is a Japanese game show that aired between 1986 and 1990 on the Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS). It features the Japanese comedian Takeshi Kitano (also known as Beat Takeshi) as a count who owns a castle and sets up difficult physical challenges for players (or a volunteer army) to get to him.

The show became a cult television hit around the world. It was highly influential on global popular culture, inspiring a genre of game shows involving physical challenges and painful entertainment, as well as other media. A special live "revival" was broadcast on 2 April 2005, for TBS's 50th anniversary celebrations. It was revived again in April 2023 for eight episodes which aired on Prime Video.

Original Takeshi's Castle

The original show involved between 86 and 142 contestants whom General Tani (Hayato Tani) "forced" into a series of physical challenges, in some ways similar to those in It's a Knockout, eliminating many of the contestants. At the end of each episode, the surviving contestants who survived all challenges up to that point will face off directly against Takeshi and his army in one final assault for the castle itself, hoping to defeat them and claim it for Tani.

The series featured extensive landscaping of a fixed campus at TBS-owned Midoriyama (Green Mountain) Studios in Yokohama, Kanagawa that included large man-made lakes and extensive permanent obstacles. The final regular episode aired on 14 April 1989, followed by 4 one-off specials up until 19 October 1990. A special revival took place just outside the TBS Building for the network's Spring All-Star Thanksgiving Festival on 2 April 2005, and featured Lake of the Dragon God and Gibraltar Strait. In 2004 a website called Takeshi Mania published an injury list. The publisher admitted that he had fabricated the list in an effort to "make a little fun". In truth, there were few to no major injuries reported on the show.

Challenges

A wide range of challenges were used throughout the history of Takeshi's Castle, some occurring only once or twice, or others in virtually every show, depending on their popularity and ease of preparation. Many challenges involve falling into water or mud upon failure. Following is a list of challenges:

 Border Wall - A tall two-faced soaped slope that contestants have to climb. In order to help them, several ropes are attached at the top, and grabbing one of them would guarantees success. Once a contestant has made it over the wall, they have to slide down the other side and into a small trench of water.
Wall to Freedom Becomes Far - Ten gates with eight doors each are facing the contestants. One or two doors are made of paper, the rest are either blocked by wooden plates or consist of paper but have a net behind. Once the contestants have made it through the tenth wall, they have to sift through a large vat of flour in order to find a colored tennis ball, which will signify victory.
You Can't Continue on an Empty Stomach - Several buns encased in plastic bags are hanging from a rope. In order to succeed, contestants have to grab onto a bun with their mouth, whilst their arms are affixed to their sides by either an inflatable rubber ring or a large potato sack.
Boundary Roulette - First, contestants must choose a disk with different indication, numbers ranging from 0 to 36, "Black", "Red", "Odd" or "Even", before they have to sit down on the corresponding spot on the roulette table. Then, a giant roulette wheel is spun, and the outcome of the spin determines which contestants will be eliminated.
First Fortress - Contestants must climb an extremely narrow and steep staircase holding water pistols, all the while making sure that the paper ring attached to their helmets does not get destroyed or soaked by the Takeshi Gundan who also have water pistols and targets of their own.
Devil's Domain - A maze composed of either four-sided or six-sided rooms is laid out in a 4x3 rectangle (5x4 when playing with three guards). Contestants have to navigate the maze while avoiding the guards and reach the goal. Some doors lead to a pool of water that contestants can fall in which also constitutes a loss.
Dragon God's Pond - Contestants have to cross a lake via twenty-five (give or take) stones, some of which are affixed to the lakes floor by only a chain, which sink when stepped on. In early versions, a variation of Wall to Freedom is on the other side of the lake. Contestants must choose one of four doors, two of which are made of paper, two of which are solid. Breaking through a paper door results in win.
Heaven and Hell - Contestants have to grab a rope, and swing across a muddy pit with the goal of landing on a platform. A later version renamed New Heaven and Hell required contestants to get some momentum by running down a pathway and then swing in a semi-circle, hoping to land on a platform.
Beach Boys and Gals - Contestants have to ride a surfboard and then traverse several obstacles. Originally, contestants had to jump over several styrofoam obstacles (designed to look like an axolotl) and duck under other obstacles (designed to look like a shark's mouth). This challenge was later scrapped and brought back as Spinning Beach Boys and Gals, which was played several feet over the water with the surfboard attached to a rotating arm. The goal was to stay on the surfboard and reach the finish platform, which was made to look like a tropical island.
Slip Way: Contestants need to push themselves onto the board then move along a rolling track and need to reach the arrow at the end. If they push too hard, they will fall of the track into the water. If their push is too soft and they thus undershoot the arrow, a guard will push them off the track.
Bridge the Gap: The contestant must cross two planks rotating counterclockwise, with one side of the field being covered by matresses that will push the contestant off. Thus, the contestant needs to get to the center of the plank before moving on.
Sling Swing Fling: Contestant, attached to a harness above a mud pit, are pulled along a wire in the air as they need to lower themselves to grab a ball then throw it in the pot at the mud pit's end.
Sumo Pon - Five sumo wrestlers are shown to the contestants, who then have to draw a ball from a box, the ball's color determining which wrestler they will be up against. They then have to defeat their opponent in a sumo wrestling match in order to win.
It's an Earthquake Grandpa! - Wearing grey wigs and clothing traditionally worn by Japanese elders, contestants have to kneel on a pile of foam blocks and keep their positions while the chamber they are in simulates a small earthquake.
Runaway Train of Death - Contestants sit on a mat and are pushed down a sloped track into the water. Their aim is to jump onto a lillypad at the sides: a large wobbly one on the left and a smaller but more stable one on the right.
Thud Calligraphy - First, contestants must fire a crossbow onto a small wheel, determining what Japanese character they need to draw. Then, they must grab an oversized brush and have 30 seconds to draw the character on the designated area of a wet slope.
Adventure Zone - Contestants have to overcome an obstacle course akin to a video game, while a robot on top of the background structure moves along. Reaching the end of the course ends in a win unless the aforementioned robot has reached the finish first. Should this happen, the contestant is then disqualified and usually thrown into water by a guard.
The Longest Yard - Contestants must carry a football across the playing field while defenders wearing large foam football player costumes try to prevent them from doing so. Getting pinned on the ground by the defenders means a loss.
Daruma-San has Fallen Down - Based on a well known Japanese children's game and while wearing oversized daruma costumes, contestants must climb up a hill. At the top the hill is a guard, facing away from the contestants, chanting "だるまさんがころんだ"!After he has finished he turns around. If he sees anyone moving, they are disqualified. If they fall down the hill, they are also disqualified. Making it to the top of the hill signifies victory.
Flat Chest - Wearing a white bodysuit with Velcro on the front, contestants must swing themselves over a lake then stick onto a Velcro wall in front of them.
Roller Game - Contestants must cross a large pond by running over seven rolling pins placed at uneven heights. These pins can rotate on an axis making it difficult for contestants to keep them stationary.
You Can't Save the Ball - First, contestants must knock a ball into a giant pachinko machine, then grab a bowl, run down a staircase and wait on a narrow ledge for the ball to come down so that they can jump in a pit of mud and catch it in their bowl.
Study the Cards Game - Wearing oversized hand costumes, five contestants compete against five of Takeshi's Gundan. At the start of each round, Michiru Jo recites a mathematical problem or a question with a numerical answer, and once he has finished, contestants must find the correct answer then fall onto it.
You Too are Masaru Uno-Kid - Wearing oversized baseball player costumes, contestants must catch a baseball that either Pop or Corn bats in the air. This game is played multiple times with the same group.
Aquatic Volleyball - Taking place on a mat floating on water, contestants must play a game of volleyball and score three points first. There are three possible opponents: Takeshi's guards, a female volleyball team or women in swimwear.
 Straits of Gilbratar - Taking place on an unstable and wobbly bridge, contestants must first catch and hold onto  a black ball shot to them by Captain Kimura, then make their way across the bridge, all while Takeshi's Gundan fire cannonballs at them,if they can catch a golden ball and across the bridge, they get 1,000 yen.
Gah! I Don't Know! - Contestants sit on a circular disc on a rolling track. They are pushed down and shown several signs forming a mathematical problem. Once at the end of the track, they need to solve and say the result of the problem out loud. Answering incorrectly or failing to give an answer will make the end of the track collapse, causing the contestant to fall into a tub of flour, or in later versions, mud.
Star Bowling - Contestants must pick one of ten playing cards (numbered 1 through 10) to determine their position. Contestants are then placed into oversized bowling pin costumes with their ankles taped together. A large foam bowling ball is then rolled at them. If a contestant remains standing, they win. If they fall over, they lose.
Tug Of War - Contestants choose one of five colored ropes, the ends of which are obstructed by a large wall. Contestants then engage in a game with whoever or whatever is holding the opposite end of the rope they chose.
Ball Run - Contestants must climb up a steep slope while Takeshi's guards roll down differently sized boulders at them. They can use several gaps in the walls to avoid them, but once they have used a gap, it closes.
Stab and Be Stabbed - In a challenge modeled after the popular children's game Pop-up Pirate, contestants sit on a giant barrel and must then choose one of six slots, with Michiru Jo sliding a sword inside. Choosing one of the two trapped slots will cause the barrel's top to tip over, which in turn makes the contestant slide down a slope into a pond. The goal is to pick three slots correctly (four in its first ever playing).
Ladder Lottery of Difficult Times - Contestants must choose one of five doors, then follow the path until they come across a junction, akin to a ladder lottery. Once they reach the end of the path, they must climb up a set of stairs and slide down the slide. If they have chosen the correct slide, they will slide into safety. An incorrect choice will drop them in the mud.
Combinations of Love - Played in pairs, contestants must choose either even or odd. Then, wearing oversized dice costumes, they are rolled down a slope one at a time, and the sum of the two dice rolls must correspond with whichever option the couple chose at the beginning.
You Jumped, Congratulations! - Contestants start on a high up platform and need to pole vault over a pond in order to land on a small platform.
Dash Over the Mud, Youth - Simulating a baseball game, the pitcher throws a ball that the batter purposely misses. Once the catcher has caught the ball, contestants must run from first to second base and traverse a large strand of mud before being tagged out.
Rush Out, Youth! - Contestants wait behind saloon doors in front of a pit of mud. On the General's whistle, Michiru Jo shoots a soccer ball in the air, and the contestants must traverse the mud pit to catch the ball.
Man Eating Holes - The penultimate challenge for most of the series run. The contestants must jump into one of five large holes in the ground, two of which are being guarded by either Makoto Dainenji or Katsuo Tokashiki and the last three leading to Takeshi's castle. Usually, Dainenji and Tokashiki are dressed in costumes and perform a skit prior to the game's start.

Yabusame
Each episode ended with a "Cart Battle" in which the remaining contestants faced off against BANANAMAN,Lord Ueda,Lord Neomi,Lord Watanabe and count Takeshi. In early episodes, the contestants would storm the castle set itself in a short-range water gun assault. Later episodes introduced carts with paper rings, and eventually lasers and light-sensitive targets. If the contestant's gun penetrated the paper ring or hit the sensor on Takeshi's cart, defended by weapons such as a large water gun and a laser-armed plane, Takeshi's cart was deactivated, the castle was "taken" and the game won. During the water-gun version, if Takeshi was defeated, all surviving players split the prize between them. During the laser-gun version, the player who stopped Takeshi won 1 million yen (which, at the time, was roughly equivalent to US$8,000 or £5,000 sterling SG$33.33).

