Suddenlink was an American telecommunications subsidiary of Altice USA trading in cable television, broadband, IP telephony, home security, and advertising. Prior to its acquisition by Altice, the company was the seventh largest cable operator with 1.5 million residential and 90,000 business subscribers. After Altice acquired Cablevision Systems Corporation on November 30, 2016, Suddenlink was combined with Cablevision. Together with Optimum, the name used by Cablevision for its products, Altice USA became the United States' fourth largest cable operator with 4.6 million subscribers, and the sixth largest Pay TV service provider with 3.5 million subscribers. On August 1, 2022, Suddenlink rebranded into Optimum.

History
The predecessor to Suddenlink Communications was Cebridge Communications that was formed in September 2003 by its parent company Cequel III. Cequel III was formed in January 2002 by Jerry Kent, a former CEO for Charter Communications, Charter's co-founder Howard Wood and Dan Bergstein, a telecommunications lawyer. The company invested in Classic Communications on February 10, 2003, shortly after it emerged from bankruptcy. Classic Communications was founded in 1992 by Merritt Belisle and Steven Seach and the company was taken public on October 31, 1999, and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on November 14, 2001. Classic had a total of 325,000 subscribers when Cequel III assumed management of the cable provider on February 10, 2003. Shortly after Cequel III acquired cable systems located in Texas with 27,000 subscribers from Canadian telecommunications provider Shaw Communications. In August 2003 Cequel acquired 81,000 subscribers from Alliance Communications Partners. After this acquisition Cequel formed Cebridge Connections which consisted of all the cable systems Cequel acquired up to this point. The combined company had 450,000 subscribers by the time the news was announced on September 15, 2003.

The company continued to acquire smaller cable systems after it became Cebridge including 78,000 from Thompson Cablevision on January 26, 2004, expanding the company into sixteen states.
 The company's coverage increased to twenty-three states when it closed its acquisitions of 19,000 customers from Tele-Media on June 3, 2004, and 40,000 customers from USA Media Systems on August 19, 2004. Cebridge Connections announced it would change its name to Suddenlink Communications in a soft launch on May 1, 2006, after the company completed its acquisition of 869,000 customers from Cox Communications. The hard launch of the re-branding occurred in July after the company completed its acquisition of 250,000 customers from Charter Communications after these acquisitions the company increased its total size to 1.4 million.

After Suddenlink completed its acquisition of the cable system from Charter, it focused on upgrading its existing infrastructure that was deemed "under-served" by previous owners. Suddenlink completed a $600 million debt offering on November 5, 2009, which allowed the company to make significant upgrades. The result of the upgrades allowed the company to expand its HD services and increase the number of HDTV channels while its broadband infrastructure was upgraded to DOCSIS 3.0 technology allowing for faster broadband speeds across its footprint. In July 2013 Suddenlink was the first major cable provider that all technicians and installers with the company for 90 days or more had obtained at least one professional certifications from Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers. During the same month Suddenlink and TiVo announced that Suddenlink would distribute co-branded TiVo set top boxes to its subscriber base which allows the company to provide whole home DVR services and out of home streaming of recorded content. Four years after its last acquisition Suddenlink gained 8,000 subscribers it acquired from Windjammer Communications on August 1, 2010. On April 1, 2011, Suddenlink closed its acquisition of NPG Cable from the News-Press & Gazette Company. Suddenlink would go on to complete two more acquisitions in 2014 the first was Northand Communications that closed on January 2 and New Wave Communications that closed on October 1. Actor Colin Price was selected and filmed over 100 commercials appearing as their spokesman from 2013 to 2016.

Acquisition by Altice
Suddenlink announced on July 18, 2012, that the company reached an agreement to be acquired for $6.6 billion by BC Partners, CPP Investment Board, and Suddenlink's management team led by Chairman and CEO Jerry Kent. Prior to this, Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, Quadrangle, and Oaktree Capital Management were the majority holders of the company. Altice and Suddenlink announced on May 20, 2015, that Altice agreed to acquire 70% of Suddenlink in a deal valued at $9.1 billion. As part of the deal BC Partners will retain 15% voting share and 18.2% in equity while CPP Investment Board will retain 15% voting share and 11.8% in equity. At the time of the announcement Suddenlink was the seventh largest cable operator with 1.5 million residential and 90,000 business subscribers. The deal closed on December 21, 2015. Altice also announced on September 17 that year it would acquire Cablevision for $17.7 billion and completed the deal on June 21, 2016. After both deals were completed Altice USA became the fourth largest cable operator in the country with 4.6 million subscribers and the sixth largest pay television operator with 3.50 million subscribers. Altice USA announced on April 11, 2017, the company has filed for an initial public offering. The company plans to raise up to $100 million with the IPO. Altice NV the parent company of Altice USA announced on May 24 that "all consumer-facing brands across the globe will change." Altice stated the re-branding would be complete by the second quarter in 2018.

In April 2022, Altice USA announced that Suddenlink would be rebranded under the Optimum name. On August 1, Suddenlink was fully amalgamated into Optimum.

Markets
At time of merger with Optimum, Suddenlink operated services in twelve states: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Texas, and West Virginia.

Carriage disputes
Suddenlink has been involved with two high-profile carriage disputes over the years. The first was with Sinclair Broadcasting Group over two local stations it operates in the Huntington-Charleston, West Virginia designated market area. The dispute became public on June 30, 2006, and was resolved on August 8, 2006. The second involved Viacom and its cable channels Nickelodeon, MTV, Spike, TV Land, VH1, and various spin-off channels.

Sinclair Broadcasting Group
After Suddenlink completed its acquisition of cable systems from Charter Communications in 2006, the company entered into a public carriage dispute with Sinclair Broadcasting Group over two local television stations in the region. Sinclair owns and operates WCHS-TV, the local ABC affiliate in the Huntington–Charleston DMA. Sinclair also operates the local Fox affiliate, WVAH-TV, owned by Cunningham Broadcasting and operated through a local marketing agreement by Sinclair. The dispute impacted a total of 240,000 Suddenlink subscribers, 200,000 of which were included in the Huntington–Charleston DMA proper. The dispute also impacted 40,000 subscribers in the nearby Bluefield–Beckley–Oak Hill and Parkersburg DMAs, where Charter imported the signals of WCHS and WVAH because Beckley did not have a Fox affiliate and Parkersburg lacked an ABC affiliate at the time.

The agreement between Charter and Sinclair had expired prior to Suddenlink's acquisition. Both parties began negotiations in May 2006 before the acquisition was completed. Sinclair announced on June 30 that it was unable to reach an agreement with Suddenlink. Sinclair argued that Suddenlink's proposals included no compensation and no response to their counteroffer. Without a retransmission consent agreement, Suddenlink would not be allowed to carry the two stations on any of its cable systems. During the dispute Sinclair posted a letter on the websites of the two stations and began to notify viewers with scrolling crawl messages on the bottom of the screen encouraging them to switch to another provider like DirecTV or Dish Network. While this was a comparable solution for the Huntington-Charleston area the two satellite providers did not provide the two stations to viewers in Beckley or Parkersburg.

Suddenlink subsequently filed an Emergency Retransmission Consent Complaint with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on July 5, claiming Sinclair failed to negotiate in good faith for the stations and demanded Suddenlink to stop carriage of the two stations during a Nielsen rating sweeps period. The following day Sinclair also submitted a filing with the FCC requesting the Commission order Suddenlink to cease carriage of its signals. Suddenlink claimed that Sinclair was originally asking for $4 million in fees over the three-year life of an agreement but changed the offer to a one time fee of $200 per subscriber ($40 million total) and $1 per month in subscriber fees ($2.4 million annually) in order to carry the stations after Sinclair found out how much Suddenlink paid Charter for the systems.

Suddenlink claimed it was obliged to carry the stations until the end of the Nielsen sweeps, yet this was disputed with Sinclair claiming the rule was intended to benefit broadcasters, not distributors. On July 3 Sinclair withdrew the out-of-market signals, but left the stations on in Suddenlink's Huntington–Charleston systems. On July 27 both parties agreed to a temporary extension which kept the stations on Suddenlink's systems until August 7 if an agreement was not reached. Suddenlink and Sinclair reached an agreement on August 8 and withdrew their FCC petitions. While the terms of the agreement were not made public Pete Able, Suddenlink's vice president of government relations, stated the company "made it very clear" that the $40 million fee "was never something we could find mutually agreeable."

Viacom
Prior to October 1, 2014, Suddenlink carried cable channels from Viacom, including BET, CMT, Comedy Central, MTV, Nickelodeon, Paramount Network, TV Land, VH1 and various smaller spin-off networks. The two companies were able to reach an agreement at the end of 2010 for continued carriage of Viacom's channels that was to end on September 30, 2014. Viacom had been involved in notable contract discussion in the past including a media battle with satellite provider DirecTV in 2012 which resulted in their channels being unavailable for nine days before reaching an agreement. After Viacom's channels were pulled from smaller provider Cable ONE on April 1, 2014, the cable provider replaced them with other channels. The contract negotiations became public on September 25, 2014, after five months of talks broke down between both companies. Suddenlink claimed Viacom wanted a 50% increase in fees for its programming despite its ratings decreasing. Viacom rebutted stating it attracts the greatest share of viewing of any cable provider. Suddenlink noted the majority of its customer base "do not want the Viacom channels" and did not want to pay more for Viacom's channels and wanted others instead.

After the deadline passed, all Viacom channels were pulled from Suddenlink's lineup on October 1, 2014. Viacom claimed that Suddenlink rejected one of its own proposals and informed them they would drop the channels. Suddenlink maintained that Viacom rejected every proposal the company made to continue carrying Viacom's channels. Suddenlink reorganized their channel lineups to replace the Viacom channels; some of the replacements were already available to Suddenlink while some were not previously available. Suddenlink replaced Viacom's channels with twenty other channels including FXX, Hallmark Movies & Mysteries, Investigation Discovery, OWN, Universal Kids, TheBlaze, Pivot and Up. Due to Suddenlink's size the company received positive reception in the media saying the decision could inspire other mid-small size operators. Six months after dropping Viacom's channels Suddenlink's then-CEO Jerry Kent stated 2%–2.5% of its video subscribers dropped their service. He also noted that some of the replacement channels were viewed more than some of the dropped channels. Despite losing some video subscribers, Kent also stated "meeting the programmer's demands would have been more costly. When Pivot ceased operations, Suddenlink started carried i24 News."

