Semasa Perang Dingin (1945-1990), dua kuasa bertentangan di Eropah iaitu negara Pakatan Warsaw di sebelah, dan Pertubuhan Perjanjian Atlantik Utara (NATO) dipihak yang lain. Pakatan Warsaw dilihat oleh Barat sebagai mempunyai pasukan agresif yang mengatasi kuasa-kuasa NATO.

Penguasaan Soviet ke atas Pakatan Warsaw membawa kepada piawaian yang berkesan bagi beberapa reka bentuk kereta kebal. Sebagai perbandingan, NATO mengambil sikap bertahan. Negara-negara yang banyak menyumbang, Perancis, Jerman, Amerika Syarikat, dan United Kingdom membangunkan reka bentuk kereta kebal mereka sendiri, dengan sedikit persamaan, manakala negara-negara kecil NATO membeli atau menyesuaikan reka bentuk ini.

Selepas Perang Dunia II, pembangunan kereta kebal terus berkembang sebahagian besarnya kerana kerana Perang Dingin. Kereta kebal bukan sahaja akan terus dihasilkan dalam jumlah yang besar, tetapi kemajuan teknologi turut berkembang secara mendadak juga. Kereta kebal menjadi lebih besar dan perisainya menjadi lebih tebal dan lebih berkesan. Aspek teknologi senjata berubah juga, dengan kemajuan besar dalam reka bentuk kerangka dan keberkesanan terminal. Walau bagaimanapun, pada masa kini kebanyakan kereta kebal dalam perkhidmatan masih mempunyai senjata api secara manual dimuatkan dari pangkal, sifat dari kereta kebal yang paling awal yang dikongsi dengan kebanyakan senjata api gerak sendiri dan meriam lapangan.

Banyak perubahan pada reka bentuk kereta kebal merupakan peningkatan penyasasaran dan julat (sistem kawalan tembakan), penstabilan meriam, sistem komunikasi dan keselesaan krew. Perisai telah berkembang seiring dengan peningkatan senjata dan meriam telah berkembang menjadi lebih besar. Tetapi tidak ada sebarang perubahan asas.

Reka bentuk dan belanjawan kereta kebal telah diketahui naik dan turun. Selepas perang, belanjawan reka bentuk kereta kebal telah dipotong dan kakitangan kejuruteraan sering bertaburan. Kebanyakan perancang perperangan mempercayai bahawa kereta kebal adalah lapuk, setelah senjata nuklear sudah ada dan ia dirasai bahawa senjata nuklear taktikal boleh memusnahkan mana-mana Briged atau rejimen, sama ada ia adalah berperisai atau tidak. Perang Korea membuktikan bahawa kereta kebal masih berguna di medan perang, memandangkan keraguan kuasa-kuasa besar untuk menggunakan senjata nuklear. Dalam tahun 1950-an, kereta kebal kebanyakan negara 'telah dilengkapi dengan perlindungan NBC, yang membolehkan unit jentera untuk bertahan terhadap senjata nuklear, biologi dan kimia, atau untuk menjalankan penembusan dengan mengeksploitasi medan perang serangan nuklear.

Pembangunan kereta kebal pertempuran utama

Kereta kebal sederhana secara beransur-ansur berkembang membentuk konsep yang baru bagi kereta kebal pertempuran utama. Peralihan ini berlaku secara beransur-ansur pada tahun 1950, kerana ia telah disedari bahawa kereta kebal sederhana boleh membawa senjata api (seperti 90 mm Amerika Syarikat, 100 mm Soviet, dan terutamanya 105 mm British) yang mampu menembusi apa-apa perisai tahap praktikal pada jarak jauh. Konsep Perang Dunia II kereta kebal berat, bersenjata dengan senjata yang paling berkuasa dan perisai paling berat, menjadi usang kerana ia turut sama terdedah seperti kenderaan lain dengan kereta kebal sederhana baru. Begitu juga, Perang Dunia II telah menunjukkan bahawa kereta kebal perisai ringan dengan senjata ringan adalah kurang bernilai bagi kebanyakan peranan. Malah kenderaan peninjau menunjukkan trend ke arah berat badan yang lebih berat dan senjata api yang lebih besar semasa Perang Dunia II; kelajuan bukanlah pengganti perisai dan senjata api.

Pelbagai peningkatan senjata anti-kereta kebal dan ancaman yang dilihat akibat satu perang nuklear meningkatkan keperluan bagi perisai tambahan. Perisai tambahan mendorong reka bentuk meriam yang lebih berkuasa. Kereta kebal peperangan utama dengan itu mengambil peranan apa yang pernah dikenali sebagai 'tangki Universal' British, mengisi hampir semua peranan di medan perang. Kereta kebal pertempuran utama biasa sama bersenjata seperti mana-mana kenderaan lain di medan perang, sangat mudah alih, dan juga berperisai dengan baik. Namun ia cukup murah untuk dibina dalam jumlah yang besar. Kereta kebal klasik pertempuran utama tahun 1950 ialah Centurion British,  Siri T-55 Soviet, dan siri M47 dan M48 Amerika Syarikat. Ketiga-tiga kenderaan asas telah dinaik taraf dengan ketara dari masa ke masa. Sebagai contoh, Centurion memulakan hayatnya dengan meriam Ordnance QF 17-pounder yang amat berkesan (76.2 mm), tetapi persenjataannya telah dinaik taraf kepada 20 pounder (84 mm) dan kemudiannya pada 105 mm meriam utama menjelang 1959, dengan kawalan api yang lebih baik dan enjin baru.

Kereta kebal T-55 Russia bermula dengan meriam 100 mm, tetapi telah dipertingkatkan dengan kedua meriam 115 mm dan 125 mm, sistem kawalan tembak dipertingkat, enjin baru, trek dll. Siri M47 berubah menjadi siri M60.Kereta kebal utama Soviet yang pertama adalah T-64 while the first American MBT was the M48 Patton.

Kenderaan ini dan hasilannya membentuk sebahagian besar dari pasukan perisai bagi NATO dan Pakatan Warsaw sepanjang Perang Dingin. Sesetengah dari mereka kekal digunakan sehingga kurun ke-21.

Kereta kebal ringan

Kereta kebal ringan terus dihasilkan tetapi bagi tujuan peranan terhad seperti penninjau afimbia, menyokong unit bawaan udara, dan dalam pasukan gerak pantas yang ditak dijangkakan akan bertembung dengan kereta kebal musuh. PT-76 Soviet merupakan contoh yang baik bagi kereta kebal khusus. Ia memiliki keupayaan afimbia dan memiliki kuasa tembakan bagi membinasakan kenderaan peninjau yang lain, tetapi ia juga berperisai ringan. M551 Sheridan Amerika SYarikat memiliki kekuatan dan kelemahan yang sama, tetapi juga boleh dijatuhkan dari udara, samaada melalui payung terjun atau LAPES.

Kereta kebal berat

Kereta kebal berat seperti T-10 terus dibangunkan dan digunakan bersama kereta kebal serdahana sehingga 1960-an dan 1970-an, sehingga pembangunan peluru berpandu anti-kereta kebal dan meriam kereta kebal berkuasa menjadikan ia tidak berkesan di medan pertempuran dalam peranan yang dimainkan oleh mereka.

Gabungan kepala peledak HEAT yang besar, digabung dengan julat berkesan yang jauh berbanding meriam kereta kebal, dan dengan ketepatan tinggi bererti kereta kebal berat tidak lagi dapat berfungsi dalam bertembungan, atau peranan pelindung. Peluru berpandu anti kereta kebal mampu mengisi peranan ini sama baik.

Kereta kebal serdahana juga lemah pada peluru berpandu baru, tetapi dapat digunakan dalam bilangan lebih besar dan memiliki pergerakan medan tempur yang lebih tinggi. Tambahan lagi, nilai kereta kebal ringan bagi meninjau berkurangan dengan banyaknya oleh helikopter, sungguhpun banyak kereta kebal ringan masih digunakan.

Pembangunaan senjata anti kereta kebal dan langkah penangkisan

Terdapat juga perbincangan bahawa kereta kebal adalah lapuk dan belanjawan mengurang sedikit selepas Perang Yom Kippur 1973 apabila kereta kebal Israel dibinasakan dalam bilangan besar yang tidak pernah berlaku menggunakan peluru berpandu berwayar disandang (ATGMs), ditembak oleh tentera pejalan kaki Mesir. Analisa berikutnya menunjukkan bahawa pasukan Israel memandang rendah lawan mereka pada fasa pertama perang; kesemua taktik kereta kebal mereka mengabaikan keupayaan baru tentera pejalan kaki yang dilengkapi dengan senjata AT murah bagi menghentikan kereta kebal. Penyelesaian pada persekitaran medan pertempuran baru ini adalah gabungan taktikal dan teknikal. Secara tektik, terdapat kesedaran baru bagi keperluan taktik gabungan persenjataan. Ini mendorong pada mekanisma pasukan infantri dan kemajuan taktik artileri maju dan kepala peledak. Kereta kebal bersendirian lemah pada infantri, tetapi gabungan pasukan kereta kebal, infantri mekanikal, dan artileri mekanikal masih mampu menang di persekitaran baru ini.

Pada tahun 1974, Amerika Syarikat memulakan program mengagumkan bagi memodenkan armada kereta kebal sedia adanya dan memulakan penghasilan pukal M60A1, dan kemudiannya M60A3; pada masa yang sama ketika M1 dibangunkan. Belanjawan bagi reka bentuk dan penghasilan kereta kebal meningkat semasa pentadbiran Ronald Reagan, berikutan ketegangan antara Amerika Syarikat dan Soviet Union.

Sebagai tindak balas pada ATGMS mudah-alih Infantri dan muatan kenderaan, perisai kenderaan lebih berkeupayaan telah dibangunkan. Perisai ruang, perisai komposit, perisai letupan reaktif, dan sistem perlindungan aktif—seperti sistem Russia Shtora, Drozd, dan Arena—dipasang pada kereta kebal baru dan lama. Di sebalik peningkatan ini peluru berpandu besar kekal sangat berkesan menentang kereta kebal. Ini dibuktikan pada tahun 1991 apabila kejadian tembakan sahabat, peluru berpandu anti-kereta kebal Hellfire membinasakan sebuah kereta kebal M1 Abrams terbaru.

Missile armed tanks

During the latter half of the 20th century, some tanks were armed with ATGMs (Anti-Tank Guided Missiles) which could be launched through a smoothbore or (in the case of "Shillelagh") a rifled main gun barrel with a provision to prevent imparting "spin" to the missile. In the U.S., the M60A2, M551 Sheridan, and prototype MBT-70, with 152 mm barrel/launchers used the Shillelagh infrared-guided missile.

The MBT-70 was cancelled prior to production due to high cost, and superseded by the M1 Abrams, which used a conventional gun. The M551 and the M60A2 were widely considered disappointing due to problems of overall complexity, sensitive advanced electrical systems (some components of which involved the Shillelagh guidance system) and issues related to the conventional rounds with combustible cases, though the Sheridan would serve into the 1990s before finally being withdrawn. The M60A2's were eventually replaced by M60A3s using conventional 105 mm guns.

