The following is a list of agencies in the government of Nigeria.

Agriculture
 Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN)
 National Agricultural Extension, Research and Liaison Services (NAERLS)
 National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI)
 Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC)
 National Root Crops Research Institute (NCRI)
 Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria
 Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research
 Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR)
 Nigeria Agricultural Quarantine Service (NAQS)
 National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT)

Aviation
 Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN)
 Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA)
 Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA)
 Nigerian Safety Investigation Bureau (NSIB)
 Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET)
 Nigerian College of Aviation Technology (NCAT)

Communications
 National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA)
 Nigeria Communications Satellite Limited (NIGCOMSAT)
 Nigerian Broadcasting Commission (NBC)
 Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC)
 Nigerian Postal Service (NIPOST)
 National Frequency Management Council
 Nigerian Television Authority (NTA)
 Galaxy Backbone (GBB)

Economy
 Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON)
 Social Security Administration of Nigeria (SSA)
 Budget Office of the Federation (BOF)
 Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE)
 Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP)
 Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)
 Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC)
 Debt Management Office (DMO)
 Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS)
 Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN)
 Fiscal Responsibility Commission (FRC) - defunct
 Infrastructure Concession Regulatory Commission (ICRC)
 National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)
 National Council on Privatisation (NCP)
 National Insurance Commission (NAICOM)
 National Pension Commission (PenCom)
 National Planning Commission (NPC)
 National Sugar Development Council (NSDC)
 Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC)
 Nigeria Customs Service (NCS)
 Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC)
 Nigeria Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC)
 Nigerian Export - Import Bank (NEXIM Bank)
 Nigerian Export Promotion Council (NEPC)
 Oil and Gas Free Zones Authority (OGFZA)
 Nigeria Export Processing Zones Authority (NEPZA)
 Revenue Mobilisation Allocation and Fiscal Commission (RMAFC)
 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
 Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON)
 Small and Medium Enterprise Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN)

Education
National Board for Arabic And Islamic Studies (NBAIS)
 Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB)
 National Examination Council (NECO)
 National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN)
 National Teachers Institute (NTI)
 National Universities Commission (NUC)
 Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN)
National Business and Technical Examinations Board (NABTEB)
Universal Basic Education Commission (UBEC)
 West African Examination Council (WAEC)
National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE)
National Library of Nigeria (NLN)

Energy
 Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority (NMDPRA)
 Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC)
 Electricity Management Services Limited (EMSL)
 Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN)
 National Power Training Institute of Nigeria (NAPTIN)
 Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC)
 Nigerian Content Monitoring and Development Board (NCMDB)
 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)
 Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NNRA)
 Petroleum Product Pricing Regulatory Agency (PPPRA)
 Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) - defunct
 Rural Electrification Agency (REA)
 Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN)

Environment
 Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) - defunct
 Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN)
 National Biosafety Management Agency (NBMA)
 National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA)
 National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA)
 Environmental Health Officers Registration Council of Nigeria (EHORECON)

Health
 National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)
 National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD)
 National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA)
 National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC)
 National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA)
 Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)
Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)
National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA)

Intelligence
 Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)
State Security Service (SSS)
 National Intelligence Agency (NIA)
 Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit (NFIU)

Judiciary
 National Judicial Council (NJC)
 Federal Judicial Service Commission (FJSC)
 National Judicial Institute (NJI)

Maritime
 Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA)
 Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA)
 Nigerian Shippers' Council (NSC)

Media
 Broadcasting Organisation of Nigeria (BON)
 News Agency of Nigeria (NAN)
 Nigerian Press Council (NPC)
 Nigerian Television Authority (NTA)

Science and Technology
 National Agency For Science and Engineering Infrastructure (NASENI)
 National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA)
 National Centre for Remote Sensing (NCRS)
Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO)
 National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion (NOTAP)
 National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA)
 Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NNRA)
 Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC)
 Nigerian Communications Satellite Ltd (NIGCOMSAT)
 National Centre for Technology Management (NACETEM)

Water Resources
 Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA)
 Nigerian Integrated Water Resources Commission
 National Water Resources Institute (NWRI)
 River Basin Development Authorities (RBDA)

Uncategorised
 Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilization (CBAAC)
National Automotive Design and Development Council (NADDC)
 Code of Conduct Bureau (CCB)
 Computer Professionals Registration Council of Nigeria (CPN)
 Consumer Protection Council (CPC)
 Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)
 Federal Character Commission (FCC)
 Federal Housing Authority (FHA)
 Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC)
 Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)
 Industrial Training Fund (ITF)
 Legal Aid Council of Nigeria (LACoN)
 National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP)
 National Boundary Commission
 National Council of Arts and Culture (NCAC)
 National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND)
 National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)
 National Hajj Commission of Nigeria (NaHCON)
 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
 National Identity Management Commission (NIMC)
 National Institute for Hospitality Tourism (NIHOTOUR)
 National Lottery Regulatory Commission
 National Orientation Agency (NOA)
 National Population Commission
 National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) - defunct
 National Salaries, Incomes and Wages Commission (NSIWC)
 National Sports Commission (NSC)
 Nigeria Extractive Industries Transprency Initiative (NEITI)
 Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS)
 Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI)
 Nigeria Institute of Building (NIOB)
 Nigerian Christian Pilgrim Commission (NCPC)
 Nigerian Copyright Commission (NCC)
 Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation (NTDC)
 Public Complaints Commission, Nigeria
 Surveyors Council Of Nigeria
National Lottery Trust Fund

References

Nigeria
Government
Government agencies

List of government agencies of Nigeria


Edward Barton Hamm (April 13, 1906 – June 25, 1982) was an American athlete, who won the gold medal in the long jump at the 1928 Summer Olympics held in Amsterdam, Netherlands, becoming the first Arkansan to win a gold medal. The Atlanta Journal called him "the South's first world champion in any sport."

Biography
Hamm was born in 1906, to Charles Edward Hamm, a plumber and electrician, and Zilpah Dare Harris Hamm. He was the oldest of five brothers and one sister. Raised in Lonoke, he excelled in sports, especially track and field. At Lonoke High School, he won the state long jump for three years straight, 1923 to 1925, setting a state record of 23'2" his sophomore year. He won the state 220-yard dash all three years and the state 100-yard dash twice, despite attacks of malaria, which first affected him in his junior year and undoubtedly prevented him from bettering his records.

Hamm and teammate Hubert Davis were the only two Lonoke competitors to enter a high school invitational meet at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville in 1925. He won first in the 100-yard dash, the 200-yard dash, the long jump, and the high jump, as well as finishing third place in the 440. Though the two could not enter the relays, together they won the meet by two points over Little Rock High School.

In his junior year (1924) Hamm set a world high school record of 24'2⅝" (7.38 m), which qualified him for the Olympic trials in Boston, Massachusetts. To pay for his trip, he borrowed $100 from Little Rock (Pulaski County) coach Earl Quigley. He failed to qualify for the Olympics, but the next year he went to Little Rock, regularly bringing Quigley two to five dollars until he repaid the money.

At Georgia Tech, Hamm won the Southeast Conference championship (now the Southeastern Conference) in 100 yd and 220 yd sprints and the long jump three years straight. In 1928, he broke the SEC record in the long jump with a leap of 25'6¾", won the National Intercollegiate meet, and broke the world record in the 1928 Olympic trials with a jump of 25'11½".

On July 31, at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam, Holland, Hamm broke the Olympic record and won a gold medal with a leap of 25'4¾". After the Olympics, he was part of a track and field team that toured England and Germany. He won the long jump in every meet.

Hamm graduated from Georgia Tech in 1928, served as the school's track coach for a few years, and then spent the rest of his life in private business, much of it as an executive with Coca-Cola on the West Coast and in Alaska. He was married three times, and died in June 1982 in Oregon. His ashes were scattered over his beloved Clear Lake in Oregon's Willamette National Forest, where he had fished many times. He was inducted into the Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame in 1971, and the Arkansas Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1996.

Hamm donated his trophies to Georgia Tech in 1970 which were displayed in the Student Center on campus.

References

1906 births
1982 deaths
American male long jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets men's track and field athletes
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets track and field coaches
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
People from Lonoke, Arkansas
Track and field athletes from Arkansas

Ed Hamm


Nyūdō-bōzu () are yōkai first known in Tsukude, Minamishitara District, Aichi Prefecture (now Shinshiro), and then also in Fukushima Prefecture; Kurikoma, Kurihara District, Miyagi Prefecture (now Kurihara); Hirano, Suwa District, Nagano Prefecture (now Okaya), among other places.

Legend
It is a yōkai that becomes larger the further one looks up, and is thus considered a type of mikoshi-nyūdō, which has the same characteristics. In Aichi Prefecture, it appears as a small bōzu that has a height that is not even 3 shaku (about 1 meter), but when people who meet them get close to it, it would then increase in height and become a large man about 7 or 8 shaku to 1 to (about 2 to 3 meters). It is said that by saying to it "," it is possible to make it disappear, but in reverse if it says something instead, it results in death.

In Fukushima Prefecture, it is said to be a weasel. When one looks up at a nyūdō-bōzu, it would gnaw at people's windpipes and kill them. It is said that since the weasel stomps on the shoulder of the person it is trying to fool, if one does not get startled and grasps that leg and stomps it on the ground, it would be possible to exterminate the nyūdō-bōzu. In Nagano Prefecture, it is said that their true form is considered to be a tanuki or mujina, and in Miyagi Prefecture, a mujina.

See also
List of legendary creatures from Japan

References

Yōkai

Nyūdō-bōzu


A session key is a single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session. A closely related term is traffic encryption key or TEK, which refers to any symmetric key that is used to encrypt traffic messages. Typically TEKs are changed frequently, in some systems daily and in others for every message.

Session keys introduce complexities in a cryptosystem. However, they also help with some real problems, which is why they are used. There are two primary reasons for using session keys:

First, several cryptanalytic attacks are made easier as more ciphertext encrypted with a specific key is available. By limiting the number of messages encrypted using a single key, those attacks are made more difficult.
 Second, many otherwise good encryption algorithms require that keys be distributed securely before encryption can be used. All symmetric secret key algorithms have this undesirable property. There are other algorithms which don't require secure distribution of secret keys, but they are too slow to be practical for encrypting long messages (see Public-key cryptography). By using one of these "asymmetric" algorithms to distribute an encrypted secret key for another, faster, symmetric-key algorithm, it's possible to improve overall performance considerably.

Like all cryptographic keys, session keys must be chosen so that they are unpredictable by an attacker. In the usual case, this means that they must be chosen randomly. Failure to choose session keys (or any key) properly is a major drawback in any cryptosystem.

cryptography

Session key


Alfred Perlès (1897–1990) was an Austrian writer (in later life a British citizen), who was most famous for his associations with Henry Miller, Lawrence Durrell, and Anaïs Nin.

Life and works
Born in Vienna in 1897, to Czech Jewish parents, Perlès struggled as a writer in Paris during his early 1930s, where he worked for a while for the Paris office of the Chicago Tribune. In 1933, American writer Henry Miller - not yet known - took an apartment with Perlès in Clichy. Miller wrote of this experience in his book Quiet Days in Clichy (1956, orig. written 1940), in which the character "Carl" is based on Perlès. Other Miller works about Perlès in Paris include his early What Are You Going To Do About Alf?, and a letter to Perlès in Aller Retour New York.

By 1936, Perlès was part of a vibrant Parisian literary scene that included Miller, Lawrence Durrell, and Anaïs Nin, as well as Antonin Artaud, Michael Fraenkel, Hans Reichel and others. Anaïs Nin writes that she first met Alfred Perlès in April, 1932. Miller and Durrell often referred to Perlès as "Joe" or "Joey". Some of these writers were featured in a magazine called The Booster, which Perlès co-published in 1936, along with Miller, Durrell, and Nin.  In 1939, with the start of World War II the group broke apart, as Miller moved on to Greece and Perlès fled to England (where he applied for, and was granted, British citizenship). A few years later, Perlès wrote a piece about this pre-War circle in Henry Miller at Villa Seurat (featured in The Happy Rock anthology, 1945, and republished by the Village Press as a chapbook in 1973).

Perlès and Miller maintained a lifelong friendship. Miller visited Perlès in the UK and Perlès visited Miller in Big Sur, California, where he wrote My Friend Henry Miller (written in 1954/55). Miller wrote a tribute to Perlès in the memoir Joey.

Later in life, he lived with his Scottish wife Ann, in a borrowed house in Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus but they were forced to leave at the time of the Turkish invasion in 1974 moving to England, where they lived in a modest house on a redbrick housing estate in the town of Wells, Somerset from where they made regular visits to the Cotswolds to meet the poet and writer P.J. Kavanagh and the artist Laurence Whitfield, Kavanagh dedicating a poem to him, "Quieter than Clichy (for Fred Perles)", An Enchantment, Carcanet 1991. He changed his name to Alfred Barret. He died in 1990.

Other works
Sentiments limitrophes (1936)
Le quatuor en ré majeur (1938)
The Renegade (1943)
Alien Corn (1944)
Round Trip (1946)
Rathausplatz no. 16 (by Hedwig Borgner, Trans. Perlès, 1957)
Art And Outrage (with Lawrence Durrell, 1959)
Reunion in Big Sur (1959)
My Friend Lawrence Durrell (1961)
Scenes From A Floating Life (1968)
My Friend Alfred Perlès: Coda to an Unfinished Autobiography (1973)

Footnotes

External links
A Miller chronology, with references to Perlès
Alfred Perlès fonds at University of Victoria, Special Collections

Austrian male writers
British writers
1897 births
1990 deaths
Writers from Vienna
Czechoslovak emigrants to France
French emigrants to the United Kingdom

Alfred Perlès


Norman James O'Connor, CSP (November 20, 1921 – June 29, 2003), also known as The Jazz Priest, was an American Paulist priest known for playing and promoting jazz music.

Biography
O'Connor became interested in jazz music at an early age and played piano with local jazz bands while in high school. He continued to work occasionally as a musician into the 1940s, but had abandoned the thought of music as a career by the time he enrolled at Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. He wrote his doctoral thesis on the aesthetics of popular music.

He was ordained as a Catholic priest of the Paulist order in 1948. In 1951, he became the Catholic chaplain at Boston University. In 1954 he served on the board of the first Newport Jazz Festival and appeared at the event in his priest collar, acting as master of ceremonies for concerts and moderator of panel discussions. His introduction of John Coltrane at the festival in 1965 can be heard on Coltrane's New Thing at Newport (as well as My Favorite Things: Coltrane at Newport), and his introduction of Dave Brubeck at the 1971 festival can be heard on Brubeck's The Last Set at Newport. O'Connor also introduced Duke Ellington and the members of his orchestra (along with personal quips) at the 1956 Festival, as heard on Ellington's Ellington at Newport.

O'Connor wrote a weekly jazz column for The Boston Globe and freelanced for Down Beat, Metronome, and other music magazines. He did jazz radio shows on WGBH-FM for many years previous to, and overlapping with, the advent of TV at WGBH, in 1955. When television started, he continued in the new medium on Jazz with Father O'Connor. His guests included national jazz figures, like Cannonball Adderley and George Shearing, among others, as well as local Boston musicians like "Boots" Mussulli, Herb Pomeroy and Al and Buzzy Drootin.

In 1962, O'Connor became the director of radio and television for the Paulist Fathers in New York City. He also hosted a syndicated radio show and the local TV show, "Dial M for Music", on WCBS-TV (New York City). The show was popular in the New York area, and many great jazz musicians performed on it; including Duke Ellington (in a trio with Horace Silver and Johnny Hodges), The Modern Jazz Quartet, Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Big Band, Bill Evans, Woody Herman, Maynard Ferguson, Peggy Lee, Mongo Santamaría, Gene Krupa, and Joe Williams, among others. O'Connor became a fixture on the New York jazz scene, and remained one even after being named director of the Mount Paul Novitiate, a church training center in Oak Ridge, New Jersey, four years later.

In 1980, O'Connor was hired as the executive director of Straight and Narrow, a drug and alcohol treatment center in Paterson, New Jersey. In his later years, his profile in the jazz world became considerably lower. Nevertheless, he remained the "Jazz Priest" to the end, producing benefit concerts by Marian McPartland and other musicians for Straight and Narrow with the help of his longtime friend George Wein. O'Connor retired in 2002.

He died of a heart attack at the age of 81 in Wayne, New Jersey, on June 29, 2003.

References

1921 births
2003 deaths
Musicians from Detroit
Paulist Order
Catholic University of America alumni
Boston University faculty
American jazz musicians
Jazz writers
20th-century American musicians
Jazz musicians from Michigan
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests

Norman O'Connor


The equivalent rectangular bandwidth or ERB is a measure used in psychoacoustics, which gives an approximation to the bandwidths of the filters in human hearing, using the unrealistic but convenient simplification of modeling the filters as rectangular band-pass filters, or band-stop filters, like in tailor-made notched music training (TMNMT).

Approximations

For moderate sound levels and young listeners, the bandwidth of human auditory filters can be approximated by the polynomial equation:

where f is the center frequency of the filter in kHz and ERB(f) is the bandwidth of the filter in Hz. The approximation is based on the results of a number of published simultaneous masking experiments and is valid from 0.1 to 6.5 kHz.

The above approximation was given in 1983 by Moore and Glasberg, who in 1990 published another (linear) approximation:

where f is in kHz and ERB(f) is in Hz. The approximation is applicable at moderate sound levels and for values of f between 0.1 and 10 kHz.

ERB-rate scale
The ERB-rate scale, or  ERB-number scale, can be defined as a function ERBS(f) which returns the number of equivalent rectangular bandwidths below the given frequency f. The units of the ERB-number scale are known ERBs, or as Cams, following a suggestion by Hartmann. The scale can be constructed by solving the following differential system of equations:

The solution for ERBS(f) is the integral of the reciprocal of ERB(f) with the constant of integration set in such a way that ERBS(0) = 0.

Using the second order polynomial approximation () for ERB(f) yields:

where f is in kHz. The VOICEBOX speech processing toolbox for MATLAB implements the conversion and its inverse as:

where f is in Hz.

Using the linear approximation () for ERB(f) yields:

where f is in Hz.

See also

 Critical bands
 Bark scale

References

External links

 Auditory Scales by Giampiero Salvi: shows comparison between Bark, Mel, and ERB scales

Acoustics
Hearing
Signal processing

Equivalent rectangular bandwidth


The  in E-flat major, Op. 18, was composed by Frédéric Chopin in 1833 and published in 1834. Chopin dedicated it to his pupil, Laura Horsford. This was his first published waltz composition for solo piano, although prior to 1834 he had written at least sixteen waltzes that were either destroyed or eventually published posthumously.

Chopin also gave the title  to the next three waltzes in the Op. 34 set, published in 1838.

In 1909, Russian composer Igor Stravinsky made an orchestral arrangement of this waltz for Sergei Diaghilev's 1909 ballet Les Sylphides. Other composers who orchestrated this waltz for that ballet are Alexander Gretchaninov, Gordon Jacob, Roy Douglas, and Benjamin Britten.

References

External links

 , by Roy Douglas for Les Sylphides, Philadelphia Orchestra, Eugene Ormandy

Waltzes by Frédéric Chopin
1833 compositions
Compositions in E-flat major
Music dedicated to students or teachers

Grande valse brillante in E-flat major (Chopin)


Scooter Lee (born March 10, 1957) is an American singer-songwriter & line dance entertainer. Raised on St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans, Louisiana, her career started at age 14 when she was signed to Allen Toussaint's record label in New Orleans, recording with Irma Thomas, Jerry Lee Lewis and Fats Domino. There, she was labeled as 'the little lady with the big voice'; recording country blues for the label. She soon settled in on recording country music with a blues overtone.

During the 1970s, Scooter Lee toured alongside major artists, including Linda Ronstadt, Kris Kristofferson, Tammy Wynette and Johnny & June Carter Cash. In the 1980s, Scooter Lee gained ground with her 5 piece band sponsored by the RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, working 10 months a year at every major state fair and other regional festivals. Performing 2-3 shows daily, 300 dates a year, taught her the art of fully commanding a stage. Spotted in Los Angeles in 1985, Scooter Lee was invited to join the Bob Hope USO Tours and gained experience on stages in war-torn countries.

Scooter Lee grabbed the attention of the country music dance community during the early 1990s when she was signed to Sony Records to follow in the footsteps of Billy Ray Cyrus, Brooks & Dunn, Tracy Byrd and Reba McEntire just as the 'line dance' phenomenon emerged. She developed and perfected the formula of writing & recording a perfectly phrased song that was not only 'dancer friendly' but 'radio friendly' as well. Some of her most successful singles include J'ai du Boogie, Dizzy, Rose Garden, High-Test Love, Ribbon Of Highway, Roll Back The Rug, Honky Tonk Twist, OeeOeeO, Rock & Roll Waltz, Rompin' Stompin', Louisiana Hot Sauce, This Little Light Of Mine, Splish Splash and Break Away.

In Nashville, TN, Scooter Lee is considered one of the hardest working artist on the road, performing more than 175 days a year worldwide. She tours 27 countries, including: the USA, England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Denmark, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia, Sweden, Japan, Canada, Finland, Norway, Germany, Switzerland and Belgium.

Currently, Scooter Lee resides in Atlanta, Georgia where she owns and operates her international distribution company for audio and video as well as founding a senior health 501(c)(3) charity organization that uses line dance as its chosen form of exercise. The nonprofit charity, Dancing For The Dream, Inc., promotes healthy lifestyles for seniors throughout the United States & abroad and encourages "Dancing For The Health Of It".

Discography
 Honky Tonk Twist (1994)
 Scooter Lee's New Album (1995)
 High-Test Love (1997)
 In the Name of Love (1997)
 Moving On Up (1998)
 By Request… The Disco/Dance Album (1999)
 Would You Consider (2000)
 The Best of Scooter Lee (2000)
 Dancing in the Streets (2001)
 Steppin' Out (2001)
 Set the Northpole on Fire (2002)
 More of the Best (2002)
 Puttin' on the Ritz (2003)
 Walking on Sunshine (2004)
 Test of Time (2005)
 Go to the Rock (2007)
 Home to Louisiana (2008)
 Sing a New Song, Dance a New Dance (2011)
 Big Bang Boogie (2011)
 Welcome to Scooterville (2013)
 I'm Gonna Love You Forever (2014)

References

External links

 Scooter Lee's discography on AllMusic.com

1957 births
Living people
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers
American country singer-songwriters
American women country singers
Country musicians from Louisiana
Singers from New Orleans
Singer-songwriters from Louisiana

Scooter Lee


Steven May (born 3 November 1992) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays for Scottish Premiership club St Johnstone as a striker. May has previously played in the Scottish leagues for St Johnstone, Alloa Athletic, Hamilton Academical and Aberdeen and in the English leagues for Sheffield Wednesday and Preston North End. He has been capped once internationally by Scotland.

Club career

St Johnstone

Early career
May began playing football aged ten and started his career as a member of St Johnstone's youth squad. Aged 16, May made his first team debut on 11 May 2009 as a substitute against Airdrie United in the Scottish First Division scoring his first senior goal. May later recalled on his debut, quoting: "Derek McInnes gave me my first taste of first team football. He gave my SPL debut at 16. He believed in me. He taught me how important it was to keep possession when I had the ball and make the opposition work to get it back." In 2009, he signed a new contract that tied him to the club until 2012.

May had to wait another season for his next appearance, coming on as a substitute on 13 November 2010 against Hearts in the Scottish Premier League. With his first start coming on 26 January 2011 against Motherwell. He scored two goals on 1 February 2011 in their 2–0 win over Hamilton. In all he made 22 appearances that season scoring twice.

Alloa (loan)
May's only appearance of the 2011–12 season for St Johnstone came as a substitute on the opening day of the season against Aberdeen at Pittodrie. With appearances limited he was loaned to Alloa Athletic until the end of January. He made his league debut for Alloa on 10 December against Queen's Park, going on to score his first goals on 2 January 2012, netting a hat-trick for The Wasps in a 3–1 win against East Stirlingshire. After one month at the club, May had his loan spell with Alloa extended until the end of the season. May was awarded the SFL Player of the Month, Young Player of the Month and Irn-Bru Ginger Boot awards for January; the first time that one player has won all three player awards in a month. He scored four goals in the 8–1 victory against Elgin City that clinched the Third Division championship. At the end of the season, May won the Irn-Bru SFL Phenomenal Third Division Player of the Season. May signed a new one-year contract with St Johnstone.

Hamilton Academical (loan)
On 29 August 2012, he joined Scottish First Division side Hamilton Academical on loan until 31 May 2013. May cited moving to Hamilton on loan, as "get his own career back on track." After four games without a goal, May scored his first goal and then another in the match, in addition to two assists, as Hamilton beat Airdrieonians 4–0 on 11 October 2012. After scoring fifteen goals this season, May scored two consecutive hat tricks, against Airdieonians, in a 5–0 win on 11 April 2013 and another against Livingston, in a 3–0 win on 18 April 2013. For his performance in April, May was awarded the Irn Bru player and young player of the month in the Scottish Football League. At the end of the season, May says he enjoyed his time at Hamilton. At the end of the season, May was awarded again when he won Irn-Bru SFL Phenomenal Young player of the Season. His future at St Johnstone appeared to be in doubt, but he signed a new one-year contract in May 2013.

2013–14 season
In the summer of 2013 May was the subject of several bids from Peterborough United of the English League One, though May insisted he was happy at the club. Immediately after being linked with Peterborough, May was offered and signed a further contract extension by St Johnstone. May believed his performance in his two loan spells would allow him to make a breakthrough at the club.

May started the 2013–14 season very well. Awarded a starting place, he scored the equaliser against Europa League opponents, Rosenborg, in a famous 2–1 aggregate win. He went on to score the winner against Hearts, and goals against Ross County and Hibs. He scored 4 goals in his first 9 games of the season leading to a call-up for the Scotland U21 team. New St Johnstone manager Tommy Wright described him as "heading for the top".

A rich vein of form followed. In a match against Inverness CT on 5 October, May provided a triple assist and scored, as St Johnstone won 4–0. He then scored four goals in three matches against Motherwell, Hearts and Kilmarnock. Thanks to this form, May extended his contract at St Johnstone until 2015. May won the Scottish Professional Football League player of the month award of October. May
scored his first hat-trick of the season, in a 3–0 win over Dundee United. Three weeks after that, May scored another hat-trick, on 18 January, in a 3–3 draw against Hearts.

His 18th goal of the season saw comparisons drawn with earlier Saints greats, noting the potential to break Paul Wright's goalscoring record, set in the 1991–92 season. May scored his 19th and 20th goal of the season, in all competitions, as they beat Aberdeen to reach their first Scottish Cup Final. May was among four players to be nominated for PFA Scotland Young Player of the Year, but lost out to Dundee United's Andrew Robertson. May won the SFWA Young Player of the Year and was included in the Scottish Premiership Team of the Year. In the Scottish Cup Final, May started the match and provided an assist for Steven MacLean, as they beat Dundee United 2–0 at Celtic Park. During the match, May had a goal disallowed for handball and was booked for this.

During the 2013–14 season, May continued to attract interest from lower-league English clubs, such as Rotherham United, Peterborough United, Preston North End and QPR. Talks over a new contract started, but were put on hold until after the Scottish Cup Final.

May scored in 2014–15 UEFA Europa League games against Luzern and Spartak Trnava amid continuing transfer speculation.

Sheffield Wednesday

May joined Football League Championship side Sheffield Wednesday on 9 August 2014, signing a four-year deal. Upon the move, Manager Stuart Gray believed that May had expectations to become a success at the club and May, himself, felt it was the right decision to leave St Johnstone at the right time.

May made his debut for the club on 16 August 2014, in a goalless draw against Derby County. His first goal came in an away fixture at Middlesbrough on 23 August, which Wednesday won 3–2. He scored his second goal for the club at Birmingham City on 16 September, in a 2–0 win. Four days later, he continued a sequence of contributing vital goals, as he scored the only goal of the game against Reading. May helped the club end an 11-game winless run by scoring in a 2–1 win over Wigan Athletic on 29 November. May then had a goal drought that lasted twelve games and, as a result, he was often placed on the substitute bench. This drought ended on 24 February 2015, when he scored in a 3–1 win against Millwall.

Preston North End
May was transferred to Preston North End on 1 September 2015 for an undisclosed fee. Whilst playing for Preston against Fulham in November 2015, May suffered a knee ligament injury which ruled him out for the rest of the season. He made his first team return as a substitute against Brentford on 11 February 2017. May scored his first goal for Preston in a 1–1 draw with Rotherham United on 29 April 2017.

Aberdeen
May joined Scottish Premiership club Aberdeen on a four-year deal in August 2017, for an undisclosed fee thought to be around £300,000, reuniting with former St Johnstone manager Derek McInnes. Although initially given the squad number of 18, May later changed to 83, in honour of Aberdeen winning the UEFA Cup Winner's Cup in May 1983. May scored his first goal for Aberdeen in a 2–1 victory over Dundee; coincidentally this was timed at the 11th minute of the game, creating a further reference to the club's European honours (11 May 83). He contributed to Aberdeen finishing runners-up in the 2017–18 Scottish Premiership, and was an unused substitute in the 2018 Scottish League Cup Final, lost to Celtic.

St Johnstone (second spell)
On 29 August 2019, May signed for St Johnstone for a second time, agreeing a two-year contract with the option of a further year. He scored his first goal since returning in a 2–2 draw away to Ross County in October 2019, also missing a penalty in the same match.

On 26 April 2021, May signed a new two-year contract extension with St. Johnstone.

International career
On 5 August 2013, May was called up for the Scotland Under-21 team. On 30 September 2014, May was called up to the senior Scotland national football team for Euro 2016 Group D qualifying matches against Georgia and Poland. On 18 November 2014 he made his international debut, coming on as a substitute in the 67th minute in a friendly against England at Celtic Park.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours

Club
St Johnstone
Scottish Cup: 2013–14, 2020–21
Scottish League Cup: 2020–21

Individual
SFWA Young Player of the Year: 2013–14
PFA Scotland Premiership Team of the Year: 2013–14
SPFL Player of the Month: October 2013
PFA Scotland Young Player of the Year: Nominated 2013–14
SFL Young Player of the Season: 2011–12, 2012–13
SFL Player of the Month: January 2012, April 2013
SFL Young Player of the Month: January 2012, April 2013
SFL Ginger Boot: January 2012,  April 2013
SFL First Division Player of the Season: Nominated 2012–13
PFA Scotland Third Division Player of the Year: 2011–12
PFA Scotland Third Division Team of the Year: 2011–12
SFL Third Division Player of the Season: 2011–12

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Footballers from Perth, Scotland
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's youth international footballers
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
St Johnstone F.C. players
Alloa Athletic F.C. players
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
English Football League players
Aberdeen F.C. players

Stevie May


The Digital Library of Georgia (DLG) is an online, public collection of documents and media about the history and culture of the state of Georgia, United States. The collection includes more than a million digitized objects from more than 200 Georgia-related collections. The DLG connects users to content from 65 libraries, archives, museums, historical societies, and other institutions, as well as 100 agencies of state government. It can be searched or browsed through the Digital Library of Georgia website.

Housed at the University of Georgia Libraries, in Athens, the DLG has a production center for digitizing documents, photographs, microfilm, and other media. The DLG website also acts as a portal service, connecting users to related digital collections hosted by partner institutions.

The Digital Library of Georgia is an initiative of GALILEO, Georgia's virtual library, which is administered by the Board of Regents, University System of Georgia.

Georgia HomePLACE
Georgia HomePLACE (Providing Library and Archives Collections Electronically) is a closely connected initiative supporting digitization of family and local history collections held by Georgia's public libraries and allied institutions. Georgia HomePLACE is a partnership between the Georgia Public Library Service and GALILEO and benefits from LSTA funds administered by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Georgia HomePLACE has produced approximately 25 new DLG digital collections since 2004. Projects of statewide scope include the Vanishing Georgia photographic collection and Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps for Georgia Towns and Cities, 1884-1922. Georgia HomePLACE also sponsors digitization of historical newspapers. The Georgia Historical Records Advisory Board recognized Georgia HomePLACE with its "Documenting Georgia History" award in 2005. The Board of Regents, University System of Georgia recognized the Georgia HomePLACE newspaper digitization effort with the Chancellor's Customer Service Award in 2009.

Civil Rights Digital Library
The Digital Library of Georgia also is a lead partner in the Civil Rights Digital Library (CRDL) initiative, launched in 2008. The goal of the initiative is to promote understanding of the movement for racial equality in the 1950s and 1960s. The CRDL features: 1) a digital archive of historical news footage depicting key events of the movement, 2) Web-based learning objects to provide curricular support and historical context, and 3) a civil rights Web portal connecting users to related digital collections on a national scale. The Civil Rights Digital Library received support through a National Leadership Grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services.

The Civil Rights Digital Library features a timeline of civil rights events beginning in 1954 through 1968. CRDL also provides background information for past events on the timeline, as well as, archival collections, reference, and educator resources. The CDRL has an A-to-Z list of available collections and contributing institutions.

Georgia Government Publications Database
The Digital Library of Georgia manages digital production for the Georgia Government Publications initiative. The resulting Georgia Government Publications database contains born-digital publications and scanned print documents produced by Georgia state agencies. The GGP provides a comprehensive repository of state publications 1994 to the present, and project participants are actively scanning documents printed before 1994 to provide researchers with a valuable source for online historical research.

References

Libraries in Georgia (U.S. state)
University of Georgia
American digital libraries

Digital Library of Georgia


Wallace is a city in Idaho in the United States. It is the birthplace of the Hollywood actress, Lana Turner. The famous 1997 disaster movie Dante's Peak, starring Pierce Brosnan and Linda Hamilton, was shot in the town, where the local population played as extra characters.

Cities in Idaho
County seats in Idaho

Wallace, Idaho


The Japanese multinational consumer electronics company Nintendo has developed seven home video game consoles and multiple portable consoles for use with external media, as well as dedicated consoles and other hardware for their consoles. , in addition to Nintendo Switch, Nintendo has sold over 863.07 million hardware units.

The company's first console, the Color TV-Game, was a success in Japan but was never released outside of Japan. Their first systems to achieve worldwide success were the Game & Watch handheld series, before achieving greater worldwide success with the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), originally released as the Family Computer (Famicom) in Japan in 1983. The NES restarted the video game industry after the video game crash of 1983, and was an international success. In 1989, Nintendo released the Game Boy, which became the first handheld console to sell in large numbers. In the early 1990s, Nintendo's market lead began to decrease; although the 1990 Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) was a strong seller, the Sega Genesis was a very strong contender. Nintendo and Sega would both lose a significant portion of the console market towards the end of the 1990s, as Sony's PlayStation became the most popular console, beating the Nintendo 64, though Nintendo managed to sell more than Sega Saturn.

The Dreamcast, released in 1998, PlayStation 2, released in 2000, and Microsoft's Xbox, released in 2001, would eventually relegate Nintendo to third place in the international market, despite the release of the GameCube. However, they retained their lead in the handheld console market, with the Game Boy Color and Game Boy Advance models. Towards the middle of the 2000s, Nintendo introduced the first successful handheld device with a touch screen (DS) and the first successful console designed for motion controlled inputs (the Wii); they became some of the best-selling consoles of all time. In 2011, Nintendo became the first major company to release a handheld game console with stereoscopic 3D capabilities, with the 3DS, which had very strong sales from the beginning. The Wii U, released in November 2012, was much less successful, and sales were significantly lower than predicted. The company's most recent console, Nintendo Switch, was released in March 2017 and has now surpassed the entire lifetime sales of the Wii U several times.

Home consoles

Color TV-Game (1977–1980)

Color TV-Game is a series of five dedicated home consoles released only in Japan. Each of the consoles contained a small number of games and a built-in controller. In total, approximately 3 million units were sold.
The Color TV-Game series consists of:
Color TV-Game 6, released June 1, 1977, with six variations of Pong: Tennis, Hockey, and Volleyball in Singles or Doubles mode. Sold approximately 1 million units.
Color TV-Game 15, released June 8, 1978, with 15 variations of Pong. This was the most popular console in the series, selling just over 1 million units.
Color TV-Game Racing 112, released June 8, 1978, with a racing game. Notable for being the first Nintendo project that Shigeru Miyamoto worked on. Sold approximately half a million units.
Color TV-Game Block Breaker, released April 23, 1979, with a game based on Breakout. Sold approximately half a million units.
Computer TV-Game, released in 1980, with Computer Othello. Sold in limited quantities.

Family Computer and Nintendo Entertainment System (1983 and 1985)

Released July 15, 1983, the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is an 8-bit video game console released by Nintendo in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Africa and was Nintendo's first home video game console released outside Japan. In Japan, it is known as the "Family Computer" (or "Famicom", as it is commonly abbreviated). Selling 61.91 million units worldwide, the NES helped revitalize the video game industry following the video game crash of 1983 and set the standard for subsequent consoles in everything from game design to business practices. The NES was the first console for which the manufacturer openly courted third-party developers. Many of Nintendo's most iconic franchises, such as The Legend of Zelda and Metroid were started on the NES. Nintendo continued to repair Famicom consoles in Japan until October 31, 2007, attributing the decision to discontinue support to an increasing shortage of the necessary parts.

Nintendo released a software-emulation-based version of the Nintendo Entertainment System on November 10, 2016. Called the NES Classic Edition, it is a dedicated console that comes with a single controller and 30 preloaded games.

Super Famicom and Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1990 and 1991)

Released November 21, 1990, The Super Nintendo Entertainment System, officially abbreviated the Super NES or SNES and colloquially shortened to Super Nintendo, is a 16-bit video game console released by Nintendo in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania and Africa. In Japan it is known as the Super Famicom. In South Korea, it is known as the Super Comboy and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics.

The SNES was Nintendo's third home console(second outside of Japan), following the Nintendo Entertainment System. Whereas the earlier console had struggled in the PAL region and large parts of Asia, the SNES was a global success, albeit one that could not match its predecessor's popularity in Northeast Asia and North America—due in part to increased competition from Sega's Genesis console. Despite its relatively late start, the SNES became the best selling console of the 16-bit era, selling 49.10 million systems worldwide. The SNES library is known for upgrading some of Nintendo's most famous franchises, and making the games even more critically acclaimed, such as Super Metroid, The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past, Final Fantasy IV and VI, Donkey Kong Country, and Super Mario World, as well starting some popular franchises such as Star Fox and Mega Man X.

Similarly to the NES Classic Edition released prior, Nintendo released a software-emulation-based version of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System on September 29, 2017. Called the Super NES Classic Edition, it, like its predecessor, is a dedicated console that comes with two controllers and 21 preloaded games, one of which, Star Fox 2, is a title originally developed for the system that went unreleased.

Nintendo 64 (1996 and 1997)

The Nintendo 64 was released on June 23, 1996 in Japan, on September 29, 1996, in North America, and March 1, 1997, in Europe and Australia. It was commonly called the N64, and codenamed Ultra 64. The Nintendo 64 was Nintendo's third home video game console for the international market. It was released with three launch games in Japan (Super Mario 64, Pilotwings 64, and Saikyo Habu Shogi) and two in North America (Super Mario 64 and Pilotwings 64). PAL regions also had three launch titles (Super Mario 64, Shadows of the Empire and Pilotwings 64) with Turok: Dinosaur Hunter delayed until three days after launch. Other key games included Donkey Kong 64, Diddy Kong Racing, Banjo-Kazooie, two games in The Legend of Zelda series, GoldenEye 007, Mario Kart 64, Super Smash Bros., and Star Fox 64. The Nintendo 64 sold 32.93 million systems.

GameCube (2001)

The Nintendo GameCube (commonly shortened to GameCube, NGC, or GCN) was released on November 5, 2001. It was Nintendo's sixth generation game console, the same generation as Sega's Dreamcast, Sony's PlayStation 2, and Microsoft's Xbox. Until the console's unveiling at SpaceWorld 2000, the design project was known as Dolphin—this can still be seen in the console and its accessories' model numbers. The GameCube is the most compact sixth generation console. The GameCube is Nintendo's first game console to use optical discs rather than game cartridges. An agreement with the optical drive manufacturer Matsushita led to a DVD-playing GameCube system named the Panasonic Q, which was only released in Japan. Much of Nintendo's core line-up centered on sequels to their established hit franchises such as Super Mario Sunshine, Super Smash Bros. Melee, The Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker, Metroid Prime, Pokémon Colosseum, and Star Fox Adventures, while new franchises like Animal Crossing and Pikmin were born, although the former franchise had seen a Japan-exclusive release on the N64. The GameCube has sold 21.74 million units.

Wii (2006)

Nintendo released the Wii on November 19, 2006, as their seventh-generation home console. Nintendo designed the console to appeal towards a wider audience than those of its main competitors, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, including "casual" players and audiences that were new to video games.

These aims were emphasized by the console's distinguishing feature, the Wii Remote—a handheld motion controller that can detect motion and rotation in three dimensions, using a mixture of internal sensors and infrared positioning. The controller includes an expansion port that can be used to connect other accessories, such as the Nunchuk—an attachment with an analog stick and additional buttons, a "Classic Controller" gamepad providing a traditional control scheme, and Wii MotionPlus—an accessory designed to enhance the motion detection capabilities of the original Wii Remote models.

The Wii's internal hardware is an updated derivative of that of the GameCube; in comparison to its seventh-generation competitors, the Wii had lower overall graphics capabilities, and does not output in high-definition. The Wii also featured internet-enabled features; the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service allowed supported games to offer online multiplayer and other features, while the WiiConnect24 feature allowed messages and updates to be downloaded while the console was in standby. Through Wii Shop Channel, additional games and apps can be downloaded or purchased for the console, including Virtual Console—a selection of classic video games emulated from older consoles. That service was discontinued as of January 30, 2019. Early models of the Wii also had backwards compatibility with GameCube games and controllers, but this was dropped from later hardware revisions, namely the Wii Family Edition and the Wii Mini.

The Wii was a major success for Nintendo; in April 2007, the Wall Street Journal declared that Nintendo had "become the company to beat in the games business", citing the success of the Wii and the portable Nintendo DS line. , the Wii has sold 101.63 million consoles worldwide. Wii Sports—a collection of sports minigames that were designed to leverage the Wii Remote, was bundled with the console outside of Japan, and had a major cultural impact as the console's "killer app" among the mainstream audience.

Wii U (2012)

The Wii U was released on November 18, 2012 as a direct successor to the Wii, and the first entry in the eighth generation of home video game consoles. The Wii U's distinguishing hardware feature is the GamePad, a tablet-like controller which contains a touchscreen that wirelessly streams a video output from the console. The GamePad's display can be used to provide alternative or complementary perspectives within a game, or as the main display in lieu of a television. In particular, Nintendo promoted the concept of "asymmetric" multiplayer, where a player with the GamePad would have a different objective and perspective than that of other players. Alongside the GamePad, the Wii U supports Wii controllers and games. A conventional gamepad known as the Wii U Pro Controller was also released.

The Wii U features more-extensive online functionality than the Wii, using the Nintendo Network platform; as with the Wii, it supports online multiplayer and downloading and purchasing new games and apps, but also allows video chat. It previously featured an internal social network known as Miiverse, which allowed users to write and draw posts in game-specific communities, the service was discontinued on November 8, 2017. Nintendo also attempted to provide second screen experiences for television programming for the Wii U through a feature known as Nintendo TVii, but it was discontinued outside of Japan in August 2015.  Unlike the Wii, the Wii U's hardware is capable of high-definition graphics.

The Wii U was met with low adoption, attributed by Nintendo executives to a lack of third-party support; poor marketing of the system, which led to a lack of clarity of the Wii U game pad from being a tablet device; and the subsequent release of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One the following year. However, some critics argued that the Wii U still had advantages over PS4 and Xbox One, including its lower cost and notable early exclusives such as Super Mario 3D World. Sales steadily increased following the release of several notable first-party exclusives, including new entries in the Mario Kart and Super Smash Bros. franchises, and the new franchise Splatoon.

In January 2017, a Nintendo spokesperson stated that production of the console had ended, with just 13.56 million units sold worldwide.

Handheld consoles

Game & Watch series (1980–1991, 2020–2021)

The Game & Watch series of handheld electronic games made by Nintendo and created by its game designer Gunpei Yokoi from 1980 to 1991. Most featured a single game that could be played on an LCD screen, in addition to a clock and an alarm. Most titles had a "GAME A" (easy mode) and a "GAME B" (hard mode) button. Game B is usually a faster, more difficult version of Game A. Different models were manufactured, with some consoles having two screens (the Multiscreen Series) and a clam-shell design. The Nintendo DS later reused this design. The Game & Watch made handhelds vastly popular. Many toy companies followed in the footsteps of Game & Watch, such as Tiger Electronics and their Star Wars themed games. Nintendo's Game & Watch units were eventually superseded by the original Game Boy. Each Game & Watch was only able to play one game, due to the use of a segmented LCD display being pre-printed with an overlay. The speed and responsiveness of the games was also limited by the time it took the LCD to change state.

The Game & Watch series sold  units worldwide, including  units in Japan and  overseas. A special Game & Watch edition, as part of Super Mario Bros.' 35th anniversary, was released on November 13, 2020. Another special Game & Watch edition was released to celebrate The Legend of Zelda's 35th anniversary, which was released on November 12, 2021.

Game Boy (1989)

The Game Boy was the first handheld game console sold by Nintendo that featured interchangeable ROM cartridges for each game, unlike the Game & Watch that had a different system for each game. Released in 1989 in Japan, it is one of the world's best-selling game console lines, with over 100 million units sold worldwide. The Game Boy was the first console in the Game Boy family and sold in a number of different revisions and variations, including the streamlined Game Boy Pocket and Game Boy Light in Japan. In 1998, Nintendo had plans to release the Game Boy Advance, but it had to be pushed back, releasing the Game Boy Color, a new Game Boy platform with color graphics. Combined, the Game Boy and Game Boy Color sold 118.69 million units worldwide.

Game Boy Color (1998)

In 1998, Nintendo introduced the Game Boy Color as the successor to the original Game Boy. It features a color screen and an 8-bit processor and a custom Zilog Z80 central processing unit. It features full compatibility with all prevously released Game Boy games, and can apply preset color filters over them to replace their grayscale visuals. It was made to compete with the WonderSwan Color and the Neo Geo Pocket. Its best selling game was Pokémon Gold and Silver On the Nintendo Switch Online subscription, Game Boy Color video games are included within the Nintendo Switch Online – Game Boy application instead of being listed as a separate console.

Game Boy Advance (2001)

In March 2001, Nintendo introduced the Game Boy Advance (abbreviated GBA), the first major technological upgrade in the Game Boy line. Nintendo later released two revised models of the Game Boy Advance, the Game Boy Advance SP and the Game Boy Micro in 2003 and 2005, respectively. The Game Boy Advance SP features a smaller clamshell design, and introduced a built-in screen light and rechargeable battery which became standard features for future Nintendo handhelds. The Game Boy Micro is an even smaller variant with interchangeable designer faceplates. Unlike the previous models, the Micro lacks Game Boy/Game Boy Color backwards compatibility and e-Reader support. As of June 30, 2010, the three Game Boy Advance models have sold 81.51 million units worldwide.

Pokémon Mini (2001)

In November 2001, Nintendo introduced the Pokémon Mini, a portable console themed around the Pokémon franchise. It was Nintendo's cheapest console ever produced, with games costing $15 each in the United States, and the console costing USD$45. This remains the smallest cartridge-based game console ever made. Sales of the Pokémon Mini were mostly poor. The released colors were Wooper Blue, Chikorita Green, and Smoochum Purple. Every console was bundled with the game Pokémon Party Mini. The system was only released in North America, Japan, and Europe, seeing no further release in other regions.

Nintendo DS (2004)

The Nintendo DS (abbreviated NDS, DS, or the full name Nintendo Dual Screen, and iQue DS in China) is a handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo, released on November 21, 2004, as the first system in the Nintendo DS family. It is visibly distinguishable by its horizontal clamshell design, and the presence of two displays, the lower of which acts as a touchscreen. The system also has a built-in microphone and supports wireless IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) standards, allowing players to interact with each other within short range (10–30 meters, depending on conditions) or over the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service via a standard Wi-Fi access point. According to Nintendo, the letters "DS" in the name stand for "Developers' System" and "Double Screen", the former of which refers to the features of the handheld designed to encourage innovative gameplay ideas among developers. The system was known as "Project Nitro" during development.

On March 2, 2006, Nintendo released the Nintendo DS Lite, a redesigned model of the Nintendo DS, in Japan. It was later released in North America, Australia, and Europe. A second redesign of the Nintendo DS, the Nintendo DSi, was released on November 1, 2008, in Japan, on April 2, 2009, in Australia, April 3, 2009, in Europe, and April 5, 2009, in North America. It contains two cameras and downloadable software capabilities, plus a built-in flash memory and web browser. An SD card slot replaces the Game Boy Advance cartridge slot. A similar model, known as the Nintendo DSi XL, was released in 2009 in Japan and 2010 worldwide. It features the same configurations as its predecessor, but is slightly larger and features a large stylus designed for home use.

As of December 31, 2013, Nintendo DS consoles have sold 154.98 million units, including 93.86 million Nintendo DS Lites, and the Nintendo DSi consoles have sold 41.33 million units.

Nintendo 3DS (2011)

Although the name and look of the device are similar to that of the DS series, the Nintendo 3DS (also 3DS or N3DS for short) is the successor to the DS and is a brand new console. The Nintendo 3DS was released on February 26, 2011.
It contains three cameras, two on the outside (for 3D photographs) and one internal one above the top screen. The bottom screen is a touch screen comparable to the DS bottom screens, and the top screen is Wide Screen and an autostereoscopic 3D LCD. Autostereoscopy is a process that sends different images to the left and right eyes to enable the viewer to view the screen in 3D "without the need for special glasses". The 3DS is said to enhance Nintendo's online experience. In July 2012, the 3DS XL was released, similar to the change between the DSi and DSi XL. It has 90% larger screens and design changes such as a matte finish and the stylus in a more accessible area.
The Nintendo 2DS was released on October 12, 2013. It is a variant designed to be affordable without the clamshell design or 3D capabilities of the 3DS. Another redesign, the New Nintendo 3DS and New 3DS XL, was released in Japan in October 2014, Australia for November 2014, and everywhere else in February 2015. It includes a C-Stick, ZR and ZL shoulder buttons, and a faster CPU, allowing for more software specifically for the New Nintendo 3DS (such as Xenoblade Chronicles 3D). Like the original 3DS, the New Nintendo 3DS also has an XL form.
As of December 31, 2013, Nintendo has sold 42.74 million units, including 15.21 million Nintendo 3DS XLs and 2.11 million Nintendo 2DS units.

The last handheld console in the 3DS family was the New Nintendo 2DS XL, which was released in June/July 2017 across five different countries. Production ceased on all Nintendo 3DS family systems on September 16, 2020.

Hybrid consoles

Virtual Boy (1995)

The Virtual Boy (also known as the VR-32 during development, abbreviated VB) was the first portable game console capable of displaying true 3D graphics. Most video games are forced to use monocular cues to achieve the illusion of three dimensions on a two-dimensional screen, but the Virtual Boy was able to create a more accurate illusion of depth through an effect known as parallax. The Nintendo 3DS also uses this technology. In a manner similar to using a head-mounted display, the user looks into an eyepiece made of neoprene on the front of the machine, and then an eyeglass-style projector allows viewing of the monochromatic (in this case, red) image. It was released on July 21, 1995, in Japan and August 14, 1995, in North America and at a price of around US$180. It was never released in Europe, although a release schedule was initially planned. The system met with a lukewarm reception that was unaffected by continued price drops. Exactly 14 titles were released for Virtual Boy in North America, but only a few were met with positive reception. Nintendo discontinued the Virtual Boy within a few months of release.

Nintendo Switch (2017)

The Nintendo Switch was released on March 3, 2017, and is Nintendo's second entry in the eighth generation of home video game consoles. The system was code-named "NX" prior to its official announcement. It is a hybrid device that can be used as a home console inserted to the Nintendo Switch Dock attached to a television, stood up on a table with the kickstand, or as a tablet-like portable console. It features two detachable wireless controllers called Joy-Con, that can be used individually or attached to a grip to provide a more traditional gamepad form. Both Joy-Con are built with motion sensors and HD Rumble, Nintendo's haptic vibration feedback system for improved gameplay experiences. However, only the right Joy-Con has an NFC reader on its analog joystick for Amiibo and an IR sensor on the back. The Nintendo Switch Pro Controller is a traditional style controller much like the one of the GameCube.

The Nintendo Switch has currently sold 103.54 million units as of February 3, 2022, outselling all of Nintendo's previous home consoles, as well as outselling the Nintendo 3DS within its first five years of launch, making it the best-selling home console from Nintendo and third best-selling home console of all time.

The Nintendo Switch Lite is a more affordable version of the Nintendo Switch released by Nintendo on September 20, 2019. The Switch Lite console is similar to a regular Nintendo Switch and can play almost all standard Switch games, but is a handheld portable-only version and is also slightly smaller. It comes in five color variations: grey, turquoise, coral, yellow, and blue, as well as some special editions. Its Joy-Con controllers cannot be detached like in the original Nintendo Switch model.

A second variation, the Nintendo Switch – OLED Model, was released in 2021, which makes several adjustments and improvements over the original, including an improved kickstand, a larger OLED screen, and larger storage (64 GB instead of the regular 32 GB present in the original Nintendo Switch model and the Nintendo Switch Lite).

Other hardware
 Game Boy Camera – a monochrome camera cartridge for the original version of the Game Boy which includes a picture editor and the ability to print pictures via Game Boy Printer.
 Satellaview – only released in Japan, an add-on for the Super Famicom (Japanese SNES) which allowed anyone to download games by a satellite.
 Game Boy Player – an adapter for playing Game Boy games on the GameCube.
 Game Boy Printer – an adapter designed for printing things from the Game Boy onto adhesive stickers. For example, it was used for printing out Game Boy Camera pictures and Pokémon information from the Pokédex in the Game Boy Pokémon games.
 e-Reader – an add-on for the Game Boy Advance for scanning special "e-Reader cards", paper cards with specially encoded data printed on them.
 iQue Player – a version of the Nintendo 64, with double the clock speed and downloadable games, released only in China.
 iQue DS – a version of the Nintendo DS released only in China.
 Nintendo 64DD – only released in Japan, this add-on system's games are on rewritable magnetic disks. Games released include a paint and 3D construction package, F-Zero X Expansion Kit, for creating new F-Zero X tracks, a sequel to the SNES version of SimCity, SimCity 64 and others.
 Mobile System GB – released in Japan on December 14, 2000. The Mobile System is an adapter to play Game Boy Color games on mobile phones. Pokémon Crystal was the first game to take advantage of the Mobile System. The player can hook an adapter to their Game Boy and connect it to a mobile phone which people can receive news, trade, and battle with other players across Japan.
 Pokémon Pikachu – a handheld device similar to the popular Tamagotchi toy which allows the user to take care of Pikachu in the manner of a pet.
 Super Game Boy – adapter for playing Game Boy games on the Super NES, displayed in color.
 Triforce – an arcade system based on GameCube hardware, developed in partnership with Sega and Namco.
 Yakuman – a handheld mahjong game released in 1983.
 GameCube Microphone – used in Karaoke Revolution Party, Mario Party 6, Mario Party 7 and Odama for the GameCube. It recognizes basic sounds and incorporates them into gameplay.
 Nintendo Gateway – a proprietary hardware/software console available on commercial aircraft and hotel properties, providing shopping, information, and interactive entertainment.
 Panasonic Q – a version of the GameCube which could play DVDs developed by Panasonic.
 Visteon Dockable Entertainment System – a portable DVD player containing officially licensed Game Boy Advance hardware.
 Pokéwalker – a Pedometer used in Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver that can be used to enhance your Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver game by giving some special Pokémon and items as well as other added benefits that reward depending on how many steps one can take.
 Activity Meter – an Infrared (IR) Pedometer for use the Nintendo DS game, Personal Trainer: Walking.
 Fit Meter – a portable accessory for use with the Wii U game, Wii Fit U, that tracks the number of steps taken and the elevation climbed. Can be synced with the game using the Wii U GamePad.
 Poké Ball Plus – a Joy-Con replacement used with Pokémon: Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee! that can be used similarly to it, and can also be used to bring the player's Pokémon character with them for in-game rewards.

References

Nintendo consoles
Electronics lists

Nintendo video game consoles


A logarithmic resistor ladder is an electronic circuit, composed of a series of resistors and switches, designed to create an attenuation from an input to an output signal, where the logarithm of the attenuation ratio is proportional to a binary number that represents the state of the switches.

The logarithmic behavior of the circuit is its main differentiator in comparison with digital-to-analog converters (DACs) in general, and traditional R-2R Ladder networks specifically. Logarithmic attenuation is desired in situations where a large dynamic range needs to be handled. The circuit described in this article is applied in audio devices, since human perception of sound level is properly expressed on a logarithmic scale.

Logarithmic input/output behavior
As in digital-to-analog converters, a binary number is applied to the ladder network, whose N bits are treated as representing an integer value:

where  is 0 or 1 depending on the state of the ith switch.

For comparison, recall a conventional linear DAC or R-2R network produces an output voltage signal of:

where  and  are design constants and where  typically is a constant reference voltage (or is a variable input voltage for a multiplying DAC.)

In contrast, the logarithmic ladder network discussed in this article creates a behavior as:

which can also be expressed as  multiplied by some base  raised to the power of the code value:

where

Circuit implementation

This example circuit is composed of 4 stages, numbered 1 to 4, and includes a source resistance Rsource and load resistance Rload.

Each stage i has a designed input-to-output voltage attenuation Ratioi as:

For logarithmic scaled attenuators, it is common practice to equivalently express their attenuation in decibels:
 for  and

This reveals a basic property:

To show that this  satisfies the overall intention:

The different stages 1 .. N should function independently of each other, as to obtain 2N different states with a composable behavior. To achieve an attenuation of each stage that is independent of its surrounding stages, either one of two design choices is to be implemented: constant input resistance or constant output resistance. Because the stages operate independently, they can be inserted in the chain in any order.

Constant input resistance
The input resistance of any stage shall be independent of its on/off switch position, and must be equal to Rload.

This leads to:

With these equations, all resistor values of the circuit diagram follow easily after choosing values for N,  and Rload. (The value of Rsource does not influence the logarithmic behavior)

Constant output resistance
The output resistance of any stage shall be independent of its on/off switch position, and must be equal to Rsource.

This leads to:

Again, all resistor values of the circuit diagram follow easily after choosing values for N,  and Rsource. (The value of Rload does not influence the logarithmic behavior).

For example, with a Rload of 1 kΩ, and 1 dB attenuation, the resistor values would be:
Ra   = 108.7 Ω,
Rb  = 8195.5 Ω.

The next step (2 dB) would use: Ra   = 369.0 Ω,
Rb  = 1709.7 Ω.

Circuit variations
 The circuit as depicted above, can also be applied in reverse direction. That correspondingly reverses the role of constant-input and constant-output resistance equations.
 Since the stages do not significantly influence each other's attenuation, the stage order can be chosen arbitrarily. Such reordering can have a significant effect on the input resistance of the constant output resistance attenuator and vice versa.

Background
R-2R ladder networks used for linear digital-to-analog conversion are old ( mentions a 1953 article and a 1955 patent).

Multiplying DACs with logarithmic behavior were not known for a long time after that. An initial approach was to map the logarithmic code to a much longer code word, which could be applied to the classical (linear) R-2R based DAC. Lengthening the codeword is needed in that approach to achieve sufficient dynamic range. This approach was implemented in a device from Analog Devices Inc., protected through a 1981 patent filing.

See also
 Resistor ladder
 Digital-to-analog converter
 Attenuator circuits

References

External links
 Online calculator to configure logarithmic ladder networks

Analog circuits

Logarithmic resistor ladder


For the Union Dead is a book of poems by Robert Lowell that was published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux in 1964. It was Lowell's sixth book.

Notable poems from the collection include "Beyond the Alps'" (a revised version of the poem that originally appeared in Lowell's book Life Studies), "Water," "The Old Flame," "The Public Garden" and the title poem, which is one of Lowell's best-known poems.

Style and subject

The poems from For the Union Dead built upon the more personal, looser style that Lowell had established in Life Studies. For instance, some of the poems are written in free verse or with a loose meter, and some contain irregular rhymes or no rhymes at all.

However, although many of the poems in this volume are personal, their subject matter is different from Life Studies since there aren't any poems that focus on the subject of Lowell's mental illness.  Instead, the more personal poems here focus on Lowell's close family relationships, centering on individuals like his daughter ("Child's Song"), his cousin Harriet Winslow ("Soft Wood"), his father ("Middle Age"), and his ex-wife ("The Old Flame"). However, since these poems don't involve taboo subject matter, they aren't notably "confessional" (as some of the poems in Life Studies were). The closest that Lowell comes to addressing his mental illness is in the poem "Eye and Tooth" when, in the final line, he writes, "I am tired. Everyone's tired of my turmoil."

Other notable subjects in these poems include Lowell's childhood ("Those Before Us" and "The Neo-Classical Urn"), and he also writes a number of poems about famous historical figures like Caligula (in "Caligula") and Jonathan Edwards (in "Jonathan Edwards in Western Massachusetts")--so multiple subjects of world history are explored in this book (although historical subjects would later become the main focus of his book History, published a few years later).

In comparison with Life Studies, Lowell stated, "For the Union Dead is more mixed [with different kinds of poems] and the poems are separate entities. I'm after invention rather than memory, and I'd like to achieve some music and elegance and splendor, but not in any programmatic sense. Some of the poems may be close to symbolism."

"For the Union Dead" (poem)

Lowell originally wrote the poem "For the Union Dead" for the Boston Arts Festival in 1960 where he first read it in public. The title refers to the 1928 poem "Ode to the Confederate Dead", by Lowell's former teacher and mentor Allen Tate. At the 1960 festival, Lowell said, "Writing is neither transport nor a technique. My own owes everything to a few of our poets who have tried to write directly about what mattered to them, and yet to keep faith with their calling's tricky, specialized, unpopular possibilities for good workmanship. When I finished Life Studies, I was left hanging on a question mark. I don't know whether it is a deathrope or a lifeline."

The setting of "For the Union Dead" is the Boston Common, near the well-known Robert Gould Shaw Memorial by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. In the poem, Lowell's visit to the park, which is being excavated to provide an underground car park, conjures up a series of associations. First, watching the construction of the garage beneath the Common makes him think about his childhood and how Boston had changed; in particular, the South Boston Aquarium, that he'd visited as a child, had been demolished a few years before, in 1954. This leads him to think about the Robert Gould Shaw Memorial and the history associated with the memorial, specifically, the story of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the all-black 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry that he led during the Civil War. Finally, Lowell thinks of the then-controversial Civil Rights Movement and the images of the integration of black and white school-children that Lowell had recently seen on television.

The final lines of the poem, which read, "The Aquarium is gone. Everywhere,/ giant finned cars nose forward like fish;/ a savage servility/ slides by on grease" are particularly well known for their rather dark description of the large American cars that were popular at the time, evoking a corrupted consumer society without heroism.

"The Public Garden"

"The Public Garden" is a revised version of the poem "David and Bathsheba in the Public Garden" which was originally published in Lowell's third book The Mills of the Kavanaughs. In the version in For the Union Dead, Lowell completely removed from the poem any mention of the Biblical characters of David and Bathsheba who were central to the earlier version. During Lowell's 1963 public reading at the Guggenheim, prior to the publication of For the Union Dead, he explained that many of his readers expressed confusion over the presence of the Biblical characters being located in a modern park in Boston, and according to Lowell, the characters made the poem "impenetrable." The revised version of the poem was both shorter and more personal with Lowell (or the poem's narrator) and his lover taking the place of David and Bathsheba.

Response

The public reception of For the Union Dead was generally positive.

In the New York Times book review, G. S. Fraser wrote that, "the book seems to me the most powerful and direct volume of poems [Lowell] has yet published." And the Time magazine book review stated, "Lowell is the poet par excellence of the particular. . . [and] the poetry [in For The Union Dead] lives—images linger in the mind, the thing described is seen with stunning clarity." However, Time criticized Lowell for his poetry's "occasional obscurity."

External links
 http://www.americanpoems.com/poets/robert-lowell/13667

References

American poetry collections
1960 poems
1964 poetry books
Works by Robert Lowell
Farrar, Straus and Giroux books

For the Union Dead


Post-painterly abstraction is a term created by art critic Clement Greenberg as the title for an exhibit he curated for the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1964, which subsequently travelled to the Walker Art Center and the Art Gallery of Toronto.

Greenberg had perceived that there was a new movement in painting that derived from the abstract expressionism of the 1940s and 1950s but "favored openness or clarity" as opposed to the dense painterly surfaces of that painting style. The 31 artists in the exhibition included Walter Darby Bannard, Jack Bush, Gene Davis, Thomas Downing, Friedel Dzubas, Paul Feeley, John Ferren, Sam Francis, Helen Frankenthaler, Sam Gilliam, Al Held, Ellsworth Kelly, Nicholas Krushenick, Alexander Liberman, Morris Louis, Arthur Fortescue McKay, Howard Mehring, Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Ray Parker, David Simpson, Albert Stadler, Frank Stella, Mason Wells, Ward Jackson, Emerson Woelffer, and a number of other American and Canadian artists who were becoming well-known in the 1960s.

Among the prior generation of contemporary artists, Barnett Newman has been singled out as one who anticipated "some of the characteristics of post-painterly abstraction."

As painting continued to move in different directions, initially away from abstract expressionism, the term "post-painterly abstraction", was used for works alongside minimalism, hard-edge painting, lyrical abstraction, and color field painting.

See also
Clement Greenberg
Abstract expressionism
Color field painting
Lyrical abstraction
Shaped canvas
Washington Color School

References

External links
 Greenberg's essay

Modern art
Abstract expressionism
Western art
Contemporary art movements

Post-painterly abstraction


Echo and Narcissus is a story from Ovid's book of poetry, Metamorphoses, about a young man named Narcissus and Echo, the mountain nymph, or Oread, who fell in love with him.

Zeus had given Echo the task of entertaining his wife Hera with stories, in order that he might have time to slip away and philander around with nymphs. Hera was known for her jealous and vengeful nature. Always suspicious of Zeus, she mistook Echo to be the object of his uncouth affections. She cast a spell on the unfortunate nymph - from this day forward Echo would only be able to repeat the last words addressed to her and never speak her own again.

Narcissus, a hunter from Boeotia, got separated from his hunting companions one day in the woods. Echo, being a nymph and also feeling pitiful because of her curse, had been wandering those same woods. The moment she saw Narcissus walking through the forest, she fell in love with him and his breathtaking beauty. But because of Hera's curse, she was unable to tell him, so she followed the boy and waited for him to speak. Eventually, Narcissus began to call for his companions. Echo eagerly stepped out of the trees and repeated the words. A confusing and repetitive exchange ensued, ending with Narcissus shouting to his companions that they should come together. Mistaking this for an invitation, Echo repeated his words and leapt towards Narcissus. However, at that moment, Narcissus decided he'd rather die before letting a wood nymph have him, and pushed her away.  Echo, heartbroken, ran away and hid in a cave, not eating or sleeping, just pining for Narcissus.

After some time, Echo began to grow thin from starvation until her body withered away entirely into dust, leaving nothing but her voice. To this day Echo's voice still calls back from caves and labyrinths, repeating the last spoken words forever.

Nemesis, the goddess of revenge, punished Narcissus for not accepting the unrequited love of Echo. Nemesis caused him to fall in love with his own reflection he saw in a pool near the cave where Echo had died. Narcissus refused to leave the reflection of himself and, like Echo, starvation was going to claim him. But not before he cried out to his reflection: "Farewell, dear boy. Beloved in vain.". Echo's voice repeated "farewell" from the cave and Narcissus died by the bank of the pool.

And thus ends the story of Echo and Narcissus.

Greek mythology

de:Echo (Mythologie)#Echo und Narziss

Echo and Narcissus


John Baker or Jon Baker may refer to:

Military figures
John Baker (American Revolutionary War) (1731–1787), American Revolutionary War hero, for whom Baker County, Georgia was named
John Baker (RAF officer) (1897–1978), British air marshal
John Drayton Baker (1915–1942), United States Navy officer
John Baker (general) (1936–2007), Australian Chief of the Defence Force
John F. Baker Jr. (1945–2012), American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient
John Baker (Royal Navy officer) (1660–1716), English naval officer, MP for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis
John Baker (Medal of Honor, 1876) (1853–?), American soldier

Political figures
John Baker (fl. 1388), English Member of Parliament (MP) for Horsham, 1388
John Baker (died 1406), English MP for Southwark, 1406
John Baker (fl. 1407), English MP for Lyme Regis, 1407
John Baker (MP for Lewes), see Lewes
John Baker (died c.1421), English MP for Helston, 1414
John Baker (fl. 1421), English MP for Devizes, 1421
John Baker (died 1544) (by 1503–44), English MP for Radnorshire
Sir John Baker (died 1558) (1488–1558), English speaker of the House of Commons
John Baker (MP for Bedford) (by 1501–1538 or later), English mayor and MP of Bedford
John Baker (by 1531–1604/6), English MP for Horsham and Bramber
John Baker (MP for East Grinstead), English MP for East Grinstead in 1648
John Baker (MP for Canterbury) (c. 1754–1831), British MP for Canterbury
John Baker (representative) (1769–1823), United States congressman from Virginia
John Baker (Baker Brook) (1796–1868), Canadian political activist in Baker Brook, New Brunswick
John Baker (Australian politician) (1813–1872), briefly the Premier of South Australia
John Baker (1812–1897), American politician from Beverly, Massachusetts
Sir John Baker (Portsmouth MP) (1828–1909), British MP for Portsmouth
John Tamatoa Baker (1852–1921), Hawaiian rancher, sheriff and governor
John Baker (Labour politician) (1867–1939), British Labour MP for Bilston
John Baker (Wisconsin politician) (1869–?), American politician from Wisconsin
John Baker (defensive lineman, born 1935) (1935–2007), American professional football player and then sheriff of Wake County, North Carolina
John Baker (Indiana politician) (1832–1915), United States congressman from Indiana
John Aaron Baker (1839–1919), American politician in Wisconsin
John S. Baker (1861–1955), American politician from Washington
Sir John Baker, 2nd Baronet (1608–1653), English politician
John A. Baker Jr. (1927–1994), U.S. diplomat
John Arnold Baker (1925–2016), British judge and politician
John Baker II (1780–1843), sheriff of Norfolk County, Massachusetts, 1834–1843

Sports figures

Baseball
 John Baker (baseball) (born 1981), American baseball player
 John Franklin Baker or Home Run Baker (1886–1963), American professional baseball player
 Johnnie "Dusty" Baker (born 1949), American baseball manager and former player

Gridiron football
 John Baker (defensive lineman, born 1935) (1935–2007), professional football player, sheriff of Wake County, North Carolina
 John Baker (defensive lineman, born 1942), American and Canadian football defensive end
 John Baker (punter) (born 1977), American football punter
 Johnny Baker (guard) (1907–1979), American football player and coach
 Johnny Baker (linebacker) (born 1941), American football linebacker and tight end
Jon Baker (linebacker) (1923–1992), American football linebacker
Jon Baker (placekicker) (born 1972), American football placekicker

Other sports
John Baker (Australian footballer) (1918–1988), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne
 John Baker (cricketer) (born 1933), former English cricketer
 John Baker (Ghanaian footballer), Ghanaian international footballer in squad that won 1982 African Cup for the fourth time
 John Baker (musher) (born 1962/3), American dogsled racer
 John Baker (runner) (1944–1970), American cross-country runner
John Baker (rugby league), Australian rugby league footballer
John Baker (diver) (born 1951), British diver

Music
John Baker (Radiophonic musician) (1937–1997), British composer and musician
John Baker, British musician and member of The Korgis (active since 1978)
John Bevan Baker (1926–1994), British composer
John Baker, composer for ToeJam & Earl (1991–1994)
Jon Baker (producer) (born 1960), British-Jamaican music industry executive
Jon Baker, musician (active 1989–1991), member of English indie rock band The Charlatans

Science
John Baker (biologist) (1900–1984), British biologist and anthropologist
John Baker, Baron Baker (1901–1985), British engineer
John Gilbert Baker (1834–1920), British botanist
J. N. L. Baker (John Norman Leonard Baker, 1893–1971), British geographer
John Holland Baker (1841–1930), New Zealand surveyor and public servant

Writers
John Baker (author) (born 1942), British novelist
John Baker (legal historian) (born 1944), English legal historian, Downing Professor of the Laws of England, University of Cambridge
John Roman Baker (born 1944), British playwright and activist

Religious figures
John Baker (bishop) (1928–2014), Bishop of Salisbury
John Gilbert Baker (bishop) (1910–1986), bishop of Anglican Diocese of Hong Kong and Macau
John Baker (priest) (died 1745), English Anglican vice-master of Trinity College, Cambridge

Others

John Baker (barrister) (1711–1779), English barrister, Solicitor-General of the Leeward Islands (1750–1753) and diarist
John Baker (artist) (1726–1771), English flower painter
John Baker (stained glass artist) (1916–2007), British artist, teacher, conservator and author
John Wynn Baker (died 1775), Irish agricultural economist
John William Baker (c. 1775–1860), plantation owner in Cuba
John Baker (entrepreneur) (born 1976), Canadian businessman, founder and president of D2L
Jon Baker, fictional character in the American TV show CHiPs

Given name
John Baker White (clerk of court) (1794–1862), American military officer, lawyer, court clerk, and civil servant
John Baker White (West Virginia politician) (1868–1944), American military officer, lawyer, and politician in West Virginia
John Baker White (British politician) (1902–1988), British politician

See also
Jonathan Baker (disambiguation)
Jack Baker (disambiguation)

John Baker


Sky surfing is a type of skydiving and extreme sport in which the skydiver wears a custom skysurf board attached to the feet and performs surfing-style aerobatics during freefall.

The boards used are generally smaller than actual surfboards, and look more like snowboards or large skateboards. Custom bindings attach the board to the feet, which is removable with the use of a 2-ring release system based on the common 3-ring release system used to cut away main parachutes.

A neutral position maintaining stability is to stand upright on the board during freefall, this is also the position required for deployment of the main parachute whilst surfing medium and expert boards.

The combination of rigid board and relative wind requires control to maintain stability during freefall. The jumper must control the board and their body position so as to open the parachute in a stable configuration. More advanced aerobatics such as loops, rolls and helicopter spins are possible. Since some moves involve high G-force spins, some skysurfers tightly wrap bandages all the way up their arms to keep the blood from pooling at the end of the limbs. However, even with this bandage technique, many techniques in skysurfing can be extremely painful and result in temporary paralysis of fingers along with subconjunctival bleeding (broken blood vessel in the eye).

When a skysurfer is filmed by another skydiver falling alongside them, the resulting film gives the appearance that the skysurfer is riding on the air in the same way a surfer rides on a wave. The downward motion is not very apparent and this creates the illusion that a skysurfer is floating on the relative wind. A skysurfer falls at speeds comparable to any other freefall or freeflying skydiver, with speed varying depending on orientation.  The competitive discipline of skysurfing is a team sport consisting of a skysurfer and a camera flyer with a video camera.

History
Skysurfing was invented by Chance Kamphefner, a CSU Chico college student, in 1986, and became popular during the 1990s thanks to the efforts of his girlfriend, Cheryl Morton, as she mastered the more complex aerobatics, such as the late Patrick de Gayardon, Eric Fradet and Phillipe Vallaud.  The rise of skysurfing coincided with other new-age disciplines in skydiving, such as freestyle and freeflying.

In 1991, after performing standing on a surfboard for a skysurfing advertisement of Coca-Cola, Ray Palmer became the first Australian skysurfer.

Skysurfing reached its peak in popularity during the mid to late 1990s.  Skysurfers were featured in prime time television commercials for major brands like Pepsi, AT&T & Sony PlayStation and continue to this day with Red Bull. The combination of brand association, television coverage and competition promoted the sport of skydiving in a positive manner while producing exciting content for brands to be associated with.  A number of movie studios included skysurfing in action sequences such as Silver Surfer & XXX (2002) film.  Ralph Lauren created a fragrance brand Extreme Polo Sport based on imagery of skysurfing.

Competitive team skysurfing was prominent during the late 1990's with most notable being ESPN X Games (1995 to 2000) & FAI World Air Games 1997.

The hazards associated with skysurfing are mainly due to loss of control inducing flat spins where the head is outside of the center of the spinning body. Proper guidance & practice will avoid unnecessary risks involved. Safely releasing the board is something that needs to be discussed with an experienced skysurfer. The amount of time required to master the expert board is approximately 1000 jumps.

Skysurf boards are typically custom made by the sky surfer with cooperation from qualified parachute riggers to manufacture the bindings and cut-away systems. Commercial board manufacturers during the 1990's included Tom Stanton and Jerry Loftis; both offering boards in different sizes for beginner, intermediate and expert abilities. SurfFlite has changed ownership a number of times and continues to manufacture boards.

The skill, experience and time required to master skysurfing led to a decline in the popularity in the skydiving community however this is experiencing a resurgence attributed to coaching, the introduction of Vertical Wind Tunnel and as skydivers seek new challenges.

A presentation of the History and Future of Skysurfing was made at the British Parachute Association.

Competitions
Skysurfing Competitions have ranged from FAI World Air Games, SSI pro tour, ESPN X games, national sky surf championships in USA, UK & Switzerland, also Boards Over Europe and Sky surfing World Cup and Skysurfing World Championships.

A sky surfing team include two people; sky surfer and a camera flier. Judges give scores to a sky surfing team not only for the variety of moves and the total performance but also for the skills of camera flier to catch the best moments of performance. 50% of the total score is calculated on sky surfer's performance, and 50% on the cameraman's score.

The first Skysurf World Championship was held in Efes, Turkey on 13–21 September 1997 by the International Parachuting Committee.

Competitive team skysurfing was featured as part of the ESPN X Games from 1995 to 2000.  In 1996 and 1997, the SSI Pro Tour staged eight X-Trials qualifying events in both North America and Europe.  During this six-year period, pro skysurf teams received a total of $392,000 in cash winnings and the discipline garnered over 100 hours of global TV exposure without incident. In 2000 ABC's Wide World of Sports chose Skysurfing from the X-Games to cover due to its attractive television format.

Training
Training programmes were established to ensure the safe progression of the sport.  With the growth in participants and interest to progress safely the British Parachute Association rules were adopted as part of the Operations Manual  and guidelines for achieving SS1 & SS2 recognition of their skills.  Loftis developed an instructional programme with skysurf schools run by a number of competitive sky surfers.  A number of coaching programmes remain, with expert advice and coaching considered mandatory by drop zone owners and chief instructors to mitigate risk.

Records and firsts
As with a new any new sport a number of firsts and records were established, featured in the media and a number recognised by Record Breakers and Guinness World Records.  These included the highest altitude exit, surfing in a thunder storm, extreme ironing, most number of spins, surfing above active volcanos and longest distance travelled on a 'sky-glider'.

Notable skysurfers
Patrick de Gayardon
Troy Hartman
Valery Rozov
Rob Harris
KĒBĒ

Notable camera flyers
Olav Zipser

References

Boardsports
Acrobatic sports
Parachuting

Skysurfing