Maria of Saxony (; 15 December 1515 in Weimar – 7 January 1583 in Wolgast) was a member of the Ernestine line of the house Wettin and a Princess of Saxony by birth and by marriage a Duchess of Pomerania.

Life
Mary was the eldest daughter of the Elector John "the Steadfast" of Saxony (1468–1532) from his second marriage to Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen (1494–1521), daughter Prince of Waldemar VI of Anhalt-Zerbst.

She married on 27 February 1536 in Torgau Duke Philip I of Pomerania (1515–1560).  The marriage of the couple is depicted on the so-called Croÿ Carpet, which shows, in addition to the bridal couple and their families, the Reformers Johannes Bugenhagen, Martin Luther, and Philipp Melanchthon.  The carpet comes from Cranach's workshop and is now in the Pomerania State Museum in Greifswald.  During the ceremony, Martin Luther is reported to have dropped one of the rings, whereupon he exclaimed, "Hey, devils, this is none of your business!"

The marriage of Philip with Maria was meant to ally Pomerania with Saxony, which was leading the evangelical faction in the Diet.  The marriage had been mediated by the Reformer Johannes Bugenhagen.  Later that year, Pomerania joined the Schmalkaldic League.

After her husband's death Mary, who had been promised the district of the Pudagla as her Wittum, initially continued living at Wolgast Castle.  In 1569, her son Ernest Louis, took over the business of government in the Duchy and granted her the income from the land of the former monastery Pudagla as jointure and in 1574, he built her Pudagla Castle using materials from the demolished monastery buildings.

Issue
From her marriage with Philip, Maria had the following children:
 George (1540–1544)
 John Frederick I (1542–1600), Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast
 married in 1577 Princess Erdmuthe of Brandenburg (1561–1623)
 Bogislaw XIII (1544–1606), Duke of Pomerania-Barth
 married firstly, in 1572 Princess Claire of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1550–1598)
 married secondly, in 1601 Princess Anne of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (1577–1616)
 Ernest Louis (1545–1592)
 married in 1577 Princess Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1561–1631)
 Amalie (1547–1580)
 Barnim X (1549–1603), Duke of Pomerania-Rügenwalde
 married in Anna Maria of Brandenburg (1567–1618)
 Eric (1551–1551)
 Margaret (1553–1581)
 married in 1574 Duke Francis II of Saxe-Lauenburg (1547–1619)
 Anna (1554–1626)
 married in 1588 Duke Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (1528–1603)
 Casimir VI (1557–1605), bishop of Cammin

Ancestry

References

Bibliography
 Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Krause, Gerhard Müller: Theologische Realenzyklopädie, vol. 27, de Gruyter, Berlin, 1997, p. 44 (Digitized)
 Carola Jäggi, Jörn Staecker: Archäologie der Reformation, de Gruyter, Berlin, 2007, p. 355 ff (Digitized)
 Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus: Landbuch des Herzogthums Pommern und des Fürstenthums Rügen, vol. 1, Anklam, 1865, p. 544 (Digitized)

External links
 Women in power 1540-1570

House of Griffins
House of Wettin
1515 births
1583 deaths
16th-century German people
Daughters of monarchs
Duchesses of Pomerania

Maria of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania


The All India Christian Council (AICC) is a nationwide alliance of Christian denominations, mission agencies, institutions, federations and Christian lay leaders.

AICC was formed in 1998 with the declared purpose of providing a united voice to protect and serve the interests of Indian Christians. The AICC claims to cut across denominational barriers to act against the alleged growing violence and blatant violations of religious freedom in India amongst the Christian community, minorities and other oppressed castes in India.

The Council monitors, documents, advocates and intervenes with the government of India, the national justice system, civil society organizations, and human rights groups. It has relationships with global human rights organizations involved with international advocacy for Dalit human rights and freedom of faith in South Asia. The Council's national and international network has conducted disaster relief during several natural calamities like the Orissa supercyclone and the Gujarat earthquake.

The council also hosted five meetings for the United Nations Special Rappertour on Religious Freedom, Asma Jehangir, during her last official visit to India.  Another major activity of the council is to constitute fact finding teams for various issues and also conducting human rights awareness seminars across the country. To date, the leadership has completed such seminars in over 55 districts of India and hope to make them in all the 500 districts (the official 625 districts of India put into 500 major districts). The audiences include leaders from various religious communities, local ethnic group leaders, officials, and media.

See also
All India Conference of Indian Christians
Dignity Freedom Network

References

Christian organisations based in India
National councils of churches

All India Christian Council


Ewing Hunter Harrison (November 7, 1944 – December 16, 2017) was a railway executive who served as the CEO of Illinois Central Railroad (IC), Canadian National Railway (CN), Canadian Pacific Railway (CP), and CSX Corporation. He died on December 16, 2017, two days after taking medical leave from CSX. He is known for introducing precision scheduled railroading to the companies he ran.

Biography

Born in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1944, Harrison began his railroad career in 1964 when he worked as a carman-oiler for the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway ("Frisco"), while attending Memphis State University. Harrison was later promoted to railroad operator with Frisco and, later, with Burlington Northern Railroad (BN) following that company's acquisition of Frisco in 1980. Harrison was consistently promoted at BN, eventually being appointed vice-president – transportation as well as vice-president – service design.

Harrison left the BN in 1989 and secured a job with the executive team at the Illinois Central Railroad (IC), first as vice-president and chief operating officer, culminating with his appointment as president and chief executive officer from 1993 to 1998. Following the acquisition of IC by CN in 1998, Harrison was appointed vice-president and chief operating officer by CN. Upon the retirement of Paul Tellier, he was appointed president and chief executive officer of CN on January 1, 2003, serving in that position until his retirement on December 31, 2009.

During his time at CN, Harrison was named Railroader of the Year for 2002 by industry trade journal Railway Age as well as CEO of the Year for 2007 by The Globe and Mail's "Report on Business". On April 29, 2009, CN announced the company's plan for succession in Harrison's position by appointing Claude Mongeau as his successor effective January 1, 2010. Following his service at CN, Harrison retired to his estate in Connecticut where he raised and trained horses for show jumping. Bound by a non-competition clause with CN, Harrison maintained a low profile serving as a director for the Belt Railway of Chicago as well as Dynegy Holdings LLC.

In fall 2011, Harrison was approached by the hedge fund Pershing Square Capital Management led by activist investor Bill Ackman, who was undertaking a proxy battle with the board of directors of CPR.  Ackman had offered at that time to appoint Harrison as president and chief executive officer of CPR should his proxy battle in spring 2012 be successful, which would necessarily result in the termination of Fred Green as president and CEO. Ackman was ultimately successful in the proxy battle at the CPR's annual shareholder meeting on May 17, 2012. On June 29, 2012, Harrison was appointed president and CEO of CPR.

CN halted nearly $40-million in benefits to be paid to Harrison after launching a lawsuit alleging he may have breached, or intended to breach, several confidentiality agreements with the railway dating back to his retirement in 2009. In the suit, CN's board of directors said it had grounds to believe Harrison may have violated his commitments to CN as part of push by activist shareholder William Ackman and his New York-based hedge fund, Pershing Capital Management LLC, to see Harrison replace Fred Green as CEO of rival CP Ltd.

On January 18, 2017, Harrison abruptly resigned as CEO of CP Ltd. Instead, he joined Paul Hilal in involving himself in the management of CSX Corp., a US competitor.
On March 7, 2017, Harrison was named CEO of CSX.

Harrison died on December 16, 2017, due to severe complications from a recent illness, two days after taking medical leave from CSX. He was 73 and survived by his wife, Jeannie, and two daughters, Elizabeth (Libby) Julo and Cayce Judge.

References

Further reading

1944 births
2017 deaths
Canadian Pacific Railway executives
Canadian National Railway executives
Illinois Central Railroad people
20th-century American railroad executives
21st-century American railroad executives
Businesspeople from Memphis, Tennessee
American chief operating officers
American chief executives

E. Hunter Harrison


Andrea Braides (born 12 April 1961) is an Italian mathematician, specializing in the calculus of variations. He is a professor at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and at the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Triest.

Education and career

Born in Udine, Braides studied at the University of Pisa and Scuola Normale Superiore obtaining the degree in Mathematics (Laurea) in 1983 (Gamma-Limits of Functionals in the Calculus of Variations) supervised by Ennio de Giorgi and then at the corsi di perfezionamento (course of higher specialization) at Scuola Normale Superiore. He taught at the University of Udine in 1985–86 and then served two years of servizio civile. At the University of Brescia, he became in 1988 a research associate and in 1992 an associate professor. From 1995 to 2000 he was an associate professor at SISSA in Triest and from 2000 to the present a full professor at the University of Rome Tor Vergata.

He was a visiting professor at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (in 1994 and again in 2004), at the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences in Leipzig (in 1998), at Caltech, at the Centre Emile Borel in Paris, at the Isaac Newton Institute, at the University of Paris VI and the University of Paris XIII, at Carnegie-Mellon University, at Stanford University (Timoshenko scholar) and at the department of aerospace engineering at the University of Minnesota. He was a one-year visiting fellow at Mansfied College and visiting professor at the Mathematical Institute in Oxford in 2013–14.

Braides has done research on the calculus of variations, Gamma convergence, asymptotic homogenization, discrete variational problems, percolation, fracture mechanics, image processing, free-discontinuity problems, and geometric measure theory.

In 2014 he was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Seoul with talk Discrete-to-continuum variational methods for lattice systems.

On the occasion of his 60th birthday he was the dedicatee of the international conference "Calculus of Variations. Back to Carthage" held in Carthage, Tunisia from 16–20 May 2022.

Selected publications

References

External links
Home page of Andrea Braides at the University of Rome Tor Vergata
Conference Announcement at the Scuola Italiana di Cartagine

1961 births
20th-century Italian mathematicians
21st-century Italian mathematicians
University of Pisa alumni
People from Udine
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Rome Tor Vergata

Andrea Braides


Arthur Worth Ham (20 February 1902 – 6 September 1992) was a prominent Canadian histologist.  His textbook Histology is considered by many practitioners an indispensable reference.

Early life, education, and tennis

Ham's early education came through Brantford Collegiate Institute and Vocational School.  He followed with a medical degree (MB) from the University of Toronto which he completed in 1927.  In 1925, Ham married Dorothy Carlotta Ross.

While interning at the Wellesley Hospital, Ham also pursued an active tennis career.

In 1928 and 1929, he doubles played for Canada's Davis Cup team, partnering Jack Wright.  In '28 he and Wright lost 10-8 in the fifth set to the Japanese duo of Tamio Abe and Teizo Toba, as Japan prevailed in this America Zone semi-final tie, 3-1.  In 1929, Ham and Wright lost to the American team of John F. Hennessey and John Van Ryn, 1-6, 1-6, 6-1, 2-6.  Canada lost this tie as well, an America Zone first round encounter, 0-5.

