A popover is a container-type graphical control element that hovers over its parent window and blocks any other interaction until it is selected. It can contain various other graphical control elements such as checkboxes, radio buttons, or list boxes. Like any container-type graphical control element, it is meant to group elements that belong together.

Popover graphical control element were introduced in GTK+ 3.12.

Apple included popovers in their human interface guidelines. Popovers are in use on the web. Bootstrap has a component to create popovers, similar to those found in iOS.

When hovering a link in Wikipedia, by default, there is a popup of page preview that is in a way popover: it includes a button and it has more content than in tooltip.

References

Graphical control elements

Popover (GUI)


Lieutenant-General (Korpskommandant) Roland Nef (born 1 July 1959) was the Chief of the Armed Forces (Chef der Armee) of Switzerland in 2008.

Nef, a jurist by profession, succeeded Lt-Gen. Christophe Keckeis in the position of Chief of the Armed Forces in January 2008. In July 2008, Nef resigned his post following media reports that his former partner had accused him of sexual harassment in a criminal complaint. The Swiss Federal Council accepted Nef's resignation on August 20, 2008.

During his military career, Nef held the following ranks and appointments:
 1988: Lieutenant / Captain; commander of an armoured howitzer battery
 1992: Captain in the General Staff; Intelligence Chief, Field Division 7
 1995: Major in the General Staff; Commander, Armoured Howitzer Battalion 33
 1999: Lieutenant-Colonel in the General Staff; Deputy Chief of staff / Operations, Field Division 7
 2001: Colonel in the General Staff; Chief of Staff, Field Division 7
 2002: Brigadier; Commander, Armoured Brigade 4
 2004: Commander, Armoured Brigade 11
 2007: Commander, Armour/Artillery Training Unit
 2008: Lieutenant-General, Chief of the Armed Forces

References

1959 births
Living people
People from Frauenfeld
Swiss military officers

Roland Nef


The Adatepe class or Kocatepe class were two destroyers built for the Turkish Navy by the Italian company, Ansaldo of Genoa in 1931.

These ships were the first part of the re-armament program for the Turkish Navy which began after the end of the Greco-Turkish War and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.

The Adatepe class were based on contemporary Italian  but had guns mounted in single mountings rather than twin turrets of the Italian ships. The hulls were lengthened to accommodate this change and the ships had two funnels rather than the single funnel used by the Italian ships.

Ships

Notes

References

Destroyers of the Turkish Navy
Destroyer classes
Ships built by Gio. Ansaldo & C.
Italy–Turkey relations

Adatepe-class destroyer


The Buhlbachsee is a tarn (lake) in the northern Black Forest on the southwestern edge of the parish of Baiersbronn in the county of Freudenstadt in Baden-Württemberg. Since 1 January 2014 it has been part of the Black Forest National Park.

The tarn lies around 4.5 kilometres southeast of the summit of the Schliffkopf in the Buhlbach valley and less than half a kilometre northeast of the Black Forest High Road. The lake can be reached on foot over various paths including from Kniebis, Baiersbronn-Obertal or from the Black Forest High Road.

The tarn is about 160 metres wide and almost circular in shape. Only in the northeast, where the Buhlbach stream, which enters from the southwest, leaves the lake again is there a "nose" that gives it a length of about 200 metres. There is an island in the lake, about 0.7 hectares in area, which is covered in birch trees.

Like all tarns the Buhlbachsee was formed by a glacier. After the last ice age, which ended in the Black Forest about 10,000 years ago, it was left behind.

References

External links
 The Buhlbachsee at www.schwarzwaldhochstrasse.de

Freudenstadt (district)
Lakes of Baden-Württemberg
Tarns of the Black Forest
LBuhlbachsee

Buhlbachsee


Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI, also known as Sangokushi 11 (三國志11), is the 11th installment in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sangokushi) grand strategy game series by Koei. The game was released for the PC on March 17, 2006 in Japan. A Traditional Chinese version was released on July 27 in Taiwan.

A PlayStation 2 version was released on September 28, 2006 in Japan and on February 6, 2007 in North America. A Wii version was released on March 21, 2007 for the Japanese market at a premium price of ¥9,800.

The premium version includes a walkthrough, a tactical map, four cards illustrated by Tsuyoshi Nagano, and an orchestra soundtrack CD. The Chinese version of the premium version includes a walkthrough and a map.

An official English version for the PC was announced on April 23, 2008, and was planned to be released in North America on July 29. However, the release date was delayed until September 9, 2008. There is an expansion pack for the PC version, but it was not included in the English version and is available only in Asian markets. This marked the Koei reintroduction of a PC version of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms series for the English market which had not happened since November 30, 1995, with the American release of Romance of the Three Kingdoms IV: Wall of Fire.

Some of the 3D models in this game were borrowed from Dynasty Warriors 4.

32 historical characters not from the Three Kingdoms era can be unlocked after the player completes all the game tutorials.

Power-up kit
The power-up kit adds the following features:

Similar neighboring facilities can be combined.
10 new city facilities.
Generals can research new abilities. Over 50 abilities are available based on attack, defense, administration, and strategy.
A new battle game mode, which allows playing preset battle scenarios.
6 new campaign scenarios, and 30 new events.
Editor can alter generals, cities, kingdoms, equipment.
New voices. Player can choose between Mandarin or Japanese voices.
A new "Super" (超級) game difficulty setting.
Duel success rate.
A friendlier command dialogue during research and waging wars. For example, when assigning generals to perform a task, a dialogue box will show items and time needed to perform the task.
A new national research subject named "Internal administration" (内政).
New military features including:
Can assign troops to transport supplies to specific camps.
Improved AI.
Seize items.
Enhanced facilities and strategy including:
Increased effects for fortresses, and heightened status recovery rate.
Increased range for drum tower, increasing the chance for successfully entering a duel.
When using spearman strategies to destroy troops, the trap effect increases.
When using cavalry strategies to trap troops, the chances for capturing enemy generals increase.

The power-up kit was sold separately for the Windows version, and standard for the Wii version.

Koei offered the power-up kit in Japanese and Traditional Chinese. They never made or sold an English version, despite good sales for the game.

PS2 and Wii with power-up kit version
It adds following:
2 scenario for total 16 scenario, 8 stage scenario, and 20 duels. The Chibi scenario from the PC power-up kit is unlocked.
Special events for when completing certain events.
Adds 50 characters from Bandit Kings of Ancient China.
New Action mode (Wii only).

Reception
IGN praised the length and depth of the game, saying it "packs literally hundreds of hours of play time on its single disc", but criticized the pace of the game, saying players will "have to endure an almost relentless level of tedium." and "It will bore to tears most of the jump cut-addled, MTV-watching, Ritalin-popping masses due to a sometimes excruciatingly slow pace." GameSpot had a similar view, "The strategy is complex and rewarding, but the menu shuffling and extremely slow pace won't earn the series any new fans." Games Radar emphasised that Kingdoms XI would mainly appeal to fans of the series, "...addicts that have kept up with the series and crave more of its rare gameplay will eat it up. Gamers that have never cared about or have never heard of the series don't have any reasons to give it a whirl." 1UP.com called the game's learning curve "intimidating" even for veteran strategy gamers, but praised "the top-notch writing, nifty historical setting, and unique aesthetic", claiming "the game gives you everything you could want from a turn-based tactics extravaganza."

References

External links

 The official site for the English version
 Japan Gamecity RTK11 page
 China Gamecity RTK11 page
 Taiwan Gamecity RTK11 page
 Koei Europe RTK11 page

2006 video games
11
Turn-based strategy video games
PlayStation 2 games
Wii games
Windows games
Grand strategy video games
Video games developed in Japan

Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI


Carrao River is a river of Venezuela. It is part of the Orinoco River basin. It is well known for one of its major tributaries, the Churún River, which feeds Angel Falls, the world's highest waterfall. Another major tributary is the Ahonda River. The Carrao River flows primarily through Canaima National Park. As it starts to flow north, the Carrao River widens and meets the small town of Canaima, a vacationing destination. It flows north again, but it eventually narrows. As it continues its course west, it drains into the Caroní River, a major tributary of the Orinoco River in Venezuela.

See also
List of rivers of Venezuela

References

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rivers of Venezuela

Carrao River


The Col. Nathan Whitney House is a historic house located at 1620 Whitney Road south of Franklin Grove, Illinois. The Italianate house was built for Colonel Nathan Whitney, a veteran of the War of 1812, in 1860. Whitney and his family settled in the Franklin Grove area in 1836 and founded the Franklin Grove Nursery and Orchards. The orchards became successful, and Whitney had four houses built for his family on the site, the 1860 house being the fourth.

The house's design features many of the typical features of Italianate architecture. A prominent cupola, a traditional feature of the style, tops the house's hipped roof. The house features decorative brackets and dentillation along its eaves and the top of its front porch; additional brackets separate the cupola's windows. The porch's railing and newel posts and the capitals of its columns also feature decorative moldings. The thin windows on both the house and its cupola emphasize the height of the building, as do the thin columns supporting the porch roof.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 2, 1990.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Italianate architecture in Illinois
Houses completed in 1860
Houses in Lee County, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Lee County, Illinois

Col. Nathan Whitney House


Analipus japonicus, or sea fir, is a brown alga species in the genus Analipus.

This species contains the phlorotannins difucol, trifucol, tetrafucol A and B, two pentafucols, four hexafucols, a heptafucol mixture and halogenated compounds such as bromo- and chlorotrifucol, 5'-bromo- and 5'-chlorotetrafucol-A as well as 5'-bromo- and 5'-chloropentafucol-A.

This brown alga species is a Pacific subtropical-boreal plant species that populates the stone coast from the Sea of Japan to the Bering Sea and from Alaska to California. The Analipus thallus is an abiding lobed basal crust ("tar spot"), from which a short lived vertical axis with a number of branches develop. From the branches develop a unilocular or multilocular sporangia advance on the branches.

