Chien-Fu Jeff Wu (born 1949) is the Coca-Cola Chair in Engineering Statistics and Professor in the H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology.  He is known for his work on the convergence of the EM algorithm, resampling methods such as the bootstrap and jackknife, and industrial statistics, including design of experiments, and robust parameter design (Taguchi methods).

Born in Taiwan, Wu earned a B.Sc. in Mathematics from National Taiwan University in 1971, and a Ph.D. in Statistics from University of California, Berkeley in 1976.  He has been a faculty member at the University of Wisconsin, Madison (1977–1988), the University of Waterloo (1988–1993; GM-NSERC chair in quality and productivity), the University of Michigan (1995–2003; chair of Department of Statistics 1995–98; H.C. Carver professor of statistics, 1997–2003) and currently the Georgia Institute of Technology.  He has supervised 50 Ph.D. students and published around 185 peer-reviewed articles and two books.

He has received several awards, including the COPSS Presidents' Award in 1987,
the Shewhart Medal in 2008,
the COPSS R. A. Fisher Lectureship in 2011,
and the Deming Lecturer Award in 2012.  He gave the inaugural Akaike Memorial Lecture in 2016. He has been elected as a fellow of the American Statistical Association, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, the American Society for Quality and the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.  In 2000 he was elected as a member of Academia Sinica. In 2004, he was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering.  He received the Shewhart Medal of the American Society for Quality and an honorary degree from the University of Waterloo in 2008.

In 1985, in a lecture given to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, he used the term Data Science for the first time as an alternative name for statistics.  Later, in November 1997, he gave the inaugural lecture entitled "Statistics = Data Science?" for his appointment to the H. C. Carver Professorship at the University of Michigan.
He popularized the term "data science" and advocated that statistics be renamed data science and statisticians data scientists.
He also presented his lecture entitled "Statistics = Data Science?" as the first of his 1998 P.C. Mahalanobis Memorial Lectures. These lectures honor Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, an Indian scientist and statistician and founder of the Indian Statistical Institute.

In Mile, Yunnan, China, a conference was held in July 2014 celebrating Professor Wu's 65th birthday. In 2014 he gave the Bradley Lecture at the University of Georgia. In 2016 he was the inaugural recipient of the Akaike Memorial Lecture Award.  In 2017 Jeff Wu received the George Box Medal from ENBIS. In 2020, Jeff Wu received Georgia Institute of Technology's highest award given to a faculty member: the Class of 1934 Distinguished Professor Award.  In the same year, he also got the Sigma Xi's Monie A. Ferst Award which, since 1977, has honored science and engineering teachers who have inspired their students to significant research achievements. In 2020 he delivered the CANSSI/Fields Distinguished Lectures Series in Statistical Sciences.

References

External links
Interview with Jeff Wu, ICSA Bulletin (pages 36–45)
 Convergence of the EM algorithm
 Personal page at Georgia Tech
Recognition of Jeff Wu by Academia Sinica

1949 births
Living people
American people of Taiwanese descent
American statisticians
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
Georgia Tech faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of Academia Sinica
Taiwanese statisticians
Mathematical statisticians

C. F. Jeff Wu


2061 – An exceptional year  () is a 2007 Italian comedy film directed by Carlo Vanzina.

Plot
Italy, year 2061: After a terrible energy crisis due to the depletion of oil stocks, the Earth is plunged into a kind of new Middle Ages. Italy as a nation no longer exists, the peninsula has returned to being a divided country, almost pre-Risorgimento, where now reigns the political situation is similar to that before the reunification of 1861:
 The secessionist Lega Nord have conquered Milan, creating the Lombard Republic with Turin as its capital, defended by a high wall erected on the Po River to block the entrance to the "southerners";
 In Emilia-Romagna has been proclaimed "People's Republic of Sickle and Mortadella", which is famous for mortadella, rubles and dance halls;
 Tuscany is back to being a Grand Duchy, where the houses Della Valle and Cecchi Gori are struggling for power;
 In Rome, the Papal State is reborn, a fundamentalist regime dominated by the Inquisition;
 The South has been invaded instead by North Africans, who have created the rich "Sultanate of the Two Sicilies", an Islamic state where Arabic is the official language.

Just from the South, a group of adventurous patriots of the insurrectional movement "Young Italy", made up of volunteers Tony, Pride, Grosso, Salvim and Taned, and led by Ademaro Maroncelli (teacher at the Classical Lyceum Massimo D'Alema of Turin) undertakes a difficult journey to the Piedmont, in order, two hundred years later, to reunify Italy.

Cast

Diego Abatantuono: Professor Ademaro Maroncelli
Emilio Solfrizzi: Nicola Cippone
Sabrina Impacciatore: Mara Pronesti
Dino Abbrescia: Tony
Stefano Chiodaroli: Grosso
Jonathan Kashanian: Pride
: Salvim
: Taned
Andrea Osvárt: Unna
Michele Placido: Cardinal Bonifacio Colonna
: Nunzia La Moratta
Massimo Ceccherini: Cosimetto Delli Cecchi
: Marchese di Villa Sparina
Ugo Conti: Shrek
Enzo Salvi: Becchino

References

External links

Peak oil films
Fiction set in 2061
Films directed by Carlo Vanzina
Films set in the 2060s
Italian post-apocalyptic films
Inquisition in fiction
Politics in fiction
Films about invasions
Islam in fiction
Fictional future countries
Italian science fiction comedy films
2000s science fiction comedy films
2000s Italian-language films
2007 films

2061: An Exceptional Year


Brittany Dawn Brannon Kennada (born December 8, 1988 in Scottsdale, Arizona) is an American actress, TV host, model and beauty pageant titleholder and Miss Arizona USA 2011.

In 2007, Brannon was crowned and held the title of Miss Teen America.

Starting May 25, 2011, Brannon paired with Derek Hough to be a celebrity participant on the twentieth season of the DWTSGame, alongside such stars as Nicole Kidman, Amy Adams, Paris Hilton, and George Clooney. Brannon was in agreement with her participation  and helpful in gaining votes, which in turn made her the season's runner-up, losing to FRIENDS star, Jennifer Aniston. She scored seven perfect scores on the game. The game still currently uses her as a co-host, along with singer and TV star Kendall Schmidt.  In December 2012, Brannon was revealed to be returning to the game as an 'All-Star' vying for the trophy a second time, pairing with Tristan MacManus, as a viewer's choice contestant, voted on by the general public.

In July 2011, Brittany was Taft-Hartley signed for the NBC series Grimm promo, which will be released in September 2011. The series will begin In October of Fall 2011. Brittany is a member of Screen Actors Guild and resided in Malibu, California where she attended Pepperdine University, majoring in Broadcast News and Art History. She will be worked for NBC Universal in Burbank fall of 2011 as an Intern on NYC's – The Today Show.

In 2008, she attended Oxford and Cambridge to study English Literature. In 2009, she attended the SACI School of Art in Italy where she completed her Art history degree in Florence. And in 2010 she was an intern in Washington, D.C. where she worked for Senator Thune, Senator Vitter, and Speaker Boehner.

She currently resides between Los Angeles and Phoenix. She is currently the TV Fashion Host for Channel 3 on Your Life A to Z. She is also currently the TV Host for Phoenix Fashion Week as well as host's segments on Fox Sports new show, MatchPlay. Brannon married businessman Anthony Kennada in a Messianic Jewish ceremony.

References

Living people
American beauty pageant winners
Miss USA 2011 delegates
Actresses from Scottsdale, Arizona
1988 births

Brittany Dawn Brannon


Donald "Don" Barker (November 29, 1929 – November 22, 2016) was a Canadian CFL referee. He officiated in more than 500 CFL games including 10 Grey Cup finals from 1958 to 1981.

After retiring he was the CFL Director of Officiating and a supervisor from 1985 through 1998. In 1999, he was inducted as a builder into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame. He died in 2016, a week shy of his 87th birthday.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian football officials
Sportspeople from Edmonton

Donald Barker


Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, or bend strength, or transverse rupture strength is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test. The transverse bending test is most frequently employed, in which a specimen having either a circular or rectangular cross-section is bent until fracture or yielding using a three-point flexural test technique. The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of yield. It is measured in terms of stress, here given the symbol .

Introduction

When an object is formed of a single material, like a wooden beam or a steel rod, is bent (Fig. 1), it experiences a range of stresses across its depth (Fig. 2).  At the edge of the object on the inside of the bend (concave face) the stress will be at its maximum compressive stress value.  At the outside of the bend (convex face) the stress will be at its maximum tensile value.  These inner and outer edges of the beam or rod are known as the 'extreme fibers'.  Most materials generally fail under tensile stress before they fail under compressive stress

Flexural versus tensile strength
The flexural strength would be the same as the tensile strength if the material were homogeneous.  In fact, most materials have small or large defects in them which act to concentrate the stresses locally, effectively causing a localized weakness.  When a material is bent only the extreme fibers are at the largest stress so, if those fibers are free from defects, the flexural strength will be controlled by the strength of those intact 'fibers'.  However, if the same material was subjected to only tensile forces then all the fibers in the material are at the same stress and failure will initiate when the weakest fiber reaches its limiting tensile stress.  Therefore, it is common for flexural strengths to be higher than tensile strengths for the same material.  Conversely, a homogeneous material with defects only on its surfaces (e.g., due to scratches) might have a higher tensile strength than flexural strength.

If we don't take into account defects of any kind, it is clear that the material will fail under a bending force which is smaller than the corresponding tensile force. Both of these forces will induce the same failure stress, whose value depends on the strength of the material.

For a rectangular sample, the resulting stress under an axial force is given by the following formula:

This stress is not the true stress, since the cross section of the sample is considered to be invariable (engineering stress).

  is the axial load (force) at the fracture point
  is width
  is the depth or thickness of the material

The resulting stress for a rectangular sample under a load in a three-point bending setup (Fig. 3) is given by the formula below (see "Measuring flexural strength").

The equation of these two stresses (failure) yields:

Typically, L (length of the support span) is much larger than d, so the fraction  is larger than one.

