Omar Mahmoud Suleiman (, ; 2 July 1936 – 19 July 2012) was an Egyptian army general, politician, diplomat, and intelligence officer. A leading figure in Egypt's intelligence system beginning in 1986, Suleiman was appointed to the long-vacant vice presidency by President Hosni Mubarak on 29 January 2011. On 11 February 2011, Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation and ceased being vice president; governing power was transferred to the Armed Forces Supreme Council, of which Suleiman was not a member. A new head of intelligence services was appointed by the ruling Supreme Council. Suleiman withdrew from the political scene and did not appear in public after announcing Mubarak's resignation.

Millions of Egyptian citizens involved in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 opposed Suleiman or Mubarak remaining in power without elections taking place. Human rights groups tied Suleiman's career to a regime marked by widespread human rights abuses, and asserted that many Egyptian revolutionaries "see Suleiman as Mubarak II. However many Egyptians also saw Suleiman as a pillar of the old order who might have served as a buffer between military rule on the one hand and dominance by Islamist groups on the other." Tortured victims and human rights groups charged that Suleiman oversaw the systematic use of torture on detainees and that in at least one instance he was accused of personally torturing a detainee. In response to the 2011 protests, Suleiman blamed foreign influence and appealed to protestors to go home.

Suleiman had died at on 19 July 2012 at the Cleveland Clinic at the age of 76 of complications related to amyloidosis.

Early life and education
Suleiman was born in Qena in Upper Egypt. he lived in cairo during his childhood, he moved to Cairo to enroll in Egypt's prestigious Military Academy. He received additional military training in the Soviet Union at Moscow's Frunze Military Academy. He participated in both the Six-Day and October wars, he also survived in Sinai under the International Police of the UN. In the mid-1980s, Suleiman earned additional degrees, including a bachelor's degree from Ain Shams University and a master's degree from Cairo University, both in political science. A fluent English speaker, Suleiman was transferred to military intelligence, where he worked on Egypt-United States relations.

Intelligence career
 Suleiman became deputy head of military intelligence in 1986, and its director in 1988. In 1993, he became the chief of the Egyptian General Intelligence Service (EGIS). In 1995, he insisted that President Mubarak ride in an armored car during a visit to Ethiopia. A would-be assassin fired on the vehicle, but Mubarak escaped without injury due to the added precautions. His name only became known in later years, breaking the tradition of keeping the name of the Egyptian head of Intelligence a secret known only to senior government officials. It was released in the media around 2000.

In his role as Director of EGIS, the British newspaper the Daily Telegraph called him "one of the world's most powerful spy chiefs". In 2009, Foreign Policy magazine ranked him as the Middle East's most powerful intelligence chief, ahead of Mossad chief at the time Meir Dagan.

According to diplomatic cables leaked to WikiLeaks, Suleiman pledged in 2007 to Yuval Diskin of the Israeli Security Agency (ISA) to "cleanse" Sinai of Palestinian arms smugglers.

Commentary on disrupting Palestinian elections
Suleiman promised Israel in 2005 that he would prevent Hamas from gaining control over Gaza in the 2006 Palestinian elections, according to a US diplomatic cable. Amos Gilad, head of the Israeli Defense Ministry's Diplomatic-Security Bureau, and Suleiman discussed their common fear of Hamas winning the Palestinian elections set for January 2006. Suleiman asserted to Gilad that there "will be no elections in January. We will take care of it." Suleiman did not elaborate as to how Egypt would stop the Palestinian elections from taking place. Suleiman was separately quoted as saying Gaza could "go hungry, but not starve."

The U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv wrote that Suleiman feared Hamas rule in Gaza would bolster the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. Gilad requested that the U.S. closely hold this information and said he did not know how the Egyptians could prevent the elections from taking place but that the "only people the Palestinians can trust now are the Egyptians."

CIA "rendition" program
Suleiman was directly implicated in the controversial CIA "rendition" program. Journalist Stephen Grey in his work, Ghost Plane, states that after taking over as intelligence director, Suleiman oversaw an agreement with the US in 1995 that allowed for suspected militants to be secretly transferred to Egypt for questioning. Although Suleiman's Egyptian Intelligence was required to provide "assurances" that prisoners handed over through this program would not be subjected to torture, at least one CIA officer testified that such assurances from them were unofficially regarded as being as worthless as "a bucket of warm spit".

Suleiman was accused of complicity in the torture of Al-Qaeda suspects in Egypt, particularly the case of Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, who was captured and handed over to Suleiman. The information al-Libi gave under torture was cited by US officials in the run-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq as evidence of a connection between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda. Al-Libi later retracted his confession.

Political career
Suleiman was seen as a very close and trusted ally of former President Hosni Mubarak, sharing many of his views on key issues such as Iran, Egypt–Israel relations and the United States, and treatment of the Muslim Brotherhood. Although he was a military man who by law is not a member of Mubarak's National Democratic Party, he preferred suits to military uniforms (head of the EGIS is a civilian and accordingly does not wear a uniform) and was seen as a major link between Egyptian political and military elites. Due to his role in the regional political scene and the lack of an alternative candidate acceptable to Hosni Mubarak, some speculated that Suleiman would succeed Mubarak as President. In particular, he was seen as the choice of the Egyptian military establishment. Suleiman denied any intent to run for election to the office. On 29 January 2011, he was named Vice President of Egypt during the civil unrest, ending a vacancy in the position that lasted almost 30 years. He was sworn in two days later.

On 5 February 2011, a senior Egyptian security source denied reports of an assassination attempt on Omar Suleiman, saying there was no truth to them at all. Fox News reported that an unnamed official in the Obama Administration asserted there was an assassination attempt on Suleiman "soon after Suleiman was appointed", and claimed that it took the form of an attack on Suleiman's motorcade (it was later proved that it happened). Wolfgang Ischinger, host of the Munich Security Conference and originator of the incorrect allegations, later said he "was led to believe that we had a confirmed report but in fact we didn't" and also added that the information had come from an "unsubstantiated source." Later on 24 February 2011, Foreign Minister Ahmed Abul-gheit confirmed that Suleiman had survived an assassination attempt on 4 February, when a group of unidentified men opened fire on Suleiman's car from a stolen ambulance in Cairo.

According to an interview with the Egyptian ambassador to the United States on 10 February 2011, Omar Suleiman became the de facto President of Egypt after President Mubarak transferred his power to Suleiman. The following day Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation and governing power was transferred to the Armed Forces Supreme Council. According to the Egypt State Information Service, Suleiman subsequently ceased holding the office of Vice President.

On 6 April 2012 Suleiman announced that he would be running for president, after some demonstration. Suleiman accused the Muslim Brotherhood of planning the assassination attempt on 5 February. Moreover, he accused them of some threats of "SLAIN if he run for the president" that he had received before running for it. Furthermore, the Brotherhood and some Islamists arranged a huge protest against Suleiman whose popularity had grown dramatically.

Public image and perception
Al Jazeera described Omar Suleiman as the unelected Vice President of Egypt, éminence grise to President Hosni Mubarak, and point man for Egypt's secret relations with Israel. Jane Mayer of The New Yorker noted that Suleiman remained controversial because he "has headed the feared Egyptian general intelligence service" and also described his role in allowing controversial torture methods under US rendition programs which may have generated bad intelligence.

In turn, Suleiman blamed journalists for the current uprising in Egypt. "I actually blame certain friendly nations who have television channels, they're not friendly at all, who have intensified the youth against the nation and the state," Suleiman said in a TV address. "They have filled in the minds of the youth with wrongdoings, with allegations and this is unacceptable. They should have never done that. They should have never sent this enemy spirit," he said. The Committee to Protect Journalists replied that "it is stupefying that the government continues to send out thugs and plainclothes police to attack journalists and to ransack media bureaus". State Department spokesman Philip J. Crowley said "we have traced it to elements close to the government, or the ruling party," and said "I don't know that we have a sense how far up the chain it went."

Domestic

Bloomberg reported that Suleiman "lacks the support where he now needs it most: the streets of Cairo". "The Egyptians don't want Mubarak and they don't want Suleiman," said Chayma Hassabo, a researcher on Arab political movements at Cedej, a Cairo-based research center. Al Jazeera wrote Suleiman "does not have a high opinion of Islam in politics, and is not shy about telling Western audiences the lengths he will go to allow his security services to keep the Muslim Brotherhood and their offshoots at bay."

The young guard in Egypt is opposed to Suleiman running the country without elections taking place. Students, union activists and opposition bloggers within Egypt all remain opposed to Suleiman. Veteran Egyptian journalist Nadia abou el-Magd said it comes down to the protesters. "They that made revolution and they are in the position to impose their conditions," said el-Magd, who works for the newspaper Al Ahram and The Associated Press. "They don't see that ... anybody else is in a position to impose their conditions on them."

In response to the appointment of Omar Suleiman as the new Vice President of Egypt, Mohammed ElBaradei stated that it was a "hopeless, desperate attempt by Mubarak to stay in power, I think it is loud and clear ... that Mubarak has to leave today".

United States
Diplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks suggested Suleiman enjoyed a strong relationship with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "Our intelligence collaboration with Omar Suleiman is now probably the most successful element of the relationship" with Egypt, said a 2006 U.S. diplomatic cable that used an alternative transliteration of his name, which also described Suleiman as Mubarak's consigliere on foreign policy.

