Jock Young  (4 March 1942 – 16 November 2013) was a British sociologist and an influential criminologist.

Biography
Jock Young was educated at the London School of Economics.  His PhD was an ethnography of drug use in Notting Hill, West London, out of which he developed the concept of moral panic.  The research was published as The Drugtakers.  He was a founding member of the National Deviancy Conferences and a group of critical criminologists in which milieu he wrote the groundbreaking, The New Criminology: For a Social Theory of Deviance in 1973,  with Ian Taylor and Paul Walton and The Manufacture of News (with Stan Cohen).

He was Distinguished Professor of Criminal Justice and Sociology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Visiting Professor at the University of Kent, UK, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. Before moving to New York he was Professor of Sociology at the University of Middlesex where he was head of the Centre for Criminology.

At Middlesex he devised the first postgraduate course in crime and deviancy in the UK. With his colleagues, most notably John Lea and Roger Matthews, he developed left realist criminology in a series of books including What Is to Be Done About Law and Order? (1984).  He completed research on criminal victimisation, stop and search, and urban riots, and was a frequent contributor to media debates on crime and policing. He was lead investigator in the Gifford Inquiry of 1985 following the Broadwater Farm riot. The Centre for Criminology was particularly known for left realist criminology and its series of local crime victimisation surveys, for example, the Islington Crime Surveys which were conducted in 1986 and 1990. In 1998 he was awarded the Sellin-Glueck Award for Distinguished International Scholar by the American Society of Criminology followed in 2003 by the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Critical Criminology Division.

Subsequently, his theoretical interests were oriented towards cultural criminology, publishing with Jeff Ferrell and Keith Hayward Cultural Criminology: An Invitation (2008), which was awarded the Distinguished Book Award of the International Division of the American Society of Criminology.  He completed a trilogy of books about social life and sociological research in late modernity: The Exclusive Society (1999), The Vertigo of Late Modernity (2007) and The Criminological Imagination (2011).

In 2022, the Division of Critical Criminology and Social Justice renamed its annual distinguished book award "The Jock Young, Criminological Imagination" award in his honor.

In the 21st century Young published sixteen articles in refereed journals on topics ranging from the US/UK crime drop to moral panic theory, Bernard Madoff, crime and the financial crisis, terrorism and immigration. Twenty-seven of his articles were published as book chapters, whilst essays from his early work in the 1970s to today have been reproduced in readers and in translation. His work has been translated into eleven languages. In 2011 Young gave the introductory plenary at both the British Criminology Conference and the York Deviancy Conference. In 2012 he was awarded the Outstanding Achievement Award of the British Society of Criminology. In the months before his death he was working on a book entitled Merton's Dreams and Mills' Imagination. In 2013 he completed a new introduction to the anniversary edition of The New Criminology.

Personal life
Jock Young was born in Midlothian, Scotland, the son of a lorry driver. He died of anaplastic thyroid cancer on 16 November 2013.

Major works
Young, J. (1971) The Drugtakers: The Social Meaning of Drug Use, London: Judson, McGibbon and Kee
Taylor, I., Walton, P. & Young, J. (1973) The New Criminology: For a Social Theory of Deviance (International Library of Sociology), London: Routledge.
Lea, J., and Young, J. (1984) What Is to Be Done About Law and Order?, London: Penguin.
Young, J. (1999) The Exclusive Society: Social Exclusion, Crime and Difference in Late Modernity. London; Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Young, J. (2007)  The Vertigo of Late Modernity, London: Sage Publications.
Ferrell, J., Hayward, K., Young, J. (2008) Cultural Criminology: An Invitation, London: Sage.
Young, J. (2011) The Criminological Imagination, Cambridge: Polity.

References

Further reading

Hayward, K., Maruna, S., Mooney, J. (2010) Fifty Key Thinkers in Criminology, London: Routledge.

External links
Jock Young's articles

1942 births
2013 deaths
Academics of Middlesex University
Academics of the University of Kent
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British criminologists
Deaths from thyroid cancer
CUNY Graduate Center faculty

Jock Young


In telecommunications, dirty paper coding (DPC) is a good way to send digital data  through a channel that is subject to some interference that is known to the sender. The sender does precoding of the data so as to cancel the effect of the interference.

Costa asked the following question:

When Costa asked his question, the Shannon–Hartley theorem (and the more general noisy-channel coding theorem) was well known.
The Shannon–Hartley theorem tells us that, all else being equal, a paper sent along a path that picks up less dirt can reliably deliver more information than another paper sent along a path that picks up more dirt.
People have also thought up many ways of dealing with such dirt added after the message is written—see error detection and correction for details.

Most people expected that the same thing would happen when dirt is added to the paper before the message was written—the more dirt, the less information can be reliably sent.

In 1983, Costa showed the surprising result that we can send just as much information on such a dirty piece of paper as we can when writing on a clean sheet of paper, and gave a way to get that capacity.

A dirty paper code is a way for the writer to adapt his message to the dirt already on the paper.
The writer and the reader agree ahead of time on which dirty paper code they will use for the messages.

History

People have thought up several dirty paper codes, including Costa precoding (1983), Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (1971)  and the vector perturbation technique of Hochwald et al. (2005).

A similar problem called "writing on dirty tape (WDT)" is more complicated.
As of 2005, the capacity computation problem and the capacity-achieving
problem for writing on dirty tape are unsolved
.

"Writing on wet paper" is a related problem in steganography
.

Applications

Wireless networks

Many wireless networks use dirty paper coding, especially MIMO systems.

In a wireless network, often a transmitter has many different messages, and each one needs to be sent to a different person.

The sum-rate capacity of a system that transmits all the messages at the same time—and uses dirty-paper codes to reduce the interference between messages—can be many times the sum-rate capacity of a similar system that only sends one message at a time (TDMA).

Any one receiver is only concerned with the messages for that receiver—all the other messages the transmitter is simultaneously sending to everyone else are—to that receiver—irrelevant noise that only interferes with the desired message.

The "dirty paper" story can be seen as a parable for wireless communication.
 In both cases, a person wants to get a message to some other person.
 The limited amount of power at the radio transmitter is analogous to the limited amount of ink.
 The "other messages the transmitter is simultaneously sending" are analogous to the dirt is already on the paper.
 The transmitter—which knows exactly all the other messages it is simultaneously sending—is analogous to the writer—who knows where the dirt is on the paper.
 Other channel noise that the transmitter does not know about until after the message is sent—environmental noise, other transmitters, etc. -- is analogous to dirt added after the message is written.

Recently, there has been interest in DPC as a possible solution to optimize the efficiency of wireless networks, in particular multiuser MIMO networks  and into an interference aware coding technique for dynamic wireless networks.

Digital watermarking

People doing "informed digital watermarking" use dirty paper codes, using this analogy:
 The "cover work" to be watermarked is analogous to the dirty paper.
 The person adding the watermark already knows what the cover work looks like, analogous to the writer who knows where the dirt is on the paper.
 The person adding the watermark wants the watermarked work to look the same as the original "cover work", so he makes only small modifications, analogous to the writer using only a limited amount of ink.
 Changes that happen during normal processing or malicious tampering are analogous to dirt added after the message is written.
 The person who tries to detect the watermark in the watermarked work is analogous to the reader.
 Trying to detect the watermark in the watermarked work, without seeing the original -- "blind detection"—is analogous to "cannot distinguish between dirt and ink".

