Sri Lankabhimanya Lester James Peries (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකාභිමාන්‍ය ලෙස්ටර් ජේම්ස් පීරිස්; 5 April 1919 – 29 April 2018) was a Sri Lankan film director, screenwriter, and film producer. Considered as the father of Sri Lankan cinema, Lester worked as a filmmaker from 1949 to 2006, and was involved in over 28 films, including shorts and documentaries.

He received critical acclaim for directing Rekava, Gamperaliya, Nidhanaya, Golu Hadawatha, Kaliyugaya, Awaragira and Yuganthaya. His movie Wekande Walauwa, starring Ravindra Randeniya and Malini Fonseka, was Sri Lanka's first ever submission for the Academy Awards and the film Nidhanaya was included among the top 100 films of the century by the Cinémathèque Française. Peries' films often deal with Sri Lankan family life in rural settings and conflicted characters. He helped create an authentic expression of Sinhala Cinema.

Early life
Lester James Peries was born on 5 April 1919 in Dehiwela, Colombo, Ceylon. His father, Dr. James Francis Peries, studied medicine in Scotland and was also a cricketer for a Scottish club. His mother, Ann Gertrude Winifred Jayasuria, was the first graduate of St. Bridget's Convent, Colombo. Peries had three siblings: Erica, Ivan and Noel.

The Peries family was a staunch Roman Catholic family that had become Anglicised. Growing up, Peries only spoke English at home and celebrated Christian traditions. His only link to Sinhala culture was his grandmother who always didn't trust Western medicine and spoke proper Sinhalese. At the age of eleven, Peries was given a 8mm Kodascope projector by his father as a gift, which ran Chaplin's silent movies. At that time, his only interest in films was when he and his brother Ivan would haunt the cinema to watch foreign film serials which ran day after day. Peries was never involved in school drama productions, and had no idea he was going to be a film director especially since British Ceylon did not have its own national film industry at that time.

He attended St Peter's College, one of the Catholic schools in Colombo, as a teenager before dropping out to pursue a career in journalism at the age of 17. He found his first work with the Daily News writing for the blue pages which was an arts supplementation. In 1939 he joined The Times of Ceylon working under Indian editor Frank Moraes. He also reviewed books on Radio Ceylon for a short period.

Peries' first real work with production came when he joined a theatre group called Drama Circle. This was a group of like minded individuals which regularly produced modern English plays. Here Peries was engaged in all aspects of the productions other than acting.

Stay in England
In 1947, Peries travelled to England on his mother's advice to join his brother Ivan Peries who was there on an art scholarship. Moreas suggested writing a column from the country to be published in The Times which became "Letter on the Arts from England."

During that time, film-making was taking off in the UK with about 400 amateur film clubs around the country. In addition, Peries' passion for the cinema was developing and he met another Sri Lankan with similar interests, Hereward Jansz. The two youngsters decided to make a film together despite Hereward having his doubts about competing with established, well-funded clubs. They began with Peries writing the script and directing while Hereward did the filming with their limited camera equipment.
Their first effort 'Soliloquy' (1949), a short film, won the Mini Cinema Cup for displaying the best technical proficiency. This work was followed by three other experimental films.

In 1952, the editor John Hockin told Peries of an interesting assignment he had for him – an interview with the new head of the Government Film Unit of Ceylon. At the end of the interview, the head of film unit Mr Keene inquired after Peries' own interest in making films. He knew about Peries' talent because he sat on one of the juries that presented the upcoming director with an amateur's award. Keene suggested that Peries return to Ceylon to embark on a career on film making.

Upon the return to Ceylon of producer Ralph Keene, Peries joined the Government Film Unit as Keene's assistant. Two major documentaries he helped Keene with were Heritage of Lanka and Nelungama. He also directed Conquest in the Dry Zone, a documentary on controlling malaria and Be Safe or Be Sorry, a witty study on errant motorists. At this time, a relative of Peries' suggested he start a company to produce Sinhala films. Peries left Government Film Unit in 1955 and created Chitra Lanka Limited to produce two films. Only one, Rekava, was ultimately produced. Peries' closest colleagues at the Government Film Unit, William Blake, a cameraman of Dutch descent, and Titus de Silva (Titus Thotawatte), an editor, resigned with him and later worked together on a number of films.

Career

In 1956, Peries made his entry into national cinema with the globally acclaimed Rekava, which was a story based on village life. It was nominated for the  at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival. With this film he revolutionised Ceylonese cinema, giving it a unique identity. It was the first Ceylonese movie to be shot outdoors. Although it was acclaimed internationally it was not a commercial success. Afterward he made many award-winning films such as Gamperaliya in 1964 based on Martin Wickramasinghe's famous novel which received the Golden Peacock at the International Film Festival of India; "Delowak Athara" in 1966; "Golu Hadawatha" in 1968 based on the novel by Karunasena Jayalath; "Nidhanaya" in 1970 which was chosen as the best film of the first 50 years of Sri Lankan cinema and was included among the top 100 films of the century by the Cinémathèque Française; "Yuganthaya" in 1983; and Wekande Walauwa in 2002 which received the UNESCO Fellini award. He has directed over 28 feature films.

Personal life

Peries met his wife, Sumitra, who is also a film director, in Paris at the home of a mutual friend and married in 1964 at All Saints Church in Borella. Peries' brother was artist Ivan Peries.

Peries died on 29 April 2018 at the age of 99.

Filmography

Short films

 Be Safe or Be Sorry-16 min, 1955
 Conquest in the dry Zone-14 min, 1954
 Soliloquy-12 min, 1951
 Farewell to Childhood-14 min, 1950
 A Sinhalese Dance-08 min, 1950

Awards and recognition
Cannes International Film Festival– "Fellini Gold Medal" Awarded by Unesco for outstanding film career 2003.
Sri Lankabhimanya The highest Civil Honour of Sri Lanka (2007).
Recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 31st International Film Festival of India (2000)
Commandeur (commander) in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters) from the French government (1997)
Diploma of Honour Venice Film Festival for the film "Conquest in the Dry Zone" (1954)
The Mini Cinema Cup for the short film "Soliloquy" for displaying the best technical proficiency by the Institute of Amateur and Experimental Film Makers Festival -Great Britain (1951)
Amateur Cine World Silver Plaque for the experimental film "Farewell to Childhood" – ten best films of the year – Great Britain (1950)
Issue of a National Stamp dedicated to Lester on 5 April 2002
A hybrid orchid was named after Dr Lester James Peries on 11 March 2004 – Ascocenda Lester Peries
April 5th was named as "National Artist Day".

The Lester James Peries and Sumitra Peries Foundation

The Lester James Peries and Sumitra Peries Foundation was inaugurated on 9 June 2011 at the BMICH with an oration by the chief Guest - celebrated Indian film maker Padma Vibushan Dr. Adoor Gopalakrishnan and the Speaker of Parliament Chamal Rajapakse was the Guest of Honour. The Foundation is incorporated through an act of Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The bill of incorporation was forwarded to parliament by Hon. Malini Fonseka on 5 January 2011. The foundation focuses on the following general objectives-

1. To provide assistance for the development, promotion and sustenance of the Sri Lankan cinema and to those associated with it;
2. To promote and foster cinema and related arts and crafts for children and young adults;
3. To promote, improve, develop, provide financial assistance and maintain academic, scientific, cultural, literary, artistic and physical abilities and aptitudes;
4. To promote, propagate and foster humanitarian ideals, democratic and pluralistic values, good citizenship, patriotic concepts and beliefs;
5. To improve, develop, create, foster and maintain talents and abilities in entrepreneurship, research and training in business, technology and management and concept of income generating and self-employment ventures and enterprises; to establish, improve, encourage, develop and maintain research and research facilities in scientific, cultural, educational, economic and all other aspects of human development;
6. To advise and assist the Government, NGOs and individuals in the furtherance of the objectives of the Foundation;
7. To preserve and promote all cinematographic and any other creations of Lester James Peries and Sumitra Peries made by them including scripts, manuscripts, books, letters, articles, poems, photographs, audio cassettes, VHS cassettes, CDs, VCDs, DVDs, MP3s and any other audio devices, visual devices and media;
8. To preserve all cinematic equipment and personal memorabilia owned and used by Lester James Peries and Sumitra Peries;
9. To maintain Archives to promote and preserve all cinematographic and any other creations of any Sri Lankan film maker;
10. To grant prizes, rewards, awards or scholarship to develop, promote and encourage creative talents in general or in particular fields;
11. To organize, conduct and participate in seminars, meetings, workshops, discussions, talks, classes, films, film shows, demonstrations, sports, and recreational activities, and to write, print and publish books, periodicals, magazines, articles and newspapers, in furtherance of the objectives herein specified and specifically in all areas of educational activity;
12. To establish and maintain libraries, workshops and readings rooms, and to equip the same having regard to the primary objects of the Foundation;

13. To publish articles, periodicals or such other literature and information as may prove necessary or useful for the purpose of the Foundation;
14. To undertake and execute any trusts the undertaking whereof seems desirable and either gratuitously or otherwise.

The Foundation operates from Peries' residence and is involved in organizing many events annually to promote the film industry of the past and present in Sri Lanka.

The Foundation is spearheaded by its trustees- Dr. Lester James Peries, Mrs. Sumitra Peries, Mr. Yadamini Gunawardena, Mr. Kumar de Silva and Mrs. Gayathri Mustachi. Also on the board of directors serves Ms. Yashodha Wimaladharma, Mr. Sameera Manabharana Randeniya, Mr. Yasoja Gunawardena and Mr. Nuran Gomez.

The "Lester James Peries Film Archive"

The most recent development on Dr. Lester James Peries is the building of a film archive in his name. From the time he was a young film maker one of his only requests was that the government make way for a proper film archive that would help protect the heritage of the films produced by Sri Lanka. On 5 April 2014, his own milestone 95th birthday, his request was granted when the National film corporation ceremoniously opened the "Lester James Peries Film Archives" at the request of President Mahinda Rajapakse. The event was followed by a photographic exhibition of Dr. Peries' life and works.

Literature and records

Peries has written approximately twenty books. The most-well known of them are LJP Life and Works (Prof. A. J. Gunawardene), Lester by Lester (as told to Kumar de Silva) and Lester (Prof. Sunil Ariyaratne).

A music CD was produced by The Lester James Peries and Sumitra Peries Foundation containing 21 songs from Peries' films.

Some of Peries' films have been restored and placed in DVD format.

