Fulk Bertrand I (died 27 April 1051) was the joint Count of Provence with his elder brother William IV from 1018 and with his younger brother Geoffrey I from at least 1032 if not earlier. After William's death, Fulk assumed the title of margrave, indicating headship of the dynasty. They were the sons of William II, count of Provence.

With Geoffrey, Fulk made a donation to the Abbey of Cluny on 26 May 1037 and to Saint Victor at Marseille on 16 January 1040. Fulk Bertrand was a major proponent of the renewed monasticism of early eleventh-century Provence. He called together a council of clergy and noblesse to found the abbey of Saint Promasius near Forcalquier and to restore Bremetense near Gap, which had been destroyed by the Saracens of Fraxinetum.

He and his brother gave up control of much of the royal fisc, which had been under the control of the counts of Provence since the time of William the Liberator. It was mostly parcelled out as allods to vassals and the weakening of the county of Provence as a united polity can be dated from their reign.

Despite the generosity of him and his brother to Fulk, viscount of Marseilles, Fulk Bertrand made war on him in 1031, damaging Toulon.

Family
He married Hildegard and they had two sons, William Bertrand and Geoffrey II, plus one daughter, Gerberge.

Notes

Sources
Lewis, Archibald R. The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. University of Texas Press: Austin, 1965.

The Plantagenet Ancestry by William Henry Turton, Page 11.

Counts of Provence
Year of birth unknown
1051 deaths

Fulk Bertrand of Provence


The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) (, , ), communicating under the name AfricaMuseum since 2018, is an ethnography and natural history museum situated in Tervuren in Flemish Brabant, Belgium, just outside Brussels. It was originally built to showcase King Leopold II's Congo Free State in the International Exposition of 1897.

The museum focuses on the Congo, a former Belgian colony. The sphere of interest, however, especially in biological research, extends to the whole Congo River basin, Middle Africa, East Africa, and West Africa, attempting to integrate "Africa" as a whole. Intended originally as a colonial museum, from 1960 onwards it has focused more on ethnography and anthropology. Like most museums, it houses a research department in addition to its public exhibit department. Not all research pertains to Africa (e.g. research on the archaeozoology of Sagalassos, Turkey). Some researchers have strong ties with the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences.

In November 2013, the museum closed for extensive renovation work, including the construction of new exhibition space, and re-opened in December 2018.

History

International Exposition (1897)
After the Congo Free State was recognised by the Berlin Conference of 1884–85, King Leopold II wanted to publicise the civilising mission and the economic opportunities available in his private colony to a wider public, both in Belgium and internationally. After considering other places, the king decided to have a temporary exhibition in his royal estate in Tervuren, just east of Brussels, in today's province of Flemish Brabant.

When the 1897 International Exposition was held in Brussels, a colonial section was built in Tervuren, connected to the city centre by the monumental Avenue de Tervueren/Tervurenlaan. The Brussels–Tervuren tram line 44 was built at the same time as the original museum by Leopold II to bring the visitors from the city centre to the colonial exhibition. The colonial section was hosted in the Palace of the Colonies. The building was designed by the French architect Alfred-Philibert Aldrophe and the classical gardens by the French landscape architect Elie Lainé. In the main hall, known as the Hall of the Great Cultures (), the architect and decorator  designed a distinctive wooden Art Nouveau structure to evoke a Congolese forest, using Bilinga wood, an African tree. The exhibition displayed ethnographic objects, stuffed animals and Congolese export products (e.g. coffee, cacao and tobacco). In the park, a temporary "human zoo"—a copy of an African village—was built, in which 60 Congolese people lived for the duration of the exhibition. Seven of them, however, did not survive their forced stay in Belgium.

Development of the museum
The exhibition's success led to the permanent establishment, in 1898, of the Museum of the Congo (, ), a museum and a scientific institution for the dissemination of colonial propaganda and support for Belgium's colonial activities, and a permanent exhibition was installed in the Palace of the Colonies. A decade later, in 1912, a small, similar museum—the —was opened in Namur. The museum began to support academic research, but due to the avid collecting of the scientists, the collection soon grew too large for the museum and enlargement was needed. Tervuren, which had become a rich suburb of Brussels, was once again chosen as the location of the enlarged museum. The new museum started construction in 1904 and was designed by the French architect Charles Girault in neoclassical "palace" architecture, reminiscent of the Petit Palais in Paris, with large gardens extending into the Tervuren Forest (a part of the Sonian Forest). It was officially opened in 1910, a year after the death of Leopold II, by his successor, King Albert I, and named the Museum of the Belgian Congo (, ).

The following years saw the consolidation and enlargement of the museum's collections. In 1934, the museum's herbarium was transferred to the National Botanic Garden of Belgium (today's Meise Botanic Garden in Meise, Flemish Brabant). In 1952, the adjective "Royal" was added to the museum's name. In preparation for the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo '58), in 1957, a large building was constructed to accommodate the African personnel working in the exhibition: the  (CAPA). In 1960, following the independence of the Congo, the museum's name was changed to its current name: the Royal Museum for Central Africa ( or KMMA,  or MRAC,  or KMZA).

Renovation (2013–2018)
By the turn of the millennium, the museum was in need of a thorough renovation. The more than 100-year-old central building was no longer adapted to the needs of a current museum operation. Besides, the permanent exhibition was outdated and its presentation not very critical of the colonial history. A new scenography was thus urgently required.

A global master plan was drawn up in 2007 for the entire site. The Belgian Buildings Agency entrusted the plan to the Temporary Association Stéphane Beel Architects (TV SBA). In late 2013, the museum was closed to allow a major renovation of its exhibits and an extension. The Belgian Government spent €66 million on the museum's modernisation. The exhibition area was increased from  to , while presenting fewer pieces; 700 against 1,400 previously (out of a total of 180,000 objects preserved). The additional space allowed contemporary art from Central Africa to be displayed alongside the original colonial exhibits. Renamed AfricaMuseum, the museum was reopened on 9 December 2018.

Buildings
The current AfricaMuseum complex consists of six buildings. The centrally located main building houses the permanent exhibitions. It was built under Leopold II by the French architect Charles Girault. The building is  long and  wide. The facade is decorated in the style of the neoclassical French grand palaces. On the right (south-west) side of this imposing building is the Executive Pavilion, and on the left (north-east), the Stanley Pavilion, which houses the entire Stanley Archive. The former Palace of the Colonies (now the Africa Palace) has been transformed into a reception centre, media library and banquet hall. The  (CAPA) building, erected in 1957 for the African staff, houses several scientific departments.

Following the museum's complete renovation, a part of the previously scattered archives are now presented in new on-site exhibition spaces. A reception pavilion, newly built in 2016, between the management building and the Palace of Africa, functions as the entrance building. In this building are the ticket offices, cloakrooms, a shop, a restaurant, as well as a picnic area for children. An underground gallery leads from the reception building into the existing museum building. This space is also used for temporary exhibitions. In the museum's enclosed courtyard, a sunken garden with a light shaft was added, bringing light to this underground level.

Collections
The AfricaMuseum houses collections that are unique in the world, of which only a small proportion can be exhibited. According to the museum's website, the objects and animals on display in the main building make up less than 5% of the total museum's collection:
 The Department of Zoology has over 10,000,000 specimens, including 6,000,000 insects and 1,000,000 fish.
 The Department of Geology and Mineralogy holds more than 56,000 wood samples in its xylotheque, as well as 200,000 rock samples and 17,000 minerals.
 The Department of Cultural Anthropology can boast of 120,000 ethnographic objects (1,600 of which are in the exhibition rooms). The ethnomusicology collection comprises 8,000 musical instruments, as well as 2,500 hours of recordings of traditional music from sub-Saharan Africa, in particular in Central Africa (Congo, Rwanda and Burundi), of which the oldest dates back to 1910 (wax Edison scrolls). Additionally, more than 500,000 films and photos are kept in the film and photo libraries.
 Finally, the Department of History and General Scientific Services manages thousands of historical objects and 350 archives, including some of Henry Morton Stanley's journals. Some of the collections are digitally accessible.

The herbarium collection of the then-Congo Museum was transferred to that of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium in 1934.

Archives
The museum stores archives documenting its own institutional history, as well as archives of private businesses, organisations, and individuals. As of 2018, online finding aids exist for archives of Lieutenant-General , musicologist Paul Collaer, geologist , Commandant Francis Dhanis, Governor-General of the Belgian Congo Félix Fuchs, Lieutenant-General Cyriaque Gillain, General-Major , explorer Charles Lemaire, American explorer Richard Mohun, Colonel Emmanuel Muller, German explorer Paul Reichard, Captain Albert Sillye, British explorer Henry Morton Stanley, soldier and explorer Émile Storms, Vice-Governor General of the Congo Free State Alphonse van Gèle, historian Jan Vansina, territorial administrator Auguste Verbeken, historian Benoît Verhaegen, Commandant Gustave Vervloet, as well as the railway enterprises Compagnie du chemin de fer du bas-Congo au Katanga (BCK) and .

Research
The publicly accessible exhibitions only represent about 25 percent of the museum's activities. The scientific departments, which represent the bulk of the museum's academic and research facilities, together with the main collections, are housed in the former Palace of the Colonies, the Stanley Pavilion and in the CAPA building.

There are 4 departments:
Department of Cultural Anthropology
Ethnography
Archaeology and Prehistory
Linguistics and Ethnomusicology
Anthropology and Ethnohistory
Department of Geology and Mineralogy
General Geology
Mineralogy and Petrography
Cartography and Photo interpretation
Physical and Mineral chemistry
Department of Zoology
Vertebrates (Ornithology, Ichthyology, Herpetology, Osteology and Mammalogy)
Entomology
Invertebrates non-insects (Arachnology, Myriapodology, Acarology)
Department of History and General Scientific Services
History of the Colonial Period
Contemporary History
Agricultural and Forest economics (Geomorphology, Laboratory of Wood Biology)

The museum also maintains a library of some 130,000 titles. In the context of discussions about the restitution of cultural objects in museum collections of colonial origin, the AfricaMuseum started to publicly present information about the provenance of such objects in its permanent exhibition in 2021.

