High Frequency Economics, Ltd. is an American economic research consultancy founded by Carl B. Weinberg.  The firm is located in Valhalla, New York.

Description
Founded in 1988 by Carl B. Weinberg, High Frequency Economics publishes "independent analysis of the global economy and markets" in the form of daily research products, offered by subscription only.

The firm's publications include Daily and Weekly Notes on the Global Economy, Daily and Weekly Notes on the United States, Snapshots on the U.S. Economy, and Weekly Notes on China's Economy.  High Frequency Economics also offers periodic global conference calls for its clients and direct access to the firm's team of economists. The firm does not provide investment advice; rather, it provides subscribers with economic knowledge that it believes will help them make day-to-day and long-term investment decisions.

Approximately 350 institutions in 25 countries subscribe to High Frequency Economics' publications, including investment managers, asset allocators, hedge funds and traders. The firm's team of economists have been quoted frequently by The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Times and other media.

History
Carl Weinberg founded High Frequency Economics in 1988, after leaving Shearson Lehman Brothers, where he served as Senior International Economist.  Initially based in Manhattan, the firm moved to Valhalla, NY, in 1996.

At present, High Frequency Economics has 350 clients in 25 countries worldwide.

Carl Weinberg has served as Chief Economist and managing director of High Frequency Economics since 1988.  The firm announced on June 18, 2012, that effective July 16, 2012, Jim O'Sullivan, formerly Chief Economist of MF Global, would become the new Chief U.S. Economist. Previous Chief U.S. Economists have included David Munro, M. Carey Leahey, and Ian Shepherdson.

On April 14, 2010, Carl Weinberg's debt restructuring plan for Greece was published in the opinion section of the Wall Street Journal. In it, he proposed a multi-year restructuring agreement similar to those used by banks in the 1980s to avert defaults in Latin America. Specifically, he recommended bundling all of Greece's bonds scheduled to mature between 2011 and 2019 into "a single, self-amortizing 25-year bond."

References

External links
High Frequency Economics Website

Macroeconomics consulting firms

High Frequency Economics


Sally Cruise was a wholly owned subsidiary of Rederi Ab Sally, Finland that operated cruise ships on the Baltic Sea between the years 1986 and 1992. It was merged into Silja Line 1992.

Company history

Rederi Ab Sally had been, until the early 1980s, the dominant partner in the Viking Line consortium. However, due to investing in unprofitable operations outside the Baltic Sea they started losing their foothold in Viking during the mid-80s when the other partners (SF Line and Rederi AB Slite) took delivery of new tonnage that supplanted Sally's newest ships. In 1986 when Sally's MS Viking Saga was replaced by the new MS Olympia, the decision was made not to sell the Viking Saga but use her to start a new company, Sally Cruise, to operate short cruises out of Helsinki, Finland. At this time one-day cruises to nowhere were still a novel idea, the first ones had been made only the previous year by GTS Finnjet.

After a refit the Viking Saga re-emerged as MS Sally Albatross, painted in an attractive white livery with dark and light blue bands running along her hull. Despite the Sally Albatross success her parent company's downward spiral continued, and in 1987 the company was sold to their main rivals Effoa and Johnson Line (owners of Silja Line). The change of ownership meant additional investments made in Sally Cruise, and the Sally Albatross was rebuilt in 1988. However, disaster struck in 1990 when the Sally Albatross was burnt out while in drydock at Finnboda, Nacka, Sweden.

Sally Cruises quickly chartered MS Delfin Clipper from the short-lived Delfin Cruises and renamed her MS Sally Clipper to replace the burnt-out Sally Albatross. By the end of the year 1990 the salvageable parts of the burnt-out Sally Albatross were being used to build a new ship, codenamed Sally Eurocruiser. Before she was completed in 1992 Sally also chartered Sally Clippers sister ship MS Delfin Caravelle under the name Sally Caravelle in 1991.

In March 1992 the new MS Sally Albatross debuted for Sally Cruise. However, in order to cut costs her owners EffJohn (a merger between Rederi Ab Sally, Effoa and Johnson Line created in 1990) decided to terminate Sally Cruise as an independent company in September 1992, and the company was merged in Silja Line.

Fleet
 MS Sally Albatross (1986–1990, 1992)
 MS Sally Clipper (1990)
 MS Sally Caravelle (1991)

External links
 Sally Cruise at Fakta om Fartyg (in Swedish)

Defunct transport companies of Finland
Defunct shipping companies
Transport companies established in 1986
Transport companies disestablished in 1992
Defunct cruise lines
1992 disestablishments in Finland
Finnish companies established in 1986

Sally Cruise


Pezizomycetes are a class of fungi within the division Ascomycota.

Pezizomycetes are apothecial fungi, meaning that their spore-producing/releasing bodies (ascoma) are typically disk-like, bearing on their upper surfaces a layer of cylindrical spore-producing cells called asci, from which the spores are forcibly discharged.

Important groups include: cup fungi (Peziza), morels, Elfin saddles, and truffles.

References

Pezizomycotina
Fungus classes
Taxa described in 1997

de:Pezizomycetes
ru:Pezizomycetes

Pezizomycetes


Jeanne Perego (born 1958) is an Italian writer and journalist.
She writes books for kids and teenagers, art, green and cultural tourism. She has worked for many Italian newspapers and magazines, like Il tirreno,  L'Eco di Bergamo, La Provincia di Como/Weekend, Topolino, Madre,  Carnet, Dove e Giardinaggio. She lives in Toscana half part of the year, and the other half in Bavaria.

She is known internationally being the author of Joseph and chico, an original biography of Pope Benedict XVI. Translated in 13 languages, it's a collection of stories about the life of Joseph Ratzinger, his origins, and his commitment to study and work. It is an original biography because the narrator is Chico, the cat owned by Joseph Ratzinger's neighbours in Pentling, bavaria. The introduction was written by Georg Ganswein, private secretary of Benedict XVI. The book was translated in 13 languages, from English to polish, including Monegasque.

In a second book, Max & Benedict, it is a lonely sparrow that lives on the vatican walls that narrates the everyday life of the successor of Saint Peter. This book was also translated in other languages, like English and Norwegian.

References

1958 births
Living people
Italian children's writers
Italian non-fiction writers
Italian women writers
Italian women children's writers

Jeanne Perego


The Jenkintown School District is an American public school district that is located in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The school district serves the borough of Jenkintown, a suburb of roughly 4,500 people that is located three miles from Philadelphia.

Schools
The district features one elementary (K-6), and one middle/high school (7-12), both connected by a "link" and all on the same street. The public school is one of the smallest in Pennsylvania but usually has good scores.

Jenkintown is a very small district that is located in between the Abington and Cheltenham school districts. The link between the schools contains the administrator offices, community room, cafeteria, and band room.

Color Day
The Jenkintown School District has an annual event known as Color Day on the Friday before Memorial Day. From 8:00 A.M. to 11:30 A.M., students participate in a small parade and then compete in events including tug-o-war (high school only), grade level events, and track. Whichever team (Reds or Blues) gets the most points at the end of the day wins Color Day. Every student is assigned to either Red or Blue team when they first enroll and keep that designation throughout their time at the school. Each year, two seniors, two eighth-graders, and two sixth-graders from each team are appointed Color Leader for that day.

See also
List of school districts in Pennsylvania

References

External links

School districts in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
School District

Jenkintown School District


Randall Herman Meisner (March 8, 1946 – July 26, 2023) was an American musician, singer, songwriter, and founding member of the Eagles. Throughout his professional musical career, Meisner's main role was that of bassist and backing high-harmony vocalist as a group member and session musician. He co-wrote and sang lead vocal on the Eagles hit song "Take It to the Limit".

Early life
Randall Herman Meisner was born in Scottsbluff, Nebraska, on March 8, 1946, the second child and only son of farmers Herman (1911–1995) and Emilie (née Haun) Meisner (1911–2010). All four of his grandparents were Volga German immigrants. Randy had an elder sister, Carol, who died in 2005. He recalled that his mother was always singing around the house. His maternal grandfather, George Haun, was a violin teacher.

The Meisner family grew corn, beans, alfalfa, and sugar beets on their farm. The young Randy developed an interest in the guitar at the age of ten, after seeing Elvis Presley perform on The Ed Sullivan Show. He began taking lessons and playing in local bands. While attending Scottsbluff High School, one of Randy's teachers suggested he take up the bass. "I loved R&B and the bass players on the Motown stuff were great. They really inspired me. I can't read music. Once I learn a part it's there. My bass playing came real naturally."

Career

Early career (1961–1968)
Meisner played bass and sang with a local band named The Dynamics (later The Drivin' Dynamics) from 1961 to 1965. Their first paying job was in the dance hall at Little Moon Lake, in Torrington, Wyoming, in December 1961. They played there regularly through 1962. In late 1962, The Drivin' Dynamics released their first record, a four-song EP with Meisner singing lead vocals on Sam Cooke's "You Send Me". It was pressed locally with only 500 copies released. In August 1965, The Dynamics signed a record deal with Sully Records out of Amarillo, Texas. They recorded three songs, with Meisner singing lead on two: "One Of These Days" and "So Fine". "So Fine" was released as a single, and sold well regionally and in the southeastern U.S. Early in 1966, Meisner moved to California with a band named The Soul Survivors, later to be renamed The Poor (because, as Don Felder later said, "that is what they became"). It was a hardscrabble existence, as Meisner later recalled, "I never had a car, I had to walk. I sold the Los Angeles Free Press on Sunset and Highland. I made about five bucks a day." The Poor was managed by Charlie Greene and Brian Stone, who also managed Buffalo Springfield and Sonny & Cher. The band released several singles on Loma, York, and Decca Records in 1966 and 1967, with limited success. Loma Records was a subsidiary of Warner Bros., and had offices in the same building. In February 1967, The Poor recorded "She's Got the Time, She's Got the Changes", written by Tom Shipley (later of Brewer & Shipley fame) while he was a staff writer for A&M Records. Three of the singles were produced by Barry Friedman (aka "Frazier Mohawk") and recorded at Gold Star Studios. The band performed on "Study in Motion #1" which was featured in the 1967 Jack Nicholson film Hell's Angels on Wheels.

