Mike Seeger (August 15, 1933August 7, 2009) was an American folk musician and folklorist. He was a distinctive singer and an accomplished musician who played autoharp, banjo, fiddle, dulcimer, guitar, mouth harp, mandolin, dobro, jaw harp, and pan pipes. Seeger, a half-brother of Pete Seeger, produced more than 30 documentary recordings, and performed in more than 40 other recordings. He desired to make known the caretakers of culture that inspired and taught him.

Family and early life
Seeger was born in New York and grew up in Maryland and Washington D.C.  His father, Charles Louis Seeger Jr., was a composer and pioneering ethnomusicologist, investigating both American folk and non-Western music. His mother, Ruth Crawford Seeger, was a composer. His eldest half-brother, Charles Seeger III, was a radio astronomer, and his next older half-brother, John Seeger, taught for years at the Dalton School in Manhattan. His next older half brother was Pete Seeger. His uncle, Alan Seeger, the poet who wrote "I have a rendezvous with Death", was killed during the First World War. Seeger was a self-taught musician who began playing stringed instruments at the age of 18.  He also sang Sacred Harp with British folk singer Ewan MacColl and his son, Calum. Seeger's sister Peggy Seeger, also a well-known folk performer, married MacColl, and his sister Penny wed John Cohen, a member of Mike's musical group, New Lost City Ramblers.

The family moved to Washington D.C. in 1936 after his father's appointment to the music division of the Resettlement Administration. While in Washington D.C., Ruth Seeger worked closely with John and Alan Lomax at the Archive of American Folk Song at the Library of Congress to preserve and teach American folk music. Ruth Seeger's arrangements and interpretations of American Traditional folk songs in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s are well regarded.

Musical career
At about the age of 20, Mike Seeger began collecting songs by traditional musicians on a tape recorder. Folk musicians such as Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, John Jacob Niles, and others were frequent guests in the Seeger home.

In 1958 he co-founded the New Lost City Ramblers, an old-time string band in New York City, during the Folk Revival. The other founding members included John Cohen and Tom Paley.  Paley later left the group in 1962 and was replaced by Tracy Schwarz. The New Lost City Ramblers directly influenced countless musicians in subsequent years. The Ramblers distinguished themselves by focusing on the traditional playing styles they heard on old 78rpm records of musicians recorded during the 1920s and 1930s.  Tracy was also in Mike's other band, Strange Creek Singers.  So was Mike's former wife, Alice Gerrard.  She was Alice Seeger in that band and sang and played guitar in it.  The other people in Strange Creek Singers were bass player and singer Hazel Dickens and banjo player Lamar Grier.  Mike sang and played guitar, banjo, fiddle, mandolin, autoharp, and harmonica in the band.

Seeger received six Grammy nominations and was the recipient of four grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, including a 2009 National Heritage Fellowship, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. His influence on the folk scene was described by Bob Dylan in his autobiography, Chronicles: Volume One. He was a popular presenter and performer at traditional music gatherings such as Breakin' Up Winter.

Eight days before his 76th birthday, Mike Seeger died at his home in Lexington, Virginia, on August 7, 2009, after stopping cancer treatment.

The Mike Seeger Collection, which includes original sound and video recordings by Mike Seeger, is located in the Southern Folklife Collection of the Wilson Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Discography
 Old Time Country Music (Smithsonian Folkways) (1962)
 Mike Seeger (Vanguard) (1964)
 Tipple, Loom & Rail (Smithsonian Folkways) (1965)
 Mike and Peggy Seeger (Argo) (1966)
 Mike and Alice Seeger in Concert (King (JP)) (1971)
 Music From True Vine (Mercury) (1972)
 Berkeley Farms (Folkways) (1972)
 The Second Annual Farewell Reunion (Mercury) (1973)
 American Folk Songs for Children (Rounder) (1977)
 Alice Gerrard and Mike Seeger (Greenhays) (1980)
 Fresh Oldtime String Band Music (Rounder) (1988)
 American Folk Songs for Christmas (Rounder) (1989)
 Solo: Oldtime Country Music (Rounder) (1991)
 Animal Folk Songs for Children (Rounder) (1992)
 Third Annual Farewell Reunion (Rounder) (1994)
 Way Down in North Carolina (w/ Paul Brown) (Rounder) (1996)
 Southern Banjo Sounds (Smithsonian Folkways) (1998)
 Retrograss (w/ John Hartford and David Grisman) (Acoustic Disc) (1999)
 True Vine (Smithsonian Folkways) (2003)
 Early Southern Guitar Sounds (Smithsonian Folkways) (2007)
 Robert Plant and Alison Krauss – Raising Sand (Rounder) (2007)
 Ry Cooder – My Name Is Buddy (Nonesuch) (2007)
 Talking Feet (Book) Compiled with dancer Ruth Pershing (Consignment) (2007)
 Talking Feet (DVD) (Smithsonian Folkways) (2007)
 Bowling Green (w/ Alice Gerrard) (5-String Productions) (2008) (Re-release of Greenhays released in 1980)
 Fly Down Little Bird (Appalseed) (2011)

Recordings with the New Lost City Ramblers

 New Lost City Ramblers (Smithsonian Folkways) (1958)
 Old Timey Songs for Children (Smithsonian Folkways) (1959)
 Songs for the Depression (Smithsonian Folkways) (1959)
 New Lost City Ramblers – Vol. 2 (Smithsonian Folkways) (1960)
 Newport Folk Festival, 1960, Vol. 1 (Vanguard - VRS 9083) (1960)
 New Lost City Ramblers – Vol. 3 (Smithsonian Folkways) (1961)
 New Lost City Ramblers (Smithsonian Folkways) (1961)
 New Lost City Ramblers – Vol. 4 (Smithsonian Folkways) (1962)
 American Moonshine and Prohibition Songs (Smithsonian Folkways) (1962)
 New Lost City Ramblers – Vol. 5 (Smithsonian Folkways) (1963)
 Gone to the Country (Smithsonian Folkways) (1963)
 String Band Instrumentals (Smithsonian Folkways) (1964)
 Rural Delivery No. 1 (Smithsonian Folkways) (1964)
 Modern Times (Smithsonian Folkways) (1968)
 New Lost City Ramblers with Cousin Emmy (Smithsonian Folkways) (1968)
 Remembrance of Things to Come (Smithsonian Folkways) (1973)
 On the Great Divide (Smithsonian Folkways) (1975)
 Earth is Earth (Smithsonian Folkways) (1978)
 Tom Paley, John Cohen, Mike Seeger Sing Songs of the New Lost City Ramblers (Smithsonian Folkways) (1978)
 20th Anniversary Concert, with Elizabeth Cotten, Highwoods String Band, Pete Seeger & the Green Grass Cloggers (FLYING FISH (Rounder)) (1978)
 The Early Years, 1958–1962 (Smithsonian Folkways) (1991)
 Out Standing in their Field: The New Lost City Ramblers, Vol 2, 1963–1973 (Smithsonian Folkways) (1993)
 There Ain't No Way Out (Smithsonian Folkways) (1997)
 40 Years of Concert Recordings (Rounder) (2001)
 50 Years: Where Do You Come From? Where Do You Go? (Smithsonian Folkways) (2008)

Recording with Strange Creek Singers
 Strange Creek Singers (Mike and Alice Seeger, Hazel Dickens, Tracy Schwarz, Lamar Grier) (Arhoolie) (1972)

Selected films featuring Mike Seeger
 Homemade American Music (1980) by Yasha Aginsky
 Always Been a Rambler (2009) by Yasha Aginsky

References

External links
Official site

1933 births
2009 deaths
American fiddlers
American folk musicians
Deaths from cancer in Virginia
Musicians from New York City
People from Lexington, Virginia
Old-time musicians
Appalachian old-time fiddlers
Seeger family
Jaw harp players
American folk singers
American mandolinists
National Heritage Fellowship winners
20th-century American violinists
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers
American autoharp players
20th-century American guitarists

Mike Seeger


Fertile Ground is a 2011 horror film directed by Adam Gierasch. The film was released as part of the After Dark Originals line on January 28, 2011 and stars Leisha Hailey as a pregnant woman who finds herself subjected to several strange supernatural occurrences.

Plot
Emily (Leisha Hailey) and Nate Weaver (Gale Harold) are a happily married couple living in New York City. Nate is a recognized artist, Emily a fashion designer, and the two are expecting their first child. Emily suffers a terrible miscarriage during a dinner party and she is informed that the scarring left on her womb means she will never be able to conceive again.

To give them both a fresh start, Nate and Emily move out into the countryside to Nate's family home, which has been uninhabited for some time. At first enchanted by it, Emily is horrified when a skeleton is discovered on the property, but the body is very old, so no danger can be attached to the house. After Emily discovers an old trunk filled with old baby things in the cellar, she pays a visit to the local Historical Society and is told that the house has a past she and Nate were unaware of. Several suspicious deaths have occurred at the property in the 18th and 19th century, and Nate's aunt had vanished without a trace when the house was new.

Nate grows distant and cold towards Emily as he starts painting again, acting strangely. Tense and isolated, Emily starts to see visions of a woman covered with blood, and faints. After seeing the doctor, who thinks she is suffering from trauma, she gets a phone call to tell her that she is actually pregnant. Ordered to spend the bulk of her pregnancy in bed resting due to the high risk of miscarriage, Emily starts to get bored and frustrated by Nate, who is working longer and longer hours and seems uninterested in her or the coming baby. Emily's visions continue; she organizes a party for her city friends to rid herself of the loneliness. At the party, she believes that Nate's agent is having an affair with him. Later, the agent somehow falls through the window of Emily's studio and is hospitalized. Nate thinks Emily may have pushed her as he saw her walk away from the window after the woman fell.

