Barack Hussein Obama II  (; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who was the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. As a member of the Democratic Party, he also served as member of the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004 and as a senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008.

Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. He married Michelle Robinson in 1992. They have two daughters.

Obama was inaugurated in January 2009 as the first African American mixed-race president. As president, he slowly ended US participation in the Iraq War, having prepared the country to defend itself. The al-Qaeda terrorist leader Osama bin Laden was killed while Obama was in office. Also, he contributed to the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi in Libya. Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (often called "Obamacare") which changed many health care laws. He also enacted many acts to create public works jobs to help the economy. He became the first president to openly express support for gay marriage, and proposed gun control as a result of the Sandy Hook school shooting.

He was reelected in 2012. During his second term, the government partially shut down. He was able to open diplomatic relations with Cuba. In 2015, the United States joined the Paris Climate Agreement. He attempted to nominate Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court but was unsuccessful in doing so.

Obama left office in January 2017 and was succeeded by Republican Donald Trump. He now lives in Washington, D.C. He has ranked high in presidential opinion polls.

Early life
Barack Hussein Obama II was born on August 4, 1961 in Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women and Children (called Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in 1961) in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is the first President to have been born in Hawaii. His father was a black exchange student from Kenya named Barack Obama Sr. He died in a motorcycle accident in Kenya in 1982. His mother was a white woman from Kansas named Ann Dunham, who was an anthropologist and died in 1995.

He spent most of his childhood in Hawaii and Chicago, Illinois, although he lived in Jakarta, Indonesia with his mother and stepfather from age 6 to age 10. He later moved back to Hawaii to live with his grandparents.

Education
He started college at Occidental College in Los Angeles, and graduated from Columbia University in New York City. After taking time off as a community organizer, Obama went to law school at Harvard University. After law school, Obama worked for a law firm in Hyde Park, Chicago.

Marriage and family

Obama has been married to Michelle Obama since 1992. She has a Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School. She worked as a lawyer. They have two daughters, Malia Ann, who was born in 1998 and Natasha ("Sasha"), born in 2001. They were born at University of Chicago Medical Center in Chicago. They lived in Chicago, but moved into the White House on January 20, 2009.

Obama promised his daughters that the family would get a dog if he was elected president. In April 2009, Senator Ted Kennedy, the brother of former President John F. Kennedy, gave Obama one of his dogs, a Portuguese water dog named Bo.

Obama has a half sister who is a teacher in Hawaii. His father died from a car accident in Kenya. His mother died of ovarian cancer. His maternal grandmother died just before Obama won the election to become President.

Political career
Obama worked for Alice Palmer, an Illinois state senator. In 1995 she chose not to run for re-election so that she could run for U.S. Congress, and Obama decided to run for her Illinois state senate seat. Palmer lost her election for U.S. Congress, so she tried to keep her seat in the state senate, but she did not have enough time to meet the rules of the election. Obama's team said that she could not be on the ballot, and the election rulemakers agreed. Obama won the election and became an Illinois state senator. He was state senator from 1997 to 2004.

While he was Illinois state senator, he wrote a law that required police to keep records on the race of people they stopped. The law that he wrote also forced police to videotape when they talked to people they suspect of murder. He taught law part-time at the University of Chicago Law School. Judge and political teacher Abner J. Mikva taught Obama politics and became his mentor. During his early political career, Obama would make appearances and debate on Chicago Tonight.

Obama ran for the U.S. Senate. While running for Senate, John Kerry asked him to speak at the Democratic National Convention. He spoke on television. He was a U.S. Senator from 2005 to 2008.

Obama won the presidential election of 2008.

2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns

2008 presidential campaign

Obama's presidential campaign for the White House started in early June 2008 when he defeated Hillary Clinton in the 2008 Democratic primaries. Hillary Clinton was favored to win but Obama won many smaller state caucuses (local party elections) by having a lot of volunteers. He decided not to accept government money for his campaign so that he could accept more private money under Campaign finance reform in the United States. He raised the most amount of money ever for a presidential campaign.

Obama's campaign theme was that he was a man of hope and change. He was also against the war in Iraq. He was in favor of giving money to American car companies. He was in favor of sending more troops to Afghanistan.

During the campaign, some people said that Obama's friends were Tony Rezko, a landlord, and former revolutionary Bill Ayers; Obama said that they were not his friends.  Obama also had trouble when his minister at church, Jeremiah Wright, was videotaped criticizing America. During the campaign, Obama said that his opponent, Republican candidate John McCain, was just like George W. Bush, something that John McCain said was not true. He ran with Joe Biden as his candidate for Vice President.

He defeated McCain in the election on November 4 by a wide electoral majority of 365 to 173, meaning that he won the most votes in enough states to send 365 people to officially elect him. The popular vote (based on the total number of votes across the country) was closer, with Obama winning 53%, McCain 46%.

2012 presidential campaign
Obama announced he was running for president again in April 2011 when he posted a video on his website. Because he was already the president, there were very few other Democrats who tried to oppose him. He won the democratic nomination easily. Their opponents in the Republican party this time were Mitt Romney, who was running for president, and Paul Ryan, who was running for vice president.

In the election on November 6, Obama and Joe Biden defeated Romney and Ryan by a majority of 332 to 206 electoral votes. This meant that, even though it was still large, his majority was smaller than in 2008. In terms of the popular vote, Obama won 51.1% and Romney won 47.2%.

Presidency (2009–2017)

First term (2009–13)

Obama was first sworn in as president on January 20, 2009.

Great Recession
When Obama was sworn in, the United States was battling a tough recession. He asked Congress to spend an extra $787 billion ($787,000,000,000) to try to end the recession. He called the plan the stimulus bill. The stimulus bill funded many road projects, gave money to schools, gave tax credits to many Americans, and funded many science and research projects.

He continued the financial bailout that George W. Bush started, giving billions of dollars to car companies and banks so that they would not go bankrupt. He signed an act written by Barney Frank and Chris Dodd which would regulate Wall Street (the financial industry) to try to prevent another recession like this from happening again.

Obamacare
Obama said he would change the health care system in the United States in order to make healthcare more affordable for Americans. He signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare) in 2010. This brought health care reform to the United States.

Nobel Peace Prize
Obama received the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize on October 9, 2009. He noted that his efforts were humble, but he donated the prize money to several charities.

Tea Party movement
Though his popularity was very high (around 70% approval) when he entered office, his approval ratings fell to 45% percent during the year of 2010. He received much criticism from Republicans, conservatives, libertarians, and members of the Tea Party because they believe that the federal government is becoming too big and spending too much money and that his programs are not the best for the country.

War in Iraq
Obama made a plan to slowly withdraw troops from Iraq, ending the War in Iraq by the end of 2011, while adding more troops to Afghanistan to help the United States win the War in Afghanistan. He also decided that the United States should help in the war against Libya. He has said several times that he wants to improve U.S. relations with the Muslim world. Obama reduced US participation in the Iraq War and continued the war on terror which resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden on May 2, 2011. Obama started a no-fly-zone policy on the Libyan civil war that ended in October 2011 with the killing of Muammar al-Gaddafi.

Economic policy
With rising economic deficits (the amount of money the government borrows each month) under his administration, he called for taxes to be increased on the rich. He criticized his Republican opponents for wanting to cut welfare benefits for the poor rather than raising taxes to help pay down the debt.

LGBT rights
He signed the Don't Ask Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 in 2010, allowing openly gay men and openly lesbian women in the armed forces. On May 9, 2012, he became the first sitting US President to openly support legalizing same-sex marriage.

Gun control
On December 14, 2012, after the school shooting in Newtown, Connecticut occurred, Obama had said, "We're going to have to come together and take meaningful action to prevent more tragedies like this, regardless of the politics". On December 21, 2012, Obama and his White House staff observed a moment of silence because of the school shooting in Connecticut.

Before his second term began, there has been debating of guns because of the shooting in Newtown, Connecticut that happened on December 14, 2012, as well as shootings in the past.

2012 re-election campaign
On April 4, 2011 Obama said that he would run for re-election for a second term in 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the Federal Election Commission. He was officially nominated as his party's nominee on September 6, 2012. Mitt Romney was officially nominated as his opponent by the Republican party on August 30, 2012. While the election results were very close, Obama easily won the electoral college votes he needed to win a second term. Obama and Romney spent more than $2 billion on advertising during the election campaign.

On December 21, 2012, Obama nominated John Kerry for United States Secretary of State during his second term. Kerry was sworn in on February 1, 2013.

Second term (2013-17)
Main article: Second inauguration of Barack Obama

Obama was inaugurated for a second term privately (only his family members could see) on January 20, 2013, at the White House. The next day, January 21, 2013, he was inaugurated again, this time in public, at the United States Capitol. This was because January 20, 2013, was on a Sunday.

The start of his second term in 2013 had a few setbacks. With the NSA, people were upset at the Obama administration that the government was possibly listening to their phone calls. His party (the Democrats) also lost the Congressional elections. Because of disagreements between Democrats and Republicans in Congress, neither side was getting anything done and Obama resulted in using his Executive Order (his power as president) to help reform things like the immigration system.

He visited South Africa in late June 2013. Prior to visiting South Africa, he visited Senegal. He visited Robben Island, where Mandela was imprisoned. He did not meet with Nelson Mandela.

2013 United States federal government shutdown
The United States government shutdown occurred on October 1, 2013. On October 17, 2013, Obama signed a bill that ended the United States government shut down.

Presidential Medals of Freedom
Obama awarded several people, including former U.S. President Bill Clinton and media mogul Oprah Winfrey for the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 20, 2013. He has awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom to many people, such as Stephen Hawking, Sandra Day O'Connor, Chita Rivera, Loretta Lynn and George H. W. Bush.

Death of Nelson Mandela

On December 5, 2013, he gave a four-and-a-half-minute speech of Nelson Mandela after Mandela's death was announced. On December 9, 2013, he departed Washington, D.C. to go to South Africa for Mandela's memorial service. On December 10, 2013, Obama spoke at the memorial service of Nelson Mandela in Soweto, South Africa.

Minimum wage and college
He supported increasing the minimum wage, requiring women to be paid the same as men at the same job, and has called for the first 2 years of college to be fully government-funded for students who study full-time and get good grades.

