Elbing is a city in Butler County, Kansas, United States.  It is named after the city Elbląg (German: Elbing) in northern Poland, formerly Prussia.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 226.  It is located about 10.7 miles east of Interstate 135 in Newton, along the Union Pacific Railroad.

History

Early history

For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans.  From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America.  In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

19th century

In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France.  In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.

In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state.  In 1855, Butler County was established within the Kansas Territory, which included the land for modern day Elbing.

In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a branch line north–south from Herington through Elbing to Caldwell.  It foreclosed in 1891 and was taken over by Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, which shut down in 1980 and reorganized as Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas Railroad, merged in 1988 with Missouri Pacific Railroad, merged in 1997 with Union Pacific Railroad.  Most locals still refer to this railroad as the "Rock Island".

The track passed through the land of Jacob W. Regier in section 17 of the Fairmount Township in Butler county in south central Kansas. The Regiers sold  of section 17 to the Elbing Town Company for $5,000. The 1/4 mile by 1/2 mile plot ran along the west side of the CK&NR tracks. The railroad wanted to call the town Regier but Mr. Regier suggested three other possibilities: Elbing, Danzig and Marienburg, all cities in Prussia where he had lived. Elbing was chosen. The town was founded May 18, 1887. Within a few months people began to build houses and businesses in Elbing. By November four passenger trains (two in each direction) served Elbing. The trains also provided mail delivery and pick-up twice daily.

A post office was established in Worth (an extinct town) on March 16, 1886, but it was moved to Elbing on November 2, 1887.

School district 160 for the Elbing community was established in 1887 and provided public education for several local primary school students. The original frame building was replaced by a red brick building in 1919. The brick building stands vacant today and has not been used for classes for about twenty years. Now, Elbing students who attend a public school travel to nearby Whitewater, Kansas for grades K-8 or to nearby Burns, Kansas for grades 9-12.

The Methodist Episcopal Church, Elbing's first church, was built in 1905, but the church disbanded in 1937. The Missionary Church, built in Elbing in 1910, was used until the 1960s when the congregation moved to nearby Newton, Kansas. The building was razed in 1975. The Zion Mennonite Church, which was built in Elbing in 1924, is the only church which remains in town.

Elbing grew slowly. By 1895 it had a few businesses and 50 residents. By the turn of the century telephone service was available to the residents of Elbing on a party-line basis–four families for each telephone line. By 1910 the population had reached 100 and the town had several businesses: general store (with a post office), hardware store, implement store, bank, blacksmith shop, lumber yard, barber shop, cafe, and hotel. The town also had a doctor. Electricity did not come to Elbing until 1929 and residents had to provide their own water from wells or cisterns until the city installed a citywide water system in 1967. The city sewer system was installed in 1972. Until then each residence had its own septic tank.

In 1919 the first of several oil wells were drilled near Elbing. As a result of the oil boom, Elbing grew dramatically for a brief time. Although the town's population increased for a few years, the new residents had little lasting effect upon the town. The oil field rapidly declined and a fire destroyed much of Elbing in 1933. Although new residences were eventually rebuilt, Elbing never regained its businesses. For several decades downtown Elbing included only a grocery/hardware store, a gas station/garage, a post office, and a grain elevator. Elbing's grocery/hardware store closed a little over a year ago. Today the garage and grain elevator are the only downtown businesses.

In 1946, Berean Academy was founded at the south end of Elbing. Although it began with fifteen students in grades nine and ten, it quickly expanded to include grades nine through twelve. By the 1970 Berean Academy had an enrollment of 300 students. Today, Berean Academy includes gradesK-12 and has an enrollment of about 260 students. The academy was established as a Mennonite school, but in 1966 it dropped its Mennonite distinctives to become an interdenominational Christian school. Berean Academy, probably more than any business or group of people, has sustained the life of Elbing. Although the town has several residents who are retired or are employed in nearby towns, a significant number of families reside in Elbing because of their connection to Berean Academy. Some live here because they teach at the school and others make it their home here so that their children can attend Berean Academy.

Today Elbing has about 350 residents. It still has only three north and south streets (Main, Regier, and Johnson); and with the exception of about  that was added at the south end by annexing Berean Academy, it is still 1/4 mile wide and 1/2 mile long. The area surrounding Elbing is mostly devoted to grain farming–primarily red winter wheat and sorghum grain. Nearby farms also raise a few cattle and hogs. During the last three decades almost forty houses have been built in Elbing, so only a few of its original lots remain unoccupied. The town still has a small Post Office and is in the process of building its first fire station. Until the fire station is in operation, Elbing continues to depend upon the help of volunteer firemen and the fire protection services of nearby Newton, Kansas.

In 1961, Frederic Remington High School was built immediately north of Brainerd.  Leading up to this new school, Whitewater, Potwin, Brainerd, Elbing, Furley, Countryside, and Golden Gate schools merged to form a joint rural high school. Heated opposition between Whitewater and Potwin occurred during the discussion for the location of the new high school.  Rural voters pushed for a centralized location in neither town.  A public vote was passed to build the new school near Brainerd.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Elbing has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics

In 2014, Elbing was ranked the most conservative city in Kansas.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 229 people, 73 households, and 63 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 77 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 99.6% White and 0.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.

There were 73 households, of which 47.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.3% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 13.7% were non-families. 11.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.14 and the average family size was 3.38.

The median age in the city was 30.8 years. 36.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.5% were from 25 to 44; 21.4% were from 45 to 64; and 17% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.0% male and 48.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 218 people, 73 households, and 62 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 77 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 94.95% White, 2.75% African American, and 2.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.75% of the population.

There were 73 households, out of which 43.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 79.5% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.7% were non-families. 11.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 35.8% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,417, and the median income for a family was $49,375. Males had a median income of $40,750 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,513. None of the families and 0.8% of the population were living below the poverty line.

Government
The Elbing consists of a mayor and five council members.  The council meets once a month.
 City Hall, 215 Main St.

Education

Primary and secondary
The community is served by Remington USD 206 public school district.  The Remington High School mascot is a Bronco.
 Frederic Remington High School north of Brainerd.
 Remington Middle School in Whitewater.
 Remington Elementary School in Potwin.

Elbing is home to a private school:
 Berean Academy, 201 South Elbing Road in Elbing.

Media

Print
 The Newton Kansan, regional newspaper from Newton.
 The Wichita Eagle, major regional newspaper from Wichita.

Radio
Elbing is served by numerous radio stations of the Wichita-Hutchinson listening market area, and satellite radio.  See Media in Wichita, Kansas.

Television
Elbing is served by over-the-air ATSC digital TV of the Wichita-Hutchinson viewing market area, cable TV, and satellite TV.  See Media in Wichita, Kansas.

Infrastructure

Transportation
The Oklahoma Kansas Texas (OKT) line of the Union Pacific Railroad runs north–south through the east side of the city.  Elbing had a depot when the city was founded but was removed in the 1970s.

See also
 Fairmount Township, Butler County, Kansas (location of Elbing)

References

Further reading

External links

 Elbing - Directory of Public Officials
 Elbing city map, KDOT
 Topo Map of Elbing / Newton area, USGS

Cities in Kansas
Cities in Butler County, Kansas
Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area
Populated places established in 1887

Elbing, Kansas


The Ordos Plateau, also known as the Ordos Basin or simply the Ordos, is a highland sedimentary basin in parts of most Northern China with an elevation of , and consisting mostly of land enclosed by the Ordos Loop, a large northerly rectangular bend of the Yellow River. It is China's second largest sedimentary basin (after the Tarim Basin) with a total area of , and includes territories from five provinces, namely Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and a thin fringe of Shanxi (western border counties of Xinzhou, Lüliang and Linfen), but is demographically dominated by the former three, hence is also called the Shaan-Gan-Ning Basin.  The basin is bounded in the east by the Lüliang Mountains, north by the Yin Mountains, west by the Helan Mountains, and south by the Huanglong Mountains, Meridian Ridge and Liupan Mountains.

The name "Ordos" (Mongolian: ) comes from the orda, which originally means "palaces" or "court" in Old Turkic.  The seventh largest prefecture of Inner Mongolia, Ordos City, is similarly named due to its location within the Ordos Loop.