When Nate is informed that his agent has died, he storms out angrily. Emily reads through a folder of press cuttings left by the Historical Society and discovers that all the women who died at the house were killed by their husbands. Every woman had been pregnant at the time; supposedly, the house "changed" their husbands and turned them evil. Emily has another vision of the dead woman and believes that Nate is coming back to kill her. She calls her best friend, who tells her that she will come and pick her up.

Terrified, Emily hides in her bedroom with a knife when she hears Nate come back into the house. She tries to stab him with the knife but instead stabs her friend—who had driven back with Nate. Emily climbs up onto the roof to save herself. She believes she is fighting one of the ghosts of the house; they fall from the roof and she stabs him repeatedly. After killing him, Emily realizes she has actually killed Nate.

At the mental hospital, a scan reveals that Emily is not pregnant although she believes she is. The doctor's phone call, Nate acting strange, and the ghostly visions were all in her head: symptoms of psychosis. Emily is left in a padded room, rocking her imaginary child in her arms.

Cast
 Leisha Hailey as Emily Weaver
 Gale Harold as Nate Weaver
 Jami Bassman as Mary Weaver
 Chelcie Ross as Avery
 JoNell Kennedy as Brittany McGraw

Production
While creating the film Giersch and Anderson were inspired films such as Burnt Offerings, The Reincarnation of Peter Proud, The Changeling, and Repulsion. The two also noted that while this was their second film for After Dark Films, their previous work had already been completed prior to it being picked up by After Dark while Fertile Ground had not yet been filmed and as such, After Dark had more input on its production. Anderson drew upon some of her own experiences while writing the character of Emily and utilized an image she saw in a dream along with a few articles she had read previously. Gierasch noted that the film was "a huge departure for [them]", as it was the first film that they had made that had more dramatic elements in it as opposed to "blood and demons and arms being chopped off". They cast Leisha Hailey as Emily after she "walked into the room and started reading" at a casting session, as they felt that she captured the character perfectly in the audition. Filming took place in Iowa and was mostly uneventful until a nearby farm harvested their soy bean crop, which caused an enormous swarm of stinging insects to descend on the house and sting Hailey.

Reception
Critical reception for Fertile Ground has been mixed and DVD Verdict commented that it was "a little slow, but the performances are good, there's a bit of blood, and I enjoyed the plot." Fearnet panned the film and wrote "not only "meh, forgettable," but it's also a tiresome thriller that will evaporate from your short-term memory in less time than in takes to watch. Aside from a few fine acting performances, and Gierasch's greatly improved skill at setting a creepy stage, there's virtually nothing here that's new, noteworthy, or indicative of a duo that's already made about a dozen films." Variety also criticized the film, which they felt was disappointing in comparison to Gierasch and Anderson's 2008 film Autopsy IGN commented that the film "does have its moments" but that the script was an "uninspired, dull mess". In contrast, Ain't It Cool News gave a more favorable review, stating that although Fertile Ground was overly similar to previous films with similar plot lines, it was overall a "jarring ghost story with real life terrors of pregnancy layered in". DVD Talk gave it a mixed review, noting that the movie had "a lot going for it, but that darned mushy middle prevents it from reaching the greatness that it almost achieved. This is not quite a haunted house classic, but still recommended."

References

External links

2011 horror films
2011 films
American haunted house films
Films directed by Adam Gierasch
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Fertile Ground (film)


Emil Zátopek (19 September 1922 - 22 November 2000) was a Czechoslovak runner from town Kopřivnice. He is mostly known for winning 3 gold medals at the 1952 Summer Olympic games in Helsinki. He won in 5,000 metres, 10,000 metres runs and in marathon. He never ran a marathon before. But he decided at the last minute to start with others. He set former record with time 2:23:03,2.

Personal life
Zátopek was born in Kopřivnice. He finished Industrial high school in Zlin. He studied at the Military Academy in Prague. His wife was Dana, also an olympic athlete. They were married in 1948. In Helsinki she competed in jevelin. She won a gold medal at the same day as Zátopek. His olympic rivals (friends) called him "Czech Locomotive". In 1997 he was called the best Czech athlete of 20th century. Then in 1999, he was declared the best Olympian in Czech history. Altogether he won six Olympic medals, five European Championship and he broke the records for 18 times. His life credo was: "Are you running out of breath? Go faster!"

Career
His Career began at an elementary school in Zlin. There he ran at school events with good results. He accepted an invitation to train with Zlin´s athletes. He mostly trained by himself with his own running system. He ran  sections with multiple repetitions. In 1943 he tried his first 5,000 metres run and the year after that he set his first record at 2,000 metres track. His most successful event were Summer Olympic games in 1952 where he won 3 gold medals. After that he went through an operation for a hernia. Zátopek´s athlete career ended in 1958 then he worked as a minister (Christianity).

References

1922 births
2000 deaths
Long-distance runners
Czechoslovak Olympic gold medalists

Emil Zátopek


IX Army Corps (IX. Armeekorps) was a corps in the German Army during World War II. It was formed on 1 October 1934 under the command of General Friedrich Dollman in Kassel with the camouflage name of Kassel and redesignated IX Corps after the creation of the Wehrkreis IX recruitment and training area.

After the general mobilisation in August 1939 IX Corps were stationed near Worms as 1st Army reserves. In May 1940 they took part in Fall Gelb, the Manstein plan to invade the Low Countries and France via the Ardennes, pushing on to Dunkirk.

Transferred to the Eastern Front in 1941 to take part in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, the corps, at that time consisting of 137th, 263rd and the 292nd Infantry Division, were transferred to the 4th Army under the overall command of Field Marshal Günther von Kluge. They reached the Dnieper river where they encountered strong Soviet resistance and by the end of 1942 had to fall back. In the spring of 1943 further retreat was necessary.

On 22 June 1944, during Operation Bagration, the left corps section in the Sirotino area was attacked by seven Soviet divisions of the Soviet 4th Infantry under General Malychev. Further retreats followed up to the end of the year.

By 1945 the corps had fallen back to the Deyma River near Kaliningrad, where they established a defensive position. The German Army surrendered on 8 May 1945.

Commanders
 Artillery General (General der Artillerie) Friedrich Dollmann, 1 October 1934 – 25 August 1939.
 Infantry General (General der Infanterie) Hermann Geyer, 25 August 1939 – 31 December 1941.
 Infantry General (General der Infanterie) Hans Schmidt, 31 December 1941 – 15 October 1943.
 Infantry General (General der Infanterie) Erich Clößner, 15 October 1943 – 5 December 1943.
 Artillery General (General der Artillerie) Rolf Wuthmann, 5 December 1943 – 20 April 1945.
 Lieutenant-General (Generalleutnant) Dr. Hermann Hohn, 20 April 1945 – 8 May 1945.

Area of operations
Germany - September 1939 - May 1940.
France - May 1940 - June 1941.
Eastern Front, central sector - June 1941 - December 1944.
East Prussia & northern Germany - January 1945 - May 1945.

See also
 List of German corps in World War II

References

 Partly based on a translation of the equivalent article (:de:IX. Armeekorps (Wehrmacht)) on German wikipedia.

External links

Army,09
Military units and formations established in 1934
1934 establishments in Germany
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

IX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)


WJLA 24/7 News is an American regional cable news television channel in Washington D.C. by ABC-affiliated station WJLA-TV (channel 7) owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group. The channel provides 24-hour news coverage primarily focused on Washington, D.C., northern Virginia and suburban areas of Maryland within the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The channel shares studio facilities and offices with WJLA-TV and the Rosslyn-based Circa News in Arlington, Virginia. WJLA 24/7 News reaches more than 1.2 million cable television households within the D.C metropolitan area.

History
The channel was launched on October 7, 1991 as NewsChannel 8. The "8" branding was selected as a part of the name to attempt to get Washington-area cable providers to place the channel between its parent ABC-affiliated station, WJLA-TV (at channel 7), and local CBS affiliate WUSA-TV on channel 9. Allbritton also bundled the channel along with WJLA in carriage contracts. In 1995, the channel began airing timeshifted ABC News programs hours or days after their original broadcast.

NewsChannel 8 initially only had ad revenue stream until federal regulations required cable operators to pay for its carriage. In 1997, the channel was reported as profitable and started a streak of profitability by Allbritton.

As NewsChannel 8's carriage expanded to those areas, coverage was expanded to include Southern Maryland and Prince William County governmental meetings by the end of the 1990s. In July 2001, NewsChannel 8 beat CNN, Headline News, MSNBC and CNBC in the ratings, the highest viewership that the channel had ever accrued in its first 10 years. In August 2001, Comcast agreed to carry the channel for another 10 years. In August 2002, Allbritton Communications merged NewsChannel 8 and WJLA-TV with NewsChannel 8 laying off 30 of its 125 staff. The channel in Springfield and station in Northwest Washington moved to a Rosslyn section twin towers office complex in Arlington, Gannett Co. and USA Today's former home.

On September 5, 2006, Comcast moved NewsChannel 8, at the channel's request, to channel 28 on the analog tiers of some of its systems, placing it next to sister station WJLA-TV on channel 27 (Comcast's systems in the immediate Washington, D.C. area slot the market's broadcast stations in the 20-29 channel range; this is an artifact from when television stations broadcast in analog prior to the 2009 digital television transition in order to avert co-channel interference with the broadcast signals).

Systems outside of Washington, D.C. proper carry it on channel 8, next to WJLA on channel 7. In all cases, however, the channel's high definition feed is carried on digital channel 808. On July 17, 2013, satellite provider DirecTV began carrying NewsChannel 8 on channel 8 within the Washington, D.C. market. On December 21, 2015, the channel was added to satellite provider Dish Network's D.C.-area broadcast lineup, also on channel 8.

On August 9, 2010, the channel was rebranded as TBD TV, in order to associate it with the recently established news website TBD.com, which provided news content for both the channel and WJLA. Allbritton subsequently reverted its news channel's branding to the original NewsChannel 8 name in February 2011.

