Sultan Nigar Khanum (died 1528) was the consort of Samarkand as the fourth wife of Sultan Mahmud Mirza, the King of Ferghana Valley. She was born a princess of the Chagatai Khanate as a daughter of Yunus Khan, the Great Khan of Moghulistan and his second wife Shah Begum.

Family
Sultan Nigar Khanum was born a princess of the Chagatai Khanate as the second daughter of Yunus Khan, the Great Khan of Moghulistan and his second wife Shah Begum. Her paternal grandfather was Uwais Khan, the Moghul Khan of Mughalistan and her father's predecessor.

Sultan Nigar was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan, the founder and Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire through her father's side. Being the daughter of a Khan, she held the title of "Khanum" ("daughter of a Khan or princess") by birth. She was also the half-aunt of Emperor Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire of India as well as its first Emperor.

Marriages

Mahmud Mirza
She married firstly to Sultan Mahmud Mirza. With him she had a son, Sultan Wais also known as Khan Mirza. She was widowed in January, 1495. On Mahmud's death in Samarkand she joined her brothers in Tashkent, going off "without giving any notice of her intentions," says Babar.

Awiq Sultan
Later on she, married Awiq Sultan Juji, the chief of the Uzbek Qazaqs. Haidar Mirza throws some light, and it seems that when Shaybani had murdered her brother, Mahmud Khan, Awiq left him and joined the Uzbek Qazaqs, his own people, and Sultan Nigar followed him into Moghalistan.

She had two daughters by Awiq, one of whom married Abdullah Quchin and died a young wife, and the other married Rashid Sultan Chaghatai.

Qasim Khan
On Awiq's death, Sultan Nigar was married to his brother Qasim, presumably in consonance with the Turkish custom of yanglik.

With Qasim's death, the khanship of the Qazaqs devolved on Sultan Nigar's stepson named Tahir. He was, says Haidar, "very much attached to her, and even preferred her to the mother who had given him birth."

Sultan Nigar showed her appreciation of Tahir's affection, but petitioned him, saying: "Although you are (as) my child, and I neither think of nor desire any son but you, yet I wish you to take me to my nephew, Sultan Sa'id Khan. For I am grown old, and I have no longer the strength to bear this wandering life in the deserts of Uzbekistan. Take me where I may enjoy some quiet and repose." She then offered to mediate for him and to obtain the support for him of the Mughal Khagans against his foes. Tahir accordingly escorted her to the Moghulistan borders, and with her waited upon Sa'id. "The latter, from love of his aunt, rose, saying that although his rising to receive Tahir was contrary to the rules of Genghis (their common ancestor), yet that he did it out of gratitude because Tahir had brought his aunt."

Death
Sultan Nigar Khanum died of a hemorrhage in the summer of 1528.

References

1528 deaths
People from Samarkand
15th-century Mongol women
Spouses of sultans
Chagatai Khanate
15th-century Mongols
15th-century births

Sultan Nigar Khanum


Upper Guelders or Spanish Guelders was one of the four quarters in the Imperial Duchy of Guelders. In the Dutch Revolt, it was the only quarter that did not secede from the Habsburg monarchy to become part of the Seven United Netherlands, but remained under Spanish rule during the Eighty Years' War.

Geography
Within the Low Countries, the counts, later dukes at Geldern started from the 11th century onwards to collect several territories down the Meuse river, which were physically separated from the later acquired lands along the Lower Rhine. These original lands of upper Guelders were separated by the Dukes of Cleves, a long-time foe of Guelders. The northern territories were administrated within three quarters:
 Zutphen County,
 Veluwe Quarter,
 Nijmegen Quarter with the Land of Meuse and Waal and the Betuwe.
These lower quarters today form the Dutch province of Gelderland.

The most important cities in Upper Guelders were Geldern, Venlo and Roermond. Together with the Duchy of Cleves, the region originally was part of the South Guelderish language area, part of the Low Franconian dialect group.

History
In 1471 Duke Arnold of Guelders, stuck in the conflict with his only surviving son Adolf of Egmond, gained the support of the Burgundian duke Charles the Bold, but in turn had to give his duchy in pawn. Charles seized Guelders upon Duke Arnold's death in 1473, and despite the protests raised by the ducal House of Egmond incorporated it into the Burgundian Netherlands, the later dowry of his daughter Mary the Rich to her husband Archduke Maximilian I of Austria from the House of Habsburg.

In 1492 Duke Arnold's grandson Charles of Egmond, backed by the local nobility as well as by King Charles VIII of France, managed to regain the rule over Guelders against the Habsburg claims. However, as he left no heirs, he bequested the duchy to Duke William of Cleves in 1538, who, despite his efforts to marry his sister Anne to King Henry VIII of England, could not prevail against the Habsburg Emperor Charles V. In 1543 William officially renounced Guelders in favour of Charles, who attached the duchy to the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands. Upon Charles' abdication in 1556, he decreed, that these territories would be inherited by his son King Philip II of Spain.

After Philip's stern Catholic measures had sparked the Dutch Revolt, the three lower quarters of Guelders joined the Protestant states in the 1579 Union of Utrecht, while during most part of the Eighty Years' War, the capital Geldern with Upper Guelders remained in the hands of the Spanish. This was finally confirmed in the 1648 Peace of Münster. The upper territory was therefore also called "Spanish Guelders".

Following the War of the Spanish Succession, by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Upper Guelders was further divided into:
Prussian Upper Guelders: most part, including the capital Geldern, held by the Kingdom of Prussia. The Electors of Brandenburg (from 1618: Brandenburg-Prussia) had already acquired the neighbouring Duchy of Cleves by the 1614 Treaty of Xanten ending the War of the Jülich Succession.
States Upper Guelders: Venlo and surroundings became part of the Dutch Republic.
Jülich Upper Guelders: The town of Erkelenz passed to the Duchy of Jülich, held by the Elector of the Palatinate from the House of Wittelsbach.
Austrian Upper Guelders: The land around Roermond and some adjacent villages remained under Habsburg rule, then the remaining Austrian branch, the later House of Lorraine. It joined the United States of Belgium in 1790.

According to the Final Act of the Vienna Congress in 1815, the western part of Prussian Upper Guelders and Austrian Upper Guelders also became part of the Dutch province of Limburg. The remaining territory was retained by Prussia: Geldern itself was incorporated into the Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, while Erkelenz fell to the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine. Both became part of the Prussian Rhine Province in 1822. Up to today, the demarcation line forms the Dutch-German border, though the Limburg territory east of the Meuse river, held by the King of the Netherlands, joined the German Confederation upon the 1839 Treaty of London.

Duchy of Guelders
Former polities in the Netherlands
Historical regions
History of Limburg (Netherlands)

Upper Guelders


Campana or Campaña (Spanish for "campaign" or occasionally "countryside") is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
 Al Campana (1926–2009), American National Football League running back
 Alex Campana (born 1988), English footballer
 Cosetta Campana (born 1961), Italian former sprinter
 Dino Campana (1885–1932), Italian poet
 Drake Campana (born 1986), stage name of American musician and actor Drake Bell
 Fabio Campana (1819–1882), Italian composer, opera director, conductor and singing teacher
 Fernando Campana (born 1961), half of the Campana brothers, Brazilian designers
 Francesca Campana ( – 1665), Roman singer, spinet player and composer
 Francesco Federico or François Frédéric Campana (1771–1807), Italian general in Napoleon's army
 Giacinto Campana (born ), Italian painter of the Baroque period
 Giampietro Campana (1808–1880), Italian art collector and embezzler
 Giorgia Campana (born 1995), Italian artistic gymnast
 Héctor Campana (born 1964), Argentine former basketball player and former vice-governor of Córdoba Province
 Humberto Campana (born 1953), half of the Campana brothers, Brazilian designers
 José Campaña (born 1993), Spanish footballer
 Loris Campana (1926–2015), Italian road bicycle and track cyclist
 Martín Campaña (born 1989), Uruguayan footballer
 Pablo Campana (born 1972), Ecuadorian former tennis player
 Pedro Campaña (1503–1586), Flemish painter of the Renaissance period
 Pedro Delgado Campaña (fl. 2010s), former Governor of the Central Bank of Ecuador
 Pierre Campana (born 1985), French rally driver
 Pietro Campana (1727–1765), Spanish engraver
 Sergio Campana (footballer) (born 1934), Italian lawyer and former professional footballer
 Sergio Campana (racing driver) (born 1986), Italian racing driver
 Thomas J. Campana Jr. (1947–2004), American inventor
 Tom Campana (born 1950), American former football player in the Canadian Football League
 Tommaso Campana (fl. 1620–1640), Italian painter active during the Baroque period
 Tony Campana (born 1986), American Major League Baseball outfielder

Campana (surname)


Now You See It was a Scottish television game show that aired mostly in Scotland throughout its run. It was shown to a lesser degree across some of the ITV Network.  It was based upon the U.S. version of the show and used the US show's "halftime cue" as its theme music.

Format
The game was centred on four contestants competing in a word search game mixed with trivia. The host asked questions and contestants buzzed in and searched for the answer on the board. Contestants had to find the line where the correct answer appeared and then the position as well as the answer. Points were awarded for correct answers, based on the line number added or multiplied by the position number. Example: Line 3 + Position 7 = 10 points or Line 3 x Position 7 = 21 points.

When time was up, the three highest-scoring players entered the "Cryptic" round. In this round, the answers appeared one letter at a time and the contestants were given a clue to each word. The first two players with four correct answers advanced to round three, which had the same format as the first round except that points doubled after a player reached 50 points or more. Later, the points doubled for every other question.

By 1985, the winner won £500 and played a solo round in which all of the correct answers fit a given category. The player must correctly answer seven out of twelve questions in order to win a mystery star prize. The solo round was also played on the children's versions in the 1990s.

In 1993 the game was played on the children's series Wemyss Bay 902101. Each game pitted a team of two stars of one programme against a team of two stars from another programme. The cryptic round was played first, except that each correct answer scored two points. The second round was played exactly like the Solo Rounds from 1985–86, except that each team took one turn circling answers for 60 seconds and each correct answer scored 5 points. The third round played exactly like the first and third round of the STV series.

The 1993 children's series was played exactly like the celebrity series, with each team representing their own school. The four highest scoring teams of the series went through to the semi-finals and the series winners won a grand prize package and the runners-up in the final won a lesser prize package.