Histology
In the early 1930s, Ham published his first series of major papers on the formation, maintenance, and destruction of bone within the body.  The study of bone would be a theme to which Ham would return throughout his career.

The first edition of Ham's seminal histology text–titled simply Histology–was published in 1950.

Late career
In 1951, Ham was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Along with Harold E. Johns, Ham played a key role in the formation of the Department of Medical Biophysics at the University of Toronto.  He served as the Department's first chair, from 1958 to 1960.

Within the Department of Anatomy, Ham assumed the Chair in 1965.
Ham was married in 1981 to Lotta Dempsey Fisher, following the death of his first wife.  Ham was widowed once again in 1988.

The ninth edition of Histology–known almost universally as Ham's Histology–was published in 1987 by Ham jointly with David H. Cormack, Ph.D.

Notes
Ham, A.W. and Ainsworth, M.D. Doctor in the making : the art of being a medical student. Philadelphia: Lippincott 1943.
Ham, A.W. and Cormack, D.H. Ham's Histology, 9th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1987.

External links
Obituary from the Royal Society of Canada (PDF)

1902 births
1992 deaths
20th-century Canadian biologists
Canadian anatomists
Canadian male tennis players
Histologists
Racket sportspeople from Ontario
Sportspeople from Brantford
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto

Arthur Ham


Plekhanov is the name of:

 Dmitri Plekhanov, called Kuretnikov (1642– around the turn of the century), Russian painter
 Georgi Plekhanov (1856–1918), Russian revolutionary and Marxist theoretician, namesake of library and university
 Vladimir Plekhanov (inventor) (born 1920), Russian firearms designer
 Gennadij Plekhanov (b. 1926), Russian scientist and namesake of the asteroid
 Sergei M. Plekhanov (born 1946), former Soviet Union government adviser, associate professor of Political Science at York University
 Vladimir G. Plekhanov computer scientist
 Vladimir Plekhanov (athlete) (born 1958), Russian triple jumper :de:Wladimir Plechanow
 Dmitri Plekhanov (born 1978), Russian ice hockey player
 Andrei Plekhanov (born 1986), Russian ice hockey player

Plekhanov may also refer to:

 Plekhanov Russian Economic University, public university in Moscow
 Plekhanov House, collection of the Russian National Library in St Petersburg
 14479 Plekhanov, main belt asteroid

Plekhanov


Belfield Park was a sports venue in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Ireland which was the home ground of University College Dublin A.F.C. from 1930 until 2007. It was previously a walled garden of Belfield House.

The ground was officially opened in August 1971 as Shamrock Rovers defeated a Mick Meagan XI
.

It had capacity for 2,500 people, including 1,448 seats. It was located on the western edge of the Belfield campus off Foster's Avenue. The main stand was the covered AIB Stand, while the Foster's Avenue End, which had been closed for 2 seasons because the wooden floorboards were unsafe in wet weather, was re-opened for the 2007 League of Ireland season with the bucket seats from the old Lansdowne Road stadium.

The stadium played host to under-age Ireland international matches and senior international training sessions on occasion as well as hosting some games in the 1994 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship. Shamrock Rovers and Dublin City F.C. also played League of Ireland Cup games against UCD at Belfield Park.

300 extra seats were temporarily added for the 2005 League Cup final against Derry City, which, together with the opening of the hill, increased capacity to 2,500.

UCD left Belfield Park after the 2007 season as plans for a ground share with the rugby team in the UCD Bowl came to fruition. The move was expected to take place as early as October 2007 but did not happen until the start of the 2008 League of Ireland. Belfield Park is being developed by the college as the University Biotechnology Centre.

External links
Official U.C.D. A.F.C. Website
Belfield Park
Belfield Park

University College Dublin A.F.C.
Defunct association football venues in the Republic of Ireland
Sport at University College Dublin
Belfield, Dublin
Sports venues in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown
Association football venues in County Dublin

Belfield Park


The word chthonic (), or chthonian, is derived from the Ancient Greek word χθών, "khthon", meaning earth or soil. It translates more directly from χθόνιος or "in, under, or beneath the earth" which can be differentiated from Γῆ, or "ge", which speaks to the living surface of land on the earth. In Greek, chthonic is a descriptive word for things relating to the underworld and can be used in the context of chthonic gods, chthonic rituals, chthonic cults, and more. This is as compared to the more commonly referred-to Olympic gods and their associated rites and cults. Olympic gods are understood to reference that which exists above the earth, particularly in the sky. Gods that are related to agriculture are also considered to have chthonic associations as planting and growing take place in part under the earth.

Chthonic deities

Chthonic and ouranic, or olympic, are not completely opposite descriptors. They do not cleanly differentiate types of gods and worship into distinct categories, but represent a cultic spectrum. These terms communicate associations with the underworld and/or agriculture. This makes some deities such as Hades, Persephone, and Erinyes more likely to be considered chthonic due to their proximity to the underworld. While this is the case, virtually any god could be considered chthonic to emphasize different aspects of the god. For example, Demeter and Hermes are categorized within the twelve Olympian gods but are often considered chthonic. Zeus has also been referenced with the surname "chthonios", demonstrating the situational use of a chthonic description.

Epithets

In Ancient Greece, the names of deities were sometimes followed by an epithet. These epithets most often followed the name of the god, acting like a surname.

In this context, the purpose of an epithet was to describe a characteristic or association of a deity. The epithets 'chthonios' and 'chthonia' would follow the name of a god or goddess to reference their relationship either to the underworld or agriculture. For example, Hermes Chthonios references Hermes' role as the underworld escort. In contrast, Charon does not necessitate a chthonic epithet as his relation to the underworld is his main attribution. Additional examples of deities with recorded epithets include Demeter Chthonia, Ge Chthonia, Persephone Chthonia, Zeus Chthonios, and Hecate Chthonia.

Common chthonic deities
As discussed, many deities can be considered chthonic based upon what attributes are being referenced. Though this is the case, a few gods are most commonly considered chthonic due to their considerable role in the underworld and/or agriculture. These include Hades as he is the ruler of the underworld. Persephone is the Queen of the Underworld alongside Hades. She spends half the year in the underworld and the other half above the earth. The period when Persephone is in the underworld corresponds with winter while she personifies spring when she returns to above the earth. It is for these reasons that she is mainly associated with the underworld as well as agriculture. Demeter is related to the underworld as she attempts to rescue Persephone from Hades in her grief. Additionally, she is associated with agriculture and fertility. Additionally, the Furies, or the Erinyes, reside in the underworld and are known for vengeance.

Chthonic cult
Offerings were a significant aspect of Ancient Greek religion. They were used to communicate with the gods and commonly took the forms of sacrifice and libation. Offerings were central to the worship of both chthonic and ouranic gods, though the specifics of these rituals differed. These differences provide insight into the ways in which Greeks perceived chthonic and ouranic deities as well as the ways they related to them.

Sacrifice

Ouranic sacrifices took place during the daytime and included wine as a libation. They were performed on high altars which resided outside of temples. The animal sacrifice was roasted with the smoke traveling upward toward the sky, in the direction of the Olympic gods. Once cooked, the worshippers would feast on the sacrifice with the idea that they were sharing this meal with the gods. The worshippers would eat the consumable portions of the animal and burn the rest for the god. While performing the sacrifice, worshippers would raise their palms open and upward, again gesturing toward the sky where the ouranic gods resided.

Chthonic sacrifice was commonly defined by offering a black or dark-hided animal to the deity. Worshippers did not consume the sacrifice themselves, but instead burned the entirety of the animal for the god. This type of sacrifice is called a holocaust, defined by the completely burned and destroyed nature of the offering. The sacrifice was performed on a low altar or in a pit in the ground, offered in the direction of the earth where chthonic deities would reside. The animal sacrifice was sometimes buried as well. The temples in which these sacrifices were performed were typically built outside city walls with caves and grottos being popular locations, believed to be openings for chthonic deities. Additionally, worshippers lowered their palms and faced them downwards toward the earth and underworld, in the direction of the chthonic gods. The goal of chthonic worship was to interact with gods beneath the earth so offerings were directed toward the ground to reach these deities. For this reason, incense was not used in Chthonic worship as the smoke would rise upwards rather than downwards. Wine was not utilized in this form of worship, but instead honey was a common libation used.

Sacrificial practices would not always follow these exact patterns, but these are differences which can allude to whether the worshipper is conducting an ouranic or chthonic sacrifice. Though the specifics of chthonic and ouranic sacrifice differ, they both have similar goals. In both scenarios, worshippers perform sacrifices to communicate and forge a relationship with the gods. They may perform a sacrifice to thank, honor, or request a favor from a god.

Scholarly controversy
There is scholarly debate regarding whether the distinction of chthonic is historically accurate and/or useful. Some scholars, including van Straten, argue that the term is not archaeologically verifiable. Some of these scholars believe that the modern use of chthonic is much more binary and concrete than it was in Ancient Greece. Schlesier notes that discussions of chthonic practices often create a false sense of 'normal' worship and 'deviant' worship, again citing the stark binary which modern scholars may fall into.

In response, Scullion articulates the benefits of the term chthonic as long as one also understands the fact that chthonic and Olympian are not mutually exclusive categories. The term serves to highlight differing aspects of religious practice. Lastly, scholars also emphasize the importance of reserving the label of chthonic for situations that were explicitly labeled as such in Ancient Greece.

References

Citations

External links

Ancient Greek culture
Greek deities

Chthonic


Saltaro was a Sardinian nobleman during the Middle Ages, the son of Constantine I of Logudoro. His mother is unknown but may have been named Marcusa. Whether or not he is the same person as "Saltaro de Gunale", a pretender to the throne of Logudoro in 1127 during the reign of Gonario II, is also uncertain.

While still a young man, Saltaro took part in the Pisan expedition against the Moors of the Balearic Islands in 1114–1115. He was renowned for his handling of the ships and his participation brought honour to his father.

Sources
Manno, Giuseppe (1835). Storia di Sardegna. P.M. Visaj.

12th-century deaths
Christians of the 1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition
Judges (judikes) of Logudoro
Year of birth unknown

Saltaro of Torres


Tera de Marez Oyens (5 August 1932 – 29 August 1996) was a Dutch composer.

De Marez Oyens was born in Velsen as Woltera Gerharda Wansink. She studied at the Conservatorium van Amsterdam with a major in piano, studying the instrument with Jan Odé, and graduated in 1953 . Here, her talent for composition was discovered as she wrote her first pieces. These included chamber music and song cycles. After that she came in contact with youth groups, for whom she also wrote individual pieces.

She then became the cantor of the Reformed church community of Hilversum. Because of this she was very busy with church music. She wrote 14 melodies for the church songbooks that appeared in 1973. The lyrics for these songs were supplied by, among others, Muus Jacobse, Willem Barnard and Ad den Besten, whom she knew personally. She wrote the melody for "Zolang er mensen zijn op aarde" by Huub Oosterhuis.

