The Republic Aviation Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Farmingdale, New York, on Long Island. Originally known as the Seversky Aircraft Company, the company was responsible for the design and production of many important military aircraft, including its most famous products: World War II's P-47 Thunderbolt fighter, the F-84 Thunderjet and F-105 Thunderchief jet fighters, as well as the A-10 Thunderbolt II close-support aircraft.

History

Seversky Aircraft
The Seversky Aircraft Company was founded in 1931 by Alexander de Seversky, a Russian expatriate and veteran World War I pilot who had lost a leg in the war. In the beginning, many of Seversky Aircraft's designers were Russian and Georgian engineers, including Michael Gregor and Alexander Kartveli, who would go on to design many of Republic's most famous aircraft.

After several failed attempts, Seversky Aircraft finally won a design competition for a new United States Army Air Corps fighter, and was awarded its first military contract in 1936 for the production of its Seversky P-35.

In 1939, Seversky Aircraft again entered in a military fighter competition, this time with the much-improved AP-4. While the contract was awarded to the Curtiss P-40, the USAAC was impressed with the high-altitude performance of the AP-4 and ordered 13 additional aircraft for testing, as the XP-43.

By April 1939, the Seversky Aircraft Corporation had lost $550,000, and Seversky was forced out of the company he had founded. The board, led by financier Paul Moore, voted W. Wallace Kellett to replace him as president, and in September 1939 the company was reorganized as the Republic Aviation Corporation.  Seversky continued to fight for his company, and the matter was not resolved to his satisfaction until September 1942.

Meanwhile, Seversky's AP-4 continued in development, finally going into production as the P-43 Lancer.  272 P-43s were eventually produced, with 108 of them being sent to China to be used against the Japanese. Many passed through the hands of the AVG Flying Tigers, whose pilots were pleased with the plane's performance at altitudes up to , while their P-40s were ineffective at altitudes over . Perhaps Claire Chennault disliked the early P-43's lack of self-sealing fuel tanks and armor. He declined to retain the plane for his crews.

In 1939, both Republic and Curtiss participated in an Army competition to develop a lightweight interceptor.  Curtiss submitted a lightweight version of the P-40 designated the XP-46 while Republic submitted a similar design designated the XP-47.  Both designs were based on a lightweight aircraft built around an Allison V-1710 V-12 engine, with the Republic design using a turbosupercharger.  In the end, neither design showed a significant improvement over the P-40, and neither was produced.

Further development of the P-43 continued in the form of a lightweight version using a Pratt & Whitney R-2180 radial engine.  The resulting aircraft was known as the XP-44. When the R-2180 did not produce the expected horsepower, Republic switched to the Wright R-2600. Despite possessing , this engine could not be turbo-supercharged and Republic finally modified the design again, this time to accommodate the enormous Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp engine, which produced . The resulting aircraft, now known as the P-44, was truly impressive. Capable of speeds of  at , and a climb rate of  per minute, the aircraft would have been an exceptional interceptor. Unfortunately, it was capable of carrying no more fuel than the P-43, and the Double Wasp engine was far more thirsty, significantly limiting the aircraft's range.

As the air war in Europe progressed, the Army was discovering that what it really needed was a long-range fighter capable of escorting bombers into Germany. Alexander Kartveli was called to the Army's Experimental Aircraft division and told of the new requirements, and that the P-44 would not be ordered in its current configuration. This was a devastating setback for Kartveli and Republic Aircraft because Kartveli knew the XP-44 could not be redesigned to meet these new requirements. On the train back to New York City, he began sketching a new design. This aircraft would become the P-47 Thunderbolt.

P-47 Thunderbolt
The USAAF refused to give Republic any money for the development of the new XP-47B, so Republic paid for the construction of the first mock-up, reusing the cockpit area of the P-43. By the time the prototype was ready for testing, it weighed over 12,550 lb,  over the Army's limit for the new fighter design, and far more than any single-engine fighter ever developed. It also could carry only 298 gallons of fuel, 17 gallons less than the requirement, but the Army was generally pleased with its performance, achieving speeds of  at , and overlooked these issues.

The U.S. entry into the war in December 1941 rapidly increased the need for the XP-47B and work on the plane progressed quickly. In June 1942, the Army took delivery of its first P-47Bs. They soon placed an order that required Republic Aviation to quadruple the size of their factory and build three new runways at the Farmingdale, New York factory. Eventually this proved inadequate, and in November 1942, the Army authorized the construction of a new factory adjacent to the Evansville, Indiana airport.

Throughout the war, the P-47 would undergo constant development. A bubble canopy was added to increase rearward visibility. The final version of the P-47 would be the P-47N, a long-range version with longer wings and fuselage, and an increased fuel capacity. The P-47N was designed to escort B-29s on long missions to Japan for a planned invasion of the Japanese homeland that never came. Production of all versions ended in November 1945. By then, 15,660 P-47s had been built, making it the most produced U.S. fighter of the war. Of those, 1,816 would be the long-range P-47N model. This model would continue to serve with Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard units until the mid-1950s. Republic ranked 24th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts.

RC-3 Seabee
In 1946, Republic temporarily left the field of military contracts to produce the Republic RC-3 Seabee, an unusual all-metal amphibian. The Seabee was the brainchild of Percival "Spence" Spencer, a former Republic P-47 test pilot. He convinced the Republic board of the need for a light sport plane to meet a demand for private aircraft from pilots returning from World War II. The expected sales of 5,000 Seabees a year never materialized, as most returning pilots never flew again, though Republic did manage to sell 1,060 Seabees in two years of production. This was a respectable number at a time when many small aircraft manufacturers were producing only a handful of aircraft before going bankrupt. Much of this was due to the Seabee's remarkably low price of just $3,500 to $6,000.

F-84 family
In 1946, Republic again turned its attention to military contracts, developing a single-engine jet fighter to meet an Army requirement for a fighter with a top speed of . The first YP-84A Thunderjet flew on February 28, 1946, but the aircraft was plagued with so many developmental problems that the first F-84B didn't enter Air Force service until 1949. The straight-wing F-84D would go on to become an important aircraft during the Korean War, flying 86,408 missions. In 1949, a swept-wing version, the F-84F Thunderstreak, was developed but additional development and engine problems resulted in the aircraft not entering service until 1954. A photo-reconnaissance version known as the RF-84F Thunderflash was developed from the F-84F, and 715 were produced. The final straight-wing version, known as the F-84G, was a holdover design for Republic while the J-65 engine for the swept wing F-84F was still being developed. The F-84F would continue in service with Air National Guard units until 1971, when corrosion forced them to be withdrawn from U.S. service. The F-84F and RF-84F were both used by several foreign operators including Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Denmark (one squadron of RF-84F that were phased out in 1971). The F-84F continued to serve in European air forces until the 1980s.

F-105 Thunderchief
In 1951, Alexander Kartveli began to design a replacement for the F-84 Thunderjet. The new aircraft would be a single-engine fighter, but larger than any single-engine fighter ever designed for the Air Force. By the time the mock-up was completed in October 1953, the aircraft had grown so large that a more powerful engine was needed; the Pratt & Whitney J75 was finally selected.  On June 28, 1954, the Air Force placed an order for 15 of the new F-105A Thunderchief. The aircraft weighed , but could carry up to  of bombs and missiles, and could fly at Mach 1 at sea level and Mach 2 at altitude. Although it had only one engine, the F-105 could carry a larger bomb load than a four-engine World War II bomber, and travel a greater distance at much higher speed. The F-105 would become the primary ground attack aircraft of the Vietnam War, flying over 20,000 missions until replaced by the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in November 1970. Of the 833 F-105s produced, 397  were lost during the Vietnam War. Seventeen were shot down by North Vietnamese MiGs, while most of the rest were lost to ground fire. The F-105 was Republic Aviation's last independent design.

A two-seat version, the F-105G, known as "Wild Weasel", was later developed to replace the "Wild Weasel" version of the F-100. The first F-105G flew on January 15, 1966, and deliveries began arriving in Southeast Asia in June 1966. This version continued operating in theater long after the ground attack versions had been withdrawn and was still in service at the end of the war.

The final years
In December 1957, Republic developed a helicopter division, building the French Aérospatiale Alouette II helicopter under license, with marginal sales success.

In an effort to keep the company going, Republic proposed converting a wartime-developed four-engine reconnaissance aircraft (the XF-12 Rainbow) into a transport aircraft.  The aircraft would be very fast for a prop plane, but interest from airlines was not sufficient to continue development of the aircraft and the project was cancelled.

Republic Aviation made one last attempt to survive by returning to military contracts. In 1960, Republic Aviation acquired a minority interest in the Dutch aircraft company Fokker, and attempted to market a Fokker-designed attack plane (Fokker/Republic D-24 Alliance variable sweep wing VTOL) to the Air Force, but the Air Force showed little interest in the foreign design and no contracts were offered.

In the early 1960s, the aerospace company Fairchild, owned by Sherman Fairchild, began purchasing Republic's stock and finally acquired Republic Aviation in July 1965. In September, Republic became the Republic Aviation Division of Fairchild Hiller and ceased to exist as an independent company.

Republic's naming system was carried forward by Fairchild Hiller with the A-10 Thunderbolt II, which first flew in May 1972.

Legacy
In addition to the continued front-line use of the A-10, a number of flying and static restorations have served to sustain public awareness of Republic's role in aviation history.  The American Airpower Museum, which is based on the former Republic factory site in Farmingdale, New York, maintains a collection of Republic artifacts, historic facilities, and an array of aircraft spanning the history of the company.  The museum counts itself among the few worldwide that actually maintain and fly historic aircraft, and it counts an original Republic P-47D fighter among its airworthy fleet.  The museum's static displays include a Republic F-84 first generation jet fighter, an F-84F swept-wing fighter, a rare example of the RF-84F reconnaissance variant, and an F-105 Thunderchief. In 2014, the museum added an A-10 Warthog, completing the collection of Republic fighters.  The museum's volunteer corps includes both former Republic line workers and Air Force veterans with direct Republic Aviation flight experience.

During the fall of 1987, Fairchild Corporation (then Republic's parent company) destroyed Republic's corporate archives.  Joshua Stoff, the curator of the Cradle of Aviation Museum on Long Island, wrote in Air & Space Magazine that, upon being invited to have a last look at the archives, he surreptitiously took one document with him. That lone surviving document was a contract for 225 P-47Bs from Republic for the US Army Air Corps at a cost of $16,275,657.50 (War Department Contract #15850, dated September 13, 1940). It is now housed at the museum.