Legalization of same-sex marriage
Obama supported LGBT members, and successfully convinced the courts in 2015 that same-sex marriage should be legal in the United States.

Climate change
Obama was also worried about climate change, and promoted the Paris Agreement on climate change.

Nomination of Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court
After the death of Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia, Obama nominated Merrick Garland to replace him on March 16, 2016, but the nomination expired because the Senate refused to hold a vote for him.

Post-presidency (2017–present)
As it is not possible for a person to be president for three terms, Obama could not run for president again. He was succeeded by Republican Donald Trump in early 2017. He left office with a 60% approval rating.

Even though he is not the president anymore, Obama still owns a house in Washington, D.C.

Obama and his wife, Michelle, spend time making speeches and attending events. They also run a charity called the Obama Foundation, and own Higher Ground Productions, a company which makes movies. The company was hired by Netflix to make documentaries. One of their documentaries, American Factory, won an Academy Award for being the best documentary of 2019.

He released his presidential memoir, A Promised Land, on November 17, 2020.

In May 2020, Obama strongly criticized President Donald Trump for his response to the coronavirus pandemic, saying that it is "an absolute chaotic disaster".

References

Other websites

 Official campaign website

1961 births
Living people

2008 United States presidential candidates
2012 United States presidential candidates
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
African American lawyers
African American politicians
American Nobel Prize winners
American Protestants
Columbia University alumni
Harvard University alumni
HuffPost writers and columnists
Obama family
Politicians from Chicago
Politicians from Honolulu
State legislators of the United States
Time People of the Year
United States senators from Illinois
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from Chicago
Lawyers from Hawaii

Barack Obama


A shore facility is one of the facilities located on shore used for receiving ships and transferring cargo and people to them.  Ports and marinas constitute a collection of shore facilities.  Shore facilities are designed for the efficient intermodal transportation of goods and people inland by trains, surface vehicles, and/or pipelines.

A shore facility may include magazine buildings or warehouses for storage of goods, fuel storage tanks or refrigerated storage.
It may include loading cranes, equipment laydown areas, dry docks and custom houses.  It may have quays, wharfs, jetties, or slipways with cranes or ramps.
It may also have breakwaters, piers, or mooring dolphins.

Coastal construction

Shore facility


Pagurus hirsutiusculus is a species of hermit crab, commonly called the hairy hermit crab. It lives from the Bering Strait south to California and Japan, from the intertidal zone to a depth of .

Description

Adults range in color from olive green to brown to black. Distinguishing characteristics of this hermit crab are white and often also blue bands on the walking legs. The antennae are grayish-brown with distinct white bands. This hermit crab is also easily identified by the remarkable amount of hair covering its body. The carapace of an adult P. hirsutiusculus may measure up to  in length, and the animal's body may grow to  in northern populations. Populations further south than Puget Sound are smaller and less hairy, and have been recognized as a separate subspecies, P. h. venturensis.

Range and habitat
P. hirsutiusculus is found from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska to southern [California], and from the Bering Strait south to Japan. It lives at depths ranging from the middle intertidal zone to , generally lower than Pagurus samuelis. It is commonly found in tide pools with sand or rock, and under rocks, logs, and  seaweed, and is the common hermit crab of San Francisco Bay.

Natural history
As is common with hermit crabs, P. hirsutiusculus carries an abandoned gastropod shell to protect itself. Individuals from calmer waters will readily leave their shell when confronted with a predator, a trait which the authors of Between Pacific Tides attributed to the lack of surf. the preferred shells are those of Nassa, Olivella biplicata, Nucella emarginata, Tectarius striatus, Epitonium tinctum, Alia carinata, Homalopoma luridum, Ilyanassa obsoleta, Urosalpinx cinerea, and Busycotypus canaliculatus. In the San Juan Archipelago, Pagurus hirsutiusculus has been found to carry the parasitic isopod Pseudione giardi.

P. hirsutiusculus mainly feeds on detritus, but is an opportunistic feeder and also feeds on seaweeds. The right chela of P. hirsutiusculus is significantly larger than the left and is used primarily for defense. The smaller left chela is used for fine motor work such as eating and selecting gastropod shells. The setae on the minor chela are sensitive to calcium, and help the hermit to judge whether the gastropod shell will be adequate to suit its needs.

References

Further reading

External links

Link to Invertebrate Species Pages

Hermit crabs
Crustaceans of the eastern Pacific Ocean
Crustaceans described in 1851

Pagurus hirsutiusculus


Charles Gibbons (born July 21, 1901 – February 2, 1968) was a U.S. politician who served as the Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1953 to 1955 as a Republican. , he was the last Republican to serve as Speaker of the Massachusetts House.

Early life
Gibbons was born on July 21, 1901, in a log cabin on his family's farm in Grider, Kentucky. His father was a Baptist minister. Gibbons attended Barboursville Baptist College with the intention on becoming a teacher. From 1919 to 1925 he served in the United States Navy. He later worked for the Postal Telegraph Company. In 1932 he started The Minute Man Messenger Service.

Political career
In 1940, Gibbons was an unsuccessful candidate for the Stoneham, Massachusetts Board of Selectmen. He ran again the following year and was elected easily. In 1942 he was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Gibbons soon became a major figure in state Republican politics. In 1949 he was elected Republican floor leader and four years later was elected Speaker of the House. The Republicans lost control of the House in 1955 and Gibbons spent the next two years as Minority Leader. In 1956, Gibbons was the Republican nominee for lieutenant governor, but lost to Robert F. Murphy. After the election he was elected Chairman of the Massachusetts Republican State Committee. In 1958, following the death of the Republicans' only gubernatorial candidate, George Fingold, Gibbons ran for the party's nomination as a write-in candidate. He won the nomination, but lost the general election to incumbent Foster Furcolo 56%-43%.

Commissioner of Administration and Finance
In 1961, Governor John A. Volpe appointed Gibbons to the position of Commissioner of Administration and Finance. After accepting the job he moved to Beacon Hill. In 1962 he was appointed Chairman of the State Government Center Commission.

On May 8, 1964, Gibbons was indicted on 23 counts of accepting bribes during his tenure as Commissioner of Administration and Finance. He was one of twenty-six people indicted by a special grand jury investigating corruption.

After over three and a half years without a trial, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ordered the Attorney General to start the trial by January 8, 1964. On January 8, Assistant Attorney General Richard E. Backman told Suffolk Superior Court Judge Felix Forte that the government was "unable to proceed" and Forte dismissed all of the charges against Gibbons.

Two days after the charges against him were dropped, Gibbons, who had been in ill health for some time, entered the hospital. He died on February 2, 1968.

Later life and death
Gibbons spent his later years in Wiscasset, Maine.

See also
 Massachusetts legislature: 1943–1944, 1945–1946, 1947–1948, 1949–1950, 1951–1952, 1953–1954, 1955–1956
 Massachusetts House of Representatives' 22nd Middlesex district

References

1901 births
1968 deaths
Politicians from Boston
People from Cumberland County, Kentucky
People from Stoneham, Massachusetts
People from Wiscasset, Maine
Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians
People from Beacon Hill, Boston
Massachusetts Republican Party chairs

Charles Gibbons


José Antonio Sistiaga Mosso (4 May 1932 – 25 June 2023) was a Spanish Basque artist and experimental filmmaker best known for his feature-length hand-painted "direct" film, ... era erera baleibu izik subua aruaren ... (1968–70). He lived in the Basque Country, between Ciboure and San Sebastian, where he worked.

Early works
During the Spanish Civil War, as a son of a republican Basque, José Antonio Sistiaga had to escape from Bilbao with part of his family to Bordeaux after the bombing of Guernica in April 1937. In 1955, he settled in Paris where he met the Andalusian painter Manuel Duque, executed his first paintings in Paris, in the context of the Informal painting movement. His early works (black paintings) date from 1959: abstract, non-geometrical, they could be compared to Henri Michaux's or Jean Fautrier's works, despite the fact that Sistiaga never heard about these artists at this moment.

Back in Basque Country, Sistiaga met the sculptor Jorge Oteiza. In 1963 he created a workshop for free expression dedicated to children, influenced by alternative pedagogic method of Celestin Freynet; he collaborated in that direction with artist Esther Ferrer for a project based in Elorrio. During these years (60's) Sistiaga had a real interdisciplinary artistic strategy and interest between alternative teaching, performances, contemporary music and cinema. In 1966, he formed along with other Basque artists the influential avant-garde group Gaur. This collective gathered the following artists: Jorge Oteiza, Rafael Ruiz Balerdi, Eduardo Chillida, Remigio Mendiburu, Néstor Basterretxea, Amable Arias, José Luis Zumeta and José Antonio Sistiaga. Sistiaga focused his pictorical and graphic works on energy, movement, gesture: his works on canvas or paper seem to be seismographs of sensibilities and emotions.

Alternative teachings, conferences and performances
Sistiaga discovered in Paris the artistic alternative workshop dedicated to children created by Arno Stern: L'Académie des jeudis. Stern searched to reveal the original creativity of the children, far from the artistic education. Sistiaga would create similar workshops when he was back in Spain (San Sebastian) with the help of artist Esther Ferrer: La Academia de los jueves, which was active from 1963 to 1968. In parallel, he was in touch with Celestin Freinet, who created the Methode Freinet of teaching, based on development of the child from his own capacities. Sistiaga organized exhibitions of children's creations in the Basque Country, sometimes with his own works.

Experimental cinema
After seeing in Paris Norman McLaren's film, he decided to improve this medium to pass over his pictorial strategies.  He exhibited his first film in 1968 at the Bilbao Short Film Festival. Titled ... era erera baleibu izik subua aruaren ... (a nonsense phrase coined by Sistiaga's friend Rafa Ruiz Balerdi), it won a prize for best experimental film. This 10-minute short, hand-painted in a fairly conventional cartoon style, was later renamed De la Luna a Euskadi ("From the Moon to the Basque Country").

Thanks to the help of collector and patron from Navarra, Juan Huarte, who created a film production company X-Films to produce films made by Basque artists from the Gaur Movement (Balerdi, Basterretxea, Sistiaga), the artist began painting his abstract magnum opus in 1968. It took 17 months of 10- to 12-hour days to complete. The silent, 75-minute ... era erera baleibu izik subua aruaren ... was first exhibited at Madrid in 1970. The technique is hand painted film. Sistiaga used the same vocabulary of his paintings (lines, points, colour) onto the film celluloid and obtained random patterns of colored points that evoke the atomic matter or the "Primitive soup" of universe. Subsequent screenings took place in London, Paris, Barcelona and New York City.