In the 1960s she became interested in electronic music, and studied with Gottfried Michael Koenig at the Institute of Sonology in Utrecht . Sound and Silence (1971) and Mixed Feelings (1973) are pieces of electronic music she composed, and Pente Sjawoe is an example of a work in which the tone poem plays an important role.

In 1978 she became an instructor at the conservatory in Zwolle, where she taught until 1988 . Her lessons focused especially on the development of the student's own style. But she wanted to continue to write her own pieces and after the death of her second husband she became a full-time composer. At that time she wrote The Odyssey of Mr. Good-Evil (1981). In 1988 she contributed pieces to the international cello competition in Scheveningen, and in 1989 she was composer in residence at the Georgia State University in Atlanta.

She wrote over 200 works of music, many commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Culture and various broadcasting networks. In 1995 she was asked to write a piece (Unison) for the 50th anniversary of the United Nations .

She had been married to Gerrit de Marez Oyens and Menachem Arnoni. Despite the fact that she had become seriously ill, in 1996 Tera de Marez Oyens married the renowned cartoonist Marten Toonder. She died on 29 August of that year in Hilversum .

Sources

External links
 Official website
Interview with Tera de Marez Oyens, November 6, 1995

1932 births
1996 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Dutch women classical composers
Dutch classical composers
People from Velsen
Conservatorium van Amsterdam alumni
Women in electronic music
20th-century women composers
Marten Toonder

Tera de Marez Oyens


There Will be No Leave Today () is a 1959 student film by the Russian film directors Andrei Tarkovsky and Aleksandr Gordon. Based on a real postwar incident, the film is about an army unit trying to dispose unexploded bombs to save a small town. It was Tarkovsky's and Gordon's second film, produced while being students at the State Institute of Cinematography (VGIK). The film was aired on Soviet Central Television in 1959 and consecutive years on Victory Day. For a long time it was thought to be lost, but was rediscovered in the mid-1990s.

Plot

Construction workers find an old cache of bombs from World War II in an unnamed Russian town. An army unit is charged with solving this problem. The municipal committee decides that exploding the bombs would inflict too much damage on the town and so the army unit must transport the bombs manually to a safe site.

After the entire town is evacuated, the soldiers carry the bombs one by one to the armored transport truck. The danger of explosion looms. As the army unit concludes its mission the population returns to the town as the bombs are simultaneously destroyed at the safe site.

Cast
 Oleg Borisov as captain Galich
 Aleksei Alekseyev as colonel Gvelesiani
 Pyotr Lyubeshkin as party secretary Vershinin
 Oleg Mokshantsev as military engineer Vishnyakov
 Vladimir Marenkov as military engineer Vasin
 Igor Kosukhin as military engineer Tsignadze
 Leonid Kuravlyov as soldier-engineer Morozov
 Stanislav Lyubshin as military engineer Sadovnikov

Production

There Will Be No Leave Today was suggested by the State Institute of Cinematography (VGIK) to Tarkovsky and Gordon as a practical exercise for the two film students. The main objective for Tarkovsky and Gordon was not to produce a masterpiece, but to learn the basics of filmmaking through making an uncomplicated and easy-to-consume film. The project was based on a real postwar incident. To prepare Tarkovsky and Gordon interviewed witnesses of the incident and visited army barracks to study the military. The script was written jointly by Tarkovsky, Gordon and a third scriptwriter who was later replaced by a group of scriptwriters. The main storyline of the film was created in the beginning of writing the script, and survived with the exception of some minor changes. According to Gordon, Tarkovsky finished and contributed the majority of the script, with the hospital scenes and the civilian/soldier who volunteers to detonate one bomb being Tarkovsky's ideas.

Contrary to Tarkovsky's other student film The Killers, this film had a relatively high budget. The VGIK film school provided the equipment and a small part of the budget. The major part of the budget was provided by Soviet Central Television as the film was to be aired on the anniversary day of the capitulation of Nazi Germany in World War II. The higher budget allowed for professional actors in the main roles, such as Oleg Borisov. Other actors were Tarkvosky's and Gordon's classmates such as Leonid Kuravlyov and Stanislav Lyubshin. Other actor in non-lead roles were people from the province where the film was shot, working without receiving any compensation except the chance to appear in a film. The army also provided some support in the form of military equipment and troops as extras. The film was shot in Kursk over a period of three months. Editing took another three months.

Distribution
Untypically for Tarkovsky There Will Be No Leave Today resembles a Soviet propaganda film, with heroic soldiers and the grateful population of the town. Using real army units and shot on location the film is similar in style to a docudrama. The film was aired first on Victory Day, 9 May 1959, on Soviet television despite the competition from a similar Lenfilm production based on the same incident. The film was broadcast again on Victory Day for at least three consecutive years. As many films with similar themes were shown on television during this era There Will Be No Leave Today did not become particularly popular or well-known. In later years films of the genre became less important and were routinely purged from the television archives. For a long time the film was thought to be lost, leading to rumors - denied by Aleksandr Gordon - that it was destroyed during a fire at the VGIK film school. The negatives of the film only reappeared in the mid-1990s when the director of the Moscow State Central Cinema Museum, Naum Kleiman, discovered them.

References

External links

1959 television films
1959 films
Films directed by Andrei Tarkovsky
1950s Russian-language films
Soviet propaganda films
Soviet television films
Student films
Rediscovered Soviet films
1950s rediscovered films

There Will Be No Leave Today


Vasiliki Ridge is a three-mile-long ridge located in Okanogan County of Washington state. It is part of the Methow Mountains which is a sub-range of the North Cascades. Vasiliki Ridge is situated  north of Silver Star Mountain on land administered by the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. The name Vasiliki was recommended by climber Fred Beckey who made the first ascent in 1952. Vasiliki Ridge can be seen from Washington Pass and from the North Cascades Highway.

Vasiliki Ridge summit, at 8,190 feet elevation, is the highest point on Vasiliki Ridge. Named granite spires include Charon Tower, The Acropolis, Ares Tower, Vasiliki Tower, Juno-Jupiter Towers, Aphrodite Tower, and Baccus Tower. Precipitation runoff from the ridge drains into Early Winters Creek which is a tributary of the Methow River.

Climate
Weather fronts originating in the Pacific Ocean travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades (Orographic lift). As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger.

Geology
The North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to various climate differences. These climate differences lead to vegetation variety defining the ecoregions in this area.

The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted.  In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago. Vasiliki Ridge is carved mostly from granite of the Golden Horn batholith.

During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The "U"-shaped cross section of the river valleys are a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.

See also

 Geography of the North Cascades
 Geology of the Pacific Northwest

Gallery

References

External links
 Weather: Vasiliki Ridge

North Cascades
Landforms of Okanogan County, Washington
Ridges of Washington (state)
Cascade Range

Vasiliki Ridge


Alfred Barye "Le Fils" or Alf Barye (Paris, France, 21 January 1839 – Paris, France, 1882) was a French sculptor of the Belle Époque. He was a student of his father, the artist Antoine-Louis Barye. In cooperation with Émile-Coriolan Guillemin, Barye did the artwork for "The Arab Warrior Knight on Horseback". Other works of his were animal bronzes as well as Oriental subjects. At his father's request, he signed his work as "fils" to differentiate his work from his father's.

As was his father Antoine Louis, Alfred Barye became Ferdinand Philippe d'Orléans' favorite sculptor, and later the quasi-official sculptor of Napoleon III.

He signed many of his sculptural works Barye or A. Barye, the same signature that was used by his father. This causes as much confusion today as it did during his lifetime and many of Alfred's models are mistakenly attributed to and sold as his father's works. After much family disagreement and at the insistence of his father, he began signing his work Alf. Barye, and later A. Barye Fils. It has been suggested but never confirmed that Alfred Barye was responsible for quite a few unauthorized life time casts of his father's works. Many of the works mistakenly attributed to Antoine Louis Barye are actually by the brilliant son Alfred Barye. The young Alfred worked for a long time in his father's studio and while he conceived and created the works himself, his father appropriated them by signing them with the name Antoine Louis Barye and preventing his son from making his works with the Barye signature. Growing up Alfred began to rebel more and more of the violence of Antoine Louis Barye. Father and son did not speak to each other for several years. The Barye rebellion finds a symbolic moment in the sharing of artistic researches with another son of art Emile Guillemin with whom he formed a strong friendship and recipient esteem.

Museum
Barye's bronzes are now in many museums' collections:

 Louvre Museum, Paris
 Musée d'Orsay, Paris
 Brooklyn Museum, New York City
 Fogg Museum, Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts
 Busch–Reisinger Museum, Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts
 Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts
 São Paulo Museum of Modern Art, Brasil
 The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel

Exhibitions
Alfred Barye did several exhibitions in Paris from 1864 to 1882.

 The Salon de Louvre Museum, Paris, 1864 through 1882
 The racehorse Sir Walter Scott, 1865
 Italian jester, 1882

Related pages
 Louvre

Bibliography

 Patricia Janis Broder, Bronzes of the American West, H. N. Abrams, 1974
 News, Volumi 29–30, Baltimore Museum of Art, 1967
 Musée du Louvre. Département des sculptures, Françoise Baron, Corinne Jankowiak, Christine Vivet, Geneviève Bresc-Bautier, Isabelle Lemaistre, Guilhem Scherf, Jean-Charles Agboton-Jumeau, Sculpture française: Renaissance et temps modernes, Réunion des musées nationaux, 1998
 Théophile Thoré, Les Salons: Salons de 1864–1868, H. Lamertin, 1893
 Stanislas Lami, Dictionnaire des sculpteurs de l'École française, Volume 8, Champion, 1921
 Dictionnaire universel des contemporains contenant toutes les ..., Volume 1, 1870
 Musée du Louvre (Paris). Département des sculptures du Moyen Age, de la Renaissance et des temps modernes, Musée national du Louvre (Paris). Département des sculptures, Sculpture française, Réunion des musées nationaux, 1998
 The Sculpture Journal, Volume 6, Public Monuments and Sculpture Association, 2001
 The University of Rochester Library Bulletin, Volumi 38–43, University of Rochester Library, 1985
 The São Paulo Collection: From Manet to Matisse, Mazzotta, 1989
 Arlene Hirschfelder, Paulette F. Molin, Yvonne Wakim, American Indian Stereotypes in the World of Children: A Reader and Bibliography
 Fogg Art Museum Handbooks, Editions 4, Harvard University, 1983
 Pierre Kjellberg, Les Bronzes du XIXe Siècle, 1986, (p. 369, "the Arab warrior knight on horseback")
 Eleonora Luciano, William U. Eiland, Georgia Museum of Art, Animals in bronze: the Michael and Mary Erlanger collection of animailer bronzes, Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia, 1996
 Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier, Le peintre et l'animal en France au XIXe siècle, Éditions de l'Amateur, 2001
 Harold Berman, Bronzes; Sculptors & Founders, 1800–1930, Volume 2, Abage, 1976
 Yves Devaux, L'univers des bronzes et des fontes ornementales: chefs-d'œuvre et curiosités, 1850–1920, Éditions Pygmalion, 1978
 Arts Magazine, Volume 17, Art Digest Incorporated, 1942
 Théophile Thoré, 1864–1868

Other websites

 "Antique Arabian Horse Sculptures", part II, Judith Wich-Wenning, Tutto Arabi Magazine, p.174-176, www.tuttoarabi.com
 A patinated bronze figure of a horse in the manner of Alfred Louis Barye late 19th century  height 23 3/4 in. 60.5 cm, Paris. The model is closely related to the celebrated Cheval Turc created by the master French animalier in 1857, price realized 6,250 USD, 22 October 2014, Sothebys New York
Rhinoceros, bronze, rich green and brown patina, 9.7 by 14.9cm., 3¾ by 6in., price realized 7000 GBP, 04 December 2013, Sothebys London

1839 births
1882 deaths
French sculptors

Alfred Barye


Pope Athanasius III of Alexandria, 76th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

He was known as Athanasius ibn Kalil (البابا أثناسيوس الثالث ابن كليل). His episcopate lasted for eleven years, one month and 18 days from Sunday 9 October 1250 (12 Babah/Paopi 967 AM) to 27 November 1261 AD (The first of Kiahk/Koiahk 978 AM).