The Ming Great Wall cuts southwesternly across the center of the Ordos region, roughly separating the sparsely populated north (or "upper Ordos", which is actually lower in elevation than the "lower Ordos" south) — considered the Ordos proper — from the agricultural south (or "lower Ordos", i.e. northern part of the Loess Plateau).  The north Ordos consists mainly of the arid Ordos Desert (subdivided into the Mu Us and Kubuqi deserts), which is administered by Inner Mongolia's Ordos City, but the floodplains along the banks of Ordos Loop's northern bends are fertile grasslands historically known as the Hetao Plains ("river loop" plains), which is subdivided into the "west loop" (within Ningxia) and "east loop" (within Inner Mongolia, further divided into "front loop" and "back loop") sections.  The Inner Mongolian cities of Hohhot (provincial capital), Baotou, Bayannur and Wuhai (its third, fourth, eighth and eleventh most populous prefectures respectively), and all of Ningxia's cities except Guyuan, are all located on these riverside plains along the Hetao region.  Throughout Chinese history, the Hetao region was of major strategic importance and therefore hotly contested against various Eurasian nomads such as Di and Rong (Shang and Zhou dynasties), Xiongnu (Qin and Han dynasty), Rouran (Northern Wei), Eastern Göktürk (Sui and Tang dynasty) and Mongols (Ming dynasty).

The more populous south Ordos is traversed by the upper reaches of Wei River's two largest tributaries, the Jing and Luo Rivers, whose valleys cut through the mountain ranges east of Tianshui and south of Pingliang, Qingyang and Yan'an to drain into the crescentic Guanzhong Plain on the other side.  The south Ordos and the Guanzhong Plain together were one of the cradles of Chinese civilization and remains densely populated throughout history.  The largest city in the Guanzhong region, Xi'an, is the 10th largest Chinese city and the most populous settlement in the entire Northwest China, and had long served as the capital of China in more than a dozen ancient dynasties.

The area is of high archaeological interest. Skeletal remains and artifacts show the Ordosian culture occupied the area in the Upper Paleolithic. The late Neolithic saw the development or introduction of the Zhukaigou culture, which was followed by the iron-wielding Ordos culture.

Geography
The Yellow River flows from its source in the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve on the Tibetan Plateau in a roughly eastern course before turning northwest after its confluence with the Bai He ("White River") in Maqu County, Gansu. After reversing course back towards the east, it begins the massive Ordos Loop by turning northwards at Zhongning County in Ningxia. It runs northwards about , leaving the Loess Plateau—whose eroded silt produces the river's yellow color—for the Ordos proper before turning east in Inner Mongolia. It continues this course for about  before Shaanxi's Lüliang Mountains force it sharply southwards. The eastern side of the loop runs about , re-entering the Loess Plateau before reaching its confluence with the Wei River at Tongguan in Shaanxi and again turning sharply eastward. It then flows through Henan's Hangu Pass to enter the North China Plain.

The Wei River largely forms a southern side of the imperfect rectangle formed by these curves of the Yellow River, flowing about  through the Loess Plateau from a source not far from its southwestern corner to a confluence at the southeastern corner. The Qin Mountains—including the famous Mount Hua—separate its watershed from that of the Han River, which flows south to a confluence with the Yangtze at Wuhan.

Underlying the loess plateau is one of the largest coal beds in China.

Climate
Rainfall and therefore population decreases rapidly as one moves north. The Wei River valley on the south is densely populated and is one of the ancient centers of Chinese civilization. The north is grassland and desert (Ordos desert) and is part of Inner Mongolia. Because of its low and variable rainfall the region was once notorious for drought and famine.

Along the two rivers
At the southwest corner near where the Yellow River emerges from the Tibetan Plateau is Lanzhou, the westernmost large city in north China and the capital of Gansu. To the west of Lanzhou is Xining from whence caravans (and now the railway) started for Lhasa. North of Xining the Gansu or Hexi Corridor runs along the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. This corridor and the Wei River valley became the main silk road route from China proper to the Tarim basin and westward. Downriver (north) from Lanzhou is a gorge through Gaolan County and Baiyin. The river emerges from the mountains and enters Ningxia near Zhongwei. It runs east with the Tengger Desert in Inner Mongolia to the north and hills to the south. It turns north through dry country to past the Qingtongxia dam to the irrigated area around Wuzhong City. It continues north past Yinchuan, the capital of Ningxia. To the west are the Helan Mountains. The river leaves the northern tip of Ningxia south of Wuhai, flows through desert and enters a large irrigated area at Dengkou. At the northwest corner the Lang Shan mountains force the river to turn east near Linhe. Here there is an irrigated area between the mountains and river and desert to the southeast.  Near the center of the northern stretch is the large town and irrigated area of Baotou. The main road south runs from Baotou to Xi'an. About 70 miles northeast of the northeast bend is Hohot, the capital of Inner Mongolia. The river turns south, enters the loess plateau and forms a gorge at least 200 feet below the surrounding hills. There are no large towns in this region. There is a dam apparently called Wanjia and another further south and then the Hukou Waterfall of the Yellow River, the second highest in China. The river leaves the gorge near Hancheng, receives the Fen River from the east and the Wei River from the west. At its juncture with the Wei the Yellow River turns east toward the North China Plain. One can go upstream on the Wei with the Qin Mountains with Mount Hua on the south past Weinan to Xi'an, a former capital of China and now a large city. West of Xi'an is Xianyang, the Qin dynasty capital. The river exits the mountains west of Baoji. There is a dam, the river narrows and becomes yellow and the railroad needs many bridges and tunnels all the way to Tianshui. Upstream various tributaries extend in the direction of Lanzhou.

History

Although this rectangular area is obvious on a map, the north and south of the area are so different that the region cannot be said to have a common history.

The south and east of the plateau belong historically and culturally to China, for which see Prehistory and History of China.

The north and west, the grassland and desert, belongs historically and culturally to nomads. The region had been occupied by humans since at least Upper Paleolithic, when the culture may be known as the Ordosian culture. The Ordosian culture, also sometimes called the Ordos culture,  is documented from the Upper Palaeolithic. The points and sides of their tools indicate a "Moustero-Levalloisian" element. They seemed to have a masterful knowledge of Upper Palaeolithic technology, producing blades as much as fifteen centimeters long.

By about 1000 BC Chinese civilization was centered on the west side of the North China Plain with an extension up the Wei valley and a northern extension up the Fen River. The lower Wei valley is still one of the most densely populated areas in China. Rulers based in the Wei valley had an advantage since the mountains to the east made a natural fortification and war horses were readily available from the northern grasslands. The Zhou dynasty and the Qin dynasty started in the Wei valley. Xi'an on the lower Wei was several times the capital of China. By the Tang dynasty the economic center of China had shifted to the Yangzi valley and the Wei region became partly dependent of food imported up the Grand Canal.

The Ordosian culture was followed by the Zhukaigou culture of the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age. While the Zhukaigou culture population appears to have been exclusively Mongoloid, as known from their skeletal remains and artifacts, the Ordos culture is thought to have been the most eastern extension of Eurasian nomads, and at least partly of Europoid peoples.  Under the Qin and Han dynasties the area came under at least loose Chinese control. The Zhukaigou culture is one of the neolithic cultures at Ordos, dated between 2200 and 1500 BC. It is associated with about 327 burials, with recent maternal genetic evidence showing that they were related to the remains from Yinniugou, as well as modern populations like Daurs and Evenks. The archaeological finds at the site are similar to those of the lower Xiajiadian culture. These finds are important as they are associated with the development of snake pattern designs on the decoration of weapon and animal-depicting artifacts which later would become a characteristic style of the Ordos. The skeletal remains at Taohongbala (桃紅巴拉) tomb dated to between the 7th and 6th centuries BC are generally identified as belonging to the Xiongnu bronze culture and show strong Mongoloid features. A similar type of burial at Hulusitai around Bayannur, uncovered in 1979 and dated to between the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, is considered the only Xiongnu site along the northern slope of Yinshan. The site consisted of mainly bronze artifacts and pottery and 27 horse skeletal remains. Further excavation in 1983 at Guoxianyaozi uncovered a total of 31 burials dated to the 6th to 5th century BC revealing strong north Mongoloid features. These generally decreased towards the south, and skeletal remains of east and north Mongoloid type can be seen from finds in Maoqinggou and Yinniugou dated to around the 7th century BC, amounting to a total of 117 burials. Many bronze weapons of these cultures are similar to those of Chinese style. Depictions of the Ordos people tend to show straight hair. This is especially true of  archaeological finds from Baotou (M63:22, M63:23, M84:5), Etuoke (M1, M6), Xihaokou (M3), lower Woertuhao (M3:1), and Mengjialiang.

Horse nomads occupied the area of the Ordos Plateau previously settled by the Zhukaigou culture from the 6th to the 2nd century BC, creating the Ordos culture, before being driven away by the Xiongnu. The Ordos Plateau contained the best pasture lands on the Asian steppe.

