Karl Ibach (April 3, 1915 – May 3, 1990) was a German member of the resistance against the Third Reich and later, a writer and politician.

Biographical details
Ibach was born in Elberfeld, today part of Wuppertal, Germany. At the age of 16, he joined the Young Communist League and later, the Communist Party (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands or KPD). He had planned to become a bookseller, but in spring 1933, was arrested and detained at the Kemna concentration camp in Wuppertal, becoming one of the youngest prisoners at the age of 18. He spent 74 days at Kemna and was not tortured. Ibach was apparently seen by the SA guards as having been a misguided teenager and was allowed to work in the camp administration office. He was released in October 1933, when the SA released a large number of prisoners.

He continued his resistance activities, fleeing to the Netherlands, but was arrested again shortly after returning to Germany. He was charged with suspicion of preparing to commit high treason and was convicted in Hamm to an 8-year sentence in a Zuchthaus. Until 1943, he was imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps and Zuchthouses, in Esterwegen, Börgermoor and Zuchthaus Waldheim. In 1943, he was transferred to Lager Heuberg and Punishment Division 999, where he was drilled for later military deployment to the front to defend the Third Reich. In 1944, Ibach became a Soviet prisoner of war and was released in 1947. In 1948, Ibach published a report about his experiences at Kemna. For more than three decades, his and Willi Weiler's published reports were the only published sources of information about the history of the regional concentration camp system.

Karl Ibach was a co-founder and director of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime. From 1950 to 1971, he was the director of the state branch. From 1954 to 1969, he was the vice chairman of the Zentralverband demokratischer Widerstandskämpfer- und Verfolgtenorganisationen (Central Association of Democratic Resistance Fighters and Persecuted Organizations) and a member of the presidium of the Fédération Internationale Libre des Déportés et Internés de la Résistance (Free International Federation of Deportees and Internees of the Resistance) in the Barmen neighborhood of Wuppertal.  He became a member of the Social Democratic Party in 1957 and supervised the electoral district 76, Landesliste North Rhine-Westphalia from 1957 to 1980.

Recognition and honors
Ibach's book was republished in 1980 with a foreword by Johannes Rau, then Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia and later President of Germany, who was from Wuppertal.

In 1985, Ibach was awarded the Honorary Ring of the city of Wuppertal. The street above Beyenburger Straße in Wuppertal, across from the former grounds of Kemna concentration camp is named after Karl Ibach and is the location of the memorial for the camp.

Sources
 Peter Steinbach, Karl Ibach. Zur Biographie eines Widerstandskämpfers, Wissenschaftsverlag Richard Rothe, Passau 1990
 Karl Ibach, Kemna: Wuppertaler Konzentrationslager 1933–1934, Peter Hammer Verlag, Erstauflage 1948, Wuppertal

Footnotes

References

External links

 Das Wuppertaler Konzentrationslager Kemna German teaching materials about Kemna concentration camp with postcard from Karl Ibach. Retrieved January 5, 2012

Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
German resistance members
German communists
Kemna concentration camp survivors
1990 deaths
1915 births
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Esterwegen concentration camp survivors
Börgermoor concentration camp survivors

Karl Ibach


Nemo, the Classic Comics Library was a magazine devoted to the history and creators of vintage comic strips. Created by comics historian Rick Marschall, it was published between 1983 and 1990 by Fantagraphics.

Nemo ran for 31 issues (the last being a double issue) plus one annual. Most issues were edited by Marschall. The title was taken from the classic comic strip Little Nemo. While some issues were thematic, most were a mix of articles, interviews, comic strip reprints and more.

Marschall later co-founded another magazine about comics, Hogan's Alley.

Nemo Bookshelf
During that same period in the 1980s, Fantagraphics launched an imprint, Nemo Bookshelf, the Classic Comics Library. This was a line of classic comic strip reprint books, including Little Orphan Annie, Pogo, Red Barry, Dickie Dare, The Complete E. C. Segar Popeye and Prince Valiant.

Issues
 Terry and the Pirates
 Superman
 Popeye
 Flash Gordon
 Fantasy in Comics
 Alley Oop
 Disney legends
 Little Orphan Annie
 Hal Foster Interview
 Cartoon Christmas Cards
 Art of Charles Dana Gibson, Sam's Strip by Mort Walker and Jerry Dumas, Clare Victor Dwiggins, Nervy Nat by James Montgomery Flagg, Slim Jim
 Cartoonists and World War II
 Red Barry
 George McManus
 Milton Caniff's first art script
 Huck Finn
 Dick Tracy
 Al Capp
 Kerry Drake
 Golden Age of Comics Promotion
 King Aroo
 John Held Jr., Jimmy Swinnerton, 100 years ago, Joe Palooka
 Little Orphan Annie, Hi and Lois
 Rube Goldberg
 Edwina Dumm's Cap Stubbs and Tippie, Milton Caniff's advertising work, reminiscences by John Neville Wheeler, early work of Gene Ahern
 T. S. Sullivant's Unforgettable Comic Zoo
 Cartoon Art of Norman Rockwell, "Lovely Lilly" by Carolyn Wells, chalk-plate cartoon production, William Faulkner and The Comics, "White Boy" by Garrett Price
 Ethnic Images
 Gasoline Alley Sunday Pages, interview with Ferd Johnson and Texas Slim strips, Ming Foo by Nicholas Afonsky and Brandon Walsh
 Little Nemo, Joseph Keppler, Ernie Bushmiller
 Double Issue - Charles Schulz Interview, Milton Caniff, Krazy Kat, Cliff Sterrett
Annual 1 — Screwball Comics Special Milt Gross, Dr. Seuss, Smokey Stover, Rube Goldberg

See also
The Menomonee Falls Gazette
The Menomonee Falls Guardian

References

External links
Rick Marschall interviews Mort Walker (Nemo #5)
Stripper's Guide: Adventures of Lovely Lilly (Nemo #27)

Defunct American comics
Fantagraphics titles
Magazines about comics
Magazines established in 1983
Magazines disestablished in 1990
1983 comics debuts
1990 comics endings

Nemo (magazine)


Last Words of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius is an 1844 painting by the French artist Eugène Delacroix, now in the Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon. A preliminary sketch of the painting that was given to Delacroix's student Louis de Planet is also kept in the museum.

Description and analysis
This large painting depicts the last hours of the life of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, as Delacroix admired the Stoics and particularly Marcus Aurelius. The character is represented in the center of the painting as an old, sick man who grabs the arm of a young man dressed in red, namely his son Commodus (Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus). Commodus seems not to pay attention to what his father wants to say and has a haughty look. Around them, Marcus Aurelius' philosopher friends who are present around the bed are portrayed as sad men dressed in black.

Thus, the painting represents the end of the Roman Empire. Delacroix, who was fascinated by the red color after his travel to North Africa in 1832, draws the viewer's attention to  Commodus by garbing him in bright red. It appears that the painting has no moral aspect, as the message that Delacroix wanted to convey in this work remains unknown.

Reception
The first text which speaks of the painting is the catalog of the Salon of 1845 where it was exposed, which reads: "The figure of Marcus Aurelius, indeed sick and almost dying, seems to us in a too early decomposing state; the shades of green and yellow which hammer his face give him a quite cadaverous appearance", "some draperies may be too crumpled" and "some attitudes show a lack of nobility". The work received mostly negative reviews, but the writer Charles Baudelaire appreciated it and said: "A beautiful, huge, sublime, misunderstood picture [...]. The color [...], far from losing its cruel originality in this new and more complete scene, is still bloody and terrible".