The See of St Mark remained vacant for one month and 5 days after his death and he was succeeded by Pope John VII of Alexandria. He was buried in Saint Mercurius Church in Coptic Cairo (كنيسة مرقوريوس أبو سيفين).

In his time, the Papal Residence was at the Church of The Holy Virgin Mary & St Damiana known as The Hanging Church (الكنيسة المعلقة) in Coptic Cairo.

Contemporary rulers of Egypt during his episcopate

The episcopate of Pope Athanasius III of Alexandria started at the time when the Ayyubid Dynasty (الأيوبيون) (1171 -1250 AD) lost power to their slave troops (Mamluks) in Egypt (1250 AD) and elsewhere (1260 AD). The Bahriyya Mamluks (al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya - المماليك البحرية) was a Mamluk dynasty of mostly Turkic origin that ruled the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate from 1250 to 1382. They were succeeded by a second Mamluk dynasty, the Burji dynasty (1382-1517 AD). Their name "Bahriyya" means 'of the river', referring to the location of their original settlement on Al-Rodah Island in the Nile (Nahr al-Nil) in Medieval Cairo at the castle of Al-Rodah which was built by the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub(الملك الصالح نجم الدين ايوب) (reign 1240 – 22 November 1249)

Pope Athanasius III of Alexandria became the patriarch at the time of the reign of Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt (الأشرف موسى) who was the last, albeit titular, Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt (ruled July 1250 – 1254 AD). Al-Ashraf Musa was the puppet of the strong Mamluk ruler Izz ad-Din Aybak.

Thus, the episcopate of Pope Athanasius III of Alexandria coincided with the following  rulers: Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt(الأشرف موسى), Izz al-Din Aybak (عز الدين أيبك), Al-Mansur Ali ( نور الدين على بن أيبك), Qutuz (قطز), and Baibars (بيبرس). Below is a tabulation of the periods of reign of various rules of Egypt at the time.

2 May 1250–July 1250 AD: Shajar al-Durr (شجر الدر, "Tree of Pearls") whose Royal Name was al-Malika `Aṣmat ad-Dīn Umm-Khalīl Shajar ad-Durr (الملكة عصمة الدين أم خليل شجر الدر) (nicknamed: أم خليل, Umm Khalil; mother of Khalil) (died 28 April 1257 in Cairo). She was the wife of Sultan al-Malik As-Salih Ayyub (الملك الصالح نجم الدين ايوب), Egypt's Sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty and later married Izz al-Din Aybak, Egypt Sultan of the Bahri Mamluk dynasty. Aybak married her to claim access to the throne. Shajar al-Durr played a crucial role after the death of her first husband in Al-Mansura (22 November 1249) during the Seventh Crusade (1249–1250). She became the Sultana of Egypt on May 2, 1250 (648 AH), marking the end of the Ayyubid reign and the start of the Mamluk era. Her reign was short, lasting under three months. Many Muslim historians believed that she was of Turkic origin and some believed that she was of Armenian origin

July 1250 AD (five days, first Reign): Mamluk Sultan al-Muizz Izz al-Din Aybak (1250-1257 AD, 648-655 AH, Assassinated) (الملك المعز عز الدين أيبك التركماني الجاشنكير) - His official reign was from 1254-1257 AD, however, he was the de facto ruler since 1250 AD.

July 1250 – 1254 AD: Ayyubid Sultan (al-Malik) al-Ashraf II Muzaffar ad-Din [Musa Al-Asharf موسى الأشرف, (reign 1250-1254 AD / 648-650 AH)]. Al-Ashraf Musa (الأشرف موسى) was the last, albeit titular, Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt.  Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt, was the puppet of the strong Mamluk ruler Izz ad-Din Aybak.

1254- 1257 AD: Mamluk Sultan al-Malik al-Mu'izz Izz al-Din Aybak al-Jawshangir al-Turkmani al-Salihi (1250-1257 AD, 648-655 AH, Assassinated) (الملك المعز عز الدين أيبك التركماني الجاشنكير) - His official reign was from 1254-1257 AD, however, he was the de facto ruler since 1250 AD. Izz al-Din Aybak (عز الدين أيبك) was the first of the Mamluk sultans of Egypt in the Turkic Bahri line, if the reign of Shajar al-Durr is discounted.

 1257-November 1259 AD: Mamluk Sultan Al-Malik Al-Manṣūr Nūr ad-dīn ʾAlī ibn Aybak (1257-1259 AD, 655-657 AH, Dethroned) (الملك المنصور نور الدين على بن أيبك). Al-Mansur Ali (المنصور على) (b. c. 1244, Cairo) was the second of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt in the Turkic, or Bahri, line. Some historians, however, consider Shajar al-Durr as the first of the Mamluk Sultans; thus, Al-Mansur Ali was the third Mamluk Sultan He ruled from 1257 to 1259 after the assassination of his father Aybak during a turbulent period that witnessed the Mongols invasion of the Islamic world.

November 1259-24 October 1260 AD: The Reign of Mamluk Sultan al-Malik al-Muzafar Seif al-Din Qutuz (1259-1260 AD, Assassinated) (لملك المظفر سيف الدين قطز). (Arabic: سيف الدين قطز; d. 24 October 1260). Under his leadership, the Mamluks defeated the Mongols in the key Battle of Ain Jalut (3 September 1260). Qutuz was assassinated by a fellow Mamluk leader, Baibars, on his triumphant return journey to Cairo.

24 October 1260 - 1 July 1277 AD: The Reign of Mamluk Sultan al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars (Baybars) I al-Bunduqdari (1260-1277 AD, 658-665 AH, died in office)(الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري) nicknamed Abu al-Futuh and Abu l-Futuhat (أبو الفتوح; "Father of Conquest", referring to his victories) — He was one of the commanders of the Muslim forces that defeated King Louis IX of France to end the Seventh Crusade (1248 to 1254).  Louis IX was defeated by the Ayyubid Sultan Al-Muazzam Turanshah, supported by Faris ad-Din Aktai's Bahariyya Mamluks, Baibars al-Bunduqdari, Qutuz, Aybak, and Al-Mansur Qalawun. Louis was taken prisoner, and approximately 800,000 bezants were paid in ransom for his release. Baibars also led the vanguard of the army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, which marked the first substantial defeat of the Mongol army and is considered a turning point in history. The reign of Baibars marked the start of the age of Mamluk dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean and solidified the durability of their military system. He managed to pave the way for the end of the Crusader presence in the Levant and reinforced the union of Egypt and Syria as the region's pre-eminent Muslim state, able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols, and even managed to subdue the kingdom of Makuria (in the Sudan), which was famous for being unconquerable by previous Muslim empire invasion attempts. This marks the start of the spread of Islam south of Egypt.

Brief Biography

After the repose of Pope Cyril III of Alexandria (Cyril III ibn Laqlaq)) 75th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark, on 10 March 1243 AD, the Episcopal See of St Mark remained vacant for seven and a half years. The Copts were obliged to pay a fee of 3000 dinars every time they ordain a new Pope, which was a prohibitive sum. However, when Sultan Ezzeddin Aybak ((الملك المعز عز الدين أيبك التركماني الجاشنكير)) became the de facto ruler in 1250 AD, the Copts offered him a gift of 500 dinars for the purpose of this ordination, and he accepted it. Moreover, it seems that this was the last time that such a fee was imposed, as there is no record in history that the Copts had to pay this fee again.

The person selected for the Patriarchate was a priest and a monk from the Monastery of St Anthony in the Eastern Desert. His name was Paul ibn Kalil al-Masri (القس بولس الراهب الأنطوني المعروف بابن كليل المصري). He was a deacon and the son of a priest and then he became a monk and priest under the name Paul (القس بولس بن كليل) and was nicknamed "the son of Rev. Makarim ben Kalil"(ولد القس مكارم بن كليل). He was selected over a priest and monk named Gabriel, who was a relative of Bishop Abba Peter of Tanbadi (بطرس أسقف طنبدي), who was hoping for the position, supported by the children of Al-Assal (أولاد العسال), but the people rejected Gabriel the monk. Bishop Abba Yousab of Fouh and Upper Menouf the author of a useful work on Church History (الأنبا يوساب صاحب التاريخ أسقف فوه ومنوف العليا) played an important role in establishing the ordination of the priest Paul ibn Kalil the monk, and finally all agreed on his ordination.

When he was chosen for the patriarchate, he was promoted to the rank of Hegumen ( درجة الإيغومانوسية) of the Hanging Church (الكنيسة المعلقة) in Cairo on Sunday 2 October 1250 AD (5 Baba 967 AM) with great glory and celebration. After being promoted to the rank of Hegumen in Cairo, he traveled with the bishops, the senior clergy, and the Coptic leaders to Alexandria to complete his ordination as Patriarch, as was the custom. There, he was consecrated Patriarch in the Church of Sotir (the Church of the Savior) in Alexandria (كنيسة الستوتير- كنيسة المخلص) a week later on Sunday 9 October 1250 AD.

At the time of the ordination of Pope Athanasius III, the Vizier Sharafuddin Abi Said the son of Sa'id al-Nayizi (الوزير شرف الدين أبي سعيد هبة الله بن صاعد النايزي) was present in Alexandria. The Pope met with him, and the Vizier received him for a long reception. Before leaving Alexandria, the new pope consecrated several churches and ordained a number of priests. He then headed to monasteries of Nitria (Wadi al-Natroun, وادي النطرون), as was the custom of the new patriarchs when they were ordained.