See also
 Sumitra Peries
 Ivan Peries

References

External links
Sri Lanka Sinhala Cinema Database – Dr. Lester James Peries

Official Website of Lester James Peries in association with Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Sri Lanka
අපේ සිනමාව තුන් කල් දුටු ඉසිවරයාණෝ
ආචාර්ය ලෙස්ටර් ජේම්ස් පීරිස් ලොව ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨතම සිනමාකරුවා වෙයි
ඔබට සුබ උපන් දිනයක් වේවා
ආචාර්ය ලෙස්ටර් ජේම්ස් පීරිස් ගැන සිනමා කිවිඳිය සුමිත්‍රා පීරිස්ගේ ආදරණීය හෙළිදරව්ව
සියවසක් සපිරෙන මහා උපන් දිනයක්

1919 births
2018 deaths
Fellini Gold Medalists
Sri Lankan film directors
Sri Lankan Roman Catholics
Alumni of St. Peter's College, Colombo
Sinhalese people
Sri Lankabhimanya
Kala Keerthi
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Sri Lankan documentary filmmakers

Lester James Peries


The Sitka spruce tree is one of the Pinaceae tree family. Its botanical name is Picea sitchensis.

The tree is the state tree of U.S. state of Alaska. It can grow almost up to 100 meters tall. It has a shallow root system with long lateral roots and few branches. It is a long-lived tree, and can live for more than 700 years old.

The tree is quite common in the Western coast of Canada.

Conifers

Sitka spruce


To Catch a Spy is a 1971 comedy spy film directed by Dick Clement and starring Kirk Douglas, Marlène Jobert, Trevor Howard, Richard Pearson, Garfield Morgan, Angharad Rees and Robert Raglan. It was written by Clement and Ian La Frenais. The story is based on the 1969 novel Catch Me a Spy by George Marton and Tibor Méray.

It was a co-production between Britain, the United States and France, which was filmed in Bucharest, Romania. It was also part filmed on Loch Awe and Loch Etive, Scotland, where the gunboat scenes were filmed, and featured Kirk Douglas running through a herd of Highland cattle which were owned by David Fellowes. It was also released as Catch Me a Spy and Keep Your Fingers Crossed.

Plot
Fabienne, a young French-born British schoolteacher marries and heads to Bucharest in the Eastern Bloc for their honeymoon. Her husband is arrested by secret police and soon turns out to have been detained by Soviet intelligence as a spy. She intends to head to Moscow to try and help him, but instead is drugged and sent on a plane back to England by a seemingly suspicious waiter.

Back in London she lobbies her uncle, the shadow Shadow Foreign Secretary and his friend the head of British Intelligence, to help get her husband back. He explains that they have deliberately arrested her husband in order to have a bargaining chip to exchange for a top Soviet agent who has recently been unmasked by the British. Unbeknownst to Fabienne her husband, a corrupt businessman, is in league with the Soviet intelligence and has married her on their instructions. The exchange in Germany goes wrong, however, when during the handover the Soviet spy - laden down with capitalist consumer goods from the West - sinks through the ice and drowns.

As the British now have nobody to exchange for her husband, Fabienne sets out to capture an enemy agent on her own initiative. She manages to trap a man in a trench coat who has been following her all day, only for him to prove to be an incompetent British agent ordered to trail her for her own security by his chiefs. When Andrej the Bucharest waiter remerges, having been caught rummaging through her room and demanding she hand over a microfilm that he inserted into her luggage when he had her drugged in Bucharest, she decides he will be the ideal person to exchange. However, before she can take action they both end up being abducted by enemy agents, only escaping in the Scottish countryside. He reveals to her that he is not really a spy, but he makes money smuggling manuscripts of books by Soviet dissidents to the West.

Because the Soviets want to get their hands on him, they plant evidence in his hotel room indicating that he is one of their spies. Special Branch arrest him and agree to a new prisoner exchange, over Fabienne's protests. The final exchange on a lake on the East German border descends into chaos and a motor boat chase.

Cast
 Kirk Douglas as Andrej
 Marlène Jobert as Fabienne
 Trevor Howard as Sir Trevor Dawson
 Tom Courtenay as Baxter Clarke
 Patrick Mower as James Fenton
 Bernadette Lafont as Simone
 Bernard Blier as Webb
 Sacha Pitoëff as Stefan
 Richard Pearson as Haldane
 Wilfrid Brambell as Beech
 Garfield Morgan as The Husband
 Angharad Rees as Victoria
 Isabel Dean as Celia
 Jonathan Cecil as British Attaché
 Robin Parkinson as British Officer
 Jean Gilpin as Ground Stewardess
 Robert Raglan as Ambassador
 Bridget Turner as Woman in Plane
 Trevor Peacock as Man in Plane
 Clive Cazes as Rumanian in Plane
 Ashley Knight as 1st Schoolboy
 Philip DaCosta as 2nd Schoolboy
 Robert Gillespie as Man in Elevator
 Sheila Steafel as Woman in lift
 Bunny May as Lift Operator
 Fiona Moore as Russian Girl
 Bernice Stegers as Russian Girl
 Dinny Powell as 1st Heavy
 Del Baker as 2nd Heavy
 Ishaq Bux as Arab at Party
 Cheryl Hall as Clarke's Girlfriend

Production
It was shot at Twickenham Studios and on location in London, Loch Leven and in Bucharest. The school football match was shot at Vincent Square. The film's sets were designed by the art director Carmen Dillon. It was made as a co-production between several companies including Kirk Douglas's own Bryna Productions.

The "gunboats" in the film were:-  Lalage, a 70 ft WW2 Fairmile harbor defense launch, the East German boat, and the Calshot Salar, a 60 ft WW2 Royal Air Force "three leg" pinnace, the British boat.

Lalage was owned and operated by Captain Jack Glover of Dumbarton, who in addition was an extra in the film, as was his brother Hans Glover. Tragically, Captain Glover drowned in 1982 while undertaking a boat salvage operation in the river Leven. Lalage eventually foundered off the Little Cubrae island after striking rocks during a severe storm and became a total loss.

Calshot Salar, was owned by Dr W."Bill" Souter and operated during filming by a Canadian, Captain Robin Blair-Crawford, who also had a position as an actor in the movie and in addition was the lead safety diver at Loch Etive. At the insistence of her owner Calshot Salar had her original RAF number painted on the hull for the movie. After numerous adventures in both home and overseas waters Calshot Salar was sold and eventually became a houseboat at Shoreham.

Critical reception
TV Guide wrote the film "features a good cast, an exciting
speedboat chase, a few chuckles, and every spy cliche in the book"; and Radio Times noted "a sometimes clever and witty script by the ace TV team of Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais. However, it's rather let down by Clement's uncertain direction. Another problem is that, as a Bucharest waiter who is actually a spy, Kirk Douglas's peculiar intensity isn't best suited to a comedy. Trevor Howard and Tom Courtenay seem more at home with the spy spoof material."

See also
 List of American films of 1971

References

Bibliography
 Simon James. London Film Location Guide. Anova Books, 2007.

External links

1971 films
1970s spy comedy films
American spy comedy films
British spy comedy films
Bryna Productions films
Cold War spy films
Films based on British novels
Films set in London
Films set in East Germany
Films set in West Germany
Films set in Scotland
Films set in Bucharest
Films shot in London
Films shot in Bucharest
Films shot in Scotland
Films shot at Twickenham Film Studios
French spy comedy films
English-language French films
Films with screenplays by Dick Clement
Films directed by Dick Clement
Films with screenplays by Ian La Frenais
1971 comedy films
Films scored by Claude Bolling
Films about educators
Films about vacationing
Films about marriage
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
1970s British films
1970s French films
English-language spy comedy films

To Catch a Spy


Holly Robinson is a fictional Batman character who is friends with Selina Kyle. She is the crime-partner of Catwoman for bank robbery. For a short while, she became Catwoman because Selina had her first baby. In some appearances, she is a lesbian.

She was played by Juno Temple as Jen in The Dark Knight Rises.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters

Holly Robinson (comics)


Jedson Louis Simon (born February 27, 1964) is a Canadian guitarist. He was a member of supergroup Scar the Martyr and has been a member of numerous metal bands, including Front Line Assembly, Strapping Young Lad, Zimmers Hole, Tenet, and Vimic.

Biography
Simon was born on February 27, 1964, in Victoria, British Columbia. He gained attention in the metal community with his third speed metal band Armoros, which was founded in 1985. Armoros disbanded in 1989 after two successful demos and an album.

Simon's next band was Caustic Thought, when his career with Byron Stroud began. Simon did three demos with Caustic Thought, and when he left them, he gave the job to Devin Townsend. After Caustic Thought, Simon briefly worked with Townsend on his Noisescapes project, who then left for Los Angeles to play with Steve Vai. In 1995, Townsend asked Simon to join his latest project, Strapping Young Lad (aka SYL), and Jed was a part of SYL until the band's split in 2007. Simon contributed guitars to Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing and also performed as a live member for the tour of the album. Simon also appears in the video for S.Y.L. from the same album.

In 1996, Simon joined Front Line Assembly (FLA for short) on their Hard Wired tour as a touring guitarist (and also percussionist on Plasticity and Gun f.ex.). There was a live album and video done from the tour, which became known as Live Wired (1996). After that, Simon returned with SYL, who achieved even greater success with their second album City (1997).

When Front Line Assembly went on to perform the Re-Wind tour in late 1998, Simon was on board again. In 1999, he also contributed guitars to FLA's studio album Implode. Simon's last tour with FLA was the Implosion tour in the spring of 1999. In 2000, Simon worked on Townsend's Physicist project, which is composed of all four members of SYL, but was considered "too light" by Devin to be an SYL album.

In 2002, SYL released their self-titled album, on which Simon plays virtually all the guitar tracks, giving the album a distinctive, slightly warmer sound than any of Strapping Young Lad's other albums. In 2005 they released Alien, and their final recording, The New Black, was released on July 11, 2006.

He is also the guitarist of Zimmers Hole, which includes fellow Strapping bandmates, Stroud and Gene Hoglan.  Zimmers Hole has released three studio albums: Bound by Fire (1997, and which was re-issued in 2003 with extra tracks), Legion of Flames (2001), and When You Were Shouting at the Devil...We Were in League With Satan, which was released on Century Media records on March 11, 2008.

His solo project is Tenet, whose first album, Sovereign, was released on Century Media records in summer 2009.  Sovereign was written by Simon over the years leading up to the recording of the album, and features Simon on guitar and his old band mates Stroud on bass and Hoglan on drums, along with Steve Souza (Exodus) on vocals, and Glen Alvelais (Forbidden, Testament, LD50) on lead guitar.  In 2010, Simon was the touring guitarist with the band City of Fire, which includes Stroud and Fear Factory lead vocalist Burton C. Bell.

