The Eastern world, also known as the East or historically the Orient, is an umbrella term for various cultures or social structures, nations and philosophical systems, which vary depending on the context. It most often includes at least part of Asia or, geographically, the countries and cultures east of Europe, the Mediterranean region and the Arab world, specifically in historical (pre-modern) contexts, and in modern times in the context of Orientalism. It is often seen as a counterpart to the Western world.

The various regions included in the term are varied, hard to generalize, and do not have a single shared common heritage. Although the various parts of the Eastern world share many common threads, most notably being in the "Global South", they have never historically defined themselves collectively. The term originally had a literal geographic meaning, referring to the eastern part of the Old World, contrasting the cultures and civilizations of Asia with those of Europe (or the Western world). Traditionally, this includes the Caucasus, Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and West Asia.

Conceptually, the boundary between east and west is cultural, rather than geographical, as a result of which Australia and New Zealand, which were founded as British settler colonies, are typically grouped with the Western world despite being geographically closer to the Eastern world, while the Central Asian nations of the former Soviet Union, even with significant Western influence, are grouped in the East. Other than much of Asia and Africa, Europe has absorbed almost all of the societies of Oceania, North Asia, and the Americas into the Western world because of settler colonization.

Countries such as Georgia, Armenia, Israel, and the Philippines, which are geographically located in the Eastern world, may be considered Westernized in some aspects of their society, culture and politics due to immigration and historical cultural influences from the United States and Europe.

Overview
As with other regions of the world, Asia consists of many different, extremely diverse countries, ethnic groups and cultures. This concept is further debated because in some English-speaking countries, common vernacular associates the "Asian" identity to people of East Asian origin, while in some countries the "Asian" identity is associated with people of South Asian origin, and in other contexts, Asian regions such as the Indian subcontinent are included with East Asia. West Asia (which includes Israel, part of the Arab world, Iran, etc.), which may or may not see themselves part of the Eastern world, are sometimes considered "Middle Eastern" and separate from Asia.

The division between 'East' and 'West', formerly referred to as Orient and Occident, is a product of European cultural history and of the distinction between Christian Europe and the cultures beyond it to the East. With the European colonization of the Americas, the East-West dichotomy became global. The concept of an Eastern, "Indian" (Indies) or "Oriental" sphere was emphasized by ideas of racial as well as religious and cultural differences. Such distinctions were articulated by Westerners in the scholarly tradition known as Orientalism, which is notable in being a Western conception of a unified Eastern world not limited to any specific region(s), but rather all of Asia together.

Culture

While there is no singular Eastern culture of the Eastern world, there are subgroups within it, such as countries within East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, as well as syncretism within these regions. These include the spread of Eastern religions such as Buddhism or Hinduism, the usage of Chinese characters or Brahmic scripts, language families, the fusion of cuisines, and traditions, among others.

See also

 Arab world
 Asia-Pacific
 Buddhism by country
 Christendom
 Continental union
 East Asian cultural sphere
 East–West dichotomy
 Far East
 Globalization
 Global North and Global South
 Greater India
 Greater Iran
 Greater Middle East
 Hinduism by country
 Muslim world
 Near East
 Western world
 Westernization

References

Asia-Pacific
Country classifications
Cultural concepts
Cultural regions
Eastern culture

Eastern world


Ford Motor Credit Company LLC, d/b/a Ford Credit, is the financial services arm of Ford Motor Company, and is headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan.

The predominant share of Ford Credit's business consists of financing Ford and Lincoln vehicles and supporting Ford and Lincoln dealers. Specifically, its business activities are concentrated in the area of automobile financing for consumers and dealership inventory and leasing. Ford Credit competes mainly on the basis of service and financing rate programs, including those sponsored by Ford. A key foundation of its service is providing broad and consistent purchasing policies for retail installment sale and lease contracts, and consistent support for dealer financing requirements across economic cycles. These policies have helped Ford Credit build strong relationships with Ford's dealer network that enhance competitiveness. Ford Credit also provides commercial financing and lines of credit to dealerships selling Ford Motor Company products. The firm also issues commercial paper and other debt instruments on Ford's behalf.

Ford Credit also owns Lincoln Automotive Financial Services, the arm that finances Lincoln vehicles.

Ford earned $2.63 billion EBIT with its Ford Credit segment in 2018, up from $2.31 billion in 2017. 2018 was the segment's highest full-year EBT in eight years. However, this upward trend may not last much longer as car sales continue to decline. Ford Credit's ROE, which fell from 22% in 2017 to 14% in 2018 forecasts the segment's coming decline.

History

Ford began its journey into auto financing by launching a Weekly Purchase Plan in 1923. The program was designed to allow people to pay a certain amount to the bank weekly up until they had saved for the cost of a car. In 1926, Ford constructed a new factory in Germany, but most of the local population could not afford a car. This prompted Henry Ford to found Credit AG für Ford-Fahrzeuge, German for 'Ford Credit Company AG''' , in Berlin in order to help locals finance the purchase of a new car, in turn increasing sales. Henry and Edsel Ford became members of the board. In 1932, the newly-founded bank and the factory moved to Cologne. In 1962 the bank was renamed again to Ford Credit AG''.

From 1975 to 1979, the company briefly was the owner of the Houston Astros major league baseball team, as well as of its ballpark, the Astrodome, and various other properties around Houston, Texas. This occurred after Astros owner Roy Hofheinz defaulted on a loan provided in 1972 by the Company in partnership with GE Capital. The default resulted from a downturn in the oil industry, and the creditors took over these various assets as a result. Senior loan officer Bill Odom, who would later rise to be the Chairman of Ford Motor Credit Company, acted as principal for the temporary ownership group, until the team was sold in 1979 to a group headed by John McMullen.

Since the automotive industry crisis of 2008–10, Ford Credit has been the only financial arm of Detroit's "Big Three" still owned by its parent automaker after the spinoff of GMAC (now Ally Financial) by General Motors and the purchase of Chrysler Financial (now TD Auto Finance) by Toronto-Dominion Bank.

References

External links

Financial services companies established in 1959
Companies based in Wayne County, Michigan
Financial services companies of the United States
Credit

Ford Motor Credit Company


The cinema of Croatia has a somewhat shorter tradition than what is common for other Central European countries: the serious beginning of Croatian cinema starts with the rise of the Yugoslavian film industry in the 1940s. Three Croatian feature films were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, several of them gained awards at major festivals, and the Croatian contribution in the field of animation is particularly important.

History

Early 20th century

Although motion pictures appeared in Croatia relatively early, for most of the early 20th Century film was almost exclusively the domain of a few dedicated amateur enthusiasts, most notably Josip Karaman in Split and, later, Oktavijan Miletić in Zagreb. In 1906, the first permanent movie theater was established in Zagreb.

Josip Halla produced and directed early documentaries in 1911 and 1912. The first full-length movie was Brcko u Zagrebu released in 1917, and directed by Arsen Maas. It was followed by Matija Gubec, released in the same year and directed by Aca Binički. Neither of these movies survive to this day. In 1918, Croatia Film produced additional 5 movies all directed by Josip Halla before the proprietor dissolved the company.

Croatia lacked the political and economic infrastructure to support its own cinema industry. The most serious effort in that direction before World War II was the series of educational films produced by Škola Narodnog Zdravlja.

World War II
The cinema of Croatia became an institution after the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) in 1941.  The new Ustaše regime quickly realised the need for modern propaganda tools modeled on those of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.  After serious lobbying of these two governments for technical advice and resources, the first propaganda films were made in late 1941. Croatian filmmakers like Branko Marjanović produced in 1943 the documentary Straža na Drini which later won the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival, attended by Axis power countries.  After the collapse of NDH in 1945, Tito's victorious Communists also recognised the importance of the film industry and decided to build their own. Many technicians and co-workers of the Ustaše propaganda cinema industry during the war were in fact double agents working for the partisan side, with one main task: to keep the technical facilities untouched upon the collapse of NDH.  Therefore, the new regime inherited the technical equipment, and more importantly trained personnel, including directors and top officials.  The result of such a policy was the rapid development of the Croatian film industry, although initially under jurisdiction of the federal government in Belgrade.

Early communist period

In 1947 Jadran Film studios were founded in Zagreb.

First Golden Era: Late 1950s
Croatian feature films from the 1950s were not easily distinguishable from those made in the rest of Yugoslavia; this was mainly owing to the free flow of resources, information and talent among the various parts of the country.  It had its first serious peak in the late 1950s, when Croatian film were possibly the most mature in the then-young Yugoslav film industry.  The most important director of that era was Branko Bauer, a Dubrovnik-born director whose most famous film is the urban war thriller Ne okreći se, sine (Don't Look Back My Son, 1956). Loosely based on Carol Reed's film Odd Man Out, it depicts of a fugitive from an Ustasha camp who comes to Zagreb to find his son, only to find him brainwashed. Among other important Bauer films are Tri Ane (Three Annas, 1959), produced in Macedonia, about a father who finds out that his daughter, whom he presumed to have been killed in the war, could be alive. Bauer's film Licem u lice (Face To Face, 1963) tells the story about a corrupt director of a construction company who confronts a rebel worker during a communist party cell meeting. It is considered the first overtly political film in Yugoslavia. Another notable 1950s' figure is Nikola Tanhofer, former cinematographer and specialist for various action genres. His most famous film is H8 (1958), a reconstruction of a real traffic accident in which several passengers on an intercity bus between Zagreb and Belgrade were killed, and in which the driver of the car who caused the accident escaped. Following in parallel three vehicles and dozens of picturesque scenes, H8 offers a mosaic-like picture of late 1950s society. In this period, two Croatian films were Academy Award nominees for foreign language film. Both of them were directed by guests from abroad: Italian Giuseppe De Santis with Cesta duga godina dana (A Road One Year Long, 1958), and Slovenian France Štiglic with Deveti krug (The Ninth Circle, 1960).