The Long Island Republic Airport Historical Society, housed in the lobby of the Republic Airport Main Terminal building, maintains several photo exhibits on Republic aviation and Republic aircraft. It also maintains an extensive collection of archival photos, artifacts, corporate documents, and news articles on Republic.

Aircraft

 Republic-Ford JB-2 (1944) pulse-jet pilotless guided missile, an American copy of the German V-1 flying bomb

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

A rare interview with Republic's President, Mr. Sanator

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Defunct helicopter manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Suffolk County, New York
Manufacturing companies established in 1931
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1965
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Indiana
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York (state)
Indiana in World War II
1931 establishments in New York (state)
1965 disestablishments in Indiana
1965 mergers and acquisitions

Republic Aviation


The George Peabody House Museum is a historic house museum at 205 Washington Street in Peabody, Massachusetts.  It is dedicated to the life and deeds of 19th century U.S. entrepreneur, philanthropist, and namesake of the city, George Peabody. The museum shares its location with the Peabody Leather Museum. Within its walls, in 1795, George Peabody was born in what was then called South Danvers.

History
In 1769, John Southwick, Jr., was the owner of a parcel of land where the museum now sits. He gave the vacant  lot to his daughter, Hannah, and her husband, Daniel Purinton, a cordwainer. Mortgage records from 1786 indicate there was a chocolate mill on the property, and, by 1794, records mention "other building" but not specifically "mills."  In April 1795, Daniel Purinton sold the land and buildings to Thomas Peabody. It is possible that the Peabody family had been renting the property for over a year, and that George Peabody was born in the house during the rental period, although this cannot be confirmed.

On May 13, 1811, Thomas Peabody died, leaving his oldest son, David, as executor. There were three mortgages on the land and buildings at the time of Thomas's death. David took out two mortgages on the property in 1812: to Jesse Emerson in January, and to Mary Titcomb of Newburyport later in the year.  On November 22, 1816, George Peabody bought the family homestead from his brother for $109. He paid off the Titcomb mortgage in the summer of 1817, which allowed his mother to remain living in the house.  In 1832, two years after his mother's death, George Peabody sold the property to David Shove for $1,465. After the sale, George Peabody never owned another property in his life; he only rented.

Elijah Upton, a glue manufacturer with a factory complex at the corner of Washington Street and Allen's Lane, owned the land until 1883, when it was sold to Charles B. Farley. By this point the house had been divided into two separate apartments, which Farley rented out to a produce peddler, a carpenter, and a stable hand.

In 1919, the Peabody Historical Society erected a plaque and post honoring the house as the birthplace of George Peabody; the memorial still exists today.  In the same year Charles Farley sold the house to the American Glue Company, which housed its workers there for many years. From the 1960s to the 1980s, Eastman Gelatin employees called it home.

In 1989, the city bought the house from Eastman and turned it into the George Peabody House Museum.

The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

External links
George Peabody House Museum and the Peabody Leather Workers Museum - Essex Heritage National Area

Museums in Essex County, Massachusetts
Peabody
Historic house museums in Massachusetts
Houses in Peabody, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts
History of Peabody, Massachusetts

George Peabody House Museum


The Good Place is an American television show. It is about the afterlife and philosophy.  It was on television for four seasons.

The show is a sitcom, which means it is short (22 minutes, not counting commercials) and meant to be funny.  In most episodes, the characters learn an idea about ethics or the study of telling right from wrong.  For example, in the second season, there was an episode about the trolley problem.

Premise

A woman named Eleanor (Kristen Bell) opens her eyes in a waiting room.  A man named Michael (Ted Danson) tells her that she is dead and in the afterlife.  He says that some people do bad things when they are alive and go to bad place when they die, where they are tortured to punish them. Other people do good things and go to a good place when they die.  He tells her she is in part of "the Good Place," a neighborhood with a few hundred people who all lived good lives.  Eleanor also meets Janet (D'arcy Carden), a cheerful robot-like woman who runs the neighborhood and likes to help people.

However, Michael talks more about Eleanor's life on Earth, and Eleanor realizes someone has made a mistake: she was really supposed to go to the Bad Place instead.  Eleanor realizes that if she keeps acting the way she acted on Earth, she will be caught and sent to the bad afterlife.  Eleanor tricks another dead person, ethics professor Chidi Anagonye (William Jackson Harper), into teaching her ethics so she can pretend to be good and hide in the Good Place.  As Chidi gives Eleanor lessons, she becomes better for real.

Eleanor learns that another bad person is also in the good place by mistake.  A DJ named Jason Mendoza (Manny Jacinto) has been pretending to be a Buddhist monk named Jianyu.  She also meets her neighbor, Tahani (Jameela Jamil).  Tahani is an elegant but mean philanthropist who spent her life on Earth raising money for charities but did not really care about anyone.

At the end of the first season, Eleanor figures out that her neighborhood is really part of the Bad Place.  Michael and most of the people in it are demons.  She, Chidi, Jason, and Tahani have all been tricked into torturing each other.  Over the next three seasons, these characters learn more about ethics and try to save themselves and other people from the Bad Place.

Structure and style

In most sitcoms, things go back to the way they were at the beginning of each episode.  This did not happen much in The Good Place.  David Sims of The Atlantic said the first season was more like a "serialized sci-fi drama" in plot.  But it was told in a light, sitcom style that critics said was funny.

When the show was renewed for a second season, the writers decided that instead of trying to stay on television as long as possible, they wanted to tell one story with a clear ending.  They planned the story for seasons two, three and four but were not sure exactly how long it would take to tell it.

Meaning

The story was inspired by the short story No Exit by Jean-Paul Sartre and also by the HBO series The Leftovers.

UCLA professor Pamela Hieronymi was Schur's advisor while he was making The Good Place.  Much of the philosophy was based on What We Owe to Each Other, by T.M. Scanlon. Hieronymi appears as herself in the last episode of the show.

"It really sort of lit up a room in my brain that had been searching for a way to explain the kind of thing that I wanted to get at," Schur said in an interview with BuzzFeed News. "And that was the idea that we owe certain things to other people, and the job of being alive on earth is to figure out what you owe to them and how you can provide it for them. That's the only way that any that there will ever be any progress."

Like the shows Schur made before The Good Place, there is a focus on how important friendship is.  Schur has said the friendship between Leslie Knope and Ann Perkins on Parks and Recreation inspired some of The Good Place.

Characters

Eleanor Shellstrop - (Kristin Bell) A selfish party girl from Arizona.  According to Schur, the character Eleanor was designed to explore the idea that selfishness is what is wrong with society.  When Eleanor was alive, she decided to be by herself, not make close friends or join groups, so that she wouldn't owe anything to anyone and no one would owe anything to her.  But this made Eleanor lonely and sad.  Over the course of the show, Eleanor learns that this is wrong and becomes a better person.
Chidi Anagonye - (William Jackson Harper) A scared moral philosophy professor from Senegal.  When Chidi was alive, he always thought hard about whether he was doing the right thing, but this made him too afraid to make choices.  Over the course of the show, Chidi teaches Eleanor, Jason, Tahani and Michael about ethics.
Tahani al-Jamil - (Jameela Jamil) A vain philanthropist from England.  When Tahani was alive, she helped many people, usually by running glamorous fundraisers.  But she is sent to the bad place because she did not really care about anyone, only about becoming famous and trying to make her parents proud of her.  When Tahani was a child, her parents were always comparing her to her sister and making them compete.  Over the course of the show, Tahani learns to care about people, makes friends with her sister and forgives her parents.
Jason Mendoza - (Manny Jacinto) A silly DJ from Florida.  When Jason was alive, he almost never thought about what he was doing.  He cared about making money, making music, having fun and his friends.  But he was very kind.
Janet - (D'arcy Carden) Janet is the information system in the Good Place.  She can make objects appear and knows all the knowledge in the universe.  There is one Janet for every Good and Bad Place neighborhood, but they are not all the same.  Good Place Janets are cheerful and helpful and wear colorful office clothes.  Bad Place Janets call people names like "you fat dink," rarely look up from their smart phones and like to make long, noisy farts.  There is also at least one Neutral Janet and one Disco Janet.  Janets become different from each other as they learn new things.  Over the course of the show, the Janet from Michael's neighborhood becomes more complicated and develops feelings and wisdom.  Janets do not experience time the same way humans do.
Michael - (Ted Danson) An afterlife architect from the Bad Place.  He is a demon.  He built the fake Good Place neighborhood, where he planned for Eleanor, Chidi, Jason and Tahani to torture each other.  Over the course of the show, he becomes friends with Janet and the four humans and learns about ethics.
Mindy St. Clair - (Maribeth Monroe) A woman who lives in a Medium Place by herself.  She helps Eleanor and her friends.
The Judge - (Maya Rudolph) A judge.  Judge Gen is supposed to judge all arguments between the Bad Place and Good Place, but mostly she sits in her office and watches TV.  Her full name is "Hydrogen."
Vicky - (Tiya Sircar) Another demon who works in Michael's fake Good Place.  She is always practicing her acting.
Shawn - (Marc Evan Jackson) Michael's boss in the Bad Place.

Reception

The Good Place was nominated for many awards and won a few of them.  The Good Place was nominated for 13 Emmys including Outstanding Comedy Series but did not win any. The Good Place won a Peabody Award in 2019.

In 2019, it was nominated for the Producer's Guide of America's Danny Thomas Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Comedy.  It was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Television Series - Musical or Comedy and Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series - Musical or Comedy for Kristen Bell.  In 2018, Ted Danson was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and Maya Rudolph was nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series.  In 2018, the Critics Choice Awards nominated Kristen Bell for Best Actress in a Comedy Series and Ted Danson for Best Actor in a Comedy Series.  Ted Danson won.  In 2018, The Good Place won the American Film Institute's AFI Television Programs of the Year award.

The Good Place has a 97% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes.  Separately, seasons 1, 2, 3 and 4 scored 92%, 100%, 98% and 100%.

Sophie Gilbert of The Atlantic said The Good Place could also be a way of thinking about television itself.  Judge Gen is like fun-loving fans who binge shows and make fan videos.  Janet is like a long-term fan who can go back and watch any episode at any time.

Philosophical ideas mentioned by name on The Good Place

These are some of the ideas that the characters talk about on the show.

Utilitarianism
Contractualism
Trolley problem
Doctrine of double effect
David Hume's bundle theory of the self
Moral particularism
Moral desert
Consequentialism
Deontology
Virtue ethics
Nihilism
Happiness pump
Nietzsche's eternal recurrence
Karma

Related pages
Parks and Recreation

References

Other websites

2016 American television series debuts
2010s American sitcoms
2010s comedy-drama television series
American comedy-drama television series
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
2020 American television series endings

The Good Place


The Standard Athletic Club is a British social club in Paris, created on 1 March 1890, as the first football clubs in France. The Standard Athletic Club won the first French football championship in 1894, and then again in 1895, 1897, 1898 and 1901. It also represented France for the one and only Cricket match in the 1900 Olympics.

History

The club was founded on 1 March 1890, in the back-room of the "Horse shoe" bar at rue Copernic in the 8th arrondissement.

The club won the first ever Football Championship of France in 1894 and supplied most of the French team that played the only cricket match ever to be held in an Olympiad, at the Paris 1900 Olympic Games. Up to the war, the main sporting activities were football, tennis, field hockey, and cricket. The hockey teams played in the national First Division.

In its early days, the club was simply a loose association of young Britons who wanted to play sport together in the bois de Boulogne, but gradually grew to a size where playing fields were rented in 1906 at the Val d'Or in Suresnes.

In 1922, the historic decision to ensure a permanent home for the Club led to the purchase of the present grounds in Meudon. During World War II, the club was taken over and used as a radar jamming station.

Just prior to the Liberation of Paris in 1944, the entire top storey was blown up. The new clubhouse was inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II in 1957 and 1972.

The swimming pool was opened in 1962; the golf section made its debut in 1979; and the first squash court was built in 1976. A Standard Athletic Club member was the first squash champion of France.

Honours
French USFSA Champions (1894–1919) (5): 1894, 1895, 1897, 1898, 1901
 Founding participant (1 of 32) of Coupe de France in 1917.

References

External links

Multi-sport clubs in France
Cricket at the Summer Olympics
Cricket in France
Association football clubs established in 1890
1890 establishments in France
Sports clubs and teams established in 1890
Football clubs in Paris
Sport in Hauts-de-Seine

Standard Athletic Club


General S. Cyril Ranatunga, VSV (19 February 1930 – 16 June 2021) was a Sri Lanka Army officer. He served as Secretary of Defence, General Officer Commanding, Joint Operations Command and Chief of Staff of the Sri Lanka Army during the 1980s. He was also the Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Australia and High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.

Early life
Born and raised in the village of Bakmeedeniya, Kegalle, in a family of six children, Ranatunga attended St. Sylvester's College, Kandy; where he excelled at many sports, captained hockey and athletic teams. He was the head prefect and won the Gold Medal for the best all round student in 1949.

Military career
He joined the Ceylon Army in 1950 and received his officer training at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, where his company commander was Patrick Anthony Porteous. After completing his training at Sandhurst, he was sent to Malaya for additional training at the British Army Jungle Warfare School. On his return he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Ceylon Light Infantry. Later he was transferred to the 1st Reconnaissance (Recce) Regiment at its formation as the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron in 1955 which grew into the Ceylon Armoured Corps. His squadron was deployed in 1956 to Ampara to subdue the Gal Oya riots and thereafter to Trincomalee to control civil unrest. He underwent training at British Army Armoured Center, Bovington in 1957 as the regimental signals officer of the 1 Recce Regiment. In 1958, he served as a military observer in Lebanon United Nations Observation Group during the Lebanon crisis, rejoining his regiment on his return to Ceylon.

In 1962, he attended the Staff College, Camberley, where he became friends with Major Yakubu Gowon, later General and Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria. On his return he was appointed second-in-command of the 1 Recce Regiment. He was thereafter transferred to Army Headquarters as the general staff officer - operations before returning to the 1st Recce Regiment as its commanding officer.

Insurrection
He was a Lieutenant Colonel and commanding officer of the 1st Recce Regiment when the 1971 Insurrection started and he was appointed the Military Coordinating Officer of the Kegalle District by the Prime Minister, where he effectively subdued the insurgency in the district which had been overrun by insurgents. He was deployed with the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment and a company of the Ceylon Light Infantry. Following the clearing of insurgents from Kegalle, he was appointed Military Coordinating Officer of the Anuradhapura District to lead mop-up operations. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Anuradhapura Army Base as a permanent military complex.

Higher command
He was nominated to attend the Royal College of Defence Studies in 1973. On his return he was appointed Commander, Northern Command in Anuradhapura and thereafter Commander, South East Command at the Diyatalawa Garrison in February 1975 and in March 1976 he was appointed Commandant of the Army Training Centre. In January 1977, he was appointed Military Secretary and in January 1978 he was appointed Commander, Western Command at the Panagoda Cantonment. On 4 February 1978 he was confirmed to the rank of Brigadier. In January 1980, he was appointed Commander, Support Forces in addition to serving as Commander, Western Command. In this capacity he was instrumental in forming the Army Provident Fund. In February 1982, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Sri Lanka Army and Commander Security Forces Headquarters – Jaffna. During his tenure he was based at Gurunagar, containing the expansion of the Tamil militancy. To this end he developed military intelligence in Jaffna. In 1983, he retired from the army.

Airport and Aviation
He was appointed an executive director of the Airport and Aviation Services, Sri Lanka and later appointed Chairman of Airport and Aviation Services. In this capacity he oversaw the expansion of the Katunayake International Airport.

Joint Operations Command
He was recalled from retirement in 5 September 1985 and promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General, to serve as the General Officer Commanding, Joint Operations Command (JOC) which had been formed early that year under the command of General Tissa Weeratunga. During this time JOC undertook planning of combined operations, procurement and expansion of the armed forces. Sri Lanka faced restrictions for weapon imports from the west as the case of the US government approving the sale of Cadillac Gage armored cars without turrets and guns; as well as the British government's refusal to supply spare parts for the Alvis Saladins and Ferret armoured cars. As a result the JOC received support from China and Pakistan. Chinese Type 56 assault rifles replaced self loading rifles as the primary service weapon and Chinese armored vehicles were imported. Israeli Dvora-class fast patrol boat was added to the navy and became its workhorse. His tenure as GOC-JOC saw large scale offensives against the LTTE such as the Vadamarachchi Operation which came close to meeting its objective when it was abandoned due to Indian intervention when military cargo planes escorted by fighter aircraft dropped humanitarian relief supplies in the Jaffna area on June 4 in Operation Poomalai. Indian forces landed in Sri Lanka on July 29 with the signing of the Indo-Sri-Lankan accord.

General Ranatunga was of the opinion that the Indo Lanka Peace Accord was forced down Sri Lanka's throat at a time when the then President, J.R. Jayewardene wanted no such thing. While the ongoing military operation at the time had to be called off due to the Accord, Gen. Ranatunga was confident that, had the operation continued, LTTE Leader Velupillai Prabhakaran would have been captured and the LTTE defeated. In 1 August 1986, he was promoted to full general and was retired from active service in 1988 once again, stepping down as GOC, Joint Operations Command and was promoted to the rank of General. Ranatunga had stated that President Jayewardene had proposed to promote him to the rank of Field marshal.

Later work

Ministry of Defence
Following retirement, General Ranatunga served as Chairman of Airport and Aviation Services. In February 1990, President Ranasinghe Premadasa appointed him as Secretary to the Ministry of Defence. As Defence Secretary, he managed the budgetary allocations and administration of the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces. He stepped down as Defence Secretary in April 1993. He had been appointed the first Chancellor of the General Sir John Kotelawala Defence Academy in 1990 and held the post till 1995.

High Commissioner
In April 1993, he was appointed by President Premadasa as Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Australia, which he took up on 1 May 1993, the day President Premadasa was assassinated at a May Day rally in Colombo. As High Commissioner Ranatunga began a project to relocate the Sri Lanka High Commission in Canberra to a new building having purchased land for it. However, four months into his tenure, Premadasa's successor Wijetunga appointed him as Sri Lankan High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. He took up the appointment in October 1993. He served in London for a year and a half until he was recalled by the newly elected President Kumaratunga.

Leaving public life, he lived the remainder of his days at his ancestral home in Mawanella having become a gentleman farmer. He died on 16 June 2021, and per his family's wishes a private funeral took place at Borella General Cemetery on the following day.

Family
On his way to the British Army Armoured Center in Bovington on board P&O liner Orontes, he met Myrtle Sumanasekera, they were engaged on their arrival in London and married soon after. They have two sons. His elder brother who also joined the army retired as a colonel.

Decorations
General Ranatunga has received the Vishista Seva Vibhushanaya, Ceylon Armed Services Long Service Medal, Republic of Sri Lanka Armed Services Medal and the Vadamarachchi Operation Medal. He has received the United Nations Medal for the United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon.

References

1930 births
2021 deaths
Sri Lankan full generals
Sinhalese military personnel
Sri Lankan diplomats
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies
High Commissioners of Sri Lanka to the United Kingdom
High Commissioners of Sri Lanka to Australia
Alumni of St. Sylvester's College
Sri Lanka Armoured Corps officers
People from Kegalle District
Indian Peace Keeping Force

Cyril Ranatunga


Proti (, before 1928: Καμπάσνιτσα - Kampasnitsa; Bulgarian/Macedonian: Кладошница, Kladošnica or Кабасница, Kabasnica) is a small village in the Florina regional unit of Macedonia, northern Greece, located approximately 5 kilometres northwest from the city of Florina, to which it belongs administratively.

History

The village first appears in two chysobulls of the Serbian Tsar Stefan Dušan preserved in the archives of Treskavec monastery near Prilep. The documents, dated to 1343-44 and 1344–45, mention the village under its Aromanian name Klbasnicu in connection with a transhumant "route of the Vlachs," a toponym (vlaški pat) preserved today for a footpath following the crest of a hill to the west of the village. An Ottoman defter of 1481 records eighty households in the village.

In the book "Ethnographie des Vilayets d'Adrianople, de Monastir et de Salonique", published in Constantinople in 1878, that reflects the statistics of the male population in 1873, Kladochnitza was noted as a village with 40 households and 110    male Bulgarian inhabitants. According to the statistics of Geographers Dimitri Mishev and D. M. Brancoff, the village had a total Christian population of 520 in 1905, all Patriarchist Bulgarians (Grecomans). It also had 1 Greek school.

At one time a flourishing community of 500 people whose primary occupation was wheat farming, Proti today is an agricultural hamlet with 120 residents (2011 census).

There are a number of public buildings in the hamlet. The school, though unused, is in good condition. The church is impeccably maintained. In the rear of the church is the graveyard with many stones that are centuries old.

Proti was ravaged during World War II. Many residents left in the 1950s and 1960s in search of a better life and went to the U.S., Canada, and Australia.

Demographics
Proti had 137 inhabitants in 1981. In fieldwork done by Riki Van Boeschoten in late 1993, Proti was populated by Slavophones. The Macedonian language was spoken in the village by people over 30 in public and private settings. Children understood the language, but mostly did not use it.

Notes

Populated places in Florina (regional unit)
Florina

Proti, Florina


The Babysitter is a 1995 American psychological thriller film directed by Guy Ferland and starring Alicia Silverstone, based on the short story of the same name by Robert Coover in his collection Pricksongs and Descants (1969). The film was released direct-to-video in October 1995.

Plot
Jennifer is a beautiful teenager who is hired to babysit the children of Harry Tucker and his wife, Dolly Tucker, while they attend a party hosted by their friends, Bill Holsten and his wife, Bernice Holsten. Harry often fantasizes about Jennifer, while Dolly misinterprets Bill's compliments as a sign of attraction and fantasizes about him. Meanwhile, Jennifer's ex-boyfriend Jack, with whom she broke up when he started pressuring Jennifer for sex, runs into his estranged troublemaking friend Mark, Bill and Bernice's son, who once had a fling with Jennifer and still harbors feelings for her. Throughout the night, Harry, Jack and Mark have increasingly racy fantasies about Jennifer.

Jack calls Jennifer and asks to visit her at the Tuckers' residence, but she refuses. Mark later steals beer from Bill's party, where they run into Harry, who becomes fixated on the notion Jack might go to his house to have sex with Jennifer. Jack and Mark get increasingly drunk and show up uninvited to see Jennifer, but she refuses to let them in. They then spend the rest of the night stalking around the house and spying on her through the window. Meanwhile, Harry gets drunk and falls asleep in his car, where he has a nightmare of Jennifer and Jack having sex, which drives him to rush home and confront them. In his absence, Dolly makes a pass at Bill, who rejects her, but agrees to keep her secret and offers to drive her home.

At the Tuckers' residence, Jack and Mark force their way in while Jennifer is taking a bath and, after a tense argument, Mark knocks Jack unconscious and attempts to rape Jennifer, who runs out of the house. Mark pursues her and ends up being fatally run over by Harry, who is arrested for drunk driving just as Bill and Dolly arrive and hear about the accident. Before being escorted home, Jennifer confronts Jack, who is being questioned by the police, and asks him, "What were you thinking?" before leaving an ashamed and guilt-stricken Jack behind.

Cast
 Alicia Silverstone as Jennifer
 Jeremy London as Jack
 Nicky Katt as Mark Holsten
 J. T. Walsh as Harry Tucker
 Lee Garlington as Dolly Tucker
 Lois Chiles as Bernice Holsten
 George Segal as Bill Holsten
 Ryan Slater as Jimmy Tucker
 Brittany English Stephens as Bitsy
 Tuesday Knight as Waitress

Reception
The Babysitter received negative reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 17% based on reviews from 6 critics.  Leonard Maltin gave the film two stars.

References

External links

1995 films
1995 direct-to-video films
1995 directorial debut films
1995 independent films
1995 thriller films
1990s erotic thriller films
1990s teen drama films
American erotic thriller films
American independent films
American teen drama films
Fiction about child care occupations
Direct-to-video erotic thriller films
1990s English-language films
Films directed by Guy Ferland
Films scored by Loek Dikker
Spelling Films films
Teen thriller films
1990s American films

The Babysitter (1995 film)


Baselios Marthoma Didymus I born C. T. Thomas (29 October 1921 – 26 May 2014) was the primate of the Malankara Orthodox Church from 2005 to 2010. He was the 7th Catholicos of the East since the Catholicate of the East was established India and the 20th Malankara Metropolitan. He was the 7th Catholicos of East.

Early life
C.T Thomas I was born as the son of Ittyavira Thomas of Chiramel-Mulamootil House in Nedumbram near Thiruvalla and Sosamma of Chiramel House in Mavelikara. At the age of 18, he joined Mount Tabor Dayara (monastery) in Pathanapuram in 1939. As the disciple of Thoma Mar Dionysius, Metropolitan of Niranam, he completed his high school education.  In his speeches, Didymos I used to say that his parents who led lives of prayer and munificence were his first role models.

Education
He passed his Intermediate from C.M.S College, Kottayam in 1945, his  Baccalaureate in Arts degree from National College, Tiruchirapalli in 1951, his Baccalaureate degree in Theology from Maston Training College, Chennai in 1954, and his Magister of Art in English literature from Christ Church College, Kanpur in 1961. His favorite authors were Charles Lamb in English and Vaikom Muhammad Basheer in Malayalam.

Career
As Rev. Fr. C. T. Thomas, he served as headmaster of Ponnayya High School, Thiruchirapalli and St. Stephens School, Pathanapuram. Within a year of taking charge as the headmaster of Ponnayya High School, Rev. Fr. C. T. Thomas was able to quadruple the pass percentage of students, who were chiefly the poor children from marginalized families.

Later, Fr. C. T. Thomas also served as Professor and Head of the Department of English at St. Stephen's College, Pathanapuram, as well as the vice-principal of the College and as President of the Orthodox Youth Movement.

Priesthood
C. T. Thomas started his service to the Church as a monk when he was a teenager. He was called to the monastic life by the late Metropolitan Mar Dionysius of Niranam. He completed his training for priesthood under the guidance of Thoma Mar Dionysius and Baselios Augen, Catholicos of the East. Geevarghese II Catholicos ordained him to the order of quroyo (reader deacon) on 11 March 1942 at Karapuzha Mar Gregorios Chapel. He was ordained a full deacon on 22 May 1947 at Thiruvalla Bethany Aramana Chapel and priest on 25 January 1950 at Pathanapuram Mount Tabor Dayara.

Presbyterate
On 16 May 1965, Catholicos of the East Moran Mar Baselios Augen I tonsured him Ramban (monk) at Mount Tabor Dayara. The Malankara Syrian Christian Association which convened at Kottayam M. D. Seminary on 28 December 1965 and elected him to the office of Metropolitan along with four others priests, following the ancient tradition of, selecting bishops from the monastic ranks.  Didymos I was consecrated as metropolitan bishop on 24 August 1966 at Kolencherry St. Peter's & St. Paul's Church and served as the metropolitan of the Malabar diocese from 1968.

On 24 August 1966 at Kolencherry, the Catholicos Baselios Augen I ordained him as Metropolitan  and given the name Thomas Mar Timotheos, along with Dr. Philipose Mar Theophilos and Yuhanon Mar Severios. Following the order of the Catholicos, Mar Thimotheos became the assistant metropolitan of Malabar diocese on 11 November 1966. Pathrose Mar Osthathios, the metropolitan of Malabar, died on 2 February 1968. Mar Thimotheos succeeded him as the metropolitan of Malabar diocese.

Bishoporic

Election
Mar Thimotheos became the Metropolitan of Malabar diocese in 1968. He continued to be the General Superior of Mount Tabor Dayara and Convent in Pathanapuram until 2014. On 10 September 1992 the Malankara Association was convened at Parumala Seminary and elected him as successor-designate to the Malankara metropolitan and Catholicos of the East. Due to old age, the current Catholicos, Baselios Marthoma Mathews II, decided to abdicate the throne in 2005.

On 29 October 2005, Mar Thimotheos assumed the office of Malankara Metropolitan, and was installed as the Catholicos of the East and given the name Moran Mar Baselios Marthoma Didymos I on 31 October 2005 by his predecessor Mathews II. Didymos I was the first Catholicos of the East to be enthroned by his predecessor.

Enthronement
The enthronement took place at Parumala Seminary on 31 October 2005 at the age of 84. In addition to convening five sessions of Malankara Association (including one meeting that comprised two individual sessions), Didymos I ordained 14 Metropolitan Bishops (7 each on two occasions - at Puthuppally St. George Church on 19 February 2009 and at Kottayam Mar Elia Cathedral on 12 May 2010). During the reign of Didymos I, the strength of the Episcopal Synod became 33, the highest till date.

Consecration of Myron
Didymos I had, as a priest, attended the consecration of holy Myron (anointing oil) officiated by Baselios Geevarghese II in 1951. Later, as a Metropolitan, Didymos I was a co-celebrant in the consecration of holy Myron on four occasions (in 1967, officiated by Baselios Augen I; in 1977 and 1988, officiated by Baselios Marthoma Mathews I; and in 1999, officiated by Baselios Marthoma Mathews II). As the Catholicos of the East, Didymos I himself officiated in the consecration of holy Myron at Devalokam Catholicate Palace on 5 April 2009.

Following the Church's tradition of honoring eminent prelates of the past, Didymos I bestowed the title "Sabha-Thejas" (meaning 'great luminary of the Church') on Malankara Metropolitan Mar Dionysius V. The ancient churches declared as pilgrimage centers by Didymos I include St Mary's Orthodox Church, Kallooppara and St. George Orthodox Church, Cheppad. He visited Church members abroad.

Administrative reforms
Didymos I was the first Catholicos to preside over an official church secretariat, which administers to the affairs of the church.
He also introduced progressive reforms in the administration of parishes, including the right for ladies of the congregations to participate in the parish assemblies (called palli-pothu-yogam). Some of the larger dioceses were divided creating new dioceses, in order to ensure more effective pastoral care and administration.

Fraternal visits
After his enthronement, Didymos I visited the Holy Land and met the Coptic Pope Shenouda III and exchanged fraternal greetings. During the incumbency of Didymos I, the prominent prelates who visited Malankara Orthodox Church include Supreme Catholicos of Armenia Karekin II, Ethiopian Patriarch Abune Paulos and Armenian Catholicos of Cilicia Aram I.

Retirement and death
Didymos I abdicated the throne on 31 October 2010, at the age of 89. The following day he personally enthroned his successor Baselios Marthoma Paulose II as the Catholicos of the East. Didymos I spent the rest of his life at the Catholicate Palace. On 21 February 2014 he was given the Holy Anointing Service by Paulose II. Didymos died on 26 May 2014 and was buried on 28 May 2014 at Mount Tabor Dayara, Pathanapuram, the monastery which he called his home.

Succession

Books
Didymos I wrote three books in Malayalam with the titles ജീവിതം സംസാരിക്കുന്നു (Life Speaks), ഒരു മഹര്ഷി സംസാരിക്കുന്നു (A Sage Speaks) and ശുശ്രൂഷാ നടപടിച്ചട്ടങ്ങള് (Rules and Regulations of Service).

References

Catholicoi of the East and Malankara Metropolitans
1921 births
2014 deaths
20th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops
21st-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops
People from Thiruvalla
National College, Tiruchirappalli alumni

Baselios Marthoma Didymos I


Northeast Greenland National Park is a national park in Greenland, Denmark. It is the largest national park in the world, with an area of . This makes the park larger than most countries. It would place 31st if it were a country, just behind Egypt. It is the only national park in Greenland, and the most northerly national park in the world. Its most northerly point reaches slightly further than the most northerly point in Quttinirpaaq National Park in Canada.

History

The park was first created on 22 May 1974.  It came from the northern, practically uninhabited part of the former Ittoqqortoormiit Municipality in Tunu (East Greenland). In 1988 the park was expanded by another  to its present size.  This was by adding the northeastern part of the former county of Avannaa (North Greenland). In January 1977 it was made an international biosphere reserve.

Fauna

An estimated 5,000 to 15,000 musk oxen, as well as many polar bears and walrus, can be found near the coastal regions of the park. This is claimed to be 40% of the world population of musk ox. Other mammals include arctic fox, stoat, collared lemming and arctic hare. Other marine mammals include ringed seal, bearded seal, harp seal and hooded seal as well as narwhal and Beluga whale.

Species of birds which breed in the park include great northern diver, barnacle goose, pink-footed goose, common eider, king eider, gyrfalcon, snowy owl, sanderling, ptarmigan and raven.

References

National parks in North America
Biosphere reserves
Geography of Greenland

Northeast Greenland National Park


Line Renaud (born 2 July 1928) is a French singer, actress and AIDS activist.

Early life
Line Renaud was born Jacqueline Ente in Pont-de-Nieppe on 2 July 1928. Her mother Simone was a shorthand typist; her father was a truck driver during the week, but he played the trumpet on weekends, in a local brass band. Line showed the first signs of her talent in primary school, when at the age of seven she won an amateur competition.

During the Second World War, Jacqueline's father was mobilised, spending five years away from the family. During this time, Jacqueline was brought up by her mother, grandmother and great-grandmother. Her grandmother had a café in Armentières, where she used to sing for passing soldiers.

Early career and meeting Loulou Gasté
She auditioned at Conservatoire de Lille, singing songs written by Loulou Gasté "Sainte-Madeleine" and "Mon âme au diable". Louis Gasté was at that time a well-known French composer. At the end of the audition, she was approached by the director of Radio Lille who was looking for a singer. She took the pseudonym of Jacqueline Ray and joined the station singing a repertoire based on the songs by Loulou Gasté. In 1945, she moved to Paris and got her first gig in Folies Belleville, where she was introduced to Gasté. She was 16, and Gasté was 37. He became her mentor, changing her image and her name.

Music career

Line Renaud made her national debut on Radio Luxembourg, singing on a Sunday morning program. After signing a contract with Pathe Marconi, she recorded "Ma Cabane au Canada", written by Loulou Gasté, which won le Grand Prix du Disque. She also sang with Yves Montand in the Théâtre de l'Etoile. She toured Europe and Africa extensively, came back to Paris to star at the ABC, and recorded numerous adaptations of American songs such as "Ma petite folie", "Étoile des neiges" and "Le Chien dans la vitrine".

In 1954, while performing at Moulin Rouge, she met Bob Hope and subsequently appeared in five episodes of The Bob Hope Show in the US. During this trip, she also sang in the Waldorf Astoria (New York) and the Cocoanut Grove (Los Angeles), appeared on Johnny Carson, Dinah Shore and Ed Sullivan shows and recorded with Dean Martin the songs "Relax-Ay-Voo" and "Two Sleepy People".

In 1959, she started a four-year run of Plaisir de Paris for Henri Varna and then went on to perform in a Las Vegas show at Dunes from 1963 to 1965. In 1966 she returned to Paris and the Casino de Paris starring in a new show, Desir de Paris. In 1968, she returned to Las Vegas for a number of performances. In France, in 1973 she created an American show which she toured for two years around the country. She then helped Casino de Paris, threatened by closing, by putting on a show called 'Paris – Line' with Loulou Gasté, which ran for four years.

In the 1980s, she starred in a TV show Telle est Line for Antenne 2 and recorded songs in English and French. At Casino de Paris, she put on a one-off show which retraced her forty-year career. Also, in 1981, she served as an unofficial on-air "guide" for Merv Griffin when he taped "The Merv Griffin Show" in Paris, and in 1982 she was a guest on Perry Como's Christmas special in Paris. In 1989, she toured around Japan as part of a festival which marked the bicentennial of the French Revolution.

In March 2019, Renaud was hospitalized due to a fall in her garden.

Selected filmography
 1951 – Ils sont dans les vignes (Robert Vernay)
 1952 – Paris Still Sings (Pierre Montazel; music by Loulou Gasté)
 1953 – La route du bonheur (Maurice Labro)
 1953 – Double or Quits (Robert Vernay)
 1953 – Boum sur Paris (Maurice de Canonge)
 1955 – Madelon (she won Prix du Prestige de la France)
 1957 – Mademoiselle and Her Gang (Jean Boyer; music written by Loulou Gasté)
 1959 – The Indestructible and Mademoiselle et son flirt (Jean Boyer)
1987- Silver Spoons Jacqueline
 1988 – Marriage of Figaro (Roger Coggio)
 1990 – Ripoux contre Ripoux (Claude Zidi)
 1994 – J'ai pas sommeil (Claire Denis)
 1995 – Sixieme classique (Bernard Stora)
 1995 – Ma femme me quitte (Didier Kaminka)
 1998 – Louise et les marchés (Marc Rivière)
 1999 – Belle maman (Gabriel Aghion)
 2001 – Chaos (Coline Serreau)
 2003 – 18 ans après (Coline Serreau)
 2003 - Suzie Berton (Bernard Stora)
 2004 – Le Miroir de l'eau (Edwin Baily)
 2004 – Menteur ! Menteuse ! (Henry Helman)
 2005 – Le Courage d'aimer (Claude Lelouch)
 2005 – Les Sœurs Robin
 2005 – Les Rois maudits (Josée Dayan)
 2006 – La Maison du Bonheur (Dany Boon)
 2008 – Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis (Dany Boon)
 2008 – Le Silence de l'Epervier (Dominique Ladoge)
 2010 – Isabelle disparue (Bernard Stora)
 2011 – La croisière (Pascale Pouzadoux)
 2015 – Call My Agent! (Antoine Garceau)
 2019 – Huguette (Antoine Garceau)
 2022 – Driving Madeleine (Une belle course)

Theatre
 1981 – Folle Amanda (Pierre Barillet and Jean-Pierre Gredy)
 1986 – The Incomparable Loulou (Charles Nelson-Reilly) English version of Folle Amanda, played in the US
 1991 – Pleins Feux (Didier Kaminka after Mary Orr)
 1995 – La visite de la vieille dame (Friedrich Dürrenmatt)
 2002 – Poste restante (Noël Coward)
 2007 – Fugueuses (Pierre Palmade, Christophe Duthuron)
 2012 – Harold et Maude (by Colin Higgins, French version Jean-Claude Carrière) as Maude, opposite Thomas Solivéres as Harold at the Théâtre Antoine-Simone Berriau

Personal life
In 1950, she married Loulou Gasté and stayed with him until his death in 1995. In 2000, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, Walk of Stars was dedicated to her.

AIDS activism
In 1985, she created l'Association des Artistes Contre le Sida and organised televised art events which enabled her to raise funds for helping AIDS scientific research in France.

In 2009, as vice-president of Sidaction, she condemned the statements of Pope Benedict XVI, who claimed condoms promoted behavior which causes AIDS.

References

External links

 Line Renaud  on Twitter

1928 births
Living people
French film actresses
French women singers
HIV/AIDS activists
Musicians from Nord (French department)
French stage actresses
French television actresses
20th-century French actresses
21st-century French actresses
Grand Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

Line Renaud


Selino is a historical region and a former province of Crete. It is located in the remote southwestern corner of the island, in the Chania regional unit. It is a rugged and remote area in the foothills of the Lefka Ori (White Mountains) and also includes Gavdos, an island to the south of Crete considered the southernmost point in Europe. Selino's historical capital is Kandanos, but its largest village is Palaiochora. Sougia is a small but growing resort. The region's name derives from the Venetian castle at Palaiochora, 'Kastello Selino'.

The territory of the province corresponded with that of the current municipalities Kantanos-Selino and Gavdos. It was abolished in 2006.

Islands
 Gavdopoula (populated)
 Gavdos (populated)

References

Chania (regional unit)
Provinces of Greece

Selino


Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water from deep water towards the ocean surface. It replaces the warmer and usually nutrient-depleted surface water. The nutrient-rich upwelled water stimulates the growth and reproduction of primary producers such as phytoplankton. The biomass of phytoplankton and the presence of cool water in those regions allow upwelling zones to be identified by cool sea surface temperatures (SST) and high concentrations of chlorophyll a.

The increased availability of nutrients in upwelling regions results in high levels of primary production and thus fishery production.  Approximately 25% of the total global marine fish catches come from five upwellings, which occupy only 5% of the total ocean area. Upwellings that are driven by coastal currents or diverging open ocean have the greatest impact on nutrient-enriched waters and global fishery yields.

Mechanisms
The three main drivers that work together to cause upwelling are wind, Coriolis effect, and Ekman transport. They operate differently for different types of upwelling, but the general effects are the same.  In the overall process of upwelling, winds blow across the sea surface at a particular direction, which causes a wind-water interaction.  As a result of the wind, the water has transported a net of 90 degrees from the direction of the wind due to Coriolis forces and Ekman transport.  Ekman transport causes the surface layer of water to move at about a 45 degree angle from the direction of the wind, and the friction between that layer and the layer beneath it causes the successive layers to move in the same direction.  This results in a spiral of water moving down the water column.  Then, it is the Coriolis forces that dictate which way the water will move; in the Northern hemisphere, the water is transported to the right of the direction of the wind.  In the Southern Hemisphere, the water is transported to the left of the wind.  If this net movement of water is divergent, then upwelling of deep water occurs to replace the water that was lost.

Types
The major upwellings in the ocean are associated with the divergence of currents that bring deeper, colder, nutrient rich waters to the surface.  There are at least five types of upwelling: coastal upwelling, large-scale wind-driven upwelling in the ocean interior, upwelling associated with eddies, topographically-associated upwelling, and broad-diffusive upwelling in the ocean interior.

Coastal
Coastal upwelling is the best known type of upwelling, and the most closely related to human activities as it supports some of the most productive fisheries in the world. Coastal upwelling will occur if the wind direction is parallel to the coastline and generates wind-driven currents. The wind-driven currents are diverted to the right of the winds in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect.  The result is a net movement of surface water at right angles to the direction of the wind, known as the Ekman transport (See also Ekman Spiral).  When Ekman transport is occurring away from the coast, surface waters moving away are replaced by deeper, colder, and denser water.  Normally, this upwelling process occurs at a rate of about 5–10 meters per day, but the rate and proximity of upwelling to the coast can be changed due to the strength and distance of the wind.

Deep waters are rich in nutrients, including nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid, themselves the result of decomposition of sinking organic matter (dead/detrital plankton) from surface waters. When brought to the surface, these nutrients are utilized by phytoplankton, along with dissolved CO2 (carbon dioxide) and light energy from the sun, to produce organic compounds, through the process of photosynthesis.  Upwelling regions therefore result in very high levels of primary production (the amount of carbon fixed by phytoplankton) in comparison to other areas of the ocean. They account for about 50% of global marine productivity.  High primary production propagates up the food chain because phytoplankton are at the base of the oceanic food chain.

The food chain follows the course of:

 Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Predatory zooplankton → Filter feeders → Predatory fish → Marine birds, marine mammals

Coastal upwelling exists year-round in some regions, known as major coastal upwelling systems, and only in certain months of the year in other regions, known as seasonal coastal upwelling systems. Many of these upwelling systems are associated with relatively high carbon productivity and hence are classified as Large Marine Ecosystems.

Worldwide, there are five major coastal currents associated with upwelling areas: the Canary Current (off Northwest Africa), the Benguela Current (off southern Africa), the California Current (off California and Oregon), the Humboldt Current (off Peru and Chile), and the Somali Current (off Somalia and Oman).  All of these currents support major fisheries.  The four major eastern boundary currents in which coastal upwelling primarily occurs are the Canary Current, Benguela Current, California Current, and Humboldt Current.  The Benguela Current is the eastern boundary of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre and can be divided into a northern and southern sub-system with upwelling occurring in both areas.  The subsystems are divided by an area of permanent upwelling off of Luderitz, which is the strongest upwelling zone in the world.  The California Current System (CCS) is an eastern boundary current of the North Pacific that is also characterized by a north and south split.  The split in this system occurs at Point Conception, California due to weak upwelling in the South and strong upwelling in the north.  The Canary Current is an eastern boundary current of the North Atlantic Gyre and is also separated due to the presence of the Canary Islands.  Finally, the Humboldt Current or the Peru Current flows west along the coast of South America from Peru to Chile and extends up to 1,000 kilometers offshore.  These four eastern boundary currents comprise the majority of coastal upwelling zones in the oceans.

Equatorial

Upwelling at the equator is associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which actually moves, and consequently, is often located just north or south of the equator. Easterly (westward) trade winds blow from the Northeast and Southeast and converge along the equator blowing West to form the ITCZ.  Although there are no Coriolis forces present along the equator, upwelling still occurs just north and south of the equator. This results in a divergence, with denser, nutrient-rich water being upwelled from below, and results in the remarkable fact that the equatorial region in the Pacific can be detected from space as a broad line of high phytoplankton concentration.

Southern Ocean

Large-scale upwelling is also found in the Southern Ocean. Here, strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards. This is actually a type of coastal upwelling.  Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between South America and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, some of this water is drawn up from great depths. In many numerical models and observational syntheses, the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface. In some regions of Antarctica, wind-driven upwelling near the coast pulls relatively warm Circumpolar deep water onto the continental shelf, where it can enhance ice shelf melt and influence ice sheet stability. Shallower, wind-driven upwelling is also found in off the west coasts of North and South America, northwest and southwest Africa, and southwest and south Australia, all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations (see coastal upwelling above).

Some models of the ocean circulation suggest that broad-scale upwelling occurs in the tropics, as pressure driven flows converge water toward the low latitudes where it is diffusively warmed from above. The required diffusion coefficients, however, appear to be larger than are observed in the real ocean. Nonetheless, some diffusive upwelling does probably occur.

Other sources
 Local and intermittent upwellings may occur when offshore islands, ridges, or seamounts cause a deflection of deep currents, providing a nutrient rich area in otherwise low productivity ocean areas.  Examples include upwellings around the Galapagos Islands and the Seychelles Islands, which have major pelagic fisheries.
 Upwelling could occur anywhere as long as there is an adequate shear in the horizontal wind field. For example when a tropical cyclone transits an area, usually when moving at speeds of less than 5 mph (8 km/h). The cyclonic winds cause a divergence in the surface water in the Ekman layer, that turn requires upwelling of deeper water to maintain continuity.
 Artificial upwelling is produced by devices that use ocean wave energy or ocean thermal energy conversion to pump water to the surface. Ocean wind turbines are also known to produce upwellings.  Ocean wave devices have been shown to produce plankton blooms.

Variations

Upwelling intensity depends on wind strength and seasonal variability, as well as the vertical structure of the water, variations in the bottom bathymetry, and instabilities in the currents.

In some areas, upwelling is a seasonal event leading to periodic bursts of productivity similar to spring blooms in coastal waters.  Wind-induced upwelling is generated by temperature differences between the warm, light air above the land and the cooler denser air over the sea.  In temperate latitudes, the temperature contrast is greatly seasonably variable, creating periods of strong upwelling in the spring and summer, to weak or no upwelling in the winter.  For example, off the coast of Oregon, there are four or five strong upwelling events separated by periods of little to no upwelling during the six-month season of upwelling.  In contrast, tropical latitudes have a more constant temperature contrast, creating constant upwelling throughout the year.  The Peruvian upwelling, for instance, occurs throughout most of the year, resulting in one of the world's largest marine fisheries for sardines and anchovies.

In anomalous years when the trade winds weaken or reverse, the water that is upwelled is much warmer and low in nutrients, resulting in a sharp reduction in the biomass and  phytoplankton productivity.  This event is known as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event.  The Peruvian upwelling system is particularly vulnerable to ENSO events, and can cause extreme interannual variability in productivity.

Changes in bathymetry can affect the strength of an upwelling.  For example, a submarine ridge that extends out from the coast will produce more favorable upwelling conditions than neighboring regions.  Upwelling typically begins at such ridges and remains strongest at the ridge even after developing in other locations.

High productivity

The most productive and fertile ocean areas, upwelling regions are important sources of marine productivity. They attract hundreds of species throughout the trophic levels; these systems' diversity has been a focal point for marine research. While studying the trophic levels and patterns typical of upwelling regions, researchers have discovered that upwelling systems exhibit a wasp-waist richness pattern.  In this type of pattern, the high and low trophic levels are well-represented by high species diversity.  However, the intermediate trophic level is only represented by one or two species.  This trophic layer, which consists of small, pelagic fish usually makes up about only three to four percent of the species diversity of all fish species present.  The lower trophic layers are very well-represented with about 500 species of copepods, 2500 species of gastropods, and 2500 species of crustaceans on average.  At the apex and near-apex trophic levels, there are usually about 100 species of marine mammals and about 50 species of marine birds.  The vital intermediate trophic species however are small pelagic fish that usually feed on phytoplankton.  In most upwelling systems, these species are either anchovies or sardines, and usually only one is present, although two or three species may be present occasionally.  These fish are an important food source for predators, such as large pelagic fish, marine mammals, and marine birds.  Although they are not at the base of the trophic pyramid, they are the vital species that connect the entire marine ecosystem and keep the productivity of upwelling zones so high

Threats to upwelling ecosystems

A major threat to both this crucial intermediate trophic level and the entire upwelling trophic ecosystem is the problem of commercial fishing.  Since upwelling regions are the most productive and species rich areas in the world, they attract a high number of commercial fishers and fisheries.  On one hand, this is another benefit of the upwelling process as it serves as a viable source of food and income for so many people and nations besides marine animals.  However, just as in any ecosystem, the consequences of over-fishing from a population could be detrimental to that population and the ecosystem as a whole.  In upwelling ecosystems, every species present plays a vital role in the functioning of that ecosystem.  If one species is significantly depleted, that will have an effect throughout the rest of the trophic levels.  For example, if a popular prey species is targeted by fisheries, fishermen may collect hundreds of thousands of individuals of this species just by casting their nets into the upwelling waters.  As these fish are depleted, the food source for those who preyed on these fish is depleted.  Therefore, the predators of the targeted fish will begin to die off, and there will not be as many of them to feed the predators above them.  This system continues throughout the entire food chain, resulting in a possible collapse of the ecosystem.  It is possible that the ecosystem may be restored over time, but not all species can recover from events such as these.  Even if the species can adapt, there may be a delay in the reconstruction of this upwelling community.

The possibility of such an ecosystem collapse is the very danger of fisheries in upwelling regions.  Fisheries may target a variety of different species, and therefore they are a direct threat to many species in the ecosystem, however they pose the highest threat to the intermediate pelagic fish.  Since these fish form the crux of the entire trophic process of upwelling ecosystems, they are highly represented throughout the ecosystem (even if there is only one species present).  Unfortunately, these fish tend to be the most popular targets of fisheries as about 64 percent of their entire catch consists of pelagic fish.  Among those, the six main species that usually form the intermediate trophic layer represent over half of the catch.

Besides directly causing the collapse of the ecosystem due to their absence, this can create problems in the ecosystem through a variety of other methods as well.  The animals higher in the trophic levels may not completely starve to death and die off, but the decreased food supply could still hurt the populations.  If animals do not get enough food, it will decrease their reproductive viability meaning that they will not breed as often or as successfully as usual.  This can lead to a decreasing population, especially in species that do not breed often under normal circumstances or become reproductively mature late in life.  Another problem is that the decrease in the population of a species due to fisheries can lead to a decrease in genetic diversity, resulting in a decrease in biodiversity of a species.  If the species diversity is decreased significantly, this could cause problems for the species in an environment that is so variable and quick-changing; they may not be able to adapt, which could result in a collapse of the population or ecosystem.

Another threat to the productivity and ecosystems of upwelling regions is El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system, or more specifically El Niño events.  During the normal period and La Niña events, the easterly trade winds are still strong, which continues to drive the process of upwelling.  However, during El Niño events, trade winds are weaker, causing decreased upwelling in the equatorial regions as the divergence of water north and south of the equator is not as strong or as prevalent.  The coastal upwelling zones diminish as well since they are wind driven systems, and the wind is no longer a very strong driving force in these areas.  As a result, global upwelling drastically decreases, causing a decrease in productivity as the waters are no longer receiving nutrient-rich water.  Without these nutrients, the rest of the trophic pyramid cannot be sustained, and the rich upwelling ecosystem will collapse.