References

1844 paintings
Paintings by Eugène Delacroix
Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon
Cultural depictions of Marcus Aurelius
Paintings about death


James Reese Europe (February 22, 1881 – May 9, 1919) was an American ragtime and early jazz bandleader, arranger, and composer. He was the leading figure on the African American music scene of New York City in the 1910s. Eubie Blake called him the "Martin Luther King of music".

Early life
Europe was born in Mobile, Alabama, to Henry Jefferson Europe (1848–1899) and Loraine Saxon (maiden; 1849–1930).  His family – which included four siblings, Minnie Europe (Mrs. George Mayfield; 1868–1931), Ida S. Europe (1870–1919), John Newton Europe (1875–1932), and Mary Loraine (1883–1947) – moved to Washington, D.C., when he was 10.

Europe moved to New York in 1904. He had a son, James Reese Europe Jr (1917-2001) with Bessie Simms (1888-1931).

Band leader

In 1910, Europe organized the Clef Club, a society for Black Americans in the music industry.  In 1912, the club made history when it played a concert at Carnegie Hall for the benefit of the Colored Music Settlement School.  The Clef Club Orchestra, while not a jazz band, was the first band to play proto-jazz at Carnegie Hall.  It is difficult to overstate the importance of that event in the history of jazz in the United States – it was 12 years before the Paul Whiteman and George Gershwin concert at Aeolian Hall, and 26 years before Benny Goodman's famed concert at Carnegie Hall. The Clef Club's performances played music written solely by Black composers, including Harry T. Burleigh and Samuel Coleridge-Taylor.  Europe's orchestra also included Will Marion Cook, who had not been in Carnegie Hall since his own performance as solo violinist in 1896. Cook was the first black composer to launch full musical productions, fully scored with a cast and story every bit as classical as any Victor Herbert operetta. In the words of Gunther Schuller, Europe "... had stormed the bastion of the white establishment and made many members of New York's cultural elite aware of Negro music for the first time". The New York Times remarked, "These composers are beginning to form an art of their own"; yet by their third performance, a review in Musical America said Europe's Clef Club should "give its attention during the coming year to a movement or two of a Haydn Symphony".

In 1913 and 1914, he made a series of phonograph records for the Victor Talking Machine Company.  These recordings are some of the best examples of the pre-jazz hot ragtime style of the U.S. Northeast of the 1910s. These are some of the most accepted quotes that are in place to protect the idea that the Original Dixieland Jass Band recorded the first jass (spelling later changed) pieces in 1917 for Victor. Unlike Europe's post-War recordings, the Victor recordings were not called nor marketed as "jazz" at the time, and were far from the first recordings of ragtime by Black American musicians.

Neither the Clef Club Orchestra nor the Society Orchestra were small "Dixieland" style bands. They were large symphonic bands to satisfy the tastes of a public that was used to performances by the likes of the John Philip Sousa band and similar organizations very popular at the time. The Clef Orchestra had 125 members and played on various occasions between 1912 and 1915 in Carnegie Hall. It is instructive to read a comment from a music review in the New York Times from March 12, 1914: "... the programme consisted largely of plantation melodies and spirituals [arranged such as to show that] these composers are beginning to develop an art of their own based on their folk material ..."

Europe was known for his outspoken personality and unwillingness to bend to musical conventions, particularly in his insistence on playing his own style of music. He responded to criticism by saying, "We have developed a kind of symphony music that, no matter what else you think, is different and distinctive, and that lends itself to the playing of the peculiar compositions of our race ... My success had come ... from a realization of the advantages of sticking to the music of my own people." And later, "We colored people have our own music that is part of us. It's the product of our souls; it's been created by the sufferings and miseries of our race."

He was one of the first African-American musicians to make it to mainstream.

Compositions

Some of Europe's best-known compositions include several that were co-composed with Ford Dabney (1883–1958) for the famed dancers Irene and Vernon Castle. The Castles regarded Europe's Society Orchestra among the best they had worked with and hired Europe late in 1913 as their preferred band leader with Dabney as their arranger.

Co-compositions

Co-composed with Dabney for the Castles; Joseph W. Stern (1870–1934), publisher
The Castle Walk trot and one-step (©1914)
Argentine tango
Castle Combination, waltz-trot
Congratulations Valse (also known as Castle Lame Duck), waltz
Castle Valse Classique humoreske – this was an adaptation by Dabney of Antonin Dvořák's Humoresque, Op. 101, No. 7 (of 8), Poco lento e grazioso in G major
Castle Perfect Trot one trot, arranged by Carl F. Williams (image of the violin part)
Castle Maxixe Brazilian maxixe
Castles Half and Half – in quintuple meter –
Enticement – Argentine idyl (a non-Castle tango), by Eporue Yenbad (surname ananyms used as pseudonyms for Europe and Dabney), arranged by William H. Penn (né William Henry Penn; 1868–1929)
At That San Francisco Fair lyrics by Schuyler Greene (né Schuyler Rawson Greene; 1880–1929), music by Dabney, Europe, and Kern; published by T. B. Harms & Francis, Day & Hunter, Inc. performed in Act 2, sang by the character Miss Tony Miller with chorus; Miller was played by Adele Rowland and Zoe Barnett.
Co-composed with Dabney for Jerome Kern and Bolton's Nobody Home (1915)
The 1915 production, Nobody Home, at the Princess Theatre, was an American debut of a 1905 English musical, Mr. Popple of Ippleton.  Princess Theatre April 20, 1915, through June 1915; Maxine Elliott's Theatre June 7, 1915, through August 7, 1915.
Co-composed with Dabney, lyrics by Gene Buck, for Ziegfeld's Midnight Frolic, sang by Nora Bayes; Francis, Day & Hunter Ltd., publisher Boy of Mine.

Composed solely by Europe

Composed solely by Europe for the Castles; G. Ricordi & Co., publisher
Castle Doggy foxtrot

Military service

During World War I, Europe obtained a commission in the New York Army National Guard, where he fought as a lieutenant with the 369th Infantry Regiment (the "Harlem Hellfighters") when it was assigned to the French Army. He went on to direct the regimental band to great acclaim. In February and March 1918, James Reese Europe and his military band travelled over 2,000 miles in France, performing for British, French and American military audiences as well as French civilians. Europe's "Hellfighters" also made their first recordings in France for the Pathé brothers. The first concert included a French march, and the Stars and Stripes Forever as well as syncopated numbers such as "The Memphis Blues", which, according to a later description of the concert by band member Noble Sissle "... started ragtimitis in France".

Post-war career

After his return home in February 1919, he stated, "I have come from France more firmly convinced than ever that Negros should write Negro music. We have our own racial feeling and if we try to copy whites we will make bad copies ... We won France by playing music which was ours and not a pale imitation of others, and if we are to develop in America we must develop along our own lines." In 1919, Europe made more recordings for Pathé Records. These include both instrumentals and accompaniments with vocalist Noble Sissle who, with Eubie Blake, would later have great success with their 1921 production of Shuffle Along, which gives us the classic song "I'm Just Wild About Harry". Differing in style from Europe's recordings of a few years earlier, they incorporate blues, blue notes, and early jazz influences.

Death

On the night of May 9, 1919, Europe performed for the last time. He had been feeling ill all day, but wanted to go on with the concert (which was to be the first of three in Boston's Mechanics Hall). During the intermission Europe went to have a talk with two of his drummers, Steve and Herbert Wright. After Europe criticized some of their behavior (walking off stage during others' performances), Herbert Wright became very agitated and threw his drumsticks down in a seemingly unwarranted outburst of anger. He claimed Europe did not treat him well and that he was tired of getting blamed for others' mistakes. He lunged for Europe with a penknife and was able to stab him in the neck. Europe told his band to finish the set and he would see them the next morning. To Europe and his band the wound seemed superficial. As he was carried away, he told them "I'll get along alright." At the hospital, they could not stop the bleeding and he died hours later.