Modernism
In the 1960s, Croatian cinema saw changes of style, in part owing to directors embracing modernism. The first modernist film was Prometej s otoka Viševice (Prometheus of the Island, 1965) by former cartoonist Vatroslav Mimica.  Using techniques derived from the stream-of consciousness novel, Mimica tells a story about a partisan veteran and communist executive who travels to his native island and faces ghosts of the post-war past.  Among other famous modernist classics, the most significant are Rondo (1966) by Zvonimir Berković, and Breza (The Birch Tree, 1967) by Ante Babaja. The most popular director was Krešo Golik, who made comedies.  Most popular of his films was Tko pjeva zlo ne misli (Who Sings Doesn't Mean Wrong, 1970), a romantic comedy set in 1930s Zagreb.  Croatia also participated in the pan-Yugoslav "black wave", although the best authors and films of the black wave were Serbian.  Most famous black wave classic from Croatia is Lisice (Handcuffs, 1969, by Krsto Papić), a film which is politically relevant because it is Croatia's first cultural product that dealt with repression against communists who supported Stalin in famous breakup between Tito and Stalin in 1948.

In 1969, the film Battle of Neretva directed by Veljko Bulajić was one of the most expensive foreign language films made in Yugoslavia.

In the early 1970s, following Yugoslav constitutional changes, Croatia gained more autonomy in shaping its cultural affairs., but following the collapse of the Croatian Spring, authorities pushed for tighter control over films.

Prague School and Genre Cinema
Fresh air came to Yugoslav cinema in the late 1970s and early 1980s with the so-called Prague School, a group of directors educated at the Prague Academy FAMU.  Amongst the five directors usually presumed to be Prague School, two came from Croatia: Lordan Zafranović, and Rajko Grlić. Grlić's most famous film, competing at Cannes, is Samo jednom se ljubi (1981), a political melodrama that depicts the early communist establishment in the late 1940s. Zafranović's most famous films were Okupacija u 26 slika (Occupation in 26 Pictures) and Pad Italije (The Fall of Italy), both of them war films set in coastal Dalmatia, and both screened at Cannes.

In the 1980s, Croatians began creating "neo-genre" works which who used Western commercial genres such as horror, thriller, or mystery and implemented it in late-communist societal settings. The most famous director of that trend is Zoran Tadić, especially with his metaphysical, black-and-white thriller Ritam zločina (Rhythm of the Crime, 1981), and horror movie Treći kljuć (The Third Key, 1983), which examines corruption through kafkaesque metaphor.

1990s: period of crisis
When Croatia became independent in the 1990s, Croatian film suffered a difficult crisis. Due to the wars, the market for Croatian films shrank, most of the theatres disappeared for good and no Croatian films could expect to be financially viable without even greater support from the state. In the period of the rule of Franjo Tuđman, the government avoided direct censorship, but demanded more nationalistic content, making it less accessible not only to audiences in other countries, but also to Croatians.

Croatian Film Today: Third Golden Era
After the political changes in 2000, Croatian cinema began to work in a completely free environment for the first time. As a result, critics at the beginning of this decade argued that Croatian cinema flourished in a "third golden era" (after the 1950s and 1960s).  One of the most popular directors in the contemporary Croatian cinema is Vinko Brešan whose comedies Kako je počeo rat na mom otoku (How the War Started on My Island, 1997), and Maršal (Marshal Tito's Spirit, 1999) mix grotesque humor and political provocation.  Brešan's war drama Svjedoci (Witnesses) , based on a novel by Jurica Pavičić, was the first feature film from countries of former Yugoslavia which depicted Yugoslavian war crimes. Svjedoci was screened in competition at the Berlin Film Festival in 2003. A Wonderful Night in Split (Ta divna splitska noć, 2004) by Arsen A. Ostojić received a nomination for the European Discovery EFA award, and Tu (Here, 2003) by Zrinko Ogresta was awarded at the Karlovy Vary Film Festival. Among other distinguished contemporary directors, internationally most recognized is Ognjen Sviličić, whose two films premiered at the Berlin Film Festival - Oprosti za kung fu (Sorry about Kung Fu, 2004) and Armin (2006). Armin was also Croatia's submission for the 2008 Academy Award, and although it did not earn a nomination in the Best Foreign Language Film category, it did nevertheless receive the prestigious Best Foreign Film of 2007 Award given by the International Federation of Film Critics.

Croatian cinema produces between five and ten feature films per year. The Ministry of Culture and Media also cofinances approximately 60 minutes of animation per year, plus documentaries and experimental films which have a bigger cultural prestige in Croatia then in other countries of former Yugoslavia. National cinema attendances average at 2.7 million tickets bought by a population of around 4.5 million.

Animation
The history of animation in Croatia begins with two short animated commercials by Sergej Tagatz in 1922 as a part of Jadran Film. This was followed by animations produced by Dom narodnog zdravlja such as Ivin zub (Ivo's Tooth), Macin nos (Kitty's Nose), all of which were directed by Milan Marijanović and drawn by Petar Papp in 1928. In 1929, the first completely animated short was made, entitled Martin u nebo, martin iz neba.

Zagreb School

Zagreb has its own animation film school, Zagrebačka škola crtanog filma (Zagreb Cartoon School). It was given that name at the Cannes Film Festival in 1959, when eight Zagreb cartoons were screened, and the French film historian Georges Sadoul first time named l'école de Zagreb (Zagreb School). The school was based on the production company Zagreb Film, famous for its symbol - a little horse. The most notable member of school (which was never a school in a proper, educational sense) was Montenegro-born author Dušan Vukotić, winner of the 1963 Oscar for his animated short Surogat. He was the first non-American to win the Oscar for animated film. Other important members were Vatroslav Mimica (later a feature filmmaker), and Vlado Kristl, who left Croatia in the early 1960s after the banning of his avant-garde, experimental cartoon Don Kihot (Don Quixote). The Zagreb school was revolutionary for the animations of the 1950s, because it abandoned the Disney-like cartoon style, and introduced visual elements of avant-garde abstract painting, constructivism and cubism. A failure of the school was that it never experimented with other animation techniques than cartoons.  Also, it never reached level of proper industry, remaining more like an artistic workshop.  The Zagreb school was lively and successful during the 1960s and early 1970s, but after that Croatian animation faded and today it does not have the global role it used to have.

Croats in World Cinema
Many Croats have participated in world cinema, including actor-director Rade Šerbedžija, actor Goran Višnjić, producer Branko Lustig, and actress Mira Furlan. Furthermore, John Malkovich and Eric Bana are of Croatian ancestry.

Croatian film festivals

 Pula Film Festival
 Motovun Film Festival
 Zagreb Film Festival
 ZagrebDox
 Split Film Festival

See also
 List of Croatian films
 Croatian Film Archive
 Cinema of the world
 World cinema

References

Further reading

In Croatian
"Povijest hrvatskog filma - kronološki pregled", article by film critic Ivo Škrabalo
"Hrvatski film", article by film critic Damir Radić at CultureNet.hr
"Kratki pregled povijesti hrvatskog filma 1896–1990", article by film critic Ivo Kukuljica
'Kako je počeo rat na mom otoku' najvažniji je hrvatski film, article by film critic Nenad Polimac
Filmografija hrvatskih cjelovečernjih filmova (po redateljima)
In English
"Young Croatian Film" , article by Ivo Škrabalo
"Moving into the Frame - Croatian Film in the 1990s" , article by Jurica Pavičić
"Croatian Film in the Yugoslav Context in the Second  Half of the Twentieth Century", article by Ivo Škrabalo
"History of Cinema in Croatia" at FilmBirth.com

External links
 Croatian feature films 1944–2006

Cinema of Croatia


In mathematics, in the field of functional analysis, an indefinite inner product space

is an infinite-dimensional complex vector space  equipped with both an indefinite inner product

and a positive semi-definite inner product

where the metric operator  is an endomorphism of  obeying

The indefinite inner product space itself is not necessarily a Hilbert space; but the existence of a positive semi-definite inner product on  implies that one can form a quotient space on which there is a positive definite inner product.  Given a strong enough topology on this quotient space, it has the structure of a Hilbert space, and many objects of interest in typical applications fall into this quotient space.

An indefinite inner product space is called a Krein space (or -space) if  is positive definite and  possesses a majorant topology.  Krein spaces are named in honor of the Soviet mathematician Mark Grigorievich Krein (3 April 1907 – 17 October 1989).

Inner products and the metric operator

Consider a complex vector space  equipped with an indefinite hermitian form .  In the theory of Krein spaces it is common to call such an hermitian form an indefinite inner product.  The following subsets are defined in terms of the square norm induced by the indefinite inner product:

 ("neutral")
 ("positive")
 ("negative")
 ("non-negative")
 ("non-positive")

A subspace  lying within  is called a neutral subspace.  Similarly, a subspace lying within  () is called positive (negative) semi-definite, and a subspace lying within  () is called positive (negative) definite.  A subspace in any of the above categories may be called semi-definite, and any subspace that is not semi-definite is called indefinite.

Let our indefinite inner product space also be equipped with a decomposition into a pair of subspaces , called the fundamental decomposition, which respects the complex structure on .  Hence the corresponding linear projection operators  coincide with the identity on  and annihilate , and they commute with multiplication by the  of the complex structure.  If this decomposition is such that  and , then  is called an indefinite inner product space; if , then  is called a Krein space, subject to the existence of a majorant topology on  (a locally convex topology where the inner product is jointly continuous).

The operator  is called the (real phase) metric operator or fundamental symmetry, and may be used to define the Hilbert inner product :

On a Krein space, the Hilbert inner product is positive definite, giving  the structure of a Hilbert space (under a suitable topology).  Under the weaker constraint , some elements of the neutral subspace  may still be neutral in the Hilbert inner product, but many are not.  For instance, the subspaces  are part of the neutral subspace of the Hilbert inner product, because an element  obeys .  But an element  () which happens to lie in  because  will have a positive square norm under the Hilbert inner product.

We note that the definition of the indefinite inner product as a Hermitian form implies that:

(Note: This is not correct for complex-valued Hermitian forms. It only gives the real part.)
Therefore the indefinite inner product of any two elements  which differ only by an element  is equal to the square norm of their average .  Consequently, the inner product of any non-zero element  with any other element  must be zero, lest we should be able to construct some  whose inner product with  has the wrong sign to be the square norm of .