Related pages
 Multiple-input multiple-output communications
 Advanced MIMO communications
 Cognitive radio

References

Telecommunications
Encodings

Dirty paper coding


Hunza Valley () is a mountainous valley near Gilgit in the The North Trails of Pakistan. The Hunza valley is at an elevation of . The territory of Hunza is about . Karimabad (formerly called Baltit) is the main town which is also a very popular tourist destination in Pakistan because of the spectacular scenery of the surrounding mountains like Rakaposhi, Ultar Sar, Bojahagur Duanasir II, Ghenta Peak, Hunza Peak, Darmyani Peak, and Bublimating (Ladyfinger Peak), all  or higher.
Hunza is the northern most district of Pakistan. The district touches the borders of China & Afghanistan. Hunza valley is a combination of a number of smaller sub-valleys. Most famous of these sub-valleys are Shimshal, Chipursan, Misgar and Avgarch valleys. The main town of Hunza valley with all the government offices is the Aliabad and is located on main Karakoram Highway or N-35. While Karimabad is a more established tourist attraction. Hunza valley is located on the left banks of River Hunza while going north from Gilgit.

There are two parts of the valley.
 Gojal; is the northern part
 Hunza is the southern part

Tourist Attractions In Hunza

  Altit Fort
  Baltit Fort
  Eagle's Nest or Duikar
  Lady Finger Peak
  Ultar Peak
  Aliabad
  Karimabad

Altit Fort

Altit Fort is the oldest fort in the hunza valley. It was constructed some 1100 years ago and overlooks Hunza River. The primary goal of constructing this fort was to keep an eye over invaders from Hunzo-bar or Nagar. There was a great rivalry between the rulers and people of Hunza & Nagar in the older times. Invaders from both valleys often attacked each others. Altit Fort was built to defend the people of Hunza from them. It was also the residence of the ruler of Hunza and his family. It can also be seen from main Karakoram Highway or N-35 after crossing Ganish. The fort can be accessed via a road from karimabad. The entry ticket for Pakistanis is PKR 400 while for foreigners is PKR 1000 for the fort. The fort offers views of the Royal Garden and a local musical school is also functioning within the premises. There is also an amazing but expensive restaurant run by ladies within the premises of the fort.
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Baltit Fort
Baltit Fort is an 800 years old fort within Karimabad town of Hunza district. The fort was built for the protection of the ruler of Hunza and his family and also has a goal of deep defense. The fort is built on the same architectural style as of the Altit Fort. The fort can be accessed on foot from karimabad bazar. It would take you around 20 mins to reach the fort from the bazar via a steep walkway. The entry ticket fees is the same PKR 400 for Pakistanis and PKR 1000 for foreigners. Personally speaking, Baltit Fort offers amazing views of the Hunza & Nagar districts from height.

Eagle's Nest or Duikar
Eagle's Nest or Duikar is another great tourist attraction in the Hunza valley. Official name of the area is Duikar while it has some natural stones in Eagle shape, hence it got the name of Eagle's nest. The attraction offers unique views of Golden Peak, Diran Peak, Rakaposhi Peak, Lady Finger Peak, Ultar Peak, Hunza & Nagar districts. The attraction is located at an altitude of 3000 meters. It can be accessed on a metaled road from Altit Fort. It would take you around an hour on a vehicle to reach the attraction from Karimabad. View during Sunrise and Sunset are just stunning from this point.

Aliabad
Aliabad is the main town of Hunza district. All the major government administrative offices are located in this town including the offices of Deputy Commissioner & Senior Superintendent of Police etc. The town offers unique views of Rakaposhi Peak, Golden Peak, Lady Finger Peak & Ultar II Peak. A campus of Karakoram International University is also located in Aliabad.

Karimabad
Karimabad is the major tourist attraction of Hunza district. The town located just above Aliabad. There are two main routes to access the town, most famous of them is via a link road on Karakoram Highway between Aliaabad & Ganish while the other route is from the university road in the Aliabad Town. The town is famous for Altit & Baltit Forts, Eagle's Nest and the Lady Finger Peak.

Tourist Attractions In Gojal
 Attabad Lake aka Shishkat Lake
 Gulmit
 Ghulkin
 Batura Glacier
 Passu Cathedral aka Passu Cones
 Passu Glacier
 Hussaini Suspension Bridge
 Borith Lake
 Avgarch Valley
 Misgar Valley
 Shimshal Valley
 Chipursan Valley
 Sost
 Khunjerab National Park
 Pakistan China Border

Attabad Lake aka Shishkat Lake
While moving on Karakoram Highway or N-35, just after entering Gojal area, the first attraction would be Pakistan-China Friendship Tunnels or Attabad Tunnels. These are four tunnels on the karakoram highway. After a massive landsliding on Attabad villages, river hunza was stopped at this point, ultimately destructing attabad villages and part of Karakoram Highway. This created a water reservoir, which is now known as Attabad Lake or Shishkat Lake. Immediately after creation of this lake, the transportation was resumed via a boat service on this patch of Karakoram Highway between Pakistan & China. The construction work on creating tunnels through the mountains was immediately started. The tunnels were inaugurated in 2015. The tunnels are one of the largest in Pakistan. Attabad Lake is famous for its turquoise waters. Private water sports and boating facilities are also active in the lake.

Gulmit
Gulmit village is the largest settlement in the Gojal area. The village has very old history and was the summer seat of Hunza princely estate in the past. The Ondra Fort is located in the Gulmit village. The fort is believed to be constructed to protect Gulmit & Ghulkin villages from external invaders. There are a number of treks in the village as well as a number of sky high peaks.

Ghulkin
Ghulkin is another historical village in the gojal area. Just after Gulmit on the banks of Batura Glacier lies this beautiful village. Ghulkin is famous for amazing landscape as well as Pakistan's first homestays.

Batura Glacier
Batura Glacier is the fifth largest glacier outside polar region. The glacier is 35 KM long and covers an area of over 200 sq. km. The glacier lies on the karakoram highway and thus can be witnessed from the highway.

Passu Cathedral aka Passu Cones
Passu Cathedral aka Passu Cones are vistas from Passu Sar 7478 meters. It offers one of the most enchanting views for the visitors. The pinnacles are believed to be one of the most incredible natural wonders in the world. It attracts a large pool of foreign tourists each year.

Passu Glacier
Passu Glacier is located on the south side of the passu village. The glacier is connected with a number of other glaciers including Batura Glacier. Patundas Meadow trek is one of the most epic treks in Gojal area and the trek is originated from Passu Glacier.

Hussaini Suspension Bridge
Hussaini Suspension Bridge connects Hussaini Village on the karakoram highway and Zoharabad village on the opposite side of Hunza River. The suspension bridge is considered one the most iconic and dangerous bridges in the world. Personally, I think Passu bridge is way more dangerous than this.

Borith lake
Borith lake is the Pakistan's highest salt water lake. The lake is located within the Borith village on karakoram highway. The lake is easily accessible via a car track or you can hike to the lake. Borith village is located just after Hussaini Village on Karakoram Highway. You can also witness an amazing view of Passu Cathedral from the lake. The lake is also famous for the migratory birds from central asia and siberia.

Shimshal
Shimshal is the highest permanent settlement in Pakistan. Average altitude of the valley is around 3100 meters above sea level. Shimshal can accessed through a four hours jeep ride from passu village. The valley has four major settlements Central Shimshal, Aminabad, Farmanabad & Khizerabad. Shimshal village is particularly famous for high altitude treks, passes and sky high peaks as well as for its world record holder mountaineers. Samina Baig hails from central Shimshal is the first Pakistani female to summit Mount Everest as well as the one of the two Pakistanis to do the seven summits. Other being her brother Mirza Ali Baig.