Controversy

There has been controversy surrounding the Royal Museum for Central Africa. It had previously been called a museum that "has remained frozen in time". No mention was made of the pillage of resources and atrocities in the Congo Free State, nor during Belgium's larger colonial era. The Guardian reported in July 2002 that, after initial outrage by Belgian historians over the popular history book King Leopold's Ghost by Adam Hochschild that gives his view of the Congo Free State in what some critics called a "tendentious diatribe", the state-funded museum would finance an investigation into Hochschild's allegations.

The resulting, more modern exhibition The Memory of Congo (February–October 2005) tried to tell the story of the Congo Free State before it became a Belgian colony and a less one-sided view of the Belgian colonial era. The exhibition was praised by the international press, with French newspaper Le Monde claiming that "the museum has done better than revisit a particularly stormy page in history...[it] has pushed the public to join it in looking into the reality of colonialism." Hochschild himself had a mixed critique of the renovated museum.

Gallery

See also

 Atrocities in the Congo Free State
 Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO)
 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
 Brussels Conference Act of 1890
 Archives Africaines of the Belgian SPF Affaires étrangères, Commerce extérieur et Coopération au Développement
 Belgium in "the long nineteenth century"

References

Notes

Bibliography

Issued by the museum

About the museum
in English

in other languages

About the 1897 exhibition

External links

 Official museum site
 Collection etnomusicology

Museums in Flemish Brabant
Natural history museums
African art museums
Museums established in 1898
1898 establishments in Belgium
Ethnographic museums in Europe
Art museums and galleries in Belgium
Forestry museums
Forestry in Belgium
Central Africa
Organisations based in Belgium with royal patronage
Tervuren
Leopold II of Belgium
Belgian colonisation in Africa
Congo Free State
Archives in Belgium
World's fair architecture in Belgium

Royal Museum for Central Africa


Forward the Foundation is a novel by American writer Isaac Asimov, published posthumously in 1993. It is the second of two prequels to the Foundation Series. It is written in a format similar to that of the original book, Foundation, composed of chapters with long intervals in between, although Forward takes place within only one lifetime. Both books were first published as independent short stories in science fiction magazines.

The parallels between Hari Seldon and Isaac Asimov found in this book— the last one written by Asimov before his death— and the focus on Hari Seldon as he grows old and dies, strengthen the idea that Asimov considered Seldon his literary alter ego. Critics such as Josh Wimmer and Alasdair Wilkins have regarded many of the opinions and viewpoints expressed by Seldon in this book as autobiographical. Thus, they say, a detailed reading of Forward the Foundation can shed light on Asimov's inner thoughts at the end of his life.

Like other previous science fiction works by Asimov, the book was a commercial success, becoming a New York Times bestselling work.

Plot
Forward the Foundation continues the chronicles of the life of Hari Seldon, first begun in Prelude to Foundation.
The story takes place on Trantor, and begins eight years after the events of Prelude to Foundation. It depicts how Seldon develops his theory of psychohistory from hypothetical concept to practical application, and its application in the Seldon plan.

In the latter years of the reign of Emperor Cleon I, Seldon is dragged into the world of galactic politics by Yugo Amaryl's concern over Seldon's friend Eto Demerzel, known only to Seldon and Dors Venabili as R. Daneel Olivaw. A new political faction threatens Demerzel, and consequently the fate of the Galactic Empire. In the aftermath Demerzel steps down as First Minister, vanishing to attend to other matters in the galaxy. Cleon appoints Seldon, somewhat unwilling, as the new First Minister. After a ten-year period of relative silence on Trantor, the remains of the political faction exploit Trantor's faults in an attempted coup. As a result, the emperor is assassinated, and a military junta takes over for a disastrous decade. Seldon steps down from his government position and resumes leadership of the psychohistory project.

Seldon and others, most notably Yugo Amaryl, finally develop psychohistory to the point that he can initiate what will come to be known as the Seldon Plan, the road map for drastically shortening the interregnum between the First and Second Empires.

Gradually, Seldon loses all those who are close to him. Seldon's consort Dors is killed (or rather destroyed) in an internal plot by an ambitious member of Seldon's own group. His adopted son Raych emigrates with his wife and younger daughter to Santanni, though his elder daughter Wanda remains with Seldon. When a rebellion against the Empire breaks out, Raych sends his wife and younger daughter away on a starship, but he remains behind to defend his university and is killed, and the starship is never seen again. Yugo Amaryl, the second best psychohistory researcher (after Seldon himself), dies in middle age, worn out by his work. Except for his granddaughter Wanda, Seldon is alone in his fight to keep the project going in the face of the Galactic Empire's accelerating decline and lessening government support.

Wanda turns out to be what Seldon calls a "mentalic": someone who can read minds and actually influence people. (Seldon suspects that her father Raych's great likeability is a subconscious use of the same power.) They are able to find a few other mentalics, enabling Seldon to set up a second guardian for the Seldon Plan. Eventually, he secludes Wanda and the others to establish the Second Foundation in secret, which later turns out to be at the same Imperial Library of Trantor. While the public First Foundation concentrates on the physical sciences, the hidden Second's psychohistorians will develop the mental ones by "scholars."

Characters
Below is a list of all the major and minor characters in the book, in order of appearance, with brief descriptions.
 Hari Seldon head of the Mathematics Department at Streeling University.
 Wanda, Hari's granddaughter
 Eto Demerzel, First Minister to the Emperor.
 Yugo Amaryl a psychohistorian.
 Laskin (Jo-Jo) Joranum; politician & demagogue, from the planet Nishaya.
 Gambol Deen Namarti, Joranum's right-hand man.
 Dors (Venabili) Seldon, Hari's wife.
 Raych Seldon, Hari's adopted son.

References

External links

1993 American novels
1993 science fiction novels
Foundation universe books
Science fiction novels by Isaac Asimov
Prequel novels
Doubleday (publisher) books

sv:Stiftelseserien#Hari Seldon och stiftelsen

Forward the Foundation


The Chapel of Nossa Senhora de Baluarte is located on the most eastern tip of the Island of Mozambique within Stone Town.  The island sits off the coast of Mozambique in Africa. The Chapel is situated outside the Fort São Sebastião from which it can be reached through a gate.

Built by the Portuguese in 1522, the chapel is considered to be the oldest European building in the southern hemisphere.  It is also considered to be one of the finest examples of Manueline vaulted architecture in Mozambique.

Gallery

Notes

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1522
Roman Catholic churches in Mozambique
Buildings and structures in Nampula Province
Tourist attractions in Nampula Province
1522 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
Portuguese colonial architecture in Mozambique
16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings

Chapel of Nossa Senhora de Baluarte


LibreOffice Draw is a free and open source vector graphics editor. It is one of the applications included in the LibreOffice office suite, developed by The Document Foundation.

LibreOffice Draw can be used to create complicated figures using shape tools, straight and curved tools, polygon tools, among other features.

Like the other components of LibreOffice, Draw can be run on Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows.
There are community builds for many other platforms. Ecosystem partner Collabora uses LibreOffice upstream code and provides apps for Android, iOS, iPadOS and ChromeOS. LibreOffice Online is an online office suite which includes the applications Writer, Calc, Impress and Draw and provides an upstream for projects such as commercial Collabora Online.

LibreOffice Draw natively uses Open Document Format for Office Applications (ODF) (.odg graphics extension) which is an international standard file format established by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS).

Features

Draw can be used to make flowcharts, technical drawings, brochures, posters, customized photos, photo galleries and albums.

Draw includes a spellchecker, autocorrect, thesaurus, hyphenation mode and color replacing. It has a gallery of shapes and drawings. It also supports as macro execution with Java, extensions and has configurable XML filter settings.

Import and export function
 Import, edit, export PDFs
 Import Microsoft Visio .vsd files
Import Microsoft Publisher .pub files.
 Import from OTT, STW, OTH, OTS, STC, OTP, STI, OTG, STD and VOR formats
 Export to BMP, EPS, GIF, JPEG, PNG, PSD, SVG, WMF, as well as create HTML, XHTML, PDF and SWF files

Reception

In a 2014 review, Elena Opris wrote in Softpedia, "The Good: LibreOffice's best features are applicable in all modules. Draw sports numerous options and configuration parameters for defining each part of the graphical plan as well as for the general elements in the interface (such as toolbars and keyboard shortcuts). The styles and formatting presets simplify the entire layout designing process. The document recovery feature usually comes to the rescue when experiencing system crashes." Opris noted, "The Bad: The program often takes a while to paste pictures as well as to load some features. It froze several times during our evaluation when inserting files with unsupported formats, which eventually led us to restarting Draw."

Writing in December 2017 for It's FOSS, Ankush Das, said, "LibreOffice Draw module is one of the best open source alternatives to Microsoft Visio. With the help of it, you can either choose to make a quick sketch of an idea or a complex professional floor plan for presentation. Flowcharts, organization charts, network diagrams, brochures, posters, and what not! All that without even requiring to spend a penny."

PAT Research described Draw in a 2018 review, "LibreOffice Draw is a powerful office and flowchart software that provides a clean interface and tools that enable users to unleash their creativity and enhance their productivity".

GoFree wrote, "it is simply amazing that a free vector graphics editor like this can deliver such professional results."

References

External links

Free vector graphics editors
LibreOffice
Diagramming software
Vector graphics editors for Linux

LibreOffice Draw


Adriaan van der Stel (-Ceylon, 25 May 1646) was the opperhoofd of Mauritius from 1640 to 1645. He was succeeded by Jacob van der Meersch.

Adriaan Van Der Stel succeeded Governor Cornelius Gooyer. He landed on the island with seventy men, of whom forty were invalids. The latter thought that they would recover their health. Twenty-three died and the rest returned to Batavia. Van der Stel brought with him various seeds and fruits including sugarcane saplings. He also brought rabbits, sheep, geese, ducks, pigeons and stags. After some years, these animals multiplied and were sources of fresh provisions to passing ships. A mineralogist was sent to the island to make a survey on the island and in 1641 the Company directors sent the ship  with the orders to Van der Stel that he should cut all ebony trees on the island. To carry out the task, Van der Stel needed more men. He went to Madagascar where he obtained one hundred and five slaves. but within a few weeks, fifty-two ran away and only eighteen were caught. For about three years Van der Stel and his men were able to send six thousand pieces of ebony to Batavia. He also gave great attention to agriculture. Rice, indigo, tobacco and cane cultivation were started. Many fruit trees and vegetables were grown. But in spite of these efforts, their supply of food was not guaranteed. In 1644 a cyclone destroyed the fort and their cultivation. They had to wait for months for a ship from Batavia, and in the meantime they had to go in the woods to search for food.

His son Simon would become the first Governor of the Cape of Good Hope.

References

Dutch Governors of Mauritius
1646 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Assassinated Dutch politicians
Slavery in Africa
Dutch slave owners
17th-century assassinated people
17th-century assassinated politicians

Adriaan van der Stel


The Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa (Houaiss Dictionary of the Portuguese Language) is a major reference dictionary for the Portuguese language, edited by Brazilian writer Antônio Houaiss.

The dictionary was composed by a team of two hundred lexicographers from several countries. The project started in 1986 and was finished in 2000, one year after Houaiss's death.

The book claims to be the most complete Portuguese dictionary to date, with around 228,500 entries, 376,500 senses, 415,500 synonyms, 26,400 antonyms, and 57,000 historical words. It aims to cover all variants of the language, including African, Brazilian, and European Portuguese.

See also
Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa

External links
Official website

Portuguese dictionaries


Hilander was a small chain of supermarkets in the metro area of Rockford, Illinois in the United States. The stores were operated by Schnucks, which acquired the chain from The Kroger Co. on September 21, 2011. As of May 2013, the stores have been rebranded to Schnucks.

History

Joseph Castrogiovanni and his wife Rose founded  Sanitary Meat Market in 1919. Castrogiovanni later renamed the chain Hilander. After a couple decades, their sons Alfred, Anthony, John, and Joseph, joined the family business. The Castrogiovanni family ran the Hilander Foods chain until 1997.

Kroger and Schnucks

On September 28, 1998, The Kroger Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, acquired the Hilander Foods chain. Kroger ran the chain under its Indianapolis-based Central Division which includes Pay Less Food Markets, Owen's Market, JayC Food Stores, and Scott's Food & Pharmacy. Alfred Castrogiovanni died in 2010, at age 87. In late 2011, The Kroger Co. sold the chain to Schnuck Markets, Inc., the owner of local rival Logli.  Schnucks kept running the stores under the Hilander Foods banner for a couple of years, but eventually rebranded the stores to Schnucks. In 2011, there were seven Hilander stores: five in Rockford, one in Cherry Valley, and one in Roscoe.

References

External links
 Schnucks Homepage

Companies based in Rockford, Illinois
Defunct supermarkets of the United States
Kroger
American companies established in 1919

Hilander Foods


Jean Dardel was a Friar Minor of the French province of the Franciscan order, chronicler of Armenia in the fourteenth century, and adviser and confessor to King Leo V (or VI) of Armenia. Nothing is known regarding him except what he himself tells us in his Chronique d'Arménie, a work unknown until the late 19th century.

Biography
Dardel was born in Étampes, near Paris, and became a Franciscan about the middle of the 14th century. Not earlier than 1375 he went with other pilgrims to Jerusalem and Mount Sinai. Arriving at Cairo he found the unhappy Leo, last King of Armenia (Cilicia), who after a nine-months siege in the fortress of Gaban was made prisoner by the Emir of Aleppo and brought to Jerusalem: and from there sent, together with his family, to Cairo (July, 1375).

In Cairo Dardel accepted the invitation of the imprisoned monarch to act as his adviser, confessor, and secretary. With Dardel was a companion named Brother Anthony da Monopoli. Dardel saw the king frequently and said Mass before him, a privilege easily obtained from the sultan. He remained in Cairo till 1379, and, as he tells us, wrote some of the letters which the king sent to Europe seeking to procure his freedom. Eventually King Leo entrusted him with his royal seal and letters of credence, and sent him as ambassador to King Peter IV of Aragon, and, failing success with him, to all the other kings of Christendom to obtain his freedom. Dardel and his companion, Brother Anthony, set out from Cairo on 11 September 1379, and reached Barcelona on 1 March 1380. After travelling over half of Europe he barely succeeded in inducing the King of Aragon to send an embassy with gifts to the sultan. Under the leadership of the pilgrim Gian-Alfonso di Loric, with some support from King John I of Castile, the release of King Leo was thus secured, and he arrived in Venice on 12 December 1382. He set out for France, paid homage there to Clement VII (the antipope), and then went on to Spain where the King of Castile received him royally.

Clement VII appointed Dardel Bishop of Tortiboli in the Kingdom of Naples on 11 April 1383, as a reward for his labours on behalf of the Armenian king. He left a Chronique d'Arménie, for a long time unknown to Orientalists. It was discovered by Canon Ulysse Robert, who came across the manuscript in the Library of Dole in France, and it was published at the turn of the 20th century by the Institut des belles lettres of France in the second volume of the Recueil des Historiens des Croisades.

References

Attribution
 Cited sources:
 Original text in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Documents Arméniens (Paris, 1906), II, 274-1038
 Armenian version by G. ERGEANTZ, Jowhannu Dardeli Zhamanakagruthiun Hajoz (St. Petersburg, 1891)
 ROBERT, La Chronique d'Arménie de Jean Dardel, evêque de Tortoboli in Archives de l'Orient Latin (1884), II, 1-15
 TEZA, Leone VI e frate Giovanni in Atti del R. Instituto Veneto di scienze, LXVI, ser. VIII, vol. IX, pt. II, 322-328
 MAYER in Romania (July, 1907), 450-455.

External links

People from Étampes
French chroniclers
14th-century French historians
People from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Bishops of Lucera
Franciscan bishops
14th-century Armenian historians
French male writers

Jean Dardel


The Old Newcastle Club Building is a former gentlemen's club and hospital building and now youth hostel at 30 Pacific Street, Newcastle, City of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History

It was built in 1910–11 as the original premises of the Newcastle Club. It was designed by F. G. Castleden and built by Davis and Sons. The club agreed to vacate their premises when it was sought by the new Royal Newcastle Hospital, and it was taken over by the hospital in 1917.

It was used for a variety of hospital purposes, initially as the Newcastle Nurses Home and in later years as clinical offices and staff recreation facilities. Hunter Health sold the building to developer Brien Cornwell in 1997, after which time it was renovated as a youth hostel. It now operates as the Newcastle Beach YHA.

Description

The Old Newcastle Club Building is a two-storey domestic scale building in the Queen Anne style with an asymmetrical plan, achieving an appearance of a large cottage. It was constructed in two stages, as evidenced by the change in brickwork and mortar, terracotta roof tiles.

The building was central to the former hospital, with enclosed links with the Nurses' Home and Wheeler House. It has a relatively intact interior. The forecourt contains two significant palms.

Heritage listing
The Old Newcastle Club Building is a distinctive Federation Queen Anne style domestic scaled building which provides an important townscape element within the Royal Newcastle Hospital group.

It was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

See also

References

Bibliography

Attribution

New South Wales State Heritage Register
Buildings and structures in Newcastle, New South Wales
Clubhouses in New South Wales
Hospitals in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Heritage-listed hospital buildings in Australia

Old Newcastle Club Building


The 1968 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad, were held in Mexico City in 1968. Mexico City beat out bids from Detroit, Buenos Aires and Lyon to host the Games in 1963. The Games were preceded by the Tlatelolco massacre, in which hundreds of students were killed by security forces ten days before the opening day. It is the only Games ever held in Latin America, and it was the second ever outside of Western Europe, Australia, or the USA.

Other websites
 IOC page for the 1968 Summer Olympics

References

1968 Summer Olympics

1968 Summer Olympics


Leutnant Werner Preuss (21 September 1894 – 6 March 1919), Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross, was a World War I fighter ace credited with 22 victories.

Early life and military service
Werner Preuss was the son of a tax inspector. He graduated from high school in Rendsburg, Holstein on 6 August 1914. Eight days later, he volunteered for service with Infantry Regiment No. 85.

On 15 May 1915, he attended an officer's training course. He returned to the front from this course as a sergeant. On 16 January 1916, he was commissioned an officer. On 25 May 1916, he was severely wounded. It would take him a year to recover from paralysis.

Upon his recovery, he enlisted in the Luftstreitkräfte. He was forwarded to pilots training in Poznan on 20 September 1917. He passed his first pilot's test on 7 October, and the second one on 15 October, setting a record. On the 26th, he was sent to the Western Front via a short stopover in Courland, as an infantry cooperation pilot flying reconnaissance. He arrived on the front in December 1917.

He began flying missions in January 1918. He also requested and received a transfer to the Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 66.

Career of aerial victories

Preuss won for the first time on 4 June 1918. He did not score again until 1 July. He then ran up a tally of seven for the month; win number eight came on 22 July.

His next successful claim was against a Spad on 26 August. He was victorious three more times during the last few days of the month. His winning string continued into September with four more victims joining his list, the last on 14 September. By now, he had 16 accredited claims. He was awarded the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern on the 19th.

In October, he shot down six more enemy planes, to bring his total to 22. His victories were split evenly between fighters and reconnaissance planes.

With his twentieth victory, he qualified for Germany's highest decoration for valor, the Prussian Pour le Mérite. He was nominated in early November. One of the extant photographs, a formal portrait, shows him wearing a Blue Max. However, there is no surviving evidence of its award. A number of nominees lost out on their award when the Kaiser resigned on 9 November, but his name is not recorded among them. However, this is the most likely explanation for him not receiving the medal he earned.

List of victories
Confirmed victories in this list are numbered and listed chronologically, rather than in order of confirmation.

Post World War I
Upon the armistice ending the war, Preuss led his squadron to Lübeck. There he resigned his commission.

On 13 February 1919, he joined the air component of the Schleswig-Holstein Freikorps. On 6 March, he was killed in an air crash near the site of his alma mater, Rendsburg.

End notes

References

1894 births
1919 deaths
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Deaths in the Weimar Republic
People from Gardelegen
Military personnel from the Province of Saxony
Prussian Army personnel
German World War I flying aces
Luftstreitkräfte personnel
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1919
Military personnel from Saxony-Anhalt
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Germany

Werner Preuss


The town of Baarle legally consists of two towns. Baarle-Nassau is in the Netherlands and Baarle-Hertog is in Belgium. The farmland surrounding the town is in the Netherlands. The town of Baarle-Hertog consists of 16 "islands" of Belgian territory within the Netherlands. Inside these islands are a further seven islands that are Dutch territory.

