The Everest road is a Chinese road that reaches the North Base Camp of Mount Everest or Qomolangma (name of mountain in Tibetan). The paved road branches from China National Highway 318 at Tingri County, Tibet Autonomous Region and moves through the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve.

The road was first built as a gravel and rock road and later paved in 2015. The route is 110 km and first ascends uphill before going downhill with many hairpin turns along the way before reaching the North Base Camp. The route holds magnificent views of Shisha Pangma to Cho Oyu, Everest, Makalu, and Lhotse. A mountain guide quoted by National Geographic on the opening of the paved road called it "one of the coolest roads I've seen anywhere on the planet". Since the road ends at the tourist base camp, it has spurred a large increase in tourism to the area. The road has made the Chinese side of Mount Everest much easier to access than compared to the ten-day trek required to reach the South Base Camp in Nepal.

References

Mount Everest
Tingri County
Roads in China

Everest road


A hackerspace (also referred to as a hacklab, hackspace, or makerspace) is a community-operated, often "not for profit" (501(c)(3) in the United States), workspace where people with common interests, such as computers, machining, technology, science, digital art, or electronic art, can meet, socialize, and collaborate. Hackerspaces are comparable to other community-operated spaces with similar aims and mechanisms such as Fab Lab, men's sheds, and commercial "for-profit" companies.

History
In 2006 Paul Böhm came up with a fundraising strategy based on the Street Performer Protocol to build Metalab in Vienna, Austria, and became its founding director. In 2007 he and others started Hackerspaces.org, a wiki-based website that maintains a list of many hackerspaces and documents patterns on how to start and run them.  the community list included 1967 hackerspaces with 1199 active sites and 354 planned sites.

The advent of crowdfunding and Kickstarter (founded 2009) has put the tools required to build hackerspaces within reach of an even wider audience. For example, Bilal Ghalib (who had previously worked on a hackerspace documentary) and others used such tools to bring the hackerspace concept to the Middle East.

Worldwide, a large number of hackerspace or makerspace facilities have been founded. Nicole Lou and Katie Peek reported that from 2006 to 2016 the number of active or planned  spaces increased to 1,393, fourteen times as many as in 2006.

The US federal government has started adopting the concept of fully open makerspaces within its agencies , the first of which (SpaceShop Rapid Prototyping Lab) resides at NASA Ames Research Center.

Activities

In general, hackerspaces function as centers for peer learning and knowledge sharing, in the form of workshops, presentations, and lectures. They usually also offer social activities for their members, such as game nights and parties. Hackerspaces can be viewed as open community labs incorporating elements of machine shops, workshops, and/or studios where hackers can come together to share resources and knowledge to build and make things.

Many hackerspaces participate in the use and development of free software, open hardware, and alternative media. They are often physically located in infoshops, social centers, adult education centers, public schools, public libraries, or on university campuses, but may relocate to industrial or warehouse space when they need more room.

Most recent studies of hackerspace in China—where Internet access is heavily censored—suggest that new businesses and organized tech conferences there serve to intervene in the status quo "from within". The first hackerspace in China, Xinchejian, opened in Shanghai in 2010. Thereafter a network of hackerspaces emerged, nourishing an emerging maker culture. By designing open technologies and developing new businesses, Chinese makers make use of the system, make fun of it, altering it and provoking it. DIY makers often bring and align contradictory ideas together, such as copycat and open source, manufacturing and DIY, individual empowerment and collective change. In doing so, they craft a subject position beyond the common rhetoric that Chinese citizens lack creativity. As a site of individual empowerment, hackerspace and DIY making enable people to remake the very societal norms and material infrastructures that undergird their work and livelihood.

Facilities

The specific tools and resources available at hackerspaces vary from place to place. They typically provide space for members to work on their individual projects, or to collaborate on group projects with other members. Hackerspaces may also operate computer tool lending libraries, or physical tool lending libraries, up to and including creative sex toys in some instances.

The building or facility the hackerspace occupies provides physical infrastructure that members need to complete their projects. In addition to, most hackerspaces provide electrical power, computer servers, and networking with Internet connectivity.  Well-equipped hackerspaces may provide machine tools, sewing, crafting, art fabrication, audio equipment, video projectors, game consoles, electronic instrumentation (such as oscilloscopes and signal generators), electronic components and raw materials for hacking, and various other tools for electronics fabrication and creating things. Specialized large-format printers, 3D printers, laser cutters, industrial sewing machines, or water jet cutters may be available for members to use.  Some hackerspaces provide food storage and food preparation equipment, and may teach courses in basic or advanced cooking.

Organization

The individual character of a hackerspace is determined by its members. There is a lot of variety in how hackerspaces are organised.
 Some hackerspaces are governed by elected boards selected by active members in good standing. Elected officers may serve predetermined terms, and help direct decision-making with regards to purchasing new equipment, recruiting new members, formulating policy, conforming to safety requirements, and other administrative issues. London Hackspace, for example, is governed by an elected board of trustees.
 Others, such as Open Garage, are led by a single Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL). This is a common governance structure for hackerspaces which are founded by a single person on their own property.
 There are also more anarchist governance models such as a Do-ocracy, in which people receive the authority over a task by doing it. This model is often combined with other structures such as elected boards or consensus-driven meetings, as is the case in Noisebridge.

Membership fees are usually the main income of a hackerspace, but some also accept external sponsors. Some hackerspaces in the US have 501(c)3 status (or the equivalent in their jurisdiction), while others have chosen to forgo tax exempt status. University-affiliated hackerspaces often do not charge an explicit fee, but are generally limited to students, staff, or alumni, although visiting guests from other hackerspaces are usually welcome.  Some hackerspaces accept volunteer labor in lieu of membership fees, especially from financially limited participants. In addition, some hackerspaces earn income from sponsoring and staffing high-tech flea markets, where members of the general public may buy and sell new and used equipment and supplies.

There is a loose, informal tradition at many hackerspaces of welcoming visitors from other similar organizations, whether across town or internationally.  Free exchange of ideas, skills, and knowledge are encouraged, especially at periodic gatherings sometimes called "build nights" or "open house" days.

Hackerspaces and makerspaces are increasingly being included as learning spaces in schools, learning commons, and other educational facilities.

Ethic
Hackerspaces are widely defined on hackerspaces.org as "community-operated physical places, where people can meet and work on their projects". The exact functioning of the space varies from place to place and is determined by its members and while there is no blueprint or set of guidelines to create a hackerspace, they generally follow a "hacker ethic", which "include freedom, in the sense of autonomy as well as of free access and circulation of information; distrust of authority, that is, opposing the traditional, industrial top-down style of organization; embracing the concept of learning by doing and peer-to-peer learning processes as opposed to formal modes of learning; sharing, solidarity and cooperation".

Hackerspaces have also been described as physical manifestations of the peer production principles.

Equity and justice-centered making
Large opportunity gaps in science and engineering (STEM) persist for youth growing up in poverty, and in particular for African American and Latino youth, and have become a focus of STEM-rich Making. The evolving maker movement has generated interest for its potential role in opening up access to learning and attainment in STEM, with advocates arguing for its "democratizing effects" – with access to a makerspace, "anyone can make… anyone can change the world". Makerspaces potentially offer opportunities for young people to engage in STEM knowledge and practices in creative and playful ways, where "learning is and for the making".

However, an explicit equity-agenda has been fairly absent in the maker movement, especially as it relates to sustained engagement in making.  The movement remains an adult, white, middle-class pursuit, led by those with the leisure time, technical knowledge, experience, and resources to make. Even with the growth of community-based makerspaces, users of these spaces tend to be white adult men.  The median salary for those involved in the maker movement in the US is $103,000, with 97% of those who go to Maker Faires having college degrees (and 70% have graduate degrees). Only 11% of the contributions to Make Magazine (the periodical credited with launching the Maker Movement) are female. Thus, as the maker movement has become formalized, the powerful knowledge and practices of communities of color or of low-income communities have not yet become central to its discourse.

Emerging research has begun to address how the maker movement might address equity concerns broadly. There is recent research in this area, which is challenging the field to consider new directions in the design of maker spaces, in maker space programming and pedagogies, and in how to make sense of the outcomes of making.  These include: 1) Expanding what counts as making; 2) Design of makerspaces that foster an open, flexible and welcoming atmosphere to youth; 3) Maker space programs and pedagogies that support an equitable culture of making, the incorporation of participants' cultural knowledge and practices, a focus on new literacies; and valuing multiple iterations and failing-forward; and 4) Expanding the outcomes of making to include agency, identity, and the after-life of maker projects.  Cutting across these areas are specific attention to gender and computer science, indigenous epistemologies and maker activities, and how makerspaces may ground STEM-rich making in the lived experiences and wisdom of youth of color and their families and communities.

One emerging area of studies examines the production of an equitable culture in making, including in-depth longitudinal cases of youth makers in community settings, how youth and community co-design for equitable learning opportunities and outcomes.

Difficulties and critique
Hackerspaces can run into difficulties with building codes or other planning regulations, which may not be designed to handle their scope of activities. For example, a new hackerspace in Nashua, New Hampshire, was shut down by the city after an inspection in 2011. The main issues involved ventilation of heat and toxic fumes; the space was reopened after improvements were made to the building.

