Pont-en-Ogoz () is a municipality in the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.  In 1970 the village of Pont-en-Ogoz merged with Villars-d'Avry into the municipality of Le Bry.   Then, in 2003 the municipalities of Le Bry, Avry-devant-Pont and Gumefens merged to form a bigger Pont-en-Ogoz.

Geography

Pont-en-Ogoz has an area, , of .  Of this area,  or 64.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 21.9% is forested.   Of the rest of the land,  or 12.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and  or 0.1% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 6.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 5.2%.  Out of the forested land, 20.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.  Of the agricultural land, 8.7% is used for growing crops and  53.3% is pastures and 1.9% is used for alpine pastures.

It consists of the villages of Pont-en-Ogoz, Villars-d'Avry, Avry-devant-Pont and Gumefens.

Demographics
Pont-en-Ogoz has a population () of .  , 8.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals.  Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 20.9%.  Migration accounted for 14.4%, while births and deaths accounted for 6.6%.

Most of the population () speaks French (392 or 92.5%) as their first language, German is the second most common (23 or 5.4%) and Portuguese is the third (4 or 0.9%).

, the population was 51.6% male and 48.4% female.  The population was made up of 739 Swiss men (46.2% of the population) and 87 (5.4%) non-Swiss men.  There were 721 Swiss women (45.0%) and 54 (3.4%) non-Swiss women.  Of the population in the municipality, 104 or about 24.5% were born in Pont-en-Ogoz and lived there in 2000.  There were 182 or 42.9% who were born in the same canton, while 60 or 14.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 44 or 10.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 26% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 64.4% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 9.6%.

, there were 178 people who were single and never married in the municipality.  There were 210 married individuals, 12 widows or widowers and 24 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 513 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household.  There were 43 households that consist of only one person and 14 households with five or more people.  , a total of 164 apartments (77.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 39 apartments (18.3%) were seasonally occupied and 10 apartments (4.7%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 4.4 new units per 1000 residents.

Heritage sites of national significance
The Farm House at Route De La Tour 35 and the ruins of Pont-en-Ogoz Castle and Pont-en-Ogoz Fortress are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 31.0% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the SVP (19.0%), the CVP (18.8%) and the FDP (13.6%).

The SPS improved their position in Pont-en-Ogoz rising to first, from second in 2007 (with 24.9%)  The SVP moved from third in 2007 (with 22.3%) to second in 2011, the CVP moved from first in 2007 (with 25.8%) to third and the FDP retained about the same popularity (15.6% in 2007).  A total of 528 votes were cast in this election, of which 9 or 1.7% were invalid.

Economy
, Pont-en-Ogoz had an unemployment rate of 2.9%.  , there were 61 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 25 businesses involved in this sector.  25 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 8 businesses in this sector.  211 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 40 businesses in this sector.  There were 242 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.2% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 216.  The number of jobs in the primary sector was 42, all of which were in agriculture.  The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 21 of which 16 or (76.2%) were in manufacturing and 5 (23.8%) were in construction.  The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 153.  In the tertiary sector; 40 or 26.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 9 or 5.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 56 or 36.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3 or 2.0% were in the information industry, 1 was the insurance or financial industry, 7 or 4.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 12 or 7.8% were in education and 19 or 12.4% were in health care.

, there were 114 workers who commuted into the municipality and 182 workers who commuted away.  The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.  Of the working population, 6.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 75.7% used a private car.

Religion
From the , 311 or 73.3% were Roman Catholic, while 28 or 6.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.  Of the rest of the population, there were 16 individuals (or about 3.77% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.  There were 2 (or about 0.47% of the population) who were Islamic.  42 (or about 9.91% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 33 individuals (or about 7.78% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Pont-en-Ogoz about 139 or (32.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 56 or (13.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).  Of the 56 who completed tertiary schooling, 53.6% were Swiss men, 26.8% were Swiss women, 10.7% were non-Swiss men and 8.9% were non-Swiss women.

The Canton of Fribourg school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school.  This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude.  Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school.  The upper Secondary school is divided into gymnasium (university preparatory) and vocational programs.  After they finish the upper Secondary program, students may choose to attend a Tertiary school or continue their apprenticeship.

