Maelstrom is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Publication history

Maelstrom first appears in Marvel Two-in-One #71 (Jan. 1981) and was created by Mark Gruenwald, Ralph Macchio, and Ron Wilson.

Fictional character biography
Maelstrom is the son of Phaeder, an Inhuman scientist banished from their city of Attilan for attempting cloning to increase Inhuman population numbers. Phaeder then lives among the Deviants, and bred with a Deviant female named Morga who gave birth to Maelstrom. With his father's tutoring, Maelstrom became a brilliant geneticist. After his father is incapacitated in an experiment, Maelstrom swears revenge on the Inhuman race and becomes a would-be conqueror.

Maelstrom has first contact with Earth's metahumans when he sends his superpowered minions—Phobius, Gronk, and Helio—to the scientific island facility Hydro-Base to steal an Anti-Terrigen mist compound. This substance can undo the effects of the Terrigen Mist and deprive the Inhumans of their abilities. Maelstrom's Minions, however, are defeated by heroes the Thing and Stingray. They are assisted by two Inhumans, Gorgon and Karnak. This leads to an encounter with another of Maelstrom's minions—Deathurge—who kills the defeated trio. Mister Fantastic and the Inhuman Triton deduce that their opponent may have originated from the old site of Attilan, which was an undersea location.

The Thing, Gorgon and Karnak travel via submarine to the old location, and discover a base where they are subsequently captured. The heroes later escape and together with the Inhuman king Black Bolt battle Maelstrom. The heroes hold off Maelstrom while Black Bolt intercepts and defuses a missile carrying the anti-Terrigen mist compound that is programmed to destroy Attilan. The Thing weakens Maelstrom by using the compound on the villain, and the heroes escape as the base self-detonates. Maelstrom's last act is to order Deathurge to kill him.

Maelstrom and his minions, however, are later revealed to be alive, as courtesy of advanced science their minds were transferred into new, cloned bodies. Maelstrom then attempts to siphon the energies of the Eternals, but is thwarted by the superhero team the Avengers, and after commanding Deathurge to kill him yet again, transfers his consciousness to a new clone body. Maelstrom then attempts to stop the Earth's rotation and absorb the kinetic energy, but is drawn into conflict with the Avengers once more. The android Vision discovers a way to overload Maelstrom's power source and his body becomes discorporate and floats free from Earth.

Maelstrom later encounters the Titanian Eternal Kronos, and learns of the existence of the entity Oblivion. Becoming Oblivion's avatar, Maelstrom then becomes determined to achieve Oblivion's goal of non-existence on a universal scale. Maelstrom assumes the powers of the entity Anomaly, becoming the embodiment of the abstract principle of anomaly. This brings Maelstrom into conflict with the agent of the entity Eon, the cosmic hero Quasar, in the Outer Void (realm of Oblivion). After several battles, Quasar finally defeats Maelstrom when caught off-guard and the power of Quasar's quantum bands consumes him. Maelstrom is later revived by his minions, but learns he had a son, Ransak, that would have been wiped from existence had he succeeded. Ashamed, he shrinks himself out of sight.

Eventually, Maelstrom returns, attempting to destroy the universe by creating a device known as the Cosmic Crunch. He battles the Great Lakes Avengers, who are powerless to stop him. In order to be prepared, he hires Batroc the Leaper and his brigade to help him. During the final battle, Maelstrom is tricked into killing himself by Mr. Immortal after he tells him that the grand secret of the universe was eternal loneliness. His soul is later collected by Doorman, who was recently chosen by Oblivion as its new angel of death, replacing Deathurge, who was captured by Mr. Immortal.

Maelstrom was later encountered by Drax the Destroyer and Quasar when they were killed and sent to the realm of Oblivion. He came into possession of Phyla's Quantum Bands and used them to feed her to the Dragon of the Moon. He was eventually defeated by Drax and Wendell Vaughn and Phyla was able to escape from the Dragon—killing it in the process. However, it turns out that this was simply a ruse for Oblivion to gain a new Avatar of Death—Phyla-Vell.

Powers and abilities
Maelstrom can absorb, channel, and otherwise project all forms of kinetic energy for his own purposes, such as strength enhancement, concussive blasts, force field generation, and size shifting. For a short period, Maelstrom possessed Quasar's quantum bands, which enables him to draw on virtually unlimited power from the other-dimensional Quantum Zone. He was able to achieve "cosmic awareness" after learning this secret from the entity Eon.

He is a genius in the scientific disciplines of biology and genetics.

References

External links
 Maelstrom at Marvel.com

Characters created by Mark Gruenwald
Characters created by Ralph Macchio
Comics characters introduced in 1981
Fictional biologists
Fictional characters who can change size
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional geneticists
Inhumans
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics Deviants
Marvel Comics scientists
Marvel Comics supervillains

Maelstrom (comics)


Santa Fe Trail is a 1940 American Western film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Errol Flynn as J. E. B. "Jeb" Stuart, Olivia de Havilland, Raymond Massey as John Brown, Ronald Reagan as George Armstrong Custer and Alan Hale. Written by Robert Buckner, the film is critical of the abolitionist John Brown and his controversial campaign against slavery before the American Civil War. In a subplot, Jeb Stuart and George Armstrong Custer—who are depicted as friends from the same West Point graduating class—compete for the hand of Kit Carson Holliday.

The film ranked among the higher grossing films of the year, and the seventh Flynn–de Havilland collaboration. Its content has little relevance to the actual Santa Fe Trail.

Plot
At West Point Military Academy in 1854, cadet Carl Rader (Van Heflin), an agent of John Brown, is dishonorably discharged for instigating a brawl among the cadets after distributing anti-slavery pamphlets which his classmates disapprove of—due to the controversial nature of the pamphlets (some believed the issue of slavery to be one that would inevitably resolve itself) and the U.S. Army's position against the pursuit of ideological causes while serving. Following the brawl, Rader's classmates Jeb Stuart (Errol Flynn) and George Custer (Ronald Reagan) become second lieutenants and are posted to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Territory, the most dangerous duty in the Army—an assignment they relish. On the way to Kansas, Custer and Stuart meet Cyrus K. Holliday, in charge of building the railroad to Santa Fe, New Mexico, and his daughter Kit (Olivia de Havilland), with whom both officers fall in love.

The Kansas Territory is bloodstained and war-torn, a victim of John Brown's (Raymond Massey) relentless crusade against slavery. Meanwhile, Rader has enlisted as a mercenary in Brown's army, which has been terrorizing the countryside and freeing slaves. During Brown's attack on a freight wagon under the protection of the U.S. Army, Stuart and Custer capture Brown's injured son Jason (Gene Reynolds) and, before he dies, the troubled boy informs them about his father's hideout at Shubel Morgan's ranch in Palmyra. In disguise, Stuart rides into Palmyra, the center of the Underground Railroad, but Brown's men spot his horse's army brand. He is captured and taken to Brown at gunpoint. Attempting to escape, Stuart is trapped in a burning barn but is saved as Custer leads the cavalry to the rescue, driving Brown into seclusion.

Three years later, in 1859, believing that Brown's force has been broken, Stuart and Custer are sent back to Washington, D.C., where Stuart proposes to Kit. However, Brown is planning to re-ignite war by raiding the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. When Brown refuses to pay Rader for his services, Rader rides to Washington to alert Stuart of Brown's plans, and the troops arrive just in time to crush the rebellion. Brown is then tried for treason by the state of Virginia and hanged. The movie ends with the marriage of Stuart and Kit.

Cast

 Errol Flynn as James Ewell Brown "Jeb" Stuart
 Olivia de Havilland as Kit Carson Holliday
 Raymond Massey as John Brown
 Ronald Reagan as George Armstrong Custer
 Alan Hale as Tex Bell
 William Lundigan as Bob Holliday
 Van Heflin as Carl Rader
 Gene Reynolds as Jason Brown
 Henry O'Neill as Cyrus K. Holliday
 Guinn "Big Boy" Williams as Windy Brody
 Alan Baxter as Oliver Brown
 Moroni Olsen as Robert E. Lee
 Ward Bond as Townley
 Erville Alderson as Jefferson Davis
 David Bruce as Phil Sheridan
 Spencer Charters as Conductor
 Creighton Hale as Telegraph Operator (uncredited)
 Jack Mower as Surveyor (uncredited)

Production

Casting
The film was based on a script by Robert Buckner. At one stage, Randolph Scott was mentioned for the lead. However, by April 1940 it had become  a vehicle for Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland.

Raymond Massey signed to play John Brown in June.

John Wayne was mentioned as a possibility for Flynn's costar. Dennis Morgan was announced for the role of George Custer. Morgan was borrowed to appear in Kitty Foyle and replaced by Ronald Reagan before filming began. Van Heflin was signed to play the villain following his success on Broadway in The Philadelphia Story; it was his first movie since 1937.

Shooting
In June 1940, Warner Bros. announced the film as part of its slate. It was one of five films the studio announced for Flynn, the others being The Constant Nymph, Captain Horatio Hornblower, Shanghai, and Jupiter Laughs.

Filming started in July 1940, delayed by a recurrence of Flynn's malaria.

Outdoor scenes were filmed at the Lasky Movie Ranch in the Lasky Mesa area of the Simi Hills in the western San Fernando Valley, California. The railroad scenes were filmed on the Sierra Railroad in Tuolumne County, California.

Release

Premiere
The film was premiered in Santa Fe over a three-day festival, featuring a large number of celebrities, including Flynn, De Havilland, Rudy Vallée and Wayne Morris. Rita Hayworth performed a "welcome dance". There were 250 guests and two special trains, one from Hollywood and one from the East, for a total cost of $50,000 — shared between Warners and Santa Fe Railroad De Havilland was stricken with appendicitis during the trip and had to be flown home.

Vitasound
In its initial release, Warner Brothers premiered this film in some large cities with an experimental sound system named Vitasound, not stereophonic but aiming to create a greater dynamic sound range for battlefield action and dramatic music.

Box office
According to Warner Bros records, the film made a profit of $1.48 million. It made $1,748,000 domestically and $785,000 foreign.

The film was released in France in 1947 and recorded 2,147,663 admissions.

Historical inaccuracies and modern criticism

There are several major inaccuracies with many of the characters and timeline depicted in the film.  First, JEB Stuart, George Custer, and Philip Sheridan, as well as George Pickett, James Longstreet, and John Bell Hood  are all depicted as classmates in the same graduating class at West Point and all stationed in the Kansas territory at the same time. In reality they graduated at different times–Stuart in 1854, Custer in 1861, Sheridan and Hood in 1853, Pickett in 1846, and Longstreet in 1842. This depiction of these future Union and Confederate officers adds an element of foreshadowing predicting the coming American Civil War conflict, in which former American officers would be forced to choose sides following Southern secession. Second, future Confederate president Jefferson Davis, who was Secretary of War under Franklin Pierce in 1854 (the time set at the beginning of the film), was not in this Cabinet position by the time of John Brown's raid of Harper's Ferry in 1859. By then, the position was being held by John B. Floyd, a member of the Buchanan administration.

This film takes substantial liberties with other historical facts:
 Stuart and Custer, while they did attend West Point—albeit at different times—and fought against one another at the Battle of Gettysburg, were never personally acquainted.
 Jason Brown did not betray his father to the US Army. He was briefly a prisoner of war, but, after John Brown sought his son's rescue, he arranged for Jason to be exchanged as a POW.
 Jason Brown was not killed in Kansas. One of Brown's other sons, Frederick, was shot by Reverend White.
 Stuart served in the 1st Cavalry Regiment, and Custer served in the 2nd and 5th Cavalry Regiments.
 Custer was never in Kansas Territory; he was stationed there after the Civil War when Kansas had already become a state.
 The character of Carl Rader, expelled from West Point and assisting (later betraying) John Brown, did not exist.
 The U.S. Cavalry did not assault the Harper's Ferry engine house that was occupied by John Brown; it was taken by U.S. Marines who incurred two casualties (one dead, one wounded).
 The railroad into New Mexico was not begun until 1879, 20 years after the fictional events in the film.
 The characters in the film carry Colt Model 1873 Single Action Army revolvers, which did not exist in 1859.
 Jefferson Davis did not have a daughter named Charlotte, who is introduced to George Custer in 1859 in the movie. His daughters were Margaret Howell Davis, who was born in 1855 and thus would have been 4 years old in 1859, and Varina Anne Davis, who was born in 1872.
Cyrus K. Holliday did not have a son named Bob or a daughter named after Kit Carson.  His children were actually named Charles King and Lillie Holliday, respectively. And the maiden name of the real Mrs. "Jeb" Stuart was Flora Cooke.

To this day, some historians describe the figure of John Brown as a monomaniacal zealot, others as a hero for his violent tactics in the name of emancipation. The film depicts the character of John Brown generally as an antagonist, showing the valor of the principles of abolition but criticizing the methods by which Brown pursued his crusade. In the film, Brown eagerly endorses breaking apart the union of the United States and further bloodshed as a means to bringing an end to slavery, ultimately seeing his own demise as a sacrifice made to further the cause of abolition. The movie was made on the eve of the United States' entry into World War II, and its tone and political subtext express a desire to reconcile the nation's dispute over slavery which brought about the American Civil War and appeal to moviegoers in both the Southern and Northern United States. The American Civil War and abolition of slavery are presented as an oncoming tragedy triggered by the actions of an anarchic madman. The film seems to place blame for the outbreak of the Civil War on John Brown and the abolitionists perpetuating the violence of the Pottawatomie Massacre in Bleeding Kansas, but many other factors over a longer period of time.  These include the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act, the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott Decision, none of which are addressed in the film. In many scenes, including one with a Native American fortune teller, the heroic protagonists are unable to foresee how the issue of slavery could make them bitter enemies in the near future, even though by mid- to late-1850's hostility between the pro- and anti-slavery states had already reached a boiling point.

To some modern viewers, the depiction of some of the black slaves seeking freedom may appear as insensitive or inaccurate in some cases. Many of the black people in the film appear to be passive or dependent on the will of John Brown as an emancipator. Slaves brought by Brown's Underground Railroad to the North seem to be following orders of the abolitionist, without any driving motive of their own to flee slavery. Slaves in Kansas wait to be told they are free by John Brown; he then specifically declares them all free in one scene. Later, several who remain behind after their "emancipation" muse about their days serving masters South in a less than negative light. Trapped in a burning shed, several John Brown's black followers are rescued by Jeb Stuart. One black woman confidently boasts to Jeb Stuart as she's bandaging his wounds. Jeb yelps: "Ouch, that's too tight, Mammy." Mammy retorts: "Don't tell me how to do this, boy! I've been wrapping white folks all my life. When they was babies, I wrapped one end, and when they growed-up and took on too much corn liquor, then I wrapped t'other end!"  Jeb laughs: "Ah, what made you leave home?"  Mammy: "Well, Old John Brown said he's gonna give us freedom, but shuckins, if this here Kansas is 'freedom', then I got no use for it. No, sir." Then, a black man adds, "Me, neither. I just wants to get back home to Texas and sit till Kingdom Come."

A 2019 review by Filmink magazine stated "This would be the least highly regarded of the 'Dodge City' trilogy. Warners had a strong track record when it came to illustrating the dangers of Nazism, but they were not crash hot on the topic of African-American history. No studio was in 1940 but Santa Fe Trail is especially dodgy."

Availability
Santa Fe Trail entered the public domain in 1968 when United Artists Television (then the owners of the pre-1950 WB library, inherited from Associated Artists Productions) did not renew the copyright. As a result, the film later became widely available on VHS, LaserDisc and DVD as well as freely available for internet downloading.

In 1988, a colorized version was produced by Color Systems Technology for Hal Roach Studios, and released on VHS (VidAmerica, 1990). Turner Entertainment released a higher-quality VHS than was previously available (MGM/UA Home Video, 1998). Turner's ownership is part of the television division of Warner Bros., the original distributor.

Although not fully restored, higher-quality editions have been released in Germany on DVD (Intergroove, 2011) and Blu-ray (WME Home Entertainment, 2017).

See also
 List of films in the public domain in the United States
 List of films featuring slavery

References

Further reading
 Morsberger, Robert E. "Slavery and The Santa Fe Trail or, John Brown on Hollywood's Sour Apple Tree", American Studies (1977) 18#2 pp. 87–98. online, full-scale scholarly analysis of John Brown and other distorted historical themes

External links

1940 films
1940 Western (genre) films
American Civil War films
American Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
Articles containing video clips
Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer
Cultural depictions of John Brown (abolitionist)
Cultural depictions of Robert E. Lee
1940s English-language films
Films directed by Michael Curtiz
Films produced by Hal B. Wallis
Films scored by Max Steiner
Films set in Kansas
Films set in New York (state)
Films set in Virginia
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films set in the 1850s
Warner Bros. films
1940s American films

Santa Fe Trail (film)


CIBH-FM (88.5 The Beach) is a Canadian radio station located in Parksville, British Columbia. The station, which operates at 88.5 FM, is owned by Island Radio, a division of the Jim Pattison Group.

History
CIBH first went on the air on December 3, 1973 as CHPQ (which stood for Coombs, Hilliers, Parksvillle and Qualicum Beach), a semi-satellite of Nanaimo station CHUB (owned by Nanaimo Broadcasting Co.), operating at 1370 AM with 1000 watts of power.

In 1986, Nanaimo Broadcasting sold CHUB and CHPQ to Benchmark Ventures Inc. (headed by Gene Daniels, who became general manager of both stations); by 1992, CHPQ was producing 43 hours of local programming each week, with the rest of its schedule originating at CHUB. In 1994, Benchmark Ventures merged with Central Island Broadcasting Ltd. (later Island Radio), and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) granted CHUB permission to move to 102.3 FM (as CKWV) and to place a rebroadcaster in Parksville (CKWV-FM-1) at 99.9 FM. The switch took effect in early 1995, at which point two other switches took place; Nanaimo station CKEG moved to the old CHUB frequency of 1570, and CHPQ took over CKEG's former spot on the dial at 1350 AM and became CKCI on July 31, increasing its transmission power from 1000 watts to 10,000. In 1999, CKCI began simulcasting CKEG's oldies format as the two stations took the on-air name Good Time Oldies. On January 14, 2002, CKCI moved to 88.5 FM and became CIBH, adopting its current adult contemporary format.

The CHPQ call sign is now used by the former CKWV rebroadcaster CKWV-FM-1, which began airing a separate schedule on February 11, 2005.

The sale to Jim Pattison
On November 1, 2005, the Jim Pattison Broadcast Group and Island Radio Ltd. announced that Island Radio had agreed to sell its six radio stations (including CIBH) to the Jim Pattison Broadcast Group; following CRTC approval, Pattison assumed ownership of the Island Radio stations at midnight on June 30, 2006.

References

External links
88.5 The Beach

Ibh
Ibh
Ibh
Radio stations established in 1973
1973 establishments in British Columbia
Parksville, British Columbia

CIBH-FM


Peter-No-Tail in Americat () is a 1985 Swedish animation based on stories about the tail-less cat Pelle Svanslös by Gösta Knutsson. The cartoon is a sequel to the 1981 cartoon Peter-No-Tail. It is known in Sweden for its extremely surreal content.

Plot
Peter-No-Tail (Pelle Svanslös) is a cat without a tail. He was bit off by a rat when he was a kitten. He compensates for this by studying hard. Much to the dismay of his arch-rival Magnus (Måns), he earns a high university degree that few cats in the university town of Uppsala, Sweden, have got. In the movie, he is visited by his American relative Pelle Swanson. He invites him to visit his new home country, the United States, in the movie called Americat. There everything is bigger; even the rats are much fatter.

Main scope
The movie is mainly about what happens to someone from another country who is not used to the life in a big city. Nevertheless, Peter-No-Tail is still a kindhearted cat to everyone, even if the other cats are not nice to him. Everything seems possible in America, even the prospect of finally having a proper tail and a sweetheart to call one's own.

Elements
The movie has many surreal elements. When Peter encounters large ghetto-rats that try to eat him, the famous church of Uppsala turning into a huge cat, and a Native American cat that uses magic to give him a long, golden tail, earning him the nickname of "Peter Gold-Tail."

Cast
 Erik Lindgren - Peter No-Tail
 Ernst-Hugo Järegård - Mean Mike
 Ewa Fröling - Maja
 Björn Gustafsson
 Carl Billquist
 Eddie Axberg
 Lena-Pia Bernhardsson
 Nils Eklund
 Charlie Elvegård
 Åke Lagergren
 Gunilla Norling
 Agneta Prytz
 Mille Schmidt
 Stellan Skarsgård

References

Other websites

Movies set in the United States

Pelle Svanslös i Amerikatt (movie)


Per Almaas (8 March 1898 – 25 July 1991) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

He was born in Selbu.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Sør-Trøndelag in 1950, but was not re-elected in 1954.

Almaas was a member of Strinda municipality council between 1928 and 1959, except for a period between 1940 and 1945 during the German occupation of Norway. He served as mayor from 1937 to 1940 and 1945 to 1955. From 1945 to 1947 he was also a member of Sør-Trøndelag county council. He chaired the local party chapter from 1936 to 1937 and the county chapter from 1937 to 1946.

Outside politics he was a school teacher by education, eventually advancing to become school director in Nidaros school district from 1954 to 1962 and in Sør-Trøndelag from 1963 to 1968.

References

1898 births
1991 deaths
People from Selbu
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Mayors of places in Sør-Trøndelag
20th-century Norwegian politicians

Per Almaas


Situated on the northern boundary of Royal Park, Melbourne, Victoria, the Royal Park Golf Course is a 9-hole golf course located only 3 km from the city. It has the honour of being possibly the only golf course with both   tram and trains running through it: the route 58 tram and Upfield railway line (Royal Adelaide Golf Club only has a railway line running through it).

The Royal Park Golf Club, formed in 1903, has been the nursery for many golfers who went on to make a mark in the golfing world, including Peter Thomson (club champion at the age of 16, in 1945) who won the Open Championship (sometimes known as the British Open) 5 times, as well as Gus Jackson and Mick Ryan.

History
Between the years of 1890 and 1903 golf was played in Royal Park, Melbourne, but without a proper golf course.  It wasn't until 1903 that a group of golf enthusiasts met at the Parkville Hotel to discuss forming a club.  For a nominal rent, sufficient land for an 18-hole course was obtained from the Royal Park Trustees and the Royal Park Golf Course was built and maintained by volunteers and club members.

Membership numbers had fallen so low by 1911 that members could not afford the upkeep on the 18-hole course and it was reduced to 9 holes.  But that didn't stop the junior pennant team winning all its matches 8 years later in 1919 to win the flag.

The members made small improvements to the course, with approval from the Royal Park Trustees. In 1934 control of Royal Park changed from the Trustees to the Melbourne City Council (City of Melbourne).  Immediate improvements to the golf course included mowing of the fairways and bunkers and mounds being added to the course layout.

Royal Park has been the mother club for many notable golfers who went on to make their mark in the golfing world.  These include:

 Gus Jackson (1926 and 1933 Victorian Amateur Championship, amongst other titles),
 Mick Ryan (1930 and 1932 Victorian Amateur Championship, 1929 Australian Amateur, 1932 Australian Open, amongst other titles)
 Peter Thomson (1948 Victorian Amateur Championship, 1951 Australian Open, and 5 Open Championships amongst other titles).

The clubhouse, built on land leased from the Victorian Railways Department from 1906 onwards, was renovated and maintained by club members until 1970 when it was destroyed by fire.  Permission to rebuild the clubhouse proved difficult with the condition of occupancy offered by the Council being rejected by club members, so after talks with the Keilor Golf Club the club disbanded and the two clubs merged into the Tullamarine Country Club.

The council took over the running of the course from March 1971, and in the mid-1980s hired Peter Thomson's firm of Golf Course Architects to improve the course layout.

The Club reformed in 1974 with an 18-hole competition played on Saturdays and a 9-hole competition on Sundays. This was reversed in 1976 and by 1989 competitions days were Sundays only.  Members were allowed to use part of the restaurant built by council, to be used as a clubhouse.  By 2002 a Saturday 9-hole competition was reintroduced and renovations to pro-shop and clubhouse were undertaken by council, including the addition of a verandah. Membership numbers at the end of 2002 were close to 80, including juniors and 3 women, one being the first committee member in the hundred-year history of the club.

The Club celebrated its 100th year in 2003 with a Centenary Weekend of Golf tournament, with Peter Thomson returning to the Club to present prizes to Club winners. Peter also wrote the foreword to the book of the Club's history, written by Club member and first female committee member.

Citations

External links
RPGC website from October 2009 archived at Internet Archive Wayback Machine - archive.org
RPGC website from 2005 archived at Trove, Internet Archive at the National Library of Australia
Melbourne City Council - Royal Park

Golf clubs and courses in Victoria (state)
Sports clubs and teams in Melbourne
Sports venues in Melbourne
1903 establishments in Australia
Sports venues completed in 1903
Organisations based in Australia with royal patronage
Sport in the City of Melbourne (LGA)
Buildings and structures in the City of Melbourne (LGA)
Royal golf clubs

Royal Park Golf Club


New rhetorics is an interdisciplinary field approaching for the broadening of classical rhetorical canon.

Overview
The New Rhetoric is a result of various efforts of bringing back rhetorics from the marginal status it attained by its image and 'negative connotations of "political lies, corporate spin, long list of Greek and Roman terms for patterns of expression no one knowingly uses, purple prose, boiler-plate arrangement schemas, unimaginative reproductions of bullshit and so on" if not to its previous place of a discipline "associated with social and intellectual prestige" then at least to the level of the other contemporary fields in the social, cultural and linguistic studies. Notoriously the field emerged after the work of Chaïm Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca in their book The New Rhetoric (1969) but both the notion and the idea for the need of "new" rhetoric, different from the "old" one can be traced to the works of Kenneth Burke - A Rhetoric of Motives (1950) and Rhetoric - Old and New (1967).

What helped the emergence of New rhetoric was the ideas of the epistemic status of rhetoric, the notion of a clearly definable rhetorical core, and others. An attempt to apply the New Rhetoric as a social philosophy was made by the Polish philosopher Mieczysław Maneli in his 1994 book Perelman's New Rhetoric as Philosophy and Methodology for the Next Century. Maneli wrote: "The New Rhetoric is modern humanism. The struggle for humanism never ends. The most essential features to a humanistic approach to life are: individuals should be given the chance to develop their personal talents and energies, they should be able to be creative and become happy...Their essence and value are creativity and self-determination...Once the New Rhetoric took as its basic proposition that nothing is absolutely good or sacred except human dignity, one must constantly search for new values, for better forms, and ways of life. There are three specific areas that is especially important for modern humanism: social and individual justice, freedom from oppression with a genuine opportunity for a decent life; and tolerance and privacy".

New rhetorics attempts to preserve the original field but it also has tense relationship with it. For example, New Rhetoric attempts to break up with the formalistic and logocentric (i.e. patriarchal) Neo-Aristotelian analysis in favour of interplay between text and context, but according to DeGenaro it does not succeed to place itself outside the "Western-patriarchal" tradition with being unable to departure from "elite backgrounds and scopes of study" to a diversity of voices, topics, etc. This probably makes New Rhetoric rather a ground for the postmodern rhetoric which "puts into question the identities of the speaker, the audience, and the messages that pass between them" with evaluating the intersubjective philosophy because of the idea inherently accepted in postmodernistic philosophy that "differences cannot be overcome, in Hegelian fashion, by cancelling them under a higher-order synthesis, but must be eroded or defaced in the course of traversing them."

References

Rhetoric
Structuralism
Formalism (philosophy)

New rhetorics


is a Japanese manga artist and illustrator. She writes mainly for anthologies of video games published by Square Enix and Ohzora Publishing. Since 2005, she has serialized four manga based on the Higurashi When They Cry visual novel series, Onikakushi-hen, Tsumihoroboshi-hen, Matsuribayashi-hen, and Saikoroshi-hen, in Gangan Powered and Monthly Gangan Joker (both published by Square Enix). In 2007, she serialized a special comic based on Wild Arms XF from the November to March issue of Dengeki Maoh. In January 2008, she was in charge of illustrations for Seifuku Musume, published by Shueisha and Super Dash Bunko. In the same year, from the August issue of Monthly Shōnen Rival, she serialized Out Code: Chōjō Hanzai Tokumu Sōsakan.

Works illustrated
 Busin 0 ~Wizardry Alternative Neo~ Yami ni Ikiru Majo no Shukufuku (2004)
 Higurashi When They Cry series
 Onikakushi-hen (2005)
 Tsumihoroboshi-hen (2006)
 Matsuribayashi-hen (2008-2009)
 Saikoroshi-hen (2011)
 Wild Arms XF (2007)
 Out Code: Chōjō Hanzai Tokumu Sōsakan (2008)
 Nanami Chiaki no Sayonara Zetsubō Daibōken (2012)
 Ao Oni (2014)
 Isekai Cheat Magician (2017)

External links

Living people
Manga artists from Aichi Prefecture
Year of birth missing (living people)

Karin Suzuragi


Ramón Melendi Espinosa (born 21 January 1979 in Oviedo, Asturias) is a Spanish pop and rumba singer. He studied in the school, Leopoldo Alas "Clarín" with the Formula 1 pilot Fernando Alonso. He wrote a song for him called Magic Alonso.

Career
In 2003, Melendi made his first album Sin noticias de Holanda which had 12 songs. In December of the same year, he wrote two new songs, Asturias and Moratalá, which were very successful. In 2004, one of his songs, Con la luna llena, was chosen as the official song of a Spanish bicycling event called La vuelta ciclista España. One year later, he made his second single album Que el cielo espere sentao. He sold more than 200,000 copies of it. Some years later he made three more albums.

Melendi sings in concerts around Spain and South America.

Spanish singers
1979 births
Living people
People from Oviedo

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Nicolaas Thomas Bernhard (; 9 February 1931 – 12 February 1989) was an Austrian novelist, playwright and poet who explored death, social injustice, and human misery in controversial literature that was deeply pessimistic about modern civilization in general and Austrian culture in particular. Bernhard's body of work has been called "the most significant literary achievement since World War II." He is widely considered to be one of the most important German-language authors of the postwar era.

Life
Thomas Bernhard was born in 1931 in Heerlen in the Netherlands, where his unmarried mother Herta Bernhard worked as a maid. From the autumn of 1931 he lived with his grandparents in Vienna until 1937 when his mother, who had married in the meantime, moved him to Traunstein, Bavaria, in Nazi Germany. There he was required to join the Deutsches Jungvolk, a branch of the Hitler Youth, which he hated. Bernhard's natural father Alois Zuckerstätter was a carpenter and petty criminal who refused to acknowledge his son. Zuckerstätter died in Berlin from gas poisoning in an assumed suicide in 1940; Bernhard never met him.

Bernhard's grandfather, the author , pushed for an artistic education for him, including musical instruction. Bernhard went to elementary school in Seekirchen and later attended various schools in Salzburg including the Johanneum which he left in 1947 to start an apprenticeship with a grocer. George Steiner describes Bernhard's schooling as "hideous... under a sadistically repressive system, run first by Catholic priests, then by Nazis".

Bernhard's Lebensmensch (a predominantly Austrian term, which was coined by Bernhard himself and which refers to the most important person in one's life) was Hedwig Stavianicek (1894–1984), a woman more than thirty-seven years his senior, whom he cared for alone in her dying days. He had met Stavianicek in 1950, the year of his mother's death and one year after the death of his beloved grandfather. Stavianicek was the major support in Bernhard's life and greatly furthered his literary career. The extent or nature of his relationships with women is obscure. Thomas Bernhard's public persona was asexual.
Suffering throughout his teens from lung ailments, including tuberculosis, Bernhard spent the years 1949 to 1951 at the Grafenhof sanatorium  in Sankt Veit im Pongau. He trained as an actor at the Mozarteum in Salzburg (1955–1957) and was always profoundly interested in music. His lung condition, however, made a career as a singer impossible. After that he worked briefly as a journalist, mainly as a crime reporter, and then became a full-time writer.  In 1970, he won the Georg Büchner Prize.

In 1978, Bernhard was diagnosed with sarcoidosis. After a decade of needing constant medical care for his lungs, he died in 1989 in Gmunden, Upper Austria. Although there have been claims that he died by assisted suicide, contemporaneous obituaries reported, and Bernhard's half-brother, Dr. Peter Fabjan, confirmed that Bernhard had a heart attack. His death was announced only after his funeral.  In his will, which aroused great controversy on publication, Bernhard prohibited any new stagings of his plays and publication of his unpublished work in Austria; however, in 1999 this was annulled by his heir, Peter Fabjan. Bernhard's attractive house in Ohlsdorf-Obernathal 2 where he had moved in 1965 is now a museum and centre for the study and performance of his work.

Work

Often criticized in Austria as a Nestbeschmutzer (one who dirties his own nest) for his critical views, Bernhard was highly acclaimed abroad. Nevertheless, while reviled by some Austrians for his outspoken and harsh views of his homeland, including its Nazi past,  he was, during his lifetime, also highly acclaimed in Austria, winning major awards, and was seen by many as the preeminent writer of the time.

His work is most influenced by the feeling of being abandoned (in his childhood and youth) and by his incurable illness, which caused him to see death as the ultimate essence of existence. His work typically features loners' monologues explaining, to a rather silent listener, their views on the state of the world, often with reference to a concrete situation and sometimes reported secondhand by the listener. Alongside his serious and pessimistic views, his works also contain funny observations on life. Bernhard is often considered a verbose writer, but Andreas Dorschel has broadened this view by showing that Bernhard's characters (specifically in Das Kalkwerk) oscillate between excessive speech and highly economical expressions. As Dorschel argues, the two modes produce a series of oppositions with mutually informing sides.

Bernhard's main protagonists, often scholars or, as he calls them, Geistesmenschen (intellectuals), denounce everything that matters to the Austrian in contumacy-filled tirades against a "stupid populace". He also attacks the state (often called "Catholic-National-Socialist"), generally respected institutions such as Vienna's Burgtheater, and much-loved artists. His work also deals with the isolation and self-destruction of people striving for an unreachable perfection, since this same perfection would mean stagnancy and therefore death. Anti-Catholic rhetoric is not uncommon.

"Es ist alles lächerlich, wenn man an den Tod denkt" (It's all ridiculous, when one thinks of death) was his comment when he received a minor Austrian national award in 1968, which resulted in one of the many public scandals he caused over the years and which became part of his fame. His novel Holzfällen (1984), for instance, could not be published for years because of a defamation claim by a former friend. Many of his plays—above all Heldenplatz (1988)—were met with criticism from many Austrians, who claimed they sullied Austria's reputation. One of the more controversial lines referred to Austria as "a brutal and stupid nation ... a mindless, cultureless sewer which spreads its penetrating stench all over Europe." Heldenplatz, as well as the other plays Bernhard wrote in these years, were staged at Vienna's famous Burgtheater by the controversial director .

Even in death Bernhard caused disturbance by his posthumous literary emigration, as he supposedly called it, by which his will disallowed all publication and stagings of his work within Austria. The International Thomas Bernhard Foundation, established by his executor and half-brother Dr. Peter Fabjan, has since made exceptions, although the German firm of Suhrkamp remains his principal publisher.

The correspondence between Bernhard and his publisher Siegfried Unseld from 1961 to 1989 – about 500 letters – was published in December 2009 at Suhrkamp Verlag, Germany.

Bibliography

Novels
 Frost (1963). Translated by Michael Hofmann (2006).
Verstörung (1967). Gargoyles, translated by Richard and Clara Winston (1970).
Das Kalkwerk (1970). The Lime Works, translated by Sophie Wilkins (1973).
Korrektur (1975). Correction, translated by Sophie Wilkins (1979).
Ja (1978). Yes, translated by Ewald Osers (1991).
Die Billigesser (1980). The Cheap-Eaters, translated by Ewald Osers (1990) and Douglas Robertson (2021).
Beton (1982), Concrete, translated by David McLintock (1984).
Wittgensteins Neffe. Eine Freundschaft (1982). Wittgenstein's Nephew, translated by Ewald Osers (1986) and David McLintock (1989).
Der Untergeher (1983). The Loser, translated by Jack Dawson (1991).
Holzfällen. Eine Erregung (1984). Translated by David McLintock as Woodcutters (1987) and Ewald Osers as Cutting Timber: An Irritation (1988).
Alte Meister. Komödie (1985). Old Masters: A Comedy, translated by Ewald Osers (1989).
Auslöschung. Ein Zerfall (1986). Extinction, translated by David McLintock (1995).
In der Höhe. Rettungsversuch, Unsinn (written 1959, published 1989). On the Mountain, translated by Russell Stockman (1991).

Novellas and short story collections
Amras (1964).
Watten. Ein Nachlaß (1964). Playing Watten.
Prosa (1967). Prose, translated by Martin Chalmers (Seagull Books, 2010). Includes seven stories.
An der Baumgrenze (1969). Includes three stories.
Gehen (1971). Walking.
Midland in Stilfs (1971). Includes three stories: "Midland in Stilfs", "Der Wetterfleck", and "Am Ortler".
 (1978). Translated by Craig Kinosian as The Voice Impersonator (1995) and by Kenneth Northcott as The Voice Imitator: 104 Stories (1997).
Goethe schtirbt (2010). Goethe Dies, translated by James Reidel (Seagull Books, 2016). Includes four stories from the early 1980s.

Plays
Ein Fest für Boris (1968). A Party for Boris.
Der Ignorant und der Wahnsinnige (1972). The Ignoramus and the Madman
Die Jagdgesellschaft (1974). The Hunting Party, translated by Gita Honegger (1980).
Die Macht der Gewohnheit. Komödie (1974). The Force of Habit: A Comedy, translated by Neville and Stephen Plaice (1976).
Der Präsident (1975). The President.
Die Berühmten (1976). The Celebrities.
Minetti. Ein Portrait des Künstlers als alter Mann (1977). Minetti, translated by Gita Honegger (2000) as well as Tom Cairns and Peter Eyre (2014).
  (1978). First performed on 15 April 1978, directed by Claus Peymann at the Staatstheater Stuttgart.
Der Weltverbesserer (1979). The World-Fixer, translated by Josef Glowa, Donald McManus and Susan Hurly-Glowa (2005).
Vor dem Ruhestand. Eine Komödie von deutscher Seele (1979). Eve of Retirement.
Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh (1981). Over All the Mountain Tops, translated by Michael Mitchell (2004).
Am Ziel (1981). Translated by Jan-Willem van den Bosch as Destination (2001) and by Douglas Robertson as The Goal Attained in Save Yourself If You Can (2023).
Der deutsche Mittagstisch (1981). The German Lunch Table, translated by Gita Honegger (1981).
Der Schein trügt (1983). Appearances Are Deceiving, translated by Gita Honegger (1983).
Der Theatermacher (1984). Histrionics.
Ritter, Dene, Voss (1984).
Einfach kompliziert (1986). Simply Complicated.
Elisabeth II (1987). Elizabeth II, translated by Meredith Oakes (1992).
Heldenplatz (1988). Translated by Gita Honegger (1999) as well as Andrea Tierney and Meredith Oakes (2010).
Claus Peymann kauft sich eine Hose und geht mit mir essen. Drei Dramolette (1990). Partially translated by Damion Searls (2008): Claus Peymann Buys Himself a Pair of Pants and Joins Me for Lunch.

Miscellaneous
Auf der Erde und in der Hölle (1957). On Earth and in Hell: Early Poems, translated by Peter Waugh (Three Rooms Press, 2015).
Viktor Halbnarr. Ein Wintermärchen nicht nur für Kinder (1966). Victor Halfwit: A Winter's Tale, translated by Martin Chalmers (Seagull Books, 2011).
Meine Preise (2009). My Prizes: An Accounting, translated by Carol Brown Janeway (2010).

Compilations in English

 The President and Eve of Retirement (1982). Collects The President and Eve of Retirement; translated by Gitta Honegger.
Gathering Evidence (1985, memoir). Collects Die Ursache (1975), Der Keller (1976), Der Atem (1978), Die Kälte (1981) and Ein Kind (1982); translated by David McLintock.
 Histrionics: Three Plays (1990). Collects A Party for Boris; Ritter, Dene, Voss; and Histrionics; translated by Peter Jansen and Kenneth Northcott.
 Three Novellas (2003). Collects Amras, Playing Watten and Walking; translated by Peter Jansen and Kenneth J. Northcott.
In Hora Mortis / Under the Iron of the Moon (2006, poetry). Collects In Hora Mortis (1958) and Unter dem Eisen des Mondes (1958); translated by James Reidel.
Collected Poems (2017). Translated by James Reidel.
The Rest Is Slander: Five Stories (2022). Collects "Ungenach" (1968), "The Weatherproof Cape" ("Der Wetterfleck", 1971), "Midland in Stilfs" (1971), "At the Ortler" ("Am Ortler", 1971), and "At the Timberline" ("An der Baumgrenze", 1969); translated by Douglas Robertson.
Save Yourself If You Can: Six Plays (2023). Collects The Ignoramus and the Madman (1972), The Celebrities (1976), Immanuel Kant (1978), The Goal Attained (1981), Simply Complicated (1986), and Elizabeth II (1987); translated by Douglas Robertson.

References

Sources
 Website dedicated to Thomas Bernhard: works, essays, reviews
 List of works from the German Wikipedia entry
 Thomas Bernhard's Heldenplatz in the press (German)
 Links to various related resources
 Random Evidence on Thomas Bernhard

Further reading
 Theo Breuer, Die Arbeit als Leidenschaft, die fortgesetzte Partitur als Leben. Hommage zum 80. Geburtstag.
 Samuel Frederick, Narratives Unsettled: Digression in Robert Walser, Thomas Bernhard, and Adalbert Stifter. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 2012.
 Gitta Honegger, Thomas Bernhard: The Making of an Austrian, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001, .
 Kay Link, Die Welt als Theater. Künstlichkeit und Künstlertum bei Thomas Bernhard. Akademischer Verlag Stuttgart, Stuttgart 2000, .
 Jonathan J. Long, The Novels of Thomas Bernhard: Form and its Function, Rochester, NY: Camden House Inc., 2001, .
 Thomas Bernhard: 3 Days, From the Film by Ferry Radax, Blast Books, 2016, .
Fatima Naqvi, How We Learn Where We Live: Thomas Bernhard, Architecture, and Bildung, Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois, 2015.
Augustinus P. Dierick, "The Teller from the Tale: Monologues, Dialogues, and Protocols in Thomas Bernhard's Major Novels." Oxford German Studies, 44.4 (2015), 1–12.

Reviews
 Abish, Walter, "Embraced by Death" The New York Times, February 16, 1986. Review of Bernhard's Gathering Evidence.
 Baskin, Jason M., "Thomas Bernhard" Boston Review, Summer 2002). Review of Gitta Honegger's biography of Bernhard and three books by Bernhard: Gathering Evidence, Correction, and Gargoyles. Also published in New Fiction Forum, Summer 2002.
 Craft, Robert, "The Comedian of Horror" The New York Review of Books, September 27, 1990. Review of ten books by Bernhard.
 Parks, Tim, "The Genius of Bad News" The New York Review of Books, January 11, 2007. Review of Honegger's biography and of Bernhard's Frost.
  Review of Concrete.

Films
 Ferry Radax: Thomas Bernhard – Drei Tage (Thomas Bernhard – three days, 1970). Directed by Ferry Radax and based on a written self-portrait by Thomas Bernhard.
 Ferry Radax: Der Italiener (The Italian, 1972), a feature film directed by Ferry Radax and based on a script by Thomas Bernhard.

External links

 Five stories from The Voice Imitator.
 Shooting of "Monologe auf Mallorca" Pictures by Stephan Mussil
 Salon.com review by Ben Marcus of The Voice Imitator
 Bernhardiana, a critical anthology on/of Thomas Bernhard (English/Italian)
 Thomas Bernhard for life, 1986 interview with Thomas Bernhard
 An essay on Wittgenstein's Nephew by Ben Lerner in The Times Literary Supplement, September 20, 2019
 "The Genius of Bad News", Tim Parks, The New York Review of Books, January 11, 2007
 "The Darkest Comedian," Adam Kirsch, The New York Review of Books, February 10, 2011
Sound recordings  with Thomas Bernhard in the Online Archive of the Österreichische Mediathek (Literary readings, interviews and radio reports)

1931 births
1989 deaths
People from Heerlen
20th-century Austrian novelists
Austrian male novelists
Austrian male dramatists and playwrights
Austrian expatriates in the Netherlands
Austrian people of Dutch descent
Anton Wildgans Prize winners
Prix Médicis étranger winners
Georg Büchner Prize winners
Members of the German Academy for Language and Literature
20th-century Austrian dramatists and playwrights
German-language poets
Austrian male poets
20th-century Austrian male writers
Philosophers of pessimism
Hitler Youth members

Thomas Bernhard


Louis-Nathaniel Rossel (9 September 1844  28  November 1871) was a French army officer and a politician.  On 19 March 1871, he became the only senior French officer to join up with the Paris Commune, playing an important role as Minister of War.

Biography
He was born on 9 September 1844 in Saint-Brieuc, Côtes-d'Armor,  but his father was a scion of a strongly republican Huguenot (Protestant) Nîmes family, and descended from Saint-Jean-du-Gard Camisards.  His mother, born Sarah Campbell, was from Scotland. Rossel was educated at the Prytanée Militaire, and was executed on 28 November 1871 at the Satory military centre at Versailles.

When Rossel became Minister of War, replacing Gustave Paul Cluseret after the abandonment of Fort Issy, he immediately ordered the construction of a new ring of barricades within the existing ramparts in case the Government forces penetrated the first line of defense. Rossel also tried to concentrate and centralize the 1,100 artillery pieces scattered throughout the city. Many were out of commission with their breechblocks stored in arsenals elsewhere in Paris, so that the only readily available guns were light pieces that fared poorly against the Government's heavy artillery. Furthermore, Rossel began work within the city on three citadels: at the Trocadero, on Montmartre, and at the Pantheon on the Left Bank. Here, the Communards would be able to make a final stand if necessary. He put the defense of the city ramparts under the direct tactical command of a pair of his most talented Polish emigres, youthful veterans of the 1863 Polish rebellion. These were men accustomed to desperate fighting against hopeless odds. Recognizing that a purely passive defense would enable the Government forces to mass at any given point, Rossel developed a plan to organize National Guard battalions into "combat groups," each of five battalions, commanded by a colonel, and supported by some 40 guns. Unfortunately, the National Guard units remained suspicious of central direction and for the most part refused to serve in parts of Paris other than those in which they lived.

On 9 May 1871 Rossel resigned from his position after a tenure of nine days, despairing of the barren prolonged deliberations of the Commune, which precluded any serious action. He was replaced by Charles Delescluze.

After the fall of the Commune, Rossel fled and lived for a short while under an assumed identity. He was later apprehended and executed by a firing squad on 28 November 1871.

References

1844 births
1871 deaths
Politicians from Saint-Brieuc
French people of Scottish descent
People from Nîmes
French Protestants
People executed by the French Third Republic
Communards

Louis Rossel


Philip Levy is an American historian and archaeologist. He received his Ph.D. in American History from William and Mary in 2001. He, along with David Muraca, is a co-leader of the excavation of Ferry Farm, the site of George Washington's childhood home. Levy and Muraca are credited with finding the foundations of the house where Washington was raised. He is an associate professor at the University of South Florida. His fields of research are Early America, Virginia History, Place and Landscape, Historical Archaeology, and Public History.

Levy was also involved in disputing Donald A. Grinde Jr. and Bruce E. Johansen's claim that the Iroquois influenced the structure of the United States government. Their claim was that the founders had contact with and admired the Iroquois Confederacy. Levy countered that the primary documents did not support this claim.

He authored a book published in 2007 entitled Fellow Travelers: Indians and Europeans Contesting the Early American Trail. He is also the author of  Where The Cherry Tree Grew: The Story of Ferry Farm, George Washington's Boyhood Home.

Notes

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American archaeologists
American male non-fiction writers

Philip Levy (historian)


Antoine de Garaby, sieur de Pierrepont, de La Luzerne et d'Étienville (28 October 1617 – 4 July 1679) was a French moralist.

Garaby de La Luzerne was born in the family manor of La Besnardière at Montchaton near Coutances. He was the son of Bernard de Garaby and Françoise de Pierrepont, the sister of Hervé de Pierrepont, commander of the city and fortress of Granville for the king. Although diminutive, unattractive and malformed, his keen intelligence, amenities, and the subtleties of his mind, nonetheless made him an attractive character for nature had endowed him with the qualities of mind and heart while denying him physical beauty.

Garaby received his early education at home, under Francis Dyens, to whose memory he dedicated two couplets and a few lines of Latin prose. He then went on to study eloquence at the University of Caen, under Professor Antoine Halley with whom he was to remain in friendly terms until the end of his life. Amongst his classmates were, the theologian, orator, poet and humanist, Guillaume Marcel and Georges de Brébeuf, the translator into French of Lucan's Pharsalia.

Graced with a keen taste for literature, he started to compose, soon after finishing his classical studies. Huet commented him that "He loved literary men with a passion [and] he made them into his major friends." Aside from Huet himself, Garaby was acquainted with several scholars of his time, like Voiture, Chapelain et Ménage, Sarrazin, Moisant de Brieux, Jacques de Callières, Nicolas Bourbon, Pierre Halley, Jacques Du Chevreuil, etc.

Described as "a kind of Norman Montaigne", Garaby did not apply himself, nor did he determine to become a successful man of letters. Rather than being a career, literature was simply the exercise of the gift of intelligence, the taste and imagination of the gentleman who only sought the pleasures of study for its own sake. Huet concurred: "He had more genius for letters than achievement. For although he possessed enough Latin, he did not have much use of the ancient writers, and his active mind made composing easier and more pleasant than reading and polishing. Hence one finds more fertility than purity, clarity and elegance in his Latin prose collection of Christian, political and moral sentiments or in his French poetry."

Garaby remained with his father on their property of Trois-Monts, fairly close to Caen, long enough for his former professor to dub it his Parnassus. There he composed his French and Latin poems and his satires. Garaby's name is also associated with the foundation, along with Samuel Bochart, Pierre-Daniel Huet and Jean Regnault de Segrais, of the Royal Academy of Belles-Lettres of Caen.

After Hervé de Pierrepont, Garaby's maternal uncle, died on 18 August 1662, he inherited his property and names, to be called from then on "Garaby de Pierrepont de La Luzerne Étienville". This plenteous bequest made him think of entering into matrimony. By and through Madame de Matignon's benevolent intervention, Garaby soon wedded Anne de Vassé, of an ancient and noble family in Maine. Antoine Halley wrote, on this occasion, a wedding song celebrating the bride's beauty, spirit, and dowry. No children came of this union.

Having established his home in Étienville, where he spent the last years of his life. Huet also described Garaby de La Luzerne as "true and faithful to the duties of friendship, generous and kind, and very good company." Upon his death on 4 July 1679 in L'Isle-Marie, at the age of sixty-two, he was buried in the middle of the choir of the Étienville church. One of his descendants, the abbé de Garaby, a former professor of philosophy at the College of Saint-Brieuc, and author of several books of philosophy and morality, gave Father Leloup, the curé of Étienville, a small marble plaque engraved with the following praise of his forebear:

Notes

Works
  Satires inédites, Ed. & intr. Eugène de Robillard de Beaurepaire, Rouen, E. Cagniard, 1888.
  Eminentissimi cardinalis dvcis Richelii elogium funebre, Parisiis, pr. P. Targa, 1642, 1642.
  Sentiments chrétiens, politiques et moraux. Maximes d'état et de religion illustrées de paragraphes selon l'ordre des quadrins, Caen, Thomas Jolly ; Paris, Targa, 1641, in-12, 146 pages.
  Les Essais poëtiques du sieur de la Luzerne , Paris, Veuve François Targa, 1642.
  Miscellanea, Cadomi, Apud Marinvm Yvon, 1663.
  Recueil de ballades et sonnets présentés au Puy de l'immaculée Conception, dédié à messire Pompone-de-Bellièvre, in-4°, [S.d.].

Sources

1617 births
1679 deaths
French poets
17th-century writers in Latin
People from Coutances
French ethicists
University of Caen Normandy alumni
French male poets
French male non-fiction writers
17th-century French male writers

Antoine Garaby de La Luzerne


A mechanical pencil, also clutch pencil, is a pencil with a replaceable and mechanically extendable solid pigment core called a "lead" . The lead, often made of graphite, is not bonded to the outer casing, and can be mechanically extended as its point is worn away as it is being used. The vast majority of mechanical pencils have erasers.

Other names include: microtip pencil, automatic pencil, drafting pencil, technical pencil, draughting pencil, click pencil (generally refers to a specific brand), pump pencil, leadholder, Pacer (Australian English, ca. the 1980s), propelling pencil (British and Australian English, often refers to higher-end mechanical pencils), pen pencil (Indian English), and lead pencil (Bangladeshi and American English).

Mechanical pencils are used to provide lines of constant width, without need of sharpening, for tasks such as technical drawing as well as for clean looking writing. They are also used for fine-art drawing. Since they do not have to be sharpened, they are also popular with students. Mechanical pencils were first used in the 18th century, with many designs patented in the 19th and 20th centuries.

History

Conrad Gesner described a lead holder pencil in 1565, but the lead had to be manually adjusted to sharpen it. The earliest extant example of a mechanical pencil was found aboard the wreckage of HMS Pandora, which sank in 1791.

The first patent for a refillable pencil with lead-propelling mechanism was issued to Sampson Mordan and John Isaac Hawkins in Britain in 1822. After buying out Hawkins' patent rights, Mordan entered into a business partnership with Gabriel Riddle from 1823 to 1837. The earliest Mordan pencils are thus hallmarked SMGR. After 1837, Mordan ended his partnership with Riddle and continued to manufacture pencils as "S. Mordan & Co". His company continued to manufacture pencils and a wide range of silver objects until World War II, when the factory was bombed.

Between 1822 and 1874, more than 160 patents were registered pertaining to a variety of improvements to mechanical pencils. The first spring-loaded mechanical pencil was patented in 1877 and a twist-feed mechanism was developed in 1895. The 0.9  mm lead was introduced in 1938, and later it was followed by 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 sizes. Eventually, 1.3 and 1.4  mm mechanisms were available, and 0.4 and 0.2 versions are now produced.

The mechanical pencil became successful in Japan with some improvements in 1915 by Tokuji Hayakawa, a metalworker who had just finished his apprenticeship. It was introduced as the "Ever-Ready Sharp Pencil". Success was not immediate since the metal shaft—essential for the pencil's long life—was unfamiliar to users. The Ever-Ready Sharp began selling in huge numbers after a company from Tokyo and Osaka made large orders. Later, Tokuji Hayakawa's company got its name from that pencil: Sharp.

At nearly the same time in the US, Charles R. Keeran was developing a similar pencil that would be the precursor of most of today's pencils. Keeran's design was ratchet-based, whereas Hayakawa's was screw-based. These two development histories – Hayakawa and Keeran – are often mistakenly combined into one. Keeran patented his lead pencil in 1915 and soon afterwards arranged production. After some improvements, his design was marketed as the "Eversharp" pencil by the Wahl Adding Machine Company; by the early 1920s, Wahl had sold more than 12,000,000 Eversharps.

Some of the manufacturers are: Pentel, Pilot, Tombow, Uni-ball and Zebra of Japan; Faber-Castell, Lamy, Rotring and Staedtler of Germany; Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth of the Czech Republic; Bic of France; Monami of South Korea; PaperMate and Parker of USA; Caran d'Ache of Switzerland and numerous Chinese as well as other Asian and European manufacturers.

Mechanism types

Mechanical pencils can be divided into two basic types: those that both hold the lead and can actively propel it forward, and those that only hold the lead in position.

Screw-based pencils advance the lead by twisting a screw, which moves a slider down the barrel of the pencil. This was the most common type in the earlier part of the twentieth century. Many of these have a one-way locking mechanism to allow the lead to be pushed back into the pencil.

A clutch pencil (or leadholder) tends to use thicker leads (2.0–5.6 mm) and generally holds only one piece of lead at a time. A typical clutch pencil is activated by pressing the eraser cap on the top, to open the jaws inside the tip and allow the lead to freely drop through from the barrel (or back into it when retracting). Because the lead falls out freely when the jaws are opened, its forward movement cannot be controlled except by external means. This can be easily done by keeping the tip of the pencil a few millimeters above a work surface or the palm of one's hand. Some clutch pencils do have mechanisms which incrementally advance the lead, such as the Alvin Tech-Matic leadholder, but these are not normally considered to be in the same category as most pencils with propelling mechanisms.

Ratchet-based pencils are a variant of the clutch pencil, in which the lead is held in place by two or three small jaws inside a ring at the tip. The jaws are controlled by a button on the end or the side of the pencil. When the button is pushed, the jaws move forward and separate, allowing the lead to advance. When the button is released and the jaws retract, the "lead retainer" (a small rubber device inside the tip) keeps the lead in place, preventing the lead from either falling freely outward or riding back up into the barrel until the jaws recover their grip. Other designs use a precisely-fitted metal sleeve to guide and support the lead, and do not need a rubber retainer.

In one type of ratchet-based pencil, shaking the pencil back and forth causes a weight inside the pencil to operate a mechanism in the cap. A button may be present on the top or side of the pencil, to allow the user to advance the lead manually when necessary. Another variation advances the lead automatically. In this design, the lead is advanced by a ratchet but only prevented from going back into the pencil, just held from falling by a small amount of friction. The nib is a spring-loaded collar that, when depressed as the lead is worn away, extends out again when pressure is released.

An advanced ratchet type has a mechanism that rotates the pencil lead 9° counter-clockwise every time the lead is pressed on to the paper (which counts as one stroke), to distribute wear evenly. This auto-rotation mechanism keeps the lead 50% narrower than in the common propelling mechanical pencils, resulting in uniform thickness of the lines written onto the paper. The design was first patented by Schmidt of Germany, and later developed by Mitsubishi Pencil Company of Japan, and named Kuru Toga under the Uni brand. This type of pencil is most suited for Asian languages that have multiple strokes per letter or word, where the pencil is frequently lifted off the paper. The mechanism is less suitable for cursive writing used in western scripts. Another recent auto-rotation movement by Uni rotates the lead 18 degrees per stroke (or 20 strokes per complete revolution), which is better suited for western scripts.

There exist protection mechanisms that prevent the lead from breaking (within certain limits) when excessive pressure is exerted while writing. A mechanism employed in the DelGuard system by Zebra of Japan causes the lead sleeve to extend outward when excessive pressure is applied at an angle. When excess vertical pressure is applied on the lead, the lead is automatically retracted inwards.

Higher-end mechanical pencils often feature a lead hardness grade indicator and sometimes feature a retractable lead guide pipe. This allows the lead guide pipe to retract back into the pencil body, which will keep it protected in storage and during transit and makes it 'pocket-safe'.

Lead variations

In spite of the name, pencil leads do not contain the toxic chemical element lead, but are typically made with graphite and clay, or plastic polymers. The downside of mechanical leads are that they are not as strong as traditional pencils. Wooden pencil lead is bonded to the outer wooden case, therefore providing more lead protection and strength. This changed in 1962, when Pentel launched new mechanical pencils with the diameters of 0.5mm and 0.7mm. These pencils contained a new type of lead formulated with polymers that act as a binder to strengthen the lead. This polymer replaced the clay in mechanical pencil lead and made it easier for manufacturers to produce lead with smaller diameters.

Compared to standard pencils, mechanical pencils have a smaller range of marking types, though numerous variations exist. Most mechanical pencils can be refilled, but some inexpensive models are meant to be disposable and are discarded when empty.

Diameter

Mechanical pencil mechanisms use only a single lead diameter. Some pencils, such as the Pentel Function 357, place several mechanisms within the same housing, so as to offer a range of thicknesses (in this case three: 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mm). 1.00 mm leads also exist, but they are very rare. (See table below.).

Different sizes of lead diameters are available to accommodate various preferences and pencil builds, as shown in the table below. The more common lead sizes are 0.5 mm and 0.7 mm, whose line widths provide a favourable balance between precision and strength. Less common lead sizes can range from 0.2 mm up to 5.6 mm. Pentel has also previously demonstrated a prototype 0.1 mm pencil.
Pencils with sub-millimeter leads can usually hold multiple leads at the same time, reducing the frequency of refills. One exception was the Pentel 350 E, possibly Pentel's first mechanical pencil, which could only hold a single stick of 0.5 mm lead. Refill leads can be bought in small tubes and inserted into the barrel as needed.

The bracketed values in inches were found by calculation and rounded to 3 decimal places.

The diameters, however, are not exact. The exact diameter is usually slightly larger. The Japanese JIS standard for mechanical pencil leads, states that the actual diameter for "0.5 mm" lead (for example), should range from 0.55 mm to 0.58 mm.

Length
For sub-millimeter diameter leads, the standard length of the cylindrical stick for all grades is 60 mm. However, some manufacturers make leads that are 75 mm long, for selected grades.

Hardness
As with non-mechanical pencils, the leads of mechanical pencils are available in a range of hardness ratings, depending on the user's desired balance between darkness and durability. A commonly-used mechanical pencil lead is identical in density, but not in thickness to a traditional HB (US#2) pencil lead. The hardness depends on the proportion of polymer or resin and graphite in the lead. It is determined by a numerical scale: the higher the number, the harder the lead. Similarly to standard wooden pencils, the lead is distinguished by grading scales. H stands for hardness; as they are typically harder and produce a light gray color. B stands for blackness; they produce a darker color and are typically softer. F stands for fine; it is in between H and HB on the lead grading scale. Compared to standard pencils that have 24 grades of lead, there are only 10 grades of mechanical pencil lead, ranging from 4H-4B.

Pigments
Mechanical pencils with colored leads are less common, but do exist. Crayola's "Twistable" product line includes two different types of colored pencils (erasable and non-erasable) with mechanical feed mechanisms that are dispensed by twisting, but does not offer refill leads. Several companies such as Pentel, Pilot, and Uni-ball (Mitsubishi Pencil Co.) currently manufacture colored refill leads in a limited range of diameters (0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, or 2.0 mm) for their own products, as well as "variety packs" consisting of different colors of leads for those who want to trial different colors of lead. Koh-i-Noor makes mechanical colored pencils with replaceable leads in 2.0, 3.15 and 5.6 mm sizes.

See also

Technical drawing tools

Notes and references

Bibliography
 Deborah Crosby, Victorian Pencils: Tools to Jewels, Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen, PA, 1998
 Jonathan A. Veley, "The Catalogue of American Mechanical Pencils", Greyden Press, 2011

External links
 Sharp's history of the mechanical pencil
 History and development of Keeran's and Hayakawa's pencil styles
 Leadholder Museum (History and Images of Leadholders)
 Sampson Mordan. First patent for a mechanical pencil
Inventor never got rewards of pencil business - Pantagraph (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)

Pencils
Writing implements

Mechanical pencil


George Henry Strutt DL (14 September 1826 – 14 April 1895) was an English cotton manufacturer and philanthropist.

Strutt was born at Belper, Derbyshire, the son of Jedediah Strutt (1785–1854)  and his wife Susannah Walker. The Strutt family had been cotton manufacturers at Belper since the time of Jedediah Strutt.  Strutt lived at Bridge Hill House, Belper.  He instigated the construction of Christ Church, Belper which was completed in 1850 and subsequently funded a substantial stone vicarage. He  was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant of Derbyshire. In 1869 he was High Sheriff of Derbyshire

In 1870 Strutt converted a building in Belper into a cottage hospital for convalescent mill workers. In November 1870 he attended the inaugural meeting of Derbyshire County Cricket Club and became vice president of the club. He arranged for Belper Market Place to be paved in 1880. and donated £1000 to an endowment fund  for the Derbyshire Hospital for Sick Children in 1885. In 1887 Strutt became President of Derbyshire County Cricket Club  and was a generous supporter of the club. He donated a fire engine to the town of Belper in 1889.

Strutt travelled extensively in continental Europe and his travel diaries from 1864 to 1893, including an account of an earthquake in the Alps, are held in the archives of Derbyshire Record Office  The people of Belper paid for a fountain to be placed in the centre of their market place to thank Strutt for his support. The fountain has never worked because it was never connected to the water supply.

Strutt  married Agnes Anne Ashton, daughter of Edward Ashton of West End, Prescot, Lancashire, at Belper on 15 September 1846. He was the father of George Herbert Strutt (1854-1928) and daughters Susan Agnes (1847-1894), Lucy Frances (1850-1914) and Clara (1861-1863).

References

|-

People from Belper
1826 births
1895 deaths
Deputy Lieutenants of Derbyshire
High Sheriffs of Derbyshire
English philanthropists
Derbyshire County Cricket Club
19th-century British philanthropists

George Henry Strutt


The Giugiaro Mustang is a concept car based on the production fifth generation Ford Mustang that debuted at the 2006 Los Angeles International Auto Show. It was designed by Italdesign Giugiaro under Fabrizio Giugiaro, Giorgetto Giugiaro's son. The 2015 Ford Mustang takes many design cues from the concept car.

Styling
In 2005, Fabrizio Giugiaro, the styling director of Italdesign Giugiaro, went to Ford to design a future concept inspired by the fifth generation Ford Mustang. This follows the pattern of Giorgetto Giugiaro, who was instrumental in designing the 1965 Bertone Mustang, as well as the Chevrolet Corvette Moray. It is the younger automobile designer's interpretation of European styling on the 2005 version of the American pony car.

Italdesign Giugiaro changed the styling and design of both the interior as well as the exterior. The final concept of the vehicle is more compact and tapered with a smaller rear overhang, but is wider by  at the front, and by  at the rear. A single pane forms the windshield as well as the roof, which is made from a type of crystal that filters out all UV rays, yet does not polarize visible light. The doors are touch operated and when opened raise from the A-pillar at a 45 degree angle, similar to the classic Lamborghini's scissor doors. Inside, the interior is trimmed with aluminum and leather. The dashboard, door panels, dials and knobs, instrument cluster, as well as gear lever have been completely redesigned. The car also utilizes reverse cameras on both doors in place of conventional side view mirrors. New periscope-style air conditioning vents, along with a new seat trim, harkens to the pony car's name with furred horse hides.

Engineering
The Giugiaro Mustang is powered by the 4.6 L V8 from the Mustang GT, but receives additional power from a twin-screw supercharger.  The engine is tuned by Italdesign Giugiaro, fitted with fuel injectors from the Ford GT, and has a larger air intake with  mass air meter and a conical air filter.  Exhaust flow is improved using an X-pipe and Ford Racing mufflers. The engine produces over  at  of boost from the supercharger.

The Giugiaro Mustang  is equipped with a custom Ford Racing handling package, featuring new shock absorbers, lower springs, and thicker sway bars.  These changes also lower the ride height by .

References
 LA Auto Show: Giugiaro's Mustang hotness revealed! AutoBlog. Autoblog. Retrieved on 2007-01-11.

External links

 Mustang by Giugiaro - Official Italian site

Ford Mustang
Ford concept vehicles

Giugiaro Ford Mustang


The Bond District is a collection of historic buildings located in the district of North Kohala on the island of Hawaii.
The district has three sections: the homestead of missionaries Ellen and Reverend Elias Bond (1813–1896), Kalahikiola Church, and the Kohala Seminary.

Ellen and Elias Bond
Elias Bond was born in Hallowell, Maine on August 19, 1813. His father was also named Elias Bond (1774–1864), son of Colonel William Bond who served in the American Revolutionary War, and his mother was Rebecca Davis. He graduated from Bowdoin College in Maine in 1837, and from Bangor Theological Seminary in 1840. He married Ellen Mariner Howell September 29, 1840 in Hallowell, Maine and was ordained the following day. The Bonds had 11 children born in Hawaii (but only 9 lived to adulthood). Mrs. Bond died May 12, 1881, and Reverend Bond died July 24, 1896.

The Bonds sailed on the ship Gloucester from Boston November 14, 1840 with the Ninth Company from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. The ship arrived in Honolulu in May 1841 where he observed the construction of Kawaiahao Church. They were assigned a remote outpost on the northern coast of the Big Island of Hawaii, in the area known as the Kohala district.

Bond House
An earlier missionary to Kohala, Reverend Isaac Bliss (1804–1851), had just completed building the main house for the homestead compound when the Bonds arrived in June 1841. Bond described it as made from "native wood and plaster on stone foundation with a good cellar." By 1842 he had expanded it to about  by .

The next addition was built of stonework similar to the Kawaiahao Church. The fieldstones were held together with burned coral mortar, to add a wash house, foundations for a woodshed and carpenter sheds, an archway, and courtyard walls, all around a large open space. Around 1845 a kitchen wing was added, with a stone foundation and wooden walls.

By 1848 the Foreign Missions Board wanted to reduce its financial support, so Bond offered to forego a salary if they would let him have the house which he had improved. Instead, the Board asked him to pay them $500 for it. But because of the changes in property law called the Mahele, Bond legally took personal title to the house. He would eventually expand the homestead and buy about  of the ancient land division (ahupuaa) called Iole. Leases from farmers on the land provided a steady source of income.

In 1853 another wing was added to the house, about  by . Masonry walls were finished with lime plaster inside and out. At various times a workshop, other outbuildings and a lily pond were added. The original thatched roofs were replaced by corrugated metal.

His son Benjamin Davis Bond (January 21, 1853 – November 2, 1930) finished medical school at the University of Michigan in 1882, and returned to live in the homestead.
A doctor's office was attached to the house in 1884 for his practice. In 1889 Dr. Bond married Emma Mary Renton (1866–1951), and a wood-framed cottage was added at the east end of the main house for them.

A small shed was expanded to shelter a horse carriage and single horse stall, to be ready for emergency medical calls.

Around 1900, the family added modern bathrooms, servants' quarters, and larger stables. A rock-crusher and power-house first produced gravel for paving the roads of the estate from their own quarry, and then was converted to process macadamia nuts grown on the property.

Kalahikiola Church
The first building for Christian missionaries in Kohala was a thatched hut in an area called Nunulu, , built by Bliss in 1837, which was destroyed by a storm in 1840. The second thatched structure built on the present Kalahikiola site, called the Iole mission station, was repaired by Bond, and replaced with a wooden framed building in 1846. That was also demolished by high winds in 1849. The congregation would take five years to build a sturdier structure. Kalahikiola Church, dedicated on October 11, 1855, was made from stone and mortar entirely by hand.
The main structure is a rectangle about  by , with a  square wooden tower that was added about 1858.

The Kalahikiola church was built a bit further south past the Bond homestead, at 53-540 Iole Road - off of Akoni Pule Highway . The name comes from ka lā hiki ola meaning roughly "the day of salvation approaches" in the Hawaiian language. It was also called the "Kohala Hawaiian Church" since services were held in the Hawaiian language until 1950. The first church to offer services in English was called the "Foreign Church".

However, by the time the church was finished, the congregation was shrinking due to epidemics and emigration of laborers to employment outside the district. Since Bond personally owned the land, he formed his own "Kohala Sugar Plantation", also known as the "Missionary Sugar Plantation" to support his efforts in 1862, and employ locals.
He convinced the company Castle & Cooke, founded by former American Missionaries, to buy . The first sugarcane crop was harvested in 1865, and by 1867 it adopted a less authoritarian management style, compared to other sugar plantations in Hawaii that had slave-like conditions. The mill was built downhill from the homestead, in an area known as , . By the 1880s the profits made him the largest contributor to the support of other missions.
The plantation was finally shut down in 1973.

Also in 1973, an earthquake caused cracks in many of the masonry foundations and walls, but the building was repaired. The church suffered even more major damage after the 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake; one wall was reduced to a pile of rubble. Governor Linda Lingle met with members of the church at the site in a tour of the damage.

The congregation decided to rebuild, using an insurance settlement and donations. Construction finally began in November 2008, more than two years after the damage. The  thick walls were replaced with concrete blocks covered in plaster to resemble the older irregular stones.

 the senior Minister was the Rev. George W. Baybrook

Kohala Seminary
Originally the Bonds operated separate boys and girls schools. The boys constructed their own thatched structure, and Mrs. Bond taught the girls in the house.
After raising about $2500 in 1873, work was begun under carpenter D.F. Stanford on a site just uphill and inland from the church, .
The girls' boarding school called the Kohala Seminary had its first class in December 1874 with 13 students.
Elizabeth M. Lyons, daughter of Lorenzo Lyons of the Imiola Church in Waimea, served as first principal. She named the school "Mauna Oliva" after the Mount of Olives. In September 1878, about 30 of the 57 students contracted typhoid fever, and only 47 were able to continue the year. An additional classroom building was added, with the original building turned into a dormitory.
In 1886 Lyons was forced to return and care for her father, and another epidemic reduced enrollment.

The school was briefly closed, but opened again in 1887 under the Hawaiian Evangelical Association. The curriculum slowly evolved from preparing students to be wives and mothers, to instead be teachers or other professionals. Enrollment grew, as a high school diploma offered better employment opportunities near the end of the 19th century. Additional wings were added in 1890 and 1891, and it was remodeled after a fire in 1894. It was known as the "Select School for Girls" because of its high standards. However, after Kamehameha Schools opened a girls school in 1894, it raised the question if the Kohala Seminary was still needed. However, Kamehameha Schools only accepted Native Hawaiians, and its Hawaii island campus would not open until 2001. In 1926, the dormitory was used for girls at the new public Kohala High School. In 1955 it was finally closed, and used only for rare private functions and rental units.

Preservation
Benjamin Bond closed his medical practice in 1925 and moved to Hilo, Hawaii.
Other children born at the homestead were Ellen Mariner Bicknell (1841–1922), George Shepard Bond (1844–1917), Elias Cornelius Bond (1846–1918), Thomas Spencer Bond (1849–1883), William Lee Bond (1851–1925), Caroline Sophia (1854–1943), Julia Page Bond (1857–1938), and Abbie Steele Bond (1859–1943).
The Bond family is buried in Waianaia Cemetery.

By 1967, the school was re-acquired by the Bond family from the church, since it was not being used and had fallen into disrepair.
On July 22, 1977, the district was listed as the state of Hawaii historic site 10-02-7100, and on March 30, 1978, added as site 78001016 to the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii. After all the children of Elias and Ellen Bond died, some grandchildren preserved the house with its original furnishings and used it as a retreat. Its remote location made it unique: the only missionary station in Hawaii to be owned by one family for over 150 years.

Land was donated July 19, 1927 by Caroline S. Bond for the Kohala public library, named the "Bond Memorial Library". A small  building from 1929 was replaced by a larger one constructed in 2009. Descendant Dorothy Bond was the first librarian. The estate was purchased in 1999 by the New Moon Foundation.
After spending several years stabilizing and restoring the buildings, their plans for an educational center were delayed because of the 2006 earthquake damage. some trails were open to the public in the area.

References

Further reading

 original article:

External links

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii
Houses completed in 1844
Hawaii (island)
Houses in Honolulu County, Hawaii
Historic American Buildings Survey in Hawaii
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii
National Register of Historic Places in Honolulu County, Hawaii

Bond District


Because I Said So is a 2007 romantic comedy movie. The movie is about an overbearing mother who is concerned about her three daughters. Diane Keaton plays Daphne. Mandy Moore plays Milly. Piper Perabo plays Mae. Lauren Graham plays Maggie.

Because I Said So got negative reviews from critics. But it did very well at the box office. It took in more than $69 million against a $39 million budget.

Other websites

2007 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies

Because I Said So


Tr'ochëk is the site of a traditional Hän fishing camp at the confluence of the Klondike River and Yukon River. The site is owned and managed by the Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in First Nation, and is operated by the First Nation's Department of Heritage.

In the late 19th century Tr'ochëk was the camp of Chief Isaac, the leader of the Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in during the Klondike Gold Rush. The Tr'onëek people used this site primarily in the summer, hunting moose in the flats across the Klondike and fishing for salmon during their migration up the Yukon.

Tr'ochëk lies on the upstream flat, an alluvial deposition of the Klondike River, at the river confluence. Dawson City is directly north of the site, just across the Klondike.

The river flat has a mixture of poplar trees, alder and willow bushes, with open grassy meadows. The steep hillside behind the site is covered with vegetation typical of a northern exposure boreal forest - thick moss, spruce, and small birch groves. On the bench above the flat, mining activity has stripped away both vegetation and soil, leaving a fringe of the original spruce forest along the edge of the river bluffs.

The gold rush was a period of great disruption for the Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in. Thousands of stampeders overwhelmed them at their summer camp. To avoid the worst excesses of this time, the Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in made arrangements, with the assistance of the Anglican Church and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, to move a few kilometres downriver to a site known as Moosehide.

After the Tr'ondëk Hän relocation to Moosehide (), Tr'ochëk was used by the non-native newcomers for a series of urban and industrial activities. Several bridges connected the site to Dawson City and until the 1910s, Klondike City, as the site became known, remained a fairly active part of the Dawson urban area. Later, as the newcomer population dwindled, the site was used for a time for market gardening. First Nation people began resettling the site in the 1950s.

In the early 1990s mining activity on the site instigated a lawsuit by the Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in challenging Canada's right to issue mining claims on unsurrendered Indian lands. The Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in reaffirmed their ownership of the site in their land claim final agreement in 1998, and designated it as a heritage site. It was subsequently designated as a National Historic Site of Canada on July 19, 2002.

Tr'ochëk became part of the Tr'ondëk-Klondike UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2023.

References

External links
 Tr'ochëk - The Archaeology and History of a Hän Fish Camp
 Tr'ochëk National Historic Site

Hän
Protected areas of Yukon
Klondike Gold Rush
First Nations in Yukon
National Historic Sites in Yukon
Archaeological sites in Yukon
Fishing communities in Canada
Populated places in Yukon
Aboriginal National Historic Sites of Canada

Tr'ochëk


D. Lopo de Albuquerque was made First Count of Penamacor by King Afonso V of Portugal on August 24, 1476, by which letter the Count was also given the towns of Penamacor and Abiul.

D. Lopo de Albuquerque was Lord Chamberlain of King Afonso V, and from 1463 was also the king's Falconeer and Captain of the Royal Guard.
He accompanied King Afonso V to France in 1477 where he had been sent as Ambassador earlier and was Ambassador to Rome to negotiate Afonso V's marriage to Joanna la Beltraneja, Queen Isabel's nemesis.
He was accused of treason in 1484 by King John II and went into exile into Spain where he assumed the identity of Pedrio Nunes. He was arrested in London in 1488 by John II's request and released on 1492 by Queen Isabel's intervention. He was killed in Seville around 1492 by John II's agents.

He married D. Catarina de Noronha (niece of Filipa Moniz future wife of Christopher Columbus), daughter of D. Pedro de Noronha and of Branca Dias Perestrello, daughter of Bartolomeu Perestrello and his second wife Branca Dias.

D. Catarina de Noronha is mentioned in Diego Colón's Last Will.
The Counts of Penamacor had the following children:
 D. Garcia de Albuquerque (1470–?) married Leonor Perestrelo,
 D. Afonso de Albuquerque,
 Luís de Albuquerque,
 Inês (ou Guiomar) de Noronha (c. 1470–?) married Rui de Melo, Mayor of Elvas,
 D. Isabel de Noronha (1480–?) married Nuno Vaz de Castelo-Branco, Admiral of Portugal.
 D. Pedro de Noronha
They also had an adopted son named Diego Mendez de Segura who became Christopher Columbus' secretary.

References
 Manuel José da Costa Felgueiras Gayo, Nobiliário das Famílias de Portugal,  Carvalhos de Basto, 2ª Edição, Braga, 1989, vol. IV-pg. 159 (Cunhas).
 D. António Caetano de Sousa, História Genealógica da Casa Real Portuguesa,  Atlântida-Livraria Editora, Lda, 2ª Edição, Coimbra, 1946, Tomo I-pág. 153.
 Manuel Abranches de Soveral, Sangue Real,  Masmedia, 1ª Edição, Porto, 1998, pág. 24.
 Manuel Abranches de Soveral, «Os Furtado de Mendonça portugueses. Ensaio sobre a sua verdadeira origem». Porto 2004. Em co-autoria com Manuel Lamas de Mendonça. «Branca Dias (Perestrello) não era irmã mas sim filha de Bartolomeu Perestrello e de sua 1ª mulher Branca Dias».
 Louis Vigneras (André) "Diego Mendez, Secretary of Christopher Columbus and Alguacil, Mayor of Santo Domingo"

1476 establishments in Portugal
Counts of Portugal

Count of Penamacor


Luca Passi (22 January 1789 – 18 April 1866) was an Italian priest and the founder of the Teaching Sisters of Saint Dorothy. Two brothers of his were priests – following the example of their paternal uncle – and Passi himself moved to Venice in order to dedicate himself to both his preaching and educational missions.

Passi's beatification was celebrated on 13 April 2013.

Life
Passi was born in 1789 in Bergamo as the first of eleven children to the nobles Enrico Passi de Preposulo (a teacher) and Caterina Corner in the province of Bergamo; two brothers were the priests Giuseppe Celio and Marco. His paternal uncle was the priest Marco Celio Passi. In his childhood volatile political circumstances forced the family to relocate to a villa in Calcinate.

In 1810 he became the director of the confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament at Calcinate and in 1811 became the director of the confraternity of the Christian Doctrine. Passi began his studies for the priesthood in 1811 and was ordained as such on 13 March 1813. His brother Marco aided him in founding the Pious Society of Saint Dorothy in 1815 for the education of both children and adolescents. This was an establishment that Pope Pius VII praised and who also encouraged that the organization expand and spread to other towns in the region. In 1838 he founded the Teaching Sisters of Saint Dorothy. Pope Gregory XVI granted him the title of "Apostolic Missionary".

Passi died on 18 April 1866.

Beatification
The beatification process commenced on 6 March 1981 under Pope John Paul II and Passi became titled as a Servant of God; Cardinal Marco Cé inaugurated the cognitional process in Venice on 10 May 1982 and this process later concluded on 9 November 1983 while the Congregation for the Causes of Saints later validated this process on 10 April 1986. The C.C.S. received the Positio from the postulation in 1996 with historians first assessing and approving the cause on 24 November 1998. Theologians approved this on 8 November 2005 as did the C.C.S. on 15 May 2007; Pope Benedict XVI named the late priest as Venerable on 6 July 2007 after confirming his heroic virtue.

The single miracle for beatification was investigated on a diocesan level from 7 April to 31 June 2009 and received C.C.S. validation on 7 May 2010 before medical experts voiced their approval to it on 13 October 2011; theologians followed on 18 February 2012 as did the C.C.S. on 15 May 2012. Benedict XVI approved this miracle on 28 June 2012 and confirmed that Passi would now be beatified. Cardinal Angelo Amato beatified Passi on 13 April 2013 on the behalf of Pope Francis in Venice.

The current postulator for this cause is Sister Emmarosa Trovò.

References

External links
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN

1789 births
1866 deaths
19th-century venerated Christians
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Beatifications by Pope Francis
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Italian beatified people
Clergy from Bergamo
Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI

Luca Passi


Indonesian-Ukrainian dictionary by Mykhailo Izhyk is the first lexicographical work of Indonesian language in Ukrainian linguistics. It was released in 2013 by the publishing house "Chetverta Hvylia" with the financial support of the Embassy of the Republic Indonesia in Ukraine.

The author started working on the dictionary in summer 2009 after completing his language training in Jakarta provided by the government educational program "Darmasiswa" of the Republic of Indonesia.

The dictionary contains 16000 words that are actively used in Indonesian language. In addition to the general vocabulary it has many words from different disciplines - economics, law, medicine etc. Over 1500 acronyms and abbreviations used in modern Indonesian language are put into a separate section of the dictionary.

Pages: 336

Copies: 500 ( Most of the copies were submitted to the Embassy of the Republic Indonesia in Ukraine and Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv).

The presentation of the dictionary was held on September 17, 2013 at President Hotel in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Sources

Resepsi Diplomatik dalam rangka memperingati HUT RI ke-68 KBRI Kyiv dan Peluncuran Kamus Bahasa Indonesia-Ukraina (id.)

See also
 Indonesian language
 Ukrainian language

Indonesian dictionaries
Ukrainian dictionaries
Translation dictionaries
Indonesia–Ukraine relations

Indonesian-Ukrainian dictionary


Gunnar von Proschwitz (29 July 1922 – 5 March 2005) was a Swedish Romance philologist.

von Proschwitz was born in Tölö in Halland. He was a son of Adolf von Proschwitz, a school principal, and Märta Löndén. He grew up in Göteborg, where he graduated from high school in 1941. He began his studies at the Göteborg University College in the same year, earning his bachelor's degree in 1944, his master's degree in 1946, his licentiate degree in 1946 and finally his PhD in 1958. He then worked as lecturer of French at the university college until 1968, when he was appointed professor of Romance languages, especially French, at Uppsala University, a post he held until 1971. He then returned to Göteborg and served from 1977 to 1988 as professor of Romance languages at the University of Göteborg. In 1987 he served as guest professor at the University of Paris.

von Proschwitz's research interests included 18th century France and its relations with Sweden. He published the correspondence of Carl Gustaf Tessin and a monography on king Gustav III of Sweden, and participated in the Voltaire Foundation's project to publish the complete works of Voltaire.

von Proschwitz was elected member of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Gothenburg in 1964 and became its chairman in 1988. He received the Grand prix de la francophonie in 1999 and the Legion of Honour, and was bestowed an honorary doctorate by Stendhal University.

He died on 5 March 2005 in Göteborg and was buried at Kviberg Cemetery.

References

Romance philologists
Academic staff of the University of Gothenburg
1922 births
2005 deaths
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences and Letters in Gothenburg
Swedish philologists
20th-century philologists

Gunnar von Proschwitz