Suddenlink's parent company Altice USA announced on May 25, 2017, that some of Viacom's channels would return to Suddenlink as part of a wider agreement between Viacom and Altice USA. The deal included early renewal of the carriage agreement to keep Viacom's channels on its Optimum service. Viacom and Altice USA did not announce which Viacom channels or the date they would return to Suddenlink systems. Suddenlink has reached an agreement to bring back Viacom channels in Texas and Oklahoma.

Controversial practices
Starting in 2011 Suddenlink began to implement data usage limits, also known as data caps, on its broadband services on all its service plans. After exceeding the data allowance for a particular service plan an overage charge of $10 per 50 GB block is billed to the customer. Shortly after data usage limits began to roll out across Suddenlink's territory customers began to report the meter used was inaccurate. One example highlighted one user's router measured that 2.22 GB of data was used in one day while Suddenlink's meter showed 23 GB of data was used in the same period. Another user questioned a customer service representative how her equipment logged 12 GB of data used when electricity was out. By August 27, 2012, the company temporarily suspended its data usage policy while a third party was hired to validate the accuracy of its metering systems. By June 3, 2013, Suddenlink had resumed its data usage limits policy and began charging overages. After Altice completed its acquisition of Suddenlink the company added back unlimited usage plans for its top two tiers only on April 1, 2016.

Altice USA and its Optimum branded services have been criticized for a policy change in where if a subscriber cancels one or all of their services before the end of their billing cycle they do not receive a refund. Altice USA has implemented this policy change for both its Suddenlink and Optimum branded services. This policy went into effect for Suddenlink subscribers on June 1, 2016, and for Optimum on October 10. On May 30, 2017, a class action lawsuit was filed against Altice USA claiming that the company illegally changed the terms and conditions of its cancellation policy and did not provide adequate notice to customers. The lawsuit also claims the company broke New York's General Business Law for deceptive practices and unjust enrichment. Altice has stated subscribers were given advance notice of the new policy and that customer service representatives are trained to tell departing customers billing continues until the end of the billing cycle so they can choose to disconnect at that time.

References

External links
Official website

Companies based in St. Louis
Economy of the Southeastern United States
Economy of the Southwestern United States
Cable television companies of the United States
Telecommunications companies established in 1992
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001
2016 mergers and acquisitions
Altice USA

Suddenlink Communications


Billy Ray "Bill" Foster (April 7, 1932 – February 2, 2011) was an American television director known for his work with sitcoms. His credits, which spanned more than fifty years and encompassed hundreds of hours, included episodes of Full House, Sanford and Son, Amen, Marblehead Manor and You Again?.

Foster directed the 1967 pilot episode of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, which earned him the only Emmy nomination of his career. Foster went on to direct the television broadcasts of the 23rd and 24th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1971 and 1972 respectively.  He also directed the AFI Life Achievement Award: A Tribute to James Cagney in 1974, for which he won a Directors Guild of America Award in 1975.

In 1986, Foster directed the live syndicated special, The Mystery of Al Capone's Vaults, which was hosted by Geraldo Rivera. The special, which advertised the potential to find the secrets of Al Capone buried in a vault beneath the Lexington Hotel in Chicago, turned up very little.

Foster spent much of his career directing television sitcoms, especially during the 1970s and 1980s. He directed 43 episodes of the sitcom, Benson, between 1982 and 1986. Foster also directed 36 separate episodes of NBC's Amen, which starred Sherman Hemsley and Clifton Davis, between 1986 and 1989. Foster largely retired after directing 23 episodes of the ABC television series, Full House, from 1989 to 1990.

Foster died of cancer on February 2, 2011, in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 78. He was survived by his wife, Lynn, and children, Julia, Susan and Michael.

References

External links

1932 births
2011 deaths
People from Augusta, Georgia
American television directors
Deaths from cancer in California

Bill Foster (director)


Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 228 (P. Oxy. 228 or P. Oxy. II 228) is a fragment of the Laches, a dialogue of Plato, written in Greek. It was discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a roll. It is dated to the second century. It is housed in the Bodleian Library (Ms. Gr. Class. a 8) in Oxford.

Description
The document was written by an unknown copyist. It contains the text of the Laches (197a - 198a) of Plato. The measurements of the fragment are 255 by 150 mm. The text is written in an upright square uncial hand of medium size. It has a remarkable number of variant textual readings. The occasional corrections were apparently made by the original scribe.

It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1899.

See also
 Oxyrhynchus Papyri
 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 227
 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 229

References

228
2nd-century manuscripts
Bodleian Library collection
Dialogues of Plato

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 228


Li Bai (; 1910–1949), alternate names Li Huachu, Li Pu, Li Xia and Li Jingan, was a famous spy of the China Communist Party, born in Liuyang, Hunan.

Biography
Li Bai was born in a peasant's family. In 1925, he joined the China Communist Party, and in 1930, he joined the Chinese Red Army Red 4th Regiment. Soon, he studied wireless technology at Red Army Telecommunication School at Ruijin, Jiangxi. After graduation, he was assigned to the Red 5th Regiment as the chief and political commissar of radio station. In 1934, he followed the main force of the Red Army for Long March.

After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in October 1937, Li Bai was sent to coordinate and establish a secret radio station in Shanghai. In 1942, his radio station was discovered by the Japanese Army; Li Bai and his wife were arrested. After he was rescued by the CCP, the Japanese Army thought it was only his private radio station, so he and his wife were released in May 1943.

His technology skills were recognised by the Kuomintang, and he was hired as a wireless operator at the Institute of International Issues of the Republic of China (中华民国国际问题研究所) in Chun'an, Zhejiang. After World War II, the institute moved back to Shanghai, and he became an important CCP spy inside the Kuomintang.

During the Chinese Civil War, Li Bai sent a large amount of secret information to the communists. On December 29, 1948, he got top secret intelligence about the KMT's entire defence line along the Yangtze River. At dawn the next day, while he was sending this intelligence by telegraph, the radio was detected and he was arrested by the KMT. On May 7, 1949, Chiang Kai-shek signed a writ of execution. He was executed in Pudong. Thanks to these telegraphs, the CCP took less than two months to bring soldiers across the Yangtze, and then occupy Nanjing (capital of the Republic of China), Hangzhou, and Shanghai.

Li Bai's life was made into the film The Eternal Wave, in which he is named Li Xia and portrayed by the famous actor Sun Daolin. Some of his remains were deposited in the National Museum of China. The site of his death, now in Century Park, has a bust statue. Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications also has his sculpture on campus.

References

1910 births
1949 deaths
Chinese spies
People from Changsha
Executed spies
People executed by the Republic of China
Chinese communists
Engineers from Hunan
Executed people from Hunan
Executed Republic of China people

Li Bai (spy)


Aurec Group (from Latin: Aurum - gold, or from Hebrew: עורק - artery), is an Israeli holding company that includes cable and telecom investments. It was established in 1968 by Morris Kahn.

History

Aurec Group was founded by Morris Kahn, who immigrated to Israel from South Africa in 1956. Kahn established a yellow pages directory that paved the way for the founding of Amdocs, a customer relationship management and billing software firm for large telecom outfits. Kahn's is now on Forbes list of billionaires.

Amongst the group's holdings have been Golden Pages (the Israeli Yellow Pages), the former cable television provider Golden Channels (now amalgamated into Hot); an internet service provider named Golden Lines (now merged with Internet Zahav to form 012 Smile); and AIG Golden (a joint venture with the AIG insurance company) and Amdocs, now a leading provider of software and services for billing, customer relationship management (CRM), operations support systems (OSS) to the telecommunications industry.

In 1999, Aurec sold off its holdings in the Arutzei Zahav cable company to its partners, Eliezer Fishman and Yedioth Ahronoth, for US$40 million. In 2000, Kahn also sold 51.5 percent of the Aurec Group's holdings in Golden Lines (Kavei Zahav) to Fishman, for $180 million. Also in 2000, Aurec divested itself of its 50 percent holding in Netcom, a smaller provider of data communications networks. The value of the transaction was never revealed, but it is thought that Aurec received about $20 million for its shares.

References

Holding companies of Israel
Companies based in Tel Aviv
Holding companies established in 1968
Israeli companies established in 1968

Aurec Group


The lateral dorsal nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus. It is the most anterior of the dorsal lateral nuclei.

It acts in concert with the anterior nuclei of thalamus.

It receives significant input from several subdivisions of visual cortex, and has a primary output to parietal cortex on the dorsolateral cortical convexity, giving it access to limbic forebrain nuclei important for emotion and behavior functions.

References

Thalamic nuclei

Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus


Chananya Yom Tov Lipa Goldman (1905–July 6, 1980) was a renowned Orthodox rabbi, dayan, and publisher in Hungary and the United States.

Goldman was born in Neupest (Hungarian: Újpest), a suburb of Budapest, Hungary. His father, Rabbi Yosef Goldman, was the chief rabbi and Av Beit Din of the Orthodox Jewish community. In 1926, at the age of 21, Goldman became a rabbi in Romania, and in 1934 in Bessarabia (then part of Romania). In 1938, after his father died, he was given his father's position as chief rabbi and Av Beit Din of the Orthodox Jewish community in Neupest.

To save his family from the 1944 Nazi invasion of Hungarywhich he anticipated just in timeGoldman obtained false papers that certified them as Aryans. After the war, Goldman's family lived in  Hamburg, Germany. During his time in Germany, Goldman involved himself in Vaad Hatzalah activities. The Joint Distribution Committee arranged for their emigration to the United States, and in April 1949, Goldman was able to reach America's shore aboard the Marine Shark.