Effect on climate
Coastal upwelling has a major influence over the affected region's local climate. This effect is magnified if the ocean current is already cool. As the cold, nutrient-rich water moves upwards and the sea surface temperature gets cooler, the air immediately above it also cools down and is likely to condensate, forming sea fog and stratus clouds. This also inhibits the formation of higher altitude clouds, showers and thunderstorms and results in rainfall over the ocean leaving the land dry. In year-round upwelling systems (like that of the western coasts of Southern Africa and South America), temperatures are generally cooler and precipitation scarce. Seasonal upwelling systems are often paired with seasonal downwelling systems (like that of the western coasts of the United States and Iberian Peninsula), resulting in cooler, drier than average summers and milder, wetter than average winters. Permanent upwelling locations typically have semi-arid/desert climates while seasonal upwelling locations usually have Mediterranean/semi-arid climates, oceanic in some cases. Some worldwide cities affected by strong upwelling regimes include: San Francisco, Antofagasta, Sines, Essaouira, Walvis Bay, among others.

References

External links
 Wind Driven Surface Currents: Upwelling and Downwelling
 Coastal Upwelling
 On the influence of large wind farms on the upper ocean circulation. Göran Broström, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway

Aquatic ecology
Oceanography
Fisheries science

Upwelling


The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (2005) is a book about artificial intelligence by Ray Kurzweil. He describes his law of accelerating returns. This predicts an exponential increase in the power of such technologies as computers, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, robotics and artificial intelligence.

The author thinks this means machine intelligence will become more advanced than biological intelligence. Cyborg intelligence ends up being dominant. The book also predicts that when the "technological singularity" comes, humans may merge with machines and become androids or cyborgs.

It is not the first time this idea has been suggested. It has a long history in science fiction, and has been presented in several films, such as 2001.

Reviews of the book were mixed.

2005 books
Artificial intelligence
Books by Ray Kurzweil

The Singularity Is Near


The House of Castro is an Iberian noble lineage present since before the romans wrote the bible. In the beginning mainly in the kingdoms of Castile, Galicia, and Portugal. Though its exact origins are disputed, the House of Castro became one of the most powerful families of the Spanish and Portuguese nobility.

History
The first clearly identified member of the family was early-12th century count Fernando García de Hita, a kinsman and vassal of Urraca of León and Castile. This kinship, along with his patronymic, have led to him being considered illegitimate son of Urraca's uncle García II of Galicia. More recently, it has been suggested that he was the son of count García Ordóñez by the infanta Urraca Garcés of Navarre, and perhaps scion of the Banu Gómez clan.

During the reign of Alfonso VIII, the Castro family, under Gutierrez Fernandez, rivaled another major Castilian family, the House of Lara, for power in the kingdom of Castile.

The lack of heirs in the senior line resulted in the rise of a cadet branch seated in Galicia. This branch became the most powerful of the Galician nobility, and one of the most powerful in Spain. Traditionally linked to the county of Lemos, the most illustrious representatives were the "Great Count of Lemos" and his uncle, Cardinal Rodrigo de Castro Osorio. Another scion, Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro is still well remembered in Peru.

The House of Castro became one of the most powerful families of the Spanish and Portuguese nobility. The House of Castro went into decline because of their lack of offspring, with the county of Lemos passing to the House of Alba. The coat of the Galician branch of the House of Castro were six blue roundels on a silver field. The Portuguese branch used a variant that included thirteen roundels on gold.

Notes

References
 Libro becerro de las behetrías. Estudio y texto crítico por Gonzalo Martínez Díez, León: Centro de Estudios e Investigación San Isidoro, 1981. 3 volúmenes. Colección Fuentes y Estudios de Historia Leonesa, nº 24–26. . Signatura de la Biblioteca del CIDA: nº 1998. Estudio y Texto crítico
 Martinez García, Mónica Pedro Fernández de Castro, O Gran Conde de Lemos, Santiago de Compostela, 2005..
Salazar Acha, Jaime de. "El linaje castellano de Castro en el siglo XII: consideraciones e hipótesis sobre su origin." Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía, 1:33–68 (1991).
 Vázquez, Germán Historia de Monforte y su Tierra de Lemos, .

Portuguese noble families
Spanish noble families

House of Castro


WKST (1200 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in New Castle, Pennsylvania, serving Lawrence County. It has a classic hits format and is owned by Seven Mountains Media of State College, Pennsylvania, through licensee Southern Belle Media Family, LLC, which also owns 34 other radio stations in Pennsylvania including WUZZ (AM) in New Castle and WYLE (FM) in Grove City.

WKST is powered by day at 5,000 watts, using a non-directional antenna. But because AM 1200 is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A WOAI San Antonio, WKST must reduce its power at night to 1,000 watts and use a directional antenna. The transmitter is off Gilmore Road near Interstate 376 in North Beaver Township.

Programming
The station currently has one local weekday talk show, the morning drive time program hosted by veteran broadcaster Ken Hlebovy. Local news coverage is provided by Wade Sutton. The rest of the weekday schedule is made up of nationally syndicated shows, including Glenn Beck, Dave Ramsey, Sean Hannity, Mark Levin, Jim Bohannon, "Coast to Coast AM with George Noory" and "America in the Morning with John Trout."

Weekends feature shows on money, health, gardening, home repair and technology, as well as Saturday and Sunday morning polka music programs with Val Palowski. Weekend syndicated talk hosts include "The Tech Guy with Leo Laporte," "The Weekend with Joe Pags," "At Home with Gary Sullivan," "In The Garden with Ron Wilson" and "Somewhere in Time with Art Bell" as well as repeats of weekday shows. World and national news is provided by Fox News Radio.

WKST carries New Castle High School basketball and football broadcasts as well as Cleveland Browns football.

History
WKST signed on the air on , but prior to November 5, 1999, it was at 1280 kHz. The original owner was Sam Townsend who operated the station until retiring to Florida in 1963. The call sign of the station was named after his wife and children (Wanda - Kim - Sam - Townsend).  In the 1940s it was a Mutual Broadcasting System network affiliate. It carried Mutual's dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas, game shows, children's shows and big band broadcasts, during the "Golden Age of Radio."

In 1942, Alan Freed landed his first broadcasting job at WKST, before moving on to nearby WKBN Youngstown, Ohio, followed by WAKR Akron, and then WJW Cleveland — the station where Freed is credited with popularizing the term "rock and roll" to describe the music genre. By the 1970s, WKST was owned by Faye and Herb Scott, formerly based in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, and held in the name of Great Scott Broadcasting. Great Scott purchased FM station WFEM in Ellwood City, and it became WKST-FM on January 1, 1988. In the late 1990s, after the death of the Scotts, Great Scott decided to concentrate on its radio holdings in Delaware. It sold WKST and WKST-FM to Jacor Communications for $2.5 million in December 1998.

Prior to November 5, 1999, the 1200 kHz frequency was occupied by WBZY. WBZY began broadcasting in 1968. In December 1986, WBZY was sold by Lawrence County Broadcasting Corp. to a partnership called WBZY Radio Sam (the "Sam" representing the surname initials of partners Samuel M. Shirey, William G. Andrews and Robert L. McCracken). Andrews sold his share to the other two partners in 1991. WBZY was then sold to Jacor in April 1999 for $800,000.  Jacor was purchased by Clear Channel Communications shortly thereafter. (Clear Channel later changed its name to iHeartMedia, Inc.)

Clear Channel, which also owned WKST, switched the call signs and formats in November 1999. The call sign of WKST-FM was changed to WJST on October 10, 2000, and the WKST-FM call sign was moved to Pittsburgh where it could be used with Clear Channel's KISS-FM brand. In April 2004, Clear Channel announced the sale of WKST along with WBZY and WJST (FM) to Forever Broadcasting for $2.85 million. On September 20, 2004, the WJST call sign was moved to 1280 AM, and WJST-FM became WKPL (FM).

It was announced on October 12, 2022 that Forever Media was selling 34 stations, including WKST, to State College-based Seven Mountains Media for $17.375 million. The deal closed on January 1, 2023.

On October 16, 2023 WKST changed their format from talk to a simulcast of classic hits-formatted WHMJ 99.3 FM Franklin, branded as "WUZZ Radio".

Previous logo

References

External links

KST
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1938
KST (AM)
1938 establishments in Pennsylvania

WKST (AM)


Kherai Puja is the most important religious festival of the Bodo people. They perform this puja on some specific occasions.

Description
The Kherai Puja is of four kinds.

Darshan Kherai
The Darshan Kherai (दोर्सोन खेराइ) is performed during the first week of the month of 'Kati' or 'Kartik'. It celebrates the goddess of wealth and welfare, so it is also called as the 'Lwkhi Kherai'.

Umrao Kherai
The Umrao Kherai (उमराव खेराइ) is held during the month of 'Ashara' at the end of the 'Amthi Sua' (the unclean period) for the welfare of the villagers as well as of the crops. This Kherai is also known as the 'Ashu Kherai'.

Phalo Kherai
The Phalo Kherai (फालो खेराइ) is also known as the "Danshrang Kherai" as it is performed during the full moon at the month.

Nowani Kherai
The Nowani Kherai (न'नि खेराइ) is performed by the family when it deems necessary. The Bodo people who believe in the traditional practice rely on the Kherai Puja and the Garja Puja for their welfare at all times.

References
 Kherai Puja celebrated at Molandubi| Assam Times (20 Feb 2016)
 Bathow Festivals of Assam  Assam state  (26 Aug 2011)
 Bathow Puja in Assam| Art & Culture| Nelive (21 March 2016)

Religious festivals
Religion in India
Assam

Kherai Puja


William Carter Phillips (born October 1988 in Richmond, Virginia) is a professional poker player from Charlotte, North Carolina who won the 2010 World Series of Poker $1,500 No Limit Hold'em Six Handed event earning $482,774 and is the winner of the European Poker Tour Season 6 Barcelona Main Event earning €850,000 ($1,216,023). Carter is ranked #24184 on the Global Poker Index (info from July 8, 2014).

As of 2012, his total live tournament winnings exceed $2,600,000.

World Series of Poker bracelets

References

External links
 Cardplayer results

1988 births
Living people
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
American poker players
European Poker Tour winners

Carter Phillips


Charles Lane (1800–1870) was an English-American transcendentalist, abolitionist, and early voluntaryist. Along with Amos Bronson Alcott, he was one of the main founders of Fruitlands and a vegan.

Early life

Lane was born in Hackney, then east of London, and edited a financial publication, The London Merchant Current. He was a disciple of James Pierrepont Greaves, a member of Alcott House at Ham Common in Surrey, and a contributor to The Dial.