The difficulties with opening hackerspaces and makerspaces within non-profit organizations, such as schools and public libraries include cost, space, liability, and availability of personnel. Many makerspaces struggle to sustain viable business models in support of their missions.

Hackerspace culture may have more demonstrable challenges than the spaces themselves. For more, see: Maker Culture#Criticisms.

In 2009, Johannes Grenzfurthner published the much debated pamphlet "Hacking the Spaces", that dealt with exclusionist tendencies in the hackerspaces movement. Grenzfurther extended his critique through lectures at the 2012 and 2014 Hackers on Planet Earth conferences in New York City.

Notable hackerspaces

Over the years, many hackerspaces have grown significantly in membership, operational budgets, and local media attention. Many have also helped establish other hackerspaces in nearby locations.

 "The Loft" hackerspace (1992-2002) in downtown San Diego was the anarchic center of the young underground tech, music, and art communities seeking a creative outlet in this conservative military town. The space was large, well equipped, and loosely operated.
 c-base (1995) from Berlin is recognized as one of the first independent, stand-alone hackerspaces in the world, not affiliated with a school, university, or company. Wired writes that "European groups, particularly in Germany, have a long tradition of this kind of activity". Another known German hackerspace is RaumZeitLabor, organizer of Trollcon.
 The Geek Group, formed in 1994, was a budding nonprofit hackerspace in Grand Rapids, Michigan that had a large following and internet presence. There were various chapters around the United States. Their main focus was as an opensource hackerspace to increase STEM education accessibility and one day become an accredited institution of higher education.
 Metalab, founded in 2006, is generally considered to have pioneered the funding principles that enabled rapid spread of the concept.
 TechShop was the first chain of commercial hackerspaces. It was launched in October 2006. , there were six TechShop locations in the US: three in California and one each in North Carolina, Michigan, and Texas, the last a partnership with the Lowe's home improvement chain. , the company had declared bankruptcy, with plans for reorganization or liquidation to be announced.
 In August 2007, a group of North American hackers visited Europe "to get a sense for the potential of European 'hacker spaces'", and upon their return, the groups NYC Resistor and HacDC were set up in late 2007, with Noisebridge following in fall 2008.
 RevSpace is a Dutch hackerspace founded in 2009. A regular of its IRC channel perpetrated a DDoS attack on VISA and MasterCard in 2010.
 Dallas Makerspace (DMS) was founded by members of the Dallas Personal Robotics Group (DPRG) in 2010. As of summer of 2017, it has a paying membership base of 1500, "making it one of the largest, if not the largest, nonprofit, volunteer-run makerspaces in the country" according to Dallas Morning News.
 The first Chinese hackerspace Xinchejian was established in Shanghai in the fall of 2010. Thereafter hackerspaces have grown in numerous cities including Beijing, Shenzhen, Ningbo, Hangzhou and Guangzhou. Chinese makers became internationally visible when the first Maker Carnival was hosted in Beijing in 2012.
 GET City Innovations is a Community-based maker space in Lansing Michigan, where youth work year-round to design and prototype STEM-rich making solutions to local community concerns. The program is free and open to all youth through the community center, and foregrounds youth's rich cultural knowledge and wisdom in their making efforts.
 Columbus Idea Foundry moved into a 65,000-square-foot factory in Columbus Ohio on May 22, 2014. By one account, it is "the country's largest such space".
 The NASA Ames SpaceShop Rapid Prototyping Lab was developed as the first open makerspace within the US Federal Government. Located at NASA Ames Research Center, the facility has trained thousands of Federal employees on emerging rapid-prototyping equipment.
 Artisan's Asylum (Somerville, Massachusetts), was once believed to be the largest makerspace in the world.
 the Verstehbahnhof in Fürstenberg (Havel) station is an example of a makerspace in a rural German town with a declining population. Daniel Domscheit-Berg is one of the principal contributors to this space.

Variations
A lot of places share values similar to those purported by hackspaces, whether or not they use that nomenclature. A few examples follow:

Public library hackerspaces
Public Libraries have long been a place to share resources for learning. Lately some have reconsidered their roles to include providing resources for hacking and making. Those generally call themselves Library makerspaces. For example, Chattanooga's 4th floor may have been the first use of a library as laboratory and playground for its community.  The User Experience (UX) is another public laboratory and educational facility. Or according to Forbes, the first public library to open a MakerSpace is the Fayetteville Free Library.

Feminist hackerspaces
In response to the misogyny allegedly shown by the brogrammer culture that sees hackerspaces as "male" spaces, Seattle Attic was founded in the summer of 2013, as the first Feminist Hackerspace in the United States. They were soon followed by Double Union, in San Francisco. Their founding came as a result of The Ada Initiative, and their AdaCamp conferences. Which has also led to the formation of FouFem in Montreal, the Mz Baltazar's Laboratory, a start-up organization and feminist hackspace in Vienna, the Anarchafeminist Hackerhive in San Francisco, the Hacktory in Philadelphia and the Miss Despionas in Tasmania, Australia, and myriad others.

Public school maker/hackerspaces
Some public schools in the US now also include hackerspaces.  The first high school to open a true MakerSpace was in Sebastopol, California, and middle schools followed the trend.  For example, White Hill Middle school in Fairfax, California has now opened up their own MakerSpace with a class called "Makers and Hackers". In 2018 Penketh High School became the first school to have a school makerspace in the United Kingdom. "Spark" was designed for students and the community being the first of its kind in the UK.

In Shenzhen, China SteamHead makerspace organized a school makerspace inside Shenzhen American International School in 2014, and SZ DIY makerspace organized a school makerspace inside Harbour School.

Fab labs
Fab labs are spaces (part of a network initiated by MIT's Center for Bits and Atoms) whose goal is to enable people to "make (almost) anything". They focus heavily on digital fabrication tools.

Community spaces
There are many community art spaces share values with hackerspaces. Some, like AS220 and Haystack Mountain School of Crafts have embraced Fab lab structures to expand the range of media represented in their spaces to include digital fabrication tools. There are also community-based makerspaces focused on open-access to allow community members to address community-based problems. From a justice perspective, the open access is important because many makerspaces are pay-to-play. Examples of community-based making spaces include GET City and Mt Elliot, both in Michigan.

University maker/hackerspaces

Universities around the world have at different rates embraced educational possibilities of these spaces. Makerspaces provide colleges and universities with an inspirational environment where innovative connections between technology and curriculum can be utilized for experiential teaching and learning activities MIT has pioneered the Fab lab movement and implementation of similar spaces in universities around the world. Non-Fab-Lab-associated Maker and Hackerspaces are also common. Wheaton College is one school pioneering new Hacker and Maker curriculums and spaces, as is Yale University with spaces like its "CEID". Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering has also pioneered Makerist and Hacker curriculum to great success. The Bioengineering Department at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Engineering and Applied Science combines their educational lab space with an open Bio-MakerSpace in their George H. Stephenson Foundation Educational Laboratory & Bio-MakerSpace (or Biomakerspace or BioMaker Space), encouraging a free flow of ideas, creativity, and entrepreneurship between Bioengineering students and students throughout the university.  William & Mary is rapidly expanding their makerspace resources to include engineering spaces for all undergraduate & graduate degrees as part of their new Coll curricula.

Tool library
Tool libraries generally lack a shared space for making or hacking things, but instead serve as a repository of tools people can borrow for use in their own respective spaces.

Repair cafe / clinic
"Repair cafés" are semipermanent places where people can come together to teach and learn how to fix things. "Repair clinics" are pop-up events without permanent facilities, though they are often sponsored by organizations such as public libraries, schools, or universities. The emphasis is on basic DIY repairs rather than building new things, but there is a similar informal atmosphere of exploration and learning new skills.

Bicycle coops
Bicycle cooperatives are places where people can build or fix bicycles.

Cooking makerspace
A place where anyone can use different professional kitchen equipment and try culinary experiments.

See also
 Hacker culture
 Hackerspace Global Grid
 Maker culture
 Maker Faire
 Tinkering School

References

External links

 HackerspaceWiki – Global hackerspace database and resource

Computer clubs
DIY culture
Educational facilities

Hacker culture

Hackerspace


There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Leighton, one in the Baronetage of England and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. One creation is extant as of 2010.

The Leighton Baronetcy, of Wattlesborough in the County of Shropshire, was created in the Baronetage of England on 2 March 1693 for Edward Leighton, subsequently Member of Parliament for Shropshire and Shrewsbury. The Leighton family took their name from the village of Leighton in Shropshire, where they were settled in the 12th century. Richard de Leighton represented Shropshire in the House of Commons from 1312 to 1318 and many later members of the family served as Knights of the Shire for the county. The third and fourth Baronets both sat as Members of Parliament for Shrewsbury. The 6th baronet was injured in the American War of Independence. The seventh Baronet was High Sheriff of Shropshire in 1835 and both he and the eighth Baronet represented Shropshire South in Parliament. The tenth Baronet was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Shropshire Yeomanry and served as High Sheriff of Shropshire in 1956.