In the United States, Goldman was a dayan and publisher of seforim. He published a Shas and various other seforim. His Shas was one of the most popular editions available at the time. Initially, Goldman lived on the Lower East Side, Manhattan, then in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and finally in Boro Park, Brooklyn. In Boro Park, he served as rabbi of a synagogue known as "Naipest" (namesake of his previous rabbinate, in Hungary). He died in Boro Park in 1982.

References
Levine, Yitzchak. "Hooked On American Jewish History", The Jewish Press, December 6, 2006. Accessed 2008-03-11.
Roth, Jake. "DP Rabbi, Family Dock, Full of Joy", The New York Times, 1949-04-06. Accessed 2008-03-11.

1905 births
1980 deaths
American book publishers (people)
American booksellers
American Orthodox rabbis
Holocaust survivors
Hungarian Jews
Romanian Jews
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Hungarian Orthodox rabbis
People from Újpest
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American rabbis

Chananya Yom Tov Lipa Goldman


Trans-Atlantyk  is a novel by the Polish author Witold Gombrowicz, originally published in 1953. The semi-autobiographical plot of the novel closely tracks Gombrowicz's own experience in the years during and just after the outbreak of World War II.

Plot
Witold, a Polish writer, embarks on an ocean voyage only to have the war break out while he is visiting Argentina. Finding himself penniless and stranded after the Nazis take over his country, he is taken in by the local Polish emigre community. A fantastical series of twists and turns follow in which the young man finds himself, after a debauched night of drinking, involved as a second in a duel. Witold is constantly confronted with the exasperating contrasts between his love of country and his status as a forced expatriate and the shallow nationalism of his fellow Poles.

Analysis

The book is an extended examination of what one's nationality is and what it means. The language of Trans-Atlantyk is unusual, as it is written in the style of a "gawęda," an ancient form of oral storytelling that was common among the rural Polish nobility. As such, it is very much in the tradition of another legendary work by a Polish exile writer, the epic poem Pan Tadeusz, by Adam Mickiewicz. Gombrowicz wrote himself that "Trans-Atlantic was born in me like a Pan Tadeusz in reverse". The 1994 Carolyn French/Nina Karsov  English-language translation uses a sort of faux-seventeenth century English, resulting in a work that the translators themselves regard as "experimental".

1953 novels
20th-century Polish novels
Novels by Witold Gombrowicz
Novels set during World War II
Novels set in Argentina
Polish historical novels
Polish novels
Polish satire
Works by Witold Gombrowicz
Argentina–Poland relations

Trans-Atlantyk


Cadel Evans (born 14 February 1977 in Katherine, Northern Territory) is an Australian professional bicycle race driver. In 2011, he is the first Australian to win the Tour de France.

Early life
Cadel Evans was born on 14 February 1977 at the Katherine Hospital, Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. He is the son of Helen Cocks, a bank manager and Paul Evans, a council foreman. He spent his early childhood in the small aboriginal community of Barunga, 80 km east of Katherine. At the age of seven, he was hit in the head by a horse and spent seven days in an induced coma. In 1986, his parents got divorced and he moved with his mother to Armidale, New South Wales. Later they moved to the state of Victoria. Skateboarding was one of his interests when he was a teenager. His father describes him as a good student, but otherwise just an ordinary kid who would leave his toys around. "Not in [my] wildest dreams" would he imagine that his son would become a top world athlete.

Evans attended Newling Public School in Armidale, and Eltham High School in Melbourne.

References

1977 births
Living people
Australian cyclists
Tour de France winners
People from the Northern Territory

Cadel Evans


Divaldo Pereira Franco or simply, Divaldo Franco is a Brazilian medium, born in Feira de Santana, Bahia, on May 5th, 1927.

He has been, for almost 60 years, an important spiritual speaker and writer, having devoted more than 50 years to spirituality and more than 40 years dedicated taking care of the street children of Salvador, Bahia.

On 15 August 1952, he founded (along with Nilson de Souza Pereira), the "House of Assistance" (Mansão do Caminho), responsible for the orientation and education of over 33,000 devoid children and adolescents.

The First Years
Divaldo graduated from the Escola Normal Rural de Feira de Santana, where he received his Primary School Professor diploma in 1943. Since his infancy, he claimed to be able to communicate with spirits.

When he was young, he was traumatized by the death of his two older brothers, so much so that he became sick. He was taken to several Medical specialists, none of them could give a satisfactory diagnosis. After this, he met Dr. Ana Ribeiro Borges, who persuaded him to take up the spiritist doctrine. During his period of convalescence, he dedicated himself to the study of spiritism. After the body health be restored, he continued studying the spiritism.

1927 births
Living people
Bahia
Brazilian writers

Divaldo Pereira Franco


The Erie people were Indigenous people historically living on the south shore of Lake Erie. An Iroquoian group, they lived in what is now western New York, northwestern Pennsylvania, and northern Ohio before 1658. Their nation was decimated in the mid-17th century by five years of prolonged warfare with the powerful neighboring Iroquois for helping the Huron in the Beaver Wars for control of the fur trade.

Their villages were burned as a lesson to those who dared oppose the Iroquois. This destroyed their stored maize and other foods, added to their loss of life, and threatened their future, as they had no way to survive the winter. The attacks likely forced their emigration. The Iroquois League was known for adopting captives and refugees into their tribes. The surviving Erie are believed to have been largely absorbed by other Iroquoian tribes, particularly families of the Seneca, the westernmost of the Five Nations. Susquehannock families may also have adopted some Erie, as the tribes had shared the hunting grounds of the Allegheny Plateau and Amerindian paths that passed through the gaps of the Allegheny. The members of remnant tribes living among the Iroquois gradually assimilated to the majority cultures, losing their independent tribal identities.

The Erie were also called the Chat ("Cat" in French) or "Long Tail" (referring, possibly, to the raccoon tails worn on clothing). Like other Iroquoian peoples, they lived in multifamily long houses in villages enclosed in palisades. These defensive works often encompassed their fields for crops. They cultivated the "Three Sisters": varieties of corn, beans, and squash, during the warm season. In winter, tribal members lived off the stored crops and animals taken in hunts.

Language
The Erie spoke the Erie language, an unattested Iroquoian language said to have been similar to Wyandot.

Name
The Erie people were also known as the Eriechronon, Erielhonan, Eriez, Nation du Chat, and Riquéronon.

Territory
The known boundaries of Erie lands extended from the Allegheny River to the shores of Lake Erie. They were once believed, due to a misidentification of villages by early French explorers mapping the Great Lakes, to control all the land from northwestern Pennsylvania to about Sandusky, Ohio, but archaeologists have now attributed the western half of that to a whole other culture referred to as the Whittlesey's, who were likely an Algonquian people.

A site once thought to be Erie in Conneaut, Ohio, is attributed to Whittlesey culture, who surrounded their villages with earthen embankments instead of wooden palisades and lived in longhouses, rather than wigwams, by the time of European contact. However, a second village on the east side of the river likely had been an Erie settlement.  Another Erie settlement was discovered in Windsor, Ohio, at the southwestern corner of Ashtabula County, which is two river valleys further west than the sites at Conneaut. No significant settlement remains from prior to the Beaver Wars was ever documented in Trumbull or Mahoning Counties, leaving the exact border between the two peoples in question.

Villages
Only some names of villages have survives, and those include Kentaientonga (Gentaguehronon, Gentaienton, Gentaguetehronnon), Honniasont (Black Minqua, Honniasontkeronon, Oniassontke), and Rigué (Arrigahaga, Rigueronnon, Rique, Riquehronnon).

At the time the Erie existed, their immediate neighbors included the Neutral Nation, across Lake Erie, the Wenro to the north, between the Genessee and Niagara Rivers, the Susquehannock east of the Allegheny River and two historically unknown nations- the Monongahela culture to the south of the Allegheny River (named for the Monongahela River, which itself was named after a nickname for the Lenape, who lived there later) and the Whittlesey culture to the west. The Monongahela Culture was most likely a Siouan-speaking society.

History

Precontact

While Indigenous peoples lived along the Great Lakes for thousands of years in succeeding cultures, historic tribes known at the time of European encounter began to coalesce by the 15th and 16th centuries. The Erie were among the several Iroquoian peoples sharing a similar culture, tribal organization, and speaking an Iroquoian language which emerged around the Great Lakes, but with elements that may have originated in the south. People from the Whittlesey culture and Fort Ancient culture of Ohio and Pennsylvania may have been ancestors of the Erie people.

Haudenosaunee oral history suggests that the Erie are their descendants specifically from people from the St. Lawrence River Valley. It also says the Eries defeated an unknown tribe who built earthworks. Names given for this group are of uncertain origin, with one account using Alligewi, the Lenape word for the Erie themselves, and the other using Squawkihaw, the word the Iroquois used for the Meskwaki. Neither group built the mounds in question, three of which were excavated by archaeologists in Pennsylvania and Ohio. These are Sugar Run Mound, North Benton Mound  and Towner's Mound. Only Towner's Mound, in Kent, Ohio, still stands. Linguists who have studied the handful of words on record believed to be of Erie origin believe the tribe was closer to the Huron than the Iroquois, however. If descended from the Iroquois, archaeology suggests they couldn't have arrived before the 12th or 13th centuries. A Huron origin would suggest them arriving even later.

The editors of New American Heritage state the various confederacies of Iroquoian tribes migrated from south to the Great Lakes regions and in between well before pre-Columbian times. Conversely, others such as the editors of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica suggest the tribes originated in what became Algonkian territories along the Saint Lawrence and moved west and south when the Algonquian tribes moved north up the coast and spread west.

Post-contact
By the time of European contact, Algonquian and Iroquoian tribes traded and competed with each other and spent most years in uneasy peace. Separation between tribes living in wilderness ensured contacts were mainly small affairs before the use of firearms tipped the balance of warfare to enhance the killing ability of a people who could not outrun a bullet, a limitation which existed before guns and the ability to kill at range.
Rivalries and habitual competition among American Indians tribes for resources (especially fire arms) and power was escalated by the lucrative returns of the fur trade with French and Dutch colonists beginning settlements in the greater area before 1611. Violence to control the fur-bearing territories, the beginnings of the long-running Beaver Wars, began early in the 17th century so the normal peace and trading activity decreased between the tribes, who had responded to the demand for beaver and other furs by over-hunting some areas.