While U.S. experiments with gun-launched missiles led to a dead end, the Soviet Union put this technology into service in the mid-1970s, and it continues to be used in CIS forces. Tanks capable of firing gun-launched missiles in Russian service include the T-72, T-90, and upgraded T-55 (T-55AM2). Ukraine also employs missile-armed T-64, T-80, and T-84 tanks.

History in the Cold War

Korean War

In the Korean War M24 Chaffee's were the first U.S. tanks to fight the North Korean T-34-85s. The M24 fared poorly against these much better-armed and armored medium tanks which were superior to the M-24. M24s were more successful later in the war in their reconnaissance role, supported by heavier tanks such as the kereta kebal M4 Sherman, M26, and M46.

The heavier but older M26 Pershing was deemed unsatisfactory due to its inferior mobility, which was unsuitable for a medium tank role as it used the same engine that powered the much lighter M4 Sherman, and in November, 1949, the upgraded M26 received a new power plant and a main gun with bore evacuator, and the M46 Patton designation. Less than a thousand were upgraded to M46 standard.

On 8 August 1950 the first M46 Pattons landed in South Korea. The tank proved superior to the much lighter North Korean T-34-85, which were encountered in relatively small numbers. By the end of 1950, 200 M46 Pattons had been fielded, forming about 15% of US tank strength in Korea; the balance of 1,326 tanks shipped to Korea during 1950 included 679 M4A3 Shermans, 309 M26 Pershings, and 138 M24 Chaffee light tanks. Subsequent shipments of M46 and M46A1 Pattons allowed all remaining M26 Pershings to be withdrawn during 1951, and most Sherman equipped units were also reequipped.

By 1953 the M24 Chaffee's were completely replaced by the new M41 tank in the United States Army which was rushed to the battlefield. It was later designated the M41 Walker Bulldog. The M41 was an agile and well armed. On the other hand, it was noisy, fuel-hungry and heavy enough to cause problems with air transport. The Walker Bulldog saw limited combat with the U.S. Army during the Korean War, but the conflict served as a testing ground to work out the tank's deficiencies, especially with its rangefinder.

British tanks, the Centurion tank with Cromwell tanks for reconnaissance, arrived in Korea in late 1950. The tanks had to operate in much colder conditions than their usual North German Plain deployments. The Centurions covered the retreat at the battle of the Imjin River with the tanks from C Squadron, 8th Hussars, under the command of Major Henry Huth and by 55 Squadron, Royal Engineers.  The British position on the Imjin river "was deemed safe" but vulnerable in case of an attack which prove to be case, and the tanks were able stand their ground in the battle.  The Centurions were also in Operation Commando and were used to capture high ground earning praise from the commander of I Corps. Thereafter the war was largely static and the Centurions were used as artillery against the infantry attacks which generally happened at night.

Interwar
The M47 Patton was intended to replace the M46 Patton and M4 Sherman tanks. It had a 90 mm gun and a crew of 5. Despite it being the primary tank of the US it never saw combat while in US service. In Early 1951, the U.S. initiated the design of the M48 Patton, designated the T-48 with a 90 mm cannon. The T48 featured a new turret, new redesigned hull and an improved suspension. The hull machine gunner position was removed, reducing the crew to 4. On 2 April 1953, the Ordnance Technical Committee Minutes (OTCM), standardized the last of the Patton series tanks as the M48 Patton.

Nearly 12,000 M48s were built from 1952 to 1959. The early designs, up to the M48A2, were powered by a gasoline 12-cylinder engine which was coupled with an auxiliary 8-cylinder engine. The gas engines gave the tank a short operating range and were prone to catching fire when hit. This version was considered unreliable.

The M103 heavy tank was manufactured at the Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant and the first units were accepted in 1957.

The M103 was designed to counter Soviet heavies. Its long-ranged 120 mm cannon was designed to hit enemy tanks at extreme distances, but it was never used in combat. Of the 300 M103s built, most went to the Marines. The tank was relatively underpowered and the drive systems were fragile.The turret of the M103 was larger than that of the M48 or the M60 to make room for the huge 120 mm gun and the two loaders assigned to it, in addition to the gunner and the commander. The driver sat in the hull. The gun was capable of elevation from +15 to -8 degrees.

The British introduced their Heavy Gun Tank F214 Conqueror with the same 120mm gun as the M103 into service in 1955. It stayed in service until 1960; the upgrading of Centurion tank to the L7 105mm gun having removed its purpose.

While the US Army deactivated its heavy armor units with the reception of the new M60 series main battle tanks in 1960, the remaining M103s stayed within the US Marine Corps inventory until they began receiving the M60 series MBT. With the disappearance of the heavy tank from US forces came the full acceptance of the main battle tank in 1960 for the US Army, and later for the US Marine Corps.

The British successor to Centurion was Chieftain in 1966. Chieftain was heavily armoured and had a 120mm gun following a doctrine of long range fire and survivability that would be needed against the more numerous Warsaw Pact tanks in the event of an invasion of West Germany.

Vietnam War era

Tanks for the most part, saw limited action in Vietnam compare to the heavy fighting in Korea, but even in the Vietnam jungle the M48 Patton saw tank-to-tank duels. On March 3, 1969, the Special Forces camp at Ben Het was attacked by the NVA 202nd Armored Regiment. The 202nd was tasked with the mission of destroying the camp's 175 mm self-propelled guns. One of the PT-76s had detonated a land mine, which not only alerted the camp, but also lit up the other PT-76s attacking the firebase. Flares had been sent up, thus exposing adversary tanks, but sighting in on muzzle flashes, one PT-76 scored a direct hit on the turret of a M48, killing two Patton crewmen and wounding two more. A second Patton, using the same technique, destroyed a PT-76 with their second shot. At daybreak, the battlefield revealed the wreckage of two PT-76s and one BTR-50 armored personnel carrier.

The M48s saw extensive action during the Vietnam War, over 600 Pattons would be deployed with US Forces during the war. The initial M48s landed with the US Marines in 1965. Remaining Pattons deployed to South Vietnam were in three U.S. Army battalions, the 1-77th Armor near the DMZ, the 1-69th Armor in the Central Highlands, and the 2-34th Armor near the Mekong Delta. Each battalion consisted of approximately fifty seven tanks. M48s were also used by Armored Cavalry Squadrons in Vietnam, until replaced by M551 Sheridan tanks. The M67A1 flamethrower tank (nicknamed the Zippo) was an M48 variant used in Vietnam.

When US forces commenced redeployment operations, many of the M48A3 Pattons were turned over to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces, in particular creating the ARVN 20th Tank Regiment; which supplemented their M41 Walker Bulldog units. During the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) Easter Offensive in 1972, tank clashes between NVA T-54/PT-76 and ARVN M48/M41 units became commonplace, but on 23 April 1972, tankers of the 20th Tank Regiment were attacked by an NVA infantry-tank team, which was equipped with the new 9M14M Malyutka (NATO designation: Sagger) wire guided anti-tank missile. During this battle, one M48A3 Patton tank and one M113 Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle (ACAV) were destroyed, becoming the first losses to the Sagger missile; losses that would echo on an even larger scale a year later during the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East in 1973.

In the mid-1970s, the M48A5 upgrade was developed to allow the vehicle to carry the heavier 105 mm gun.  This was designed to bring the M48s up to speed with the M60 tanks then in regular use.  Most of the M48s were placed into service with reserve units by this time. By the mid-1990s, the M48s were phased out.

The M48s performed admirably in Vietnam in the infantry-support role. However, there were few actual tank versus tank battles. The M48s provided adequate protection for its crew from small arms, mines, and rocket-propelled grenades.

The plans were laid in the US in the late fifties, for a tank with a 105 mm main gun and a redesigned hull offering better armor protection. The resulting M60 largely resembled the M48 it was based on, but has significant differences. The M60 mounted a bore evacuated 105 mm main gun, had a hull with a straight front slope whereas the M48's hull was rounded, had three support rollers per side to the M48's five, and had road wheels constructed from aluminum rather than steel.

The hull of the M60 was a single piece steel casting divided into three compartments, with the driver in front, fighting compartment in the middle and engine at the rear. The driver looked through three M27 day periscopes, one of which could be replaced by a night vision periscope. Initially, the M60 had essentially the same turret shape as the M48, but this was subsequently replaced with a distinctive "needlenose" design that minimized frontal cross-section to enemy fire. The M60 was the last US main battle tank to utilize homogeneous steel armor for protection. It was also the last to feature either the M60 machine gun or an escape hatch under the hull.

Originally designated the M68, the new vehicle was put into production in 1959, reclassified as the M60, and entered service in 1960. Over 15,000 M60s (all variants) were constructed.

In 1963, the M60 was upgraded to the M60A1. This new variant, which stayed in production until 1980, featured a larger, better-shaped turret and improvements to the armor protection and shock absorbers. The M60A1 was also equipped with a stabilization system for the main gun. However, the M60A1 was still not able to fire on the move, as the system only kept the gun pointed in the same general direction while the tank was traveling cross country. It did however enable the coaxial machine gun to be brought to bear while moving.

The M551 Sheridan was initiated when the replacement for the M41 Walker Bulldog, the T92 Light Tank, was canceled.

The need for even lighter weight to make the tank transportable presented the design with a particularly difficult problem; guns capable of defeating modern tanks at reasonable ranges were so large that they demanded a large vehicle to carry them, so large that they couldn't be used as a "light" tank. The use of HEAT rounds instead of conventional penetrating ammunition could address this, but HEAT rounds work better at larger calibers. Gun weight is typically the product of caliber and muzzle velocity, so in the case of the XM551 they sacrificed the muzzle velocity, producing the low-velocity but relatively large-caliber 152 mm M81. HEAT rounds fired by the M81 could defeat any contemporary tank at shorter ranges, but its low velocity made it difficult to use at longer ranges, especially against moving targets. The large low-velocity gun was also ideal for infantry support, where higher performance anti-tank guns would often fire right through soft targets and their small-caliber guns left little room for explosive filler. The M551 Sheridan tank would thus be ideal for both direct fire support as well as short-distance anti-tank engagements.

The only niche where the M551 Sheridan was not ideal was the medium and long-range anti-tank engagement. The muzzle velocity was so low that a HEAT round fired at longer ranges would have to be "lofted", making aiming difficult, and the flight time would be so long that a moving target would be very difficult to hit. However, it appeared there was a solution to this problem by equipping the tank with gun-fired anti-tank missiles. For longer range engagements a missile would be fired instead of a HEAT round, and although its velocity would also be relatively slow, the guidance system would make a hit highly likely anyway.  The M551 Sheridan appeared to offer the best of both worlds; for infantry support the large calibre gun allowed it to fire full-sized artillery rounds and canister shot, while also giving it reasonable short-range anti-tank performance from the same gun.

The M551 Sheridan had a steel turret and aluminum hull. It was powered by a large diesel engine. The M551 thus had excellent mobility, able to run at speeds up to 45 mph, which at that time was unheard of for a tracked vehicle. Swimming capability was provided by a flotation screen. Production started on late July 1966, and entered service in June 1967. More than 1,600 M551s were built between 1966 and 1970. Total cost of the M551 program was $1.3 billion.

The vehicle proved to be very noisy and unreliable under combat conditions. The armor was thin enough that it could be penetrated even by heavy machine gun rounds as well as being highly vulnerable to mines.  Firing the gun would often adversely affect the delicate electronics, which were at the early stages of transitioning to solid state, so the missile and guidance system was omitted from vehicles deployed to Vietnam.  The gun had problems with cracks developing near the breech after repeated firing. Most field units were modified to help address the problem but gun also was criticized for having too much recoil for the vehicle weight, the second and even third road wheels coming clear off the ground when the main gun fired.

The Sheridan saw extensive action in the Vietnam War, being assigned to nearly all armored cavalry squadrons in country. In 1969, armored cavalry units began replacing their M48 Patton tanks.

The battle reports from the troops were sometimes glowing, while the reports higher up the chain of command were often negative. A 1969 evaluation of the vehicles found the M551 was employed in reconnaissance, night patrol and road clearing, accumulating 39,455 road miles and 520 combat missions, with a ready rate of 81.3 percent. Despite vulnerability to rockets and mines, it was judged worth applying modifications and equip all cavalry squadrons with the Sheridan.

The Sheridan was much appreciated by the infantry who were desperate for direct-fire support, which generally served in combination with ACAVs (M113s) as armored cavalry units consisted of both M113s and M551s as part of their TO&E. Armor units consisted solely of tanks (minus headquarters company) and Mechanized Infantry units consisted solely of M113s. In this role the real problem with the Sheridan was its limited ammunition load of only 20 rounds and 8 missiles (though M551s in Vietnam service were not equipped with missiles or their guidance equipment, increasing the basic load of conventional rounds).

A common field-modification was to mount a large steel shield, known as an "ACAV set" (Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle), around the commander's 50-cal. (12.7 mm) gun, allowing it to be fired with some level of protection. The driver has an unusual rotating hatch which has vision blocks when rotated forward. Included with the set was an extra layer of steel belly armor which was bolted onto the vehicle's bottom, although only covering from the front to halfway to the end, possibly due to weight reasons.

A standard modification made during the mid-70's was the addition of the "Cereal Bowl" commander's cupola.  This mod came about due to the broken rib effect that occurred when the Sheridan fired conventional rounds, the recoil would pitch the TC against the armor plating resulting in cracked ribs.

Post-Vietnam
The US Army began to phase out the Sheridan in 1978, although at the time there was no real replacement. Nevertheless the 82nd Airborne were able to keep them on until 1996. The Sheridan was the only air-deployable tank in the inventory, and as an elite force they had considerably more "pull" than general infantry and armor units who were forced to get rid of them. Their units were later upgraded to the M551A1 model, including a thermal sighting system for the commander and gunner.

The Sheridan's only air drop in combat occurred during Operation Just Cause in Panama in 1989, when fourteen M551's were deployed; four were transported by C-5 Galaxies and ten were dropped by air, but two Sheridans were destroyed upon landing. The Sheridans' performance received mixed reviews. They were lauded by their operators and some commanders as providing firepower in needed situations to destroy hard targets. However, the Sheridans' employment of only HEAT rounds limited their effectiveness against reinforced concrete construction.

Fifty-one Sheridans were deployed in the Gulf War as some of the first tanks sent. They would not be very effective against the Russian-built T-72s. Their role was limited by age and light armor to reconnaissance duties, possibly 6 or less Shillelagh missiles were fired at Iraqi bunkers, these fewer than a half-dozen missiles, were the only time that the Shillelagh had been fired in a combat environment, from the inventory of the aforementioned 88,000 missiles produced.

Several attempts to upgun or replace the Sheridan have been made, but none were successful. Several experimental versions of the Sheridan mounting a new turret carrying a 105 mm gun were made, but the resulting recoil was too great. Several possible replacements for the M551 were tested as a part of the XM8 Armored Gun System and Expeditionary tank efforts of the early and late 1980s respectively, but none of these entered service. The Stryker Mobile Gun System has replaced the light tank role of the United States.

During the 1960s, the US and West Germany entered a joint project for a new tank common to both armies and intended to enter service in the 1970s. The MBT-70 project was technically advanced with sophisticated suspension, a low silhouette, spaced armor and advanced gun systems but suffered from excessive costs and the Germans pulled out of the project at the end of the decade.

After Vietnam, the M60 Patton was upgraded and designated the M60A2. It featured an entirely new low-profile turret with a commander's machine-gun cupola on top, giving the commander a good view and field of fire while under armor but spoiling the low profile. It also featured a 152 mm cannon, which fired conventional rounds as well as guided missiles.

The M60A2 proved a disappointment, though technical advancements would pave the way for future tanks. The Shillelagh/M60A2 system was phased out from active units by 1981, and the turrets scrapped. Most of the M60A2 tanks were rebuilt as M60A3.

In 1978, work began on the M60A3 variant. It featured a number of technological enhancements, including smoke dischargers, a new rangefinder, and M21 ballistic computer, and a turret stabilization system. In addition it reverted to the 105 mm cannon. All active American M60s eventually underwent the conversion to the A3 model. The M60A3 was phased out of US service in 1997.

The German Leopard tank, another 105mm armed tank, was introduced in 1965. It was sold widely to several nations in NATO as well as worldwide. It was followed in 1979 by the Leopard 2 with a 120mm smoothbore gun.

In 1976, prototypes of a new tank which became the M1 Abrams were delivered by Chrysler Defense and General Motors armed with a 105 mm rifled cannon. The Chrysler Defense design was selected for development as the M1. In 1979, General Dynamics Land Systems Division purchased Chrysler Defense. The M1 Abrams came from the diverted funds from the over budget and impractical MBT-70 and XM815 projects.

The M1 was the first of its kind. It feature a low profile turret and for the first time ever on a tank, composite Chobham armor. Despite all these advances, the Abrams still retained the 4-man crew of the M60 Patton as the autoloader was considered unproven and risky. It was armed with the same L7-derived 105mm gun as the M60. Over 3200 M1 Abrams were produced and first entered US Army service in 1980. About 6,000 upgraded M1A1 Abrams were produced and used the German 120 mm smoothbore cannon, improved armor, and a CBRN protection system.

As the Abrams entered service in the 1980s, they would operate alongside M60A3 Patton. These exercises usually took place in Western Europe, especially West Germany, but also in some other countries like South Korea. During such training, Abrams crews honed their skills for use against the Soviet Union. However, by 1991 the USSR had collapsed and the Abrams would have its trial by fire in the Middle East.

The British FV4030/4 Challenger, continuing with a 120mm rifled gun for long range accuracy and the use of widest type of rounds, and protected by Chobham armor entered service in 1983.

Gulf War/Iraq war

The Gulf War saw the US Marines still deploying obsolete M60 Pattons while the rest of the tank forces had Abrams.
The Iraqi forces were initially regular army units, equipped with  tanks such as T-54/55 tanks and T-62s. The Coalition main battle tanks, such as the U.S. M1 Abrams, British Challenger 1, and Kuwaiti M-84AB were vastly superior to the Chinese Type 69 and domestically built T-72 tanks used by the Iraqis, with crews better trained and armoured doctrine better developed.

The majority of Iraqi armored forces still used old Chinese Type 59s and Type 69s, Soviet-made T-55s from the 1950s and 1960s, and some poor quality Asad Babil tanks (domestically assembled tank based on Polish T-72 hulls with other parts of mixed origin). These machines were not equipped with up-to-date equipment, such as thermal sights or laser rangefinders, and their effectiveness in modern combat was very limited.

The Iraqis failed to find an effective countermeasure to the thermal sights and sabot rounds used by Coalition armour. This equipment enabled them to engage and destroy Iraqi tanks from more than three times the range that Iraqi tanks could engage coalition tanks. Some Iraqi crews even fired training rounds at the U.S. and British tanks. These rounds (purchased in great number during the Iran-Iraq War due to their inexpensive cost) had soft steel penetrators and thus no hope of penetrating the advanced Chobham Armour of the Coalition tanks.

In the Iraqi war in 2003, an Iraqi division the 6th Armored Division of the Iraqi Army. which was equipped with T-55s and BMP-1s defending the control of key bridges over the Euphrates River and the Saddam Canal at Nasiriyah, were decimated by US Marines with M1 Abrams, and the division as a unit rendered incapable for combat during the Battle of Nasiriyah in March 2003, during the invasion.

In addition to the T-54/55 and T-62 tanks that Iraq had, the most feared to US amoured forces were the  T-72 tanks in the Iraqi forces. Only Republican Guard divisions were equipped with Iraqi-modified T-72s. Many of the Iraqi T-72s were dug-in or hidden in groves, and then used to ambush the US or British tanks. In the war, the Iraqi T-72s were the preferred target for Apache helicopters and A-10s, in an attempt to diminish the combat power of Republican Guard divisions. The only chance for the Asad Babil T-72s against American tanks was to lure them to close range combat, or trying to ambush them from dug-in positions.

But even in those conditions, the M1s usually prevailed, as proven in circumstances like the Battle of Baghdad, and the drive to the capital, where dozens of Iraqi MBTs were obliterated, or near Mahmoudiyah, south of Baghdad, April 3, 2003, (Iraqi Freedom) when US tanks engaged their counterparts from just 50 yards, shattering seven enemy T-72s without losses. The Lion of Babylon T-72 was utterly outclassed by the M1 Abrams, the Challenger and by any other contemporary Western main battle tank during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

See also

 History of the tank
 Tanks in World War I
 Comparison of World War I tanks
 Tanks of the interwar period
 Tanks in World War II
 Comparison of early World War II tanks
 Cold War Tanks
 Post-Cold War Tanks

References

Kereta kebal semasa Perang Dingin


János Arany (; archaic English: John Arany; 2 March 1817 – 22 October 1882) was a Hungarian  poet, writer, translator and journalist. He is often said to be the "Shakespeare of ballads" – he wrote more than 102 ballads that have been translated into over 50 languages, as well as the Toldi trilogy.

Biography
He was born in Nagyszalonta, Bihar County, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire. He was the youngest of ten children, but because of tuberculosis running in the family, only two of them lived beyond childhood. At the time of his birth, his older sister Sára was already married and his parents, György Arany and Sára Megyeri, were 60 and 44 years old, respectively. János Arany learned to read and write early on, and was reported to read anything he could find in Hungarian and Latin. Since his parents needed support early in Arany's life, he began working at the age of 14 as an associate teacher.

From 1833 he attended the Reformed College of Debrecen where he studied German and French, though he quickly became tired of scholarly life, and temporarily joined an acting troupe. Later on, he worked in Nagyszalonta, Debrecen, and Budapest as teacher, newspaper editor, and in various clerk positions.

In 1840 he married Julianna Ercsey (1816–1885). They had two children, Julianna, whose early death by pneumonia devastated the poet, and , who also became a poet and a collector of Hungarian folktales.