In an op-ed for Al Jazeera, Lisa Hajjar opined that Egyptian-born Australian citizen Mamdouh Habib, "who was innocent of any ties to terror or militancy", was seized from a bus by Pakistani security forces and suspended from a hook and electrocuted repeatedly at American behest. "His fingers were broken and he was hung from metal hooks. At one point, his interrogator slapped him so hard that his blindfold was dislodged, revealing the identity of his tormentor: Suleiman," Haijar asserts. According to Haijar, Suleiman ordered a guard to murder a shackled prisoner in front of Habib, which he did with a vicious karate kick. After an article of the ordeal appeared in the Washington Post, the American government announced they would not charge Habib and that they would release him to Australia. Habib said he would sue the Egyptian government for his treatment. Tom Malinowski of Human Rights Watch asserts "the Americans knew what was going to happen to people who were rendered to Egypt".

On 12 April, Suleiman announced his intentions to run in the Presidential elections, because he feared Islamist forces would turn Egypt into a religious state and isolate Egypt from the international community.

Middle East
Luis Moreno, a U.S. intelligence analyst, wrote that although he deferred to the Embassy in Cairo for Egyptian succession scenario analysis, "there is no question that Israel is most comfortable with the prospect of" Suleiman. David Hacham stated an Israeli delegation led by Defense Minister Ehud Barak was "shocked by Mubarak's aged appearance and slurred speech," when it met him in Egypt. "Hacham was full of praise for Soliman, however." Hacham added that he sometimes spoke to Suleiman's deputy several times a day via a "hotline." Maha Azzam, a fellow at Chatham House, a London-based international affairs research institute, said "the Israelis are happy with Omar Suleiman, he has been pivotal in the peace process, he's someone they know and someone they can deal with." Avigdor Lieberman, the Deputy Prime Minister of Israel, expressed "his respect and appreciation for Egypt's leading role in the region and his personal respect for Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Minister Suleiman".

Saudi Arabia, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates each repeatedly pressed the United States not to cut loose the Mubarak regime; for example, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed of Abu Dhabi, whom some believe to be the real strongman of the UAE, emphasized the need for "stability" in Egypt. The New York Times reported these countries "worry that a sudden, chaotic change in Egypt would destabilize the region or, in the Arab nations, even jeopardize their own leaders, many of whom are also autocrats facing restive populations."

Non-governmental organizations
According to Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, Suleiman's career moved in lockstep with a regime marked by widespread abuses. "Torture is an endemic problem in Egypt and ending police abuse has been a driving element behind the massive popular demonstrations that swept Egypt over the past week," Human Rights Watch said in a January report.

Human Rights Watch further wrote that "Egyptians, particularly those of us calling for an end to Mubarak's three-decade rule, see Suleiman as Mubarak II, especially after the lengthy interview he gave to Egyptian state television on 3 February 2011 in which he accused the demonstrators in Tahrir Square of implementing foreign agendas. He did not even bother to veil his threats of retaliation against protesters." The Committee to Protect Journalists and Freedom House also criticized the Mubarak regime for its violence against protesters and suppression of journalists.

Death
On 19 July 2012, Suleiman died in a hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, while undergoing medical testing for an unknown problem. The official Egyptian state news service, MENA, reported that Suleiman had been suffering from heart and lung problems for several months and that he had died of a heart attack. Hussein Kamal, one of his assistants, said it was an unexpected event. "He was fine. It came suddenly while he was having medical tests in Cleveland." Preparations got underway to send his body to Egypt for burial. Suleiman was given a military funeral, with Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, the then head of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, attending.

References

Further reading

External links

1936 births
2012 deaths
Ain Shams University alumni
Cairo University alumni
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Directors of the General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)
Egyptian diplomats
Egyptian generals
People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011
Vice-presidents of Egypt
Deaths from lung disease
Egyptian Military Academy alumni
People from Qena
Egyptian people of the Yom Kippur War
20th-century Egyptian military personnel
Directors of the Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance (Egypt)

Omar Suleiman (politician)


Barbary Coast Gent is a 1944 American Western comedy film set in 1880s San Francisco's Barbary Coast and Nevada starring Wallace Beery. The movie was directed by Roy Del Ruth and features Binnie Barnes, Beery's brother Noah Beery, Sr., John Carradine, and Chill Wills. It is also known as Gold Town, Honest Plush Brannon and The Honest Thief.

Plot
Honest Plush Brannon (Wallace Beery) is a confidence man from the Barbary Coast in San Francisco. He is engaged to Li'l Damish (Binnie Barnes) who is a saloon owner. Plush is in need of money to prove he can stand on his own. His plan to come by some money is disturbed by his ex-companion, Duke Cleat (John Carradine), who accuses Plush of doing him wrong in the past. After a quick showdown, Plush manages to shoot and wound Duke badly. Because of this, Plush is forced to leave town, and decides to take the train to Denver to find his luck. Aboard the train, he meets an industrial railroad Millionaire, Bradford Bellamy I (Donald Meek) and convinces him he is about to serve the man in a blackmailing process. Bellamy I wants to throw Plush off the train, but instead they make a deal, that Plush will hold a speech in Bellamy I's name in Gold Town. Plush pretends to be Bellamy I's financial voice and is greeted as such in Gold Town. Even his old partner with whom he used to rob stage coaches, Johnny Adair (Ray Collins), believes him. Johnny's daughter, Portia (Frances Rafferty) is engaged to Bellamy I's grandson, Bradford Bellamy III (Bruce Kellogg). When Plush is attending a ceremony and is about to dedicate a cornerstone in the city, he accidentally discovers that the stone has gold in it. Plush prevents an article declaring that Bellamy III is engaging another woman, an Eastern debutante, to reach the press, and since Bellamy III have no intentions of engaging anyone but Portia, he is grateful to Plush. When the gold finding in the cornerstone is confirmed, Plush clais the ground where the stone is, and everyone in Gold Town wants to invest in his newly founded gold-mining company. Back in San Francisco, Duke has recovered from his injuries and seeks revenge. He finds out about Plush's luck, and at gun-point he forces Plush to give all his earnings to him. Broke and homeless, Plush is forced to rob a Wells Fargo payroll stagecoach. He leaves a poem at the crime scene, and after a few more robberies, he is known as the outlaw "Jingle Bill". The only stage coach that never gets robbed is the one Johnny drives. Plush uses his booty to start up the mining for gold in his company, and soon enough he strikes gold. In an attempt to catch the robber, Plush is forced to stage a robbery against Johnny's coach, in which Plush participates. Plush is shot and wounded by Johnny. Meanwhile, Li'l has come to Gold Town to warn Plush that Duke has been at her place, stolen a bunch of Plush's poems, and is headed to Gold Town. After the fake robbery, suspicion falls on Plush to be the robber. When Duke confronts Plush in the street, the two men once again have a showdown, ultimately shooting each other. Duke dies from his wounds, and the stolen poems are found on his body. Duke is taken for Jingle Bill, but Plush steps up and confesses he is the robber. He waves goodbye to Li'l, Bellamy III and Portia, as he is off to serve a one-year sentence in prison.

Cast
 Wallace Beery as Honest Plush Brannon
 Binnie Barnes as Li'l Damish
 John Carradine as Duke Cleat
 Bruce Kellogg as Bradford Bellamy III
 Frances Rafferty as Portia Adair
 Chill Wills as Sheriff Hightower
 Noah Beery, Sr. as Pete Hanibal
 Henry O'Neill as Colonel Watrous
 Ray Collins as Johnny Adair
 Morris Ankrum as Alec Veeder
 Donald Meek as Bradford Bellamy I

See also
 List of Western films of the 1940s

References

External links

1944 films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by Roy Del Ruth
American Western (genre) comedy films
1940s Western (genre) comedy films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films set in San Francisco
Barbary Coast, San Francisco
Films set in the 1880s
1940s historical comedy films
American historical comedy films
1940s American films

Barbary Coast Gent


Londonderry is a ghost town in Western Australia, located 14 km South West of Coolgardie in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia.

Gold was discovered in the area in 1894 by a party of prospectors, one of whom named the find after his home town of Londonderry. Lord Fingall took over the find in 1892 but the gold soon petered out. The townsite was gazetted in 1895.

By 1898 the town had a population of 220 (200 males and 20 females).

References

Ghost towns in Western Australia
Goldfields-Esperance

Londonderry, Western Australia


Tolulope Ajayi (born 10 November 1997) better known by his stage name T-Classic, is a Nigerian singer, songwriter and recording artiste. In 2017, T-Classic released his lead single "I want you" produced by Killertunes. In 2019, the singer released "Think about it" which turned out to be the turning point in his career.

Early life

T-Classic was born and raised in Agege. He is the first-born child of the Ajayi family. In 2013, Tolulope graduated from Royal Camp Comprehensive High School, Agege, Lagos. He attended Legacy Nursery and Primary School. On graduating Tolulope Ajayi was signed to Bang Music Entertainment.

Career

On August 9, 2019 T-Classic was featured on the third official single "Yes or No" by DJ KayWise. The song speaks love. In 2019, T-Classic song "Nobody Fine Pass You" won Most Popular Song of the Year and was nominated for Most Promising Act of the Year at City People Music Awards.