The Erie encroached on territory that other tribes considered theirs. During 1651, they'd angered their eastern neighbors, the Iroquois League, by accepting Huron refugees from villages that had been destroyed by the Iroquois. Though reported as using poison-tipped arrows (Jesuit Relations 41:43, 1655–58 chap. XI), the Erie were disadvantaged in armed conflict with the Iroquois because they had few firearms. Beginning in 1653 the Erie launched a preemptive attack on western tribes of the Iroquois, and did well in the first year of a five-year war.

Consequently, in 1654 the whole Iroquois Confederacy went to war against the Erie and neighboring tribes such as the Neutral people along the northern shores of Lake Erie and across the Niagara River, the Tobacco people between the Erie and Iroquois, neighbors to all three groups. As a result, over five years of war they destroyed the Erie confederacy, the Neutrals, the Tobacco, with the tribes surviving in remnants. By the mid-1650s, the Erie had become a broken tribe. Dispersed groups survived a few more decades before being absorbed into the Iroquois, especially the westernmost Seneca nation.

Historically the Monacan and Erie were trade allies, especially copper, but years later that relationship fell apart due to growing colonial pressure.

Because the Erie were located further from the coastal areas of early European exploration, they had little direct contact with Europeans. Only the Dutch fur traders from Fort Orange (now Albany, New York) and Jesuit missionaries in Canada referred to them in historic records. The Jesuits learned more about them during the Beaver Wars, but most of what they learned, aside from a single in-person encounter, was learned from the Huron who suffered much reduction before the Erie did. What little is known about them has been derived from oral history of other Native American tribes, archaeology, and comparisons with other Iroquoian peoples.

After the Haudenosaunee routed the Erie in 1654 and 1656, the group dispersed. In 1680, a remnant group of Erie surrendered to the Seneca people. Erie descendants merged with Haudenosaunee in Ohio, who lived on the Upper Sandusky Reservation from 1817 to 1832, when Ohio forcibly removed its tribes to Indian Territory. These included the tribes who would form the present-day Seneca-Cayuga Nation in Oklahoma.

See also
 Mingo
 Neutral Nation
 Wenrohronon
 Shawnee
 Susquehannock people

Notes

Footnotes

References

External links
 Seneca-Cayuga Nation
 Erie Indians, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
 Erie, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture

Extinct Native American tribes
Iroquoian peoples
Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
Great Lakes tribes
Native American tribes in Ohio
Native American tribes in Pennsylvania
Native American tribes in West Virginia
Prehistoric cultures in Ohio

Erie people


Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, 17 November 9 AD – 23 June 79), was Roman Emperor from 69 AD to 79.

Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty which ruled the empire for 27 years. Although he held the consulship in 51 AD, Vespasian became more highly regarded as a successful military commander. He took part in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD,p16 and the Jewish rebellion of 66 AD.p29–38

While Vespasian was preparing to besiege Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After the emperors Galba and Otho died in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in April 69 AD.

In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea declared Vespasian emperor on July 1.p43 In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia. Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian gained control of Egypt. On 20 December, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared emperor by the Roman Senate.

Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was emperor. His reign is best known for financial reforms, the successful campaign against Judaea, and several ambitious construction projects such as the Colosseum. Upon his death in 79, he was succeeded by his eldest son Titus.

References

Further reading
 Entry on Vespasian in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

9 births
79 deaths
1st-century Roman emperors

Vespasian


Jayadeva was an 11th-century Sanskrit poet and lyricist from present-day India. The works of Jayadeva have had a profound influence on Indian culture. They form the basis of the east Indian classical dance form, Odissi as well as traditional classical music of the state, Odissi music and have strongly influenced the Bharatanatyam classical dance as well as Carnatic music. Jayadeva's composition has also been incorporated in the Guru Granth Sahib.

Religion

Jayadeva has had a profound influence on the religious practices of Hinduism. The classic Tribhangi (threefold) posture of Krishna playing the flute gained popularity due to him.

Dashavatara
Jayadeva was instrumental in popularizing the Dasavatara, the ten incarnations of Vishnu in his composition Dasakritikrite. Additionally, the Gita Govinda begins with a Dasavatara stotra. In Jayadeva's version of Dasavatara, Buddha is an incarnation of Vishnu, while Krishna is not incorporated because Krishna is the source of all incarnations. as the lyrics say: keshava dhrta buddha sarira= krishna who appears in the form of Lord Buddha. Since Keshava is another name of Krishna, that means Krishna is the source of/incarnate as Buddha.

In July 2009, the government of India's Department of Posts decided to release 11 stamps in Bhubaneswar to commemorate the birth of Jayadeva. One stamp depicts the poet himself, while the other ten depict the Dasavatara. Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik unveiled the stamps at a special function in Jayadev Bhawan. They are in the denomination of Rs 5. A total of 800,000 stamps were released for sale in Odisha.

Hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib
Two hymns composed by Jayadeva have been incorporated in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of the Sikh religion. Although it is not clear how these medieval Orissan hymns found their way to the Sikh religion, there are records narrating how Jayadeva's work had a profound influence on Guru Nanak during his visit to Puri.

Music and dance

Odissi
In the opinion of researcher scholars, Jayadeva is among the centralmost figures in Odia culture. Jayadeva's ashtapadis are sung in dance performances of Odissi, the classical dance of Odisha
.

Classical music of Odisha
The traditional classical music of Odisha, known as Odissi music, lays emphasis based on ragas and talas specified by Jayadeva's hymns. Jayadeva is known to have sung the Gitagovinda every night in the temple of Jagannatha, the central deity of Odisha. The tradition of singing Gitagovinda during Jagannatha's last ritual continues till today.

Fine arts
Jayadeva and his Gita Govinda had gained considerable popularity and had emerged as a painter's theme by the late 15th century, though no such early paintings are available now. The earliest reported Gita Govinda paintings are from Mewar between 1590 and 1600 A.D.

Patachitra paintings
The Gita Govinda composed by Jayadeva is one of the popular themes in the traditional patachitra paintings of Odisha.

Pahari paintings
Jayadeva had a profound influence on the Pahari school during the 17th-19th centuries, which was prevalent throughout northern India bordering the Himalayas (from Jammu through Himachal Pradesh). In particular, Jayadeva's Radha and Krishna served as popular themes for Basohli painting in Jammu and Kashmir.

The Gita Govinda

The Gita Govinda is the best-known composition of Jayadeva. It is a lyrical poetry that is organized into 12 chapters. Each chapter is further sub-divided into 24 divisions called prabandhas. The prabandhas contain couplets grouped into eights, called Ashtapadis.

The first English translation of the Gita Govinda was published by Sir William Jones in 1792. Sir William Jones in the preface of his English rendering of GitaGovinda had commented:
"Jayadeva was born as he tells himself in Kenduli which many believe to be in Kalinga, but since there is a town of similar name in Burdwan, the natives of it insist that the finest lyrical poet of India was their countryman."
At last the village Kenduli in Burdwan (Division) was accepted in his paper 'The Musical Modes of Hindus' written by Jones himself. Since then, the Gita Govinda has been translated to many languages throughout the world and is considered to be among the finest examples of Sanskrit poetry. Noteworthy among them is Love Song of the Dark Lord, by Barbara Stoler Miller.

Other literary contributions
Jayadeva wrote Piyusha Lahari, a Sanskrit Goshti Rupaka. It was based on the romantic love between Radha and Krishna similar in line to Gita Govindam. It was translated into Telugu by Vavilala Somayajulu and published in 1993 by Telugu University in 1990.

References

See also

Gita Govinda
Jayadeva in Sikhism

Jayadeva
Odia culture
Odissi
Indian literature

Works of Jayadeva


Marie Pierre "Mapie" de Toulouse-Lautrec (1901–1972) was a French journalist and food writer, born Marie Pierre Adélaïde Lévêque de Vilmorin in Verrières-le-Buisson, scion of the Vilmorin seed company. Her horticulturalist father was Joseph Marie Philippe Lévêque de Vilmorin (1872-1917), and her mother was the former Bertha Marie Mélanie de Gaufridy de Dortan (1876-1937). The writer Louise de Vilmorin (1902–1969) was her younger sister, while one of her younger brothers, Roger, was the result of an affair between her mother and Alfonso XIII of Spain. Her other siblings were Henri, Olivier, and André.

Career
Mapie de Toulouse-Lautrec started her career in journalism at Fémina magazine, where she had a society column, and wrote theatre reviews. After the war, Hélène Lazareff hired her as cookery columnist for Elle. She invented the detachable recipe card for that magazine (see the biographical link below, supplied by her publisher). Her recipes are elegant and original, and of an alluring simplicity. In 1961 she collected most of them in a book called La cuisine de Mapie. This collection was reprinted in 2004, with a preface by her daughter Adelaide.

Personal life
Mapie married twice; her husbands were:
Guy Marie Félix Levêque de Vilmorin (1896-1984), a cousin. They married on 17 March 1922 and divorced in 1932. They had three children, including a daughter, Adélaïde.
Guillaume de Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa, Comte de Toulouse-Lautrec (1902–1985), a nephew of the painter Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Married on 28 August 1933, they had two children, a daughter, Constance (born 1934, married Maurice Dumoncel), and a son, Charles-Constantine, Comte de Toulouse-Lautrec (born 1936, married Miranda Redfield).

Publications
ELLE cuisine, menus et recettes, Fayard, 1957
Les Recettes de Mapie, Hachette, 1958
Cuisine de France et du monde, Hachette, 1958
ELLE encyclopédie: 365 jours de cuisine, Fayard, 1959
Entrées et desserts, Fayard, 1961
La Cuisine de Mapie, Tallandier, 1967
Cuisinez vite et bien, Hachette, 1974
La Cuisine de Mapie, Tallandier, 2004

External links
Biography
Bibliography

French food writers
1901 births
1972 deaths
French women journalists
Women food writers
20th-century French journalists
20th-century French women writers
People from Verrières-le-Buisson
Elle (magazine) writers
Women cookbook writers

Mapie de Toulouse-Lautrec


A physical property is any property that is measurable, involved in the physical system,  intensity on the object's state and behavior. The changes in the physical properties of a system can be used to describe its changes between momentary states. A quantifiable physical property is called physical quantity. Measurable physical quantities are often referred to as observables.
Some physical properties are qualitative, such as shininess, brittleness, etc.; some general qualitative properties admit more specific related quantitative properties, such as in opacity, hardness, ductility,viscosity, etc.

Physical properties are often characterized as intensive and extensive properties. An intensive property does not depend on the size or extent of the system, nor on the amount of matter in the object, while an extensive property shows an additive relationship. These classifications are in general only valid in cases when smaller subdivisions of the sample do not interact in some physical or chemical process when combined.

Properties may also be classified with respect to the directionality of their nature. For example, isotropic properties do not change with the direction of observation, and anisotropic properties do have spatial variance.

It may be difficult to determine whether a given property is a material property or not.  Color, for example, can be seen and measured; however, what one perceives as color is really an interpretation of the reflective properties of a surface and the light used to illuminate it. In this sense, many ostensibly physical properties are called supervenient. A supervenient property is one which is actual, but is secondary to some underlying reality. This is similar to the way in which objects are supervenient on atomic structure. A cup might have the physical properties of mass, shape, color, temperature, etc., but these properties are supervenient on the underlying atomic structure, which may in turn be supervenient on an underlying quantum structure.

Physical properties are contrasted with chemical properties which determine the way a material behaves in a chemical reaction.

List of properties

The physical properties of an object that are traditionally defined by classical mechanics are often called mechanical properties. Other broad categories, commonly cited, are electrical properties, optical properties, thermal properties, etc. Examples of physical properties include:

 absorption (physical)
 absorption (electromagnetic)
 albedo
 angular momentum
 area
 brittleness
 boiling point
 capacitance
 color
 concentration
 density
 dielectric
 ductility
 distribution
 efficacy
 elasticity
 electric charge
 electrical conductivity
 electrical impedance
 electric field
 electric potential
 emission
 flow rate (mass)
 flow rate (volume)
 fluidity
 frequency
 hardness
 heat capacity
 inductance
 intrinsic impedance
 intensity
 irradiance
 length
 location
 luminance
 luminescence
 luster
 malleability
 magnetic field
 magnetic flux
 mass
 melting point
 moment
 momentum
 opacity
 permeability
 permittivity
 plasticity
 pressure
 radiance
 resistivity
 reflectivity
 refractive index
 spin
 solubility
 specific heat
 strength
 stiffness
 temperature
 tension
 thermal conductivity (and resistance)
 velocity
 viscosity
 volume
 wave impedance

See also
 List of materials properties
 Physical quantity
 Physical test
 Test method

References

Bibliography

External links
 Physical and Chemical Property Data Sources  – a list of references which cover several chemical and physical properties of various materials

Physical phenomena

Physical property


Potassium–Argon dating or K–Ar dating is a radiometric dating method used in geochronology, which is part of geology. It is based on measurement of the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium (K) into argon (Ar).

Potassium is a common element found in many materials, such as micas, clay, tephra, and evaporites. In these materials, the decay product 40Ar is able to escape the liquid (molten) rock, but starts to build up when the rock solidifies (recrystallises). Time since recrystallization is calculated by measuring the ratio of the amount of 40Ar to the amount of 40K remaining. The long half-life of 40K is more than a billion years, so the method is used to calculate the absolute age of samples much older than a few thousand years.

Quickly cooled lavas make nearly ideal samples for K–Ar dating. They also preserve a record of the direction and intensity of the local magnetic field at that time. The geomagnetic reversal time scale was calibrated largely using K–Ar dating.

References

Radiometric dating

K–Ar dating


Lee Soo-man (lahir 18 Jun 1952) ialah eksekutif dan penerbit rakaman Korea Selatan, terkenal sebagai pengasas SM Entertainment, syarikat hiburan multinasional yang beribu pejabat di Seoul, Korea Selatan. Beliau juga telah dirujuk sebagai "presiden kebudayaan", kerana beliau merintis Gelombang Korea. Lee bermula sebagai penyanyi pada 1971, ketika beliau belajar di Universiti Kebangsaan Seoul. Beliau menubuhkan SM Entertainment pada 1989, yang menjadi salah satu syarikat pengurusan dan label rakaman terbesar di Korea Selatan.

Diskografi

Album
 Lee Soo-man, 1977
 Lee Soo-man, 1978
 애창곡집, 1978
 Greatest, 1980
 Lee Soo-man, 1983
 Lee Soo-man, 1985
 끝이 없는 순간, 1986
 NEW AGE 2, January 1989
 NEW AGE, November 1989

Anugerah
 1976 MBC Music Festival: 'Top 10 Male Rookie of the Year'
 1977 MBC Music Festival: 'Top 10 Artist of Year'
 1997 SBS Seoul Music Award for 'Best Record Producer'
 2000 Good Deed Artist Prime Minister Commendation Award
 2002 Korean Culture Content Exportation Awards in Music
 2003 Korean Culture Content Exportation Awards in Music
 2004 SBS Music Awards Festival: 'Producer of the Year'
 2005 Certificate of Merit as Honorary Ambassador of LA given by the Mayor of LA
 The Most Influential Person to Drive the Entertainment Industry from the weekly newsmagazine <Sisa Journal>
 China's South-East Music Chart Awards 'Best Overseas Producer'
 The 12th Korean Entertainment and Art Awards'Entertainment and Art Development Award'
 2007 1st place as "The No.1 Power in the Entertainment Business" in both overall and music industry from the 3rd anniversary survey of Moneytoday Starnews
 'Global Frontier Award' from the 'Global CEO Award Winning Company Case Presentation and Awards' (organized) by the International Business Society
 'Global CEO Award Winning Company Case Presentation and Awards' (organized) by the International Business Society: 'Global Frontier Award'
 2008 Mnet Golden Disk Award for 'Record Producer of the Year'
 2009 Château Mouton Rothschild: 'Commanderie de Bontemps'
 2011 1st place as "The Power Leader of Popular Culture" selected by The Herald Business
 Seoul Cultural Arts Awards for 'Best Popular Music Producer'
 The 2nd Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards: Order of Cultural Merit (the highest honor awarded at the Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards)
 1st place as "The 100 Powerful People in Korean Popular Music" selected by the "SOUND", a popular music magazine
 The 13th Academic Conference by Business Released Society: The first "Small but Strong Business Entrepreneur Award"
 The 2nd Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards: "The Orders of Cultural Merit" (the highest honor awarded at the Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards)
 The 6th Korea-EU industrial cooperation day: 'Korea-EU Cooperation Award'
 The 1st Korea Music Copyright Awards: 'The Best Record Producer'
 The 11th Proud Korean Awards: "National Prestige Award"
 2012 The 1st Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards 'Kpop Contribution Award'
 The Korea Society 55th Anniversary Gala: 'Dinner Culture Award Honoree'
 2016 'Best Producer of Asia Award' / Top Chinese Music The Annual Festival
 First Korean to receive 'Asia Game Changer Award' / Asia Society
 Ranked #1 in 'Cultural Leaders of the Year' / 2016 e-daily Culture Power
 2017 First cultural figure to receive '2016 Youngsang Diplomat Award'
 'Best Marketer Award' / 2017 Kotler Awards
  Selected as "Variety500 2017" by Variety Magazine
 2018 Selected as "International Music Leader 2018" by Variety Magazine
 2018 Korea-China Management Awards'Best Marketer'
 4th place as "An executive who shows best leadership"
 6th place as "An executive who contributes to the nation's economic development"
 10th place as "The best CEO by University students"
 2019 Selected as "International Music Leader 2019" by Variety Magazine
 2019 Selected as "Variety500 2019" by Variety Magazine
 2020 Selected as "2020 Impact List" by Billboard

Rujukan

Pautan luar
 SM Entertainment – Official website

Kelahiran 1952
Orang hidup
Penyanyi lelaki Korea Selatan
Penerbit rakaman Korea Selatan
Ahli perniagaaan Korea Selatan

Lee Soo-man


Gerald Martiniuk, (August 5, 1937 – May 2, 2017) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2011 who represented the southern Ontario riding of Cambridge.

Background
Martiniuk was born on August 5, 1937, in Toronto. He was educated at Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute, University of Western Ontario, University of Toronto (Political Science and Economics) and Osgoode Hall Law School.

Politics
Martiniuk began his career at the municipal level, serving as a school trustee on the Waterloo County Board of Education, an alderman in Preston, and chair of the Waterloo Regional Police Commission.

In the 1995 provincial election, he was elected in the riding of Cambridge over incumbent New Democrat Mike Farnan.

He was easily re-elected in the 1999 election, defeating Liberal Jerry Boyle by over 14,000 votes. In 1998 he was appointed as Parliamentary Assistant to the Attorney General.

The PCs were defeated in the provincial election of 2003, although Martiniuk was again re-elected, this time defeating Boyle by just over 3000 votes. He served as opposition critic for several portfolios including Labour, Consumer and Business Services, Community and Social Services Critic and Seniors.

In 2004, he supported John Tory's successful bid replace Ernie Eves as provincial PC leader. Martiniuk was again elected in the provincial election of 2007 with a plurality of 3243. He served as the critic for Revenue and Seniors. In 2008 he supported Tim Hudak's successful PC leadership bid.  In 2011, he introduced the Ukrainian Heritage Bill which sets September 7 as Ukrainian Heritage Day in Ontario to mark the anniversary of the arrival of the first Ukrainian immigrants to Canada in 1891. The bill was passed on March 30, 2011.

On October 14, 2010, Martiniuk announced his decision not to run in 2011 election.

Affiliations
He was a director of the St. John Ambulance, Cambridge United Way, Preston-Hespeler Rotary Club, Trinity Community Table, Preston YMCA, Chair, Conestoga College Advisory Committee on Criminology before entering provincial politics, and served as president of the Cambridge Chamber of Commerce.

Personal life/death
He and his wife Christine raised four children. He died in Cambridge, Ontario, at the age of 79.

