Jörg Widmann (born 19 June 1973) is a German composer, conductor and clarinetist. In 2018, Widmann was the third most performed contemporary composer in the world. Formerly a clarinet and composition professor at the University of Music Freiburg, he is composition professor at the Barenboim–Said Akademie. His most important compositions are the two operas Babylon and Das Gesicht im Spiegel, an oratorio Arche, Kantate and the concert overture Con brio. Widmann has written musical tributes to Classical and Romantic composers. He was awarded the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art in 2018 and the Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg in 2023.

Education and career
Widmann was born on 19 June 1973 in Munich, the son of a physicist and a teacher. His sister is the German classical violinist Carolin Widmann. He first took clarinet lessons in 1980. Four years later he became a composition student of Kay Westermann. Widmann attended the secondary school  in Munich. He later studied composition with Hans Werner Henze, Wilfried Hiller, Heiner Goebbels and Wolfgang Rihm. He studied as a clarinetist at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München with Gerhard Starke (1986–1997, Meisterklassendiplom 1997) and at the Juilliard School in New York City with Charles Neidich (1994–1995, Advanced Certificate 1995). He furthered his studies at the Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe (1997–1999). From 2001 to 2015, he taught clarinet as a professor at the University of Music Freiburg. From 2009 to 2016 Widmann was a part-time Professor of Composition, succeeding Mathias Spahlinger, at the Institute for New Music at the University of Music Freiburg. From 2011 to 2017, Widmann was Principal Guest Conductor and from 2017 to 2022, Principal Conductor and Artistic Partner of the Irish Chamber Orchestra. Since 2017, Widmann has held the Edward-Said-Chair as Professor of Composition at the Barenboim–Said Akademie, Berlin. Since 2022, he has been Associated Conductor of the Munich Chamber Orchestra for three years. He is guest conductor of the Mozarteum Orchester Salzburg. From the 2023–2024 season, Widmann will be principal guest conductor of the NDR Radiophilharmonie for three years.

He lives and works in Berlin and Munich.

Musical works and performances
Widmann has achieved success both as a clarinetist and as a composer.

Clarinet career
As a soloist, Widmann has performed with major orchestras in Germany and abroad, including the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra and Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, under conductors like Valery Gergiev, Christoph von Dohnányi, Sylvain Cambreling and Kent Nagano. He has premiered several clarinet concerti dedicated to him: in 1999 through "musica viva", he played Music for Clarinet and Orchestra by Wolfgang Rihm; in 2006 with the WDR Symphony Orchestra, Cantus by Aribert Reimann; and in 2015 "über" by Mark Andre at the Donaueschingen Festival. Widmann's core repertoire as clarinetist includes Pierre Boulez's Dialogue de l'ombre double, which he performed on Boulez's 85th birthday in Paris.

Widmann mostly plays a Herbert Wurlitzer clarinet from his student time.

Career as composer
Widmann's compositions draw on different musical genres. For example, he has written a trilogy for orchestra examining the projection of vocal forms of instrumental ensembles. The trilogy consists of Lied (premiered in 2003 and recorded on CD by the Bamberg Symphony with Jonathan Nott), Chor (premiered in 2004 by the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin with Kent Nagano) and Messe (premiered in June 2005 by the Munich Philharmonic under Christian Thielemann). In 2007, Pierre Boulez and the Vienna Philharmonic premiered his orchestral work Armonica.

His early string quartets are of particular note among his chamber music: the First Quartet was written in 1997, followed by the Chorale Quartet and the Hunting Quartet, the latter premiered in 2003 by the Arditti Quartet. 2005 saw the first performances of the Fourth Quartet and Experiment on a Fugue (Fifth Quartet, with soprano), with Juliane Banse and the Artemis Quartet. These five one-movement quartets form a cycle.

Widmann was Composer in Residence at the Salzburg Festival and at the chamber music festival Spannungen, Heimbach in 2004. Octet was premiered on 4 June 2004 at the power plant Kraftwerk Heimbach. In 2008, Siemens Arts Program sent Widmann to Dubai. Widmann premiered Am Anfang by Anselm Kiefer in July 2009 as part of the 20th anniversary of the Opéra Bastille, in which he acted as composer, clarinetist and made his debut as conductor. He was Composer in Residence at the Lucerne Festival in 2009, where on 13 August 2009, Heinz Holliger performed Widmann's oboe concerto, commissioned by the festival. On 5 September Widmann premiered Holliger's Rechant for solo clarinet. Widmann's Free Pieces for Ensemble: Number X is used in Sophie Fiennes's documentary Over Your Cities Grass Will Grow (2010), about the postwar German artist Anselm Kiefer. His sister Carolin Widmann premiered his études IV-VI for violin (20042010) at the Wittener Tage für neue Kammermusik on 23 April 2010. From 2009 to 2011 he was the Daniel R. Lewis Young Composer Fellow at the Cleveland Orchestra. He performed his Fantasie for Solo Clarinet (1993) to celebrate Walter Fink's 80th birthday at the Rheingau Musik Festival on 16 August 2010 and in 2014 was the festival's Composer and Artist in Residence. Widmann was the Tonhalle Orchester Zürich's Creative Chair in the 2015–16 season.

On 9 September 2015, the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra announced they were commissioning a work from Widmann as part of a planned collaboration by the two organizations beginning in the fall of 2017. The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra announced Widmann's appointment as its first-ever Gewandhauskomponist (Gewandhaus composer) for the 2017–18 season.

Widmann's oratorio ARCHE had its world premiere on 13 January 2017 on the occasion of the opening festivities of the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg. The Hamburg Philharmonic State Orchestra conducted by Kent Nagano performed it. A concert by Widmann, Daniel Barenboim, and Anna Prohaska opened the Pierre Boulez Saal on 4 March 2017.

On 27 January 2018 Widmann and the Hagen Quartet performed his Clarinet Quintet, as part of a European tour, at Amsterdam's Muziekgebouw aan het IJ. Partita, five reminiscences for large orchestra, commissioned by the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra and the Boston Symphony Orchestra, was premiered in Leipzig on 8 March 2018 with Andris Nelsons conducting.

After the world premiere in 2012 at the Bavarian State Opera, in 2019 a new Berlin version of his opera Babylon was performed at the Berlin State Opera on Unter den Linden under the musical direction of Christopher Ward.

Anne-Sophie Mutter is the dedicatee of String Quartet No. 6 (Study on Beethoven, 2019). With this piece, Widmann began a new series of works in the genre.

Widmann held the 2019–20 Richard and Barbara Debs Composer's Chair at Carnegie Hall. During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, he contributed to the online Festival of New Music with his composition empty space. Barenboim and Emanuel Pahud curated the festival in the empty Pierre Boulez Saal.

Another commission from Leipzig and Boston is the lyrical trumpet concerto Toward Paradise. It was premiered on 23 September 2021 at Gewandhaus with Håkan Hardenberger playing trumpet and Andris Nelsons conducting the Gewandhausorchester. This work refers to Miles Davis.

On 8 June 2023, Kantate for soli, choir, organ and orchestra was premiered by Andreas Reize conducting Gewandhausorchester Leipzig and Thomanerchor in Leipzig, Thomaskirche, on occasion of the 300th anniversary of Johann Sebastian Bach taking office as Thomaskantor.

In the 2023/24 season, Widmann is Berliner Philharmoniker's Composer in Residence.

Musical style
In his experimental, absurd breathtaking and technically extreme early work, Widmann integrates serialism and noise in traditional sources. Sounds, not tones, have been in the focus of his thinking. Widmann has written pieces without pitches and also purely tonal pieces with exaggerated familiar gestures. In many of his compositions, Widmann is in a musical "dialogue" with Classical and Romantic composers such as Mozart, Beethoven, Schumann, Schubert and Brahms. He wrote musical tributes to these composers.  The scores show extremely precise, well-considered structures and instructions. A common instruction is, that the soloist moves around the stage, for example in Viola Concerto, Towards Paradise and Kantate. He uses extended techniques in many compositions, such as Con brio. Beside his musical idols, Widmann finds inspiration in literature, poems, paintings and sculptures and frequently uses literary sources for his compositions, like Matthias Claudius, Klabund, Heinrich Heine, Peter Sloterdijk, Clemens Brentano and Friedrich Schiller in his oratorio ARCHE. In his 2023 Bach-homage Kantate (called: "", peace cantata), he used texts by Matthias Claudius, Jean Paul, Bertolt Brecht, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Paul Gerhardt and from the Bible.

