Sara Magdalena Ernman (born 4 November 1970) is a Swedish mezzo-soprano opera singer. Besides operas and operettas, she has also performed chansons, cabaret, jazz, and appeared in musicals. She is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. Ernman represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "La Voix", finishing in 21st place.

Life and career

Early life
Ernman was born in Uppsala, Sweden, spent her childhood and school years in Sandviken, and was educated at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm, the Music Conservatory in Orléans, France, and the school of the Royal Swedish Opera. She is married to actor Svante Thunberg, with whom she had appeared in a 2000 Swedish television musical documentary about the composer Joseph Martin Kraus, played by Thunberg. Together they have two daughters: singer Beata Ernman, and climate activist Greta Thunberg.

Operas
In 1997, Ernman sang in the premiere of Ivar Hallström's 1897 opera Liten Karin in Vadstena; Opera magazine noted that "the mezzo Malena Ernman was very expressive as Princess Cecilia, King Erik XIV's sister". In 1998, her Rosina in The Barber of Seville at the Royal Opera in Stockholm was described as "displaying impressive technique" and "shaping the character with mocking good humour". The same year, she sang Kaja in the premiere of Sven-David Sandström's Staden under Leif Segerstam also at the Royal Opera in Stockholm, where one reviewer commented that "in vocal focus and expression, her full, rich voice is not that far behind Bartoli". In July 1999, Ernman sang the trouser role of Ziöberg in the premiere of Jonas Forssell's Trädgården (The Garden) at the Drottningholm Palace Theatre in Stockholm, conducted by Roy Goodman, the first new opera to be premiered at the theatre in modern times.

In Brussels in 2000, her Nerone in Handel's Agrippina, alongside Rosemary Joshua's Poppea and Anna Caterina Antonacci's Aggripina was described as "the most convincingly brattish young man imaginable".

In 2001, Ernman sang Sesto in Handel's Giulio Cesare at the Drottningholm Festival. She sang at the Glyndebourne Festival, in the Summer of 2002 as Nancy in Albert Herring and the next summer as Prince Orlovsky in Johann Strauss's Die Fledermaus, which was also performed at the BBC Proms that year.

In 2002/2003 Ernman appeared in Vienna as Diana in La Calisto. In 2003/2004 she sang the part of Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni at La Monnaie in Brussels and appeared at the Aix-en-Provence Festival as Lichas in Hercules by George Frideric Handel, with Les Arts Florissants under conductor William Christie, revived at the Paris Opera and at the Vienna Festival.

In the spring and summer of 2005, Ernman created the title role in Philippe Boesmans's Julie, appearing at la Monnaie, at the Vienna Festival, and in Aix-en-Provence. In 2006 she sang as Nerone in L'incoronazione di Poppea in Brussels and Berlin, then as Dido in Dido and Aeneas with William Christie at the Vienna Festival.
She also sang in Agrippina at Oper Frankfurt.

In August 2006, Ernman made her debut at the Salzburg Festival as Annio in La clemenza di Tito under conductor Nikolaus Harnoncourt. In 2007, her roles included Sesto in Giulio Cesare with René Jacobs in Vienna, Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro with Daniel Harding in Aix-en-Provence, and Nerone in L'incoronazione di Poppea in Amsterdam. In 2008 she sang Angelina in La Cenerentola with the Royal Swedish Opera and Dido and Aeneas with Christie and the Opéra-Comique in Paris. In 2009 she reprised Angelina in La Cenerentola with Oper Frankfurt and the Swedish Royal Opera, and Dido in Dido and Aeneas with Christie in Vienna and Amsterdam. In 2010, she sang the castrato role of Idamante in Idomeneo under Jérémie Rhorer at the Theatre de la Monnaie in Brussels, where her "feisty" portrayal of the prince was "as if to the gender born, her efforts rewarded by the inclusion of the usually cut aria 'No, la morte'. Vienna saw her in the title role of Serse by Handel in October 2011 at the Theater an der Wien, and the following season she sang Eduige in the Nicolas Harnoncourt-led production of Handel's Rodelinda at the same house, later released on DVD. Back in the city as Elena in La donna del lago in August 2012, she was "impressive... dealing with the vocal difficulties with aplomb and managing the extra dramatic demands made on her with genuine expressivity". She added Béatrice to her repertoire in 2013 in performances at Theater an der Wien of Berlioz's late opéra-comique. Also in 2013 she returned to the part of Aggripina at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona, in a production by David McVicar conducted by Harry Bicket.

Ernman has sung several major roles with the Staatsoper Berlin, including Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro and Zerlina in Don Giovanni, both under conductor Daniel Barenboim. She also performed Rosina in Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia with Staatsoper Berlin and the Finnish National Opera. With the Royal Opera Stockholm she has also sung the title role in Carmen.

Ernman worked with conductor René Jacobs in the roles of Nerone in Agrippina, Roberto in Scarlatti's Griselda and Diana in Cavalli's La Calisto.

In 2018, she sang Gabriella in the Swedish musical Så som i himmelen (As It Is in Heaven), based on a 2004 film of the same name, with words by Kay Pollak and Carin Pollak and the score by Fredrik Kempe, which premiered at the Oscarsteatern in September 2018.

Concerts
Early recitals on Swedish Radio included Rachmaninov in 1994, The airconditioned nightmare by Olov Olofsson, songs by Gunnar de Frumerie, and an eclectic mix of Fauré, Debussy, Jolivet, Ravel, Bizet, Barber, Ives and Lehrer in 1996, Brahms lieder, and works by Carlid, Mahler and Berio in 1998.
Ernman has performed several concert pieces as well. At the Salzburg Festival she sang Mozart's "Waisenhausmesse" with conductor Frans Brüggen. She performed Berio's "Folksongs" with the Stockholm Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under Carlo Rizzi, and at the Verbier Festival with Gustavo Dudamel. She sang the world premiere of "Nachtgesänge" by Fabian Müller with the Zurich Tonhalle Orchestra. In Minneapolis she sang Mozart's "Requiem" with Arnold Östman.

2009 Melodifestivalen and Eurovision

On 28 November 2008, it was announced that Ernman would enter Melodifestivalen 2009 for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "La voix," written by Fredrik Kempe. On 28 February 2009, Ernman competed in the 4th semi-final of Melodifestivalen in Malmö and became a finalist. She went on to win the final on 14 March at the Globe Arena in Stockholm, and to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow. She qualified as a finalist on 12 May and performed in the finals on 16 May, where she finished 21st with 33 points. "La voix" was the first Swedish entry to contain a substantial amount of French lyrics; it was written by Ernman herself, who speaks French fluently. Prior to the competition a documentary about the life and career of Ernman was broadcast on Swedish television entitled 'Rösternas Malena' ('The voice of Malena').

Ernman revealed that the dress for her Eurovision performance cost 400,000 kronor (€37,471) and was made by designer Camilla Thulin. Singer Dea Norberg joined Ernman as one of the choirgirls. Ernman later participated in the Second Chance round of Melodifestivalen 2015 as a guest singer for Behrang Miri's entry.

Personal life
Ernman is married to Swedish actor Svante Thunberg. Their first daughter Greta Thunberg rose to worldwide prominence when she initiated the School Strike for Climate. She also has a younger daughter, who is three years younger. Ernman's career was taking off when Greta was born, and Svante stayed at home to look after their children.

In August 2014, 11-year-old Greta suddenly stopped eating, talking, reading, or wanting to do anything. This condition lasted for several months, until she was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. The acute period of her daughter's condition affected Ernman and her family to such an extent that she had three breakdowns during her professional activity and five performances had to be cancelled. After the crisis was overcome, she turned to the nationwide daily newspaper Expressen, which reported it in detail, because she wanted to help other families in a similar situation.

Ernman has been politically active in support of the Paris Agreement; in June 2017 she wrote a collaborative debate piece in Dagens Nyheter. With her husband, she co-wrote the book Scenes from the Heart about her family, the environment, and sustainability. It was published in August 2018.

Awards
2010: appointed Hovsångerska (lit. "[royal] court singer") by Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
2017: WWF-Sweden "Environmental Hero of the Year"

Discography

Albums
2000: Naïve (KMH) – songs by Olov Olofsson, Bo Linde, Bror Samuelson, Sandström, among others, with ensemble directed by Chrichan Larson
2001: Cabaret Songs – songs by William Bolcom, Kurt Weill, Friedrich Hollander and Benjamin Britten; with Bengt-Åke Lundin, piano (BIS)
2003: Songs in Season (Nytorp Musik) – songs related to nature and the seasons by Mendelssohn, Grieg, Respighi, Storm, Copland, Koechlin, Mahler, Gefors, Schreker, Fauré, Liszt, Finzi, Sibelius, Tchaikovsky, and Jennefelt. With Francisca Skoogh (piano), recorded in January 2002 at Swedish Radio in Stockholm.
2003: My Love – opera arias (by Rossini, Bizet, Mozart) and songs (by Ravel, Legrand, Mozart, Schubert, Ellington, Lindberg, Nilsson) arranged with guitar accompaniment from Mats Bergström (BIS)
2009: La Voix du Nord – 'pop works', 'One Step From Paradise', 'La voix', 'Min plats på jorden', 'Sempre libera', 'What Becomes of Love', 'Un bel dì', 'Breathless Days', 'Perdus', 'Tragedy', 'All the Lost Tomorrows'; and arias 'Quando me n'vò' (Puccini), 'Voi che sapete' (Mozart), Solveig's song from Peer Gynt (Grieg), 'O mio babbino caro' (Puccini), 'Vedrai, carino' (Mozart), 'Una voce poco fa' (Rossini), 'Lascia ch'io pianga' (Händel), 'Caro mio ben' (Giordani), 'Non più mesta' (Rossini), 'Ombra mai fu' (Händel) and 'When I am laid in earth' (Purcell), conducted by Alberto Hold-Garrido. The record is dedicated to "my daughters Greta and Beata and to my husband Svante".
2010: Santa Lucia – En klassisk jul (Christmas album)
2011: Opera di Fiori (Roxy Recordings/Universal)
2013: I decembertid
2014: SDS (Fyra sånger för Malena and Missa brevis by Sven-David Sandström, with the Musica Vitae, Gustaf Sjökvist Kammarkör conducted by Gustaf Sjökvist)
2015: Advent
2016: Sverige

Others
Alfred Schnittke: Symphony No. 2 'St. Florian'; Mikaeli Chamber Choir, Royal Stockholm Philharmonic conducted by Leif Segerstam, with Göran Eliasson, Mikael Bellini, Torkel Borelius (BIS, 1995)
Nachtgesänge – song-cycle by Fabian Müller, with the Philharmonia Orchestra, conducted by David Zinman (Col legno)
Maurice Duruflé: Requiem, Op. 9 with the Swedish Radio Choir. Recorded 2004, Stockholm.
Sven-David Sandström: The High Mass, with the Gewandhaus Orchester Leipzig & MDR Chor Leipzig, Herbert Blomstedt. DG, 2005
Romantic Swedish Vocal Works Vol. 2, with Olle Persson, Bengt-Åke Lundin. Includes Gustav Nordqvist: Tre Bo Bergman-dikter; Ingemar Liljefors: Tre Sånger "Den utvalda", Jag vantar manen, and Lagg din hand i min om du har lust; Åke Uddén: Tre Sånger ur Chansons de Bilitis; Hilding Hallnäs: Fem Dikter "I skogen om natten", Op. 17. (Phono Suecia, 2005)
Berio: Folk Songs – part of 'Verbier Festival: 25 Years of Excellence', with the Verbier Festival Orchestra conducted by Gustavo Dudamel (recorded July 2005) (Deutsche Grammophon)
Arias by Johann Christoph Bach "Ach, daß ich Wassers genug hätte", Bacri "Lamento", and JS Bach "Wie jammern mich doch die verkehrten Herzen" from Cantata BWV 170, with Ensemble Matheus, directed by Jean-Christophe Spinosi, part of 'Miroirs' (2013, Deutsche Grammophon)
Mozart: Così fan tutte, K588; with Christopher Maltman, Simone Kermes, Kenneth Tarver, Konstantin Wolff, Anna Kasyan; MusicAeterna, Teodor Currentzis (Sony, 2014) – as Dorabella

Singles
2009: "La voix" - sung at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009
2010: "Min plats på jorden"

DVD
Strauss: Die Fledermaus with Pamela Armstrong, Thomas Allen, Lyubov Petrova, Håkan Hagegård, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Vladimir Jurowski. Filmed at Glyndebourne 2003 (Opus Arte) – Prince Orlovsky.
Handel: Hercules with William Shimell, Joyce DiDonato, Toby Spence, Les Arts Florissants, William Christie. Filmed at the Festival d'Aix-en-Provence 2004 (Bel Air Classiques) – Lichas.
Boesmans: Julie with Gary Magee, Kerstin Avemo, the Chamber Orchestra of la Monnaie, Kazushi Ono. Aix-en Provence 2005 (Bel Air Classiques) – title role.
Purcell: Dido and Aeneas with Christopher Maltman, Les Arts Florissants, William Christie (conductor). Filmed at the Paris Opéra Comique 2008 (FRA) – Dido.
Handel: Rodelinda with Danielle de Niese, Bejun Mehta, Kurt Streit, Concentus Musicus Wien, Nikolaus Harnoncourt. Filmed at the Theater an der Wien, 2011 (Belvedere) – Eduige.
Mozart: Don Giovanni with Erwin Schrott, Anna Netrebko, Luca Pisaroni, Charles Castronovo, Katija Dragojevic, Balthasar-Neumann-Orchestra, Thomas Hengelbrock (Sony) 2013 – Donna Elvira.

See also
Flight shame (aka '')

References

External links

Official website
Malena Ernman – Rosina's Cavatina, YouTube

1970 births
Living people
Greta Thunberg
Musicians from Uppsala
Sommar (radio program) hosts
Swedish operatic mezzo-sopranos
Litteris et Artibus recipients
Melodifestivalen winners
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Sweden
20th-century Swedish women opera singers
21st-century Swedish women opera singers
Royal College of Music, Stockholm alumni
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2009

Malena Ernman


Odinstårnet (The Odin Tower) was an observation tower located on Bolbro Bakke (Bolbro Hill) in Odense, Denmark.

History
The tower, 175 metres (581 ft) tall, was built in 1934-1935 using spare materials from the construction of the first Little Belt Bridge and opened on 29 May 1935. The tower quickly became a symbol and source of pride of both Odense and the entire island of Funen. Visitors said they could see the entire island from its observation platforms. If this statement is true, it was possible to see more than  away.

Construction of the tower took 30 tons of steel, 2,700 tons of concrete, and half a million kroner, a considerable amount of money at the time. The tower had two platforms. The first, located 70 metres (230 ft) above ground, was a restaurant featuring a great star-shaped room with low, broad windows, a buffet, and seats for 160 guests. Its roof was decorated with a great compass card with a map of Odense in the centre, surrounded by directions to all towns on the island. Each town was indicated by its direction, name, and coat of arms.

A second platform was located 140 metres (460 ft) above ground, with an even greater view. From here, a spiral staircase offered access to the Conch Bar (), the name inspired by the staircase. Tables were located with one on each step of the staircase.

The tower's kitchen was suspended beneath the restaurant on the first platform and considered to be very modern. The tower was a popular tourist attraction and in 1935 alone, it attracted more than 213,000 visitors, including many foreigners. It was also a favourite playground for model airplane enthusiasts.

The Odin Tower was blown up on 06:15 AM on 14 December 1944 by a group of Danish Nazi saboteurs called the Peter group under the leadership of Henning E. Brøndum, in a so-called act of  Schalburgtage. The tower collapsed completely and was damaged beyond repair. It took two months to remove the scrap metal and almost ten years to remove the concrete.

On 29 May 2004, the 69th anniversary of the inauguration of the original tower, students of the Odense Technical College (Odense Tekniske Gymnasium) erected a  replica of the destroyed tower on its original site.

Gallery

References

External links

 http://www.odinstaarnet.dk (a committee lobbying for the reconstruction of the tower. In Danish but with many images).
 https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182936/http://www.odense.dk/Topmenu/By-Milj%C3%B8/Stadsarkivet/Om%20Odense/Bygningsv%C3%A6rker/Om%20Odinst%C3%A5rnet.aspx
 http://www.ots.dk/odinstaarn_3.htm

Towers in Denmark
Tourist attractions in Odense
Buildings and structures completed in 1935
Demolished buildings and structures in Denmark
Buildings and structures in Odense
Buildings and structures destroyed during World War II
Buildings and structures demolished in 1944

Odinstårnet


Montezuma is an unincorporated community in Chester County, Tennessee.

Geography
The community is situated on Tennessee State Route 225.

History

The area now known as Montezuma was first settled in about 1820. Joseph Johnson, Wesley and Nehemiah Burkhead were among the first settlers. The first store in Montezuma was owned by J. R. Wamble.
In the 1850s and 1860s when the railroad was being built in West Tennessee the people of Montezuma did not want it built through their community. The railroad was therefore routed through Henderson, which over time became the larger community.
Montezuma was a part of McNairy County until Chester County was formed. Montezuma and Henderson were both proposed as the County Seat for the newly formed Chester County, but Henderson won by a large margin.
In July 1975 the Montezuma Post Office was discontinued and consolidated with the Post Office in Henderson.

References

Chester County Tennessee History and Families 1882 - 1995, Copyright 1995 Chester County Historical Society
 History of Montezuma Tennessee
 A Brief History of Chester County

Unincorporated communities in Chester County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee
Jackson metropolitan area, Tennessee

Montezuma, Tennessee


The House of Tsereteli (), also known as Tsertelev (Russian), is a noble family in Georgia (and partly, a Russian noble family) which gave origin to several notable writers, politicians, scholars, and artists.

History
According to traditional accounts, the family's ancestors had been chieftains in Dagestan or Ossetia, who fled the Islamization of their homeland by Tamerlane and moved, through Circassia, into Christian Georgia in 1395. Constantine II, King of Imereti (west Georgia) from 1392 to 1401, enfeoffed them of Sachkhere and conferred the dignity of prince (tavadi) upon them. The Tsereteli held a fiefdom in Upper Imereti called Satseretlo (საწერეთლო; "of Tsereteli") with their residence at Modinakhe, and eventually turned into one of the preeminent aristocratic families in Georgia. They frequently intermarried with other Georgian noble houses and even with the branches of Bagrationi royal dynasty in both western and eastern Georgia (e.g., Prince David Tsereteli married the sister of Alexander V of Imereti in 1736, while Zurab Tsereteli married his daughter, Kethevan, to the royal prince Ioann of Georgia in 1787).

A branch of the family followed King Vakhtang VI of Kartli in his 1724 emigration to Imperial Russia, where they came to be known as Tsertelev (, Церетели) and were absorbed into the Russian nobility.

Princes of Satseretlo
c. 1380-1590 – Twelve anonymous princes
Kveli (c. 1590-1620)
Bezhan, son (c. 1620-39)
Kaikhosro, son (c. 1640-60)
Kveli, brother (c. 1660-63)
Kveli, son of Kaikhosro (c. 1663-1710)
Papuna, son (c. 1710-38)
Kaikhosro, son (1738–69)
Papuna, son (1769–90)
Kaikhosro, son (1790–1810)
1810 to Russia; henceforth, princes (knyaz) Tsereteli.

Notable members

Akaki Tsereteli (1840–1915), a prominent Georgian poet and public figure
Gigi Tsereteli (born 1964), Politician and the President of OSCE PA
Giorgi Tsereteli (1842–1900), Georgian writer and journalist
Giorgi Tsereteli (orientalist) (1904–1973), Georgian Orientalist
Grigol Tsereteli (1878–1938), Georgian philologist
Irakli Tsereteli (1882–1959), Georgian Social-Democrat politician
Mikheil Tsereteli (1878–1965), Georgian scholar, politician, and journalist
Tamara Tsereteli (1900–1968), Georgian songstress
Vasil Tsereteli (1862–1937), Georgian politician and physician
Zurab Tsereteli (born 1934), modern Russo-Georgian painter and sculptor.  President of the Russian Academy of Arts
Zurab Semyonovich Tsereteli (1953–1992), Georgian footballer

References

Families of Georgia (country)
Noble families of Georgia (country)
Russian noble families
Georgian-language surnames
Surnames of Georgian origin

Tsereteli


Salvador "Tutti" Camarata (May 11, 1913 – April 13, 2005) was an American composer, arranger, trumpeter, and record producer. He was also known as "Toots" Camarata.

Early life and career
Camarata was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, United States, and studied music at Juilliard School in New York as a student of Bernard Wagenaar, Joseph Littau, Cesare Sodero, and Jan Meyerowitz. His early career was as a trumpet player for bands such as Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey, Benny Goodman and others, eventually becoming the lead trumpet and arranger for Jimmy Dorsey (arranging such hits as Tangerine, Green Eyes and Yours). He also did arranging for Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra, Benny Goodman, Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby, Nancy Sinatra, Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington and many others. He conducted and orchestrated a recording of Jascha Heifetz.

During World War II, he served as a flight instructor in the Army Air Forces.

London Records
In 1944, J. Arthur Rank summoned Camarata to London, England, to write a musical score for the film London Town. He became good friends with Sir Edward Lewis, CEO of British Decca, and often visited Bridge House in Felsted (this was Sir Edward and Lady Lewis's summer home) and the two founded London Records, with the aim of distributing classical music from the U.K. in the U.S. market. One of his assignments was to see that London Records maintained the best classical catalog in the industry. In addition to his "administrative" duties at London Records, he also served as a classical artist orchestrating and conducting a number of classical albums including the works of Puccini, Verdi, Bach, Bizet, Tchaikovsky, and Rachmaninoff.

He joined the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) in 1948. His popular songs and instrumentals included "Mutiny in the Brass Section", "Story of the Stars", "Hollywood Pastime", "Dixieland Detour", "Moonlight Masquerade", "Louis", and "No More". He also composed Verdiana Suite. Additional compositions include "Rumbalero," "Rhapsody for Saxophone," "Fingerbustin'," "Pizzicato Rhumba," "Tall Trees," "Evening Mist," and "Brasiliero."

Camarata also recorded other albums, including the popular Tutti's Trumpets (1957) and Tutti's Trombones, titles which featured his compositions and arrangements and are considered classics of the genre.

Sunset Sound Recorders
In 1956, Walt Disney hired him to form Disneyland Records and to be music director and producer for the label. Camarata had suggested Disney build his own recording studio, but Disney declined, and instead encouraged Camarata to build his own. In 1958, Camarata purchased the first building, an old auto repair shop on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California, that would become the location of Sunset Sound Recorders. He produced over three hundred albums there during his 16-year association with Disney. He scored several albums at Disney to help children gain a knowledge of, and love for, Western classical music.

Radio television and cinema work
During the 1940s, Camarata served as the musical arranger for the Jean Sablon Show on the CBS radio network, which included musical performances by the accordionist John Serry Sr. and an orchestra led by Paul Baron. Camarata was the musical conductor for several TV series, including Startime, The Vic Damone Show and The Alcoa Hour. He was also the vocal supervisor for the 1963 movie Summer Magic, which included musical performances by Hayley Mills and Burl Ives. Many Disney movie sound tracks were also made at Sunset.

Sound Factory
In November 1981, Camarata purchased The Sound Factory, previously owned by David Hassinger. Like the Sunset Sound studios, the Sound Factory is one of the top recording studios in Hollywood, and has been used by many top artists, including Jackson Browne, The Flying Burrito Brothers, Linda Ronstadt, Ringo Starr, T Bone Burnett, Belle and Sebastian, Bette Midler, Richie Furay, Warren Zevon, Dolly Parton, Elvis Costello, Sam Phillips, Tonio K., Neil Diamond, Cher, Los Lobos, The Wallflowers, KISS, Van Halen, Kenny Rogers, Beck, Brian Wilson, Victoria Williams, Ben Folds Five, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Danny Elfman, among others.

Final work
Camarata's last album was The Power and the Glory, on which he worked for four years. Once completing the arrangements, Camarata returned to England (St. John's, Smith Square) to conduct a large orchestra and choir for the recording of the album, which he had noted in one of his last interviews to be one of his most important works.

In April 2005, he died in Burbank, California, aged 91.

References

Further reading
 Camarata, Toots. "Prophetic: The Future of Jazz". Accordion Times and Musical Express. August 27, 1947.
 O'Brien, Jack "Broadway". The Central New Jersey Home News. May 8, 1948. Page 4.
 "The Fabulous Camaratas". Verona-Cedar Grove Times. January 10, 1952. pp. 1, 13.
 "London to Distribute Coliseum, Palomar". Billboard. March 20, 1965. pp. "london+to+distribute+coliseum+palomar" 1, 8.
 Thurber, Jon. "Salvador 'Tutti' Camarata; Had Diverse Musical Career". The Los Angeles Times. Apr 18, 2005.

External links

 Obituary in Boston Globe
 Disney Legends profile

 Salvadore Camarata recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings

1913 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American composers
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
American male composers
American male conductors (music)
American music arrangers
American people of Italian descent
Juilliard School alumni
People from Glen Ridge, New Jersey
United States Army Air Forces officers
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Casa Loma Orchestra members
Military personnel from New Jersey
Decca Records artists

Salvador Camarata


Wild's Mill Complex (also known as Valatie Mill Complex) was among the last remaining industrial buildings in the formerly thriving milling community of Valatie, Columbia County, New York, United States. It was located southeast of the intersection between U.S. Route 9 and State Route 203. A five-story brick structure, it served as an historical landmark and its  lot contained the ruins of a previous mill. It was situated along the west bank of the Kinderhook Creek.

The original northern section of the building was built in 1846, at  long and  wide. Its builder is unknown. A large addition was constructed around 1890. The owner of the mills, Nathan Wild, emigrated from England in the early 19th century and ultimately moved to Columbia County. He is known as one of the founders of the village of Valatie, which had become an important industrial center. In 1828 Wild built the initial brick mill. After the construction of the southern building, the mills—used to manufacture cotton—had a combined 12,800 spindles and 175 workers.

After Wild's death in 1867, his sons gained responsibility of the mills. The southern mill was bought by William Harder, who built the addition, in 1890. Modified into a paper mill in the 1890s, the northern mill eventually burned during the 1950s. The southern mill continued to produce cotton products until 1956. A two-story Federal-style building between the two mills was marked as the mill office on early maps, and has since been converted into a residence. However, it is considered an uncommon instance of a standing early 19th-century office building. Among the earliest textile mill complexes in Columbia County, the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 14, 1982. Around 1986, the last of Wild's mills was demolished. Wild's residence, the Nathan Wild House, is still standing and is also listed on the Register.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbia County, New York

References

External links
Images of the property

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Federal architecture in New York (state)
Industrial buildings completed in 1828
Industrial buildings completed in 1846
Industrial buildings completed in 1890
Buildings and structures in Columbia County, New York
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, New York
Textile mills in New York (state)
Cotton mills in the United States

Wild's Mill Complex


Eduardo Chillida Juantegui, or Eduardo Txillida Juantegi in Basque (10 January 1924 – 19 August 2002), was a Spanish Basque sculptor notable for his monumental abstract works.

Early life and career
Born in San Sebastián (Donostia) to Pedro Chillida and the soprano Carmen Juantegui on 10 January 1924. Eduardo Chillida grew up near hotel Biarritz, which was owned by his grandparents. Chillida had been the goalkeeper for Real Sociedad, San Sebastián's La Liga football team, where his knee was so seriously injured that he had five surgeries, ending a promising football career. He then studied architecture at the University of Madrid from 1943 to 1946. In 1947 he abandoned architecture for art, and the next year he moved to Paris, where he set up his first studio and began working in plaster and clay. He never finished his degree and instead began to take private art lessons. He lived in Paris from 1948 to 50 and at Villaines-sous-Bois (Seine-et-Oise) from 1950 to 1955. In 1950 Chillida married Pilar Belzunce and later returned to the San Sebastián area, first to the nearby village of Hernani and in 1959 to the city of his birth, where he remained.

He died at his home near San Sebastián at the age of 78.

Work
Chillida's sculptures concentrated on the human form (mostly torsos and busts); his later works tended to be more massive and more abstract, and included many monumental public works. Chillida himself tended to reject the label of "abstract", preferring instead to call himself a "realist sculptor". Upon returning to the Basque Country in 1951, Chillida soon abandoned the plaster he used in his Paris works – a medium suited to his study of archaic figurative works in the Louvre. Living near Hernani, he began to work in forged iron with the help of the local blacksmith, and soon set up a forge in his studio. From 1954 until 1966, Chillida worked on a series entitled Anvil of Dreams, in which he used wood for the first time as a base from which the metal forms rise up in explosive rhythmic curves. He began to make sculpture in alabaster 1965. Rather than turn over a maquette of a sculpture to fabricators, as many modern artists do, Chillida worked closely with the men in the foundry. He then usually added an alloy that caused the metal to take on a brilliant rust color as it oxidizes.

From quite early on, Chillida's sculpture found public recognition, and, in 1954, he produced the four doors for the basilica of Arantzazu, where works by other leading Basque sculptors – Jorge Oteiza, Agustin Ibarrola and Nestor Basterretxea – were also being installed. The following year, he carved a stone monument to the discoverer of penicillin, Sir Alexander Fleming, for a park in San Sebastián (it subsequently disappeared, but a new version has been installed on the promenade at San Sebastián bay). By the early 1970s, his steel sculptures had been installed in front of the Unesco headquarters in Paris, the ThyssenKrupp building in Düsseldorf, and in a courtyard at the World Bank offices in Washington

At their best his works, although massive and monumental, suggest movement and tension. For example, the largest of his works in the United States, De Musica is an 81-ton steel sculpture featuring two pillars with arms that reach out but do not touch. Much of Chillida's work is inspired by his Basque upbringing, and many of his sculptures' titles are in the Basque language Euskera. His steel sculpture De Música III was exhibited at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park in the UK, as part of a retrospective of Chillida's work.

Chillida's cast iron sculpture Topos V has been displayed in Plaça del Rei, Barcelona, since 1986.

Chillida also conceived a distinguished oeuvre of etchings, lithographs and woodcuts since 1959, including illustrations for Jorge Guillen's Mas Alla (1973) and various other books.

Monument to Tolerance, Fuerteventura
According to Chillida's plans for a Monument of Tolerance, an artificial cave is to be bored into the mountain. The huge cubic cave, measuring 40 metres (131 ft) along each side, is to be dug from inside a mountain that has long been revered by the inhabitants of the dusty, barren island to the south of Lanzarote. About 64,000 cubic metres of rock will be taken away from the mountain, which rises out of an arid landscape in the north of the island, to create what Chillida called his 'monument to tolerance'. Chillida's original idea was for visitors to experience the immensity of the space.

The project has been in development since 1994, eight years before Chillida's death. In 2011 local authorities decided to go ahead with a project by Chillida inside Mount Tindaya on Fuerteventura despite concerns from environmentalists. As of 2013, local officials are continuing to seek €75 million in private funding.

Dialogue with Heidegger
In the early 1960s Eduardo Chillida engaged in a dialog with the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. When the two men met, they discovered that from different angles, they were "working with space" in the same way. Heidegger wrote: "We would have to learn to recognize that things themselves are places and do not merely belong to a place," and that sculpture is thereby "...the embodiment of places." Against a traditional view of space as an empty container for discrete bodies, these writings understand the body as already beyond itself in a world of relations and conceive of space as a material medium of relational contact. Sculpture shows us how we belong to the world, a world in the midst of a technological process of uprooting and homelessness. Heidegger suggests how we can still find room to dwell therein.

Chillida has been quoted as saying: "My whole Work is a journey of discovery in Space. Space is the liveliest of all, the one that surrounds us. ...I do not believe so much in experience. I think it is conservative. I believe in perception, which is something else. It is riskier and more progressive. There is something that still wants to progress and grow. Also, this is what I think makes you perceive, and perceiving directly acts upon the present, but with one foot firmly planted in the future. Experience, on the other hand, does the contrary: you are in the present, but with one foot in the past. In other words, I prefer the position of perception. All of my work is the progeny of the question. I am a specialist in asking questions, some without answers."

Other philosophers who have written respectfully about Chillida and his works include Gaston Bachelard and Octavio Paz.

Exhibitions
Chillida exhibited his early work in 1949 in the Salon de Mai at the Musée d'Art Moderne in Paris, and the next year took part in "Les Mains Eblouies", a show of postwar art at the Galerie Maeght. After his first solo exhibition at the Clan Gallery in Madrid in 1954, Chillida exhibited his work in more than 100 one-man shows. He also participated in many international exhibitions, including the Venice Biennale (1958, 1988 and 1990); the Pittsburgh International, where he received the Carnegie Prize for sculpture in 1964 and, in 1978, shared the Andrew W. Mellon Prize with Willem de Kooning; and Documenta II, IV and VI. His first comprehensive retrospective in the United States was mounted by the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, in 1966. Major retrospectives of Chillida's graphic and sculptural work have since been mounted by the National Gallery in Washington, D.C. (1979), Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York (1980), Palacio de Miramar in San Sebastián (1992); and the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid (1999) and the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain (1999).

Major public works
Major public works by Chillida are in Barcelona, Berlin, Paris, Frankfurt and Dallas. A large body of his work can be seen in San Sebastián. One, Haizeen orrazia (The Comb of the Wind) a collaboration with Luis Peña Ganchegui, is installed on rocks rising from the Cantabrian Sea at La Concha bay in Sebastián. Perhaps his best-known work in the United States is in front of the I.M. Pei-designed Meyerson Symphony Center in Dallas. The work features two pillars with branches that reach out but do not touch. In Washington, a Chillida sculpture is inside the World Bank headquarters. A sculpture by Chillida also sits outside Beverly Hills City Hall. In 1986, he installed House of Goethe, a large piece that is a tribute to the German poet and dramatist, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, in the city of Frankfurt. His monument Diálogo-Tolerancia (Dialogue-Tolerance) was installed in Münster in 1993 to celebrate the Peace of Westfalia. Chillida's sculpture Berlin (2000) for the Federal Chancellery (Berlin) is interpreted as a symbol of German reunification: two crossing hands create a common – in a sense spiritual – place.

Collections
Chillida's sculptures have been collected by major museums, including the Museum of Modern Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York; the Tate Britain in London; the Kunsthalle Basel in Switzerland; and the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin. In 1986 the Chillida collection of the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid was inaugurated; Chillida designed the museum's logo.

Chillida Leku
In the early 1980s Chillida and his wife bought a sixteenth century Basque farmhouse and surrounding land at Hernani near San Sebastián to establish a permanent place to display his work in a natural environment. This opened in the 1990s as Chillida Leku, an open-air museum where visitors could wander among the sculptures. The museum closed by 2011 but reopened in 2019 with the backing of Hauser & Wirth, a Swiss modern art gallery. Leku means 'place' in Basque.

Honours and awards

In 2002, Vitoria-Gasteiz, the capital of the Basque country, awarded its gold medal, the city's highest honor, posthumously to Chillida and the architect Luis Peña Ganchegui, for building a square that has come to symbolize Basque re-emergence following Spain's return to democracy. Other honours include:
(1998) Recipient of the Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award International Sculpture Center
(1991) Recipient of the Praemium Imperiale in Sculpture
(1987) Recipient of the Premio Príncipe de Asturias de las Artes
(1985) Recipient of the Wolf Prize in Sculpture
(1983) Elected an honorary academician by the Royal Academy
(1998) Elected an honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Sculptors

Art market
Since 2018, Chillida's estate has been represented by Hauser & Wirth. It previously worked with Pilar Ordovas.

In 2006, Chillida's classic 1961 sculpture, Rumor de Limites, more than doubled estimates to sell to a collector from the Iberian Peninsula for a record £2 million in London. His corten steel sculpture Buscando La Luz IV (Looking for the Light IV) (2001) was sold for 4.1 million pounds at Christie's London in 2013.

References

Further reading
Martin van der Koelen: Eduardo Chillida · OPUS P.I; Werkverzeichnis der Druckgraphik 1959–1972. Chorus, Mainz 1999, .
Martin van der Koelen: Eduardo Chillida · OPUS P.II; Werkverzeichnis der Druckgraphik 1973–1985. Chorus, Mainz 1997, .
Martin van der Koelen: Eduardo Chillida · OPUS P.III; Werkverzeichnis der Druckgraphik 1986–1996. Chorus, Mainz 1996, .
Martin van der Koelen: Eduardo Chillida · OPUS P.IV; Werkverzeichnis der Druckgraphik 1966–2001. Chorus, Mainz 2005, .
 Beate Reifenscheid und Dorothea van der Koelen; Arte in Movimento – Kunst in Bewegung, Dokumente unserer Zeit XXXIV; Chorus-Verlag; Mainz 2011;

External links

Museum Chillida-Leku (Hernani, Spain)
Eduardo Chillida
Galerie Lelong, Paris
Spanish Sculptor Eduardo Chillida, Wall Street Journal October 2015

1924 births
2002 deaths
20th-century engravers
21st-century engravers
Basque sculptors
Contemporary sculptors
20th-century Spanish sculptors
20th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male sculptors
Spanish engravers
Spanish men's footballers
Real Sociedad footballers
Recipients of the Order of Constitutional Merit
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale
Wolf Prize in Arts laureates
Weathering steel
Deaths from dementia in Spain
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Spanish contemporary artists
Men's association football goalkeepers
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy

Eduardo Chillida


Export beer is a kind of beer with around 5% alcohol by volume. It has a longer shelf-life, so transporting (and exporting) it was easier. It is usually stronger in taste than Lager beer. As special yeast is used, export beer only became available year round when there were chillers. The kinds of yeast used need a temperature of between 4 and 9 degrees Celsius for fermentation. Traditionally, there are three kinds of export beers: Dortmunder, Münchner, and Wiener. In the 1970s, people started to prefer Pilsner over export beer.

Dortmunder was first brewed in 1843, in Dortmund. Because of industrialization, cooling was readily available which allowed Dortmund to become one of the important sites of brewing in Europe. At first, Dortmunder was associated with what the workers drank. Today, Dortmunder is a protected designation of origin. It needs to be brewed in Dortmund, with the local water. Dortmunder Exportbier has a golden color.

Münchner Export is brewed in Munich, and exists in different colors. Unlike with Dortmunder and Wiener, where the hops is the component giving the most taste, with Münchner it is the malt. Traditionally, Münchner Export uses darker malt, and is darker in color.

Wiener Export is  not brewed very much anymore. It is between Dortmunder and Münchner, in color.

References

 Oliver Volmerich: Hopfen und Malz – Dortmunder Bier- und Brauereigeschichte. Wartberg-Verlag, Gudensberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-8313-2102-5.

Types of beer

Export beer


Pooja Ashwin Shah (born 8 August 1979) is a British actress, filmmaker and model. She is known for her role as Kareena Ferreira in the popular UK soap opera EastEnders. Shah works with her husband directing and writing short films and has won three film awards for them.

Early life and career
Pooja Shah's grandparents migrated to Kenya from Gujarat in Western India. Shah trained as an Indian classical dancer. She attended the University of Brighton, graduating in 2001 with a BA Hons Degree in Theatre with Visual Practice.

Shah began her acting career in the theatre and went on to play the lead role of Mary Magdalene in a small budget film named Jesus the Curry King. The film was produced by the Aylesbury Film Company and was one of the first digital films to be shown in cinemas in the UK.

In 2002 Shah played Meena in the film Bend It Like Beckham. Later that year she played one of the lead roles, Sinjata Kapoor, in the Sky One series Is Harry On The Boat? based on the best selling book by Colin Butts and the 2001 film. The story is about holiday reps in Ibiza and was filmed in Almunecar in Andalusia, Spain. The series was positively reviewed by The Guardian, which said that the "cast and crew threw every last drop of talent and energy into the production, making this one of the liveliest bits of youth-oriented drama this year … a sex-crazed hybrid of Baywatch and Boogie Nights."

Other credits include roles in the BBC hospital drama Holby City (2002), and the American series Adventure Inc. (2003).

In 2003 Shah was cast in her most notable role to date. She played Kareena Ferreira in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. The Ferreira family were not well received by critics or viewers and were dismissed as unrealistic by the Asian community in the UK. In 2004 the new executive producer, Kathleen Hutchison, made the decision to axe the entire family in a bid to improve the show, which had suffered from a vast ratings decline. Shah subsequently left the show in 2005.

After leaving EastEnders Shah has appeared in a short film entitled CryBaby, was a celebrity sponsor on the show Strictly Dance Fever and in September 2005 she acted in a feature film called Weekend Lovers.

Shah played the lead role, Sona Virdi, in the play Deranged Marriage, which toured the UK in 2005. In 2006, she took on a lead role in the Britflick Cash and Curry, which was released in 2008. The film also stars Ameet Chana, the actor who played her on-screen brother Adi Ferreira in EastEnders. In 2007 she played the role of Reshna Dewan in the ITV police drama The Bill.

Shah was a supporting actress in the 2009 and 2010 BBC drama Missing with lead, Pauline Quirke, and starred alongside Brendan Carr in the Modern Life? feature film Ten Dead Men produced by Phil Hobden and directed by Ross Boyask. In 2010, Shah filmed eight episodes of Coronation Street, playing DC Moore, a police officer investigating an attack on Tracy Barlow. The first episode aired on 3 January 2011.

Shah won a Best Actress award in 2010 at the Rob Knox Film Festival, for her role as Rajinda, a lesbian Indian girl about to tell her parents she is gay, just as they tell her of her arranged marriage to a man who is on his way to meet her.

In 2015, Shah appeared in Challenge idents for Wink Bingo and more recently has featured in Class (a Doctor Who spin-off) in 2016 and made another appearance in Doctors in 2017. She filmed In The Long Run (produced and starring Iris Elba) in 2019. Clients that she has undertaken corporate work for include Deloitte, Great Western Railway, Network Rail, Asda, Transport for London, Lloyds Bank and Royal Mail.

Personal life
Pooja  married Will Middleton in 2014. He is a director of photography. They have two children.

References

External links

Official site

Living people
1979 births
English soap opera actresses
Alumni of the University of Brighton
British actresses of Asian descent
English Hindus
British people of Indian descent
English people of Gujarati descent
English people of Kenyan descent
Actresses from London
People from Camden Town

Pooja Shah


The Surat Basin Railway is a proposed  freight railway in Queensland, Australia.   It is planned to connect the Western railway line near Wandoan which is  north west of Toowoomba with the Moura railway line, near Banana,  west of Gladstone.

The aim of the project is to facilitate the export of coal from the developing Surat Basin and freight through to the Port of Gladstone. The proposal is still in the feasibility stage and is being developed by The Surat Basin Railway Joint Venture, which comprises the Australian Transport and Energy Corridor Pty Ltd (ATEC), Xstrata Coal and Queensland Rail (QR). It is estimated that it will cost up to A$1.2 billion and employ a workforce of up to 600 over a -year construction period.

The project was often previously referred to as the "Southern Missing Link". Due to global market conditions and the status of other infrastructure and mining projects in the region, the timeframe for the construction of the railway is still to be finalised.

See also

Construction of Queensland railways

References

External links
Surat Basin Rail website

Railway lines in Queensland
Proposed railway lines in Australia
Xstrata

Surat Basin railway


Pearl Chertok (June 18, 1918, in Laconia, New Hampshire – August 1, 1981 in White Plains, New York) was an internationally regarded harpist and composer for harp.

After studying ballet, piano and flute as a child, Chertok forwent her senior year of high school to attend the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, where she studied with Marjorie Tyre and Carlos Salzedo. She then moved to New York City where she was staff harpist with the CBS Television Orchestra for many years, appearing on shows such as The Arthur Godfrey Show and Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town.

Chertok recorded several albums, both for solo harp as well ensemble work. Her solo work included her own compositions, many of which employed an innovative jazz idiom. On her LP Strings of Pearl she was accompanied by bongo player Willie Rodriguez. Other recordings include transcriptions for harp of music by Loeillet, Purcell and others.

Chertok also convinced contemporary composers, including Elie Siegmeister, Nuncio Mondello, Edmund Haines, Sergiu Natra and William Mayer, to write for the harp. As a result, numerous pieces are dedicated to her.

Chertok was president of the American Harp Society and was on the faculty of several colleges and universities in the New York City area. Several of her students have gone on to distinguished careers as concert harpists. She served as judge at the International Harp Contest in Israel, and a prize named in her honor was awarded in 1982, 1985, 1988 and 1992.

Dedications
 Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco - Second arabesque for harp on the name of Pearl Chertok, Op. 170/45 (1967)
 Jean Françaix – Jeu poétique en six mouvements for harp and orchestra (1969)

Discography
Around the Clock Suite—Cecile Music Co., NY, PC101A
Strings of Pearl—Audio Fidelity, AFLP 1805
American Harp—Orion Master Recordings, ORS 75207
The Harp in Chamber Music—Orion Master Recordings, ORS 76227
Ancient and Modern Dances for Harp—Orion Master Recordings, ORS 76231
Arco & Pizzicato: Music for Strings (Pearl Chertok and others) -- Serenus SRS 12062
Castelnuovo-Tedesco: Sonata for Cello and Harp (Pearl Chertok and others) -- Lanui LAN0012

References

American classical harpists
1918 births
1981 deaths
People from Laconia, New Hampshire
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American musicians
Curtis Institute of Music alumni

Pearl Chertok


Ain't Gonna Cry is the ninth solo studio album by American country pop singer Juice Newton.  It was released by RCA Records in 1989 and was Newton's final album for the label as well as her last album for several years. Though no singles were released to stores, the promotional single, "When Love Comes Around The Bend", peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart on June 17, 1989. The album also contains Newton's cover version of "Then He Kissed Me", a top ten hit for The Crystals in 1963.

Track listing

Personnel
 Mike Baird - drums
 Greg Barnhill - backing vocals
 Richard Bennett - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Larry Byrom - electric guitar
 Lenny Castro - percussion
 Gail Davies - backing vocals
 George Doering - electric guitar, acoustic guitar
 Assa Drori - violin
 John Hall - electric guitar, keyboards
 John Hobbs - piano
 Mary Ann Kennedy - backing vocals
 Craig Krampf - drum programming
 Larry M. Lee - backing vocals
 Josh Leo - electric guitar
 Carl Marsh - synthesizer
 Beth Nielsen Chapman - backing vocals
 Mark O'Connor - fiddle
 Dean Parks - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 John Paruolo - keyboards
 Al Perkins - steel guitar
 Michael Rhodes - bass
 Pam Rose - backing vocals
 Frederick Setkora - cello
 Leland Sklar - bass
 J. D. Souther - backing vocals
 Harry Stinson - drums, backing vocals
 Gerald Vinci - violin
 Wendy Waldman - backing vocals
 Biff Watson - acoustic guitar, keyboards
 Evan Wilson - viola
 Glenn Worf - bass
 Juice Newton - vocals, acoustic guitar

References

1989 albums
Juice Newton albums
Albums produced by Josh Leo
RCA Records albums

Ain't Gonna Cry


Don Orehek (August 9, 1928 – December 6, 2022) was an American freelance cartoonist who contributed gag cartoons to a wide variety of newspapers, magazines and books. On more obscure publications, he used several pseudonyms, including Sam de Sade, Di Benvenuto and Kobasa.

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Orehek attended the School of Industrial Art, spent four years in the Navy and then studied cartooning and illustration at the School of Visual Arts.

The Oreheks lived in Port Washington, New York on Long Island. They also lived in Renton, Washington.

His work appeared in Adam, Army Laughs, The Christian Science Monitor, Cosmopolitan, Cracked, Good Housekeeping, Ladies' Home Journal, Look, Modern Maturity, Playboy, The Saturday Evening Post and other publications, including one-shot magazines and specialized cartoon magazines, such as Prize Cartoons.

Orehek died on December 6, 2022.

Syndication
Orehek was a major contributor to the McNaught Syndicate's This Funny World single-panel series, and he also drew many cartoons for King Features' Laff-A-Day.

Books
He has illustrated more than 30 paperback humor and joke books, beginning with Bob Vlasic's 101 Pickle Jokes in 1974. This was followed by The Official Name Callers' Book, The Laugh-a-Minute Joke Book (1989) and many more. His work has been reprinted in numerous cartoon collections, such as Sam Gross' Movies Movies Movies (Harper & Row. 1989).

Based on 28 years of recorded sales, Orehek and his wife Suzanne calculated that he had sold over 12,000 cartoons during his lengthy career:

Our estimate is 12,000 +. Hard to believe, isn't it? Our basis for this number is a written record of sales from August 1966 (when wife Suzy started working for Don) through December 1994. This record is a simple list of sales on three-hole notebook paper. It is 253 pages with 25 lines per page. That's 6,325 sales. Add to that multiple-drawings in sales to magazines like Cracked, about 30 drawings for each of 32 joke books, and the other 32 years before and after the list, and--well--we stopped counting at 12,000.

Awards
He is a four-time winner of the National Cartoonists Society's Gag Cartoon Award (1972, 1982, 1984, 1985), and he received awards twice at Montreal's Man and His World exhibition.

His interest in caricatures was solidified in 1966 with a trip to Vietnam under the auspices of the National Cartoonists Society and the U.S. Department of Defense. Shortly after returning, Orehek and his fellow cartoonists were invited to the White House where they were personally thanked by President Lyndon Johnson for entertaining American and Vietnamese troops.

References

External links
 Don Orehek official site
 NCS Awards
 NCS: Don Orehek

1928 births
2022 deaths
American cartoonists
People from Port Washington, New York
High School of Art and Design alumni
School of Visual Arts alumni

Don Orehek


Dr. Dwight Bryant Waldo (June 13, 1864 – October 29, 1939) was the first President of Western Michigan University (WMU) in Kalamazoo, Michigan.  Waldo was born in Arcade, N.Y. but spent his childhood in Plainwell, Michigan.  Waldo was elected principal of WMU on April 1, 1904.  He served as president from 1904 through 1936.  When Western Michigan first opened, it was known as the Western State Normal School and later as the Western State Teachers College.  One of Waldo's first moves, creating a rural school department, cemented WMU as a teaching college.  It was the first such department in the nation and prepared teachers to effectively educate students in rural parts of America.  Waldo also firmly believed in diversity on campus, and during his tenure many females and minorities were given the opportunity to attend the college.

In the beginning Western Michigan served as a two-year normal school, but under Waldo's guidance it was soon structured into a four-year teachers college.  He also served as one of the first instructors at WMU.  Waldo is credited with keeping WMU open when many government officials wanted to shut it during the Great Depression.  The school's football stadium (Waldo Stadium) and library (Waldo Library) are named in his honor.  In 1912, Kalamazoo College awarded Waldo a Doctor of Laws as an honorary degree for his accomplishments at WMU. In 1932, Michigan State University awarded Waldo an honorary Doctor of Letters.

Waldo was born in Arcade, New York, son of Simeon Smith Waldo and Martha Ann Bryant Waldo, during the final year of the Civil War. He and his family moved to Plainwell, Michigan in about 1874. Waldo graduated from Plainwell High School and went on to attend Michigan State Agricultural College (now Michigan State University) and receive an MA from Albion College. He married first Minnie Strong (children: Herbert (born 1894) and Ruth (born 1895)) and after Minnie's death, he married Eliza Lilian Trudgeon on September 14, 1904 (children: Elizabeth (born 1908), Barbara (born 1911) and Dorothy (born 1919)).

Waldo was noted for his interest and research into the life of Abraham Lincoln.  His personal collection of Lincoln memorabilia is one of many displays at Waldo Library.  A WMU librarian and Dwight Waldo Historian stated, "Waldo's vision, 'tough love' leadership style and unique combination of pragmatism and idealism are legendary around campus and Kalamazoo".  Waldo had a pet parrot named "Jimmy Boy."  Despite claims that he walked around campus with the parrot, there is no evidence of this.

Prior to assuming his leadership role at Western Michigan, Waldo was the first principal at Northern State Normal School (now Northern Michigan University) where he served from 1899 to 1904, and additionally served as the Department Chair of the History Department. 100 years after Waldo came to Western Michigan another Northern Michigan president, Judith Bailey, would follow in his footsteps to help Western Michigan kick off its "Centennial Campaign" after arriving in 2003.  Waldo was also a history and economics teacher at Albion College before becoming principal at Northern State.

References

Presidents of Western Michigan University
1864 births
1939 deaths
People from Arcade, New York
People from Plainwell, Michigan
Albion College alumni
Albion College faculty

Dwight B. Waldo


Sir Harry Wildair is a 1701 comic play by the Irish writer George Farquhar. It is a sequel to the 1699 hit The Constant Couple, portraying the further adventures of the most popular character from the earlier play.

The original Drury Lane cast included Robert Wilks as Sir Harry Wildair, John Mills as Colonel Standard, Benjamin Johnson as Captain Fireball, Colley Cibber as Marquis, William Pinkethman as Clincher, Henry Norris as Dicky, Henry Fairbank as Shark, Thomas Simpson as Lord Bellamy, Susanna Verbruggen as Lady Lurewell, Jane Rogers as Angelica and Jane Lucas as Parly. Farquhar, an Irish Protestant from Derry, dedicated the play to William of Orange.

References

Bibliography
 Bevis, Richard W. English Drama: Restoration and Eighteenth Century 1660-1789. Routledge, 2014.
 Morash, Christopher. A History of Irish Theatre 1601-2000. Cambridge University Press, 2002.

External links

1701 plays
Plays by George Farquhar
West End plays
Restoration comedy
Plays set in London
Sequel plays

Sir Harry Wildair


In atomic physics, Doppler broadening is broadening of spectral lines due to the Doppler effect caused by a distribution of velocities of atoms or molecules. Different velocities of the emitting (or absorbing) particles result in different Doppler shifts, the cumulative effect of which is the emission (absorption) line broadening.
This resulting line profile is known as a Doppler profile. A particular case is the thermal Doppler broadening due to the thermal motion of the particles. Then, the broadening depends only on the frequency of the spectral line, the mass of the emitting particles, and their temperature, and therefore can be used for inferring the temperature of an emitting (or absorbing) body being spectroscopically investigated.

Derivation

When a particle moves (e.g., due to the thermal motion) towards the observer, the emitted radiation is shifted to a higher frequency. Likewise, when the emitter moves away, the frequency is lowered. For non-relativistic thermal velocities, the Doppler shift in frequency is

where  is the observed frequency,  is the rest frequency,  is the velocity of the emitter towards the observer, and  is the speed of light.

Since there is a distribution of speeds both toward and away from the observer in any volume element of the radiating body, the net effect will be to broaden the observed line. If  is the fraction of particles with velocity component  to  along a line of sight, then the corresponding distribution of the frequencies is

where  is the velocity towards the observer corresponding to the shift of the rest frequency  to . Therefore,

We can also express the broadening in terms of the wavelength . Recalling that in the non-relativistic limit , we obtain

In the case of the thermal Doppler broadening, the velocity distribution is given by the Maxwell distribution

where  is the mass of the emitting particle,  is the temperature, and  is the Boltzmann constant.

Then

We can simplify this expression as

which we immediately recognize as a Gaussian profile with the standard deviation

and full width at half maximum (FWHM)

Applications and caveats

In astronomy and plasma physics, the thermal Doppler broadening is one of the explanations for the broadening of spectral lines, and as such gives an indication for the temperature of observed material. Other causes of velocity distributions may exist, though, for example, due to turbulent motion. For a fully developed turbulence, the resulting line profile is generally very difficult to distinguish from the thermal one.
Another cause could be a large range of macroscopic velocities resulting, e.g., from the receding and approaching portions of a rapidly spinning accretion disk. Finally, there are many other factors that can also broaden the lines. For example, a sufficiently high particle number density may lead to significant Stark broadening.

Doppler broadening can also be used to determine the velocity distribution of a gas given its absorption spectrum. In particular, this has been used to determine the velocity distribution of interstellar gas clouds.

Doppler broadening, the physical phenomenon driving the fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity also been used as a design consideration in high-temperature nuclear reactors. In principle, as the reactor fuel heats up, the neutron absorption spectrum will broaden due to the relative thermal motion of the fuel nuclei with respect to the neutrons. Given the shape of the neutron absorption spectrum, this has the result of reducing neutron absorption cross section, reducing the likelihood of absorption and fission. The end result is that reactors designed to take advantage of Doppler broadening will decrease their reactivity as temperature increases, creating a passive safety measure. This tends to be more relevant to gas-cooled reactors, as other mechanisms are dominant in water cooled reactors.

Saturated absorption spectroscopy, also known as Doppler-free spectroscopy, can be used to find the true frequency of an atomic transition without cooling a sample down to temperatures at which the Doppler broadening is negligible.

See also
 Mössbauer effect
 Dicke effect

References

Doppler effects
Physical phenomena

Doppler broadening


Windsor Palace was situated in Bangkok, Thailand, during the early twentieth century. Built on the orders of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) to serve as the residence of Crown Prince Vajirunhis, the palace later became part of Chulalongkorn University but was later demolished to make way for the construction of Suphachalasai Stadium. The palace became known as such to foreign residents of Bangkok due to its partial resemblance to Windsor Castle, though it was also known to locals as Wang Klang Thung or Wang Mai.

History
Windsor Palace was commissioned by King Chulalongkorn in 1881 to serve as the residence of his eldest son, Prince Vajirunhis, who would later be named the first Crown Prince of Siam (Thailand). The palace was located on Sa Pathum Road (now Rama I Road) at the current location of Suphachalasai Stadium. Designed in Gothic Revival style by the Italian architect Joachim Grassi, its appearance reflects that of Windsor Castle in England, and the palace became known to contemporary expatriates as Windsor. Locals called the palace Wang Klang Thung (), lit. palace in the field, for its location, or Wang Mai (), which means new palace. The latter name in turn gave rise to Wang Mai Subdistrict, which is part of Pathum Wan District and covers the area where the palace was located. The palace had three main storeys and a central staircase, was built with imported marble, and internal decorations included neoclassical columns and statues.

The palace's foundation stone was laid in November 1881, and construction was completed in July 1884. However, Prince Vajirunhis continued to live in the Grand Palace and had not moved into his new home when he died in 1895. Following the prince's death, the palace was used as a school of cartography, and later on, agriculture. When King Vajiravudh (Rama VI, who succeeded King Chulalongkorn) established the Civil Service College of King Chulalongkorn (later to become Chulalongkorn University) in 1911, ownership of the palace was transferred to the college and the palace became the seat of the college's School of Mechanical Sciences. In 1916 the college campuses were consolidated, and Windsor Palace served as the centre of the Prathum Wan Campus (which by now also hosted the Public Administration and Education Departments) while a new Administration Building (now the Faculty of Arts Building) was being constructed.

With the formal establishment of Chulalongkorn University in 1917, Windsor Palace became the seat of the Faculty of Arts and Science. The building was modified to hold classes and laboratories, with a cadaver dissection lab built nearby. It was also here at the palace that Prince Mahidol Adulyadej instructed medical students in pre-clinical courses. Four student dormitories were built near the palace building, and later became known as Ho Wang (, lit. palace dormitory). The name was adopted by the university's teacher-training school, which was established nearby and became known as Horwang Secondary School of Chulalongkorn University. Use of the palace ceased in 1935 when the area was requested for construction of the National Stadium. The faculty was relocated, and Horwang School moved to the site that is now Triam Udom Suksa School.

Demolition and excavation

Following the Siamese Revolution of 1932 which abolished absolute monarchy, the property surrounding Windsor Palace was leased to the Ministry of Education's Department of Physical Education in 1935 to serve as the construction site for the National Stadium complex, with Suphachalasai Stadium at its core. The palace was subsequently demolished, and its existence faded from public knowledge.

Part of the National Stadium complex was established as the Central Physical Education School, which later became part of Srinakharinwirot Universitys Faculty of Physical Education. Ownership of these buildings was transferred to Chulalongkorn University's School of Sports Science when their lease expired in 1997. Later during renovations by Chulalongkorn University, fragments of marble columns and statues were discovered, and it was concluded that they originated from the palace structure. These are now on display at the School of Sports Science. Numerous marble fragments have also been found within the site of the National Stadium, but have been left lying around as debris. There have been calls for formal excavation and cataloguing, but no substantial developments have yet emerged.

On the eightieth anniversary of the establishment of Chulalongkorn University in 1997, a set of commemorative postage stamps was issued. Windsor Palace was featured in one of the designs.

References

Former royal residences in Bangkok
Chulalongkorn University
Gothic Revival architecture in Thailand
Demolished buildings and structures in Bangkok
Pathum Wan district

Windsor Palace (Bangkok)


Den (marketed as DeN) is a 2001 independent drama horror film written and directed by Greg Arce. The film was released on 15 June 2001 in Culver City, California. In 2009 Arce announced that he was looking into potential legal actions against the producers of the 2004 film Saw, as Arce alleges that Saw has at least similarities to his movie. Film critics and bloggers have noticed the similarities as well.

Den was partly filmed in Australia and was briefly mentioned in Peter Shelley's Australian Horror Films, 1973-2010.

Plot
The film begins with a bearded man waking up in his house and going through his morning routine. He touches his cross necklace, grabs a stack of chewing gum, looks into the mirror and announces merrily "Showtime!". Den (although his name is never spoken) cruises the city on a skateboard and captures four future victims: a psychotherapist and his wife - Steven and Lolita Brewster; Cassandra - a militant atheist, who moonlights as a prostitute; and Milton Page - a respiratory therapist who once longed to be a nun. Den places his victims in a large abandoned theater. He chains the captives to the walls and doles out meager supplies that will keep them alive. Den is truthful to the group: He admits he is a serial killer and that they are on his "list of people to do." But he wants something... conversation. Through the course of nine days, he starts daily arguments and debates with the group. As the days pass on it is revealed that the group is not only tied by chains, but by personal secrets. Milton reveals that her passion to be a nun was squelched when she realized she had sexual attractions towards women. She also confesses to having an affair with a married woman. Steven's darker side comes out early on when his racial and biased belief system is heard. He has also been a disloyal spouse by seeing hookers, which is a surprise to Lolita, but not to Cassandra. Lolita has her own skeleton she wishes to keep in the closet, but Den opens the door when it is disclosed that she has also had an affair... with Milton. And when Cassandra admits to being an atheist, this shocks Den more than her work as a prostitute.

It is revealed that Den is storing them under a church where he works as a priest. Den uses the captive's secrets to turn one against the other. But Cassandra takes all the physical and mental abuse and throws it back at Den with all the strength and stamina she can muster.

As the final day approaches the body count rises: Den has cut off Lolita's finger because she was pointing at him. She dies from an infection, although Den was kind enough to cauterize the wound with a soldering iron. With Milton's sexual orientation and affair with Lolita exposed, Den manipulates Steven into stabbing and killing Milton with a crucifix-knife. He offers to let Steven get away with the killing, but recants, and when Steven attacks him in anger, Den beats him to death. The final scene has Cassandra verbally attacking the Bible and Den's beliefs. She calls out several mistakes that are written in this holy text and, thereby proves, if there is a God, he had no hand in the making of this religious manuscript. Den, after supposedly killing a few children, returns to kill Cassandra. He stabs her in the chest with the crucifix-knife. He taunts her about pulling the knife out so she can kill him. She doesn't and he feels that this is proof of the "no atheist in foxholes" theory. As he turns to leave, Cassandra removes the knife and tosses it at Den. The knife skewers his head. He removes the knife and rushes to kill her, but convulses and dies on her. Cassandra is unable to escape and dies. Their final death tableau forms the Pietà position.

Cast
 Greg Arce as Den
 Stephanie Rettig as Lolita
 Lee Schall as Steven
 Dana J. Ryan as Cassandra
 Sabrina O'Neil as Milton

Awards
 2002, won 'best actress' at the Melbourne Underground Film Festival for Dana J. Ryan
 2002, won 'best actor' at the New York City Horror Film Festival for Dana J. Ryan

References

External links

 Wayback Machine archive 21 August 2008

American independent films
2001 films
2001 horror films
2001 independent films
2000s mystery horror films
2001 psychological thriller films
American crime thriller films
American horror thriller films
Australian mystery horror films
Films critical of the Catholic Church
American serial killer films
Religious horror films
Films about religion
Australian independent films
Crime horror films
American mystery horror films
Lesbian-related films
Films shot in Australia
2001 directorial debut films
LGBT-related horror thriller films
2001 LGBT-related films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Den (film)


An alcohol enema, also known colloquially as butt-chugging or boofing, is the act of introducing alcohol into the rectum and colon via the anus, i.e., as an enema. This method of alcohol consumption can be dangerous and even deadly because it leads to faster intoxication than drinking since the alcohol is absorbed directly into the bloodstream and bypasses the body's ability to reject the toxin by vomiting.

Administration
Two reported techniques specific to alcohol enemas are by inserting into the rectum either an alcohol-soaked tampon or tubing connected to a funnel into which alcohol is poured, known as a beer bong.

Enema bags of the sort used medically, e.g., to remedy constipation, are also employed.

Effects and dangers
Compared to drinking, alcohol intoxication begins far more quickly upon rectal consumption since the alcohol is absorbed directly into the bloodstream. The lower gastrointestinal tract lacks the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme present in the stomach and liver that breaks down ethanol into acetylaldehyde, which is actually more toxic than ethanol (drinking alcohol) and is responsible for most chronic effects of ethanol. When rectally absorbed, ethanol will still eventually arrive at the liver, but the high alcohol content could overwhelm the organ. Additionally, consuming the alcohol rectally neutralizes the body's ability to reject the toxin by vomiting.

Native American ritual usages
The Maya ritually administered enemas of alcohol as an entheogen, sometimes adding other psychoactive substances, seeking to reach a state of ecstasy. Syringes of gourd and clay were used to inject the fluid.

Incidents
In May 2004, a 58-year-old man of Lake Jackson, Texas died after his wife administered an alcohol enema. In total, the man is thought to have been given at least three liters of sherry (containing at least 45 cL alcohol). He suffered from alcoholism and had difficulty ingesting alcohol orally because of a painful throat ailment. His wife was indicted on a charge of negligent homicide. In August 2007, prosecutors dropped the charges due to insufficient evidence.

An enema bag filled with white wine and taken as a self-administered enema killed a 52-year-old man with klismaphilia. He was found dead with the nozzle still inserted in his anus and connected to an enema bag that hung from a coat rack next to his bed.

See also
 Alcohol inhalation
 Vodka eyeballing

References

Drinking culture
Rectum
Alcohol and health
Substance-related disorders

Alcohol enema


The Attic is a 2007 American horror film directed by Mary Lambert and starring Elisabeth Moss, Jason Lewis, Tom Malloy, and Catherine Mary Stewart.

Plot
Emma (Elisabeth Moss) has a strong aversion towards her family's new house, especially the attic. After moving in, she becomes miserable and reclusive. The rest of her family also seems unhappy and unsettled. The situation escalates one day when Emma is in the attic alone. All of a sudden someone who looks exactly like Emma attacks her viciously.

Emma is convinced that someone or something is haunting her, and she refuses to leave her house until she can piece the puzzle together, with the assistance of John Trevor (Jason Lewis), a sympathetic detective. Eventually, Emma suspects her parents of hiding skeletons in the closet from the family's past and practicing magical rituals using Wicca symbols seemingly stolen from satanism. As the clues pile up, she discovers that she once had a sister named Beth (Lynn Marie Stetson), who died twelve days after Emma was born. Emma realizes that this identical apparition may actually be Beth returning to life.

Emma witnesses Beth kill her brother, and the police suspect it was really Emma. John Trevor comes to the rescue when Beth is trying to strangle Emma to death, and leaves Emma with a gun. She suspects that her father was to blame and murders both her parents. When the police arrive, Emma threatens "John Trevor", who now claims to be a paramedic, with the gun he gave her. As she points the gun at Trevor, she is really pointing the gun at herself, and when she pulls the trigger, she kills herself.

The police later discuss the incident, and Emma's former psychologist explains that Beth and Trevor were only in her mind. Another officer mentions that the previous owner of the house, Ava Strauss (Alexandra Daddario), mysteriously died. The psychologist says that houses do not kill people, but in this case it did. The film ends as a new family looks to buy the house. As a young girl about Emma's age explores the attic, "John Trevor", now a real estate agent called Ron, appears behind her and says they will be seeing a lot of each other.

Cast

Release
The film was released on DVD in Germany in 2007.  Allumination FilmWorks released it on DVD in the US on January 15, 2008.

Reception

Joshua Siebalt of Dread Central awarded it one out of a possible five stars and wrote, "The Attic is not the Mary Lambert comeback fans, myself included, were likely hoping for. Instead it's just another predictable psychological horror movie posing as a ghost story and very much not worth your time."  Justin Felix of DVD Talk rated it 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "The Attic is fairly transparent and you'll figure out the answers long before the heroine does."  Jim Thomas of DVD Verdict wrote, "This is a bad movie. Avoid it at all costs."

References

External links

2007 films
2007 horror films
2000s psychological horror films
American haunted house films
American psychological horror films
Films shot in New Jersey
Films directed by Mary Lambert
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The Attic (2007 film)


Dovrefjell is a mountain range which forms a natural barrier between Southern Norway and the Trøndelag region.                                                                                In 1974 the Norwegian government established a national park measuring 256 square kilometers, to protect its beautiful nature and the rich plant and animal life.                                                                                The size was increased in 2002 to 1693 square kilometers to cover a larger portion of the mountain range.

The highest mountain peak in the range is Snøhetta. It is 2,286 meters above sea level. There was once a gold mine on the mountain but it closed at the end of the 17th century.

The main south-north highway (European route E6) in Norway and a railway both travel over Dovrefjell.  The highway is open all year, but is sometimes closed for short periods during heavy winter snowfall. The railway line is named Donvrebane and it began operating in 1921.

Eidsvoll oath - 1814
"Enige og tro til Dovre faller" (United and loyal until the mountains of Dovre crumble).

The mountain Dovre was chosen since it has an important part in Norwegian history, where Dovrefjell represents the eternal, unity and democracy.

The oath was used during a difficult period in the 1800s when Norway was trying to get a new identiity after going out of a union with Denmark and when the union with Sweden came to an end in 1905.

Other websites
Dovrefjell - the official travel guide to Norway

Mountain ranges of Europe
Mountains of Norway
Innlandet
Møre og Romsdal
Trøndelag

Dovrefjell


The Hôtel de la Chambre des Députés () is the meeting place of the Luxembourgish national legislature, the Chamber of Deputies, in Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg.

It is located on Krautmaart, an irregularly shaped street in the historic heart of the city, in Ville Haute quarter.  Next to the Chamber is the Grand Ducal Palace, the official residence of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg.  Due to the Hôtel's location, 'Krautmaart' has become a metonym for the Chamber of Deputies itself.

History
Until 1860, the Chamber of Deputies had no regular meeting place, variably holding sessions in the Grand Ducal Palace, Luxembourg City Hall, and the Hôtel du Gouvernement.  For a period after the promulgation of Luxembourg's constitution in 1848, the Chamber met in a primary school in Ettelbruck, in the north of the country.  By the late 1850s, this was becoming untenable, and to restore the Grand Ducal Palace to the use of the Grand Ducal Family, plans were laid for the construction of a dedicated home for the Chamber in 1857 by Antoine Hartmann.  Construction began on 27 July 1858, and the building was inaugurated on 30 October 1860, upon the opening of a new parliamentary session.

During the German occupation during the Second World War, the Chamber of Deputies was suspended and the building's functions made subservient to those of the occupation forces.  The building was turned into the headquarters of the Luxembourgish branch of the Gau Propaganda Office ().  The balcony was decorated with a large sign hailing the Heim ins Reich, while, later on, large Swastika flags were flown on the outside.

Between 1997 and 1999, major renovations were undergone, and the building expanded to accommodate the public.  The dilapidated wooden decor was replaced by replicas in the original style, with the structural supports strengthened and reconfigured to comply with more stringent health and safety standards.  Meanwhile, the expansion, to receive the public and perform ancillary functions, was built in a modern style.  During this time, the Chamber convened in the City Hall, just as it had 140 years previously.

Footnotes

External links

Palaces in Luxembourg City
Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)
Government buildings in Luxembourg
Legislative buildings in Europe
Government buildings completed in 1860
Seats of national legislatures

Hôtel de la Chambre


Conference of the Norwegian-Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America usually called the Conference was a Lutheran church body that existed in the United States from 1870 to 1890, when it merged into the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America.

The church had split from the Scandinavian Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Synod in North America (SAS) in 1870. Prior to the split the SAS had placed a Norwegian seminary in Marshall, Wisconsin, which today is located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and known as Augsburg University.

When the Conference separated from the SAS in 1870, another church body also split from the SAS, the Norwegian-Danish Augustana Synod in America (NAS). The difference between the NAS and the Conference was the inclusion of the Book of Concord. The NAS wanted to include the entire Book of Concord as the confessional base. The Conference wanted to use only the three ecumenical creeds, Luther's Small Catechism, and the Unaltered Augsburg Confession.

The two groups along with the Anti-Missourian Brotherhood group from the Norwegian Synod united in 1890 to form the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America.

In 1884, a group of Danish members left the Conference and formed the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church Association in America also known as the Danish Association and "the Blair Church".

Presidents of the Conference
1870-1872  Claus Lauritz Clausen
1872-1881  Johan Olsen
1881-1886  Theodor H. Dahl
1886-1890  Gjermund Hoyme

References
Fevold, Eugene L.  The Lutheran Free Church: A Fellowship of American Lutheran Congregations 1897-1963 (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1969)
Nelson, E. Clifford, and Fevold, Eugene L. The Lutheran Church among Norwegian-Americans: a history of the Evangelical Lutheran Church (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1960)

Lutheran denominations in North America
Danish-American history
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America predecessor churches
History of Christianity in the United States
Religious organizations established in 1870
Lutheran denominations established in the 19th century
Norwegian-American history


The pao is a unit of dry measure (mass) which is used in South Asia. The name may come from the Punjabi ਪਾਓ páo, which was a traditional charge of one quarter of a seer per every maund of grain that was weighed, converted into a tax by Sawan Mal. Turner also cites a Sindhi word pāu () meaning a quarter of a seer.

The pao was recorded in the Bengal Presidency in 1850, but was not considered to be an integral part of the local system of weights. It was equal to four chitaks, and hence a quarter of a seer: the equivalent Imperial weight at the time was given as 7 oz. 10 dwt. Troy (233.3 grams). The use of a quarter-seer weight in Ahmedabad had also been noted in a British East India Company survey of South Asian metrology carried out in 1821: the name of the unit was not recorded, but it would have been equivalent to 4 oz. 3 dr. 17 gr. avoirdupois (119.8 grams) based on the measurement of the Ahmedabad seer. It is still occasionally used in northern India.

In Nepal, the pao () was  of a dharni, and equivalent to about 194.4 grams in 1966. Convenient "pau" units of both 200 grams and 250 grams are in current use in retail sales in different parts of the country.

In Pakistan, the pao was slightly heavier, at 233.3 grams.

As to Afghanistan, it was reported in 1950 that 1 pao ≈ 1 lb (450 grams) in Kabul, with four paos to one charak and sixteen paos to a seer.

References

External links
Sizes.com

Units of mass
Customary units in India
Obsolete units of measurement

Pao (unit)


vile is a text editor that combines aspects of the Emacs and vi editors. These editors are traditionally located on opposing sides of the editor wars, as users of either tend to have strong sentiments against the editor they do not use. vile attempts to reconcile these positions.

vile is an acronym which stands for "VI Like Emacs".
vile 9.6 is featured in Chapter 18 of the O'Reilly book "Learning the vi and Vim Editors".
An older version (vile 8.0) was presented in Chapter 12 of the O'Reilly book "Learning the vi Editor".

The program is also known as xvile for the X Window System, and as winvile for Microsoft Windows.

vile was created and originally maintained by Paul Fox. In 1996, maintenance was taken over by Thomas Dickey, who had provided many major contributions to the codebase over the preceding years.

Learning to use vile

Historically, vile's documentation has focused on differences from vi. This is in contrast to the other common vi-clones (elvis, nvi and vim), which have combined their respective extensions with the original vi documentation.

vile's documentation is three parts:
 The online help file (type )
 Specialized topics such as the macro language (text files)
 Built-in documentation.
 Tables of commands and other data
 Dynamic windows showing register contents, mode-settings, etc.

vile is built from a combination of hand-crafted code and tables processed by a special-purpose program. The predefined information from the tables can be rendered in various ways, including showing the available commands, providing name-completion, etc. In other flavors of vi, the analogous tables are not distinct from the hand-crafted code.

In other vi flavors, the information shown is static, requiring interaction from the user to make it update. In vile, however, this information is dynamic—it updates these special windows as changes are made to the features they render, e.g., the list of all buffers in memory, the mode-settings corresponding to the buffer which has focus, etc.

While many of vile's features are now found in other vi-compatible editors, some of the most powerful were implemented before widespread adoption in the others.
For example, multiple windows were early features in vile (and xvi) from the start. The same applies to reading from pipes, complex fences. Some of this is brought out in the O'Reilly book, though no careful study has been made of the way in which features are adopted and adapted across the vi and emacs variants.

Features

Command completion
vile supports command completion for several elements of a command: the command name, filename, directory name, and mode values.

Major modes
Both vi and emacs have modes, which are settings which affect the behavior of the program.  vile extends the vi modes such as list, number, etc., by providing three levels of mode: global, buffer and window.  The buffer modes are associated with the buffer contents, e.g., line-terminators, read-only attributes.  All of those modes are predefined.  vile can be customized by defining majormodes, which combine specific settings of the buffer modes with an association to the file type.  These majormodes have as well special modes such as the association with a specific syntax filter.

Syntax highlighting
vile performs syntax highlighting by running a syntax filter program which parses the buffer contents.  Initially this was a separate program.  However, to improve performance and avoid display problems, these syntax filters usually are compiled into the editor.  Most of the syntax filters are implemented with lex (preferably flex), with the remainder in C to address irregular grammars such as Perl and Ruby.  All of the syntax filters follow the same design:
 Read from an external file the color- and video-attribute information into a chained hash table,
 Parse the file according to the lexical rules,
 Find the corresponding color- and video-attribute information for each lexical element, and
 Write a marked-up copy of the file which is read by vile (via a pipe if the syntax filters are external programs, or via a function call if they are internal).

vile paints the markup information on top of the buffer contents using in regions delimited by line and column numbers.  The markup is not attached to the underlying buffer contents.  To update the markup as the buffer is changed requires reanalysis.  This is done automatically when the user pauses.

History
vile has been under continuous development since 1990.

See also

List of text editors
Comparison of text editors

References

Further reading
Review: vile editor is anything but
Review: vile and Xvile
]

External links

William Totten's vile page
vi Lovers Homepage
vi Software Links
alt.sources posting, June 1991

Free text editors
Unix text editors
OpenVMS text editors
Windows text editors
Emacs
Termcap
Terminfo
Curses (programming library)
Vi
Software using the GPL license

Vile (text editor)


In the US armed forces, separation means that a person is leaving active duty but not necessarily the service entirely. Separation typically occurs when someone reaches the date of their Expiration of Term of Service (ETS) and are released from active duty, but still must complete their military reserve obligations. Upon separation, they receive Form DD214, which verifies their military service.

It is important to keep a copy of DD-214 since it must be shown to receive Veterans Administration (VA) benefits. A veteran or next of kin may request a copy of the DD214 form by going to National Personal Records Center's website.

When service members completes their full military obligation, they are discharged and receive a formal certificate of discharge, usually an honorable discharge.

References

United States military policies
Military terminology of the United States

Separation (United States military)


Giulio Genoino (born c. 1565 in Cava de' Tirreni), the 'mind of Masaniello', was a key figure in the 7 July 1647 popular insurrection against Habsburg authority in the Kingdom of Naples.

Biography
A priest, lawyer, and academic, Genoino had for three decades attempted to influence constitutional change to involve the Third Estate in the government of the city. Despite being a representative of the king to Naples, he was accused of spreading sedition and instigating riots during unrest in 1585 and 1620. After periods of imprisonment and exile, and then in his 80s, he returned to Naples and began advising the fisherman and smuggler Tommaso Aniello—later known as Masaniello—a popular figure among the city's populace. Genoino was the real power behind the popular movement, and supplied the directionless and illiterate Masaniello with advice and a coherent policy. Following the uprising of 7 July, and the assassination of Masaniello on 16 July, the Viceroy attempted to restore order by handing governance of the city to Genoino. He was unable to resist the most extreme demands of the populace.  Following a second revolution in August, Genoino was exiled and the Neapolitan Republic proclaimed.

References

 Calabria, Antonio (1990) Good Government in Spanish Naples. p. 254.
 Kamen, Henry (1971) The Iron Century: Social Change in Europe, 1550-1660. p. 362-3.

External links

People from Cava de' Tirreni
16th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
16th-century Italian lawyers
Italian revolutionaries
1560s births
Year of death unknown
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
17th-century Italian lawyers

Giulio Genoino


The Mandelbrot set is an example of a fractal in mathematics. It is named after Benoît Mandelbrot, a Polish-French-American mathematician. The Mandelbrot set is important for chaos theory. The edging of the set shows a self-similarity, which is perfect, but because of the minute detail, it looks like it evens out.

The Mandelbrot set can be explained with the equation . In that equation,  and  are complex numbers and  is zero or a positive integer (natural number). Starting with ,  is in the Mandelbrot set if the absolute value of  never becomes larger than a certain number (that number depends on ), no matter how large  gets.

Mandelbrot was one of the first to use computer graphics to create and display fractal geometric images, leading to his discovering the Mandelbrot set in 1979. That was because he had access to IBM's computers. He was able to show how visual complexity can be created from simple rules. He said that things typically considered to be "rough", a "mess" or "chaotic", like clouds or shorelines, actually had a "degree of order". The equation  was known long before Benoit Mandelbrot used a computer to visualize it.

Images are created by applying the equation to each pixel in an iterative process, using the pixel's position in the image for the number 'c'. 'c' is obtained by mapping the position of the pixel in the image relative to the position of the point on the complex plane.

The shape of the Mandelbrot Set is represented in black in the image on this page.

For example, if  then the sequence is  which goes to infinity. Therefore, 1 is not an element of the Mandelbrot set, and thus is not coloured black.

On the other hand, if  is equal to the square root of -1, also known as i, then the sequence is  which does not go to infinity and so it belongs to the Mandelbrot set.

When graphed to show the entire Set, the resultant image is striking, pretty, and quite recognizable.

There are many variations of the Mandelbrot set, such as Multibrot, Buddhabrot, and Nebulabrot.

Multibrot is a generalization that allows any exponent: . These sets are called Multibrot sets. The Multibrot set for d = 2 is the Mandelbrot set.

Fractals

Mandelbrot set