On July 29, 2013, Allbritton Communications announced that it would sell its entire television group, including NewsChannel 8 and WJLA-TV, to Hunt Valley-based Sinclair Broadcast Group (owners of flagship station WBFF, as well as operators of two other stations in the adjacent Baltimore market). Sinclair had indicated that it may use NewsChannel 8 as a base to launch a national cable news channel.

On July 23, 2018, WJLA announced that NewsChannel 8 will be rebranded as WJLA 24/7 News on Tuesday July 24, aligning it further with the call letters of its broadcast station, WJLA-TV.

On March 25, 2021, Sinclair launched ATSC 3.0 operations on WIAV-CD and for the first time, made the channel available over the air via the station.

Programming
Despite having "24/7" on the channel's name, WJLA 24/7 News actually provides local and national news programming on weekdays from 5:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m., Saturdays from 6:30 a.m. to 2:00 a.m. and Sundays from 7:00 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. The remaining vacated hours are occupied by infomercials.

Through a fiber optic delivery system, WJLA 24/7 News (as NewsChannel 8) provided programming and advertising targeted at three separate geographical regions of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area and was once known for airing specific "Zone Reports" on weeknights to these regions, including "The Washington Report" (featuring news stories affecting the District of Columbia), "The Virginia Report" (featuring news stories from northern Virginia) and "The Maryland Report" (featuring news from communities in adjacent suburban areas of Maryland). The appropriate edition was fed to each of the cable systems in the region. The newscasts were all the same, except for the second segment (aired between the first and second commercial breaks), which was specifically tailored to each "zone." The channel ended this practice in 2009.

WJLA 24/7 News employs its own anchors and certain meteorologists while sharing reporting and weather staffers with WJLA-TV. The two news operations share the same on-air news staffers for the weekend evening newscasts aired respectively by the cable channel and television station. The channel (along with its sister broadcast station) operates a bureau in Washington, D.C.

When it is not airing newscasts, WJLA 24/7 News airs encore presentations of ABC News programs as well as various local programs, including Government Matters (a news show geared towards federal government employees and contractors and the "business of government"), and SportsTalk (a sports discussion program).

Previous talk shows included Moms Talk (a Monday morning advice show hosted by two housewives), the Wednesday movie review Entertainment Forecast show, NewsTalk (a live hour-long daily call-in show featuring prominent newsmakers), Capital Insider (a political discussion program), Goss' Garage (a Saturday morning automotive program), The Arch Campbell Show (an entertainment news program) and Capital Golf Weekly (a program featuring golf instruction and feature reports on the sport).

In 2015, D.C. United of Major League Soccer reached a new multi-year deal with Sinclair Broadcast Group to broadcast all 26 of the team's regional matches on then NewsChannel 8 and WJLA, succeeding CSN Mid-Atlantic.

Notable on-air staff

Notable former on-air staff
 Lisa Fletcher – anchor/reporter (was at Al Jazeera America, host of The Stream until the network's closure on April 12, 2016; returned to WJLA/NewsChannel 8 later that same year)
 Morris Jones – anchor/reporter (left network in May 2016)
 Britt McHenry – sports anchor/reporter (was at ESPN until April 26, 2017)
 Joe Witte – meteorologist (now a researcher at the Goddard Space Flight Center)

References

External links

Television stations in Washington, D.C.
24-hour television news channels in the United States
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Television channels and stations established in 1991
1991 establishments in Washington, D.C.

WJLA 24/7 News


The Gospel Pass (Welsh: Bwlch yr Efengyl) is the highest road pass in Wales. It is at the head of the Vale of Ewyas in the Black Mountains of southeast Wales.  Starting from Hay-on-Wye the narrow mountain road climbs steeply to a height of   above sea level, squeezing between the mountains of Twmpa to the west and Hay Bluff to the east, before dropping down into the valley to the south on its way to Llanthony Priory, Llanfihangel Crucorney and Abergavenny. At one time a small lead-mining operation was established at the pass. The Gospel Pass is one of the most celebrated locations within the Brecon Beacons National Park, being a popular destination for sightseers and is popular too with walkers and cyclists. Indeed, the Gospel Pass road forms a part of route 42 of the National Cycle Network. It also featured in the opening scenes of the film "An American Werewolf In London".

It is a single track road over most of its length, but there are numerous passing places. Owing to its height and exposure, it is occasionally blocked by snow during the winter. It is well used by walkers since it gives access to the major peaks of the Black Mountains, especially at the northern end of the road, where there are several car parks.

Origin of name

The name is believed locally to derive from St Paul brought to Wales through the pass by the daughter of Caradog (or Caractacus) first preaching the gospel to her people here. According to the Community Council website he paid a visit on that occasion to Caradog, who then lived at the Celyn, and whom he had formerly met in Rome. It is alternatively supposed to derive from the passage through here in the 12th century of Crusaders preaching and fundraising.

Walking

There is a car park near the top of the pass coming from the south and another informal one under Hay Bluff. They provide convenient starting points for exploring Hay Bluff and  Twmpa. The Offa's Dyke Path crosses the road near the more northerly car park, and leads to Hay Bluff before leading on to Hatterall Ridge and the Black Mountain. Although substantial efforts have been made to provide a dry stone pavement on the footpaths, especially the official Offa's Dyke Path, other routes are not so well protected. Peat bogs are frequent, and the ground may be very wet underfoot on the high ground.

Welsh mountain ponies are frequently seen near the car park, together with sheep.

References

Black Mountains, Wales
Mountain passes of Powys
Roads in Powys
Mountain passes of the Brecon Beacons National Park
Roads in the Brecon Beacons National Park

Gospel Pass


Limping bimetallism was a monetary system in the United States that was partially dependent on silver but primarily dependent on gold. It was developed after the abandonment of bimetallism and the adoption of the gold standard in 1873. The Bland–Allison Act of 1878 allowed the coining of new silver dollars, thus creating this system. Contrary to popular belief, the limping standard was not abandoned upon enactment of the Gold Standard Act of 1900.

References

Numismatics
Economic history of the United States
Metallism

Limping bimetallism


Winthrop Rockefeller (May 1, 1912 – February 22, 1973) was an American politician and philanthropist. Rockefeller was the fourth son and fifth child of American financier John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. He is one of the grandchildren of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller. As an entrepreneur in Arkansas, he financed many local projects, including a number of new medical clinics in poorer areas, before being elected state governor in 1966, as the first Republican governor of Arkansas since Reconstruction. Despite accusations of lacking insight into the concerns of low-income voters, Rockefeller was re-elected in 1968, and went on to complete the integration of Arkansas schools.

Early life
Winthrop Rockefeller was born in New York, to philanthropists John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and socialite, Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich. He is one of the grandsons of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller. He had one elder sister named Abby, three elder brothers John III, Nelson, and Laurance, and a younger brother named David. Nelson served as Governor of New York and Vice President of the United States under Gerald Ford.

Winthrop attended Yale University (1931–1934) before resigning to go work in the oil industry. Prior to attending Yale, he graduated from the Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor, Connecticut.

On January 22, 1941, he enlisted as a private in the Army, while the United States was still neutral during World War II.  He was initially assigned to the 26th Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division.  He was later assigned to the 77th Infantry Division.  He eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel.  With the 77th Division he served in the invasions of Guam and Leyte in the Philippines.  He earned a Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Clusters and a Purple Heart for his actions aboard the troopship USS Henrico, after a kamikaze attack during the invasion of Okinawa. His image appears in the Infantry Officer Hall of Fame at Fort Benning, Georgia.

Political career

First campaigns
Rockefeller resigned his position with the AIDC and conducted his first campaign for governor in 1964 against Faubus. His campaign was ultimately unsuccessful, but Rockefeller energized and reformed the tiny Republican Party to set the stage for the future. In 1964, Osro Cobb, a Republican former state chairman who had also served as United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Arkansas, refused to endorse Rockefeller but openly endorsed Faubus, who subsequently gave Cobb a temporary appointment to the Arkansas Supreme Court.

In his memoirs, Cobb recalls that Rockefeller

had used ruthless tactics to convert the fine Republican state organization into a one-man Rockefeller machine, loyal not to party but to Rockefeller personally. In rapid succession, Mr. Rockefeller captiously took over most of the functions of the state chairman and in a matter of months succeeded in taking over and exercising absolute right of dictation as to each and every important party function at the state level. Such one-man dictatorship is clearly the deadly enemy of any semblance of two-party government. ... Faithful Republican leaders who have worked tirelessly over the years have been pushed aside or replaced. ... A stranger passing through Arkansas at this time and seeing Mr. Rockefeller's advertising on billboards would not know whether Mr. Rockefeller belonged to any political party. Certainly the fact that he is the Republican nominee has not been included. The evidence simply is unanswerable that Mr. Rockefeller is working for his own personal interest to the exclusion of all other considerations, which leaves the Republican Party in Arkansas hanging precariously at the whims of one individual ... .

Election of 1966
When Rockefeller made his second run in the 1966 election, only 11 percent of Arkansans considered themselves Republicans. But Arkansans had tired of Faubus after six terms as governor and as head of the Democratic "machine". Democrats themselves seemed to be more interested in the reforms that Rockefeller offered in his campaign than "winning another one for the party". An odd coalition of Republicans and Democratic reform voters catapulted Rockefeller into the governor's office, as he defeated a segregationist Democratic former Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court, James D. Johnson of Conway in Faulkner County, who preferred the appellation "Justice Jim".

Former state Republican chairman Osro Cobb reversed himself in 1966 and endorsed Rockefeller. He explains:

Arkansas Republicans were eager to work with Winthrop Rockefeller on another race for governor if he could be led to run as a true Republican to help build the party in the state. I liked him personally. He showed me many courtesies, and I still thought [despite feelings in 1964] that he would make a good governor and could be elected on the Republican ticket. ... He had learned a lesson. And he won his next two races for governor. ... His service contributed greatly to the enormous benefits of two-party government in Arkansas.