On the 1994-1995 series, each game consisted of the cryptic round, in which each answer scored two points, and two Big Boards with the second Big Board being played for one minute and the point values being doubled during the last 30 seconds. One game pitted two boys and the other game pitted two girls. The two winners competed in the final game and the winner faced the Super Prize Board. The winner chose one of two star prizes and must find the answers to seven out of ten questions in 60 seconds.

Prizes
For first two series, the winner's prize was £100.  In series 3, the prizes were increased to £400 for the winner and £100 for the runner up. By 1985, the winner won £500, the first runner-up won £100, and the player eliminated in the second round £50. All contestants were give an engraved crystal decanter and four glasses.  For the celebrity and children's versions, prizes were awarded instead of money.

Transmissions
Series 1 was only broadcast on Scottish Television but the following series was broadcast on the ITV on Wednesday afternoons from 1 July until 26 August, with Scottish Television screening it on Thursday evenings at 19.00. The following seven series, 3 to 10, were only broadcast on Scottish Television and continued to be very popular, with two celebrity versions produced in 1985 and 1986.

The ITV network picked up the series again in 1985 with Series 11 and 13 being broadcast either at Sunday teatime, or on Friday afternoons at 17.15. (Series 12 was only broadcast in the Scottish Television region.) Scottish replaced Now You See It with Split Second in 1987 and Wheel of Fortune in 1988 with the later being Scottish Television's prime time game show for the ITV network, which lasted for a much longer run at a national level.

Now You See It returned as a children's series initially lasting up to around 10 minutes which was aired as part of Wemyss Bay 902101 on Sunday mornings in 1993, Occasional celebrity specials were also produced throughout the run. The first children's and celebrity series was presented by Grant Stott until the programme was moved to a weekday morning slot in the school summer holidays for the second and third series in 1994 and 1995 which had a new theme tune, new studio and was presented by Fred MacAulay, the timeslot was also extended to 30 minutes. The children's and celebrity series were repeated overnight on Scottish Television in 1997.

Original series

Celebrity series

Kids series

References

External links
.

1981 British television series debuts
1995 British television series endings
1980s British game shows
1990s British game shows
British children's game shows
British television series based on American television series
English-language television shows
ITV children's television shows
ITV game shows
Quiz shows
Scottish television shows
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Television shows produced by Scottish Television

Now You See It (British game show)


Andra Willis (born August 27, 1943) is an American singer best known from television's The Lawrence Welk Show from 1967 to 1969.

Born and raised in Danville, Virginia. Andra began singing professionally with her sisters Toneda and Sheryl. Billed as the Willis Sisters, they started out locally with bands such as the Freddie Lee Orchestra and later guest starred on national television programs such as The Tonight Show and ironically, on Lawrence Welk's The Plymouth Show. Later, when the Willis Sisters split up, Andra became a solo vocalist, and was a frequent regular on Don McNeill's radio program, The Breakfast Club.

She joined the cast of the Welk show in late 1967, and until her departure in 1969, was featured as both a soloist and in duets with fellow Music Maker Dick Dale.

Since leaving the Welk organization, Andra has pursued a career as a studio session singer and a songwriter. She has worked on the soundtrack for the movie Lost Horizon where she supplied the vocals for Olivia Hussey in the songs Share The Joy and The Things I Will Not Miss .

Today, since the late 1980s, Andra and her husband, musician and composer Larry Muhoberac make their home in Australia.

References

External links
 The Andra Willis Roadside Attraction
 The Lawrence Well Show on IMDb

1943 births
Living people
People from Danville, Virginia
American women singers
Lawrence Welk

Andra Willis


Asclepias curtissii, or Curtiss's milkweed, is a rare species of flowering milkweed that is endemic to Florida's sandy areas.  Curtiss's milkweed belongs to the subfamily Asclepiadoideae and the genus Asclepias.  This dicotyledonous, perennial plant was placed on the endangered species list by the state of Florida to protect this rare milkweed.  Although Curtiss milkweed is found all over Florida, the populations are very isolated and concentrated.

Description
Curtiss's milkweed is a deciduous plant that can become very tall and lanky, reaching up to 2–4 feet tall.  The leaves of Asclepias curtissii are large, elliptical, and dark green in color and usually have a noticeable undulating edge.  The flower of this plant bloom in the summer months.  The flower heads (umbels) of this plant are few and are usually located on the ends of the main stalks and consist of about 20–30 individual flowers, which are a bright white when they bloom.

Ecology
The sap of Asclepias curtissii contains cardenolides which are toxic to vertebrates in high quantities.  Despite this deer are the main consumers of Curtiss's milkweed, followed up by grasshoppers removing some flowers.  Many insect larvae use Curtiss's milkweed as a shelter for the early part of their lives, as well as providing food for these larvae.  Although Asclepias curtissii isn't usually associated with monarch butterflies as a food source, monarchs can feed off of it and will if the need arises.

Habitat
Curtiss's milkweed lives in the excessively drained parts of Florida.  Asclepias curtissii is usually found with other plants including Florida rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides), Chapman oak (Quercus chapmanii), myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia), and sand live oak (Quercus geminata), amongst other plants.  Curtiss's milkweed has a very high tolerance for soil disturbance, often being found along the edges of fire lanes and sand roads.

Reproduction
The spread out population of this milkweed proposes a problem, mainly pollination, but Curtiss's milkweed has specialized flowers that only allow certain insects – that seek out this plant – to pollinate it.  These insects include skipper butterflies and hairstreaks, which were found in abundance on the flowers of Asclepias curtissii.

References

External links

curtissii
Endemic flora of Florida
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Asclepias curtissii


Woven fabric is any textile formed by weaving. Woven fabrics are often created on a loom, and made of many threads woven on a warp and a weft. Technically, a woven fabric is any fabric made by interlacing two or more threads at right angles to one another. Woven fabrics can be made of  natural fibers,  synthetic fibers, or a mixture of both, such as cotton and polyester.
Woven fabrics are used for clothing, garments,  decorations, furniture, carpets and other uses.

Qualities
Woven fabrics only stretch diagonally on the bias directions (between the warp and weft directions), unless the threads used are elastic. Woven fabric cloth usually frays at the edges, unless techniques are used to counter it, such as the use of pinking shears or hemming. Different companies use textiles differently to create products.

Fabrics that are woven do not stretch as easily as knitted fabrics, which can make them advantageous for many uses.

Closely woven fabric is more durable and keeps it shape better. Woven fabric is constructed with two threads, horizontal and vertical. The horizontal threads are called the weft and the vertical threads are called the warp. The warp and weft can be woven together in different variations of the three basic weaves; plain, twill and satin. These varieties can be shaped into dresses, tops, coats, etc.

See also
Knitted fabric
Nonwoven fabric

References

External links

Woven fabric


Osceola Air Force Station (ADC ID: P-35, NORAD ID: Z-35) is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station.  It is located   south-southeast of Osceola, Wisconsin.  It was closed in 1975.

History
In late 1950 Air Defense Command selected the East Farmington, Wisconsin site as one of twenty-eight radar stations built as part of the second segment of the permanent radar surveillance network. Prompted by the start of the Korean War, on July 11, 1950, the Secretary of the Air Force asked the Secretary of Defense for approval to expedite construction of the second segment of the permanent network. Receiving the Defense Secretary's approval on July 21, the Air Force directed the Corps of Engineers to proceed with construction.

Construction of the station began in 1950 and was opened in June 1951.  The 674th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron was assigned and began operating a pair of AN/CPS-6B radars from the site. 261 enlisted and 33 officers were assigned, and initially the station functioned as a Ground-Control Intercept (GCI) and warning station.  As a GCI station, the squadron's role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit's radar scopes.   East Farmington was re-designated as Osceola Air Force Station on 1 December 1953.  The radars were retired at the end of the decade as an AN/FPS-7 search radar and two AN/FPS-6A height-finder radars were installed during 1959.

During 1959 Osceola AFS joined the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system, initially feeding data to DC-10 at Duluth AFS, Minnesota.  After joining, the squadron was re-designated as the 674th Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 15 July 1959, its direction and control duties taken over by DC-10.   The radar squadron provided information 24/7 to Duluth where it was analyzed to determine range, direction altitude speed and whether or not aircraft were friendly or hostile.   On 31 July 1963, Osceola was re-designated as NORAD ID Z-35.  In addition, the two height-finder radars were modified to AN/FPS-90 sets in 1963. One of the AN/FPS-90 was retired a few years later.

In addition to the main facility, Osceola operated the following AN/FPS-18 Gap Filler sites:
 Northfield, MN     (P-35B)
 Jim Falls, WI     (P-35C)
 La Crescent, MN    (P-35F)

Over the years, the equipment at the station was upgraded or modified to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the information gathered by the radars.

In November 1974 the Air Force announced that Osceola would be closing due to what was called "redundancies with more strategically located radars".  The 674th Radar Squadron (SAGE) was inactivated in March 1975 as part of a draw-down of ADC, and was closed on 30 April.

Today, Osceola Air Force Station is used as an Association Retreat Center.  Most of the buildings are in use and well-maintained.  The former radar towers are still standing.

Air Force units and assignments

Units
 674th Radar Squadron
 Constituted as the 674th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
 Activated on 8 October 1950
 Redesignated 674th Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 15 July 1959
 Redesignated 674th Radar Squadron on 1 February 1974
 Inactivated 31 March 1975

Assignments
 543d Aircraft Control and Warning Group, 18 October 1950
 37th Air Division, 1 January 1959
 30th Air Division, 1 April 1959
 Duluth Air Defense Sector, 1 July 1959
 29th Air Division, 1 April 1966
 34th Air Division, 15 September 1969
 29th Air Division, 14 November 1969
 23d Air Division, 19 November 1969 – 31 March 1975

See also
 United States general surveillance radar stations

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

 * Information for Osceola AFS, WI
 Further reading

Installations of the United States Air Force in Wisconsin
Buildings and structures in Polk County, Wisconsin
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment sites
Aerospace Defense Command military installations
1951 establishments in Wisconsin
Military installations established in 1951
Military installations closed in 1975
1975 disestablishments in Wisconsin

Osceola Air Force Station


Tyrone Nix (born September 30, 1972) is an American football coach who currently serves as defensive coordinator for the Tarleton State Texans. Nix is the former defensive coordinator for the Middle Tennessee football team, the former associate head coach and defensive coordinator for Ole Miss Rebels football, and the former defensive coordinator for the South Carolina Gamecocks and Southern Miss Golden Eagles. He is the brother of Derrick Nix, a former Southern Miss star and the current wide receivers coach at Ole Miss.

