In the United States, airways or air routes are defined by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in two ways:

"VOR Federal airways and Low/Medium Frequency (L/MF) (Colored) Federal airways"

These are designated routes which aeroplanes fly to aid in navigation and help with separation to avoid accidents. Airways are defined with segments within a specific altitude block, corridor width, and between fixed geographic coordinates for satellites navigation system, or between ground-based radio transmitter navigational aids (navaids; such as VORs or NDBs) or the intersection of specific radials of two navaids.

United States
To guide airmail pilots on their delivery routes, the United States Postal Service constructed the first airways in the United States, the Contract Air Mail routes. These airways were between major cities and identified at night by a series of flashing lights and beacons which pilots flew over in sequence to get from one city to the next. Intermediate fields were located every  in case of emergencies, with at least 2 landing strips a minimum of  in length, and  in width.  Rotating airways beacons were erected every .  However, these visual airways required the pilots to be in visual contact with the ground which precluded flying in fog or clouds. Subsequently, the Department of Commerce funded the development of other means of airway navigation.

The first airways to be delineated by radiofrequency were based on the old Low-frequency radio range also called the "Four Course Radio Range" or "A/N" system. The pilot listened for the stronger of the Morse codes transmitters ("· –" for "A" and "– ·" for "N", indicating left or right of the course); the objective was to be centered on course hearing a steady tone (the A and N Morse codes merge to form a steady tone when the receiver is equidistant from both transmitters).

Later airways were based on low/medium frequency ground stations, like the beat frequency oscillator (BFO) and the non-directional beacon (NDB). These L/M frequency airways were the colored airways. Colored airways still exist, mostly in Alaska. There are only a few colored airways remaining in the contiguous United States. There is one colored airway on the coast of North Carolina called G13 (Green 13). Additionally, there are several colored airways connecting to, and transitioning through, the Florida Keys. B9 (Blue 9) connects the Southern Florida mainland to Marathon Key. B646 (Blue 646) connects Mérida, Mexico to Nassau, Bahamas and transitions through the Florida Keys. A portion of B646 connects Key West to Marathon Key and serves as a bypass for aircraft unable to meet the 15,000 foot minimum altitude along that portion of V3. Finally, G765 (Green 765) connects Key West to Cozumel, Mexico. Colored airways are all depicted in brown on low and high altitude charts produced by the FAA's Aeronautical Navigation Products.

Low altitude airways (below  MSL) that are based on VOR stations, appear on sectional charts, world aeronautical charts, and en route low altitude charts and are designated with the prefix "V" (pronounced victor, hence, victor airways). High altitude airways (from  MSL to FL450) based on VOR stations are called jet routes; they appear on high altitude charts (that usually do not show topography, as the low altitude charts do) and are prefixed by the letter "J". VOR-based routes are depicted in black on low and high altitude charts produced by the FAA's Aeronautical Navigation Products.

With the invention of RNAV routes, airway structure no longer has to be based on ground-based navaids; a new naming convention is used. RNAV routes not based on VOR routes in low altitudes are preceded with the letter "T"; high airway routes are designated with the letter "Q". RNAV routes are depicted in blue on low and high altitude charts produced by the FAA's Aeronautical Navigation Products.

Europe

Airways are corridors  wide of controlled airspace with a defined lower base, usually FL070–FL100, extending to FL195.  They link major airports giving protection to IFR flights during the climb and descent phases, and often for non-jet aircraft, cruise phase of flight.  Historically, they were laid out between VORs; however, advances in navigational technology mean that this is no longer a necessity.  Each airway has a designator containing one letter and one to three numbers.  All airspace above FL195 is class C controlled airspace, the equivalent to airways being called Upper Air Routes and having designators prefixed with the letter "U".  If an upper air route follows the same track as an airway, its designator is the letter "U" prefix and the designator of the underlying airway.

In the UK, airways are all class A below FL195 and, therefore, VFR flights are prohibited.

Air corridor

An air corridor is a designated region of airspace that an aircraft must remain in during its transit through a given region.  Air corridors are typically imposed by military or diplomatic requirements. During the Berlin Blockade, for example, pilots flying across Soviet-controlled German airspace were required to maintain very specific positioning within air corridors defined by the commander in charge of the airlift. Subsequent flights, both military and civilian, between West Germany and West Berlin during the Cold War were required to remain within their designated corridor or risk being shot down.

Air corridors should not be confused with airways. Airways are navigational aids which a pilot generally may deviate from when circumstances warrant, while compliance with a designated air corridor is mandatory.

Notes

References

External links
 FAA Order JO 7400.2L, Procedures for Handling Airspace Matters, effective 2017-10-12 (with changes), accessed 2017-12-04
 FAA Aeronautical Information Manual, Chapter 1
 Cold War Berlin air corridor disagreement.

Way
Way

Airway (aviation)


A shock wave is when lots of energy comes from a very small spot and shakes the material around it. The energy makes the material around the spot move very quickly, and very hard. This is a special type of vibration, and it is very strong.

The shock wave can be so powerful that it can knock things over. For example, bombs create shock waves. A shock wave can be destructive because it vibrates the material around the point in an extremely hard and fast wave, which causes other things that the material touches to vibrate too, and even make them explode.  Shock waves make bombs more dangerous and sometimes are the most dangerous part of an explosion. This is because the vibration from the shock wave can hurt the inside of a human's body (organs and bones) much worse than the explosion's fireball. However, the shock wave moves much faster than the rest of the bomb's energy and fades away quickly. It is called a shock wave, and not simply a shock, because the force goes up and down, like an ocean wave.

A shock wave can move through any material. An earthquake is a shockwave traveling through the ground. Shock waves can also be felt in the water. A shock wave is affected by the materials it travels through, and different materials have different effects. A thick material, like water, might help the shock wave travel further, whereas a thin material, like air, would not. This is similar to the way that sound waves are affected by what they move through, but sound waves and shock waves are not the same.

A sound wave is similar to a shock wave in the way it looks, but the two are not the same. While a sound wave can be described as the ripples created when you drop a small rock in a bucket of water, a shock wave is faster and not as smooth. If you were to draw a picture of a perfect sound wave, it would be a smooth line, up and down by the same amount. If you were to draw a picture of a shock wave, it would be like many big bumps on a road - the line goes up very quickly, but it does not go down as much. Some of the words people use to talk about sound waves and shock waves are the same, like amplitude or frequency, but this does not mean that they are the same.

Fluid mechanics

Shock wave


Sarrasani is the name of a famous German circus. It was resident in Dresden. Later it became known as national circus of Argentina.

Sarrasani was founded by the clown Hans Stosch. His stage name was Giovanni Sarrasani. He came 1901 to Radebeul. The circus had its official premiere 1902 in Meißen. In the year 1912 a stationary circus building opened in Dresden. The circus often performed abroad. It had two famous labels, the Elephants and the Sioux.

Stosch-Sarrasani sen. died 1934 in São Paulo. His son Hans Stosch-Sarrasani jun. followed him as director. He died in 1941 in Berlin. His widow took directorship. The Sarrasani theater was destroyed on 13 February 1945 during the World War II.

Trude Stosch-Sarrasani emigrated to Argentina. She re-launched the circus in Buenos Aires. Perón and Evita declared Sarrasani Circo nacional Argentino. The Argentine Sarrasani existed until 1972.

The artist Fritz Mey re-launched the German Sarrasani in 1956. His partner, Ingrid Wimmer, was adopted by Trude Stosch-Sarrasani in 1976. André Sarrasani, son of Fritz Mey and Ingrid Wimmer, leads the circus since 2000. Sarrasani came back to Dresden in 1990 for the first time after 45 years. André Sarrasani performs today in Dresden the Dinner-Varieté-Show Trocadero.

Trude Stosch-Sarrasani died the 6 of June 2009.

Literature
 Stosch-Sarrasani, Hans: Durch die Welt im Zirkuszelt. Berlin Schützen-Verl. 1940.
 Günther, Ernst: Sarrasani. Geschichte und Geschichten. Dresden Saxo-Phon. 2005.
 Weaver, Jace: Other words: American Indian literature, law, and culture, Vol. 39 of American Indian literature and critical studies series. University of Oklahoma Press, 2001

Other websites

 Photos at Deutsche Fotothek
 Sarrasani in Dresden

Entertainment in Germany
Organisations based in Germany

Sarrasani


The Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies (MCG) or Morfologiceskij Katalog Galaktik, is a Russian catalogue of 30,642 galaxies compiled by Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov and V. P. Arkhipova. It is based on scrutiny of prints of the Palomar Sky Survey plates, and putatively complete to a photographic magnitude of 15. Including galaxies to magnitude 16 would have resulted in an unmanageably large dataset.

Publication
The catalogue was published in five parts (chapters) between 1962 and 1974, the final chapter including a certain number of galaxies with a photographic magnitude above 15.

Gallery

References

Astronomical catalogues of galaxies
Astronomy in the Soviet Union

Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies


Wernyol was known as the largest city in Twic East County of Jonglei state in South Sudan. It is in the center of Jonglei state and close to the White Nile River.

Population
An approximate population of 35,000 people live in and around Wernyol. There are many tribes living in former Lith community, which consists of Kongor, Adhiok, Ayual, Dacheck, Awulian and Abek. Lith Payam headquarters is Wernyol, which consists of two tribes: Adhiok and Abek.

Climate
Wernyol city's climate is divided into four seasons the wet rainy (winter), hot dry (summer), spring, and the autumn.

Industry
The main industry in Wernyol city is agriculture. Many people are farmers who keep cattle, sheep and poultry. Others are fishermen on the White Nile River.

References

Populated places in Jonglei State
Twic East County

Wernyol City


The combined gas law is a formula about ideal gases. It comes from putting together three different laws about the pressure, volume, and temperature of the gas. They explain what happens to two of the values of that gas while the third stays the same. The three laws are:
 Charles's law, which says that volume and temperature are directly proportional to each other as long as pressure stays the same.
 Boyle's law says that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other at the same temperature.
 Gay-Lussac's law says that temperature and pressure are directly proportional as long as the volume stays the same.
The combined gas law shows how the three variables are related to each other. It says that:

The formula of the combined gas law is:

where:

 is the pressure
 is the volume
 is the temperature measured in kelvin
 is a constant (with units of energy divided by temperature).

To compare the same gas with two of these cases, the law can be written as:

By adding Avogadro's law to the combined gas law, we get what is called the ideal gas law.