In the year 1257 AD (973 AM), Pope Athanasius III consecrated the Holy Oil of Chrismation (the Myron, الميرون) in the monastery of St Macarius (Abi Makar, دير أبي مقار). The consecration was attended by several bishops. They included Bishop Abba Yoannis of Samannoud (الأنبا يوأنس أسقف سمنود), Bishop Abba Gregorius of Mahalla (أنبا غريغوريوس أسقف المحلة), Bishop Mikhail of El-Baramon (أنبا ميخائيل أسقف البرمون), Bishop Abba Yousab of Fouh and Upper Menouf the author of a useful work on Church History ((الأنبا يوساب صاحب التاريخ أسقف فوه ومنوف العليا), Bishop Abba Abraam of Nestroh (أنبا ابرآم أسقف نستروة), Bishop Abba Boutros of Sinjar (أنبا بطرس أسقف سنجار), Bishop Abba Youanes of Laqana (أنبا يؤانس أسقف لقانة), Bishop Abba Mark of Dafri (أنبا مرقس أسقف دفري), Bishop Abba Yoannis ibn Al-Khazen of Abu Tig (أنبا يوأنس ابن الخازن أسقف أبو تيج), Bishop Abba Yusab of Akhmim (أنبا يوساب أسقف أخميم), Bishop Abba Boutros (Peter) of Fayoum (أنبا بطرس أسقف الفيوم), and (12) Bishop Abba Youannis (John) of Al-Bahnasa (Oxyrhynchus) (أنبا يوانس ابن الراهبة أسقف البهنسا).

He struggled during his episcopate for peace within the Church and struggled against the ill effects of Simony (acquisition of the priesthood with money). When he became patriarch, he attempted everything within his power to heal the church and repair the damage caused by his predecessor, Cyril III (البابا كيرلس بن لقلق). He pressed hard on the bishops who ascended to the episcopate by the Simeonite way, the manner in which Pope Cyril III sold the various positions of the episcopate. Because of this, Many Coptic bishops left the Orthodox faith.

In his days, a governor official named Assaad Sharaf al-Din Hibatullah bin Sa'ad al-Nayzi (الوزير الأسعد شرف الدين هبة الله بن صاعد النايزي), who used to be a Coptic Christian (قبطي الأصل), charged the Christians double the allocated taxation.

In his days also, the Muslims rioted in Damascus and destroyed the Church of the Virgin Mary after burning and looting what was in it (Al-Maqrizi, part 4, p. 402).

Also in the year 1259 AD (976 AM), a group of Christians were killed in Damascus and their homes were looted just before the Battle of Ain Jalut. Following the Battle of Ain Jalut and the defeat of the Mongols, the Mamluk Sultan al-Malik al-Muzafar Seif al-Din Qutuz entered Damascus, and ordered the Christians to pay 150,000 Dirhams, which collected from them and carried to him by the Embassy of the Persian Prince Farisuddin Aktay (الأمير الفارسي فارس الدين أقطاي المستعرب أتابك المعسكر). There was a large Coptic presence in Damascus in these days, and they had many Coptic Churches in Damascus.

References

13th-century Coptic Orthodox popes of Alexandria
1261 deaths

Pope Athanasius III of Alexandria


A clutch of eggs is the group of eggs produced by birds, amphibians, or reptiles, often at a single time, particularly those laid in a nest.

In birds, destruction of a clutch by predators (or removal by humans, for example the California condor breeding program) results in double-clutching. The technique is used to double the production of a species' eggs, in the California condor case, specifically to increase population size. The act of putting one's hand in a nest to remove eggs is known as "dipping the clutch".

Size
Clutch size differs greatly between species, sometimes even within the same genus. It may also differ within the same species due to many factors including habitat, health, nutrition, predation pressures, and time of year. Clutch size variation can also reflect variation in optimal reproduction effort. In birds, clutch size can vary within a species due to various features (age and health of laying female, ability of male to supply food, and abundance of prey), while some species are determinant layers, laying a species-specific number of eggs. Long-lived species tend to have smaller clutch sizes than short-lived species (see also r/K selection theory). The evolution of optimal clutch size is also driven by other factors, such as parent–offspring conflict.

In birds, ornithologist David Lack carried out much research into regulation of clutch size.   In species with altricial young, he proposed that optimal clutch size was determined by the number of young a parent could feed until fledgling. In precocial birds, Lack determined that clutch size was determined by the nutrients available to egg-laying females.  An experimental study in Black Brent Geese (Black Brant), which rarely lay more than five eggs, found that the probability of an egg successfully leading to a fledged gosling declined from 0.81 for two-egg clutches to 0.50 for seven-egg clutches, whilst the nesting period increased with the increasing number of eggs laid.  This suggests that there is no benefit for female Black Brant to lay more than five eggs.

Gallery

See also
Oology (the scientific study of eggs)
Viviparity

References

Birds
Bird breeding
Aviculture
Oology

Clutch (eggs)


Lexington is a city in the state of North Carolina, United States. It is near the larger city of Winston-Salem. 18,978 people live in the city.

History

People from Europe first moved to the area in 1775.  The town is named after the city of Lexington, Massachusetts, where the first battle of the American Revolutionary War happened. Lexington became a city in 1828. Until the late 1990s, Lexington's economy was based on  textile and furniture manufacturing.  Since then, most local manufacturers have moved their production facilities to Asia and Mexico to reduce costs.   This caused most textile and furniture factories to close, creating economic difficulties in the area.

The oldest remaining house in Lexington is The Homestead, built by Dr. William Rainey Holt (1798–1868), a physician born in Alamance County.   Dr. Holt was the President of the North Carolina Agricultural Society and was one of the first to introduce purebred livestock to North Carolina.

Local Culture

Barbecue

Lexington calls itself the "Barbecue Capital of the World".  Starting in 1984, the city has the Lexington Barbecue Festival each year, one of the largest street festivals in North Carolina.  In 2012, the US News and World Report ranked Lexington as #4 on its list of the best cities for barbecue.  Lexington-style barbecue is made with pork shoulder cooked slowly over a hardwood fire, usually hickory wood. It is served with a sauce made with vinegar, ketchup, water, salt, pepper and other spices.  There are many different way to make this sauce, mild, tangy, sweet or spicy.

Pigs in the City
Pigs in the City is a public art display managed by Uptown Lexington, Inc., a non-profit organization that has the goal of increasing the usage of the downtown area of Lexington.  Pigs in the City began in 2003 and 40,000 visitors from all over the state came to see the event in the first year. Since 2006, the event has been held every year. There are usually 20 or more of these statues on display during the event.  Companies pay $1,000 each to sponsor one of the pigs, which pays for the event.

High Rock Lake

High Rock Lake is the second largest lake in North Carolina and located near Lexington.  Its water surface covers  and there are  of shoreline. It begins where the Yadkin River and the South Yadkin River come together.  High Rock Lake has long been considered one of the best fishing lakes of North Carolina.  There have been a number of national fishing tournaments held at the lake, such as  Bassmaster Tournaments, like the Bassmaster Classic in 1994, 1995, 1997 and 2007.  The lake has large numbers of fish, including channel, blue, and flathead catfish, plus crappie and several different sunfish such as bluegill, shellcracker and others.  Striper and their hybrids as well as white bass are also abundant.  The lake is best known for its quantity and quality of largemouth bass.

The Bob Timberlake Gallery
The Bob Timberlake Gallery is in Lexington.  It opened in 1997, and features original artwork, reproductions, personal memorabilia, as well as home furnishings from the artist Bob Timberlake.

Geography

Lexington is in the Piedmont. It is centered at 35°49'0" North, 80°15'31" West (35.816768, -80.258643), in the valley of the Yadkin River. Lexington is  northeast of High Rock Lake, part of the Yadkin-Pee Dee chain of lakes in central North Carolina.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

It is bordered to the north and west by Interstate 85 Business, to the south and east by Interstate 85.  Both interstates come together just southwest of the city.  Additionally, 4 U.S. Highway Routes, U.S. Route 29, U.S. Route 64, U.S. Route 52, U.S. Route 70 and state highways NC Highway 8 and NC Highway 47 intersect the city.

Climate
Thunderstorms are common during the spring and summer months, including some severe storms.  Being in central North Carolina, between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mid-Atlantic coast, Lexington has a humid subtropical climate, with moderate temperatures during spring and autumn and warm to hot summers. Winters are relatively mild and wet with highs typically in the 40s to 50s and overnight lows averaging just below freezing.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there are 18,931 people in the city, organized into 7,376 households.  This represents a population reduction of 1022 persons, or 5%, when compared to the 2000 census.  The median age is 37.4 years for all persons (39.4 for females, 35.2 for males).

Of the total population, 15.1% are at least 65 years old, 24.6% are under the age of 18, with the remaining 60.3% of the population being persons from 18 to 64.  Males comprise 48.1% and females make up 51.9% of the total population.  Caucasians make up 54.7% of the total population (including 16.3% that are Latino), African-Americans 28.4% and Asians represent 2.9% of the population.  Fully 10.7% of the population identifies itself as Some other race while 2.6% are Two or more races.  Other races each represent less than 1% each of the total population.

Of the total 7,376 households, 4,581 are considered Family households, including 2067 that have children under 18. The average household size is 2.44 persons, and the average family size is 3.08 persons.   There are 8,938 total housing units, of which the 7376 are households, for an occupancy rate of 82.5%.  47.6% of these households are owner-occupied, while 52.4% are renters.

According to the 2000 census, The median income for a household in the city is $26,226, and the median income for a family is $32,339. Males have a median income of $25,555 versus $20,939 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,310. 21.2% of the population and 16.7% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 31.7% of those under the age of 18 and 18.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The global outsourcing of textile and furniture manufacturing has damaged Lexington's economy.

Notable people
Bob Timberlake, local artist,
Robert Sink, Lieutenant General for the United States Army during World World II. Sink was portrayed in the television miniseries Band of Brothers by Captain Dale Dye.
Johnny Temple,  6 time All-Star and former MLB 2nd Baseman for the Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians, Baltimore Orioles, and Houston Colt .45s
Perry Tuttle, former NFL wide receiver for the Buffalo Bills, Atlanta Falcons, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Deems May, former NFL tight end for the San Diego Chargers and the Seattle Seahawks
Mike Dillon, former NASCAR Busch Series race car driver. Spotter for RCR driver Clint Bowyer
Terry McMillan, musician
Rick Terry, NFL defensive tackle for the New York Jets and Carolina Panthers.
Richard "The Old Man" Harrison of the famous reality TV Show Pawn Stars.
Josh Williams of the band Your Name In Vain Tragic Hero Records.