References

Further reading

External links

 Analipus japonicus at Algaebase. Includes photo gallery
 Analipus japonicus at Seaweeds of Alaska. Includes photo gallery

Edible seaweeds
Ralfsiales
Plants described in 1971

Analipus japonicus


A testimonial party () is a political party that focuses on its principles, instead of adapting them to local or temporal issues in the pursuit of coalition government participation.

In the Netherlands
It is a peculiar phenomenon in the Netherlands, because of the Dutch system of proportional representation, in which any party that has over 0.66% of the vote can enter the House of Representatives. A typical House of Representatives has 10 or more factions represented. With such a large number of parties, it is all but impossible for one party to win the 76 seats needed for a majority in its own right.

As a result, most Dutch political parties will negotiate and compromise to form a coalition government. Testimonial parties will not compromise; this, combined with the fact that they are usually small parties, makes their participation in a coalition government extremely unlikely. Examples of parties that have referred to themselves as "testimonial" include the orthodox Protestant Reformed Political Party (SGP) and the animal rights-advocating Party for the Animals. In contrast, the term 'program party' is used for parties oriented toward participation in coalitions.

In other countries
The Christian Heritage Party of New Zealand and the Christian Heritage Party of Canada, many members of which had Dutch ancestry, may have been a version of a 'testimonial party' effectively exported to a foreign context.
The Communist Party of Greece refuses to join any coalition like in May 2012 or January 2015.
Many Trotskyist parties, such as the Workers' Party of Uruguay, usually obtain less than 1000 votes in every election.

See also
 Protest party
 Single-issue politics
 Beginselpartij
Abstentionism

References

Political terminology
Proportional representation electoral systems

Testimonial party


Miodowa (lit. Honey Street) is a street in Warsaw's Old Town. More precisely, it links the Krakowskie (Cracow Suburb) Street in with Krasiński Square. It is also the name of a street in the Kazimierz district in Kraków.

History

In the 16th century Miodowa Street was renowned for its gingerbread shops; hence its name. During the 18th century the Italian painter Bernardo Bellotto, better known as il Canaletto, the court painter for Poland's last king Stanisław August Poniatowski, painted with meticulous details the streets and architecture of 18th century Warsaw.

Canaletto painted a view of the street with all the hustle and bustle of its traffic. The buildings are, on the right, the palace of Crown Marshal Jan Klemens Branicki (built in 1740) and, on the left, the palace of the Bishops of Cracow (built in 1622, rebuilt between 1760-1762 by Jakub Fontana) and the mansion of the Warsaw banker, Piotr Tepper (built in 1774 according to design by Efraim Szreger, destroyed during the Warsaw Uprising and not rebuilt after the war). Further back can be seen the roof of the 17th-century church of the Capuchins, founded by King John III Sobieski (built between 1683-1694 by Tylman van Gameren), which bas a chapel containing the urn with his heart. Behind the chapel partially in front of the Krasiński Palace in the far distance can be seen on the left side the Lelewel Palace, another work of Efraim Szreger.

References

In-line:

Gallery

Historical images

Features (visible at the Canaletto painting)

External links
 Miodowa in 19th century (see Plac Krasińskich)

Streets in Warsaw
Śródmieście, Warsaw
Tourist attractions in Warsaw

Miodowa Street, Warsaw


Brainerd Jones (1865 – 1949) was an American architect who designed and built most of the architecturally significant buildings in Petaluma, California.

Jones is best known for designing three Carnegie libraries in Sonoma County, two of which are still remain standing and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Jones also has seven other buildings which he contributed to and nine of which are on the National Register.

The overall importance and character of the Petaluma downtown can be partially attributed to Brainerd Jones' contribution. In Santa Rosa, Jones also designed many significant buildings including the Exchange Bank (now destroyed), the Saturday Afternoon Club, the Petaluma Women's Club building, the Lumsden House, and the Oates-Comstock House.

The D Street area has a wealth of important old houses, many of which are attributed to Brainerd Jones, including the Byce House, used for the filming of Peggy Sue Got Married; the Reynaud House as well as four other brick homes. Jones is known for his use of native stone in his buildings.

Other examples include: the 1917 Petaluma and Santa Rosa Electric Railway Depot (now the West County Museum) in Sebastopol, the 1922 addition to the C.C. Silk Mill in Petaluma, the 1911 remodel of the McNear Building in Petaluma and part of the McClay Building, the 1920 Petaluma Post Office (now a retail store), the Simon Pinschower House in Cloverdale,  and the 1922 Petaluma Golf and Country Club Clubhouse.

A number of his works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Works include (attribution):
Ellis-Martin House, 1197 E. Washington St. Petaluma, CA (Jones, Brainerd), NRHP-listed
Free Public Library of Petaluma, 20 Fourth St. Petaluma, CA (Jones,Brainerd), NRHP-listed
Healdsburg Carnegie Library, 221 Matheson St. Healdsburg, CA (Jones,Brainerd), NRHP-listed
W. H. Lumsden House, 727 Mendocino St. Santa Rosa, CA (Jones,Brainerd), NRHP-listed
Erskine McNear B., 121 Knight Dr. San Rafael, CA (Jones,Brainerd), NRHP-listed
Old Petaluma Opera House, 147–149 Kentucky St. Petaluma, CA (Jones,Brainerd), NRHP-listed
Petaluma Silk Mill, 420 Jefferson St. Petaluma, CA (Jones,Brainerd), NRHP-listed
Sebastopol Depot of the Petaluma and Santa Rosa Railway, 261 S. Main St. Sebastopol, CA (Jones, Brainerd), NRHP-listed
First Congregational Church, 16 5th St. Petaluma, CA (Jones, Brainerd). Now home of the Unitarian Universalists of Petaluma.

References

Bibliography
Rhinehart, Katherine J., Petaluma: A History in Architecture, Arcadia Publishing.
Munro-Fraser, J. P. Alley, Bowen and Company, History of Sonoma County: Including its geology, topography, mountains, valleys and streams. Salem, Mass. : Higginson Book Co.
Weinstein Dave, San Francisco Chronicle The man who built Petaluma: Brainerd Jones designed much of what is now the city's historic section, The Chronicle, Saturday, February 18, 2006.

External links
Brainerd Jones at www.sonic.net
National Register #78000801:Old Petaluma Opera House in Sonoma County at www.noehill.com
National Register #88000924: Healdsburg Carnegie Library in Sonoma County at www.noehill.com
National Register #88000925: Free Public Library of Petaluma in Sonoma County at www.noehill.com
National Register #86000386: Petaluma Silk Mill in Sonoma County at www.noehill.com
National Register #83001245: W. H. Lumsden House in Sonoma County at www.noehill.com
National Register #82002276: Simon Pinschower House in Sonoma County at www.noehill.com
National Register #96000109: Sebastopol Depot of the Petaluma and Santa Rosa Railway in Sonoma County at www.noehill.com
Carnegie Libraries of California at carnegie-libraries.org
https://web.archive.org/web/20070929081051/http://www.krcb.org/television/on_demand/petaluma.htm
Petaluma Historical Society Website
McNear's Saloon with info about Lyman Byce.
Blue Label at the Belvedere In the stately Belvedere Building

1865 births
1949 deaths
19th-century American architects
History of Sonoma County, California
People from Santa Rosa, California
Petaluma, California
Architecture in the San Francisco Bay Area
20th-century American architects

Brainerd Jones


Dina (, ,also spelled Dinah, Dena, Deena) [ dahy-nuh ] is a female given name. Dina is a Hebrew name that carries the meaning of "judgment" or "vindication". Its origin comes from the Hebrew term din, which signifies "judge". This name is frequently linked to Dinah, a character from the Bible who was the daughter of Jacob and Leah.This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

People
 Dina bint Abdul-Hamid (1929–2019), Queen consort of Jordan, first wife of King Hussein
 Dina Carroll (born 1968), English singer
 Dina Ali Lasloom
 Dina Merrill, stage name of Nedenia Marjorie Hutton (1923–2017), American actress, socialite and philanthropist
 Dina Powell (born 1973), American businesspeople and former government officeholder
 Dina Titus (born 1950), Nevada politician
 Dina Wadia (1919–2017), daughter of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan

References

Dina (name)


Lady on a Train is a 1945 American light-hearted comedy crime film directed by Charles David and starring Deanna Durbin, Ralph Bellamy, and David Bruce.

Based on a story by Leslie Charteris, the film is about a woman who witnesses a murder in a nearby building from her train window. After she reports the murder to the police, who quickly dismiss her story, she turns to a popular mystery writer to help her solve the crime. The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Sound.

Plot
San Francisco debutante Nicki Collins goes to visit her aunt in New York.  Her father's employee, Haskell, is to meet her and facilitate her stay.  Before reaching Grand Central, Nicki's train makes a brief stop and, when she looks up from the book she is reading - a mystery by novelist Wayne Morgan - she witnesses a murder in a nearby building.

Upon arrival, she slips away from Haskell and goes to the police, but the desk sergeant, seeing the novel in her hand, assumes she imagined the crime.  She decides that Wayne Morgan must be able to solve a murder, finds him, and pesters him to get involved.  Following Morgan and his fiancee into a theater, she sees a newsreel about the "accidental" death of shipping magnate Josiah Waring—and recognizes him as the murder victim.

Unable to find the crime scene, Nicki sneaks onto the grounds of Waring's mansion.  She is mistaken for Margo Martin, who was expected but has not come.  Waring's will is read by his lawyer, Wiggam: Waring's nephews Arnold and Jonathan are not surprised to receive a token $1 inheritance, while the bulk of the estate goes to Margo Martin—his trophy fiancee and a singer at a nightclub he owns.  Nicki snoops around the house and absconds with a pair of bloody slippers that disprove the story of an accident.  Two conspirators in the murder try but fail to stop her: Saunders, who turns out to be the nightclub's manager and another heir, and the chauffeur, Danny.

Back with Haskell, Nicki makes another attempt to involve Morgan, phoning him and pretending a man is there attacking her—not realizing that Danny is there and is about to do just that.  Before he can, she makes another call, to her father.  While she is singing to him, Danny spots the slippers and departs, separately attacking Haskell and Morgan. Nicki subsequently assumes they mistakenly attacked each other.