In 1847, he won the competition of the Kisfaludy Society with his writing, "Az elveszett alkotmány" ("The lost constitution" in English).

After Toldi, one of his most famous works, was published, he and Sándor Petőfi became close friends. Petőfi's death in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 had a great impact on him.

He was employed as a teacher in Nagykőrös where the local museum is named after him.

Arany was elected a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1858. He was the secretary-general of the Academy from 1865. Also, he was elected director of the Kisfaludy Society, the greatest literary association of Hungary.

The early death of his daughter, Julianna in 1865 marked the beginning of Arany's hiatus as a poet. He did not write any original pieces until the summer of 1877, when he began working on his poetic cycle entitled Őszikék which is substantially different from his previous works, concerning themes like elderliness, or the imminence of death.

Arany died in Budapest on 22 October 1882.

Works
He translated three dramas of Shakespeare into Hungarian, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Hamlet and King John, and they are considered to be some of the greatest translations into Hungarian in history; he also helped other Hungarian translators with his comments, and translated works by Aristophanes, Mikhail Lermontov, Aleksandr Pushkin, and Molière.

The epic poetry of János Arany presents the legendary and historical past of his nation. The Death of King Buda (1864), the first part of a projected Hun trilogy is one of the best narrative poems in Hungarian literature. The other parts of the trilogy (Ildikó, and Prince Csaba) are unfinished. The proposed trilogy used Arnold Ipolyi's Magyar Mythologia as a source. Arany's works have shaped the popular impression of Hungarian history (at the expense of the actual historical record).

One of his most famous poems is A Walesi Bárdok (The Bards of Wales). Arany wrote this poem when Franz Joseph I of Austria visited Hungary for the first time after defeating the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Originally Arany was asked to write a poem to praise the Emperor but he wrote a piece concerning the campaigns of Edward I of England to subjugate the Welsh and trample over their culture. Arany was drawing a parallel here with Austria's treatment of Hungary and the Hungarians.

His poem Dante is one of those few verses in Western literature that can seize concisely the whole meaning and transcendency of human life (Peter Ustinov – British actor).

Some remarkable pieces of Arany's works have been translated to English by Watson Kirkconnell and by Edward Dundas Butler.

Arany is today considered one of the greatest Hungarian poets beside Sándor Petőfi, Endre Ady, Miklós Radnóti and Attila József.

Legacy
The first scientific monograph on Arany was written by Frigyes Riedl.

The Arany-album, a Folk metal album by Hungarian band Dalriada is based on popular works by Arany. It won the 2009 HangSúly Hungarian Metal Awards out of 70 contestants.
 A postage stamp was issued on 1 July 1932 to honor Arany.
 On 15 September 1957 another postage stamp was issued.
 On 10 July 2017 a souvenir sheet of four stamps was issued.

Poems in English translation
 Dante
 The Legend of the Miraculous Hind or The Legend of the Wondrous Hunt
 Years, O Years That Are Still to Come
 I Lay Down the Lyre
 In Autumn
 Retrospect
 Memorials
 The Bards of Wales
 On the Slope
 Family Circle
 The Nightingale
 Reply to Petőfi
 The Mother of King Matthias
 The Two Pages of Szondi
 Duel at Midnight
 Bier-right or Ordeal by Blood
 Becky Scarlet
 Corn Husking
 Annie with Golden Hair
 The Seamstress Girls
 Consecration of the Bridge
 Mistress Aggie / Mistress Agnes
 Imprisoned Souls

References

External links

 The Bards of Wales – translated by Watson Kirkconnell
 The Bards of Wales – translated by Bernard Adams

 Epics of the Hungarian Plain: Death of Buda, Toldi, Toldi's Love, Toldi's Eve translated in prose by Anton N. Nyerges
 The Legend of the Wondrous Hunt (ballad by János Arany) with miscellaneous pieces by Alexander Petőfi, John Vajda, Gregory Czuczor, Alois Szentmiklóssy, and Caspar Bernát, as well as folk songs, Hungarian poems and fables

1817 births
1882 deaths
People from Salonta
Epic poets
Hungarian male poets
Hungarian translators
Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
People of the Revolutions of 1848
Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery
University of Debrecen alumni
19th-century translators
19th-century Hungarian poets
19th-century Hungarian male writers

János Arany


Scott Eastwood (born Scott Clinton Reeves; March 21, 1986) is an American actor. The son of actor and filmmaker Clint Eastwood, he has starred in several of his father's films, including Flags of Our Fathers (2006), Gran Torino (2008), Invictus (2009), and Trouble with the Curve (2012), as well as Texas Chainsaw (2013), Fury (2014), The Longest Ride (2015), Suicide Squad (2016), Snowden (2016), The Fate of the Furious (2017), Pacific Rim Uprising (2018), The Outpost (2020), Wrath of Man (2021) and Fast X (2023).

Early life

Scott Clinton Reeves was born on March 21, 1986 in Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula in Monterey, California. He is the son of actor-director Clint Eastwood and flight attendant Jacelyn Reeves. He has one sister, Kathryn (b. 1988), and six known paternal half-siblings: Laurie (b. 1954), Kimber (b. 1964), Kyle (b. 1968), Alison (b. 1972), Francesca (b. 1993) and Morgan (b. 1996). Eastwood was raised in Carmel-by-the-Sea until age ten, after which he moved with his mother to Hawaii. He spent four years in Hawaii before returning to California, where he graduated from Carmel High School. He attended Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, where he graduated with a communications degree in 2008.

Career

Eastwood began his career by using his given last name to avoid nepotism, although there is another actor named Scott Reeves. "I've auditioned for pretty much every one of my father's movies", he said in 2015, stating that he was rejected for the Clint Eastwood-directed American Sniper. He briefly appeared in his father's 2008 film Gran Torino, and played Joel Stransky in Invictus.

In April 2010, Eastwood played the lead role in Enter Nowhere, had a supporting role in David Ayer's 2014 film Fury, appeared in the 2015 music video for Taylor Swift's "Wildest Dreams", and starred alongside Britt Robertson in the 2015 film adaptation of Nicholas Sparks' novel The Longest Ride.

In 2016, Eastwood played Lieutenant GQ Edwards in the film Suicide Squad, an adaptation of the DC Comics series. Also that year, he starred alongside Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Shailene Woodley in the biographical drama film Snowden, directed by Oliver Stone, which was released in September.

In 2017, he played a special agent in the action film The Fate of the Furious, and starred in Overdrive, a thriller film which was shot in Paris and Marseille. In 2018, he starred as Nate Lambert in the science fiction follow-up Pacific Rim Uprising.

Personal life
In August 2016, Eastwood opened up to the media about the death of his former girlfriend, Jewel Brangman, who was killed on September 7, 2014, by a faulty airbag during a minor car accident.

Eastwood learned Brazilian jiu-jitsu after Paul Walker got him into martial arts.

Eastwood has opened up about his experiences in Hollywood and compared it to being "in a circus". He stated that "It's an amazing circus at times, but living on the road, I think it would be tough. I don't have a family yet, but I want that someday, and I think about what that would look like with kids and being away from them. That worries me."

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of Dutch descent
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Carmel High School (Carmel, California)
Clint Eastwood
Eastwood family
Loyola Marymount University alumni
Male actors from California
People from Monterey, California

Scott Eastwood


Frank John William Goldsmith Jr. (19 December 1902 — 27 January 1982), was a young third-class passenger of the  and a survivor of the sinking in 1912. He later wrote a book about his experiences on the ship, published posthumously as Echoes in the Night: Memories of a Titanic Survivor (1991), which featured in the documentary, Titanic: The Complete Story (1994).

Early life

Frank Goldsmith Jr. was born in Strood, Kent, England, the eldest child of Frank and Emily (née Brown) Goldsmith. His father was originally from Tonbridge. His parents married sometime between October and December 1901, and Frank was born the following December.  In early 1905, brother Albert John "Bertie" Goldsmith was born. Bertie died in late 1911 of diphtheria.

RMS Titanic
Between 1908 and 1911, both of Emily's parents and six of her twelve brothers and sisters had emigrated to the United States, settling in Detroit, Michigan. In the wake of their youngest son's death, Frank's parents decided to emigrate and join Emily's relations in Detroit.

Goldsmith and his parents boarded the RMS Titanic in Southampton as third-class passengers, en route to New York City. His father, a tool maker, was bringing his bag of tools with him; these were stored in the ship's hold. Accompanying them were Thomas Theobald, Frank Sr.'s friend, and Alfred Rush, the son of a family friend.  Rush commemorated his 16th birthday on 14 April on board the ship, celebrating his transformation from a boy to a man as he no longer had to wear shorts, but was now to wear long pants.

The nine year old Goldsmith spent his time on board the ship playing with a group of English speaking third-class boys who were about his age: Willie Coutts, Harold Goodwin, William Johnston, Albert and George Rice, and James and Walter van Billiard. They climbed the baggage cranes and wandered down to the boiler rooms to watch the stokers and firemen at work. Of these boys, only Goldsmith and Coutts survived the sinking.

When the ship struck the iceberg late in the evening of 14 April 1912, Frank Sr. woke Emily and Frank Jr. and, together with Theobald and Rush, they made their way to the forward end of the boat deck, where Collapsible C was being loaded. There was a ring of crewmen standing around it, letting only women and children pass through. Goldsmith wrote of the experience: "Mother and I then were permitted through the gateway, and the crewman in charge reached out to grasp the arm of Alfred Rush to pull him through because he must have felt that the young lad was not much older than me, and he was not very tall for his age, but Alfred had not been stalling. He jerked his arm out of the sailor's hand and with his head held high, said, and I quote, 'No! I'm staying here with the men.' At age 16, he died a hero." Theobald gave Emily his wedding ring, asking if she would give it to his wife if he did not survive.  Goldsmith later recalled: "My dad reached down and patted me on the shoulder and said, 'So long, Frankie, I'll see you later.' He didn't and he may have known he wouldn't." Goldsmith Sr., Theobald, and Rush all died in the sinking; of the three, only Theobald's body was recovered.

The young Goldsmith and his mother were rescued by the  in Collapsible C. As the Carpathia headed to New York City, in order to get Frank's mind off the sinking, Mrs. Goldsmith entrusted him into the care of a surviving Titanic fireman, Samuel Collins. While Mrs. Goldsmith was busy sewing clothes from blankets for women and children who had left the ship in only nightclothes, Frank accompanied Collins down to visit Carpathias stokers. They offered to make him an honorary seaman by having him drink a mixture of water, vinegar, and a whole raw egg. He proudly swallowed it in one go, and from then on, considered himself as a member of the ship's crew. Goldsmith remembered fireman Collins telling him, "Don't cry, Frankie, your dad will probably be in New York before you are."

Later life
After arriving in New York, Goldsmith and his mother were housed by the Salvation Army, which provided train fare to reach their relatives in Detroit. They moved to a home near the newly opened Navin Field, home of the Detroit Tigers. Every time the crowd cheered during a home run, the sound reminded him of the screams of the dying passengers and crew in the water just after the ship sank; as a result, he never took his children to baseball games.