The Wattleborough and Loton Park estates came into the family through marriage in the reign of Edward IV of England. The second Baronet made Loton Park the main family seat and greatly enlarged the house in 1712. It remains the ancestral seat of the family.

The Leighton Baronetcy was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 11 February 1886. For more information on this creation, see Baron Leighton.

Leighton baronets, of Wattlesborough (1693)

Sir Edward Leighton, 1st Baronet (–1711)
Sir Edward Leighton, 2nd Baronet (1681–1756)
Sir Charlton Leighton, 3rd Baronet (–1780)
Sir Charlton Leighton, 4th Baronet (1747–1784)
Sir Robert Leighton, 5th Baronet (1752–1819)
Sir Baldwin Leighton, 6th Baronet (1747–1828)
Sir Baldwin Leighton, 7th Baronet (1805–1871)
Sir Baldwyn Leighton, 8th Baronet (1836–1897)
Sir Bryan Baldwin Mawddwy Leighton, 9th Baronet (1868–1919)
Sir Richard Tihel Leighton, 10th Baronet (1893–1957)
Sir Michael John Bryan Leighton, 11th Baronet (born 1935)

There is no heir to the title.

Leighton baronets (1886)
see the Baron Leighton

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Baronetcies in the Baronetage of England
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
1693 establishments in England

Leighton baronets


CatCat is a Finnish duo that participated in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1994 with the song "Bye Bye Baby". They reached 22nd place with 11 points. Members of the duo are sisters Katja and Virpi whose original surname Kätkä is Kätkät in plural form which sounds exactly like CatCat, hence the name.

Albums

 CatCat (1992)
 Bye Bye Baby (1994)
 Viides kevät (1994)
 Enkeli (Angel) (1995)
 Yö ja päivä (Night and day) (2001)
 Parhaat (2002) (collection)
 Hitit (2004) (collection)

References

Finnish schlager groups
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Finland
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1994
Finnish musical duos

CatCat


Sir Frederick Henry Royce, 1st Baronet,  (27 March 1863 – 22 April 1933) was an English engineer famous for his designs of car and aeroplane engines with a reputation for reliability and longevity. With Charles Rolls (1877–1910) and Claude Johnson (1864–1926), he founded Rolls-Royce.

Rolls-Royce initially focused on large 40-50 horsepower motor cars, the Silver Ghost and its successors. Royce produced his first aero engine shortly after the outbreak of the First World War and aircraft engines became Rolls-Royce's principal product.

Royce's health broke down in 1911 and he was persuaded to leave his factory in the Midlands at Derby and, taking a team of designers, move to the south of England spending winters in the south of France. He died at his home in Sussex in the spring of 1933.

Early life
Royce was born in Alwalton, Huntingdonshire, near Peterborough in 1863 to James and Mary Royce (née King). He was the youngest of their five children. His father ran a flour mill which he leased from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners but the business failed and the family moved to London. His father died in 1872 and Royce had to go out to work selling newspapers and delivering telegrams after only one year of formal schooling.

In 1878 he started an apprenticeship with the Great Northern Railway company at its works in Peterborough thanks to the financial help of an aunt. After three years the money ran out. After a short time with a tool-making company in Leeds he returned to London and joined the Electric Light and Power Company. He moved to their Liverpool office in 1882 working on street and theatre lighting.

In 1884, with £20 of savings, he entered a partnership with Ernest Claremont, a friend who contributed £50, and they started a business making domestic electric fittings in a workshop in Cooke Street, Hulme, Manchester, called F. H. Royce and Company. In 1894 they started making dynamos and electric cranes and F. H. Royce & Company was registered as a limited liability company. The company was re-registered in 1899 as Royce Ltd with a public share flotation and a further factory opened in Trafford Park, Manchester.

Partnership with Rolls

Following a decline in trade after the Second Boer War, and the arrival of increasing competition by cranes and dynamos from Germany and the United States, Royce began considering the motor car as a potential new product for the company. With his fascination for all things mechanical he became increasingly focused on motor cars and bought first, in 1901, a small De Dion and in 1902 or 1903 a 1901 model two cylinder Decauville. This did not meet his high standards and so he first improved it and then decided to manufacture a car of his own which he did in a corner of the workshop in 1904.

Two more cars were made. Of the three, which were called Royce and had two cylinder engines, one was given to Ernest Claremont and the other sold to one of the other directors, Henry Edmunds. Edmunds was a friend of Charles Rolls who had a car showroom in London selling imported models and showed him his car and arranged the historic meeting between Rolls and Royce at the newly opened Midland Hotel, Manchester, on 4 May 1904. In spite of his preference for three or four cylinder cars, Rolls was impressed with the two-cylinder Royce 10 and in a subsequent agreement of 23 December 1904 agreed to take all the cars Royce could make. These would be of two, three, four and six cylinders and would be badged as Rolls-Royce.

The first Rolls-Royce car, the Rolls-Royce 10 hp, was unveiled at the Paris Salon in December 1904. In 1906 Rolls and Royce formalised their partnership by creating Rolls-Royce Limited, with Royce appointed chief engineer and works director on a salary of £1,250 per annum plus 4% of the profits in excess of £10,000. Royce thus provided the technical expertise to complement Rolls' financial backing and business acumen. By 1907 the company was winning awards for the engineering reliability of its cars.

The Rolls-Royce Eagle was the first aircraft engine to be developed by Rolls-Royce Limited. It was introduced in 1915 to meet British military requirements during the First World War and proved to be one of only two aero engines made by the Allies that was neither a production nor a technical failure.

Royce & Company remained in business as a separate company making cranes until 1932 when it was bought by Herbert Morris of Loughborough. The last Royce-designed crane was built in 1964.

The partnership ended when Rolls died in 1910 in a crash of his Wright Flyer aircraft.

Development of Rolls-Royce
Royce had always worked hard and was renowned for never eating proper meals which resulted in his being taken ill first in 1902 and again in 1911. Ill health had forced his move away from Derby in 1912. In the same year, he had a major operation in London and was given only a few months to live by the doctors. In spite of this he returned to work but was prevented from visiting the factory, which had moved to larger premises, fitted out to detailed plans by Royce, in Derby in 1908. He insisted on checking all new designs and engineers and draughtsmen had to take the drawings to be personally checked by him, a daunting prospect with his well-known perfectionism. He had a villa built at Le Canadel in the south of France and a further home at Crowborough, East Sussex. In 1917, Royce moved to the village of West Wittering, West Sussex.

In October 1928, he began design of the "R" engine while walking with some of his leading engineers on the beach at West Wittering, sketching ideas in the sand. Less than a year later, the "R" engine, designed in his studio in the village, set a new world air speed record of 357.7 miles per hour and won the Schneider Trophy of 1929. When the Ramsay MacDonald government decided not to finance the next attempt in 1931, Lucy, Lady Houston, felt that Britain must not be left out of this contest and sent a telegram to the Prime Minister stating that she would guarantee £100,000, if necessary, towards the cost leading the Government to reverse their previous decision. The result was that Royce found that the "R" could be made to produce more power and the Supermarine S.6B seaplane won the Trophy at  on 13 September 1931. Later that month on 29 September, the same aircraft with an improved engine flew at , becoming the first craft to fly at over  and breaking the world's speed record.

Bentley, shock absorber and Merlin

In 1931, Rolls-Royce Ltd. bought out their rival firm of W. O. Bentley. A "20/25" engine was put into a chassis and a Bentley radiator fitted. An open four-seater body completed the picture. The engine was "hotted-up" and the car was taken down to West Wittering to get Royce's approval. They were somewhat apprehensive of what he would say, but he gave it his blessing. He told them that such a fast car should have a means by which the driver could adjust the stiffness of the suspension whilst they were driving, to suit the road conditions

The night before he died he sat up in bed and drew a sketch on the back of an envelope which he gave to Miss Aubin (his nurse and housekeeper) telling her to see that the "boys" in the factory got it safely. He died before it reached Derby. This was the adjustable shock-absorber. Thus, in 1933 the first Bentley made by Rolls-Royce Ltd made its appearance and another famous name carried on.

A few years later the Royce conceived driver adjustable dampers evolved into a ground breaking "ride control" system which automatically adjusted the stiffness of the dampers to match the speed of the car - softer at low speed for better comfort and increasingly stiffer as the car went faster to provide better stability and response.In addition to this automatic control, the driver was still provided with a steering wheel mounted adjustment to tune the range of damping stiffness to suit their preference.

Following the success of the "R" engine, it was clear that they had an engine that would be of use to the Royal Air Force. As no Government assistance was forthcoming at first, in the national interest they went ahead with development of what was called the "PV-12" engine (standing for Private Venture, 12-cylinder). The idea was to produce an engine of about the same performance as the "R", albeit with a much longer life.  Rolls-Royce launched the PV-12 in October 1933  and the engine completed its first test in 1934, the year after Royce died. The PV-12 became the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine.

Personal life

Henry Royce married Minnie Punt in 1893 and they set up home together in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, and were joined by his mother, who lived nearby until her death in 1904, and Minnie's niece, Violet. The Royces moved to a newly built house in Knutsford, Cheshire in 1898. The couple separated in 1912.

Royce, who lived by the motto "Whatever is rightly done, however humble, is noble", was appointed OBE in 1918, and was created a baronet, of Seaton in the County of Rutland, in 1930 for his services to British Aviation. He had no children and the baronetcy became extinct on his death.

After he fell ill, Royce was looked after by a nurse, Miss Ethel Aubin for twenty years (after his death she married G.H.R. Tildesley, Royce's solicitor). He died at his house Elmstead in West Wittering on 22 April 1933. His cremated remains were initially buried under his statue at the Rolls-Royce works in Derby, but in 1937 his urn was removed to the parish church of Alwalton, his birthplace.

In 1962, a memorial window dedicated to his memory was unveiled in Westminster Abbey. The window is one of a series designed by Ninian Comper dedicated to the memory of eminent engineers. He is also commemorated in Royce Hall, student accommodation at Loughborough University, and until 2011 at one of Peterborough's Queensgate shopping centre car parks. The Sir Henry Royce Suite, a business suite, is named after him at the Peterborough Marriott Hotel in the Alwalton business park.

Cultural depictions
Actor Michael Jayston portrayed Royce in the 1972-1973 BBC Television miniseries The Edwardians.

References

Bibliography
 (1st edition 1964)

External links

The Sir Henry Royce Foundation, Australia
 (RT 11:16) Part 1 (of 3) of a video containing a visit to Royce's grave
 "Sir Henry Royce, Bart." a 1956 Flight article

British automotive pioneers
British automobile designers
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
British automotive engineers
British founders of automobile manufacturers
Rolls-Royce people
1863 births
1933 deaths
Burials in Huntingdonshire
People from Peterborough
People from Knutsford

Henry Royce


Bella Dodd (née Visono; 1904 – 29 April 1969) was a teacher, lawyer, and labor union activist, member of the Communist Party of America (CPUSA) and New York City Teachers Union (TU) in the 1930s and 1940s ("one of Communism's most strident voices"), and vocal anti-communist after her expulsion from the Party in 1949.

Background

Bella Dodd was born Maria Assunta Isabella Visono in 1904 in Picerno, Basilicata region, Province of Potenza, Kingdom of Italy, the youngest of ten children. When her family came to the United States, they were very poor, and stopped going to Church. She attended public schools in the New York City area including Evander Childs High School. In 1921, after winning a state scholarship, she attended Hunter College, a public university. She worked summers and received an A.B. in 1925, developing an interest in social issues and drifting into agnosticism. In her senior year, she became president of the student council. She received an MA from Columbia University, writing a thesis entitled "Is Congress a Mirror of the Nation?" She switched to the legal division from Fall 1927 to June 1930, and received a JD from the School of Law at New York University.

In summer 1930 she traveled through Europe; she found Italian Fascism appalling and became vehemently anti-fascist. Dodd met her future husband John Dodd during this trip, and they married in late September. In 1940, her husband left her over political differences. They had no children.

Career

In fall 1925, Dodd got her first job as a substitute teacher of history at Seward Park High School. In February 1926, she began teaching at Hunter College, which she continued even after passing the New York bar exam in 1931.

On route home from Europe in 1930, Dodd met a group of New York City school teachers in the Teachers Union. She started attending union meetings, but she "found them disconcerting because there was so much strife between groups seeking control." She took off time from work after her marriage, but returned to Hunter College by 1932 when the Great Depression affected both her parents and husband. From 1926 to 1938, Dodd taught political science and economics at Hunter College. In 1938, she resigned to become a full-time activist for the New York City Teachers Union (TU).

Dodd joined an "Anti-Fascist Literature Committee." She was attracted to the Communist Party by Margaret Schlauch: "The Communist Party in this country set itself up as the one organization that was fighting fascism." Harriet Silverman introduced her to U.S. Communist Party leader Earl Browder. Teachers urged her to attend a "Class Room Teachers Association," through which she learned of the Trade Union Unity League (TUUL) and the Teachers Union (TU).  She saw Celia Lewis, Clara Richer, and Max Diamond emerge as leaders of the TU's "Red minority." A first bill she helped pass led to her promotion as a TU legislative representative, for which she took a six-month leave of absence from Hunter College in Spring 1936, taking over from TU co-founder Abraham Lefkowitz. (Charles J. Hendley was TU president 1935–1945.) Party leaders like Jack Stachel and William Z. Foster demanded that American workers become "politicalized" and "proletarianized." Through the intervention of friend and mayor Fiorello LaGuardia, Dodd got leave again. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), teachers volunteered for the Lincoln Brigade: Dodd names Sid Babsky and Ralph Wardlaw. TU membership rose above 9,000, with a tenth communists. So many college teachers joined that they formed their own New York City College Teachers Union Local 537 AFT. Dorothy Wallace joined the TU as "minder" for the Soviets, under her brother, vice president Dale Zysman (Party name "Jack Hardy") who had trained in Moscow. Henry Linville and Abraham Lefkowitz split from the TU to form the New York City Teacher Guild.

By 1938, Dodd resigned from Hunter College and took a full-time position in the pro-communist TU, and moved her family to Poughkeepsie to ease access to state legislators in Albany.  In 1939, the Hitler-Stalin Pact undermined the TU's public position, and the Rapp-Coudert Committee started its anti-communist investigations, subpoenaing more than 600 teachers suspected of Pro-Soviet sympathies. Dodd secretly burned a list of TU members in her possession. By 1940, opposition to the TU had gathered: Linville and Lefkowitz rallied George Googe and other anti-communists from the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and individuals including George Counts and John Childs of Teachers College, George Axtelle, Lovestoneites led by Ben Davidson, and teachers from Detroit, Atlanta, and Washington. The Party formed a "Committee to Defend the Public Schools" and Dodd headed a "Women's Trade Union Committee for Peace."

By that time, Dodd worked for NY Teacher's Union (TU) and the American Labor Party, but also secretly for the Communist Party. City College of New York expelled 50 teachers, including Morris U. Schappes. Dodd spent 1940–1941 defending teachers or finding them new jobs. She also led the TU into new affiliation with United Public Workers as Local 555 UPW. In 1942, she found herself deep in political infighting between communists and the anti-Stalinist Left over control the American Labor Party. In 1944, she oversaw the opening of the Jefferson School of Social Science, successor to the New York Workers School, orchestrated by Earl Browder and Alexander Trachtenberg. She declined an offer to run the California Labor School.

During her time with the TU, Dodd worked closely with the Party, but she was not an open member. As she testified before HUAC in 1953, "the Communist Pary was emphatic that professional people engaged in public service who had public jobs were not to be exposed and were not card-carrying members. Rather, she served in the faction that moved the TU "in the direction of the Communist Party."  By 1943, Dodd's feelings toward the Communist Party had changed:  During the war period I saw how opportunism and selfishness engulfed many [Party] comrades. They wore expensive clothes, lived in fine apartments, took long vacations at places provided by men of wealth.... There were the trade union Communists who rubbed elbows with underworld characters at communist-financed night clubs, and labor lawyers who were given patronage by the Party...and now were well established and comfortable. In March 1943, Gil Green convinced Dodd to become an open Communist Party leader. Dodd succeeded Si Gerson (who was enlisting in the Army) as Communist legislative representative for the New York district, retaining an honorary TU position. At Party headquarters, she attended Politburo meetings with Gil Green, Earl Browder, William Z. Foster, Robert Minor, Jim Ford, Jack Stachel, John Williamson, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn. Dodd, Philip Jones, and Allen Goodwin set up a law office at 25 West 43rd Street for political outreach beyond the Party, including with the National Maritime Union.

In 1944, Dodd served on the National Committee of the Communist Party, on the secretariat of the New York State Communist Party along with Si Gerson and Israel Amter, and the National Committee of the "Communist Political Association."

She later wrote: By January 1944 I was firmly established at Party headquarters on Twelfth Street. There I organized the legislative program of the Party; but, more important still, I supervised the legislative work of the unions, chiefly the unions of government workers on a state, local, and national level, of the mass organizations of women, and of 'the youth organizations. Dodd wrote that the Party had control of the CIO Political Action Committee as well as the Independent Committee of Artists, Scientists and Professionals, chaired by sculptorJo Davidson. Depressed by continued infighting, Dodd complained to Gurley Flynn, who sent Dodd on a cross-country speaking tour in 1945, but upon her return to New York she found no improvement.

By April 1945, the US Communist Party leader Browder, who had suppressed orders from Moscow to radically change the Party's platform from that of the wartime alliance and to instead vocally attack the United States as a Fascist police state. When Moscow informed the Party of their wishes, Browder was vocally opposed by Mother Bloor, Gurley Flynn, Ann Burlak, Benjamin J. Davis Jr., and Pat Tuohy. Dodd began angling to leave the Party but was refused. In January 1946, Browder and all those suspected of "Browderism" were expelled from the Party; Dodd claimed "several thousands were expelled". These included writer Ruth McKenney and husband Bruce Minton.