On October 27, 2012, Simon joined Townsend on stage at his Retinal Circus event, held at the Camden Roundhouse in London, where they played the SYL songs "Detox" and "Love?", as well as the Devin Townsend Project songs "Bend it like Bender!" and "Little Pig".  From 2013 to 2016, Simon was a member of Scar the Martyr, a new project of Slipknot drummer Joey Jordison, as full time lead guitarist alongside Kris Norris. In 2016 the band folded and reformed at Vimic.

In March 2018, Simon was announced as a member of a new band Imonolith featuring former Strapping Young Lad bandmate Byron Stroud, former Devin Townsend Project members Brian Waddell and Ryan Van Poederooyen, and Threat Signal vocalist Jon Howard. Simon would go on to leave Imonolith in October of the same year.

Gear
Simon has used ESP guitars for many years. Both he and his Strapping Young Lad bandmate Devin Townsend were endorsed by ESP, until ESP stopped endorsing Townsend. Simon was also endorsed by Bernie Rico Jr. guitars, but he later switched to Jackson Guitars. As of breaking out with Vimic he returned to using ESP.

Discography

With Armoros
Remember Michelle (demo) (1988)
Pieces (1988)

With Caustic Thought
Sore (demo) (1991)

With Strapping Young Lad
Studio albums
Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing (1995) – guitars on "Critic" and "Skin Me"
City (1997)
Strapping Young Lad (2003)
Alien (2005)
The New Black (2006)
Extended Plays
Tour EP (2003)
C:enter:### (2007)
Live albums
No Sleep 'till Bedtime (1998)
For Those Aboot to Rock: Live at the Commodore (video album) (2004)
Compilation albums
1994–2006 Chaos Years (2008)
The Complete Works (Box Set) (2013)

With Devin Townsend
Physicist (2000)
The Retinal Circus (Live video album) (2013)

With Tenet
Demo 2003 (2003)
Sovereign (2009)

With Zimmers Hole
Bound by Fire (1997)
Legion of Flames (2001)
When You Were Shouting at the Devil... We Were in League with Satan (2008)

With Scar the Martyr
Scar the Martyr (2013)

With Vimic
Open Your Omen (2018)

With Front Line Assembly
Studio albums
Implode (1999)
Live albums
Live Wired (1996)

Guest appearances
1996: Punky Brüster – Cooked on Phonics (additional vocals (as Ace Longback))
2009: Sacrifice – The Ones I Condemn (guitars on "The Devil's Martyr")
2013: Memorain – Seven Sacrifices (guitars on "Trust and Blood")
2014: The Haunted – Exit Wounds (guitars on "Trend Killer")
2015: Krisiun – Forged in Fury (guitars on "Scars of Hatred")
2015: Nihilate – Damnation (single) (guitar solo)

References

General sources
 "Profile: Jed Simon." Zimmers Hole (official site).
 Gibson, Doug (June 26, 2005). "Interview with Strapping Young Lad's Jed Simon." Metal Underground.
 Rademacher, Brian (August 11, 2005). "Interview with Jed Simon." Rock Eyes.
 Barkinge, Chris (September 4, 2006). "Strapping Young Lad Guitarists: 'We Always Sound Like Who We Are'." Ultimate Guitar.
 B., John (April 20, 2007). "Strapping Young Lad/Zimmer's Hole/Tenet – Interview With Guitarist/Vocalist Jed Simon." Metal Realm.
 Friden (March 2008). "Interview: Zimmers Hole." Hall of Metal.
 Kontogeorgakos, Dimitris (July 9, 2008). "Interview with Jed Simon of Zimmers Hole." Metal Temple.
 Lahtinen, Luxi (April 4, 2009). "Armoros: Jed Simon wraps up the history of these Canadian thrash legends." Metal Rules.

Living people
1964 births
Canadian heavy metal guitarists
Canadian industrial musicians
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian male guitarists
Musicians from Victoria, British Columbia
Strapping Young Lad members
Industrial metal musicians

Jed Simon


A constitutional referendum was held in Mali on 2 June 1974, following the 1968 military coup. The new constitution would allow for a directly elected president (previously the post had been elected by the National Assembly) who would serve five-year terms, together with a unicameral National Assembly. It also proposed that the country be run for the next five years by the Military Committee for National Liberation.

The new constitution was reportedly approved by 99.66% of voters with a 92.2% turnout.

Results

References

1974 in Mali
1974 referendums
1974
Constitutional referendums

1974 Malian constitutional referendum


Since its invention by John Stith Pemberton in 1886, criticisms of Coca-Cola as a product, and of the business practices of The Coca-Cola Company have been significant. The Coca-Cola Company is the largest soft drink company in the world, distributing over 500 different products. Since the early 2000s, the criticism of the use of Coca-Cola products, as well as the company itself, escalated, with criticism leveled at the company over health effects, environmental issues, animal testing, economic business practices and employee issues. The Coca-Cola Company has been faced with multiple lawsuits concerning the various criticisms.

Coca-Cola's first trial

In 1909, the Pure Food and Drug Act passed, and the United States government seized 40 barrels and 20 kegs of Coca-Cola syrup because they considered the added caffeine to be a harmful ingredient. One of the first noted criticisms of Coca-Cola was that it produced serious mental and motor deficits.  This resulted in Coca-Cola's first lawsuit and trial where the official charges were that Coca-Cola was adulterated and misbranded. The trial following the lawsuit, The United States Government v. Forty Barrels, Twenty Kegs Coca-Cola, started in March 1911 a year and a half after the government had seized the barrels and kegs. Harvey Washington Wiley, a chemist and head of the Bureau of Chemistry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture led the lawsuit. Wiley was anti Coca-Cola mainly because he was against the added caffeine. The trial included many studies as well as paid testimonies from both parties and in the end was dismissed by the judge. However, the United States government ended up winning the case when they took it to the Supreme Court in 1916. This resulted in the reduction of caffeine content in Coca-Cola.

Products

Caffeine

In 1916, there was a federal suit under which the US government unsuccessfully attempted to force The Coca-Cola Company to remove caffeine from its products.

Bottles

In 1944, a waitress named Escola was putting away glass bottles of Coca-Cola when one of the bottles spontaneously exploded in her hand. She successfully sued the company, claiming they were liable.

Health effects
In general, it is problematic to independently assess Coca-Cola products' safety conclusively since their full recipes are not public. The company uses FDA approved substances. However, there's one such approved food additive substance, abietic acid - as the chief component of rosin gum used by Coca-Cola - that has been shown to be a potent hormone inhibitor with research linking it to autism and obesity.

Coca-Cola is rich in sugar, especially sucrose, which causes dental caries when consumed regularly. Besides this, the high caloric value contributes to obesity. Both are major health issues in the developed world. According to the Harvard School of Public Health in 2015, "...people who drink 1–2 cans of sugary beverages daily are 26% more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, Medical News Today reported on a study claiming 184,000 global deaths each year are down to sugary drink consumption."  Nutritionist Rosemary Stanton has criticised the company's reduced sugar options, as a can of Coca-Cola with Stevia still contains 37% of an adult's recommended daily intake of sugar.

Coca-Cola Co. partially funded the pro-industry advocacy group International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) for many years prior to ending their support for the organization in 2021. ILSI was founded by a former Coca-Cola Co. executive in 1978, and has employed a number of former high level Coca-Cola Co. employees. The organization promotes physical activity rather than dietary changes to address obesity, taking a position similar to Coca-Cola Co.-funded research and messaging.

Vitamin Water lawsuit
In January 2009, the US consumer group the Center for Science in the Public Interest filed a class-action lawsuit against Coca-Cola. The lawsuit was in regard to claims made, along with the company's flavors, of Vitamin Water. Claims say that the 33 grams of sugar are more harmful than the vitamins and other additives are helpful. Coca-Cola insists the suit is "ridiculous."

Coca-Cola and Catalan language

In Catalonia, there has been controversy regarding Coca-Cola's refusal to print its labels in Catalan. On December 12, 1993, the Platform for the Catalan Language (Plataforma per la Llengua) managed to make a world record by bringing together more than 15,000 empty Coca-Cola cans in Barcelona's central square Plaça de Catalunya and using them to build a giant sign that read "Let's label in Catalan". At the time, the organisation adopted the motto: "The Coca-Cola label in 135 languages around the world, but not in Catalan?".

On May 31, 2014, Plataforma per la Llengua, recalling the act of the December 12, 1993, collected over 40,000 Coca-Cola cans for making a mosaic with the letters "Etiqueteu en Català!" (Label in Catalan!) in the heart of Barcelona, Catalonia, at Plaça de Catalunya to demand the company label in Catalan after more than 20 years of lawsuits.

Mislabelling

In 2014, POM Wonderful unsuccessfully argued that Coca-Cola's Minute Maid division had mislabeled a product as a pomegranate and blueberry juice, when it was made 99.4% from apple and grape juices. POM Wonderful said this labelling caused unfair loss of sales of its own pomegranate and blueberry juice.

Environmental issues

Water use

In March 2004, local officials in Kerala shut down a $16 million Coke bottling plant blamed for a drastic decline in both quantity and quality of water available to local farmers and villagers. In April 2005, the Kerala High Court rejected water use claims, noting that wells there continued to dry up last summer, months after the local Coke plant stopped operating.  Further, a scientific study requested by the court found that while the plant had "aggravated the water scarcity situation," the "most significant factor" was a lack of rainfall. The case has been appealed and a decision is pending. In 2017, Coca-Cola declared that it had no plans to restart bottling operations in Plachimada, Kerala. In June 2021, the factory was converted into a Covid-19 First Line treatment center.

In the investor summit held in Indore, Madhya Pradesh in 2016, the state government allocated land for Coca-Cola plant at Babai in Hoshangabad. The government gave all the required permissions but did not publicize the Rs. 750 crore investment project due to the controversies of water exploitation by the company. It became a serious issue and Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan distanced himself from the project. The residents of Babai opposed the project as the plant, when built, would consume tens of thousands of litres of water daily, thereby depleting the water level of the nearby river Narmada. In order to stop the project, residents started a signature campaign to garner support for the cause and passed a resolution against the company. They also attacked state government that on one hand, it was talking about taking measures to save the river and on the other hand, gave permission to set up the plant. The government canceled the land allocation in 2022, as Coca-Cola did not break ground on the plant within a five-year period, as was agreed-upon in the contract. Coca-Cola stated that it decided against building the plant due to the company re-franchising.

In January 2017, Tamil Nadu Vanigar Sangangalin Peramaipu (TNVSP) called for its members to stop selling Coca-Cola and PepsiCo products to show solidarity with local farmers who had complained about groundwater depletion caused by these companies. In 2016-17 Tamil Nadu experienced a severe drought which fueled the animosity. TNVSP consists of over 6,000 local trade associations covering about 1.5 million (15 Lakh) traders across Tamil Nadu, a southern Indian state. The boycott came into effect from March 1, and the majority of the small and medium-sized vendors were reported to have stopped stocking the products. The boycott gained momentum during the Jallikattu protests.

Packaging
Packaging used in Coca-Cola's products has a significant environmental impact. The company is the single largest plastic polluter in the world, producing over 3 million tonnes of plastic packaging each year.  The head of sustainability Bea Perez has said they will continue to use plastic, stating "customers like them because they reseal and are lightweight" and that they create a lower carbon footprint than aluminum and glass bottles.

The company has opposed attempts to introduce mechanisms such as container deposit legislation. In 2013, the company was criticized in Australia for undertaking litigation that led to the invalidation of a bottle recycling deposit.

In 2017 Greenpeace published a report criticizing Coca-Cola's use of single-use plastic bottles. The report is especially critical of the company's failing to reach the goals it set to source 25% of its bottles from recycled or renewable sources, and the non-existence of targets to reduce its use of single-use bottles since then. Greenpeace also claimed that Coca-Cola has actively lobbied against recycling and deposit return schemes in several European countries, while at the same time maintaining a green marketing facade with vague promises and false-solutions such as sizable donations to schemes that put the emphasis of anti-littering on the consumer, instead of the producer of the litter itself. In 2022, Greenpeace stated that it welcomed Coca-Cola's pledge to make 25% of its packaging reusable by 2030.

Air pollution
In 2014, the company was accused of 27 Clean Air Act violations at a Minute Maid plant in Michigan. In May 2014, Coca-Cola reached a settlement with the EPA for these violations, in which it paid $165,900 in civil penalties.

Animal testing

In 2007, the Coca-Cola Company announced it would no longer conduct or directly fund laboratory experiments on animals unless required by law to do so. The company's announcement came after PETA criticized the company for funding invasive experiments on animals including one study in which experimenters cut into the face of chimpanzees to study the animals' nerve impulses used in the perception of sweet taste. Some experimenters have criticized PETA's campaign against Coca-Cola and other companies claiming that their work would be stalled if they lost corporate funding.

Economic business practices

Anti-competitive practices

In 2000, a United States federal judge dismissed an antitrust lawsuit filed by PepsiCo Inc. accusing Coca-Cola Co. of monopolizing the market for fountain-dispensed soft drinks in the United States.

In June 2005, Coca-Cola in Europe formally agreed to end deals with shops and bars to stock its drinks exclusively after a European Union investigation found its business methods stifled competition.

In November 2005, Coca-Cola's Mexican unit – Coca-Cola Export Corporation – and a number of its distributors and bottlers were fined $68 million for unfair commercial practices. Coca-Cola is appealing the case.

"Channel stuffing" settlement
On July 7, 2008, Coca-Cola Co compromised to pay $137.5 million to settle an October 2000 shareholder lawsuit. Coca-Cola was charged in a U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, with "forcing some bottlers to purchase hundreds of millions of dollars of unnecessary beverage concentrate to make its sales seem higher." Institutional investors, led by Carpenters Health & Welfare Fund of Philadelphia & Vicinity, accused Coca-Cola of "channel stuffing," or artificial inflation of Coca-Cola's results which gave investors a false picture of the company's health. The settlement applies to Coca-Cola common stock owners from October 21, 1999, to March 6, 2000.

Investments and operations in apartheid South Africa
Coca-Cola entered South Africa in 1938 and, after the beginning of the official white South African government's policy of apartheid or "separate development" beginning in 1948, the company grew rapidly. By the 1980s at the height of racial oppression, with 90% of the market, Coke dominated the soft-drink industry with sales in the hundreds of millions of dollars, accounting for 5% of the parent company's global market. Coke employed 4,500 workers, operating under the racially segregated system of housing, workplace, and wages, and was one of the largest employers in the country.

In 1982 in South Africa, black workers asked the community to boycott Coke and called two work stoppages until the company agreed to recognize and bargain with their union, raise its workers' low wages significantly, and share information on who controls their pension fund.

As a result of Coke's economic support of white South Africa and its apartheid system, in the 1980s, it became a major target of organizers across the country against U.S. and corporate economic support for apartheid in the U.S.  Boycotts then spread across the country to many universities including Tennessee State, Penn State, and Compton College in California, which established a "Coke Free Campus". Demonstrations were held by the Georgia Coalition and the AFSC at Coca-Cola's Atlanta headquarters.

In South Africa, in 1986, the Coca-Cola response was to donate US$10 million to a fund to support improvements of housing and education for black South Africans and to announce "...plans to sell its 30% share of a major bottler and a 55% share of a canning operation within six to nine months." (The company's assets there were estimated at US$60 million, their annual sales were circa US$260 million, and with 4,300 workers one of the largest U.S. employers in South Africa.) However, the movement in the U.S. demanded full divestiture and did not accept the company's offer to sell a major portion of the holdings to a South African firm.

After democratic elections that produced Mandela's majority rule government, Pepsi sought to re-enter the South African market. In fact, "Coke never truly left the country, leading to overwhelming dominance through the rest of the 20th century. Pepsi adhered to different social imperatives and suffered exceptionally low market shares as a result." Indeed, in the late 2000s, Coke's market share of the soft drink market in South Africa was estimated at 95% and Pepsi's at 2%.

Marketing issues
In 2001, Coca-Cola reportedly paid Warner Brothers, a unit of Time Warner $150 million for the exclusive global marketing rights to at least one Harry Potter movie and subsequently enticing children to drink more soft drinks, a move criticized by the Center for Science in the Public Interest.

On August 9, 2015, the New York Times published an article that revealed that Coca-Cola had made a large investment in the non-profit called the Global Energy Balance Network, which promoted a scientific solution to the obesity crisis, which was that more exercise rather than cutting back on calories was the way to maintain a healthy weight.  Health experts stated that the non-profit's message was misleading and part of Coke to deflect criticism about the role the company played in the spread of obesity and Type 2 diabetes.

Im Tirtzu
On May 7, 2017, Haaretz published that Coca-Cola has donated 50,000 NIS (approximately $14,000) to Israeli right-wing nationalist organization Im Tirtzu. The organization, that was declared by Israeli court to have "certain lines of resemblance to fascism", asked to leave the donation private but the Israeli Corporations Authority forced the Organization to publish the donation.

2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine
On February 22, 2022, Coca-Cola announced that the company began to accumulate ingredients for the production of drinks in Russia in order to minimize the damage of the sanctions that Western countries threatened Russia following Moscow's recognition of two breakaway Ukrainian regions. After a week of Russian invasion of Ukraine, on March 3, 2022, Coca-Cola announced that the company would not stop working in Russia and that all of Coke's operational, production and logistics facilities in Russia are working. As the result, on March 4, 2022, most Ukrainian supermarkets refused to cooperate with Coca-Cola and sell any of Coke's products. Within days, the campaign to boycott Coca-Cola for its continued operations in Russia has also become international. Celebrities who criticized Coca-Cola over this include American author Stephen King.

On March 8, 2022, Coca-Cola announced it would be suspending its business in Russia, stating that "Our hearts are with the people who are enduring unconscionable effects from these tragic events in Ukraine."

Employee issues

Racial discrimination
In November 2000, Coca-Cola agreed to pay $192.5 million to settle a class action racial discrimination lawsuit and promised to change the way it manages, promotes, and treats minority employees in the US. In 2003, protesters at Coca-Cola's annual meeting claimed that black people remained underrepresented in top management at the company, were paid less than white employees, and were fired more often. In 2004, Luke Visconti, a co-founder of DiversityInc, which rates companies on their diversity efforts, said: "Because of the settlement decree, Coca-Cola was forced to put in management practices that have put the company in the top 10 for diversity."

In March 2012, 16 workers of color sued Coca-Cola, claiming they had to work in a  "cesspool of racial discrimination."

In February 2021, recordings of an employee training course were leaked on social media. The course instructed employees to "be less white", which the course equated with being less "arrogant" and "oppressive."

Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Co.

In 2001, the Sinaltrainal trade union filed a suit against Coca-Cola in a Miami district court. The union alleged that two Coca-Cola bottling partners, Bebidas y Alimentos and Panamco, assisted paramilitaries in murdering several union members. The court decided charges would be considered against the partners but not Coca-Cola itself. On September 4, 2006, Judge Martinez dismissed the remaining claims against the two bottlers.

Turedi v. Coca Cola Co.
In 2005, 105 Coca-Cola employees in Turkey were terminated for their union activity and these employees, some of whom were joined by family members, were physically attacked by members of the Cevik Kuvvet during peaceful demonstrations against their terminations.

References

Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola

Criticism of Coca-Cola


Haldor Johan Hanson (June 24, 1856 – December 14, 1929) was an American hymn writer, publisher and author.

Background
Haldor Johan Hanson was born in Fusa in the county of Hordaland near Bergen, Norway to Hans Lammenaes and Herborg (Lønningdahl).  He emigrated with his family in 1865, at the age of nine, to Grand Mound, Iowa, where his parents farmed. Hanson enrolled at Luther College graduating in 1883. Hanson studied at the Music Conservatory of Chicago from 1883-1884.

Career
Hanson taught at Willmar Seminary (academy) in Willmar, Minnesota, 1885-1887, before returning to Luther College to teach music and mathematics from 1888-1890. Hanson served as principal of  Decorah School of Music in 1889 which was incorporated into the Luther College the following year. Hanson left Luther in 1891 to studied music in Weimar, Germany from 1891-1892.

Returning to Luther College in 1894, he was appointed as the first professor of music in 1895. He continued to serve on the faculty until 1904. Hanson served as organizer and conductor of the Luther College choirs from 1882-1883. He organized the Decorah Choral Union in 1889. In 1895 Hanson started the Luther College Musical Union. In October 1895, Hanson was placed in charge of the museum at Luther College where he served as Curator until 1902. Ultimately Hanson resigned his appointment at Luther in 1904 at least in part because of his disagreement with President College Christian Keyser Preus.

Hanson moved to Chicago where he became a book and music dealer, publisher and author. He was proprietor of the Northern Book and Music Company which published the monthly Norwegian-American magazine, Idun: Tidsskrift for Literatur, Musik, etc. Hanson served as its editor during the magazine's run from 1908-1910. Among Hanson's other activities was his service on the editorial staff of the Norwegian-American newspaper, Skandinaven. In 1904 he compiled an index to Maanedstidende and Kirketidende, the church paper for  the Norwegian Synod. The first edition of an English-Norwegian-Danish dictionary compiled by Hanson was published in 1909 and reprinted in several subsequent editions. In 1916, he composed a Cantata for Christmas-tide and formulated the Norsk-Amerikansk Julebog in 1921. He also translated a poem by Henrik Ibsen titled Terje Vigen.

After Hanson's death, his library collection of Norwegian Americana was donated to the Luther College Library. The Personal Papers and records of Haldor J. Hanson can be found in the Luther College Archives in the  Preus Memorial Library.

Selected works
Harpetoner : en udvalgt samling af tre- og firstemmige sange (Decorah, Iowa: B. Anundsen's forlag, 1892)
Register til Kirkelig maanedstidende, mars 1855-december 1873 og Evang. Luth. kirketidende januar 1874-december 1902 (Decorah, Iowa: Lutheran Publishing House, 1904)
Cantata for Christmas-tide : for soli, chorus, piano or organ (Decorah, Iowa: Lutheran Pub. House, 1916)
Norsk-amerikansk julebog, 1921  (Chicago: Northern Book and Music, 1921)
Norsk-Dansk-Engelsk ordbog : udarbeidet for "Skandinaven  (Chicago: J. Anderson Publishing, 1925)
Terje Vigen : translation of a poem by Henrik Ibsen (Chicago: Northern Book & Music, 1929)

References

Other sources
Nelson, David T.  Luther College, 1861-1961 (Decorah, Iowa : Luther College Press, 1961)
Luther College Faculty, Luther College Through Sixty Years, 1861-1921 (Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Publishing House, 1922)
Nelson, Marion J., Material Culture and People's Art Among the Norwegians in America (Northfield, MN: The Norwegian-American Historical Association, 1994)
Norlie, Olaf M., History of the Norwegian People in America (Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Publishing House, 1925)

External links
Luther College Library Haldor Hanson Collection of Norwegian Americana

Writers from Iowa
People from Fusa
1856 births
1929 deaths
American Lutherans
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
American newspaper editors
19th-century American writers
American Lutheran hymnwriters

Haldor Johan Hanson


Wen-mei Hwu () is the Walter J. Sanders III-AMD Endowed Chair professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Coordinated Science Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His research is on compiler design, computer architecture, computer microarchitecture, and parallel processing. He is a principal investigator for the petascale Blue Waters supercomputer, is co-director of the Universal Parallel Computing Research Center (UPCRC), and is principal investigator for the first NVIDIA CUDA Center of Excellence at UIUC. At the Illinois Coordinated Science Lab, Hwu leads the IMPACT Research Group and is director of the OpenIMPACT project – which has delivered new compiler and computer architecture technologies to the computer industry since 1987. From 1997 to 1999, Hwu served as the chairman of the Computer Engineering Program at Illinois. Since 2009, Hwu has served as chief technology officer at MulticoreWare Inc., leading the development of compiler tools for heterogeneous platforms. The OpenCL compilers developed by his team at MulticoreWare are based on the LLVM framework and have been deployed by leading semiconductor companies. In 2020, Hwu retired after serving 33 years in University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Currently, Hwu is a Senior Distinguished Research Scientist at Nvidia Research and Emeritus Professor at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Biography
Dr. Hwu's completed in 1987 a PhD at the University of California, Berkeley, under Yale Patt. Their CPU microarchitecture projects, HPS and HPSm,
were the predecessors of the form of out-of-order execution that became commercially successful with the Intel P6. For his contributions to the areas of compiler optimization and computer architecture, he received the 1993 Eta Kappa Nu Outstanding Young Electrical Engineer Award, the 1994 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, the 1994 University Scholar Award of the University of Illinois, the 1997 Eta Kappa Nu Holmes MacDonald Outstanding Teaching Award, the 1998 ACM SigArch Maurice Wilkes Award, the 1999 ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award, the 2001 Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award. He served as the Franklin Woeltge Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering from 2000 to 2004. He is a fellow of IEEE and ACM.

Current Research Affiliations
 Wen-mei Hwu NVIDIA Research
 IBM-Illinois Center for Cognitive Computing Systems Research
 Blue Waters Project at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
 IMPACT Research Group at the Coordinated Science Lab
 Concurrent Theme for the Gigascale Systems Research Center
 CUDA Center of Excellence at Illinois

See also
 Wen-mei Hwu's Homepage
 Parallel Computing Research at Illinois: The UPCRC Agenda
 Parallel@Illinois
 Electrical and Computing Engineering at Illinois
 First Virtual School on Computational Science and Engineering: GPUs and Multicores - led by Wen-mei Hwu and David Kirk (Summer 2008)
 University of Illinois NVIDIA CUDA Course taught by Wen-mei Hwu and David Kirk (9 March 2007)
 Wen-mei Hwu: Chief Technology Officer, MulticoreWare Inc.

References

American computer scientists
American people of Chinese descent
American people of Taiwanese descent
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates
Living people
Researchers in distributed computing
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)

Wen-mei Hwu


Caisis is an open-source, web-based, patient data management system that integrates research with patient care. The system is freely distributed to promote the collection of standard, well structured data suitable for research and multi-institution collaboration.

History
Caisis was designed around structured chronological patient histories which could be displayed to clinicians and processed by computer algorithms.
The system was initiated in the Department of Urology at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in 2002 and has been actively developed by BioDigital Systems and a number of other institutions worldwide. It is released under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and is entirely web based; written mainly in C#, HTML, and JavaScript it runs on the .Net Framework.
The installer, source code and documentation are available from its website. Although it is widely used in cancer research the framework allows rapid adoption for collecting data on a multitude of disease states.

Features
Open source freely available web application
Clinical practice and research activities combined to
improve data quality and efficiency
Designed to be easily extended to new diseases
Framework allows quick addition of new fields and
data collection using electronic forms
Clinical documentation integrated via paper and
web-based forms (eForms)
Integrated protocol management module
Integrated specimen banking module
Integrated project tracking module
Data export tools and disease specific algorithms
Plugin interface for user friendly tools (e.g. PSA graph, file upload tool)
Longitudinal follow-up automation
HIPAA compliant robust security features

Concept
Caisis has been developed to allow the system to evolve and adapt to the evolving landscape of clinical research. As a framework, it is easy for developers to extend Caisis by adding new fields and tables, plugin features, and new modules with standalone functionality. New functionality is added to support the primary
goal of Caisis: to capture the patient's clinical "story". This approach provides users and clinicians with work flow driven interfaces that allow data capture to occur at the point of service.

Capturing data in the structured, Caisis relational data model, will facilitate the generation of large clean datasets for multi-institution collaborative research.

Other modules
 Specimen Banking
Specimen tracking that includes details about specimen handling, tests, and storage
Interface to define storage setup
Specimen transfer tracking
Specimen search based on clinical or pathological details
 Protocol / Clinical Trials Management
 Patient study calendar that integrates the patient schedule and data entry
 Serious adverse event reportingOutcomes management for Biomarker, Soft Tissue, and Bone response
 Data entry customization by protocol
 Registration and Eligibility tracking

 This is a third partly tool, developed by The Breast Cancer Tissue Bank BCTB in Australia, for checking data accuracy in an efficient way.

References

External links

 Documentation

Health care software
Cancer research

Caisis


Fiamma Fumana is an Italian world music ensemble. Formed in 1999 in Northern Italy, their name translates from Italian as "flame fog" or "fire mist". Their music mixes traditional Italian folk music with electronica. Starting out as a three-piece (Fiamma, Alberto, Marco), they added two members (Jessica, Medhin) for their second album, 2001's Home. The group played at the WOMAD festival and the CMJ music marathon in 2001, and the Detroit Festival of the Arts in 2002.

Members
Fiamma Orlandi - vocals
Alberto Cottica - accordion (formerly of Modena City Ramblers)
Marco Bertoni - electronics
Lady Jessica Lombardi - bagpipe, flute, bass
Medhin Paolos - vocals - electronics
Missy Jay - DJ

Discography
1.0 (Omnium Records, 2001)
Home (Omnium, 2003)
Contatto (Mescal Records, 2004)
Onda (Mescal, 2006)

References

External links
Fiamma Fumana feature on All Things Considered
Fiamma Fumana at Global Village Idiot

Italian world music groups

Fiamma Fumana


Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, Count of Monpezat,  (Frederik André Henrik Christian; born 26 May 1968) is the heir apparent to the Danish throne. He is the elder son of Queen Margrethe II and Prince Henrik.

Early life

Crown Prince Frederik was born by emergency C-section at Rigshospitalet the Copenhagen University Hospital in Copenhagen, on 26 May 1968 at 23:50 to the then Princess Margrethe, oldest daughter of Frederick IX and heir presumptive to the Danish throne, and Prince Henrik. At the time of his birth, his maternal grandfather was on the throne of Denmark and his matrilineal great-grandfather was on the throne of Sweden.

He was christened on 24 June 1968, at Holmen Church, in Copenhagen. He was named Frederik for his maternal grandfather, King Frederick IX, continuing the Danish royal tradition of the heir apparent being named either Frederick or Christian. His middle names honour his paternal grandfather, André de Laborde de Monpezat; his father, Prince Henrik; and his maternal great-grandfather, Christian X. Frederik's godparents were his maternal aunt, the Queen of the Hellenes; his paternal uncle, Count Etienne de Laborde de Monpezat; his extended relatives, Prince Georg of Denmark and Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg; and friends of his parents, Baron Christian de Watteville-Berckheim and Birgitta Juel Hillingsø.

He became Crown Prince of Denmark when his mother ascended to the throne as Margrethe II on 14 January 1972. Crown Prince Frederik's only sibling is his younger brother Prince Joachim of Denmark.

Education and career
Frederik attended primary school at Krebs' Skole between 1974 and 1981, as a private pupil at Amalienborg Palace from 1974 to 1976, and from the third form again at Krebs' Skole. From 1982 to 1983, he attended the École des Roches, a boarding school in Normandy, France. In 1986, Frederik graduated from Øregård Gymnasium. In addition to Danish, he is fluent in French (his father's language), English, and German.

In 1986 he began a course in political science at Aarhus University. This included a year at Harvard University (1992–1993) under the name of Frederik Henriksen, studying political science and participating in the Phoenix—SK Club. While studying at Harvard, he lived in a rent controled apartment.

He then took up a position for three months with the Danish UN mission in New York in 1994. In 1995, he obtained his MSc degree in political science from Aarhus University. He completed the course in the prescribed number of years with an exam result above average, thus becoming the first royal to obtain a master's degree. His final paper was an analysis on the foreign policy of the Baltic States, which he had visited several times during his studies. The prince was posted as First Secretary to the Danish Embassy in Paris from October 1998 to October 1999.

