Brianna Monique Danielson (née Garcia-Colace; born November 21, 1983), known professionally as Brie Garcia, is an American television personality and retired professional wrestler. She is best known for her tenure in WWE from 2007 to 2023, in which she performed under the ring name Brie Bella alongside her twin sister, Nikki, as The Bella Twins.

In 2007, Garcia signed with WWE and was assigned to the developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling alongside her twin sister Nikki, forming the duo The Bella Twins. She made her debut for the SmackDown brand in 2008. She is a one-time WWE Divas Champion, and she and Nikki were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2021 as The Bella Twins. During her time in WWE, she also starred in the reality TV series, Total Divas, and she and Nikki got their own spin-off, Total Bellas.

In her last few years in WWE, she only made sporadic appearances, but acted as an ambassador for the company. After her contract with WWE expired in 2023, she and Nikki announced that they would be retiring the "Bella" surname and would be returning to their legal maiden name of "Garcia" professionally, and reintroduced themselves as The Garcia Twins.

Early life
Brianna Monique Garcia-Colace was born in San Diego, California, and raised on a farm in the Phoenix suburb of Scottsdale, Arizona. She was born sixteen minutes after her twin sister, Nicole, to parents Jon Garcia and Kathy Colace. She is of Mexican and Italian descent. Keen soccer enthusiasts, she along with her sister played for the Scottsdale club in elementary school. She graduated from Chaparral High School in 2002. She then returned to San Diego for college, and relocated to Los Angeles a year later, where she worked as a waitress at the Mondrian Hotel while trying to find an agent.

She then started modeling, acting, and doing promotional work. She made her first national TV appearance on the Fox reality show Meet My Folks. Following this appearance, the Garcia twins were hired to be the World Cup Twins for Budweiser and were photographed holding the World Cup trophy. Brie and her sister Nikki were contestants in the 2006 "International Body Doubles twins search". Brie and Nikki later participated in the 2006 WWE Diva Search, but they did not make the cut.

Professional wrestling career

World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE

Florida Championship Wrestling (2007–2008)
Brianna and Nicole were signed to developmental contracts by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in June 2007 and were assigned to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), WWE's then-developmental territory, in Tampa, Florida. On September 15, 2007, the twins made their in-ring debut. Dubbed The Bella Twins, they defeated Nattie Neidhart and Krissy Vaine with Victoria Crawford as the special guest referee. The duo quickly started a scripted rivalry with Neidhart and Crawford, and had a series of matches against them throughout October 2007. As a part of their on-screen personas, they switched places behind the referee's back if one of them was hurt. They also occasionally competed in mixed tag team matches, teaming with male wrestlers including Kofi Kingston and Robert Anthony. They also made some non-wrestling appearances on Heath Miller's Happy Hour promo segment.

Starting in December 2007, they managed Derrick Linkin, but this storyline was cut short when Linkin was released in January 2008. They then resumed their feud with Neidhart and Crawford, wrestling them throughout much of 2008. After Neidhart was called up to the WWE roster in April 2008, Milena Roucka took her place in the feud. The twins also competed in bikini contests, and wrestled against other competitors including Katie Lea Burchill and Daisy. Their last FCW appearance was on September 2, when they competed in a Divas battle royal won by Miss Angela.

The Bella Twins (2008–2011)

On the August 29, 2008 episode of SmackDown, Brianna debuted as Brie Bella and defeated Victoria. She quickly began a scripted rivalry with Victoria and Victoria's accomplice, Natalya, and had a series of matches against them. In each match, Brie would roll out of the ring and go underneath it, emerging and appearing revived, and then win the match. On the October 31 episode of SmackDown, when Brie went under the ring Victoria grabbed her legs, but a second pair of legs kicked her off, implying that a second person was under the ring. The following week on SmackDown, Brie picked up a win against Victoria and then ran under the ring to escape Natalya and Victoria, but Victoria and Natalya both reached for Brie under the ring, resulting in both Nicole and Brie being pulled out. The twins then attacked them and celebrated afterward. Nicole was then introduced as Nikki Bella. The twins had their first official match as a team on the November 21 episode of SmackDown, defeating Victoria and Natalya. They continued competing in tag team matches over the following months.

Starting in November, the twins developed an on-screen relationship with The Colóns (Carlito and Primo), appearing in numerous backstage segments with them, and accompanying them to the ring. In February 2009, the storyline expanded to include John Morrison and The Miz, who flirted with the Bellas and took them on a date for Valentine's Day. The date provoked a rivalry between the teams of The Miz and Morrison and Primo and Carlito, with the four competing for the affection of the twins, who were seemingly unable to choose between them. On March 17 on ECW, Carlito and Primo, aiming for Morrison and The Miz, accidentally spat apples in the face of Brie. Nikki began to laugh at Brie's misfortune, and a fight broke out between the two, which led to Nikki leaving with The Miz and Morrison, while Brie stayed with Primo and Carlito. Brie won her first match over Nikki in a six-person intergender tag team match on SmackDown the following week, but was defeated by her villainous sister in their first singles match against each other on the edition of March 31 of ECW, after a distraction from Morrison and The Miz.

On April 15, 2009, The Bella Twins were both drafted to the Raw brand as part of the 2009 supplemental draft. On April 27, Brie made her Raw in-ring debut in an eight-Diva tag team match, which her team won. Nikki also made an appearance, reuniting with her twin, as she was under the ring to help Brie during the match. Nikki then made her in-ring debut for the brand the following month in a battle royal but was eliminated by Beth Phoenix.

On June 29, 2009, they were both traded to the ECW brand. They returned to ECW the following night on The Abraham Washington Show, as the special guests. They quickly developed a storyline feud with Katie Lea Burchill, when Nikki defeated her in a match by switching places with Brie behind the referee's back. The following week on Superstars, Brie defeated Burchill after a similar fashion, and the feud ended in September, when Nikki defeated Burchill on Superstars.

On October 12, the Bellas were traded back to Raw as part of a tri-branded Divas trade, where they predominately appeared in backstage segments with the weekly guest stars and only occasionally competed in matches. On the January 4, 2010, episode of Raw, Brie participated in a tournament for the vacant Divas Championship, but lost to Maryse in the first round, when a switch resulted in Nikki being pinned. In June 2010, they developed a feud with Jillian Hall, when Brie defeated her after switching places with Nikki. The following week, Nikki defeated Hall after switching with Brie. The feud was exacerbated when the Bellas acted as the special guest referees during one of Hall's matches. During the match, Hall attacked both twins, but lost the match when Nikki made a fast count, allowing her to be pinned by Gail Kim. The next week on Superstars, the twins defeated Hall and Maryse in a tag team match to end the storyline.

On August 31, The Bella Twins announced they would be part of the all-female third season of NXT, mentoring Jamie. Jamie was the first rookie Diva eliminated on the October 5 episode of NXT. In November, the twins began a storyline with Daniel Bryan, when Brie accompanied him to the ring for his match. Following his win, Nikki ran out and the two fought over Bryan's affection, until Bryan broke it up and had them hug each other. They began to manage Bryan and frequently accompanied him to the ring over the next two months. In January 2011, both Bellas turned into villainous characters when they discovered Bryan kissing Gail Kim backstage and assaulted her. They continued to attack Kim, both at the Royal Rumble and on Raw, and on February 7, they teamed with Melina in a losing effort to Kim, Eve Torres, and Tamina.

Divas Champion (2011–2012)
The Bellas began feuding with Eve Torres after they appeared as lumberjills during a Divas Championship match between Torres and Natalya on the February 14 episode of Raw. Following the match, they attacked Torres backstage before Gail Kim and Natalya stopped them. The next week, the twins defeated Torres and Kim in a tag team match. The following week, Nikki won a battle royal to become the number one contender for the Divas Championship, and unsuccessfully challenged Torres for the championship on March 7.

On April 11, Brie defeated Torres to win the Divas Championship, marking the first time either twin had held a championship in WWE. Brie went on to successfully defend the championship against Kelly Kelly at Over the Limit, after switching places with Nikki. On a special "Power to the People" episode of Raw on June 20, Brie defended her WWE Divas Championship against Kelly, who was selected by voters. Kelly then defeated Brie and won the championship. On July 17, Brie challenged Kelly for the championship in a rematch at Money in the Bank, but failed to win.

The twins spent the majority of the rest of the year in tag team matches, regularly facing Kelly and Torres. The Bellas began to show friction for the second time since joining WWE in March 2012, after both twins lost to AJ Lee in singles competition. After Brie's match with Lee, Nikki revealed that Brie was rooting for Team Johnny in the 12-man tag team match at WrestleMania XXVIII, whilst Nikki was rooting for Team Teddy, thus furthering their dissension.

On the April 6 episode of SmackDown, Nikki defeated the Divas Champion Beth Phoenix in a non-title match, after Kelly Kelly distracted Phoenix. On April 23, Nikki defeated Phoenix in a lumberjill match on Raw to win the Divas Championship for the first time. Brie lost Nikki's championship to Layla at Extreme Rules after Twin Magic failed, ending her Divas Championship reign after only a week. The following night on Raw, they competed in their last match with the WWE, failing to win back the Divas Championship from Layla in a triple threat match. Later that night, WWE announced on their website that the twins had been fired by Executive Administrator Eve Torres.

Independent circuit promotions (2012–2013)
On May 1, 2012, the twins appeared at their first independent wrestling show in Newburgh, New York at Northeast Wrestling. They later appeared for CTWE Pro Wrestling at the Season Beatings pay-per-view on December 15, each accompanying a different wrestler to the ring.

Return to WWE

Total Divas storylines (2013–2014)

The Bella Twins returned to WWE on the March 11, 2013, episode of Raw in a backstage segment with Team Rhodes Scholars (Cody Rhodes and Damien Sandow). On the March 15 episode of SmackDown, the twins attacked The Funkadactyls (Cameron and Naomi), and the following week interfered in matches between Team Rhodes Scholars and Brodus Clay and Tensai, but were attacked by The Funkadactyls. The twins made their in-ring return facing and defeating The Funkadactyls on the March 27 episode of Main Event after interference from Cody Rhodes, and also defeated them on Raw five days later. The Bella Twins were scheduled to participate in an eight–person tag team match with Team Rhodes Scholars against Tons of Funk (Clay and Tensai) and The Funkadactyls at WrestleMania 29, but the match was cancelled due to time restraints, and instead took place the following night on Raw, where The Bella Twins and Team Rhodes Scollars were defeated. The twins continued their feud with The Funkadactyls throughout April, defeating them in standard tag team, and six-Diva tag team matches. In June, Nikki suffered a fractured tibia.