At the time Winthrop became governor, his brother Nelson Rockefeller had been the governor of New York since 1959, and remained so throughout Winthrop's four years in office. They are often erroneously cited as the first two brothers to be governors at the same time, but they were actually the third case; the previous instances were Levi and Enoch Lincoln from 1827 to 1829, and John and William Bigler from 1852 to 1855. More recently, George W. and Jeb Bush were both governors from 1999 to 2000.

At the 1968 Republican National Convention, Winthrop Rockefeller received backing from members of the Arkansas delegation as a "favorite son" presidential candidate. He received all of his state's 18 votes; his brother Nelson, then concluding a major presidential bid against Richard M. Nixon, received 277. This was the only time in the 20th century that the names of two brothers were placed into nomination at the same time.

Governor of Arkansas
The Rockefeller administration enthusiastically embarked on a series of reforms but faced a hostile Democratic legislature. Rockefeller endured a number of personal attacks and a concerted whispering campaign regarding his personal life.

Scholars Diane Blair and Jay L. Barth continue: "As long as Rockefeller led the Arkansas Republicans, the party had a progressive, reformist cast, and those whom Rockefeller had brought into the party continued to dominate party offices and shape presidential preferences until 1980," when the nomination and election of Ronald Reagan of California as president and Frank D. White as governor moved power within the state GOP "sharply to the right." Ultimately the growth of the Republican Party was slower in Arkansas than in the other southern states in the post-segregation era. Blair and Barth attribute sluggish GOP development to "tradition, [which] is important to rural people. They are looking for ways to stay with the Democratic Party; they have to be run off."

According to his biographer, Cathy Kunzinger Urwin, Rockefeller's "good-government" reform proposals included: revision of the Arkansas State Constitution, governmental administrative reorganization, election law reform (a "little Hatch Act" to prohibit state employees from engaging in political activities on the job), teacher tenure, taxpayer-funded kindergarten under Amendment 53, adult and continuing education programs, rehabilitation and vocational training in the corrections system, and the recurring attempts at industrial recruitment. One of Rockefeller's most publicized "good-government" reforms was the ending of illegal gambling in the resort city of Hot Springs. He also made headway in streamlining state government and secured passage of a state minimum-wage law.

Urwin determined that Rockefeller's negatives created public perceptions of "his personal flaws, rather than his accomplishments or lack of them, as governor." Considered a weak administrator, he depended too heavily on staff, so improperly managed that the employees often failed to answer mail. He was habitually tardy to meetings. A special legislative session in May 1968 was particularly disastrous. An Oliver Quayle poll in 1968 declared that Rockefeller seemed "strange, alien, and foreign" to many voters. The poll maintained that many thought Rockefeller sought too much power, that he drank too much, and that he spent too little time in his office. A majority said that the wealthy Rockefeller, despite his interest in "good government," could not understand the problems of common people on restricted incomes or those in the middle class with limited investment opportunities.

Rockefeller had a particular interest in the reform of the Arkansas prison system. Soon after his election he had received a shocking report from the Arkansas State Police on the brutal conditions within the prison system. He decried the "lack of righteous indignation" about the situation and created a new Department of Corrections. He appointed a new warden, academic Tom Murton, the first professional penologist that the state had ever retained in that capacity. However, he fired Murton less than a year later, when Murton's aggressive attempts to expose decades of corruption in the system subjected Arkansas to nationwide contempt.

Rockefeller also focused on the state's lackluster educational system and proposed funding increases for new buildings and teacher salaries when the legislature allowed.

Much of Rockefeller's second term was spent in conflict with the opposition legislature. In 1969, he told the lawmakers that his reelection the previous November had meant that a slim majority of voters had approved of tax increases. He proposed to spend half of the new revenues sought on education, 12 percent on health and welfare, 10 percent on local government, and the remainder on state employee salaries and streamlined services. "There are no frills in what I am proposing ... . no luxuries ... . no monuments to me as an individual ... . I implore every member of the General Assembly as I have myself: Listen to the voice of the people ... . not to the selfish interests."

Ernest Dumas, then with the since defunct Arkansas Gazette in Little Rock noted that the Rockefeller revenue package was essentially dead-on-arrival in both houses of the legislature though parts of the program were enacted piecemeal in the subsequent administration of the Democrat Dale Bumpers. Dumas describes Rockefeller as the "most liberal governor in Arkansas history" in light of his attempts to increase taxes to augment the size and scope of state government as well as steadfast support for civil rights and opposition to capital punishment.

During this term Rockefeller quietly and successfully completed the integration of Arkansas schools that had been such a political bombshell only a few years before. He established the Council on Human Relations despite opposition from the legislature. Draft boards in the state boasted the highest level of racial integration of any U.S. state by the time that Rockefeller left office. He was also the only governor from a Southern state to hold a public memorial for Martin Luther King Jr.

In 1970, the Arkansas GOP under Rockefeller hired its first paid executive director, Neal Sox Johnson of Nashville in Howard County. Johnson left the position in 1973 to take a high position with the former Farmers Home Administration in Washington, D.C., and was replaced by Ken Coon, who carried the party's gubernatorial banner in 1974 against David Pryor.

Electoral defeat
In the 1970 campaign, Rockefeller expected to face Orval Faubus, who led the old-guard Democrats, but the previously unknown Dale Bumpers of Charleston in Franklin County rose to the top of the Democratic heap by promising reforms. Bumpers' charisma and "fresh face" were too much for an incumbent Republican to overcome. Rockefeller lost his third-term bid, but he had inadvertently propelled the Democrats to reform their own party.

With the 1970 elections, the Republicans were reduced to a single member of each legislative chamber, Preston Bynum of Siloam Springs in the House and Jim Caldwell in the Senate. Danny Patrick, elected with Rockefeller in 1966 and 1968, went down to defeat in Madison and Carroll counties at the hands of Stephen A. Smith, who at twenty-one became Arkansas' youngest-ever state legislator, a designation that Patrick himself had taken only four years earlier. Smith later became a top aide to Bill Clinton in his first term as Governor.

As a dramatic last act, Governor Rockefeller, a longtime death penalty opponent, commuted the sentences of every prisoner on Arkansas's death row and urged the governors of other states to do likewise. Thirty-three years later, in January 2003, Illinois' lame duck governor, George Ryan, would do the same, granting blanket commutations to the 167 inmates then sentenced to death in the state.

Personal life

An article in Texas Monthly alleges Candace Johnson née Weatherby, later to become the well-known Houston socialite Candy Mossler, was involved with Winthrop Rockefeller during his military service in the South.

On February 14, 1948, Winthrop married actress Jievute "Bobo" Paulekiute (September 6, 1916 – May 19, 2008). She was previously married to Boston Brahmin socialite John Sears Jr. The wedding took place in Florida, and at the reception, a choir sang Negro spirituals. On September 17, 1948, she gave birth to their son, Winthrop Paul "Win" Rockefeller.

The couple separated in 1950 and divorced in 1954. Bobo got custody of Win.

On June 11, 1956, Rockefeller wed the Seattle-born socialite Jeanette Edris (1918–1997). She had two children, Bruce and Ann Bartley, from a previous marriage. Winthrop and Jeanette had no children together and divorced shortly after he left the governorship in 1971.

As the state's First Lady, Jeanette Rockefeller took a special interest in mental health issues.

In September 1972, Rockefeller was diagnosed with inoperable pancreatic cancer and endured a devastating round of chemotherapy. When he returned to Arkansas the populace was shocked at his gaunt and haggard appearance.

Winthrop Rockefeller died February 22, 1973, in Palm Springs, California, at the age of sixty. His body was cremated, and his ashes were interred at Winrock Farms in Morrilton, Arkansas.

Legacy
The legacy of Winthrop Rockefeller lives on in the form of numerous charities, scholarships, and the activities of the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation and the Winthrop Rockefeller Charitable Trust, including Winrock International, an international nonprofit organization based in Little Rock, Arkansas whose mission is to empower disadvantaged people, increase economic opportunity, and sustain natural resources.  The Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation provides funding for projects across Arkansas to encourage economic development, education, and racial and social justice. In 1964, he founded Museum of Automobiles on Petit Jean Mountain, which after his death in 1973 was given to the Arkansas State Parks system; a non-profit organization was formed to run the museum; in March 2007, the Charitable Trust pledged $100,000 for its ongoing operations if the museum raised an equal amount by the end of that year.

Founded in 2005, the Winthrop Rockefeller Institute (commonly called the Institute) is a nonprofit organization on Petit Jean Mountain that seeks to continue Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller's collaborative approach to creating transformational change and a 509(a)(3) supporting organization of the University of Arkansas System. The Winthrop Rockefeller Charitable Trust gifted the Institute a $100 million endowment in 2018, which is held by the University of Arkansas Foundation.

Rockefeller's political legacy lives on in both the Republican and Democratic parties of Arkansas, both of which were forced to reform as a result of his presence on the state scene.

Rockefeller was the subject of the December 2, 1966, cover of Time magazine.

Winthrop Rockefeller's son and only child, Win, served as Arkansas lieutenant governor, having won a special election in 1996 to succeed Mike Huckabee. Winthrop Paul Rockefeller then won two full four-year terms in 1998 and 2002. Like his father, Win Paul Rockefeller's political career was cut short by a devastating cancer.

The Winrock Shopping Center in Albuquerque, New Mexico, is named for Rockefeller. He developed the center in a relationship with the University of New Mexico.

During his tenure as chairman of Colonial Williamsburg, Winthrop was a frequent visitor at the foundation's Carter's Grove Plantation eight miles away in James City County, Virginia. He is credited with helping develop a plan with Gussie Busch in the early 1970s to turn a portion of the large tract of undeveloped land between the two points into the massive Anheuser-Busch (AB) investment there, which included building a large brewery, the Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park, the Kingsmill planned resort community, and McLaws Circle, an office park. AB and related entities from that development plan now are the source of the area's largest employment base, surpassing both Colonial Williamsburg and the local military bases.