Music
Takeshi's Castle challenges used a wide variety of well-known songs from movies, television shows, video games, anime, and other sources.

Characters

Count "Beat" Takeshi (ビートたけし; Kitano, born 18 January 1947) — The lord of his castle and eventual target of the competition. He also made commentary on the contestants.
Takeshi Doll — During a prolonged period when Takeshi was forbidden to appear on television (his punishment for an act of violence against reporters and photographers from a scandal magazine), one of the Emerald Guards filled in by wearing his robe and a giant papier-mâché Takeshi head, similar to ones worn by sports team mascots.
Saburo Ishikura (石倉三郎, born 16 December 1946) — First advisor of the Takeshi's castle. He discussed the competition with Takeshi and provided comedy skits as well.
Sonomanma Higashi (real name Hideo Higashikokubaru, born 16 September 1957) — Originally leader of the Emerald Guards. He replaced Ishikura as the advisor of the Takeshi's castle in the middle of the series run.
Takeshi's Gundan (Defense Troops) (たけし軍団) — The Count's guards, seen in the Final Showdown and other challenges, who wore white or green and are more popularly known as "The Emerald Guards". When Higashi became Takeshi's new advisor, Omori Utaemon took over as the leader. Other members included Matsuo Bannai, Tsumami Edamame, Yurei Yanagi, Rakkyo Ide, Great Gidayu, Dankan, Third Nagasima, "Rusher" Itamae, Taka Gadarukanaru, Hakase Suidobashi, Sintaru Mizushima and "Loyal" Tadajij Kikuchi. Rakkyo Ide was the bald man in the "Monster Special" who wore a shark outfit and suffered some serious bleeding when he fell in during Skipping Stones. These troops were also usually seen in the background behind Takeshi and his advisor during the show.
General Tani (Hayato Tani) (谷隼人, born 9 September 1946) — Known in the UK and Indian versions as General Lee. Led the contestants through the challenges set by Count Takeshi. His real-life wife, Kikko Matsuoka (born 11 February 1947), appeared in an episode resulting in a comedic conflict between the couple.
Tani's Assistant – On international specials (involving non-Japanese players), General Tani was assisted by a so-far-unnamed woman who served as his translator. Chuck Wilson also acted as his assistant in two international specials.
Junji Inagawa (also known as Jyunji Inagawa) (稲川淳二, born 9 September 1946), Akira Sakamoto (born 31 July 1949) and Shingo Yanagisawa (柳沢慎吾, born 6 March 1962) — Three of the Battlefield Reporters, however there were many more. They usually wore safari outfits.
Kibaji Tankobo (丹古母鬼馬二, born 4 January 1950) and Shozo "Strong" Kobayashi (ストロング金剛, 25 December 1940 — 31 December 2021) — Two physically imposing guards most famous for featuring in the "Honeycomb Maze" challenge. Kibaji usually wore a long red wig, while Strong was bald, and they painted their faces to further intimidate contestants. In addition to frightening and chasing the contestants in the "Honeycomb Maze", Tankobo and Kobayashi also smeared black, sticky paint all over the contestants that they caught in the maze. Tankobo and Kobayashi were considered to be two of Takeshi's finest henchmen.
Brad Lesley,  "Animal" (亜仁丸レスリー, 11 September 1958 – 27 April 2013) — American baseball player. His main job was to humiliate and frighten the contestants in any possible way, usually dressed as a samurai complete with a sword. Animal has also been seen in a green sumo suit, spider costume, Fred Flintstone–style outfit, a baseball uniform and a Las Vegas–era Elvis Presley jumpsuit costume.
Michiru Jo (城みちる, born 18 November 1957) — One of the few guards to have been involved from the very first episode and until the show finished, he normally wore a distinctive pink outfit. Jo was a Japanese pop singer in the 1970s.
Yoroi/Ritter Chuu — He was a sixteen-foot tall samurai who tried to keep players from reaching the goals in several games. Known in the UK as the Boxing Monster because of the size of his hands.
Makoto Dainenji (大念寺誠) and Katsuo Tokashiki (渡嘉敷勝男, born 27 July 1960) — Makoto, a karate master, and Katsuo, a boxing champion in Japan, were the "Final Fall" guards, usually wearing outrageous costumes. Katsuo also served as the referee in the "Sumo Rings" game.
Masanori Okada (岡田正典, born 19 October 1953) — Usually seen in the game "Slip Way", he would jump out of the water to push the contestants into the drink if they failed to reach the target. Okada also played in the "Honeycomb Maze" and other games as well. Also known as the "Sea Goblin" in Japan and was a boxer in the 1970s.
Umanosuke Ueda, (上田馬之助, 20 June 1940 – 21 December 2011) — This aggressive guard, a former wrestler in real life, appeared in "Honeycomb Maze", "Square Maze", "Sumo Rings", "Grid Iron" and "Bridge Ball".
Youshichi Shimada (島田洋七, born 10 February 1950) — A guard who was usually seen in the games "Blueberry Hill" in overalls akin to those worn by Dennis the Menace, and in "Wipe Out" dressed as a female Native American nicknamed "Pocahontas" who would push contestants into the water if they missed the surfboard.
Shoji Kinoshita and Shoichi Kinoshita — Better known as "Popcorn" (ポップコーン, born 1 January 1959), these identical twin actors, well-known in Japan, were commonly seen wearing rainbow ponchos and bowler hats. They also wore baseball uniforms and other humorous costumes, appearing in the game "Rice Bowl Down Hill" where they would try and put the contestants off by singing a very annoying chant "unda unda unda" as well as "Bridge Ball" and other games. Due to their attire, they were also known as the Rainbow Warriors.
Shinoburyo (忍竜) — Sumo wrestler in Japan who appeared in the game "Sumo Rings". Known as Porker in the UK edition.
Large Fuji (born 26 August 1958 – 14 October 2012) — Replaced Shinoburyo in the later episodes as the purple sumo fighter in "Sumo Rings".
Konishiki Doll — Only seen in "Sumo Rings" and once in "Tug of War". The Konishiki Doll was one of the Defence Troops dressed in a large costume which is meant to resemble Konishiki Yasokichi, one of the largest sumo wrestlers to ever live. Known as "Spud" in the British version.
Noboru "Shin" Suganuma (すがぬま伸, born 5 July 1952) — Loyal member of Takeshi's Gundan, who wore red and who was a pathetic sumo wrestler in "Sumo Rings".
Ritsuko Nakayama (中山 律子, born 12 October 1942) — Also known as Refreshing Ritsuko-Ritsuko, she is a professional bowler in Japan who appeared in the "Star Bowling" game.
Yutaka Enatsu — A real-life Japanese baseball player, he made a guest appearance as the pie thrower in "Die or Pie" in a single episode.
"Ordinary" Oki Bondo (大木凡人, born 1 July 1949) — The emcee of the karaoke bar in the "Karaoke" game.
Koji Sekiyama (関山耕司 born 22 May 1929) — Karaoke bar owner who decided whether contestants' singing was good enough to progress through to the next round. Later replaced by Nobuo Yana.
Nobuo Yana (born 13 August 1935) — Replaced Koji Sekiyama as the karaoke bar owner later in the series and decided whether a contestant had sung well enough to progress through to the next round.
Takayuki Yokomizo (born 2 August 1963) — Bouncer in the karaoke bar who violently withdrew contestants from the building if Sekiyama (later Yana) decided that their singing was not good enough.
Geisha Girls or Bunny Girls — Led by Miyuki Ono, they helped contestants in several games and also helped Takeshi and his advisor in comedy skits. Other known girls included Harumi Tomikawa, Mika, Mina Morishima, Sawada, and Mitsumi Yokota. Sometimes, when Junji and Shingo were off the show for other commitments, one of them served in the Battlefield Reporter's role.
Shizuo Miyauchi (宮内鎮雄, born 24 January 1945) — Commentator for the original series in Japan. Retired from TBS in 2005 after working as a commentator for several decades.
Ultraman – Appeared in the show on several occasions. The first was to help the young contestants through a number of the challenges in the "Kids Only" special. The second was as a replacement for General Tani (for unknown reasons). The third occasion was in the "Monster Special", along with other members of the "Ultra Brothers". (Due to a licensing dispute, the "Monster Special" episode of the American version MXC was heavily edited upon its release on DVD, with all Ultraman characters removed.)

Character counterparts

International versions

Arab countries
In Arab countries the show was called Al Hisn (). It originally aired in the mid to late 1980s where it became a cult hit. The show was syndicated to multiple TV stations across different countries, which was a common practice at the time for localized foreign programs. Various public stations re-run the show on non-specific occasions. Other than the voice-over commentary and the opening/closing themes, the episodes were largely retained as originally aired in Japan. The commentary was provided by Lebanese television personality Riad Sharara (), then later by Jamal Rayyan (), who is currently a well-known news broadcaster in Al Jazeera's Arabic TV news channel. The Arabic version was produced and distributed by Amman-based company Middle East Art Production and Distribution ().

In 2017 the Saudi Arabian Sports Authority Signed a contract with TBS to build a Saudi-inspired Takeshi's castle in Riyadh, the first episode of which aired on 25 September 2019 on MBC 1.

Australia
An edit of the show was produced by The Comedy Channel. It had hosts in the local studio and was redubbed. This has since been cancelled and/or finished. The show was hosted by two housemates from series two of Australian Big Brother Shannon Cleary and Nathan Morris. It also featured a crossdressing Geisha girl named Beryl. Some episodes featured a special guest third host, including Greg Fleet. Highlights appeared in Australia on the television program World's Weirdest TV. The American version MXC currently airs on Fox8 (an Australian cable network). The Australian writer and critic Clive James was once a celebrity contestant on the original show.

Brazil
Starting on March 26, 1989, a version was aired by Rede Globo, called Olimpíadas do Faustão (Portuguese for "Faustão's Olympics"), as an insert in Fausto Silva's Sunday-afternoon variety show Domingão do Faustão. In 1994, rival SBT copied that version, and a legal action by Globo and SBT stopped the broadcasting. On June 1, 2008, SBT Keshi remake reappeared on TV, now licensed, remaking Faustão's known games (as Bridge Ball and The Run Way), not-seen in Globo games (as Skittles and Ride the Wave), and original games (cross a balance beam after spin, or cross a small bridge using a crank-kart). The games are a segment named "Gincana" in the Programa Silvio Santos.

Czech Republic
It was shown by the name Takešiho hrad (Czech), with comedic voice-over by two Czech comedians. The commentary was mostly fictional. The show was popular among young viewers. The Czech TV channel also broadcast the show to Slovak Republic where it gained some popularity as well. In 2011 was Takešiho hrad broadcast on channel Prima Cool with a new single-voice commentary.

Denmark
The Danish TV station TV 2 Zulu bought the rights to air the Challenge version in Denmark, thus making the Danish broadcast identical to that in Britain.

Finland
On 7 January 2008, the television channel Jim started airing the UK version of the program. The comments are subtitled in Finnish. The show is titled Hullut japanilaiset (The Crazy Japanese)

France
A shortened version given a comedic voiceover by comedians Vincent Desagnat and Benjamin Morgaine has been shown on the W9 TV channel since October 2006, in a program called Menu W9 (which also presented a shortened version of Sushi TV on its first season, now replaced by Sasuke). It has been also broadcast on the channel M6 which shown 2 episodes per day at 6.50 p.m from Tuesday to Friday. The voices were those of the late sport presenter Thierry Roland and Moon Dailly.

Germany
A dubbed version of the show aired on DSF in 1999. This version was released on a DVD box set with 12 selected episodes. Two more volumes were planned but were presumably canceled. A German dubbed version of the 2002 UK edit airs from 3 July 2007, on RTL II. There also exists an adaptation called Entern oder Kentern (engl.: Board or Capsize) with almost the same games but pirates as antagonists and celebrities as Team Captains. This version was aired on RTL in summer 2007. Shorter versions of episodes with comical commentary air on Comedy Central.

Greece
A version aired from 2005 to 2009 on Skai TV by the name Το κάστρο του Τακέσι (Takeshi's Castle). It has been dubbed by Kostas Papageorgiou and Akindynos Gkikas.

India
A shortened version of the show was aired on the Pogo TV channel from 1 March 2005 with Hindi-dubbing by Jaaved Jaaferi. Javed's hilarious commentary made the show an instant hit. The show was also guest voiced by Indian comedians Raju Srivastav, Sunil Pal, Navin Prabhakar and Ahsaan Qureshi for a short duration. It last aired on Pogo TV in 2019.

Takeshi's Castle ft. #BhuvanOnPrime

Takeshi's Castle, the popular television show, stopped in India back in 2019, leaving its fans eagerly awaiting its return. After four long years, the show is making a grand comeback on Prime Video. What's even more exciting is that Bhuvan Bam, known for his hilarious character "Titu Mama" from BB Ki Vines, is set to take the commentator's seat, replacing Jaaved Jaaferi. The reboot version of the show, aptly titled "Takeshi's Castle ft. #BhuvanOnPrime", is all set to make its return on November 2nd. This promises to be a delightful and laughter-filled journey for both die-hard fans and those new to the show.

Indonesia
The original Japanese show was being re-broadcast (with Indonesian dubs) on TPI channel from 2002 to 2006 and GTV in 2013 and 2014. In 2017, MNCTV acquired the license to remake the show which was later known as Takeshi's Castle Indonesia (a.k.a. Benteng Takeshi Indonesia) with a grand prize of Rp 100.000.000,-. After two successful seasons, the show was originally planned to enter its third season in 2018; however, due to a drug case involving Reza Bukan (the cast of King Takeshi at that time) the launch of the third season was delayed until mid-2019.

The main cast of Takeshi's Castle Indonesia includes Fero Walandouw (as the Captain), Nabila Putri, Poppy Sovia, and Desy JKT48 (as Vice-Captains in Season 1, 2, and 3 respectively), Lee Jong Hoon (as the Reporter), and Reza Bukan and Kenta (as King Takeshi in season 1–2 and 3 respectively).

In early 2022 Comedy Central's Hungarian counterpart started to broadcast the Indonesian show, redubbed with stand-up comedians Péter Elek and Péter Janklovics who tend to know nothing about the aim of the game, thus strengthen the funny circumstances of the show just like in the Czech version. However, after the premiere, repeats are aired in CET nighttime only.Takeshi küldetés

Iran
It was aired by the name Masir-e Talaa'ee () (when translated it means "Golden Path"), on Iran's Channel 3 in 2009 and 2010. It was hosted by Morteza and Mostafa Hosseini, the brothers of the refugee host Mohammad Hosseini.

Italy
Renamed Mai dire Banzai (Never Say: Banzai!) it first aired in 1989 on Italia 1. A reedited version interspersed with clips of another Japanese gameshow called Za Gaman, it was given a comedic voiceover by Gialappa's Band, who changed Kitano's and Saburo Ishikura's names to Gennaro Olivieri and Guido Pancaldi, historically Swiss Italian judges in Games Without Frontiers. They also renamed in absurdist comical ways the other figures of the show like calling the in-game reporter 'Pokoto Pokoto', the martially-attire'd host 'General Putzersthoefen' and so on. Gialappa's Band making fun of the duty-bound, stoic stereotype of Japan, described the games and tasks as traditional Japanese past-times and thus rather mundane and humdrum by Japanese standards, introducing a veil of non-sequitur to the show which is lacking in English language versions.

The show gained new popularity in the 2000s, when it started being broadcast on various satellite and terrestrial channels with the original title and using the half-hour episodes of the UK shortened version, with independent voiceover (superimposed to the still audible Japanese tack) done by various Italian comedians. As of 2008, this version is broadcast on GXT with the voiceover done by Trio Medusa (previously the show was commentated on by Marco Marzocca with Stefano Sarcinelli and still before by duo Lillo & Greg); shortly after it was re-aired by local broadcasters and by K2. From 10 January 2011, the series is re-transmitted in Italy on Cartoon Network and the voiceover is done by Roberto Stocchi and Francesca Draghetti.

Lithuania
The show was aired by the name Takeši pilis, featuring Fumito Tomoi (a Japanese person living in Lithuania at the time), who dubbed the show in a comic way with his broken Lithuanian. The show was very popular.

Malaysia
The Japanese version was aired over NTV7 in early 2000s, although edited to be shortened to half an hour. The broadcast was added with Malay overdub commentary (the original Japanese audio track is still audible in background). Sometimes in earlier versions, the parts that were not overdubbed are subtitled in Malay. The show was known as Istana Takeshi in Malaysia.

As of June 2010, the show is airing again using the American version with Malay subtitles on TV9 but still called Istana Takeshi instead of MXC.

Mexico
The Japanese version on Azteca 13 of TV Azteca in 1993 and Azteca 7 of TV Azteca was aired in Mexico, which, like the Spanish, has its own stories and invented by giving voices teams.

Due to the success of the American edits of Banzuke and Ninja Warrior/Sasuke on Azteca 7, on 4 May 2015, the program was broadcast by Canal 5 of Televisa, under the name Castillo Takeshi and narrated by two presenters from Televisa using the British edit as basis for their own edit. Possibly due to the upscaling from PAL to HD, it had a poor quality image, making it look even older than it was. It took the time slot where ABC's Wipeout had been broadcast since 2014. After just three weeks, the show was replaced by ABC's Wipeout, which has had a longer more successful run on Mexican TV.

Netherlands
The British cut of the show aired on 15 August 2009, on Comedy Central, with Dutch voice-over provided by sports commentator Ronald van Dam and actor/comedian Ruben van der Meer.

Takeshi's Castle Thailand in its UK format commenced airing on 22 March 2018, with commentary by actress/singer Katja Schuurman and vocalist Pepijn Lanen.

Philippines
It was first shown on the Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation TV network in 1989 as a Filipino-dubbed show. Later episodes contained interludes shot on a studio with actors Anjo Yllana as Takesh and Smokey Manoloto as "Iwakura" providing the commentary with a gravelly Japanese accent, which was later dropped in favor of their natural voices. The Filipino production crew also developed on their relationship, with Iwakura often trying to trick Takeshi on several occasions. One episode which resulted in the contestants' victory was even written as Takeshi's worst nightmare; when Iwakura finally wakes him up, Takeshi is so traumatized that he asks to call off a scheduled taping. Makers of the malt drink brand Ovaltine created an in-show mini contest as part of a product endorsement deal in 1991. In this version, the names given to most of the challenges are translated from their original Japanese such as "Devil's Maze" for the Honeycomb and Square Mazes, "Flying Mushroom" for Mushroom Trip, and "Sumo Wrestling" for Sumo Rings.

The IBC episodes of Takeshi's Castle were later rerun on SBN during 1993 and 1994. The show was not edited as before at IBC.

Takeshi's Castle enjoyed a revival in the Philippines in 2006. This time around, comedians Joey de Leon and Ryan Yllana (Anjo's younger brother) provide the commentary as fictional characters shogun Shintaro "Taru" Gokoyami who is Takeshi's right-hand man and sumo wrestler Kakawate Takehome, the leader of the Takeshi Gundan, fictional in the sense that there are no such characters in the original cast. Initially, the two provide play-by-play commentary, but they as well as some added characters reduced themselves to skits and commentary in between clips of the show. Later, as part of Q's first anniversary, Anjo finally appeared alongside the new cast, reprising his role as "prince" Takeshi.

Due to Takeshi's Castle's competitive ratings, the management of GMA Network (which produces shows for its sister network Q) decided to move the show from its original station in an evening slot, now to the early afternoon weekend slot of GMA. Takeshi's Castle is aired on a weekly basis as opposed to the weekdays airing on Q, and is aired before Eat Bulaga on Saturdays and before SOP on Sundays. This is done to increase and improve the ratings of the succeeding shows. Takeshi's Castle started to air on GMA on 23 December 2006, with same hosts. The show aired on its last episode on 9 May 2007, and after a long break of TV experience, Joey and Ryan assumed new personalities as Master GT (later Tirso Potter) and Captain B respectively. It was temporarily replaced by Just Joking which starred also Joey De Leon and Ryan Yllana and other casts. On 15 August 2007, "Takeshi's Castle" returned on air once again with all new episodes and Mike "Pekto" Nacua (Cookie), John Feir (Belli) and Love Añover (replacement when either Cookie or Belli was not in) become commentators. The show aired at Saturdays 11:30 a.m. before Eat Bulaga!, and Sundays 11:15 a.m. before SOP Rules.

On GMA's regional networks, a Cebuano-dubbed show now on GMA Cebu & Davao from Saturdays and Sundays in the morning by Cebuano version from title called Takeshi's Castle Wala Gyud sa Isaysay Banzai! (Never Say Banzai!).

Portugal
A version called Nunca Digas Banzai (Portuguese for "Never Say Banzai", based on the Italian name for it, Mai Dire Banzai) aired on SIC starting in 1994, where it reached some popularity. Voiceovers were provided by two hosts, José Carlos Malato and João Carlos Vaz. Takeshi and Ishikura were renamed "Fujimoto" and "Fujicarro" (a play on the Portuguese words for "[motor]bike" and "car" using the Japanese word Fuji), and the Portuguese hosts made no attempt to interpret the reality of the show, instead using the contestants as surrogates for the satirical comments about Portuguese public figures, in a similar style to MXC.

Russia
The series were featured in Ren TV project show The Best Shows of the World (Лучшие шоу мира) in the early 2000s and due to positive public reaction were aired on the regular basis on its own, named Takeshi Kitano's Castle (Замок Такеши Китано). Show was translated and aired on 2x2 channel as "Japanese amusements" (Японские забавы) during 2011–2012 and again in 2013 and 2014. The format of the show is the translated commentary version of UK adaptation.

Secondly, in 2020 – show Gold of Gelendzhik (Золото Геленджика) aired on ТНТ channel, based on Takeshi Kitano's Castle format. The action of this show takes place in the resort town of Gelendzhik in the Krasnodar Territory on the Black Sea coast. The rules of the game and challenges are similar to the original Japanese show, but with some changes, in particular, the Final Challenge was borrowed from another Japanese show in which participants need to climb slippery stairs and take prize.

Serbia
Show started with showing on FOX TV in January 2010 named Takeši.

Singapore
The show debuted in the early-1990s on Singapore's free-to-air channel, Channel 8, as 100 Wars (), as the program was acquired from Taiwan. In the mid-1990s until early the 2000s, re-runs of the show aired on Saturdays at 1:30 pm, following the News on Channel 8.

Slovakia
During 2011 and 2012, it was Takešiho hrad broadcast on channel Joj Plus with a single-voice Slovak commentary.

South Africa
The show was broadcast daily on the Sony MAX channel, Channel 128 on DStv. It was the condensed version of the original series with commentary provided by Craig Charles. It began broadcasting in 2009 and was a huge hit with viewers. Due to its popularity the show has been aired to a broader audience on SABC 2.

Spain
The program aired in the 1990s as Humor amarillo (when translated it means "Yellow Humour" or "Yellow Comedy") on TV channel Telecinco. Comedians Juan Herrera and Miguel Ángel Coll (son of José Luis Coll) commented on the images; this version of the show has achieved cult status and there are some fansites and web petitions for returns. In fact, the Spanish version created some terms now familiar to either Takeshi's Castle or Humor amarillo, like "El Laberinto del Chinotauro" (literally The Chinesetaur Labyrinth, name for any of the maze challenges), "Los Cañones de Nakasone" (parody of "Guns of Navarone" Spanish title), "Las Zamburguesas" (for Skipping Stones),"Gacela Thompson" ("Thompson Gazelle"), a pathetic businessman character, and "Chino Cudeiro" (the Chinese Cudeiro, as the name started to be assigned when appeared a player with a red T-shirt with the inscription "Cudeiro, Galicia, España"), the name assigned to a random player that always "dies", one of the most popular characters in Spain.

On 28 January 2006, a second version dubbed by Fernando Costilla and Paco Bravo premiered on Spanish TV channel Cuatro. They have shown every one of the original Japanese episodes, with the last one being shown on 9 June 2007, ending with a special message by the Spanish commentators. The 2006 version is currently being rebroadcast on the Telecinco-owned channel Energy.

These two versions had in common that it was naturally assumed that the dubbing was completely unrelated to the original dialogues, to the point that sometimes the references to the actual contest were really few. The commentators could turn the contestants into mushroom seekers, or people looking for a new apartment. Alongside the spectacular hits suffered by the contestants and the show's peculiar aesthetic, this helped boost its popularity.

Taiwan
A version called 100 Wars, 100 Victories () on CTS and was based on the original series. It featured four teams competing for small prizes in games.

Thailand
Takeshi's Castle was dubbed and shown on Channel 5 between 1988 and 1995. The title was changed to Hod, Mun, Ha (โหด มัน ฮา), or "Cruel, Thrilling, Fun".

In 2007, the unedited original series with bilingual soundtrack (Thai & Japanese) was aired on X-ZYTE channel on TrueVisions cable TV every Sunday and rerun several times throughout a week.

In 2014, Channel 7 (Thailand) and Heliconia H Group bought the rights to remake the show. "โหด มัน ฮา Takeshi's Castle Thailand" first aired on 20 July, with a new episode airing most Sundays. The show's format is identical to the one used in the original show, but with a few minor changes. Shogun Takeshi (Note Chernyim) has kept Princess Woosenko (Woonsen Virithipa Pakdeeprasong) as a prisoner in his castle. General Shahkrit (Shahkrit Yamnarm) attempts to rescue the princess from the castle by sending his army of contestants through Shogun's challenges (remade challenges include Slippery Wall, Avalanche, Honeycomb Maze, Skipping Stones, Slip Way, Sumo Rings, Wet Paint, and Tug Of War), and the last remaining contestants battle against Shogun's guards in the Showdown. Any winners receive the 1,000,000 Thai-baht cash prize, the cash prize is rolled over to the next episode if there are no winners.

Later on, the show reduced the number of competitors to 20, and then 12 in current shows. With the rules format changing, the competitors don't get eliminated throughout the show, but instead work as a team. The competitors are given, by Shogun Takeshi, 10 carts and the Shogun has no guard carts at the beginning of the episode. The competitors then play 5 challenges before the Showdown. In the first challenge, usually involved all the competitors playing at the same time, every single competitors must pass the challenge, while the subsequent challenges needs at most 5 passes to be credited as a win. Winning a challenge will cause the situation remaining unchanged, while losing the first challenge takes one cart away from the competitors team and one cart added to Shogun's team in Showdown. In subsequent challenges, one car is taken away and added to Shogun's team if less than 5 competitors passed, two cars are taken if less than 3 competitors passed. In current shows, with 12 competitors, two cars are taken away if less than 3 competitors passed, while 3 passes are credit with a win, and no cars are taken away. Losing a challenge also results in a punishment for the competitors in various ways, usually messy and painful. In Showdown, the team sends out two competitors per one cart they have to battle with Shogun's guards. Succeeding in Battle awards all competitors a share of 5,000,000 baht cash prize, but the prize is remain the same in all episodes.

The show is broadcast in France on the Comedy Central TV channel and commented by Marie Palot and Louis San.

Ukraine
Show was commented over and aired on QTV channel as Laughter with Takeshi Kitano (Реготня з Такеші Кітано) during 2008–2010.

United Kingdom

Tarrant on TV  (late 1980s)
The show was first introduced to British audiences in the late 1980s, when it was featured semi-regularly as part of LWT's Tarrant on TV, in which broadcaster Chris Tarrant showcased a variety of unusual television programmes from around the world. One of the series' previous hosts, Clive James, appeared in an original Japanese episode as an international contestant – with behind the scenes footage shown as part of his two-part ITV documentary ...in Japan in 1987.

Challenge version (2002-2004)
Takeshi's Castle would become better known later when a condensed version of the original series, commentated by Craig Charles, premiered on Challenge on 9 November 2002, regularly dominating the top ten programmes on the channel each week.

The UK format did not follow the original Japanese format – instead presenting each sequence of games as comic martial challenges leading to the final game wherein remaining contestants tried to storm the Castle. A typical episode of the Challenge format of Takeshi's Castle had about eight games, followed by the Final Showdown. After each challenge, a 'Ridiculous Replay' was shown, highlighting the most entertaining attempt. Challenge edited out the comedy sketches in the original Japanese version to allow more games to be shown during the half-hour block. During the series, Charles coined the term "Keshi Heads" to describe avid fans of the show.

More series were commissioned and shown over the next few months, culminating in a series of hour-long specials in the Autumn of 2003, and a special highlights show, The A-Z of Takeshi's Castle, broadcast on 1 January 2004, which showed some of the best clips of the best games as the last original series finale. On 3 September 2005, MXC aired for the first time in the UK on Challenge.

On 9 May 2007, The Paul O'Grady Show had their own mini Takeshi's Castle challenge, including 'Knock Knock', 'Bite the Bun', a "Bridge Ball" adaptation called 'Balancing Act' and the 'Slippery Wall'. The UK TV series returned to Challenge after a hiatus on 7 September 2009 with a modified opening sequence (to fit with Flextech rebranding to Virgin Media Television).

Takeshi's Castle Rebooted (2013)
In February 2010, a campaign was launched by fansite Keshi Heads in an attempt to bring a brand new series of Takeshi's Castle to Challenge within its tenth anniversary year on the channel (November 2012–13). It was suggested by campaigners that these new episodes would feature never-before-seen games (previously completely cut from other episodes), and feature five Japanese episodes new to the UK, including the Pilot and an International Special which have never been seen on TV since their original airings in Japan.

On 13 December 2012, Challenge announced that they had signed a deal for "unseen bits of Takeshi's Castle". The new series, named Takeshi's Castle Rebooted, which aired from 8 to 29 March 2013, featured games and episodes suggested by the Keshi Heads website in their campaign. Despite Craig Charles agreeing to return for the new series, Challenge brought in Richard McCourt and Dominic Wood (Dick and Dom) as the new voiceovers. Hayato Tani also filmed presentation links for the new series.

Comedy Central revival (2017-20)
A new series of Takeshi's Castle aired on Comedy Central, initially with Jonathan Ross as voiceover. This version used footage from the Thailand series, and later the Indonesian version. Ross was later replaced by Roman Kemp as host in 2018, with Martin Kemp, Chris Hughes, Georgia Toffolo, Georgia Kousoulou, Tommy Mallett and Vick Hope as guest co-hosts for one week each, this time visible in the corner of the screen. Kemp was followed by Guz Khan in 2019, with guests including Basil Brush and Joey Essex, and then Stephen Bailey in 2020 for the Indonesian version of the show, with guests Chris Kamara, Joey Essex, Scarlett Moffatt, Basil Brush, Judi Love, Charlotte Dawson, Matt Richardson and Ollie Locke.

Romesh and Tom Take Takeshi's Castle (2023)
The British version of the 2023 reboot of the show, named Romesh and Tom Take Takeshi's Castle, was commentated by Romesh Ranganathan and Tom Davis, and was released on Amazon Prime Video on 30 August that year. This was the first British version of the show that displayed full episodes of the Japanese show with its original format and graphics, as well as full player introductions.

United States

In the United States, Takeshi's Castle was utilized as the video footage for the show MXC (subtitled Most Extreme Elimination Challenge) on Spike TV, which substituted the original audio with comical dubbing and commentary in English which is completely unrelated to the original dialogue and story of Takeshi's Castle. The show has also been broadcast in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The Thailand and Indonesian versions of the show, using the Comedy Central UK dub, aired in the US on G4, starting in late 2021.

Two attempts were made to Americanize the format:

On 28 July 1990, FOX aired a special half-hour version of the original show premise entitled King of the Mountain which was packaged by Fox Square Productions and was hosted by John Mulrooney and Judy Toll. This version used the same games, but had only 10 competitors and no costumed characters to impede the players' progress. This American attempt only taped two pilots (one on 24 July 1988), and only the aforementioned was aired. Footage from both of these pilots were used in episode 106 of Takeshi's Castle.
On 16 June 1993, CBS aired the second attempt, entitled Storm the Castle. This hour-long version, which was packaged by Vin Di Bona Productions and hosted by Michael Burger and Nely Galán, pitted 30 families against each other and against well-known monsters (such as Beetlejuice) in a quest to win $15,000. Unlike Mountain, Storm had some exclusive games not seen anywhere else. Storm, like Mountain, only lasted a single special. Future NFL player Christian Fauria appeared with his family as contestants.

Vietnam
The Vietnamese show Đại Náo Thành Takeshi produced under license, with the first episode airing 25 March 2017 in prime time on VTV3. The program features famous Vietnamese artists, with warlords Takeshi played by Trấn Thành and Sharkito by Trương Thế Vinh, and Princess Woonsenko played by Diễm My 9X. Challenges in the first episode included Slippery Wall, Slip Way, Honeycomb Maze, and Final Fall. The Show Down in front of the castle takes place in boats equipped with water spray nozzle weapons and paper disc targets. After the airing of the 13 episodes filmed, the show was generally criticized by the lack of creativity of the hosts and other factors.

Cultural impact
Takeshi's Castle was highly influential on popular culture around the world, inspiring a genre of game shows involving physical challenges and painful entertainment. The physical challenge game show format of Takeshi's Castle has inspired numerous game shows internationally, with popular examples including Sasuke (Ninja Warrior), American Ninja Warrior, Ninja Warrior UK, Wipeout, Total Wipeout, Hole in the Wall, and Ultimate Beastmaster. The reality television franchise I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! also incorporates Takeshi's Castle like physical challenges. Stuart Heritage of The Guardian argues that the Tough Mudder endurance events may have also been inspired by Takeshi's Castle.

British GQ compared the "silly sets and close awkwardness" of Floor Is Lava (2020) to "the belly-laugh slapstick of Japanese game shows" such as Takeshi's Castle. The 2021 game show Frogger, based on Konami's 1981 arcade game of the same name, has also drawn comparisons to Takeshi's Castle. In 2023, The Guardian argued that the video game Fall Guys was "Takeshi's Castle in all but name."

In a 2021 LADbible poll, Takeshi's Castle was voted the classic UK TV game show that audiences miss the most.

Other media
A Nintendo Famicom (NES) game with the same name was released in 1987 by Bandai. It required the use of the Family Trainer (Power Pad) to play its eight challenges. It was played on the twelfth episode of GameCenter CX. A sequel called Fūun! Takeshi Jō Two was released in 1988 with different challenges.

The casting of Takeshi Kitano in the 2000 Japanese film Battle Royale was a reference to his earlier role as the host of Takeshi's Castle, to add a sense of potential realism to the film's extreme battle royale game show concept.

Video game developer Mediatonic cited Takeshi's Castle as an inspiration behind the popular battle royale game Fall Guys (2020).

Future

Reboot
A reboot of the show was launched in Japan on 21 April (2023) and was made available internationally on Amazon Prime Video. German-Japanese actor Subaru Kimura joined the returning Tani/General Lee as co-leader of the contestants.

References

External links

1980s Japanese television series
1990s Japanese television series
1986 Japanese television series debuts
1990 Japanese television series endings
Obstacle racing television game shows
TBS Television (Japan) original programming
Takeshi Kitano
Television series set in castles

Takeshi's Castle


Jhal Jhao () is a small town in the southern part of Balochistan, Pakistan in Awaran District. It lies at 26°18'10N 65°34'49E and is 347m (1141ft) above sea level. The town's population is about 10,000  (in the year 2005). The town is made up mainly of mud houses and small canals that give water. It is surrounded by tall, dry mountains and deserts. The only way get in and out of Jhal Jhao is by the Bela Awaran Road.

The town does not have a lot of money, as there is no industry nearby. It is also impossible to grow anything near Jhal Jhao as it is too dry and hot.  It only rains 2-3 times a year, never more than 20 mm. Most of the money earned comes from shoemaking.

In 1987, US aid developed a small road which would join Jhal Jhao with the Bela Awaran Road. Before that, the only way to enter Jhal Jhao was by helicopter, or animals such as horses and donkeys.  At the moment there are no construction projects happening in Jhal Jhao.

Tehsils of Balochistan
Awaran District

Jhal Jhao


Charles, Knight Vandenhove (3 July 1927, Teuven – 22 January 2019, Liège) was one of the leading Belgian architects of the 20th century. His company Charles Vandenhove et associés is based in Liège, Belgium. He is mostly known for his work in Belgium, the Netherlands and Paris ranging from the 1950s to the 2010s.

Biography
Vandenhove graduated in 1945 from the Liège university of applied sciences Saint-Luc and in 1951 from the university of applied sciences for architecture La Cambre in Brussels. Vandenhove became famous with his design for the university campus Sart-Tilman (Liège Science Park) of the University of Liège in the 1970s. He demonstrated with his project Cour Saint-Antoine in the inner city of Liège that modern functional concepts can be merged with a respect for the historical fabric of the old city. Since the 1990s, Vandenhove was mostly active in the Netherlands. Many of the homes designed by Vandenhove can be recognized by typical half-round zinc roofs, French balconies and Louvre shutters.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Vandenhove collaborated with artists such as Sol LeWitt, Daniel Buren and Giulio Paolini in designing buildings such as the academic hospital of Liège, the Koninklijke Schouwburg in The Hague and the La Monnaie in Brussels. He also involved artists in the renovation and decoration of his own home, the 16th century city palace Hôtel Torrentius in Liège.

Charles and his wife Jeanne Vandenhove loaned their art collection of post-1945 European art in 2007 for long term to the Bonnefantenmuseum in Maastricht. The collection is currently maintained by the Stichting Charles Vandenhove (English: Charles Vandenhove Foundation) and is since 2012 permanently on display in a new home in Ghent, nearby the Henri Van de Veldes Boekentoren.

Recognition
On 19 March 2016; Vandenhove was appointed as doctor honoris causa at the
University of Liège.

Projects

 Academic Hospital C.H.U., Liège, Sart-Tilman, 1962-1987
 Sporthal Standard, Liège, 1968
 Universiteitssporthal Liège, Sart-Tilman, 1972
 Renovation and new constructions Hors-Château and Cour Saint-Antoine, Liège, 1978–85
 Renovation Hôtel Torrentius, Liège, 1981
 Renovation La Monnaie, Brussels, 1986
 Homes at Zieken, Huygenspark The Hague, 1987, 1992
 Renovation and extension Koninklijke Schouwburg, The Hague, 1991, 1999
 Apartment building de Liefde, Bilderdijkstraat, Amsterdam, 1992
 Homes at the Charles Voscour, Maastricht, 1993
 Apartment buildings Bassecour, Wageningen, 1993-1997
 Renovation Théâtre de la ville - rue des Abbesses, Paris, 1996
 Homes at the Kanunnikkencour, Maastricht, 1996
 Palace of Justice, 's-Hertogenbosch, 1998
 Homes at Poort van Breda, Breda, 1999
 Apartment building De Croissant and homes at the Bocht van Guinea, The Hague, 1999
 Faculty building, University of Groningen, 2001
 Apartment building Statenplein, Dordrecht, 2003
 Homes at Getsewoud, Nieuw-Vennep, 2002
 Antenne Sociale, OCMW, Brussels (Laeken), 2003
 City hall of Ridderkerk, 2004
 Catharinahuis Eindhoven, 2004
 Apartment building De Kölleminder, Venlo, 2006
 Apartment building Maison Céramique, Maastricht-Céramique, 2009

Gallery

See also

 Lucien Kroll

Literature

 Charles Vandenhove: Art in Architecture. Ludion, Ghent 2005,
 Bart Verschaffel: Charles Vandenhove: Projects/Projecten 1995-2000. NAi Publ., Rotterdam 2000,
 Geert Bekaert and others: Charles Vandenhove : art and architecture. Renaissance du Livre, Tournai 1998,
 Geert Bekaert: Charles Vandenhove, 1985-1995. NAI Uitg., Rotterdam 1994,
 Pierre Mardaga: Charles Vandenhove: Une architecture de la densité. Liège 1985,

References

External links
 Website Charles Vandenhove

1927 births
2019 deaths
Belgian architects
Belgian art collectors

Charles Vandenhove


Anthony Walker (1726–1765) was an English printmaker and artist. Many of his works can be seen at the Tate Gallery in London. He was also a renowned draftsman.

Walker served an apprenticeship to John Tinney, who produced topographical plates.  Much of his early signed work was engravings after his own drawings for the book trade.  Later, he became a sought-after engraver of large single-issue prints, including five after Old Master paintings for John Boydell. Walker also produced illustrations for instructional books, such as The Complete Drawing Book (London, 1757).

External links

1726 births
1765 deaths
English printmakers

Anthony Walker (artist)


West Lake Sammamish was a census-designated place (CDP) in King County, Washington, United States. The population was 5,937 at the 2000 census. The census area was annexed by Bellevue in 2001.

Based on per capita income, one of the more reliable measures of affluence, West Lake Sammamish ranks 15th of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked.

Geography
West Lake Sammamish is located at  (47.571053, -122.098965).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.4 square miles (8.9 km2), of which, 1.4 square miles (3.7 km2) of it is land and 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2) of it (58.89%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 5,937 people, 2,164 households, and 1,659 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 4,203.1 people per square mile (1,625.7/km2). There were 2,229 housing units at an average density of 1,578.0/sq mi (610.4/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 86.53% White, 1.08% African American, 0.42% Native American, 9.03% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.51% from other races, and 2.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.90% of the population.

There were 2,164 households, out of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.0% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.3% were non-families. 16.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $86,415, and the median income for a family was $95,421. Males had a median income of $62,045 versus $37,768 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $38,474. About 1.7% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.7% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over.

References

Geography of Bellevue, Washington
Former census-designated places in Washington (state)

West Lake Sammamish, Bellevue, Washington


In terrestrial vertebrates, digitigrade () locomotion is walking or running on the toes (from the Latin digitus, 'finger', and gradior, 'walk'). A digitigrade animal is one that stands or walks with its toes (phalanges) on the ground, and the rest of its foot lifted. Digitigrades include birds (what many see as bird's knees are actually ankles), cats, dogs, and many other mammals, but not plantigrades (such as humans) or unguligrades (such as horses). Digitigrades generally move more quickly and quietly than other animals.

There are anatomical differences between the limb anatomy of plantigrades, unguligrades, and digitigrades. Digitigrade and unguligrade animals have relatively long carpals and tarsals, and the bones which correspond to the human ankle are thus set much higher in the limb than in a human. In a digitigrade animal, this effectively lengthens the foot, so much so that what are often thought of as a digitigrade animal's "hands" and "feet" correspond to only the human fingers or toes.  Digitigrade locomotion is responsible for the distinctive hooked shape of dog legs.

Plantigrade animals, such as humans, normally walk with the soles of their feet on the ground.  Unguligrade animals, such as horses and cattle, walk only on the distal-most tips of their digits.  Digitigrade animals walk on their distal and intermediate phalanges; more than one segment of the digit makes contact with the ground, either directly (as in birds) or via paw-pads (as in dogs and cats).

Examples

 Mesonychidae
 Dinosaurs (digitigrade and semi-digitigrade)
 Birds (except for loons and grebes which are plantigrade)
 Suina (semi-digitigrade)
 Hippopotamidae (semi-digitigrade)
 Pakicetus
 Indohyus
 Thylacine
 Felidae
 Hyenas
 Mongooses
 Canidae
 Elephants (semi-digitigrade)
 Capybaras (semi-digitigrade)
 Trucidocynodon (semi-digitigrade at least in the forelimbs)

References

External links

Terrestrial locomotion

Digitigrade


John McGuire (October 22, 1910 – September 30, 1980) was a film actor during the period from the 1930s to the 1950s. In many of his early films he was a leading man; however, later in his career he played bit parts. McGuire appeared in Steamboat Round the Bend (1935);  Charlie Chan at the Circus (1936);The Prisoner of Shark Island (1936); Stranger on the Third Floor (1940), sometimes thought Hollywood's first film noir; The Invisible Ghost (1941); Sands of Iwo Jima (1949); and Where the Sidewalk Ends (1950).

Partial filmography

References

External links

American male film actors
1910 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American male actors

John McGuire (actor)


The Skerries (Welsh: Ynysoedd y Moelrhoniaid) () coming from the Old Norse word  are a group of sparsely vegetated rocky islets (skerries), with a total area of about  lying  offshore from Carmel Head at the northwest corner of Anglesey, Wales. The islands are important as a breeding site for seabirds, and they attract divers, who come to visit the numerous shipwrecks.  The Skerries Lighthouse sits atop the highest point in the islands.

The islands can be visited by charter boat from Holyhead. The individual islets are accessible from one another at low tide and by small bridges.

The name "Skerry" is the Scottish diminutive of the Old Norse "sker", and means a small rocky reef or island. The Welsh name for these islands, 'Ynysoedd y Moelrhoniaid', means "Islands of the Seals". An alternative name provided by some English-language sources is 'St Daniel's Isle'.

Seabirds
The islands have a seabird colony, which is particularly important for the Arctic tern, numbers of which are nationally important; the roseate tern breeds occasionally in very small numbers. In 2018 two roseate tern chicks fledged here for the first time in a decade. The following species also breed: Atlantic puffin, black-legged kittiwake, common tern, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull.

Because of these birds, in particular the terns, the island has been designated as part of the Ynys Feurig, Cemlyn Bay and The Skerries Special Protection Area along with two other nearby sites, Cemlyn Bay and Ynys Feurig, and all three are also classed by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area. The Skerries have also been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Terns interchange regularly between all three sites, and form part of a larger Irish Sea tern population together with birds at sites in Ireland such as Rockabill Island. The islands are wardened by the RSPB during the tern breeding season, and management measures they have undertaken here include control of introduced tree mallow (Lavatera arborea) and provision of nestboxes; these measures as aimed particularly at helping to increase the attractiveness of the site to breeding roseate terns, although it is accepted that the future number of pairs of this species here is primarily dependent on the overall health of the Irish Sea population.

The site came to national attention among birders briefly in July 2005 when it attracted a sooty tern, a species which only a very small number of birders had previously seen in Britain.

Tidal power
The area between the islands and mainland Anglesey is the site of the planned Skerries Tidal Stream Array, being developed by Marine Current Turbines and RWE npower.

References

External links
Location map (Multimap)
The Skerries Lighthouse (Anglesey Heritage)
Trinity House-Skerries Lighthouse
Wave and tidal power get more support
SeaGen Wales

Islands of Anglesey
Sites of Special Scientific Interest on Anglesey
Important Bird Areas of Wales
Cylch-y-Garn
Skerries

The Skerries, Isle of Anglesey


Hubert "Kim" E. Swan (born 4 October 1957) is a Bermudian professional golfer and politician. He was reelected for the Progressive Labour Party (PLP) in July 2017. He was a member of parliament from 2007 to 2012, where he was Leader of the Opposition of Bermuda from 21 January 2008 until 16 May 2011. He also served as a UBP Senator from 1998 to 2007.

Early life
Swan is the eldest son of working-class parents, Hubert E. E. Swan (a career police officer) and Barbara Swan of Southampton. He spent many of his formative years with his maternal grandparents, John and Ivy Anderson. Through his paternal grandfather, Swan is a 6th-generation descendant of Charles Roach Ratteray (1799–1872), a renowned ship builder, entrepreneur and pioneer of the AME Church in Bermuda..

Swan attended Southampton Glebe, Berkeley Institute and Warwick Secondary Schools in Bermuda before receiving his tertiary education at Palm Beach Junior College (now Palm Beach State College) in Lake Worth, Florida. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Troy State University in Troy, Alabama in 1980.

Golf career
Swan learned the game of golf from his uncle, Herman Santucci Bascome, a former golf pro at Ocean View Golf Course in Bermuda, while growing up at the newly developed government-owned Port Royal Golf Course in the early 1970s. He was a member of the then Palm Beach Junior College golf team led by Ken Green, which finished 4th in the State Junior College Championship in 1978, before joining Troy State University golf team. Individually, he won medalist honours at the Northeast Louisiana University Invitational at Chenault Park Municipal Golf Course in Monroe, Louisiana. He played under legendary golf coach Mike Griffin at Troy. He led the Troy team that placed 4th in the 1979 NCAA Division II Golf Championship at El Macero Country Club in Davis, California, and was named Troy's MVP in 1979.

As an amateur golfer, Swan also participated in major amateur events including the 1974 Orange Bowl Junior Championship in Miami, Florida, and two World Amateur Team Championships (for the Eisenhower Trophy) in 1978 in Fiji and 1980 in the United States.

Swan turned professional in 1980, qualified for the European Tour in 1980, and competed for two years. He partnered with fellow Bermudian Keith Smith to qualify for the 1984, and for three Bermuda Open Golf Championships. He also partnered with Dwayne Pearman in the 1993 World Cup of Golf.

Since 2012, Swan has been the teaching golf pro at Port Royal Golf Course. As an independent contractor, he created the Port Royal Golf Developmental Program for new golfers.

Political career
Initially, Swan contested four general elections over 25 years before winning a seat in the House of Assembly of Bermuda in December 2007. He served in the Senate of Bermuda as a UBP nominee for 9 years (1998–2007), became Opposition Senate Leader in 2001, and served as Senate Leader under four Opposition Leaders, until his election to the Bermuda House of Assembly at the 2007 election. He became party leader, and on 21 January 2008 became Leader of the Opposition, a position he held until 16 May 2011.

UBP was in merger negotiations with the Bermuda Democratic Alliance; and, following the Central Council's 3 May 2011 vote to disband the UBP, several general members of UBP expressed concern that there was no special general meeting on the issue in any of the party's 36 branches. Swan and others petitioned the party executive to hold a public meeting, but their pleas were ignored. When he and the others attempted to convene a dispute tribunal under Section 13 of the UBP constitution, they were also ignored. On 10 May 2011, Swan, three other former party chairmen and others successfully filed a court injunction preventing UBP from disbanding.

On 15 May 2011, seven of the nine UBP members resigned and joined the Bermuda Democratic Alliance; and on 16 May, Swan notified the governor of his resignation as Leader of the Opposition. Swan and the others dropped their injunction, permitting the UBP executive to settle its affairs. However, Swan continued to sit in the House of Assembly and said he planned to rebuild the party. When the House of Assembly was dissolved for the 17 December 2012 election, he ran as an independent. He finished third, receiving 23% of the vote behind 39% for the new One Bermuda Alliance, only narrowly besting 38% for the Progressive Labour Party candidate. It was the only constituency where the winner received less than 40% of the vote.

In 2014, Swan accepted an invitation from Leader of the Opposition Marc Bean to join the Progressive Labour Party.

References

External links

Bermudian sportsperson-politicians
United Bermuda Party politicians
Members of the House of Assembly of Bermuda
Members of the Senate of Bermuda
Leaders of the Opposition (Bermuda)
Bermudian male golfers
Palm Beach State College alumni
Troy University alumni
1957 births
Living people

Kim Swan


Erbium () is an element on the periodic table. Its symbol is Er. Its atomic number is 68 which means it has 68 protons in an atom. It is a lanthanide and, along with yttrium, terbium, and ytterbium, is one of the four elements to be named after the town of Ytterby in Sweden, all of which are rare earth elements.

Related pages
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

Lanthanides

Erbium


Alexander John Motyl  (ur. 21 października 1953  w Nowym Jorku) – amerykański  historyk, politolog, artysta malarz i poeta pochodzenia ukraińskiego.

Studiował na  Columbia University, uzyskując licencjat summa cum laude z historii (B.A.)  w 1975  i stopień naukowy doktora  (Ph.D)  nauk politycznych w 1984 na podstawie rozprawy The Ethnic Stability of the Soviet Multinational State: Conceptualization, Interpretation, Case Study.  Wykładał na Columbia University,  Lehigh University,  Harvard University, obecnie jest profesorem nauk politycznych na  Rutgers University w Newark.

Specjalizuje się w problematyce Ukrainy, ZSRR i  Rosji, zagadnień  nacjonalizmu, rewolucji i imperiów.

Prace
Monografie naukowe:

 The Turn to the Right. The Ideological Origins and Development of Ukrainian Nationalism, 1919 1929. Boulder: East European Monographs, 1980.
 Pidsumky imperii [Imperial Ends]. Kyiv: Krytyka, 2009.
 Puti imperi [Imperial Ends]. Moscow: School of Political Studies, 2004.
 Imperial Ends: The Decay, Collapse, and Revival of Empires. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
 Revolutions, Nations, Empires: Conceptual Limits and Theoretical Possibilities. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
 Dilemmas of Independence: Ukraine after Totalitarianism. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1993.
 Sovietology, Rationality, Nationality: Coming to Grips with Nationalism in the USSR. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
 Will the Non Russians Rebel? State, Ethnicity, and Stability in the USSR. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987.

Opracowania:

 The Holodomor Reader. Edmonton, Canada: CIUS Press, forthcoming. With Bohdan Klid.
 Russia's Engagement with the West: Transformation and Integration in the Twenty-First Century. Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2004. With Blair Ruble and Lilia Shevtsova.
 The Encyclopedia of Nationalism. 2 vols. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000.
 Nations in Transit 2004. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2004. With Adrian Karatnycky and Amanda Schnetzer.
 Nations in Transit 2003. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2003. With Adrian Karatnycky and Amanda Schnetzer.
 Nations in Transit 2002. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2002. With Adrian Karatnycky and Amanda Schnetzer.
 Nations in Transit 2001. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2001. With Adrian Karatnycky and Amanda Schnetzer.
 Nations in Transit 2000. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2000. With Adrian Karatnycky  and Aili Piano.
 Nations in Transit 1998. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1998. With Adrian Karatnycky and Charles Graybow.
 Nations in Transit 1997. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1997. With Adrian Karatnycky and Boris Shor.
 Thinking Theoretically about Soviet Nationalities: History and Comparison in the Study of the USSR. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
 The Post Soviet Nations: Perspectives on the Demise of the USSR. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
 The Soviet Nationalities despite Gorbachev, Special Issue of  Nationalities Papers, spring 1991. With Henry Huttenbach.
 The Soviet Nationalities against Gorbachev. Special Issue of Nationalities Papers, spring 1990. With Henry Huttenbach.
 The Soviet Nationalities and Gorbachev. Special Issue of Nationalities Papers, spring 1989. With Henry Huttenbach.
 Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Diary: 1921 1925. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1983. With Hryhory Kostiuk.

Proza i poezja:

 The Jew Who Was Ukrainian. Somerville, MA: Cervena Barva Press, 2011.
 Flippancy. New York: Cantarabooks, 2009.
 Who Killed Andrei Warhol. Santa Ana, CA: Seven Locks, 2007.
 Whiskey Priest.  New York: iUniverse, 2005.