During the 2010-11 school year, there were a total of 192 students attending 10 classes in Pont-en-Ogoz.  A total of 333 students from the municipality attended any school, either in the municipality or outside of it.  There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 38 students in the municipality.  The municipality had 8 primary classes and 154 students.  During the same year, there were no lower secondary classes in the municipality, but 80 students attended lower secondary school in a neighboring municipality.  There were no upper Secondary classes or vocational classes, but there were 23 upper Secondary students and 32 upper Secondary vocational students who attended classes in another municipality.  The municipality had no non-university Tertiary classes, but there were 2 non-university Tertiary students and 2 specialized Tertiary students who attended classes in another municipality.

, there were 9 students in Pont-en-Ogoz who came from another municipality, while 46 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

References

External links

Municipalities of the canton of Fribourg
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Fribourg

Pont-en-Ogoz


Evelyn Ashford (born April 15, 1957) is an American retired track and field athlete, the 1984 Olympic champion in the 100-meter dash, and the world record-holder in the 60-yard dash. She ran under the 11-second barrier over 30 times and was the first to run under 11 seconds in an Olympic Games. Ashford has the distinction of owning the longest unbroken athletics record (60y dash).

Biography
As a 19-year-old, Ashford finished 5th in the 100 m event at the 1976 Summer Olympics. After beating the world record holders in the 100 m and 200 m in 1979 at the World Cup of Track and Field in Montreal, Ashford was one of the potential medalists for the 1980 Summer Olympics, but these Games were boycotted by the United States. Ashford also tore a quad muscle in 1980 and was out for the rest of the season.

In 1977, she won the first Broderick Award (now the Honda Sports Award) as the nation's best female collegiate track and field athlete.

Ashford was ranked No. 1 in the world by Track & Field News over 100 meters in 1979 and 1981, and over 200 meters in 1981.  She also was named Track and Field News "Athlete of the Year" twice, in 1981 and 1984

She again won the sprint double, at the world cup in Rome, in 1981.

On July 3, 1983, she set her first world record for the 100 meters, running 10.79 seconds at the National Sports Festival in Colorado Springs, Colorado, and was one of the favorites to win the 100-meter title at the inaugural World Championships in Helsinki. In the final, however, she pulled a hamstring muscle and fell.  The other main favorite, Marlies Göhr of East Germany (who had already beaten Ashford earlier that year), went on to win.

At the 1984 Summer Olympics, Ashford had a chance to win a gold medal. However, she had to withdraw from the 200 m heats with a minor injury. She competed in the 100 m, winning the event in a new Olympic record of 10.97 secs. As the anchor runner for 4 × 100 m relay team, she won a second gold medal. In the absence of World Champions and world record holders East Germany, the US team clocked one of the fastest times in history and won by the biggest margin ever at an Olympics, 1.12 seconds.

Later in the season, she finally defeated her main rival Göhr at the Weltklasse meeting in Zürich, Switzerland. The race saw Ashford make up half a meter or so over Göhr and lower her own world record to 10.76 seconds. That race proved to be Ashford's personal record. It still ranks as the No. 13 individual all-time. Ashford regained her No. 1 Track & Field News ranking.

At the 1988 Summer Olympics, she was the flag bearer for the United States team at the Opening Ceremony. She was beaten in the 100 m by Florence Griffith Joyner, who had broken her world record earlier in the season at the Olympic Trials. In the 4 × 100 m relay she again ran the final leg, winning her third Olympic gold medal despite a less than perfect last exchange between Griffith-Joyner and Ashford that required Ashford to run a sensational final leg to overtake Göhr.

At her last Olympics in Barcelona, Ashford, aged 35, was eliminated in the 100 m semi-finals by 1/100 of a second; she went on to win her third straight Olympic 4 × 100 m relay gold, this time running the first leg. She is one of six women to have won four gold medals in track and field Olympic history.

Ashford came back from season-ending injuries three times, to reach the top of the sport in the following year. In 1980 she injured her quad, and returned in 1981 with the sprint double at the World Cup and the number one world ranking in both sprints. After an injury in 1983, she became double Olympic Champion in 1984. In 1987 a hamstring pull prevented her from competing at the World Championships, then a season later added an Olympic Silver and third Gold medal to her collection.

On May 30, 1985, she gave birth to her daughter Raina Ashley Washington, and again came back for an excellent 1986, losing only once over both the 100 m and 200 m, and winning the 100 meter title at the Goodwill Games; earning another No. 1 ranking by Track & Field News over the shorter distance.