Electoral history
1964 General Election for Governor
Orval Faubus (D) (inc.) 57%
Winthrop Rockefeller (R) 43%

1966 Republican Primary for Governor
Winthrop Rockefeller 98%
Gus McMillan 2%

1966 General Election for Governor
Winthrop Rockefeller (R) 54%
James D. "Justice Jim" Johnson (D) 46%

1968 Republican Primary for Governor
Winthrop Rockefeller (inc.) 95%
Sidney K. Roberts 5%

1968 General Election for Governor
Winthrop Rockefeller (R) (inc.) 52%
Marion Crank (D) 48%

1970 Republican Primary for Governor
Winthrop Rockefeller (inc.) 95%
James K. "Uncle Mac" MacKrell 2%
R.J. Hampton 2%
Lester Gibbs 1%

1970 General Election for Governor
Dale Bumpers (D) 62%
Winthrop Rockefeller (R) (inc.) 32%
Walter L. Carruth (AIP) 6%

See also

 List of governors of Arkansas
 Rockefeller family
 Arkansas Prison scandal
 Winthrop Paul Rockefeller

Notes

References

Further reading
Winthrop Rockefeller: From New Yorker to Arkansawyer, 1912-1956, John A. Kirk, Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2022.
 Memoirs, David Rockefeller, New York: Random House, 2002.
 The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer, 1908–1958, New York: Doubleday, 1996.
 Winthrop Rockefeller, Philanthropist: A Life of Change, John L. Ward, Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2004.
 Agenda for Reform: Winthrop Rockefeller As Governor of Arkansas, 1967–71, Cathy Kunzinger Urwin, Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1991.
 "Friendly Rivalry: Winthrop Rockefeller Challenges Orval Faubus in 1964", Billy Hathorn, Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Winter 1994), 446–473.

External links
 Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation
 Time Magazine Cover (Time Magazine Archive Site)
 Winthrop Rockefeller Institute
 Winrock International
 Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture entry: Winthrop Rockefeller
 Winthrop Rockefeller Archives
 Finding Aid, Winthrop Rockefeller Collection, 1912–1973, UA Little Rock Center for Arkansas History and Culture

1912 births
1973 deaths
Alumni of Institut Le Rosey
American energy industry businesspeople
Methodists from Arkansas
United States Army personnel of World War II
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Ranchers from Arkansas
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Republican Party governors of Arkansas
Military personnel from New York City
People from Morrilton, Arkansas
Politicians from New York City
People from Palm Springs, California
Rockefeller family
United States Army officers
Candidates in the 1968 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
Loomis Chaffee School alumni
20th-century American farmers

Winthrop Rockefeller


Melt spinning is a metal forming technique that is typically used to form thin ribbons of metal or alloys with a particular atomic structure.

Some important commercial applications of melt-spun metals include high-efficiency transformers (Amorphous metal transformer), sensory devices, telecommunications equipment, and power electronics.

A typical melt spinning process involves casting molten metal by jetting it onto a rotating wheel or drum, which is cooled internally, usually by water or liquid nitrogen. The molten material rapidly solidifies upon contact with the large, cold surface area of the drum. The rotation of the drum constantly removes the solidified product while exposing new surface area to the molten metal stream, allowing for continuous production. The resulting ribbon is then directed along the production line to be packaged or machined into further products.

The cooling rates achievable by melt spinning are on the order of 104–106 Kelvins per second (K/s). Consequently, melt spinning is used to develop materials that require extremely high cooling rates in order to form, such as metallic glasses. Due to their rapid cooling, these products have a highly disordered atomic structure which gives them unique magnetic and physical properties (see amorphous metals).

Several variations to the melt spinning process provide specific advantages. These processes include planar flow casting, twin roll melt spinning, and auto ejection melt spinning.

Originating with Robert Pond in a series of related patents from 1958 to 1961 (US Patent Nos. 2825108, 2910744, and 2976590), the current concept of the melt spinner was outlined by Pond and Maddin in 1969. At first, the liquid was quenched on the inner surface of a drum.  Liebermann and Graham further developed the process as a continuous casting technique by 1976, this time on the drum's outer surface. The process can continuously produce thin ribbons of material, with sheets several inches in width commercially available.

Process
In melt spinning, the alloy or metal is first melted in a crucible. Then, an inert gas, usually argon, is used to jet the molten material out of a nozzle located on the underside of the crucible. The resulting stream of liquid is directed onto the outer circumferential surface of a rotating wheel or drum which is cooled internally. The drum's outer surface is located extremely close to the nozzle but does not touch it. Generally, the velocity of the drum's surface must be between 10 m/s and 60 m/s in order to avoid the formation of globules (droplets) or breaking the ribbon respectively. Once the stream contacts the drum's surface, a small puddle of melt (molten material) is formed. Due to the low viscosity of the melt, the shear forces generated by the relative movement of the drum's surface underneath the melt only extend a few microns into the puddle. In other words, only a small amount of the puddle is affected by the friction from the rotation of the drum. Consequently, as the drum spins, most of the melt puddle remains held between the nozzle and the drum by surface tension. However, the melt on the very bottom of the puddle, which is in direct contact with the drum, rapidly solidifies into a thin ribbon. The solidified ribbon is carried away from under the nozzle on the drum's surface for up to 10° of rotation before centrifugal force from the drum's rotation ejects it.

This process occurs continuously, so as solidified material is removed from underneath the puddle of melt, more liquid material is added to the puddle from the nozzle.

Varying factors
There are many factors at play in even a basic melt spinning process. The quality and dimensions of the product are determined by how the machine is operated and configured. Consequently, there are many studies exploring the effects of variations in the melt spinner's configuration on specific alloys. For example, here is an article about the specific conditions that were found to work well for melt spinning Fe-B and Fe-Si-B alloys.

In general, melt spinners will run with some variation in the following variables depending on the desired product.

 Nozzle gap: The distance between the nozzle and the cooled drum. Primarily affects ribbon thickness.
 Nozzle shape: The shape of the nozzle ejecting the molten material onto the drum. Nozzles allowing for a larger melt puddle on the drum's surface result in wider ribbons.
 Flow rate: The flow rate of melt onto the drum. The flow rate is usually closely related to the rotational speed of the drum. Mainly affects the width and thickness of the ribbons.
 Rotational speed: The speed at which the drum rotates. In general, a faster drum makes thinner ribbons.
 Drum temperature: The temperature at which the drum operates. Mainly affects the atomic structure of the resulting ribbon. Different alloys form best at specific temperatures.

Since every material acts differently, the exact cause-effect relationship between each of these variables and the resulting ribbon is usually determined experimentally. Other less commonly adjusted variables exist, but their effects on the final ribbon dimensions and structure aren't all documented.

Modifications
Different processes and techniques have been developed around melt spinning which offer advantages to the industrial applications and product consistency.

Planar Flow Casting
Planar Flow Casting (PFC) is a commonly used melt spinning process for the industrial fabrication of wide metallic glass sheets. In this process, the primary modification is that a much wider nozzle is used to eject the melt from the crucible. As a result, the melt puddle covers a larger area of the drum, which in turn forms a larger area of ribbon. PFC is commonly cast in a vacuum to avoid oxidation of the molten material, which would affect the quality of the resulting product. Ribbons up to 200 mm wide have been industrially achieved using PFC.

Twin Roll Melt Spinning
In Twin Roll Melt Spinning two rollers or drums are used instead of one. The rollers are placed side by side, and rotated such that the one to the left spins clockwise, and the one on the right spins counter-clockwise. This configuration results in material passing between the rollers being pulled down. The melt is jetted between the rollers where it is cooled and ejected as a ribbon. The advantage of twin-roll melt spinning is that it gives a high degree of control over the thickness of the resulting ribbon. With a single roller, controlling ribbon thickness is complicated involving close control over the flow rate of the melt, rotational speed of the wheel, and temperature of the melt. With the twin roller setup, a particular and consistent thickness can be achieved by simply changing the distance between the rollers.

To date, twin roll melt spinning is still limited almost exclusively to laboratory scales.

Auto Ejection Melt Spinning
Auto Ejection Melt Spinning (AEMS) describes a type of melt spinning where ejection of the melt occurs as soon as it has liquefied, eliminating the need for a technician to manually control the flow rate,  temperature, and/or release timing of the melt stream.

This modification allows for a much higher ribbon consistency between runs, and a greater level of automation in the process.

Product
Melt spinning is used to manufacture thin metal sheets or ribbons that are near amorphous or non-crystalline. The unique resulting electric and magnetic properties of melt-spun metals are a consequence of this structure as well as the composition of the alloy or metal that was used to form the ribbon.

Structure
Normally, when a metallic material cools, the individual atoms solidify in strong, repeating patterns to form a crystalline solid. However, in melt spinning, the melt is quenched (cooled) so rapidly that the atoms don't have time to form these ordered structures before they completely solidify. Instead, the atoms are solidified in positions resembling their liquid state. This physical structure gives rise to the magnetic and electric properties of amorphous metals.

Electric and Magnetic Properties
The amorphous material produced by melt spinning is considered a soft magnet. That is to say that their natural coercivity is less than 1000 Am-1, which means that the metal's magnetism is more responsive to outside influences and as a result can be easily switched on and off. This makes amorphous metals particularly useful in applications requiring the repeated magnetization and demagnetization of a material in order to function. Certain amorphous alloys also provide the ability to enhance and or channel flux created by electrical currents, making them useful for magnetic shielding and insulation.

The exact magnetic properties of each alloy depend mostly on the atomic composition of the material. For example, nickel-iron alloys with a lower amount of nickel have a high electrical resistance, while those with a higher percentage of nickel have a high magnetic permeability.

See also
 Splat quenching
Amorphous metal

References

External links
 YouTube video of melt spinning process.
 An example of a melt spinner http://www.arcastinc.com/meltspin.htm .

Metallurgical processes

Melt spinning


Revivals of the ancient Roman polytheistic religion have occurred in several forms in modern times. Seeking to revive traditional Roman cults and mores, they have been known under various names including cultus deorum Romanorum (worship of the Roman gods), religio Romana (Roman religion), the Roman way to the gods (), Roman-Italic Religion and Gentile Roman Religion. A number of loosely related organizations have been created during the contemporary period.

History
Interest in reviving ancient Roman religious traditions dates from the Renaissance. People such as Gemistus Pletho and Julius Pomponius Laetus were early advocates. In 19th century Italy, the fall of the Papal States and the process of Italian unification led to anti-clerical sentiments in the intelligentsia. Some Italian intellectuals considered that a revival of Roman polytheism was a serious alternative to Roman Catholicism. People such as the archaeologist Giacomo Boni and the writer Roggero Musmeci Ferrari Bravo promoted the restoration of Roman cults and mores. Some of the religious revivalists were interested in occultism, Pythagoreanism and Freemasonry; these included Amedeo Rocco Armentano, Arturo Reghini and . In 1914, Reghini published the article "Imperialismo Pagano" () where he argued for the existence of an unbroken initiatory lineage in Italy, connecting ancient Roman religion to modern times through people like Numa Pompilius, Virgil, Dante Alighieri and Giuseppe Mazzini.

The attempts to revive or revitalize Roman cults coincided with the rise of the National Fascist Party and several of the polytheists tried to ally themselves with fascism. This ended in 1929 when Benito Mussolini and Pope Pius XI signed the Lateran Treaty, leaving polytheists such as Musmeci and Reghini embittered with fascism. Loosely influenced by Reghini's and Julius Evola's  of the 1920s, various groups have appeared in Italy during the contemporary period, most notably the Roman Traditional Movement and Curia Romana Patrum in the 1980s, which unified some calendars.

Inspired by the Roman Traditional Movement and by the Supreme Council of Ethnic Hellenes, the idea of Roman religious practice in modern times spread outside Italy into countries of European or Western culture. Practitioners of the ancient Roman religion can be found especially across Latin Europe and in the Americas. The most notable international organization of reconstructionist Roman religion is Nova Roma, founded in 1998, which has active groups in every continent.

See also
 Hellenism (modern religion)

References

Further reading

External links
 Nova Roma (international worldwide organization)
 Pietas Traditional Association
 Movimento Tradizionale Romano

Ancient Roman religion
Polytheistic reconstructionism

Reconstructionist Roman religion


Amelia Boone (born September 27, 1983) is an American obstacle racer. She used to be an attorney for the law firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, but now works for Apple Inc. in San Jose, California.

As one of the most accomplished obstacle course racing (OCR) athletes in the history of the sport, she has won both the Spartan Race World Championship (2013) and World's Toughest Mudder (three times 2012, 2014 and 2015). In 2014, she won the WTM title eight weeks after major knee surgery.

She is sponsored by Reebok, BeetElite, RockTape, Sufferfest Beer Company, and Ultimate Direction, and has been featured in a Tough Mudder commercial for Oberto Jerky, alongside sportscaster Stephen A. Smith.

Boone appeared on the cover of the August 2015 issue of Runner's World magazine, which included the article "The Obstacle Course Race Superstar: How Amelia Boone went from hating running to dominating races".

Boone has a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans.

Education
In 2002 Boone graduated from Lakeridge High School in Lake Oswego, Oregon. In 2006 she graduated from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, with a degree in anthropology and political science. Then in 2009 she graduated from University of Washington School of Law with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree.

Race history

2016
Sean O'Brien 100k (02.06.16): 2nd place female, 4th place overall

2015
Rodeo Beach 30k (12.12.15): 1st place female
World's Toughest Mudder (11.14.15); 1st place female
Spartan Team Championships (10.31.15): 1st place team
Spartan Race World Championships (10.3.15): 4th place female
Tri-State Super Spartan (9.12.15): 1st place female
Washougal Spartan Sprint (8.8.15): 2nd place female
Palmerton Spartan Super (7.11.15): 1st place female
Salt Lake Spartan Super (6.26.15): 1st place female
Breckenridge Spartan Sprint (6.12.15): 2nd place female
Monterey Spartan Super (6.6.15) 1st place female
Indiana Spartan Sprint (5.16.15): 1st place female
Montana Spartan Sprint (5.10.15): 2nd place female
Rodeo Beach Rumble 30k (4.25.15): 1st place female; 3rd overall
Tri-State Spartan Beast (4.18.15); 1st place female
Georgia Death Race 68 mi (3.15.15); 3rd place female
XTerra McDowell Mountain 15 mi (2.1.15): 1st place female

2014
World's Toughest Mudder (11.15 - 11.16.14): 1st place female
Spartan World Championships (9.20.14): DNS
Virginia Super Spartan (8.23.14): 1st place female
Washougal Spartan Sprint (8.3.14): 2nd place female
Pennsylvania Spartan Sprint (7.12.14): 1st place female
Tuxedo Spartan Sprint (6.8.14): 1st place female
Tuxedo Spartan Sprint (6.7.14): 2nd place female
Mud, Guts & Glory (5.24.14): 1st place female
Bonefrog Challenge (5.17.14): 1st place female
Indiana Spartan Sprint (4.26.14): 1st place female
Las Vegas Super Spartan (4.5.14): 2nd place female
Charlotte Spartan Sprint (3.23.14): 1st place female
Atlas Race (2.23.14): 1st place female; 2nd place team
Tampa Spartan Sprint (2.15.14): 2nd place female

2013
Spartan Race World Championships (VT Beast) (9.21.13): 1st place female
Mud Guts and Glory (8.31.13): 1st place female
Pacific Northwest Spartan Sprint Championship (8.3.2013): 1st place female
Midwest Super Spartan (7.21.13): 1st place female
Midwest Super Spartan Championship (7.20.13): 1st place female
2013 Peak Death Race (6.21.13): 3rd place female
Indiana Spartan Sprint (4.27.13): 1st place female
Las Vegas Super Spartan (4.6.13): 3rd place female

2012
2012 World's Toughest Mudder (11.17.12): 1st place female; 2nd place overall
Midwest Super Spartan (10.27.12): 1st place female
Vermont Spartan UltraBeast - 2012 Spartan Championship (9.22.12): 2nd place female
2012 Peak Death Race (6.15.12): 2nd place female
Civilian Military Combine - TriState (5.18.12): 1st place overall; 1st place female
2012 Winter Death Race (3.2.12): 1st place female; 3rd place overall

2011
2011 World's Toughest Mudder (12.16.11): 2nd place female; 11th place overall

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
American sportswomen
American women lawyers
Apple Inc. employees
Obstacle racing
Place of birth missing (living people)
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom people
University of Washington School of Law alumni
Washington University School of Law alumni

Amelia Boone


The 1802 United States Senate special election in New York was held on February 9, 1802, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

Background
John Armstrong had been re-elected in January 1801 to a full term (1801–1807), but resigned on February 5, 1802. At the last state election, George Clinton had been elected Governor again, serving now his seventh term, and his Democratic-Republican Party had managed to win a large majority to the Assembly which could outvote the small Federalist Senate majority in a joint ballot. Aaron Burr accused the Clintons later to have hatched a scheme to seat DeWitt Clinton, the governor's nephew, in the U.S. Senate. Burr affirmed that Thomas Tillotson, a brother-in-law of Chancellor Robert R. Livingston like Armstrong, was appointed Secretary of State of New York in 1801 as part of a deal which required Tillotson to procure Armstrong's resignation.

At the State election in April 1801, the Democratic-Republican Party won a large majority in the Assembly, and half of the 12 State Senate seats up for renewal. The 25th New York State Legislature met from January 26 to April 5, 1802, at Albany, New York.

Candidates
State Senator DeWitt Clinton ran as the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party.

Ex-State Senator (1794–1795) Matthew Clarkson was the Federalist candidate.

Result
Clarkson was nominated by the Senate, Clinton by the Assembly. The Legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot, and Clinton was elected. This was the first time that a joint ballot was necessary to choose between the nominees of different majorities in the houses of the Legislature.

Aftermath
Clinton took his seat on February 23, 1802, but resigned on November 4, 1803, and Armstrong was appointed by Governor Clinton to re-take his former seat. In February 1804, a special election was held by the State Legislature to fill both seats in the U.S. Senate and, either due to a mistake or to give Armstrong two more years to serve, Armstrong was then elected to the Class 1 seat (term 1803–1809), and John Smith to the Class 3 seat (term 1801–1807) on which Clinton and Armstrong had sat. Armstrong set a record that still stands after more than 200 years, presenting four different credentials to take a seat in the U.S. Senate within as many years, being three times elected and once appointed. Armstrong resigned his seat again on June 30, 1804, after his appointment as U.S. Minister to France.

Sources
The New York Civil List compiled in 1858 (see: pg. 63 for U.S. Senators; pg. 118 for State Senators 1801–02; page 175 for Members of Assembly 1801–02)
Members of the 7th United States Congress
Members of the 8th United States Congress
History of Political Parties in the State of New-York by Jabez Delano Hammond (pages 183f)
Election result at Tufts University Library project "A New Nation Votes"

New York 1802
New York 1802
1802 Special
New York Special
United States Senate Special
United States Senate 1802


Lieutenant-General John Wimburn Laurie,  (1 October 1835 – 19 May 1912) was a soldier and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada for thirty years and then returned to England.

Military career
He was born in London, England, the son of John Laurie and Eliza Helen Collett, and educated at Harrow, at Dresden, and at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He entered the British Army in 1853 and served in 4th Kings Own Regiment in Crimea (1855) and Mauritius (1857) on his way to India (1858). He served in South Africa (1881). While in Nova Scotia, Laurie also served during the North-West Rebellion of 1885, at which point he was the highest-ranking officer in Canada. He achieved the rank of Lieutenant General in 1887.

Nova Scotia
In 1862 he arrived in Halifax, Nova Scotia, married Frances Robie Collins (daughter of Enos Collins) in 1863, and developed Oakfield, Nova Scotia on the shores of Grand Lake. Laurie was warden for Halifax County in 1880. He was appointed Lieutenant General (1881), became an MP for Shelburne in the Canadian House of Commons (1887-1891).

In 1886, he greeted James J. Bremner and the Halifax Volunteer Battalion upon their return from the North-West Rebellion. He was defeated by Thomas Robertson in the 1887 general election; Robertson's election was overturned on appeal and Laurie won the subsequent by-election later the same year. That election was declared void but Laurie was elected again in 1888. He represented Shelburne in the House of Commons of Canada from 1887 to 1891 as a Conservative member.

Laurie was a prominent freemason, serving as Grand Master for Nova Scotia and provincial grand master for South Wales. During his time in Nova Scotia, he served as president of the Central Board of Agriculture. Laurie was chairman of the Canadian trade section of the London Chamber of Commerce. He was named a knight of the Order of St. Sava and of the Order of the Red Cross of Serbia.

England
Although retaining Oakfield, he returned to England in 1889 and was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the British House of Commons in 1892. He was elected a member of the British House of Commons at the next general election, representing Pembroke and Haverfordwest from 1895 to 1906. He entered local politics, becoming Mayor of Paddington in 1907.

He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) civil division in the November 1902 Birthday Honours list, and advanced to a Companion of the military division in the 1905 Birthday Honours.

Family

His oldest son John Laurie Jr. was killed in the Second Boer War and is listed on the South African War Memorial in Halifax and the Memorial Arch at the Royal Military College of Canada. He was also the father of George Brenton Laurie who was killed in World War One.

Mrs. Laurie, of Oakfield, Nova Scotia returned to Nova Scotia after her husband died and while George was in WW1.

Legacy
 built St. Margaret's of Scotland Church (See Heritage Trust of Nova Scotia)
  namesake of Laurie Park, Oakfield, Nova Scotia.

electoral record

See also
Military history of Nova Scotia

References

 "Oakfield and its Founder [Col. John Wimburn Laurie]"; by Miss Margaret Laurie; Vol #24 (1938); pp. 15.
Endnotes

External links
 Letters of Lt.-Col. George Brenton Laurie

1835 births
1912 deaths
People educated at Harrow School
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Pembrokeshire constituencies
Knights of the Order of St. Sava
Mayors of places in Greater London
Members of Paddington Metropolitan Borough Council

John Wimburn Laurie


Language and Communication Technologies (LCT; also known as human language technologies or language technology for short) is the scientific study of technologies that explore language and communication.  It is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses the fields of computer science, linguistics and cognitive science.

History
One of the first problems to be studied in the 1950s, shortly after the invention of computers, was an LCT problem, namely the translation of human languages.  The large amounts of funding poured into machine translation testifies to the perceived importance of the field, right from the beginning.  It was also in this period that scholars started to develop theories of language and communication based on scientific methods. In the case of language, it was Noam Chomsky who refines the goal of linguistics as a quest for a formal description of language, whilst Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver provided a mathematical theory that linked communication with information.

Computers and related technologies have provided a physical and conceptual framework within which scientific studies concerning the notion of communication within a computational framework could be pursued. Indeed, this framework has been fruitful on a number of levels. For a start, it has given birth to a new discipline, known as natural language processing (NLP), or computational linguistics (CL). This discipline studies, from a computational perspective, all levels of language from the production of speech to the meanings of texts and dialogues. And over the past 40 years, NLP has produced an impressive computational infrastructure of resources, techniques, and tools for analyzing sound structure (phonology), word structure (morphology), grammatical structure (syntax) and meaning structure (semantics). As well as being important for language-based applications, this computational infrastructure makes it possible to investigate the structure of human language and communication at a deeper scientific level than was ever previously possible.

Moreover, NLP fits in naturally with other branches of computer science, and in particular, with artificial intelligence (AI). From an AI perspective, language use is regarded as a manifestation of intelligent behaviour by an active agent. The emphasis in AI-based approaches to language and communication is on the computational infrastructure required to integrate linguistic performance into a general theory of intelligent agents that includes, for example, learning generalizations on the basis of particular experience, the ability to plan and reason about intentionally produced utterances, the design of utterances that will fulfill a particular set of goals. Such work tends to be highly interdisciplinary in nature, as it needs to draw on ideas from such fields as linguistics, cognitive psychology, and sociology. LCT draws on and incorporates knowledge and research from all these fields.

Today
Language and communication are so fundamental to human activity that it is not at all surprising to find that Language and Communication Technologies affect all major areas of society, including health, education, finance, commerce, and travel. Modern LCT is based on a dual tradition of symbols and statistics. This means that nowadays research on language requires access to large databases of information about words and their properties, to large scale computational grammars, to computational tools for working with all levels of language, and to efficient inference systems for performing reasoning. By working computationally it is possible to get to grips with the.

Relevant areas of research in LCT include:

Machine translation
Information retrieval
Ontologies
Formal semantics
Information and knowledge representation
Question answering
Speech recognition and synthesis
Models of human language processing and understanding
Psycholinguistics

Educational programs
The increasing interest in the field is proved by the existence of several European Masters in this dynamic research area: Degree programmes of the University of Groningen include Language and Communication Technologies.

Erasmus Mundus Masters:
 European Masters Program in Language and Communication Technologies https://lct-master.org/
 International Masters in NLP and HLT
 European Master in Clinical Linguistics

References

External links
 ACL
 ACM SIGIR
 CLEF
 COLING
 EACL
 LREC
 NLDB
 RANLP
 TREC
 European Masters Program in Language and Communication Technologies
 International Masters in NLP and HLT
 European Master in Clinical Linguistics

Cognitive science

Language and Communication Technologies


Geometria is a 1987 short fantasy horror comedy film written and directed by Guillermo del Toro. It is based loosely on Fredric Brown's short story, "Naturally", which was originally published in Beyond Fantasy Fiction and later reprinted in the short story collection Honeymoon in Hell. Geometria was shot in Guadalajara, Jalisco in Mexico. It is the tenth short film del Toro directed, though all but 1985's Doña Lupe remain unreleased.

Del Toro was not satisfied with the original cut of the film, and said that he was not able to finish it the way he wanted to at the time. A director's cut of the film, slightly shorter than the 1987 cut, with a new music score composed by Christopher Drake was included on The Criterion Collection's 2010 release of del Toro's 1993 feature film debut, Cronos.

In the film, a high school student has repeatedly failed his geometry exams. He summons a demon to fulfill his wishes, in hopes of both passing the exams and of resurrecting his father. The demon twists the meaning of his wishes to inflict horror on the student. He then explains that the student's poor understanding of geometry has doomed him. Instead of drawing a protective pentagon (as per instructions), the student had drawn a hexagon. Which is useless for protecting him.

Plot
A Mexican widow (Guadalupe del Toro) receives a letter from the high school attended by her son (Fernando Garcia Marin). It informs her that the boy is about to fail his geometry exams for the third time. The woman berates her son, then turns on the television, refusing to speak to him. The boy leaves the room, vowing that he will never fail geometry again.

The boy resorts to using black magic in order to pass the exam. In a dark room, he reads from a tome of sorcery, which states, "As a protection for the invocation of a major demon, place yourself inside a pentagon drawn with your own blood. This pentagon will be your only protection." The boy proceeds to follow these instructions.

While the woman sits in the living room, watching a pastiche of The Exorcist, she hears her son screaming from the next room. When she enters, she finds him standing in the middle of the bloody seal. He shouts a warning, telling her that the pentagon is his only protection. A glowing portal opens in the wall, and a demon (Rodrigo Mora) steps through. The boy asks the demon to grant two wishes. The first is that he will not fail geometry again. The second is the return of his father, Francisco, who died in an accident three months ago. The demon complies with the latter, causing Francisco to materialise immediately. However, he is now a mindless zombie. Francisco kills and eats his wife, while their son looks on in horror, unable to step out of the pentagon for fear of losing its magical protection.

The demon commands the boy to surrender, but he refuses to give in, saying that he cannot be harmed while he stands within the pentagon. The demon reasons that he has already granted one of the boy's two wishes: his family is together again. He also points out that what the boy has drawn is not a pentagon, but a hexagon, which offers no magical protection whatsoever. The demon muses that the boy's other wish has also been granted: he will never fail geometry again. Francisco approaches his son from behind and takes hold of his head, tilting it backwards. The boy laments the unfairness of his situation. The demon agrees, and reaches out a hand to take hold of his throat. The screen fades to black as ripping sounds are heard.

External links
 Geometria (original cut) on YouTube
 Geometria (director's cut) on YouTube
 Geometria on IMDb

References

1987 comedy horror films
1987 short films
1980s dark fantasy films
1980s supernatural horror films
1980s high school films
Mexican short films
Mexican supernatural horror films
Supernatural comedy films
Supernatural fantasy films
Demons in film
Films set in Mexico
Films shot in Mexico
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Guillermo del Toro
Films with screenplays by Guillermo del Toro
1980s Spanish-language films
Films produced by Guillermo del Toro
1987 films
1980s Mexican films
Films about widowhood
Films about mother–son relationships
Films about magic
Films about wish fulfillment
Zombie comedy films
Resurrection in film
Uxoricide in fiction
Films about mathematics

Geometria (film)


James S. Strombotne (born 1934) is an American painter. He is known for his figurative work.

Early life and education
Strombotne was born in Watertown, South Dakota, but was raised and educated in Southern California, receiving his Bachelor of Arts from Pomona College in 1956 and his Master of Fine Arts from the Claremont Graduate School in 1959.  He received a fellowship from Pomona College to study in Italy, and in 1962 was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for further study in Rome. The same year, a feature article about his work appeared in Time Magazine.

Career
Strombotne's first one-man show was at the Studio 44 gallery in San Francisco in 1956. Since then, he has had over seventy five one-man shows, with twelve retrospectives: four in New York City, twenty-two in Los Angeles, and others in San Francisco, Washington D.C., Santa Barbara, Santa Fe, Newport Beach (CA), and other venues.  His work has also been included in most major group shows in America, including two Whitney Biennials, the Carnegie International and the Corcoran Biennial.

Strombotne's paintings can be found in the permanent collections of museums across the United States, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Whitney Museum of American Art, The Hirshhorn Museum, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Art Institute of Chicago. His work is also included in many well-known private collections, most notably the Jack Nicholson collection, which includes twenty of Strombotne's major pieces.

Strombotne taught at the University of California, Riverside for 40 years, retiring in 2005. He continues to paint every day in his Orange County, California studio.

Recognition
Awards he has received include the Art in America "New Talent Award," and an appointment to the Institute of Creative Arts at the University of California in 1965–66.

References

External links

Strombotne Biography (Handsel Gallery)
 Strombotne Biography (Herbert Palmer Gallery)
 James Strombotne page at U.C. Riverside Art Department
 Strombotne Exhibition at the Handsel Gallery
 Strombotne Exhibition at the Herbert Palmer Gallery
 JoAnne Artman Gallery in Laguna Beach, California

20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
1934 births
Living people
Pomona College alumni
University of California, Riverside faculty
Artists from South Dakota
Claremont Graduate University alumni
20th-century American male artists

James Strombotne


Vincenzo Carafa (5 May 1585 – 6 June 1649) was an Italian Jesuit priest and spiritual writer, elected the seventh Superior-General of the Society of Jesus.

Biography
Carafa was born in Andria in the Kingdom of Naples (modern day Italy), of the family of the Counts of Montorio, and a relative of Pope Paul IV. He entered the Society of Jesus on 4 October 1604, and was sixty years of age at his election as general. He died four years after.

He had taught philosophy and governed the principal house of the Society at Naples, and was provincial at the time of the election to the generalship. In 1635 he had published his Fascetto di Mirra (Bundle of Myrrh), which has been translated into several languages. He is the author of several other ascetical works, such as Cammino del Cielo, Cittadino del Cielo, Il Peregrino della terra, Idea Christiani hominis, and Il Serafino, all previous to his election. He wrote under the name Aloysius Sidereus.

Besides personal correspondence his only known writing as Superior General was his letter addressed to all Jesuits: De mediis conservandi primævum spiritum Societatis (The means of preserving the primitive spirit of the Society).

In 1648 Carafa called the forty-year old letterato Daniello Bartoli from his itinerant activities as a preacher around Italy to the Casa Professa (Rome) and a permanent position there as the official historian of the Jesuit order. The folio volumes of his Istoria della Compagnia di Gesù began to appear in 1650. Bartoli soon after Carafa's death in 1649 wrote and published the biography of the Neapolitan general. It includes the 1646 episode of Bartoli's shipwreck in a storm off Capri and his recuperation in Naples.

His short term in office coincided with the beginning of the controversy with Jansenist theologians and the troubles with Palafox, Bishop of Puebla. A great scandal occurred in Spain because of unsuccessful business speculations by a coadjutor brother, and in France on account of the open apostasy to Calvinism of a priest; but the martyrdom of Isaac Jogues, Brébeuf, Neville, and others in Canada and England showed that the Society's ancient fervour had not relaxed.

According to St Louis de Montfort in True Devotion to Mary, Carafa would wear an iron band around his feet as a mark of his servitude to Jesus.

The Bona Mors Confraternity was instituted at the suggestion of Father Carafa. He died in Rome, aged 64.

Preliminary local investigations for Carafa's beatification began on 22 March 1693. He was later declared a Servant of God.

References

1585 births
1649 deaths
17th-century Italian Jesuits
Superiors General of the Society of Jesus
Servants of God

Vincenzo Carafa


Good Luck is a 1996 American film directed by Richard LaBrie starring Gregory Hines and Vincent D'Onofrio as two physically disabled men who come together to challenge themselves out of their unsatisfactory lives.

Plot
Hines plays a former dental student, Bern Lemley, who had to quit school just before finals because of a car accident that left him in a wheelchair. D'Onofrio plays a former pro football player, Ole Olezniak, who was blinded in a freak accident on the field. Before their accidents, Bern had been a tutor for Ole, and, after quitting his post-accident job as a denture technician, he approaches Ole about teaming up to enter a white-water rafting race on Oregon's Rogue River.

Production
The film was shot in Georgetown, California Coos Bay, Winchester Bay, and Portland, Oregon.

Release
The movie had its world premiere at the 1996 Seattle Film Festival under the title The Ox and the Eye, presumably because of D'Onofrio's brute strength and Hines's ability to see. It has also been known as Guys Like Us and Gimps, a term Hines uses in the movie to refer to his and D'Onofrio's characters.  It was shown as a sneak preview during the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta. It was released in theaters under its present title on March 7, 1997.

Reception
Emanuel Levy of Variety found the film to be "only a notch above the inspirational earnestness of a routine telepic", but praised it for the "strong rapport" between Hines and D'Onofrio.  New York Times reviewer Lawrence Van Gelder called it a "sweet, modest clone" of other inspirational movies that surpassed expectations due to its excellent acting. Similarly, John Anderson of the Los Angeles Times noted the potentially melodramatic concept, but found it to be elevated by its performances.  Leah Rozen of People gave the film a positive notice, calling it "a small picture with a huge heart."  Entertainment Weekly gave it a "B+" grade and said it was a "quietly quirky movie" that "turns genuinely uplifting".

References

External links

1996 films
Films shot in Oregon
1990s English-language films

Good Luck (1996 film)


John Parsons (baptised 6 July 1761 – 12 March 1819) was an English churchman and academic, Master of Balliol College, Oxford, from 1798, and Bishop of Peterborough from 1813.

Life
He was son of Isaac Parsons, butler of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and his wife Alice; born in the parish of St Aldate's, Oxford, he was baptised in St Aldate's Church on 6 July 1761. He received his early education, first at the school attached to Christ Church, Oxford, and subsequently at Magdalen College School. In his 16th year, he was admitted to Wadham College on 26 June 1777, and was elected a scholar of the college on 30 June 1780. He graduated BA in 1782, and MA in 1785. His other degrees were BD and D.D., both in 1799. He was elected Fellow of Balliol College on 29 November 1785, and in July 1797 was presented by the college to the united livings of All Saints and St Leonard's, Colchester. On 14 November 1798, he was elected Master of Balliol, an office he held till his death. From 1807 to 1810, he was Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University.

An academic reformer, he made college examination a reality, and in conjunction with John Eveleigh, Provost of Oriel College he gave a lead to the University, elaborating the examination Statute of 1801, by which university honours were for the first time awarded for real merit; and he was one of the first examiners, the earliest class list under the new system appearing in 1802. He was for many years a leading member of the Hebdomadal board. Richard Jenkyns, who succeeded him as Master, was tutor under him, and when Parsons was made a bishop was appointed Vice-Master, seconding his administration of the College. A letter to The Times on 14th October 1882 from G R Gleig (describing himself as a very old Balliol man) credits Parsons with the initiatives which ultimately led to Balliol College being regarded as the leading College in Oxford.

In national politics, he was a strong Tory, firmly opposed to Catholic emancipation. He was the senior of the three heads of houses who, on the death of William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland in 1809, proposed John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon for the chancellorship of the university, to which William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville was elected.

In 1810, he was appointed to the deanery of Bristol, and in 1812 he was presented to the chapter living of Weare in Somerset, which he held in commendam till his death. In 1813, he was raised to the bishopric of Peterborough, on the death of Spencer Madan, helped by the influence of Lord Eldon. He supported the National Society for the Education of the Poor, with Provost Eveleigh; and Parsons, together with Joshua Watson, is credited with drawing up in 1812 the terms of union for the district committees of the provincial schools.

In the House of Lords he seldom spoke, but was active on committees. He died at Oxford on 12 March 1819, and was buried in the chapel of Balliol College, where a monument was erected by John Bacon.

Works
Only two of his sermons were printed; all his manuscript sermons were burnt after his death, by his express desire. In the acrimonious controversy concerning the 1784 Bampton Lectures of Joseph White, the Arabic professor, of which Samuel Badcock was asserted to have been the author, and portions of which were claimed by Samuel Parr, Parsons was appointed one of the arbitrators, but declined to act; and it was believed that he also had a share in the lectures, as Parr knew.

Family
On 22 January 1798, Parsons married Elizabeth Parsons, probably a cousin, at St Aldates church. He left no children by his wife, who survived him.

References

Sources

1761 births
1819 deaths
Clergy from Oxford
People educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Bishops of Peterborough
Deans of Bristol
Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford
Masters of Balliol College, Oxford
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford

John Parsons (bishop)


Jus soli (), means "right of the soil". This is often called birthright citizenship. This is the right of anyone born in a country to have nationality or citizenship.

Jus soli was part of the common law. It was different to jus sanguinis, from the Roman law that became part of the civil-law systems of continental Europe. Where it exists, there are often conditions.  For example, some countries deny citizenship to children of foreign diplomats.

Almost all states in Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania grant citizenship at birth based upon the principle of jus sanguinis (right of blood). Citizenship is inherited through parents not by birthplace. Sometimes it can be a version of jus soli in which citizenship by birthplace is automatic only for the children of certain immigrants.

References

Philosophical concepts

Jus soli