William James Burrud (January 12, 1925 – July 12, 1990) was a child actor and a television host and producer best known for his travel programs.

Biography
Born in Hollywood, California, Burrud was a son of Leland Burrud, who had produced one of the earliest known travel films in 1913. Burrud made his first film appearance at the age of 7 in Music in the Air. He also appeared in Captains Courageous with Spencer Tracy and in several films starring John Wayne. Burrud served in the U.S. Navy during World War II, then graduated from Harvard University.

In 1950 Burrud turned his attention to television. He coined the word "traventure" to describe the programs he intended to produce. The following year station KTTV in Los Angeles purchased his series The Open Road. In 1954 he founded Bill Burrud Productions, which would produce programs that included True Adventure, Vagabond, Wanderlust, Animal World, Islands in the Sun, Wonderful World of Women, Safari to Adventure, Treasure, and Natural Wonders. His company also produced numerous television specials.

Death
Burrud died from a heart attack in Sunset Beach, California in 1990 at the age of 65. He was buried at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California. His son John Burrud now heads the company.

Legacy
For his many contributions to television entertainment, Burrud received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1977. Burrud's star is next to Elvis Presley's.

Filmography
(Music in the Air) (1934) (Boy, uncredited)
(His Night Out) (1935) (Jimmie, as Billy Burrud)
(Three Kids and a Queen) (1935) (Doc, as Billy Burrud)
(Pride of the Marines (1936 film)) (Ulysses Simpson Smith, as Billy Burrud)
(Devil's Squadron) (1936) (Butch, as Billy Burrud)
(The Cowboy and the Kid) (1936) (Jimmy Thomas, as Billy Burrud)
(Postal Inspector) (1936) (Billy, as Billy Burrud)
(Two in a Crowd) (1936) (Chet, as Billy Burrud)
(The Magnificent Brute) (1936) (Pete Finney, as Billy Burrud)
(Girl Overboard (1937 film)) (Bobby Stacey, as Billy Burrud)
(Fair Warning (1937 film)) (Malcom Berkhardt, as Billy Burrud)
(Captains Courageous (1937 film)) (Charles, as Billy Burrud)
(The Man in Blue (1937 film)) (Young Frankie, as Billy Burrud)
(It Happened in Hollywood) (1937) (Billy the Kid, as Billy Burrud)
(Idol of the Crowds) (1937) (Bobby, as Billy Burrud)
(The Night Hawk (1938 film)) (Bobby McCormick, as Billy Burrud)
(Hitler's Children (1943 film)) (Prof. Nichol's Student, uncredited)
(Treasure (1958 TV series)) (Host)
(Flight to Adventure) (1960) (Host)
(Thrill Hunters) (1967) (Host)
(The Challenging Sea) (1969) (Host)
(Safari to Adventure) (1969-1975) (Host)
(The World of Reptiles) (1971) (Host/Narrator)

References

Further reading
 Dye, David. Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1988, p. 30.
 Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 133.

External links

1925 births
1990 deaths
American male child actors
Harvard Business School alumni
People from Hollywood, Los Angeles
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Burials at Riverside National Cemetery
20th-century American male actors

Bill Burrud


Louis VII (1120 – 18 September 1180), called the Younger, or the Young (), was King of the Franks from 1137 to 1180. He was the son and successor of King Louis VI (hence the epithet "the Young") and married Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine, one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe. The marriage temporarily extended the Capetian lands to the Pyrenees.

During his march, as part of the Second Crusade in 1147, Louis stayed at the court of King Géza II of Hungary on the way to Jerusalem. During his stay in the Holy Land disagreements with his wife led to a deterioration in their marriage. She persuaded him to stay in Antioch but Louis instead wanted to fulfil his vows of pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He was later involved in the failed siege of Damascus and eventually returned to France in 1149.

Louis' reign saw the founding of the University of Paris. He and his counsellor Abbot Suger, pushed for greater centralisation of the state and favoured the development of French Gothic architecture, notably the construction of Notre-Dame de Paris.

Louis' marriage was annulled in 1152 after no male heir was produced. Immediately after their annulment, Eleanor married Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou, to whom she conveyed Aquitaine, which following Henry's ascension to the throne created an Angevin Empire. Later, Louis supported Henry's rebellious sons to foment further disunity in the Angevin realms. Louis went on to marry his second cousin, Constance of Castile, but still failed to produce a male heir. Constance died in childbirth with their second daughter. His third marriage to Adela of Champagne, five weeks after Constance's death, was finally able to give him a son, Philip. Louis died in 1180 and was succeeded by his son Philip II.

Early life and education
Louis was born in 1120, the second son of Louis VI of France and Adelaide of Maurienne. The early education of the young Louis anticipated an ecclesiastical career. As a result, he became well learned and exceptionally devout, but his life course changed decisively after the accidental death of his older brother Philip in 1131, when Louis unexpectedly became the heir to the throne of France. In October 1131, his father had him anointed and crowned by Pope Innocent II in Reims Cathedral. He spent much of his youth in Saint-Denis, where he built a friendship with the abbot Suger, an advisor to his father who also served Louis during his early years as king.

Early reign

Following the death of Duke William X of Aquitaine, Louis VI moved quickly to have his son married to Eleanor of Aquitaine (who had inherited William's territory) on 25 July 1137. In this way, Louis VI sought to add the large, sprawling territory of the duchy of Aquitaine to his family's holdings in France. On 1 August 1137, shortly after the marriage, Louis VI died, and Louis VII became king. The pairing of the monkish Louis and the high-spirited Eleanor was doomed to failure; she reportedly once declared that she had thought to marry a king, only to find she had married a monk. There was a marked difference between the frosty, reserved culture of the northern court in the Île-de-France, where Louis had been raised, and the rich, free-wheeling court life of the Aquitaine with which Eleanor was familiar. Louis and Eleanor had two daughters, Marie and Alix.

In the first part of his reign, Louis VII was vigorous and zealous in the exercise of his prerogatives. His accession was marked by no disturbances other than uprisings by the burgesses of Orléans and Poitiers, who wished to organise communes. He soon came into violent conflict with Pope Innocent II, however, when the archbishopric of Bourges became vacant. The king supported the chancellor Cadurc as a candidate to fill the vacancy against the pope's nominee Pierre de la Chatre, swearing upon relics that so long as he lived, Pierre should never enter Bourges. The pope thus imposed an interdict upon the king.

Louis VII then became involved in a war with Theobald II of Champagne by permitting Raoul I of Vermandois, the seneschal of France, to repudiate his wife, Theobald II's sister, and to marry Petronilla of Aquitaine, sister of the queen of France. As a result, Champagne decided to side with the pope in the dispute over Bourges. The war lasted two years (1142–44) and ended with the occupation of Champagne by the royal army. Louis VII was personally involved in the assault and burning of the town of Vitry-en-Perthois. At least 1,500 people who had sought refuge in the church died in the flames. Condemned by the ecclesiastical authorities, Louis removed his armies from Champagne and returned them to Theobald. He accepted Pierre de la Chatre as archbishop of Bourges and shunned Raoul and Petronilla. Desiring to atone for his sins, he declared his intention of mounting a crusade on Christmas Day 1145 at Bourges. Bernard of Clairvaux assured its popularity by his preaching at Vezelay on Easter 1146.

In the meantime, Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, completed his conquest of Normandy in 1144. In exchange for being recognised as Duke of Normandy by Louis, Geoffrey surrendered half of the county of Vexin—a region vital to Norman security—to Louis. Considered a clever move by Louis at the time, it would later prove yet another step towards Angevin rule.

In June 1147, in fulfillment of his vow to mount the Second Crusade, Louis VII and his queen set out from the Basilica of Saint-Denis, first stopping in Metz on the overland route to Syria. Soon they arrived in the Kingdom of Hungary, where they were welcomed by the king Géza II of Hungary, who was already waiting with King Conrad III of Germany. Due to his good relationships with Louis VII, Géza II asked the French king to be his son Stephen's baptism godfather. Relations between the kingdoms of France and Hungary remained cordial long after this time: decades later, Louis's daughter Margaret was taken as wife by Géza's son Béla III of Hungary. After receiving provisions from Géza, the armies continued the march to the East. Just beyond Laodicea at Honaz, the French army was ambushed by Turks. In the resulting battle of Mount Cadmus, the Turks first bombarded the French with arrows and heavy stones, then swarmed down from the mountains and massacred them. The historian Odo of Deuil gives this account:
During the fighting the King Louis lost his small and famous royal guard, but he remained in good heart and nimbly and courageously scaled the side of the mountain by gripping the tree roots [...] The enemy climbed after him, hoping to capture him, and the enemy in the distance continued to fire arrows at him. But God willed that his cuirass should protect him from the arrows, and to prevent himself from being captured he defended the crag with his bloody sword, cutting off many heads and hands.

Louis VII and his army finally reached the Holy Land in 1148. His queen Eleanor supported her uncle, Raymond of Poitiers, and prevailed upon Louis to help Antioch against Aleppo. But Louis VII's interest lay in Jerusalem, and so he slipped out of Antioch in secret. He united with King Conrad III of Germany and King Baldwin III of Jerusalem to lay siege to Damascus; this ended in disaster and the project was abandoned. Louis VII decided to leave the Holy Land, despite the protests of Eleanor, who still wanted to help her doomed uncle Raymond. Louis VII and the French army returned home in 1149.

A shift in the status quo
The expedition to the Holy Land came at a great cost to the royal treasury and military. It also precipitated a conflict with Eleanor that led to the annulment of their marriage. Perhaps the marriage to Eleanor might have continued if the royal couple had produced a male heir, but this had not occurred. The Council of Beaugency found an exit clause, declaring that Louis VII and Eleanor were too closely related for their marriage to be legal, thus the marriage was annulled on 21 March 1152. The pretext of kinship was the basis for annulment, but in fact, it owed more to the state of hostility between Louis and Eleanor, with a decreasing likelihood that their marriage would produce a male heir to the throne of France. On 18 May 1152, Eleanor married the Count of Anjou, the future King Henry II of England. She gave him the duchy of Aquitaine and bore him three daughters and five sons. Louis VII led an ineffective war against Henry for having married without the authorisation of his suzerain. The result was a humiliation for the enemies of Henry and Eleanor, who saw their troops routed, their lands ravaged, and their property stolen. Louis reacted by coming down with a fever and returned to the Île-de-France.