Upon the debut of the Total Divas reality television program in July, The Bellas began feud with their co–star on the show, Natalya. Brie and Natalya went on to trade victories in singles competition on Raw and at SummerSlam. The cast of Total Divas then transitioned into a scripted feud with Divas Champion AJ Lee, who mocked the show and cast, turning The Bellas faces in the process. At Night of Champions, Brie unsuccessfully challenged Lee for the Divas Championship in a four-way match, which also involved Natalya and Naomi. Following Brie's real-life engagement to Daniel Bryan, their relationship began to be acknowledged on WWE television. Continuing their feud into October, Brie and AJ Lee faced off at the Battleground and Hell in a Cell pay-per-views for the Divas Championship, but Brie was unsuccessful. Nikki returned to in-ring action on the October 25 episode of SmackDown, losing to Lee. At Survivor Series the following month, the twins were part of the victorious Team Total Divas. The twins failed to win the Divas Championship again at WrestleMania XXX in the Divas Invitational match, which was won by AJ Lee.

In April 2014, Brie became involved in her real-life husband Daniel Bryan's ongoing storyline with Stephanie McMahon and Kane, where as part of the storyline, McMahon threatened to fire Brie if an injured Bryan did not relinquish the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at Payback, which forced Brie to "quit" WWE before slapping McMahon in the face. After Brie quit, McMahon put Nikki in several handicap matches as punishment. After a month absence, Brie returned to WWE television, appearing in the crowd on July 21; following a confrontation, McMahon slapped Brie and was subsequently arrested. In order to have Brie drop the "charges", Brie was rehired and received a match against McMahon at SummerSlam.

At the pay-per-view, Nikki turned heel by attacking Brie, which allowed McMahon to win the match. The next several weeks saw the twins fight in several backstage and in-ring segments, including a cameo appearance from Jerry Springer on Raw on September 8. As part of the storyline, McMahon declared Nikki the face of the WWE Divas division and granted her a match at Night of Champions for the Divas Championship, which she failed to win. Nikki then obtained permission to begin forcing Brie to compete in handicap matches, similar to her punishment at the hands of McMahon, although Brie was able to win them. This led to a match between the twins at Hell in a Cell, where the loser was forced to become the winner's personal assistant for 30 days, in which Nikki defeated Brie. Five days later on SmackDown, Nikki won a Halloween costume battle royal to become the number one contender for the Divas Championship.

Team Bella (2014–2016)
Nikki received her title match against AJ Lee on November 23 at Survivor Series, which she won, with Brie's help, to become a two-time Divas Champion. The duo had reconciled at this point, with Brie also turning heel in the process. Nikki then went on to retain her championship in three separate occasions – against Lee in a rematch on December 14, at TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs, against Naomi two days later on SmackDown, and against Paige at Fastlane on February 22, 2015. Paige and AJ then formed an alliance against the Bellas which led to a tag team match at WrestleMania 31, where AJ and Paige were victorious.

On April 26, after Nikki, with the help of Brie, once again retained her title against Naomi at Extreme Rules a feud started, with Naomi aligning with the returning Tamina to even the odds against the Bellas, who began showing more heroic characteristics, This change in character was criticized as "sudden", "randomly" and "for no reason". This led to a tag team match between the two teams on May 17, at Payback, which Naomi and Tamina won. Two weeks later, at Elimination Chamber, Nikki retained her title against Naomi and Paige in a triple threat match, with Brie banned from ringside.

In June, The Bella Twins became villains once again by employing Twin Magic, which helped Nikki retain the title against Paige on the June 1 episode of Raw and at Money in the Bank. During the feud with Paige, Alicia Fox allied with them to form Team Bella. At The Beast in the East on July 4, Nikki retained the title against Paige and Tamina. After weeks of Team Bella outnumbering Paige, Naomi, and Tamina, Stephanie McMahon called for a "revolution" in the WWE Divas division and introduced the debuting Charlotte and Becky Lynch as Paige's allies, while NXT Women's Champion Sasha Banks debuted as an ally to Naomi and Tamina, which led to a brawl between the three teams. Nikki then lost to Charlotte in a tag team match on the August 3 episode of Raw, and to Banks on the August 17 episode of Raw in a non-title match. The three teams faced off on August 23 at SummerSlam in a three team elimination match, in which Team Bella first eliminated Team B.A.D., before Team PCB's win.

On the September 14 episode of Raw, Nikki defended her title against Charlotte, who pinned Brie after the twins had switched places to win the match; however, since the title cannot change hands by disqualification, Nikki retained the championship, and in the process, became the new longest reigning Divas Champion in history, surpassing AJ Lee's previous record of 295 days. Nikki dropped the championship to Charlotte, on September 20, at Night of Champions, ending her reign at 301 days, and failed to regain the title in a rematch on October 25 at Hell in a Cell.

Shortly after, Nikki went on a hiatus from television due to a neck injury which would require surgery, but returned for one night on December 21, to accept the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year. During this time, Brie continued to compete in singles competition, and in tag team matches with Fox. After defeating Charlotte in a non-title match on the February 1 episode of Raw, Brie was granted a match for the Divas Championship at Fastlane on February 21, where she failed to capture the title. During that time, Team Bella quietly disbanded and both Brie and Fox transitioned into fan favorites.

In March, Brie was placed in a feud with Lana, who argued that Brie's fans only supported her out of pity for having a "bad husband", and went on to distract and attacked her during and after her matches. Brie then aligned herself with fellow Total Divas cast members Alicia Fox, Natalya, Paige and Eva Marie, while Lana aligned herself with Team B.A.D. (Naomi and Tamina), Summer Rae and Emma, leading to a 10-Diva tag team match on the WrestleMania 32 kickoff show, which Team Total Divas would win after Naomi submitted to Brie. Three days later on April 6, Brie confirmed that she would be taking an extended break from in-ring competition, citing family reasons, while also stating that she would continue working for WWE as an ambassador.

Sporadic appearances (2018–2023)
The Bella Twins returned for the 25th anniversary of Raw on January 22, 2018. Brie later returned to in-ring competition at Royal Rumble, entering at number 28 in the inaugural women's Royal Rumble match, one number after her sister Nikki, who would eliminate her from the match minutes later.

At SummerSlam, The Miz defeated Daniel Bryan after an interference from Miz's wife Maryse. On the following SmackDown, Miz and Maryse came out, Miz then mocked Bryan's retirement speech two years earlier. Brie and Bryan came out and confronted them. A mixed tag team match with Brie and Bryan against The Miz and Maryse was scheduled for Hell in a Cell. At the event, Brie and Bryan were defeated when Maryse pinned Brie.

At Super Show-Down on October 6, Brie teamed with sister Nikki and Ronda Rousey in defeating The Riott Squad. Two nights later on Raw, the Bellas and Rousey defeated The Riott Squad in a rematch, and afterwards, Brie joined Nikki in attacking Rousey, with Brie turning heel for the first time since November 2014. On the March 10, 2019 episode of Total Bellas, Brie announced that she was retired. On the February 21, 2020 edition of SmackDown, it was announced that Brie and her twin sister Nikki would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame, during A Moment of Bliss segment. On the January 7, 2022 episode of Smackdown, it was announced that Brie and Nikki would be competing in the 2022 Women's Royal Rumble match.

On March 14, 2023, on their podcast The Nikki & Brie Show, Brie and Nikki announced that their contracts with WWE had expired, and it was mutually agreed to not renew their contracts, as the twins wanted to start a new chapter in their lives. They subsequently reintroduced themselves as The Garcia Twins as "Garcia" was their maiden name.

Other media
Prior to working with WWE, the twins appeared on Meet My Folks. Both twins also appeared in the music video for "Right Side of the Bed" by the band Atreyu. They also appeared in the music video for "Na Na" by Trey Songz in 2014. The twins made a guest appearance on the MTV series Ridiculousness in October 2012.

The twins guest starred on the television series Psych, in the 2014 episode "A Nightmare on State Street". Nikki and Brie were a part of the main cast for the reality television show Total Divas, which began airing in July 2013, and they also starred in their own spinoff entitled Total Bellas, which premiered on E! on October 5, 2016. Nikki and Brie co-starred in the 2014 independent film Confessions of a Womanizer, and provided voices for the 2015 movie The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown!. Both twins appeared on the WWE YouTube show The JBL & Cole Show. Nikki appeared at the Miss USA 2013 pageant as one of the celebrity judges. They appeared at the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards, where they presented the award for Best Female. The twins were both nominated for Choice Female Athlete at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards. Brie appeared alongside Paige, Natalya and the Chrisley family on the 88th Academy Awards edition of E! Countdown to the Red Carpet in February 2016. In 2016, Brie and Nikki were voted as Choice Female Athletes for the 2016 Teen Choice Awards.

On November 21, 2016, Brie and Nikki unveiled their new YouTube channel, "The Bella Twins". The sisters' channel features daily fashion, beauty, travel, fitness, relationship, and health videos, along with daily video blogs, created by the twins themselves. The channel surpassed 3.5 million subscribers before its closure in 2023 following their departure from WWE.

The Bella Twins appeared in YouTuber iiSuperwomanii's video "When Someone Tries to Steal Your BFF" on March 2, 2017.

On August 21, 2017, Brie and Nikki launched their own wine label called Belle Radici in collaboration with Hill Family Estates and Gauge Branding.

On November 1, 2017, Brie and Nikki launched Birdiebee, a lifestyle intimates and activewear brand. The line includes transitional intimates, activewear, and loungewear aimed at "empowering and educating women through mirroring the twins' passion for life, strength, women's health and wellness, and fun."

On January 28, 2019, Brie and Nikki launched Nicole + Brizee, a body and beauty line.

On March 27, 2019, Brie and Nikki launched The Bellas Podcast with the Endeavor Audio Network. In October 2021, it was announced that the podcast had been acquired by Stitcher. In March 2023, the podcast was renamed The Nikki & Brie Show following their departure from WWE.

In March 2020, Brie and Nikki released their memoir Incomparable.

In 2021, Brie and Nikki launched another wine label called Bonita Bonita Wine.

In 2021, Brie and Nikki launched their own baby gear collection in partnership with Colugo. Brie and Nikki also announced that they joined Colugo as investors and are now creative advisors.

On March 2, 2023, Amazon Studios and ITV Entertainment announced that Brie and Nikki would co-host a brand new dating competition show, Twin Love, which would premiere that summer.

The Bella Twins have appeared in twelve WWE video games. They made their in-game debut at WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 and appeared in WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011, WWE '12 (DLC), WWE '13, WWE 2K14 (DLC), WWE 2K15, WWE 2K16, WWE 2K17, WWE 2K18, WWE 2K19, WWE 2K20, WWE 2K Battlegrounds and WWE 2K23.

Personal life
In September 2013, she revealed her engagement to fellow professional wrestler Bryan Danielson. The couple married on April 11, 2014. Brie and her husband were previously both vegetarians. The couple have two children together.

Brie and her sister Nikki are fans of the Philadelphia Eagles football team.

