Religious use of incense has its origins in antiquity. The burned incense may be intended as a symbolic or sacrificial offering to various deities or spirits, or to serve as an aid in prayer.

Buddhism, Taoism and Shinto in Asia

The first recorded use of incense was by the Indians in the Indus Valley Civilisation in 3600 BC. Egyptians during the Fifth Dynasty, 2345-2494 BC were the first in the non-Asian world to discover the use of incense, which was used by Hindus for centuries by the time of the 5th Dynasty.

Incense use in religious ritual was either further or simultaneously developed in China, and eventually transmitted to Korea, Japan, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Incense holds an invaluable role in East Asian Buddhist ceremonies and rites as well as in those of Chinese Taoist and Japanese Shinto shrines for the deity Inari Okami, or the Seven Lucky Gods.  It is reputed to be a method of purifying the surroundings, bringing forth an assembly of buddhas, bodhisattvas, gods, demons, and the like.

In Chinese Taoist and Buddhist temples, the inner spaces are scented with thick coiled incense, which are either hung from the ceiling or on special stands.  Worshipers at the temples light and burn sticks of incense in small or large bundles, which they wave or raise above the head while bowing to the statues or plaques of a deity or an ancestor.  Individual sticks of incense are then vertically placed into individual censers located in front of the statues or plaques either singularly or in threes, depending on the status of the deity or the feelings of the individual.

In Japanese Shinto shrines to Inari Okami or the Seven Lucky Gods and Buddhist temples, the sticks of incense are placed horizontally into censers on top of the ash since the sticks used normally lack a supporting core that does not burn.

The formula and scent of the incense sticks used in various temples throughout Asia vary widely.

Christianity

Incense has been employed in worship by Christians since antiquity, particularly in the Roman Catholic Church/Eastern Catholic Church, Orthodox Christian churches, Lutheran Churches, Old Catholic/Liberal Catholic Churches and some Anglican Churches. Incense is being increasingly used among some other Christian groups as well; for example, the Book of Worship of The United Methodist Church calls for incense in the Evening Praise and Prayer service. The practice is rooted in the earlier traditions of Judaism in the time of the Second Jewish Temple. The smoke of burning incense is interpreted by both the Western Catholic and Eastern Christian churches as a symbol of the prayer of the faithful rising to heaven.  This symbolism is seen in Psalm 141 (140), verse 2: "Let my prayer be directed as incense in thy sight: the lifting up of my hands, as evening sacrifice." Incense is often used as part of a purification ritual.

In the Revelation of John, incense symbolises the prayers of the saints in heaven – the "golden bowl full of incense" are "the prayers of the saints" (, cf. ) which infuse upwards towards the altar of God.

A thurible, a type of censer, is used to contain incense as it is burned. A server called a thurifer, sometimes assisted by a "boat bearer" who carries the receptacle for the incense, approaches the person conducting the service with the thurible charged with burning bricks of red-hot charcoal. Incense, in the form of pebbly grains or powder, is taken from what is called a "boat", and usually blessed with a prayer and spooned onto the coals. The thurible is then closed, and taken by the chain and swung by the priest, deacon or server or acolyte towards what or whom is being censed: the bread and wine offered for the Eucharist, the consecrated Eucharist itself, the Gospel during its proclamation (reading), the crucifix, the icons (in Eastern churches), the clergy, the congregation, the Paschal candle or the body of a deceased person during a funeral.

Incense may be used in Christian worship at the celebration of the Eucharist, at solemn celebrations of the Divine Office, in particular at Solemn Vespers, at Solemn Evensong, at funerals, benediction and exposition of the Eucharist, the consecration of a church or altar and at other services.  In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglo-Catholic, and Old Catholic/Liberal Catholic churches, incense is used at virtually every service.

Aside from being burnt, grains of blessed incense are placed in the Paschal candle, and were formerly placed in the sepulchre of consecrated altars, though this is no longer obligatory or even mentioned in the liturgical books.

Many formulations of incense are currently used, often with frankincense, benzoin, myrrh, styrax, copal or other aromatics.

Hinduism

Incense in India has been used since 3,600 BC. The use of incense is a traditional and ubiquitous practice in almost all pujas, prayers, and other forms of worship.  As part of the daily ritual worship within the Hindu tradition, incense is offered to God (usually by rotating the sticks thrice in a clockwise direction) in His deity forms, such as Krishna and Rama.  This practice is still commonplace throughout modern-day India and Hindus all around the world.  It is said in the Bhagavad-Gita that, "Krishna accepts the offering made to Him with love", and it is on this principle that articles are offered each day by temple priests or by those with an altar in their homes and businesses.

Traditionally, the Benzoin resin and resin obtained from the Commiphora wightii tree were used as incense in ancient India. These resins would be spilled over embers which would give out perfumed smoke. However, the majority of the modern-day Incense of India is mostly of a chemical base rather than the natural ingredients.

Islam

Incense is used in several events such as the Tahfidh graduation ceremony, and most notably the regular rite of purifying and cleansing the Ka'aba in Makkah. It is to perfume the air and uplift the souls of pilgrims. According to a hadith of the Prophet Muhammad, the angels love fragrant scents and hate foul smells.

The first group of people, who will enter Paradise, will be glittering like the full moon and those who will follow them, will glitter like the most brilliant star in the sky. They will not urinate, relieve nature, spit, or have any nasal secretions. Their combs will be of gold, and their sweat will smell like musk. The aloes-wood will be used in their censers. Their wives will be hûr al-ʿayn ("lovely-eyed"). All of them will look alike and will resemble their father Adam in being sixty cubits tall.

Olive tree leaves are also burnt as incense in some Muslim Mediterranean countries.

Judaism

The 'ketoret' is the incense described in the Bible for use in the Temple.  Its composition and usage is described in greater detail in midrash, the Talmud and subsequent rabbinic literature.  Although it was not produced following the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, some Jews study the composition of the ancient Temple incense for future use in a restored Temple as part of daily Jewish services.

Contemporary Judaism still uses aromatic spices in one ritual, the Havdalah ceremony ending the Sabbath. In addition, there is a blessing for pleasant smells.

Mandaeism

In Mandaeism, incense (Mandaic: riha) is offered on stands called kinta by Mandaean priests to establish laufa (communion) between humans in Tibil (Earth) and uthras (celestial beings) in the World of Light during rituals such as the masbuta (baptism) and masiqta (death mass), as well as during priest initiation ceremonies. Various prayers in the Qolasta are recited when incense is offered. Incense must be offered during specific stages of the typically lengthy and complex rituals.

References

Incense in Chinese religious worship
 Making of Joss Sticks - INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

Incense in Christian worship
 Holy Smoke: The Use of Incense in the Catholic Church.
 Incense (New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. V)
 Catholic Encyclopedia (1917) on Incense
 EWTN Catholic Questions: Why is incense used during Mass?
 General Instruction on the Roman Missal (GIRM) - incensation
 The Liturgical Customary of the Church of the Advent, Boston (Episcopalian) - Thurifer
 A Reason for Incense (Lutheran)
 The Archbishops on the Lawfulness of the Liturgical Use of Incense Anglican document from 1899.

Incense in Jewish tradition
 The Spiritual Significance of the Qetoret - Rabbi Avraham Sutton

Religious use of incense


Norma Kathleen Hemming (born September 1928 in Ilford, Essex, London, England – d. 4 July 1960 in Melbourne, Australia) was a British-Australian writer of science fiction and romance novels. She was Australia's first significant female science fiction writer. As N. K. Hemming published twenty stories in the 1950s, and also wrote and appeared in a series of plays that were performed at Australian science fiction conventions. Under the name Nerina Hilliard, she also wrote 8 romance novels for Mills & Boon. She is now commemorated by the Australian Science Fiction Foundation through the Norma K. Hemming Award, inaugurated at the World Science Fiction Convention in Melbourne in September 2010.

Biography
Norma Kathleen Hemming was born in Ilford, Essex, in September 1928. After attending a girls' school, she trained as a secretary. In October 1948, she emigrated to Sydney on the SS Orontes, with her parents and younger brother.

She published her first science fiction story, "Loser Takes All", in the British magazine Science Fantasy in 1951. Over the next eight years, she published a further nineteen stories, many in the Australian pulp magazine Thrills Incorporated, and others in leading British magazines such as New Worlds, Nebula SF, and Science Fiction Adventures.

She also became involved in the Sydney fan scene. She was one of the first female members of the Sydney Futurian Society, joining after the inaugural Australian science fiction convention in 1952. She was a contributor to and editor of Vertical Horizons, a fanzine specifically aimed at female science fiction fans. She wrote and performed in a series of plays performed at national fan conventions between 1954 and 1958.

By the later 1950s she had also turned to writing romance novels, under the pseudonym Nerina Hilliard. Her first romance novel, The Time is Short, was published by Mills & Boon in 1958. Another two novels appeared in 1960, and five more were published posthumously.

By the late 1950s she was suffering from breast cancer, which spread to her bones and lymph nodes. She died in the Peter MacCallum Clinic in Melbourne on 4 July 1960, at the age of 31.

Her themes include mutual attraction between earth women and male aliens, children with unearthly powers, Amazons in outer space, and planets ruled by matriarchies. Her tone is often light and humorous.

Her achievements are commemorated by the Norma K. Hemming Award, established by the Australian Science Fiction Foundation to mark excellence in the exploration of themes of race, gender, class and sexuality by an Australian writer. The Award was launched at the 68th World Science Fiction Convention (Aussiecon Four) in Melbourne in September 2010.

A collection of archival material relating to Norma Hemming, including several of her letters, is held in the Special Collections in the University of Western Australia Library.

Bibliography

As N. K. Hemming
Science Fantasy: Volume 1 Number 3 (1951) (with F. G. Rayer, E. C. Tubb, J. T. McIntosh, E. R. James, John Wyndham, and John Carnell)
New Worlds 51: Time Will Tell, Report on Earth, Conviction, Mutation, Dwellers in Silence, Creep (1956) (with Lan Wright, Kenneth Johns, and E. R. James
New Worlds Science Fiction: Volume 17 Number 51 (1956) (with Lan Wright and Brian W. Aldiss)
Nebula Science Fiction: Number 33: Talk Not at All, Way Out, Mute Witness, Debt of Lassor, Conflagration, Wisdom of the Gods (1958) (With Stuart Allen, Clifford C. Reed, and Robert Lloyd)
Science Fiction Adventures: Volume 2 Number 10 (1959) (with E. C. Tubb, and Calvin M. Knox)

As Nerina Hilliard
Time is Short (1958) (later re-issued as Nurse Carol's Secret)
The House of Adriano (1960)
Scars Shall Fade (1960)
Teachers Must Learn (1968)
Dark Star (1969)
Dark Intruder (1975)
Land of the Sun (1976)
Sister to Meryl (1977)

Notes

Further reading
 Burrows, Toby, "Coming down to earth: Norma Hemming turns from SF to romance", in Telling Stories: Australian Life and Literature 1935-2012, edited by Tanya Dalziell and Paul Genoni (Clayton, Vic.: Monash University Publishing, 2013), pp. 202–208
 McMullen, Sean, & Russell Blackford, "Prophet and Pioneer: the Science Fiction of Norma Hemming", Fantasy Annual No. 2 (Spring 1998), 65–75.
 Medlen, David, "I Wasn't Expecting That: the Career of Norma Hemming", Science Fiction: a Review of Speculative Literature 17 (1) (2008), 3–17.

External links
 Australian Science Fiction Foundation, Norma K. Hemming Award: https://www.asff.org.au/awards/hemming-award/

1928 births
1960 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
Australian romantic fiction writers
Australian science fiction writers
Australian women novelists
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
British emigrants to Australia
People from Ilford
Writers from London
Women romantic fiction writers
20th-century British women writers
20th-century English novelists
20th-century pseudonymous writers
Pseudonymous women writers

Norma K. Hemming


Simple Data Format (SDF) is a platform-independent, precision-preserving binary data I/O format capable of handling  large multi-dimensional arrays.  It was written in 2007 by George H. Fisher, a researcher at the Space Sciences Laboratory at UC Berkeley, and released under the GNU General Public License.

See also
 FITS
 HDF5
 CSV
 List of file formats
 NetCDF

External links
 The Simple Data Format Manifesto
 A .pdf Introduction to SDF
 SDF packages, each release as a tarball

Computer file formats

Simple Data Format


The right to education is one of the human rights, but it is not used by everyone. It is thought that all children should go to school for primary education from the age of three years, to the age of ten years.
Furthermore, all children should have access to secondary education, and higher education.  However, many children around the world cannot or do not go to secondary education or higher education.

The right to education is written in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The right to education has also been re-stated in the 1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education, 1st Protocol of ECHR and the 1981 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

It is also listed in the European Convention on Human Rights, Protocol 1, Article 2. Some national constitutions name this right, for example the Belgian constitution (former article 17, now article 24) or the Dutch constitution (article 23). the right to education give preference to all the children and help for her rights of education.

Related pages
Economic, social and cultural rights
Literacy
Scholarship

References

Human rights
Education

Right to education


Battery Chamberlin is an artillery battery  in the Presidio of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States. The battery is named in honor of Captain Lowell A. Chamberlin, who had served with distinction in the Civil War. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1976.

History

This Endicott-era battery was built in 1904 with four six-inch rifled guns mounted on disappearing carriages and was intended to protect underwater minefields laid outside the Golden Gate during the time of war. These guns had a maximum range of 7.5 miles, and crews were trained to fire two rounds per minute. The original guns were removed in 1917 for use in World War I.

The battery received two six-inch guns on simple barbette carriages in 1920. During World War II, the Sixth Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense) Regiment, Battery "D", manned the two guns at Battery Chamberlin, living on-site until the end of the war. The battery was covered with camouflage netting to hide it from air attack. These guns were removed in 1948.

In 1977, the National Park Service received 6-inch Gun M1905 (#9 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1903 (#2 Watertown, each listed individually in the National Register of Historic Places, from the Smithsonian Institution. The gun and carriage were installed at gun emplacement No. 4 at Battery Chamberlin and are the similar to those installed in 1904. This is one of about a score of disappearing guns in the world that still operates, moving from loading to firing position.

Operation of the gun is open to the public, usually on the first full weekend of each month from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. An underground magazine contains photos and small exhibits on the harbor defenses of San Francisco. The battery is located at the north end of the parking lot at Baker Beach.

Footnotes

References

Government buildings completed in 1904
Golden Gate National Recreation Area
National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco
Closed installations of the United States Army
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Military in the San Francisco Bay Area
Presidio of San Francisco
Chamberlin
1904 establishments in California

Battery Chamberlin


Gene Shalit (born March 25, 1926) is an American movie and book critic. He has been a critic on NBC's The Today Show since January 15, 1973. He is known for his use of puns, his very large handlebar moustache, and for wearing bowties.

Career
He has been reviewing the arts since 1967. He has written for magazines such as Look magazine, Ladies' Home Journal (for 12 years), Cosmopolitan, TV Guide, Seventeen, Glamour, McCall's, and The New York Times. From 1970–1982 he had a daily report on NBC Radio. In 1987, he published Laughing Matters—A Treasury of American Humor, a humor anthology. Since 2009, he lives in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, with his cat Fellini. Shalit's children include the artist and entrepreneur Willa Shalit.

Shalit was born in New York City on March 25, 1926. He later moved to Newark, New Jerseywith his mother. In 1932, he and his family moved to Morristown, New Jersey. Born of Jewish parents, Shalit attended Morristown High School. While thee, he wrote a humor column for the school newspaper.

Gene Shalit wrote for The Daily Illini for six years at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Shalit said that he would leave The Today Show after 40 years, starting November 11, 2010. He was quoted as saying: "It's enough already". Shalit was Dick Clark's press agent in the early 1960s. Shalit stopped representing Clark during a Congressional investigation.  Clark has not spoken to Shalit again and said he was a "jellyfish."

References

1926 births
Living people
American movie critics
American television personalities
American journalists
American historians
Writers from New York City

Gene Shalit


Lauren MacMullan (born April 30, 1964) is an American animation director.

She works at Walt Disney Animation Studios.

Biography
As a child, Lauren MacMullan lived near Philadelphia.

She graduated from Swarthmore High School in 1982. Then she studied in Harvard University.

Her first primetime TV job was on The Critic, followed by directing for King of the Hill. She went on to become the supervising director and designer for Mission Hill. After the show was cancelled quickly, she got a job directing on The Simpsons, and stayed for three seasons.  She also has directed some episodes of Avatar: The Last Airbender, and won an Annie award for storyboarding on that show.

MacMullan was a sequence director on The Simpsons Movie.

Other websites

Interview with Springfield Weekly

1971 births
Living people
Entertainers from London
Annie Award winners

Lauren MacMullan


Dominic Agostino (October 14, 1959 – March 24, 2004) was a Canadian politician who represented the riding of Hamilton East for the Liberal Party in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 until his death in 2004.

Background
Born in Sicily, Italy, Agostino was raised in Hamilton, Ontario and attended Mohawk College in that city. He worked as rehabilitation counsellor with the Ontario March of Dimes, and was a special assistant to Ontario Minister of Culture Lily Munro from 1985 to 1987.

Politics
Agostino was elected as a Catholic separate school board trustee in the Hamilton-Wentworth board at the age of 21, serving from 1980 to 1987. He campaigned in the 1985 provincial election in Hamilton Mountain, and finished third against New Democrat Brian Charlton. He then served as an alderman on the Hamilton City Council from 1987 until the provincial election of 1995.

He was elected as the Member of Provincial Parliament for Hamilton East. He was the first Liberal candidate to win the riding since 1937, and the first member of Hamilton's Italian community to win a provincial election anywhere in the city. He defeated Andrew MacKenzie, the son of outgoing New Democratic Party Labour Minister Bob Mackenzie, by about 4,000 votes.

The 1995 election was won by the Progressive Conservative Party, and Agostino quickly emerged as a prominent figure in the parliamentary opposition. He became a leading spokesperson for the Liberal Party's left wing, and gained particular praise for his performance as the party's Environment Critic from 1996 to 1999.

In 1996, Agostino supported Gerard Kennedy's unsuccessful bid for the party leadership. He was re-elected without difficulty in the provincial election of 1999, and served as Chief Opposition Whip from 1999 to 2002. Unlike some others in his party, he supported the City of Hamilton's amalgamation in 2000.

The Liberals won a majority government in the provincial election of 2003, although Agostino was re-elected with a somewhat reduced margin of victory. To the surprise of many in the province, he was not appointed to the first cabinet of Dalton McGuinty in October 2003. This was widely interpreted as a snub, but subsequent events cast the decision in a much different light: Agostino died on March 24, 2004, of liver cancer. He had been battling the disease for some time and had undergone surgery during the 2003 campaign, although this information was not made public until his death.

In a by-election to fill his legislative seat held on May 13, 2004, his brother Ralph, a Catholic separate school board trustee, failed to retain the Hamilton East seat for the Liberal Party, falling far behind city councillor and NDP candidate Andrea Horwath.

Sexuality
Shortly after his death, the Toronto-based LGBT community magazine fab published a piece titled "Why Did He Die a Straight Man?", in which the author, Eleanor Brown, alleged that Agostino was in the closet about his sexuality; she highlighted Agostino's support for legislation granting spousal benefits to same-sex partners, attendance at Gay Day at Canada's Wonderland in 1997, and regular patronage of clubs in Toronto's Church and Wellesley area. Neither Agostino nor his friends made any public statement on the matter. Agostino was quoted as saying: "As long as you are consistent, your private life should remain private."

Initial media reports on his death stated erroneously that he was married, naming Agostino's sister-in-law Rose as his wife. This was quickly retracted by the media, and attributed to a journalist's misinterpretation of the government press release announcing Agostino's death ("Our thoughts and love are with Dominic's mother Theresa, his brother Ralph and his wife Rose, Dominic's sister Mary and her husband Tony, and Dominic's beloved nieces and nephews.")

References

External links

1959 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Ontario
Deaths from liver cancer
Italian emigrants to Canada
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
Gay politicians
Canadian gay men
Canadian LGBT people in provincial and territorial legislatures
Hamilton, Ontario city councillors
Ontario school board trustees
20th-century Canadian LGBT people
21st-century Canadian LGBT people
LGBT municipal councillors in Canada
20th-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian politicians

Dominic Agostino


The Archaeological Museum of Kozani is a museum in Kozani, Greece.

The museum's collection includes finds from archaeological excavations as well as from individuals from all over Kozani prefecture, apart from the Aiani area. It includes sculptures, inscriptions, statues, reliefs, clay vessels, figurines, and gold, silver, and bronze jewellery, all dating from the Palaeolithic to the Roman period.

External links
Museums of Macedonia
Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism
Municipality of Kozani (in Greek) 2009-12-09 - The building of the museum is currently being restored and is closed to the public

Kozani
Museums in Kozani

Archaeological Museum of Kozani


Vallampadugai Srinivasa Raghavan Arunachalam (10 November 1935–16 August 2023) was an Indian scientist and former head of Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). He was the founder and chairman of CSTEP, a science and technology think tank.

Early life and education
Arunachalam was born on 10 November 1935. He held bachelor's and master's degrees in science and received his PhD degree in materials science and engineering from the University of Wales, in 1965. He was also alumnus of Sharada Vilas College Mysuru.

Career
Arunachalam worked as a scientist at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, National Aeronautical Laboratory in Bangalore, and Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory in Hyderabad. He was the head of DRDO for about ten years in the 1980s.  During his tenure the budget of DRDO increased eightfold, and he is credited with being able to get over both bureaucratic and financial hurdles. He initiated major defence projects like the Light Combat Aircraft and the Integrated Guided Missiles programmes.

Arunachalam served as defence scientific advisor to the defence minister of India between 1982 and 1992, serving ten defence ministers and five prime ministers, and as secretary, Department of Defence Research for Government of India. He advised the government on the definition, assessment and review of a number of major technological and societal programs such as optical fiber communications for India, development of indigenous iron and steel technologies, scientific and technological missions for the country to eradicate illiteracy, infant mortality etc.  He also advised the government in the area of graduate education in engineering.

Arunachalam was a collaborating professor of engineering and public policy at the Carnegie Mellon University, and an honorary professor at the UK's University of Warwick. He was a member of the Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS).

Awards
Arunachalam received numerous awards and medals, including the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Engineering Science in 1980. He was the first Indian to be  elected as a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, UK.

Arunachalam was conferred Padma Bhushan (1985) and Padma Vibhushan (1990) for his contribution to Indian science. In 2015, he was awarded Defence Research and Development Organisation's (DRDO's) lifetime achievement award for his outstanding contribution in the field of scientific research and technology.

Death
Arunachalam died in California on 16 August 2023, at the age of 87.

References

1935 births
2023 deaths
Scientists from Bangalore
Indian aerospace engineers
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education
Tamil scientists
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
20th-century Indian engineers
Indian materials scientists
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science

V. S. R. Arunachalam


The duck test is a type of test that determines whether an unknown thing acts like another thing. More specifically, this test is a form of abductive reasoning, a type of strategy that aims to simplify a conclusion. The duck test is usually written in this expression:

If an unknown subject looks like something that is very similar to a familiar thing, then that unknown subject is concluded to be that familiar thing. In the above example, an unknown subject who swims like a duck and quacks like a duck likely is a duck. The duck test can be used to identify similar cases.

The duck test can be used to identify an unknown subject by observing the common habits of that subject. Sometimes, the duck test can be used to prove that the subject is actually not what what it appears to be.

Tests

Duck test


If This Is a Man ( ; United States title: Survival in Auschwitz) is a memoir by Jewish Italian writer Primo Levi, first published in 1947. It describes his arrest as a member of the Italian anti-fascist resistance during the Second World War, and his incarceration in the Auschwitz concentration camp (Monowitz) from February 1944 until the camp was liberated on 27 January 1945.

Background to the memoir
Primo Levi was born in 1919 in Turin. His forebears were Piedmontese Jews.

He studied chemistry at the University of Turin, graduating summa cum laude in 1942, notwithstanding the restrictions imposed by Mussolini's racial laws. In 1942 he found a position with a Swiss drug company in Milan. With the German occupation of northern and central Italy in 1942, Levi joined a partisan group in Aosta Valley in the Alps.

He was arrested in December 1943 and transported to Auschwitz in February 1944. He remained there until the camp was liberated on 27 January 1945. If This Is a Man recounts his experiences in the camp.

Chapters
In the first chapter, "The Journey", Levi describes his experience as a partisan and his capture by fascist militia in December 1943. He is transferred to a detention camp near Modena. After several weeks, the six hundred and fifty Italian Jews in the camp are told that they will be leaving, their destination Auschwitz (a name which means nothing to them). They are crammed into freight cars without water; the train travels slowly through Austria, Czechoslovakia and into Poland. On arrival, those capable of work are separated from those who are not.
In "On the Bottom", Levi describes how he and his companions are stripped, shorn and showered. They are given ragged clothes which they are forced to carry as they run, naked, to another barrack. Looking at each other, they realise that they have reached the bottom: no human condition more wretched exists. A number is tattooed on each man's arm. At the end of the day they are assembled in the square, where they watch their new comrades march back from work. Levi describes the laws, rites and taboos of the camp.
In "Initiation" Levi tells how, late one evening, he is assigned a shared bunk. The next morning he joins the frantic communal run to the washroom. He concludes that the act of washing in filthy water without soap can serve no purpose. Steinlauf, a fellow prisoner, contradicts him: to survive–in order to bear witness–one must force oneself to save at least the outward form of civilisation.
In the fourth chapter Levi's foot is injured while he is working and, after a cursory and humiliating examination, he is admitted to "Ka-Be", the Krankenbau or infirmary. Those unlikely to recover are selected to leave, including one of Levi's neighbours. Levi speculates that the man might be transferred to another camp; another neighbour observes that Levi 'does not want to understand'. It is a life of limbo. The physical discomforts are few, but with this comes a reawakening of memory and conscience and the realisation that no one is to be permitted to survive and report what man's audacity made of man in Auschwitz.
After twenty days Levi is discharged from the infirmary. Luckily he is assigned to a barrack where his best friend Alberto lives, a man of great intelligence and intuition. In "Our Nights" Levi describes his recurring dream of being at home with loved ones, who do not listen as he recounts his experience of the camp. Alberto tells him it is a common dream. Levi describes the nightly procession to the bucket which serves as the latrine, the shapeless nightmares of violence and the shattering moment of reveille at the start of the new day.
In "The Work" Levi is assigned a new bunkmate, Resnyk, who is notable for his kindness and consideration. Levi describes the working day. Resnyk agrees to pair himself with Levi and shoulders the greater part of the painful, backbreaking work. There is a brief respite in the middle of the day when the prisoners eat a bowl of watery soup in silence before falling into a brief sleep in the warmth of the shed. Ordered back to work, Resnyk says he would not chase his dog into this biting wind.
In "A Good Day" the first day of sunshine gives the prisoners hope of spring. But as soon as they forget about the cold, they remember how hungry they are. They torment each other by describing long-ago meals. The discovery by the barrack's resident fixer of a 50-litre vat of soup temporarily removes that source of unhappiness. With their hunger assuaged, they can think of their mothers and wives, which they rarely allow themselves to do. For a few hours they are unhappy in the manner of free men.
"This Side of Good and Evil"
"The Drowned and the Saved"
"Chemistry Examination"
"The Canto of Ulysses"
"The Events of the Summer"
In "October 1944" the prisoners anticipate a 'selection': the Germans will send a proportion of the prisoners to the gas chambers to make room for new arrivals. No one knows the exact day on which it will take place; the prisoners reassure each other that surely it will not be they who will be selected. When it comes, the process is so perfunctory that it is almost a matter of chance who is chosen.
In "Kraus" Levi recalls the Hungarian working alongside him who has not grasped that in the camp hard work is not rewarded; not wasting energy is more likely to lead to survival.
Winter has arrived. "Die Drei Leute vom Labor" ("The Three Laboratory People") describes how Levi and two other prisoners are chosen to work in the laboratory. Its cleanliness and warmth contrasts with the rest of the bomb-ravaged and snow-covered camp. The presence of three healthy women makes the prisoners self-conscious about their own physical deterioration.
In "The Last One" Levi describes the audacious schemes he and Alberto devise to acquire goods to exchange for bread. At the end of the day the prisoners are assembled to witness the hanging of a man who has taken part in an uprising. At the moment of death he cries out "Comrades, I am the last!" The prisoners look on passively, robbed by now of any autonomy.
Written in the form of a diary "The Story of Ten Days" is the work's epilogue. Suffering with scarlet fever, Levi is admitted to the camp hospital. By now the arrival of the Red Army is imminent and the Germans decide to abandon the camp. Only the healthy prisoners are evacuated. Alberto leaves, Levi remains. The forced march of the departing prisoners will take almost all of them, including Alberto, to their deaths. Levi and two other prisoners set about helping the other patients in their barrack, scouring the abandoned camp for provisions. The Soviet troops arrive on 27 January 1945.

Composition
Levi began to write in February 1946, with a draft of what would become the final chapter recording his most recent memories of Auschwitz. According to Ian Thomson, Levi worked over the next ten months with concentrated energy and extreme facility. Levi told him that the words poured out of him "like a flood which has been dammed and suddenly rushes forth". In the daytime Levi was working at a paint factory north-east of Turin. Mostly he wrote in the evenings and late into the night, although Levi said that the chapter The Canto of Ulysses was written almost entirely in a single, half-hour lunch break. The first manuscript was completed in December 1946 and required considerable editorial work. His future wife, Lucia Morpurgo, helped him to shape the book, giving it a clear sense of direction.

Publication

In January 1947, the manuscript was initially rejected by Einaudi, with the writers Cesare Pavese and Natalia Ginzburg thinking it too early after the war for such an account. However Levi managed to find a smaller publisher, De Silva, who printed 2,500 copies of the book, 1,500 of which were sold, mostly in Levi's hometown of Turin. In 1955, Levi signed a contract with Einaudi for a new edition, which was published in 1958. The initial printing of 2000 copies was followed by a second of the same size.

An English translation by Stuart Woolf was published in 1959. A German translation by Heinz Reidt appeared in 1961 (titled Ist das ein Mensch?) and a French edition in the same year.

All translations were completed under Levi's close supervision. He was particularly careful to oversee the German translation, writing in The Drowned and the Saved: "I did not trust my German publisher. I wrote him an almost insolent letter: I warned him not to remove or change a single word in the text, and I insisted that he send me the manuscript of the translation in batches ... I wanted to check on not merely its lexical but also its inner faithfulness." Robert S. C. Gordon writes that Levi went on to develop a close relationship with Reidt. The German edition contains a special preface addressed to the German people, which Levi said he wrote out of passionate necessity to remind them what they had done.

If This Is a Man is often published alongside Levi's second work of witness, The Truce (Italian title: La Tregua). The English translation of that book was published in 1965, again by Stuart Woolf, and was awarded the John Florio Prize for Italian translation in 1966.

Invocation
The book is introduced by a poem. The construction "If ..." invites the reader to make a judgment. It alludes to the treatment of people as Untermenschen (German for "sub-humans"), and to Levi's examination of the degree to which it was possible for a prisoner in Auschwitz to retain his or her humanity. The poem explains the title and sets the theme of the book: humanity in the midst of inhumanity.

The last part of the poem, beginning meditate, explains Levi's purpose in having written it: to record what happened so that later generations will "ponder" (a more literal translation of meditare) the significance of the events he lived through. It also parallels the language of the V'ahavta, the Jewish prayer that commands followers to remember and pass on the teachings of their faith.

Style
The calm sobriety of Levi's prose style is all the more striking given the horrific nature of the events he describes. Levi explained in his 1976 Appendix to the work: "I thought that my word would be more credible and useful the more objective it appeared and the less impassioned it sounded; only in that way does the witness in court fulfil his function, which is to prepare the ground for the judge. It is you who are the judges."

He ascribed the clarity of his language to the habits acquired during his training as a chemist: "My model was that of the weekly reports, a normal practice in factories: they must be concise, precise and written in a language accessible to all levels of the firm's hierarchy."

Adaptations
In 1965 the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation aired the 140-minute dramatic feature, "If This is a Man", George Whalley's adaptation of Stuart Woolf's translation. The broadcast was produced by John Reeves, who has written about the radio production.

In 2004 the National Theatre in London presented a stage version of the book under the title Primo. It was adapted and performed by Anthony Sher and directed by Richard Wilson. In 2005 the production was filmed for broadcast by the BBC and HBO.

See also
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
Night (memoir)
The Diary of a Young Girl
The Holocaust in the arts and popular culture

Notes

Sources
Benchouiha, Lucie (2006). Primo Levi: Rewriting the Holocaust. Troubador Publishing Ltd.
Gordon, Robert S. C. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Primo Levi. Cambridge University Press.
Levi, Primo (2015). The Complete Works of Primo Levi. Penguin Classics.
Thomson, Ian (2003). Primo Levi: A Biography. Vintage.

Further reading

External links

1947 non-fiction books
1957 non-fiction books
Books by Primo Levi
Italian literature
Italian memoirs
Personal accounts of the Holocaust
Prisoners of war in popular culture

If This Is a Man


Craig B. Cooper (born September 8, 1949) is a professional aquanaut from the United States who served from 1991 to 2010 as Operations Manager for the Aquarius Reef Base underwater habitat.  Cooper is known to fellow divers by the nickname "Coop".

Education and professional diving career
Cooper began scuba diving for recreation in 1964.  He graduated from Virginia Tech in 1971 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology.  During and after college he conducted fisheries research with the Virginia Cooperative Fishery Unit, New Jersey Fish and Game and the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

In 1973 Cooper graduated from the Ocean Corporation, a commercial diving school.  He then worked for Taylor Diving & Salvage for eleven years as a commercial diver in many different parts of the world.  His work included air, mixed gas, and saturation diving.  He also gained experience with welding habitats.  Cooper was diving near the Ixtoc oil platform when it exploded in 1979, killing a friend of his.  Cooper subsequently worked with oil well firefighter Red Adair during the efforts to contain the Ixtoc I oil spill.

In 1984 Cooper joined the North Carolina Department of Transportation as an underwater bridge inspector.  This work soon evolved to include underwater bridge construction of concrete piles and foundations.  The University of North Carolina Wilmington contacted Cooper in December 1990 after acquiring the Aquarius underwater laboratory.  In January 1991 Cooper began managing the refurbishment of Aquarius in drydock prior to its deployment at its present site in the Florida Keys in 1993.

Aquarius
As Operations Manager at Aquarius for the National Undersea Research Center (NURC), Cooper supervised the daily activities of the underwater habitat.  He also served as Coast Guard-licensed Captain, Diving Medical Technician, and habitat technician during missions aboard Aquarius.  Cooper commented of the scientists participating in a June 1995 marine biology mission aboard Aquarius, "In many ways this is like a space mission...  We need to keep a close eye on them to make sure everything's okay."

During Hurricane Gordon in 1994, Cooper helped rescue a crew of scientists and divers who had to evacuate Aquarius and climb up a rescue line to the surface in 15-foot seas after one of the habitat's generators caught fire.  As of 2008, no scientists or staff members had been injured at Aquarius due to storms.

In July 2004, Cooper took part as a habitat technician in the NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations 6 (NEEMO 6) mission, one of a series of NASA-NOAA missions which use Aquarius as an analog environment for space exploration.  The NEEMO 6 crew lived and worked underwater aboard Aquarius for ten days.  In April 2005, Cooper served as a habitat technician during the NEEMO 8 mission, the crew of which lived underwater for three days.

Other missions aboard Aquarius in which Cooper has participated include a June 2006 mission with the U.S. Navy Specialized Research Diving Detachment (SRDD) during which NURC divers investigated the possibility of using rebreathers during excursions from Aquarius.  During the investigation of the death of Aquarius aquanaut Dewey Smith in 2009, the panel of outside experts asked Cooper to organize a test in which the hydraulic hammer in use near Smith at the time of his fatal accident was again used underwater in the vicinity of an Inspiration closed circuit rebreather (CCR) similar to the one Smith had been using.

Cooper is a friend of SEALAB aquanaut Bob Barth, whom he regards as a mentor.  In 2003, Cooper, Barth, U.S. Navy Supervisor of Diving Captain Mark Helmkamp and NOAA Captain Craig McLean organized a partnership allowing Navy divers to take part in Aquarius saturation diving missions.  In a blog entry written in 1999, Cooper wrote of his fellow Aquarius topside personnel and habitat technicians, "If the scientists are the astronauts, these guys are the junior Bob Barths."

After leaving the Operations Manager position in 2009, Cooper continued serving with Aquarius in his capacities as diver, medical technician and habitat technician, as well as working on program development and collaborations with other agencies.  In March 2010, Cooper retired as Operations Director of Aquarius.  At Cooper's retirement ceremony, Barth commented, "You're the only one, don't be the last!" Cooper subsequently joined the team of retired University of Connecticut professor Richard A. Cooper, who hopes to build an undersea lab called SeaBase 1 in the Belize Barrier Reef.

Personal life
Cooper has raised Arabian show horses and Friesian draft horses with his wife, Kathleen, at their farm in Wake Forest, North Carolina.

Publications

References

External links
 Cooper's self-profile

1949 births
Living people
American underwater divers
Aquanauts
Missing middle or first names
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of North Carolina at Wilmington
Virginia Tech alumni
People from Wake Forest, North Carolina

Craig B. Cooper


Ahmet Emin Atasoy (born 16 May 1944), is a Bulgarian-born Turkish poet, author and interpreter.

Graduated from the Department of Turkish Philology at Sofia University. He worked as a literature teacher, art reporter and director of reading halls. He took refuge in Turkey in 1989. His poetry, articles and translations were published in magazines such as Cumhuriyet Kitap, Çağdaş Türk Dili, Düşlem, Kavram-Karmaşa, Sincan İstasyonu, Sözcükler, and Yaba Edebiyat. His poems were translated into Azerbaijan Turkish, Bulgarian, English, Macedonian and Romanian. He translated poems by several Bulgarian and Russian poets into Turkish. In 2008, he was awarded "The Great Poetry Award" in the Argeş 11th International Poetry Festival (Romania) and "2008 Special Jury Award" of the European Culture Academy (Bulgaria) for Orpheus'un Liri (Orpheus' Lyre).

Books

Poems

 Sensizliğinle Beraber (Together with your absence) (1968, Bulgaria)
 Yüreğimde Şirin Tuna Aktıkça (As long as sweet Danube flows in my heart) (1994),
 Duygu Burgacı (Whirlpool of Emotions) (1994),
 Rüzgârların Küstürdüğü Yapraklar (The Leavess that the wind offended) (1998)
 Perdeledim Penceremi Geceye (I shut the curtains of my window to the night) (1998)
 Aşkın Yaşı Yok (Love is ageless) (1999)
 Damla Damla (Drop by drop) (1999)
 Sevgi Denizi-Çocuklar İçin Şiirler (Sea of Love-Poems for Children) 2001)
 Küllerde Kor Ararken (Looking for a glowing piece of coal in ashes) (2004)
 Dünya Vurdu Başıma (The world hit me on the head) (2004)
 Çocuk Şiirleri (Children's Poems) (2005)
 Kalabalık Yerinde Yalnızlığın (In the crowded part of loneliness) (2008)
 Gurbet Günbatımları (Immigrant sunsets) (2010)

Books in foreign languages

 Moleben za dıjd (Rain Prayer, Bulgarian, 2004)
 Eho na ehoto (The Echo's Echo, Macedonian, 2008)
 Jar şi spuzâ (The Ember and the Ash, Romanian, 2010)
 Predi da trıgneş (Before Embarking, Bulgarian, 2010)

Poem and prose collation

 1967'nin Bıraktığı Şiirler ((Poems Left by 1967) with Naci Ferhadov, 1969, Bulgaria)
 XV. Yüzyıldan Bugüne Rumeli Motifli Türk Şiiri Antolojisi (The Anthology of Turkish Poetry with Rumelian Motifs since the 15th Century) (2001)
 Polıh ot Bursa (Bursa'dan Esintiler, (Breezes from Bursa) Bulgarian, 2008)

Essay / Examination

 Birikmiş Yansımalar Vitrini (The Showcase of Collected Reflections) (2004)

References

1944 births
Bulgarian emigrants to Turkey
Living people
People from Targovishte
Turkish poets
Bulgarian Turks in Turkey

Ahmet Emin Atasoy


Kuilix (meaning "Red Shirt" or "Red One"), also known as Kuiliy, Mary Quille, and Marie Quilax, was a woman of the Kalispel or Pend d'Oreilles in Montana. She was the leader of a team of warriors who rescued other warriors while fighting the Blackfeet in 1842.

Father Nicholas Point, a Jesuit priest who witnessed the battle, wrote:
The first Pend Oreille to dash out at the enemy was a woman named Kuilix, 'The Red One,' ... Her bravery surprised the warriors who were humiliated and indignant because it was a woman who had led the charge, and so they threw themselves into the breach where nature's shelter had protected the enemy. The Blackfeet immediately shot four shots almost at point-blank range; yet not a single Pend d'Oreille went down. Four of the enemy—some claim it was only two—managed to escape death by hiding in the thickets, but the rest were massacred on the spot.

Kuilix also took part in battle against the Crow tribe in 1846. Father Point also described this incident:
The famous Kuilix ... accompanied by a few braves and armed with an axe, gave chase to a whole squadron of Crows. When they got back to camp, she said to her companions, 'I thought that those big talkers were men, but I was wrong. Truly, they are not worth pursuing.'

Women of both the Pend d'Oreille and the related Flathead tribe traditionally took an active role in warfare, frequently entering into a battle. They also joined ritual dances dressed as warriors.

See also
Kaúxuma Núpika

Sources
Will Roscoe. Kuilix, Pend d'Oreille Warrior Woman, from Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America, Palgrave/St. Martin's Press, 1998

Year of birth unknown
Year of death missing
Military personnel from Montana
Native American women in warfare
Women in 19th-century warfare
Interior Salish
19th-century Native American women

Kuilix


Anacardium excelsum, the wild cashew or espavé, is a tree in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The tree is common in the tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests of Pacific and Atlantic watersheds of Central and South America, extending as far north as Guatemala and south into Ecuador.

Description
This large evergreen tree grows along riverbanks, reaching heights of up to , with a straight, rose-hued trunk reaching  in diameter. The leaves are simple, alternate, oval-shaped,  long and  broad. The flowers are produced in a panicle up to  long, each flower small, pale green to white. Older flowers turn pink and develop a strong clove-like fragrance.

The fruit is a  long, kidney-shaped drupe. Maturation occurs in March, April, and May.

Taxonomy
The wild cashew is a closely related species within the same genus as the cashew (Anacardium occidentale).

Ecology
Fruit-eating bats pick the fruit of the wild cashew and transport it to their feeding places, where they eat only the fleshy part. The nuts are dropped into the leaf litter of the forest floor, where they later germinate.

Uses
When uncooked, the fruit (both the nut and the surrounding fleshy part) is highly toxic to humans. It may, however, be eaten after it is roasted.

References

Edible nuts and seeds
excelsum
Trees of Costa Rica
Trees of Honduras
Trees of Nicaragua
Trees of Panama
Trees of Venezuela
Trees of Colombia
Trees of Ecuador

Anacardium excelsum


James Hayman, sometimes credited as Jim Hayman, is an American television producer, director and cinematographer.

Career
His credits include Judging Amy, Ugly Betty, Joan of Arcadia, Kingpin, The Sopranos, Any Day Now, ER, Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Huff, House M.D., The Client, Murder One, Texasville, Northern Exposure, Moon Over Miami, Law & Order, Harts of the West, Class of '96, Dangerous Minds, One West Waikiki, The Fosters, NCIS: New Orleans, NCIS: Hawaii and other series.

Personal life
Hayman is married to actress Annie Potts and is the father of two sons. He has a stepson from Potts' previous marriage.

Awards and nominations
Hayman has been nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards and a DGA Award.

References

External links

American cinematographers
American television directors
Living people
People from Paterson, New Jersey
Year of birth missing (living people)
Film directors from New Jersey
Television producers from New Jersey

James Hayman


Zachary Selig (24 November 1949 – 30 June 2016) was an American artist, author, interior designer and celebrity spiritist.

Life
Selig was the son of New York born American steel manufacturing industrialist and economic advisor Marvin Selig and Eleanor Berg Selig, a Texas commissioner of mental health under 3 United States presidents. He was born in Seguin, Texas, and later lived with his mother's family in the Hudson River Valley and in Manhattan. Selig's mother's cousin and wife became Selig's surrogate parents, who guided him into an international world of art and accomplished artists that built the foundation of his career. Another maternal family relation, New York publicist Lee Goode Kingsley, established Selig's relations in the art world. Charles Revson, his mother's cousin and co-founder of Revlon, invited 17-year-old Selig on board the Revlon yacht Ultima II in Acapulco and introduced him to many guests that later became his lifetime friends, including Merle Oberon, Babe Paley, Gloria Guinness, Dolores del Río, Ahmet Ertegun and his wife Mica, Chito and Jeanette Jaffe de Longoria, Prince Egon von Fürstenberg, jewelry designer Aldo Cipullo, Vogue magazine editor DD Ryan, and publicist Eleanor Lambert.

Selig died of heart failure in 2016 after dinner and enjoying the company of dear friends in Mexico City. He had been residing in San Miguel de Allende in his adopted home of Mexico.

Education
Selig was tutored in drawing and oil painting from the age of 5 in Texas, and spoke fluent Spanish by age 12. He began his esoteric anthropological studies in Mesoamerican Anthropology at the age of 16 at the University of the Americas in Mexico City, Mexico with German professor Baron Alexander von Wuthenau, who wrote 5 books on the racial origins of man in Mesoamerica.

His formal education in the arts began with painting at the Colorado Academy in Denver, Colorado. He then studied at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky and at the University of Houston, the Parsons School of Design, the Art Students League of New York, the New York School of Interior Design and oil painting at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris.

Selig was an apprentice of Mexican artist Pedro Friedeberg, who also uses Tantras and Mesoamerican cultural references in his works of art. In 1970, Friedeberg introduced Selig to his mentor, artist Bridget Bate Tichenor, in Mexico City. Tichenor, a painter in the magic realism school, spiritually adopted Selig and he was Tichenor's protégé until her death in 1990.

Career
His first publication as author and illustrator was the bestselling Kundalini Awakening – A Gentle Guide to Chakra Activation and Spiritual Growth.

Selig was a magic realist painter. His skills as a spiritist and painter led to the creation of a unique codex titled Relaxatia, an ancient Solar Kundalini paradigm that he rediscovered through Purépecha Nahaulli high priests in Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico. It is a codex of the human chakra system and the solar light spectrum, designed to activate Kundalini in color-coded paintings.
Selig made commissioned portraits and works of art for Isabel Goldsmith-Patiño, eldest daughter of Sir James Goldsmith and granddaughter of Antenor Patiño, Prince Egon von Fürstenberg, Catherine Oxenberg and Kelly Le Brock, among others. Exhibitions featuring Selig's paintings include "100th Anniversary of Hollywood - Portraits of the Stars" held at the Otis College of Art and Design in Los Angeles, and "Organic Landscapes" sponsored by Versace in Beverly Hills.

An E! True Hollywood Story featured Selig and his close friendship with actress and fashion model Margaux Hemingway. He helped launch Hemingway's career in the 1970s, and established the initial marketing and public relations format that helped make her a global celebrity, introducing Hemingway to a circle of fashion professionals in New York City that included photographer Francesco Scavullo, designer Halston, Vogue editor Francis Stein and Marian McEvoy, a fashion editor for Women's Wear Daily. Selig and Hemingway privately studied Solar Kundalini, yoga and meditation together at the Hemingway family's property in Ketchum, Idaho, adjacent to Sun Valley. Several years later, Hemingway made Selig the creative director for her 1990 Playboy magazine cover and pictorial by photographer Arny Freytag that was shot in Belize.

Selig was a Yoruba priest and spiritual consultant. He was the consultant of  paranormal phenomena for director Tobe Hooper and the production of  Spontaneous Combustion (1990), a film about  psychokinetic powers. It received a nomination for best film in the 1991 Fantasporto International Fantasy Film Awards. Selig performed an Afro-Cuban spiritual cleansing ritual in the 2013 documentary A Journey to Planet Sanity, a film about psychics and the paranormal.

His background as an artist, spiritist and his trompe-l'œil painting were used in his work as interior designer.  He trained with the New York City interior design team of Bunny Mellon and Cartier designer Aldo Cipullo, where he mastered trompe-l'œil painting techniques. His  first commissioned trompe-l'œil interiors were showcased in a 1971 House Beautiful article featuring Cipullo's residence in Manhattan. In 1977, Selig worked in fashion design and created the MU clothing collection in Mexico City, which was produced by artisans in Zihuatanejo. In California, he restored and decorated a suite of interiors in the Villa d'Este, a historic Italianate courtyard villa that was built circa 1928 for Cecil B. DeMille in West Hollywood. The early 20th-century Italian Renaissance style building, with its elaborately painted portico, ceiling decorations and frieze, was a former residence of silent film star Pola Negri. Selig specialized in Sekhem, utilizing an 8,000-year-old pre-dynastic Egyptian Neteru design theurgy with classical and modern design elements in the art of interior design harmonics.

Selig contributed to Maureen Orth's book Vulgar Favors about the death of Gianni Versace. Selig had a home in Miami Beach, Florida, from 1996 to 2004, and was associated with Versace's circle of friends, spending the Sunday before Versace's death with him and a group on the 11th Street Beach in South Beach.

In 2011, Selig contributed the first detailed biographical data of Bridget Bate Tichenor's mother Vera Bate Lombardi and her relationship to Coco Chanel for the book Sleeping With The Enemy – Chanel's Secret War by Hal Vaughan. Artist Pedro Friedeberg dedicated a chapter on Zachary Selig in his book of memoirs De Vacaciones Por La Vida (Holiday For Life) with eight friends that included Salvador Dalí, Leonora Carrington, Kati Horna, Tamara de Lempicka, Mathias Goeritz, Edward James, and Bridget Bate Tichenor.

His artwork was represented by Friedeberg Fine Arts in the USA, France, United Kingdom and Mexico. Friedeberg's 2013 Too Much is Not Enough exhibition at the Casa Diana Gallery in San Miguel de Allende featured Selig's Spiritual Guides series of paintings. Selig's artwork was included in Friedeberg's 2014 Manos por Mexico exhibition at the Franz Mayer Museum, where it drew over 18,000 visitors; it was later exhibited at the  Pinacoteca de Nuevo León in Monterrey.  In 2014, a portrait painted by Selig was featured in the exhibition Joan Quinn Captured at the Brand Library and Art Center in  Glendale, California. A solo exhibition of Selig's latest Magic Talismans series of paintings opened on April 1, 2015, at the Sollano 16 gallery in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico. In September 2015, the Museo de Arte Moderno in Mexico City displayed Selig's work in its 10-year anniversary exhibition 10 años de "Arte Vivo". An exhibition of Selig's  Magic Talismans paintings was presented at Art Basel 2015 in Miami Beach by the Bertil Bernhardt Design and Art Gallery.

Painting technique
Selig's art was inspired and influenced by Mexican culture, along with Meso-American magical talisman symbols and mysticism, as were his European mentors who were Mexican expatriate Surrealists. Selig painted with an oil paint medium and used an easel. At age 20, the artist Bridget Bate TIchenor taught him an Italian 16th-century painting technique that she had learned from artist Paul Cadmus in 1944. The labor-intensive painting formula involved multiple transparent thin oil glazes, building layers applied with #000 sable brushes on egg-shell gesso, resulting in a deep, detailed and jewel-like three-dimensional finish. Mexican Surrealist Pedro Friedeberg introduced Selig to esotericism and shared many of his creative interests, helping build the foundation of Selig's career as an artist. Friedeberg guided Selig's perspective drawing and use of magical cosmograms and symbols. Selig's artwork can be considered both Surrealist and Magic Realist, but it does not adhere solely to the principles of Surrealism. His paintings juxtaposed spiritual themes that reflected his extensive 40-year background as an artist and spiritist.

References

External links

Zachary Selig website

1949 births
American occultists
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
Trompe-l'œil artists
American spiritual writers
Painters from California
American interior designers
Spiritism
Living people
People from Seguin, Texas
American portrait painters
American psychics
New Age writers
Artists from Texas
Babalawos
Parsons School of Design alumni
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
University of Houston alumni
20th-century American male artists

Zachary Selig


"Zoom-Zoom-Zoom" (also known as "Zum Zum Zum" or "Zoom Zoom") is the title of a capoeira song, made popular by the 1993 movie, Only The Strong, for whose soundtrack it was recorded by Jibril Serapis Bey. It is one of three Serapis Bey recordings which appear on the soundtrack to the film. Another recording of "Zum Zum Zum" was made by Spank for the year 2000 Mazda car commercials in conjunction with the company's slogan "Zoom-Zoom."

The song is not related to "Zoom Zoom Zoom," a 1958 doo-wop single by The Collegians.

References

Capoeira films
Songs used as jingles
1993 songs
Mazda

Zoom-Zoom-Zoom


The Puente de Piedra () is a bridge across the river Ebro in Zaragoza, Spain.

The Puente de Piedra is also called the Bridge of Lions because since 1991 four lions (symbols of the city) have been placed on the pillars at each end of the bridge. The lion statues were designed by Francisco Rallo Lahoz.

History
Beginning in the 12th century the citizens of Zaragoza tried to build a bridge across the Ebro. In 1401–1440, the Puente de Piedra was built under the direction of Gil de Menestral. The flood in 1643 destroyed two central bridge spans. The bridge then looked as it does in the painting "View of Zaragoza" by Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo (1647).

In 1659 the bridge was reconstructed. Architect Felipe de Busignac restored two destroyed towers and expanded the bridge piers. In 1789, architect Agustín Sanz strengthened the Ebro's bank at the Monastery of St. Lazarus to prevent the risk of flooding of the bridge. The reconstruction of the bridge was of great economic importance for the development of the region and all the country.

Literature
GUITART APARICIO, Cristóbal, «El Puente de Piedra», en Guillermo Fatás Cabeza, (coord.) Guía histórico-artística de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Ayuntamiento (Servicio de acción cultural), 1991, págs. 197-200. .

External links

Bridges in Aragon
Buildings and structures in Zaragoza

Puente de Piedra (Zaragoza)


In mathematical logic, projective determinacy is the special case of the axiom of determinacy applying only to projective sets.

The axiom of projective determinacy, abbreviated PD, states that for any two-player infinite game of perfect information of length ω in which the players play natural numbers, if the victory set (for either player, since the projective sets are closed under complementation) is projective, then one player or the other has a winning strategy.

The axiom is not a theorem of ZFC (assuming ZFC is consistent), but unlike the full axiom of determinacy (AD), which contradicts the axiom of choice, it is not known to be inconsistent with ZFC. PD follows from certain large cardinal axioms, such as the existence of infinitely many Woodin cardinals.

PD implies that all projective sets are Lebesgue measurable (in fact, universally measurable) and have the perfect set property and the property of Baire.  It also implies that every projective binary relation may be uniformized by a projective set.

References

Game theory
Axioms of set theory
Descriptive set theory
Determinacy
Large cardinals

Axiom of projective determinacy


The AA-52 (full designation in French: Arme Automatique Transformable Modèle 1952, "Transformable automatic weapon model 1952") is one of the first French-produced guns of the post–World War II era. It was manufactured by the French government-owned Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne (MAS) company. The AA-52 is still used today as a vehicle-mounted weapon due to large quantities in service, but has been replaced in the helicopter role by the Belgian FN MAG, starting with the EC 725 Caracal of the special operations units and the Air Force search and rescue teams. The AA-52 had been largely phased out for infantry use in favour of the lighter FN Minimi but remains in use.

History
The AA-52 general-purpose machine gun was conceived and developed following the French military's experiences in the First Indochina War during the early 1950s. At that time, the French army was equipped with an assortment of weapons from British and American sources, as well as some German weapons from the Second World War.

Effective supply of ammunition and replacement parts was an almost insoluble task and the army decided to adopt a standard machine gun. The result was the AA-52, conceived for ease of production. The construction is of simple welded stamped sheet steel.

The AA-52 was partially withdrawn from the service of the French army in 2008. It was replaced in the 2010s by 10,881 FN MAG general-purpose machine guns.

Design
The AA-52 is a peculiar weapon among modern machine guns because it uses lever-delayed blowback operation, also seen in the FAMAS rifle, manufactured at the same factory. When firing, the pressure pushing the case head rearward initiates an impulse on a cam that sends the bolt carrier rearward. After a certain distance, a link (in this case the firing pin) pulls the bolt head, hence extracting the spent case. Since there is no primary extraction, the chamber is fluted to allow powder gases to flow back, unsticking the case from the chamber wall as with Heckler & Koch–type roller-delayed blowback weapons.

The feed and trigger mechanisms are derived from the MG 42.

The AA-52 can be used as a light machine gun with a bipod or as a heavy machine gun with a tripod. When used with a tripod for continuous fire, the gun is fitted with a heavier barrel. In the light machine gun configuration, the AA-52 is a relatively light weapon to carry. The AA-52 can be fired from the shoulder, but this is slightly awkward because of the position of the handle; however, the bipod can be used as a handguard when not in use. The barrel is changed by pressing a latch and rotating it a quarter of a turn. The APX(SOM) telescopic sight used on the MAS-49 and the FR-F1 sniper rifle can be mounted on the AA-52 as well as an infrared night sight.

Variants

NF-1
The AA-52 originally used the standard 7.5×54mm French cartridge. The general adoption of the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge reduced the opportunity for export sales, and the gun was adapted for this standard NATO calibre. The new, adapted gun was designated AANF-1 (also ANF-1 or NF-1).

MAC-58

The MAC-58 was a version of the AA-52 chambered in .50 BMG. A few prototypes were tested and one retained for preserial production, but it never reached production due to the large quantity of US M2 Browning machine guns already in service with the French armed forces.

Users

 : Twin AA-52 machine guns were found in Fouga Magister attack aircraft.

 : F1 variant.

 : used some ANF1 to protect Camp Warehouse, Afghanistan, under French command.
 : AAT-F1 variant mounted on AMX-10 PAC 90 of Korps Marinir.
 : Twin AA-52 7.62mm machine guns were fitted to the Irish Panhard AML 60-7 CS armoured cars.

  mounted on VAB mephisto

 : Armed and Security Forces of Mali

 : F1 variant.

References

External links

AAT Mod.52 / Mod. F1 at Modern Firearms

7.5×54mm French firearms
7.62×51mm NATO machine guns
General-purpose machine guns
Infantry weapons of the Cold War
Lever-delayed blowback firearms
Machine guns of France
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1952

AA-52 machine gun


, in the Okinawan language, was the highest rank in the yukatchu aristocracy of the former Ryukyu Kingdom (modern-day Okinawa, Japan), though it was still below the aji nobility. Members of the , a very high-ranking governmental body, were chosen from among the ueekata.

Ueekata rank was generally obtained as the last step in a progression from shii (子) rank to satonushi (里之子), then to peekumi (親雲上), and finally to ueekata. As with other Ryukyuan aristocratic titles, a member would often be referred to by their title, along with an associated placename. For example, royal government official Tei Dō (1549-1611) is equally well known by the title Jana Ueekata, or "ueekata of Jana," Jana (謝名) being an area (specifically, an azana) within what is today the city of Ginowan, Okinawa.

Holders of ueekata rank wore purple hachimachi headbands, the color being a symbol of rank.

Notes

References
"Ueekata." Okinawa konpakuto jiten (沖縄コンパクト事典, "Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia"). Ryukyu Shimpo (琉球新報). 1 March 2003. Accessed 5 January 2009.

Noble titles
Ryukyu Kingdom
Nobility in Asia

Ueekata


The Righteously Outrageous Twirling Corps is a Chicago-based visual performance ensemble of gay male volunteers. The name is a play on the Reserve Officer Training Corps. The group appears at gay events in Chicago. It also travels across the country to perform at various LGBT events.

The group was formed in 1992 by Ron Rubright, Bruce Linsmeyer and Chuck Henson, and was meant to provide light entertainment to gay pride parades that they felt were too serious.

Their uniform borrows elements from military garb (khaki or camouflage with black boots), but also includes camp elements, and members are encouraged to personalize their wardrobes. Although the group marches in unison and performs synchronized movements, the music is generally techno, disco, or a gay anthem. The group's performance consists of "a precision, military-style warm-up routine, and traditional routines to dance or disco music."

See also

List of LGBT-related organizations
Cheer, Dorothy, Cheer!

References

External links

Righteously Outrageous Twirling Corps — official website

LGBT organizations in the United States
Twirling

Righteously Outrageous Twirling Corps


Aleksandra Dionisyevna Danilova (Russian: Александра Дионисьевна Данилова; November 20, 1903 – July 13, 1997) was a Russian-born prima ballerina, who became an American citizen. In 1989, she was recognized for lifetime achievements in ballet as a Kennedy Center Honoree.

Early life
Born in Peterhof, Russian Empire on November 20, 1903, she trained at the Russian Imperial Ballet School in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). She was one of the few Russian-trained ballerinas to tour outside Russia. Her first professional post was as a member of St. Petersburg's Imperial Ballet.

Career
In 1924, she and George Balanchine left Russia. They were soon picked up by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes; Danilova as a dancer, Balanchine as a choreographer. Danilova toured for years with the Ballets Russes under Sergei Diaghilev, then with the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo after Diaghilev's death. With the latter company, Danilova and Frederic Franklin created one of the legendary ballet partnerships of the twentieth century. Danilova became known for her glamour and beautiful legs, as well as her work ethic and professionalism.

The Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo presented Gaîté Parisienne in the U.S. for the first time at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, on 12 October 1938, with Danilova as the Glove Seller. Portraying her as a vivacious, glamorous, sophisticated woman of the world, Danilova in Gaîté became one of the attractions of the Ballet Russe, and the ballet often concluded a season's opening-night performance. On the opening night of the company's 1941 season in New York, when Danilova made her first entrance she was given a spontaneous ovation that stopped the show. Such show-stopping ovations thenceforth became a tradition of every opening-night Gaîté with Danilova.

Danilova made her Broadway debut in 1944's Song of Norway; her last ballet performance was in 1957. She made her musical comedy debut in 1958 in Oh, Captain!. She appeared in a single scene, a dance with the show's star, Tony Randall. (A year later, they performed it on an episode of The Dinah Shore Chevy Show, thus preserving it for posterity.) Unfortunately, Oh, Captain! was not a commercial success and closed a few months later. She was in financial straits when she came across Balanchine on the street in 1964. When he heard of her plight he instantly hired her to teach at the School of American Ballet. In 1965, she sought and received approval from Balanchine to produce a spring workshop performance for the students. These workshops became an important preview for many outstanding dancers. Danilova remained there until her retirement in 1989.

In 1972, she staged a New York City Ballet production of the romantic ballet Les Syphides, under the original title, Chopiniana.
Two years later, in 1974, Balanchine choreographed a version of Coppélia for the New York City Ballet. He was assisted by Danilova, who had performed the title role many times during her dancing career. She staged the Petipa choreography for Act II.

Danilova had a small, but nostalgically delightful, role (especially for those who knew her earlier work) in the 1977 movie The Turning Point as a ballet coach for upcoming ballerinas.

In 1986 she published an autobiography called Choura, her own personal nickname. The book won the 1986 de la Torre Bueno Prize.

Personal life
She had a long intimate relationship with Balanchine after his divorce from Tamara Geva, from 1926 to 1933, but they never married. They continued their professional partnership long after their romance ended. Danilova, who became an American citizen in 1946, was twice married, to Giuseppe Massera in 1934 and to Casimir Kokitch in 1941.

Ephemera
In Hugh Martin's Look Ma, I'm Dancin' of 1948, a disillusioned would-be dancer contrasts her skills with the talents of some of the leading ballerinas of the day, including Markova and Pavlova. The song includes the line "And as for Alexandra Danilova, I know I'll never make a schlemiel of 'er."

Death
Danilova died on July 13, 1997, in New York. She had a Russian Orthodox funeral service, and was interred at Oakland Cemetery, Sag Harbor, Suffolk County, New York — the same cemetery where George Balanchine is buried.

See also
 List of Russian ballet dancers

References

External links

Archive footage of Alexandra Danilova performing the Sugar Plum variation from The Nutcracker in 1952 at Jacob's Pillow
Archive footage of Alexandra Danilova and Frederic Franklin performing Gaite Parisienne in 1948 at Jacob's Pillow
Alexandra Danilova papers, 1954-1989 Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library.

InfoPlease database entry
StreetSwing.com entry
The Ballerina Gallery - Alexandra Danilova

Reviews

1903 births
1997 deaths
Prima ballerinas
Ballet teachers
Russian ballerinas
American ballerinas
Kennedy Center honorees
Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo dancers
Mae L. Wien Faculty Award recipients
White Russian emigrants to the United States
Naturalized citizens of the United States
20th-century American ballet dancers

Alexandra Danilova


Shutonia variabilis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.

Description
The length of the shell attains 18.5 mm, its diameter 6 mm.

(Original description) The elongately fusiform shell has a long siphonal canal. it is thin and yellowish-white. The shell contains eight whorls, of which about 2 (if normal) form a smooth, slightly inflated, reddish-brown protoconch. The subsequent whorls are subangular, concave in their upper part and separated by a conspicuous waved suture. The sculpture consists of a row of tubercles at the periphery, sharper in upper whorls, more obtuse lower on, a row of granules, just below the suture, becoming scarcely visible in last whorl and entirely or nearly wanting in some specimens. The lower part of the whorls show one or two rather faint, spiral lirae. The part of the last whorl below the keel shows more or less conspicuous spirals, which vary from regular flat lirae to more irregular riblike ones. In the latter case mainly two spirals are stronger. Moreover, there are extremely fine spiral striae and rather conspicuous growth-striae. The aperture is elongated and angular above. The peristome is thin, with a wide sinus above, then protracted. The columellar margin is nearly straight, only slightly concave above, ending in a rather long, narrow siphonal canal, covered with a thin layer of enamel. The interior of the aperture is smooth.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off Indonesia and in the Andaman Sea and off Thailand.

References

  Schepman, M. 1913. p. 425 [ Six specimens out of ten from Schepman 1913 were identified as Makiyamaia sibogae by Shuto 1970].

External links

 Gastropods.com: Shutonia variabilis

variabilis
Gastropods described in 1913

Shutonia variabilis


Rajendra Prasad was the first President of India. He was the president from 1950 to 1962. He was an Indian political leader and lawyer.Prasad joined the Indian National Congress during the Indian Independence Movement. He became a major leader from Bihar. He is a supporter of Mahatma Gandhi. Prasad was put in jail by Britishers during the Salt Satyagraha of 1931. He was also put in jail during the Quit India movement of 1942.

First President of India
Prasad served as Minister of Food and Agriculture in the central government, after the 1946 elections. After independence in 1947, Prasad was elected as President of the Constituent Assembly of India. This assembly prepared the Constitution of India. When India became a Republic in 1950, Prasad was elected as the first President by the Constituent Assembly.In 1957, Prasad was re-elected as the President. By this he became the only president of India to serve two full terms. He died on 28 February 1963.

References

Presidents of India
Bihari politicians

Rajendra Prasad


Q3A is an abbreviation for a type of three, four and five storey prefabricated buildings constructed in the GDR in the 1950s and 1960s. The letter "Q" in the word stands for "Querwandbau" (cross wall construction).

Description

In a Q3A panel house, the walls are constructed entirely from concrete blocks, while the ceiling consists of multiple concrete plates that were placed perpendicular to, and on top of the wall elements. This explains the source of the "cross wall construction" name. The flat roof construction is the most visible difference between the Q3A series and other East Germany buildings of its time. Q3A homes are equipped with a furnace for heating, and a balcony for use by tenants was also provided in approximately half the cases. In later years (after the fall of the Berlin Wall and German Reunification), most houses were retrofitted with additional balconies.

The concrete blocks and ceiling elements of the first houses were manufactured at an industrial plant in the Ostseestrasse in Berlin. Other types of panel construction used for Q3A houses were the IW57- and IW58-types. These were produced in much smaller numbers, with some even lacking the signature flat roof, being built with a more classic Hip Roof.

Shortly after the first houses were erected in 1957 in the eight quarters of East Berlin, further series utilizing cross wall construction were developed. The QX-series, which were mostly 4-storey buildings, were not constructed from blocks, but from cheaper concrete strips. Most buildings of this series can be found in the "Hans-Loch" quarter, which was the first, newly constructed, large-scale settlement in East Berlin after the end of the Second World War. It is worth noting, that while Q3A block buildings were used in most areas of the GDR, the QX-series was constructed on a relatively limited basis. It is therefore regarded as an experimental series.

Further developments of cross-wall panel buildings happened from 1959 to 1983. These, even more frequently built homes, had the building type designation QP or QP64, for those mainly built in 1964. They were built with five, eight or ten storeys and in contrast to the two previous Q-series buildings, fulfilled the existing building codes by being furnished with a lift. The QP-series was the first type of house utilizing larger, industrial-sized panels. Each individual plate forms a complete wall of a room. The most striking and visible feature of many houses in the QP series is the colouring of the exterior walls, usually consisting of white or yellow tiles. The first buildings of this series originated in Berlin, between Strausberg and the Alexanderplatz, in the western half of the former Stalin Avenue as well as the Hans-Loch Quarter.

The early 1970s were marked by the arrival of by far the most common series -- the WBS70 (Wohnungsbauserie 70). Approximately 900,000 apartment units of this type were constructed -- consisting of five-, six- and eleven-storey buildings. Other large-panel series were the P2 and WHH GT 18 series. These were constructed as part of the "Sonderbauprogramm Berlin" (special construction program Berlin), which allocated special funds to improving the housing of what was then, the capital of the GDR -- East Berlin.

Specifications
Q3A

 Basic principle: light concrete construction utilising pre-fabricated blocks
 Mass of the prefabricated parts: Maximum of 0.8 metric tons
 Distance between the inner transverse walls: 2.40 m and 3.60 m
 Building depth: 10.0 m
 Roof shape: flat, sloping cold-roof with bituminous roofing membranes
 Balcony arrangement: if present, in pairs at the front long side
 Built in Berlin: 1957-1969 28,600 housing units
 subsequent variants: IW64 (type "Brandenburg")

QX

 Basic principle: light concrete construction utilising pre-fabricated strips
 Mass of the prefabricated parts: Maximum of 1.0 metric tons
 Roof shape: flat, pitched cold-roof
 Balcony arrangement: in pairs and individually on the front long side
 Built in Berlin: 1959-1964 3300 housing units
 subsequent variant: Type "Magdeburg"

QP

 Basic principle: light concrete construction utilising pre-fabricated panels
 Mass of the prefabricated parts: Maximum of 5.0 metric tons
 Types: QP59, QP61, Qp62, QP64, QP71, QP71R
 Roof shape: Butterfly-/V-shaped, cold-roof with "bekriechbarem Drempelraum" (air vents large enough to be accessed via crawling)
 Balcony arrangement: often on both long sides; but, depending on the type, sometimes also only on the front long side
 Built in Berlin: 1959-1983 35,000 housing units

References

Further reading
 Research work of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung "What will happen to the housing estates?" appeared in the Digital Library of the Foundation
 page of the Federal Institute of Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development at the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning

Urban studies and planning terminology
Housing in Germany
Economy of East Germany
East German architecture

Q3A Panel house


Odum is a town in Wayne County, Georgia, United States. The population was 463 at the 2020 census.

History
The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Odum as a town in 1907. The community was named after Godfrey Odum, an early settler. The first Mayor was Dr. J. T. Colvin. J. A. Odum was an early councilman.

The Ritch–Carter–Martin House in Odum was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

Geography

Odum is located at  (31.666072, -82.028622).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.9 square miles (5.0 km), all land.

Demographics

At of the 2000 census, there were 414 people, 163 households and 119 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 192 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 83.57% White, 13.53% African American, 0.24% Asian, 1.69% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.93% of the population.

There were 163 households, of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.3% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.03.

Age distribution was 25.8% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median household income was $37,188, and the median family income was $36,719. Males had a median income of $28,250 versus $18,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,699. About 11.8% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.8% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

References

Towns in Wayne County, Georgia
Towns in Georgia (U.S. state)

Odum, Georgia


Raoul de Cambrai is a 12th -13th century French epic poem (chanson de geste) concerning the eponymous hero's battles to take possession of his fief and of the repercussions from these battles.  It is typically grouped in the "rebellious vassals cycle", or "Geste of Doon de Mayence".

Plot
Raoul de Cambrai, the posthumous son of Raoul Taillefer, count of Cambrai, by his wife Alais, sister of King Louis d'Outre-Mer, whose father's lands had been given to another, demanded the fief of Vermandois, which was the natural inheritance of the four sons of Herbert, lord of Vermandois. On King Louis's refusal, he proceeded to war. The chief hero on the Vermandois side was Bernier, a grandson of Count Herbert, who had been the squire and firm adherent of Raoul, until he was driven into opposition by the fate of his mother, burned with the nuns in the church of Origny. Bernier eventually slew the terrible Raoul in single fight, but in his turn was slain, after an apparent reconciliation, and the blood-feud was left for his sons.

Text
Raoul de Cambrai has come down to us in 3 manuscripts of varying quality.  The most complete version dates from the 13th century, but certain sections are missing.  The extant poem comprises roughly 8,542 decasyllable verses (depending on the edition and corrections made for missing material; here, the Kibler edition is referenced), of which the first 5,373 are grouped into rhymed laisses, while the remaining verses are grouped into assonanced laisses.  While the section with assonance would typically be considered the older of the two sections, it appears from the romantic elements of this section that the assonance section is in fact of a later date, perhaps written by a poet desiring an archaic tone.

The existing 13th century (composed c. 1200 ) epic appears to have been composed in three different stages: an early 12th century assonanced section concerning the hero Raoul; a late 12th century reworking into rhymes of the original section, plus the addition of a section concerning Roaul's nephew Gautier; finally, an early 13th century addition (inspired by romances) in assonance of the story of Bernier.  There is however mention (laisses 120-121) that the poem is based on a version by a noble trouvère of Laon called Bertholais, who professed to have witnessed the events he described.

Raoul de Cambrai presents, like the other provincial geste of Garin le Loherain, a picture of the devastation caused by the private wars of the feudal chiefs. A parallel narrative, obviously inspired by popular poetry, is preserved in the chronicle of Waulsort (ed. Achery, Spicilegium, ii. p. 100 seq.), and probably corresponds with the earlier recension.

Historical sources
The date of these events is exactly ascertainable. Flodoard (Annales, Anno 943) states that Count Herbert died in that year, and was buried by his sons at Saint-Quentin, that when they learnt that Raoul, son of Raoul de Gouy, was about to invade their father's territory, they attacked him and put him to death. The identity of the other personages of the story has also been fixed from historical sources. The third part of the poem, of which Bernier is the hero, is of later date, and bears the character of a roman d'aventures.

Notes

References
 Raoul de Cambrai, French translation by William Kibler, original text edited by Sarah Kay (1996)
Li Romans de Raoul de Cambrai et de Bernier, ed. E. le Clay (Paris, 1840)
Raoul de Cambrai, ed. Paul Meyer and Auguste Longnon (Paris, Société des anciens textes français, 1882)
J. M. Ludlow, Popular Epics of the Middle Ages (London and Cambridge, 1865)
G. Gröber, Grundriss der romanischen Philologie (ii. pp. 567 seq.).

Chansons de geste

Raoul de Cambrai


David Bar-Illan (February 7, 1930 – November 5, 2003) was an Israeli pianist, author and newspaper editor.

Biography
Bar-Illan was born in Haifa during the Mandate era, and studied music at the Dona Weizman Conservatory. At age 17, he won a scholarship to study music in the United States, at the Juilliard School in New York City. In 1948, following Israeli Independence, he interrupted his studies and briefly returned to the new state of Israel to join the Israel Defense Forces and fight in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

Bar-Illan died in Jerusalem in 2003 at age 73, from complications of a heart attack he had suffered three years earlier. He was survived by his wife, three children, two stepchildren, and a younger sister.

Music career
In 1950, he graduated from the Juilliard School and settled in the United States, regularly touring internationally as a concert artist. His London debut was at the Wigmore Hall in 1953. His debut with the New York Philharmonic was in 1960 under conductor Dimitri Mitropoulos. In 1961, he became the first Israeli musician to perform in Germany after World War II, receiving much criticism from fellow Israelis. Bar-Illan's debut recording on RCA included works by Beethoven and Liszt. Later in his career, he recorded six albums on the Audiofon label. He taught at Southern Methodist University, the University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music and at the Mannes College of Music (now the Mannes School of Music). Bar-Illan had a successful career as a concert pianist that lasted more than fifty years, and he played with every major orchestra in the US and in Europe. His long association with composer Robert Starer led to Starer's dedication of several works to Bar-Illan.

Journalism and media career
In the 1960s, Ralph Ginzburg invited him to write for his new publication Eros Magazine, a 1962 quarterly hardbound periodical containing articles and photo-essays on love and sex. Bar-Illan's contributions included entertaining and well-researched articles such as "The Love Life of Napoleon," "The Unicorn as Phallic Symbol," and "What Mark Twain Reveals About Himself in '1601'." He also wrote for the Saturday Evening Post, and was a regular opinion contributor to U.S. newspapers, notably as a vocal advocate for Israel and Soviet Jewry. From 1990 to 1992, he served as Executive Editor of The Jerusalem Post, Israel's leading English-language newspaper, and was a regular columnist from 1992 to 1996.

In 1996, he became Director of Communications and Policy Planning for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, serving until 1999.  During this period, he served as the State of Israel's key spokesman with the foreign media, appearing in hundreds of television and radio interviews. In 1999, he returned to the Jerusalem Post as an occasional columnist.

Legacy
To honor the memory and legacy of Bar-Illan, friends and family helped establish an annual event, The David Bar-Illan Conference on the Media & the Middle East, at the Ariel University Center of Samaria. The forum, held every November in Israel, is a full-day academic conference on media relations and ethics.

References

External links
David Dubal interview with David Bar-Illan (1 of 2), WNCN-FM, March 27, 1981
David Dubal interview with David Bar-Illan (2 of 2), WNCN-FM, October 28, 1983
Causley, Charles. David Bar-Illan. news.telegraph, November 6, 2003 (retrieved January 29, 2010)
Fettmann, Eric. Israel Loses a Warrior New York Post, November 6, 2003 (retrieved July 14, 2011)
Lueck, Thomas J. David Bar-Illan, Ex-Israeli Aide, Dies at 73 The New York Times, November 5, 2003 (retrieved January 29, 2010)
Profile and recordings by Audiofon

Joffe, Lawrence: Obituary: David Bar-Illan

1930 births
2003 deaths
Musicians from Haifa
Israeli classical pianists
20th-century classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Juilliard School alumni
University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music faculty
Southern Methodist University faculty
Mannes College The New School for Music faculty
Spokespersons
The Jerusalem Post editors
Israeli columnists
Burials at Har HaMenuchot

David Bar-Illan


A Scotch pie is a dooble-crust pie, oreiginally frae Scotland.

The fillin is minced mutton, aften spiced wi pepper an ither ingredients. Ilka piemakker's preceise receipt, includin the kinds an amoonts o spice uised, is for ordinar keepit gey saicret, for fear o eimitations. It is bakkit in a roond, straucht-sidit tin, aboot 3 1/2in (8 cm) aroond an 1 3/4in (4 cm) heich, wi the tap crust aboot 1/4in (1 cm) laigher nor the rim tae mak room for addin accompaniments sic as chappit tatties, bakkit beans or bree.

Scotch pies is aften sert by tak-awa restaurants, an at ootdoor events sic as fitbaa gemmes.

Ilka year, the Scotch Pie Club hauds the Warld Scotch Pie Championship. Fleshers and baxters enter thair pies intae this competeition, an the makker o the pie juidged maist gustie bi a panel o juidges is awairdit the teitle o Warld Scotch Pie Champion.

Scots cuisine
Pies

Scotch pie