Electoral record

References

External links

1938 births
2017 deaths
21st-century Canadian politicians
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Osgoode Hall Law School alumni
Politicians from Cambridge, Ontario
Politicians from Toronto
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
University of Toronto alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni

Gerry Martiniuk


Alexei Stepanovich Stepanov (Russian: Алексей Степанович Степанов; 6 May 1858, in Simferopol – 5 October 1923, in Moscow) was a Russian genre painter, illustrator and art teacher. He was a member of the Peredvizhniki and a founder of the "Union of Russian Artists".

Biography

His father, who was from a noble family, served as an officer in the Crimean War. His mother died not long after his birth, and his father followed in 1863, so he was taken to a special branch of the Moscow Orphanage (for children from military families), located on an estate formerly owned by Count Alexey Razumovsky.

After completing his public school education, Stepanov entered the  and graduated as an official surveyor in 1879. From 1880 to 1883, he audited classes given by Illarion Pryanishnikov and Evgraf Sorokin at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. While there, he made the acquaintance of Leonid Sabaneyev, who edited the magazine Природа и Охота (Nature and Hunting), for which Stepanov provided over a hundred drawings from 1883 to 1895.

In 1888, he began exhibiting with the Peredvizhniki and, the following year, his painting "Moose Herd" was purchased by Pavel Tretyakov. During that same period, he became a lecturer at the "School of Fine Arts" operated by the architect Anatoly Gunst. Shortly after, Valentin Serov invited him to teach at his old alma mater, the Moscow School of Painting. He was later named a Professor and remained there until 1918. Among his notable students there were Sergey Gerasimov, Boris Ioganson, Pavel Korin and Leonard Turzhansky.

In 1894, he accompanied the art collector Nikolai Medyntsev (1841-1904) and his family on a trip to Europe, visiting Germany, Northern Italy and France, where he was influenced by the Impressionists. The following year, he married Medyntsev's daughter, Lyudmila. In 1903, he was part of the group that defected from the Peredvizhniki to form the "Union of Russian Artists". Two years later, he received the title of "Academician" from the Imperial Academy of Arts for his painting "Morning Greetings". From 1906 to 1914, he spent his summers at his estate in Tver Governorate.

After 1920, he became seriously ill, but continued to work. One of his last paintings "Качели" (The Swing) was acquired by the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh.

Selected paintings

References

Further reading
 Vladislav Artemov, Алексей Степанов (Masters of Painting series), Белый город, 2004
 Maria Kholodovskaya, Алексей Степанович Степанов, 1858-1923, Художник РСФСР, 1981
 Olga Lavrova, Алексей Степанович Степанов: 1858 - 1923, Изд. Искусство, 1973

External links

 Arcadja Auctions: More works by Stepanov
 An appreciation of Stepanov @ Plyos

1858 births
1923 deaths
Genre painters
Peredvizhniki
Artists from Simferopol
Illustrators from the Russian Empire
Art educators
Painters from the Russian Empire
Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture alumni

Alexei Stepanov


The  is a river in Naha, Okinawa, and is the hydrographic resource for domestic urban fresh water.  A number of geographical places on Okinawa bear its name, such as  and .  The river flows into the East China Sea.

Poisoning
The river and people living around it suffered when pentachlorophenol herbicides were dumped into the river, obtained from the U.S. military by a civilian company in 1971, when it was still a US territory.   Some 30,000 Okinawans had used the river for water supply, which was halted when school children came down with abdominal pain and nausea.  Okinawa continues to suffer from extremely elevated levels of dioxins far beyond allowed limits, from the areas in and surrounding its US military bases, which are adjacent urban population centers, despite decades of denials and cleanup refusals by US officials.

References

Environmental disasters in Japan
Rivers of Okinawa Prefecture
Rivers of Japan

Kokuba River


Michael Lane Sylvester (born August 21, 1951), is an American operatic lyric-spinto tenor. In the course of his 25-year career on the opera stage, he appeared in leading tenor roles at many of the world's opera houses, including the Metropolitan Opera, La Scala, La Fenice, the Paris Opera, and London's Royal Opera House. He retired from performing in May 2001 and now teaches voice.

Early life and education
Sylvester was born in Noblesville, Indiana. He received a Bachelor of Music degree from Westminster Choir College and a Master of Music degree from Indiana University, where he studied under Margaret Harshaw.

Career
Sylvester made his professional singing debut as the tenor soloist in the Verdi Requiem in 1975 and his operatic debut as Riccardo in Ballo in Maschera. He initially sang in smaller American opera houses before embarking on an international career, making his debut at the Paris Opera as Polione in Norma, his La Scala debut in 1990 as Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly, and his Royal Opera House debut in 1991 as Don José in Carmen. A Metropolitan Opera National Council winner in 1986, Sylvester made his Met debut on April 12, 1991 as Rodolfo in Luisa Miller. His other roles with the company included the title role in Don Carlos, Pinkerton in  Madama Butterfly, Radames in Aida, Calaf in Turandot, and Gabriele Adorno in Simon Boccanegra. His last appearance there was on October 20, 2000 as Calaf. He retired from the opera stage in May 2001. He was described by Elizabeth Forbes as "a powerful actor" who has "a strong bright-toned voice, with an authentic italianate ring."

In October 2001, Sylvester made his professional directing debut staging Aida for the Indianapolis Opera. He taught singing both privately and as a faculty member at DePaul University School of Music.

Sylvester is an associate professor of voice at Wichita State University. He continues to perform in recitals and concerts. He is Co-Founder and Co-Director with Joseph McClain of the San Miguel Institute of Bel Canto in San Miguel de Allende.

Recordings
Messiaen: La Transfiguration de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ (as tenor soloist).  National Symphony Orchestra and the Westminster Symphonic Choir, Antal Doráti (conductor). Label: Decca Records (CD), 1990
Puccini: Turandot (as Calaf). San Francisco Opera Orchestra and Chorus, Donald Runnicles (conductor). Label: Arthaus (DVD), 1994
Verdi: Don Carlo (as Don Carlo).  Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus, James Levine (conductor). Label: Sony Classical (CD), 1993

References

Cited texts

External links

1951 births
American operatic tenors
Living people
People from Noblesville, Indiana
Westminster Choir College alumni
Singers from Indiana
Classical musicians from Indiana

Michael Sylvester (tenor)


Gershon Kingsley (born Götz Gustav Ksinski; October 28, 1922 – December 10, 2019) was a German-American composer, a pioneer of electronic music and the Moog synthesizer, a partner in the electronic music duo Perrey and Kingsley, founder of the First Moog Quartet, and writer of rock-inspired compositions for Jewish religious ceremonies. Kingsley is most famous for his 1969 influential electronic instrumental composition "Popcorn".

Kingsley conducted and arranged many Broadway musicals, and composed for film, television shows and commercials. His compositions were eclectic and vary between avant-garde and pop styles. Kingsley also composed classical chamber works, and his opera Raoul was premiered in Bremen, Germany in 2008. His work was recognized with a Tony Award nomination for Best Conductor and Musical Director, two Clio Awards for his work in advertising music, and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Bob Moog Foundation. Kingsley died on December 10, 2019 at the age of 97 in Manhattan, New York.

Biography

Early life

Kingsley was born Götz Gustav Ksinski in 1922 in Bochum, Weimar Republic, the son of Marie Christina, a homemaker, and Max Ksinski, a carpet dealer and pianist. His father was born Jewish and his mother, originally Catholic, converted to Judaism. He grew up in Berlin where his parents ran a large carpet shop. They had originally met in Essen, when his father, returning from Berlin on a business trip, had dropped in to a wine bar managed by two sisters, one of whom soon became Kingsley's mother. The elder Ksinski had spent the evening playing the piano in the bar, after which romance quickly blossomed.

As his father was Jewish, he fled Nazi Germany in 1938 to settle in Palestine where the 15-year-old, self-taught musician began his career in music. He escaped Germany a few days before Kristallnacht and joined kibbutz Ein Harod, Mandatory Palestine, while his parents stayed behind at that time. At the kibbutz he taught himself to play the piano. He joined the Hagana Jewish Settlement Police (Notrim) and also played jazz in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. He studied at the Jerusalem conservatory of music. His parents and brother had escaped to Cuba, from where, eventually, they succeeded in obtaining visas for the United States, where Kingsley met up with them eight years later. After World War II, Kingsley emigrated to America where he became a pit conductor for Broadway musical shows in 1946 after graduating from the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and adopted the pseudonym Gershon in tribute to the son of Moses.

Musical career
In 1964, Kingsley worked as an arranger at Vanguard Records, and in 1965, after ceasing to be a colleague of the avant-garde composer John Cage he met and formed a duet known as Perrey and Kingsley with the French musician Jean-Jacques Perrey, they released two albums:The In Sound from Way Out! in 1966 and Kaleidoscopic Vibrations in 1967, and subsequently went their separate ways. A song written by Kingsley and Perrey, "Baroque Hoedown" (from their 1967 album) was used by Walt Disney Productions for the Main Street Electrical Parade theme parks; and the song "The Savers", best known as the theme for the game show The Joker's Wild from 1972 to 1975 would go on to fame in 1968 as the Clio Award-winning music for a television advertising for No-Cal diet drinks.

Embarking upon a solo career, Kingsley, in 1969, released on Audio Fidelity Records, the album Music to Moog By, an album consisting of covers of popular songs, some of which were by Ludwig van Beethoven and The Beatles as Für Elise, Nowhere Man and Paperback Writer, while others were traditional like the British ballad Scarborough Fair. Music to Moog By also contains original works such as "Hey, Hey" co-written by Eileen Davies and sampled years later by RJD2 on the song "The Horror". Another of his original tracks is "Popcorn", his signature song. The single released from this album was Nowhere Man, with Sunset Sound as the b-side.

His next musical effort was with a band called First Moog Quartet in 1970: As the result of a request by famous impresario Sol Hurok to hear the Moog synthesizer's capabilities demonstrated live. Other group members included Howard Salat, Stan Free, Eric W. Knight, and Ken Bichel. On January 30, 1970, the group became the first to ever play electronic music in Carnegie Hall. With Robert Moog present, they were accompanied by several other musicians and four singers. While reactions were mixed, immediate results included a university tour, and some interesting collaborative works with the Boston Pops Orchestra.