Dodd began to come under government suspicion. She told the New York County district attorney's office she had become a Communist "because only the Communists seemed to care about what was happening to people in 1932 and 1933.... They were fighting hunger and misery and fascism then; and neither the major political parties nor the churches seemed to care." In Spring 1947, after Foster traveled to Europe for consultations with Moscow, the Party replaced the Daily Worker editor Morris Childs with John Gates, with Dodd abstaining from the vote. Foster announced plans for a new Progressive Party, and in January 1948, "before Henry Wallace had made any public statement, in fact even before the Progressive Party had been formally organized, Foster announced through the Associated Press that it was going to be formed and that Henry Wallace would be its standard bearer."

By late 1947, Dodd became convinced of her pending Party expulsion for Browderism, and focused on her law work. On June 17, 1949, she heard from the Associated Press: "We have received a statement from the Communist Party announcing your expulsion from membership. It says here that you are anti-Negro, anti-Puerto Rican, anti-Semitic, anti-labor, and the defender of a landlord." Officially, Dodd was expelled for representing a landlord in a legal dispute with a renter, violating Party bylaws against defense of private property.

Post-Communist career

Catholicism
On April 8, 1952, Dodd rejoined the Roman Catholic Church at Saint Patrick's Cathedral, New York City,  after taking weekly instruction from Monsignor Fulton J. Sheen (whose converts also included Louis F. Budenz and Clare Booth Luce). She became an outspoken proponent for the Catholic Church and a vocal anti-communist, warning against the "materialistic philosophy" which guided public education and demoralized Americans, as well as formed the basis of both Communism and National Socialism.

Congressional Testimony
On March 10, 1953, Dodd testified before a televised hearing of the U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS) about covert Party infiltration of labor unions and other institutions. The following day, The New York Times front page stated: "Bella Dodd Asserts Reds Got Presidential Advisory Posts." Dodd had testified that "Communists had got into many legislative offices of Congress and into a number of groups advising the President of the United States," as well as the State of New York's Office of Education in Albany and New York City's Board of Education, and the Party had "read the minds" of some thousand school and college teachers in New York. It had been very easy for her to inject communist beliefs into her teaching: this was the "function of a Communist teacher...to create people willing to accept a Communist government." The only way to root out communism among teachers would be by "a Federal investigating group with subpoena power."

On June 17–18, 1953, Dodd testified before the U.S. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), under the questioning of HUAC lead counsel Robert Lowe Kunzig. She claimed to have resigned her Party position in 1946 and returned to law. (However, in her memoir, she reports that she continued to use her position as a lawyer to continue Party work until her expulsion in 1949. She testified that she knew J. Peters.)

She explained:
 "The Communist Party in this country set itself up as the one organization that was fighting fascism."
 "I went in the Teachers' Union and I received $60 a week... When I went to serve as the legislative representative of the Communist Party, I received $50 a week... We weren't doing it for pay. We were doing it because we really believe in it."
 Her dedication to Communism arose from nascent Browderism: "After the Tehran Conference and Yalta Conference, we were told the United States and the Soviet Union were going forward to a hundred years of peace."
 American communists can justify overthrowing their government because "They (the Party) divide your loyalty to the 'country' from loyalty to the 'people.'"
 When she tried to leave the Party in 1946, New York party secretary Bill Norman told her "Nobody gets out of the Party. We throw you out, but you don't get out by yourself." She was warned that leaving the Party would descend into becoming a "stool pigeon." She remarked, "That is a hard word to live with. It is a hard word to live with."

She encouraged others to testify:
 "As far as I know, no one in New York City has been hurt by the fact that he was in the Party if he went to the superintendent and said, 'I was a member. I am no longer.' His or her name hasn't been mentioned publicly. The people who got notoriety are those who asked for it by refusing to answer the question."
 "The people I know, and I knew practically everyone in New York City who appeared before the various committees, I know of no one who has appeared and claimed the fifth amendment, in New York City, who was not a member of the Communist Party...  It is my opinion that those attorneys who advise their clients to take the fifth amendment are putting their clients into a noose."

She claimed that more than 1,500 teachers nationwide were members of the Communist Party, and that the Party recruited teachers and professionals, but kept their participation highly secret. However, "99.99% [of American teachers] are loyal Americans." In the Party, she said, there was no academic freedom, "no room for difference of opinion."

Dodd named both teachers and public intellectuals who were Party members, fellow travellers, or useful idiots ("suckers", as Kunzig characterized them), including Moe Finkelstein (American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom), Franz Boas, Albert Einstein, and Christian Gauss.

Later life

Dodd continued as a lawyer for the rest of her life.

In 1968, Dodd made an unsuccessful run for a seat in the US Congress as the candidate of the New York Conservative Party; she lost by a significant margin. She came in last place with 3% of the vote, against Democratic incumbent Leonard Farbstein (easily reelected with 53%), Donald Weeden (Republican), Ralph Denat (Liberal), and David McReynolds (Peace and Freedom).

Dodd died in Manhattan on April 29, 1969, at age 64 after gall bladder surgery. She was buried at Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Pleasantville, New York.

Works

See also
 Marie Carré
 Elizabeth Bentley
 Sylvia Callen
 Louis F. Budenz
 Charles J. Hendley
 Dale Zysman

References

External links

 School of Darkness (Dodd's autobiography)
 Kirkus Review of School of Darkness

1904 births
1969 deaths
American communists
American communists of the Stalin era
American Roman Catholics
People from the Province of Potenza
Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Hawthorne, New York)
Conservative Party of New York State politicians
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Federal Bureau of Investigation informants
Hunter College alumni
Italian anti-communists
Italian anti-fascists
Members of the Communist Party USA
American anti-communists
American anti-fascists

Bella Dodd


Joliet Catholic Academy (Joliet Catholic or JCA) is a coed Catholic high school in Joliet, Illinois. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Joliet. One of the oldest Catholic high schools in the Chicago area, Joliet Catholic is perhaps best known for its prowess in football. Since the advent of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA) state football playoffs in 1974, JCA has won more state football titles than any other team in the state, with 15 as of 11/26/2021.

The modern school is the result of a merger between the all-girls St. Francis Academy and the all-male Joliet Catholic High School, which was formerly known as DeLaSalle High School for Boys. It is this merger that results in the school's shared affiliation with the Carmelites and the Joliet Franciscan Sisters.

History

Founding
It was founded by James Dalton.The Joliet Franciscan Sisters opened St. Francis Academy in 1869 as an all-girls school.  The academy was founded in a small stone building convent by Mother Mary Alfred Moes, who later would help found the Mayo Clinic.  In 1923, the school moved to the campus of the University of St. Francis, which had opened in 1920.  In 1956, the school moved to the building at 1200 N. Larkin, which is the current site of JCA.

George Cardinal Mundelein, Archbishop of Chicago, had the De La Salle Christian Brothers create a new high school for boys as a part of their renovation of St. Patrick Church in Joliet.  The school opened in 1918 as DeLaSalle High School for Boys with only two classrooms in the parish center, but moved to a new building in 1927.  In 1933, the Carmelites took possession of the school, at which time, the school became Joliet Catholic High School.

In the summer of 1990, Joliet Catholic High School and St. Francis Academy merged to form the modern Joliet Catholic Academy.

Academics
A college preparatory high school, JCA places students in different academic programs based on their middle school grades, scores on the incoming freshmen placement exam, and scores on other applicable exams. The main academic levels include Accelerated/ Honors, Upper College Prep, and College Prep. Students may also opt to take Advanced Placement (AP) and Dual Credit courses through Joliet Junior College, and may qualify for the Honors Program, Academic Resource Center, or "Degree-in-Three" program through the University of St. Francis.

In terms of Advanced Placement (AP) courses, the school offers Biology, Chemistry, Physics, U.S. History, Government and Politics, Spanish, French, and European History. The school also offers two courses in AP English and AP Calculus. Dual credit options include Pre-Calculus, Statistics, Psychology 2, and English.

Athletics
The men's teams at the school are referred to as the Hilltoppers, the same named used by the former Joliet Catholic High School, while the girls teams retain the name used by St. Francis Academy; the Angels.  The school is a member of the East Suburban Catholic Conference.

The school sponsors teams for men and women in basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, tennis, track and field, volleyball, wrestling, and bass fishing.  Men also compete in baseball and football, while women also compete in softball, competitive dance, and cheerleading.

The football team host home games at Joliet Memorial Stadium.

The following teams have finished in the top four of their respective state championship series sponsored by the IHSA:

 Baseball:  3rd place (2007–08); 2nd place (1989–90, 1999–2000, 2003–04); State Champions (1993–94), (2008–09), (2012–13), (2021–22) (2022–23)
 Football:  2nd place (1992–93, 1996–97, 2009–10, 2011–12); State Champions (1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1981–82, 1987–88, 1990–91, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2007–08, 2018–19, 2021–22)
 Wrestling: State Champions (2021–22)
 Golf (boys):  3rd place (1956–57, 1959–60); 2nd place (1958–59); State Champions (1957–58)
 Softball:  4th place (1987–88); 2nd place (2020-2021)
 Volleyball (girls):  4th place (1998–99, 2005–06, 2021–22); 3rd place (1986–87, 2006–07, 2018–2019, 2022–23); 2nd place (2010–11, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2019–20) State Champions (2003–04, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10)
 Basketball (girls): 2nd place (2013–14)
 Tennis (girls): 1 doubles team Madalyn Bauer and McCoy Hutchison won the IHSA Class 1A Doubles State Title (2016)
 Soccer (girls): 4th (2019)
 Competitive Dance: 3rd place (2019–20, 2020–21); State Champions (2018–19)
 Bass Fishing: State Champions (2022)
Of special note, the football team has won more football titles than any other team in the state.  Since the start of the IHSA State Tournament for football in 1974, JCA has qualified for the playoffs 42 times as of (2021-2022 Season)

Notable alumni

Academics
 James Otteson (Class of 1986) is a philosopher and economist. Currently he is executive director of the Eudaimonia Institute, as well as professor of economics and Thomas W. Smith Presidential Chair in Business Ethics, at Wake Forest University. He is also a research professor in the Center for the Philosophy of Freedom and in the Philosophy Department at the University of Arizona and a Senior Fellow at The Fund for American Studies in Washington, D.C.