In 1154, Louis VII married Constance of Castile, daughter of King Alfonso VII of Castile. She also failed to supply him with a son and heir, bearing only two daughters, Margaret and Alys. By 1157, Henry II of England began to believe that Louis might never produce a male heir, and that the succession of France would consequently be left in question. Determined to secure a claim for his family, he sent his chancellor, Thomas Becket, to press for a marriage between Margaret and Henry's heir, Henry the Young King. Louis agreed to this proposal, and by the Treaty of Gisors (1158) betrothed the young pair, giving as a dowry the Norman city of Gisors and the surrounding county of Vexin.

Louis VII was devastated when Constance died in childbirth on 4 October 1160. As he was desperate for a son, he married Adela of Champagne just 5 weeks later. To counterbalance the advantage this would give the king of France, Henry II had the marriage of their children (Henry "the Young King" and Margaret) celebrated at once. Louis understood the danger of the growing Angevin power; however, through indecision and a lack of fiscal and military resources in comparison to Henry II, he failed to oppose Angevin hegemony effectively. One of his few successes was a trip to Toulouse in 1159 to aid Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, who had been attacked by Henry II: Louis entered into the city with a small escort, claiming to be visiting his sister, the countess. Henry declared that he could not attack the city while his liege lord was inside, and went home. In 1169, Louis was petitioned by the bishop of Le Puy to stop the Viscount of Polignac from attacking travelers through Auvergne. The viscount was besieged by Louis at Nonette and the county was turned into a prévôt.

Diplomacy

Louis' reign saw Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I press his claims to Arles, in southeastern France. When a papal schism broke out in 1159, Louis VII took the side of Pope Alexander III, the enemy of Frederick I, and after two comical failures of Frederick I to meet Louis VII at Saint-Jean-de-Losne (on 29 August and 22 September 1162), Louis VII definitely gave himself up to the cause of Alexander III, who lived at Sens from 1163 to 1165. In return for his loyal support, the pope bestowed upon Louis the Golden Rose.

More important for English history would be Louis's support for Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, whom he tried to reconcile with Henry II. Louis sided with Becket as much to damage Henry as out of piety—yet even he grew irritated with the stubbornness of the archbishop, asking when Becket refused Henry's conciliations, "Do you wish to be more than a Saint?"

Louis also tried to weaken Henry by supporting his rebellious sons, and encouraged Plantagenet disunity by making Henry's sons, rather than Henry himself, the feudal overlords of the Angevin territories in France. But the rivalry among Henry's sons and Louis's own indecisiveness broke up the coalition (1173–1174) between them. Finally, in 1177, the pope intervened to bring the two kings to terms at Vitry-en-Perthois.

In 1165, Louis's third wife bore him a son and heir, Philip. Louis had him crowned at Reims in 1179, in the Capetian tradition (Philip would in fact be the last king so crowned). Already stricken with paralysis, Louis himself could not be present at the ceremony. He died on 18 September 1180 in Paris and was buried the next day at Barbeau Abbey, which he had founded. His remains were moved to the Basilica of Saint-Denis in 1817.

Marriages and children
Louis' children by his three marriages:

With Eleanor of Aquitaine:
 Marie (1145 – 11 March 1198), married Henry I of Champagne
 Alix (1151–1197/1198), married Theobald V of Blois

With Constance of Castile:
 Margaret (1158 – August/September 1197), married (1) Henry the Young King; (2) King Béla III of Hungary
 Alys (4 October 1160 – c. 1220), engaged to Richard I of England; she married William IV, Count of Ponthieu

With Adela of Champagne:
 Philip II Augustus (22 August 1165 – 1223)
 Agnes (1171 – after 1204), married 1) Alexius II Comnenus (1180–1183), 2) Andronicus I Comnenus (1183–1185), then 3) Theodore Branas (1204)

Fictional portrayals
Louis is a character in Jean Anouilh's 1959 play Becket. In the 1964 film adaptation he was portrayed by John Gielgud, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He was also portrayed by Charles Kay in the 1978 BBC TV drama series The Devil's Crown. He has a role in Sharon Kay Penman's novels When Christ and His Saints Slept and Devil's Brood. The early part of Norah Lofts' biography of Eleanor of Aquitaine deals considerably with Louis VII, seen through Eleanor's eyes and giving her side in their problematic relationship. Louis is one of the main characters in Elizabeth Chadwick's novel The Summer Queen.

References

Sources

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1120 births
1180 deaths
12th-century kings of France
Christians of the Second Crusade
House of Capet
Dukes of Gascony
Dukes of Aquitaine
Counts of Poitiers
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
Annulment

Louis VII of France


Lee Min-ho (, born June 22, 1987) is a South Korean actor, singer and model. He gained widespread fame with his role as Gu Jun-pyo in Boys Over Flowers (2009), which also earned him the Best New Actor Award for Television at the 45th Baeksang Arts Awards. His other notable works are television series City Hunter (2011), The Heirs (2013), The Legend of the Blue Sea (2016), and The King: Eternal Monarch (2020), and films Gangnam Blues (2015) and Bounty Hunters (2016). In 2022, he starred in the Apple TV+ period drama Pachinko based on the novel of the same name.

The success of Lee's television career established him as a top Hallyu star; he is the most followed South Korean actor on social media. Lee became the first Korean celebrity to have a wax figure made in his image at Madame Tussauds, with figures being unveiled in Shanghai in 2013, and Hong Kong in 2014.

Early life and education
Lee Min-ho was born on June 22, 1987, in Heukseok-dong, Dongjak District, Seoul. Raised by Buddhist parents, he is the younger one of two children. During childhood, Lee initially hoped to become a professional football player.

While attending Namseong Elementary School, he was selected for the junior football class of manager and ex-professional player Cha Bum-kun. However, an injury during fifth grade put an end to his aspiration. In a 2009 interview with the Asia Business Daily, he recalled that during elementary school other pupils nicknamed him kkamdungi () in reference to his tan skin. Other nicknames were 'skeleton' from his time at Banpo Middle School and 'demon' in high school—the former stemmed from the thought that he was "too skinny" whereas the latter nickname was what his "playful" personality earned him.

By his first year at Danggok High School, Lee had already turned his interests to acting and modeling. After he posed for a few magazines, he met the future president of Starhaus Entertainment by chance. His professional acting career began after the encounter, and he would ultimately sign with the agency in 2005.

In 2006, Lee enrolled at Konkuk University's College of Art and Design; he has since obtained a bachelor's degree after majoring in Film Arts. He is currently pursuing his master's degree in Film at Kookmin University Graduate School.

Career

2002–2008: Beginnings
Lee started auditioning and landed minor roles in several television shows such as Romance (2002), Nonstop (2000–2006) and Recipe of Love (2005). His official debut (main) role was in the EBS series Secret Campus (2006). Early in his career, Lee went by the stage name Lee Min because his agency thought his birth name was too ordinary. However, as his stage name was pronounced and written in the same way as the Korean word "imin", which means "immigration", he later said it was difficult to find himself in internet search results. He eventually went back to using his original name.

In 2006, his acting career was put on hold for a year following a serious car wreck, which occurred while riding in the back of a car with fellow actor Jung Il-woo. Their two friends riding in the front seat were killed instantly. Lee was severely injured and spent several months bedridden. Upon recovery, Lee received his first leading role in the high-school drama Mackerel Run (2007), but the series was reduced to only eight episodes due to low viewership ratings. In 2008, he appeared in television dramas Get Up and I Am Sam, as well as movies Public Enemy Returns and Our School's E.T.. During the filming of the latter, he became good friends with actor Kim Su-ro. Kim later gave him praise on a variety show: "I recognize a star when I see one. When I was doing Our School's E.T., I knew that Lee Min-ho would become one of the top actors in the country".

2009–2010: Breakthrough

Lee's breakthrough came in 2009 with the lead role of Gu Jun-pyo in KBS2' Boys Over Flowers, the Korean adaptation of the popular shōjo manga of the same name. Competition for the role was intense and Lee only found out that he had been cast through newspaper articles. The series attracted high viewership ratings and buzz in South Korea during its broadcast. Lee's new-found popularity gained him many endorsement deals; Boys Over Flowers also created another Korean Wave throughout Asia and made Lee a Hallyu star.

In 2010, Lee appeared in the romantic comedy Personal Taste opposite Son Ye-jin; he played a young architect who poses as a gay man in order to become roommates with a young woman, leading to romantic complications. When asked about the reason for choosing the role during an interview, he responded: "I think I would do a better job playing heavy and more defined roles when I am older. I think Personal Taste was perfect because it is bright, cheerful but you can also laugh and cry over it as well."

2011–2013: Global fame
In 2011, he took on the role of the titular character in action drama City Hunter, which was loosely based on Tsukasa Hojo's popular manga of the same name. The series was a commercial success and contributed to Lee's growing popularity, most notably in Japan, Philippines, China, and in France. He participated in the popular Chinese variety show Happy Camp in December 2011.

In 2012, Lee starred in the medical fusion sageuk Faith alongside Kim Hee-sun. Despite garnering viewership ratings in the 10% range, the drama was a commercial failure due to its high budget.

In April 2013, Lee's wax figure was unveiled at the Madame Tussauds Shanghai. He then released his first album "My Everything" in May 2013 and went on a fan meeting tour in Asia.

Lee also announced his return to television with a new series titled The Heirs, a teen drama written by Kim Eun-sook. On why he decided to take on the role of a chaebol heir in high school four years after playing one in Boys Over Flowers, he answered: "Before I grew past my 20s, I wanted to play a more upbeat character, one that would allow me to return to that feeling of simple, uncomplicated innocence that I had when I was younger." Premiering on October 9, 2013, The Heirs enjoyed immense popularity both locally, with a peak rating of 28.6%, and internationally, having over one billion hits on the Chinese streaming service IQIYI. Lee experienced a further increase in his global popularity.

2014–2017: Continued success and return to films
In January 2014, a second wax figure of Lee was unveiled at Madame Tussauds Hong Kong. On January 30, Lee became the first Korean celebrity to perform on China's CCTV Lunar New Year Gala. He sang a song with Harlem Yu, the original singer of the theme song of Meteor Garden, the Taiwanese version of Boys Over Flowers. He was also invited to the third conference of the South Korean Presidential Committee for Cultural Enrichment as the representative for the entertainment industry, to share and contribute to the discussion of issues related to developing Korea's cultural content. Lee received the Prime Minister's Commendation at the 5th Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards for his contribution to Koren Wave.

Lee subsequently recorded and released his second EP "Song for You" in October 2014 under Universal Music. As with his previous album, he stated that the tracks were recorded for his fans and that he had no ambition to pursue a singing career. The album release coincided with the start of his RE:MINHO fan meeting tour which spanned various Asian cities.

He then took on Yoo Ha's neo-noir action saga Gangnam Blues (2015), set in the 1970s when the real estate development boom swept across the Gangnam area. The film, which co-starred Kim Rae-won, marked Lee's first leading role on the big screen.

In 2016, Lee appeared in the action comedy film Bounty Hunters, directed by Shin Terra; his co-stars were Wallace Chung, Tiffany Tang, Jeremy Tsui, Karena Ng and Louis Fan. The flick topped box office charts upon its release and went on to gross US$31 million in China. Later that year, Lee made his television comeback in the fantasy romance The Legend of the Blue Sea alongside actress Jun Ji-hyun, which was another success.

Lee began his mandatory military service on May 12, 2017.

2019–present: Comeback from military service and Hollywood Debut

In 2019, Lee was cast in the SBS-broadcast and Netflix-distributed fantasy romance The King: Eternal Monarch written by The Heirs screenwriter Kim Eun-sook. It was hailed as one of the most anticipated series of the first half of 2020, serving as Lee's comeback following his release from mandatory military service. The series set a record for SBS's highest 2020 Friday-Saturday drama premiere ratings and maintaining the No.1 spot on the weekly Wavve drama chart for eight consecutive weeks, but received mixed reviews and lower-than-expected domestic TV viewership ratings on later episodes compared to previous works by Kim Eun-sook. The King: Eternal Monarch was listed as the most popular Korean drama on Netflix in India, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore and one of the top two in the U.S. in 2020.

In 2022, Lee made his Hollywood debut in a main role as Koh Hansu, a mysterious merchant, in the television series adaptation of Min Jin Lee's novel Pachinko. The series received positive reviews and extensive critical acclaim upon release. Lee's performance, particularly in the standalone episode of the series, Chapter 7, which centered around Lee's character, received critical acclaim; outlets such as Rolling Stone, The New York Times, and Collider included the episode in their list of Best TV Episodes of 2022.

In August 2023, Hugo Boss launched a new collection, featuring Lee, Patrick Mahomes, Naomi Campbell, Matteo Berrettini, and Suki Waterhouse in its campaign.

Public image and philanthropy

Philanthropy
In 2014, Lee set up the PROMIZ website, a fund-raising platform to raise awareness and encourage donation for social and humanitarian causes. Proceeds from the sale of PROMIZ merchandise are given to selected partners which execute the charity projects. The site donated $50,000 to help create wells in Malawi through non-profit organization Charity: Water; the sum was gathered by Lee and his fans. PROMIZ has also raised funds and contributed donations to causes such as Good Neighbours, World Water Day, the "Transparent Umbrella Project"  and the "Making Warm Winter for Both Bodies and Hearts" campaign. In 2016, PROMIZ won at the Korea Good Brand Awards.

In 2015, Lee donated ₩100 million to UNICEF to aid the victims of the devastating earthquake in Nepal. In 2016, Lee was recognised by the Ministry of Health and Welfare for his contribution to society.

To mark the 10th anniversary of his debut, Lee's fans participated in several charitable events. Lee's Chinese fans planted 510 trees in Inner Mongolia, while his Mexican fans sold plastic bottle caps to recycling companies and donated the proceeds to children suffering from cancer. Taiwanese and Hong Kong made donations to World Vision and UNICEF. In previous years, his Chilean fan club donated to the humanitarian organization Patagonia Compassion and also participated in several other charitable causes.

Media influence
As of October 2020, Lee has over 3 million followers on Twitter, 23 million followers on Weibo and was the first Korean celebrity to garner 20 million followers on both Instagram and Facebook. In 2014 and 2015, Lee topped the online poll organized by a Chinese entertainment magazine and was voted as the "Asian Male God". In 2017, Lee was chosen as the "Most Favoured Korean Actor" by fans of the Korean Wave in the United States. With a combined total of 65 million followers, he is referred to as the "King of Social Media".

YouTube channel
Lee Min-ho launched the YouTube channel "leeminho film" where he serves as executive producer and creative director.

Personal life
Lee has an elder sister, Yun-jeong, who is the co-founder and CEO of his current agency MYM Entertainment.

Car wreck
In 2006, Lee's acting career was put on hold for a year following a serious car wreck, which occurred while riding with fellow actor Jung Il-woo and two other friends. The group of friends were driving to Gangwon Province when a car crossing from the opposite lane after fleeing from a previous accident hit them head-on, destroying the hood and engine of their car. Lee and Jung, who were seated in the back, survived the wreck in a critical state. Their friends, both sitting in the front, were instantly killed. Lee was severely injured and in a coma for a month, after which he spent several months bedridden. His injuries included broken ribs, thigh and ankle, along with a tear in his knee cartilage. As part of his treatment, a 46-centimeter metal pin was inserted in his thigh, leaving one of his legs shorter than the other.

Military enlistment
Lee Min-ho began his mandatory military service on May 12, 2017, at the Suseo Social Welfare Centre in Gangnam District Office as a public service officer. Lee was unable to serve as an active duty soldier due to his previous injuries. He also suffered another car wreck in 2011 while filming City Hunter.

On March 15, 2018, Lee started his military training at the Korea Army Training Centre in Nonsan, South Chungcheong Province. He returned to public service duty after four weeks of basic training. He was discharged on April 25, 2019.

Filmography

Film

Television series

Web series

Music video

Discography

 My Everything (2013, Korean)
 My Everything (2013, Japanese)
 Song For You (2014)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 MYM entertainment (Agency) website

1987 births
Living people
Former Buddhists
21st-century South Korean male actors
21st-century South Korean male singers
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male web series actors
South Korean male models
South Korean male singers
Male actors from Seoul
Models from Seoul
Singers from Seoul
People involved in road accidents or incidents
Konkuk University alumni
Best New Actor Paeksang Arts Award (television) winners

Lee Min-ho


Deux-Évailles is a former commune of 152 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, the commune was unified with Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré, Montourtier and Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons, and the new municipality took the name of Montsûrs.

References

Former communes in Mayenne

Deux-Évailles


Alpari Group is a multinational foreign exchange, precious metals and CFD broker with headquarters in several countries. The company's UK entity entered insolvency on January 19, 2015, following heavy losses trading the Swiss franc against the euro.

The company is licensed to trade in:
Belarus
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Headquarters
The brand's headquarters are located in Comoros. Alpari (Comoros) LTD is registered in Fomboni, Island of Mohéli, Comoros Union, number HY00423015 and licensed by the Mwali International Services Authority, Island of Mohéli as an International Brokerage and Clearing House under License number T2023236.

History
The company was established in Kazan, Russia, in 1998. However, it wasn't until 2002 that Alpari began expanding internationally by making its website available in English.

United Kingdom
Alpari (UK) was founded in 2004. It was regulated by the Financial Services Authority in September 2006. The company opened and closed several branches in other countries. Alpari UK Ltd was fined £140,000 for anti-money laundering failings by the FSA in 2010. The firm's former money laundering reporting officer, Sudipto Chattopadhyay, was also fined £14,000. Cyprus office opened in 2010 and the CySEC license was acquired that year and renounced in December 2012. That office closed in February 2013. Alpari (UK) entered Indian market in 2008 and left India in March 2014.  For UK residents, the company also offered financial spread betting on Forex and indices.

On January 16, 2015, Alpari has entered insolvency following heavy losses the previous day when the Swiss National Bank removed the franc's ceiling against the euro. On January 19, Alpari (UK) Ltd. applied for formal insolvency and the English High Court appointed a special administrators from KPMG under Special Administration Regime.

Russia
Alpari-Broker Ltd. () was established as legal entity in September 2008 in Kazan, Russia. It was licensed as a professional participant of the equity markets for providing brokerage, dealership and money managing services by the Central Bank of Russia.

Additionally, it was an associated member of NAFD (National Association of Forex Dealers), a self-regulatory organization created by Forex brokers. Since March 2017, Alpari is a member of AFD (Association of Forex Dealers) — the only SRO accredited by the Russian central bank.

On December 27, 2017, the Central Bank of Russia revoked Alpari's license (along with the license of four other FX brokers), effectively ordering it to stop its Russian operation by January 27, 2018.

United States
Alpari US LLC was established in 2006. It had its NFA membership approved in November 2007 and removed in April 2015. In April 2015, the company's US NFA membership was revoked, preventing them from offering their services in the United States.

India
In September 2022, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India's central bank, released a list of 34 forex trading online platforms, in which Alpari was also listed as illegal in India.

Services
The Alpari brand is present globally in 165 countries. Alpari specialises in using innovative financial tools and technical solutions to provide convenient and accessible online trading and investment services.

Alpari has a long history in Forex trading - with a peak trading volume of USD 2.5 trillion in a single year. The company offers experience-based trading accounts for beginners to seasoned professionals - including ecn.mt4, standard.mt4, standard.mt5 and ecn.mt5.

The brand focuses on efficiency by perfecting enabling technological advances such as its analytics tool, Autochartist. The brand has developed three trading and investment applications and continues to strive to create new systems that optimize trading efficiency. Alpari developed and introduced PAMM accounts to the financial markets in 2008, which has become an internationally recognized product.

Alpari currently has a user base of 2 million, making it one of the largest Forex brokers in the world.

Regulations and licensing
Alpari is incorporated under registered number 20389 IBC 2012 by the Registrar of International Business Companies, registered by the Financial Services Authority of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and is a member of The Financial Commission - an international organization engaged in the resolution of disputes within the financial services industry in the Forex market.

Founders
The company was established by Andre Dashin, Chairman of the Board of Directors. Andrey Valerievich Dashin owns both Alpari and another foreign exchange broker FXTM, also known as ForexTime.

The Alpari Charitable Fund
The Alpari Charitable Fund was founded in 2005 by Andrey Dashin with the goal of helping children from the Republic of Tatarstan to reach their full potential regardless of their socio-economic background or mental and physical disabilities.

In 2018, the Alpari Charitable Fund provided a total of 29.4 million rubles in of support to residents of Tatarstan.
In the first half of 2019, a total of 24.9 million rubles was provided in support to beneficiaries in Tatarstan.

References

Financial services companies established in 1998
Foreign exchange companies
Financial derivative trading companies
Online brokerages
Defunct financial services companies

Alpari Group


Adam Joseph Maida (born March 18, 1930) is an American cardinal prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Maida served as the archbishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit in Michigan from 1990 to 2009, and was elevated to cardinal in 1994. Maida previously served as bishop of the Diocese of Green Bay in Wisconsin from 1984 to 1990.

Biography

Early life and education
Maida was born on March 18, 1930, in East Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, to Adam and Sophie (née Cieslak) Maida. The oldest of three children, he has two brothers, Thaddeus (who also became a priest) and Daniel. His father immigrated from Poland at age 16, while his mother was the daughter of Polish immigrants. He and his brothers attended public schools in East Vandergrift since there were no local Catholic schools. Maida attended Vandergrift High School and Scott Township High School, each for one year.

During his sophomore year of high school, Maida decided to enter the priesthood.  He  entered St. Mary's Preparatory School in Orchard Lake Village, Michigan, graduating from there in 1948. He then entered St. Mary's College, also in Orchard Lake Village. In 1950, Maida transferred to Saint Vincent College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, where he earned a Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1952. He received a Licentiate of Sacred Theology from St. Mary's University in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1956.

Ordination and ministry
On May 26, 1956, Maida was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Pittsburgh by then Bishop John Dearden at the Cathedral of St. Paul in Pittsburgh. After his ordination, Maida's first assignment was as assistant pastor of St. Elizabeth of Hungary Parish in Pleasant Hills, Pennsylvania. He later served at Holy Innocents Parish in Sheraden, Pennsylvania.

In 1958, Bishop Dearden sent Maida to Rome to study at the Pontifical Lateran University, where he earned a Licentiate of Canon Law in 1960. He received his Juris Doctor from Duquesne University School of Law in Pittsburgh in 1964; he was admitted to practice law for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Federal Bar in Western Pennsylvania, and the U.S. Supreme Court.

Maida served as vice-chancellor and general counsel (1965–1983) of the diocese. In 1968, he was elected president of the Canon Law Society of America. He served on a papal commission to draft a due process procedure giving the laity legal recourse within the church, and participated in the revision of the Code of Canon Law; for the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, he worked on the adoption of a due process procedure and chaired the bishops' Canonical Affairs Committee.

Maida served as a member of the diocesan tribunal, assistant professor of theology at La Roche College in McCandless, Pennsylvania, and adjunct professor of law at Duquesne University Law School (1971–1983). He was also chaplain of the St. Thomas More Society.

Bishop of Green Bay
On November 8, 1983, Pope John Paul II appointed Maida as the ninth bishop of the Diocese of Green Bay. He received his episcopal consecration on January 25, 1984, from Archbishop Pio Laghi, with Bishops Aloysius Wycisło and Vincent Leonard serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral of St. Francis Xavier in Green Bay.

During his tenure in Green Bay, Maida appointed the diocese's first female chancellor and first female parish director. He also established a diocesan planning council and ministry formation program, initiated a diocesan census, implemented the RCIA process, and raised $9 million through Lumen Christi education endowment campaign.

Archbishop of Detroit

On April 28, 1990, John Paul II appointed Maida as the fourth archbishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit. He was installed on June 12, 1990. On November 26, 1994, John Paul II elevated Maida to the Sacred College of Cardinals as Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Vitale, Valeria, Gervasio e Protasio. In 2000, Maida was appointed the first superior of the Mission Sui Iuris of Cayman Islands.

In April 2005, following the death of John Paul II, Maida traveled to the Vatican as a cardinal elector to participate in the conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. Maida is no longer eligible to vote in any future conclaves as he reached his 80th birthday. On March 18, 2005, Maida sent his letter of resignation to Pope Benedict XVI, having reached the mandatory retirement age of 75. The Vatican asked Maida to remain archbishop until further notice. On June 8, 2006, Maida celebrated the 50th anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood.

In January 2007, Maida relieved Auxiliary Bishop Emeritus Thomas Gumbleton of his pastoral duties at St. Leo Parish in Detroit.  Gumbleton claimed he was being punished by Maida for his outspoken views on sexual abuse crimes by clergy.  Maida claimed that he was following church rules on retirement of bishops.

Retirement
On January 5, 2009, the Holy See announced acceptance of Maida's resignation and the appointment of Bishop Allen Vigneron, from the Diocese of Oakland, as his successor. Vigneron was installed on January 28, 2009, at the Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament in Detroit Maida became apostolic administrator of the Archdiocese of Detroit and assisted Vigneron with the transition.

Maida celebrated his final mass at the cathedral on January 25, 2009. This was also held in celebration of the 25th anniversary of his consecration as a bishop.

See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

References

External links

Biography from the Archdiocese of Detroit (in PDF format)
Cardinal Adam Maida, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit

1930 births
Living people
21st-century American cardinals
20th-century American cardinals
American people of Polish descent
American theologians
Catholics from Michigan
Catholics from Wisconsin
Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II
Duquesne University alumni
Duquesne University faculty
People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Religious leaders from Wisconsin
Roman Catholic archbishops of Detroit
Roman Catholic bishops of Green Bay
Saint Vincent College alumni
Catholic University of America trustees
People from Orchard Lake, Michigan
Catholics from Pennsylvania
St. Mary's Preparatory alumni

Adam Maida


Baby M (14 July 1989 – 26 July 1989) was the pseudonym of an Australian girl named Allison who was born with severe birth defects, whose treatment and eventual death caused significant controversy and international discussion about the medical ethics of disabled newborns. Right to Life activists accused her parents and the hospital of murdering the infant, leading to a lengthy legal inquest.

Baby M

In July 1989, Allison was born at Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne with severe birth defects. She had an extreme case of spina bifida that left her paralysed below the waist, and she had a brain malformation marked by hydrocephalus that meant she was most likely mentally disabled and would have seizures. Within days she developed severe breathing issues.

Neonatal physician Peter Loughnan informed her parents of their daughter's poor outlook and the low quality of life she would face if she survived. He recommended the parents consider a "conservative treatment, in which Allison would be cuddled, fed and relieved of any pain," with no life-saving measures performed. He consulted with other specialists, including fellow neonatal physician Peter McDougall, who "strongly supported" Loughnan's assessment of the infant. They believed any surgery would be futile.

After consulting two Catholic priests and seeking guidance from relatives, Allison's parents agreed with the doctor's recommendation.

A relative informed  the Victorian Right to Life association of the parents' decision to withhold lifesaving treatment upon advice of medical staff. When Allison was seven days old, the activists arrived at Royal Children's Hospital and demanded to see her parents, announcing they wanted to adopt her. When this was unsuccessful, the activists called the police and told them a baby was being drugged and starved to death at the hospital, causing detectives to investigate. After Allison's death at 12 days old, the Right to Life group accused the parents and the doctors of murdering her.

Inquest and rule of law
In addition to media and public attention, the case was particularly unique as the medical practice of withdrawing life-saving treatment from the baby lacked "explicit legal backing" in Australia. In actuality, in a similar 1986 case, Justice Frank Vincent of the Supreme Court of Victoria ordered the same hospital to take "all necessary means" to save a nine-day-old baby boy with spina bifida. During the 1986 case, Justice Vincent ruled that nobody "has any power to determine that the life of any child, however disabled that child may be, will be deliberately taken away from it .... [The law] does not permit any decisions to be made concerning the quality of life, nor does it enable ... any assessment to be made as to the value of any human being." In that case, the grandparents had sought legal means to keep the baby alive, and Justice Vincent made the baby a ward of the court. However, the doctors and hospital did not present their side to the court or provide evidence to explain their recommendation.

In 1991, a hearing into the Baby M case lasted five months. The Deputy Coroner Wendy Wilmoth ruled that Allison had died of natural causes, and chastised the Right to Life group. "The decisions made by her doctors and her parents, and the careful steps taken to ensure these decisions were legally, ethically and morally sound, have been tested and found entirely reasonable and appropriate," Wilmoth stated. The child's parents and the medical staff were exonerated of all wrongdoing.

Television journalist Jill Singer's coverage of the case and inquest, a report entitled, Baby M, was broadcast on The 7.30 Report in 1992. It once again brought the case to the public, which prompted the Victorian Law Reform Commission to introduce new guidelines for doctors and parents in dealing with disabled and sick newborn babies. Singer won the Walkley Award for Best Investigative Report for Baby M.

Later developments
In 2010, Allison's parents gave Loughnan and McDougall permission to speak publicly about the case, which they did at a medical ethics conference, "Tackling Ethical Dilemmas in Intensive Care."

See also
Baby K

References

1989 births
1989 deaths
People from Melbourne
Medical controversies in Australia
People with hydrocephalus
People with spina bifida
Pseudonymous children
Child deaths

Baby M (Australia)


Anta (Quechua for copper, also spelled Anda) is a  mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Cusco Region, Canchis Province, on the border of the districts of Checacupe and San Pablo. Anta lies near the Chhuyumayu valley, southeast of Jach'a Sirk'i and Wari Sallani.

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Cusco Region

Anta (Canchis)


دا ليکنه د چينايي فيلسوفانو لړليک په ځان کې رانغاړي.

کانفيوشيني فيلسوفان
كنفيوشيوس (Kongzi), virtue ethicist.
Zisi (Kong Ji), proportedly Confucius' grandson, Mencius' teacher, and composer of the Doctrine of the Mean.
Mencius (Meng Zi), idealist who said human nature is originally good.
Xun Zi (Hsün Tzŭ), realist who said human nature is originally evil.
Dong Zhongshu (Tung Chung-shu), integrated Yin Yang cosmology into Confucianism.

تاويست فيلسوفان
Laozi (Lao Tzŭ), illusive founder of Taoism and author of the Tao te Ching (Book of the Way).
Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzŭ), mystical and relativistic skeptic.
Lie Yukou, said to be the author of the Daoist book Liezi.
 Wang Pi, Three Kingdoms philosopher

د پخوانيو مکتبونو نور فيلسوفان
Mozi (Mo Tzŭ), utilitarian and founder of the Moist school.
Hui Shi, relativistic Logician who influenced Zhuangzi.
Gongsun Long, Logician who was known for his paradoxes.
Han Feizi, synthesizer of Legalist theories.

بودايي فيلسوفان
لين جي (لين چي), founder of the Linji school of Chan (Zen) Buddhism in China, a branch of which is the Rinzai school in Japan.

Huineng The 6:th buddhist patriarch of the Chan (Zen) Scholl in China, he established the concept of "no mind".

ژآوژوو A famus chan (Zen) master during the 8th century, noted for his wisdom. Became known for his subtile teaching methods and his use of gongans.

نوي-کانفيوشيني فيلسوفان
Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi), rationalist and leading figure of the School of Principle.
 Tu Wei-ming, ethicist
Wang Yangming, idealist and leading figure of the School of Mind.

د نوي پېر فېلسوفان
 Feng Youlan (Fung Yu-Lan), rationalist who integrated Neo-Confucian, Taoist, and Western metaphysics.
 Han Yu, founded Neo-Confucianism, essayist, and poet.
 Jin Yuelin Logicial positivist and logician.
 بروس لي martial artist, instructor, and actor.

فلسفې ته اړونده لړليکونه

چينايي فلسفه
فيلسوفان

د چينايي فيلسوفانو لړليک


The decade of the 1970s saw major changes in television programming in the United States. The trends included the decline of the "family sitcoms" and rural programs and more socially modern programs and "young, hip and urban" sitcoms.

Overall trends

Long-standing trends begin to end
At the start of the decade, long-standing trends in American television began to end. The Red Skelton Show and The Ed Sullivan Show were canceled after being broadcast for many decades. The "family sitcom" of the 1950s and 1960s were replaced with a newer style such as The Brady Bunch.  The series has been broadcast in syndication since 1974. Many children grew up with it. They think of the Bradys as the normal family in 1970s television and all American television.

In the early 1970s sitcoms like I Dream of Jeannie and Bewitched began to lose American interest. I Dream of Jeannie ended its run in 1970, followed by Bewitched in 1972.

Rural-oriented programming and "socially conscious" programming
In 1971, CBS was being called the "Hillbilly Network" because the most of its hit shows were rural-oriented. It ended the shows The Beverly Hillbillies, Hee Haw, Green Acres, Mayberry RFD and every program "that had a tree in it" as described by actor Pat Buttram. They were replaced with programs that appealed to a younger urban viewer. Programming became termed as "social consciousness". It was lead by television producer Norman Lear.

All in the Family ended television barriers. When the series was first broadcast in 1971, Americans heard the words "fag (short for "faggot")," "jigaboo," and "spic" on national television programming for the first time. All in the Family was a part of common dinner conversation in the country. Americans had not seen anything like it on television before. The program became the highest-rated program on U.S. television in the fall of 1971. It stayed in the top slot until 1976.

Only one other series has tied All in the Family for such a long stretch at the top of the ratings. All in the Family spawned a number of spin-offs, such as Maude. It starred Bea Arthur.

Maude was Edith Bunker's cousin and Archie's archenemy. She stood for everything liberal and was outspoken about civil rights and feminism. Like All in the Family, Maude broke new ground in television. It presented American audiences with something they had never seen on television before when Maude said that was planning to have an abortion. Maude was comfortable. She hired a black woman as her housekeeper. Maude's housekeeper, Florida Evans (played by Esther Rolle), became popular in her own right. She was given her own television series in 1974, Good Times. The series starred John Amos and Rolle. Good Times was another hit for Lear.

Lear developed two more programs in 1975. The Jeffersons is a spin-off of All in the Family. Archie Bunker's black next-door neighbors moved to an apartment on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. One Day at a Time is about a single mother raising her two teenage daughters in Indianapolis.

The decline of the western
With the rise in socially responsible programming, the television western slowly died out. The first programs to end were The High Chaparral and The Virginian in the spring of 1971. Bonanza ended a year after  actor Dan Blocker died during surgery in 1972. CBS's Gunsmoke ended with a star-studded series finale in 1975. During this time, Kung Fu, airing from 1972 to 1975, had a mix of Eastern philosophy and martial arts. Bonanza actor Michael Landon was on a television version of the popular children's book series Little House on the Prairie. The series first aired in 1974 and ran for eight years. The competitor of the program was CBS's The Waltons. It was about family unity during a different time and place (Virginia) during the Great Depression.

Medical shows
Medical programs were popular in the early 1970s. Marcus Welby, M.D. was the first medical drama to deal with many subjects on television. The series aired for 7 seasons. Emergency! was also the first series ever to have both the paramedic and the emergency hospital. It starred Robert Fuller and Julie London. M*A*S*H, starring Alan Alda, was about the days of the Korean War. It was a comedy drama.

Jiggle television and crime shows

By the mid-to-late 1970s, viewers no longer wanted socially responsible sitcoms. Former head of programming Fred Silverman left CBS and worked for ABC. He started the trend of TV about sexual gratification, humor and situations. It was nicknamed "jiggle television." Jiggle TV programs included the crime-fighting series Charlie's Angels. It starred soon to be sex symbols Farrah Fawcett, Jaclyn Smith, and Kate Jackson

Charlie's Angels was one of many crime series during the 1970s. Another program, Police Woman was the first to have a female lead in the title role who also became a sex symbol. Other successful TV crime dramas included The Streets of San Francisco, Columbo, Barnaby Jones, The Rockford Files, Starsky & Hutch and Kojak. The most popular was Hawaii Five-O. For many years it was the longest-running crime show in the history of American television. Crime shows were then often criticized during the 1970s because they often had violent content. CHiPs, an action-packed police-buddy show, first aired in 1977. The police rarely used their guns in the show.

Science-fiction
Science-fiction became more popular as the 1970s progressed. Many sci-fi programs has some popularity during this time. They included The Six Million Dollar Man, The Bionic Woman, Battlestar Galactica, Wonder Woman, The Incredible Hulk and Fantasy Island.

Soap operas
Another popular medium in U.S. television moving into the 1970s was soap operas, which moved from being a genre watched exclusively by housewives to having a sizable audience of men (who largely watched The Edge of Night) and college students. The latter audience helped All My Children gain a devoted following, as it was on during many universities' traditional "lunch period." In a TIME article written about the genre in 1976, it was estimated that as many as 35 million households tuned into at least one soap opera each afternoon, the most popular being As the World Turns. It routinely grabbed viewing figures of twelve million or higher each day.

The soap boom spawned a nighttime soap parody, Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman. The parody made a quick star out of Louise Lasser, who played the eponymous heroine. A rising soap opera toward the decade's end was Ryan's Hope. It capitalized on the everyman success of the movie Rocky. Despite Ryan's Hope debuting earlier, the show's success came a while after the movie's release. The serial was about an Irish-American family running a pub in New York City. It earned critical acclaim from television critics for its realistic portrayal of an "ethnic" middle-class family in a contemporary setting. The show's matriarch, played by Helen Gallagher, won two Daytime Emmys by decade's end. Also during the decade, General Hospital, a soap that spent most of the decade with bad ratings, saw a rise in popularity around late 1978 due to its more youthful focus. It would not yet become a ratings giant until the 1980s.

ABC aired Soap, a sitcom that parodied soap operas. It garnered controversy by writing in one of the first gay characters on U.S. television. Many stations refused to air the series (another storyline consisted of heroine Corinne Tate, played by Diana Canova, lusting after a priest who eventually left the priesthood to marry her). Silverman's legacy also included the escapist "fantasy" genre. The genre started in 1977 with The Love Boat. The series involved popular movie and television stars in guest roles as passengers on a luxury cruise liner that sailed up and down the Pacific Coast. Silverman followed up in 1978 with Fantasy Island, starring Ricardo Montalban and Hervé Villechaize. The former played the owner of the luxury island resort while the latter played the owner's sidekick.

Daytime game shows
Daytime television was consumed with several game shows. They aired alongside soap operas during the mornings and afternoons. During the early years of the decade, The Hollywood Squares (NBC) was the most popular. It won numerous Emmy awards. Hosted by masterly emcee Peter Marshall, nine celebrities in a large tic-tac-toe board respond to miscellaneous questions. Contestants must state whether they "agree" or "disagree" with the answers. If they are correct, their "X"/"O" symbol lights up in the celeb's box. The first to get three in a row or a five-square wins succeeds and money. Bluffs and zingers made this the essential show to watch on afternoons.

In the mid-1970s Match Game (CBS) was the most popular game show. It was #1 among them from 1973 to 1977, in a time when there were many of them. Players must match the answers of panelists like Brett Somers and Charles Nelson Reilly.

Fill-in-the-blank questions involving crude humor, zany panelists, several hilarious incidents, and pure "fun" between the panel and "ringmaster" host Gene Rayburn made it popular. At one point, it broke records as the highest-rated daytime TV show in U.S. history. The show launched a spin-off, Family Feud (ABC), an enormously prominent game. It prevailed as the #1 game show of the late 1970s. Two families squared off in assuming the most common answers to surveys of 100 people across the nation with such questions as, "name a public figure most Americans dislike." The simple concept was the main cause of its success. It interested answers and the clever of Richard Dawson fueled the show's amazingly high ratings. Other successful game shows during this decade included The Price Is Right (still on the air to this day), Let's Make a Deal, The $20,000 Pyramid, The Gong Show, The Newlywed Game, Password, Tattletales, Tic Tac Dough, Bowling for Dollars, Break the Bank and The Joker's Wild.

Television newscasts
Another influential genre was the television newscast. It built on its initial widespread success in the 1960s. Each of the three television networks had widely recognizable and respected journalists helming their newscasts: CBS anchor Walter Cronkite was voted "The Most Trusted Man in America" many times over. He led in the nightly ratings. NBC's John Chancellor and David Brinkley were a strong second, while ABC was in third place in the news department until the 1990s. It had a newscast helmed by Howard K. Smith.

The rise of television movies
The success of the 1971 television movie Duel signaled the rise of movies produced specifically for television. Some featured a hero or heroine whose life was in jeopardy, while others were pilots for proposed TV series to be picked up by a network. Still others centered on the destructiveness of a certain disease, whether medical or social. Roots is a multi-part miniseries that ran on a number of consecutive nights in early 1977. It proved to be a huge hit in the ratings and thus paved the way for others of its kind like Shogun and The Thorn Birds.

Variety shows
The variety show received its last hurrah during this decade. Popular during the 1950s and 1960s, variety shows carried on in the 1970s with The Carol Burnett Show. With a repertory company that included Vicki Lawrence, Harvey Korman and Lyle Waggoner, the veterans' series continued to be successful and ran well into the mid-1970s. NBC aired a variety show of its own, starring African-American comedian Flip Wilson. The Flip Wilson Show became a success and became the first show headed by an African-American comedian to become a ratings winner.

In 1971, while Fred Silverman was still working for CBS, he spotted singing duo Sonny & Cher doing a stand-up concert. He decided to turn it into a weekly variety show. In addition to some entertaining stand-up banter between the husband and wife, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour would also have skits and music (mostly sung by Cher). The show was a ratings winner from the first episode and ran for three years. It was followed in the same vein shortly after by singing duo Tony Orlando and Dawn.

Another group of singers who received a variety show in the 1970s were two of the famous singing Osmonds—Donny and his sister Marie. Sid & Marty Krofft set to work on the siblings' series and Donny & Marie premiered on ABC in the winter of 1976. Although the show became very popular, the Osmonds were equally ridiculed for their wholesome image and Mormon moral reputation (on an episode of Good Times, the lead character, Florida, listed three things in the world you just can't do, and one was "smile wider than Donny and Marie").

Producers of 1970s television
Many prime-time programs of the 1970s were helmed by independent producers, often in association with a major Hollywood studio. A particularly successful independent producer at the dawn of the decade was Quinn Martin. Martin produced crime shows such as The Streets of San Francisco, Cannon, and Dan August. The latter show was a one-season cop series, starring an up-and-coming actor Burt Reynolds, that would find greater popularity after its star had hit it big at the cinema. Martin's success would fade during the last half of the decade. By the end of 1980, the former mega-producer would be left without a single prime-time network series on the air. As for other producers during the period, Norman Lear produced the socially relevant All in the Family as well as more innocuous fare such as One Day at a Time. Jack Webb, a holdover from previous decades, oversaw Adam-12 and Emergency!. Glen A. Larson produced a number of shows in association with Universal TV (McCloud, Switch, etc.), while David Gerber made a name for himself with such fare as Police Woman and Police Story. The latter was a one-hour anthology series with no series regulars. Among 1970s TV producers, was Aaron Spelling. He would go on to be perhaps, according to an article written by Michael Idato for The Sydney Morning Herald, "the most prolific producer in TV history." Like Quinn Martin, Spelling was known for producing crime dramas (S.W.A.T., Starsky & Hutch). Spelling also produced more escapist fare as represented by the likes of The Love Boat, Fantasy Island, and even the private-eye opus Charlie's Angels. There was also Family, a socially relevant hour-long series. It would win a number of Emmys during its four-year run. Spelling's success would continue well into the 1990s.

Television by year
1970 - Monday Night Football is first broadcast on (ABC). Mary Tyler Moore and All My Children premiere.
1971 - All in the Family premieres. John Chancellor becomes the sole anchor of the NBC Nightly News.
1972 - M*A*S*H and Bob Barker's The Price Is Right debut. Home Box Office becomes first pay-TV channel.
1973 - Large-screen projection color TVs hit the market in the United States. The Young and the Restless, Match Game and Pyramid begin hugely successful daytime TV runs.
1974 - Happy Days premieres on ABC. Monty Python's Flying Circus comes to American TV audiences for the first time.
1975 - Saturday Night Live, Good Morning America, The Jeffersons and Wheel of Fortune premiere. Sony introduces the Betamax, a home video tape recorder.
1976 - Family Feud premieres on ABC
1977 - The miniseries Roots airs on ABC. First episode of Three's Company.
1978 - Dallas begins the return of prime time soaps in the United States.
1979 - 43 million viewers watch Elvis!'' on ABC. All-sports cable channel ESPN is launched. The Pinwheel Channel changes its name to Nickelodeon.

References

1970s in television

1970s in American television


Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov (; ;  – 18 March 1982) was a Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union. He is best known for commanding the 62nd Army which saw heavy combat during the Battle of Stalingrad in the Second World War.

Born to a peasant family near Tula, Chuikov earned his living as a factory worker from the age of 12. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, he joined the Red Army and distinguished himself during the Russian Civil War. After graduating from the Frunze Military Academy, Chuikov worked as a military attaché and intelligence officer in China and the Russian Far East. At the outbreak of the Second World War, Chuikov commanded the 4th Army during the Soviet invasion of Poland, and the 9th Army during the Winter War against Finland. In December 1940, he was again appointed military attaché to China in support of Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists in the war against Japan.

In March 1942, Chuikov was recalled from China to defend against the German invasion of the Soviet Union. By September, he was assigned command of the 62nd Army in defense of Stalingrad. Tasked with holding the city at all costs, Chuikov adopted keeping the Soviet front-line positions as close to the Germans as physically possible. This served as an effective countermeasure against the Wehrmacht's combined-arms tactics, but by mid-November 1942 the Germans had captured most of the city after months of slow advance. In late November Chuikov's 62nd Army joined the rest of the Soviet forces in a counter-offensive, which led to the surrender of the German 6th Army in early 1943. After Stalingrad, Chuikov led his forces into Poland during Operation Bagration and the Vistula–Oder Offensive before advancing on Berlin. He personally accepted the unconditional surrender of German forces in Berlin on 2 May 1945.

After the war, Chuikov served as Chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (1949–53), commander of the Kiev Military District (1953–60), Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces and Deputy Minister of Defense (1960–64), and head of the Soviet Civil Defense Forces (1961–72). Chuikov was twice awarded the titles Hero of the Soviet Union (1944 and 1945) and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by the United States for his actions during the Battle of Stalingrad. In 1955, he was named a Marshal of the Soviet Union. Following his death in 1982, Chuikov was interred at the Stalingrad memorial at Mamayev Kurgan, which had been the site of heavy fighting.

Early life
Born into a peasant family in the village of Serebryanye Prudy in the Tula region south of Moscow, Chuikov was the eighth of 12 children and the fifth of eight sons. At the age of 12, he left school and his family home to earn his living in a factory in Saint Petersburg, turning out spurs for cavalry officers. Chuikov and all his brothers became soldiers and fought in the Russian Civil War.

Early military career
During the turmoil of the Russian Revolution of 1917, Chuikov became unemployed. Later the same year, an older brother arranged for Chuikov to be recruited into the Red Guards. The year after, in 1918, he joined the Red Army.

In October 1918, Chuikov saw active service when he was sent to the Southern Front as a deputy company commander to fight against the White Army. In the spring of 1919, he became commander of the 40th Regiment (later renamed the 43rd), part of the 5th Army under Tukhachevsky facing the White Army under Kolchak in Siberia.

Chuikov's record of service during the Civil War was distinguished. In the fighting from 1919 to 1920 he received two awards of the Order of the Red Banner for bravery and heroism. He was wounded four times—one, in Poland in 1920, left a fragment in his left arm that could not be operated on. It led to partial paralysis and caused him to lose use of his arm temporarily. Chuikov carried this war wound for the rest of his life, and it eventually led to septicaemia breaking out in 1981, causing a nine-month illness and finally his death.

He left his regiment in 1921 to continue his studies at the Frunze Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1925. On account of his excellent academic performance, Chuikov was invited to stay at the Frunze Military Academy for another year to study Chinese language and history in the Orient Studies Department. In the fall of 1926, Chuikov joined a Soviet diplomatic delegation that toured Harbin, Changchun, Port Arthur, Dalian, Tianjin and Beijing, cities in northeastern and northern China. After completing his studies in the fall of 1927, Chuikov was dispatched to China as a military attaché. Chuikov traveled extensively in southern China and Sichuan, became fluent in Chinese, and gained a deeper understanding of Chinese politics and culture. In 1929, during the China Eastern Railway Incident, Chuikov was forced to leave China after the Soviet Union broke diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on 13 July. Chuikov was assigned to the newly formed Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army in Khabarovsk and worked on military intelligence, reporting to Vasily Blyukher, the commander of the Far Eastern Army. The Soviet Far Eastern Army defeated the Northeastern Army of Zhang Xueliang, and Chuikov participated in negotiations that restored Soviet control of the China Eastern Railway.

World War II
Chuikov commanded the 4th Army in the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. He commanded the 9th Army in the Russo-Finnish War of 1940.

In December 1940, Chuikov was appointed the chief Soviet military representative to the Republic of China and adviser to Chiang Kai-shek, the Nationalist leader, in Chongqing. Prior to his departure for China, he was summoned to meet Joseph Stalin and Semyon Timoshenko, who instructed him to ensure that China remain engaged in the war with Japan so Japan could not challenge the Soviet Union in the Far East and allow the Soviet Union to focus on the German threat from the West. Stalin told Chuikov to prioritize support for Nationalists over the Chinese Communists so as to ensure Chinese unity against Japan. Chuikov arrived in China with a large supply of Soviet armaments for the Nationalist Army, including tanks, artillery, fighter and bomber aircraft, and trucks. In January 1941 when the Nationalists attacked the Communists in the Southern Anhui Incident in breach of their nominal alliance, Chuikov was criticized by Mao Zedong for failing to stop Chiang's aggression against the Chinese Communists. Chuikov insisted that the Nationalists could not use Soviet weaponry against the Communists, met with Communist leaders Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying, but in keeping with Stalin's directives, continued to support the Nationalist war effort against Japan, even after the signing of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941. In the Second Battle of Changsha in September 1941, he advised Chiang to relieve the Japanese siege on Changsha by attacking the strategic city of Yichang some 400 km to the north, and the strategy succeeded. In March 1942, he was recalled to the USSR, which by then was at war with Germany.

Battle of Stalingrad
On 11 September 1942, General Chuikov was summoned to South Western Front Headquarters to discuss the defense of Stalingrad. In a meeting with South Western Front Commander Lieutenant General Andrey Yeryomenko and Commissar Nikita Khrushchev, Chuikov was appointed as commander of 62nd Army and charged with the defense of the city of Stalingrad itself, directly on the western bank of the Volga River. Chuikov would later recount this in a 1943 interview:
"… I was told that I was to take command of 62nd Army. My mission: defend Stalingrad.
…After Nikita Sergeyevich  told me to go to Stalingrad, he asked me: "What are your thoughts?" Yeryomenko also wanted to know. He's known me a long time. Well, what could I say? I said: "I understand my orders just fine, and I'll carry them out. I'll do what I can. I'll either keep them out of Stalingrad or die trying". There were no more questions after that. They offered me tea, but I declined, got in my car, and drove to Stalingrad."

Chuikov arrived in Stalingrad on 11 September 1942 and occupied Hill 102.24 where he set up his command post, and immediately set about preparing the defense of Stalingrad proper. The 62nd Army in Stalingrad faced threat of envelopment by fast-moving panzer and motorized infantry elements of German 6th Army. In the north, a German strike-force advanced out of the west via Kalach on the Don to a point located just north of Spartakovka and Rynok, and in the south a second strike-force advanced from out of the west toward the Tsimlyanskaya and Kotelnikovo axes. Along the front from Kuporosnoye and Orlovka to Rynok, General Chuikov defended against a German main thrust advancing from the northwest and directed at both Gumrak Airfield as well also the train station in the center of the town, and a second additional German strike-force advancing from the southwest directed against Olshanka and the grain elevator. General Chuikov enacted Joseph Stalin's order no. 227 "not one step back" and immediately stabilized the threatened 62nd Army.
"When I got to army headquarters I was in a vile mood. I only saw three people: comrade Gurov, Chief of Staff Krylov, and Chief of Artillery Pozharsky. Three of my deputies had fled to the east bank. But the main thing was that we had no dependable combat units, and we needed to hold out for three or four days. The divisions had their respective headquarters on the Volga, and we were still forward on this hill. We were in this tunnel alongside the Tsaritsa River, while all the command posts were farther back. This turned out to be the right decision. And then there's one thing that went well, if we can use such a word. We immediately began to take the harshest possible actions against cowardice. On the 14th (September) I shot the commander and commissar of one regiment, and a short while later I shot two brigade commanders and their commissars. This caught everyone off guard. We made sure news of this got to the men, especially the officers. If you go down to the Volga, they said, then you'll find Army HQ right ahead of you. And so they went back to their places. If I'd gone across the Volga myself, they'd have shot me when I got ashore, and they'd have been right. The needs of the day determine what needs to be done."

The determination that Chuikov instilled in his men enabled the 62nd Army to defend the city against all odds.

"Stalingrad will decide the fate of the motherland. The men understood this. The men were in such a mood that if they'd been wounded, even with a broken spine, they had tears in their eyes as they were being taken to the east bank. They'd say to their comrades who had brought them out: I don't want to go. Better to be buried here. They considered it shameful to go wounded to the other bank. This echoed comrade Stalin's order."

Chuikov was concerned about maintaining communications with his troops.
"We moved to another command post closer to where the enemy would be attacking. And we stayed there. We knew that every extra meter of telephone wires increased the risk of our communications being broken. The most criminal, most dangerous thing for a commander, especially a senior commander, is when you lose control and communications. Most of all, we were afraid of losing control of our troops. I may not be able to send one of my commanders any reinforcements, but it's enough for me to grab the phone and say the right thing, that's all he needs."

It was at Stalingrad that Chuikov developed the important tactic of "hugging the enemy", by which Soviet soldiers kept the German army so close to them as to minimize the airpower enjoyed by the Wehrmacht. Chuikov had witnessed firsthand the blitzkrieg tactics the Wehrmacht had used to sweep across the Russian steppe, so he used the Germans' carpet-bombing of the city to draw panzer units into the rubble and chaos, where their progress was impeded. Here they could be destroyed with Molotov cocktails, antitank rifles, and Soviet artillery operating at close range. This tactic also rendered the Luftwaffe ineffective, since Stuka dive-bombers could not attack Red Army positions without endangering their own forces.
"Our soldiers knew that the closer they were to the enemy, the better. They stopped being afraid of tanks. The infantrymen would get in a trench, ravine, or building, and start shooting the enemy infantry who were advancing behind the tanks. The tanks would move through, and we'd leave them to our artillery, which was two to three hundred meters back from the front lines and would fire when they came within twenty to fifty meters. And we didn't let their infantry through. The Germans would think that this area was already cleared, that it was dead ground. But that dead ground came back to life. And we had our Katyushas and artillery."

The fierce defense of Stalingrad by the 62nd Army slowed the German advance and forced Axis forces to pull units from the flanks outside the city to reinforce the urban assault. By mid-November, German forces had taken most of the city and pinned Chuikov and the remaining defenders in several small pockets against the Volga River. In interviews in 1943, Chuikov said he was not informed of the Operation Uranus counter-offensive but could sense one was being planned.
"We had sensed that our high command was preparing a major attack, but we didn't know where exactly. We had sensed this from the very beginning of November. We were being given less and less help. We'd been used to talking to people from front HQ every day, but now they'd all vanished. Khrushchev wasn't here, and Yeryomenko came only once..."

On 19 November 1942, Soviet forces launched a massive double pincer attack to the north and south of Stalingrad, exploiting the weakened Axis flanks and encircling the German Sixth Army, part of the Fourth Army and the Romanian Third and Fourth Armies in a vast pocket stretching nearly 80 km from Stalingrad to Kalach-on-Don. On 22 November, Chuikov's 62nd Army switched to an offensive posture, counter-attacking to recapture neighborhoods and preventing German forces from leaving the city to fight elsewhere in the pocket. The German Sixth Army surrendered on 31 January 1943.

Poland and Germany

After the victory at Stalingrad, the 62nd Army was redesignated the Soviet 8th Guards Army. Chuikov then commanded the 8th Guards as part of 1st Belorussian Front and led its advance through Poland. During the Vistula–Oder offensive, the troops of the 8th Guards under Chuikov participated in breaking the enemy's defense in depth, and liberated Majdanek concentration camp on the outskirts of the Polish city of Lublin. The 8th Guards liberated the city of Łódź, seized the fortress city of Poznan by storm, seized a bridgehead on the left bank of the Oder River and fought for two months to maintain and expand the bridgehead in the Kustrin area, before
finally heading the Soviet offensive which conquered Berlin while the Western Allied forces were wiping out what was left in Southern and Western Germany in April/May 1945.

Chuikov's advance through Poland was characterized by massive advances across difficult terrain [on several occasions, the 8th Guards Army advanced over  in a single day]. On 1 May 1945, Chuikov, who commanded his army operating in central Berlin, was the first Allied officer to learn about Adolf Hitler's suicide, being informed by General Hans Krebs who had come to Chuikov's headquarters under a white flag. Krebs, under orders from Goebbels, sought conditions for surrender more favorable to the Germans, which Chuikov had no authority to grant and so rejected any terms. On 2 May, he accepted the unconditional surrender of Berlin's forces from General Helmuth Weidling who had taken command, with the suicide that morning by Gen. Krebs.

Chuikov appeared in the documentary film Berlin (1945), directed by Yuli Raizman.

Later life
After the war, Chuikov continued to command the 8th Guards Army in Germany, later serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany from 1949 until 1953, when he was made commander of the Kiev Military District. While serving at that post, on 11 March 1955 he was promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union. From 1960 to 1964, he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces. He also served as the Chief of the Civil Defense from 1961 until his retirement in 1972. From 1961 until his death, he was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 1969, Chuikov led the Soviet delegation attending the funeral of Dwight D. Eisenhower.

He was a major consultant for the design of The Motherland Calls memorial commemorating Stalingrad battle on Mamayev Kurgan, and was buried there after his death on 18 March 1982, at the age of 82. After Chuikov's death a piece of paper with handwritten prayer was found among his belongings: "Oh, the One who can turn night into day and earth into a flower garden. Make every difficult thing easy for me. And help me".

Memoirs in translation
 The Beginning of the Road: The Story of the Battle for Stalingrad, London, 1963.

In popular culture
 Soviet epic war film The Battle of Stalingrad (1949), played by Nikolay Simonov
 Soviet epic war film The Fall of Berlin (1949), played by Boris Tenin
 Soviet-Polish-East German-Italian-Yugoslav epic war film series Liberation (1970–1971), played by Ivan Pereverzev
 Soviet-East German-Czechoslovak-American epic war film Stalingrad (1989), played by Powers Boothe
 Russian biopic/docudrama The Great Commander Georgy Zhukov (1995), played by Mikhail Ulyanov
 Chuikov was briefly featured in the 2004 German-Austrian movie Downfall (Der Untergang), dealing with the fall of Berlin in 1945. He was portrayed by Aleksandr Slastin
 Russian 16-part film series Zhukov (2012), played by Igor Artashonov

Honours and awards
Soviet Union

Foreign

See also
 Battle of Berezina
 German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk

References

Bibliography

External links

  Memoirs by Vasili Chuikov: Сражение века Battle of the Century – Describes his experiences during the Battle of Stalingrad.
  Memoirs by Vasili Chuikov: Конец третьего рейха The End of the Third Reich – Describes his experiences during the last months of the war, ending with the Battle of Berlin.
  Biography on the website dedicated to the Heroes of the Soviet Union/Russia.

1900 births
1982 deaths
People from Serebryano-Prudsky District
People from Venyovsky Uyezd
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Third convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Fourth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Fifth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Sixth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
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Eighth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Ninth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Tenth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Marshals of the Soviet Union
Soviet military attachés
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People of the Soviet invasion of Poland
Soviet military personnel of the Winter War
Soviet military personnel of World War II
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Russian people of World War II
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Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1944–1989)
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 2nd class
Recipients of the Virtuti Militari (1943–1989)
Recipients of the Gold Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)

Vasily Chuikov


Stonewall is a 1995 British-American historical comedy-drama film directed by Nigel Finch, his final film before his AIDS-related death shortly after filming ended. Inspired by the memoir of the same title by gay historian Martin Duberman, Stonewall is a fictionalized account of the weeks leading up to the Stonewall riots, a seminal event in the modern American gay rights movement. The film stars Guillermo Díaz, Frederick Weller, Brendan Corbalis, and Duane Boutte.

While the film is a work of fiction, Finch makes the unusual directorial choice of including documentary-style interview footage with several people who were at the Stonewall Inn during the uprising. Finch also intersperses lip synch numbers performed by the actors throughout the film to function as something of a Greek chorus.

Plot
Matty Dean, a young gay man, arrives in New York City and heads for Greenwich Village. He falls in with crossdressing sex worker La Miranda and friends, who take him to Stonewall Inn. There is a police raid and Matty and La Miranda are arrested. They are bailed out by Bostonia, the African-American "mother" of the queens who hang out at Stonewall, and the secret lover of Vinnie, the deeply closeted mafioso who runs Stonewall. Matty and La Miranda go back to her place where she receives her draft notice. Matty attends a meeting of the Mattachine Society, where he meets Burt and Ethan. The group is planning a picket at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. Ethan and Matty witness an initiation of sorts as a young man named José becomes the persona Camelia. After the ceremony they return to La Miranda's place and have sex.

Matty spends time with Ethan, who is a writer under a pseudonym for a homophile magazine. La Miranda reports to the induction center in full drag and is ordered to go for psychological evaluation. La Miranda is terrified because of former bad experiences with psychiatrists, so Matty dons her clothes and meets with the doctor in her place, securing a rejection from military service for her as a "sexual deviant." On the subway ride home, Matty tells La Miranda he loves her.

At a Mattachine meeting, Matty is disgusted by the guest speaker, a psychiatrist who discourses on the then-current disease model of homosexuality, and leaves. After the meeting Burt, Ethan and Matty argue about it on their way to meet with a reporter and photographer from the Village Voice newspaper. The group stages a "sip-in," trying to illustrate discriminatory alcohol service laws by being refused service but no one refuses to serve them until they go to Stonewall. At the bar La Miranda and Ethan meet and Ethan treats her mockingly. La Miranda realizes that Matty hasn't told his Mattachine friends about her and storms out. Matty follows and they argue about La Miranda's refusal to conform and Matty's feeling the need to be with more masculine men. Matty seeks out Ethan and they begin an affair.

Vinnie points out a clinic he calls the "Palace of Dreams" and tells Bostonia that he wants her to have sex reassignment surgery so that they can marry, but she is opposed to the idea.

Following the Philadelphia picket, Ethan takes Matty to Fire Island. Given the choice between Ethan's acceptance of discrimination and La Miranda's defiance, Matty chooses La Miranda and they reconcile.

It is the day of Judy Garland's death. Bostonia watches the television coverage. To cheer her up, Vinnie takes her out in full drag in public for the first time. They have ice cream at a fancy restaurant, their open affection drawing disapproving stares and are asked to leave by the manager.

As they wake up together the next morning, Vinnie asks Bostonia if he's ever told her that he loves her. She says no. Vinnie suddenly commits suicide with a bullet through the head and Bostonia becomes hysterical. Vinnie has left her a large amount of cash and scrawled "I LOVE YOU" on a mirror in lipstick.

That night at Stonewall there's another raid. Several of the queens are arrested, including Bostonia. She smashes a police officer in the face and is attacked by other cops. When other queens fight back, touching off the riots that would mark the beginning of the gay community's militant advocacy movement for its rights.

Cast
 Guillermo Díaz as La Miranda
 Frederick Weller as Matty Dean
 Brendan Corbalis as Ethan
 Duane Boutte as Bostonia
 Bruce MacVittie as Vinnie
 Peter Ratray as Burt
 Dwight Ewell as Helen Wheels
 Matthew Faber as Mizz Moxie
 Michael McElroy as Princess Ernestine
 Luis Guzmán as Vito
 Joey Dedio as Angelo

Factual inaccuracies
Although the film is based on true events, there are some factual inaccuracies. These include:
 The sip-in did not include the Stonewall Inn as a stop. Service was refused at a bar called Julius.  This action took place in 1966, not 1969.
 The picket in Philadelphia, known as the Annual Reminder, took place each July 4 from 1965 to 1969, later in the summer than depicted in the film.
 Many of those in attendance at the riots deny categorically that Judy Garland's death was a motivating factor.

Soundtrack

 The Shangri-Las – "Give Him a Great Big Kiss"
 The Butterflies – "Gee Baby Gee"
 The Shangri-Las – "Sophisticated Boom"
 The Shirelles – "Ooh Poo Pah Doo"
 The Shangri-Las – "Remember (Walkin' in the Sand)"
 The Ad Libs – "Boy from New York City"
 Judy Garland – "Zing! Went the Strings of My Heart"
 Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles – "Down the Aisle"
 Bessie Banks – "Go Now"
 Judy Garland – "Over the Rainbow"
 Barenaked Ladies – "What a Good Boy"
 The Shangri-Las – "Give Him a Great Big Kiss" (Hani's Kiss Mix)

Release

Box office
Stonewall opened theatrically on September 3, 1996, its widest release being 10 venues. Closing on December 12, 1996, it grossed $692,400.

Critical reception
The film received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 63% score based on eight reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10.

Accolades
 1995 London Film Festival - Audience Award
 1996 San Francisco International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival - Audience Award for Best Feature
 1996 Outfest - Grand Jury Award Honorable Mention - Outstanding Screenwriting - Rikki Beadle-Blair

Home media

Stonewall was released on VHS tape in the 1996 by Tartan Video. This video was a Virgin exclusive and is out of print. A VHS release also happened in Australia (dendy).

Stonewall was released on Region 1 DVD on October 26, 1999 and again by the BBC in 2008, in NTSC (not widescreen).  It received a German DVD release (region 2) in 2004.

A laserdisc was released in the US in 1996.

The film is difficult to find due to the low numbers of DVD sales in the 1990s. However, as of July 25, 2021, it was available on Amazon Prime in the US, but in other countries like the UK, it is unavailable.

Stage play
The film was adapted for the stage by screenwriter Beadle-Blair. It premiered in London and The Edinburgh Festival in 2007.

References

 Eisenbach, David (2006). Gay Power: An American Revolution. Carroll & Graf Publishers. .
 Loughery, John (1998). The Other Side of Silence – Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History. New York, Henry Holt and Company. .
 Marks Ridinger, Robert B. (2004). Speaking For Our Lives: Historic Speeches and Rhetoric for Gay and Lesbian Rights (1892-2000). Haworth Press. .
Remembering Stonewall (1988) Sound Portraits Productions, Inc.

External links

 Stonewall at Outfilms

1995 films
1995 comedy-drama films
1995 LGBT-related films
American comedy-drama films
American docudrama films
British comedy-drama films
British docudrama films
Films based on non-fiction books
Films set in 1969
Films set in the 1960s
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Philadelphia
LGBT-related films based on actual events
Transgender-related films
Films scored by Michael Kamen
Films produced by Christine Vachon
BBC Film films
Killer Films films
Gay-related films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
1990s British films
English-language comedy-drama films
American LGBT-related documentary films
British LGBT-related documentary films

Stonewall (1995 film)


Menemachus, (), a Greek physician born at one of the cities named Aphrodisias, who belonged to the Methodic school of medicine, and lived in the 2nd century. He wrote some works which are not now extant, and is probably the physician quoted by Caelius Aurelianus, Galen, and Oribasius. The Menemachus, however, who is quoted by Celsus, is not the same person, and must have lived at least a century earlier.

Notes

2nd-century Greek physicians

Menemachus


Monkstown Community School was a mixed non-denominational secondary school in Monkstown, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It closed in 2015 when it merged with Newtownabbey Community High School to form Abbey Community College.

Curriculum
Key Stage 3 Curriculum

In years 8,9 and 10 al pupils follow the Northern Ireland Curriculum with Information Communication Technology integrated into all subjects at this level;
in addition pupils have the opportunity to study personal and Social Education.
Health education is promoted through the subjects of Home Economics and Science.

Subjects studied include;

English
Mathematics
Science
History
Geography
Home Economics
Physical Education
Religious Education
French
Technology and Design
Art
Music
Personal and Social Education

Key Stage 4 Curriculum

During Key Stage 4 (Year 11 and 12) all pupils will study the core subjects: English, Religious Education; Mathematics; Science and French in addition to Careers and Games.  Pupils will also study a group of optional subjects chosen from Geography, History, English Literature, Double Award Science, ICT, Technology and Design, Business Studies, Office Applications, Information Systems, Home Economics, Child Development, Music, Art and Physical Education.

The subjects pupils study will be based upon parent / pupil choices; pupils Key Stage 3 continuous assessment record; internal and external examinations in addition to recommendations from subject teachers.

Post 16 Sixth Form Curriculum

At present pupils have a choice of studying either Vocational "A" levels in Years 13 and 14 (Lower and Upper Sixth) or Intermediate level GNVQ
in Year 13 (Lower Sixth).

General National Vocational Qualifications (GNVQ)

Two-year GNVQ Advanced courses in Business Studies, ICT and Leisure and Tourism are offered presently.  A one-year course Intermediate level GNVQ
is offered in Business Studies.  Pupils will also study and have to demonstrate competence in the core skills of Information Technology,
Application of Number and Communications.  They will be given the opportunity to develop skills in problem solving, working with others and
improving their own learning and performance.

The range of post 16 courses on offer will depend on the number of pupils choosing a course together with our staffing resources within the school.

Special Educational Needs

Some pupils in the 11-18 age group have Special Educational Needs which must be catered for.  Monkstown Community School is a caring school
which treats all pupils as individuals.

The School has a Moderate Learning Difficulties Unit with three specialist teachers who work with pupils, parents,
subject teachers and external agencies to ensure that the appropriate support is provided.  This includes

1:1 support
Learning Assistants
Reading Partnerships
Small teaching groups
Extra support in subject classes
North Eastern Board personnel
A range of teaching approaches to enable pupils to develop confidence and understanding.

All requirements of the Northern Ireland Code of Practice are met and parents are kept fully informed.

Statistics

Pupils

Average enrolment in 2005 – 2006 was 708

134 Year 8 pupils were admitted into the School in September 2005.

Enrolled Pupils: 777

Notable former pupils

References

External links

Secondary schools in County Antrim
Educational institutions established in 1976

1976 establishments in Northern Ireland
Defunct schools in Northern Ireland

Monkstown Community School