Chapursan Valley
Chapursan Valley is the northern most village of Pakistan. The valley can be accessed through a non-metaled road from Sost. Chipursan valleys is located on a drive of 40 mins from sost on this road. The valley is famous has one of the oldest fort in the region, Rashit Fort. The valley is also famous for the highest sufi shrine in Pakistan, Baba Ghundi's shrine. The shrine is a site of pilgrimage for followers from Pakistan, Afghanistan, China & central asian states.

Sost
Sost is the last permanent settlement on Karakoram Highway or N-35 before it enters China. The village also has one of the biggest market of chinese products in Pakistan. The sost dryport is a center point of all the import/export between Pakistan & China.

Khunjerab National Park
Khunjerab National Park is located on Karakoram Highway and is famous for the Pakistan China Border Crossing. This border crossing is the highest working border crossing in the world. The patch of the Karakoram Highway, passing through the national park is the highest paved road in the world. It also offers world's highest ATM just before the border crossing.

Gilgit-Baltistan

Hunza Valley


Yaahting: A Parody was a 1984 parody of the boating magazine genre, most notably Yachting. It was published by Dreadnaught Publishing, a short lived Massachusetts based company. The main publishing staff were: Elizabeth Meyer, Publisher; Nathaniel Philbrick, Editor-in-chief; Peter Gow, Executive Editor; William Gotha, Design Director; and Bob Payne, Advertising Coordinator.

Yaahting consisted of a number of short pieces lampooning typical examples of nautical journalism: self-congratulatory how-to pieces, "How to Walk Down a Dock," "Restoring the Buzzards Bay 23," and "At Last--A Real Instant Boat;" fawning interviews of famous yachtsmen, "Hog Wild in Wallenda" and "Tom Blackballer Looks Ahead;" and fatuous cruising tales, "Hearth of Darkness," "Cruising the Persian Gulf," and "A Perfect Cruising World." Other features included reportage on faux race events ("The Alcatraz 100," "The Flying Squat Nationals," "Going for Broke," and "The Inquirer Singlehanded TransAt Race") and features on absurd vessels ("Soave 48HRS--The Shape of Things to Come," "Dumpster Ahoy!" and "Hiva-Oa"). A number of the articles were written as specific parodies of the style of popular writers of the era; travel writer Patience Wales was targeted as "Prudence Porpoise," and globetrotters Lin and Larry Pardee became Lint and Berry Nurdee.

Notable in the magazine were the spectacular color photographs, many set up by publisher Meyer and the products of such well-known nautical photographers as Alastair Black, Christian Fevrier, Daniel Forster, Benjamin Mendlowitz, Dan Nerney, and Neil Rabinowitz. Artwork included contributions by Jan Adkins, Don Demers, Robert Forget, and Jeremy Ross. Several famous figures in the sailing world of the 1980s served as photographic models, including Tom Blackaller and Robby Doyle.

Included are many photographs of disasters and embarrassments, outtakes from the files of maritime photographers featuring dismastings, collisions, and other examples of bad luck and questionable seamanship. Photographers were eager to find a home for these photographs, which were otherwise unpublishable in mainstream periodicals.

Yaahting also featured nearly a hundred pages of parody advertisements and short articles organized by "department."

Roughly 30,000 copies of Yaahting were produced and were sold directly by Dreadnaught as well as through bookstores and Nauticalia dealers.

Publisher Elizabeth Meyer went on to restore the J-Boat Endeavour, and she is now a principal in J Class Management of Newport, Rhode Island, and of the International Yacht Restoration School. In 1987 Dreadnaught Publishing also produced The Concordia Yawls: The First Fifty Years.

Editor-in-chief Nathaniel Philbrick is a writer on maritime and historical subjects. His bestselling In the Heart of the Sea won the National Book Award in 2001. His book Mayflower (2006) was a bestseller. Executive editor Peter Gow teaches and has written on educational, historical, and maritime subjects, including a meditation on the educative power of being on the water, The Watery Realm (2006). Advertising coordinator Bob Payne is a well-known travel writer.

Yaahting was an example of the parody genre that flourished in the 1970s and '80s, inspired by other magazine send-ups produced by The Harvard Lampoon and others.

References

Satirical magazines published in the United States
Boating magazines
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1984
Magazines with year of disestablishment missing
Magazines published in Massachusetts
Parodies of magazines
Sailing magazines
Yachting

Yaahting


Lincoln Davenport Chafee (born March 26, 1953) is an American politician. He was the Governor of Rhode Island from 2011 to 2015. Before becoming governor, he was a junior U.S. Senator of Rhode Island from 1999 to 2007.

In 2016, he made a brief and unsuccessful bid for President of the United States in the 2016 Democratic primaries. In January 2020, Chafee announced he would run again, but this time for the Libertarian nomination. He ended his second campaign in April 2020.

Early life
Chafee was born in Providence, Rhode Island. His father, John Chafee, was also a Senator from Rhode Island and member of the liberal wing of the Republican Party. His mother was Virginia Coates. Chafee was raised in Warwick, Rhode Island. He studied at Brown University and at Montana State University.

Early career
Chafee entered politics in 1985 as a delegate to the Rhode Island Constitutional Convention. A year later, he was elected to the Warwick City Council, where he served until his election as Warwick's mayor in 1992, a post he held until his 1999 appointment to the U.S. Senate.

U.S. senator (1999-2007)
After his father died in office, Chafee was appointed to fill his vacancy. He was elected to his first full term in 2000.

He was a very liberal Republican senator. He is strongly pro-choice and supports gay rights and gun control. He was the only Republican senator in 2002 to voted against war in Iraq. He was the only Republican United States senator to vote against authorizing the use of force to remove Saddam Hussein from power.

In 2004, he did not endorse the reelection of President George W. Bush, and urged other Republicans to write-in in the November election George H. W. Bush, not his son. In January 2006, he was also the only Republican senator to vote against Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court.

He was defeated for re-election in the Senate in 2006 by Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse.

Governor of Rhode Island (2011-2015)

Chafee was elected as Governor of Rhode Island in 2010. He was sworn in on January 4, 2011. He became the first Independent to serve as Governor of Rhode Island since John Collins in 1790.

In 2012, he served as co-chair of Barack Obama's re-election campaign. Since then, he was a Democrat.

On May 1, 2013, Chafee signed a bill that legalized same-sex marriage in Rhode Island.

Chafee has shown some willingness to deviate from strict "War on Drugs" policies, in favor of alternative approaches to America's drug-crime problem.

On September 4, 2013, Chafee announced that he would not run for re-election as Governor of Rhode Island after months of low-approval ratings from the public and by election officials.

2016 presidential campaign

On April 9, 2015, Chafee announced that he had formed an exploratory committee in preparation for a potential candidacy for President of the United States as a Democrat in 2016. He formally declared his candidacy on June 3, 2015.

Following a widely panned debate performance, poor polling numbers, and a poor fundraising campaign, Lincoln Chafee announced on October 23 that he would be suspending his campaign.

2020 presidential campaign

On March 11, 2019, Chafee officially switched from the Democratic to Libertarian Party, stating that, "It's what I've always been — fiscally conservative and socially liberal."

In August 2019, Chafee said that he'd "be open" to running for president as a Libertarian.

On January 5, 2020, Chaffee formally filed to run for the Libertarian nomination. He is scheduled to make a formal campaign announcement on January 8 at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. He ended his campaign on April 5, 2020 after failing to win any of the primary contests.

Personal life
Chafee married Stephanie Chafee in January 1990. They have three children. He now lives in Teton Village, Wyoming.

References

Other websites

1953 births
Living people
American mayors
Governors of Rhode Island
2016 United States presidential candidates
2020 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from Rhode Island
Politicians from Wyoming
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Libertarian Party (United States) politicians
People from Warwick, Rhode Island

Lincoln Chafee


Ljubomir Stojanović (, sometimes mentioned as Ljuba Stojanovic) (6 August 1860, Užice – 16 June 1930) was a Serbian politician, philologist and academic.