During the twelfth century the area was swampland.  In 1198 Hendrik I, the Duke of Brabant made over some of the land to Godfried of Schoten, the Lord of Breda. Hendrick kept the lands that were paying him a rent. The area that Hendrick kept is now part of Belgium. The area that was given to Gotfried is now in the Netherlands. The title "Lord of Breda" is now held by Willem-Alexander, king of the Netherlands.  The title, "Duke of Brabant" is now a courtesy title of the heir to the Belgian throne.

Baarle-Hertog and Baarle-Nassau each have a burgermeester (mayor). Each town has its own elected town council and each has a police station. Each town has its own church. In some areas the two town councils can cooperate. They have set up a joint council to look after things like electricity, water and gas supplies, highway maintenance and refuse collection.

Both councils also fund a joint cultural centre that houses a combined library. The cultural centre has two official entrances. The international border passes through the building. The Dutch entrance is at 7 Pastoor de Katerstraat. The Belgian entrance is at 5 Pastoor de Katerstraat. The tourist office is affiliated to both the Dutch and the Belgian tourist boards.

Dutch trading law applies to the Dutch parts of the town. Belgian trading laws apply to the Belgian parts of the town. Difference in the laws have encouraged smuggling. After the Second World War many people smuggled butter from the Netherlands into Belgium. In modern times many people buy fireworks in Belgium and smuggle them into the Netherlands.

References

Settlements in Belgium
Settlements in North Brabant

Baarle


The Nissan Pathfinder is a midsize crossover SUV made by Nissan Motor Company. Its competitor was originally the Toyota 4Runner. It has been around since 1985 and has had five generations since then. It featured hidden rear door handles, a design feature that was later used by Alfa Romeo. The first generation was made from 1985 to 1995. The second generation was made from 1995 to 2004 and spawned an upscale version with the Infiniti QX4. The third generation was made from 2004 to 2012. The fourth generation is a midsize crossover SUV that allows seating for seven and was made from 2012 to 2020. The fifth generation launched in 2021 for the 2022 Model Year.

Pathfinder
Sport utility vehicles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles

Nissan Pathfinder


Michael Tremain Sinterniklaas (born August 13, 1972) is a French-born American voice actor, ADR    director and script writer who has provided voices for a number of English language versions of Japanese anime films and television series, as well as cartoons and video games. He has worked for Studiopolis, Funimation, 4K Media, Central Park Media, Bandai Entertainment, Viz Media and Media Blasters. He is the founder and owner of NYAV Post, a Bi-coastal studio in New York City and Los Angeles, which dubbed many different anime titles and recording several original prelay works.

1972 births
Living people
American voice actors

Michael Sinterniklaas


George Preston Marshall (October 11, 1896 – August 9, 1969) was an American businessman best known for his ownership of the Washington Redskins, an American football franchise belonging to the National Football League (NFL). He founded the franchise as the Boston Braves in 1932 based on the remnants of the Newark Tornadoes, a defunct franchise which was sold back to the league in 1930. Marshall renamed the team "Redskins" in 1933 and relocated them to Washington, D.C. in 1937. He was its controlling owner until his death in 1969.

In 1963, he became one of the first 17 inductees into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, along Redskin great Sammy Baugh.  Marshall, a supporter of racial segregation, was the last NFL owner to integrate African Americans onto a roster, only doing so in 1962 under pressure from the federal government, which threatened to block the use of D.C. Stadium, which they owned, unless he did.

Life and career
Marshall was born in Grafton, West Virginia, where his parents, Thomas Hildebrand ("Hill") Marshall and Blanche Preston Marshall, owned the local newspaper. When he was a teenager, his family moved to Washington D.C. after his father bought a laundromat business there. He briefly attended Randolph–Macon College before quitting school at age 18. He pursued acting and was an extra for a local theater but this pursuit was interrupted in 1918 when he was drafted into World War I, although he did not leave the country. He was discharged from the army in December 1918. Upon his father's death in 1919, he took over the 2-store laundromat business. In 1926, he financed the Washington Palace Five basketball team. The team folded in 1928.

In 1932, he and three other partners were awarded an NFL franchise for Boston. The team was known as the Boston Braves, as it played on the same field as baseball's Boston Braves. After the team incurred a $46,000 loss in its first season, Marshall's partners sold their interests to him.

In 1933, he moved the team from Braves Field to Fenway Park, which the team shared with the Boston Red Sox. He hired coach "Lone Star" William Henry Dietz, who claimed to be part Sioux and changed the team name from the Braves to the Redskins. Marshall said that he chose the name so that the team could keep its Native American logos.

In 1936, the team won the Eastern division and hosted the 1936 NFL Championship Game, which Marshall moved from Boston to the Polo Grounds in New York City. After a lack of support by fans despite winning the division title, he moved the team to Washington, D.C. for the 1937 season.

At the time, college football was more popular than the NFL. Marshall saw the NFL as not just a sport but as a form of entertainment and incorporated elements of college football, including gala halftime shows, a marching band, and a fight song, "Hail to the Redskins".

To increase scoring, along with Chicago Bears owner George Halas, Marshall successfully suggested allowing a forward pass to be thrown from anywhere behind the line of scrimmage, rather than at a minimum of five yards behind the line. He also suggested moving the goal posts from the end line to the goal line, where they were in Canadian football, to encourage the kicking of field goals. This change remained in place for about four decades until NFL goal posts were returned to the end line in the mid-1970s as part of an effort to lessen the influence on the game of kicking specialists.

Marshall also pushed to standardize the schedule so that each team played the same number of games, the teams were split into divisions with the winners meeting in a championship game, and game gate receipts were split between the home team and the visitor using by either a 60–40 split or a guaranteed amount of money, whichever was larger.

During the 1937 season, Marshall rented a train and brought 10,000 fans to New York City to watch the team play the New York Giants.

In 1946, he sold the laundromat business, having grown it to 57 locations.

In the 1950s, Marshall was the first NFL owner to embrace television. He initiated the first network appearances for any NFL team and built a  television network to broadcast Redskins games across the Southern United States.

In 1960, Marshall opposed the addition of the Dallas Cowboys to the NFL, ending his team's stature as the only team south of the Mason–Dixon line. He only agreed to the addition after a rival acquired the rights to the fight song from the writer of the music and threatened to prohibit the team from playing it at games.

In November 1960, Marshall sold 25% of the team to Jack Kent Cooke for $350,000. Marshall was extremely frugal and did not let the team spend money on travel expenses and salaries. He once berated Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney for driving up salaries by signing University of Colorado star Byron White for $15,800, the highest contract in football in the late 1930s. One sportswriter referred to Marshall as "the last of the small-time spenders."

Death

In August 1962, he underwent surgery to correct a hernia. Later, he suffered a cerebral thrombosis.

In 1963, soon after his induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, Marshall suffered a debilitating stroke that left him legally incompetent to manage his affairs. Three conservators were assigned to manage the football team: C. Leo DeOrsey, who owned 13% of the team and Edward Bennett Williams and Milton W. King, who each owned 5% of the team. Marshall's children sued to get control of the team but lost.

In August 1969, Marshall died in his sleep at his home in Georgetown from hemiphlagia and a heart condition, compounded by diabetes and arteriosclerosis. His funeral was held at the Washington National Cathedral  with a huge crowd in attendance. Marshall is buried at the family plot in Indian Mound Cemetery in Romney, West Virginia.

Racism
As a result of a "gentlemen's agreement" promoted by Marshall, NFL teams did not sign black players until 1946, when two teams broke the agreement. Marshall refused to do so, claiming that integrating the team would cause the team to lose fans in the Southern United States and his team was at the time the southernmost team in the NFL. He said that "We'll start signing Negroes when the Harlem Globetrotters start signing whites."

His refusal to integrate was routinely mocked by Shirley Povich, a columnist for The Washington Post, who called him "one of pro football's greatest innovators, and its leading bigot." Marshall unsuccessfully sued Povich for $200,000 after a critical article.

Marshall downplayed the issue of integration, saying "I am surprised that with the world on the brink of another war they are worried about whether or not a Negro is going to play for the Redskins" and doubted that "the government had the right to tell the showman how to cast the play." Marshall had a long-running feud with Redskins shareholder Harry Wismer, who favored integration.

In 1961, United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall and Attorney General of the United States Robert F. Kennedy issued an ultimatum: unless Marshall signed a black player, the government would revoke the Redskins' 30-year lease on D.C. Stadium (later known as RFK Memorial Stadium). Udall and Kennedy were well within their rights to take this action, since D. C. Stadium had been funded by government money and was located on federal land. As well, the Constitution vests Congress, and ipso facto the federal government, with ultimate authority over the capital.

Marshall selected Ernie Davis, Syracuse University's All-American running back, as his top draft choice in the 1962 NFL Draft. However, Davis refused to play for the team, and was traded to the Cleveland Browns for All-Pro Bobby Mitchell, who became the first African American to play a game for the Redskins. Marshall became an enthusiastic supporter of Mitchell. The Redskins only had three winning seasons in the 23 years between the 1946 integration of the NFL and Marshall's death in 1969. On a television show, Oscar Levant asked Marshall if he was anti-Semitic, to which he responded: "Oh no, I love Jews, especially when they're customers."

Personal life
His obituary in The Washington Post stated: "Marshall considered it a lost opportunity were he not the center of attention". He feared flying and never learned to drive.

In 1920, Marshall married Elizabeth Morton, a former Ziegfeld Follies girl. They had two children, separated in 1928 and divorced in 1935. His mistress in the 1920s and 1930s was silent screen actress and Ziegfeld Follies  dancer Louise Brooks. She gave him the nickname "Wet Wash" because he owned a laundry chain. He was married to film actress-author Corinne Griffith from 1936 to 1957. She referred to him in print as "The Marshall without a plan."

The George Preston Marshall Foundation serves the interests of children in the Washington metropolitan area. Marshall added a caveat that no money from the foundation would ever go toward "any purpose which supports the principle of racial integration in any form"; however, this requirement was thrown out by the courts.