Similar arguments about the Hilbert inner product (which can be demonstrated to be a Hermitian form, therefore justifying the name "inner product") lead to the conclusion that its neutral space is precisely , that elements of this neutral space have zero Hilbert inner product with any element of , and that the Hilbert inner product is positive semi-definite.  It therefore induces a positive definite inner product (also denoted ) on the quotient space , which is the direct sum of .  Thus  is a Hilbert space (given a suitable topology).

Properties and applications

Krein spaces arise naturally in situations where the indefinite inner product has an analytically useful property (such as Lorentz invariance) which the Hilbert inner product lacks.  It is also common for one of the two inner products, usually the indefinite one, to be globally defined on a manifold and the other to be coordinate-dependent and therefore defined only on a local section.

In many applications the positive semi-definite inner product  depends on the chosen fundamental decomposition, which is, in general, not unique.  But it may be demonstrated (e. g., cf. Proposition 1.1 and 1.2 in the paper of H. Langer below) that any two metric operators  and  compatible with the same indefinite inner product on  result in Hilbert spaces  and  whose decompositions  and  have equal dimensions.  Although the Hilbert inner products on these quotient spaces do not generally coincide, they induce identical square norms, in the sense that the square norms of the equivalence classes  and  into which a given  if they are equal.  All topological notions in a Krein space, like continuity, closed-ness of sets, and the spectrum of an operator on , are understood with respect to this Hilbert space topology.

Isotropic part and degenerate subspaces

Let , ,  be subspaces of .  The subspace  for all  is called the orthogonal companion of , and  is the isotropic part of . If ,  is called non-degenerate; otherwise it is degenerate.  If  for all , then the two subspaces are said to be orthogonal, and we write .  If  where , we write .  If, in addition, this is a direct sum, we write .

Pontryagin space

If , the Krein space   is called a  Pontryagin space or -space.  (Conventionally, the indefinite inner product is given the sign that makes  finite.)  In this case  is known as the number of positive squares of .  Pontrjagin spaces are named after Lev Semenovich Pontryagin.

Pesonen operator

A symmetric operator A on an indefinite inner product space K with domain K is called a Pesonen operator if (x,x) = 0 = (x,Ax) implies x = 0.

References

 Azizov, T.Ya.; Iokhvidov, I.S. : Linear operators in spaces with an indefinite metric, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1989, .
 Bognár, J. : Indefinite inner product spaces, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1974, .

 Langer, H. : Spectral functions of definitizable operators in Krein spaces, Functional Analysis Proceedings of a conference held at Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, November 2–14, 1981, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 948, Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1982, 1-46, .

Topological vector spaces
Operator theory

Indefinite inner product space


Giuseppe Valentini (14 December 1681 – November 1753), nicknamed Straccioncino (Little Ragamuffin), was an Italian violinist, painter, poet, and composer, though he is known chiefly as a composer of inventive instrumental music.

He studied under Giovanni Bononcini in Rome between 1692 and 1697. From 1710 to 1727 he served as 'Suonator di Violino, e Componitore di Musica' to Prince Michelangelo Caetani. He also succeeded Corelli as director of the concertino at San Luigi dei Francesi, from 1710 to 1741.

Though during his lifetime overshadowed by the likes of Corelli, Vivaldi, and Locatelli, his contribution to Italian baroque music is noteworthy, and many of his works were published throughout Europe.

Selected works

Instrumental Music
op. 1: 12 Sinfonie (with Sinfonia a tre per il santissimo Natale Nr. 12) (1701 Rome)
op. 2: 7 Bizzarie per camera for 2 Violins, Viola and Basso continuo (1703 Rome)
op. 3: 12 Fantasie musicali for 2 Violins and Bass (1706 Rome)
op. 4: 7 Idee per camera for Violin and Basso continuo (1706 Rome)
op. 5: 12 Sonate a tre (Villeggiature armoniche) (1707 Rome)
op. 6: 6 Poesie: Concerti a 4 violini, violoncello e basso continuo (unpublished)
op. 7: 7 Concerto a Quattro Violini (Concerti grossi) (1710 Rome)
op. 8: 12 Allettamenti per camera (1714 Rome)
op. 9: 10 Concerti con ripieni (Concerti grossi) (1724 Amsterdam)
opp. 10–15: unpublished (promised in the preface to op. 8):
 Op. 10: [Sonate] a Violino solo con un secondo Violino a beneplacito
 Op. 11: I Pianti fortunati di Gileno Poemetto in Ottava Rima
 Op. 12: Idee a Violino solo a due e tre Corde
 Op. 13: Concerti grossi di Trombe, Obue e diversi altri Stromenti
 Op. 14: Salmi brevi a quattro per tutti i Vesperi
 Op. 15: Balletti
7 Concerti for 2 Violins, 2 Horns (Trombe da Caccia) and Basso Continuo (MS in Danish Royal Library)

Operas
La finta rapita (1714 Cisterna)
La costanza in amore (1715 Cisterna)

Oratorios
Cantata per la natività della Beatissima Vergine (Son l'origine di tutti) (1723 Rome)
Cantata in lode di Benedetto XIII (Amica e cara fede) (1724 Rome)

Sources
Opera at Stanford University
Grove Music Online

Selected discography
1717. Memories of a Journey to Italy. Pisendel, Vivaldi, Montanari, Fanfani, Valentini and Albinoni. Ensemble Scaramuccia. (Snakewood Editions, 2018).

External links

Article about the violin sonata "La Montanari" by Valentini

Italian Roman Catholics
Italian violinists
Male violinists
Italian male classical composers
Italian Baroque composers
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
1681 births
1753 deaths
18th-century Italian composers
18th-century Italian male musicians

Giuseppe Valentini


John Langdon Rand (October 28, 1861 – November 19, 1942) was an American politician and jurist in the state of Oregon. He served as the 22nd Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court. Overall he was on Oregon's highest court from 1921 to 1942 serving as chief justice three times. A native of New Hampshire, he served in the Oregon State Senate prior to his judicial career.

Early life
John Rand was born October 28, 1861, in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to John Sullivan Rand and the former Elvira Wallis Odiorne. John junior was educated in Portsmouth and attended Smith Preparatory School there before enrolling at Dartmouth College. Rand graduated from Dartmouth in 1883 and moved to Walla Walla, Washington where he was a professor at Whitman College until 1885. That year he was accepted in Washington's, then still a territory, bar.

Legal career
Then in 1886 he moved to Baker City, Oregon, and was accepted into the Oregon State Bar and began serving as that city's attorney until 1888. From 1888 to 1890 he served as the county's district attorney. Then in 1902 he was elected to a four-year term as a Republican to the Oregon State Senate representing Baker, Harney, and Malheur counties. After his stint in the Senate, Rand returned to private law practice.

On October 18, 1921, John Rand was appointed by Oregon Governor Ben W. Olcott to replace justice Henry L. Benson on the Oregon Supreme Court after Benson died in office. He won a full six-year term in the 1922 elections, and was re-elected in 1928, 1934, and 1940. While on the bench of the state supreme court he served as chief justice from 1927 to 1929, 1933 to 1935, and 1939 to 1941 before dying in office on November 19, 1942.

Rand was involved in a prolonged legal and political controversy in the late 1920s. The controversy began with a complex legal battle over the estate of E. Henry Wemme, a wealthy immigrant to Oregon. One attorney in the case, former state senator George W. Joseph, accused opposing counsel Thomas Mannix of engaging in a mining deal with Justice Rand, while the case was being heard. Ultimately both Joseph and Mannix were disbarred, prompting Joseph to successfully seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Oregon.

Family
On July 23, 1895, Rand married Edith G. Packwood, and they had two sons. Edith was the daughter of William H. Packwood who served at the Oregon Constitutional Convention in 1857.

See also
Odiorne Point State Park

References

1942 deaths
1861 births
Dartmouth College alumni
Oregon state senators
Chief Justices of the Oregon Supreme Court
Politicians from Baker City, Oregon
Politicians from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
District attorneys in Oregon
Justices of the Oregon Supreme Court

John L. Rand


A cameo appearance, also called a cameo role and often shortened to just cameo (), is a brief guest appearance of a well-known person or character in a work of the performing arts. These roles are generally small, many of them non-speaking ones, and are commonly either appearances in a work in which they hold some special significance (such as actors from an original movie appearing in its remake) or renowned people making uncredited appearances. Short appearances by celebrities, film directors, politicians, athletes or musicians are common. A crew member of the movie or show playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo role as well, such as director Alfred Hitchcock who made frequent cameo appearances in his films.

Concept
Originally, in the 1920s, a "cameo role" meant "a small character part that stands out from the other minor parts". The Oxford English Dictionary connects this with the meaning "a short literary sketch or portrait", which is based on the literal meaning of "cameo", a miniature carving on a gemstone. More recently, in the late 20th century, a "cameo" has come to refer to any short appearance as a character.

Cameos are generally not credited because of their brevity, or a perceived mismatch between the celebrity's stature and the film or television series in which they are appearing. Many are publicity stunts. Others are acknowledgements of an actor's contribution to an earlier work, as in the case of many film adaptations of television series, or of remakes of earlier films. Others honour artists or celebrities known for work in a particular field, such as comic book writer Stan Lee, who made appearances in every Marvel Cinematic Universe movie up to Avengers: Endgame,

Cameos also occur in novels and other literary works. "Literary cameos" usually involve an established character from another work who makes a brief appearance to establish a shared universe setting, to make a point, or to offer homage. Balzac often employed this practice, as in his Comédie humaine. Sometimes a cameo features a historical person who "drops in" on fictional characters in a historical novel, as when Benjamin Franklin shares a beer with Phillipe Charboneau in The Bastard by John Jakes.

A cameo appearance can be made by the author of a work to put a sort of personal "signature" on a story. Vladimir Nabokov often put himself in his novels, for instance as the very minor character Vivian Darkbloom (an anagram of his name) in Lolita.

Cameos are also a tradition of the Muppets' many projects over the years.

Film directors
Alfred Hitchcock is known for his frequent cameos in his movies, as early as in his third film The Lodger (1927). In Lifeboat, as the action was restricted to the titular lifeboat, Hitchcock appeared in a newspaper ad.

Quentin Tarantino provides brief cameos or small roles in all his movies.

Likewise, Peter Jackson has made brief cameos in all of his movies, except for his first feature-length film Bad Taste in which he played a main character, as well as The Battle of the Five Armies, though a portrait of him appears in the film. For example, he played a peasant eating a carrot in The Fellowship of the Ring and The Desolation of Smaug; a warrior of Rohan in The Two Towers and a Corsair of Umbar boatswain in The Return of the King. All four were non-speaking "blink and you miss him" appearances, although in the Extended Release version of The Return of the King, his character was given more screen time and his reprise of the carrot eating peasant in The Desolation of Smaug was featured in the foreground in reference to The Fellowship of the Ring. In addition, when he was directing Heavenly Creatures (1994), he appeared as a drunk person bumping into the main characters, and in the Frighteners, Jackson appeared as a man with piercings with his real-life son in a bouncer.

Director Tim Burton briefly appears in his films. He made a short appearance as a street thug who confronts Pee-wee in the back alley in Pee-wee's Big Adventure, and a visitor at the fair in Blackpool who gets a skeleton thrown at him in Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children.

Director Martin Scorsese appears in the background of his films as a bystander or an unseen character. In Who's That Knocking at My Door (1967), he played one of the gangsters; he was a lighting crewman in After Hours and a passenger in Taxi Driver. He opened up his film The Color of Money with a monologue on the art of playing pool. In addition, he appeared with his wife and daughter as wealthy New Yorkers in Gangs of New York, and as a theatre-goer and can be heard as a movie projectionist in The Aviator.

In a same way, Roman Polanski appeared as a hired hoodlum in his film Chinatown, slitting Jack Nicholson's nose with the blade of his clasp knife.

F. Gary Gray has made many appearances in the films he has directed including Friday, Set It Off, Law Abiding Citizen, and Straight Outta Compton.

Actors and writers
Directors sometimes cast well-known lead actors with whom they have worked in the past in other films. In Jane Eyre, Elizabeth Taylor makes a cameo appearance as Helen Burns, Jane's friend from school who dies from a cold. Mike Todd's film Around the World in 80 Days (1956) was filled with cameo roles: John Gielgud as an English butler, Frank Sinatra playing piano in a saloon, and others. The stars in cameo roles were pictured in oval insets in posters for the film, and gave the term wide circulation outside the theatrical profession.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), an "epic comedy", also features cameos from nearly every popular American comedian alive at the time, including The Three Stooges, Jerry Lewis, Buster Keaton and a voice-only cameo by Selma Diamond.

Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) features cameos by dozens of actors from Hollywood's golden age.

The Player (1992) features cameos from 65 Hollywood actors.

Run for Your Wife (2012) is filled with cameos from 80 of Britain's film and TV stars from the 1960s, '70s and '80s.

Aaron Sorkin also had cameos in some works he wrote: as a bar customer speaking about the law in his debut film screenplay A Few Good Men (1992), as an advertising executive in The Social Network and as a guest at the inauguration of President Matt Santos in the final episode of The West Wing.

Franco Nero, the actor who portrayed the Django character in the original 1966 film, appears in a bar scene of the Tarantino film Django Unchained. There, he asks Django (Jamie Foxx) to spell his name, which led to the famous promotional tagline for the film - "The 'D' is silent". Franco's character responds simply, "I know."

Many cameos featured in Maverick (1994), directed by Richard Donner. Among them, Danny Glover – Mel Gibson's co-star in the Lethal Weapon franchise also directed by Donner – appears as the lead bank robber. He and Maverick (Gibson) share a scene where they look as if they knew each other, but then shake it off. As Glover makes his escape with the money, he mutters "I'm too old for this shit", his character's catchphrase in the Lethal Weapon films. In addition, a strain of the main theme from Lethal Weapon plays in the score when Glover is revealed. Actress Margot Kidder made a cameo appearance in the same film as a robbed villager: she had previously starred as Lois Lane in Donner's Superman (1978).

Ben Stiller, Vince Vaughn, Owen Wilson, Luke Wilson and Will Ferrell have made appearances in so many of the same films (whether as lead characters or cameos) that USA Today coined the term "Frat Pack" to name the group. Actor Adam Sandler is also known for frequently casting fellow Saturday Night Live performers (including Rob Schneider and David Spade) in various roles in his films (as well as making cameo appearances of his own in theirs, most of which he co-produces). Sam Raimi frequently uses his brother Ted and Bruce Campbell in his films.

The American singer/actress Cher had a couple of cameos. She had two cameos in Will & Grace and she even had a few in the 1990s.

Actor Edward Norton appeared as himself in the satirical film The Dictator (2012) starring Sacha Baron Cohen.

Al Pacino had an extended cameo in the film Jack and Jill (2011) starring Adam Sandler, where Pacino played a fictional version of himself.

The mangaka Shotaro Ishinomori made many cameos in his Kamen Rider series.

The animated series Adventures of Tintin featured its author Hergé in all the episodes.

Stephen King is famous for making short cameo appearances in almost every movie based on his novels.

An Adventure in Space and Time, a drama about how Doctor Who began, features many actors from the show's past, including two past companions in a party scene, another as a mother calling her children in for dinner and a fourth in a car park at the BBC as a guard.

In the movie adaptation of Les Miserables, Colm Wilkinson, who originated the role of Jean Valjean in the West End and on Broadway, made a cameo as the Bishop of Digne.

In the Soviet film Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears, Innokenty Smoktunovsky appeared for a minute as himself.

Other
Films based on actual events occasionally include cameo guest appearances by the people portrayed in them. In The Pursuit of Happyness, Chris Gardner made a cameo at the end. 24 Hour Party People, a film about Tony Wilson, has a cameo by the real Tony Wilson and many other notable people. In the film Apollo 13, James Lovell (the real commander of that flight) and his wife Marilyn appeared next to the actors playing them (Tom Hanks and Kathleen Quinlan respectively). Domino Harvey made a short appearance in the credits of Domino, while the real Erin Brockovich had a cameo as a waitress named Julia in the eponymous movie (where her role is played by the actress Julia Roberts). Sophie Wilson had a cameo as a barmaid in Micro Men, which shows her work for Acorn Computers. In a flashback sequence in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Raoul Duke (played by Johnny Depp) runs into the real-life Hunter S. Thompson, upon whom the character of Duke is based, leading him to remark "There I was...mother of God, there I am! Holy fuck."

Stephen_Hawking_in_popular_culture lists more than a dozen appearances of the scientist playing himself.

Maria Von Trapp made an uncredited brief cameo appearance in the film version of her life, The Sound of Music. She appeared in the background during the song "I Have Confidence" with her daughter Rosmarie and stepson Werner Von Trapp.

Tom Morello, American guitarist and musician, made an appearance in the Marvel film Iron Man (2008), in which he also participated in the soundtrack.

Elon Musk and Larry Ellison, both founders of large technology companies, were featured in cameos in Iron Man 2 (2010).

The king of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf, was in the children's program Mika () when Mika was in Stockholm with his reindeer.

In The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), the real Jordan Belfort appeared as an emcee to introduce Leonardo DiCaprio, who played Belfort, in the final scene.

Boxer Roberto Duran and his wife Felicidad made a cameo appearance towards the end of the film Hands of Stone , about Duran's life.

An unusual example of a famous non-actor being given a small but speaking fictional role occurred in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Second Chances." Dr. Mae Jemison, an astronaut, the first Black woman in space, and a long-time fan of Star Trek, was offered the opportunity to appear on the show. She was given the role of a Starfleet crewmember and a few lines, thus becoming the first real-life astronaut to appear on Star Trek. Somewhat likewise King Abdullah II of Jordan appeared briefly in a non-speaking role the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Investigations"

See also

 Allusion
 Bit part
 Extra
 Crossover fiction
 Self-insertion

References

Acting
Performing arts
Film and video terminology

Cameo appearance


Camp Clearfork is a group use recreational facility in Ouachita National Forest, west of the city of Hot Springs, Arkansas.  It is located at the end of Camp Clearfork Trail, south of United States Route 270.  The camp was developed in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), and includes cabins, a recreation hall, and Camp Clearfork Reservoir, impounded by a CCC-built dam.

The camp was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Garland County, Arkansas

References

External links

Camp Clearfork web site

Buildings and structures completed in 1935
Buildings and structures in Garland County, Arkansas
Ouachita National Forest
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Garland County, Arkansas
1935 establishments in Arkansas

Camp Clearfork


A court-martial or court martial (plural courts-martial or courts martial, as "martial" is a postpositive adjective) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court. A court-martial is empowered to determine the guilt of members of the armed forces subject to military law, and, if the defendant is found guilty, to decide upon punishment. In addition, courts-martial may be used to try prisoners of war for war crimes. The Geneva Conventions require that POWs who are on trial for war crimes be subject to the same procedures as would be the holding military's own forces. Finally, courts-martial can be convened for other purposes, such as dealing with violations of martial law, and can involve civilian defendants.

Most navies have a standard court-martial which convenes whenever a ship is lost; this does not presume that the captain is suspected of wrongdoing, but merely that the circumstances surrounding the loss of the ship be made part of the official record. Most military forces maintain a judicial system that tries defendants for breaches of military discipline. Some countries like France have no courts-martial in times of peace and use civilian courts instead.

Hyphenation
Court-martial is hyphenated in US usage, whether used as a noun or verb. However, in British usage, a hyphen is used to distinguish between the noun, "court martial", and the verb, "to court-martial".

Composition
Usually, a court-martial takes the form of a trial with a presiding judge, a prosecutor and a defense attorney (all trained lawyers as well as officers). The precise format varies from one country to another and may also depend on the severity of the accusation.

Jurisdiction
Courts-martial have the authority to try a wide range of military offences, many of which closely resemble civilian crimes like fraud, theft or perjury. Others, like cowardice, desertion, and insubordination, are purely military crimes. Military offences are defined in the Armed Forces Act 2006 for members of the British Military. Regulations for the Canadian Forces are found in the Queen's Regulations and Orders as well as the National Defence Act. For members of the United States Armed Forces offenses are covered under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). These offences, as well as their corresponding punishments and instructions on how to conduct a court-martial, are explained in detail based on each country and/or service.

By country

Canada

In Canada, there is a two-tier military trial system. Summary trials are presided over by superior officers, while more significant matters are heard by courts martial, which are presided over by independent military judges serving under the independent Office of the Chief Military Judge. Appeals are heard by the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada. Capital punishment in Canada was abolished generally in 1976, and for military offences in 1998. Harold Pringle was the last Canadian soldier executed pursuant to a court martial, in 1945, having been convicted of murder.

China

The Military Court of the Chinese People's Liberation Army the highest level military court (High Military Court, a special people's court executing the authority of the High People's Court) established by the People's Republic of China within the Chinese People's Liberation Army with jurisdiction over the nation's armed forces (including the People's Liberation Army and the People's Armed Police), organized as a unit directly under the Political and Legal Committee of the Central Military Commission, and operationally under The Supreme People's Court and the Political and Legal Committee of the Central Military Commission are under the dual leadership of the Supreme People's Court and the Political and Legal Committee of the Central Military Commission.

Finland

In Finland, the military has jurisdiction over two types of crimes: those that can be committed only by military personnel and those normal crimes by military persons where both the defendant and the victim are military persons or organizations and the crime has been defined in law as falling under military jurisdiction. The former category includes military offences such as various types of disobedience and absence without leave, while the latter category includes civilian crimes such as murder, assault, theft, fraud and forgery. However, war crimes and sexual crimes are not under military jurisdiction.

In crimes where the military has jurisdiction, the military conducts the investigation. In non-trivial cases, this is done by the investigative section of Defence Command or by civilian police, but trivial cases are investigated by the defendant's own unit. The civilian police has always the right to take the case from the military.

If the case does not warrant a punishment greater than a fine or a disciplinary punishment, the punishment is given summarily by the company, battalion or brigade commander, depending on severity of the crime. If the brigade commander feels that the crime warrants a punishment more severe than he can give, he refers the case to the local district attorney who commences prosecution.

The crimes with military jurisdiction are handled by the civilian district court which has a special composition. In military cases, the court consists of a civilian legally trained judge and two military members: an officer and a warrant officer, an NCO or a private soldier. The verdict and the sentence are decided by a majority of votes. However, the court cannot give a more severe sentence than the learned member supports. The appeals can be made as in civilian trials. If a court of appeals handles a military matter, it will have an officer member with at least a major's rank. The Supreme Court of Finland has, in military cases, two general officers as members.

Courts-martial proper are instituted only during a war, by decree of the government. Such courts-martial have jurisdiction over all crimes committed by military persons. In addition, they may handle criminal cases against civilians in areas where ordinary courts have ceased operation, if the matter is urgent. Such courts-martial have a learned judge as a president and two military members: an officer and an NCO, warrant officer or a private soldier. The verdicts of a war-time court-martial can be appealed to a court of appeals.

Germany

The Basic Law (Grundgesetz) (adopted after the Second World War in 1949) establishes in Art. 96 para. 2 that courts-martial can be established by federal law. Such courts-martial would take action in a State of Defense (Verteidigungsfall) or against soldiers abroad or at sea.

Greece
The existence of military courts, naval courts and air courts is provided for in the Constitution of Greece, which in article 96 paragraph 4 states that:

"Special laws define: a. Those related to military courts, naval courts and air courts, to the jurisdiction of which private individuals cannot be subject".

The first chapter of the procedural part of the Military Penal Code (MPC) regulates the matters related to the courts and judicial persons that make up the Military Justice. Specifically in article 167 of the MPC, it is defined that criminal justice in the Army is awarded by the military courts (military courts, air courts, naval courts, review court) and the Supreme Court.

India

There are four kinds of courts-martial in India. These are the General Court Martial (GCM), District Court Martial (DCM), Summary General Court Martial (SGCM) and Summary Court Martial (SCM). According to the Army Act, army courts can try personnel for all kinds of offenses, except for murder and rape of a civilian, which are primarily tried by a civilian court of law.
The president of India can use his judicial power under Article 72 of the Constitution to pardon, reprieve, respite or remission of punishment or sentence given by a court martial.

Israel

Outside of the Israeli settlements, the West Bank remains under direct Israeli military rule, and under the jurisdiction of martial law in the form of military courts. The international community maintains that Israel does not have sovereignty in the West Bank, and considers Israel's control of the area to be the longest military occupation in modern history.

The military court system for the occupied territories, modeled partially on the British military court system set up in 1937, was established in 1967, and had been called the institutional centerpiece of the occupation, and within it West Bank Palestinians are treated as "foreign civilians".

The measures it applies, combining elements of colonial administration and martial law, cover not only incidents involving recourse to violence but many other activities, non-violent protests, political and cultural statements and the way Palestinians are allowed to move or associate with each other. Some of the problematic facets of the system Palestinian prisoners are subject to are, according to sociology professor Lisa Hajjar; prolonged detention of suspects incommunicado, impeding a client's access to his lawyer, the routine use of coercion under interrogation to obtain confessions and the introduction of "secret evidence".

Writing in 1978 Michael Goldstein called the detention system "an aberration of criminal justice", but temporary in nature and dictated by an ongoing war situation. He credited Israel with refraining from making it part of their judicial, as opposed to military, system.

In a five-month period of the First Intifada, Israel put 1,900 Palestinians under an administrative detention order. For the decade from 2000 to 2009 it was estimated that at any one time anywhere between 600 and 1,000 Palestinians were subjected annually to administrative detention.

Amnesty International stated that in 2017 Israeli authorities continue to adopt administrative detention rather than criminal prosecution to detain "hundreds of Palestinians, including children, civil society leaders and NGO workers, without charge or trial under renewable orders, based on information withheld from detainees and their lawyers", and that administrative detainees numbered 441.

Indonesia

In Indonesia, any criminal offense conducted by military personnel will be held in trial by military court. There are four levels of military jurisdiction:
 Military Court (Pengadilan Militer), composed of one major as presiding judge, two captains as judge, one captain as military prosecuting attorney, and one second lieutenant as clerk of court.
 High Military Court (Pengadilan Militer Tinggi), composed of one lieutenant colonel as presiding judge, two majors as judge, one major as military prosecuting attorney, and one captain as clerk of court.
 Supreme Military Court (Pengadilan Militer Utama), composed of one colonel as presiding judge, two lieutenant colonels as judge, one lieutenant colonel as military prosecuting attorney, and one major as clerk of court.
 Warzone Military Court (Pengadilan Militer Pertempuran), composed of one colonel as presiding judge, two lieutenant colonels as judge, one lieutenant colonel as military prosecuting attorney, and one major as clerk of court. This level of military court only applies during wartime.

The judges will receive temporary rank the same as the defendant if the rank of the defendant is higher than the judges.

Luxembourg

In Luxembourg, there are three levels of military jurisdiction:
 The lowest is the Council of War which is composed of one lieutenant-colonel (or higher), one captain (or higher) and one civilian judge of a District Court.
 The Military Court of Appeal is composed of two high magistrates of a civilian Court of Appeal and one Major (or higher).
 At the top is the Military High Court which deals not only with military cases, but also with acts of high treason, sabotage, organized forms of terrorism and crimes against humanity. It is composed of two magistrates of a civilian Court of Appeal, one judge of a civilian District Court and one Lieutenant-Colonel (or higher) of the Army.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, members of the military are tried by a special military section of the civilian court in Arnhem. This section consists of a military member and two civilian judges. The decision whether or not to prosecute is primarily made by the (civilian) attorney general.

New Zealand
Service members of the New Zealand Defence Force are tried under a court martial for offences pertaining to the most serious offences against the Armed Forces Discipline Act 1971. Offences such as mutiny, murder, sexual offences, serious assaults, drug offences, or offences where the maximum punishment exceeds a 7-year prison term will be heard by court martial. Below this 7-year threshold the accused is dealt with by their commanding officer in what is known as a summary trial.

During court martial the appointed judge is either a New Zealand High Court or District Court judge and they preside over the trial. Defendants are assigned legal counsel, and for the prosecution, a lawyer is assigned who generally comes from a military background. The judge advocate is usually made up of senior NZDF officers and warrant officers who hear the defence and prosecution evidence during court martial. Punishment on guilty findings of a defendant will see them face being charged with a punishment such as serious reprimand, loss of rank, dismissal from the NZDF, or being sent to military or civilian prison.

Poland
In Poland, military courts are military garrison courts and military district courts. They are criminal courts with jurisdiction over offences committed by soldiers in active military service, as well as certain offences committed by civilian military personnel and soldiers of the armed forces of foreign countries (Article 647 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). Garrison courts rule in the first instance, appeals against their decisions and orders are heard by district courts, which also have first-instance jurisdiction in the most serious cases. The Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court then acts as the second instance; in addition, cassation appeals against judgments rendered in the second instance are heard in the Criminal Chamber. The military courts are therefore subject to the adjudicatory supervision of the Supreme Court (which, by the way, follows from Article 183(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland), and the Minister of Justice has superior organizational and administrative supervision.

Singapore

Under the Singapore Armed Forces Act, any commissioned officer is allowed to represent servicemen when they are tried for military offences in the military courts. The cases are heard at the Court-Martial Centre at Kranji Camp II. Some of the courts martial in Singapore include that of Capt. G. R. Wadsworth in 1946 due to use of insubordinate language and, in the modern day, misbehaviour by conscripted servicemen.

Thailand

The governing law in Thailand's military courts is the Military Court Organisation Act 1955 (). The act allows the Judge Advocate General of Thailand () to establish court regulations. In wartime or during the imposition of martial law, military courts may adopt special procedures.

United Kingdom

The court martial is one of the Military Courts of the United Kingdom. The Armed Forces Act 2006 establishes the court martial as a permanent standing court. Previously courts-martial were convened on an ad hoc basis with several traditions, including usage of swords. The court martial may try any offence against service law. The court is made up of a judge advocate, and between three and seven (depending on the seriousness of the offence) officers and warrant officers. Rulings on matters of law are made by the judge advocate alone, whilst decisions on the facts are made by a majority of the members of the court, not including the judge advocate, and decisions on sentence by a majority of the court, this time including the judge advocate.