Each of the approximately 108,000 frames in ... era erera is completely unique, and appears onscreen for only 1/24th of a second. No optical printing techniques or special photographic effects were employed in its production.... era erera baleibu izik subua aruaren ... is the first feature-length example of "direct" cameraless filmmaking, a painstaking technique dating back to the early 1900s. Other well-known artists in the genre include Len Lye, Harry Smith, Norman McLaren (whose work Sistiaga cites as a direct influence) and Stan Brakhage.

In 1972, José Antonio Sistiaga participated in the International Art Event Encuentros de Pamplona with painting and his films. Juan Huarte (patron of the event) commissioned him to shoot a film on the event where participated American composer John Cage, Steve Reich and European ones Luc Ferrari and José Luis Isasa. During this period, Sistiaga painted large paintings with curves, lines on white canvas.

Later hand-painted films and recent paintings
In 1988–1989, Sistiaga painted a new direct film Impresiones en la alta atmósfera ("Impressions from the Upper Atmosphere") in 70mm 15-perf horizontal format, intended for exhibition in giant-screen IMAX and Omnimax theaters.

From the middle of the '90s, the artist got a generous space in Antiguo district (in San Sebastian), allowing the artist to produce his huger canvas: Cosmos Oceano, The Four Seasons, Maurice Ravel's tribute are some of them.

Two additional 35mm films using a different technique, filming hand painting transparents, Paisaje inquietante Nocturno ("Disturbing Nocturnal Landscape") and En un jardin imaginado ("In an Imaginary Garden"), were completed in 1991.

After that, Sistiaga began working on a new film onto 70 mm celluloid with IMAX format : Han. Sobre el sol. Still unfinished  (only 2 minutes have been released), this film explores the cosmic iconography of stars and galaxies ; with this aim, the artist used two animation techniques: "direct film" (hand painted film) and animation frame after frame for fixing in the frame a form.

Painterly and cinematic processes nourish each other in Sistiaga's works. The artist had been working since 2011 on a new typology of paintings on board, following Jackson Pollock's dripping technique; this series is composed of two sorts of works: first, those which get the impact of the gesture on the board surface and, second, those which collect splatters or splashes from a distance. This strategy which aims at collecting on the surface traces of vital energy, has links with alchemical processes or for example interest of artists for magnetism and all other emanations of invisible.

His films are part of permanent collections of eminent museums in the world: Centre Pompidou, Musée national d'art moderne (Paris) and Museo de arte Reina Sofia in Madrid. You can see Sistiaga's paintings at the Museo de bellas artes in Bilbao, at the Museo San Telmo in San Sebastian or at the Museo nacional Centro de arte Reina Sofia in Madrid.

Death
Sistiaga died on 25 June 2023, at the age of 91.

Filmography
 ... era erera baleibu izik subua aruaren ... (retitled De la Luna a Euskadi) (1968) (35mm, silent, 8 minutes)
 ... era erera baleibu izik subua aruaren ... (1968–70) (35mm, silent, 75 minutes)
 Ana (1970) (16mm, sound, 7 minutes)
 Laztanak (1970) (16mm, 85 minutes)
 Encuentros 1972, Pamplona (1972) (16mm, silent)
 Impresiones en la alta atmósfera (1988–89) (70mm 15-perf, sound, 7 minutes)
 Paisaje inquietante Nocturno (1991) (35mm, sound, 14 minutes)
 En un jardin imaginado (1991) (35mm, sound, 14 minutes)
 Han (sobre el sol) (1992; in progress) (70mm 15-perf, sound, actually 2 minutes)

Films on José Antonio Sistiaga
 Sistiaga. A Basque Story. directed and produced by Manuel Sorto. 2014. 100 min.

Bibliography

Ciboure, repaire d'artistes ; Ziburu, artisten ohanttze bat, Jean Paul Goikoetxea, 1995, ed. Couleurs du sud (épuisé) ; Prix Maurice Ravel et Médaille de la ville de Ciboure - 2e édition, 2008, ed. Sarea.

References

1932 births
2023 deaths
Spanish experimental filmmakers
Visual music artists
People from San Sebastián
Film directors from the Basque Country (autonomous community)
Basque artists
Spanish male painters
Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in France

José Antonio Sistiaga


Eupen can be:

 Eupen, municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège
 Lake Eupen, located near Eupen in Belgium
 Marit van Eupen, rower from the Netherlands
 Theodor van Eupen, SS-Sturmbannführer in charge of Treblinka I Arbeitslager during the Holocaust
 K.A.S. Eupen, Belgian football club
 Eupen-Malmedy, group of cantons in Belgium
 Judicial Arrondissement of Eupen, judicial arrondissement located in the Walloon Province of Liège, in Belgium.

Eupen (disambiguation)


Mehmed Begzadić (born 5 January 1993) is a Swiss and Bosnian-Herzegovinian professional footballer currently playing for FC Bavois.

Club career
Begzadić began his playing career at Yverdon-Sport FC and rose through the youth ranks, soon playing regularly for the reserve team and making a breakthrough into their first team in 2010. He made his league debut for Yverdon-Sport on 14 April 2010 against Servette FC in a 2–1 loss. In the later part of the 2009–10 season, Begzadić went on loan to FC Baulmes, making one appearance. Following his time at Yverdon, he transferred to Swiss Super League club FC Lausanne-Sport in July 2011. He made his league debut for Lausanne-Sport on 21 July 2012 in a 1–0 home loss against FC St. Gallen, coming on as a substitute for the final 19 minutes. During the 2012–13 season, Begzadić also featured for the reserve team.

International career
Despite having played for Switzerland at under-19 level, Begzadić decided to change his allegiance in order to compete for Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was called up for the under-21 team in order to play a practice match against the under-19 team in February 2013.

References

External links

 Profile - SFL

1993 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football forwards
Swiss men's footballers
Switzerland men's youth international footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers
Yverdon-Sport FC players
FC Baulmes players
FC Lausanne-Sport players
FC Locarno players
FC Stade Nyonnais players
FC Echallens players
FC Bavois players
Swiss Promotion League players
2. Liga Interregional players
Swiss Challenge League players
Swiss Super League players

Mehmed Begzadić


Ray Mears' Northern Wilderness is a television series hosted by Ray Mears, showing Mears in Canada. The series is broadcast by the BBC.

Mears also released a book of the same title.

Synopsis
Ray Mears explores the Canadian wilderness. His journey begins in the Boreal Forest at the heart of Canada, where he examines and demonstrates the survival skills of the aboriginal people of the territory.
Episode 1 was filmed in Prince Albert National Park, Episode 2 was filmed along the French River in Ontario and Episode 6 was filmed in British Columbia.

See also
Extreme Survival
Ray Mears' Bushcraft
Wild Food
Survival with Ray Mears

External links

BBC television documentaries
Works about survival skills
2009 British television series debuts
2009 British television series endings

Ray Mears' Northern Wilderness


Nabokov's Quartet is a collection of four of Vladimir Nabokov's short stories. The collection was first published by Phaedra, New York in 1966. It contains the following short stories:
 "An Affair of Honor"
 "Lik"
 "The Vane Sisters"
 "The Visit to the Museum"

The latter two were reprinted in 1968 in Nabokov's Congeries, and "Lik" and "The Vane Sisters" are included in Tyrants Destroyed and Other Stories (1975). All four stories were published again posthumously within The Stories of Vladimir Nabokov.

Short story collections by Vladimir Nabokov
1966 short story collections

Nabokov's Quartet


Matthew John Barton "Matt" Robshaw is a cryptographer. Formerly a lecturer at Royal Holloway, University of London and a member of the cryptography research group at France Telecom's Orange Labs, he is now a Technical Fellow at Impinj. He coordinated the Symmetric Techniques Virtual Lab (STVL) for ECRYPT. Robshaw's notable work includes the cryptanalysis of a number of cryptographic primitives, including the extension of linear cryptanalysis to use multiple approximations, and the design of the block ciphers Crab and RC6.

Robshaw received his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1992 from Royal Holloway, University of London.

References

External links
 Matt Robshaw's page at Orange Labs

Living people
Modern cryptographers
Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
Year of birth missing (living people)

Matt Robshaw


WildWorks (formerly Smart Bomb Interactive) is an production mobile game was found on 2003, WildWorks has known launch Animal Jam Classic on September 9, 2010 and running another games like Animal Jam is Dash Tag, AJ Jump and more.

Founded
WildWorks also formely Smart Bomb Interactive was found on 2003, directed founded by John Herself Rohn and Romeo Rine, in 2007, WildWorks has launching from Smart Bomb Interactive mobile game.

In September 9, 2010. WildWorks was launch Animal Jam educational games, after that, WildWorks has released the four gameplay like Animal Jam is Dash Tag, AJ Jump and more games.

Production

In January 23, 2007. WildWorks has since 8,000 dollar, Smart Bomb Interactive mobile game was announced they were be disabled, running for educational games, Animal Jam, which was released on September 9, 2010.

In September 11, 2010. WildWorks was announced Animal Jam player was launch for Windows and MacOS. In September 18, 2010. Smart Bomb Interactive formerly names was disabled, is renamed to WildWorks from Animal Jam website.

In October 5, 2010. WildWorks announced the Animal Jam gameplay was launch reach for Adobe Flash Player.

In late 2020, after Adobe Flash Player was ended support, Animal Jam was discontinued from browser, WildWorks announced Animal Jam gameplay has downloaded for PC app.

2003 establishments in the United States

WildWorks


Gou Bu Li baozi is a group of restaurants in TianJin, China that sells steamed buns. Gou Bu Li baozi was established in 1858. It is one of the most famous foods in Tianjin. Gou Bu Li's shop is one of the oldest and most famous shops in that city. In 1960, the Gou Bu Li baozi went out of China to foreign countries. Now there are so many shops in China.