For various reasons, everyone goes to the nightclub.  Nicki speaks to Margo and becomes suspicious.  She locks Margo in a closet, goes on stage, and sings in her place.  When freed, Margo tells Saunders she was never interested in the plot and stalks off; she is later murdered.

Arnold and Jonathan make romantic overtures to Nicki, but Saunders has her called backstage.  He and Danny admit their involvement in the murder and threaten her, but Morgan breaks into the room and Nicki takes the slippers back.  A series of backstage fights follows.  Nicki escapes, returns to the stage and sings again.  Morgan learns that one of the people she is sitting with—Arnold, Jonathan, and Wiggam—must be the murderer and manages to warn her.  Meanwhile, Morgan's fiancee, thinking he is two-timing her with Nicki, dumps him.

Danny shoots Saunders.  Nicki and Morgan leave with the slippers, but are arrested in the morning, based on false information from Danny.  Nicki tries to present the slippers, but Morgan's valet has them—and proudly reveals how clean they now are.

Arnold, Jonathan, and Haskell all arrive at the jail to pay Nicki's bail.  Arnold says the Warings would like to meet her and drives her to their company's offices, but nobody is there.  They talk about the case and he admits that he had motive, but so did Jonathan, Wiggam, and especially Saunders.  Frightened, Nicki manages to get away from him.

Finding Jonathan in the building, she tells him that Arnold is the murderer.  They hide in a room, which she realizes is the scene of the crime she saw from the train.  Jonathan is the murderer.  He confesses, bragging: next he will kill her, frame Arnold, and kill Arnold, supposedly while defending Nicki.

Arnold slips into the room and grabs Jonathan's gun, but then Morgan arrives and mistakes the situation, and Jonathan gets it back.  As Morgan tries unconvincingly to tell Jonathan that the police will be coming, they do.

In the final scene, Nicki and Wayne Morgan are newlyweds on a train.  She is enjoying his newest book so much she tells the porter not to make up their beds until she finishes reading, and Morgan promptly tells her how it ends.

Cast
 Deanna Durbin as Nicki Collins
 Ralph Bellamy as Jonathan Waring
 David Bruce as Wayne Morgan
 George Coulouris as Mr. Saunders, Circus Club Manager
 Allen Jenkins as Danny
 Dan Duryea as Arnold Waring
 Edward Everett Horton as Mr. Haskell
 Jacqueline deWit as Miss Fletcher
 Patricia Morison as Joyce Williams
 Elizabeth Patterson as Aunt Charlotte Waring
 Maria Palmer as Margo Martin
 Samuel S. Hinds as Mr. Wiggam
 William Frawley as Desk Sgt. Brennan
 Thurston Hall as Josiah Waring (uncredited)
 Kathleen O'Malley as Photographer
 Lash LaRue as a club waiter (uncredited)

Production
In October 1943 Leslie Charteris was reportedly working on the story as a vehicle for Deanna Durbin. Charteris worked on it immediately after his honeymoon. The film was part of an attempt by producer Felix Jackson to diversify Durbin's image, that also included Christmas Holiday.

In September 1944 Charles David, who has just directed The Faries Tale Murder was assigned to direct.

Donald Cook, Robert Paige and Franchot Tone were discussed as possible leading men. In January the job went to David Bruce who had played support in Durbin's previous two films. Felix Jackson says Bruce was cast on the strength of his work in Christmas Holiday.

There was some second unit location work done on the New York subway in November 1944. Filming was to have begun December 15, 1944 but did not start until January 17, 1945.

The cast also included Dan Duryea and Ralph Bellamy, who was borrowed from Hunt Stromberg.

Soundtrack
 "Silent Night" (Joseph Mohr, Franz Gruber, John Freeman Young)
 "Give Me a Little Kiss" (Roy Turk, Jack Smith, Maceo Pinkard)
 "Night and Day" (Cole Porter)

Novelization
A novelization by Leslie Charteris adapting the screenplay was published by Shaw Press in 1945. It has the distinction of being the first fiction novel by Charteris that did not feature Simon Templar to be published since the early 1930s, and the last such publication of his career as (except for some non-fiction) he only published books featuring Templar thereafter.

Legacy
Agatha Christie's 4.50 from Paddington which was published in 1957 borrows an identical opening premise from Lady on a Train where a woman witnesses a murder from a train window and is initially disbelieved because she was reading a murder mystery novel at the time. In 1990, Charteris's story was adapted for the pilot episode of the television series Over My Dead Body.

The scenario of a lady witnessing a murder from a train was used as the basis for the Return of the Saint episode "Signal Stop"—the character of Simon Templar having been created by Lady on a Train writer Leslie Charteris. The executive producer of Return of the Saint, Robert S Baker, said that Leslie Charteris was surprised on reading the "Signal Stop" script, noting its similarity with Lady on a Train. It is not known whether "Signal Stop" writer John Kruse had seen the film prior to writing the episode.

Awards and nominations
 1946 Academy Award Nomination for Best Sound (Bernard B. Brown)

References

External links

 Lady on a Train at the British Film Institute

1945 films
1945 comedy films
1945 crime films
1940s American films
1940s comedy mystery films
1940s crime comedy films
1940s English-language films
American black-and-white films
American comedy mystery films
American crime comedy films
Film noir
Films scored by Miklós Rózsa
Films set on trains
Murder mystery films
Novels by Leslie Charteris
Universal Pictures films

Lady on a Train


Postmodern art is a body of art movements that sought to contradict some aspects of modernism or some aspects that emerged or developed in its aftermath. In general, movements such as intermedia, installation art, conceptual art and multimedia, particularly involving video are described as postmodern.

There are several characteristics which lend art to being postmodern; these include bricolage, the use of text prominently as the central artistic element, collage, simplification, appropriation, performance art, the recycling of past styles and themes in a modern-day context, as well as the break-up of the barrier between fine and high arts and low art and popular culture.

Use of the term
The predominant term for art produced since the 1950s is "contemporary art". Not all art labeled as contemporary art is postmodern, and the broader term encompasses both artists who continue to work in modernist and late modernist traditions, as well as artists who reject postmodernism for other reasons. Arthur Danto argues "contemporary" is the broader term, and postmodern objects represent a "subsector" of the contemporary movement. Some postmodern artists have made more distinctive breaks from the ideas of modern art and there is no consensus as to what is "late-modern" and what is "post-modern." Ideas rejected by the modern aesthetic have been re-established. In painting, postmodernism reintroduced representation. Some critics argue much of the current "postmodern" art, the latest avant-gardism, should still classify as modern art.

As well as describing certain tendencies of contemporary art, postmodern has also been used to denote a phase of modern art. Defenders of modernism, such as Clement Greenberg, as well as radical opponents of modernism, such as Félix Guattari, who calls it modernism's "last gasp," have adopted this position. The neo-conservative Hilton Kramer describes postmodernism as "a creation of modernism at the end of its tether." Jean-François Lyotard, in Fredric Jameson's analysis, does not hold there is a postmodern stage radically different from the period of high modernism; instead, postmodern discontent with this or that high modernist style is part of the experimentation of high modernism, giving birth to new modernisms. In the context of aesthetics and art, Jean-François Lyotard is a major philosopher of postmodernism.

Many critics hold postmodern art emerges from modern art. Suggested dates for the shift from modern to postmodern include 1914 in Europe, and 1962 or 1968 in America. James Elkins, commenting on discussions about the exact date of the transition from modernism to postmodernism, compares it to the discussion in the 1960s about the exact span of Mannerism and whether it should begin directly after the High Renaissance or later in the century. He makes the point these debates go on all the time with respect to art movements and periods, which is not to say they are not important. The close of the period of postmodern art has been dated to the end of the 1980s, when the word postmodernism lost much of its critical resonance, and art practices began to address the impact of globalization and new media.

Jean Baudrillard has had a significant influence on postmodern-inspired art and emphasised the possibilities of new forms of creativity. The artist Peter Halley describes his day-glo colours as "hyperrealization of real color", and acknowledges Baudrillard as an influence. Baudrillard himself, since 1984, was fairly consistent in his view that contemporary art, and postmodern art in particular, was inferior to the modernist art of the post World War II period, while Jean-François Lyotard praised Contemporary painting and remarked on its evolution from Modern art. Major Women artists in the Twentieth Century are associated with postmodern art since much theoretical articulation of their work emerged from French psychoanalysis and Feminist Theory that is strongly related to post modern philosophy.

American Marxist philosopher Fredric Jameson argues the condition of life and production will be reflected in all activity, including the making of art.

As with all uses of the term postmodern there are critics of its application. Kirk Varnedoe, for instance, stated that there is no such thing as postmodernism, and that the possibilities of modernism have not yet been exhausted. Though the usage of the term as a kind of shorthand to designate the work of certain Post-war "schools" employing relatively specific material and generic techniques has become conventional since the mid-1980s, the theoretical underpinnings of Postmodernism as an epochal or epistemic division are still very much in controversy.

Defining postmodern art

Postmodernism describes movements which both arise from, and react against or reject, trends in modernism. General citations for specific trends of modernism are formal purity, medium specificity, art for art's sake, authenticity, universality, originality and revolutionary or reactionary tendency, i.e. the avant-garde. However, paradox is probably the most important modernist idea against which postmodernism reacts. Paradox was central to the modernist enterprise, which Manet introduced. Manet's various violations of representational art brought to prominence the supposed mutual exclusiveness of reality and representation, design and representation, abstraction and reality, and so on. The incorporation of paradox was highly stimulating from Manet to the conceptualists.

The status of the avant-garde is controversial: many institutions argue being visionary, forward-looking, cutting-edge, and progressive are crucial to the mission of art in the present, and therefore postmodern art contradicts the value of "art of our times". Postmodernism rejects the notion of advancement or progress in art per se, and thus aims to overturn the "myth of the avant-garde". Rosalind Krauss was one of the important enunciators of the view that avant-gardism was over, and the new artistic era is post-liberal and post-progress. Griselda Pollock studied and confronted the avant-garde and modern art in a series of groundbreaking books, reviewing modern art at the same time as redefining postmodern art.

One characteristic of postmodern art is its conflation of high and low culture through the use of industrial materials and pop culture imagery. The use of low forms of art were a part of modernist experimentation as well, as documented in Kirk Varnedoe and Adam Gopnik's 1990–91 show High and Low: Popular Culture and Modern Art at New York's Museum of Modern Art, an exhibition that was universally panned at the time as the only event that could bring Douglas Crimp and Hilton Kramer together in a chorus of scorn. Postmodern art is noted for the way in which it blurs the distinctions between what is perceived as fine or high art and what is generally seen as low or kitsch art. While this concept of "blurring" or "fusing" high art with low art had been experimented during modernism, it only ever became fully endorsed after the advent of the postmodern era. Postmodernism introduced elements of commercialism, kitsch and a general camp aesthetic within its artistic context; postmodernism takes styles from past periods, such as Gothicism, the Renaissance and the Baroque, and mixes them so as to ignore their original use in their corresponding artistic movement. Such elements are common characteristics of what defines postmodern art.

Fredric Jameson suggests postmodern works abjure any claim to spontaneity and directness of expression, making use instead of pastiche and discontinuity. Against this definition, Art and Language's Charles Harrison and Paul Wood maintained pastiche and discontinuity are endemic to modernist art, and are deployed effectively by modern artists such as Manet and Picasso.

One compact definition is postmodernism rejects modernism's grand narratives of artistic direction, eradicating the boundaries between high and low forms of art, and disrupting genre's conventions with collision, collage, and fragmentation. Postmodern art holds all stances are unstable and insincere, and therefore irony, parody, and humor are the only positions critique or revision cannot overturn. "Pluralism and diversity" are other defining features.

Avant-garde precursors
Radical movements and trends regarded as influential and potentially as precursors to postmodernism emerged around World War I and particularly in its aftermath. With the introduction of the use of industrial artifacts in art and techniques such as collage, avant-garde movements such as Cubism, Dada and Surrealism questioned the nature and value of art. New artforms, such as cinema and the rise of reproduction, influenced these movements as a means of creating artworks. The ignition point for the definition of modernism, Clement Greenberg's essay, Avant-Garde and Kitsch, first published in Partisan Review in 1939, defends the avant-garde in the face of popular culture. Later, Peter Bürger would make a distinction between the historical avant-garde and modernism, and critics such as Krauss, Huyssen, and Douglas Crimp, following Bürger, identified the historical avant-garde as a precursor to postmodernism. Krauss, for example, describes Pablo Picasso's use of collage as an avant-garde practice anticipating postmodern art with its emphasis on language at the expense of autobiography. Another point of view is avant-garde and modernist artists used similar strategies and postmodernism repudiates both.

Dada

In the early 20th century Marcel Duchamp exhibited a urinal as a sculpture. His point was to have people look at the urinal as if it were a work of art just because he said it was a work of art. He referred to his work as "Readymades". The Fountain was a urinal signed with the pseudonym R. Mutt, which shocked the art world in 1917. This and Duchamp's other works are generally labelled as Dada. Duchamp can be seen as a precursor to conceptual art. Some critics question calling Duchamp—whose obsession with paradox is well known—postmodernist on the grounds he eschews any specific medium, since paradox is not medium-specific, although it arose first in Manet's paintings.

Dadaism can be viewed as part of the modernist propensity to challenge established styles and forms, along with Surrealism, Futurism and Abstract Expressionism. From a chronological point of view, Dada is located solidly within modernism, however a number of critics hold it anticipates postmodernism, while others, such as Ihab Hassan and Steven Connor, consider it a possible changeover point between modernism and postmodernism. For example, according to McEvilly, postmodernism begins with realizing one no longer believes in the myth of progress, and Duchamp sensed this in 1914 when he changed from a modernist practice to a postmodernist one, "abjuring aesthetic delectation, transcendent ambition, and tour de force demonstrations of formal agility in favor of aesthetic indifference, acknowledgement of the ordinary world, and the found object or readymade."

Radical movements in modern art
In general, Pop Art and Minimalism began as modernist movements: a paradigm shift and philosophical split between formalism and anti-formalism in the early 1970s caused those movements to be viewed by some as precursors or transitional postmodern art. Other modern movements cited as influential to postmodern art are conceptual art and the use of techniques such as assemblage, montage, bricolage, and appropriation.

Jackson Pollock and abstract expressionism

During the late 1940s and early 1950s, Pollock's radical approach to painting revolutionized the potential for all Contemporary art following him. Pollock realized the journey toward making a work of art was as important as the work of art itself. Like Pablo Picasso's innovative reinventions of painting and sculpture near the turn of the century via Cubism and constructed sculpture, Pollock redefined artmaking during the mid-century. Pollock's move from easel painting and conventionality liberated his contemporaneous artists and following artists. They realized Pollock's process — working on the floor, unstretched raw canvas, from all four sides, using artist materials, industrial materials, imagery, non-imagery, throwing linear skeins of paint, dripping, drawing, staining, brushing - blasted artmaking beyond prior boundaries. Abstract expressionism expanded and developed the definitions and possibilities artists had available for the creation of new works of art. In a sense, the innovations of Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Mark Rothko, Philip Guston, Hans Hofmann, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt and others, opened the floodgates to the diversity and scope of following artworks.

After abstract expressionism

In abstract painting during the 1950s and 1960s several new directions like Hard-edge painting and other forms of Geometric abstraction like the work of Frank Stella popped up, as a reaction against the subjectivism of Abstract expressionism began to appear in artist studios and in radical avant-garde circles. Clement Greenberg became the voice of Post-painterly abstraction; by curating an influential exhibition of new painting touring important art museums throughout the United States in 1964. Color field painting, Hard-edge painting and Lyrical Abstraction emerged as radical new directions.

By the late 1960s, Postminimalism, Process Art and Arte Povera also emerged as revolutionary concepts and movements encompassing painting and sculpture, via Lyrical Abstraction and the Postminimalist movement, and in early Conceptual Art. Process art as inspired by Pollock enabled artists to experiment with and make use of a diverse encyclopedia of style, content, material, placement, sense of time, and plastic and real space. Nancy Graves, Ronald Davis, Howard Hodgkin, Larry Poons, Jannis Kounellis, Brice Marden, Bruce Nauman, Richard Tuttle, Alan Saret, Walter Darby Bannard, Lynda Benglis, Dan Christensen, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Eva Hesse, Keith Sonnier, Richard Serra, Sam Gilliam, Mario Merz, Peter Reginato, Lee Lozano, were some of the younger artists emerging during the era of late modernism spawning the heyday of the art of the late 1960s.

Performance art and happenings

During the late 1950s and 1960s, artists with a wide range of interests began pushing the boundaries of Contemporary art. Yves Klein in France, and Carolee Schneemann, Yayoi Kusama, Charlotte Moorman, and Yoko Ono in New York City were pioneers of performance based works of art. Groups like The Living Theater with Julian Beck and Judith Malina collaborated with sculptors and painters creating environments; radically changing the relationship between audience and performer especially in their piece Paradise Now. The Judson Dance Theater located at the Judson Memorial Church, New York, and the Judson dancers, notably Yvonne Rainer, Trisha Brown, Elaine Summers, Sally Gross, Simonne Forti, Deborah Hay, Lucinda Childs, Steve Paxton and others collaborated with artists Robert Morris, Robert Whitman, John Cage, Robert Rauschenberg, and engineers like Billy Klüver. These performances were often designed to be the creation of a new art form, combining sculpture, dance, and music or sound, often with audience participation. The reductive philosophies of minimalism, spontaneous improvisation, and expressivity of Abstract expressionism characterized the works.

During the same period — the late 1950s through the mid-1960s - various avant-garde artists created Happenings. Happenings were mysterious and often spontaneous and unscripted gatherings of artists and their friends and relatives in varied specified locations. Often incorporating exercises in absurdity, physical exercise, costumes, spontaneous nudity, and various random and seemingly disconnected acts. Allan Kaprow, Joseph Beuys, Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, and Robert Whitman among others were notable creators of Happenings.

Assemblage art

Related to Abstract expressionism was the emergence of combined manufactured items — with artist materials, moving away from previous conventions of painting and sculpture. The work of Robert Rauschenberg, whose "combines" in the 1950s were forerunners of Pop Art and Installation art, and made use of the assemblage of large physical objects, including stuffed animals, birds and commercial photography, exemplified this art trend.

Leo Steinberg uses the term postmodernism in 1969 to describe Rauschenberg's "flatbed" picture plane, containing a range of cultural images and artifacts that had not been compatible with the pictorial field of premodernist and modernist painting. Craig Owens goes further, identifying the significance of Rauschenberg's work not as a representation of, in Steinberg's view, "the shift from nature to culture", but as a demonstration of the impossibility of accepting their opposition.

Steven Best and Douglas Kellner identify Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns as part of the transitional phase, influenced by Marcel Duchamp, between modernism and postmodernism. These artists used images of ordinary objects, or the objects themselves, in their work, while retaining the abstraction and painterly gestures of high modernism.

Anselm Kiefer also uses elements of assemblage in his works, and on one occasion, featured the bow of a fishing boat in a painting.

Pop art

Lawrence Alloway used the term "Pop art" to describe paintings celebrating consumerism of the post World War II era. This movement rejected Abstract expressionism and its focus on the hermeneutic and psychological interior, in favor of art which depicted, and often celebrated, material consumer culture, advertising, and iconography of the mass production age. The early works of David Hockney and the works of Richard Hamilton, John McHale, and Eduardo Paolozzi were considered seminal examples in the movement. While later American examples include the bulk of the careers of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein and his use of Benday dots, a technique used in commercial reproduction. There is a clear connection between the radical works of Duchamp, the rebellious Dadaist — with a sense of humor; and Pop Artists like Claes Oldenburg, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and the others.

Thomas McEvilly, agreeing with Dave Hickey, says U.S postmodernism in the visual arts began with the first exhibitions of Pop art in 1962, "though it took about twenty years before postmodernism became a dominant attitude in the visual arts." Fredric Jameson, too, considers pop art to be postmodern.

One way Pop art is postmodern is it breaks down what Andreas Huyssen calls the "Great Divide" between high art and popular culture. Postmodernism emerges from a "generational refusal of the categorical certainties of high modernism."

Fluxus

Fluxus was named and loosely organized in 1962 by George Maciunas (1931–78), a Lithuanian-born American artist. Fluxus traces its beginnings to John Cage's 1957 to 1959 Experimental Composition classes at the New School for Social Research in New York City. Many of his students were artists working in other media with little or no background in music. Cage's students included Fluxus founding members Jackson Mac Low, Al Hansen, George Brecht and Dick Higgins.
In 1962 in Germany Fluxus started with the: FLUXUS Internationale Festspiele Neuester Musik in Wiesbaden with, George Maciunas, Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell, Nam June Paik and others. And in 1963 with the: Festum Fluxorum Fluxus in Düsseldorf with George Maciunas, Wolf Vostell, Joseph Beuys, Dick Higgins, Nam June Paik, Ben Patterson, Emmett Williams and others.

Fluxus encouraged a do it yourself aesthetic, and valued simplicity over complexity. Like Dada before it, Fluxus included a strong current of anti-commercialism and an anti-art sensibility, disparaging the conventional market-driven art world in favor of an artist-centered creative practice. Fluxus artists preferred to work with whatever materials were at hand, and either created their own work or collaborated in the creation process with their colleagues.

Fluxus can be viewed as part of the first phase of postmodernism, along with Rauschenberg, Johns, Warhol and the Situationist International. Andreas Huyssen criticises attempts to claim Fluxus for postmodernism as, "either the master-code of postmodernism or the ultimately unrepresentable art movement – as it were, postmodernism's sublime." Instead he sees Fluxus as a major Neo-Dadaist phenomena within the avant-garde tradition. It did not represent a major advance in the development of artistic strategies, though it did express a rebellion against, "the administered culture of the 1950s, in which a moderate, domesticated modernism served as ideological prop to the Cold War."

Minimalism

By the early 1960s Minimalism emerged as an abstract movement in art (with roots in geometric abstraction via Malevich, the Bauhaus and Mondrian) which rejected the idea of relational, and subjective painting, the complexity of Abstract expressionist surfaces, and the emotional zeitgeist and polemics present in the arena of Action painting. Minimalism argued extreme simplicity could capture the sublime representation art requires. Associated with painters such as Frank Stella, minimalism in painting, as opposed to other areas, is a modernist movement and depending on the context can be construed as a precursor to the postmodern movement.

Hal Foster, in his essay The Crux of Minimalism, examines the extent to which Donald Judd and Robert Morris both acknowledge and exceed Greenbergian modernism in their published definitions of minimalism. He argues minimalism is not a "dead end" of modernism, but a "paradigm shift toward postmodern practices that continue to be elaborated today."

Postminimalism

Robert Pincus-Witten coined the term Post-minimalism in 1977 to describe minimalist derived art which had content and contextual overtones minimalism rejected. His use of the term covered the period 1966 – 1976 and applied to the work of Eva Hesse, Keith Sonnier, Richard Serra and new work by former minimalists Robert Smithson, Robert Morris, Sol LeWitt, and Barry Le Va, and others. Process art and anti-form art are other terms describing this work, which the space it occupies and the process by which it is made determines.

Rosalind Krauss argues by 1968 artists such as Morris, LeWitt, Smithson and Serra had "entered a situation the logical conditions of which can no longer be described as modernist." The expansion of the category of sculpture to include land art and architecture, "brought about the shift into postmodernism."

Minimalists like Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Agnes Martin, John McCracken and others continued to produce their late modernist paintings and sculpture for the remainder of their careers.

Movements in postmodern art

Conceptual art

Conceptual art is sometimes labelled as postmodern because it is expressly involved in deconstruction of what makes a work of art, "art". Conceptual art, because it is often designed to confront, offend or attack notions held by many of the people who view it, is regarded with particular controversy.

Precursors to conceptual art include the work of Duchamp, John Cage's 4' 33", in which the music is said to be "the sounds of the environment that the listeners hear while it is performed," and Rauschenberg's Erased De Kooning Drawing. Many conceptual works take the position that art is created by the viewer viewing an object or act as art, not from the intrinsic qualities of the work itself. Thus, because Fountain was exhibited, it was a sculpture.

Figurative painting
Some currents of post-war figurative painting have been analyzed as postmodern. The Italian painter Carlo Maria Mariani was described as a postmodernist by American critics. According to Charles Jencks, Mariani's group portrait The Constellation of Leo (1980–1981), which depicts people from Italy's art world with references to mythology and art history, came to define a trope of postmodern art: "an ironic comment on a comment on a comment which signals the distance; a new myth thrice removed from its originating ritual".

Installation art

An important series of movements in art which have consistently been described as postmodern involved installation art and creation of artifacts that are conceptual in nature. One example being the signs of Jenny Holzer which use the devices of art to convey specific messages, such as "Protect Me From What I Want". Installation Art has been important in determining the spaces selected for museums of contemporary art in order to be able to hold the large works which are composed of vast collages of manufactured and found objects. These installations and collages are often electrified, with moving parts and lights.

They are often designed to create environmental effects, as Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Iron Curtain, Wall of 240 Oil Barrels, Blocking Rue Visconti, Paris, June 1962 which was a poetic response to the Berlin Wall built in 1961.

Lowbrow art

Lowbrow is a widespread populist art movement with origins in the underground comix world, punk music, hot-rod street culture, and other California subcultures. It is also often known by the name pop surrealism. Lowbrow art highlights a central theme in postmodernism in that the distinction between "high" and "low" art are no longer recognized.

Performance art

Digital art

Digital art is a general term for a range of artistic works and practices that use digital technology as an essential part of the creative and/or presentation process. The impact of digital technology has transformed  activities such as painting, drawing, sculpture and music/sound art, while new forms, such as net art, digital installation art, and virtual reality, have become recognized artistic practices.

Leading art theorists and historians in this field include Christiane Paul, Frank Popper, Christine Buci-Glucksmann, Dominique Moulon, Robert C. Morgan, Roy Ascott, Catherine Perret, Margot Lovejoy, Edmond Couchot, Fred Forest and Edward A. Shanken.

Intermedia and multi-media

Another trend in art which has been associated with the term postmodern is the use of a number of different media together. Intermedia, a term coined by Dick Higgins and meant to convey new artforms along the lines of Fluxus, Concrete Poetry, Found objects, Performance art, and Computer art. Higgins was the publisher of the Something Else Press, a Concrete poet, married to artist Alison Knowles and an admirer of Marcel Duchamp. Ihab Hassan includes, "Intermedia, the fusion of forms, the confusion of realms," in his list of the characteristics of postmodern art. One of the most common forms of "multi-media art" is the use of video-tape and CRT monitors, termed Video art. While the theory of combining multiple arts into one art is quite old, and has been revived periodically, the postmodern manifestation is often in combination with performance art, where the dramatic subtext is removed, and what is left is the specific statements of the artist in question or the conceptual statement of their action.
Higgin's conception of Intermedia is connected to the growth of multimedia digital practice such as immersive virtual reality, digital art and computer art.

Telematic Art

Telematic art is a descriptive of art projects using computer mediated telecommunications networks as their medium. Telematic art challenges the traditional relationship between active viewing subjects and passive art objects by creating interactive, behavioural contexts for remote aesthetic encounters. Roy Ascott sees the telematic art form as the transformation of the viewer into an active participator of creating the artwork which remains in process throughout its duration. Ascott has been at the forefront of the theory and practice of telematic art since 1978 when he went online for the first time, organizing different collaborative online projects.

Appropriation art and neo-conceptual art

In his 1980 essay The Allegorical Impulse: Toward a Theory of Postmodernism, Craig Owens identifies the re-emergence of an allegorical impulse as characteristic of postmodern art. This impulse can be seen in the appropriation art of artists such as Sherrie Levine and Robert Longo because, "Allegorical imagery is appropriated imagery." Appropriation art debunks modernist notions of artistic genius and originality and is more ambivalent and contradictory than modern art, simultaneously installing and subverting ideologies, "being both critical and complicit."

Neo-expressionism and painting

The return to the traditional art forms of sculpture and painting in the late 1970s and early 1980s seen in the work of Neo-expressionist artists such as Georg Baselitz and Julian Schnabel has been described as a postmodern tendency, and one of the first coherent movements to emerge in the postmodern era. Its strong links with the commercial art market has raised questions, however, both about its status as a postmodern movement and the definition of postmodernism itself. Hal Foster states that neo-expressionism was complicit with the conservative cultural politics of the Reagan-Bush era in the U.S. Félix Guattari disregards the "large promotional operations dubbed 'neo-expressionism' in Germany," (an example of a "fad that maintains itself by means of publicity") as a too easy way for him "to demonstrate that postmodernism is nothing but the last gasp of modernism." These critiques of neo-expressionism reveal that money and public relations really sustained contemporary art world credibility in America during the same period that conceptual artists, and practices of women artists including painters and feminist theorists like Griselda Pollock, were systematically reevaluating modern art. Brian Massumi claims that Deleuze and Guattari open the horizon of new definitions of Beauty in postmodern art. For Jean-François Lyotard, it was painting of the artists Valerio Adami, Daniel Buren, Marcel Duchamp, Bracha Ettinger, and Barnett Newman that, after the avant-garde's time and the painting of Paul Cézanne and Wassily Kandinsky, was the vehicle for new ideas of the sublime in contemporary art.

Institutional critique

Critiques on the institutions of art (principally museums and galleries) are made in the work of Michael Asher, Marcel Broodthaers, Daniel Buren and Hans Haacke.

See also

 Anti-art
 Anti-anti-art
 Classificatory disputes about art
 Cyborg art
 Electronic art
 Experiments in Art and Technology
 Gaze
 Late Modernism
 Modern art
 Modernist project
 Neo-minimalism
 Net.art
 New European Painting
 New Media art
 Post-conceptual
 Superflat
 Superstroke
 Remodernism
 Irving Sandler
 Virtual art

Sources
 The Triumph of Modernism: The Art World, 1985–2005, Hilton Kramer, 2006,
 Pictures of Nothing: Abstract Art since Pollock (A.W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts), Kirk Varnedoe, 2003
 Art of the Postmodern Era: From the Late 1960s to the Early 1990s, Irving Sandler
 Postmodernism (Movements in Modern Art) Eleanor Heartney
 Sculpture in the Age of Doubt Thomas McEvilley 1999

References

External links

 Art
Contemporary art movements
Art by period of creation

Postmodern art


Richard Acheampong (born May 18, 1970) is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Bia East Constituency in the Western Region on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress.

Early life and education
Acheampong was born on May 18, 1970. He hails from Adabokrom, a town in the Western Region of Ghana. He entered University College of Management Studies, Kumasi in 2011 and obtained his bachelor's degree in Human Resource. He also attended the Mountcrest University College, Kanda- Accra in 2016 and obtained his bachelor's degree in law.

Career
Acheampong was a banker. He also worked as an assistant manager at Nfana Rural Bank Sampa.

Politics
Acheampong is a member of the National Democratic Congress (NDC). In 2012, he contested for the Bia East seat on the ticket of the NDC sixth parliament of the fourth republic and won.

Personal life
Acheampong is a Christian (Assemblies of God Church). He is married (with five children).

Controversy
In April 2017, the British High Commission in Ghana allegedly accused Acheampong, George Boakye, Johnson Kwaku Adu, and Joseph Benhazin Dahah of helping their relatives enter the UK illegally using their diplomatic passports. He used his diplomatic passport to secure a holiday visa for his spouse for a two-week holiday, continued to stay in the UK for more than a year.

References

Ghanaian MPs 2017–2021
1970 births
Living people
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025

Richard Acheampong


The Belgrade Competition in Oratory is an annual academic event at the University of Belgrade's Law School, which has gained significant popularity of the general public all over Serbia. In this competition students deliver their speeches on both free-choice and given topics. The event represents an opportunity for students to express their critical opinions in front of government officials sitting in the front rows of the audience, when the largest lecture hall at the law school is filled to capacity. The competition is broadcast live on the national television program.

This event is traditionally organized by university professors Obrad Stanojević and Sima Avramović, the founders of the Center for Oratory Institutio oratoria, which gathers the University of Belgrade's Law School students interested in developing public speaking skills and prepares them for competitions. These scholars hold an optional course on rhetoric at the Law School and both are authors of textbooks on rhetoric.

Following the example of the Belgrade Law School, several educational institutions in the region organize their own similar events. The winners of local competitions throughout Serbia take part in the Serbian universities wide finals.

References
https://web.archive.org/web/20101229182835/http://www.ius.bg.ac.rs/informacije/besednistvo.htm
http://www.nin.co.rs/2001-02/22/16720.html
http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Beograd/Nadmetanje-u-besednishtvu.lt.html

External links
The Competition in Oratory on the website of Professor Avramović

Rhetoric
Public speaking competitions
University of Belgrade Faculty of Law
Education in Belgrade
Competitions in Serbia

Belgrade Competition in Oratory


Clay Graham (born May 5, 1959) is an American comedy writer, television producer and website creator, best known for his work on The Drew Carey Show and the Netflix series Santa Clarita Diet.

Early years
Born in Phoenix, Arizona, Graham began writing comedy in high school, selling material to humorist Robert Orben for seven dollars a joke.  While still in college, he wrote for Mad magazine, creating scripts for artist Don Martin.

Writing career
Soon after graduation, Graham was hired as a writer on the sitcom Benson.

After this, he worked as a writer and producer on the last three seasons of the long-running ABC comedy, Who's the Boss?. During this period, Graham wrote "The All-Nighter," an episode still somewhat controversial among fans of the sitcom because of its relatively dark themes.

In 1995, Graham became the head writer and an executive producer of The Drew Carey Show. He remained on the show for eight of its nine seasons, producing more than 200 episodes. He produced and helped write many of the series' trademark musical numbers, as well as its annual "live" broadcasts. Graham wrote "Something Wick This Way Comes," the second episode of the second season, which introduced the character Nigel Wick (Craig Ferguson), who became a series regular for 185 episodes. In 1998, Graham and Drew Carey took a small production crew overseas and became the first Americans to film a sitcom in China, using locations such as The Great Wall and the Beijing McDonald's.

In April 2009, TBS announced at its upfront that it was developing a prime-time, animated comedy series with Graham called "Big Tow."

The New York Times published an essay by Graham in its Modern Love column on July 8, 2010, titled "What Clown Wrote This Script?' detailing Graham's relationship with an unnamed actress for whom he developed a TV pilot a decade earlier.  Although comic in tone, the essay explores Graham's inner struggles about mixing business and romance and ends on a bittersweet note.

Graham has written humor pieces for the Huffington Post, including "Heaven Is For Real - and Overrated" in 2014, and "Trump: Already Our Best President," a satirical essay encouraging President Trump to resign one week after his inauguration in 2017.

In 2011–12, Graham became a consulting producer on the NBC sitcom, Are You There, Chelsea?, based on the life and writing of Chelsea Handler. He adapted an essay titled "Doctor, Doctor" from Handler's book My Horizontal Life into the episode, "The Gynecologist," which aired on February 8, 2012.

Graham co-wrote with comic-actress Ali Wong a segment of the experimental Fox Shortcoms Comedy Hour for the Fox network in 2013, with other segments written by and starring Kevin Smith and Neal Brennan, among others.

The Independent Film Channel announced in April, 2016 it was developing a dark comedy created by and to be executive produced by Graham and actors Bryan Cranston and Steven Weber, that would star Weber. Todd Barth Can Help You, written by Graham, focussed on a mild-mannered insurance adjuster whose life and self-perception are drastically changed by a seemingly religious experience.

Graham was a writer and consulting producer on the first two seasons of the original Netflix series, Santa Clarita Diet, starring Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant, which premiered in 2017. He became an executive producer in Season 3, which received a 100% Fresh Rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Graham wrote five episodes of the critically acclaimed comedy-horror series, including the season finale of the first season.

Website
In 2007, Graham began developing MrsP.com, a new entertainment website for children.  Co-created with Kathy Kinney, who played "Mimi" on The Drew Carey Show and who also stars as "Mrs. P" in the site, and Dana Plautz, a former executive with Hanna-Barbera and Intel, the comic website celebrates reading and launched on November 10, 2008.

In 2009, the website launched a national writing contest for kids. The winners' stories were illustrated by professional artists and read in online videos by Mrs. P. The website held its 10th annual writing contest in 2019 and announced it would be the final contest.

Since the website's founding, Mrs. P has also connected via Skype and Google Hangouts to classrooms across the country, reaching thousands of students and promoting literacy.

References

External links

  Mrs. P's Magic Library

1959 births
Living people
Writers from Phoenix, Arizona
American comedy writers
American television writers
American male television writers
American television producers
Screenwriters from Arizona

Clay Graham


A Tale of Time City was first published in 1987 by British author Diana Wynne Jones. It tells the story of a girl, Vivian Smith, who is kidnapped while being evacuated from London during World War II and caught up in a struggle to preserve history. In this novel, Jones explains time travel with more reference to our current understanding of science than she does in many of her other works.

Plot summary

It is September 1939, the start of World War Two, and Vivian Smith is being evacuated. On arriving at the station, she is kidnapped by two boys, Jonathan and Sam, and taken to Time City, which exists outside of what we know as History. Most of the plot takes place in Time City, the purpose of which is to oversee the course of history and ensure that it stays on its "correct" path. To stop it straying from this path, the Time Police have Observers out in history, tweaking events to make sure that they go the right way.

Jonathan and Sam have kidnapped Vivian because they (incorrectly) believe that she is the "Time Lady," a legendary figure in Time City. The Time Lady is the consort of Faber John, another legendary figure. The legend states that at the end of history, Faber John and the Time Lady will return to Time City. Sam and Jonathan overheard the Chronologue, powerful authorities in Time City, talking about history going wrong and it being the fault of the Time Lady. They reasoned that, since she is Faber John's (in translation, John Smith's) wife, she must be calling herself Smith, and disguised as a young girl. Since Vivian fits these criteria, they had reasoned that she must be the Time Lady.

Vivian manages to convince them that she is not the Time Lady. However, the boys cannot return her to her own time, since the repeated use of the time-locks would be picked up on by the Time Police and they would be found out. Vivian ends up staying with Jonathan's family, disguised as his cousin Vivian Lee.

Jonathan and Sam are especially concerned about the disruptions in history because it may mean that Time City will also break apart. However, they learn from Vivian's tutor, Doctor Wilander, that there is another legend about Faber John. This one states that Faber John created four Caskets – Gold, Silver, Iron and Lead – which, after being placed out in history, provide the power needed to keep Time City running. They discover that the Caskets are hidden in what are known as the Unstable Eras – eras of history in which events are not fixed and which might change at any moment. However, there are only three large Unstable Eras, so the fourth Casket must be hidden somewhere else.

Undeterred, Jonathan, Vivian, Sam and the android Elio go in search of the Caskets, using an ancient time-travel device they find in a secret room beneath a museum. They discover that the Iron Casket, which was hidden in Vivian's time, had already been stolen, and it was this that was causing the disturbances in history. They see the so-called "Iron Guardian" as a ghost, in Time City, and talk to him. They realise that they will have to go back in time to stop the theft, and actually see the casket being stolen, but they are unable to catch the thief.

They fare no better with the Gold Casket; they find it, and its Guardian, but the Guardian refuses to hand it over, saying that at midday on the final day of Time City, he will come to the Gnomon Tower and return it. Although they try to convince him that they urgently need it, he refuses to hand it over, and promptly vanishes.

The Silver Casket is unfortunately hidden in the middle of the Mind Wars, but they still manage to find it, and the Silver Guardian, who, surprisingly, lets them have it. But, as it turns out, it is a fake, and the real Silver Casket had already been stolen, probably by the woman who posed as the Silver Guardian.

On returning to Time City, they see that things have gone terribly wrong. Since the Silver Casket had gone, history has gone into convulsions, and nothing is as it was supposed to be, with World War II starting in 1937 and involving napalm and atom bombs from the start, and World War I melding into the Boer War. In a final attempt to catch the thieves, Jonathan, Vivian and Sam return to the station where they had kidnapped Vivian, and where they are sure the thief must be. This goes badly wrong when they fail to catch the thief, cause an accidental explosion of a train carrying radioactive fuel, and return to Time City with two hundred evacuees in tow.

Because of this final disturbance of history, Time City has practically shut down. The Observers are being recalled from history, and this includes the real Vivian Lee and her family. But when they arrive, Vivian, Sam and Jonathan have a nasty surprise; the real Vivian Lee is the child thief that they saw stealing the Iron Casket, her mother is the false Silver Guardian, and her father is a man that they saw in the Age of Gold who tried to kill Jonathan. As Time City starts to fall to pieces around them, the Lees force Vivian, Sam and Jonathan to go to the Gnomon Tower with them as hostages. The trio realise the ancient time-travel device they found is in fact the Lead Casket, and Sam manages to escape from the clock tower to tell Elio, who returns with the city officials. When the clock struck twelve, the Gold Watcher appears at the steps of the Tower (with the Gold Casket, of course) and begins to climb the stairs.

Hiding in a bush to prevent Vivian or Jonathan from being shot, Elio uses the Lead Casket to stop the Gold Watcher from reaching the top. This drained the Silver and Iron Caskets of "force", all of which went back into the Lead one. Dr. Wilander banishes Inga Lee, the daughter of an Icelandic emperor, to the earliest settlements of Iceland; Viv Lee to the last days of the "Depopulation of Earth". Vivan (Lee) is sent to Ancient China, but not before Dr. Wilander lets Vivian (Smith) shove the butter-pie she (VL) had been eating into her own eye, then inside her collar.

The three Guardians, who Vivian notices are all exactly the same height as Dr. Wilander, bring the Caskets together with the Lead one, which Dr. Wilander is still holding, and they all blend together. Vivian realises he is in fact Faber John. The Time Lady, who as well as a horse she found in the Age of Gold, was the sleeping figure under Aeon Square Jonathan and Sam had showed Vivian, and also the woman who had cured Jonathan in the Age of Gold.

Vivian, Sam, and Jonathan are put on trial for breaking the law. Mr. Donegal (Sam's father and Chief of Time Patrol) explains that they had pinpointed the source of a massive amount of chronons (which cause chaos and could harm the city) to September 1939 as Vivian Smith. The plan was to extract her from history and to a Fixed Era where the load could be neutralised. Jonathan and Elio tell the rest of the story. Jonathan and Sam's trials are postponed until Chronologue gets back together again and until he's older, respectively. The Time Lady tells Vivian that she would disturb every bit of history she comes in contact with, with the amount of chronons and temporons (which anyone from history has)... and her solution is to send Vivian out to the stars. A very lonely Vivian realises she truly is lost – home was at war, and now had nowhere to go. The Walkers, Jonathan, and Elio all jump up and vouch for Vivian, saying they could all bear to live in the Stone Age as punishment for doing so. Faber John and the Time Lady relent; Time City has endured her so far and anyway, it could always be built back up again. They arrange for her parents to be brought to Time City as well.

"Very well, he said to Vivian, "we can't do anything until the time locks open, but I'll tell you if it's possible when you come for your next lesson."

This, Vivian had not expected. "You're going to go on teaching me?"

"I never give up on anything once I've started," said Faber John. "Once I persuade you to use your brain, you might even be a good pupil. Come to me with Jonathan in three days time, in SELDOM END as usual."

Reception
Dave Langford reviewed A Tale of Time City for White Dwarf #98, and stated that "Though the cavalry comes over the hill so effectively in the final chapter that one isn't sure the kids' efforts were entirely necessary, it's a pleasant read and often very funny."

Reviews
Review by Tom Whitmore (1987) in Locus, #323 December 1987
Review by Helen McNabb (1988) in Vector 142
Review by Phyllis McDonald (1988) in Interzone, #25 September-October 1988
Review by Andy Sawyer (1989) in Paperback Inferno, #78
Review by Baird Searles (1989) in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, Mid-December 1989
Review by Orson Scott Card (1992) in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, February 1992

References

External links

1987 British novels
1987 children's books
1987 fantasy novels
British children's novels
Children's fantasy novels
Cultural depictions of Leonardo da Vinci
Methuen Publishing books
Novels by Diana Wynne Jones
Novels about time travel

A Tale of Time City


Navel lint, also called belly button lint, belly button fluff or navel fluff, is a collection of fluffy fibres in one's navel.

Many people find that, at the beginning and end of the day, a small lump of fluff has appeared in the navel cavity. People have wondered why this happens for many years. In 2001, Dr. Karl Kruszelnicki of the University of Sydney, Australia, did a survey to find out why this happens. This is what he found out:

 Navel lint is mostly stray fibers from one's clothing, mixed with some dead skin cells, and body hair.
 The lint comes from a person's shirt or top. The fibers move there from friction of body hair.
 Women have less navel lint because of their finer and shorter body hair. Older men have it more because they have more hair and it is thicker.
 Navel lint's color is usually blue-gray.  The color is most likely an average of all clothing colors worn.
 Navel lint is entirely harmless and does not need to be corrected.

Dr. Kruszelnicki was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize for Interdisciplinary Research in 2002. The Ig Nobel Prize is given for "achievements that cannot or should not be repeated".

Austrian scientist Georg Steinhauser has also done research on the navel lint.

References

Other websites

 World record navel lint collection by Graham Barker

Fibers

Navel lint


Hjalmar Johan "Hjallis" Andersen (March 12, 1923 – March 27, 2013) was a Norwegian speed skater. He won three gold medals at the 1952 Winter Olympic Games in Oslo, Norway. He was the only triple gold medalist at the 1952 Winter Olympics, the most successful athlete there.

Andersen was born on March 12, 1923 in Rødøy, Norway. He was married to Gerd Andersen until her death in 2003. They had three children. Andersen fell in his home on March 25, 2013. He was unconscious until he died two days later on March 27, 2013, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 Hjalmar Andersen at SpeedSkatingStats.com

1923 births
2013 deaths

1952 Winter Olympics

Accidental deaths from falls
Norwegian Olympic gold medalists

Hjalmar Andersen


The National Air Race Museum (NARM) was a short-lived (1993-1994) aviation museum featuring the Golden Age of Racing and the Reno Air Races, located in Sparks, Nevada. Aircraft exhibited included an original, non-flying replica of Hughes H-1 Racer.

Aircraft displayed
 1944 Messerschmitt Bf 109G;
 1910 Curtiss pusher;
 1913 Deperdussin replica;
 1925 Curtiss R3C-2 replica;
 1926 Macchi M.39 replica;
 1931 Supermarine S.6B replica;
 1936 Rider R-4 #70 Schoenfeldt "Firecracker", winner, 1938 Greve Race in Cleveland;
 1938 Rider R-6 "Eightball" flown in Oakland and Cleveland, 1938-1939;
 1936 Beechcraft 17R Staggerwing;
 1971 Hanson Special #35 "Sump'n Else";
 1948 Miss Cosmic Wind #6 raced and owned by Bill Stead, Founder of Reno Air Races;
 Formula-1 Racer Stinger #21 owned and flown by Astronaut Deke Slayton.

Artifacts on display included a pair of leather gloves left behind by Charles Lindbergh in 1927 when he flew into Blanchard Field, Reno's Original Airport.

The National Automobile Museum would rotate vintage vehicles through to complement antique hot air balloon display.

NARM Visitors were beneficiaries of exchange programs with a number of Museums including the National Air and Space Museum.

The museum included an Aviation Art Gallery, Gift Shop and "Fuselage Theater" built with commercial airliner interior for screening of movies.

Many of the air racers and the Bf 109G were on loan from the Air Museum in Chino, California. The Bf 109G was last seen, a few years ago, in the Planes of Fame satellite museum near the Grand Canyon at Valle Airport in Valle-Williams, Arizona, along with a letter from General Jimmy Doolittle's son informing NARM that Jimmy had become ill and was unable to attend NARM's Grand Opening.

As of May 10, 2008 many of the other racers and replicas are in a hangar at the Main Planes of Fame Museum in Chino.  Ed Maloney, President of the Air Museum, says the air racers will soon be featured in an air racing display. The non-flying replica of the Hughes H-1 Racer is currently in storage.

Opened in May 1993, NARM closed in February, 1994.  Over 20,000 visitors came through in less than a year of operation.  A learning center including Flight School for Kids at Risk and any other children who wanted to learn more about flying was under development at time of closure.

The Planes of Fame Museum briefly reopened NARM in September, 1994, before removing all contents of NARM which have been relocated to Chino and Valle-Williams.

References

Air racing
Aerospace museums in Nevada
Defunct museums in Nevada
1993 establishments in Nevada
1994 disestablishments in Nevada
Museums established in 1993
Museums disestablished in 1994

National Air Race Museum


Quantum gravity is an area of research in physics. Right now, physics can describe gravity of real-life-sized objects using general relativity. Physicists can also describe the universe on a microscopic scale with quantum mechanics. The goal of quantum gravity is to develop a theory that contains both general relativity and quantum mechanics. However, combining the theories of the big and the small is very difficult in practice.

Physicists are working on several ways to write down a theory of quantum gravity. One approach is to search for a unified field theory. Physicists also try to develop theories at an even more fundamental level, like string theory, loop quantum gravity, or other methods, to find out why our current theories of gravity and quantum mechanics cannot be combined.

Physics

Quantum gravity


The Union of the Corsican People (UPC) (Corsican: Unione di u Populu Corsu) was a political party in Corsica, France, founded by Max Simeoni on July 4, 1977, which represented the branch of Corsican nationalism favouring self-government. The UPC condemned all violence, notably that of the National Liberation Front of Corsica (FLNC).

In the 1982 regional elections in Corsica, the UPC won 10.61% of the votes and seven seats, but two years later it won just 5.21% and three seats. In the 1989 European election, the UPC obtained one Member of the European Parliament, Max Simeoni, running as part of the Green list headed by Antoine Waechter. The UPC was led notably by François Alfonsi, currently a Member of the European Parliament. In 2002 the UCP came to an end, merged into the new Party of the Corsican Nation (PNC).

References

1977 establishments in France
2002 disestablishments in France
Corsican nationalism
Defunct nationalist parties
Defunct political parties in France
Nationalist parties in France
Political parties disestablished in 2002
Political parties established in 1977
Political parties in Corsica
Political parties of the French Fifth Republic

Union of the Corsican People


A ritual (or a rite) is a set of actions people do. In a ritual, the actions are important because every action stands for something. Each ritual of a type is done in a certain way.  Danger might be involved in carrying out the ritual. When the ritual has been performed successfully, it is often followed by a celebration.

Rituals can mark a personal change. For example, a rite of passage may show that a child has reached the age of majority. All societies seem to have had them.

A religious rite is a religious ceremony. Many rituals have a religious significance and are part of the religion or traditions of a community. The rite signals that those who take part are members of the religion, or believers in the religion. The rite may signal status, qualification, prayer and commitment to the god or to the belief.

A rite need not be to a religion as understood in the present day. Fervent support of a sports team, or kissing the ring of an organised crime lord, or a military enrollment is equally a rite, because it has consequences for the behaviour of the person, and for their beliefs.

A ritual can also be linked to obsessive compulsive disorder, when a person believes that performing the ritual again and again is necessary.

References

Related pages
 Mass (liturgy)
 Ceremony
Ceremonies

Ritual


A Bachelor of Engineering (BE or BEng) or Bachelor of Science in Engineering (BSE) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded to a college graduate majoring in an engineering discipline at a higher education institution.

In the United Kingdom, a Bachelor of Engineering degree program is accredited by one of the Engineering Council's professional engineering institutions as suitable for registration as an incorporated engineer or chartered engineer with further study to masters level. In Canada, a degree from a Canadian university can be accredited by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB). Alternatively, it might be accredited directly by another professional engineering institution, such as the US-based Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The Bachelor of Engineering contributes to the route to chartered engineer (UK), registered engineer or licensed professional engineer and has been approved by representatives of the profession. Similarly Bachelor of Engineering (BE) and Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in India is accredited by All India Council for Technical Education. Most universities in the United States and Europe award bachelor's degrees in engineering through various names.

A less common and possibly the oldest variety of the degree in the English-speaking world, is Baccalaureus in Arte Ingeniaria (B.A.I.), a Latin name meaning Bachelor in the Art of Engineering. Here Baccalaureus in Arte Ingeniaria implies excellence in carrying out the 'art' or 'function' of an engineer. Some South African universities refer to their engineering degrees as B.Ing. (, in Afrikaans).

Engineering fields
A Bachelor of Engineering degree will usually be undertaken in one field of engineering, which is sometimes noted in the degree postnominals, as in B.E., B.AE. (Aero), or B.Eng (Elec). Common fields for the Bachelor of Engineering degree include the following fields:
 Aerospace Engineering
 Agricultural Engineering
 Architectural Engineering
 Automotive Engineering
 Biological Engineering — including Biochemical, Biomedical, Biosystems and Biomolecular
 Chemical Engineering — deals with the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms
 Clean Technology — use energy, water and raw materials and other inputs more efficiently and productively. Create less waste or toxicity and deliver equal or superior performance.
 Computer Engineering
 Computer Science and Engineering
 Civil Engineering — a wide-ranging field, including building engineering, civil engineering, construction engineering, industrial, manufacturing, mechanical, materials and control engineering
 Electrical and Computer Engineering/Electronic Engineering — very diverse field, including Computer Engineering, Communication/Communication systems engineering, Information Technology, Electrical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Microelectronic Engineering, Microelectronics, Nanotechnology, Mechatronics, Software Engineering, Systems, Wireless and Telecommunications, Photovoltaic and Power Engineering
 Control Engineering — a relatively new and more specialized subfield of Electrical Engineering that focuses on integrating Electrical Controls and their programming.
 Engineering Management — the application of engineering principles to the planning and operational management of industrial and manufacturing operations
 Environmental Engineering — includes fields such as Environmental, Geological, Geomatic, Mining, Marine and Ocean Engineering
 Fire Protection Engineering — the application of science and engineering principles to protect people and their environments from the destructive effects of fire and smoke.
 Geological Engineering — a hybrid discipline that comprises elements of civil engineering, mining engineering, petroleum engineering and earth sciences.
 Geomatics Engineering — acquisition, modeling analysis and management of spatial data. Focuses on satellite positioning, remote sensing, land surveying, wireless location and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
 Geotechnical Engineering — a combination of civil and mining engineering and involves the analysis of earth materials.
 Information Engineering — same as Information Technology.
 Industrial Engineering — studies facilities planning, plant layout, work measurement, job design, methods engineering, human factors, manufacturing processes, operations management, statistical quality control, systems, psychology and basic operations management
 Instrumentation Engineering — a branch of engineering dealing with measurement
 Integrated Engineering — a multi-disciplinary, design-project-based engineering degree program.
 Leather Engineering — an applied chemistry type based on leather and its application.
 Manufacturing Engineering: Includes methods engineering, manufacturing process planning, tool design, metrology, Robotics, Computer integrated manufacturing, operations management and manufacturing management
 Materials Engineering — includes metallurgy, polymer and ceramic engineering
 Marine Engineering — includes the engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs and any other marine vessel or structure, as well as oceanographic engineering. Specifically, marine engineering is the discipline of applying engineering sciences, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering]] and computer science, to the development, design, operation and maintenance of watercraft propulsion and on-board systems and oceanographic technology. It includes but is not limited to power and propulsion plants, machinery, piping, automation and control systems for marine vehicles of any kind, such as surface ships and submarines.
 Mechanical Engineering — includes engineering of total systems where mechanical science principles apply to objects in motion including transportation, energy, buildings, aerospace and machine design. Explores the applications of the theoretical fields of Mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural analysis, manufacturing and electricity
 Mechatronics Engineering - includes a combination of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, telecommunications engineering, control engineering and computer engineering
 Mining Engineering — deals with discovering, extracting, beneficiating, marketing and utilizing mineral deposits.
 Nuclear Engineering — customarily includes nuclear fission, nuclear fusion and related topics such as heat/thermodynamics transport, nuclear fuel or other related technology (e.g., radioactive waste disposal) and the problems of nuclear proliferation. May also include radiation protection, particle detectors and medical physics.
 Petroleum Engineering — a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to exploration and production of hydrocarbons from the Earth's subsurface.
 Plastics Engineering — A vast field which includes plastic processing, mold designing...
 Process Engineering — the understanding and application of the fundamental principles and laws of nature that allow humans to transform raw material and energy into products that are useful to society, at an industrial level.
 Production Engineering — a term used in the UK and Europe similar to Industrial Engineering in North America. It includes the engineering of machines, people, processes and management. Explores the applications of the theoretical field of Mechanics.
 Textile Engineering — based on the conversion of three types of fiber into yarn, then fabric, then textiles
 Robotics and Automation Engineering  — relates all engineering fields for implementation in robotics and automation
 Structural Engineering — analyze, design, plan and research structural components, systems and loads, in order to achieve design goals including high-risk structures ensuring the safety and comfort of users or occupants in a wide range of specialties.
 Software Engineering — systematic application of scientific and technological knowledge, methods and experience to the design, implementation, testing and documentation of software
 Systems Engineering — focuses on the analysis, design, development and organization of complex systems

International variations

Australia
In Australia, the Bachelor of Engineering (BE or BEng - depending on the institution) is a four-year undergraduate degree course and a professional qualification.

The title of "engineer" is not protected in Australia, therefore anyone can claim to be an engineer and practice without the necessary competencies, understanding of standards or in compliance with a code of ethics. The industry has attempted to overcome the lack of title protection through chartership (CPEng), national registration (NER) and various state registration (RPEQ) programs which are usually obtained after a few years of professional practice.

Canada
In Canada, degrees awarded for undergraduate engineering studies include the Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E., depending on the institution); the  (B.Ing., the French equivalent of a B.Eng.; sometimes referred to as a ); the Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.); and the Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.Sc.Eng.).

The Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB), a division of the Engineers Canada, sets out and maintains the standards of accreditation among Canadian undergraduate engineering programs. Graduates of those programs are deemed by the profession to have the required academic qualifications to be licensed as professional engineers in Canada. This practice is intended to maintain standards of education and allow mobility of engineers in different provinces of Canada.

A CEAB-accredited degree is the minimum academic requirement for registration as a professional engineer anywhere in the country and the standard against which all other engineering academic qualifications are measured. Graduation from an accredited program, which normally involves four years of study, is a required first step to becoming a professional engineer. Regulation and accreditation are accomplished through a self-governing body (the name of which varies from province to province), which is given the power by statute to register and discipline engineers, as well as regulate the field of engineering in the individual provinces.

Graduates of non-CEAB-accredited programs must demonstrate that their education is at least equivalent to that of a graduate of a CEAB-accredited program.

Nigeria
In Nigeria, the Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng) is a five year undergraduate professional degree course.

The title of "Engineer" or "Engr" is protected in Nigeria, making it impossible for any one to be addressed officially as one, if not a certified engineer.

Certification comes with registration and accreditation by Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). It is the regulatory body that governs the practice of engineering in Nigeria.

The membership is required to practice engineering independently. It is a requirement for some engineering firms and is mandatory for government contracts.

See also
 Bachelor's degree
 Bachelor of Technology
 Bachelor of Applied Technology
 Bachelor of Science
 Bachelor of Applied Science
 Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
 Engineer's degree
 Master's degree
 Master of Engineering
 Master of Science in Engineering
 Master of Science
 Master of Applied Science
 Master of Science in Information Technology
 Institute of Technology
 Vocational university
 Polytechnic (Greece)
 Polytechnic (Portugal)
 Polytechnic (United Kingdom)

References

Engineering, Bachelor of
Engineering education

Bachelor of Engineering