After parting ways with her coach Pat Connolly (herself a three-time Olympian) in 1985, Ashford was largely self-coached.

In 1997, Ashford was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame, where she is said to be "one of the greatest track and field runners ever". Ashford went to the University of California, Los Angeles and Roseville High School. She was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame in 1990.

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Shreveport, Louisiana
Track and field athletes from Louisiana
American female sprinters
African-American female track and field athletes
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1979 Pan American Games
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
UCLA Bruins women's track and field athletes
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games
Olympic female sprinters
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
 American Masters Athlete that competed in Olympics

Evelyn Ashford


Abdus Suttar Khan (c. 1941 – 31 January 2008) was a Bangladeshi scientist. He researched on aerospace for four decades with NASA, United Technology, and Alstom, a French power generation company. Khan invented more than forty different alloys for commercial application in space shuttles, jet engines, train engines and industrial gas turbines.

Early life and education
Khan was born in Khagatua village, PS Nabinagar, Brahmanbaria District, British India (now in Bangladesh). He attended Ratanpur High School and did his intermediate at Comilla Victoria College. After graduating at the top of his class from University of Dhaka with a Bachelor of Science (Honors) in 1962 and master's degree in chemistry in 1963, Khan joined the Chemistry department as a lecturer at the same university. In 1964, he accepted a scholarship to study at the University of Oxford and received his PhD degree in chemistry in 1968. Following his PhD, Khan returned to the Chemistry department of DU as an associate professor and worked there until 1973. That year, he left Bangladesh to conduct research in the field of materials engineering (alloys) in the United States.

Professional work
During his career, Khan invented more than forty different alloys. These alloys are designed for the use in the area of high temperature, such as blades of gas turbine or jet engines. They are coated with environmentally resistant coatings to provide protection from oxidation and/or corrosion, high temperature (to prevent thermal fatigue), to provide wear resistance etc.

These have been commercially applied in space shuttles, advanced commercial jet engines, and US air force jet engines. These alloys made engines lighter, which enabled the aircraft to fly faster. Khan's work in Switzerland also involved alloys, which increased the speed of train engines and industrial gas turbines.

One of Khan's during work with US Military Technology he invented his most valuable and memorable invention , high strength nickel based alloys, were used for increased fuel efficiency in F-15 and F-16 fighter engines. Subsequently, these alloys were declared as 21st Century materials for advanced aircraft engines in the Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Magazine (Popular Science, June 1990).

Commercial products developed
 Nano-catalysts developed are used for in fuel flow path in advanced jet engines for high mach propulsion
 Advanced abrasion resistant materials developed are used for increased fuel efficiencies of US AF fighter engines (Proprietary to United Technologies' Pratt & Whitney)
 Corrosion & fatigue resistant coatings deposited by cathodic arc process is used in advanced commercial in Pratt & Whiney jet engines (Proprietary to United Technologies' Pratt & Whitney)
 Electrodeposited wear resistant coatings developed is used in advanced GT24/26 industrial gas turbine engines by Alstom, Switzerland (Proprietary to Alstom, Switzerland)
 Electrodeposited oxidation-corrosion resistant coatings used by Alstom, Switzerland in Alstom Power GT-11 industrial gas turbine engines (Proprietary to Alstom, Switzerland)

Awards and achievements
For Khan's outstanding research and its application in aerospace, he received numerous prestigious awards from NASA, the US Air Force, United Technology, and Alstom. In addition to these achievements, Khan was a Chartered Scientist (Professional Scientist) of the Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain, 2005), Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain, 1996), and a member of the American Society of Metals.

Some of his important awards and recognitions include:
 The "1986 United Technologies Special Award" for contributing the development of high strength nickel based alloys (known as Alloy Y) used for increased fuel efficiency of F-15 & F-16 fighter engines.  The Alloy Y was highlighted in Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Magazine (AMM Magazine), 4 August 1986.  Subsequently, the Alloy Y was declared as 21st Century Materials for advanced aircraft engines.
 "United Technologies Research Center Award of Excellence" for developing a unique manufacturing process for hydrocarbon catalysis for high-speed aircraft & missile propulsion (1994).
 The hydrocarbon fuel catalyst technology developed under NASA-Air Force contract was declared as enabling technology by NASA and US Air Force in 1992.
 "Pratt & Whitney's Special" Award for contribution to development of manufacturing technology for advanced surface protection coatings for use in jet engines (1993)

Retired life
During his retired life, Khan was conducting research as an honorary professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Florida State University. While researching there, he tried to establish a Center of Excellence in nanomaterials for research in the area of carbon nanotechnology for applications in materials science and biomaterial technology.

