Phill Niblock (born October 2, 1933 in Anderson, Indiana) is an American composer, filmmaker, videographer, and director of Experimental Intermedia, a foundation for avant-garde music based in New York with a parallel branch in Ghent, Belgium.

Early life and education
After an early period studying economics (BA, Indiana University, 1956) Niblock came to New York in 1958. Initially he worked as a photographer and filmmaker. Much of this activity centered around photographing and filming jazz musicians and modern dancers. An epiphany occurred while riding a motorcycle in the Carolina mountains. Niblock was climbing a grade behind a slow-moving diesel truck when the revolutions of both vehicles' engines nearly synchronized. "The strong physical presence of the beats resulting from the two engines running at slightly different frequencies put me in such a trance that I nearly rode off the side of the mountain."

Career

Niblock's first musical compositions date from 1968. Unusually, even among the avant-garde composers of his generation, he has no formal musical training. He cites the musical activities of New York in the 1960s (and occasional memorable performances, such as the premiere of Morton Feldman's Durations pieces) as a stimulus. All his compositions are worked out intuitively rather than systematically. His early works were all done with tape, overdubbing unprocessed recordings of precisely tuned long tones played on traditional instruments in four, eight, or sixteen tracks. Since the late 1990s his music has been created with computer technology, notably with Pro Tools on a Macintosh computer. His later works are correspondingly more dense in texture, sometimes involving as many as forty tracks.

Niblock has also made a number of films and videos, including several in a series titled The Movement of People Working. Filmed primarily in rural environments in many countries and regions of the world (China, Brazil, Portugal, Lesotho, Puerto Rico, Hong Kong, the Arctic, Mexico, Hungary, the Adirondacks, Peru), the films look at everyday work, frequently agrarian or marine labor. These films are remarkable for their stark realism, consistent use of long takes, limited camera movement, and striking juxtaposition of non-fiction content and vivid colors. These scenes of the movement of human manual labor are treated abstractly without explicit anthropological or sociological commentary. As in his music, Niblock counters the static surface of the work with an active, varied texture of rhythm and form achieved by the bodies in motion within the frame; this is what Niblock considers to be the ultimate subject matter of his films.

Music style
Niblock's music is an exploration of sound textures created by multiple tones in very dense, often atonal tunings (generally microtonal in conception) performed in long durations. The layering of long tones only very slightly distinct in pitch creates a multitude of beats and generates complex overtone patterns and other fascinating psychoacoustic effects. The combination of apparently static surface textures and extremely active harmonic movement generates a highly original music that, while having things in common with early drone-based Minimalism, is utterly distinct in sound and technique. Niblock's work continues to influence a generation of musicians, especially younger players from a variety of musical genres.

Niblock's compositional process usually begins with recordings of single, absolute tones played by a specific musician, with the breathing and attack and decay edited out; these single tones are then layered, creating a monumental, continuous sound. Collaborations with such musicians have been crucial to his composing life, and the range of musicians with whom he has worked include David Gibson, in the cello works of the 1970s; Petr Kotik, Susan Stenger, and Eberhard Blum, on Four Full Flutes; Rafael Toral, David First, Lee Ranaldo, Thurston Moore, Susan Stenger, and Robert Poss on Guitar Too, for Four (G2,44+1x2); Ulrich Krieger, Carol Robinson, Kaspar T. Toeplitz, and Reinhold Friedl, on Touch Food; Dave Soldier and the Soldier String Quartet on Five More String Quartets, Early Winter; and many others. In the past decade he has produced several works for orchestra: Disseminate, Three Orchids (for three orchestras), Tow for Tom (for two orchestras), and 4 Chorch + 1, the latter a commission for the Ostrava Music Days 2007 for chorus and orchestra with solo baritone (Thomas Buckner). The premieres of all these works have been conducted by Petr Kotik.

In performance, live musicians may play, wandering through the audience changing the sound texture through reinforcement of or interference with the existing tunings. Simultaneously, Niblock generally accompanies performances by presenting his films and videos (often those from The Movement of People Working series, or computer-driven, black-and-white abstract images floating through time). These performances fall into two types: (1) an installation of several hours' duration, with the music pieces played consecutively, with a long loop of several hours of work before repetition, and with multiple images that are shown simultaneously; or (2) a performance, with several simultaneous works of music and film, usually lasting between one and three hours. In these performances Niblock generally projects three (or more) film images simultaneously, on large screens three to four meters wide. The films are 16mm and color. The music is produced from stereo or quad tapes, with four or more speakers in the corners of the space. His more recent video pieces are played individually or with several simultaneously, using large video monitors.

Experimental Intermedia Foundation
Since 1985, Niblock has been the director of the Experimental Intermedia Foundation in New York where he has been an artist-member since 1968. Niblock received a 1994 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award and a 2014 Foundation for Contemporary Arts John Cage award. He is the producer of music and Intermedia presentations at EI since 1973 (about 1,000 performances) and the curator of EI's XI Records label. In 1993, he opened a house with window gallery at Sassekaai 45 in Ghent, Belgium, and, in 1997, the coordinating committee—Phill Niblock, Maria Blondeel, Zjuul Devens, Lieve D'hondt, and Ludo Engels—founded a Belgian organization, the Experimental Intermedia v.z.w., Ghent. He taught at the College of Staten Island, a CUNY school, from 1971 to 1998.

Phill Niblock's music is available on the XI, Moikai, Mode Records, and Touch labels. A double-sided DVD of films and music, lasting nearly four hours, is available on the Extreme label.

Discography
Working Touch, 2022.
Touch Five, 2013.
Touch Strings, 2009.
G2 44 +/X 2, 2006.
Touch Three, 2006.
Disseminate, 2004.
The Movement of People Working (DVD), 2003
Touch Food, 2003.
Touch Works, for Hurdy Gurdy and Voice, 2000.
A Young Person's Guide to Phill Niblock (or short: YPGPN), 1994.
Music by Phill Niblock, 1993
Four Full Flutes, 1990.

Filmography & Videography
Morning (1966-67, B&W, 16mm, 17 min., sound)
The Magic Sun (1966-68, B&W, 16mm, 17 min., sound) with Sun Ra
Max (1966-68, B&W, 16mm, 7:30 min, sound) with Max Neuhaus
Annie (1968, color, 16mm, 8 min., sound)
Dog Track (1969, color, 16mm, 8.5 min., sound)
Raoul (1968-69, color, 16mm, 20 min., sound)
THIR (aka Ten Hundred Inch Radii and Environments IV) (1970, color, 16mm, 45 min., sound)

The Movement of People Working Series (1973-91, color, 16mm unless otherwise indicated, silent):
 Sur Uno and Dos (Mexico and Peru) (45 min.)
 Trabajando Uno and Dos (Mexico) (45 min.)
 Tres Familias: Essex, La Purificacion, and Alpatlahua (90 min.)
 Four Libros (45 min.)
 James Bay (45 min.)
 Arctic (45 min.)
 Hong Kong (45 min.)
 South Africa (45 min.)
 Lesotho (45 min.)
 Portugal (45 min.)
 Brasil 83 (Part 1 & 2) (75 min.)
 Brasil 84 (Part 1 & 2) (90 min.)
 Hungary (Part 1 & 2) (75 min.)
 China 86 (120 min.)
 China 87 (120 min.)
 China 88 (Part 1, 2, & 3) (120 min.)
 Japan 89 (Part 1 & 2) (120 min.)
 Sumatra (video)
 Romania (Part 1) (video)

Poets and Talkers (1975-1988, 16mm & video, 120 min., sound) with Armand Schwerner, Hannah Weiner, Erica Hunt, Dagmar Apel, and Charlie Morrow
Anecdotes from Childhood (1986-92, color, video, sound)
Terrace of Unintelligibility (1988, color, 3/4-inch U-matic video, 20 min, sound) with Arthur Russell (musician), voice, cello
Muna Torso (1992, color, video, 20 min, sound)
Topolo 1 (2005, video, 11 min., silent)
Topolo 2 (2009, video, 15 min., silent)
Remo Osaka 1 (2009, color, SD mini-DV, 75 min., sound)
Remo Osaka 2 (2010, color, SD mini-DV, 105 min., sound)
Meudrone 1 (2013, color, HD video, 30 min., sound)
Meudrone 2 (2014, color, HD video, 30 min., sound)
Vain4 BCN (2015, color, HD video, 19 min., sound)
Agosto NOSND (2017, color, HD video, 19 min., sound)
Pulp Elder A (2018, color, HD video, 5 min., sound)
HookerNiblock (2015-19, color, HD video, 18 min., sound) with William Hooker (musician), drums

References

External links
 Phill Niblock.com—Official Web site
 Experimental Intermedia Web site
 Phill Niblock at 85: Austere, Unpopular, Astounding Minimalism (at Second Inversion)
 Article at HyperReal
 Interview with Phil Niblock (2006) in FO A RM Magazine, Issue 4
 Interview with Phill Niblock by Bob Gilmore (2007) in Paris Transatlantic Magazine
 Sample MP3
 Phill Niblock interview from American Mavericks site
 Sample from The Movement of People Working (QuickTime file, 11.3 MB)
 "Ghosts and Others," a rare phonographic collage by Niblock (CD supplement, FO A RM Magazine, Issue #4, 2006)
 Phill Niblock at Arcane Candy

1933 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Blast First artists
American experimental musicians
Musicians from Anderson, Indiana
India Navigation artists
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
College of Staten Island faculty

Phill Niblock


Sonic Boom is een Amerikaans-Franse animatieserie gebaseerd op de Sonic the Hedgehog-videospellenserie. Het is het vervolg op de Japanse animeserie Sonic X uit 2003. De serie ging in de Verenigde Staten van start op Cartoon Network op 8 november 2014 en in Frankrijk op zowel Canal J als Gulli op 19 november van dat jaar. In Nederland ging de serie van start op Nickelodeon op 5 maart 2016.