News of Europe's death spread fast. Composer and band leader W. C. Handy wrote: "The man who had just come through the baptism of war's fire and steel without a mark had been stabbed by one of his own musicians ... The sun was in the sky. The new day promised peace. But all the suns had gone down for Jim Europe, and Harlem didn't seem the same." Europe was granted the first ever public funeral for a black American in the city of New York. Tanney Johnson said of his death: "Before Jim Europe came to New York, the colored man knew nothing but Negro dances and porter's work. All that has been changed. Jim Europe was the living open sesame to the colored porters of this city. He took them from their porters' places and raised them to positions of importance as real musicians. I think the suffering public ought to know that in Jim Europe, the race has lost a leader, a benefactor, and a true friend."

At the time of his death, he was the best-known black-American bandleader in the United States. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia. Europe was mentioned by F. Scott Fitzgerald in his short story "No Flowers".

Herbert Wright was convicted of manslaughter, and served eight years in prison.

See also

 The Frogs (club)
 African American musical theater

References
Notes

Further reading

External links

 , Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
 Europe's Society Orchestra Article and audio of the 1913–1914 recordings at Red Hot Jazz Archive
 Jim Europe's 369th Infantry "Hellfighters" Band. Article and audio of the 1919 recordings on redhotjazz.com
  Songs Brought Back from the Battlefield
  University of Michigan Exhibition
  From Ken Burns film Jazz.
  An on-line discography

 James Reese Europe Appreciation Project.
 BBC Radio 4 The Jazz Kings Go to War

1881 births
1919 deaths
Military personnel from Mobile, Alabama
1919 crimes in the United States
African-American jazz composers
African-American jazz musicians
African Americans in World War I
20th-century African-American musicians
African-American United States Army personnel
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz mandolinists
American manslaughter victims
American ragtime mandolinists
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths by stabbing in Massachusetts
Jazz musicians from Alabama
Musicians from Mobile, Alabama
Ragtime composers
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States military musicians

James Reese Europe


Vaishali or Vesali (Pali)  was a city in what is currently Vaishali District, Bihar, India. The city was the capital of the Licchavi and the Vajjian Confederacy. At the time of the Buddha, Vesali was a very large and rich city. It was crowded with people and with much food.

Cities in Bihar
Archaeological sites in India

Vaishali


Robert Scott Laidlaw (born February 17, 1953) is a former American football running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and New York Giants. He played college football at Stanford University.

Early years
Laidlaw attended Hawthorne High School. He accepted a football scholarship from for Stanford University. As a sophomore backup, he averaged 5.6 yards per carry, rushing 48 times for 268 yards.

As a junior, he was named the starter at fullback, leading the team in rushing with 639 yards and 4 touchdowns, while making 19 catches for 155 yards and one receiving touchdown. The next year he led the team again in rushing with 636 yards and 4 touchdowns, also posting 14 catches for 135 yards and one receiving touchdown.

He finished fourth in the school career rushing list, with 1,543 rushing yards (4.4-yard average), while playing on pass-oriented offenses. He also had 40 receptions for 351 yards.

Professional career

Dallas Cowboys
Laidlaw was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fourteenth round (356th overall) of the 1975 NFL Draft, also known as the Dirty Dozen draft. As a rookie, he was used mainly in short yardage situations, until suffering a mid season knee injury that placed him on the injured reserve list. His running style reminded the media and observers of Walt Garrison.

In 1976, he replaced an injured Robert Newhouse in the season opener against the Philadelphia Eagles, rushing for 104 yards on 19 carries, along with 7 receptions for 66 yards. He missed 3 games with severe rib bruises he suffered against the Baltimore Colts and his return was also hindered by a bout with the flu. Against the Atlanta Falcons he rushed for 88 yards on 15 carries. He finished with 424 rushing yards (third on the team), 325 receiving yards (third on the team) and 84 scored points (fourth on the team).

In 1977, he suffered a hamstring pull in training camp which limited his preseason action and kept him from seriously competing for the starting fullback job with Newhouse. As a backup that was used mainly on passing situations, he made just 5 receptions for 15 yards and 9 carries for 60 yards. He was a part of the Super Bowl XII winning team.

In 1978, an injury to Newhouse late in the season allowed him to become an important contributor in the final push toward a second straight Super Bowl appearance. Against the Washington Redskins on Thanksgiving he had 16 carries for 122 yards and 2 touchdowns, including 103 first-half rushing yards and a 59-yard run to set up a field goal. Two weeks later against the Philadelphia Eagles, he scored on a 44-yard screen pass reception and on a one-yard run. In the first-round playoff game against the Atlanta Falcons, he had 17 carries for 66 yards and 2 touchdowns. The following week in the conference championship game against the Los Angeles Rams, he had a four-yard scoring reception that put the Cowboys ahead 14–0 in the fourth quarter. Laidlaw ended up scoring 7 touchdowns in the 6 games prior to Super Bowl XIII.

In 1979, he was set to contend with Newhouse for the starting fullback job, but Laidlaw suffered a pulled hamstring in training camp and was unable to make a serious challenge. After Newhouse was limited with a leg injury he sustained in the season opener, him and Laidlaw were used as interchangeable play messengers during the first half of the season. Laidlaw could never regain his full strength however, because of a cyst he had behind his left knee that was removed until the offseason.

On August 26, 1980, he was released after being passed on the depth chart by rookie Timmy Newsome. During his time with the Cowboys, although his effectiveness was limited by a series of injuries, he still managed to be a key backup and a part of three Super Bowl teams.

New York Giants
On September 8, 1980, he was signed as a free agent by the New York Giants, where he played mainly on special teams. He asked for and was given his release on October 31.

References

External links
Laidlaw Angry About Waivers

1953 births
Living people
Players of American football from Hawthorne, California
American football fullbacks
Stanford Cardinal football players
Dallas Cowboys players
New York Giants players
Hawthorne High School (California) alumni

Scott Laidlaw


NGC 1569 is a dwarf irregular galaxy in Camelopardalis.  This faint galaxy is well studied by professional astronomers, who are interested in the history of star formation in the galaxy. The galaxy is relatively nearby, so the Hubble Space Telescope can easily pick out its stars. In 2008 scientists studying images from Hubble calculated the galaxy's distance at nearly 11 million light-years away, making it a member of the IC 342 group of galaxies.

Starburst
The most notable feature of NGC 1569 is its powerful starburst. It has formed stars at a rate 100 times greater than that of our galaxy during the last 100 million years. It contains two prominent super star clusters with different histories.

Super star cluster A, in the northwest of the galaxy is formed of two close clusters (NGC 1569 A1 and NGC 1569 A2). It contains young stars
(including WolfRayet stars) which formed less than 5 million years ago (in NGC 1569 A1) as
well as older red stars (in NGC 1569 A2).

Super star cluster B, near the center of the galaxy, has older  red giants and red supergiants.

Both of these star clusters have masses similar to the globular clusters in the Milky Way. Many smaller star clusters are relatively young (between 2 million years and 1 billion years. They are similar to small globular clusters or R136 in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
This shows, with the results from other dwarf galaxies such as the Large Magellanic Cloud and NGC 1705, that star formation in dwarf galaxies does not occur continuously but instead occurs in a series of short bursts.

The many supernovae produced in the galaxy as well as the strong stellar winds of its stars have produced filaments and bubbles of ionized hydrogen with respective sizes of up to 3,700 and 380 light years. These shine as the light of the young stars contained within them hits the gas.

NGC 1569's starburst may have been triggered by interactions with other galaxies of the IC 342 group, probably a nearby cloud of hydrogen.

References

Dwarf galaxies

NGC 1569


The Charleston School of Law is a private for-profit law school in Charleston, South Carolina. It was established in 2003 and accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA) in August 2011. The school was founded upon a principle of promoting public service by its students and graduates; each student must perform at least 50 hours of public service before graduation. According to the school's 2021 ABA-required disclosures, 85% of the Class of 2017 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation.

History

Inspiration and establishment

In 2002, five Charleston judges and attorneys started establishing a law school in Charleston, the first organized effort to offer instruction in the law in Charleston since the 1828 dissolution of the Forensic Club. The five founders were Alex Sanders (a former president of the College of Charleston and a former Chief Judge of the South Carolina Court of Appeals), Edward J. Westbrook (a notable civil lawyer in Charleston), Robert Carr (a U.S. magistrate judge), George Kosko (a U.S. magistrate judge until 2008), and Ralph McCullough (a professor emeritus and former associate dean at the University of South Carolina Law School). The South Carolina Commission on Higher Education granted a license for the school to start accepting students in Fall 2004.

ABA accreditation
In October 2005, the American Bar Association (ABA) sent an accreditation team to review the progress of the law school. In April 2006, the ABA's Accreditation Committee recommended provisional accreditation, but its final authority (the ABA's Council of the Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar) deferred a vote on the recommendation until December 2006. The school was asked to address questions about the institution's governance, library resources, and commitment to diversity.

The deferral caused concern for the school: In South Carolina, only graduates of ABA-accredited law schools may sit for the bar exam. Although students graduating from a provisionally accredited law school enjoy the full rights guaranteed to those graduating from fully accredited schools, including the right to sit for the bar exam, the delay until December 2006 was a problem since the deadline for registering for the bar exam was January 2007.

On December 2, 2006, the ABA granted provisional accreditation. Full accreditation cannot be granted until a school has been in operation for five years.  On August 5, 2011, the ABA granted the school full accreditation.

On May 15, 2020, the council of the American Bar Association's Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar met remotely and determined this school and nine others had significant noncompliance with Standard 316.  This Standard was revised in 2019 to provide that at least 75% of an accredited law school's graduates who took a bar exam must pass one within two years of graduation. The school was asked to submit a report by Feb. 1, 2021; and, if the council did not find the report demonstrated compliance, the school would be asked to appear before the council at its May, 2021 meeting.  On February 26, 2021, the ABA's council posted that the school was now in compliance with the standard.

School's first graduation

On May 19, 2007, the school's first class of 186 students graduated at a ceremony held at The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina,  located in Charleston. Former U.S. Senator Ernest "Fritz" Hollings delivered the main address. Jean H. Toal, Chief Justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court, and William Walter Wilkins, Chief Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit received LL.D. honorary degrees.

With the blessing of the descendants of the organizers of the original Forensic Club, the school organized an honorary society also known as the Forensic Club. In its current form, up to five students are inducted into the group each year from the graduating class based on the recommendation of the faculty and approval by the founders.

Change of ownership

On July 25, 2013, the school announced that it had entered a consulting/management contract with a subsidiary of InfiLaw, a Delaware Corporation with headquarters in Naples, Florida, which owns three other law schools. Two of the school's founders, Sanders and McCullough, were paid by InfiLaw and left the board when the arrangement with InfiLaw was announced. This announcement was seen as a prelude to a sale of the school and was immediately opposed by students. Formal announcement of a sale was made on August 28, 2013, but documents submitted to the South Carolina Commission on Higher Education (CHE) revealed that an agreement had been executed between the law school and InfiLaw on July 23, 2013. The students and alumni of the law school were opposed to the sale for reasons including the perceived poor reputation of InfiLaw schools. In the weeks after the announcement of the possible takeover, 41 students transferred, a 64% increase  from previous years. Still first year student enrollment in the fall of 2013 exceeded the enrollment for 2012.  below.

On September 27, 2013, one of the three remaining founders, Westbrook, wrote to the other two remaining founders with proposals for avoiding the sale to InfiLaw: a cooling off period, the redemption of the interests of Kosko and Carr by the law school, and the exploration of a merger with the College of Charleston. Westbook stated that he would donate his own one-third interest to the College of Charleston if the third option were accepted. On October 2, 2013, Carr and Kosko rejected the offer made by Westbrook, claiming that no offers had been submitted; instead, they announced that they were proceeding with pursuing a sale to InfiLaw.

On October 3, 2013, the CHE  agreed to waive a condition of the law school's license to permit the exploration of a possible merger between the law school and the College of Charleston or other public school; the waiver of that prohibition was granted for 90 days. On October 14, 2013, InfiLaw said it was willing to consider discussions with either the College of Charleston or the University of South Carolina about the future ownership of the school. Representatives of the College of Charleston and InfiLaw met in late October 2013, but no  information about the meeting, including its attendees and agenda, has been released. In a survey completed almost exclusively by current students and released in early November 2013, only 0.55% of respondents supported the sale of the school to Infilaw.

The CHE assembled a team to investigate the possible transfer and accepted statements about the transfer through February 10, 2014. Charleston mayor Joseph P. Riley Jr. on December 16, 2013, opposed the InfiLaw deal. Among his reasons was a real estate agreement from 2004; the city had purchased property on Woolfe St. for $1.2 million and sold it to the new law school for $875,000 to help it establish itself. He explained, "Certainly the city of Charleston would not have done this with any thought that eventually the Charleston School of Law would become part of a national, for-profit system of law school."  Among those opposing the deal were tenured professors Jerry Finkel and Randall Bridwell who wrote about concerns about bar passage rates and class sizes.

The CHE's Academic Affairs and Licensing Committee scheduled its meeting to vote on the InfiLaw proposal on May 1, 2014, at 9:00 a.m. The full CHE announced that it would take up the committee's vote immediately afterward at 10:30 a.m. Instead of taking up the issue, a panel of the CHE announced on May 1, 2014, that it would hold two more public meetings before considering the matter on May 19, 2014; the full CHE would then hear the panel's recommendation at a meeting on June 5, 2014. On May 13, 2014, a supermajority of the school's faculty publicly released two letters opposing the InfiLaw deal.

The first public hearing on the takeover was held in Charleston on May 16, 2014. Representatives of Inifilaw were "greatly outnumbered" by those opposing the license, including faculty, alumni, and students. Riley also opposed the license. One of the founders, Westbrook, offered to continue his funding of the school in the event of a denial of Infilaw's license. A second public hearing was held on May 19, 2014, in Columbia, South Carolina. Speakers expressed concerns about InfiLaw's practice of accepting students who incur large debt but do not graduate and bar a bar exam. During the second hearing,  Infilaw's lawyer  revealed that the founders of the school had taken $25 million in profits between 2010 and 2014 and that InfiLaw had paid $6 million more to some of the founders. Founder Carr said, ". . . I never thought it was going to be a big business deal. I was wrong."  Westbrook later revealed that Carr and Kosko had not only been draining profits from the business for several years over his objections, but  had also depleted the finances of the school by signing an expensive consulting contract with InfiLaw and by  hiring a marketing firm to manage the public relations crisis.

The CHE's Committee on Academic Affairs and Licensing voted 3–1 to reject the license to buy the school at its meeting on May 19, 2014. The vote was  set to be taken up by the full CHE at its meeting on June 5, 2014.

On May 27, 2014, a lawyer representing InfiLaw stated that InfiLaw would seek to have the $6,000,000 used to buy out the interests of McCullough and Sanders repaid immediately if negative publicity did not stop, explaining that the purchase agreement  prohibited any of the founders from doing anything to interfere with the takeover, including speaking out at public hearings.

Shortly before the CHE was scheduled to meet, the South Carolina Attorney General's office issued an advisory opinion confirming that the CHE would need to follow the law and either deny or grant a license based on whether InfiLaw satisfied the requirements of the licensing law. OnJune 4, 2014, InfiLaw withdrew its application from the agenda of the CHE for its June 5, 2014 meeting. A state senator, John Courson, had apparently initiated the delay to give the CHE more time to consider the matter; opponents suggested that the delay was sought to avoid what InfiLaw saw as a likely defeat. In a prepared statement, InfiLaw stated that it would still pursue the license. Soon after the withdrawal of the application, opponents of the takeover, including  representatives of both the current students and alumni, began calling for the creation of a non-profit to run the school instead. On June 14, 2014,  he Charleston Post & Courier, published its editorial favoring that outcome.

By the start of the Fall 2014 term in August 2014, no new application for the transfer of the license  had been filed with the CHE, but the school's dean said that he had been told to continue with the parallel process of obtaining American Bar Association approval. Meanwhile, a nonprofit was created as of August 7, 2014, in South Carolina known as the Charleston School of Law Eleemosynary. On September 18, 2014, Ed Westbook announced the make-up of the first board of directors for the non-profit; members included representatives of the local bar, the South Carolina judiciary, and law school administrators with national experience. On September 22, 2014, the Charleston Post & Courier'''s editorial board endorsed the non-profit for the school.

A delegation presented the case for the transfer to a committee of the ABA on October 30, 2014. Owners Carr and Kosko used their majority vote to send only Dean Abrams on behalf of the school and not to permit dissenting owner Westbrook a chance to speak. Following the meeting, the ABA said that the committee's decision would be taken up by the association's full Council of the Section of Legal Education and Admission to the Bar on December 6, 2014, and declined to comment about the October 30, 2014 decision.

On November 13, 2014, the three members of the school voted to hire Maryann Jones as the new president, replacing Dean Andy Abrams, who had been serving simultaneously as the dean and the president of the business since the retirement of McCullough. After eight days on the job,  Jones gave notice that she would not continue in the position, citing the disharmony about the future of the school. She had begun immediately pressuring constituencies to support the sale of the school to InfiLaw (for whom she had been working before taking the job), but when Westbrook objected to her taking a position without first familiarizing herself with the positions of the interested parties, she resigned.

The ABA's Council of the Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar on December 6, 2014, deferred action on InfiLaw's request for its  takeover until the state regulators a had made their own decision. Infilaw began a campaign of lobbying members of the state legislature to influence the selection of CHE members.

On December 15, 2014, both Westbrook and InfiLaw's representative, Peter Gopelrud, addressed the Charleston County legislative delegation.a.  Gopelrud admitted that InfiLaw had hired a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives, Jim Merrill, to assist it. (On December 14, 2016, Merrill was indicted for attempting "to influence a governmental decision" in exchange for $35,000 from Infilaw.) Following the presentations, the delegation adopted a resolution favoring Westbrook's non-profit model by a vote of 10-0 (with three members abstaining).

In mid- March 2015, the law school offered a buy-out of existing faculty members to reduce its operating costs. In March 2015, the school's first dean, Richard Gershon, wrote a blog post in which he charged that the two of the three remaining founders favoring InfiLaw's takeover, Carr and Kosko, were motivated by greed; they had never contributed money to the operation of the school at its start and had any personal, financial responsibility for the school discharged after only two years.

On March 24, 2015, Westbrook gave notice that he was resigning as a director of the company owning the school, saying he would either donate his ownership interest to a charity or sell that interest and donate the proceeds to charity. He stated that he would be willing to sell his interest to the remaining owners of the LLC.

On May 6, 2015, the two remaining owners, Carr and Kosko, released a statement saying that the school might not accept new students for the 2015-2016 entering class, but conduct a "teach out," by continuing to educate those students  already enrolled. Two other schools, likely InfiLaw schools in North Carolina and Florida, have been contacted about absorbing the current students. On May 6, 2015, Carr and Kosko held a meeting with the school's faculty and staff.  Carr said that the burden of keeping the school afloat was on the shoulders of the faculty and staff. He implored the attendees to contact InfiLaw's representatives either individually or collectively to express support for InfiLaw and to plead for InfiLaw's return. Carr said that such support would have to be expressed to the students and to the public, including the Commission on Higher Education. He also announced that a decision about the school's future would be made the week of May 11.

Carr suggested that the lack of strong and public support for the sale to InfiLaw would mean that the law school would close. However, three days later, the CHE wrote to Carr and Kosko and reminded them that any teach-out plans and  decision not to accept an entering class would require approval, but that nothing had been shared with the CHE to that point.

On May 15, 2015, approximately three-quarters of the school's faculty recorded their strong opposition to the InfiLaw sale in a commentary appearing in the local newspaper. On the same day, the remaining owners released a statement stating that no information about the future of the school would be released until the following week (that is, the week of May 18). On May 22, 2015, the school announced that it would accept an entering class for 2015–2016. It simultaneously announced that the school would not be renewing the contracts of seven of its faculty in a cost-cutting move.

On June 5, 2015, the board of the school announced the hiring of Joseph D. Harbaugh as the interim president. In addition to his educational background, Harbaugh serves on InfiLaw System's National Policy Board.

On June 26 and 29, 2015, Nancy Zisk and Allyson Haynes-Stuart, two of the seven professors whose contracts had not been  renewed, filed suit against the law school's owners (including Carr, Kosko, and their limited liability company). The suits claim that the owners of the school falsely claimed a financial emergency existed but have continued draining money from the school's operation to avoid paying salaries and have violated tenure rights to retaliate for the plaintiffs' opposition to the sale of the school to InfiLaw. South Carolina trial judge Markley Dennis granted  Zisk an injunction which required the school to rehire her pending the outcome of the lawsuits. On October 19, 2015, Carr, Kosko, and the law school counterclaimed against Zisk and Haynes, alleging that they had sabotaged the school and conspired with others to prevent its sale to Infilaw.

On August 14, 2015, the school announced that it would not be granting three professors tenure despite admitting their qualifications. explaining  that it could not extend tenure during the alleged financial crisis. On October 16, 2015, two of the professors sued the school for several claims arising out of their denial of tenure and the financial mismanagement by the school's owners.

On October 28, 2015, the dean of the school announced that Ed Bell, a lawyer from Georgetown, South Carolina,  would assume the presidency as of Thursday, October 29, 2015. Bell explained that he had agreed to personally fund the pay-off of the approximately $6 million debt the school had incurred to InfiLaw. He stated that his immediate plans included creating a board of directors, converting the school to a nonprofit, and securing a new campus. Bell paid off the loan for debt to InfiLaw 2017 and has updated facilities to meet standards set by the American Bar Association. Bell reports that he earns a salary of $1 and has not taken any money out of the college since he began in 2015.

In March 2016, the law school announced that the seven faculty members fired in 2015 would be returning in various capacities in the fall of 2016.

After being placed on the U.S. Department of Education's list of schools with a problematic Financial Ratio Responsibility score, the school's score rose from a failing minus 0.6 in 2014 and 2015 to 2.6 for 2016. A 1.5 is the point at which a school is placed on the watch list.

In June 2018, the school reported it was debt free.

Costs, post-graduation information and student debt
Costs

The total per semester tuition cost of attendance at Charleston for the 2023–2024 academic year is $45,100.00. Law School Transparency's estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $213,710.

Employment

According to the school's 2018 ABA-required disclosures, 44.5% of the Class of 2017 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. Its Transparency under-employment score is 40%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2017 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.

Average debt

According to U.S. News & World Report, the average debt for law school of 2013 graduates who incurred law school debt was $146,765, and 89% of 2013 graduates took on debt.

Admissions
The following tables reflect admissions information arranged by the year of admission, not by year of graduation. Starting with the class enrolling in Fall 2017, the law school reported all students together and did not separately report full-time and part-time students.

 South Carolina bar-exam passage
In South Carolina, the bar exam is administered twice a year, in July and February. July is the primary testing date for those who graduate in May. A much smaller group, generally out-of-state applicants, repeat takers, and December graduates, take the February exam. The school graduated its first students in May 2007 who sat for the exam in July 2007.

In 2022, CSOL students scored a higher pass rate than students from the University of South Carolina School of Law.

* The July 2007 results were revised upwards (from an original 65 percent rate) after the South Carolina Supreme Court threw out a section of the exam because of an error by a bar examiner.

 Student body
The median age of first-year, full-time students at the school is 23 years; however, students range from age twenty to fifty-one.  About half of the full-time student body (56 percent) are South Carolina residents.  Males outnumber females in the full-time program by a 52–48 margin.

 Other information
On November 29, 2007, the school's first dean, Richard Gershon, announced he would be leaving the post to return to full-time teaching at the school. He was awarded an honorary LL.D degree in May 2008.

In December 2007, Andrew L. Abrams, a professor at the school and a former provost for the College of Charleston, was named as the school's interim dean. In June 2008, Abrams became the school's second dean.

Former U.S. Senator and South Carolina Governor Ernest Hollings is on the Board of Advisors of the Charleston School of Law and is a Distinguished Visiting professor of Law there. He delivered the commencement address to the first graduating class there on May 19, 2007.

 Facilities
When the law school was first organized in 2003, the school was operated out of a building at 560 King Street while work progressed on its future location.  Although the school left that building within one year, the school's physical plant has always been located in Charleston's Upper King Street district. During its first year in operation, the school was located at 81 Mary Street in an antebellum railroad station.  That building continues to serve as the school's law library, while most classrooms, offices, and other uses have moved to new locations as the school has grown .

The school has leased space in nearby buildings including a large portion of the AT&T Building at the southwest corner of Mary and Meeting Streets and administrative space at 494 King Street. The school signed a letter of intent to buy the AT&T Building in 2006.

In 2004, the city agreed to buy a 1.25 acre lot at the corner of Woolfe Street and Meeting Street from the Army Corps of Engineers for $1,170,000; the Corps of Engineers had bought the parcel in $137,500 in 1977 and used it as storage. The city then was to sell the land to the law school at a loss for only $875,000 (with interest-only payments for nine years) in an effort to help the law school stay on the peninsula. In 2009, the deal was extended to allow the law school until July 1, 2017, to pay for the property. The deal was revised again on June 28, 2017; the law school would get 75% of the proceeds if it sold the land, and the city would get 25% (with a minimum return of $1,865,000). In 2017, a contract was pending for the sale of the land for $12.75 million. In February 2019, the city approved the site for the construction of a 252-room hotel despite public opposition to the plan to add yet another large hotel to the neighborhood.

In 2019, the city tried to renegotiate its 2017 agreement to give the city a bigger piece of the proceeds from the sale to a hotel. In March 2022, the city began asserting that none of the agreements with the law school since the initial sale were valid; the subsequent agreements were done by resolutions of city council instead of by ordinances. According to a court filing of March 25, 2022, the city regretted its decision to sell the land to the law school. By arguing that the subsequent agreements were all invalid, the City asserted that the original contract was still in place and that the law school lost title to the land when no school was built by the initial deadline.

In 2023, the Charleston School of Law opened its new library on the first floor of 385 Meeting Street, completing the law school's transition to relocate all its services, business operations and classrooms to a single location.

 Publications
 Charleston Law Review
The Charleston Law Review is a journal published by  second- and third-year students at the school. Its primary objective is to foster the knowledge and insight of students, practitioners, scholars and the judiciary through a traditional forum dedicated to the pursuit of innovative legal expression, composition and scholarship. Members of the organization contribute to this objective by editing articles, writing notes, and actively participating in all aspects of the publication process.

Its inaugural issue in  Fall 2006, featured five articles by legal scholars on topics ranging from human trafficking to preservation of Gullah-Geechee culture. It published a second issue containing to student work in Spring 2007.

The foreword of Volume 2, Issue 1 (Fall 2007) was written by U.S. President Barack Obama, who, at the time, was a U.S. Senator from Illinois and a leading candidate for the Democratic Party nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Retired Justice Sandra Day O'Connor was the keynote speaker at a symposium on First Amendment religious issues co-hosted by the Charleston Law Review on April 15, 2013.

Sara Ruff was the inaugural editor-in-chief (2006–2007). Subsequent editors-in-chief have been George "Matt" Kendall (2007–2008), Katie Fowler Monoc (2008–2009), Ben Garner (2009–2010), Piper Reiff Byzet (2010–2011), Mollie Mohan (2011–2012), Morgan Peterson (2012–2013), Leigh Ellen Gray (2013–2014), Jose Gonzales (2014–2015), Roger "Hank" Young (2015–2016), David DuTremble (2016–2017), and Lauren Daniels (current).

Federal Courts Law Review (2005-2016)
Founded in July 1997, the Federal Courts Law Review is an electronic law review dedicated to legal scholarship relating to federal courts. Articles are from scholars, judges and distinguished practitioners. Its editorial board, composed primarily of U.S. magistrate judges and law-school professors, is designed to combine the insight of the federal judiciary with the perspective of law-school academics.

The school was selected in 2005 by the Federal Magistrate Judges Association to oversee the publication of a printed version of the Federal Courts Law Review. This companion to the current online format was intended to cater to subscribers who would welcome a printed version, as well as allow for inclusion of selected student works.

As of 2016, the Federal Courts Law Review was no longer affiliated with the Charleston School of Law and has been absorbed by the University of Mississippi School of Law.

 Maritime Law Bulletin
The Maritime Law Bulletin (MALABU) is a periodical bulletin, edited by law students, focusing on significant maritime issues. First published in February 2006, the bulletin is the publishing arm of the school's Charleston Maritime Law Institute.

The institute is a collaborative effort involving students, professors and leading maritime lawyers and professionals from around the Southeastern U.S. In addition to promoting maritime legal studies at the school, the institute will provide programs and seminars periodically on maritime matters.

 Resolved: Journal of Alternative Dispute Resolution Resolved is a student-run electronic publication that was founded in conjunction with the Center for Dispute Resolution. The center's vision in creating Resolved is to promote research and writing in the areas of dispute resolution theory, skills, techniques and application. Resolved provides a comprehensive resource that fosters intellectual discourse among the judiciary, professors, students, mediators and attorneys through a contemporary medium. Resolved'' is dedicated to increasing awareness of alternative dispute resolution trends and sharing thought-provoking viewpoints. Megan Hunt was its inaugural editor-in-chief. Subsequently, Justice Perkins was editor-in-chief for 2010–2011  and M. Christie McDonnell was the editor-in-chief for 2011–2012.

Notable alumni
 Russell Fry (2011), Republican, former member of the South Carolina House of Representatives and current representative to the House of Representatives from South Carolina's 7th congressional district following the 2022 elections.
 Nick Shalosky (2013), former member of the Charleston County School District and the first openly gay elected official in South Carolina.

References

External links
 Official website

Education in Charleston, South Carolina
Universities and colleges established in 2003
For-profit universities and colleges in the United States
Independent law schools in the United States
Law schools in South Carolina
Education in Charleston County, South Carolina
Private universities and colleges in South Carolina
2003 establishments in South Carolina

Charleston School of Law


Escaladieu Abbey (French: l'Abbaye de l'Escaladieu) was a Cistercian abbey located in the French commune of Bonnemazon in the Hautes-Pyrénées.  Its name derives from the Latin Scala Dei ("ladder of God").  The abbey was founded in 1142 and became an important pilgrimage stop on the Way of St. James en route to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. The abbey is situated at the confluence of the Luz and the Arros rivers near the Château de Mauvezin.

In the middle of the 12th century, a group of monks under the protection of the count of Bigorre who lived at Cabadur in the Gripp valley in the modern-day commune of Campan, near Bagnères-de-Bigorre, wanted to move to a more hospitable location and therefore establish the abbey at Bonnemazon.  The abbey became the  center of the expansion of southern French Cistercian expansion and founded eight abbeys in Spain (including ones in Fitero, Sacraménia, and Véruéla) and two in Gascony (Flaran Abbey and Bouillas Abbey).

The abbey was continuously inhabited by Cistercian monks until 1830 when it sold to an unknown local family.  In 1986, the abbey was purchased by the Conseil Général des Hautes-Pyrénées which undertook its restoration.

The abbey was passed by, and therefore featured in the television coverage of, the 19th stage of the Tour de France 2018.

References
   Information about Escaladieu Abbey from the official website of the Conseil Général des Hautes-Pyrénées

External links
  Official site
  More information about the abbey

Cistercian monasteries in France
1142 establishments in Europe
1140s establishments in France
Religious organizations established in the 1140s
Buildings and structures in Hautes-Pyrénées
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Tourist attractions in Hautes-Pyrénées

Escaladieu Abbey


Hunted is a 2012 British television drama series created and written by Frank Spotnitz and produced by Kudos and Big Light Productions for British broadcaster BBC, for its main channel BBC One and American premium cable broadcaster Cinemax. The series premiered on Thursday 4 October 2012 on BBC One and on Friday 19 October 2012 on Cinemax.

Overview
Samantha (Melissa George) is an espionage operative for "Byzantium", a private intelligence agency. She survives an attempt on her life, which she strongly suspects was orchestrated by members of the company she works for. After recovering and returning to active duty, she goes back to work undercover as a nanny, not knowing who tried to kill her or whom to trust. It becomes evident that the attempt on her life is tied into a horrific event from her childhood.

Main cast
Melissa George as Samantha "Sam" Hunter/Alex Kent
Adam Rayner as Aidan Marsh
Stephen Dillane as Rupert Keel
Stephen Campbell Moore as Stephen Turner
Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Deacon Crane
Morven Christie as Zoe Morgan
Lex Shrapnel as Ian Fowkes
Dhaffer L'Abidine as Bernard Faroux
Dermot Crowley as George Ballard
Oscar Kennedy as Edward Turner
Indira Varma as Natalie Thorpe
Patrick Malahide as Jack Turner
Doc Brown as Tyrone
Richard Lintern as Hector Stokes
Scott Handy as Blank-Faced Man
Uriel Emil Pollack as Hasan Moussa
Maddy Griffiths as Young Sam
Jane Riley as Katherine Morton, Sam's Mother

Production
The series was created by Frank Spotnitz (best known as executive producer and head writer for The X-Files), who will write the majority of the episodes of series 1. Spotnitz is executive producing with Kudos' Stephen Garrett (executive producer of Law & Order: UK, Spooks/MI5), Jane Featherstone (producer behind Spooks/MI5, The Hour, Life on Mars), Alison Jackson (Ashes to Ashes, Eternal Law), and BBC's Christopher Aird (Spooks, The Inspector Lynley Mysteries).

After Spotnitz had wrapped up The X-Files he met Stephen Garrett and Jane Featherstone of Kudos Film and Television. They asked him to come to the UK and work with British television. Spotnitz had lived in Europe before and was interested in returning. He claims the idea was appealing but it simply never happened. The years passed and Spotnitz was talking to The X-Files star Gillian Anderson, who was visiting Los Angeles from London where she lives, and she asked, "Would you ever consider doing a show (in Britain)?". Spotnitz started talking to her about doing a spy series and then the first call he made was to Stephen Garrett since the two lost touch. "You know the idea of doing a show in England? I think I may finally have it".

On 13 January 2011, the BBC announced the show – then called Morton. Gillian Anderson was no longer attached to the show; it took Spotnitz and Kudos longer than estimated to get the green light from the BBC and by then, Anderson was too busy with other projects.

Spotnitz relocated to London with his family. While trying to get Hunted off the ground, he served as co-producer and head writer for Strike Back: Project Dawn (or just Strike Back in the United States), which was also produced by HBO for Cinemax, but co-produced with another British broadcaster, BSkyB (for Sky1), not the BBC.

On 22 September 2011, reports confirmed that HBO/Cinemax would come on board as co-producers and that the name Morton had been scrapped and the new name was Nemesis. On 6 March 2012, Spotnitz announced on his homepage that the show's title had been changed again to Hunted.

Spotnitz spent a lot of time researching private spy agencies. He told Screen International: "It's not an area I was very aware of until I went looking for it. Most private contractors don't want to be noticed. Their websites are dry and boring and they don't want the wrong kind of attention. I talked to people who run these companies in the US, United Kingdom and Switzerland and then I researched the type of personality working at them".

Filming started on location in Wales, Scotland, London and Morocco. In early March, scenes were filmed in East Linton, Scotland at a local Deli Shop. "There are no sound stages. It's all location filming. It's really expensive and difficult to do, but it looks so much better and has a real feel of authenticity", Spotnitz told The Hollywood Reporter. "It's international and it looks international".

During the series, Sam has childhood memories of an oast house and in episode 5 she finds the Oast House. This is the oast house at Little Scotney Farm, Lamberhurst, Kent. It is still a working oast house owned by the National Trust, producing hops to make "Scotney Ale".

The first series takes place mainly in London. Had the show been commissioned for a second series, each series would have taken place in a different European city. George, who is based in New York, would have lived in London for six months to film each series.

Sam Hunter spinoff
On 25 September 2012, it was reported that British screenwriter Ben Harris had joined the writing team in preparation for a second series pickup from BBC One and Cinemax.

Melissa George has reported that the second series of Hunted would be set in Berlin. The Australian star previously said that her Hunted role "could potentially be long-term", adding that she may be playing Sam "for the next five years".

On 3 November 2012, it was reported that British screenwriter Claire Wilson had joined the writing team in preparation for a second series pickup from BBC One and Cinemax.

However, on 14 November 2012, The Guardian reported that BBC One had decided not to commission a second series of Hunted, citing ratings declines as the primary reason. It was reported the following day that Cinemax was looking into making a second series without the partnership with the BBC. Cinemax has since announced that it is working with Frank Spotnitz to reboot the show, describing the current incarnation as "too expensive" to continue without BBC support.

Spotnitz has revealed that the original plans for Hunted series two – which would have followed Sam Hunter to Germany – have been abandoned in the wake of the series shake-up. "It's going to change – that [Berlin plot] was when we still had the BBC as a partner", he explained. "Now it's one of those funny things where it's the same character, but it's a different series." Spotnitz added that he "would very much expect" future episodes to air in the UK, adding that he has considered other British networks as potential partners.

In June 2013 it was announced that the second series would become a four-hour miniseries called Sam Hunter, airing in 2014.

In early 2015, Frank Spotnitz stated that the series–and spinoff–had been officially cancelled by Cinemax, though he and George were open to continuing the project if it were to be picked up by another network.

Episode list

DVD release
On 30 July 2013 HBO Home Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 via the Warner Archive Collection. This is a manufacture-on-demand (MOD) release, available via WBShop.com and Amazon.com. The series is also available on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK.

Web campaign
Hunted was accompanied by an Internet campaign carrying content developed during the filming of the series. Known for a psychologically stimulating internet campaign where one would guess what dongle went to various computers. It all turned out to be a honeypot.

Reception
Reviews of the first episode were mixed. While he liked the plot, Michael Hogan of The Daily Telegraph was critical of the dialogue and acting: "The protagonist pouts constantly and came across more sulky teenager than troubled soul. When you're performing this hokum, you need a heavyweight cast to give it credibility. Spooks had Matthew MacFadyen and Peter Firth, 24 had Kiefer Sutherland, Homeland has Damian Lewis and Claire Danes. Hunted'''s assorted pretty young things are nowhere near that league. They gazed moodily out of windows but rather than looking haunted by the terrible things they'd seen, they looked like they were waiting for a minicab". The Observers Andrew Anthony compared the series unfavourably with the U.S. television series Homeland: "Both have high production values, both are capable of creating fiendishly clever plots, but whereas Homeland seeks to foreground character, Hunted relies on shorthand caricature. Thus the three villains on display last week were a macho Arab, an inscrutable psychopath and a cockney gangster-turned-businessman, holding their faces in such ways as to convey, respectively, machismo, psychopathy, and tasty geezerness". Jim Shelley of the Daily Mirror was also critical, writing that Hunted "relied more on old-fashioned Spooks cliches. Locations like Istanbul were viewed as dangerous – ie, full of foreigners, particularly handsome Arabs in suits driving around as if they were in a BMW ad".

On a more positive note, Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly, said the U.S. première had "lots of slick suspense, well-turned violence, and a delightful air of menace hanging over everything Sam does". Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post also had a favorable review of the U.S. premiere saying "To its credit, 'Hunted' doesn't take its profoundly disconnected characters and slap them into a slick, glitzy story about heroism in the face of greed. It marries the doubt, regret and longing they feel into a chugging, twisty spy story about the cost of selling your soul one piece at a time".

 See also
 The East''—a film about an undercover operative for a private intelligence company

References

External links

 Hunted at Cinemax

2012 British television series debuts
2010s British drama television series
2012 British television series endings
British action television series
BBC television dramas
Cinemax original programming
Espionage television series
Television shows set in London
Television series by Banijay
English-language television shows
British spy television series
Television series created by Frank Spotnitz

Hunted (2012 TV series)


William Prince (1772 – September 8, 1824) was a U.S. Representative from Indiana.

Born in Ireland in 1772, Prince immigrated to the United States in 1796 and settled in Indiana.
He studied law.
He served as Commissioner for Gibson County, Indiana, and drew the winning lot to become the county seat's namesake in 1814.
Prince served in the Indiana Territorial Council. He then served as territorial auditor.
He served in the State senate in 1816. Prince also served as state circuit judge.
He served as delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1816.
He served as captain in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1821 and 1822.
He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Eighteenth Congress and served from March 4, 1823, until his death near Princeton, Indiana, September 8, 1824.
He was interred in the Old Cemetery, near Princeton.

Princeton, Indiana is named for him.

See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

References

1772 births
1824 deaths
Indiana Territory officials
Members of the Indiana Territorial Legislature
19th-century American legislators
Indiana state court judges
Indiana state senators
Members of the Indiana House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana
Indiana Democratic-Republicans
People from Indiana in the War of 1812
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
People from Princeton, Indiana

William Prince (politician)


Ayers Island is an island in the Penobscot River in Penobscot County, Maine, near the town of Orono. It was named for one of the original settlers of Orono, Joshua Ayers [Eayres], who constructed a sawmill on the island beginning around 1774.

Ayers Island is the site of the Striar Textile Mill, which closed in 1996. The land is polluted due to past manufacturing activity. The town of Orono took possession of the island in 1999. Later it was purchased by Ayers Island LLC, which announced plans to fit it with an experimental surveillance system consisting of "a comprehensive network of video cameras, motion detectors and sensors" monitored by computer.

Two episodes of the Celebrity Paranormal Project television series were recorded there.

See also
Marsh Island (Maine)
Orono Dam
University of Maine

References

Orono, Maine
Islands of Penobscot County, Maine
Penobscot River
Islands of Maine

Ayers Island (Maine)


"The Four Sydney Lotterbies" is a British comedy sketch performed on an episode of the 1967-1968 sketch comedy TV series At Last the 1948 Show. The four main actors (the four "Sydney Lotterbies") in the sketch were John Cleese, Marty Feldman, Tim Brooke-Taylor, and Graham Chapman, each of whom had a hand in writing the dialogue. The sketch was named for Cleese's associate, the television producer and director Sydney Lotterby. "The Four Sydney Lotterbies" is one of the relatively few 1948 Show sketches that today survive in video as well as in audio format. The sketch can be seen on the DVD compilation of the series and heard (in a slightly abbreviated form) on its original soundtrack album, which has been released on CD.

The sketch
The action takes place in an outdoor cafe in "sunny Spain." As the sketch begins, Cleese is seen sitting at a table with Brooke-Taylor, who is hidden behind a copy of the London Financial Times. Feldman enters and approaches Cleese, asking if he hasn't seen him somewhere before. Presently, the two men recognize each other as having both been "on the plane on the way over." As neither of them knows the exact time of day, they both try to ask Brooke-Taylor, addressing him in Spanish. He answers in English, "Beg pardon, were you gentlemen addressing me? Oh, goodness me! Weren't you two on the plane on the way over?" By now it is plain that the three men, who are all dressed similarly in shorts and Bermuda shirts, also sound exactly alike. The threesome becomes a foursome when Chapman joins it, speaking too in the same tone of voice.

The humour of the fact that the four men sound alike is increased when Feldman tries to "place" each of the other men "by his accent. Despite the fact that they all have the same accent, Feldman is from Wimbledon, Chapman from Bristol, Cleese from Manchester, and Brooke-Taylor from Edinburgh (though he adds, when Feldman tells him he doesn't "sound like a Scottie," that he has spent most of his life in Cardiff). What is more we find, when the men get around to introducing themselves, that they all have the same name—Sydney Lotterby—and that they all work as "wholesale greengrocers"—all, that is, except for Feldman, who is a barrister but "used to be a wholesale greengrocer." The humor climaxes when Chapman's "little lady" enters, saying "Come, Sydney! We'll be late," and all four men rise at once—then turn to each other and remark, in unison, "Well, there's a coincidence!"

References
 At Last the 1948 Show. Dir. Ian Fordyce. With John Cleese, Graham Chapman, Tim Brooke-Taylor, Marty Feldman, and Aimi MacDonald. Tango Entertainment, 2005.
 At Last the 1948 Show. With Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Marty Feldman, and Aimi MacDonald. El Records, 2007.

Comedy sketches

The Four Sydney Lotterbies