The Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Depot is a railroad station located between Suffolk and Lowell Streets in Ironwood, Michigan.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

History
The Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western Railroad line was laid through what is now Ironwood in 1884. At the time there were almost no people in the settlement, but the railroad and the surrounding virgin timber made the city a boomtown, which swelled to 11,000 people by 1892. The railroad had originally constructed a wood-frame building for use as a depot in Ironwood, but it quickly proved inadequate. In 1892, the company built this brick replacement at a cost of $18,000. The Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western became part of the Chicago and North Western Railway soon after.  The station was used for passenger traffic until 1970, and freight until 1981. In 1983, the former depot was purchased by the Downtown Ironwood Development Authority. It currently houses the Ironwood Area Historical Society.

Description

The Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Depot in Ironwood is a red brick and sandstone structure with a one-block long platform. It has a multi-level hipped roof covered with slate. The depot consists of a single-story main depot with a small second story space in the center and a separate, single-story baggage unit with a small modern addition. The two portions are joined with a single roof and measure approximately 175 feet by 28 feet.

The two buildings have vertically laid brown sandstone slabs on the bottom of the walls, rising to a height of about 5-1/2 feet. The walls are brick above. The depot's lower story has simple rectangular doorways and windows with one-over-one double hung windows. A triple-window bay which once housed ticket windows projects from the center of the trackside facade. The small second floor has three round-head window with sandstone sills, deeply recessed between sandstone
columns with foliated capitals. The projecting eaves of the main hipped roof are supported by large curved wooden brackets.

The interior of the main depot contains a train dispatcher's quarters and locker room on one side, a ticket office in the center, and a passenger waiting room
and rest rooms on the other side. The walls are plastered and painted white, and the floors are wooden.  Many of the interior details are original, including the wainscoting, window trim, baseboards, and ceiling molding. The second story originally housed a railroad agent's office and small store room. The baggage structure has three rooms, one of which is the small addition.

References

External links
Ironwood Area Historical Society

Romanesque Revival architecture in Michigan
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1892
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Ironwood
National Register of Historic Places in Gogebic County, Michigan
Former railway stations in Michigan
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1971

Ironwood station


Pardis Christine Sabeti (; born December 25, 1975) is an Iranian American computational biologist, medical geneticist, and evolutionary geneticist. She developed a bioinformatic statistical method which identifies sections of the genome that have been subject to natural selection and an algorithm which explains the effects of genetics on the evolution of disease.

In 2014, Sabeti was part of a team led by Christian Happi, a Cameroonian geneticist, which used advanced genomic sequencing technology to identify a single point of infection from an animal reservoir to a human in the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. RNA changes suggests that the first human infection was followed by exclusive human to human transmissions. The work led her to be named one of Time Magazine's Persons of the Year in 2014 (Ebola Fighters), and one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2015.

Sabeti is a full professor in the Center for Systems Biology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University and on the faculty of the Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and is an institute member at the Broad Institute and an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. She is the head of the Sabeti Lab.

Sabeti is the lead singer and a writer for the rock band Thousand Days  and is also the current host of the educational series Against All Odds: Inside Statistics sponsored by Annenberg Learner.

Early life and education
Sabeti was born in 1975 in Tehran, Iran, to Nasrin and Parviz Sabeti. Her father came from a Bahá'í Faith family but never officially joined as a member and was the deputy in SAVAK, Iran's intelligence agency, and a high ranking security official in Shah's regime. She had a sister, Parisa, who was 2 years older. Growing up, Parisa taught Pardis the course material she had learned the year before in school, leading Pardis to be "almost two years ahead of her classmates" when the school year began.

Her family fled Iran in October 1978, shortly before the Iranian Revolution, when Sabeti was two years old, and found sanctuary in Florida. Growing up in Orlando, Sabeti wanted to be a flower-shop owner, novelist, or doctor. However, she was most passionate about math. Throughout her childhood and into college, Sabeti played competitive tennis. Sabeti went to Trinity Preparatory School in Central Florida. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar and participated on USA Today's All-USA High School Academic Team. She additionally attributes part of her inspiration towards medical science to the 1995 movie Outbreak.

Sabeti went on to study biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where she was a member of the varsity tennis team and class president, graduating in 1997 with a major in biology and a "perfect 5.0 average." At MIT, she began her research career in David Bartel's laboratory and also worked in Eric Lander's laboratory, created the Freshman Leadership Program, and worked as a teaching assistant. She was then a Rhodes Scholar at New College, Oxford, and completed her doctorate in evolutionary genetics in 2002, and graduated summa cum laude with a Doctor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School in 2006, being the third woman to receive this honor since the school had begun accepting female students. The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans supported her graduate studies. Initially, Sabeti planned to enter medicine and become a doctor; however, she decided to pursue research instead after completing medical school and discovering she preferred research to medicine.

Career and research
Sabeti is an annual participant in the Distinguished Lecture Series at the acclaimed Research Science Institute at MIT for high school students. In May 2015, she delivered a TED Talk, called "How we'll fight the next deadly virus."  "Her team was recently awarded funding from the TED Audacious Project to build Sentinel, a pandemic pre-emption and response system."

As a graduate student at Oxford and postdoctoral fellow with Eric Lander at the Broad Institute, Sabeti developed a family of statistical tests for positive selection that look for common genetic variants found on unusually long haplotypes. Her tests, extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH), the long-range haplotype (LRH) test, and cross population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH), are designed to detect advantageous mutations whose frequency in human populations has risen rapidly over the last 10,000 years. As a faculty member at Harvard, Sabeti and her group have developed a statistical test to pinpoint signals of selection, the Composite of Multiple Signals (CMS), and a family of statistical tests to detect and characterize correlations in datasets of any kind, maximal information non-parametic exploration (MINE). Sabeti created a series of videos with the goal of explaining statistics to high school and college students. Sabeti has via her collaboration with Michael Mitzenmacher an Erdős number of 3.

In February 2021 Sabeti co-authored a paper in Nature Communications on how a certain level of COVID-19 anti-bodies may provide lasting protection against the virus. The paper was based on blood samples provided voluntarily by 4300 employees of SpaceX crediting also its CEO Elon Musk.

In September 2021, Sabeti joined the YouTube channel Crash Course to host its series on Outbreak Science.

Awards and honors
Sabeti was the 2012 recipient of Smithsonian magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the Natural Sciences category.  In 2014, she received the Vilcek Prize for Creative Promise in Biomedical Science. She is a World Economic Forum Young Global Leader and a National Geographic Emerging Explorer.

In addition to being named one of Time Magazine's Persons of the Year in 2014 (Ebola Fighters), Sabeti was listed as one of Time Magazine's 100 most influential people in 2015.

In 2015, Sabeti was selected for the prestigious Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator award. She has also received a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award in the Biomedical Sciences, a Packard Foundation award in Science and Engineering, and an NIH Director's New Innovator Award, and a L'Oréal for Women in Science Fellowship.

Sabeti was on the list of the BBC's 100 Women announced on 23 November 2020.

Personal life
Sabeti is the lead singer and songwriter for the rock band Thousand Days. In her spare time, Sabeti enjoys playing volleyball and participates in Harvard's summer volleyball league.

On July 17, 2015, Sabeti suffered a near-fatal accident at a conference in Montana. She was a passenger in an ATV that went over a cliff, and catapulted onto boulders. She shattered her pelvis and knees, and sustained a brain injury. She completed rehab to return to teaching.

Filmography
 Against All Odds ... Host (32 episodes)

References

External links

"Profile: Pardis Sabeti" on NOVA: Science Now, 2008 June
Science meets MTV: Broad Institute geneticist and rock singer Pardis Sabeti merges lab culture with pop culture (Nature Network Boston, 2007 July 31)
Thousand Days Photos (2007 May 10)
Genetic Road Map Drawn for Tracing Route To Common Diseases
Video. Profile: Pardis Sabeti.  NOVA scienceNOW, 07.02.2008.
Burroughs Wellcome Fund Annual Report Profile

1975 births
20th-century American people
20th-century Iranian people
21st-century American biologists
21st-century Iranian people
American people of Iranian descent
American Rhodes Scholars
Evolutionary biologists
Harvard Medical School alumni
Harvard University faculty
Howard Hughes Medical Investigators
Iranian biologists
Iranian expatriate academics
Living people
Paul & Daisy Soros Fellows
Richard-Lounsbery Award laureates
Statistical geneticists
Systems biologists
Women evolutionary biologists
Trinity Preparatory School alumni

Pardis Sabeti


London Connects was jointly owned by the Greater London Authority and London Councils. Its purpose was to improve public services in London and reduce their cost through collaborative use of technology. Partners included London Health agencies, London Development Agency, Transport for London, London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority, Metropolitan Police Service, London Grid for Learning, London Libraries Development Agency, London Metropolitan Network, Learning and Skills Council and the London Voluntary Services Council. Achievements include the development of the London Portal and the London Public Service Network which provides secure broadband links between London authorities.

The work programme was kept under strict review and revised as deemed appropriate by the London Connects Board and multi-sector Steering Group. Board members were appointed either by the Mayor of London or by the Leaders' Committee of London Councils.

London Connects was also the first organisation to set up a Warning, Advice & Reporting Point (WARP). This service facilitates information sharing and helps the London boroughs in the fight against electronic attack.

The programme was disbanded in 2009.

References

External links
 WARP UK
 London Portal

Information technology organisations based in the United Kingdom
Local government in London

London Connects


Dacia Ripensis () was the name of a Roman province in the northern Balkan peninsula, immediately south of the Middle Danube. Its capital was Ratiaria (modern Archar, Bulgaria). It was a district less urban than neighbouring Dacia Mediterranea and more militarized; "military camps and forts, rather than cities, were typical of the province". Besides Ratiaria, Oescus was the major settlement.

Dacia Ripensis was one of the "Two Dacias" established south of the Danube in the late 3rd century. The Roman emperor Aurelian () abandoned the province of Roman Dacia established by Trajan () in 106 AD on the northern bank of the river, and created the two new "Dacias" between the existing provinces of Moesia Prima (upstream) and Moesia Secunda (downstream). The northern part of Aurelian's Dacia Aureliana is attested as "Dacia Ripensis" in 343/4. The southern part, with its capital at Serdica (modern Sofia) was known as Dacia Mediterranea.