Growing up, Goldsmith still held on to the hope of his father's survival. It took him months to understand that his father was really dead, and for years afterward, he used to tell himself, "I think another ship must have picked him up and one day he will come walking right through that door and say, 'Hello, Frankie.'"

Goldsmith married Victoria Agnes (née Lawrence) in 1926, and they had three sons: James, Charles, and Frank II.

During World War II, Goldsmith served as a civilian photographer for the U.S. Army Air Corps. After the war, he brought his family to Ashland, Ohio and later opened a photography supply store in nearby Mansfield.

Goldsmith's autobiography is entitled Echoes in the Night: Memories of a Titanic Survivor, and was published in 1991 by the Titanic Historical Society. Walter Lord wrote the foreword. Goldsmith's is the only book about the sinking written by a third-class passenger.

Death
Goldsmith died at his home in 1982, at age 79. Several months after his death, on 15 April, the anniversary of the sinking, his ashes were scattered over the North Atlantic, above the place where the Titanic rests. Survivors Ruth Becker and Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall also had their remains scattered there.

In media
Goldsmith wrote a book about his experiences on the ship, titled Echoes in the Night: Memories of a Titanic Survivor (1991)
Goldsmith's memoir featured in the documentary, Titanic: The Complete Story (1994).
A 1977 clip of Goldsmith describing his Titanic experience can be seen in the IMAX film Titanica (1995).

References

Further reading

External links

1902 births
1982 deaths
British emigrants to the United States
People from Strood
RMS Titanic survivors
People from Ashland, Ohio
20th-century British writers
20th-century American writers

Frank John William Goldsmith


Heinz "Saddi" Dörmer (8 January 1912 – 28 September 1998) was a German man who was imprisoned by the Nazis for homosexuality under Paragraph 175. He was repeatedly released and rearrested, spending more than ten years in a variety of concentration camps and prisons.

Early life
Dörmer was born in Berlin, Germany. Deeply involved with church youth groups as a child, by age fifteen, he was frequenting Berlin's gay bars. Dörmer was 10 years old when he joined the German Youth Movement in 1922. In 1929, he founded his own youth group, called the "Wolfsring" (lit. "ring of wolves"), which combined sexual affairs, amateur theater performances, and travel. In 1932, he was promoted to youth leader and worked in the scout movement at a national level. He and his group tried to stay independent, but in October 1933 they were forced to join the Hitler Youth.

Imprisonments
In April 1935, Dörmer was accused of homosexual activities with members of his troop, and from 1941 to 1944 he was imprisoned, for corrupting the youth, at Neuengamme concentration camp, a "holding tank for homosexuals, politicals, and non-German aliens."

Post-war life
After the war, Dörmer spent another eight years in prison on various charges. After his final release in 1963, he returned to Berlin to live with his father, who died in 1970. His 1982 application for reparations from the German government was rejected. He died in 1998, but made an appearance in the 2000 documentary film Paragraph 175, which portrays survivors of persecution then-authorized under the German anti-male homosexuality law of the same name.

See also
Karl Gorath
Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany

References

External links
Heinz Dörmer biography on Pink-Triangle.org
Poignant Documentary Recalls Nazis' Gay Victims
Biography on Internet Movie Database

1912 births
1998 deaths
German prisoners and detainees
Hitler Youth members
Homosexual concentration camp survivors
German gay men
People convicted under Germany's Paragraph 175
Neuengamme concentration camp survivors
People from Berlin
20th-century German LGBT people

Heinz Dörmer


Muhtar is a given name and a surname. Notable persons with that name include:

Persons with the given name
 Muhtar Kent (born 1952), Turkish American businessman
 Ahmet Muhtar Merter (died 1959), Turkish freedom fighter-leader
 Celalettin Muhtar Ozden (1865–1947), Turkish dermatologist
 Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1839–1919), Turkish Ottoman grand vizier and general
 Ahmet Muhtar Bej Zogolli (1895-1961), eleventh Prime Minister of Albania, first President of Albania, and first fully recognized Albanian king.

Persons with the surname

 Mansur Muhtar (born 1959), Nigerian economist
 Reha Muhtar (born 1959), Turkish television personality

See also
 Mukhtar (disambiguation)

Turkish-language surnames
Turkish masculine given names
Masculine given names

Muhtar


Monte Carlo is a 1930 American pre-Code musical comedy film, directed by Ernst Lubitsch. It co-stars Jack Buchanan as a French Count Rudolph Falliere masquerading as a hairdresser and Jeanette MacDonald as Countess Helene Mara. The film is notable for introducing the song "Beyond the Blue Horizon", which was written for the film and is first performed by MacDonald and a chorus on the soundtrack as she escapes on the train through he countryside. Monte Carlo was hailed by critics as a masterpiece of the newly emerging musical film genre. The screenplay was based on the Booth Tarkington novel Monsieur Beaucaire.

Plot
Countess Helene Mara is about to be married to Duke Otto Von Liebenheim but leaves him at the altar. She flees on a train to Monte Carlo with her maid Bertha (ZaSu Pitts) and 10,000 francs, and checks into an expensive hotel, planning to win a fortune at roulette. When she arrives at the casino—where she wins spectacularly and then loses everything—Count Rudolph Falliere takes a liking to her. She rejects the advances of this unknown admirer who sings to her over the telephone. He makes friends with her hairdresser, Paul, who lets slip the fact that she has no money. Rudy manages to gets close to her, with Paul's help, by posing as a hairdresser. He  soothes her headache and she hires him, first as hairdresser, then as chauffeur and footman. Her confidence and liking for him grow.

Eventually. she confesses to him that she has no money and must fire him. At that moment, her former fiancé arrives and is actually delighted when she tells him she will marry him, but only for his money. She is so "different". Rudolph tells the dispirited Mara that he has won a great deal of money at roulette and will help her. She gives him her last thousand francs. But the Duke is at the casino, and they run into the darkness. Two hours later, Countess Mara returns to the apartment dreamy and abstracted. She tells Bertha that they dined and danced an saw Monte Carlo. She sent him to the casino to play for her—and longs for his return. In his room in the servants quarters, Rudy adds the 1,000 franc note to the lock of her hair that he keeps in his pocket watch and retrieves 200,000 francs from his trunk to give to her as his "winnings". They embrace and she locks the door of her bedroom, against her own desires. She promises a happy ending tomorrow. But she wakes in the morning full of regret. She is embarrassed in front of Bertha, who advises her to keep Rudolph at a distance from now on. Her cool, snobbish manner stops Rudolph from revealing his true identity. She returns the money. They quarrel. She surrenders to a kiss, and he walks out.

Rudolph contrives to dress her hair before the Duke takes her to the opera. He makes a mess of it. When she arrives at the theater, hair tidied, just before Act III, Rudolph is sitting in the opposite box. The Duke explains the plot. The opera is Monsieur Beaucaire (fictionalized to serve the plot points of the film). As Countess Mara and Rudolph make faces back and forth at each other, she realizes that Rudolph is using the opera to reveal some truth about himself. She goes to his box to ask the question to his face, "Are you a hairdresser?" She is about to ask for his forgiveness, expecting to be rejected, as Lady Mary is by the incognito prince in the film's version of the opera. (In the real opera, Beaucaire forgives Lady Mary and they plan to marry.)

"I don't like that ending," Rudolph says, taking the weeping Countess in his arms. "I like happy endings."  Cut to the wheels of a speeding train. They look out of the compartment door, singing "Beyond the Blue Horizon," and are joined by a chorus of people in the fields they are passing.

Cast
Jack Buchanan as Count Rudolph Falliere / Rudy
Jeanette MacDonald as Countess Helene Mara
Claud Allister as Duke Otto Von Liebenheim, her fiancé
ZaSu Pitts as Bertha, her maid
Tyler Brooke as Armand
John Roche as Paul
Lionel Belmore as Prince Gustav Von Liebenheim
Albert Conti as Prince Otto's Companion
Helen Garden as Lady Mary in Monsieur Beaucaire
Donald Novis as Monsieur Beaucaire in Monsieur Beaucaire
Erik Bey as Lord Windorset in Monsieur Beaucaire
David Percy as Herald in Monsieur Beaucaire

Music
The songs in the film were written by Richard Whiting and W. Franke Harling, with uncredited music by Karl Hajos, Herman Hand, Sigmund Krumgold, and John Leipold. The best-known song in the film is "Beyond the Blue Horizon" by Richard A. Whiting and W. Franke Harling, with lyrics by Leo Robin. The song became an immediate hit record for Jeanette MacDonald on the film's release and again in the 1970s when it was covered by Lou Christie.

Other songs in the film are:

"Give Me A Moment Please"
"Always in All Ways"
"She'll Love Me and Like It"
"Day of Days"
"Trimmin' the Women"
"Whatever It Is, It's Grand"

Reception
According to Variety "If it were not for Jeanette MacDonald there would be no picture, this despite the disappointing direction of Ernst Lubitsch and the talker debut of England's Jack Buchanan".

References

External links

Criterion Collection essay by Michael Koresky

1930 musical comedy films
1930 romantic comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Ernst Lubitsch
Paramount Pictures films
Films based on works by Booth Tarkington
Films set in Monaco
American musical comedy films
American romantic comedy films
1930s American films

Monte Carlo (1930 film)


The Severnoe Design Bureau (, Severnoe Proyektno-Konstruktorsoye Byuro), founded in 1946, is a Russian ship designing company. It is based in Saint Petersburg with an office in Moscow. Formerly, the bureau was known as the Northern Project Design Bureau (NPDB).

It is not to be confused with Severnaya Verf or Nevskoe Design Bureau, abbreviated as NDB. Those firms are also based in Saint Petersburg but have no relation whatsoever to the Severnoe DB.

The Severnoe Design Bureau is one of the leading designers of surface ships, mainly corvettes, frigates, cruisers, and destroyers. Over its 70-year-history, it has produced designs of some of the most powerful and advanced warships for the Soviet and Russian Navy, as well for foreign navies. It also produces civil designs, most notably LNG carriers.

Some notable designs
Kirov-class battlecruiser
Slava-class cruiser
Sovremennyy-class destroyer
Talwar-class frigate
Admiral Grigorovich-class frigate
Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate
Rubin-class patrol boat

External links
Website of the Bureau

Shipbuilding companies of the Soviet Union
United Shipbuilding Corporation
Companies based in Saint Petersburg

Severnoye Design Bureau


The Battle of La Rinconada de Ate was a battle of the Lima campaign of the War of the Pacific. The battle occurred a few days before the Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos due to a surveying conflict.

Background
After the Chilean occupation of southern Peru, and given the impossibility of agreeing on peace, the Chilean government had decided to carry out the Lima campaign. Having prepared the ships and contingents to begin the new campaign, the Chilean forces led by General Manuel Baquedano made landings in the port of Chilca and on the beach of Curayacu in mid-December 1880 and without Peruvian opposition, the Chileans went further inland and later established their camp in the Lurín valley to order his forces and then plan the attack on the Peruvian defenses of the capital organized by General Nicolás de Piérola.

During the stay of the Chilean forces in Lurín, there were some clashes in the surroundings with some local montoneras and outposts of the Peruvian army that were easily defeated or dispersed. In one of these actions, a Peruvian column formed by the Cazadores del Rímac, between 200 and 300 cavalrymen armed with carbines and under the command of Colonel Pedro José Sevilla, was ambushed and captured by some companies of the Curicó regiment led by Colonel Orozimbo Barbosa in the Battle of El Manzano on December 27.

One of the main priorities of the Chilean command in Lurín was to reconnoiter the opposing camp, since there was little information on the positions that the Peruvian forces occupied in San Juan and in other sectors for the defense of Lima. The Chilean command needed to know as much as possible the characteristics of these positions in order to adopt a battle plan, so the exploration missions were entrusted to several officers who were given a few troops to carry out these operations, although some were executed by Baquedano himself in the company of his General Staff. These reconnaissances, in which there were some skirmishes with the Peruvian troops that held the defense lines of the capital, caused two different currents to pronounce on the battle plan in the higher command. The Chilean Minister of War, José Francisco Vergara defended the idea of carrying out an attack through Ate, along the Manchay road to surround the Peruvian army by a flank movement and interpose between it and the capital. On the other hand, Baquedano and his closest circle advocated a frontal attack on the Peruvian positions.

The Exploration of the Manchay and Ate
General Baquedano, considering the possibility of the encircling attack proposed by War Minister Vergara, commissioned Colonel Barbosa to explore the Manchay and Ate road, giving him a strong division of approximately 2,000 men from the three arms. Composed of the 3rd Line Infantry Regiment, a battalion of the Lautaro regiment, a company of the Buin Mounted Regiment, a squadron of Grenadiers on horseback, a platoon of Chasseurs on escort horseback and an artillery unit with 2 Krupp mountain pieces.

In compliance with this commission, Colonel Barbosa left Pachacámac with his division on the afternoon of January 8, 1881, arriving at dusk at the Manchay ravine where he rested his troops. At 1 AM he continued the march to arrive at dawn to the places that he had to recognize. His objective was to make a reconnaissance along the road called Cieneguilla, enter the valleys of Lima or Ate and approach the defensive system of the San Bartolomé Hill, located southwest of the Peruvian capital. At about 5 AM, Barbosa's division entered Pampa Grande and then ran into a "cajon" or portezuelo called Rinconada de Ate, where a Peruvian defensive position was blocking the road to the valley.

The Defensive Positions
In the Rinconada de Ate was the Peruvian colonel Mariano Vargas and his forces that were 330 men with little education, made up of landowners and residents of the area who had been armed with Minié rifles . Vargas's forces were composed of 180 men from the Pachacamác battalion, a squad of 100 men who belonged to the 1st Cavalry Brigade, on foot, and 50 men from the 3rd Mounted Brigade.

Their defensive position consisted of a two meter wide ditch and behind it a parapet. Both extended to their ends, right and left, respectively, from the heights of La Molina and Melgarejo, which were separated by about two kilometers. It also had for its defense several automatic mines installed in strategic positions of the defense.

A short distance from his rear was the reserve battalion No. 14 under the command of Colonel Manuel Pomar and another section of cavalry under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Millán Murga. Also a few leagues to his rear was the heavy caliber battery of the fortified position of Vásquez, which formed part of the defensive system of the Cerro de San Bartolomé.

Colonel Vargas, since his appointment as head of the Ate position, had sent several letters between January 4 and January 6 to Piérola and General Pedro Silva Gil asking for reinforcements to be able to make an adequate defense of the area in case the Chilean army attacked their position. However, his requests were not heeded as an attack in that place was considered unlikely.

The Battle

The chief of the Chilean General Staff refers to the arrival of Barbosa's division at the Peruvian position in Rinconada de Ate and to the combat in general as follows:

The Peruvian position was strong enough to resist a frontal attack, but it could be taken if the slopes on the sides were dominated or an attack was made from the rear making an encircling movement through the hills.

Colonel Barboza first dispatched the Grenadiers on Horseback to explore the area. They soon returned with the news that there were mines in the front and that behind these artifacts was the defensive position in which the Peruvian troops were sheltered, unable to calculate their number as they were hidden. Barboza then decided to carry out an attack at different points. The Chileans move to execute the attack on the position, beginning at 8:30 AM but movement was slow due to difficult terrain.

The Chilean commander sent three companies of the 3rd Line Infantry Regiment to advance head-on to the Peruvian position, taking care not to activate the mines, while two companies of the same regiment climbed the height on the right side of the defense, in such a way that from that point they dominated the entire position and the land to their rear. Another company of that regiment made a movement to the left of the portezuelo. Barbosa also ordered Buin's company to support the frontal attack carried out by the three companies of the 3rd Line Infantry and arranged for the artillery servers with their two mountain pieces to cover these units as they advanced. He further ordered that the Horse Grenadiers begin an advance to the left of the Peruvian position so that they would then make a detour through the hills and take the rearguard while the rest of the Chilean troops remained in the reserves.

The Chilean troops that were attacking the front advanced against the Peruvian positions carrying out advancing fire, that is to say, separated into two lines, the first of them fired kneeling on the ground, once the unloading had been completed, the entire line was thrown to the ground, then advancing the second line that, a few meters from the first, performed the same operation. The Peruvian defenders answered the advance of the Chilean troops with heavy fire, but the lack of training of the shooters made it ineffective. Colonel Vargas at that critical moment had requested the help of the 14th Reserve Battalion, which was the closest reinforcements to the positions attacked by the Chileans, but they had superior orders not to engage in combat.

The Peruvian defenders were quickly overwhelmed by the simultaneous advance of the Chileans who were firing at them, and were soon to come to close combat and be totally enveloped by the flanking that the Grenadiers on Horseback were completing by the hill of Melgarejo (or Huaquerones), to fall behind the Peruvian line and cut off their retreat. Colonel Vargas, who understood the fatality of this maneuver for his forces and the futility of engaging in resistance, decided to retreat to the fortified position of Vásquez before the Chilean troops entered the trench. At that time, the cavalry section led by Lieutenant Colonel Millán appeared to protect the retreat of Vargas's forces, which at the beginning of the Chilean attack was more than half a league from Rinconada. In the Peruvian retreat, the Grenadiers on Horseback managed to reach and surround several Peruvian soldiers who ended up falling dead in the attack.

Colonel Barbosa, faced with the general withdrawal of the Peruvians to Vásquez, stopped the advance of his troops so as not to expose them unnecessarily to fire from the battery of that position, which began to fire at them, but to no avail, and so as not to compromise his division against of the entire line of defense of the Peruvian capital. At 11 AM, the battle ended and Barbosa remained in the position recently taken to gather his troops, treat his wounded, rest and make some observations of the terrain. This continued until 1 PM as by then, he undertook the return to the Chilean camp in Lurín.

The Chilean forces suffered 11 wounded by bullets and gunshots from the automatic mines, of which only one soldier later died. Peruvian casualties, despite not being fully verified, can be set at around twenty dead and wounded, most of them due to the final pursuit of the Chilean cavalry.

Aftermath
After the Peruvian withdrawal from its position in Rinconada, the entrance to Lima through Ate was left open for the Chilean expeditionaries for that day. Piérola, who did not believe that the Chileans could arrive through Ate, ordered to reinforce the defenses in that place, which has been made up since then by the 14th Reserve Battalion, the Pachacamác battalion and a company of artillerymen with 4 White guns. On the other hand, the Chilean command had rejected the idea of carrying out the general attack through that sector, considering the journey from Lurín too long, and due to the difficulty of the terrain to mobilize a much larger force than Barbosa had to carry out the exploration. of the area.

Valuable information obtained by the Chileans was achieved with the capture of an administrator of a hacienda in the Ate Valley, an American engineer named Murphy, who gave important scientific details about the Peruvian lines that defended the capital.

References

Bibliography

Battles involving Chile
Battles involving Peru
Battles of the War of the Pacific
Conflicts in 1881
1881 in Peru
January 1881 events

Battle of La Rinconada de Ate


In enzymology, a (R)-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

(2R)-3-sulfolactate + NAD(P)  3-sulfopyruvate + NAD(P)H + H

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are (2R)-3-sulfolactic acid, NAD, and NADP, whereas its 4 products are 3-sulfopyruvic acid, NADH, NADPH, and H. This enzyme is important in the metabolism of archaea, particularly their biosynthesis of coenzymes such as coenzyme M, tetrahydromethanopterin and methanofuran.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-2-hydroxyacid:NAD(P) oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include (R)-sulfolactate:NAD(P) oxidoreductase, L-sulfolactate dehydrogenase, ComC, and (R)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase.

Structural studies

As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .

References

EC 1.1.1
NADPH-dependent enzymes
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of known structure

(R)-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase


A ball-peen or ball pein hammer, also known as a machinist's hammer, is a type of peening hammer used in metalworking. It has two heads, one flat and the other, called the peen, rounded. It is distinguished from a cross-peen hammer, diagonal-peen hammer, point-peen hammer, or chisel-peen hammer by having a hemispherical peen.

Uses
Besides for peening (surface hardening by impact), the ball-peen hammer is useful for many tasks, such as striking punches and chisels (usually performed with the flat face of the hammer). The peening face is useful for rounding off edges of metal pins and fasteners, such as rivets. The ball face of the hammer can also be used to make gaskets for mating surfaces. A suitable gasket material is held over the surface where a corresponding gasket is desired, and the operator will lightly tap around the edges of the mating surface to perforate the gasket material.

Variants

Variants include the straight-peen, diagonal-peen, and cross-peen hammer. These hammers have a wedge-shaped head instead of a ball-shaped head. This wedge shape spreads the metal perpendicular to the edge of the head. The straight-peen hammer has the wedge oriented parallel to the hammer's handle, while the cross-peen hammer's wedge is oriented perpendicular. The diagonal-peen hammer's head, as the name implies, is at a 45° angle from the handle. They are commonly used by blacksmiths during the forging process to deliver blows for forging or to strike other forging tools.

Head materials

Ball-peen hammer heads are typically made of heat treated forged high-carbon steel or alloy steel; it is harder than the face of a claw hammer. Softer brass heads are sometimes used.

Notes

References

Hammers
Metalworking hand tools
Woodworking hand tools

Ball-peen hammer


Maria Theresia Löw (27 March 1809 – 30 December 1885) was a German operatic soprano and harpist. She was born in Heidelberg, Germany.

After her musical education in Frankfurt by . A childhood friend of Richard Wagner, she first appeared at the Court Theatre in Kassel under the conductor and composer Louis Spohr. She married heldentenor Karl-August Lehmannde. Their daughters Lilli Lehmann and Marie Lehmann also became soprano singers. After separating from her husband about 1853, she took care of their vocal training. In addition to her daughters, she trained the voices of other singers of her era, working at the German Theatre in Prague where she lived from 1853.

Her uncle (father of her brother)  from Speyer was knighted by the Bavarian government. His daughter Amalie Löw married the politician . She died on 30 December 1885 at the age of 86 in Berlin.

Publications
 Lilli Lehmann: Meine Gesangskunst. Berlin, 1902.
  Lilli Lehmann: Main Leben. Leipzig 1913, Neudruck 1977.

References

1809 births
1885 deaths
German operatic sopranos
German harpists
19th-century German women opera singers

Maria Theresia Löw


International Enterprise Singapore (abbreviation: IE Singapore) was a statutory board under the Ministry of Trade and Industry of the Government of Singapore. It facilitated the growth of Singapore-based companies overseas and promoted international trade.

On 1 April 2018, IE Singapore merged with SPRING Singapore to form Enterprise Singapore. The objective of the formation of Enterprise Singapore is to increase the development of Singaporean companies overseas by building business capabilities and access to overseas markets.

History
IE Singapore originated from a re-organisation formerly called the Singapore Trade Development Board (TDB). The TDB was formed on 1 January 1983 to develop Singapore as an international trading hub and to promote Singaporean goods and services. Activities ranged from basic trade facilitation, to reviewing existing marketing policies, strategies and techniques. It explored opportunities in both traditional and non-traditional markets, and subsequently exported business systems and developed international offshore trading. It also had a role in trade policy after Singapore joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), to actively secure market access and lobby for free trade. It issued its own revenue stamps as well.

The re-branding coincided with an acknowledgment that Singapore had to move beyond its investment-led and electronics-dominated export base and to diversify her sources of growth. One of the key thrusts in Singapore's new economic strategy was to help Singapore-based companies internationalize and grow in an increasingly global market. TDB was thus renamed International Enterprise Singapore (IE Singapore) on 12 April 2002 to mark a strategic shift in activities, which would then focus less on export promotion, and more on helping Singaporean business start and develop their business overseas.

In this way, IE Singapore was analogous to other trade and export promotion agencies such as the Australian Trade Commission (Austrade) and the Japan External Trade Organization. However, their roles differed to reflect the different economic strategies envisaged by their respective governments, which also depended on the relative profile and orientation of their economies. IE Singapore, for example, focused also on investment matters, while organizations such as JETRO have also shifted to activities such as import promotion. It was one of many examples of Trade Promotion Agencies (TPOs) internationally facing change, and had adjusted their mission appropriately to suit the times.

References

Foreign trade of Singapore
Government agencies established in 2002
2002 establishments in Singapore
2018 disestablishments in Singapore

International Enterprise Singapore


Underground, a thriller written by Michael Sloane (sometimes spelt Sloan) and produced at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Toronto and following a UK tour, at the Prince of Wales Theatre, London, opening on 4 July 1983. It was directed by Simon Williams.

Plot
Described by the script publisher as follows:
A tense and claustrophobic thriller emerges when twelve people become trapped in a London Underground train carriage. The fear of being trapped underground with very little air and apparently no rescue service underway becomes very real as we witness the initial panic and fear experienced by the passengers. As the temperature rises and tempers fray, an electrical shortage on the train shrouds a brutal murder and when the lights eventually come up we are faced with a new and more chilling revelation - there is a murderer aboard and nowhere to run.

Cast
 Raymond Burr
 Gerald Flood
 Linda Hayden
 Ronald Leigh-Hunt
 Elspeth March
 Alfred Marks
 Patrick O'Connell
 Marc Sinden
 Peter Wyngarde

References

1983 plays
West End plays
Thriller plays
London Underground in popular culture

Underground (play)


Luis Clemente Tiant Vega () (born November 23, 1940) is a Cuban former Major League Baseball (MLB) right-handed starting pitcher. He pitched in MLB for 19 years, primarily for the Cleveland Indians and the Boston Red Sox.

Tiant compiled a 229–172 record with 2416 strikeouts, a 3.30 earned run average (ERA), 187 complete games, and 49 shutouts in  innings. He was an All-Star for three seasons and 20-game winner for four seasons. He was the American League (AL) ERA leader in 1968 and 1972. He also was the AL leader in strikeouts per nine innings pitched in 1967 and the AL leader in shutouts in 1966, 1968, and 1974.

He was inducted to the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 1997, the Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame in 2002, the Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in 2009, and the Baseball Reliquary's Shrine of the Eternals in 2012.

Tiant was considered for election to the National Baseball Hall of Fame via voting of the Baseball Writers' Association of America from 1988 to 2002, and by the Hall of Fame's era committees in 2011, 2014, and 2017, falling short of the required votes for induction each time.

Early years

Tiant is the only child of Luis Tiant Sr. and Isabel Vega. From 1926 through 1948, the senior Tiant was a great left-handed pitcher for the Negro league's New York Cubans during the summer and the Cuban professional league's Cienfuegos in the winter, his heroics being followed by hundreds of thousands of Cubans. Luis Jr. followed in his father's footsteps at an early age, joining both the local Little and Juvenile baseball leagues and rising to a star.

Cuba and Mexico
The 16 year-old Tiant was picked for the Cuban Juvenile League All-Star team in 1957.  His talent drew the attention of former Cleveland Indians All-Star Bobby Ávila, who was scouting for talent in Cuba. Avila recommended him to the Mexico City Tigers of the Mexican League. Tiant was signed in 1959 for $150 a month, and for the next three years he divided his time between the Tigers and the Havana Sugar Kings in the International League.

Cleveland Indians system
At the end of the summer of 1961, and under Avila's recommendation, Cleveland purchased Tiant's contract for $35,000. But with the rise of Fidel Castro's regime in his native Cuba—specifically, after heightened tensions following the US-sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion in April of that year—it was impossible for Tiant to return home. He did not see his parents for 14 years.

Tiant progressed through the Indians' farm system beginning in 1962 with the Charleston Indians of the Eastern League, then with the Burlington Rangers—where he was one of the best pitchers in the Carolina League—in 1963, and lastly with the Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League in 1964. Tiant later recalled that at Charleston, "I couldn't speak very good English but I understand racism. They treated me like a dog, but when I got to Portland, I didn't have any problems." After pitching to a 15–1 record at Triple-A Portland, which included a no-hitter and a one-hitter in consecutive starts, Tiant was called up by the Indians in mid-July 1964.

MLB career

Cleveland Indians

On July 19, 1964, Tiant debuted in Major League Baseball for the Cleveland Indians with a four-single, 11 strikeout, 3–0 shutout victory against the defending AL Champion New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium, beating their ace, Whitey Ford. Tiant finished his rookie season with a 10–4 win–loss record, 105 strikeouts, and a 2.83 earned run average (ERA) in 19 games.

In 1968, Tiant had one of the greatest pitching seasons in major league history, leading the American League in ERA (1.60), shutouts (nine, including four consecutive), hits per nine innings (a still-standing franchise record 5.30, which broke Herb Score's 5.85 in 1956 and would be a Major-League record until surpassed by Nolan Ryan's 5.26 in 1972), and strikeouts per nine innings (9.22), while finishing with a 21–9 mark. His .168 opponent batting average set a new major league record, and his 19 strikeout/10 inning performance against the Minnesota Twins on July 3 set the American League record for strikeouts in a game. His 1.60 ERA in 1968 was the lowest in the AL in nearly half a century (since Walter Johnson's dead-ball era 1.49 in 1919), second only in the Major Leagues in that time to National Leaguer (St. Louis Cardinals) Bob Gibson's historic 1.12 the same year—the lowest mark ever during the live-ball era. And his four consecutive shutouts had been matched or bettered by only two other pitchers in the 50-year expansion era, both also in 1968: Don Drysdale (six) and Gibson again  (five).

With Sam McDowell, Sonny Siebert, and others, the Indians staff led the AL in strikeouts for five consecutive years, including a record 1189 in 1967, a mark which would stand for 30 years.

Minnesota Twins
After an injury-plagued season with the Indians in 1969, Tiant was traded to the Minnesota Twins in a multi-player deal that brought fellow pitcher Dean Chance and third baseman Graig Nettles to the Indians. With Minnesota, Tiant began 1970 with six wins, but then he fractured his right scapula, essentially ending his season and, some felt, his career. He showed some promise in the 1971 spring training, but he was released.

Boston Red Sox

After being dropped by the Twins in spring training of 1971, the Atlanta Braves signed Tiant to a minor league contract to play with their Triple-A minor league Richmond team.  Tiant began the process of reinventing himself as a pitcher by altering his delivery so that he turned away from home plate during his motion, in effect creating a hesitation pitch. According to Tiant, the new motion was a response to a drop in his velocity from his shoulder injury. Twisting and turning his body into unthinkable positions, Tiant would spend more time looking at second base than he did the plate as he prepared to throw.

He pitched well in Richmond, and was acquired by the Louisville Colonels, a farm team of the Boston Red Sox.  He was quickly called back up to the majors, but struggled through 1971 with a 1–7 record and 4.88 ERA.  He regained his old form in 1972 with a sparkling 15–6 season in which he threw six shutouts in just 19 starts and led the league with a 1.91 ERA. He would win 20 games in 1973, and 22 in an All-Star 1974 en route to becoming known as El Tiante at Fenway Park, one of the greatest and most beloved pitchers in Red Sox history and an enduring idol in Boston.

Though hampered by back problems in 1975, he won 18 games for the American League Champion Red Sox, then excelled in the postseason. In the playoffs he bested the three-time defending World Champion Oakland Athletics, allowing only three hits in a 7–1 complete-game victory, then opened the World Series against The Big Red Machine Cincinnati Reds. His father and mother were in Fenway Park that game to watch their son defeat the Reds 6–0 in a five-hit shutout, having been allowed to visit from Cuba under a special visa.

Tiant won Game 4 as well (throwing 173 pitches in his second complete game in the series) and had a no-decision in a Game 6 that has been called the greatest game ever played (ending in a dramatic Carlton Fisk 12th-inning walk-off home run).

Tiant went 21–12 as an All-Star in 1976, 12–8 in 1977, and 13–8 in 1978, furthering his status as a fan favorite and one of the greatest pitchers in Red Sox history.

New York Yankees
At the end of the 1978 season Tiant signed as a free agent with the Yankees. He compiled a 21–17 record in New York over two seasons from 1979 to 1980.

Pittsburgh Pirates and California Angels
Tiant signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates as a free agent in 1981, pitching in just 9 games and going 2–5 with a 3.92 ERA.  He also appeared in 21 games (all starts) for the Pirates' Triple-A Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League, posting a 13–7 record with 3.82 ERA.

He finished his career with a brief stint with the California Angels in 1982, pitching in 6 games and going 2–2 with a 5.76 ERA.

Other leagues
Tiant competed in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League in parts of seven seasons spanning 1963–1982, while compiling a record of 37–24 including 29 complete games, a 2.27 ERA, and a no-hitter in 1971. He was a member of the champion Leones del Caracas teams of 1966–67 and 1967–68. He gained induction into the Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in 2009.

Tiant competed in the Senior Professional Baseball Association in 1989, initially signing with the Winter Haven Super Sox. He was subsequently traded to the Gold Coast Suns, in exchange for outfielder Ralph Garr and 500 Teddy Ruxpin toy bears (for use as a fan giveaway item). Tiant had an 0–1 record with 5.00 ERA for the Suns.