Fruitlands

Lane was an admirer of Bronson Alcott, for whom Alcott House had been named. The two met in 1842, when Alcott had traveled to England to enlist support and people for his experiment in communal living. Lane offered his support and returned to the United States with Alcott on October 21, 1842. The next May, Lane purchased the  Wyman Farm in Harvard, Massachusetts, for $1800 (~$ in ). They had moved to the farm on June 1 and optimistically gave it the name "Fruitlands", despite there being only ten old apple trees on the property. A month later, Alcott announced the community in The Dial: "We have made an arrangement with the proprietor of an estate of about a hundred acres, which liberates this tract from human ownership".

In principle, the Fruitlands reformers did not believe in purchasing property; Lane said the following on the subject: "We do not recognize the purchase of land; but its redemption from the debasing state of proprium, or property, to divine uses, we clearly understand; where those whom the world esteems owners are found yielding their individual rights to the Supreme Owner." The commune attracted 14 residents, including the Alcott and Lane families.

"The consociate family", as Fruitlands residents referred to themselves, wished to achieve complete freedom by separating entirely from the world economy. To accomplish this, they refrained from trade, allowed no personal property, and did not use hired labor. They intended to grow all their own food; they also eliminated animal products from their diets entirely. Referring to their vegan diet, Lane wrote, "Neither coffee, tea, molasses, nor rice tempts us beyond the bounds of indigenous production... No animal substances neither flesh, butter, cheese, eggs, nor milk pollute our tables, nor corrupt our bodies." Diet was usually fruit and water; many vegetables—including carrots, beets, and potatoes—were forbidden because they showed a lower nature by growing downward. Lane and Alcott also asked participants to wear only linen clothes and canvas shoes; cotton fabric was forbidden because it exploited slave labor and wool was banned because it came from sheep. As they believed that animals should not be exploited, Fruitlands would not use animals though, eventually, they allowed an ox and a cow.

The land that Lane purchased for Fruitlands proved to be not sufficiently arable. Fruitlands ultimately failed the winter after it opened, largely due to food shortages and accompanying unrest in the inhabitants. Lane blamed the community's failure on Alcott, who he believed misled him with his optimism. Alcott and Lane also disagreed on definitions of the consociate family. Lane believed in the renunciation of marriage in exchange for a universal or communal family.

Shakers

In January 1844, Lane left Fruitlands with his son to join a local community of Shakers. Lane admired the Shaker commitment to celibacy and it was one of the points that drew him there. Lane continued his work and joined the Shaker community; but could not settle there. He attempted another communal venture at Red Bank, New Jersey. He was only there for a short time.  In 1846 he returned to England, remarried, and fathered five children.

Voluntaryist leanings
Charles Lane was probably the most consistent voluntaryist of the abolitionist era. He was friendly with Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Thoreau. Between January and June 1843 a series of nine letters he penned were published in such abolitionist's papers as The Liberator and The Herald of Freedom. The title under which they were published was "A Voluntary Political Government," and in them Lane described the state in terms of institutionalized violence and referred to its "club law, its mere brigand right of a strong arm, [supported] by guns and bayonets." He saw the coercive state on par with "forced" Christianity. "Everyone can see that the church is wrong when it comes to men with the [B]ible in one hand, and the sword in the other." "Is it not equally diabolical for the state to do so?" Lane believed that governmental rule was only tolerated by public opinion because the fact was not yet recognized that all the true purposes of the state could be carried out on the voluntary principle, just as churches could be sustained voluntarily. Reliance on the voluntary principle could only come about through "kind, orderly, and moral means" that were consistent with the totally voluntary society he was advocating. "Let us have a voluntary State as well as a voluntary Church, and we may possibly then have some claim to the appellation of free men."

Selected publications

A Classification of Sciences and Arts, Or, A Map of Human Knowledge, 1826
A Dictionary, English and Burmese, 1841
A Voluntary Political Government, 1843
Life in the Woods, 1844
Brook Farm, 1844

See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers

References

1800 births
1870 deaths
19th-century American essayists
19th-century American philosophers
American abolitionists
American tax resisters
Civil disobedience
English emigrants to the United States
Founders of utopian communities
People from Harvard, Massachusetts
Philosophers from Massachusetts
American veganism activists
Voluntaryists

Charles Lane (transcendentalist)


Isle of Destiny (aka Trouble Over the Pacific)  is a 1940 American  comedy adventure film set in the South Seas. The film was directed by Elmer Clifton and originally produced by Franklyn Warner for Grand National Pictures in 1939. Isle of Destiny was the only feature film filmed in the Cosmocolor process with prints by Cinecolor. Isle of Destiny stars William Gargan, Wallace Ford, June Lang and Gilbert Roland.

Plot
The glamorous heiress and daredevil pilot Virginia Allerton (June Lang) is test-flying her seaplane "The Lady Bird" after some modifications made by her mechanic Max Raft (Ted Osborne), also on the aircraft. They experience problems mid-air when they are caught in a tropical storm, and all the ships in the South Sea area are alerted to their distress.

Virginia's brother, Lt. George Allerton (Grant Richards), is stationed with the U.S. Marine Corps on the nearby island of Palo Pango when he hears his sister's distress calls. Virginia and Max head to the island to take refuge from the storm.

Upon their arrival, Virginia and Max are welcomed by two U.S. Marines: "Stripes" Thornton (William Gargan) and "Milly" Barnes (Wallace Ford). Also present is Oliver Barton (Gilbert Roland), who runs the trading post but is also in the business of smuggling guns. He invites Virginia to stay at his house for the night, and also challenges her to a flying race to Guam, betting $5,000 that he will win. Both Marines are soon smitten by Virginia, and she becomes attracted to Stripes.

Virginia is unaware that Barton is planning to use her as cover for his shipment of guns about to take place on the steamer Albotros, commanded by Captain N. Lawson (Harry Woods). To help him, Barton has an assistant, "Doc" Spriggs (Etienne Girardot), an old eccentric gentleman who believes in reincarnation.

The race begins and Barton tries to outrun Virginia by taking a perilous shortcut over an island. Barton plays a trick on Virginia by faking his aircraft crashing into the jungle. Virginia lands on the water to rescue him but damages her aircraft in the process. It turns out Barton lives nearby and Virginia and Max are invited to be the guests of him and his Caribbean wife Inda (Katherine DeMille).

Inda believes that Barton is smitten and becomes jealous of Virginia. Max finds evidence in Barton's aircraft of his gun smuggling operation, and a fight between the men ensues. Inda kills Max with a poisoned dart she fires from a blowgun. Barton flees the island and goes back to Palo Pango. He lies to Stripes, telling him he has no idea where Virginia is, but Stripes finds a poisoned dart stuck into the hull of the aircraft and becomes suspicious. He deploys Milly and they follow Barton.

Stripes hides aboard Barton's aircraft and manages to tell the others where they land. He finds Virginia in Barton's jungle home, but Inda alerts Barton and Stripes and Virginia are quickly surrounded. Still, Stripes manages to hold Barton captive. The group escape boarding Barton's aircraft but it will not start. Barton runs off in the midst of a shoot-out, Milly arrives, armed with his hand grenades, and joins in to help Stripes.

Barton captures Virginia and brings her with him in his escape, but Inda spots the two of them, and furious with jealousy, gives the order to have him shot. A ship of Marines arrive on the scene and save the day, helping them back to Palo Pango.

Virginia and Stripes marry and fly off to Honolulu together on a honeymoon, leaving Milly, now promoted to sergeant, behind.

Cast

 William Gargan as Pvt. "Stripes" Thornton
 Wallace Ford as Pvt. "Milly" Barnes
 June Lang as Virginia Allerton
 Gilbert Roland as Oliver Barton
 Etienne Girardot as Cincinnatus "Doc" Spriggs
 Katherine DeMille as Inda Barton
 Grant Richards as Lt. George Allerton
 Tom Dugan as Sgt. Reikker
 Harry Woods as Capt. Lawson
 Ted Osborne as Max Raff
 The Sportsmen Quartet as Singing Marines
 Bill Days as Bill - member, Sportsmen Quartet
 Thurl Ravenscroft as Thurl, member, Sportsmen Quartet
 John Rarig as John, member, Sportsmen Quartet
 Max Smith as Max - member, Sportsmen Quartet
 Ray Walker - Cpl. Jones aka Jonesy, Radio Man

Soundtrack
The Sportsman Quartet perform "Moonlight Magic" (composed by Irving Bibo and Eddie Cherkose) in the Isle of Destiny. Music was under the direction of Constantin Bakaleinikoff as Music Director and David Chudnow, Music Supervisor.

Production
The working title for the film was Trouble over the Pacific with principal photography beginning in 1939 on Santa Catalina Island, California. Produced by Franklyn Warner originally for Grand National Pictures, however, by the time of the film's production, in late 1939, Grand National had gone bankrupt, subsequently, RKO bought the distribution rights to the film.

Karen Morley was originally cast in the role of Virginia, but due to illness, was forced to leave the film and was replaced by June Lang. There was a two-week shooting period on location in Catalina, California from May 24 to late-September 1939.  At the time of its production, Isle of Destiny had the biggest budget of any Fine Arts picture to date and marked the introduction of Cosmocolor to feature films.

Aviation film historian Christian Santoir compared the scenario depicted in Isle of Destiny to that of the real-life tragedy of Amelia Earhart being lost in the South Pacific. He also described the aviation elements as relying on a Sikorsky S-39-CS Special c/n 914, NC-52V  and a Stearman C3R aircraft for the "air race".

Reception
B.R. Crisler in his review of Isle of Destiny for The New York Times, noted, "The authors of the Rialto's current excursion in melodrama, "Isle of Destiny," certainly deserve to be commended for their resourcefulness, if for nothing else, because they have succeeded in cramming into one feature-length picture practically all of the tricks known to the adventure story. In fact, the writers seem to have been so impressed by the plethora of material that they didn't pay much attention to continuity. As a result the film becomes somewhat entangled at times in its own plot manipulations."

Film historians Richard Jewell and Vernon Harbin in The RKO Story (1982) considered Isle of Destiny,  "laughable exoticism"  with "... wretched screenplay ... frenzied direction and inept performances by the lead actors..."

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Jewell, Richard B. and Vernon Harbin. The RKO Story. New York: Arlington House, 1982. .

External links

1940 films
American aviation films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by Elmer Clifton
Grand National Films films
Cinecolor films
Films set in Oceania
Films about the United States Marine Corps
American adventure comedy-drama films
1940s adventure comedy-drama films
1940s American films

Isle of Destiny