References

External links

1896 births
1969 deaths
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Grafton, West Virginia
Burials at Indian Mound Cemetery
Deaths from arteriosclerosis
Deaths from diabetes
People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
American segregationists
United States Army personnel of World War I
Washington Redskins owners

George Preston Marshall


Mraz or Mráz (Czech/Slovak feminine: Mrázová) is a surname of Czech, Slovak, and Croatian origin. It means "frost" and is cognate to Maroz (Belarusian), Mróz (Polish), and Moroz (Ukrainian and Russian). It may refer to:

People
 Alois Mráz (born 1978), Czech handball player
 Bruno Mráz (born 1993), Slovak ice hockey player
 Franjo Mraz (1910–1981), Croatian artist
 George Mraz (1944–2021), Czech jazz bassist
 Gustáv Mráz (born 1934), Slovak footballer
 Ivan Mráz (born 1941), Czechoslovak footballer
 Jason Mraz (born 1977), American singer-songwriter
 Kateřina Mrázová (born 1972), Czech ice dancer
 Kateřina Mrázová (ice hockey) (born 1992), Czech ice hockey player
 Ladislav Mráz (1923–1962), Czech opera singer
 Mike Mraz, American musician
 Patrik Mráz (born 1987), Slovak footballer
 Pavel Mráz (born 1974), Czech canoer
 Peter Mráz (footballer, born 1985), Slovak football defender
 Peter Mráz (footballer, born 1975), Slovak football midfielder
 Samuel Mráz (born 1997), Slovak footballer

Other
Rani Mraz, Yugoslav rock band
Beneš-Mráz, airplane manufacturer
Mráz Sokol, manufactured by Benes
Mráz Skaut, manufactured by Benes

See also

Slavic-language surnames
Czech-language surnames
Slovak-language surnames

Mraz


Inga is a genus of small tropical, tough-leaved, nitrogen-fixing trees and shrubs, subfamily Mimosoideae. Ingas leaves are pinnate, and flowers are generally white. Many of the hundreds of species are used ornamentally.

Several related plants have been placed into this genus at one time, for example Yopo (Cohoba, Mopo, Nopo or Parica – Anadenanthera peregrina – as Inga niopo).

The seeds are covered with sweet white powder. The pulp covering the seeds is lightly fibrous and sweet, and rich in minerals; it is edible in the raw state. The tree's name originates from the Tupi word in-gá meaning "soaked", due to the fruit powder consistency. The tree usually blooms twice a year.

Within the Inga genus there are around 300 species, most of them native and growing in the Amazon forest region although some species are also found in Mexico, Greater and Lesser Antilles and other countries in South America, being an exclusively neotropical genus. The trees are usually found by river and lake edges because their seeds are carried there by floods.

All Inga species produce their seeds in "bean-like" pods and some can reach up to 1 m long, in general the pods are 10–30 cm long.

Trees can reach up to 15 metres and they are widely used for producing shade over coffee plants. The plant benefits from well drained soil. The flowers are white with some green and the tree can produce fruits almost all year long.

Inga species, most notably Inga edulis (commonly known as "ice-cream-bean" or, in Spanish, "guama", "guaba", "guaba de bejuco" or "paterna" depending on the country or region) often have edible pulp. The name derives from the fact that those of I. edulis resembles vanilla ice cream in flavour.

In Ecuador, Inga edulis is known as "guaba de bejuco" and, the other popular species there, Inga spectabilis
, as "guaba de machete".

Use in agroforestry

Alley cropping techniques using species of Inga have been developed to restore soil fertility, and thereby stem the tide of continual slashing and burning of the rainforest. Species which have proven effective for alley cropping include Inga edulis and Inga oerstediana. Much of the research was done by Mike Hands at Cambridge University over a 20-year period. Inga species are also commonly used as shade trees for coffee, cocoa, and tea.

Other uses
It is often used as lumber in construction and furniture making.

See also
 List of Inga species

References

External links

 I. Edulis at FACT Net plain text HTML
 Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation

Fabaceae genera
Taxa named by Philip Miller
Neotropical realm flora

Inga


Barnard's galaxy  (also known as NGC 6822, IC 4895, or Caldwell 57) is an irregular barred spiral galaxy. It is about 1.6 million light-years away, in the constellation Sagittarius.
The galaxy is part of the Local Group of galaxies. It was discovered by E.E. Barnard in 1884 with a six-inch refractor telescope.

The galaxy is one of the closest to the Milky Way.  It is similar in structure and makeup to the Small Magellanic Cloud. It is about 7,000 light-years in diameter.

The galaxy is famous because it is where cepheid variables were used to find out how far away the galaxy was. Edwin Hubble found 11 cepheid variable stars, and used them to find the distance to the galaxy. This settled a great debate in the 1920s about the scale of the universe and the nature of spiral galaxies. It became clear that all "spiral nebulae" were in fact spiral galaxies. They are far outside our own Milky Way.

References

Barred spiral galaxies

Barnard's galaxy


The Opéra de Lille is a neo-classical opera house, built from 1907 to 1913 and officially inaugurated in 1923. Closed for renovation in 1998 it reopened in 2003 for Lille 2004. The Opéra de Lille is a member of the European Network for Opera, Music and Dance Education (RESEO), and of Opera Europa. It is served by the metro stations Gare Lille-Flandres and Rihour.

History

Lille became French in 1668 through the Aix-la-Chapelle treaty. The classical singing activity grew quickly. Shows are organised in the city hall by the composer Pascal Collasse. In 1700, the opera room is destroyed and rebuilt thanks to a gift of 90,000 florins by Louis XIV.

At the end of the 18th century, a bigger opera room is designed by the architect Lequeux, inaugurated in 1788.

In 1903 fire destroyed the 1785 Lille opera house. For the replacement city officials chose architect Louis Marie Cordonnier by competition.  Cordonnier's Belle Époque design features an elaborate pediment relief by sculptor Hippolyte Lefèbvre, and two flanking bas-relief panels Alphonse-Amédée Cordonnier and .  The interior includes sculptures by Edgar-Henri Boutry, and frescoes by Georges Picard.

In July 1914, while not quite completed, the Germans occupied the city during World War I and commandeered much of the furniture and equipment of the Opéra to furnish the other opera in Lille, the Theatre Sebastopol.  After four years of occupation, the building was restored and reopened its doors in 1923 for a rededication as the Grand Theatre and a "première française".

At the end of 1970's the classical singing activity struggles. To relaunch it, an association is created in 1979 with Roubaix's ballet and Tourcoing's opera studio. It creates the "Opéra du Nord" directed by Elie Delfosse. It is opened with Il Trovatore by Verdi for the 1979–1980 season. This new opera is a success, the number of subscribers jumped from 700 to 3000 within three years. However, from the beginning financial problems jeopardise its existence. In 1984 a restructuring fires a part of the employees. The association is dissolved in 1985 because of financial problems and political discord.

The Opera de Lille is then directed by Humbert Camerlo who started an ambitious programmation with among others: Mozart's Cosi van Tutti, Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress.

In 1987 the opera is closed for financial reasons, the orchestra and the chorus are fired.

In 1998 the theatre's physical condition required an emergency closure, in mid-season.  Renovations evolved into a more ambitious project to improve the building's functional capabilities for the public and for performing artists. This project was complete in time for Lille's year as European Capital of Culture in 2004.

See also
Le Concert d'Astrée

External links
The company's official website (in English)
  The building's history (in French)

Lille
Buildings and structures in Lille
Tourist attractions in Lille
Theatres completed in 1923
Music venues completed in 1923
1923 establishments in France
20th-century architecture in France

Opéra de Lille


Spike and Mike's Festival of Animation is a presentation of award-winning animated short films, annually touring throughout theaters, film festivals or college campuses in the United States.

Background
The festival premieres annually in the La Jolla (Village) neighborhood seated in San Diego, California then tours to theatres, film festivals, and college campuses currently in about a dozen North American cities.

 The Festival of Animation, later renamed the Classic Festival of Animation, was the original format, started in 1977, and continued into the early 2000s.
 The Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation started in 1990 and runs alongside the original festival (which was renamed the Classic festival in this context), becoming the sole festival in the early 2000s as the Classic festival was phased out.
 The New Gen (Generation) Animation Festival was introduced in February 2010, and the latest show show distributed along with the Sick and Twisted. "For years now I've had films that didn't quite fit into the Sick and Twisted category, films that are more sophisticated and artistic, - high production value, over-the-top humorous and really an introduction on what's moving into the pop cult landscape." - Spike

History
Mellow Manor Productions, Inc. was founded by Craig "Spike" Decker and Mike Gribble, known as "Spike & Mike" in Riverside, California in the 1970s as a means of promoting rock bands and special screenings of horror films as well as movie classics. It was named after Riverside's notorious Victorian house "The Manor" where Spike, Mike, and many others lived in a communal set. The Manor was the original flagship and production house of the Festival. After spending mid-1977 giving out flyers for the Fantastic Animation Festival, they focused on presenting a flight of animated films and booking the Festival of Animation in venues across the country, which eventually becoming a 50 city tour.

The Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation began in 1990 at Wheeler Auditorium at UC Berkeley. This is an unrated, adult version of the regular program mainly featuring satyric, non sequitur and gross-out cartoons. In the Festival's early days, Spike and Mike took the stage, introduced the films in ringmaster style.  balloons were volleyed into fan seating before showtime to burn off street energy. The reel header was flanked by a bagpipe and drum battle march over a cartoon of Spike's Scottish Terrier on screen wreaking havoc on the titles. The dog took the stage and was driven to shred objects.

Before the Festival of Animation, it was difficult to see independent, experimental, and foreign animation. Spike and Mike went on yearly worldwide film hunting expeditions. They signed on animation from the National Film Board of Canada, CalArts, Sheridan, Royal College of Art, Annecy, Zagreb, Hiroshima, Ottawa and select studios active among the art-house scene that did not have a public venue. In the 1990s, Spike and Mike screened early films from animators including Nick Park, Marv Newland, Tim Burton, Barry Purves, John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, and Will Vinton.

The shows have toured in theaters, film festivals such as (Cannes, Sundance, Annecy), college campuses, and dynamic events such as the Vans Warped Tour, the Winter X Games, ComiCon, and with the nu-metal band Korn.

Initially, Spike and Mike produced the Classic Festival and later both the Classic and Sick and Twisted simultaneously. But by the early 2000s, the Classic Festival of Animation was put on hiatus in favor of the Sick and Twisted Festival. Spike and Mike's New Gen Show was created in place of the Classic Festival to show films that did not fit into the category of "sick and twisted".

A select set of the short films in the festival were produced at Mellow Manor, some partially and others in-full. Artists' conceptualized or unfinished elements were often accepted for financial and pipeline assistance in completing production. Some stages of an artist's production were contracted out for specialized work.

Mike Gribble died from cancer in August 1994, and Spike continues to produce touring theatrical festivals of animated short film collections.