Images gallery

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Lexington Area Chamber of Commerce
 Lexington Tourism Authority
 Lexington's Annexation
 About Lexington's annexation
 Uptown Lexington, Inc.
 Arts United for Davidson County
 Lexington's Barbecue Festival
 Davidson Co. Tourism and Recreation
 Images and Feature Articles
 Photographs of Lexington buildings from the Library of Congress "Built in America" collection

Cities in North Carolina
1828 establishments in the United States
County seats in North Carolina
19th-century establishments in North Carolina

Lexington, North Carolina


AES50 is an Audio over Ethernet protocol for multichannel digital audio. It is defined by the AES50-2011 standard for High-resolution multi-channel audio interconnection (HRMAI).

Origins
AES50 is based on the SuperMAC protocol created by Sony Pro Audio Lab (now Oxford Digital). The preliminary standard was assigned the AES-X140 project designation in 2003, and was finally approved in 2005 as a royalty-free open standard.

HyperMAC is an improved protocol based on Gigabit Ethernet physical layer, allowing more channels and lower audio latency. It was considered for an alternate physical layer in a future revision of AES50, but standardisation did not move forward.

Sony licensed its proprietary software implementations of SuperMAC and HyperMAC to Midas Consoles for their Midas XL8 digital mixer. Midas parent Klark Teknik took over the SuperMAC and HyperMAC patents in 2007, then in 2009 Midas and Klark Teknik were acquired by Uli Behringer's Music Group.

The AES50 protocol is implemented in digital mixing consoles by Midas and Behringer to transfer digital audio between the remote stage boxes.

Specifications
AES50 is a point-to-point interconnect which carries multiple channels of AES3, PCM or DSD bitstream formats, along with system clock and synchronisation signals, over Cat 5 cable using 100 Mbit/s Fast Ethernet physical layer.

AES50 uses the four pairs of the Cat 5 cable in the 8P8C connector:

 Audio data transmit +
 Audio data transmit –
 Audio data receive +
 Sync signal transmit +
 Sync signal transmit –
 Audio data receive –
 Sync signal receive +
 Sync signal receive –

Audio data is transmitted in bidirectional full-duplex mode over two differential pairs used by the 100BASE-TX standard, and word clock sync signal is transmitted over the remaining differential pairs not used by the Fast Ethernet layer. Using separate copper pairs for clock signal simplifies connection setup and allows phase-accurate low-jitter clock sync.

AES50 only employs the Ethernet protocol's physical layer (layer 1), relying on Ethernet frames to continuously stream audio data. A proprietary link layer (layer 2) implements a point-to-point audio transmission protocol. It uses a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for each Ethernet frame and a Hamming code scheme can recover from individual bit errors. The audio data is interleaved so that neighbouring bits belong to different samples, allowing the receiving end to correct burst errors. Specialised cross-point routers can convert multiple point-to-point AES50 links to a centralised star topology.

The AES50 protocol supports 24-bit PCM audio and delta-sigma bistream formats (Direct Stream Digital), with sample rates that are a multiple of 44.1 or 48 kHz. The bandwidth of 100 Mbit/s allows 48 channels at 48 kHz sample rate, or 24 channels at 96 kHz sample rate. The latency is 6 samples at 96 kHz and 3 samples at 48 kHz, or 62.50 μs. In practical implementations of the SuperMAC and HyperMAC protocols, only 96 kHz PCM formats are supported.

AES50 also supports packet-based auxiliary channel for control data over the same data link. The control channel is allocated a fixed bandwidth of 5 Mbit/s; control data are embedded in the same Ethernet frame as the audio data.

HyperMAC

The HyperMAC protocol is based on the Gigabit Ethernet physical layer for Cat 5e cable (up to 100 m) or OM2 multi-mode fibre (up to 500 m) with embedded clocking. It allows up to 192 bidirectional channels at 96 kHz and 384 channels at 48 kHz;  the latency is 4 samples at 96 kHz or 2 samples at 48 kHz, or 41.66 μs. The bandwidth of the auxiliary data link is increased to 200 Mbit/s and control data is transmitted with separate control frames.

Implementations
 Midas XL8 digital mixer
 Midas PRO6 digital mixer
 Behringer X32 digital mixer
 Midas M32 digital mixer
 Behringer S32/S16/S8 digital stage boxes
 Behringer SD8/SD16 digital stage boxes
 Midas DL461 Audio System Signal Router
 Klark Teknik DN9650 network bridge
 Behringer WING digital mixer
 Midas Heritage D HD96-24 digital mixer

References

External links

Audio network protocols
Networking standards
Audio engineering
Audio Engineering Society standards

AES50


Convict 99 is a 1938 British comedy film directed by Marcel Varnel and starring Will Hay, Moore Marriott, Graham Moffatt and Googie Withers.

Plot
Incompetent Dr Benjamin Twist (Will Hay) is dismissed from his job as headmaster at St. Michael's School (the school returns in a later film The Ghost of St. Michael's), and applies for a job in another school.

Going for interview, he is called into another office where they are expecting  John Benjamin, a strict prison governor recently arrived from Australia who is applying for the vacancy at Blackdown Prison in Devon. On the way to what Twist believes is the school, he becomes drunk, and on arrival is mistaken for Max Slessor, a prisoner who had escaped during a jailbreak.

Designated Convict 99 and in for seven years for forgery, Twist is soon discovered to be the new Prison Governor, and once put in his (dubiously) rightful place embarks on a programme to make the prison a more friendly place for the prisoners, funding it from the proceeds of a football pools win and stock market investments.

Things take a turn for the worse, when the recaptured Slessor escapes again with a signed cheque. Altering the figures, he draws the entire prison funds from the bank. Twist and some of the convicts head in a prison van to Limehouse, in east London, to catch Slessor, recover the lost funds and then successfully break into the bank in the middle of the night to return the money.

Cast
 Will Hay as Dr Benjamin Twist
 Moore Marriott as Jerry the Mole
 Graham Moffatt as Albert
 Googie Withers as Lottie "the Baroness"
 Peter Gawthorne as Sir Cyril
 Basil Radford as Deputy Governor
 Dennis Wyndham as Head Warder
 Wilfred Walter as Max Slessor
 Alf Goddard as Sykes
 Basil McGrail as Bates
 Kathleen Harrison as Mable
 Roddy McDowall as Jimmy
 Teddy Brown as Slim Charlie
 Bertha Belmore as Tiara Lady
 George Merritt as Patrolman
 Roy Emerton as  John Benjamin
 Leonard Sharp as Convict
 Garry Marsh as Johnson

External links

 Analysis of Convict 99 as a prison movie
 Screenonline Review

1938 films
British black-and-white films
British comedy films
1930s English-language films
Films directed by Marcel Varnel
Films set in London
Films set in Devon
Gainsborough Pictures films
1938 comedy films
Prison comedy films
Films with screenplays by Marriott Edgar
1930s British films

Convict 99


Dr. Edgar Barton Worthington, M.A., Ph.D., (Cantab)., CBE (13 January 190514 October 2001) was a British ecologist and science administrator.

Biography
His parents were Edgar and Amy Worthington. His early education was at Rugby School, before he went up to gain a First in Zoology at Gonville and Cauis College at Cambridge. After university, his work alternated between Britain and Africa. He took part in an African lakes expedition in 192731; and in an African research expedition 193437, for which he was awarded the Mungo Park Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society.

He was secretary to and first full-time director of the Freshwater Biological Association 193746. He returned to Africa in the late 1940s as science and development advisor. He was deputy scientific director for the Nature Conservancy 195765, and scientific director of the International Biological Programme (IBP) 196474. His interests included water biology and international nature conservation, including the environmental impacts of drainage and irrigation. He was appointed CBE in 1977.

In 1930, Worthington married Stella Johnson, who had been a member of the earlier expeditions he had undertaken and who shared many of his interests. In 1933, they jointly published the book Inland Waters of Africa. They had three daughters, all of whom followed their parents' scientific inclinations. Stella Worthington died in 1978. Two years later, he married Harriet Stockton. He died on 14 December 2001.

Taxa named in honour
Worthington is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of venomous viper, Bitis worthingtoni, which is endemic to the high central Rift Valley of Kenya; and in the names of the Lake Victoria endemic cichlids Haplochromis bartoni and H. worthingtoni.

Partial bibliography

 1933: Inland Waters of Africa: The Result of Two Expeditions to the Great Lakes of Kenya and Uganda, with Accounts of Their Biology, Native Tribes and Development (with Stella Worthington), Macmillan and co Ltd
 1938: SCIENCE IN AFRICA: A REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH RELATING TO TROPICAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA, Oxford University Press, London, New York, Toronto.
 1951: Life in Lakes and Rivers (with T. T. Macan). New Naturalist #15. Collins, London.
 1983: The Ecological Century: A Personal Appraisal. Oxford University Press.
 2009: The Evolution of IBP (editor). Cambridge University Press.  (this overall account was first published in 1975)

See also
:Category:Taxa named by E. Barton Worthington

References

1905 births
2001 deaths
Scientists from London
British ecologists
New Naturalist writers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Rugby School
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge

E. Barton Worthington


Mary Virginia Beck (, , 29 February 1908 - 30 January 2005) was a Detroit Democratic Party politician, female activist and journalist from Pennsylvania, most notable for being Detroit's first female city council woman.  She was also the first Ukrainian-American of Lemko descent to serve in that capacity. In 1957 she was also elected as the president of the city council. As a member of the council, Mary served for two decades from 1950 to 1970. In 1958-62 she also served as an acting mayor of Detroit city. During that period the Michigan scandalous politician Louis Miriani was the Mayor of Detroit (1957-1962).

Biography
Mary was born in a family of Lemkos Mykhailo and Hanna Voitovych-Bek in Ford City, Pennsylvania. In 1921-25 she studied at the Kolomyia city gymnasium in Kolomyia, Poland. In 1925-29 Mary Beck was a student at the University of Pittsburgh upon graduation of which she received a Bachelor of Arts. In 1932 she earned her Bachelor of Laws degree from the same school. Since 1944 Mary Beck was a member of the State Bar of Michigan. In 1968 she exchanged the LL.B. degree for a Juris Doctor degree.

In 1930s Mary Beck was an active member of the Ukrainian National Women's League of America. Since 1932-33 she was publisher and editor of "Zhinochyi Svit" (Woman's World), the Ukrainian woman's monthly magazine in Pittsburgh. Mary was also editor of the English sections in such Ukrainian press media as "Ukrainska Zoria" (Ukrainian Star) in Detroit and "Vilne Slovo" (Free Word) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In 1933-34 she was an active initiator of committee for setting up the Ukrainian Pavilion at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago.

Mary came to Detroit in 1934 initially as a social worker at the International Institute and since 1935 she worked as a juvenile court investigator for Wayne County until 1947. In 1947-50 she was a practicing lawyer and as such entered politics in 1950. After being elected to the Detroit city council Mary Beck discontinued her law practice, fully committing to the city politics from which she retired in 1970.

In 1958 Mary established the Ukrainian Women's Literary Award in Ukrainian literature, today administered by the World Federation of Ukrainian Women's Organizations (Philadelphia). In 1960 she also sponsored the Worldwide Ukrainian Art Exhibit at the MacGregor Center (Wayne State University).

