The Chief of the General Staff is the most senior officer of the British Army. The current holder of the post is General Sir Mark Carleton-Smith, appointed in June 2018.

For many years, until after World War II, the title used was Chief of the Imperial General Staff. This was supposed to show that all of the armies of the British Empire were united under one command. As countries gained independence, this was not the case.

British Army

Chief of the General Staff


The Wenham Historic District is a predominantly rural and residential historic district in Wenham, Massachusetts.  It encompasses the full length of Main Street (Massachusetts Route 1A) between the Beverly and Hamilton lines, a stretch of one of the original post roads which is known to have elements of its present alignment as early as 1710.  The architecture along the route is predominantly residential, principally excepting the cluster of municipal and religious buildings in the town center.  Most of the buildings in the district were built in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Essex County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Wenham, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Wenham Historic District


Rémi Gaillard (; born 7 February 1975 in Montpellier, France) is a French prankster, YouTuber and animal rights activist. Well-known for his videos on YouTube, his channel is the 100th most subscribed comedy channel on YouTube with more than 7.29 million subscribers as of January 2023.

After losing his job at a shoe store and leaving Preston Manor School, Rémi began to use his free time to run pranks on the public. Gaillard gained attention in the French media after performing a series of pranks, including an appearance disguised as a Lorient football player in the 2002 Coupe de France final match, during which he took part in the winners' celebrations and was greeted by then president of the French Republic, Jacques Chirac. He plays football non-professionally, and has posted numerous trick shot videos, including one with Brazilian footballer Ronaldo.

Gaillard has appeared in several sports events, TV game shows and political rallies as well as the 2011 Banksy-produced documentary, The Antics Roadshow.

Concept
Rémi Gaillard became known for his videos, in which he displays an "outrageous" style of humour. Recurring themes include dressing up as and interpreting the behaviour of various animals in public, racing unsuspecting car-drivers whilst dressed up as Mario à la Mario Kart, and numerous provocative interactions with parking enforcement officers and the police.

Gaillard's satirical motto is C'est en faisant n'importe quoi qu'on devient n'importe qui whose literal meaning is "It is by doing whatever that we become whoever". The understood meaning is satirical because "n'importe quoi" implies doing something ridiculous and "n'importe qui" implies no one important. It plays on a classic French proverb C'est en forgeant qu'on devient forgeron. Literally translated the proverb reads, "It is by smithing that one becomes a blacksmith".

Sketches
The majority of Gaillard's sketches are of the hidden camera type, often disguising himself in outlandish costumes for his pranks. In some videos, Gaillard is accompanied by a crowd of friends, giving the action a flashmob-like nature.

Gaillard shot his first sketch in 1999 with a friend in Montpellier, and in 2001, he launched his website nimportequi.com.

He gained fame in 2002 at the finals of the Coupe de France.

He achieved further YouTube popularity through his Rocky Balboa parodies, Pac-Man, Mario Kart and Santa Claus pranks, as well as his football videos. His recent pranks often entail dressing up in large animal costumes; including a kangaroo and a bat. He has also dressed up as a bomb and a Traffic enforcement camera, and has stayed locked in an animal cage for 87 hours to raise funds for animal shelters.

On his official site, Gaillard claims over 2.5 billion views on his videos on the web. His YouTube channel has 1.8 billion total views and his most popular YouTube video, "Kangaroo", has 90 million views.

In 2010, English comedian Dom Joly claimed that some of Gaillard's sketches plagiarize from Joly's show, Trigger Happy TV, as shown by YouTube channel CopyComic in December 2017. Gaillard responded by demonstrating that many of Dom Joly's own pranks may have equally been plagiarized from his own work as well as the work of other comedians including Buster Keaton.

Movie
Gaillard starred in his first full-length feature film titled N'importe qui. It was directed by Raphaël Frydman and released on 5 March 2014, in France.

See also
Practical joke
Trigger Happy TV
 World Freestyle Football Association

References

External links

1975 births
Mass media people from Montpellier
Living people
French humorists
Freestyle footballers
French YouTubers
French male writers
Prank YouTubers
Practical jokes
French animal rights activists

Rémi Gaillard


Fonmon Castle () is a fortified medieval castle near the village of Fonmon in the Vale of Glamorgan and a Grade I listed building. The castle's gardens are designated Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales. With its origins rooted in the 12th century it is today seen as a great architectural rarity, as it is one of few buildings that was drastically remodelled in the 18th century, but not Gothicized. The castle is believed to have remained under the ownership of just two families throughout its history; from Norman times, it was owned by the St Johns, and from 1656, by the descendants of Colonel Philip Jones.

History
The origins of Fonmon Castle are poorly documented and most of its early history has been discovered through studying its architecture. A popular myth exists that the castle was built by Oliver St John of Fonmon, one of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan who effected the Norman conquest of Glamorgan. It has since been shown that this was a legendary tale given credence by a "historic" recount in the 1560s by Sir Edward Stradling.

There is speculation that a defensive fortification made of timber was built on the site of Fonmon Castle soon after the Norman invasion of Wales, with stonework added around 1200. The thick walls to the left of the entrance is easily identifiable as 12th century in design, and shows the existence of a rectangular keep. This keep was relatively small in size, approximately 8m x 13m. In the 13th century a curtain wall was added to the east side of the keep leading towards a steep scarp. This was followed by a much larger L-shaped build to the south with a south-east tower added at the angle. The east wall along the ravine edge has the castle's thickest walls, which is a curiosity as this would have been the most difficult side to attack. It is therefore believed that some other defensive structure may have existed to protect the more vulnerable south and west approaches. These early constructions are thought to have been undertaken by the St. John family (see Viscounts Bolingbroke), who were associated with the castle during the Middle Ages and continued as owners until 1656. It was not until the 16th century that the next major addition was made, a short north wing built over a barrel-vaulted semi-basement.

The castle survived being damaged during the English Civil War, with the St. John family supporting the Parliamentarians, but shortly thereafter, they fell into financial difficulties and the castle was sold to Colonel Philip Jones. It is believed that Jones then improved the rooms on the east range, and added a double-depth wing to the north side. Upon Jones' death, the castle was passed down to his son, Oliver, who owned the castle from 1678 to 1685. It was Oliver's great-grandson, Robert Jones III, who was to make the next major redevelopment to the castle. He married Jane Seys, heiress to the Seys of Boverton, and in 1762, they began improvements, employing Thomas Paty of Bristol. The firm added render, and made additions the battlements to give it more of an appearance of a castle.

The estate went into a period of decline in the 19th century, and little work was done to the castle except for the addition of the entrance porch, and the extension to the south wing in the period between 1840 and 1878. The castle passed by marriage to Sir Seymour Boothby of the Boothby baronets in 1917. In 2019, the castle, and some 350 acres of the surviving estate, was acquired by Nigel Ford. Amongst several other initiatives, a forward-thinking and extensive 'wilding' project has commenced in an effort to improve the biodiversity of the area.

In 2020, after the sale of the castle to a local businessman, new visitor facilities were added to the grounds, including a history-themed attraction called "Step Through Time", managed by Welsh actor Ross O'Hennessy. In addition, there is a dinosaur park and a re-wilding project.

Architecture

Exterior

Fonmon Castle is situated in extensive gardens which are designated Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales. It is constructed of local sourced stone, primarily limestone and blue lias rubble. There is one arched internal doorway which appears to be Sutton stone; but are covered in grey render which disguises much of the stonework. The roofs are of mixed slates with lead gutters and dressings. The main building is of two and three storeys and castellated almost throughout. Apart from the south east corner tower, which is slightly higher, the walls are largely uniform in height.

In the grounds, to the south west of the house, there is an 18th-century stable which incorporates a late medieval barn. The south and east walls of the stable are castellated to impress those approaching from the south. The stable has a fine polygonal stone chimney, which is a rare surviving medieval find, taken from East Orchard Farm, St Athan. The Joneses acquired East Orchard Farm in 1756, but abandoned the building after stripping it of its dressed stonework.

Further south is a battlemented watch tower of either 17th or 18th century design, thought to have been modelled on the one found at St Donats. It is believed the watch tower was constructed in two builds, and may have been founded on original ruined medieval stonework. Although it appears to be of 16th century design, it does not appear on the estate plan of 1622, but does appear on the plans of 1770 giving a wide window for its construction date. Due to its time scale and features, it is assumed to have been constructed during the medievalizing improvements carried out by Robert Jones III. It is constructed of local roughly coursed limestone rubble, which has been lime-plastered. It was given Grade II* listed building status in 1952, with the reason given "an interesting example of a C16 and late C18 look-out tower and for its group value within the gardens of Fonmon Castle".