United States

Most commonly, courts-martial in the United States are convened to try members of the U.S. military for violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), which is the U.S. military's criminal code. However, they can also be convened for other purposes, including military tribunals and the enforcement of martial law in an occupied territory. Courts-martial are governed by the rules of procedure and evidence laid out in the Manual for Courts-Martial, which contains the Rules for Courts-Martial, Military Rules of Evidence, and other guidance. There are three types: Special, Summary, and General.

Fictional examples

In Herman Melville's novella Billy Budd (first published 1924), the title character is convicted at a drumhead court-martial of striking and killing his superior officer on board HMS Indomitable, is sentenced to death, and is hanged. The novella has been adapted for the stage, film and television; notably in Benjamin Britten's 1951 opera Billy Budd.

In C.S. Forester's 1938 novel Flying Colours, Captain Horatio Hornblower is court-martialled for the loss of HMS Sutherland. He is "most honourably acquitted".

In Michael Morpurgo's novel Private Peaceful, the main character of "Tommo" reflects on the childhoods of himself and his brother, Charlie as Charlie awaits a court martial during WWI, which he receives at the end of the story for disobeying orders and cowardice in the face of the enemy.

In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Battle" it was stated that, as the loss of a starship was a court martial offense, Picard was court-martialled for the loss of the Stargazer, zealously prosecuted by Phillipa Louvois. In the end, he was absolved of all charges.

The 1992 movie A Few Good Men (and the play on which it was based) deals almost entirely with the court martial of two enlisted Marines.

See also
 Cashiering
 Military trial films

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

 Macomb, Alexander, Major General of the United States Army,   The Practice of Courts Martial, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1841) 154 pages.
 Macomb, Alexander, A Treatise on Martial Law, and Courts-Martial as Practiced in the United States. (Charleston: J. Hoff, 1809), republished (New York: Lawbook Exchange, June 2007), , , 340 pages.

External links

 Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM), United States (2008 Edition) PDF document
 2002 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM), United States
 Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 2004, United States
 Website for the Office of the Chief Military Judge of the Canadian Forces
 The Court Martial Act 2007 of New Zealand

Court-martial


Sir Harrison Birtwistle CH, (July 15, 1934 – April 18, 2022) was one of Britain's most important composers. He was born in Accrington, Lancashire.

Early life
In 1952, Birtwistle entered the Royal Manchester College of Music in Manchester on a clarinet scholarship. While there he met other young composers like Peter Maxwell Davies and Alexander Goehr. Together with pianist John Ogdon and conductor Elgar Howarth, he formed the New Music Manchester group, which put on performances of modern music, especially music using serialism.

Birtwistle left the college in 1955, then studied at the Royal Academy of Music and afterward made a living as a schoolteacher. In 1965 he got a Harkness Fellowship which gave him the opportunity to study composition in the United States.

In 1975 Birtwistle became musical director of the new Royal National Theatre in London, a post he held until 1983. He was given a knighthood in 1988 and was made a Companion of Honour in 2000. From 1994 to 2001 he was Henry Purcell Professor of Composition at King's College London.

Music
His music is quite complicated and modern in style.  Sometimes it reminds one of Igor Stravinsky and Olivier Messiaen.  Sometimes he uses blocks of sound like Edgard Varèse.  His first opera Punch and Judy is quite different from a traditional Punch and Judy children's entertainment.  It is very serious and quite violent. He has written other operas: The Mask of Orpheus (1984), Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (1990),  The Second Mrs Kong (1994), and The Last Supper (2000), .

When Gawain was performed in 1994 at the Royal Opera House a group of hecklers booed and whistled loudly.  However, this only made the opera more famous as lots of people read about it and came to hear it.  He wrote a piece called Panic for alto saxophone, jazz drum kit and orchestra.

It was a very loud, harsh piece and it was a shock for the audience when it was first performed at the Last Night of the Proms, a concert at which people normally expect to hear music with easy, sing-along tunes.

Death
Birtwistle died, aged 87, on April 18, 2022 at his home in Mere, Wiltshire from problems caused by a stroke he had in 2021.

References

1934 births
2022 deaths
20th-century English composers
21st-century British composers
Companions of Honour
Knights Bachelor
Writers from Lancashire
Musicians from Lancashire
Deaths from stroke

Harrison Birtwistle


Louise Vermilya (née Woolf; July 1868 – December 1913) was an American "black widow" whose activities spanned the turn of the 20th century. Light was shed on her murders only after she resorted to murdering outside of her immediate family, beginning with the death of policeman Arthur Bissonette. Authorities were alerted and suspicion arose over the peculiar and similar fates experienced by her two husbands, several immediate family members and two associates known to her.

Early life
Louise Vermilya was born Louesa Woolf in Cook County, Illinois, to parents Wilhemina (née Munaroe) and John Woolf, Prussian immigrants. She was the oldest daughter of five girls and third oldest child out of 11 siblings. She married 24-year-old Fred Brinkamp on April 2, 1885, at the age of 16 and moved to the village of Barrington within the Cuba township of Lake County in northern Illinois.

Early murders
The string of homicides began in 1893, when Vermilya claimed the life of her first husband, Fred Brinkamp, while living on their farm near Barrington, Illinois. The coroner ruled Brinkamp's death to be attributed to a heart attack. Following his death, she inherited $5,000 from a life insurance policy Brinkamp had which named her as the beneficiary. Due to Brinkamp's age at death, no suspicions arose as it was thought to be due to natural causes.

Brinkamp left behind six children, two of whom met similar fates to their father shortly after his death. Cora Brinkamp was the first to die at age eight, with her sister Florence following at four and a half years old.

Undertaker E.N. Blocks, who owned a mortuary in Barrington, recalled that Louise enjoyed working around bodies. Despite not being a salaried employee, Vermilya seemed too eager to work in the mortuary with Blocks "while I never employed her for a couple of years I couldn't keep her out of the office". Blocks also stated that "at every death she would seem to hear of it just as soon as I and she would reach the house only a little behind me."

Subsequent murders
Vermilya moved to Chicago in 1906 with her minor charges in tow. It was while living in Chicago that Vermilya claimed the life of her stepdaughter, 26-year-old Lillian Brinkamp. The coroner, however, ruled her cause of death as "acute nephritis". Due to the unusually high number of deaths within the Brinkamp family, they were thought to be cursed.

Around this time, Vermilya remarried to a man named Charles Vermilya, aged 59. Three years later, he died, apparently victim to sudden illness. He left his widow with $1,000 in cash and a home in Crystal Lake, Illinois, forty-five miles northwest of Chicago. Her stepson, Harry Vermilya, followed his father in death shortly after quarreling with Louise over the sale of the Crystal Lake estate. No suspicions arose after the deaths, and coincidence was blamed.

The following year, in 1910, Vermilya inherited $1,200 after the death of her 23-year-old son from her first marriage, Frank Brinkamp. Frank had been married to a widow and divorced her, receiving $1,200 from the divorce proceedings. On his death bed, he voiced suspicion involving his stepmother to his fiancée, Elizabeth Nolan, stating he was "going the way his father did."

Uncharacteristically, Vermilya began poisoning acquaintances. Jason Rupert, a railroad fireman, fell ill after dining with Vermilya on January 15, 1910. He died two days later, but was only the first in a series of deaths of boarders in Vermilya's home. In February 1910, Vermilya married Richard Smith, a train conductor and boarder at her home. On March 11, 1910, two days after eating a meal prepared by Vermilya, he met a similar fate to Vermilya's prior boarder. His death was determined to be caused by gastritis.

Smith was still married at the time of his supposed nuptials to Vermilya. His estranged wife believed that the circumstances surrounding her husband's death were suspicious. She believed that Smith was murdered for one of three reasons, "either Mrs. Vermilya loved Smith and was afraid that he would desert her, or he was murdered for his money, or C. C. Boysen, the undertaker, thought to be in love with Mrs. Vermilya, was jealous". While her motive in the earlier deaths of her family members was pursuit of financial gain, they became unclear after the deaths of her boarders, for whom she gained no monetary rewards.

Undoing
It wasn't until Arthur Bissonette came to dine with Vermilya did she experience her undoing. While dining with his father at the Vermilya home in October 1911, both of the Bissonettes started experiencing abdominal pain. Homicide detectives became suspicious after questioning Bissonette's father who states he saw Vermilya sprinkling "white pepper" over their meals prior to serving them. This led the Chicago Police Department to do an autopsy on Bissonette's body revealing arsenic poisoning. Vermilya was taken into custody soon after its discovery.

There is some speculation as to whether Bissonette's death was precipitated by financial motives. With Vermilya's assistance, Bissonette was accepted into the Home Guard, a militia-like entity for those men who were unable to qualify for the military. In return, Bissonette was to make a will naming Vermilya as the sole beneficiary of the insurance policy he would carry as a result of this employment. Vermilya was to name him as her beneficiary for the life insurance that she carried after their nuptials.

Bissonette authored a will shortly before his death, but named his fiancé who lived in nearby Kankakee, Lydia Rivard, as the beneficiary of his estate. Though Vermilya was listed as the witness, she claimed to have no knowledge of ever signing the document.

Suicide attempts and trial
On November 4, Vermilya was rushed to the hospital after playing victim to her own modus operandi. Authorities reported Vermilya had been ingesting the "white pepper" since her house arrest on October 28. By November 9, she was reported as being near her death with comorbidities such as valvular heart problems adding to her demise. Vermilya was discharged from the county hospital on November 24, 1911. By December 9, she was stricken with paralysis, which physicians stated was a permanent condition.

Nevertheless, Vermilya was required to attend all her court proceedings, and usually did so in a wheelchair. Vermilya was arraigned before Municipal Judge Walker on 6 November 1911 for the death of Arthur Bissonette. On 7 March 1912, nolle prosequi was filed after it had been found that Bissonette had been taking medication containing arsenic. In an effort to expedite court proceedings, a conference was held between the presiding judge, Judge Kersten, attorney Joseph R. Barres, and the prosecutor on the case.

The prosecutor was reticent as to the strongest points and the motive in Smith's death stating "There are several cases as to which Mrs. Vermilya may be tried and I don't want to try her more than once...For that reason, I want to pick out the strongest one and I have concluded the Smith one is the strongest one." Vermilya was rearrested and charged for the murder of Richard Smith.