On February 7, 2020, Sony Music West Africa announced that T-Classic had joined the label's list of artistes. On February 23, 2020, he released his first EP project "Underrated" two weeks after being signed to Sony Music West Africa which featured Nigerian Disc Jockey "DJ Xclusive" . On July 21, 2019 T-Classic was featured on a live radio interview with Blessing. On 4 August 2019, Day 35 of the Reality TV Show Big Brother Naija Season 4, T-Classic performed on stage and sang one of his songs, "Nobody Fine Pass You".

Awards and nomination

References

Living people
Nigerian male singer-songwriters
Nigerian singer-songwriters
Nigerian male pop singers
Nigerian hip hop singers
English-language singers from Nigeria
Yoruba-language singers
1997 births

T-Classic


María de Villota Comba (13 January 1980 – 11 October 2013) was a Spanish racing driver.

María de Villota was born in Madrid on 13 January 1980. She was the daughter of former Formula One driver Emilio de Villota. She was also the sister of Emilio de Villota, Jr., who also competed in Formula Palmer Audi. Before her death, de Villota was recovering from serious injuries on her head and face. These was caused by a straight-line testing accident at the Duxford Aerodrome in Duxford, Cambridgeshire, England on 3 July 2012. She married Rodrigo García Millán, a personal trainer and owner of Oxigeno Training, on 28 July 2013 in Seville. They got married less than three months before her death.

María de Villota died from a heart failure on 11 October 2013. She died in a hotel room in Seville, at the age of 33. Her death was said to have been caused by the accident she had in 2012. She was outlived by her husband and her family.

References

Other websites

1980 births
2013 deaths
Sportspeople from Madrid
Spanish racecar drivers
Autobiographers
Deaths from cardiac arrest

María de Villota


Frederick George Heriot (11 January 1786 – 30 December 1843) was a British army officer, who fought in the War of 1812 and subsequently became a landowner and administrator in Canada.

Biography

Of mixed Scottish and Irish ancestry, he was born in the Channel Islands, the son of an army surgeon. He entered the army in 1801 as Ensign in the 49th Regiment of Foot (whose commanding officer was the then Lieutenant Colonel Isaac Brock). Heriot went with the 49th to Canada the following year, and served there for the remainder of his military career.

When war broke out with the United States, he was appointed second in command of the Canadian Voltigeurs with the acting rank of Major. He commanded a detachment of Voltigeurs at Kingston, Ontario during 1813 and was present at the Battle of Sackett's Harbor and the Battle of Crysler's Farm, where he played a prominent part.

The following year, he became acting commanding officer of the Voltigeurs, and remained in this post until the end of the war.

After the war, he resigned from the army and instead became the Administrator for the settlement of discharged soldiers in the valley of the Saint-François River in Lower Canada, which would become Drummondville, Quebec. Heriot was named a Companion in the Order of the Bath in 1822. He was elected Member of the Legislative Assembly for the community in 1829 and 1830 and served as a member of the Special Council that governed Lower Canada after the Lower Canada Rebellion. He was also a Major General in the militia.

External links

1786 births
1843 deaths
49th Regiment of Foot officers
British Army personnel of the War of 1812
Canadian people of the War of 1812
Canadian people of Channel Islands descent
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Drummondville
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
Members of the Special Council of Lower Canada
Immigrants to Lower Canada
British emigrants to pre-Confederation Quebec

Frederick Heriot


ACube Systems Srl is a company that started in January 2007 from the synergy of the Italian companies Alternative Holding Group Srl, Soft3 and Virtual Works.

The three companies have been engaged in the areas of sale, distribution and engineering of hardware and software for mainstream systems and alternative platforms for years. They have joined their efforts in the realization of the Sam440ep platform. The ongoing dispute over ownership of AmigaOS cast doubts about the actual release of AmigaOS 4 for this new hardware, support for Sam440ep was later introduced in AmigaOS 4.1. Since November 2007 Acube Systems distributed AmigaOS 4.0 for Amiga computers with PowerPC CPU cards on behalf of Hyperion Entertainment.
They also built the first Amiga redesign in hardware, the Minimig.

In September 2011, Acube Systems introduced AmigaOne 500 based on Sam460ex mainboard.

References

See also

Amiga companies
Italian companies established in 2007
Computer hardware companies
AmigaOS 4
Privately held companies of Italy
Technology companies established in 2007
Italian brands

ACube Systems Srl


The Erste  (, literally First-Danube-Steamboat-Shipping Company) or DDSG was a shipping company founded in 1829 by the Austrian government for transporting passengers and cargo on the Danube.

History
The company built its first steamship building factory the so-called "Óbuda Shipyard" on the Hajógyári Island in Kingdom of Hungary in 1835, which was the first industrial scale steamship building company in the Habsburg Empire.

In 1880, the DDSG was the world's largest river shipping company with more than 200 steamboat ships and about 1000 cargo tubs.

During Nazi rule, the DDSG was involved in transporting Austrian Jews after Kristallnacht, when the Jews were pressured to emigrate elsewhere. Beginning in 1938, the DDSG transported Jews who were on so-called "B-immigration transports". The DDSG was also involved in taking excessive amounts of money and property from Jews in order to transport them. The SS worked with the DDSG in making the exit permits for Jews easier to obtain, since, at this point, the Nazis apparently just wanted them to leave the country. Although the Gestapo had leverage over the DDSG, the DDSG was a group that operated on its own will, in order to profit from forced Jewish emigration.

In 1991, the company was split into a passenger transportation enterprise and a cargo transport company. The company was sold to a private owner in 1993. Today, the DDSG exists in the form of the two private companies DDSG-Blue Danube Schiffahrt GmbH (passenger transport) and the DDSG-Cargo GmbH.

Since the German spelling reform of 1996, "Schifffahrt" is written with three "f"s; however, since the name belongs to a company that existed before the spelling reform, the old form of the name is used when referring to the company.

The name of the company is well known in German-speaking countries as a starter to humorously construct even longer compound words.  is such a word, which potentially might even have been used, but probably never actually was. It means a "DDSG captain's hat". Another common example is  which means "DDSG captain's cabin key".

See also
 , a notoriously long word, of similar origins.

References

External links
 DDSG-Cargo GmbH
 DDSG-Blue Danube Schifffahrt GmbH

Shipping companies of Austria
Danube
The Holocaust in Austria
1829 establishments in the Austrian Empire
Companies established in 1829
River cruise companies
Companies based in Vienna

Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft


The Normans were Vikings who settled in northern France. There they made a kingdom called Normandy.

In 1066 the Normans attacked England and took over. The battle was called The Battle Of Hastings. They ruled England for about 300 years. There they built the Tower of London, Windsor Castle and many other stone castles.

Norman life

Clothes
Normans wore woollen tunics and sometimes they wore a waistband to keep the tunic in place. The men also wore long cloaks.

Food
Normans ate dairy, oatmeal porridge, green vegetables and sometimes meat. They often used honey as a sweetener and for mead (an alcoholic drink).

Castles
Normans built many stone castles that often had moats around them to protect them from intruders.

Houses
Norman houses had a wooden frame with sticks and twigs woven in between, which is called wattle, and then it was all covered in a layer of daub which was made from mud, wet clay, dung and straw. The roofs were usually thatched.

Normans in Ireland
Diarmuid MacMurrough, King of Leinster kidnapped the King of Breifne's wife. Then Rory O'Connor, the High King of Ireland fired him from being the King of Leinster. Diarmuid still wanted to be king so he hired some Normans, lead by Strongbow to help him get the throne back. Diarmuid had to pay Strongbow so he said that he could marry his daughter and become king when Diarmuid died. Strongbow agreed to this. They first came to Ireland at Bannow Bay, Wexford in 1169 and soon they got the throne back for Diarmuid. King Henry II, King of England and part of France, thought that Strongbow was getting too powerful since Strongbow wasn't actually the king, so Henry decided to take over the whole of Ireland. He sent over some other Normans who arrived at Ireland in Baginbun, Wexford in 1170. Then King Henry II became King of Ireland as well.

While the Normans were in Ireland they built the original Dublin castle and many other stone castles.

Normans probably introduced rabbits and fallow deer to Ireland for meat and skins.

References

Ethnic groups in Europe
Germanic tribes
Middle Ages
Normans

Normans


The Vadinar refinery is an oil refinery at Vadinar, Gujarat, India.  It is owned and operated by Nayara Energy Limited, in which Rosneft owns a 49.13% stake. The refinery is India's second largest single-location refinery, with an annual capacity of 20 million tonnes (405,000 barrels per day) and a complexity of 11.8, which also makes it among the world's most complex refineries.

History
Construction of the refinery started in 1996 by Essar Oil.  The refinery project was delayed several times due to environmental concerns and financial problems, including initial cost overruns and a shortfall in equity contributions.  In 1998, when the refinery was 60% complete, a cyclone struck the plant and caused considerable damage.  Construction was restarted in 2005 and the refinery was completed in 2006.  It cost US$2.14 billion.