Military career

Frederik has completed extensive military studies and training in all three services, notably completing the education as frogman in the naval elite special operations forces Frømandskorpset. It was here that he earned the nickname "Pingo", when his wetsuit filled with water and he was forced to waddle like a penguin.

In the period 2001 and 2002, he completed further training for leaders at the Royal Danish Defense College. Frederik remains active in the defence services, and in the period 2002–2003 served as a staff officer at Defense Command Denmark, and from 2003 as a senior lecturer with the Institute of Strategy at the Royal Danish Defense College.

 The Royal Life Guard 1986.
 Lieutenant in the Reserve (Army) 1988.
 Reconnaissance Platoon Commander with the Royal Guard Hussars' Regiment 1988.
 First Lieutenant in the Reserve (Army) 1989.
 Royal Danish Navy Frømandskorpset 1995.
 First Lieutenant in the Reserve (Navy) 1995.
 Captain in the Reserve (Army) 1997.
 Lieutenant Commander in the Reserve (Navy) 1997.
 Royal Danish Air Force Flying School 2000
 Captain in the Reserve (Air Force) 2000.
 Command and General Staff Course, Royal Danish Defence College 2001–2002.
 Commander (Navy) and Major (Army, Air Force) 2002.
 Staff Officer, Defense Command Denmark 2002–2003.
 Senior lecturer with the Institute of Strategy at the Royal Danish Defence College, 2003–.
 Commander, senior grade (Navy), lieutenant colonel (Air force, Army) 2004.
 Captain (Navy), Colonel (Air Force, Army) 2010.
 Rear Admiral (Navy), Major General (Air Force, Army) 2015.

Marriage and children

During a Council of State on 8 October 2003, Queen Margrethe gave her consent to the marriage of Crown Prince Frederik to Mary Elizabeth Donaldson, an Australian marketing consultant whom the prince had met while attending the Sydney Olympics in 2000. Their wedding took place on 14 May 2004 at Copenhagen Cathedral, Copenhagen.

The couple have four children: Christian (born 15 October 2005), Isabella (born 21 April 2007) and twins Vincent and Josephine (born 8 January 2011).

Areas of interest

Scientific research, climate change and sustainability

Frederik has a special interest in scientific research, climate change and sustainability. He was interviewed by Financial Times and CNN International, in the Future Cities program, for their commitment to sustainability. He participated in expeditions, forums and events on climate. The prince has represented Denmark as a promoter of sustainable Danish energy. The prince was one of the authors of the Polartokt Kongelig (Polar Cruise Royal), about the challenges of climate, published in 2009 with a preface written by Kofi Annan. In 2010, wrote the book's foreword Naturen og klimaændringerne i Nordøstgrønland (The nature and climate change in Greenland). Supports scientific research projects, as a patron, as expeditionary, with regular attendance at events and through his foundation, Kronprins Frederiks Fond.

Sports and health

The prince encourages Danish participation in sports. He is a patron and honorary member of various sports organizations, and a member of the International Olympic Committee. He also promotes an active lifestyle in society.

Frederik is an avid sportsman, running marathons in Copenhagen, New York and Paris, and completing the 42 kilometers with a respectable time of 3 hours, 22 minutes and 50 seconds in the Copenhagen Marathon. In 2013, he completed the KMD Ironman Copenhagen in the time of 10:45:32 and is the first royal person to complete an Ironman.

Frederik is a keen sailor, being a competitive Farr 40 skipper as well as an accomplished Dragon boater. He won victories and was a leader in the steps championships. He finished in fourth place in the European Championship Dragon Class 2003 (with 51 boats participating), and at number 4 in the Farr 40 Worlds 2008 (with 33 boats participating). He was the first in his class boat in Fyn Cup 2010 in Denmark, and at number 4 in the Dragon DM 2011 (with 25 boats participating).

In 2016, in lieu of the Olympics in Rio, Frederik told press that he did not regret not chasing his dream to compete in the Olympics after meeting his wife. He had always thought about training and competing, but that would have required him to limit his activities and concentrate on training, instead he put his energy into other aspects of life. In October 2016, Frederik had to cancel his appearance at the royal reception for the Danish Olympic and Paralympic athletes after he fractured his spine while jumping on a trampoline with his eldest son.

Frederik also took part in the relay event during the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Aarhus in March 2019.

Fredrik also competes in cross-country skiing, and has skied the Vasaloppet with Norway's Crown Prince Haakon.

Royal Run

In celebration of his 50th birthday, on 21 May 2018, Frederik initiated a public running event across the five biggest cities in Denmark called "Royal Run" with more than 70.000 participants including Frederik and his own family. The event was generally deemed as "exceeding expectations" by the public.

The event has since become annual and was continued in 2019, 2021, 2022 and 2023. The 2020 version was cancelled due to the COVID-19 situation in Denmark.

Crown Prince Frederik's Foundation
The purpose of the foundation is to provide financial assistance to students of social policy and sciences, for one year's study at Harvard. and provide financial support for scientific expeditions, particularly to foreign parts of the world, including Greenland and the Faeroe Islands and sports purposes, including those with a particularly social aspect.

Participation in expeditions
The Crown Prince participated in an expedition to Mongolia in 1986. In 2000, the Crown Prince participated in "Expedition Sirius 2000", which was a four-month and 2,795 km dog-sledge expedition in the northern part of Greenland. The expedition Sirius marked the 50-year anniversary of the Sirius Patrol. Prince Frederik was part of the polar expedition as a film photographer, whose job was to ensure an optimal coverage of this event.

International Olympic Committee

On 9 October 2009, Crown Prince Frederik was elected a member of the International Olympic Committee, replacing former Danish member Kaj Holm, who had reached the age of retirement. The Crown Prince's candidature was met with some skepticism in Denmark, as it would mean that the Crown Prince would be on a semi-political committee along with several people who are suspected or even convicted of criminal acts. Another concern was whether or not the Crown Prince's loyalty would be towards his country and government, as the Danish constitution prescribes, or with the International Olympic Committee, as is sworn upon election to the committee. The Crown Prince was given special observer status in National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark, as a way to allow him to work, without having political power.

Frederik announced that his point of focus and reason for joining the International Olympic Committee is to promote an active lifestyle among youth. He was elected for an eight-year term, and made it clear that he would terminate his membership upon ascending the Danish throne.

In 2012, Frederik carried the Olympic flame through Notting Hill, a neighbourhood in West London.

In 2016, Frederik faced criticism for voting against Danish Minister for Culture Bertel Haarder and a majority in the Danish Parliament's wishes on the subject of whether or not Russia should be allowed to compete at the 2016 Summer Olympics following allegations of state-sponsored doping.

On 19 June 2017, the Crown Prince announced that he would continue another term of 8 years. However, in 2021, Frederik was announced that he would step down as an active member of the International Olympic Committee at the committee's annual session prior to the 2020 Summer Olympics, citing a wish to intensify his everyday work as the reason for stepping down in the middle of his term.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
 24 June 1968 – 14 January 1972: His Royal Highness Prince Frederik of Denmark
 14 January 1972 – 29 April 2008: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Denmark
 29 April 2008 – present: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Denmark, Count of Monpezat

His official title in Danish is Frederik André Henrik Christian, Hans Kongelige Højhed Kronprinsen, Prins til Danmark, greve af Monpezat (Frederik André Henrik Christian, Prince of Denmark, Crown Prince, Count of Monpezat).

Honours

The Crown Prince has received a number of honours.

National honours

Orders and appointments
  14 January 1972: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (R.E.)
  1 January 2004: Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog (S.Kmd)

Medals and decorations
 Recipient of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog (D.Ht.)
 Recipient of the Royal Medal of Recompense, 1st Class
 Recipient of the Naval Long Service Medal
 Recipient of the Homeguard Medal of Merit
 Recipient of the Medal of Honour of the Reserve Officers League
 Recipient of the Military Athletic Medal of Honour
 Recipient of the 50th Anniversary Medal of the arrival of Queen Ingrid to Denmark
 Recipient of the 50th Birthday Medal of Queen Margrethe II
 Recipient of the Silver Anniversary Medal of Queen Margrethe II and Prince Henrik
 Recipient of the Silver Jubilee Medal of Queen Margrethe II
 Recipient of the 100th Anniversary Medal of the Birth of King Frederick IX
 Recipient of the Queen Ingrid Commemorative Medal
 Recipient of the 75th Birthday Medal of Prince Henrik
 Recipient of the 350th Anniversary Medal of the Royal Danish Life Guards
 Recipient of the 70th Birthday Medal of Queen Margrethe II
 Recipient of the Ruby Jubilee Medal of Queen Margrethe II
 Recipient of the 400th Anniversary Medal of the Guard Hussar Regiment
 Recipient of the 75th Birthday Medal of Queen Margrethe II
 Recipient of the Golden Anniversary Medal of Queen Margrethe II and Prince Henrik
 Recipient of the Prince Henrik's Commemorative Medal
 Recipient of the 80th Birthday Medal of Queen Margrethe II
 Recipient of the Golden Jubilee Medal of Queen Margrethe II
: Recipient of the Nersornaat Medal for Meritorious Service, 1st Class

Foreign honours
: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
:
Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco
: First Class of the Order of the Balkan Mountains
: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
: First Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit
: Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
: Grand Cross of the Order of Honour
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum
: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance
: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars
: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau
 Nepalese Royal Family: Member of the Royal Order of Ojaswi Rajanya
: Sash of Special Category of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Recipient of the King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal
: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
:
Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Recipient of the 70th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf
Recipient of the Golden Jubilee Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf
: Grand Cross of the Order of Chula Chom Klao

Symbols of Crown Prince Frederik

Ancestry

See also
 List of current heirs apparent

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Biography on the official website of the Danish royal family

|-

1968 births
Living people
Crown Princes of Denmark
Danish princes
Counts of Monpezat
Danish International Olympic Committee members
Aarhus University alumni

Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
Recipients of Nersornaat
Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog
Recipients of the Medal of Merit (Denmark)

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Chula Chom Klao
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Danish people of French descent
Danish people of Swedish descent
Danish people of German descent
Danish people of British descent
Heirs apparent
Sons of monarchs

Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark


A trigger guard is a protective loop surrounding the trigger of a firearm designed to prevent unwanted contact with the trigger, which may cause an accidental discharge. Other devices that use a trigger-like actuator mechanism, such as inhalers, crossbows and power tools, may also have trigger guards.

On rifles with a bottom metal, the trigger guard is often incorporated as part of the bottom metal.