Biography
Stojanović was a philologist and historian, who graduated from the School of Philosophy at the Grandes écoles (, the Grandes Écoles). After studies in Belgrade he went on to post-graduate studies in Vienna, St. Petersburg and Leipzig. At first a grammar school professor, he was appointed university professor at his alma mater, the Grandes éecoles (1891-1899). Opposed to the royal absolutism of King Aleksandar I Obrenović, Stojanović joined the People's Radical Party of Nikola Pašić in 1897.

After the split with the older generation of Radicals who accepted the compromise with the Crown in 1901, Stojanović led the younger group of Radicals, a semi-independent faction since 1901 which eventually became independent in 1905.As a founding member and a leader of the Independent Radical Party in Serbia, Stojanović was several times Minister of Education and Religious Affairs (1903, 1904, 1906, 1909), and Prime Minister from 29 May 1905 to 14 March 1906, during the 'Golden Age of Serbia' (1903-1914) , under the democratic and constitutional rule of King Peter I Karađorđević.

After the First World War Stojanović was one of the founders of the Yugoslav Republican Party and its first president.  Stojanović was often described as a puritan moralist in politics.

Secretary of the Serbian Royal Academy, future Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts from 1913 to 1923, Stojanović was very prolific in various scientific fields: he published a dozen volumes of medieval Serbian manuscripts and documents: Miroslavljevo Jevandjelje (Miroslav Gospel), Stari srpski zapisi i natpisi (Old Serbian inscriptions and records) (6 vol.), medieval Serbian charters and letters as well as medieval Serbian genealogies and annals. Stojanović published the catalogues of medieval Serbian manuscripts and old books in the National Library of Serbia in Belgrade as well as the catalogue of manuscript collection at the Serbian Royal Academy.

A scholar of enormous erudition, energy and determination, Stojanović published 17 volumes of works of Vuk St. Karadžić, the main reformer of the Serbian alphabet, including several volumes of his extensive correspondence. Stojanović wrote grammar textbooks for Serbian secondary schools, published important scholarly studies of old Serbian printing MA, Serbian churches from 15th to 16th century, the Archbishop Danilo II (). His most important scholarly work is an extensive and detailed biography of Vuk St. Karadžić, based on mostly unused sources.

Selected works
Lekcije iz srpskoga jezika za I razred gimnazije, sastavio Ljub. Stojanović, Belgrade, u Državnoj štampariji kraljevine Srbije, 1891.
Katalog rukopisa i starih štampanih knjiga, zbirka Srpske Kraljevske Akademije, sast. Ljub. Stojanović, Srpska kraljevska akademija, Belgrade, Državna štamparija, 1901.
Miroslavljevo jevanđelje ( Évangéliaire ancien serbe du prince Miroslav), Preface (in Serbian and French) and notes (pp. 203–229) by Ljubomir Stojanović. - "Édition de sa majesté Alexandre I roi de Serbie" p. [iv], Fotografska reprodukcija  i štampa c. i k. dvorskog umetničkog zavoda Angerera i Gešla, Vienna, 1897.
Katalog Narodne biblioteke u Beogradu, Rukopisi i stare štampane knjige, edited by Ljomir Stojanović, Belgrade, Državna štamparija 1903.
Republikanski pogledi na nekoliko savremenih pitanja, Ljub. Stojanović, Belgrade, Geca Kon Publishing House, 1920.
Stari srpski rodoslovi i letopisi, par Ljubomir Stojanović, Sremski Karlovci, Srpska kraljevska akademija, 1927.
Stari srpski zapisi i natpisi, vol. I- VI, edited and composed byLjubomir Stojanović, Srpska kraljevska akademija, Sremski Karlovci, Srpska manastirska štamparijia, 1926.
Stare srpske povelje i pisma. Knjiga I, Dubrovnik i susedi njegovi. Drugi deo, edited and composed by Ljubomir Stojanović, Belgrade - Sremski Karlovci, Srpska manastirska štamparijia, 1934.
Život i rad Vuka Stefanovića Karadžića (26. okt. 1787 - 26. jan. 1864), Belgrade, Geca Kon Publishing House, 1924, XXIV-783 p.
Srpska gramatika za III razred gimnazije, Belgrade, Geca Kon Publishing House, 1921.

Legacy
He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs.

See also
 Milan Kašanin
 Vladimir Petković
 Đurađ Bošković
 Stevan Dimitrijević
 Nikodim Kondakov
 Ljuba Kovačević
 Radoslav Grujic
 Vladimir Ćorović
 Alexander Soloviev

Bibliography
 Milan Grol: "The Temptations of democracy", Službeni Glasnik, 2006.
 Dušan T. Bataković, Yougoslavie. Nations, religions, idéologies, Lausanne, L'Age d'Homme; 1994.

1860 births
1930 deaths
Politicians from Užice
People from the Principality of Serbia
People's Radical Party politicians
Yugoslav Republican Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Serbia
Academic staff of Belgrade Higher School
Interior ministers of Serbia

Ljubomir Stojanović


The Canton Cougars were a professional indoor football team based in Canton, Ohio. The team began play in 2011 as a charter member of the Ultimate Indoor Football League (UIFL) for its inaugural 2011 season. The Cougars played their home games at the Canton Memorial Civic Center. The Cougars were Canton's second indoor football team; their first since the American Indoor Football Association's Canton Legends, which played from 2005 until 2008 (winning the AIFL championship in 2006).

History

2011

The Cougars were formed by the head of the Ultimate Indoor Football League, Andrew Haines. Haines made the hire of Rashan Hall to become the Cougars first ever head coach. The Cougars played their first ever game on February 20, 2011 against the Huntington Hammer, a game in which the Cougars lost 41-26. With the team getting off to a rough 0-3 start, Haines issued a guarantee to the people of Canton, saying that the revamped Cougars roster would defeat the Saginaw Sting during their week 4 meeting. The Cougars didn't make their owner a liar, defeating the Sting 53-52. Their victory over the Sting proved to be the lone bright spot for the Cougars, who would lose 9 straight before firing their Hall, and replacing him with Paul Farrah. Farrah would lose the game, with less than a week to prepare. The Cougars finished with a 1-13 record, and finished last in the UIFL.

2012
On June 16, 2011, it was announced that Michael Taylor and Andrew Hines had sold their controlling state in the Cougars to Tim Clark. Clark was the former owner of the Johnstown Generals, but the commute was becoming a hassle. Once he gained ownership, he made several personnel changes including, naming Paul Farrah as its new head coach. Farrah was recently hired as the director of football operations. He also hired Canton South High School head coach Mo Daniska as the new defensive coordinator, while Louisville High School defensive coordinator Troy Davis will serve as the director of community relations, focusing on developing youth football camps and clinics. Former head coach Rashaun Hall has been retained as an assistant coach and will also serve as director of player personnel. They also announced and hired seasoned operations executive David Lopez as the new director of sales and marketing. The new group made plenty of signings for the 2012 season, and lasted until January when the franchise suspended operations.

Notable players

Final roster

All-League selections
 WR Ryan Brinson
 DL Antonio Reynolds
 LB Cody Smith

Head coaches

Season-by-season results

References

External links

2010 establishments in Ohio
2012 disestablishments in Ohio

Canton Cougars


Anjanibai Malpekar (22 April 1883 – 7 August 1974) was a noted Indian classical singer, belonging to the Bhendibazaar gharana of Hindustani classical music.

In 1958, she became the first woman to be awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship, the highest honour conferred by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama.

Acclaimed for her beauty in her youth, Malpekar was the muse of painters Raja Ravi Varma and M. V. Dhurandhar.