Social achievements
Besides his scientific achievements, Khan was also involved in community services in the United States. Khan was the founder of the Bangladeshi Association of Florida and organised numerous Asian community events. In 1991, he raised $61,000 for Bangladeshi flood victims and donated these funds to the Red Cross. Khan also established a cooperative agreement between Dhaka University and Lamar University in Texas to train faculty members and graduate students of DU.

References

1941 births
2008 deaths
University of Dhaka alumni
Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford
Florida State University faculty
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
20th-century American chemists
Florida State University people
Bangladeshi scientists
Academic staff of the University of Dhaka
People from Brahmanbaria district
Comilla Victoria Government College alumni

Abdus Suttar Khan


Yevgeny Grigoryevich Yasin (; 7 May 1934 – 25 September 2023) was a Russian economist. He served as the economy minister of Russia from 1994 to 1997. Until July 2021, he was an academic supervisor at the National Research University Higher School of Economics. He was a regular contributor to the Echo of Moscow radio station.

Biography
Yevgeny Yasin was born in Odessa, Ukrainian SSR, on 7 May 1934.

In 1957, he graduated from the Odessa Institute of Civil Construction, and in 1963, from the Moscow State University (MSU) Faculty of Economics. In 1968, he defended his thesis for the degree of the Candidate of Science. In 1976 – Doctor of Economics, and since 1979 – Professor. From 1958 to 1960, Yasin was an engineer at the Design Institute Number 3 of the Committee of Civil Engineering, Ukrainian SSR. After graduating from MSU, from 1964 to 1973, he worked at the Research Institute of the Central Department of Statistics as head of department and later head of laboratory.

From 1973 to 1989, he headed a laboratory at the Central Institute of Economics and Mathematics, USSR Academy of Sciences.
In 1978, Yasin led the Department on Economic Reform in the State Commission of the USSR Council of Ministers. He was one of the key authors of a number of programmes on the transition to a market economy, including the well-known programme "500 days".

In 1991, he went from the USSR Government Office to the Scientific and Industrial Union of the USSR – today called the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (Employers) (RSPP) – as Director for Economic Policy. In November 1991, he created the Expert Institute as part of this organization and became its head.

From January 1992, Yasin worked as Director of the RSPP and at the same time as an Authorized Representative of the Russian Government in the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. In 1993, he was appointed Head of a work group under the Chairman of the Government of the RF and actively participated in the development of economic programmes. In April 1994, he became Head of the Analytical Center under the President of the Russian Federation.

In November 1994, Yasin was appointed head of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, and in April 1997 – Minister of the Russian Federation.

From October 1998, he was the Academic Supervisor of the Higher School of Economics and president of the Expert Institute.
From 2000 - President of the "Liberalnaya Missiya" ("Liberal Mission") Foundation. Its board members include his daughter Irina Yasina, Igor Klyamkin, Alexander Arkhangelsky, Jochen Wermuth, Dmitry Zimin, Georgy Satarov, Lilia Shevtsova, and others.

Until September 2009, he was a member of the Federal Political Council of the "Union of Rightist Forces", but when President Vladimir Putin named him a member of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation, he cancelled his membership in the party.

Yevgeny Yasin died on 25 September 2023, at the age of 89.

Titles

 Academic Supervisor of the Higher School of Economics (HSE)
 President of the 'Liberalnaya Missiya' ('Liberal Mission') Foundation
 President of the Scientific Non-Commercial Foundation 'Expert Institute' (Exin)
 Member of the Russian Federation Public Chamber Commission on Education and Science (2008)
 Member of the European Academy of Sciences
 Honorary Professor at the Jilin University (People's Republic of China)
 Doctor Honoris Causa at the University of Birmingham (Great Britain)
 Chairman of the Dissertation Council on Economic Sciences, HSE
 Professor at the HSE Department of Statistics

References

External links
 homepage of the Higher School of Economics with biography of Yevgeny Yasin
 board homepage  of the 'Liberal Mission' Foundation
 Yasin board member of RSPP

1934 births
2023 deaths
Writers from Odesa
Russian economists
Russian liberals
Union of Right Forces politicians
Economy ministers of Russia
Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Echo of Moscow radio presenters
Academic staff of the Higher School of Economics
Members of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)

Yevgeny Yasin


Toby Bourke (7 February 1965) is an Irish singer and songwriter. He was brought up in London where he was a key figure in London's Irish rock scene for twenty years.
He has recorded three albums, two in-studio and one live, and currently has a fourth in production. Blood Sweat and Tears was recorded live at The Swan in Stockwell, London in 1992. In 1996 he was signed by George Michael for his Aegean label. He recorded a duet with Michael called "Waltz Away Dreaming" in 1997. The song was a top 10 hit, but the Aegean label folded soon after. "Waltz Away Dreaming" was included on Bourke's next album Room 21.

He continues to write and record from his base in Ireland where he lives with his wife and children. Toby Bourke is rumoured to be planning a tour for later in 2012. He is also rumoured to be writing a humorous, novel form account of his time in the music business.

References

1965 births
Living people
Irish singer-songwriters

Toby Bourke


The Constitution of Fiji is the supreme law of Fiji.  There have been four Constitutions since the first was adopted in 1970.  The first constitution, adopted in 1970 upon independence, was abrogated following two military coups in 1987. A second constitution, the Constitution of the Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji, was adopted in 1990.  Its discriminatory provisions, which reserved the office of Prime Minister and a built-in majority in the House of Representatives for indigenous Fijians (although they were at that time a minority of the population) proved very unpopular with the Indo-Fijian community, which comprised almost half the country's population, and in the mid 1990s the government agreed that it should be rewritten.  The third constitution, The Constitution of the Republic of the Fiji Islands dates from 1997.  The current constitution was implemented in 2013.

Background
Fiji's first constitution, implemented in 1970 at the time of independence from the UK, contained negotiated provisions to enshrine the political supremacy of the minority indigenous population. When an Indo-Fijian dominated government was elected despite these safeguards, the 1987 Fijian coups d'état took place, resulting in even tighter measures in the 1990 constitution.

Widespread Indo-Fijian dissent, coupled with a population shift back to an indigenous majority, prompted a more inclusive approach in the 1997 constitution. This was followed by the election of the first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister, and the violent, failed civilian coup of 2000. The 2013 constitution gave Indo-Fijians equal status in the country.

1970 Constitution

The 1970 Constitution went into effect 9 October 1970, signaling Fiji's independence from Britain (though it remained a member of the Commonwealth).

The Constitution set up a House of Representatives requiring 22 seats to represent voters registered as Fijian, 22 to those registered as Indian, and 8 to voters registered as neither.

There was a 1977 Fijian constitutional crisis, after the 1977 elections, which prevented a smooth transfer of power.

In 1987, Timoci Bavadra became Prime Minster and formed a cabinet which included a majority of Indian cabinet members. Prior cabinets had always had a small number of Indian cabinet members.  The Fijian Army raided the House of Representatives, arrested several cabinet members and the Prime Minister, the first of two 1987 Fijian coups d'état, and the 1970 Constitution was suspended.

1990 Constitution

The Constitution of the Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji, was adopted in 1990 which changed the proportion of representation in parliament with 37 Fijian members, 27 Indian members, 5 general voters, and one representative for the island of Rotuma.  It was set up as an interim document, with a review scheduled in 7 years.

1997 Constitution

Fiji's third constitution was called the  Constitution of the Republic of the Fiji Islands and was the supreme law of Fiji from its adoption in 1997 until 2009. It was also suspended for a period following the 2000 coup d'état.

Constitutional process

In 1995, a three member Fiji Constitution Review Commission was appointed. Their report was presented to the President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara on 6 September 1996. The report was subsequently tabled in Parliament, at a joint sitting of the Senate and the House of Representatives, on 11 September.  A parliamentary committee, composed of members of both chambers, was established to study the report.

Eight months later, the committee tabled its response in Parliament on 14 May 1997, endorsing most of the recommendations.  The Great Council of Chiefs, a powerful gathering of mainly high chiefs which, among other prerogatives, elects the President of Fiji, also endorsed the report in June.  The Constitution (Amendment) Bill 1997 was passed by the House of Representatives on 3 July that year, and by the Senate on 10 July.  President Mara signed it into law on 25 July 1997.  It took effect from 27 July.