Interior
Notable features include the combined grand drawing room and library, designed by Thomas Stocking. Described by Newman as the "glory of Fonmon", the library, running east to west is lit by two Venetian windows, a stone one to the west wall and a sashed timber oriel window to the east. The room is divided into three sections, the largest central, with square end bays with segmental arches. There are trophies of the chase in the spandrels of the arches and arabesques and wreaths adorn the flat of the ceiling with an Apollo head in a sunburst at its centre.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
Fonmon Castle website
Vale of Glamorgan website about the castle

Museums in the Vale of Glamorgan
Historic house museums in Wales
Gardens in Wales
Castles in the Vale of Glamorgan
Country houses in Wales
Houses in the Vale of Glamorgan
Grade I listed castles in Wales
Grade I listed buildings in the Vale of Glamorgan
Registered historic parks and gardens in the Vale of Glamorgan
Georgian architecture in Wales

Fonmon Castle


The Reverend Edwin William Smith FRAI (1876 – 1957) was a Primitive Methodist missionary/anthropologist and author who was born in South Africa, studied at Elmfield College from 1888, and then worked in Africa. The scholar of African Christian history, Adrian Hastings refers to 1925–1950 as "the age of Edwin Smith".

Life
He was born at Aliwal North, South Africa, on 7 September 1876. His parents were missionaries of the Primitive Methodist Connexion. His father, John Smith (1840–1915), went to Aliwal North in 1874 and spent ten of the next fourteen years there. Returning to London, he became secretary of the Primitive Methodist Missionary Society in the 1890s and president of the Primitive Methodist Conference in 1898.

In 1899 he married Julia, daughter of James Fitch of Peasenhall, Suffolk. He served in Africa as a missionary of the Primitive Methodist Church, 1898–1915.

Major works
(selected from thirty-five titles)

1907 Handbook of the Ila Language. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
1915 Ila New Testament (trans.). London: British and Foreign Bible Society.
1920 (with Andrew Murray Dale). The Ila-Speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia. London: Macmillan.
1923 The Religion of Lower Races. New York: Macmillan.
1926 The Christian Mission in Africa. London: International Missionary Council.
1926 The Golden Stool. London: Holborn Publishing House.
1929 Aggrey of Africa. London: Student Christian Movement.
1929 The Secret of the African. London: Student Christian Movement.
1929 The Shrine of a People's Soul. London: Church Missionary Society.
1936 African Beliefs and Christian Faith. London: Lutterworth Press.
The Mabilles of Basutoland. Hodder and Stoughton, 1939
The secret of the African. United Society for Christian, 1943 (Seven lectures delivered as "Long lectures" in 1927–28, at the invitation of the Church Missionary Society.)
African beliefs and Christian faith. United Society for Christian, 1943
Knowing the African. United Society for Christian, 1946
The life and times of Daniel Lindley 1801-80. The Epworth Press 1949
The Blessed Missionaries: Being the Phelps-Stokes Lectures delivered in Cape Town in 1949; with foreword by Sir Herbert Stanl. Kapstadt: Oxford U.P, 1950
 African Ideas of God. London: Edinburgh House Press.
Great Lion of Bechuanaland: the Life and Times of Roger Price, Missionary and Statesman, London 1957

Archival materials on Smith are to be found in three locations:
 (1) The Methodist Missionary Society Archives, the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. These items include diaries, translation work, journalistic material, photograph albums, and some unpublished material.
 (2) Bible Society Archives, Cambridge, England. These items include diaries and reports for India, 1938–39, correspondence, and drafts of John 1–6 in Basic and Simplified English.
 (3) In the Hartford Seminary Archives, Hartford, Connecticut.

Works About Edwin W. Smith

McVeigh, M. God in Africa: Conceptions of God in African Traditional Religion and Christianity. Cape Cod, Mass.: Claude Starke, 1974.
Peel, J. D. Y. "Edwin Williams Smith." In Dictionary of National Biography, Missing Persons. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993.
Young, W. John. "Edwin Smith: Pioneer Explorer in African Christian Theology." Epworth Review, 1993, pp. 80–88.
-----. The Integrative Vision of a Pioneer Africanist, Edwin W. Smith (1876-1957). M.A. thesis, Univ. of Bristol, July 1997.
-----. "The Legacy of Edwin W. Smith." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 25.3 (2001): 126–130.
-----. The Quiet Wise Spirit: Edwin W. Smith (1876–1957) and Africa.  Norwich: Epworth Press, 2002.

See also
Smith, Edwin W., Dictionary of African Christian Biography, Boston University School of Theology

References

1876 births
1957 deaths
People from Aliwal North
South African people of British descent
Methodist missionaries in South Africa
South African anthropologists
South African Methodist missionaries
Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

Edwin W. Smith


The pied heron (Egretta picata), also known as the pied egret is a bird found in coastal and subcoastal areas of monsoonal northern Australia as well as some parts of Wallacea and New Guinea.

Taxonomy
The species was originally described by ornithologist John Gould in 1845.  Recent taxonomists put this species in the genus Egretta. There are no recognised subspecies.

Description
It is a small heron, 43–55 cm long, with dark slaty wings, body, and crested head, with a white throat and neck. The appearance is similar to the white-necked heron. Males (247–280 g) are heavier than females (225–242 g), but the two are similar in appearance.

Immature birds lack the crest as well as the dark colouring on the head and may look like small versions of the white-necked heron. The juveniles were once classified as a separate species.

Distribution and habitat
Its habitat mainly comprises a range of wetlands and wet grasslands.

Behaviour

Call
The call of the pied heron is a loud 'awk' or 'ohrk' in flight. Soft cooing is given around the nest. Little else is known about vocalisations.

Breeding
Breeding takes place from February to May. It nests in trees above the water, including mangroves, often colonially with other species of heron. 1–2 blue-green eggs are laid in a shallow platform of sticks.

Feeding
It feeds on insects, frogs, crabs, fish and other small aquatic animals. Insects are the most important source of food. It may feed alone or in groups of up to a thousand individuals.

References

Bibliography
 Marchant, S.; & Higgins, P.J. (Coordinators). (2000). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol.1: Ratites to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Melbourne.

External links

Egretta
pied heron
Birds of New Guinea
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of the Northern Territory
Birds of Sulawesi
Birds of Queensland
pied heron
pied heron

Pied heron


GTE Midwest, Inc. was a GTE operating company formed in 1993 upon the split off of some GTE local telephone operations from GTE North. GTE Midwest served Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and Minnesota, and included the former operations of Contel in Iowa and Missouri.

History
In 1995, GTE Midwest's Minnesota operations were transferred to Contel of Minnesota, Inc. Contel of Minnesota had always been a separate company from GTE Midwest.

In 2000, GTE completed the sale of some of its Missouri lines to Spectra Communications Group, which was an investment of CenturyTel. Also occurring that year Bell Atlantic acquired GTE, renaming the merged company Verizon. Upon the completion of the merger, Iowa operations of GTE Midwest were sold to Iowa Network Service, and Nebraska operations were sold to Citizens Utilities (Citizens Telecommunications Company of Nebraska). By the end of 2000, GTE Midwest only served Missouri, and GTE Midwest began doing business as Verizon Midwest.

Dissolution
In 2002, Verizon sells its operations in Missouri to CenturyTel, becoming CenturyTel of Missouri (remaining separate from Spectra Communications Group).

On August 31, 2002, Verizon discontinued Verizon Midwest as an operating company, with all of its operations transferred to different operating companies within former GTE operating, or the operations being sold off.

Sources
  GTE Midwest, Inc. dba Verizon Midwest, Inc.

Verizon Communications
Economy of the Midwestern United States
Defunct telecommunications companies of the United States
Telecommunications companies established in 1993
American companies established in 1993
Telecommunications companies disestablished in 2002
American companies disestablished in 2002

GTE Midwest


A barebone computer is a partially assembled platform or an unassembled kit of computer parts allowing more customization and lower costs than a retail computer system. They are available for desktop computer, notebook (see  barebook) and server purposes, and in nearly any form factor. Manufacturers are also able to produce systems of a specialized or non-standard form factor, since the system is sold as a pre-built unit, with the motherboard and power supply already installed.

Components
Assembling a barebone computer by hand is usually less expensive than buying a pre-configured computer from a retailer, and may save time and labor compared with building a system from scratch. A typical barebone desktop system consists of a CPU, a computer case (or tower), with a pre-fitted motherboard and power supply. If not already provided, the purchaser of such a platform only has to equip it with a RAM, and optionally a hard drive (in some cases, an operating system is/can be installed to a lower-cost flash drive instead). Additional input/output devices may be required depending on their needs. Sometimes, it is necessary to install an operating system if the one built into the motherboard is deemed insufficient (or not present at all). An audio adapter or network adapter may be added but this is less common as recent motherboards often already contain capable solutions.

Peripherals, such as a keyboard, mouse and monitor, almost always must be acquired separately. Barebone systems sometimes include a graphics processor or RAM, but rarely any mass storage media (hard drives), operating system or other software.  Sometimes PCs with everything a normal desktop PC has except Microsoft Windows operating systems are sold as a barebone computer, but may include free software such as Linux. Refurbished and used computers may also be repackaged as barebone computers, as many computers returned for refurbishing may have missing, broken, or obsolete parts such as hard drives and peripherals.

Barebook
A barebook computer (or barebone laptop) is an incomplete notebook PC.  A barebone laptop is similar to a barebone computer, but in a laptop form.

As it leaves the factory, it contains only elements strictly tied to the computer's design (case, motherboard, display, keyboard, pointing device, etc.), and the consumer or reseller has to add standardized off-the-shelf components such as CPU and GPU (when not integrated on the motherboard), memory, mass storage, WiFi card, etc. separately.

Because it is not manufactured with storage media such as harddisks or SSDs, a barebook does not typically include an operating system, which may make barebooks appealing to opposers of the bundling of Microsoft Windows.

Upgrade limitations
Future upgradeability of a barebone system may be limited, especially the motherboard component, which may have less space for extra I/O devices and fewer memory and PCI card slots than desired. The motherboard may not be compatible with faster processors and memory than those originally purchased with the barebone system. Barebones may also have limit on the maximal processor thermal design power (TDP) and not be able to support CPUs that would otherwise fit into the socket.

Manufacturers
The following companies currently manufacture barebone computers:
 Acer Inc.
Advantech
 ASUSTeK Computer Inc.
 Biostar
 Gigabyte Technology Co. Ltd.
 Intel
 Micro-Star International (MSI)
 Shuttle Inc.
 Supermicro (servers)
 Systemax/Tiger Direct
 ZOTAC

See also

 Bare machine
 Computer case
 Computer
 Small form factor
 Shuttle Inc.
 Supermicro (servers)
 Tyan (servers)

References

External links
 AMD-based small form factor barebone systems which have been tested by AMD's validation labs

Classes of computers

Barebone computer


There is an' a' a ceety Sidi Bou Said

Sidi Bou Zid or Sidi Bouzid is a ceety o Tunisie. It is the caipital o the governorate o Sidi Bou Zid or Sidi Bouzid in the centre o the kintra.
It wis the site o the first clashes o the Tunisian Revolution.

Warld War II
It wis the steid o a battle which teuk place in Februar 1943, pairt o the Tunisie Campaign o Warld War II.  This battle began on 14 Februar 1943 at nearbi Faid Pass when the German 10t an 21st Panzer Diveesions attacked elements o the US 1st Airmored Diveesion an 168t Infantry.  This Battle o Sidi Bou Zid wis the openin act in wha became kent as the Battle o Kasserine Pass.

Sidi Bouzid Riots

On 18 December 2010, clashes occurred in Sidi Bouzid atween residents an the polis follaein the public sel-immolation o Mohamed Bouazizi. Bouazizi wirked as a street vendor an wis protestin the authorities' seizure o his guids. He dee'd o his injuries on 4 Januar 2011.

In early Januar 2011, mair clashes wi the polis in Sidi Bouzid led tae at least 20 daiths.

Populatit places in Tunisie
Communes o Tunisie

Sidi Bou Zid


A stauropegion, also spelled stavropegion (from  from σταυρός stauros "cross" and πήγνυμι pegnumi "to affirm"), is a monastery or a parish which depends directly on the primate or on the Holy Synod of a particular Church, and which is not under the jurisdiction of the local bishop. The name comes from the Byzantine tradition of summoning the Patriarch to place a cross at the foundation of stauropegic monasteries or parochial churches.

Such exempt jurisdictions, both monastic and parochial, are common in Eastern Christianity, mainly in Eastern Orthodox Churches, but also in some Eastern Catholic Churches. Their institutional counterparts in the Latin Church ecclesiastical order of the Catholic Church are various exempt jurisdictions, such as monasteries that are directly subjected to the Holy See of Rome.

Stauropegic monasteries
A stauropegic monastery, also rendered "stavropegic", "stauropegial" or "stavropegial", is an Eastern Orthodox or Eastern Catholic Christian monastery, subordinated directly to a primate or Synod, rather than to a local Bishop.

The practice of exempting some monasteries from jurisdictions of local bishops, placing them under a direct jurisdiction of the patriarch, was present at least since the reign of Byzantine Emperor Maurice (582-602). Such exemptions became more common after the Council of Constantinople (861). In time, those practices included not only monasteries, but also various parochial churches, to the extent that authorities had to regulate the issue by imposing stricter criteria for the creation of such exemptions.

Stauropegic monasteries are distinguished from the greatest monasteries, called lavras, and from the patriarchal metochions, where the patriarch serves as a parish priest. The metochions of the Patriarch of Moscow are the Vysokopetrovsky Monastery and Nikolo-Perervinsky Monastery.

Bulgarian Orthodox Church
The Bulgarian Orthodox Church has three stauropegic monasteries:
 Rila Monastery
 Bachkovo Monastery
 Troyan Monastery

The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral and the Sofia Seminary are also directly subordinate to the Bulgarian Patriarch and Synod.

Serbian Orthodox Church

Several major Serbian Orthodox monasteries had special status in Middle Ages. Today, the Serbian Orthodox Church has two stauropegic monasteries:
 Patriarchal Monastery of Peć, ancient seat of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć (1346-1463 and 1557-1766). The principal title of Serbian Patriarchs is still Archbishop of Peć.
Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery in Libertyville, Illinois, United States.

Russian Orthodox Church
The first stauropegic monastery in the Russian Orthodox Church was Simonov Monastery (1383). It was subordinated directly to the Ecumenical Patriarch, because it was founded by Greeks and was home to the patriarch during his visits to Moscow.

In 1561 Ivan the Terrible decreed that the following seven monasteries should precede all the rest:
Trinity Lavra, Sergiev Posad
Chudov Monastery, Moscow
Andronikov Monastery, Moscow
Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, Kirillov
Epiphany Monastery, Moscow
Pafnutiev Monastery, Borovsk
Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery near Volokolamsk

After the establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, there were no stauropegic monasteries subordinated directly to the Patriarch for some time. But Nikon founded the New Jerusalem Monastery, Valday Iversky Monastery, and Kiy Island Monastery, which he governed himself, instead of placing each under an hegumen (abbot).

The Greek custom, first introduced by Nikon, was continued by other Patriarchs and by the Holy Governing Synod. Stauropegic houses were not always the most important monasteries, the holiest, the richest, or the largest. They might have been dear to the ruling Patriarch for personal reasons. In the 19th century, apart from four lavras, seven monasteries were considered stauropegial:
 Novospassky Monastery, Moscow
 New Jerusalem Monastery, Istra
 Simonov Monastery, Moscow
 Donskoy Monastery, Moscow
 Solovetsky Monastery, Solovki
 Yakovlevsky Monastery, Rostov
 Zaikonospassky Monastery, Moscow

, the following monasteries were recognized as stauropegial by the Russian Orthodox Church:

Monasteries of Moscow:
 Danilov Monastery, Moscow
 Donskoy Monastery, Moscow
 Novospassky Monastery, Moscow
 Sretensky Monastery, Moscow
 Zachatyevsky Convent, Moscow
 Intercession Convent, Moscow
 Nativity Convent, Moscow

Monasteries of Central Russia:
 Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery, Moscow Oblast
 New Jerusalem Monastery, Moscow Oblast
 Optina Monastery, Kaluga Oblast
 St. Savva Monastery, Moscow Oblast
 Ugreshi Monastery, Moscow Oblast
 Amvrosievsky Shamordinsky Convent, Kaluga Oblast
 Borisoglebsky Anosin Convent, Moscow Oblast
 Intercession Convent, Khotkovo, Moscow Oblast
 Krestovozdvizhensky Convent, Moscow Oblast

Monasteries of North-Western Russia:
 Solovetsky Monastery, Arkhangelsk Oblast
 Valaam Monastery, Republic of Karelia
 Vyashchizhi Monastery, Novgorod Oblast
 Ioannovsky Convent, Saint Petersburg

Monasteries outside Russia:
 Assumption Monastery, Zhirovitsy, Hrodna Oblast, Belarus
 Glinsk Hermitage, Sumy Oblast, Ukraine
 Holy Trinity Monastery, Jordanville, New York, United States
 Pühtitsa Convent, Estonia
 St. George Monastery, Horodnytsia, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine
 Trinity Convent, Korets, Rivne Oblast, Ukraine
 Assumption Monastery, Zimne, Volyn Oblast, Ukraine

Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
A stauropegial monastery (monasterium stauropegiaceum) under patriarchal jurisdiction (monasterium iuris patriarchalis) is a monastery that is subject directly to the patriarch (can. 434 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches).

Monasteries in Ukraine:
 Univ Lavra

Stauropegic parishes
Stauropegic parishes in Eastern Orthodoxy are exempt parishes that are not under jurisdiction of a local bishop, but are directly subjected to a higher hierarch, usually a patriarch. Such parishes are created for various reasons, symbolic or practical.

See also
 Ecclesiastical jurisdiction
 Eastern Orthodox canon law
 Exemption (Catholic Church)
 Royal Peculiar
 Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of St. John the Baptist (England)
 Orthodox Church in America Stavropegial Institutions

References

Sources

External links

Eastern Christian monasticism
Church parishes

Stauropegion


Legislative elections were held in French Polynesia on 10 September 1967 for the Territorial Assembly. The result was a victory for pro-autonomy parties E'a Api and Pupu Here Ai'a, which won 16 of the 30 seats.

Background
The Democratic Rally of the Tahitian People, which had won the previous elections in 1962, was dissolved in November 1963.

Electoral system
The 30 members of the Territorial Assembly were elected from five constituencies; the Austral Islands (2 seats), the Leeward Islands (6), the Marquesas Islands (2), Tuamotu–Gambier Islands (4) and the Windward Islands (16).

Campaign
The main campaign issue was the question of self-governance. At one of its final meetings, the previous Assembly had debated proposals by Jean-Baptiste Céran-Jérusalémy that the territory should be an autonomous territory in the French Community, that a new flag should be created for the territory and used alongside the French flag and that Tahitian should become a co-official language alongside French. Assembly members voted to delay the decision until after the upcoming elections.

Following the Assembly debate, two new anti-autonomy parties were formed; the Democratic Polynesian Movement and Ia Ora O Polynesia. Other anti-autonomy parties included the Tahitian Union–Union for the New Republic alliance led by Rudy Bambridge and the Tahitian Democratic Union led by Alfred Poroi. Pro-autonomy parties included E'a Api led by Francis Sanford, Pupu Here Ai'a led by John Teariki and Te Oto I Te Nunaa led by Charles Poroi.

A total of 33 parties or party lists contested the elections, with 18 running in the Windward Islands. Pupu Here Ai'a was the only party to contest all five constituencies.

Results
Twenty of the thirty winning candidates were new to the Assembly. The five candidates from minor parties were considered pro-autonomy.

Elected members

Aftermath
Following the elections, E'a Api and Pupu Here Ai'a agreed to work together to form a government. The new Assembly opened on 1 November and elected the five-member Council of Government; the Tahitian Democratic Union voted with the governing parties, electing Leon Assaud, Jean Roy Bambridge, Jean Juventin, Jacques Laurey and André Lonfevre were elected.

Following the death of Marcel Hart in January 1969, he was replaced by Sam Koua. Rudy Bambridge left the Assembly in March 1969 and was replaced by Jacques Teuira. Ah Kong Sham Koua also entered the Assembly during its term.

References

French Polynesia
Elections in French Polynesia
1967 in French Polynesia
September 1967 events in Oceania
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results

1967 French Polynesian legislative election


In physics and chemistry, the Nernst effect (also termed first Nernst–Ettingshausen effect, after Walther Nernst and Albert von Ettingshausen) is a thermoelectric (or thermomagnetic) phenomenon observed when a sample allowing electrical conduction is subjected to a magnetic field and a temperature gradient normal (perpendicular) to each other. An electric field will be induced normal to both.

This effect is quantified by the Nernst coefficient , which is defined to be

where  is the y-component of the electric field that results from the magnetic field's z-component  and the x-component of the temperature gradient .

The reverse process is known as the Ettingshausen effect and also as the second Nernst–Ettingshausen effect.

Physical picture

Mobile energy carriers (for example conduction-band electrons in a semiconductor) will move along temperature gradients due to statistics and the relationship
between temperature and kinetic energy. If there is a magnetic field transversal to the temperature gradient and the carriers are electrically charged, they experience a force perpendicular to their direction of motion (also the direction of the temperature gradient) and to the magnetic field. Thus, a perpendicular electric field is induced.

Sample types

Semiconductors exhibit the Nernst effect. This has been studied in the 1950s by Krylova, Mochan and many others. In metals however, it is almost non-existent. It appears in the vortex phase
of type-II superconductors due to vortex motion. This has been studied by Huebener et al. High-temperature superconductors exhibit the Nernst effect both in the superconducting and in the pseudogap phase, as was first found by Xu et al. Heavy-Fermion superconductors can show a strong Nernst signal which is likely not due to the vortices, as was found by Bel et al.

See also
 Spin Nernst effect
 Seebeck effect
 Peltier effect
 Hall effect
 Righi–Leduc effect

Journal articles

Walther Nernst
Electrodynamics
Thermoelectricity

Nernst effect


The Royal Family of Broadway is a 1930 American pre-Code comedy film directed by George Cukor and Cyril Gardner and released by Paramount Pictures. The screenplay was adapted by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Gertrude Purcell from the play The Royal Family by Edna Ferber and George S. Kaufman. It stars Ina Claire, Fredric March, Mary Brian, Henrietta Crosman, Arnold Korff, and Frank Conroy. It was shot at the Astoria Studios in New York.

The film tells the story of a girl from a family of great Broadway actors who contemplates leaving show business and getting married. The characters are loosely based on the first American theatrical family, the Barrymores. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor (Fredric March).

A 35mm nitrate print of The Royal Family of Broadway was preserved at the UCLA Film and Television Archive in 1985. The film has not been released on DVD or Blu-Ray. Copyright is held by Universal / MCA.

Cast
Ina Claire as Julie Cavendish
Fredric March as Tony Cavendish
Mary Brian as Gwen Cavendish
Henrietta Crosman as Fanny Cavendish
Charles Starrett as Perry
Arnold Korff as Oscar Wolfe
Frank Conroy as Gilmore Marshall
Royal C. Stout as Joe
Elsie Esmond as Della
Murray Alper as McDermott
Herschel Mayall as Doctor
Lucile Watson as Actress Backstage (uncredited)

References

External links

1930 films
American comedy films
1930 comedy films
1930s English-language films
American films based on plays
American black-and-white films
Films directed by George Cukor
Paramount Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Herman J. Mankiewicz
Films directed by Cyril Gardner
Films based on works by Edna Ferber
Films shot at Astoria Studios
1930s American films

The Royal Family of Broadway


Adalbert Brunke (16 May 1912 – 25 September 2013) was the Bishop of the Cape Oranje Diocese of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa  (ELCSA).

Brunke was born in Alt Czapel (Stare Czaple) in West Prussia. In 1939 the Lutheran Church of Germany sent him to Tanzania. After the start of the Second World War he was interned in South Africa by British authorities. In 1949 he began his missionary activity. He was elected the first bishop of his diocese in 1972. Brunke became famous for his pastoral care for Nelson Mandela throughout his detention on Robben Island. Mandela later thanked Brunke several times for his sacrificial service.

References

1912 births
2013 deaths
German centenarians
German prisoners and detainees
Men centenarians
People from West Prussia
Lutheran bishops in Africa
20th-century Lutheran bishops
21st-century Lutheran bishops

Adalbert Brunke


Events
March 1 – Michel de Montaigne signs the preface to his most significant work, Essays. They are published later the same year.
June 11 – Juan de Garay founds Buenos Aires.
June 25 – Publication of the Book of Concord, a collection of Lutheran confessional documents.
July 12 – Publication of the Ostrog Bible, the first complete printed Bible in a Slavic language.
September 26 – Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe
1580-1764 First session of Jewish Waad (Sejm of 4 countries) in Lublin, Poland. 70 delegates of Jewish local kahals met to discuss taxations and other issues important to Jewish communities.
Portugal loses independence to Spain following the death without heirs of king Henry of Portugal. The Habsburg rule would last until 1640.
Yermak entered Siberia with a band of 1636 men. Russia begins the conquest of Siberia.
 Khorasan Wars were fought between Abbas the Great and his father king Mohammed Khodabandeh.

1580


USS Pembina (AK-200) – later known as USNS Pembina (T-AK-200) -- was an  that was constructed for the U.S. Navy during the closing period of World War II. She supported the end-of-war Navy effort and was subsequently placed in service with the US Army under the Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine with a Japanese crew in Yokosuka, Japan.

In 1951, she was returned to the Navy and served the remainder of her Navy career with the Military Sea Transportation Service. In 1968 she was again transferred to the Army as USAT Resolute and served with the Army until she was returned to the U.S. Maritime Administration and sold in 1980.

Construction
The second ship to be so named by the Navy, Pembina (AK–200) was laid down 23 June 1944, MC Hull 2154, by the Globe SB Co., Superior, Wisconsin, launched 14 October 1944; sponsored by Miss Elizabeth Mann; acquired by the Navy through the Maritime Commission 9 May 1945; and commissioned 25 May 1945.

Service history

World War II-related service
After shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico, Pembina loaded cargo at Gulfport, Mississippi, for delivery to Subic Bay, Luzon in the Philippine Islands. She sailed 21 June, arriving 10 August, and proceeded with other cargoes to Okinawa; Jinsen, Korea; and Japanese ports. After off-loading at Yokosuka, Japan 31 December, she was ordered to report to Commander Fleet Activities Yokosuka to decommission.

Temporary service with the War Department
Pembina decommissioned 26 January 1946, and was delivered to War Shipping Administration (WSA) representatives for turn over to the US War Department under loan agreement (bare boat basis). She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register 5 June.

Pembina operated under Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine (SCAJAP), with a Japanese crew and licensed American officers. Title was transferred to the Navy on 1 July 1950. The ship had been reinstated on the Naval Vessel Register 28 June 1950. She transferred from SCAJAP via the US Army to the Navy Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) 1 April 1951 at Yokohama, Japan.

Assigned to the MSTS
She was assigned to the Commander MSTS Pacific Area at San Francisco, California, 17 April 1956 following service in the Western Pacific Ocean, based in Japan.

Inactivation
Pembina was placed in temporary custody of US Maritime Administration (MARAD) 18 April 1957, and assigned to the Olympia, Washington, Reserve Fleet in ready status. She was given permanent assignment to MarAd 31 March 1958, berthed at Olympia, and struck from the Naval Vessel Register the same day.

Transferred to the U.S. Army
She remained at Olympia in the National Defense Reserve Fleet until transferred to the Army 29 May 1968. Renamed USAT Resolute 19 June 1968, the cargo ship served the US Army as a transportation and training ship. In 1971 she was moved to the Rio Vista Marine Storage Activity Site in Rio Vista, California and used to train personnel in cargo handling. However, when the Army changed over to containerized cargo handling she was no longer useful for cargo or training purposes. She was returned to the US Maritime Commission's Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet on 25 January 1979. Resolute was sold by MARAD on 10 October 1980, to Coast Line Associates, L.P.

Merchant service
Resolute was renamed Kathleen Pearcy 26 October 1989, when she was sold to the Seaborne Line, Inc., her name changed again 6 August 1992, back to Pembina. In 1996 she was sold to a US-based Missionary Group called "Friendships". Renamed Spirit of Grace, the former Pembina hauled supplies and delivered aid to needy people in various part of the world. On a mission trip to Israel in 2006, Spirit of Grace burned out a cylinder in her main engine, requiring an expensive rebuild. At the same time, Friendships was offered a newer vessel of similar size, which was accepted and has been renamed Integrity. As a result, Spirit of Grace was returned to the original donor and subsequently sold to ESCO Marine in Brownsville Tx, where she was scrapped in December 2008.

Honors and awards
Qualified Pembina personnel were eligible for the following:
 American Campaign Medal
 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
 World War II Victory Medal
 Navy Occupation Service Medal (with Asia clasp)

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Online resources

External links

Alamosa-class cargo ships
Ships built in Superior, Wisconsin
1944 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Type C1-M ships of the United States Army

USS Pembina (AK-200)


The Man from Snowy River is the original motion picture soundtrack from the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River.

Bruce Rowland composed the music for the film, and also conducted the orchestra during the recording of the album.  The sound engineer for the recording was Roger Savage.

Later, Bruce Rowland composed a special Olympics version of the "Main Title" theme for the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.

Also, both the "Main Title" and "Jessica's Theme", from the film's soundtrack were reprised as part of the cast album soundtrack of the 2002 musical The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular.

A pastiche of the "Main Title" appeared in the post-credits scene of Napoleon Dynamite.

Australian soundtrack

Track listing

 "Main Title"
 "Clancy's Theme"
 "Henry Dies / Farewell To Frew"
 "Harrison's Homestead / Jim Gets His Horse"
 "Mountain Theme"
 "The Brumbies"
 "Jessica's Sonata"
 "Tom Fool's Knot"
 "Searching for Jessica"
 "Jessica's Theme" — (Breaking in the Colt)
 "The Chase"
 "Rosemary Recalls"
 "Jim's Ride"
 "Jim Brings in the Brumbies"
 "Closing Titles"

United States soundtrack

Track listing

The American album of the film soundtrack has the track listing in a different order to the Australian track listing.

The American track listing of the soundtrack is as follows:
 "Main Title"
 "Jim's Ride"
 "The Chase"
 "Jessica's Theme (Breaking in the Colt)"
 "Henry Dies (Farewell To Frew)"
 "Rosemary Recalls"
 "Mountain Theme"
 "Jessica's Sonata"
 "Jim Brings in the Brumbies"
 "Clancy's Theme"
 "Harrison's Homestead (Jim Gets His Horse)"
 "The Brumbies"
 "Searching for Jessica"
 "End Titles"

Charts

Awards
 Winner: AFI award for Bruce Rowland for Best Score — The Man from Snowy River (1982)
 Winner: APRA award for Bruce Rowland for Best Score — The Man from Snowy River (1984)

References

External links

The Man from Snowy River
1982 soundtrack albums
Festival Records soundtracks
Varèse Sarabande soundtracks
Drama film soundtracks

The Man from Snowy River (soundtrack)


Cathy Birchall (c. 1957–2013) was a long-distance motorcyclist credited as the first blind woman to circumnavigate the world.

Her circumnavigation on a 1990 BMW R100RT motorcycle was accomplished in one year, beginning in August 2008. She was riding pillion with her partner Bernard Smith. While on this journey she also became the first blind person to reach the summit of Wayna Picchu. Birchall has been completely blind since her late twenties due to retinitis pigmentosa and was in her fifties during the trip. Birchall and her partner both kept journals during the trip and eventually wrote a book about their journey titled Touching The World: A Blind Woman, Two Wheels and 25,000 Miles. The trip actually covered 26,385 miles, as well as
thirty-one countries and five continents. They were married on 20 August 2012 after Cathy was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Unknown to them, it turned out to be the same day their story was published after the publisher decided to bring the publication date forward.

Birchall and her husband are originally from Warrington, Cheshire, which is in England.

Birchall died of cancer on 31 January 2013.

Bibliography

References

British disabled sportspeople
English blind people
Long-distance motorcycle riders
1957 births
2013 deaths
World record holders

Cathy Birchall


The Rupie was the currency of German East Africa between 1890 and 1916, continuing to circulate in the Tanganyika Territory until 1920.

History
The Indian rupee was the dominant currency used along the East African coast during the second half of the 19th century where it had marginalized the American gold dollar and the Maria Theresa thaler. The German East Africa Company acquired rights to mint coinage in 1890 and issued rupies which were equivalent to the Indian and Zanzibar rupee. The Company retained its coinage rights even after the takeover of German East Africa by the government later in 1890. In 1904 the German government took over currency matters and established the Ostafrikanische Bank.

The Rupie was initially equivalent to the Indian rupee. Until 1904, it was subdivided into 64 Pesa (equivalent to the Indian pice or paisa). The currency was decimalized on 28 February 1904, with 1 Rupie = 100 Heller, which was then adapted into the Swahili language as the word 'hela' which is still in use today meaning 'money'. At the same time, a fixed exchange rate of 15 Rupien = 20 German Mark was established.

In 1915 and 1916 in the period of fighting in East Africa during World War I a large series of emergency issues of paper money were issued. 1916 also saw a final issue of coins to pay German led troops, including 15 Rupien coins which contained an equivalent amount of gold from the Sekenke Gold Mine to equal 15 German Marks.  Later in 1916 German East Africa was occupied by British and Belgian forces. In Tanganyika, the Rupie circulated alongside the East African rupee (to which it was equal) until 1920, when both were replaced by the East African florin at par. In Burundi and Rwanda, the Belgian Congolese franc replaced the Rupie in 1916.

Coins
In 1890, copper 1 Pesa and silver 1 and 2 Rupie coins were introduced, followed the next year by silver  and  Rupie and in 1893 by silver 2 Rupien coins. The silver coins were minted to the same standard as the Indian rupee.

As a consequence of decimalization, bronze  and 1 Heller were introduced in 1904, followed by bronze 5 Heller and holed, cupro-nickel 10 Heller in 1908. In 1913, holed, cupro-nickel 5 Heller were introduced.

The 1916 issues were minted at Tabora as a wartime emergency coinage.  A total of 302,940 brass 5 Heller were issued.  In addition, both copper (325,000) and brass (1,307,760) 20 Heller coins were produced, a quantity that allows them to remain readily available for collectors.  In addition 16,198 of the gold 15 Rupien mentioned above were produced.  While the smaller valued coins were crudely struck, the gold pieces received fine detail.

Banknotes
In 1905, the Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Bank introduced notes for 5, 10, 50, and 100 Rupien, and 500 Rupien in 1912. Between 1915 and 1917, World War I emergency issue (interim) notes were produced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 200 Rupien.

Emergency issue (provisional banknotes)
Colonial German East Africa was cut off from Germany resulting from a wartime blockade. Silver coinage was hoarded for its intrinsic value in commercial transactions, and the colonial government was pressured into creating interim banknotes. Previous issues of banknotes (i.e., 1905 and 1912) were produced  by the German printing company Giesecke & Devrient. The colonial government contracted with the printers of Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Zeitung, a daily newspaper in Dar es Salaam, and on 15 March 1915 they produced the first issue of provisional notes (20 rupien), initially printed on linen and later on paper made from jute. Given the wartime supply shortages, the provisional notes were also printed on commercial paper, wrapping paper, and in one very rare instance, wall paper. Initially variations of white, the notes also appeared in a wide variety of colors, including blue-gray, olive brown, reddish brown, golden brown, dark brown, gray brown, shades of blue, and dark green.

The translated text of the notes states: (front) Provisional Banknote. The German East African Bank will pay, without checking a person's identity, one rupie (etc.) from its offices in the D.O.A. protectorate.
and, in both German and Swahili: (reverse) One hundred percent of the face value of this banknote is deposited with the Imperial German East African government. A warning on the lower reverse of the note states that counterfeiting will result in a minimum sentence of two years at hard labor. Treasury records from colonial German East Africa indicate that 8,876,741 interim notes were printed.

References

Notes

External links

Currencies of Africa
Economy of German East Africa
Modern obsolete currencies
Currencies of Germany
1890 establishments in German East Africa
1916 disestablishments in German East Africa

German East African rupie


Pork is meat that comes from pigs. It is the most commonly consumed meat in the world Evidence of pig husbandry dates back to 5000 BC.

A simple meal to make which contains pork is afelia. Sausages, bacon and ham are the most common uses of pork in the United Kingdom, the United States, and other parts of the Western world. Pork is forbidden by the food taboos of kosher and halal.

References

Pork


The Baengnyulsa or Baengnyul temple is a Korean Buddhist temple located on the slopes of Geumgang Mountain in the neighborhood of Dongcheon-dong, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. It is a branch temple of Bulguksa temple, the head temple of the 11th district of the Jogye Order. The foundation date is unknown but is speculated to be around the time when the Silla Kingdom united the Three Kingdoms of Korea in 692 according to both an oral story and a document on a Buddha statue. Baengnyulsa is also believed to be the Jachusa temple which is associated with Ichadon's martyrdom.

Foundation
The statue which is not handed down today was said to be created by a Chinese artisan and the temple was created by the time. It is called Daebi Gwaneumsang (大悲觀音像), literally meaning "a statue of the greatly sympathetic Guan Yin". In Samguk Yusa, the statue had a mysterious episode occurring in 693, the second year of the Silla King Hyoso. However, the statue disappeared during the Imjin War, Japanese invasions of Korea in the end of the 16th century.

On the other hand, the temple is strongly suggested as the Jachusa temple (刺楸寺), where the beheaded head of Ichadon, the first martyr for Buddhism in Korea, was flown to and fallen. The Jachusa temple was established on the site to commemorate him in 528, the following year of his martyrdom and the 15th year of King Beopheung's reign. Its name, Jachusa was said to be changed to Baengnyulsa with the meaning of "pine nut and chestnut temple". In the Silla period, if a sound or meaning of a word was same as another word, Silla people sometimes easily changed names. The sound of Ja in the Jachusa is similar to jat, or pine nut which has the same meaning to baek (栢) while chu (楸) refers to chest nut which meaning is the same as yul (栗).

See also
Ichadon
Bulguksa
Buddhism in Korea
Korean Buddhist temples

References

External links

 The official site of the Baengnyulsa temple

Religious organizations established in the 7th century
Buddhist temples of the Jogye Order
Buddhist temples in Gyeongju
Buddhist temples in Korea

Baengnyulsa


King Bruce (3 June 1922 – 12 September 1997) was a Ghanaian composer, band leader and musician.

Background
Composer, arranger, band leader and multi-instrumentalist made his mark on Ghana's dance band highlife tradition in a variety of ways. Born in James Town, Accra, Gold Coast (present-day Ghana).

Early life
In secondary school, King encountered and learned principles of Western music as well as songs from other Ghanaian ethnic groups, especially Twi and Ewe. But his parents did not envisage  a career in music and sent him for two years to London to study with an eye to a career in the civil service. There, however, King learned to play the trumpet. When he returned to Accra in 1951, he fell into the city's fledgling highlife scene and soon found himself playing in Teacher Lamptey's Accra Orchestra.

The Black Beats
The next year, King co-founded the group whose name, if not its membership, would remain with him all his life: the Black Beats. The name reflected a heartfelt loyalty to African rhythms and feelings in his then colonial context. However, the swing sounds coming out of the United States definitely qualified as African, and swing was an important element in the Black Beats' sound, which featured a strong vocal lineup. In 1961, nine Black Beats members defected to form the Ramblers, and King Bruce had to find new members. The new member were all young musicians - the most notable was a young trumpeter Anthony Foley from  Mr Hammond's Brass Band. He became the lead trumpeter but later left for England. Other members of the group were Bengo Blay sax, Stanley Lokko sax, Jimi sax, Jerry Bampoe guitar. George Ofori and Quarcoo were vocals. Six years later, he was forced to choose between his semi-professional band and his civil service career. His pocketbook dictated the decision, and he handed off leadership of the band to another member.

Union of Ghanaian musicians
During the 1970s, King got involved in organizing unions of musicians. He would be involved with three during his life, notably the Musician's Union of Ghana (MUSIGA), formed in 1974, and still going today. In 1977, he retired from the civil service and returned to music. But his later years were most noteworthy for the work he did in teaching other musicians. King's house in James Town, Accra, became the home base for as many as seven bands, all of whom benefited from his experience, leadership and instruction. When he died in 1997, he left behind many protégés, and his work will be felt in Ghana for years to come. John Collins and Banning Eyre wrote an article and biography on his life.

References

Sources
 Afropop.org article
 Ghanaweb.com article

1922 births
1997 deaths
Alumni of Achimota School
Ga-Adangbe people
Ghanaian musicians
Bruce family of Ghana
Ghanaian expatriates in the United Kingdom

King Bruce


Scott Ross (born November 20, 1951) is an American digital media executive with a career spanning three decades. In the 1980s he led George Lucas' companies and in 1993 he founded, along with James Cameron and Stan Winston, Digital Domain, Inc., one of the largest digital production studios in the motion picture and advertising industries.

In the 1980s Ross was general manager of Lucasfilm's Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) and under his leadership, ILM won five Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects (Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Innerspace, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, The Abyss, Death Becomes Her). The company re-organized in 1991 and Ross was named senior vice president of the LucasArts Entertainment Company, which comprised Skywalker Sound, LucasArts Commercial Productions, LucasArts Attractions, EditDroid/SoundDroid and ILM.

Under Ross' direction, from 1993 to 2006, Digital Domain garnered two Academy Awards and three nominations, receiving its first Oscar in 1997 for the ground-breaking visual effects in Titanic. That was followed by a second Oscar for What Dreams May Come.  Digital Domain received additional nominations for True Lies, Apollo 13 and I, Robot and won three Scientific and Technical Academy Awards for its proprietary software.

Digital Domain's Commercials Division has established itself as the premier visual effects studio in the advertising industry.  With Fortune 500 clients such as Nike, American Express, Gatorade, Anheuser-Busch, Coca-Cola and Mercedes Benz, the Commercials Division has garnered dozens of Clio Awards. In addition to the visual effects divisions, Mr. Ross launched Digital Domain Films, a feature film production division.  The first feature film produced by Ross was the New Line Cinema release Secondhand Lions which achieved both critical and box office success. In 2006, as Digital Domain's CEO and Chairman, Ross sold Digital Domain to Wyndcrest Holdings led by film director, Michael Bay, and his partner John Textor.

At present, Ross sits on multiple boards and is an advisor to companies and schools such as the Beijing Film Academy, Lenovo Computers, DeTao Masters Academy in Shanghai, Eyellusion (a holographic live concert touring production company) and is a co-founder of Trojan Horse Was A Unicorn.
the world's leading digital artist conference which takes place in Malta. Ross also continues developing film screenplays that focus on the pressing issues of the day.

A native of New York City, Ross began his career in media studies at Hofstra University, where he graduated with a BS in communication arts in 1974.  He returned to Hofstra in June 1997 to receive an honorary doctorate degree from his alma mater. Ross is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (OSCARS) and the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (EMMYS). He has worked on over 100 of the world's largest special effects films and has lectured extensively about the creative process, content and technology in over 30 countries around the world.

Controversy
Ross had a falling out with his co-founder, James Cameron, over a conflict of interest whereby Cameron insisted, as co-owner of Digital Domain, that it continue working overtime on Titanic leading the company close to bankruptcy. Although he achieved some success in producing Secondhand Lions, other productions including "Instant Karma", "Plant Life", "Shadowplay", and "A Thousand Cranes" remain in Hollywood development hell.

References

External links
 Official website of Digital Domain
 Official website of Scott A Ross

 Official website of Trojan Horse Unicorn
 Pixel wizards: meet the unsung heroes bringing your favourite films to life
 Digital Domain Co-Founder Scott Ross Reveals Plan for "Burning Man Meets TED" VFX Festival
 Scott Ross in Beijing: "China is Making Big Mistakes"
 How does one make a million dollars in the movie business?
 China: the new Hollywood?
 Visual Effects Society Listing
 Scott Ross on the Visual Effects Business: "It Has Gotten Worse"
 Scott Ross Talks the Flawed Economics of VFX at FMX 2015

1951 births
Living people
Hofstra University alumni
Businesspeople from New York City
Industrial Light & Magic people

Scott Ross (film executive)


Murray Ross (born in Whangarei, New Zealand, in 1950) is a New Zealand sailor and yacht designer who competed at the Summer Olympics and in the Whitbread Around the World race.

Ross sailed a Flying Dutchman with Jock Bilger, coming second at the 1971 Flying Dutchman World Championships before sailing at the 1972 Olympics, finishing 9th. They again finished second at the 1975 World Championships before competing at the 1976 Olympics, finishing 12th. New Zealand boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics and so Ross did not compete.

Ross has competed in four Whitbread Around the World races, in 1985–86 he sailed with NZI Enterprise, in 1989–90 he was on the second place Fisher & Paykel NZ, in 1993–94 he spent one leg on board eventual W60 winner Yamaha, and in the 1997–98 race he was on Toshiba with Dennis Conner.

In 1999 Ross joined Connor's Stars & Stripes in a support role for the 2000 Louis Vuitton Cup. He played a similar role for Luna Rossa Challenge for the 2003 Louis Vuitton Cup.

He has designed a series of boats, including the Ross 930.

References

New Zealand male sailors (sport)
1950 births
Olympic sailors for New Zealand
Sportspeople from Whangārei
Sailors at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman
Sailors at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman
Volvo Ocean Race sailors
New Zealand yacht designers
Living people

Murray Ross (sailor)


The Staurotypinae are a subfamily of the family Kinosternidae of aquatic turtles, which contains the genera Claudius and Staurotypus.

Staurotypus exhibits XX/XY sex determination, in contrast to the temperature-dependent sex determination of most turtles. Although the exact mechanism of sex determination in Claudius is unknown, it is known to be genetically determined; it is suspected that it exhibits XX/XY sex determination as well.

Genera
 Claudius
 Staurotypus

References

Taxa named by John Edward Gray

Staurotypinae


Fredrik Melius Christiansen (April 1, 1871 – June 1, 1955) was a Norwegian-born violinist and choral conductor in the Lutheran choral tradition.

Early life
Fredrik Melius Christiansen, the son of a Norwegian factory worker, was born in Eidsvold, municipality in Akershus county, Norway.  He took up music at an early age:  By three years old he could play his first clarinet, and at six he was marching in his father's band.  In addition to clarinet, he went on to learn the violin, piano, and pipe organ.  In his teens, he became so proficient at the pipe organ as to be able to take his teacher's place as the organist in Sunday services, although his true passion was the violin.  To pay for his lessons, he himself taught piano and violin to beginners, but soon realized that he would meet with limited success in his home country.  Thus, at 17, F. Melius emigrated to the United States.

He briefly stayed with his uncle in Oakland, California but was unable to find work as an organist.  He then moved to Washburn, Wisconsin where his brother Karl resided, staying for two years before he moved on to Marinette, Wisconsin.  In Marinette, he directed both the city band and the church choir, in addition to teaching private lessons.  It was there that he witnessed a performance by a male quartet from Augsburg College in Minneapolis, which left a favorable impression and led to his enrollment in 1892.

After completing the freshman courses at Augsburg, he attended the Northwestern Conservatory of Music, graduating with honors in his studies of music theory and counterpoint.  He returned to Marinette to marry Edith Lindem, and in 1897, moved to Leipzig, Germany to study for two years at the Royal Conservatory of Music.  While there, he became a regular attendee of the St. Thomas Choir, directed by Gustav Schreck, who was F. Melius' teacher in counterpoint, conducting, and composition.  Following the completion of his diploma, F. Melius moved back to Minneapolis with his wife and first child, Elmer, where he enjoyed success as a violin faculty member of Northwestern Conservatory of Music, an organist in a local Lutheran church, and the director of the Kjerulf Male Chorus.

Career
In 1901, Christiansen was recruited by St. Olaf College president John N. Kildahl. The St. Olaf Choir was founded as an outgrowth of the St. John's Lutheran Church Choir in Northfield. For the next 30 years, Christiansen led the St. Olaf Choir, striving for perfect intonation, blend, diction and phrasing. He was a skilled conductor, directing bands and choirs alike. He assumed direction of the St. Olaf Band in 1903, and took the ensemble on tour to Norway in 1906 to play for King Haakon VII, making it the first college music ensemble to conduct a tour abroad. Though his first love was the violin, he received international fame as founding director of the St. Olaf Choir of St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, USA from 1912 to 1944. Christiansen was considered a pioneer in the art of a cappella (unaccompanied) choral music.  Christiansen composed and arranged over 250 musical selections and his choral techniques were spread throughout the U.S. by St. Olaf graduates. The Christiansen choral tradition is a recognized feature of American choral music.

Honors
Christiansen was made a Commander of the Order of St. Olaf by the King of Norway in 1928.
St. Olaf College  established the F. Melius Christiansen Lifetime Achievement Award in 1973.
American Choral Directors Association of Minnesota created the F. Melius Christiansen Endowment Fund in 1996 .

Family
Four of Christiansen's children survived to adulthood, two of them adding their own legacy to the Christiansen tradition of choral music in America.
 Jake Christiansen; coach and athletic director at Concordia College, Moorhead.  Jake Christiansen Stadium, "the Jake," was built in his honor.
 Olaf Christiansen; succeeded his father as head of the music department at St. Olaf College and conductor of the St. Olaf Choir.  His accomplishments include maintaining the tradition and high standards of his father while introducing many choral arrangements, and more than twenty years of conducting the St. Olaf Choir.
 Paul J. Christiansen; conducted The Concordia Choir from 1937 to 1986, developing the choir into what is now one of the world's finest and most accomplished undergraduate a cappella choirs.  Paul, like his father, composed and arranged hundreds of hymns and countless choral compositions.  Paul helped to spread his father's music and tradition (as well as developing his own reputation of excellence) to generations.
 Elsa Christiansen Wycisk; married Kurt Wycisk, manager of the Concordia Choir.

References

External links
F. Melius Christiansen. Minnesota Historical Society MN150 Wiki
About the St. Olaf Band
Paul Joseph Christiansen
F. Melius Christiansen Endowment Fund

1871 births
1955 deaths
American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
American violinists
American male violinists
St. Olaf College faculty
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
American Lutherans
People from Eidsvoll
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
People from Marinette, Wisconsin

F. Melius Christiansen


Max Friedländer (18 June 1829, Pless, Upper Silesia - 20 April 1872, Nice) was a German-Austrian journalist.

After studying law like his cousin Ferdinand Lasalle at the universities of Berlin, Breslau, and Heidelberg, he became assessor at the city court of Breslau, and while holding this position he published his book on copyright, Der Ausländische und Einheimische Rechtsschutz Gegen Nachdruck und Nachbildung, Leipzig, 1857. He began his journalistic career in 1856 by contributing to the Vienna Neue Freie Presse, and soon afterward moved to Vienna to become a member of the editorial staff of that paper, his articles on political economy and finance attracting the attention of influential statesmen and financiers.

After the Italian war Friedländer conducted a successful journalistic campaign against the policy of Schmerling, and advocated strongly the granting of a liberal constitution. In September, 1864, he founded the Neue Freie Presse, of which publication he remained editor-in-chief until his death.

References

19th-century Austrian journalists
19th-century German journalists
German male journalists
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Breslau alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
Austro-Hungarian Jews
People from Pszczyna
People from the Province of Silesia
1829 births
1872 deaths
19th-century German male writers

Max Friedländer (journalist)


Babeli is a village in Tehsil Phagwara, Kapurthala district, in Punjab, India.

Demographics
According to the 2001 Census, Babeli has a population of 590 people.

Gurdwara Chounta Sahib
According to local tradition, Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru visited Gurdwara Chounta Sahib. The first Babbar Shaheedi Conference was held at Gurdwara Chaunta Sahib in 1946.

Gurdwara Babbar Shaheed
Babeli is famous for Gurdwara Babbar Shaheed. On 31 August 1923, an encounter took place at Babeli village between Babbar Akalis and the police that left four Babbars killed. Those killed were Baba Karam Singh Daulatpur, Baba Bishen Singh Mangat, Baba Uday Singh Rampur Jhuggian and Baba Mohinder Singh Pandori Ganga Singh. Locals state that the blood of the deceased turned the Narur choe water that flows near Babeli into the colour red. Since then the locals call the choe, the choe of the Babbars.

An annual Shaheedi Mela is held at Babeli village in memory of the martyrs.

References

Villages in Kapurthala district

Babeli


Adtech AG  is a German–American  digital marketing company that retails products to manage, serve and evaluate online advertising campaigns (including display, video and mobile formats). The company was founded in 1998 in Frankfurt, Germany, and was acquired by web portal AOL on May 15, 2007.  The company was merged into the Oath Inc. brand, as a subsidiary of Verizon Communications.

History
Adtech was founded in 1998 in Frankfurt, Germany, by Michael Stusch and Michael Schultheiß. In 2000, the American Internet holding company CMGI acquired a controlling interest (80%) in Adtech. During the same year, Adtech became a private limited company.

Based on AdForce Inc.'s technology, Adtech opened its first data center in Frankfurt (Germany) in 1998. By 2001, Adtech had delivered its ten billionth banner ad. In 2002 Adtech supplied its 100,000th advertising campaign and delivered more than 100 million banners every day. In 2004, the AdForce technology was replaced by Adtech's own ad serving technology. Shortly after, the second ad serving data center was launched in Frankfurt.

On May 16, 2007, AOL announced its acquisition of Adtech AG.  Adtech was acquired to provide AOL with an ad serving platform enabling website publishers to manage, traffic and report on their online advertising campaigns. After operating as an independent and wholly owned subsidiary of AOL's Advertising.com division, as the ad-serving platform for AOL Advertising (previously Platform-A), the company as of November 2018 is part of Oath Inc., owned by Verizon Communications.

Products

Adtech provides an integrated ad serving platform. This product allows publishers, advertisers, agencies and ad networks the ability to manage their display, video and mobile digital advertising campaigns.

Adtech's ad server responds to banner requests, prompted by user's browsers, through XML and delivers it to the specified end system — the only provision being the terminals must be online.

The open design of the Adtech Adservers allows for the implementation of external technologies. In targeting, Adtech collaborates with vendors such as Nugg and Wunderloop.

Integrated ad management
In the fall of 2007, Adtech presented an integrated suite of display, video and mobile ad serving technologies for digital publishers at ad:tech London and ad:tech New York.

In collaboration with technology partners Lightningcast and Third Screen Media, Adtech merged the new video and mobile applications directly into the existing user interface and reporting system.

According to Adtech, digital advertisements can be distributed to mobile devices of any type, including mobile and smart phones. Their customers are also able to apply selective targeting options to address advertiser needs.

Research
Since 2004, Adtech interprets the banner requests to their ad servers for periodical Web analyses in Europe. Adtech surveys document different aspects of Internet usage, ranging from browser trends to click-through rates.  They also serve as a reference in professional articles about trends in the digital marketing industry.

References

Online advertising
AOL
Web analytics

Adtech (company)


Corissa Lee Yasen (December 5, 1973 – May 12, 2001) was an American collegiate and professional athlete.

She was born in Omaha, Nebraska, and attended high school in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.

Yasen attended Purdue University and became a nine-time All-American and 10-time Big Ten Conference champion in track and field. She was Purdue's Female Athlete-of-the-Year as a junior and senior and was a Big Ten Medal of Honor winner, as well as Big Ten Athlete of the Year.  She also won the NCAA heptathlon title in 1996. Yasen also joined the Purdue women's basketball program, as a starter, during her final year of eligibility. She graduated in 1997 with a degree in pharmacy.

She went on to play for the Sacramento Monarchs in 1997, the inaugural year of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). During the WNBA offseason, Yasen served as an assistant coach for a high school girls' basketball team in West Lafayette, Indiana when they won the state championship in 1998.

On May 12, 2001, she was found dead in her apartment in Coeur d'Alene. She had been working at a pharmacy in Hayden, Idaho. Her death was ruled as a suicide by an "acute multidrug overdose." A forensic autopsy performed by the Spokane County (Washington) coroner led to a panel of toxicology tests, which were conducted by the National Medical Services Laboratory in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania. High levels of diazepam, hydrocodone, lorazepam, fluoxetine and other drugs were found in the toxicology analysis.  Investigators also recovered substantial quantities of various intravenous drugs and narcotics in Yasen's residence.

Purdue statistics
Source

External links
 Rivals.com obituary

References

1973 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American women
2001 suicides
American women's basketball coaches
American women's basketball players
Basketball players from Omaha, Nebraska
Drug-related suicides in Idaho
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Purdue Boilermakers women's basketball players
Sacramento Monarchs players
Small forwards

Corissa Yasen


Ellie Loukou (; 13 April 1926 – 3 September 1983), known professionally as Ellie Lambeti (), was a Greek actress.

Family
Lambeti was born in 1926 in the village of Vilia, Attiki, to Kostas Loukos and Anastasia Stamati. She had six siblings. Her maternal grandfather was a Captain Stamatis who fought together with Kolokotronis against the Turks in 1821, when the modern Greek democracy was created. In 1928, the family moved to Athens. During the war of 1940, she moved to the big neoclassical style house on Delphon and Didotou street where she had been living all her life. During the Dekemvriana in December 1944, her mother, who was in the house at the time, was killed by a loose shot fired amidst the battle. This took a significant psychological toll on Lambeti, lasting well into her adult life.

Early career
Ellie studied theatre at Marika Kotopouli's drama school. She made her first steps on the stage at the time of German occupation of Greece. She passed this difficult period as all her theatre colleges.
In 1941, she was rejected from two theatre schools: the state one (Ethniko) and a private one named for the Greek actress Marika Kotopouli. However, Kotopouli herself recognized Lambeti's talent and hired her. She adopted the professional surname Lambeti and became a lead actress. She starred in Hanneles Himmelfahrt by Hauptmann. In 1945, she met Marios Ploritis, her future husband, during the filming one of her first films, Adoulotoi sklavoi (1946).

In 1946 Lambeti became one of the actresses who performed for the famous modern theatre director Karolos Koun; she was the female lead in the Greek
productions of the following plays:
 The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams (1946)
 Antigone by Anouilh (1947)
 Bodas de sangre by Lorca (1948)

1950s/1960s
In August 1950, she married Marios Ploritis, but their marriage collapsed in 1952 when she had a love affair with Dimitris Horn. Together they produced and played in theatre in Libelei in 1953, in La Cuisine des Anges in 1953, in L'Invitation au Château in 1955, in Quality Street in 1956, in The Rainmaker by Richard Nash in 1956, in Gigi in 1957, in The Fourposter in 1957, in Two for the Seesaw by William Gibson in 1958 and in 1959 in Dans sa Candeur Naive.
The following years were dramatic for Ellie: her sister Koula died from cancer in 1955, her other sister Eirini died in a car crash in 1958, and Ellie lost a baby by Horn in 1956.
In 1959 she met her American husband, the best-selling novelist Frederic Wakeman, Sr. She starred in Michael Cacoyannis's Greek masterpieces like Kyriakatiko xypnima (1954), To Koritsi me ta mavra (1956), and To Telefteo psema (1957). She also starred in Kalpiki lira (1955) by George Tzavellas. Lambeti continued her theatrical career, in 1962 came The Heiress, in 1965 as Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire.

Late life and career
In the 1970s Lambeti starred in The Little Foxes (1973), Irma La Douce (1972), Miss Margarita (1975) and Filoumena Martourano (1978). And in spite of her success at theater her personal life was a fiasco: Ellie was involved in a legal procedure about the adoption of a girl named Eliza, from Spring 1970 till 1974, when she lost and gave the child back to its parents.

Last years
The subsequent years were a fight against recurrent breast cancer. She successfully starred in theatre productions like Thornton Wilder's Hello, Dolly! (1980) and as Sarah in Mark Medoff's Children of a Lesser God (1981), but her health was poor. She died in 1983 (3 September) from stage 4 breast cancer in New York City, aged 57.

References

External links

1926 births
1983 deaths
People from Mandra-Eidyllia
Greek film actresses
Greek stage actresses
20th-century Greek actresses
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens

Ellie Lambeti


Anil Kohli is an Indian dental surgeon, medical administrator and a former president of the Dental Council of India. He is an elected fellow of the Faculty of Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and holds the honorary rank of 'Brigadier' in the Army Dental Corps. He is a recipient of B. C. Roy Award, the highest Indian award in the medical category. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honor of the Padma Shri in 1992 and followed it up with the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 2005, for his contributions to medicine, making him the first dentist to receive both the honors.

Biography
Anil Kohli, an alumnus of King George's Medical College, Lucknow from where secured his graduate degree in medicine and postgraduate degree in dental sciences, received the S. S. Bhatnagar Award during his student days from his alma mater. He is a former Dean of Dentistry at the Baba Farid University of Health Sciences and an adjunct professor at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine. In 1992, when he received the Padma Shri award, he became the first dentist to receive the honor. The Government of India honored him again in 2005 with the higher Padma honor of the Padma Bhushan; two years later, he received the B. C. Roy Award, the highest Indian medical award. He was associated with the Dental Council of India as a member of the executive committee from 2001 to 2004 when he was elected as its president, a post he held for two tenancies, 2004–2005 and 2009–2010.

Works and Contributions
Anil Kohli served as the dentist surgeon to Presidents of India more than 20 years. He served as dentist to the Prime Ministers of India.  He is presently editor- in- chief Indian Journal of Dental Research and representative of Asia in world body of Endodontics IFEA. He received fellowship from all the three Royal College of Surgeons , Glasgow, Edinburgh and England. He has also received more than 10 Doctorate from different Universities of the world. Dr. Anil Kohli was honoured at oral cancer fundraising event on October 6, 2018, at the River Rock Casino Resort in Richmond.

Controversy
In 2010, corruption charges appeared against Kohli in the media, which he refuted. Subsequently, the Central Bureau of Investigation raided Kohli's home and office and filed a case against him for holding disproportionate assets. However, the case was closed after nine months of investigations by the agency, exonerating Kohli from the charges.

See also
 Dental Council of India
 King George's Medical University

References

External links

Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine
Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine
Year of birth missing (living people)
Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners
Indian dentists
Indian medical writers
Indian medical academics
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Tufts University faculty
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Indian medical doctors
King George's Medical University alumni
University of Lucknow alumni

Anil Kohli