Artykuły:

 "Fascistoid Russia: Putin's Political System in Comparative Context," in Susan Stewart, Margarete Klein, Andrea Schmitz, and Hans-Henning Schröder, eds., Presidents, Oligarchs and Bureaucrats: Forms of Rule in the Post-Soviet Space (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2012), forthcoming.
 "The Ukrainian Nationalist Movement and the Jews: Theoretical Reflections on Nationalism, Fascism, Rationality, Primordialism, and History," POLIN: Studies in Polish Jewry, forthcoming.
 "Tolerance and Minority Integration: On the Incoherence of International Norms," Peter Sinnot, ed., Festschrift in Honor of Edward Allworth, forthcoming.
 "Was Andy Warhol Ukrainian? An Investigation of Ethnic Identity and Cultural Context," Harvard Ukrainian Studies, forthcoming.
 "Introduction: Understanding the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-1933," The Holodomor Reader. (Edmonton, Canada: CIUS Press, forthcoming). With Bohdan Klid.
 "Counterrevolution in Kiev: Hope Fades for Ukraine," Foreign Affairs, November/December 2011. With Rajan Menon.
 "The Paradoxes of Paul Robert Magocsi: The Case for Rusyns and the Logical Necessity of Ukrainians," Nationalities Papers, January 2011.
 "Why Is the KGB Bar Possible? Binary Morality and Its Consequences," Nationalities Papers, September 2010.
 "The Social Construction of Social Construction," Nationalities Papers, January 2010.
 "Deleting the Holodomor: Ukraine Unmakes Itself," World Affairs, September/October 2010.
 "Ukrainian Blues: Yanukovych's Rise, Democracy's  Fall," Foreign Affairs, July/August 2010.
 "Can Ukraine Have a History?" Problems of Post-Communism, May/June 2010.
 "Russia's Systemic Transformations since Perestroika: From Totalitarianism to Authoritarianism to Democracy—to Fascism?" The Harriman Review, March 2010.
 "The Key to Kiev: Ukraine's Security Means Europe's Stability," Foreign Affairs, May/June 2009. With Adrian Karatnycky.
 "Rosiya ta Ukraina na vahakh demokratii [Russia and Ukraine on the Scales of Democracy]," Krytyka, March-April 2009.
 "Russland: Volk, Staat und Führer: Elemente eines faschistischen Systems, [Russia: People, State, and Leader: Elements of a Fascist System]," Osteuropa, January 2009.
 "Looking at the Holodomor through the Lens of the Holocaust," in Lubomyr Y. Luciuk, Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932-1933 in Soviet Ukraine (Kingston, Canada: Kashtan Press, 2008).
 "Warum ist die KGB Bar möglich? [Why Is the KGB Bar Possible?]," Transit, summer 2008.
 "Three Years After: Theoretical Reflections on Ukraine's Orange Revolution," Harvard International Review, winter 2008.
 "Is Putin's Russia Fascist?" National Interest Online, December 3, 2007.
 "Na osoblyvomu shlyakhu do fashyzmu [On the Road to Fascism]," Krytyka, November 2007.
 "Post-Weimar Russia," Internationale Politik, Fall 2007.
 "Der eingebildete Starke," Internationale Politik, March 2007.
 "The Myth of Russian Resurgence," The American Interest, March/April 2007. With Rajan Menon.
 "Empire Falls," Foreign Affairs, July/August 2006.
 "Is Everything Empire? Is Empire Everything? " Comparative Politics, January 2006.
 "Pomarancheva kryza v demokratychniy perspektyvi [The Orange Crisis in Democratic Perspective]," Krytyka, September 2005.
 "Evrokryzova transformatsiya postsovyets'kykh tyahlostey [European Crisis and the Transformation of Post-Soviet Continuities]," Krytyka, July-August 2005.
 "Chy vse ye imperiyeyu? Chy imperiya ye vsim? [Is Everything Empire? Is Empire Everything?]," Krytyka, April 2005.
 "Institutional Legacies and Systemic Transformation in Eastern Europe: Ukraine, Russia, and the European Union," Forum für osteuropäische Ideen- und Zeitgeschichte, no. 1, 2005.
 "State Stability and Political Risk in Emerging Markets," in Sam Wilkin, ed., Country and Political Risk (London: Risk Books, 2004). With Preston Keat.
 "Russia's Reintegration into the West: The Challenges Before Russia" and "Integrating Russia into the West: The Challenges Before the United States, Russia, and Europe," in A. Motyl, Blair Ruble, and Lilia Shevtsova, eds., Russia's Engagement with the West: Transformation and Integration in the Twenty-First Century (Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2004). With Blair Ruble and Lilia Shevtsova.
 "Communist Legacies and New Trajectories: Democracy and Dictatorship in the Former Soviet Union and East Central Europe," in Yitzhak Brudny, Jonathan Frankel, and Stefani Hoffman, eds., Restructuring Post-Communist Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
 "Natsional'no-vyzvol'ni zmahannya natsionalizmu z liberalizmom [The National Liberation Struggles of Nationalism with Liberalism]," Krytyka, November 2003.
 "Theorizing Ukraine: Pessimistic Prognoses, Optimistic Rejoinders, and a Provocation or Two," in Wsevolod Isajiw, ed., Society in Transition: Social Change in Ukraine in Western Perspectives (Toronto, Canada: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2003).
 "Ukraine, Europe, and Russia: Exclusion or Dependence?" in Anatol Lieven and Dmitri Trenin, eds., Ambivalent Neighbors: The EU, NATO, and the Price of Membership (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003).
 "Imagined Communities, Rational Choosers, Invented Ethnies," Comparative Politics, January 2002.
 "Reifying Boundaries, Fetishizing the Nation: Soviet Legacies and Elite Legitimacy in the Post Soviet States," in Ian Lustick and Brendan O'Leary, eds., Rightsizing the State: The Politics of Moving Borders. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
 "The Challenge of Russian Reform at a Time of Uncertainty," in The Russia Initiative: Reports of the Four Task Forces (New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, 2000). With Thomas Graham and Blair Ruble.
 "Ten Years after the Soviet Collapse: The Persistence of the Past and Prospects for the Future," in Adrian Karatnycky, Alexander J. Motyl, and Amanda Schnetzer, eds., Nations in Transit 2001 (New Brunswick: Transaction, 2001).
 "Liberalism, Nationalism, and National Liberation Struggles," Hagar: International Social Science Review (Israel), 2001.
 "Inventing Invention: The Limits of National Identity Formation," in Ronald Grigor Suny and Michael D. Kennedy, eds. Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999.
 "Why Empires Reemerge: Imperial Collapse and Imperial Revival in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics, January 1999.
 "State, Nation, and Elites in Independent Ukraine," in Taras Kuzio, ed., Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post Soviet Transformation. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1998.
 "After Empire: Competing Discourses and Inter State Conflict in Post Imperial Eastern Europe," in Barnett Rubin and Jack Snyder, eds., Post Soviet Political Order. London: Routledge, 1998.
 "Making Sense of Ukraine," The Harriman Review, winter 1998.
 "Structural Constraints and Stating Points: The Logic of Systemic Change in Ukraine and Russia," Comparative Politics, July 1997.
 "Institutional Legacies and Reform Trajectories," in Adrian Karatnycky et al, eds., Nations in Transit 1997. New Brunswick: Transaction: 1997.
 "Thinking about Empire," in Karen Barkey and Mark von Hagen, eds., After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation Building. Boulder: Westview, 1997.
 "The Non Russian States: Soviet Legacies and Post Soviet Transformations," in Roger Kaplan, ed., Freedom in the World. New York: Freedom House, 1997.
 "Ukraine: From Empire to Statehood" (with Bohdan Krawchenko), in Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras, eds., Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 2nd ed.
 "Ukraine," Collier's Encyclopedia.
 "Russia: Soviet Remnants," in Roger Kaplan, ed., Freedom in the World. New York: Freedom House, 1996.
 "Russia, Ukraine, and the West: What Are America's Interests?" American Foreign Policy Interests, February 1996.
 "The Conceptual President: Leonid Kravchuk and the Politics of Surrealism," in Timothy Colton and Robert Tucker, eds., Patterns in Post Soviet Leadership. Boulder: Westview, 1995.
 "Zurück zum Kalten Krieg? Russland und die Zukunft Europas," in Urs Altermatt and Emil Brix, eds., Schweiz und Österreich. Vienna: Böhlau, 1995.
 "Reform, Transition, or Revolution? The Limits to Change in the Post Communist States," Contention, fall 1994.
 "Negating the Negation: Russia, Not Russia, and the West," Nationalities Papers, spring 1994.
 "Vladimir Zhirinovsky: A Man of His Times," The Harriman Review, spring 1994.
 "Russian Security, Neoimperialism, and the West," Atlantisch Perspectief, no. 2, 1994.
 "The Labyrinth of Social Theory," Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost', no. 1, 1994.
 "Will Ukraine Survive 1994?" The Harriman Institute Forum, January 1994.
 "Imperial Collapse and Revolutionary Change: Austria Hungary, Tsarist Russia, and the Soviet Empire," in Jürgen Nautz, ed., Die Wiener Jahrhundertwende. Vienna: Böhlau, 1993.
 "The Dilemmas of Sovietology and the Labyrinth of Theory," in Frederic Fleron and Erik Hoffmann, eds., Post Communist Studies and Political Science. Boulder: Westview, 1993.
 "Nach der Sintflut: Totalitarismus und Nationalismus im ehemaligen Sowjetreich," Österreichische Osthefte, no. 2, 1993.
 "The End of Sovietology: From Soviet Studies to Post Soviet Studies," in Alexander J. Motyl, ed., The Post Soviet Nations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
 "Concepts and Skocpol: Ambiguity and Vagueness in the Study of  Revolution," Journal of Theoretical Politics, January 1992.
 "The Modernity of Nationalism: Nations, States, and Nation States in the Contemporary World," Journal of International Affairs, winter 1992.
 "Building Bridges and Changing Landmarks: Theory and Concepts in the Study of Soviet Nationalities," in Alexander J. Motyl, ed., Thinking Theoretically about Soviet Nationalities. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
 "Dmytro Dontsov," Politolohichni chytannia, no. 1, 1992.
 "Russian Hegemony and Non Russian Insecurity: Foreign Policy Dilemmas of the USSR's Successor States," The Harriman Institute Forum, December 1991.
 "Empire or Stability? The Case for Soviet Dissolution," World Policy Journal, summer 1991.
 "Totalitarian Collapse, Imperial Disintegration, and the Rise of the Soviet West," in Michael Mandelbaum, ed., The Rise of Nations in the Soviet Union. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1991.
 "From Imperial Decay to Imperial Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Empire in Comparative Perspective," in Richard Rudolph and David Good, eds., Nationalism and Empire: The Habsburg Monarchy and the Soviet Union. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
 "Helping Gorbachev or Helping the Republics? The Unreformable Soviet Federation and the West," in Allan Kagedan, ed., Ethnicity and the Soviet Future. Ottawa: The Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, 1991.
 "Rights, Rituals, and Soviet American Relations," in Robert Jervis and Seweryn Bialer, eds., Soviet American Relations after the Cold War. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991.
 "Reassessing the Soviet Crisis: Big Problems, Muddling Through, Business as Usual," Political Science Quarterly, summer 1989.
 "Policing Perestroika: The Indispensable KGB," The Harriman Institute Forum, August 1989.
 "`Sovietology in One Country' or Comparative Nationality Studies?" Slavic Review, spring 1989.
 "The Sobering of Gorbachev: Nationality, Restructuring, and the West," in Seweryn Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev's Russia. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.
 "Viacheslav Lypyns'kyi and the Politics of Ukrainian Monarchism," Canadian Slavonic Papers, March 1985.
 "Ukrainian Nationalist Political Violence in Inter War Poland," East European Quarterly, March 1985.
 "Poland and the USSR: Troubles in the Workers' Paradise," Great Decisions, Foreign Policy Association, 1982.
 "The Foreign Relations of the Ukrainian SSR," Harvard Ukrainian Studies, March 1982.
 "Poland," "Czechoslovakia," in Adrian Karatnycky et al., Workers' Rights, East and West. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1980.
 "Roy Medvedev: Dissident or Conformist?" Survey, summer 1980.
 "The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Galician Working Class," Suchasnist, February 1980.
 "The Rural Origins of the Communist and Nationalist Movements in Wołyn Województwo," Slavic Review, September 1978.

Źródła, linki
 Foreign Affairs – Alexander Motyl
 Kyivpost – Alexander Motyl

 Columbia University – Alexander Motyl
 World Affairs Journal – blog Alexandra Motyla
 Fine Arts America – prace graficzne Alexandra Motyla

Amerykańscy historycy
Amerykańscy politolodzy
Urodzeni w 1953
Amerykańscy sowietolodzy
Ludzie urodzeni w Nowym Jorku

Alexander Motyl


Eriophyes cerasicrumena, the  black cherry leaf gall mite, is a species of gall mite in the family Eriophyidae. This species was formerly a member of the genus Phytoptus. They produce galls on black cherry plants. Caterpillars of cherry gall azure feed on these galls, and apparently also on the mites themselves.

References

Eriophyidae
Animals described in 1867

Eriophyes cerasicrumena


In rock climbing, redpointing means to free-climb a route from the ground to the top while lead climbing, after having practiced the route (either by headpointing or top roping) or after having failed first attempt (i.e. falling or resting on the rope for artificial aid). Climbers will try to redpoint a route after having failed to onsight it (free climb the route on the first attempt with no falls and no prior information), or flash it (free climb the route on the first attempt with no falls but with prior information).  The first successful redpoint of a route, in the absence of any prior onsight or flash, is recorded as the first free ascent (FFA) of that route.

Description

Climbers can rest during a redpoint ascent but not using the rope or any artificial aids (e.g. they can hang off the holds, or use a kneebar or a bat hang).  Where the climber falls during an attempted redpoint ascent (and is thus hanging off the rope), they must return to the very bottom of the climb, pull their rope free of the route, and completely re-start the ascent from scratch (the term "hangdoging" is where the climber rests on the rope after falling and then restarts climbing without returning to the ground). This is also known as "climbing a route clean" (it should not be confused with the broader topic of clean climbing). The first climber to complete a redpoint of a route, in the absence of any prior onsight or flash of a route, has made the first free ascent (FFA) of that route.

Where the quickdraws are pre-placed into the fixed protection bolts on sport climbing routes (i.e. the climber is just clipping in the rope on their lead), it is called "pinkpointing"; in practice, most ascents of extreme sport climbing routes are dones as pinkpoints, as are ascents in modern competition climbing, so the term "pinkpoint" is no longer in use in sport or competition climbing. Because of additional challenge of placing climbing protection while ascending traditional climbing routes, traditional climbers sometimes differentiate whether they pinkpointed a route on their ascent (e.g. Didier Berthod on The Crack of Destiny in 2023).

Comparisons

The unlimited practicing allowed before making a proper redpoint ascent contrasts with the historical aversion to "headpointing" (i.e. practicing the route on a toprope before making the first ascent) in traditional climbing. In the early 1980s, redpointing was therefore a term largely exclusive to sport climbing.  While headpointing was then considered a lesser form of first free ascent in traditional climbing (and an FFA that was headpointed would be asterisked as such), leading traditional climbers eventually followed the redpointing practices of the sport climbers, and by the 2000s, had largely dispensed with the stigma associated with headpointing.

From about the 2010s, traditional climbers were using the derived term "greenpointing" (or the Grünpunkt, as a play on the Rotpunkt), to describe climbing a pre-bolted sport-climb, but only using "traditional protection" (i.e. climbing protection that is not permanently fixed via pre-placed bolts or pitons); as with redpointing, the climber may have repeatedly practiced falling on the "traditional protection" before making their greenpoint ascent. Notable examples include Austrian climber 's greenpoint of Prinzip Hoffnung (5.14a R, 2009) in Bürs in Austria, and Canadian Sonnie Trotter's greenpoint of The Path (5.14a R, 2007) in Lake Louise, Alberta, and of East Face (Monkey Face) (5.13d R, 2004) at Smith Rocks.

Projecting

Repeatedly attempting a redpoint can take place over any length of time, from hours to years (i.e. any time, once the initial onsight or flash has failed).  Climbers use the term projecting to denote a longer-term project to complete the FFA, or their own personal first ascent, of a route that is at the limit of their abilities.  The redpoint FFA of many of contemporary sport climbing routes, particularly those that involved breaking new grade milestones, took years, and even decades, to project (e.g. Realization, La Dura Dura, and Jumbo Love).

While bouldering climbers use the terms onsight and flash, they mostly use the term projecting instead of redpointing, when discussing long-term attempts of FFAs/personal first ascents.

Etymology

The English term "redpoint" is a loan translation of the German Rotpunkt that was coined by Kurt Albert in the mid-1970s at Frankenjura. Albert would paint a red "X" on any fixed metal pitons on a rock climbing route so that he could avoid using them while climbing, thus not using any artificial aid.  Once Albert was able to free-climb the entire route, and avoid all the red "X"s, he would then paint a red "dot" (the "Roter Punkt") at the base of the route.  His first Rotpunkt was the aid climbing route  Adolf-Rott-Gedächtnis-Weg (V+/A1) at the Streitberger Schild crag in the Frankenjura, which he freed at  in 1975. Albert got the idea for the "red dot" from the logo and name of a brand of German coffee and kettle maker. To achieve a Rotpunkt, Albert additionally defined that if a climber fell during the ascent, they had to return to the base, pull the rope free, and re-start the climb from scratch (i.e. as if the climber had only just approached it).

The connotation spread of a "redpoint" being a route that had to be repeatedly attempted because it was so hard – which is why metal pitons had been hammered into the rock as an aid in the first place – until it could be climbed in one clean push (i.e. no falls, and any falls required a full re-start), and without any artificial aids.  Because these routes were already established aid climbing routes, Albert could not remove the pitons (that would happen in later decades), however, his Rotpunkt laid down a mark to other climbers that the route could be free climbed without the use of the metal aids, and thus became an important moment in the development of free climbing.  Eventually, Albert's Rotpunkte became associated with the development of sport climbing in the 1980s, as many of these aids were on routes that had no possibility of even natural traditional climbing protection (e.g. no cracks), and thus bolts would be needed for protection (but not aid).

Notable redpoints

Notable redpointed climbs are chronicled by the climbing media to track progress in rock climbing standards and levels of technical difficulty; in contrast, the hardest traditional climbing routes tend to be of lower technical difficulty due to the additional burden of having to place protection during the course of the climb, and due to the lack of any possibility of using natural protection on extreme sport climbs.

As of December 2022, the world's hardest redpointed route is Silence at a proposed grade of , which was climbed by Adam Ondra in 2017; it has yet to be repeated.  There are a number of routes with a grade of , the first of which was Change by Ondra in 2012, and the second of which was La Dura Dura, also by Ondra and Chris Sharma in 2013.  As of December 2021, female climbers Angela Eiter, Laura Rogora, and Julia Chanourdie have redpointed established routes at , and Rogora's ascent of Erebor is considered to be the first potential female redpoint of a .

See also
History of rock climbing

References

External links

Watch Alex Megos Red Point Film Rotpunkt, a 2020 film by Alex Megos on the history of the "Rotpunkt" (Gripped Magazine, February 2020).

Types of climbing
Climbing techniques

Redpoint (climbing)


The Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens in Omaha, Nebraska marks the location of the house at 3202 Woolworth Avenue where U.S. President Gerald R. Ford lived for a couple of weeks after his birth in July 1913.  It was the home of his paternal grandparents, Charles Henry and Martha King.

History

The King house at 3202 Woolworth Avenue was located on the border of the Hanscom Park and Field Club neighborhoods of Midtown Omaha. A three-story, fourteen-room Victorian mansion, it was razed after a 1971 fire caused substantial damage.

Omaha businessman James M. Paxson, who lived in the neighborhood, purchased the vacant lot for $17,250 after Ford became president in 1974, and planned for it to be used as a memorial.  Although Paxson donated the site to the city, officials said they couldn't afford to build a memorial. Paxson then set up the Paxson Foundation to fund the memorial and associated gardens. The site includes a portico evoking the north side of the White House and a pagoda resembling a portion of the original home.

Memorial and conservation center

The memorial was dedicated in 1977. Ford partnered with Paxson on some fundraising. The former president returned in 1980 for the dedication of a rose garden in honor of Betty Ford. An exhibit kiosk contains information about Ford.

Adjoining the site is the Gerald R. Ford Conservation Center, a regional center of the Nebraska State Historical Society founded in 1995. It provides conservation services for historic and artistic works. The Center also contains a small exhibit of Ford memorabilia. Both conservation and exhibit are available by appointment only.

The two sites are just to the northwest of Hanscom Park, one of Omaha's oldest public parks. The house site is four blocks west of the Gerald R. Ford Expressway.

Family history
The house was owned by the future president's paternal grandparents, Charles Henry King, a prominent banker, and his wife, the former Martha Alicia Porter. After their son Leslie Lynch King married Dorothy Ayer Gardner on September 7, 1912, the young couple moved into the house with his parents, as was typical of the times. Their son, named Leslie Lynch King, Jr. was born July 14, 1913.

Due to domestic abuse, Dorothy Gardner separated from Leslie King when Leslie, Jr. was only 16 days old. After staying briefly with a sister in Illinois, Dorothy took her son with her to her parents and moved in with them in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where the future president grew up. By the end of 1913 Dorothy's divorce from Leslie King was final. In 1916, Dorothy married Gerald Rudolff Ford.  They renamed Leslie, Jr. after him, as Gerald Rudolff Ford, Jr. The future president was never formally adopted, however, and he did not legally change his name until 1935; he also used a more conventional spelling of his middle name (Rudolph).

References

External links
Gerald R. Ford Conservation Center official site
Omaha Parks Official Website
Photos of 3202 Woolworth Avenue, first home of Gerald R. Ford

Landmarks in South Omaha, Nebraska
Birthplace
Houses in Omaha, Nebraska
Biographical museums in Nebraska
Presidential museums in the United States
Museums in Omaha, Nebraska
Historic house museums in Nebraska
Midtown Omaha, Nebraska
Ford, Gerald R
Buildings and structures demolished in 1971
1977 establishments in Nebraska
Museums established in 1995
1995 establishments in Nebraska

Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens