DragonQuest is a fantasy role-playing game originally published by Simulations Publications (SPI) in 1980.  Where first generation fantasy role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) restricted players to particular character classes, DragonQuest was one of the first games to utilize a system that emphasized skills, allowing more individual customization and a wider range of options.

System

Character generation
Character generation is much more involved than D&D, with the player using 10 sided dice to determine everything from the character's race to handedness to the number of points they have to distribute amongst the primary characteristics (Strength, Agility, Manual Dexterity, Magical Aptitude, Endurance, and Willpower) which determine the character's strengths and weaknesses.  Being able to control the value of these attributes allows for greater flexibility in character generation.  For example, players seeking a powerful magic user can divert points to Magical Aptitude and possibly Willpower.  Those seeking pure fighters can invest their points in Strength, Agility and Manual Dexterity.  By carefully balancing these numbers, fighter/mages, thief/assassins, and other combinations can be devised.

Magic
The magic system in DragonQuest features distinct Magical Colleges, each with its own group of spells and rituals.  Player characters who enter magical study are assumed to have apprenticed with a mage of their particular Magic College, and have learned all the basic spells and a ritual or two from their former Master. Player characters cannot change Magic Colleges in the context of game play, and so are all essentially specialists in a college of magic.  Some of the Magic Colleges include: Earth Magic, Air Magic, Fire Magic, Water Magic, Illusions, Ensorcelments, Greater & Lesser Summoning, and Necromantic Conjurations.  The revised second edition and third edition (released by TSR) added some colleges and removed others.

Players expend fatigue points to cast spells, and must roll percentile dice to succeed.  Many of the more powerful spells have a very low chance of success, and may backfire with random results (many quite unpleasant).  By expending experience points, a mage may improve their ability to cast specific spells by gaining rank in them.  There are also advanced spells which can be obtained from more powerful mages in one's Magic College.  This advanced knowledge may require a substantial cash payment or some kind of quest to obtain, however.  Certain spells require expensive or rare elements to work properly, while the majority are merely spoken.

Specific rules exist for player Adepts to invest objects to create magic items (such as rings, amulets, weapons, etc.) for later use by themselves or other party members.  Such items are also found on occasion during an expedition or exploration.

Skills

Any player character may choose to learn various skills in DragonQuest.  Vocations such as Ranger, Thief, Assassin, Merchant, Courtesan, Navigator, Healer, Military Scientist, Mechanician, Beastmaster, Troubador may be acquired by expending the necessary experience points.  Certain other skills, such as Stealth, Horseback Riding, reading and/or writing a Language can also be practiced and improved.  Characters are not limited to any particular set of skills, and a Halfling Assassin who speaks perfect Elvish is technically possible.

Weapons are learned in much the same manner as Vocations.  The limitation is that weapons have various maximum ranks (levels) which can be achieved, while other skills usually top out at rank 10.  Magic spells gain improved chances of success and better strength when rank is gained in them also, and this is done on a spell-by-spell basis (e.g. character is a fire mage and has improved his skill to rank 6 in Fireball, but rank 0 in many other spells of his magic college which he considers less important).

Characters are required to spend many weeks training after an experience-generating adventure in order to increase skill levels.  Weapons training typically requires the aid of a person of greater skill than the player, and hiring a weapon-master can be expensive as well.  Often, a group will return to town laden with gold, only to realize that between the several months spent training (room & board) and the cost of experts to assist them with training, most of the money is already spent!  It is also possible that a character may actually be the expert in his/her local area, and thus might have to travel some distance to receive instruction from a person of greater ability.

Combat

DQ uses a hex grid and miniatures for combat.  Unlike other systems, where the miniatures are merely placeholders, DQ requires that characters know their facing, as attacks from the flanks and rear are more effective than frontal assaults.  Combat takes place in 5-second "pulses" and characters may only move short distances while actively engaged in a meleè.

Each character has a strike chance % based on (mostly) their manual dexterity and the base chance of the weapon used to attack.  Additional factors, such as running into an attack or achieving surprise—as in an ambush—modify this base chance.  The defender's defensive % is subtracted from this number, and percentile dice rolled to see if a hit is achieved.  When a hit is delivered, the attacker rolls a d10, adds the weapon's attack bonus, and subtracts the target's armor rating.  In some cases, such as a target with plate armor, few weapons can do much damage directly.  Only certain special hits can damage the target severely.  But with time, even the most heavily armored Knight can usually be worn-down.

Unlike other systems, which use "hit points" to tally damage, DQ has a two-tiered system of fatigue and endurance.  Normally a weapon does fatigue damage only, but an especially lucky hit may immediately cause endurance damage or even a grievous injury, which allows the attacker to roll again on a table of nasty hits to the eyes, guts, etc.  Once a character has lost all of his fatigue, he begins taking endurance damage instead.  This is bad, since endurance damage requires magical intervention or extended bed rest to be recovered.  Fatigue can be recovered by simply relaxing and getting a hot meal and a good night's sleep.   Endurance damage may also increase susceptibility to infection, at the discretion of the referee.

Another DQ feature is a three-tiered combat range system:  Ranged, Melee, and Close Combat.  Ranged Combat typically involves bows, slings, and thrown knives, while Melee is swords, spears, maces and most other weapons.  Close Combat in DQ is wrestling on the ground with knives, fists, rocks, etc.  DQ allows a party of adventurers to be surrounded and ultimately overwhelmed by large numbers of peasants, who rather than attacking singly and being cut to ribbons, will instead seek to surround and leap into Close Combat to subdue and pin down Player Characters.  Some weapons, such as daggers, can be used at all ranges, but most cannot and are useless when the character is being shot with bows or engaged in Close Combat.

DragonQuest combat falls midway in complexity between D&D and systems such as Runequest or HârnMaster.  It can take several hours to resolve battles.  Tactics, choice of weapon, and use of spells are keys to victory.  A feature of DQ is that novice characters and mighty adventurers have nearly the same ability to absorb damage—i.e. they can both be killed fairly easily (unlike D&D in which high-level characters can take remarkable amounts of damage without dying, but similar to Runequest where character hit points are mostly static).  This requires parties to have a balance of fighting and magic skills, since a party cannot be centered on a single nigh-invulnerable figure (a "Conan the Barbarian" type).

Experience

An experience points system is utilized that enables characters to increase their skill levels in spells and vocations, making their characters more formidable.  Experience is used to 'purchase' new and improved abilities, rather than conferring a blanket increase in character skills as in D&D.

As characters grow in skills and proficiency, the cost to raise to higher skill levels increases greatly, but the amount of base experience points awarded at the successful completion of an adventure increases as well.  In addition, the Dungeon Master may award characters bonus experience points for valiant, clever or outstanding performance during gameplay.

Publication history
Through the 1970s, SPI was a board wargame publisher. With the sudden popularity of Dungeons & Dragons in the mid-1970s, SPI decided to enter the role-playing game market with a product called Dragonslayer, but changed the title to avoid a conflict with Walt Disney Pictures' 1981 movie of the same name. (In 1981, SPI did publish a product called Dragonslayer, a board game that was a licensed tie-in with the movie.)

DragonQuest the role-playing game, published in 1980, was a boxed set of three softcover books designed by Eric Goldberg, David James Ritchie and Edward J. Woods, with interior artwork by John Garcia, and cover art by Jim Sherman.

In 1982, SPI published a second edition of DragonQuest in which the three books were consolidated into one book, which was published in conjunction with Bantam Books, shortly before SPI was unexpectedly taken over by TSR.

In 1988, TSR published an AD&D adventure, The Shattered Statue that also included a method for converting the adventure to DragonQuests 2nd edition rules.

The following year, TSR published a 3rd edition of DragonQuest that revamped the magic system, with game design by  Gerard Christopher King, interior artwork by Timothy Truman and cover art by Joe Chiodo.

In 1986, Japanese companies Chunsoft and Enix had released an unrelated videogame in Japan called Dragon Quest. When the videogame was released in North America in 1989, Chunsoft changed the name to Dragon Warrior to avoid trademark issues. The trademark would later expire in the early 2000s and Square Enix would register the trademark for use in the U.S.A.

Ownership of the rights to the DragonQuest role-playing game passed to Wizards of the Coast in 1997 following their takeover of TSR.

Publications

Sourcebooks
Frontiers of Alusia (1981)
Gamemaster's Screen (1981)
Heroes and Villains (1982)

Adventures
The Blade of Allectus (1980)
The Enchanted Wood (1981)
The Palace of Ontoncle (1981)
Magebird Quest (1982)
Starsilver Trek (1982)

Reception
In the September 1980 edition of The Space Gamer (Issue No. 31), Forrest Johnson liked the system despite some flaws. "Despite its faults, it still presents a pleasing contrast to the sloppiness of [The Fantasy Trip], the illogic of [Dungeons & Dragons], the incoherence of [Chivalry & Sorcery]. It borrows good ideas liberally from the older systems, and offers noteworthy innovations of its own... At [the price], DragonQuest is a terrific buy."

In the November 1980 edition of Dragon (Issue 43), Douglas Bachmann had issues with lack of balance in the skills system, but found the character generation system "a delight". Bachmann also liked  the combat system. He concluded, "[DragonQuest] does have some problems, but I have found it to be an exciting game which has succeeded in setting limits and structuring activity while also encouraging creativity."

Michael A. Stackpole was more critical in his review for Different Worlds magazine, writing "DQ functions as a FRP game the same way a sledge hammer functions as a mousetrap. Both get the job done, but the effort involved in getting it to work is not worth the end result."

In Issue 31 of Phoenix, Terry Devereux called the combat system and character generation slightly better than the systems used in D&D/AD&D.

In the Summer 1984 issue of the French games magazine Casus Belli, Jean-Pierre Demange reviewed the TSR edition, and admired the many improvements that had been made to the original SPI product, commenting that it "aimed to correct the undeniable defects of the first edition, in order to arrive at a game whose flexibility of use should be the asset without degrading the realism dear to many." Demange found the character generation system very customizable, and the combat system a "rich experience from the multitude of possible actions." Demange concluded with a strong recommendation, saying, "DQ has many qualities and the flexibility of its rules framework allows everyone to correct the flaws and shortcomings inherent in all human creation."

In his 1990 book The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games, game critic Rick Swan was impressed by the production values of the SPI edition game, but pointed out that "closer inspection revealed a lot of annoying rules [including] a tediously complicated combat system ... a dull selection of monsters ... and some just plain silly rules (if a male player wants to use a female character, he has to roll the dice for permission.)" Swan thought that the TSR edition addressed the game's deficiencies, making it "a polished and sophisticated fantasy RPG with one of gaming's best-ever magic systems." Swan concluded by giving the game a rating of 3 out of 4, saying, "The game ... desperately needs a more colorful setting. But for now,  the future looks bright for DragonQuest."

In 1996, Heidi Kaye did a retrospective review of DragonQuest for Arcane magazine, stating that DragonQuest'''s system remains eminently playable.

In a retrospective review of DragonQuest in Black Gate, Ty Johnston said "DQ isn't for everyone. Patience is the key, and I realize that's easier said than done in today's busy world. Still, if you're looking for an old-school RPG that has deadly combat and is less limiting than player class systems, DragonQuest might be for you."

Awards
At the 1981 Origins Awards. DragonQuest'' won the H.G. Wells Award for "Best Roleplaying Rules of 1980".

References

External links

 DragonQuest Players Association homepage
 A DragonQuest wiki For the NZ multi-GM Campaign known as 'The Seagate Guild of Adventurers'

Fantasy role-playing games
Origins Award winners
Role-playing game systems
Role-playing games introduced in 1980
Simulations Publications games

DragonQuest


Aghasadyg Aghaali oglu Garaybeyli () (15 March 1897, Shamakhi – 5 December 1988, Baku) was a Soviet and Azerbaijani actor.

Life and contributions
Garaybeyli was born in the city of Shamakhi, but like many natives of that city at the time, he found himself in Baku after the devastating earthquake of 1902. Garaybeyli became an orphan at a young age and was brought up by a foster family. While still in school, he started attending drama clubs for actors-to-be established by Huseyn Arablinski. He made his first stage appearance in 1917. Beginning in 1921, with the help of Uzeyir Hajibeyov, he started attending courses in professional acting. It was also when Garaybeyli got married. In the following years, he acted in over 200 different roles, including both stage and film appearances. Garaybeyli was also known as a voice actor in a number of movies. From 1933 until the end of his life, he worked in the Azerbaijan State Drama Theatre. In 1940 he was awarded the title of People's Artiste of the Azerbaijan SSR.

He died in Baku, four months before his 92nd birthday.

Filmography
The Maiden Tower (1924), as Ayan
Haji Gara (1929), as Asgar bey
Sevil (1929), as Balash
Fatali Khan (1947), as Sardar's envoy
Bakhtiar (1955), as Aghabala
If Not This One, Then That One (1957), as Rustam bey
Under the sultry sky (1957), as Sardarov
Leyli and Majnun (1961), as Ibn Khalid
Life Is Beautiful, Brother! (1967), as Shukru bey
The Mail Box (1967), as the Khan
Stars Don't Go Out (1971), as Gendarme
The Boys of Our Street (1973), as Rustam kishi
Aghasadyg Garaybeyli (1974), as himself
The Tour (1975), as CEO (not credited)
The Graduate Thesis (1979), as the Reeve
I Am Composing a Song (1979), as Abdulla
The Prayer (1982), as the Mullah
The Grandchild of My Grandchild's Grandchild (1985), as the Grandfather

See also
List of People's Artistes of the Azerbaijan SSR

References

1897 births
1988 deaths
People from Shamakhi
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
People's Artistes of the Azerbaijan SSR
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Azerbaijani male stage actors
Azerbaijani male film actors
Soviet Azerbaijani people
Burials at II Alley of Honor

Aghasadyg Garaybeyli


Josef Erwin Bachmann (12 October 1944 – 24 February 1970) became widely known in Germany for his assassination attempt on the Marxist activist Rudi Dutschke, firing three bullets at him, on 11 April 1968. Bachmann was convicted of the attack and sentenced to seven years in prison. He committed suicide in 1970 while serving his sentence.

Early life
Bachmann was born on 12 October 1944 in Reichenbach im Vogtland, Saxony and grew up in East Germany in a family situation that had been described as difficult. In 1956, he left East Germany with his mother for West Germany and settled in Peine, Lower Saxony. Considered a poor student, he began to finance his lifestyle with a series of break-ins. He moved around frequently and changed jobs multiple times. In 1966, he was convicted for break-ins he committed in France.

In 1968, Bachmann moved to Munich, searching for work. While in Munich, he had heard of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. This inspired him to assassinate Dutschke, whom he disliked for "being a communist".

In 2009, it emerged that Bachmann had contact with an active cell of Neo-Nazis in Peine starting in 1961 and that he participated in shooting practice with them.

Attack
Bachmann left his place of work in Munich on 10 April 1968 and travelled by train to Berlin. On his departure, he told his fellow workers that they would hear about him in the media soon.

On the afternoon of 11 April, Bachmann approached the residence of Dutschke on Kurfürstendamm 140. Seeing Dutschke leaving the building at around 4:35 pm, Bachmann approached him, inquiring if he was Rudi Dutschke. On Dutschke's confirmation, Bachmann pulled his gun and shot him with three bullets, calling him a "dirty communist pig".

Bachmann fled the scene, leaving the seriously injured Dutschke behind. Bachmann went into hiding in a nearby basement, where police tracked him down. Following a shootout with police, he was arrested. Before his arrest, Bachmann attempted to kill himself with sleeping pills. He was taken to a hospital to deal with the poisoning.

Aftermath
Bachmann confessed to the assassination attempt and was convicted and sentenced to seven years in prison in 1969.

In the attempt on his life, Dutschke suffered brain damage and had to learn to speak again. Being aware that Bachmann had attempted to kill himself, Dutschke started to converse with Bachmann in a series of letters. In this exchange, Dutschke characterised suicide as cowardly. Bachmann apologised for what he had done to Dutschke.

In the night of 23–24 February 1970, Bachmann committed suicide by suffocating himself with a plastic bag.

In media
Bachmann was portrayed by Tom Schilling in the 2008 film The Baader Meinhof Complex.

References

1944 births
1970 suicides
Failed assassins
People from Reichenbach im Vogtland
Criminals from Saxony
1968 in Germany
German neo-Nazis convicted of crimes
German people convicted of attempted murder
German people who died in prison custody

Prisoners who died in German detention
People who died by suicide in prison custody

Josef Bachmann


Vatche Arslanian (1955 – April 8, 2003) was a member of the Canadian Red Cross and head of logistics for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Iraq. He was one of the six ICRC delegates who chose to stay in the country during the 2003 Iraq war and continue helping local relief workers. He was killed by gunfire in Baghdad while travelling with two local Red Cross workers, who were able to escape. Five other civilian vehicles were caught in crossfire, and thirteen people were killed in total.

Arslanian was a Canadian-Armenian citizen who emigrated from Syria. He worked for the Canadian military for a number of years and moved to Oromocto, New Brunswick when he was transferred to CFB Gagetown to serve as captain at the artillery school. He was released from service in 1995 when he refused a transfer to CFB Shilo in Manitoba. He insisted on remaining in Oromocto to continue his efforts to reunite his family.

From 1992 to 1998 Arslanian served on the Oromocto town council; he served as deputy mayor for part of this period.

In 1999, Arslanian began his association with the Red Cross. He volunteered to help at CFB Gagetown which was receiving over 1,000 Kosovar refugees. He did his first overseas work with the ICRC in 2000, when he served as a logistician in the former Soviet Union republic of Georgia.

Since July 17, 2001, Arslanian had been in charge of logistics for the ICRC in Iraq. Balthasar Staehelin, ICRC delegate-general for the Middle East and North Africa, said "the courageous decision by six ICRC expatriates to stay in Baghdad voluntarily and work alongside their local colleagues during the worst of the fighting made a marked difference to the lives of thousands of people. Arslanian was one of those six, and we can find some solace in knowing that he helped to make that difference."

See also
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Monument to Canadian Aid Workers

References

External links
Reflections from a Canadian Red Cross worker in Iraq, an interview with the Canadian Red Cross, January 2003
Oromocto Man Working For The International Red Cross In Iraq, an interview on CBC Radio, March 18, 2003 (RealAudio format)

1955 births
2003 deaths
Canadian people of Armenian descent
Deaths by firearm in Iraq
Male murder victims
Syrian emigrants to Canada
Syrian people of Armenian descent

Vatche Arslanian


Bernard Arps, Professor of Indonesian and Javanese Language and Culture at Leiden University, Netherlands, was born in 1961 in Leiden.

Biography
Arps teaches in the Department of Languages and Cultures of Indonesia at Leiden University. He also chaired this department in the years 1995, 1999–2000, and 2003–2006. Earlier, he was a lecturer in Indonesian and Javanese at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London from 1988 to 1993. He also served as Fellow-in-Residence at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences in 2001–02, a visiting fellow in the Faculty of Asian Studies and the Humanities Research Centre at the Australian National University during the first half of 2005, and the Netherlands Visiting Professor of Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of Michigan in 2006–07.

Arps wrote his thesis in 1992, entitled Tembang in Two Traditions. Performance and Interpretation of Javanese Literature.

Arps, in association with Annabel Teh Gallop, produced a bilingual photographic catalogue of Indonesian manuscripts, "Golden letters: writing traditions of Indonesia" ("Surat Emas: Budaya Tulis di Indonesia" in Indonesian).

Since 1979 Arps spent four years on fieldwork in Indonesia, in the regions of Surakarta and Yogyakarta in central Java, Banyuwangi on the eastern tip of the island, and Cilacap on the south coast. He has also edited works on performance and texts, and articles on Javanese and Indonesian dramatic, literary, religious, scholarly, and media discourse.

Publications

References

Living people
Academics of SOAS University of London
1961 births
University of Michigan faculty
Academic staff of Leiden University

Bernard Arps


National Cat Day is celebrated in various countries. In some areas it is an awareness day to raise public awareness of cat adoption.

United States and Canada

In the US and Canada, National Cat Day is an awareness day to raise public awareness of cat adoption, taking  place on August 8 in Canada and October 29 in the United States.

The National Cat Day website states that the holiday was first celebrated in 2005 "to help galvanize the public to recognize the number of cats that need to be rescued each year and also to encourage cat lovers to celebrate the cat(s) in their life for the unconditional love and companionship they bestow upon us." The day was founded by Colleen Paige, a pet and family lifestyle expert, who was supported by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which is a nonprofit pet adoption organization.

Italy
In Italy, National Cat Day is celebrated on February 17, three days after Valentine's Day. The date was chosen in 1990 after a vote by readers of Tuttogatto magazine.

Japan
In Japan, National Cat Day is celebrated on February 22, as the date resembles the words "nyan nyan nyan" (meow meow meow). The date was decided on this date in a poll between cat-keepers by the Executive Cat Day Committee in 1978. It is celebrated with people posing with photographs of themselves with their pet cats, and businesses selling cat-themed cuisine.

Russia
In Russia, National Cat Day is celebrated on March 1. In Russian culture, cats are considered symbols of spring, and March is also associated with cats.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, there is also a National Black Cat Day which is marked on October 27. It was established in 2011 by animal welfare charity, Cats Protection, who found that black (and black-and-white cats) took around a week longer to home than cats of other colours. They attributed this to black cats' perceived connection with bad luck and the supernatural, and the fact that the cats do not photograph well on social media.

See also
 International Cat Day, August 8

References

August observances
Cats in Canada
Cats in Japan
Cats in the United Kingdom
Cats in the United States
February observances
March observances
Observances in Japan
Observances in Russia
Observances in the United States
October observances

National Cat Day


Jim Evans, sometimes known as T.A.Z., is an American painter, printmaker, and creative director who was a contributing figure in the visual art movement known as underground comix. After a successful career as a comic illustrator, Evans worked as a painter, poster maker, and owner of the digital design group Division 13.

Biography

Early life
Evans was born in San Diego amidst the surfing culture of southern California. After attending Oceanside High School, he played in several local bands and then created comic strips for the Los Angeles Free Press and other underground papers while working for Eric Matlen's Sawyer Press. Evans then began to take commissions doing work in several comic books. These included Yellow Dog, and a solo effort titled The Dying Dolphin, released by the Berkeley-based Print Mint, it included collaborations with Rick Griffin and Ron Cobb. Evans also drew for Slow Death Funnies, and Tales from the Tube, which was published by Surfer Magazine, and included contributions by Zap Comix artists Robert Crumb, Spain Rodriguez, Robert Williams, and Rick Griffin.

Hawaii
The Underground period was followed by a move to the North Shore of Oahu, and contributions to both Surfer and Surfing magazines, as well as illustrating a succession of surfing posters, such as Hal Jepson's "A Sea For Yourself", and the posters for Bud Browne's successful "Going Surfin'" series.  He did posters for many Australian surf films like On Any Morning, and A Winter's Tale.  During this period, he also did posters for Oahu's Crater Celebration, featuring bands like Santana and Little Feat.  Some of the time in Hawaii was spent doing commercial and advertising art for ad agencies, including ads and record sleeves for Don Ho and the Allihis, and The Society of Seven.

Album art
Returning to the mainland, Evans began to do record sleeves and continued his relationship with Surfer and Surfing magazines, doing numerous illustrations for both, including a collaboration with surfer Mike Doyle on a series of ads for Wax Research.  Evans also contributed regularly to Skateboarder and Powder magazines.  Working with Dean Torrance of Jan & Dean fame, he did the art for their revival album, Dead Man's Curve, and a compilation of Jan & Dean and Beach Boys hits called Golden Summer.  In collaboration with Dean, Evans also did the art for the Beach Boys albums 15 Big Ones, and Live in London.  At the same time, he created a logo for The Beach Boys that is still used.  This, in turn, led to the commission to create a logo for the band Chicago.  His list of album jackets includes; Alice Coltrane, The Robby Kreiger Band, Chicago, The Allman Brothers, Neil Young, The Beach Boys, Beastie Boys, Beck, House of Pain, Symbol Six, Face To Face, and Toto.

In addition to the record sleeves and ongoing work with the surfing magazines, Evans became a contributor to the newly formed Skateboarder magazine, handling all of the illustration work for the first four issues. Jim also collaborated with Frank Nasworthy on a series of ads for Cadillac Wheels, the first polyurethane skateboard wheel. The posters, with titles like, "From Out of the West" and "Accept No Substitutes" came to represent the paradigm shift taking place in skateboarding. Other skate art commissions included one for filmmaker / skater Stacy Peralta, for an early skate film titled Freestylin, as well as the poster for the first World Professional Skateboard Championships.

Evans worked with  producer Kevin Shirley to do the album art and packaging design for Joe Bonamassa's Live at the Greek Theater.

Film posters
The period of record sleeves and skate posters ran parallel to commissions for a number of film posters.  Working for most of the major studios, Jim completed art for Lumiere, 20th Century Oz, I Never Promised You a Rose Garden, Kentucky Fried Movie, Big Wednesday, Herowork, Acapulco Gold, The Space Movie, Patrick, Neil Young's Rust Never Sleeps (for which Jim also animated the opening title sequence), and John Carpenter's first film Dark Star. Numerous books began to appear at this time and his work is included in the History of Rock Art, Phonographics, Roger Dean's Album Art Book, and The History of Underground Comics. An interest in film led to work as an Art Director, set decorator, and storyboard artist for films. Evans worked on Killer's Kiss and Growing Pains. He also helped to prepare an American release for a series of Japanese films called The Baby Cart Series. Working with director Robert Houston and his partner David Weisman, Jim created the poster and title treatment for the 1980 release titled Shogun Assassin, Jim's son Gibran Evans voiced the narrative as Daigoro. An ongoing creative collaboration with John Hegeman, president of Orion Pictures, led to Jim illustrating promotional posters for the SAW films for Lionsgate, The Green Inferno for BH Tilt, the film Mirrors for New Regency, Anna And the Apocalypse and a poster-centric street art image for Child's Play.

Fine art
An association with Playboy led to a series of silkscreen portraits of celebrities. The magazine commissioned Evans to do portraits of Sean Connery, David Letterman, Joe Montana, and Marilyn Monroe. These portraits led to art shows in Chicago and New York, in addition to a large scale show at the Hansen Gallery Rodeo Drive location, where he did portraits of Sly Stallone, Madonna, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Billy Idol, Steve Vai, Bob Dylan, and Robert Mitchum. Later a show of feminist icons, done in collaboration with pop artist Richard Duardo, had a successful run at the Zero One gallery in Los Angeles. Evans' art has been shown at The Nyehaus gallery, Metro Pictures and Friedrich Petzel Gallery in New York, for a bi-coastal tour called "Swell". Other artists in the show included Billy Al Bengston, Ed Ruscha, Laddie John Dill, and Dennis Hopper.
Evans' work was included in a group show titled "The Lords and the New Creatures" at the NYE+BROWN gallery, which also featured Judy Chicago, Ed Moses, and Chris Burden.  In addition, work from Evans's comic and illustration period were included in the "Paid To Play" show at the Robert Berman Gallery, which also featured John Van Hamersveld and Dave Willardson. Both of these shows were part of the Los Angeles-based Pacific Standard Time: Art In L.A. 1945-1980 initiative.

A group show at WAAS Gallery in Dallas titled, "Collect / Respect" featured Evans' work in addition to Sebastian Walker, Restoration Press, Gregory Siff, and SLICK.

A collaboration with artist Ned Evans led to the creation of the TAZBONES team, and a two-man show at the ICON Gallery in Los Angeles. It featured a series of fantasy surf-posters and was called "The No Shows 1972-1999." This collaboration was later included in a show at the Harwood Museum Of Art in Taos, NM titled, "¡Orale! Kings and Queens of Cool." This show also included the work of Gary Baseman, and Joe Coleman.

In 2014 a one-man show celebrating Evans' early work was mounted by the Palm Springs Modernism Week in conjunction with Gallery 446 and Eddie Donaldson, it was titled, "MODERNISM: The Art Of The Pop Portrait - Jim Evans 1984-1986." This period of work was also showcased at the Level Gallery in Dallas, TX in a show titled, "The Art Of The Pop Portrait - Jim Evans 1984-1989."

Jim Evans / TAZ presented solo works as well as collaborations with RISK (Graffiti Artist) at the Buckshot Gallery in Santa Monica, CA in a show titled, "Unconventional Forces." Jim Evans / TAZ followed up by working with RISK and photographer Dennis Morris on a pair of limited-edition prints celebrating The Sex Pistols and Peter Tosh.

T.A.Z. rock posters
In the late 1980s, Evans turned his attention back to rock music. Agreeing to do a poster for Nirvana and L7 for a Rock for Choice benefit, he created a new moniker, T.A.Z.  The name was inspired by Hakim Bey's anarchist handbook titled The Temporary Autonomous Zone, This began collaboration with Jim, Gibran Evans, and silkscreen artist Rolo Castillo. During the 90's they created over 200 silkscreen limited edition rock posters for bands such as U2, Jane's Addiction, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Smashing Pumpkins, Metallica, and the Beastie Boys. As a group, T.A.Z. has completed commissions for numerous record sleeves. These include the Beastie Boys, Beck, Aerosmith, Face to Face, House of Pain, The Voodoo Glow Skulls, Slayer, Luscious Jackson, and Orange 9mm. The creation of T.A.Z. led to Jim's association with the Lollapalooza festival, and the Tibetan Freedom Concerts. In 1994, he was commissioned by Marc Geiger and Perry Farrell to decorate the Lollapalooza festival.. The T.A.Z. collective branched out into film posters with the 10th Anniversary poster for the SAW franchise, American Ultra, a series for Eli Roth's Green Inferno, and a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Limited Edition. T.A.Z. as a group also continues to do rock posters, commissions include, Pearl Jam, Foo Fighters, Blink-182, Queens Of The Stone Age, Bad Religion, and Anderson .Paak. A recent issue of CAMP, the Coachella magazine featured an interview with Evans and poster artist Emek. Flood Magazine commissioned T.A.Z. to do a cover and interior illustration for activist rapper M.I.A. to coincide with the release of her documentary Matangi/Maya/M.I.A. Other T.A.Z. collaborators include, Ariel Celestino, Kirk Canning, and Omaha Perez.

Digital media
The move into electronic media led to the founding of The Big Gun Project. The Big Gun Project was conceived as a loosely organized artistic electronic commune made up of artists, designers, writers, and computer programmers. The Big Gun Project was responsible for creating early websites such as The Crash Site, FilmZone, and Salvo. The Big Gun Project's work-for-hire initiatives led to the completion of many web sites for major motion pictures. Among them, Men in Black, Tomorrow Never Dies, Seven, Jackie Chan's Rumble in the Bronx, The Mummy, The Big Lebowski, and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, which was done in collaboration with the film director Terry Gilliam. On the music side, the Big Gun Project built web sites for The Beastie Boys, The Ozzfest, Grand Royal Records, and The Tibetan Freedom Concert.

In the late 1990s Evans worked as the Executive Creative Director for Al Teller's online label Atomic Pop. He was in charge of interface design, content creation, web site development for artists signed to the label, and interactive game design. While at Atomic Pop he created sites, videos, and games, for Public Enemy, Ice-T, The Black Eyed Peas, and Smashing Pumpkins.

Current
Evans resides in Malibu with his wife and business partner Nancy Lucas Evans. He is the Executive Creative Director and owner of the Division 13 Design Group, a web-based design firm specializing in the collaboration of art and technology. With clients like Sony Pictures, DreamWorks Animation, Lionsgate, Orion Pictures, Universal, Paramount, and Warner Bros, he does web sites, marketing campaigns, games, apps, videos, animations, and poster art for films. Titles he has worked on include Kung Fu Panda, Madagascar, How To Train Your Dragon, Shrek, Ice Age, the SAW series, The Ring, Star Trek Beyond, Angry Birds, Don't Breathe, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows.

Works

Film Projects
 Jumanji: The Next Level
 Zombieland: Double Tap
 Once Upon A Time in Hollywood
 MIB - International
 Rocketman
 Lego Movie 2: The Second Part
 Teen Titans
 Venom
 Mission: Impossible - Fallout
 The Emoji Movie
 Star Trek Beyond
 Angry Birds
 Don't Breathe
 Star Trek
 Trolls
 Home
 The Darkness
 Green Inferno
 American Ultra
 Freeheld
 The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1
 Paddington
 Fury
 Penguins Of Madagascar
 Mr. Peabody & Sherman
 Turbo
 The Nut Job
 Puss in Boots
 Real Steel
 In Time
 The Croods
 Shrek Forever After
 Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
 Monsters Vs. Aliens
 Kung Fu Panda I, II
 Saw, Saw III, Saw V, Saw 3D
 Hellboy I, II
 Mirrors
 DreamWorks Animation
 Shrek The Third
 Dreamgirls
 Madagascar I, III
 Lord of War
 Over The Hedge
 Flags Of Our Fathers
 The Terminal
 Catch Me If You Can
 Shark Tale
 XXX: State of the Union
 The Ring 1, 2
 League Of Extraordinary Gentlemen
 Fear And Loathing In Las Vegas
 The Big Lebowski
 Men In Black
 Psycho
 Seven

Film posters
 Jumanji: The Next Level
 Zombieland: Double Tap
 Once Upon A Time In Hollywood
 Jigsaw (IMAX)
 American Ultra (Comic-Con Exclusive)
 SAW (10th Anniversary Edition)
 Tank Girl
 Kentucky Fried Movie
 Big Wednesday
 Mustang Ranch
 Dark Star
 Rust Never Sleeps
 Shogun Assassin
 Acapulco Gold
 20th Century Oz
 The Space Movie
 Kentucky Fried Movie
 I Never Promised You A Rose Garden
 Lumiere
 Herowork

Music posters
 Anderson .Paak
 Blink-182
 Band Of Horses
 Queens Of The Stone Age
 House Of Pain
 Nirvana
 Beck
 The Melvins
 Rage Against The Machine
 Smashing Pumpkins
 Green Day
 Lollapalooza
 Foo Fighters
 U2
 Tibetan Freedom Concert
 Nine Inch Nails
 Pearl Jam
 Metallica
 The Ramones
 Sonic Youth
 Jane's Addiction
 Beastie Boys
 Wu-Tang Clan
 L7
 Bad Religion
 Oasis
 Bob Dylan
 311

Album art
 Live at the Greek Theater, Joe Bonamassa
 Live Rust - Neil Young,
 Ill Communication - Beastie Boys
 15 Big Ones - The Beach Boys
 Wipe the Windows, Check the Oil, Dollar Gas - The Allman Brothers
 Live In London - The Beach Boys
 Robby Krieger & Friends - Robby Krieger
 Big Choice -  Face to Face
 Truth Crushed To Earth Shall Rise Again - House of Pain
 Who Is, This Is - Voodoo Glow Skulls
 Driver Not Included - Orange 9mm
 Falling In Between - Toto
 Stereopathetic Soulmanure - Beck
 Ptah, the El Daoud - Alice Coltrane

References

External links
 Club of the Waves - Surf Artist - Jim Evans
 SAW 10th Anniversary Poster by TAZ - Jim Evans
 Future Man - Originally printed in Surfer's Journal
 Swell Redux article in Man Of The World and RIPP online
 Swell - Art in America
 Vegas Seven - Low to High Brow
 ART SABOTAGE - T.A.Z.
 Beastiemania.com - Interviews T.A.Z.
 Lambiek.net - Jim Evans
 Liquid Salt Surfing Magazine - Jim Evans Interview

American contemporary painters
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
American photographers
American storyboard artists
Artists from San Diego
1950 births
Living people
Underground comix
Album-cover and concert-poster artists
Film poster artists
20th-century American printmakers
20th-century American male artists

Jim Evans (artist)


The Central Line () is a  long railway line between Sundsvall and Storlien in central Sweden (Västernorrland County and Jämtland County). It continues as the  long Meråker Line through Norway to Hell Station and onwards to Trondheim. The railway shares line with Inland Line between Brunflo and Östersund while the line between Ånge and Bräcke is double track. The entire line is electrified at , but the Norwegian section is not. This requires all trains to Norway to be diesel trains.

SJ AB operates night trains with sleeping cars from Storlien or Duved to either Stockholm, Gothenburg or Malmö. The section between Sundsvall and Trondheim is operated by Tågkompaniet under Norrtåg ownership with Class 92 diesel multiple units between Östersund and Trondheim, and Regina trains between Sundsvall and Östersund. Snälltåget also operates Utmanartåget with a biweekly connection between Storlien and Malmö via Stockholm.

History
The first part of the line was the Sundsvall–Torpshammar Railway, a private, narrow gauge and  long line opened fully in 1878, and its first part in 1872. From 1875 the Swedish State Railways were building Norrland Crossline, which opened 1879 between Torpshammar and Östersund. Before 1881 it had no connection to the rest of Sweden (only steamboat from Sundsvall), until the railway between Stockholm and Ånge was finished. At the same time, the governments were building a railway east from Trondheim, with the Government of Sweden building the Swedish part, finished 1882. The Government of Norway (Norway was in a union with Sweden at the time) built the Norwegian section, Meråker Line, which was opened in 1886. In 1885 the Sundsvall-Torpshammar Railway was bought by the state and rebuilt to standard gauge the following year. The railway was then known as the Norrland Crossline () until it got the present name in the early 1990s. In November 2013 the railway had to be closed near the border because of the high risk of landslide, opened again February 2015. The place is  from the border and named "Stora Helvetet" ("Big Hell", named after the troubles of building the railway here in 1877).

References

External links

 Trafikverket page on Mittbanan
 Järnväg.net page on Mittbanan

Railway lines in Sweden
Railway lines opened in 1878
1878 establishments in Sweden
Standard gauge railways in Sweden

Central Line (Sweden)


The Companies Act 2006 (c 46) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which forms the primary source of UK company law.

The Act was brought into force in stages, with the final provision being commenced on 1 October 2009. It largely superseded the Companies Act 1985.

The Act provides a comprehensive code of company law for the United Kingdom, and made changes to almost every facet of the law in relation to companies.  The key provisions are:
 the Act codifies certain existing common law principles, such as those relating to directors' duties.
 it transposes into UK law the Takeover Directive and the Transparency Directive of the European Union
 it introduces various new provisions for private and public companies.
 it applies a single company law regime across the United Kingdom, replacing the two separate (if identical) systems for Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
 it otherwise amends or restates almost all of the Companies Act 1985 to varying degrees.

The Bill for the Act was first introduced to Parliament as "the Company Law Reform Bill" and was intended to make wide-ranging amendments to existing statutes. Lobbying from directors and the legal profession ensured that the Bill was changed into a consolidating Act, avoiding the need for cross-referencing between numerous statutes.

The reception of the Act by the legal professions in the United Kingdom has been lukewarm. Concerns have been expressed that too much detail has been inserted to seek to cover every eventuality. Whereas a complete overhaul of company law was promised, the Act seems to leave much of the existing structure in place, and to simplify certain aspects only at the margins. It is the single, longest piece of legislation passed by Parliament, totalling 1,300 sections and 16 schedules.

Implementation
A small portion of the Act, including s.43 which transposed the EU Transparency Directive into UK law, came into effect on Royal Assent in November 2006. The first and second Commencement Orders then brought further provisions into force in January 2007 and April 2007. The implementation timetable for the remainder of the Act was announced in February 2007, by Margaret Hodge, Minister for Industry and the Regions. The third and fourth Commencement Orders brought a further tranche of provisions into force in October 2007, and the fifth, sixth and seventh in April and October 2008. The eighth commencement order, made in November 2008, brought the remainder of the Act into force with effect from October 2009.

The staggered timetable was intended to give companies sufficient time to prepare for the new regime under the Act, rather than implementing all 1,300 sections of the Act on one day.

Another reason for the staggered implementation is that, despite the Act's size, a great many sections provide for subsidiary legislation to be brought in by Secretary of State, which required time to draft.

Implementation of the Act was the responsibility of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.

Directors

The Act replaced and codified the principal common law and equitable duties of directors, but it does not purport to provide an exhaustive statement of their duties, and so it is likely that the common law duties survive in a reduced form. Traditional common law notions of corporate benefit have been swept away, and the new emphasis is on corporate social responsibility. There are seven statutory duties placed on directors which are as follows:
 s.171 to act within powers – to abide by the terms of the company's memorandum and articles of association, and decisions made by the shareholders;
 s.172 to promote the success of the company – directors must continue to act in a way that benefits the shareholders as a whole, but there is now an additional list of non-exhaustive factors to which the directors must have regard. This was one of the most controversial aspects of the new legislation at the drafting stage. These factors are:
 the likely long term consequences of decisions;
 the interests of employees;
 the need to foster the company's business relationships with suppliers, customers, and others;
 the impact on the community and the environment;
 the desire to maintain a reputation for high standards of business conduct; and
 the need to act fairly as between members.
 s.173 to exercise independent judgment – directors must not fetter their discretion to act, other than pursuant to an agreement entered into by the company or in a way authorised by the company's articles
 s.174 to exercise reasonable care, skill, and diligence – this must be exercised to the standard expected of
 someone with the general knowledge, skill, and experience reasonably expected of a person carrying out the functions of the director (the objective test) and also
 the actual knowledge, skill, and experience of that particular director (the subjective test)
 s.175 to avoid conflicts of interest – methods for authorising such conflicts by either board or shareholder approval are also to be introduced
 s.176 not to accept benefits from third parties – minor gifts which cannot be reasonably regarded as giving a rise to a conflict of interest may be accepted by the director(s), but this must be looked at contextually (s.176(4)).
 s.177 to declare an interest in a proposed transaction with the company – there are to be carve outs for matters that are not likely to give rise to a conflict of interest, or of which the directors are already aware.  There will be an additional statutory obligations to declare interests in relation to existing transactions.

Although the changes to directors' duties were the most widely publicised (and controversial) feature of the legislation, the Act also affects directors in various other ways:
 s.239 The shareholders' ability to ratify any conduct of a director (including breach of duty, negligence, default or breach of trust) is regulated by the statute, although s.239(7) leaves the door open for common law principles, previously the only guide on this.  Under the Act, directors who are also shareholders, or persons connected to them, are not entitled to vote in relation to any ratification resolution concerning their actions; they may, however, attend, be counted towards the quorum, and take part in the proceedings at any meeting at which the decision is considered (s.239(4)).
 Existing restrictions on companies indemnifying directors against certain liabilities were relaxed to permit indemnities by group companies to directors of corporate trustees and occupational pension schemes.
 ss.261–263 The Act gave shareholders a statutory right to pursue claims against the directors for misfeasance on behalf of a company (a derivative action), although the shareholders need the consent of the court to proceed with such a claim.
 Certain transactions between the company and its directors which were previously prohibited by law have become lawful subject to the approval of shareholders (for example, loans from the company to its directors)
 The Act requires at least one director on the board of the company to be a natural person, although corporate directors are still permitted.
 The current age restriction of 70 for directors of public companies has been abolished.  A new minimum age of 16 has been introduced for all directors who are natural persons (s.157).
 Directors will have the option of providing Companies House with a service address, which will in future enable their home addresses to be kept on a separate register to which access will be restricted.

General provisions
The Act contains various provisions which affect all companies irrespective of their status:
 Company formation – the procedure for incorporating companies was modernised to facilitate incorporation over the Internet. It is now possible for a single person to form a public company.
 Constitutional documents – a company's articles of association are its main constitutional document, and the company's memorandum is treated as part of its articles. New model articles for private companies to be made under the Act are intended to reflect better the way that small companies operate, and will replace the existing Table A. Existing companies will be permitted to adopt the new model articles in whole or in part.
 Corporate capacity – under the new Act a company's capacity is unlimited unless its articles specifically provide otherwise, thus greatly reducing the applicability of the ultra vires doctrine to corporate law and removing the need for an excessively long objects clause in the Memorandum of Association.
 Execution of documents – Formalities for execution as a deed are further revised, so that a single director can execute a document as a deed on behalf of the company by a simple signature in the presence of a witness.
 Share capital – the requirement for an authorised share capital is abolished. Companies can redenominate their share capital from one currency to another without an order of the court.
 Distributions in kind – The Act addresses the previous uncertainty in the law in relation to the transfer of non-cash assets by a company to a shareholder, and whether this should be treated as a distribution.
 Shareholder meetings – The Act enables shareholder meetings to be held more quickly. Special resolutions now require only 14 days' notice unless proposed at an AGM.
 Shareholder communications – The Act made it easier for companies to communicate electronically (e.g. by email or by website) with their shareholders by express agreement (which agreement can be obtained under the articles, or by the shareholder failing to indicate that they do not wish to communicate via the website, as well as by more conventional methods).
 Auditor's liability – auditors are now permitted to limit their liability for claims in negligence, breach of trust or breach of duty so long as:
 the shareholders have approved the limitation in advance.
 the court considers the limitation of liability to be "fair and reasonable".
This change was made after intensive lobbying by the accounting profession in the United Kingdom.
 Company Names Adjudicator – Section 69 of the Act provides for the appointment of a Company Names Adjudicator. A Company Names Tribunal was established on 1 October 2008 through which the Company Names Adjudicator will administer his powers via the UK Intellectual Property Office under the tribunal. Section 69 has expanded the grounds under which any person can object to a conflicting company name registration under the Act.

Private companies

One of the more touted aspects of the new legislation was the simplification of the corporate regime for small privately held companies. A number of the changes brought about by the Act apply only to private companies.  Significant changes include:
 Company secretaries – a private company no longer needs to appoint a company secretary, but may do so if it wishes.
 Shareholders' written resolutions – the requirement for unanimity in shareholders' written resolutions was abolished, and the required majority is similar to that for shareholder meetings: a simple majority of the eligible shares for ordinary resolutions, or 75% for special resolutions.
 Abolition of AGMs – private companies are no longer required to hold Annual General Meetings, although they can elect to provide for them in their articles if they wish.
 Short notice of meetings – private companies can convene meetings at short notice where consent is given by holders of 90% by nominal value of shares carrying the right to vote.
 Allotment of shares – where private companies have only one class of shares, the directors will have unlimited authority to allot shares unless the articles otherwise provide.
 Financial assistance – the Act abolishes the prohibition on private companies providing financial assistance for the purchase of their own shares, and the related "whitewash" exemption procedure, though public companies remain subject to financial assistance restrictions.
 Reduction of share capital – private companies can now reduce their share capital without the need to obtain a court order.
 Filing of accounts – the period in which accounts must be filed has been reduced from 10 months to 9 months from the financial year end.

Public and listed companies

The Act also seeks to promote greater shareholder involvement, and a number of new requirements are introduced for public companies, some of the provisions of which only apply to companies whose shares are listed on the main board of the London Stock Exchange (but, importantly, not to companies whose shares are listed on AIM).
 Business review – the Act imposes additional requirements for companies listed on the main board of the LSE in their annual report and accounts.  These now include:
 main trends and factors likely to affect future development, performance and position of the business;
 information on environmental matters, employees and social issues; and
 information on contractual and other arrangements essential to the company's business.
 AGM and accounts – main list companies are now required to hold their AGM and file accounts within 6 months of the end of the financial year. They will also be required to:
 publish their annual report and accounts on their website;
 disclose results of polled votes at general meetings on their website;
 give certain minority shareholders the right to require independent scrutiny of any polled vote, the results of which must be published on the company's website.
 Political donations and expenditure – the Act contains simplification and clarification of the existing provisions requiring shareholder approval for political donations and expenditure, and clarifies a number of grey areas (such as expenditure relating to trade unions).
 Enfranchising indirect investors – nominee shareholders of main list companies can nominate persons on behalf of whom they hold shares to receive copies of company communications and annual reports and accounts. All companies can also include provisions in their articles to identify some other party to exercise additional rights of the shareholder.  This is to address the concern that shares in publicly listed companies are frequently held in an intermediary's name, which makes it more difficult for the beneficial owners of the shares to exercise their rights as shareholder.
 Voting by institutions – the Act empowers the government to introduce regulations in the future that would require institutions to disclose how they have voted. The government has indicated it will only introduce such regulations after full consultation and if a voluntary disclosure scheme does not work.
 Paperless share transfers – the Act gives the government power to make regulations requiring (as well as permitting) paper-free holding and transferring of shares in main list companies.
 Transparency Obligations Directive – section 43 implements the EU Directive imposing obligations on main list companies in relation to financial reporting, disclosure of major acquisitions or disposals of its shares and the dissemination of information about the company to its shareholders and the public generally. The Act gives the Financial Services Authority (now the Financial Conduct Authority) power to make rules to implement the requirements of the Directive, which would be implemented by way of changes to the existing Listing Rules and Disclosure Rules. Under s.1270, the Act also introduced a statutory compensation scheme for misleading or inaccurate statements in reports.
 Takeovers – the EU Takeover Directive was implemented by interim regulations in the United Kingdom in May 2006. The Act extends the statutory basis for the regulations in relation to certain matters, such as the statutory footing of the Takeover Panel, and the City Code on Takeovers and Mergers. It also extended the "minority sweep up" provisions which were introduced by an amendment to the Companies Act 1985, and addresses certain practical problems which had arisen in relation to their operation.

Contents

Part 1 General introductory provisions, ss 1–6
Part 2 Company formation, ss 7–16
Part 3 A company's constitution, ss 17–38
Part 4 A company's capacity and related matters, ss 39–52
Part 5 A company's name, ss 53–85
Part 6 A company's registered office, ss 86–88
Part 7 Re-registration as a means of altering a company's status, ss 89–111
Part 8 A company's members, ss 112–144
Part 9 Exercise of members' rights, ss 145–153
Part 10 A company's directors, ss 154–259
Part 11 Derivative claims and proceedings by members, ss 260–269
Part 12 Company secretaries, ss 270–280
Part 13 Resolutions and meetings, ss 281–361
Part 14 Control of political donations and expenditure, ss 362–379
Part 15 Accounts and reports, ss 380–474
Part 16 Audit, ss 475–539
Part 17 A company's share capital, ss 540–657
Part 18 Acquisition by limited company of its own shares, ss 658–737
Part 19 Debentures, ss 738–754
Part 20 Private and public companies, ss 755–767
Part 21 Certification and transfer of securities, ss 768–790
Part 22 Information about interests in a company's shares, ss 791–828
Part 23 Distributions, ss 829–853
Part 24 A company's annual return, ss 854–859
Part 25 Company charges, ss 860–894
Part 26 Arrangements and reconstructions, ss 895–901
Part 27 Mergers and divisions of public companies, ss 902–941
Part 28 Takeovers etc., ss 942–992
Part 29 Fraudulent trading, s 993
Part 30 Protection of members against unfair prejudice, ss 994–999
Part 31 Dissolution and restoration to the register, ss 1000–1035
Part 32 Company investigations: amendments, ss 1035–1039
Part 33 UK companies not formed under companies legislation, ss 1040–1043
Part 34 Overseas companies, ss 1044–1059
Part 35 The registrar of companies, ss 1060
Part 36 Offences under the Companies Acts, ss 1121–1133
Part 37 Companies: supplementary provisions, ss 1134–1157
Part 38 Companies: interpretation, ss 1158–1174
Part 39 Companies: minor amendments, ss 1175–1181
Part 40 Company directors: foreign disqualification etc., ss 1182–1191
Part 41 Business names, ss 1192-1208
Part 42 Statutory auditors, ss 1209–1264
Part 43 Transparency obligations and related matters, ss 1265–1273
Part 44 Miscellaneous provisions, ss 1274–1283
Part 45 Northern Ireland ss 1284–1287
Part 46 General and supplementary provisions, ss 1288–1292
Part 47 Final provisions, ss 1298–1300
Schedules 1–16

Arrangements and reconstructions
Part 26 (sections 895–901) refers to arrangements and reconstructions to be applied between a company and its creditors or members. The principle which allows for 75% of the creditors or members (by value owed or held) to determine a workable arrangement is sometimes referred to as "creditor democracy".

Strategic reports
The Companies Act 2006 (Strategic Report and Directors' Report) Regulations 2013 amended the Act with effect from 1 October 2013 and in respect of reporting years ending on or after 30th September 2013, creating a duty for large companies to prepare a "strategic report" which includes "a fair review of the company's business", and describes "the principal risks and uncertainties" facing it. The Companies, Partnerships and Groups (Accounts and Non-Financial Reporting) Regulations 2016 added a requirement that the strategic report include specified non-financial information, as required by the European Union's Non-financial Reporting Directive (NFRD). The contents of a non-financial information statement must include:
environmental matters (including the impact of the company's business on the environment),
the company's employees,
social matters,
respect for human rights, and
anti-corruption and anti-bribery matters.

See also
UK company law
US corporate law
German company law
European company law
Companies Act
Shareholder Rights Directive 2007/36/EC

Notes

References
 Micklethwait, John, and Adrian Wooldridge. 2003. The company: A short history of a revolutionary idea. New York: Modern Library.

External links
The Companies Act 2006, as amended from the National Archives.
The Companies Act 2006, as originally enacted from the National Archives.
Explanatory notes to the Companies Act 2006.
 Ministerial statement on Implementation timetable - 28 February 2007
Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators, Introduction to Companies Act, archived 11 December 2007
Financial Reporting Council, Guidance on the Strategic Report, June 2022

2006 in Scotland
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2006
United Kingdom company law
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Scotland
2006 in economics

Companies Act 2006


The World Baseball Classic (WBC) is an international baseball tournament by Major League Baseball and the International Baseball Federation. The first ever WBC was held in 2006 and was won by Japan. The second WBC was held in 2009, and Japan won again. The third WBC took place in 2013 and was won by Dominican Republic. The fourth WBC was take place in 2017 and was won by United States. The fifth WBC took place in 2023 and was won by Japan.

Baseball

World Baseball Classic


Kerry Denise Sacilotto (born 21 May 1972) is a former Australian politician. She was the Labor member for Port Darwin in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 2005 to 2008. She held the positions of Deputy Speaker, Chairman of Committees, Chairman of the Select Parliamentary committee of Youth & Sport.

|}

Sacilotto owned Professionals Darwin and had worked in Residential & Commercial real estate prior to her political career, and was also Vice President of the REINT.  Sacilotto was one of the surprise victors of Labor's 2005 landslide election win, defeating the Country Liberal Party incumbent Sue Carter.  Although Carter had suffered a 10-point swing in 2001, there was little hint that she was in any serious danger of losing what had long been the safest CLP seat in Darwin.  However, in a shock result, the count remained on a knife-edge for several days after the election.  On the final count, Sacilotto unseated Carter by 73 votes on a swing of 8.4 percent, just barely enough to take the seat off the CLP.

She served one term in the Assembly before John Elferink regained Port Darwin for the CLP.

References

1972 births
Living people
Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
21st-century Australian politicians
Women members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
21st-century Australian women politicians

Kerry Sacilotto


Count Henri Delaborde (1811–1899) was a French art critic and historical painter, born in Rennes, son of Count Henri François Delaborde.

Life and career
He studied for some time in Paris with Delaroche and afterward produced historical pictures of a rather conventional classical type. Among them are:
 Hagar in the Desert (1836, Dijon Museum)
 St. Augustine (1837)
 The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem restoring religion in Armenia (1844), at Versailles

He also painted frescoes in the Saint Clotilde Basilica. But he is known principally as a critic of art. Besides his writings, as perpetual secretary of the Académie des Beaux-Arts, he contributed to the Revue des Deux Mondes and other periodicals. The articles have been collected as Mélanges sur l'art contemporain (1866) and Etudes sur les beaux-arts en France et en Italie (1864). He published, among other volumes:
 Ingres, sa vie, ses travaux, sa doctrine (1870)
 Lettres et pensés d'Hippolyte Flandrin (1865)
 Gérard Edelinck (1886)
 La gravure (1882)
 La gravure en Italie (1883)
 Marc Antoine Raimondi (1887)
 La Maîtres florentins du XV siècle (1889)
 L'Académie des Beaux-Arts depuis la fondation de l'Institut de France (1891)

Count Delaborde was elected to the Institute in 1868 and was conservator of the department of prints in the National Library, Paris, from 1855 to 1885.

References

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead

External links

1811 births
1899 deaths
19th-century French painters
French male painters
Fresco painters
19th-century French male artists
Artists from Rennes

Henri Delaborde (painter)


TriQuarterly is a name shared by an American literary magazine and a series of books.

The journal is published twice a year under the aegis of the Northwestern University Department of English and features fiction, nonfiction, poetry, drama, literary essays, reviews, a blog, and graphic art. The current faculty advisor for TriQuarterly is Natasha Trethewey.

The TriQuarterly book imprint is published by Northwestern University Press.

Founding
TriQuarterly journal was established in 1958 as an undergraduate magazine remembered now for publishing the work of young Saul Bellow. It was reshaped in 1964 by Charles Newman as an innovative national publication aimed at a sophisticated and diverse literary readership. Northwestern University Press, the university's scholarly publishing arm, operated the journal. The journal was so named because its original form as a student magazine was published in each of the three quarters of Northwestern's academic year, and not in the fourth quarter, summer.

Format Change
On September 21, 2009, Northwestern University announced three changes to the journal. First, rather than continue under the aegis of Northwestern University Press with paid, professional editors, the journal would become a student-edited publication in 2010. Second, the print edition would cease and the journal would become digital only. Third, the journal would move from the press to the Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing program (part of Northwestern University's Department of English). The first online edition of TriQuarterly Online, Issue 138, continuing the numbered issue sequence to show continuity from the print edition, launched on July 5, 2010 at the website: Triquarterly.org.

Periodicals as varied at the Chronicle of Higher Education and The New Yorker expressed the displeasure of the literary world at the change. One writer described the literary community as "surprised, saddened, shocked" by the change as well as "dismayed" that the journal's editor and associate editor would not be included in the move. Jeffrey Lependorf, executive director of the Council of Literary Magazine and Presses, said the change "doesn't feel like the passing of the torch; it feels like the extinguishing of the flame." Another wrote that it highlighted "a harrowing trend in publishing and in academia: the replacement of experienced, paid professionals with under- (or un-) paid casual labor—whether bloggers, graduate students, or adjuncts who often receive neither benefits nor job security."

After the university reassigned TriQuarterly journal to the Department of English, Northwestern University Press continued to acquire and publish books in the TriQuarterly imprint, which is edited by Parneshia Jones.

Influence
The physical aspect of many literary journals today derives from the creation of the TriQuarterly design in 1964, credited in The New Yorker as "a venerated publication (it is credited with having pioneered the literary-quarterly format)." By publishing a combination of general issues and occasional special issues, such as for Vladimir Nabokov on his seventieth birthday; Prose for Borges; and The Little Magazine in America: A Modern Documentary History, TriQuarterly quickly became one of the most widely admired and important American literary journals.

Book Series
In 1990, Northwestern University Press established a series of new works of fiction and poetry under the imprint name TriQuarterly. Writers such as Nikky Finney, Christine Schutt, A. E. Stallings, Patricia Smith, Bruce Weigl, and Angela Jackson have published titles in the imprint, including works that have won the National Book Award, Whiting Awards, the Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award, and the Hurston-Wright Legacy Award.

Recognition
The New York Times has called TriQuarterly "perhaps the preeminent journal for literary fiction" in America.

See also
List of literary magazines

References

External links
 TriQuarterly web site
 Administrative Records of the TriQuarterly, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois

1958 establishments in Illinois
Biannual magazines published in the United States
Literary magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1958
Magazines published in Illinois
Northwestern University

TriQuarterly


Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin (COICA) (Spanish: Coordinadora de las Organizaciones Indígenas de la Cuenca Amazónica) was founded in 1984 in Lima, Peru.  This organization coordinates the following nine national Amazonian indigenous organizations:
 Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana (AIDESEP)
 Amerindian People's Association of Guyana (APA)
 Confederación de Pueblos Indígenas de Bolivia (CIDOB)
 Coordenação das Organizações Indígenas da Amazônia Brasileira (COIAB)
 Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of the Ecuadorian Amazonia (CONFENIAE)
 Regional Organization of Indigenous Towns of the Amazon (ORPIA)
 Federation des Organisations Amerindiennes de Guyane (FOAG)
 Organization Van Inheemsen in Suriname (OIS)
 Organization of the Indigenous Towns of the Colombian Amazonia

The objectives of the COICA organization are to promote and develop mechanisms that encourage the interaction of Indigenous peoples with the member organizations of COICA, to defend the self-determination of Indigenous peoples, to respect the human rights of its members, to coordinate the actions of its members on an international level, to fortify and cultivate mutual collaboration between all Indigenous peoples of the region, and to promote the cultural vindication of its members. Some of the initiatives that COICA has been able to accomplish include allowing indigenous peoples to be educated in their native languages and the foundation of an Amazon Indigenous University. Accomplishments such as these have encouraged the revitalization of traditional cultures. In 1993, COICA's headquarters was permanently relocated to Quito, Ecuador. Here the organization has received legal recognition by the Ecuadorian state.

See also
Amazon Conservation Team (ACT)
Amazon Watch

External links
COICA homepage
More information COICA  at Sourcewatch

Organisations based in Peru
Organizations established in 1984
Indigenous topics of the Amazon
Supraorganizations
Indigenous rights organizations in South America
Amazon basin
Indigenous organisations in Bolivia
Indigenous organisations in Ecuador
Indigenous organisations in Peru


A ball bearing motor or ball-race motor consists simply of a small ball- bearing assembly with provision for passing current radially between inner and outer tracks to produce circular motion.

Explanation

A ball bearing motor is an unusual electric motor that consists of two ball-bearing-type bearings, with the inner races mounted on a common conductive shaft, and the outer races connected to a high current, low voltage power supply. An alternative construction fits the outer races inside a metal tube, while the inner races are mounted on a shaft with a non-conductive section (e.g. two sleeves on an insulating rod). This method has the advantage that the tube will act as a flywheel. The motor rarely starts without assistance, having effectively zero static torque, but once rotation begins the motor will accelerate until it reaches a steady speed, the direction of rotation is determined by the initial spin. Although ball bearing motors can reach reasonably high speeds they are very inefficient. Producing significant torque typically requires so much power that the bearings are heated to several hundred degrees.

Theory
There are multiple explanations of the effect, see the large bibliography in McDonald's work.

In 1965 Electronics and Power magazine published a letter by RH Barker asking for an explanation of how this type of motor worked. At the time various explanations had been offered. S. Marinov suggests that the device produces motion from electricity without magnetism being involved, operating purely by the resistance heating causing an asymmetric thermal expansion of the balls in the bearings as they rotate. The same explanation is given by Watson, Patel and Sedcole for rotating cylinders (instead of balls). However, H. Gruenberg has given a thorough theoretical explanation based on pure electromagnetism (and neglecting the thermal effects completely).
Also, P. Hatzikonstantinou and P. G. Moyssides claim to have found an excellent agreement between the results from the electromagnetic theory and the experiments measuring the total power and efficiency of the motor.

See also
 Homopolar generator
 Homopolar motor
 Faraday paradox

References

External links

 The Ball-Bearing electric motor
 motor torque calculation

Electric motors
Rolling-element bearings

Ball bearing motor


Supply Chain Management is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering issues in supply chain management, including contractual relationships, data interchange and vertical integration, efficient consumer response, investment in emerging economies, just in time procedures, logistics, organizational behaviour, and risk management. It is published by Emerald Group Publishing and the editor-in-chief is Andrew Fearne (Kent Business School). The journal publishes research papers, research notes, case studies, insights from industry, and doctoral papers. The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Social Sciences Citation Index and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 1.684.

References

External links

Business and management journals
Bimonthly journals
Emerald Group Publishing academic journals
English-language journals
Publications with year of establishment missing
Supply chain management

Supply Chain Management (journal)


The Ministry of Public Security (), was the secret police, intelligence and counter-espionage agency operating in the Polish People's Republic. From 1945 to 1954 it was known as the Security Office (, UB), and from 1956 to 1990 as the Security Service (, SB).

The initial UB was headed by Public Security General Stanisław Radkiewicz and supervised by Jakub Berman of the Polish Politburo. The main goal of the Department of Security was the swift eradication of anti-communist structures and socio-political base of the Polish Underground State, as well as the persecution of former underground soldiers of the Home Army () and later anti-communist organizations like Freedom and Independence (WiN).

The Ministry of Public Security was established on 1 January 1945 and ceased operations on 7 December 1954. It was the chief secret service in communist Poland during the period of Stalinism. Throughout its existence, the UB was responsible for brutally beating, arresting, imprisoning, torturing and murdering at least tens of thousands of political opponents and suspects as well as taking part in actions such as Operation Vistula in 1947. The headquarters were located on Koszykowa Street in central Warsaw, but its branches and places of detention were scattered across the entire country, the most infamous being Mokotów Prison.

The Department of Security was replaced by a short-lived Committee for Public Security (1954–1956) and then by a marginally less repressive Security Service (SB) in 1956. All secret servicemen, functionaries, and employees were widely known by the public as ; in English "Ubeks" and singular "Ubek/Esbek" (pronounced: ).

History

In July 1944, behind the Soviet front line, a brand new Polish provisional government was formed, called the Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN). It was established in Chełm on the initiative of Polish communists, in order to assume control over Polish territories liberated from Nazi Germany by the advancing Red Army. PKWN was proclaimed "the only legitimate Polish government" by Stalin, with full political control and Soviet sponsorship. Within the PKWN's internal structure, there were thirteen departments called Resorty. One of these was the Department of Public Security (Resort Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego) or RBP, headed by Stanisław Radkiewicz. It was a precursor of the Polish communist secret police.

On 31 December 1944, the PKWN was joined by several members of the London-based Polish government in exile, among them Stanisław Mikołajczyk (later chased out of the country). PKWN was then transformed into Provisional Government of Republic of Poland (). All departments were renamed: the Department of Public Security became the Ministry of Public Security (Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego) or MBP and UB.

UB tasks and numbers
From the end of the 1940s to 1954, the Ministry of Public Security – operating alongside the Ministry of Defence – was one of the largest and most powerful institutions in post-war People's Republic of Poland. It was responsible for internal and foreign intelligence, counter-intelligence, monitoring anti-state activity in Poland and abroad, monitoring government and civilian communications (wiretapping), supervision of the local governments, maintaining a militsiya, maintaining prisons, fire services, rescue services, and border patrol; as well as several concentration camps set up by the NKVD (such as Zgoda labour camp). In July 1947, the UB absorbed Section II of General Staff of the Polish People's Army (the Polish Military Intelligence). Military and civilian intelligence merged to become Department VII of Ministry of Public Security.

In 1950s Ministry of Public Security employed around 32,000 people. Also, UB had control over 41,000 soldiers, including 29,053 privates and 2,356 officers of the Internal Security Corps (Korpus Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, KBW), 57,000 officers in the Citizens' Militia (Milicja Obywatelska), 32,000 officers and soldiers in the Border guard (Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza), 10,000 prison officers (Straż Więzienna), and 125,000 members of Volunteer Reserves of the Citizens Militia (Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej, ORMO), a paramilitary police used for special operations.

Soviet infiltration and political repressions
Political penetration and military control over the country by the Soviet Union was evident in the early years of the Polish People's Republic. The Soviet Northern Group of Forces was stationed in Poland until 1956. The command and administrative structure of the Polish Armed Forces, Intelligence, Counter-intelligence, special services and Internal security organs both civilian (UB) and military (Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army GZI WP) were infiltrated by Soviet intelligence and counter-intelligence officers, who served as the main guarantee of pro-Soviet policy of the new Polish socialist state. The Red Army provided assistance to MPB not only in the form of advisors, but also with their own paramilitary units including NKGB, NKVD, GRU, SMERSH; and, in later years MGB, MVD and KGB.

The first Russian chief advisor to the MPB was Major General Ivan Serov, a well-trained Stalinist experienced with Soviet security organs. Serov became commander of the NKVD-run militsiya during World War II. He worked as chief of the NKVD Secret Political Department, before becoming People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR. In 1941–1945, he was the First Deputy People's Commissar of the State Security and later – Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union. Once he became main advisor to the UB in March 1945, Ivan Serov oversaw the kidnapping of 16 top Polish politicians and underground resistance leaders, secretly transported them to Moscow, where they were tortured and thrown into jail after the staged Trial of the Sixteen. None survived.

The Stalinist reign of terror

Infiltrated by NKGB and NKVD agents – the Ministry of Public Security was well known for its criminal nature. From January 1945 (or, July 22), the surviving members of the Home Army laid down their arms, granted an official amnesty (lasting till October 15). Most were arrested by UB on the spot, tortured and tried for treason. The UB carried out brutal pacification of civilians, mass arrests (see: Augustów roundup), as well as makeshift executions (see: Mokotów Prison murder, Public execution in Dębica) and secret assassinations. According to depositions by Józef Światło and other communist sources, in 1945 alone the number of members of the Polish Underground State deported to Siberia and various labor camps in the Soviet Union reached 50,000.

Overall, in the years 1944–1956 around 300,000 Polish citizens had been arrested, of whom many thousands were sentenced to long-term imprisonment. There were 6,000 death sentences pronounced, the majority of them carried out "in the majesty of the law". A special disciplinary legislation had been introduced, which allowed for the sentencing of civil persons before military tribunals including young people and children. The courts were concerned with the alleged crimes, not the age and the maturity of its victims. For many years, the public prosecutors and judges as well as functionaries of the Ministry of Public Security, Security Service of the Ministry of Interior (SB) and Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army (GZI WP) engaged in acts recognized by international law as crimes against humanity and crimes against peace. The so-called "Cursed soldiers" of the anti-communist resistance, who opposed the new occupiers and attacked the Stalinist strongholds, were eventually hunted down by UB security services and assassination squads. The underground structures had been destroyed, and most members of the Armia Krajowa and WiN who remained opposed to communism, were executed after kangaroo trials (staged by Wolińska-Brus and Zarakowski among others), or deported to the Soviet GULAG system.

Defection

In November 1953, First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party, Bolesław Bierut, asked Politburo member Jakub Berman to send MBP Lieutenant Colonel Józef Światło on an important mission to East Berlin. Światło, deputy head of UB Department 10, together with Colonel Anatol Fejgin, were asked to consult with the East German Ministry for State Security's chief Erich Mielke about eliminating Wanda Brońska.

The two officials traveled to Berlin and spoke with Mielke. On December 5, 1953, the day after meeting Mielke, Światło defected to the United States through their military mission in West Berlin. The next day, American military authorities transported Światło to Frankfurt and by December, Światło had been flown to Washington D.C, where he underwent an extensive debriefing.

Światło's defection was widely publicized in the United States and Europe by the American authorities, as well as in Poland via Radio Free Europe, embarrassing the authorities in Warsaw. Światło had intimate knowledge of the internal politics of the Polish government, especially the activities of the various secret services. Over the course of the following months, American newspapers and Radio Free Europe reported extensively on political repression in Poland based on Światło revelations, including the torture of prisoners under interrogation and politically motivated executions. Światło also detailed struggles inside the Polish United Workers' Party.

Among other activities, Światło had been ordered to falsify evidence that was used to incriminate Władysław Gomułka, whom he personally arrested. He had also arrested and falsified evidence against Marian Spychalski, the future Minister of National Defence, who was at the time a leading politician and high-ranking military officer.

Organization

The political and administrative matters of the Ministry came under the authority of Jakub Berman, a Stalinist from the Polish United Workers' Party. The Ministry of Public Security structure was being changed constantly from January 1945 on, as the Ministry expanded. It was divided into departments and each department was subdivided into sections entrusted with different tasks. In January 1945, the largest and the most important department in UB was Department One, responsible for counter-espionage and anti-state activities. It was headed by General Roman Romkowski. Department I was divided into Sections, each responsible for a different but specific function self-described in the following way:
 Fighting German espionage and Nazi underground remaining in Poland.
 Fighting reactionary underground.
 Fighting political banditry.
 Protection of the national economy.
 Protection of legal political parties from outside (underground) penetration.
 Prisons.
 Observation.
 Investigations.

Two new departments were formed in addition to departments and sections created for the Resort Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego (RBP) forming the core of MBP or UB in January 1945. On September 6, 1945, from the existing structure of Department II emerged three additional departments: Department IV commanded by Aleksander Wolski-Dyszko, Department V commanded by Julia Brystygier, and Department VI headed by Teodor Duda (pl). In July 1946, further changes were enacted. UB was divided into eight (8) departments, five of which dealt with operational cases, including Counter-espionage (Dep 1), Technical operations and technology (Dep 2), Fighting underground resistance (Dep 3), Protection of economy (Dep 4), and Counteraction of hostile penetration and church influences (Dep 5).

In June 1948 the Secret Office was established for Internal counter-intelligence. The Special Office conducted surveillance on members of the MPB itself. On March 2, 1949, the Special Bureau was established, renamed in 1951 simply as Department Ten. Department 10 conducted surveillance of high-ranking members of the Polish United Workers' Party and people associated with them.

Ministry of Public Security roster (1951 and 1953)

UB in the field

All over Poland Ministry of Public Security had regional offices. There was one, or more UB office in each voivodeship, each of them called the Voivode Office of Public Security (Wojewódzki Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego, or WUBP). Each WUBP had 308 full-time UB officers and employees on staff. Beside WUBP, there were also City Offices of Public Security (Miejski Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego or MUBP), with 148 MPB officers and employees; as well as District Offices of Public Security (Powiatowy Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego or PUBP), with 51 officers and employees; and finally, the Communal Offices of Public Security (Gminny Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego, or GUBP), which were stationed at the local militia precincts (MO), with 3 UBP security officers on staff.

In 1953, in the field, there were 17 Voivode Offices of Public Security (WUBP), and 2 Regional Offices of Public Security on the order of WUBP. There were 268 District Offices of Public Security (PUBP) and 5 City Offices of Public Security (MUBP), which operated as District Offices of Public Security (PUBP). Together, they employed 33,200 permanent officers, of which 7,500 were stationed in their Warsaw headquarters. According to professor Andrzej Paczkowski, in 1953, there was one UB officer for every 800 Polish citizens. Never again, in the 45-year-old history of the People's Republic of Poland, were its special services' formations so large in numbers.

1954 reorganization and formation of SB

The highly publicized defection of Colonel Światło, not to mention the general hatred of the Ministry of Public Security among the Polish public led to changes in late 1954. In December of that year, the Polish Council of State and the Council of Ministers decided to replace the ministry with two separate administrations: the Committee for Public Security (Komitet do Spraw Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego or KDSBP), headed by Władysław Dworakowski, and the Ministry of Interior (Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych or MSW), headed by Władysław Wicha. The number of employees of the Committee for Public Security was cut by 30% in central headquarters and by 40–50% in local structures. The huge network of secret informers was also substantially reduced and the most implicated functionaries of the Ministry of Public Security were arrested. Surveillance and repressive activities were reduced; in the majority of factories, special cells of public security, set up to spy on workers, were secretly closed.

The Committee for Public Security took responsibility for intelligence and counter-espionage, government security and the secret police. From September 3, 1955 to November 28, 1956 it also controlled the Polish Army's Main Directorate of Information (Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska), which ran the Military Police and counter espionage service. The Ministry of Interior was responsible for the supervision of local governments, the Milicja Obywatelska (Citizens' Militia, MO) police force, correctional facilities, fire and rescue forces, and the border guard. In 1956 the Committee was dissolved, most of its functions merged into Ministry of Interior; the secret police was renamed to the 'Security Service' (Służba Bezpieczeństwa or SB) on 28 November 1956. The order was made by Władysław Wicha, who was the incumbent Minister of Interior until 1964.

Notable MBP and UB personnel

 Antoni Alster (b. Nachum Alster)
 Jakub Berman
 Józef Bik (vel Jozef Bukar, vel Jozef Gawerski)
 Julia Brystiger (née Prajs)
 Józef Czaplicki (b. Izydor Kurc)
 Anatol Fejgin
 Adam Humer (b. Adam Umer)
 Julian Kole
 Julian Konar (b. Jakub Kohn)
 Grzegorz Korczyński
 Mieczysław Mietkowski (b. Mojżesz Bobrowicki)

 Salomon Morel, commander of Zgoda labour camp
 Henryk Pałka
 Julian Polan-Haraschin
 Józef Różański (b. Józef Goldberg)
 Roman Romkowski (b. Natan Grunspan – Kikiel)
 Stanisław Radkiewicz
 Leon Rubinstein
 Józef Światło (born Izak Fleischfarb)
 Helena Wolińska-Brus (b. Fajga Mindla Danielak)
 Piotr Smietanski
 Stanisław Zarakowski

Notable people killed by the MBP and UB
In Warsaw, most of the killings were carried out at the Mokotów Prison. The victims'  bodies – often placed naked in cement bags – were wheeled out at night and buried in unmarked graves in the vicinity of various Warsaw cemeteries and in open fields.

 1951 Mokotów Prison execution
Major Łukasz Ciepliński
Colonel Karol Chmiel
Major Adam Lazarowicz
Captain Józef Rzepka
Captain Józef Batory
Comdr. Mieczysław Kawalec
Captain Franciszek Błażej
 Comdt. Hieronim Dekutowski

 Brigadier General Emil August Fieldorf
 Bolesław Kontrym (Cichociemni)
 Cavalry Captain Witold Pilecki
 1st Lieutenant Jan Rodowicz (Szare Szeregi)
 Danuta Siedzikówna

 Commander Zygmunt Szendzielarz
 Capt. Stanisław Sojczyński
 Corporal Józef Franczak shot dead by ZOMO in 1963

See also
 Montelupich prison
 Milicja Obywatelska (MO)
 Zgoda labour camp, a concentration camp for Silesians, Germans, and Poles, operated in 1945 by the Polish secret police

References

Bibliography
 Leszek Pawlikowicz, Tajny Front Zimnej Wojny: Uciekinierzy z polskich służb specjalnych 1956–1964, Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM, 2004, 1st edition
 Henryk Piecuch, Akcje Specjalne: Od Bieruta do Ochaba, (part of a series: Tajna Historia Polski, Agencja Wydawnicza CB, Warsaw, 1996 ()
 Nigel West, Trzecia Tajemnica: Kulisy zamachu na Papieża (), publ. in Sensacje XX Wieku
 Metody Pracy Operacyjnej Aparatu Bezpieczństwa wobec kościołów i związków zawodowych 1945–1989, IPN, Warsaw, 2004 (Methods of operative work of Security organs against churches and trade unions 1945–1989, published by Institute of National Remembrance)
 Normam Polmar, Thomas Allen – Księga Szpiegów (The Book of Spies), Wydawnictwo Magnum, Warsaw, 2000
 Zbigniew Błażyński, Mówi Józef Światło: Za kulisami bezpieki i partii 1940–1955, Warsaw 2003

External links and further reading

 List of persons condemned by Military Courts to the capital punishment (1946–1955)
 Henryk Piecuch, Brudne gry: ostatnie akcje Służb Specjalnych (seria: Tajna Historia Polski) (Dirty Games: the Last Special Services Operations [Secret History of Poland series]). Warsaw: Agencja Wydawnicza CB (1998).

Ministries established in 1945
1945 establishments in Poland
1954 disestablishments in Poland
Polish People's Republic
Public Security
Law enforcement in communist states
Defunct Polish intelligence agencies
Defunct law enforcement agencies of Poland
Communism in Poland
Eastern Bloc
Secret police

Ministry of Public Security (Poland)