Playing career
Nix was a former starting linebacker. Following high school at Etowah High School in Attalla, Alabama, he went to the University of Southern Mississippi and played linebacker from 1990 through 1993.  He was named Golden Eagle team captain in 1993.  As a freshman, Nix was one of three freshmen to play in the 1990 All-American Bowl.  He was also named to the All-South team and National Independent team as both a junior and a senior.  In the year 1991, Nix became a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity through the Theta Eta chapter at the University of Southern Mississippi.

Coaching career

Southern Miss
In 2001, Nix became the defensive coordinator at Southern Miss at the age of 29, making him the youngest coordinator in Division I-A.  By 2003 he was a finalist for the Broyles Award, which recognizes the nation's top assistant coaches.

His impact as a defensive coordinator was immediately felt as he led the 2001 Golden Eagle defense, which had lost 7 starters from the previous season, to rankings of 8th in the nation in scoring defense and 11th in the nation in total defense.

In his first three years as defensive coordinator at USM, Coach Nix's defenses stayed in the top 15 nationally in scoring defense.

South Carolina
Coach Nix began his tenure at South Carolina in 2005 as co-defensive coordinator, sharing the responsibility with his long-time colleague John Thompson. Near the end of that season, impressed by Coach Nix's coaching prowess, Head Coach Steve Spurrier promoted him to sole defensive coordinator and assistant head coach. Prior to his promotion, the Gamecocks were giving up over 27 points per game.  After the promotion, and under Coach Nix's sole guidance, the USC defense held opponents to just 17 points per game and had wins over the University of Florida and the University of Tennessee which hadn't happened in over 20 years.

Ole Miss
On December 11, 2007, Nix accepted the job as defensive coordinator at the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss), to serve under new Ole Miss head coach Houston Nutt.

During the 2008 season, Nix had Ole Miss defense ranked among the national leaders in points per game (17.8, 14th in FBS,)  yards per game (204.8, 16th in FBS,) and ranked 5th nationally in total rushing yards (1020.)  The 2008 defense included firth team All-American DT Peria Jerry and third team DE Greg Hardy.  The season was capped off with a 47-34 win over Texas Tech in the Cotton Bowl and an 8-4 record.

Following the 2009 season, Houston Nutt promoted Nix to the role of assistant head coach after being nominated for the Frank Broyles Award.  Upon the hiring of Hugh Freeze as head coach of the Ole Miss Rebels on December 6, 2011, after Nutt was fired, Nix was dismissed as well.

Middle Tennessee
After interviewing with the Oklahoma Sooners, Nix was named co-defensive coordinator at Middle Tennessee State on February 22, 2012 under Rick Stockstill. Nix was fired December 28, 2016.

Texas A&M
Nix served as the senior defensive analyst for the Aggies in the 2017 season.

UTSA
On Feb. 3, 2020, Nix was named defensive coordinator and linebackers coach for the UTSA Roadrunners. UTSA placed him on leave on November 14 pending the results of an unspecified internal investigation. On February 7, 2021 it was reported Nix would not be retained following an investigation into violating university policy on inappropriate sexual conduct, though the University reinstated Nix on a 12 month notice on condition that he take a misconduct course upon his return.

References

External links
 UTSA profile

1972 births
Living people
American football linebackers
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football coaches
Ole Miss Rebels football coaches
South Carolina Gamecocks football coaches
Southern Miss Golden Eagles football coaches
Southern Miss Golden Eagles football players
Texas A&M Aggies football coaches
UTSA Roadrunners football coaches
Virginia Tech Hokies football coaches
People from Etowah County, Alabama
Players of American football from Alabama
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Tyrone Nix


The House of Grimaldi ( ,  also  ,  , ) is the current reigning house of the Principality of Monaco. The house was founded in 1160 by Grimaldo Canella in Genoa and became the ruling house of Monaco when Francesco Grimaldi captured Monaco in 1297.

Since then, every Prince of Monaco has been a member of the House of Grimaldi. However, since the 18th century the princes have been agnatic descendants of other families that have inherited through the female line and adopted the Grimaldi name. In 1715, Jacques Goyon de Matignon married the last Grimaldi agnatic heir. He  and his male line descendants,  adopting the Grimaldi name, ruled as princes of Monaco from 1731 to 1949. Since then, the princes have been male line descendants of the Polignac family. Rainier III, son of Pierre de Polignac, inherited the title through his mother in 1949 and adopted the Grimaldi name. During much of the Ancien Régime, the family resided in the French court, where from 1642 to 1715 they used the title of Duke of Valentinois.

The current head of the house is Albert II of Monaco, Sovereign Prince of Monaco, who is the son and successor of Prince Rainier III and the Princess consort Grace of Monaco, formerly known as Grace Kelly.

Beginnings in Genoa
The Grimaldis descend from Grimaldo, a Genoese consul who lived during the time of the early Crusades. He may have been a son of Otto Canella, an earlier consul of the Republic of Genoa. His numerous descendants led maritime expeditions throughout the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the North Sea. They quickly became one of the most powerful families of Genoa.

The Grimaldis feared that the head of a rival Genoese family could break the fragile balance of power in a coup and become lord of Genoa, as had happened in other Italian cities. They entered into a Guelphic alliance with the Fieschi family. In 1271, the Guelphs were banned from Genoa, and the Grimaldi took refuge in their castles in Liguria and Provence. They signed a treaty with Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily and Count of Provence to retake control of Genoa. In 1276, they accepted a peace under the auspices of the Pope, but the civil war continued. Not all the Grimaldis chose to return to Genoa and settled in their fiefdoms, where they could raise armies.

In 1299, the Grimaldis and their allies launched a few galleys to attack the port of Genoa before taking refuge on the Western Riviera. During the following years, the Grimaldis entered into different alliances that would allow them to return to power in Genoa. This time, it was the turn of their rivals, the Spinola family, to be exiled from the city. During this period, both the Guelphs and Ghibellines took and abandoned the castle of Monaco, which was ideally located to launch political and military operations against Genoa. Therefore, the tale of Francis Grimaldi and his faction – who took the castle of Monaco disguised as friars in 1297 – is largely anecdotal.

In the early 14th century, the Aragonese raided the shores of Provence and Liguria, challenging Genoa and King Robert of Provence. In 1353, the combined fleet of eighty Venetian and Aragonese galleys gathered in Sardinia to meet the fleet of sixty galleys under the command of Anthony Grimaldi. Only nineteen Genoese vessels survived the battle. Fearing an invasion, Genoa requested the protection of the Lord of Milan.

Several of the oldest feudal branches of the House of Grimaldi appeared during these conflicts, such as the branches of Antibes, Beuil, Nice, Puget, and Sicily. In 1395, the Grimaldis took advantage of the discords in Genoa to take possession of Monaco, which they then ruled as a condominium. This is the origin of today's principality.

As was customary in Genoa, the Grimaldis organised their family ties within a corporation called . In the political reform of 1528, the Grimaldi became one of the 28  of the Republic of Genoa, which included the Doria and Pallavicini families, and to which other families were formally invited to join. The House of Grimaldi provided several doges, cardinals, cabinet ministers, and military officers of historical note.

French influences

Provence became a part of the Kingdom of France from 1486, and occasionally the Grimaldi relied upon French support to preserve their independence from the Republic of Genoa and the Duchy of Savoy. In the process they married into the French nobility in the 1600s, inherited French estates, and often lived in Paris, latterly at the Hôtel Matignon, until the French Revolution of 1789. Monaco and the neighbouring County of Nice was taken by the revolutionary army in 1792, and were French-controlled until 1815. Nice passed back to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815; then it was ceded to France by the Treaty of Turin (1860). Monaco was re-established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, with a brief Italian occupation in 1940–43.

Modern succession
By convention, membership of sovereign European houses is through the male line. By that definition, from 1731 the French noble House of Goyon-Matignon ruled as Princes of Monaco until 1949.  However, one of the terms of James de Goyon de Matignon becoming Prince of Monaco jure uxoris was that he adopt the name and arms of Grimaldi so that the house would be preserved on the throne, and the right of succession was through his wife Louise-Hippolyte Grimaldi, who abdicated in her husband's favor. Similarly, when Charlotte Louvet was legitimised in 1911 and made successor to Monaco, her husband, Count Pierre de Polignac, adopted, as a condition of the marriage, the name and arms of Grimaldi, but from this moment all his direct descendants Grimaldi would also have the title of Counts of Polignac. In this way the "Grimaldi" name and arms were continued.

Until 2002, a treaty between Monaco and France stated that if the reigning Prince ever failed to leave dynastic offspring, then sovereignty over the Grimaldi realm would revert to France. The 2002 agreement modified this to expand the pool of potential heirs to dynastic collaterals of the reigning Prince (excluding adoptive heirs, hitherto allowed, e.g. Princess Charlotte and her descendants), guaranteeing Monegasque independence. Article I of Monaco's house law requires that the reigning Prince or Princess bear the surname of Grimaldi.

The coat of arms of the House of Grimaldi is simply described as fusily argent and gules, i.e., a red and white diamond pattern, with no further modifiers.

Main living members
 Albert II of Monaco, Sovereign Prince of Monaco, son and successor of Rainier III and Grace Kelly.
 Charlène de Monaco, Princess Consort of Monaco.
 Jazmin Grace Grimaldi, daughter of Albert II and stepdaughter Charlene.
 Alexandre Grimaldi-Coste, son of Albert II and stepson Charlene.
 Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco, Marquis of Baux, Count of Polignac, son of Albert II and Charlène.
 Princess Gabriella, Countess of Carladès, Mademoiselle of Polignac, daughter of Albert II and Charlène.
 Caroline, Princess of Hanover, Mademoiselle of Polignac, older sister of Albert II and Stéphanie.
 Andrea Casiraghi, Charlotte Casiraghi, and Pierre Casiraghi, children of Caroline and her late husband, Stefano Casiraghi.
 Princess Alexandra of Hanover, daughter of Caroline and her present husband, Ernst August, Prince of Hanover.
 Princess Stéphanie of Monaco, Mademoiselle of Polignac, younger sister of Albert II and Caroline.
 Louis Robert Paul Ducruet, Pauline Grace Maguy Ducruet, and Camille Marie Kelly Gottlieb, children of Stéphanie.
 Christian Louis de Massy, cousin of Albert II. Married four times and with offspring.