Under its provisions, ethnic Fijians agreed to give up their guaranteed majority in the House of Representatives and their monopoly on the Prime Minister's office, but in return, their ownership of most of the land was written into the constitution.  Their rights were also protected by institutionalising of the Great Council of Chiefs, which retained its power to elect the President and 14 of the 32 Senators.

The 1997 constitution was only the second national constitution to explicitly protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation (section 38). The first one was South Africa's in 1996.

2000 and 2006 coups, 2009 abrogation

The 1997 constitution was abrogated by Commodore Frank Bainimarama, who organised a counter-coup to neutralise a civilian coup d'état led by George Speight, and subsequently formed an Interim Military Government.  In March 2001 the Court of Appeal of Fiji reinstated the constitution in Republic of Fiji Islands v Prasad, and new parliamentary elections under it were held in September 2001.

On 5 December 2006, the Military again overthrew the government.  Commodore Bainimarama, who once again became acting Head of State, stated that the Constitution would remain in effect, but said on 17 December that "as a last resort", it could be abrogated if no other way could be found to ensure immunity from prosecution for soldiers involved in the takeover.

In the April 2009 crisis, President Josefa Iloilo suspended the Constitution and dismissed all judges after the Court of Appeal ruled the military government from 2006 illegal.

Amendments
At the end of September 2005, the government introduced legislation to amend the Constitution so as to allow parliamentarians and other senior government officials to serve as members of Provincial Councils, the Fijian Affairs Board, or the Great Council of Chiefs.  Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase told the House of Representatives that the amendments, to which the Opposition Fiji Labour Party had agreed at the Tanaloa Talks in 2003, were necessary to allow chiefs to hold multiple positions if their subjects so wished.

In 2005, several prominent figures were affected by the constitutional ban on politicians holding other public offices.  These included Ro Teimumu Kepa, the Paramount Chief of the Burebasaga Confederacy, who was required to relinquish her chairmanship of the Rewa Provincial Council, which was deemed to be incompatible with her position as a member of the House of Representatives and as a Cabinet Minister.

Even though the Labour Party agreed to the amendments in 2003, it has indicated that it will oppose them now.  The FLP is bitterly opposed to other government legislation, such as the Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill which may be passed with a simple majority, and it is thought that its stated intention to oppose these amendments, which require a two-thirds majority in both houses, may be a ploy to force the government to negotiate on the Unity Bill.

New Constitution for 2013

In July 2009, following the suspension of the Constitution in April, interim Prime Minister Voreqe Bainimarama announced that Fiji would have a new Constitution—its fourth—by 2013. It would remove the ethnic-based provisions of the electoral system. The voting age would be lowered to 18, and the number of seats in Parliament, as well as the "need for a Senate", would be reviewed during the preparatory phase. The new Constitution would derive from the People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress, and from "extensive" consultations with political parties, non-governmental organisations and ordinary citizens.

See also
 People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress

References

1997 in law
1997 in Fiji
1997 documents

Constitution of Fiji


Qbs (pronounced Cubes) is a cross-platform free and open-source software for managing the build process of software. It was designed to support large, complex projects, written in any number of programming languages, primarily C/C++.

Qbs is an all-in-one tool that generates a build graph from a high-level project description (like its predecessor qmake), and additionally undertakes the task of executing the commands in the low-level build graph (like make).

Qbs was originally created by Nokia, then The Qt Company, who distributes it along with their Qt toolkit. It integrates with the Qt framework, and automates the creation of moc (meta object compiler) and rcc (resource compiler) sources, which are used in Qt's meta-object system and in the integration of binary resources (e.g. pictures).

It has been deprecated by Qt Group in 2018 to redirect the resources to CMake instead .

Features

Qbs is unique in that it has no mechanism for in-source builds, guaranteeing the ability to create several builds from a single source tree, including building them from a single command invocation and in parallel. This is a key feature, ensuring that source files remain unaffected if a build directory is removed and that no output artifacts are written into the source directory.

Qbs has no built-in support for any particular programming language, toolkit, or library. This is again in contrast to qmake, which hardcodes support for many Qt-related tools and workflows. Instead, Qbs is provided with a set of modules written in a QML dialect and JavaScript that enable support for a variety of programming languages and tools. Qbs currently provides modules supporting the Android SDK and NDK, C, C++, Java, NSIS, TypeScript, WiX, Xcode, and a variety of other tools.