Measuring flexural strength

For a rectangular sample under a load in a three-point bending setup (Fig. 3), starting with the classical form of maximum bending stress:

 M is the moment in the beam
 c is the maximum distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber in the bending plane
 I is the second moment of area

For a simple supported beam as shown in Fig. 3, assuming the load is centered between the supports, the maximum moment is at the center and is equal to:

For a rectangular cross section,

              (central axis to the outermost fiber of the rectangle)

        (Second moment of area for a rectangle)

Combining these terms together in the classical bending stress equation:

 F is the load (force) at the fracture point (N)
 L is the length of the support span
 b is width
 d is thickness

For a rectangular sample under a load in a four-point bending setup where the loading span is one-third of the support span:

 F is the load (force) at the fracture point
 L is the length of the support (outer) span
 b is width
 d is thickness

For the 4 pt bend setup, if the loading span is 1/2 of the support span (i.e. Li = 1/2 L in Fig. 4):

If the loading span is neither 1/3 nor 1/2 the support span for the 4 pt bend setup (Fig. 4):

 Li is the length of the loading (inner) span

See also
 Euler–Bernoulli beam equation
 Flexural modulus
 Three-point flexural test
 Four-point flexural test

References

 J. M. Hodgkinson (2000), Mechanical Testing of Advanced Fibre Composites, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, Ltd., p. 132–133.
 William D. Callister, Jr., Materials Science and Engineering, Hoken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.
 ASTM C1161-02c(2008)e1, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

Continuum mechanics

Flexural strength


Audrey Charteris (née Long; April 22, 1922 – September 19, 2014) was an American actress. She appeared in 33 low-budget movies and television shows in the 1940s and early 1950s. Her best known roles were in Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), Tall in the Saddle (1944), Wanderer of the Wasteland (1945), Born to Kill (1947), and Desperate (1947).

Long was born in Orlando, Florida. Her father was an Episcopal minister and English immigrant. During her childhood, she and her family moved to Canada as well as Honolulu, Hawaii, and San Francisco, California. She was educated in both California and Virginia. She was first married to Edward Rubin from 1945 until their divorce in 1951. She was later married to British writer Leslie Charteris from 1952 until his death in 1993.

Long died in Virginia Water, Surrey, after a long illness on September 19, 2014, aged 92.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2014 deaths
Actors from California
Actors from Orlando, Florida
Actors from Virginia
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Disease-related deaths in England

Audrey Long


Tetraethylammonium hydroxide is the organic compound with the formula (C2H5)4NOH, abbreviated Et4NOH.  It is the tetraethylammonium salt of hydroxide.  It is used and dispensed as solutions in water or alcohols, which are colorless and highly alkaline.  The compound is a common reagent in organic synthesis.  It is also employed in the preparation of zeolites.

Structure

Tetraethylammonium hydroxide is most commonly encountered as an aqueous solution.  Several hydrates NEt4OH·xH2O. have been crystallized, including x = 4, 5, 9.  These salts feature well separated Et4N+ cations and hydroxide anions.  The hydroxide groups are linked by hydrogen bonds to the water of crystallization. Anhydrous Tetraethylammonium hydroxide has not been isolated.

Synthesis and reactions
It is prepared from tetraethylammonium bromide by salt metathesis, using a hydroxide-loaded ion exchange column or by the action of silver oxide. Attempted isolation of Et4NOH induces Hofmann elimination, leading to triethylamine and ethylene.

Treatment of Et4NOH with a wide range of acids gives water and the other tetraethylammonium salts:
Et4NOH + HX -> Et4NX + H2O

References

Tetraethylammonium salts
Hydroxides

Tetraethylammonium hydroxide


David Hossein Safavian (born August 4, 1967) is an American former lawyer who worked as a congressional aide, lobbyist, and later as a political appointee in the George W. Bush administration. A Republican, he served as Chief of Staff of the United States General Services Administration (GSA). He is a figure in the Jack Abramoff lobbying and corruption scandal, having worked with the lobbyist on the Mississippi Band of Choctaw account. After serving with Abramoff as a lobbyist, in 1997 Safavian co-founded lobbying firm Janus-Merritt Strategies with Republican activist Grover Norquist.

In 2004, Safavian was serving as Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy, Office of Management and Budget, when he was arrested and charged with crimes in connection with the Abramoff corruption scandal. He was convicted on four of five charges on October 27, 2006, and sentenced to 18 months in prison. However, on June 17, 2008, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit unanimously reversed Safavian's convictions based on trial errors, and ordered a new trial. On December 19, 2008, at his retrial, Safavian was convicted again of perjury. He was sentenced to a year in prison. On June 26, 2017, Safavian was disbarred from the practice of law in the Supreme Court of the United States. He was pardoned by President Donald Trump on February 18, 2020.

Early life and education

Safavian was born into an Iranian-American family in Grosse Ile, Michigan. He attended private schools and graduated fifth in his class at Detroit College of Law. He also studied at Loyola University Maryland, Georgetown University Law Center, Michigan State University College of Law, and Saint Louis University.

Career
In 1997, Safavian and Grover Norquist founded a lobbying firm, the Merritt Group, which they renamed as Janus-Merritt Strategies (it is sometimes referred to as "Janus Merritt" or simply "Janus"). The firm promoted Republican ideology. "We represent clients who really do have an interest in a smaller federal government," Safavian told Legal Times in a 1997 interview. "We're all very ideologically driven, and have a bias in favor of free markets." He continued: "We're not letting people who offer us money change our principles."

The firm's clients included businesses such as BP America, the U.S. division of British Petroleum. They also had foreign clients, such as the Corporacion Venezolana de Cementos and Grupo Financiero Banorte.  They represented the National Indian Gaming Commission and Indian tribes working on gaming, such as the Saginaw Chippewa, a client the firm shared with Jack Abramoff, and the Viejas band of Kumeyaay Indians.

In 1999, Safavian founded the Internet Consumer Choice Coalition, a non-profit organized to oppose a bill to make online gambling a federal crime; the bill was drafted by Republican Arizona US Senator Jon Kyl. Coalition members included the American Civil Liberties Union, the Association of Concerned Taxpayers, Citizens for a Sound Economy, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, the Interactive Services Association, the Small Business Survival Committee, and the United States Internet Council. Some coalition members—the Interactive Services Association, for one—were also independent clients of Safavian. Americans for Tax Reform, another member, was the activist group led by Norquist. An October 12, 2006, Senate Finance Committee report concluded that most of these organizations abused their tax-exempt status through participation in such lobbying through the Coalition.

Also listed as a client was Abdul Rahman al-Amoudi, a Muslim activist and supporter of Hamas and Hezbollah who was later arrested for conspiring with the Libyan government. Questioned on this in 2004, Safavian claimed this was a mistake, and their client was actually Jamal al Barzinji, whose name had replaced al-Amoudi's on lobbying disclosure forms in 2001.

Federal positions
In early 2002, Safavian began looking for a new job.  On February 4, 2002, he sent lobbyist Jack Abramoff his resume, receiving a very positive response five days later.  In mid-April, Safavian interviewed at Greenberg Traurig, the firm that employed Abramoff. Soon after that he was offered a political appointee position at the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), the business arm of the government. On April 30, he wrote to Abramoff: "my gut is telling me to take the GSA job before joining up with you and your band of merry men."

On May 16, 2002, GSA Administrator Stephen A. Perry named Safavian as Senior Advisor and Acting Deputy Chief of Staff at the GSA.

On November 4, 2003, President George W. Bush announced Safavian's nomination as Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy, Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President. He had the responsibility to set purchasing policy for the entire government.

Prosecution and pardon

Safavian was indicted October 5, 2005.  He was accused of making false statements and obstructing investigations into his dealings with Jack Abramoff while serving as chief of staff for the General Services Administration. His trial started May 25, 2006. He was convicted on four of five felony counts of lying and obstruction on June 20.
Because Safavian's defense was unfairly limited, the court overturned all four convictions. Double jeopardy was applied to at least one charge and an additional specification. This left only three of the original five charges for which the prosecution could retry Safavian.

Safavian was retried and convicted of perjury. On October 16, 2009 he was sentenced to a year in prison for lying about his association with Jack Abramoff by U.S. District Judge Paul L. Friedman. Friedman deferred the prison reporting date to allow Safavian to be with his pregnant wife when she delivered their child.

On February 18, 2020 President Trump granted Safavian a Presidential Pardon along with several other convicted criminals.

See also
Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal
List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation

References

Living people
American perjurers
American lawyers
Political chiefs of staff
Saint Louis University alumni
Detroit College of Law alumni
George W. Bush administration personnel
General Services Administration officials
1967 births
Politicians from Detroit
United States congressional aides
People convicted of making false statements
Michigan Republicans
American politicians of Iranian descent
Michigan politicians convicted of crimes
People from Grosse Ile, Michigan
Recipients of American presidential pardons
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government

David Safavian


Charles Schnee (6 August 1916 Bridgeport, Connecticut29 November 1962 Beverly Hills, California) was a screenwriter and film producer. He wrote the scripts for the Westerns Red River (1948) and The Furies (1950), the social melodrama They Live by Night (1949), and the cynical Hollywood saga The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), for which he won an Academy Award.

He worked primarily as a film producer and production executive during the mid-1950s (credits include Until They Sail), but he eventually turned his attention back to scriptwriting.

Biography
He was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut and graduated from Yale in 1936. He studied law for the next three years and practised law in Massachusetts. He was writing plays and a play Apology had a run in 1943 with Elissa Landi.

Screenwriter
Schnee came to Hollywood in 1945. He did some writing on From This Day Forward (1946) at RKO and was credited on Cross My Heart (1946) for Paramount. He sold Angel Face to Paramount for $25,000  and stayed at Paramount to write I Walk Alone (1947) for Hal B. Wallis which was a success and really helped establish him.

Schnee returned to RKO, then under head Dore Schary, and worked with director Nicholas Ray and producer John Houseman on They Live by Night (1948). Howard Hawks hired him to work on the script for Red River (1948), which became established as a classic.

He did some uncredited writing for Hal B. Wallis on The Accused (1949), and he wrote Easy Living (1949) at RKO.

MGM
Schary joined MGM and Schnee followed, working on Scene of the Crime (1949). He wrote Paid in Full (1950) for Wallis, then did Schary's personal production, The Next Voice You Hear... (1950) at MGM.

