Manchester Oxford Road railway station is a railway station in Manchester, England, at the junction of Whitworth Street West and Oxford Street. It opened in 1849 and was rebuilt in 1960. It is the second busiest of the four stations in Manchester city centre.

The station serves the southern part of Manchester city centre, the University of Manchester and Manchester Metropolitan University, on the line from  westwards towards Warrington, Chester, Llandudno, Liverpool,  and Blackpool. Eastbound trains go beyond Piccadilly to , , , ,  and . The station consists of four through platforms and one terminating bay platform.

The station sits on a Grade II listed viaduct, which was built in 1839 as part of the Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway. To reduce load on this viaduct, the station unusually utilises laminated wood structures as opposed to masonry, concrete, iron or steel. English Heritage describes it as a "building of outstanding architectural quality and technological interest; one of the most dramatic stations in England". It was Grade II listed in 1995. Architectural critic Nikolaus Pevsner described the station as "one of the most remarkable and unusual stations in the country".

It has long been envisaged, since the Manchester Hub plan in 2009, that the station will be upgraded and, in October 2016, a Transport and Works Act application was submitted to extend platforms at the station as part of the wider Manchester Piccadilly and Manchester Oxford Road Capacity Scheme. As of 2019, this application remains active but has not been approved by government. As a key transition node for both north–south and east–west transpennine routes, it is a recognised bottleneck and is the most delayed major station in the United Kingdom according to a Which? study in 2018 with over three quarters of services failing to depart on time during peak hours. In an attempt to obligate the DfT to provide funding for the Oxford Road upgrade to improve punctuality, Network Rail declared the Castlefield Corridor 'congested' in September 2019.

History
The station opened as Oxford Road on 20 July 1849 and was the headquarters of the Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (MSJAR) until 1904.  The station was built on the site of 'Little Ireland', a slum "of a worse character than St Giles", in which about four thousand people had lived in "measureless filth and stench" (according to Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England) and of a gasworks which was relocated to the west. The  station buildings, which were temporary wooden structures, were accessed by an inclined esplanade winding to the right from Gloucester Street (now Whitworth Street West) to reach their north front.

There was a single platform on the north side of the line through to Manchester London Road (now Manchester Picadilly) and a second platform on a west-facing siding. To allow for extra trains in connection with the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition in 1857, extra platforms and sidings were built, but removed afterwards. A meeting of MSJAR contract ticket holders in 1863 included in its list of complaints the want of punctuality "especially as at Oxford Road station there is only one platform used for both passengers and milk".

From 1854 onwards, Oxford Road served as the terminus for a service to Liverpool, independent of the London and North Western Railway(LNWR) (one of the joint owners of MSJAR). The rail service went no further than Garston, with the final leg of the journey being made by steamer, but it alerted the LNWR to the possible use of the MSJAR by its co-owner, the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (MS&LR) to reach areas west of Manchester.  Consequently, in 1857, when the MSJAR began (the decision being taken on the casting vote of the board's chairman, by rotation) running an Oxford Road - London Road service, the LNWR took strenuous measures to discourage it. Every train of the service was flagged down just short of the London Road platform and not allowed to proceed further, passengers being told they were liable to prosecution for trespass if they got out.

Goods going beyond the MSJAR were not handled at Oxford Road between March and July 1865 whilst some enlargement (and widening) work was carried out.

The MS&LR pressed ahead with the joint lines to give it direct and independent rail access to Liverpool, but the LNWR blocked any matching improvement to the MSJAR and to Oxford Road, only offering to let these go ahead when the scheme for Manchester Central station was brought forward. To defeat the Bill for the scheme, the LNWR then promised to cooperate with the MS&LR in widening the MSJAR and enlarging Oxford Road.

However, Edward Watkin, chairman of the MS&LR, later complained that the LNWR had ensured no improvement took place before the MS&LR had its route to Liverpool. In October 1874, with Liverpool Central railway station now open, a letter to the press complained that with the additional services over the Cheshire Lines now using Oxford Road it was dangerously overcrowded. In the two and a half hours from 8am, thirty-seven trains were booked to call at Oxford Road: this was far too many considering there was but one platform. Frequently, passengers were compelled to alight outside the station, sometimes on the siding rails, at risk of personal injury, because of "the blocked-up state" of the station. Furthermore, it was rumoured that the LNWR was planning to run a competing service (via Broadheath and Warrington) between Oxford Road and Liverpool Lime Street: if this were true, then it would further worsen the congestion, and the Board of Trade should forbid it

In 1876, about twelve thousand pounds was spent on enlarging the station facilities, including the provision of a refreshment room; the station was then said to be handling about a hundred thousand passengers a week. Train-handling congestion was eased when Manchester Central railway station came into use, and in 1892 the MSJAR, under pressure to greatly improve Knott Mill, rejected the suggestion of Manchester Corporation that it could kill two birds with one stone by replacing its two existing unsatisfactory stations with a single new, thoroughly satisfactory, station somewhere between them. The MSJAR offered instead a limited reconstruction of the  waiting rooms and booking hall; it also rejected the council's offer of assistance with providing a more suitable approach to the station only to accept it two years later.

Press articles on the golden jubilee of the line in 1899 noted that the platform layout was still that of 1849 and somewhat of a museum piece: "if the station were to be designed today.. it would have a platform on each side of the main line, an advantage which its frequenters know it does not possess..." and better use would be made of the space currently taken up by the terminal platform, used principally for special trains, mostly those serving Old Trafford during the cricket season.

Reconstruction took place during 1903–04. The approach was further improved, the ticket office and the refreshment room were expanded, and the MSJAR offices were removed. They were to have been moved to an adjacent building, but this proved unnecessary: the 78-year-old manager and secretary retired at the end of 1903, and administration of the line was taken over by an LNWR District Superintendent based at Manchester Exchange railway station:. An island platform was added on the through lines, coming into use in November 1904.

From 1931, it was served by the MSJAR's 1500 V DC electric trains between Altrincham and Manchester Piccadilly. From July 1959, Altrincham electric trains were cut back from Piccadilly to terminate at Oxford Road in two new bay platforms. The station's other lines were re-electrified at . The whole station was again rebuilt and reopened on 12 September 1960, to a design by W.R. Headley and Max Clendinning of British Rail's London Midland region, encompassing three overlapping cones for the main structure. The station's location on a viaduct running through the city centre required its load to be lightened, which the architects achieved by using wood for the station structure and platform canopies.

When Manchester Central railway station closed in 1969, further rebuilding took place: one of the bay platforms was taken out of use and a new through platform provided (platform 1), the others being renumbered accordingly. In 1971, the Altrincham line was re-electrified at  and the 1930s DC trains withdrawn; from then on, local trains from Altrincham ran through to Piccadilly and on to . Oxford Road this, once again, became predominantly a through station.

Use of the station increased in 1988 when the Windsor Link between Deansgate and Salford Crescent opened, connecting lines to the north and south of Manchester. This led to further investment in the station, including the installation of computer screens.

In 1992, the Altrincham line stopping service was converted to light rail operation for the Manchester Metrolink. Oxford Road, once served almost entirely by suburban stopping trains, has now returned to having many more longer-distance services.

The station, a Grade II listed structure, requires frequent maintenance. In 2004, the station roof was partially refurbished to prevent leaking. In 2011, the platform shelters, seats and toilets were refurbished at a cost of £500,000. In 2013, the station received a £1.8million renovation to improve access, including lifts and an emergency exit.

On 10 December 2017, with the opening of the Ordsall Chord, it became possible for trains to run from  to . Initially an hourly Northern service operated to the Calder Valley but, from May 2018, the TransPennine Express (TPE)  to  and  services were rerouted through the station.

Future
In the Northern Hub plans, the platforms will be extended to allow use by longer trains. The bay platform will be removed to allow the other platforms to be extended. Under controversial plans much of the nearby area's Victorian character will be razed, including the Salisbury pub, and the group of streets nearby known as 'Little Ireland'.

Architecture
The station had become dilapidated by the 1950s and, in connection with the electrification and modernisation programme of the Manchester to London Euston line in 1960, the old buildings were replaced by the current structure by architects William Robert Headley and Max Clendinning and structural engineer Hugh Tottenham. It was designed in a distinctive style in concrete and wood with curves bringing to mind the Sydney Opera House.

The station is a grade II listed building. 'Pevsner' calls it "One of the most interesting and innovative buildings of the period ... the most ambitious example in this country of timber conoid shell roofing" (p. 36) and "One of the most remarkable and unusual stations in the country both for the architectural form and the technological interest...it is the most dramatic and it is an important example of the deployment of timber to achieve large roof spans incorporating clerestory lighting."(p. 178)

The choice of timber was forced by the weak viaduct on which the station is situated; anything heavier could have compromised its structural strength. The station has three overlapping conoid structures although they are only viewable from above. The light conoid roofs allow for a column-free interior space, maximising space and reducing load.

Despite its architectural acclaim, the structure began to deteriorate within ten years. The roof started to leak and for years the station's platform buildings were encased in scaffolding and other metalwork, partly to support the structure and prevent material falling on the platforms and passengers. Partial remedial refurbishment was completed in 2004.

Service pattern

Northern Trains
 1tph to  via
 2tph to  via Bolton
 1tph to  via
 1tph to  via  (stopping service)
 11tpd to
 4tpd to
 4tph to Manchester Airport
TransPennine Express
 1tph to
 1tph to
 1tph to  via  (semi-fast)
 2tph to
 1tp2h to
 1tp2h to
Transport for Wales
 1tph to  or  (2 trains per day, weekdays only; 1 to Bangor on Saturdays only) via Chester (some services terminate at Chester)
 1tph to
East Midlands Railway
 1tph to  via  (fast)
 1tph to  via

This is reduced on a Sunday, most services operating hourly. All eastbound trains (those to ,  and ) also call at .

See also
Listed buildings in Manchester-M1

References

External links

Railway stations in Manchester
DfT Category C1 stations
Grade II listed buildings in Manchester
Grade II listed railway stations
Former Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1849
Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway
Northern franchise railway stations
Railway stations served by TransPennine Express
Railway stations served by Transport for Wales Rail
1849 establishments in England
William Robert Headley railway stations

Manchester Oxford Road railway station


David Keith Williamson  (born 24 February 1942) is an Australian playwright. He has also written screenplays and teleplays.

Early life

David Williamson was born in Melbourne, Victoria, on 24 February 1942, and was brought up in Bairnsdale. He initially studied mechanical engineering at the University of Melbourne from 1960, but left and graduated from Monash University with a Bachelor of Engineering degree in 1965. His early forays into the theatre were as an actor and writer of skits for the Engineers' Revue at Melbourne University's Union Theatre at lunchtime during the early 1960s, and as a satirical sketch writer for Monash University student reviews and the Emerald Hill Theatre Company.

After a brief stint as design engineer for GM Holden, Williamson became a lecturer in mechanical engineering and thermodynamics at Swinburne University of Technology (then Swinburne Technical College) in 1966 while studying social psychology as a postgraduate part-time at the University of Melbourne. He completed a Master of Arts in Psychology in 1970, and then completed further postgraduate research in social psychology. Williamson later lectured in social psychology at Swinburne, where he remained until 1972.

Career

Williamson first turned to writing and performing in plays in 1967 with La Mama Theatre Company and the Pram Factory, and rose to prominence in the early 1970s, with works such as Don's Party (later turned into a 1976 film), a comic drama set during the 1969 federal election; and The Removalists (1971). He also collaborated on the screenplays for Gallipoli (1981) and The Year of Living Dangerously (1982). Williamson's work as a playwright focuses on themes of politics, loyalty and family in contemporary urban Australia, particularly in two of its major cities, Melbourne and Sydney.

Major stage works include The Club, The Department, Travelling North, The Perfectionist, Emerald City, Money and Friends and Brilliant Lies.

Recent work has included Dead White Males, a satirical approach to postmodernism and university ethics; Up for Grabs, which starred Madonna in its London premiere; and the Jack Manning Trilogy (Face To Face, Conversation, Charitable Intent) which take as their format community conferencing, a new form of restorative justice, in which Williamson became interested in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

In recent years he has alternated work between larger stages (including Soul Mates, Amigos and Influence – all premiered with the Sydney Theatre Company) and smaller ones (including the Manning trilogy, Flatfoot and Operator, which premiered at the Ensemble Theatre).

In 2005, he announced his retirement from main-stage productions, although he has continued to write new plays for the mainstage, many produced with the Ensemble Theatre. He had a serious health problem, cardiac arrhythmia, which had required frequent hospitalisation. An operation resolved this issue, but then in 2009 he had a mild stroke, from which he recovered fully.

Williamson was instrumental in the founding of the Noosa Long Weekend Festival, a cultural festival in Noosa, Queensland, where he lives.

In August 2006 Cate Molloy, former Australian Labor Party member of the Queensland Parliament for Noosa, announced that Williamson would be her campaign manager as she sought to recontest her seat as an Independent.

In 2007, Lotte's Gift, a one-woman show starring Karin Schaupp, which traced a journey through Schaupp's own life as well as those of her mother and grandmother (the Lotte of the title), was produced.

In 2021, his memoir, Home Truths, was published by HarperCollins. Reviewing the book for The Sydney Morning Herald, Peter Craven wrote "He comes across as a likeable, flawed fellow with no more blindness than people of lesser talent".

Personal life
Williamson is married to Kristin Williamson (sister of independent filmmaker Chris Löfvén) who have homes in Sydney and on Queensland's Sunshine Coast. They have five adult children and 11 grandchildren.

His son, Rory Williamson, and his stepson, Felix Williamson, are both actors. Rory starred as Stork in the 2001 revival of The Coming of Stork at the Stables Theatre in Sydney, produced by Felix's company, the Bare Naked Theatre Company.

Honours and awards
 1971 – British George Devine Award
 1972 – Australian Writers Guild Awgie Award for best stage play and best script with The Removalists
 1983 – appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia
 1988 – Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Sydney
 1990 – Honorary Doctor of Letters, Monash University
 1995 – Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Drama Award for Sanctuary
 1996 – chosen to deliver the inaugural Andrew Olle Media Lecture
 1996 – Honorary Doctor of Letters, Swinburne University of Technology
 2004 – Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Queensland
 2012 – Nominated Senior Australian of the Year

Australian Film Institute Awards
 1977 – AFI Award, Best Screenplay, Original or Adapted, Don's Party
 1981 – AFI Award, Best Screenplay, Original or Adapted, Gallipoli
 1987 – AFI Award, Best Screenplay, Adapted, Travelling North
 2009 – AFI Award, Best Screenplay, Adapted, Balibo (shared with director Robert Connolly)

Helpmann Awards
The Helpmann Awards is an awards show, celebrating live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group Live Performance Australia (LPA) since 2001. In 2005, Williamson received the JC Williamson Award, the LPA's highest honour, for their life's work in live performance.

|-
| 2005 || Himself || JC Williamson Award ||
|-

Writings

Plays

The Indecent Exposure of Anthony East (1968)
You've Got to Get on Jack (1970)
The Coming of Stork (1970)
The Removalists (1971)
Don's Party (1971)
Jugglers Three (1972)
What If You Died Tomorrow? (1973)
The Department (1975)
A Handful of Friends (1976)
The Club (1977)
Travelling North (1979)
Celluloid Heroes (1980)
The Perfectionist (1982)
Sons of Cain (1985)
Emerald City (1987)
Top Silk (1989)
Siren (1990)
Money and Friends (1991)
Brilliant Lies (1993)
Sanctuary (1994)
Dead White Males (1995)
Heretic (1996)
Third World Blues (1997, adaptation of Jugglers Three)
After The Ball (1997)
Corporate Vibes (1999)
Face to Face (2000)
The Great Man (2000)
Up for Grabs (2001)
A Conversation (2001)
Charitable Intent (2001)
Soulmates (2002)
Flatfoot (2003)
Birthrights (2003)
Amigos (2004)
Operator (2005)
Influence (2005)
Lotte's Gift (2007) – also known as Strings Under My Fingers
Scarlett O'Hara at the Crimson Parrot (2008)
Let the Sunshine (2009)
Don Parties On (2011)
At Any Cost? (2011)
Nothing Personal (2011)
When Dad Married Fury (2011)
Managing Carmen (2012)
Happiness (2013)
Rupert (2013)
Cruise Control (2014)
Dream Home (2015)
Jack of Hearts (2016)
Credentials (2017)
Sorting Out Rachel (2018)
Nearer the Gods (2018)
The Big Time (2019)
Family Values (2020)
Crunch Time (2020)

Screenplays

Stork (1971) – based on his play
Libido (1972) – segment "The Family Man"
Petersen (1974)
The Removalists (1975) – based on his play
Eliza Fraser (1975)
Don's Party (1976) – based on his play
The Department (1980) (TV movie) – based on his play
The Club (1980) – based on his play
Gallipoli (1981)
Duet for Four (1982)
The Year of Living Dangerously (1983)
Phar Lap (1983)
The Last Bastion (1984) (TV series) – also produced
The Perfectionist (1987) (TV movie) – based on his play
Emerald City (1987) – based on his play
Touch the Sun: Princess Kate (1988) (TV)
A Dangerous Life (1988) (TV mini-series)
The Four Minute Mile (1988)
Sanctuary (1995) – based on his play
Brilliant Lies (1996) – based on his play
Dog's Head Bay (1999) (TV series) – 13 episodes
On the Beach (2000) (TV series)
Balibo (2009)
Face to Face (2011) – based on his play

References

External links

David Williamson playscripts, Australian Script Centre

1942 births
20th-century Australian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Australian male writers
20th-century Australian non-fiction writers
20th-century Australian screenwriters
20th-century essayists
21st-century Australian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Australian male writers
21st-century Australian non-fiction writers
21st-century Australian screenwriters
21st-century essayists
21st-century memoirists
Acting theorists
Australian essayists
Australian historical fiction writers
Australian male dramatists and playwrights
Australian male non-fiction writers
Australian male screenwriters
Australian memoirists
Australian satirists
Australian television writers
Critics of postmodernism
Helpmann Award winners
Lecturers
Living people
Monash University alumni
Officers of the Order of Australia
People educated at University High School, Melbourne
People from Bairnsdale
Australian psychological fiction writers
Academic staff of Swinburne University of Technology
Theatre theorists
Theatrologists
Writers about activism and social change
Writers about theatre
Writers from Melbourne
Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages
Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age

David Williamson


Gladys Ripley (9 July 190821 December 1955) was an English contralto.

Early life
She was born in Forest Gate, Essex, England, the daughter of Alfred and Amy Ripley, and was educated at St. Edmund Roman Catholic School, East Ham, and at Clark's Business College.

Career
In 1925, she gave her first important concert, singing Elijah at the Royal Albert Hall conducted by Albert Coates). Ripley broadcast continually from 1926 in a variety of programmes: opera, oratorio, musical plays, and light music.
She sang with all the leading orchestras, under conductors including Adrian Boult, Malcolm Sargent, Thomas Beecham, Charles Thornton Lofthouse, Serge Koussevitzky, Wilhelm Furtwängler, and Victor de Sabata.

Ripley appeared with the Royal Choral Society and other principal societies. She also performed at major festivals: Three Choirs Festival, Three Valleys Festival,  Norwich Festival, and Leeds Festival.

Before the Second World War, she sang for six seasons at the Royal Opera House. In 1940, she toured New Zealand as a guest artist for the New Zealand Centennial celebrations.

During the war she sang for the troops frequently, visiting France in 1940, West Africa in 1942, and Belgium and Netherlands in 1945.

In the 1942 film The Great Mr. Handel, Ripley was the singing voice of the character Mrs. Cibber, played by Elizabeth Allan.

In 1949, she toured New Zealand and Australia. In 1950, she toured the Netherlands.

Private life
Ripley married three times:
 1928 Harry W. Gilbert giving one daughter, Shirley Anne
 1945 Squadron Leader John Price (died 1952)
 Flight-Lieutenant E. A. Dick

Her recreations were swimming, gardening, knitting, and ballroom dancing. After the war, she lived in London & Pagham, Sussex.

Ripley died in Chichester of breast cancer on 21 December 1955.

Recordings
Albums
Edward Elgar
 The Dream of Gerontius Heddle Nash (Gerontius), Gladys Ripley (Angel), Dennis Noble (The Priest), Norman Walker (Angel of the Agony), Huddersfield Choral Society, Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, Sir Malcolm Sargent Variously: Pristine PACO009, Testament - SBT 2025. (Recorded in Huddersfield Town Hall 8–12 April 1945 by HMV [matrices 2ER834-857] and originally released on 78rpm discs C3435-46.)
 Sea Pictures Gladys Ripley, Philharmonia, George Weldon (Summer 1946). The Dream Of Gerontius and Sea Pictures Pearl GEMS 0128 (Original LPs on Capitol P-18017)
George Frideric Handel
 Messiah Sir Malcolm Sargent (conductor), Huddersfield Choral Society, Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, Isobel Baillie, James Johnston, Norman Walker. Dutton Laboratories 2CDEA5010 (1996). (Recorded in Huddersfield Town Hall 12–17 July & 26 September 1946 by Columbia (matrices CAX9572-9609) and originally released on 78rpm discs DX1283-1301.)
Constant Lambert
The Rio Grande, Philharmonia Chorus, Gladys Ripley, Kyla Greenbaum, Constant Lambert (conductor) Lambert: Composer, Vol.2 Pearl
Felix Mendelssohn
 Elijah Isobel Baillie, Gladys Ripley, James Johnston, Harold Williams, Huddersfield Choral Society, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, Malcolm Sargent. Dutton Laboratories 2CDAX2004 (2 CDs). (Recorded in Huddersfield Town Hall 29 May - 1 June 1947 by Columbia [matrices CAX9919-9950] and originally released on 78rpm discs DX1408-1423.)
Henry Purcell
Dido and Aeneas Isobel Baillie (Belinda), Edith Coates (Sorceress), Joan Fullerton, Edna Hobson. Gladys Ripley (Second Witch), Sylvia Patriss (Spirit), Trefor Jones (Sailor), Joan Hammond (Dido), Dennis Noble (Aeneas), Constant Lambert (conductor)
Camille Saint-Saëns
Samson et Dalila Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, Gladys Ripley, Malcolm Sargent (conductor) Stars of English Opera, Vol.4 Dutton Laboratories
Giuseppe Verdi
Don Carlo  Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, Malcolm Sargent (conductor). Stars of English Opera, Vol.1 Dutton Laboratories
Richard Wagner
Die Walküre Kirsten Flagstad, Rudolf Bockelmann, Maria Müller, Mae Craven, Elsa Stenning, Thelma Bardsley, Linda Seymour, Evelyn Arden, Edith Coates, Gwladys Garside, Gladys Ripley, Wilhelm Furtwängler (conductor) Wilhelm Furtwängler Conducts Excerpts from the 1937 Covent garden Performances of Die Walküre and Götterdämmerung Black Top / Wagner - Die Walküre, Act 3 Grammofono / Wagner: Die Walküre, Act 3 Myto

Singles
"Only A Rose", Sterno 573 (from The Vagabond King, 1925)
"Dream Lover", Sterno 381 (from The Love Parade, 1929)

Books
 Brook, Donald, Singers of Today (Rockcliff, London, 1949) — pen portraits of various singers, including Ripley (She is not in the revised (1958) edition).

References

External links
 Messiah concerts

1908 births
1955 deaths
Operatic contraltos
20th-century British women opera singers
Musicians from Essex

Gladys Ripley


Brigadier-General Cecil Godfrey Rawling,  (16 February 1870 – 28 October 1917) was a British soldier, explorer and author whose expeditions to Tibet and Dutch New Guinea brought acclaim from the Royal Geographical Society and awards from the Dutch and Indian governments. He published two books detailing his experiences and served in the British Army on the North-West Frontier of India and in France during the First World War. It was during this latter service that he was killed in action aged 47 during the Battle of Passchendaele.

A man of adventure in the Victorian mould, he was said to possess 'true courage, modesty and kindness of heart' whether in the snows of Tibet, the jungles of New Guinea or the muddy trenches of Flanders. His death was widely lamented in the scientific and geographic fields and was covered in The Times, where a friend described 'his patient courage, his resourcefulness and constant cheerfulness' and described how he possessed the 'eternal boyishness of the Elizabethans' in his exploration.

Early life
Born in February 1870 to Samuel Bartlett and Ada Bithe Rawling (née Withers), Cecil Rawling was raised in Somerset and attended Clifton College. After leaving school, Rawling served in the local militia as an officer, subsequently accepting a commission into the Somerset Light Infantry in 1891. His unit was dispatched to India in 1897 and served on the North-West Frontier during the Tirah Campaign, although Rawling did not see action. During this period, Rawling took numerous hunting trips up into the Himalaya mountains. In 1902, he unofficially entered Tibet with a friend, Lieutenant A.J.G. Hargreaves, and together they began an exploration of the region which would last another four years.

Explorations

In 1903 he reentered Tibet to begin a professional survey although without official sanction, and in the following year Captain Rawling was attached to the British expedition to Tibet, charged with exploring and surveying the mountainous terrain. During the diplomatic expedition and the campaign which followed it, Rawling surveyed over  of Tibet in addition to his military duties. His team even explored the foothills of Everest and included parts of the mountain in his survey, establishing it as the highest mountain in the Himalayas. It is said that had his seniors on the expedition not forbidden it, he would have become the first white man to attempt to climb the mountain from the north face. He was also the first person to successfully identify the source of the river Brahmaputra after a lengthy and hazardous journey across the war zone. Upon his return to England, Rawling received numerous accolades, including a CIE from the Indian government and in 1909 was awarded the Murchison Bequest of the Royal Geographical Society in London, of which he was a fellow. He wrote a book about his experiences in Tibet named The Great Plateau which was published in 1905.

In 1909 he was attached to an expedition to Dutch New Guinea, now Papua in Indonesia. During the sea voyage, the expedition's leader was incapacitated and Rawling was called on to replace him. In New Guinea he explored many of the island's untouched jungles and had many encounters with native tribes including the first Western encounter with the Tapiro pygmies. In much of the terrain his expedition covered, they were the first Europeans ever to reach these regions. The maps and reports from this expedition were the first from this area of New Guinea. His second book, The Land of the New Guinea Pygmies was released on his return to England in 1913. As recognition for his services he was thanked by the Dutch government, prompted to major in the British Army and four years later would be presented with the Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society.

First World War
At the outbreak of the First World War, he was attached to the newly raised and recruited forces of Kitchener's Army, putting several plans for further exploration on hold. He was thus not deployed to France until Spring 1915, when he was placed in command of the 6th (service) battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry as a lieutenant colonel. His unit fought in the latter stages of the Second Battle of Ypres and spent the winter in the trenches around the besieged Belgian city. With the massive buildup of troops in the approach to the battle of the Somme he took command of the 62nd Brigade in the 21st Infantry Division, and retained this post throughout the battle. During the battles along the Somme he was engaged at Fricourt, Mametz Wood and Gueudecourt, in the battles of Albert and Flers-Courcelette. All of his unit's objectives were eventually captured but only at the cost of high casualties. He was subsequently promoted to brigadier-general and awarded the CMG in recognition of his service.

Death
He remained in charge for the ensuing year, leading the brigade into the battle of Passchendaele in October 1917. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order during the first few days of the battle for his effective leadership. It was at Passchendaele after three weeks of heavy fighting, whilst chatting to friends outside the brigade headquarters in Hooge Crater, that Brigadier-General Cecil Rawling was killed by German shellfire on 28 October 1917. It was said of him 'He had shown himself devoid of fear, and was always risking his life in exposed positions'.

His remains were removed from the battlefield and buried in The Huts Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery in Dickebusch, near what is now Dikkebus in Belgium. His grave is surmounted with a Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstone. A white memorial plaque to his memory can be found at St. Mary Magdelene Church in Taunton, Somerset, where he lived prior to joining the army. In life he had been a friend of the novelist John Buchan, who included Rawling in his short unpublished piece These for Remembrance printed in 1919, which remembered personal friends of his who had fallen in the war.

Notes

References

External links

1870 births
1917 deaths
People educated at Clifton College
Somerset Light Infantry officers
English explorers
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
British Army generals of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
British military personnel of the British expedition to Tibet
Burials at Hooge Crater Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery
Military personnel from London
British people in colonial India

Cecil Rawling


Last Orders is a 2001 drama film written and directed by Fred Schepisi. The screenplay is based on the 1996 Booker Prize-winning novel Last Orders by Graham Swift.

Plot
The title refers to a pub landlord's last call and the final wishes of a dying man, in this instance Jack Dodds (Michael Caine), a south London butcher who greatly influenced four men over the course of his flawed but decent life. The quartet gathers to scatter Jack's ashes in Margate, where he had hoped to retire to a small seaside cottage with his wife Amy (Helen Mirren), a dream that was never fulfilled.

The four are: professional horse race gambler Ray Johnson (Bob Hoskins), aka Lucky, who fought beside Jack during World War II and has been his best friend since; former boxer Lenny (David Hemmings), who is always ready to settle an argument with his fists; undertaker Vic (Tom Courtenay) who acts as a buffer of sorts; and Jack's son Vince (Ray Winstone), a dealer of used luxury cars, whose relationship with his father never quite recovered when, as a young boy, he learned his real family perished in a wartime bombing and Jack and Amy took in the orphaned infant and raised him as their own.

As the quartet journeys from London by car to honour Jack's request, with stops at Canterbury Cathedral, the Chatham Naval Memorial, the hop farm where Jack and Amy met and a couple of pubs, they reminisce about their friend.

Amy is on a journey of her own to visit their daughter, June (Laura Morelli), who has learning difficulties and was institutionalized shortly after her birth fifty years earlier. Over the years Jack barely acknowledged her existence but Amy faithfully visited her weekly, even though June had no idea of who she was or why she visited.

Through frequent flashbacks that stretch across six decades, the stories of the events that brought these people to this point in their lives slowly unfold, ultimately revealing the importance of friendship and love.

Principal cast

Production
According to the film's official website, producer Elisabeth Robinson and screenwriter/director Fred Schepisi were preparing a feature film about Don Quixote in 1997 when she brought Graham Swift's novel to his attention. The two acquired the film rights to the book, and Schepisi begin to work on his adaptation, completing the first draft of the script by February 1998. Schepisi met potential cast members and forged commitments with Michael Caine, Tom Courtenay, Bob Hoskins, and Ray Winstone.

Nik Powell, head of the independent production company Scala, signed on as an executive producer and during the summer of 2000 brought in German-based Rainer Mockert and MBP to help with the financing. Principal photography began in October of that year and lasted nine weeks. Locations included the London areas of Peckham and Bermondsey, Eastbourne, Canterbury, Chatham, Margate, and Rochester. Interiors were shot at the Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire.

Release
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2001 and was shown at the San Sebastián Film Festival, the Warsaw Film Festival, the Reykjavik Film Festival, and the London Film Festival before opening in the US on 7 December 2001. The film went into theatrical release in the UK on 11 January 2002.

The film grossed $2,329,631 in the US and $4,544,261 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $6,873,892.

Critical reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 79% based on 91 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "With a cast that includes some of the best acting talent in Britain, Last Orders is a rewarding character-driven ensemble piece." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

A.O. Scott of The New York Times observed, "For Mr. Schepisi . . . the principal challenge must have been how to translate the specific gravity of Mr. Swift's prose, with its multiple narrators and its stripped-down cockney lyricism, into the light and shadow of cinema . . . [He] has succeeded beyond all expectation . . . In the past Mr. Schepisi has used his elegant, unassuming visual sense and his instinctive feel for the idiosyncrasies of actors to open up the works of playwrights like David Hare (Plenty) and John Guare (Six Degrees of Separation). Last Orders, though quite different in theme and structure, shares with these films a quiet, amused wonder at the complexities of human character, and a reluctance to shoehorn them into narrative conventions or deduce obvious morals."

Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle called the film "an enervated, overly muted drama that should have been a lot livelier, considering the terrific cast" and added, "The actors do their best, particularly the impeccable Mirren, but Schepisi draws a shroud of chaste dullness over their scenes and lays on an energy-sapping score . . . The action moves constantly between present and past, which isn't a bad narrative scheme, but when it's done so frequently and deliberately, we feel as if we're looking over Schepisi's shoulder as he diagrams the whole story for us."

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it "a funny and touching film" and "a bawdy delight" and commented, "The acting is of the highest order, but the magnificent Mirren . . . is the film's glory and its grieving heart."

Philip French of The Observer called the film "a moving study of the pleasures and obligations of friendship, and of facing up to a death and going on" and added, "Schepisi always handles actors sympathetically and here he has a perfect cast, most of whom can draw on their own and their parents' experiences. Without a touch of patronisation, they sink into their characters and never attempt to steal scenes from each other." Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian said, "I sometimes felt more than a little coerced by the emotion being deployed" but added, "[C]lassy is indubitably what this film is - as well as intelligent, high-minded, and touching."

Neil Smith of the BBC said "The plot may be on the mawkish side, but that doesn't stop Fred Schepisi's adaptation . . . being a gentle, affecting mix of road movie and soap opera. It helps that the Australian director has assembled a crack cast . . . Brian Tufano's handsome widescreen photography and Paul Grabowsky's excellent music turn this fairly parochial melodrama into something really rather special."

Time Out New York described it as "Sober, even elegiac in tone, and elegantly shot" and added, " At the film's heart is an attempt to suggest the extraordinary nature of ordinary people, and if it fails to achieve profundity, it still makes for one of the most rewarding and authentic depictions of/tributes to the Cockney way of life in recent years."

Awards and nominations
The film won the National Board of Review Award for Best Acting by an Ensemble. Helen Mirren won the London Film Critics Circle Award for Best British Supporting Actress. Fred Schepisi was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and the Golden Seashell at the San Sebastián International Film Festival.

References

External links
 Official website

2001 films
British drama films
2001 drama films
Films based on British novels
Films set in London
Films set in Kent
Films shot in Kent
Films directed by Fred Schepisi
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
2000s English-language films
2000s British films
English-language drama films

Last Orders (film)


Pasteles (; singular pastel), also pastelles in the English-speaking Caribbean, are a traditional dish in several Latin American and Caribbean countries. In Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Caribbean coast of Colombia, the dish looks like a tamal. In Hawaii, they are called pateles in a phonetic rendering of the Puerto Rican pronunciation of pasteles, as discussed below.

Puerto Rican pasteles
Related to alcapurria, tamales, hallacas, and guanimes, pasteles were originally made by the indigenous people of Boriquen (Puerto Rico). Tainos made masa from cassava, yautía and squash. The masa was then filled with beans, fruit, chilies, corn, nuts, meat, fish and wrapped in corn husk.

Puerto Rico has turned pasteles making into an art having hundreds of recipes and an annual pastel festival (Festival Nacional del Pastel Puertorriqueño) on the island.

In Puerto Rico, pasteles are a cherished culinary recipe, especially around Christmas-time. The masa consists of typically grated green banana, green plantain, white yautía, potato, and tropical pumpkins known as calabazas. It is seasoned with liquid from the meat mixture, milk, and annatto oil. The meat is prepared as a stew and usually contains any combination of Boston butt, ham, bacon, raisins, chickpeas, sliced pickled pimiento peppers, olives and capers, and is commonly seasoned with bay leaves, recaito, tomato sauce, adobo seco, and annatto oil, but the seasoning is not limited to these nor are root vegetables. Filling can range from vegetables, poultry, fish, sausage, and game meat.

Traditionally masa was flavored breadcrumbs and butter, almonds were added to the filling and a chili would be tucked on one end of every pastele. The chili in most homes is eliminated and is replaced with ajilimójili, Pique sauce, or ketchup mixed with chili.

Assembling a typical pastel involves a large sheet of parchment paper, a strip of banana leaf that has been heated over an open flame to make it supple, and a little annatto oil on the leaf. The masa is then placed on banana leaf and stuffed with the meat mixture. The paper is then folded and tied with kitchen string to form packets. Some people use aluminum foil instead of parchment and string. Parchment paper is only applied if the pastele is boiled or steamed. Once made, pasteles can either be cooked in boiling water, steamed, barbecued (smoked or slow grilling), or frozen for later use. Because they are so labor-intensive, families often make anywhere from 50 to 200 or more at a time, especially around the holiday season.

Pasteles de yuca is one of many recipes in Puerto Rico that are popular around the island and in Latin America. The masa is made with cassava, other root vegetables, plantains, and squash. The recipe calls for cassava to replace the green bananas of the traditional pasteles de masa. Cassava is grated and squeezed through a cheesecloth removing most of its liquid. Broth, milk, butter, annatto oil is added to the masa and is typically filled with shredded chicken and other ingredients.

According to Carmen Aboy Valldejuli, the original name for a Puerto Rican Pastel was Mamie. Although calling them mamies has lost use in recent generations it is still the official name in Carmen Aboy Valldejuli's book Cocina Criolla (the Puerto Rican "culinary bible").

Other regional variations

Colombia
Colombian pasteles are called pastel de arroz (rice pasteles) and are more of a tamale than a typical pastel. They are made from rice that is seasoned and left out in the sun; a process referred to as orear (to air). The rice is then mixed with many ingredients. Pickled vegetables, chorizo, pork, chickpeas, olives, and potatoes are the most common. Chicken and beef are also used. Colombian pasteles are wrapped twice, once with a cabbage leaf, and again with a banana leaf.  This is the typical meal of the Nochebuena Dinner (Christmas Eve), in the Caribbean Coast Region of Colombia since their humble beginnings. It is often confused with the tamal from the Andean region, which is made up with corn.

Dominican Republic
In the Dominican Republic pasteles are a Christmas tradition adopted from Puerto Rico. Dominican version are filled with ground beef and known as "pasteles de hojas".

A Dominican cookbook in 1938 is the first to print recipes on pasteles. The cookbook printed two recipes, titled pasteles Puertorriqueño and pasteles Dominicao. The only difference is Dominican pasteles added cassava to the already existing Puerto Rican recipe.

Although the first recipes appear in a Dominican cookbook, pasteles where first written about in aguinaldo Puertorriqueño in 1843 about Puerto Rican Christmas traditions.

Hawaii
The common name for this food in Hawaii, pateles, is most likely borrowed from Caribbean Spanish, which features weakening or loss of /s/ at the end of syllables: the pronunciation of pasteles as "pateles" occurs in Puerto Rican dialects, for instance. Over 5000 Puerto Ricans migrated to Hawaii at the dawn of the 20th century to work in sugar plantations. The singular of pasteles, pastel (often pronounced patel), has been constructed through back-formation. Other variations of this dish include  or "pastele stew", pastele de olla, and pastel al horno.

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidadian pastelles are small meat-filled cornmeal pies stuffed with meat, fish or vegetables seasoned with fresh herbs and flavored with raisins, olives and capers wrapped and steamed in a banana leaf. They are traditionally prepared and eaten during the Christmas season. It is believed that they were introduced by Spanish colonizers who ruled between the late 15th and early 18th centuries.

They exist in some form or another throughout Latin America and are more commonly known in Venezuela as hallacas (pronounced hayacas).  The origins of pastelles are unclear.  One view is that Spanish colonists who settled in the region made them as a substitute for one of their favorite delicacies – empanada gallega. Empanada gallega and pasteles both have heavily spiced meaty fillings but pastelles are made with cornmeal while the empanada is more like a typical pastry as it is made with white flour. Another view is that the dish, because it uses corn and is wrapped in banana leaves, is a derivative of the mesoamerican tamale.

A sweet version is called paime and is also a Christmas dish. It contains no filling, but the dough itself contains ground coconut and raisins.

See also
 Conkies
 List of maize dishes
 List of stuffed dishes

Notes

References

Christmas food
Latin American cuisine
Dumplings
Colombian cuisine
Puerto Rican cuisine
Hawaiian cuisine
Salvadoran cuisine
Dominican Republic cuisine
Trinidad and Tobago cuisine
Panamanian cuisine
Venezuelan cuisine
Stuffed dishes

Pasteles


Simi Taitoko Fale (born 8 January 1982) is a Tongan-New Zealand professional wrestler and former rugby union player. He currently works for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) as . In NJPW, he is a three-time NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champion, a one-time IWGP Tag Team Champion and a one-time IWGP Intercontinental Champion. His name translates to "house" in Tongan, which suits his wrestling persona as an immovable force.

Fale is one of the founding members of the infamous Bullet Club, an originally all-foreigner group that has seen great success in the company. He is the only founding member who has never left the group. Fale's dojo has helped provide a bridge for non-Japanese wrestlers to perform for New Japan Pro-Wrestling.

Early life

Fale was a rugby union player prior to him training and debuting for New Japan Pro-Wrestling. He attended the strong rugby school of De La Salle College, Mangere East in Auckland, New Zealand and was a member of the 1st XV from 1999 to 2000, also making age grade rugby teams along the way. He then accepted scholarship to play rugby in Japan at Tokuyama University, alongside fellow New Zealander Sila Iona and Greame Brent, where they attended from 2001 to 2005. From April 2006 to March 2008, he played for the Japanese rugby union team Fukuoka Sanix Blues. He would start training to become a professional wrestler in June 2009.

Professional wrestling career

New Japan Pro-Wrestling

Early years (2010–2012)
Fale, working under the ring name "King Fale", made his in-ring debut on 4 April 2010, when he was defeated by Manabu Nakanishi. Fale's earned his first win in New Japan just over a month after his debut, defeating Kyosuke Mikami. Fale and Super Strong Machine entered the 2010 G1 Tag League, finishing last in their block and overall with zero wins and zero points. Fale also took part in the 2010 J Sports Crown Openweight 6 Man Tag Tournament alongside Giant Bernard and Karl Anderson, making it to the second round before being eliminated. Fale later faced fellow young lion Hiromu Takahashi in a three match series, winning all of them.

In February 2011, Fale joined Yuji Nagata's Seigigun ("Blue Justice Army") stable along with Wataru Inoue and Super Strong Machine. At The New Beginning on 20 February, Nagata, Inoue, Fale and Hiroyoshi Tenzan faced Chaos (Shinsuke Nakamura, Toru Yano, Takashi Iizuka, and Yujiro Takahashi) in losing effort. In the prelude to the 2011 J Sports Openweight 6 Man Tag Tournament, Fale again teamed with Inoue and Tenzan, losing to Bad Intentions (Giant Bernard & Karl Anderson) & Jyushin Thunder Liger. In the actual tournament, they were eliminated in the second round by Great Bash Heel (Togi Makabe & Tomoaki Honma) & Satoshi Kojima. In April 2011, Fale took part in All Together, a joint show between New Japan Pro-Wrestling, All Japan Pro Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Noah in the wake of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, unsuccessfully competing in The Destroyer Cup battle royal. Fale teamed with Nagata in the 2011 G1 Tag League, finishing with one win and two points. Bad Luck Fale lost his first match of 2012, when he teamed with Tama Tonga to take on Okumura and Yoshi-Hashi. At NJPW's 40th Anniversary Show, Fale teamed with Tomoaki Honma to take on Chaos (Yoshi-Hashi and Yujiro Takahashi) in a losing effort. On 10 February 2012 at NEVER.8: Go to the Next Level, Fale unsuccessfully faced Yuji Nagata in singles action. Afterwards, he left for a fourteen-month learning excursion to the United States. On 8 June 2012, Fale debuted for NWA Houston, losing to Mysterious Q.

Bullet Club (2013–present)

The Underboss (2013–2019)

On 7 April 2013, at Invasion Attack, Fale, now performing as a heel, returned to New Japan as Prince Devitt's "bouncer" under the new ring name of "The Underboss" Bad Luck Fale. Fale wrestled his return match on 3 May at Wrestling Dontaku, teaming with Devitt to defeat Captain New Japan and Ryusuke Taguchi. Later that night, Fale and Devitt joined forces with Karl Anderson and Tama Tonga, forming a stable and dubbing themselves "Bullet Club". Later in the year, Fale began his first major feud in New Japan with IWGP Heavyweight Champion Togi Makabe, who had been eliminated from the 2013 G1 Climax following interference from Fale during a match with Devitt. From 23 November to 7 December, Fale and Devitt took part in the 2013 World Tag League, where they finished with a record of three wins and three losses, with a loss against the previously winless Captain New Japan and Hiroshi Tanahashi on the final day costing them a spot in the semifinals. The rivalry between Fale and Makabe culminated in a King of Destroyer match on 4 January 2014, at Wrestle Kingdom 8 in Tokyo Dome, where Makabe was victorious. Fale and Makabe again faced off on 15 March in the first round of the 2014 New Japan Cup, where Fale was victorious. Fale made it to the final of the tournament before losing to Shinsuke Nakamura on 23 March.

On 21 June at Dominion 6.21, Fale defeated Nakamura in a rematch to become the new IWGP Intercontinental Champion. From 21 July to 8 August, Fale took part in his first G1 Climax, where he finished third in his block with a record of six wins and four losses with a loss against Nakamura on the final day preventing him from making it to the finals. On 21 September at Destruction in Kobe, Fale lost the IWGP Intercontinental Championship back to Nakamura in his first defense. In November, Fale entered the 2014 World Tag League, alongside stablemate Tama Tonga. The team finished at the bottom of their block with a record of three wins and four losses. In early 2015, Fale started feuding with Kazuchika Okada, which led to him picking up a major win on 5 March, defeating the two-time IWGP Heavyweight Champion in the first round of the 2015 New Japan Cup. Fale was eliminated from the tournament in the second round by Tetsuya Naito. The rivalry between Fale and Okada culminated on 5 April at Invasion Attack 2015, where Fale was defeated by Okada. From 20 July to 14 August, Fale took part in the 2015 G1 Climax. Despite scoring a major win over eventual tournament winner Hiroshi Tanahashi, Fale finished fourth in his block with a record of five wins and four losses and thus failed to advance to the finals. Due to his win over Tanahashi, Fale was granted a shot at the Wrestle Kingdom 10 IWGP Heavyweight Championship match contract, but was defeated by Tanahashi on 27 September at Destruction in Kobe.

On 4 January 2016, at Wrestle Kingdom 10, Fale took part in a match to crown the inaugural NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champions, where he, Tama Tonga and Yujiro Takahashi were defeated by Jay Briscoe, Mark Briscoe and Toru Yano. Despite the mass exodus of Bullet Club members from New Japan (Leader AJ Styles, Karl Anderson and Doc Gallows all left), Fale re-signed with New Japan for 2 years instead of the usual 1 amidst WWE interest. On 11 February at The New Beginning in Osaka, Fale, Tonga and Takahashi defeated the Briscoes and Yano in a rematch to win the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship. After a three-day reign, they lost the title back to the Briscoes and Yano at The New Beginning in Niigata. On 3 March, Fale scored a big win over Hiroshi Tanahashi in the first round of the 2016 New Japan Cup. The following day, he was eliminated from the tournament in the second round by Michael Elgin. Fale then started a new feud with Hiroshi Tanahashi, as part of which he, Kenny Omega and Yujiro Takahashi unsuccessfully challenged Tanahashi, Michael Elgin and Yoshitatsu for the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship on 23 April. From 18 July to 12 August, Fale took part in the 2016 G1 Climax, where, despite scoring big wins over Naomichi Marufuji and reigning IWGP Heavyweight Champion Kazuchika Okada, he failed to advance from his block with a record of five wins and four losses.

In February 2017, Fale opened his own wrestling school, the Fale Dojo, in Auckland, New Zealand. The following month, Fale made it to the finals of the 2017 New Japan Cup, before losing to Katsuyori Shibata. On 9 April at Sakura Genesis 2017, Fale attacked IWGP Heavyweight Champion Kazuchika Okada and challenged him to a title match. The title match took place on 3 May at Wrestling Dontaku 2017 and saw Okada retain. During the summer, Fale took part in the 2017 G1 Climax, where he finished third in his block with a record of six wins and three losses, failing to advance to the finals. On 11 August, Fale defeated Yuji Nagata in his former mentor's final G1 Climax match and afterwards bowed to him in a show of respect. On 17 December, Fale, Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa defeated Los Ingobernables de Japón (Bushi, Evil and Sanada) to become the new NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champions. They lost the title to Chaos (Beretta, Tomohiro Ishii and Toru Yano) in a five-team gauntlet match on 4 January 2018, at Wrestle Kingdom 12 in Tokyo Dome. The following day at New Year's Dash, they would regain the title from Chaos. Fale then competed in the 2018 New Japan Cup, where he was eliminated by Hiroshi Tanahashi in the second round. On night 1 of Wrestling Dontaku 2018 on 3 May, the Bullet Club lost the 6-Man tag titles to the Super Villains (Marty Scurll and The Young Bucks). Fale next wrestled in the 2018 G1 Climax, competing in the A block. He ended with 6 points, failing to advance to the finals. During this time, the Bullet Club split into two divisions, the OG and the Elite; Fale, Tama Tonga, Tanga Loa and Taiji Ishimori remained in the OG group. At King of Pro-Wrestling on 8 October, the Bullet Club OG defeated the Bullet Club Elite (the Young Bucks, Chase Owens and Hangman Page).

The Rogue General (2019–present)
On 28 January, Fale debuted a new gimmick called "The Rogue General", and started a short feud with Kazuchika Okada. At The New Beginning in Osaka in February 2019, Fale lost to Okada. Fale competed in the 2019 New Japan Cup, but was eliminated by Will Ospreay in the first round. At the G1 Supercard on 6 April, Fale unsuccessfully competed in the Honor Rumble. Fale would embark on a feud (alongside Chase Owens) against the newly arrived Mikey Nicholls and fan favorite Juice Robinson. The feud would include Fale unsuccessfully challenging for Juice's IWGP United States Championship before beating Mikey with his usually ineffective signature move, the Grenade. Fale would then compete in the 2019 G1 Climax in the A block, ending with 8 points, therefore failing to advance to the finals. Later that year he would team with Chase Owens in the World Tag League. They finished the tournament with 6 wins and 9 losses, failing to advance to the finals. At Wrestle Kingdom 14, Fale wrestled on both nights. The first night, he teamed with Bullet Club (Kenta, Chase Owens & Yujiro Takahashi) in a loss to Chaos (Hirooki Goto, Tomohiro Ishii, Toru Yano & Yoshi-Hashi). He then participated in a 5-team gauntlet for the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship on night two's pre-show, in which he, Chase Owens & Yujiro Takahashi were eliminated by Chaos's Tomohiro Ishii, Yoshi-Hashi & Robbie Eagles.

Fale was absent most of the year as he was unable to return to Japan due to border closures as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. He returned in November, competing in the 2020 World Tag League with Chase Owens, however, the pair ended the tournament with 3 wins and 6 losses, failing to advance to the final. On 22 December, it was announced that Toru Yano would face Fale for the Official KOPW 2020 Trophy in a Bodyslam or No Corner Pads match after Yano's stipulation won the majority of the fan vote. The following day, Fale was defeated by Yano after he was bodyslammed. On night 1 of Wrestle Kingdom 15, Fale advanced from the New Japan Ranbo match to compete in a four way match for the Provisional KOPW 2021 Trophy. On night 2, Fale failed to win the four way match that also included Toru Yano, Chase Owens, and Bushi.

In March 2021, Fale entered in the 2021 New Japan Cup, but was eliminated in the first round after he was counted out in a match against Toru Yano. From 14 November to 12 December, Fale and Chase Owens again competed in the World Tag League, failing to advance to the final after finishing the tournament with 6 wins and 4 losses. On night 1 of Wrestle Kingdom 16, Fale failed to advance from the New Japan Ranbo match. Fale received a bye to the second round of the 2022 New Japan Cup, but was eliminated by Hiroshi Tanahashi. At Wrestling Dontaku 2022, Fale and Chase Owens won the IWGP Tag Team Championship in a three-way tag team match. They lost the titles on 12 June, at Dominion 6.12 in Osaka-jo Hall. Also at the event, Fale was announced to be a part of the G1 Climax 32 tournament in July, where he would compete in the A Block. He finished with 6 points, failing to advance to the semi-finals.

Professional wrestling persona and style
When Fale first turned his back on Yuji Nagata and most of New Japan's fan favorites, he became known as The Underboss of Prince Devitt and Bullet Club, carrying Devitt to the ring. After a few years, Fale decided to embrace not being a low-key member of Bullet Club, renaming his persona The Rogue General. Fale, being a larger wrestler has always utilized power-based moves in his arsenal. Being a villainous character, he uses his power to inflict more pain than necessary and to control the opponent's pace. He is also known to attack ring announcers before his match. Despite having the power (and at some times in his career, the athletic) advantage over most of his opponents, Fale's character has always tried to take the easy way out and cheat during matches.

Fale's big moves include a jumping splash, the Grenade,a Thumb Lariat (succeeded after choke-lifting the opponent with his other hand), Bad Luck Fall, a release Crucifix Powerbomb and different variations of a Schoolboy sweep.

Personal life
Fale is the cousin of Tanga Loa, Tama Tonga and Hikuleo. Fale and Tama had spent their early childhoods in Muʻa, Tonga without meeting. They were in the NJPW Dojo at the same time and realized they were related when a relative commented on a photo Fale had posted on social media. He is of Tongan ethnicity and is fluent in Tongan, English and Japanese.

In 2017 it was reported that Fale was in a relationship with go-go dancer Pieter, also known as the "Tokyo Latina", who has made appearances for NJPW as a valet for Fale's Bullet Club stablemate Yujiro Takahashi.

Fale also runs his own professional wrestling school Fale Dojo in Auckland, New Zealand that has seen a few of its alumni in NJPW (Toa Henare, Jay White and Michael Richards).

Championships and accomplishments
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
IWGP Intercontinental Championship (1 time)
IWGP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chase Owens
NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Tama Tonga and Yujiro Takahashi (1), and Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa (2)
New Japan Ranbo (2021)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 71 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Tokuyama University alumni
Expatriate rugby union players in Japan
Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan
Place of birth missing (living people)
Tongan expatriate rugby union players
Tongan expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Tongan male professional wrestlers
Tongan rugby union players
Munakata Sanix Blues players
New Zealand male professional wrestlers
Bullet Club members
People educated at De La Salle College, Māngere East
New Zealand sportspeople of Tongan descent
Rugby union players from Auckland
IWGP Intercontinental champions
NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champions
IWGP Heavyweight Tag Team Champions

Bad Luck Fale


"The Three Little Pigs" is a fable/fairy tale featuring three pigs. They each build houses of different materials. A big bad wolf (the villain or bad guy) is able to blow down the first two pigs' houses. The first is made of straw, the second is made of wood. But he is unable to destroy the third pig's house. This is because it is made of bricks. The moral or lesson of the story is to plan ahead. Printed versions of the story date back to the 1840s. But the story may have borrowed parts from older stories. One is The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids (). This is a German folktale collected as the fifth tale in Grimms' Fairy Tales in 1812. The phrases used in the story, and the various morals that can be drawn from it, have become a part of Western culture.

Walt Disney made an animated version of the story. It features the song, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?"

Characters
 The Big Bad Wolf
 First Pig (House of straw)
 Second Pig (House of sticks)
 Third Pig (House of bricks)

References

Fairy tales

The Three Little Pigs


"Ice Cream"  or "I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream" is a popular song, first published in 1927, with words and music by Howard Johnson, Billy Moll, and Robert A. King.  After initial success as a late 1920s novelty song, the tune became a traditional jazz standard, while the lyrics refrain "I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream" has remained a part of popular culture even without the rest of the song.

On January 1, 2023, the song went into the public domain.

1920s novelty song
The song was one of a series of comic novelty songs set in "exotic" locations, one of the earliest and most famous being "Oh By Jingo!" The verses of "Ice Cream" talk of a fictional college in "the land of ice and snow, up among the Eskimo", the college cheer being the chorus of the song "I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream".

Notable recordings of the tune in the 1920s include by Waring's Pennsylvanians for Victor, Harry Reser's Syncopators for Columbia, and The Revelers for Edison Records.

Traditional jazz standard
In New Orleans in 1944, William Russell recorded a small jazz combo with George Lewis and Jim Robinson for his American Music label. Robinson cut loose with an unexpectedly virtuosic performance on an instrumental of the tune "Ice Cream". The side was issued as by "Jim Robinson's Band". The tune became a standard for Robinson, imitated by other Dixieland jazz trombonists including Chris Barber, and remains in the traditional jazz repertoire.

When Barber's band first recorded the song in 1954, they basically knew the instrumental Lewis version. The record producer asked them to sing it, which was slightly problematic, since they didn't know the full lyrics. So trumpeter Pat Halcox invented his own lyrics; these are nowadays better known than the original 1920s version.

References

External links

Sheet Music at Internet Archive

1927 songs
1920s jazz standards
Novelty songs
Songs with lyrics by Howard Johnson (lyricist)
Songs written by Robert A. King (composer)

Ice Cream (I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream)


{{DISPLAYTITLE:toor (Unix)}}
Toor, the word "root" spelled backwards, is an alternative superuser account in Unix-like operating systems, particularly BSD and variants.

Purpose
In Unix, it is traditional to keep the root filesystem as small as reasonably possible, moving larger programs and rapidly changing data to other, optional parts of the system. This increases the likelihood that the system can be brought to a semi-usable state in the case of a partial system failure. It also means that the superuser account, necessary for repairing a broken system, should not depend on any programs outside of this small core. To this end, the root account is often configured with a shell which is small, efficient, and dependable, but awkward for daily use.

The toor account is intended as a solution to this problem. It is identical to root, but is configured to use a different, more featureful shell.

Alternately, toor may be configured with the emergency shell, allowing root the freedom to use the featureful one.

Implementation
In a Unix-like system, each user has a user ID number, which is what the kernel uses to distinguish users and to manage user permissions. User ID #0 is reserved as the superuser account, and is given permission to do anything on the system.

Users log in by username, not by ID number, and a user's choice of login shell is also managed by name. This separation between name and number allows a given user ID to be associated with more than one username, each having its own shell.

Security considerations
The presence of a 'toor' account (or the presence of more than one account with a user ID of 0) triggers a warning in many security auditing systems. This is valuable, since if the system administrator did not intend for a second superuser account, then it may mean that the system has been compromised.

It may be argued that even an intentional 'toor' account is a security risk, since it provides a second point of attack for someone trying to illicitly gain superuser privileges on the system. However, if passwords are chosen and guarded carefully, the risk increase is minimal.

For example, NetBSD ships with a disabled 'toor' account, meaning that there is no password with which one can log into the system as 'toor'. This is not a security risk in itself, though it may generate security warnings as previously described. However, if the system is compromised, an administrator may be less likely to notice the enabling of a disabled account than the creation of a new one, especially if they have become accustomed to ignoring warnings about 'toor' from their (arguably misconfigured) security program.

References

System administration
Operating system security
Unix

Toor (Unix)


German can mean different things.
Anything related to Germany
 German language
Germans, people from Germany or one of the earlier countries in the same area
 Germanic peoples, people who speak Germanic languages, including German and some other languages
 the early people known as Franks
 Holy Roman Empire (843-1806)
 German Confederation (1815-1866)
 German Empire (1871-1918)
 Weimar Republic (1919-1933)
 German Democratic Republic or East Germany (1949-1990)

When talking about a person, it can mean someone who lives in Germany, or someone who thinks of himself or herself as 'German'.

Related pages
 German silver

German


A pyramid is a three-dimensional shape. It has triangular sides that come together in a point at the top, call the "apex". The other side is a base, which is shaped as a polygon of any number of sides.

A pyramid with a square base (bottom), and four triangle faces, is called a square pyramid.  A pyramid with a triangular base is called a triangular pyramid or tetrahedron. A tetrahedron with four equilateral triangles is one of the Platonic solids.

The formula for the volume of a square pyramid is . This means that one must find the volume by multiplying the base (B) by the height (h), then dividing the product by three.
The base is also known as the product of the length and the width, thus this formula could alternatively be written as . Either way works, but the technical formula for the volume of a pyramid is the former, due to its use of the capital B, which is shorthand for length and width as stated before.

Polyhedra

Pyramid (geometry)


Deep Roots is a Canadian radio program focusing on folk and roots music. The program, hosted by Tom Power, airs on CBC Radio 2.

Power, who began the program while still attending Memorial University, is believed to be the youngest regular host of a CBC Radio program since Peter Jennings's tenure as host of Peter's People in 1947 (at the age of nine).

Deep Roots aired on Saturdays at 5:00 p.m. (6:00 AT, 6:30 NT) and Sundays at 5:00 p.m. (5:30 NT). It also airs on the Sirius XM feed of CBC Radio One (channel 169) Sundays at 10:00 p.m. ET and early Thursday mornings at 4:00 a.m. ET. As well, an abbreviated localized version of the program aired Fridays at 3:30 p.m. NT on Radio One stations in Newfoundland and Labrador. This is because the extended Friday portion of Q is preempted by the local version of Radio Noon at 12:00 NT, but would be out of place if rebroadcast later in the day, as is done for most Radio One programs airing in the 11:30 a.m. (local) timeslot.

As of October 2016, when Power took over as the host of Q, the program no longer airs as part of the regular CBC Radio 2 schedule; however, there are currently plans to keep the show active as a series of occasional specials.

References

External links
 Deep Roots

CBC Music programs
Canadian music radio programs
2010s Canadian radio programs

Deep Roots (radio program)


Elizabeth Power (born 1941) is an English actress. Power began her career in repertory theatre and went on to appear in several West End musicals. However, she is best known for her work on British television, in particular her role as Christine Hewitt in the BBC soap opera, EastEnders (1992–1993). She has since gone on to feature in various stage productions.

Early life
Power was born in Eastbourne, East Sussex. She began singing and dancing lessons at the age of four, prompted by her mother, who was very keen for her to perform. However, at the age of 14, Power concluded "that she wasn't physically suited to be a dancer", so she decided to take up acting on the advice of her teacher. Power auditioned for a place at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) at the age of 17, and was accepted. She has commented "I just glided into it so I was still naive…Rada was good and I realised there was more than just going on stage and being clapped." Power graduated from RADA in 1966.

Career
Power began her acting career on stage, appearing at a young age as Alison in a revival of the Slade-Reynolds Christmas musical, The Merry Gentleman, at the Bristol Old Vic in 1959. After leaving RADA in 1966, she worked for 18 months at the Belgrade Theatre, Coventry. She had various roles in repertory theatre during her early career, and has since commented: "I got lots of jobs in rep, learning my craft and playing totally unsuitable roles—old ladies and the sort of stuff you did in those days."

Power went on to appear in various West End musicals. In 1969 she played the leading role, Lucy, in Two Cities, a British musical about the Charles Dickens story A Tale of Two Cities, which played at the Palace Theatre, London. She later toured in a production of The Pajama Game, and in 1972 she played Avonia Bunn in the Julian Slade musical, Trelawny, which was based on the Pinero play Trelawny of the Wells. The show opened at the Bristol Old Vic, then transferred to Sadler's Wells Theatre and later the Prince of Wales Theatre, with Power staying for its entire run. In 1974 she was cast in the revue Cole, built around the songs of Cole Porter, which played at the Mermaid Theatre. The following year she appeared in So Who Needs Marriage?, a musical written by Monty Norman, which toured for a few weeks in May 1975. So Who Needs Marriage? ended uo being Power's "swansong" in musicals. She has since commented that the musicals of the late 1960s and early 1970s were not the sort of shows that suited her vocal talents: "The musicals were mainly American imports. If you didn't have that big chesty voice, there was no place for you…"

Power switched to television acting in the 1970s. One of her first television roles was in the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who and the Silurians in 1970. She went on to appear in the BBC drama series Softly Softly (1973); The Magician's Heart (BBC, 1973); Lillie (ITV, 1978); Hazell (1978); a regular role as Celia Travers in Crown Court (ITV, 1978–1982); Juliet Bravo (BBC, 1981), and Prince Regent (BBC, 1979).

Power's most notable television role has been her portrayal of Christine Hewitt in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. Power was offered the role by one of the programme's producers, Leonard Lewis, for whom she'd worked with previously on Juliet Bravo and Softly, Softly. She has commented "I got a call out of the blue asking if I could go up to the BBC at Elstree to meet him. Mrs Hewitt was going to be in five episodes and I thought, 'wonderful'." Mrs Hewitt made her first appearance on-screen in February 1992, as a lonely divorcee who employed the long running character, Arthur Fowler (Bill Treacher), to tend to her garden—used as a plot device to rebuild Arthur's relationship with his son Mark Fowler (Todd Carty), while they worked together on Christine's garden. Power filmed her scenes for the five episodes and thought that would be the end of it; however, she was subsequently contacted by Leonard Lewis and asked to reprise the role. Power commented "It was all I could do to stop myself screeching down the phone. They didn't tell me which direction the story was going to take. I got on so well with [Bill Treacher] from the word go. We really liked each other." Mrs Hewitt was reintroduced in a storyline that saw her become Arthur Fowler's mistress, but when the affair ended Power left the series, making her final appearance on-screen in October 1993.

Power has subsequently appeared in the horror film Tale of the Mummy (1998), a role that reunited her with actor Bill Treacher on-screen as husband and wife. Power and Treacher were offered the parts by director Russell Mulcahy, who was an "avid fan" of them in EastEnders. Power has commented "[Russell Mulcahy] was in Hollywood but used to get friends to video the Arthur and Mrs Hewitt scenes. So he thought it would be a good idea to get us together again. He thought it would be a great joke. We played a caretaker and his wife." Power has also appeared twice in the BBC medical soap Doctors (2001; 2004), but she has been most active in theatre rather than television post EastEnders. She appeared in Alan Bennett's Habeas Corpus at Farnham in 1993, and in 2001 she starred in Richard Harris' award-winning comedy Stepping Out, as a stern piano teacher, Mrs Fraser. She lent her skills to the International Festival of Musical Theatre in Cardiff in 2002, and starred in Trevor Baxter's adaptation of The Picture of Dorian Gray, which toured the UK in 2003.

Personal life
Power lives in Surrey and is a mother of two. She married the British television personality, Michael Aspel, in 1977. Their marriage ended in 1994. She is a skilled dancer and piano player, and has used both skills on stage in various productions including Stepping Out.

References

External links

1941 births
Living people
Alumni of RADA
British soap opera actresses
British television actresses
People from Eastbourne

Elizabeth Power


Brijesh Patel  (born 24 November 1952) is a former cricketer who played for the Indian national cricket team as a right-handed batsman from 1974 until 1979. After retirement, he served as the Indian Premier League chairman between 2019–2022.

Biography

Patel played in 21 test matches from 1974 to 1977, and sustained a batting average of 29.45. He was also a bowler, but was never asked to deliver his right-arm off breaks for his national team. His highest test score was 115 not out. He was regarded as an excellent fielder normally covering areas around cover and point. He was never dismissed for a duck in international cricket.

His international career came to a premature end because of his suspect technique against genuine pace. While his international cricketing career was not particularly productive, he made 37 hundreds and over 11000 runs in first class cricket. At the time of his retirement, he held the Ranji Trophy records (since bettered) for most runs and hundreds. His talent first became evident as a student in Bishop Cotton Boys School, Bangalore, and he represented his country in a junior team that traveled to Australia. Throughout his career, he represented Karnataka state and captained the team to many victories. He and fellow international Gundappa Vishwanath formed a formidable batting pair.

After his playing days he became cricket administrator. A Jagmohan Dalmiya (Ex President of BCCI) supporter, Patel was appointed the Director of the National Cricket Academy in India until he was replaced in 2005 by another ex-Test cricketer, Shivlal Yadav, the current director of the NCA.

Brijesh Patel has also been the Hon. Secretary of the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA) since 1999 and controls cricket in Karnataka. Some years ago he was also the Chairman of the National Selection Committee for the Indian national team and resigned after suffering a heart ailment.

Brijesh Patel runs a private cricket coaching academy in Bangalore called B.P.C.A. (Brijesh Patel Cricket Academy), attended by more than 300 boys.

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
Indian cricket administrators
Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup
India One Day International cricketers
India Test cricketers
Karnataka cricketers
South Zone cricketers
Wellington cricketers
Indian Universities cricketers
India national cricket team selectors
Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni
Cricketers from Bangalore
Sportspeople from Vadodara
Cricketers from Gujarat
Indian cricket coaches
Indian Premier League cricketers

Brijesh Patel


The Sony Xperia SP (codenamed "HuaShan") is a mid-range smartphone from Sony Mobile. It was announced on 18 March 2013. It is powered by a 1.7 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Pro dual-core processor. It has 1 GB RAM, 8-megapixel camera with Exmor RS sensor and a 4.6-inch reality display with a 720p resolution with Sony's Mobile Bravia Engine 2.

Design
Sony used co-moulding technology to create a unique solid design. Featuring a design similar to its predecessor, the Xperia SP has an aluminium frame with a plastic polycarbonate removable back and a transparent strip that run across the bottom of the device. The transparent strip acts as the antenna of the phone, notification LED bar and also illuminates when music is being played.

Specifications

Hardware
The Xperia SP features a 4.6-inch capacitive touchscreen display with a resolution of 1280 by 720 pixels, displaying 319 pixels per inch and features Sony's Mobile BRAVIA® Engine 2 for better image and video viewing and protected by Corning Gorilla glass. The phone comes with an 8-megapixel camera capable of 16 times digital zoom, HD 1080p video recording, HDR for images and it features Sony Exmor RS™ for mobile image sensor. It also features a 0.3-megapixel VGA front-facing camera.

On the inside, the Xperia SP comes with a 1.7 GHz dual-Core Snapdragon S4 Pro, 1GB of RAM (768MB usable on Android 4.1, 839MB usable on Android 4.3), 8GB of internal storage (5.8GB usable), microSD support up to 32GB and a 2,370mAh battery.

Software
The Xperia SP comes preloaded with Sony's version of Android JellyBean 4.1 with some notable applications additions such as Sony's media applications (Walkman, Albums, Movies) and Sony Select. Featuring NFC, the device is able to mirror what is on the smartphone screen to compatible TVs or play music wireless on a NFC speaker. Several Google applications (like Google Chrome, Google Play, Google Voice Search, Google search, Google Maps for Mobile with Street view and Latitude, Google Talk application) also comes preloaded with the device. For connectivity, the phone supports LTE, Bluetooth 4.0, DLNA MHL support and it is also PlayStation Certified.

Software update
On 16 January 2014, Sony revealed through its official Twitter account that the update to Android JellyBean 4.3 will be rolled out from end of January or early February for the Xperia SP along with Xperia T, Xperia TX and Xperia V update. On 11 February 2014, Sony started rolling the update in Australia and eventually to other markets. The software support page was recently changed from Android 4.4 KitKat under investigation to Android 4.3 Latest & final version, meaning the Xperia SP will not be upgraded above the current android version officially.

References

External links

Android (operating system) devices
Mobile phones introduced in 2013
Discontinued smartphones
Sony smartphones

Sony Xperia SP


Magnox is a type of nuclear reactor designed to run on natural uranium. It uses  graphite as a neutron moderator and carbon dioxide gas as a heat exchange coolant. The name Magnox comes from the magnesium-aluminium alloy used to clad the fuel rods inside the reactor. The Magnox was designed for producing both electric power and plutonium-239 for use in nuclear weapons.

Nuclear energy

Magnox


Radha Krishna Mainali,  better known as R. K. Mainali (born September 26, 1946 in Chokpur, Taplejung District) is a Nepalese politician. In the early 1970s he was one (along with his brother, C.P. Mainali) of the radical communists who led the Jhapa rebellion, inspired by the Naxalite movement in India.

R.K. Mainali was imprisoned in 1973, and was not released until 1986. After his release he argued that the communists should form broadbased movements for democratic change. By this time he was a leading member of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist). He was a prominent leader of the 1990 Jana Andolan as the Acting Chairman of the United Left Front, and was one of four Jana Andolan leaders to appear on national TV on April 8, 1990 to declare that the movement for democracy had been victorious.

He later became a leading figure in the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) (which the CPN(ML) had merged into). R.K. Mainali contested the Jhapa-5 constituency in the 1994 parliamentary election. He won the seat with 16,361 votes, defeating the Nepali Congress candidate Surya Narayan Tajpuriya. After the election he became Minister for Agriculture, Land Reforms and Management in the CPN(UML) minority government headed by Man Mohan Adhikari. Mainali was Minister of Health in the coalition government led by Lokendra Bahadur Chand between March 12, 1997, and October 6, 1997.

In 1998 he took part in a split and the formation of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist). He became a politburo member of the new CPN(ML). He was a candidate of CPN(ML) in the 1999 parliamentary election, but lost his seat.

In 2002, when CPN(UML) and CPN(ML) reunified, Mainali returned to CPN(UML), and became a member of the party's Standing Committee. However, in July 2003 his party membership was suspended due to his disagreements with the party. Mainali had criticized the tactics of the party and advocated rapprochement with King Gyanedra.

After the royal coup on February 1, 2005, R.K. Mainali sided with the monarch and became Minister for Education & Sports in his cabinet. Following the overthrow of the royal cabinet in April 2006, Mainali has denied responsibility for the repression unleashed on protestors during the popular upsurge in that year (Loktantra Andolan). In September 2010, Mainali joined the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).

References

1946 births
Mainali, Radha Krishna
Mainali
Government ministers of Nepal
Nepalese prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Nepal
Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) politicians
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) politicians
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) politicians
Nepalese atheists
Nepal MPs 1991–1994
Nepal MPs 1994–1999
People of the Nepalese Civil War

Radha Krishna Mainali


Moses Israel Fürst (died circa 1692) was a merchant and financier of Hamburg, Germany. He was also active as a court Jew, a term describing the role of historical Jewish bankers or businessmen who lent money and managed finances of some of the European noble houses. From 1688 onwards, Fürst held the tobacco monopoly in the state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  together with fellow merchant Michael Hinrichsen.

Court Jews
17th-century German Jews
1692 deaths
Year of birth unknown
17th-century German businesspeople
Jewish bankers

Moses Israel Fürst


Danaus eresimus, the soldier or tropical queen, is a North American, Caribbean, and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

Their flight is slow and they are reasonably easy to approach, but will fly for some distance if approached too closely.

Description
The upperside of the wings is dark reddish brown with the forewing sometimes having white submarginal spots. The veins are lightly marked with black. Males have a black scent patch on each of the hindwings. The underside of the wings is also dark brown with a postmedian band made up of squarish spots. The soldier has a wingspan of  to  inches (64–76 mm). D. e. flexaure, formerly D. flexaure, is a subspecies which has more white markings on the hindwing underside.

Similar species
Similar species in the soldier's range include the monarch (Danaus plexippus) and the queen (Danaus gilippus).

The monarch is more orange, has heavier black-lined veins, and the underside of the wings is a pale yellowish color.

The queen has nearly no black-marked veins, and has white forewing submarginal spots on both surfaces of the wings.

Habitat
The soldier may be found in a variety of open, subtropical habitats such as citrus groves, weedy water edges where host plants occur, dry fields, etc.

Flight
This butterfly may be encountered from February to December in southern Florida (it is most common in October to December), and from August to January in southern Texas.

Life cycle
Males patrol for females.  The eggs are bright orange. The black larva is banded with white and yellow stripes.  It has a subdorsal row of yellowish-tan spots.  There are six black, fleshy filaments, the first pair near the head, the second on the thorax, and the third at the end of the abdomen.  The chrysalis is very similar to that of the monarch, often indistinguishable.  It has three or more broods per year.

Host plants
 Strangler vine, Morrenia odorata
 White vine, Funastrum clausum
 West Indian pinkroot, Spigelia anthelmia

References

eresimus
Butterflies of North America
Butterflies of Central America
Butterflies of the Caribbean
Nymphalidae of South America
Butterflies of Cuba
Lepidoptera of Brazil
Butterflies described in 1777
Least concern biota of North America

Danaus eresimus


Warsaw Uprising Square (Polish: Plac Powstańców Warszawy), still popularly known by its former name Napoleon Square (Polish: Plac Napoleona), is a square in the central Warsaw district of Śródmieście.

Located at the junction of ulica Świętokrzyska (Holy Cross Street) and ulica Szpitalna  (Hospital Street) and near Nowy Świat (New World Street), it is one of Warsaw's central squares. Historically, the area was called Plac Warecki during the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and then Plac Napoleona under the Second Polish Republic. Most of the Square's buildings were destroyed in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, and the Square is now notable for only two landmarks: the seat of the Polish National Bank (which Varsovians irreverently call  "trumna" — "the coffin"), and the former Prudential building, which was the second skyscraper to be built in Warsaw and the tallest until the 1950s.

References

Squares in Warsaw
Śródmieście, Warsaw

Warsaw Uprising Square