In the 1969 Detroit mayoral election, Beck placed third in the nonpartisan primary election, receiving 22% of the vote. She had run a single-issue campaign on the subject of crime control. She ran as a write-in candidate in the general election, winning a minuscule share of the vote.

Mary died in Clinton Township and her final service was held in Sterling Heights near Detroit. She was buried at St. Andrew the First-Called Apostle Ukrainian Orthodox Cemetery in South Bound Brook, New Jersey.

Awards and legacy
 Ukrainian Community Service Award (Ukrainians in the Free World, Detroit), for promoting Ukrainian cultural activities
 Panegyric-commendation (Ukrainian artists), for the support and assistance rendered Ukrainian artists in diaspora and for sponsoring the worldwide Ukrainian Art Exhibit held at the MacGregor Center at Wayne State University in Detroit in 1960
 1963 Ukrainian of the Year award (Ukrainian Graduates Club of Detroit and Windsor)
 1968 Certificate of Honor (Federation of Women's Clubs of Metropolitan Detroit), for dedicated efforts for the constructive advancement of womanhood and for cultural and civic contributions to the community
 1970 Captive Nations Eisenhower Proclamation Medal and Certificate (Captive Nations Committee of Metropolitan Detroit), in recognition of her contributions to the pursuit of freedom and independence for all Captive Nations
 1975 Certificate of Merit (Ukrainian National Women's League of America), for continuous effort in the promotion of Ukrainian women's interests and projects
 1975 Certificate of Merit (World Federation of Ukrainian Women's Organizations), for the advancement of Ukrainian women and their goals
 1984 Certificate of Special Tribute (Governor of Michigan James Blanchard), in honor of distinguished Ukrainian American citizen, Mary V. Beck
 1993 Exhibition of life and work of Beck on the occasion of her 85th birthday at Eko Gallery in the Ukrainian Village in Warren, Michigan.
 2003 Saint Volodymyr Medal (7th Ukrainian World Congress)

In 1965 a commemorative stamp featuring Beck was issued by the Women's United Committee of Detroit to commemorate her election in 1950 as the "First Woman to the Detroit Common Council". February 29, 1972 was proclaimed the "Mary V. Beck Day" by the Mayor of Detroit and city's native Roman S. Gribbs. Detroit Free Press was a consistent chronicler of Beck's 20-year political career. On February 1, 2005 in the obituary about Beck it noted that she was remembered by her political opponents and her colleagues on the Common Council.

See also
 Captive Nations

References

1908 births
2005 deaths
Detroit City Council members
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Michigan Democrats
People from Ford City, Pennsylvania
American politicians of Ukrainian descent
American anti-communists
American people of Lemko descent
University of Pittsburgh School of Law alumni
20th-century American politicians
Women city councillors in Michigan
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American women
Burials at Ukrainian Orthodox Church Cemetery, South Bound Brook

Mary Beck


Goldsbrough Mort Woolstore is a heritage-listed warehouse at 88 Macquarie Street, Teneriffe, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built  by Stuart Brothers (Sydney). It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

History
The site was part of the Teneriffe hillside alienated in 1854 by James Gibbon, a prominent local resident, land investor and later member of the Queensland Legislative Council. Subsequent landowners include the Financial Guarantee & Agency Co. of Queensland Ltd and the Brisbane Stevedoring & Wool Dumping Co. Ltd. Goldsbrough Mort, a prosperous southern-based pastoral house (est. 1888), opened its first Queensland office in Rockhampton, followed by Brisbane in the early 1910s.

The Teneriffe property of   was purchased in 1922. For about  the Stuart Brothers built this small woolstore, the first known structure on this site, thereby taking advantage of the 1933 buoyant wool prices and labour market following the depths of the great depression. Beeston Street, which separates the Goldsbrough Mort and Elder Smith stores, had been put through in 1927 and named after Joseph Beeston, the longstanding company secretary of Dath Henderson & Co. Ltd earlier in the century.

The property was acquired by Elders in 1963 and by Oxlade Investments, of the Mayfairs group of companies, in 1984. Elders leased the whole of the building in 1985 and used the ground floor for offices and their rural merchandise store. The third level was used for wool sorting by Brisbane Classing Facilities. The ground floor office is currently occupied by Chevron Discount Furnishers and part of the first floor is rented for the storage of office records. The property is zoned in the Brisbane City Council's Teneriffe Development Plan (1986) for residential or market retail purposes.

Description

Goldsbrough Mort & Co. Ltd No 2 woolstore is a four-storey brick and timber structure with a symmetrical facade and restrained decoration. The northern end is built into the steep Teneriffe hillside. Constructed during the Interwar era, its recessed central section is separated by slightly projecting bays on either side. In keeping with other woolstores and commercial buildings of this period, a tripartite division of base, shaft and entablature is apparent in its functional form.

The store's projecting frontal bays, red brick piers and triple window openings separated by downpipes provide a degree of verticality. Nevertheless, the dominant emphasis above and below the upper floors is horizontal. This is achieved by means of a strong cornice line, which is surmounted by brick bands and a rendered frieze displaying the company name and construction date between moulded merino sheep heads. This is topped by an emphatic parapet with notched and curved gable pediments as well as flagpoles above the projecting bays. The upper levels are distinguished from the ground floor base line by a straight corrugated iron awning supported by iron rods which shelters the railway siding and loading bays.

Though the main entrance is at the southern end near Beeston Street, a second ornate entrance in the righthand front bay has Greek columns and steps that lead through multi-panelled central-opening doors to office accommodation. Since the load born by each ascending floor lessens, so do the supporting walls, piers and corbels. As usual the ground floor is concreted and wool bale storage modules on the first two levels are defined by solid timber posts and beams.

Tubular steel posts are employed on the third level, while the top floor utilised steel ties to truss the vertical section of the sawtooth roof, thereby achieving a span of  which required only a central row of steel columns. The showroom also has square vents with timber louvers beneath the windows, and the customary sawtooth roof aligned from east to west for optimum lighting.

Heritage listing
Goldsbrough Mort Woolstore was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The Goldsbrough Mort woolstore is most significant in its own right and for its heritage contribution to the Teneriffe precinct. It reflects important developments, technological features and marketing procedures in Queensland's wool industry since the 1930s as well as the history of commerce along the Brisbane River and of the pastoral companies concerned.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

In keeping with other woolstores of similar vintage (e.g. Queensland Primary Producers No 4 Woolstore), this illustrates particularly well the 1930s stage of development in an industrial process which is now redundant; it is also the only remaining Goldsbrough Mort woolstore in Queensland.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

In form and fabric, this structure is an excellent example of the broad class of brick and timber woolstores which were built in Australian ports, including Teneriffe, to serve the wool industry.

In keeping with other woolstores of similar vintage (e.g. Queensland Primary Producers No 4 Woolstore), this illustrates particularly well the 1930s stage of development in an industrial process which is now redundant; it is also the only remaining Goldsbrough Mort woolstore in Queensland.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

This structure also has considerable visual impact due to its substantial form and attractive Interwar design, especially its balanced pedimented bays.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

That this woolstore, with its significant pastoral and business connections, is a valued asset and a local landmark, has been recognised by its inclusion in the Teneriffe Development Plan.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
History of Brisbane
Teneriffe, Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Warehouses in Queensland

Goldsbrough Mort Woolstore


Until 1 January 2007 Ejby Municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in Funen County on the north and west coasts  of the island of Funen in southern Denmark.  The municipality included the island of Brandsø, covered an area of 163 km2, and had a total population of 10,046 (2005). Its last mayor was Claus Hansen, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Ejby.

The municipality was created in 1970 by a  ("Municipality Reform") that combined the following parishes: Balslev, Brenderup, Ejby, Fjelsted, Gelsted, Harndrup, Husby, Ingslev, Tanderup, and Ørslev.

Ejby municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  It was combined with existing Middelfart and Nørre Aaby municipalities to form an enlarged Middelfart Municipality.  This created a municipality with an area of 297 km2 and a total population of 36,113 (2005).  The municipality belongs to the Region of Southern Denmark.

Attractions
 Fun Park Fyn (Fyns Sommerland)
 Gelsted Marked
 Tybrind
 Wedellsborg

External links
 Middelfart municipality's official website

References
 Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
 Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map

Former municipalities of Denmark

Ejby Municipality


Denis Joseph Cogan (c. 1858 – 18 January 1944) was an Irish businessman, politician and Member of Parliament (MP) in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1900 to 1907.

Born in County Wicklow to Denis Cogan, a farmer, Cogan played a prominent part in the commercial life of Dublin and Wicklow. He was a former member of Dublin Corporation.

In 1886, he married Elizabeth Murphy, of Larage Bridge, Wicklow.

He was elected to the House of Commons as MP for East Wicklow at the 1900 general election, until he resigned his seat on 10 June 1907, triggering the 1907 East Wicklow by-election.

Cogan became a member of Dublin Chamber of Commerce in 1907 and was elected its president in 1932. He remained a member of the Council of the Chamber until his death.

A director of Hibernian Fire and General Insurance from its foundation in 1908, Cogan was chairman of the board for two decades until his death.

He was also well known in horseracing circles as an owner and breeder.

He died at his residence at Lyndhurst, Tivoli Terrace, Dún Laoghaire.

References

Irish Parliamentary Party MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Wicklow constituencies (1801–1922)
Politicians from County Wicklow
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
1850s births
Year of birth uncertain
1944 deaths

Denis Joseph Cogan


Gomphi () was a town and polis (city-state) of Histiaeotis in ancient Thessaly, situated upon a tributary of the Peneius, and near the frontiers of Athamania and Dolopia. Its position made it a place of historical importance, since it guarded two of the chief passes into the Thessalian plains: "that of Musáki, distant two miles [three km], which was the exit from Dolopia, and the pass of Portes, at a distance of four miles [six km], which led into Athamania, and through that province to Ambracia."

In the war against Philip V of Macedon, Amynander of Athamania, king of the Athamanes, in co-operation with the Roman consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus, having descended from the latter pass, first took Pheca, a town lying between the pass and Gomphi, and then Gomphi itself, 198 BCE. The possession of this place was of great importance to Flamininus, since it secured him a communication with the Ambracian Gulf, from which he derived his supplies. The route from Gomphi to Ambracia is described by Livy as very short but extremely difficult. The capture of Gomphi was followed by the surrender of the towns named Argenta, Pherinum, Thimarum, Lisinae, Stimo, and Lampsus, the position of which is quite uncertain. When Athamania revolted from Philip in 189 BCE, he marched into their country by the above-mentioned pass, but was obliged to retire with heavy loss. There can be no doubt that it was by the same route that the Roman consul Quintus Marcius Philippus marched from Ambracia into Thessaly in 169 BCE.