Bibliography
Incomparable (2020)

Filmography

Music videos

Championships and accomplishments

 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 12 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2015
 Teen Choice Awards
 Choice Female Athlete (2016) – with Nikki Bella
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Worst Feud of the Year (2014) Brie vs. Nikki
 Worst Feud of the Year (2015) Team PCB vs. Team B.A.D. vs. Team Bella
Worst Worked Match of the Year (2013) 14-woman elimination tag team match at Survivor Series on November 24
 WWE
 WWE Divas Championship (1 time)
 WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2020) - as a member of The Bella Twins
 Slammy Award (3 times)
 Couple of the Year (2013, 2014) – with Daniel Bryan
 Diva of the Year (2013) – award shared with Nikki Bella

References

External links

 Online World of Wrestling profile

American female professional wrestlers
Hispanic and Latino American actresses
American professional wrestlers of Italian descent
American professional wrestlers of Mexican descent
American YouTubers
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
Sportspeople from San Diego
Sportspeople from Scottsdale, Arizona
Professional wrestlers from Arizona
Professional wrestlers from California
1983 births
WWE Hall of Fame inductees
21st-century American sportswomen
American actresses of Mexican descent
21st-century female professional wrestlers
WWE Divas Champions

Brie Bella


A helipad is a landing area or platform for helicopters and powered lift aircraft.

While helicopters and powered lift aircraft are able to operate on a variety of relatively flat surfaces, a fabricated helipad provides a clearly marked hard surface away from obstacles where such aircraft can land safely.

Larger helipads, intended for use by helicopters and other vertical take-off and landing aircraft (VTOL), may be called vertiports. An example is Vertiport Chicago, which opened in 2015.

Usage

Helipads may be located at a heliport or airport where fuel, air traffic control and service facilities for aircraft are available.

Most helipads are located remote from populated areas due to sounds, winds, space and cost constraints. Some skyscrapers have one on their roofs to accommodate air taxi services. Some basic helipads are built on top of highrise buildings for evacuation in case of a major fire outbreak. Major police departments may use a dedicated helipad at heliports as a base for police helicopters.

Large ships and oil platforms usually have a helipad on board for emergency use. In such a case, the terms "helicopter deck", "helideck", or "helodeck" are used.

Helipads are common features at hospitals where they serve to facilitate medical evacuation or air ambulance transfers of patients to trauma centers or to accept patients from remote areas without local hospitals or facilities capable of providing the level of emergency medicine required. In urban environments, these heliports are sometimes located on the roof of the hospital.

Rooftop helipads sometimes display a large two-digit number, representing the weight limit (in thousands of pounds) of the pad. A second number may be present, representing the maximum rotor diameter in feet.

Location identifiers are often, but not always, issued for helipads. They may be issued by the appropriate aviation authority.  Authorized agencies include the Federal Aviation Administration in the United States,  Transport Canada in Canada, the International Civil Aviation Organization, and the International Air Transport Association. Some helipads may have location identifiers from multiple sources, and these identifiers may be of different format and name.

Construction
Helipads are usually constructed out of concrete and are marked with a circle and/or a letter "H", so as to be visible from the air. Sometimes wildfire fighters will construct a temporary one from timber to receive supplies in remote areas. Rig mats may be used to build helipads. Landing pads may also be constructed in extreme conditions such as on ice.

The world's highest helipad, built by India, is located on the Siachen Glacier at a height of 21,000 feet (6400 m) above sea level.

Portability
A portable helipad is a helipad structure with a rugged frame that can be used to land helicopters in any areas with slopes of up to 30 degrees, such as hillsides, riverbeds and boggy areas. Portable helipads can be transported by helicopter or powered-lift to place them where a VTOL needs to land, as long as there are no insurmountable obstructions nearby.

Gallery

See also

 Helicopter landing officer
 Helicopter deck
 Heliport

References

Bibliography
 de Voogt, A.J. 2007. Helidrome Architecture. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers.
 ICAO 1995. Heliport manual. Montreal, Canada: ICAO Publications.

Airfields
Heliports

Helipad


The Gaza War was a three-week armed conflict that took place in the Gaza Strip during the winter of 2008–2009. It was codenamed Operation Cast Lead ( Mivtza Oferet Yetzuka) by the Israeli government.

The Gaza War is said to have begun when Israel started an air strike against the Gaza Strip on Dec. 27. This was after a six-month truce between Israel and Hamas had run out and Hamas had resumed rocket attacks against Israel. Israel's said its aim was to stop Hamas' rocket attacks on Israel from and arms import into the territory. Israeli forces attacked military targets, police stations and government buildings. Hamas intensified its rocket and mortar attacks against Southern Israel, reaching the major cities of Beersheba and Ashdod for the first time. An Israeli ground invasion began on January 3, 2009. The war ended on January 18, when Israel first declared a unilateral(one-sided) ceasefire, followed by Hamas' announcing a one-week ceasefire twelve hours later. Israel completed its withdrawal on January 21. The conflict resulted in between 1,166 and 1,417 Palestinian and 13 Israeli deaths.

References

2008 in Asia
2009 in Asia
Arab–Israeli conflict
History of the Gaza Strip
Wars involving Asia
2000s conflicts

Gaza War


Teen Titans Go! To the Movies is a 2014 American animated superhero satire movie where the teen titans go back in time to stop all the superheros from being created so robin can star in his own movie and after finding out the movie director is slade, defeat Slade and life goes back to normal.

Basis
It is based on the television series Teen Titans Go!. The television series is based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name.

Production
This movie is written and produced by series developers Michael Jelenic and Aaron Horvath. It was directed by series producer Peter Rida Michail and Horvath. The screenplay was made by Luke Cormican. The events of the movie take place during the fifth season of the series. It is the most recent feature movie to date from Warner Bros. Animation to be released outside of Warner Animation Group, and was the first time on Warner Bros. Pictures released a first theatrical feature movie.

2014 comedy movies
2014 animated movies
American musical comedy movies
2010s superhero movies

Teen Titans Go! To the Movies


In mathematics, a solvable group or soluble group is a group which has a subnormal series with abelian factors.

Relation with the order of the group

The Feit-Thompson theorem says that every group of odd order is solvable.

Every finite group of order 60 or greater, every abelian group, and every subgroup of a solvable group is solvable.

Applications
The definition of solvable groups show why the polynomial equations of degree greater than 5 are (in general) not solvable using finite arithmetic operations (Galois theory).

References

Group theory

Solvable group


A corner retirement or corner stoppage – abbreviated "RTD (Retired)" by BoxRec – are terms used in boxing to describe a fight that ends when, during any rest period between rounds, a boxer refuses to continue or their corner pulls them out, thereby forcing the referee to call an end to the fight. In contrast, a technical knockout (TKO) may only be declared by the referee or ringside doctor, at any stage of the fight including rest periods. In either case, an RTD still counts as a type of knockout, and is displayed as a stoppage result on a boxer's win/loss record.

One of the most notable corner stoppages in boxing occurred during the Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston fight on February 25, 1964, the first of their two fights. After six back-and-forth rounds, Sonny Liston, complaining of a shoulder injury, refused to get up from his stool for the seventh round. As a result, Ali became the world heavyweight champion.

References

Boxing rules and regulations

Corner retirement


Rawson Hart Boddam (1734 – 20 May 1812, Bath) was the former Governor of the Bombay Presidency during the rule of the East India Company in British India from 1784 to 1788.

Boddam entered East India Company service in 1752. In 1760 he married Mary Sclater, sister of the Eliza Draper for whom Laurence Sterne wrote his Journal to Eliza, though Mary died soon after the birth of a son Charles (1762-1811) and is buried in St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai

Rawson Hart Boddam was the first Governor of Bombay to be paid entirely by salary, at an annual rate of nearly £10,000. By a second wife, Eliza Maria Tudor, he had nine children, and settled at Capel House, Bull's Cross, near Enfield on his return to England. He died 'aged 78 years' in May 1812. In the 1920s a portrait was in the possession of Mrs. Hungerford Meyer Boddam, of Capel House, Guildford.

As a legacy, in 2004 he had a train station named after him.

References

External links

1734 births
1812 deaths
Governors of Bombay

Rawson Hart Boddam


The Buick Park Avenue is a full-size car built by Buick. The nameplate was first used in 1975 for an appearance option package on the Electra 225 Limited.  It became an Electra trim level in 1978 and its own model starting in the 1991 model year after the Electra was discontinued.

There were two generations of the Park Avenue that were manufactured in the United States until 2005. In 2007, the nameplate was revived on a large Buick sedan built by Shanghai GM for the Chinese market based on the Holden Caprice from the WM/WN range. The nameplate is derived from the affluent New York City boulevard, Park Avenue.

Electra Park Avenue (1975–1990)

1975-1976

Park Avenue first appeared as an appearance package on the 1975 Buick Electra Limited.  It included similar seats to the Cadillac Sixty Special, optional full center console, Buick 455ci V8, posi-traction, 15-inch rallye sport wheels, rear automatic leveling, optional leather, optional Air Cushion Restraint System, remote mirror with thermometer, and automatic climate control.  The 1976 cars were largely the same except for some styling revisions and added emissions systems.

1977-1984

Park Avenue, previously an appearance option package, became an official trim level on the Electra in 1978. Cosmetically, a different grille and redesigned tail lights were the only notable cosmetic changes that year but 1979 brought a redesigned, flat front end and a subtly different taillight treatment featuring a Buick crest and bisecting horizontal silver line. A more extensive redesign occurred for the 1980 model year.

1985-1990

Park Avenue remained the top trim on the Buick Electra, it was redesigned along with the rest of the Electra line, moving to the heavily downsized front wheel drive GM C-Body.  It featured a  Buick 3800 V6.  The coupe version was discontinued in 1987.  For 1989, Buick introduced the Park Avenue Ultra trim level.  The Ultra was an upgrade to the Electra Park Avenue trim and featured a standard leather interior with dual 20-way power front seats designed and manufactured by Lear Siegler and styled by Giorgetto Giugiaro of Italdesign; lower-body accent exterior paint treatment; distinctive thick-padded french-seamed vinyl top with limousine-style rear-window surround (available only on Ultra); simulated burled elm trim on the doors and instrument panel; unique aluminum wheels; anti-lock brakes; chromed B-pillar moldings; specific grille and tail lamps; leather-wrapped steering wheel; electronic instrumentation; padded glove-compartment door and unique interior door panel trim. The Park Avenue Ultra carried a higher base price than Cadillac's Sedan de Ville. The Park Avenue Ultra did not gain much popular recognition, however, until the following generation of Park Avenue where the "Ultra" badge offered even more features.