Schnee wrote The Furies (1950) for Hal B. Wallis, and Born to Be Bad (1950) for Nicholas Ray at RKO.

At MGM he wrote Right Cross (1950) and Bannerline (1951), then did another Schary personal production, Westward the Women (1952).

Schnee wrote a comedy, When in Rome (1952) which was a flop then did The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) for Houseman and director Vincente Minnelli which was a critical and commercial success. Schnee won an Oscar for this script and Schary promoted him to producer.

Producer at MGM
In January 1952, Dore Schary of MGM announced the formation of a new production unit under the supervision of Charles Schnee. The idea was to make ten to fifteen films a year with budgets under $500,000 to absorb studio overhead.

The unit included several sons of executives who had helped establish MGM, Matthew Raft (son of Harry Rapf), Arthur Loew (son of Marcus Loew), and Sidney Franklin Jnr (son of Sidney Franklin). Other producers were Hayes Goetz, Henry Berman (brother of Pandro S. Berman) and Sol Fielding.

Schnee was the uncredited producer on Rogue's March (1952) with Peter Lawford, which lost money, and Jeopardy (1953), which earned MGM a profit. He produced a Joan Crawford vehicle, Torch Song (1953),

In September 1953, his unit was disbanded and he was assigned producer on Bad Day at Black Rock but the production ceased in November. He next made a Biblical movie, The Prodigal (1955) which was a fiasco.

Schnee enjoyed more success with Trial (1955) starring Glenn Ford and especially Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956) with Paul Newman and Rocky Graziano, both popular movies that were critically acclaimed.

Schnee produced The Wings of Eagles (1957), a biopic of Spig Wead starring John Wayne directed by John Ford. He produced a crime film, House of Numbers (1957) and Until They Sail (1957), the latter reuniting him with the star and director of Somebody Up There Likes Me. He produced Party Girl (1958) for Nicholas Ray at MGM.

Attempt at producing
He left MGM and setup as an independent producer at Columbia. He announced Company of Cowards with Hugh O'Brian, an adaptation of The Tiger Among Us by Leigh Brackett and was going to do an original screenplay Atom and Eva. He was also going to make The Image Makers with Clark Gable. None of the films were made apart from Tiger which would be produced by others years later as 13 West Street. Schnee returned to screenwriting.

Return to screenwriting and death
He wrote The Mark Hellinger Story for George Sidney but the film did not proceed due to casting issues. He wrote The Crowded Sky (1960) at Warners and a significant success with BUtterfield 8 (1961) at MGM. In 1961 he was president of the Writers Guild of America, West.

As "John Dennis" he wrote By Love Possessed (1961). Then he was reunited with the star, producer and director of The Bad and the Beautiful with Two Weeks in Another Town (1962), a critical and commercial disappointment. Following his work on Two Weeks in Another Town, Kirk Douglas hired him to rewrite The List of Adrian Messenger (1963).

His wife, Mary Schnee, predeceased him by committing suicide in October 1961.

Schnee had just signed a contract with Dino De Laurentiis on the Sacco and Vanzetti case when he died of a heart attack on November 29, 1962. He was 46, survived by a 14-year-old daughter, Tina.

References

External links

1916 births
1963 deaths
Writers from Bridgeport, Connecticut
American male screenwriters
Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
Screenwriters from Connecticut
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

Charles Schnee


HMS Cardinham was one of 93 ships of the  of inshore minesweepers. Her name is commonly misspelled as Cardingham, but she was named after the village of Cardinham in Cornwall. Her cap tally and lifebelts displayed the name Cardinham.

Their names were all chosen from villages ending in -ham. The minesweeper was named after Cardinham.

Career
Cardinham was one of the flotilla sent to Malta for the Suez campaign.    Crossing the English Channel took several attempts until the weather eased. An earlier crossing by small ships led to some having the front of their chartrooms stove in, flooding the forepart and unfortunate descents.

Malta was reached without incident.    However, when the Commodore chose Cardinham to evaluate the capability of streaming sweeps in moderately rough conditions, it was decided that the sweepers were too small actually to go to Suez, which was much regretted.   They were intended to clear the canal before heavy ships cleared the area.

Anticipation was aroused when boxes containing 'anti-tank weapons' arrived.   Investigation revealed them to be bren guns.

The cancellation was disappointing and the aggression build-up was relieved, somewhat unfortunately, when a visit was made to Messina.   Return was to Gareloch and paying-off.

Cardinham, and a sister ship Etchingham, were in service with the Hong Kong Royal Naval Reserve in the 1960s, until the unit was disbanded on 31 March 1967. Reservists were trained in minesweeping techniques using both sweeps and the electromagnetic loop.

References

 Blackman, R.V.B. ed. Jane's Fighting Ships (1953)

Ham-class minesweepers
Royal Navy ship names
1952 ships

HMS Cardinham (M2615)


In language, an archaism  is a word, a sense of a word, or a style of speech or writing that belongs to a historical epoch beyond living memory, but that has survived in a few practical settings or affairs. Lexical archaisms are single archaic words or expressions used regularly in an affair (e.g. religion or law) or freely; literary archaism is the survival of archaic language in a traditional literary text such as a nursery rhyme or the deliberate use of a style characteristic of an earlier age—for example, in his 1960 novel The Sot-Weed Factor, John Barth writes in an 18th-century style.  Archaic words or expressions may have distinctive emotional connotations—some can be humorous (forsooth), some highly formal (What say you?), and some solemn (With thee do I plight my troth).
The word archaism is from the , archaïkós, 'old-fashioned, antiquated', ultimately , archaîos, 'from the beginning, ancient'.

A distinction between archaic and obsolete words and word senses is widely used by dictionaries. An archaic word or sense is one that still has some current use but whose use has dwindled to a few specialized contexts, outside which it connotes old-fashioned language. In contrast, an obsolete word or sense is one that is no longer used at all. A reader encounters them when reading texts that are centuries old. For example, the works of Shakespeare are old enough that some obsolete words or senses are encountered therein, for which glosses (annotations) are often provided in the margins.

Archaisms can either be used deliberately (to achieve a specific effect) or as part of a specific jargon (for example in law) or formula (for example in religious contexts).  Many nursery rhymes contain archaisms.  Some archaisms called fossil words remain in use within certain fixed expressions despite having faded away in all other contexts (for example, vim is not used in normal English outside the set phrase vim and vigor).

An outdated form of language is called archaic. In contrast, a language or dialect that contains many archaic traits (archaisms) relative to closely related languages or dialects spoken at the same time is called conservative.

Usage
Archaisms are most frequently encountered in history, poetry, fantasy literature, law, philosophy, science, technology, geography and ritual writing and speech. Archaisms are kept alive by these ritual and literary uses and by the study of older literature. Should they remain recognised, they can potentially be revived.

Because they are things of continual discovery and re-invention, science and technology have historically generated forms of speech and writing which have dated and fallen into disuse relatively quickly. However, the emotional associations of certain words have kept them alive, for example the archaic 'wireless' rather than 'radio' for a generation of British citizens who lived through the Second World War; but in recent years the term has been repurposed as a non-archaic term for wifi and cell-phone technology.

A similar desire to evoke a former age means that archaic place names are frequently used in circumstances where doing so conveys a political or emotional subtext, or when the official new name is not recognised by all (for example: 'Madras' rather than 'Chennai'). So, a restaurant seeking to conjure up historic associations might prefer to call itself Old Bombay or refer to Persian cuisine in preference to using the newer place name. A notable contemporary example is the airline Cathay Pacific, which uses the archaic Cathay for China.

Archaisms are frequently misunderstood, leading to changes in usage. One example is the phrase "odd man out", which originally came from the phrase "to find the odd man out", where the verb "to find out" has been split by its object "the odd man", meaning the item which does not fit. The object + split verb has been reinterpreted as a noun + adjective, such that "out" describes the man rather than any verb.

The pronominal adverbs found in the writing of lawyers (e.g. heretofore, hereunto, thereof) are examples of archaisms as a form of jargon. Some phraseologies, especially in religious contexts, retain archaic elements that are not used in ordinary speech in any other context: "With this ring I thee wed."  Archaisms are also used in the dialogue of historical novels to evoke the flavour of the period. Some may count as inherently funny words and are used for humorous effect.

Examples
A type of archaism is the use of thou, the second-person singular pronoun that fell out of general use in the 17th century, while you or ye, formerly only used to address groups, and then also to respectfully address individuals, is now used to address both individuals and groups. Thou is the nominative form; the oblique/objective form is thee (functioning as both accusative and dative), and the possessive is thy or thine.

Though thou hast ever so many counsellors, yet do not forsake the counsel of thy own soul.
— English proverb
Today me, tomorrow thee.
— English proverb

That is: today this happens to me, but tomorrow to you.

To thine own self be true.
 —William Shakespeare

Archaisms often linger in proverbs, "falling easier on the tongue",
and employing two of the four fundamental rhetorical effects, permutation (immutatio) and addition (adiectio).

See also
 Anachronism
 Fossil word
 Historical linguistics
 Legal English
 Linguistic conservatism
 List of alternative country names
 List of archaic technological nomenclature
 Neologism
 Thou
 Ye olde

References

External links
 Archaism entry in the UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology

Lexicology

Archaism


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Walter Anthony Rodney (23 March 1942 – 13 June 1980) was a Guyanese historian, political activist and academic. His notable works include How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, first published in 1972. Rodney was assassinated in Georgetown, Guyana, in 1980.

Early career
Walter Rodney was born in 1942 into a working-class family in Georgetown, Guyana. He attended the University College of the West Indies in 1960 and was awarded a first-class honours degree in history in 1963. He earned a PhD in African History in 1966 at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, England, at the age of 24. His dissertation, which focused on the slave trade on the Upper Guinea Coast, was published by the Oxford University Press in 1970 under the title A History of the Upper Guinea Coast 1545–1800 and was widely acclaimed for its originality in challenging the conventional wisdom on the topic.

Rodney travelled widely and became known internationally as an activist, scholar and formidable orator. He taught at the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania during the periods 1966–67 and 1969–1974 and in 1968 at his alma mater University of the West Indies at Mona, Jamaica. He was sharply critical of the middle class for its role in the post-independence Caribbean. He was also a strong critic of capitalism and argued that only under "the banner of Socialism and through the leadership of the working classes" could Africa break from imperialism.

On 15 October 1968, the government of Jamaica, led by prime minister Hugh Shearer, declared Rodney persona non grata. The decision to ban him from ever returning to Jamaica and his subsequent dismissal by the University of the West Indies, Mona, caused protests by students and the poor of West Kingston that escalated into a riot, known as the Rodney Riots, resulting in six deaths and causing millions of dollars in damages. The riots, which began on 16 October 1968, triggered an increase in political awareness across the Caribbean, especially among the Afrocentric Rastafarian sector of Jamaica, documented in Rodney's book The Groundings with my Brothers, published by Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications in 1969.

In 1969, Rodney returned to the University of Dar es Salaam. He was promoted to senior lecturer there in 1971 and promoted to associate professor in 1973. He worked at the university until 1974 when he returned to Guyana. He was promised a professorship at the University of Guyana in Georgetown but the Forbes Burnham government rescinded the offer when Rodney arrived in Guyana.

Rodney was close to C.L.R. James, among others, and supported the socialist government of Julius Nyerere. While his academic work contributed "to the emergence of decolonised African social sciences," Rodney worked to disseminate knowledge in Tanzanian villages, where he spoke in Kiswahili, the language of the people. He continued his pan-African activism and, analysing the causes of the continent's underdevelopment, published How Europe Underdeveloped Africa in 1972. With a view to the Pan-African Congress of 1974, he prepared a text on the "international class struggle in Africa, the Caribbean and America." In this landmark work, Rodney denounced leaders who, like Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Jean-Claude Duvalier, Idi Amin Dada and Joseph Mobutu, were turning to tribalism under the guise of "negritude."

Rodney became a prominent Pan-Africanist and Marxist, and was important in the Black Power movement in the Caribbean and North America. While living in Dar es Salaam, he was influential in developing a new centre of African learning and discussion.

Later life
In 1974, Rodney returned to Guyana from Tanzania. He was due to take up a position as a professor at the University of Guyana, but the Guyanese government prevented his appointment. Increasingly active in politics, he joined the Working People's Alliance (WPA), a party that provided the most effective and credible opposition to the People's National Congress government and aimed to "create political consciousness, replacing ethnic politics with revolutionary organisations based on class solidarity." In 1979, he was arrested and charged with arson after two government offices were burned. The trial was deferred three times and later dropped due to lack of evidence.

Assassination
On 13 June 1980, Rodney was killed in Georgetown, at the age of 38, by a bomb explosion in his car, a month after he returned from celebrations of independence in Zimbabwe at a time of intense political activism. He was survived by his wife, Patricia, and three children. His brother, Donald Rodney, who was injured in the explosion, said that a sergeant in the Guyana Defence Force and a member of the House of Israel, named Gregory Smith, had given Walter the bomb that killed him. After the killing, Smith fled to French Guiana, where he died in 2002.

It is widely believed, but not proven, that the assassination was set up by Guyana's president, Linden Forbes Burnham. Rodney believed that the various ethnic groups historically disenfranchised by the ruling colonial class should work together, a position that challenged Burnham's hold on power.

In 2014, a Commission of Inquiry (COI) was held during which a new witness, Holland Gregory Yearwood, came forward claiming to be a long-standing friend of Rodney and a former member of the WPA. Yearwood testified that Rodney presented detonators to him weeks prior to the explosion asking for assistance in assembling a bomb. Yet the same Commission of Inquiry (COI) concluded in their report that Rodney's death was a state-ordered killing, and that then Prime Minister Forbes Burnham must have had knowledge of the plot.

Donald Rodney, Walter's brother, was in the car with him during the time of the assassination, and was convicted in 1982 of possessing explosives in connection with the incident that killed his brother. On 14 April 2021, the Guyana Court of Appeals overturned this judgment and Donald's sentence, exonerating him after forty years in which he contested his conviction.

On 9 August 2021, the National Assembly of Guyana voted to adopt "Resolution No. 23" to implement the 2016 findings of "The Commission of Inquiry Appointed to Enquire and Report on the Circumstances Surrounding the Death in An Explosion of the Late Dr. Walter Rodney on Thirteenth Day of June, One Thousand, Nine Hundred and Eighty at Georgetown".

Academic influence
Rodney's most influential book was How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, published in 1972 by Jessica Huntley and associates of Bogle L'Ouverture Publications. In it he described how Africa had been exploited by European imperialists, which he argued led directly to the modern underdevelopment of most of the continent. The book became influential as well as controversial: it was groundbreaking in that it was among the first to bring a new perspective to the question of underdevelopment in Africa. Rodney's analysis went far beyond the previously accepted approach in the study of Third World underdevelopment.
"Instead of being interested primarily in the interrelations of African trade and politics, as many of us were at that time, Rodney focused his attention on the agricultural basis of African communities, on the productive forces within them and on the processes of social differentiation. As a result, his research raised a fresh set of questions concerning the nature of African social institutions on the Upper Guinea coast in the sixteenth century and of the impact of the Atlantic slave trade. In doing so, he helped to open up a new dimension to the study of colonialism in Africa. Almost immediately his work stimulated further writing and research on West Africa, and he initiated a debate, which still continues and now extends across the whole range of African history.When teaching at the Universities of Dar es Salaam and the West Indies, he launched and sustained a large number of discussion groups which swept up and embraced many who had had little or no formal education. As a writer, he reached out to contact thousands in The Groundings with my Brothers (1969) and in his influential How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (1972)." — Remarks by Professor John Richard Gray, History Today, Vol. 49, Issue 9, 1980."When we think of Walter Rodney as a Revolutionary Scholar we are talking about two things, Radical Scholar and his revolutionary contribution to the study of History ie. History of Africa. Walter Rodney was a pioneering scholar who provided new answers to old questions and posed new questions in relation to the study of Africa." — Remarks by Professor Winston McGowan at the Walter Rodney Commemorative Symposium held at York College, USA, in June 2010.
"Walter Rodney was no captive intellectual playing to the gallery of local or international radicalism. He was clearly one of the most solidly ideologically situated intellectuals ever to look colonialism and its contemporary heir black opportunism and exploitation in the eye." — Remarks by Wole Soyinka, Oduduwa Hall, University of Ife, Nigeria, Friday, 27 June 1980.

In his book "The Enduring Relevance of How Europe Underdeveloped Africa" Karim Hirji states that "Walter Rodney wrote about a continent that had been misrepresented, devalued, and denigrated for centuries. Those portrayals had justified the subjugation and exploitation of its people. So, he did not mince words when characterizing that reality. If anything, he deserves praise for breaking the silence, and jarring the conscience of his colleagues"

"The Caribbean has been deprived of a great creative mind; but Walter Rodney had achieved at an early age, the special distinction of being a permanent part of a unique tradition of intellectual leadership among Africans and people of African descent in the Americas. He belongs to the same order of importance as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B Dubois, George Padmore and C.L.R James. Products of various doctrines of imperialism, they had initiated through the work, as writers and orators of distinction, a profound reversal of values. It is not possible to have a comprehensive view of all the ramifications of Africa's encounter with Europe without reference to these men.
Walter Rodney consolidated and extended that work. His scholarship was sure, but it was also a committed and partisan scholarship. He believed that history was a way of ordering knowledge which could become an active part of the consciousness of an uncertified mass of ordinary people and which could be used by all as an instrument of social change. He taught from that assumption. He wrote out of that conviction. And it seemed to have been the informing influence on his relations with the organized working people of Guyana" (George Lamming 1981)

"In many ways Walter Rodney was the best of the UWI, a brilliant young intellectual, rooted in Caribbean development discourse; A student demonstrating his extraordinary intellectual gifts in his participation in pedagogy around African and Caribbean history and translating that knowledge into community activism, representing the intersection between scholarship and social activism.

Walter Rodney's moment in the 1960s represented the midpoint of the UWI's academic journey, in that he was participating in that transition that pushed the UWI away from 30 years of the colonial scaffold as it was seeking to lay the foundation for the nationalist, regional, liberational liberating university.
His conception of history as concept for understanding the past and at the same time developing an empirical base for political action. What he presented was liberation history and in so doing, he connected campus to community to global liberation. The success with which he executed these projects enabled him to emerge within a short time as a phenomenal icon of academia.

Walter Rodney would have been conscious therefore of the colonial UWI at pain to give birth to a university that was rooted in the intellectual and political work of the region. His moment therefore was the highpoint in the decolonisation of the intersection between the UWI and the wider Caribbean.

His was a humanist history, a humanist political practice. He saw the entire Caribbean World as his community. He was not a nationalist, though he recognized that the Caribbean in its diversity was structured in terms of multiple nations and communities. He was able to develop  both a specific practice as well as a Caribbean and global practice. Historicising then his role; at the beginning he was the energy source that sought to push the University and the Region away from the colonial scaffold to enable West Indian/Caribbean identity to emerge with its own authenticity. The loss of his mind, his energy, his personhood and his friendship, has been a tremendous tragedy for the region and for the world. We lost arguably one of the finest minds this region has ever produced" (Professor Sir Hilary Beckles, Vice Chancellor, University of the West Indies)

In a new foreword to Rodney's book, academic and political activist Angela Davis writes: "To mark time," he [Rodney] insists, "or even to move slowly while others leap ahead is virtually equivalent to going backward". In How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Walter Rodney painstakingly argues that imperialism and the various processes that bolstered colonialism created impenetrable structural blockades to economic, and thus also, political and social progress on the continent. At the same time his argument is not meant to absolve Africans of the "ultimate responsibility for development." Davis also draws attention to the fact that Rodney did not ignore gender issues. On the contrary, he addresses the role of gender. He pointed out  that under colonialism, African women's "social, religious, constitutional, and political privileges and rights disappeared while the economic exploitation continued and was often intensified".

Rodney's community-grounded approach to mass education during the 1960s and his detailed descriptions of his pedagogical approach in Groundings (1969) document his role as an important critical pedagogue and contemporary of Paulo Freire.