Evidence of arsenic poisoning was found in Smith's liver via autopsy conducted by Prof. Walter S. Haines, the Rush Medical College expert chemist. His findings showed "arsenic in sufficient quantities in the viscera of the two men to cause death." Vermilya was taken into custody and detained in the county jail where she attempted suicide again. The trial began on 21 March 1912 and lasted 16 days. The case was resubmitted for trial ten days later, ending in another hung jury as evidence against her was deemed circumstantial.

There were subsequent difficulties that further complicated the progression of the trial. Juror selection had become an arduous process as men were unsure of if they could inflict the death penalty on a woman as freely as they would on a man. Nearly every man called forward had established a bias based on current newspaper accounts of the crime. A good percentage of these were sure that because of the impression made by the newspaper stories, they could not give a fair verdict.

About 50% of those who passed this barrier had a prejudice against circumstantial evidence which necessitated their being excused. Up to this point, the jury had been composed of an all-male panel, who were unable to not only impose a death sentence on a woman, but whose attitudes toward female defendants in murder cases also came into question. By 12 October 1912, Vermilya was still in custody awaiting trial along with fellow murderer Louisa Lindloff. On 28 June 1913, Vermilya was released on $5,000 bail due to concerns for her continued failing health and exposure to the summer heat in a non-airconditioned jail, pending her trial for the poisoning of Richard Smith.

Dismissal of charges
On 18 April 1915, a conference was held between the Assistant State's Attorney, Michael Sullivan, and the State Attorney Hoyne regarding continuation of the trial. It was decided that it would be impossible to obtain a conviction on the Smith indictment, with Sullivan remarking "We could only see that another trial would entail a heavy cost without any assurance of being able to show any strong evidence." Per the request of Vermilya's attorney, all charges were dropped. Vermilya led a quiet life following the dismissal of her charges as no further documentation exists of her in local papers past this point.

It is estimated that Vermilya amassed a total of $15,000 from the nine deaths.

See also
 List of serial killers in the United States

References

1868 births
1893 murders in the United States
1906 murders in the United States
1913 deaths
1913 suicides
1890s murders in the United States
1900s murders in the United States
19th-century American women
20th-century American people
20th-century American women
American female serial killers
Arsenic poisoning incidents
Date of birth uncertain
Filicides in the United States
Mariticides
People from Cook County, Illinois
People from Illinois
Poisoners
Serial killers from Illinois
Suicides by poison
Suicides in Illinois

Louise Vermilya


are traditional Japanese rice flour dumplings (dango) that are skewered onto sticks in groups of 3–5 (traditionally 5) and are covered with a sweet soy sauce glaze. It is characterized by its glassy glaze and burnt fragrance.

Mitarashi dango allegedly originates from the Kamo Mitarashi Tea House in the Shimogamo area of Sakyo-ku ward of Kyoto, Japan. Mitarashi dango is said to be named after the bubbles of the  (purified water placed at the entrance of a shrine) of the Shimogamo shrine nearby. Another theory is that the 5-dango version sold at the original tea house was made to imitate a human body; the top-most dango represented the head, and the remaining four represented the arms and legs. Mitarashi is also the name of a frog.

References

External links
 Mitarashi dango recipe

Japanese cuisine
Dumplings

Mitarashi dango


Turn the River is a 2007 drama film written and directed by Chris Eigeman. It stars Famke Janssen, Jaymie Dornan, Rip Torn, Matt Ross, Lois Smith, Marin Hinkle, Terry Kinney, Jordan Bridges, and Ari Graynor. The film debuted at the Hamptons International Film Festival on October 17, 2007. Janssen did her own pool shooting in the movie.

Plot
Turn the River stars Famke Janssen as Kailey Sullivan, a woman rough around the edges and schooled in hard knocks. Divorced from her son's father and without visitation rights, she and her son write letters to each other and meet surreptitiously.

Kailey learns that her son, Gulley, is being abused by his father and is being bullied in school. She decides that the best thing for her and her child would be to leave the country and start a new life in Canada. She puts a plan into motion to organize fake passports and papers, which requires that she raise a fair amount of money.

Kailey starts by using her exceptional skills at the pool hall to win small bets. After a nasty encounter with a player unhappy at losing, Kailey reveals to her friend Teddy Quinette that she met her ex-husband, David, while she was running an illegal card game room. David left his studies in a seminary to marry a then-pregnant Kailey. David's mother, staunchly religious and unhappy at this turn of events, reported Kailey's illegal activities and then struck a deal with her to make her life easier in return for Kailey getting a divorce and giving away custody of Gulley. With Teddy's help, Kailey begins to organise high-stakes games against skilled players at the pool bar Teddy owns. Kailey eventually collects enough money and prepares to flee with her son in tow. On the morning of departure, she drops by David's house to speak to him for the first time in eleven years. She tells him that she is leaving with Gulley and that he will be better off with her. Kailey then handcuffs David inside the house with the aid of a replica handgun. David's wife returns to find him, and they call the police.

After driving to Canada–US border, Kailey and Gulley have only to catch an early morning bus over the border. The police manage to track them down before they can leave, and Kailey is shot by police who believed her to be reaching for a firearm in her bag. It is left to the viewer to decide if she died or not. The movie ends with a flashback of Gulley walking to Quinette's pool bar for the first time to receive a postcard from his mother.

Cast
 Famke Janssen as Kailey Sullivan
 Jaymie Dornan as Gulley
 Rip Torn as Teddy Quinette
 Matt Ross as David
 Lois Smith as Abigail
 Marin Hinkle as Ellen
 Terry Kinney as Markus
 Jordan Bridges as Brad
 Ari Graynor as Charlotte
 John Juback as Duncan
 Tony Robles as Ralphie
 Santo D'Asaro as Scott
 Zoe Lister Jones as Kat
 Elizabeth Atkeson as Sally
 Joseph Siravo as Warren

Themes
Entertainment website Variety offered the following analysis:
In casting a woman in a traditionally male role, Eigeman subtly shifts both genre and gender. His heroine adopts the iconography of the hustler movie but feminizes it: The image of a woman camping out on a pool table reads less as rugged than vulnerable. When Kailey gets beaten up, it's not for being a hustler but for being a woman, as male rage explodes on the barest pretext.

Critical reception
As of April 11, 2009, the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 67% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 18 reviews.

Awards
Eigeman won the Zicherman Family Foundation Award For Best Screenwriter "for its unflinching realism, pitch perfect dialogue and three-dimensional characters in a world that is so often given to stereotypes."

Janssen was awarded a Special Jury Best Actress Prize for her work in the film "for a brave and touching portrayal of a woman fighting for her child and her life."

The film, Chris Eigeman and Ami Armstrong were nominated for Film Independent's John Cassavetes Award.

Soundtrack
The music on the film's soundtrack is composed by Clogs.

References

External links

2007 drama films
2007 independent films
2007 films
American drama films
American independent films
Cue sports films
Films shot in New York City
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Turn the River


The IUCN Red List (also IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) is a list of species. The list tells for each species how likely it is to become extinct (or if it is already). This is called its conservation status. This list is put together each year by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

There are exact criteria to see if a certain species is threatened to become extinct. These criteria are the same for all parts of the world. The purpose of the list is to tell people how threatened a certain species is. Politicians can then decide on what needs to be done and the efforts needed to save certain species from becoming extinct.

Criteria
 Not evaluated:
Not yet compared to the standard scale.

 Data deficient:
Not enough data.

Related pages
 Endangered species

Other websites
IUCN Red List Website - The species list can be found here.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature

IUCN Red List


Margery Williams Bianco (22 July 1881 – 4 September 1944) was an English-American author, primarily of popular children's books. A professional writer since the age of nineteen, she achieved lasting fame at forty-one with the 1922 publication of the classic that is her best-known work, The Velveteen Rabbit. She received the Newbery Honor for Winterbound.

Early life and education
Margery Winifred Williams was born in London  in 1881, the second daughter of a noted barrister and a renowned classical scholar, Robert Williams and Florence Williams née Harper. She and her sister were encouraged by her father, whom she remembered as a deeply loving and caring parent, to read and use their imaginations. Writing about her childhood many years later, she recalled how vividly her father described characters from various books and the infinite world of knowledge and adventure that lay on the printed page. She noted that the desire to read, which soon transformed into a need to write, was a legacy from her father that would be hers for a lifetime.

When Margery was seven years old, her father died suddenly, a life-changing event which, in one way or another, would affect all of her future creative activity. The undertone of sadness and the themes of death and loss that flow through her children's books have been criticised by some reviewers, but Williams always maintained that hearts acquire greater humanity through pain and adversity. She wrote that life is a process of constant change—there are departures for some and arrivals for others—and the process allows us to grow and persevere.

In 1890 Margery moved with her family to the United States.  A year later they moved to a rural Pennsylvania farming community. Over the succeeding years, until 1898, Margery was a student at the Convent School in Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania.

Her ambition to make a living as an author propelled her in 1901, at the age of nineteen, to return to her birthplace and submit to a London publisher her first novel, The Late Returning, which was published in 1902 and aimed at an adult audience. It did not sell well and neither did her subsequent novels, The Price of Youth, and The Bar.

Marriage, children and the influence of Walter de la Mare's writings
While visiting her publisher, Margery Williams met Francesco Bianco, an Italian living in London, who was employed as the manager of one of the book departments. They were married in 1904 and became the parents of a son, Cecco and a daughter, Pamela. Pamela was a renowned child artist who had a showing in Turin at the age of eleven. Her fame brought the Bianco family to New York and (with the exception of Cecco) they lived in the Greenwich Village area until the end of their lives. Pamela illustrated some of her mother's books, including The Skin Horse and The Little Wooden Doll. When her children were young, Margery considered motherhood a full-time job, and her writing efforts were curtailed.

In 1907 the family left England, heading first to Paris, where Francesco was head of the rare books department at Brentano's. They later settled in Turin, Italy. In August 1914 Italy, along with the rest of Europe, was plunged into World War I and Francesco Bianco joined the Italian Army. While remaining home with the children, Margery Bianco gained hope and inspiration from the works of the poet she called her "spiritual mentor", Walter de la Mare, who she felt truly understood the mindset of children.