Arts
 Melissa McCarthy is an alumna.
 Brian Atwood attended Joliet Catholic High School.

Public Service
 John R Lausch Jr. (Class of 1988), U.S. Attorney for Northern District of Illinois.
 Jack McGuire (Class of 1951), Member of the Illinois House of Representatives

Athletes

Baseball

 Joe Benson (Class of 2006) was drafted after his senior year of high school by the Minnesota Twins in the second round (64th overall) of the 2006 MLB draft. Made his major league debut on September 6, 2011, for the Twins. His first major league hit was a single off of Detroit Tigers pitcher Max Scherzer on September 10, 2011. He began the 2012 season with the Twins' Triple-A affiliate Rochester Red Wings and did not return to the majors, ending his MLB career with 17 hits.
 Sean Bergman, former MLB player (Detroit Tigers, San Diego Padres, Houston Astros, Atlanta Braves, Minnesota Twins). A pitcher, he threw a shutout for the Tigers against the Milwaukee Brewers on May 11, 1995. He won 39 games between 1993 and 2000.
 Kevin Cameron (Class of 1998) is a former MLB pitcher who played for the San Diego Padres and the Oakland Athletics, appearing in 69 games. Was rated 72nd in Baseball America's Top 100 prospects and made all-state and all-area selections in 1998. Also set a state playoff record with 20 strikeouts in a game.  Cameron was drafted out of high school by the Chicago White Sox in the 1998 MLB Draft, but elected to attend Georgia Tech on scholarship instead. Cameron was drafted again in the 2001 MLB draft by the Minnesota Twins in the 13th round (377th overall pick).
 Mark Grant (Class of 1981) was a Major League Baseball pitcher from 1984 to 1993 and is now the color commentator for the San Diego Padres. Grant was selected in the first round of the 1981 MLB Draft as the 10th overall selection by the San Francisco Giants.
 Mike Grace, former MLB player (Philadelphia Phillies), pitched for the Phillies from 1995 to 1999, winning 16 games.
 Bill Gullickson (Class of 1977), former MLB pitcher (Montreal Expos, Cincinnati Reds, New York Yankees, Houston Astros, Detroit Tigers). Selected as the second pick of the 1977 MLB Draft, Gullickson spent 14 seasons in the majors, winning 162 games. He led the American League in wins during the 1991 season with 20. Gullickson's 18-strikeout game for the Expos is still a record for that franchise, which is now the Washington Nationals.
 Chris Michalak, former MLB player (Arizona Diamondbacks, Toronto Blue Jays, Texas Rangers, Cincinnati Reds), 1998–2006. He was pitching coach for the Harrisburg Senators, Class AA affiliate of the Washington Nationals, in 2017.
 Jack Perconte, former MLB player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Cleveland Indians, Seattle Mariners, Chicago White Sox) from 1980 to 1986. A second baseman, he had 180 hits and 29 stolen bases during the 1984 Mariners season, batting .294.

Basketball
 Terry Gannon (Class of 1981) played college basketball at North Carolina State, where he was a member of Jim Valvano's "Cardiac Pack" national championship-winning team in 1983.  During his four-year career, (1981–85), he was a two-time Academic All-American and NC State's all-time leading free throw shooter. In 1983, he was the #1 three-point shooter in the nation.  After a short basketball career in Europe, Gannon turned to broadcasting on the advice of his coach "Jimmy V."
 Ed Mikan was a professional basketball player in the BAA and its successor, the NBA (1948–54). A member of DePaul's 1945 National Invitation Tournament championship team, he was the fifth overall pick in the 1948 BAA draft.
 George Mikan (Class of 1942) was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959. Nicknamed "Mr. Basketball," Mikan played  for DePaul University, then for the Chicago American Gears of the National Basketball League (NBL) and the Minneapolis Lakers of the NBL, the Basketball Association of America (BAA) and the National Basketball Association (NBA). Milan won  seven NBL, BAA and NBA championships, an All-Star MVP trophy and three scoring titles. He was a member of the first four NBA All-Star and the first six All-BAA and All-NBA teams. Mikan was so dominant that he caused several rule changes in the NBA, among them the widening of the foul lane — known as the "Mikan Rule" — and the introduction of the shot clock. One of the founding fathers of the American Basketball Association, served as the league's commissioner. Played a critical role in the founding of the Minnesota Timberwolves.  Mikan made the 25th and 35th NBA Anniversary Teams of 1970 and 1980 and was elected one of the NBA 50 Greatest Players in 1996. Since April 2001, a statue of Mikan shooting his trademark hook shot graces the entrance of the Timberwolves' Target Center.
 Allie Quigley (Class of 2004) currently plays in the WNBA as a member of the Chicago Sky and won the 2014 and 2015 WNBA Sixth Woman of the Year Award. She attended DePaul University and received honors such as Conference USA Freshman of the Year as well as two-time first team all Big East.

Football
 Mike Alstott (Class of 1992) was an NFL fullback and 6-time Pro Bowl selection for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and was a member of the team that won Super Bowl XXXVII.  He also played fullback for the Purdue Boilermakers, where he was three-time MVP and set nearly every school rushing record and several Big Ten Conference ones. Alstott was the 35th overall selection of the 1996 NFL Draft.
 Coby Fleener (Class of 2007) was selected with the second pick of the second round (34th overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts. He was the first tight end taken in that draft. Fleener attended Stanford University after becoming an all-conference, all-area, all-state and all-academic honoree during his senior season at Joliet Catholic Academy.
 Tom Thayer (Class of 1979) was an NFL offensive lineman for the Chicago Bears, and was a member of the team that won Super Bowl XX. Thayer was the 91st overall selection of the 1983 NFL Draft, having played college football for Notre Dame. He is currently a radio color commentator for the Bears.
 Josh Ferguson (Class of 2011) played football at the University of Illinois as a running back. Going undrafted, he was later signed by the NFL's Indianapolis Colts.
Daniel Eugene "Rudy" Ruettiger (born August 23, 1948) is a motivational speaker who played college football at the University of Notre Dame. His early life and career at Notre Dame was the inspiration for the 1993 film Rudy.

Swimming

 David Sims (Class of 1980) was a member of the 1980 U.S. Olympic Swimming Team in the 1500 meter freestyle. He was a member of the USA National Team from 1980 to 1986. At Stanford University, he was an NCAA All-America from 1981 to 1984.

Volleyball
 Kelly Murphy was Gatorade National Player of the Year in 2008. She played Division 1 volleyball for the University of Florida, where she was a four-time All-American. Murphy represented Team USA in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics, winning a bronze medal.

Broadcasting
Bob Zak (Class of 1979) is a radio personality who has performed on a variety of stations in the Chicago market including WJRC, WCCQ, WJOL, I-Rock, WKKD, WJTW, WCSJ as well as Chicago's WCFL, WCKG, Star Station, and Y107.9-The 1970s station, among others.

Notable staff
 Gordie Gillespie was the football coach from 1959 to 1985, leading the school to five state titles.  He has also served as the head baseball coach at the University of St. Francis (1977–1995 and 2006–2010).  He is the all–time leader in baseball coaching victories among American college coaches, recording his 1,800th career win on April 3, 2009.  He was named NAIA "Baseball Coach of the Century", and was named by the Chicago Tribune as the Head Football Coach for the "All-Time Illinois High School Football Team".

Controversies

"Operation After-School Special" drug sting
In January 2006, Joliet police launched an investigation into a report of drugs at JCA. By April, a sting operation dubbed "Operation After-School Special" yielded the arrests of five JCA students and four others connected to selling cocaine and ecstasy to an undercover officer. Eight of the nine people arrested were convicted for their part in selling drugs at JCA.

Since the scandal, JCA has implemented a drug testing procedure in which all students are tested in the first semester, with a random sample of 25% of students being tested again in the second semester. The procedure requires a hair sample from the student that, when properly analyzed in a laboratory, should reveal the presence of most major drugs, including cocaine and ecstasy, the drugs at the center of the infamous 2006 bust. Although new data is unavailable, JCA "touts [a high] drug testing success rate" of 99.996 as of 2012.