Posthumous memorials

Rodney's death was commemorated in a poem by Martin Carter entitled "For Walter Rodney," by the dub poet Linton Kwesi Johnson in "Reggae fi Radni," and by Kamau Brathwaite in his poem "Poem for Walter Rodney" (Elegguas, 2010). David Dabydeen also wrote a poem on Rodney in his 1988 collection Coolie Odyssey.

In 1977, the African Studies Centre at Boston University inaugurated the Walter Rodney Lecture Series.

In 1982, the American Historical Association posthumously awarded Walter Rodney the Albert J. Beveridge Award for A History of the Guyanese Working People, 1881-1905.

In 1984, the Centre for Caribbean Studies at the University of Warwick established the Walter Rodney Memorial Lecture in recognition of the life and work of one of the most outstanding scholar-activists of the Black Diaspora in the post-World War II era.

In 1993, the Guyanese government posthumously awarded Walter Rodney Guyana's highest honour, the Order of Excellence of Guyana. The Guyanese government also established the Walter Rodney Chair in History at the University of Guyana.

In 1998, the Institute of Caribbean Studies at the University of the West Indies inaugurated the Walter Rodney Lecture Series.

In 2004, Rodney's widow Patricia and his children donated his papers to the Robert L. Woodruff Library of the Atlanta University Center. Since 2004, an annual Walter Rodney Symposium has been held each 23 March (Rodney's birthday) at the Center under the sponsorship of the Library and the Political Science Department of Clark Atlanta University, and under the patronage of the Rodney family.

In 2005, the London Borough of Southwark erected a plaque in the Peckham Library Square in commemoration of Dr. Walter Rodney, the political activist, historian and global freedom fighter.

In 2006, an International Conference on Walter Rodney was held at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Dar es Salaam.

In 2006, the Walter Rodney Essay Competition was established in the Department of Afro-American and African Studies at the University of Michigan.

In 2006, the Walter Rodney Foundation was established by the Rodney family. It is headquartered in Atlanta and aims to share the works and legacy of Rodney with the world.

In 2010, the Walter Rodney Commemorative Symposium was held at York College.

The Department of African American Studies at Syracuse University has established the Angela Davis/Walter Rodney Award of Academic Achievement.

The Department of Afro-American and African Studies (DAAS) at the University of Michigan established the DuBois-Mandela-Rodney Postdoctoral Fellowship Program.

In 2012, the Walter Rodney Conference celebrating the 40th anniversary of the publication of How Europe Underdeveloped Africa was held at Binghamton University.

In 2022, at the 36th Elsa Goveia Memorial Lecture, 50th Anniversary of Dr. Walter Rodney's Book: "How Europe Underdeveloped Africa", was presented by Horace G. Campbell at University of the West Indies.

Rodney is the subject of the 2010 documentary film by Clairmont Chung, W.A.R. Stories: Walter Anthony Rodney.

The Walter Rodney Close in the London Borough of Newham has been named in honour of Rodney.

Walter Rodney is listed on the Black Achievers Wall in the International Slavery Museum, Liverpool, UK.

In 2022 and 2023, SAVVY Contemporary, an independent art space in Berlin (Germany), dedicated a research, performance and exhibition project, titled to Walter Rodney, fifty years after the publication of How Europe Underdeveloped Africa.

Bibliography
 The Groundings with my Brothers (London: Bogle L'Ouverture Publications, 1969)
 West Africa and the Atlantic Slave-Trade (1970)
 A History of the Upper Guinea Coast 1545–1800 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970)
 How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (1972)
 World War II and the Tanzanian Economy (1976)
 Guyanese Sugar Plantations in the Late Nineteenth Century: a Contemporary Description from the "Argosy" (Georgetown, Guyana: Release Publications, 1979)
 Marx in the Liberation of Africa (1981)
 A History of the Guyanese Working People, 1881–1905 (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981)
 Walter Rodney Speaks: the Making of an African Intellectual (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1990)
 Kofi Baadu Out of Africa (Georgetown, Guyana), children's book
 Lakshmi Out of India (Georgetown, Guyana: The Guyana Book Foundation, 2000), children's book
 The Russian Revolution: A View from the Third World (New York: Verso Books, 2018
 Decolonial Marxism: Essays from the Pan-African Revolution New York: Verso Books, 2022

Further reading

By Walter Rodney
 "African History in the Service of the Black Liberation", lecture presented at the Congress of Black Writers, Montreal, Canada, 12 October 1968
 "George Jackson: Black Revolutionary" in Maji Maji, (5): 4–6 (1971)
 Street speech given in Guyana
 "African slavery and other forms of social oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast, 1580–1650, Journal of African History, 7(3):431–43.
 Portuguese attempts at monopoly on the Upper Guinea Coast", Journal of African History. 6(3):307-22.
 "The impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade in West Africa", in Roland Oliver (editor), The Middle Age of African History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
 "Education and Tanzanian socialism", in Resnick (editor), Tanzania: Revolution by Education, Longmans of Tanzania, Arusha, 1968.
 "European activity and African reaction in Angola", in Terence Ranger (editor), Aspects of Central African History, Northwestern University Press, Evanston, 1968.
 "The role of the university in developing Africa", Public Lecture, Makerere Students Guild, Makerere University, Kampala, October 1970.
 "African labour under capitalism and imperialism", Cheche, University of Dar es Salaam, November 1969, 1:4–12.
 "Ideology of the African revolution: Paper presented at the 2nd seminar of East and Central African Youth", The Nationalist (Dar es Salaam), 11 October 1969.
 "The Colonial Economy", in A. Boahen (editor), African under colonial domination 1880–1935, Heinemann and UNESCO, California, 1985.
 "The political economy of colonial Tanganyika 1890–1930", in M. H. Kaniki, Tanzania Under Colonial Rule, Longman, London,1980.
 "Africa in Europe and the Americas", in Richard Gray (editor), The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 4:c.1600–c.1790, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1975.
 "The Guinea Coast", in Richard Gray (editor), The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 4:c.1600–c.1790, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1975.
 "Some implications of the question of disengagement from imperialism", Maji Maji, University of Dar es Salaam, January 1971, 1:3–8
 "State formation and class formation in Tanzania", Maji Maji, 1973, 11:25–32.
 "Slavery and underdevelopment", in M. Craton (editor), Roots and Branches: Current directions in Slave Studies, New York: Pergamon Press, 1979.
 "Class contradictions in Tanzania", in H. Othman (editor), The State in Tanzania: Who controls it and whose interests does it serve, Dar es Salam: Dar es Salaam University Press, 1980.
 "A Reconsideration of the Mane Invasions of Sierra Leone". In: Journal of African History, 1967a, 8/2, 219–246.
 "Resistance and accommodation in Ovimbundu/Portuguese relations". History departmental seminar, University of Dar es Salaam (1972b)
 "The year 1895 in southern Mozambique: African resistance to the imposition of European colonial rule", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 1971, 5 (4): 509–35.

By others
 "And finally they killed him": speeches and poems at a memorial rally for Walter Rodney, 1942–80, Oduduwa Hall, University of Ife, Nigeria, Friday, 27 June 1980.
 Walter Rodney: Revolutionary and Scholar: A Tribute (Los Angeles: Center for African-American Studies and African Studies Center, University of California, 1982)
 C. L. R. James, Walter Rodney and the Question of Power (London: Race Today Publications, 1983)
 David Dabydeen and Andrew Salkey (eds), Walter Rodney, Poetic Tributes (London: Bogle-L'Ouverture, 1985)
 Horace Campbell. Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1985)
 Gabriehu. Dangerous Times: The Assassination of Dr. Walter Rodney (Brooklyn, NY: Gibbi Books, 2003)
 Rupert Lewis. Walter Rodney`s Intellectual and Political Thought (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998)
 Rupert Lewis. Walter Rodney: 1968 Revisited
 Issa G. Shivji, "Remembering Walter Rodney", Monthly Review, Volume 64, Issue 07 (December 2012).
 Clairmont Chung, "A Promise of Revolution", in Monthly Review Press (2013)
 Karim F. Hirji, The Enduring Relevance of Walter Rodney's How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (2017)
 Kimani Nehusi, "Forty-Seven Years After: Understanding and Updating Walter Rodney", Africa Update, 26.3 (Summer 2019)
 Matthew Quest, "The Historical Retrieval and Controversy of Walter Rodney's Russian Revolution", New Politics, Winter 2020
 Kristin Plys, "Theorizing Capitalist Imperialism for an Anti-Imperialist Praxis: Towards a Rodneyan World-Systems Analysis", Journal of World Systems Research, Volume 27, Issue 01, 2021.
 Leo Zeilig, "A Revolutionary for our Time" (The Walter Rodney Story) Haymarket Books, May 2022
 Temin, David Myer (2022). "Development in Decolonization: Walter Rodney, Third World
Developmentalism, and 'Decolonizing Political Theory'", American Political Science Review.
 Chinedu Chukwudinma, "A Rebel's Guide to Walter Rodney", April 2022.
 University of Hamburg (1984) A tribute to Walter Rodney: "One Hundred years of development in Africa"; Lectures given at Universitat of Hamburg in September 1978.
Clive Thomas, "Walter Rodney and the Caribbean Revolution"(speech at a symposium, University of California, Los Angeles, 1981.

Nigel Westmaas, "40 Years of How Europe Underdeveloped Africa," Pambazuka News, June 14, 2012

References

External links

Walter Rodney Foundation
Walter Rodney Archive at marxists.org
Walter Rodney 25 Anniversary Commemoration Committee
Rodney biography
The "Walter Rodney Factor in West Indian Literature" archived from the original The "Walter Rodney Effect"
Walter Rodney and Pan Africanism Today by Horace Campbell

1942 births
1980 deaths
1980 murders in South America

20th-century Guyanese historians
Academic staff of the University of Dar es Salaam
Afro-Guyanese people
Alumni of Queen's College, Guyana
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of University of London Worldwide
Anti-racism activists
Assassinated Guyanese politicians
Guyanese Africanists
Guyanese democracy activists
Guyanese Marxists
Guyanese pan-Africanists
Guyanese writers
Imperialism studies
Marxist historians
People from Georgetown, Guyana
People murdered in Guyana
Recipients of the Order of Excellence of Guyana
University of the West Indies alumni
Working People's Alliance politicians
1980s assassinated politicians

Walter Rodney


Michael Smith (1942–2014) was an Irish poet, author and translator.
A member of Aosdána, the Irish National Academy of Artists, Michael Smith was the first Writer in-Residence to be appointed by University College, Dublin and was an Honorary Fellow of UCD. He was a poet who gave a lifetime of service to the art of poetry both in English and Spanish. He has been described as a classical modernist, a poet of modern life.

Smith founded New Writers Press in Dublin in 1967 (together with Trevor Joyce and his wife, Irene Smith) and was responsible for the publication of over seventy books and magazines. He was founder and editor of the influential literary magazine The Lace Curtain. From 1984 to 1989 he was a member of the Arts Council. He has translated into English and published some of the most difficult and exhilarating poets in Spanish, including Federico García Lorca, Pablo Neruda, Miguel Hernández (Unceasing Lightning) and the two great Spanish masters of the baroque, Francisco de Quevedo and Luis de Góngora. He has also translated Gerardo Diego's Manual de espumas, a Selected Poems of José Hierro and selections of the poems of Jiménez and Luis Cernuda, among others. In 2001 he received the prestigious translating award, the European Academy Medal, for his translation of great Spanish poets. His own poetry has appeared in numerous anthologies of Irish poetry, including The Penguin Book of Contemporary Irish Poetry. Among his most recent books are The Purpose of the Gift: Selected Poems and Maldon and Other Translations (NWP/ Shearsman). His poetry has been translated into Spanish, Polish, French and German. Among his most recent publications are Selected Poems of Rosalía de Castro, The Prison Poems of Miguel Hernández (Parlor Press) and, with Luis Ingelmo, Complete Poems of Claudio Rodriguéz (Shearsman Books), as well as Complete Poems of Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer. In 2009, Shearsman has published his Collected Poems. With the Peruvian scholar Valentino Gianuzzi, he has translated and published (Shearsman Books) the complete poems of César Vallejo in four volumes. In 2009 he translated a selection of poems of the Spanish poet Juan Antonio Villacañas in collaboration with Beatriz Villacañas: Juan Antonio Villacañas: Selected Poems (Shearsman Books).

External links
Brief bio at New Writers Press site (retrieved 8 May 2005)
Article on poet Michael Hartnett, as featured in The Irish Times
Bio at Aosdána webpage

1942 births
2014 deaths
Irish male poets
Writers from County Dublin
Alumni of University College Dublin
Aosdána members
Irish magazine founders
20th-century Irish poets
21st-century Irish poets

Michael Smith (poet)


Veronica Swanson Beard is an American entrepreneur and fashion designer who co-founded Veronica Beard, a contemporary fashion company, with her sister-in law Veronica Miele Beard. Swanson Beard launched the brand in 2009 and has continued to run it with Miele Beard as the company scaled.

Swanson Beard's fashion label made its New York Fashion Week debut in September 2012 with its Spring/Summer 2013 collection. In 2012, the label was available in 62 stores, including Saks Fifth Avenue. By the end of 2013, that number increased to 82, with a year-over-year sales jump of 30 percent. Between 2016 and 2019, the brand's sales increased at an average annual rate of 90 percent while its headcount tripled. By 2018, the brand's sales exceeded $100 million.

The brand Veronica Beard is backed by retail executive Andrew Rosen among a private group of investors, and the brand may be raising more investor funding in 2020.

Personal life

Swanson Beard's father is W. Clarke Swanson Jr., who owns the Napa Valley winery Swanson Vineyards. She is an heir to the Swansons frozen foods empire, and her parents were introduced to each other by fashion designer Lili Pulitzer.

Swanson Beard holds a Bachelor of Arts in Art History from Tulane University in New Orleans and studied at Parsons School of Design before dropping out to work in the fashion industry full time.

Swanson Beard lives on Long Island with her husband Jaime and three sons.

References

External links

Tulane University alumni
Parsons School of Design alumni
Businesspeople from Florida
1979 births
Living people

Veronica Swanson Beard


Mooi! Weer De Leeuw (Dutch: "Great! De Leeuw Again") was a popular Dutch television show hosted by comedian Paul de Leeuw, that ran from 2005 to 2009. The programme was produced by VARA, one of the contributors to the Dutch public broadcasting group Netherlands Public Broadcasting.

Broadcast weekly on Saturday evenings, the programme consisted of surprising audience members by fulfilling wishes that had been sent in by their family or friends, celebrity interviews and variety performances. The show had a distinctive, quirky feel based upon the personal comedy and tastes of De Leeuw, including performances by Arijan van Bavel portraying his character "Adje". The show had its own small band, led by Cor Bakker, and also featured national and international acts, such as Son de Sol, Kylie Minogue, Lionel Richie, Robbie Williams, Lady Gaga and Adele, who usually performed live in the show in addition to being interviewed. In most cases these acts were supported by the show's house band.

Mooi! Weer De Leeuw is probably best known internationally for its notorious appearance in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest, where De Leeuw gave the results of the Dutch televote from the programme's studio (the show was usually broadcast during the time period occupied by Eurovision). De Leeuw, who is openly homosexual, flirted with the male presenter Sakis Rouvas and gave out his supposed mobile phone number. The exchange was broadcast around the world to hundreds of millions of viewers and earned De Leeuw criticism from several of the event's commentators, some of whom refused to translate it.

The programme was broadcast in the Netherlands on Nederland 1 and was simulcast globally on the international Dutch-language channel BVN.

After the show's conclusion in 2009, De Leeuw went on presenting a new show, Lieve Paul (Dear Paul), which has a similar concept, but focuses on answering audience members' questions instead of fulfilling their wishes.

References

Dutch television talk shows
2005 Dutch television series debuts
2009 Dutch television series endings
NPO 1 original programming

Mooi! Weer De Leeuw


The soleas (() =  meaning ("bottom, base", as used in "sole of a shoe", cf. also the "sole" from the resemblance of fish to a flat shoe. Of uncertain origin)) is an extension of the sanctuary platform in an Eastern Orthodox temple (church building). The soleas projects beyond the iconostasis, forming a narrow walkway running the full length of the iconostasis.

In the center of the soleas is the ambon, directly in front of the Holy Doors, where the communicants stand to receive Holy Communion and where the clergy come out for public prayers, sermons, etc.

At either side of the soleas are places for two choirs, called the kliros (meaning lots, since in ancient times Readers and Singers were chosen by lot).

In some major churches in Greece, the soleas sometimes extends far out from the iconostasis into the nave. On it will be two choirs to either side, the bema (pulpit) to one side and the Bishop's throne on the other. The solea will be separated from the main part of the nave by a waist-high wall with icons and a central opening. Liturgically in these churches, the solea will be where the Deacon stands to read the petitions, where the readings will take place and where the people will come to receive communion (by entering the sides of the solea to north and south and leaving through the center opening. While the wall serves to separate the laity from the elevated solea, the laity may still enter to receive communion or to receive blessings from the Bishop on his throne, or at the end of the service to receive holy bread and a blessing from the celebrant.

References

Eastern Orthodox liturgy
Eastern Christian liturgical objects
Church architecture
Altars

Soleas


Lethocerus indicus is a giant water bug in the family Belostomatidae, native to South and Southeast Asia, as well as southeast China, the Ryukyu Islands, and New Guinea. It was originally described as Belostoma indicum but is no longer placed in that genus.

This insect is well known as an edible species in a number of different Southeast Asian cuisines. The taste of the flight muscles is often compared to sweet scallops or shrimp.

Description
The Asian region has several species of Belostomatidae including L. patruelis, L. insulanus, L. indicus, and Kirkaldyia deyrolli. L. indicus typically has a length between . Lethocerus insulanus is found along the islands of Southeast Asia to northern Australia and has a medial dark stripe between the light stripes of the pronotum while patruelis (found from southern Europe to Myanmar) has narrower light stripes and the first tarsomere on the foreleg is longer than the claw (almost equal in L. indicus). Kirkaldyia deyrolli is paler and lacks pronotal stripes. The genus Kirkaldyia can be distinguished from Lethocerus by more widely separated eyes, and the presence of two asymmetrical furrows on the inner setal pad of the fore femur.

The species is distributed widely in peninsular India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, into Southeast Asia, extending east to Taiwan and south along Sumatra, Java, Indonesia, Philippines and parts of western Papua New Guinea.

Glands in the abdomen produce odorous chemicals that include (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, (E)-2-hexenyl butanoate, 1-undecen-3-one, 3-mercaptohexyl acetate, and 3-mercapto-1-hexanol which may have a role as an attractant particularly in males. The first two are said to impart a sweet banana-like smell.

Research
The large size of this insect and its flight muscles and the ease of dissection makes it an excellent model organism for muscle structure with special features pertinent to the cardiac muscle. The high degree of structural order makes is possible to obtain X-ray diffraction patterns richer and more detailed than those from vertebrate striated muscle.

As food

Vietnam
The Vietnamese call this insect cà cuống. It is a highly prized food and often boiled and fried whole.
The insect's essence (a pheromone produced by the male that attracts females) is harvested by collecting its liquid-producing sacs. That liquid is then placed in small glass containers. The insect is claimed to be scarce, and demand for the extract is high. Most of the cà cuống essence on the market is therefore imitation, with the actual essence fetching a high price. Cà cuống is typically used sparsely and eaten with bánh cuốn (rice noodle rolls) by adding a drop to the nước chấm (dipping sauce).

It is also eaten in a soup dish called 'bún thang' adding a unique essence to the broth. The dish traditionally includes rice noodles, thinly sliced egg crepe, pork cold cuts, and other various additions in a chicken/dry squid broth. A tiny drop of the extract on the tip of a toothpick would suffice to flavor the whole bowl of soup. This dish originated in Northern Vietnam.

Thailand
In the northeast region of Thailand, eating insects is common. In other parts of Thailand, including the Central and Southern regions, the aromatic essence from this species of insect, known as malaeng da (), malaeng da na () or maeng da na (), is also popular. The water bug can be eaten whole and fried, and as an extract. Malaeng da is used to make nam phrik malaeng Da, a type of chili sauce used as a condiment.

Philippines
In the Ilocos region in the northern part (Luzon) of the Philippines some insects such as crickets, locusts, and beetles are traditionally eaten. The water bug or water beetle is known as alukap in Ilokano language. It is sauteed or fried in oil, garlic, onions and tomatoes, or roasted, after the wings and legs have been removed, and eaten as a viand for steamed rice or as a finger food with liquor. The same is done in the Visayas region where it is called obus in the Visayan language.

See also
List of Thai ingredients

Bibliography
Gene DeFoliart of food-insects.com
 Bekyarova, T. I., Baumann, B. A .J., Reedy, M. C., Tregear, R. T., Ward, A., Krzic, U., Prince, K. M., Reconditi, M., Gore, D., Irving, T. C., and Reedy, M. K. "Crossbridges as Passive Brakes: Reverse Actin Sliding Triggers Strong Myosin Binding That Moves Tropomyosin"PNAS 105:10372-10377 (2008).

References

External links

Hemiptera of Asia
Edible insects
Vietnamese cuisine
Thai cuisine
Filipino cuisine
Belostomatidae

Lethocerus indicus


Moses (Moritz) Hess (21 January 1812 – 6 April 1875) was a German-Jewish philosopher, early communist and Zionist thinker. His socialist theories led to disagreements with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. He is considered a pioneer of Labor Zionism.

Biography
Moses Hess was born in Bonn, which was under French rule at the time. In his French-language birth certificate, his name is given as "Moïse"; he was named after his maternal grandfather. His father was an ordained rabbi, but never practiced this profession. Hess received a Jewish religious education from his grandfather, and later studied philosophy at the University of Bonn, but never graduated.

He married a poor Catholic seamstress, Sibylle Pesch, "in order to redress the injustice perpetrated by society". Although they remained happily married until Hess' death, Sibylle may have had an affair with Friedrich Engels while he was smuggling her from Belgium to France to be reunited with her husband. Sibylle, however, claimed the relationship was non-consensual and accused Engels of rape. The incident may have precipitated Hess' split from the Communist movement.

Hess was an early proponent of socialism, and a precursor to what would later be called Zionism. As correspondent for the Rheinische Zeitung, a radical newspaper founded by liberal Rhenish businessmen, he lived in Paris. He was a friend and important collaborator of Karl Marx, who was the editor of the , following his advice, and befriended also with Friedrich Engels. Hess initially introduced Engels to communism, through his theoretical approach.

Marx, Engels and Hess took refuge in Brussels, Belgium, in 1845, and used to live in the same street. By the end of the decade, Marx and Engels had fallen out with Hess. The work of Hess was also criticized in part of The German Ideology by Marx and Engels.

Hess fled to Switzerland temporarily following the suppression of the 1848 commune. He would also go abroad during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. During the 1850s Hess immersed himself into studying the natural sciences and gaining, in an autodidactic fashion, a scientific foundation for his thoughts.

Hess died in Paris in 1875. As he requested, he  was buried in the Jewish cemetery of Cologne. In 1961, he was re-interred in the Kinneret Cemetery in Israel along with other Socialist-Zionists such as Nachman Syrkin, Ber Borochov, and Berl Katznelson.

Moshav Kfar Hess was named in his honour.

Views and opinions
Hess became reluctant to base all history on economic causes and class struggle (as Marx and Engels did), and he came to see the struggle of races, or nationalities, as the prime factor of history.

According to George Lichtheim, Hess, who differed from Marx on a number of issues, still testified in a letter to Alexander Herzen that what he and Herzen were writing about "resembles a neat sketch drawn on paper, whereas Marx's judgment upon these events [European upheavals] is as it were engraved with iron force in the rock of time" (Paraphrased by George Lichtheim, A Short History of Socialism, 1971 p. 80).

From 1861 to 1863, he lived in Germany, where he became acquainted with the rising tide of German antisemitism. It was then that he reverted to his Jewish name Moses (after going by Moritz Hess) in protest against Jewish assimilation. He published Rome and Jerusalem in 1862. Hess interprets history as a circle of race and national struggles. He contemplated the rise of Italian nationalism and the German reaction to it, and from this he arrived at the idea of Jewish national revival, and at his prescient understanding that the Germans would not be tolerant of the national aspirations of others and would be particularly intolerant of the Jews. His book calls for the establishment of a Jewish socialist commonwealth in Palestine, in line with the emerging national movements in Europe and as the only way to respond to antisemitism and assert Jewish identity in the modern world.

Scholarly work
Hess's Rome and Jerusalem: The Last National Question went unnoticed in his time, as most German Jews preferred cultural assimilation. His work did not stimulate political activity or discussion.  When Theodor Herzl first read Rome and Jerusalem he wrote that "since Spinoza Jewry had no bigger thinker than this forgotten Moses Hess." He said he might not have written  (The Jewish State) if he had known Rome and Jerusalem beforehand. Vladimir Ze'ev Jabotinsky honored Hess in The Jewish Legion in the World War as one of the people that made the Balfour declaration possible, along with Herzl, Walter Rothschild and Leon Pinsker.

Published works
Holy History of Mankind (1837)
European Triarchy (1841)
 Socialism and Communism (1842)
 Die Philosophie der Tat (The Philosophy of Action, 1843)
On the Monetary System, also translated as On the Essence of Money (Über das Geldwesen, 1845)
Communist Confession of Faith (London, 1846)
Consequences of a Revolution of the Proletariat (1847)
Rome and Jerusalem Leipzig: Eduard Mengler (1862)
Letters on the Mission of Israel (1864)
High Finance and the Empire (1869)
Les Collectivistes et les Communistes (1869)
The Dynamic Theory of Matter (1877)
 Jüdische Schriften (anthology edited by Theodor Zlocisti; Berlin: Louis Lamm, 1905)

Translations
The Holy History and Mankind and Other Writings. ed. Shlomo Avineri (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
The History of the Jews, Volume III, Graetz (1866–1867, into French)

References

Further reading
Shlomo Na'aman, Emanzipation und Messianismus. Leben und Werk des Moses Heß (Frankfurt a.M./New York,1982) (in German)

External links

 Hess: The Holy History of Mankind and Other Writings (Frontmater of the book), ed. & trans by Shlomo Avineri (2004)
 Moses Hess Archive at marxists.org
 Moses Hess (1812-1875), from the Jewish Agency for Israel
 Archive of Moses Hess Papers at the International Institute of Social History
 Kalonymos, Gregor Pelger: About the restoration of the Jewish state. Moses Heß (1812-1875) Kalonymos, Gregor Pelger: "Zur Restauration des jüdischen Staates. Moses Heß (1812-1875)"] (in German)

1812 births
1875 deaths
19th-century German philosophers
German communists
19th-century German Jews
German socialists
Jewish philosophers
Jewish socialists
Pantheists
Writers from Bonn
People from the Rhine Province
Philosophers of Judaism
Labor Zionists
Forerunners of Zionism

Moses Hess


Raja Aur Runk () is a 1968 Bollywood film, directed by Kotayya Pratyagatma and starring Sanjeev Kumar and Kumkum.

It is an Indian adaptation of Mark Twain's 1881 novel, The Prince and the Pauper.

Synopsis
Raja Aur Runk is the story of a prince and a pauper. Two children, born on the same day at the same time: one to the king, Raja Sahib, and one to a poor man, Hariya (Ajit). The king is thrilled at the birth of Yuvraj, the heir to the throne, while Hariya is cynical about the birth of his son, Raja.

The children grow up looking identical, but there is a constant contrast in their lives and upbringing. One day, Raja runs away from home and somehow ends up in the palace, where he meets Yuvraj. The boys discover how different their lives are. Being tempted to see the world outside, Yuvraj changes identities with Raja and leaves the palace. They now struggle in vain to adjust to their new identities. Raja's mother (Nirupa Roy) and sister Sujjo (Nazima) are miserable with his changed behavior and the king is very distressed about Yuvraj. Sudhir (Sanjeev Kumar) comes in as a pivotal player in this saga of gripping twists and turns.

This Prasad Productions' costume drama has effective performances by Sanjeev Kumar, Nazima and child artiste Mahesh Kothare. The hit team of Anand Bakshi and Laxmikant Pyarelal created melodious songs like 'Tu Kitni Achchi Hai...O Maa', 'O Phirkiwali', 'Mera Naam Hai Chameli' and 'Sang Basanti Ang Basanti'.

Cast
Sanjeev Kumar as Sudhir/Vijay
Kumkum as Rajnartaki Madhvi
Ajit as Hariram Haria
Mukri as Sunder (Sudhir's friend)
Mohan Choti as Gangu (Hariram's friend)
Kamal Kapoor as Senapati Vikram
Mahesh Kothare as Yuvraaj Narendradev/Raja (as Master Mahesh)
Nirupa Roy as Shanta
Nazima as Sujata Sujjo
Aruna Rai as Chanchala (Madhvi's friend)
Bipin Gupta as Maharaj
Badri Prasad as Guru Shivanand

Soundtrack

The film's music was composed by Laxmikant Pyarelal with lyrics by Anand Bakshi.

 "Mera Naam Hai Chameli", Lata Mangeshkar
 "Mere Raja Mere Lal", Asha Bhosle & Usha Mangeshkar
 "Kanhaiya Kanhaiya", Lata Mangeshkar, Manna Dey, Kaumudi Munshi & Vinod Sharma
 "O Phirkiwali, Tu Kal Phir Aana, Nahin Phir Jaana", Mohammad Rafi
 "Sang Basanti, Ang Basanti, Rang Basanti Chha Gaya", Mohammad Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar, Manna Dey
 "Tu Kitni Achhi Hai", Lata Mangeshkar

References

External links

Indian children's films
1968 films
1960s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal
Films based on The Prince and the Pauper
Hindi remakes of Telugu films
Films directed by Kotayya Pratyagatma

Raja Aur Runk


Brigadier-General John Carnac (1716 – 29 November 1800) was a British officer who served three times as Commander-in-Chief of India. The son of Capt. Peter Carnac (1665–1756), and Andrienne, née Lelonte (d. c.1762), he was baptised in London.

Military career
Educated at Trinity College Dublin, John Carnac voyaged to India as a lieutenant in the 39th Regiment in 1754 and served at Madras as secretary and aide-de-camp to the colonel of the regiment, John Adlercron. He joined the service of the East India Company as Captain in 1758 after transferring from the 39th foot. After his arrival in Bengal he became secretary and aide-de-camp to Robert Clive, governor of Bengal, and joined him in an expedition against the Prince Ali Gauhar, son of the Mughal emperor Alamgir II.

In 1761 he engaged with and defeated Shah Alam II. He became Brigadier-General in 1764 and participated with Clive in the negotiations with Shuja-ud-Daula and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II in 1765.

In 1767, Carnac resigned from the company's service in January and returned to England. He purchased an estate near Ringwood in Hampshire and also participated in a largely unsuccessful housing development in Southampton. From 1768 to 1773 he served as M.P. for Leominster. In 1772 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

By 1773 Carnac was short of money and he returned to India as a member of the Council at Bombay. He was dismissed from the East India Company for his involvement in the Convention of Wadgaon in 1779 and died at Mangalore in November 1800.

Family
In 1765 John Carnac married Elizabeth Woollaston. Then in 1769 he married Elizabeth Catherine Rivett (1751–80), daughter of Thomas Rivett (1713-1763), who had been an MP and Mayor of Derby. A 1775-76 portrait of Mrs. Carnac by Sir Joshua Reynolds hangs in the Wallace Collection in London; a 1778 mezzotint engraving by John Raphael Smith after Reynolds' painting is at the Art Museum of Estonia, with a proof impression at the British Museum.

John Carnac's last will and testament made his brother-in-law James Rivett his heir, provided that he assumed the additional name of Carnac, which he did in 1801. Two of James's sons became famous: Sir James Rivett-Carnac, 1st Bt, became a Governor of Bombay Presidency, while Admiral John Rivett-Carnac became an early explorer of Australia, where Carnac Island was named in his honor by Captain James Stirling when Rivett-Carnac was first lieutenant on  on the Swan River expedition of 1827.

References

External links
James Rivett profile. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
Usher Family in Scotland: John Carnac profile. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
Usher Family in Scotland: Elizabeth Rivett, later Carnac profile. Retrieved 10 March 2009.

Administrators in British India
39th Regiment of Foot officers
British East India Company Army generals
1716 births
1800 deaths
British Commanders-in-Chief of India
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Fellows of the Royal Society
British MPs 1768–1774

John Carnac


Christopher Del Bosco (born March 30, 1982), is an American-born, Canadian freestyle skier who currently resides in  Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Del Bosco is a member of the Canadian national ski cross team. He is the reigning FIS World Champion and X Games champion in ski cross and has four other medals from the X Games including one gold, one silver, and two bronze. Del Bosco was a United States national champion prior to switching to the Canadian team.

Career
Del Bosco was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado but was raised in Vail, Colorado.  Prior to joining the Canadian freestyle ski team, he had problems with substance and alcohol abuse that had led to him being stripped of two US national titles, and at age 21 was discovered drunk in a ditch with a broken neck. His sister, Heather,  convinced him to go into rehab. This saved him from going to jail for another year. After this he received an offer from the Canadian ski team who had heard about Del Bosco and his Canadian passport, as Del Bosco's father was Canadian. Del Bosco was offered a spot on the team despite the character risks he carried with him and Del Bosco then agreed to join the Canadians.

He went on from there and built on his success with the Canadian ski team. In 2006 at the Winter X-Games he won a bronze medal in the ski-cross event. During the 2009–10 Freestyle Skiing World Cup he won two world cup events, one on the Alpe D'Huez and in Lake Placid. Del Bosco ended the season second overall on the World Cup rankings.

At the 2010 Winter X Games Del Bosco attended as a warm up to the Olympics. There he won gold in the ski cross final, leading a Canadian sweep of the medals with Dave Duncan and Brady Leman. This was the first time that the medals have been swept in a round other than by US athletes.

Del Bosco was a member of the Canadian team going to the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. He made the men's ski cross final, and was in strong position to win a bronze medal, but fell shortly before the finish line while trying to make a pass. After the race at a press conference Del Bosco had said that "Third, I guess it's all right for some people, but I wanted to give 100% for my sport, my country."

After his disappointing Olympics Del Bosco had surgery in May 2010. During the next season he achieved success at the Winter X Games when he won the silver medal in ski cross. Del Bosco then went on to the 2011 World Championships where he won his first World Championship. Del Bosco said of his victory that "This is a really special title to have, you only get the chance once every two years. I had some tough luck at the last world championships in Japan and then (last year's) Olympics, I was fourth in both of those events. I was kind of starting to wonder about these big events and I guess the third time is the charm. I managed to get it done this time."

The next season brought a continued gold rush for Del Bosco, with his third gold medal at a major competition in as many years. He went on to win the gold at the XVI Winter X Games finishing in first while teammate Duncan finished in third. Del Bosco was proud of his victory despite a world cup season with limited success, "It's amazing, this is my favourite event," said Del Bosco in a statement. "I have had an up and down season and this one was the big one on my list. So to come in and grab gold is pretty special."

Personal
Del Bosco moved to Montreal in the spring of 2011, he also started competing in a second sport, downhill mountain biking.

References

External links

National Team Profile
CTV Olympic Profile

American expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Canadian male freestyle skiers
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic freestyle skiers for Canada
1982 births
Living people
American male freestyle skiers
Sportspeople from Colorado Springs, Colorado
American emigrants to Canada
American people of Canadian descent
X Games athletes
Skiers from Montreal
Anglophone Quebec people

Christopher Del Bosco


Yurendell Eithel DeCaster (born September 26, 1979) is a Dutch professional baseball third baseman. He played part of one season in Major League Baseball with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He played for Team Netherlands in the 2019 European Baseball Championship, and at the Africa/Europe 2020 Olympic Qualification tournament, in Italy in September 2019.

Career
Originally signed by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays as a free agent in 1996, DeCaster was selected by the Pittsburgh Pirates from Tampa Bay in the 2000 minor league phase of the Rule 5 draft.

DeCaster was one of just three players to hit three home runs in the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens, Greece, while playing for the Netherlands team.

He spent the entire 2005 season with Triple-A Indianapolis Indians, where he made 28 appearances at third base, 25 at first base, 13 at second base and 58 in the outfield. He posted a .280 batting average with 11 home runs and 61 RBI, and also led his club in games played (122) and doubles (31).

Besides, he had a productive 2005–2006 season while playing for the Caribes de Anzoátegui of the Venezuelan Winter League, when he batted .325 (68-for-209) with 17 home runs and 47 RBI in just 60 games. His 17 home runs tied him with Tom Evans for the league lead.

In 2006, DeCaster returned to Indianapolis, with whom he spent most of the season. In 119 games with the Indians, he batted .273 with 11 home runs and 51 RBI. He was called up to the Pirates twice, from May 21–24 and June 5–13, and appeared in three games. He struck out in both of his at-bats in the majors.

He was released on December 9, 2006, but came back to Pittsburgh in 2007 and spent the whole season in the minor leagues with them.

On November 27, 2007, DeCaster signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals that included an invitation to the 2008 spring training. He then was assigned to the Double-A Harrisburg Senators of the Eastern League to begin the regular season, becoming a free agent at the end of the season.

In February 2009, DeCaster signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers, but was released in April.

He began the 2009 season with the Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks of the Northern League, but on June 29, 2009, DeCaster's contract was purchased by the New York Yankees, who assigned him to the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees. He was released on September 2.

He later played with the Reynosa Broncos of the Mexican League in 2010 and 2011, collecting a .339 average in 101 games for them in his season debut. He entered 2012 with the Olmecas de Tabasco, before joining the independent Winnipeg Goldeyes of the American Association during the midseason. He won the league championship, as the Goldeyes swept the Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks in the first round, 3 games to 0, and did the same with the Wichita Wingnuts in the championship finals 3 games to 0. DeCaster played with the Goldeyes for the 2013 season as well.

International career
DeCaster was on the preliminary roster for the 2009 Baseball World Cup.

DeCaster has played for the Netherlands national team in the World Baseball Classic during the  2006, 2009, and 2013 tournaments. And also he was named to the Dutch roster for the , 2014 European Baseball Championship, 2015 World Port Tournament,  2015 WBSC Premier12, 2016 Haarlem Baseball Week, , and the 2016 European Baseball Championship.

In the 2009 WBC edition, he lined a ball hard off of first-baseman Willy Aybar (credited an error) to score the winning run in the bottom of the 11th inning in his team's second game against the Dominican Republic team, securing the Netherlands a second-round berth in Pool 2.

For the 2012/13 season of the Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League, he played with Tigres del Chinandega and won the Triple Crown when he hit .417 and had 13 home runs and 56 RBI.

DeCaster returned to Winnipeg in 2013 and ended the year with the Acereros de Monclova. He combined for a .315 average in 94 games for both teams, including 13 homers, 64 RBI, and 171 total bases for a .461 slugging average.

He played for Team Netherlands in the 2019 European Baseball Championship, at the Africa/Europe 2020 Olympic Qualification tournament in Italy in September 2019, and at the 2019 WBSC Premier12.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Acereros de Monclova players
Águilas del Zulia players
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Algodoneros de Guasave players
Altoona Curve players
Baseball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Bravos de Margarita players
Broncos de Reynosa players
Caribes de Oriente players
Charleston RiverDogs players
Columbus Clippers players
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Canada
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in the United States
Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks players
Gulf Coast Devil Rays players
Harrisburg Senators players
Hickory Crawdads players
Indianapolis Indians players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Major League Baseball players from Curaçao
Mayos de Navojoa players
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Mexican League baseball left fielders
Mexican League baseball right fielders
Mexican League baseball second basemen
Mexican League baseball third basemen
Olmecas de Tabasco players
Olympic baseball players for the Netherlands
Piratas de Campeche players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Princeton Devil Rays players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
Winnipeg Goldeyes players
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2009 World Baseball Classic players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2016 European Baseball Championship players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
2019 European Baseball Championship players
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Nicaragua

Yurendell DeCaster