Jason deCaires Taylor (born 12 August 1974 in Dover) is a British sculptor and creator of the world's first underwater sculpture park – the Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park – and underwater museum – Cancún Underwater Museum (MUSA). He is best known for installing site-specific underwater sculptures that develop naturally into artificial coral reefs, which local communities and marine life depend on. Taylor integrates his skills as a sculptor, marine conservationist, underwater photographer and scuba diving instructor into each of his projects. By using a fusion of Land Art traditions and subtly integrating aspects of street art, Taylor produces dynamic sculptural works that are installed on the ocean floor to encourage marine life, to promote ocean conservation and to highlight the current climate crisis.

Taylor's works in Grenada have been listed among the Top 25 Wonders of the World by National Geographic. His projects to date include the creation of the Cancún Underwater Museum, Ocean Atlas, The Rising Tide, Museo Atlántico, Nest, Coralarium, Nexus, Museum of Underwater Art (MOUA), Écomusée sous-marin de Cannes, and the Museum of Underwater Sculpture Ayia Napa (MUSAN).

Early life
The only son of an English father and Guyanese mother, Taylor was educated in Kent with further studies at Camberwell College of Arts Institute of London, where he graduated in 1998 with a B.A Honours degree in Sculpture and Ceramics. Scuba diving from the age of 18, he became a fully qualified scuba instructor in 2002.

Career

Taylor's early work includes Vicissitudes, Grace Reef, The Lost Correspondent  and The Unstill Life. All of these artworks are located in the world's first public underwater sculpture park in the Caribbean Sea in Molinere Bay, Grenada, West Indies, and situated in a section of coastline that was badly damaged by Hurricane Ivan in 2004.

Taylor's works create haunting, enigmatic underwater scenes, often depicting the mundaneness of life on dry land transported into an alchemic new environment. Instead of the entropic process typically associated with the ocean's corrosive tendencies, Taylor's pieces encourage organisms to grow and affect the surfaces of his creations. They are often commentaries on humanity's relationship with the natural world and the need for conservation, decay and rebirth. The majority of his sculptures are based on living people who are life cast and whose phenotypical qualities alter over time as they slowly evolve from inert concrete to living artificial reefs. Taylor considers that he is "trying to portray how human intervention or interaction with nature can be positive and sustainable, an icon of how we can live in a symbiotic relationship with nature."

In 2009 Taylor relocated his practice to Mexico, where he achieved another milestone: the creation of the world's first underwater museum. The Cancún Underwater Museum (Museo Subacuático de Arte, known as MUSA) holds more than 485 of Taylor's submerged sculptures and 30 land-based pieces. It is located off the coast of Cancún and the Western coast of Isla Mujeres within the Cancún National Marine Park, and occupies an area of over 420 square metres of previously barren seabed. The project was supported and commissioned in 2008 by CONANP, National Commission of Mexican Protected Natural Areas (Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas) and The Cancún Nautical Association. MUSA was officially opened in November 2010.

Works in the museum include individual installations implanted with live coral cuttings rescued from areas of damaged reef. Hombre en llamas (Man on Fire), cast from a local fisherman, stands towards the current with fragments of implanted fire coral in his head and torso. La Jardinera (The Gardener) is a girl lying on a patio nurturing a variety of potted corals. Other works include El colecionista de los sueños (The Dream Collector), a man archiving messages found inside bottles that have been brought together by the oceans' currents.

Taylor created La Evolución Silencio (The Silent Evolution), which was added to MUSA in 2011. The artwork consists of more than 400 individual sculptures that immortalised about 90 real-life models from the nearby fishing village of Puerto Morelos to create a community of people, standing in defence of their oceans. The location for this particular installation was chosen to redirect visitors away from nearby natural reefs, providing these with the opportunity to regenerate. MUSA is referenced as one of the largest and most ambitious projects underwater in the world.

While continuing to produce additional pieces for MUSA, Taylor completed a unique creation for illusionist David Copperfield. The Musician, which is a full-scale mermaid seating at a Steinway concert grand piano replica, can be found in Musha Cay, Bahamas. The piano plays soft classical music, similar to the sound of a whale or dolphin, as divers approach.

By the end of 2013, Taylor had placed nearly 700 sculptures around the globe. In 2014 Ocean Atlas was installed in the Bahamas weighing 60 tons and measuring 5 metres in height. Taylor's immense sculpture modelled after a local Bahamian girl, depicts her carrying the weight of the ocean, referencing the ancient Greek myth of Atlas. Ocean Atlas was awarded a Guinness World Record for being the largest single figurative underwater sculpture in the world.

The Rising Tide was Taylor's first tidal installation in Central London and was part of the 2015 Totally Thames Festival. The series of working horses with riders, loosely based on the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, were positioned within sight of the Houses of Parliament. "I quite like the idea that the piece sits in the eye line of the place where many politicians and so many people who are involved in climate change all work and make these damaging deals and policies, yet who are in this state of mad denial," Taylor said. The artwork was intended to provide a metaphor for rising sea levels, demonstrating how little time there is to act to climate change, yet crucially it offers hope as it resets itself each day, offering humankind the opportunity for change.

After relocating to Lanzarote, Spain in 2016, Taylor began work on his second underwater museum, Museo Atlántico,  offshore. The museum opened on 10 January 2017 within Lanzarote's UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve and was first underwater museum within Europe and in the Atlantic Ocean. Museo Atlántico contains over 300 of Taylor's sculptures and includes Crossing The Rubicon, which consists of a 4 meters high wall that stretches 30 metre long and 35 life-sized figurative sculptures walking towards it, all unaware that they are heading to a point of no return while they are looking down or at their phones. The wall acts as a reminder that our surrounding oceans, air, climate or wildlife cannot be segregated. The Raft of Lampedusa, a sculpted boat carrying 13 refugees towards an unknown future, is also part of Museo Atlántico. The inspiration for this piece came from Théodore Géricault's Raft of the Medusa. Amongst the figures life-cast by Taylor for The Raft of Lampedusa was Abdel Kader, a refugee from Laayoune, who made his own journey by boat to Lanzarote when he was 13 years old. Another large artwork found within the museum is The Human Gyre, which was created by placing over 200 life-size human figures into the shape of an oceanic gyre. The piece is aimed to highlight mankind's vulnerability to the ocean's inherent power. Museo Atlántico is accessible to scuba divers and snorkelers who are accompanied by museum guides.

In 2017, Taylor traveled to Indonesia and installed his artwork, Nest, off the cost of Gili Meno. The circle of 48 life-size figures was commissioned by BASK to act as an artificial reef and diving attraction for tourists and the local community. During the same year, Taylor started designing an underwater museum for the Australian Museum of Underwater Art (MOUA) project, which would be installed within the Great Barrier Reef.

In 2018, Taylor went from the tropical climate of Sirru Fen Fushi in the Maldives to the icy fjords in Norway. Commissioned by the Fairmont Maldives Sirru Fen Fushi Resort, Coralarium was the world's first semi-submerged museum. The 6 metre high stainless steel gallery cube weighs over 180 tonnes and was constructed in the UK and assembled on site. The tidal artwork was part of the first coral regeneration project to take place in the Maldives. Following the removal and destruction of the 30 figurative sculptures in September 2018, which was ordered by President Abdulla Yameen, alternative artworks were integrated into the gallery and further sustainable initiatives have since been introduced. The Fairmont Maldives Sirru Fen Fushi Resort has been recognised as a Green Globe certified organisation and continues to work with Taylor.

Later the same year, Taylor completed Nexus for the Sjøholmen Children's Art Centre in Sandvika, Norway. The aim of the art installation is to encourage exploration of art and nature, especially the diverse marine life found in the surrounding fjords. There are life-sized bronze sculptures of a father and daughter standing hand-in-hand on a floating dock, looking down into the fjord where ten additional figurative sculptures can be seen floating below the water's surface.

In December 2019, Taylor completed two significant artwork installations for the Great Barrier Reef. Ocean Siren, a tidal sculpture located at the Strand Jetty in Townsville, was commissioned by MOUA and acts as a warning beacon for climate change. The artwork was modelled on a local 12-year-old indigenous Wulgurukaba girl, Takoda Johnson. Through collaborations with scientists from Reef Ecologic, James Cook University and the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) Ocean Siren reacts to data captured by the Davies Reef Weather Station and changes colour in response to live variations in water temperature. Taylor's third underwater museum, The Coral Greenhouse located in John Brewer Reef, comprises a 58-ton greenhouse-like structure made from marine grade stainless steel and 20 figurative sculptures placed in and around the building. The Coral Greenhouse is the first underwater museum in Australia and in the Southern Hemisphere.

In 2021, Taylor continued to support the eco-art movement and completed two projects based in Europe. The first installation, which is the first underwater museum in the Mediterranean Sea, was the Cannes Underwater Eco-Museum (Écomusée sous-marin) near Île Sainte-Marguerite just off the coast of Cannes, France and has been included in the world's 100 greatest places of 2021 by Time Magazine. Before the museum could be installed, the site had to be cleared of disused marine infrastructure debris and officially cordoned off to protect visitors as well as the six large sculptures and surrounding posidonia sea grass meadows. The artworks are positioned 3 – 4 metres below the water's surface near the shoreline, making the museum easily accessible to snorkelers and free divers. Taylor's split mask design concept not only links to the area's history of being where the Man in the Iron Mask was imprisoned and Cannes hosting the annual Cannes Film Festival, but it is also a metaphor for the ocean – one side of the mask depicts strength and resilience and the other fragility and decay.

The second artwork installation in 2021 was the Museum of Underwater Sculpture Ayia Napa (MUSAN) situated within a Marine Protected Area (MPA) off the coast of Ayia Napa, Cyprus to aid in the development of biodiversity in the area. The museum is a joint collaboration between the Department of Fisheries and Marine Research, the Ayia Napa municipality and the Ministry of Tourism. As the ambassador for the Ayia Napa MPA, the museum is a space for education, preservation and conservation. MUSAN's metaphorical entrance is marked by two figurative land sculptures – Irineos and Calypso – who are the children pledging to help protect the sea. Once submerged, visitors can view the remaining 93 artworks, which are situated 8 – 10 metres below the water's surface in a ravine of sand located in between natural rock formations.

Eight hybrid sculptures collectively titled The Ocean Sentinels were added to John Brewer Reef in 2023 as the third sculpture installation for Museum of Underwater Art, Australia to increase climate change awareness, support eco-tourism, and provide homage to the marine conservation techniques practiced by the indigenous population.

Taylor is currently working on the expansion of his first major underwater installation, the Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park.

Conservation
Taylor integrates contemporary art with the conservation of marine life. These underwater artificial coral reefs installations divert tourists away from natural coral reefs that are already suffering effects from marine pollution, global warming, hurricane damage and overfishing, thus providing the opportunity for the natural reefs' rehabilitation.

Working alongside marine biologists, Taylor uses resilient, stable and environmentally responsive materials. He integrates a coral promoting neutral pH cement and propagates damaged coral fragments found in the ocean into preset keys in his figures. The structures also incorporate habitat spaces for marine life that will promote an increase in biomass of local ecosystems.

The sculptures are positioned in precise locations on the sea bed to avoid contact from strong currents and tidal patterns and are installed at the correct time for coral spawning to maximize their potential influence to the oceanic ecosystem.

Art writer, Dr David De Russo, writes that "the sculptures are a living evolutionary exhibition as nature colonizes, and the sea and tidal movement deform their appearance developing a platform which will promote the re-generation of marine life. They are a means of conveying hope and environmental awareness"

By encompassing bio-restorative and culturally educational properties Taylors work has been categorised as part of the eco-art movement. In 2010, his work featured in the campaign by Greenpeace for awareness of Global Warming ahead of the 2010 United Nations Climate Conference in Cancún.

In 2016, Taylor produced Plasticide, a land-based artwork that depicts an idyllic family beach scene, which is interrupted by seagulls regurgitating plastic. Originally installed outside the National Theatre on London's Southbank, Greenpeace later used the 2.5 ton sculpture to block Coco-Cola's UK headquarters in London as a call to action to address their plastic pollution.

Controversy
Damien Hirst was accused of plagiarism due to the striking similarities between his show entitled Treasures from the Wreck of the Unbelievable exhibited at the May 2017 Vince Biennale and Jason deCaires Taylor's underwater sculptures, which were first installed in 2006, and were also exhibited at the same Biennale.

In September 2018, President Abdulla Yameen ordered the removal and destruction of the 30 figurative sculptures included within Coralarium as the country's religious leaders deemed the human-like figures to represent idols and were therefore a violation of Islamic beliefs. "I was extremely shocked and heartbroken to learn that my sculptures have been destroyed by the Maldivian authorities, despite continued consultations and dialogue," Taylor announced. "The Coralarium was conceived to connect humans to the environment and a nurturing space for marine life to thrive."

Recognition
 2006: Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park named as one of National Geographic's Top 25 Wonders of the World, Grenada.
 2009: Created the largest collection of underwater sculpture in the world and the first Underwater Museum, Mexico (MUSA).
2010: MUSA (Mexico) was voted by Forbes corporation as one of the world's most unusual places to visit.
 2010: Awarded the Global Aquatekture Visionary Award.
 2011: Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park was described as one of the "Wonders of the World – Earth's Most Awesome Places" in a 2011 special edition of National Geographic Magazine.
 2012: Awarded the Guinness World Record for the largest group of life-size statues underwater (The Silent Evolution).
 2014: Awarded the Foreign Policy Global Thinker award.
 2014: Presented with the Aquarium of the Pacific's Award Of Excellence for Artistic Achievement & Ocean Conservation.
 2014: Appointed to the board of the Association of Life Casting International.
 2014: Published The Underwater Museum (hardback book) with Chronicle Books.
 2015: Honoured with the "Scroll" of the Friends of the Phillippe Cousteau Anchor Museum (Amigos del Museo de Anclas Philippe Cousteau), an award given annually on the anniversary of the death of Phillippe Cousteau in recognition of his magnificent contribution to the field of underwater art.
 2015: Featured TED Talk, Mission Blue, Soloman Islands.
 2015: Shortlisted for the Groucho Club Maverick Award.
 2015: Became a member of The Royal British Society of Sculptors.
 2016: Created the first Underwater Museum in Europe and the Atlantic Ocean, Canary Islands, Spain (Museo Atlantico).
 2016: Received the Lih Pao International Sculpture Award, Tei Pei, Taiwan, China.
 2019: Received the Order of the Nation from Grenada, West Indies.
 2020: Listed as one of the 100 Most Creative People in Business by Fast Company, New York.
 2020: Awarded the Guinness World Record for the largest underwater art structure (The Coral Greenhouse).
 2021: Created the first Underwater Museum in the Mediterranean Sea, France (Cannes Underwater Eco-Museum).
 2021: Cannes Underwater Eco-Museum listed as one of The World's 100 Greatest Places of 2021 in Time Magazine.
 2021: Awarded the Guinness World Record for the tallest underwater figurative sculpture in the world (Ocean Atlas).
 2021: Awarded the Guinness World Record for the most underwater sculptures in the world.
2021: Finalist for the Zumtobel Group Award 2021 - Special Prize for Innovation.
2022: Jason deCairesTaylor listed as one of the 100 Global Inspirational Leaders of 2022 by Global Leaders Today.
2022: Coral Greenhouse was awarded the silver medal in the Best Sculpture Park or Trail category of the Australian Street Art Awards.
2022: Coral Greenhouse was nominated for the LCD Berlin Awards 2021 / 2022 New Culture Destinations of the Year.
2023: Awarded the Bertha Artivism Award.

See also

 Marine biology
 Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park
 Cancún Underwater Museum
  Museum of Underwater Art

References

External links

CONANP
 Jason deCaires Taylor image collection on Artimage
 Museum of Underwater Art

1974 births
Living people
English male sculptors
English underwater divers
Artificial reefs
English artists
English contemporary artists

Jason deCaires Taylor


Jan Władysław Dawid (26 June 1859 in Lublin – 9 July 1914) was a teacher, psychologist, pioneer of educational psychology and experimental pedagogy in Poland. He was a lecturer at the Flying University (now known as the Society for Educational Courses, also known as The Society for Science Courses) in Warsaw. He since held other numerous roles including editor of a number of Polish journals such as the Educational Review (Przegląd Pedagogiczny) (1889–1897), Voice (Głos) (1900–1905) and Social Review (Przegląd Społeczny) (1906–1907).

Life
Dawid studied law at Warsaw University from 1872 and after graduating, went on to Leipzig and Halle, Saxony-Anhalt from 1882 to 1884 to study natural sciences. There he was heavily influenced by W. Wundt and H. Ebbinghaus. His largest merits were on the basis of empirical psychology to spread the idea of conducting experimental research on children, on their perceptions and concepts of the world, their thinking and intelligence, while the idea of developing a child's mind, his will and action skills. These ideas disseminated by both the conduct of systematic research, involvement in the numerous group of collaborators, by writing books on these studies, developing their own research and by translating books from many languages. David's interest in issues related initially to education, which had developed a base in the work of science (1892). His many influences in education while in Germany included figures such as Wilhelm Dilthey, A. Lichtwark, W.T. Preyer and W. Rein.

Upon returning to Warsaw, Dawid made his first publication in 1887: Programme of Psycho-Educational Observations of Children from Birth to the Age of 20. This was also the period he began translating German, Russian, French and English texts into Polish and began one of his major work Object Lessons (published 1891). In 1889 he married Jadwiga Szczawińska, teacher and founder of the Flying University. Unfortunately, due to vast political activity in Poland at the time and difficulties in financing (Dawid's post as editor of Głos ending in 1905) eventually accumulated to the taking of Jadwiga's life in 1910 and subsequent worsening of Dawid's health.

Dawid later fled to Kraków where he enjoyed autonomy from the Tsarist police. In his O duszy nauczycielstwa (The Souls of Teachers) (1912) Dawid determines the ideal characteristics of a teacher, his "soul." As the most important among them David feels the love of human souls, and next to it mentions the need for excellence, a sense of responsibility and obligation, the accuracy of internal and moral courage. In his greatest work of psychological intelligence, the will and ability to work (1911) shows the relationship between intelligence, will and ability to work, which could be described as the glorification of work. Dawid believed that the able, and want to be able to - to three sources, which supply human life. "Know how" that is, to have intelligence, "want to" - will, "power" - the ability to work. David returned to Warsaw in 1913, continuing his teaching activities and planning many experiments before dying in 1914.

He is listed as one of the 100 most famous educators by the International Bureau of Education (IBE).