Essence concept car

The Buick Park Avenue Essence was a concept car designed and engineered by the Buick division of General Motors to showcase advanced technology and styling. First shown in 1989 in a metallic light green color, the Essence made rounds through the auto show circuits later in a metallic  white.  Inside the Essence was a wide, sweeping instrument panel that housed a prototype Delco Navicar navigation system among other innovations. Smooth, graceful body lines forecast the eventual production Park Avenue, introduced in 1990.  The Essence was powered by the then-new 165 hp version of Buick's 3800 OHV V6 engine.

First generation (1991–1996)

The 1991 Park Avenue, introduced in July 1990, used GM's C platform and was previewed by the 1989 Park Avenue Essence show car. Much of the Park Avenue's styling vocabulary made their way to subsequent Buick models restyled in the 1990s. Projections were for sales of 100,000 annually.

The Park Avenue was Buick's largest front wheel drive sedan, but the even larger rear wheel drive Roadmaster returned to the line for 1991 as a station wagon and 1992 as a sedan. However, the base Park Avenue was still priced higher than the Roadmaster Limited (its more luxurious trim).  Park Avenue was marketed as the flagship of the Buick line.

This generation offered Dynaride, where an air compressor pressurized the rear Chapman Struts to maintain a level overall ride height, which included a dashboard emblem to the left of the steering column. The system was not available on vehicles equipped with Gran Touring Suspension.

The base model Park Avenue featured a 3.8 L naturally-aspirated V6 engine and velour interior, upgradeable to leather. Starting in 1992, the Ultra came with a 3.8 L Supercharged V6 engine and leather interior. The Park Avenue received various exterior and interior cosmetic changes, as well as powertrain updates, during this run.  Some of the new options and features added to the first generation included driver (and later passenger) airbags, dual zone climate control, traction control, and variable-effort steering (Ultra only).

Europe
The Park Avenue was available in Europe from 1991 until 1996 and varied from the North American version by featuring a truncated taillamps with separate amber turn signal indicators and red brake lamps, wider numberplate bezel, fitment of rear red fog lamps, headlamps with different lens pattern, white front side running markers, amber front turn signal indicators, side turn signal repeaters, "flagpole" external rear-view mirrors (mirrors on US version are fixed and do not turn), stronger seat belt and anchors, "softer" air bags, metric speedometer and gauges. They are to comply with the European regulatory and safety standards. This generation of the Park Avenue was the last Buick to be officially marketed by GM in Europe. This move was to reduce the "cluttered" model range that confused the European consumers. After 1996, Cadillac and Chevrolet remained the sole General Motors North American brands to be sold in Europe.

Second generation (1997–2005)

An updated Park Avenue was released in October 1996 as a 1997 model, using GM's G platform, which was stronger and more substantial than its predecessor. GM chose to continue to refer to it as the C platform.

The new generation was powered by updated Series II variants of the 3800 and as before, only Ultra models were supercharged.  The base trim featured a hood ornament while the Ultra had a less conspicuous tri-shield inset on the upper edge of the grille.  The base Park Avenue was the last USDM Buick to carry a factory hood ornament.

For 2001, the base model's cloth interior was dropped as an option in favor of standard leather trim. Ultrasonic rear park assist was a new option that year as well.  For 2003, trademark Buick "Ventiports" returned on the Park Avenue Ultra along with a bolder grille that carried a larger monochromatic tri-shield badge in the center. New 17-inch wheels, a revised interior and revised instrument cluster were changed for the 2003 model year on the Ultra.

For 2005, the final model year in North America, base Park Avenues received a revised grille, and the previously Ultra-exclusive Ventiports.  Also, the rear fascia was updated across the model line with a prominent chrome bar above the license plate holder with an embossed Park Avenue script and amber turn signal flashers.

The last 3,000 of 7,000 Park Avenues carried Special Edition badging that featured the namesake script underneath a silhouette of the New York City skyline. 300 of these were painted with a special two-tone black-on-platinum finish. Production ended on June 18, 2004. The Park Avenue was discontinued after 2005 in the North American market and was replaced in 2006 by the Buick Lucerne.

Third generation (2007–2012)

In April 2007, General Motors reintroduced the Park Avenue nameplate in China on a luxury sedan that replaced the Buick Royaum. Like its predecessor, the vehicle is based on the Australian-built Holden Caprice (this time on the contemporary WM/WN generation), though, unlike the Royaum, it was assembled by Shanghai GM from CKD kits shipped from Holden's Elizabeth factory in South Australia. It is offered in five trim levels: 舒适型 (Comfort), 精英型 (Elite), 豪华型 (Luxury - 2.8 only), 旗舰型 (Flagship) and 旗舰版 (Ultimate - 2010 only)

The Park Avenue was powered by Australian-built versions of the GM High Feature engine. The standard engines were the 2.8 L LP1 and the 3.6 L LY7 engine available as an option on the Elite and Flagship models from 2007 to 2009. The engine control unit is a Bosch E77 32-bit ECM processor.

In 2010, only one engine option was offered, a 3 L SIDI (251 bhp) replacing the old 2.8 V6 and 3.6 V6 due to fuel consumption with the 2.8 litre engine rated at 11.4 litres per 100 kilometres (20.6 MPG US) and the 3.6 litre engine rated 11.6 litres per 100 kilometres (20.3 MPG US) respectively. The 3 litre engine was rated 10.9 litres per 100 kilometres (21.6 MPG US). The third-generation Park Avenue remained a China exclusive and was never offered by Buick in North America. A version of the car did eventually see release in the US market as the stripped down, rebadged Chevrolet Caprice PPV (Police Patrol Vehicle).

It was discontinued in China in October 2012.

References

External links

1991-1996 Buick Park Avenue: Overview
1997-2005 Buick Park Avenue: Overview
Buick official page: China

Park Avenue
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Full-size vehicles
Sedans
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Cars introduced in 1990
2000s cars
Park Avenue
Cars discontinued in 2012

Buick Park Avenue


The Fuzhou dialect (, FR:  ), also Foochow, Hokchew, Hok-chiu, or Fuzhounese, is the prestige variety of the Eastern Min branch of Min Chinese spoken mainly in the Mindong region of Eastern Fujian Province.

Fuzhou dialect history
Fuzhou dialect is also a dialect of Mindong. Unlike Minnan dialect, Fuzhou dialects say that there are fewer people. This is mainly because the social development model of Fuzhou and Minnan is different. Therefore, the two languages spread differently. The eastern part of the country is dominated by agriculture, while southern Fujian has a large number of fisheries.

Fuzhou dialect is popular in the seven counties of Fuzhou in the eastern part of Fujian, Ningde City and Nanping City, as well as Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Brunei, Singapore. In addition, Fuzhou dialect is also popular in many Chinese communities in North America, South America, Europe, and Australia.

Fuzhou dialect is derived from ancient Chinese and medieval Chinese. Due to the large-scale immigration of Han, Jin and Tang Dynasty, these ancient languages merged into the current Fuzhou dialect. Fuzhou dialect has experienced slow and obvious changes in pronunciation and vocabulary in the last 200 years.

In ancient times, Yue people lived along the banks of the Li River. Since the kingdom of Chu destroyed the country, the descendants of the king led some of the subjects to migrate to Fujian and merged with the Yue people into the Yue ethnic group. In 110 BC, the Yue dynasty against Han and was settled by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, after which most of the Yue people were moved to the Jianghuai area. During the Western Han Dynasty, the Central Plains Han people entered the shackles for the first time, and merged with the Yue and Yue people. Fuzhou dialect was integrated into the Central Plains dialect.

During the Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains people entered the country for the second time. The Han people and the Yue people further merged. The Han people became the main residents of Fuzhou, and the Central Plains dialect was once again integrated into the Fuzhou dialect.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Han people of the Central Plains entered the country for the third time. Wang tried to establish the Shu Kingdom and strengthened the integration of the Central Plains dialect and the Gan dialect. Fuzhou dialect was basically formed in the Tang Dynasty and is gradually developing.

The Mandarin language movement in recent decades has led to fewer and fewer people in Fuzhou. Recently, the government and civil society have realized this problem and have taken many measures to promote it. According to statistics, half of Fuzhou young people now speak Fuzhou dialect.

The first book on the pronunciation of Fuzhou is the 'Yulin Sounds', which was published in the 17th century and provides a standard for Fuzhou dialect.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, Western scholars studied Fuzhou dialect, compiled a dictionary, and translated the Bible into Fuzhou dialect. Japanese scholars published a series of books on Fuzhou dialect in the 1940s. The efforts of Western scholars have developed the use of the Latin alphabet to write Fuzhou dialect, which was standardized in 1890. This set of standards is mainly used in churches.

References
 Fuzhounese language and pronunciation
 Fuzhou dialect - Wikipedia
 https://baike.baidu.com/item/福州话

Chinese language
Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code
Languages of China
Tonal languages

Fuzhou dialect


Clement Lincoln Bouvé (May 27, 1878 – January 14, 1944) was the third Register of Copyrights in the United States Copyright Office. He was the first lawyer to serve as Register, and his administration of the Office was marked by attention to the formalities of United States copyright law, including the creation of a legal staff, the establishment of an Examining Section, and the formation of a Revisory Board.

Bouvé was born May 27, 1878, in Hingham, Massachusetts, and educated at Harvard College and the Harvard Law School. Prior to becoming Register, he worked as Assistant United States District Attorney for Manila, the Panamanian Commission, and as an agent of the United States before the General and Special Claims Commission during boundary discussions with Mexico. He served in the Field Artillery in France during World War I and in the Army of Occupation in Germany, and retired from the United States Army with the rank of Lieutenant colonel. In 1912, Bouvé authored "A Treatise on the Laws Governing the Exclusion and Expulsion of Aliens in the United States," considered to be one of the first authoritative legal works on the subject.

Bouvé was appointed as Register of Copyrights on August 1, 1936. He presided over the Office during its move in 1939 from the south side of the ground floor of the Thomas Jefferson Building to the newly built John Adams Building. He created the Copyright Card Catalog, 1938–1945, the first Copyright Office catalog combining all registration entries, and wrote a 72-page document titled "Letter to the Librarian of Congress concerning Certain Aspects of the Copyright Act of March 4, 1909, in their Relation to the Public Interest and Existing Problems of Copyright Office Administration, with Proposed Amendments."

Bouvé was in ill health when he retired on December 31, 1943. He died weeks later, on January 14, 1944, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

References

1878 births
1944 deaths
People from Hingham, Massachusetts
Writers from Massachusetts
Harvard Law School alumni
American lawyers
United States Registers of Copyright
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

Clement Lincoln Bouvé


Joseph Nestroy Kizito (born 27 July 1982) is an Ugandan former professional footballer who plays as a defender.

At international level, Kizito represented Uganda from 2001 to 2011, having earned 39 caps to his name.

Club career
In his homeland, Kizito spent four seasons at Villa, helping the club win four consecutive championship titles (2000, 2001, 2002, and 2002–03) and two Uganda Cups (2000 and 2002). He also won the Kagame Interclub Cup in 2003, before moving abroad.