The Ordos are mainly known from their skeletal remains and artifacts. The Ordos culture of about 500 BC to AD 100 is known for its "Ordos bronzes", blade weapons, finials for tent-poles, horse gear, and small plaques and fittings for clothes and horse harness, using animal style decoration with relationships both with the Scythian art of regions much further west, and also Chinese art. Its relationship with the Xiongnu is controversial; for some scholars they are the same, and for others different. Many buried metal artefacts have emerged on the surface of the land as a result of the progressive desertification of the region. According to Iaroslav Lebedynsky, they are thought to be the easternmost people of Scythian affinity to have settled here, just to the east of the better-known Yuezhi. Because the people represented in archaeological finds tend to display Europoid features, also earlier noted by Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen, Lededynsky suggests the Ordos to be of Scythian affinity. The weapons, found in tombs throughout the steppes of the Ordos, are very close to those of the Scythians, known on the Asian Steppe as Sakas.

The Ordos were in contact and often at war with the pre-Han and Han populations of the period. Their former territory is now located just north of the Great Wall of China, and on the south bank of the northernmost hook of the Yellow River. The western neighbours of Ordos may have been identical with the Yuezhi who, after being vanquished by the Xiongnu, migrated to southern Asia to form the Kushan empire. They were also culturally related to another nomadic tribe to the east, the Eastern Hu (), who shared a similar "art of the steppes," but appear to have been Mongoloids. They may also have been related to the Di people of Chinese annals.

In Chinese accounts, the Xiongnu first appear at Ordos in the Yizhoushu and Shanhaijing during the Warring States period before it was occupied by Qin and Zhao. It is generally thought to be their homeland, however when exactly they came to occupy the region is unclear, and it might have been much earlier than traditionally thought, as suggested by archaeological finds. As the Xiongnu expanded southward into Yuezhi territory around 160 BC under their leader Modun, the Yuezhi in turn defeated the Sakas (Scythians) and pushed them away at the Issyk Kul. It is thought the Xiongnu also occupied the Ordos area during the same period, when they came in direct contact with the Chinese. From there, the Xiongnu conducted numerous devastating raids into Chinese territory (167, 158, 142, 129 BC). The Han Dynasty started to fight the Xiongnu in the 2nd century BC under emperor Han Wudi, and colonized the area of the Ordos under Shuofang commandery in 127 BC. Prior to the campaign, there were already commanderies established earlier by Qin and Zhao until they were overrun by the Xiongnu in 209 BC.

See also
 Hetao
 Ordos Block
 Six Frontier Towns

References

Citations

Sources

Huang, Weiwen, Salawusu Relic. Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.
Kozłowski, J. K., "The problem of the so-called Ordos culture in the light of the Palaeolithic finds from northern China and southern Mongolia", 1982, Folia Quaternaria 39: 63-99

Ma, Liqing (2005). The Original Xiongnu, An Archaeological Exploration of the Xiongnu's History and Culture. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University Press. .

Wuen, Taohongbala Tombs. Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.

Plateaus of China
Regions of China

Ordos Plateau


Martín Fernández de Navarrete y Ximénez de Tejada (November 9, 1765 – October 8, 1844), was a Spanish noble, grandson of the Marquess of Ximenez de Tejada,  knight of the Order of Malta, politician and historian. He was a Spanish senator and Director of the Spanish Royal Academy of History (1824-1844).

He rediscovered Las Casas' abstract of the journal Columbus kept, known as the Diario, of his first voyage. His principal work is the Colección de los viages y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los españoles desde fines del siglo XV (Collection of the voyages and discoveries made by the Spaniards since the late 15th century), a vast work published in five volumes that Navarrete wrote by appointment of the Spanish Crown. As a result of this achievement, he has acquired the nickname El Marino Historiador (The Mariner Historian).

Navarrete was a member of all the major Spanish and international Science and Arts Academies of his time.

Early life and military career

He was born at Ábalos, La Rioja in 1765 in Abalos Palace, the main Fernández de Navarrete family property in La Rioja region. This building currently houses his personal archive, that includes samples of his epistolary relation with some of the most important personalities of the time like Alexander Von Humboldt, Washington Irving or Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos

His grandfather was Martin Fernández de Navarrete y Zárate (born 1684 in Navarrete) knight of the order of Calatrava, who married Catalina Ramírez de la Piscina, descendant of the king of Navarre and the Cid .

His father was Francisco Fernández de Navarrete Ramirez de la Piscina. His mother was Catalina Ximénez de Tejada y Argaiz, daughter of the Marquess of Ximénez de Tejada and niece of the 69th Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Francisco Ximénez de Tejada (1700-1774)

Martin Fernández de Navarrete Ximénez de Tejada received part of his education at the Real Seminario de Nobles de Vergara - the Royal Seminary of Nobles located in Vergara. He entered the navy in 1780 and was later engaged in the unsuccessful operations in 1782 during the Great Siege of Gibraltar, and afterwards in the suppression of Algerine pirates.

Health compelled him for a time to withdraw from active service, but he devoted this forced leisure to historical research, and in 1789 he was appointed by the crown to examine the national archives relating to the maritime history of Spain.

The Marine Historian

He rejoined the navy in 1793 and was present at the siege of Toulon. Afterwards he received command of a frigate.

From 1797 to 1808 he held in succession various important posts in the ministry of marine.

In 1808 the French invasion caused him serious problems, as Napoleon Bonaparte instituted his brother Joseph Bonaparte as king of Spain during the French invasion of Spain (1808-1814).

The French invaders wanted Martín Fernández Navarrete as Minister of the Navy, but Navarrete refused the offer.

This instability finally led to Martin Fernandez de Navarrete to withdraw from Madrid, and made him participate in the Cortes of Cádiz, in Andalusia, where the new Spanish Constitution was being voted while most of the rest of Spain was under occupation by Napoleon's troops .

The rest of his life was entirely devoted to literature and politics. In 1819 appeared, as an appendix to the Academy's edition of Don Quixote, his Vida de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, and in 1825 the first two volumes of the Colección de los viajes y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los españoles desde el fin del siglo XV (3rd vol., 1829; 4th vol., 1837) -Collection of the voyages and discoveries made by the spaniards since the late 15th century.

This vast work was a compendium of the Spanish naval discoveries in America and Asia, that led to the construction of the Spanish Empire.

In 1837 he was made a senator. In 1824 he was appointed director of the Spanish Royal Academy of History. At the time of his death in Madrid in 1844 he was assisting in the preparation of the Colección de Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de España. His Disertación sobre la Historia de la Nautica (1846) and Biblioteca Maritima Española (1851). were published posthumously.

Martín Fernández de Navarrete Ximénez de Tejada portrait painted by the son of great painter Vicente López Portaña is presently presiding the Board of Trustees' hall of the Naval Museum of Madrid.

Another portrait of Martin Fernández de Navarrete Ximénez de Tejada presides the main staircase of the Royal Academy of History in Madrid.

Jobs and distinctions
Knight of the Order of Malta
Spanish State Counselor
Spanish Senator
Director of the Spanish Royal Academy of History (1824-1844)
Vice-protector of the Royal Academy of Noble Arts of San Fernando,
Dean of the Royal Spanish Academy of Language,
Born member of the Spanish Admiralty Board
Great Cross of the Royal American Order of Ysabel la Católica
Member of the Council of Spain
Member of the Council of the Indies
Director of Spanish Hydrographic Depot
Martin Fernández de Navarrete Ximénez de Tejada was also a member of the following academies:
Individual of the Institut de France
Commander of the Legion of Honor of France
Academy of History of Rio de Janeiro
Academy of San Lucas of Rome
Academy of Sciences of Turin
Academy of Berlin
Antiquarian Societies of Copenhagen and Normandy
American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia
Academies of Geography of Paris and London
Sociedad Economica Matritense

and of several other Academies of the Kingdom of Spain

Main works

 Fernández de Navarrete, Martín (1825–37) Colección de los viages y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los españoles desde fines del siglo XV: con varios documentos inéditos concernientes á la historia de la marina castellana y de los establecimientos españoles en Indias, 5 vols., Madrid: Imprensa Real. v.1 (1825), v.2 (1825), v.3 (1829), v.4 (1837), v. 5 (1837)
 Vida de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, escrita e ilustrada con varias noticias y documentos inéditos pertenecientes a la historia y literatura de su tiempo. Madrid, 1819.[1]
 Disertación sobre la historia de la náutica. Madrid, 1846.
 Biblioteca marítima española. Obra póstuma del señor Martín Fernández de Navarrete. Madrid: Viuda de Calero, 1851, 2 volúmenes.
 Viajes de Américo Vespucio. Ed. Espasa-Calpe. Madrid, 2003. .
 Colección de Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de España. Inacabado. Madrid, 1844.
 Disertación Histórica sobre la parte que tuvieron los españoles en las guerras de Ultramar o de las Cruzadas [...]. Tomo V. Real Academia de la Historia. Madrid . 1816

References

Bibliography

 Fernández de Navarrete, Martín  (1825–37) Colección de los viages y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los españoles desde fines del siglo XV: con varios documentos inéditos concernientes á la historia de la marina castellana y de los establecimientos españoles en Indias, 4 vols.,  Madrid: Imprensa Real.v.1 (1825), v.2 (1825), v.3 (1829), v.4 (1837).
 Cáseda Teresa, J. F. Martín Fernández de Navarrete y la literatura de su tiempo. Instituto de Estudios Riojanos. Gibierno de la Rioja. Logroño, 2000.
 Juretschke, Hans. Los Afrancesados en la Guerra de la Independencia. Biblioteca de la Historia de España. SARPE, Madrid 1986.
 Pando Villarroya, José Luis de. Colón y Fernández de Navarrete. Pando Ediciones . Madrid. 1984.
 Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval. Martín Fernández de Navarrete. El marino Historiador. (1765-1844). Cuadernos Monográficos del Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval. Nº 24 Madrid. 1995.