They only recorded one 1970 album entitled First Moog Quartet, on Audio Fidelity Records, which consisted of live recordings from his nationwide tour featuring four Moog synthesizers. Some of these compositions are more experimental, featuring spoken word and beat poetry backed by synthetic noises and tones. Kingsley then moved beyond the Moog, and later pioneered the use of the earliest Fairlight and Synclavier digital synthesizers. And at least one 45 rpm single. Arthur Fiedler asked Kingsley to write a Concerto for Moog; the quartet performed the work, scored for synthesizer quartet and symphony orchestra, with the Boston Pops in 1971. He also wrote the logo sting (animated logo accompanied with music) for WGBH-TV in Boston, that appears throughout the United States on PBS programming produced by the station.

Discography

 1960: Love and Laughter (with Davey Karr & Betty Walker)
 1962: Helen Jacobson Presents Fly Blackbird Original Cast Album (with Clarence Bernard Jackson)
 1963: Shoshana! (as conductor)
 1964: Mozart After Hours (as conductor, arranger, harpsichordist) (with Maureen Forrester & Wiener Akademie Kammerchor)
 1964: Jan Peerce on 2nd Avenue (as conductor, arranger)
 1965: Fleury — The Isles of Greece (as arranger, conductor)
 1966: The In Sound from Way Out! (with Perrey)
 1966: New Songs of the Auvergne — Netania Davrath (as orchestrator)
 1966: Jan Peerce — Art of the Cantor (as conductor, arranger)
 1967: Kaleidoscopic Vibrations: Electronic Pop Music from Way Out (with Perrey)
 1968: Shabbat '68
 1968: The New Exciting Voice of Sol Zimel — Favorite Jewish Melodies (as arranger, conductor)
 1969: Jan Peerce Neapolitan Serenade
 1969: Music to Moog By (also a single from this album Nowhere Man b/w Sunset Sound)
 1970: First Moog Quartet
 1970: Gershwin (Alive & Well & Underground)
 1971: Greta Keller Sings Love Is A Daydream And Other Songs By Yulya
 1971: Kaleidoscopic Vibrations: Spotlight on the Moog (re-release of 1967 Kaleidoscopic Vibrations album under other name)
 1972: Popcorn (with his band First Moog Quartet)
 1973: The Best Of The Moog
 1974: The 5th Cup Featuring Theodore Bikel
 1975: Incredible Synthesizer
 1975: The Essential Perrey & Kingsley
 1980: Julia Migenes Latin Lady (as producer, conductor, arranger)
 1982: Julia Migenes-Johnson Sings Gershwin (as conductor, arranger)
 1986: Much Silence
 1987: Das Schönste Von Julia Migenes
 1989: Cruisers 1.0
 1990: Anima
 2001: The Out Sound from Way In! The Complete Vanguard Recordings
 2005: Voices from the Shadow
 2006: God Is a Moog
 2007: Vanguard Visionaries: Perrey & Kingsley
 2012: The Electronic Pop Songs
 2012: Space Age Computer Music

Filmography

 1969 Sam's Song
 1970 The Dreamer (Ha-Timhoni)
 1972 Silent Night, Bloody Night
 1973 Sugar Cookies

Broadway productions

 The Entertainer musical director (February 12, 1958 – May 10, 1958)
 La Plume de Ma Tante musical director (November 11, 1958 – December 17, 1960)
 Vintage '60 arranger, musical director (September 12, 1960 – September 17, 1960)
 Josephine Baker musical director (February 4, 1964 – February 16, 1964)
 Cafe Crown vocal arranger, musical director (April 17, 1964 – April 18, 1964)
 I'm Solomon vocal arranger, musical director (April 23, 1968 – April 27, 1968)

Off-Broadway productions

 Ernest in Love arranger (opened May 4, 1960)
 Fly Blackbird! arranger, musical director (opened February 2, 1962)
 King of the Whole Damn World arranger (opened April 14, 1962)
 Put it in Writing arranger, pianist (opened May 13, 1963)
 The Cradle Will Rock musical director, Clerk (opened November 8, 1964)
 Hotel Passionato orchestrator, musical director (opened October 22, 1965)
 Great Scot! additional musical arrangements, musical director (opened November 10, 1965)
 Hooray! It's a Glorious Day ... and all that orchestrator (opened March 3, 1966)

See also

 Jean-Jacques Perrey
 Popcorn
 Baroque Hoedown

References

External links

 Seventy-nine different versions of Popcorn at WFMU's ''Beware of the Blog
 Gershon Kingsley Interview at NAMM Oral History Program (2005)

1922 births
2019 deaths
American electronic musicians
American people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish American composers
Jewish American musicians
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
People from Bochum
Electronic musicians
21st-century American Jews

Gershon Kingsley


NZ government copyrights
Almost everything is covered either by regular copyright or, if it is a public service department, by Crown copyright, which in Aotearoa has a 100-year term under Section 26(3)(b) of the Copyright Act 1994. This puts most recent material out of bounds. However, there is an exception to these provisions for some documents:
  -- Some Government departments allow their material to be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium provided it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The source of the material must be identified and the copyright status acknowledged. Remember that this is not a carte blanche. See the talk page for a list of web sites that will allow some use — and check the copyright notice first as they are all different.
  -- for works created by some New Zealand government entities, which are covered by Section 27(1) of the Copyright Act 1994 . The section excludes from copyright protection the following NZ works: Bills, Acts, regulations, municipal bylaws, Hansard, select committee reports, court judgments, Royal commission reports, commission of inquiry reports, ministerial inquiry reports and statutory inquiry reports. Note that sourcing these from a third party provider that, say, annotated Acts, is dangerous -- they would have copyright in those annotations, and/or copyright in a new typographical arrangement .
  -- there is list of criteria released by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand for one-sided reproductions of NZ currency without permission. The criteria apply only to exact reproductions. See the template and RBNZ website's reproduction criteria for clarification of the below. Naturally, any copyright is still retained, so fair use may still need to be observed. In short:
 "For one-sided reproductions, provided these are more than 125% or less than 75% of both the length and width of the respective bank note, irrespective of the material used for the reproduction."
 "For one-sided reproductions, provided these are more than 125% or less than 75% of the diameter of the respective coin. Any materials used for the reproduction must not be metal OR metallic like."

Crown copyright


A modifier letter, in the Unicode Standard, is a letter or symbol typically written next to another letter that it modifies in some way.

They generally function like diacritics, changing the sound-values of the letter it is next to (usually the letter preceding it but sometimes the following letter instead). However, unlike diacritics, they do not combine with the character that they modify, but instead are displayed as separate characters on their own, such as subscripts or superscripts.

Like combining characters, they are often used in technical phonetic transcriptional systems to make phonetic distinctions.

See also

 Spacing Modifier Letters

Further reading

Unicode

Modifier letter


Die beste Show der Welt (English:"The best show of the world") is the name of a German television show, which was first broadcast on April 30, 2016 on the private channel ProSieben. In the program, presenters Joachim Winterscheidt and Klaas Heufer-Umlauf present three independent show concepts. The studio audience decides that after all six shows have been presented, which show wins the title of the "best show in the world" or the "worst show in the world". It is agreed with voting devices that every spectator in the audience has since the beginning of the show. These "remote controls" can also be used for the interactive design of the show. The moderator is Jeannine Michaelsen. In the third and fourth edition, Oliver Kalkofe commented on the events and judged the respective shows.

The program is produced by Florida TV and was awarded the German Television Prize in 2017.

Show concept

Joko Winterscheidt and Klaas Heufer-Umlauf present three (up to four four) shows each with a length of about 20 to 30 minutes. The presented shows are partly new show ideas, but are also based on existing TV show formats, which are slightly modified and parodied. At the same time, the two of them may force each other to participate in a show once per appointment ("Joker").

In the first four episodes, the studio audience with voting devices determined the audience for the show shown, which was the TV viewer at home live as a graphic superimposed. This graphic has been removed with Issue 5 of December 2, 2017. Each of the 600 people in the studio could switch on or off during the show, as if sitting at home in front of the TV, using their voting device, which acts like a remote control. Over the entire running time of the show could be switched on or off as often as you like. The course of the ratings was therefore close to how good or bad the show arrived at the studio audience. This was only visible to the television viewer at home, not for the studio audience. Until the second installment of the program, a "cloud of light" consisting of white spheres fixed above the studio and illuminated with lasers was installed in the studio, which had visualized the audience rating by their brightness. The more spectators from the studio audience turned on, the brighter the cloud of light became. Since the third edition, these are no longer available. At the end of a show, their average ratings are calculated and announced. It wins the show, which could reach the highest ratings. Should the audience rate drop below 25% during a show, it will enter a "red area" (colored red on the graphic). This is now also audiovisually signaled in the studio (light turns red and the picture on the video wall in the background falls apart). If the ratings stay below 25% for more than one minute, the show must be canceled and considered "canceled". The generated up to that point in the audience is forfeited.

Since the fifth episode no quota is generated during the show. Instead, viewers in the audience at the end of the show choose the show they like best from all six concepts presented. It also "The worst show in the world" is determined.

Joko or Klaas win a trophy for the "Best Show in the World", the German Television Award in an oversized version (referred to in the show as the "German Television Prize in XXL") as a parody of the real German Television Award.

Broadcasts

Die beste Show der Welt


A kart racing game, also known as cart racing game or go-kart racing game, is a subgenre of racing games. Kart racing games have simplified driving mechanics while including unusual racetrack designs, obstacles, and vehicular combat. Though the genre has its roots in the 1980s, Super Mario Kart (1992) popularized the genre, with the Mario Kart series still being considered the foremost kart racing franchise.

Mechanics and traits
Kart racing games are known to have simplified driving mechanics while adding obstacles, unusual racetrack designs and various action elements. Kart racers are also known to cast fictional characters, particularly from media franchises, as the drivers of vehicles with unusual designs, often reflecting the distinct trait or personality of the character driving it. Kart racing games are a more arcade-like experience than other racing games and usually offer over-the-top gameplay in which player characters can shoot projectiles against one another, collect power-ups to gain advantage, or perform special techniques to gain a speed boost. Typically, in such games, vehicles move more like go-karts and scooters, lacking anything along the lines of a gear stick and clutch pedal.