In early 2004, alongside his teammate Phillip Ssozi, Kizito went to Serbia and Montenegro and joined Second League side Srem. He spent the entire year at the club, before earning a transfer to First League side Vojvodina in early 2005. Later that year, Kizito scored the only goal for his team in a 1–0 win over Red Star Belgrade. He thus helped Vojvodina defeat their rival for the first time in 10 years. Due to his consistent performances throughout the 2005–06 season, Kizito was voted the Vojvodina Player of the Season by the club's supporters. He continued to play regularly for the side in the following years, amassing over 100 league appearances. In January 2010, Kizito was demoted from the first team after refusing to extend his contract.

After becoming a free agent, Kizito signed a two-year contract with Partizan on 2 July 2010. He made his debut for the club 19 days later, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 win away against Armenian champions Pyunik in the second leg of the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League second qualifying round. During the 2010–11 Serbian SuperLiga, Kizito recorded 14 appearances, all starts, as the club won the championship title. He also helped his team win the 2010–11 Serbian Cup, thus collecting the double. In October 2011, Kizito terminated his contract with Partizan by mutual agreement.

After returning to his country, Kizito signed for newly promoted Super League side Victoria University in August 2012, penning a one-year deal. He eventually spent the next three years there, before leaving in July 2015. Shortly after, Kizito joined fellow Ugandan club Lweza.

International career
Kizito made his full international debut for Uganda in 2001. He went on to earn a total of 39 caps for the Cranes over the following decade. In February 2012, Kizito announced his retirement from international football.

Personal life
A Tanzanian descendant, Kizito was born in Mutukula, Uganda on the Tanzania–Uganda border. He is the younger brother of Manfred Kizito, who represented Rwanda internationally.

Honours
Villa
 Uganda Super League: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2002–03
 Uganda Cup: 2000, 2002
 Kagame Interclub Cup: 2003
Partizan
 Serbian SuperLiga: 2010–11
 Serbian Cup: 2010–11
Victoria University
 Uganda Cup: 2013

References

External links

Men's association football defenders
Expatriate men's footballers in Serbia
FK Partizan players
FK Srem players
FK Vojvodina players
SC Victoria University players
SC Villa players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Uganda men's international footballers
Uganda Premier League players
Ugandan expatriate men's footballers
Ugandan expatriate sportspeople in Serbia
Ugandan men's footballers
1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Central Region, Uganda
Expatriate men's footballers in Serbia and Montenegro
Ugandan expatriate sportspeople in Serbia and Montenegro

Joseph Kizito (footballer)


The first hand-crank pasta machine was invented in Cleveland by Angelo Vitantonio, an Italian immigrant in 1906, and went on to found the Italian kitchenware manufacturer VillaWare.

In 2003, VillaWare Manufacturing Company was merged with Tilia's Food Saver.

VillaWare today is owned by Newell Brands and is the brand name for their waffle maker, blender, food processor and panini grill.

References

Further reading
, which includes some brief historical notes

External links

Pasta industry
Food preparation appliances

VillaWare


Armel Tchakounté Njonga (born December 22, 1988) is a retired Cameroonian professional footballer who most notably played for Queens Park Rangers following a transfer from non-league club Carshalton Athletic.

Career

Early career
Tchakounté played competitive football in Cameroon before moving to France playing for Grenoble followed by Hong Kong where he joined Buler Rangers. He later played for Kitchee. He then moved to the UK and played for the non-league side Carshalton Athletic F.C. in the 2005/2006 season. He then got his big break, signing for Championship side Queens Park Rangers in July 2006.

Buler Rangers
Armel Tchakounté initially signed a two-year contract with Hong Kong Premier League side Buler Rangers. During his time at the club, the centre midfield player was described as a "Rock" due to his strength and power on the ground and in the air. He scored two goals for his side and played an important role in helping the side compete at the top of the league. This led to him attracting the attention of other teams such as South China, Kitchee and many more. After six months of playing for Buler Rangers, he earned the opportunity to sign for league leaders Kitchee, where he was described as one of the best centre midfielders they'd ever had.

Carshalton Athletic
On moving to the UK, Tchakounte was signed by English non-league side Carshalton Athletic at the beginning of January 2006. At the time, Athletics were struggling at the bottom of the Conference South league table.
Tchakounte made his debut with the FA Trophy second round clash with Accrington Stanley and scored a magnificent goal. He then made his full league debut in the away fixture at the fellow relegation strugglers Hayes on 26 March 2006. His full playing record at Carshalton was 19 games and 2 substitute appearances. He was an unused substitute on 2 occasions, scoring 5 goals.

Queens Park Rangers
On 5 May 2006, Carshalton announced on their official website that Armel Tchakounté had signed for the Football League Championship club; the Queens Park Rangers on a one-year deal after spending the final three weeks of the 2005–06 season with them. Upon his arrival, the Cameroonian midfielder was announced as a player to help them being promoted. However, he only managed four first team games and was an unused substitute on five occasions. The record also showed that he played six times for the reserve team before an injury in January 2007 brought his season to an abrupt halt.

International career
Armel earned his first cap with Cameroon under 18 a few weeks before his 16th birthday in a 3-1 win against Chad in Yaounde. He was the youngest player on the field but managed to imposed his authority in the midfield which led him to his first senior cap. The record also showed that he was called into the senior squad five times.

Style of play
Armel was a complete and versatile midfield, gifted with excellent technical ability, vision and passing range as well as powerful shot from distance, which enabled him to start attacking plays in midfield after winning back possession. He was also a strong, tenacious, hardworking, aggressive and physical player. In addition to these attributes, his pressing ability and stamina allowed him to link up the defense with the attack  successfully.

Post retirement
After his football career ended prematurely, Tchakounté decided to channel his efforts into football coaching and his academic studies. He obtained a Bachelor of Science Physics in 2010 and also a UEFA B Licence. He also obtained an MBA in International Business Management and a Masters in Banking and Finance at the University of Surrey. Armel was a pundit for Voxafrica's coverage of the 2015 African Cup of Nations. He currently lives in London.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Surrey
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Carshalton Athletic F.C. players
Hong Kong Rangers FC players
Cameroonian men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Hong Kong
Hong Kong First Division League players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Cameroonian expatriates in Hong Kong
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football central defenders

Armel Tchakounte


《我们崇敬你,自由的江山》()為塞拉利昂共和国國歌。 作詞者為Clifford Nelson Fyle,作曲者為约翰·阿卡(John Akar)。

歌詞

High we exalt thee, realm of the free;
Great is the love we have for thee;
Firmly united ever we stand,
Singing thy praise, O native land.
We raise up our hearts and our voices on high,
The hills and the valleys re-echo our cry;
Blessing and peace be ever thine own,
Land that we love, our Sierra Leone.

One with a faith that wisdom inspires,
One with a zeal that never tires;
Ever we seek to honor thy name,
Ours is the labor, thine the fame.
We pray that no harm on thy children may fall,
That blessing and peace may descend on us all;
So may we serve thee ever alone,
Land that we love, our Sierra Leone.

Knowledge and truth our forefathers spread,
Mighty the nations whom they led;
Mighty they made thee, so too may we
Show forth the good that is ever in thee.
We pledge our devotion, our strength and our might,
Thy cause to defend and to stand for thy right;
All that we have be ever thine own,
Land that we love, our Sierra Leone.

外部链接

非洲国家國歌
塞拉利昂歌曲

我们崇敬你，自由的江山


Khmer Renovation Party (; ), also translated as Khmer Renewal Party, was an anti-communist, nationalist and royalist political party founded in Cambodia in September 1947. In 1955, it became one of the core elements of the Sangkum political movement of then Prince Norodom Sihanouk.

The party is mainly significant because key members Lon Nol and Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak would go on to lead the right-wing coup of 1970 against Sihanouk and his Sangkum regime.

History

The party was formed by the politician and soldier Nhiek Tioulong and police chief Lon Nol. Its nominal leader was the respected Prince Sisowath Monipong, one of the two sons of King Sisowath Monivong and one of the candidates for the throne passed over in favour of Sihanouk in 1941. Other prominent members included Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum, who acted as an adviser to Tioulong and Nol in founding the party, and Chuop Hell.

The party, known informally as the "Renos", had a socially conservative and royalist programme - albeit far more pro-independence than that of the similarly conservative Liberal Party of Prince Norodom Norindeth - and attracted high-ranking bureaucrats and several members of the royal family as well as military officers. Khmer Renovation's "quasi-feudalist" perspective, which emphasised Cambodia and its monarchy's place in world history and the postcolonial order, was symbolised by its chosen symbol of the Earth Goddess superimposed on a map of the protectorate. It published a newspaper, Khmera or Rénovation, in both French and Khmer versions. Monipong was to become the Prime Minister of a 'unity' government between June 1950 and February 1951.

Lon Nol led the party to the polls in the 1951 elections, where - despite receiving 9.1% of the total vote - it won a total of 2 seats in the Assembly.

Although the Khmer Renovation Party had only limited electoral success - neither Lon Nol nor Sirik Matak, later to become prominent politicians, won seats while a party member - it became one of the main political groupings behind the formation of the Sangkum of Prince Sihanouk. Nhiek Tioulong was to become Prime Minister under the Sangkum, and was later to become a prominent figure in the pro-royalist FUNCINPEC organisation. Lon Nol was also to become Prime Minister, but along with Sirik Matak was to lead the 1970 coup deposing Sihanouk and instigating the Khmer Republic.

References

1947 establishments in French Indochina
1955 disestablishments in Cambodia
Buddhist political parties
Defunct political parties in Cambodia
Monarchist parties in Cambodia
Nationalist parties in Cambodia
Political parties disestablished in 1955
Political parties established in 1947

Khmer Renovation Party


The Key West Tropical Forest & Botanical Garden is a frost-free arboretum and botanical garden containing a collection of trees, shrubs, and palms, including several "champion tree" specimens. It is located on Stock Island in the municipality of Key West, Florida, United States. It is open daily. There is a nominal fee for admission, with free admission for locals on the first Sunday of every month.

Notable plants
The Garden includes seven trees that are designated either champions or challengers within the  National Champion Tree system adjudicated by American Forests and the Florida Division of Forestry. Champions are determined by height, circumference of the trunk, crown spread, and physical condition. The best tree in a species is designated Champion; the second best is Challenger.