Rolverdeling

Afleveringen

Seizoen 1
 The Sidekick
 Can an Evil Genius Crash on Your Couch for a Few Days ?
 Translate This
 Buster
 My Fair Sticksy
 Fortress of Squalitude
 Double Doomsday
 Eggheads
 Guilt Tripping
 Dude, Where's My Eggman ?
 Cowbot
 Circus of Plunders
 Unlucky Knuckles
 The Meteor
 Aim Low
 How to Succeed in Evil Without Really Trying
 Don't Judge Me
 Dr. Eggman's Tomato Sauce
 Sole Power
 Hedgehog Day
 Sleeping Giant
 The Curse of Buddy Buddy Temple
 Let's Play Musical Friends
 Late Fees
 Into the Wilderness
 Eggman Unplugged
 Chez Amy
 Blue with Envy
 Curse of the Cross Eyed Moose
 Chili Dog Day Afternoon
 Closed Door Policy
 Mayor Knuckles
 Eggman the Auteur
 Just a Guy
 Two Good to Be True
 Beyond the Valley of the Cubots
 Next Top Villain
 New Year's Retribution
 Battle of the Boy Bands
 Tails' Crush
 Bro-Down Showdown
 Late Night Wars
 Fire in a Crowded Workshop
 It Wasn't Me, It Was the One-Armed Hedgehog
 Robot Battle Royale
 No Robots Allowed
 Fuzzy Puppy Buddies
 Designated Heroes
 Role Models
 Cabin Fever
 Counter Productive
 It Takes a Village to Defeat a Hedgehog

Seizoen 2
 Tommy Thunder: Method Actor
 Spacemageddonocalypse
 Nutwork
 Alone Again, Unnaturally
 The Biggest Fan
 Anything You Can Do, I Can Do Worse-er
 I Can Sea Sonic's Fear from Here
 In the Midnight Hour
 Multi-Tails
 Strike !
 The Evil Dr. Orbot
 Knuck Knuck ! Who's Here ?
 Mech Suits Me
 FiendBot
 Og Man Out
 Knine-to-Five Knuckles
 Blackout
 Unnamed Episode
 Robot Employees
 Give Bees a Chance
 Mombot
 Muckfoot
 Nominatus Rising
 Eggman's Brother
 Do Not Disturb
 Robots from the Sky: Part 1
 Robots from the Sky: Part 2
 Robots from the Sky: Part 3
 Robots from the Sky: Part 4
 Flea-ing from Trouble
 Lightning Bowler Society
 Planes, Trains and Dude-Mobiles
 Sticks and Amy's Excellent Staycation
 Inn Sanity
 Mister Eggman
 The Haunted Lair
 Return of the Buddy Buddy Temple of Doom
 Eggman's Anti Gravity Ray
 Victory
 Three Men and My Baby !
 Where Have All the Sonics Gone ?
 If You Build It They Will Race
 Chain Letter
 Vector Detector
 Three Minutes or Less
 Lair on Lockdown
 You and I Bee-come One
 Don't Make Me Angry
 Eggman Family Vacation
 Return to Beyond the Valley of the Cubots
 Eggman: The Video Game: Part 1
 Eggman: The Video Game: Part 2: The End of the World

Amerikaanse animatieserie
Sonic the Hedgehog

Sonic Boom (televisieserie)


Abraham (Avi) Bell is an Israeli Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law and at Bar-Ilan University's Faculty of Law.

Bell received his B.A. and J.D. from the University of Chicago, and his S.J.D. from Harvard. He interned in the office of Israeli Supreme Court judge Mishael Cheshin.

In addition, Bell frequently writes about the Arab-Israeli conflict. He also debated Richard Goldstone in a debate at Stanford Law School entitled "The Goldstone Report and the Application of International Law to the Arab-Israeli Conflict," where a few days later, Goldstone said that "contrary to the report's assertions, Israel did not intentionally target civilians."

In 2006, Bell criticized Human Rights Watch for its reports on the Second Lebanon War, claiming that the organization's claims "mislead readers and betray ... bias,"  and that "HRW investigation [in Srifa, Lebanon] was either professionally incompetent or a complete fabrication" and "nothing more than window dressing for predetermined anti-Israel conclusions." Human Rights Watch responded by claiming that Bell "displays a curious ignorance about even the basic requirements of international humanitarian law"  However, a 2007 report of Human Rights Watch admitted that its "allegation [of criminality in Srifa] turned out to be wrong." The report stated that "eyewitnesses were not always forthcoming about the identity of those that died, and in the case of Srifa, misled our researchers ... a visit to the graveyard made it possible to establish that most of those killed in Srifa were actually combatants," and concluding that "further Human Rights Watch investigations into a deadly strike at Srifa established that an Israeli attack there killed 17 combatants and five civilians on July 19, not the 26 civilians claimed in Fatal Strikes" and "Human Rights Watch regrets the serious inaccuracy in its initial Fatal Strikes report."

Bell was formerly a visiting professor at Fordham University School of Law and the University of Connecticut School of Law.

He currently teaches classes on property and intellectual property at University of San Diego School of Law, and on property, intellectual property and public international law at Bar-Ilan University's Faculty of Law.

Bell also serves as Senior Fellow at the Kohelet Policy Forum.

References

American legal scholars
Israeli legal scholars
American legal writers
University of San Diego faculty
Academic staff of Bar-Ilan University
University of Chicago alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
University of Chicago Law School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Law and economics scholars
Scholars of property law

Avi Bell


Irving Dale Fryar, Sr. (born September 28, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for seventeen seasons.  Fryar played college football for the University of Nebraska, and was recognized as an All-American.  He was selected with the first overall pick of the 1984 NFL Draft, becoming the second wide receiver to be taken number one overall, the first being Dave Parks in 1964. Fryar played professionally for the New England Patriots, Miami Dolphins, Philadelphia Eagles, and Washington Redskins of the NFL.  Known for his longevity, his best seasons statistically came well into his 30s, at a time when many receivers are on the tail end of their careers, and he played for 17 seasons, retiring at the age of 39 holding several NFL longevity records for receivers.

Early years

Fryar grew up in Mount Holly Township, New Jersey, and played high school football at Rancocas Valley Regional High School.

College career
An All-American for the University of Nebraska in 1983, Fryar played alongside Heisman Trophy winner Mike Rozier (running back) and Heisman finalist Turner Gill (quarterback).

Statistics

Professional career
Fryar was the second wide receiver to be drafted first overall in the NFL Draft when the New England Patriots made him the top selection of the 1984 NFL Draft.

With the Patriots, Fryar saw success on a receiving corps that featured Stephen Starring and perennial Pro Bowler Stanley Morgan.  He also served as the team's primary punt returner. Following the 1985 season, in which Fryar was named to his first Pro Bowl, he played in Super Bowl XX, where he scored New England's only touchdown in their 46–10 loss to the Chicago Bears. He was one of the few marquee players on the 1–15 1990 team, and in 1991 he had his first 1000-yard receiving season.  Traded to the Dolphins in 1993 for a pair of high-round draft picks, he made an immediate impact, having two further 1000-yard seasons in 1993 and 1994, and making the Pro Bowl both years.  Following the 1995 season, he signed as a free agent with the Eagles, with whom he played in a fourth and fifth Pro Bowl following the 1996 and 1997 seasons.  After retiring from football briefly following the 1998 season, he was signed by the Redskins, with whom he played the final two seasons of his career.

Fryar retired from the NFL in 2001 after completing 17 NFL seasons.  During that time, he caught 851 passes for 12,785 yards and 84 touchdowns, along with one rushing and three punt return touchdowns.  He also gained 242 rushing yards, 2,055 yards returning punts, 505 yards on kickoff returns, and 7 fumble return yards, giving him 15,594 all-purpose yards.

Fryar's 255 played games are the most ever for a New Jersey-born player.

Personal life
Fryar has had several off-field incidents during and after his career. In 1985, he missed the AFC championship game after injuring his hand in a domestic dispute with his pregnant wife. He was arrested in 1988 on weapons charges after a New Jersey state trooper found a loaded shotgun and handgun and a hunting knife in Fryar's car.

On November 23, 1986, Fryar separated his shoulder during a game against the Buffalo Bills. Instead of watching the rest of the game from the sidelines, Fryar left the stadium and was listening to the game while driving his car through Foxboro. He crashed into a tree and suffered a slight concussion.

His wife filed for divorce in 2014 after 29 years of marriage. They have four children.

On August 7, 2015, Fryar and his mother, Allene McGhee, were found guilty of conspiring to defraud six banks and a mortgage company by a New Jersey Superior Court jury. The prosecution maintained that Fryar and McGhee conspired with real estate consultant William Barksdale in a scheme to fraudulently obtain six home-equity loans totaling about $850,000 in November and December 2009, and a $414,000 mortgage in October 2009, using McGhee's home as collateral in each instance. Fryar and McGhee maintain they were victims of Barksdale, who is serving a 20-month sentence in federal prison for conspiracy to commit wire fraud for his role in the scheme, and plan to appeal.

Fryar's son, Londen, was signed by the New York Giants as an undrafted free agent in 2009 out of Western Michigan University.

On October 2, 2015, Pro Football Talk reported that Fryar and his mother were convicted of mortgage fraud.  Fryar will receive a five-year prison sentence while his mother will receive probation.  According to the New Jersey AG who oversaw the case, John Hoffman,  "The fact that Fryar had the means to succeed and do good things and instead chose this criminal path makes his actions all the more reprehensible".

On December 7, 2015, a NJ Judge handed up an order that Irving Fryar and his mother to pay $615,600 in restitution to five lending institutions that were cheated in a mortgage scam. Fryar and his mother, Allene McGhee, were convicted of applying for multiple mortgage loans in quick succession while using the same property as collateral. Fryar was sentenced in October to five years in prison while his mother received three years of probation.  In June 2016, Fryar was released from prison after serving eight months of his sentence. He was placed under the state's Supervision Program for non-violent offenders.

NFL records
 Touchdown receptions from 19 different passers
 First player to record a touchdown in 17 consecutive seasons (1984–2000) - (broken by Jerry Rice who ended up with 20 consecutive seasons with a touchdown reception)
 Oldest player to score 4 touchdowns (all receptions) in a single game (October 20, 1996) - 34 years, 22 days
 Third most receiving yards in a half - 211 (2nd half, September 4, 1994)

References

External links

Irving Fryar at databasefootball.com

1962 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football return specialists
American football wide receivers
American Christian clergy
Miami Dolphins players
National Football League first-overall draft picks
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
New England Patriots players
People from Mount Holly, New Jersey
People from Springfield Township, Burlington County, New Jersey
Philadelphia Eagles players
Rancocas Valley Regional High School alumni
Players of American football from Burlington County, New Jersey
Washington Redskins players
American sportspeople convicted of crimes
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Irving Fryar


A financial data vendor provides market data to financial firms, traders, and investors. The data distributed is collected from sources such as stock exchange feeds, brokers and dealer desks or regulatory filings (e.g. an SEC filing).