Works

Nauka o rzeczach (The Science of Things, 1892)
Inteligencja, wola i zdolność do pracy (Intelligence, Will and the Ability to Work, Warsaw, 1911)
O duszy nauczycielstwa (On the Soul of Teachership, Lublin, 1912)
O intuicji w mistyce, filozofii i sztuce (On Intuition in Mysticism, Philosophy and Art, Kraków, 1913)
O rzeczywistości duchowej (On Spiritual Reality, Warsaw, 1935)

See also
List of Poles

References

1859 births
1914 deaths
Polish educators
Polish psychologists
Writers from Lublin
People from Congress Poland
Educators from the Russian Empire

Jan Władysław Dawid


Terasaka Yakuro Masatsune (赤坂 弥九郎 政雅, 1567–1594) was a direct student of Kaneko Shinkuro Morisada the second headmaster of the Tenshinsho Jigen Ryu. Terasaka is better known by his Buddhist dharma name- Zenkitsu (善吉, also read Zenkichi). He was the chief priest at the Buddhist temple Tenneiji of the Soto Zen School not far from Kuramadera near Kyoto.

Zenkitsu later succeeded Kaneko in becoming the third headmaster (soke) of the Tenshinsho Jigen Ryu. His best student was a samurai from the Satsuma domain, Togo Shigekata, whom he taught between 1588-1589. In less than a year Shigekata would master the Tenshinsho Jigen Ryu and synthesize it with the Taisha Ryu to create the Jigen Ryu.

Zenkitsu died in c. 1594.

References

Japanese martial artists
Japanese swordfighters
Samurai
1567 births
1594 deaths

Terasaka Yakuro Masatsune


The Gunnister Man is the remains of a late 17th or early 18th century man found by two Shetlanders in a peat bog not far from the junction of the A970 road in Gunnister, Shetland, Scotland. The bog body was found on 12 May 1951 as the men were digging peat for fuel. A stone placed by the Northmavine History Group now marks the find location.

Description
The body is believed to date from the late 17th or early 18th century. Three coins found in a knitted purse were a 6-Stuiver piece from Nijmegen (Netherlands) dated to 1690, a 2-Stuiver piece from Overijssel dated to 1681 and a  Öre from Sweden dating from 1683. The knitted purse found with the body is believed to be the earliest example of two-colour knitting in Shetland.
The man was dressed in many woollen clothes, all of which survived burial in the peat in excellent condition. He wore a woollen shirt, a suit of long coat and short wide breeches, and an outer jacket. He had two caps, a pair of gloves and knitted stockings. His remains suggest he was walking during wintertime, and he may have died of illness or exposure. It is not possible to see any settlement from where he was buried and weather in late 17th and early 18th century northern Europe was extremely cold and stormy. His body was buried purposefully, with the objects he carried buried carefully with him. It is not known if he was a Shetlander or a visitor to the islands. The coins were common in Shetland at that time because of trade by north European merchants, so these do not give any indication of his origin.

Other items found included a leather belt, a silk ribbon, three woollen cords, a small knitted fragment, a birch stick, a wooden stave tub, a knife handle, a horn spoon, a quill, a horn container with wooden stopper, and two flat pieces of wood. The only remains of the body were a piece of skull with dark hair, finger and toe nails, fragments of bone from the sleeves and in one stocking.

Items found on the body
All objects in the original find went to Edinburgh and are now in the collections of the National Museums of Scotland. Some objects are on permanent display in various parts of NMS galleries. Immediately after the burial was discovered, the finds were taken to a local house, where some people knitted replicas of the stockings and purse. These replicas are on display in Tangwick Haa Museum in Northmavine, Shetland. In 2009, Shetland Museum and Archives made full replicas of all of the finds, which are together displayed in a permanent Gunnister Man display in Lerwick, Shetland.

The purse was originally a natural mixed grey colour, with stripes of red and white pattern on it. It is difficult to know if the man's garments were knitted in Shetland or elsewhere, but even if they weren't, it proves that stranded knitting, now known as Fair Isle knitting, had been at least seen in Shetland by the beginning of the 18th century. His gloves are well-knitted with decorative stitches on the upper palms and gauntlets. They are similar to other gloves of the period. The palm of the right glove is more worn and patched than the left glove, suggesting he was right-handed.

A small piece of open-work knitting was found with the man's findings, with a pattern of three concentric diamonds, but no worked edge. Small pieces of knitting were also found sewn into the lining of the man's jacket, and this fragment may have been kept to use as a patch.

References

External links
 Shetlopedia article

18th century in Scotland
1951 in Scotland
1951 archaeological discoveries
Archaeological sites in Shetland
Bog bodies
Bogs of Scotland
Death in Scotland
Knitting
Northmavine

Gunnister Man


Maximilien August Topler (25 June 1870 – 14 March 1960) was a German physicist known for his work on electrostatics, sparks and Schlieren photography. His father was the physicist August Toepler.

Toepler's law (1906) states that the resistance of an electric arc at any time is inversely proportional to the charge which has flowed through the arc:

where I(t) is the current in the arc discharge at time t, and D is the gap between the electrodes. The parameter  is a constant whose value is .

References
 Toepler's law (PDF)
 High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals
 Toepler, Annalen der Physik, 1906; 4: 191. (original publication)

1870 births
1960 deaths
20th-century German physicists

Maximilien Toepler


Catherine Charlotte de Gramont (1639 – 4 June 1678) was the Princess of Monaco by marriage to Louis I of Monaco. She is known to have been a mistress of Louis XIV of France in 1666.

Life

Early life

Catherine Charlotte de Gramont was the eldest daughter of Marshal, Duke Antoine de Gramont and Françoise Marguerite du Plessis de Chivré (1608–1689), a niece of Cardinal Richelieu. Catherine Charlotte's elder brother was Guy Armand de Gramont, the celebrated Count of Guiche, known for his arrogance and good looks, who was successively the lover of Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans and Princess Henrietta of England, husband and wife.

Catherine Charlotte was educated in a fashionable convent school, the Visitation Faubourg Saint Jacques in Paris, where many daughters of the aristocracy were educated. She was described as a sophisticated, vivacious, strong-willed beauty. She fell mutually in love with her cousin, Antonin Nompar, marquis de Puyguilleim, and when her father refused his permission for them to marry, they became lovers all the same.

Duchess of Valentinois

In March 1660 at the Chateau de Gramont, Catherine married Louis de Grimaldi, the second Duke of Valentinois and heir to the throne of Monaco, who was described as "a glorious and avaricious Italian". They had six children.

The marriage was arranged to strengthen the alliance between Monaco and France against Spain by forging a connection between the Princely House of Monaco and a member of the French high nobility, which could provide valuable connections to the French court. Catherine Charlotte's family connections fit this description, Louis was impressed by her beauty, and the French monarch gave his consent. Catherine Charlotte herself was convinced because her lover refused to elope with her, she was older than most noblewomen when they married, and that her marriage would give her a high rank at the French royal court, which she would not have to leave, at least not until her husband became Prince of Monaco. After marriage, the couple resided in Paris and regularly attended the French court, and Catherine Charlotte continued her relationship with her cousin.

Princess of Monaco

In 1662, she became Princess of Monaco when her husband succeeded to the throne. Catherine Charlotte was forced to accompany him to Monaco against her will, but Puyguilleim accompanied her on the way in disguise. She remained in Monaco for three years. She did not like her stay in Monaco, where the Princely court did not consist of much more than the Grimaldi relatives and hardly any court life or high society life existed at the time.

In 1665, the Prince and Princess of Monaco returned to the French royal court, where Catherine Charlotte was appointed lady-in-waiting to Princess Henrietta of England, sister-in-law and former lover of Louis XIV, with whom she was rumoured to have a bisexual love affair. Her aunt, Suzanne Charlotte de Gramont, marquise de Saint Chaumont, was also a member of Henrietta's household as the governess of her two daughters, Marie Louise and Anne Marie. She continued her love affair with Puyguilleim, but also became involved in a love affair with the Duke de Guiche. She was renowned for her beauty and wits, and attracted many lovers, including the king, the marquis de Villeroi, and her cousin, "the little Lauzun". Madame de Sévigné described her as "greedy for pleasure", and she was nicknamed Catherine the Torrent.

Henrietta encouraged Catherine Charlotte to have an affair with the king to attract him away from his mistress, Louise de la Vallière, back to Henrietta. The king's affair with
Catherine Charlotte in danger of being exposed to a public scandal because of Catherine Charlotte's other lovers, de Guiche and Puyguilleim: after a scene at court, there was a fear that the rivalry between the three men (as well as her husband) would result in a duel. After the scene, Catherine Charlotte's husband and her lover Duke de Guiche left the court to serve in the war. In the end, the king did leave Louise de la Vallière, but after his affair with Catherine Charlotte, he did not return to Henrietta, but begun an affair with Madame de Montespan instead.

In 1668, Catherine Charlotte had a love affair with Philippe, Chevalier de Lorraine, lover of the king's brother and Henrietta's husband Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. Henrietta regarded Lorraine to be her mortal enemy and was deeply offended by the affair, and successfully asked the king to exile Catherine Charlotte from court. At the same time, Catherine Charlotte's long-time lover Puyguilleim married. She returned to Monaco, where she lived a quiet life and remained for four years.

In 1672, Catherine Charlotte was able to return to Paris when she was offered a position as lady-in-waiting to the king's mistress, Madame de Montespan. Her employment ended the following year, but she was given her own house in Paris, where she was able to stay. During the following years, however, she fell ill with a progressive cancer.

Catherine Charlotte died in Paris on 4 June 1678, aged 39.

Issue

Antoine Grimaldi (25 January 1661 – 20 January 1731) Prince of Monaco, married Marie of Lorraine.
Maria Teresa Carlotta Grimaldi (14 January 1662 – 1738), died unmarried.
Giovanna Maria Devota Grimaldi (14 January 1662 – 21 April 1741), twin of Maria Teresa, a nun in San Remo.
Teresa Maria Aurelia Grimaldi (20 May 1663 – 15 February 1675), Mademoiselle des Baux.
Anna Ippòlita Grimaldi (26 July 1664 – 23 July 1700), married Jacques de Crussol (1675–1739) Duke of Uzès.
Francesco Onorato Grimaldi (31 December 1669 – 18 February 1748), Archbishop of Besançon.
Amelia Grimaldi (ca. 1675 – died young).

Ancestors

References

 Le grand dictionaire historique ou le melange curieux

1639 births
1678 deaths
French princesses
House of Grimaldi
Mistresses of Louis XIV
Princesses of Monaco
Hereditary Princesses of Monaco

Catherine Charlotte de Gramont


Helen Ryan (born 16 June 1938, in Liverpool, Lancashire) is a British actress, who is notable for playing several royal roles.

The Liverpool native played Queen Alexandra in the British television series Edward the Seventh, for which she received a BAFTA nomination in 1975. She also played Princess Alexandra in the 1980 movie The Elephant Man, and Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands in the 2002 television drama Bertie and Elizabeth. Her other credits include Madame Balzac in the TV series Prometheus: The Life of Balzac (1975), Mrs McFarlane in the Sherlock Holmes story The Norwood Builder, and films such as Clash of Loyalties (1983), Misunderstood (1984) and The Hawk (1993). More recently, Ryan has appeared as Peggy Roath, a personal aide to Queen Elizabeth II, in the fifth season of The Crown in 2022.

She was formerly married to the theatre director Guy Slater with whom she had a daughter Rebecca and a son Daniel.

References

External links

Living people
British film actresses
British television actresses
1938 births
Actresses from Liverpool

Helen Ryan


Michał Bergson (Bergsohn), or Michel Bergson (20 May 18209 March 1898) was a Polish composer and pianist, promoter of Frédéric Chopin.

Biography
Born in Warsaw, Bergson was the son of Gabriel Bereksohn, grandson of Berek and Temerl Bergson, and great-grandson of Samuel Zbytkower. His children included the influential French philosopher Henri Bergson and artist and occultist Moina Mathers, wife of Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers.

He learned from Friedrich Schneider, Carl Friedrich Rungenhagen, and Wilhelm Taubert and worked mainly in Italy and Switzerland. In 1863 Michal Bergson became professor at the Conservatory in Geneva, and later was its head. Bergson had by that time married a native of Yorkshire, Katherine Levison, they lived in London, England and France, finally settled there. He died in London.

Compositions
 Luisa di Montfort (performed in 1847)
 'Scene and Air' from Luisa di Montfort for clarinet and piano
 Salvator Rosa
 Qui va à la chasse, perd sa place (1859)
 Mazurka, Opp. 1 and 48
 Le Rhin, Op. 21
 12 Études caractéristiques
 Concerto Symphonique pour piano avec orchestra, Op. 62 (performed 1868)

External links

Notes

19th-century Polish Jews
Michal
19th-century Polish composers
Polish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Musicians from Warsaw
1820 births
1898 deaths
19th-century classical pianists
Male composers
19th-century Polish musicians
19th-century male musicians
19th-century musicians

Michał Bergson


Marcus William Feldman (born 14 November 1942) is the Burnet C. and Mildred Finley Wohlford Professor of Biological Sciences, director of the Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies, and co-director of the Center for Computational, Evolutionary and Human Genomics (CEHG) at Stanford University. He is an Australian-born mathematician turned American theoretical biologist, best known for his mathematical evolutionary theory and computational studies in evolutionary biology, and for originating with L. L. Cavalli-Sforza the theory of cultural evolution.

Early life and education

Marcus Feldman was born and raised in Perth, Australia. His father Simon Feldman was an engineer, and this inspired him to take up mathematics. He studied at the University of Western Australia from where he matriculated in 1959, and graduated (with majors in mathematics and statistics) in 1964. In 1966 he obtained Master of Science degree in mathematics from Monash University. He went abroad to US to join a PhD programme at Stanford University. He earned his degree in 1969 under the supervision of Samuel Karlin in the Department of Mathematics. Karlin influenced him to pursue his research in population genetics using his computational know-how.

Professional career

After a brief work at Stanford as a research assistant for Karlin, and as acting assistant professor in the Department of Biology, Feldman returned to Australia to join at La Trobe University as a lecturer of mathematics. In 1971 he was appointed as assistant professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Stanford, and went back to US. With L.L. Cavalli-Sforza in 1973, he originated the quantitative theory of cultural evolution, initiating a research program in cultural transmission and gene-culture coevolution. His own research into human molecular evolution such as in China led him to international recognition. He is the author of more than 625 scientific papers and several books on evolution, ecology, and mathematical biology.

In addition, he is the founding editor of Theoretical Population Biology (1971–2013) and an associate editor of Genetics, Human Genetics, Annals of Human Genetics, Annals of Human Biology, and Complexity. He was the editor of The American Naturalist from 1984 to 1990. He was a member of the board of trustees at the Santa Fe Institute from 1984 to 2006.

Award and honors

Guggenheim Fellowship in 1976–1977
Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford in 1983–84
Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1986
Elected member of the American Society of Human Genetics
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1987
Fellow  of the California Academy of Sciences in 1996
China Population Association Award in 1998
Honorary doctorate of philosophy from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Honorary doctorate of philosophy from the Tel Aviv University
Honorary professor at Beijing Normal University in 2002–2007
Honorary professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University in 2005
Paper of the Year 2003 award for biomedical science from The Lancet in 2003
Dan David Prize in 2011
Elected member of the American Philosophical Society in 2011
Elected member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 2013
Kimura Motoo award in human evolution in 2016
Alumni lifetime achievement award, University of Western Australia, in 2016

References

1942 births
21st-century American biologists
Australian emigrants to the United States
Australian Jews
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Monash University alumni
Evolutionary biologists
Stanford University alumni
Stanford University faculty
Stanford University Department of Biology faculty
Living people
Population geneticists
Theoretical biologists
Scientists from Perth, Western Australia
Academic staff of La Trobe University
University of Western Australia alumni
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Santa Fe Institute people
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows

Marcus Feldman


The Supreme Court of Nigeria (SCN) is the highest court in Nigeria, and is located in the Central District, Abuja, in what is known as the Three Arms Zone, so called due to the proximity of the offices of the Presidential Complex, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Court.

Overview
In 1963, the Federal Republic of Nigeria was proclaimed and Nnamdi Azikiwe became its first President. Appeals from the Federal Supreme Court to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were abolished at that point, and the Supreme Court became the highest court in Nigeria. In 1976, the Court of Appeal (originally known as the Federal Court of Appeal) was established as a national court to entertain appeals from the High Courts of each of Nigeria's 36 states, which are the trial courts of general jurisdiction.  The Supreme Court in its current form was shaped by the Supreme Court Act of 1990 and by Chapter VII of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria.

Under the 1999 constitution, the Supreme Court has both original and appellate jurisdictions, has the sole authority and jurisdiction to entertain appeals from Court of Appeal, having appellate jurisdiction over all lower federal courts and highest state courts.  Decisions rendered by the court are binding on all courts in Nigeria except the Supreme Court itself.

Structure and organization
The Supreme Court is composed of the Chief Justice of Nigeria and such number of justices not more than 21, appointed by the President on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, (NJC) and subject to confirmation by the Senate. Justices of the Supreme Court must be qualified to practice law in Nigeria, and must have been so qualified for a period not less than fifteen years. Justices of the Supreme Court of Nigeria have a mandatory retirement age of 70 years.

Current justices

Others
On 26 March 2019, Justice Sidi Dauda Bage was appointed Emir of Lafia

See also
Supreme Court Act 1990

References

External links

Supreme Court of Nigeria News
Supreme Court of Nigeria
Section of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria on the Judicature

Law of Nigeria
Government of Nigeria
Politics of Nigeria
Nigeria
Judiciary of Nigeria
1963 establishments in Nigeria
Courts and tribunals established in 1963

Supreme Court of Nigeria


Eisenhower is a surname derived from the German word , meaning "iron hewer". People with the surname include:

Anne Eisenhower (1949–2022), prominent interior designer, daughter of John Eisenhower
David Eisenhower (born 1948), historian, son of John Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969), five-star general and 34th president of the United States
Earl D. Eisenhower (1898–1968), American electrical engineer and politician, brother of President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Edgar N. Eisenhower (1889–1971), American lawyer, brother of President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Ida Stover Eisenhower (1862–1946), mother of President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Jennie Eisenhower (born 1978), actress, daughter of David and Julie Eisenhower
John Eisenhower (1922–2013), U.S. Army officer, second son of President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Mamie Eisenhower
Julie Nixon Eisenhower (born 1948), daughter of Richard Nixon and wife of David Eisenhower
Mamie Eisenhower (1896–1979), wife of President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Mary Jean Eisenhower (born 1955), international charity worker, daughter of John Eisenhower
Milton S. Eisenhower (1899–1985), American University President, brother of President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Susan Eisenhower (born 1951), author and expert on international security, daughter of John Eisenhower

See also
USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, a warship named after President Eisenhower
W. Stine Isenhower (1927–2022), American politician
Eisenhauer
Isenhour

References

Americanized surnames
Swiss-language surnames
German-language surnames
Occupational surnames

Eisenhower (surname)


Table syrup, also known as pancake syrup and waffle syrup, is an artificial syrup used as a topping on pancakes, waffles, and french toast, often as an alternative to maple syrup. It is made by combining corn syrup with a sweetening agent (usually cane sugar or high-fructose corn syrup), water, coloring, flavoring, and preservatives.

Table syrups were introduced in the late 1800s to fill the desire of maple syrup for Americans moving into urban areas. After World War II, major brands like Aunt Jemima and Mrs. Butterworth's were introduced with little actual maple syrup.

Naming
In the United States, table syrups can be sold under a name consisting of any word followed by the word syrup with the exception of maple, cane, and sorghum. Commonly used names are table syrup, pancake syrup, waffle syrup, and pancake and waffle syrup.

History
In the late 1800s as Americans moved into urban areas, they brought with them demand for the taste of the maple tree that they were accustomed to. To capitalize on this, table syrups were made to emulate the taste and look of maple syrup. This was achieved by adding decoctions of maple wood, hickory, or corn cobs, and by giving them a brown color mimicking that of maple syrup by boiling brown sugar. By the beginning of the 1900s, the amount of Vermont maple syrup being sold was ten times the actual production.

Frustration with these misleading products helped bring about the Pure Food and Drug Act, which set out to ban mislabelled foods. Following this, products like Mapleine and Log Cabin branded themselves as maple syrup alternatives that used science and research to produce a superior flavor.

After World War II, products backed by large corporations like Quaker Oats' Aunt Jemima and Unilever's Mrs. Butterworth's were introduced. These products only contained trace amounts of actual maple syrup.

Production
Table syrups are primary made from other syrups combined with water, coloring, flavoring, and preservatives. They syrups most often used to create table syrup are corn syrup and high-fructose corn syrup. Despite serving as an alternative to maple syrup, modern table syrups often do not have any maple syrup content or other natural flavors.

Major brands of table syrup include Pearl Milling Company, formerly Aunt Jemima; Mrs. Butterworth's; and Log Cabin.

Usage
Table syrups are often used as a cheaper alternative to maple syrup, with, as of 2015, prices of table syrup, , being 5-8 times lower than those of maple syrup, .

In a 2015 survey by The Washington Post it was found that 70% of Americans prefer using artificial syrups on their pancakes compared to real maple syrup largely in part due to its cheaper price. Maple syrup production is also limited to the Northeastern United States, giving Americans outside of that region less exposure to maple syrup. Compared to the complex maple flavor of maple syrup, table syrups are said to be singularly sweet with little complexity and noticeable artificial flavors.

References

American cuisine
Syrup

Table syrup


The nLab is a wiki for research-level notes, expositions and collaborative work, including original research, in mathematics, physics, and philosophy, with a focus on methods from type theory, category theory, and homotopy theory. The nLab espouses the "n-point of view" (a deliberate pun on Wikipedia's "neutral point of view") that type theory, homotopy theory, category theory, and higher category theory provide a useful unifying viewpoint for mathematics, physics and philosophy. The n in n-point of view could refer to either n-categories as found in higher category theory, n-groupoids as found in both homotopy theory and higher category theory, or n-types as found in homotopy type theory.

Overview
The nLab  was originally conceived to provide a repository for ideas (and even new research) generated in the comments on posts at the n-Category Café, a group blog run (at the time) by John C. Baez, David Corfield and Urs Schreiber. Eventually the nLab developed into an independent project, which has since grown to include whole research projects and encyclopedic material.

Associated to the nLab is the nForum, an online discussion forum for announcement and discussion of nLab edits (the analog of Wikipedia's "talk" pages) as well as for general discussion of the topics covered in the nLab.  The preferred way of contacting the nLab steering committee is to post on the nForum. An experimental sub-project of the nLab is the Publications of the nLab, intended as a journal for refereed research articles that are published online and cross-hyperlinked with the main wiki: this sub-project appears to be inactive as of 2014.

The nLab was set up on November 28, 2008 by Urs Schreiber using the Instiki software provided and maintained by Jacques Distler. Since May 2015 it runs on a server at Carnegie Mellon University that is funded in the context of Steve Awodey's Homotopy Type Theory MURI grant. The system administrator is Richard Williamson. The domain ncatlab.org is owned by Urs Schreiber.

The nLab is listed on MathOverflow as a standard online mathematics reference to check before asking questions. Many questions and answers link to the nLab for background material. It is one of two wikis mentioned by the mathematical physicist John C. Baez in his review of math blogs for the American Mathematical Society.

There is an informal steering committee, which "doesn't run the nLab", but exists in order to resolve issues that would cause the whole project to run into trouble.

The content of the wiki is not placed under a specific copyright license.

See also
MathOverflow

References

External links
 nLab
 nForum
 Publications of the nLab

Mathematics websites
Wikis

NLab


The Skunk River is a  tributary of the Mississippi River in the state of Iowa in the United States.

Geography
The Skunk River rises in two branches, the South Skunk ( long) and the North Skunk ( long).  The headwaters of the South Skunk are in Hamilton County in north central Iowa. It flows roughly due southward, to the west of Interstate 35, and passes through the city of Ames, before turning southeasterly. In Keokuk County, it is joined by the North Skunk, which has its headwaters in Marshall County. It then proceeds southeastward and flows into the Mississippi about five miles south of the city of Burlington.

Etymology
The Sauk and Meskwaki referred to the Skunk River as "Shecaqua". This name was probably mistranslated; one early settler wrote, "I was informed by Frank Labisner, United States interpreter for the Sac and Fox Indians, that the name of Skunk River was a wrong interpretation. The Indian name was Checaqua. Which, in their language is anything of a strong or obnoxious smell, such as onions. I think, that from the fact that the head waters of the stream abounded with wild onions, the interpretation should be 'Onion.'"

Habitat
Species of fish found in the Skunk River include smallmouth bass, gar, walleye, catfish, carp, bluegill, sheephead, bullhead, and largemouth bass, crappie, sunfish.

The "Skunk River Navy" was founded and led by Iowa State University biology professor 'Admiral' Jim Colbert and biology advisor 'Admiral' Jim Holtz.  The SRN operated from August 1998 to September 2017.  The SRN focused on monitoring the biological diversity of the South Skunk River, and some of its tributaries, near Ames, Iowa as well as removal of trash from these streams.  Participation in the SRN was primarily focused on students entering Iowa State in the biology major, though students in other majors, other ISU personnel, as well as other individuals participated.  During the years of operation of the SRN approximately 2,400 volunteers participated and over 80 tons of trash were removed from the South Skunk River and some of its tributaries. The SRN also found, and reported, diesel fuel and sewage leaks into the South Skunk River, and its tributary Ioway Creek, respectively.  These leaks were repaired by the City of Ames.  Beginning in 2018 local paddling groups may use the name "Skunk River Navy", but the SRN is no longer under the auspices of the ISU Biology Program.

See also
List of Iowa rivers
Skunk River Greenbelt

References

External links
Skunk River Navy Official Website

Rivers of Iowa
Tributaries of the Mississippi River
Rivers of Lee County, Iowa
Rivers of Des Moines County, Iowa
Rivers of Poweshiek County, Iowa
Rivers of Henry County, Iowa
Rivers of Jefferson County, Iowa
Rivers of Washington County, Iowa
Rivers of Keokuk County, Iowa
Rivers of Jasper County, Iowa
Rivers of Story County, Iowa

Skunk River


The Symphony No. 64 in A major (Hoboken I/64) is a symphony by Joseph Haydn dated between 1773 and 1775. The likely date of composition puts it at the tail end of the Sturm und Drang period that produced masterpieces such as symphonies 44 to 48.  It is often known by the nickname Tempora mutantur.

Nickname (Tempora mutantur)

The nickname is Haydn's own. On the orchestra parts prepared for this symphony at Esterházy, he placed the heading "Tempora mutantur, et.".  The full version of this quote is Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis, and it is a traditional Latin adage.

Haydn likely knew this in the form

which translates to

by John Owen, from his popular collection of Epigrammata published in 1615.

Movements
The symphony is scored for two oboes, two horns and strings.  There are four movements:

Allegro con spirito
Largo,
Menuetto and Trio: Allegretto,
Finale: Presto,

The opening of the first movement begins with two lyrical measures played pianissimo followed by a tutti outburst of four chords which is the reverse-order of the declamatory question/lyrical answer openings that Haydn had used in recent symphonies such as numbers 44, 46 and 65. A wealth of transitional material follows before the second theme arrives in the dominant, colorfully scored for violins and violas played in octaves. High horn parts add brilliant color throughout the movement.

The Largo as so often in this period has muted strings. Its broad melody is punctuated by frequent short pauses, demonstrating an understated pleading and yearning quality which is so typical of Haydn. We are tricked into thinking the movement is for strings alone until the wind instruments interject powerfully half way through. The end of the movement is particularly effective with the first horn right at the bottom of its register and the second horn taking the melody from the violins. The mood changes to light and cheerful for the minuet and trio, while the final Presto is in the form of a Rondo.

Elaine Sisman has discussed Haydn's application of the principle of tempora mutantur, or "time out of joint", in the slow movement of the symphony.

See also
List of symphonies by name

References

Symphony 064
Compositions in A major

Symphony No. 64 (Haydn)


Italian irredentism in Istria was the political movement dedicated to the unification of Istria to Italy.

Characteristics

When Napoleon defeated Venice in 1797 he found that Istria was populated by Italians on the coast and in the main cities, but the interior was populated mainly by Croats and Slovenians.

This dual ethnicity in the same peninsula created a situation of antagonism (hostility) between Slavs and Italians for the supremacy of Istria, which started the first nationalisms after Napoleon's fall.

Since 1815 Istria was a part of the Austrian monarchy, and Croats/Slovenians and Italians engaged in a nationalistic fight with each other.

As a consequence Istria has been the theater of an ethnic struggle between them, with bloody nationalistic wars, during the XIX and XX centuries. The Italian irredentism was actively followed by many Italians in Istria (called Istrian Italians), like the Italian hero Nazario Sauro of Capodistria (actual Koper).

Indeed, between 1918 and 1947 Istria was part of the Kingdom of Italy, but after WWII was part of Yugoslavia. Now the Istrian Italians are reduced to a small minority, who has survived the Istrian exodus and the Foibe massacres during and after WWII.

Furthermore, after the war was created the Free Territory of Trieste in north-western Istria: in the years following the division of the territory between Italy and Yugoslavia, up to 40,000 Istrian Italians chose to leave the Yugoslav "B zone" and move to the "A zone" or Italy for various reasons - some were intimidated into leaving and some simply preferred not to live in Tito's Yugoslavia.

Since the end of WWII the irredentism has totally disappeared in Istria, even because of the Istrian exodus.

Actually Istria is populated mainly by Slavs, but nearly 50,000 Italians still live there (divided between the areas of Istria belonging to Croatia, Slovenia and Italy).

Capodistria and Muggia

Capodistria (actual Koper) and Muggia were the centers of the irredentism in Istria.  In these cities there was the main Comitato istriano (Istrian Committee for Union to Italy), the meeting place of the most famous istrian irredentists like Carlo Combi e Antonio Madonizza. From there sailed, in 1848, many Istrian Italians to fight for Venice against the Austrians with the Legione Istriano-dalmata.

After 1866 - when Venice and the Veneto region were united to Italy - in all Istria there was full support for the irredentism. The Italian hero Nazario Sauro was born in Capodistria.

Actually only Muggia remains Italian, as part of the Province of Trieste.

Notes

Bibliography
 Večerina, Duško. Talijanski Iredentizam ( Italian Irredentism ) , Zagreb, 2001
 Vignoli, Giulio. I territori italofoni non appartenenti alla Repubblica Italiana. Giuffrè Editoriale. Milano, 1995.
 Vivante, Angelo. Irredentismo adriatico. Venezia, 1984

Related pages
Istrian Italians
Italian irredentism
Italian irredentism in Dalmatia

History of Italy

Italian irredentism in Istria


Jefferson Boulevard is a street in Los Angeles and Culver City, California.  Its eastern terminus is at Central Avenue east of Exposition Park. At its entrance to Culver City, it splits with National Boulevard. North of Sawtelle Boulevard, it merges with Sepulveda Boulevard. Jefferson returns before Slauson Avenue and ends at Culver Boulevard; its western terminus is near Playa Del Rey.

Education and transportation
University of Southern California (USC) is located on Jefferson Boulevard from Figueroa Street to Vermont Avenue. Its sports center complex, the Galen Center, is located at the southeast corner of Jefferson and Figueroa.

Bus service is operated through Jefferson Boulevard between Playa Vista and West L.A. Transit Center by Culver City Transit line 4, between West LA Transit Center and USC by Metro Local line 38, and east of USC by Metro Local line 102.  The Metro E Line serves two light rail stations at Jefferson: one at Flower Street near USC and the other on La Cienega Boulevard.

Little New Orleans
Los Angeles saw an influx of Louisiana Creole people to the area in the mid-1900s, to the point that by the 1950s a portion of Jefferson Boulevard and Jefferson Park (a  neighborhood that ran partially along Jefferson Boulevard) was unofficially dubbed "Little New Orleans". The population was predominantly Creole and held many Creole-owned businesses such as the Big Loaf Bakery, which was considered to be the "only place in Los Angeles that made New Orleans style Baguettes".

Notable landmarks
 Galen Center
 Shrine Auditorium

References

Streets in Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Boulevards in the United States
Culver City, California
Playa Vista, Los Angeles
South Los Angeles
Westside (Los Angeles County)

Jefferson Boulevard


Language on Vacation: An Olio of Orthographical Oddities is a 1965 book written by Dmitri Borgmann.

Content
Borgmann introduces his book by stating that he hopes it will "elevate recreational linguistics to the same high level of esteem now enjoyed by recreational mathematics" and will cultivate in the reader an awareness of the beauty of words.  Chapter by chapter, the book goes on to describe and provide examples of long-established forms of letter-play, such as palindromes and reversals, antigrams, anagrams, pangrams, transpositions, and word squares.  Also included are chapters on word-level phenomena, such as sentence palindromes, and wordplay involving arithmetic and geometric progressions. Piphilology and various methods of encoding the digits of pi into word mnemonics are also discussed.

Reception and legacy
On publication the book attracted favourable reviews, with Time calling it "one of the year's most peculiar and fascinating books", Kirkus Reviews summarizing it as "intellectual busy work which is fine entertainment", and Scientific American's James R. Newman's lauding it as "the best, most comprehensive book ever written on… recreational linguistics".  Later writers have come to regard the book as "groundbreaking", noting that it was the first book devoted solely to the description and study of wordplay, rather than simply providing a list of puzzles.

The book is notable for having introduced and popularized the use of the word logology to mean recreational linguistics, or the study and practice of wordplay.  Borgmann has since been referred to as the "Father of Logology" and his book is credited with ushering in a "golden age of wordplay".  The book's publicity led to Borgmann being contracted by industrial design firm Loewy & Snaith to invent brand names for its client Standard Oil, and to Greenwood Periodicals selecting him to establish and edit their logology journal, Word Ways.

Production history
Language on Vacation was published in 1965 by Charles Scribner's Sons; recreational mathematician Joseph Madachy served as the author's literary agent.  The book went through at least two printings, but as of 2005 it was out of print. The manuscript Borgmann originally submitted contained two additional chapters, on word play involving phonetics and semantics, which were rejected by the publisher. Some of this material was recycled for Borgmann's second book, Beyond Language: Adventures in Word and Thought, and other topics were worked into Word Ways articles.

References

American non-fiction books
1965 non-fiction books
Palindromes
Word play
Charles Scribner's Sons books

Language on Vacation


Tsathoggua (the Sleeper of N'kai, also known as Zhothaqquah) is a supernatural entity in the Cthulhu Mythos shared fictional universe. He is the creation of American writer Clark Ashton Smith and is part of his Hyperborean cycle.

Tsathoggua/Zhothaqquah is described as an Old One, a god-like being from the pantheon. He was introduced in Smith's short story "The Tale of Satampra Zeiros", written in 1929 and published in the November 1931 issue of Weird Tales. His first appearance in print, however, was in Robert E. Howard's story "The Children of the Night", written in 1930 and published in the April-May 1931 issue of Weird Tales. His next appearance in print was in H. P. Lovecraft's story "The Whisperer in Darkness", written in 1930 and published in the August 1931 issue of Weird Tales.

Description
The first description of Tsathoggua occurs in "The Tale of Satampra Zeiros", in which the protagonists encounter one of the entity's idols:

Later, in Smith's "The Seven Geases" (1933), Tsathoggua is described again:

Robert M. Price notes that "Lovecraft's Tsathoggua and Smith's differ at practically every point". Lovecraft, dropping Smith's bat and sloth comparisons, refers to the entity in "The Whisperer in Darkness" as the "amorphous, toad-like god-creature mentioned in the Pnakotic Manuscripts and the Necronomicon and the Commoriom myth-cycle preserved by the Atlantean high-priest Klarkash-Ton" (the priest's name was Lovecraft's nickname for Tsathoggua's creator, Clark Ashton Smith).

Later, in "The Horror in the Museum", a story ghost-written by Lovecraft, he writes,

He also mentions it in At the Mountains of Madness, in a paragraph mentioning several other gods.

Servitors

Formless spawn
The basin ... was filled with a sort of viscous and semi-liquescent substance, quite opaque and of a sooty color....  [T]he center swelled as if with the action of some powerful yeast [and] an uncouth amorphous head with dull and bulging eyes arose gradually on an ever-lengthening neck ... Then two arms—if one could call them arms—likewise arose inch by inch, and we saw that the thing was not ... a creature immersed in the liquid, but that the liquid itself had put forth this hideous neck and head, and [it was now forming arms] that groped toward us with tentacle-like appendages in lieu of claws or hands! ... Then the whole mass of the dark fluid began to rise [and] poured over the rim of the basin like a torrent of black quicksilver, taking as it reached the floor an undulant ophidian form which immediately developed more than a dozen short legs.
—Clark Ashton Smith, "The Tale of Satampra Zeiros"

Tsathoggua's will is carried out by the formless spawn, polymorphic entities made of black ichor. They are extremely resilient and very difficult to dispatch. Formless spawn can take any shape and can attack their targets in nearly every conceivable way. They are surprisingly flexible and plastic, and can quickly flow into a room through the tiniest of cracks. They attack by trampling their targets, biting them, or crushing them with their grasp.  The Call of Cthulhu roleplaying game's entry on Formless Spawn also claims that they are powerfully acidic in substance and can dissolve human flesh with even a slight touch.

Formless spawn often rest in basins in Tsathoggua's temples and keep the sanctuary from being defiled by nonbelievers.

In "The Mound" the people of the subterranean world of K'N-Yan had once worshipped Tsathoggua until a scientific expedition exploring N'Kai encountered the Formless Spawn. Those who escaped had all the images of Tsathoggua destroyed, and his temple re-dedicated to Shub-Niggurath.

In his story At the Mountains of Madness, H. P. Lovecraft states that "[a] few daring mystics have hinted at a pre-Pleistocene origin for the fragmentary Pnakotic Manuscripts, and have suggested that the devotees of Tsathoggua were as alien to mankind as Tsathoggua itself"

The formless spawn appear as adversaries in the video game Quake.

Voormis
A race of cave-dwelling humanoids who worship Tsathoggua. They are the primary focus of a "posthumous collaboration" short story by Lin Carter after Clark Ashton Smith's death, The Scroll of Morloc (First published in 1976, The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 2, and again in 1980 in Lost Worlds). They are referred to as the Voormi (plural: Voormis) in H. P. Lovecraft's fictional manuscript The Pnakotic Fragments. The Voormis considered themselves the chosen minions of Tsathoggua and his direct descendants.

The Voormis are described as three-toed, umber-colored, fur-covered humanoids though they are carefully differentiated from their traditional enemies (the shaggier-haired but superficially similar Gnophkehs who worshiped the Great Old One Rhan-Tegoth). Both of them are further differentiated from true humans. The Voormis communicate by dog-like howls.

They reside in a continent in Hyperborea which will be known in the future as Mhu Thulan: specifically in cave systems under the four-coned extinct volcano named after them—Mount Voormithadreth, the tallest peak in the Eiglophian mountains. Their ancestors (as described by Carter's narrative) were originally thralls of the Serpent-people who escaped after the continent of the latter sank to the sea. They are shamanistic and apparently began dwelling underground in an effort to imitate their deity, Tsathoggua, under the leadership of the eponymous Voorm.

The Voormis established a thriving culture in the surface Hyperborea before the coming of humans. Their civilization eventually fell into demise. With constant warfare with their archenemies, the Gnophkeh, they grew smaller and smaller in number until the remnants retreated to the highest slopes of the Eiglophian mountains. They were hunted for sport by later human settlers.

Family tree
Smith literally wed Lovecraft's creations to his own gods, which seem to be molded more like the Greek pantheon than the cosmic group of Lovecraft's fiction. He assigned familial relationships to his gods—for example, making the Saturnian being Hziulquoigmnzhah the "uncle" of Tsathoggua—and ascribed this family tree to the Parchments of Pnom, Hyperborea's leading "genealogist [and] noted prophet".

According to Smith's "Parchments of Pnom", Tsathoggua is the spawn of Ghisguth and Zystulzhemgni, as well as being the mate of Shathak and the parent of Zvilpogghua. Lovecraft, however, states that Tsathoggua is the offspring of the deity Yeb, whose twin Nug spawned Cthulhu.

Cxaxukluth

Cxaxukluth (or Ksaksa-Kluth) is an Outer God, spawn of Azathoth by spontaneous fission. His progeny are Hziulquoigmnzhah and Ghisguth. He is the grandfather of Tsathoggua.

Cxaxukluth dwells on Yuggoth. His immediate family lived with him for a while, but soon left because of his cannibalistic appetites.

Ghisguth

Ghisguth (or Ghizghuth or Ghisghuth) is the son of Cxaxukluth and the brother of Hziulquoigmnzhah. He is the mate of Zstylzhemghi and the father of Tsathoggua.

Hziulquoigmnzhah

Hziulquoigmnzhah (also Ziulquaz-Manzah) is the son of Cxaxukluth. He is also the brother to Ghisguth and the uncle of Tsathoggua.

His appearance is much like his nephew, but he has an elongated neck, very long forelimbs, and very short, multiple legs. He has had many homes including Xoth (possibly Sirius B), Yaksh (Neptune), and Cykranosh (Saturn), where he resides to this day.

In Kevin L. O'Brien's "October Surprise" (2006) Hziulquoigmnzhah's mate is Zstylzhemghi's sister Klosmiebhyx who bore him two entities likely matching with the Welsh giant Ysbaddaden and the Scottish war-goddess Scáthach, since both named after these two demigods.

Klosmiebhyx

Klosmiebhyx is mentioned in Kevin L. O'Brien's "October Surprise" (2006) as sister of Zstylzhemghi. Her appearance is not described, but likely similar to her sibling.

Knygathin Zhaum

Knygathin Zhaum is the child of Sfatlicllp and a Voormi.

He repopulated Hyperborea after humans deserted the cities of Uzuldaroum and Commoriom.  Athammaus tried to execute him by beheading, but because of his preternatural heritage, such attempts proved unsuccessful and only served to aggravate him. As a descendant of Cxaxukluth, Knygathin Zhaum reproduced by fission and thus created an Azathothian strain among the Hyperborean Voormi.

Sfatlicllp

Sfatlicllp is the daughter of Zvilpogghua. She is the wife of a Voormi and their offspring is Knygathin Zhaum.

Sfatlicllp was likely born on Kythanil and may have procreated the formless spawn once on Earth. She probably dwells in N'kai with Tsathoggua.

Shathak

Shathak is the wife of Tsathoggua and the mother of Zvilpogghua.

Ycnágnnisssz

Ycnágnnisssz is the being from the dark star Xoth who spawned Zstylzhemghi by fission.

Zstylzhemghi

Zstylzhemghi (Matriarch of the Swarm) is the offspring of Ycnagnnisssz along with Klosmiebhyx, mate of Ghisguth and the mother of Tsathoggua.

Zvilpogghua

Zvilpogghua (the Feaster from the Stars) is the son of Tsathoggua and Shathak, and is the father of Sfatlicllp. Zvilpogghua was conceived on the planet Yaksh (Neptune).

Zvilpogghua is known to the American Indians as Ossadagowah. He usually takes the form of an armless, winged, bipedal toad with a long, rubbery neck and a face completely covered in tentacles. He currently dwells on Yrautrom, a planet that orbits the star Algol.

Other appearances

In 1971, Tsathoggua's idol, which came to life and attacked Conan the Barbarian, made a cameo in Conan the Buccaneer, book 6 of the Conan series, this novel written by L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter based on the Conan character created by Robert E. Howard.

In 1975, Tsathoggua made a cameo in The Golden Apple, book two of The Illuminatus! Trilogy, by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson, where he was also referred to as Saint Toad.

In 2008, the short story "Tsathoggua" by Michael Shea was first published in The Autopsy and Other Tales.

In 2013, Tsathoggua played a pivotal role in Gray Magic: An Episode of Eibon, a novel by Gary Myers based on the Eibon character and Hyperborean cycle created by Clark Ashton Smith.

The mind parasites are called the Tsathogguans in Colin Wilson's Cthulhu Mythos–based novel The Mind Parasites (1967).

Tsathoggua is also a summonable unit in the 2016 Japanese mobile game Tokyo Afterschool Summoners, where he's depicted as a proud shut-in NEET dwelling in the VIP room of an underground casino in Roppongi, Tokyo.

The Tsathoggua Cycle

In 2005, Chaosium published a Cthulhu Mythos anthology edited by Robert M. Price called The Tsathoggua Cycle, which comprised the original Clark Ashton Smith stories featuring Tsathoggua, along with tales by other authors in which the entity has a starring role. The short story collection includes:

 "From the Parchment of Pnom" by Clark Ashton Smith
 "The Seven Geases" by Clark Ashton Smith
 "The Testament of Athammaus" by Clark Ashton Smith
 "The Tale of Satampra Zeiros" by Clark Ashton Smith
 "The Theft of the Thirty-Nine Girdles" by Clark Ashton Smith
 "Shadow of the Sleeping God" by James Ambuehl
 "The Curse of the Toad" by Loay Hall and Terry Dale
 "Dark Swamp" by James Anderson
 "The Old One" by John Glasby
 "The Oracle of Sadoqua" by Ron Hilger
 "Horror Show" by Gary Myers
 "The Tale of Toad Loop" by Stanley C. Sargent
 "The Crawling Kingdom" by Rod Heather
 "The Resurrection of Kzadool-Ra" by Henry J. Vester III

References

Notes

Books

  Definitive version.

Web sites

  (Online version of the "Introduction" to The Book of Hyperborea .)

External links
 "The Seven Geases" by Clark Ashton Smith
 "The Tale of Satampra Zeiros" by Clark Ashton Smith

Clark Ashton Smith
Cthulhu Mythos deities
Fictional monsters
Literary characters introduced in 1931

Tsathoggua


An ensemble cast is a group of characters in a work of entertainment (such as a book, movie, television series or theatre) where there is no main character.

In an ensemble cast, all characters are given the same amount of time and storylines. Many films with ensemble casts also use famous actors to play the characters.

Examples of media with ensemble casts are: The Avengers, Murder on the Orient Express, Star Wars, Cats and Friends.
Drama

Ensemble cast


The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE), is a Mumbai-based stock exchange. It is the biggest stock exchange in India and the third biggest in the world in terms of amounts of transactions. NSE is mutually-owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India but its ownership and management operate as separate groups. As of 2006, the NSE VSAT terminals, 2799 in total, cover more than 1500 cities across India. In July 2007, the NSE had a total market capitalization of 42,74,509 crore INR making it the second-largest stock market in South Asia in terms of market-capitalization.

Origins

The National Stock Exchange of India was promoted by leading Financial institutions at the behest of the Government of India, and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company. In April 1993, it was recognized as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. National Stock Exchange of India commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June 1994. The Capital Market (Equities) segment of the NSE commenced operations in November 1994, while operations in the Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000.

Innovations
The NSE has remained in the lead of modernization of India's capital and financial markets, and its pioneering efforts include:

Being the first national, anonymous, electronic limit order book (LOB) exchange to trade securities in India. Since the success of the NSE, existent market and new market structures have followed the "NSE" model.
Setting up the first clearing corporation "National Securities Clearing Corporation Ltd." in India. National Securities Clearing Corporation Ltd. was a landmark in providing novation on all spot equity market (and later, derivatives market) trades in India.
Co-promoting and setting up of National Securities Depository Limited, first depository in India.
Setting up S&P CNX Nifty.
NSE pioneered commencement of Internet Trading in February 2000, which  led to the wide popularization of the NSE in the broker community.
Being the first exchange that, in 1996, proposed exchange traded derivatives, particularly on an equity index, in India. After four years of policy and regulatory debate and formulation, the NSE was permitted to start trading equity derivatives three days after the BSE.
Being the first exchange to trade ETFs (exchange traded funds) in India.
NSE has also launched the NSE-CNBC-TV18 media centre in association with CNBC-TV18, a leading business news channel in India.

Certifications
NSE also conducts online examination and awards certifications, under its programmes of NSE's Certification in Financial Markets (NCFM). Currently, certifications are available in 9 modules, covering different sectors of financial and capital markets. The branches of the NSE are located throughout India.

References

Other websites
Technical Analysis site
 Official site
 What is NSE or National Stock Exchange?

Stock exchanges in Asia
Economy of India
1992 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in India

National Stock Exchange of India


Adar (Hebrew: , ; from Akkadian adaru) is the sixth month of the civil year and the twelfth month of the religious year on the Hebrew calendar, roughly corresponding to the month of March in the Gregorian calendar. It is a month of 29 days.

Names and leap years
The month's name, like all the others from the Hebrew calendar, was adopted during the Babylonian captivity. In the Babylonian calendar the name was Araḫ Addaru or Adār ('Month of Adar').

In leap years, it is preceded by a 30-day intercalary month named Adar Aleph (, Aleph being the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet), also known as "Adar Rishon" (First Adar) or "Adar I", and it is then itself called Adar Bet (, Bet being the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet, also known as "Adar Sheni" (Second Adar or "Adar II"). Occasionally instead of Adar I and Adar II, "Adar" and "Ve'Adar" are used (Ve means 'and' thus: And-Adar). Adar I and II occur during February–March on the Gregorian calendar.

Sources disagree as to which of the two Adar months is the "real" Adar, and which is the added leap month.

Customs
During the Second Temple period, there was a Jewish custom to make a public proclamation on the first day of the lunar month Adar, reminding the people that they are to prepare their annual monetary offering to the Temple treasury, known as the half-Shekel.

Based on a line in the Mishnah declaring that Purim must be celebrated in Adar II in a leap year (Megillah 1:4), Adar I is considered the "extra" month.  As a result, someone born in Adar during a non leap year would celebrate their birthday in Adar II during a leap year. However, someone born during either Adar in a leap year will celebrate their birthday during Adar in a non-leap year, except that someone born on 30 Adar I will celebrate their birthday on 1 Nisan in a non-leap year because Adar in a non-leap year has only 29 days.

Holidays
 7 Adar (II in leap years) – 7th of Adar – some fast on this day in memory of the death of Moses
 13 Adar (II in leap years) – Fast of Esther – on 11 Adar when the 13th falls on Shabbat – (Fast Day)
 14 Adar (II in leap years) – Purim
 14 Adar I (does not exist in non-leap years; Karaites celebrate in Adar II) – Purim Katan
 15 Adar (II in leap years) – Shushan Purim – celebration of Purim in walled cities existing during the time of Joshua
 17 Adar (II in leap years) – Yom Adar celebration feast

In Jewish history

 1 Adar (circa 1313 BCE) – Plague of Darkness, the ninth plague upon the Egyptians (Exodus 10:23).  This started on the 1st of Adar, six weeks before the Exodus.
 1 Adar [II] (1167/4 CE) – Death of the Ibn Ezra
 1 Adar (circa 1663) – Death of the Shach
 2 Adar (598 BCE) – Jerusalem falls to Nebuchadnezzar and Jeconiah is captured.
 2 Adar (1941 CE) - Death of Rabbi Yaakov Yehezkiya Greenwald of Pupa
 3 Adar (515 BCE) – Second Temple completed
 4 Adar (1307) – Maharam's body ransomed 14 years after his death by Alexander ben Shlomo (Susskind) Wimpfen.
 4 Adar (1796) – Death of Rabbi Leib Sarah's, a disciple of the Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. One of the "hidden tzaddikim," Rabbi Leib spent his life wandering from place to place to raise money for the ransoming of imprisoned Jews and the support of other hidden tzaddikim.
 4 Adar [II] (1992 CE) Death of Menachem Begin
 5 Adar (1st century CE) – Lulianos and Paphos voluntarily gave themselves up to be killed, in order to save innocent Jewish lives in Laodicea.
 7 Adar (1393 BCE) – Birth of Moses
 7 Adar (1273 BCE) – Death of Moses
 7 Adar (1828) – Death of Rebbe Isaac Taub of Kalov, founder of the Kalover Hasidic dynasty, and a student of Rabbi Leib Sarah's.
 9 Adar (1st century BCE) – Academic dissension between Beit Hillel and Beit Shammai, erupted into a violent and destructive conflict over a vote on 18 legal matters leading to the death of 3,000 students. The day was later declared a fast day by the Shulchan Aruch, however, it was never observed as such.
 11 Adar (18th century) – Death of Reb Eliezer Lipman (Elezer Lippe), father of the prominent Chassidic Rebbes Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk and Rabbi Zusha of Hanipol.
 13 Adar (474 BCE) – War between Jews and their enemies in Persia (Book of Esther, chapter 9).
 13 Adar (161 BCE) – Yom Nicanor – The Maccabees defeated Greek Syrian general Nicanor at the Battle of Adasa during the Maccabean Revolt.
 13 Adar (1895–1986) – Death of Rabbi Moshe Feinstein
 14 Adar (474 BCE) – Purim victory celebrated in the Persian Empire
 15 Adar (474 BCE) – Purim Victory Celebrated in Shushan
 15 Adar (1st century CE) – Jerusalem Gate Day – King Agrippa I (circa 21 CE) began construction of a gate for the wall of Jerusalem; the day used to be celebrated as a holiday.
 17 Adar (522 BCE) – Yom Adar – the day the Jewish people left Persia following the Purim story
 18 Adar [1953] - Death of Josef Stalin; brings to a stop the Doctors' Plot
 20 Adar (1st century BCE) – Choni the Circle Maker prays for rain (Talmud, Taanit 23a)
 20 Adar (1616 CE) – 'Purim Vinz': downfall of Vincenz Fettmilch and triumphant return of the Jews of Frankfurt under Imperial protection. The day was established as a community Purim for generations and to this day the Washington Heights community does not recite Tachanun on this day.
 20 Adar (1640) – Death of the "Bach"
 21 Adar (Adar II, 1786) – Death of Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk
 23 Adar (circa 1312 BCE) – Mishkan assembled for the first time; "Seven Days of Training" begin.
 23 Adar (1866) – Death of Yitzchak Meir Alter, first Rebbe of Ger
 24 Adar (1817) – The Blood Libel, the accusation that Jews murdered Christian children for their blood, declared false by Czar Alexander I. Nevertheless, nearly a hundred years later the accusation was officially leveled against Mendel Beilis in Kyiv.
 25 Adar (561 BCE) – Death of Nebuchadnezzar (Jeremiah 52:31).
 25 Adar (1761) – Death of Rabbi Abraham Gershon of Kitov the brother-in-law and leading foe-turned-disciple of the Baal Shem Tov.
 27 Adar (561 BCE) – Death of Zedekiah in Babylonian captivity. Meroduch, Nebuchadnezzar's son and successor, freed him (and his nephew Jeconiah) on the 27th of Adar, but Zedekiah died that same day.
 28 Adar (from the 2nd century onwards) – Talmudic holiday to commemorate the rescinding of a Roman decree against Torah study, ritual circumcision, and keeping the Shabbat. The decree was revoked through the efforts of Rabbi Yehudah ben Shamu'a and his colleagues. (Megillat Taanit, a baraita on this matter can still be found in Ta'anit 18a and Rosh Hashanah 19a)
 28 Adar (1524) – the Jews of Cairo were saved from the plot of Ahmad Pasha, who sought revenge against the Jewish minister Abraham de Castro who had informed Selim II of Ahmad's plan to cede from the Ottoman Empire. To this day, Adar 28th is considered the Purim of Cairo, with festivities including a special Megilah reading.

See also
 Adar Gandelsman – Miss Universe Israel 2017
 Adar or Ada is Sindarin for "father".
 Azar or Adhar () is the name for the month of March in the Levant.
 Arabic names of calendar months
 Jewish astrology

References

External links
 This Month in Jewish History
 Resources on the Month of Adar
 The month of Adar and the holiday of Purim, minhagim (customs) and halachot (laws) by Rabbi Eliezer Melamed

Months of the Hebrew calendar

Adar