy) starts to fluctuate. Soon after, Gardner goes to Oa to investigate, bringing Martian Manhunter, Darkstar (Ferrin Colos), The Ray, Wonder Woman, Captain Atom, Alan Scott and Arisia with him. Jordan uses the element of surprise, attacks, and easily defeats them, leaving Guy in a coma. After the battle, Jordan sends them all back to Earth warning them to leave him alone in the future. Not long afterwards, Parallax attempts to rewrite history to his own liking with the help of Extant in the universe-wide event Zero Hour: Crisis in Time. Parallax destroys the Time Trapper and attempts to remake the universe into a perfect, peaceful place, causing time disruptions throughout the universe. Superman, Kyle Rayner and Metron call upon Earth's heroes to stop the mysterious disturbances. Jordan and Extant are eventually defeated when Hal exhausts most of his power from both fighting and manipulating the time stream. Green Arrow then takes advantage of Jordan's drained state and shoots an arrow into a weakened Jordan's chest.

Jordan makes a brief and redemptory appearance as Parallax in the 1996 Final Night miniseries/crossover storyline, apparently sacrificing his life to combat a threat to the solar system.

Transformation into Spectre

In the 1999 mini-series Day of Judgment, Jordan becomes the newest incarnation of the Spectre, released from Purgatory after a fallen angel attempted to take that power. Soon after assuming this mantle, Jordan chooses to bend his mission from a spirit of vengeance to one of redemption, also making other appearances through some of DC Comics' other story lines, such as advising Superman during the Emperor Joker storyline (where the Joker steals the reality-warping power of Mister Mxyzptlk) and erases all public knowledge of Wally West's identity as the Flash after his terrible first battle with Zoom, which led to his wife miscarrying their twins. He also appeared in a 4-part story arc in the series Legends of the DC Universe (issues #33–36). A new series based on this premise, titled The Spectre (vol. 4), ran for 27 issues from 2001 to 2003. In it, Hal loses his beloved brother, Jack Jordan, to a supernatural assassin. After the series ended, Jordan was forced to return, temporarily, to the Spectre's mission of vengeance, following a confrontation between the new Justice Society of America and the Spirit King, an old foe of the Spectre and Mister Terrific, who had managed to "resurrect" the ghosts of all those the Spectre had damned to Hell when Jordan's attempt to turn the Spectre's mission to redemption weakened his hold on the damned, until Hal 'accepted' his original mission of vengeance.

During the Identity Crisis storyline, Green Arrow visits Jordan at his grave, asking to exact revenge on Sue Dibny's killer. Although Hal admits knowing the culprit's identity (revealed later was Jean Loring), he refused as the Spectre to a higher purpose, and implying to Oliver that the killer would eventually be caught, thus explaining the Spectre's inaction.

2000s
In 2004, DC launched the Green Lantern: Rebirth miniseries which brought Hal Jordan back to life and made him a Green Lantern once again, and in a redesigned Corps uniform. Shortly after the conclusion of Rebirth, DC Comics began a new Green Lantern (vol. 4) series, beginning with a new #1 and retconning his past murders as Parallax as the result of an intergalactic fear-driven parasite. The Green Lantern Corps has also been successfully rebuilt. Despite the revelation that Hal's past villainous activity was because of the influence of the parasite Parallax, many of his fellow Corps officers are unwilling to trust him, even Jordan, on some levels, believes the reason that Parallax succeeded in possessing him was because he surrendered to it, and thus acknowledges that he truly has a dark side. Despite being freed from Parallax, his experience also leads him occasionally to have a lack of confidence and self-doubt, making him no longer a daredevil he once was. Jordan also becomes friends with Kyle Rayner after their first battle with Parallax. In the new volume, Jordan moves to the nearly deserted Coast City, which is slowly being rebuilt. Reinstated as a captain in the United States Air Force, Jordan now works in the test pilot program at Edwards Air Force Base. The series introduces new supporting characters for Hal, including a man from his and his late-father's pasts, Air Force General Jonathan "Herc" Stone, who learns his secret identity during a battle with the Manhunters and acts as his ally. He also begins to develop a romantic attraction with his fellow pilot, the beautiful Captain Jillian "Cowgirl" Pearlman. Returning characters also include Carol Ferris, Tom Kalmaku, and Jordan's younger brother James Jordan with his sister-in-law Susan and their children, Howard and Jane.

In this new title, he faces revamped versions of his Silver Age foes such as Hector Hammond, The Shark and Black Hand. A new account of Green Lantern's origins is also released as part of this series. In this new origin, Hal Jordan is working as an assistant mechanic under Tom Kalmaku, barred from flying due to his insubordination while in the USAF and his employer's lingering guilt about his father's death in the line of duty. Green Lantern Abin Sur, while fighting the villain Atrocitus, crashes near Coast City. Knowing he is close to death, Sur sends his ring to seek a replacement (as all rings do when their wearer dies), and his ring fetches Jordan. Sur then informs Jordan that he is to replace him as the Green Lantern of Sector 2814.

Infinite Crisis
As part of DC's 2006 event Infinite Crisis, Hal helps briefly with the attack of the OMACs and Brother Eye. He also fights alongside a group of heroes against the Society of Supervillains, defending Metropolis. Guy Gardner leads the Green Lantern Corps attack against Superboy-Prime with Hal appearing in the group.

As part of DC's post-Infinite Crisis retconning of the entire universe, all current stories skipped ahead one year in an event called One Year Later. This brought drastic changes to Hal Jordan's life, as with every other hero in the DC Universe. It is revealed that Jordan spent time as a P.O.W. in an unnamed conflict and has feelings of guilt from his inability to free himself and his fellow captives.

Sinestro Corps War and other Pre-Flashpoint stories
Hal and the rest of the Green Lantern Corps find themselves at war with Sinestro and his army, the Sinestro Corps during the events of the Sinestro Corps War As a Green Lantern native to Earth, Hal is featured in the Final Crisis mini-series by Grant Morrison.

In the Agent Orange story arc, Jordan is briefly in command of Agent Orange's power battery after he steals it from Agent Orange in a battle. The orange light of avarice converses with Jordan, his costume changes, and he becomes the new Agent Orange. However, Larfleeze quickly takes his power battery back from Jordan.

Jordan is also a character of focus in the new Justice League of America series as a charter member of the revamped JLA. He is also involved in the first plotline of the Brave and the Bold monthly series, teaming up first with Batman and later Supergirl. When teamed with the fledgling Supergirl, Hal is very impressed with her cleverness, although he finds her flirtatious behavior somewhat unnerving.

In the Justice League: Cry for Justice mini-series, Hal leads his own Justice League with Green Arrow, Shazam, Supergirl, Congorilla, Starman, Batwoman, and the Atom to avenge the deaths of Martian Manhunter and Batman. Jordan eventually recruits some of the former Titans members for the League's new lineup, including Batman's successor Dick Grayson, Donna Troy, and Starfire.

2010s

During the Blackest Night event, Hal allies himself with six other Lantern Corps during The War of Light. He finds himself facing many of his deceased allies, enemies, and people he failed to save reanimated as undead Black Lanterns under the control of the Green Lantern Corps' ancient enemy Nekron. Hal finds himself not only teaming up with Barry Allen (otherwise known as The Flash), who is also resurrected from his death, but also must work with his enemies Sinestro, Atrocitus, Larfleeze, and his former lover Carol Ferris.

The New 52
In 2011, after the universe-altering event Flashpoint, DC Comics relaunched its entire line of stories. In this era, Jordan returns to civilian life on Earth, having been discharged from the United States Air Force. This iteration of the hero, written by Geoff Johns and Robert Venditti, sees him team up with the villain Sinestro as the pair encounter ramifications of the Brightest Day/Blackest Night storylines, as well as a crossover with New Gods characters in Green Lantern: Godhead.

Hal Jordan is featured as a part of Justice League series relaunch as well. The initial issues of the title take place five years prior as Jordan assists Batman against a mysterious threat. It is shown he is already friends with Barry Allen and each know the other's secret identity. Hal also believes with the ring he can overcome anything by himself by sheer force of will. This leads to reckless behavior that almost gets him killed. It is only when Batman reminds him of his mortality by revealing his own identity as Bruce Wayne that Hal reconsiders his approach. Five years after the team forms, Green Lantern resigns from the Justice League in an effort to keep the group functioning after his behavior put the team in peril during their fight with David Graves. Subsequently, he returns to the Justice League to help Jessica Cruz learn how to control her powers.

In the aftermath, Hal gets a new look as he goes rogue from the Green Lantern Corps to create a scapegoat for the Corps and be the focus of the universe's blame and distrust for everything that had taken place in recent issues, such as the Third Army's assault or Relic's attack. The Corps itself – unaware of Jordan's intentions to show the universe that the Green Lanterns are not corrupt and will go after one of their own – believes that he has actually betrayed them when he attacks Kilowog. Along the way, Jordan steals a Green Lantern prototype gauntlet and power pack from the armoury, allowing him to continue to operate as a hero without the need for a power ring, although he is sometimes required to fight other Lanterns to maintain the illusion of independence.

DC Rebirth
In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth", which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Jordan returns to Earth temporarily to assign Simon Baz and Jessica Cruz the task of protecting Earth while he and the rest of the human Green Lanterns are away. He takes their power batteries and fuses them into a single battery to help the two bond as Lantern partners.

Subsequently, in DC Rebirth, Hal returns as Green Lantern again, now equipped with his self-constructed power ring, searching for the rest of the Green Lanterns and hunting down the Sinestro Corps. Hal takes on several Yellow Lanterns before fighting Sinestro and getting injured. He is healed by Soranik, Sinestro's daughter who now is a Yellow Lantern like her father. After being healed, he takes on and defeats Sinestro and saves Guy Gardner, who was being tortured by Sinestro. Hal is now reunited with the Green Lanterns who have entered a war with the Sinestro Corps. The battle leads them to the planet of Green Lantern Tomar-Tu. As they fight, Braniac shrinks the planet with the Lanterns in it. The shrunken planet is given to the Grand Collector which turns out to be Larfleeze, the Orange Lantern. Hal is believed to be dead in the destruction that came with the shrinking of the planet. He has been transported to the Emerald Space, an afterlife for deceased Lanterns. Guardians, Ganthet and Sayd call upon White Lantern Kyle Rayner to rescue Hal. Kyle pulls him out of the Emerald Space and the two meet up with the rest and escape from the shrunken planet and restore it. Larfleeze escapes with his orange construct Lanterns. The Green and Yellow Lanterns form an alliance.

Jordan appears with the Justice League in the Dark Nights: Metal mini-series.

The Green Lantern
With writer Grant Morrison taking the helm, Jordan returns to interstellar duty after a brief reprieve. Discovering a cosmic conspiracy is afoot, Jordan, under the orders of The Guardians Of The Universe, goes undercover and infiltrates the ranks of the sinister new threat of Controller Mu's Blackstars. There's a double-agent in the Green Lantern force, a traitor who's aiding these new antagonists and the undercover op is undertaken to root out the mole, while Jordan can gather intel and take down the threat. Mu is a lone Controller, with his Blackstars being an extremist separatist sect and a true cult, treating the idea of 'control' as almost a kind of religion. The story seems Jordan dealing with the threat of The Blackstars, while forming a dynamic with their general, Countess Belzebeth. With The Blackstars hunting for 5 mysterious 'components' to change reality, Jordan is faced with tough cases to crack. He arrests a Terravore pretending to be god and busts Volgar Zo's Planet Trafficking Ring, resolving the issue of Grand Theft Planet. He finds his old foe Evil Star's Star-Band stolen by The Blackstars. He dons the persona of 'The Man With No Name' to find intel. He faces the deadly trials and tests of a Blackstar on the Vampire World of Vorr. He then, with the aid of Belzebeth, joins The Blackstars in proper fashion and is dubbed a Knight of O.M.E.N. (Over-Master's Executive Network), the network under which all Blackstars operate. And as is law in the cult, he takes on a new name: Blackstar Parallax. He then faces down his old pal Adam Strange, forced to kill him to prove his loyalty to Mu and wins, while actually sparing and saving Adam's life through deceit. He then teams up with Adam, his wife Alanna and their daughter Alea to save the day. Controller Mu is killed by Alanna after he calls Jordan's bluff and his cover's busted. But Mu's 'death' sets off The U-Bomb to end the universe, which Jordan stops utilizing the power of the all Green Lanterns, mainlining The Central Power Battery. Then he vanishes, savior once more, presumed dead.  But he's in truth spared and saved by his ring, which took him inside the universe it contains, where in classic foe Myrwhydden is caged. There he meets the A.I of his ring, Pengowirr (an anagram of Power Ring), and better understands the nature of his bond with his ring. From there onwards, he is able to consistently converse with the ring, as the partnership deepens.

Hal reunites with Green Arrow and goes on an adventure busting up an assassin from a cosmic cartel of Hadea Maxima, while dealing with a drug dealer from Dimension Zero, Glorigold DeGrande. Teaming up with Xeen Arrow and Xeen Lantern, the heroes save the day by shooting a giant cosmic arrow at the assassin Azmomza on Earth's moon. Hal then takes off for R&R on Athmoora, the fantasy world of 2814 and faces the evil wizard Ah-Bah-Nazzur, who turns out to be a Blackstar mind-controlled Green Lantern of Earth-20, Abin Sur. Teaming up with him and The Guardians Of The Multiverse, a team of multiversal Green Lanterns, a cosmic interpol, Hal faces off against The Anti-Man/The Qwa-Man, The Mad Lantern, who is his Anti-Matter counterpart, set loose by Controller Mu and The Blackstars. From there on, he reunites with Uugo, The Conscious Planet, Strong-Woman Of Thronn and joins this team on a rescue operation for The Star Sapphire of Earth-11 on the forbidden universe of Earth-15. Becoming part of The Cosmic Grail Quest, Jordan finds himself in grave danger facing a mysterious Lantern figure.

Powers and abilities

As a Green Lantern, Hal Jordan is semi-invulnerable, capable of projecting hard-light constructions, flight, and utilizing various other abilities through his power ring which are only limited by his imagination and willpower. Jordan, as a Green Lantern, has exceptional willpower.

As Parallax, Hal was one of the most powerful beings in all of the DC Universe. In addition to his normal Green Lantern powers, he was able to manipulate and reconfigure time-space to his will, manipulate reality at a large scale, had vast superhuman strength which he demonstrated by being able to knock out Superman with one punch, a higher sense of awareness and enhanced durability. As Parallax, he was still able to be harmed nearly just as easily as a normal Green Lantern but seemed to be able to endure more physical punishment. While Hal Jordan was Parallax, he was never defeated by physical force; all of his very few defeats were of a changed mental state during or after the battle, which was usually the result of dealing with his own conscience, and he would just give up, leave the battle, and hide himself.

Other versions

As with other characters published by DC Comics, many alternative universe versions and analogues of the character have appeared within both the Green Lantern series and other titles.