History
Financial data vendors have been in existence as long as financial data has been available. The first technology that allowed data vendors to disseminate was the ticker tape starting in the 1870s. Financial data includes "pre-trade" such as bid/ask data necessary to price a financial instrument and post-trade data such as the last trade price and other transaction data.

From ticker tape to television cameras, from databases to websites this multibillion-dollar industry provides data utilized in the financial sector.  Paper ticker tape became obsolete in the 1960s, as television and computers were increasingly used to transmit financial information. The concept of the stock ticker lives on, however, in the scrolling electronic tickers seen on brokerage walls and on news and financial television channels.

Because the financial investment needed to provide the services needed, the industry had become ever more consolidated, but in 2004 it was forecast that the industry was beginning to fragment.

Industry size
According to the 2009 Burton-Taylor report, the Market Data industry exited 2009 at US$22.68 billion after closing 2008 at US$23.01 billion. In 2009, Thomson Reuters and Bloomberg market share were virtually even, at 29.4% and 29.2% respectively.

The largest four financial data vendors represent the USD 15.222 billion tip of an enormous global market (2008 Annual figures) and employ tens of thousands of people.

Types of data
There are many different types of instruments (including stocks, bonds, funds, options, futures, currencies, etc.) and hundreds of different markets for investment, leading to an extremely large and hard to define universe of data.

The types of data offered vary by vendor, and most typically cover information about entities (companies) and instruments (shares, bonds etc.) which companies might issue. Typically, pricing data is sold separately from other related data, such as corporate actions and events, valuation information, fundamental data including company performance and reference data on the entities and instruments themselves.

In addition to market price data there are data known as market reference data, such as a ticker name, which describe securities, commodities and transactions.

Intraday Data are prices provided during the day, they are usually released every 15 minutes.

The majority of financial data vendors can access data during trading sessions but with the requirement that any inquiry be in reference to historical market analysis. Analysis of historical market data provides a larger snapshot of the market at the expense of timely information (time inbetween database updates).

Alternative data (finance) vendors offer non-traditional datasets, typically defined as those that do not originate from securities exchanges, regulatory disclosures, or economic release indicators. These are used by quantitative and fundamental investors to enhance portfolio returns. Examples include consumer transaction data, satellite imagery, vehicle movements, and web data, including social media data. With an estimated three out of four financial institutions housing alt-data teams as of 2020, and 90% of firms expanding their alt-data strategy, alternative data is now arguably mainstream.

Services offered
Most of the market differentiation between competitors is based on some combination of the following:
 Delivery frequency - Data can be updated in Real-Time, Delayed, Conflated, or End of Day
 Delivery latency - vendors offer different amounts of data latency, with lower latency typically being more expensive and more complex.  An individual vendor may offer different products with different latencies.
 Delivery method - Data is delivered either in a streaming format, or as snapshot files of streamed data, or as "end of day" files showing the position at the close of business of a certain market or region
 Delivery transportation - Data can be delivered via Broadcast, Multicast, Satellite, Private Line, VPN, or Internet
 Delivery format - Data can be encoded heavily to optimize performance, or can be left in simple formats to simplify databasing
 Normalization and Data Model - Vendors collect from sources all around the world and then translates all of those formats into a single format (by vendor or by product) for consumption by either a financial data processor or by the end user. Each vendor typically has a different way of modelling financial data.
 Reliability - High availability of data is a primary concern in the financial markets
 Value Added Services - Data value can be improved by adding on related services such as listing information, share data, fundamental data, time series, historical data, etc.
 Local experience - Larger data vendors have sales and service offices and data centers worldwide in major financial centers in the US, Europe and Asia. This allows their customers to access local expertise without having to have a local presence.

See also
Bloomberg Terminal
Eikon

References

Market data
Financial metadata

Financial data vendor


Francis Wayland Palmer (October 11, 1827 – December 3, 1907) was an American politician, publisher, printer, editor and proprietor from New York, Iowa and Illinois.

Early life and education
Born in North Manchester, Indiana, Palmer moved to Jamestown, New York with his parents as a child and learned the printing trade at the Jamestown Journal in 1841.

Career
Palmer became the owner of the newspaper in 1848 and was a member of the New York State Assembly (Chautauqua Co, 2nd D.) in 1854 and 1855. He sold the Jamestown Journal in 1858 and moved to Dubuque, Iowa the same year where he became editor and one of the proprietors of the Dubuque Times. Palmer served as Iowa state printer from 1861 to 1869, moved to Des Moines, Iowa in 1861 and was publisher and owner of the Iowa State Register. He was elected a Republican to the United States House of Representatives in 1868, serving from 1869 to 1873, not being a candidate for renomination in 1872. He moved to Chicago, Illinois in 1873 and purchased an interest in the Inter-Ocean, becoming its editor-in-chief. Palmer was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1876, was appointed postmaster of Chicago by President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877, serving until 1885 and served as Public Printer of the United States from 1889 to 1894 and again from 1897 to 1905.

Personal life
Palmer died in Chicago, Illinois on December 3, 1907, and was interred in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago.

External links

 Retrieved on 2009-05-12

1827 births
1907 deaths
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
Postmasters of Chicago
American printers
American newspaper editors
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
Politicians from Jamestown, New York
Politicians from Dubuque, Iowa
Politicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Politicians from Chicago
People of Iowa in the American Civil War
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
People from North Manchester, Indiana
Illinois Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
19th-century American politicians
Journalists from New York (state)
United States Government Publishing Office

Francis W. Palmer


The Ivrea Codex (Ivrea, Biblioteca Capitolare, 115) is a parchment manuscript containing a significant body of 14th century French polyphonic music.

The codex contains motets, Mass movements, and a handful of virelais, chaces, and ballades, composed in the middle of the 14th century. The notation is characteristic of the Ars Nova period.  The manuscript is missing at least one gathering of Mass movements.

The provenance of the codex is disputed.  It was long thought to have been compiled in Avignon, the seat of the French Papacy, around 1370. However, the musically important court of Gaston Fébus has also been suggested.  Most recently, however, Karl Kügle has asserted that the source was made in Ivrea itself, by musicians connected to the Savoyard court (possibly Jehan Pellicier), in the 1380s or 1390s.  None of these three interpretations has become universally accepted.

All of the music in the codex is anonymous, but attributions have been made on the basis of concordances to Philippe de Vitry, Guillaume de Machaut, Magister Heinricus, Bararipton, Depansis, Matheus de Sancto Johanne,  Orles, Sortes, and Loys. One piece attributed to Chipre is probably of Cypriot provenance. Kügle notes that ars subtilior-style compositions are absent from the source; however, sources without ars subtilior compositions far outnumber those containing these pieces, so it is hard to read particular significance into this statement.

References and further reading

Medieval music manuscript sources
Ars nova

Ivrea Codex


The all female band is a musical group made exclusively of female musicians. Such groups include the Go-Go's, Bangles, The Andrews Sisters, The Runaways and 4 Non Blondes. Farida Vakil founded one of the first female bands in India, The Ladybirds.

All-female bands are not restricted by mainstream genres.

Related pages
Girl group

Musical groups

All-female band


Dayon Demond Mallet (born February 22, 1978) is a retired American professional basketball player. He played college basketball at McNeese State University. Mallet spent 17 seasons as a professional player, in multiple European leagues afterwards, and won multiple championships and was named the Most Valuable Player of several competitions.

Mallet won a German League championship, and the German Cup title. He also won the ULEB Cup championship (which is now called the EuroCup), and he won the prestigious Spanish King's Cup title, with the team Joventut Badalona. Joventut later honored Mallet in his last game with the team. Mallet also won the Belgian League MVP in 2011, and the Belgium League championship that same year.

High school
Mallet attended Leesville High, in Leesville, Louisiana, where he played high school basketball.

College career
After high school, Mallet enrolled at McNeese State University, where he played college basketball with the McNeese State Cowboys. He was an NCAA Division I All-American Honorable Mention in 2001. He was also named the Southland Conference's Player of the Year, of the 2000–01 season. Mallet was inducted in the McNeese State University Hall of Fame in 2012.

Professional career
After college, Mallett played in the 2001 NBA Summer League with the Detroit Pistons' summer league squad. He also played in the 2002 NBA Summer League with the summer league squad of the Boston Celtics. Mallet played several years in Germany in the Bundesliga, the country's premier basketball league, but later moved to Spain, and then Turkey; and in 2010, Belgium, where he signed a two-year contract.

In December 2011, he moved from the Belgium club, during the 2011–12 season, where he was rated as one of the best point guards in the EuroLeague that season, to Maccabi Tel Aviv, in Israel, with whom he signed a one-year contract. In April 2012, after not getting enough playing time in the rotation of Maccabi Tel Aviv, he returned to Spirou Charleroi, through the end of the 2011–12 season. The following year, Mallet signed a two-year deal with the Artland Dragons, which was rumored to be the largest contract ever given to a point guard in the German Basketball League. He returned to Spirou again, after that season, and then became a player of FIATC Joventut, where he worked as a player-coach. Mallet was honored by Joventut, at the club's arena, on May 22, 2016, with a banner and retirement of his jersey, for all of his accomplishments with the club.

On January 10, 2017, Mallet signed with the French club SLUC Nancy, for the rest of the 2016–17 Pro A season. After last playing in 2017, he officially announced his retirement from playing professional basketball, in February 2018, and on February 23, 2018, Mallet was honored in ceremony by Brose Bamberg, the club he helped win their first championship to enter the Euroleague.

Awards and accomplishments

College
Southland Player of the Year: (2001)
All-American Honorable Mention: (2001)

Professional
5× German League All-Star: (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007)
German League Champion: (2005)
German League All-Star Game MVP: (2007)
German Cup Winner: (2007)
German Cup MVP: (2007)
Spanish King's Cup Winner: (2008)
EuroCup Champion: (2008)
Belgian League MVP: (2011)
Belgian League Champion: (2011)
Israeli State Cup Winner: (2012)

Personal

References

External links
Demond Mallett at euroleague.net
Demond Mallett at fibaeurope.com
Demond Mallett at acb.com
Demond Mallett at eurobasket.com

1978 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Belgium
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
Artland Dragons players
Basketball Löwen Braunschweig players
Basketball players from Louisiana
Brose Bamberg players
Joventut Badalona players
Köln 99ers players
Liga ACB players
Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players
McNeese Cowboys basketball players
People from Leesville, Louisiana
Point guards
Shooting guards
SLUC Nancy Basket players
Spirou Charleroi players
Türk Telekom B.K. players
American men's basketball players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Demond Mallet


Heden, Hedan, or Hetan II (died 741), called the Younger, was a Duke of Thuringia, one of the "older" stem duchies (Stammesherzogtums), from around 700 until his death. He may have been the Hedan who married Saint Bilihild.