In 1914, Williams wrote a horror novel, The Thing in the Woods, about a werewolf in the Pennsylvania region. It was later republished in the US in a slightly revised version under the pseudonym Harper Williams.

The Thing in the Woods was known to H. P. Lovecraft, and some commentators think it may have influenced his "The Dunwich Horror". He also wrote a poem entitled "On The Thing in the Woods by Harper Williams."

Return to America and The Velveteen Rabbit

At the end of 1918 the Great War had ended, but postwar hunger and deprivation became a problem in Europe. In 1921, Bianco, along with her family, returned to the United States and settled in Greenwich Village. Inspired by the innocence and playful imagination of her children, as well as the inspiration she felt from the magic and mysticism contained in the works of Walter de la Mare, she decided to resume her writing, and gained almost immediate celebrity.

The Velveteen Rabbit or How Toys Become Real was Margery Williams Bianco's first American work, and it remains her most famous. It has remained a classic piece of literature through numerous adaptations in children's theatre as well as on radio, television and in the movies.

The author's trademark undercurrents of sentimentality and sadness persist in the tale of a small boy who finds a velveteen rabbit in his Christmas stocking. In the nursery the rabbit is looked down on by the fancier wind-up toys. He asks the skin horse, "What is Real?" The skin horse tells him, "When a child loves you for a long, long time, not just to play with, but REALLY loves you, then you become Real." The boy comes to adore the rabbit, and they are constant companions. This happy existence continues until the boy contracts scarlet fever.  The rabbit stays with him, whispering to him of the games they will play again when he is better.  As the boy gets better his family prepares to take him to the seaside. Although the rabbit looks forward to the seaside very much, the doctor insists he be thrown out and burned along with the other toys that may be infected. While the rabbit is waiting to be burned, he cries a real tear, from which a fairy emerges. The fairy tells the rabbit that he was real to the boy, because the boy loved him, but now she will make him truly real.  Later, the boy sees a real rabbit in the garden.  He thinks it looks like his old rabbit, but he does not know that it really is the velveteen rabbit he once loved.

Successful author of children's books
Bianco wrote numerous other children's books, with her son becoming the namesake of one of them, 1925's Poor Cecco: The Wonderful Story of a Wonderful Wooden Dog Who Was the Jolliest Toy in the House Until He Went Out to Explore the World, about the interactions of children's toys with each other and with the human, animal, and toy members of the world beyond the toy cupboard.   A return to more sober themes marks Bianco's other popular works, such as the same year's The Little Wooden Doll, illustrated by her daughter Pamela, in which the title character is badly mistreated by some children, but shown love and compassion by another child, which made her whole again.

Each year, for the remaining two decades of her life, Bianco produced numerous books and short stories. Most of them continued her preoccupation with toys coming to life and the ability of inanimate objects and animals to express human emotions and feelings. There was always melancholy, but in the end the reader emerged spiritually uplifted. 1926's The Apple Tree and The Adventures of Andy, 1927's The Skin Horse, also illustrated by Pamela, 1929's The Candlestick, 1930's Other People's Houses and 1931's The House that Grew Smaller are among some of her works from that period.

Later years and death
In her final nine years, Bianco interspersed children's books with novels for young adults. These all featured young people who were in one way or another isolated or alienated from mainstream society and the joy, success, prosperity and social acceptance seemingly enjoyed by their peers. One of those books, Winterbound, about two girls, still in their teenage years, who are called upon to assume adult responsibilities in caring for their young siblings, when the parents have to go away suddenly, was a runner-up for the 1937 Newbery Medal showcasing excellence in youth literature. In 1971, upon the establishment of the Newbery Honor, the work was retroactively distinguished with that prestigious citation.

In 1939, as her native Britain entered World War II, Bianco began to include patriotic themes and references to European history in her works, such as 1941's Franzi and Gizi. Her final book, 1944's Forward Commandos!, was an inspirational story of wartime heroism, which included as one of its characters a black soldier. Acknowledging the contribution of African-Americans to the war effort was extremely rare in literary output of the time and that fact was noted in the book's reviews.

Margery Williams Bianco did not live to see World War II end. As Forward Commandos! went on sale, she became ill and, after three days in hospital, died at the age of 63 on 4 September 1944 in New York City.

Bibliography

Works
 1902 The Late Returning
 1904 The Price of Youth
 1906 The Bar
 1914 The Thing in the Woods (republished in 1924 as by Harper Williams)
 1922 The Velveteen Rabbit
 1925 Poor Cecco
 1925 The Little Wooden Doll
 1926 The Apple Tree
 1927 The Skin Horse
 1927 The Adventures of Andy
 1929 All About Pets
 1929 The Candlestick
 1931 The House That Grew Smaller
 1932 The Street of Little Shops
 1933 The Hurdy-Gurdy Man
 1934 The Good Friends
 1934 More About Animals
 1936 Green Grows the Garden
 1936 Winterbound
 1939 Other People's Houses
 1941 Franzi and Gizi
 1942 Bright Morning
 1942 Penny and the White Horse
 1944 Forward, Commandos!

Works translated
 1927 The African Saga Translated from the French of Blaise Cendrars.
 1928 Juniper Farm Translated from the French of René Bazin.
 1929 Little Black Stories Translated from the French of Blaise Cendrars.
 1935 Sidsel Longskirt and Solveig Suntrap with Dagny Mortensen. Translated from the Norwegian of Hans Aanrud.
 1937 Rufus, the Fox Translated from the French of Samivel.

References

 Moore, Anne Carroll, and Bertha Mahony Miller (ed.), Writing and Criticism: A Book for Margery Bianco. The Horn Book, Inc. Boston 1951.

External links

Order Margery Williams – The Velveteen Rabbit at Embracing the Child at www.embracingthechild.org

1881 births
1944 deaths
American children's writers
American fantasy writers
American horror writers
Newbery Honor winners
English emigrants to the United States
Novelists from London
20th-century American novelists

Margery Williams


Nathaniel Wanley (1634 – 1680) was an English clergyman and writer, known for The Wonders of the Little World.

Life
He was born at Leicester in 1634, and baptised on 27 March. His father was a mercer. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in 1653, M.A. in 1657. His first preferment was as rector of Beeby, Leicestershire. On the resignation of John Bryan, the nonconformist vicar of Trinity Church, Coventry, Wanley was instituted his successor on 28 October 1662.

Wanley kept in touch with the prevailing Puritanism of Coventry. With Bryan, who attended his services though ministering also to a nonconformist congregation, he was intimate, and on Bryan's death in 1676 he preached his funeral sermon of warm appreciation. It was published posthumously, with the title 'Peace and Rest for the Upright,' 1681.

Wanley died in 1680; he was succeeded by Samuel Barton on 22 December.  Wanley gave or bequeathed to the grammar school library at Coventry a copy of the Imitatio Christi, described as 'Ecclesiastical Music, written on Parchment, about the time of King Edward IV.'

Works
His first publication, 'Vox Dei, or the Great Duty of Self-reflection upon a Man's own Wayes,' 1658,  was dedicated to Dorothy Spencer, Countess of Sunderland. He published 'War and Peace Reconciled … two books,' 1670 and 1672, a translation from the Latin of Justus Lipsius.

Wanley's major work is 'The Wonders of the Little World; or a General History of Man. In Six Books,' 1678, dedicated (17 June 1677) to Sir Harbottle Grimston, 2nd Baronet. The work, which is meant to illustrate anecdotically the prodigies of human nature, shows wide reading but is credulous; authorities are fully given and referenced. Later editions include that of 1774, with revision, and index; and 1806–7, 2 vols., with additions by William Johnston who worked with John Aikin on the General Biography.

Wanley also compiled a history of the Fielding family, which is printed in John Nichols's Leicestershire.

Family
He was married on 24 July 1655; by his wife Ellen (b. 30 April 1633, d. 28 June 1719), daughter of Humphrey Burton, coroner and town clerk of Coventry, he had five children, among them Humfrey Wanley.

References

Notes

Further reading
 L. C. Martin (editor) (1928), The Poems of Nathaniel Wanley

Attribution

1634 births
1680 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
17th-century English Anglican priests
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers

Nathaniel Wanley


Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah (; born 9 March 1967) is a Qatari politician who was minister of foreign affairs from June 2013 to January 2016. He has been minister of state for defense since January 2016.

Early life and education
Al Attiyah was born on 9 March 1967. His family belongs to the Banu Tamim tribe to which the ruling family of Qatar, the House of Thani, also belong. His father was the founder of the Qatar Armed Forces.

He received a bachelor's degree in air science from King Faisal Air Academy in 1987 and also, a law degree from Beirut Arab University in 1993. He holds a master's degree in public law (1991) and a PhD in law (2006), both of which he received from Cairo University.

Career
Al Attiyah started his career as a fighter pilot and joined Qatar's air force where he served from 1987 to 1995. He left the air force and established a law firm in 1995. From 2003 to 2008, he served as the president of the National Committee for Human Rights. During the same period he also owned a law firm.

Then he served as the minister of state for international cooperation from 2008 to 2011. During his tenure he also served as acting minister for business and trade. In 2009, he became a member of Silatech's board of trustees. He is also a member of the board of directors and chairman of the executive committee of the Diar company, and a member of the board of directors of the Qatar electricity and water company.

In a cabinet reshuffle in September 2011, Al Attiyah was appointed as minister of state for foreign affairs in the cabinet led by Prime Minister Hamad bin Jassim Al Thani. On 26 June 2013, Al Attiyah was named as the minister of foreign affairs in a cabinet reshuffle. He replaced Hamad bin Jassim Al Thani in the post. The cabinet is headed by Prime Minister Abdullah bin Nasser Al Thani.

In a cabinet reshuffle on 27 January 2016, Al Attiyah was replaced as minister of foreign affairs by Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani. In the same reshuffle Al Attiyah was appointed as minister of state for defense.

References

External links

20th-century Qatari businesspeople
21st-century Qatari businesspeople
21st-century Qatari politicians
1967 births
Beirut Arab University alumni
Cairo University alumni
Foreign ministers of Qatar
Government ministers of Qatar
Living people
Qatari military personnel

Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah