In Hindu culture, the term gotra (Sanskrit: गोत्र) is considered to be equivalent to lineage. It broadly refers to people who are descendants in an unbroken male line from a common male ancestor or patriline. Generally, the gotra forms an exogamous unit, with marriage within the same gotra being regarded as incest and prohibited by custom. The name of the gotra can be used as a surname, but it is different from a surname and is strictly maintained because of its importance in marriages among Hindus, especially among castes. Pāṇini defines gotra as apatyam pautraprabhrti gotram (IV. 1. 162), which means "the word gotra denotes the descendance (or descendants), apatya, of a couple consisting of a pautra, a son and a bharti, a mother, i.e. a daughter-in-law."  (Based on Monier Williams Dictionary definitions.)

According to the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 2.2.4, Kashyapa, Atri, Vasistha, Vishvamitra, Gautama Maharishi, Jamadagni and Bharadvaja are seven sages (also known as saptarishi) and Jambu Maharishi is another sage (also known as Renuka, who belongs to Kashyapa). The progeny of these eight sages are declared to be gotras. This enumeration of seven primary & one secondary gotra seems to have been known to Pāṇini. The offspring (apatya) of these seven are gotras and others than these are called gotrāvayava.

One who follows the system defined by three sages defines himself as Tri-a-Vishay. Similarly, for five sages, it is Pancha-Vishay, and for seven sages, it is Santa-Vishay.

There exists another theory about gotra: sons and disciples of a sage would have the same gotra; it is believed that they possess similar thoughts and philosophies. People of the same gotra can be found across different castes. Each gotra comprises pravaras.

Origins
As a Rigvedic terms, gotra simply means "forward moving descendants".  (गौः) गमन means forward moving and (त्र:) stands for Offspring. The specific meaning "family, lineage kin" (as it were "herd within an enclosure") is relatively more recent, first recorded around the mid-1st millennium BCE (e.g., Chandogya Upanishad).

These "lineages" as they developed among the Brahmins of that time meant patrilineal descent. The Brahmanic system was later adopted by other communities, such as the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas

According to the Vedic theories, the Brahmins are direct descendants of seven sages who are believed to be the sons of Brahma, born out of his mind through yogic prowess. They are (1) Atri, (2) Bharadvaja, (3) Gautama Maharishi, (4) Jamadagni, (5) Kashyapa, (6) Vasishta and (7) Vishvamitra. To this list, Agastya is also sometimes added. These eight sages are called gotrakarins, from whom all 108 gotras (especially of the Brahmins) have evolved. For instance, from Atri sprang the Atreya and Gavisthiras gotras.

According to Robert Vane Russell, many gotras of Hindu religion are of totemic origin which is named after plants, animals, and natural objects. These are universal among tribes but occur also in Hindu castes. The commonest totem names are those of animals, including several which are held sacred by Hindus, as bagh or Nahar, the tiger; bachhas, the calf; murkuria, the peacock; kachhua, the tortoise; nagas, the cobra; hathi, the elephant; bhains, the buffalo; richaria, the bear; Kuliha, the Jackal, Kukura, the dog; kursaal, the deer; Hiran, the black-buck and so on. The utmost variety of names is found, and numerous trees, as well as rice and other crops, salt, sandalwood, cucumber, pepper, and some household implements such as pestle, rolling slab, serve as the names of clans. Thus the name of the rishi Bharadvaja means a lark bird, and Kaushika means descended from Kusha grass, Agastya from Agassi flower, Kashyapa from kachhap a tortoise, Taittiri from titer, partridge bird. Similarly, the origin of other rishis is attributed to animals, Rishyasringa to an antelope, Mandavya to a frog, Kanada to an owl. The usual characteristic of totemism is that the members of a clan regard themselves as related to or descended from, the animals or trees from which the clan takes its name, and abstain from killing or eating them.

A gotra must be distinguished from a kula. A kula is equal to a particular family, or equal to modern-day "clans".  A kula relates to  a caste.

Marriages and gotras
Marriages within the gotra ('sagotra' marriages) are not permitted under the rule of exogamy in the traditional matrimonial system. The compound word 'sagotra' is a union of the words 'sa' and 'gotra', where 'sa' means same or similar. It is common practice in preparation for Hindu marriage to inquire about the kula-gotra (clan lineage) of the bride and groom before approving the marriage. People within the gotra are considered as siblings and marrying such a person can lead to higher chances for the child to get genetically transferred diseases. In almost all Hindu families, marriage within the same gotra is not practiced (since they are believed to be descended from the same Lineage). Marriages between different gotras are encouraged; marriage within the same gotra started to happen later.

For example, Gurjars, Jats and Rajputs have 3000 Gotras and Mudirajas of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have 2600 Gotras. Gotra is always passed on from father to children among most Hindu communities. However, among the Tulu people it is passed on from mother to child.

The tatsama words 'sahara' and 'sahodari' (sister) derive their roots from the Sanskrit word 'sahodara' (सहोदर) meaning co-uterine or born of the same womb. In communities where gotra membership passed from father to children, marriages were allowed between a woman and her maternal uncle, while such marriages were forbidden in matrilineal communities, like  Tuluvas, where gotra membership was passed down from the mother.

A much more common characteristic of South Indian Hindu society is permission for marriage between cross-cousins (children of brother and sister) as they are of different gotras. Thus, a man is allowed to marry his maternal uncle's daughter or his paternal aunt's daughter but is not allowed to marry his paternal uncle's daughter. She would be considered a parallel cousin, of the same gotra, and therefore to be treated as a sister.

North Indian Hindu society not only follows the rules of gotra for marriages but also has many regulations which go beyond the basic definition of gotra and have a broader definition of incest. Some communities in North India do not allow marriage with certain other clans, based on the belief that both clans are of the same patrilineal descent. In other communities, marriage within the gotra of the mother's father, and possibly some others, is prohibited.

A possible workaround for Sagotra marriages is to perform a 'Data' (adoption) of the bride to a family of different gotra (usually data is given to the bride's maternal uncle who belongs to different gotra by the same rule) and let them perform the 'Kanyadanam' ('kanya' (girl) + 'danam' (to give)). Such workarounds are used in rare cases, and the acceptability is questionable.

Vedic Hinduism recognizes eight types of marriages, thus predominantly following the principles as stated in the Manu Smriti, referring to eight types of marriages, the roles, and responsibilities of husband and wife, and the purpose of marriage. Eight types of marriages are, (1) Brahma Vivaha, (2) Arsa Vivaha, (3) Daiva Vivaha, (4) Prajapatya Vivaha, (5) Gandharva Vivaha, (6) Asura Vivaha, (7) Rakshasa Vivaha, and (8) Paishacha Vivaha. The first four types of marriages reflect the paradigm behind arranged marriages. The last three are prohibited as per Manu Smriti, out of which the last two are condemned. The Gandharva marriage is analogous to the modern-day love marriage, where the individuals have the liberty to choose their partners. Though Gandharva marriage had its due prominence in our Shastras, with the advancement of time, Vedic Hinduism giving way to classic Hinduism, the concept of arranged marriage rose to prominence, which still today is predominant ritual for a marriage between two individuals.

There is no harm in Sagotra marriage if the individuals are not related for six generations on both maternal and paternal sides.  This is expressed in chapter 5 of Manu smriti in mantra 60, which states, सपिण्डता तु पुरुषे सप्तमे विनिवर्तते । समानोदकभावस्तु जन्मनाम्नोरवेदने, which means that sapinda ends after seven generations. Section 5(v) of Hindu Marriage Act 1955 also prohibits Sapinda relationship but there is no restriction of Sagotra marriage.

Legal situation
While the gotras are almost universally used for excluding marriages that would be traditionally incestuous, they are not legally recognized as such, although those within "degrees of prohibited relationship" or who are  "sapinda" are not permitted to marry. Khap panchayats in Haryana have campaigned to legally ban marriages within the same gotra. A convener of the Kadyan Khap, Naresh Kadyan, petitioned the courts to seek an amendment to the Hindu Marriage Act to legally prohibit such marriages. However, the petition was dismissed as withdrawn after being vacated, with the Delhi High Court warning that the Khap would face heavy penalty costs for wasting the time of the court.

In the 1945 case of Madhavrao vs Raghavendrarao, which involved a Deshastha Brahmin couple, the definition of gotra as descending from eight sages and then branching out to several families was thrown out by the Bombay High Court. The court called the idea of Brahmin families descending from an unbroken line of common ancestors as indicated by the names of their respective gotras "impossible to accept." The court consulted relevant Hindu texts and stressed the need for Hindu society and law to keep up with the times, emphasizing that notions of good social behavior and the general ideology of the Hindu society had changed. The court also said that the material in the Hindu texts is so vast and full of contradictions that it is a near-impossible task to reduce it to order and coherence.