Qbs can build projects for many platforms including Android, FreeBSD, iOS, Linux, macOS, QNX, tvOS, watchOS, and Windows, with support for Universal Windows Platform applications, INTEGRITY, VxWorks, and other platforms under development.

Qt Creator provides built-in Qbs support, and IDE integration for Visual Studio is provided by the generators feature. Support for Xcode is currently under development.

Build process

The build process in Qbs takes place in two stages. First, the build graph is resolved by reading the project's configuration files and computing the set of input and output nodes and the dependencies between them in a directed acyclic graph. Then the executor executes all of the commands necessary to create the output files, in parallel according to the dependency rules.

Each build project contains a single build graph (*.bg) file in the directory where Qbs stores the serialized representation of its internal build graph format. Deserializing this file and utilizing the cached information allows Qbs to very quickly resolve the project, leading to near-instant incremental builds. Deleting the build graph file causes a complete (clean) rebuild of the entire project. In contrast to make, Qbs does not rely on timestamps of files in the build directory, and tampering with its contents will not lead to targets being rebuilt unless the --check-outputs option is used. This is done for performance reasons because on some platforms (e.g. Windows), reading timestamps from the filesystem is very slow compared to reading them from the build graph file.

Example Qbs file

CppApplication {
    name: "helloworld"
    files: "main.cpp"
}

History

Qbs development began at Nokia in the year 2010 in response to the need for a replacement for qmake. Qbs' design aims to provide a much lower learning curve, better integration with IDEs, and a stable and powerful language with predictable behavior. Qbs 1.0 was released in 2013 and further developed by the  Qt Company beginning around that time under the governance model of the Qt Project. The developers hoped to eventually push for Qbs to replace qmake as Qt's own build system. However, in October 2018 it was deprecated in favor of qmake and/or cmake. In an August 7, 2019 blog post, the Qt Company stated that starting with Qt 6, cmake will become Qt's standard build system and cited cmake's extreme popularity as a factor.

Qbs development was taken over by external volunteers, who as of June 2020 are still actively maintaining it under the Qt Project umbrella. Although the Qt Company announced that they would stop further development on Qbs, they committed to provide the necessary infrastructure for future releases of Qbs by the community.

Applications that use Qbs

 Qt Creator

References

Further reading

External links
Qbs Manual

Build automation
Compiling tools
Qt (software)

Qbs (build tool)


Edmund O'Connor (November 1848 near Mallow, County Cork, Ireland – July 15, 1898, Binghamton, Broome County, New York) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was President pro tempore of the New York State Senate in 1895.

Life
He came with his parents to the United States when he was three years old, and they settled at Little Falls, New York. After the death of his father in 1862, he began to work at a railroad blacksmith shop, and studied at Little Falls Academy and Delhi Academy from where he graduated in 1868. Then he studied law in the office of Judge Rollin H. Smith in Little Falls, was admitted to the bar in 1870 in Oswego, New York. In 1873, he removed to Binghamton. From 1880 on, he was a trustee of the Binghamton State Asylum

He was a Republican member of the New York State Senate from 1890 to 1895, sitting in the 113th, 114th, 115th, 116th (all four 24th D.), 117th and 118th New York State Legislatures (both 25th D.); and was president pro tempore in 1895.

In the session of 1892, when Republican leader, he made a strong but unsuccessful fight against the re-apportionment of the state, and for his refusal to vote on an enumeration bill (voting reapportionment) he and two other senators were declared guilty of contempt by Lt. Gov. William F. Sheehan and their names taken from the roll. But they were supported by the judiciary committee in their position, were purged of contempt and their names restored.

His brother William O'Connor was a port warden of the Port of New York.

See also
List of New York Legislature members expelled or censured

Sources
 Political Graveyard
 Obit in NYT on July 16, 1898

19th-century Irish lawyers
1848 births
1898 deaths
People from Mallow, County Cork
Politicians from Binghamton, New York
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
Majority leaders of the New York State Senate
Politicians from County Cork
Irish emigrants to the United States
Censured or reprimanded members of the New York State Legislature
19th-century American politicians
Lawyers from Binghamton, New York
19th-century American lawyers
Lawyers from County Cork

Edmund O'Connor