Early life and background
Malpekar was born on 22 April 1883, in Malpe, Pernem in Goa, in music loving family that belonged to Goan Kalavant community. Both her grandmother Gujabai and mother Nabubai were respected names in music circles. At young age of 8, she started her musical training under the tutelage of Ustad Nazeer Khan of Bhendibazaar gharana. The gharana had its origins in the much older Moradabad gharana, and was based in the Bhendi Bazaar area of Mumbai.

Career

Malpekar gave her debut performance at a concert in Mumbai in 1899, at the age of 16. In those days, women of "respectable families" never sang in public, while Malepakar went on to have a flourishing singing career, with both public and royal patronage. In time, she became the doyenne of the gharana.

Besides her singing, she also got acclaim for her beauty. When painter M. V. Dhurandhar did an oil painting of her, another painter Raja Ravi Varma was inspired, and went to do a series of paintings with her as muse, including "Lady in the Moonlight", "Lady Playing Swarbat", "Mohini" and "The Heartbroken", She modelled for him during his stay in Mumbai in 1901 and 1903. However this wasn't without its drawback, especially when singing in public concerts meant singing primarily to a male audience, this often led to harassment. Thus in 1904, she even developed fear of singing in public, and lost her voice, though she regained it after a year.

Meanwhile, she married Seth Wasanji Ved. After a successful career as a singer, after the death of her Guru Ustad Nazeer Khan in 1920, she lost interest in concerts. Finally, after a last performance at Town Hall, Mumbai, she gave up her public singing career in 1923. Thus at age 40, she decided to devote the rest of her years, to teaching music. In the coming decades, she taught some notable names in Indian classical music, including Kumar Gandharva who was her first disciple, Kishori Amonkar, Pandit T.D. Janorikar (1921–2006), Begum Akhtar and Naina Devi. By the 1960s, Bhendibazar gharana based in Mumbai, became famous all over India, with number of popular musicians, besides Aman Ali Khan, it had Jhande Khan, Mamman Khan, Shabbir and Amir Khan.

In 1958, when for her contribution to music, she was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship the highest honour conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama, she became the first woman to receive the award.

She died on 7 August 1974 in Bombay (now Mumbai), at the age of 91.

Gallery

References

External links

 Anjanibai Malpekar Biography and Audio Vijaya Parrikar Library of Indian Classical Music

1883 births
1974 deaths
Hindustani singers
Indian women classical singers
People from North Goa district
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship
Singers from Mumbai
Indian music educators
20th-century Indian singers
19th-century Indian singers
Women educators from Goa
20th-century Indian educators
Singers from Goa
Women Hindustani musicians
20th-century Indian women singers
19th-century Indian women singers
Educators from Goa
Women musicians from Goa
Indian women music educators
20th-century Indian women educators
Singers from British India

Anjanibai Malpekar


A yellow hypergiant is a huge hypergiant star. It starts off a mass of about 20–60 solar masses, but it soon loses about half that mass (because they are very unstable). It has a spectral class from A to K.

They are amongst the most luminous stars, with absolute magnitude (MV) around −9. They are very rare: only 15 are known in the Milky Way and six of those are in a single cluster.

They are sometimes referred to as 'cool hypergiants' in comparison to O- and B-type stars, and sometimes as 'warm hypergiants' in comparison to red supergiants. Yellow hypergiants have evolved off the main sequence and have little hydrogen left in their centres.

Examples
 Rho Cassiopeiae
 V509 Cassiopeiae
 V382 Carinae
 HR 5171

Hypergiants
Types of stars

Yellow hypergiant


Lawrence Kenneth Moss (November 18, 1927 – June 24, 2022) was an American composer of contemporary classical music. He was born in Los Angeles.

He held a B.A. degree from the University of California, Los Angeles, an M.A. from the Eastman School of Music, and a Ph.D. in music composition from the University of Southern California, where his instructors included Leon Kirchner and Ingolf Dahl.

He taught at Mills College, Yale University (1960-1968), and the University of Maryland, College Park (1969-2014). His notable students include Jeffrey Mumford, Liviu Marinescu, Julia Stilman-Lasansky, and Susan Cohn Lackman.

He received two Guggenheim Fellowships (1959 and 1968), a Fulbright Scholarship, and four grants from the National Endowment for the Arts.

Moss composed operatic, instrumental, and electronic music. His music is published by Theodore Presser, Association for the
Promotion of New Music (A.P.N.M.), McGinnis & Marx, Alfred Publishing Co., Roncorp Inc., Northeastern Music Programs, and Seesaw Music Corp.

His music has been recorded on the CRI, Desto, Opus One, Albany, Capstone, Orion, EMF, Spectrum, Advance, and AmCam labels.

Moss died in Silver Spring, Maryland on June 24, 2022, aged 94.

References

External links
Lawrence Moss faculty page from University of Maryland site
Lawrence K. Moss biography
Personal website
Interview with Lawrence Moss, September 5, 1987

1927 births
2022 deaths
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Eastman School of Music alumni
USC Thornton School of Music alumni
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Yale University faculty
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
Fulbright alumni

Lawrence Moss


Lacaille 9352 is a red dwarf star in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus. Having an apparent visual magnitude of 7.34, this star is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye except people with excellent seeing conditions. Parallax measurements shows that the star's distance is about 10.74 light-years from Earth. It is the 11th closest star system to the Solar System and is the closest star to Sun in the constellation Piscis Austrinus. The ChView simulation shows that its closest neighbour is the EZ Aquarii which is a triple star system at about 4.1 ly away from the star.

Stars

Lacaille 9352


Tatyana Pavlovna Ehrenfest, later van Aardenne-Ehrenfest, (Vienna, October 28, 1905 – Dordrecht, November 29, 1984) was a Dutch mathematician. She was the daughter of Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933) and Tatyana Afanasyeva (1876–1964).

Under her married name, Tanja van Aardenne-Ehrenfest, she is known for her contributions to De Bruijn sequences, low-discrepancy sequences, and the BEST theorem.

Education
Tatyana Ehrenfest was born in Vienna and spent her childhood in St Petersburg. In 1912 the Ehrenfests moved to Leiden where her father succeeded Hendrik Lorentz as professor at the University of Leiden. Until 1917 she was home schooled; after that, she attended the Gymnasium in Leiden and passed the final exams in 1922.
She studied mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden. In 1928 she went to Göttingen where she took courses from Harald Bohr and Max Born. On December 8, 1931, she obtained her Ph.D. in Leiden. After that, she was never employed and, in particular, never held any academic position.

Contributions
De Bruijn sequences are cyclic sequences of symbols for a given alphabet and parameter  such that every length- subsequence occurs exactly once within them. They are named after Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn, despite their earlier discovery (for binary alphabets) by Camille Flye Sainte-Marie. De Bruijn and Ehrenfest jointly published the first investigation into de Bruijn sequences for larger alphabets, in 1951.

The BEST theorem, also known as the de Bruijn–van Aardenne-Ehrenfest–Smith–Tutte theorem, relates Euler tours and spanning trees in directed graphs, and gives a product formula for their number. It is a variant of an earlier formula of Smith and Tutte, and was published by de Bruijn and Ehrenfest in the same paper as their work on de Bruijn sequences.

Ehrenfest is also known for her proof of a lower bound on low-discrepancy sequences.

References
  Oppervlakken met scharen van gesloten geodetische lijnen, Thesis, Leiden, 1931.
  N.G. de Bruijn, In memoriam T. van Aardenne-Ehrenfest, 1905–1984, Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde (4), Vol.3, (1985) 235–236.

  Eric W. Weisstein. Discrepancy Theorem. From MathWorld – A Wolfram Web Resource.

1905 births
1984 deaths
20th-century Dutch mathematicians
Dutch Jews
Combinatorialists
People from Leiden
Austrian emigrants to the Netherlands
Austrian Jews
Austrian people of Ukrainian descent
Austrian people of Russian descent
20th-century women mathematicians
Expatriates from Austria-Hungary in the Russian Empire

Tatyana Ehrenfest


The Church of the Ascension is an Anglican Catholic church in Centreville, Virginia. The church building is also known locally as "The Old Stone Church", and was built around 1854.

History

The Church of the Ascension, like many churches in the continuing Anglican movement, began with a group of people who were dissatisfied with the direction of the Episcopal Church.  However, unlike most groups, those who formed Ascension acted sooner and did not wait for the watershed moment of the mid 1970s.

The first service for the Church of the Ascension was held on June 23, 1968, at Robert E. Lee High School in Fairfax County, Virginia.  In its early years the parish met in other school settings.  On December 23, 1973 (Advent 4), the parish moved into its current building, known as the "Old Stone Church", in Centreville, Virginia.

The parish was initially a member of the Anglican Orthodox Church.  During the early years the parish was served by a numerous supply priests until it could find its first rector.

The parish was involved in the continuing Anglican movement, as members were present at the meeting of the "Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen" at St. Louis in 1977 (from which the Affirmation of St. Louis developed).

The Church of the Ascension is one of the founding parishes of both the Anglican Catholic Church and the Diocese of the Mid-Atlantic States.

Rectors of the Church of the Ascension

The Rev. Troy Arnold Kaichen (born 1927; April 15, 1970 - July 15, 1971)
The Rev. Thomas James Kleppinger (born 1944; August 1, 1971 - March 1, 1973)
The Rev. Thomas James Kleppinger (born 1944; April 4, 1973 - November 30, 1974)
The Rev. Ramsey Robertson-Kendall (June 1975 - September 1984)
The Rev. David Rupp (deceased 2016; October 1984 - November 29, 2000)
The Rev. Phillip Barber (deceased 2017; April 15, 2001 - September 20, 2009)
The Rev. Michael C. Weaver (born 1970; October 23, 2010 – present)

References
 History of the Old Stone Church

Notes

External links
 Church of the Ascension website

Churches in Fairfax County, Virginia
Christian organizations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Virginia
Anglican church buildings in the United States

Church of the Ascension, Anglican


"Soulmate" is a 2007 song by the English singer and songwriter Natasha Bedingfield. The song was released during July 2007 in United Kingdom. It was not until late 2008 that this song was released in the United States. It got mixed to negative review from critics within the United Kingdom, though Soulmate did become commercial success. This song gained popularity in the U.S. after being played on an episode of MTV's The Hills.

Natasha Bedingfield songs
Pop songs
2007 songs

Soulmate (song)


Ordinary seaman is a military rank used in naval forces.

United Kingdom
The term Ordinary seaman was used in the Royal Navy in the middle of the 18th century. The term was used to refer to a seaman with between one and two years' experience at sea. They showed enough seamanship to be so rated by their captain. A seaman with less than a year's experience was referred to as a landman. A sailor with more than two years' experience was referred to as an able seaman.

Later, the term was formalized as a rating for the lowest normal grade of seaman. They are not trained in any special task. They are required to work at physically hard tasks of great variety. One needs an Ordinary Seaman Certificate to obtain work. One can become an able seaman as a promotion from this position.

United States
Ordinary seaman was the second-lowest rank of the 19th century United States Navy. It ranked above landsman and below seaman. Promotion from landsman to ordinary seaman required three years of experience or re-enlistment. An ordinary seaman who gained six years of experience and knew the name and use of every line in the ship's rigging, could be promoted to seaman. An ordinary seaman's duties aboard ship included "handling and splicing lines, and working aloft on the lower mast stages and yards."

The rank existed from 1797 to 1917, when it was renamed "seaman second class". Seaman second class was later changed to the modern-day rank of seaman apprentice. The related ranks of ordinary seaman second class and ordinary seaman, engineer's force, existed in 1876–1885 and 1871–1883, respectively.

Other countries
The term ordinary seaman is currently used in the Royal Canadian Navy and Irish Naval Forces (who inherited the military ranking structure from the previous generation of Royal Navy, Army, and Air Force ranks.)

References

 N.A.M. Roger.  The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy.  W.W. Norton and Company, 1986.

Military ranks

Ordinary seaman (rank)


The James Rolph was a schooner that transported cargo around the United States West Coast and Hawaii. Built near Eureka, California in 1899, the ship was based in San Francisco and owned by its namesake, shipping executive and future Governor of California, James Rolph.

On the evening of August 2, 1910, the Rolph embarked from San Francisco with a cargo of general freight, lime, hay, and  of lumber for sugar plantations in Hana, Hawaii on the island of Maui when the ship was swept by currents in San Francisco Bay in heavy fog. At 10 in the evening, the ship, blinded by the fog, sailed close to the shore, crashing into rocks at Point San Pedro in Pacifica, grounding 50 feet from the shoreline. The Rolph was grounded at the same spot where the four-masted bark Drumburton had been lost previously in 1904. The Rolph's crew managed to reach shore safely without any injuries or loss of life, yet the vessel could not be pulled off the rocks. Tugboats attempted to haul the Rolph free but to no avail.

The Rolph was later stripped of usable fittings by salvage crews and abandoned.

References

1899 ships
Ships built in California
Shipwrecks of the California coast
Maritime incidents in 1910
Schooners of the United States

James Rolph (ship)


This is a list of islands known to be named after individual people. It details the name of the island, its location and eponym.

Former:
 Isla de Apodaca, British Columbia, Canada – Dr. Salvador Apodaca (Bishop of the city of Linares, Nuevo León, Mexico) – now Bowen Island
 Banks Island, Queensland, Australia – Joseph Banks – now Moa Island
 Bedloe's Island, New York, United States – Isaack Bedloo (merchant) – now Liberty Island
 Blackwell's Island, New York, United States – Robert Blackwell – now Roosevelt Island
 Fernando Pó, Equatorial Guinea – Fernão do Pó – now Bioko
Krusenstern Island, Adam Johann von Krusenstern
 Mulgrave Island, Queensland, Australia – Earl Mulgrave – now Badu Island
 Prince of Wales Isle, Malaysia – George IV, Prince of Wales – now Penang Island
 Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada – Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – now Haida Gwaii
 San Cristobal, Solomon Islands – Saint Christopher – now Makira
Sebald Islands – Sebald de Weert; now Jason Islands
 Van Diemen's Land – Anthony van Diemen

See also
List of eponyms
List of places named after people

References

Eponyms
Islands
Lists of islands

List of islands named after people


Queen Elizabeth School (QES) is a famous co-educational secondary school in Hong Kong. It is in Sai Yee Street, Mongkok, Hong Kong. It is 55 years old. There are over 1200 students and 50 teachers. Every year, thousands of primary school students apply for a place to study there. On average, about 1000 interviewees fight for one place.
Queen Elizabeth School is also an EMI school, which means that all subjects are taught in English except Chinese language and Chinese history. There are many student organizations, such as Form association (FA), Prefect, Big Brother and Sister Scheme (BBSS) and Camp Warden Association. Clubs are available for all students.

Prefect
It is a team of students to maintain the order of school. Each year, some outstanding students are selected by teachers and after

Clubs
QES has a board kinds of clubs. They are mainly divided into three columns, the subject-based, interest & personal development and services. Apart from this, QES also has some special societies, such as the English/Chinese society and the Camp Warden society. Senior-form students can take up the posts of chairman by voting through the club members. The chairmen can invite other members to form a committee.