 Locust-berry (Byrsonima lucida) - National Champion
 Wild Dilly (Manilkara bahamensis) - National Champion
 Barringtonia (Barringtonia asiatica) - Florida Champion
 Cuban Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum officinale) - Florida Champion
 Arjan Almond (Terminalia arjuna) - Florida Challenger
 Black Olive (Bucida buceras) - Florida Challenger
 Pongam (Pongamia pinnata) - Florida Challenger
 Royal Poinciana (Delonix regia) - Honorable Mention

Other native and imported trees and shrubs in the Garden include:
 Poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum),
 Sea Grape (Coccoloba uvifera),
 Black Ironwood (Krugiodendron ferreum),
 Spanish Stopper (Eugenia foetida),
 Pigeon Plum (Coccoloba diversifolia),
 Tamarind (Tamarindus indica),
 Milk Bark (Drypetes diversifolia),
 Cinnamon Bark (Canella winterana), Gumbo Limbo (Bursera simaruba),
 Woman's Tongue (Albizia lebbeck),
 Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum sanctum), Blolly (Guapira discolor),
 Purge Nut Thicket (Ximenia americana),
 Canary Island Date Palm (Phoenix canariensis),
 Senegal Date Palm (Phoenix reclinata),
 Florida Thatch Palm (Thrinax radiata),
 Shortleaf Fig (Ficus citrifolia), Marlberry (Ardisia escallonioides),
 Silver Palm (Coccothrinax argentata),
 Red Stopper (Eugenia rhombea),
 Key Thatch Palm (Leucothrinax morrisii), J
 amaica Dogwood (Piscidia piscipula), False Tamarind (Lysiloma latisiliquum), Bay Cedar (Suriana maritima),
 Wild Coffee (Colubrina arborescens),
 Cinnecord (Acacia choriophylla), Pond Apple (Annona glabra), Limber Caper (Capparis flexuosa),
 Satin Leaf (Chrysophyllum oliviforme),
 Paradise Tree (Simarouba glauca),
 Coral Bean (Erythrina herbacea), Sabal Palm (Sabal palmetto),
 Buccaneer Palm (Pseudophoenix sargentii),
 Lime Prickly-ash (Zanthoxylum fagara), Joewood (Jacquinia keyensis), Lancewood (Nectandra coriacea),
 Green Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus),
 Washington Palm (Washingtonia robusta), and
 Varnish Leaf (Dodonaea viscosa).

See also
 List of botanical gardens in the United States

Botanical gardens in Florida
Botanical
Botanical
Protected areas of Monroe County, Florida


The Spanish expedition to Formosa was a campaign mounted by the Spanish based in Manila, Philippines in 1626. It was the Spanish response to Dutch settlements being built in Formosa, now known as Taiwan. In cooperation with the Portuguese, this venture was made to attract Chinese traders and curtail the expansion of Dutch power in Asia.

Background
As part of its campaign in Asia, the Dutch East India Company attempted to establish a trading outpost on the Penghu Islands (Pescadores) in 1622, but were driven off by the Ming authorities.
In 1624, the Company established a stronghold called Fort Zeelandia on the coastal islet of Tayouan, which is now part of the main island at Anping, Tainan.
David Wright, a Scottish agent of the Company who lived on the island in the 1650s, described the lowland areas of the island as being divided among 11 chiefdoms ranging in size from two settlements to 72. Some of these fell under Dutch control while others remained independent. The Company began to import laborers from Fujian and Penghu (Pescadores), many of whom settled.

Expedition

On 5 May 1626, the first Spanish landing on Formosa, as ordered by Governor-General of the Philippines Fernándo de Silva, was at Cape Santiago, but they decided that the area was not suitable for defense. So, the Spanish continued westwards along the coast until they arrived at Keelung. A deep and well-protected harbor, including a small island in the mouth of the harbor, made it the ideal spot to build the first settlement, which they named Santisima Trinidad. Forts were built, both on the island and on the harbor itself. It was garrisoned by hundreds of Spaniards (Spanish Filipino) and native Filipino soldiers from the Philippines. The colony was designed to protect Spanish and Portuguese trade from interference by the Dutch base in the south of Taiwan.

Aftermath
Fort San Domingo was built by the Spanish in 1629 at Tamsui after which the present site of the Fort was named in order to bolster the success of establishing Spanish power in Formosa. On a night in 1636, a group of local people, angered by the taxes that the Spanish governor had imposed, successfully attacked the fort and demolished it. In 1637, the Spanish rebuilt the fort using stone and raised the height of the walls to twenty feet or more.

However, in August 1642, the Dutch returned to Keelung with four large ships, several smaller ships, and with approximately 369 Dutch soldiers. A combination of Spaniards, aboriginals, and Pampangos from the Philippines held off troops for six days, they eventually returned to Manila defeated, and gave up their flags and what little artillery remained with them. Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera, governor of the Philippines, was originally to blame for the loss of the Formosa and was eventually tried in court for his actions, and was imprisoned for five years in the Philippines. Historians since Corcuera's time have chastised him for the loss of the Formosa, but other factors, such as the continuing rise of the Dutch Empire in Southeast Asia, and financial troubles within the Spanish Empire, were also contributing factors.

See also
Spanish Formosa
 Spanish Filipino
Dutch Formosa
Spanish East Indies
:Category:History of the Philippines (1565–1898), Spanish colonial period in the Philippines

References

Bibliography

Spanish Formosa
Spanish East Indies
Dutch Formosa
History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
1626 in New Spain
1626 in Taiwan
Invasions of Taiwan

Spanish expedition to Formosa


Robert, Bob Cameron or Rob Cameron may refer to:

 Robert Cameron (British politician) (1825–1913), Liberal Member of Parliament for Houghton-le-Spring, 1895–1913
 Robert Cameron (cricketer) (born 1938), Australian cricketer
 Robert Cameron (New South Wales politician) (1890–1970), New South Wales politician
 Robert Cameron (photographer) (1911–2009), American photographer
 Robert Cameron (Queen's Park footballer) (fl. 1909–1911), Scottish footballer
 Robert Cameron (Lincoln City footballer) (fl. 1892–1893), Scottish footballer
 Robert Alexander Cameron (1828–1894), American soldier during the American Civil War
 Robert Curry Cameron (1925–1972), American astronomer
 Robert Horton Cameron (1908–1989), American mathematician
 Robert Macfarlane Cameron (1860–1920), Scottish architect
 Robert Parke Cameron (1920–2012), former Canadian ambassador to Romania
 Robert Shaw Cameron (born 1976), British actor and director
 Bob Cameron (Australian footballer) (1877–1960), Australian rules footballer
 Bob Cameron (Canadian football) (born 1954), Canadian Football League punter
 Bob Cameron (racing driver) NASCAR pioneer
 Bob Cameron (Victorian politician) (born 1963), Australian state politician
 Bobby Cameron (footballer, born 1932), Scottish footballer with QPR
 Bobby Cameron (goalkeeper), Scottish footballer for Queen's Park
 Rob Cameron, Australian rugby player

See also
 Cameron (surname)

Robert Cameron


María La Baja is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.

History
María La Baja was founded by Alonso de Heredia (brother of Pedro de Heredia) on December 8, 1535.

Geography and climate
The municipality of María La Baja has a total area of 547 km², bordering to the north with the municipality of Arjona, to the east with the municipalities of Mahates and San Juan Nepomuceno, south with the municipalities of El Carmen de Bolívar and San Jacinto and to the west with the municipality of San Onofre, Sucre. The town of María La Baja has an area of approximately 150 km² and it is some 72 km away from the Department's capital Cartagena.

A warm climate prevails throughout the year at an average temperature of 28 °C.

Involvement in armed conflict

María La Baja has grown substantially in recent years as some 7000 people have moved into the town from the surrounding countryside, since 2000 when the FARC guerrilla group arrived in the hills nearby. According to reports the FARC militants stole cattle. The situation deteriorated further when AUC paramilitaries began to battle FARC, catching civilians in the crossfire.  However the security situation has improved more recently with the AUC bloc Heroes de los Montes de María giving up their weapons on July 14, 2005, under a national demobilization plan speared by the government of Álvaro Uribe. Marines have set up a base on the edge of the town.

References

 María la Baja official website

Municipalities of Bolívar Department
Populated places established in 1535
1535 establishments in New Spain

María La Baja


Louise Lombard (born Louise Marie Perkins; 13 September 1970) is an English actress. She is known for her roles as Evangeline Eliott in the BBC drama series The House of Eliott (1991–94), Sofia Curtis in the CBS drama series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2004–11) and Trish in the After film series.

Early life and education
Lombard was born in Redbridge, London, England, the fifth of seven children to Irish immigrant parents. One of her siblings is former footballer Declan Perkins.

Lombard began taking drama lessons when she was eight. She attended Trinity Catholic High School, a Roman Catholic school, from which she achieved nine O Levels. Lombard studied English literature at Cambridge University.

Career
Lombard is best known for playing Evangeline Eliott in the 1990s television drama The House of Eliott. Her first big break was in the hit series Chancer, after which Lombard went on to star in the television dramas Bodyguards and Metropolis and several films including Gold in the Streets, My Kingdom and After the Rain.

In 1994, she was named one of People Magazines 50 Most Beautiful People in the World. From 1998 to 2000, Lombard took a career break to study English literature at Cambridge.

In 1998, Lombard starred in Tale of the Mummy; and, in 1999, she starred in the film Esther, with F. Murray Abraham. In 1999 Lombard starred in After the Rain with Ariyon Bakare, Paul Bettany and Peter Krummack.

In 2004, Lombard appeared in the film Hidalgo. In November that same year, Lombard began a recurring role on the television series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation during Seasons 5 and 6. She made her first appearance in Season 5, Episode 7 ("Formalities"), playing Sofia Curtis, a crime scene investigator who later becomes a homicide detective. In September 2006, in the Season 7 premiere ("Built to Kill, Part 1"), Lombard began a regular role which she held throughout that season, until its finale ("Living Doll"). In September 2007, Lombard appeared in the Season 8 premiere ("Dead Doll") and was credited as a Special Guest Star.

In 2009, Lombard appeared in the backdoor pilot episode of NCIS: Los Angeles, which aired during Season 6 of the main NCIS series; Episodes 22 ("Legend Part 1") and 23 ("Legend Part 2"). She played Special Agent Lara Macy in charge of the NCIS Office of Special Projects in Los Angeles.

In March 2011, TVLine announced that Lombard would reprise her role as Sofia Curtis on CSI: Crime Scene Investigation in the Season 11 episode "Father of the Bride", which aired on 28 April 2011 and revealed that her character had been promoted to Deputy Chief.

In 2014, Lombard starred in the pilot for the Lifetime post-apocalyptic drama series The Lottery.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
People from the London Borough of Redbridge
Alumni of St Edmund's College, Cambridge
English film actresses
English television actresses
English people of Irish descent
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from London

Louise Lombard


Halloween is a 1978 horror movie and the first film in the Halloween movie series. On Halloween 1963 in Illinois, six year old Michael Myers murders his sister. Fifteen years later, he escapes from a psychiatric hospital, returns home, and stalks teenager Laurie Strode and her friends.

It was remade in 2007. The movie's script was created and the movie was filmed in under twenty days.