Kart racing games are distinct from and not to be confused with kart simulators, which is a minor subgenre of racing simulator games that simulates actual kart racing without over-the-top gameplay elements.

History
Power Drift featured go-kart racing in 1988, but Super Mario Kart (1992) is cited to have popularized the kart racing genre, being the first kart racing game to implement combat elements within races. The game was also slower than other racing games of the time due to hardware limitations, prompting its developers to use a go-kart theme. Since then, many kart racing games have been released, with franchises such as Nicktoons and South Park featuring such games. The Crash Bandicoot franchise in particular (starting with Crash Team Racing in 1999) consists of numerous kart racing video games.

The Mario Kart series is often considered as the pioneer of kart racing series, and is the most successful in the genre, topping other popular games such as Diddy Kong Racing. Though the genre seems to have been the most popular among developers during the 1990s, Mario Kart DS (2005), and Mario Kart Wii (2008) became two of the best-selling kart racing games. In the late 2010s, Mario Kart 8 and its Deluxe port became the best-selling racing video game of all time. The kart racing mobile game GKART/QQ Speed (2010), which was heavily inspired by Mario Kart, became one of the highest-grossing mobile games.

References

Video game genres

Video game terminology

Kart racing game


"Beer, Beer, Beer", also titled "An Ode to Charlie Mops - The Man Who Invented Beer" and "Charlie Mops", is a folk song originating in the British Isles. The song is often performed as a drinking song and is intended as a tribute to the mythical inventor of beer, Charlie Mops.

History
It is not known where the song was created. There are numerous theories as to where in the British Isles it originated from. It is often held to have been created in Irish pubs however another theory puts it as being created in the 1800s in music halls in the British Isles. Another theory hold that it is an English folk song passed down through the years. It was originally published commercially in volume 10 of English folk magazine Sing as well as later Sing Out!, the American equivalent. It was noted that the three pubs mentioned in the song are based in London along the River Thames. In 1956, the song was taken to Australia, presumably by English sailors, and became popular there but in Melbourne, the lyrics were changed so that it was performed differently to the rest of the world. This was due to Peter Francis of the New South Wales Bush Music Club altering the words and adding a new verse to it to make it a distinctly Australian variation of the original British lyrics. As a result of this, there is sometimes an erroneous assumption in Europe that "Beer, Beer, Beer" is of Australian origin. When it was published in Sing Out!, only two verses of the song were published. In response, a New Zealand reader of Sing Out! sent the magazine a copy of the new Australian verse to be republished. In the United States, the song was performed there, titled as "Charlie Mopps" but was noted to have similar titles to other drinking songs such as "Champagne Charlie" and "Willie the Weeper" with similar themes of praising alcohol.

"Beer, Beer, Beer" has been recorded a number of times by singers including the Clancy Brothers and Marc Gunn. In the Netherlands, "Beer, Beer, Beer" was released as a single in 1970 by the Cocktail Trio after the Australian version of the song had been brought to the attention of their manager. The song was also included in the 2004 video game, The Bard's Tale where it is performed by drunken patrons in the first pub in the game.

Charlie Mopps
"Beer, Beer, Beer" is based around Charlie Mopps (also spelled as Charlie Mops), the fictional inventor of beer. His name is presumed to rhyme with barley and hops, two of the main ingredients in beer. He therefore is praised for his creation in "Beer Beer Beer". The character has been described in print media relating to "Beer, Beer, Beer" as "one of Mankind's greatest benefactors". "Beer, Beer, Beer" has also been the inspiration for the name of a number of pubs, which have named themselves after Charlie Mopps.

References

External links
Popular recordings can be found here:
 1969, Audio, lyrics and chords, The Clancy Brothers
 2001, My Dear Mother's Pub; Minstrels of Mayhem
 2006, Holy Grail of Irish Drinking Songs; Brobdingnagian Bards

Drinking songs
Irish folk songs
English folk songs
Year of song unknown
Songs about beer

Beer, Beer, Beer


Mala Pruga (Serbian Cyrillic: Мала Пруга) is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Zemun.

Mala Pruga (or sometimes, after the street, in genitive case Male Pruge) is located in the northwestern periphery section of urban Zemun. The neighborhood is stretched along the street of the same name (Serbian for "little railway") and the new Belgrade-Novi Sad highway. It borders the neighborhoods of Galenika on the north, Altina on the south and in the northeast it extends in the direction of Zemun Polje. The neighborhood is a mixed residential-industrial, with small factories and many depots and warehouses.

Neighborhoods of Belgrade

Mala Pruga


The San Francisco Renaissance is a name for the work of a group of poets in San Francisco in the 1950s and '60s. This poetry made San Francisco famous in the 1950s as a place where new writing was happening. The "renaissance," or "re-birth," was not one thing. It describes the coming together of many different groups and individuals.

A poetry reading at the Six Gallery on October 13, 1955 was the first public event. It was organized by older poet Kenneth Rexroth. During this reading, five poets—Allen Ginsberg, Philip Lamantia, Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, and Philip Whalen—read their work. The most exciting was Ginsberg's reading of his long poem "Howl". This is called the beginning of Beat poetry. But other kinds of poetry—like those connected to the Black Mountain School—were also part of the San Francisco Renaissance.

Other poets who are part of the Renaissance are Robert Duncan, Robert Creeley, Jack Spicer, Joanne Kyger, Robin Blaser, and William Everson.

After the 1960s, the Renaissance continued in the poetry of Robert Hass, Robert Pinsky, Denise Levertov, Lorna Dee Cervantes, Victor Hernández, Ron Silliman, Leslie Scalapino, and Lyn Hejinian.

Sources

Print
Allen, Donald M., ed. The New American Poetry: 1945-1960 (1960, 1999)
Ellingham, Lewis & Killian, Kevin. Poet Be Like God: Jack Spicer and the San Francisco Renaissance (1998)
French, Warren G. "The San Francisco Poetry Renaissance 1955-1960" (1991)
Davidson, Michael. The San Francisco Renaissance: Poetics and Community at Mid-Century (1989).
Kerouac, Jack  The Dharma Bums (1958)
Snyder, Gary  The Real Work: Interviews & Talks 1964-1979 (1980)
Spicer, Jack  The Collected Books of Jack Spicer. Edited and with commentary by Robin Blaser (1975)
Watts, Alan W.  "Breakthrough" (chapter) in In My Own Way (1972)

Recordings and sound-files
Howls, Raps & Roars: Recordings from the San Francisco poetry renaissance (compilation) (Universal Music Group, 1963; Fantasy Records 1993)

References

Other websites
The Beats and the San Francisco Renaissance Captured April 25, 2005.
City Lights History

Poetry
San Francisco

San Francisco Renaissance


Ernie is an orange Muppet on the television program Sesame Street. Ernie was created and voiced by Jim Henson. Steve Whitmire has voiced Ernie since love. He is Bert's best friend. They live together.

Ernie is the more active and funny kind of guy. He looks like an orange football with horizontal stripes on his shirt. He laughs differently than anyone else and really likes to sing.

Ernie was first seen with Bert in the test episodes of Sesame Street in 1969. His voice at that time was more similar to Rowlf the dog than Kermit the Frog. He had purple and yellow stripes on his shirt and a purple nose instead of the red and blue stripes and red nose he has now. His shirt and nose were changed in the second year of the program. In the third year, his eye focus got better.

Bert is Ernie's and roommate. He is more grumpy, but still likes Ernie.

Sesame Street characters
Muppets

Ernie


Karl Lott Rankin (September 4, 1898 – January 15, 1991) was an American diplomat from Wisconsin.

Background
Rankin was born September 4, 1898, to Emmet and Alberta Rankin in Manitowoc, Wisconsin. He would serve in the United States Navy during World War I and attended college at the California Institute of Technology, the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, Switzerland; and Princeton University.

Diplomatic career
As an official for the United States Department of State, Rankin began his career as Assistant Trade Commissioner in Prague, Czechoslovakia from 1927 to 1929. Later, he would serve as Commercial Attache in Prague from 1929 to 1932, in Athens, Greece and Tirana, Albania from 1932 to 1939, in Brussels, Belgium and Luxembourg from 1939 to 1940, in Belgrade, Serbia and Yugoslavia from 1940 to 1941, and in Cairo, Egypt in 1944. While working as Commercial Attache in Belgrade in 1940, Rankin also served a U.S. Consul. From 1941 to 1942, Rankin was detailed to Manila, Philippines. Rankin returned to Athens in 1944, this time as Economic Officer, serving until 1946. He would hold the same position in Vienna, Austria from to 1946 to 1947, when he again returned to Athens as Counselor until 1949. That year Rankin was promoted to U.S. Consul General in Canton, China; and also became Consul General in Hong Kong from 1949 to 1950. Rankin was appointed U.S. Chargé d'Affaires to the Republic of China, based in Taipei, from 1950 to 1953, before being named Ambassador from 1953 to 1957. Finally, Rankin returned to Yugoslavia, serving as U.S. Ambassador from 1957 to 1961.

Personal life
Rankin was first married to  on October 3, 1925. After his retirement from the diplomatic corps,  they made his home in South Bridgton, Maine. In 1964, he published a memoir, China Assignment. Pauline Rankin died in 1976 and he married Ruth Thompson Garcelon in 1978. Rankin died of prostate cancer on January 15, 1991, in Kennebunkport, Maine. He was a Congregationalist.

References

External links
Karl L. Rankin Papers at Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University

1898 births
1991 deaths
People from Manitowoc, Wisconsin
Military personnel from Wisconsin
Deaths from cancer in Maine
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Ambassadors of the United States to Yugoslavia
20th-century American diplomats
Deaths from prostate cancer
Ambassadors of the United States to Taiwan
Consuls general of the United States in Guangzhou
Consuls general of the United States in Hong Kong and Macau

Karl L. Rankin