Yannick Beaucaine (born 1 July 1983), best known as hxzel(Formerly known as Häzel), is a French-Brazilian music producer, based in Melbourne, Australia. He is most recognized for his Hip-Hop and R&B productions and produced one of the songs on Gallant's Grammy-nominated album Ology.

Biography
Yannick Beaucaine was born in Brazil to a Brazilian father and a French mother. He moved to Paris, France at the age of 15. His involvement with music started at an early age when his father would take him to work as a baby at the national radio station Cultura Fm in Brasilia, where he was operating as a radio host/disc jockey.

In 1998 Yannick enrolled at the Culinary Arts School of Paris where he studied for 4 years for a Professional bachelor's degree in Culinary Arts and 1 year for a Degree in Molecular Gastronomy- a period during which he discovered Hip-Hop music. At the age of 15, he found himself immersed in the music of J-Dilla and Erick Sermon which inspired him to learn music production. His brother, DJ Delaze, taught him how to use a computer and particularly a software called Fasttracker 2 for DOS, which he used until 2003 to make music at an amateur level.

2003 marks a new era when he switched systems to an AKAI MPC3000. Unfortunately, one year later, working on his first paid project, Häzel lost his gear after the recording studio got robbed overnight, setting him back a whole year without being able to make music.

In 2004 hxzel returned to make music on a windows PC and stands out with his productions on the Myspace community, leading him to meet people such as Ebrahim Lakhani (Eebsofresh), Slakah the beatchild and Drake.

In 2005 he formed a duo called Zebrahim with Ebrahim Lakhani, together, they have been working on many independent projects but their first release didn't come out until 2011. Zebrahim – "In my heart I Am" was considered to be one of the best independent records on its release date, reaching the top charts of multiple independent websites such as bandcamp, and is still critically acclaimed around the world today. The project was originally released to raise funds for cancer awareness and have reached ten thousand downloads on its release trimester only.

In 2006 two of his productions were selected by Beatchild (Formerly Slakah The Beatchild) for his upcoming project "Soul Movement Vol.1" on legendary UK's record label BBE. Both tracks were featuring debuting artist Drake, but only one of them made it to the final version of Soul Movement Vol.1. The track "Share" was also featured on Drake's Comeback Season, which was a stepping stone in his career. Being the first release under the OVO label, Featuring artists like Dwele, Little Brother, Trey Songz and Producers like J Dilla, Kanye West, Boi-1da and Häzel. Comeback Season was released in 2007.

After working on numerous projects and features, in 2011, he released two solo projects."Playground EP" – a self-produced vocalized project with a genre he calls " Porno-Romantic" which was released on Parisian label Favorite Recordings. "Playground EP" was featured on several media platforms such as MTV and on Apple's Japanese iTunes main page. In the same year, he also released "The Lost Tapes", a collection of unreleased instrumentals and tracks featuring Drake, Eebsofresh, and Beatchild. For many, The Lost Tapes is considered a classic. It quickly gained the first position in sales on Bandcamp in its first week of release, pulling Häzel to the top 100 most influential producers on the planet. The Lost Tapes was re-released on Vinyl and Cassette in 2012 on New-York based record label, The Beat Down.

In 2013 hxzel meets TFOX (Travis Fox) who would go on to create the producer duo "Grawlix"

In 2016 with the help of his brother, he creates his own record label, SUPREME CRATE, on which they release the first official Grawlix project "We Are Grawlix". The vinyl release sold out its first original press of 500 copies during the first week of release.

In 2017 he is nominated for a Grammy for his participation in the production of Gallant's Ology record, Best Urban Contemporary Album of the Year.

Discography

Studio albums
 The Lost Tapes (12", Cassette, Digital) The Beat Down (2011)
 We Are Grawlix (12", Digital) Supreme Crate, Word and Sound (2016)

Singles & EPs
 Playground (12" EP, Digital) Favorite Records (2011)
 Zebrahim – In my heart i am (Digital) ADAR (2011)
 Turn The Lights Off (Flexi, S/Sided,Ltd) The Beat Down (2013)
 Ebrahim – Daddy's Girl (Digital) ADAR (2019)

Production credits
 Drake – Comeback Season (Digital) October's Very Own (2007)
 Slakah The Beatchild – Soul Movement Vol 1 (CD, Digital) BBE ( 2008)
 Onra – 1.0.8 (LP, Digital) Favorite Recordings (2009)
 Mad Clown – Anything Goes (Digital) Starship Ent. (2011)
 Tokimonsta – RA.270 (Digital) Resident Advisor (2011)
 Union – Analogtronics (12", Digital) Fat Beats (2012)
 Gallant – Ology (LP, Digital) Warner Bros. (2016)

References

External links
 https://soundcloud.com/hazeldizzy
 https://www.instagram.com/hazeldizzy/
 https://open.spotify.com/artist/2XuQe6qA4dziDhpLjxUzZx
 https://music.apple.com/us/artist/hazel/1056248892

Articles
http://www.nektartech.com/hazel-nektar-impact-studio-one.html

1983 births
Living people
Musicians from Paris
Brazilian people of French descent
French record producers
Brazilian emigrants to France
Brazilian expatriates in Australia
Musicians from Melbourne

Häzel


Velizhsky Uyezd (Велижский уезд) was one of the eleven subdivisions of the Vitebsk Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southeastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Velizh.

Demographics
At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Velizhsky Uyezd had a population of 100,079. Of these, 85.7% spoke Belarusian, 9.8% Yiddish, 2.5% Latvian, 1.3% Russian, 0.3% Polish, 0.1% German and 0.1% Romani as their native language.

References

Uezds of Vitebsk Governorate

Velizhsky Uyezd


Boileau-Narcejac is the pen name used by the French crime-writing duo of Pierre Boileau (28 April 1906 – 16 January 1989) and Pierre Ayraud, also known as Thomas Narcejac (3 July 1908 – 7 June 1998). Their successful collaboration produced 43 novels, 100 short stories and 4 plays. They are credited with having helped to form an authentically French subgenre of crime fiction with the emphasis on local settings and mounting psychological suspense. They are noted for the ingenuity of their plots and the skillful evocation of the mood of disorientation and fear. Their works were adapted into numerous films, most notably, Les Diaboliques (1955), directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot, and Vertigo (1958), directed by Alfred Hitchcock.

Biography
Pierre Louis Boileau was born on 28 April 1906 in Paris, the son of Léon and Maria Boileau (née Guillaud). His studies prepared him for a career in commerce, but he had been passionate about detective fiction since childhood. He changed several occupations while also contributing short stories and novellas to various newspapers and magazines. Then he wrote a series of novels about André Brunel, a dapper private detective specialized in difficult cases. Boileau's novel Le repos de Bacchus was awarded the prestigious Prix du Roman d'Aventures in 1938. He was drafted during World War II, taken prisoner in June 1940, and spent two years in a stalag, where he met Jean-Paul Sartre. Boileau was released from the camp due to his medical condition. He returned to Paris in 1942, and enlisted as a social worker for the Secours National, an organization helping the disadvantaged. His work involved visiting penal colonies and interviewing criminals. He resumed his writing career in 1945 with the novel L'Assassin vient les mains vides, and scripting a couple of successful radio series in 1945–1947.

Pierre Ayraud was born on 3 July 1908 in Rochefort-sur-Mer to a family of seamen. He lost one eye in a childhood accident, which prevented him from going into a seafaring business. In his youth, he used to go fishing on the Charente river near two hamlets called St. Thomas and Narcejac, and he remembered them when picking his pen name – "Thomas Narcejac". He studied at the universities of Bordeaux, Poitiers and Paris where he received degrees in literature and philosophy. He moved to Nantes in 1945, where he became a professor of philosophy and literature at the Lycée Georges-Clemenceau, and held this position until his retirement in 1967.

Narcejac began writing pastiches of various crime fiction authors which were published in the collections Confidences dans ma nuit (1946) and Nouvelles confidences dans ma nuit (1947). At the same time, he wrote his first crime novel L'Assassin de minuit (1945). Narcejac also partnered with Serge Arcouët, who used the pseudonym "Terry Stewart", to produce a series of novels imitating American thrillers. They were published under the joint pen name "John-Silver Lee".

In 1947, Narcejac also published an essay titled L'esthétique du roman policier ("The Esthetics of the Crime Novel") which drew Pierre Boileau's attention. The two writers began to correspond and finally met at the awards dinner in 1948, where Narcejac was receiving the Prix du Roman d'Aventures for his novel La mort est du voyage. Two years later, they began writing together, with Boileau providing the plots and Narcejac the atmosphere and characterisation, not unlike Frederic Dannay and Manfred Lee ("Ellery Queen").

Their first collaborative effort, L'ombre et la proie (1951), published under the name "Alain Bouccarèje" (the anagram of Boileau-Narcejac), went largely unnoticed. Their second novel  She Who Was No More (1952), signed "Boileau-Narcejac", became their breakthrough, and was later filmed by Henri-Georges Clouzot as Les Diaboliques. Their success was further sealed when Alfred Hitchcock adapted The Living and the Dead (1954) as Vertigo in 1958.

Boileau and Narcejac also worked as screenwriters, most notably on the adaptation of the novel  by Jean Redon into the horror movie known in English as Eyes Without a Face (1960).

Their works often flirted with the fantastic and the macabre, erupting full-blown in their novel Et mon tout est un homme (published in English as Choice Cuts) which received the Grand Prix de l'Humour Noir in 1965.

In 1964, they published Le Roman policier, a theoretical study of the crime genre.

In the 1970s, Boileau and Narcejac received the permission from the Maurice Leblanc estate to write new adventures of Arsène Lupin. They also wrote the "Sans Atout" series for younger readers, about a boy detective.

Their collaboration ended with Boileau's death on 16 January 1989 in Beaulieu-sur-Mer. The last novel containing his contribution was J'ai été un fantôme ("I was a ghost") published later that year. Narcejac continued writing alone, still signing his works as "Boileau-Narcejac". He died on 7 June 1998 in Nice.

Personal life
Boileau was married in 1939 to Josette Baudin.

Narcjeac was married twice--in 1930 to Marie Thérèse Baret, with whom he had two daughters, Annette and Jacqueline, and in 1967 to Renée Swanson.

Writing style
Narcejac, who was the team's stylist and theoretician, wrote: "I felt that the best kind of detective novel could not be written by any one person, since it involved the improbable blending, in a single individual, of two opposite personalities: the technician's and the psychologist's." He pointed out that the success of their collaboration lies in the fact that Boileau "was interested in the 'hows' and I was interested in the 'whys' of a story."

Boileau and Narcejac were exponents of what they termed "le roman de la victime" ("the victim novel") which may be defined as a suspense novel that adopts the victim's point of view. "Boileau-Narcejac characters typically have character traits which make them susceptible and vulnerable, and they find themselves in situations under pressure. The more they resist, the greater the pressure, and the more inevitable their eventual fate. The situation in question may take the reader into the realms of the fantastic or supernatural before a final twist reveals the workings of some criminal machination. By which time it may be too late for the victim, and the reader should have been drawn into a climate of unease, disorientation, and angst. This is a constant in Boileau-Narcejac's work, a formula which realizes suspense through the rhythmic combination of retention and release…"

François Guérif notes that the team's brand of psychological suspense was inspired by Cornell Woolrich but remarks that the latter's victim characters are always sympathetic which is not always the case with Boileau-Narcejac.

The editors of World Authors, 1950-1970 wrote that Boileau-Narcejac's novels "reflect Narcejac's admiration for Simenon in their compelling use of atmosphere but have none of the scrupulous naturalism of the Maigret stories." They also said that the duo's work "at least in translation, is stylistically undistinguished, but for most critics this fact is outweighed by the ingenuity of their plots and their power to involve the reader in the mood of doubt and mounting fear that they so skillfully evoke."

Legacy

While their contemporaries in the late 1940s and 1950s were fascinated by an imaginary America, Boileau and Narcejac are credited with having helped to form an authentically French subgenre of crime fiction. They emphasized local settings and stressed the psychological dimension of coolly calculated and diabolically engineered crimes, revolving around greed, corruption, and what they called "the dark side of reason."  "Boileau and Narcejac thus provided an indigenous French equivalent to the American film noir, but without having to detour through a reference to the USA".

Michel Lafon and Benoît Peeters praised Boileau and Narcejac for the renewal of the crime novel in the 1950s by finding "the third way between the English-style whodunit and the North American hard-boiled novel."

Only two English translations of their novels are currently in print and their reputation in the English-speaking world has been largely superseded by the film adaptations made by Hitchcock and Clouzot. Robin Wood wrote about The Living and the Dead: "The drab, willful pessimism of D'entre les morts is an essentially different world from the intense traffic sense of Vertigo, which derives from a simultaneous awareness of the immense value of human relationships and their inherent incapability of perfect realization." Christopher Lloyd made a similar comment about She Who Was No More: "Many spectators and readers would probably agree that Clouzot's film outclasses the original novel both in terms of creating horror and suspense, and in displaying an insouciant disregard for implausibilities of plot." He also remarked: "If Boileau-Narcejac are genuine innovators in detective fiction, then, it is certainly not because of their psychological realism or sociological perspicacity, but essentially because of their reconfiguration of plot and the conflictual relations between characters."

A street in Nantes was named after Thomas Narcejac in 2010.

Bibliography
Only a handful of Boileau-Narcejac works have been translated into English, and most of these translations are out of print.

1952 – Celle qui n'était plus; English translation: The Woman Who Was No More (Rinehart, 1954), also published as The Fiends (Arrow, 1956) and She Who Was No More (Pushkin Vertigo, 2015).
1952 – Les Visages de l'ombre; English translation: Faces in the Dark (Hutchinson, 1955).
1954 – D'entre les morts ("From amongst the dead"); English translation: The Living and the Dead (1956), also published as Vertigo (Dell, 1958; Pushkin Vertigo, 2015).
1955 – Les Louves; English translation: The Prisoner (Hutchinson, 1957).
1956 – Le mauvais oeil; English translation: The Evil Eye (Hutchinson, 1959).
1956 – Au bois dormant; English translation: Sleeping Beauty (1959).
1957 – Les magiciennes ("The Sorceresses").
1958 – L'ingénieur aimait trop les chiffres; English translation: The Tube (Hamish Hamilton, 1960).
1959 – À cœur perdu; English translation: Heart to Heart (Hamish Hamilton, 1959).
1961 – Maléfices; English translation: Spells of Evil (Hamish Hamilton, 1961).
1962 – Maldonne ("Misdeal").
1964 – Les victimes; English translation: Who Was Clare Jallu? (Barker, 1965), also published as The Victims (Panther, 1967).
1965 – Le train bleu s'arrête treize fois ("The Blue Train Stops Thirteen Times"; short stories).
1965 – Et mon tout est un homme ("And My Entirety Is a Man"); English translation: Choice Cuts (Barker, 1966)
1967 – La mort a dit : Peut-être ("Death Said: Perhaps")
1969 – La Porte du large
1969 – Delirium, suivi de L'Île
1970 – Les Veufs ("The Widowers").
1972 – La Vie en miettes
1973 – Opération Primevère
1974 – Frère Judas
1975 – La Tenaille
1976 – La lèpre ("The leper").
1977 - La justice d' Arsène Lupin.
1978 – L'âge bête ("Awkward Age").
1979 – Carte vermeil ("Scarlet Card").
1980 – Les intouchables ("The Untouchables").
1980 – Terminus.
1981 – Box-office .
1983 – Mamie.
1984 – Les Eaux dormantes.
1984 – La Dernière Cascade ("The Last Stunt").
1985 – Schuss.
1987 – Mister Hyde.
1988 – Champ clos.
1988 – Le Contrat ("The Contract").
1989 – J'ai été un fantôme ("I Was a Ghost").
1990 – Le Bonsaï.
1990 – Le soleil dans la main ("The Sun in the Hand").
1991 – La main passe ("Turning Tables").
1991 – Les nocturnes ("Nocturnes").

Boileau-Narcejac also wrote the "Sans Atout" juvenile fiction series. They relate the adventures of a young boy detective.
 Les pistolets de Sans Atout ("The Guns of Sans Atout").
 Sans Atout contre l'homme à la dague ("Sans Atout Versus the Man With the Dagger").
 Sans Atout et le cheval fantôme ("Sans Atout and the Ghost Horse").
 Sans Atout, une étrange disparition ("Sans Atout: A Strange Disappearance").
 Sans Atout, l'invisible agresseur ("Sans Atout: The Invisible Stalker").
 Sans Atout, la vengeance de la mouche ("Sans Atout: The Vengeance of the Fly").
 Sans Atout dans la gueule du loup ("Sans Atout in the Gullet of the Wolf").
 Sans Atout, le cadavre fait le mort ("Sans Atout: The Cadaver Made Dead")

The pair also added five authorized sequels to Maurice Leblanc's series about gentleman thief Arsène Lupin.
 Le Secret d'Eunerville (1973).
 La Poudrière (1974).
 Le Second visage d'Arsène Lupin (1975).
 La Justice d'Arsène Lupin (1977).
 Le Serment d'Arsène Lupin (1979).

Notable cinematic adaptations
Les Diaboliques, directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot (France, 1955, based on the novel Celle qui n'était plus)
, directed by Luis Saslavsky (France, 1957, based on the novel Les Louves)
Vertigo, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1958, based on the novel D'entre les morts)
Murder at 45 R.P.M., directed by Étienne Périer (France, 1960, based on the novel À cœur perdu)
, directed by  (France, 1960, based on the novel Les Magiciennes)
Faces in the Dark, directed by David Eady (UK, 1960, based on the novel Les Visages de l'ombre)
Where the Truth Lies, directed by Henri Decoin (France, 1962, based on the novel Maléfices)
Choice Cuts, abandoned Arthur P. Jacobs production with James Bridges screenplay (1967, based on the novel Et mon tout est un homme).
, directed by Sergio Gobbi (France, 1969, based on the novel Maldonne)
Reflections of Murder, directed by John Badham (1974, TV film, based on the novel Celle qui n'était plus)
Body Parts, directed by Eric Red (1991, based on the novel Et mon tout est un homme)
Entangled, directed by Max Fischer (Canada, 1993, based on the novel Les Veufs)
Diabolique, directed by Jeremiah S. Chechik (1996, based on the novel Celle qui n'était plus)

Screenwriters
S.O.S. Noronha, directed by Georges Rouquier (France, 1957)
, directed by Géza von Radványi (France, 1959)
, directed by Édouard Molinaro (France, 1959)
Eyes Without a Face, directed by Georges Franju (France, 1960)
Spotlight on a Murderer, directed by Georges Franju (France, 1961)

References

External links

Writers from Paris
Writing duos
French crime fiction writers
20th-century French novelists
French male novelists
20th-century French male writers
French male screenwriters

Boileau-Narcejac


Norbert Casper Lynton  (22 September 1927 – 30 October 2007, Brighton, England ) was Professor of the History of Art at the University of Sussex.   From 1998 - 2006 he was Chairman of the Charleston Trust.

He has published on architecture and on modern artists including Paul Klee, Ben Nicholson, William Scott. With Erika Langmuir, he coauthored the 'Yale Dictionary of Modern Art'. Among his significant works are 'The Story of Modern Art' published by Phaidon Press Ltd and the introduction for the book that accompanied the major international exhibition  'Painting the Century: 101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900–2000' held at the National Portrait Gallery in London to celebrate the millennium.

Lynton finished a book about the Russian painter and architect Vladimir Tatlin shortly before his death. A further publication on the work of Bernard Cohen appeared posthumously in 2009. He left four sons, Jeremy, Oliver, Thomas and Peter.

Notes and references

External links
   Publications by Norbert Lynton in the National Art Library
Obituary in The Guardian, 3 November 2007
Obituary in The Times, 6 November 2007
Obituary in The Independent, 7 November 2007
Obituary in The Telegraph, 13 November 2007 – includes photo

1927 births
2007 deaths
People educated at Douai School
British art historians
Academics of the University of Sussex
Officers of the Order of the British Empire

Norbert Lynton


Bayelsa is a state in the South South region of Nigeria, located in the core of the Niger Delta. Bayelsa State was created in 1996 and was carved out from Rivers State, making it one of the newest states in the federation. The capital, Yenagoa, is susceptible to high risk of annual flooding. It shares a boundary with Rivers State to the east and Delta State to the north across the Niger River for 17 km and the Forçados River for 198 km, with the waters of the Atlantic Ocean dominating its southern borders. It has a total area of . The state comprises eight local government areas: Ekeremor, Kolokuma/Opokuma, Yenagoa, Nembe, Ogbia, Sagbama, Brass and Southern Ijaw. The state is the smallest in Nigeria by population as of the 2006 census. Being in the Niger Delta, Bayelsa State has a riverine and estuarine setting, with bodies of water within the state preventing the development of significant road infrastructure.

The languages of the Ijaw are widely spoken in Bayelsa State, along with Isoko and Urhobo.  The state is the primary home for the Ijaw's their ancestral home. The state is also the ancestral home of the Urhobo people in the Sagbama local government area.

As a state in the oil-rich Niger Delta, Bayelsa State's economy is dominated by the petroleum industry. The state is the site of Oloibiri Oilfield, where oil was first discovered in Nigeria, and as of 2015 was estimated to produce 30-40% of the country's oil. The state has the largest gas reservoir (18 trillion cubic feet) in Nigeria. Though being the site of one of the largest crude oil and natural gas deposits in the country contributes to local economic development, the state remains plagued by rampant poverty as well as pollution stemming from oil spills.

, Douye Diri is the governor of Bayelsa State, while Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo is the deputy governor.

History
During the 20th century, demands a new, majority-Ijaw state to be drawn in the Niger Delta Region became common. Between 1941 and 1956, numerous Ijaw nationalist organizations supportive of an Ijaw-majority state in Southern Nigeria were founded. Isaac Adaka Boro, a prominent Ijaw rights activist during the 1960s who was born in Oloibiri, attempted to proclaim a "Niger Delta Peoples Republic" in 1966. Bayelsa State was created out of Rivers State on October 1, 1996 by the Sani Abacha's military government. Its name was derived from the first few letters of the names of the major local government areas from which it was formed: Brass LGA (BALGA), Yenagoa LGA (YELGA) and Sagbama LGA (SALGA).

On November 20, 1999, the Nigerian military committed what is now referred to as the Odi massacre. The death toll remains disputed to this day, though Nnimmo Bassey, Executive Director of Environmental Rights Action, claims that nearly 2500 civilians were killed.

In response to environmental degradation in the state caused by the oil industry, movements such as the "Rise for Bayelsa" campaign have emerged to push for protecting the local water supply. In 2019, the Bayelsa State government launched the first formal inquiry into the crisis of oil pollution in the state.

Economy
Bayelsa State has one of the largest crude oil and natural gas deposits in Nigeria. As a result, petroleum production is substantial in the state. Even though Bayelsa State is well-endowed with natural resources, the state "enjoys very minimal dividends from its oil wealth due to the structural inequities in the national revenue allocation system in the practice of fiscal federalism in the country".

Geography

Bayelsa has a riverine and estuarine setting. Many communities are almost (and in some cases) surrounded by water, making them inaccessible by road. The state is home to the Edumanom Forest Reserve, in June 2008 the last known site for chimpanzees in the Niger Delta.

Other important cities besides Yenagoa include Akassa, Lobia, Wilberforce Island (the location of the Bayelsa Airport), Amassoma (the home of the Niger Delta University), Eniwari, Ekeremor, Aliebiri, Anyama-Ogbia, Anyama-Ijaw, Peretoru, Twon-Brass, Egwema-Brass, Kaiama, Nembe, Odi, Ogbia, Okpoama, Brass, Oporoma, Korokorosei, Otuan, Koroama, Okolobiri, Obunagha, Ogboloma, Sagbama, Olugbobiri, Peremabiri, Ekowe, and Swali.

The Akassa Lighthouse has stood since 1910.

Climate
Bayelsa has a Tropical monsoon climate with yearly temperature of 28.64 °C (83.55 °F) and it is -0.82% lower than Nigeria's averages. The state is typically receives about 241.52 millimeters (9.51 inches) of precipitation and has 296.16 rainy days (81.14% of the time) annually.

Bayelsa State has mostly received the effects of Climate Change due to Environmental degradation and high level of Carbon emissions

The Bayelsa region experiences tropical monsoon weather. All year long, there are high temperatures and a lot of rain. In Bayelsa, the average annual temperature is 56 degrees, and there are roughly 675 inches of rain each year. With an average humidity of 82% and a UV-index of 6, it is dry for 47 days out of the year.

Environmental issues

Soot pollution
This is a black hazardous carbonate substance that pollutes the area due to its illegal burning of crude oil(locally called Kpo-fire). This carcinogenic chemical causes illnesses such as lung cancer, skin irritation, allergies, respiratory tract infections, eye problem, etc. Its effect is also meted on the environment as it causes air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution which has led to the death of both plants, humans and animals.

Flooding
This is a common annual problem in Bayelsa because it is located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The rise of seawater is the major cause. The flooding has affected many communities, properties and human lives. Almost all areas in Bayelsa state are affected by flooding but Ekeremor, Southern Ijaw, Sagbama, Kolokuma/Opokuma and Yenagoa areas of Bayelsa state are more prone to flooding as it affects these areas yearly. Poor town planning is another major causes of flooding in Bayelsa State.

As of August 2022, the state was stricken with a flood, displacing over 1.3 million people and destroying live stocks and properties.

Oil spillage
This is one of the major environmental issues in Bayelsa State due to the activities of major oil companies. Oil spillage has affected farmlands, aquatic life and the health of the people. Almost every day, Udengs Eradiri is informed of another oil spill in Bayelsa state, in the Niger Delta.

He said Bayelsa used to be green, you could go to a farm or fish and have a very impressive harvest. You would spend hours in the water and have a handful of fish. Today, he added, you can spend the whole day without catching a glimpse of a fish.

Another major environmental issue in Bayelsa state is air pollution (SOOT). Today, many people in Bayelsa state lament that they cannot breathe due to the exposure of emissions of soot, a hazardous black amorphous carbon that has almost completely polluted the air in the areas.

However, stakeholders in the affected areas had in 2018 reportedly initiated a campaign with the common refrain; "Save Rivers from this soot of death", in the Rivers state region.

Natural resources
Bayelsa State's natural resources include:

Mineral raw materials
 Natural Gas
 Crude oil
 Salt

Agro raw materials

 Cassava
 Coco-yam
 Plantain
 Timber
 Maize
 Rice
 Yam
 Sugar-cane
 Oil Palm

Religion
The Catholic Church comprises parts of Bomadi Diocese (1991)  under Bishop Hyacinth Oroko Egbebo (2009) , a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Benin City.

Transport
Major roads include the Isaac Adaka Borough Expressway 17 km north from Yenogoa to join A2 the Elele-Alimini-Patani East-West Rd east to Rivers State at Mbiama and northwest across the Forçados River to Delta State by the 850 m bridge (2014) at Patani.
Waterways are essential for transport as many communities are not accessible by road.
Bayelsa Cargo Airport on Wilberforce Island opened 2019, with international flights approved 2021.

Languages
The main language spoken is Ijaw with dialects such as Kolokuma, Nembe, Epie-Atissa, and Ogbia. Like the rest of Nigeria, English is the official language.

Languages of Bayelsa State listed by LGA:

Notable people

 Diepreye Alamieyeseigha, was a former Nigerian politician and Governor of Bayelsa State
 Diezani Alison-Madueke, Minister of Solid Minerals, Transport and Petroleum resources
 MC Aproko, stand-up comedian
Owoye Andrew Azazi, Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria),  Chief of Defense Staff under President Olusegun Obasanjo and National Security Adviser under President Goodluck Jonathan.
Noah Sarenren Bazee a professional footballer who plays for Bundesliga side Hannover 96.
 Isaac Adaka Boro, Nigerian Civil War hero (Nigerian Army)
 Timi Dakolo, musical artist
 Edmund Daukoru, Nigerian Minister of State for Energy and was Secretary General of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries in 2006, HRM
Henry Seriake Dickson, former governor and politician
 Alfred Diete-Spiff, former governor of Rivers State, HRM
Senator Douye Diri is a businessman, politician and lawmaker. He is the current governor of Bayelsa State.
Tamara Eteimo also known by her stage name Tamara from Angiama, Southern Ijaw local government of Bayelsa state. She is a Nigerian R&B singer-songwriter and actress.
 Dan Etete Minister Minister Petroleum resources
 Finidi George, Super Eagles player
 Daniel Igali, Canadian Olympic gold medalist and world wrestling champion
 Ernest Ikoli, journalist and pre-independence freedom fighter
 Dr. Goodluck Jonathan GCFR GCON, 14th President of Nigeria
Heineken Lokpobiri, Minister of State for Agriculture
Senator Ben Murray-Bruce represented Bayelsa East Senatorial District at the National Assembly. From Akassa in Bayelsa State of Nigeria.
 Ebikebina Ogborodi, acting registrar of NECO
 Gabriel Okara, novelist and poet
 Chief Melford Okilo, 1st Governor of Rivers State, former Senator, former Nigerian Minister
Kemebradikumo Pondei, acting managing director of Niger Delta Development Commission
Ebinabo Potts-Johnson was born in Bayelsa state, she is a model and actress.
 Samson Siasia, Super Eagles player and Coach
 Timipre Sylva, former governor of Bayelsa state, current Nigeria Minister of State for Petroleum Resources.
 Timaya, musical artist
Patience Torlowei, fashion designer and artist

Diaspora
Due to massive overseas scholarship programs implemented by the old Rivers State in the 1970s and recent Bayelsa State governments, large numbers of Bayelsa professionals reside in Europe and North America. This is part of the general brain-drain trend affecting many African communities.

Education
The major tertiary institutions in Bayelsa state are:

 Niger Delta University
 Isaac Jasper Boro College of Education
 College of Health Sciences
 School of Nursing
 Bayelsa State College of Arts and Science
 Bayelsa Medical University
 University of Africa Toru Orua
 Federal Polytechnic Ekeowe
 International Institute of Tourism and Hospitality
 Federal University Otuoke

Local Government Areas

Bayelsa State consists of eight local government areas:

 Brass
 Ekeremor
 Kolokuma/Opokuma
 Nembe
 Ogbia
 Sagbama
 Southern Ijaw
 Yenagoa

Politics
The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state House of Assembly. The Capital city of the state is Yenogoa.

Electoral system
The electoral system of Bayelsa state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two-thirds of the State's local government Areas. If no candidate passes the threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.

References

External links

Bayelsa State Government Homepage
Bayelsa State at OnlineNigeria.com
Experience Bayelsa Arts and Culture / Visitors Guide
Bayelsa Council for Arts & Culture
Adaka Boro Centre
Azaiki Public Library, Yenagoa

States of Nigeria
States and territories established in 1996
1996 establishments in Nigeria

Bayelsa State


John Charles Chasteen (born 1955) is an American translator, historian, and educator. He is a cultural historian of Latin America, and a professor emeritus at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Selected works
 Americanos: The Struggle for Latin American Independence. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 2008.
 National Rhythms, African Roots: The Deep History of Latin American Popular Dance. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004.
 (Co-Editor with James Wood) Problems in Modern Latin American History: Sources and Interpretations Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2004.
 (Co-Editor with Sara Castro Klarén) Beyond Imagined Communities: Reading and Writing the Nation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2003.
 Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001. (2nd edition, 2006; History Book Club Alternate Selection)
 (Editor and translator) The Mystery of Samba: Popular Music and National Identity in Brazil, by Hermano Vianna. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
 (Editor and translator) The Lettered City, by Angel Rama. Duke University Press, 1996.
 Heroes on Horseback: A Life and Times of the Last Gaucho Caudillos. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995.
 (Editor and translator) The Contemporary History of Latin America, by Tulio Halperín Donghi. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993.
 (Editor, contributor, and translator) Problems in Modern Latin American History. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1993.
 (under contract with Hackett Publishers) Latin American Independence: A Documents Reader, editor and translator.

References

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
American translators
American historians
Cultural historians
Living people
1955 births

John Charles Chasteen


Johan Håkansson (Latinized to Johannes Haquini) (died 1432) was Archbishop of Uppsala, Sweden, 1421–1432.

Biography
His first known occupations were at a school in Söderköping and as a canon in Linköping. In 1411 he enrolled at Vadstena monastery. In 1418 he was sent on an important assignment to Rome, from where he returned in 1420.

In 1421 the previous Archbishop of Uppsala, Jöns Gerekesson resigned. Three new candidates were presented to the Swedish King Eric of Pomerania, of whom he chose Johan Håkansson.

Haquini's history as a monk set the standards for his time as archbishop. He allowed the clerics to be freed from taxes, and he built a permanent house for the archbishop (demolished during Gustav Vasa's liberation war in 1522).

See also
 Archbishop of Uppsala

References
 Nordisk familjebok, in Swedish

Further reading
 Klosterfolket i Vadstena, Silfverstolpe, 1899.

1432 deaths
Roman Catholic archbishops of Uppsala
15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Sweden
Year of birth unknown

Johan Håkansson


This is a list of folk music traditions, with styles, dances, instruments and other related topics. The term folk music can not be easily defined in a precise manner; it is used with widely varying definitions depending on the author, intended audience and context within a work. Similarly, the term traditions in this context does not connote any strictly-defined criteria. Music scholars, journalists, audiences, record industry individuals, politicians, nationalists and demagogues may often have occasion to address which fields of folk music are to a distinct group of people and with characteristics undiluted by contact with the music of other peoples; thus, the folk music traditions described herein overlap in varying degrees with each other. Sometimes, folk songs will often be passed down.

Europe

Notes

References

F
Traditional music
Western culture

List of European folk music traditions


Hallett Sydney Ward (August 31, 1870 – March 31, 1956) was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1921 and 1925.

Born near Gatesville, North Carolina, Ward attended public schools in Gates County and then studied law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He graduated and was admitted to the bar in 1893, beginning his law practice in Winton, North Carolina.

Ward was first elected to the North Carolina Senate in 1899 and was sent back for a second term in 1901. He served as mayor of the town of Plymouth, North Carolina from 1902 to 1903. In 1904, moved to the town of Washington, North Carolina, where he was named solicitor for the first judicial district of North Carolina, a post he held until 1910.

In 1920, Ward was elected to the 67th United States Congress; he would serve two terms in Washington, DC before declining renomination in 1924, after which he returned to his law practice in North Carolina. He served one additional term in the North Carolina Senate in 1931, and died in Washington, North Carolina in 1956.

External links

1870 births
1956 deaths
Democratic Party North Carolina state senators
University of North Carolina School of Law alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Mayors of places in North Carolina
People from Winton, North Carolina
People from Gatesville, North Carolina
People from Washington, North Carolina

Hallett Sydney Ward


The JPMorgan Chase Building is an office building in San Francisco, California, 560-584 Mission Street, on the border between South of Market and the Financial District. Designed by architect César Pelli, the building stands  and has about  of office space. It also has two levels of underground parking and a large plaza. About  of the building is leased to the major tenant JPMorgan Chase. This is one of many new highrise projects completed or under construction on Mission Street since 2000.

Construction and design
SF Curbed describes the building, designed by Cesar Pelli, as a "circa-2002, 31-story minimalist tower wrapped in black steel." The 31-story building is located at 560 Mission Street. Pelli took visual inspiration from the Hallidie Building.

Says SF Gate, the plaza at 560 Mission Street as "outdoor slip of manicured heaven: terraces of grass, groves of bamboo, potted maples in between. Plus plenty of tables and a circular metal sculpture turning gently above a thin sheet of water," saying it has " only bamboo, Japanese maple and grass growing, along with a granite-lined pool and granite and stainless-steel sculpture."

Plaza
The building's public space has been noted in the press, called one of the "best privately owned open places" in the city by Curbed.

The Privately Owned Public Open Space at the foot of the tower consists of a parklet containing a water feature with seating, a bamboo grove and the kinetic sculpture Annular Eclipse by George Rickey.

Landscape design for the parklet was done by Christian Lemon at the firm Hart Howerton.

Tenants
 JPMorgan Chase
 Accenture
 Ernst & Young
 Arup

See also

 San Francisco's tallest buildings

References

External links
 JPMorgan Chase Building at Hines Interests Limited Partnership

Office buildings completed in 2002
César Pelli buildings
Hines Interests Limited Partnership
JPMorgan Chase buildings
Skyscraper office buildings in San Francisco
Financial District, San Francisco
South of Market, San Francisco
2002 establishments in California
2002 in San Francisco

JPMorgan Chase Building (San Francisco)


Charles Orson F. Wright (April 13, 1873 – March 28, 1922) was a provincial politician from Alberta, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1921 to his death in 1922 sitting with the United Farmers caucus in government.

Political career
Wright ran for a seat to the Albert Legislature in the 1921 Alberta general election as a United Farmers candidate. He defeated incumbent James Turgeon to pick up the Ribstone electoral district for his party.

Wright died on March 28, 1922, after suffering from pneumonia at Royal Alexandra Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta. He was Charles Stewart's brother in law.

References

External links
Legislative Assembly of Alberta Members Listing

1922 deaths
United Farmers of Alberta MLAs
1873 births

Charles O. Wright


Vasastan is a district in central Gothenburg, Sweden. While nearby Haga was a suburb for the working class with wooden houses, Vasastan was built in stone in neo-renaissance and baroque style for the wealthy middle class. Vasastan was built in the latter half of the 19th century when the city expanded outside the city walls.

Gothenburg

Vasastan, Gothenburg


Malcolm Neville Lockyer (5 October 1923 – 28 June 1976) was a British film composer and conductor.

Biography
Lockyer was born in Greenwich, London, England. In his early years he developed an interest in dance and from here gathered an interest in music. At the age of nineteen he became a musician in the Royal Air Force and in 1944 joined the Buddy Featherstonhaugh Sextet. His biggest successes in composition were for the BBC series' Friends and Neighbours (1954) and The Pursuers (1961) for which he wrote the themes.

He scored several films for Harry Alan Towers, such as Sandy the Seal (1965), Our Man in Marrakesh (1966), Five Golden Dragons (1967) and The Vengeance of Fu Manchu (1967).  His other film scores include  The Pleasure Girls (1965), Island of Terror (1966), Deadlier than the Male (1967) and Night of the Big Heat (1967). He also composed the music for the 1965 film Dr. Who and the Daleks (1965); some arrangements from that film have since been released on a CD called The Eccentric Dr. Who.

One of the highlights of Lockyer's career was arranging and conducting the Bing Crosby album Holiday in Europe (1961), described as "one of the all-time Crosby classics" by the jazz critic Will Friedwald in his liner notes to the CD Bing Crosby: Legends of the 20th Century, which includes seven tracks from the album.

Lockyer conducted frequently throughout the 1960s. Among the many orchestras he led were those for: the BBC Radio Home Service's radio musical version of Jerome K. Jerome's Three Men in a Boat (1962). He was conductor of the BBC Revue Orchestra and subsequently the principal conductor of the new BBC Radio Orchestra and the BBC Big Band when both ensembles were formed in 1967.

Lockyer was the musical director for the 1972 Eurovision Song Contest staged at the Usher Hall in Edinburgh. Unusually however, as noted in John Kennedy O'Connor's The Eurovision Song Contest - The Official History, he did not conduct the home entry for the UK (it was conducted by David Mackay instead). Lockyer had taken part in the first UK selection process to find Britain's debut Eurovision entry in 1957. He performed an orchestral version of the song "All", which won the contest. However, Patricia Bredin went on to perform the song at the final in Frankfurt with musical direction by Eric Robinson.

Shortly before his death in 1976, he conducted The Million Airs Orchestra in 26 Glenn Miller tribute concerts.

Selected filmography

 Strictly Confidential (1959)
 Operation Cupid (1960)
 Sandy the Seal (shot in 1965, released in 1969)
 Dr. Who and the Daleks (1965)
 Ten Little Indians (1965)
 The Pleasure Girls (1965)
 Our Man in Marrakesh (1966)
 Secrets of a Windmill Girl (1966)
 Island of Terror (1966)
 Night of the Big Heat (1967)
 The Vengeance of Fu Manchu (1967)
 Five Golden Dragons (1967)
 Deadlier than the Male (1967)
Night of the Big Heat (1967)
 The Long Day's Dying (1968)
 Eve (1968)

References

External links

1923 births
1976 deaths
Eurovision Song Contest conductors
British film score composers
British male film score composers
British television composers
British music arrangers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century British composers
20th-century British male musicians
BBC Big Band members
Musicians from Greenwich

Malcolm Lockyer


Sally Benson (née Sara Smith; September 3, 1897 – July 19, 1972) was an American writer of short stories and screenwriter. She is best known for her humorous tales of modern youth collected in Junior Miss and her semi-autobiographical stories collected in Meet Me in St. Louis.

Early life and career
Benson was born in St. Louis, the youngest of five children of Alonzo Redway and Anna Prophater Smith. She attended the Mary Institute until she moved with her family to New York. She attended the Horace Mann School, studied dance and then started working when she was 17 years old. At age 19, she married Reynolds "Babe" Benson. The couple had a daughter, Barbara Benson, and later divorced.

She began her career writing weekly interview articles and film reviews for the New York Morning Telegraph. Between 1929 and 1941, she published 99 stories in The New Yorker, including nine signed with her pseudonym Esther Evarts.

Her stories "The Overcoat" and "Suite 2049" were selected as O. Henry prize stories for 1935 and 1936. Her collection, People are Fascinating (Covici Friede, 1936) includes almost all the stories Benson had then published in The New Yorker, plus four from American Mercury. She followed with another collection, Emily (Covici Friede, 1938). Stories of the Gods and Heroes (Dial Press, 1940) was juvenile fiction adapted from Thomas Bulfinch's Age of Fable. Women and Children First was a collection published by Random House in 1943.

Junior Miss
Junior Miss, a collection of short stories focused on a young teen named Judy Graves and originally appearing in The New Yorker, was published by Doubleday in 1941. Benson's collection was adapted by Jerome Chodorov and Joseph Fields into a successful play that same year. Directed by Moss Hart, Junior Miss ran on Broadway from 1941 to 1943. In 1945, the play was adapted as the film Junior Miss with George Seaton directing Peggy Ann Garner in the lead role. The Junior Miss radio series, which originally featured Shirley Temple but later starred Barbara Whiting, was broadcast weekly on CBS in 1949.

Meet Me in St. Louis
MGM's Meet Me in St. Louis  (1944) was one of the more popular movies made during World War II. The stories in Sally Benson's book Meet Me in St. Louis were first written as short vignettes in a series titled 5135 Kensington, which The New Yorker published from June 14, 1941 to May 23, 1942. Benson took her original eight vignettes and added four more stories for a book compilation with each chapter representing a month of a year (from 1903 to 1904). When the book was published by Random House as Meet Me in St. Louis in 1942, it was titled after the MGM film, then in the very early stages of scripting. At MGM, Benson wrote an early draft of the screenplay, but it was not used.

Short Story Composites
 People Are Fascinating (1936, Covici-Friede Publishers)
 Emily (1938, Covici-Friede Publishers), published in England as Love Thy Neighbour (1939)
 Stories of the Gods and Heroes (1940, Dial)
 Junior Miss (1941, Doubleday)
 Meet Me in St. Louis (1942, Random House)
 Women and Children First (1943, Random House)

Film and Television Writing
 Shadow of a Doubt (1943)
 Anna and the King of Siam (1946)
 Come to the Stable (1949)
 Conspirator (1949)
 No Man of Her Own (1950)
 The Farmer Takes a Wife (1953)
 Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates (1958, TV movie)
 Bus Stop (1961, TV series)
 Summer Magic (1963)
 Viva Las Vegas (1964)
 Signpost to Murder (1964)
 Joy in the Morning (1965)
 The Singing Nun (1966)

References

Further reading
Maryellen V. Keefe, Casual Affairs: The Life and Fiction of Sally Benson (SUNY Press, 2014)

External links

 Thomas Bulfinch's Age of Fable
 Sally Benson on GoodReads.com

1897 births
1972 deaths
Screenwriters from Missouri
American short story writers
Writers from St. Louis
American women screenwriters
American women short story writers
The New Yorker people
Horace Mann School alumni
Screenwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American screenwriters
Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School alumni

Sally Benson


The biosphere includes everything living on Earth. It is also known as ecosphere. Currently the biosphere has a biomass (or amount of living things) at around 1900 gigatonnes of carbon. It is not certain exactly how thick the biosphere is, though scientists predict that it is around 12,500 meters. The biosphere extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere, including birds and insects.

In a general sense, biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems. This includes artificial biospheres such as Biosphere 2 and BIOS-3, and potentially ones on other planets or moons.

Origin of the term
The word "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875. Which he defined as a place on Earth's surface where life dwells.

Earth's biosphere
The earliest known evidence of life in Earth includes biogenic graphite dated as far as 3.7 Billion years old. Life is scattered all throughout the surface of the Earth, from the polar ice caps to the equator, exhibits a life of some kind.

Extent of biological life
Almost all parts of the planet contains a life of some kind. Recent advances in microbiology concluded that microbes can live deep beneath the Earth's surface.

References

Other Page
Biosphere reserve - Project by UNESCO

Ecology

Biosphere


Brian Savegar (24 August 1932 – 31 March 2007) was a production designer in the film and TV industry. He won an Academy Award in 1986 in the category Best Art Direction for the film A Room with a View.

Early years
Born and raised in Abergavenny with his younger sister Pat, he was encouraged to be musical by his parents, Gwen and Archie, who both loved jazz. Despite Archie being an amateur drummer, Brian took up the trumpet and learned to play at an early age. While studying Fine Art at the Cardiff College of Art, he was good enough to play trumpet semi-professionally, performing with local jazz bands in and around Cardiff and Bristol, including a brief membership of the fledgling Acker Bilk Bristol Paramount Jazz Band.

His skills as a graphic artist were developed when he worked as an Art Editor and Designer before joining the film industry in 1962, when it became apparent that he had to decide whether to earn a living in an artistic occupation or as a musician playing jazz. He moved to Cookham, near Maidenhead, in the early '60s while working in various UK film production and design roles at Shepperton and Pinewood Studios. During this time he was a member of Thames Valley Rugby Club playing for the first XV. He also developed a keen interest in vintage cars and at one time owned an Invicta among other vehicles.

In the early seventies he decamped to Ferney Voltaire on the French-Swiss border, after his wife Sarah had been offered a job with a UN agency in Geneva. After some anticipated corporate film projects failed to materialize, he spent most of his time renovating an old property in the Pays de Gex commune and propping up various bars in Ferney.

Film success
After his marriage failed in the late 1970s, he reactivated his network of film contacts and this led to a job offer on a film that was being made in London. From there he moved back into the mainstream film and TV industry where he enjoyed considerable success over the next 20 years. He split his time principally between the UK and New Orleans where he worked on both TV and film projects. The pinnacle of his success was achieved in 1986 when he jointly won the Oscar with Elio Altramura for Set Design & Art Direction on the Merchant Ivory production of A Room with a View. The Oscar was presented to him by Isabella Rossellini and Christopher Reeve at the 59th Academy Awards ceremony on 30 March 1987 and he publicly thanked James Ivory from the podium. The competing nominations in that year were Aliens, The Mission, The Color of Money and Hannah and her Sisters. He also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Art Direction for a Series on Dinosaurs for the episode "The Mating Dance". He was also a member of the Art Directors Branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Final years
Following his new-found success in films and TV, he bought himself a home in the southern French village of Roumoules in Provence. He was diagnosed with diabetes in 1989 and this led him to gradually reduce his workload during the late 1990s and to spend more time at his home in France. He took up his trumpet playing again and would perform with local and visiting jazz musicians. He succumbed to the condition on 31 March 2007, aged 74.

Selected filmography
 1999 The Fall Production Designer
 1999 Michael Landon, the Father I Knew Production Designer
 1996 Dalva Production Designer
 1993 Trapped Alive Production Designer
 1992 Hoffa Set Decorator
 1990 The Inheritor Director
 1987 Maurice Art Director
 1985 A Room with a View Production Designer
 1984 Space Riders Art Director
 1983 Screamtime Art Director
 1982 The Last Horror Film Art Director
 1982 The Fanatic Art Director
 1980 Babylon Art Director

TV credits
 1984 Remington Steele Art Director
 1986 Hold the Dream Set Decorator
 1991 Dinosaurs Set Decorator (5 episodes)
 1995 Dazzle Production Designer
 1996 The Big Easy Production Designer (13 episodes)
 1996 Lucifer's Child Production Designer
 1997 Rag and Bone Production Designer
 2001 Conspiracy Set Dresser

References

External links

1932 births
2007 deaths
British production designers
Best Art Direction Academy Award winners
People from Abergavenny
Welsh designers
Alumni of Cardiff School of Art and Design

Brian Savegar


Ukrainization (also spelled Ukrainisation; ) is a policy or practice of increasing the usage and facilitating the development of the Ukrainian language and promoting other elements of Ukrainian culture in various spheres of public life such as education, publishing, government, and religion. The term is also used to describe a process by which non-Ukrainians or Russian-speaking Ukrainians are assimilated  to Ukrainian culture and language.

A major early case of Ukrainization relates to the Soviet indigenization policy korenizatsiya which aimed at strengthening Soviet power in the territory of Soviet Ukraine and in southern regions of the Russian SFSR. In various forms, Ukrainization policies also played out in several different periods of the 20th-century history of Ukraine, although with somewhat different goals and in different historical contexts.

After the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine in 1991, the government of Ukraine began following a policy of Ukrainization, to increase the use of Ukrainian while discouraging Russian, which has been gradually phased out from the country's education system, government, and national TV, radio programmes, and films. Until 2017, the law "On Education" granted Ukrainian families (parents and their children) a right to choose their native language for schools and studies. This law was revised to make the Ukrainian language the primary language of education in all schools, except for children of ethnic minorities, who are to be taught in their own language and later on bilingual.

In Western historiography, the term Ukrainization refers also to a policy and resulting process of forcing ethnic minorities living on Ukrainian territories to abandon their ethnic identity by means of the enforced assimilation of Ukrainian culture and identity. During the aftermath of World War II, in the Ukrainian SSR this process had been preceded by the expulsion of some ethnic minorities and appropriation of their cultural heritage. "Ukrainization" is also used in the context of these acts.

1917–1923: times after the Russian Revolution
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Russian Empire had dissolved, and the Ukrainians intensified their struggle for an independent Ukrainian state. In the chaos of World War I and revolutionary changes, a nascent Ukrainian state emerged but, initially, the state's very survival was not ensured. As the Central Rada, the governing body, was trying to assert the control over Ukraine amid the foreign powers and internal struggle, only a limited cultural development could take place. However, for the first time in the modern history, Ukraine had a government of its own and the Ukrainian language gained usage in state affairs.

As the Rada was eventually overthrown in a German-backed coup (April 29, 1918), the rule of a Hetmanate led by Pavlo Skoropadskyi was established. While the stability of the government was only relative and Skoropadsky himself, as a former officer of the tsarist army, spoke Russian rather than Ukrainian, the Hetmanate managed to start an impressive Ukrainian cultural and education program, printed millions of Ukrainian-language textbooks, and established many Ukrainian schools, two universities, and a Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. The latter established a Committee on Orthography and Terminology, which initiated a scholarly and methodological research program into Ukrainian terminology.

The Hetmanate's rule ended with the German evacuation and was replaced by the Directorate government of Symon Petlura in the wake of Ukraine's defeat against the Polish during the Polish-Ukrainian war. Ukraine was embroiled in war, with factions including the anarcho-communist Black Army of Nestor Makhno besides the Polish backed Petlura's government. Following Skoropadsky's surrender to Józef Piłsudski in the Treaty of Warsaw, Petrula was installed as the leader of the Ukrainian People's Republic in order to participate in the invasion of the Ukrainian SSR. It was at various times also the scene of fighting of White and Green armiess, as well as armed bands that often were not backed by any political ideology (to which some add the previous, in particular 'Green' units). .

1923–1931: early years of Soviet Ukraine

As Bolshevik rule took hold in Ukraine, the early Soviet government had its own reasons to encourage the national movements of the former Russian Empire. While trying to ascertain and consolidate its power, the Bolshevik government was by far more concerned about political oppositions connected to the pre-revolutionary order than about the national movements inside the former empire. The reversal of the assimilationist policies of the Russian Empire was potentially done to help to improve the image of the Soviet government and boost its popularity among the common people.

Until the early-1930s, Ukrainian culture enjoyed a widespread revival due to Bolshevik policies known as the policy of Korenization ("indigenization"). In these years a Ukrainization program was implemented throughout the republic. In such conditions, the Ukrainian national idea initially continued to develop and even spread to a large territory with traditionally mixed population in the east and south that became part of the Ukrainian Soviet republic.

The All-Ukrainian Sovnarkom's decree "On implementation of the Ukrainization of the educational and cultural institutions" (July 27, 1923) is considered to be the onset of the Ukrainization program. The (August 1) decree that followed shortly "On implementation of the equal rights of the languages and facilitation of the Ukrainian language" mandated the implementation of Ukrainian language to all levels of state institutions. Initially, the program was met with resistance by some Ukrainian Communists, largely because non-Ukrainians prevailed numerically in the party at the time. The resistance was finally overcome in 1925 through changes in the party leadership under the pressure of Ukrainian representatives in the party. In April 1925 the party Central Committee adopted the resolution on Ukrainization proclaiming its aim as "solidifying the union of the peasantry with the working class" and boosting the overall support of the Soviet system among Ukrainians. A joint resolution aimed at "complete Ukrainization of the Soviet apparatus" as well as the party and trade unions was adopted on April 30, 1925. The Ukrainian Commissariat of Education (Narkomos) was charged with overseeing the implementation of the Ukrainization policies. The two figures, therefore, most identified with the policy are Oleksandr Shumskyi, the Commissar for Education between 1923 and 1927, and Mykola Skrypnyk, who replaced Shumskyi in 1927.

The Soviet-backed education system dramatically raised the literacy of the Ukrainophone rural population. By 1929 over 97% of high school students in the republic were obtaining their education in Ukrainian and illiteracy dropped from 47% (1926) to 8% in 1934.

Simultaneously, the newly literate ethnic Ukrainians migrated to the cities, which became rapidly largely Ukrainianized — in both population and education. Between 1923 and 1933 the Ukrainian proportion of the population of Kharkiv, at the time the capital of Soviet Ukraine, increased from 38% to 50%. Similar increases occurred in other cities, from 27.1% to 42.1% in Kyiv, from 16% to 48% in Dnipropetrovsk, from 16% to 48% in Odesa, and from 7% to 31% in Luhansk.

Similarly expansive was an increase in Ukrainian language publishing and the overall flourishing of Ukrainian cultural life. As of 1931 out of 88 theatres in Ukraine, 66 were Ukrainian, 12 were Jewish (Yiddish) and 9 were Russian. The number of Ukrainian newspapers, which almost did not exist in 1922, had reached 373 out of 426, while only 3 all-republican large newspapers remained Russian. Of 118 magazines, 89 were Ukrainian. Ukrainization of book-publishing reached 83%.

Ukrainization was thoroughly implemented through the government apparatus, Communist Party of Ukraine membership and, gradually, the party leadership as well, as the recruitment of indigenous cadre was implemented as part of the korenization policies. At the same time, the usage of Ukrainian was continuously encouraged in the workplace and in government affairs. While initially, the party and government apparatus was mostly Russian-speaking, by the end of the 1920s ethnic Ukrainians composed over one half of the membership in the Ukrainian communist party, the number strengthened by accession of Borotbists, a formerly indigenously Ukrainian "independentist" and non-Bolshevik communist party.

In the all-Ukrainian Ispolkom, central executive committee, as well as in the oblast level governments, the proportion of Ukrainians reached 50.3% by 1934 while in raion ispolkoms the number reached 68.8%. On the city and village levels, the representation of Ukrainians in the local government bodies reached 56.1% and 86.1%, respectively. As for other governmental agencies, the Ukrainization policies increased the Ukrainian representation as follows: officers of all-republican People's Commissariat (ministries) - 70-90%, oblast executive brunches - 50%, raion - 64%, Judiciary - 62%, Militsiya (law enforcement) - 58%.

The attempted Ukrainization of the armed forces, Red Army formations serving in Ukraine and abroad, was less successful although moderate progress was attained. The Schools of Red Commanders (Shkola Chervonyh Starshyn) was organized in Kharkiv to promote the careers of the Ukrainian national cadre in the army (see picture). The Ukrainian newspaper of the Ukrainian Military District "Chervona Armiya" was published until the mid-1930s. The efforts were made to introduce and expand Ukrainian terminology and communication in the Ukrainian Red Army units. The policies even reached the army units in which Ukrainians served in other Soviet regions. For instance the Soviet Pacific Fleet included a Ukrainian department overseen by Semyon Rudniev.

At the same time, despite the ongoing Soviet-wide anti-religious campaign, the Ukrainian national Orthodox Church was created, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (See History of Christianity in Ukraine). The Bolshevik government initially saw the national churches as a tool in their goal to suppress the Russian Orthodox Church, always viewed with great suspicion by the regime for its being the cornerstone of the defunct Russian Empire and the initially strong opposition it took towards the regime change. Therefore, the government tolerated the new Ukrainian national church for some time and the UAOC gained a wide following among the Ukrainian peasantry.

Ukrainization even reached those regions of southern Russian SFSR, particularly the areas by the Don and Kuban rivers, where mixed population showed strong Ukrainian influences in the local dialect. Ukrainian language teachers, just graduated from expanded institutions of higher education in Soviet Ukraine, were dispatched to these regions to staff newly opened Ukrainian schools or to teach Ukrainian as a second language in Russian schools. A string of local Ukrainian-language publications was started and departments of Ukrainian studies were opened in colleges. Overall, these policies were implemented in thirty-five administrative districts in southern Russia.

Early 1930s: reversal of Ukrainization policies
Starting from the early 1930s, the Ukrainization policies were abruptly and bloodily reversed. "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism" was declared to be the primary problem in Ukraine. Many Ukrainian newspapers, publications, and schools were switched to Russian.  The vast majority of leading scholars and cultural leaders of Ukraine were purged, as were the "Ukrainianized" and "Ukrainianizing" portions of the Communist party. Major repression started in 1929–30, when a large group of Ukrainian intelligentsia was arrested and most were executed. In Ukrainian history, this group is often referred to as "Executed Renaissance" (Ukrainian: розстріляне відродження). The terror peaked in 1933 during the Holodomor, four to five years before the Soviet-wide "Great Purge", which, for Ukraine, was a second blow. The vast majority of leading scholars and cultural leaders of Ukraine were liquidated, as were the "Ukrainianized" and "Ukrainianizing" portions of the Communist party.

At the 12th Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Moscow-appointed leader Pavel Postyshev declared that "1933 was the year of the defeat of Ukrainian nationalist counter-revolution." This "defeat" encompassed not just the physical extermination of a significant portion of the Ukrainian peasantry, but also the virtual elimination of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church clergy and the mass imprisonment or execution of Ukrainian intellectuals, writers and artists. Ukrainian music ensembles had their repertoires severely restricted and censored.  Foreign tours by Ukrainian artists were canceled without explanation.  Many artists were arrested and detained often for months at a time without cause. After not receiving any pay for many months, many choirs and artistic ensembles such as the Kiev and Poltava Bandurist Capellas ceased to exist. Blind traditional folk musicians known as kobzars were summoned from all of Ukraine to an ethnographic conference and disappeared (See Persecuted bandurists).

In the regions of southern Russian SFSR (North Caucasus and eastern part of Sloboda Ukraine included into RSFSR) Ukrainization was effectively outlawed in 1932. Specifically, the December 14, 1932 decree "On Grain Collection in Ukraine, North Caucasus and the Western Oblasts" by the VKP(b) Central Committee and USSR Sovnarkom stated that Ukrainization in certain areas was carried out formally, in a "non-Bolshevik" way, which provided the "bourgeois-nationalist elements" with a legal cover for organizing their anti-Soviet resistance. In order to stop this, the decree ordered in these areas, among other things, to switch to Russian all newspapers and magazines,  and all Soviet and cooperative paperwork. By the autumn of 1932 (beginning of a school year), all schools were ordered to switch to Russian. In addition the decree ordered a massive population swap: all "disloyal" population from a major Cossack settlement, stanitsa Poltavskaya  was banished to Northern Russia, with their property given to loyal kolkhozniks moved from poorer areas of Russia. This forced end to Ukrainization in southern RSFSR had led to a massive decline of reported Ukrainians in these regions in the 1937 Soviet Census compared to the 1926 First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union.

1930s to mid-1980
The Communist Party of Ukraine, under the guidance of state officials like Lazar Kaganovich, Stanisław Kosior, and Pavel Postyshev, boasted in early 1934 of the elimination of "counter-revolutionaries, nationalists, spies and class enemies". Whole academic organizations, such as the Bahaliy Institute of History and Culture, were shut down following the arrests.

In 1935–36, 83% of all school children in the Ukrainian SSR were taught in Ukrainian even though Ukrainians made up about 80% of the population. In 1936 from 1830 newspapers 1402 were in Ukrainian, as were 177 magazines, in 1936 69,104 thousand Ukrainian books were printed.

In the following fifty years the Soviet policies towards the Ukrainian language mostly varied between quiet discouragement and suppression to persecution and cultural purges, with the notable exception for the decade of Petro Shelest's Communist Party leadership in the Soviet Ukraine (1963–1972). The mid-1960s were characterized by moderate Ukrainization efforts in governmental affairs as well as the resurgence of the usage of Ukrainian in education, publishing and culture.

Post-1991: independent Ukraine

On 28 October 1989, the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine changed the Constitution and adopted the "Law of Languages". The Ukrainian language was declared the only official language, while the other languages spoken in Ukraine were guaranteed constitutional protection. The government was obliged to create the conditions required for the development and use of Ukrainian language as well as languages of other ethnic groups, including Russian. Usage of other languages, along with Ukrainian, was allowed in local institutions located in places of residence of the majority of citizens of the corresponding ethnicities. Citizens were guaranteed the right to use their native or any other languages and were entitled to address various institutions and organisations in Ukrainian, in Russian, or in another language of their work, or in a language acceptable to the parties. After the Ukrainian accession of independence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union the law, with some minor amendments, remained in force in the independent Ukrainian state.

Adopted in 1996, the new Constitution of Ukraine confirmed the official state status of the Ukrainian language, and guaranteed the free development, use, and protection of Russian and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine.

Language issues are still used by politicians to generate controversy. On May 20, 2008, Donetsk city council passed a resolution limiting the expansion of Ukrainian-language education in the city.  The following day the city prosecutor declared the decision illegal and the mayor suspended it, and the council reversed itself two days later.

According to a March 2010 survey, forced Ukrainization and Russian language suppression are among the least troubling problems for Ukrainian citizens, concerning only 4.8% of population.

Educational system

The government of independent Ukraine implemented policies to broaden the use of Ukrainian and mandated a progressively increased role for Ukrainian in the media and commerce. The most significant was the government's concerted effort to implement Ukrainian, as the only official state language in the country, into the state educational system. Despite the Constitution, the Law on Education (grants Ukrainian families (parents and their children) a right to choose their native language for schools and studies) as well as the Law of Languages (a guarantee for the protection of all languages in Ukraine) the education system gradually reshaped from a system that was only partly Ukrainian to the one that is overwhelmingly so. The Russian language is still studied as a required course in all secondary schools, including those with Ukrainian as the primary language of instructions. The number of secondary school students who received their primary education in Ukrainian grew from 47.9% in 1990–1991 (the last school year before Ukrainian independence) to 67.4% in 1999 and to 75.1% by 2003–2004 (see table). Ukrainization has achieved even greater gains in higher education institutions where as of 1990–1991 only 7% of students were being taught primarily in Ukrainian. By 2003–2004 the percentage of college and technicum students studying in Ukrainian reached 87.7% and for the students of the University-level institutions this number reached 80.1% (see table).

The extent of educational institutions' Ukrainization varies in the different regions of Ukraine. In the 16 western oblasts (provinces) of Ukraine there are 26 Russian language schools out of 12,907 and in Kyiv six out of 452 schools use Russian as their primary language of instruction, (according to a 2006 survey, Ukrainian is used at home by 23% of Kyivans, as 52% use Russian and 24% switch between both). In the Donets Basin region the percentage of students receiving education in Russian roughly corresponds to the percentage of population who considers Russian as their native language and in Crimea the overwhelming majority of secondary schools students are taught in Russian. The distribution is similar in the institutes of the higher education while the latter are somewhat more Ukrainianized.

The increase of the share of secondary school students obtaining education in Ukrainian (from 47.9% to 67%) over the first decade of the Ukrainian independence roughly corresponded to the share of native Ukrainian speakers - 67.5%. Schools continue to be transferred to the Ukrainian language up to this day. At the end of the 1990s, about 50% of professional school students, 62% of college students and 67% of university students (cf. 7% in 1991) studied in Ukrainian and in the following five years the number increased even further (see table).

In some cases, the changing of the language of instruction in institutions, led to the charges of assimilation, raised mostly by the Russian-speaking population.  Despite this, the transition was gradual and lacked many controversies that surrounded the de-Russification in several of the other former Soviet Republics, its perception within Ukraine remained mixed.

2017 law "On Education"

On September 25, 2017, a new law on education was signed by the President (draft approved by Rada on September 5, 2017) which said that the Ukrainian language is the language of education at all levels except for subjects that are allowed to be taught in two or more languages, namely English or one of the other official languages of the European Union.

The law was condemned by PACE that called it "a major impediment to the teaching of national minorities". The law also faced criticism from officials in Hungary, Romania and Russia. (Hungarian and Romanian are official languages of the European Union, Russian is not.) Ukrainian officials stressed that the new law complies fully with European norms on minority rights. The law does state that "Persons belonging to indigenous peoples of Ukraine are guaranteed the right to study in public facilities of preschool and primary education in the language of instruction of the respective indigenous people, along with the state language of instruction" in separate classes or groups. PACE describes this as a significant curtailing of the rights of indigenous peoples carried out without consultations with their representatives. On 27 June 2018 Ukrainian foreign minister Pavlo Klimkin stated that following the recommendation of the Venice Commission the language provision of the (September 2017) law on education will not apply to private schools and that every public school for national minorities "will have broad powers to independently determine which classes will be taught in Ukrainian or their native language."

In January 2020 the law was changed and made it legal to teach "one or more disciplines" in "two or more languages – in the official state language, in English, in another official languages of the European Union". All not state funded schools were made free to choose their own language of instruction.

According to the 2020 law until the fifth year of education all lessons can be completely thought in the minority language without mandatory teaching of subjects in Ukrainian. In the fifth year not less than 20% of the lessons must be taught in Ukrainian. Then every year the volume of teaching in the state language (Ukrainian) should increase, reaching 40% in the ninth grade. In the twelfth and final year at least 60% of education should be taught in Ukrainian.

The 2017 language education law stipulated a 3-year transitional period to come in full effect. In February 2018, this period was extended until 2023. In June 2023 this period was again extended to September 2024.

Since the introduction of the 2017 language law Hungary–Ukraine relations have greatly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine. Hungary is since 2017 blocking Ukraine's attempt to integrate within the EU and NATO to help the Hungarian minority in Ukraine.

Mass media

Since 2004 the Ukrainian government has enacted restrictions on Russian-language television and radio programmes. Russian-language programmes are required to include a Ukrainian translation or subtitles, and local radio and television stations have the right to broadcast in Russian only if they can prove they have a Russian audience. There was some opposition against this ban. Today the ban is in full effect, but Russian movies are mostly subtitled in cinemas and on Ukrainian television. Non-Russian and non-Ukrainian movies which used to be dubbed in Russian may now only be dubbed, post-synchronized or subtitled in Ukrainian. Ukrainian authorities defended the ban, stating that it aimed to develop a home-grown Ukrainian distribution industry and to give Ukrainian distributors "muscle" in negotiating their own deals to buy foreign films. Russian distributors control around 90% of foreign films screened in Ukraine and tend to supply Russian-language dubbed or subtitled copies that are part of wider packages distributed throughout Russia and the former Soviet territories. Andriy Khalpakhchi, director the Ukrainian Cinema Foundation, claims "Some European sellers at Berlin's film market are reporting that Russian buyers are already threatening not to buy films if they sell directly to Ukraine without using Russian distribution channels." Despite earlier fears that there would be problems due to the introduction of compulsory Ukrainian dubbing of films, the number of visitors to Ukrainian cinemas soared by 40% in Q1 of the year 2009 compared to the same period of the previous year.

Several Russian TV channels have not been allowed to broadcast in Ukraine since November 1, 2008, according to Ukraine's National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting mainly because of the advertising aired by the channels. The Ukrainian distributors of television channels were ordered to bring the broadcasts in line with Ukrainian laws. Channel One and Ren TV have since been granted temporary permission to broadcast, while a separate version of RTR Planeta was started specially for Ukrainian TV viewers in October 2009.

On 13 May 2010, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov claimed that in Ukraine "the discriminatory, motivated, ideology-tinged and anti-Russian decisions that were being made when Yuschenko was President have been lifted".

On 23 May 2017, Ukrainian parliament approved the law proposed in November 2016 that demands national, regional, satellite, and multi-channel TV and radio networks to broadcast at least 75% of their content (summarized on weekly basis separately in time intervals 7am6pm and 6pm10pm) in Ukrainian starting from 13 October 2017. 50% is required from local networks, and 75% of news programs is required in Ukrainian for all networks. Films and broadcasts which are not products of these networks and produced after 1991 must be broadcast exclusively in Ukrainian. Reasonable exceptions are provided for inclusion of non-Ukrainian language into otherwise Ukrainian-language broadcasts. The National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine may permit exceptions to this law for broadcasts which serve elimination of threats to national security. At the time the only two national Ukrainian TV channels who did not already broadcast 75% of their content in Ukrainian were "Inter" and "Ukraine".  Also because of this May 2017 approved law, since 8 November 2018 Ukrainian radio stations must broadcast no less than 35% of songs in Ukrainian or if it plays 60% of its songs in the official languages of the European Union then 25%.

Politics
In two presidential elections, in 1994 and 2004, the role of languages in Ukraine was an important election issue. In 1994 the main opposition candidate, Leonid Kuchma, in an attempt to widen his political appeal, expressed his support for the idea of Russian becoming the second state language, as well as promising to improve his knowledge of the Ukrainian language. In addition to the stagnating economy, the language issue likely contributed to Kuchma's victory in the election; but while his knowledge of Ukrainian noticeably improved, Kuchma did not follow through on his pledge to make Russian a state language during the 10 years of his presidency.

In 2004 an election promise by Viktor Yanukovych (leader of the Party of Regions) to adopt Russian as the second official language might also have increased the turnout of his base, but it was rebutted during the campaign by his opponent (Viktor Yushchenko), who pointed out that Yanukovych could have already taken steps towards this change while he was a Prime Minister of Ukraine if this had really been his priority. During his campaign Yushchenko emphasized that his being painted as a proponent of the closure of Russian schools frequently made by his opponents is entirely baseless and stated his view that the issue of school language, as well as the churches, should be left to local communities. Nevertheless, during Yuchshenko's presidency the transfer of educational institutions from Russian to Ukrainian continued.

In the 2006 parliamentary election the status of the Russian language in Ukraine was brought up again by the opposition parties. The leading opposition party, Party of Regions, promised to introduce two official languages, Russian and Ukrainian, on the national and regional levels. On the national level such changes require modifying Article 10 of the Constitution of Ukraine, which the party hopes to achieve. Before the election in Kharkiv, and following the election in the other south-eastern regions such as Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Luhansk, Mykolaiv, and the Crimea, the newly elected local councils, won by the Party of Regions (and minor supporting parties), declared Russian as a regional language, citing the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, ratified by Ukraine in 2003. In Dnipropetrovsk, the court has found the order of the city council on introducing Russian as a regional language unlawful, but the legal battle on the local status of the Russian language remains to be resolved.

In the wake of the 2006 Parliamentary crisis in Ukraine that fractured the governing coalition and returned Yanukovych to the Prime Ministership, the "Universal of National Unity" signed by President Yushchenko as well as the leaders of several of the most influential political parties declared that Ukrainian would remain the official state language in Ukraine. However, within a week after signing the Universal, Yanukovych, then approved as Prime Minister of Ukraine, stated at a press conference in Sochi (Russia) that the implementation of Russian as a second state language remains the goal of his party even though he does not see it achieved in the immediate future because such a change, which would require amending the Constitution, would not collect the required majority (⅔) in the Parliament of Ukraine given the current political situation.

During the electoral campaign for the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election Yanukovych at first stated that if he would be elected President he then will do everything in order to make Russian the second state language in Ukraine, but in an interview with Kommersant later during the campaign he stated that the status of Russian in Ukraine "is too politicized" and said that if elected president in 2010 he would "have a real opportunity to adopt a law on languages, which implements the requirements of the European Charter of regional languages". He implied this law would need 226 votes in the Ukrainian parliament (50% of the votes instead of the 75% of the votes needed to change the constitution of Ukraine). After his early 2010 election as President Yanukovych stated (on March 9, 2010) "Ukraine will continue to promote the Ukrainian language as its only state language".

Law
According to the laws on civil and administrative procedure enacted in Ukraine in 2005, all legal and court proceedings in Ukraine are to be conducted in Ukrainian. This does not restrict, however, the usage of other languages, as the law guarantees interpretation services for any language desired by a citizen, defendant or witness.

Historical and political calendar
President Petro Poroshenko claimed to be carrying out the "Ukrainianization of the historical and political calendar - the replacement of the Soviet-Russian imposed upon us." This has led to the moving of military holidays to new dates and the creation of the Defenders of Ukraine Day.

The 2017 abolition of May 2 as public holiday (as it was in the Soviet era) and instead (since 2017) making Western Christianity's Christmas, celebrated 25 December, a new Ukrainian public holiday was also described as moving away from  "Moscow's calendar and Russian imperial standards" (by Oleksandr Turchynov, the Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine in 2017). (May 1's International Workers' Day remained a Ukrainian public holiday, although it was renamed (also in 2017) from "Day of International Solidarity of Workers" to "Labor Day".)

See also
 Belarusization
 Language policy in Ukraine
 Reversal of Ukrainization policies in Soviet Ukraine
 Russian language in Ukraine
 Russians in Ukraine
 Ukrainian nationalism
 Ukrainophilia
 Derussification in Ukraine
 Volhynian Genocide
 Chronology of Ukrainian language suppression

References

Further reading
Volodymyr Kubiyovych; Zenon Kuzelia, Енциклопедія українознавства  (Encyclopedia of Ukrainian studies), 3-volumes, Kyiv, 1994,
 George O. Liber, Soviet nationality policy, urban growth, and identity change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923-1934, Cambridge: CUP, 1992,
 James E. Mace, Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation. National Communism in Soviet Ukraine 1918-1933, Cambridge, Mass.: HURI Harvard, 1983,
 Terry D. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire. Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001,
Закон про мови (Law on languages), 1989 (in Ukrainian), English translation.
Constitution of Ukraine.
Ukrainian language - the third official?, Ukrayinska Pravda, November 28, 2005

UKRAINE:  Russian Language Toned Down, Inter Press Service, August 11, 2008

 Myroslav Shkandrij. The Ukrainian reading public in the 1920s: real, implied, and ideal Canadian Slavonic Papers 58, no.2 (2016)
What Languages are Actually Spoken in Ukraine, Best Kyiv Guide, May 12, 2023

Social history of Ukraine
Soviet internal politics
Cultural assimilation
Ukrainian nationalism
Ukrainian language
Cultural regions
Slavicization
Culture of Ukraine
Ukrainization

Ukrainization


Charles Germman Burton (April 4, 1846 – February 25, 1926) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri.

Biography
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Burton moved to Warren, Ohio, and attended the public schools.
He enlisted September 7, 1861 as a private in Company C, 19th Ohio Infantry, and served with the regiment until discharged October 29, 1862.
Corporal in Company A, 171st Ohio Infantry, during the "one hundred days" campaign of 1864.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in Warren, Ohio, in 1867.
He moved to Virgil City, Missouri, in 1868, to Erie, Kansas, in 1869, and Nevada, Vernon County, Missouri, in 1871, where he practiced law.
Circuit attorney and judge of the twenty-fifth circuit.
He served as delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1884 and 1904.

Burton was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1896 to the Fifty-fifth Congress.
He resumed the practice of law.
He served as collector of internal revenue at Kansas City, Missouri from 1907 to 1915.
Commander in chief of the Grand Army of the Republic in 1908.
He died in Kansas City, Missouri, February 25, 1926.
He was interred in Deepwood Cemetery, Nevada, Missouri.

References

1846 births
1926 deaths
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri
Grand Army of the Republic Commanders-in-Chief
Lawyers from Cleveland
Politicians from Cleveland
19th-century American lawyers

Charles Germman Burton


Arthur David Beaty (28 March 1919 – 4 December 1999) was a British writer, pilot and psychologist notable as a pioneer in the field of human factors, now an integral branch of aviation medicine, which he argued played a central role in aviation accidents attributed to pilot error.

Early life
Beaty was born in Hatton, Ceylon on 28 March 1919, the son of a Methodist minister, and was educated at the Kingswood School followed by Merton College, Oxford where he read History and edited Cherwell, a student newspaper. Whilst at Oxford the Second World War broke out prompting him to volunteer for pilot training with Oxford University Air Squadron.

Early flying and wartime service
Beaty was initially rejected by the RAF pilot selection panel. Thanks largely to the support of his university tutors, he eventually passed selection and completed flying training, receiving a pilot grading of 'exceptional'.

Following flying training, Beaty joined RAF Coastal Command flying the Consolidated Liberator.  He completed four tours with 206 Squadron and won a Distinguished Flying Cross and bar.  During an attack on a U-boat in the Baltic his aircraft was badly damaged, with a number of the control surfaces, including the rudder, being shot away.  Beaty brought the aircraft back to base for a successful landing. Upon inspection, over 600 holes were counted in the aircraft.

Civil aviation
After the war, Beaty was offered a regular commission with the RAF. However, he turned down the opportunity and joined BOAC where he was posted to the carrier's flagship route across the North Atlantic. His flying career with BOAC was short-lived. Soon, he took up writing on a full-time basis.

Novels
Beaty wrote 20 novels, under the names Paul Stanton and Robert Stanton, starting at the end of his commercial flying career and continuing almost until his death.  Flying has an important place in many of them.  They are:
 The Take Off (1949) (US title: The Donnington Legend)
 The Heart of the Storm (1954) (US title: The Four Winds)
 The Proving Flight (1956)
 Cone of Silence (1959)
 Call Me Captain (1959)
 Village of Stars (1960) (writing as Paul Stanton)
 The Wind Off The Sea (1962)
 The Siren Song (1964)
 Milk and Honey (1964)
 Sword of Honour (1965)
 The Gun Garden (1965)
 The Temple Tree (1971)
 Electric Train (1975)
 Excellency (1977)
 The White Sea Bird (1979)
 Wings of the Morning (1982) (with Betty Beaty)
 The Stick (1984)
 The Blood Brothers (1987)
 Eagles (1990)
 The Ghosts of the Eighth Attack (1998)

Non-fiction writing, flight safety and, human factors
Already an accomplished novelist, Beaty turned his attention to identifying the possible causes behind aviation accidents attributed to pilot error, enrolling at University College London to read psychology. Having completed the degree course in a single year, rather than the traditional three years, Beaty became a civil servant in 1967 before publishing his first non-fiction work, The Human Factor in Aircraft Accidents in 1969.  This was followed by The Water Jump: The Story of Transatlantic Flight (1976), The Complete Skytraveller (1979) and Strange Encounters: Mysteries of the Air (1982), before he returned to the subject of his first non-fiction book in The Naked Pilot - The Human Factor in Aircraft Accidents (1991).  Finally Light Perpetual: Aviators' Memorial Windows appeared in 1995.

His first book was met with considerable resistance, not least from a number of aviators, because it portrayed pilots as ordinary human beings, susceptible to errors and mistakes. However, Beaty's work resulted in further interest in the subject, which has now become an accepted part of flying training and is a compulsory module on many private and professional flying courses.

Radio
On 10 June 1972, a 90-minute adaptation of Beaty's novel The Temple Tree, scripted by Betty Davies and Michael Spice, was transmitted in BBC Radio 4's Saturday Night Theatre slot. Beaty himself subsequently wrote a drama serial for Radio 4 entitled The Magic Carpet. The story of the doomed airship R101, it was transmitted from 27 November 1983 to 8 January 1984 in seven 30-minute episodes.

Films
In 1960, Alfred Hitchcock bought the rights to Beaty's novel Village of Stars but never produced the film. Another novel of Beaty's was produced as the film Cone of Silence (1960) starring George Sanders.

Death
Beaty died on 4 December 1999 in Slindon, West Sussex. His wife, Betty Campbell Beaty, wrote Winged life : a biography of David Beaty in 2001.

References

External links
 Author page on Pan Macmillan website
 Archival material at

Further reading
 Forsberg, Roberta J. The World of David Beaty: The Place of the Images. Astra Books, NY: 1971.
 Forsberg, Roberta J. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and David Beaty: Poets of a New Dimension. Astra Books, NY: 1974.

20th-century British writers
1919 births
1999 deaths
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
People educated at Kingswood School, Bath
People from Central Province, Sri Lanka
People from Slindon

David Beaty (author)