Kevin Matthew Puts   (born January 3, 1972) is an American composer, best known for winning a Pulitzer Prize in 2012 for his first opera, Silent Night.

Early life and education
Puts was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and grew up in Alma, Michigan. He studied composition and piano at the Eastman School of Music and Yale University, earning the Doctor of Musical Arts degree from Eastman School of Music.  Among his teachers were Samuel Adler, Jacob Druckman, David Lang, Christopher Rouse, Joseph Schwantner, Martin Bresnick, and, in piano, Nelita True. He also studied at the Tanglewood Music Festival with William Bolcom and Bernard Rands.

Career
He is composer-in-residence at the Fort Worth Symphony and has received a commission from the Aspen Music Festival.  His Cello Concerto was premiered by Yo-Yo Ma.  Puts's works have been performed by the St. Louis Symphony, the Pacific Symphony, the Utah Symphony (with Evelyn Glennie as percussion soloist), the Miró Quartet, and Concertante. He is a frequent composer in residence at the Cabrillo Festival of Contemporary Music, which commissioned his fourth symphony and his flute concerto.

His alma mater reports:
For several years, Kevin Puts received reviews describing him as a "promising composer" and "a young composer to watch". But with a flurry of recent performances and prestigious commissions, Puts can now be described as one of America's most important composers, period.

Puts was Associate Professor of Composition at the University of Texas at Austin from 1997 to 2005 and now teaches composition at the Peabody Institute of Johns Hopkins University. His notable students include Jake Runestad and Viet Cuong.

The opera Silent Night, with score by Puts and libretto by Mark Campbell, was published by Aperto Press in 2011 and premiered by the Minnesota Opera on November 12. Puts won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Music in 2012; the citation called the piece "a stirring opera that recounts the true story of a spontaneous ceasefire [the 1914 Christmas truce] among Scottish, French and Germans during World War I, displaying versatility of style and cutting straight to the heart."

Awards
 American Academy of Arts and Letters composition prize
 2001 Guggenheim Fellow
 1996-1998 Young Concert Artists Composer-in-Residence
 2002 Rome Prize of the American Academy in Rome.
 2008 Opera Fund Awards, The Minnesota Opera: Silent Night
 2012 Pulitzer Prize for Music for Silent Night (libretto by Mark Campbell)
 2023 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition for Contact

Selected works

Orchestra
Network (1997), commissioned and premiered by the California Symphony Orchestra, Barry Jekowsky, conductor
Symphony No. 1 (1999), commissioned and premiered by the California Symphony Orchestra, Barry Jekowsky, conductor
Falling Dream (2001), commissioned and premiered by the American Composers Orchestra/BMI Foundation, Dennis Russell Davies, conductor
John Brown's Body for Narrator and Orchestra (2001), commissioned and premiered by the Pacific Symphony Orchestra, Jack Everly, conductor
Inspiring Beethoven (2001), commissioned and premiered by the Phoenix Symphony, Michael Hermann, conductor
Millennium Canons (2001), commissioned and premiered by the Boston Pops Orchestra and Hanson Institute for American Music, Keith Lockhart, conductor
Symphony No. 2, Island of Innocence (2002), commissioned by the Barlow Foundation, premiered by the Cincinnati Symphony/Paavo Jaarvi conductor and Utah Symphony/Keith Lockhart conductor
...this noble company (2003), commissioned and premiered by the Atlanta Symphony, Jere Flint, conductor
River's Rush (2004), commissioned and premiered by the Saint Louis Symphony in celebration of the orchestra's 125th anniversary, Leonard Slatkin, conductor
Symphony No. 3, Vespertine (2004), commissioned by Kathryn Gould and Meet the Composer through Magnum Opus, premiered by the Marin Symphony, Alasdair Neale, conductor
Symphony No. 4, from Mission San Juan (2007), commissioned by the Cabrillo Festival for Contemporary Music, premiered by the Cabrillo Festival Orchestra, Marin Alsop, conductor
Two Mountain Scenes (2007), commissioned and premiered by the New York Philharmonic and the Bravo! Vail Valley Music Festival, Bramwell Tovey, conductor
Hymn to the Sun (2008), commissioned and premiered by the Sun Valley Summer Symphony, Alasdair Neale, conductor
The City (2016), commissioned and premiered by the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, co-commissioned by Carnegie Hall and the Cabrillo Festival, Marin Alsop, conductor
Silent Night Elegy (cut from his opera Silent Night) (2018), commissioned and premiered by the San Francisco Symphony, co-commissioned by the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra and the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, Cristian Măcelaru, conductor
Virelai (after Guillaume de Machaut) (2019), commissioned and premiered by the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra, Stéphane Denève, conductor

Wind Ensemble
Chorus of Light (2003), commissioned and premiered by the University of Texas Wind Ensemble, Jerry Junkin, conductor
Millennium Canons (band version arr. Mark Spede) (2003), commissioned and premiered by The University of Texas Wind Ensemble, Jerry Junkin, conductor

SATB Choir
To Touch the Sky (2012), SSAATTBB, commissioned by the Thelma Hunter Fund of the American Composers Forum and Conspirare, Craig Hella Johnson, conductor
If I Were A Swan (2012), SSAATTBB, commissioned by the Thelma Hunter Fund of the American Composers Forum and Conspirare, Craig Hella Johnson, conductor

Concertos
Concerto for Marimba and Orchestra (1997), commissioned by the Vermont Symphony Orchestra and the Kobe Ensemble of Japan, Makoto Nakura, marimba
Concerto for Oboe and Strings No. 1 (1997), commissioned by the National Symphony Orchestra, Rudolph Vrbsky, oboe
Concerto for Percussion and Orchestra (2006), commissioned by Orange County's Pacific Symphony and the Utah Symphony
Sinfonia Concertante (2006), commissioned by the Minnesota Orchestra
Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (2006), commissioned by Mr. and Mrs. Sid R. Bass for the Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra, Michael Shih, violin; Miguel Harth-Bedoya, conductor
Vision (Concerto for Cello and Orchestra) (2006), commissioned by the Aspen Music Festival in honor of David Zinman's 70th birthday, Yo-Yo Ma, cello; David Zinman, conductor
Nā Pali Coast (Concerto for Horn and Orchestra) (2008), commissioned by the Mobile Symphony, Jeff Leenhouts, horn; Scott Speck, conductor
Night (Concerto for Piano and Orchestra) (2008), commissioned by the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra, Jeffrey Kahane, piano and conductor
Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra (2009), commissioned by Kathryn Gould through Meet the Composer, premiered by Colorado Symphony Orchestra, Bil Jackson, clarinet; Jeffrey Kahane, conductor
Concerto for Flute and Orchestra (2013), commissioned by Bette and Joe Hirsch, premiered by the Cabrillo Music Festival Orchestra, Adam Walker, flute; Carolyn Kuan, conductor
Moonlight (Concerto for Oboe and Strings No. 2) (2016), commissioned by the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, Peter Cooper, oboe; Brett Mitchell, conductor

Song cycle
The Brightness of Light (2019)

Opera
Silent Night (2011)
The Manchurian Candidate (2015)
Elizabeth Cree (2017)
The Hours (2022)

References

External links

1972 births
American classical composers
American male classical composers
American opera composers
Male opera composers
Pulitzer Prize for Music winners
Texas classical music
Musicians from St. Louis
Eastman School of Music alumni
Yale University alumni
Peabody Institute faculty
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Living people
Pupils of Jacob Druckman
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from Missouri
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Kevin Puts


The North Stratford Railroad  was an interstate railroad in northeastern Vermont and northwestern New Hampshire.  It ran from the village of North Stratford, New Hampshire (in the town of Stratford) to the village of Beecher Falls in Canaan, Vermont, a distance of approximately .

History

Origin of the line

The line was originally conceived by George van Dyke, who owned large tracts of forest in Vermont and Quebec.  Starting in 1883, van Dyke obtained the following charters to build the line, listed from south to north:

Upper Coos Railroad of New Hampshire (first section) -  in New Hampshire
Coos Valley Railroad -  in Vermont
Upper Coos Railroad of New Hampshire (second section) -  in New Hampshire
Upper Coos Railroad of Vermont -  in Vermont
Hereford Railroad -  in Quebec, Canada

Construction began in 1887 on the second section of the Upper Coos Railroad of New Hampshire between North Stratford, where the railroad connected to the Grand Trunk Railway, and Stewartstown, New Hampshire.  Operations started the same year.  A bridge across the Connecticut River from Stewartstown to Beecher Falls was built in 1888, and the Upper Coos Railroad of Vermont was completed north to the border a few months later.  In Canada,  of track of the Hereford Railroad from the border near Beecher Falls north to Cookshire, Quebec were laid in 1889, allowing interchange with the Canadian Pacific Railway.  In 1890 the final  of track in Quebec were laid to Lime Ridge, which allowed interchange with the Quebec Central Railway in Dudswell, Quebec.  Construction south of North Stratford took longer, and the entire section went into service in 1891.  In this area, the line connected to the Boston and Maine Railroad in Lancaster, New Hampshire, again at Waumbeck Junction in Jefferson, New Hampshire, and then met the Maine Central Railroad at Quebec Junction in Carroll, New Hampshire.

Maine Central Railroad
In 1890, the Maine Central Railroad gained control of the line through a series of leases.  The MEC operated the line without fanfare until 1925, when it canceled its lease with the Hereford Railroad.  After an extended legal battle, the tracks from the border north to Malvina, Quebec were removed.  In 1948, the MEC negotiated trackage rights with the Grand Trunk Railway and the Boston and Maine Railroad between North Stratford and Lancaster.  This rendered  of track in Vermont and  in New Hampshire redundant, and the rails were removed.  Traffic on the section from North Stratford to Beecher Falls remained sufficient to keep the line open through the 1960s, but had declined enough by the early 1970s that the MEC embargoed the line after floods in 1973.  The MEC filed for abandonment, but was forced to reopen the line in 1974.

North Stratford Railroad
In 1976 the state of New Hampshire bought the track between North Stratford and Beecher Falls from MEC, which had finally obtained permission to abandon it. A separate, short section of track between Waumbeck Junction and Quebec Junction was abandoned by the MEC at this time as well. The state chartered the North Stratford Railroad Corporation to operate the line, which primarily served a furniture plant in Beecher Falls. Traffic tapered off as the main shipper moved more and more goods by truck, and the line was embargoed in 1989.

For a short time in 1981, the North Stratford Railroad also operated the White Mountain Branch between Concord and Lincoln as an interim operator before the New England Southern Railroad stepped in.

Stations
This list is incomplete.

Guildhall, Vermont
Stevens, Vermont
Maidstone, Vermont
Beecher Falls, Vermont

References
Jones, Robert C., Railroads of Vermont, Volume II, 1993.

Defunct Vermont railroads
Defunct New Hampshire railroads
Maine Central Railroad

North Stratford Railroad


The 1926 Slavery Convention or the Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery is an international treaty created under the auspices of the League of Nations and first signed on 25 September 1926. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 9 March 1927, the same day it went into effect. The objective of the convention is to confirm and advance the suppression of slavery and the slave trade and was extended in 1956 with the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, under the auspices of the United Nations.

Background
In the Brussels Conference Act of 1890, the signatories "declared that they were equally animated by the firm intention of putting an end to the traffic in African slaves". It was supplemented and revised by the Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, signed by the Allied Powers of the First World War on 10 September 1919, in which the signatories undertook to "endeavour to secure the complete suppression of slavery in all its forms and of the slave trade by land and sea" (Article 11).  The slavery and slave trade in the Arabian Peninsula, and particular the slave trade in Hejaz, attracted attention by the League of Nations and contributed to the creation of the later 1926 Slavery Convention, obliging the British to combat the slave trade in the area.

A Temporary Slavery Commission was appointed by the Council of the League of Nations in June 1924. The commission was mixed in composition including former colonial governors such as Frederick Lugard, as well as a representative from Haiti, and a representative from the International Labour Organization.

Significance
The convention established concrete rules and articles to advance the suppression of slavery and the slave trade.

Slavery was defined in Article 1 as
the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised

The slave trade was defined as including
all acts involved in the capture, acquisition or disposal of a person with intent to reduce him to slavery; all acts involved in the acquisition of a slave with a view to selling or exchanging him; all acts of disposal by sale or exchange of a slave acquired with a view to being sold or exchanged, and, in general, every act of trade or transport in slaves.

Selected articles
Article 2
The parties agreed to prevent and suppress the slave trade and to progressively bring about the complete elimination of slavery in all its forms.

Article 6
The parties undertook to promulgate severe penalties for slave trading, slaveholding, and enslavement.

Participants
As of 2013, there are 99 countries that have signed, acceded to, ratified, succeeded to, or otherwise committed to participation in the conventions as amended, and its subsequent protocol. The countries and the year of their first commitment to participation are as follows:

Afghanistan (1954), Albania (1957), Algeria (1963), Australia  (1953), Austria (1954), Azerbaijan (1996), Bahamas (1976), Bahrain (1990), Bangladesh (1985), Barbados (1976), Belarus (1956, as the Byelorussian SSR), Belgium (1962), Bolivia (1983), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1993),  Brazil (1966), Cameroon (1984), Canada (1953), Chile (1995), China (1955), Croatia (1992), Cuba (1954), Cyprus (1986),  Denmark (1954), Dominica (1994), Ecuador (1955), Egypt (1954), Ethiopia (1969),  Fiji (1972), Finland (1954), France (1963), Germany (1973), Greece (1955), Guatemala (1983), Guinea (1963), Hungary (1958), India (1954), Iraq (1955), Ireland (1961), Israel (1955), Italy (1954),  Jamaica (1964),  Jordan (1959), Kazakhstan (2008),  Kuwait (1963),  Kyrgyzstan (1997), Lesotho (1974), Liberia (1953), Libya (1957), Madagascar (1964), Malawi (1965), Mali (1973), Malta (1966), Mauritania (1986), Mauritius (1969), Mexico (1954), Monaco (1954), Mongolia (1968), Montenegro (2006), Morocco (1959), Myanmar (1957), Nepal (1963),  Netherlands (1955), New Zealand (1953), Nicaragua (1986), Niger (1964), Nigeria (1961), Norway (1957), Pakistan (1955), Paraguay (2007), Papua New Guinea (1982), Philippines (1955),   Romania (1957), Russia (1956) (as the Soviet Union), St Lucia (1990), St Vincent and the Grenadines (1981), Saudi Arabia (1973), Serbia (2001, as Serbia and Montenegro), Sierra Leone (1962), Solomon Islands (1981), South Africa (1953), Spain (1927), Sri Lanka (1958), Sudan (1957), Sweden (1954), Switzerland (1953), Syria (1954), Tanzania (1962), Trinidad and Tobago (1966), Tunisia (1966), Turkey (1955), Turkmenistan (1997), Uganda (1964), Ukraine (1959, as the Ukrainian SSR), United Kingdom (1953),  United States (1956), Uruguay (2001), Viet Nam (1956), Yemen (1987), Zambia (1973) ''

Updates
The convention was amended by the protocol entering into force on 7 July 1955.

The definition of slavery was further refined and extended by a 1956 Supplementary Convention.

See also

Abolitionism
OHCHR – Office of the United     Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
Slave Trade Acts
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery of 1956
International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic

References

External links
 Text of the Convention at the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
 Text of the 'Slavery, Servitude, Forced Labour and Similar Institutions and Practices Convention of 1926' at the UMN Human Rights Library
 Signatories and parties
 Abolishing Slavery and its Contemporary Forms Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

League of Nations treaties
Treaties concluded in 1926
Treaties entered into force in 1927
Anti-slavery treaties
Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan
Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of the Bahamas
Treaties of Bahrain
Treaties of Bangladesh
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil
Treaties of Cameroon
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Dominica
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of the Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)
Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
Treaties of India
Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Jamaica
Treaties of Jordan
Treaties of Kuwait
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of Lesotho
Treaties of Liberia
Treaties of the Kingdom of Libya
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of Malawi
Treaties of Mali
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Mauritania
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Monaco
Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of Myanmar
Treaties of Nepal
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Niger
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of the Philippines
Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Treaties of Saint Lucia
Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Treaties of Saudi Arabia
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of the Union of South Africa
Treaties of Spain under the Restoration
Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of the Syrian Republic (1930–1963)
Treaties of the Republic of China (1949–1971)
Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Turkmenistan
Treaties of Uganda
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Tanzania
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Vietnam
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Zambia
Treaties of East Germany
Treaties of Kazakhstan
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Treaties of Paraguay
1926 in Switzerland
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to Greenland
Treaties extended to Hong Kong
Treaties extended to South West Africa
Treaties extended to British Burma
Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies
Treaties extended to the Dutch East Indies
Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony)
Treaties extended to Spanish Guinea
Treaties extended to Spanish Sahara
Treaties extended to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
20th century in Geneva
September 1926 events

1926 Slavery Convention


The Atlantic sailfish (Istiophorus albicans) is a species of marine fish in the family Istiophoridae of the order Perciformes. It is found in the Atlantic Oceans and the Caribbean Sea,  from the surface to depths of .  It does not occur in large areas of the central North Atlantic and the central South Atlantic. The Atlantic sailfish is related to the marlin.

Tests in the 1920s estimated that the Atlantic sailfish was capable of short sprints of up to 111 kilometres per hour; however, more conservative estimates of 37 to 55 kilometres per hour are more widely accepted. More recent studies even suggest sailfish do not exceed swimming speeds of .

Atlantic sailfish hunt schooling fish, such as sardines, anchovies and mackerel although they also feed on crustaceans and cephalopods.

Description

The Atlantic sailfish is a metallic blue fish with a large sail-like dorsal fin and a long and pointed bill-like snout. It is dark bluish-black on the upperparts and lighter on the sides (counter-shading). There are about twenty bluish horizontal bars along the flanksThe underparts are silvery white. The tail fin is strongly forked. The fins are bluish-black and the front dorsal fin is speckled with small black spots. The bases of the anal fins are pale.

The length of this fish is up to  and the maximum published weight is .

Studies found that  sailfish hunting schools of sardines rely heavily upon stealth and quick slashing or tapping with the rostrum in order to temporarily immobilize prey and make capturing small prey easier. The bill has been hypothesized to increase the hydrodynamic qualities of the fish and even to ward off predators. However, it has been well documented that the sailfish use the bill for hunting.

Distribution and habitat
The Atlantic sailfish is a pelagic fish of tropical and temperate waters in the Atlantic Ocean. It ranges from approximately 40°N in the northwestern Atlantic to 40°S in the southwestern Atlantic, and 50°N in the northeastern Atlantic to 32°S in the southeastern Atlantic. It is a migratory species and moves about the open ocean and into the Mediterranean Sea. Its depth range is from warm surface waters down to about .

Taxonomy
Some authorities only recognise a single species of sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus, with I. albicans being treated as a synonym for I. platyperus.

References

 "Istiophorus albicans". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 6 June 2006.

Other websites
 Video clips from the BBC

Articles with 'species' microformats
Istiophoriformes

Atlantic sailfish


Horsfall Community Stadium is a sports stadium just off Halifax Road in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England,  south-west of the city centre. It is the home of Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. Albion Sports A.F.C. and West Bowling ARLFC

Originally built as a running track in 1931, it was upgraded for football in 1996 when Bradford (Park Avenue) moved to the stadium and the track was upgraded to a synthetic surface at the same time.

History
Horsfall was officially opened on the 5th September 1931 by Alderman S Horsfall JP who was chairman of the parks and cemeteries committee. It was originally opened as a running track in 1931 hosting athletics and a base for Airedale Harriers AC (later to become Bradford Airedale AC).

The stadium didn't change much until 1996 when homeless Bradford (Park Avenue) moved in and the ground was brought up to standard for football to be played.

Changes were made in 2007 to ensure Horsfall met the stringent ground grading requirements of the Football Association. A new directors room was built as well as a players lounge, medical facilities and toilets. The main stand was also refurbished with 1,800 new seats coming from Lord's Cricket Ground.

In 2020, Bradford (Park Avenue) took out a 35 year lease to manage the stadium which was then passed onto Horsfall Community Stadium to ensure the stadium remained a resource for the whole community. This led to the installation of a 3G pitch which paved the way for rugby league side West Bowling and Bradford Bulls' Academy to use the stadium.

Facilities

Stands
Horsfall has one main stand located at the north end of the ground running parallel with the pitch and running track. The middle of the stand contains covered seating with both ends being uncovered terracing. Despite the ends of the stand being terraced, the supporters are not allowed to stand but must sit on the concrete.

As well as the main stand, there are two other areas for spectators. One is a small metal stand of terracing known as the Bus Shelter at the Cemetery End towards the West of the ground within the running track and behind the goalmouth. The other is a small stand of 29 seats at the South End of the ground. Bizarrely, supporters are not allowed to use the small South seats as they are just to comply with ground regulations.

There are two entrances at Horsfall. The main being on Cemetery Road on the West side of the ground, the other at the opposite on the East side that is accessible from Park Road.

Pavilion
The Pavilion located at the South side of the ground houses four changing rooms, two on ground level and two in the basement. There is a room upstairs overlooking the pitch which is used by the PA announcer and the press as well as a gantry for filming matches.

Clubhouse
The main entrance of the ground is on Cemetery Road on the West side and is where the clubhouse is located in the North West corner which contains a bar and directors box. Opposite in the South West corner is a banqueting suit.

Track and field
The main pitch is a 3G surface and has a fence surrounding it. Around the pitch is a six lane running track. At the East end of the pitch is a long jump sand box and to the West is an area for high jump.

Usage

Football
Bradford (Park Avenue) brought football to the Horsfall in 1996. It was the first time any sport other than athletics had been played at the stadium.

In the mid 2000s Bradford Council, who own Horsfall, announced plans for a new multi sports facility to replace Odsal Stadium which included Bradford (Park Avenue) and Bradford Bulls sharing a new stadium.

By 2008 Avenue announced ambitious plans to build a 20,000 seater stadium at Phoenix Park in Thornbury, with the club aiming to regain their League status. These plans were criticised by Bradford Council however neither new stadium at Odsal or Thornbury were built.

In 2018 it was announced the Avenue were in talks to move to Odsal Stadium but would still host reserve fixtures at Horsfall. However nothing ever came of this and Avenue remained at Horsfall.

Rugby League
After the laying of a new 3G pitch in 2020, National Conference League side West Bowling relocated from Raymond Street playing fields off Manchester Road.

As well as West Bowling playing at Horsfall, Bradford Bulls moved all their academy teams there after they temporarily left Odsal in 2020.

References

External links
Bradford (Park Avenue) website
Bradford Airedale Athletics Club

Football venues in England
Sports venues in Bradford
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.
Sports venues completed in 1931

Horsfall Stadium


The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, also referred to as the Battle of Pecatonica and the Battle of Bloody Lake, was fought on June 16, 1832 in present-day Wisconsin at an oxbow lake known as "Horseshoe Bend", which was formed by a change in course of the Pecatonica River. The battle was a major turning point in the Black Hawk War, despite being of only minor military significance. The small victory won by the U.S. militia at Horseshoe Bend helped restore public confidence in the volunteer force following an embarrassing defeat at Stillman's Run. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend ended with three militia men killed in action and a party of eleven Kickapoo warriors dead.

The militia men involved in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend proved their ability to obey orders, act as a disciplined unit, and show bravery. Unlike at Stillman's Run, the troops waited for Colonel Henry Dodge's commands before acting on the field of battle. When ordered to charge, the men obeyed and eventually won a fight that descended into a bloody hand-to-hand battle. A memorial marker was erected to commemorate the battle in 1922. Today the battleground at Horseshoe Bend is a county park.

Background
As a consequence of an 1804 treaty between Governor William Henry Harrison of Indiana Territory and a group of Sauk and Fox leaders regarding land settlement, the Sauk and Fox tribes vacated their lands in Illinois and moved west of the Mississippi in 1828. However, Sauk Chief Black Hawk and others disputed the treaty, claiming that the full tribal councils had not been consulted, nor did those representing the tribes have authorization to cede lands. Angered by the loss of his birthplace, between 1830 and 1831 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River, but was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the British, he again moved his so-called "British Band" of around 1000 warriors and non-combatants into Illinois. Finding no allies, he attempted to return to Iowa, but the undisciplined Illinois Militia force's actions led to the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other small skirmishes and massacres followed and the militias of Michigan Territory and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's Band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.

The period between Stillman's Run and Horseshoe Bend was filled with war-related activity. A series of attacks at Buffalo Grove, the Plum River settlement, Fort Blue Mounds and the war's most famous incident, the Indian Creek massacre, all took place between mid-May and late June 1832. In the week before the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Colonel Henry Dodge of the western Michigan Territory militia was busy responding to various incidents across the region. On the afternoon of June 8, 1832, Dodge and his men, including James W. Stephenson, proceeded to Kellogg's Grove and buried the victims of the St. Vrain massacre. That night Stephenson returned to Galena, Illinois, while Dodge moved to Hickory Point where he remained overnight. The next morning Dodge set out for Dixon's Ferry, where he camped with General Hugh Brady.

Prelude

On June 11, Dodge escorted Brady to the mouth of the Fox River to confer with overall commander General Henry Atkinson. Dodge left the conference with clear authority from Atkinson to deal with the violence in the mining region. He first traveled to his home fort, at Gratiot's Grove, which he reached on June 13. The Spafford Farm massacre occurred the following day, and Dodge set out for Fort Hamilton as soon as he heard about it, stopping at Fort Blue Mounds for supplies. On the way to Hamilton, the soldiers passed a German immigrant, Henry Apple, exchanged greetings and kept traveling. Shortly afterwards the soldiers heard gunshots in the distance; Apple had met with a Kickapoo ambush, likely meant for Dodge himself. Dodge was probably saved by his last minute decision to make a detour from the main route. Later Apple's horse galloped wildly back past the men, wounded and carrying a large amount of blood in its saddle. The horse continued all the way to Fort Hamilton, where it raised a furor among the inhabitants.

A Native American band from the Kickapoo tribe, eleven warriors in all, was responsible for the attack on Apple; the same band had killed five men at Spafford Farm on June 14. This band was only loosely affiliated with Black Hawk's British Band.

On hearing the ambush in the distance, Dodge hurried on toward Fort Hamilton (present-day Wiota, Wisconsin) where he gathered together a company of 29 mounted volunteers and sped off to intercept the attackers. He led the chase through tangled underbrush until, breaking into prairie, his force caught sight of the raiding party. The Kickapoo crossed the Pecatonica River within sight of the pursuing militia, and entered into an overgrown swamp. The militia followed across the swollen river and dismounted when they reached the swamp.

Battle
According to personal accounts of the battle, after dismounting Dodge offered his men a chance to back out of the operation. No one opted out, and 21 men advanced with Dodge in an extended firing line, unsure of the enemy's location. The remaining eight soldiers were posted as guards on high grounds and near the horses. Unlike the disorganized and undisciplined troops at Stillman's Run, the volunteers at Horseshoe Bend adhered to military discipline; they waited for Dodge to give the order before they entered the thicket and swampland in search of their enemy, and once searching they awaited their commander's order to attack.

After the militia advanced about 200 yards (200 m), the Kickapoo suddenly let loose a loud yell from their hidden position on the bank of an oxbow lake along the river. The warriors fired a volley toward the advancing militia and three men, Samuel Black, Samuel Wells and Montaville Morris, were hit and went down. Dodge did not hesitate and ordered his men to charge; they obeyed and waited until they were within six feet of the Kickapoo before discharging their weapons. The fight, after the initial charge and volley, descended into a hand-to-hand struggle with tomahawks, bayonets, muskets and spears the weapons of choice. The fighting only lasted a few minutes: nine Kickapoo were killed on the spot and the other two were felled while fleeing across the lake. During the hand-to-hand combat a fourth member of the militia, Thomas Jenkins, was wounded. Though short, the Battle of Horseshoe Bend had a lasting impact and influence on the rest of the war.

Aftermath

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, though of little military significance, was a major turning point in the war for the volunteer militia forces and many white settlers. This minor militia victory was the first step in the process of redeeming the militia's own morale and its standing in the eyes of the settlers on the frontier. Individual accounts claim that the battle at Horseshoe Bend "turn(ed) the tide of the war." It was also notable for the proportion of killed in action to the number of combatants. All eleven Kickapoo that Dodge had pursued into the swamp were killed and scalped by his troops, while the final militia casualties were confined to three dead and one wounded. About an hour after the battle, Colonel William S. Hamilton arrived with friendly Menominee, Sioux and Ho-Chunk warriors. According to Dodge, the friendly warriors were given some of the scalps his men had taken, with which they were "delighted". Dodge also reported that the Native Americans then proceeded on to the battlefield and mutilated the corpses of the fallen Kickapoo.

Of Dodge's casualties, Thomas Jenkins was only slightly wounded. However, the three Militia men who had been shot as they advanced towards the Kickapoo position all later died. Samuel Wells, Montaville Morris and Samuel Black were transported to Fort Hamilton; Morris died at the fort, as did Wells, with his head in a comrade's lap. When informed by the surgeon of his imminent death, Wells requested to speak with Dodge. Wells asked Dodge "if he had behaved like a soldier." Dodge responded, "Yes, Wells, like a brave one." Wells then said to the commander, "Send that word to my old father," and died a short time later. Samuel Black was moved to Fort Defiance, where he lingered for nine days before dying.

This was the first battle in which a volunteer force defeated the Native Americans. Dodge became the first of the militia leaders to prove his ability to stand up to the enemy. He quickly became the "rising star" of the conflict, having helped negotiate the release of the Hall sisters after the Indian Creek massacre and proved himself at Horseshoe Bend.

The battlefield at Horseshoe Bend is now a campground located within a county park in Lafayette County, Wisconsin. The Black Hawk Memorial Park is maintained by the Lafayette County Sportsmen Alliance, Yellowstone Flint and Cap club, and the Friends of Woodford Park. In 1922, a marker was erected by the Shullsburg chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the residents of Wiota to commemorate the Battle of Horseshoe Bend; it is still visible today. The battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service on July 28, 2011.

Notes

External links

 Blackhawk Memorial Park (Bloody Lake)

1832 in the United States
Horseshoe Bend 1832
Lafayette County, Wisconsin
1832 in Michigan Territory
June 1832 events

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)


Jean Gagnepain (November 16, 1923 – January 3, 2006) was a French linguist and anthropologist.

Biography

Jean Gagnepain was born on November 16, 1923, in Sully-sur-Loire (Loiret, France).

After obtaining an Agrégation in grammar, he carried on his study of language under the direction of Joseph Vendryes. He went to Dublin for about ten years to study celtic languages and concluded his stay in Ireland by defending a PhD thesis, in 1957, at the Faculty of Letters of the University of Paris, on the syntax of the verbal noun in celtic languages. His complementary thesis (necessary in France until 1968) was on the Greek nouns in -ΟΣ and -Α.
In 1958, he was appointed as a professor at the University of Rennes where he stayed for the rest of his career (in the University of Rennes 2 after 1969, when the University of Rennes was divided between two universities). There, he met professor Olivier Sabouraud, a neurologist from the Faculty of Medicine, for a time chairman of the Department of Neurology of the University Hospital Rennes Pontchaillou. Together with Sabouraud, he began to study aphasia and other language disorders, which conducted him to develop a new theory of human rationality, he called theory of mediation (or clinical anthropology). His views on aphasia have given way to studies on grammatical impairment and even computer-software assessment and rehabilitation of brain-damaged patients. More recently, his theory of mediation has inspired new perspectives on apraxia and tool use.

He died on January 3, 2006, in Montpeyroux (Dordogne, France).

Works

 "Aspect de la poésie médiévale", Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé, n°2, p. 42-62, 1955.
 "Le monde de François Mauriac", Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé, n°1, p. 133-158, 1956.
 Les noms grecs en -ΟΣ et en -Α. Contribution à l'étude du genre en indo-européen, Paris, Klincksieck, 1959.
 La syntaxe du nom verbal dans les langues celtiques, Paris, Klincksieck, 1963.
 "On language and communication", Language and Communication, Volume 1, Issues 2–3, Pages 149–154. DOI:10.1016/0271-5309(81)90009-4
 (with Hubert Guyard and Olivier Sabouraud), "A procedure to differentiate phonological disturbances in Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia", Brain and Language, Volume 13, Issue 1, May 1981, Pages 19–30. DOI:10.1016/0093-934X(81)90126-7
 Du vouloir dire : traité d'épistémologie des sciences humaines, vol. 1 : Du signe. De l'outil, Paris, Livre & Communication, 1990.
 Du vouloir dire : traité d'épistémologie des sciences humaines, vol. 2 : De la personne. De la norme, Paris, Livre & Communication, 1991.
 Du récit au discours : propos sur l'histoire du droit, Bruxelles, De Boeck-Université, 1994.
 Leçons d'introduction à la théorie de la médiation, Anthropo-logiques 5, Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, 1994. (Now available in PDF format)
 Pour une linguistique clinique (dir.), Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 1994.
 Du Vouloir dire. Traité d'épistémologie des sciences humaines. Tome 3, Guérir l'homme. Former l'homme. Sauver l'homme, Bruxelles, De Boeck Université, 1995.
 Raison de plus ou raison de moins : propos de médecine et de théologie, Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2005

Further reading
 Jean Gagnepain Institute (in French)

References

1923 births
2006 deaths
Linguists from France
French cognitive scientists
French social scientists
French anthropologists
Academic staff of the University of Rennes
Academic staff of Rennes 2 University
20th-century French anthropologists
20th-century linguists
People from Loiret

Jean Gagnepain


"Shake It Up" is a song by American new wave band The Cars from their 1981 album of the same name.

The song was covered by the Chipmunks and the Chipettes in an episode of Alvin and The Chipmunks.

History
The song relies heavily on dance-pop as its main genre, with audible pop rock elements.

Drummer David Robinson has said at the outset that he did not even want to record the song, as it had been "kicking around for years. It never sounded good. We recorded it a couple of times in the studio and dumped it, and we were going to try it one more time, and I was fighting everybody . . . So we thought, let's start all over again, like we've never even heard it—completely change every part—and we did. Then, when it was through and all put back together, it was like a brand-new song."

Guitarist Elliot Easton said that he wanted his solo to sound like "two guys trading off". He first plays a Fender Telecaster in a skewed "country" style, then, mid-solo, switches to a Gibson Crank for a more rock sound.

References

1981 songs
The Cars songs

Shake It Up (The Cars song)


Henrique Andrade Silva, generally known as Henrique (; born 9 May 1985), is a Brazilian-Australian former footballer who is the Sporting director for Coomera Colts. On 7 October 2015, he officially became an Australian citizen.

Club career
Henrique played his youth football in Brazil with América Mineiro and in 2003 joined Dutch giants Feyenoord. After failing to break into the first team, Henrique returned to Brazil where he played senior football with América and was loaned out to several other Brazilian clubs. Henrique is nicknamed the Slippery Fish.

Brisbane Roar
Henrique joined Brisbane Roar initially as a temporary injury replacement for fellow Brazilian Reinaldo in February 2009, after impressing coach Frank Farina in a week-long trial after being given permission to talk with the Australian club by América.

He made his first appearance as a second-half substitute in the Roar's second-leg 2–1 win over Central Coast Mariners in the 2009 A-League semi-finals. There was minor controversy due to the transfer being completed only four hours before his debut appearance. Henrique signed a one-year contract with the Roar on 4 March 2009, after impressing during his loan spell.

On 17 September 2009, he signed a new three-year deal with the Roar. Henrique missed up to two months of the 2010–11 season because of a broken arm, which he injured in a match against Melbourne Victory. Henrique came back as a wild card for the Roar and in the 2010–11 grand final against Central Coast Mariners, scored a goal in extra-time and the winning penalty.

On 4 May 2014, Henrique scored the winning goal against the Western Sydney Wanderers in the 2014 Hyundai A-League Grand Final at Suncorp Stadium.

On 14 November 2014, Henrique came off the bench and scored a hat-trick as Brisbane Roar registered their first win of the season with a 4–0 result over Newcastle. Henrique finished the season rather early, as he was required to undergo knee reconstruction, effectively ruling him out for the rest of 2014–15. Despite this, he finished 2014–15 as his most successful, netting eight goals in 16 games.

Henrique netted a stunning goal, his third of the season, from half-way, lengthwise equivalent to 45 metres, as Roar defeated Melbourne City 3–1.

On 16 June 2016, it was announced that Henrique would depart the Roar after seven seasons with the club.

Adelaide United
On 27 August 2016, Henrique joined Adelaide United on a one-year deal. On 4 December 2016, Henrique scored a brace against Wellington Phoenix to win Adelaide United's first match of the 16/17 season, as the match ended 2–0.

Chiangrai United
On 31 January 2017, Henrique left Adelaide United after 13 games to join Thai club Chiangrai United

Return to Brisbane Roar
After training with Brisbane Roar and the club announcing they won't sign Henrique for the current season, on 22 February 2018, the club back-flipped on their decision and signed Henrique, including him in the match-day squad for the current round.

In December 2018, Henrique reached 150 games with Brisbane Roar and also scored a goal during the game against Adelaide United. He left the Roar after the 2018/19 season.

Personal life

On 7 October 2015, Henrique officially became an Australian citizen. Four years after becoming an Australian citizen, he said: "I didn't expect to be here for a decade. From the very first day, I fell in love with the city and Australia. I got my citizenship and my family is happy so I'm going to be around."

Honours
Brisbane Roar
 A-League Premiership: 2010–11, 2013–14
 A-League Championship: 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14

References

External links
 Brisbane Roar profile

Living people
1985 births
Men's association football wingers
A-League Men players
Brazilian men's footballers
Feyenoord players
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
Guarani FC players
Uberaba Sport Club players
Brisbane Roar FC players
Negeri Sembilan FC players
Adelaide United FC players
Chiangrai United F.C. players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
Naturalised soccer players of Australia
Brazilian emigrants to Australia
Footballers from São Paulo

Henrique (footballer, born 9 May 1985)


Jenya Wilson Lano () (Moscow, 1978) is a Russian-Italian actress and comedian, best known for her recurring role as Inspector Sheridan in ten episodes of the American television series Charmed.

Career
Raised in Moscow, Russia, and in Rome, Italy, Lano is fluent in English, Russian and Italian.

Lano made her debut in the 1998 film Shrieker. She also made appearances in Blade, S.W.A.T., Ghost Rock, Stealing Candy and Fashionably L.A., as well guest starring in the TV series The Shield, Xena: Warrior Princess and NCIS. In 2004 she voiced the character of Xenia Onatopp in the video game GoldenEye: Rogue Agent.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Actresses from Moscow
Soviet emigrants to Italy
Italian actresses

Jenya Lano


Jacob Shallus or Shalus (1750–April 18, 1796) was the engrosser or penman of the original copy of the United States Constitution. The handwritten document that Shallus engrossed is on display in the Rotunda of the Charters of Freedom at the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C.

Early life
Shallus was the son of German immigrants, Valentine Schallus and Frederica Catherina.  His brother Thomas Shallus was a mapmaker. He was born a year after his father Valentine immigrated to Pennsylvania and was a volunteer in the Revolutionary War. During the Revolutionary War, Shallus fought in Canada and became a quartermaster of Pennsylvania's 1st Battalion. Shallus also assisted in the outfitting of a privateering vessel, the Retrieve.

Career
At the time of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Shallus served as Assistant Clerk to the Pennsylvania General Assembly, which met at the Pennsylvania State House, today known as Independence Hall. The convention's desire for speedy drafting and Shallus' convenience to the convention's meeting may have influenced his choice as engrosser.

Shallus' name appears nowhere on the document itself, but an investigation into the identity of the Penman in 1937 for the 150th anniversary of the Constitution revealed the identity of the transcriber. Shallus was paid $30 () for his engrossing work, a sum recorded as for "clerks employed to transcribe & engross." The effort consisted of copying the Constitution on four sheets of parchment made from treated animal skin (either calf, goat, or sheep; in 1987 the supervising conservator at the National Archives said, "We don't know which") and measuring 28 3/4 inches by 23 5/8 inches, probably with a goose quill and with ink made of iron filings in oak gall that was black when applied but that has now turned brownish. Shallus engrossed the entire document except for the list of states at the end of the document, which are in Alexander Hamilton's handwriting.

Shallus is also credited as Assistant Secretary in the 1790 re-authoring of the State Constitution of Pennsylvania.

Personal life
Shallus married Elizabeth Melchor, sister to Col. Isaac Melcher, Barrack-Master-General of the Continental Army. Her obituary from the Democratic Press in Pennsylvania from August 3, 1818 notes she was "one of those patriotic Ladies of Philadelphia who first associated together and supplied the suffering soldiers with shirts, stockings, &c. in that eventful period of the revolution, which tried and apalled [sic] even men's souls."

See also
History of the United States Constitution
Timothy Matlack, engrosser of the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence

References

External links
 Prologue Winter 2002, Vol. 34, No. 4, Travels of the Charters of Freedom
Historical Background National Park Service Document
History of Penmanship

1750 births
1796 deaths
American calligraphers
American people of German descent
Drafting of the United States Constitution
People from Philadelphia
People of colonial Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the American Revolution

Jacob Shallus