In the summer of 1967, The Poor was booked for two weeks at the Salvation Club in New York City, opening for The Jimi Hendrix Experience. Though they did get to play a few times, it was not the opportunity they had hoped it would be, and the band members had to threaten management to get money for plane tickets back to Los Angeles. Rev-Ola released a CD of The Poor's music in 2003, which included one song written by Meisner, "Come Back Baby".

Poco and the Stone Canyon Band (1968–1970)
In May 1968, after auditioning alongside Timothy B. Schmit, Meisner joined Poco (originally named Pogo) with former Buffalo Springfield members Richie Furay and Jim Messina. Meisner appears on the group's first album, Pickin' Up the Pieces, but quit the band shortly before the record was released. His exit was the result of his anger at being excluded from participation in the final mix playback sessions for the album, as only Messina and Furay were to complete production. His image was removed from the painting on the album's cover and replaced with a dog. His bass parts and backing vocals were left in the final mix, but his lead vocals were removed, and new versions were sung by George Grantham.

In April 1969, Meisner joined Rick Nelson's Stone Canyon Band, and persuaded Nelson and producer John Boylan to hire his former bandmates from The Poor, Allen Kemp (guitar) and Pat Shanahan (drums). The pedal steel guitarist Tom Brumley, previously of Buck Owens' band, completed the group. Meisner appears on In Concert at the Troubadour, 1969 and Rudy The Fifth. He is also featured in Easy to Be Free, a documentary of the Stone Canyon Band's 1969 tour, directed by Rick Nelson's brother David. The film was eventually broadcast on  U.S. television in 1973. Meisner co-produced In Concert at the Troubadour with Rick Nelson. Although he did not perform on Nelson's Garden Party, he did co-author one of the album's tracks, "I Wanna Be With You". Meisner continued to support himself as a session performer, playing bass on two tracks of James Taylor's Sweet Baby James album ("Country Road" and "Blossom"), recorded in December 1969. In the same month he played bass on several tracks for Waylon Jennings' 1970 album Singer of Sad Songs, recorded in RCA Victor Studio in Hollywood.

Meisner returned to Nebraska in the spring of 1970 after a difficult tour of Europe with Rick Nelson and the Stone Canyon Band. He began working at Frank Implement Company, the local John Deere tractor dealership. At night, he played in a band, Goldrush, that featured Stephen A. Love (later to become a member of New Riders of the Purple Sage). Later that year, with Rick Nelson's encouragement, he returned to Los Angeles to resume his career. He worked to establish Goldrush while playing in the Stone Canyon Band and performing on sessions for John Stewart and Compton & Batteau. By mid-1971, he was recruited by John Boylan to become active in Linda Ronstadt's roster of backing musicians, which included Don Henley, Glenn Frey, and Bernie Leadon.

Eagles (1971–1977)
In September 1971, Meisner, Henley, Frey, and Leadon formed the Eagles. The band signed with David Geffen's new label, Asylum Records, and released their eponymous debut album in 1972. While he usually played the bass and sang backing vocals for the Eagles, he wrote, co-wrote, and/or sang lead on songs on each of the group's first five albums, most notably "Take It to the Limit", the band's first million-selling single, and the third song released from One of These Nights. Other songs he wrote and sang lead on include "Try and Love Again", "Is it True?", "Take the Devil", and "Tryin'". He wrote "Certain Kind of Fool" with Frey and Henley, and sang lead.

During the 1976/77 tour in support of the album Hotel California, Meisner suffered from ill health and exhaustion while the band toured frequently for over eleven months. Meisner also preferred not to be the center of attention, and said: "I was always kind of shy ... They wanted me to stand in the middle of the stage to sing 'Take It to the Limit,' but I liked to be out of the spotlight." The band was starting to feel the strain of a long tour, and Meisner was unhappy. His stomach ulcers had flared up, and his marriage was also gradually disintegrating. During the tour he had been arguing with fellow member Glenn Frey about his signature song, "Take It to the Limit"; Meisner was struggling to hit the crucial high notes in the song. At their show in Knoxville, Tennessee, Meisner decided to skip the song as an encore as he had stayed up late and caught flu; Frey and Meisner then became involved in an angry physical confrontation backstage. After the altercation, Meisner was frozen out from the band, and Meisner later said: "That was the end... I really felt like I was a member of the group, not a part of it." Meisner decided to leave the group after the final date of the tour, and returned to Nebraska to be with his family. His last performance was in East Troy, Wisconsin, on September 3, 1977. The band replaced Meisner with the same musician who had succeeded him in Poco, Timothy B. Schmit, after agreeing that Schmit was the only candidate.

Meisner formally quit the band in September 1977, citing "exhaustion". On the subject of his abrupt resignation from the band, Meisner later said, "All that stuff and all the arguing amongst the Eagles is over now. Well, at least for me."

Post-Eagles (1978–2020)
Following his departure from the Eagles, Meisner went on to release solo albums in 1978 (Randy Meisner) and 1980 (One More Song). He said that his 1978 album, which he co-produced with Alan Brackett, was scattershot and not "conceptualized to its best." It only featured one song co-written by Meisner, a new arrangement of "Take It to the Limit" and he only played bass on one song, a cover of The Drifters' "Save the Last Dance for Me". He explained that "Elektra had a 'leaving members clause' and I had to record an album for them before I was able to do what I wanted." 1980's One More Song was produced by Val Garay and featured backing vocals by his former Eagles bandmates Don Henley and Glenn Frey on the Jack Tempchin-composed title track. Meisner co-wrote six of the album's nine songs, two, including the 1981 Top 20 single "Hearts On Fire" with Eric Kaz, and four with Kaz and Wendy Waldman.

Throughout the early 1980s, he toured with his band, Randy Meisner & the Silverados. The 1981 band included Greg Palmer on bass, Todd Smith on guitar, Sterling Smith on keyboards, Don Francisco (not the Christian singer of the same name) on percussion and background vocals, and Therese Heston on background vocals. In 1982, he released another album on CBS (Randy Meisner), recorded at Kendun Recorders in Burbank, California and produced by Mike Flicker, best known for his work with Heart. Several members of Heart, including the Wilson sisters, played and/or sang on the Randy Meisner album. The revamped Silverados included Dixon House on keyboards, Denny Carmassi on drums, Tom Erak on bass, and John Corey on guitar, as well as Sterling Smith from the earlier band. The album featured a Top 20 hit "Never Been in Love", composed by Craig Bickhardt.

In 1985, Meisner became part of an all-star band Black Tie composed of Jimmy Griffin (of Bread) and Billy Swan. Black Tie's cover of Buddy Holly's "Learning the Game" became a hit on U.S. country radio.  Respected session musician Blondie Chaplin and former Eagles member Bernie Leadon joined the band on their U.S. tour in early 1986. The band released one album together in 1990, When the Night Falls. Jimmy Griffin departed and was replaced by Charlie Rich Jr. The band was renamed Meisner, Rich & Swan. Alternatively known as Meisner, Swan & Rich, the trio toured extensively in the 1990s and recorded an album. Unfortunately, the album, which was released on September 11, 2001, failed to garner much attention at the time.

From 1987 to 1989, Meisner formed a band and toured with former Firefall singer-songwriter Rick Roberts, called the Roberts-Meisner Band (Roberts had previously been a Burrito Brother with Bernie Leadon, notably on 1971's The Flying Burrito Brothers). The Roberts-Meisner Band's drummer was well-known musician Ron Grinel, who also played with Dan Fogelberg, Carole King, and the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band. Also in the band were Bray Ghiglia on guitar, flute, saxophone, and keyboards and Cary Park on lead guitar. Roberts reports that the band recorded "at least half a dozen" songs, but that record company interest was not as great as they had expected.

In 1989 and 1990, Meisner reunited with Poco for the Legacy album and tour. "Call It Love" was a Top 20 single in the U.S. Meisner sang lead on the Richard Marx-composed "Nothin' to Hide", which also sold well for the band.

Meisner expressed disappointment and hurt at being excluded from the Eagles' 1994 "resumption" tour Hell Freezes Over. In an interview with the television program American Journal, Meisner said he had contacted the band's manager, Irving Azoff, when he heard rumors of the band reforming but was brushed off by him. "You'd think that you would be mentioned if you helped with six of the albums, but they act as though I never even played with them," Meisner said at the time. Meisner also asked the band if he could sit in with them at their Millennium Concert at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on New Year's Eve 1999, but said he was rebuffed; however, he also said that he held no resentment towards Henley and Frey.

The Eagles' 1998 appearance at the New York City induction ceremony for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame featured all seven past and present members of the Eagles. They performed "Take It Easy" and "Hotel California". His successor Timothy B. Schmit paid tribute to Meisner in his acceptance speech.

Meisner reunited with the Drivin' Dynamics for a performance in 2000, when the band and Meisner as a solo performer was inducted into the Nebraska Music Hall of Fame. In the 2000s he performed as a part of the World Classic Rockers touring group. After suffering severe chest pains and being hospitalized in August 2004, Meisner cut back on his touring schedule. His last known public performance was in 2008 in Naples, Florida.

Meisner was invited by the Eagles to take part in their History of the Eagles world tour in 2013, but he declined due to health issues. In September 2018, during the Eagles North American Leg he was acknowledged for showing up to a concert at The Forum in Inglewood, California. The three-night stand was released as Live from the Forum MMXVIII.

Meisner was a special guest at two Richie Furay livestream concerts. On August 27, 2020. Meisner appeared (via video) from his home, singing back-up harmony with Furay and his band on the Buffalo Springfield song "For What It's Worth".

On October 30, 2020, Meisner made a second remote appearance, singing background vocals with Richie's band on the Poco song "Pickin' Up the Pieces". He was a special guest on the November 28, 2020 "Joe Walsh's Old Fashioned Rock n' Roll Radio Show", chatting with his friend and former Eagles bandmate Joe Walsh on the independent KCSN 88.5 FM.

Personal life
Meisner married twice. He married his high-school girlfriend, Jennifer Lee Barton, in 1963, and the young couple had a son, Dana Scott Meisner, in November 1963. The couple had two more children, twins Heather Leigh and Eric Shane Meisner, born in May 1970, before divorcing in 1981.

Meisner later married his girlfriend of twelve years, Lana Rae, in November 1996. The marriage lasted until her death in 2016.

Many people who met and worked with Meisner remarked on his kindness. Don Felder, James Taylor, and Rick Roberts described Meisner as one of the nicest people they had ever worked with. Felder added, "He was a wonderful Midwestern guy with a great heart and a loving soul." Henry Diltz, who photographed Meisner extensively with the Eagles and in the early 1980s during Meisner's solo career, said, "Randy Meisner was a very gentle soul. Pisces. A quiet and friendly guy. No aggressive vibe at all. Very sweet. He was so there and open." His shyness was also remarked upon, and may have caused him some difficulty as a performer at times. "Randy was extremely uncomfortable with so-called superstardom," Don Henley told author Marc Eliot.

Impostor case
A man named Lewis Peter "Buddy" Morgan started impersonating Meisner in 1988. He had previously been charged with impersonating Don Henley in Las Vegas, Nevada, but he skipped on his bail. Morgan's identity was not conclusively revealed until 1997. Morgan was arrested again in 1998 and spent 16 months in prison. Upon his release, Morgan continued his charade, and was still doing so as of 2009. He often tried to use Meisner's identity to rent hotel rooms in Reno, Nevada. He was not as successful as years earlier with the ruse, since the city's hotels had notified each other of the impostor. Some people are not as familiar with Meisner's appearance as with the more prominent and public Eagles members, and Morgan used that fact to con musical instrument manufacturers and retailers, casino owners, and women.

Health and legal issues
Meisner reportedly struggled with periodic alcohol dependency from the late 1960s onward, especially during his tenure with the Eagles, as he tried to deal with his new-found fame.[not in citation given] Following minor heart attacks in 2004, he was forced to cut back on touring. As his health continued to deteriorate, he eventually stopped performing. His last known public performance was in 2008 in Naples, Florida.

In March 2013, Meisner suffered yet another health scare after losing consciousness in his California home. A piece of food obstructed his breathing while he was eating, and he was rushed to the hospital. While doctors were optimistic about his recovery, Meisner spent some time in a coma, and in his weakened state was unable to participate in the History of the Eagles tour alongside fellow ex-bandmate Bernie Leadon, who participated in the tour. He later revealed that his former Eagles bandmates had paid the medical bills from the hospitalization.

In April 2015, Meisner and his wife denied rumors, based on a lawsuit filed on his behalf, that she was taking advantage of his known addictions to alcohol and drugs by trying to force-feed him bottles of vodka to keep him drunk. The singer's self-described longtime friend, James Newton, filed papers in April asking that Meisner be placed under a court-supervised conservatorship governing his personal and financial matters. Despite this, three months later, the Los Angeles County Superior Court appointed a temporary conservator to oversee the 24-hour management of Meisner's drug prescriptions and medical state, noting he was previously diagnosed as bipolar. Meisner had allegedly threatened to kill himself and others with a weapon in early 2015, though he did not have a firearm at the time. The brief conservatorship directed Meisner's medical care, but the judge did not give the conservator the additional power sought by Troy Martin and James Newton to also have her oversee his finances.

Death of Lana Meisner
On March 6, 2016, police responded to a 911 call made by a woman from the couple's house in Studio City, California, asking for police assistance with a possibly intoxicated male. Ninety minutes later, after police had left the scene, Lana Meisner accidentally shot and killed herself when a rifle she was moving was struck by an object in its case and fired. Authorities determined that Meisner had no role in the shooting, as surveillance tapes showed he was in another part of the house at the time.

Following the accidental shooting, Meisner was placed under psychiatric hold after threatening suicide, due to previous threats and mental issues.

On April 1, 2016, CBS News published a comprehensive assessment of Meisner's mental and caretaker issues.

Death
Meisner died due to complications associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Los Angeles, on July 25, 2023, at the age of 77.

Discography
See also Poco discography, Eagles discography, and Black Tie discography for Meisner's work with these bands.

Albums

Live

Compilations

Singles

Other appearances
 "You" and "Into the Night" (1990) from Ballerina (Faith) soundtrack

Session work
Bass on "Honeysuckle" and "Homesick Kid" by Compton & Batteau, on the In California album, released 1970
Bass on "Blossom" and "Country Road" by James Taylor, on the Sweet Baby James album, released 1970

See also

 List of people with bipolar disorder

References
 Eliot, Marc. To the Limit: The Untold Story of the Eagles. Da Capo Press, 2004.

 Kubernik, Harvey. "Canyon of Dreams". Sterling, 2009.
 McMullan, Jim with Gautier, Dick. Musicians as Artists. Journey Editions, 1994.

Notes

External links

1946 births
2023 deaths
20th-century American bass guitarists
American acoustic guitarists
American country bass guitarists
American country rock musicians
American male bass guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American people of German descent
American people of German-Russian descent
American rock bass guitarists
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American session musicians
Asylum Records artists
Black Tie (band) members
Eagles (band) members
Grammy Award winners
Guitarists from California
Guitarists from Nebraska
Mexican-guitarron players
People from Scottsbluff, Nebraska
People from Studio City, Los Angeles
People with bipolar disorder
Poco members
Singer-songwriters from California
Singer-songwriters from Nebraska
World Classic Rockers members
Deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Randy Meisner


Sarah Kate Silverman (born December 1, 1970) is an American stand-up comedian, actress, and writer. Silverman first rose to prominence for her brief stint as a writer and cast member on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live during its 19th season between 1993 and 1994. She then starred in and produced The Sarah Silverman Program, which ran from 2007 to 2010 on Comedy Central. For her work on the program, Silverman was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.

She also acted television projects such as Mr. Show and V.I.P. and starred in films, including Who's the Caboose? (1997), School of Rock (2003), Take This Waltz (2011), A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014), and Battle of the Sexes (2017). She also voiced Vanellope von Schweetz in Wreck-It Ralph (2012), and Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018). For her lead role in I Smile Back (2015) she was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award. She released an autobiography The Bedwetter in 2010 which she adapted into an off-Broadway musical in 2022.

Her comedy roles address social taboos and controversial topics, including racism, sexism, homophobia, politics, and religion, sometimes having her comic character endorse them in a satirical or deadpan fashion. During the 2016 United States presidential election, she became increasingly politically active; she initially campaigned for Bernie Sanders but later spoke in support of Hillary Clinton at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. She hosted the Hulu late-night talk show I Love You, America with Sarah Silverman from 2017 until late 2018.

Early life
Sarah Kate Silverman was born on December 1, 1970, in Bedford, New Hampshire, to Beth Ann (née Halpin; 1941–2015) and Donald Silverman (1937–2023). She was raised in Manchester, New Hampshire. Her mother had been George McGovern's personal campaign photographer and founded the theater company New Thalian Players, while Donald trained as a social worker and also ran the clothing store Crazy Sophie's Outlet. Silverman's parents divorced and later married others. Silverman is the youngest of five children. Her sisters are Reform rabbi Susan Silverman, writer Jodyne Speyer and actress Laura Silverman; her brother Jeffrey Michael died when he was three months old. She is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent and considers herself nonreligious. Her ancestors were from Poland and Russia, and she has stated her maternal grandmother escaped the Holocaust. She was in attendance when women lit menorahs at the Western Wall for the first time, in December 2014.

The first time Silverman performed stand-up comedy was in Boston at age seventeen. She described her performance as "awful". After graduating from The Derryfield School in Manchester in 1989, she attended New York University for a year, but did not graduate. Instead, she performed stand-up in Greenwich Village.

Career

1992–2007: Career beginnings and Jesus Is Magic

After beginning her stand-up career in 1992, Silverman was part of the 1993–94 season of the NBC sketch comedy program Saturday Night Live (SNL) for eighteen weeks as a writer and featured player. She was fired after one season. Only one of the sketches she wrote made it to dress rehearsal and none aired, though she did appear on the show as a cast member in skits, usually in smaller supporting roles. Bob Odenkirk, a former SNL writer, explained: "I could see how it wouldn't work at SNL because she's got her own voice, she's very much Sarah Silverman all the time. She can play a character but she doesn't disappear into the character—she makes the character her." Silverman has retrospectively stated that she was not ready for SNL when she secured the job, and that when she was fired, it hurt her confidence for a year but after that nothing could hurt her and attributes her SNL stint as being a key reason why she has been so tough in her career. She later expressed gratitude that her time at SNL was short as it did not wind up defining her. She parodied the situation when she appeared on The Larry Sanders Show episode "The New Writer" (1996), playing Sanders' new staff writer, whose jokes are not used because of the chauvinism and bias of the male chief comedy writer, who favors the jokes of his male co-writers. She appeared in three episodes of Larry Sanders during its final two seasons.

She also starred in the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show (1995–1997) and had the leading role for the 1997 independent film Who's the Caboose?, about a pair of New York comedians (Silverman and director Sam Seder) going to Los Angeles during pilot season to try to get a part in a television series; the film features numerous young comedians in supporting roles but never received a widespread theatrical release. Silverman and Seder later made a six-episode television series sequel titled Pilot Season in which Silverman stars as the same character and Seder again directed. She made her network stand-up comedy debut on the Late Show with David Letterman on July 3, 1997.

Silverman made several TV program guest appearances, including on Star Trek: Voyager in the two-part time-travel episode "Future's End" (1996); Seinfeld in the episode "The Money" (1997); V.I.P. in the episode " Hours" (2002); Greg the Bunny as a series regular (2002); and on the puppet television comedy Crank Yankers as the voice of Hadassah Guberman (since 2002). She had small parts in the films There's Something About Mary, Say It Isn't So, School of Rock, The Way of the Gun, Overnight Delivery, Screwed, Heartbreakers, Evolution, School for Scoundrels, Funny People and Rent, playing a mixture of comic and serious roles.

In 2005, Silverman released a concert film, Sarah Silverman: Jesus Is Magic, based on her one-woman show of the same name. Liam Lynch directed the film, which was distributed by Roadside Attractions. It received 64% positive ratings based on 84 reviews on the film critics aggregator Web site Rotten Tomatoes and earned approximately $1.3 million at the box office. As part of the film's publicity campaign, she appeared online in Slate as the cover subject of Heeb magazine and in roasts on Comedy Central of Pamela Anderson and Hugh Hefner.

Silverman played a therapist in a skit for a bonus DVD of the album Lullabies to Paralyze by the band Queens of the Stone Age. Silverman also appears at the end of the video for American glam metal band Steel Panther's "Death To All But Metal". On Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Silverman parodied sketches from Chappelle's Show, replaying Dave Chappelle's characterizations of Rick James and "Tyrone" as well as a Donnell Rawlings character based on the miniseries Roots. In 2006, Silverman placed 50th on Maxim Hot 100 List. In 2007, she placed 29th and appeared on the cover.

2007–2010: The Sarah Silverman Program

Her television sitcom The Sarah Silverman Program debuted on Comedy Central in February 2007; the series had 1.81 million viewers and portrayed the day-to-day adventures of fictionalized versions of Silverman, her sister Laura and their friends. A number of comedic actors from Mr. Show have appeared on The Sarah Silverman Program. Silverman was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for her acting on the show. At the awards ceremony, she wore a fake mustache. Comedy Central canceled The Sarah Silverman Program after three seasons.

In June 2007, she hosted the MTV Movie Awards. During her opening act, she commented on the upcoming jail sentence of Paris Hilton, who was in the audience, saying: "In a couple of days, Paris Hilton is going to jail. As a matter of fact, I heard that to make her feel more comfortable in prison, the guards are going to paint the bars to look like penises. I think it is wrong, too. I just worry she is going to break her teeth on those things." In September 2007, she appeared at the MTV Video Music Awards. Following the comeback performance of Britney Spears, Silverman mocked her on stage, saying: "Yo, she is amazing, man. I mean, she is 25 years old, and she has already accomplished everything she's going to accomplish in her life."

In January 2008, she appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! to show Jimmy Kimmel, her boyfriend at the time, a special video. The video turned out to be a song called "I'm Fucking Matt Damon" in which she and Matt Damon sang a duet about having an affair behind Kimmel's back. The video created an "instant YouTube sensation." She won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards. Kimmel responded with his own video a month later with Damon's friend Ben Affleck, which enlisted a panoply of stars to record Kimmel's song "I'm Fucking Ben Affleck". On September 13, 2008, Silverman won a Creative Arts Emmy Award for writing the song "I'm Fucking Matt Damon". Silverman guest-starred in a second-season episode of the USA cable program Monk as Marci Maven. She returned in the sixth-season premiere and for the 100th episode. According to the audio commentary on the Clerks II DVD, director Kevin Smith offered her the role that eventually went to Rosario Dawson, but she turned it down out of fear of being typecast in "girlfriend roles". However, she told Smith the script was "really funny" and mentioned that if the role of Randal Graves was being offered to her she "would do it in a heartbeat." She appeared in Strange Powers, the 2009 documentary by Kerthy Fix and Gail O'Hara about cult songwriter Stephin Merritt and his band The Magnetic Fields. Silverman wrote a comic memoir, The Bedwetter: Stories of Courage, Redemption, and Pee, which was published in 2010.

2011–present: Career expansion
Silverman played Geraldine alongside Michelle Williams and Seth Rogen in Take This Waltz, written and directed by Sarah Polley. The film was well received when it premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) and was picked up by Magnolia for U.S. distribution in summer 2012. At TIFF, she told the press she had deliberately gained weight for the part, which required a nude scene, emphasizing that Polley wanted "real bodies and real women". In interviews, she warned fans not to expect too much. However, she later told podcaster and author Julie Klausner that she had not really gained weight and that the statements were meant as self-deprecating humor.

On September 20, 2012, Silverman made a public service announcement (PSA) criticizing new voter identification laws that create obstacles to the ability of certain groups to vote in the November presidential election, i.e., young, old, poor and minority citizens. The project was financed by the Jewish Council for Education & Research (JCER) and was co-produced by Mik Moore and Ari Wallach (the pair that also co-produced The Great Schlep and Scissor Sheldon).

Silverman voiced Vanellope von Schweetz, one of the main characters in the 2012 Disney animated film Wreck-It Ralph. She reprised the role in the 2018 sequel Ralph Breaks the Internet. She is in the creative team that writes and produces the content for the YouTube comedy channel called Jash. The other partners are Michael Cera, Reggie Watts and Tim Heidecker and Eric Wareheim (also known as Tim & Eric). The JASH channel premiered online March 10, 2013. In Seth MacFarlane's western comedy film, A Million Ways to Die in the West, she played Ruth, a prostitute, who is in love with Edward (Giovanni Ribisi). It was released on May 30, 2014.

In 2013, HBO announced that Silverman would star with Patti LuPone and Topher Grace in a situation comedy pilot called People in New Jersey, produced by SNLs Lorne Michaels. The pilot was not picked up for a series order.

From 2017 to 2018, she hosted the Hulu streaming television late-night talk show I Love You, America with Sarah Silverman. On October 10, 2019, she was featured in a 30-minute YouTube documentary called Laughing Matters, created by SoulPancake in collaboration with Funny or Die, wherein a variety of comedians discuss mental health.

After being unable to do stand-up shows during the COVID-19 pandemic, Silverman launched The Sarah Silverman Podcast in October 2020, in which she discusses topics ranging from her personal life to societal issues, politics and current events, as well as responding to listener call-ins.

In 2022 she adapted The Bedwetter into an off-Broadway musical. She wrote the book and lyrics to the musical. The production premiered at the Atlantic Theatre Company's Linda Gross Theatre and ran from April 30 through July 10, 2022. The musical starred Caissie Levy and Bebe Neuwirth and was directed by Anne Kauffman. Silverman received Drama Desk Award and Outer Critics Circle Award nominations for her work.

In 2023 her hour long stand-up comedy special Someone You Love premiered on the HBO streaming service Max. It was the first stand-up comedy special to premiere on Max. It was filmed at the Wilbur Theater in Boston, and debuted her new song, "Something to Tell You".

Controversies

In 2001, Silverman used the word "chink" in an ironic fashion in the context of a joke during a TV interview with Conan O'Brien which Guy Aoki of the Media Action Network for Asian Americans (MANAA) publicly objected to.

A minor controversy arose over Silverman's performance in the 2005 documentary The Aristocrats. The film includes her retelling of the Aristocrats jokea sample of transgressive art told by numerous comedians since the vaudeville eraas if it were an autobiographical account of her life as a child sex performer. As part of the punchline, she deadpans that longtime New York radio and TV personality Joe Franklin raped her. After the film's release, Franklin took offense at Silverman using his name in the routine, and considered suing her; a month later he claimed the "best thing" he could do was "get Sarah better writers so she'd have funnier material."

In a 2007 episode of The Sarah Silverman Program, her character wore blackface and said "I look like the beautiful Queen Latifah." Silverman said in 2019 that a resurfaced still from the sketch had recently caused her to be fired from an unnamed film.

During the MTV Movie Awards in June 2007, hosted by Silverman, the comedian joked in her opening monologue about Paris Hilton going to jail for violating probation on an alcohol-related drunk-driving conviction, leaving Hiltonwho was in attendancelooking noticeably uncomfortable. Silverman later apologized for the jokes. Later that year, she was criticized for calling Britney Spears' two sons "adorable mistakes" at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, and for mocking Spears' "slutty clothes". Her monologue garnered renewed criticism in 2021 shortly after the release of the documentary Framing Britney Spears, in the wake of which Silverman expressed regret over the monologue and claimed that she had not seen Spears' performance before taking the stage.

In 2019, Silverman received death wishes from two Baptist pastors over her 2005 routine "Jesus is Magic", where she joked about killing Jesus: "I'm glad the Jews killed Jesus. I'd do it again!" In response, Silverman condemned the pastors and the "manipulation of what can be true".

Personal life
Silverman became a vegetarian at the age of 10. She is open about her lifelong battle with clinical depression, which at one point led to her developing an addiction to Xanax. She credited her subsequent emotional health to taking the prescription drug Zoloft. She struggled with bedwetting from the time she was young until well into her teens and stated in a 2007 interview that she had wet the bed recently.

Silverman's autobiography, published in April 2010, titled The Bedwetter, explores the subject of bedwetting as well as other personal stories from her life. She stated she did not want to get married until same-sex couples were able to. In 2014, she tweeted "Just read that I wanna get married which is hilarious b/c I will never get married," adding, "Why would I want the govt involved in my love life? Ew. It's barbaric."

She stated that she does not want to have biological children because "there's just millions of kids that have no parents" in the world and to avoid the risk that they might inherit her depression. In 2017, Silverman also said that she has prioritized her artistic career, constantly on tour, instead of motherhood.

Silverman's real-life sister, Laura, played her sister on The Sarah Silverman Program. Another older sister, Susan, is a rabbi who lives in Jerusalem with her husband, Yosef Abramowitz, the co-founder and president of Arava Power Company, and their five children. Silverman considers herself culturally Jewish, which she has frequently mined for material, but says she is agnostic and does not follow Judaism, stating, "I have no religion. But culturally I can't escape it; I'm very Jewish."

In July 2016, Silverman spent a week in the intensive care unit at Cedars Sinai Hospital with epiglottitis.

In an interview on The Howard Stern Show in October 2018, Silverman revealed that she was one of several female comedians who witnessed fellow comic Louis C.K. masturbate, which she said was a consensual act. Silverman stated she felt the act was not abusive, because of the absence of a power differential between the two, but also stated that due to context, it was "not analogous" to what C.K. had done with the other women, which she said was "not OK".

Relationships
Silverman dated comedian Kevin Brennan in 1988.

Silverman dated comedian and fellow SNL writer Dave Attell.

Silverman began dating Jimmy Kimmel in 2002. She referred to the relationship in some of her comedy, joking: "I'm Jewish, but I wear this Saint Christopher medal sometimes; my boyfriend is Catholic – but you know ... it was cute the way he gave it to me. He said if it doesn't burn a hole through my skin, it will protect me." In July 2008, Vanity Fair reported that the couple had split. However, in October 2008, the media reported they were on "the road back to being together". The couple attended the wedding of Howard Stern and Beth Ostrosky, but split again in March 2009. Sarah dated Family Guys Executive Producer Alec Sulkin for a brief while in 2010.

At the Emmy Awards in August 2014, Silverman acknowledged she and Welsh actor Michael Sheen were in a relationship. Silverman said in February 2018 that the two had broken up over the holidays.

On Howard Stern's SiriusXM radio show on November 17, 2020, she stated she was dating Rory Albanese, the former showrunner of The Daily Show.

Politics and activism

In 2015, Silverman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women, as they served as the head of the G7 in Germany and the African Union in Ethiopia, respectively, which would start to set the priorities in development funding in advance of a main UN summit in September 2015 that would establish new development goals for a generation.

Leading up to the 2016 US presidential election, she became increasingly politically active. In 2015, Silverman endorsed Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States, saying: "He says what he means and he means what he says and he's not for sale." She had previously introduced Sanders at a rally in Los Angeles, California that drew an audience of over 27,500 people.

She initially supported Sanders but, following the Democratic nomination, later spoke in support of Hillary Clinton at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. In her convention speech, she urged other Sanders supporters to back Clinton and, later, amid boos from some Sanders supporters, said: "Can I just say? To the 'Bernie or Bust' people, you're being ridiculous". In addition to discussing her regular use of cannabis on Conan and at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards, Silverman has been vocal in her opposition to racial bias and unfair arrests for cannabis possession. She supports social justice programs to find work opportunities for non-violent offenders and was a primary investor in Lowell Herb Co, aiming to end cannabis prohibition in the United States.

Silverman again endorsed Bernie Sanders and campaigned for him for the 2020 US presidential election.

On September 23, 2020, she encouraged her Instagram followers to contact VoteRiders, a voter ID education organization, to make sure they have the necessary ID to vote".

In July 2023, Silverman and two other authors sued the tech companies OpenAI and Meta Platforms, alleging that the defendants' respective language models ChatGPT and LLaMA were trained on the plaintiffs' books without permission or compensation and that they had obtained said books through an illegal venue.

In October 2023, Silverman posted several social media posts and stories in support of Israel during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. She also left the Democratic Socialists of America after being a member for several years, citing their published response to the initial Hamas attacks and lack of support for Israel.

Filmography

 Who's the Caboose? (1997)
 There's Something About Mary (1998)
 Way of the Gun (2000)
 Heartbreakers (2001)
 Evolution (2001)
 School of Rock (2003)
 Sarah Silverman: Jesus Is Magic (2005)
 Funny People (2009)
 Saint John of Las Vegas (2009)
 The Muppets (2011)
 Wreck-It Ralph (2012) (Voice)
 A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014)
 I Smile Back (2015)
 Ashby (2015)
 Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping (2016)
 Battle of the Sexes (2017)
 The Book of Henry (2017)
 Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018) (Voice)
 Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021)
 Marry Me (2022)

Discography

Albums

Singles

Audiobooks

Soundtracks

Theatre

Bibliography
  (Humor/Memoir)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

  in 2010
 TheJC.com: Interview with Sarah Silverman
 Sarah Silverman Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America

1970 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American memoirists
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American women writers
American activists with disabilities
Actors from Manchester, New Hampshire
Actresses from New Hampshire
American abortion-rights activists
American agnostics
American comedy musicians
American comedy writers
American film actresses
American LGBT rights activists
American actors with disabilities
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American podcasters
American sketch comedians
American stand-up comedians
American television actresses
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actresses
American women comedians
American women memoirists
American women podcasters
American women screenwriters
American women television writers
Audiobook narrators
Comedians from New Hampshire
Critics of religions
Jewish agnostics
Jewish American actresses
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American comedy writers
Jewish American female comedians
Jewish American screenwriters
Jewish American television producers
Jewish American writers
Jewish women writers
Late night television talk show hosts
New Hampshire Democrats
New York University alumni
People from Bedford, New Hampshire
People with mood disorders
Screenwriters from New Hampshire
Television producers from New Hampshire
The New Yorker people
Writers from Manchester, New Hampshire

Sarah Silverman


Job Control Language (JCL) is a name for scripting languages used on IBM mainframe operating systems. It instructs the system on how to run a batch job or start a subsystem.

The purpose of JCL is to say which programs to run, using which files or devices  for input or output. It can indicate under what conditions to skip a step.

There are two distinct IBM Job Control languages:
 one for the operating system lineage that begins with DOS/360 and whose latest member is z/VSE; and
 the other for the lineage from OS/360 to z/OS, the latter now including JES extensions, Job Entry Control Language (JECL).

They share some basic syntax rules and a few basic concepts, but are otherwise very different.

Notes

Software

Job Control Language


The Gulf of Kyparissia (, Kyparissiakos Kolpos) is a long, curving indentation along the western coast of the Peloponnese peninsula, Greece. It lies between Cape Katakolo at the north end and Cape Konello (Akra Kounellos) to the south. Near the northern extreme is the city of Pyrgos, with the town of Zacharo near the center and the town of Kyparissia lying toward the southern end. Flowing into the gulf are the Alpheios and Neda rivers. Its southern part is also one of the main breeding grounds of the endangered loggerhead sea turtle.

During the Middle Ages and up to the 19th century, this body was known as the Gulf of Arcadia.

References

Gulfs of Greece
Gulfs of the Mediterranean
Peloponnese
Landforms of Western Greece
Landforms of Messenia
Landforms of Peloponnese (region)

Gulf of Kyparissia


Roselyn Bakery was a major bakery chain that distributed products from an Indianapolis central baking facility from 1943 to 1999.  The bakery chain, which consisted of approximately 40 locations in and around central Indiana, was known for its popular treats such as their Sweetheart Coffee Cake, Zebra Square Brownies and Blackout Cake.

In July 1999, the factory was abruptly shut down by the Indiana State Department of Health for repeated/severe code violations.  The entire chain was dissolved soon after.

Despite the closure being heavily publicized by the local media, the popularity of Roselyn Bakeries' products did not wane.  In 2000, the Kroger grocery chain sold a limited-edition cookbook of the bakery's recipes. (Reprints of the cookbook have since been made available at Roselyn Recipe, the bakery's official website.) At the same time, a bakery in Chicago was contracted to produce a limited number of bakery products for distribution at local supermarkets.

In 2005, the Dias family, along with another partner, purchased Roselyn Recipe and the assets of Roselyn Bakery from the Clark family (the bakery's original founders). Two bakeries were established, one in St. Louis and the other in Indianapolis, to continue the production and distribution of these products. Roselyn Recipe treats can be found and purchased in Kroger stores all over central Indiana.

References

External links

A brief history of Roselyn Bakeries at historicindianapolis.com

Bakeries of the United States
1943 establishments in Indiana
1999 disestablishments in Indiana

Roselyn Bakery


Indicia is the plural of the Latin word indicium, meaning distinguishing marks.

In magazine and comic book publishing, indicia refers to a piece of text traditionally appearing on the first recto page after the cover, which usually contains the official name of the publication, its publication date, information regarding editorial governance of the publication, and a disclaimer regarding disposition of unsolicited submissions. Placement of indicia has moved away from being exclusively on the inside first recto page. Since 2006, American comic books commonly have indicia on the inside last verso page, while magazines may place their indicia almost anywhere within the publication (often on whichever page has the table of contents).

See also
 Indicia (philately)
 Colophon
 Front matter
 Masthead (American publishing)

References

Comics terminology
Publishing terminology

Indicia (publishing)


Mattox Bastion () is one of the peaks of the Inland Forts in the Asgard Range, Victoria Land, Antarctica. Flory Cirque sits on its southwest slopes, on the north side of Taylor Glacier, between a pair of rock spurs named West Groin and East Groin. West Groin separates Flory Cirque from Mudrey Cirque.

West Groin was the first of these features to be named; it was named by the British Antarctic Expedition of 1910–13, led by Captain Robert F. Scott. Mattox Bastion, Flory Cirque and East Groin were named later, by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names. Mattox Bastion was named for Commander Benjamin G. Mattox, U.S. Navy, officer-in-charge of the Naval Support Force winter-over detachment at McMurdo Station in 1971. East Groin was named in reference to West Groin, and Flory Cirque was named for Robert F. Flory, a United States Antarctic Research Program geologist at McMurdo Station for three seasons, 1968–71.

References

Mountains of the Asgard Range
McMurdo Dry Valleys

Mattox Bastion


Gordon "Whitey" Mitchell (February 22, 1932 – January 16, 2009) was an American jazz bassist and television writer/producer. He was born in Hackensack, New Jersey.

Life and career
Mitchell was the brother of bassist Red Mitchell. He began on clarinet and tuba as a youngster before choosing bass as his primary instrument. He studied radio & television at Syracuse University and then plunged into the New York jazz scene, becoming a regular at the famed nightspots Birdland and Basin Street East. He led his own groups at The Village Vanguard and The Embers and later toured with big band greats Benny Goodman and Pete Rugolo, played Carnegie Hall with Gene Krupa, appeared with Buddy Rich, Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie and Lester Young on Jazz At The Philharmonic. He played with Elinor Sherry and Shep Fields in the early 1950s before serving in the Army during the Korean War. From 1954 he worked freelance in New York City, playing with Gene Krupa (1955), Mel Tormé, Jack Jones, J.J. Johnson, Kai Winding, Pete Rugolo, Lester Young, Charlie Ventura, Herbie Mann, Betty Roche, Oscar Pettiford (1956–1957), Gene Quill, Joe Puma, Johnny Richards, Peter Appleyard, André Previn, and Benny Goodman (1963–1964). He performed on hundreds of recording sessions, television and film scores but only released one album under his own leadership on ABC-Paramount in 1956, and one with Red and Blue Mitchell in 1958 as "The Mitchells: Red, Whitey & Blue," released on MetroJazz Records. Mitchell recorded with Anita O'Day, Barbra Streisand, Anthony Newley, and played the bass solo introduction on Ben E. King's hit record "Stand By Me." He often placed in the Metronome and Downbeat jazz polls.

After 1965 he largely ceased playing jazz and moved to Hollywood on advice from Lenny Bruce and André Previn to pursue a career as a television writer. He worked on shows such as Get Smart, All in the Family, The Jeffersons, Good Times, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Odd Couple, Mork and Mindy, and several Bob Hope television specials. He wrote the feature film Private Resort starring Johnny Depp.

Mitchell taught screenwriting at UCLA and UC Riverside. In 1995 he, and his wife Marilyn, moved to Palm Desert, California, where he had his own radio show, The Power Lunch and wrote a golf column for a local magazine. He recorded his CD Just In Time and played jazz in all the nightclub venues. He was the author of two books, Hackensack to Hollywood: My Two Show Business Careers and Star Walk: A Guide to the Palm Springs Walk of Stars.

Mitchell was a board member of the Palm Springs Walk of Stars and was honored with his own Golden Palm Star in tribute to his two show business careers in 2006. He's been inducted into his New Jersey high school's Distinguished Alumni Hall of Fame.

Discography

As leader/co-leader
Whitey Mitchell Sextette (ABC Paramount, 1956)
Get Those Elephants Out'a Here (MetroJazz, 1958) with Red Mitchell, Blue Mitchell and André Previn
Just in Time (2004)

As sideman
With Buck Clayton and Tommy Gwaltney's Kansas City 9
 Goin' to Kansas City (Riverside, 1960)
With Herbie Mann
Herbie Mann Plays (Bethlehem, 1956)
Love and the Weather (Bethlehem, 1956)
With Oscar Pettiford
The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi (ABC-Paramount, 1956)
With Betty Roché
Take the "A" Train (Bethlehem, 1956)
With Pete Rugolo
Rugolomania (Columbia, 1955)
New Sounds by Pete Rugolo (Harmony, 1954–55, [1957])

References

External links

1932 births
2009 deaths
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
American jazz musicians
American male screenwriters
Television producers from California
Jazz musicians from New Jersey
People from Palm Desert, California
Writers from Palm Springs, California
20th-century American musicians
Screenwriters from California
20th-century double-bassists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
Jazz musicians from California

Gordon Whitey Mitchell


Intelsat 20 is a geostationary communications satellite which is operated by Intelsat. It was constructed by Space Systems/Loral, and is based on the LS-1300 satellite bus. It was launched on 2 August 2012, and replaces the Intelsat 7 and Intelsat 10 spacecraft at 68.5° East longitude. It is fully operational since September 2012.

Intelsat 20 is the 47th satellite that Space Systems/Loral will provide to Intelsat, the leading provider of Fixed-Satellite Services (FSS) worldwide.

Intelsat 20 carries 24 C-band, 54 Ku-band and 1 Ka-band transponders. The C-band covers the Asia-Pacific region, while the Ku-band transponders is used for Direct to Home broadcasting to Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. The Ka-band payload provides coverage to the Middle East and Central Asia.

See also

 Intelsat
 List of Intelsat satellites
 Intelsat 19

References

External links
 Intelsat Official provider's site
 Intelsat 20 satellite setting and directions
 Satbeams:  Intelsat 20 (IS-20)

Intelsat satellites
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched in 2012

Intelsat 20


Change or Changing may refer to:

Alteration
 Impermanence, a difference in a state of affairs at different points in time
 Menopause, also referred to as "the change", the permanent cessation of the menstrual period
 Metamorphosis, or change, a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching
 Personal development, or personal change, activities that improve awareness and identity
 Social change, an alteration in the social order of a society
 Technological change, invention, innovation, and diffusion of technology

Organizations and politics
 Change (company), a brokerage company in the Netherlands
 Change 2011, a Finnish political party
 Change We Need, a slogan for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign
 Change.gov, the transition website for the incoming Obama administration in 2008–2009
 Change.org, a petition website operated by Change.org, Inc.
 Communities Helping All Neighbors Gain Empowerment (CHANGE), a civic organization based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina
 Movement for Change, an Iraqi Kurdish political party

Places
 Change, Nepal
 Change, Saône-et-Loire, France
 Change Islands, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Le Change, Dordogne, France

Science and philosophy
 Fold change, in statistics
 Relative change, in quantitative sciences
 Change (philosophy)

Art, entertainment, and media

Literature
 I Ching, a Chinese classic text also known as the Classic of Changes, and Book of Changes
 The Change (Animorphs), a book in the Animorphs series, written by K.A. Applegate
 The Change, an alternative name for The Emberverse series as well as a fictional event in that series

Music

Groups
 Change (band), an Italian-American post-disco group active in the 1980s
 The Change (band), a former band associated with English duo Myles and Connor
 The Changes (band), an American rock band
 Jimmy and the Soulblazers a.k.a. Change, an American R&B group active in the 1970s

Albums
Change (The Alarm album), 1989
 Change (Vanessa Amorosi album), 2002
 Change (Jason Chan album), 2008
 Change (Chick Corea album), 1999
 Change (The Dismemberment Plan album), 2001
 Change (Every Little Thing album), 2010
 Change (Andrew Hill album), 2007
 Change (Derrick Hoh album), 2010
 Change (Richie Kotzen album), 2003
 Change (Pink Cream 69 album), 1995
 Change (Sons of the Desert album), 2000
 Change (Sugababes album), 2007
 Change (Cindy Wilson album), 2017
Change by Barry White, 1982
 Change (Ray Wilson album), 2003
 Change, by Bakithi Kumalo
 Change!, by the Black Swans
 Changed (album), an album by Rascal Flatts
 Changes (disambiguation)#Albums
 The Change (album), an album by Marie Fredriksson

Songs
 "Change" (Charlie Puth song)
 "Change" (Christina Aguilera song)
 "Change" (Daniel Merriweather song)
 "Change" (Every Little Thing song)
 "Change" (Hotel FM song)
 "Change" (Hyuna song)
 "Change" (John Waite song)
 "Change" (Killing Joke song)
 "Change" (Kimberley Locke song)
 "Change" (Lisa Stansfield song)
 "Change" (Miho Fukuhara song)
 "Change" (Miwa song)
 "Change" (Pale Waves song)
 "Change" (Sugababes song)
 "Change" (Taylor Swift song)
 "Change" (Tears for Fears song)
 "Change" (NF song)
 "Change", by Axium from Matter of Time
 "Change", by Banks from Goddess
 "Changed", by Bazzi from Cosmic
 "Change", by Black Stone Cherry from Between the Devil & the Deep Blue Sea
 "Change", by Blind Melon from Blind Melon
 "Change", by Bobby Darin from Bobby Darin Born Walden Robert Cassotto
 "Change", by Carrie Underwood from Play On
 "Change", by Churchill
 "Change", by Conor & Jay from the Grand Theft Auto III soundtrack
 "Change", by Crazy Town from Darkhorse
 "Change", by Fishbone from Truth and Soul
 "Change", by Lana Del Rey from Lust for Life
 "Change", by Jeff Liu and Rebecca Sugar, in Steven Universe: The Movie
 "Change", by Joy, 2018
 "Change", by Ken Carson from Project X
 "Change", by King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard from Changes
 "Change", by the Lightning Seeds from Jollification
 "Change", by Oingo Boingo from Boingo
 "Change", by RM, featuring Wale
 "Change", by Salvador Sobral from Excuse Me
 "Change", by Sean Kingston from Sean Kingston
 "Change", by Sparks from Music That You Can Dance To
 "Change", by Staind from Break the Cycle
 "Change", by Tess Gaerthé
 "Change", by T-Pain from Three Ringz
 "Change", by Tracy Chapman from Where You Live
 "Change", by White Lies from Big TV
 "Change (In the House of Flies)", by Deftones
 "Change (Part 1)", by Australian band Karnivool from the album Themata
 "Change (Part 2)", by Australian band Karnivool from the album Sound Awake
 "Changed", by Polvo from Siberia
 "Changed" (song), by Rascal Flatts
 "Changing" (Conrad Sewell song), 2018
 "Changing" (Sigma song), 2011
 "Changing", by the Airborne Toxic Event from All at Once
 "Changing", by Magic featuring Tony Burrows, 1976
 "Changing", a non-album B-side by The Searchers, 1981
 "The Change" (song), by Garth Brooks
 "The Change", by What So Not and DMA's, 2021

Television
 Change (Armenian TV series), a 2016 Armenian sitcom
 Change (Japanese TV series), a 2008 Japanese television drama
 "Changing" (Supergirl), a season 2 episode of Supergirl
 The Change (TV series), a 2023 British comedy drama series
 "The Changing", the 2001 second episode of Wolf Lake

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
 Change (film), a 2010 Italian film
 Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, a journal published for the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching by Heldref Publications
 The Change (radio show), a British radio programme

Other uses
Coins, also referred to as change or pocket change

See also

 Becoming (philosophy)
 Chang'e (disambiguation)
 Changer (disambiguation)
 Changes (disambiguation)
 Chump Change (disambiguation)
 Small change (disambiguation)
 Variation (disambiguation)
 Transition (disambiguation), broadly synonymous in many spheres

Change


(March 3, 1439 – February 15, 1491) was the brother of Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa, and a rival for the succession in a dispute that would lead to the Ōnin War.

Life
Yoshimi was the abbot of a Jōdo monastery when he was first approached in 1464 by Hosokawa Katsumoto, who wished to support a bid for Yoshimi to become shōgun. He originally sought to stick to his religious life, and had no desires to become shōgun. However, by 1464, he was convinced to join his brother, the shōgun, and assist him, putting himself into a position to be the next in the line of succession. The birth of the Shōgun's son placed Yoshimi in an awkward situation, making his succession no longer definite, but he remained as Yoshimasa's Deputy.

Despite Yoshimi's support by Hosokawa, it was Hosokawa's opponent, Yamana Sōzen, who stayed in Yoshimi's mansion for a time, and who attended a ceremony in March 1467 honoring the shōgun and his brother. Hosokawa did not attend, as he was preparing for the imminent war between himself and Yamana, who supported the succession of the shōgun's infant son Ashikaga Yoshihisa.

Following the initial battles between Hosokawa and Yamana within the capital (Kyoto), the Ōnin War turned into a war between Yoshimi and his brother the Shōgun. Through a set of complicated events, Yoshimi became one of Yamana's chief generals, and was declared a "rebel" by the Emperor, and stripped of his court rank. That same year, 1469, the shōgun officially named his son heir.

Yamana and Hosokawa both died soon afterwards, in 1473, and the Ōnin War came to an end in 1477, along with Yoshimi's political aspirations.

References

1439 births
1491 deaths
15th-century Japanese people
Samurai
Japanese Buddhist clergy
Yoshimi

Ashikaga Yoshimi


Aridisols (or desert soils) are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Aridisols (from the Latin aridus, for "dry", and solum) form in an arid or semi-arid climate.  Aridisols dominate the deserts and xeric shrublands, which occupy about one third of the Earth's land surface. Aridisols have a very low concentration of organic matter, reflecting the paucity of vegetative production on these dry soils.
Water deficiency is the major defining characteristic of Aridisols. Also required is sufficient age to exhibit subsoil weathering and development. Limited leaching in aridisols often results in one or more subsurface soil horizons in which suspended or dissolved minerals have been deposited: silicate clays, sodium, calcium carbonate, gypsum or soluble salts. These subsoil horizons can also be cemented by carbonates, gypsum or silica. Accumulation of salts on the surface can result in salinization.

In the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), most Aridisols belong to the Calcisols, Gypsisols, Durisols and Solonchaks.

See also
 Desert ecology
 Pedogenesis
 Pedology
 Soil classification
 Soil science
 Soil type

References

Pedology
Types of soil

Aridisol


Waterberg Plateau Park is a national park in central Namibia on the Waterberg Plateau,  south-east of Otjiwarongo. The plateau and the national park are named after the prominent table mountain that rises from the plateau, the Waterberg (). The Waterberg Plateau is a particularly prominent landmark, elevating high above the plains of the Kalahari of Eastern Namibia. Waterberg Park and some  of surrounding land were declared a Nature Reserve in 1972. As the plateau is largely inaccessible from beneath, several of Namibia's endangered animal species  were relocated into the area during the early 1970s to protect them from predators and poaching to extinction. The programme was very successful and Waterberg now supplies other Namibian parks with rare animals. In 1989, the black rhinoceros was reintroduced to the area from Damaraland.

The Waterberg Plateau Park is ecologically diverse and rich and has over 200 different species of bird with some rare species of small antelope on the lower hills of the mountain. Geologically, the oldest rock stratum is over 850 million years old and dinosaur tracks were left there some 200 million years ago.

The plateau was declared a National Monument in 1956.

Human habitation

The first human inhabitants were the San people, who left rock engravings believed to be several thousand years old. A small tribe of the San were still living their traditional lifestyle on the plateau until the late 1960s.

The foothills were the site of one of the major turning points in Namibia's history. In 1904, in the Battle of Waterberg, the Herero people lost their last and greatest battle against German Colonial forces in the Herero and Namaqua Wars. Subsequently, in the Herero and Namaqua Genocide, nearly two thirds of the Herero population lost their lives, and about one thousand could escape to British Bechuanaland (now Botswana), where they received asylum. The graves of German soldiers who lost their lives at Waterberg can still be viewed near the Bernabe De La Bat rest camp at the base of the park.

Gallery

See also
National parks (Namibia)

References

External links

 World Conservation Monitoring Centre (Archived)
 Waterberg Namibia

National Monuments of Namibia
National parks of Namibia
Protected areas established in 1972
1972 establishments in South West Africa
1972 establishments in South Africa

Waterberg Plateau Park


Cricket 22 is a 2021 cricket video game developed by Big Ant Studios and published by Nacon. It is the official video game of the 2021–22 Ashes series of cricket matches, and the sequel to the 2019 game Cricket 19. It released on the 2 December 2021 as a curtain-raiser prior to the start of the 2021–22 Ashes series which were held in Australia in December 2021. The Nintendo Switch version of the game was expected to be released in January 2022 and was later confirmed for 28 April 2022. This is the second Big Ant Studios game to be released for the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S, the first being Tennis World Tour 2.

Gameplay
Cricket 22 introduces a revamped bowling and fielding controls utilizing an arcade style of gameplay with the new after-touch system that allows the player to control the ball's direction after it is bowled. A new "Direct-Hit" system was also implemented for fielding where adding in a cinematic angle to catches and having control over the speed of the ball when thrown to the stumps. It also features a new tutorial system as well for newcomers.

Big Ant unveiled Nets Challenge facility for the users as part of the pre-ordering plans which went into full swing from late October 2021. For the first time ever in the series  an all-female commentary team for all women's cricket matches was introduced. Furthermore, a new commentary team was introduced with the likes of Michael Atherton, David Gower,  Mel Jones, Alison Mitchell and Ian Healy for the video game.

Licensing
The game features the inclusion of both men's and women's editions of the Big Bash league for the very first time. In addition, the game also introduced newcomers Caribbean Premier League and The Hundred. The licensing of the game has also been extended and expanded to other geographical territories including New Zealand, West Indies and Ireland in addition to Australia and England as real names and real images of the players of respective countries can be used.

The video game cover featured Australian women's cricket captain Meg Lanning and men's captain Pat Cummins who replaced his predecessor Tim Paine who was initially set to appear before resigning the captaincy over a sexting scandal, which caused the game to be delayed by a week. In the UK, Joe Root and Heather Knight feature on the video game cover.

Anti-piracy measures
The title has received media coverage for measures designed to "annoy" players of pirated versions of the game into purchasing it legitimately. Big Ant Studios CEO Ross Symons stated that the implementation of the measures, which include turning the screen white during gameplay, had seen sales of the game on Steam go up by 300%.

References

2021 video games
Big Ant Studios games
Cricket video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nacon games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 5 games
Video games developed in Australia
Windows games
Xbox Cloud Gaming games
Xbox One games
Xbox Series X and Series S games

Cricket 22


Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a 1966 American drama film directed by Mike Nichols in his directorial debut. The screenplay by Ernest Lehman is an adaptation of Edward Albee's 1962 play of the same name. It stars Elizabeth Taylor as Martha, Richard Burton as George, George Segal as Nick, and Sandy Dennis as Honey. The film depicts a late-night gathering at the home of a college professor and his wife.

The film was nominated for 13 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Mike Nichols. It is one of only two films to be nominated in every eligible category at the Academy Awards (the other is Cimarron). All four main actors were nominated in their respective acting categories, the first time a film's entire credited cast was nominated.

The film won five Oscars: a second Academy Award for Best Actress for Taylor and Best Supporting Actress for Dennis, Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design.

In 2013, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
George, an associate professor of history at a small New England college, and his wife Martha, the daughter of the university president, return home drunk from a party. Martha has invited a young married couple she met at the party for a drink. The guests arrive—Nick, a biology professor, and his wife, Honey—just before 2:30 A.M. As the four drink, Martha and George engage in scathing verbal abuse in front of Nick and Honey. The younger couple is first embarrassed and later entangled.

Martha angers George by telling Honey about their son, who will celebrate his 16th birthday the next day. Martha's divulging of this information sets off another fight between the two. Nick confesses to George that he was attracted to Honey for her family's money and married her only because he mistakenly believed she was pregnant. George describes his own marriage as one of never-ending accommodation and adjustment, then admits he considers Nick a threat. George also tells a story about a boy he grew up with who had accidentally killed his mother and, years later, his father and lived out his days in a mental hospital. Nick admits he aims to charm and sleep his way to the top and jokes that Martha would be a good place to start.

When their guests propose leaving, a drunken George insists on driving them home. They approach a roadhouse, and Honey suggests they stop to dance. While Honey and George watch, Nick suggestively dances with Martha, who continues to mock and criticize George. George unplugs the jukebox and announces the game is over. In response, Martha alludes to the fact he may have murdered his parents like the protagonist in his unpublished novel, prompting George to attack Martha until Nick pulls him away from her. George tells the group about a second novel he has written about a teacher and his wife who marry because of her false pregnancy and family money. Honey realizes Nick told George about their past and runs from the room.

Another argument leads Martha to drive off with Nick and Honey, leaving George to make his way back home on foot, where he sees the shadows of Martha and Nick in the bedroom. Through Honey's drunken babbling, George begins to suspect that her pregnancy was in fact real and that she secretly had an abortion. He then devises a plan to get back at Martha.

When Martha accuses Nick of being sexually inadequate, he blames his performance on the liquor he has consumed. Martha and George argue about their son and George announces he has received a telegram saying their son has been killed in a car accident.

As Martha begs George not to "kill" their son, Nick realizes the truth: Martha and George had never been able to have children and filled the void with an imaginary son. George explains that their one mutually agreed upon rule was to never mention the son to anyone else, and that he "killed" him because Martha broke that rule by mentioning him to Honey.

The young couple departs quietly, and George and Martha are left alone as the day begins to break outside. George starts singing the song "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", and Martha responds, "I am, George, I am", while the two hold hands.

Cast
 Elizabeth Taylor as Martha
 Richard Burton as George
 George Segal as Nick
 Sandy Dennis as Honey
 Agnes Flanagan as roadhouse waitress (uncredited)
 Frank Flanagan as roadhouse manager (uncredited)

Production

Development
Edward Albee's 1962 play was replete with dialogue that violated the standard moral guidelines for movies at the time, including multiple instances of "goddamn" and "son of a bitch", along with "screw you", "up yours", "monkey nipples" and "hump the hostess". It opened on Broadway during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and audiences who had gone to the theater to forget the threat of nuclear war were shocked by the provocative language and situations they had not seen before outside of experimental theater.

The immediate reaction of the theater audiences, eventually voiced by critics, was that Albee had created a play that would be a great success on Broadway, but could never be filmed in its current form. Neither the audience nor the critics understood how much the Hollywood landscape was changing in the 1960s, and that it could no longer live with any meaningful Production Code. In bringing the play to the screen, Ernest Lehman decided he would not change the dialogue that had shocked veteran theatergoers in New York only four years earlier. Despite serious opposition to this decision, Lehman prevailed.

Casting
The choice of Elizabeth Taylor—at the time regarded as one of the most beautiful women in the world—to play the frumpy, fifty-ish Martha surprised many, but the actress gained  for the role. When Warner Bros. head Jack L. Warner approached Albee about buying the film rights for the play, he told Albee that he wanted to cast Bette Davis and James Mason in the roles of Martha and George. In the script, Martha references Davis and quotes her famous "What a dump!" line from the film Beyond the Forest (1949). Albee was delighted by this cast, believing that "James Mason seemed absolutely right...and to watch Bette Davis do that Bette Davis imitation in that first scene—that would have been so wonderful". However, fearing that the talky, character-driven story would land with a resounding thud—and that audiences would grow weary of watching two hours of screaming between a harridan and a wimp—Nichols and Lehman cast stars Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. Edward Albee was surprised by the casting decision, but later stated that Taylor was quite good and Burton was incredible. In the end, though, he still felt that "with Mason and Davis you would have had a less flashy and ultimately deeper film".

Filming
As filming began on July 26 and December 13, 1965, the Catholic Legion of Motion Pictures (formerly the Catholic Legion of Decency), issued a preliminary report that, if what they heard was true, they might have to issue Virginia Woolf with the once-dreaded "condemned" rating, although they promised to wait to see the film. The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) followed with an even stronger statement, warning the studio—without promising to wait for a screening—that if they were really thinking of leaving the Broadway play's language intact, they could forget about getting a seal of approval.

Most of the film's exteriors were shot on location at Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts. Nichols insisted on this for verisimilitude, but later stated that he had been misguided, that it added nothing artistically, and that these scenes could as well have been shot on any sound stage.

Music
The film's music is an original score by Alex North. At the time of the film's release, Warner Bros. Records released a gatefold two-LP record soundtrack album set that included the entire film's dialogue as the "Deluxe Edition Two-Record Set". The music was issued as a one-LP release that featured 11 tracks of North's score.

Differences from the play
The film adaptation differs slightly from the play, which has only four characters. The minor characters of the roadhouse owner, who has only a few lines of dialogue, and his wife, who serves a tray of drinks and leaves silently, were played by the film's gaffer, Frank Flanagan, and his wife, Agnes.

The play is set entirely in Martha and George's house. In the film, one scene takes place at the roadhouse, one in George and Martha's yard, and one in their car. Despite these minor deviations, however, the film is extremely faithful to the play. The filmmakers used the original play as the screenplay and, aside from toning down some of the profanity slightly—Martha's "Screw you!" (which, in the 2005 Broadway revival, is "Fuck you!") becomes "God damn you!"—virtually all of the original dialogue remains intact, although a major monologue by Martha is cut. (In the version released in the UK, "Screw you" is kept intact. In an interview at the time of the release, Taylor referred to this phrase as pushing boundaries.)

Nick is never referred to or addressed by name during the film or the play.

Distribution
Warner Bros. studio executives sat down to look at a rough cut, without music, and a Life magazine reporter was present. He printed the following quote from one of the studio chiefs: "My God! We've got a seven million dollar dirty movie on our hands!"

The film was considered groundbreaking for having a level of profanity and sexual implication unheard of at that time. Jack Valenti, who had just become president of the MPAA in 1966, had arranged to update the old Production Code. For the film to be released with MPAA approval, Warner Bros. agreed to deletions of certain profanities and to have a special warning placed on all advertisements for the film, indicating adult content. In addition, all contracts with theatres exhibiting the film included a clause to prohibit anyone under 18 from admittance without adult supervision. Even the National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures (NCOMP) refused to "condemn" the film, with the office ruling it "morally unobjectionable for adults, with reservations". This film and Michelangelo Antonioni's Blow-Up (1966) led Valenti to begin work on the MPAA film rating system that went into effect on November 1, 1968. It is also said that Jack L. Warner chose to pay a fine of $5,000 in order to remain as faithful to the play (and its profanity) as possible.

Theatrical release
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? premiered on June 21, 1966, at the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood. The film went on to become a financial success, earning a North American rental gross of $14.5 million, which made it the third-highest-grossing film of 1966.

Home media
The film was first released on DVD in North America on October 1, 1997. It has since been re-released in a two-disc special edition that was concurrently released across North America and much of Europe. To coincide the film's 50th anniversary, Warner Archive Collection released a manufacture-on-demand Blu-ray on May 3, 2016, that was sold exclusively to online retailers.

Critical reception

Arthur D. Murphy of Variety wrote the film was a "[k]een adaptation and handsome production by Ernest Lehman, outstanding direction by Mike Nichols in his feature debut, and four topflight performances score an artistic bullseye." He praised Taylor's performance, writing that her "characterization is at once sensual, spiteful, cynical, pitiable, loathsome, lustful and tender." James Powers of The Hollywood Reporter wrote the film "is an instant film classic, and Warner Bros. deserves the highest credit for making it a movie without compromise." Powers wrote that Taylor "reaches the fullest of her powers as Martha. The actress' beauty and the richness of her personal life have repeatedly obscured the fact that she can be, when she cares to be, an actress of extraordinary power... Miss Taylor is a prime reason the film seems so very seldom a drama, and almost always a violation of privacy, captured with hidden cameras and microphones." Kate Cameron of the New York Daily News wrote Taylor gave "the outstanding acting role of her career" and was "nothing less than brilliant" as Martha.

Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times praised Nichols's direction, writing he had "minimized the 'stage' feeling, and he has given the film an insistent presence, good phrasing and a nervous drive. It sags toward the end, but this is because the third act of the play sags." Of Burton's performance, Kauffmann noted he was "utterly convincing as a man with a great lake of nausea in him, on which he sails with regret and compulsive amusement"; he also praised Taylor for delivering "the best work of her career". A review in Time magazine noted Nichols "does more to enrich Virginia Woolf emotionally. Beneath the surface battles of this love-hate saga, he subtly works in evidence of the rough affection between George and Martha, their easy habits of togetherness and mellowed private jokes; and the characters develop more recognizable human frailty than they ever showed on stage."

In his review for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther wrote, "Miss Taylor and Mr. Burton are splendid, providing quite as much as the play permits of sharp psychological dissection of the older, corrosive pair. Perhaps Mr. Nichols's direction allows them to punch too hard at times." He also expressed disappointment that Nichols "was not able to get more from the roles of the other couple, whom George Segal and Sandy Dennis play." Andrew Sarris of The Village Voice felt the "movie isn't all that good, but it's reasonably entertaining and effective within certain limitations, some evitable and some inevitable. Why Jack Warner should be applauded for bringing a Broadway hit to the screen is a bit beyond me."

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 96% based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 8.50/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Led by a volcanic performance from Elizabeth Taylor, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a scathing adaptation of the Edward Albee play that serves as a brilliant calling card for debuting director Mike Nichols." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews, the film has a score of 75 based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited this movie as one of his 100 favorite films.

Accolades
The film is one of only two films (the other is Cimarron) to be nominated in every eligible category at the Academy Awards. Each of the four actors was nominated for an Oscar but only Elizabeth Taylor and Sandy Dennis won, respectively for Best Actress and Supporting Actress. The film also won the Black and White Cinematography award for Haskell Wexler's stark, black-and-white camera work (it was the last film to win before the two cinematography categories were combined into one), Best Costume Design and for Best Art Direction (Richard Sylbert, George James Hopkins). It was the first film to have its entire credited cast be nominated for acting Oscars, a feat only accomplished two other times, with Sleuth in 1972 and Give 'em Hell, Harry! in 1975.

In AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? ranked  67.

In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Paul Mavis of DVD Talk, reviewing Warner Bros.'s 2006 Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton: The Film Collection disc release of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, wrote, "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? exists now as one of the seminal dramas of the modern screen. And its existence counterbalances every gauche public display the Burtons perpetrated, every ream of wasted newsprint devoted to their sometimes silly, outsized lives, and every mediocre film they made before and after its production. It is the peak of their collective and individual careers. And they would never recover from it."

See also
 List of American films of 1966
 List of films with all four Academy Award acting nominations

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

1966 films
1966 directorial debut films
1966 drama films
1960s American films
1960s English-language films
American black-and-white films
American drama films
American films based on plays
Best Film BAFTA Award winners
Films about adultery in the United States
Films about alcoholism
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about educators
Films about mental health
Films directed by Mike Nichols
Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films produced by Ernest Lehman
Films scored by Alex North
Films shot in Massachusetts
Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award
Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Films with screenplays by Ernest Lehman
United States National Film Registry films

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)