History
Gou Bu Li Baozi was founded in the Qing Dynasty in 1858. It was started by Gao You Gui when he was young, His family named him "young dog". He lived in Tianjin when he was very young. He was a worker in Liu's store. It took him three years to learn how to make Baozi very pleasing and beautiful. Firstly, he started a store called "cheap and friendly store".

Because his Baozi is very very pleasing, many people went to his store. So that he is too having much to do to talk with the persons getting goods from store. So his person getting goods from store called him dog ignored. That's why "Gou Bu Li "is so greatly respected and so many people called it that until now.

When Yuan shikai was a person doing teaching in army in Tian Jin. He gave this to queen Dowager Cixi, she is very happy and say:"Gou Bu Li baozi is so very pleasing that it is better that the animal's meat in the mountain or the seafood in the sea, after I take it, I think I go back to a young person." After this Gou Bu Li baozi is more greatly respected than it used to.

In the 1920s, with the Tianjin advertisement inside middle moving south and moving closer to the land rights, Gao yougui not taken into account the buns store and moved to the Tianxiang market of tianjin But after this the business is not good for a long time and on the edge to shut down. After the groups of persons Republic of China be started. any private companies change quality of to Public - private the way of loving persons. On March 15, 1956, the Tianjin food company in the peaceful part of the shandong Road military building made strong against attack Park Ruizhuang place opened in tianjin Gou Bu Li baozi store, then, the Chinese leaders put on air of being more important than other person many times.

Recent events
 In 1988, Gou Bu Li baozi have so many restaurants
 In 1992, Gou Bu Li baozi's company was founded
 During the Spring Festival in 2000, Feng Gong and Guo Donglin show comic "old song new singing",it is about Gou Bu Li baozi.
 In 2005, Gou Bu Li was bought by Tong Ren Tang with 100 million yuan.
 In February 25th, 2008. Gou Bu Li have a English name called "go believe" until now. A writer called Sidney Sheldon write a book called 《If Tomorrow Comes》have the go believe baozi.

How to make it
Gao You Gui is a ratio of 3 to 7  fat and fresh pork and even with the right amount of water, ribs soup and belly soup, and accompanied by sesame oil, soy sauce, ginger, diced green onions made into stuffing. The steamed buns will be half of the rubbing, after the release agent, roll into a diameter of 8.5 cm and thick uniform round skin. Pack with your fingers with a pinch and twist open, so there will be 18 pleats, looking like a flower, and finally steam the buns.

Do not use jam. Use mushroom and chicken or special flour to make sure the baozi is small and delicious. And so many people had learn the method of how to make baozi but his baozi never be surpassed.

Protecting the logo
In 1980, Gou Bu Li has the logo. In 1992 Gou Bu Li became the first one that have a logo. At present, the Gou Bu Li has been registered in the 11 international classification, service trademark in 1999 by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce Trademark Office identified as "China Famous Brand", which is the commercial value of its brand affirmed.

Branches
In the 1980s, Gou Bu Li baozi began franchise chain operations. In 1980, Beijing Hua Tian Diet Group Company introduced the Gou Bu Li to Beijing. In 2004, the Gou Bu Li open a branch in Taiwan. There are now many branches in China.

Media
TV show: Legend of Gou Bu Li baozi

References

Asian restaurants
Chinese food

Gou Bu Li baozi


Deepali Pant Joshi  is a former executive director of the Reserve Bank of India (retired in 2017). She is a development economist and a writer on economic subjects. Her professional responsibilities have included the Department of Currency Management, Legal Department and Premises Department. She was the First Appellate authority under the Right to Information Act, as well as the RBI nominee on the governing council of the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS) and director on the board of Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited (BRBNMPL).

Joshi has also served as the RBI regional director of Rajasthan. Prior to her appointment as executive director, Joshi was responsible for Customer Service Department and Rural Planning and Credit Department.

Early life

Deepali Pant Joshi studied at St. Mary's Convent Inter College, Prayagraj and at the University of Allahabad. Her father, Mr Jagdish Mohan Pant was an Advocate at the Allahabad High Court and later Administrator General and Official Trustee for the state of Uttar Pradesh. Her mother Professor Chandra Pant taught History at the University of Allahabad.

Personal life
Joshi is an only child. She is married to Rajeev Joshi. They have two sons, Paritosh and Kunal.

Career
Joshi is a fellow of Harvard University Asia Centre where she did post doctoral research in the areas of Finance and Economics. She holds a doctoral degree from the University of Allahabad and Law and Management degrees. She joined the Reserve Bank of India as a direct recruit in 1981 and has been with the Reserve Bank since. She has held several important professional responsibilities as Chief General Manager in charge of Urban Banks and Currency Management and administrative responsibilities at RBI Hyderabad.  She was the Banking Ombudsman for the State of Andhra Pradesh and Principal, Bankers Training College and Director on the Board of Andhra Bank. Her previous professional responsibility was Chief General Manager in Charge of Rural Planning and Credit Department. She is a prolific writer and has four significant books to her credit. She renders faculty support to the College of Agricultural Banking and has lectured extensively at the IAS Academy at Mussoorie, at the Administrative Staff College, Hyderabad and at several Indian and foreign Universities. She has represented the RBI in several important International Conferences and is the India representative on the Financial Inclusion Expert Group of the G-20. Her policy interests lie in the area of welfare and development economics, law and currency management.

Speeches
Closing Remarks
Presentation on Financial Inclusion and Financial Literacy
Indian Financial Markets: Fuelling the Growth of the Indian Economy
Indian Rural Banking Sector
 Reserve Bank of India at National Seminar on Consumer Protection – Agenda for Inclusive Growth
Conference of Principal Code Compliance Officers (PCCOs) / Chairmen of Regional Rural Banks organised by BCSBI at Mumbai
Enabling Urban Microfinance-Keynote Address by Dr Deepali Pant Joshi, Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India at the Conference on The Challenges of Enabling Urban Finance organised by Minorities Development Department, Government of Maharashtra and MAVIM the State Womens'
Speech on Financial Inclusion
Financial Education and Customer Protection
Financial Education Key to Promoting Financial Inclusion and Customer Protection
Financial Inclusion - Journey so far and Road Ahead
NISM Conference on Ethics and Corporate Governance-Speech
Moving Financial Capability Forward: Innovation Scale and Impact
Financial Inclusion - The Indian Model – Challenges & Prospects-Presentation at Center for international Development- Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge
Strategy adopted for Financial Inclusion
Fortifying cooperatives - efforts to strengthen the short term cooperative credit structure

Bibliography
Social Banking Promise Performance and Potential
Employment and Poverty Alleviation Programs in India in K. K. Bagchi
The Financial Inclusion Imperative,Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press and a host of research articles published in journals both in India and abroad.

References

External links
Article in yojana
The Mint
The Femina
Book review-Ten Judgements That Changed India (Zia Mody)

Living people
Businesspeople from Uttar Pradesh
Indian women bankers
Indian bankers
Central bankers
1957 births
Businesspeople from Prayagraj
Harvard University alumni
20th-century Indian economists
Indian women economists
Reserve Bank of India
20th-century Indian businesspeople
20th-century Indian women scientists
21st-century Indian women scientists
21st-century Indian businesspeople
21st-century Indian economists
Women writers from Uttar Pradesh
Women scientists from Uttar Pradesh
Educators from Uttar Pradesh
Women educators from Uttar Pradesh
Businesswomen from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian businesswomen
21st-century Indian businesswomen
20th-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian writers
21st-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian writers

Deepali Pant Joshi


Anika Rose Moa (born 21 May 1980) is a New Zealand recording artist and television presenter. Her debut studio album Thinking Room, was released in September 2001, which reached number one on the New Zealand Albums Chart and provided two Top 5 singles, "Youthful" (2001) and "Falling in Love Again" (2002). Moa competed at the Rockquest songwriting contest in 1998, which led to a recording contract. She is the subject of two documentaries by film-maker Justin Pemberton: 3 Chords and the Truth: the Anika Moa Story (2003), detailing her signing to a record label and the release of Thinking Room, and In Bed with Anika Moa (2010) on her later career.

Early life
Anika Moa was born in 1980 in the Auckland suburb of Papakura. She grew up in Christchurch and attended Hornby High School. Her father Tia, who died in 2007, was Māori (Ngāpuhi, Te Aupōuri) and her mother Bernadette is of English descent. Moa and her siblings were raised by Bernadette, who was a member of a band, which performed three days a week. Moa met Tia at 13 – he gave her a guitar and encouraged her to learn songwriting on it. While at secondary school she joined musicals, choirs and rock bands.

Music career

1998–2007: Thinking Room to Stolen Hill
In 1998, Moa won an award for Most Promising Female Musician and a music school scholarship at the New Zealand Smokefreerockquest high school music competition. After recording a demo tape, she signed a record deal with Warner Music in New Zealand and Atlantic Records in New York. She moved to New York to record her first album, Thinking Room (September 2001), with Victor Van Vugt producing. Her lead single, "Youthful", appeared in July 2001, which reached No. 5 on the New Zealand Singles Chart. Moa became homesick and uncomfortable with the "superficial" imagery used by her manager to promote her. In 2002 she returned to Auckland.

She released her second album Stolen Hill on 1 August 2005, describing the album as "more sparse" and true to herself, compared to her first. One track, "In the Morning", refers to her abortion in 2000. The album was certified gold. She toured New Zealand in October of that year. In 2005 Moa was one of many New Zealand musicians who contributed to single "Anchor Me", which commemorated the twentieth anniversary of the bombing of the Rainbow Warrior.

2007–2012: In Swings the Tide, civil union and Love in Motion
In October 2007 Moa released her third studio album, In Swings The Tide, which went platinum and won a number of rave reviews. For the first time she was credited with producing the album alone. In 2009 The New Zealand Herald named Moa as one of the "Top 10 Kiwi music successes of the past 10 years".

Moa came out as openly lesbian in 2007. She entered into a civil union with Australian burlesque dancer, Azaria Universe (Angela Fyfe), in February 2010. Her partner was the inspiration for Moa's fourth album, Love in Motion (March 2010), which peaked at number four. Fyfe became pregnant with twins in the following year.

To support the album, she embarked on a nationwide tour from October to December 2010. Moa has collaborated with other New Zealand solo artists, SJD and Bic Runga. She performed with the band, Dimmer, in a backup and touring capacity. She has DJed under the name, DJ Unika.

2013: Peace of Mind, separation and Songs for Bubbas
In February 2013 Moa teamed with Boh Runga and Hollie Smith to release an album, Peace of Mind. Moa and Fyfe separated, and they have joint custody of the twins. In November 2013 she released her first children's album, Songs for Bubbas.

Television and radio work

All Talk with Anika Moa (2016–2017)
In September 2016 Moa debuted her interview talk show All Talk with Anika Moa, which was broadcast for the  Māori Television, developed with support from NZ on Air. The show is filmed in front of a small studio audience, and has featured appearances from a number of New Zealand celebrities including actor Temuera Morrison and musician Stan Walker. There were two series developed, each consisting of 10 episodes, as well as a special episode highlighting moments from the series. The final episode of series two aired in July 2017.

Anika Moa Unleashed (2018)
In March 2018, Moa debuted a new interview show, Anika Moa Unleashed, available online through TVNZ OnDemand. In 2019 the show started showing on TVNZ 1 on Saturday nights. The show features Moa visiting the homes of notable New Zealand celebrities, public figures, and personalities. She has reportedly signed to develop twelve episodes.

Other appearances
In April 2018, Moa had a stint as a television presenter for the current affairs programme Seven Sharp, filling in for Jeremy Wells. She co-hosted alongside Hilary Barry for several episodes. Her final broadcast was on 20 April.

She started working at radio network NZME in August 2019, first working at The Hits, later moving to the breakfast show on Flava, which she co-hosted until late 2022, before leaving to focus on her music career.
She also appears on the kids TV series Toi Time

Activism
In December 2012, Moa starred in an online video campaign supporting gay marriage, alongside New Zealand singers Hollie Smith and Boh Runga, as well as Olympian Danyon Loader and former Governor-General Dame Catherine Tizard. She was openly critical of New Zealand's National-led government until it left office in 2017.

Awards and nominations

APRA Awards

|-
|2005
|"Stolen Hill"
|rowspan="3"|APRA Silver Scroll
|
|-
|2008
|"Dreams in My Head"
|
|-
|2010
|"Running Through the Fire (Storm)"
|

New Zealand Music Awards

|-
|rowspan="5"|2002
|rowspan="3"|Thinking Room
|Album of the Year
|
|-
|Top Female vocalist
|
|-
|International Achievement
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|"Youthful"
|Single of the Year
|
|-
|Songwriter of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|rowspan="2"|Stolen Hill
|Best Female Solo Artist
|
|-
|Best Aotearoa Roots Album
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
|rowspan="2"|In Swings the Tide
|Nokia Album of the Year
|
|-
|Mazda Best Female Solo Artist
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2010
|rowspan="3"|Love in Motion
|Vodafone Album of the Year
|
|-
|Mazda Best Female Solo Artist
|
|-
|Best Pop Album
|

Discography

 Thinking Room (2001)
 Stolen Hill (2005)
 In Swings the Tide (2007)
 Love in Motion (2010)
 Songs for Bubbas (2013)
 Queen at the Table (2015)
 Songs for Bubbas 2 (2016)
 Anika Moa (2018)
 Songs for Bubbas 3 (2019)

References

External links
 Anika Moa on Myspace

1980 births
Lesbian singers
New Zealand lesbian musicians
New Zealand LGBT singers
New Zealand LGBT rights activists
New Zealand Māori women singers
New Zealand Māori musicians
People from Christchurch
Living people
New Zealand women pop singers
New Zealand women singer-songwriters
New Zealand singer-songwriters
21st-century New Zealand women singers
The Adults members
Ngāpuhi people
Te Aupōuri people
20th-century New Zealand LGBT people
20th-century New Zealand musicians
21st-century New Zealand LGBT people
21st-century women guitarists
People from Papakura

Anika Moa


Małgorzata Szumowska (; born 26 February 1973) is a Polish film director, screenwriter and producer, born in Kraków.

Her 2013 film In the Name Of received the Teddy Award for Best Feature at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival, and received the Grand Prix at the 32nd annual Istanbul Film Festival. Her film Body was selected to be screened in the main competition section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival. Szumowska won the Silver Bear for Best Director for Body. In 2018, she received Jury Grand Prix at the 68th Berlin International Film Festival for her film Mug.

Career
Szumowska spent two years studying history of art at the Jagiellonian University before she started film studies.  Szumowska graduated from the celebrated National Film School in Łódź, which boasts such alumni as Andrzej Wajda, Roman Polański or Krzysztof Kieślowski.  As a student, Szumowska made a short which was ranked 14th in the history of Łódź Film School. Cisza (Silence) is a short documentary film in which Szumowska tried to capture a simple life of a Polish rural family.

In 2001, she became a member of the European Film Academy. In 2016, she was a member of jury headed by Meryl Streep at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival. In 2018, she was also selected a member of the jury headed by Guillermo del Toro at the 75th Venice International Film Festival.

In 2020, her film co-directed with Michał Englert Never Gonna Snow Again was selected as the Polish entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards.

Szczęśliwy człowiek (Happy man)
Szumowska graduated from the film college in 1998 and made her debut feature film Szczęśliwy człowiek (Happy Man) in 2001. The film was nominated to The European Film Award and Szumowska became a member of the European Film Academy in the same year.  The plot explores complicated relationships among three people facing enormous difficulties who nonetheless strive to achieve happiness, or, at least, steer clear of tragedy.

Ono (Stranger)
Her next film, Ono (Stranger), focused on the relationship between a pregnant woman and the baby she is expecting. Having decided not to have an abortion, the mother tries to prepare her child for the experience of the outside world. Things get complicated when the woman faces health problems.

Ojciec (Father)
In 2005 Szumowska made a short film Ojciec (Father), one of thirteen contemporary stories written by Polish film directors to celebrate Solidarity which made up the film Solidarność, Solidarność (Solidarity, Solidarity). Based on her father's experiences, Szumowska's film uses archival footage from his documentaries.

33 sceny z życia (33 Scenes from Life)
A significant breakthrough in Szumowska's career came in 2008, with 33 sceny z życia (33 Scenes from Life), starring Julia Jentsch, which won a Special Prize at the Locarno International Film Festival. Inspired by her own life, but, as she is careful to emphasize, "not autobiographical", the film tells the story of Julia. A talented photographer married to Piotr, a successful composer, Julia has a perfect and financially comfortable life until one day the idyll is interrupted.

Elles
Szumowska worked also as a co-producer of Antichrist, Lars von Trier's horror film released in 2009. In 2011, she completed her international project, Elles, starring Juliette Binoche. The worldwide première of Elles took place at Toronto International Film Festival.  It tells the story of Anne, a Parisian journalist investigating prostitution among the students. Her research takes her to two girls, Charlotte and Alice, whose lives differ greatly from her own. They let her discover a world which she finds both repulsive and seductive.

In the Name Of
Adam is a Catholic priest who discovered his calling as a servant of God at the relatively late age of 21. He now lives in a village in rural Poland where he works with teenagers with behavioral problems who fight and yell abuse. He declines the advances of a young brunette named Ewa; saying he is already spoken for. However; celibacy is not the only reason for his rejection. Adam knows that he desires men and that his embrace of the priesthood has been a flight from his own sexuality. When he meets Dynia; the strange and taciturn son of a simple rural family; Adam's self-imposed abstinence becomes a heavy burden.

Personal life
Szumowska is the daughter of journalists Maciej Szumowski and Dorota Terakowska and the sister of Wojciech Szumowski, a documentary film director. She has been married to actor Mateusz Kościukiewicz since 2011. They have one daughter Alina born on 3 December 2012. She has a son Maciej from a previous relationship with the editor Jacek Drosio.

References

External links

Małgorzata Szumowska at culture.pl
33 Scenes from Life – review
Szumowska's Elles on the 2012 Berlinale Shortlist
The Transposition of Loneliness at the 63rd Berlinale

1973 births
Living people
Polish women film directors
Polish women writers
Polish women screenwriters
Film people from Kraków
Silver Bear for Best Director recipients

Małgorzata Szumowska


Nacional de Televisión y Comunicaciones S.A. (commonly known as NTC) is a Colombian programadora on Canal Uno. Its major program is Noticias Uno. It was founded in 1977. In 1992, it began its NTC Noticias program, which in 2002 was combined with almost all of the other news programs on Canal Uno (Uninoticias and Noticiero de las Siete: CM& remained independent) to create Noticias Uno. NTC was one of the few companies to survive the programadora crisis of the late 1990s and early 2000s.

References

External links
 Noticias Uno

Television production companies of Colombia

NTC Televisión


The Toledo Reforms were a series of reforms implemented by Francisco Álvarez de Toledo to Spain's policies in the Viceroyalty of Peru in the 1570s.

The years 1533–1569 were considered the years of crisis and turmoil in the Viceroyalty of Peru. During these years there were several problems that emerged and that needed serious attention. The Spanish conquistadors found it hard to maintain order in the Andes.  The problems that emerged during this time were the New Laws of 1542 that were established by Blasco Núñez Vela and the weakening of the encomienda system. These laws were established to put an end to the exploitation of Amerindians by the establishment of a fair taxation system. This angered the Spaniards because they felt that it was a direct interference in the lands that they won by force and because the laws hurt them from an economical standpoint. The weakening of the encomienda system also hurt the Spaniards economically. The New Laws reverted the encomienda to the King from the original holders who, had originally, wanted to pass them onto their descendants creating an almost aristocratic lineage. However, the King did not want their power and desire for it to get out of check. This system was weakened by competition from other Spanish economic ventures, tax and labor burdens of the encomenderos, and the spread of European epidemic diseases amongst the Andean peoples.  This economic crisis needed serious attention.

To deal with the emerging problems, King Philip II of Spain named Francisco de Toledo, as the new Viceroy of Peru in 1568. During his twelve-year rule, he established reforms that he felt would deal with the economic crisis in the Andes.  Francisco de Toledo's reforms dealt with 3 key issues.  The first was organizing the indigenous peoples into large towns called reducciones.  The reducciones were then divided into 614 administrative districts called repartimientos. Each repartimiento was headed by a kuraka.  The second issue was imposing a regularized system of taxation which was the tribute tax.  The tax amount was very high. The tribute was to be paid by all indigenous males between the ages of 18 and 50 and the amount to be paid was based on the social status of the payer. The kurakas were exempt from paying the tribute and were responsible for collecting the tribute. The final issue was the establishment of a system of forced labor called the mita.  The forced labor was used to work in the mercury and silver mines of Peru and Upper Peru. This system was established so that the wealth gained from these mines could be transferred to Spain.

References
Kenneth J. Andrien, Andean Worlds, 2001

Encomenderos
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Viceroyalty of Peru
History of South America

Toledo Reforms


The World Rowing Cup is an international rowing competition organized by FISA (the International Rowing Federation). It began in 1997 and comprises three regattas (apart from in 2001 when there were four) held throughout early summer.  In each event points are awarded to the top seven finishing boats and an overall winner determined after the last world cup regatta each year.  During the regattas the current leader in each event must wear yellow bibs. The World Rowing Cup has only been staged outside Europe on 3 occasions, in 2001 Princeton and in both 2013 and 2014 Sydney.

World Cup in single scullers (1990–1995)
From 1990 to 1995, the World Rowing Cup was a competition for single scullers. At three to six international regattas during one season, points for a total rating and cash prizes could be won. The World Rowing Federation wanted to better market its sport and increase sponsorship income through improved TV-presence. These goals were missed, which ultimately led to the termination of this form of the World Cup after the 1995 season.

Editions and stages (since 1997)

Format
The World Rowing Cup is an annual series of three regattas that act as a lead-up to the World Rowing Championships. Racing at the World Rowing Cup includes the 14 Olympic boat classes and a selection of International boat classes. Para-rowing is contested at some World Cups. Each Olympic boat class earns points based on the finishing order. The highest placing boat from a country is awarded the following points:

1st = 8 points, 2nd = 6 points, 3rd = 5 points, 4th = 4 points, 5th = 3 points, 6th = 2 points, 7th = 1 point

References

External links
 The official World Rowing
 Lucerne World Cup website
 Munich World Cup website

Rowing competitions
Recurring sporting events established in 1997
Rowing

World Rowing Cup


Durga (, ) is a major Hindu goddess, worshipped as a principal aspect of the mother goddess Mahadevi. She is associated with protection, strength, motherhood, destruction, and wars.

Durga's legend centres around combating evils and demonic forces that threaten peace, prosperity, and dharma, representing the power of good over evil. Durga is believed to unleash her divine wrath against the wicked for the liberation of the oppressed, and entails destruction to empower creation. Durga is seen as a motherly figure and often depicted as a beautiful woman, riding a lion or tiger, with many arms each carrying a weapon and often defeating demons. She is widely worshipped by the followers of the goddess-centric sect, Shaktism, and has importance in other denominations like Shaivism and Vaishnavism.

The most important texts of Shaktism, Devi Mahatmya, and Devi Bhagavata Purana, revere Devi (the Goddess) as the primordial creator of the universe and the Brahman (ultimate truth and reality). She is one of the five equivalent deities in Panchayatana puja of the Smarta tradition of Hinduism.

Durga has a significant following all over India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and many other countries. She is mostly worshipped after spring and autumn harvests, especially during the festivals of Durga Puja, Durga Ashtami, Vijayadashami, Deepavali, and Navaratri.

Etymology and nomenclature

The word Durga (दुर्गा) literally means "impassable", "invincible, unassailable". It is related to the word Durg (दुर्ग) which means "fortress, something difficult to defeat or pass". According to Monier Monier-Williams, Durga is derived from the roots dur (difficult) and gam (pass, go through). According to Alain Daniélou, Durga means "beyond defeat".

The word Durga and related terms appear in the Vedic literature, such as in the Rigveda hymns 4.28, 5.34, 8.27, 8.47, 8.93 and 10.127, and in sections 10.1 and 12.4 of the Atharvaveda. A deity named Durge appears in section 10.1.7 of the Taittiriya Aranyaka. While the Vedic literature uses the word Durga, the description therein lacks the legendary details about her that is found in later Hindu literature.

The word is also found in ancient post-Vedic Sanskrit texts such as in section 2.451 of the Mahabharata and section 4.27.16 of the Ramayana. These usages are in different contexts. For example, Durg is the name of an Asura who had become invincible to gods, and Durga is the goddess who intervenes and slays him. Durga and its derivatives are found in sections 4.1.99 and 6.3.63 of the Ashtadhyayi by Pāṇini, the ancient Sanskrit grammarian, and in the commentary of Nirukta by Yaska.

Epithets
Durga is commonly known as Mahisa-mardini for slaying the half-buffalo demon Mahishasura. She is also known as Vindhyavasini (she who dwells in the Vindhya Mountains). Her other epithets include Mahamoha (great delusion), Mahasuri (the great demoness), Tamasi (the great night, the night of delusion).

There are many epithets for Durga in Shaktism and her nine appellations are (Navadurga): Shailaputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Katyayini, Kalaratri, Mahagauri and Siddhidatri. A list of 108 names of the goddess is recited in order to worship her and is popularly known as the "Ashtottarshat Namavali of Goddess Durga".

Other meanings may include: "the one who cannot be accessed easily", "the undefeatable goddess".

Durga is also known as Durgati Nashini, meaning one who eliminates suffering.

History and texts
Evidence of Durga-like images can probably be traced back to the Indus Valley civilisation. According to Asko Parpola, a cylindrical seal from Kalibangan shows "a Durgā-like goddess of war, who is associated with the tiger".

Reverence for Devi, the feminine nature of God, first appears in the 10th Maṇḍala of Rig Veda, one of the scriptures of Hinduism. This hymn is also called the Devi Suktam hymn (abridged):
I am the Queen, the gatherer-up of treasures, most thoughtful, first of those who merit worship.
     Thus gods have established me in many places with many homes to enter and abide in.
Through me alone all eat the food that feeds them, – each man who sees, breathes, hears the word outspoken.
     They know it not, yet I reside in the essence of the Universe. Hear, one and all, the truth as I declare it.
I, verily, myself announce and utter the word that gods and men alike shall welcome.
     I make the man I love exceedingly mighty, make him nourished, a sage, and one who knows Brahman.
I bend the bow for Rudra, that his arrow may strike, and slay the hater of devotion.
     I rouse and order battle for the people, I created Earth and Heaven and reside as their Inner Controller.
On the world's summit I bring forth sky the Father: my home is in the waters, in the ocean as Mother.
     Thence I pervade all existing creatures, as their Inner Supreme Self, and manifest them with my body.
I created all worlds at my will, without any higher being, and permeate and dwell within them.
     The eternal and infinite consciousness is I, it is my greatness dwelling in everything.
– Devi Sukta, Rigveda 10.125.3 – 10.125.8,

Devi's epithets synonymous with Durga appear in Upanishadic literature, such as Kali in verse 1.2.4 of the Mundaka Upanishad dated to about the 5th century BCE. This single mention describes Kali as "terrible yet swift as thought", very red and smoky coloured manifestation of the divine with a fire-like flickering tongue, before the text begins presenting its thesis that one must seek self-knowledge and the knowledge of the eternal Brahman.

Durga, in her various forms, appears as an independent deity in the Epics period of ancient India, that is the centuries around the start of the common era. Both Yudhisthira and Arjuna characters of the Mahabharata invoke hymns to Durga. She appears in Harivamsa in the form of Vishnu's eulogy, and in Pradyumna prayer. Various Puranas from the early to late 1st millennium CE dedicate chapters of inconsistent mythologies associated with Durga. Of these, the Markandeya Purana and the Devi-Bhagavata Purana are the most significant texts on Durga. The Devi Upanishad and other Shakta Upanishads, mostly dated to have been composed in or after the 9th century, present the philosophical and mystical speculations related to Durga as Devi and other epithets, identifying her to be the same as the Brahman and Atman (self, soul).

In the Narada Purana, Durga is associated as a form of Lakshmi. In the Garuda Purana and the Vishnu Purana, Lakshmi is considered Prakriti (Mahalakshmi) and is identified with three forms — Sri, Bhu and Durga. In Pancharatra texts such as the Lakshmi Tantra, Lakshmi has Durga as one of her forms and acquires the name Durga after killing the demon Durgamasura. These texts identify Durga as Vishnu's māyā".

The Mahishasura Mardini Stotra by Adi Shankara was written in her praise.

Origins
The historian Ramaprasad Chanda stated in 1916 that Durga evolved over time in the Indian subcontinent. A primitive form of Durga, according to Chanda, was the result of "syncretism of a mountain-goddess worshipped by the dwellers of the Himalaya and the Vindhyas", a deity of the Abhiras conceptualised as a war-goddess. In the Virata Parvan stuti and Vaishnava texts, the Goddess is called the Māhāmāyā, or the Yoganidrā of Vishnu. These further points her Abhira or Gopa origins. Durga then transformed into Kali as the personification of the all-destroying time, while aspects of her emerged as the primordial energy (Adya Sakti) integrated into the samsara (cycle of rebirths) concept and this idea was built on the foundation of the Vedic religion, mythology and philosophy. There are total of nine avatars of Goddess Durga in Hinduism.

Epigraphical evidence indicates that regardless of her origins, Durga is an ancient goddess. The 6th-century CE inscriptions in early Siddhamatrika script, such as at the Nagarjuni hill cave during the Maukhari era, already mention the legend of her victory over Mahishasura (buffalo-hybrid demon).

Durga as a demon-slaying goddess was likely well established by the time the classic Hindu text called Devi Mahatmya was composed, which scholars variously estimate to between 400 and 600 CE. The Devi Mahatmya and other mythologies describe the nature of demonic forces symbolised by Mahishasura as shape-shifting and adapting in nature, form and strategy to create difficulties and achieve their evil ends, while Durga calmly understands and counters the evil in order to achieve her solemn goals.

Legends

The most popular legend associated with the goddess is of her killing of Mahishasura. Mahishasura was a half-buffalo demon who did severe penance in order to please Brahma, the creator. After several years, Brahma, pleased with his devotion, appeared before him. The demon opened his eyes and asked the god for immortality. Brahma refused, stating that all must die one day. Mahishasura then thought for a while and asked a boon that only a woman could be able to kill him. Brahma granted the boon and disappeared. Mahishasura started to torture innocent people. He captured Svarga and was not in any kind of fear, as he thought women to be powerless and weak. The devas were worried and they went to Trimurti. The Trimurti combined their power, and gave a physical form to the sum of their divine energy, Adi Shakti, a warrior woman with many arms. Himavan, the personification of the Himalayas, gifted a lion as her mount. Durga, on her lion, appeared before Mahishasura where the demon took on different forms and attacked the goddess. Each time, Durga would destroy his forms. At last, Durga slew Mahishasura with her trident when he was transforming as a buffalo demon.

According to Vaishnava tradition, Durga is among the various epithets and avatars of Yogamaya, the personification of the illusory power of Vishnu. Vishnu offers Durga the task of transferring the seventh child of Devaki into the womb of Rohini, as well as being born on earth as the infant daughter of Yashoda and Nanda, so that she could be swapped with Krishna. When Kamsa attempted to slay her, she manifested her true form of an eighteen-armed goddess, wearing a garland of lemons. The goddess announced that Kamsa's slayer had already been born, before vanishing. Durga is often conceptualised in this role as a sister of Vishnu.

Attributes and iconography

Durga is a warrior goddess, and she is depicted to express her martial skills. Her iconography typically resonates with these attributes, where she rides a lion or a tiger, has between eight and eighteen hands, each holding a weapon to destroy and create. She is often shown in the midst of her war with Mahishasura, the buffalo demon, at the time she victoriously kills the demonic force. Her icon shows her in action, yet her face is calm and serene. In Hindu arts, this tranquil attribute of Durga's face is traditionally derived from the belief that she is protective and violent not because of her hatred, egotism or getting pleasure in violence, but because she acts out of necessity, for the love of the good, for liberation of those who depend on her, and a mark of the beginning of soul's journey to creative freedom.

Durga traditionally holds the weapons of various male gods of Hindu mythology, which they give her to fight the evil forces because they feel that she is shakti (energy, power). These include the chakra, conch, bow, arrow, sword, javelin, trishula, shield, and a noose. These weapons are considered symbolic by Shakta Hindus, representing self-discipline, selfless service to others, self-examination, prayer, devotion, remembering her mantras, cheerfulness and meditation. Durga herself is viewed as the "Self" within and the divine mother of all creation. She has been revered by warriors, blessing their new weapons. Durga iconography has been flexible in the Hindu traditions, where for example some intellectuals place a pen or other writing implements in her hand since they consider their stylus as their weapon.

Archeological discoveries suggest that these iconographic features of Durga became common throughout India by about the 4th century CE, states David Kinsley – a professor of religious studies specialising on Hindu goddesses. In the north wall of a granite cave in Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu there is a large relief of Durga slaying Mahisasura, carved around 630–674 CE.

Durga iconography in some temples appears as part of Mahavidyas or Saptamatrkas (seven mothers considered forms of Durga). Her icons in major Hindu temples such as in Varanasi include relief artworks that show scenes from the Devi Mahatmya.

In Vaishnavism, Durga and her mount of a lion, is considered one of the three aspects or forms of Goddess Lakshmi, the other two being Sri and Bhu, in place of Niladevi.  According to professor Tracy Pintchman, "When the Lord Vishnu created the gunas of prakriti, there arose Lakshmi in her three forms, Sri, Bhu and Durga. Sri consisted of sattva, Bhu as rajas and Durga as tamas".

Durga appears in Hindu mythology in numerous forms and names, but ultimately all these are different aspects and manifestations of one goddess. She is imagined to be terrifying and destructive when she has to be, but benevolent and nurturing when she needs to be. While anthropomorphic icons of her, such as those showing her riding a lion and holding weapons, are common, the Hindu traditions use aniconic forms and geometric designs (yantra) to remember and revere what she symbolises.

Worship and festivals
Durga is worshipped in Hindu temples across India and Nepal by Shakta Hindus.

The Vedic Texts concluded Durga alone to be the Supreme and the Absolute facet of Brahman, as stated in the Devi-Atharvashirshaयस्याः परतरं नास्ति सैषा दुर्गा प्रकीर्तिता ॥२४॥

She who is renowned by the name "Durga" is the being superior to whom, no one exists.

– Devi Atharvashirhsa Upanishad, 24. Her temples, worship and festivals are particularly popular in eastern and northeastern parts of Indian subcontinent during Durga puja, Dashain and Navaratri.

Durga puja

As per the Markandeya Purana, Durga Puja can be performed either for 9 days or 4 days (last four in sequence). The four-day-long Durga Puja is a major annual festival in Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Jharkhand and Bihar. It is scheduled per the Hindu luni-solar calendar in the month of Ashvina, and typically falls in September or October. Since it is celebrated during Sharad (literally, season of weeds), it is called as Sharadiya Durga Puja or Akal-Bodhan to differentiate it from the one celebrated originally in spring. The festival is celebrated by communities by making special colourful images of Durga out of clay, recitations of Devi Mahatmya text, prayers and revelry for nine days, after which it is taken out in procession with singing and dancing, then immersed in water. The Durga puja is an occasion of major private and public festivities in the eastern and northeastern states of India.

The day of Durga's victory is celebrated as Vijayadashami (Bijoya in Bengali), Dashain (Nepali) or Dussehra (in Hindi) – these words literally mean "the victory on the Tenth (day)".

This festival is an old tradition of Hinduism, though it is unclear how and in which century the festival began. Surviving manuscripts from the 14th century provide guidelines for Durga puja, while historical records suggest royalty and wealthy families were sponsoring major Durga puja public festivities since at least the 16th century. The 11th or 12th century Jainism text Yasatilaka by Somadeva mentions a festival and annual dates dedicated to a warrior goddess, celebrated by the king and his armed forces, and the description mirrors attributes of a Durga puja.

The prominence of Durga puja increased during the British Raj in Bengal. After the Hindu reformists identified Durga with India, she became an icon for the Indian independence movement. The city of Kolkata is famous for Durga puja.

Dashain
In Nepal, the festival dedicated to Durga is called Dashain (sometimes spelled as Dasain), which literally means "the ten". Dashain is the longest national holiday of Nepal, and is a public holiday in Sikkim and Bhutan. During Dashain, Durga is worshipped in ten forms (Shailaputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Katyayani, Kalaratri, Mahagauri, Mahakali and Durga) with one form for each day in Nepal. The festival includes animal sacrifice in some communities, as well as the purchase of new clothes and gift giving. Traditionally, the festival is celebrated over 15 days, the first nine-day are spent by the faithful by remembering Durga and her ideas, the tenth day marks Durga's victory over Mahisura, and the last five days celebrate the victory of good over evil.

During the first nine days, nine aspects of Durga known as Navadurga are meditated upon, one by one during the nine-day festival by devout Hindus. Durga is occasionally worshipped as a celibate goddess, but the Shaktism traditions includes the worship of Shiva along with Durga, who considers her as his consort, in addition to Lakshmi, Saraswati, Ganesha and Kartikeya, who are considered to be Durga's children by Shaktas. Some Shaktas worship Durga's symbolism and presence as Mother Nature. In South India, especially Andhra Pradesh, Dussera Navaratri is also celebrated and the goddess is dressed each day as a different Devi, all considered equivalent but another aspect of Durga.

Other cultures
In Bangladesh, the four-day-long Sharadiya Durga Puja is the most important religious festival for the Hindus and celebrated across the country with Vijayadashami being a national holiday. In Sri Lanka, Durga in the form of Vaishnavi, bearing Vishnu's iconographic symbolism is celebrated. This tradition has been continued by Sri Lankan diaspora.

Outside Hinduism

In Buddhism

According to scholars, over its history, Buddhist Tantric traditions have adopted several Hindu deities into its fold. The Tantric traditions of Buddhism included Durga and developed the idea further. In Japanese Buddhism, she appears as Butsu-mo (sometimes called Koti-sri). In Tibet, the goddess Palden Lhamo is similar to the protective and fierce Durga. Several aspects of Tārā are believed to have originated as a form of the goddess Durga, including her fierce guardian form.

In Jainism
The Sacciya mata found in major medieval era Jain temples mirrors Durga, and she has been identified by Jainism scholars to be the same or sharing a more ancient common lineage. In the Ellora Caves, the Jain temples feature Durga with her lion mount. However, she is not shown as killing the buffalo demon in the Jain cave, but she is presented as a peaceful deity.

In Sikhism

Durga is exalted as the divine in Dasam Granth, a sacred text of Sikhism that is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. According to Eleanor Nesbitt, this view has been challenged by Sikhs who consider Sikhism to be monotheistic, who hold that a feminine form of the Supreme and a reverence for the Goddess is "unmistakably of Hindu character".

Outside the Indian subcontinent

Archeological site excavations in Indonesia, particularly on the island of Java, have yielded numerous statues of Durga. These have been dated to be from 6th century onwards. Of the numerous early to mid medieval era Hindu deity stone statues uncovered on Indonesian islands, at least 135 statues are of Durga. In parts of Java, she is known as Loro Jonggrang (literally, "slender maiden").

In Cambodia, during its era of Hindu kings, Durga was popular and numerous sculptures of her have been found. However, most differ from the Indian representation in one detail. The Cambodian Durga iconography shows her standing on top of the cut buffalo demon head.

Durga statues have been discovered at stone temples and archaeological sites in Vietnam, likely related to Champa or Cham dynasty era.

Influence
Durga as the mother goddess is the inspiration behind the song Vande Mataram, written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, during the Indian independence movement, later the official national song of India.
Durga is present in Indian nationalism where Bharat Mata i.e. Mother India is viewed as a form of Durga. This is completely secular and keeping in line with the ancient ideology of Durga as Mother and protector to Indians. She is present in pop culture and blockbuster Bollywood movies like Jai Santoshi Maa.
The Indian Army uses Hindustani phrases like "Durga Mata ki Jai!" and "Kaali Mata ki Jai!".
Any woman who takes up a cause to fight for goodness and justice is said to have the spirit of Durga in her.

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Sen Ramprasad (1720–1781). Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair: Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess. Hohm Press. .

