Slovene minority in Italy (, ), also known as Slovenes in Italy (, ) is the name given to Italian citizens who belong to the autochthonous Slovene ethnic and linguistic minority living in the Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The vast majority of members of the Slovene ethnic minority live in the Provinces of Trieste, Gorizia, and Udine. Estimates of their number vary significantly; the official figures show 52,194 Slovenian speakers in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, as per the 1971 census, but Slovenian estimates speak of 83,000 to 100,000 people.

The Slovene minority in Italy enjoys legal protection of its collective rights, guaranteed by the Italian constitution and specific legislation, as well as by international treaties (especially the London Memorandum of 1954), and bilateral agreements initially stipulated first between Italy and Yugoslavia (especially the Treaty of Osimo of 1975), and since 1991 between Italy and Slovenia.

Since 1945, the Slovenes in Italy have enjoyed partial cultural autonomy, including an education system in Slovene. They have a wide net of cultural and civic associations. The Slovene language is co-official in many of the municipalities with presence of the Slovene minority, and visual bilingualism is applied in most of the non-urban settlements with traditional Slovene presence. However, the implementation of these rights largely depends on the local administrations; thus, the situation varies significantly from area to area.

Both Italy and Slovenia promote Slovene culture in Friuli-Venezia Giulia through subsidies for Slovene associations and organizations.

Name
The denomination "Slovenes in Italy" is preferred to "Italian Slovenes" or "Slovene Italians" due to historical reasons and reasons of identity. The Slovenes of the Julian March or Venezia Giulia (the present-day Provinces of Trieste and Gorizia) became Italian citizens only with the Treaty of Rapallo of 1920. In the late 1920s and 1930s, many of them supported underground anti-Fascist groups, such as TIGR. During World War II large portions of the population took part in the Yugoslav partisan movement, and between 1945 and 1947, many of them actively supported the annexation to Yugoslavia. In the aftermath of World War II, their integration in the Italian state was slow and difficult: much of the anti-Slav Fascist legislation (for example, the forced Italianization of family names) remained valid, and in the context of the Cold War, the Slovene minority was regarded by many political parties, as well as by segments of State institutions, as a potential Yugoslav Trojan Horse.

After 1947, the term zamejski Slovenci (literally, 'Slovenes beyond the border') started to be used by the Yugoslav press and institutions, especially in Slovenia. Initially, this term referred to all Slovene minorities residing outside Yugoslavia (in addition to the Slovenes in Italy, also the Carinthian Slovenes and Hungarian Slovenes). This is still the way the term is used by state institutions in Slovenia. However, because alternative terms exist for the Slovene minorities in Austria and Hungary, the term zamejski Slovenci or Zamejci (< za 'behind' + meja 'border' + ci, a suffix) tends to be used mostly for the Slovenes in Italy. This term is often used also by the Slovenes in Italy themselves, and it is considered a neutral and politically correct term.

Geographical extension

The Slovene minority in Italy lives in the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, more precisely, in the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Udine. Slovene immigrants living in other parts of Italy are not considered as members of the minority.
Slovenes live along the border with Slovenia. Their traditional area of settlement includes:
 the hinterland territory of the Province of Trieste (except for the town center of Muggia, which was until 1945 a homogeneous Istrian Italian urban settlement);
 a thin strip of territory along the border with Slovenia in the Province of Gorizia, including some neighborhoods of Gorizia;
 the mountainous area of north-east Friuli in the Province of Udine, known historically as Venetian Slovenia, comprising the Natisone Valley, the upper Torre Valley, and the Resia Valley;
 the Canale Valley in the Province of Udine, in the north-easternmost part of Italy, on the border with Austria and Slovenia.

Today the Slovene minority is present in 32 municipalities in the region: 6 in the Province of Trieste, 6 in the Province of Gorizia and 20 in the Province of Udine. In 16 of them, they are the majority of the population. In addition to these, since the early 1920s, the Slovenes have been immigrating to the industrial areas of the lower Isonzo valley, to the lowland areas around Monfalcone, known as Bisiacaria, and to larger Friulian cities (such as Udine, Pordenone, and others). The former are nowadays considered members of the Slovene minority and thus enjoy certain collective minority rights, while the latter do not.

The Slovene language is officially recognized in the following 32 municipalities, even though in many of these muncicipalities the presence of the Slovene minority is very small, representing as little as 2% of the population in some areas:

In the Province of Trieste:
 Duino-Aurisina (Devin-Nabrežina)
 Monrupino (Repentabor)
 Muggia (Milje)
 San Dorligo della Valle (Dolina)
 Sgonico (Zgonik)
 Trieste (Trst)

In the Province of Gorizia:
 Cormons (Krmin)
 Doberdò del Lago (Doberdob)
 Dolegna del Collio (Dolenje v Brdih)
 Gorizia (Gorica)
 Monfalcone (Tržič)
 Ronchi dei Legionari (Ronke)
 San Floriano del Collio (Števerjan)
 Savogna d'Isonzo (Sovodnje ob Soči)

In the Province of Udine:
 Attimis (Ahten)
 Cividale del Friuli (Čedad)
 Drenchia (Dreka)
 Grimacco (Grmek or Garmak)
 Lusevera (Bardo or Brdo)
 Montenars (Gorjani)
 Nimis (Neme)
 Pontebba (Tablja)
 Prepotto (Praprotno)
 Pulfero (Podbonesec)
 Resia (Rezija)
 San Leonardo (Podutana or Šent Lienart)
 San Pietro al Natisone (Špeter Slovenov or Špietar)
 Savogna (Sovodnje)
 Stregna (Srednje)
 Taipana (Tipana)
 Tarcento (Čenta)
 Tarvisio (Trbiž)
 Torreano (Tavorjana)

Ethnic and territorial identity
The Slovene minority in Italy is highly differentiated along geographic, cultural-historical, identity and linguistic lines.
In cultural-historical terms, three separate groups can be differentiated: the Slovenes of the Julian March (the Provinces of Trieste and Gorizia), the Slovenes from Venetian Slovenia, and the Slovenes from the Canale Valley (in the Province of Udine). Each of these three groups has had a significantly different history, which resulted in different identities. The Slovenes in the Resia Valley are sometimes considered as a fourth group, due to their specific linguistic features and separate identity; nevertheless, they share a common history, as well as similar cultural and linguistic features with the Slovenes from Venetian Slovenia.

Slovenes of Trieste and Gorizia

The Slovenes living in the Provinces of Trieste and Gorizia shared, until 1918, the same history with most other Slovenes: by the end of the 15th century, they were included in the Habsburg monarchy, and in the 19th century they actively participated in the Slovene national revival. Between 1849 and 1918, they were part of the Austrian administrative region known as Austrian Littoral, and were known as Littoral Slovenes (Primorski Slovenci). After 1918, they came under Italian administration and were included in the region known as the Julian March (Venezia Giulia). They shared the same fate as other Slovenes in the Julian March: they were subjected to Fascist Italianization, which gave rise to pro-Yugoslav irredentism. In 1947, after World War II, a new border between Italy and Yugoslavia was drawn, dividing the Julian March between the two states. The border was artificial, insofar as it was not based on any significant historical or geographical divides. In many cases, the border separated families and ran through fields and estates. All these reasons contributed to the strong connection between the Slovenes who remained in Italy with their counterparts that were annexed to Yugoslavia.

Until the 1950s and 1960s, the Slovenes from the Provinces of Gorizia and Trieste frequently referred to themselves as Littoral Slovenes. Since the 1960s, this identification with the Slovenian Littoral has faded, but it can still be traced in the names of certain institutions, most notably in the title of the Slovene daily newspaper of Trieste, called Primorski dnevnik which means "The Littoral Daily". Between the 1940s and 1960s, the Slovenes from the Provinces of Gorizia and Trieste established the infrastructure of minority organizations that now serve the needs of the whole minority. They have enjoyed a certain degree of cultural autonomy (the most important feature being the education system in Slovene) since 1945, and they have maintained strong relations with Slovenia, especially with the neighboring border areas of the Slovenian Littoral.
In 1986 the Slovenian community founded the football club Kras Repen, which locates its fan base among the Slovenes in Italy.

Venetian Slovenia

Venetian Slovenia ( or Benečija, ) is the traditional name for Slovene-speaking areas in the valleys of upper Natisone and Torre rivers in eastern Friuli (currently in the Province of Udine). The history of these areas has been strongly linked to the history of Friuli. Unlike most other ethnic Slovene territories (including the areas of Gorizia and Trieste), this region was part of the Venetian Republic for around 350 years (hence the name of the region). During that period, they enjoyed a large degree of autonomy.

The Slovenes in this area were annexed to Italy together with the rest of the Venetia region in 1866, that is, half a century before the Slovenes of Gorizia and Trieste, who remained under Austrian rule until after World War I.

For long, the identity of the local Slovenes was mostly a linguistic and, to an extent, an ethnic one, but not a national one. The Slovenes of these areas lacked any form of collective minority or linguistic rights until the year 2000, when the Law for the Defense of the Slovene-Speaking Minority was passed by the Italian Parliament.

Canale Valley Slovenes
Around 3,000 Slovenes live in the Canale Valley in the north-easternmost part of the Province of Udine. The valley is currently divided among three municipalities: Tarvisio (Trbiž), Malborghetto Valbruna (Naborjet - Ovčja vas), and Pontebba (Tablja). Most of the local Slovenes live in the first two, representing around half of the population in Malborghetto Valbruna and a lower percentage in Tarvisio.

Until 1918, the Canale Valley (Kanalska dolina) was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Since the Middle Ages, it was a part of the Duchy of Carinthia. The local Slovene speakers shared the same history, traditions and linguistic features with other Carinthian Slovenes. According to the last Austrian census of 1910, the valley had around 9,000 inhabitants, among whom around a third were Slovene speakers, with the remainder German speakers. In 1918, after the end of World War I, the valley was occupied by the Italian Army, and in 1919 it was officially annexed to Italy. In the 1920s and 1930s, many Italians were settled in this area, which bordered both Austria and Yugoslavia. In 1939, the South Tyrol Option Agreement between Italy and Nazi Germany was also applied to ethnic Germans in the area; as a consequence, most of the German-speaking population was resettled to neighboring Carinthia. New settlers from other parts of Italy gradually took their place, which significantly altered the ethnic composition of the valley.

Nowadays, Slovene is still spoken in several villages in the valley, especially Valbruna (Ovčja vas), Camporosso in Valcanale (Žabnice), Ugovizza (Ukve), and San Leopoldo (Lipalja vas). There has been a revival of Slovene language in these villages after 1990, with a focus on the younger generations.

Resia Valley

The inhabitants of the Resia Valley (Rezija) in north-western Friuli speak a specific dialect of Slovene, known as Resian. Due to its specific phonetic features and archaic grammar, Resian is not mutually intelligible with standard Slovene and with most other Slovene dialects. Historically and culturally (as well as linguistically), Resia could be considered a part of Venetian Slovenia. According to Italian and regional legislation, Resians are considered as part of the Slovene minority in Italy; however, there are strong local movements that oppose identification with Slovenes and Slovene language, and defend a separate Resian identity.

Notable Slovenes in Italy
Notable Slovenes, who were either born in what is today Italy, or who spent a considerable part of their lives in these area, include:

Actors, directors and showmen
 Miranda Caharija, actress from Trieste
 Ferdo Delak, Slovenian-Croatian theatre director (born in Gorizia)
 George Dolenz/Jure Dolenc, US actor (born in Trieste)
 Boris Kobal, comedian and director from Trieste
 Andro Merkù, comedian

Architects and designers
 Franko Luin, Slovene-Swedish graphic designer from Trieste
 Boris Podrecca, Slovene-Austrian architect from Trieste
 Viktor Sulčič, Slovene Argentine architect, born in Santa Croce near Trieste

Authors
 Vladimir Bartol, writer (born in Trieste, lived mostly in Ljubljana)
 France Bevk, writer (born near Cerkno, Slovenia, but lived in Gorizia between 1920 and 1943, and in Trieste, 1945–1952)
 Andrej Budal, writer and translator
 Igo Gruden, poet (born in Duino-Aurisina, lived mostly in Ljubljana)
 Dušan Jelinčič, writer and mountaineer from Trieste
 Jovan Vesel Koseski, poet (born in Carniola, but lived, worked and died in Trieste)
 Miroslav Košuta, poet from Trieste
 Boris Pahor, writer from Trieste
 Alojz Rebula, writer and essayist from San Pelagio (Duino-Aurisina)
 Josip Ribičič, writer (lived and worked in Trieste)
 Zora Tavčar, writer, essayist and translator (born in Loka pri Zidanem Mostu, Slovenia, but living and working in Villa Opicina, Trieste)
 Stanko Vuk, poet and Catholic political activist (born in Miren (Slovenia), but lived and died in Trieste)

Journalists
 Jurij Gustinčič, Slovenian journalist (born in Trieste)
 Miran Hrovatin, photographer and camera operator from Trieste, killed in Somalia with the journalist Ilaria Alpi
 Demetrio Volcic/Dimitrij Volčič (born in Ljubljana, but lived in Trieste)
 Sergio Tavčar, sport anchor from Trieste

Musicians
 Edi Bucovaz, musician from Venetian Slovenia, founder of the Beneški fantje folk group
 Marij Kogoj, Slovenian composer (born in Trieste)
 Denis Novato, accordion player from Trieste

Painters
 Milko Bambič, painter, illustrator, cartoonist, caricaturist, inventor, children's writer and author from Trieste
 Franc Kavčič, Classicist painter from Gorizia
 Avgust Černigoj, avant-garde painter from Trieste
 Gojmir Anton Kos, neo-historicist painter from Gorizia
 Zoran Mušič, modernist painter from Gorizia
Klavdij Palčič, abstract painter, scenographer, graphic designer and former director of The Slovenian Cultural and Economic Union, from Trieste
 Lojze Spacal, abstract painter from Trieste
 Lojze Špacapan, modernist painter from Gradisca d'Isonzo
 Jožef Tominc, classicist painter from Gorizia
Edvard Stepančič, painter, from Trieste
Edvard Zajec, painter and graphic artist, from Trieste

Politicians
 Engelbert Besednjak, Christian Democratic politician, Italian member in Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy (1924-1929)
 Darko Bratina, Sociologist and Center left politician, Italian senator (1992-1997)
 Miloš Budin, Left-wing politician, Italian Senator (2001-2006), and Government official (2006-2008)
 Ivan Marija Čok, Liberal politician and organizer
 Ivan Dolinar, Conservative politician, journalist and teacher
 Josip Ferfolja, Social Democrat politician
 Rudolf Golouh, Socialist politician, and trade union activist
 Ivan Nabergoj, Liberal Nationalist politician, Member of the Austrian Parliament
 Bogumil Remec, Christian Democratic politician and entrepreneur
 Mitja Ribičič, Communist politician, prime minister of the SFR Yugoslavia (1969-1971)
 Josip Vilfan, Liberal politician, Italian member in Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy (1921-1929)

Psychotherapists
 Alenka Rebula Tuta, psychotherapist, poet, and author
 Pavel Fonda, psychiatrist, psychotherapist, and politician

Resistance fighters and anti-Fascist activists
 Ferdo Bidovec, anti-Fascist insurrectionist from Trieste, executed by the Fascist regime in 1930
 Lojze Bratuž, composer and Catholic activist from Gorizia, assassinated by Fascist squads
 Zorko Jelinčič, national liberal activist from Trieste, co-founder of the TIGR organization
 Fran Marušič, anti-Fascist insurrectionist from Basovizza (Trieste), executed by the Fascist regime in 1930
 Zvonimir Miloš, Slovene-Croat anti-Fascist insurrectionist from Trieste, executed by the Fascist regime in 1930
 Pinko Tomažič, Communist activist from Trieste, executed by the Fascist regime in 1941
 Ivan Regent, Communist activist from Trieste

Scholars
 Milko Brezigar, Yugoslav economist (born in Doberdò del Lago)
 Lavo Čermelj, Slovene anti-Fascist immigrant from Trieste; physicist, political activist and public intellectual
 Boris Furlan, jurist, legal theorist (born in Trieste)
 Boris M. Gombač, historian from Trieste
 Ivo Kerže, philosopher from Trieste
 Franc Kos, historian (lived and worked in Gorizia)
 Milko Kos, historian (born in Gorizia)
 Niko Kuret, ethnologist (born in Trieste)
 Alessio Lokar, economist and essayist from Gorizia
 Pavle Merkù, ethnomusicologist
 Avgust Pirjevec, literary scholar (born in Gorizia)
 Jože Pirjevec, historian from Trieste
 Igor Škamperle, sociologist and writer from Trieste
 Božo Škerlj, anthropologist (born in Trieste)
 Vladimir Truhlar, theologian and poet (born in Gorizia)
 Marta Verginella, historian from Trieste
 Sergij Vilfan, historian (born in Trieste)

Sports
 Arianna Bogatec, sailer
 Matej Černic, volleyball player
 Claudia Coslovich, athlete (javelin throw)
 Lorenzo Crisetig, football player
 Gregor Fučka, former basketball player for the Italy national team
 Barbara Lah, triple jumper
 Edoardo Reja, football coach
 Lidija Rupnik, gymnast
 Giorgio Ursi, racing cyclist

Others
 Sergej Mašera, Yugoslav naval officier, military hero, born in Gorizia
 Edvard Rusjan, pioneer aviator, born in Trieste, lived in Gorizia
 Jožko Šavli, author, amateur historian from Gorizia
 Žiga Zois, Enlightenment figure and entrepreneur, born in Trieste

Italians of Slovene descent
Besides members of the Slovene ethnic minority, there are also notable Italians with a Slovene descendent background. Italian naturalized citizens of Slovenian background are also usually not considered to be part of the Slovene autochthonous minority, unless they reside in the areas of traditional Slovene settlement and partake in the community life of the minority.

Famous Italians of Slovene descent include:

Gianni Bisiach, film director and author (Slovene parents from Gorizia)
Andrea Bosic, actor (Slovene-born, from Maribor)
Marco Castellani, musician (Slovene mother)
Roberto Chiacig, basketball player (Slovene family from Venetian Slovenia)
Roberto Cosolini, Mayor of Trieste (since 2010), Slovene mother
Armando Cossutta, politician, president of the Communist Refoundation Party (1991-1998) and the Party of Italian Communists, 1998-2000 (Slovene father)
Danilo Dolci, pedagogue and activist (born in Sežana, Slovenia, Slovene mother)
Michl Ebner, politician (Slovene maternal grandfather from Polzela)
Pietro Fanna, football player (family of Slovene descent, from Venetian Slovenia)
Gregor Fučka, basketball player (Slovenian-born)
Giorgio Gaber (stage name of Giorgio Gaberscik), singer, songwriter and performer, father of Slovene descent (from the Goriška region)
Franco Giraldi, screenwriter and film director (born in Komen, Slovenia, Slovene mother)
Gaetano Kanizsa, psychologist (Slovene mother from Trieste)
Guglielmo Oberdan, Italian nationalist activist and irredentist (Slovene mother from Ozeljan, Slovenia)
Giuseppe Pagano (born as Giuseppe Pogatschnig), Italian architect (father of Slovene descent)
Giorgio Strehler, theatre director (Slovene mother from Barcola, Trieste)
Walter Veltroni, politician, former Deputy Prime Minister of Italy (1996-1998), and Mayor of Rome, 2001-2008 (Slovene grandfather from Carinthia, Ciril Kotnik)

See also
Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)
Italy–Slovenia relations

References

External links

Ethnic groups in Italy
Slovenian diaspora

Slovene minority in Italy


Rondo Hatton (April 22, 1894 – February 2, 1946) was an American journalist and actor. After writing for The Tampa Tribune, Hatton found a career in film due to his unique facial features, which were the result of acromegaly. He headlined horror films with Universal Studios near the end of his life, earning him a reputation as a cult icon.

Early years
Hatton was born in the Kee Mar College girls' infirmary in Hagerstown, Maryland. The family moved several times during Hatton's youth before settling in Tampa, Florida. He starred in track and football at Hillsborough High School and was voted Handsomest Boy in his class his senior year.

In Tampa, Hatton worked as a sportswriter for The Tampa Tribune. He continued working as a journalist until after World War I, when the symptoms of acromegaly developed.  Acromegaly distorted the shape of Hatton's head, face, and extremities in a gradual but consistent process. He eventually became severely disfigured by the disease.  Because the symptoms developed in adulthood (as is common with the disorder), the disfigurement was incorrectly attributed later by film studio publicity departments to elephantiasis resulting from exposure to a German mustard gas attack during service in World War I. Hatton served in combat and served on the Pancho Villa Expedition along the Mexican border and in France during World War I with the United States Army, from which he was discharged due to his illness.

Acting career
Director Henry King noticed Hatton when he was working as a reporter with The Tampa Tribune covering the filming of Hell Harbor (1930) and hired him for a small role. After some hesitation, Hatton moved to Hollywood in 1936 to pursue a career playing similar, often uncredited, bit and extra roles. His most notable of these was as a contestant-extra in the "ugly man competition" (which he loses to a heavily made up Charles Laughton) in the RKO production of The Hunchback of Notre Dame. He had another supporting-character role as Gabe Hart, a member of the lynch mob in the 1943 film of The Ox-Bow Incident.

Universal Studios used Hatton's unusual features to promote him as a horror star after he played the part of The Hoxton Creeper (aka The Hoxton Horror) in the studio's ninth Sherlock Holmes film, The Pearl of Death (1944).  He made two films playing "the Creeper", House of Horrors and  The Brute Man, which were both filmed in 1945 but not released until after his death in 1946.

Death
Around Christmas 1945, Hatton suffered a series of heart attacks, a direct result of his acromegalic condition. On February 2, 1946, he suffered a fatal heart attack at his home on South Tower Drive in Los Angeles. His body was transported to Florida and interred at the American Legion Cemetery in Tampa.

Legacy
Hatton's name — and simple but brutish face — have become recurring humorous motifs in popular culture. In season 6, episode 4 of the 1970s television series The Rockford Files ("Only Rock-n-Roll Will Never Die, part 1"), Jim Rockford, exasperated at a friend who dismisses himself as unattractive, exclaims "You're no Rondo Hatton!" Hatton's physical likeness inspired the Lothar character in Dave Stevens's 1980s Rocketeer Adventure Magazine stories, and in Disney's 1991 film version, The Rocketeer, in which the character is played by actor Tiny Ron in prosthetic make-up.

The 2000 AD comic book character Judge Dredd, who is rarely seen without his helmet, used "face-changing technology" to make himself look like Hatton in issue 52 (18 February 1978) — the first time the character's face was shown unobscured.  The name "Rondo Hatton" was also in a list of suspects obtained by Dredd during the case. As the artist Brian Bolland revealed in an interview with David Bishop: "The picture of Dredd's face — that was a 1940s actor called Rondo Hatton. I've only seen him in one film." Additionally, the character The Creep in the Dark Horse Presents comic-book series strongly resembled Hatton.

Hatton is regularly name-checked in the novels of Robert Rankin, often referred to as "the now-legendary Rondo Hatton" and credited as appearing in films that are either fictional, or in which he clearly had no part, such as the Carry On films. Rankin's references to Hatton routinely occur in the form of "he had a Rondo Hatton" (hat on).  Another namecheck occurs in Rafi Zabor's PEN/Faulkner-award-winning 1998 novel The Bear Comes Home, where the name is used as a nickname for good-natured but unrefined minor character Tommy Talmo. In the 2004 Stephen King novel, The Dark Tower VII, a character is described as looking "like Rondo Hatton, a film actor from the 1930s, who suffered from acromegaly and got work playing monsters and psychopaths". In the 1991 movie The Rocketeer, actor Tiny Ron Taylor, playing Nazi henchman Lothar, is made up with prosthetics to look like Hatton. The episode of Doctor Who entitled "The Wedding of River Song" features Mark Gatiss as a character whose appearance (achieved through prosthetics) is based on Hatton's, credited under the pseudonym Rondo Haxton for his performance.

A documentary being produced in 2017, Rondo and Bob, and released in 2020, looks at the lives of Hatton and The Texas Chain Saw Massacre art director Robert A. Burns, a self-described expert on Hatton.

The Dark Horse comic The Creep focuses on Oxel Karnhus, a private detective with acromegaly, who was modelled after Hatton and his "Creeper" character.

The full story of Hatton's life is sensitively told in the Scott Gallinghouse book Rondo Hatton: Beauty Within the Brute (BearManor Media, 2019), which also includes exhaustive production histories of his Universal horror films.

Rondo Hatton Awards; cultural references
Since 2002, the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards have paid tribute to Hatton in name and likeness. The physical award is a representation of Hatton's face, based on the bust of "The Creeper", whom Hatton portrayed in the 1946 Universal Pictures film House of Horrors.

Filmography

References

Further reading
 "Rondo Hatton". The Tampa Bay Times. September 29, 1923.
 Hatton, Rondo. "Newshounds, Once Doughboys, Describe First Armistice Day: Southeast of Sedan". The Tampa Bay Times. November 12, 1928.

External links

 The Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards
 Rondo Hatton as The Creeper in House of Horrors (TCM's Movie Morlocks)

1894 births
1946 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Burials in Florida
Male actors from Tampa, Florida
People from Hagerstown, Maryland
People with acromegaly
Sportswriters from Florida
Sportswriters from Maryland
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army soldiers

Rondo Hatton


The 1688 Sannio earthquake occurred in the late afternoon of June 5 in the province of Benevento of southern Italy. The moment magnitude is estimated at 7.0, with a Mercalli intensity of XI. It severely damaged numerous towns in a vast area, completely destroying Cerreto Sannita and Guardia Sanframondi. The exact number of victims is unknown, although it is estimated to total approximately 10,000. It is among the most destructive earthquakes in the history of Italy.

Earthquake
The earthquake occurred in the southern and central part of the Apennines, an earthquake-prone area where several large faults are present, and where extensional tectonics phenomena are common due to the collision of the African Plate with the Eurasian Plate.

The earthquake was preceded by lighter earthquakes starting in February 1688 and by a series of foreshocks in the days before the main shock. It was followed by aftershocks lasting at least until December of that year. The magnitude of the main shock is reported as 6.98 ±0.12 by the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, while the Mercalli intensity is estimated as XI (Extreme). The epicentral area was to the southeast of the Matese massif and to the northwest of Benevento, between the Calore river and one of its tributaries, the Tammaro. In this area the maximum Mercalli intensity of XI was reached, while in Naples the intensity was VII–VIII. The shock was perceived in five regions of Southern Italy, in an area of .

Damage

Three towns were completely destroyed by the earthquake: Cerreto Sannita, Guardia Sanframondi, and Civitella Licinio, a frazione of Cusano Mutri. In 20 more villages and towns near the epicentre, destruction was almost total. In an area of , about 120 settlements took extensive damage, while about 40–50 other towns were damaged only slightly.

Benevento was hit harshly by the earthquake, with over 80% of the buildings being significantly damaged or destroyed, including the Santa Sofia church. The poor quality of the buildings was a determining factor of extent of the damages. Avellino and Naples also experienced extensive destruction, with several collapsed or damaged buildings; in Naples, more than thirty churches and religious buildings were severely damaged. In Cerreto Sannita only three houses remained standing, with the destruction also of a Poor Clares monastery and a Franciscan one.

Casualties
The exact number of deaths resulting from the earthquake is unknown, but it is estimated to total approximately 10,000. Cerreto Sannita, the hardest-hit town, lost half its inhabitants, 4,000 out of 8,000. In Civitella Licinio, which was completely destroyed, the only survivors were those who were working in the fields when the earthquake hit. In Guardia Sanframondi there were more than 1,000 victims. In Benevento 1,367 people died out of a population of 7,500; the number of deaths was lower because many citizens were working in the countryside at the time. Hundreds of people died in San Lorenzello, due to a landslide. Several deaths were recorded also in Naples, Avellino and other towns.

Effects

Environmental effects
The earthquake caused several landslides originating from the Matese and other mountainsides, among which a large landslide that devastated the town of San Lorenzello. The courses of the Sabato and the Volturno rivers was altered. In the mountains of the Sannio, large clefts opened, new springs were formed and preexistent springs became muddy.

Societal effects
The earthquake had a strong impact on the economy and the social fabric of the affected area, which at the time belonged to the Kingdom of Naples, except for Benevento, which was an exclave of the Papal States. The inhabitants of the area abandoned the destroyed and damaged buildings, and lived in makeshift shelters. Furthermore, buildings devoted to food production like mills were also destroyed, affecting the food supply. The two governments involved granted tax relief to the people of the area and put forth other measures to mitigate the societal effects of the earthquake.

In Naples, there were episodes of looting and public security issues; the inmates of damaged prisons also escaped or were released. Three weeks after the earthquake governmental and economic activities had not restarted yet. In Benevento, the financial help provided by the Papal States was insufficient, and was mostly used to rebuild public and religious institutions.

Aftermath
In Benevento reconstruction was slow, and hindered by contrasts between the citizens and the Papal authorities. Another strong earthquake hit the town 14 years later, in 1702, further slowing down the efforts to rebuild the town. Vincenzo Maria Orsini, who later became Pope Benedict XIII, was archbishop of Benevento at the time. He survived the earthquake and gave a decisive contribution to rebuilding efforts. The Papal States sent experts to Benevento: they ascertained that the houses that used river pebbles had fared worse than those built with bricks. They suggested to rebuild the houses with bricks or square stones.

Cerreto Sannita was rebuilt under the supervision of the Count Marzio Carafa, feudal lord of the town. The old, destroyed settlement was abandoned and rebuilt nearby at a lower altitude, in a place with safer, more stable soil. Acting under the guidance of engineers and technicians, the new town was made with larger roads, square blocks of houses, buildings with only one or two floors, and other safety measures.

See also
 Cerreto Sannita
 List of earthquakes in Italy
 List of historical earthquakes
 San Lupo
 History of Cerreto Sannita

References

External links
 Page on the 1688 Sannio earthquake from the CFTI5 Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500) Guidoboni E., Ferrari G., Mariotti D., Comastri A., Tarabusi G., Sgattoni G., Valensise G. (2018) (in Italian)

Earthquakes in Italy
History of Campania
1680s earthquakes
1688 natural disasters
1688 in Italy

1688 Sannio earthquake


Svchost.exe (Service Host, or SvcHost) is a system process that can host one or more Windows services in the Windows NT family of operating systems. Svchost is essential in the implementation of shared service processes, where a number of services can share a process in order to reduce resource consumption. Grouping multiple services into a single process conserves computing resources, and this consideration was of particular concern to NT designers because creating Windows processes takes more time and consumes more memory than in other operating systems, e.g. in the Unix family. However, if one of the services causes an unhandled exception, the entire process may crash. In addition, identifying component services can be more difficult for end users. Problems with various hosted services, particularly with Windows Update, get reported by users (and headlined by the press) as involving svchost.

The svchost process was introduced in Windows 2000, although the underlying support for shared service processes has existed since Windows NT 3.1.

Implementation
Its executable image,  or  (for 32-bit services running on 64-bit systems) runs in multiple instances, each hosting one or more services.

Services running in SvcHost are implemented as dynamically-linked libraries (DLLs). Each service's registry key must have a value named  under the  subkey, pointing to the respective service's DLL file. Their  definition is of the form ; (i.e. ). Services sharing the same SvcHost process specify the same parameter, having a single entry in the SCM's database. The first time that a SvcHost process is launched with a specific parameter, it looks for a value of the same name under the  key, which it interprets as a list of service names. Then it notifies the SCM of all the services that it hosts. SCM does not launch a second SvcHost process for any of those received services; instead, it simply sends a "start" command to the respective SvcHost process containing the name of the service that should be launched within its context, and whose respective DLL SvcHost loads.

According to a 2003 Microsoft presentation, the minimum working set of a shared service is approximately 150 KB instead of 800 KB for a standalone process.

Changes to Service Host grouping in Windows 10
Starting with Windows 10 version 1903, Microsoft changed the way services are grouped into host processes. On client computer systems with more than 3.5 GB of memory, services are no longer grouped into shared host processes. Instead, each service is run in its own process. This results in better isolation of services, making the computer system more resilient to service failures and vulnerabilities and easier to debug. However, it adds some memory overhead.

Service tags
Starting with Windows Vista, the internal identification of services inside shared processes (svchost included) is achieved by so-called service tags. The service tag for each thread is stored in the SubProcessTag of its thread environment block (TEB). The tag is propagated across all threads that a main service thread subsequently starts, except for threads created indirectly by Windows thread-pool APIs.

The set of service tag management routines is currently an undocumented API, although it is used by some Windows utilities like netstat to display the TCP connections associated with each service. Some third party tools like ScTagQuery also make use of this API.

Identification and management of hosted services
In Windows XP and later editions, the command  shows a list of the services being run by each listed process (i.e. by each running instance of svchost.exe), with each separate instance of the svchost process identified by a unique Process ID number (PID).

In Windows Vista and Windows 7, the "Services" tab in Windows Task Manager includes a list of services, showing their groups and Process IDs (PIDs); right-clicking on an svchost instance in the Task Manager's "Processes" tab and selecting "Go to Service(s)" switches to that list of services and selects the service running under the corresponding svchost instance.

In Windows 8, the Task Manager interface was streamlined so that each svchost entry can be expanded by a single click to a sub-list of services running inside it.

The Sysinternals Process Explorer (available as a free download from Microsoft) provides additional information about services running under  processes, when the user hovers the mouse over an svchost instance in Process Explorer.

None of the above methods allows the user to identify which of the multiple services running inside an svchost instance accesses a particular resource, i.e. processor, disk, network or memory; the Windows Resource Monitor only accounts for (most of) those resources at process level. It does however show processor usage at service level, on the "CPU" tab. A service-aware list of TCP connections and UDP ports opened can be obtained using the command .

In order to troubleshoot other kinds of problems with a service running inside an svchost instance, the service(s) suspected to be causing the problem must (all) be reconfigured so that each runs inside its own svchost instance. For example,  will reconfigure the service named "foo" to run in its own svchost instance. Changing the  back to  is done by an analogous command. The service must be restarted for such a configuration change to take effect. This debugging process is not foolproof however; in some cases, a heisenbug may occur, which causes the problem to go away when the service is running separately.

A more complex method of troubleshooting is to create an isolated service group.

In Windows 10, starting with release 1703, svchost was redesigned by Microsoft to host only one service per process, depending on available system memory. The default setting causes services to be hosted independently if the system has at least  of RAM.

See also
 inetd
 systemd
 Service Control Manager
 List of Microsoft Windows components
 Windows NT startup process

References

Further reading

External links
How to find processes behind svchost.exe
ScTagQuery

Windows components
Windows files

Svchost.exe


Francisco Ferrera (29 January 1794 – 10 April 1851) was a president of Honduras. He was born in San Juan de Flores, Honduras.

Ferrera joined the guerrerista campaigns of General Francisco Morazán and participated brilliantly in the battles of The Trinidad and Gualcho. In addition, he saw action in the pacification of Olancho. In March 1832, Ferrera faced Vicente Domínguez in Yoro and later in Sonaguera and Trujillo, defeating him in both opportunities. Due to his bravery on the battlefield, he was promoted by General Morazán.

In October 1838, Ferrera rebelled against the federalist government of General Morazán and fought to make Honduras a free state. On 5 April 1839, he was defeated by General Morazán in the battle of the Spirit Santo in El Salvador. After that humiliating defeat, Ferrera took refuge in Nicaragua.

He was Provisional Chief of State of Honduras (1833–1834) and Constitutional President (1841–1844).

He was re-elected President in 1847, resigning that same year before taking office. Ferrera died in Chalatenango, El Salvador, on 10 April 1851.

References

1794 births
1851 deaths
Presidents of Honduras
19th-century Honduran people
Rafael Carrera
People from Francisco Morazán Department

Francisco Ferrera


Cocido montañés ('highlander stew' or 'mountain stew') is a rich hearty Spanish bean stew, originally from and most commonly found in Cantabria in northern Spain.

Cocido montañés is a warm and heavy dish whose origin is the 17th century and it was cooked to fight against the cold and wet climate in the Cantabrian mountains. For that reason it is most commonly eaten during winter and at the largest meal of the day, lunch. The pork is killed during the autumn and preserved to be used during winter. As it is a heavy, high-calorie meal, it is served as a main course.

Ingredients
Cocido montañés is made with two vegetable ingredients: dried large white beans (alubia blanca, soaked overnight before use) and collard greens (berza). Some recipes use local red bean caricu montañés instead of white beans or cabbage instead of hard-to-find collard greens. The rest of the elements of this recipe are known as compangu which refers to the meat ingredients from the pig slaughter: bacon (tocino), pork ribs (costilla), blood sausage (morcilla) and sausage (chorizo).

See also
 Cassoulet
 Cocido lebaniego
 Cocido madrileño
 Cozido à portuguesa
 Fabada asturiana
 Feijoada
 Baked beans
 Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
 Olla podrida
 Pork and beans
 Cantabrian cuisine

References

Montañés
Cocidos
National dishes

Cocido montañés