In Action Comics #856, a Bizarro version of Hal, called Yellow Lantern, is featured. Yellow Lantern possessed a Sinestro Corps ring and used it to inflict fear among Htrae's inhabitants.
 The Green Lantern of Earth-5 is shown to be the Hal Jordan of Captain Marvel's world (Earth-5) in the New 52 multiverse. He is killed in Countdown: Arena #2 by Monarch. A Green Lantern named Hal Jordan III, grandson of the original Hal Jordan, from the world of Batman Beyond. He is labelled as Green Lantern of Earth-12. He loses his left arm in battle with Monarch.
 The character has also appeared in and been the focus of many Elseworlds titles, including JLA: Age of Wonder, DC: The New Frontier, Superman: Red Son as a former POW turned leader of the Green Lantern Marine Corps., JLA: The Nail (where he was the leader and most powerful member of the JLA in a world where Superman was never found by the Kents), Green Lantern: Evil's Might and the John Byrne penned Superman & Batman: Generations 2 (this Jordan pursuing a career in politics before he was forced to use the ring against Sinestro) and a part of the Frank Miller Dark Knight universe, appearing in All Star Batman and Robin and Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again.
 In The Dark Knight Returns, it is stated that Jordan left Earth years ago when politics forced the heroes to 'retire', while in The Dark Knight Strikes Again, he returned when Batman requested his help to destroy Lex Luthor's weapons satellites. In The Dark Knight III: The Master Race, Hal returns to Earth once again when a group of Kryptonians, led by the ruthless Quar, are released from Kandor. The Kryptonians dismiss him as nothing but a man with a ring and burn his hand off before leaving him to fall to his death, although he is rescued by the Hawks and manages to reclaim his hand and ring later.
 In the DC/Marvel Company crossover series Amalgam Comics, there appeared to be two amalgams of Hal. Iron Lantern was the amalgam of Hal Jordan and Tony Stark. His identity was known as Hal Stark. Another unknown amalgam of Hal Jordan appeared in Speed Demon #1, in which the Speed Demon killed "Madman" Jordan, as apparently this Jordan had committed a horrible crime.
 Hal Jordan is a character in JLA/Avengers, which featured a crossover between DC and Marvel Comics. Despite the fact that both teams travel to both of their respective universes, this is one of the few comics featuring multiple universes that remains in (DC) continuity. During this story, Hal gets a vision of his future as Parallax in the 'real' universe after a reality is created where the two universes have regularly interacted for years, but nevertheless resolves to restore reality as the heroes cannot choose their lives over the lives of those being affected by the current chronal disruption.
 An alternate version of Hal Jordan also appeared in the Pocket Universe Earth created by the Time Trapper. He, along with various other heroes who had no superpowers in this reality, teamed up with a good version of Lex Luthor to stop three evil Kryptonians who had escaped from the Phantom Zone. Hal Jordan piloted an advanced jet craft that was easily destroyed by the Kryptonians.
 Though Jordan was never one of the main characters in the award-winning mini-series Kingdom Come, a version of him from the Earth-22 (A post Infinite Crisis alternate universe) made a cameo at the end of the storyline" Thy Kingdom Come" story arc on the issue of Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #22, during Batman's funeral.
 A new version of Power Ring, the villainous Green Lantern analogue of the Crime Syndicate of America, appeared and is stated as being the "original" (though previously unseen) iteration of the character. He has been presumed dead years earlier. It is implied that he was reborn in his reality as a direct result of Jordan's resurrection in Green Lantern: Rebirth.
 In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, Hal Jordan was reckless as a flying ace. He along with Carol Ferris was on an F-22 Raptor entering Western Europe territory before the Shark attacks. Hal forces the Shark to crash his jet into Carol's jet, and both of them barely got out of the ejection system. Upon their return to America, Hal was about to fly the jet. However, he witnesses a spaceship crash to Earth and was approached by the ship's survivor, Abin Sur, asking for help. However, Abin Sur is subsequently taken into custody by Cyborg and the government to be questioned about his reasons for being on Earth. Later, when Amazonian invisible planes invade over Coast City, Hal and Carol manage to shoot down the invisible planes and the hydra that they dropped. Later, Hal is recruited by the President of the United States for a mission to use a Green Arrow Industries nuclear weapon to bomb Western Europe. Later, Hal is ready to fly on the F-35 with the Green Arrow nuclear weapon attempting to destroy Western Europe at the end of the Atlantean/Amazon war. During the battles on New Themyscira, Hal possesses the remaining nuclear weapon, but his firing mechanism jams. Hal's only option is to fly through New Themyscira on a suicide attack, causing a process which destroys not only New Themyscira's invisible shield, but Hal with it. Afterwards, Thomas Kalmaku gives Carol a note saying that Hal was afraid to say that he had always loved her. Carol sees the engagement ring that he was going to propose to her.
 In the distant future, the Book of Oa shows that Hal will eventually marry Carol and their son would be named Martin Jordan after Hal's father.
 In the possible future of Futures End, Hal Jordan had left his role as Corps leader behind, promising to never again leave Earth unprotected after a gruesome war killed thousands of people, including Hal's mother. Living what looks like a bachelor's life in Coast City, Hal learns from his deceased father that Krona has become the new leader of the Black Lantern Corps, which forces Hal to renege on his vow and to take them head on with only the help of a new ally, Relic. The ensuing battle occurs near the Source Wall, which is a miniature Blackest Night version, with Relic giving Hal access to the rest of the emotional spectrum needed to handle his foes. As Hal is quickly overrun, he sacrifices himself to end the Black Lantern threat once and for all. Critically wounded and barely alive, Hal is placed inside the Source Wall, just like Relic was.
 In the crossover series Star Trek/Green Lantern: The Spectrum War, the return of Nekron in a not-too-distant future results in the complete destruction of the DC Universe, with Hal Jordan and the other members of the original 'new Guardians' the only survivors after Ganthet initiates the 'Last Light' protocol, banishing all surviving ring-wielders to the alternate Star Trek universe, where his corpse is collected by the USS Enterprise. After Hal makes contact with the Enterprise and learns of Nekron's return in this universe, he assists the crew in thwarting the new ring-bearers, as well as dealing with the threats of Atrocitus, Sinestro and Larfleeze. With Nekron defeated, Hal joins the Enterprise in their mission of exploration. In the sequel, Hal leads the Enterprise crew in tracking down the Oa of this universe, culminating in Kirk becoming the first Green Lantern native to the Star Trek universe, accompanying Hal as he prepares to search for this world's version of Krypton.
 In the in-continuity company-wide story Convergence, the Zero Hour-era Hal Jordan and the people of Metropolis are stolen from that timeline immediately before the reboot event at the end of Zero Hour by Brainiac and stored on the planet Telos along with cities of heroes and villains from other eras and Earths of the DC Comics multiverse. The villain Deimos, also on the planet, steals the power of the Time Masters and attempts to remake the multiverse in his image, only to be killed by Hal Jordan using the power of Parallax and still vengeful over the loss of Coast City. This attack causes the multiverse to begin to unravel, prompting a crisis event from which it will not survive. When Brainiac explains that he can send the heroes home, he is prevented by damage from the original Crisis on Infinite Earths event from restoring the universe to normal. Seeking redemption for his recent actions, Parallax volunteers to go with the pre-Flashpoint era Superman to the time of the original Crisis. Their contribution to that great battle is enough to change the outcome and avert the collapse of the original Multiverse; and thus Parallax saves the Multiverse, and undoes the events of Zero Hour in the process.
 In the DC Bombshells series, Hal Jordan is an American pilot attending a Christmas party in London who becomes smitten with Harley Quinn after witnessing her beat up most of the men at the scene. Harley tricks him to take her to the airfield, where she knocks him out and steals his plane.
 In the series Green Lantern: Earth One, set in the near future, Hal Jordan is a former astronaut who worked on a joint project between NASA and Monarcha Energy to build Arrowhead, an orbital platform which was intended to be used for deep space exploration, but which Jordan discovered was in fact a space weapon. It is implied that Arrowhead was used in a coup which ushered in an authoritarian regime. Feeling responsible for not speaking up, and disillusioned with humanity, Hal took a job as an asteroid miner with Ferris Galactic in an attempt to leave Earth. Jordan stumbles across one of the few remaining power rings in the galaxy, as the Green Lantern Corps was wiped out by the Manhunters generations ago. Thrust into the wider galaxy, Jordan teams up with Kilowog, a ring-bearer and the descendant of a Green Lantern, and begins searching for allies against the Manhunters. After repeatedly failing to enlist the aid of the few remaining ring-bearers, Jordan is eventually captured while his ring is drained and enslaved by the Manhunters on a planet that is revealed to be Oa. He discovers the presumed destroyed Central Power Battery, and is able to rally the bearers of all surviving power rings to join him in rescuing the Battery and freeing the slaves. With the Battery restored and the power rings' full powers unlocked, the Green Lantern Corps is revived under the leadership of Arisia. Hal returns to Earth and reveals his identity as a Green Lantern to his Captain, Amy Seaton.

In other media

Television
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure, voiced by Gerald Mohr.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Challenge of the Superfriends, voiced by Michael Rye.
 Hal Jordan appears in Legends of the Superheroes, portrayed by Howard Murphy.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Super Friends, voiced again by Michael Rye.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show, voiced again by Michael Rye.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians, voiced again by Michael Rye.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern makes a cameo appearance in the Duck Dodgers episode "The Green Loontern", voiced by Kevin Smith.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern makes a cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode "The Once and Future Thing, Part 2: Time, Warped", voiced by Adam Baldwin. Due to time distortions caused by Chronos, Jordan temporarily replaces John Stewart while retaining his knowledge of the Justice League's mission to stop Chronos.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in The Batman, voiced by Dermot Mulroney. This version is a founding member of the Justice League.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Loren Lester.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Young Justice, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker. This version is a member of the Justice League.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Green Lantern: The Animated Series, voiced by Josh Keaton.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Justice League Action, voiced again by Josh Keaton.
 The Green Lantern: The Animated Series incarnation of Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in the Teen Titans Go! episode "The Academy" via archival footage.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in DC Super Hero Girls (2019), voiced again by Josh Keaton. This version is a student at Metropolis High School, ex-boyfriend of Star Sapphire, second-in-command of the "Invinci-Bros", and a stereotypical jock with a strong, charming, and somewhat narcissistic demeanor.
 Hal Jordan will appear in the upcoming series Lanterns.

Film

Animation
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Justice League: The New Frontier, voiced by David Boreanaz.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Green Lantern: First Flight, voiced by Christopher Meloni.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths, voiced by Nolan North. This version is a member of the Justice League.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Green Lantern: Emerald Knights, voiced by Nathan Fillion. This version's power ring was originally wielded by Avra, the first Green Lantern to use their ring to create constructs.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Justice League: Doom voiced again by Nathan Fillion.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite, voiced by Cam Clarke.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League: Attack of the Legion of Doom, voiced again by Josh Keaton.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League: Cosmic Clash, voiced again by Josh Keaton.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in The Lego Movie, voiced by Jonah Hill. This version is a Master Builder.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in The Lego Batman Movie, voiced again by Jonah Hill. This version is a member of the Justice League.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part, voiced again by Jonah Hill.
 The Red Son incarnation of Hal Jordan appears in Superman: Red Son, voiced by Sasha Roiz.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Injustice, voiced by Brian T. Delaney.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse, voiced by an uncredited Jason Spisak.
 Hal Jordan as Green Lantern and Parallax appears in Green Lantern: Beware My Power, voiced again by Nolan North. This version was infected by Sinestro with the Parallax entity, which uses Jordan's body in an attempt to gain godhood before Green Arrow kills him.

DC Animated Movie Universe

 The Flashpoint incarnation of Hal Jordan appears in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox, voiced again by Nathan Fillion. In this version of events, he is chosen by the U.S. government to fly Abin Sur's spacecraft and bomb the Atlantean fleet amidst their war with the Amazons. However, Jordan and the craft are swallowed by a sea monster before he can drop the bomb.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Justice League: War, voiced by Justin Kirk. This version is a founding member of the Justice League.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Justice League: Throne of Atlantis, voiced again by Nathan Fillion.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in The Death of Superman, voiced again by Nathan Fillion.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in  Reign of the Supermen, voiced again by Nathan Fillion.

Live-action
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in a self-titled film, portrayed by Ryan Reynolds.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in The Death and Return of Superman, portrayed by Zach Cregger.
 Hal Jordan will appear in Green Lantern Corps.

Video games
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears as a playable character in Justice League Heroes, voiced by John Rubinow.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears as a playable character in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, voiced by Josh Phillips.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears as a playable character in the Nintendo DS version of Batman: The Brave and the Bold – The Videogame, voiced again by Loren Lester.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears as a playable character in Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters, voiced by Ryan Reynolds.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears as a playable character in LittleBigPlanet 2, voiced by Joseph May.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears as a playable character in DC Universe Online, voiced by Gray Haddock.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, voiced by Cam Clarke
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears as a playable character in LittleBigPlanet PS Vita, voiced again by Joseph May.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears as a playable character in Injustice: Gods Among Us, voiced again by Adam Baldwin. This version is a member of the Justice League. Additionally, an alternate universe incarnation of Jordan who supports Superman's Regime and was manipulated by Sinestro into becoming a Yellow Lantern also appears.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears as a playable character in Infinite Crisis, voiced again by Adam Baldwin.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced again by Josh Keaton.
 The Injustice incarnation of Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears as a playable character in Injustice 2, voiced by Steve Blum. After being rehabilitated by the Guardians of the Universe and re-assuming his Green Lantern powers, he returns to Earth to aid Batman's Insurgency in thwarting Brainiac's attack on Earth despite being hunted by Atrocitus, who seeks to make him a Red Lantern.
 Hal Jordan / Green Lantern appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced again by Josh Keaton.

Miscellaneous
 A hologram of Hal Jordan appears in Legion of Super Heroes in the 31st Century #6.
 The Injustice incarnation of Hal Jordan appears in the Injustice: Gods Among Us prequel comic. While supporting Superman's Regime, Sinestro manipulates Jordan into killing Guy Gardner before converting him into a Yellow Lantern.
 Hal Jordan appears in DC Super Hero Girls (2015), voiced again by Josh Keaton. This version is a student at Super Hero High.
 The Injustice incarnation of Hal Jordan appears in the Injustice 2 prequel comic. While standing trial on Oa for what he did while supporting the Regime, a guilt-ridden Jordan confesses to everything he had done and agrees to serve time on the prison planet Harring, during which he beats his cellmate Sinestro until the latter is transferred to another prison. Due to his previous status as a Green Lantern, the Guardians of the Universe enact a rehabilitation program as part of Jordan's atonement. All throughout, he is haunted by Gardner's spirit and temporarily becomes a Red Lantern to rescue the Green Lantern Corps before breaking free of his red power ring upon learning the Red Lantern Corps recruited Starro. Amidst the Red Lantern Corps' attack on Oa, Jordan reassumes his Green Lantern powers to fend them off.

Collected editions

See also

 Kristogar Velo

Footnotes

References

 Daniels, Les DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. Boston, MA: Bulfinch, 1995.
 O'Neil, Dennis "Introduction by Dennis O'Neil". Green Lantern/Green Arrow Volume One. Ed. Robert Greenberger. New York, NY: DC Comics, 2000.
 Giordano, Dick "Introduction by Dick Giordano". Green Lantern/Green Arrow: More Hard-Traveling Heroes. Ed. Robert Greenberger. New York, NY: DC Comics, 1993.
 Lawrence, Christopher "Neal Adams". Wizard. Sept. 2003.
 Casey, Todd "Green Mile". Wizard. Nov. 2004.

External links

 Official Green Lantern (Hal Jordan) Website
Green Lantern (1959) at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016.

 Green Lantern's (Hal Jordan's) origin @ dccomics.com
 Bio at the Unofficial Green Lantern Corps Webpage

Characters created by Gil Kane
Characters created by John Broome
Comics characters introduced in 1959
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics military personnel
DC Comics spies
Fictional avatars
Fictional aviators
Fictional characters from California
Fictional characters who can manipulate light
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters who can manipulate reality
Fictional characters who can manipulate time
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional United States Air Force personnel
Green Lantern Corps officers
Fictional military captains
Fictional American Jews in comics
Jewish superheroes
Fictional fighter pilots
Fighting game characters
Vigilante characters in comics

Hal Jordan


Andrew Murray "Boy" Charlton (12 August 1907 – 10 December 1975) was an Australian freestyle swimmer of the 1920s and 1930s who won a gold medal in the 1500 m freestyle at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.  He set five world records and also won a further three silver and one bronze medal in his Olympic career.

Early life

Charlton was born in Crows Nest, Sydney, as the only son of Oswald and Ada Charlton.  The accounts of his early life vary: the Australian Dictionary of Biography states that his father was a bank manager, while other sources suggest that he was raised in low socio-economic conditions and relied on benefactors to support his career.  He was raised in the northern seaside suburb of Manly and was educated at Manly Village Public School and later Sydney Grammar School.  Charlton was a member of North Steyne Surf Life Saving club in his teens, before transferring to Manly Life Saving Club in the mid 1920s

Swimming

Charlton first came to public attention in 1921 when he won a 440 yd freestyle race in the open division at a New South Wales Swimming Association competition in 5 min 45 s. It was his youth that led to his nickname "Boy".  In 1922 Bill Harris, the bronze medallist in the 100m freestyle at the 1920 Summer Olympics, came to Australia from Honolulu to compete against the likes of Frank Beaurepaire and Moss Christie.  Charlton defeated Harris at the New South Wales Championships, winning the 440 yd in 5 min 22.4 s. He then set a world record of 11m 5.4s in the 880yd event, as well as winning the one mile race in 23 min 43.2 s. Charlton used a trudgen stroke which embodied characteristics of the modern crawl stroke, which was at the time in its infancy.

In 1923, the 15-year-old Charlton swam for the first time against Beaurepaire, who had won 35 Australian championships and had set 15 world records in his career.  The Manly Baths was filled to capacity for the 440 yd race, with Charlton winning the race by two yards in a time of 5m 20.4s, which led to Beaurepaire predicting that fitness permitting, Charlton would break world records in 1924.

The start of 1924 in Australia was highlighted by the arrival of Swedish swimmer Arne Borg, at the time the holder of four world records, to compete against the 16-year-old Charlton in the 440yd freestyle at the New South Wales Championships.  The Domain Baths were filled to capacity with between 5000 and 8000 spectators, 400m queues forming outside the venue.  Borg held the lead for the first half of the race until Charlton drew level, taking the lead at the 320yd mark.  Charlton eventually won by 20yds to equal Borg's world record of 5 min 11.8 s.  Charlton was given a lap of honour as Borg rowed him around the pool in a small boat. They again met in the 880yd and 220yd events, with Charlton winning the former in a world record time of 10 min 51.8 s and the latter in an Australian record of 2 min 23.8 s.

Three Olympics

Charlton was selected for the Australian team for the 1924 Summer Olympics and travelled to Paris by sea with his coach, Tom Adriann, who was also appointed the team coach.  On the way, Adriann suffered a nervous breakdown, and threw himself overboard.  Even though Adriann was rescued, he was left in London while the team travelled to Paris without a coach.

Then, while in Paris, Charlton competed in his first event, the 1500 m freestyle. He won both his heat and his semi-final, qualifying for the final, where he lined up against Borg and Beaurepaire.  In the final, Borg immediately claimed the lead and maintained it until the 300 m mark, when Charlton moved alongside him.  Charlton forged ahead to lead by 5 metres at the 600 m, before proceeding to defeat Borg by 40 m, while lapping the remainder of the field to win gold in a new world record time of 20m 6.6s.  In the 400 m freestyle, Charlton again lined up against Borg and Johnny Weissmuller of the United States.  Charlton progressed to the final, finishing second to Weissmuller in both his heat and semi-final.  In the final, Charlton, the distance specialist, trailed far behind as Borg and Weissmuller contested the lead. Charlton was eight metres behind at the 150 m mark, before making his move. However, he left it too late and finished a metre behind the leaders, finishing with the bronze medal.  Charlton then combined with Ernest Henry, Moss Christie and Beaurepaire to claim silver in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay behind the United States.  Although Charlton had claimed the lead from the Americans in the second leg, the two following Australians were overwhelmed, losing by nine seconds, with the Americans setting another world record.

Physiologists had become involved in sport at the time of the Paris Olympics and Charlton's lung capacity was tested with a machine, which blew mercury through a set of bent tubes.  They could not believe his lung capacity.  It was the highest lung capacity of anyone they had rated at that time – only 16 years of age.

After the games, Charlton declared that swimming would take a back seat to his study and work career, and declined offers to tour the US and Europe. However, he still won the 200 m, 400 m and 800 m events at the Tailteann Games. He resumed studies at Hawkesbury Agricultural College, but did not graduate and subsequently became a station-hand at Kurrumbede station in Gunnedah, in western New South Wales.  Charlton limited his training to irregular visits to Sydney, when he consulted his coach, former Olympic medallist Henry Hay.

After a two-year absence from competition, he returned to the New South Wales championships in 1927, setting a world record of 10m 32s in the  on his return.  He was again victorious in the  in an Australian record time of 4 min 59.8 s.  Charlton again returned to his inland job in Gunnedah before returning to Sydney the following year to secure qualification for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam by winning the  New South Wales championships.

In Amsterdam, in the 1500 m, Charlton finished second behind Borg in his heat, before trailing Buster Crabbe home in the semi-final. Borg went on to set a new Olympic record to defeat Charlton by 15 m. In the 400 m, Charlton again finished second in both his heat and semi-final. He again claimed the silver medal, finishing behind Argentina's Alberto Zorrilla.

In total, Charlton won five Olympic medals, which was a record until 1960.

After shelving his swimming career on his return to Australia for four years, Charlton again broke the Australian record in both the 440 and  freestyle events at the 1932 New South Wales championships to gain selection for the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, the oldest member of the team at 25 years of age.  He contracted influenza a fortnight before the Games after arriving in the United States.  Charlton raised hopes that he had recovered when he won his heat, but then only won third place in the semi-final, although he still progressed to the final of the 400 m freestyle.  Charlton finished in a distant sixth, some ten seconds behind the winner.  In the 1500 metres, Charlton finished second in his heat, before coming fifth in his semi-final, resulting in his elimination.

While in Los Angeles, Charlton was offered the chance to audition in Hollywood.  Weissmuller had done 12 "Tarzan" movies and was now Jungle Jim.  But he turned down the offer because he didn't fancy swimming around, with his head out of the water, looking for baboons and alligators and things chasing him.

After swimming

Charlton retired from swimming upon his arrival in Australia, and in 1934 he opened a pharmacy business in Canberra. In 1936 he returned to the land, raising sheep near Tarago, New South Wales. He married on 20 March 1937 and settled on a  property near Goulburn, where he had a son and daughter. He was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an "Honour Swimmer" in 1972. There are two swimming pools in Sydney that have been named after Charlton; Sydney Domain Baths were renamed in his honour and the swim centre in Manly was also renamed the Andrew "Boy" Charlton Pool.

Death
Charlton died in Sydney of a heart attack at the age of 68.  His son, Murray Charlton, said on ABC's Australian Story, he "probably smoked up until the last five years of his death, but he had emphysema, so really, once he got emphysema, he couldn't even smoke. Er, that was the irony of it. And he yeah, it was certainly what killed him in the end. I mean, yeah. Which was, I thought, was very sad, coming from a world champion, to die of cigarettes. It was very sad, I thought. It's like the gods… I mean, if you're a wonderful artist, they usually take your sight away. And I think that's probably what they did with him, in that they took these wonderful lungs away with cigarettes."

See also
 List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
 World record progression 800 metres freestyle
 World record progression 1500 metres freestyle

References

Bibliography

External links

 Australian Dictionary of Biography

1907 births
1975 deaths
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Swimmers from Sydney
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
People educated at Sydney Grammar School
World record setters in swimming
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Australian male freestyle swimmers
People from Manly, New South Wales
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
20th-century Australian people
Sportsmen from New South Wales

Boy Charlton


Kabir Panth () is a Sant Mat denomination and philosophy based on the teachings of the 15th century saint and poet, Kabir. It is based on devotion to him as one guru as a means to salvation. Its adherents are from many religious backgrounds as Kabir never advocated change of religions but highlighted their limitations. According to some scholars, this tradition belong to Vaishnavism with universalist leanings. In respect of Kabir, his followers celebrate Kabir Jayanti.

History

Origin

Kabir did not find any distinct sect in his own lifetime but two of his disciples, Surat Gopal and Dharamdas, would later found centres (known as a maṭh) dedicated to preaching his teachings. These centres, of them being two in number, would form the two main subdivisions or factions of Kabir Panth.

Kabir Chaura
Surat Gopal first founded the Kabir Chaura maṭh (also known as bāp meaning "father") in Varanasi. It conducted missionary activities in Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar and had a branch located at Magahar.

Dham Khera
After the founding of Kabir Chaura by disciple Surat Gopal, Dharamdas would slightly later found the Dham Khera (Damakheda) maṭh (also known as māī meaning "mother) located in modern-day Chhattisgarh. It conducted missionary activities in central India and had branches located in Raipur, Bilaspur, and Chindawara.

Practices and beliefs

Adherents must disavow polytheism, reject the consumption of alcohol, bathe daily whilst praising God, maintain a strict vegetarian diet. They should allow those who sin against them up to three chances of forgiveness. Kabirpanthis greet with the phrase Bandagī (meaning "salutation to you"). Furthermore, followers are instructed to avoid the company of women whom are ill-natured, never disavow their wife from their property, never speak a lie, never steal, never give a false testimony against another person, and never negatively gossip about others.

Hindu Kabirpanthis recite the name Raam whilst Muslim Kabirpanthis use the name Khuda as an appellation for God. Lay Kabirpanthis are led by a mahant. A Kabirpanthi mahant is adorned in special garbs, such as a conical cap, a necklace known as a kanthi, a rosary of tulsi (sweet basal), and clothing that is white or brownish-red in colour. Mahants may have a tilak (frontal mark) of the Vaishnavite tradition. The frontal mark may also be a streak along the ridge of their nose using sandal or gopichandan paste. Mahants are not obliged to remain celibate and some marry.

Kabir Panthis  can follow the ethical and social customs of the day according to tradition without hindrance. Lay persons can be cremated according to Hindu law and priests can be buried or cremated depending upon which tradition one wishes to follow. In the Caribbean and across North America, Kabir Panthis may opt for burning or burial.
Modern Kabir Panthis do not seem to be different from orthodox Vaishanavites; they worship the idol of Kabir, wear sacred thread and sandalwood paste.

Kabir Panthis observe sanctity and purity in their daily lives and behavior. The foundation of their belief and practice are

 Dharma, or "the natural Law of life",
 Satya, or "The primordial and eternal truth",
 Ahimsa, or "Non-violence towards all beings through word and deed",
 Bhakti, or "Devotional love for god and a higher spiritual reality",
 Sraddha, or "Faith and unswerving loyalty",
 Asteya, or "Neither hoarding nor coveting",
 Kshama, or "Forgiveness and patience",
 Daya, or "Compassion, mercy, and conquering feelings of cruelty and insensitivity towards all beings",
 Shaucha or "Purity in body, mind and speech",
 Aparigraha, or "Limiting possessions to what is necessary and being non-materialistic",
 Anekantvada, or "Acceptance of different beliefs and the multiplicity of viewpoints",
 Vishwa Bandhutva, or "The universal brotherhood of all beings" and
 Atma Gyan or "The awareness of ones true self, which is no different from the one true reality which pervades in everyone, thus making everyone the one and only true reality".

These basic set of guidelines gives Kabir Panthis an all-encompassing formula for Love, Humility, Compassion and Unity. A Kabir Panthi lay person is called a Bhakta and priests are addressed with the honorific title of Mahant. Spiritual leaders are called Acharya or Guru. Monks who are more ascetic in nature, who do not marry and engage in more severe spiritual pursuits while never living in one place, constantly moving from monastery to monastery are called Brahmachari Sadhus, whereas those monks who do marry, have children and live a more relaxed spiritual life are Grihasta Sadhus. Similarly, women who have chosen to be Nuns are called Sadhvis.  God is called by an infinite array of names but some of the more common names are "Satya Purush", "Soham Sadguru", "Adi Guru,  Param Satyeshwar", or simply "Sadguru Kabir Saheb". During their religious ceremonies Kabir Panthis sing the songs, bhajans and Sakhis of Kabir to the music of cymbals, drums and other Indian instruments. The Guru recites various prayers and Mantras, all of which remind devotees to remember God in all that they do.

One's mind and body must be kept pure by contemplation and avoiding gross and complicated behaviour. Such practice will allow one to attain salvation while living no matter what ones religion or other personal endeavour may be. A mark of initiation into the Kabir Panth is given in the form of a Kanthi Mala. It is a necklace made from the sacred Tulsi wood beads, sacred to Vishnu. It is also made out of the holy Rudraksha stone beads, sacred to Shiva. It can also be made using a string with just one large Tulsi or Rudraksha bead. It is worn by choice and is typically given to one who has committed to avoiding lust, anger, greed, attachment to perishable things, and ego. Sahaja Yoga involves remembering God by repeating Satyanaam. Kabir Panthis believe in simplicity of life; simple food, clothing and belongings. One should only acquire what is needed for sustenance. Kabir Panthis are strictly vegetarian and avoid the use of alcohol, tobacco, and narcotics.

Separate organizations have formed over the years. One of the largest groups of Kabir Panthis outside India is in Trinidad and Tobago. Several smaller active groups exist outside of India as well, especially in Canada, Fiji, Guyana, Mauritius, Nepal, the Netherlands, Suriname, and the United States. The Kabir Panth Association in Trinidad and Tobago operates two primary schools and was one of the first non-Christian religious denominational schools founded in the region. Recently, other groups have been formed in Trinidad and Tobago [like Kabir Chaura Math, Satya Kabir Nidhi], each with their own emphasis on the teachings of Kabir and with their own affiliations in Trinidad and Tobago, India and elsewhere in the world.

Scriptures

The Bijak
The most sacred books of the Kabir Panth sect are the Bijak, many passages from which are presented in the Guru Granth Sahib and the Anurag Sagar. In a blunt and uncompromising style, the Bijak exhorts its readers to shed their delusions, pretensions, and orthodoxies in favor of a direct experience of truth. It satirizes hypocrisy, greed, and violence, especially among the religious.

The Bijak includes three main sections (called Ramainī, Shabda and Sākhī) and a fourth section containing miscellaneous folksongs. Most of Kabir's material has been popularized through the song form known as Shabda (or pada) and through the aphoristic two-line sākhī (or doha) that serves throughout north India as a vehicle for popular wisdom. In the Anurag Sagar, the story of creation is told to Dharamdas (one of Kabir's disciples), and the Maan Sarowar is another collection of teachings of Kabir from the Dharamdasi branch of the Kabir panth.

Other Scriptures
 Anuraag Saagar
 Kabir Baani
 Kabir Granthaawalee
 Saakhi Granth
 Kabir Saagar
Kabir Amrit Sandesh
Sandhyaa Paath
Guru Mahimaa

Major centres
The centres of major branches of Kabir Panthis include:

 Kabir Dharamnagar Damakheda seat at Baloda Bazar-Bhatapara district on Raipur - Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Highway (Dharamdas saheb ji lineage branch);
 Kabir Chaura based in Varanasi with a branch at Maghar;
 Biddupur seat founded by Jagu Sahib ;
 Dhanuati (Chhapra, Bihar) founded by Bhagvan Sahib, the scribe of Bijak;
 Chhattisgarh seat at Kudurmal, founded by Muktamani Sahib (Vikram Samvat 1570-1630). They belong to the line of Dharmadaas Saaheb;
Kabir Parakh Sansthan, Preetam Nagar, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Founded by Sri Abhilash Das on 1978.

References

Hindu denominations
Vaishnava sects
Bhakti-era Hindu sects
Nirguna worship traditions
Religious pluralism
Sant Mat
Social groups of Uttar Pradesh
Universalism
15th-century establishments in India

Kabir panth


The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is the senior decision-making body of His Majesty's Government. A committee of the Privy Council, it is chaired by the Prime Minister and its members include Secretaries of State and other senior ministers. Members of the Cabinet are appointed by the Prime Minister and are by convention chosen from members of the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The Cabinet is now made up almost entirely of members of the House of Commons.

The Ministerial Code says that the business of the Cabinet (and cabinet committees) is mainly questions of major issues of policy, questions of critical importance to the public and questions on which there is an unresolved argument between departments.

The work of the Cabinet is scrutinised by the Official Opposition's Shadow Cabinet.

History

Until at least the 16th century, individual officers of state had separate property, powers and responsibilities granted with their separate offices by royal command, and the Crown and the Privy Council constituted the only co-ordinating authorities. In England, phrases such as "cabinet counsel", meaning advice given in private, in a cabinet in the sense of a small room, to the monarch, occur from the late 16th century, and, given the non-standardised spelling of the day, it is often hard to distinguish whether "council" or "counsel" is meant. The OED credits Francis Bacon in his Essays (1605) with the first use of "Cabinet council", where it is described as a foreign habit, of which he disapproves: "For which inconveniences, the doctrine of Italy, and practice of France, in some kings' times, hath introduced cabinet counsels; a remedy worse than the disease". Charles I began a formal "Cabinet Council" from his accession in 1625, as his Privy Council, or "private council", and the first recorded use of "cabinet" by itself for such a body comes from 1644, and is again hostile and associates the term with dubious foreign practices.

There were ministries in England led by the chief minister, which was a personage leading the English government for the monarch. Despite primary accountability to the monarch, these ministries, having a group of ministers running the country, served as a predecessor of the modern perspective of cabinet. After the ministry of Lord Stanhope and Lord Sunderland collapsed, Sir Robert Walpole rose to power as First Lord of the Treasury. Since the reign of King George I the Cabinet has been the principal executive group of British government. Both he and George II made use of the system, as both were not native English speakers, unfamiliar with British politics, and thus relied heavily on selected groups of advisers. The term "minister" came into being since the royal officers "ministered" to the sovereign. The name and institution have been adopted by most English-speaking countries, and the Council of Ministers or similar bodies of other countries are often informally referred to as cabinets.

The modern Cabinet system was set up by Prime Minister David Lloyd George during his premiership, 1916–1922, with a Cabinet Office and secretariat, committee structures, unpublished minutes, and a clearer relationship with departmental Cabinet ministers. The formal procedures, practice and proceedings of the Cabinet remain largely unpublished.

This development grew out of the exigencies of the First World War, where faster and better co-ordinated decisions across government were seen as a crucial part of the war effort. Decisions on mass conscription, co-ordination worldwide with other governments across international theatres, and armament production tied into a general war strategy that could be developed and overseen from an inner "War Cabinet". The country went through successive crises after the war: the 1926 general strike; the Great Depression of 1929–32; the rise of Bolshevism after 1917 and fascism after 1922; the Spanish Civil War 1936 onwards; the invasion of Abyssinia 1936; the League of Nations Crisis which followed; and the re-armament and resurgence of Germany from 1933, leading into the Second World War. All these demanded a highly organised and centralised government centred on the Cabinet.

Composition
The Prime Minister decides the membership and attendees of the Cabinet.

The total number of Cabinet ministers who are entitled to a salary is capped at 21, plus the Lord Chancellor, who is paid separately. Some ministers may be designated as also attending Cabinet, like the Attorney General, as "...it has been considered more appropriate, in recent times at any rate, that the independence and detachment of his office should not be blurred by his inclusion in a political body – that is to say the Cabinet – which may have to make policy decisions upon the basis of the legal advice the law officers have given."

The Cabinet is a committee of the Privy Council (though this interpretation has been challenged) and, as such, all Cabinet ministers must be privy counsellors.

Members of the Cabinet are by convention chosen from members of the two houses of Parliament, as the Peel convention dictates that ministers may only be recruited from the House of Commons or the House of Lords, although this convention has been broken in the past for short periods. Patrick Gordon Walker is perhaps the most notable exception: he was appointed to the Cabinet despite losing his seat in the 1964 general election, and resigned from Cabinet after running and losing in a by-election in January 1965. Sometimes, when a minister from neither House is appointed, they have been granted a customary peerage. The Cabinet is now made up almost entirely of members of the House of Commons.

Civil servants from the Cabinet Secretariat and special advisors (on the approval of the prime minister) can also attend Cabinet meetings, but neither take part in discussions.

It has been suggested that the modern Cabinet is too large, including by former Cabinet Secretary Mark Sedwill and scholars Robert Hazell and Rodney Brazier. Hazell has suggested merging the offices of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales into one Secretary of State for the Union, in a department into which Rodney Brazier has suggested adding a minister of state for England with responsibility for English local government.

Meetings of the cabinet

Most cabinet meetings take place in the Cabinet Room of 10 Downing Street; however, they have been known to take place in other places.

Despite the custom of meeting on a Thursday, after the appointment of Gordon Brown, the meeting day was switched to Tuesday. However, when David Cameron became prime minister, he held his cabinet meetings on Thursdays again. Upon Theresa May's tenure, she switched the cabinet meetings back to Tuesday.

The length of meetings varies according to the style of the Prime Minister and political conditions, but modern meetings can be as short as 30 minutes. Ministers are bound by the constitutional convention of collective ministerial responsibility.

Importance

Cabinet ministers, like all ministers, are appointed and may be dismissed by the monarch without notice or reason, on the advice of the prime minister. The allocation and transfer of responsibilities between ministers and departments is also generally at the prime minister's discretion. The Cabinet has always been led by the prime minister, whose originally unpaid office as such was traditionally described as merely primus inter pares (first among equals), but today the prime minister is the preeminent head of government, with the effective power to appoint and dismiss Cabinet ministers and to control the Cabinet's agenda. The extent to which the Government is collegial varies with political conditions and individual personalities.

The Cabinet is the ultimate decision-making body of the executive within the Westminster system of government in traditional constitutional theory. This interpretation was originally put across in the work of 19th-century constitutionalists such as Walter Bagehot, who described the Cabinet as the "efficient secret" of the British political system in his book The English Constitution. The political and decision-making authority of the cabinet has been gradually reduced over the last several decades, with some claiming its role has been usurped by a "prime ministerial" government. In the modern political era, the prime minister releases information concerning the ministerial ranking in the form of a list detailing the seniority of all Cabinet ministers.

The centralisation of the Cabinet in the early 20th century enhanced the power of the prime minister, who moved from being the primus inter pares of the Asquith Cabinets of 1906 onwards, to the dominating figures of David Lloyd George, Stanley Baldwin, and Winston Churchill.

The Institute for Government claims that the reduced number of full Cabinet meetings signifies "that the role of Cabinet as a formal decision-making body has been in decline since the war." This view has been contradicted by Vernon Bogdanor, a British constitutional expert, who claims that "the Cabinet has, in fact, been strengthened by the decline in full meetings, as it allows more matters to be transferred to cabinet committees. Thus, business is done more efficiently."

Most prime ministers have had a so-called "kitchen cabinet" consisting of their own trusted advisers who may be Cabinet members but are often non-cabinet trusted personal advisers on their own staff. In recent governments, generally from Margaret Thatcher, and especially in that of Tony Blair, it has been reported that many or even all major decisions have been made before cabinet meetings. This suggestion has been made by former ministers including Clare Short and Chris Smith, in the media, and was made clear in the Butler Review, where Blair's style of "sofa government" was censured.

The combined effect of the prime minister's ability to control Cabinet by circumventing effective discussion in Cabinet and the executive's ability to dominate parliamentary proceedings places the British prime minister in a position of great power, that has been likened to an elective dictatorship (a phrase coined by Quinton Hogg, Lord Hailsham in 1976). The relative inability of Parliament to hold the Government of the day to account is often cited by the UK media as a justification for the vigour with which they question and challenge the Government.

The classic view of Cabinet Government was laid out by Walter Bagehot in The English Constitution (1867) in which he described the prime minister as the primus‐inter‐pares ("first among equals"). The view was questioned by Richard Crossman in The Myths of Cabinet Government (1972) and by Tony Benn. They were both members of the Labour governments of the 1960s and thought that the position of the prime minister had acquired more power so that prime ministerial government was a more apt description. Crossman stated that the increase in the power of the prime minister resulted from power of centralised political parties, the development of a unified civil service, and the growth of the prime minister's private office and Cabinet secretariat.

Graham Allen (a government whip during Tony Blair's first government) makes the case in The Last Prime Minister: Being Honest About the UK Presidency (2003) that the office of prime minister has presidential powers, as did Michael Foley in The British Presidency (2000). However the power that a prime minister has over his or her cabinet colleagues is directly proportional to the amount of support that they have with their political parties and this is often related to whether the party considers them to be an electoral asset or liability. Also when a party is divided into factions a prime minister may be forced to include other powerful party members in the Cabinet for party political cohesion. The Prime Minister's personal power is also curtailed if their party is in a power-sharing arrangement, or a formal coalition with another party (as happened in the coalition government of 2010 to 2015).

Current Cabinet

 the makeup of the Cabinet in order of ministerial ranking:

List of Cabinets since 1900

 Cabinets of the Unionist government, 1895–1905
 Cabinets of Henry Campbell-Bannerman's ministry, 1905–1908
 Cabinets of H. H. Asquith's ministries, 1908–1915
 Cabinets of H. H. Asquith's coalition ministry, 1915–1916
 Cabinets of David Lloyd George's ministries, 1916–1922
 Cabinets of Bonar Law's ministry, 1922–1923
 Cabinets of Stanley Baldwin's first ministry, 1923–1924
 Cabinets of Ramsay MacDonald's first ministry, 1924
 Cabinets of Stanley Baldwin's second ministry, 1924–1929
 Cabinets of Ramsay MacDonald's second ministry, 1929–1931
 Cabinets of Ramsay MacDonald's first national government, 1931
 Cabinets of Ramsay MacDonald's second national government, 1931–1935
 Cabinets of Stanley Baldwin's national government, 1935–1937
 Cabinets of Neville Chamberlain's national government, 1937–1939
 Cabinets of Neville Chamberlain's war ministry, 1939–1940
 Cabinets of Winston Churchill's war ministry, 1940–1945
 Cabinets of Winston Churchill's caretaker ministry, 1945
 Cabinets of Clement Attlee's first ministry, 1945–1950
 Cabinets of Clement Attlee's second ministry, 1950–1951
 Cabinets of Winston Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955
 Cabinets of Anthony Eden's ministry, 1955–1957
 Cabinets of Harold Macmillan's first ministry, 1957–1959
 Cabinets of Harold Macmillan's second ministry, 1959–1963
 Cabinets of Alec Douglas-Home's ministry, 1963–1964
 Cabinets of Harold Wilson's first and second ministries, 1964–1970
 Cabinets of Ted Heath's ministry, 1970–1974
 Cabinets of Harold Wilson's third and fourth ministries, 1974–1976
 Cabinets of James Callaghan's ministry, 1976–1979
 Cabinets of Margaret Thatcher's first ministry, 1979–1983
 Cabinets of Margaret Thatcher's second ministry, 1983–1987
 Cabinets of Margaret Thatcher's third ministry, 1987–1990
 Cabinets of John Major's first ministry, 1990–1992
 Cabinets of John Major's second ministry, 1992–1997
 Cabinets of Tony Blair's first ministry, 1997–2001
 Cabinets of Tony Blair's second ministry, 2001–2005
 Cabinets of Tony Blair's third ministry, 2005–2007
 Cabinets of Gordon Brown's ministry, 2007–2010
 Cabinets of the Cameron–Clegg coalition, 2010–2015
 Cabinets of David Cameron's second ministry, 2015–2016
 Cabinets of Theresa May's first ministry, 2016–2017
 Cabinets of Theresa May's second ministry, 2017–2019
 Cabinets of Boris Johnson's first ministry, 2019
 Cabinets of Boris Johnson's second ministry, 2019–2022
 Cabinets of Liz Truss's ministry, September 2022 – October 2022
 Cabinets of Rishi Sunak's ministry, October 2022 –

See also
 British Government frontbench
 Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet
 United Kingdom cabinet committee

Notes

References

External links

 Cabinet Office – Main Site
 Cabinet Office – UK Executive
 Cabinet Office – List of Cabinet Ministers
 Cabinet Papers, 1915–1981 (National Archives)
 BBC news website – The Cabinet

Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Cabinet Office (United Kingdom)
Lists of government ministers of the United Kingdom

Cabinet of the United Kingdom


Barisone II Torchitorio IV de Serra (c. 1190 – after 20 April 1217) was the Judike (Judge) of Arborea and Cagliari.

He was a son of Peter I and Bina. His father was Judge of half of Arborea from 1195 to his death in 1214 along with Hugh I. When Hugh died in 1211, Barisone laid claim to his portion of the Judicate, laying claim to the whole on his father's death three years later. He married Benedetta, the heiress of William I of Cagliari, and succeeded him on that throne.

William held Peter I imprisoned and in order to legitimise his control over half of Arborea, he married his daughter to Peter's heir in 1214. Torchitorio and Benedetta were related within the prohibited degree, but Pope Innocent III gave them dispensation to marry. They subsequently did homage to the pope on 18 November 1215, probably to avoid domination by the Republic and Archdiocese of Pisa.

Torchitorio died in 1217 and left a months-old son, William II, who succeeded him in Cagliari, while Hugh's son Peter II maintained himself in all Arborea.

Notes

Sources

Nowé, Laura Sannia. Dai "lumi" dalla patria Italiana: Cultura letteraria sarda. Mucchi Editore: Modena, 1996.

1190s births
1217 deaths
Judges (judikes) of Arborea
Judges (judikes) of Cagliari
Year of birth uncertain

Torchitorio IV of Cagliari


The 3rd Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of five (later 7) corps that comprised the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was established by the order of the Commander of Main Staff of the Bosnian Army Sefer Halilović on 9 November 1992 under Alija Izetbegović. This Corps was formed to unite the rest of the Territorial Defence Force of the Republic of Bosnia and Hercegovina and some Bosnian Special Forces and Civilian Forces.

Operational Zone
The operational zone for the 3rd Corps were the districts of : Banja Luka, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Gradiška, Breza, Bugojno, Busovača, Čelinac, Donji Vakuf, Gornji Vakuf, Jajce, Kakanj, Kotor Varoš, Kupres, Laktaši, Mrkonjić Grad, Novi Travnik, Prnjavor, Skender Vakuf, Srbac, Šipovo, Travnik, Vitez, Zavidovići, Zenica and Žepče. Because of the fighting, there was a quick change in the territory and Vareš was included.

Command
The Headquarters of the 3rd Corps was in Zenica. It was composed of a number of centers:
 Center for operational command which had intelligence on the civilians, MUP-a, which the more important intelligence was given to the command of the 3rd Corps.
 Center for relations, the planning of all the relations connection to the 3rd Corps command.
 Military Intelligence Service: a service for counter-intelligence, military police, protection of the commands and other objects. The Commander was Ramiz Dugalić.

Commanders
Enver Hadžihasanović, 1st (Dec 1992–Nov 1993)
Mehmed Alagić, 2nd (Nov 1993–Jan 1994)
Kadir Jusić, 3rd (Jan 1994–Sep 1994)
Sakib Mahmuljin, 4th (Sep 1994–end of war)

Operational Groups
In February 1993, four operational groups were created under the command of Enver Hadžihasanović, the goal was to connect the 3rd Corps forces on the battlefield and the 3rd Corps Command:
 Operational group Bosanska Krajina headquarters in Travnik, Commander at the time Mehmed Alagić
 Operational group Lašva in Kakanj,
 Operational group Bosna in Žepče or Zavidovići,
 Operational group Zapad in Bugojno, Commander Selmo Cikotić
 Operational group Visoko in Visoko, later renamed Operational group Istok. This belonged to the 1st Corps, then 6th Corps.

3rd Corps Units
 3rd Corps Military Police

Operational group Bosanska Krajina
 7th Muslim Brigade
 17th Brigade
 306th Brigade, once belonged to Operational group West
 325th Brigade

Operational group Lašva
 309th Brigade
 325th Brigade
 333rd Brigade

Operational group Bosnia
 318th Brigade
 319th Brigade

Operational group West
 307th Brigade
 308th Brigade
 312th Brigade
 317th Brigade

These brigades were under the direct command of the 3rd Corps Command.
 301st Brigade
 303rd Mountain Brigade
 304th Mountain Brigade Breza
 314th Mountain Brigade

Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
History of Zenica

3rd Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)


CJYE is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 1250 AM in Oakville, Ontario. The station airs a Christian music and talk format branded as Joy Radio. CJYE's studios are located on Church Street in downtown Oakville, while its transmitters are located along Dundas Street West near Third Line Road on the northwest side of Oakville.

CJYE launched on February 5, 2001, adopting the frequency formerly held by its sister station CHWO. Its religious programming formerly aired on sister station CJMR, which also aired multilingual programming. With the launch of CJYE, CJMR moved to a full-time multilingual format.

External links
 Joy Radio

 Decision CRTC 2000-205

Jye
Jye
Oakville, Ontario
Radio stations established in 2001
2001 establishments in Ontario

CJYE


Friedrich Carl Krupp (17 July 1787 – Essen, 8 October 1826) was a German steel manufacturer and founder of the Krupp family commercial empire that is now subsumed into ThyssenKrupp AG.

Biography
After the death of his father, he was brought up by his grandmother Helene Amalie Krupp, who had, in 1800, purchased the Sterkrade Works. Here Friedrich endeavored to make cast steel, the secret of which was carefully guarded in England.

With Gottlob Jacobs, an engineer, Krupp made his first experiments at the Sterkrade Works, and after the sale of the plant in 1808 continued his attempts independently at Essen. In 1810 he founded a small forging plant near Essen, and in 1815 formed a partnership with Friedrich Nicolai for the production of cast steel, a product which was found excellent for certain purposes, such as mint dies, stamps for buttons, etc.

Yet the demand was not sufficient to keep the works in operation, and soon after 1820 Krupp was obliged to give up his house to occupy a small one-story laborer's cottage near his plant. The hut was long preserved in the midst of the gigantic Krupp works. After his death, the business was taken over by his widow Therese Krupp. Shortly before his death, he confided to his son Alfred the secret of making cast steel, which the latter developed successfully.

References

Notes

1787 births
1826 deaths
Friedrich Krupp
Businesspeople from Essen
German company founders
19th-century German businesspeople
German industrialists
German steel industry businesspeople

Friedrich Krupp


John Thomas Newstead (8 September 1877 – 25 March 1952) was an English first-class cricketer, who played 96 first-class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1903 and 1913. An all-rounder who batted in the middle order, he was selected as one of Wisden Cricketers of the Year for 1909.

Life and career
Newstead was born in Marton, Middlesbrough, Yorkshire. He learned the game under the tutorship of William Brunton - a North Riding cricketer of good local repute in the days of the England eleven. He made such rapid progress that aged seventeen he was given an engagement with Middlesbrough C.C. He was given two trials for the county in 1903 against Cambridge University and Derbyshire, but he was treated as a batsman and not as a bowler. As a result of the mistake he was not kept on.

He was then on the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) staff until 1906. Playing eight times for the club, he met with moderate results and was not regularly used as a bowler. The turning point in his career was an engagement in Ireland in 1907. In twelve weeks' engagement with Woodbrook Bray C.C. he took over a hundred wickets and his possibilities as a bowler were realised by the Yorkshire authorities.

His emergence in 1908 was prefigured by an extraordinary analysis of 7 wickets for 10 runs against Worcestershire at Bradford, on his recall to the Yorkshire team at the end of the 1907 campaign. In 1908 he made 927 runs and took 140 wickets and was a big factor in Yorkshire's regaining the County Championship. A bowler of near medium pace, he also imparted the then fashionable in-duckers, or quick off spin.

However, Newstead's great season proved to be something of a flash in the pan, for he took only 151 further wickets. He lost his place before the end of 1909: he averaged only fourteen with the bat, and did not appear regularly again, making his final first-class, and only appearance of the season, in 1913.

In 1914 he joined Rishton Cricket Club in the Lancashire League, taking 94 wickets at 7.57, and he later appeared for Lidget Green and East Bierley, then on to Church Cricket Club from 1919 to 1921 and finally Haslingden in 1922.

Newstead died in Blackburn, Lancashire, in March 1952. He did not receive an obituary in Wisden until one appeared in the special "Supplementary Obituaries" section in the 1994 edition.

Bibliography
A History of Yorkshire Cricket by Tony Woodhouse

References

External links

1877 births
1952 deaths
Yorkshire cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Cricketers from Middlesbrough
English cricketers
Players cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
North v South cricketers
English cricketers of 1890 to 1918

John Newstead


Quetta was a first-class cricket team based in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan.  Quetta participated in the Quaid-i-Azam Trophy. For Twenty20 and List A cricket they were known as the Quetta Bears and participated in the Faysal Bank T20 Cup and National One-day Championship .

Quetta played their first first-class matches in the Quaid-i-Azam Trophy in 1957–58. They reached the quarter-finals in 1962–63 and 1963–64, and continued playing in the Quaid-i-Azam Trophy until 1969–70. They also took part in first-class matches between 1962–63 and 1986–87 for the Ayub Trophy, the BCCP Trophy, the BCCP Patron's Trophy, and the BCCP President's Cup.

Quetta played no first-class matches between January 1987 and February 2004, when they once again began to take part in the Quaid-i-Azam Trophy.

Quetta have usually been one of the weaker teams in Pakistan cricket. As of February 2014 they had played 135 first-class matches for 20 wins, 78 losses and 37 draws.

Their home ground is Bugti Stadium (formerly known as the Racecourse Ground) in Quetta. They have not played any home games since the 2007–08 season.

References

External links
 Quetta at CricketArchive

Pakistani first-class cricket teams
Quetta
Cricket in Balochistan, Pakistan

Quetta cricket team