External links

 Durga Battling the Buffalo Demon: Iconography, Carlos Museum, Emory University
 Devi Durga, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution
 Overview Of World Religions – Devotion to Durga

Destroyer goddesses
Durga Puja
Hindu goddesses
Justice goddesses
Mythological swordfighters
Shaktism
War goddesses
Forms of Lakshmi
Forms of Parvati
Mother goddesses
Maintenance goddesses

Durga


There are three 2011 All-Pro Teams—one each named by the Associated Press (AP), Pro Football Writers Association (PFWA), and Sporting News—for performance in the 2011 NFL season. While none of these have the official imprimatur of the NFL (whose official recognition is nomination to the 2012 Pro Bowl), they are included (separately) in the NFL Record and Fact Book. Any player selected to any of the teams can be described as an "All-Pro."

The AP team, with first- and second-team selections, was chosen by a national panel of 50 NFL writers; the Sporting News selection process uses a panel of 50 NFL coaches and executives, while the PFWA team is chosen by polling its 300+ members.

Teams

Key
 AP = Associated Press first-team All-Pro
 AP-t = Tied for first-team All-Pro in the AP vote
 AP-2 = Associated Press second-team All-Pro
 AP-2t = Tied for second-team All-Pro in the AP vote
 PFWA = Pro Football Writers Association All-NFL
 SN = Sporting News All-Pro

References

2011 NFL All-Pro Team Voting - News-Leader.com
  Sporting News 2011 NFL awards: All-Pro team

All-Pro Teams
Allpro

2011 All-Pro Team


Shawon Donnell Dunston (born March 21, 1963) is an American retired professional baseball player. A shortstop, Dunston played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1985 through 2002. On January 13, 2023, he was selected as a member of the 2023 class of the Chicago Cubs Hall of Fame.

Dunston was the first overall pick in the 1982 MLB draft by the Chicago Cubs, and played for the Cubs (1985–95, 1997), San Francisco Giants (1996, 1998, 2001–02), Pittsburgh Pirates (1997), Cleveland Indians (1998), St. Louis Cardinals (1999, 2000) and New York Mets (1999). Dunston was named an All-Star in 1988 and 1990.

Early life
Dunston was born in the East New York section of Brooklyn, New York, on March 21, 1963. As a youth, he lived in the Linden Apartments, a public housing facility, with his father, Jack, mother, Brenda, and younger sister, Kindra. Jack worked as a cab driver and delivered furniture, while Brenda worked in a women's clothing store.

Dunston attended the nearby Thomas Jefferson High School. He played for the school's baseball team as an infielder. In his senior season at Thomas Jefferson, Dunston had a .790 batting average, 10 home runs, and stole 37 bases without being caught stealing in 26 games.

Playing career
As a shortstop, Dunston was considered one of the best prospects available in the 1982 Major League Baseball draft. The Chicago Cubs selected Dunston with the first overall selection of the draft out of Thomas Jefferson High School. He was the first player from the New York area to be chosen with the first overall pick in the draft. Opting to represent himself, Dunston signed a one-year contract with the Cubs for $100,000, and was assigned to the Cubs' Rookie-level minor league baseball affiliate in the Gulf Coast League.

Dunston competed with Larry Bowa for the role as the starting shortstop for the Cubs in spring training in 1985. Dunston initially won the job over Bowa. He made his debut in the major leagues on April 9. However, Dunston struggled offensively and defensively, batting .194 and committing nine errors in 23 games. As a result, he was sent back to the minor leagues, with Bowa regaining the starting role. After playing well for the Iowa Cubs, the Cubs recalled Dunston in August, and released Bowa.

In  and  he joined double-play partner Ryne Sandberg as an All-Star and was a key contributor to the Cubs' NL East division title in , hitting .278 with 20 doubles, 6 triples, 9 home runs, 60 runs batted in and 19 stolen bases. Due to become a free agent after the 1991 season, Dunston instead signed a four-year, $12 million contract to remain with the Cubs without testing the open market. However, he injured his back that offseason, and required surgery to repair a herniated disk in May 1992. The Cubs opted not to protect Dunston from being eligible to be selected in the 1992 Major League Baseball expansion draft, but neither the Colorado Rockies nor the Florida Marlins selected him.

After the 1995 season, he was granted free agency. The Cubs wanted to move Dunston to third base, but he preferred to remain at shortstop. As a result, he signed with the San Francisco Giants for the 1996 season, receiving a one-year contract worth $1.5 million. He signed with the Cubs for the 1997 season, receiving $2 million.

On August 31, 1997, the Cubs traded Dunston to the Pittsburgh Pirates, who lost two shortstops, Kevin Elster and Kevin Polcovich, to injuries. He hit two home runs in his first game with the Pirates, and three in his first three games. He became a free agent after the season, and signed a one-year contract with the Cleveland Indians for $400,000. On July 23, 1998, the Indians traded Dunston, José Mesa, and Alvin Morman to the Giants for Jacob Cruz and Steve Reed. Dunston was batting .237 at the time of the trade. With the Giants, Dunston batted .176 in 51 at-bats. Dunston became a free agent after the season and signed with the St. Louis Cardinals on a one-year contract worth $500,000.

On July 31, 1999, the Cardinals traded Dunston to the New York Mets for Craig Paquette. He replaced rookie Melvin Mora on the Mets roster. Dunston became a free agent after the season and signed with the Cardinals for the 2000 season. He signed with the Giants that next offseason, playing with them in 2001 and 2002. He reached the 2002 World Series, his first, as a member of the Giants. He hit a home run off Kevin Appier of the Anaheim Angels in game six, but the Angels won the game and the series.

Dunston was a career .269 hitter with 150 home runs and 668 RBI in 1814 games. He seldom walked, so in spite of his batting average, his on-base percentage was the second-worst among players with at least 4500 plate appearances during their careers. At the end of his career, he was used mainly as a fourth outfielder and a role player off the bench.
He wore jersey #12 while with the Chicago Cubs.

Playing style
Bill James noted that Dunston was an "eternal rookie, a player who continued until the end of his career to make rookie mistakes." Dunston was known, especially early in his career, for his unusually strong throwing arm at the shortstop position.

He won the 1996 Willie Mac Award for his spirit and leadership.

Post-playing career
Dunston became eligible for the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2008; 75% of the vote was necessary for induction, and 5% was necessary to stay on the ballot. He received 0.2% of the vote, thus being dropped off the Baseball Writers' Association of America's ballot.

During his career, Dunston resided in Fremont, California.

Personal
Dunston has a son, Shawon, Jr., who has played minor league baseball. One of Dunston's three daughters, Jasmine Dunston, became the White Sox Director of Minor League Operations in 2022.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders

References

External links

"Shawon-O-Meter"

1963 births
Living people
African-American baseball coaches
Major League Baseball shortstops
Chicago Cubs players
Cleveland Indians players
New York Mets players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
San Francisco Giants players
St. Louis Cardinals players
National League All-Stars
African-American baseball players
Gulf Coast Cubs players
Quad Cities Cubs players
Midland Cubs players
Iowa Cubs players
Baseball players from Brooklyn
Thomas Jefferson High School (Brooklyn) alumni
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Shawon Dunston


Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin (Sunne parish, Jämtlands län 11 September 1717 (OS) – Stockholm 13 December 1783), Swedish astronomer and demographer.

Wargentin was the son of the vicar of Sunne Wilhelm Wargentin (1670–1735) and his spouse Christina Aroselia, and the great grandson of Joachim Wargentin (1611–1682), a Lübeck-born burgher of Åbo (Turku) in Finland.

When Pehr Wargentin was 12 years old he observed a (total) lunar eclipse which would spark his lifelong interest in Astronomy. During his tenure at Frösö trivialskola (elementary school), his teacher deemed him advanced enough to continue directly to Uppsala University. However, Wargentin's father wanted him first to attend the gymnasium (secondary school) of Härnösand, which he did. According to his own account, Wargentin was unimpressed with the purely classical and theological curriculum and the lack of any education in the sciences and did not finish the fourth year.

In 1735, Wargentin matriculated as a student at the University of Uppsala, where he excelled. Olof Hiorter was one of his instructors.  He graduated with the degree of filosofie magister (then the highest degree awarded in the Faculty of Arts) in 1743 and became a docent in astronomy in 1746 and an adjunct in 1748. He was called to Stockholm as secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1749 on the death of secretary Pehr Elvius, Jr., and stayed on this post until his death. Wargentin therefore became the first long-serving secretary of the Academy, which had been founded in 1739. He is seen as an important person in leading the Academy to its first golden era. Wargentin also became the first director of the Stockholm Observatory founded by the Academy of Sciences on the initiative of his predecessor, Elvius, and completed in 1753. In 1756 Wargentin married Christina Magdalena Raab, a marriage that would produce three daughters until his wife's death due to a miscarriage in 1769. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1781.

Wargentin made studies on the moons of Jupiter and published his first paper on the topic in 1741 in the Acta of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala.

The crater Wargentin on the Moon is named after him, as is the secondary school Wargentinsskolan in Östersund, Jämtland, with a historical continuity going back to the school Wargentin himself attended on Frösön.

In his later career, Wargentin's focus shifted from astronomy to demography. The Swedish government decreed in 1736 that the clergy should maintain registers of all births and deaths in their parishes, and the concept emerged in the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences that these parish data should be subjected to national analysis. Wargentin was assigned to lead this task nationally in 1754, and subsequently published a number of demographic articles in the Transactions of the Swedish Royal Academy, in particular "Mortaliteten i Sverige, i anledning af Tabell-Verket".

References
Biography from Nordisk Familjebok, 2nd Ed. (in Swedish).
Wargentins notes on his family, edited and published in the journal Personhistorisk tidskrift 1904, pp. 28–38 (in Swedish).
Biographical article on Wargentin from the periodical Svenska Familj-Journalen 1879 (in Swedish).

Notes

1717 births
1783 deaths
18th-century Swedish astronomers
Uppsala University alumni
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin


The rosy minivet (Pericrocotus roseus) is a species of bird in the family Campephagidae. The male is distinguished from other minivets by having a deep pink/light red shade in wings and tail and the female having an olive/olive yellow rump as against bright yellow in other minivets. Both male and female are grey above.

Distribution
It is found in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam. In India, it is found in the Himalayas from west to east to Arunachal Pradesh and hills of Nagaland and Manipur. In winter in peninsula.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

References

Gallery

rosy minivet
Birds of the Himalayas
Birds of South China
Birds of Myanmar
Birds of Yunnan
rosy minivet
Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Rosy minivet