Winter trigger guards

Some firearms may have their trigger guard removed or repositioned as not to impair use with large cold weather gloves on, especially those intended to be used in arctic conditions. Quite notably, the Accuracy International Arctic Warfare line of rifles have enlarged trigger guards for use in cold climates, primarily northern Sweden.

Sources

Firearm components
Firearm safety

Trigger guard


Comb Wash is a long narrow valley in south central San Juan County, Utah, United States. It runs from Elk Ridge in the north approximately  to the south, where it merges with the San Juan River at an elevation of about . The eastern edge of the wash is the Comb Ridge, steep cliffs of Navajo Sandstone, rising in places to  above the valley floor. (Although the Comb Wash ends at the San Juan River, the Comb Ridge continues south for about another  into northern Arizona.)

On the western edge of Comb Wash is a series of canyons draining Cedar Mesa. To the north is Arch Canyon, which has Texas Canyon as an upper tributary. In the central section are Mule Canyon, Dry Wash, and the combined outlet of Fish and Owl canyons. To the south are McCloyd's Canyon (containing the Moon House ruin) and Road Canyon.  Scattered throughout these canyons are cliff dwellings of the Ancestral Puebloans.

SR-95 crosses the northern part of Comb Wash, while U.S. Route 163 crosses further south. Running along the wash is a primitive road, often impassable after floods. Nearby are the Natural Bridges National Monument, the Grand Gulch Primitive Area, the Valley of the Gods scenic area, and Goosenecks State Park.

See also
 Posey War
 List of rivers of Utah
 List of valleys of Utah

References

External links

 Geology of Comb Wash
 Comb Wash (on visitingtheancients.com)

Rivers of San Juan County, Utah
Colorado Plateau
Valleys of Utah
Rivers of Utah

Comb Wash


The Integrated Truss Structure (ITS) of the International Space Station (ISS) consists of a linear arranged sequence of connected trusses on which various unpressurized components are mounted such as logistics carriers, radiators, solar arrays, and other equipment. It supplies the ISS with a bus architecture. It is approximately 110 meters long and is made from aluminium and stainless steel.

Truss components

All truss components were named after their planned end-positions: Z for zenith, S for starboard and P for port, with the number indicating the sequential position. The S0 truss might be considered a misnomer, as it is mounted centrally on the zenith position of Destiny and is neither starboard nor port side.

Manufacturing

ISS truss segments were fabricated by Boeing in its facilities at Huntington Beach, California (formerly McDonnell Douglas), Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Louisiana, Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, and in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The trusses were then transported or shipped to Kennedy Space Center's Space Station Processing Facility for final assembly and checkout.

The structural framework was made using several manufacturing processes, including the investment casting, steel hot rolling, friction-stir, and TIG welding processes.

Z1 truss

The first truss piece, the Z1 truss, launched aboard STS-92 in October 2000. It contains the control moment gyroscope (CMG) assemblies, electrical wiring, communications equipment, and two plasma contactors designed to neutralize the static electrical charge of the space station.

Another objective of the Z1 truss was to serve as a temporary mounting position for the "P6 truss and solar array" until its relocation to the end of the P5 truss during STS-120. Though not a part of the main truss, the Z1 truss was the first permanent lattice-work structure for the ISS, very much like a girder, setting the stage for the future addition of the station's major trusses or backbones. It is made from stainless steel, titanium, and aluminum alloys.

While the bulk of the Z1 truss is unpressurized, it features a Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) port that connects its nadir to the zenith port of Unity and contains a small pressurized dome that allowed astronauts to connect electrical ground straps between Unity and the truss without an EVA. In addition, the dome inside the CBM of Z1 can be used as storage space.

The Z1 truss also features a forward-facing Manual Berthing Mechanism (MBM) ring. This MBM is not a port and is not pressurized or electrically powered, but it can be operated with a handheld tool to berth any passive CBM to it. The Z1 truss's MBM was used only once, to temporarily hold PMA-2, while the Destiny lab was being berthed onto the Unity node during STS-98. Since the installation of the nearby S0 truss in April 2002, access to the MBM has been blocked.

In October 2007, the P6 truss element was disconnected from Z1 and moved to P5; P6 will now be permanently connected with P5. The Z1 truss is now solely used to house the CMGs, communications equipment, and the plasma contactors; furthermore, Z1 connects now solely to Unity (Node 1) and no longer houses other space station elements.

In December 2008, the Ad Astra Rocket Company announced an agreement with NASA to place a flight test version of its VASIMR ion thruster on the station to take over reboost duties. In 2013, the thruster module was intended to be placed on top of the Z1 truss in 2015. NASA and Ad Astra signed a contract for development of the VASIMR engine for up to three years in 2015. However, in 2015 NASA ended plans for flying the VF-200 to the ISS. A NASA spokesperson stated that the ISS "was not an ideal demonstration platform for the desired performance level of the engines". (An example of a spacecraft that used an ion thruster to maintain its orbit was the Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer, whose engine allowed it to maintain a very low orbit.)

S0 truss

The S0 truss, (also called the Center Integrated Truss Assembly Starboard 0 Truss) forms the central backbone of the Space Station. It was attached on the top of the Destiny Laboratory Module during STS-110 in April 2002. S0 is used to route power to the pressurized station modules and conduct heat away from the modules to the S1 and P1 Trusses. The S0 truss is not docked to the ISS but is connected with four Module to Truss Structure (MTS) stainless steel struts.

P1, S1 trusses

The P1 and S1 trusses (also called the Port and Starboard Side Thermal Radiator Trusses) are attached to the S0 truss and contain carts to transport the Canadarm2 and astronauts to worksites along with the space station. They each flow 290 kg (637 lb) of anhydrous ammonia through three heat rejection radiators. The S1 truss was launched on STS-112 in October 2002 and the P1 truss was launched on STS-113 in November 2002.  Detailed design, test, and construction of the S1 and P1 structures were conducted by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) in Huntington Beach, CA. First parts were cut for the structure in 1996, and delivery of the first truss occurred in 1999.

P2, S2 trusses
The P2 and S2 trusses were planned as locations for rocket thrusters in the original design for Space Station Freedom. Since the Russian parts of the ISS also provided that capability, the reboost capability of the Space Station Freedom design was no longer needed at that location. So P2 and S2 were canceled.

P3/P4, S3/S4 truss assemblies

The P3/P4 truss assembly was installed by the Space Shuttle  Atlantis STS-115 mission, launched September 9, 2006, and attached to the P1 segment. The P3 and P4 segments together contain a pair of solar arrays, a radiator, and a rotary joint that will aim the solar arrays, and connects P3 to P4. Upon its installation, no power was flowing across the rotary joint, so the electricity generated by the P4 solar array wings was only being used on the P4 segment and not the rest of the station. Then in December 2006, a major electrical rewiring of the station by STS-116 routed this power to the entire grid. The S3/S4 truss assembly—a mirror-image of P3/P4—was installed on June 11, 2007 also by Space Shuttle Atlantis during flight STS-117, mission 13A and mounted to the S1 truss segment. It is the heaviest station-bound module ever launched by the Space Shuttle.

Major P3 and S3 subsystems include the Segment-to-Segment Attach System (SSAS), Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ), and Unpressurized Cargo Carrier Attach System (UCCAS). The primary functions of the P3 truss segment are to provide mechanical, power and data interfaces to payloads attached to the two UCCAS platforms; axial indexing for solar tracking, or rotating of the arrays to follow the sun, via the SARJ; movement and worksite accommodations for the Mobile Transporter. The P3/S3 primary structure is made of a hexagonal-shaped aluminum structure and includes four bulkheads and six longerons.  The S3 truss also supports EXPRESS Logistics Carrier locations, first to be launched and installed in the 2009 time frame.

Major subsystems of the P4 and S4 Photovoltaic Modules (PVM) include the two Solar Array Wings (SAW), the Photovoltaic Radiator (PVR), the Alpha Joint Interface Structure (AJIS), and Modified Rocketdyne Truss Attachment System (MRTAS), and Beta Gimbal Assembly (BGA).

Years later, iROSA 3 and 4 was added in front of Old 3A and 4A solar arrays on S4 and P4 truss respectively and iROSA 5 was added in front of Old 1B solar array on S4 truss in December 2022 and June 2023 respectively.

P5, S5 trusses

The P5 and S5 trusses are connectors that support the P6 and S6 trusses, respectively. The P3/P4 and S3/S4 truss assemblies' length was limited by the cargo bay capacity of the Space Shuttle, so these small (3.37 m long) connectors are needed to extend the truss. The P5 truss was installed on December 12, 2006, during the first EVA of mission STS-116. The S5 truss was brought into orbit by mission STS-118 and installed on August 11, 2007.

P6, S6 trusses

The P6 truss was the second truss segment to be added because it contains a large Solar Array Wing (SAW) that generated essential electricity for the station, prior to activation of the SAW on the P4 truss. It was originally mounted to the Z1 truss and had its SAW extended during STS-97, but the SAW was folded, one half at a time, to make room for the SAWs on the P4 and S4 trusses, during STS-116 and STS-117 respectively.  Shuttle mission STS-120 (assembly mission 10A) detached the P6 truss from Z1, remounted it on the P5 truss, redeployed its radiator panels, and attempted to redeploy its SAWs. One SAW (2B) was deployed successfully but the second SAW (4B) developed a significant tear that temporarily stopped deployment at around 80%. This was subsequently fixed and the array is now fully deployed. A later assembly mission (the out of sequence STS-119) mounted the S6 truss on the S5 truss, which provided a fourth and final set of solar arrays and radiators.

Years later, iROSA 1 and 2 was added in front of Old 4B and 2B solar arrays on P6 truss and iROSA 6 was added in front of Old 1B solar array on S6 truss in June 2021 and June 2023 respectively.

Gallery of Trusses

Truss subsystems

Solar arrays

The International Space Station's main source of energy is from the four large U.S.-made photovoltaic arrays currently on the station, sometimes referred to as the Solar Array Wings (SAW). The first pair of arrays are attached to the P6 truss segment, which was launched and installed on top of Z1 in late 2000 during STS-97. The P6 segment was relocated to its final position, bolted to the P5 truss segment, in November 2007 during STS-120. The second pair of arrays was launched and installed in September 2006 during STS-115, but they didn't provide electricity until STS-116 in December 2006 when the station got an electrical rewiring. The third pair of arrays was installed during STS-117 in June 2007. A final pair arrived in March 2009 on STS-119. More solar power was to have been available via the Russian-built Science Power Platform, but it was canceled.