Plot
On Halloween night 1963, in the town of Haddonfield, Illinois, six-year-old Michael Myers, dressed in a clown costume, stabs his older sister Judith to death with a kitchen knife in their home. Fifteen years later, on October 30, 1978, Michael's psychiatrist, Dr. Samuel Loomis, and his colleague, Marion Chambers, arrive at Warren County's Smith's Grove Sanitarium to escort Michael to court. Michael escapes the sanitarium, stealing Loomis' car in the process, and returning home to Haddonfield.

On the road, Michael kills a mechanic for his coveralls. He then steals a mask, knives, and rope from a local hardware store. The following day, on Halloween, Michael begins stalking high school student Laurie Strode after she drops off a key at his former house, so her father can sell it. Throughout the day, Laurie notices Michael following her, but her best friends Annie Brackett and Lynda Van der Klok dismiss her concerns. Loomis arrives in Haddonfield in search of Michael, visiting Judith's grave in the local cemetery, only to find her tombstone stolen. He meets with Haddonfield's sheriff, Leigh Brackett, Annie's father, and they both go to Michael's house, where Loomis tries to convince Sheriff Brackett about the danger Michael poses. Sheriff Brackett patrols the streets while Loomis waits at the house, expecting Michael to return.

Later that night, Laurie babysits Tommy Doyle, while Annie babysits Lindsey Wallace just across the street, unaware that Michael has followed them. When Annie's boyfriend, Paul, calls her to come and pick him up, she takes Lindsey over to the Doyle house to spend the night with Laurie and Tommy. Annie is just about to leave in her car when Michael, who had hidden in the back seat, strangles her and slits her throat. Soon after, Lynda and her boyfriend Bob Simms arrive at the Wallace house. After having sex, Bob goes downstairs to get a beer for Lynda, but Michael fatally stabs him. Michael then poses as Bob in a ghost costume and confronts Lynda, who teases him, to no effect. Annoyed, Lynda calls Laurie, but Michael strangles Lynda with the telephone wire just as Laurie picks up. Meanwhile, Loomis discovers the stolen car and begins searching the streets.

Suspicious, Laurie goes over to the Wallace house, and finds the bodies of Annie, Bob, and Lynda in an upstairs bedroom, as well as Judith Myers' headstone. Horrified, Laurie cowers in a hallway, when Michael suddenly appears and attacks her, slashing her arm. Barely escaping, Laurie flees back to the Doyle house. Michael follows, but Laurie manages to fend him off long enough for Tommy and Lindsey to escape, defending herself by stabbing him with a knitting needle, a metal hanger, and his own knife. Loomis sees Tommy and Lindsey fleeing the house, and investigates and sees Michael attacking Laurie. Loomis shoots Myers off the balcony; when Loomis goes to check Michael's body, he finds it missing. Loomis stares off into the night, while Laurie begins sobbing in terror. As various shots of the Doyle and Wallace houses are displayed, the Myers house is shown, as sounds of Michael's breathing are heard, leaving his whereabouts in further doubt.

Cast

References

Other websites

1978 horror movies
1978 thriller movies
1970s horror thriller movies
1970s serial killer movies
American horror thriller movies
Halloween movies
Movies directed by John Carpenter
Movies set in Illinois
Movies set in the 1960s
United States National Film Registry movies
1970s English-language movies
Movies set in psychiatric hospitals
Movies set in the 1970s
1970s independent movies
1978 drama movies
American drama movies
American independent movies
American psychological movies
American science fiction movies
American teen horror movies
Cult movies
Movies about children
Sequel movies
Slasher movies

Halloween (1978 movie)


Lewes Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church building located at 100 Kings Highway in Lewes, Sussex County, Delaware. It was built in 1832, as a frame meeting house measuring 45 feet by 37 feet. In 1869, the church was renovated to add a number of a Gothic Revival style features and the addition of a chancel with Gothic windows. In 1886–1887, the tower and belfry were added and two massive Corinthian order columns were added to the interior.  In 1931, the church acquired its Colonial Revival style front door.

The Lewes Presbyterian congregation was organized in 1692, and are the second oldest Presbyterian congregation in Delaware. The church is located on the site of the original 1727 brick church, which burned in 1871.  Burials in the adjacent churchyard include two Delaware governors David Hall (1752-1817) and Ebe W. Tunnell (1844-1917) and congressman Robert G. Houston (1867-1946) and John W. Houston (1814-1896).

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

Lewes Presbyterian Church is a member of the denomination: The Covenant Order of Evangelicals, also known as E.C.O.  It is also a member of Heritage Presbytery.

References

Presbyterian churches in Delaware
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware
Carpenter Gothic church buildings in Delaware
Colonial Revival architecture in Delaware
Churches completed in 1832
19th-century Presbyterian church buildings in the United States
Churches in Sussex County, Delaware
Buildings and structures in Lewes, Delaware
National Register of Historic Places in Sussex County, Delaware

Lewes Presbyterian Church


Árni Sigfússon (born 30 July 1956) is the former mayor of Reykjavík, Iceland's capital and of Reykjanesbær (2002 - June 2014).

As a city council member since 1986, he stepped in as a mayor in Reykjavík for a few months for his party in 1994 when his party was getting very poor ratings from polls. After his appointment he managed to lead the party to over 47% in the 1994 elections. He was on the board of Heimdallur from 1976 to 1979 and was its chairman from 1981 to 1983. He then later became the chairman of SUS, the youth organisation of the Independence Party.

His focus in local government on raising standards of primary education and on new high tech and well paid jobs, has been recognised in Iceland.

Before taking on the position as Mayor of Reykjanesbær he was the chief executive of the Icelandic Management Association (Stjórnunarfélagið) and the CEO of the IT company Tæknival. He studied Education at the Educational College of Iceland and Public Administration at the University of Tennessee in the United States.

References

Living people
Arni Sigfusson
Arni Sigfusson
1956 births
Arni Sigfusson

Árni Sigfússon


The Donatella Flick Conducting Competition is an international music competition for young conductors, held biennially in London.

History

The Donatella Flick Conducting Competition is named after the philanthropist Donatella Flick, who founded the competition in 1990 to help young conductors to establish an international career. In 1996 the competition established a collaboration with the London Symphony Orchestra. The winner of the competition, in addition to the cash prize and the concert engagements, becomes an assistant conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra for one year after the competition.

The jury of the competition is formed of professional conductors and musicians from the London Symphony Orchestra, and has included names such as Maxim Vengerov, Tamás Vásáry, Andrew Marriner, Leif Segerstam, Yuri Temirkanov, Yan Pascal Tortelier, Pinchas Steinberg, Daniele Gatti, Sir Neville Marriner and Carlo Rizzi.

The first round of the competition happens at the Royal Academy of Music with ensembles of the college, and the final is at the Barbican Hall, where the three finalists conduct the London Symphony Orchestra.

The competition has received several awards and prizes, including the Pro-European Foundation for Culture, the European Project Award for Music, and the Wilhelm Furtwängler Prize for its continuing encouragement of young conductors.

Winners
Winners of the competition are:

 Andrew Constantine (1991)
 Timothy Lole (1992)
 Emmanuel Plasson (1994)
 Tommaso Placidi (1996)
 Paul Mann (1998)
 Pablo González Bernardo and François-Xavier Roth (2000)
 Christophe Mangou (2002)
 Fabien Gabel (2004)
 Michal Dworzynski (2006)
 David Afkham (2008)
 Clemens Schuldt (2010)
 Alexandre Bloch (2012)
 Elim Chan (2014)
 Niklas Benjamin Hoffmann (2016)
 Felix Mildenberger (2018)
 Julio García Vico (2021)
 Nicolò Umberto Foron (2023)

References

External links
 Donatella Flick Conducting Competition

Music competitions in the United Kingdom
Conducting competitions
1990 establishments in England
Recurring events established in 1990
Flick family
London Symphony Orchestra
Events in London

Donatella Flick Conducting Competition


The Pittsburgh Victorias were one of the earliest professional ice hockey teams. The club was based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and were members of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, the first league to openly hire hockey players, from 1902–1904. The team folded in 1904, when the WPHL disbanded its teams to form the Pittsburgh Professionals and compete in the International Professional Hockey League.

History

For the 1902–03 season, the Victorias were added to the WPHL making it a four team league. The team was made up of players from Ottawa, Ontario, enticed to come to Pittsburgh. The Victorias were able to add Stanley Cup winner Bruce Stuart to their team, giving the future Hall of Famer his start in professional hockey. That season, Stuart led the WPHL with 16 goals in his first pro season and was named to the First All-Star team. William Duval, the 1902 captain of the Ottawa Silver Seven, also made the trip to Pittsburgh and began his professional career with the Victorias. Ottawa's Harold "Chic" Henry, Charles Spittal and the Sixsmith brothers, Garnet and Arthur, also played for the Victorias. Arthur, the previous season, played on the Keystones' championship team. While Garnet would one day score 11 goals in a game in Pittsburgh, considered to be a record for the Duquesne Garden.

In 1904 the Victorias won the WPHL title and played Houghton, Michigan's Portage Lakes Hockey Club for the "American Championship" that year. The Victorias lost the three game series two games to one. The team disbanded later that year when the WPHL consolidated its players into the Pittsburgh Professionals and competed in the International Professional Hockey League. Several of the Victorias' players went on to play with the Professionals, such as William Duval, Ed Roberts, Arthur and Garnet Sixsmith and Charles Spittal.

Prominent players
Victorias members of Hockey Hall of Fame:
 Bruce Stuart (1961)

Notes

References

Victorias
Defunct ice hockey teams in Pennsylvania
Victorias
Victorias

Pittsburgh Victorias


is a Japanese original video animation (OVA) series produced by AIC and Pioneer LDC, and released from 1995 to 1997 as three videos. It features character Sasami from the Tenchi Muyo! series as a magical girl, and is noted for recasting the Tenchi Muyo! characters in new roles. It has been dubbed into English by Pioneer USA.  It also spawned two television series - Magical Project S, and Sasami: Magical Girls Club.

Background
Magical Girl Pretty Sammy originated not in animation but in voice drama, beginning in 1993 with the release of Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-ohki CD Special 1 (Creation of the Universe Journey Across Space-Time). Here, Washu's newest invention, the Dimensional Controller, is glitched by the girls, creating several parallel Tenchi! worlds. Stories from the drama would later be adapted for Tenchi Universe's "Time and Space Adventures" arc (episodes 11-13). A second CD release, Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-ohki's Christmas, incorporated ideas revisited again in the series, drawing on Tsunami as the source of Pretty Sammy's magical powers.

The music video for "Pretty Sammy, the Magical Girl", originally part of the Tenchi Muyo! Soundfile, marked Pretty Sammy's anime debut. After having a kiss between her and Tenchi interrupted by the villainous Kiyone, Sasami must transform into her magical alter-ego to save her love and teach his kidnappers a lesson. Though the Soundfile was never released officially in the U.S., this short can be seen during the end credits of the Mihoshi Special.