References

External links
 Joliet Catholic Academy on-line
 https://il.8to18.com/jolietcatholic/activities/football/b
 IHSA's JCA page
 IHSFW's JCA football page

Educational institutions established in 1990
Education in Joliet, Illinois
Catholic secondary schools in Illinois
Roman Catholic Diocese of Joliet in Illinois
Schools in Will County, Illinois
1990 establishments in Illinois

Joliet Catholic Academy


The Triumph of Galatea is a fresco completed around 1512 by the Italian painter Raphael for the Villa Farnesina in Rome.

The Farnesina was built for the Sienese banker Agostino Chigi, one of the richest men of that age. The Farnese family later acquired and renamed the villa, smaller than the more ostentatious palazzo at the other side of the Tiber. The fresco is a mythological scene of a series embellishing the open gallery of the building, a series never completed which was inspired by the "Stanze per la giostra" of the poet Angelo Poliziano. In Greek mythology, the beautiful Nereid Galatea had fallen in love with the peasant shepherd Acis. Her consort, one-eyed giant Polyphemus, after chancing upon the two lovers together, lobbed an enormous pillar and killed Acis – Sebastiano del Piombo produced a fresco of Polyphemus next to Raphael's work.

Raphael did not paint any of the main events of the story. He chose the scene of the nymph's apotheosis (Stanze, I, 118–119). Galatea appears surrounded by other sea creatures whose forms are somewhat inspired by Michelangelo, whereas the bright colors and decoration are supposed to be inspired by ancient Roman painting. At the left, a Triton (partly man, partly fish) abducts a sea nymph; behind them, another Triton uses a shell as a trumpet. Galatea rides a shell-chariot drawn by two dolphins.

While some have seen in the model for Galatea the image of the courtesan, Imperia, Agostino Chigi's lover and Raphael's near-contemporary, Giorgio Vasari wrote that Raphael did not mean for Galatea to resemble any one human person, but to represent ideal beauty. When asked where he had found a model of such beauty, Raphael reportedly said that he had used "a certain idea" he had formed in his mind.

In a letter to Baldassare Castiglione, Raphael dictated via Pietro Aretino, that "to paint a beauty, I should have to see a number of beauties, provided Your Lordship were with me to choose the best. But in the absence of good judges and beautiful forms, I use an idea that comes to my mind."

Antonio Sgamellotti of the Lincei Academy and his colleagues analyzed the chemical composition of the blue pigment in the sea and sky of Triumph of Galatea. Sgamellotti said the researchers found evidence of Egyptian blue, a pigment thought to have been replaced after the fall of the Roman Empire with the use of lapis lazuli. Raphael may have chosen to recreate the brilliant pigment for this depiction of the heroine of a Greek myth because of his interest in the ancient world, Sgamellotti explained.

See also
List of paintings by Raphael

Notes

References

External links

Paintings by Raphael
Paintings depicting Greek myths
Nude art
1512 paintings
Paintings of Cupid
Horses in art
Dolphins in art
Seashells in art

Galatea (Raphael)


Hurricane Ismael was a weak hurricane that formed during the 1995 Pacific hurricane season. The storm formed on September 12, 1995. It became a hurricane on September 14, while it was located off the coast of Mexico. It moved to the north, and made landfall in Sinaloa. Ismael quickly weakened over land, and died out on September 16 over northwestern Mexico.

In the ocean, the storm caused waves that were up to 30 feet (9 m) high. The hurricane wrecked 52 ships and killed 57 fishermen. On land, Ismael caused 59 deaths in Mexico. The hurricane destroyed thousands of houses, leaving 30,000 people without homes. The storm reached  the United States where it caused heavy rainfall in parts of New Mexico. It was the deadliest hurricane in the 1995 season.

Storm history

The storm that eventually became Hurricane Ismael started off the southern coast of Guatemala on September 9. As it grew, it moved to the west-northwest. After a few days with no activity, a low pressure area developed off the coast of Mexico. Late on September 12, it formed into Tropical Depression Ten. At this time, the storm was about  south-southwest of Manzanillo, Colima. The depression moved to the northwest, and strengthened to a tropical storm early on September 13.

Because of the influence of a nearby weather system over Baja California, Ismael slowly turned to the north. Tropical Storm Ismael became stronger as it moved northward. Ismael continued to grow, and on September 14, it became a hurricane.

An eye began to form inside of the storm, and six hours after becoming a hurricane, it reached its peak strength. Ismael then sped up as it moved to the northwest. The storm passed just east of Cabo San Lucas on September 15. The hurricane made landfall in the state of Sinaloa on September 15. Ismael quickly lost strength over land, and it died out on September 16. The remains of Ismael continued moving to the north. Rain from the storm reached parts of the United States.

Preparations
At first, weather forecasters expected the hurricane to stay over the ocean. However, when they later found out that the storm would affect land, the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Manzanillo, Colima, to Cabo Corrientes. The warning was later extended to Los Mochis and another one was given out for part of the east coast of Baja California Sur. Forecasters then issued a hurricane warning from Mazatlán to Los Mochis. Before the storm arrived, 1,572 people moved to emergency shelters.

Impact

Hurricane Ismael caused waves that were 30 feet (9 m) high over the Gulf of California. Many fishermen were not prepared for the hurricane. Because of this, 52 boats were destroyed, of which 20 sank. About 57 fishermen died off the shore; some washed up on shore. Another 150 fishermen survived the storm by waiting on islands or sandbars. Navy rescue teams searched for days off the coast of Mexico to find victims and survivors.

The storm dropped moderate to heavy rainfall, which reached 7.76 inches (197 mm)  in Sinaloa. The heavy rain caused flooding in four municipalities. In one area, the hurricane destroyed 373 houses and damaged 4,790 others. The storm left 177 houses without drinking water, and led to lots of power outages. Damage was very bad where the hurricane made landfall. In Los Mochis, the winds from Ismael knocked down houses and telephone poles. A total of 59 people were killed in Sinaloa.

Ismael produced heavy rainfall farther to the north. Very bad flooding was reported in Huatabampo. Across Sonora, the winds destroyed 4,728 houses and removed the roofs from 6,827 homes. The hurricane also ruined 107 schools. The hurricane damaged about 100 miles (165 km) of roads. About 83 sq. miles (215 km²) of crop lands were damaged.

Rain from what was left of Ismael reached southwestern Arizona and southern New Mexico in the United States. The storm also caused heavy rainfall near the border between New Mexico and Texas. The rainfall caused flooding on roads and in buildings. Several roads were damaged and closed. In Lubbock, Texas, the rainfall caused flash flooding, which forced many roads to be shut down. Moisture from the storm went as far east as the Mid-Atlantic States.

After the storm
Because the damage from the storm was so bad, the name "Ismael" was retired. The name was replaced with "Israel", which was used for a storm during the 2001 Pacific hurricane season. After Hurricane Ismael passed, officials gave out 4,800 sheets, 500 cushions, and 1,500 blankets to people who were affected by the storm. Divers helped to recover sunken ships and drowned bodies. Workers quickly fixed the communication network. Other workers gave out aid to  people in Sonora.

Related pages
 Pacific hurricane
 1995 Pacific hurricane season
 List of Arizona hurricanes

References

Other websites
 National Hurricane Center Report
 Spanish Report

Retired tropical cyclone names
1995 Pacific hurricane season
East Pacific hurricanes
Hurricanes in Mexico
1995 in Mexico
September events

Hurricane Ismael


Vladimir Pavlovich Malaniuk (Malanyuk) (Ukraine: Володимир Павлович Маланюк; July 21, 1956 – July 2, 2017) was a Ukrainian chess Grandmaster. He was born in Arkhangelsk, Soviet Union. Thought by many to be one of the more colourful characters on the chess circuit, he was known for rapid chess, which was showed at some of the world's most well known 'speed chess' tournaments.

In 2005, he finished second at the Tallinn (Keres Memorial) rapid event, behind Alexey Shirov but ahead of such luminaries as Anatoly Karpov and Boris Gelfand.

Malaniuk died of kidney cancer in Amsterdam on July 2, 2017 at the age of 60.

References

Other websites
Malaniuk's games at Chessgames.com

1956 births
2017 deaths
Ukrainian chess players
Chess grandmasters

Vladimir Malaniuk


The flag of Mali has three equal vertical stripes.  Starting from the flagpole, the colours are green, gold, and red, which are the pan-African colours.

The flag became official on March 1, 1961.  The original flag became official on April 4, 1959, when Mali joined the Mali Federation.  This flag was the same, but the golden stripe had a human "stick figure", called a kanaga, in black, with its arms pointing to the sky.  The figure was removed because of an Islamic belief against making pictures of humans.  (Mali is about 90% Muslim.)

Mali
National symbols of Mali

Flag of Mali


The Roger Island River is a small tidal estuary between Ipswich and Rowley, Massachusetts. It is a southern branch of the larger Rowley River passing around Roger Island.

Roger Island River is navigable for small craft, and home to bass, shad, and alewives. Its banks are lined with tidal salt marshes and abound in clams. Today the river is popular for kayaking.

References
  Sammel, Edward A., Water resources of the Parker and Rowley River basins, Massachusetts, USGS Hydrologic Atlas HA-247, 1967.
 USGS Parker River Drainage Basin

Rivers of Essex County, Massachusetts
Rivers of Massachusetts

Roger Island River


Hydrema is a dump truck manufacturer based in Støvring, Denmark, founded in 1959. They have specialized in the manufacture of articulated light dump trucks and earth moving equipment. A variety of models are produced, with a payload of up to 20 tonnes. Since 1996 they are also producing a mine clearing vehicle. A company subsidiary with production is operating in Weimar, Germany.

History

In 1959 Aksel Kyed and Kjeld W. Jensen started the company "Kyed and Werner Jensen", which at that time were involved in two different projects, district heating and the fabrication of hydraulic digging equipment.

In 1960 the company was split, and Kjeld W. Jensen started Hydrema. Back then the headquarters were placed in Aalborg.

In 1962 the company moved to Støvring. At that time Hydrema had 15 workers and an area of 320 m².

In 1971 a daughter company was established in Norway, followed by Sweden in 1979, the former West Germany in 1981, England in 1985 and France in 1988. There are many countries like the United States, Australia and Poland, that import machines from the Hydrema factories in Denmark and from 1997 Germany.

In 1980 Hydrema started producing their own machines from the bottom. It started with the Hydrema 800-series, which were a new line of backhoe loaders produced all by themselves.  But the engines were made by Perkins Engines in England (Today most machines are fitted with Cummins engines, though).  Before 1980, Hydrema bought tractors from companies like Volvo, so they could mount their own hydraulic equipment on the tractors.

In 1983 Hydrema started producing their own dump trucks and in a short period in the late 1980s they also produced mobile building cranes.

In 1990 the Hydrema 800-series were replaced by the Hydrema 900-series which had a new chassis and more powerful axles and digging arm (backhoe).

In 1996 Hydrema started the production of a new mine clearing vehicle, named the Hydrema MCV 910. It can safely clear big mine areas in a short time.

In 1997 Hydrema bought the Weimar-Werk Baumaschinen and thereby got production facilities in Germany. In Støvring, the production and administration area is about 16.500 m², while the facilities in Weimar are 20.000 m².

In 1998 Hydrema launched their unique Hydrema MPV 900. It is a Multi Purpose Vehicle, which is able to switch whole tools, like a telescopic arm or a digging arm.

In 2004, Hydrema mine-clearing vehicle (MCV) was used by the Indian Army for 'proving' operations to clear personnel or anti-tank mines with up to 10 kg explosive weight.

In 2006 Hydrema expanded into the defence industry through a counter purchasing deal with the Swedish Hägglunds, which is a part of BAE Systems. Hydrema was to produce, mount and integrate 45 turrets for the Danish Army's new CV9035 Infantry Fighting Vehicle.

Products

 Hydrema 912F - FS - HM Dumper
 Hydrema 922G Dumper
 Hydrema MX14 excavator
 Hydrema MX16 excavator
 Hydrema MX18 excavator
 Hydrema 900F backhoe loaders
 Hydrema 910MCV mine clearing vehicle

References

Lastauto-Omnibus Katalog 2007, ETM Verlag.

External links

http://www.hydrema.com
http://www.hydrema.co.uk
http://www.terranis.be
Danish Hydrema 910 MCV

Construction equipment manufacturers of Denmark
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1959
Danish companies established in 1959
Danish brands

Hydrema


Apollo Automobil (previously known as Gumpert Sportwagenmanufaktur) is a German sports car manufacturer headquartered in Denkendorf. Roland Gumpert, who founded Gumpert Sportwagenmanufaktur in 2004, once held the position of director of Audi Sport. Under his management, Audi won a total of 25 World Rally Championship rallies and four World Rally Championship titles.

History

In 2001, Roland Gumpert proposed a new generation of sports car, one that would be race-ready yet also street-legal. After Gumpert returned to Germany from China at the end of 2001, his former colleague at Audi and founder of Motoren Technik Mayer, Roland Meyer, asked him to assist in building a prototype sports car. Audi approved Gumpert's involvement in this project on the condition that the new sports car would be a series product and not a prototype.

The company was founded in 2004 under the name "GMG Sportwagenmanufaktur
Altenburg GmbH". The technical guidelines were defined and the first designs of the car were drawn by Marco Vanetta. Upon Vanetta's completion of this process, the first 1:4 scale model of Gumpert's car was produced in 2002.

Gumpert continued with the development of the car now called the Apollo, along with the Technical University of Munich and the Ingolstadt University of Applied Sciences. They assisted him with the construction work, computer simulations, and wind tunnel tests. This research and development helped form the blueprint for the first full-scale model. Finally two prototype cars were constructed. The production of the Apollo started in October 2005. Many variants of the Apollo were introduced throughout its production cycle.

On 27 July 2008 an Apollo Sport was featured on the UK automotive show Top Gear. One of the presenters, Richard Hammond and professional driver the Stig drove the car. With a lap time of 1:17.1, the Apollo Sport became the new leader on the Power Lap Board, 0.2 seconds faster than the former lap leader, the Ascari A10. The Apollo was faster than the Bugatti Veyron and the Pagani Zonda around the Top Gear test track. It was later beaten with a time of 01:16.8 by the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport.

In 2011, the company introduced a concept car in collaboration with Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera, the Gumpert Tornante. The car was not put into production.

In August 2013, the company filed for bankruptcy and went into liquidation after an anonymous backer pulled out of a deal that could have saved the company.

In January 2016, the company was purchased by Hong Kong consortium Ideal Team Venture which is also owner of the De Tomaso marque. The company was renamed Apollo Automobil GmbH after the acquisition by its new owner.

At the March 2016 Geneva Motor Show, Apollo unveiled the Arrow, a sports car that is powered by a twin-turbocharged 4.0-litre V8 engine rated at . The Arrow can accelerate from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) in 2.9 seconds, and has a projected top speed of .

In November 2016, the company announced that former owner and founder Roland Gumpert was no longer associated with the company or its current or future projects and also announced a new model (project name 'Titan') would be unveiled at the June 2017 Goodwood Festival of Speed. The new model is named Intensa Emozione (Intense Emotion in Italian) and is powered by the 6.3 L naturally-aspirated V12 engine. The car has radical styling inspired by insects in nature. The Intensa Emozione is built in collaboration with HWA AG, the same company involved in the construction of the Mercedes-Benz CLK-GTR. Apollo Project EVO, a new addition to the range of Apollo hypercars was presented on stage at the China International Import Expo (CIIE) in November 2021.

Development partners
Apollo collaborated with several business and technical partners, including the following:

 Autotecnica Motori (engine development)
 Apollo Germany Limited (paints and repairs)
 ATS Group (development and production of wheels)
 BFFT (automotive electronics)
 Bosch Group (automobile components and systems, including ABS and TCS)
 BREMBO (brakes)
 Eibach (sports chassis development)
 HS Genion (automotive engineering)
 KBF Kabelbaumfertigung (the Apollo's cabling, measuring 4.2 km)
 KW Automotive (sport suspension systems)
 Mero TSK (Mengeringhausen tube system)
 Pirelli (road and racing tyres)
 TRW (active and passive vehicle safety systems)
 Technical University of Munich (virtual prototyping, vibration technology and driver-vehicle interaction)
 WIDOS (welding plastic tubing and moulded parts)
 Contrust (optimized risk management)
 Evolution MotorSports (US development partner and distribution)
 GTE Engineering (development and production of kevlar clutch facing)
 HWA AG (development and final details for the Intensa Emozione)

Motorsport

During April 2005, the Apollo made its racing debut in the Divinol Cup. This Apollo was driven by the Belgian race driver Ruben Maes. Maes finished third on the Hockenheimring race track. Three years later Gumpert announced that they would enter a hybrid electric version of the Apollo in the 2008 24 Hours Nürburgring, driven by 2004 winner Dirk Müller and former Formula One racer Heinz-Harald Frentzen. Three months passed between the first discussions and the finished hybrid Apollo. The Apollo was driven in the 24 Hours Nürburgring in May 2008.  The hybrid Apollo can deliver up to , powered with a 3.3 litre V8 bi-turbo engine coupled with a  electric motor. The car has the ability to recharge the battery under braking.

See also
 Gumpert Apollo
 Apollo Arrow
 Apollo Intensa Emozione
 De Tomaso P72

References

External links

Car manufacturers of Germany
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Sports car manufacturers
Companies based in Thuringia
Altenburg
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2004
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2013
Privately held companies of Germany
German brands
Car brands
German companies established in 2004
German companies disestablished in 2013

Apollo Automobil


Swammerdamia passerella is a moth of the  family Yponomeutidae. It is found in Great Britain, Fennoscandia, Poland, Estonia and northern Russia.

The wingspan is 10–12 mm. Adults are on wing from June to July.

The larvae feed on Betula nana. Young larvae mine the leaves of their host plant. Later, they live freely under a slight web. Mining larvae can be found in June.

References

Moths described in 1839
Yponomeutidae
Moths of Europe

Swammerdamia passerella


Shyness is the feeling of apprehension, not being comfortable, or awkwardness especially when a person is around other people. This usually happens when someone is doing something or being somewhere they are not used to. This can be seen as the opposite of confidence.

This fear of negative reactions such as being laughed at, humiliated, criticized or rejected can cause a shy person to retreat. Stronger forms of shyness can be known as anxiety.

References

Emotions

Shyness