According to the Laterculus Veronensis, both provinces were part of the Diocese of Moesiae after the empire was divided into dioeceses during the reign of Constantine the Great (), but by the time of the Notitia Dignitatum they were part of the Diocese of Thrace. According to the Notitia, Dacia Ripensis was governed by a praeses, while the governor of Dacia Mediterranea was a more senior consularis. Dacia Ripensis was under the authority of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum.

Dacia Ripensis flourished in the mid-4th century, and some forts on the northern bank of the Danube were recovered by the Romans. In the 5th century Priscus described Ratiaria as large and densely populated. In the 6th century, Hierocles's Late Greek Synecdemus identifies Ratiera as the principal city of the province, calling the province , though Procopius referred to it as .

In 535, emperor Justinian I (527-565) created the Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima as a regional primacy with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over all provinces of the Diocese of Dacia, including the province of Dacia Ripensis.

History
It is unclear whether Aurelian or the Emperor Diocletian replaced Dacia Aureliana with two provinces, but by 285, there were two – Dacia Mediterranea with its capital at Serdica and Dacia Ripensis, with its capital at Ratiaria. Later, these two "Dacias" along with Dardania, Lower Moesia, and Prevalitana constituted the Diocese of Dacia.

Ratiaria was established as the capital of Dacia Ripensis (it was previously a colony founded by Trajan located within Moesia Superior) and served both as the seat of the military governor (or dux) and as the military base for the Roman legion XIII Gemina.

According to Priscus, Dacia Ripensis was a flourishing province during the 4th and 5th centuries AD. During the early 440s, however, the Huns captured the province (prior to this, there were conflicts between the Romans and the Huns whereby the latter group captured Castra Martis through treacherous means). Even though the province recovered briefly from Hunnic rule, it was eventually decimated by the Avars in 586. On a more specific note, Aurelian developed Dacia Ripensis on a stretch of the Danube specifically between Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior.

Famous individuals
Aurelian, Roman emperor from 270 to 275, was probably born in Dacia Ripensis, at that time still named Moesia.
   Roman Emperor Galerius was born in Dacia Ripensis.
   Palladius of Ratiaria, late 4th century Arian Christian theologian.
 Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor from 293 to 306, born in Dacia Ripensis, .

See also
 Dacia
 Roman Dacia
 List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia

References

Sources

Roman Dacia
Late Roman provinces
Former populated places in the Balkans
Former populated places in Eastern Europe
Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum
280s establishments in the Roman Empire
280s establishments
586 disestablishments
580s disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire
States and territories disestablished in the 580s
Bulgaria in the Roman era
Serbia in the Roman era

Dacia Ripensis


Canaan dog is a breed of dog.

History
Canaan dogs first became competition in 1997. Canaan dogs were the AKC's 141st dog breed. Canaan dogs go all the way back to Israel, where they were first bred by pariah dogs. They quickly were wanted and became popular house dogs.

Description
The average Canaan dog weighs 35-55 pounds depending on the gender and age. They grow up to be 19-24 inches. They are medium sized dogs, with a thick coat and a curly tail. The coat can be sandy, red brown, white, or black in color. Canaan dogs can sometimes be dog-aggressive, and aren't very good guard dogs and tend to be suspicious of new people.

Health
Canaan dogs are usually healthy, but can suffer from Hypothyroidism, Epilepsy, Progressive retinal atrophy, Cryptorchidism, Hip dysplasia, Elbow dysplasia, Luxating patella, and Osteochondritis dissecans.

Care & Maintenance
Caring for your Canaan dog is important. Canaan puppies should get 3 little meals a day, and an adult Canaan dog should get 2 larger meals per day. Canaan dogs should be brushed frequently to remove dead hair. Requirements include trimming nails, brushing teeth, and keeping its ears clean, to prevent infection.

Finances
To adopt a Canaan dog is anywhere around $800 to $1200. Maintaining the dog would cost around $300.

References

Dog breeds
Rare dog breeds
FCI breeds

Canaan Dog


Stromboli is a type of baked turnover filled with various Italian cheeses (typically mozzarella) and usually Italian cold cuts (typically Italian meats such as salami, capocollo and bresaola) or vegetables served hot. The dough used is either Italian bread dough or pizza dough. Stromboli was invented by Italian-Americans in the United States in the Philadelphia area. The name of the dish is taken from a volcanic island off the coast of Sicily.

A stromboli is similar to a calzone or scaccia, and the dishes are sometimes confused. Unlike calzones, which are always stuffed and folded into a crescent shape, a stromboli is typically rolled or folded into a cylinder, and may sometimes contain a thin layer of tomato sauce on the inside.

Preparation
Many American pizza shops serve a stromboli using pizza dough that is folded in half with fillings, similar to a half-moon-shaped calzone. At other establishments, a stromboli is made with a square-shaped pizza dough that can be topped with any pizza toppings and is then rolled into a cylindrical jelly roll shape and baked. Other variations include adding pizza sauce or deep-frying, in a similar manner as a panzerotti.

Origins
There are several claims regarding the origin of the usage of the name stromboli for food in the United States.

Romano's Italian Restaurant & Pizzeria claims to have first used the name in 1950 in Essington, Pennsylvania, just outside Philadelphia, courtesy of Nazzareno Romano, an Italian immigrant. The pizzeria owner had experimented with pizza imbottita, or "stuffed pizza", and added ham, cotechino sausage, cheese and peppers into a pocket of bread dough. His future brother-in-law suggested he name it after the recently released movie Stromboli, notorious for an off-screen affair between married actress, Ingrid Bergman, and married director, Roberto Rossellini, resulting in a love child.

In 1954, Mike Aquino of Mike's Burger Royal in Spokane, Washington, says he also named a turnover after the same movie. However, Aquino's version appears to only share the same name as the commonly accepted version of the stromboli and is significantly different from the Philadelphia turnover version that is usually defined as a "stromboli". Aquino's "stromboli" consists of capicola ham and provolone cheese covered in an Italian chili sauce on a French bread roll. Variations also exist in Indiana.

See also

 Calzone
 Hot Pockets
 Italian-Americans in Philadelphia
 List of regional dishes of the United States
 List of stuffed dishes
 Pepperoni roll
 Sausage bread
 Scaccia

References

Further reading
 Mariani, John (1999). The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink. New York: Lebhar-Friedman Books. . .
 Romano, Pete. Nazzareno Romano's Grandson.

Brands
Cuisine of Philadelphia
Italian-American culture in Philadelphia
Pizza styles
Roberto Rossellini
Sicilian-American cuisine
Stuffed dishes

Stromboli (food)


Brendon Boyd Urie (born April 12, 1987) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician who is best known as the former lead vocalist and frontman of Panic! at the Disco, the only constant member throughout the band's 19-year run.

Many of his songs have achieved commercial success, reaching high spots on Billboard charts and millions of sales. On January 24, 2023, Urie announced that he would be discontinuing Panic! at the Disco, since he and his wife are having a child. He currently plays drums in a band led by Mike Viola.

Early life
Urie was born in St. George, Utah, and his family moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, when he was two years old. He is the fifth and youngest child born to Boyd and Grace Urie. He is of about one quarter Polynesian descent from Hawaii, through his mother's side. He was raised in an LDS family but renounced his faith around 17 due to displeasure with the church and not believing in its ideology.

Urie attended Palo Verde High School in Las Vegas, where he met future Panic! bassist Brent Wilson in his guitar class. Wilson asked Urie to try out for a band he was in, since they needed a replacement guitarist. Urie described himself as a "spaz in high school," and explained that one student would always bully him. He worked at Tropical Smoothie Cafe in order to pay his band's rent for their practice space. At the cafe, Urie often sang for customers. Urie graduated high school in 2005.

Career

Panic! at the Disco

Urie met Brent Wilson while taking guitar classes offered at their high school, and Wilson asked Urie to try out as lead guitarist for Panic! at the Disco, as they were looking for a replacement at the time. Originally, Ryan Ross was their lead singer. When Urie filled in for Ross during a band rehearsal, they were impressed with Urie's vocal abilities and he was chosen as their lead singer. He officially joined the band in 2004.

Since then, Panic! at the Disco has released seven studio albums with Urie as lead vocalist. A Fever You Can't Sweat Out was released in 2005 with the hit lead single "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" propelling it to 1.8 million sales. For their second album, Pretty. Odd. (2008), Urie also took lyrical responsibility and wrote two of the tracks on the record by himself: "I Have Friends in Holy Spaces" and "Folkin' Around". He also wrote "New Perspective" for the soundtrack to the motion picture Jennifer's Body.

On March 22, 2011, the band released their third album Vices & Virtues following the departure of Ross and Walker. On October 8, 2013, the fourth album, Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! was released. It debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200. On July 21, 2014, Urie won "Best Vocalist" at the Alternative Press Music Awards. In 2015, founding drummer Spencer Smith left the band and bassist Dallon Weekes departed from the official lineup, being downgraded to a touring member, leaving Urie as the only member of the official lineup.

On January 15, 2016, Panic! at the Disco released their fifth studio album, Death of a Bachelor, eventually earning the band its best sales week and first number one album. On March 21, 2018, the band released two new songs "Say Amen (Saturday Night)" and "(Fuck A) Silver Lining". At the same time, the band also announced a tour, and a new album called Pray for the Wicked. On June 6, 2022, Panic! at the Disco announced their seventh studio album Viva Las Vengeance and released the title single along with announcing a tour.

On January 24, 2023, Urie announced that he would be discontinuing Panic! at the Disco in order to focus on his family following the conclusion of the Viva Las Vengeance Tour.

Other musical projects

Urie provided guest vocals alongside Patrick Stump on The Cab's song "One Of THOSE Nights" from their debut album, Whisper War.

Urie has also been involved with several songs and other projects by former labelmates Fall Out Boy. He provided vocals on the songs "What a Catch, Donnie" and "20 Dollar Nose Bleed" from Fall Out Boy's 2008 album, Folie à Deux. Urie also sang back vocals on the track "7 Minutes In Heaven" off of Fall Out Boy's From Under The Cork Tree.

In 2008, Urie became involved with a song for the Coca-Cola Company, called "Open Happiness". Urie sings the chorus of the song, which also features labelmate Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy, labelmate Travis McCoy of Gym Class Heroes, Cee-Lo Green, and Janelle Monáe. The song was written and produced by Butch Walker, co-written by Cee-Lo Green and remixed by Polow Da Don. Urie was also featured as an elated news reporter in the music video for the song, which was released on July 16, 2009.