The Mihoshi Special OVA was the first time Sammy was ever featured as a full-fledged character in the animated medium, and after her appearance in Episode 12 of Tenchi Universe (Tenchi Muyo! TV: Time and Space Adventures Part 2) in a costume that more resembles Sailor Moon's than her original outfit, the magical girl would go on to star in OVA specials and television series of her own.

Overview

Sasami Kawai is a cute young Japanese girl who is asked by magical queen-to-be Tsunami of Juraihelm to become "Magical Girl Pretty Sammy", a champion of justice.  She is constantly harassed by Pixy Misa, an evil, but friendly magical girl created by a rival candidate for queen of the magical world, Ramia.  Sasami is unaware that Pixy Misa is actually her best friend, Misao Amano, who herself is unaware of the transformation forced on her via hypnosis by Ramia's brother, Rumiya.

Collectively, the various Pretty Sammy vehicles spoof the magical girl genre of anime (particularly Sailor Moon, with the "champion of justice" theme), using the characters from AIC's popular Tenchi Muyo! series.  Ryo-Ohki (who is a male in both of the Pretty Sammy series, but a female in Tenchi Muyo! material) is Pretty Sammy's assistant and plays the same role that Luna (of the Sailor Moon series) had done, including keeping the fact he could talk a secret.

Both the OVAs and the TV series are notable for the quality of the musical tracks. Many of the tracks are parodies of popular karaoke tunes.

The other major characters of Tenchi Muyo! appear in various roles in the OVA. They include: Tenchi, Washu, Mihoshi, Kiyone, Ayeka, and Ryoko.

Music
Opening: Chanto Yume o Mimasho! ("Dream Away"; Japanese version performed by Chisa Yokoyama, English version performed by Sharyn Scott)
Ending 1 (episode 1): Baka ("Idiot") [Money No More] (Japanese version performed by Chisa Yokoyama, English version performed by Sharyn Scott)
Ending 2 (episode 2) and Insert Song (episode 1): Ai no Makeikusa ("Losing the Fight of Love"; performed by Rika Matsumoto) and replaced in English version with Your Hiroshi, performed by Diane Michelle)
Ending 3 (episode 3): Mahô no Tobira ("Magical Door"; Japanese version performed by Chisa Yokoyama, English version performed by Sharyn Scott)

Episodes

References

External links

1995 anime OVAs
Anime International Company
Geneon USA
Magical girl anime and manga
NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan
Works by Yōsuke Kuroda
Tenchi Muyo! spin-offs
Magical girl parodies

Magical Girl Pretty Sammy


The 25–26 January 1938 geomagnetic storm (also titled the Fátima Storm) was a massive solar storm which occurred 1626 January with peak activity on 22, 25, and 26 January and was part of the 17th solar cycle. As the electrification of Europe and North America was still in its infancy, the light storm could be seen brilliantly. The intensely bright arches of crimson light with shifting spectrum of green, blue-white, and red radiated from a brilliant auroral crown near the zenith instead of appearing as usual in parallel lines. This aurora is believed by many people, especially those of the Catholic faith, to be related to the Fátima Prophecies (explained below).

On January 25–26, 1938, the sky was lit up with an aurora borealis light storm, seen all across the world. The storm was identical to other storm-induced, low-latitude aurora borealis. The great aurora that was witnessed across Europe, the Americas, and Oceania had not been seen/documented in Europe since 1709, and in the Americas since 1888. The storm was remarkable primarily because of how far and wide it was observed, and for the brightness of its green strip lights and red glow, which led many to believe the cause was a fire. Reports collected at the time show that the aurora was witnessed in the far north of Canada, and spread as far south as Southern California and on Bermuda in the North Atlantic off of the Carolinas. In Europe, the aurora was seen in Northern Scotland, East Austria, in southern Sicily, Gibraltar, and Portugal.

This magnificent display of lights was experienced across the world, as reported in different news archives. The lights sent some into panic, as many were awestruck, astonished by the rarity of the experience. Canada experienced the most vivid auroral displays on the nights of January 24–26. In the Netherlands people were awaiting the imminent birth of Princess Juliana's baby Princess Beatrix who was eventually born on 31 January 1938: the Dutch considered the aurora as a lucky omen. In Salzburg, Austria, some residents called on the fire department as they believed something was on fire. Alarm bells were rung into a frenzy that night and the fire departments were constantly sounding new alarms trying to calm the citizens. The loud multitude of ringing further caused panic, causing some residents to flee to more rural areas. The same fright was seen in London where many also believed whole streets were on fire, even the guards of Windsor Castle summoned the fire brigade to put out the said "fire". In Switzerland, the snow-covered peaks of the Swiss Alps were glowing bright and reflecting some of the auroral rays causing a reflective disco effect.
In Descanso, San Diego, the National Forest Service was alerted on the night of January 22 to respond to a "great fire in the backcountry"; after they checked out the back roads they discovered it was the crimson aurora borealis in the northern sky, which had not been seen in that region since February 1888. In Bermuda, many people believed that a massive freight ship was on fire at sea. Steamship captains were calling the wireless stations to learn if there were any S.O.S calls and if they could help. In Scotland, religious individuals living in the lowlands believed the aurora to be an ill omen for Scotland.

The electrical side effects of the light storm were limited because, at that time, electricity had not been advanced to our modern technological standards. Short-wave radio transmissions were shut down for almost 12 hours in Canada. In England, the signaling equipment line on the Manchester-Sheffield express trains was inoperable due to electrical disturbances. These coal trains were halted in their movement and waited at these junctions for safety reasons. Teletype systems at the New York Western Union offices began to spew out garbage data, suffering electrical shortages.

The aurora
London experienced a thick cloud cover at the beginning of January. The London-based Royal Observatory Greenwich was able to observe a large sunspot on January 15 due to a short break in the cloud cover. The latitude of the sunspot was on the +19° N declination on the sun's hemisphere, and the sunspot at its maximum size covered an area of roughly 3,000 Millionths of the Solar Hemisphere, or 3,000(MSH). The spot resembled a different spot that was observed in October 1937. Back then, this sunspot became the biggest sunspot observed since records began and trumped the sunspot of the May 1921 geomagnetic storm (which was previously known as the largest sunspot). The magnetic solar storm was detected on 16 January at around 22:30 GMT by the now-defunct Abinger Magnetic Observatory in Surrey, England. A rapid succession of solar flares which created much larger geomagnetic disturbance quickly released towards Earth on January 22 between the hours of 05:00, 09:00 and 10:00. With high frequency, on January 25, a day after the massive sunspot had disappeared from the direct line of sight over the western side of the Sun, a sudden and rapid barrage of high-frequency waves began at around midday and developed to a new record-breaking high in the evening. A large movement of the recording magnets at Abinger began at around 17:00 and was extremely noteworthy at 20:00 and 21:30, the geomagnetic disturbance only started calming down at around 03:00 in the morning of January 26.

A witness account by Dr. B. A. Keen, former president of the Royal Meteorological Society had written the following during and after seeing the spectacle: "At Harpenden, the display was seen from 18:45 until well after midnight. The early stages appeared as a red glow in the northwest and later in the northeast, with a low broad green arc in between. The area of the luminous sky increased, and by 20:30 the green color with areas of red extended well south of Orion. Up to 23:00, there seemed to be three periods of brilliant display: the first, and perhaps the best, at 19:45 when a bright red glow in the north-north-east was traversed by many sharply defined green and white shafts, at 20:30 especially in the east; and again at 21:45, when diffuse and rapidly fluctuating green streamers appeared between north-east and north-west, directed towards the Zenith. Thereafter, the luminosity decreased, but as late as 23:00 a broad green arc stretching from northwest to northeast was still clearly visible. About midnight, a fourth display began with red streamers in the northwest, which extended until a broad red band was formed passing through the zenith to the northeast. At 01:00, faint red and green glow was still visible."

The Fatima Storm
The January 25–26 geomagnetic storm of 1938 is alleged by some Roman Catholics to have fulfilled a prophecy by the Carmelite nun, Sister Lúcia Santos. Twenty-one years prior, Lúcia and her two cousins had allegedly experienced Marian apparitions, events now known as Our Lady of Fátima. The children had heard Mary give them three secrets, to be revealed later. The second secret had to do with the beginning of World War II: "When you see a night illumined by an unknown light, know that this is the great sign given you by God that he is about to punish the world for its crimes..." Lucia wrote that the aurora borealis that took place on this night fulfilled the prophecy, insisting that it was not a natural phenomenon. Some Catholic organizations such as the Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima take the position that the storm was of supernatural origin, though it is important to note that January 1938 was only eight months after the last solar maximum in April 1937, and it takes six years for solar activity to go from maximum back to minimum. Some Catholics have also asserted that the aurora borealis was indeed a natural phenomenon, and that the prophecy of the "unknown light" is still to come.

See also
 List of solar storms

References

External links

1938 natural disasters
January 1938 events
Geomagnetic storms
1938 in science

January 1938 geomagnetic storm


The hoplitodromos or hoplitodromia (Greek: , English translation: "race of the Hoplites") was an ancient foot race, part of the Olympic Games and the other Panhellenic Games. It was the last foot race to be added to the Olympics, first appearing at the 65th Olympics in 520 BC, and was traditionally the last foot race to be held.

Unlike the other races, which were generally run in the nude, the hoplitodromos required competitors to run wearing the hopla, the helmet, greaves and heavy shield (aspis) from which the hoplite infantryman took its name, bringing the total encumbrance to at least 6 kg (12 pounds). As the hoplitodromos was one of the shorter foot races, the heavy armor and shield was less a test of endurance than one of sheer muscular strength. After 450 BC, the use of greaves was abandoned; however, the weight of the shield and helmet remained substantial.

At Olympia and Athens, the hoplitodromos track, like that of the diaulos, was a single lap of the stadium (or two stades; about 350-400m). Since the track made a hairpin turn at the end of the stadium, there was a turning post called a kampter (καμπτήρ) at each end of the track to assist the sprinters in negotiating the tight turn—a task complicated by the shield carried in the runner's off hand. At Nemea, the distance was doubled to four stades (about 700-800m), and at Plataea in Boeotia the race was 15 stades in total.

The hoplitodromos, with its military accoutrements, was as much a military training exercise as an athletic contest. Encounters with units of expert Persian archers, first occurring shortly before the hoplitodromos was introduced in 520 BC, must have suggested the need for training the Greek armored infantry in fast "rushing" maneuvers during combat to minimize the time spent exposed to Persian arrows. Additionally, the original 400-meter length of the hoplitodromos coincides well with the effective area of the Persian archers' zone of fire, suggesting an explicit military purpose for this type of training.

See also
 Tübingen Hoplitodromos Runner

References

Ancient Olympic sports
Middle-distance running
 Extinct sports

Hoplitodromos