One of the chief sources for his life is the Passio minor  sancti Kiliani. According to the Passio, after the revenge of God came upon his father Gozbert, who had married his brother's widow Geilana, who was reproved for it by Kilian, who in turn paid the price for his temerity, Hedan was chased from the realm, and his mother Geilana ruled as duchess (689). Sometime later Hedan returned as an adult and took over (before 704). The duchy over which Hedan and his ancestors ruled was the region around the river Main. Only under Hedan did the duke take up an extensive interest in the lands to the east, the region today called Thuringia. Hedan's claim to rule Thuringia may have been claimed through his wife Theodrada.

Hedan's hypothetical relationship with Bilihild is established by the 12th-century Vita Bilihildis, based on earlier sources, which names Bilihild's husband as dux militum gentilis ... vocabulo Hetan. Theotbald on the other hand may have been a brother of Theodrada and the man who preceded Hedan in ruling Thuringia.

It was during the reign of Hedan that the conversion of the Thuringii to Christianity, abortively initiated by Kilian, began to bear fruit under Boniface. In 742 the diocese of Erfurt was established. The support of the duke himself and his wife Theodrada was instrumental in establishing the new religion in Thuringia. In a donation dated 1 May 704 in Würzburg, his capital, Hedan, with the consent of his wife and his son Thuring and the Frankish magnates Rocco and Doda, granted the bishop Willibrord the places of Arnstadt (Arnestati), Mühlberg (Mulenberge), and Großmonra (Monhore). A document dated 18 April 716/717, Hedan enlarged his earlier donation by granting hereditary estates on the  Saale and at Hammelburg (on the Saale) to the counts Cato and Sigeric as well as the nutricius (tutor or regent) Ado and the magnates Adogoto and Hereric.

Through his wife Hedan had connexions to the Rodoin family and the family of Gundoin, Duke of Alsace. He also had ties to the monastery of Weißenburg in Alsace. His daughter Immina entered the house monastery of Marienberg.

References

Dukes of Thuringia
741 deaths
8th-century dukes in Europe
Year of birth unknown
Merovingian dynasty

Hedan II


The Resurrection of Christ (1499–1502), also called The Kinnaird Resurrection (after a former owner of the painting, Lord Kinnaird), is an oil painting on wood by the Italian High Renaissance master Raphael. The work is one of the earliest known paintings by the artist, executed between 1499 and 1502. It is probably a piece of an unknown predella, though it has been suggested that the painting could be one of the remaining works of the Baronci altarpiece, Raphael's first recorded commission (seriously damaged by an earthquake in 1789, fragments of which are today found in museums across Europe). The painting is now in the São Paulo Museum of Art.

The Kinnaird Resurrection is one of the first preserved works of Raphael in which his natural dramatic style of composition was already obvious, as opposed to the gentle poetic style of his master, Pietro Perugino. The extremely rational composition is ruled by a complex ideal geometry which interlinks all the elements of the scene and gives it a strange animated rhythm, transforming the characters in the painting into co-protagonists in a unique "choreography". The painting possesses an esthetic influence from Pinturicchio and Melozzo da Forlì, though the spatial orchestration of the work, with its tendency to movement, shows Raphael's knowledge of the Florentine artistic milieu of the 16th century.

The work was acquired by the São Paulo Museum of Art in 1954. Pietro Maria Bardi, former director of the museum, on the recommendation of Mario Modestini, his associate at the Studio D'Arte Palma in Rome, took the responsibility of adding the  Kinnaird Resurrection to the body of works of Raphael, based on the existence of two preparatory studies for the composition, starting a heated debate about its authorship. Nowadays, the reference to Raphael is almost unanimously accepted by experts. It is the only work by that artist currently in the Southern Hemisphere.

See also
List of paintings by Raphael

References

Sources

External links

Paintings by Raphael
1500s paintings
Raphael
Paintings in the São Paulo Museum of Art
Angels in art
Snakes in art

Resurrection of Christ (Raphael)


Müstair was a municipality in Inn in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the municipalities Müstair, Fuldera, Lü, Santa Maria Val Müstair, Tschierv and Valchava joined together to become the new municipality Val Müstair.

The easternmost point of Switzerland, at Piz Chavalatsch, is in the municipality.

The main tourist attraction in the area is the Benedictine Convent of Saint John.

Former municipalities of Graubünden

Müstair


Canonsburg Hospital, part of the Allegheny Health Network of Pittsburgh, United States, is a community hospital located just outside Canonsburg, Pennsylvania in North Strabane Township.

History

20th century
It was founded in 1904, when, according to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, "the Women's Shakespeare Club of Canonsburg solicited donations of 'linens, supplies, a hen and brood of chickens and a generous supply of fruit' for what turned out to be an ambitious if not unusual project for a literary club. ... [But], as history records, this Women's Shakespeare Club's project ended well and proved to be much ado about something pretty special: medical care. For what the Women's Shakespeare Club of Canonsburg started [was] Canonsburg General Hospital."

The club raised $2,000 to help buy a house on Barr Street in Canonsburg, which served as the hospital for 10 years. They also formed the Canonsburg General Hospital Association to oversee the hospital's operations. The hospital opened at its original Barr Street location on Oct. 17, 1904, and the first patient was a woman who was "traveling with her husband in a horse and carriage from the village of Midland in Chartiers to Canonsburg when the berserk horse sent them flying."

The following year, the hospital opened a nursing school, which remained in operation until 1960. In 1913, the hospital board agreed to construct a new hospital building, also on Barr Street, which grew to 54 beds by 1930. The "new" Barr Street hospital eventually named its dining room after Perry Como, the famous singer who born in Canonsburg in 1912.

By the late 1970s, Canonsburg Hospital had outgrown its red-brick Barr Street home, and in 1979 the hospital applied to the Pennsylvania Department of Health to build a new hospital. At the time in Pennsylvania, new hospital construction had to be approved by the state through a "certificate of need." The application for a certificate of need was initially rejected by the state on the grounds that existing hospitals in the area had enough capacity to handle projected patient volume, but Canonsburg-area residents lobbied then-Pennsylvania Gov. Dick Thornburgh with "more than 5,000 letters [and] 2,000 mail-grams demanding the department approve the project."

In 1981, the Health Department issued a certificate of need, and a new hospital was built in North Strabane Township, just outside of Canonsburg borough. The new $15.8 million hospital opened May 14, 1983, on 31 acres; the former Barr Street hospital is now a personal care and retirement home.

21st century
In 2000, Canonsburg Hospital joined the former West Penn Allegheny Health System. In 2013, it became a part of Allegheny Health Network. The current 104-bed inpatient facility has undergone several expansions since its 1983 opening: In 1996, a new ambulatory care center was opened; in 2003, the physical therapy department was enlarged; in 2006, the emergency department was expanded to accommodate increased patient volume; and since its affiliation with AHN in 2013, the hospital has opened a sleep lab.

The hospital primarily serves residents living in Southern Allegheny and Northern Washington counties. Canonsburg annually admits over 4,000 patients and logs approximately 21,000 emergency visits, and performs nearly 3,000 surgeries.

References

External links
Canonsburg Hospital
Allegheny Health Network

1904 establishments in Pennsylvania
Hospital buildings completed in 1904
Hospital buildings completed in 1963
Hospitals in Pennsylvania
Canonsburg, Pennsylvania
Buildings and structures in Washington County, Pennsylvania

Canonsburg Hospital


In computer programming, an assignment statement sets and/or re-sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name; in other words, it copies a value into the variable. In most imperative programming languages, the assignment statement (or expression) is a fundamental construct.

Today, the most commonly used notation for this operation is x = expr (originally Superplan 1949–51, popularized by Fortran 1957 and C). The second most commonly used notation is x := expr (originally ALGOL 1958, popularised by Pascal). Many other notations are also in use. In some languages, the symbol used is regarded as an operator (meaning that the assignment statement as a whole returns a value). Other languages define assignment as a statement (meaning that it cannot be used in an expression).

Assignments typically allow a variable to hold different values at different times during its life-span and scope. However, some languages (primarily strictly functional languages) do not allow that kind of "destructive" reassignment, as it might imply changes of non-local state. The purpose is to enforce referential transparency, i.e. functions that do not depend on the state of some variable(s), but produce the same results for a given set of parametric inputs at any point in time. Modern programs in other languages also often use similar strategies, although less strict, and only in certain parts, in order to reduce complexity, normally in conjunction with complementing methodologies such as data structuring, structured programming and object orientation.

Semantics
An assignment operation is a process in imperative programming in which different values are associated with a particular variable name as time passes. The program, in such model, operates by changing its state using successive assignment statements. Primitives of imperative programming languages rely on assignment to do iteration. At the lowest level, assignment is implemented using machine operations such as MOVE or STORE.

Variables are containers for values. It is possible to put a value into a variable and later replace it with a new one. An assignment operation modifies the current state of the executing program. Consequently, assignment is dependent on the concept of variables. In an assignment:

 The expression is evaluated in the current state of the program.
 The variable is assigned the computed value, replacing the prior value of that variable.

Example: Assuming that a is a numeric variable, the assignment a := 2*a means that the content of the variable a is doubled after the execution of the statement.

An example segment of C code:

int x = 10;
float y;
x = 23;
y = 32.4f;

In this sample, the variable x is first declared as an int, and is then assigned the value of 10. Notice that the declaration and assignment occur in the same statement. In the second line, y is declared without an assignment. In the third line, x is reassigned the value of 23. Finally, y is assigned the value of 32.4.

For an assignment operation, it is necessary that the value of the expression is well-defined (it is a valid rvalue) and that the variable represents a modifiable entity (it is a valid modifiable (non-const) lvalue). In some languages, typically dynamic ones, it is not necessary to declare a variable prior to assigning it a value. In such languages, a variable is automatically declared the first time it is assigned to, with the scope it is declared in varying by language.

Single assignment

Any assignment that changes an existing value (e.g. x := x + 1) is disallowed in purely functional languages. In functional programming, assignment is discouraged in favor of single assignment, more commonly known as initialization. Single assignment is an example of name binding and differs from assignment as described in this article in that it can only be done once, usually when the variable is created; no subsequent reassignment is allowed.

An evaluation of an expression does not have a side effect if it does not change an observable state of the machine, other than producing the result, and always produces same value for the same input. Imperative assignment can introduce side effects while destroying and making the old value unavailable while substituting it with a new one, and is referred to as destructive assignment for that reason in LISP and functional programming, similar to destructive updating.

Single assignment is the only form of assignment available in purely functional languages, such as Haskell, which do not have variables in the sense of imperative programming languages but rather named constant values possibly of compound nature, with their elements progressively defined on-demand, for the lazy languages. Purely functional languages can provide an opportunity for computation to be performed in parallel, avoiding the von Neumann bottleneck of sequential one step at a time execution, since values are independent of each other.

Impure functional languages provide both single assignment as well as true assignment (though true assignment is typically used with less frequency than in imperative programming languages). For example, in Scheme, both single assignment (with let) and true assignment (with set!) can be used on all variables, and specialized primitives are provided for destructive update inside lists, vectors, strings, etc. In OCaml, only single assignment is allowed for variables, via the let name = value syntax; however destructive update can be used on elements of arrays and strings with separate <- operator, as well as on fields of records and objects that have been explicitly declared mutable (meaning capable of being changed after their initial declaration) by the programmer.

Functional programming languages that use single assignment include Clojure (for data structures, not vars), Erlang (it accepts multiple assignment if the values are equal, in contrast to Haskell), F#, Haskell, JavaScript (for constants), Lava, OCaml, Oz (for dataflow variables, not cells), Racket (for some data structures like lists, not symbols), SASL, Scala (for vals), SISAL, Standard ML. Non-backtracking Prolog code can be considered explicit single-assignment, explicit in a sense that its (named) variables can be in explicitly unassigned state, or be set exactly once. In Haskell, by contrast, there can be no unassigned variables, and every variable can be thought of as being implicitly set, when it is created, to its value (or rather to a computational object that will produce its value on demand).

Value of an assignment
In some programming languages, an assignment statement returns a value, while in others it does not.

In most expression-oriented programming languages (for example, C), the assignment statement returns the assigned value, allowing such idioms as x = y = a, in which the assignment statement y = a returns the value of a, which is then assigned to x. In a statement such as , the return value of a function is used to control a loop while assigning that same value to a variable.

In other programming languages, Scheme for example, the return value of an assignment is undefined and such idioms are invalid.

In Haskell, there is no variable assignment; but operations similar to assignment (like assigning to a field of an array or a field of a mutable data structure) usually evaluate to the unit type, which is represented as (). This type has only one possible value, therefore containing no information. It is typically the type of an expression that is evaluated purely for its side effects.

Variant forms of assignment
Certain use patterns are very common, and thus often have special syntax to support them. These are primarily syntactic sugar to reduce redundancy in the source code, but also assists readers of the code in understanding the programmer's intent, and provides the compiler with a clue to possible optimization.

Augmented assignment

The case where the assigned value depends on a previous one is so common that many imperative languages, most notably C and the majority of its descendants, provide special operators called augmented assignment, like *=, so a = 2*a can instead be written as a *= 2. Beyond syntactic sugar, this assists the task of the compiler by making clear that in-place modification of the variable a is possible.

Chained assignment
A statement like w = x = y = z is called a chained assignment in which the value of z is assigned to multiple variables w, x, and y. Chained assignments are often used to initialize multiple variables, as in

a = b = c = d = f = 0

Not all programming languages support chained assignment. Chained assignments are equivalent to a sequence of assignments, but the evaluation strategy differs between languages. For simple chained assignments, like initializing multiple variables, the evaluation strategy does not matter, but if the targets (l-values) in the assignment are connected in some way, the evaluation strategy affects the result.

In some programming languages (C for example), chained assignments are supported because assignments are expressions, and have values. In this case chain assignment can be implemented by having a right-associative assignment, and assignments happen right-to-left. For example, i = arr[i] = f() is equivalent to arr[i] = f(); i = arr[i]. In C++ they are also available for values of class types by declaring the appropriate return type for the assignment operator.

In Python, assignment statements are not expressions and thus do not have a value. Instead, chained assignments are a series of statements with multiple targets for a single expression. The assignments are executed left-to-right so that i = arr[i] = f() evaluates the expression f(), then assigns the result to the leftmost target, i, and then assigns the same result to the next target, arr[i], using the new value of i. This is essentially equivalent to tmp = f(); i = tmp; arr[i] = tmp though no actual variable is produced for the temporary value.

Parallel assignment
Some programming languages, such as APL, Common Lisp, Go, JavaScript (since 1.7), PHP, Maple, Lua, occam 2, Perl, Python, REBOL, Ruby, and PowerShell allow several variables to be assigned in parallel, with syntax like:

 a, b := 0, 1

which simultaneously assigns 0 to a and 1 to b. This is most often known as parallel assignment; it was introduced in CPL in 1963, under the name simultaneous assignment, and is sometimes called multiple assignment, though this is confusing when used with "single assignment", as these are not opposites. If the right-hand side of the assignment is a single variable (e.g. an array or structure), the feature is called unpacking or destructuring assignment:

 var list := {0, 1}
 a, b := list

The list will be unpacked so that 0 is assigned to a and 1 to b. Furthermore,

 a, b := b, a

swaps the values of a and b. In languages without parallel assignment, this would have to be written to use a temporary variable

 var t := a
 a := b
 b := t

since a := b; b := a leaves both a and b with the original value of b.

Some languages, such as Go, F# and Python, combine parallel assignment, tuples, and automatic tuple unpacking to allow multiple return values from a single function, as in this Python example,

def f():
    return 1, 2
a, b = f()

while other languages, such as C# and Rust, shown here, require explicit tuple construction and deconstruction with parentheses:

// Valid C# or Rust syntax
(a, b) = (b, a);

// C# tuple return
(string, int) f() => ("foo", 1);
var (a, b) = f();

// Rust tuple return
let f = || ("foo", 1);
let (a, b) = f();

This provides an alternative to the use of output parameters for returning multiple values from a function. This dates to CLU (1974), and CLU helped popularize parallel assignment generally.

C# additionally allows generalized deconstruction assignment with implementation defined by the expression on the right-hand side, as the compiler searches for an appropriate instance or extension Deconstruct method on the expression, which must have output parameters for the variables being assigned to. For example, one such method that would give the class it appears in the same behavior as the return value of f() above would be
void Deconstruct(out string a, out int b) { a = "foo"; b = 1; }

In C and C++, the comma operator is similar to parallel assignment in allowing multiple assignments to occur within a single statement, writing a = 1, b = 2 instead of a, b = 1, 2.
This is primarily used in for loops, and is replaced by parallel assignment in other languages such as Go.
However, the above C++ code does not ensure perfect simultaneity, since the right side of the following code a = b, b = a+1 is evaluated after the left side. In languages such as Python, a, b = b, a+1 will assign the two variables concurrently, using the initial value of a to compute the new b.

Assignment versus equality

The use of the equals sign = as an assignment operator has been frequently criticized, due to the conflict with equals as comparison for equality. This results both in confusion by novices in writing code, and confusion even by experienced programmers in reading code. The use of equals for assignment dates back to Heinz Rutishauser's language Superplan, designed from 1949 to 1951, and was particularly popularized by Fortran:

Beginning programmers sometimes confuse assignment with the relational operator for equality, as "=" means equality in mathematics, and is used for assignment in many languages. But assignment alters the value of a variable, while equality testing tests whether two expressions have the same value.

In some languages, such as BASIC, a single equals sign ("=") is used for both the assignment operator and the equality relational operator, with context determining which is meant. Other languages use different symbols for the two operators. For example:

 In ALGOL and Pascal, the assignment operator is a colon and an equals sign (":=") while the equality operator is a single equals ("=").
 In C, the assignment operator is a single equals sign ("=") while the equality operator is a pair of equals signs ("==").
 In R, the assignment operator is basically <-, as in x <- value, but a single equals sign can be used in certain contexts.

The similarity in the two symbols can lead to errors if the programmer forgets which form ("=", "==", ":=") is appropriate, or mistypes "=" when "==" was intended. This is a common programming problem with languages such as C (including one famous attempt to backdoor the Linux kernel), where the assignment operator also returns the value assigned (in the same way that a function returns a value), and can be validly nested inside expressions. If the intention was to compare two values in an if statement, for instance, an assignment is quite likely to return a value interpretable as Boolean true, in which case the then clause will be executed, leading the program to behave unexpectedly. Some language processors (such as gcc) can detect such situations, and warn the programmer of the potential error.

Notation

The two most common representations for the copying assignment are equals sign (=) and colon-equals (:=). Both forms may semantically denote either an assignment statement or an assignment operator (which also has a value), depending on language and/or usage.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| variable = expression || Fortran, PL/I, C (and descendants such as C++, Java, etc.), Bourne shell, Python, Go (assignment to pre-declared variables), R, PowerShell, Nim, etc.
|-
| variable := expression || ALGOL (and derivatives), Simula, CPL, BCPL, Pascal (and descendants such as Modula), Mary, PL/M, Ada, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Oberon, Dylan, Seed7, Python (an assignment expression), Go (shorthand for declaring and defining a variable), Io, AMPL, ML (assigning to a reference value), AutoHotkey etc.
|-
|}

Other possibilities include a left arrow or a keyword, though there are other, rarer, variants:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| variable << expression || Magik
|-
| variable <- expression || F#, OCaml, R, S
|-
| variable <<- expression || R
|-
|  assign("variable", expression) || R
|-
| variable ← expression || APL, Smalltalk, BASIC Programming
|-
| variable =: expression || J
|-
| LET variable = expression || BASIC
|-
| let variable := expression || XQuery
|-
| set variable to expression || AppleScript
|-
| set variable = expression || C shell
|-
| Set-Variable variable (expression) || PowerShell
|-
| variable : expression || Macsyma, Maxima, K
|-
| variable: expression || Rebol
|-
| var variable expression || mIRC scripting language
|-
| reference-variable :- reference-expression || Simula
|}

Mathematical pseudo code assignments are generally depicted with a left-arrow.

Some platforms put the expression on the left and the variable on the right:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em" | MOVE expression TO variable || COBOL
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em" | expression → variable || TI-BASIC, Casio BASIC
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em" | expression -> variable || POP-2, BETA, R
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em" | put expression into variable || LiveCode
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em" | PUT expression IN variable || ABC
|}

Some expression-oriented languages, such as Lisp and Tcl, uniformly use prefix (or postfix) syntax for all statements, including assignment.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em" | (setf variable expression) || Common Lisp
|-
| (set! variable expression) || Scheme
|-
| set variable expression || Tcl
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em" | expression variable ! || Forth
|}

See also
 Assignment operator in C++
 Operator (programming)
 Name binding
 Unification (computing)
 Immutable object
 Const-correctness
 Assignment Problem

Notes

References

Programming language concepts
Assignment operations
Articles with example C code

Assignment (computer science)


Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins is a 2000 American direct-to-video movie and is a spin-off of the Toy Story movies. It was directed by Tad Stones and starring Tim Allen, Wayne Knight, Stephen Furst, Nicole Sullivan, Patrick Warburton, Sean Hayes, Jim Hanks, Kevin Michael Richardson, Diedrich Bader, Frank Welker, Courteney Cox. It was distributed by the Walt Disney company.

Plot
Buzz Lightyear and his friend Warp Darkmatter are sent to rescue extraterrestrial life forms called LGMs (Little Green Men) from the evil emperor Zurg after Zurg kidnapped them and tortured them to figure out how their telepathy worked. Then Zurg kills Warp and Buzz blames himself for not being able to stop Zurg so he starts to feel guilty about that and says that from now on he will always work alone. But Buzz's boss Commander Nebula wants him to work with others. When Buzz refuses to have an alien princess named Mira as his partner, the LGMs build a robot named X-R to be his new partner. Then a supervillain named Agent Z attacks the LGM planet and destroys X-R. And Agent Z's boss Zurg steals a machine called The Unimind which gives the LGMs their hive mind.

Without the Unimind, the LGMs are stupid so when they rebuild X-R, he's a terrible Space Ranger so Buzz tells the janitor Booster to train X-R as a janitor. When Mira says they should send a small mission against Zurg and Buzz agrees Commander Nebula says no.

X-R and Booster start gambling instead of cleaning and hide in a spaceship so that Buzz doesn't know. When Mira steals a spaceship to take on Zurg herself, Buzz takes the ship Booster and X-R are hiding in and manages to capture Mira. Then Zurg turns the Unimind into a mind control weapon and enslaves the entire universe except Buzz, Mira, Booster and X-R. Buzz decides to fight Zurg alone instead of taking the others with him since it's too dangerous but loses to Agent Z who turns out to be Warp Darkmatter who was working for Zurg for his money all along. So Buzz calls Mira, Booster and X-R so they can help him beat Zurg and Warp and they win because "evil never wins" while Zurg runs away.  Then Buzz fixes the Unimind and frees anyone he controls.

Commander Nebula tells Buzz he can choose whatever team he wants to find, fight and capture Zurg but Buzz says he already has a team. Mira asks Buzz where they're going and he tells her "to infinity and beyond".

Other websites

2000 animated movies
2000s computer-animated movies
2000s family movies
American animated movies
American family movies
Toy Story
Disney animated movies


Wellfield and South Wellfield is a village in Whitley Bay, England, between Monkseaton and Earsdon. It is a residential suburb built between the 1920s and 1950s. The older properties are towards Earsdon, the newer ones closer to Monkseaton.

The older, South Wellfield end, had, until relatively recently, a post office, a co-operative store, and a hairdresser's shop, but all  are now closed and converted into private dwelling houses. The old Post Office is still identified on local A-Z maps. What is probably the oldest house on the estate stands on the corner of Monkseaton Road, near the junction with Hesleyside Road, its sunken garden being marked as a small quarry in the 1895 "Earsdon, Shiremoor and Backworth" Ordnance Survey map.

There is a newsagents, local shop and tanning salon in the centre alongside a children's park. Wellfield is a quiet residential estate with excellent first and secondary schools, including Wellfield Middle School and South Wellfield First School.

References

Whitley Bay

Wellfield


Steven Fein is a professor of psychology in the Department of Psychology at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Fein has two daughters named Alina and Hannah.

He attended Princeton and the University of Michigan, where he received his Ph.D. in social psychology.  His primary research interests are stereotypes and prejudice, suspicion and attribution theory, and how the media affects both men and women's views of women.

Experiments

One of Fein's experiments, Hype and suspicion, examined the effects of pretrial publicity (PTP) on prejudice in jurors. In the context of the OJ Simpson trial, mock jurors were exposed to PTP, after which they tended to vote "guilty." However, when the PTP indicated that the defendant was African American, the jurors became suspicious of a racist motive within the publicity.

Another study by Fein and Spencer argued that self-image affects stereotypes and prejudice. They found that participants whose self-image was reinforced were less likely to view a member of a stereotyped group as negative. On the other hand, when self-image was threatened, those participants tended to degrade the stereotyped member, which bolstered their self-image. Also, he has studied culture/ethnicity, media influences, interpersonal processes, self/identity, self-affirmation theory and social cognition.

Fein also conducted a series of experiments that demonstrated how people's perceptions of political candidates can be influenced dramatically by the reactions of others around them. For example, in one experiment, subjects watched a tape of a Presidential debate between Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale. In one condition, there was no manipulation of the tape. In another condition, two brief, amusing "soundbites" by Reagan that got a very positive audience reaction were edited out. In a third condition, the soundbites were left in, but the audience reaction was edited out. In the unedited condition, the large majority of subjects thought Reagan's debate performance was superior to Mondale's. In the condition in which the soundbites were cut out, the preference for Reagan was completely eliminated, showing how strong an effect a couple of jokes were to influence overall perceptions of a 90-minute-long debate. But the results were even more dramatic for the third condition. Here, with the soundbites left in, but the audience reaction cut out, the subjects overwhelmingly thought Mondale's overall debate performance was superior to Reagan's. This demonstrated that it wasn't what Reagan actually said that made the difference, but rather the perceptions of the audience's reaction to what he said that had the biggest impact. Without the validation of the audience's laughter and applause, Reagan's one-liners flopped rather than soared, and viewers were affected significantly by that. This work was cited during the 2008 presidential debates between Barack Obama and John McCain when CNN showed a graph reflecting the reactions of a group of undecided voters live during the debates; Fein was quoted in numerous stories criticizing CNN for potentially influencing numerous voters in this way.

Publications
Other publications by Fein include research on the role of arousal in stereotype threat, suspicion and the fundamental attribution error, and a study testing whether measuring the personalities of new medical students could predict what area of medicine they would specialize in several years later. His two most cited papers are  Steven Fein and   Steven J. Spencer "Prejudice as Self-image Maintenance: Affirming the Self Through Derogating Others" in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  1997 Vol. 73, No. 1,31-44 (cited  932 times according to Google Scholar) and   SJ Spencer, S Fein, CT Wolfe, C Fong "Automatic activation of stereotypes: The role of self-image threat" in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin November 1998 vol. 24 no. 11 1139-1152  (cited 308 times)

In addition to the text Social Psychology, Fein co wrote other books including Readings in social psychology: The art and science of research with Saul Kassin and Motivated social perception: The Ontario symposium, with S. J. Spencer, M. Zanna, and J. M. Olsen. He has also represented the American Psychological Association as well as the committee of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology.

Fein also has co-hosted "Live From E Street Nation" with Dave Marsh on Sirius-XM's "E Street Radio" station on several occasions. One two of these occasions he has had the LA-based rock band, The Airborne Toxic Event, come on to the show for extensive interviews and live performances.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American social psychologists
Williams College faculty
University of Michigan alumni

Steven Fein


ABKO Properties was a joint venture between Wichita, Kansas real estate entrepreneur George Ablah and Wichita-based Koch Industries formed specifically to purchase Chrysler Realty Corporation in the late 1970s from a hard-pressed Lee Iacocca. Koch Industries is ranked 2 among the Forbes list of largest private companies.  Chrysler Realty Corporation purchases, leases or options dealership facilities and then leases or subleases these facilities to Chrysler dealers. The name ABKO was derived from the first two letters of Ablah's name and the first two letters of Charles Koch's name, who is head of Koch Industries.  At the time ABKO was formed, Chrysler was on the verge of bankruptcy.

History

ABKO purchased around 840 Chrysler automotive dealership sites around the country controlled by Iacocca in 1979 for slightly over $100 million in cash.  Not all the sites were owned by Chrysler Realty.

Under the leadership of Ablah and his team, Chrysler Realty president Ed Homer (for a brief time), executive vice president Corliss (Corky) Nelson of Koch, acquisition/disposition specialists Wayne Delfino and Frank Mills, and attorney John Schippel, among others, ABKO set forth a strategy to diversify Chrysler Realty Corporation by way of liquidating non-performing Chrysler dealership properties by tax-free exchange and sale.

In 1983, Iacocca, assisted by a government bailout he organized, repurchased 446 of the dealerships in a measure aimed at strengthening the Chrysler dealer network.  ABKO dissolved shortly thereafter.

Notes

Defunct real estate companies of the United States
Former joint ventures
Koch Industries
Chrysler
Auto dealerships of the United States

ABKO Properties


Cardiff Mail Centre (also known as Penarth Road Sorting Office) is the main headquarters and sorting office for Royal Mail in Cardiff, Wales and one of the main mail centres for the southwest of the United Kingdom.

Background and services
The 4 acre site on Penarth Road, Grangetown was developed circa 1972 comprising a five-storey administration block and several large warehouses for sorting the mail. Letters, packets and parcels are sorted and distributed by lorry to all parts of the United Kingdom. The mail centre receives and sorts mail for the CF, NP and LD postcode areas and dispatches it to the relevant delivery offices. Household and business deliveries to the city centre CF10, CF11, CF23 and CF24 postcode areas are delivered office adjacent to the mail centre.

Customers are able to collect parcels from the public reception area in the main building. From September 2014, as one of the UK's top 100 busiest centres, the service was offered 7 days a week, opening on Sunday afternoons.

In the news
Postal workers at the site are organised by the Communication Workers Union (CWU) and the centre has been affected by a number of industrial disputes. For example, in May 2001 none of the 110 workers arrived for the early morning shift, after staying away in support of another CWU walkout in Chester, England. They returned to work after three days when the Chester workers had settled their dispute.

In November 2008 a fire on the main loading bay caused evacuation of 150 workers and disrupted postal services.

See also
 CF postcode area

References

Buildings and structures in Cardiff
Sorting offices
Post office buildings in the United Kingdom

Cardiff Mail Centre


Robert Kenneth Kraft (born June 5, 1941) is an American sports executive and businessman. He is the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of the Kraft Group, a diversified holding company with assets in paper and packaging, sports and entertainment, real estate development, and a private equity portfolio. Since 1994, he has owned the New England Patriots of National Football League (NFL). Kraft also owns the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer (MLS), which he founded in 1996, and the esport-based Boston Uprising, which he founded in 2017.

Early life and education
Kraft was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, the son of Sarah Bryna (Webber) and Harry Kraft, a dress manufacturer in Boston's Chinatown. His mother was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia; his father was a lay leader at Congregation Kehillath Israel in Brookline and wanted his son to become a rabbi. The Krafts were a Modern Orthodox Jewish family. Robert attended the Edward Devotion School and graduated from Brookline High School. As a child, he sold newspapers outside of Braves Field in Boston. During high school, he was unable to participate in most sports because it interfered with his after-school Hebrew studies and observance of the Sabbath.

Kraft attended Columbia University on an academic scholarship and he served as class president. He played tennis and safety on the school's freshman and lightweight football teams. During that time, he also lived in Carman Hall. He met Myra Hiatt at a delicatessen in Boston's Back Bay in 1962, and they married in June 1963. He graduated from Columbia that same year, and he received an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1965.

Kraft was elected chairman of the Newton Democratic City Committee when he was 27. He considered running against Representative Philip J. Philbin in 1970 but chose not to, citing the loss of privacy and strain on his family that politics would have caused. He was further discouraged from entering politics by the suicide of his friend State Representative H. James Shea, Jr.

Business career
Kraft began his professional career with the Rand-Whitney Group, a Worcester-based packaging company run by his father-in-law Jacob Hiatt. In 1968, he gained control of the company through a leveraged buyout. He still serves as this company's chairman. In 1972, he founded International Forest Products, a trader of physical paper commodities. The two combined companies make up the largest privately held paper and packaging companies in the United States. Kraft has stated that he started the company out of a hunch that the increase in international communications and transportation would lead to an expansion of global trade in the late twentieth century.

International Forest Products became a top 100 US exporter/importer in 1997 and in 2001 was ranked No. 7 on the Journal of Commerces list in that category. Kraft said of the business in 1991 that, "We do things for a number of companies, including Avon, Kodak, cosmetics companies, candies, toys." The company produced both corrugated and folding cartons, which he stated, "are used to package everything from the Patriot missile, to mints, to Estee Lauder, Indiana Glass and Polaroid." Kraft acquired interests in other areas, and ultimately formed the Kraft Group as an umbrella for them in 1998.

Kraft was an investor in New England Television Corp., which gained control of the channel 7 license for Boston in 1982, and Kraft became a director of the board a year later, after the newly licensed station, WNEV-TV, signed on, replacing the former WNAC-TV. In 1986, he was named president of the corporation. In 1991, Kraft exercised his option to sell his shares for an estimated $25 million.

Sports ownership
Boston Lobsters
In 1974, Kraft and five others purchased the Boston Lobsters of World TeamTennis (WTT). The group spent heavily to lure a number of top players, including Martina Navratilova, and the Lobsters became one of the best teams in WTT. Following the 1978 season, Kraft announced that the franchise would fold. The league itself folded soon thereafter.

After the Lobsters folded, Kraft was also mentioned as a bidder for the Boston Red Sox and the Boston Celtics.

American football

Kraft has been a Patriots fan since their American Football League days and had been a season ticket holder since 1971 when the team moved to Schaefer Stadium. In 1985, he bought a 10-year option on Foxboro Raceway, a horse track adjacent to the stadium, and the purchase prevented Patriots owner Billy Sullivan from holding non-Patriot events at the stadium while races were being held. Kraft took advantage of the fact that the Sullivans owned the stadium but not the surrounding land, and it was the beginning of a quest to buy the stadium and the Patriots. Sullivan's family was reeling from a series of bad investments, principally The Jackson Five 1984 Victory Tour, for which they had to pledge Sullivan Stadium as collateral. Those problems ultimately forced Sullivan to sell controlling interest of the team in 1988, while the stadium lapsed into bankruptcy.

In 1988, Kraft outbid several competitors to buy the stadium out of bankruptcy court from Sullivan for $22 million. The stadium was considered to be outdated and nearly worthless, but the purchase included the stadium's lease to the Patriots which ran through 2001. Kraft placed a bid on the Patriots franchise as well, but he lost the bidding to Victor Kiam. Sullivan and Kiam then tried to move the team to Jacksonville, but Kraft refused to let them break the lease. Kiam was nearly brought down by bad investments of his own and was forced to sell the Patriots to James Orthwein in 1992.

In 1994, Orthwein offered Kraft $75 million to buy out the remainder of the team's lease at Foxboro Stadium, but Kraft turned it down. Orthwein was not interested in operating the team in New England and decided to sell it. Prospective buyers had to deal with Kraft, however, due to terms in the operating covenant, and he offered $172 million for an outright purchase which Orthwein accepted. It was the highest price ever paid for an NFL team at the time. While future St. Louis/Los Angeles Rams owner Stan Kroenke had actually offered more money ($200 million), Orthwein would have had to bear all of the team's relocation expenses. Orthwein would have also been responsible for paying the costs of an all-but-certain legal battle over the lease, as Kraft let it be known that he would go to court to enforce the covenant.

Kraft said that his passion for the Patriots led him to "break every one of my financial rules" in his pursuit of the team. Indeed, he still believes he "overpaid" for the franchise. He still keeps a Victory Tour poster in his office as a reminder of what set in motion the events that allowed him to buy the Patriots. Following the NFL's approval of the sale, the Patriots sold out their entire 1994 season, the first full sell-out in franchise history. Every Patriots home game–preseason, regular season, and playoffs–has been sold out ever since.

In 1998, Kraft considered moving the Patriots to Hartford, Connecticut based on an offer that the state of Connecticut would finance a new stadium, but he terminated the deal just before it became binding to instead build a new stadium in Foxboro with Massachusetts infrastructure funding. In 2002, Kraft financed a $350-million stadium for the Patriots initially called CMGI Field but renamed Gillette Stadium. In 2007, Kraft began to develop the land around Gillette Stadium, creating a $375-million open-air shopping and entertainment center called Patriot Place. The development included "The Hall at Patriot Place presented by Raytheon," a multi-story museum and hall of fame attached to the stadium, and the "CBS Scene," a CBS-themed restaurant.

On January 27, 2000, Kraft traded a first round draft pick to the New York Jets for the rights to hire Bill Belichick as head coach. The trade was met with criticism at the time, but proved to be successful after Belichick led the Patriots to win six Super Bowl championships and nine conference and 16 division titles. In 2000, the Patriots drafted quarterback Tom Brady, who would be the team's starter from 2001 to 2019. The relationship between Kraft, Belichick and Brady has been credited with producing one of the most successful sports dynasties in football, although in later years the personal relationship between the three men grew strained.

Under Kraft's ownership, the Patriots experienced sustained success for the first time in franchise history. While they appeared in Super Bowl XX under the Sullivans, this was one of only six playoff appearances in 34 years. Indeed, that Super Bowl season saw only the second playoff win in franchise history. However, they have made the playoffs 21 times in Kraft's 27 years as owner. They have won 19 AFC East titles, including all but three since 2001 and 11 in a row from 2009 to 2019. They represented the AFC in the Super Bowl in 1996 (lost), 2001 (won), 2003 (won), 2004 (won), 2007 (lost), 2011 (lost), 2014 (won), 2016 (won), 2017 (lost) and 2018 (won). After having never won more than 11 games prior to Kraft's arrival, the Patriots have won at least 12 games 14 times, including finishing the 2007 regular season undefeated before losing to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII.

Indianapolis Colts center Jeff Saturday, referring to Kraft's role in helping to settle the NFL lockout before the 2011 season, said "He [Kraft] is a man who helped us save football."

In 2005, during a visit to Saint Petersburg, Kraft gave Russian President Vladimir Putin his third Super Bowl ring. He released a statement some days after the visit claiming that it was a gift out of "respect and admiration" for the Russian people and Putin's leadership. Kraft later said that he did not originally intend to give the ring as a gift and that his statement had been issued under pressure from the White House after Putin had kept the ring. The ring is on display with state gifts at the Kremlin.

Former Patriot Ryan O'Callaghan wrote in his book that Kraft supported him when he publicly came out as gay in 2017. According to O'Callaghan, Kraft invited him to a reception and said, "What you did took a lot of courage. I'm so proud of you" and that he would be "forever a Patriot".

Soccer
In 1996, Kraft founded the New England Revolution, a charter member of Major League Soccer which began playing alongside the Patriots at Foxboro Stadium. Kraft also owned the San Jose Clash (later San Jose Earthquakes) from 1998 to 2000.

In November 2005, Kraft met with Rick Parry, the chief executive of English Premier League team Liverpool. Kraft was rumored to be interested in investing money into the 2004–05 Champions League winners. Kraft told BBC Radio 5 Live: "Liverpool is a great brand and it's something our family respects a lot. We're always interested in opportunities and growing, so you never know what can happen." Eventually, however, the club was sold to American duo George Gillett and Tom Hicks. Liverpool is now owned by Fenway Sports Group, owners of fellow Boston-based sport team the Boston Red Sox.

In October 2017, Kraft said he was "still intrigued" by the possibility of buying a Premier League football club, but that he was concerned about the lack of a salary cap in British football.

In 2017, Kraft was named the Honorary Chairman of the board of directors for the successful joint Canadian-Mexican-American bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.

In 2019, Kraft hired Bruce Arena as head coach and sporting director of the New England Revolution. In 2020, the team had their first playoff win in six years.

Esports
Blizzard Entertainment announced in July 2017 that Kraft bought ownership in the Boston Uprising, one of the first seven teams for the professional esports Overwatch League. They played in Season 1 of the Overwatch League. Preseason for the league began December 6, 2017, and the regular season started on January 10, 2018. Boston Uprising finished third in the Overwatch League's inaugural season.

Kraft Foundation
The Krafts have donated hundreds of millions of dollars to philanthropic work including education, child- and women-related issues, healthcare, youth sports and American and Israeli causes. Among the many institutions the Krafts have supported are Columbia University, Harvard Business School, Brandeis University, The College of the Holy Cross, Boston College, Tufts University, Yeshiva University, the Belmont Hill School, and the Boys & Girls Clubs of Boston.

In 1989, Myra and Robert Kraft launched the Passport to Israel Fund, in collaboration with Center for Jewish Progress of Greater Boston (CJP), to help parents send their teenage children to Israel. One of their most distinctive projects is supporting American Football Israel, including Kraft Family Stadium in Jerusalem and the Kraft Family Israel Football League. In 1990, Kraft, his wife, and his father-in-law funded a joint professorship between Brandeis University and Holy Cross College, forming the Kraft-Hiatt endowed chairs in comparative religion – the first inter-religious endowed chairs in the United States.

In 2011, the Krafts pledged $20 million to Partners HealthCare to launch the Kraft Family National Center for Leadership and Training in Community Health, an initiative designed to improve access to quality healthcare at community health centers throughout New England. The Krafts supported the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in Boston.

Philanthropy
In 2000, Kraft donated $11.5 million to construct the Columbia/Hillel which is made of the same white stone used in Jerusalem. In 2007, after a $5 million payment to Columbia's intercollegiate athletics program, the playing field at Columbia's Lawrence A. Wien Stadium at the Baker Field Athletics Complex was named Robert K. Kraft Field.

Following the Boston Marathon bombing, Kraft announced he would match up to $100,000 in donations made for the victims through the New England Patriots Charitable Foundation.

In 2017, Kraft announced a contribution of $6 million to build the first regulation size American football field in Israel. In June 2017, Robert Kraft, along with several NFL Hall of Famers, traveled to Israel for the grand opening of the new Kraft Family Sports Campus. Kraft has led additional "Touchdown in Israel" trips to Israel, with Patriots and Hall of Famers, since that 2017 trip. That same year, Kraft funded a new van as part of the Kraft Center for Community Health at Massachusetts General Hospital in order to help combat the opioid crisis in Boston. The vans allow those with opioid addiction to seek health services in their own neighborhoods.

In 2018, Kraft donated $10 million to CJP for the renovation of its headquarters in downtown Boston. In 2019, Kraft, along with Chelsea Football Club owner Roman Abramovich, hosted a soccer match between the New England Revolution and Chelsea F.C., called Final Whistle on Hate, to raise money to combat antisemitism. The match raised an estimated $4 million, with Kraft personally contributing $1 million toward the fund. Following the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting at Tree of Life, Kraft visited the synagogue to pay his respects and attended services with the congregation before the Patriots played the Steelers in a game the next day.

In June 2019, Kraft received Israel's Genesis Prize. While at the event in Jerusalem, Kraft pledged $20 million to establish a foundation that will fight antisemitism and combat the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement against Israel. The next month, Kraft pledged $100,000 to the families of seven motorcyclists killed in a crash the month before. He donated $20,000 and attended the memorial in Worcester to honor fallen firefighter Christopher Roy on the one-year anniversary of his death. Kraft teamed with recording artists Jay-Z and Meek Mill, as well as Michael G. Rubin, the executive chairman of Fanatics, among others to announce a foundation of criminal justice reform called REFORM Alliance. In coordination with the REFORM Alliance, Kraft invited more than 50 children (ages 5–17) to fly on the Patriots' team charter to attend the Patriots game against the Buffalo Bills at Gillette Stadium. The children attending the game each had parents who have been incarcerated for technical probation violations. As of 2019, Kraft has led 27 missions to Israel.

In 2020, Kraft partnered with Chinese company Tencent to purchase 1.2 million N95 masks to donate to medical workers in New York and Massachusetts to help combat the coronavirus pandemic, sending the New England Patriots' private team plane to China to pick up the supplies. Kraft initially negotiated for 1.7 million masks, but only 1.2 million fit on board. They were allowed three hours on the ground in China at Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport. The plane was used to deliver 500,000 vaccines to El Salvador in May 2021. Using the New England Patriots truck, they distributed 300,000 masks in New York City, 900,000 masks in Massachusetts and 100,000 in Rhode Island. In May 2020, Kraft put his Super Bowl LI ring up for auction with proceeds designated to help feed those facing food insecurity as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Kraft lent the Patriots team plane to the University of Rhode Island Rams football team in October 2021 after the team's charter flight fell through. He covered all costs despite the URI Rams expecting to pay expenses through the team's budget.

In 2022, Harvard Business School announced the creation of the Robert K. Kraft Family Fellowship Fund, committing $24 million to benefit potential students with limited means to attend HBS.

Personal life
In June 1963, Kraft married Myra Nathalie Hiatt, a 1964 graduate of Brandeis University and the daughter of the late Worcester, Massachusetts, businessman and philanthropist Jacob Hiatt. She died of ovarian cancer, aged 68, on July 20, 2011. The Krafts were members of Temple Emanuel in Newton, Massachusetts. A patch bearing Kraft's initials (MHK) appeared on the Patriots' uniform jersey throughout the 2011 season. The couple had four sons: Jonathan A. Kraft, Daniel A. Kraft, Joshua M. Kraft, and David H. Kraft.

In June 2012, Kraft began dating actress Ricki Noel Lander. Kraft and Lander broke up in 2018.

Kraft was among 25 people facing first-degree misdemeanor charges for soliciting prostitution at a day spa in 2019. Kraft's attorney electronically entered a not-guilty plea, and later submitted a court filing where Kraft waived arraignment, plead not guilty to all charges and requested a jury trial. A memo filed by Kraft's attorneys revealed that hidden cameras had been installed when investigators entered the facility under the guise of a bomb threat. A Palm Beach County judge ruled that prosecutors could not use the videos in their case, citing privacy concerns. A Florida appeals court also ruled that Kraft's constitutional rights were violated, and all the charges were dropped. US District Judge Rodolfo Ruiz ordered the videos to be destroyed.

On March 5, 2022, an announcement was made by Tommy Hilfiger at the inaugural amfAR Gala Palm Beach event that Kraft and his partner, Dana Blumberg, had become engaged. On October 14, 2022, the couple married in New York City.

On October 30, 2022, the Foundation to Combat Antisemitism, which was founded by Kraft, sponsored an ad encouraging people to denounce hate against Jewish people.  The ad aired during NFL games and was titled "Stand Up to Jewish Hate". This action came in response to antisemitic comments made by Kanye West and later Kyrie Irving. He invested $25 million in the "Stand Up to Jewish Hate" campaign which launched through the foundation in March 2023 to raise awareness concerning antisemitism found online. The foundation's executive director indicated that ads would air during the NFL draft, NBA and NHL playoffs as well as by social media influencers.

Awards and honorsNFLSix-time Super Bowl champion (as the owner of the Patriots: XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, LI, LIII)
George Halas Award (2012)NCAATheodore Roosevelt Award (2006)
John Jay Award from Columbia University (1987)
Alexander Hamilton Medal from Columbia University (2004)
Columbia University football field renamed Robert K. Kraft Field.
Honorary doctorate in humane letters (2015) from Yeshiva University.Organizational'
Inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2011).
Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence (2013)
Genesis Prize (2019)

References

External links

New England Patriots biography
New England Revolution biography
The Kraft Group
Forbes 2011: The 400 Richest Americans: #263 Robert Kraft
Forbes 2008: The 500 Largest American Private Companies: #326 The Kraft Group
Forbes 2011: The World's Billionaires: #833 Robert Kraft

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1941 births
Living people
American billionaires
American chief executives of professional sports organizations
American corporate directors
American financiers
American manufacturing businesspeople
American media executives
American people of Canadian descent
American philanthropists
American real estate businesspeople
American soccer chairmen and investors
Boston College people
Boston Uprising
Brookline High School alumni
Businesspeople from Boston
Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence winners
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia University people
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard Business School alumni
Jewish American sportspeople
Kraft family
Major League Soccer executives
Major League Soccer owners
New England Patriots executives
New England Patriots owners
New England Revolution
Businesspeople from Brookline, Massachusetts
People named in the Paradise Papers
Activists against antisemitism
Anti-BDS activists
Opposition to antisemitism in the United States
American Zionists

Robert Kraft


The Edersee, also known as the Ederstausee, is an  reservoir in Waldeck-Frankenberg, Hesse, Germany holding back an estimated . It has the second-largest area (behind the Forggensee), and the third-largest volume (behind the Bleilochstausee and Rurstausee), of all reservoirs in Germany. It is on the chief western tributary of the Fulda, the Eder, behind the  Edersee Dam near the town of Waldeck in the Waldeck-Frankenberg district of North Hesse.

The dam and reservoir are owned by the Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration, whose Hann. Münden Waterways and Shipping office is locally responsible. The primary purpose is provision of water for the federal waterways, the Oberweser and Mittellandkanal. The dam also protects downstream residents from small and medium floods, generates electrical energy and the lake is used for sports and leisure.

Setting
Being in the Naturpark Kellerwald-Edersee and the Nationalpark Kellerwald-Edersee and overlooked by Waldeck Castle, it and its surroundings constitute a large recreational/touristic area, economically as well as a reserve for mature trees, woodland flowers, fungi and lichens, wildflowers, animals such as deer, foxes, badgers and occasionally the Eurasian wolf.

This fairly brief central portion of the Eder has its dam near Hemfurth-Edersee, about  south-west of Kassel, linked by a winding road. The lake stretches from the joining of a tributary, short of Herzhausen, in the west to the dam aforesaid.  Beyond an intermittent band of tree-lined fields to the south associated with two shoreside villages is the "Ederhöhen", very high, often steep, wooded foothills to the Kellerwald mountain range – together they form a protected upland forest roughly congruent with the Nationalpark Kellerwald-Edersee.

This is the largest lake in Hesse.  It takes in four bends, sharp meanders, to its south side.

See also

 Edersee Dam

References

Lakes of Hesse
Reservoirs in Hesse
REdersee

Edersee