Urie appeared in the music videos "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More Touch Me," "What A Catch, Donnie" and "Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet" by Fall Out Boy. Urie appears in the Gym Class Heroes video for the song "Clothes Off!!" alongside former Panic! at the Disco band members Ryan Ross, Spencer Smith and Jon Walker. The members are seen dancing in animal costumes, Urie being in a dog suit. Urie also appears in "One of THOSE Nights" by The Cab, which also features Ryan Ross, Jon Walker, Pete Wentz, Patrick Stump and Spencer Smith. In 2010 Urie and bandmate Spencer Smith appeared in Butch Walker's music video "Pretty Melody", appearing as ninjas. Urie and Smith also appeared in Butch Walker's Panic! at Butch Walker's, a parody in which Urie discovers Walker is a psychotic homicidal cannibal.

In 2011, Urie co-wrote a song with Rivers Cuomo of the band Weezer. Rivers has said that "If Panic! wants it, they have first dibs, but if not, it could work for Weezer."

In December 2013, Urie sang "Big Shot" in front of Billy Joel, President Obama, and an audience, when Billy Joel received the Kennedy Center Honors.

On March 24, 2014, Brendon Urie was featured on Travie McCoy's single "Keep On Keeping On" off his upcoming album Rough Waters. Urie featured on the entirety of the song "Love in the Middle of a Firefight" for Dillon Francis's album Money Sucks, Friends Rule. Francis called it his favorite track on the album. Urie also was featured on the Lil Dicky track "Molly" on his debut studio album Professional Rapper.

In 2016, Urie was featured on the song "It Remembers" by the band Every Time I Die, from their album Low Teens.

On April 11, 2017, Urie announced that he would star in Cyndi Lauper's Tony Award-winning Broadway musical, Kinky Boots, in which he played one of the lead roles, Charlie Price. He played the role from May 26, 2017, to August 6, 2017.

In 2015, Urie wrote the song "Not A Simple Sponge" for the SpongeBob SquarePants musical. The musical made its debut in Chicago in the summer of 2016 and returned to the Palace Theater on Broadway in the winter of 2017. Nickelodeon released a video in the spring of 2016 that includes details about the artists that they worked with to bring the score to life. For his contributions, Urie was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Original Score.

On April 26, 2019, Urie collaborated with singer Taylor Swift and Joel Little on "Me!" which is the lead single of her seventh studio album, Lover. The song obtained commercial success, reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, and it also charted in many other countries including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

In 2022, Urie joined the band of friend and Viva Las Vengeance collaborator Mike Viola alongside Jake Sinclair, making the act a three-piece. Viola and Urie wrote the song "Diamonds in New York" about Adam Schlesinger, performing it on April 19, 2022. Over the summer, the band recorded together, in February 2023, the band performed in Hamburg, Germany, and on April 23, 2023, their album Paul McCarthy was released. Urie performed drums and percussion on every track of the project and is pictured in the album's cover artwork. Urie served as inspiration for the song "I Think I Thought Forever Proof." Urie appears in the music videos for Viola's songs "Scientist Alexis" and "Water Makes Me Sick", playing the drums. The band is slated to tour from September through October.

Influences
Urie has cited Frank Sinatra, Queen, David Bowie, and Tom DeLonge as his biggest influences. He also cited Taylor Swift as his influence as a songwriter.

Personal life

Urie was diagnosed with ADHD at a young age and has since been prescribed medication for the condition. He says that he likes to be open about his mental health to his fans. In a 2016 interview with Rolling Stone, Urie stated that he has synesthesia.

Urie met his wife Sarah Orzechowski at one of his shows, albeit while she was in a relationship. Eight months later, Hayley Williams from Paramore brought Sarah to another of Urie's shows and reintroduced them, and they began dating in 2009. The song "Sarah Smiles" from the album Vices & Virtues was inspired by Orzechowski. After announcing their engagement in September 2011, the two married on April 27, 2013.

In 2013, Urie said that he had "experimented" with men but stated, "I guess if I had to classify myself, I'd say I'm straight." In July 2018, Urie described himself as pansexual and stated, "I'm married to a woman and I'm very much in love with her but I'm not opposed to a man because to me, I like a person. If a person is great, then a person is great." Urie has been recognized for his vocal & charitable support of the LGBT community.

Urie joined Twitch on September 30, 2015 and regularly livestreamed thereafter. As of January 2023, his streams had accrued more than 4 million views.

In February 2017, Urie moved from Los Angeles to an undisclosed location, stating that "visits and constant harassment" from fans at his house led him to feel unsafe.

In August 2022, Urie got a tattoo depicting deceased Queen singer Freddie Mercury. He also has a tattoo depicting Frank Sinatra.

On January 24, 2023, Urie revealed that he and his wife were expecting a child, and that he would be discontinuing Panic! at the Disco to focus on his family. Their child was born in February 2023.

Activism and philanthropy
Urie has been recognized for various philanthropic efforts, including his own Highest Hopes Foundation. He has campaigned and donated to several organizations and causes, including Planned Parenthood, the Human Rights Campaign, SisterSong and Everytown for Gun Safety, and several youth group organizations.

In June 2018, Urie pledged $1 million in partnership with GLSEN to create gay–straight alliance clubs in high schools across the United States. In November 2019, he raised over $134,000 during a 24-hour charity Twitch stream. In early 2020, Urie funded the construction of a recording studio for the Henderson Boys & Girls Club.

Misconduct allegations
In 2020, Urie was accused by two anonymous Twitter users of having inappropriately touched, groped, or otherwise sexually harassed them when they were underage between the years 2009 and 2011.accusations

Later that summer, the Twitter hashtag #BrendonUrieSpeakUp trended as a result of those accusations and Panic! at the Disco's security manager Zack Hall being accused of sexual misconduct & physical abuse. Urie was also criticized on Twitter for past remarks that have been perceived as racist or transphobic, including a joke about rape—which, made during a live performance, initially received positive reception.I see you after the show I'm gonna f*ck you': Resurfaced Brendon Urie audio shows Panic! At The Disco singer joking about sexually assaulting fans After several months, Urie appeared on a livestream to announce that Hall was no long working with the band, though he received criticism for stating he would remain close friends with him. Urie apologized and announced that all of his crew members will receive anti-harassment training. Urie stated "I can't tell you how sorry I am to those that have been hurt and to those who have had to wait while I took the time I needed to listen and just learn" while also denouncing the allegations against himself as "entirely untrue".

Discography

Singles

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Guest appearances

With Mike Viola

Notes

References

External links

 Official Panic! at the Disco web site

1987 births
21st-century American singer-songwriters
American atheists
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American multi-instrumentalists
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American tenors
Former Latter Day Saints
Guitarists from Nevada
LGBT Latter Day Saints
LGBT people from Nevada
LGBT people from Utah
MTV Video Music Award winners
American LGBT singers
Living people
Native Hawaiian musicians
Panic! at the Disco members
Pansexual musicians
Pansexual men
Musicians from the Las Vegas Valley
Palo Verde High School alumni
Twitch (service) streamers
Singer-songwriters from Nevada
Singer-songwriters from Hawaii

Brendon Urie


The Mueller Tower is a historic  bell tower on the campus of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in Lincoln, Nebraska. It was built in 1949, and it is named for alumnus Ralph S. Mueller.

History
The  tower was built with limestone from Indiana thanks to a $90,000 donation () from alumnus Ralph S. Mueller, the founder and president of the Cleveland, Ohio-based Mueller Electric Company. It was designed by George Kuska Jr. when he was still a student at the university, and he later became a professional architect in central California. The construction of the tower was completed in 1949.

Its dedication was attended by 2,000 individuals on November 4, 1949. They included Chancellor R. G. Gustavson and President Harold S. Wilson as well as Professor Lynus Burr Smith, who was the head of the department of Architecture, and Arthur Lynds Bigelow, "one of the world's greatest carillonneurs." Other attendees included Deane Waldo Malott, then the president of the University of Kansas, George Kuska Jr., the architect, as well as Mr Mueller and members of his family.

The bell tower was cordoned off in 2006 as the limestone began collapsing, and the university lacked funding to restore it. By then, it had become "one of the most recognizable structures on campus," and university officials vowed to restore it shortly.

The tower does not include a traditional array of bells. Instead the tower has eight speakers which broadcast recordings or live music played. Mueller, whose career was in electronics, liked the electronic broadcast system idea. The music was initially played on a keyboard, but it was later replaced by tape recordings. As late as 1985, a student played the keyboard prior to football games in the octagonal room inside the tower. For the pre-recorded music, an Embassy Digital Autobell Carillon machine is now used. The tower has also been used to commemorate special occasions, like the 16th anniversary of the AIDS epidemic on December 4, 1996, three days after World AIDS Day. As of 2015, the system was broadcasting music selected randomly, at the hour and at 23 minutes past the hour.

References

External links
The Schulmerich Legacy

Towers completed in 1949
1949 establishments in Nebraska
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Bell towers in the United States

Mueller Tower


The position of a crown prince in pre-Islamic Iran was affirmed in the Median and early Achaemenid eras, when sovereignty was becoming standardized, due to the influence of Mesopotamian, Urartian, and Elamite practices.

It was during this period that the Avestan word vīsō puθra ("son of the clan") was adopted to denote "crown prince." The word became visa-puthra in Old Persian.

By the early Achaemenid period, a king preparing to participate in a military expedition, was required to appoint his heir, in case the king would die. Usually the appointment of an heir was based on his ancestry, physical quality, and leadership features.

Sources

Crown princes
Royalty

Crown princes in pre-Islamic Iran


The 1920 North Dakota blizzard was a severe blizzard that killed 34 people from March 15–18, 1920 in the U.S. state of North Dakota.

Severity
High winds and an eight-inch (20-centimeter) snowfall stopped rail service in Bismarck, North Dakota. Only one telephone line functioned between Fargo, North Dakota, and Minneapolis, Minnesota.

20th century in North Dakota
March events
1920 in the United States
Historic blizzards in the United States

1920 North Dakota Blizzard


The Hon. Christopher Dunkin,  (September 25, 1812 – January 6, 1881) was a Canadian editor, lawyer, teacher, judge, and politician.

Early life

Born at Walworth, London, England, he was the son of Summerhayes Dunkin (1779-1823), of Horsleydown, Bermondsey, and Martha, daughter of John Hemming (1760–1825) of Twickenham, Middlesex. He was a first cousin of Hon. Edward John Hemming who came to Canada at his invitation. His family emigrated to New York in 1821, but his father died two years later, and his widow got remarried to the eccentric English surgeon, Jonathan Barber (1784–1864), Professor of Elocution at Harvard and Yale Universities, and Professor of Public speaking at McGill University. The "exceptionally intelligent" Dunkin had returned to Britain to study classics and mathematics at the University of London and the University of Glasgow but graduated from neither.

In 1831, Dunkin rejoined his mother and stepfather in North America, continuing his education at Harvard University for two more years. Again, he did not graduate, but Harvard still awarded him an honorary degree and appointed him tutor of Greek and Latin for 1834–35. That did not go well for him. His Freshman class provoked what became known as the Dunkin Rebellion in which classroom furniture and windows were broken, followed by disruptions in morning and evening prayers. Dunkin's contract was not renewed.

Legal career

As a loyal British subject and conservative, Dunkin did not hold a favourable view of life in the United States and instead left for Montreal, where British patriotic fervour was at its peak. In 1837, he gained his first employment in Montreal as a correspondent for the Morning Courier. The following year, he was appointed secretary to the Education Commission and then to the Postal Service Commission before he became Deputy Provincial Secretary for Canada East, an office he retained from 1842 to 1847. His diplomatic nature enabled him to work easily between all of the political parties at a turbulent time in Canadian politics. In his spare time, Dunkin had started studying law in the offices of Alexander Buchanan and then Francis Godschall Johnson and was called to the Bar in 1846.

He became a partner in what was then Montreal's most prestigious law firm, Meredith & Bethune. In 1849, the founding partner, Meredith, accepted a judicial position in Quebec City and soon afterwards, Dunkin left to set up his own practice in the Eastern Townships, which was beginning to flourish but lacked talented lawyers. He established himself at Knowlton, Quebec.

Political career

He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in 1857 for the Quebec riding of Drummond—Arthabaska. He then represented the riding of Brome from 1862 until 1867. In 1864, he introduced a temperance act, known as the Dunkin Act. Dunkin was acclaimed for the Brome seat in the 1st Canadian Parliament in 1867 as a Conservative; he also represented the same riding provincially from 1867 to 1871. He was acclaimed again in 1869 by-election after he was appointed Minister of Agriculture. He resigned in 1871 when he was appointed a Puisne Justice of the Quebec Superior Court.

Electoral record

By-election: On Mr. Dunkin being called to the Privy Council and appointed Minister of Agriculture, 16 November 1869

References

 Biography from the Ministry of Agriculture

External links
 Dr Jonathan Barber's Unlikely Odyssey

1812 births
1881 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East
Lawyers in Quebec
Judges in Quebec
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
People from Walworth

Christopher Dunkin


Draslajca () is a village in the south-western region of North Macedonia.

Information

Draslajca is a medium-sized village in the centre of the Struga municipality.  It has 3 general stores, a granary, an agency from the Government of North Macedonia and the "Makedonski Dom" in the Sredselo (centre of the village).  The village is home to a large open soccer field and two Churches.  The Church Sveta Bogorodica and the Manastir Sveta Nedela are both at the northern end of the village.

History

The first mention of Draslajce in literature is in a Turkisk census document of the Ohrid Sanjak in 1543. It mentions the village under the name Dragoslavica. The village was based on corn-farming and animal keeping. In Ethnographie des Vilayets d'Adrianople, de Monastir et de Salonique the French newspaper Le Courrier d'Orient had the village listed as having 40 households and a male population of 112 people, all Bulgarian.  According to ethnographer Vasil Kanchov in 1900 the village had a population of 340 Bulgarians. The village was within the borders of the Bulgarian Exarchate. The Exarchate secretary Dimitar Mishev, in 1905 the village was inhabited by 360 Bulgarian exarchists and a functioning Bulgarian school.

Name Draslajca: the elder people say it comes from Dras that means wild grass and Lajca is old word for scythe.

The key location of the village in the flatlands was key to its survival and property. After the Balkan Wars all of the population of the neighbouring village of Livada began to migrate to the village. This caused the population to boom while reducing the number of inhabitants of Livada.

During World War Two Draslajca was occupied  by the Italian occupiers. They had a good relationship with the local villages an set up camp in the village. They soon built the village "Dom" or home in the center of the village. This building is still present in the village today. The Italians were expelled by the partisan forces and a monument was constructed for the Partisan fighters.

Geography

The Village of Draslajca is situated in the center of the Struško Pole.  It is  north of Struga and  north-west of Ohrid Airport.  The nearest villages are Moroišta () and Bidžovo ().  The Village is situated on the Eastern side of the Black Drin river.  The village is situated in flat lands and is surrounded by fertile farming lands and pastures.  It is situated at  above sea level.

Demography

Many of the townsfolk have origins from the neighbouring village of Livada as this is where the population of Draslajca is originally from. After World War Two the remaining Macedonians in Livada began to leave the village and settle in Draslajca. This pattern of migration turned Livada into an exclusively Albanian village. Many more people from neighbouring villages also began to settle in Draslajca.

Notable people from Draslajca
 Krste Čačanski (1949-2003)
 Mitra Stojanoska
 Viktor Cvetanoski
 Zdravko Joldeski

References

External links

Unofficial website of Draslajca

Villages in Struga Municipality

Draslajca


Labadi Beach or more properly known as La Pleasure Beach is the busiest beach on Ghana's coast. It is one of Accra's beaches and is maintained by the local hotels. Labadi Beach is in a town called La, popularly known as Labadi, near Teshie in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. An entrance fee to those not staying in the hotels is charged. On holidays and weekends there are often performances of reggae, hiplife, playback, and cultural drumming and dancing. As of 2014, the beach is still under intense scrutiny from the community to alleviate the ongoing issue of open defecation present on the beach . Proposals to build additional designated sanitation facilities to accommodate the issue have been brought to the attention of the local council and hotels near the beach. Aside from visiting the beach to have fun, people visit the place early morning to work out, mostly on weekends.

References

External links
 Photographs of Labadi Beach, April 2016
 Ultimate guide here Labadi Beach Hotel Accra

Accra
Beaches of Ghana

Labadi Beach


Melvin James "Sy" Oliver (December 17, 1910 – May 28, 1988) was an American jazz arranger, trumpeter, composer, singer and bandleader.

Life
Sy Oliver was born in Battle Creek, Michigan, United States. His mother was a piano teacher, and his father was a multi-instrumentalist, who demonstrated saxophones at a time when instrument was seldom played other than by marching bands.

Oliver left home at 17 to play with Zack Whyte and his Chocolate Beau Brummels and later with Alphonse Trent. He sang and played trumpet with these bands, becoming known for his "growling" horn playing. He also began arranging with them.

He continued singing for the next 17 years, making many recordings when he was with Jimmie Lunceford and with his own band. With Lunceford, from 1933 to 1939, he recorded more than two dozen vocals. From 1949 to 1951, he recorded more than a dozen with his band. With Tommy Dorsey, he recorded very few vocals. In 1941, he sang with Jo Stafford, on his own compositions "Yes Indeed" and "Swingin' on Nothin'". He also sang with The Sentimentalists on the 1944 recording of his arrangement of "Chicago".

Oliver arranged and conducted many songs for Ella Fitzgerald from her Decca years. As a composer, one of his most famous songs was "T'ain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)", which he co-wrote with Trummy Young in 1939.

In 1933, Oliver joined Jimmie Lunceford's band as a trumpet player, arranger and songwriter. He contributed many hit arrangements for the band, including "My Blue Heaven" and "Ain't She Sweet", as well as his original composition "For Dancers Only", which eventually became the band's theme song. He was co-arranger with pianist Ed Wilson; Oliver primarily taking the up-tempo numbers, Wilcox the ballads. Oliver's arrangements "were a dashing parade of innovation that rivaled Ellington's for consistency and originality."

In 1939, when band leader Tommy Dorsey decided he wanted a swing band, his first step was to hire Oliver as an arranger away from Lunceford for $5,000 more a year. Oliver then became one of the first African Americans with a prominent role in a white band when he joined Tommy Dorsey. (Fletcher Henderson, another African American composer/arranger, had joined the Benny Goodman orchestra as the arranger a few years earlier.) He led the transition of the Dorsey band from Dixieland to modern big band.  His joining was instrumental in Dorsey luring several jazz players, including Buddy Rich, to his band.

With Dorsey, Oliver continued sharing arranging duties with other arrangers, primarily Axel Stordahl, Oliver doing up-tempo tunes, Stordahl ballads. As James Kaplan put it, "Tommy Dorsey's band got a rocket  boost in 1939 when Dorsey stole Lunceford's great arranger Sy Oliver."

His arrangement of "On the Sunny Side of the Street" was a big hit for Dorsey in 1946, as were his compositions "Yes, Indeed!" (a gospel-jazz tune that was later recorded by Ray Charles), "Opus One" (originally titled as "Opus No. 1", but changed to suit the lyric that was added later), "The Minor Is Muggin'", and "Well, Git It".

Oliver left Dorsey after seven years, in 1946, and began working as a freelance arranger and as music director for Decca.

On June 26, 1950, Sy Oliver and his Orchestra recorded the first American version of "C'est si bon" (Henri Betti, André Hornez, Jerry Seelen) and "La Vie en rose" (Louiguy, Édith Piaf, Mack David) for Louis Armstrong. One of his more successful efforts as an arranger was the 1961 Frank Sinatra album, I Remember Tommy, a combined tribute to their former boss.

In 1974, he began a nightly gig with a small band at the Rainbow Room in New York. He continued that gig until 1984, with occasionally time off to make festival or other dates, including at the Roseland Ballroom in New York.  He retired in 1984.

Oliver died in New York City at the age of 77.

Discography
 Sway It with Flowers (Brunswick, 1956)
 Sentimental Sy (Dot, 1958)
 77 Sunset Strip and Other Selections with Frankie Ortega (Jubilee, 1959)
 Back Stage (Dot, 1959)
 Dance Music for People Who Don't Dance Any More (Riverside, 1961)
 What Can I Say? with Val Anthony (L.I.M.S., 1966)
 Yes Indeed (Black and Blue, 1973)
 Annie Laurie (Jazz Legacy, 1978)
 Easy Walker (Jazz Legacy, 1979)

As sideman
With Jimmie Lunceford
 Lunceford Special (Columbia, 1967)
 Stomp it Off (Decca, 1992)
 Rhythm is Our Business (Decca, 1996)
 Swingsation (GRP, 1998)

With others
 Louis Armstrong, Satchmo Serenades (Decca, 1952)
 Tommy Dorsey, What Is This Thing Called Love? (Victor, 1942)
 Ella Fitzgerald, Ella: The Legendary Decca Recordings (GRP, 1995)
 Frank Sinatra, The Popular Frank Sinatra (Megaforce, 2015)
 Caterina Valente, Plenty Valente (Decca, 1957)
 Peggy Lee, Miss Wonderful (Decca, 1959) — arranger, conductor
 Peggy Lee, Dream Street (Capitol Records, 1957) — arranger, conductor
 Peggy Lee with the Sy Oliver Orchestra, "The Siamese Cat Song" (Lady and the Tramp soundtrack, Walt Disney Records, 1955) — bandleader

See also
Swing music

References

External links

Sy Oliver Papers, the collection of his personal scores and papers, in the Music Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
The Sy Oliver Story, Part 1, an interview with Les Tompkins, 1974.

 Sy Oliver recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

1910 births
1988 deaths
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
American music arrangers
American jazz bandleaders
Big band bandleaders
Jubilee Records artists
Bell Records artists
People from Battle Creek, Michigan
Jazz musicians from Michigan
Jazz arrangers
20th-century American composers
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century American male musicians
New York Jazz Repertory Company members
Black & Blue Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Decca Records artists
Capitol Records artists
Bluebird Records artists
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century African-American musicians

Sy Oliver


In Italian design, the Radical period took place in the late 1960s, with a shift in style among the avant-garde. Probably the most notable result of this avant-garde period is the installation called "Superarchitettura", made in Pistoia in 1966. Another important exhibition dedicated to radical design in Italy was held at MoMA in 1972 ("Italy: The New Domestic Landscape").

The radical design movement included many artists, designers and architects from Florence, Turin, Naples, Milan, etc:

 Archizoom, Superstudio, UFO, 9999, Zziggurat (Florence)
 LIBIDARCH, Studio 65, Ceretti-Derossi-Rosso, Piero Gatti, Cesare Paolini, . In addition, artists like Piero Gilardi, Guido Drocco, Franco Mello (Turin)
 Riccardo Dalisi (Naples)
 Gruppo Cavart: Piero Brombin and Michele De Lucchi (Padua)
 Gaetano Pesce
 Ugo La Pietra (Milan)

Another important studio was located in Milan and called "STUDIODADA". Members of STUDIODADA included: Ada Alberti, Dario Ferrari, Maurizio Maggi, Patrizio Corno, Marco Piva and Paolo Francesco Piva. Other professionals of that period were: David Palterer, Tomo Ara, Battista Luraschi, Bepi Maggiori, Alberto Benelli, Pino Calzana, etc.

Radical Design influenced Studio Alchimia and the Memphis group.

In addition, a movement called "Postmodernism" or "Neomodernism" was led by Alessandro Mendini, director of reviews like "Casabella", "Modo" and "Domus" from 1980 to 1985. Mendini's postmodernism inspired exhibitions like "L'interno oltre la forma dell'utile" (Interior space after the form of usefulness) held at the Triennale di Milano in 1980.

References

Architecture in Italy
Italian design

Radical period


Fornaci di Barga, or simply Fornaci, is a frazione of Barga in the Province of Lucca, Tuscany, Italy. It is located 165 m above sea level, on the left bank of the river Serchio.

The town owes its name to lime and brick kilns (fornaci in Italian) that could once be found in the area but that have now gradually disappeared.

History

The first historically documented evidence of Fornaci goes back to approximately 1000AD. The ancient village took the name of Caterozzo, today just the name of one of the four districts of Fornaci. Probably the name comes from "cala" meaning water and "tur" meaning passage, which joined together means ford, describing the original swampy territory on which the first village rose, frequently flooded by the Serchio river. The population was constituted from farmers, fishermen and breeders of cattle who traded their products with the Versiliesi (traders from Versilia, the coastal region of Tuscany) in exchange for spices. A war between the citizens of Lucca and Pope Gregory IX (1230) caused the exodus of the population of Caterozzo and some of the nearby villages to the Apennine mountains. The activity of the "Caterozzo's Furnaces" which took advantage of the rich deposits of clay, increased in the first half of the 15th century. The village was increasingly becoming, around the various brick-kilns, what would be the centre of today's Fornaci vecchia. Ancient documents mention the castle of Catarozzo, a sign that the village was protected by castle walls, no trace of which remain today . Thanks to the "Furnaces of Caterozzo" families the pieve of Loppia, of which only the perimeter walls, the facade and the apse remained, was reconstructed and in 1522 was reopened to the faithful. As the village evolved its name changed to become the present one. Of the ancient brick-kilns only one survives to the present day, completely restored and transformed into a shopping centre.

The main expansion of the village happened during World War I and the opening of an ammunition factory in 1915 by the Italian Metallurgical Society (Società Metallurgica Italiana – SMI) that produced shells and cartridges, providing many jobs. As a consequence many new houses had to be built for the workers, which resulted in the Fornaci of the present day. Today the factory has lost a large part of its original purpose and has become specialised in the working of copper and its alloys. In the first years of the present century the factory, today operated by KME Group, started to produce Euro coins.

Nowadays the village has become enriched by many shops and has become the commercial centre of the Serchio valley and its Garfagnana neighbour.

Attractions

The central square, named 4 November and recently restructured, is the heart of the activities and the life of Fornaci. It accommodates the main events of the village and provides a meeting place for people in their free time, thanks also to the adjacent gelateria, bars, pubs and restaurants. The central square opens onto the Via Repubblica, the main street of the village on which are situated many shops, giving rise to the slogan "100 shops having a single display window". On some festival days, for example May 1 and June 2, the road is closed to traffic and transformed into a pedestrian area. The church of Christ Redentore, constructed in a modern style, is the main church of Fornaci. It is located in the centre of the village, in Don Minzoni square. Monsignor Matteucci, archbishop of Pisa, blessed its foundation stone on May 22, 1971 and consecrated the church on September 27, 1974. The church was built on land given to the parish by Società Metallurgica Italiana which also donated copper for the roof. Inside the church is a mosaic of Christ. The bronze covering of the main door of the church is the work of professor Franco Pegonzi : Franco Pegonzi, created in commemoration of the Holy Jubilee Year 2000 Porta Santa. In the neighbourhood of the church is located the park "Felice Menichini" with a playground for children and a general purpose sports field for others. The church of Santissimo Nome di Maria in Fornaci Vecchia was erected in 1741 and is of more traditional architecture. The church became a parish church in 1923 and an "arcipretura" in 1962. Located at this church is the Romanesque pieve of Saint Maria Assumpta in Loppia. Probably already built in the 6th century, it is certain that the pieve was restored at the beginning of the second millennium at the request of countess Beatrice di Canossa and was reconsecrated on Saturday February 4, 1058 by the bishop of Lucca, Anselmo da Baggio, the future Pope Alexander II. A museum has been created in what was once the research centre of Società Metallurgica Italiana. This museum is managed by the Ing. Luigi Orlando Foundation and contains the correspondence, the archive documents, the technical drawings and samples of machinery that was used in the several plants of the group and is of great value, both historically and culturally. One of the curiosities which should be mentioned is the " fontanina dell' amore", surrounded by nature in the northern part of the village. A poem by the poet Geri di Gavinana has been dedicated to this fountain and to the lovers who visit it looking for a secluded place. A plaque positioned on the fountain reminds the poem. Fornaci is also used as a base for touring the Media Valle del Serchio and Garfagnana.

Society and culture

There are many small associations that make the village alive in various fields (sport, theatre, cultural, commerce, etc.). The most active and long-standing of these in the life of the village are:

 US Fornaci, a soccer club founded in 1928. The greatest achievements of this club were to reach league C in the soccer championship of 1940-41, and to organise the annual "Ciminiera d' Argento" event, presented by Franco Ligas, which gives prizes to sports personalities who have distinguished themselves in their specialities on a national and international level. Examples of these personalities are Mario Cipollini, Juri Chechi, Omar Sivori, Andrea Lucchetta, Bruno Pizzul and Fabrizio Maffei. During the last few years the club has concentrated mainly on younger players, and with its 250 players in the various teams it represents one of the more important soccer nurseries in the entire Lucca area.
 Gruppo mineralogico paleontologico (1973)
 Theatre group "The Mercantidarte" (1981) which prepares shows and organizes amateur theatrical seasons in the Theatre G. Pascoli of Fornaci.
 Judo Club Fornaci (1963) which numbers some Italian champions amongst its various athletes.
 Comitato Fornaci Vecchia. Which organises the prizes "Fornacino dell' anno" and "Aia d' Argento".
 Moto Club Fornaci
 Sport Fishing Club Fornaci.
 Volley Club Fornaci
 Cycle Club Fornaci.
 Schola cantorum (1939).
 CIPAF (Traders, Manufacturers, Professionals, Fornaci Craftsmen)
 Comitato paesano.

The most important of the village festivals are:

 the patron saint's day (St. Anthony, Abbot on 17 January, with its fair which is held in the old part of the village);
 the first of May, a celebration of flowers and motor vehicles which attracts thousands of people from the neighbourhood every year. This event started in 1960 on the initiative of the Fornaci Motorcycle Club and has been joined over the years by the Gruppo mineralogico paleontologico, US Fornaci, the Volley Club Fornaci, and the Sport Fishing Club;
 In the month of May, at sunset, it is traditional to recite the rosary close to the several "maestaine" (roadside shrines in stone or brick containing the image of the Madonna). These shrines are located in various parts of the village and on these occasions are adorned with fresh flowers and lit by small candles.
 In the month of June the festival of Christ Redeemer takes place when the streets leading to the church are decorated with flowers. This festival (the third Sunday in June) is preceded by competitions between different parts of the village (Rione Case Operaie, Centro, Caterozzo, Fornaci Vecchia). These culminate in the Riondama, a game of draughts played with human pieces in costume;
 In the month of August the Comitato Fornaci Vecchia awards the Aia d'Argento prize for sport, social and cultural achievements;
 In the commercial area of Fornaci, in the first fortnight of August, takes place "Agosto a Fornaci" organised by CIPAF when shops are open till late at night and there are commercial promotions, folklore initiatives and entertainment.

The weekly market is held on Friday mornings.

Gallery

Transport

 Car: Fornaci can be reached from Lucca by means of the SS Lodovica road which continues into the heart of Garfagnana. Public transport services  are available for those without cars.
 Train: Fornaci di Barga railway station serves the town with train services operating to Lucca.
 Air: the nearest commercial airport is Pisa International Airport.

References

Frazioni of Barga, Tuscany
Cities and towns in Tuscany

Fornaci di Barga


Cyrus West Field (November 30, 1819 – July 12, 1892) was an American businessman and financier who, along with other entrepreneurs, created the Atlantic Telegraph Company and laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1858. Field was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.  When he was 16 years old, he moved to New York City. There he apprenticed in the largest dry goods business in the city. He went to work for the paper wholesaler E. Root and Company. When the company failed he bought up the stock. He built it up as Cyrus W. Field and Company. He became one of the city's richest men. Profits permitted him to retire at the age 34 with a fortune of $250,000. Bad investments left Field without most of his fortune at the end of his life. He died in New York City on July 12, 1892.

References

Businesspeople from Massachusetts
1819 births
1892 deaths

Cyrus West Field


August von der Heydt (15 February 1801 – 13 June 1874) was an influential German economist.

Biography
Von der Heydt was born in Elberfeld in the Duchy of Berg.

During the Revolution of 1848 he was appointed as Minister to the newly created Ministry of Commerce and Industry in the Kingdom of Prussia, serving during the reigns of kings Frederick William IV and William I. He helped increase circulation of money at the rate of 12.5%/year.

He was responsible for the railways in Prussia and organized new railroad construction and purchased private ones. He reformed the old mining laws, by lowering the tax on the mining industry, ending state supervision, and eliminated the privileges of the miners guild. He also allowed government to be less restrictive of its attitude toward the formation of banks. The formation of many new banks revolutionized Germany by supplying a lot of much needed capital. In 1862 he resigned his position, but he took it back from 1866 to 1867 to help finance the Austro-Prussian War.

Von der Heydt died in Berlin. He is also the great-grandfather of the banker, art collector, and patron Eduard von der Heydt.

References

1801 births
1874 deaths
German economists
Politicians from Wuppertal
Barons of Germany
Finance ministers of Prussia
Trade ministers of Prussia
Prussian politicians
Members of the Prussian National Assembly

August von der Heydt


Rua XV de Novembro (Portuguese for "15 November Street") is one of the major streets in downtown Curitiba. It is also known as Rua das Flores ("Flower Street"), because of the many pots with flowers decorating the street. In 1972, it was closed to vehicles, and only people are allowed in it, making it one of the first pedestrian streets (streets for people) in Brazil. This change of the street, was one of the first projects of the mayor of Curitiba, Jaime Lerner, who was an urban planner. It is a major tourist site in Curitiba. The street has many restaurants and shops and many historic buildings. It is named for the Proclamation of the Republic, which took place on , which ended the Empire of Brazil, and made Brazil a republic.

It is very common to see every kind of artistic performances, such as mimes and clowns who interact with those who pass by, musicians, magicians and other performers, such as living statues (people who act like statues).

Other websites

Curitiba
Roads

Rua XV de Novembro


Historically, most medicine wheels follow a similar pattern of a central circle or cluster of stones, surrounded by an   outer ring of stones, along with "spokes" (lines of rocks) radiating from the center out to the surrounding ring. Often, but not always, the spokes may be aligned to the cardinal directions (East, South, West, and North). In other cases, some stones may be aligned with astronomical phenomena. These stone structures may be called "medicine wheels" by the Indigenous nation which built them, or by more specific names in that nation's language.

Physical medicine wheels made of stone have been constructed by a number of different Indigenous cultures in North America, notably many of the Plains nations. The structures are associated with Native American and Indigenous Canadian religious ceremonies.

Nomenclature

The Royal Alberta Museum (2005) holds that the term "medicine wheel" was first applied to the Big Horn Medicine Wheel in Wyoming, the southernmost archeological wheel still extant. The term "medicine" was not applied not necessarily because of any healing that was associated with that medicine wheel, but denotes that the sacred site and rock formations were of central importance and attributed with religious, hallowed, and spiritual significance.

Stone structures as sacred architecture
Intentionally erecting massive stone structures as sacred architecture is a well-documented activity of ancient monolithic and megalithic peoples.

The Royal Alberta Museum posits the possible point of origin, or parallel tradition, to other round structures such as the tipi lodge, stones used as "foundation stones" or "tent-pegs":
Scattered across the plains of Alberta are tens of thousands of stone structures. Most of these are simple circles of cobble stones which once held down the edges of the famous tipi of the Plains Indians; these are known as "tipi rings." Others, however, were of a more esoteric nature. Extremely large stone circlessome greater than 12 meters acrossmay be the remains of special ceremonial dance structures. A few cobble arrangements form the outlines of human figures, most of them obviously male. Perhaps the most intriguing cobble constructions, however, are the ones known as medicine wheels.

Locality, siting and proxemics

Stone medicine wheels are sited throughout the northern United States and southern Canada, specifically South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Alberta and Saskatchewan. The majority of the approximately 70 documented stone structures still extant are in Alberta, Canada.

One of the prototypical medicine wheels is in the Bighorn National Forest in Big Horn County, Wyoming. This  wheel has 28 spokes, and is part of a vast set of old Native American sites that document 7,000 years of their history in that area.

Medicine wheels are also found in Ojibwa territory, the common theory is that they were built by the prehistoric ancestors of the Assiniboine people.

Larger astronomical and ceremonial petroforms, and Hopewell mound building sites are also found in North America.

Structure, fabrication and patterning

In defining the commonalities among different stone medicine wheels, the Royal Alberta Museum cites the definition given by John Brumley, an archaeologist from Medicine Hat, that a medicine wheel "consists of at least two of the following three traits: (1) a central stone cairn, (2) one or more concentric stone circles, and/or (3) two or more stone lines radiating outward from a central point."

From the air, a medicine wheel often looks like a wagon wheel lying on its side. The wheels can be large, reaching diameters of 75 feet.

The most common variation between different wheels are the spokes. There is no set number of spokes for a medicine wheel to have although there are usually 28, the same number of days in a lunar cycle. The spokes within each wheel are rarely evenly spaced, or even all the same length. Some medicine wheels will have one particular spoke that is significantly longer than the rest. The spokes may start from the center cairn and go out only to the outer ring, others go past the outer ring, and some spokes start at the outer ring and go out from there.

Sometimes there is a passageway, or a doorway, in the circles. The outer ring of stones will be broken, and there will be a stone path leading in to the center of the wheel. Some have additional circles around the outside of the wheel, sometimes attached to spokes or the outer ring, and sometimes floating free of the main structure.

While alignment with the cardinal directions is common, some medicine wheels are also aligned with astronomical phenomena involving the Sun, Moon, some stars, and some planets in relation to the Earth's horizon at that location. The wheels are generally considered to be sacred sites, connected in various ways to the builders' particular culture, lore and ceremonial ways.

Other North American Indigenous peoples have made somewhat-similar petroforms, turtle-shaped stone piles with the legs, head, and tail pointing out the directions and aligned with astronomical events.

Cultural value, attribution and meaning
Stone medicine wheels have been built and used for ceremonies for millennia, and each one has enough unique characteristics and qualities that archaeologists have encountered significant challenges in determining with precision what each one was for.

One of the older wheels, the Majorville medicine wheel located south of Bassano, Alberta, has been dated at 3200 BCE (5200 years ago) by careful stratification of known artifact types. Like Stonehenge, it had been built up by successive generations who would add new features to the circle. Due to that and its long period of use (with a gap in its use between 3000 and 2000 years ago, archaeologists believe that the function of the medicine wheel changed over time.

Astronomer John Eddy put forth the suggestions that some of the wheels had astronomical significance, where spokes on a wheel could be pointing to certain stars, as well as sunrise or sunset, at a certain time of the year, suggesting that the wheels were a way to mark certain days of the year. In a paper for the  Journal for the History of Astronomy Professor Bradley Schaefer stated that the claimed alignments for three wheels studied, the Bighorn medicine wheel, one at Moose Mountain in southeastern Saskatchewan, and one at Fort Smith, Montana, there was no statistical evidence for stellar alignments.

Medicine Wheel Park
Joe Stickler of Valley City State University, North Dakota, with the assistance of his students, began the construction of Medicine Wheel Park in 1992. The Park showcases two solar calendars: "a horizon calendar (the medicine wheel) and a meridian or noontime calendar." According to the Medicine Wheel website, the "large circle measures 213 feet (approximately 65 meters) around. The 28 spokes radiating from its center represent the number of days in the lunar cycle. Six spokes extending well beyond the Wheel are aligned to the horizon positions of sunrises and sunsets on the first days of the four seasons."

Medicine wheel symbol

The medicine wheel has been adapted into a visual symbol, with associated correspondences and meanings, by pretendian Hyemeyohsts Storm, who first published his invention in 1972. It has been adopted as a visual icon and teaching tool by a number of pan-Indian groups, as well as Native groups whose ancestors did not traditionally use medicine wheels as a structure. It has also been misappropriated by non-Indigenous people, usually those associated with New Age communities, who have often added additional elements from non-Native cultures.

See also
 Medicine wheel (symbol)
 Archaeoastronomy
 Cahokia Woodhenge
 Inukshuk
 Original Keetoowah Society
 Rock art
 Sandpainting
 Temenos

References

Further reading

Books
 John A. Eddy. "Medicine Wheels and Plains Indian Astronomy", in Native American Astronomy. ed. Anthony F. Aveni (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1977) p. 147-169.
 John A. Eddy. "Medicine Wheels and Plains Indians", in Astronomy of the Ancients. ed. Kenneth Brecher and Michael Feirtag Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1979, p. 1-24.
 Gordon Freeman. Canada's Stonehenge. Official website.
 E.C. Krupp, Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations, (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1983) p. 141-148.
 Jamie Jobb, The Night Sky Book (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1977) p. 70-71.
 Ray F. Williamson, Living the Sky. The Cosmos of the American Indian, (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984) p. 191-217.

Articles
 Anthony F. Aveni, "Native American Astronomy". Physics Today Issue 37 (June 1984) p. 24-32.
 Von Del Chamberlain, "Prehistoric American Astronomy". Astronomy Issue 4 (July 1976) p. 10-19.
 John A. Eddy, "Astronomical Alignment of the Big Horn Medicine Wheel", Science Issue 184 (June 1974) p. 1035-1043.
 John Eddy, "Probing the Mystery of the Medicine Wheels", National Geographic 151:1, 140-46 (January 1977).
 O. Richard Norton, "Early Indian Sun-Watching Sites are Real", American West Issue 24 (August 1987) p. 63-70
 Vickers, J. Rod, "Medicine Wheels: A Mystery in Stone", Alberta Past 8(3):6-7, Winter 1992–93.

External links
 Medicine Wheel Park at Valley City State University
 Stanford University Solar Center Medicine Wheel Page
 A Report on the Medicine Wheel

Religious places of the indigenous peoples of North America

Medicine wheel


"Sun Is Up" is a song by Inna. Inna is a singer of dance music from Romania. The song is also a single and the first single from Inna's second album. The album is called I Am the Club Rocker. "Sun Is Up" was launched in Romania in August 2010. In 2011, it was out in UK, France, Germany, etc. It was a #1 in Switzerland and Bulgaria and a top ten in France and Romania. The video for the song is in Spain at a hotel and in it, Inna is in love with her photographer.

2010 songs

Sun Is Up


Der National Academy of Sciences Award in Molecular Biology (NAS Award in Molecular Biology) ist ein von der National Academy of Sciences der Vereinigten Staaten seit 1962 jährlich vergebener Wissenschaftspreis auf dem Gebiet der Molekularbiologie. Die Auszeichnung, die sich an US-amerikanische Wissenschaftler vor dem 45. Lebensjahr richtet, wird von dem Unternehmen Pfizer gesponsert, in früheren Jahren von US Steel. Sie ist mit 25.000 US-Dollar dotiert.

15 der 72 Preisträger (Stand Januar 2023) haben später einen Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin oder einen für Chemie erhalten (Jahr und Gebiet in Klammern angegeben), zum Teil Jahrzehnte später.

Preisträger
 1962 Marshall Warren Nirenberg (Medizin 1968): For his studies of the molecular mechanisms for the biosynthesis of protein.
 1963 M. S. Meselson: For his leading role in developing and applying methods to measure the transmission of genetic information in the cell.
 1964 Charles Yanofsky: For his achievements in demonstrating how changes in the gene produce changes in the way protein is made in the body.
 1965 Robert Stuart Edgar: For his development and application of the method of "conditional lethal mutants" for the analysis of the genetic control of morpho-genesis at the molecular level.
 1966 Norton D. Zinder: For his discovery of RNA bacteriophages, a new class of bacteria-attacking viruses, which have provided researchers with a highly valuable and convenient method of studying fundamental processes in all living cells.
 1967 Robert W. Holley (Medizin 1968): For his elucidation of the full sequence of nucleotides in the molecule of a soluble RNA.
 1968 Walter Gilbert (Chemie 1980): For his signal contribution to understanding of the regulatory mechanisms operative in genetic control of protein synthesis.
 1969 William B. Wood: For his genetic dissection of the mechanism of assembly of the bacterial virus particle and reconstruction of the virus in vitro.
 1970 A. Dale Kaiser: For his discovery that pure phage lambda DNA can infect susceptible bacterial cells and produce progeny, and for the effect of this discovery on the whole field of bacterial virus genetics.
 1971 Masayasu Nomura: For his studies on the structure and function of ribosomes and their molecular components.
 1972 Howard M. Temin (Medizin 1975): For his work leading to the discovery of reverse transcription.
 1973 Donald D. Brown: For his studies of the structure, regulation, and evolution of genes in animals, particularly the genes specifying ribosomal RNA in Xenopus and silk fibroin in Bombix.
 1974 David Baltimore (Medizin 1975): For his distinguished leadership in virus research, and for his discoveries on the reproduction and enzymology of RNA viruses that has greatly advanced the science of molecular biology.
 1975 Bruce Alberts: For the isolation of proteins required for DNA replication and genetic recombination and the elucidation of how they interact with DNA.
 1976 Daniel Nathans (Medizin 1978): For his innovative use of molecular and cell biological tools to analyze the genome of an oncogenic virus.
 1977 Aaron J. Shatkin: For his contributions to the understanding of eukaryotic, viral, and cellular messenger RNAs.
 1978 Günter Blobel (Medizin 1999): For elucidating mechanisms of passage of secreted proteins into and across membranes.
 1979 Mark Ptashne: For his outstanding contributions to our understanding of gene regulation through the studies of the virus Lambda.
 1980 Phillip Allen Sharp (Medizin 1993): For his pioneering and continuing contributions to our understanding of messenger RNA biogenesis in mammalian cells.
 1981 Ronald W. Davis, Gerald R. Fink: For their outstanding contributions to the molecular biology of the simple eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both have opened vistas of genetic analysis by the development of new methods, in particular, the development and utilization of molecular cloning in yeast.
 1982 Joan A. Steitz: For contributing to our understanding how RNA molecules are recognized by enzymes and discovering the roles played by small ribonucleoprotein molecules in RNA processing.
 1983 James C. Wang: For his ingenious studies of the topological properties of the DNA double helix and his discovery of the important class of enzymes know as DNA topoisomerases.
 1984 Geoffrey M. Cooper, Robert Allan Weinberg: For the identification and characterization of cellular oncogenes of human and animal tumors, thereby providing seminal insights into the mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
 1985 Gerald M. Rubin, Allan C. Spradling: For adding a new dimension to eukaryotic genetics and developmental biology by developing a method to introduce and stably integrate cloned genes into the germ cells of living Drosophila.
 1986 Robert G. Roeder: For his pioneering studies of eukaryotic RNA polymerases and the factors that regulate their activity.
 1987 Thomas R. Cech (Chemie 1989): For the astonishing discovery of RNA-catalyzed self-splicing of introns and the analysis of the chemistry of RNA-catalyzed reactions.
 1988 H. Robert Horvitz (Medizin 2002): For significant contributions to the genetic analysis of the development of cell lineages in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
 1989 Kiyoshi Mizuuchi: For bringing about remarkable advances in our understanding of transposition and other forms of genetic recombination.
 1990 Elizabeth Blackburn (Medizin 2009): For her discovery of the nature of DNA at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and the enzyme that is necessary to complete chromosomal replication.
 1991 Steven L. McKnight, Robert Tjian: For advancing our understanding of transcriptional regulation by devising novel strategies and applying elegant biochemistry to reveal fundamental mechanisms underlying gene expression and development.
 1992 Bruce S. Baker, Thomas W. Cline: For their creative use of genetics and molecular biology to define how sex is determined in Drosophila. Their experiments have shown how the ratio of sex chromosomes to autosomes can initiate a novel regulatory pathway involving RNA processing.
 1993 Peter S. Kim: For his pathfinding research in structural biology, which has elucidated both the pathway of protein folding and mechanisms of macromolecular recognition.
 1994 Gerald Joyce, Jack Szostak (Medizin 2009): For independently developing in vitro evolution of RNA catalysts. Their work produced RNA enzymes with novel specificities, while illuminating our view of natural selection.
 1995 Daniel E. Gottschling: For his elucidation, by experiments elegant in their simplicity, of the relationship between the ends of yeast chromosomes and transcriptional silencing.
 1996 Michael S. Levine: For his insightful contributions to our understanding of gene regulation networks and molecular mechanisms governing the development of organisms with a segmented body plan.
 1997 Richard H. Scheller, Thomas Südhof (Medizin 2013): For their performance of elegant experiments to resolve the molecular components responsible for controlling neurotransmitter vesicle release and chemical communication within the nervous system.
 1998 Philip A. Beachy: For his studies of a developmental morphogen, its processing and structure, and its covalent attachment to cholesterol.
 1999 Clifford J. Tabin: For his contributions in analyzing genes that establish asymmetric body patterns and control limb development in vertebrates.
 2000 Patrick O. Brown: For his intellectual leadership in functional genomics, most notably the development of a reliable and accessible DNA microarray system to measure genome-wide gene expression.
 2001 Erin K. O'Shea: For contributions to our understanding of signal transduction, regulation of protein movement into and out of the nucleus, and how phosphorylation controls protein activity.
 2002 Stephen J. Elledge: For his innovative contributions at the forefront of the field of cell cycle checkpoints and his elucidation of pathways and mechanisms involved in DNA damage responses.
 2003 Andrew Z. Fire (Medizin 2006), Craig Mello (Medizin 2006): For inventing methods to inactivate genes by RNA interference and helping to elucidate their underlying mechanism and biological function.
 2004 Xiaodong Wang: For his biochemical studies of apoptosis which have resolved a molecular pathway leading in and out of the mitochondrion.
 2005 David Bartel: For his discoveries on the repertoire of catalytic RNA and the analysis of micro RNA genes and their targets.
 2006 Ronald R. Breaker, Tina M. Henkin: For establishing a new mode of regulation of gene expression in which metabolites regulate the activity of their cognate pathways by directly binding to mRNA.
 2007 Gregory J. Hannon: For elucidation of the enzymatic engine for RNA interference.
 2008 Angelika Amon: For groundbreaking studies that have provided insight into the mechanism of the central process of chromosome segregation and the regulation of segregation.
 2009 Stephen P. Bell: For groundbreaking studies illuminating the mechanisms of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells.
 2010 Jeannie T. Lee: By using X-chromosome inactivation as a model system, Lee has made unique contributions to our understanding of epigenetic regulation on a global scale, including the role of long, non-coding RNAs, interchromosomal interactions, and nuclear compartmentalization.
 2011 James M. Berger: For elucidating the structures of topoisomerases and helicases and providing insights into the biochemical mechanisms that mediate the replication and transcription of DNA.
 2012 Zhijian (James) Chen: For his creative use of elegant biochemistry both in elucidating an unsuspected role for polyubiquitin in a kinase signaling cascade important for cancer and immunity and in discovering a novel link between innate immunity and a mitochondrial membrane protein that forms prion-like polymers to trigger antiviral responses.
 2013 Sue Biggins: For her isolation and in vitro characterization of a functional kinetochore complex, and for the use of that system to explore kinetochore function.
 2014 David M. Sabatini: For his discovery of components and regulators of the mTOR kinase pathway and his elucidation of the important roles of this signaling pathway in nutrient sensing, cell physiology, and cancer.
 2015 Xiaowei Zhuang: For the development of a high-resolution microscopy method (STORM) that allows molecular-scale resolution, by bypassing the 'diffraction limit' that has long shackled light microscopy. In addition, she developed the photo-switchable fluorescent dyes that have made this method a powerful and critical tool in many areas of biological research and neuroscience.
 2016 Dianne K. Newman: For her discovery of microbial mechanisms underlying geologic processes, thereby launching the field of molecular geomicrobiology and transforming our understanding of how the Earth evolved.
 2017 Rodolphe Barrangou: For his landmark discovery that bacteria have adaptive immune systems, groundbreaking work that catalyzed the manipulation of the CRISPR-Cas9 pathway for genome engineering.
 2018 Howard Y. Chang: For insightful discoveries of long noncoding RNAs and technologies unveiling the noncoding genome.
 2019 David Reich: For creative use of molecular biology to trace ancient human migrations, reveal how population mixtures shaped modern humans, and illuminate disease risk factors across populations.
 2020 Hashim Murtadha Al-Hashimi: For revealing the dynamic nature of RNA and DNA conformation through innovative use of NMR methods. The discovery of RNA conformation ensembles and transient formation of non-Watson-Crick base pairs has illuminated the impact of folding and form on nucleic acid function including protein and small-molecule binding, mutations and cancer.
 2021 Joseph D. Mougous: For the discovery that bacterial type VI secretion systems are a crucial driver of interbacterial competition and the shaping of microbial communities, and their potential as antimicrobial effectors.
 2022 Carrie Partch: For pioneering studies revealing protein dynamics and interactions at the core of molecular circadian clocks from cyanobacteria to humans.
 2023 Jason S. McLellan: For his pioneering work in designing a stabilized form of virus surface proteins that induce the best humoral immune responses, which he supported with atomic-resolution structures. These efforts led directly to multiple SARS-CoV-2 and long-sought RSV vaccines and the promise of success against an array of additional pathogens.

Weblinks
 NAS Award in Molecular Biology bei der National Academy of Sciences (nasonline.org)

Biologiepreis
Molekularbiologie
Auszeichnung der National Academy of Sciences
Erstverleihung 1962

NAS Award in Molecular Biology


Sarra Copia Sullam (1592–1641) was an Italian poet and writer who lived in Italy in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. She was Jewish and very well educated. Despite being married, for many years she had what appears to have been an extremely close relationship, by correspondence only, with a writer, Ansaldo Cebà, whom she admired but whom she never actually met. He was a Christian, and at that point in his life he had become a monk. He appears to have fallen in love with Sarra, and constantly urged her to convert to Christianity, but she resisted.

In 1621, Sarra was accused of a serious crime of belief, a heresy, and was in danger of trial by Inquisition. She received almost no support from many of her friends, including Cebà. She died of natural causes in 1641.
Of her writings, a number of her sonnets and her Manifesto (a response to the accusation of heresy) are all that have survived to the present day.

Early life
Sarra was born in Venice in 1592 to a Jewish family. Her parents, Simon and Ricca Copia, had two more daughters, Rachel and Esther. Sarra was given a basic education in both Jewish and Italian cultures, and learned several languages including Ancient Greek, Latin and Hebrew.

In her poetry, Sarra demonstrated her knowledge of both the Old Testament and the New Testament, as well as her familiarity with the works of Aristotle and Josephus. She started writing poetry in Italian at a young age and continued for the rest of her life.

As an adult she married Jacob Sullam. She and her husband loved the arts, and invited to their home both Christian and Jewish writers, poets, intellectuals, artists, and clerics. She was described as a woman who "revelled in the realm of beauty, and crystallized her enthusiasm in graceful, sweet, maidenly verses. Young, lovely, of generous impulses and keen intellectual powers, her ambition set upon lofty attainments, a favorite of the muses, Sarra Copia charmed youth and age." Angelico Aprosio would later report that "Men of letters not only from nearby but from Treviso, Padua, Vicenza and even more distant places competed for the chance to hear [Sara] speak".

Sara and Ansaldo Cebà
In 1618, Sarra read the book L'Ester, a drama written by an author called Ansaldo Cebà. Twenty seven years her senior, Ansaldo Cebà had been a diplomat when he was younger, but had decided to spend the rest of his life living as a monk. He had gone on retreat in one of Genoa's monasteries.

Cebà's book made a great impression on Sara, and so she wrote a letter to him. In the letter she admitted that she carried the book with her all the time, and even slept with it. Cebà responded to Sara's letter, and this was the start of four years of letters, gifts and poems, exchanged between the two.

Ansaldo Cebà wrote to Sarra that he wanted to help her convert to Christianity. He was aware of how beautiful Sarra was, because his servant, whom he sent with presents for her, had told him so. And on one occasion Sarra sent Cebà her portrait, writing: "This is the picture of one who carries yours deeply graven on her heart, and, with finger pointing to her bosom, tells the world: "Here dwells my idol, bow before him.""

Eventually Ansaldo's desire to convert Sara to Christianity became something more significant: it seems he fell in love with her, a love that was not necessarily just platonic. Their correspondence became more intimate, with some physical allusions and some sexual implications. It was as if they both were playing a game of love, although nothing was ever completely spelled out. Ansaldo wrote to Sarra that if she would convert to Christianity, after death they would be united in Heaven.

Sarra's name was originally spelled "Coppia" meaning "pair" or "couple", and in one of Cebà's letters to her, he said that the two letter "p"s in her name were an indication that the two of them could indeed become a couple, despite the fact that he was a Catholic monk and she was married. After that, Sarra started spelling her name with a single "p": Copia. All the way to the end of their correspondence, Cebà tried to convert Sarra; this became the greatest desire of a man who was getting older and whose health was now failing. However, Sarra never submitted to his wish. She did however give Ansaldo permission to pray for her conversion to Christianity, and in return he allowed her to pray for his conversion to Judaism. Sarra and Ansaldo never actually met.

In 1623, Cebà published 53 letters that he had written to Sarra. Sarra's letters to Cebà  were never published, and are lost.

The Manifesto
Baldassarre Bonifacio was a prominent Christian cleric who had been a guest at Sarra and her husband's receptions. In 1621, he wrote a treatise Immortalità dell'anima (On the Immortality of the Soul). According to Bonifacio's account, two years before that, Sarra had caused him to realize that she did not believe in the immortality of the soul. This was a very serious accusation of a crime of belief which could have resulted in a trial by inquisition.

In response, Sarra wrote a work entitled, Manifesto di Sarra Copia Sulam hebrea Nel quale è da lei riprovate, e detestata l'opinione negante l'Immortalità dell'Anima, falsemente attribuitale da SIG. BALDASSARE BONIFACIO, translation: The Manifesto of Sarra Copia Sulam, a Jewish woman, in which she refutes and disavows the opinion denying immortality of the soul, falsely attributed to her by Signor Baldassare Bonifacio. The Manifesto was dedicated to her beloved father, who died when she was 16 years old. In this work she defended her points of view, and attacked Bonifacio.

At the beginning of her response to Bonifacio's accusation was the following poem:

Sarra sent a copy of the Manifesto to Cebà, but he responded to her only after a few months delay, and instead of offering her help, he once again urged her to convert to Christianity. This was the last letter that Cebà, who died soon after, wrote to Sarra.

Many of her friends and teachers stopped supporting her during her time of need. Not until 1625 did an anonymous author publish papers in her defense.

Sarra died in February 1641, after a three-month illness.

References

External links
Project Continua: Biography of Sarra Copia Sullam Project Continua is a web-based multimedia resource dedicated to the creation and preservation of women's intellectual history from the earliest surviving evidence into the 21st Century.

1592 births
1641 deaths
Italian salon-holders
17th-century Venetian people
17th-century Italian women writers
17th-century Italian poets
Sonneteers
Italian women poets
Jewish poets
Republic of Venice poets
Venetian Jews
17th-century Italian Jews
17th-century Venetian women
Republic of Venice women writers
17th-century Venetian writers
Jewish women writers

Sara Copia Sullam


Sir Charles Thomas-Stanford, 1st Baronet (3 April 1858 – 7 March 1932), born Charles Thomas, was a British Conservative Party politician from Brighton. He sat in the House of Commons from 1914 to 1922.

Early life and family

The son of David Collet Thomas, from Hove, he was educated at the Highgate School and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated with a BA degree in 1881. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1882, but did not practice.

In 1897 he married Ellen Stanford, the daughter and heiress of William Stanford of Preston Park, Sussex, and widow of Vere Benett-Stanford, the former MP for Shaftesbury. In the same year he changed his name by royal licence to Thomas-Stanford.

Career
Thomas-Stanford became a Justice of the Peace (J.P.) for Brighton, and served as Mayor of Brighton in 1910–11 and 1912–14, becoming an alderman by 1914.

Thomas-Stanford was elected as a member of parliament (MP) for Brighton in June 1914 at an unopposed by-election following the resignation of the Conservative MP John Gordon. He was re-elected in 1918 as a Coalition Conservative (i.e. a supporter of the coalition government led by the Liberal David Lloyd George), and stood down from Parliament at the 1922 general election.

In 1922 he donated Lewes Castle to the Sussex Archaeological Society, of which he was a long-serving chairman.

Thomas-Stanford was made a baronet on the 1929 New Year Honours and the title was conferred on 8 May 1929.

He died aged 73 on 7 March 1932 at his home Preston Manor, Brighton, which was bequeathed to Brighton Corporation.

References

External links

1858 births
1932 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English justices of the peace
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Politicians from Brighton
Councillors in East Sussex
Mayors of places in East Sussex
Members of the Inner Temple
People educated at Highgate School
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford

Charles Thomas-Stanford