Family tree

Select list of Grimaldis

 Grimaldo Canella, consul of the Republic of Genoa, founder of this House
 Hubert Grimaldi, first to bear the Grimaldi patronymic name
 Luca Grimaldi, troubadour and podestà of Milan and Ventimiglia
 Rainier I, lord of Cagnes, admiral of France
 Charles I, lord of Monaco, Cagnes, and Menton
 Anthony, lord of Monaco, admiral of Genoa
 Luc and Marc Grimaldi of Antibes, lords of Menton, Cagnes, and Antibes
 Lamberto Grimaldi and Claudia of Monaco
 Augustin, archbishop
 Nicolas, prince of Salerno
 Louis I, prince of Monaco, ambassador of Louis IV
 Girolamo (died 1543). Created a Cardinal in 1527. He married Francisca Cattaneo of Genoese and had five children. After her death he entered holy orders. He was a Senator of Genoa.
 Domenico, Archbishop of Avignon and uncle of Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni (see below)
 Girolamo (1597–1683). Cardinal and Archbishop of Aix
 Elena Grimaldi, painted by Anthony van Dyck
 Girolamo (1674–1733). Created a Cardinal 1731
 Alexander, doge of Genoa
 John Baptist, doge of Genoa
 Peter Francis, doge of Genoa
 Honoré II, Prince of Monaco (1597–1662)
 Jacques François Leonor Grimaldi. Prince of Monaco and father of Honoré III, Prince of Monaco
 Nicola (1645–1717). Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of 17 May 1706
 Jerónimo Grimaldi, 1st Duke of Grimaldi (1710-1789)
 Louise-Hippolyte, Princess of Monaco - mother of Honoré III, Prince of Monaco
 Honoré III, Prince of Monaco (1720–1795)
 Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco (1758–1819)
 Honoré V, Prince of Monaco (1778–1841)
 Florestan I, Prince of Monaco (1785–1856)
 Charles III, Prince of Monaco (1818–1889)
 Albert I, Prince of Monaco (1848–1922)
 Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1870–1949)
 Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois (1898–1977)
 Prince Pierre, Count of Polignac (1895–1964)
 Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (1923–2005)
 Princess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy (1920–2011)
 Caroline Louise Marguerite Grimaldi (born 1957)
 Albert II, Prince of Monaco (born 1958)
 Stéphanie Marie Elisabeth Grimaldi (born 1965)
 Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco (born 2014)
 Princess Gabriella, Countess of Carladès (born 2014)

See also
 Line of succession to the Monegasque throne
 Prince's Palace of Monaco
 Monegasque Princely Family
 House of Goyon de Matignon
 House of Polignac

References and further reading

 Edwards, Anne. The Grimaldis of Monaco. William Morrow, 1992.
 Maclaga, Michael and Louda, Jiri. LINES OF SUCCESSION; Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe. MacDonald & Co., 1981; Little, Brown & Co., 1999; Time Warner Books, UK, 2002
 Maurizio Ulino, L'Età Barocca dei Grimaldi di Monaco nel loro Marchesato di Campagna, Giannini editore, Napoli 2008.

External links
 Grimaldi family tree
 Grimaldi Family of Sicily

History of Monaco
Republic of Genoa families
Italian noble families
Roman Catholic families
Lists of Monegasque people
Monegasque families

House of Grimaldi


Alan J Smith OBE (born 1949) is a retired English architect who established redboxdesign group, responsible for many notable buildings in England, it is headquartered in Newcastle upon Tyne. The practice has completed projects throughout Europe.

Smith is the founding chairman of BALTIC, the Centre for Contemporary Art on Gateshead Quays.

In 2006 he was awarded an OBE for services to architecture, in 2008 was appointed Deputy Lord Lieutenant of the County of Durham and in 2012 he was appointed a Freeman of Gateshead.

Biography
Smith was born in County Durham in 1949. He was educated at the Johnston Grammar School in Durham before going on to study architecture at Newcastle University. After spending his intermediary year working for the Local Authority and after completing his second architecture degree, he cut his teeth on major urban regeneration projects at Washington New Town and became a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1976.

Smith moved into private practice in 1979 where worked on large residential urban regeneration projects in and around Newcastle upon Tyne before founding the Alan J Smith Partnership in 1985. He developed relationships with blue chip clients, and set up a London office in 1987 on the back of significant residential projects in Chelsea and the London Docklands working for both private and housing association clients. His first notable work in the commercial office and design and research sectors came with appointments from Abbey National, Northern Rock, Obayashi, Ikeda, Nissan European Technology, Goldstar, British Gas Energy Centres, and Benetton Formula 1. The practice set up an office Amsterdam in 1992. Smith visited Japan in October 1991 as the only British representative on the Dutch-Japanese Trade Mission led by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands to meet with the Emperor of Japan Akihito, to celebrate 400 years of trade between the two countries.

Red Box Design Group

In 1996, before 'mixed use' really came into wide use, Smith bought and developed the listed neo-classical Post Office Headquarters in the centre of Newcastle to satisfy the need for an expanding workload. This development provided the foundation of redboxdesign group in 2000. The building was seen as the first real mixed-use scheme in the North of England and remains the headquarters for the practice to this day.

The development has been praised by the Duke of Gloucester in his role as an English Heritage Commissioner:

"It is so easy for developers to send in the bulldozers to start work with a clean sheet of paper, but it requires special courage to see a building for what it is, and to see that it is wasteful both in terms of materials to do this, and that it also breaks down the cohesion of a City to have its history removed simply for administrative convenience. The other thing of course, is that to make an old building work, you have to think harder and it is the architect's prerogative to say that thinking always gives value for money and that there is always a better way of doing almost anything you think of if you consider it a bit harder".

In 2000 Smith assumed the position of chairman of redboxdesign group. The change of name saw the business develop further. Work with Northern Rock as well as with Sunderland Football Club, Durham County Cricket Club, Hilton International and Radisson Hotels. Expansion also included work in Moscow for Yukos Oil, designing for them a new research and development facility for nanotechnology.

Present day

Work in recent years has included major projects in all sectors from the first 'Excellent' rated BREEAM 50m swimming pool in the world; the one million sqft commercial office development at Quorum Business Park and a £35m higher education facility for Gateshead College. Work in the hospitality sector also continued with a £28m four star hotel for Radisson SAS, located next to Durham Cathedral, and the 260 bed hotel for Hilton in Gateshead adjacent to the Tyne Bridge.

Throughout his professional career, Smith has been responsible for the design and construction of over  of space including 4,000 homes;  of commercial offices;  of industrial and  of sport, leisure and hospitality.

In 2008 Smith handed over the £105m development of St George's Park National Football Centre to the English Football Association, creating England's first National Football Centre at Burton upon Trent. The development, completed on time and within budget will be home to all 24 of the England National Teams and a destination for the training of players, coaches, referees, and football administrators in a campus style development in the heart of the National Forest. Ultimately it will become a 'University of Football'.

In November 2012 redboxdesign group won the Best Professional Service Business Serving Football award at 2012 Football Business Awards.

The scheme includes twelve pitches, a full-size indoor football pitch, an all-purpose indoor sports hall. Accommodation also includes a Hilton dual branded 230 bed hotel, with conferencing, banqueting, leisure club and spa; education facilities, lecture theatres and a sports science and sports medicine centre run by PERFORM a division of SPIRE.

Other projects

In addition to the National Football Centre, Smith has recently been involved in other projects:

 New and Renewable Energy Centre, (NaREC) along the riverside in Byth which will become the centre of the new off-shore wind turbine industry of the North East Coast of England.
 Schools at Brandon and Esh Winning in County Durham, opened this Easter and are the country's first schools classified as 'Outstanding' under BREEAM guidelines – achieving a 90 per cent reduction in carbon footprint compared to 2002 Building Regulations.
 Quorum Business Park, RICS Enterprise Award Winning scheme for over  of high quality office space in landscaped masterplan.
 Sunderland A.F.C. training academy for the English Premiership club including a full size indoor pitch – the first in the UK to be granted planning permission in a green belt of the Great North Forest.
 Bolton Wanderers F. C. Master Plan on land surrounding stadium.
 Sandfields – 200 houses and apartments in Nottingham, for UKR, a new regeneration company set up by Jacke Sadek to fund private sector rented accommodation
 Two more Hilton branded hotels, one a Garden Inn and the other a Hampton by Hilton.
 New Sports and Performing Arts buildings for Sunderland College.
 A new three court basketball stadium for the Newcastle Eagles Community Foundation
 The Design Centre North in Gateshead has just been completed and provides an opportunity for emerging and nascent businesses involved in all aspects of the design industry.

In 2012, working with government officials, local design institutes and developers, redbox were involved in multimillion-pound projects in Hunan Province, particularly in the cities of Changsha, Zhuzhuo and the new town of Yunlong. Schemes included technology parks, office, commercial and heritage projects varying in size up to 5,000,000 square feet.
Smith has been invited to become a visiting professor at the leading university in South West China, a post he will take up in September 2012.

Smith is also working with artists in Szechuan, where he is developing an agency to export works by nascent Chinese artists into the western art market, at the same time he intends to open a contemporary art gallery in Chongqing.

Outside of architecture

In 2010 he won a silver medal for his first ever garden design commissioned by Gateshead Borough Council and Great North Run at the Chelsea Flower Show.

In 1989, encouraged by Eddie Jordan who in the late 80's dominated British motor sport and won the European Formula 3000 Championship, Smith entered the world of motor racing ownership and management founding TEAM AJS F3000, running with Ricard Rydell, a young Swedish driver, working with race engineer Paul Crosby (who had worked previously with both Jean Alesi and David Couthard). The team won at Brands Hatch, the first race they contested. Over a five-year period Smith's team enjoyed success with drivers from Sweden, Brazil, Argentina, Denmark, consistently winning races, 'fastest lap' and pole position records.

Smith spent five years on the Board of Northern Arts playing a key part in converting the landscape of North East England into an 'open air' gallery with works commissioned and installed throughout the region by major international artists such as Claes Oldenburg, Jaun Munoz, Antony Gormley and James Turrell.

Whilst at Northern Arts, he also helped to establish Commissions North, an agency for commissioning both private and public sector art works, securing works valued at over £1m in the first year.

1998 saw him appointed chairman of the BALTIC Visual Arts Trust, tasked with delivering and establishing a £46m contemporary arts facility in Gateshead. Twice the size of the Hayward gallery, the project is the largest art space outside London and the largest arts lottery funded project in the UK. It was opened in 2002 by Her Majesty the Queen and attracted over one million visitors in the first year. Smith stood down in 2003 having consolidated the organisation, and BALTIC continues to be regarded as one of the finest contemporary arts spaces outside London, still attracting over 400,000 visitors a year.

Other notable charity roles see Smith on the boards of Great North Art Affair, Great North Culture Programme, Academy 360 and the Maggie's Centre for cancer care and support.
Smith has also received much recognition for his active support of education through University and Grammar School Bursaries; primary and secondary school mentoring, as well significant financial donations to assist individual students from financially challenged backgrounds, especially those wishing to take up a career in the visual or applied arts.

Smith is a member of the Institute of Directors, the Reform Club and The Royal Automobile Club in London.

Recognition and honours

1992	Elected Fellow of the Chartered Society of Designers.
2006	Awarded an O.B.E., for services to architecture.
2008	Awarded Honorary Doctorate in Business Administration by Sunderland University.
2008	Appointed Deputy Lord Lieutenant of the County of Durham.
2011	Elected Fellow of the Royal Society, F.R.S.A.
2012 Awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Gateshead "In recognition of his distinguished services to culture, architecture and development, regionally, nationally and internationally and particular for his exceptional role as the first Chairman of the Baltic Trust". He is one of only 20 to receive such an honour since the borough was established in 1835.

Personal life

Smith married Ellen in 1972 and together they have one son, Elliot who was educated at Durham Chorister School, The Royal Grammar, Newcastle upon Tyne, and York University, where he read psychology. The family currently live on a small country estate on the outskirts of Durham City, and split their time between Durham and their other home in Chelsea.

Smith is a qualified pilot, plays the drums, sails, gardens and collects cars. He also mentors young emerging artists and designers.

References

External links

redbox design group
 Profile: Alan Smith – the Gordon Ramsay of the arts world, The Telegraph, 29 March 2007
 Press Launch St George's Park – FA TV, 19Jan10
 Housing Crisis Could Be Good For Us- BQ (Business Quarterly), Issue 3 October 2008

Alumni of Newcastle University
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
1949 births
20th-century English architects
Architects from County Durham

Alan J. Smith (architect)


The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military conflict between India and Pakistan. Lasting just 13 days, it is considered one of the shortest wars in history.

During the war, Indian and Pakistani forces fought on the eastern and western fronts. The war effectively came to an end after the Eastern Command of the Pakistani Armed Forces signed the Instrument of Surrender (1971) on December 16, 1971. After the surrender, East Pakistan seceded as the independent state of Bangladesh. Around 97,368 West Pakistanis who were in East Pakistan at the time of its independence, including some 79,700 Pakistan Army soldiers and paramilitary personnel and 12,500 civilians, were taken as prisoners of war by India.

Western and Soviet involvement

The Soviet Union sided with the Bangladeshis, and supported the Indian Army and Mukti Bahini during the war. The Soviets thought that the independence of Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals—the United States and China. The USSR gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed, it would take counter-measures. This assurance was enshrined in the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty signed in August 1971.

The United States supported Pakistan politically and with supplies. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger feared Soviet expansion into South and Southeast Asia. Pakistan was a close ally of the People's Republic of China, with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochement. Nixon was planning to visit China in February 1972. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of West Pakistan would give the Soviets control over the region. It would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China. In order to demonstrate to China the bona fides of the United States as an ally, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through Jordan and Iran, while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan. The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the "genocidal" activities of the Pakistani Army in East Pakistan, most notably the Blood telegram. This prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by Congress and in the international press.
The United States introduced a resolution in the UN Security Council calling for a cease-fire and the withdrawal of armed forces by India and Pakistan. It was vetoed by the Soviet Union. In the following days Nixon and Kissinger tried to get India to withdraw, but they did not succeed.

President Nixon requested Iran and Jordan to send their F-86, F-104 and F-5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan.

When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal. The Enterprise and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971. According to a Russian documentary, the United Kingdom deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle to the Bay.

On 6 December and 13 December, the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers and a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok; they trailed U.S. Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by USS Enterprise task force in the Indian Ocean.

References

Wars involving India
1971 in Pakistan
Wars involving Pakistan
1971 in Bangladesh
1970s in India
1970s conflicts

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971


This is a list of notable punk rock bands (letters L through Z). The bands listed have played some type of punk music at some point in their career, although they may have also played other styles. Bands who played in a style that influenced early punk rock—such as garage rock and protopunk—but never played punk rock themselves, should not be on this list. Bands who created a new genre that was influenced by (but is not a subgenre of) punk rock—such as alternative rock, crossover thrash, grunge, metalcore, new wave, and post-punk—but never played punk rock, should not be listed either.

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

 L

List of punk rock bands, L–Z


The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics is a human genetics research centre of the Nuffield Department of Medicine in the Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, funded by the Wellcome Trust among others.

Facilities & resources
The centre is located at the Henry Wellcome Building of Genomic Medicine, which cost £20 million and was officially opened in June 2000 with Anthony Monaco as the director.

Within the WHG a number of 'cores' provide services to the researchers:

Oxford Genomics Centre
The Oxford Genomics Centre provides high throughput sequencing services, using Illumina HiSeq4000 2500 and NextSeq500 and MiSeq. They also offer Oxford Nanopore MinION and PromethION sequencing. There are also Array platforms for genotyping, gene expression, and methylation including Illuminia Infinium, Affymetrix and Fluidigm.

Research Computing Core
The Research Computing Core provides access to computer resources including 4120 cores and 4.2 PB of storage.

Transgenics
The Transgenics Core provides access to genetically modified mice and cell lines.

Cellular Imaging
Cellular Imaging Core provides microscopy facilities including fluorescence microscopy (including Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), Fluorescence Lifetime Correlation Spectroscopy (FLCS), Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM), Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRF), Photoactivated Localisation Microscopy (PALM), Spectral Imaging (SI) and Single Particle Tracking (SPT).

Research

Statistical and population genetics
The WHG has been involved in many international statistical genetics advances including the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortia (WTCCC, WTCCC2), the 1000 Genomes Project and the International HapMap Project.

References

1994 establishments in England
Biotechnology in the United Kingdom
Departments of the University of Oxford
Educational institutions established in 1994
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Genetics or genomics research institutions
Research institutes in Oxford
Wellcome Trust
Medical research institutes in the United Kingdom
Human genetics

Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics


The Rings of Saturn ( - An English Pilgrimage) is a 1995 novel by the German writer W. G. Sebald. Its first-person narrative arc is the account by a nameless narrator (who resembles the author in typical Sebaldian fashion) on a walking tour of Suffolk. In addition to describing the places he sees and people he encounters, including translator Michael Hamburger, Sebald discusses various episodes of history and literature, including the introduction of silkworm cultivation to Europe, and the writings of Thomas Browne, which attach in some way to the larger text. The book was published in English in 1998.

Genre and content
Combining the details of a walking tour with meditations prompted by places and people encountered on that tour, The Rings of Saturn was called "a hybrid of a bookfiction, travel, biography, myth, and memoir".

Themes and style
Themes in the book are those treated in Sebald's other books: time, memory, and identity. According to Patrick Lennon's "In the Weaver's Web" (and Mark McCulloh's Understanding W. G. Sebald), The Rings of Saturn merges the identities of the Sebaldian narrator with that of Michael HamburgerSebald and Hamburger both being German writers who moved to England and shared other important experiences. What's more, Hamburger's identity becomes fused with that of Friedrich Hölderlin, and the merging is emphasized by Sebald's (typical) omission of quotation marks for quotations, further eroding the separation of speakers in Sebald's account of the narrator's recollection of Hamburger's recollection. The significance of time's passage, and the distances between the past, present and future, are also eroded. Sebald flattens the temporal hierarchy of meaning, by giving equal significance to historical and modern events. According to Anne-Laure Fortin-Tournès' "The Ruin of Kairos" 'Sebald's intermedial narrative is ruination at work, but ruination as a preliminary to the experience of kairos, i.e. to the experience of an epiphanic sense of presence to the nature of our time-being, during which it is time itself that becomes an event.' As in all his novels, Sebald writes in very long, complex sentences. The German original is written in a curiously quaint and somewhat precious and old-fashioned language that often disregards the common placement of German verbs at the end of sentences and instead puts them in unusual places.

Title
The title of the book may be associated with thematic content contained in the two passagesone appearing as part of the book's epigraph, the other in the fourth chapter, which mentions Saturnhinting at both astronomical and mythological associations for Sebald's use of the word:

The rings of Saturn consist of ice crystals and probably meteorite particles describing circular orbits around the planet's equator.  In all likelihood these are fragments of a former moon that was too close to the planet and was destroyed by its tidal effect.

As I sat there in Southwold overlooking the German Ocean, I sensed a quite clearly the earth's slow turning into the dark.  The huntsmen are up in America, wrote Thomas Browne in the Garden of Cyrus and they are already past their first sleep in Persia.  The shadow of the night is drawn like a black veil across the earth, and since almost all creatures, from one meridian to the next, lie down after the sun has set, so, he continues, one might, in following the setting sun, see on our globe nothing but prone bodies, row upon row, as if leveled by the scythe of Saturnan endless graveyard for a humanity struck by falling sickness.

Editions

Adaptations
The 2012 film, Patience (After Sebald), directed by Grant Gee is based on the book.

Further reading

References

External links
Itinerary of The Rings of Saturn (wgsebald.de)

German novels adapted into films
Travel autobiographies
Novels by W. G. Sebald
1995 German novels
Novels set in Suffolk
Books about England

The Rings of Saturn


Cameron Wilberforce Smith (born 29 July 1933) is a former West Indian international cricketer who played in five Test matches from 1960 to 1962.

Smith attended Harrison College in Bridgetown. At the age of 18 he made 80 on his first-class debut, batting at number three for Barbados against British Guiana in 1951–52. In his next match, against Jamaica, he made 140, putting on 243 for the second wicket with Conrad Hunte in an innings victory. He appeared regularly for Barbados through the 1950s as an opener or number three, scoring 116 against Jamaica in 1958 in a match in which he also kept wicket (and took six catches).

He toured Australia with the West Indies in 1960–61, making his Test debut as an opener in the First Test in Brisbane, scoring 7 and 6. He was omitted from the Second Test but returned for the Third, scoring 16 and 55, and putting on 101 with Frank Worrell in "a delightful fourth-wicket century partnership in sixty-seven minutes". West Indies won by 222 runs. It remained his only fifty in Tests. In the final two Tests of the series he scored 28, 46, 11 and 37, when he "hooked the second ball from Misson over fine leg for six and he and Hunte had 50 on the board in as many minutes".

Smith began the 1961–62 season with 127, putting on 244 for the first wicket with Hunte against Jamaica. He played in the First Test against India, scoring 12 and 4 not out, and stumping Rusi Surti while substituting behind the stumps for Jackie Hendriks. But he lost his opening position to Easton McMorris for the Second Test, and played no further Tests.

He equalled his top score in 1962–63 when he made 140 against Trinidad and put on 318 for the second wicket with Seymour Nurse. He played in three first-class matches for Sir Frank Worrell's XI at the end of the 1964 English season, and one match for a Commonwealth XI in India in 1964-65 before retiring from first-class cricket. He played a few matches for the International Cavaliers in England in 1965, 1966 and 1967.

He worked as an insurance salesman. He later managed several West Indian teams, and also refereed 42 Tests and 118 ODIs between 1993 and 2002.

References

External links

1933 births
Living people
West Indies Test cricketers
Barbadian cricketers
Barbadian cricket umpires
Barbados cricketers
Commonwealth XI cricketers
International Cavaliers cricketers
People educated at Harrison College (Barbados)
Cricket match referees
Wicket-keepers

Cammie Smith


Sir Samuel Barnardiston, 1st Baronet (1620–1707) was an English Whig Member of Parliament and deputy governor of the East India Company. He was the defendant in some high-profile legal cases and involved in a highly contentious parliamentary election.

Life
Born 23 June 1620, he was the third son of Sir Nathaniel Barnardiston and Jane (née Soame) Barnardiston. He joined the London apprentices in 1640 in the rioting that took place at Westminster on the appointment of Colonel Thomas Lunsford as constable of the Tower of London. According to an anecdote of Paul de Rapin, Barnardiston's prominence in the crowd of apprentices with distinctive haircuts on this occasion gave rise to the political use of the word Roundhead, when Queen Henrietta Maria called out "See what a handsome young Roundhead is there!"

Barnardiston became a Levant merchant, and in 1649 and 1650 he was residing at Smyrna as agent for the Levant Company, in whose service he became rich. He took no active part in the civil wars, but passed time during the Protectorate in Suffolk. At Brightwell, near Ipswich, he purchased a large estate, and built a large house known as Brightwell Hall. Barnardiston's household had a Puritan chaplain; in 1663 he engaged Robert Franklyn. He opposed the high-church party in his neighbourhood, and in June 1667 reported to the council that Captain Nathaniel Daryll, commanding a regiment stationed at Ipswich, was a suspected papist.

In 1660 Barnardiston welcomed the Restoration and was rewarded by a knighthood, and in 1663 by a baronetcy. He was appointed High Sheriff of Suffolk for 1666–67.

In 1661 he was on the committee of the East India Company; from 1668 to 1670 he was deputy-governor, and came prominently before the public in Skinner's Case. Thomas Skinner, an independent English merchant, had had his ships confiscated by the company's agents for infringing its trading monopolies in India. Skinner appealed for redress to the House of Lords, which had awarded him £5,000 damages against the company. Sir Samuel, on behalf of the East India corporation, then presented a petition to the House of Commons against the action of the lords, and the lower house voted (2 May 1668) Skinner's complaint and the proceedings of the lords illegal. On 8 May Barnardiston was summoned to the bar of the upper house and invited to admit himself guilty of a scandalous libel against the house. He declined, was ordered upon his knees, and sentenced to a fine of £300, and to be imprisoned till the money was paid. Parliament was adjourned the same day. He refused to comply and was committed to the custody of the usher of the black rod, in whose hands he remained until 10 August following, when he was suddenly released without any explanation of the step being given. On 19 October 1669, at the first meeting of a new session of parliament, Barnardiston was called to the bar of the House of Commons, and there invited to describe the indignities which the lords had put upon him. The Commons voted the proceedings against him subversive of their rights and privileges. The Lords refused at first to vacate their action in the matter, and the quarrel between the Houses continued till December; but finally both houses yielded to the suggestion of the king to expunge from their journals the entries relating to the incident.

Political career
In 1672 the death of Sir Henry North, 1st Baronet created a vacancy in the representation of Suffolk, and Barnardiston was the candidate chosen by the Whigs. The election was viewed as a trial of strength; Dissenters and the commercial classes supported Sir Samuel, and he gained seventy-eight votes more than his opponent, Lord Huntingtower. But Sir William Soame, the sheriff of Suffolk, was well-disposed to the losing candidate, and on the ground that Sir Samuel's supporters comprised many about whose right to vote he was in doubt, he sent up to the Commons a double return announcing the names of the two candidates, and leaving the House to decide their rights to the seat. Each candidate petitioned the house to amend the return in his interest; and after both petitions had been referred to a committee, Sir Samuel was declared duly elected, and took his seat. But these proceedings did not satisfy Barnardiston. He brought an action in the King's Bench against the sheriff, Soame, to recover damages for malicious behaviour towards him, and Soame was placed under arrest. The case was heard before Lord Chief Justice Matthew Hale on 13 November 1674, and judgment, with £800 damages, was given in favour of the plaintiff. By a writ of error the proceedings were afterwards transferred to the Exchequer Chamber, and there, by the verdict of six judges out of eight, the result of the first trial was reversed. In 1689 Sir Samuel, after renewing his complaint in the Commons, carried the action to the House of Lords. In the interval Soame had died, and his widow was now made the defendant. The lords heard the arguments of both parties in the middle of June, but they finally resolved to affirm the judgment of the Exchequer Chamber. The final judgment gave the House of Commons an exclusive right to determine the legality of the returns to their chamber, and of the conduct of returning officers. The two most elaborate judgments delivered in the case—that of Sir Robert Atkyns, one of the two judges who supported Sir Samuel in the Exchequer Chamber, and that of Lord North on the other side in the House of Lords, who, as attorney-general Sir Francis North, had been counsel for the defendant in the lower court—were published in 1689, and were frequently reprinted. The case was popularly viewed at the time as a political trial, and is given partisan commentary by Roger North, the Tory historian, in his Examen. North declares that Barnardiston throughout the proceedings sought the support of "the rabble", and pursued Soame with vindictiveness, in the first instance by making him bankrupt after the trial in the King's Bench, and in the second by sending the case to the House of Lords after his death.

The proceedings made Sir Samuel's seat in parliament secure for many years. He was again returned for Suffolk to the parliaments of 1678, 1679, and 1680, and to William III's parliaments of 1690, 1695, 1698, and 1701. Throughout his career he steadily supported the Whigs. In 1681 he was foreman of the grand jury of Middlesex which threw out the bill of high treason against the Earl of Shaftesbury. In 1683 he openly expressed his dissatisfaction with the proceedings that had followed the discovery of the Rye House Plot; but on 28 February 1684 he was summoned to take his trial for libel as 'being of a factious, seditious, and disaffected temper,' and having 'caused several letters to be written and published' reflecting on the king and officers of state. Two of the four letters which formed the basis of the charge were privately addressed to a Suffolk friend, Sir Philip Skippon, and the others to a linendraper of Ipswich and to a gentleman of Brightwell, with both of whom Sir Samuel was intimate. They contained sentences favouring William Russell, Lord Russell and Algernon Sydney, and stating that 'the papists and high tories are quite down in the mouth,' and that 'Sir George [Jeffreys] is grown very humble;' and on these words the accusation was founded. George Jeffreys, who had a personal concern in the matter, tried the case, and directed the jury to return a verdict of guilty on the ground that the act of sending the letters was itself seditious, and that there was no occasion to adduce evidence to prove a seditious intent. An arrest of judgment was moved for, and it was not till 19 April 1684 that Jeffreys pronounced sentence. A fine of £10,000 was imposed. Barnardiston resisted payment, and was imprisoned until June 1688, when he paid £6,000, and was released on giving a bond for the residue. The whole case was debated in the House of Lords, 16 May 1689, and Jeffreys's judgment reversed. An account of the trial was published in 1684.

Barnardiston took little in parliament as a speaker, but his financial ability was recognised. In 1690 he was nominated a member of the commission appointed to audit and control the public accounts, which discovered many frauds and embezzlements, and first effectively supervised the expenditure of the public money. In 1691 a quarrel with Sir Josiah Child, governor of the East India Company, caused him to retire from the management, and afterwards to withdraw the money he had invested in its stocks. The dispute was over party politics, Child being an adherent of the Tories, who were at the time in a majority on the board of directors. In 1697 Sir Samuel narrowly escaped imprisonment for a third time on disobeying the instructions of the House of Commons when deputed by them to attend a conference with the House of Lords for the purpose of regulating the importation of East India silk.

He retired from parliament in 1702, at the age of 82, and died, 8 November 1707, at his house in Bloomsbury Square, London.

Family
He was twice married, (1) to Thomasine, daughter of Joseph Brand of Edwardstone, Suffolk, and (2) to Mary, daughter of Sir Abraham Reynardson, lord mayor of London. He had no children, and his nephew, Samuel, son of his eldest brother Nathaniel, succeeded to his title and estate, and died on 3 January 1710. Another nephew, Pelatiah, brother of the second baronet, was third baronet for little more than two years, dying on 4 May 1712. On the death a few months later (21 September 1712) of the fourth baronet, Nathaniel, son of Pelatiah Barnardiston, the first baronet's youngest brother, the baronetcy became extinct. Sir Samuel's house, Brightwell Hall, was pulled down in 1753.

References

1620 births
1707 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
People of the Rye House Plot
English merchants
Directors of the British East India Company
English MPs 1661–1679
English MPs 1679
English MPs 1680–1681
English MPs 1690–1695
English MPs 1695–1698
English MPs 1698–1700
English MPs 1701
High Sheriffs of Suffolk
Samuel
English politicians convicted of crimes

Sir Samuel Barnardiston, 1st Baronet


Arnače () is a village in the Municipality of Velenje in northern Slovenia. It lies in the Ložnica Hills () south of the town of Velenje. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The entire municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Giles () and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maribor. It was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1365. Parts of the church were rebuilt in the mid 17th century and the early 18th century.

References

External links

Arnače on Geopedia

Populated places in the City Municipality of Velenje

Arnače


Eugène Lapierre (8 June 1899 – 21 October 1970) was a Canadian organist, composer, journalist, writer on music, arts administrator, and music educator. He was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal in 1935 and the King George VI Coronation Medal in 1937. In 1963 he was named Chevalier of the Order of Malta and in 1966 he received the Bene merenti de patria from the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society. He is the great uncle of composer Yves Lapierre.

Life and career
Born in Montreal, Lapierre received his earliest musical education at Saint Brigid's Church in his native city where he was a pupil of choirmaster Lucien Perreault. He then studied the organ with Étienne Guillet and worked as an accompanist at the Royal Military College Saint-Jean. He entered the École des Hautes Études Commerciales where he earned a degree in 1922.

From 1924–1928 Lapierre studied in Paris through a grant from the Canadian government, first at the Institut Grégorien where he earned a diploma in 1926 and then at the Schola cantorum where he earned a diploma in 1928. Among his teachers in Paris were Georges Caussade (composition), Vincent d'Indy (composition), Marcel Dupré (organ and improvisation), Simone Plé-Caussade (piano), and P. Sylva Hérard (piano). He went on to earn a diploma in journalism and Doctor of Music (1930) from the Université de Montréal, after which he worked as a journalist for La Patrie. While writing for that newspaper he continued to study the organ with Benoît Poirier.

During the 1920s and 1930s Lapierre served as organist for several churches in Montreal, including Saint-Philomène de Rosemont, Saint-Denis, and Saint-Jacques (1922-4 and 1928–36). From 1936–1944 he was organist at Saint-Stanislas-de-Kostka and from 1944–70 he served in that position at Saint-Alphonse-d'Youville. In 1921 he was appointed secretary of the Conservatoire national de musique and was later appointed the school's director in 1927, a post he held up until his death in 1970. Among his notable pupils are Gaston Allaire, Émilien Allard, Françoise Aubut, Pierre Brabant, Albertine Caron-Legris, Alfred Mignault, Colombe Pelletier, and Édouard Woolley.

References

1899 births
1970 deaths
Canadian arts administrators
Canadian male composers
Canadian writers about music
Canadian organists
Male organists
Academic staff of the Conservatoire national de musique
Canadian music educators
Journalists from Montreal
Musicians from Montreal
Université de Montréal alumni
Academic staff of the Royal Military College Saint-Jean
Pupils of Vincent d'Indy
Writers from Montreal
20th-century Canadian composers
20th-century organists
20th-century Canadian male musicians

Eugène Lapierre


Nigigoonsiminikaaning First Nation, formerly known as the Nicickousemenecaning First Nation and as the Red Gut First Nation, is a Saulteaux First Nation band government who inhabit the banks of Rainy Lake of the Rainy River District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada.  As of January, 2008, the First Nation had a population of 290 registered people. As of 2017, it has approximately 130 on-reserve members.

Name
The name Nigigoonsiminikaaning can mean "Place abundant with little otters" but the intended meaning is "Place abundant with Little-Otter berries"—nigigoonsimin (Little-Otter berry) being the Ojibwe word for sand cherry (Prunus pumila). Due to the First Nation's main reserve Rainy Lake 26A located on Red Gut Bay of Rainy Lake, Nigigoonsiminikaaning was also known as the "Red Gut Band" and later as "Red Gut First Nation".

Governance
The First Nation have an electoral system of government, consisting of a Chief and three Councillors forming their council.  Chief Will Windigo, and Councillors Don Jones, Clayton Windigo and Sue Boshey are serving their two-year term that began on in June 2014.

The First Nation is a member of the Pwi-Di-Goo-Zing Ne-Yaa-Zhing Advisory Services, a regional Chiefs Council, which in turn is a member of the Grand Council of Treaty 3, a Tribal Political Organization serving many of the First Nations in northwest Ontario and southeast Manitoba.

History
Seven Generations Education Institute (SGEI) is an Aboriginal-owned and controlled post-secondary institution co-founded by the ten bands in the Rainy Lake Tribal area in 1985. The ten bands are: Big Grassy, Big Island, Couchiching, Lac La Croix, Naicatchewenin, Nicickousemenecaning, Ojibways of Onigaming, Rainy River, Seine River and Mitaanjigaming. Each of the ten bands appointed one member to a board of directors of Seven Generations Education Institute, which functions with the leadership of the executive director.

Services
The community has its own voluntary and paid positions in their community organizations, including a volunteer fire department, First Responder team, Recreation, Education, Housing and Economic Development committees.  The Band Administration services the community in the areas of community health, education, social services, housing and economic development.  In addition, the First Nation has also made arrangements with the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis to set up seasonal language camps at the mouth of the Ottertail River.

Reserves
The First Nation have reserved themselves four Indian reserves:
  Rainy Lake 26A, which serves as their main reserve,
  Rainy Lake 26B,
  Rainy Lake 26C and
  Agency 1, which is shared with three other First Nations.

References
 INAC profile
 Nigigoonsiminikaaning First Nation

Specific

First Nations governments in Ontario
Communities in Rainy River District

Nigigoonsiminikaaning First Nation


Aloha Camp is a summer camp for girls on Lake Morey in Fairlee, Vermont.  Founded in 1905, it is the oldest girls' camp in the state.  Open to children aged 12 to 17, it offers outdoor activities, arts and nature programs, and wilderness camping opportunities.  The camp season is divided into two sessions of 3-1/2 weeks, running from late June to mid-August.  The camp property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Facilities
Aloha Camp is located on central eastern Vermont, on the northwestern shore of Lake Morey, in the hills north of Fairlee village just west of the Connecticut River.  It is laid out over  of land, divided in part by Lake Morey Road, which separates the bulk of the camp from its waterfront facilities.  The camp layout is focused on the Main House and a number of activity buildings, with living quarters spread around the property.  The Main House is an 1889 farmhouse, while the main activity buildings are repurposed agricultural outbuildings from the late 19th century.  On the waterfront stands the Hale (pronounced in the Hawaiian manner, HAH-leh), an Adirondack style meeting hall with some Hawaiian stylistic touches.

History
The camp was founded in 1905 by Harriet Farnsworth Gulick and Edward Leeds Gulick, both of whom grew up in missionary families with a history of service.  The camp was named "Aloha" from the Hawaiian word meaning "welcome" (among other definitions).  Edward Gulick was born and raised in Honolulu, and it is from this upbringing that the camp acquires its Hawaiian touches.  The camp was so successful that the Gulicks soon opened Aloha Hive Camp on Lake Fairlee, for girls from 7 to 12 and Aloha Club on the shore of Lake Katherine in Piermont, New Hampshire, for girls from 17 to 70 (now closed), and in 1922 Lanakila Camp for boys, also on Lake Morey.  The camps were run by members of the Gulick family until 1968, when the Aloha Foundation was established to continue their legacy.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, Vermont

References

External links
Aloha Camp web site

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, Vermont
Queen Anne architecture in Vermont
Buildings and structures completed in 1905
Buildings and structures in Fairlee, Vermont
Summer camps in Vermont
Temporary populated places on the National Register of Historic Places
1905 establishments in Vermont

Aloha Camp


The Indonesian shortfin eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) is a subspecies of eel in the genus Anguilla of the family Anguillidae. It is found throughout the tropical coastal regions of the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific Ocean.

Showing the typical habits, diet and characteristics of the genus, this species grows to 1.2 m and can live for up to 20 years. Dorsal fin soft rays number 240–250, anal fin soft rays 200–220, Vertebrae between 105 and 109 in number. This fish is lighter underneath, being olive/blue-brown on top. It is easily confused with the Pacific shortfin eel, Anguilla obscura.

References

Indonesian shortfin eel
Fish of the Indian Ocean
Marine fish of East Africa
Marine fauna of Oceania
Fish of South Asia
Marine fish of Southeast Asia
Indonesian shorten eel

Indonesian shortfin eel


Pistol Creek is a  tributary of the Little River, located entirely within Blount County, Tennessee.

Features
Pistol Creek arises from several springs in the Carpenter's Campground section of Blount County, flowing first northeast, then northwest to Pearson Springs within the city of Maryville.  At Pearson Springs, the Maryville Alcoa Greenway begins to parallel Pistol Creek, which then flows east through Pearson Springs Park and Sandy Springs Park. On the south side of Maryville, the creek passes the ruins of an early 20th-century dam and mill race that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Further downstream it passes Fort Craig spring, site of Maryville's founding settlement. It then hooks around the downtown area and contributes, along with Brown Creek, to the impounded Greenbelt lake on the north side of town. From the Greenbelt it flows north into Alcoa and joins the Little River a mile south of Rockford.

Pistol Creek has been designated an "impaired" stream by the Tennessee Department of Natural Resources.  The stream suffers from a large amount of runoff from the cities of Maryville and Alcoa.  Both cities have spent considerable funds, time and effort seeking to clean up and beautify the Pistol Creek watershed.

See also
List of rivers of Tennessee

References

US Geologic Survey 1:150,000 map

Rivers of Blount County, Tennessee
Rivers of Tennessee
Maryville, Tennessee

Pistol Creek


A replica is an exact (usually 1:1 in scale) copy of something, made out of the same raw materials. Replicas could be made of a molecule, art, or a product. The term is also used for copies that look very much like the original, without saying they are the same.

Replicas have been sometimes sold as originals. This is a type of fraud. Most replicas are not made to do this. Fragile originals need protection, while people can look at a replica in a museum. Replicas are often sold as souvenirs.

Museums

Replica


The Nucle Saga I is a 2012 fantasy-fiction novel written by Saudi-born Indian author, Saif Ur Rahman. It was released in Hyderabad, India and in 2013 was honoured and awarded by Tanzeem Hum Hindustani, a NRI group based in Riyadh. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The novel was internationally published as an eBook via Amazon Kindle and later in the form of paperback. The novel serves as the first part in the upcoming series. The story is about four teenagers embarking on a journey against an Empire.

On 2 August 2018 the author launched his second novel: The Nucle Saga II alongside the chief guest Mr A.K.Khan, and guests of honour Mr Zahid Ali Khan and Mr Mohammed Hyder Ali at Media Plus Communication Auditorium, Hyderabad.

Synopsis

Plot
The story is based on the events in a fictitious world centered around the "Mainlands". A merciless Emperor has risen from the west and laid siege of a sizable portion of the Mainlands. His gigantic Empire (known as the Axal Empire) threatens peace and courts destruction to the surrounding kingdoms. To repel the Emperor's invading attack, the remaining eastern kingdoms of the Mainland unite and form an alliance. A resistance leader, Eroberer meets two boys Zindor and Rador who pledge to contribute. Eroberer sends them on a mission to acquire a set of magical objects. Joined by a Gladanian town girl: Rohya and Eroberer's little sister: Esha, they are escorted by a man they meet on their journey called Nebu. The five travel together to pursue a powerful legend and collect objects.

Theme
The author asserts that it's the traditional good vs. evil theme all over his book. According to him, some parts of the book are symbolic in nature.

Characters
Emperor: Grimoran or the Dark Emperor, a young and merciless ruler who has conquered majority of the Mainlands. Eastern kingdoms have formed an alliance against him.

Eroberer: Often referred as "Commander" by his soldiers, the Burean Prince and has led the resistance against the Axal Empire. His group known as "Sovereigners" are an elite group of soldiers loyal to King Actium (his father) and conduct covert operations.

Zindor: A teenage boy who decides to embark on a mission.

Rador: Zindor's twin brother who shares a strong bond with him.

Rohya: A Gladanian town girl from Sohm.

Esha: The Burean Princess, known for her fierce sword fighting.

Nebu: A man, the four meet on their journey who becomes their teacher and leader.

About the author
Born in Riyadh, Saif hails from the city of Hyderabad, India. He studied from International Indian Public School, Riyadh (I.I.P.S.R) & graduated from Muffakham Jah College of Engineering & Technology. Fascination for fiction and fantasy compelled him to work upon a narrative storyline called: "The Nucle Saga" which will be followed by its sequels. An ardent reader at young age, while reading A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, he stumbled upon an idea to try his hands in writing. It took almost seven years to materialize his dream of writing the first book.

References

2012 Indian novels
Young adult fantasy novels
Indian fantasy novels

The Nucle Saga I


Elizabeth Thomas (born 1987) is a thru-hiking champion and former women's unassisted speed record holder for the  Appalachian Trail. She holds the hiking "Triple Crown," having completed the Appalachian Trail, Pacific Crest Trail, and the Continental Divide Trail. She is the pioneer of the Chinook Trail in Washington and the Wasatch Range in Utah. She is Vice President of the American Long Distance Hiking Association-West, an ambassador for the American Hiking Society, and an outdoors writer for Wirecutter, a New York Times publication. She is also Editor-in-Chief of Treeline Review, a hiking gear publication. As of 2018, she completed 20 long-distance wilderness hikes.

Early life
Thomas was born in Sacramento, California and experienced a "typical suburban upbringing."  As a child she was "really drawn to nature, but [...] wasn't really that active." However, a first-grade trip to a mile-long nature trail made a big impression on her, and from then on she attempted to get her parents to take her back to the trail on weekends. (Cascade Hiker Podcast, Ep. 127, 4:30) Thomas's mother was born and raised "in a Japan that--and even now--is not really for equality...not a great place to be a woman. Women didn't really do physical activity, they didn't run or anything;" therefore, Thomas's "becoming physically active, becoming adventurous was a way [she] rebelled as a teenager." Her first extended urban hike was in Los Angeles, during which she traversed a 180-mile route that connected 300 staircases.

Education
Thomas attended Claremont McKenna College. During her years there, she became involved in outdoors clubs with fellow students and met professors who were also enthusiastic about hiking. (Cascade Hiker Podcast, Ep. 127, 5:42) After graduating, she earned a Master's in Environmental Science from the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. In the process, Thomas received the Doris Duke Conservation Fellowship for her research on long-distance hiking trails, conservation, and trail town communities.

Career
Thomas had never been backpacking as of 2007. A year later, the summer after her senior year of college, she completed her first thru-hike, the Tahoe Rim Trail, solo in six days. At the time, she "had a lot of experience dayhiking solo and doing big peakbagging trips with <24 hour goals" and had "car camped" and led a five-day backpacking trip in the Grand Canyon, but had never "overnight-in-the-woods" hiked. She later completed her first major thru-hike: the  Appalachian Trail. In 2010, Thomas completed the  Continental Divide Trail.

Thomas has worked with the American Hiking Society since 2010, when she attended Hike the Hill in Washington D.C., a national event that unifies trail organizations, agencies, and politicians to advance the American trail system. In 2011, Thomas hiked the 2,181-mile Appalachian Trail, from Georgia to Maine, in 80 days and 13 hours. Her trek set a record for the fastest female thru-hike of the Appalachian Trail. The female record was broken by Heather "Anish" Anderson in 2015, who simultaneously broke the male record held at the time by Matt Kirk. In 2018, Karel Sabbe beat Anderson's record.

In 2013, Thomas near-completed a thru-hike of all of Denver, Colorado's breweries. In 2014, Thomas, Whitney La Ruffa, and Brian Boshart pioneered the approximately 290-mile Chinook Trail in Washington. In 2015, Thomas trekked the Sierra High Route. In 2017, Thomas published her book, Long Trails: Mastering the Art of the Thru-hike. In August 2019, Thomas was featured in Condé Nast Traveller's feature story 14 Globetrotters Redefining the Way We Travel. In March 2020, Thomas will be the keynote speaker at the Texas Trails and Active Transportation Conference.

Thomas leads groups on urban hikes of 11 American cities. One of the tours is the eight-day Urban Brew Thru, her thru-hike of every brewery in Denver, Colorado, totaling 60 establishments, the course charting in at 88 miles. She also leads the six-week online course Thru-Hiking 101 for Backpacker Magazine and speaks at "colleges, outdoor clubs, hiking clubs, [and] women's groups."

Bibliography
Long Trails: Mastering the Art of the Thru-hike (2017)

Awards and recognition
Doris Duke Conservation Fellowship

Podcasts

References

Hikers
American explorers
American nature writers
Yale University alumni
Claremont McKenna College alumni
Living people
1987 births

Liz Thomas


Florent Chrestien (January 26, 1541 – October 3, 1596) was a French satirist and Latin poet.

Chrestien was the son of Guillaume Chrestien, an eminent French physician and writer on physiology, was born at Orléans. A pupil of Henri Estienne, the Hellenist, at an early age he was appointed tutor to Henry of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV, who made him his librarian. Brought up as a Calvinist, he became a convert to Catholicism. He died on 3 October 1596 in Vendôme.

Chrestien was the author of many good translations from the Greek into Latin verse, amongst others, of versions of the Hero and Leander attributed to Musaeus, and of many epigrams from the Greek Anthology. In his translations into French, among which are remarked those of George Buchanan's Jephtha (1567), and of Oppian's De Venatione (1575), he is not so happy, being rather to be praised for fidelity to his original than for excellence of style. His principal claim to a place among memorable satirists is as one of the authors of the Satire Ménippée, the famous pasquinade in the interest of his old pupil, Henry IV, in which the harangue put into the mouth of cardinal de Pelve is usually attributed to him.

References

1541 births
1596 deaths
French satirists
Writers from Orléans
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism
French Roman Catholics
French male writers

Florent Chrestien


Sean Hewitt McDermott (born December 5, 1976) is a former American football long snapper and tight end in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Kansas.

Early life and college career
Born in Lufkin, Texas, McDermott graduated from Arlington Heights High School in Fort Worth, Texas in 1995. At the University of Kansas, he walked on the Kansas Jayhawks football team and played at long snapper from 1995 to 1999, sitting out the 1998 season due to a foot injury.

Professional career
McDermott was not selected in the 2000 NFL Draft and was not signed by any team afterwards, so he spent the 2000 season completing his college degree and working part-time as a bartender and bouncer.

After sending a highlight video to various NFL teams, McDermott was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on June 4, 2001. He played at long snapper in all 16 games for the Buccaneers in 2001. In 2002, he was signed by the upstart Houston Texans in the 2002 NFL expansion draft and again played at all 16 games at long snapper. McDermott played in the first five games of the 2003 season for the Miami Dolphins before being released on October 14 in favor of Jeff Grau. On December 10, 2003, McDermott signed with the New England Patriots. He played one game before being placed on the injured list December 17. The Patriots would win Super Bowl XXXVIII.

References

Sportspeople from Lufkin, Texas
American football tight ends
American football long snappers
Kansas Jayhawks football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Houston Texans players
Miami Dolphins players
New England Patriots players
1976 births
Living people
Players of American football from Fort Worth, Texas

Sean McDermott (long snapper)


The synsacrum is a skeletal structure of birds and other dinosaurs, in which the sacrum is extended by incorporation of additional fused or partially fused caudal or lumbar vertebrae. This structure can only be seen in birds. Some posterior thoracic vertebrae, the lumbar, sacral and a few anterior caudal vertebrae are fused to form a complex bone called synsacrum. The innominate bones are fused with the synsacrum to a greater or lesser extent, according to species, forming an avian pelvis. This forms a more extensive rigid structure than the pelvis of a mammal, fulfilling requirements for flight, locomotion and respiration. Posterior to the synsacrum there are a few free caudal vertebrae, the last of which is the pygostyle to which the long, stiff tail feathers are attached. The central section of the synsacrum is swollen to accommodate the glycogen body, an organ whose function is as yet unclear but which may be associated with balance.

In terms of external morphology, the synsacrum corresponds to the rump.

References

Dinosaur anatomy
Bird anatomy

Synsacrum


Carl Christian Hein (August 31, 1868 – April 30, 1937) was an American Lutheran clergyman.

Born in Wiesbaden, Germany, Hein moved to the United States in 1884. He became pastor of a Lutheran church in Marion, Wisconsin, in 1889, and then moved to Detroit, Michigan, in 1891, where he became pastor of a church there. He moved again to Columbus, Ohio, in 1902, where he pastored a church there for twenty-three years.

In 1924 he was elected president of the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio, that organization's last president. He became the first president of the American Lutheran Church in 1931, and held that position until his death. He opposed a suggested merger between the American Lutheran Church and the United Lutheran Church in America due to his group's opposition to joining Masonic Lodges, which the ULCA tolerated.

References

19th-century Swedish Lutheran priests
People from Wiesbaden
Religious leaders from Wisconsin
1868 births
1937 deaths
20th-century American Lutheran clergy

Carl Christian Hein