Contributors
In the 1990s, Spike and Mike showed work from animators such as Craig McCracken, Miles Thompson, Danny Antonucci, Dave Smith, Steve Fonti, Craig Kellman, and Mike Judge. Several films under Spike and Mike's Mellow Manor Productions were funded either partially or entirely from concept to completion (such as Mike Judge's first Beavis and Butthead films). Working beyond their initial projects, many of these artists have become prominent in the industry and independent creatives, commercial artists, painters, screenwriters, and designers. Several have become nominated for or won honors including Oscars, Emmys, and Annie Awards.

Danny Antonucci (creator of The Brothers Grunt and Ed, Edd n Eddy): Lupo the Butcher
Don Hertzfeldt: Ah L'amour, Genre, Lily and Jim, Billy's Balloon, Rejected
Mike Judge (creator of Beavis and Butt-Head and King of the Hill): "Frog Baseball", and "Peace, Love & Understanding"
Bill Plympton: Your Face, 25 Ways to Quit Smoking, Nose Hair, Guard Dog and Eat
Craig McCracken (creator of The Powerpuff Girls, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Wander Over Yonder, and Kid Cosmic): No Neck Joe
Marv Newland: Bambi Meets Godzilla
Matt Stone and Trey Parker (creators of South Park): The Spirit Of Christmas
Nick Park (creator of Wallace And Gromit): Creature Comforts, The Wrong Trousers, A Close Shave
Breehn Burns (creator of Dr. Tran): Beyond Grandpa
 Kenn Navarro  (creator of Happy Tree Friends)
Eric Fogel (creator of Celebrity Deathmatch): Mutilator
John Lasseter (director of Toy Story, A Bug's Life and Cars): Red's Dream, Tin Toy
Andrew Stanton (director of Finding Nemo and WALL-E): A Story, Somewhere in the Artic
Pete Docter (animator, director, and writer of Up, Monsters, Inc., Inside Out and Soul): Winter, Palm Springs, Next Door
 Alison Snowden and David Fine (creators of Bob and Margaret): Bob's Birthday
 John A. Davis (creator of The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius): Nanna & Lil' Puss Puss
 Chris Wedge (director of Ice Age): Bunny
 Will Vinton: Closed Mondays
 Tim Burton (director of Corpse Bride and Frankenweenie): Vincent
 Barry Purves: Screenplay
 Frederic Back: Crac

See also

 International Tournée of Animation, also popular in the late 80s-early 90s
 List of international animation festivals
 The Animation Show, contemporary North American collection
 Nicktoons Film Festival
 Animation Show of Shows
 Fantastic Animation Festival
 The Animation Showcase

References

Sources

 Jerry Beck. Outlaw Animation: Cutting-Edge Cartoons from the Spike and Mike Festivals, Harry N. Abrams, p. 6–152.

Further reading

External links
Animation Outlaws, a documentary about the festival
Animation Outlaws homepage

Animation duos
Animation film festivals in the United States
Experimental film festivals
Animation compilation
Film festivals established in 1977
Defunct film festivals in the United States
1970s in animation
1980s in animation
1990s in animation
2000s in animation

Spike and Mike's Festival of Animation


Interlingual machine translation is one of the classic approaches to machine translation. In this approach, the source language, i.e. the text to be translated is transformed into an interlingua, i.e., an abstract language-independent representation. The target language is then generated from the interlingua.  Within the rule-based machine translation paradigm, the interlingual approach is an alternative to the direct approach and the transfer approach.

In the direct approach, words are translated directly without passing through an additional representation. In the transfer approach the source language is transformed into an abstract, less language-specific representation. Linguistic rules which are specific to the language pair then transform the source language representation into an abstract target language representation and from this the target sentence is generated.

The interlingual approach to machine translation has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that it requires fewer components in order to relate each source language to each target language, it takes fewer components to add a new language, it supports paraphrases of the input in the original language, it allows both the analysers and generators to be written by monolingual system developers, and it handles languages that are very different from each other (e.g. English and Arabic). The obvious disadvantage is that the definition of an interlingua is difficult and maybe even impossible for a wider domain. The ideal context for interlingual machine translation is thus multilingual machine translation in a very specific domain. For example, Interlingua has been used as a pivot language in international conferences and has been proposed as a pivot language for the European Union.

History
The first ideas about interlingual machine translation appeared in the 17th century with Descartes and Leibniz, who came up with theories of how to create dictionaries using universal numerical codes, not unlike numerical tokens used by large language models nowadays. Others, such as Cave Beck, Athanasius Kircher and Johann Joachim Becher worked on developing an unambiguous universal language based on the principles of logic and iconographs. In 1668, John Wilkins described his interlingua in his "Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language". In the 18th and 19th centuries many proposals for "universal" international languages were developed, the most well known being Esperanto.

That said, applying the idea of a universal language to machine translation did not appear in any of the first significant approaches. Instead, work started on pairs of languages. However, during the 1950s and 60s, researchers in Cambridge headed by Margaret Masterman, in Leningrad headed by Nikolai Andreev and in Milan by Silvio Ceccato started work in this area. The idea was discussed extensively by the Israeli philosopher Yehoshua Bar-Hillel in 1969.

During the 1970s, noteworthy research was done in Grenoble by researchers attempting to translate physics and mathematical texts from Russian to French, and in Texas a similar project (METAL) was ongoing for Russian to English. Early interlingual MT systems were also built at Stanford in the 1970s by Roger Schank and Yorick Wilks; the former became the basis of a commercial system for the transfer of funds, and the latter's code is preserved at The Computer Museum at Boston as the first interlingual machine translation system.

In the 1980s, renewed relevance was given to interlingua-based, and knowledge-based approaches to machine translation in general, with much research going on in the field. The uniting factor in this research was that high-quality translation required abandoning the idea of requiring total comprehension of the text. Instead, the translation should be based on linguistic knowledge and the specific domain in which the system would be used. The most important research of this era was done in distributed language translation (DLT) in Utrecht, which worked with a modified version of Esperanto, and the Fujitsu system in Japan.

Outline

In this method of translation, the interlingua can be thought of as a way of describing the analysis of a text written in a source language such that it is possible to convert its morphological, syntactic, semantic (and even pragmatic) characteristics, that is "meaning" into a target language. This interlingua is able to describe all of the characteristics of all of the languages which are to be translated, instead of simply translating from one language to another.

Sometimes two interlinguas are used in translation. It is possible that one of the two covers more of the characteristics of the source language, and the other possess more of the characteristics of the target language. The translation then proceeds by converting sentences from the first language into sentences closer to the target language through two stages. The system may also be set up such that the second interlingua uses a more specific vocabulary that is closer, or more aligned with the target language, and this could improve the translation quality.

The above-mentioned system is based on the idea of using linguistic proximity to improve the translation quality from a text in one original language to many other structurally similar languages from only one original analysis. This principle is also used in pivot machine translation, where a natural language is used as a "bridge" between two more distant languages. For example, in the case of translating to English from Ukrainian using Russian as an intermediate language.

Translation process
In interlingual machine translation systems, there are two monolingual components: the analysis of the source language and the interlingual, and the generation of the interlingua and the target language. It is however necessary to distinguish between interlingual systems using only syntactic methods (for example the systems developed in the 1970s at the universities of Grenoble and Texas) and those based on artificial intelligence (from 1987 in Japan and the research at the universities of Southern California and Carnegie Mellon). The first type of system corresponds to that outlined in Figure 1. while the other types would be approximated by the diagram in Figure 4.

The following resources are necessary to an interlingual machine translation system:

 Dictionaries (or lexicons) for analysis and generation (specific to the domain and the languages involved).
 A conceptual lexicon (specific to the domain), which is the knowledge base about events and entities known in the domain.
 A set of projection rules (specific to the domain and the languages).
 Grammars for the analysis and generation of the languages involved.

One of the problems of knowledge-based machine translation systems is that it becomes impossible to create databases for domains larger than very specific areas. Another is that processing these databases is very computationally expensive.

Efficacy
One of the main advantages of this strategy is that it provides an economical way to make multilingual translation systems. With an interlingua it becomes unnecessary to make a translation pair between each pair of languages in the system. So instead of creating  language pairs, where  is the number of languages in the system, it is only necessary to make  pairs between the  languages and the interlingua.

The main disadvantage of this strategy is the difficulty of creating an adequate interlingua. It should be both abstract and independent of the source and target languages. The more languages added to the translation system, and the more different they are, the more potent the interlingua must be to express all possible translation directions. Another problem is that it is difficult to extract meaning from texts in the original languages to create the intermediate representation.

Existing interlingual machine translation systems

 Calliope-Aero
 Carabao Linguistic Virtual Machine
 Grammatical Framework
 Number Translator
 Google Translate use English internally as a pivot language for some language pairs such as Chinese and Japanese, and more generally those with "higher quality" neural-network translators with English but not between each other.

See also
 Intermediate representation
 Pivot language
 Universal Networking Language
 Knowledge representation and reasoning

Notes

External links
 Interlingua Methods
 Slides
 Paper

Machine translation
Computational linguistics

Interlingual machine translation


The Horrible Dr. Hichcock (Italian title: L'orribile segreto del Dr. Hichcock, lit. "The horrible secret of Dr. Hichcock") is a 1962 Italian horror film, directed by Riccardo Freda and written by Ernesto Gastaldi. The film stars Barbara Steele and Robert Flemyng.

Plot
The story is set in 1885 and concerns Dr. Bernard Hichcock (Robert Flemyng), a necrophiliac whose "horrible secret" of the title involves drugging his wife, Margaretha (Maria Teresa Vianello), for sexual funeral games. One day he accidentally administers an overdose of a new drug which slows the heart rate and thinks he has killed her. After burying her in a crypt, he leaves London.

Twelve years later, he remarries and returns to his old home. His new wife, Cynthia (Barbara Steele), starts to believe that she sees Margaretha around the house. After Cynthia falls victim to Dr. Hichcock's old parlour games, she suspects he is trying to kill her, but she finds that the truth is much worse. Having realised that Margaretha is still alive but looking haggard from her ordeal, Dr. Hichcock plans to kill Cynthia and use her blood to restore Margaretha's beauty.

Cast
 Barbara Steele as Cynthia Hichcock
 Robert Flemyng as Dr. Bernard Hichcock
 Silvano Tranquilli (credited as Montgomery Glenn) as Dr. Kurt Lowe
 Maria Teresa Vianello (credited as Teresa Fitzgerald) as Margaretha Hichcock
 Harriet Medin (credited as Harriet White) as Martha - The Housekeeper
 Spencer Williams
 Al Christianson
 Evar Simpson (credited as Evar Simpsom)
 Nat Harley
 Neil Robinson (uncredited) as Hospital Assistant
 Howard Nelson Rubien (uncredited) as Laboratory Specialist

Production
Unlike director Riccardo Freda's previous Gothic-styled film I vampiri, The Horrible Dr. Hichcock was made in a climate where there were more Gothic horror films being produced in Italy. The film began when Luigi Carpentieri phoned screenwriter Ernesto Gastaldi to write a giallo story that he liked, titled Spectral. Gastaldi wrote his own treatment under the title Raptus. The original script did not contain the necrophilia that is in the film, which Gastaldi commented that he did not remember why he added it, suggesting that "perhaps one of the associates asked for something harder, more macabre". Freda later claimed that the story was his idea, proclaiming that "It is entirely my idea. I nurtured it for a long time but it is Ernesto Gastaldi, a very good scenarist, who shaped it into form." Gastaldi commented on this, saying that when he met Freda, they did not discuss the film with him and that producer Ermanno Donati gave Freda the script, saying "Let's see if you have the balls to shoot this stuff, it's about corpses!" Gastaldi stated that Freda did not even read the script and replied "As long as I get paid, I'm shooting even the phone book."

The film's co-star Barbara Steele took 10 days off the set of Federico Fellini's 8½ to perform her role in the film. Co-star Robert Flemyng, who was predominantly working in television at the time, took the script, as he wanted to go to Rome. After reading the script, titled Raptus, he only later found the film involved necrophilia and attempted to get out of the film.  His agent stated it was too late, as he had signed the contract, so he went forward with making the film. The actress Harriet Medin had been working in Italy since the end of World War II. She received a call from Flemyng before shooting, suggesting that they act so badly that the film would not be released. She is listed in the film credits under her maiden name, Harriet White. The Italian cast and crew hid their names under British-sounding names; this included Freda being credited as Robert Hampton, while set designer Franco Fumagalli became Frank Smokecocks, a literal translation of his last name. Each cast member spoke his or her own language when filming.

The film was shot at Villa Perucchetti in Via Pietro Paolo Rubens 21 in Rome. There are different recollections as to how long the film took to make; the schedule was from April 9 to May 5, 1962 with a 96 million lire budget. Freda stated the film was finished in two weeks, while film historians Alan Upchurch and Tim Lucas state that it was shot in 14 days. Marcello Avallone, who worked on the film with Gastaldi, stated that it took three weeks. Steele recalled that production had long 18-hour days "thanks to the massive doses of Sambuca and coffee. If a dolly collapsed, Freda would just pull the camera on a carpet. Nothing would stop that man." To film everything, Freda sped up proceedings by having three small crews work on the film at once. One of the crews was entrusted to Avallone, who Freda had bonded over through their mutual love of horse racing. Avallone stated that he shot things like close-ups and cutaways to save time.  Avallone mentioned that two versions of some sequences were shot: the original Italian, which was more suggestive and chaste, and another for foreign markets that was more risque, as Freda did not want to shoot the more explicit scenes. As of 2017, those versions have not been found. The assistant cameraman, Giuseppe Maccari, played down the second units, stating that multiple cameras were used only on some scenes, such as the climax with the fire in Hichock's villa. The film's make-up artist, Euclide Santoli, recalled the grotesque scenes where Hichcock's face swells and deforms right before the camera. To do the effect, Santoli used a double mask, with the first being thick and identical to the actor's face; it would be applied first, then a second mask that was thin was stuck to the other along the edges with tubes used to blow air through them. Freda later stated that the producers ruined the scenes with this special effect. Freda stated the producers had them split the nightmare scene into several pieces, instead of having it done as one long take.

Release
The Horrible Dr. Hichcock was submitted to the board of censors in June 1962 where it was given the V.M.18 rating, becoming the first horror film to receive this rating after the new rating system was made in April 1962. Despite the directors' and other sources' claims, the board of censors did not demand that there be any cuts to the film. It was released in Italy on June 30, 1962 and was distributed by Warner Bros. The film grossed a total of 142 million Italian lira on its theatrical run. Box office returns in Italy were considered strong enough that, when Ricardo Blasco's Spanish film Autopsy of a Criminal (1963) was released in Italy, it was promoted as a follow-up, titled L'assassino del dott. Hitchkok.

The film was initially retitled Raptus: The Secret of Dr. Hichcock and offered to American International Pictures by Donati and Carpentieri. The company turned it down, as they could not have it toned down for general audiences in the United States. It was released in October 1964 in the United States as The Horrible Dr. Hitchcock, where it was distributed by Sigma III Corporation as a double feature with The Awful Dr. Orloff. The American version was cut to 76 minutes, which re-arranged scenes, added dissolves and was not always faithful to Gastaldi's original script. British audiences saw it the next year, where it was retitled The Terror of Dr. Hichcock. In 2015, a novelization of the film by Michael R. Hudson was published in the United States by Raven Head Press as part of a series of adaptations of several of Gastaldi's scripts, including My Name is Nobody and The Case of the Bloody Iris.

Reception
From a contemporary review, The New York Times reviewed both The Horrible Dr. Hichcock and The Awful Dr. Orloff and stated "For once, the adjectives in the titles were not only descriptive but also accurate." In France, Positif described the film as to "seem a hymn to necrophilia [...] the storms, the excesses, the veneer of a modern chirurgical décor to cover a stylised  rococo background, even the photography dominated by fascinating and artificial flashes of color". The Monthly Film Bulletin declared the film "consistently gripping and enjoyable", despite numerous borrowing from numerous sources, including Vampyr, Jane Eyre, Rebecca and Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; the "guiding hands of director Riccardo Freda and cameraman Raffaelle Masciocchi are unmistakable" noting the use of colour, light, editing and "visually striking compositions."

Glenn Erickson wrote an essay called "The Horrible Dr. Hichcock: Women on the Verge of a Gothic Breakdown" and stated "The outrageous central concern of The Horrible Dr. Hichcock has never been considered appropriate for any film openly advertised and exhibited to the public, horror or otherwise. That a film about the frustrated passions of a necrophiliac could even be released in 1962 is a censorial mystery in its own right -- or, perhaps, a clear testament to the way horror films were officially ignored on every cultural level back then." Meanwhile, the film has been praised as "a unique Italian gothic" with authentic sets, particularly artful acting by Flemyng and Barbara Steele at her best.

See also
 List of horror films of 1962
 List of Italian films of 1962

References

Footnotes

Sources

External links
"The Horrible Dr. Hichcock'': Women on the Verge of a Gothic Breakdown"

1962 films
1962 horror films
1960s historical horror films
Italian historical horror films
Films set in the 1880s
Films directed by Riccardo Freda
Films scored by Roman Vlad
Gothic horror films
Necrophilia in film
Films shot in Rome
Films with screenplays by Ernesto Gastaldi
1960s Italian films

The Horrible Dr. Hichcock


Christopher Finney GC (born 23 May 1984) is a British soldier. He is best known for receiving the rare George Cross because of his actions in the Iraq War.

Early life
Finney was born in Brussels, Belgium.  He grew up in Marple, Greater Manchester.  His family moved to Wimborne in Dorset where he joined the Dorset Army Cadet Force at the age of 13.

Soldier
In 2000, he joined the British Army.  In 2002, he became part of the Household Cavalry Regiment at Windsor.  His name was recommended the George Cross because of bravery under attack from a pair of American aircraft in a friendly fire event.

Notice of the award was published in the London Gazette on 30 October 2003.  He became one of the very few living holders of the George Cross.

George Cross citation
Hughes' George Cross recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in Iraq in 2003. He showed "clearheaded courage and devotion to his comrades which was out of all proportion to his age and experience. Acting with complete disregard for his own safety even when wounded,".

Hughes received his decoration from Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.  The words of Hughes' citation explain:
On 28 March 2003, D Squadron Household Cavalry Regiment were probing forward along the Shatt Al Arab waterway, north of Basrah, some thirty kilometres ahead of the main force of 16 Air Assault Brigade. In exposed desert, their mission was to find and interdict the numerically vastly superior, and better equipped, Iraqi 6th Armoured Division.

Trooper Finney, a young armoured vehicle driver with less than a year's service, was driving the leading Scimitar vehicle of his troop, which had been at the forefront of action against enemy armour for several hours. In the early afternoon, the two leading vehicles paused beside a levee to allow the troop leader to assess fully the situation in front. Without warning, they were engaged by a pair of Coalition Forces ground attack aircraft. Both vehicles were hit and caught fire, and ammunition began exploding inside the turrets. Trooper Finney managed to get out of his driving position and was on the way towards cover when he noticed that his vehicle's gunner was trapped in the turret. He then climbed onto the fiercely burning vehicle, at the same time placing himself at risk from enemy fire, as well as fire from the aircraft should they return. Despite the smoke and flames and exploding ammunition, he managed to haul out the injured gunner, get him off the vehicle, and move him to a safer position not far away, where he bandaged his wounds.

The troop officer, in the other Scimitar, had been wounded and there were no senior ranks to take control. Despite his relative inexperience, the shock of the attack and the all-too-obvious risk to himself, Trooper Finney recognised the need to inform his headquarters of the situation. He therefore broke cover, returned to his vehicle which was still burning, and calmly and concisely sent a lucid situation report by radio. He then returned to the injured gunner and began helping him towards a Spartan vehicle of the Royal Engineers which had moved forward to assist.

At this point, Trooper Finney noticed that both the aircraft were lining up for a second attack. Notwithstanding the impending danger, he continued to help his injured comrade towards the safety of the Spartan vehicle. Both aircraft fired their cannon and Trooper Finney was wounded in the buttocks and legs, and the gunner in the head. Despite his wounds, Trooper Finney succeeded in getting the gunner to the waiting Spartan. Then, seeing that the driver of the second Scimitar was still in the burning vehicle, Trooper Finney determined to rescue him as well. Despite his wounds and the continuing danger from exploding ammunition, he valiantly attempted to climb up onto the vehicle, but was beaten back by the combination of heat, smoke and exploding ammunition. He collapsed exhausted a short distance from the vehicle, and was recovered by the crew of the Royal Engineers' Spartan.

During these attacks and their horrifying aftermath, Trooper Finney displayed clear-headed courage and devotion to his comrades which was out of all proportion to his age and experience. Acting with complete disregard for his own safety even when wounded, his bravery was of the highest order throughout.

References

Other websites
 George Cross recipients

1984 births
Living people
British military people
George Cross holders
People from Brussels
People from Dorset
People from Stockport

Christopher Finney


"Hands-on" refers to human interaction, often with technology. It implies active participation in a direct and practical way.

Hands-on or Hands-On may refer to:

 Hands-on computing, a branch of human-computer interaction (HCI) research
 Hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS)
 Hands-On Electronics magazine
 Hands-On Mobile company
 Global Hands-On Universe project
Hands-on management style

See also
 Hands-off (disambiguation)
 Handoff (disambiguation)
 Handover (disambiguation)
 The Hands-On Guide for Science Communicators book
 Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum, a US science museum
 Hands On USA, a relief project for Hurricane Katrina

Hands-on


The Central Mine Historic District is a historic district located off US 41 in Upper Michigan.  The mine itself was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1958, while the surrounding district was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1973 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

Description

The Central Mine Historic District covers the remains of the nearly abandoned mining town of Central.  The district includes around 20 frame structures from an original 130, as well as scattered ruins.  Most remaining structures are frame, two-story company houses on stone foundations.  These houses all have gable roofs, porches, and lean-to additions.  The district also contains the well-maintained Central Mine Methodist Church, which is in nearly original condition.

History
In 1854, John Shawson, an agent of the Cliff Mine, discovered native copper in the bottom of an ancient pit (apparently dug by Native Americans) several miles from Cliff Mine. The Central Mining Company was organized in 1854 for the purpose of mining copper in the Keweenaw.  Mining began in 1856, and the mine's lode proved so rich that Central became was able to turn a profit in its first year of operation. Between 1856 and between then and the end of the 19th century the company built over 130 structures for the mine and the community of workers.  At the peak of production in 1868, the town of Central was home to over 130 people, primarily immigrants from Cornwall, England.  The mining industry eventually contracted, and by 1887 the Central Mine was the only fully operational mine in Keweenaw County.  In 1898 the mine ceased operation, and residents began leaving the town.  The last permanent resident left in 1952, although some structures in the area are still used as summer cottages.

Central Mine and Village
The Keweenaw County Historical Society owns 38 acres of the old Central site and operates the Central Mine Visitor's Center which features exhibits about the mine and village. Some of the residences can be visited or are being restored.

References

External links
 Central Mine and Village - Keweenaw County Historical Society
 Central Mine Methodist Church

Geography of Keweenaw County, Michigan
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites in Keweenaw County
Keweenaw National Historical Park
Museums in Keweenaw County, Michigan
Mining museums in Michigan
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Keweenaw County, Michigan

Central Mine Historic District


Alan Robert Wakeling (1926–2004) was an American magician and inventor who is known in the magic world for devising classic illusions and routines used by some of the top performers in the business. Some of his most successful work was done in association with leading television magician Mark Wilson. They worked on the television show The Magic Land of Allakazam, which was sponsored by Kellogg's cereal, and aired on CBS every Saturday from October 1, 1960 then moved to ABC in 1962.

Early life
Wakeling was born in Hollywood, California, but at an early age went to live with his grandparents in Winslow, Arizona, where he grew up during the Great Depression. He took an interest in magic at an early age as the result of seeing travelling magicians who passed through the small town. One that left a particular impression was J. B. Bobo, who performed at his school. In addition he was inspired by finding the work of 19th century magic expert Professor Hoffmann in his local library. Wakeling then began performing magic with improvised props. His family returned to Los Angeles in 1938 and Wakeling later studied drama at the University of Southern California.

Career
Following university, Wakeling did some acting but continued to seek a career in magic. He worked as a demonstrator at two magic shops in Los Angeles, the Thayer Magic Company and the Magic House of Charles. He was also employed by magic inventor and manufacturer Merv Taylor.  A chance meeting with magician Roy Benson in the early 1940s gave Wakeling the beginnings on an idea for a routine with billiard balls, which later became something of a signature piece for him. For a while he did an act with long-time friend Marvyn Roy, who later went on to be known as "Mr Electric". Wakeling gradually became a regular performer at clubs in the Los Angeles area, doing a range of acts with titles such as "Rhapsody in Blue" and "Hollywood Cowboy" as well as the "Fan Act", which he began performing with his soon-to-be wife Helen shortly before they were married.

Wakeling worked as a performing magician until 1966 when he began a behind-the-scenes job with Mark Wilson, who had recently become famous across America for transforming magic into a successful format for network television. He was Wilson's creative director for many years, contributing to Wilson's television shows, including Magic Circus, as well as to live productions in Las Vegas and major venues around the world. He also contributed to the work of other famous magicians including Channing Pollock, John Daniel, Marvyn Roy, Norm Nielsen, Dick Zimmerman, Peter Reveen and Earl Nelson. Channing Pollock said of him: "Alan is a one-of-a-kind genius. I see him as one of the best kept secrets in magic, someone who was so good at what he accomplished that you'd want to keep him a secret".

Among Wakeling's inventions is at least one distinctive version of the Sawing a woman in half effect. One version of this illusion, which bears his name, takes certain elements of the first ever sawing trick performed by P.T. Selbit and incorporates them into a new and very effective illusion. However, while Wakeling performed and perfected that variant of the effect, the origins of the so-called "Wakeling Sawing" have been attributed to another magician Virgil Harris Mulkey (aka The Great Virgil), who first performed it in 1942. A version that is fully attributed to Wakeling is the "Double sawing in half" routine for Channing Pollock. Among the illusions he devised for Mark Wilson were Backstage, Girl Through Glass, The Spiker, and Excalibur. He was also responsible for Wilson's "Circus Act" routine, which involved the Gorilla crush illusion.

Wakeling died peacefully on 10 November 2004 in hospital in his hometown of Westlake Village, California and his memorial was held at The Magic Castle in Hollywood, California.

Awards

|1975 - Academy of Magical Art's Creative Fellowship Award
|1995 - Academy of Magical Art's Lifetime Achievement Award

Book

The Magic of Alan Wakeling by Jim Steinmeyer

Magazines

March 1952 - Genii Magazine

December 1992 - Magic Magazine

September 2007 - Genii Magazine

References

Further reading
 Jim Steinmeyer, The Magic of Alan Wakeling: The Works of a Master Magician, Carroll & Graf (2005),

External links
 Obituary by Jim Steinmeyer

1926 births
2004 deaths
American magicians
Musicians from Hollywood, Los Angeles
People from Winslow, Arizona
USC School of Dramatic Arts alumni
People from Westlake Village, California

Alan Wakeling


Nina Grunfeld (born 1954) is a British writer, journalist, public speaker and entrepreneur.

Career
Trained as a graphic designer in Reading University and Harrow Art College her first book was Spot Check, a stain removal manual which sold widely. In 1982 she wrote The Royal Shopping Guide  which detailed the UK's Royal Warrant Holders. With the birth of her first child in 1987 she wrote Pregnancy Week by Week  for the baby and child chain of shops, Mothercare.

Together with her old nanny, Nanny Smith she created the Nanny Knows Best  series of books and the 1993 BBC1 television series of the same name.

In 2004 she wrote The Big Book of Me, started her Get a Life  column for the Daily Telegraph and founded Life Clubs, a workshop-based system for self-development.

References

External links
  - Life Clubs

1954 births
Living people

Nina Grunfeld


Regina v. Woodrow, 15 M. & W. 404 (Exch. 1846) was a case decided by the English Court of Exchequer Chamber that first adopted a strict liability standard for the criminal offence of selling impure foods.

Decision
The defendant was charged with violating a statute that prohibited possession of adulterated tobacco.  The court held the defendant criminally liable even though he had no knowledge or reason to suspect the adulteration.  The court justified this adoption of strict liability as being in the interests of convenient prosecution.

This decision overruled Rex v. Dixon, which had included a mens rea requirement.

References

W
1846 in case law
1846 in England
Court of Exchequer Chamber cases
Food safety scandals
Tobacco in the United Kingdom
Food safety in the United Kingdom
1846 in British law

R v Woodrow


Jean-Pierre Canlis (born 1973) is an American glass artist.

Jean-Pierre Canlis first picked up a glassblowing pipe in 1991 at the Punahou School in Honolulu, Hawai'i. He later studied glass art at Alfred University's School of Art and Design in New York, and the Pilchuck Glass School in Stanwood, Washington. During the summer of 1993, instructor Martin Blank introduced Canlis to Seattle glass artist, Dale Chihuly.  After their introduction, Chihuly hired Canlis as a hot shop employee.

Jean-Pierre worked with Chihuly for the next nine years.  During his last fours years with Chihuly, Canlis also worked with Lino Tagliapietra's glass team.  Five years after beginning with Chihuly's hot shop team, in 1996, Canlis created the company Jean-Pierre Canlis Glass now known as Canlis Glass.

Canlis's works are on view in the Canlis Glass Studio of Seattle, Washington.  Canlis Glass is now a strong name in the glass art world. After spending four years working exclusively on Canlis Glass in Honolulu, Jean-Pierre moved back to Seattle in June 2005 to set up Canlis Glass Gallery & Studio. Taking an alternative route in the art world, the gallery focused solely on Jean-Pierre's work so he can have a direct relationship with the client, designer, gallery or art consultant. His large-scale glass art installations as well as individual works can be seen in restaurants, hotels, private collections and corporations from Seattle to Dubai.

He currently lives with his daughters in Seattle, Washington.

References

 IDEAT Magazine, "Une Journée de Shopping a Seattle" Paris, France (May, 2010)
 Design Milk, Feature (August, 2010)
 Puget Sound Business Journal, "Glass Houses"  (March, 2010)
 Sunset Magazine, "Head of the Glass" (November 2007)
 The Chicago Tribune, "Tacoma under Glass," (March 2006).
 Where Magazine, "Glass Act," (March 2006).
 Seattle Homes and Lifestyles Magazine, "Making Waves," (March 2006).
 Seattle Magazine, "Water Views," (March 2006).

External links
Canlis Glass website site

1973 births
Living people
American sculptors
American glass artists

Jean-Pierre Canlis