External links

1765 births
1844 deaths
People from La Rioja
Spanish naval officers
Maritime historians
Afrancesados

Martín Fernández de Navarrete


Yellowwood may refer to:

Plants
 Afrocarpus spp., a genus of conifers native to Africa, Afrocarpus falcatus (Syn.: Podocarpus falcatus), common, smooth-barked, bastard, small-leaved yellowwood, Afrocarpus gracilior (Syn.: Podocarpus gracilior), East African yellowwood, Outeniqua yellowwood
 Annickia spp., African yellowwood
 Alstonia spectabilis, milky yellowwood
 Berberis vulgaris
 Cassine crocea, yellowwood, saffron wood
 Cladrastis spp., a genus of trees in the family Fabaceae
 Cladrastis kentukea spp., a tree indigenous to the south eastern United States, American, Kentucky yellowwood
 Cladrastis delavayi (Syn.: Cladrastis sinensis), Chinese yellowwood
 Coprosma linariifolia, a shrub or small tree of New Zealand
 Cornus sericea (Syn.: Cornus stolonifera)
 Cotinus coggygri (Syn.: Rhus cotinus)
 Euxylophora paraensis, Brazilian yellowwood, yellowheart
 Flindersia xanthoxyla, a tall rainforest tree from Australia in the family Rutaceae
 Frangula alnus, Frangula caroliniana
 Maackia amurensis, Chinese yellowwood
 Maclura pomifera, a fruit in the family Moraceae
 Ochrosia, a genus in the family Apocynacaeae native to southeastern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific
 Podocarpus spp., a genus of conifers of the family Podocarpaceae, Breede River yellowwood, Podocarpus henkelii, Henkel's, Falcate, Drankensberg, Natal, long-leaved, (East) Griqualand yellowwood, Podocarpus guatemalensis, British Honduras yellowwood, Podocarpus latifolius, real, true, broad-leaved, upright yellowwood
 Rhodosphaera spp., Rhodosphaera rhodanthema, deep yellowwood
 Rhus coriaria
 Sarcomelicope simplicifolia (big yellowwood), a small rainforest tree from Australia in the family Rutaceae
 Zanthoxylum spp., Zanthoxylum americanum, a shrub of North America, little yellowwood Zanthoxylum ovalifolium and for thorny yellowwood, Zanthoxylum pinnatum, Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum or Zanthoxylum piperitum etc.

Other
 Yellowwood Park
 Yellowwood State Forest, a state forest in Brown County, Indiana

Yellowwood


Hem Heath Woods is a nature reserve of the Staffordshire Wildlife Trust.

It is on the southern fringe of Stoke-on-Trent, England. Its northern boundary is at the A5035 road at Hem Heath; the southern boundary is adjacent to the Wedgwood visitor centre at Barlaston.

Description
The area of the reserve is . There are four woods: the Oaks, at the southern end, is known to have been woodland for over 400 years; Newstead Woods, Newpark Plantation and Hem Heath were planted, on former farmland, in the mid-1800s. Although parts of the site may once have been heathland, there is no heath today. There is a network of walking trails in the woods.

The woodland is managed so that it can regenerate naturally, and remain as woodland in the long term. Individual trees or small groups of trees may be felled so that a more open canopy will let seedlings establish themselves. The management of the wood is intended to ensure that a range of trees is maintained. The species include oak, ash, cherry, sycamore and beech. An understorey of woody shrubs is encouraged, including hazel, rowan and hawthorn, which provide homes for wildlife.

References

Nature reserves in Staffordshire
Forests and woodlands of Staffordshire
Ancient woods in England

Hem Heath Woods


John of Eltham, 1st Earl of Cornwall (15 August 1316 – 13 September 1336) was the second son of Edward II of England and Isabella of France. He was heir presumptive to the English throne until the birth of his nephew Edward, the Black Prince.

Life

John was born in 1316 at Eltham Palace, Kent, the second son of Edward II of England and Isabella of France. On 6 October 1328, at the age of twelve, he was created Earl of Cornwall. Caught in the throes of the war between his father, Edward II, and his mother, Isabella, his growing years were turbulent. He was passed between his parents and was even held in the Tower of London for a time before his brother, Edward III, led a coup against their mother and assumed his majority.

Information on John is scant, but by most historical accounts he was highly competent, and highly trusted by Edward. He was named "Guardian of the Realm" when Edward III was out of the country, was asked to open Parliament in Edward's absence, and was named Warden of the northern Marches, which gave him virtual autonomy in that portion of England.

As the younger brother of the English monarch, since early childhood marital negotiations were made for John: in March 1328 Edward III entered into negotiations for a marriage between his brother and María Díaz de Haro, heiress of the Lordship of Biscay. By contract signed on 28 September 1334, John was then betrothed with Maria de La Cerda, Lady of Lunel and daughter of Ferdinand de la Cerda (grandson of King Alfonso X of Castile) by his wife Juana Núñez de Lara, Lady of Lara. A dispensation was sought, but the contract was abandoned when relations between Edward III and King Philip VI of France worsened in late 1334. Marie married Charles d'Évreux at Poissy in April 1335. In December 1335 were made negotiations for a marriage with Joan, Countess of Penthièvre and heiress of the Duchy of Brittany; however, it doesn't seem that these arrangement resulted in an official betrothal.

At sixteen he was a key commander in the Battle of Halidon Hill (1333), a devastating defeat for the Scots. Later he commanded an army in the southwest of Scotland that put down resistance to Edward Balliol, whose claims to the Scottish throne were supported by England.
According to Scottish accounts, who view John as a ruthless destroyer, he burned down Lesmahagow Abbey when it was filled with people who had sought sanctuary from the wrath of the English troops. As the Scottish chronicler John of Fordun tells it, this violation of the sacred laws of sanctuary so enraged King Edward III that he killed his own brother in fury. According to modern historian Tom Beaumont James, this tale "challenges the distinction between history and story."

John died at Perth, probably from a fever, shortly after turning 20. In January 1337, Edward buried his brother with all honours in a beautiful alabaster-carved tomb in Westminster Abbey, and regularly had masses said for his soul.

Ancestry

Arms

As Earl of Cornwall, John had use of the coat of arms of the kingdom, differenced by a bordure France (i.e. azure semy of fleur-de-lys or).

Notes

References

Sources

24

External links

1316 births
1336 deaths
John of Eltham
Medieval Cornish people
People from Eltham
Earls of Cornwall
Heirs to the English throne
14th-century English nobility
Burials at Westminster Abbey
People associated with Perth and Kinross
Peers created by Edward III
Sons of kings
Children of Edward II of England

John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall


Carl Stephenson (1886–1954) at the time of his death was regarded as one of America's foremost medieval scholars. He was a student of Charles Gross and Charles Homer Haskins at Harvard University (graduated 1914), later studied with Henri Pirenne at the University of Ghent (1924–25) and had close scholarly ties with other well-known medievalists of the first half of the 20th century. He taught mainly at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Cornell University Department of History (1931–41).

Primarily focused on documentary evidence, he was opposed to easy theorizing and glib generalizations. Carl Stephenson did his best work on those institutions found in medieval Europe between the Loire and the Rhine.  Since he was writing far removed from western Europe and its acrimonious academic feuding, he dispassionately demolished much of the prejudiced nationalistic writing devoted to praising or damning Germanic or Latin institutions. His greatest joy came from demonstrating that a tax, a commune, or seignorialism and feudalism were not peculiar to one area but were common to all western Europe.

For fifteen years Carl Stephenson regularly published articles in the leading historical journals of America, England, Belgium, and France and established himself as an authority on taxation, representative assemblies, and the origin of urban institutions. His most mature work, Borough and Town, appeared in 1933; here he combined his research with scholarly methods developed on the Continent to show that the English borough was not an insular peculiarity but that it was like its continental counterpart in origin and constitution. He then turned his attention to seignorial and feudal institutions, work resulting in further articles including his 1942 classic essay Mediaeval Feudalism which has remained in print into the 21st century. His book, Medieval History: Europe from the Fourth to the Sixteenth Century, was for decades one of the most widely used textbooks in the field.  He co-edited Sources of English Constitutional History with his Cornell colleague Frederick Marcham; the work is still considered a monumental achievement.

Notes

External links
Carl Stephenson, Mediavel Feudalism, Cornell University Press, 1942.
Works by Carl Stephenson at Google Books.

1886 births
1954 deaths
American medievalists
Harvard University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Ghent University alumni
Cornell University Department of History faculty
English legal writers
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America

Carl Stephenson (historian)


Sir George Gilbert Scott  (13 July 1811 – 27 March 1878), largely known as Sir Gilbert Scott, was a prolific English Gothic Revival architect, chiefly associated with the design, building and renovation of churches and cathedrals, although he started his career as a leading designer of workhouses. Over 800 buildings were designed or altered by him.

Scott was the architect of many notable buildings, including the Midland Grand Hotel at St Pancras Station, the Albert Memorial, and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, all in London, St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow, the main building of the University of Glasgow, St Mary's Cathedral in Edinburgh and King's College Chapel, London.

Life and career
Born in Gawcott, Buckingham, Buckinghamshire, Scott was the son of the Reverend Thomas Scott (1780–1835) and grandson of the biblical commentator Thomas Scott. He studied architecture as a pupil of James Edmeston and, from 1832 to 1834, worked as an assistant to Henry Roberts. He also worked as an assistant for his friend, Sampson Kempthorne, who specialised in the design of workhouses, a field in which Scott was to begin his independent career.

Early work

Scott's first work was built in 1833; it was a vicarage for his father in the village of Wappenham, Northamptonshire. It replaced the previous vicarage occupied by other relatives of Scott. Scott went on to design several other buildings in the village.

In about 1835, Scott took on William Bonython Moffatt as his assistant and later (1838–1845) as his partner. Over ten years or so, Scott and Moffatt designed more than forty workhouses in the wake of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834. Their first churches were St Mary Magdalene at Flaunden, Bucks (1838, for Samuel King, Scott's uncle); St Nicholas, Newport, Lincoln (1839); St John, Wall, Staffordshire (1839); and the Neo-Norman church of St Peter at Norbiton, Surrey (1841). They built Reading Gaol (1841–42) in a picturesque, castellated style.

Gothic Revival

Meanwhile, he was inspired by Augustus Pugin to participate in the Gothic Revival. While still in partnership with Moffat. he designed the Martyrs' Memorial on St Giles', Oxford (1841), and St Giles' Church, Camberwell (1844), both of which helped establish his reputation within the movement.

Commemorating three Protestants burnt during the reign of Queen Mary, the Martyrs' Memorial was intended as a rebuke to those very high church tendencies which had been instrumental in promoting the new authentic approach to Gothic architecture. St Giles' was in plan, with its long chancel, of the type advocated by the Ecclesiological Society: Charles Locke Eastlake said that "in the neighbourhood of London no church of its time was considered in purer style or more orthodox in its arrangement". It did, however, like many churches of the time, incorporate wooden galleries, not used in medieval churches and highly disapproved of by the high church ecclesiological movement.

In 1844 he received the commission to rebuild the Nikolaikirche in Hamburg (completed 1863), following an international competition. Scott's design had originally been placed third in the competition, the winner being one in a Florentine inspired style by Gottfried Semper, but the decision was overturned by a faction who favoured a Gothic design. Scott's entry had been the only design in the Gothic style.

In 1854 he remodelled the Camden Chapel in Camberwell, a project in which the critic John Ruskin took a close interest and made many suggestions.  He added an apse, in a Byzantine style, integrating it to the existing plain structure by substituting a waggon roof for the existing flat ceiling.

Scott was appointed architect to Westminster Abbey in 1849, and in 1853 he built a Gothic terraced block adjoining the abbey in Broad Sanctuary.  In 1858 he designed ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch, New Zealand which now lies partly ruined following the earthquake in 2011 and subsequent attempts by the Anglican Church authorities to demolish it. Demolition was blocked after appeals by the people of Christchurch, and in September 2017 the Christchurch Diocesan Synod announced that the cathedral would be reinstated.

The choir stalls at Lancing College in Sussex, which Scott designed with Walter Tower, were among many examples of his work that incorporated green men.

Later, Scott went beyond copying mediaeval English gothic for his Victorian Gothic or Gothic Revival buildings, and began to introduce features from other styles and European countries as evidenced in his Midland red-brick construction, the Midland Grand Hotel at London's St Pancras Station, from which approach Scott believed a new style might emerge.

In 1863, after restoration of the chapel at Sudeley Castle, the remains of Catherine Parr were placed in a new neo-Gothic canopied tomb designed by Gilbert Scott and created by sculptor John Birnie Philip.

Between 1864 and 1876, the Albert Memorial, designed by Scott, was constructed in Hyde Park. It was a commission on behalf of Queen Victoria in memory of her husband, Prince Albert.

Scott advocated the use of Gothic architecture for secular buildings, rejecting what he called "the absurd supposition that Gothic architecture is exclusively and intrinsically ecclesiastical." He was the winner of a competition to design new buildings in Whitehall to house the Foreign Office and War Office. Before work began, however, the administration which had approved his plans went out of office. Palmerston, the new Prime Minister, objected to Scott's use of the Gothic, and the architect – after some resistance – drew up new plans in a more acceptable style.

Scott designed the memorial to Thomas Clarkson in Wisbech, where his brother Rev John Scott was vicar. The Clarkson Memorial was completed after his death under the direction of his son John in 1881.

Honours
Scott was awarded the RIBA's Royal Gold Medal in 1859. He was appointed an Honorary Liveryman of the Turners' Company; and on 9 August 1872 he was knighted, choosing the style Sir Gilbert Scott. He died in 1878 and is buried in Westminster Abbey.

A London County Council "blue plaque" (in fact brown) was placed in 1910 to mark Scott's residence at the Admiral's House on Admiral's Walk in Hampstead.

Family
Scott married Caroline Oldrid of Boston in 1838. Two of his sons George Gilbert Scott, Jr. (founder of Watts & Company in 1874) and John Oldrid Scott, and his grandson Giles Gilbert Scott, were also prominent architects. His third son, photographer, Albert Henry Scott (1844–65) died at the age of twenty-one; George Gilbert designed his funerary monument in St Peter's Church, Petersham, whilst he was living at The Manor House at Ham in Richmond. His fifth and youngest son was the botanist Dukinfield Henry Scott. He was also great-uncle of the architect Elisabeth Scott.

Pupils

Scott's success attracted a large number of pupils and many would go on to have successful careers of their own, not always as architects. Some notable pupils are as follows, their time in Scott's office shown after their name: Hubert Austin (1868), Joseph Maltby Bignell (1859–78), George Frederick Bodley (1845–56), Charles Buckeridge (1856–57), Somers Clarke (1865), William Henry Crossland (dates uncertain), C. Hodgson Fowler (1856–60), Thomas Garner (1856–61), Thomas Graham Jackson (1858–61), John T. Micklethwaite (1862–69), Benjamin Mountfort (1841–46), John Norton (1870–78), George Gilbert Scott, Jr. (1856–63), John Oldrid Scott (1858–78), J. J. Stevenson (1858–60), George Edmund Street (1844–49), and William White (1845–47).

Books

 online texts for vols. I & II

Additionally he wrote over forty pamphlets and reports. As well as publishing articles, letters, lectures and reports in The Builder, The Ecclesiologist, The Building News, The British Architect, The Civil Engineer's and Architect's Journal, The Illustrated London News, The Times and Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

Architectural work

His projects include:

Public buildings
Workhouse in Winslow, Buckinghamshire (1835)
Workhouses (1836) in: Amesbury, Wiltshire; Buckingham, Buckinghamshire; Kettering, Northamptonshire; Northampton, Northamptonshire; Oundle, Northamptonshire; Tiverton, Devon; Totnes, Devon; Towcester, Northamptonshire
Workhouse in Guildford, Surrey (1836–38)
Workhouses (1837) in: Bideford, Devon; Boston, Lincolnshire; Clutton, Somerset; Flax Bourton, Somerset; Gloucester, Gloucestershire; Liskeard, Cornwall; Newton Abbot, Devon; Hundleby, Lincolnshire; Tavistock, Devon
The workhouse in Loughborough, Leicestershire (1837–38)
Workhouses (1838) in: Amersham, Buckinghamshire; Belper, Derbyshire; Great Dunmow, Essex; Lichfield, Staffordshire; Mere, Wiltshire; Penzance, Cornwall; Redruth, Cornwall
Workhouse (1838); Williton, Somerset and 'sister design' Witham, Essex
Workhouses (1839) in: Billericay, Essex; Bedworth, Warwickshire; Edmonton, London; Louth, Lincolnshire; Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire; Old Windsor, Berkshire; St Austell, Cornwall; Uttoxeter, Staffordshire
Buckingham Gaol extension and alterations (1839) in: Buckingham, Buckinghamshire
The workhouse in Lutterworth, Leicestershire (1839–40)
School and Master's House, Hartshill, Stoke on Trent (1840)
Infant Orphan Asylum, Wanstead, Essex (1841–43)
Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford (1841–43)
Reading Gaol, Berkshire (1842–44)
Lunatic Asylum, Shelton, Shropshire (1843)
The workhouse, Macclesfield, Cheshire (1843)
Lunatic Asylum, Clifton, York (1845)
Lunatic Asylum, Wells, Somerset (1845)
Astbury School and Masters House Congleton (1848)
Christ Church School, Alsager, Cheshire (1848)
Brighton College, Sussex (1848–1866)
Sandbach School, Sandbach, Cheshire (1849)
School, Trefnant, Denbighshire (c. 1855)
School, Tysoe, Warwickshire (1856)

Literary Institution, Sandbach (1857)
Crimea War Memorial, Westminster School, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster (1858)
School, Ashley, Northamptonshire (1858)
The Vaughan Library, Harrow School, Middlesex (1861–63)
Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Whitehall, London (1861–1868)
Fitzroy Memorial Library, Lewes, East Sussex (1862)
Preston Town Hall, Lancashire (1862–67), destroyed by fire in 1947

Old Schools, Cambridge (1864–67)
Leeds General Infirmary (1864–67)
The Albert Memorial, London (1864–72); in the podium frieze, one of the images of architects, sculpted by John Birnie Philip shows Scott himself
Midland Grand Hotel, St Pancras Station, London (1865)
McManus Galleries – formerly the Albert Institute, Dundee (1865–69)
The School, Great Dunmow, Essex (1866)

Brill Swimming Baths, Brighton (1866–69), demolished 1929
Clifton Hampden Bridge, Oxfordshire (1867)
The library of the Grammar School (now Hall Cross School) in Doncaster (1868)
Market Cross, Helmsley, Yorkshire (1869)
School Nocton, Lincolnshire (1869)
Extension to Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford (1869–71)
Lincoln's Inn, London, Library extension (1870–72), New Chambers Block A (1873) and New Chambers Block B (1876–78)
The main building of the new campus of the University of Glasgow (1870), often called the Gilbert Scott Building
Savernake Hospital, Wiltshire (1871–72)
Gatehouse to Ramsgate Cemetery, Kent (1872)
The University Senate Hall, Mumbai University (1869–74)
 The University Library and Rajabai Clock Tower, Mumbai University (1869–78)
The Clarkson Memorial in Wisbech. Scott first put forward designs in 1875, but work did not start until 1880. The eventual design was a slightly altered version of Scott's original design.

Domestic buildings
Vicarage, Wappenham, Northamptonshire (1833)
16 High Street, Chesham, Buckinghamshire (1835)
Vicarage, Dinton, Buckinghamshire (1836)
Rectory, Weston Turville, Buckinghamshire (1838)
Parsonage, Blakesley, Northamptonshire (1839)
Parsonage, Hartshill, Stoke on Trent (1840)
Wanstead Infant Orphanage Asylum, London Borough of Redbridge (1841)
Seaman's Houses, Whitby, Yorkshire (1842)
Workers Houses, Hartshill, Stoke on Trent (1842–48)
Parsonage, Clifton Hampden, Oxfordshire (1843–46)
Trotter's almshouses, Ridge, Hertfordshire (1844) (with W.B. Moffatt)
Parsonage, Barnet, Hertford (1845)
Parsonage, St Mark's, Swindon (c. 1846)
Parsonage, Wembley, Middlesex (1846)
Parsonage, Weeton, North Yorkshire (c. 1852)
Houses Broad Sanctuary, Westminster (1852–54)
Parsonage, St Paul's, Cambridge (1853–54), now Cambridge Muslim College
Parsonage, St Mary's, Stoke Newington, London (c. 1855)
All Souls' Vicarage, Halifax, Yorkshire (c. 1856)
Cottages, Ilam, Staffordshire (c. 1857)
Almshouses, Hartshill, Stoke on Trent (1857)
Lanhydrock House, near Bodmin, Cornwall (1857) an Elizabethan mansion rebuilt after a fire, formal gardens assisted by Richard Coad
Parsonage, Kilkhampton, Cornwall (c. 1858)
The Vicarage, Leafield, Oxfordshire (1858)
Walton Hall, Warwickshire (1858)
Treverbyn Vean, St Neot, Cornwall (1858–62)
Parsonage, Ashley, Northamptonshire (1858)
Claydon House, Buckinghamshire (1859)
Parsonage, Bridge, Kent (c. 1859)
Vicarage, Ranmore Common, Surrey (c. 1859)
Kelham Hall, Nottinghamshire (1859–62)
Workers' housing at Akroydon, Halifax (1859)
Almshouses, Sandbach (1860)
Parsonage, Trefnant, Denbighshire (1860)
Lee Priory, Littlebourne, Kent, alterations and additions (1860–63) demolished
Rectory, Higham, Forest Heath, Suffolk (c. 1861)
Kingston Grange, Kingston St Mary, Somerset for Mr Perkins (c. 1861)
Parsonage, St Andrew's, Leicester (c. 1861)
Hartland Abbey (c.1851) supervised by Richard Coad, built by Pulsman of Barnstaple
Hafodunos, Llangernyw, North Wales (1861–1866)
Vicarage, Jarrom Street, Leicester (1862)
Nos 1,3 & 3a Dean's Yard, Westminster (1862)
Parsonage, Leith, Midlothian (1862)
Brownsover Hall, Warwickshire, date uncertain (c. 1860)
Two lodge houses at Great Barr Hall, near Birmingham (pre-1863)
The Master's House, St John's College, Cambridge (1863)
Parsonage, Christ Church, Ottershaw, Surrey (c. 1864)
Stony House, former Vicarage of St Mary the Virgin Church, London Road, Stony Stratford (1865)
Parsonage, St Luke's, Weaste, Lancashire (c. 1865)
Schools Master's House, Ashley, Northamptonshire (1865)
Almshouses, Winchcombe, Gloucestershire (1865)
Rectory, Tydd St Giles, Cambridgeshire (1868)
Vicarage, Higham Green, Suffolk
Parsonage, Mirfield, Yorkshire (1869)
Polwhele House, Truro, Cornwall, additions (c. 1870)
Vicarage, Hillesden, Buckinghamshire (1871)
St Mary's Homes, Godstone (1872)
Scott's Building, King's College, Cambridge (1873)
Parsonage, St Michael's, New Southgate, Middlesex (c. 1874)
Parsonage, St Saviour's, Leicester (1875)
Parsonage, Fulney, Lincolnshire (1877–80)
New Court, Pembroke College, Cambridge (1881)
 Garboldisham Hall, Garboldisham, Norfolk (1822)

Church buildings

St Mark's Church, Ladywood (1840–41) (demolished 1947)
St Giles' Church, Camberwell, London (1841–44)
Christ Church, Bridlington (1840–41)
St Mary's Church, Hanwell, Middlesex (1841)
Holy Trinity, Hulme (1841)
St Peter's Church, Norbiton, Surrey (1841)
Holy Trinity Church, Hartshill, Stoke on Trent (1842)
St John the Baptist's Church, St John's, Woking, Surrey (1842)
St John the Baptist Church, Beeston, Nottinghamshire (1842)
St Michael and All Angels Church, Wood Green (1843)
St John the Baptist's Church, Leenside, Nottingham (1843–44)
Holy Trinity Church, Halstead, Essex (1843–44)
St John the Evangelist, West Meon, Hampshire (1843–46)
St Mark's Church, Worsley, Greater Manchester (1844–46)
St John the Evangelist, Wembley, Middlesex (1846)
St Matthias, Malvern Link, Worcestershire (1844–46)
St Mark's Church, Swindon (1845)
St Matthew's Church, Donnington Wood, Telford, Shropshire (1845)
St Nikolai, Hamburg (1845–80), the tallest building in the world from 1874 to 1876
 Memorial Chapel, Bromsgrove School
The Cathedral of St John the Baptist in St John's, Newfoundland (1847, construction overseen by apprentice William Hay)
St Mary the Virgin, Aylesbury (1848)
St Gregory's Church, Canterbury (1848)
St Paul's Church, Canterbury (1848)
St Cwyfan, Tudweiliog, Gwynedd (1849)
Christ Church, Swindon, Wiltshire (1851)
St Peter's Church, South Croydon (1851)
Emmanuel Church, Forest Gate, London (1852)
St John's Church, Eastnor, Herefordshire (1852) and Monument (1855)
All Saints' Church, Watford, Hertfordshire (1853)
St Paul's Episcopal Cathedral, Dundee (1853) (cathedral since 1905)
St Mary's Church, West Derby, Liverpool (1853–6)
All Saints' Church, Sherbourne, Warwick (1854)
Christ Church, Lee Park, Kent (1854) (bombed 1941, demolished 1944)
St John the Evangelist, Shirley, Surrey (1854)
Holy Trinity Church, Coventry (1854)
St Paul's Church, Chippenham (1854–55)
Chapel of Exeter College, Oxford (1854–60)
Holy Trinity Church, Trefnant (1855)
St John's Church, Bilton, Harrogate (1855)
St Mary, Hayes, Kent (alterations) (1856–62)
St Peter, Bushley, Worcestershire: roof (1856)
St Mary, Tedstone Delamere, Herefordshire: chancel (1856–57)
St George's Minster, Doncaster (1858)
 St Mary New Church, Stoke Newington (1858)
St Matthias Church, Richmond, London (1858)
All Souls Church, Halifax (1859)
St Thomas's Church, Huddersfield (1859)
St Michael and All Angels Church, Leafield, Oxfordshire (1859–60)
St Matthew's Church, Stretton, Cheshire (1859 and 1867)
St Matthew's Church, Yiewsley, Hillingdon (1859)
St Mary, Edvin Loach, Herefordshire (?1860)
Christ Church, Wanstead, Essex (1861)
St Stephen's Church, Higham Green, Suffolk (1861)
St John the Evangelist, Sandbach Heath (1861)
All Saints' Church, Hawkhurst, Kent (1861)
St Andrews, Jarrom Street, Leicester (1862)
The Hereford Screen (1862), choir screen from Hereford Cathedral, now restored and in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Chapel of Wellington College, Berkshire (1861–63)
All Saints' Church, Langton Green, Kent (1862–63)
St Barnabas' Church, Bromborough, Merseyside (1862–64)
St Andrew's Hospital Chapel, Northampton (1863)
St John the Evangelist, Taunton (1863)
St Clement's Church, Barnsbury (1864–65) (closed 1976 and converted into flats)
St Andrew's Church, Derby (1864–67)
St Andrew's Church, Uxbridge (1865)
St John the Baptist, Penshurst (1865)
St Luke's Church, Pendleton (1865)
St Stephen & St Mark, Lewisham (1865)
St Mary's Church, Shackleford, Surrey (1865)
St Edmund's Church, Salisbury: restoration including rebuilding of chancel (1865–67) (now an arts centre)
St Denys Church, Southampton (1868)
St Stephen's Church, Higham Green, Suffolk (1868)
St James' Church, Cradley, Herefordshire Chancel (1868)
Holy Trinity Church, Shanghai (1866–69)
St Peter's Church, Edensor, Derbyshire (1867–70)
St Mary's Church, Mirfield (1869–1871)
Ramsgate Cemetery Chapel, Kent (1869)
All Saints' church, Ryde, Isle of Wight (1872)
St Thomas of Canterbury Church, Chester (1872)
St Peter and St Paul, Priory Church Leominster, Herefordshire Quatrefoil piers (1872–79)
The Cathedral Church of St Mary the Virgin, Glasgow (1873)
St Thomas, Green Hammerton, N. Yorkshire, 1874-6
Christ Church, Bradford-on-Avon (additions) (1875)
St Saviour's Church, Leicester (1875–77)
All Souls, Blackman Lane, Leeds (1879) – his last work, a large lancet-style church
St Mary The Virgin, Speldhurst, Kent (1879)
St Michael and St George Cathedral, Grahamstown (tower and spire completed in 1879)
St Paul's Church, Low Fulney, Spalding, Lincolnshire (completed 1880)
St Michael, Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire: designed (1875), started (1881) by son John Oldrid Scott, never finished and partly demolished
ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch, New Zealand

St John The Baptist Church, Busbridge, Godalming, Surrey
St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)
St Mary's Church, Mirfield, West Yorkshire
St Mary, Timsbury, Somerset
St Nicholas's, Newport, Lincoln, Lincolnshire
St Peter's Church, Elworth, Cheshire
Christ The Saviour, Ealing, London
Christ Church, Ramsgate, Kent
St Lawrence's Church, St Lawrence, Isle of Wight (1878)

Restorations

Churches
Scott was involved in major restorations of medieval church architecture, all across England.
 Church of St Peter and St Paul, Buckingham, Buckinghamshire
 All Saints' Church, Hillesden, Buckinghamshire (1874–75)
 Church of St Mary the Less, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire (1856–57)
St John the Baptist Church, Upton Bishop, Herefordshire (1862)
 St Mary's Church, Halton, Cheshire (1852)
 St Peter's Church, Prestbury, Cheshire (1879–1881)
 St Mary's Church, Sandbach, Cheshire (1847)
 St Cuthbert's Church, Darlington, County Durham (1864-5)
 Church of St Mary and All Saints, Chesterfield, Derbyshire (1843)
 Church of St John the Baptist, Danbury, Essex (1866–67)
 St Mary Abbots, Kensington, Greater London (1872)
 St Margaret's Church, Westminster, Greater London (1877–78)
 Church of St John the Baptist, Aconbury, Herefordshire (1863)
 St Leonard's Church, Yarpole, Herefordshire (1864)
 St Mary's Church, Bishopsbourne, Kent (1871)
 St Paul's Church, Canterbury, Kent (1860s)
 St Wulfram's Church, Grantham, Lincolnshire (1866–75)
 All Saints' Church, Winterton, Lincolnshire (1867)
 Church of St Mary and St Nicholas, Spalding, Lincolnshire (1865-7)
 All Saints' Church, East Winch, Norfolk
 St Margaret's Church, King's Lynn, Norfolk (1875)
 St Peter's Church, Northampton, Northamptonshire (1849-1851)
 St Andrew's Church, Spratton, Northamptonshire (1847)
 Church of St Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire (1850s)
 St Mary's Church, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire (1850s)
 Church of St Mary Magdalene, Duns Tew, Oxfordshire (1861–62)
 All Saints' Church, Oakham, Rutland (1857–1858)
 Church of St John the Baptist, Glastonbury, Somerset (1850s)
 Church of St Mary, Orchardleigh, Somerset (1878)
 Church of St Editha, Tamworth, Staffordshire (1850s)
 St Mary's Church, Temple Balsall, Warwickshire (1849)
 Church of St John the Baptist, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire (1858)
 St Mary's Church, Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire (1861–63)
 Chantry Chapel of St Mary the Virgin, Wakefield, West Yorkshire (1842)

Cathedrals
Ely Cathedral (1847–78)
Gloucester Cathedral (1854–76)
Peterborough Cathedral (1855–60)
Coventry Cathedral (1855–57)
Hereford Cathedral east side (1855–63)
Lichfield Cathedral (1855–61 & 1877–81)
Wakefield Cathedral (1858–60, 1865–69 and 1872–74)
Durham Cathedral (1859 and 1874–76)
Brecon Cathedral (1860–62 & 1872–75)
Canterbury Cathedral (1860 & 1877–80)
Chichester Cathedral (1861–67 & 1872)
Ripon Cathedral (1862–72)
St Edmundsbury Cathedral (1863–64 & 1867–69)
Worcester Cathedral (1863–64, 1868 & 1874)
St David's Cathedral, St Davids, Wales (1864–76)
Salisbury Cathedral (1865–71)
St Asaph Cathedral (1866–69 & 1871)
Newcastle Cathedral (1867–71 & 1872–76)
Chester Cathedral (1868–75)
Exeter Cathedral (1869–70)
Christ Church, Oxford east wall of choir (1870–72 & 1874–76)
Rochester Cathedral (1871–74)
St Albans Cathedral (1871–80)
Manchester Cathedral (c. 1872)
Winchester Cathedral (1875)
Additionally, Scott designed the Mason and Dixon monument in York Minster (1860), prepared plans for the restoration of Bristol Cathedral in 1859 and Norwich Cathedral in 1860 neither of which resulted in a commission, and designed a pulpit for Lincoln Cathedral in 1863.

Abbeys, priories and collegiate churches
St Mary's Church, Stafford, 1842–45
Beverley Minster 1844, 1866–68, 1877
Westminster Abbey, 1848–78
Dorchester Abbey, 1858, 1862, 1874
King's College, Cambridge, 1859–63, 1875
Bath Abbey, 1860–77
Pershore Abbey, 1861–64, 1867
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 1863
Chapel of St James the Great, Lord Leycester Hospital, Warwick, 1863
Great Malvern Priory, c. 1864
Boxgrove Priory, 1864–67
Priory Church, Leominster, 1864–66, 1876–78
Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, 1865–66
Selby Abbey, 1872–74
Tewkesbury Abbey, 1874–79
Bridlington Priory, 1875–80

Other restoration work
Scott restored the Inner Gateway (also known as the Abbey Gateway) of Reading Abbey in 1860–61 after its partial collapse. St Mary's of Charity in Faversham, which was restored (and transformed, with an unusual spire and unexpected interior) by Scott in 1874, and Dundee Parish Church, and designed the chapels of Exeter College, Oxford, St John's College, Cambridge and King's College, London. He also designed St Paul's Cathedral, Dundee.

Lichfield Cathedral's ornate West Front was extensively renovated by Scott from 1855 to 1878. He restored the cathedral to the form he believed it took in the Middle Ages, working with original materials where possible and creating imitations when the originals were not available. It is recognised as some of his finest work.

In 1854 Gilbert Scott began a restoration of Sudeley Castle "working on the western side of the inner court in the style of the existing Medieval and Elizabethan buildings" and subsequently began the restoration of St Mary's chapel, with the assistance of John Drayton Wyatt.

Gallery of architectural work

See also
List of works by George Gilbert Scott

References

Sources

External links

 St Johns Church Bromsgrove
 Sir George Gilbert Scott, the unsung hero of British architecture
 Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

1811 births
1878 deaths
Architects from Buckinghamshire
English Anglicans
19th-century English architects
English ecclesiastical architects
Gothic Revival architects
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Knights Bachelor
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
George Gilbert
Architects of cathedrals
Presidents of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Royal Academicians

George Gilbert Scott


Paul Louis Toth (June 30, 1935 – March 20, 1999) was an American professional baseball player. A right-handed pitcher, he appeared in Major League Baseball from 1962 to 1964 for the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs. He was born in McRoberts, Kentucky, grew up in Youngstown, Ohio, and was listed at  and .

Toth was part of the "Brock for Broglio" trade on June 15, 1964: he accompanied outfielder Lou Brock and left-handed relief pitcher Jack Spring in a trade to the Cardinals, in exchange for starting pitcher Ernie Broglio, left-handed relief pitcher Bobby Shantz and outfielder Doug Clemens. Brock went on to help lead the Cardinals to three National League championships and two World Series titles — including one in 1964 — while setting a new career record for stolen bases. Toth, who was pitching at Triple-A for the Cubs at the time of the trade, remained in the minor leagues for the rest of his career.

The Brock trade returned Toth to his original organization. He began his professional career in the Cardinals' farm system in 1955, and made his major league debut with the Redbirds in 1962, pitching in six games, including one start, sandwiched around service with the Triple-A Atlanta Crackers. On September 1, 1962, he was traded to the Cubs for pitcher Harvey Branch, and made six more appearances for the Cubs, including four starts, before the 1962 campaign ended, with Toth winning four of five decisions and posting an earned run average of 4.62. Toth then spent the entire 1963 season on the Cub roster, appearing in 27 games played, 14 as a starter, and compiling a 3.10 ERA with two shutouts. Toth was ineffective in two May 1964 starts and was sent to the Salt Lake City Bees of the Pacific Coast League after only four total games in Chicago.

He remained in Triple-A for the rest of his active career, retiring after the 1967 baseball season. In 43 Major League games, Toth pitched 192 innings and gave up 177 hits and 54 bases on balls with 82 strikeouts. In retirement, he became a resident of Erie, Michigan. He died in Anaheim, California, of a heart attack during a family visit at the age of 63. Toth is buried at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California.

References

External links

1935 births
1999 deaths
Atlanta Crackers players
Burials at Riverside National Cemetery
Chicago Cubs players
Columbus Foxes players
Hamilton Cardinals players
Houston Buffaloes players
Indianapolis Indians players
Jacksonville Suns players
Major League Baseball pitchers
St. Louis Cardinals players
Salt Lake City Bees players
Baseball players from Youngstown, Ohio
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players
Winnipeg Goldeyes players
York White Roses players
People from Letcher County, Kentucky

Paul Toth


The Tübinger Stift () is a hall of residence and teaching; it is owned and supported by the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg, and located in the university city of Tübingen, in South West Germany. The Stift was founded as an Augustinian monastery in the Middle Ages. After the Reformation, in 1536, Duke Ulrich turned the Stift into a seminary which served to prepare Protestant pastors for Württemberg. To this day the scholarship is still given to students in preparation for the ministry or teaching in Baden-Württemberg. Students receive a scholarship which consists of boarding, lodging and further academic support.

Some of the well known "Stiftlers" are the astronomer Johannes Kepler and his associate, statesman Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg, the poet Friedrich Hölderlin who had as roommates the philosophers G. W. F. Hegel and Friedrich Schelling (although the latter was five years their junior), the theologians David Friedrich Strauß, Johann Albrecht Bengel, Friedrich Christoph Oetinger, Ferdinand Christian Baur and Eberhard Nestle, and the philologist August Pauly.

Notable alumni

 Nikodemus Frischlin, poet, playwright, humanist, mathematician, astronomer (1547–1590)
 Michael Maestlin, astronomer, mathematician (1550–1631)
 Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg, Statesman (1568–1634)
 Johannes Kepler, astronomer (1571–1630)
 Johann Valentin Andreae, theologian (1586–1654)
 Wilhelm Schickhardt, theologian, astronomer, universal scientist (1592–1635)
 Johann Albrecht Bengel, theologian (1687–1752)
 Friedrich Christoph Oetinger, theologian (1702–1782)
 Karl Friedrich Reinhard, French politician and diplomate (1761–1837)
 Karl Philipp Conz, poet, writer (1762–1827)
 Friedrich Hölderlin, poet (1770–1843)
 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher (1770–1831)
 Friedrich Schelling, philosopher (1775–1854)
 Gustav Schwab, minister, poet, writer (1792–1850)
 Ferdinand Christian Baur, theologian (1792–1860)
 August Pauly, philologist (1796–1845)
 Wilhelm Hauff, writer (1802–1827)
 Wilhelm Waiblinger, poet, writer (1804–1830)
 Eduard Mörike, minister and poet (1804–1875)
 Friedrich Theodor Vischer, writer, professor of literature (1807–1887)
 David Friedrich Strauß, theologian, philosopher, writer (1808–1874)
 Hermann Kurz, poet, writer (1813–1873)
 Eduard Zeller, theologian, philosopher (1814–1908)
 Georg Herwegh, poet, revolutionist (1817–1875)
 Ferdinand von Hochstetter, geologist, naturalist (1829–1884)
 Albert Schäffle, economist, sociologist, politician (1831–1903)
 Eberhard Nestle, theologian, orientalist (1851–1913)
 Hans Vaihinger, philosopher (1852–1933)
 Johannes Hieber, politician (1862–1951)
 Karl Heim, theologian (1874–1958)
 Edwin Hoernle, politician (1883–1952)

Quotes
"One need only utter the words 'Tubingen School' to get an understanding of what German philosophy is at bottom—a very cunning form of theology."— Friedrich Nietzsche, The Antichrist, 1895,  par. 10.

Footnotes

References
 Martin Leube: Das Tübinger Stift: 1770 – 1950; Geschichte des Tübinger Stifts. Stuttgart, Steinkopf (1954)
 Reinhard Breymayer: Freimaurer vor den Toren des Tübinger Stifts: Masonischer Einfluss auf Hölderlin? In: Tubingensia: Impulse zur Stadt- und Universitätsgeschichte. Festschrift für Wilfried Setzler zum 65. Geburtstag. Hrsg. von Sönke Lorenz und Volker [Karl] Schäfer in Verbindung mit dem Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde und Historische Hilfswissenschaften der Universität Tübingen. Redaktion: Susanne Borgards. (Ostfildern:) Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 2008 (Tübinger Bausteine zur Landesgeschichte, 10), pp. 355–395. .

External links
 Tübinger Stift

University of Tübingen
Seminaries and theological colleges in Germany
Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg
Buildings and structures in Tübingen

Tübinger Stift