According to Bachtrack, Widmann was  in 2018 the third most performed contemporary composer in the world, behind Arvo Pärt and John Williams.

Awards

 1996
 1997 Bayerischer Staatspreis für junge Künstler
 1999 Belmont Prize for Contemporary Music from the Forberg-Schneider Foundation
 2002 Hindemith Prize of the Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival
 2002 Schneider-Schott Music Prize
 2003 Ernst von Siemens Composers' Prize
 2003–2004 award of the magazine Opernwelt: "most important premiere of the season: Das Gesicht im Spiegel"
 2004 Arnold Schönberg Prize
 2006 Kompositionspreis of the SWR Sinfonieorchester Baden-Baden und Freiburg for Second Labyrinth
 2006 Claudio-Abbado-Kompositionspreis of the Orchester-Akademie of the Berlin Philharmonic for Quintet for oboe, clarinet, horn, bassoon and piano
 2007 Prize of the Christoph and Stephan Kaske Foundation
 2009 Stoeger Prize of the New York Chamber Music Society
 2010 Marsilius Medal of the Heidelberg University
 2013 Heidelberger Frühling Music Award
 2013 German Music Authors' Prize (Composition Symphonic)
 2018 Robert Schumann Prize for Poetry and Music Mainz
 2018 Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art
 2019 , "Composer of the year" for ARCHE
 2021 Musikpreis der Landeshauptstadt München
 2021 Würth Prize of Jeunesses Musicales Germany
 2023 Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg

Honorary doctorates
 2023 Honorary doctorate University of Limerick

Memberships
 2003 Fellow of the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study
 2005 Member of the Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste
 2007 Member of the Freie Akademie der Künste Hamburg
 2007 Member of the Deutsche Akademie der Darstellenden Künste
 2016 Member of the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz

Works

Writings

Films

   (German Camera Prize)  2023

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

  Interview with Jörg Widmann
 Jörg Widmann at Schott Music

 Jörg Widmann Harrison Parrott (agents)
 Jörg Widmann Salzburg Festival

1973 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
21st-century German conductors (music)
Composers for piano
Composers for viola
Composers for violin
Composers for clarinet
Contemporary classical music performers
Ernst von Siemens Composers' Prize winners
German classical clarinetists
German male conductors (music)
German male classical composers
German opera composers
Academic staff of the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg
Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe alumni
University of Music and Performing Arts Munich alumni
Juilliard School alumni
Jazz-influenced classical composers
Living people
Male opera composers
Musicians from Munich
String quartet composers
20th-century German composers
21st-century German composers
20th-century clarinetists
21st-century clarinetists
20th-century German male musicians
21st-century German male musicians

Jörg Widmann


Llena de amor (English: Filled With Love) is a Mexican Spanish-language telenovela, produced by Angelli Nesma Medina for Televisa. It is a remake of the Venezuelan telenovela Mi Gorda Bella, which itself was inspired by the Colombian telenovela Yo soy Betty, la fea.

Ariadne Díaz, Valentino Lanús, César Évora and Laura Flores starring as the main protagonists, while Altaír Jarabo and Armando Araiza as the co-protagonists, with Azela Robinson, Alexis Ayala, Roberto Ballesteros and Roberto Palazuelos as the main antagonists. With the Stellar performances of Luis Uribe, María Elisa Camargo, Ricardo Margaleff, Diego Amozurrutia , Carlos Gascón, Cristina Mason, Mariana Van Rankin, Lorena Enríquez, Alberto Agnesi and the leading actors Tina Romero and Aarón Hernán.

Plot
Marianela Ruiz y de Teresa is a sweet, overweight girl. She graduates with honors from a private school and returns to Mexico to live with her mother, Eva Ruiz y de Teresa and attends university. When her mother is killed in a helicopter accident by a own fan Gerardo Torres, Marianela is sent to live with her uncle, Emiliano, and his wife, Fedra, along with her cousins, Emmanuel, Kristel, Gretel, and Axel.

Fedra is a cruel, money-hungry woman who has always envied Eva and hates Marianela because of her weight and because of the money she will inherit from her mother. Marianela is treated horribly by Fedra, Kristel, and Ilitia; however Axel and Gretel are supportive of her and Emmanuel is kind to her and calls her "gordita hermosa." Emmanuel has always been Marianela's love interest since childhood. Over time, Emmanuel develops feelings for Marianela and realizes he loves her.

Marianela also has a very supportive aunt, Netty who is an actress, and friends, Brandon, Doris, and Oliver. Fedra schemes and steals Marianela's inheritance from her mother, with a forged will that names her the sole beneficiary of Eva's money. Fedra tries to kill Marianela many times. She puts poison in chocolates that Emmanuel gives her and she plays tricks on her. Fedra is the one that killed Eva as well as her father. And Gretel saw the whole thing and is faced with the crisis that makes people believe she is crazy.

Emmanuel asks Marianela to marry him. She says yes and then tells their family. Fedra, Kristel, Axel, and Ilitia are against them getting married. Axel was against it because after an accident where he almost lost his life, Fedra sabotaged him to make him hate Marianela, but everyone else was happy for them. Ilitia was Emmanuel's ex-girlfriend and is "in love" with him. She is so angry that she and Kristel play a prank to stop the marriage. When Emmanuel goes to work that same day, Ilitia plans a bachelor party for him. The workers and Emmanuel get drunk. While they are getting drunk, Kristel goes to Marianela and gives her a fake invitation to Emmanuel and Ilitia's wedding. While Kristel tries to convince Marianela not to marry Emmanuel, Ilitia sends the workers home. Emmanuel falls asleep and then she puts Emmanuel on the bed, takes his shirt off, then she takes her clothes off and gets on top of him. Kristel takes Marianela to Emmanuel's workplace; when Marianela sees them, she leaves crying. Marianela calls her aunt in Spain and tells her she wants to visit her. Her aunt agrees.

Emmanuel goes to Marianela's house the following day and finds out she is leaving. He rushes to the airport and tries to stop her, but he couldn't because he arrives too late. Emmanuel goes outside and sees her plane take off. Two guys go behind him and kidnap him. They put him in a truck; there is no one driving the truck and he has an accident. When Emmanuel wakes up in a hospital, he can't move his legs. At the same time, Marianela arrives in Spain and ends up in the hospital after she faints. The doctor tells her that she was poisoned, and the person who poisoned her knew that she could not resist. Marianela gives the chocolates to the doctor, and after examining them, he confirms that the chocolates had poison in them. He also advises her to lose weight because being overweight could give her various health problems. Marianela believes it was Emanuel who poisoned her when in reality it was Fedra and Bernardo.

Marianela starts to exercise and, at the same time, Emmanuel starts therapy to walk again. Two years later, Marianela loses a lot of weight by this time and Emmanuel is able to walk again. Emmanuel asks Ilitia to marry him after winning a race but is still in love with Marianela. Emmanuel announces that he and Ilitia are to get married. Back in Spain, Aunt Carlota becomes ill. When they receive a phone call,
Fedra flies to Spain to kill Carlota after making her sign papers to transfer her money to Fedra while Marianela was at a business trip with Jorge a man who says is deeply in love with her.

While Fedra is in Spain, Marianela returns to Mexico when she finds out Emmanuel is getting married with Ilitia. On her wedding day, Ilitia is raped by Mauricio Fonseca. Marianela goes to Netty's house but the only one there is Doris. She talks with her and she finds out that Doris is a makeup artist. She asks her if she could disguise her. Ilitia arrives late to her wedding. During the ceremony, Marianela arrives but no one is able to recognize her due to her weight loss and her disguise. During the party they ask what her name is and she lies by saying her name is Victoria de la Garza. She goes into an office in the house and there she finds herself with Lirio de Plata. He ties her up and robs the place then leaves and Emilano goes in and unties her before the police arrive. She tells Brandon she is friends with Marianela. The next day Brandon takes her to Netty's house. She stays at Netty's house and brings with her Gretel, who is disguised as Victoria's younger brother Manolo. "Victoria" gets hired by Emiliano to work in the family company. Later

A short time afterwards, Victoria gets control of the family company by orders of Marianela. Later, Marianela falls in love with Lirio De Plata without knowing it is actually Emmanuel and she becomes pregnant. Ilitia is pregnant with Brandon's baby. She discovers the truth about the pregnancy while Emanuel finally understands why he feels as if he's in love with two women: Marianela and Victoria are the same person yet he acts as if he doesn't know. He makes Marianela fall in love twice like she did with him. It is revealed that Gretel is the real daughter of Paula and Máximo.