Schools in Hong Kong

Queen Elizabeth School


Until 1 January 2007 Langå municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in Aarhus County on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of 133 km2, and had a total population of 8.396 (2005).  Its last mayor was Hanne Nielsen, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. The main town and site of its municipal council was the town of Langå.

Langå municipality ceased to exist due to Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  The southern part of Langå municipality was merged with Hadsten, Hammel, Hinnerup, and Hvorslev municipalities to form the new Favrskov municipality.  This created a municipality with an area of 487 km2 and a total population of ca. 41,596 (2005).  The new municipality belongs to Region Midtjylland ("Mid-Jutland Region"). The remainder of Langå municipality was incorporated into an enlarged Randers municipality.

External links
 Favrskov municipality's website (Danish only)
 Randers municipality's website (Danish only)

References
 Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
 Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map

Former municipalities of Denmark
Randers Municipality

Langå Municipality


The Second Genoese–Savoyard War (1672-1673) was a short war fought between the Duchy of Savoy and the Republic of Genoa.

The war was launched by Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, in 1672, but an exiled Genoese named Rafaello della Torre had initially prompted Charles Emmanuel into declaring war.  Charles Emmanuel believed that Spain, engaged in hostilities with France in the Franco-Dutch War, would not assist Genoa.  Charles Emmanuel's declaration of war was based on pretexts that were "slight and trivial," and it was evident that his reasons for going to war were to gain the seaport of Savona.

The Savoyards initially had the upper hand, as the attack on Genoa was unexpected, and the Savoyards occupied Pieve di Teco "and some other Places; but these were soon recovered."

Despite Charles Emmanuel's predictions, the Genoese did receive aid from Spain.

The Savoyards under the Marquis of Catalan marched to Castelvecchio di Rocca Barbena with plans to fortify it. The Genoese opposed them with a force of 9,000 men and seized all the roads, before the Savoyards could provision themselves.  As a result, about 300 Savoyard officers and men departed from Castelvecchio.  The remaining forces were overrun on August 15, 1672 by the Genoese.

Some inconclusive battles followed, including a struggle for control of Oneglia.  The Genoese advanced towards Oneglia with plans to attack by sea and land, but the Savoyards prevented them.

End of war and aftermath
Louis XIV of France intervened diplomatically in the war to protect French interests.  Louis XIV wanted to end the war between Savoy and Genoa before Charles Emmanuel could be completely defeated and a new front of the Franco-Dutch War could be opened in Italy.

Under the mediation of France, peace was concluded at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on January 18, 1673.  Both sides returned whatever conquests that they had made.

According to George Procter, the war "scarcely merits our notice, for its circumstances and its conclusion were alike insignificant."  However, the war had deleterious effects on the Duchy of Savoy.

Since the war ended in defeat for Savoy, "a bitter search for scapegoats followed," including Marchese di Pianezza, who had a prominent role in this war and was the duke's chief advisor.  Pianezza was accused of treason and fled to France.

Savoy's 1672 war with Genoa also caused civil unrest: it had disrupted trade and resulted in the Savoyard government's program to levy tolls on goods entering the territory of Mondovì.

In 1684, French naval forces would bombard Genoa for its support of Spain.

See also
First Genoese–Savoyard War

References

Wars involving the Republic of Genoa
History of Savoy
Conflicts in 1672
Conflicts in 1673
1670s conflicts
1672 in Europe
1673 in Europe
History of Liguria
1672 in Italy
1673 in Italy
Genoese–Savoyard War

Second Genoese–Savoyard War


The common hatchetfish or river hatchetfish (Gasteropelecus sternicla) is a tropical fish belonging to the freshwater hatchetfish family (Gasteropelecidae). Originating in South America in the Peruvian and middle Amazon, the Guianas and Venezuela, it grows to about 2.5 inches (6.5 cm). The fish gets its name from its relatively large protruding belly which resembles a hatchet. Hatchetfish will often jump out of the water when alarmed, propelled by their large, winglike pectoral fins. They also jump to catch small aerial insects.

In the aquarium

The river hatchetfish is a schooling species best kept in groups of five or more that spends most of its time in the top-level of the water where it searches for food.  These fish are peaceful towards other fishes, but frequently bicker among themselves. Typical lifespan in captivity is around five years, but can live longer. They come from streams in a tropical climate and prefer water at pH 6–7, a water hardness of up to 15.0 dGH, and an ideal temperature range of (23-27 °C (73-81 °F) . As carnivores, they will readily eat many types of small annelid worms, insects, and crustaceans, and they will also eat standard flake foods. They have a reputation for being greedy fish.

Because of their natural tendency to jump when alarmed, they may jump out of aquarium tanks. To prevent this, the top must either be completely sealed, or the water level lowered so the edges of the tank extend further upwards than the fish are capable of jumping.  This is also less common with the addition of floating plants, to provide cover.  It is also advised to keep them in a planted aquarium.

See also
 List of freshwater aquarium fish species

References

Gasteropelecidae
Fish described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Common hatchetfish


Elfie Hopkins is a 2012 British horror film directed by Ryan Andrews and co-written by Riyad Barmania and Ryan Andrews. It stars Jaime Winstone, Ray Winstone, Steven Mackintosh, Rupert Evans, Aneurin Barnard and Kimberley Nixon. The film tells the story of an aspiring detective, Elfie Hopkins (Jaime Winstone), who stumbles into her first real case, when investigating the mysterious new family, the Gammons, in her neighbourhood. The film was released in the UK on 20 April 2012.

Plot
Set in a sleepy hunting village, the film tells the story of Elfie Hopkins (Jaime Winstone), a 22-year-old slacker and "wanna-be" detective. She is a stoner and an animal lover, and haunted by the death of her mother and surrounded by her broken father and alcoholic step-mother, Elfie seeks solace and inspiration from old-school detectives in classic films like The Maltese Falcon and Chinatown. She entertains herself, along with her geeky best friend, Dylan (Aneurin Barnard), by investigating the villagers and upsetting everyone with their imaginative allegations. Elfie's mundane existence is thrown for a spin with the arrival of a family of trendy city dwellers, the Gammons.

The Gammons weave tales of adventure and seduce the villagers with offers of exotic hunting holidays around the world.  It is not long before the villagers are flying off to the four corners of the world. Elfie, despite her best efforts, is not free to the Gammons' charms, but soon smells a rat.  Elfie and Dylan begin investigating the Gammons' life. Bloody violence and pandemonium soon starts to rage in the village and it is no longer just the blood of animals. Elfie discovers the villagers are not making those flights and when she finally uncovers the truth, it is darker than she could have ever imagined.

Cast
 Jaime Winstone as Elfie Hopkins
 Aneurin Barnard as Dylan
 Steven Mackintosh as Michael
 Rupert Evans as Mr Gammon
 Kate Magowan as Mrs Gammon
 Julian Lewis Jones as Harry Hopkins
 Kimberley Nixon as Pippa
 Gwyneth Keyworth as Ruby Gammon
Will Payne as Elliot Gammon
 Ray Winstone as Butcher Bryn
 Richard Harrington as Timothy Jenkins

Production
Director Ryan Andrews became friends with Winstone when he was part of the camera crew for Daddy's Girl, an independent Welsh film made in 2006, which also starred Winstone as a teen with a twisted lust for blood. Extending their shared love of fantasy, horror and anything grunge-related, Elfie Hopkins is, says Andrews, "a combination of an eclectic mix of British twee and American grunge – a weird mash-up of two worlds with a heightened comic-strip feel."

The film is based on Little Munchkin, a short film directed by Andrews, and it was this concept that Andrews and co-writer Riyad Barmania, turned into a feature film script. "The Elfie character played a minor role in the short," explains Andrews. "But after meeting Jaime I knew she could become the main focus and make it something really special and unique in British horror fantasy terms. Elfie is a finely tuned representation of my own childhood memories growing up in rural Wales. I often used to imagine myself as a vampire hunter let loose on a community of surreal country folk. Riyad and I have taken those already magnified experiences and transformed them further... and the film is informed by everything between author Roald Dahl and The Lost Boys to Brit photographer Tim Walker."

Winstone said regarding the project: "Ryan and I have been looking forward to making this film for years since our styles just collided and we really hit it off. It feels the right time to capture that 1990s vibe now." Describing her development of the character, she stated "Elfie Hopkins has been an alter ego of mine for a while now, and I can't wait for the world to meet her. She'll kick ass! For me, Elfie's a dream role to play, and I feel there is a gap in the British film industry which we will more than fill! I can't wait to work with Ryan Andrews—he is a young and exciting director with a vision that can match my imagination."

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for Elfie Hopkins was written by Cardiff-based music producer Jordan Andrews, and recorded at his local studio Ripefruit Recordings. British musician Charli XCX also provided two songs for the film's soundtrack along with The Big Pink.

Reception
The film originally received mixed reviews by critics when release in 2013. On its re-release via Amazon Prime the film found its audience both in the UK and US scoring 4 stars from audience review. Being coined a hidden gem and a hit with a new generation of horror fans. '""

Time Out said "There's a hint of camp pleasure to be gained from the film's early soft-focus domestic scenes and late hysterics" while Total Film commented that "The Twin Peaks mood writer/director that Ryan Andrews musters in his sleepy village is unsetting, not to mention the striking costume and production design, has real promise.  Peter Bradshaw in The Guardian wrote that "It doesn't totally take off until the final act, but there's evidence here that Ryan Andrews will become a force to be reckoned with."

References

External links

2010s horror drama films
British horror drama films
Welsh films
English-language Welsh films
Films shot in Wales
2012 films
Films about cannibalism
British exploitation films
2012 drama films
British splatter films
2010s English-language films
2010s British films
British serial killer films
British horror thriller films

Elfie Hopkins


Hanneke Hoefnagel (born 12 October 1988) is a former Dutch gymnast, whose favorite discipline was the beam, but who contributed an eponymous element to the sport on the uneven bars.

Career

Early career
Hoefnagel was born in Beneden-Leeuwen and started her career in gymnastics in 1993 at a local team in the same city. In 1996 she joined one of the most prestigious club teams in the Netherlands, Nijmegen based GTV De Hazenkamp. She started off in the youth squads, but found herself in the top sport squad of coach Boris Orlov since 1999.

Senior career
In 2006, she was part of the Dutch national team that took part in the 2006 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Volos where they finished in eighth position. Although she finished just in 108th position in the senior allround discipline, she reached the junior top 10 at the eighth position. Later that year she also was part of the team that participated in the 2006 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Aarhus where the Netherlands finished in 15th position, claiming a ticket for the 2007 edition in Stuttgart, the tournament that will be the 2008 Summer Olympics qualification. In the individual allround competition she finished in 66th position out of 223 participants.

Although 2006 was her international breakthrough year it was also the year of the end of her career. On 11 December 2006, two months after her 18th birthday she decided to concentrate on her social life instead of training daily to become better in gymnastics.

Eponymous skill
Hoefnagel has one eponymous skill listed in the Code of Points.

References

External links
Official website
fig-gymnastics.com profile

1988 births
Living people
People from West Maas en Waal
Dutch female artistic gymnasts
Originators of elements in artistic gymnastics
Sportspeople from Gelderland

Hanneke Hoefnagel


"ManBearPig" is the sixth episode in the tenth season of the American animated television series South Park. The 145th episode of the series overall, it first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 26, 2006. In the episode, Al Gore visits South Park to warn everyone about a creature called ManBearPig, an allegory for global warming. Gore then gets Stan, Kyle, Cartman, and Kenny trapped inside the Cave of the Winds.

Plot
Al Gore (voiced by Trey Parker) visits South Park Elementary and warns the school's students about an imaginary monster named ManBearPig which roams the Earth attacking humans. Gore describes the monster as "half human, half bear, half pig." While Gore continues to spread awareness of the fictional cryptid, Randy advises Stan and the boys to not be involved with Gore as he is only seeking attention. One night, Gore calls Stan about ManBearPig and Stan tries to turn him down gently; Gore weeps from this rejection until Stan changes his mind. Gore then persuades Stan, Kyle, Cartman, and Kenny to attend a ManBearPig meeting, where Gore states that the creature is hiding in the Cave of the Winds. The boys agree to assist Gore in his hunt for ManBearPig in exchange for being officially dismissed from school that day.

In the caves, the echo sound the cave is named for causes Gore to mistake the sound for the creature. He fires a shotgun wildly, which causes a cave-in that leaves the boys trapped in the caverns; all others escape before the cave-in and Gore believes ManBearPig is at fault. While the boys search for a way out of the cave, Cartman discovers a small cavern filled with what appears to be treasure. Greedily, he starts swallowing the treasure piece-by-piece to smuggle it out of the cave.

As a rescue team assembles outside the cave to find the boys, Gore diverts the flow of a nearby stream in order to cause a flood which fills the cavern in an attempt to kill the still-unseen monster. The boys manage to escape just as a memorial service is being held for them. When Gore tries to take credit for saving them, Stan, having lost all sympathy for him, angrily yells at Gore and calls him a "loser" for using the situation 'as an excuse to draw attention to [himself]', but he is unfazed as he is certain that he killed ManBearPig. Cartman tries to walk away, but he does not get far before he begins painfully defecating pieces of treasure. It is revealed to Cartman that the treasure was a prop used for tourist photo ops and is only worth about $14; this upsets Cartman as he continually defecates the fake treasure and Kyle angrily admonishes him for all the trouble, of trying to save him. Gore announces his plans to make a film starring himself and dons a cape before pretending to fly away.

Reception
Eric Goldman from IGN gave the episode a score of 6.0 out of 10. He thought it was a superior episode compared with "A Million Little Fibers", the previous episode of the season, but still called it an "okay, middle of the road" episode.

Home media
"ManBearPig", along with the thirteen other episodes from South Parks tenth season, was released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on August 21, 2007. The set includes brief audio commentaries by series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone for each episode.

Legacy
ManBearPig is one of the antagonist characters shown in the "Imaginationland" trilogy in the eleventh season of South Park.

The episode is notorious as an allegory for climate change denial because the South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone were initially unconvinced about Gore's film An Inconvenient Truth. In apologies for their treatment of the issue at the time, Gore and ManBearPig returned in the sixth and seventh episodes of the 22nd season of South Park, "Time to Get Cereal" and "Nobody Got Cereal?", in which the boys realise that ManBearPig exists and apologise to Gore. ManBearPig returned in the 2022 films South Park The Streaming Wars and South Park The Streaming Wars Part 2, which reveals that ManBearPig has a family.

The 2018 action-adventure game Red Dead Redemption 2, developed and published by Rockstar Games, features a creature that looks like a cross between a human, a bear, and a pig chained to a wall.

"ManBearPig" is used as a nickname for Pantolambda bathmodon by some researchers, because it had "five-fingered hands, a bearlike face and the stocky build of a pig"

References

External links
 "ManBearPig" Full episode at South Park Studios

South Park (season 10) episodes
Cultural depictions of Al Gore
Fiction about cryptids
Climate change denial

fi:Luettelo televisiosarjan South Park jaksoista#10. tuotantokausi: 2006

ManBearPig