In the campaign between Julius Caesar and Pompey in 48 BCE, the inhabitants of Gomphi, having heard of Caesar's repulse at Dyrrhachium, shut their gates against him, when he arrived at the place from Aeginium; but he took the place by assault in a few hours. Caesar, in his account of these events, describes Gomphi as the "first town in Thessaly to those coming from Epirus." Coins minted at Gomphi survive.

The Byzantine author Hierocles notes that Gomphi was a bishopric in later times. No longer a resident bishopric, it remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.

The site of the ancient town is near Mouzaki.

References

Cities in ancient Greece
Catholic titular sees in Europe
Populated places in ancient Thessaly
Former populated places in Greece
Histiaeotis
Thessalian city-states

Gomphi


Zuzanna Szwed (; 19 born July 1977) is a Polish former competitive figure skater. She is the 1994 Karl Schäfer Memorial champion, 1995 Finlandia Trophy silver medalist, and a five-time Polish national champion. She competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville.

Personal life
Zuzanna Szwed was born on 19 July 1977 in Warsaw, Poland. She married American pair skater Aaron Parchem in Chicago in 2004. They have a daughter, Sofie (born  2011).

Career
Szwed began skating in 1983 and was coached by Lucja Rylska early in her career. Making her first ISU Championship appearance, she placed 15th at the 1991 Junior Worlds in Budapest, Hungary.

Szwed competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France. She qualified for the final segment by placing 23rd in the short program and went on to finish 19th overall. She was the first skater to represent Poland in ladies' single skating at the Olympics.

In the 1993–94 season, Szwed finished eighth at the World Junior Championships in Colorado Springs, Colorado and second at the Polish Championships, both times finishing behind Anna Rechnio, who was selected to compete at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer.

In the 1994–95 season, Szwed won gold at the 1994 Karl Schäfer Memorial ahead of Krisztina Czakó and Maria Butyrskaya. Ranked 15th in the short and second in the free, she finished seventh overall at the 1995 World Junior Championships in Budapest.

In the 1997–98 season, Szwed took bronze at the Polish Championships behind Rechnio and Sabina Wojtala. She was coached by Craig Maurizi in Detroit.

In total, Szwed reached the free skate at thirteen ISU Championships – three Worlds, seven Europeans, and three Junior Worlds. She finished in the top ten at four Europeans and two Junior Worlds and in the top fourteen at two Worlds. She works as a coach and choreographer at the Detroit Skating Club in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.

Programs

Results
GP: Champions Series (Grand Prix)

References

Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Poland
Polish female single skaters
1977 births
Living people
Figure skaters from Warsaw
Polish emigrants to the United States

Zuzanna Szwed


Lavani () is a genre of music popular in Maharashtra, India. Lavani is a combination of traditional song and dance, which particularly performed to the beats of Dholki, a percussion instrument. Lavani is noted for its powerful rhythm. Lavani has contributed substantially to the development of Marathi folk theatre. In Maharashtra and southern Madhya Pradesh it is performed by the female performers wearing nine-yard long sarees. The songs are sung in a quick tempo.

Etymology
According to a tradition, the word Lavani is derived from the word 'lavanya which means 'beauty'.

Origin
Lavani dance originated from Maharashtra in the 18th and 19th century. Lavani dancers were patronised by Maratha Lords and Kings.

Lavani dance was generally performed by Dhangars or Shepherd living in the Solapur, Maharashtra.

History and genres
Traditionally, this genre of folk dance deals with different and varied subject matters such as society, religion and politics. The songs in 'Lavani' are mostly emotional in sentiment and the dialogues tend to be pungent in socio-political satire. Originally, it was used as a form of entertainment and morale booster to the tired soldiers. Lavani Songs, which are sung along with dance, are usually naughty and erotic in nature. It is believed their origin is in the Prakrit Gathas collected by Hala. The Nirguni Lavani (philosophical) and the Shringari Lavani (sensual) are the two types. The devotional music of the Nirguni cult is popular all over Malwa.

Lavani developed into two distinct performances, namely Phadachi Lavani and Baithakichi Lavani. The Lavani sung and enacted in a public performance before a large audience in a theatrical atmosphere is called Phadachi Lavani. And, when the Lavani is sung in a closed chamber for a private and select audience by a girl sitting before the audience, it came to be known as Baithakichi Lavani. Notably, it is a kind of Mujra strictly performed for men and away from the village with no access for ladies or families to watch. The songs were written in sexually explicit double meaning.

Dress-up
The ladies who perform lavani wear a long sari of length around 9 yards. They form a bun (juda in Hindi or ambada in marathi) with their hair. They wear heavy jewellery that includes thushi (necklace), bormaal, pohehaar, zumka (earrings), Ghungru, kamarpatta (a belt at the waist), bangles, sindoor etc. They usually put a large bindi of dark red color on their forehead. The sari they wear is called nauvari. The sari is wrapped and is more comfortable compared to other sari types.

There are also men that dance in Lavani along with the ladies. They are called nat (male dancer) usually the kinnars. These men dance in support with the lead dancer.

Although the beginnings of Lavani can be traced back to the 1560s, it came into prominence during the later days of the Peshwa rule. Several celebrated Marathi Shahir poet-singers, which include Parasharam (1754-1844), Ram Joshi (1762–1812), Anant Fandi (1744-1819), Honaji Bala (1754-1844), Prabhakar (1769-1843), Saganbhau and Lok Shahir Annabhau Sathe (1 August 1920 – 18 July 1969) has contributed significantly for the development of this genre of music. Lokshahir Bashir Momin Kavathekar''' is the popular present-day poet of Lavani whose compositions are presented on stage by Surekha Punekar, Sandhya Mane, Roshan Satarkar and many Tamasha Troupes since the early 1980s. Honaji Bala introduced tabla in place of the traditional dholki. He also developed the Baithakichi Lavani'', a subgenre, which is presented by the singer in the seated position.

Satyabhamabai Pandharpurkar and Yamunabai Waikar are the popular present-day exponents of Lavani.

Shringar Lavani is mostly sung and danced on the stage by a female and written by a male. Vithabai Bhau Mang Narayangaonkar, Kantabai Satarkar, Surekha Punekar, Mangala Bansode, Sandhya Mane, Roshan Satarkar are well known artiste presenting Lavani on stage. Lavani can also be termed as a romantic song sung by a lady who is waiting for her lover to accept her, who longs for his love. Many Lavani dancers are from some castes of Maharashtra like Mahar Kolhati, and Matang.

Marathi films played an important role in making the Lavani genre accessible to the masses. Movies such as Pinjara and Natarang not only attempted to blend traditional music with social messages but also helped portray Lavani in a positive light.

References

External links

Lavani pictures

Culture of Malwa
Indian music
Culture of Maharashtra
Marathi music
Performing arts in India
Dances of India

Lavani


The Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act of 1914 was a United States temporary tax in response to President Wilson calling for $100 million in additional Federal revenue in the event of war.  The taxes instituted under this Act were initially set to expire on December 31, 1915; however, on December 17, 1915, Congress passed a joint resolution that continued the taxes through December 31, 1916.

Taxes
The act taxed legacies and inherited personal property on a graduated scale according to the size of the estate and the degree of relationship to the deceased (surviving husbands and wives received a general exemption).  A maximum rate of 15% applied to bequests from estates valued over $1 million to distant relatives, non-relatives, or "bodies politic or corporate."  The act also included an excise on receipts in excess of $200,000 assessed to firms in the petroleum and sugar refining industries.  It raised stamp rates, and it placed a .01 cent tax on every telephone call costing more than .15 cents, making it the 1st telephone tax in U.S. history.

References

United States federal taxation legislation
History of taxation in the United States

Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act


The Freeze was an Edinburgh punk band that lasted from 1976 to 1981. Wanting to do something darker and noisier, Gordon Sharp and David Clancy took ideas from The Freeze to a greater extreme; the result was the formation of Cindytalk in 1982.

History
The Freeze were formed in 1976 by Gordon Sharp, David Clancy and Keith Grant, all pupils together at school in Linlithgow, West Lothian. Grangemouth based drummer George Falconer played with the band during 1977. Most notable gig during this period was a support slot for Dunfermline band The Skids. The set consisted of originals and covers of The Ramones and Brian Eno. At this time, "The Freeze" didn't fit in at all with the vogue "punk look and attitude" of the time, having an angry sound but more an affinity with bands such as Television and Talking Heads. Clancy used several effects pedals on the guitar to add depth, volume and interest to his sound. On occasion, Sharp would use a knife on the guitar whilst Clancy played, creating a challenging but glorious noise. Sharp and Falconer shared a liking for synth music, even the guilty pleasure of Vangelis, which during the punk rock era was not on. At the early stages, The Freeze were showing an interest in sound beyond the mainstream of punk or rock. Falconer left to join Falkirk band "The Deft Jerks", but met Sharp several years later. Sharp had a dress on under a denim jacket, and wore thick make up; still not fitting in, doing their own thing. By 1977 and after linking up with drummer Graeme Radin, the band started gigging around Scotland (managed by Alastair Allison, their English teacher at Linlithgow Academy, who also contributed lyrics in the early years); they often played support to many of the main punk and new wave bands of the day. Two self-financed 7 inches were released on the A1 label (Alastair Allison), 1979's In Colour EP followed by 1980's "Celebration/Crossover" single. Noticed by John Peel, they were to record two sessions at Maida Vale for his show. By 1982 the band had decided on a name change to Cindytalk and also subsequently moved to London. In 1983, Gordon Sharp joined central Scotland chums Cocteau Twins in the BBC studios to add vocals to their second Peel session. 1984 saw the release of the first and critically acclaimed Cindytalk album Camouflage Heart, as well as the release of It'll End in Tears by This Mortal Coil, on which Sharp provided vocals for three tracks, including indie chart-topper "Kangaroo" (which was also one of Peel's Festive 50's from 1984). Cindytalk have continued to release recordings over the years and are still active today.

Members
Gordon Sharp – vocals
David Clancy – guitars, keyboards and saxophone
Keith Grant – bass
George Falconer – drums
Graeme Radin – drums
Neil Braidwood – drums and keyboards
Mike Moran – bass

Discography

In Colour (7 inch 1979, A.1, A.1.1.A1)
 A1. Paranoia
 A2. For J.P.S. (With Love & Loathing)
 B1. Psychodalek Nightmares

Written by Clancy, Sharp, Grant, Radin, Allison.
Roy Jack played violin on Psychodalek Nightmares.

Celebration (7 inch 1980, A.1, A.1.1.S.1)
 A. Celebration
 B. Cross-Over

Written by Clancy, Sharp, Grant, Radin.
Sandy Cruikshanks played saxophone on Cross-over.

Record is dedicated to (and featuring a cover of) silent screen actress Louise Brooks.

Peel Sessions

References

External links
 Official Cindytalk Website

Scottish punk rock groups
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups disestablished in 1981
1976 establishments in Scotland

The Freeze (Scottish band)