He pretends to be paralyzed to assassinate Bernardo, but he kills himself with a shot to the head and reveals to Lorenzo when he beat Axel, that he is his biological son. The Captain José Maria Sevilla (El Lirio de Plata), Emmanuel's biological father, sacrifices him and is killed by a corrupt policeman by order of Mauricio Fonseca, who also tried to kill Brandon, Ilitia and his mother Camila by orders of he and Fedra. But Lorenzo managed to kill Mauricio for raping his daughter Ilitia. and Gerardo the murderer of Eva Pavón, Marianela's mother for trying to escape.

Fedra and Lorenzo kidnaps both, Emanuel and Marianela, and took them to a secret hotel in Cancun built with Marianela's father (Luis Felipe Ruiz y de Teresa) inheritance money. Lorenzo fools Fedra, making her believe that Marianela was poisoned, but, actually, Lorenzo only hit her with his gun on her back; meanwhile, believing that Marianela was poisoned, Fedra fools Emanuel, making him believe that Marianela was dying and he reveals to Fedra  that Marianela was pregnant. Soon before Emanuel noticed that Marianela wasn't dying, Lorenzo shoots at him and kidnaps Fedra in revenge for trying to kill his daughter. Marianela did saves Emanuel from drowning but, however, Fedra is burned alive by Lorenzo, but right before he does, Fedra confess that her only child with Emiliano was Kristel. Brandon and Oliver shoot and kill Lorenzo, but unfortunately, Fedra dies, consumed by the flames yelling Emanuel's name once and once again. Oliver and Brandon tells Emiliano everything that happened during Lorenzo and Fedra's death, and also tell him that Kristel was his only biological daughter, but he responds that no matter what, they were all gonna be their children anyway.

In the end, Kristel marries Jorge, but they divorce. Gretel and Oliver marry and have two daughters. Ilitia and Brandon have four children. Emiliano and Netty get married as well. Axel and Delicia stay married and have a son. And Marianela and Emmanuel marry and have two daughters. She opens up a center for Childhood Obesity and names the center after her mother. They all live happily ever after, except for Kristel who can't seem to find Mr. Right.

Cast

Main

Secondary

Special participation

Awards and nominations

References

External links

2010 telenovelas
2010 Mexican television series debuts
2011 Mexican television series endings
Televisa telenovelas
Television shows set in Mexico
Mexican television series based on Venezuelan television series
Spanish-language telenovelas

Llena de amor


The AAA Championships was an annual track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association of England. It was the foremost domestic athletics event in the United Kingdom during its lifetime, despite the existence of the official UK Athletics Championships organised by the then governing body for British athletics, the British Athletics Federation between 1977 and 1993, and again in 1997. It was succeeded by the British Athletics Championships, organised by the BEF's replacement/successor, UK Athletics under its brand name British Athletics.

History
The competition was founded in 1880, replacing the Amateur Athletic Club (AAC) Championships, which had been held since 1866. Initially a men-only competition, a Women's AAA Championships was introduced in 1922 with the first proper WAAA Championships in 1923 and organised by the Women's Amateur Athletics Association until 1992, at which point it was folded into the Amateur Athletics Association. During the 1920s and early 1930s, the AAA Championships was Europe's most prestigious athletics event until the European Athletics Championships were inaugurated in 1934. Events were contested and measured in imperial units until metrification in 1969, in line with international standards.

Though organised by the English governing body, it was open to athletes from all over the world. The first overseas champion was Lon Myers of the United States who won the 440 yards in 1881. the first winner from Africa was Arthur Wharton from Ghana who won the 100 yards in 1886 and 1887. Foreign champions out-numbered those from the United Kingdom for the first time in 1904 when the United States team on their way to Paris for the Olympic Games stopped off in London and won eight of the fourteen events then on the programme.

It served as the de facto British Championships, given the absence of such a competition for most of its history. It was typically held over two or three days over a weekend in July or August. Foreign athletes were no longer allowed to compete from 1998 onwards (with the change first being trialled in 1996), though they were still allowed to participate (but not formally placed) in the 10,000 m and marathon events.

The creation of the UK Athletics Championships in 1977 under the British Amateur Athletic Board (later British Athletics Federation) marked a challenge to the event's domestic supremacy, though the quality of that rival event declined after it hosted the 1980 Olympic trials and it ceased as an annual championships after 1993, closing completely after 1997. The AAA Championships incorporated the UK Olympic trials every four years from 1988 to 2004. The women's WAAA Championships was folded into the AAA Championships in 1988.

The establishment of UK Athletics in 1999 to serve as the national governing body for professional, elite athletics ultimately started the decline of the AAA Championships. UK Athletics took over the role of both national championships and international team selection with its own British Athletics Championships from 2007 onwards. The AAA Championships ceased to be a stand-alone event in its own right from that point onwards, though it re-emerged in 2016 in being co-held with the English Athletics Championships organised by England Athletics (a body for developing the grassroots level beneath UK Athletics).

The long-distance track events, marathon, racewalking events and combined track and field events were regularly held outside of the main track and field championship competition. Although the competition venue varied over the years, there were several locations that served as regular hosts over its history: Stamford Bridge (1886 to 1931), White City Stadium (1932 to 1970), Crystal Palace National Sports Centre (1971 to 1987) and Alexander Stadium (1984 to 2003).

Evolution of Events
In 1880 the programme consisted of fourteen events; 100 yards, 440 yards, 880 yards, 1 mile, 4 miles, 10 miles, steeplechase, 120 yards hurdles, high jump, pole vault, long jump, shot put, hammer and a 7 miles walk.

The 220 yards was first held in 1902. In 1911 a 1-mile medley relay was introduced consisting of legs of 220 yards, 220 yards, 440 yards and 880 yards. This was not usually held at the main championship. In 1911 it was held in conjunction with the AAA Cycling Championships at Manchester on 29 July. In 1927 this was replaced by a 4 x 440 yards relay and a 4 x 110 yards relay was introduced at the same time.

In 1914 the 440 yards hurdles, discus, javelin, and triple jump, known at the time as Hop, Step & Jump, were introduced to the championship.

The 4 miles race was replaced by a 3 miles and 6 miles in 1932.

The 10 miles was held, apart from a break during the First World War, every year until 1939. It was held in 1947, and resumed annually from 1958 to 1972.

The marathon became a AAA Championship event in 1925. For the first three years it was held in conjunction with the race promoted by Polytechnic Harriers on a course from Windsor Castle to Stamford Bridge. Then from 1928 it was staged as a separate event at a number of different venues. From 1983 it has been incorporated into the London marathon.

The distance of the steeplechase was standardised at 2 miles from 1913, and the number of hurdles was standardised from 1931.

A 220 yards hurdles event was held from 1952 to 1962.

Until April 1922 it was permissible under AAA rules to move the hands up the pole during the pole vault, in what was known at the time as the "climbing" technique. The event was officially known as the pole jump until 1931.

In 1880 and 1881 a 7-foot circle was used for the shot put, and from 1882 to 1907 competitions were held from a 7-foot square. The circle was re-introduced in 1908 and from 1912 onwards a stop-board was used at the front of the circle.

For the hammer throw, from 1880 to 1886 AAA regulations required a 7-foot circle to be used although in 1881 the Field reports that throws were taken with a 7 ft run. From 1887 to 1905 throws were made from a 9-foot square. The 7 foot circle was re-introduced in 1908. Wire handles were legalised in 1896.

In 1920 only, a competition for throwing a 56 lb weight was held.

The decathlon was first held in 1928, but it was not repeated until 1936.

A 7 miles walk was held from 1880 to 1893 when it was replaced by a 4 miles walk. In 1901 the 4 miles walk was replaced by a 2 miles walk and the 7 miles walk. The walking events were generally but not always held at the main championship.

Races were contested, and field events measured, in yards and feet up until 1968. A men's 3000 metres was contested from 1989 to 1999.

On the women's side, the 2000 metres steeplechase was held in 2002 and 2003 before moving to the standard 3000 m distance. The 80 metres hurdles was contested until 1968 before being replaced by the new international standard 100 metres hurdles. The women's 200 metres hurdles was on the programme from 1961 to 1972. A 60 metres event was available from 1935 to 1950.

Challenge Cups
On 4 April 1880 a meeting of representatives of the chief athletic clubs in the country was held at Oxford for the purpose of forming a governing body possessing the power of framing the laws and regulations of (track and field) athletics. The Amateur Athletic Association was the result. At that meeting the representatives of the Amateur Athletic Club handed over to the new association the challenge cups that had been competed for since the championship meeting was instituted in 1866. There were initially just nine cups, shown with their notional insurance value, as follows: 100 yards - Challenge Cup presented by Prince Hassan, 60 guineas. Prince Hassan was the brother of Tewfik Pasha the Khedive of Egypt, and was educated in England. 440 yards - Challenge Cup presented by Kenelm Thomas Digby, Esq., MP, 45 guineas, an Irish politician. 880 yards - Challenge Cup presented by Percy Melville Thornton, 45 guineas. Thornton was the son of Rear-Admiral Samuel Thornton. Educated at Harrow, an Oxford graduate, he won the AAC 880 yards in 1866, was the first Secretary of the Inter-University sports, inspired the boat race near Ghent in 1911 between 8 Jesus college oarsmen and a Belgian crew. Was Honorary Secretary Middlesex County Cricket Club for many years, an MP for the Clapham division of Battersea from 1892 to 1910. Married his cousin Florence Emily Sykes and wrote a book on Foreign Secretaries of the Nineteenth Century. 1 mile - Challenge Cup presented by Charles Bennett Lawes Esq. From Teignmouth, Devon, Lawes, went to Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge University. He won the AAC 1 mile championship in 1866. 1st President Incorporated Society of British Sculptors. 4 miles - Challenge Cup presented by the Early of Jersey, 60 guineas. At the Oxford vs Cambridge match in 1865 he was fourth in the 2 miles, in a blinding snowstorm. The following year he was third in a 1-mile race won by Arthur Kemble in a howling gale. He was first President of the AAA. 10 miles - Challenge Cup presented by Walter Moresby Chinnery of the London Athletic Club, 50 guineas. Chinnery was the first amateur to run 1 mile in less than four and a half minutes, which he did at Cambridge on 10 March 1868, and on 30 May that year he repeated the feat at Beaufort House. In 1868 and 1869 he won both the 1 mile and 4 miles events at the AAC championship, and he again won the 1 mile in 1871. High jump - Challenge Cup presented by Sir Claude Champion de Crespigny, 3rd Baronet, 35 guineas. 120 yards hurdles  - Challenge Cup presented by Lord Southwell, 45 guineas. 7 miles walk - Challenge Cup presented by John Chambers, founder and secretary of the AAC, 35 guineas.

Editions

Most successful athletes by event

See also
List of British athletics champions

References

Editions
AAA Championships. Power of 10. Retrieved 2018-02-25.

External links
BRITISH ATHLETICS CHAMPIONSHIPS 1876-1914
BRITISH ATHLETICS CHAMPIONSHIPS 1919-1939
BRITISH ATHLETICS CHAMPIONSHIPS 1945-1959

Defunct athletics competitions
Athletics competitions in England
Recurring sporting events established in 1880
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2006
National championships in the United Kingdom
National athletics competitions
Defunct sports competitions in England
1880 establishments in England
2006 disestablishments in England

AAA Championships


was a Japanese Christian pastor, theologian and critic of Meiji and Taishō periods.

Early life and education
Uemura was the eldest son of Tojuiro and Tei, of the family of hatamoto (rank of samurai). His birth name was Michitarō. Though his family was wealthy, they fell into bankruptcy at the time of the Meiji Restoration. He came into contact with Christianity when he went to Tokyo to study at Shubunkan and the preparatory school run by James Hamilton Ballagh. In June 1873 he was baptized at the Yokohama Public Church by Ballagh. His parents and younger brothers were also baptized later. Soon he decided to become an evangelist, studying at Brown Preparatory School and Icchi Shin Gakko (United Seminary).

Career
Uemura was ordained in 1880 and became the pastor of Shitaya (Toshimagaoka) church. In 1887 he established the church that would later become Fujimicho Church and served as pastor there for the rest of his life. As an evangelist, his work included: 1. forming evangelical churches; 2. building up an acceptance of a theological way of thinking and the related training of evangelists; and 3. participation in written campaigns opposing many movements in Japanese society (especially the Rescript on Education of 1890).

In a life of faith that began in the Public Church and moved to the Japan Presbyterian Church, he provided directional leadership to bring the Christian churches together and help them become self-supporting and independent, based on an evangelical faith (Jesus as the Son of God incarnate, offering redemption through his death on the cross; the resurrection and ascension).
Defying the influence of theological liberalism, he, as a professor at Meiji Gakuin, worked to solidify a faith with the above doctrine as its core. In addition, as one of the founders of Tokyo Shingakusha (seminary), he took on the responsibility of the theological education and training of evangelists.
Through his own publications, such as Nihon-hyōron (Japanese Criticism), Fukuin-shūhō (The Evangelical Weekly) and others, he engaged in a wide range of literary criticism on such subjects as politics, society, education and religion. His contributions in the areas of Bible translation (into Japanese), hymn editing, literary criticism, and English literature are also of note.

Personal life
Uemura married Sueno Yamanouchi. They had three daughters; the third, Tamaki Uemura, survived to adulthood and became a religious leader in her own right. Uemura's health was greatly damaged because of the strenuous effort he put into the reconstruction of Fujimicho Church and Tokyo Shingakusha after they were devastated by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. He died suddenly at his home in Kashiwagi, Tokyo.

References

1857 births
1925 deaths
Japanese Protestants
Hatamoto
Japanese Christian clergy
Japanese evangelicals

Uemura Masahisa


In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest-mass energy given by Einstein's relation, , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light .

This is achieved by photons to the extent that effects described by special relativity are able to describe those of such particles themselves. Several approaches exist as a means of describing the motion of single and multiple relativistic particles, with a prominent example being postulations through the Dirac equation of single particle motion.

Since the energy-momentum relation of an particle can be written as:

where  is the energy,   is the momentum, and  is the rest mass,
when the rest mass tends to be zero, e.g. for a photon, or the momentum tends to be large, e.g. for a large-speed proton, this relation will collapses into a linear dispersion, i.e.

This is different from the parabolic energy-momentum relation for classical particles. Thus, in practice, the linearity or the non-parabolicity of the energy-momentum relation is considered as a key feature for relativistic particles. These two types of relativistic particles are remarked as massless and massive, respectively.

In experiments, massive particles are relativistic when their kinetic energy is comparable to or greater than the energy  corresponding to their rest mass. In other words, a massive particle is relativistic when its total mass-energy is at least twice its rest mass. This condition implies that the speed of the particle is close to the speed of light. According to the Lorentz factor formula, this requires the particle to move at roughly 85% of the speed of light. Such relativistic particles are generated in particle accelerators, as well as naturally occurring in cosmic radiation. In astrophysics, jets of relativistic plasma are produced by the centers of active galaxies and quasars.

A charged relativistic particle crossing the interface of two media with different dielectric constants emits transition radiation. This is exploited in the transition radiation detectors of high-velocity particles.

Desktop relativistic particles

Relativistic electrons can also exist in some solid state materials, including semimetals such as graphene, topological insulators, bismuth antimony alloys, and semiconductors such as transitional metal dichalcogenide  and black phosphorene layers. These lattice confined electrons with relativistic effects that can be described using the Dirac equation are also called desktop relativistic electrons or Dirac electrons.