Each of the Solar Array Wings are 34 m (112 ft) long by 12 m (39 ft) wide, have roughly  of mass, and are capable of generating nearly 30 kW of DC power. They are split into two photovoltaic blankets, with the deployment mast in between. Each blanket has 16,400 silicon photovoltaic cells, each cell measuring 8 cm x 8 cm, grouped into 82 active panels, each consisting of 200 cells, with 4,100 diodes.

Each pair of blankets was folded like an accordion for compact delivery to space. Once in orbit, the deployment mast between each pair of blankets unfolds the array to its full length. Gimbals, known as the Beta Gimbal Assembly (BGA) are used to rotate the arrays so that they face the Sun to provide maximum power to the International Space Station.

Over time, the photovoltaic cells on the wings have degraded gradually, having been designed for a 15-year service life. This is especially noticeable with the first arrays to launch, with the P6 and P4 Trusses in 2000 and 2006. To augment the P6 truss' wings, in June 2021 and November 2022, NASA launched four of a scaled-up version of the Roll Out Solar Array, in two pairs, aboard the SpaceX Dragon 2 missions SpaceX CRS-22, -26 and -28. These arrays are more lightweight and generate more energy than the existing arrays. They are intended to be deployed along the central part of the wings up to two thirds of their length. Work to install support brackets for the new arrays on the P6 truss mast cans was initiated by the members of Expedition 64. Work to install and deploy the first two arrays themselves on the P6 brackets was successfully conducted over three spacewalks by Shane Kimbrough and Thomas Pesquet of Expedition 65. In November and December 2022, astronauts Francisco Rubio and Josh A. Cassada of Expedition 68 installed the second set of brackets and arrays, one each on the P4 and S4 Trusses. In June 2023, astronauts Stephen Bowen and Warren Hoburg of Expedition 69 installed the third set of brackets and arrays, one each on the S6 and S4 Trusses. A final set of arrays will be installed on the P4 and S6 trusses in 2025.

Solar alpha rotary joint
The Alpha joint is the main rotary joint allowing the solar arrays to track the sun; in nominal operation the alpha joint rotates by 360° each orbit (however, see also Night Glider mode).  One Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ) is located between the P3 and P4 truss segments and the other is located between the S3 and S4 truss segments.  When in operation, these joints continuously rotate to keep the solar array wings on the outboard truss segments oriented towards the Sun. Each SARJ is 10 feet in diameter, weighs approximately 2,500 pounds and can be rotated continuously using bearing assemblies and a servo control system. On both the port and starboard sides, all of the power flows through the Utility Transfer Assembly (UTA) in the SARJ. Roll ring assemblies allow transmission of data and power across the rotating interface so it never has to unwind. The SARJ was designed, built, and tested by Lockheed Martin and its subcontractors.

The Solar Alpha Rotary Joints contain Drive Lock Assemblies which allow the outer segments of the ITS to rotate and track the Sun. A component of the DLA is a pinion which engages with the race ring that serves as a bull gear. There are two race rings and two DLAs in each SARJ providing on-orbit redundancy, however a series of space walks would be required to reposition the DLAs and the Trundle Bearing Assemblies (TBAs) to utilize the alternate race ring. A spare DLA was brought to the ISS on STS-122.

In 2007, a problem was detected in the starboard SARJ and in one of the two beta gimbal assemblies (BGA).  Damage had occurred due to excessive and premature wear of a track in the joint mechanism. The SARJ was frozen during problem diagnosis, and in 2008 lubrication was applied to the track to address the issue.

Power conditioning and storage

The sequential shunt unit (SSU) is designed to coarsely regulate the solar power collected during periods of insolation—when the arrays collect power during sun-pointing periods. A sequence of 82 separate strings, or power lines, leads from the solar array to the SSU. Shunting, or controlling, the output of each string regulates the amount of power transferred. The regulated voltage setpoint is controlled by a computer located on the IEA and is normally set to around 140  volts. The SSU has an overvoltage protection feature to maintain the output voltage below 200 V DC maximum for all operating conditions. This power is then passed through the BMRRM to the DCSU located in the IEA. The SSU measures  and weighs .

Each battery assembly, situated on the S4, P4, S6, and P6 Trusses, consists of 24  lightweight lithium-ion battery cells and associated electrical and mechanical equipment. Each battery assembly has a nameplate capacity of 110 Ah ( C) (originally 81 Ah) and . This power is fed to the ISS via the BCDU and DCSU respectively.

The batteries ensure that the station is never without power to sustain life-support systems and experiments. During the sunlight part of the orbit, the batteries are recharged. The nickel-hydrogen batteries had a design life of 6.5 years which means that they were replaced multiple times during the expected 30-year life of the station. The batteries and the battery charge/discharge units are manufactured by Space Systems/Loral (SS/L), under contract to Boeing. Ni-H2 batteries on the P6 truss were replaced in 2009 and 2010 with more Ni-H2 batteries brought by Space Shuttle missions. The nickel-hydrogen batteries had a design life of 6.5 years and could exceed 38,000 charge/discharge cycles at 35% depth of discharge. Each battery measured  and weighed .

From 2017 to 2021, the nickel-hydrogen batteries were replaced by lithium-ion batteries. On January 6, 2017, Expedition 50 members Shane Kimbrough and Peggy Whitson began the process of converting some of the oldest batteries on the ISS to the new lithium-ion batteries. Expedition 64 members Victor J. Glover and Michael S. Hopkins concluded the campaign on February 1, 2021. There is a number of differences between the two battery technologies. One difference is that the lithium-ion batteries can handle twice the charge, so only half as many lithium-ion batteries were needed during replacement. Also, the lithium-ion batteries are smaller than the older nickel-hydrogen batteries. Although Li-Ion batteries typically have shorter lifetimes than Ni-H2 batteries as they cannot sustain as many charge/discharge cycles before suffering notable degradation, the ISS Li-Ion batteries have been designed for 60,000 cycles and ten years of lifetime, much longer than the original Ni-H2 batteries' design life span of 6.5 years.

Mobile Base System

The Mobile Base System (MBS) is a platform (mounted on the Mobile Transporter) for the robotic arms Canadarm2 and Dextre carrying them 108 metres down rails between the S3 and P3 truss. Beyond the rails Canadarm2 can step over the alpha rotary joint and relocate to grapple fixtures on the S6 and P6 truss. During STS-120 Astronaut Scott Parazynski rode the Orbiter Boom Sensor to repair a tear in the 4B solar array.

Truss and solar array assembly sequence

Technical schematics

See also

References

Components of the International Space Station
Spacecraft components
Articles containing video clips

Integrated Truss Structure


Alice of Armenia (1182 – after 1234) was ruling Lady of Toron from 1229 to 1234 as the eldest daughter of Ruben III, Prince of Armenia and his wife Isabella of Toron. She was heiress of Toron as well as a claimant to the throne of Armenia. She married three times; by her second marriage she was Countess of Tripoli, and she only had children from this marriage.

Life

Early life and first marriage
Alice was the elder of two children born to Prince Ruben and his wife Isabella; Alice's younger sister was Philippa of Armenia. At the time of her father's death, Alice was four or five years of age. He abdicated and died in 1187, and was succeeded by his brother Leo. Leo was initially the 'Regent and Tutor' of his young nieces but he eventually set them aside and was succeeded by his own descendants.

Isabella died sometime between 1192 and 1229, and upon her death, Alice became heiress of Toron; Toron was occupied by Muslims at the time. Around 1189, both Alice and Philippa were betrothed. Alice was betrothed to Hathum, Lord of Sasun and Philippa to a son of the Lord of Sasun.

Both sisters married roughly around the same time in 1189. In May, 1193, their spouses were both murdered. The sisters are mentioned by Sempad the Constable as their widows. Sempad also recorded contemporary rumours that their uncle Leo was behind both assassinations. Since Alice was only eleven-years-old and Philippa ten, the marriages were likely not consummated.

Second marriage
Alice was secondly betrothed to Raymond IV, Count of Tripoli, in order to bring peace between Raymond's family in Antioch and Alice's family in Armenia. They needed permission from Henry II, Count of Champagne, husband of Isabella I of Jerusalem for the marriage, which he gave them after Alice's uncle released Raymond's father Bohemond III, Prince of Antioch. Alice and Raymond were married around 1195. The couple were only married for roughly three years before Raymond died; Alice being pregnant at the time. According to Sempad, it was agreed that any son born of the marriage would succeed her uncle in Armenia. Months after Raymond's death, Alice gave birth to a son, Raymond-Roupen.

After the birth of her son, Alice was sent back to her homeland of Armenia from Antioch by her father-in-law. However, Bohemond agreed to make Raymond Roupen his heir. In 1201, Bohemond died and went back on his word, making his younger son Bohemond Prince of Antioch instead. In 1216, Bohemond was overthrown with the help of Leo, and Raymond Roupen was made Prince of Antioch. However, this only lasted until 1219 when Bohemond conquered and re-gained control.

Third marriage and later life
On 2 May 1219, King Leo died and left Armenia to his younger daughter, Isabelle; under the regency firstly of Adam of Baghras and after his assassination, Constantine of Baberon. Several factions were against the succession and other candidates pressed their claims. Sybilla of Lusignan, mother of Isabelle put her claim on the throne but was exiled by Constantine. Leo's older daughter Stephanie put her claim forward along with that of her young son, but they later died. In 1219, Alice claimed the throne on behalf of her son; to strengthen the claim, in 1220 she married Vahram, Lord of Korikos.

In 1222, Constantine had Vahram murdered, Raymond-Roupen either died in battle or died in prison and Alice was imprisoned and later exiled. Raymond-Roupen left Alice with a granddaughter, Maria of Antioch-Armenia, who succeeded as Lady of Toron and unsuccessfully claimed Armenia. Isabelle was then left as the legitimate heir to the throne.

After her release, Alice turned to her inheritance rights in Palestine. From her mother she had inherited the rights to Toron and Oultrejordain, and stakes in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but the Kingdom had not occupied since 1187 by Christians since the Muslim invasion. Toron had been taken over by the Muslims in 1219. Toron was recovered through the treaty of Jaffa in 1229, just two years after al-Mu'azzam's death on November 11, 1227, by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor from Sultan al-Kamil. As Toron was sold in 1220 to the Teutonic Knights together with the territories called the Seigneury de Joscelin, it came to a dispute between them and Alice. She successfully claimed her rights before the High Court and Frederick II assigned the lordship to her.

Alice died sometime after 1234. She managed to outlive all three of her husbands, her sister, son and uncle. Toron passed to her granddaughter Maria.

References

Rubenid dynasty
Pretenders
12th-century Armenian people
13th-century Armenian people
1182 births
13th-century deaths
Year of death uncertain
13th-century women rulers
12th-century Armenian women
13th-century Armenian women

Alice of Armenia