Post-playing days

Tiant was a minor league pitching coach in the Los Angeles Dodgers' farm system from 1992 to 1995, and in the Chicago White Sox's farm system in 1997. During the 1996 Summer Olympics, he was the pitching coach for the Nicaraguan team.

Tiant served as the head coach for the baseball team at the Savannah College of Art and Design, an NCAA Division III program, from 1998 to 2001, where his teams compiled a record of 55–97 for a .366 winning percentage.

In 2002, Tiant was the pitching coach for Boston's Class A Short Season affiliate, the Lowell Spinners, and has continued to serve as a special assignment instructor for the Red Sox.

Tiant, along with former batterymate Carlton Fisk, threw out the ceremonial first pitch before what proved to be the Red Sox' championship-winning Game 6 of the 2013 World Series at Fenway Park.

MLB statistics
Tiant's major league stats:

Hall of Fame candidacy
Tiant was on the National Baseball Hall of Fame ballot from  to , but peaked at 30.9% of the votes in his first ballot year. According to election rules at the time, players were permitted on the Baseball Writers' Association of America ballot for a maximum of 15 years; in his 15th and final appearance on the ballot, Tiant received 18.0% of the vote during 2002 balloting.

Tiant was considered again for induction by the Hall of Fame's own Golden Era Committee (for the 1947–1972 era) in  and , and by the Modern Era Baseball Committee (for the 1970–1987 era) in , but again fell short. The Golden Era Committee was replaced in July 2016 by a 16-member Golden Days Committee, to vote from a 10 candidate ballot for the 1950–1969 era. The Golden Days Committee elected its first Hall of Fame members in December 2021 but Tiant was not among them. Per changes announced to Veterans Committee processes in April 2022, Tiant could next be considered by the Classic Baseball Era committee (for personnel active before 1980) in their voting for the Hall of Fame's class of 2025.

Personal life
Tiant and his wife, Maria, have three children: Luis Jr., Isabel, and Daniel.

An avid cigar smoker, Tiant launched a line of cigars that he formulated and designed, branding them with his nickname, El Tiante. Tommy John remembered Tiant's cigars only too well from their days in the Indians organization. "Luis would smoke these horrendous, long, Cuban cigars. We'd be on the bus all night, and wake up to a thick blue haze from Tiant's ropes. Tiant had an almost supernatural ability for keeping a cigar lit. Luis would cut up in his high-pitched voice, joking, cackling, and the eternal flame held true. He could even take a shower and keep his stogie going. In the confined space of a bus, the smoke would gag you. He'd fall asleep on the bus, but the cigar would somehow stay alive all night."

Tiant appeared in an episode of Cheers, "Now Pitching, Sam Malone", which first aired on January 6, 1983. Sam Malone (Ted Danson) agrees to do a television beer commercial, co-starring with and "relieving" Tiant when the latter begins to fail in his promotion of the product.

Tiant has authored two autobiographies:
 El Tiante, the Luis Tiant story, written with Joe Fitzgerald, released in 1976
 Son of Havana: A Baseball Journey from Cuba to the Big Leagues and Back, written with Saul Wisnia, released in May 2019

Legacy
Tiant is the subject of the documentary film The Lost Son of Havana, produced by Kris Meyer and the Farrelly brothers, and directed by Jonathan Hock. The story of his return visit to his roots in Cuba had its world premiere on April 23, 2009, at the Tribeca Film Festival, and was promptly acquired by ESPN Films.

See also
List of Major League Baseball players from Cuba
List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders

References

Further reading
Baseball Hall of Fame: Tiant Delivered Over Brilliant Career

Interview with Luis Tiant about cigars and baseball

External links

Red Sox' All-Time Team
The Baseball Page
Baseball Library
Latino Legends in Sports
Quotes from and on Tiant at Baseball Almanac
Cooperstown Injustice: Why isn't Luis Tiant in the Hall of Fame?

1940 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
American League ERA champions
Baseball players from Havana
Baseball players from Worcester County, Massachusetts
Boston Red Sox players
Burlington Indians players (1958–1964)
California Angels players
Charleston Indians players
Cleveland Indians players
Cuban expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Cuban expatriate baseball players in Nicaragua
Cuban expatriate baseball players in the United States
Cuban expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Diablos Rojos del México players
Gold Coast Suns (baseball) players
Industriales de Valencia players
Jacksonville Suns players
Leones del Caracas players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Cuba
Minnesota Twins players
Minor league baseball coaches
New York Yankees players
People from Southborough, Massachusetts
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Portland Beavers players
Richmond Braves players
SCAD Savannah Bees baseball coaches
St. Lucie Legends players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
Tigres del México players

Luis Tiant


Motor Trend Group, LLC, formerly known as Source Interlink Media and TEN: The Enthusiast Network, is a media company that specializes in enthusiast brands, such as Motor Trend, Hot Rod, and Roadkill. Headquartered in Silver Spring, Maryland, it is a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD).

Media and events
The company's network of brands includes more than 60 publications, 100 websites,  Motor Trend's Video on Demand channel, branded and licensed products, live events and competitions, as well as TV and radio programs. TEN's total audience is 158 million.

In 2013, the company signed a deal with the Bonnier Corporation, where they sold Dirt Rider, Motorcyclist, Sport Rider, Motorcycle Cruiser, Hot Bike, Baggers, Super Streetbike, Street Chopper, and ATV Rider, and they bought Sound + Vision and the TransWorld franchise.

In 2015, NBC Sports shuttered its action sports division, and sold the Dew Tour to TEN. On August 17 of that same year, TEN launched its subscription video on demand service Motor Trend OnDemand, which was the first SVOD service aimed at automotive enthusiasts. TEN CEO Scott Dickey described this community as "underserved and starved for premium video content" while positioning the SVOD service as "The Netflix for Gearheads."

On August 3, 2017, Discovery Communications announced it would acquire a majority stake in TEN, and contribute its automotive-oriented cable network Velocity into the company. The venture's goals is to create a larger, multi-platform presence for the company's brands, with a particular emphasis on direct-to-consumer streaming products. On April 10, 2018, it was announced that the company had been renamed Motor Trend Group effective immediately, and that Velocity would be rebranded under the Motor Trend name later in the year.

In 2017, TEN sold the AMA EnduroCross Championship to the Bonnier Motorcycle Group. TEN also sold Baseball America and Slam.

In March 2018, TEN sold Sound & Vision and Stereophile, along with related magazines and websites, to AVTech Media Ltd. In February 2019, TEN sold its adventure sports portfolio to American Media.

In December 2019, the company announced that 19 of the 22 magazines published by the company would be discontinued that month, including Automobile.

History
Source Interlink

Source Interlink was an American magazine publishing and logistics company. It owned Source Interlink Distribution and Motor Trend Group. It maintained a strong position in automotive and action sports media, publishing a variety of magazines including Motor Trend, Hot Rod, and the Transworld titles.

In September 2012, it was announced that Source Interlink Media (SIM) made a strategic investment in San Francisco technology company CoverHound to power its insurance searches.

Through its GrindMedia action sports division, SIM signed a deal with the Bonnier Corporation in May 2013, where they sold Dirt Rider, Motorcyclist, Sport Rider, Motorcycle Cruiser, Hot Bike, Baggers, Super Streetbike, Street Chopper and ATV Rider, whereas they bought Sound + Vision and the suite of TransWorld brands.

On August 19, 2013, GrindMedia announced that production of Skateboarder will cease on October 15, 2013. The Skateboarder announcement was followed by the closure of other publications, such as Modified, Mini Truckin', Bound By Ink, GEEK, and Law of Attraction, in January 2014. Former Skateboarder editor-in-chief Jamie Owens was announced as the new editor-in-chief of TransWorld SKATEboarding in October 2013.

On May 29, 2014, Source Interlink CEO Michael L. Sullivan announced that its distribution arm would soon cease operations. Time, Inc. had withdrawn its business over the inability of Source Interlink Distribution to pay $19 million in revenues owed for second quarter 2014 sales and $7 million for sales booked in previous quarters. The publishing arm would be rebranded under the umbrella of  after shuttering several Source Interlink Media titles, including Popular Hot Rodding, Rod & Custom, High Performance Pontiac, Custom Classic Trucks, 4 Wheel Drive & Sport Utility, Mud Life, 5.0 Mustangs and Super Fords, Modified Mustangs & Fords, Camaro Performers, GM High-Tech Performance, Import Tuner, and Honda Tuning.

In addition to editorial staff, there were further layoffs in art and production staff that was later explained by VPs and executives as needed cuts to keep TEN on a sustainable path since losing the large distribution arm of its core business to reach the claimed audience in its dwindling circulation and online presence.

 Titles
 Publications and digital assets

  Analog Planet Automotive.com Baseball America CarDomain Four Wheeler Hot Rod Motor Trend Off-Grid (parent is RECOIL) RECOIL SLAM Sound and Vision Stereophile Video on demand & broadcasting
Motor Trend OnDemand
Motor Trend

 Former titles
 Circle Track Dirt Sports + Off-Road European Car Roadkill Earlier discontinuations

 8-Lug HD Truck magazine - ceased publication 2015
 Audiostream  - ceased publication 2018
 Bound by Ink - ceased publication 2014 Canoe & Kayak - ceased publication 2017
 Circle Track- ceased publication 2012
 Dirt Sports -ceased publication 2018
 European Car- ceased publication 2019
 Geek- ceased publication 2014
 Innerfidelity - ceased publication 2018
 Intellichoice - ceased publication 2012 Law of Attraction Magazine - ceased publication 2013 Mini Truckin - ceased publication 2014 Muscle Mustangs & Fast Fords- ceased publication 2019
 Off-Road- ceased publication  2019
 Petersen's PHOTOgraphic - ceased publication 2013 Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road- ceased publication 2019
 Shutterbug - ceased publication 2019
 Snowboarder - ceased publication 2019
 Street Rodder- ceased publication 2019
 Surfer - ceased publication 2019
 Surfing Magazine - ceased publication 2017
 TransWorld Business- ceased publication 2019
 TransWorld Motocross- ceased publication 2019
 TransWorld Ride BMX - ceased publication2019
 TransWorld SKATEboarding- ceased publication 2019
 TransWorld SNOWboarding - ceased publication 2019

 December 2019 discontinuations
 Automobile Car Craft Chevy High Performance Classic Trucks Diesel Power Magazine Hot Rod Deluxe Jp Lowrider Mopar Muscle Muscle Car Review Mustang Monthly Street Rodder Super Chevy Super Street Truck Trend Truckin' Magazine Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road  Vette Muscle Mustangs & Fast Fords2020 discontinuations
 Bike - ceased publication  2020
 Powder - ceased publication 2020
 SUP Stand Up Paddler - ceased publication 2020

Merchandise
 And1 Advertising''

See also
Fausto Vitello

References

External links

Magazine publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies established in 2007
Companies based in Silver Spring, Maryland
Warner Bros. Discovery subsidiaries

Motor Trend Group