See also

 Ultrarelativistic particle
 Special relativity
 Relativistic wave equations
 Lorentz factor
 Relativistic mass
 Relativistic plasma
 Relativistic jet
 Relativistic beaming
 List of plasma (physics) articles

Notes

References

Quantum mechanics
Special relativity
Accelerator physics

Relativistic particle


Station Square is a  indoor and outdoor shopping and entertainment complex located in the South Shore neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States across the Monongahela River from the Golden Triangle of downtown Pittsburgh. Station Square occupies the buildings and land formerly occupied by the historic Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad Complex, including the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad Station, which are separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

With  of retail space, it features nearly 60 stores, restaurants and entertainment venues, including Highmark Stadium and the 396-room Sheraton at Station Square. As one of Pittsburgh's largest tourist destinations, it attracts more than three million people annually, including many Pittsburgh natives. The retail development was built at the location of a former station on the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, with many of the original structures such as the freight house building and the concourse being converted into restaurants and a shopping mall. Proximity to a stop on the Port Authority of Allegheny County 'T' Pittsburgh Light Rail system and the dock for the Gateway Clipper Fleet of local river cruise boats makes Station Square a major parking and jumping-off point for activities and events around the city. The property is operated by Brookfield Asset Management.

In 1979, the Station Square complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the "Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad Complex."

History

Station Square was conceptualized by Arthur P. Ziegler, Jr., one of the founding national leaders of historic preservation in the United States and President of the  Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation, or Landmarks.  Landmarks developed the site in 1976 as a mixed-use historic adaptive reuse development that gave the foundation the opportunity to put its urban planning principles into practice.

Aided by an initial gift from the Allegheny Foundation in 1976, Landmarks adapted five historic Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad buildings for new uses and added a hotel, a dock for the Gateway Clipper Fleet and parking areas. Now, shops, offices, restaurants and entertainment anchor the historic riverfront site on the south shore of the Monongahela River, opposite the Golden Triangle (Pittsburgh). It reflects a $100 million investment from all sources, with the lowest public cost and highest taxpayer return of any major renewal project in the Pittsburgh region since the 1950s. In 1994, Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation sold Station Square to Forest City Realty Trust which created an endowment to help support its restoration efforts and educational programs. Each year the staff and docents of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation introduce more than 10,000 people — teachers, students, adults, and visitors — to the architectural heritage of the Pittsburgh region and to the value of historic preservation.

See also
Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad Station

References

External links
Station Square website
Post Gazette article on possible sale

Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Transport infrastructure completed in 1897
Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad
Forest City Realty Trust
Tourist attractions in Pittsburgh
Entertainment districts in the United States
Shopping districts and streets in the United States
Economy of Pittsburgh
Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in the United States
1976 establishments in Pennsylvania
Buildings and structures in Pittsburgh
National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh

Station Square


TerreStar Networks, a majority owned subsidiary of TerreStar Corporation (TSTR), is a next generation, wholesale mobile communications provider launching the first integrated satellite terrestrial service with the world's first satellite-terrestrial smartphone.

Overview
TerreStar was to provide a fully integrated and resilient satellite+terrestrial mobile network. This network would leverage TerreStar's S band mobile satellite service (MSS) spectrum with an advanced all–IP ground-based open-architecture terrestrial network to provide voice, data and video services to end-users – from government officials and emergency first responders to adventure enthusiasts and consumers in rural communities.

TerreStar used commercial chipset technologies from Qualcomm and Infineon to embed satellite communications capabilities into smartphones that can be carried as everyday phones. Genus was the world's first (and only) Windows Mobile-based quad-band GSM and tri-band WCDMA/HSPA smartphone with integrated all-IP satellite-terrestrial voice and data capabilities, a touch screen and a full QWERTY keyboard. It resembled the now classic Blackberry design with a keyboard under the screen, used an internal antenna for terrestrial communications but required a rather large antenna for satellite communications.

World's Largest Satellite
On July 1, 2009, from French Guiana in South America, TerreStar launched its geosynchronous satellite, TerreStar-1. TerreStar-1 is the world's largest and most advanced commercial communications satellite that will provide communications services across the continental United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Hawaii and Alaska. The satellite's size along with the extra power and sensitivity of its antenna allows it to communicate to conventionally sized mobile devices.

On July 14, 2009, TerreStar-1 successfully reached its orbital slot (at 111 degrees) in the geosynchronous arc and successfully deployed its 18-meter 2 GHz S Band reflector. On July 20, 2009, TerreStar completed the first end-to-end satellite-terrestrial phone call over TerreStar-1.

Bankruptcy
On October 19, 2010, TerreStar Networks Inc filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. On March 29, 2012, the bankruptcy reorganization became effective and all common shares were cancelled with no value.  The company was sold out of bankruptcy to Dish Network Corp.

References

External links
Terrestar Corporation
TerreStar Networks
http://www.tvtechnology.com/eng/0100/industry-canada-decision-opens--ghz-spectrum-for-aws-/mss/273888
http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/terrestar-solutions-appoints-former-verizon-wireless-presidentceo-dan-mead-to-board-of-directors-590319251.html
https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf09820.html
https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf09815.html

Companies based in Reston, Virginia

fi:TerreStar

TerreStar Networks


Ruthenian and Ruthene are exonyms of Latin origin, formerly used in Eastern and Central Europe as common ethnonyms for East Slavs, particularly during the late medieval and early modern periods. The Latin term Rutheni was used in medieval sources to describe all Eastern Slavs of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as an exonym for people of the former Kievan Rus', thus including ancestors of the modern Belarusians, Rusyns and Ukrainians. The use of Ruthenian and related exonyms continued through the early modern period, developing several distinctive meanings, both in terms of their regional scopes and additional religious connotations (such as affiliation with the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church).

In medieval sources, the Latin term Rutheni was commonly applied to East Slavs in general, thus encompassing all endonyms and their various forms (; ). By opting for the use of exonymic terms, authors who wrote in Latin were relieved from the need to be specific in their applications of those terms, and the same quality of Ruthenian exonyms is often recognized in modern, mainly Western authors, particularly those who prefer to use exonyms (foreign in origin) over endonyms.

During the early modern period, the exonym Ruthenian was most frequently applied to the East Slavic population of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, an area encompassing territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine from the 15th up to the 18th centuries. In the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the same term () was employed up to 1918 as an official exonym for the entire Ukrainian population within the borders of the Monarchy.

History
Ruteni, a misnomer that was also the name of an extinct and unrelated Celtic tribe in Ancient Gaul, was used in reference to Rus' in the Annales Augustani of 1089. An alternative early modern Latinisation, Rucenus (plural Ruceni) was, according to Boris Unbegaun, derived from Rusyn. Baron Herberstein, describing the land of Russia, inhabited by the Rutheni who call themselves Russi, claimed that the first of the governors who rule Russia is the Grand Duke of Moscow, the second is the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the third is the King of Poland.

According to professor John-Paul Himka from the University of Alberta the word Rutheni did not include the modern Russians, who were known as Moscovitae. Vasili III of Russia, who ruled the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 16th century, was known in European Latin sources as Rhuteni Imperator. Jacques Margeret in his book "Estat de l'empire de Russie, et grande duché de Moscovie" of 1607 explained that the name "Muscovites" for the population of Tsardom (Empire) of Russia is an error. During conversations, they called themselves rusaki (which is a colloquial term for Russians) and only the citizens of the capital called themself "Muscovites". Margeret considered that this error is worse than calling all the French "Parisians".  Professor David Frick from the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute has also found in Vilnius the documents from 1655, which demonstrate that Moscovitae were also known in Lithuania as Rutheni. The 16th century Portuguese poet Luís Vaz de Camões in his Os Lusíadas" (Canto III, 11) clearly writes "...Entre este mar e o Tánais vive estranha Gente: Rutenos, Moscos e Livónios, Sármatas outro tempo..." differentiating between Ruthenians and Muscovites.

After the partition of Poland, the term Ruthenian referred exclusively to people of the Rusyn- and Ukrainian-speaking areas of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, especially in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Bukovina, and Transcarpathia.

At the request of Mykhajlo Levitsky, in 1843, the term Ruthenian became the official name for the Rusyns and Ukrainians within the Austrian Empire. For example, Ivan Franko and Stepan Bandera in their passports were identified as Ruthenians (). By 1900, more and more Ruthenians began to call themselves with the self-designated name Ukrainians. With the emergence of Ukrainian nationalism during the mid-19th century, use of "Ruthenian" and cognate terms declined among Ukrainians and fell out of use in Eastern and Central Ukraine. Most people in the western region of Ukraine followed suit later in the 19th century. During the early 20th century, the name Ukrajins'ka mova ("Ukrainian language") became accepted by much of the Ukrainian-speaking literary class in the Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.

Following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, new states emerged and dissolved; borders changed frequently. After several years, the Rusyn and Ukrainian speaking areas of eastern Austria-Hungary found themselves divided between the Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Romania.

When commenting on the partition of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in March 1939, US diplomat George Kennan noted, "To those who inquire whether these peasants are Russians or Ukrainians, there is only one answer. They are Neither. They are simply Ruthenians." Dr. Paul R. Magocsi emphasizes that modern Ruthenians have "the sense of a nationality distinct from Ukrainians" and often associate Ukrainians with Soviets or Communists.

After the expansion of Soviet Ukraine following World War II, several groups who had not previously considered themselves Ukrainians were merged into the Ukrainian identity.

Ruthenian terminology in Poland

In the Interbellum period of the 20th century, the term rusyn (Ruthenian) was also applied to people from the Kresy Wschodnie (the eastern borderlands) in the Second Polish Republic, and included Ukrainians, Rusyns, and Lemkos, or alternatively, members of the Uniate or Greek Catholic Church churches. In Galicia, the Polish government actively replaced all references to "Ukrainians" with the old word rusini ("Ruthenians").

The Polish census of 1921 considered Ukrainians no other than Ruthenians. However the Polish census of 1931 counted Belarusian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Ruthenian as separate language categories, and the census results were substantially different from before. According to Rusyn-American historian Paul Robert Magocsi, Polish government policy in the 1930s pursued a strategy of tribalization, regarding various ethnographic groups—i.e., Lemkos, Boykos, and Hutsuls, as well as Old Ruthenians and Russophiles—as different from other Ukrainians (although no such category existed in the Polish census apart from the first-language speakers of Russian,) and offered instructions in Lemko vernacular in state schools set up in the westernmost Lemko Region.

The Polish census of 1931 listed "Russian", "Ruthenian" and "Ukrainian" (Polish: rosyjski, ruski, ukraiński, respectively) as separate languages.

Carpatho-Ruthenian Ethnonyms

By the end of the 19th century, another set of terms came into use in several western languages, combining regional Carpathian with Ruthenian designations, and thus producing composite terms such as: Carpatho-Ruthenes or Carpatho-Ruthenians. Those terms also acquired several meanings, depending on the shifting geographical scopes of the term Carpathian Ruthenia. Those meanings were also spanning from wider uses as designations for all East Slavs of the Carpathian region, to narrower uses, focusing on those local groups of East Slavs who did not accept modern Russian or Ukrainian identities, but rather opted to keep their traditional Rusyn identity.

The designations Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn were banned in the Soviet Union by the end of World War II in June 1945. Ruthenians who identified under the Rusyn ethnonym and considered themselves to be a national and linguistic group separate from Ukrainians and Belarusians were relegated to the Carpathian diaspora and formally functioned among the large immigrant communities in the United States. A cross-European revival took place only with the collapse of communist rule in 1989. This has resulted in political conflict and accusations of intrigue against Rusyn activists, including criminal charges. The Rusyn minority is well represented in Slovakia. The single category of people who listed their ethnicity as Rusyn was created in the 1920s; however, no generally accepted standardised Rusyn language existed.

The government of Slovakia has proclaimed Rusyns (Rusíni) to be a distinct national minority (1991) and recognised Rusyn language as a distinct language (1995).

Speculative theories

Since the 19th century, several speculative theories emerged regarding the origin and nature of medieval and early modern uses of Ruthenian terms as designations for East Slavs. Some of those theories were focused on a very specific source, a memorial plate from 1521, that was placed in the catacombe Chapel of St Maximus in Petersfriedhof, the burial site of St Peter's Abbey in Salzburg (modern Austria). The plate contains Latin inscription that mentions Italian ruler Odoacer (476–493) as king of "Rhutenes" or "Rhutenians" (), and narrates a story about the martyrdom of St Maximus during an invasion of several peoples into Noricum in 477. Due to the very late date (1521) and several anachronistic elements, the content of that plate is considered as legendary.

In spite of that, some authors (mainly non-scholars) employed that plate as a "source" for several theories that were trying to connect Odoacer with ancient Celtic Ruthenes from Gaul, thus also providing an apparent bridge towards later medieval authors who labeled East Slavs as Ruthenes or Ruthenians. On those bases, an entire strain of speculative theories was created, regarding the alleged connection between ancient Gallic Ruthenes and later East Slavic "Ruthenians". As noted by professor Paul R. Magocsi, those theories should be regarded as "inventive tales" of "creative" writers.

Geography

From the 9th century, Kievan Rus' – now part of the modern states of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia – was known in Western Europe by a variety of names derived from Rus'. From the 12th century, the land of Rus' was usually known in Western Europe by the Latinised name Ruthenia.

Ruthenian culture

Language

The Ruthenian language (Ruthenian: рускаꙗ мова, рускїй ѧзыкъ) was an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian (White Ruthenian), Ukrainian (Ruthenian), and Rusyn languages.

Religions
With the baptism of Volodymyr began a long history of the dominance of  Eastern Orthodoxy in Ruthenia. The Rus' accepted Christianity in its Byzantine form at the same time as the Poles accepted it in its Latin form, Lithuanians largely remained pagan to the late Middle Ages before their nobility embraced the Latin form upon the political union with the Poles. The eastward expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been facilitated by amicable treaties and inter-marriages of the nobility when faced with the external threat of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'.

By the end of the 12th century, Europe was generally divided into two large areas: Western Europe with dominance of Catholicism, and Eastern Europe with Orthodox and Byzantine influences. The border between them was roughly marked by the Bug River. This placed the area now known as Belarus in a unique position where these two influences mixed and interfered.

The first Latin Church diocese in White Ruthenia was established in Turaŭ between 1008 and 1013. Catholicism was a traditionally dominant religion of Belarusian nobility (the szlachta) and of a large part of the population of western and northwestern parts of Belarus. Before the 14th century, the Orthodox church was dominant in White Ruthenia. The Union of Krewo in 1385 broke this monopoly and made Catholicism the religion of the ruling class.

Jogaila, then ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ordered the whole population of Lithuania to convert to Catholicism. 1.5 years after the Union of Krewo, the Wilno episcopate was created which received a lot of land from the Lithuanian dukes. By the mid-16th century Catholicism became strong in Lithuania and bordering with it north-west parts of White Ruthenia, but the Orthodox church was still dominant.

In the 14th century, Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos sanctioned the creation of two additional metropolitan sees: the Metropolis of Halych (1303) and the Metropolis of Lithuania (1317).

Metropolitan Roman (1355–1362) of Lithuania and Metropolitan Alexius of Kiev both claimed the see. Both metropolitans travelled to Constantinople to make their appeals in person. In 1356, their cases were heard by a Patriarchal Synod. The Holy Synod confirmed that Alexis was the Metropolitan of Kiev while Roman was also confirmed in his see at Novogorodek. In 1361, the two sees were formally divided. Shortly afterwards, in the winter of 1361/62, Roman died. From 1362 to 1371, the vacant see of Lithuania–Halych was administered by Alexius. By that point, the Lithuanian metropolis was effectively dissolved.

Following the signing of the Council of Florence, Metropolitan Isidore of Kiev returned to Moscow in 1441 as a Ruthenian cardinal. He was arrested by the Grand Duke of Moscow and accused of apostasy. The Grand Duke deposed Isidore and in 1448 installed own candidate as Metropolitan of Kyiv — Jonah. This was carried out without the approval of Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople. When Isidore died in 1458, he was succeeded as metropolitan in the Patriarchate of Constantinople by Gregory the Bulgarian. Gregory's canonical territory was the western part of the traditional Kievan Rus' lands — the states of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. The episcopal seat was in the city of Navahrudak which is today located in Belarus. It was later moved to Vilnius — the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A parallel succession to the title ensued between Moscow and Vilnius. The Metropolitans of Kiev are the predecessors of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' that was formed in the 16th century.

The Ruthenian Uniate Church was created in 1595/1596 by those clergy of the Eastern Orthodox Church who subscribed to the Union of Brest. In the process, they switched their allegiances and jurisdiction from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to the Holy See. It had a single metropolitan territory — the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia. The formation of the church led to a high degree of confrontation among Ruthenians, such as the murder of the hierarch Josaphat Kuntsevych in 1623. Opponents of the union called church members "Uniates" although Catholic documents no longer use the term due to its perceived negative overtones. In 1620, these dissenters erected their own metropolis — the "Metropolis of Kyev, Galicia and all Ruthenia".

In the 16th century, a crisis began in Christianity: the Protestant Reformation began in Catholicism and a period of heresy began in an Orthodox area. From the mid-16th century Protestant ideas began spreading in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The first Protestant Church in Belarus was created in Brest by Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł. Protestantism did not survive due to the Counter-Reformation in Poland.

Both the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth and the Ruthenian Church underwent a period of decay. The Ruthenian Church was the church of a people without statehood. The Poles considered the Ruthenians as a conquered people. Over time, the Lithuanian military and political ascendancy did away with the Ruthenian autonomies. The disadvantageous political status of the Ruthenian people also affected the status of their church and undermined her capacity for reform and renewal. Furthermore, they could not expect support from the Mother Church in Constantinople or from their co-religionists in Moscow. Thus the Ruthenian church was in a weaker position than the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth.

Until 1666, when Patriarch Nikon was deposed by the tsar, the Russian Orthodox Church had been independent of the State. In 1721, the first Russian Emperor, Peter I, abolished completely the patriarchate and effectively made the church a department of the government, ruled by a most holy synod composed of senior bishops and lay bureaucrats appointed by the Emperor himself. Over time, Imperial Russia would style itself a protector and patron of all Orthodox Christians, especially those within the Ottoman Empire.

Domination of tsarist ruled Ukraine by the Russian Empire (from 1721) eventually led to the decline of Uniate Catholicism (officially founded in 1596) in the Ukrainian lands under Tsarist control.

Music and Dance

Musical scores titled "Baletto Ruteno" or "Horea Rutenia", meaning Ruthenian Ballet can be found in european collections during the Lithuanian and Polish rule of Ruthenia, such as the Gdańsk lute tablature of 1640.

Symbols

Notable Ruthenian people

 Konstanty Ostrogski ( 1460–1530), a Ruthenian prince and magnate of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later a Grand Hetman of Lithuania
 Meletius Smotrytsky ( 1577–1633), an archbishop of Polotsk, writer, religious and pedagogical activist of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ruthenian linguist
 Bohdan Khmelnytsky ( 1595–1657), a Ruthenian nobleman, military commander of Zaporozhian Cossacks, leader of the Khmelnytsky uprising and founding father of the Cossack Hetmanate
 Ivan Mazepa ( 1639–1709), the Hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossack Host, patron of arts

See also
 American Carpatho-Ruthenian Orthodox Diocese
 Coat of arms of Carpathian Ruthenia
 Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia
 Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth
 Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church
 Ruthenian nobility
 Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
 Ukrainian Russophiles

References

Sources

 Nakonechny, Ye. УКРАДЕНЕ ІМ'Я чому русини стали українцями [Stolen Name: Why Ruthenians Became Ukrainians] . Stefanyk Science Library (National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine). Lviv, 2001.

External links

 Carpatho-Rusyn Heritage - The Carpathian Connection

Exonyms
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Ukrainian studies

Ruthenians


Rush ( ), officially An Ros, is a small seaside commuter town in Fingal, County Dublin, Ireland. Rush lies on the Irish Sea coast, between Skerries and Lusk, and has a small harbour. It had a population at the 2022 census of 10,875.

Rush was once known as the "market garden of Ireland" for the large role market gardening played in its economy and culture. In the 21st century, Rush is no longer a major centre of national horticulture and has instead evolved into a growing commuter town on the northern fringes of the Greater Dublin Area.

Geography
Rush lies on the Irish Sea coast, on the angle where the R128 regional road turns from running east–west from Lusk to go north–south to Skerries. It has a small harbour.

Rush is in a slightly hilly coastal area. Four streams come to the sea in the vicinity, St. Catherine's Stream, Kenure Stream, the Rush Town Stream, and a combined flow at the western edge of the town; some occasionally cause flooding. The middle two cross Rush's North Strand beach.

Rush is also a townland in the civil parish of Lusk in the barony of Balrothery East.

History and historic features
There is evidence of settlement in the Rush area dating back to Neolithic times. Flint tools have been found in the area and there is a passage grave and cist located off the Skerries Road on the headland to the north of North Beach.

In medieval times Rush was a manor of the Earl of Ormond.

In 1744 a description of Rush by a traveller runs as follows:
This town is near an English mile in length [and] lies upon a sandy bank. Most of the houses are built of mud and covered with straw and exceedingly well peopled. By a modest computation 'tis said there is between 300/400 souls. The men are all employed by the fishing and smuggling trade...the quay lies eastward below the town, which is in [the] form of an L. The entrance is very dangerous from S.E. and by E. between two ledges of rocks on the port and larboard side.

In November 1920, an Irish Republican Army (IRA) officer, Lieutenant John (or 'Jack') 'Rover' McCann, was shot by the Black and Tans after being taken from a house in Rush. The next morning, his body was found in a field 100 yards away. Today he is commemorated by a roadside monument on Quay Road. On 29 April 1920 the Naul Battalion of the IRA attacked the Rush RIC Barracks which resulted in the death of a policeman.

Drumanagh
A large promontory fort is located on the headland of Drumanagh, near Rush. It is surrounded on three sides by cliffs and a large rampart encloses the fourth side.

An article in The Sunday Times in January 1996 claimed that Roman coins, brooches and copper ingots were found at the site and that there was "clear evidence...of a Roman coastal fort of up to 40 acres...a significant Roman beachhead, built to support military campaigns in the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D.". This claim is disputed by many archaeologists who see this simply as evidence of trade between Ireland and the Romans. The artefacts were illegally excavated after being discovered with metal detectors, so they were not available for further study.

The land was acquired by Fingal County Council in 2016 and is of significant interest following the recovery of Romano-British artefacts, rarely found in Ireland.  It has been characterised as the place where Roman traders may have landed.

A range of finds was made in the course of a "community archaeology" dig along two trenches by the Martello Tower at the Iron Age site.  Fingal Community Archaeologist and excavation director, Christine Baker, said: "Growing up down the road and having been a scholar under the late Iron Age scholar, Prof Barry Raftery, I always dreamed of digging Drumanagh. Artefacts such as a belt brace of the Royal Downshire militia and Royal Artillery brass buttons were found alongside fragments of wine glasses, clay pipes and a range of pottery and food particles, adding to the story of the Martello."

Evidence of earlier activity was also recovered during the dig including shards of pottery which have their origins in the Roman era, and two decorated Iron Age combs. Also found were two fragments of human bone which have been identified as part of a female skull dating back to BC170-AD52, as identified by osteologist Dr Linda Lynch and radiocarbon dated by Queen's University Belfast.

A conservation plan for the Drumanagh fort has been developed by Fingal County Council.  Following a process of public consultation, the Drumanagh Conservation Study & Heritage Plan 2018-2023 contains accessible historical, archaeological, folkloric, and cartographic evidence.

It also sets out policies and objectives for the future protection and management of the site.

Saint Maur's church
The ruins of the original St. Maur's chapel lie in Whitestown cemetery, about a mile west of the centre of Rush. These date back to Anglo-Norman times and are named after Saint Maurus, a follower of St. Benedict. There is a legend connected with these ruins that some French navigators, who may have been crusaders, got caught in a storm. They made a vow to St. Maur that if they survived they would build a chapel in his honour on the first point of land they reached. They subsequently landed at Rogerstown and built a chapel there in his honour. The area became known as Knightstown and later Whitestown.

In 1776, a church was built closer to the centre of Rush to replace the old chapel. It was also dedicated to St. Maur and is one of the earliest examples of a penal Catholic church in the Fingal area. It now houses Rush library.

The current Catholic church of Saint Maur is beside the 1776 building. It was dedicated in 1989 and is in the new, post-Vatican II style.

Kenure House

Two miles north from the centre of Rush village lies a magnificent portico which is all that remains of Kenure House, a large mansion which had many acres of an estate around it. The name is an anglicised version of "Ceann Iubhair", meaning headland of the yew trees. There is a nearby ruined church which was dedicated to St. Damnan and also nearby are the ruins of a small Norman keep.

Kenure formed part of the ancient manor of Rush, which was vested in the Earls and Dukes of Ormonde in 1666. They held on to their lands in Rush until 1714 when the Echlins took over. They remained there until 1780. Elizabeth Echlin married Francis Palmer of Castlelacken Co Mayo. Colonel R H Fenwick-Palmer, the last of the line, sold the estate to the Irish Land Commission in 1964. The portico of Kenure House was added to the house in and about 1840, by George Papworth, an English architect who practised in Ireland during the 19th century. Many films were made on location at the great house. These include The Face of Fu Manchu (1965), Ten Little Indians (1965 film which features the great house extensively as the main setting for the story, with some fleeting glimpses of the outside portico) and Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon (aka Rocket to the Moon) (1967). The house fell into disrepair and was demolished in 1978, when the housing estate Saint Catherines was built on part of the former estate. A number of Rush people did protest at the time, and managed to prevent at least the portico from being destroyed.

Smuggling
Rush was notorious for smuggling in the 18th century after the British imposed excise duties on a large number of goods. It was home to the famed smuggler, Jack Connor (aka Jack the Batchelor and also Jack Field) and was the birthplace of the pirate Luke Ryan on 14 February 1750. Ryan is said to have been a privateer for the French government during the American Revolutionary War. He was reportedly arrested and tried as a pirate at the Old Bailey. He was arrested on 25 February 1789 and supposedly died in prison on 18 June 1789 aged 39 due to septicaemia during his imprisonment for failing to pay a debt of £200.

Jack Connor was a popular Robin hood type figure who is mentioned in an old ballad:

The lover may sigh
The courtier may lie
And Croesus his treasure amass,
All these joys are but vain
They are blended with pain
I'll stand behind Field and my glass

Jack operated out of the "Smugglers Cave" between Loughshinny and Skerries. He died in 1772 and was buried in Kenure cemetery, on the outskirts of Rush. His namesake is used for Jack the Bachelors, a steakhouse and bar on Main Street.

Luke Ryan was born in Rush in 1750. He emigrated to France when he was young and became a Lieutenant in Dillon's Irish Regiment. He later became a smuggler after returning to Rush. He was commissioned by Benjamin Franklin to run a privateer, The Black prince, to plunder English ships. He accumulated great wealth from his smuggling, but it was taken from him by the French. He eventually died in a debtors' prison in 1789 owing a debt of 200 pounds.

Martello towers
Rush is home to 2 of the 29 Martello Towers in the Greater Dublin Area; they are on the headland near the North Beach and at Drumanagh, and were built in 1804 as a defence against Napoleon.

Amenities

Rush has two sandy beaches, called the North Beach and South Beach, which are separated by the rocky head of the peninsula and a small tidal harbour, Rush Harbour. The peninsula is the closest point of land to the privately owned Lambay Island. The prevailing winds and tides make Rush South Beach an extremely popular kitesurfing location while its sand and dunes attract many visitors. Close to the south shore is 9 hole golf links. In the past, Rush had many caravan sites which were popular for summer holidays. It still has some caravan sites close to its beaches.

Rush sailing club is also located near the south shore and operates from a second harbour, Rogerstown harbour, situated on the Rogerstown Estuary, known locally as 'the pier.' This harbour is also used by a supply boat, The Shamrock, which provides supplies for the inhabitants of Lambay island.

Rush has several pubs and clubs together with a small number of restaurants. The local Millbank Theatre, home to Rush Dramatic Society is respected for its quality plays and dramas. Rush Musical Society is well respected for its annual productions also.

Education
Rush has three primary schools, Gaelscoil Ros Eo, Rush National School, and St. Catherines National School.

There is also a secondary school, St.Joseph's Secondary School.

Transport
Rush and Lusk railway station, opened on 25 May 1844, is served by Commuter (formerly "Arrow") suburban trains between Dublin and Drogheda.

Fingal Express is the privately owned, premium coach service from Skerries, Rush and Lusk to Dublin City Centre and UCD. It is a division of Eirebus.

Sport
Rush is home to several sports clubs, including Naomh Maur GAA club, Rush Athletic F.C. Rush Sailing Club, Rush Cricket Club, Elite Taekwon-Do Academy, Rush Fight Academy, Rush And Lusk Karate Club and the Benny Murphy darts tournament.
Shamrock Rovers and Ireland footballer Stephen McPhail is from Rush and played for Rush Athletic in his junior years as did former Ireland U21 Captain David Worrell. England cricket captain Eoin Morgan grew up in Rush, and he and his family represented Rush Cricket Club for many years.

Religion
Rush is a parish in the Fingal North deanery of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin.

People
Isibeal Atkinson, Irish footballer
Joe Clarke, Irish revolutionary
Derek Landy, Irish author
Stephen McPhail, Irish footballer
Eoin Morgan, Irish cricketer
David Worrell, Irish footballer

Twinning

Rush is twinned with the following places:
 Gourin, Brittany, France
 San Mauro Castelverde, Sicily, Italy

See also
 List of towns and villages in Ireland

References

Towns and villages in Fingal
Balrothery East

Rush, Dublin


Riens du tout (English: Little Nothings) is a 1992 French film directed by Cédric Klapisch and written by him with Jackie Berroyer. Featuring Fabrice Luchini and an ensemble cast, in many often humorous cameos it explores the effects on the staff of a revival plan for a failing department store in Paris.

Plot
After 100 years, the Grandes Galeries department store in Paris is sinking: staff are listless, customers staying away, and profits vanishing. The board hire Mr Lepetit, giving him one year to turn it round or else it will close. They are in talks with Japanese investors who want the site for a luxury hotel.

His plan starts with the staff who, he argues, need to believe in themselves, believe in each other, and transmit that belief to customers. A huge programme of activities commences, to build up the individuals and build a team spirit. Human nature being what it is, and the French being who they are, there are difficulties and there are failures. Overall, by the end of the year the remaining staff are well motivated, the store is well thought of, and profits have boomed.

The board thank Lepetit, sack him, and close the store down. His efforts, and those of all the staff who believed in him, have doubled the price the Japanese are willing to pay.

Cast

 Fabrice Luchini as Lepetit
 Daniel Berlioux as Jacques Martin
 Marc Berman as Pizzuti
 Olivier Broche as Lefèvre
 Antoine Chappey as François
 Jean-Pierre Darroussin as Domrémy
 Aurélie Guichard as Vanessa
 Billy Komg as Mamadou
 Odette Laure as Madame Yvonne
 Elisabeth Macocco as Madame Dujardin
 Marc Maury as Johnny Bonjour
 Pierre-Olivier Mornas as Roger
 Jean-Michel Martial as Hubert
 Maïté Nahyr as La directrice de coordination
 Fred Personne as Monsieur Roi
 Lucette Raillat as Micheline
 Eric Forterre as Fred
 Nathalie Richard as Claire
 Marie Riva as Zaza
 Sophie Simon as Pat
 Zinedine Soualem as Aziz
 Marina Tomé as Monitrice sourire
 Karin Viard as Isabelle
 Coraly Zahonero as Véronique
 Simon Abkarian as Le danseur grec
 Olivier Rabourdin as Chanteur métro

About the film
In this first film Klapisch's main purpose was to show the difference between the behavior of a person when he is alone and when he is in a group. In order to show this, he filmed the employees during their commute, at work and in other scenes of daily life, which made Klapisch style's reputation. This topic will become recurrent in many of his films.

References

External links

1992 films
1992 comedy films
Films directed by Cédric Klapisch
Films set in Paris
French comedy films
1990s French-language films
1990s French films

Riens du tout