 List of Gothrams and Each Gothram's Rishis
1. Bharadwaja: Aankirasa, Bhaarhaspatya, Bharadwaja

2. Shatamarshana: AAnkirasa, Powrukutsa, Traasatasya

3. AAtreya: Atreya, Aarchanaasa, Syaavaasva

4 .Vatula: Bhargava, Vaitahavya, Saavedasa

5 .Srivatsa: Bhargava, Syaavana, AApnavaana, Owrva, Jaamadaghnya

6. Kowsika: Vaiswaamitra, AAgamarshana, Kowsika

7. Viswamitra: Vaiswaamitra, Devaraata, Owtala

8. Kowndinya: Vaasishta, Maitraavaruna, Kowndinya

9. Harita: AAnkirasa, Ambarisha, Yuvanasva

10. Mowdkalya (3 Variations):

(1) AAnkiras, Bharmyasva, Mowdgalya

(2)Tarkshya, Bharmyasva, Mowdgalya

(3) AAnkirsa, Dhavya, Mowdgalya

11. Sandilya (2 Variations):

(1) Kasyapa, Aavatsaara, Daivala:

(2) Kasyapa, Aavatsaara, Sandilya

12. Naitruvakaasyapa: Kasyapa, Aavatsara, Naitruva

13. Kutsa: Aankirasa, Maandhatra,Kowtsa

14. Kanva (2 Variations):

(1) Aankirasa, Ajameeda, Kaanva

(2) Aankirasa, Kowra, Kaanva

15. Paraasara: Vaasishta, Saaktya, Paarasarya

16. Aagastya: Aagastya, Tardhachyuta, Sowmavaha

17. Gargi (2 Variations):

(1) Aankirasa, Bharhaspatya, Bharadwaja, Sainya, Gargya

(2) Aangirasa, Sainya, Gaargya

18. Bhadarayana: Aankirasa, Paarshadaswa, Raatitara

19. Kasyapa: Kasyapa, Aavatsaara, Daivala

20. Sunkriti (2 Variations):

(1) Aankirasa, Kowravidha, Saankritya

(2) Sadhya, Kowravidha, Saankritya

See also
 Aliyasantana
 Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar
 Pravaras
 Bharadvaja
 List of gotras

References

Further reading
 Ruegg, D. Seyfort (1976). 'The Meanings of the Term "Gotra" and the Textual History of the "Ratnagotravibhāga"'. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London, Vol. 39, No. 2 (1976), pp. 341–363

External links

Brahmin Sages and Branches (Gotras and Subcastes)
Marriage Ceremonies

Caste system in India
Family in India

Caste system in Nepal

Gotra


Gawain Christopher Bernard Jones (born 11 December 1987) is an English chess player. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 2007. He won the British Chess Championship in 2012 and 2017. He competed in the FIDE World Cup in 2013, 2017 and 2019.

Career
Jones began playing chess at the age of four, competing in his first tournaments at six. In early 1997 he hit the headlines and was featured on the front page of The Guardian newspaper when he became the youngest player in the world ever to beat an International Master in an official tournament game. He has represented England in the World Junior and World Youth Championships on many occasions and since 2008 has been one of England's highest rated players.

An active player on the tournament circuit, he secured his Grandmaster title with successful results at the 2nd EU Individual Open Championship in Liverpool in 2006, 2006 European Club Cup in Fügen and 4NCL 2006/7 season. Elsewhere in Europe, he took first place at Porto San Giorgio and La Laguna (both 2007). During his stay in Australasia, there were many more tournament successes, including a share of first place at the Sydney International 2008 and creditable second places at the Doeberl Cup 2008 and Queenstown Classic 2009.

Jones shared first place with Simon Williams at the London Chess Classic FIDE Open 2010. In 2011, he won the Bunratty Masters, ahead of Nigel Short, whom he defeated in their individual encounter, and the Commonwealth Chess Championship in Ekurhuleni. Jones won the 2012/13 Hastings International Chess Congress as clear first.

In December 2014, he won the Challenge Match against Romain Édouard by 4–2; it was a six-game match held concurrently with the London Chess Classic. In 2016, Jones won the New Zealand Open in January, and the Dubai Open in April edging out Vladimir Akopian on tiebreak. The next year he won at Dubai for the second time, becoming the first player to do so. Jones edged out this time Mustafa Yilmaz, Vidit Gujrathi, Eduardo Iturrizaga, Ahmed Adly, Sergei Zhigalko and Aleksandr Rakhmanov on tiebreak score.

In team competitions, Jones has played for England in the Chess Olympiad, the World Team Chess Championship, the European Team Chess Championship and the World Youth Under 16 Chess Olympiad. At the 2019 World Team Championship in Astana, England took the silver medal and Jones also won an individual silver playing on board four.

Books

Personal life
Born in Keighley, West Yorkshire, Jones has lived in Italy, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. In 2010, he returned to the United Kingdom to live in London in order to focus on his chess career and related projects.

Jones was married to Sue Maroroa, also a chess player. They had two children together.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Keighley
English chess players
English sportswriters
British chess writers
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors

Gawain Jones


A hyperforeignism is a type of qualitative hypercorrection that involves speakers misidentifying the distribution of a pattern found in loanwords and extending it to other environments, including words and phrases not borrowed from the language that the pattern derives from. The result of this process does not reflect the rules of either language. For example, habanero is sometimes pronounced as though it were spelled with an  (habañero), which is not the Spanish form from which the English word was borrowed.

Hyperforeignisms can manifest in a number of ways, including the application of the spelling or pronunciation rules of one language to a word borrowed from another; an incorrect application of a language's pronunciation; and pronouncing loanwords as though they were borrowed more recently, ignoring an already established naturalized pronunciation. Hyperforeignisms may similarly occur when a word is thought to be a loanword from a particular language when it is not.

Intentional hyperforeignisms can be used for comedic effect, such as pronouncing Report with a silent  in The Colbert Report or pronouncing Target as  , as though it were an upscale boutique. They are a way of poking fun at those who earnestly adopt foreign-sounding pronunciations of pseudo-loanwords.

Similarly, speakers who echo hyperforeign pronunciations without the intention of approximating a foreign-language pattern are also not practicing hyperforeignization; thus, pronouncing habanero as if it were spelled habañero is not a hyperforeignism if one is not aware that the word has been borrowed from Spanish.

English
In English, hyperforeignisms are seen in loanwords from many different languages. Many are isolated examples, showing a particular pattern applied to multiple words and phrases, though some patterns can be identified.

Replacement with postalveolar fricatives  and  is one common mark of hyperforeignisms in English. This leads to pronouncing smörgåsbord (with initial  in Swedish) as , parmesan (from French ) as  (the cheese itself is Italian, and this pronunciation may also have been influenced by the Italian word for the cheese, parmigiano, which has a postalveolar affricate: ), pronouncing forte (strong point) as  as if it were the Italian forte (the basis for forte, the musical notation for "loud") instead of the French pronunciation that sounds close to the English fort, and Mandarin Chinese terms like Beijing (with , which sounds like  to English speakers) with : . The city name Munich, normally , is occasionally pronounced /ˈmʏnɪç/ or similar, as though representing a German "Münich," even though Munich is an English name and the German name of the city is München.

Dutch words
In Dutch, the letter combination  represents  at the beginning of a syllable, and  at the end. However, most English speakers pronounce Dutch words such as Rooibosch and veldschoen with , more closely following the pronunciation rules for German spelling. In contrast, certain well-established Dutch surnames and place names in the United States dating to colonial times, such as Schuyler, have  pronounced as , which is relatively closer to the Dutch pronunciation.

The cluster /sx/ is not present in English phonology, and is found difficult by most native speakers, so that some level of correction away from the Dutch original is inevitable.

The name Roosevelt, which is pronounced , as if it started like goose, even though a natural Dutch pronunciation would be closer to the English one.

French words
A number of words of French origin feature a final  that is pronounced in English but silent in the original language. For example, the noun cache is sometimes pronounced , as though it were spelled either  (meaning "seal" or "signature") or  (meaning "hidden"). In French, the final  is silent and the word is pronounced . The word cadre is sometimes pronounced  in English, as though it were of Spanish origin. In French, the final  is silent  and a common English pronunciation is .

Legal English is replete with words derived from Norman French, which for a long time was the language of the courts in England and Wales. The correct pronunciation of Norman French is often closer to a natural contemporary English reading than to modern French: the attempt to pronounce these phrases as if they were modern French could therefore be considered to be a hyperforeignism. For example, the clerk's summons "Oyez!" ("Attention!") is commonly pronounced ending in a consonant,  or .

A common pattern is pronouncing French loanwords without a word-final , as with derrière, peignoir, and répertoire. Yet at once, this is a normal pronunciation in French vernacular of North America (both Canadian French and Acadian French, by opposition with Metropolitan French probably used for making this comparison): /r/ is optional as word ending, whereas the vowel just in front of it is always long, contrasting with vowels being almost always short in word-ending positions.

Another common pattern, influenced by French morphophonology, is the omission of word-final consonants. Hyperforeign application of this tendency occurs with omission of these consonants in words with final consonants that are pronounced in French. This occurs notably in the term coup de grâce, in which some speakers omit the final consonant , although it is pronounced in French as ; omitting this consonant instead sounds like coup de gras, meaning a nonsensical "blow of fat." Other examples of this include Vichyssoise, the chess term en prise, prix fixe, sous-vide and mise en scène. There are many instances of this sort of omission connected with proper nouns. Some speakers may omit pronouncing a final  or  in names such as Saint-Saëns, Duras, Boulez, and Berlioz, though these words are pronounced in French with a final  or .

The Norman French language furthermore gave Southern England some ancient family names that were once associated with the aristocracy. An example is Lestrange which is sometimes pronounced with its natural and contemporaneous French inflection, though it is more often pronounced like the English word strange, .

Speakers of American English typically pronounce lingerie , depressing the first vowel of the French  to sound more like a typical French nasal vowel, and rhyming the final syllable with English ray, by analogy with the many French loanwords ending in , , , and , which rhyme with ray in English. Similarly, the French-derived term repartie (, "rejoinder") was changed to English spelling  ("banter"), giving rise to a hyperforeign .

Claret is often pronounced , without a final . However, it is historically an Anglicised (and genericised) version of the original French clairet, with the  more typically being pronounced and the stress falling on the first syllable: .

Moët, a brand of French champagne, is often pronounced with a silent T. However, the name is Dutch, and its native pronunciation is [moɛt] .

Hindi words
The  in the name of the Taj Mahal or raj is often rendered , but a closer approximation to the Hindi sound is . The  in most words associated with languages of India is more accurately approximated as .

Italian words
The  in Adagio may be realized as , even though the soft  of Italian represents an affricate .

The name of the principal male character in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew is spelled , intended to be the Italian name Petruccio , reflecting more conventional English pronunciation rules that use  to represent . However, the name is commonly pronounced , as though Shakespeare's spelling was genuinely Italian.

Substituting baristo for a male barista, when in fact barista is invariable in gender in Italian and Spanish (as are other words ending in the suffix -ista) is a hyperforeignism. In Italian (and Spanish), the gender is indicated by the article; il (el) barista for a male and la barista for a female.

The word latte ("milk"), as in caffè latte, is often misspelled as  or , implying stress on the final syllable. However, latte has no accent mark in Italian and has the stress on the first syllable. This may be an analogy with French words such as frappé , where there is such an accent mark.

Italian , as in maraschino, bruschetta, or the brand name Freschetta, is often mispronounced as English  rather than the correct [sk], due to greater familiarity with the German pronunciation of .

Mandarin words
The  in Beijing is often rendered as , but a closer approximation to the Mandarin sound is . The Pinyin letter  is pronounced .

Russian words
Because the Russian loanword dacha (дача ) looks like it could be German, the pronunciation , with a velar fricative, shows an attempt at marking a word as foreign, but with a sound not originally present in the source word. The more common pronunciation is , which sounds closer to the original Russian word.

In Russian, many early loanwords are pronounced as native Russian words with full palatalization. Hyperforeignism occurs when some speakers pronounce these early loanwords without palatalization. For example: тема ("theme") is normally pronounced . A hyperforeign pronunciation would be , as if the word were spelled . Similarly, текст ("text") is pronounced , with the hyperforeign pronunciation being , as if it were spelled . Other examples include музей ("museum")  → , газета ("newspaper")  →  and эффект ("effect")  → . The variation is attributable to the tendency to use  in foreign words after a consonant, even if it is not palatalized.

Phenian, a now obsolete name for Pyongyang, which was a transcription of Russian , was pronounced , as if ⟨ph⟩ represented the voiceless labiodental fricative like in English.

Spanish words
The digraph  of Spanish generally represents , similar to English . Hyperforeign realizations of many Spanish loanwords or proper names may substitute other sounds. Examples include a French-style  in the surname Chávez and in Che Guevara, or a German-influenced  or Ancient Greek-influenced  in machismo. The  in the Spanish word chorizo is sometimes realized as  by English speakers, reflecting more closely the pronunciation of the double letter  in Italian and Italian loanwords in English. This is not the pronunciation of present-day Spanish, however. Rather, the  in chorizo represents  or  (depending on dialect) in Spanish.

Some English speakers pronounce certain words of Spanish origin as if they had an eñe or Ll when they do not in the original language. For example, the word habanero is pronounced  (with an n) in Spanish. English speakers may instead pronounce it , as if it were spelled ; the phenomenon also occurs with empanada, which may be pronounced as if spelled . The city of Cartagena, Colombia, is very commonly pronounced as if it were spelled .

The South American beverage, mate, is frequently spelled  in English, adding an accent which, in Spanish, changes the pronunciation and meaning of the word (maté meaning "I killed" in Spanish). However, the accented spelling may serve a purpose, as it is interpreted by some English speakers to indicate that the word has two syllables and is not pronounced like the English word mate (). Following Spanish orthography though, the only correct place to add an accent which matches the natural stress of the word (and therefore does not change its pronunciation) would be on the A, máte.

Other languages

Japanese
Loanwords from Japanese are often subject to hyperforeignism. The names of three of the four main islands of Japan, Honsiu, Kiusiu, and Sikoku, are already Polish transcriptions with close approximations of Japanese sounds—, , and —but are often pronounced with changing native  into foreign . Other Japanese words use English transcriptions, which causes further problems.

Norwegian
In Norwegian, like in Swedish, entrecôte can be pronounced without the final . This might also happen in pommes frites (french fries), and the  is often removed in the pronunciation of Béarnaise sauce.

See also
Metal umlaut

Notes

References

Language varieties and styles
Linguistic error
Phonology

Hyperforeignism


Farewell, My Lovely is a 1975 British American crime mystery thriller movie directed by Dick Richards and is the third adaption of the novel of the same name by Raymond Chandler. It stars Charlotte Rampling, John Ireland, Robert Mitchum, Sylvia Miles (in her Oscar nominated role), Anthony Zerbe, Harry Dean Stanton, Joe Spinell, Sylvester Stallone, Ivor Danvers and was distributed by ITC Entertainment.

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Moomins and the Comet Chase is a 2010 3D stop motion animated fantasy adventure comedy family film compiled from the Comet in Moominland-based episodes of the 1977–1982 The Moomins TV series animated at Se-ma-for in Poland, restored and re-soundtracked with multiple voice actors replacing the single narrator. It is the second such Moomin film produced by Finnish children's film company Filmkompaniet, the first being Moomin and Midsummer Madness, and the first one converted to stereoscopic 3-D. A similar revision of the remainder of the series for high-definition television of all 78 episodes will follow and is currently in production. The same novel has been adapted into film at least twice before, with the 1978 Russian stop motion serial Mumi-troll and the 1992 Japanese traditional animation feature Comet in Moominland. The international version of the film features the voices of known Swedish actors like Stellan Skarsgård, Peter Stormare, Alexander Skarsgård. Musician and Moomins fan Björk also wrote an original song for the film. The international film debuted at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010. In Finland, it arrived in movie theaters on 6 August 2010 and was later broadcast on the MTV3 channel. The film was also produced in dozens of other languages and subsequently received global distribution.

Plot
One day Moomintroll wakes to notice that grey dust is covering everything in the Moominvalley. He runs to ask the philosophical Muskrat if he knows what is happening, who advises him that things tend to look like this before an awful fate coming from the sky hits the Earth. With the help of his father, Moominpappa, Moomintroll and his close friends Sniff and Snufkin build a raft and head out on a challenging journey to the observatory in the Lonely Mountains hoping to find out more from the wise professors there. The friends have to overcome several adversities in order to make it there. When they arrive, they find the professors deep in calculations. They reveal that a comet will reach the Earth in four days, four hours, four minutes and 44 seconds.

The group decides to get back home as fast as they can to share the news. On the journey home, they encounter more dangerous creatures and obstacles as well as some old and new friends, including Snork Maiden and her brother Snork, who join them on their adventure. The sky continues to become redder and the air hotter. When they get to the seashore, they are shocked to see that the sea has completely dried up. A walk along the dried out sea bottom brings more excitement and danger.

Eventually they make it back home to the Moominhouse and discover another shocking detail: the comet is supposed to land right in their own garden that very night. Ultimately, the big question is if they can get everybody to safety in time.

Cast
(International / Finnish)

 Max von Sydow / Tapani Perttu as The Narrator
 Stellan Skarsgård as Moominpappa and Hemulens / Tapani Perttu as Moominpappa
 Alexander Skarsgård / Jasper Pääkkönen as Moomintroll
 Peter Stormare / Taneli Mäkelä as Snufkin
 Mads Mikkelsen / Ilpo Mikkonen as Sniff
 Helena Mattsson as Snork Maiden
 Kathleen Fee / Johanna Viksten as Moominmamma
 Arthur Holden / Jarmo Koski as Snork
 Jarmo Koski as Hemulen
 Terrence Scammell / Jarmo Koski as Muskrat

Soundtrack
 "The Comet Song" – Björk and Sjón Sigurdsson

Release
The film was released theatrically on 6 August 2010 by Oy Filmkompaniet Alpha Ab and was later broadcast on the MTV3 channel. It was also released on DVD by NonStop Sales and opened the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010.

Music
Icelanders Björk and Sjón, both big fans of the Moomin franchise, composed "The Comet Song" for the film's soundtrack. Antonia Ringbom, a Finnish director, producer, animator and illustrator who specializes in children's programming, is working on the project's title sequence, which combines her animation with the theme song performed by Björk. Bjork said: "I read the books as a child and then I read them for my children. I guess I realised that I still like them just as much. They probably stand for something Nordic, I think there's something quite stark, a certain kind of simplicity. You could speculate and say, 'because there are fewer plants there, and fewer animals, fewer buildings, so it's kind of more minimal. I've sometimes compared it to Scandinavian furniture , compared to Italian furniture. Italian - hundreds of little details, curls and curves and decoration - and Scandinavian furniture is kind of naked. And it's funny and sad at the same time. And the relationship to nature Tove Jansson has, that's very important to me. And everybody's allowed to be just as eccentric as they are, they don't have to conform. Reading to my children I actually noticed some kind of anti-authority aspect in it – there's no hierarchy between the characters, they are all equal. I like that a lot."

References

External links

 Film page on the Finnish Film Foundation website

Moomins
Animated films based on children's books
2010s stop-motion animated films
2010 3D films
2010 films
3D animated films
2010 fantasy films
Films based on fantasy novels
Films based on Finnish novels
Animated films about trolls
Finnish animated films
Animated films about impact events
Comets in film
Animated films based on novels

Moomins and the Comet Chase


William Fagan (20 February 1917 – 29 February 1992) was a Scottish footballer, who played for Celtic, Preston North End and Liverpool.

Football career

Celtic
Fagan started his professional career as a teenager at Celtic, joining the club from Wellesley Juniors, the same route taken by his uncle John McFarlane 16 years earlier. He made his debut aged barely 18 in March 1935, and appeared five times for the Hoops as they won the 1935–36 Scottish Division One title; however, it was his six goals in as many matches at the start of the 1936–37 season which drew attention from other clubs.

Preston North End
He moved on to Preston North End where he would link up with several other Scottish players, including former Celtic players Hugh O'Donnell and Frank O'Donnell, and future managerial great Bill Shankly. They reached the FA Cup final of 1937 but lost the game 3–1 to Sunderland.

Liverpool
Liverpool manager George Kay then took Fagan to Liverpool where he made his debut, along with John Shafto, on 23 October 1937 in a 1–1 league draw with Leicester at Anfield. He scored his first Liverpool goal a week later on 30 October in a 3–2 league win over Sunderland at Roker Park.

While playing for the Reds, Fagan went straight into the line-up in his favoured inside-left position, although he did appear as a centre-forward; he ended his initial season at the club with nine goals in 36 matches. He followed this up by scoring 15 times, one behind top scorer Berry Nieuwenhuys (who later invited Fagan to be best man at his wedding) and missing only just three matches of the 1938–39 campaign.

The Second World War interrupted Fagan's career for six years and it took away the majority of his best years. He played as a wartime guest for Celtic, Aldershot, Leicester, Northampton, Newcastle, Chelsea, Millwall and Reading.

Fagan returned to Merseyside upon the conclusion of the war and was appointed captain. He played 22 (18 league) matches, scoring seven goals (all in the league) as Liverpool won the first post-war First Division championship by the end of the 1946–47 season.

Injuries caused his appearances during the 1947–48 and 1948–49 seasons to be very irregular, and he also lost the captaincy and appeare dto be on the verge of departing. He bounced back in the 1949–50 season as he helped the Reds to their very first Wembley cup final on 29 April 1950. Fagan made 42 appearances in that campaign, seven in the FA Cup, scoring 11 goals, four of them in the cup run. Arsenal won the final 2–0 in front of a 100,000 crowd, the second time he had been on the losing side in a cup final.

Fagan made just four appearances during the following campaign and three during the first half of the 1951–52 season. He was allowed to leave Liverpool in January 1952.

Later football career
Fagan joined Northern Irish club Belfast Distillery where he played for a short time. He then headed back to England where in took on a player/manager role at Weymouth.

International
He gained his only international recognition during World War Two when he appeared for Scotland in 1945; however these are regarded as 'unofficial' internationals.

After playing
After hanging up his boots, Willie became a Borstal officer, an occupation he held until his retirement in 1982.

Willie died in February 1992 in Wellingborough. He was 75 years old.

Honours

Football League First Division (Level 1): 1947
FA Cup: Runner-up 1937, 1950

References

External links
 Player profile at LFChistory.net

1917 births
1992 deaths
Celtic F.C. players
Footballers from Musselburgh
Preston North End F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
Lisburn Distillery F.C. players
Weymouth F.C. players
Weymouth F.C. managers
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Men's association football inside forwards
Scottish football managers
Scotland men's wartime international footballers
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Wellesley Juniors F.C. players

Willie Fagan


Ashokan Bridge (also known as the Turnwood Bridge or New Paltz Campus Bridge) is a wooden covered bridge over Esopus Creek on the grounds of the Ashokan Center, in Ulster County. It was built in 1885, and is a single span, gable roofed, covered timber bridge. It measures 72 feet, 6 inches, long and 16 feet, 4 inches, wide.  It was originally located at Turnwood and moved to its present location in 1939.  It is situated in the Ashokan Center, which was formerly the Ashokan Field Campus of the State University of New York at New Paltz.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

It is one of 29 covered bridges in New York State.

References

External links
 Ashokan / Turnwood Bridge, at New York State Covered Bridge Society

State University of New York at New Paltz
Bridges in Ulster County, New York
Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Ulster County, New York
Bridges completed in 1885
1885 establishments in New York (state)
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Wooden bridges in New York (state)

Ashokan Bridge


1.22.03.Acoustic is an acoustic compilation album released by pop-rock band Maroon 5. The songs on the album are from the hit pop first album by Maroon 5 called Songs About Jane. There is a song on the compilation album called "If I Fell" which Adam Levine does a cover on by The Beatles. Another song featured in the album is called "Highway to Hell" by AC/DC, in this song Adam Levine is playing drums while Ryan Dusick (drums) sings the song. Although the album is mostly known as an acoustic album, the AC/DC cover is performed as an electric performance.

Track list
 "This Love"
 "Sunday Morning"
 "She Will Be Loved"
 "Harder To Breathe"
 "The Sun (Maroon 5 song)"
 "If I Fell (The Beatles acoustic cover)"
 "Highway to Hell (AC/DC electric cover)"

References

2004 albums
Maroon 5 albums
Compilation albums

1.22.03.Acoustic


, ,  or  : 1573 – September 15, 1626) was a prominently-placed female figure in the Azuchi–Momoyama period and early Edo period. She was a daughter of Oichi and the sister of Yodo-dono and Ohatsu. When she rose to higher political status during the Tokugawa shogunate, she took the title of "Ōmidaidokoro". Following the fall of the Council of Five Elders, Oeyo and her sisters were key figures in maintaining a diplomatic relationship between the two most powerful clans of their time, Toyotomi and Tokugawa. Due to her great contributions to politics at the beginning of the Edo period she was posthumously inducted into the Junior First Rank of the Imperial Court, the second highest honor that could be conferred by the Emperor of Japan.

Oeyo married three times, first to Saji Kazunari, her cousin, then to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's nephew, Toyotomi Hidekatsu. She had a daughter with Hidekatsu named Toyotomi Sadako later married Kujō Yukiie.  Her third and last husband Tokugawa Hidetada became the second Tokugawa shōgun. She was also the mother of his successor Iemitsu, the third shōgun.  She had Senhime, Tamahime, Katsuhime, Hatsuhime, Takechiyo (Iemitsu), and Tadanaga. Hatsuhime was adopted by Oeyo's sister Ohatsu, who is the wife of Kyōgoku Takatsugu.

Surviving record books from merchants of luxury goods provide insight into patterns of patronage and taste amongst the privileged class of women like Oeyo and her sisters.

Genealogy
Oeyo, also known as Ogō, was the third and youngest daughter of the Sengoku-period daimyō Azai Nagamasa. Her mother, Oichi was the younger sister of Oda Nobunaga.   Toyotomi Hideyoshi became the adoptive father and protector of Oeyo in the period before her marriage.

Oeyo's oldest sister, styled Yodo-dono, Cha-Cha in birth name, was a prominent concubine of Hideyoshi who gave birth to his heir, Toyotomi Hideyori.

Oeyo's middle sister, Ohatsu was the wife of Kyōgoku Takatsugu and the mother of Kyōgoku Tadataka.

Name
Oeyo also known as Sugoin-in, was initially engaged to Saji Kazunari but was later separated from him by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. She subsequently married her adoptive nephew, Toyotomi Hidekatsu, and bore a daughter named Sadatako. Tragically, Hidekatsu died suddenly. For her third marriage, she wed Tokugawa Hidetada, who would become the second shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate. She had two sons and five daughters, including a daughter named Takako.

Regarding her name, "Sugoin-in" was part of her posthumous title. There has been debate over its pronunciation. The authoritative "Kokushi Daijiten" suggests it should be pronounced as "Sūgen'in," with the character "崇" read as "sū." However, a document believed to be authored by Kasuga no Tsubone in the possession of Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto uses the reading "Sōgen'in-sama." Additionally, a provisional edition of "Kansei Shoka Keizu Den" also reads "崇源院殿" as "Sōgen'in den." These sources suggest that she may have been referred to as "Sōgen'in" during her time.

Her childhood name (commonly used name) was "Kogou" based on the oldest record found in "Taikō Sosei Ki." However, different historical sources have assigned the characters "江" or "郷" to her name. The change from the character "督" to "江" may have been due to her marriage to Tokugawa Hidetada, who was known as "Edo-chunagon" at the time.

In pre-modern Japan, most women retained their childhood names throughout their lives and did not have formal given names. However, in the upper classes, women were sometimes given given names to be used in official documents, especially when receiving titles or honors. In the case of Sugoin-in, a formal given name "Michiko" was bestowed posthumously, as recorded in the "Chūin Tsūmura Nikki" from 1626.

In the case of noblewomen, they were often given honorary titles in addition to their childhood and given names. These titles could change based on their residence or status. Sugoin-in had several titles throughout her life, including "Kitano Kata," "Oshinzo," "Go-Shinzo," and "O-Go-Shinzo," each reflecting her changing circumstances and roles.

Biography

Early Life and Marriage to Saji Kazunari
Sugoin-in was born in Odani, Omi Province (present-day Nagahama, Shiga Prefecture), as the third daughter of Asai Nagamasa, a powerful regional daimyo. Her mother was Oichi no Kata, the daughter of Oda Nobuhide and sister of Oda Nobunaga.

The exact year of her birth is a subject of debate, with some sources suggesting 1570, based on her age at death, while others propose 1573. The latter is considered more likely, with some scholars estimating her birth month to be August.

In September 1573, Odani Castle, her family's stronghold, was attacked and taken by Oda Nobunaga, leading to the downfall of the Asai clan. Sugoin-in, along with her mother Oichi and sisters, was rescued by Oda Nobunaga's forces. After her father's suicide, she was placed under the care of Oda Nobunaga's brother-in-law, Oda Nobutada.

In June 1582, following the death of Oda Nobunaga in the Incident at Honno-ji, Sugoin-in, her mother, and her sisters were transferred to the care of Oda Nobunaga's uncle, Oda Nobutaka. They resided in Gifu Castle but were soon separated as her mother married Shibata Katsuie, one of Nobunaga's loyal retainers.

Marriage to Toyotomi Hidekatsu
Sugoin-in's first marriage took place under the patronage of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. She married her adoptive nephew, Toyotomi Hidekatsu, the lord of Tanba Province. The exact timing of this marriage is uncertain, but it is believed to have occurred in 1584. This marriage served to strengthen ties between the Oda and Toyotomi clans.

However, this union was short-lived due to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's ambitions and conflicts within the Toyotomi clan. After the Siege of Shizugatake in 1583, Hideyoshi ordered the dissolution of their marriage, resulting in Sugoin-in's separation from Hidekatsu.

Second Marriage to Toyotomi Hidekatsu
After the dissolution of her first marriage, Sugoin-in found herself in a precarious position. During this period, Japan was in a state of turmoil, with various warlords vying for power. She eventually remarried, this time to her adoptive nephew, Toyotomi Hidekatsu, the nephew and adopted son of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The exact date of their marriage remains uncertain, but it likely occurred in the late 1580s or early 1590s.

Hidekatsu was a loyal supporter of Hideyoshi and served as the lord of various domains. Despite their significant age difference, Sugoin-in and Hidekatsu married, and they had a daughter named Sadatako. However, their happiness was short-lived, as Hidekatsu tragically died.

Third Marriage to Tokugawa Hidetada
Sugoin-in's life took another dramatic turn. On September 17, 1595, she remarried in Fushimi, becoming the wife of Tokugawa Ieyasu's heir, Tokugawa Hidetada. Hidetada, who had come to Kyoto in 1590 during the 18th year of the Tensho era, had been engaged to Oda Nobunaga's daughter, Oda Go, who was also a ward of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. However, their wedding plans were never realized due to Go's untimely death. Hidetada and she went on to have seven children, with their eldest daughter, Senhime, born in 1597.

In 1600, during the 5th year of the Keicho era, Toyotomi Hideyoshi expanded the hall of Sennyu-ji Temple and built a shrine dedicated to Oda Nobunaga on the former site of Azuchi Castle. Subsequently, after Hideyoshi's death, she instructed Niwa Nagashige to rebuild the shrine in the ashes of Azuchi Castle.

During the Siege of Osaka in 1614-1615, the Toyotomi clan was defeated, and she lost her sister Yodo-dono. On May 7, 1617, she mourned for Yodo-dono and Toyotomi Hideyori at Yogen-in Temple. When Yogen-in, the temple founded by Yodo-dono in memory of their father, Azai Nagamasa, was destroyed by fire in 1619, she petitioned the Tokugawa shogunate to rebuild it. Her request was granted, and the temple was reconstructed in 1621.

Death and Legacy
She died on September 15, 1626, at Edo Castle's Nishinomaru (Western Bailey) at the age of 54. Her posthumous Buddhist name was "Sugeden-in Donsho Wako Ninsei Shojotei Ni."

Following her death, she was buried at Zojo-ji Temple in Tokyo's Minato Ward, at the same site as her husband Tokugawa Hidetada and other Tokugawa shogunate members.

There are also memorial pagodas dedicated to her at Kinkai-koji Temple in Kyoto's Sakyo Ward and Kongobu-ji Temple in Koya-cho, Wakayama Prefecture. These pagodas bear inscriptions recognizing her as "Sugeden-in Donsho Wako Ninsei." Another memorial pagoda is located inside the Rokkakudo Pagoda at Konkai Komyo-ji Temple in Kyoto, with the inscription "Sugeden-in Gen Donsho Taishi."

In summary, her life was marked by her marriages to prominent figures of the time, her involvement in the reconstruction of religious sites, and her contributions to the Tokugawa family. Her legacy is commemorated in several memorial pagodas across Japan.

Family
 Father: Azai Nagamasa (1545-1573)
 Mother: Oichi (1547-1583)
 Step-Father: Shibata Katsuie (1522-1583)
 Foster Father: Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598)
 Husbands:
 Saji Kazunari (m. 1583 div. 1584)
 Toyotomi Hidekatsu (m. 1591–1592)
 Tokugawa Hidetada (m. 1595)
 Children:

by Hidekatsu
 Toyotomi Sadako (1592–1658), adopted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Yodo-dono later married Kujō Yukiie and later adopted by Tokugawa Hidetada

by Hidetada
 Senhime (1597-1666)
 Tamahime (1599-1622)
 Katsuhime
 Hatsuhime
 Tokugawa Iemitsu (1604-1651)
 Tokugawa Tadanaga (1606-1634)
 Tokugawa Masako (1607-1678)

Timeline
1573: Born
1573: Azai Nagamasa and Manpukumaru committed suicide, Oichi and her daughters returned to Oda clan.
1579: Moved to Azuchi Castle from Ise-Ueno Castle
1582: Oda Nobunaga was betrayed
1582: Oichi married to Shibata Katsuie
1583: Shibata Katsuie and Oichi committed suicide
1583: Married Saji Kazunari
1584: Divorced with Saji Kazunari
1587: Ohatsu married Kyōgoku Takatsugu
1589: Yodo-dono gave birth to Toyotomi Tsurumatsu
1591: Yodo-dono's son, Toyotomi Tsurumatsu died
1591: Married with Toyotomi Hidekatsu and moved to Jurakudai
1592: Toyotomi Hidekatsu died
1592: Gave birth to Toyotomi Sadako
1593: Yodo-dono gave birth to Toyotomi Hideyori
1595: Toyotomi Hidetsugu committed suicide and Jurakudai was dismantled
1595: Married Tokugawa Hidetada.
1597: May 26: Gave birth to Sen-hime
1599: Aug. 1: Gave birth to Tama-hime (died 9 August 1622)
1601: June 12: Gave birth to Katsu-hime (died 20 March 1672)
1601: Tamahime married Maeda Toshitsune
1602: Aug. 25: Gave birth to Hatsu-hime (died 16 April 1630)
1603: Senhime married to Toyotomi Hideyori
1603: June 3: Toyotomi Sadako married Kujō Yukiie
1604: Aug. 12: Gave birth to Iemitsu
1605: Hidetada becomes shogun
1606: June 12: Gave birth to Tadanaga
1607: Nov. 23: Gave birth to Matsu-hime Tokugawa Masako
1607: Sadahime gave birth to Nijō Yasumichi
1607: Hatsu-hime married Kyōgoku Tadataka
1609: Sadahime gave birth to Kujō Michifusa
1611: Katsuhime married Matsudaira Tadanao
1613: Tamahime give birth to Kametsuru-hime
1615: Toyotomi Hideyori and his mother Yodo-dono committed suicide, Osaka Castle burned and Senhime returned to Tokugawa Family.
1615: Sadahime gave birth to Matsudono Michimoto
1615: Tamahime gave birth to Maeda Mitsutaka
1616: Tamahime gave birth to Eihime
1616: Senhime married to Honda Tadatoki
1616: Katsuhime gave birth to Matsudaira Mitsunaga
1617: Tamahime's daughter, Eihime died
1617: Tamahime gave birth to Maeda Toshitsugu
1617: Katsuhime gave birth to Kamehime
1618: Senhime gave birth to (Honda) Katsuhime
1618: Tamahime gave birth to Maeda Toshiharu
1618: (Tokugawa) Katsuhime gave birth to Tsuruhime
1619: Senhime gave birth to Kochiyo
1619: Tamahime gave birth to Mitsuhime
1620: Masako married Emperor Go-Mizunoo
1621: Senhime's son, Kochiyo died
1621: Tamahime gave birth to Tomihime
1622: Katsuhime divorced Matsudaira Tadanao and went back to Tokugawa clan with her children.
1622: Tamahime gave birth to Natsuhime and died during childbirth
1623: daughter of Tamahime, Natsuhime died
1623: Iemitsu becomes shogun
1623: Iemitsu married Takaatsukasa Takako
1624: Tokugawa Masako gave birth to Empress Meishō
1625: Masako gave birth to Onna-ni-no-Miya
1626: Honda Tadatoki died, Senhime went back to Tokugawa Family with her daughter
1626: Died while Hidetada and Iemitsu were in Kyoto
1626: Received the posthumous court rank of Jūichi-i

Burial
After Hidetada resigned the government to his eldest son in 1623, Oeyo took a Buddhist name,   or Sogenin.  Her mausoleum can be found at Zōjō-ji in the Shiba neighborhood of Tokyo.

Honours
Junior First Rank (November 28, 1626; posthumous)

Taiga drama
NHK's 2011 Taiga drama, Gō: Himetachi no Sengoku, is based on the life of Oeyo who is played by the actress Juri Ueno.

Notable descendants
Together with Odai no Kata (Ieyasu's mother) and Lady Saigo (mother of Hidetada), Oeyo was the matriarch who stabilized the Tokugawa shogunate. Her descendants became shoguns, aristocrats and other prominent political figures. It is speculated that her son, Iemitsu, was the last direct male descendant of Tokugawa Ieyasu, thus ending the patrilineality of the shogunate for the third generation.
 Toyotomi Sadako
 Matsudono Michiaki (1616–1646)
Nijō Yasumichi
Nijō Mitsuhira
Kujō Michifusa
 a daughter married Kujō Kaneharu
Kujō Sukezane
Kujō Morotaka
 Zuisho-in married Tokugawa Yoshimichi
Tokugawa Gorōta
Kujō Yukinori
Kujō Tanemoto
Kujō Naozane
Kujō Michisaki
Kujō Sukeie
Nijō Munemoto
 Nijō Shigeyori (1751–1768)
Nijō Harutaka
 Nijō Narimichi (1781–1798)
Kujō Suketsugu
 Saionji
 a daughter married Tokugawa Nariatsu
 a daughter married Matsudaira Yoritsugu of Hitachi-Fuchū Domain
Kujō Hisatada
Kujō Asako () to Emperor Kōmei
 Imperial Princess Yoriko Naishinnō
 Imperial Princess Fuku
Michitaka
Matsuzono Hisayoshi
Tsurudono Tadayoshi
Takatsukasa Hiromichi
Nobusuke Takatsukasa
Toshimichi Takatsukasa
 Takatsukasa Nobuhiro (1892–1981)
Nijō Motohiro
Nijō Atsumoto
Nijō Narinobu
Nijō Nariyuki
Nijō Masamaro
 Nijō Toyomoto (1909–1944)
 Nijō Tamemoto (1911–1985)
 Nijō Suiko married Nabeshima Naotomo
Nabeshima Naotada
 Tokugawa Masako, married Emperor Go-Mizunoo
Empress Meishō
 Imperial Prince Takahito Shinno (1626–1628)
 Imperial Princess On'nani no Miya Naishinno (1625–1651)
 Wakamiya
 Kikumiya
 Imperial Princess Akiko no Miya Naishinno (1629–1675)
 Imperial Princess Noriko no Miya Naishinno (1632–1696)
 Katsuhime, married Matsudaira Tadanao
 Matsudaira Mitsunaga (1616–1707) of Takada Domain
 Matsudaira Tsunakata (1633–1674)
 Kamehime (1617–1681) married Takamatsu no Miya Yoshihito-Shinno, son of Emperor Go-Yōzei
 Tsuruhime (1618–1671) married Kujō Michifusa
 Third daughter married Asano Tsunaakira
 Fifth daughter married Asano Tsunaakira
 First daughter married Kujō Kaneharu
Kujō Sukezane
 Zuisho-in married Tokugawa Yoshimichi
Tokugawa Gorota
Kujō Morotaka
Kujō Yukinori
Kujō Tanemoto
Nijō Munemoto
 Nijō Shigeyori (1751–1768)
Nijō Harutaka
Kujō Hisatada
 Matsuzono Hisayoshi
 Tsurudono Tadayoshi
Takatsukasa Hiromichi
 Takatsukasa Nobuhiro
Nobusuke Takatsukasa
Toshimichi Takatsukasa
Nijō Motohiro
Nijō Atsumoto
Empress Eishō
 Imperial Princess Yoriko Naishinnō
 Imperial Princess Fuko
Kujo Michitaka
Empress Teimei
Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu
Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu
Takahito, Prince Mikasa
Prince Tomohito of Mikasa
Princess Yoko of Mikasa
Princess Akiko of Mikasa
Princess Yasuko of Mikasa
 Tadahiro Konoe (b. 1970)
Yoshihito, Prince Katsura
Norihito, Prince Takamado
Princess Tsuguko of Takamado
Princess Noriko of Takamado
Princess Ayako of Takamado
Princess Masako of Mikasa
 Akifumi Sen
 Makiko Sen
 Takafumi Sen
Hirohito, Emperor Showa
Akihito, Emperor of Japan
Sayako, Princess Nori
Fumihito, Prince Akishino
Princess Mako of Akishino
Princess Kako of Akishino
Prince Hisahito of Akishino
Naruhito, Emperor of Japan
Aiko, Princess Toshi
Takako, Princess Suga
 Yoshihisa Shimazu (b. 1962)
Masahito, Prince Hitachi
Atsuko, Princess Yori
Kazuko, Princess Taka
Sachiko, Princess Hisa
Shigeko, Princess Teru
 Mibu Motohiro (b. 1949)
 Princess Fumiko of Higashikuni (b. 1946)
 Princess Yuko of Higashikuni (b. 1954)
 Prince Naohiko Higashikuni
 Prince Teruhiko Higashikuni
 Prince Mutsuhiko Higashikuni
 Prince Nobuhiko Higashikuni (b. 1945)
 Prince Yukihiko Higashikuni (b. 1974)
 Nijō Narimichi (1781–1798)
 Sainjo
Kujō Suketsugu
 Nijō Suiko married Nabeshima Naotomo
Nabeshima Naotada
Nijō Narinobu
Nijō Nariyuki
Nijō Masamaro
 Nijo Toyomoto (1909–1944)
 Nijo Tamemoto (1911–1985)
Kujō Naozane
Kujō Michisaki
Kujō Sukeie

 Senhime– Daughter, married Toyotomi Hideyori and later married Honda Tadatoki
Kochiyo (1619–1621)
Katsuhime (1618–1678) married Ikeda Mitsumasa
 Tsuhime (1636–1717) married Ichijō Norisuke
Ichijō Kaneteru
Ikeda Tsunamasa
Ikeda Tsugumasa
Ikeda Munemasa
 Ikeda Harumasa (1750–1819)
 Ikeda Narimasa (1779–1833)
 Sagara Nagahiro (1752–1813)
 Sagara Yorinori (1774–1856)
 Sagara Yoriyuki (1798–1850)
 Ikeda Akimasa (1836–1903)
 Ikeda Narimasa (1865–1909)
 Ikeda Tadamasa (1895–1902)
 Ikeda Nobumasa (1904–1988)
 Ikeda Takamasa (1926–2012) married Atsuko Ikeda
  married Maeda Toshitsune
Maeda Toshitsugu
 Maeda Masatoshi (1649–1706)
 Manhime (1618–1700) married Asano Mitsuakira
 Asano Naganao (1644–1666)
 Asano Nagateru (1652–1702)
Asano Tsunaakira
Asano Tsunanaga
Asano Yoshinaga
Asano Munetsune
Asano Shigeakira
Asano Narikata
Asano Naritaka
Asano Yoshiteru
 Asano Nagatoshi
Asano Nagamichi
 Asano Toshitsugu
Asano Nagayuki
Asano Nagatake
Asano Nagayoshi
 Asano Nagataka (b. 1956)
 Asano Toshiteru
Asano Nagakoto
 Komatsuruhime (1613–1630) married Mōri Tadahiro
 Tomi-hime (1621–1662)
 Maeda Mitsutaka
 Maeda Tsunanori
 Maeda Toshiaki (1691–1737)
 Maeda Toshimichi (1737–1781)
 Maeda Toshitoyo (1771–1836)
 Maeda Toshihiro (1823–1877)
 Maeda Toshiaki (1850–1896)
 Toshinari Maeda
 Maeda Toshitatsu (1908–1989)
 Maeda Toshihiri (b. 1935)
 Maeda Toshitaka (b. 1963)
 Maeda Toshikyo (b. 1993)
 Maeda Yoshinori
 Maeda Munetoki
 Maeda Shigehiro
 Maeda Shigenobu
 Maeda Harunaga
 Maeda Shigemichi
 Maeda Narinaga
 Maeda Nariyasu
 Maeda Yoshiyasu
 Yoshitsugu Maeda (1858–1900)
 Tokugawa Iemitsu
Chiyohime- daughter married Tokugawa Mitsutomo
Tokugawa Tsunanari
Matsudaira Yoshitaka
Tokugawa Tsugutomo
 Matsuhime, married Maeda Yoshinori
Tokugawa Muneharu
Tokugawa Yoshimichi
Tokugawa Gorōta
 Shinjuin (1706–1757) married Kujō Yukinori
Kujō Tanemoto
Nijō Munemoto
 Nijō Shigeyoshi (1751–1768)
Nijō Harutaka
Nijō Suiko married Nabeshima Naotomo
Nabeshima Naotada
 Nijo Narimichi
 Saionji
Kujō Suketsugu
Nijō Narinobu
Nijō Nariyuki
Nijō Masamaro
Nijō Tamemoto (1911–1985)
Nijō Toyomoto (1909–1944)
Kujo Hisatada
Empress Eishō
 Imperial Princess Yoriko Naishinnō
 Imperial Princess Fuko
Kujō Michitaka
Takatsukasa Hiromichi
Nobusuke Takatsukasa
Toshimichi Takatsukasa
 Takatsukasa Nobuhiro (1892–1981)
Nijō Motohiro
Nijō Atsumoto
 Tsurudono Tadayoshi
 Matsuzono Hisayoshi
Tokugawa Ietsuna
 Moyohime (1659–1660)
 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1659–1660)
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
 Tokugawa Tokumatsu (1679–1683)
 Tokugawa Chomatsu (1683–1686)
 Tsuruhime (1677–1704)
Tokugawa Tsunashige
 Matsudaira Kiyotake (1663–1724)
 Matsudaira Kiyokata (1697-1724)
 Tokugawa Ienobu
 Tokugawa Ietsugu
 Tokugawa Daigoro (1709–1710)
 Tokugawa Iechiyo (1707–1707)
 Tokugawa Torakichi (1711–1712)
 Toyo-hime (1681–1681)
 Tokugawa Mugetsuin (1699–1699)

Notes

References
 Hickman, Money L., John T. Carpenter and Bruce A. Coats. (2002).  Japan's Golden Age: Momoyama. New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 34564921
 Wilson, Richard L. (1985).  Ogata Kenzan (1663–1743) (PhD thesis/dissertation). Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas.  OCLC 19111312

1573 births
1626 deaths
16th-century Japanese women
17th-century Japanese people
17th-century Japanese women
People of Azuchi–Momoyama-period Japan
People of Edo-period Japan
People of Muromachi-period Japan
People of Sengoku-period Japan
Azai clan
Tokugawa clan
Women of medieval Japan
16th-century Japanese people
Deified Japanese people
Owari clanSaji clan

Oeyo


Boris Andreyevich Mozhayev (Борис Андреевич Можаев; June 1, 1923, in Pitelino village, Ryazan Governorate - March 2, 1996, in Moscow) was a Soviet Russian author, dramatist, script-writer and editor, the USSR State Prize (1989) laureate, best known for his novel Zhivoy (Alive, 1966) and the two-part epic Peasant Men and Women (Muzhiki i babyi, 1972-1980). Supported by Alexander Tvardovsky and  admired by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Mozhayev experienced serious difficulties with publishing his harshly realistic, tinged with bitter humour Village prose, dealing with trials and tribulations of the Soviet peasantry in the years of collectivisation and beyond.

Biography
Boris Andreyevich Mozhayev was born on June 1, 1923, in Ryazanskaya Oblast, to an Oka River steamship pilot; all of his ancestors (on mother's side too) have been one way or another connected to Oka, Volga or the Caspian Sea, where they worked as sailors, skippers, navigators, even burlaks. In 1935, during the Stalin purges, Andrey Mozhayev was arrested and deported to the Russian far East where he died. Boris was one of the six children his mother had to raise on her own. In 1940, after graduating the secondary school, Mozhayev enrolled into the shipbuilding faculty of the Gorky Institute of Navy Transport Engineers. He had to leave it due to financial difficulties and, after working as a teacher for half a year, got drafted. In 1943 he joined the Military Engineering-Technical University in Leningrad.

Literary career
In 1948, after the graduation in the rank of a lieutenant-engineer, Boris Mozhayev went to the Soviet Far East, to build fortifications in Port Arthur. It was there that he started writing poetry. His first book of verses, Dawns at the Ocean, was published in Vladivostok in 1955. The same year the book of the Uedegean folklore collected and edited by Mozhayev came out. In 1957 his debut short story "The Power of Taiga" appeared in the Oktyabr magazine. Even in his early works, according to critic Andrey Turkov, Mozhayev's approach differed from what was considered the norm: "instead of singing paeans to the 'achievements of Socialism', he was among the first to express deep concern about the consumerist attitude towards natural resources which was becoming more and more evident."

In 1961 Mozhayev's essay "The Land Awaits Its Master" caused controversy and Oktyabr magazine editor Fyodor Panfyorov had to approach one of Nikita Khrushchev's secretaries to receive the permission for the publication. In 1963 the Heaven Against Earth novel caused scandal and its publication was stopped. It came out only in 1966 under the new title Polyushko-Pole. Mikhail Kedrov's production of Mozhayev's play Having Lied Once (Yedinozhdy solgav) was banned by the Soviet Ministry of Culture. Also in 1966 one of the best known work by Mozhayev, Episodes of the Life of Fyodor Kuzkin was published by Alexander Tvardovsky's Novy Mir. The publication of a sequel was cancelled by the Minister of Culture Ekaterina Furtseva personally who (despite the Central Committee member Dmitry Polyansky's efforts to save it) declared it a parody on the Soviet way of life. Also banned was Yuri Lyubimov's production of "Fyodor Kuzkin" at Taganka Theatre; it was only in 1986 that the play could be premiered there. In 1973 Kuzkin was at last published in a small almanac called Forest Roads, under the new title Alive.

In 1980 Boris Mozhayev finished his magnum opus Peasant Men and Women a two-part epic telling the story of collectivization at Ryazanshchina, the subsequent peasant mutiny and its brutal suppression. The first part of it was published by Nash Sovremennik in 1973. The second had to wait until 1987, when it appeared in the Don magazine. Mozhayev was planning a trilogy but could manage only several chapters of the third, autobiographical part, called Izgoy (The Outcast). In 1995 he started editing the Rossiya magazine but soon was diagnosed with cancer and retired.

Boris Andreyevich Mozhayev died on March 2, 1996, in Moscow.

References

1923 births
1996 deaths
Soviet novelists
Soviet male writers
20th-century male writers
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery

Boris Mozhayev


Naomi Burgos Lynn (born 1933) was the first Hispanic woman president of an American public university.  She served as president of Sangamon State University in Springfield, Illinois, beginning in 1991 and through its entrance into the University of Illinois system as the University of Illinois Springfield.  She retired as chancellor of UIS in 2001.  At her retirement the Naomi B. Lynn Distinguished Chair for Lincoln Studies was created at the University of Illinois Springfield, where Dr. Phillip Paludan served as its first recipient.

Born in New York City in 1933, Naomi Burgos was the daughter of Puerto Rican parents.  Her sister, Ruth Burgos Sasscer, also became a university president, leading a community college in San Antonio, Texas.  Naomi attended Maryville College in Maryville, Tennessee, where she met Robert Athan Lynn, whom she married in 1954.  She received her Ph.D. in political science from the University of Kansas and went on to become a professor of political science, and then department head, at Kansas State University. She was also on the Kansas Social and Rehabilitation Review Commission.  In 1988 she moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where she became the dean of the College of Public and Urban Affairs at Georgia State University.

She has served as president of the American Society for Public Administration, the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration, Pi Sigma Alpha and the Women's Caucus for Political Science.  She has also served on the boards of the American Political Science Association, the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, the National Academy of Public Administration, and Maryville College.

She has authored several books including: The Fulbright Premise: Senator J. William Fulbright's Views on Presidential Power (1973), A Research Guide in Women's Studies (1974), and Public Administration: The State of the Discipline (1990).  She also edited Women, Politics and the Constitution (1990).  She has four daughters, Mary Lou, Nancy, Judy, and Jo-An.  She also has ten grandchildren.

Awards
Naomi Burgos Lynn was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 2012 in the area of Education.

References

 Interview with Jessica Lynn Wilson, granddaughter.

External links
 The University of Illinois
 The University of Illinois Springfield
 The National Academy of Public Administration
 Georgia State University
 Maryville College

1933 births
Living people
Educators from New York City
Georgia State University faculty
Kansas State University faculty
Leaders of the University of Illinois
Maryville College alumni
University of Illinois at Springfield
University of Kansas alumni
American women academics
21st-century American women
Women heads of universities and colleges

Naomi B. Lynn


This is a list of the leading drop goal scorers in rugby union test matches, with a minimum of ten test drop goals. Test caps are awarded by a player's national union, regardless of whether the opposition recognise it as such. Note, however, that if one nation grants a match test status and the opponents do not then only the statistics for the nation granting test status are counted in test totals. Composite teams made up of players selected from multiple unions—for example the British and Irish Lions and Pacific Islanders—are also considered test teams because they are selected by a group of recognised national governing bodies.

Only teams for which a player has scored a test drop goal are included in the table; players may have played for other test sides. Table including matches played 27 August 2023:

List
Players who are still active at international level are in bold.

See also
 List of leading rugby union test try scorers
 List of leading rugby union test point scorers
 List of rugby union test caps leaders
 International rugby union player records

References

Drop
Drop goal scorers

List of leading international rugby union drop goal scorers


Malibu's Most Wanted is a 2003 American comedy film written by and starring Jamie Kennedy and co-starring Taye Diggs, Anthony Anderson, Blair Underwood, Regina Hall, Damien Dante Wayans, Ryan O'Neal, and Snoop Dogg. The film is written by the creators of MADtv, Fax Bahr and Adam Small, who also serve as producers. The character of "B-Rad" (a spoof of Eminem's character "B-Rabbit" in the film 8 Mile) originally appeared in Jamie Kennedy's hidden-camera show The Jamie Kennedy Experiment,  but started in his stand-up routine when he was starting out; here, "B-Rad" is Brad, the son of Senator Bill Gluckman who is running for governor of California and fears his son is a distraction on the campaign trail, with Brad's aspirations of becoming a rapper and his glamorization of gang life. To that end, Gluckman's campaign manager hires two actors to stage an abduction to bring Brad to an inner city neighborhood where he will learn to behave himself.

Plot
The film centers on the family life of Bill Gluckman, a wealthy Jewish senator from Malibu, California who is running for the office of governor of California. His son Brad is a wannabe "Eminem", preferring to go by the nickname "B-Rad" despite leading a rich, sheltered life. As a result, members of Mr. Gluckman's political campaign become concerned that Brad's idiotic, outlandish behavior will ruin his father's chances at being elected.

The campaign team members hire two actors, Sean and PJ, who don't know any more about inner-city life than B-Rad, to act as gang members. They kidnap him, and take him to South Los Angeles, where PJ's cousin Shondra lives, and they hope B-Rad will be "scared white" after witnessing what inner city life is really like. The trio engages in mildly dangerous activities such as petty theft in order to convince B-Rad that he should return home.

The three involuntarily become mixed up between rival gangs, unfortunately crossing paths with the leader of one of the gangs, Tec, after bumping into him at a club, and who also happens to be Shondra's ex. In the meantime, B-Rad develops feelings for Shondra, who at first is unimpressed and annoyed, but slowly begins to enjoy B-Rad's company, and eventually admire him for who he truly is.

B-Rad comes to find out that the entire excursion to head to South Central was a ruse in order for him to be scared out of his mannerisms, and soon takes matters into his own hands, turning the tables on his would-be captors. His recklessness leads to the trio becoming actually kidnapped by Tec and his crew, unbeknownst to B-Rad, who just assumes this is part of the act. Tec soon becomes impressed at intimidation tactics portrayed by B-Rad as a result of playing Grand Theft Auto. Unfortunately, during a house party, B-Rad almost gets shot by Tec for a misunderstanding with Shondra (he accidentally shot himself in the foot, yet it barely grazed him due to his poor aim). When Bill Gluckman realizes that his son is in actual danger, he rushes over, and uses his trademark negotiating skills in order to ease the situation. In doing so, he realizes that he should just accept B-Rad for who he is, and decides that he will support his son unconditionally. The two reconcile, and when the family returns to Malibu, the film closes with Bill and B-Rad celebrating a Gluckman win in the governors' race.

Cast

Cameos
 Mike Epps as D.J. Johnny Powell
 Felli Fel as "Felli"
 Hi-C as "C"
 Young Dre The Truth as "Dre"
 Drop da Bomb as "Bomb"
 Hal Fishman as Mr. Hal
 Big Boy as Biggs

Reception

Cultural themes
The overarching themes that are discussed in Malibu's Most Wanted are both the exploitation of one culture by another, as well as the pressure to act within the norms of a given culture. Not only are these themes explored explicitly by the actions of B-Rad, but also by Sean and PJ. There is an expectation of how black people are portrayed in Hollywood that is explored in depth in the manner in which Sean and PJ practice acting "gangsta" in order to prove their blackness. In an interview conducted by Brian Balchack from Movieweb.com, Taye Diggs notes that "the interesting thing, being an African-American actor, is that we're constantly challenged with the duality of acting stereotypically "black," and just acting. Matt Damon and Ben Affleck don't have to read for a role and ask themselves, 'Okay, do they want me to say this word like this, or can I just be myself?' I know tons of black actors that didn't grow up in the 'hood, and don't have their "gangster lingo" down, who take it to another level when they go in for a gangster role. I think that that's very interesting."

Home media
Malibu's Most Wanted was released on VHS and DVD on September 9, 2003.

See also
 Malibu's Most Wanted (soundtrack)

References

External links

2003 films
2000s hip hop films
2000s buddy comedy films
2000s teen comedy films
2003 comedy films
American buddy comedy films
American teen comedy films
2000s English-language films
American gang films
Films about race and ethnicity
Films directed by John Whitesell
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Malibu, California
Films with screenplays by Nick Swardson
Hood comedy films
Warner Bros. films
2000s American films

Malibu's Most Wanted