Derivation from the gas laws

Boyle's Law states that the pressure-volume product is constant:

Charles's Law shows that the volume is proportional to the absolute temperature:

Gay-Lussac's Law says that the pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature:

where P is the pressure, V the volume and T the absolute temperature of an ideal gas.

By combining (1) and either of (2) or (3), we can gain a new equation with P, V and T. If we divide equation (1) by temperature and multiply equation (2) by pressure we will get:

.
As the left-hand side of both equations is the same, we arrive at
,
which means that
.

Substituting in Avogadro's Law yields the ideal gas equation.

Applications
The combined gas law can be used to explain the mechanics where pressure, temperature, and volume are affected. For example: air conditioners, refrigerators and the formation of clouds and also use in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics.

Related pages
 Dalton's law

References

Sources
 Raff, Lionel. Principles of Physical Chemistry. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 2001
 Rankcom, Jamie. Massive scientisty person

Other websites
 Interactive Java applet on the combined gas law  by Wolfgang Bauer

Gases
Physical chemistry
Temperature

Combined gas law


Timothy Peter Van Berkel (born 29 June 1984 in Albury, New South Wales) is an Australian professional triathlete who races primarily in long distance triathlon events.

Career

Van Berkel grew up in Wodonga, Victoria and played Australian Rules Football (AFL). He began training for and competing in triathlons at the age of 18 as a way of staying fit during the AFL off-season. In 2004 and 2005 he competed predominately in Age-Group races Australia.

In 2005 he raced at the World Age Group Championships in Hawaii in the 20- to 24-year category, finishing 9th. That was his last race as an amateur. At the age of 21, Van Berkel was granted a professional license. His first race as a professional was Port Macquarie Half Ironman in October 2005. At this time Van Berkel decided to move to Ballina, New South Wales to be closer to his coach, Grant Giles of Team Aeromax, who was based in Port Macquarie, New South Wales.

In 2007, Van Berkel made his debut at Ironman distance, competing in the Ironman Australia Championships and finishing 7th. In 2008, at 24 years old, Berkel won Ironman Western Australia in 2008, making him the second youngest Ironman Champion, behind Germany's Thomas Hellriegel by 20 days. He won his second Ironman distance event at Challenge Copenhagen in 2010, surpassing Hellreigal's accomplishment of having two Ironman distance wins by three months. In 2011 Van Berkel successfully defended his Challenge Copenhagen title in a closely fought race with Denmark's Jimmy Johnsen. Since turning professional, Van Berkel has competed in Ironman and Ironman 70.3 events in Australia, Asia, Europe and America.

In 2014, Van Berkel debuted at the Ironman World Championship in Kona, Hawaii. He finished 7th in a time of 8:23:26.

In 2015, Van Berkel came 2nd in the Asia-Pacific Ironman Championship in Melbourne, Australia. He was narrowly beaten by Canadian-born triathlete, Jeff Symonds. In August, Van Berkel engaged Dr Daniel Plews as his new coach.

In August 2015, Van Berkel finished 2nd to fellow Australian triathlete, Tim Reed, by 2 seconds, in the Ironman 70.3 Asia-Pacific Championship held in Cebu, Philippines. Then, in September of the same year, Van Berkel won Ironman 70.3 Sunshine Coast.

Personal life

Van Berkel lives in East Ballina, New South Wales. Van Berkel was previously married to Belinda Van Berkel with whom they have a son named Hendrix.

Professional record

References

External links

Australian male triathletes
1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Albury
Sportsmen from New South Wales
20th-century Australian people
21st-century Australian people

Tim Berkel


Platanthera yadonii, also known as Yadon's piperia or Yadon's rein orchid,  is an endangered orchid endemic to a narrow range of coastal habitat in northern Monterey County, California.  In 1998 this plant was designated as an endangered species by the United States government, the major threat to its survival being continuing land development from an expanding human population and associated habitat loss. One of the habitats of Yadon's piperia, the Del Monte Forest near Monterey, California, is the subject of a federal lawsuit, based upon endangerment of this organism along with several other endangered species.

This wildflower may lie dormant in a given year and not emerge above the soil surface from its tuberous substructure. After leafing out in the spring, it will produce flowers on erect spikes, each flower possessing both green and white petals.  It prefers sandy soils, and subsists on nutrient extraction from intermediate fungal organisms.

Description
Along with most other orchids P. yadonii: (a) is a bisexual perennial green plant that grows from buried tubers;   manifests a fruit capsule bearing numerous minute seeds; (b) exhibits pollen that is sticky, and which is removed as sessile anther sacs; and (c) has a stigma fused with its style into a column.

Yadon's piperia exhibits a basal rosette leaf formation.

The subsurface architecture of this terrestrial wild orchid consists of a rhizome structure, from which emanate tubers.  The rhizome extracts nutrients from fungal intermediates and may also store some of these nutrients.  A basal rosette of leaves develops from the tuber at the surface of the soil, each of the two or three leaves being lanceolate in shape. Each leaf ranges from 10 to 15 centimeters in length and 20 to 35 millimeters in width.  Leaves of younger plants are often more diminutive in size.

The dense inflorescence is borne on a single erect vertical spike varying from 12 to 55 centimeters in height.  Each flower has a spur of length 1.5 to 5 millimeters, short compared to other members of the genus.  Yadon's Piperia typically presents three upper tepals, each of which contains both green and white pigmentation; moreover, there are three lower tepals that are white only.  The earliest blooming time is June.  When P. yadonii blooms, as late as August, all of its sepals and petals may be purely white.

Another key identification feature is the characteristically abbreviated  spur, which typically measures 1.5 to 6.0 millimeters in length. P. yadonii's  leaves usually wither by blooming time, except for a small percentage of very large individuals. The geographic range of P. yadonii overlaps that of P. elegans, P. elongata, P. michaelii, and P. transversa; consequently, P. yadonii is clearly distinguished from them only in the flowering stage. Sympatric occurrences in mixed populations with P. elongata and P. elegans are noted in the literature.

Reproduction and symbiosis
Seeds of this species, like other orchids, lack an endosperm.   The extremely small seeds must come in contact with appropriate soil fungi in order to germinate.  The resulting seedlings obtain fixed carbon from the fungus until they produce their first leaves and begin to photosynthesize.  This strategy is known as myco-heterotrophy.  Vegetative reproduction may also occur.

Distribution and habitat
Yadon's piperia is confined to a handful of locations in the coastal area of north Monterey County primarily the Del Monte Forest on the Monterey Peninsula. Tiny populations have been found in the Prunedale Hills; and an isolated southernmost population on Rocky Creek Ridge (Cushing Mountain) at Big Sur.  Specific places of occurrence within those areas are the S.F.B. Morse Botanical Reserve; Manzanita County Park; and the Nature Conservancy's Blohm Ranch Nature Preserve.  Each colony is rather small in patch size, measured on the order of twenty acres or less.  All of the occurrences are below about 250 meters above mean sea level and all are within six miles of the Pacific Ocean.

Yadon's piperia is generally restricted to three habitats: (a)
Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) forest, sometimes with Gowen's cypress (Cupressus goveniana ssp. goveniana) which includes more than 80 percent of the known populations;
(b) California Northern coastal scrub, with dwarfed Hooker's manzanita (Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. hookeri) or Eastwood's manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa); and (c) Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) forest. The colonies in woodland settings are found under partial canopy in an open, primarily herbaceous understory shape.

The Monterey Peninsula and northern Big Sur areas are influenced by a marine climate that is pronounced due to the upwelling of cool water from the Monterey submarine canyon. Rainfall is 40 to 50 centimeters per year, but summer fog drip is a primary source of moisture for Yadon's Piperia and other plants that would otherwise not be able to persist with such low precipitation.

History and conservation
Platanthera yadonii was named for Vern Yadon, former longtime director of the Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History.  The Monterey Peninsula, where all colonies of Yadon's piperia occur, is recognized to have a high degree of species endemicism.  Species with more northern ranges often reach their southern limits on the Peninsula; species with more southern affinities reach their northern limits there as well.  On the Monterey Peninsula some taxa comprising habitat for P. yadonii, such as the coastal closed-cone pines and cypresses are relict stands, e.g. species that once extended more widely in the mesic climate of the late Pleistocene period, but then retreated to small pockets of cooler and wetter conditions along the coast ranges during the hotter, drier early Holocene period between 6000 and 2000 BC.

Yadon's piperia, along with certain other threatened species in the northern California Floristic Province, has been designated as a species meriting protection by the U.S. Government, State of California, local governments and private conservation groups.  These designations have led to blueprints for protection of Yadon's piperia in the form of official endangerment classifications and a species Recovery Plan, the latter promulgated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.  Even with all these efforts, the total current population is not necessarily above the minimum viable population without further elements of protection.

The listing as a federally endangered species occurred in 1998, prompted by a study conducted by Earth Metrics for the city of Monterey, which found the colony in the Del Monte forest to be threatened by proposed land development.  Subsequently, in 1995 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service acted on this new information regarding Yadon's piperia, and promulgated a notice of intent to classify the species as endangered.

Monitoring populations of Yadon's piperia is challenging since each tuber does not produce emergent leaves or flowers in a given year.  To complicate matters further, the plant can only be identified conclusively in its flowering stage, and yet, even when the plant leafs out, it may not necessarily produce a flower in a given year.  Furthermore, by the time a flower is produced, the leaves have typically senesced; thus, a survey conducted during the flowering season will miss plants that have leafed out but not flowered.

See also
Platanthera elegans
Hickman's potentilla
Minimum viable population

References

External links

Calflora: Piperia yadonii (Yadon's piperia,  Yadon's rein orchid)
 USDA Plants Profile for Piperia yadonii (Yadon's piperia)
Jepson eFlora: Piperia yadonii
U.S.EPA endangered species listing detail for P. yadonii
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service species profile for P. yadonii
 Piperia yadonii — UC Photos gallery

Endemic flora of California
Orchids of California
Endemic orchids of the United States
Natural history of Monterey County, California
yadonii
Orchids of the United States

Platanthera yadonii


Euler's identity, sometimes called Euler's equation, is this equation:

It features the following mathematical constants:

, pi

, Euler's Number

,  imaginary unit

It also features three of the basic mathematical operations: addition, multiplication and exponentiation.

Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler. It is not clear that he invented it himself.

Respondents to a Physics World poll called the identity "the most profound mathematical statement ever written", "uncanny and sublime", "filled with cosmic beauty" and "mind-blowing".

Mathematical proof of Euler's Identity using Taylor Series
Many equations can be written as a series of terms added together. This is called a Taylor series.

The exponential function  can be written as the Taylor series

As well, the sine function can be written as

and cosine as

Here, we see a pattern take form.  seems to be a sum of sine and cosine's Taylor series, except with all of the signs changed to positive. The identity we are actually proving is .

So, on the left side is , whose Taylor series is

We can see a pattern here, that every second term is i times sine's terms, and that the other terms are cosine's terms.

On the right side is , whose Taylor series is the Taylor series of cosine, plus i times the Taylor series of sine, which can be shown as:

if we add these together, we have

Therefore,

Now, if we replace x with , we have:

Since we know that  and , we have:

which is the statement of Euler's identity.

Related pages

 −1 (number)
 Euler's formula

References

Complex analysis

pl:Wzór Eulera#Tożsamość Eulera

Euler's identity


, or MBS, is a radio and television broadcasting company headquartered in Osaka, Japan, affiliated with Japan Radio Network (JRN), National Radio Network (NRN), Japan News Network (JNN) and TBS Network, serving in the Kansai region.

It is a parent company of a television station named  and a radio station named . MBS is also one of the major stockholders of TBS Holdings, BS-TBS, RKB Mainichi Broadcasting, i-Television, TV-U Fukushima, Hiroshima Home Television, WOWOW., and FM802.

History

Early years
The  was founded on December 27, 1950.

After the end of World War II , Mainichi Shimbun intended to establish a private radio station, and the establishment of the radio station was placed in charge of the then editor-in-chief, Shinzo Takahashi. At the same time, Kansai businessmen Shinyoshi Terada and Aiji Iwasaki are also interested in getting involved in the broadcasting industry. The two hit it off immediately, and held a symposium on December 11, 1945, and decided to establish the "New Japan Broadcasting" company. However, at that time, the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces in Japan preferred to continue the Japanese broadcasting industry's monopoly system of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) (among the four Allied countries, especially the Soviet Union, NHK preferred to monopolize it), and did not allow private radio stations to be established, so this idea wasn't quickly achieved.

From October 1947, the occupied government gradually began to favor allowing the establishment of private broadcasters. The "New Japan Broadcasting" plan was revived as a result, and received support from Keihanshin Kyuko Electric Railway (now Hankyu Electric Railway), Nippon Electric and other companies. On December 27, 1948, New Japan Broadcasting once again submitted an application for a broadcasting license, which was accepted on January 25 of the following year. With the passing of the "Three Radio Laws" (after the passing of the Radio Law, the Broadcasting Law, and the Law on the Establishment of the Radio Supervisory Committee) in 1950, the establishment of private broadcasting was officially permitted. On June 10 of the same year, New Japan Broadcasting held its first promoter meeting. On December 16, New Japan Broadcasting held a founding meeting and registered the company on December 27. At that time, 12 operators in the Kinki area, supported by Mainichi Shimbun, were most likely to obtain a license. Since Tokyo had successfully integrated various applicants into one company at that time, the Radio Supervision Committee also intended to replicate this process in Osaka, but it encountered strong opposition from both New Japan Broadcasting and Asahi Broadcasting. On April 21, 1951, New Japan Broadcasting received a preliminary license. On July 8, New Japan Broadcasting launched its first experimental radio wave. From August 15th to 31st, New Japan Broadcasting conducted a trial broadcast. At 11:59:30 on September 1, 1951, New Japan Broadcasting officially launched, and tied with Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting to become Japan's first private radio station (but Chubu Nippon Broadcasting Station started at 6:30 in the morning). In February 1952, the New Japan Broadcasting Union was established.

Two years after the launch of New Japan Broadcasting, Nippon Television, Japan's first private television station, launched. New Japan Broadcasting and Asahi Broadcasting also jointly applied for a television broadcasting license in the name of Osaka Television Broadcasting in August 1952, and obtained a preliminary license in December 1954, and officially established the company in May 1955. Although Osaka Television started broadcasting on December 1, 1956. However, both New Japan Broadcasting and Asahi Broadcasting believe that Osaka TV broadcasting is only a compromise decision when the number of channels is limited. After the Ministry of Postal and Postal Affairs revised the channel plan in May 1957 and released two private television channels in the Osaka area (one of which was an educational television station), New Japan Broadcasting and Asahi Broadcasting immediately began to establish their own television stations. However, in addition to Asahi Broadcasting and New Japan Broadcasting, there were also "Kansai TV" of the Sankei Shimbun Department, "Kinki TV" jointly formed by Kyoto Broadcasting and Kobe Broadcasting, "New Osaka TV" of the Yomiuri Shimbun Department, and those interested in acquiring educational television. Licensed "Kinki Education and Culture Television" and "Kansai Education and Culture Broadcasting", a total of 7 operators applied for two television licenses, the competition is extremely fierce. After that, the comprehensive television license in Osaka area was obtained by "Dai Kansai Television" formed by the merger of "Kansai Television" and "Kinki Television" (the name was later changed back to Kansai Television). Asahi Broadcasting, New Japan Broadcasting, and Shin-Osaka Television turned to compete for educational television licenses. After Tanaka Kakuei took office as the Post Minister in July 1959, he used political skills to move the TV channel plan in the Himeji area to Osaka, so that two new private TV stations could be built in the Osaka area. Tanaka Kakuei also proposed in October of this year that the two new TV stations in the Osaka area should be acquired by one of New Osaka TV, New Japan Broadcasting and Asahi Broadcasting. However, the solution was to merge with Osaka TV Broadcasting without obtaining a new station license. Eventually, New Japan Broadcasting applied to obtain a new television license, and Hankyu Electric Railway Capital withdrew from New Japan Broadcasting. Asahi Broadcasting merged with Osaka Television Broadcasting. On October 22, New Japan Broadcasting obtained a television preliminary license.

NJB commenced radio broadcasting from the Hankyu Department Store on September 1, 1951, as the second commercial radio station in Japan.
NJB founded  on December 1, 1956 with Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).
NJB was renamed "Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc." on June 1, 1958.
On March 1, 1959, after selling all stocks of OTV to ABC, MBS started analog terrestrial television broadcasting independently from OTV, and made a network with Nippon Educational Television Co., Ltd. (NET, the predecessor of TV Asahi Corporation).
In 1960 a broadcasting studio was completed in Senri.

In 1964 MBS formed a radio network with TBS Radio and RKB Radio, which evolved into Japan Radio Network (JRN) in 1965.
in 1974 MBS joined the All-Nippon News Network (ANN).
However, MBS joined the Japan News Network (JNN) on March 31, 1975 due to then-president of the Asahi Shimbun's order to the ABC to switch its flagship station to NET.
On May 15, 1977, the frequency of MBS Radio changed from 1210 kHz to 1180 kHz.

The American Broadcasting Company (ABC, not to be confused with the Asahi Broadcasting Corporation) acquired a 5% stake on New Japan Broadcasting in 1951 and remained as a shareholder in MBS through the 1970s; ABC retained 5% of all shares in 1977, making it the third largest shareholder at the time.

Early years as MBC
On June 1, 1958, New Japan Broadcasting changed the company name to Mainichi Broadcasting. At the same time, Mainichi Broadcasting set up a television studio on the 8th and 9th floors of the south building of the Mainichi Osaka Kaikan under construction, and built a signal transmitting station on the top of Ikoma Mountain. "Kansai Education and Culture Broadcasting", which applied for an educational television license, also merged with MBS. Osaka Television Broadcasting has 88 employees participating at MBS. At the same time, due to the decision of KRT TV station (now TBS TV station) to maintain the network relationship with Osaka Television Broadcasting, Mainichi Broadcasting was faced with the dilemma of insufficient broadcast programs and had to change the broadcast date from December 1, 1958 to March 1959. On March 1, it established a network relationship with Nihon Educational Television (later renamed NET Television, now TV Asahi). At 10 a.m. on March 1, 1959, the MBS TV broadcast was officially launched.

In the early days of Mainichi Broadcasting, most of the entertainment programs came from NET stations, while most of the self-produced programs were educational programs. In 1963, the daily ratings of Mainichi Broadcasting were 7.5%, second only to NHK and Asahi Broadcasting's 8.1%. The average ratings in the evening period are 14.6%, second only to Asahi Broadcasting's 15.9%. In the mid-1960s, Mainichi Broadcasting participated in the establishment of Tokyo Channel 12 by the Japan Science and Technology Foundation. As Tokyo Channel 12 quickly fell into operating difficulties after its launch, Mainichi Broadcasting began to broadcast some self-produced programs on Tokyo Channel 12 in 1967, but the situation has not improved. Therefore, the financial circle once had the idea of merging Tokyo Channel 12 with Mainichi Broadcasting. However, due to opposition from the Mainichi Shimbun and Nihon Keizai Shimbun's decision to rebuild Tokyo Channel 12, this idea could not be realized. However, Mainichi Broadcasting still has a cooperative relationship with Tokyo Channel 12 and broadcasts its own programs on Tokyo Channel 12. In 1967, the MBS TV license was changed from a quasi-educational station to a general comprehensive station, which could broadcast more entertainment programs. On April 1 of the same year, MBS began to broadcast color programs. In October 1970, all in-house MBS programs were in color. During the 1970 World Expo, Mainichi Broadcasting broadcast "Good Morning Expo" every day and produced and broadcast a series of special programs. In 1971, Mainichi Broadcasting Corporation stopped airing NET TV's "23rd Show" on the grounds that the program content was too vulgar, causing a sensation in the Japanese television industry. In the same year, the daily average viewership rating was 8.8%, ranking first for the first time. In the same year, MBS's TV division revenue also exceeded Asahi Broadcasting.

Mainichi Broadcasting began to strengthen international cooperation in the 1960s. It became an associate member of the European Broadcasting Union in 1969 and signed cooperation agreements with foreign television stations such as WGN-TV in the United States, Czechoslovak Television, ZDF in West Germany and TF1 in France. In 1962, Mainichi Broadcasting opened a North American branch in New York , becoming the third Japanese television station to open a base in there. Mainichi Broadcasting attaches great importance to international cultural cooperation and hosted the Kansai Performance of the Vienna Boys' Choir in 1964.

Changing networks
When Mainichi Broadcasting withdrew from Osaka Television in 1958, Osaka Television's successor, Asahi Broadcasting, inherited the network relationship between Osaka Television and TBS . This resulted in the fact that the affiliate network member station of Tokyo's Mainichi Shimbun TV station TBS in Osaka is Asahi Broadcasting of Asahi Shimbun Capital, while the affiliate network member station of Tokyo's Asahi Shimbun TV station NET in Osaka is the daily broadcast of Mainichi Shimbun Capital. There is a reversal in the relationship between Tokyo and Osaka TV station networks. In the early 1970s, Japan's four national newspapers conducted an exchange of shares in television stations. The Asahi Shimbun and the Yomiuri Shimbun handed over their shares in TBS to the Mainichi Shimbun; the Asahi and the Mainichi Shimbun handed over their shares in Nippon TV to the Yomiuri; the Nikkei The equity of NET TV station was transferred to Asahi Shimbun. The Asahi Shimbun also requested Asahi Broadcasting Corporation to join the NET TV network. After TBS learned of this news, it invited Mainichi Broadcasting to join TBS's network in the summer of 1974, and obtained Mainichi Broadcasting's consent. On November 19, 1974, TBS and Mainichi Broadcasting jointly announced that Mainichi Broadcasting would join JNN starting from April 1, 1975. Compared with the ANN period, MBS's broadcasts are broadcast every week during prime time, the duration of the program broadcast nationwide in Japan was reduced from 5 hours and 50 minutes to 3 hours and 50 minutes. National broadcast programs outside prime time were also reduced from 6 hours and 35 minutes to 4 hours and 55 minutes. At the same time, Mainichi Broadcasting will no longer broadcast Tokyo Channel 12 programs. Mainichi Broadcasting and Asahi Broadcasting also conducted large-scale program exchanges.

In the 1970s, TBS was known as the "hero of private broadcasting" and held a leading position in Japan's private television industry. As a result, MBS's ratings increased after switching networks. From October 1975 to March 1980, the MBS won the triple crown of ratings. High ratings also boosted advertising performance. Mainichi Broadcasting ranked first in prime time ratings for 26 consecutive weeks in the first half of 1978. In the same year, MBS's revenue reached 30.15 billion yen, and the profit reached 5.12 billion yen. The revenue of both the television division and the radio division ranked first among Osaka stations. Beginning in the late 1970s, Mainichi Broadcasting took the lead in introducing electronic news gathering (ENG) among private stations in Osaka, which greatly improved its news gathering and editing capabilities. In 1978, Mainichi Broadcasting opened the Bonn branch , JNN's 11th overseas branch. In 1986, Mainichi Broadcasting opened its second overseas branch, the Manila branch. In terms of technological innovation, Mainichi Broadcasting began broadcasting stereo TV in 1982, and began broadcasting data information in 1986. In 1989, MBS introduced Satellite News Relay (SNG) System.

In 1986, Mainichi Broadcasting regained the top position in advertising revenue among Osaka stations. In 1987, Mainichi Broadcasting's turnover reached 53.518 billion yen and profit reached 6.233 billion yen, both setting high records at the time. Relying on the good times of Japan's bubble economy, Mainichi Broadcasting's revenue increased to 64.949 billion yen in 1990, with profits reaching 9.489 billion yen. The 1980s was the period when satellite TV and cable TV began to appear in Japan . Mainichi Broadcasting participated in investing in Japan Satellite Broadcasting in 1983. In 1989, companies such as Mainichi Broadcasting Corporation and Sumitomo Corporation invested in the establishment of SVN (Space Vision Network) company and began to establish their own satellite TV channels. In 1993, SVN changed its name to GAORA and became a satellite TV channel that mainly broadcasts sports events.

On November 23, 1978 at 5:00am MBS Radio's frequency was moved again from 1180 kHz to 1179 kHz.

Move to Chayamachi
In 1990, the new headquarters and studios was completed in Chayamachi, Kita Ward, Osaka for the station's 40th anniversary. MBS moved and merged the headquarters and studio on September 1; the registered headquarters from the Mainichi Shimbun Osaka Head Office, and the broadcasting studio from Senri.

MBS Now aired for the last time on September 29, 2000. It was replaced by Voice on October 2.
On March 31, 2001 a broadcasting studio called "MBS Studio in USJ" was opened at Universal Studios Japan.
December 1, 2003 at 11 a.m. MBS commenced digital terrestrial television operations.
On May 15, 2010 MBS began to simulcast its radio broadcasts online within the Kansai region via Radiko together with ABC, OBC, FM 802, FM Osaka, and FM Cocolo.

The construction of the new building that was started in March 2011, located north of its head office, completed on September 4, 2013 named "B Building". The headquarters building was named "M Building".
On July 24, 2011, at noon, MBS, along with other television stations in the Kansai region, turned off its analog broadcast, as part of the digital television transition in most prefectures of Japan.
On October 1, 2013 the Takaishi Solar Plant was situated in the area of MBS Takaishi Radio Transmitter.
On April 4, 2014, the B Building was opened.

Offices and studios
Headquarters (M Building) and Studio (B Building) - 17–1, Chayamachi, Kita-ku, Osaka-shi
Tokyo Branch - Akasaka Biz Tower (28th floor), 3–1, Akasaka Gochome, Minato-ku, Tokyo-to
Nagoya Branch - Nagoya Yusen Building (8th floor), 6-35, Nishiki Sanchome, Naka-ku, Nagoya-shi
Kyoto Branch - Urbanex Oike Building (West Wing), 358 Umeyacho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto-shi
Kobe Branch - Imon Kobe Building (13th floor), 95 Edomachi, Chuō-ku, Kobe-shi
Tokushima Branch - Nippon Life Tokushima Building (6th floor), 11 Yaoyamachi Nichome, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima-ken
Shanghai Branch

Broadcasting

Radio

JOOR
Frequency: 1210 kHz → 1180 kHz → 1179 kHz; 90.6 MHz FM
Power
Osaka:50 kW
Kyoto:300 W
Total:50.3 kW (or Kyoto station use 10 kW in Day and 50.5 kW in Night)
Broadcasting hours: from 4:30 on Mondays until 26:30 on Sundays (with daily starting at 4:00 from Tuesday until Sunday)
Time signal: 1046.502 Hz (C6, on the hour every hour)

TV

JOOR-TV (analog)
Mt. Ikoma: Channel 4

JOOY-DTV (digital)
Mt. Ikoma: Channel 16 (Remote controller button: 4)

Branch stations of TV broadcasting
Osaka Prefecture
Kashiwara (analog): Channel 54
Kashiwara (digital): Channel 16
Misaki-Fuke (analog): Channel 54
Misaki-Fuke (digital): Channel 16
Naka-Nose (digital): Channel 16
Nishi-Nose (digital): Channel 16
Nara Prefecture
Ikoma-Asukano (analog): Channel 37
Tochihara (analog): Channel 33
Tochihara (digital): Channel 39
Yoshino (analog): Channel 34
Shiga Prefecture
Otsu (analog): Channel 36
Otsu (digital): Channel 16
Otsu-Ishiyama (analog): Channel 18
Otsu-Ishiyama (digital): Channel 44
Hikone (analog): Channel 54
Hikone (digital): Channel 16
Koka (analog): Channel 55
Koka (digital): Channel 16
Kyoto Prefecture
Yamashina, Kyoto (analog): Channel 54
Yamashina, Kyoto (digital): Channel 39
Kameoka (analog): Channel 33
Kameoka (digital): Channel 16
Fukuchiyama (analog): Channel 54
Fukuchiyama (digital): Channel 16
Maizuru (analog): Channel 53
Maizuru (digital): Channel 16
Miyazu (analog): Channel 33
Miyazu (digital): Channel 16
Mineyama (analog): Channel 34
Mineyama (digital): Channel 16
Hyogo Prefecture
Kobe (mountain area) (analog): Channel 31
Kobe (mountain area) (digital): Channel 16
Nada, Kobe (analog): Channel 54
Hokutan-Tarumi (analog): Channel 53
Hokutan-Tarumi (digital): Channel 16
Nishinomiya-Yamaguchi (analog): Channel 55
Nishinomiya-Yamaguchi (digital): Channel 16
Inagawa (analog): Channel 35
Inagawa (digital): Channel 38
Tatsuno (analog): Channel 34
Tatsuno (digital): Channel 16
Miki (analog): Channel 34
Miki (digital): Channel 16
Himeji (analog): Channel 54
Himeji (digital): Channel 16
Himeji-nishi (analog): Channel 33
Himeji (digital): Channel 16
Ako (analog): Channel 54
Ako (digital): Channel 16
Wadayama (analog): Channel 54
Wadayama (digital): Channel 16
Kinosaki (analog): Channel 54
Kinosaki (digital): Channel 16
Kasumi (analog): Channel 33
Kasumi (digital): Channel 16
Sasayama (analog): Channel 33
Sasayama (digital): Channel 16
Hikami (analog): Channel 33
Kasumi (digital): Channel 16
Aioi (analog): Channel 33
Aioi (digital): Channel 16
Yamasaki (analog): Channel 33
Yamasaki (digital): Channel 21
Fukusaki (analog): Channel 33
Fukusaki (digital): Channel 16
Sayo (analog): Channel 33
Yoka (analog): Channel 34
Yoka (digital): Channel 16

Wakayama Prefecture
Wakayama (analog): Channel 42
Wakayama (digital): Channel 16
Kainan (analog): Channel 54
Kainan (digital): Channel 16
Hashimoto (analog): Channel 54
Hashimoto (digital): Channel 42
Gobo (analog): Channel 53
Gobo (digital): Channel 47
Kibi (analog): Channel 54
Kibi (digital): Channel 47
Tanabe (analog): Channel 54
Tanabe (digital): Channel 47
Arida (analog): Channel 35
Arida (digital): Channel 16
Shingu (analog): Channel 36

Special events
MBS Radio Walk (MBSラジオウォーク)
MBS Radio Festival (MBSラジオまつり)

Announcers

Present
Head of Announcers

Male

Female

Past

Male

, etc.

Female

, etc.

References

External links
MBS Official Site
MBS Official Site
MBS Radio

1951 establishments in Japan
Anime companies
Companies based in Osaka Prefecture
Japan News Network

Mass media in Osaka
Radio in Japan
Radio stations established in 1951
Television channels and stations established in 1959
Television stations in Japan

Mainichi Broadcasting System


Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria-Teschen (Karl Albrecht Nikolaus Leo Gratianus von Österreich, later Karl Albrecht Habsburg-Lothringen, since 1919 – Karol Olbracht Habsburg-Lotaryński; (Pula, 18 December 1888 – Östervik, near Stockholm, 17 March 1951) was an Austrian military officer, a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.

Early life and career

He was an Austrian archduke, the oldest son of Archduke Charles Stephen and Archduchess Maria Theresia, Princess of Tuscany.

He was a landowner in Żywiec, a colonel of artillery in both the Imperial Austro-Hungarian Army (cavalry) and the Polish Army, and the 1,175th knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1910, etc.

In 1918 and again in 1939 he became a volunteer in the Polish army.
He fought in the Polish–Soviet War. In 1920, he commanded the Grudziądz Fortress.
During the German occupation of Poland, he declared Polish nationality and refused to sign the Volksliste. He was imprisoned in November 1939, kept in Cieszyn and tortured by the Gestapo. His wife was interned in Wisła.
He left prison blind in one eye and half-paralyzed. In October 1942, Albrecht and his family were sent to a labor camp in Strausberg.
After liberation, he moved to Kraków and then to Sweden.
His estate was confiscated in 1939 by the invading Germans, and again in 1945 by the Polish People's Republic.

Family and children
On 8 November 1920 he married morganatically Alice Elisabeth Ankarcrona (born at Tullgarn, near Trosa, 18 December 1889 and died at Saltsjöbaden, near Stockholm, 26 November 1985) in the castle of Żywiec Poland. She was a daughter of Oscar Carl Gustav Ankarcrona and his wife, Anna Carleson. The head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine accorded her the hereditary title of "Princess of Altenburg" on 15 December 1949.

Their children were:

 Prince Karl-Stefan of Altenburg (Balice, Poland, 29 October 1921 – Stockholm, 20 June 2018); married in Geneva, Switzerland, on 18 September 1952 his first cousin, Maria-Louise Victoria Katharina Elisabeth af Petersens (Stockholm, 4 November 1910 – Östervik, Sweden, 27 May 1998), and had issue:
 Princess Maria-Christina of Altenburg (b. Stockholm, 21 April 1953), unmarried and without issue
 Prince Karl-Albrecht of Altenburg (Stockholm, 24 October 1956 – Zürich, 26 May 1957)
 Princess Maria-Christina of Altenburg (Żywiec, 8 December 1923 – 2 October 2012, Żywiec), unmarried and without issue.
 Prince Karl-Albrecht of Altenburg (Żywiec, 4 August 1926 – 19 December 1928)
 Princess Renata of Altenburg (b. Żywiec, 13 April 1931), married in Stockholm on 26 June 1957 Spanish diplomat Eduardo de Zulueta y Dato (b. Paris, France 4 December 1923), and had issue.

Ancestry

Honours
 Order of Polonia Restituta
 Cross of Valor
 Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece
 Iron Cross 1st & 2nd class (1914 version)

References

1888 births
1951 deaths
People from Pula
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Polish nobility
Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
People of World War I from Austria-Hungary
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
Polish Army officers
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Colonels (military rank)
Austrian princes

Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria


Ebion () was the presumed eponymous founder of an early Christian group known as the Ebionites. The existent historical evidence indicates that the name "Ebionite" is derived from a Hebrew word, "ebion" (אביון) meaning "poor" and thus not from someone's name. Ebion is generally seen today as a purely literary figure, whose reputed existence in antiquity was used to explain where the Ebionites got their inspiration. However, once he had been accepted as real, a small tradition developed around him that lasted in early learned Christian circles for a few centuries.

Ebion according to the church fathers

Tertullian is the first writer noted for mentioning Ebion, which he does a number of times, mainly related to the notion that Jesus was a man and not divine. As an example, Tertullian writes, if Jesus "were wholly the Son of a man, He should fail to be also the Son of God, and have nothing more than 'a Solomon' or 'a Jonas,'--as Ebion thought we ought to believe concerning Him." In a text called "Against All Heresies", an anonymous work once attributed to Tertullian, Ebion is referred to as the successor to Cerinthus. This places Ebion in the early 2nd century and as part of a particular heretical tradition. By the time Epiphanius wrote his text on heresies, "The Panarion", nearly a century after Tertullian, Ebion had received a birthplace, a hamlet called Cochabe in the district of Bashan, was thought to have travelled through Asia, and even come to Rome.

Jerome believed that Ebion lived at the time of John the Apostle and had been refuted by John for not believing Jesus existed before Mary. He thought that Ebion translated the Old Testament himself and refers to Ebion's baptism.

Notes

References
 Ebionites from the Catholic Encyclopedia at New Advent.
 Ebion from Wm Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
 Patristic evidence for Jewish-Christian sects, By Albertus Frederik Johannes Klijn, G. J. Reinink, Leiden: Brill, 1973.

2nd-century Romans
2nd-century Christianity
Early Jewish Christian sects
Heresy in ancient Christianity

Ebion


Gaspar de Verlit or Gaspar Verlit (1622–1682) was a  Flemish Baroque composer active in Brussels.

Life
He was first chorister and later also a singer at the court chapel in Brussels, choirmaster at St. Vincent's Church in Soignies (Zinnik) and singing master at St. Nicolas Church in Brussels. In 1658, he became chaplain at the court chapel. He published two anthologies:  (1661 and 1668). Further, four more sacred works survive, of which one has not been completely preserved. The Cantiones Natalitiae appeared in 1660. Such Christmas carols were also published by Brussels composer Ioannes Florentius a Kempis, organist at the 'Chapel of Our Lady' Church. His anthology of Christmas carols was published in 1657 while those by Guillielmus Borremans, singing master at the Saint Gaugericus Church, and by Gaspar, were published in 1660.

Sources
The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians, London, 2001
Die Wettener Liederhandschrift und ihre Beziehungen zu den niederlandischen Cantiones Natalitiae des 17. Jahrhunderts by Wilhelm Schepping, editor: Rudolf Rasch, in Tijdschrift van de Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis, D. 29ste, Afl. 1ste (1979), pp. 62–68

External links
Web site with information about the Cantiones Natalititiae

1622 births
1682 deaths
Flemish Baroque composers
17th-century classical composers

Gaspar de Verlit


Muhammad-Shah II was the last Seljuk amir of Kerman, from 1183 until 1186.

Biography

The son of Bahram-Shah, Muhammad-Shah succeeded his uncle Turan-Shah to the throne of Kerman in 1183. By the time of his ascension Kerman had been overrun by bands of Ghuzz Turks. Their devastation of the province had made the city of Bardasir virtually uninhabitable, so Muhammad-Shah made Bam his capital. By 1186, however, Muhammad-Shah been unable to handle the Ghuzz, and he decided to abandon Bam and departed from Kerman. The Ghuzz chief Malik Dinar quickly seized control of Kerman in his place.

Muhammad-Shah at first hoped to receive foreign assistance to reacquire Kerman, and traveled to Fars and Iraq requesting help. He also sought for aid from the Khwarezmshah Ala ad-Din Tekish. Eventually, however, he realized that he could get no assistance in recovering Kerman. He made his way to the Ghurid Empire and spent the remainder of his life in the service of the Ghurid sultans.

Notes

References
Bosworth, C.E. "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217)." The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Edited by J.A. Boyle. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1968.

Seljuk rulers
12th-century rulers

Muhammad-Shah II


The carbonate compensation depth (CCD) is the depth, in the oceans, at which the rate of supply of calcium carbonates matches the rate of solvation.  That is, solvation 'compensates' supply.  Below the CCD solvation is faster, so that carbonate particles dissolve and the carbonate shells (tests) of animals are not preserved.  Carbonate particles cannot accumulate in the sediments where the sea floor is below this depth.

Calcite is the least soluble of these carbonates, so the CCD is normally the compensation depth for calcite.  The aragonite compensation depth (ACD) is the compensation depth for aragonitic carbonates. Aragonite is more soluble than calcite, and the aragonite compensation depth is generally shallower than both the calcite compensation depth and the CCD.

Overview

As shown in the diagram, biogenic calcium carbonate (CaCO3) tests are produced in the photic zone of the oceans (green circles). Upon death, those tests escaping dissolution near the surface settle, along with clay materials. In seawater, a dissolution boundary is formed as a result of temperature, pressure, and depth, and is known as the saturation horizon. Above this horizon, waters are supersaturated and CaCO3 tests are largely preserved. Below it, waters are undersaturated, because of both the increasing solubility with depth and the release of CO2 from organic matter decay, and CaCO3 will dissolve.  The sinking velocity of debris is rapid (broad pale arrows), so dissolution occurs primarily at the sediment surface.

At the carbonate compensation depth, the rate of dissolution exactly matches the rate of supply of CaCO3 from above. At steady state this depth, the CCD, is similar to the snowline (the first depth where carbonate-poor sediments occur). The lysocline is the depth interval between the saturation and carbonate compensation depths.

Solubility of carbonate
Calcium carbonate is essentially insoluble in sea surface waters today. Shells of dead calcareous plankton sinking to deeper waters are practically unaltered until reaching the lysocline, the point about 3.5 km deep past which the solubility increases dramatically with depth and pressure. By the time the CCD is reached all calcium carbonate has dissolved according to this equation:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O <=> Ca^2+ (aq) + 2HCO_3^- (aq)

Calcareous plankton and sediment particles can be found in the water column above the CCD. If the sea bed is above the CCD, bottom sediments can consist of calcareous sediments called calcareous ooze, which is essentially a type of limestone or chalk. If the exposed sea bed is below the CCD tiny shells of CaCO3 will dissolve before reaching this level, preventing deposition of carbonate sediment. As the sea floor spreads, thermal subsidence of the plate, which has the effect of increasing depth, may bring the carbonate layer below the CCD; the carbonate layer may be prevented from chemically interacting with the sea water by overlying sediments such as a layer of siliceous ooze or abyssal clay deposited on top of the carbonate layer.

Variations in value of the CCD

The exact value of the CCD depends on the solubility of calcium carbonate which is determined by temperature, pressure and the chemical composition of the water – in particular the amount of dissolved  in the water. Calcium carbonate is more soluble at lower temperatures and at higher pressures. It is also more soluble if the concentration of dissolved  is higher. Adding a reactant to the above chemical equation pushes the equilibrium towards the right producing more products: Ca2+ and HCO3−, and consuming more reactants  and calcium carbonate according to Le Chatelier's principle.

At the present time the CCD in the Pacific Ocean is about 4200–4500 metres except beneath the equatorial upwelling zone, where the CCD is about 5000 m. In the temperate and tropical Atlantic Ocean the CCD is at approximately 5000 m. In the Indian Ocean it is intermediate between the Atlantic and the Pacific at approximately 4300 meters. The variation in the depth of the CCD largely results from the length of time since the bottom water has been exposed to the surface; this is called the "age" of the water mass. Thermohaline circulation determines the relative ages of the water in these basins. Because organic material, such as fecal pellets from copepods, sink from the surface waters into deeper water, deep water masses tend to accumulate dissolved carbon dioxide as they age. The oldest water masses have the highest concentrations of  and therefore the shallowest CCD. The CCD is relatively shallow in high latitudes with the exception of the North Atlantic and regions of Southern Ocean where downwelling occurs. This downwelling brings young, surface water with relatively low concentrations of carbon dioxide into the deep ocean, depressing the CCD.

In the geological past the depth of the CCD has shown significant variation. In the Cretaceous through to the Eocene the CCD was much shallower globally than it is today; due to intense volcanic activity during this period atmospheric  concentrations were much higher. Higher concentrations of  resulted in a higher partial pressure of  over the ocean. This greater pressure of atmospheric  leads to increased dissolved  in the ocean mixed surface layer. This effect was somewhat moderated by the deep oceans' elevated temperatures during this period.  In the late Eocene the transition from a greenhouse to an icehouse Earth coincided with a deepened CCD.

John Murray investigated and experimented on the dissolution of calcium carbonate and was first to identify the carbonate compensation depth in oceans.

Climate change impacts

Increasing atmospheric concentration of  from combustion of fossil fuels are causing the CCD to rise, with zones of downwelling first being affected. Ocean acidification, which is also caused by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, will increase such dissolution and shallow the carbonate compensation depth on timescales of tens to hundreds of years.

Sedimentary ooze

On the sea floors above the carbonate compensation depth, the most commonly found ooze is calcareous ooze; on the sea floors below the carbonate compensation depth, the most commonly found ooze is siliceous ooze. While calcareous ooze mostly consists of Rhizaria, siliceous ooze mostly consists of Radiolaria and Diatom.

See also
 Carbonate pump
 Great Calcite Belt
 Lysocline
 Ocean acidification

References

Oceanography

Carbonate compensation depth


Alfred William Goldie (10 December 1920, Coseley, Staffordshire – 8 October 2005, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria) was an English mathematician.

Biography
Goldie was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School and then read mathematics at St John's College, Cambridge.  His studies were interrupted by war work on ballistics with the Armament Research Department of the Ministry of Supply, eventually taking his BA in 1942 and MA in 1946.

Academic career
Goldie became an assistant lecturer at the University of Nottingham in 1946.  In 1948 he was appointed lecturer in Pure Mathematics at what was then King's College, Durham (and has been the University of Newcastle upon Tyne since 1963) where he was promoted to senior lecturer in 1958 and reader in algebra in 1960.

In 1963 Goldie was appointed Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Leeds.  He retired from his chair in 1986 with the title emeritus professor.

Goldie won the 1970 Senior Berwick Prize from the London Mathematical Society, where he also served as vice-president from 1978 to 1980.

Goldie worked in ring theory, where he introduced the notion of the uniform dimension of a module, and the reduced rank of a module.  He is well known for Goldie's theorem, which characterizes right Goldie rings.  Indeed, his Independent obituary described him as the "Lord of the Rings".

Personal life
Goldie married Mary Kenyon in 1944.  They had three children (from eldest to youngest): Isobel (Carlyle), Helen, and John. Both Isobel and Helen completed PhDs in Geography, while John completed a degree in Music. Mary died in 1995 and in 2002 he married Margaret Turner, who survived him.

References

Mathematics People, Notices AMS
S C Coutinho and J C McConnell, The Quest for Quotient Rings (Of Noncommutative Noetherian Rings), Amer. Math. Monthly 110 (4) (2003), 298-313.
J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, MacTutor biography of Alfred Goldie
Mathematics Genealogy Project, doctoral students of Alfred Goldie

1920 births
2005 deaths
20th-century  English mathematicians
People educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Nottingham
Academics of the University of Leeds

Alfred Goldie


Lahaina Gateway is a shopping mall located in Lahaina, Hawaii. The mall was completed in April 2008 and covers approximately  of retail space on two floors. It has been managed and owned by various companies, and the mall itself has been in foreclosure on two occasions. Some of the current tenants at the center include Barnes & Noble, Lahaina's Department of Motor Vehicles offices, and a Foodland Farms grocery store. Lahaina Gateway was inspired by traditional Hawaiian architecture, with some of the buildings' facades featuring stucco accents.

Background
Lahaina Gateway opened in April 2008, becoming the largest shopping center in western Maui. The mall was developed by Western Partitions, Inc. with Kiewit Construction serving as its contractor. It took approximately 13 months to construct the  of retail space across 11 acres, with the developer investing $2.8 million USD in the project. TNP Strategic Trust acquired the center, which had gone into foreclosure, in 2011 for approximately US$32 million. However, TNP Chief Executive Anthony Thompson remarked that despite news of foreclosure, the center was receiving strong leasing inquiries. The company bought the mall after selling its other property, Oahu's Waianae Mall, for US$25.7 million. In November 2012, the center went into foreclosure again and was purchased by Strategic Retail Trust from TNP's backers, the Central Pacific Bank. Lahaina Gateway is currently managed by The Festival Companies, according to their official website.

Events
Maui Gift and Craft Fair every Sunday 9–2. Several limited events and fundraisers have occurred at the shopping center since its construction. Annually, during the month of October, Lahaina Gateway hosts various events as part of their Pineapples & Pumpkins Halloween festival. The mall also hosted a classic car show that took place in March 2015. In addition, the annual Wiki Wiki Run takes place near the shopping center.

Design and tenants
The shopping center is designed in the image of traditional Hawaiian towns. It consists of various buildings, some of which have a "plantation style" appearance while others are more influenced by modern architecture. Furthermore, some of the structures contain stucco on their exteriors. Lahaina Gateway is anchored by a Foodland Farms grocery store that sells organic and Maui-grown foods and drinks. Other tenants at the shopping mall include women's retailer Passion 4 Fashion Boutique, the largest Barnes & Noble location in Hawaii, and Lahaina's official Department of Motor Vehicles offices. Cultural center Na Lio Maui was open at the center for a limited run in 2015. Its purpose was to inform tourists and visitors about the history of horses in Hawaiian culture. The Melting Pot, a fondue restaurant, closed at Lahaina Gateway on February 24, 2013, leaving approximately 30 workers unemployed.

References

External links

Lifestyle centers (retail)
Shopping malls in Hawaii
Shopping malls established in 2008
Tourist attractions in Hawaii

Lahaina Gateway


Tapukitea (tapu-ki-tea, holy to Atea (?), the god of space) was the Tongan traditional name for the evening star, Venus. It was named Fetuʻu ʻaho during its morning apparition. It was said to: dwell 6 months in the east and then to dwell 6 months in the west.

A myth obtained from Lesieli Tongamohenoa.

It was said there were 2 fools, Tapu from the eastern district on Tongatapu and Kitea from the western district. When Kitea heard that there was a fool in the east, she went straight on to the east to find him. When she, the female fool Kitea, arrived, he, the male fool Tapu, was hoeing his yam garden. Then she sat down at the end of his patch and yelled: «Male fool come here». He then left his hoe and came to meet the other. Then they went to the home of Tapu, and the woman was fed, and they two stayed in his place. After some time Kitea became pregnant and she said to Tapu that they should go to the west for her to conceive.

Their child was born and it was a boy, and then they decided to name it after themselves, Tapukitea. The boy grew up, but his nature was very misschievous. His parent did not get any rest of mind because of the anger of the chiefs and the people concerning the lad's conduct. They discussed then it would be better to kill their child, so that he could go and stand in  the sky so that they could look up onto him, because they could not stand his behaviour any longer. So was done, and Tapukitea went and stood in the sky, and since that time is his standing in the sky.

Tapukitea/en


Stickler syndrome, is sometimes called Stickler's dysplasia (hereditary progrerssive arthro-ophalmo-dystrophy). It is a rare medical condition discovered by Gunnar B. Stickler in the early 1960s. It affects the way a person produces collagen.

When someone has Stickler's they may have problems with their joints, eyes, ears, heart, and in some rare cases their skin. Stickler syndrome affects around 1 in 10,000 people.
There are six types of Stickler syndrome known, and each has its own gene.

Some people may live long and productive lives if the condition is discovered early on.

Genetic disorders
Ophthalmology
Rheumatology
Syndromes

Stickler syndrome


The Bermuda Pedestal is an oval geological feature in the northern Atlantic Ocean containing the topographic highs of the Bermuda Platform, the Plantagenet (Argus) Bank, and the Challenger Bank. The pedestal is  long and  wide at the 100 fathom line (-185 m), while the base measures 130 km by 80 km at -4200 m.  Surrounding the pedestal is a much larger mid-basin swell known as the Bermuda Rise, measuring 900 km by 600 km at the 5000 m depth contour. The islands of Bermuda are located on the southeastern margin of the Bermuda Pedestal.

The oceanic crust surrounding the Bermuda has an age of about 120 Ma, while the initial uplift of the Bermuda Rise occurred in the Middle to Late Eocene. Erosion continued from that time until the Early Oligocene. Volcaniclastic deposition and erosion ended with subsidence below sea level in the Late Oligocene.  Volcanic basement is at a depth of 75 m across the platform, and 50 m on the island, except for a highpoint near Castle Harbour, at a depth of 15 m. These volcanics consist of tholeiitic lavas and intrusive lamprophyric sheets.

Scientists have long considered the Bermuda Pedestal to be the remains of a large extinct shield volcano that formed between 45 and 35 million years ago. A number of theories have been established to explain the origin of the Bermuda Pedestal. According to one of these theories, it was formed by the volcanic activity of the Bermuda hotspot. In contrast, Peter R. Vogt and Woo-Yeol Jung propose instead that the Bermuda Pedestal possibly formed as a result of a worldwide reorganization of the Earth's tectonic plates due to the closing of the Tethys Ocean when the Indian subcontinent collided with Eurasia.

The size of the Bermuda Pedestal combined with knowledge of other mid-ocean volcanoes (immediately north-eastward of the Bermuda Pedestal is the Bowditch Seamount and a scattering of other seamounts, including Nashville Seamount at the eastern end of the New England Seamounts, together forming the Bermuda-New England Seamount Arc) tells us that the Bermuda volcano originally reached  above sea level and that it took three to ten million years to reduce it to sea level.

See also
Geography of Bermuda
Bermuda hotspot
List of shield volcanoes

References

Volcanoes of Bermuda
Polygenetic shield volcanoes
Eocene volcanoes
Eocene North America

Bermuda Pedestal


Signed, Sealed & Delivered is the twelfth studio album by American recording artist Stevie Wonder. It was released on August 7, 1970, by Tamla. It was also Wonder's third album to be released in 1970 as he had already released two live albums earlier on in the year.

Track listing

Side One
"Never Had a Dream Come True" (Stevie Wonder, Henry Cosby and Sylvia Moy) - 3:13
"We Can Work It Out" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) - 3:19
"Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours" (Lee Garrett, Lula Mae Hardaway, Stevie Wonder and Syreeta Wright) - 2:39
"Heaven Help Us All" (Ron Miller) - 3:13
"You Can't Judge a Book By Its Cover" (Henry Cosby, Pam Sawyer and Stevie Wonder) - 2:32
"Sugar" (Don Hunter and Stevie Wonder) - 2:52

Side Two
"Don't Wonder Why" (Leonard Caston) - 4:54
"Anything You Want Me To Do" (Hunter, Lula Mae Hardaway, Paul Riser and Stevie Wonder) - 2:19
"I Can't Let My Heaven Walk Away" (Joe Hinton and Pam Sawyer) - 2:53
"Joy (Takes Over Me)" (Duke Browner) - 2:12
"I Gotta Have a Song" (Don Hunter, Hardaway, Paul Riser and Stevie Wonder) - 2:32
"Something to Say" (Don Hunter and Stevie Wonder) - 3:26

References

1970 albums
R&B albums
Soul albums
Funk albums
Stevie Wonder albums

Signed, Sealed & Delivered


Sky is a 2015 English-language French-German drama film written and directed by Fabienne Berthaud. It stars Diane Kruger, Norman Reedus, Gilles Lellouche, Lena Dunham, Q'orianka Kilcher and Lou Diamond Phillips. It was shown in the Platform section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was released in France on 6 April 2016 by Haut Et Court, and in Germany on 2 June 2016 by Alamode Films.

Plot
Parisian Romy (Diane Kruger) and her husband Richard (Gilles Lellouche) are vacationing in California. One night at a bar, Richard gets drunk and tries to rape Romy in their hotel room. She hits him on the head with a lamp in self-defense and escapes, believing she has killed him. She buys a car and flees, but later decides to turn herself in. While at the police station she learns that her husband is alive, but hospitalized. She visits him in the hospital, breaks up with him, and decides to remain in America. She hitchhikes to Las Vegas, where she meets a local named Charlene and tries to find work. She borrows her bunny costume to make money getting tourists to pay to be photographed with her and two Elvis impersonators. That night, Romy meets Diego (Norman Reedus). They sleep together, and later he slips his address under her door. When her friend evicts her, Romy travels to Diego's place in the California desert, near the Mexican border. She learns he is a California Park Ranger, and they form a relationship.

Eventually Romy discovers that Diego is dying of cancer. He tries to push her away and tells her to leave, but meanwhile she discovers she is pregnant. Diego at first tells her to have an abortion, but relents and reconciles with her as his condition worsens. Romy remains with Diego until he dies, and later settles on his property with their child.

Cast
 Diane Kruger as Romy
 Norman Reedus as Diego
 Gilles Lellouche as Richard
 Lena Dunham as Billie
 Q'orianka Kilcher as Missy
 Lou Diamond Phillips as Duane
 Joshua Jackson as Detective Ruther
 Laurene Landon as Charlene

Production
In October 2014, it was announced that Diane Kruger had been cast in the film, with Fabienne Bertheaud directing from a screenplay she wrote. In February 2015, it was announced that Norman Reedus, Lena Dunham,  Gilles Lellouche and Q'orianka Kilcher had been cast in the film. It was also announced that Le Bureau and Pandora would produce the film.

Principal photography began in January 2015.

Filming locations

Filming locations for Sky included Barstow, Bombay Beach, Hinkley, Joshua Tree, Landers, Lenwood, Ludlow, Newberry Springs, and Victorville, California.

Release
In February 2015, it was announced that Haut et Court would distribute the film in France. The film had its world premiere at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on 16 September 2015. Shortly after, IFC Films acquired U.S distribution rights to the film. The film was released in France on 6 April 2016. The film was released in the United States in a limited release and through video on demand on 15 April 2016.  Netflix started offering Sky to its US subscribers on 1 August 2016.

References

External links

2015 films
2015 drama films
English-language French films
English-language German films
French drama films
2010s French-language films
German drama films
Films set in the United States
Films shot in California
2010s English-language films
2010s French films
2010s German films

Sky (2015 film)


is a Japanese long-distance runner, who specializes in the marathon. She won the 2008 Tokyo Women's Marathon in a personal best time of 2:23:30 hours. A year later she took the silver medal in the event at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics.

Ozaki has won international team medals with Japan at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. She represented Japan in the marathon at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She is coached by former world marathon medallist Sachiko Yamashita.

Career
Born in Kanagawa Prefecture, she made her senior international debut at the 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and although she finished in 19th place, this was enough to help Japan to the women's team bronze medal. She struck team bronze the following year, this time in the 2007 IAAF World Road Running Championships where she finished 13th overall and ran a half marathon personal best of 1:09:26 hours.

Ozaki opened the 2008 season at the Kagawa Marugame International Half Marathon and she came close to her personal best (1:09:30) to take second place behind Philes Ongori. She made her marathon debut that year at the Nagoya International Women's Marathon and she came close to victory, but her time of 2:26:19 was only enough for second place behind Yurika Nakamura (another athlete making her debut over the distance). Her first win came in only her second outing over the distance as she won the 2008 Tokyo International Women's Marathon in a personal record time of 2:23:30.

She qualified herself for the 2009 World Championships in Berlin and she came in second in a time of 2:25:25, only ten seconds behind Chinese winner Bai Xue. Competing at the 2010 All Japan Corporate Team Half Marathon Championships, she took second place behind defending champion Filomena Cheyech, although her performance as the top finishing Japanese athlete earned her a place on the 2010 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships squad. She finished ninth at the championships in Nanning, a placing which led the Japanese women to the team bronze medal.

She ran at the Yokohama Women's Marathon in February 2011 and broke the course record with a time of 2:23:56, gaining herself a place in the Japanese World Championship squad in the process. However, at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu she did not produce the same form and finished 18th with a time of 2:32:31 hours. She returned to the Yokohama women's race in November but was defeated by the less well-known Ryoko Kizaki in the final stretch. She secured a place on the Olympic team with a strong performance of 2:24:14 hours at the Nagoya Marathon, where she was the first Japanese and runner-up behind Albina Mayorova. She placed 19th at the 2012 Olympic marathon.

The 2013 Tokyo Marathon saw Ozaki finish as the top Japanese in fifth place.

Achievements
All results regarding marathon, unless stated otherwise

Personal bests

All information taken from IAAF profile.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Japanese female long-distance runners
Japanese female marathon runners
Sportspeople from Kanagawa Prefecture
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Japan
Olympic female marathon runners
World Athletics Championships medalists
20th-century Japanese women
21st-century Japanese women

Yoshimi Ozaki


Barra Seca is an official nude beach in Brazil. While elsewhere in Brazil people are generally prohibited to be naked in public places, in Barra Seca you must be nude in the family area (the main part of the beach).  Around the periphery of the beach, nudism is optional.

Barra Seca is the only nude beach in Espirito Santo State and the second recognized as an official nudist beach in the Southeast Region, Brazil region of Brazil. It is located in the municipality of São Mateus, 60 km north of the city of Linhares, on the north coast (Atlantic Ocean) of the state. The beach of Dry Bar was established with the support of the municipal administration, ambient agencies, association of inhabitants and traders of the Pontal health-resort of the Ipiranga and the local community, basically agriculturists and fishing. It is managed by the NatES - Congregação Naturista do Estado do Espírito Santo.

It is 60 kilometers east of Linhares and 200 kilometers north of Vitória.

External links
Portuguese site

Nude beaches
Beaches of Brazil
Tourist attractions in Espírito Santo
Landforms of Espírito Santo
Naturism in Brazil

Barra Seca


Sebastian (died c. 268) was a  Christian saint and martyr. He is said to have been killed during the Roman emperor Diocletian's persecution of Christians.  He is usually depicted in art and literature tied to a post or tree and shot with arrows. This is the most common artistic depiction of Sebastian. However, he was rescued and healed by Irene of Rome. He then criticized the emperor, and was clubbed to death. He is venerated in both the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox churches.

References

256 births
288 deaths
LGBT
Christian saints

Saint Sebastian


Pälkäne is a municipality in Pirkanmaa, Finland. As of 31 December 2021, the municipality had a population of 6,439. Nearby municipalities are Hattula, Hämeenlinna, Kangasala, Padasjoki and Valkeakoski.

The former municipality of Luopioinen was merged on 1 January 2007.

Other websites

 Municipality of Pälkäne – Official website

Municipalities of Pirkanmaa

Pälkäne


Sir Hugh Dacre Barrett-Lennard, 6th Baronet (27 June 1917 – 21 June 2007) was a Catholic priest.  He previously served in the British Army in the Second World War, being mentioned in dispatches and ending the war as a captain. He became a priest of the London Oratory after the war, where he was noted for his eccentricity.

Early life
Barrett-Lennard's father, Sir Fiennes Cecil Arthur Barrett-Lennard (1880–1963), was a British soldier, who fought in the Boer War and in East Africa in the First World War, and became a judge in Malaya, then Johore and Kedah, and finally Chief Justice of Jamaica.

He was educated at Radley College in Oxfordshire.  He and his mother converted to Roman Catholicism in the 1930s.  He became a teacher at St Philip's prep school in Kensington, and was due to join the London Oratory when the Second World War broke out.

Second World War
On the outbreak of World War II, he enlisted in the British Army as a private in the London Scottish. He was commissioned and joined the Intelligence Corps before being transferred to the 2nd Battalion, Essex Regiment, part of the 56th Independent Infantry Brigade.

After the battalion received severe casualties on 11 June/12 June 1944, shortly after the D-Day landings, he took over the post of battalion Intelligence Officer until August 1944. Very early one morning at the time of the Battle of Falaise, he was responsible for a reconnaissance far into German lines in a jeep with only a driver for support. He was thus able to establish for the 56th Brigade and 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division that the Germans had swiftly retreated and advance was possible.

At the farthest extent of their patrol, they spoke to the local mayor while the Germans packed up and left on the other side of the Mairie. When challenged as to his identity by the mayor, Lt. Barrett-Lennard replied "Je suis L'Armee Britannique!"  On return, his driver is reputed to have told all and sundry that Barrett-Lennard was bonkers.

He finished his army career as a captain and had twice been mentioned in dispatches. Two weeks prior to his demobilisation, he was in Berlin, Germany. With the war over, he established a school for soldiers preparing men for their demob and return to civilian life.

Post-war career
Back in London, he joined the London Congregation of the Oratory of St Philip Neri in Knightsbridge.   He studied at the Pontifical Beda College in Rome, and was ordained as a Catholic priest at the Basilica of St John Lateran in Rome in 1950, alongside a German that he had shot at in Normandy.  After his ordination, he became a parish priest at the London Oratory and became a priest to the Royal House Guards. He was one of the priests suggested by Alec Guinness who could help Laurence Olivier convert to Catholicism.

Father Hugh succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of a distant cousin, Sir Richard Barrett-Lennard, 5th Baronet, at Swallowfield Park, Reading on 28 December 1977.

Father Hugh helped at the Mass said in Bayeux Cathedral for the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of D-Day, in 1994. He also addressed the congregation and unveiled a plaque near the cathedral entrance to the soldiers of the 56th Infantry Brigade–the 2nd Battalions of the Essex Regiment, the Gloucestershire Regiment and the South Wales Borderers–who landed on Gold Beach on 6 June 1944 and pushed inland to secure the right flank of the British Second Army by that evening, liberating Bayeux the following day.

A colleague said of him that he shared "St Philip's eccentricity, especially about dress and those type of things. His family had a certain reputation for a lack of grandeur". He apparently inherited this from his eccentric great grandfather, Sir Thomas Barrett-Lennard, 1st Baronet, who wore very old and shabby clothing and had been mistakenly apprehended by the police as a miscreant and also assumed to be a servant when he opened the park gates to a carriage for which he received a tip.

Father Hugh died a few days before his ninetieth birthday.  A Requiem Mass was held at Brompton Oratory on 3 July 2007.  He was succeeded in the baronetcy by a distant cousin, although in July 2012 the baronetcy was still regarded as vacant.

Arms

Notes

1917 births
2007 deaths
People educated at Radley College
Intelligence Corps officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Essex Regiment officers
6
Hugh
20th-century English Roman Catholic priests
London Scottish soldiers
Converts to Roman Catholicism

Hugh Barrett-Lennard


Samhain was an American rock band formed by singer Glenn Danzig in 1983, immediately following his departure from Misfits. Glenn Danzig originally planned Samhain as a side project with Eerie Von. After the Misfits' contentious 1983 dissolution, Samhain became Danzig's full-time band.

Samhain catalogs a transitional period in Glenn Danzig's musical career, bridging the gap between the punk rock/horror punk of the Misfits and the dark, heavy metal- and blues-influenced sound of Danzig. Samhain's lyrics were much darker than those of the Misfits, with themes rooted in paganism and the occult and eventually the horrors of reality, as opposed to the sometimes cartoonish ghouls and ghosts of the Misfits.

Both Samhain and its successor, Danzig, use the same horned skull image originally drawn by artist Michael Golden for the cover of the 1984 comic book The Saga of Crystar No. 8, published by Marvel Comics. The font often used in the wordmarks of Samhain, and later Danzig, is taken from the film The Giant Gila Monster. Danzig took the name of the band from the Irish month of November and pre-Christian, Celtic festival Samhain, the origin of the modern Halloween. The band's name is often mispronounced by fans as "sam-hane"; however, the correct Irish pronunciation is "sau-win". Glenn Danzig correctly pronounces the word in some of the band's lyrics, but pronounces the name of the band "sam-hane".

Samhain released two full-length albums and one EP during their three-year career as an active band. Danzig has said that he wrote two songs ("Death Comes Ripping" and "Bloodfeast") with the intention of using them on the first Samhain album, but instead recorded them with the Misfits for the Earth A.D./Wolfs Blood album in order to round out that band's final series of recordings and release a full album.

History

Original run (1983–1990)
Samhain's debut album, Initium, was released on lead singer Glenn Danzig's independent record label, Plan 9, in August 1984. In various interviews Danzig states that the album's title, which translates from Latin to English as "beginning", represents his new start after disbanding his prior band, The Misfits, in 1983. Most of the final track, "Archangel", was actually recorded in March 1981, and was originally meant to either be a Misfits song featuring Dave Vanian (who never did vocals for the song) or a track for the band The Damned. The track "Horror Biz" likewise dates to Danzig's Misfits era, as it is a new version of "Horror Business" with different musical arrangements. The album was recorded at Reel Platinum studio in Lodi, New Jersey, excluding the introduction which was recorded at Eerie Von's home on a four track cassette.

In 1985, Samhain released their only EP, Unholy Passion. That next year, they released their second studio album titled Samhain III: November-Coming-Fire. The album contains a re-recorded version of the Misfits' "Halloween II". AllMusic wrote that the album "continues to be an influence for both punk and thrash bands". The track "Mother of Mercy" was featured in the 2009 video game Guitar Hero: Metallica. Metallica co-founder James Hetfield lists November-Coming-Fire as one of his top ten albums of all time.

In 1986, Samhain was signed by Rick Rubin to his Def Jam Recordings label. Rubin at first wished only to sign Danzig. He had hoped to assemble a "super-group" with the talented vocalist at the center, but Danzig refused and also refused to agree to the record deal unless bassist Eerie Von could remain in the group. Rubin and Danzig agreed, however, that the band's sound should be taken in a different direction, and so guitarist Damien Marshall was replaced by John Christ. Sometime in 1987, Danzig decided to change the name of Samhain to match his surname, Danzig, a move that would prevent him from ever again having to start anew, regardless of lineup changes. When London May was replaced with Chuck Biscuits on drums, Samhain officially ceased to exist, and the first Danzig lineup was complete, which then prompted the band to sign to Def American Recordings in 1988.

In 1990, Samhain's final album, Final Descent, was released. Material for the album was completed in stages from 1986 to 1990, with one song ("Death... in its Arms") recorded by the band Danzig, including drummer Chuck Biscuits (who had never been a member of Samhain) during the sessions for Danzig II: Lucifuge. On all other tracks, a drum machine was used. As much of the material for Final Descent was intended for a planned Samhain Grim album, its sound and songwriting bridges the gap between 1986's November Coming Fire and 1988's Danzig. In its first pressings, Final Descent also featured new remixed versions of the then out-of-print Unholy Passion EP. Possibly to avoid potential legal disputes with former guitarist Damien Marshall, Danzig had overdubbed/re-recorded all of the original guitar tracks with his own guitar playing. He also created a new track, a remix of the bass and vocal tracks from "I Am Misery", entitled "Misery Tomb".

When the Samhain box set was released in 2000, these remixes were given a CD of their own, taking the place of the original Unholy Passion EP, while the backend of Final Descent was filled out with four unreleased Samhain Grim era tracks, all featuring London May on drums. Among these were earlier, more abrasive arrangements of the eventual Danzig classics "Twist of Cain" and "Possession", a cover of Elvis Presley's "Trouble" (later re-recorded for the 1993 Danzig EP Thrall-Demonsweatlive), and a faster version of "Lords of the Left Hand".

Reunions (1999–2014)
The band briefly reunited in November 1999 to celebrate the release of the Samhain box set. They went on one national tour with the band Danzig headlining. The lineup consisted of Danzig, Zing, May, and then Danzig guitarist Todd Youth. Marshall was initially asked to play guitar, but couldn't as he was already on tour with Iggy Pop.

Samhain would reunite again in October 2011 and 2012 as part of a series of shows called the Danzig Legacy performances. The shows consisted of a set from Danzig, Samhain, and a set of Misfits songs with Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein. Both London May and Steve Zing were part of this reunion.

Samhain reunited for the fourth time to play Riot Fest in September 2014. At that show, they played their debut album Initium in its entirety. The band also played a series of West Coast and East Coast shows from September to November. Peter Adams of the bands Baroness and Valkyrie handled guitar duties.

Another partial reunion took place in 2011 on the Danzig Legacy television special during a set of Samhain songs; "Samhain", and "To Walk the Night". The lineup remained the same with London May and Steve Zing sharing bass and drum duties, and with Tommy Victor playing guitar.

Style
Samhain has been classified as death rock, horror punk, heavy metal, and gothic rock, among others. Their style was described by AllMusic as a fusion of punk and heavy metal with elements of "goth".

Sometimes, Glenn Danzig could be seen donning a bizarre horned leather S&M mask, and occasionally he and his bandmates went onstage covered in blood. Danzig would play guitar on live performances of the song "Archangel", while the regular guitarist strapped on a bass guitar to perform a second bassline.

Members
Glenn Danzig – vocals, guitar, keyboards, drums
Eerie Von – bass , drums
London May – drums , bass
Pete "Damien" Marshall – guitar
Steve Zing – drums , bass
John Christ – guitar
Brian Baker – bass (1983)
Lyle Preslar – guitar (1983)

Touring musicians
Todd Youth – guitar
Tommy Victor – guitar
Peter Adams – guitar

Session musicians
Al Pike – bass
Lyle Preslar – guitar
Chuck Biscuits – drums

Discography
Studio albums
Initium (1984)
Samhain III: November-Coming-Fire (1986)
Final Descent (1990)

EPs
Unholy Passion (1985)

Compilation albums
Box Set (2000)

 Live albums
Samhain Live '85–'86 (2001)

References

External links

American death rock groups
American gothic rock groups
American punk rock groups
American heavy metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups from New Jersey

Samhain (band)