In May 2008, Essar Oil reported commercial production of 10.5  million tonnes per annum (mtpa).  The units commissioned in the first phase were the CDU, VDU, sulfur gas unit, naphtha hydrotreater, catalytic cracker, and visbreaker. The fluid catalytic cracker and a diesel hydro desulphurize were commissioned in November 2006. The FCC and DHDS plants were modified to be compliant with the cleaner Euro III and Euro IV fuels. The refinery configuration lends itself well to de-bottlenecking and its capacity is enhanced to 14 mtpa in 2009. The docking facilities include an SBM capable of handling vessels up to 350,000DWT with a capacity of 25mtpa, tankages with interconnecting pipelines of 20mtpa capacity, marine product dispatch capacity of 12mtpa, and rail-car and truck-loading facilities.

In 2012, the refinery was expanded to a capacity of 20  a million tonnes per annum. Essar Oil announced the completion of the Rs8,300-crore expansion with the commissioning of the final Delayed Coker unit (DCU), which is amongst the world's largest.

Description
The capacity expansion and complexity enhancement gives the capability to process much heavier crude oil. The share of ultra heavy crude, which currently constitutes 20% of crude basket, will go up to 60%; and as a result the overall share of heavy and ultra heavy crude will go up to 80% of the refinery's total crude basket.

In terms of product yield, the refinery has the flexibility to produce higher value, high-quality products, including gasoline (petrol) and gas oil (diesel) conforming to Euro IV and Euro V norms, that have growing acceptance in both domestic and international markets. Close to 80% of its production will now be of valuable light and middle distillates; and 50% of the production of gas oil (diesel) and gasoline (petrol) will meet Euro IV and Euro V specifications. EOL is targeting newer markets such as Australia, New Zealand and north-west Europe, in addition to countries in the Indian subcontinent for exporting high-quality fuels. However Essar Oil will continue to market a majority of its products in the domestic market.

The Vadinar Refinery benefits from a fully integrated infrastructure including India's only captive coal-fired power plant to provide power and process steam, a port, pipelines and tankage, with multi-modal product dispatch facilities through rail, road, and sea giving it a unique cost advantage.

References

Oil refineries in India
Essar Group
Energy in Gujarat
Jamnagar district
2006 establishments in Gujarat
Industrial buildings completed in 2006

Vadinar refinery


Valentin Lavrentievich Yanin (; 6 February 1929 – 2 February 2020) was a leading Russian historian who authored 700 books and articles.  He had also edited a number of important journals and primary sources, including works on medieval Russian law, sphragistics and epigraphy, archaeology and history. His expertise was medieval Rus' especially Novgorod the Great, where he had headed archaeological digs beginning in 1962.

Early life
Yanin was born in Vyatka. His maternal grandparents were arrested in 1937 and died in a prison camp in 1938.  His father was apparently on a list to be executed but escaped this fate and moved with his family to Moscow.  Yanin finished his secondary education in 1946, graduating with a Gold Medal; he matriculated at Moscow State University in 1951.

Research
In 1954, he defended his Kandidat thesis on the monetary systems of pre-Mongol Rus.  This was published as The Monetary and Weight Systems of Medieval Russia ("Денежно-весовые системы русского средневековья") and has become a classic. His doctoral thesis on the posadniks of Novgorod followed in 1962 and significantly changed our understanding of the constitution of the Novgorod Republic. The book demonstrated that the office of posadnik, while subject to election every year, was often held by one man for several consecutive years, sometimes more than a decade, and then passed on to his sons or other members of his clan.  It shattered the earlier image of Novgorod as a more democratic republic and showed it to be ruled by a boyar aristocracy (not unlike other medieval republics).

Yanin's monograph about the seals of Ancient Rus (2 volumes, 1970) summed up half a century of Soviet sphragistics research. After that, Yanin turned his attention to the birch bark documents of Novgorod, on which he was considered the greatest living authority (alongside Andrey Zaliznyak).

Honours and Positions
In 1964, Yanin became professor in the department of archaeology in the Faculty of History at Moscow State University.

Since 1978, Yanin had held the chair in archaeology at the Moscow University.

He was a member of the President's Committee for the Defence of the Material Culture of the Russian Federation and a member of the Consultative Committee of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.

In 1962, he was elected a corresponding member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences; he became a full academician in 1990. In 1999, he became the first historian to be awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal.

His other awards included:
Order of Merit for the Fatherland 4th class
Order of Lenin
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Order of Friendship of Peoples
Medal "Veteran of Labour"
USSR State Prize (1970)
Lenin Prize (1984)
Demidov Prize (1993)
State Prize of the Russian Federation (1996)
Triumph Prize (2002)
Solzhenitsyn Prize (2010).

He was an honorary citizen of Novgorod the Great and an honorary member of the Novgorodian Society of Lovers of Antiquities. He died in Moscow on 2 February 2020 at the age of 90.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Russian historians
Soviet historians
Archaeologists from Moscow
Soviet archaeologists
Moscow State University alumni
Academic staff of Moscow State University
Historians of Russia
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Demidov Prize laureates
Solzhenitsyn Prize winners
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Russian scientists

Valentin Yanin


Macaroni salad is a type of pasta salad, served cold made with cooked elbow macaroni and usually prepared with mayonnaise. Much like potato salad or coleslaw in its use, it is often served as a side dish to barbecue, fried chicken, or other picnic style dishes. Like any dish, national and regional variations abound but generally it is prepared with raw diced onions, dill or sweet pickles and celery and seasoned with salt and pepper.

By country

Australia & New Zealand
In Australia, and New Zealand it is commonly known as pasta salad which is usually made with cooked shell pasta pieces and bought from supermarket delis.

Philippines
In the Philippines, macaroni salad is a dessert or appetizer with a mildly sweet flavor. It does not use onions, pepper, or celery. It typically uses native sweetened jellies, cheese, as well as various fruits in contrast to western macaroni salads. It is commonly consumed during holidays such as Christmas and New Year's Day, as well as parties and gatherings. A common variant adds shredded chicken and is known as chicken salad or chicken macaroni salad.

United States
In the United States, macaroni salad has been described as a "deli staple".
In Hawaii, macaroni salad is a popular staple in plate lunches and is traditionally made with grated onion and macaroni cooked until very soft. In Rochester, New York, macaroni salad is served as an element of the Garbage Plate. In Puerto Rico, macaroni salad may contain mayonnaise, mustard, canned tuna or bits of Spam, onions, Cubanelle peppers and pimentos.

See also

 List of pasta dishes
 List of salads
 Pasta salad
 Sopas
 Filipino spaghetti

References

Further reading

Macaroni dishes
Noodle salads
World cuisine

Macaroni salad


Birmingham Motors was a United States based automobile company. Organized in 1920, it was tentatively in business only from 1921 through 1923.

The Birmingham offered a number of unusual features, including a type of swing axle suspension and exterior finishes of DuPont Fabrikoid instead of paint.

Failure to generate capital for factory investment hobbled Birmingham. A political scandal involving the mayor of Jamestown, New York who was the company's titular President resulted in Birmingham Motors going out of business.  Only about 50 Birmingham autos were built; none of which are known to have survived to the 21st century.

References
 Birmingham Motors on Scripophily.net
 Washington Post, Sep 25, 1921

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in New York (state)
1920s cars
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1920
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1923
1920 establishments in New York (state)
1923 disestablishments in New York (state)
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York (state)

Birmingham Motors


A polyhalogenated compound (PHC) is any compound with multiple substitutions of halogens.  They are of particular interest and importance because they bioaccumulate in humans, and comprise a superset of which has many toxic and carcinogenic industrial chemicals as members.  PBDEs, PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs) and PFCs are all polyhalogenated compounds.  They are generally non-miscible in organic solvents or water, but miscible in some hydrocarbons from which they often derive.

Uses
PHCs are used in a vast array of manufactured products, from wood treatments to cookware coatings, to non-stick, waterproof, and fire-resistant coatings, cosmetics, medicine, electronic fluids, food containers, and wrappings, in everything from furniture and furnishings, automobiles, airplanes, plastics, clothing and cloth, surgery, insulation, adhesives, paints, sealants, lubricating oils, polyurethane foams, cancer therapy, and medical imaging.  They are also heavily used in pest control.

Safety
PHCs include notoriously dangerous substances, including Agent Orange, DDT, and other pesticides.  Many non-pesticide PHCs have the same safety issues as pesticides.

Types
 Polycholorinated, e.g. PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs), hexachlorophene, dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychloro phenoxy phenols (PCPPs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs).
 Polybrominated, e.g., PBDEs, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs).
 Perfluorinated compounds
 Polyiodinated compounds

Breakdown of compounds
Despite bioaccumulating in humans, it has been claimed that a method during manufacture using anaerobic bacteria may be efficacious

References

Organohalides

Polyhalogenated compound


Margi Scharff (born February 11, 1955, Memphis, Tennessee - d. July 2, 2007, Tiburon, California) was an American artist. Among her better known pieces were The Night Room, Pillar of Warmth and A Series of Miscellaneous Connections. Scharff was given to using found objects in her art.

Death
Scharff died of ovarian cancer, aged 52, in 2007.

Exhibitions
Cross Current and Intersection: L.A. Artcore (Los Angeles, California; 2003)
Transmigrations (a travelling exhibition): Ann Bryant Gallery, East London (Durban, South Africa; 2003), the Olievenhuis Art Museum (Bloemfontein, South Africa; 2003) and the Pretoria Museum of Art (Arcadia Park, South Africa; 2002)
Cross Tracks: The Blue Door (Los Angeles; 2001)
Salon Show: Ruth Bachofner Gallery (Santa Monica; 2001)
The Drawing Show (works From the Road in Mexico): Ellen Kim Murphy Gallery (Santa Monica, California; 1999–2000)
Tijuana en Tarjetas: Galeria de la Ciudad (Tijuana, 1999)
Vision sin Fronteras (Bajo la Falda installation and community project): Casa de la Cultura (Tijuana, 1998)
Bajo El Mismo Sol: Collaboration with 12 artists living in Tijuana and Los Angeles; the project, coordinated by Luis Ituarte, took place in both cities and was supported by the Cultural Affairs Department in L.A. and Casa de la Cultura in Tijuana, Mexico and Los Angeles; 1997
L.A. Current: The Female Perspective at UCLA's Hammer Art Rental and Sales Gallery (Los Angeles; 1996)
One Vision: Space (Los Angeles; 1995)
Downtown Lives (Pillar of Warmth installation and community outreach project): Downtown Arts Development Association (Los Angeles; 1994)
International Group Show: Rachelle Lozzi Gallery (Los Angeles; 1994)
The Last Glow (Reverse Polarity): Museum of Neon Art (Los Angeles, California; 1992)
Modern Mountain Concert (Rib Cage set design and sculpture for Collage Ensemble): Chi Chi-Bu (Saitama, Japan; 1991)
Eleven Los Angeles Artists (Inverse Reaction): 801 North Brand Gallery (Glendale; 1991)
L.A. Place Projects (Structures from a Mobile Culture): Chapman Market (Los Angeles; 1991)
Totems and Towers (Twilight Walk): Museum of Neon Art (Los Angeles; 1990)
Eleven Artists (Everyday Objects and Circular Remains): Angel's Gate Cultural Center (San Pedro; 1990)
Multiples (Gray Windows): Angel's Gate Cultural Center (San Pedro, California; 1989)
Art L.A. 88: Thinking Eye Gallery, Los Angeles Convention Center (Los Angeles, California; 1988)
Cutting Edge (Special Exhibit with Bent Wall for Art Expo): Los Angeles Convention Center (Los Angeles; 1988)
Kodomo Micro Operas (Portals set design and sculpture for Collage Ensemble): Japan American Theatre (Los Angeles; 1988)
Three Southern California Artists (Standing Portals): 801 North Brand (Glendale, California; 1988)
L.A. + 250 (The Night Ramp): S.I.T.E. (Los Angeles, 1988)
ART L.A. 87 (Thinking Eye Gallery): Los Angeles Convention Center (Los Angeles; 1987)
Power and Taboo (Self Portrait in the Dark):   Roberts Art Gallery (Santa Monica, California; 1987)
Neon New Mexico: New Mexico Fine Arts Gallery  (Albuquerque; 1987)
Minimalist Impulse: Thinking Eye Gallery (Los Angeles; 1987)
Reflections (The Night Slot): Museum of Neon Art (Los Angeles; 1986)
Through Darkness to Light: The Women's Building (Los Angeles, California; 1985)
Many Voices, Many Visions: El Camino College Art Gallery (Torrance; 1985)
Contained Energies (2 person show at the Joslyn Center for the Arts; Torrance, California; 1984)
California Women Artists: Corporate Center(Sacramento, California; 1984)
Point of Reference: A.S.A. Gallery (Albuquerque, New Mexico; 1983)
Process at Large: A.S.A. Gallery
Armory Show: Santa Fe Armory for the Arts (Santa Fe, New Mexico; 1980)

References

External links
Arts Scene California archive site
NPR.org
Los Angeles Times report on Margi Scharff

1955 births
2007 deaths
American artists
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Artists from Memphis, Tennessee
People from Tiburon, California

Margi Scharff


Raymond Marcellin (; 19 August 1914 in Sézanne, Marne – 8 September 2004) was a French politician.

Biography
The son of a banker, he studied law at the University of Strasbourg and the University of Paris. He worked as a lawyer for three years, before being called into the army in September 1939. He was captured by the Wehrmacht, but managed to escape and return to France. Thanks to Maurice Bouvier-Ajam, he found a position in the Vichy regime.  His job was to diffuse the ideas of the Révolution nationale among youth and professional associations.
He also taught at the University Jeune-France, a Vichy organization. For these services, he received the Order of the Francisque. Later, he joined the Résistance network Alliance of Marie-Madeleine Fourcade and Georges Loustaunau-Lacau. After the Libération, he was a gaullist candidate to the 1946 election in the Morbihan.
However, he did not join De Gaulle's RPF, and caucused with the independents.
He initially supported the socialist governments of Léon Blum (December 1946) and Paul Ramadier (January 1947), but voted against them on the statute of Algeria in autumn 1947. In 1948, he was vice-president of the
Union démocratique des indépendants (democratic union of the independents). Starting 1949, He was both secretary general of Centre National des Indépendents caucus and adjoint general secretary of this party.
On 11 September 1948 he was appointed under-secretary of the Interior under the socialist minister of the Interior Jules Moch in the government formed by the radical Henri Queuille. On 29 October 1949, Raymond Marcellin was appointed Commerce and Industry under-secretary in the government of Georges Bidault. After the departure of the socialists from the government on 7 February 1950 he became Commerce and Industry secretary. He then proceeded to close the Chambre des Métiers de la Seine that had been controlled by communists since the Libération. He also fired seven contractants holding key positions in the Centre National du Cinéma as they were either communists or belonged to the CGT, a labor union with close ties to the Communist Party.
In 1951, during his reelection campaign, he was allied with the Mouvement Républicain Populaire, but not with the gaullist Rassemblement du Peuple Français. On this occasion, he declared that voting for the gaullists was taking the risk of sending communists to the Assemblée Nationale. He was reelected on 17 June 1951. On 8 March 1952 Raymond Marcellin was made Minister of Information in the government of Antoine Pinay. He introduced a minimal service on state radio and TV in case of strike. After December 1952, and the fall of the government of Antoine Pinay, Raymond Marcellin no longer held cabinet positions. Raymond Marcellin was supportive of the continuation of the war in Indochina,
and did not vote for the Pierre Mendès-France government. After being reelected in 1956, Raymond Marcellin
did not support the socialist government of Guy Mollet. However, he approved Mollet's policies in Algeria, and voted for giving special powers to the Army in the fight against Front de Libération Nationale on 12 March 1956. He regularly voted for the renewal of these special powers. He also supported the Suez intervention. However,
he voted against the fiscal package of the Mollet government that was supposed to finance the war in Algeria.
This led to the fall of the Mollet government. Raymond Marcellin continued to support the engagement of French troops in Algeria, and voted against Pierre Pflimlin that he suspected of trying to change French policy in Algeria. On 1 June 1958 Raymond Marcellin voted for the government of Charles De Gaulle, the last government of the fourth republic.

During the fifth republic, he was a member of the National Center of Independents and Peasants (CNIP) and then of the Center of Social Democrats (CDS). On 15 May 1962 Raymond Marcellin entered the government as Minister of Health. In 1965, he was elected mayor of Vannes, a position he would retain until 1977. Raymond Marcellin was made  Minister of Industry from 8 January 1966 to 1 April 1967. Following the events of May 1968, he was appointed  Interior minister of France on 30 May 1968 replacing Christian Fouchet. De Gaulle said on this occasion that with Marcellin he now had the real Fouché. To Marcellin, the demonstrators were either traitors or dupes of an operation of the Cuban secret services. He increased the police budget, and pledged to have all the necessary police force in Paris to establish order. He dissolved in 1968 the right-wing organization Occident, along with various maoist groups. After De Gaulle resignation, in 1969, Raymond Marcellin
was maintained at the ministry of Interior by the new president Georges Pompidou. On 4 November 1970 Raymond Marcellin, relying on a law of 16 July 1949 on the protection of youth, signed a degree banning display, publicity and sale to minors of Hara-Kiri Hebdo, following the publication of an issue of this satirical magazine with a cover titled  Bal tragique à Colombey: 1 mort alluding disrespectfully to the death of Charles De Gaulle. In 1971, Raymond Marcellin  tried to introduce a modification of the law of 1901 on freedom of association, which would have made preliminary administrative authorization necessary before being able to create an association. This modification was rejected by the constitutional council, after intense lobbying by former president Vincent Auriol. In the same year, Raymond Marcellin introduced an anti-wreckers bill (Loi Anti-Casseurs), that made a crime of attendance at
a meeting where violence occurs. In 1973, the Trotskyite Ligue Communiste and right-wing Ordre Nouveau were banned on the same day after a violent confrontation between the two groups.
Raymond Marcellin was forced to resign on 27 February 1974, after policemen of the Directorate of Territorial Security were caught red-handed planting microphones in the offices of Le Canard Enchaîné, an investigating newspaper. He was replaced by Jacques Chirac as minister of the interior, and became minister of Agriculture.  He was then elected to the Senate on 22 September 1974. He remained a senator until 21 June 1981.

He then served as president of the Regional Council of Brittany from 1978 to 1986.

Writings
 L'orientation professionnelle et le placement des jeunes (Paris: Recueil Sirey, 1941) (Thesis, University of Strasbourg)
 with Maurice Bouvier-Ajam Les Principaux Problèmes de l'orientation professionnelle (Clermont-Ferrand:  É. Chiron, 1942)
 L'Ordre public et les Groupes révolutionnaires (Paris : Plon, 1969)
 L'Importune Vérité. Dix ans après Mai 68, un ministre de l'Intérieur parle (Paris: Plon, 1978) (a book on the events of May 1968).
 La Guerre politique (Paris : Plon, 1985)
 L' Expérience du pouvoir (Paris : la Table ronde, 1990)

References

1914 births
2004 deaths
French Ministers of Health
French interior ministers
French Ministers of Agriculture
Presidents of the Regional Council of Brittany
Members of the Regional Council of Brittany
National Centre of Independents and Peasants politicians
Independent Republicans politicians
Union for French Democracy politicians
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 4th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 5th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Morbihan
Deputies of the 7th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 9th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 10th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Mayors of places in Brittany
French military personnel of World War II
Order of the Francisque recipients
People from Marne (department)
Politicians from Grand Est

Raymond Marcellin


Jeffrey Segal (born 27 April 1985 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American racing driver who competes in the United SportsCar Championship for Michael Shank Racing. He is a two-time Rolex Sports Car Series GT class champion and winner of the 2014 24 Hours of Daytona in GT Daytona.

Ferrari Challenge
Segal became the youngest race winner in Ferrari Challenge history at the age of 17. He competed in multiple events prior to becoming a driver coach for a number of teams.

Rolex Sports Car Series
In 2003, Segal made his series debut, finishing third in the GT class at Virginia International Raceway driving a Ferrari of Washington Ferrari 360 GT.

After making select starts from 2004–07, Segal stepped up to full-time competition in 2008, claiming the GT class pole and win in the Sahlen's Six Hours of The Glen in a SpeedSource Mazda RX-8. He scored seven top-10 finishes that year.

The 2009 season saw continued success, with wins at Watkins Glen and Miller Motorsports Park and one additional podium finish.

In 2010, Segal won the GT Championship with two wins and ten consecutive top-four finishes, as well as a pole position at the Rolex 24 at Daytona. He shared the title with co-driver Emil Assentato in the No. 69 AIM Autosport Mazda RX-8. Segal finished fifth in the GT points standings in 2011, scoring eleven top-10 finishes in the SpeedSource Mazda.

Segal earned his second GT Championship in three years, teaming again with Assentato for three class wins in AIM Autosport's Ferrari 458 Italia Grand Am for the 2012 title. He finished sixth in the GT standings in 2013, which included a class victory at Indianapolis.

Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge
Segal joined Automatic Racing for two GS races in 2005, prior to an eighth-place finish in the GS points the following year, with three podiums in nine races and a best finish of second.

In 2007, Segal won the CTSC championship with Jep Thorton in an Automatic Racing BMW, becoming the then-youngest series champion at the age of 22, with four podiums and nine top-10s.

The following year, Segal earned his first career victory at Lime Rock Park, having recorded seven top-10s in nine starts.

United SportsCar Championship
Segal won the 2014 24 Hours of Daytona in the No. 555 Level 5 Motorsports Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 with co-drivers Scott Tucker, Townsend Bell, Bill Sweedler and Alessandro Pier Guidi, despite the car having initially been handed a penalty for late-race avoidable contact. IMSA reversed the call more than four hours after the race, declaring the No. 555 car the winners in GTD.

He will switch to Michael Shank Racing in 2017, where he will drive an Acura NSX GT3.

Personal life
Segal is a graduate of the University of Miami with a degree in Business Administration, specializing in Entrepreneurship. He is fluent in French and proficient in Spanish and enjoys biking and shifterkart racing in his free time.

24 Hours of Le Mans results

Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Racing drivers from Philadelphia
Rolex Sports Car Series drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
American Le Mans Series drivers
University of Miami Business School alumni
FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers
GT World Challenge America drivers
Extreme Speed Motorsports drivers
Level 5 Motorsports drivers
Meyer Shank Racing drivers
AF Corse drivers

Jeff Segal


The Toubou or Tubu (from Old Tebu, meaning "rock people") are an ethnic group native to the Tibesti Mountains that inhabit the central Sahara in northern Chad, southern Libya and northeastern Niger. They live either as herders and nomads or as farmers near oases. Their society is clan-based, with each clan having certain oases, pastures and wells.

The Toubou are generally divided into two closely related groups: the Teda (or Tuda, Téda, Toda, Tirah) and the Daza (or Dazzaga, Dazagara, Dazagada). They are believed to share a common origin and speak the Tebu languages, which are from the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Tebu is divided further into two closely related languages, called Tedaga (Téda Toubou) and Dazaga (Dazaga Gouran). Of the two groups, the Daza, found to the south of the Teda, are more numerous.

The Toubou people are also referred to as the Tabu, Tebu, Tebou, Tibu, Tibbu, Toda, Todga, Todaga, Tubu, Tuda, Tudaga, or Gorane people. The Daza are sometimes referred to as Gouran (or Gorane, Goran, Gourane), an Arabian exonym. Many of Chad's leaders have been Toubou (Gouran), including presidents Goukouni Oueddei and Hissène Habré.

Distribution
The Toubou people have historically lived in northern Chad, northeastern Niger, and southern Libya. They have sometimes been called the "black nomads of the Sahara". They are distributed across a large area in the central Sahara, as well as the north-central Sahel. They are particularly found north of the Tibesti mountains, which in Old Tebu means "Rocky Mountains". The first syllable "Tu" refers to the Tibesti mountains, as known by the natives (Tuda), and the second syllable "bo" refers to blood in the Kanembou language; thus, people from the Tibesti region are referred to as Tubou." Their name is derived from this.

The Teda are found primarily in the Sahara regions around the borders of southeast Libya, northeast Niger and northern Chad. They consider themselves a warrior people. The Daza live towards the Sahel region and are spread over much of north-central Chad. The Daza consist of numerous clans. Some major tribes, clans, societies of the Daza, or Gouran, include the Alala, Anakaza, Choraga, Dazza, Djagada, Dogorda, Donza, Gaeda, Kamaya, Kara, Ketcherda, Kokorda, Mourdiya, Nara, Wandja, Yirah and many more. The Daza cover the northern regions of Chad such as the Bourkou, the Ennedi Plateau, the northern Kanem, the Bahr el Gazel in the south and also the Tibesti mountains and the neighbouring countries. There is a diaspora community of several thousand Daza living in Omdurman, Sudan and a couple of thousand working in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

History

The ancient history of the Toubou people is unclear. They may be related to the 'Ethiopians' mentioned by Herodotus in 430 BCE, as a people being hunted by the Garamantes, but this is speculative, as Jean Chapelle argues. Furthermore, scholars such as Laurence P. Kirwan stress that the Garamantes and the Toubou seem to occupy the same lands. Which spans from the Fezzan (Phazania) as far south as Nubia. Further evidence is given by Harold MacMichael states that the Bayuda desert was still known as the desert of Goran; a name as MacMichael has shown, connected with the Kura'án of today. This reaffirms that the Kura'án (Goran) of today, occupy much of the same territory as the Garamantes once did.

In Islamic literature, the earliest mention as the Toubou people is perhaps that along with the Zaghawa people in an 8th-century text by Arabic scholar Ibn Qutaybah. The 9th century al-Khwarizmi mentions the Daza people (southern Teda).

During the expansive era of Trans-Saharan trade, the Toubou inhabited lands which were frequently used by merchant caravans, specifically along the Kufra oasis routes. It is unknown if the Toubou enganged with the caravans.

Genetics
According to a study published in The American Journal of Human Genetics (Haber et al. 2016) that examined Y-DNA haplogroups from samples obtained from 75 Toubou men, haplogroups associated with paternal Eurasian ancestry were present at rates of 34% for R1b, 31% for T1a, and 1% for J1. The North African associated haplogroup E-M78 were present at rates of 28%, while E-M81 appeared at a rate of 5%. The study also found that 20-30% of Toubou autosomal DNA was Eurasian in origin, and their African ancestral component was best represented by Laal-speaking populations. The most likely source of this Eurasian DNA, according to the analysis, was central European Neolithic farmers (Linearbandkeramik culture). Other ethnic groups in the Chad, such as the Sara people and the Laal speakers had considerably lower Eurasian admixture, at only 0.3%-2% (Sara) and 1.25%-4.5% (Laal).

Society

Livelihood
Toubou life centers on raising and herding their livestock, or on farming the scattered oases where they cultivate dates and grain and legumes. Their herds include dromedaries, goats, cattle, donkeys and sheep. The livestock is a major part of their wealth, and they trade the animals. The livestock is also used as a part of dowry payment during marriage, either as one where the groom's family agrees to pay to the bride's family in exchange for the bride, or, states Catherine Baroin, it is given by the bride's kin to supply the young couple with economic resources in order to start a family.

In a few places, the Toubou also mine salt and natron, a salt-like substance which is essential in nearly all components of Toubou life from medicinal purposes, as a mixture in chewing tobacco, preservation, tanning, soap production, textiles and for livestock. Literacy rates among the Toubou are quite low.

Clan
Many Toubou people still follow a semi-nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. Those who prefer a settled life typically live in palm-thatched, rectangular or cylindrical mud houses. The Toubou are patrilineal, with an elder male heading the lineage. The second order of Toubou kinship is to the clan.

According to Jean Chapelle, his book in Borkou has caused a significant degree of wrongdoing, a colonial officer of history specializing in Chadian ethnic groups, the clan system developed out of necessity. Nomadic life means being scattered throughout a region; therefore, belonging to a clan means that the individual is likely to find hospitable clan people in most settlements or camps of any size.

A second factor is the maintenance of ties with the maternal clan. Although the maternal clan does not occupy the central place of the parental clan, it provides ties. The third factor is protective relationships at the primary residence.

Despite shared linguistic heritage, few institutions among the Toubou generate a broader sense of identity than the clan. Regional divisions do exist, however. During the colonial period (and since independence in 1960), Chadian administrations have conferred legality and legitimacy on these regional groupings by dividing the Teda and Daza regions into corresponding territorial units called cantons and appointing chiefs to administer them.

Toubou legal customs are generally based on Islamic law, that allows restitution and revenge. Murder, for example, is settled directly between the families of the victim and the murderer. Toubou honour requires that someone from the victim's family try to kill the murderer or a relative; such efforts eventually end with negotiations to settle the matter.

Reconciliation follows the payment of the Goroga (Islamic tenet of Diyya), or blood money. Among the Tumagra clan of the Teda people in the Tibesti region, there is a derde (spiritual head) who is recognized as the clan judge, and arbitrates conflict and levies sanctions.

Social stratification

The Toubou people, states Jean Chapelle, have been socially stratified with an embedded caste system. The three strata have consisted of the freemen with a right to own property, the artisanal castes and the slaves.

The endogamous caste of Azza (or Aza) among Toubou have the artisanal occupations, such as metal work, leather work, salt mining, well digging, dates farming, pottery and tailoring, and they have traditionally been despised and segregated by other strata of the Toubou, much like the Hadahid caste in southeastern Chad among the Zaghawa people. According to Paul Lovejoy – a professor of African History, the 19th century records show that these segregated Toubou castes followed the same customs and traditions as the rest of the Toubou, but they were independent in their politics and beliefs, much like the artisan castes found in many ethnic groups of western Chad such as the Kanembou, Yedina, Arab, Kouri and Danawa.

Marriage between a member of the Azza and a member from a different strata of the Toubou people has been culturally unacceptable. The Azza are Dazaga-speaking people who sprang from the Dazagara. The majority of Teda speak and understand Dazaga, however, the Dazagada do not always clearly grasp Tedaga. Dazaga is the most commonly used language in BET by all its inhabitants.

The lowest social strata were the slaves (Agara). Slaves entered the Toubou Teda and Daza societies from raids and warfare on other ethnic groups in lands to their south. All slaves were the property of their masters, their caste was endogamous, and their status was inherited by birth.

In the year 1953, Al-Haj Kellei Chahami, a highly esteemed privileged chieftain of the Kamaya canton, an agreement with the French colonizers decreed the emancipation of all slaves and suppressed the use of captives in the Borkou region, while slaves from the contiguous regions, such as Tibesti and Ennedi, uncovered the liberation center situated in Borkou. Several of these slaves escaped and sought refuge in Borkou under the protection of the Kamaya canton and they were subsequently emancipated by the esteemed chief, Al-Haj Kellei Chahami, who granted them land that enabled them to settle, and this district was formerly referred to as "Ni-Agaranga" in Dazaga, which literally translates to "country of slaves" in the Faya-Largeau city. However, the Borkou municipality opted to rechristen it as "Quartier Huit" (Eighth Quarter) as a euphemistic expression. After the abolition of slavery in 1953, the chief Kellei Chahami admitted the descendants of former captives to the canton, where they were recognized as full members and can move around freely and in this way, the last fraction of the Kamaya canton thus was established. Not only the captives were attached to the Kamaya canton, but along with all foreigners who resided in Faya, including Fezzanais (Libyan refugees who fled Italian brutality in 1929 before the Italian colonialists' progression into southern Libya, the Fezzan region), Ouadaens from the Chad's Waddai region, prostitutes, blacksmiths and etc, were also attached to the Kamaya canton. All of these individuals' concerns were conveyed to the colonizers via the Kamaya canton.

The descendants of freed slaves who located in the Tibesti region for many years approach their former masters inquiring about their past. In response, the Teda deliberately allege their identity as "Kamadja" to their freed captives, who question about the significance of this designation. The Teda respond that they know the freed captives' people led them to assume this title. However, once the descendants of freed slaves embrace this belief and depart, the Teda proceed to use insulting terms such as "blind," "stupid," and "unintelligent," as well as other terms that are demeaning. The term "Kamadja" is a mispronunciation of Kamaya, and the Teda are grudgingly attempting to sabotage the Toubou Gourane Kamaya clans' federation reputation since the Kamaya's history was fabricated by the French colonists and Teda took advantage of the situation by misleading their freed slave descendants and the general public. The linguistic analysis reveals that the term "Kamadja" does not exist in either the Dazaga or Tedaga languages. The tone terms, namely "Kamadja" for the male plural and as general and "Kamadji" for the male singular, are used as generic phrases. It is worth noting that these terms lack inherent significance. The solitary form of the female term, "Kamadjedo" or "Kamadjero", might be seen as implausible and without coherence, whilst the plural form of the female term, "Kamadjeda", has an exceptionally peculiar and irrational quality. These terms are devoid of any discernible significance. The mispronunciation in question may be attributed to the challenges faced by French colonists while attempting to articulate the phoneme represented by the letter "Y" in the alphabet. As a replacement, they frequently resorted to apply the phonetic sounds of "Dj" or "J". Moreover, the explorers who visited Borkou before the French colonization made contributions to the misinterpretation of various expressions, as evidenced by Gustav Nichtigal's works. These inaccuracies include referring to the Yira clan as Jira, the Yenoa clan as Jenoa, the Yin oasis as Jin, the Yarda oasis as Jarda, the Faya oasis as Faja, the Bidayet community as Bidajet, and the Goli Yeskou as Goli Jeskou (Black snake), many more other carelessness. These oversights and misinterpretations are notable in the exploration literatures. The term "Kamadja" has become somewhat entrenched a certain level of permanence but is losing its relevance of the Kamaya ethnic group due to its lack of self-identification and it is important to note that this term was introduced and propagated by Europeans, and there is a belief that it has inaccurately misquoted, misconstrued, and distorted the sound of "Y" to "Dj" or "J" in the names of various clans, tribes, communities, rural areas, organisms, and numerous other entities throughout the entirety of Chad. On the other end of the spectrum, the nomenclature of Kamaya has signification, value, and historical origins rooted in the expression "Kama-Dro-Yédé". This expression pertains to the inhabitant of the Faya oasis in the accent of Kanem Dazaga, where "Kama" describes a valley, "Dro" implies interior, and "Yédé" denotes an occupant. In this context, "Yé" indicates the act of dwelling, while "Dé" stands as the indicator of a singular form. Thus, the expression "Kama-Dro-Yédé" may be interpreted as "the individual who dwells in the valley" of the palm grove situated in the Faya oasis. The ancient designation for the clans of Kamaya was "Kamayada", with "Ya" denoting habitation and "Da" indicating plurality. Conversely, "Kamayédé" is the singular and authentic noun used to refer to an occupant of the Faya palm grove oasis valley, since the suffix "Dé" is appended to the solitary form of "Yé". Therefore, the designation "Kamaya" refers to the natives of the valley that is situated in the palm grove of Faya oasis. In Dazaga, the community is called "Kama-Yanga" which means the Kamaya canton and together with the suffix "Ga" implies the dialect spoken by the Dazagada. In the linguistic context under consideration, the citizens of the aforementioned canton are referred to as "Kamay" in the singular form for males, while the singular form for females may be either "Kamaydo" or "Kamayro", with the vocalization of the suffix varying across specific regions and individuals' accents, ranging from "Do" to "Ro". The plural form of the noun "female" may be expressed as either "Kamayda" or "Kamayra", whereas the plural form for males and as a general reference is "Kamaya".

Marriage
The Teda, in particular, forbids marriage between cousins, up to 9 generations unrelated, a tradition prevalent with many Muslim ethnic groups in Africa, however, the Daza of Kanem, Bahr el-Ghazal, and certain clans of Borkou and Ennedi marry close cousins since it is not prohibited in the Quran, they also doubt the origins of individuals and misalliance. A man may marry and have multiple wives according to Islamic tenets, however, this practice is only somewhat prevalent in Toubou society.

The ownership of land, animals, and resources takes several forms. Within an oasis or settled zone belonging to a particular clan, land, trees (usually date palms), and nearby wells may have different owners. Each family's rights to the use of particular plots of land are recognized by other clan members. Families also may have privileged access to certain wells and the right to a part of the harvest from the fields irrigated by their water. Within the clan and family contexts, individuals also may have personal claims to palm trees and animals.

Contemporary conditions

Chad

Much of the political class of Chad are drawn from Dazaga. During the First Chadian Civil War (1966-1979), the derde came to occupy a more important position. In 1965 the Chadian government assumed direct authority over the Tibesti Mountains, sending a military garrison and administrators to Bardaï, the capital of Tibesti Sub-prefecture. Within a year, abuses of authority had roused considerable opposition among the Toubou. The derde, Oueddei Kichidemi, recognized but little respected up to that time, protested the excesses, went into exile in Libya, and, with the support of Toubou students at the Islamic University of Bayda, became a symbol of opposition to the Chadian government. This role enhanced the position of the Derde from the Tumagra tribe of Toubou.

After 1967 the derde hoped to rally the Toubou to the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT). Moral authority became military authority shortly thereafter when his son, Goukouni Oueddei, became one of the leaders of the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT. Goukouni was to become a national figure; he played an important role in the battles of N'Djamena in 1979 and 1980 and served as head of state for a time. Another northerner, Hissène Habré of the Dazagra, replaced Goukouni of the Teda in 1982, and lost eventually power to the Zaghawa Idriss Déby after 8 years.

Libya

The Toubou minority in Libya suffered what has been described as "massive discrimination" both under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi as well as after the Libyan civil war.

In a report released by the UNHCR, the Society for Threatened Peoples (STP) reported "massive discrimination" against the Toubou minority, which resides in the southeastern corner of the country around the oasis town of Kufra. In December 2007, the Gaddafi government stripped Toubou Libyans of their citizenship, claiming that they were not Libyans, but rather Chadians. In addition, local authorities denied Toubou people access to education and healthcare. In response, an armed group called the Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya (TFSL) staged an uprising in November 2008 which lasted for five days and claimed 33 lives before being crushed by government security forces. Despite resistance and public condemnation, the Gaddafi regime continued its persecution of the Toubou minority in Libya. Beginning in November 2009, the government began a program of forced eviction and demolition of Toubou homes, rendering many Toubou homeless. Several dozens who protested the destruction were arrested, and families who refused to leave their homes were beaten.

In the Libyan Civil War, Toubou tribespeople in Libya sided with the rebel anti-Gaddafi forces and participated in the Fezzan campaign against forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi, briefly capturing the town of Qatrun and claiming to capture Murzuk for the rebel movement a month later.

In March 2012, bloody clashes broke out between Toubou and Arab tribesmen in the southern city of Sabha, Libya. In response, Issa Abdel Majid Mansour, the leader of the Toubou tribe in Libya threatened a separatist bid, decrying what he saw as "ethnic cleansing" against Toubou and declaring "We announce the reactivation of the Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya to protect the Toubou people from ethnic cleansing." The TFSL was the opposition group active in the unrest of 2007–2008 that was "ruthlessly persecuted" by the Gaddafi government.

See also
Demographics of Chad
Demographics of Niger
Demographics of Libya

References

Ethnic groups in Chad
Ethnic groups in Libya
Ethnic groups in Niger
African nomads
People of the Chadian–Libyan War
Muslim communities in Africa

Toubou people


Romanaria spasmaria is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador.

The wingspan is 17 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is cream white, suffused with greyish and dotted with black. The hindwings are white cream in the basal area and more brownish grey sprinkled with grey brown in the remaining area.

Etymology
The species name refers to the refracted black band on the forewings and is derived from Greek spasma (meaning broken piece).

References

Moths described in 2006
Euliini
Taxa named by Józef Razowski
Moths of South America

Romanaria spasmaria


Abd al-Rauf ibn Ali al-Fansuri al-Sinkili (spelling variation Abdurrauf Singkil, 1615–1693 CE) was a well-known Islamic scholar, spiritual leader of the Shattariyya tariqa and the mufti of Aceh Sultanate. He was the confidant of Sultana Safiyat al-Din. He was considered the first person to spread the Shattari Sufi order in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Many of his students also became disseminators of Islam. He is commonly known as Shaikh Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili, and also known posthumously in Aceh as Teungku Syiah Kuala, which translates to "Sheikh in the Estuary".

Al-Sinkili was believed to be a native of Singkil, a town on the western coast of Aceh. Beside being called Al-Sinkili, his other attribution (Arabic: nisba) was Al-Fansuri, which relates him to the town of Barus. He could be related to another prominent Sufi poet and writer from that town, Hamzah Fansuri.

Early life
His full name is Amin al-Din Abd al-Rauf ibn Ali al-Jawi tsuma al-Fansuri al-Sinkili. His family came from Persia or Arabia to Singkil, Aceh in the 13th century, but this is not certain due to lack of the historical records, as well as the fact that his family name is not Arabic. Some experts believe he was an ethnic Minang from Singkil, while others say he is a Batak.

Al-Sinkili's first teacher was probably his own father, Sheikh Ali Fansuri, a well known Acehnese scholar at the time. Later, he went on to study with ulama in Fansur and Banda Aceh. After completing his studies in Banda Aceh, Al-Sinkili went to Mecca for Hajj and to further his education.

Education
Al-Sinkili was thought to depart to Arabia around 1642. He studied various knowledge of Islamic teaching for around twenty years in many places, including in Doha, Yemen, Jeddah, Mecca, and mostly Madina. While Al-Sinkili was in the Middle East, he became acquainted with Sufi scholars Ahmad Kusyasyi and Mula Ibrahim Kurani, who taught Al-Sinkili to study Sufism.

He listed in his book Umdat al-Muhtajin ila Suluk Maslak al-Mufridin 19 teachers and 27 other scholars with whom he had personal contacts. His two most respected teachers were Ahmad al-Qushashi and Ibrahim al-Kurani. Al-Qushashi gave Al-Sinkili authorization (ijazah) as the formal successor (khalifa) for Shattariyya and Qadiriyya. After Al-Sinkili went back to Aceh, he maintained correspondence with Al-Kurani, and asked for Al-Kurani's opinions regarding religious matters.

Islamic missionary activity
After finishing his studies of Arabic and Sufism, Sheikh Abd al-Rauf went back to Aceh around 1083 AH/1662, where he established a school. Students came from Aceh and other areas in the Indonesian Archipelago. Some of his students included Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan (from Pariaman, West Sumatera), Sheikh Nur Qadim al-Baharuddin (from Semende Panjang, South Sumatera), and Sheikh Abdul Muhyi Pamijahan (from Tasikmalaya, West Java).

Shattariyya tariqa
Based on Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, Sheikh Abd al-Rauf received an ijaza (permission to teach) from Sheikh Ahmad al-Qusyasyi in Medina after studying for twenty years. Sheikh Abd al-Rauf became the first person to introduce Shattariyya tariqa to the Indonesian Archipelago. His name is also connected with the translation and interpretation of the Quran in Malay language on Al Baydawi's work Anwar al-Tanzil Wa-Asrar al-Ta'wil, which was first published in Istanbul in 1884.

Works
Al-Sinkili wrote in Malay and Arabic, with topics including Qur'anic interpretation (tafsir), scholastic theology (kalam), sufism (tasawwuf), and Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). He wrote around twenty-two books. One of his famous book was titled Mir'ât al Thullab fi Tasyil Ma'rifah al Ahkâm al Syar'iyyah li al Mâlik al-Wahhab. The book discusses the many aspects of fiqh, such as rules and issues concerning marriage, financial transactions, and inheritance.

Some of Shaikh Abd al-Rauf works were published by his students after his death.

Some selected titles of his works, as follows:
 Mir'ât al Thullab fi Tasyil Ma'rifah al Ahkâm al Syar'iyyah li al Mâlik al-Wahhab (fiqh rules for various activities), as requested by Sultanah Safiyatuddin from Aceh.
 Umdat al-Muhtajin ila Suluk Maslak al-Mufridin (sufism)
 Lubb al-Kashf wa al-Bayan li Ma Yarahu al-Muhtadar bi al-'Iyan (dhikr prayer for death preparation)
 Kitab al-Fara'idh (inheritance law)
 Tarjuman al-Mustafid (Qur'an exegesis, mostly from tafsir al-Jalalayn), first complete of Quran interpretation in Malay language.
 Al-Arba'in Haditsan li al-Imam al-Nawawiyah (explanation of Al-Nawawi's forty hadiths)
 Al-Mawa'iz al-Badi (hadith qudsi collection), contains a number of important advice in moral development.
 Kifayat al-Muhtajin ila Masharab al-Muwahhidin al-Qa'ilin bi Wahdat al-Wujud, explanation about wahdatul wujud concept.
 Daqa'iq al-Huruf, teaching about Sufism and theology.
 Risalah Adab Murid akan Syaikh (sufism)
 Risalah Mukhtasarah fi Bayan Shurut al-Shaykh wa al-Murid (sufism)
 Translate of Hadits Arba'in work of Imam Al-Nawawi, as requested by Sultanah Zakiyyatuddin from Aceh.
 Tanbih al-Masyi, contains about tasawwuf.

Teaching
His interpretation shows tendency of neo-sufism, and combining exoteric and esoteric aspects of Islam. As a sheikh of the Shattariyya, Al-Sinkili did not approve of wujudiyya (pantheism) teaching, but he did not openly oppose it like Al-Raniri.

Death
Shaikh Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili died in 1693 at the age of 73. His tomb is located in Deah Raya, around 15 kilometres from Banda Aceh.

References

1615 births
1693 deaths
People from Aceh
Indonesian people of Iranian descent
Indonesian Sufi religious leaders

Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili