Richard C. Waites, J.D., Ph.D., (October 7, 1951-April 25, 2016), a noted board certified trial attorney and social psychologist, is an internationally recognized expert in jury and courtroom decision maker research, a field he helped to develop and that he continues to advance.

Waites is the author of three books and a number of comprehensive articles on law and psychology topics, including a well known courtroom psychology treatise entitled Courtroom Psychology and Trial Advocacy. published by American Lawyer Media.

Between 1973 and 2002, Waites studied, conducted research, and/or practiced as a board certified trial attorney and social psychologist during which time he reviewed thousands of peer reviewed scientific research studies and learned how best to integrate applicable findings into the process of understanding the decision-making processes of judges, jurors, and arbitrators.

Along with this understanding, Waites continually experimented and developed techniques and methods of enhancing the persuasive power of courtroom arguments in presentations. His research and practice included elements of social psychology, experimental psychology, developmental psychology, communications, organizational psychology, and other applied fields of psychology.

Jury research

One of the specific applications of experimental psychology is in the study of the decision making processes of individual jurors and jury groups in the courtrooms of federal and state courts in the United States.  Using quantitative and qualitative social science research techniques, Waites has helped to advance the use of reliable and useful testing techniques in accurately determining the most likely perceptions of jurors to further knowledge of jury decision making in specific litigation matters while at the same time improving the quality of courtroom presentations by trial advocates for the benefit of juries and trial courts.

Waites' work in this highly specialized field is notable for many reasons.  His approach to the design and implementation of jury research techniques and development of persuasive courtroom presentations is governed by his achievements as an experienced trial attorney and an experienced doctoral level social scientist.

Publications
Between 1982 and 2003, he published many of his research findings and discoveries of advanced trial advocacy techniques designed to enhance the effectiveness of courtroom presentations to judges, juries, and arbitration panels. During this time, many books, professional papers, and articles written by Waites appeared in publications of academic institutions, professional societies, and legal associations.  Many of his papers and articles have more recently appeared as part of the curriculum in academic and professional training programs.

In each of these works, Waites explored varied applications of jury research findings to the practice of law and trial advocacy in the courtroom.  These papers and articles have been published by national, state, and local bar associations and attorney professional groups, such as the American Bar Association, the Defense Research Institute, American Health Lawyers Association, Federation of Defense and Corporate Counsel, and many other professional organizations engaged in professional education of courtroom practitioners.

In 2003, editors and publishers with American Lawyer Media invited Waites to author a book for trial attorneys and corporate representatives who manage litigation which would merge practically useful knowledge from peer-reviewed social science and psychology research with state-of-the-art trial advocacy practice.  This book, entitled Courtroom Psychology and Trial Advocacy, was released in 2004.

After 2004, Waites published many professional papers and articles exploring varied applications of jury research findings to the practice of law and trial advocacy in the courtroom. In 2010, Waites and James E. Lawrence, Director of the Blakely Advocacy Institute at University of Houston Law Center and senior trial consultant with The Advocates, published the first known work examining the application of social science research techniques for use in international arbitration advocacy.  (Chapter 4: "Psychological Dynamics in International Arbitration Advocacy" in The Art of Advocacy in International Arbitration, 2nd edition, authored by Doak Bishop and Edward G. Kehoe and published by Juris Publishing, 2010). In this work, Waites and Lawrence examine the merger of experimental social science research techniques used widely in the United States with multi-culturalism for use in the development of persuasive advocacy in the international arbitration context.

Waites' published articles and presentations continue to be used by academic, legal, and professional organizations as part of their continuing education programs for professionals who practice in the courtroom.  e.g. Seak Expert Witness Conference Crittenden Medical Insurance Conference - 2007, Defense Research Institute – Medical and Health Care Law Conference.

Awards and affiliations
As a prominent board certified trial attorney and social psychologist, Waites is the recipient of numerous professional awards and honors. He is a member of the American Bar Association, American Psychological Association, American Psychology - Law Society, American Society of Trial Consultants, Defense Research Institute, National Institute of Trial Advocacy, and the State Bar of Texas. He is board certified as a civil trial attorney by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and has received a personal 'AV" rating by Martindale Hubbell.

Background and education
He conducted his undergraduate and early graduate work in social science and psychology at the University of West Georgia in Carrollton, Georgia.  The psychology department at the university is believed to be one of only two university psychology departments in the United States that focus on the study of humanistic psychology.

Professional
He obtained his law degree (J.D.) from the University of Houston Law Center and afterwards practiced law as a trial attorney for 13 years.  During this time, Waites represented hundreds of individuals and corporations in litigation matters, including more than 70 jury trials. After a lengthy examination and review process stipulated by the Supreme Court of Texas, he became board certified as a civil trial attorney. At about the same time, Waites continued his education in psychology and received his doctorate (Ph.D.) (summa cum laude) in psychology from Walden University in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Waites is one of the founders of Advocacy Sciences, Inc. (The Advocates), the largest jury and trial consulting firm in the United States. The Advocates has 23 professional trial consultants and offices in 17 major cities throughout the nation. He serves as The Advocates' CEO/Chief Trial Psychologist.

See also
 Jury research
 Legal psychology
 Scientific jury selection

References

 Abbott, Walter F. and Batt, John, A Handbook of Jury Research, Published by the American Law Institute - American Bar Association (1999), 798 pp.
 Ballesteros, Sydney G. "Don't Mess With Texas Voir Dire", 39 Houston L. Rev. 202-241.
 Griffith, James D., Hart, Christian L., Kessler, Jill, and Goodling, Morgan L., Trial consultants: Perceptions of eligible jurors, Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research. 2007 Jun Vol 59(2) 148-153.
 Hans, Valerie P., Vidmar, Neil, and Zeisel, Hans, Judging the Jury, Published by Basic Books (2001), 286 pp.
 Jeffreys, B., "Enron Defendant Worked Alongside Attorneys to Win Acquittal", (Texas Lawyer, Nov. 18, 2004).
 Lieberman, Joel D. and Sales, Bruce D. "Additional trial consulting techniques that aid jury selection" in Scientific Jury Selection. (pp. 167–185). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association (2007) ix, 261 pp.
 Posey, Amy J. and Wrightsman, Lawrence S., Trial consulting, American Psychology-Law Society Series. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press (2005), 272 pp.
 Strier, Franklin, "Whither trial consulting? Issues and projections": Erratum. Law and Human Behavior. 1999 Apr Vol 23(2), 269 (original article: Law and Human Behavior. 1999 Feb Vol 23(1) 93-115.
 Vidmar, Neil and Hans, Valerie P., American Juries, Published by Prometheus Books (2007), 428 pp.
 Waites, Richard C. and Giles, David A., "Are Jurors Equipped to Decide the Outcome of Complex Cases?", 29 Am. J. Trial Advoc. 19 (2005).
 Waites, Richard C. and Lawrence, James E., Chapter 4: "Psychological Dynamics in International Arbitration Advocacy" in The Art of Advocacy in International Arbitration, 2nd edition, Doak Bishop and Edward G. Kehoe Editors, Published by Juris Publishing (2010), 668 pp.
 Waites, Richard C., Courtroom Psychology and Trial Advocacy, Published by American Lawyer Media (2004), 625 pp.
 Waites, Richard C., "Juror Perceptions About Lawsuits and Tort Reform", 5 The Jury Expert, 1 (Published by the American Society of Trial Consultants)(2007).
 Waites, Richard C., "Is Restricting Voir Dire Just Good Court Management or Infringement of Due Process?, THE LEGAL INTELLIGENCER, July 11, 2000, WL 7/11/2000 TLI 7, at 1.

External links
 American Bar Association
 American Psychological Association
 American Psychology - Law Society
 American Society of Trial Consultants
 The Advocates (Advocacy Sciences, Inc.)

American lawyers
American social psychologists
Living people
University of Houston Law Center alumni
1951 births
American male writers

Richard Waites


is a 2009 Japanese film directed by shouichi Mashiko and produced by Toei based on the novel, Samayou Yaiba (2004) by Keigo Higashino. The film is also known under the English title The Hovering Blade.

Plot
The only daughter of widower Nagamine Shigeki (Terao Akira), an architect, is found dead. A few days later, Nagamine gets an anonymous phone call giving him the names and address of the perpetrators. Upon entering the said apartment, Nagamine finds a snuff video in which two young men rape and kill his daughter. He waits for the murderer to return home, and stabs him to death.

Nagamine then heads out of the city to Nagano to find the other youth in the video, writing a long letter to the police about why he killed the boy in the apartment, and his intention to do the same to the other murderer when he finds him. In the letter he specifically cites the Japanese laws that fail to punish under-age criminals. This letter also is sent to the press, and is published in newspapers across the country.

While in Nagano, Nagamine tracks down the murderer. During his lengthy journey, he touches a number of people with varying opinions about the validity of his quest, including the Tokyo policemen investigating his case, and a father-daughter family unit who own an inn in which he takes refuge.

References

External links
 Official web site

2009 films
Toei Company films
Films based on works by Keigo Higashino
Films scored by Kenji Kawai
2000s Japanese films

Samayou Yaiba


In the mathematical field of graph theory, a Hamiltonian path (or traceable path) is a path in an undirected or directed graph that visits each vertex exactly once. A Hamiltonian cycle (or Hamiltonian circuit) is a cycle that visits each vertex exactly once. A Hamiltonian path that starts and ends at adjacent vertices can be completed by adding one more edge to form a Hamiltonian cycle, and removing any edge from a Hamiltonian cycle produces a Hamiltonian path. Determining whether such paths and cycles exist in graphs (the Hamiltonian path problem and Hamiltonian cycle problem) are NP-complete.

Hamiltonian paths and cycles are named after William Rowan Hamilton, who invented the icosian game, now also known as Hamilton's puzzle, which involves finding a Hamiltonian cycle in the edge graph of the dodecahedron.  Hamilton solved this problem using the icosian calculus, an algebraic structure based on roots of unity with many similarities to the quaternions (also invented by Hamilton).  This solution does not generalize to arbitrary graphs.

Despite being named after Hamilton, Hamiltonian cycles in polyhedra had also been studied a year earlier by Thomas Kirkman, who, in particular, gave an example of a polyhedron without Hamiltonian cycles. Even earlier, Hamiltonian cycles and paths in the knight's graph of the chessboard, the knight's tour, had been studied in the 9th century in Indian mathematics by Rudrata, and around the same time in Islamic mathematics by al-Adli ar-Rumi. In 18th century Europe, knight's tours were published by Abraham de Moivre and Leonhard Euler.

Definitions
A Hamiltonian path or traceable path is a path that visits each vertex of the graph exactly once. A graph that contains a Hamiltonian path is called a traceable graph. A graph is Hamiltonian-connected if for every pair of vertices there is a Hamiltonian path between the two vertices.

A Hamiltonian cycle, Hamiltonian circuit, vertex tour or graph cycle is a cycle that visits each vertex exactly once. A graph that contains a Hamiltonian cycle is called a Hamiltonian graph.

Similar notions may be defined for directed graphs, where each edge (arc) of a path or cycle can only be traced in a single direction (i.e., the vertices are connected with arrows and the edges traced "tail-to-head").

A Hamiltonian decomposition is an edge decomposition of a graph into Hamiltonian circuits.

A Hamilton maze is a type of logic puzzle in which the goal is to find the unique Hamiltonian cycle in a given graph.

Examples

 A complete graph with more than two vertices is Hamiltonian
 Every cycle graph is Hamiltonian
 Every tournament has an odd number of Hamiltonian paths (Rédei 1934)
 Every platonic solid, considered as a graph, is Hamiltonian
 The Cayley graph of a finite Coxeter group is Hamiltonian  (For more information on Hamiltonian paths in Cayley graphs, see the Lovász conjecture.)
 Cayley graphs on nilpotent groups with cyclic commutator subgroup are Hamiltonian.
 The flip graph of a convex polygon or equivalently, the rotation graph of binary trees, is Hamiltonian.

Properties

Any Hamiltonian cycle can be converted to a Hamiltonian path by removing one of its edges, but a Hamiltonian path can be extended to a Hamiltonian cycle only if its endpoints are adjacent.

All Hamiltonian graphs are biconnected, but a biconnected graph need not be Hamiltonian (see, for example, the Petersen graph).

An Eulerian graph  (a connected graph in which every vertex has even degree) necessarily has an Euler tour, a closed walk passing through each edge of  exactly once. This tour corresponds to a Hamiltonian cycle in the line graph , so the line graph of every Eulerian graph is Hamiltonian. Line graphs may have other Hamiltonian cycles that do not correspond to Euler tours, and in particular the line graph  of every Hamiltonian graph  is itself Hamiltonian, regardless of whether the graph  is Eulerian.

A tournament (with more than two vertices) is Hamiltonian if and only if it is strongly connected.

The number of different Hamiltonian cycles in a complete undirected graph on  vertices is  and in a complete directed graph on  vertices is .  These counts assume that cycles that are the same apart from their starting point are not counted separately.

Bondy–Chvátal theorem

The best vertex degree characterization of Hamiltonian graphs was provided in 1972 by the Bondy–Chvátal theorem, which generalizes earlier results by G. A. Dirac (1952) and Øystein Ore. Both Dirac's and Ore's theorems can also be derived from Pósa's theorem (1962). Hamiltonicity has been widely studied with relation to various parameters such as graph density, toughness, forbidden subgraphs and distance among other parameters. Dirac and Ore's theorems basically state that a graph is Hamiltonian if it has enough edges.

The Bondy–Chvátal theorem operates on the closure  of a graph  with  vertices, obtained by repeatedly adding a new edge  connecting a nonadjacent pair of vertices  and  with  until no more pairs with this property can be found.

As complete graphs are Hamiltonian, all graphs whose closure is complete are Hamiltonian, which is the content of the following earlier theorems by Dirac and Ore.

The following theorems can be regarded as directed versions:

The number of vertices must be doubled because each undirected edge corresponds to two directed arcs and thus the degree of a vertex in the directed graph is twice the degree in the undirected graph.

The above theorem can only recognize the existence of a Hamiltonian path in a graph and not a Hamiltonian Cycle.

Many of these results have analogues for balanced bipartite graphs, in which the vertex degrees are compared to the number of vertices on a single side of the bipartition rather than the number of vertices in the whole graph.

Existence of Hamiltonian cycles in planar graphs

The Hamiltonian cycle polynomial

An algebraic representation of the Hamiltonian cycles of a given weighted digraph (whose arcs are assigned weights from a certain ground field) is the Hamiltonian cycle polynomial of its weighted adjacency matrix defined as the sum of the products of the arc weights of the digraph's Hamiltonian cycles. This polynomial is not identically zero as a function in the arc weights if and only if the digraph is Hamiltonian. The relationship between the computational complexities of computing it and computing the permanent was shown by Grigoriy Kogan.

See also

 Barnette's conjecture, an open problem on Hamiltonicity of cubic bipartite polyhedral graphs
 Eulerian path, a path through all edges in a graph
 Fleischner's theorem, on Hamiltonian squares of graphs
 Gray code
 Grinberg's theorem giving a necessary condition for planar graphs to have a Hamiltonian cycle
 Hamiltonian path problem, the computational problem of finding Hamiltonian paths
 Hypohamiltonian graph, a non-Hamiltonian graph in which every vertex-deleted subgraph is Hamiltonian
 Knight's tour, a Hamiltonian cycle in the knight's graph
 LCF notation for Hamiltonian cubic graphs.
 Lovász conjecture that vertex-transitive graphs are Hamiltonian
 Pancyclic graph, graphs with cycles of all lengths including a Hamiltonian cycle
 Seven Bridges of Königsberg
 Shortness exponent, a numerical measure of how far from Hamiltonian the graphs in a family can be
 Snake-in-the-box, the longest induced path in a hypercube
 Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm for finding a Hamiltonian path in a permutohedron
 Subhamiltonian graph, a subgraph of a planar Hamiltonian graph
 Tait's conjecture (now known false) that 3-regular polyhedral graphs are Hamiltonian
 Travelling salesman problem

Notes

References

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External links

 Euler tour and Hamilton cycles

Computational problems in graph theory
NP-complete problems
Graph theory objects

William Rowan Hamilton

Hamiltonian path


Mowni was the pen name of Tamil fiction writer S. Mani Iyer (1907–1985). Born at Semmangudi, Mowni, was one  of  the few writers of Tamil fiction. He had his high school education in Kumbakonam and lived there for fourteen years after marrying.  Then he moved to Chidambaram permanently to look after his family properties. He initially had 5 children. There were 4 boys and 1 girl. Two of his sons died when they were very young. One other son passed on due to an accident. His remaining son lives in USA. His daughter lives near Kumbakonam.

Mowni had a bachelor's degree in Mathematics, but he did not take up  any job. He was very fond of European classical music and he also had very strong exposure to Western literature, and showed deep interest in Indian philosophy. Mowni wrote 24 short stories from around 1934, some of which have been translated into English. Mowni's stories are based on the uncertainties of human life, relationships and their manifestations. His pen name and the titles of his stories were given to him by his mentor. His stories came out in Tamil magazines such as Theni. He was fondly called by pudhumaipithan ( contemporary writer of his age)as " sirukathaiyin thirumular". Mowni died in Chidambaram on June 6, 1985.

Further reading

Tamil-language writers
1907 births
1985 deaths

Mowni


Tesem (, tjezem; ) was the ancient Egyptian name for "hunting dog". In popular literature it denotes the prick-eared, leggy dog with a curled tail from the early Egyptian age, but it was also used with reference to the lop-eared "Saluki/Sloughi" type. It was one of several types of dogs in Ancient Egypt; particularly the latter Saluki/Sloughi type of Tesem, having the appearance most similar to that of a true sighthound.

History

Three main types of dogs are shown in Ancient Egypt, these being the pariah dog, the greyhound-like dog and a mastiff-type dog. It is assumed that there were two types of greyhound-like breeds, these being the older Tesem and the Saluki/Sloughi type.  The two greyhound-types were clearly distinguished in tomb decorations, with the Tesem thought to be similar to modern pariah dogs. One scholar applies the name Tesem to both types of greyhound-like dogs.

The prick-eared Tesem's origins are presumed to be from further south than Egypt, from Nubia and also the Land of Punt, whose location is unclear but thought to be to the southeast of Egypt on the Horn of Africa.

A drawing of a Tesem-type dog appears in Nagada, dated from the Protodynastic Period of Egypt (dated 3200 BC to 3000 BC). The dogs were drawn with upright ears and a tightly curled tail. One of the earliest known recordings of these dogs is the "Khufu dog" from the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu, who reigned between 2609 and 2584 BC.  This dog was named Akbaru, and was depicted wearing a collar.

They continued to appear during the Middle Kingdom period (2055 BC and 1650 BC), but by the time of the New Kingdom (1550 BC - 1069 BC), they were replaced by dogs with hanging ears and a straight tail. These dogs were of the Saluki/Sloughi type.

The Pharaoh Hound of Malta and the Cirneco dell'Etna of Sicily were both popularly and controversially thought to be possible descendants of the Tesem.

Description
Ancient Egyptians gave the name Tesem to the early curly-tailed dogs that resembled a sighthound. These dogs were featured on monuments and in wall paintings that showed their lean body with noticeable prick ears. They had a greyish-yellow coat, with long legs and a broad prominent forehead. Their size exceeded the pariah dogs of the time. The structure of their skeleton was closer to that of the modern terrier than that of the modern greyhound.

See also
Africanis
Set animal
Abuwtiyuw

References

Dog breeds originating in Africa
Extinct dog breeds
Egyptian hieroglyphs: mammals
Animal breeds originating in Egypt

Tesem


Julian Aleksandrowicz (; 1908 Kraków –1988 Kraków) was a Polish medical professional, professor of medicine, and a notable specialist on leukemia. He is known for having developed concepts of comprehensive psychotherapy of persons suffering from somatic diseases, as well as of the ecological prevention of cancer and leukaemia.

Aleksandrowicz was of Jewish descent, and after German invasion of Poland (during which he fought in the 72nd Infantry Regiment), he was imprisoned in the Kraków Ghetto (he managed to bury his research data beforehand and recover them after the war). He founded one of the three ghetto hospitals. While in the ghetto, he was aided by one of the Polish Righteous, Józef Adamowicz (who was eventually caught and beaten to death by Nazi guards at the ghetto). Later, in 1943, Aleksandrowicz managed to escape the ghetto and became a physician of the Polish resistance, Armia Krajowa in the Kielce-Radom Independent Jodła Region, under a nom-de-guerre Doktor Twardy. Eventually he became a platoon leader. For his participation in the resistance, he received the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari.

For most of his life, he lived in Kraków. He was an author of many medical texts (including the first Polish textbook on hematology), and a professor (since 1951) and a director of the notable Hematology Clinic at the Jagiellonian university medical college (1950–1978).

Awards and decorations
 Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
 Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
 Cross of Merit with Swords
 Cross of Valour

Notes

External links
 Halina Kleszcz, Profesor Julian Aleksandrowicz, uznany krakowianinem XX wieku w dziedzinie nauki, już 15 lat nie inspiruje świata medycyny
 Aleksander B. Skotnicki, Droga życiowa profesora Juliana Aleksandrowicza  / Profesor Julian Aleksandrowicz (1908–1988) (mirror)

1908 births
1988 deaths
Physicians from Kraków
Academic staff of Jagiellonian University
Home Army members
Polish hematologists
Kraków Ghetto inmates
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Cross of Merit with Swords (Poland)
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
20th-century Polish Jews
Jewish anti-fascists

Julian Aleksandrowicz


A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator or lift intended to carry food.  Dumbwaiters found within modern structures, including both commercial, public and private buildings, are often connected between multiple floors.  When installed in restaurants, schools, hospitals, retirement homes or in private homes, the lifts generally terminate in a kitchen.

The term seems to have been popularized in the United States in the 1840s, after the model of earlier "dumbwaiters" now known as serving trays and lazy Susans. The mechanical dumbwaiter was invented by George W. Cannon, a New York City inventor. He first filed for the patent of a brake system (US Patent no. 260776) that could be used for a dumbwaiter on January 6, 1883.<ref name=JROC> Limited Preview, Google Books', accessed October 30, 2012.</ref> He later filed for the patent on the mechanical dumbwaiter (US Patent No. 361268) on February 17, 1887. He reportedly generated vast royalties from the patents until his death in 1897.

Description

A simple dumbwaiter is a movable frame in a shaft, dropped by a rope on a pulley, guided by rails; most dumbwaiters have a shaft, cart, and capacity smaller than those of passenger elevators, usually 45 to 450 kg (100 to 992 lbs.) Before electric motors were added in the 1920s, dumbwaiters were controlled manually by ropes on pulleys.

Early 20th-century building codes sometimes required fireproof dumbwaiter walls and self-closing fireproof doors and mention features such as buttons to control movement between floors and locks on doors preventing them from opening unless the cart is stopped at that floor.
Dumbwaiter lifts in London were extremely popular in the houses of the rich and privileged. Maids would use them to deliver laundry to the laundry room from different rooms in the house. This obviated carrying dirty washing through the house, saving time and preventing injury.

A legal complaint about a Manhattan restaurant's dumbwaiter in 1915, which also mentions that food orders are shouted up and down the shaft, describes its operation and limitations as follows:
[There is] ... great play between the cart of the dumb-waiter and the guides on which it runs, with the result that the running of the cart is accompanied by a loud noise. The rope which operates the cart of the dumb-waiter runs in a wheel with a very shallow groove, so that the rope is liable to and does at times slip off. ... The cart has no shock absorbers at the top, so that when it strikes the top of the shaft or wheel there is a loud report. ... [T]he ropes of the dumb-waiter strike such wall at frequent intervals with a loud report. ... [T]he dumb-waiter is often negligently operated, by running it faster than necessary, and by letting it go down with a sudden fall.

More recent dumbwaiters can be more sophisticated, using electric motors, automatic control systems, and custom freight containers of other kinds of elevators. Recently constructed book lifts in libraries and mail or other freight transports in office towers may be larger than many dumbwaiters in public restaurants and private homes, supporting loads as heavy as 450 kg (1000 lbs).

Regulations governing construction and operation
Building codes have regulated the construction and operation of dumbwaiters in parts of North America since the 19th century. Modern dumbwaiters in the United States and Canada must comply with American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) codes and, therefore, have features similar to those of passenger elevators.  The construction, operation and usage of dumbwaiters varies widely according to country.

In history

Margaret Bayard Smith wrote that former U.S. President Thomas Jefferson had kept dumbwaiters at both the White House and his Monticello estate whenever she visited him at both places. Smith also wrote that these dumbwaiters were built to reduce the number of servants who could be near dining rooms, thus having more privacy in conversations which at times contained sensitive information which could have been leaked outside the White House. After defecting from the Soviet underground in 1938, Whittaker Chambers gave a last stash of stolen documents to his nephew-in-law, Nathan Levine, who hid them in a dumbwaiter in his mother's house in Brooklyn.  A decade later, Chambers asked his nephew to retrieve them (which Chambers referred to as his "life preserver").  Handwritten and typewritten papers therein came from Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White (and became known as the "Baltimore Documents").  Microfilm contained therein was subpoenaed and sensationalized (misnamed the "Pumpkin Papers" in the press) by  Richard M Nixon for HUAC.

In popular culture
In Harold Pinter's 1960 play The Dumb Waiter'', a dumbwaiter forms a key element.
In the movie, Zathura: A Space Adventure (2005), there is a dumbwaiter in the main shot of the film.

Gallery

References

External links

Building engineering
Elevators

Dumbwaiter


Pseudorhabdosynochus querni is a species of diplectanid monogenean parasitic on the gills of the grouper Epinephelus quernus. It was described in 1968 by Satyu Yamaguti under the name Diplectanum querni  and transferred to the genus Pseudorhabdosynochus in 1986. The species has been redescribed in 2005 from the type-material.

Description

Pseudorhabdosynochus querni is a small monogenean, 0.45-0.7 mm in length. The species has the general characteristics of other species of Pseudorhabdosynochus, with a flat body and a posterior haptor, which is the organ by which the monogenean attaches itself to the gill of is host. The haptor bears two squamodiscs, one ventral and one dorsal.
The sclerotized male copulatory organ, or "quadriloculate organ", has the shape of a bean with four internal chambers, as in other species of Pseudorhabdosynochus.
The vagina includes a sclerotized part, which is a complex structure.

Etymology
The specific epithet of the species, querni, is not clearly explained in the original publication, but obviously refers to the name of the host fish, Epinephelus quernus.

Hosts and localities

The type-locality is off Hawaii and the type-host is the Hawaiian grouper Epinephelus quernus (recently classified as Hyporthodus quernus).

References

External links

Diplectanidae
Animals described in 1968
Fauna of Hawaii

Pseudorhabdosynochus querni


Fury  is a 1936 American crime film directed by Fritz Lang that tells the story of an innocent man (Spencer Tracy) who narrowly escapes being burned to death by a lynch mob and the revenge he then seeks. The film was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and stars Sylvia Sidney and Tracy, with a supporting cast featuring Walter Abel, Bruce Cabot, Edward Ellis and Walter Brennan. Loosely based on the events surrounding the Brooke Hart murder in San Jose, California, the film was adapted by Bartlett Cormack and Lang from the story Mob Rule by Norman Krasna. Fury was Lang's first American film.

Plot

En route to meet his fiancée Katherine Grant, gas-station owner Joe Wilson is arrested on flimsy circumstantial evidence for the kidnapping of a child. Gossip soon travels around the small town, growing more distorted through each retelling, until a mob gathers at the jail. When the resolute sheriff refuses to give up his prisoner, the enraged townspeople burn down the building, throwing dynamite into the flames as they flee the scene. Unknown to anyone else there, the blast frees Joe but kills his little dog Rainbow, who had run in to comfort him in the cell.

The district attorney brings the main perpetrators to trial for murder, but nobody is willing to identify the guilty, and several provide false alibis. The case seems hopeless, but then the prosecutor produces hard evidence: newsreel footage of 22 people caught in the act.

Katherine discovers that Joe escaped the fire and that his brothers are helping him take revenge by concealing his survival and framing the defendants for his murder. She goes to see Joe and pleads with him to stop the charade, but he is determined to make his would-be killers pay. His conscience begins to weigh on him and, just as the verdicts are being read, he walks into the courtroom and sets things straight.

Cast

 Sylvia Sidney as Katherine Grant
 Spencer Tracy as Joe Wilson
 Walter Abel as Adams, the District Attorney
 Bruce Cabot as Kirby Dawson
 Edward Ellis as Sheriff
 Walter Brennan as "Bugs" Meyers
 Frank Albertson as Charlie
 George Walcott as Tom
 Arthur Stone as Durkin
 Morgan Wallace as Fred Garrett
 George Chandler as Milton Jackson
 Roger Gray as Stranger
 Edwin Maxwell as Will Vickery
 Howard Hickman as Governor
 Jonathan Hale as Defense Attorney
 Leila Bennett as Edna Hooper
 Esther Dale as Mrs. Whipple
 Helen Flint as Franchette
 Gwen Lee as Mrs. Fred Garrett (uncredited)
 Frederick Burton as Judge Daniel Hopkins (uncredited)

The part of Wilson's dog Rainbow was played by Terry, the same Cairn Terrier who played Toto in The Wizard of Oz.

Development
Norman Krasna was inspired to write the story after reading about a lynching in The Nation. He pitched the idea to Samuel Marx and Joseph L. Mankiewicz at MGM, who were attracted to it. Krasna claimed that he did not write a script; he verbally pitched it to Mankiewicz, who then dictated it. Multiple changes were made from Krasna's story to the final script.

Fury was Lang's first American film, and is considered by critics to have been compromised by the studio, which forced Lang to tack on a reconciliation between Tracy's character and his girlfriend at the end. The film was a major departure for MGM, known for its lavish musicals and glitzy dramas; the expensive production features expansive and stylized sets to create its gritty world, and its style is more in keeping with the social-issue films associated with Warner Bros., such as I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang.

Lang originally wanted to make a film about a black victim of a lynching, but the idea was rejected by MGM. The kiss scene at the end, a typical Hollywood "happy ending," was appended because the production manager insisted. Lang, who credited himself with changing the protagonist from a lawyer to a mechanic, also said that he wanted to reveal that the protagonist had committed the murder.

Reception
The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Writing, Original Story. Frank Nugent, in a review for The New York Times, praised it as "[a] mature, sober and penetrating investigation of a national blight." Writing for The Spectator in 1936, Graham Greene strongly praised the film, describing it as "the only film I know to which I have wanted to attach the epithet of 'great'." Expressing his view that the film completely conveyed the "sense of spiritual integrity ... by sound and image better than by any other medium," Greene drew particular attention to the contributions of Sylvia Sidney: "[S]he has never more deeply conveyed the pain and inarticulacy of tenderness ... no other director has got so completely the measure of his medium, is so consistently awake to the counterpoint of sound and image."

In 1995, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant." It was released on Blu-ray disc in the North American region by Warner Bros. in their Archive Collection in 2021.

The film earned domestic rentals of $685,000 and $617,000 overseas. According to MGM records, the final profit was $248,000.

Notes

External links

 Essay by Raquel Stecher at National Film Registry

1936 films
1936 crime drama films
1930s prison films
American black-and-white films
American courtroom films
American crime drama films
American films about revenge
Films about capital punishment
Films directed by Fritz Lang
Films produced by Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Films scored by Franz Waxman
Films with screenplays by Fritz Lang
Works about lynching in the United States
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
United States National Film Registry films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Fury (1936 film)


A Serbian Film is a horror movie which opened to much controversy. When it was released during 2010, the movie was marked with a Refused Classification rating in Australia. A highly censored version was later approved. It was released in the United States with a rating of NC-17 (No Children 17 or Under Admitted) in May 2011. The movie is about a pornographic movie star who agrees to perform in an art film, but then learns that he has been dragged into a snuff movie filled with necrophilia and other adult themes. A Serbian Film faced severe censorship problems in many countries because of its mature content.

References

NC-17 rated movies
Obscenity controversies
2010 horror movies
Multilingual movies
Serbian movies

A Serbian Film


The Theatre Development Fund (TDF) is a not-for-profit performing arts service organization in New York City. Created in 1968 to help an ailing New York theatre industry, TDF has grown into the nation's largest performing arts nonprofit, providing support to more than 900 plays and musicals and returning upwards of $1.5 billion in revenue to thousands of Broadway, Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway music and dance productions.

TDF accomplishes their mission through several programs. The TKTS Booth in Times Square is the most visible of all programs. TDF has several programs that helps strengthen their mission including TDF Accessibility Program (TAP), Education Programs, Ticketing Programs and The Costume Collection.

As of August 2023, TDF is led by Executive Director Deeksha Gaur and Managing Director Michael Naumann.

TDF Accessibility Program (TAP)
TDF Accessibility Programs, also known as TAP, serves theatergoers with physical disabilities. TAP arranges for special discount tickets in the orchestra to be made available to individuals who are hard of hearing or Deaf, have low vision or are blind, require aisle seating for medical reasons, use wheelchairs or cannot climb stairs.

Autism Friendly Performances
On October 2, 2011, TDF launched a new program, Autism Friendly Performances (originally known as the Autism Theatre Initiative), to make theatre accessible to children and adults on the autism spectrum as well as their families.

Part of TDF's Accessibility Programs (TAP), the program presented the first autism-friendly performance of a Broadway show with Disney's landmark musical The Lion King on Sunday, October 2, 2011. This performance was so successful that TDF's Autism Friendly Performances presented a second autism-friendly performance on Broadway at Disney and Cameron Mackintosh's production of Mary Poppins on April 29, 2012, and an encore autism-friendly performance of The Lion King on September 30, 2012. As a result of this initiative, theaters around the country began to see the need for autism-friendly performances in their communities.

To make a performance autism-friendly, the show is performed in a welcoming, supportive environment for individuals on the autism spectrum, with sensory and communication disorders, or learning disabilities. Slight adjustments to lighting and sound are made. There are break areas staffed by specialists in the field in case anyone needs to leave the theater during the show. A downloadable Event Narrative with pictures of the theatre and the production is made available, designed to personalize the experience for individuals wishing to prepare for the show. Additional resources, such as a Character Guide, are provided as needed. Tickets are sold at a discounted rate.

Access for Young Audiences
Access for Young Audiences, TAP's Arts-in-Education program, offers tri-State elementary and secondary school students the opportunity to attend accessible Broadway performances. For these mostly first-time theatregoers who are hard of hearing or deaf, TDF simultaneously provides sign language interpreting and open captioning. In 2008, TAP launched a pilot program for students who have low vision or are blind, whereby audio description is provided. These programs are offered free of cost to the school. This school year, TDF's Access for Young Audiences reached students from 35 schools in the tri-State area.

Open captioning performances
TAP performances provide the audience with an electronic text display to the side of the stage displaying what the actors are saying or singing in real time. The display also describes sound effects on stage.  TDF open captions several Broadway and Off-Broadway shows each month for people with mild to severe hearing loss.  This also provides a way for the deaf to see what is happening on the stage without always looking at the interpreter.

Sign language interpreting performances
TAP Sign language interpreting performances provides the audience with an interpreter who uses American Sign Language to describe what the actors are saying or singing, as well as sound effects on stage. TDF interprets bi-month signed performances of Broadway shows.

Educational Programs

It is TDF's belief that future audiences are built by engaging students, first-hand, in the vital and exciting activity of the creative process, as well as providing opportunities to attend live performances of great theatre.

Introduction To Theatre
introduction to Theatre, TDF's largest arts education program, provides students with an in-depth introduction to live theatre. Each class attends a Broadway or Off-Broadway performance and participates in eight in-class workshops that include scene writing, improvisation, etc., which serves as preparation for their theatregoing experience. Introduction to Theatre currently serves 10,000 students in the NYC area.

The Wendy Wasserstein Project

Formerly Open Doors, TDF's theatre arts mentoring program, started in 1998 by Tony Award-winning and Pulitzer prize-winning playwright Wendy Wasserstein, offers small groups of high school students an in-depth introduction to live theatre and dance. Each group works with one or more dedicated theatre and dance professionals throughout the school year. Mentors have included Kathleen Chalfant, Kirsten Childs, Graciela Daniele, Scott Ellis, William Finn, David Henry Hwang, James Lapine, Lar Lubovitch, Frank Rich and Mo Rocca.

Young Playwrights (YP)
Young Playwrights is a year-long collaboration between TDF and schools. Together we explore live performance as students craft original works that are shared as staged readings Off-Broadway. Young Playwrights currently serves 700 students in New York City high schools. This has spawned two other Young Playwright programs at TDF:

TDF Young Playwrights' Group is a year-long after-school play writing workshop for high school students who have been a part of the residency or summer programs. The group meets weekly to write, see and experience play writing. Their work is showcased each June with professional actors in an Off Broadway theatre. Members of the group see a show every month, work with guest artists, and write original plays that are showcased throughout the year by professional actors.

TDF Young Playwrights' Summer program is a two-week play writing intensive that is open to tri-state area high school students. We welcome those with a curiosity about play writing to apply.

Introduction to Dance
Introduction to Dance gives students the opportunity to see live dance and attend workshops led by teaching artists who are professional dancers and choreographers. Each school year the students see performances by Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Paul Taylor Dance Company, and American Ballet Theatre.

Ticketing Programs
TDF's discount ticket services make theatre, music and dance affordable and accessible to more than two million people each year.

TKTS Discount Booths
TKTS Discount Booths offer tickets to Broadway and Off-Broadway musicals and plays at discounts up to 50% off full price tickets. Since the opening of the original Times Square TKTS Booth on June 25, 1973, over 51 million tickets have been sold, representing $1.38 billion returned to thousands of theatre, dance and music productions. TDF opened its new TKTS booth in the revitalized Duffy Square. TDF operates satellite TKTS booths at the South Street Seaport and in Downtown Brooklyn. A fourth location is now located permanently at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in the David Rubenstein Atrium.

TDF Membership Program
TDF Membership Program maintains a growing list of over 80,000 qualified theatre lovers who enjoy discounts of up to 70% on admissions to hundreds of Broadway, Off-Broadway, music and dance productions each year. To qualify for TDF membership, members must belong to one of the following groups: full-time students, full-time teachers, union members, retirees, civil service employees, staff members of not-for-profit organizations, performing arts professionals, and members of the armed forces or clergy. In the 2007-2008 season, TDF membership performance admissions reached over 530,000 annually and returned over $13 million to New York City productions.

Theatre and Dance Subsidy programs
TDF Theatre and Dance Subsidy programs are central to TDF's mission, as they marry the goals of supporting productions of merit and bringing audiences to the theatre that might not otherwise be able to attend. The Theatre Subsidy program has subsidized over 900 productions since 1968, including 30 plays that went on to win the Pulitzer Prize for drama. Last season, admissions to subsidy productions reached 63,997 for theatre and 20,217 for dance. Over $2.5 million was returned to theatre productions and $663,000 to dance productions.

Costume Collection
TDF Costume Collection houses over 65,000 costumes and accessories providing professionally designed costumes to not-for-profit organizations at affordable prices.  Their reasonable prices not only allow emerging companies to mount more professional-looking shows, they also help theatres to produce a greater number of new works by keeping production costs down. Last season, TDF's costume collection served 440 performing arts companies in 29 states—colleges and universities, middle and high schools, and community and charitable groups—who mounted 848 productions with low-cost costume rentals from the TDF Costume Collection.

Irene Sharaff/Robert L.B. Tobin Awards
TDF's Irene Sharaff/Robert L.B. Tobin Awards were founded in 1993 to pay tribute to the art of costume design. Since then, the annual award presentation has become an occasion for the costume design community to come together to honor its own. TDF's Irene Sharaff/Robert L.B. Tobin Awards honor excellence by presenting five awards: Lifetime Achievement Award, Artisan Award, Young Master Award, Posthumous Award and the Robert L.B. Tobin Award for Lifetime Achievement in Theatrical Design.

References

External links
TDF
TKTS

Theatrical organizations in New York City
1968 establishments in New York City
Special Tony Award recipients

Theatre Development Fund


Nikolay Alekseyevich Zabolotsky (; May 7, 1903 – October 14, 1958) was a Soviet and Russian poet and translator. He was a Modernist and one of the founders of the Russian avant-garde absurdist group Oberiu.

Life and work

Nikolay Alekseyevich Zabolotsky was born on May 7, 1903, in Kizicheskaya sloboda (now part of the city of Kazan). His early life was spent in the towns of Sernur (now in the Republic of Mari El) and Urzhum (now in the Kirov Oblast). In 1920, Zabolotsky left his family and moved to Moscow, enrolling simultaneously in the departments of medicine and philology at the Moscow State University. A year later, he moved to Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) and enrolled in the Pedagogical Institute of Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute.

Zabolotsky had already begun to write poetry at this time. His formative period showed the influences of the Futurist works of Vladimir Mayakovsky and Velimir Khlebnikov, the lyrical poems of Alexander Blok and Sergei Yesenin, and the art of Pavel Filonov and Marc Chagall. During this period, Zabolotsky also met his future wife, E.V. Klykova.

In 1928, Zabolotsky founded the avant-garde group Oberiu with Daniil Kharms and Alexander Vvedensky. The group's acronym stood for "The Association of Real Art" (in Russian, Объединение реального искусства). During this period, Zabolotsky began to be published. His first book of poetry, Columns (Столбцы, 1929), was a series of grotesque vignettes on the life that Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) had created. It included the poem "The Signs of the Zodiac Fade" (Меркнут знаки зодиака), an absurdist lullaby that, 67 years later, in 1996, provided the words for a Russian pop hit. In 1937, Zabolotsky published his second book of poetry. This collection showed the subject matter of Zabolotsky's work moving from social concerns to elegies and nature poetry. This book is notable for its inclusion of pantheistic themes.

Zabolotsky's poetry also included works focused on religious themes. These are rooted on his early religious training and expressed Orthodoxy of the peasantry before the revolution. While official biographical statements depicted him as a politically and sanitized Soviet poet, officially and unofficially published works showed that he had more spiritual and intellectual depth. By the 1930s, Zabolotsky modified his poetic style towards "socialist realism" in a move to produce acceptable ideological content.

Amidst Joseph Stalin's increased censorship of the arts, Zabolotsky fell victim to the Great Purge. Arrested in 1938, he was tortured, and accused of taking part of a counter-revolutionary plot with other Leningrad (St Petersburg) writers, including Nikolai Tikhonov, Konstantin Fedin, and Samuil Marshak - none of whom were arrested. He was sentenced to five years to Siberia. This sentence was prolonged until the war was over. In 1944 after his appeal he was freed of guard, but still continued the sentence in exile in Karaganda. In Siberia he continued his creative work and was occupied with translation of The Tale of Igor's Campaign. This followed with his release in 1945.

Upon his return to Moscow in 1946, Zabolotsky was restored as member of Union of Soviet Writers. He also translated several Georgian poets (including Shota Rustaveli's epic poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin, as well as more modern Georgian poets such as Vazha-Pshavela, Grigol Orbeliani, Davit Guramishvili) and traveled frequently to Georgia. Zabolotsky also resumed his work as an original poet. However, the literature of his post-exile years experienced drastic stylistic changes. His poetry began to take a more traditional, conservative form and was often compared to the work of Tyutchev.

The last few years of Zabolotsky's life were beset by illness. He suffered a debilitating heart attack and, from 1956 onward, spent much of his time in the town of Tarusa. A second heart attack claimed his life on October 14, 1958, in Moscow.

References

External links
 Poems in English
 Lib.ru
 О Николае Заболоцком
 Rassvet.websib.ru
 Николай Заболоцкий. Стихи
 , songs on poems by Zabolotsky by Novoseltseva

1903 births
1958 deaths
Writers from Kazan
People from Kazansky Uyezd
Pantheists
Russian male poets
Russian translators
Soviet male poets
Soviet translators
Translators of The Tale of Igor's Campaign
20th-century Russian male writers
20th-century Russian poets
20th-century Russian translators
Herzen University alumni
Gulag detainees
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery

Nikolay Zabolotsky


Kirkconnel (Scots Gaelic Cille Chonaill) is a smaw pairish in the historical coonty o Dumfriesshire in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It is locatit on the A76 road near the heid o Nithsdale. Maistly it his been a sportin community. The came comes fae the The Kirk o Saunt Conal. In 1850 the veelage hid anely ae street. Neist tae Kirkconnel is a separate veelage cried Kelloholm.

It is associatit an aw wi the ballant Helen of Kirkconnel.

History

The early kirk an sattlement wis situatit at the fit o Kirkland Hill on the drave fae Ayrshire tae Lanrikshire that follaed the stey slent aside the Glenaylmer Burn. Whether Saunt Conal wis an Irish monk or the son o a local hird that wis befreendit an eddicatit bi Glesga's Saunt Mungo, Christianity cam early tae this pairt o Nithsdale. A Celtic cross , upsetten in 1880 bi the Duke o Buccleuch at the instigation o the meenister, the Rev. John Donaldson, merks teh reputit buirial place o Saunt Conal. Fae the neebourheid o the cross, on a clear day, can be seen the kirks at Kirconnel, Sanchar, an Kirkbride, aw associatit wi Saunt Conal.

St Conal's Kirk is ane o the auldest kirk sites in Soothren Scotland, wi archaeological remeens datin til the 9t century and the praisent steid o a kirk datin back til the 12t an 13t centurys.

Life chainged greatly for this smaw toun in the 1890s whan a coal pit wis appent at Fauldheld. Coal hid aye been howkit in the destrict afore, bit niver in lairge amoonts. Fae than on coal ringt the life o the wee toun. The coal indistry muived awa in recent decades, an wi it a muckle o the population.

Transport

The A76 road rins throu the aurie. Kirkconnel is served bi bus routes 221 an 246.

Kirkconnel is served bi Kirkconnel railwey station on the Glasgow South Western Line.

Namely fowk

 Alexander Anderson (1845-1909) - Scots poet and leebrarian, better kent as The Surfaceman.

 Willie Ferguson (1901-1960) - fitbawer wi Queen of the South F.C., Chelsea F.C., an St Bernard's F.C., manager at Queen o the South F.C.

 Kris Haddow (born Kris Clark 1981) - Scots playwricht, poet,  an performer

 Bill Taylor (born 1938) - fitbawer wi St Johnstone F.C., Stirling Albion F.C., Partick Thistle F.C., an Luton Town F.C.

 Sam Hastings - fitbawer wi Hamilton Academical F.C. an Clyde F.C..

References

External links

Video an commentary on Kirkconnel Railwey Station
Video an commentary on Alexander Anderson, poet

Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa
Pairishes in Dumfries an Gallowa
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

Kirkconnel


Maria (985 – c. 1040) was ruling Duchess of Amalfi in co-regency with her sons twice: in 1028–29 and in 1034–39. During the reigns of her sons, she appears to have held the actual power.

Life
She was one of the two daughters of Pandulf II of Benevento, who was also Pandulf III of Capua. She married Sergius II of Amalfi around 26 April 1002. Her sister Gaitelgrima married Guaimar III of Salerno, while her brothers, Landulf and Pandulf, became princes respectively of Benevento and Capua.

First rule
Maria had two sons, John and Manso. In 1028, she and the younger son, Manso, seized the Amalfitan throne and expelled Sergius and John, who fled to Constantinople. This was probably done at the instigation and with the support of her brother Pandulf. In 1029, John returned and deposed both Maria and Manso.

Second rule
In April or May 1034, John was again deposed by his mother and brother. This time it was certainly the result of Pandulf's interference, for Maria's daughter was married to Ranulf Drengot, the count of Aversa, in order to cement the alliance between Pandulf and the Normans. This daughter's existence is recorded by Amatus of Montecassino: "the Patrician of Amalfi's daughter, who was Prince Pandulf's niece, as the Patrician's wife was Pandulf's sister." The identity of this daughter had been confused, as has that of Ranulf's first wife.

Maria took the title ducissa et patricissa: "duchess and patricia". It is indicative of her power that Manso received no titles, not even from Byzantium, as his father and brother had before him. In 1038, her brother was deposed in Capua and John was able to return to Amalfi. He deposed his brother and reconciled with Maria, who subsequently joined him in blinding Manso and exiling him to the fortress of Castelluccia on Li Galli. This act of cruelty outraged the Amalfitans, who deposed both of them and accepted the rule of Guaimar IV of Salerno.

Notes

References
Chronicon Amalfitanum c. 1300.
Caravale, Mario (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: LV Ginammi – Giovanni da Crema. Rome, 2000.
Chalandon, Ferdinand. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicilie. Paris, 1907.

985 births
1040 deaths
10th-century Italian nobility
10th-century Italian women
Maria
11th-century women rulers
11th-century Italian women
11th-century Italian nobility

Maria of Amalfi


Gomphotherium is an extinct genus of proboscid which evolved in the lower Miocene of North America. It survived from 13.651.7 million years ago (mya).

They spread to Asia, Europe and Africa after a drop in sea level allowed them to cross over. It survived into the Pliocene, and its remains have been found in Chile, china, France, Germany, Austria, Kansas, Tennessee, Pakistan, Kenya and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Gomphotherium stood around  high with an estimated weight of 4-5 tons, and looked similar to a modern elephant. However, it had four tusks; two on the upper jaw and two on the long lower jaw. Gomphotherium lived in dry wooded regions near lakes.

Feeding method
The lower tusks are parallel and shaped like a shovel. They may have been used to dig up food from mud. These animals probably lived in swamps or near lakes, using their tusks to dig or scrape up aquatic vegetation.

However, wear patterns on the teeth of its relative Platybelodon suggest that it used its lower tusks to strip bark from trees, and may have used the sharp incisors that formed the edge of the "shovel" more like a modern-day scythe, grasping branches with its trunk and rubbing them against the lower teeth to cut it from a tree.

Unlike modern elephants, the upper tusks were covered by a layer of enamel. Compared to elephants, the skull was more elongated and low, indicating that the animal had a short trunk, rather like a tapir's. In comparison to earlier proboscids, Gomphotherium had fewer molars; the remaining ones had high ridges to expand their grinding surface.

References

Extinct elephants

Gomphotherium


Abutilon parishii is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family known by the common names Parish's Indian mallow and Pima Indian mallow. It is native to Arizona in the United States and Sonora in Mexico.

This plant is a shrubby perennial herb growing |up to about a meter tall, but known to reach  in maximum height. There is a single stem or multiple stems which are coated in glandular hairs. They are mostly naked with occasional leaves. The leaves are oval or heart shaped and have toothed edges. They are up to  long. They are velvety in texture, dark green on top and pale to almost white underneath. The flowers occur in the leaf axils. They have pale orange petals about a centimeter long. The flowers open, if at all, for a few hours in the late afternoon to evening. The fruit is a schizocarp containing 6 to 8 mericarps. The fruits open and release seeds in June and again after summer rains. The seeds do not germinate easily; older seeds are more likely to germinate than newer.

In Arizona this plant grows in several mountain ranges, including the Superstition, Tortolita, Santa Catalina, Tucson, Rincon, and Santa Rita Mountains. The plant grows in rocky habitat, such as canyon slopes. Other plants in the habitat include jojoba, saguaro, triangle bur ragweed, hoary abutilon, ocotillo, and Palmer's abutilon.

In 2001 there were 84 populations of the plant known in Arizona and Sonora, located in 17 mountain ranges. Most are small, with just a few individuals. The plant is in cultivation at the Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix, Arizona.

References

External links
USDA Plants Profile

parishii
Flora of Arizona
Flora of Sonora
Taxa named by Sereno Watson

Abutilon parishii


Eleanor Wong Siew Yin (born 6 February 1962) is a Singaporean playwright, poet, lawyer and legal academic. She is an associate professor of law at the National University of Singapore, where she is vice dean of student affairs and director of the legal skills programme. She is also a member of the Remaking Singapore Committee.

Early life and career
A graduate of the National University of Singapore (NUS) Faculty of Law as a Public Service Commission merit scholar, Wong won the Best Oralist (Championship Round) at the 1985 Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition, where she was a member of the victorious NUS moot team. Wong started her career with the Commercial Affairs Department, prosecuting complex commercial and securities frauds. She obtained a Master of Laws in corporate law from New York University in 1990 and practised in the New York office of Coudert Brothers before returning to Singapore in 1992.

Wong also provided communications consultancy and held several top management portfolios within the television production arena. She has anchored a television current affairs show After Hours, and used to host a radio programme, Sex, Rights & Videotape. Wong has worked as a prosecutor and an international finance lawyer. Wong also serves as a mentor on the playwright development platform Watch This Space, spearheaded by director-playwright Chong Tze Chien, where she first mentored teacher and playwright Lucas Ho. Wong joined NUS in 2002 as director of the legal skills programme.

Plays
Wong's plays have been produced in Singapore and regionally. She is best known for Invitation to Treat (2003), her trilogy of plays centred on the experiences of the character Ellen Toh, a lesbian lawyer in Singapore. This comprised the plays Mergers and Accusations, Wills and Secession and Jointly and Severably. Mergers and Accusations won the National Book Development Council of Singapore Award (Drama) in 1996. In 2005, Firstfruits Publications published the trilogy in book form. Wong made her theatrical debut with her first play, Peter's Passionate Pursuit, which clinched a joint first prize at the NUS-Shell Short Play Competition in 1986. Wong is currently one of two writers-in-residence at the Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) at NUS.

Poems
Wong has also written poems: she contributed 12 to y grec (2005), a collection co-authored with Madeleine Lee and recently published Life – Science (2010), 22 poems accompanied by Chinese translations by Enoch Ng and Caleb Kiu. In 2015, Wills & Secession was selected by The Business Times as one of the "finest plays in 50 years" alongside productions by Goh Poh Seng, Michael Chiang and Alfian Sa'at and others.

List of works
 Two's Company or Peter's Passionate Pursuit (1986)
 To Touch the Soul of a God (1988)
 Jackson on a Jaunt, or, Mistaken Identities (1989)
 Exit (1990)
 The Joust (1991)
 Mergers and Accusations (1993)
 Block Sale (1996)
 Wills and Secession (1995)
 Jointly and Severably (2003)
 The Campaign to Confer the Public Star on JBJ (2006, revised 2007)

References and notes

External links
 Bio details, National University of Singapore

Singaporean dramatists and playwrights
Singaporean women dramatists and playwrights
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Anglo-Chinese School alumni
National University of Singapore alumni
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Singaporean women lawyers
1962 births
20th-century Singaporean lawyers
20th-century women lawyers

Eleanor Wong (playwright)


Portishead Radio (callsign GKA) was a radio station in England that provided worldwide maritime communications and long-range aeronautical communications from 1928 until 2000. It was the world's largest and busiest long-distance HF maritime radio station. In 1974, the station employed 154 radio operators who handled over 20 million words per year. It was originally operated by the General Post Office (GPO), then the Post Office (1969–1981) and subsequently by British Telecom, which was privatised in 1984.

1920–1939
The UK's long-range maritime service commenced from a site at Morgan's Hill, Devizes, Wiltshire, in 1920. In 1925, a remote receiving centre at Highbridge, near Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, was opened, and in 1928 a transmitting station was opened at Portishead, from which the name 'Portishead Radio'  was derived.

The main transmitting station, which was remotely operated from the Highbridge site, originally consisted of a large array of radio masts at nearby Portishead Downs. High-power transmitters for the maritime service were operated from a site at Hillmorton, Rugby. By 1936, the station had a staff of 60 radio officers who handled over 3 million words of radio traffic per year.

World War II
The station played a vital role during World War II in maintaining communications with the British merchant navy and with patrol aircraft in the North Atlantic. During the war, all communications with ships were one-way in order to avoid revealing the ships' locations to the enemy. The station was short-staffed because many staff were on secondments to various government services, such as operating other radio stations and training new radio officers to work in naval convoys. In 1943, the workload was so great that Royal Navy officers and 18 telegraphists were brought in from (amongst others) HMS Flowerdown, a Naval Shore Wireless Service station near Winchester.

Expansion: 1946–1985
In 1948, the station was expanded again, adding two operating rooms with 32 new radio operator positions, a broadcasting and landline room, and a file of ship and aircraft positions plotted using magnetic indicators on a 36 by 16 ft steel map of the world. Other maps covered the North Atlantic and Western European areas.

During the 1950s and 1960s there was a steady increase in traffic levels, and the telex-over-radio (TOR) system started operations. By 1965, the station employed 86 radio officers who handled over 11 million words of traffic per year, communicating with on average over 1,000 ships per day.

HM Queen Elizabeth II visited the station in 1958.

By 1974, traffic levels reached over 20 million words per year, handled by 154 radio officers. The rise in traffic was driven by demand from the oil market, the deep-water fishing industry, and the leisure boating market.

Competition from satellite communications, which began in the 1980s, initially had little effect on the station's business, which continued to expand. Following the division of the Post Office in 1981, the station was operated by British Telecommunications. In 1983, a new control centre was opened, adding new radiotelephone and radiotelegraphy consoles, and an automatic radiotelex facility.

In addition to maritime and aeronautical radio service, the station provided communications facilities for fixed stations worldwide such as relief agencies, emergency and disaster relief companies, and industries where reliable landline communications were poor or non-existent. This was known as the 'Gateway' service and operated from the early 1980s until closure.

Decline: 1985–2000
By the end of the 1980s, satellite communications had started to take an increasingly large share of the station's business, and a program of severe rationalisation was started, leading to the closure of two transmitting sites at Leafield and Ongar. The transmitting site at Portishead closed on 31 December 1978, followed by the site at Dorchester in 1979.

In the station's penultimate year to March 1999, there were on average per month 571 radio telegrams, 533 radio telephone calls, and 4,001 radio telex calls.

Closure and redevelopment of the site
In 1998, British Telecom Maritime Radio Services announced the planned closure of Portishead Radio. The long-range services (HF bands 3–30 MHz) were planned to cease at 12:00 GMT on 30 April 2000. The short-range VHF maritime band (156–174 MHz) services were scheduled to close at the same time, and the medium-range services (MF maritime band 1.6–3.0 MHz) services at 12:00 on 30 June. The station formally closed at 1200 UTC on 30 April 2000.
In September 2004, Sedgemoor District Council adopted a local development plan that proposed the site of Portishead Radio for future housing development. In October 2007, planning permission for a development of 190 houses and flats on the site was granted, and shortly afterwards the radio station buildings were demolished.

In 2007, the buildings at the Highbridge site were demolished to make way for the Mulholland Park housing estate, named after former station manager Don Mulholland and his father Robert, who also worked at the station.

Commemoration
Around 2015, a sculpture by Rick Kirby of five female figures holding hands, titled 'Arc of Angels', was installed close to the Portishead transmitting site to commemorate the five radio towers and their role.

In 2020, planned celebrations commemorating the 100th anniversary of the long-range maritime service were put on hold due to COVID-19. However, a book on the history of the service was published titled Portishead Radio – A Friendly Voice on Many a Dark Night, and a special amateur radio station GB100GKU was activated, making over 2,500 contacts from 69 countries.

See also
Global Maritime Distress Safety System

References

External links
Portishead Radio official website
Coast Radio Stations of the World website
Image of 'Arc of Angels' sculpture at Geograph

British Telecom buildings and structures
History of radio in the United Kingdom
Radio stations established in 1928
Portishead, Somerset
International telecommunications
Defunct radio stations in the United Kingdom
Radio stations in Somerset
Transatlantic telecommunications

Portishead Radio


The First Battle of Ypres took place in the fall of 1914. More than 250,000 people were killed. It was one of the battles of the First World War. It was fought on the Western Front around Ypres, in West Flanders, Belgium. The allied forces were 4,400,000 strong, the German Empire was 5,400,000 strong. In 2003, Beckett recorded 50,000–85,000 French casualties, 21,562 Belgian casualties, 55,395 British losses and 134,315 German casualties.

World War I

First Battle of Ypres


The Palacio de Miraflores (Spanish for Miraflores Palace) is the official residence of the President of Venezuela. It is located on Urdaneta Avenue, Libertador Bolivarian Municipality in Caracas.

History

Construction and decoration

Construction on the building started on 27 April 1884, under the direction of Giuseppe Orsi, intended as the family residence of Joaquin Crespo. Also participating: painter Julián Oñate, Juan Bautista Sales and his team of sculptors, decorators, wood carvers, builders - who erected the European-style Miraflores Palace. To decorate it, furniture was imported from Barcelona, Spain; a bronze rosette was commissioned from the Marrera foundry and 24 bronze lamps were ordered from Requena brothers at San Juan de los Morros, Guárico state. In 1911, the national administration acquired the property from General Félix Galavis at a cost of five hundred thousand bolívares, and Miraflores Palace became the official presidential residence and office.

After many modifications, the current palace presents fountains encompassed by corridors and halls, such as the Peruvian Sun Hall, decorated with gold donated by the government of Peru; the Joaquín Crespo Hall, with its four gigantic rock-crystal mirrors; Vargas Swamp, which commemorates the Battle of Boyacá, in Colombia; the Ambassador Hall, where diplomats are received; and Ayacucho Hall, in honor of Marshall Antonio José de Sucre and the battle in which he starred.

Early years as presidential residence

Miraflores Palace served as presidential residence of Cipriano Castro and then Juan Vicente Gómez, who occupied it until 1913. From 1914 to 1922, it functioned as office to the provisional administration of Victorino Márquez Bustillos. In 1923, Miraflores witnessed the murder of Vice-president Juan Crisóstomo Gómez, brother of President Juan Vicente Gómez. From 1931 to 1935, the palace was uninhabited, guarded by the army. During the governments of Eleazar López Contreras and Isaías Medina Angarita, the presidential office was modified. In 1945, Rómulo Betancourt became the first president who identified the seat of government as Miraflores Palace, replacing the name Federal Palace.

Expansions and restorations
In the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez, architect Luis Malaussena introduced radical changes inside the palace, eliminating part of Crespo's era decoration. The succeeding administrations made some additions: a Japanese garden, an administration building, the Ayacucho Hall, and the Bicentennial square. In the first period of Rafael Caldera (1969–1974), construction of the Administrative Building began. In February 1979, the palace was declared a National Historical Monument. During the government of Luis Herrera Campins (1979–1984), the Administrative Building and the Bicentennial square were finished. In the mid 1980s, the area for the Council of Ministers was extended. During the 1990s and 2000s, restoration of the original aspects of the palace began. Miraflores has sometimes been the residence of the president of Venezuela, although La Casona is the actual official residence. In February 2007, the Simón Bolívar Press Room opened.

Miraflores Historical Archive

With a volume of documents of nearly 15 million pages, the Miraflores Historical Archive has the mission to preserve the files of Venezuelan presidents. This process began in 1959, when Secretary of Presidency Ramón José Velásquez, undertook the rescue and recovery of files corresponding to the governments of Cipriano Castro (1899–1908) and Juan Vicente Gómez (1908–1935), located in the basement of Presidential Guard. This action marked the beginning of the processes of recovery and preservation of documentary information generated by the presidency. In 1979, Nora Bustamante Luciani was appointed as director of the archive. Throughout her tenure, which terminated in 1995, Bustamante worked on the first indices of the archive's Bulletin. She published two volumes as a guide to the first one hundred issues. The documentary fund filed documents from 1899 until 1983. The different document types that comprise the fund, originated a rating system divided into chronological sections.

Rooms

Ayacucho
Ayacucho is mainly used for official events and addresses to the nation. Is conformed by wood walls, with a capacity for 200 to 250 people located in front of a podium. The room is used to receive heads of state and government and for special occasions such as the recognition with the Order of the Liberator to personalities of politics, culture and society; award only given by presidential decree. In Ayacucho room emphasizes a painting of Simón Bolívar, located behind the desk where the President addresses the country via radio, television, and the internet. The room was named in honor to the battle of Ayacucho.

Boyacá
It is one of the largest rooms of the palace, and is named in honor of the battle won by Simón Bolívar on 7 August 1819, after which most of the Colombian territory was freed. It was built in the early 1960s, becoming a space for meetings and lunch in honor to national and international personalities. The decoration of the room is formed by a parquetry floor and wood ceilings and baseboards.

Boyacá is also decorated by a painting of muralist Gabriel Bracho, who represents the faces of Bolívar, Francisco de Paula Santander and José Antonio Anzoátegui, heroes of Boyacá. The painting was inaugurated by President Rafael Caldera during his first term in office, on 1 August 1973. The room also has the busts of General José Antonio Anzoátegui and Andrés Bello.

Council of Ministers
The area for the council of ministers is conformed by a corridor, the lobby and the meeting room. The corridor connects the entrance with the lobby. Both sides include pieces of the artistic heritage of Miraflores, such as the painting Bolívar by Cirilo Almeida and a bust of Carlos Soublette. In front of the vestibule are located a charcoal work representing Francisco de Miranda and a portrait of José María Vargas by painter Alirio Palacios.

The lobby is formed by a printing of Simón Bolívar of Alirio Palacios, the paintings Los Pescadores (The Fishermen) by Luisa Palacios (1958), La Tempestad (The Tempest) by César Rengifo (1958) and a piece of furniture with a style from the first half of 18th century. Also, there is a miniature of the monument erected in Campo Carabobo, the painting La Patria al Soldado (From Nation to Soldier) by Hugo Daini, and a bust of Bolívar in the entrance of the meeting room. The meeting room is the area for the council of ministers. Is conformed by a long oval table and a portrait of Simón Bolívar by painter José María Espinoza.

Joaquín Crespo (Hall of the Mirrors)

Joaquín Crespo room is used for formal meetings of the council of ministers, welcome the diplomatic corps and for the appointments of new ministers and ambassadors. It is characterized by a long table in the middle, two large paintings behind the presidential chair and four gigantic rock-crystal mirrors. It was known as Hall of the Mirrors until 2003 when it was renamed in honor to the first guest of the palace.

Sun of Peru
It is one of the most representative rooms of the palace. It is used mainly for diplomatic accreditation and special events of the presidency. In this room highlights a gold sun donated by the Peruvian government, the work: El Día y la noche (Day and night), by Arturo Michelena, an equestrian portrait of Simón Bolívar (1936) as the main painting of the room, and a portrait of the first president of Venezuela: Cristóbal Mendoza. Both works of Tito Salas.

Vargas Swamp
This rectangular room was named after the victory of Simón Bolivar on 25 July 1819, in the battle of the same name, during the independence of Nueva Granada. It is used as a waiting room for people participating in ceremonies in  Joaquín Crespo hall, and for visitors in general.

Presentations of books published under the auspices of the presidency and other government bodies also take place in the Vargas Swamp Room. Notable personalities may also be honoured here.

Also kept in this room are some of the presidential chairs from former administrations: José Antonio Páez, Antonio Guzmán Blanco, Joaquín Crespo and Juan Vicente Gómez. The furniture of the room consists of ten pieces, couches and chairs, two consoles and a piano. There is a mosaic floor, and the ceiling is criss-crossed by dark wooden beams.

See also

 History of Venezuela
 List of official residences
 List of presidents of Venezuela
 List of first ladies of Venezuela
 Jacinta Parejo (first lady in the late 19th century)

Notes

References
  Palacio de Miraflores - Venezuelatuya.com

Further reading

Pineda, Rafael. El Palacio de Miraflores. Armitano Editores.: 1999. .
Rivas Rivas, José. Ocurrió en Miraflores. Playco Editores: 1999. .
Yánes, Oscar. Así son las cosas. Planeta: 2004. .
Guía al Archivo Histórico de Miraflores. Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República: 1987. .
Rodríguez Cárdenas, Manuel. Palabras para una visita a Miraflores.

Buildings and structures in Caracas
Houses completed in 1897
Monuments and memorials in Venezuela
Neoclassical palaces
Official residences in Venezuela
Palaces in Venezuela
Presidential residences
1897 establishments in Venezuela

Miraflores Palace


Commander Malcolm Keith Burley, (1927–2010) MBE was a British Antarctic explorer, mountaineer and Royal Navy officer. He received the Cuthbert Prize from the Royal Geographical Society.

Burley's first visit to the Antarctic was in 1960 as an officer on HMS Protector when he climbed Mt Liotard (2225m), the second-highest peak on the remote Adelaide Island.

In 1964 he led a Combined Services Expedition to South Georgia which crossed the island following Sir Ernest Shackleton's route after his epic journey from Elephant Island to seek rescue for his men of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. On the 1964 expedition Burley made the first ascent of Mount Paget, Mount Sugartop and Mount Burley named after him by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee.

In 1970/71 Burley led a Joint Services Expedition which was dropped off on Elephant Island by HMS Endurance. The party then spent six months carrying out a survey of the island and other scientific research for the British Antarctic Survey and climbing some of the peaks on the island.

In 1973 Burley retired from the Royal Navy to take up a post as bursar at Stowe School.

References

External links
 Malcolm Burley obituary
 Malcolm Burley obituary

1927 births
2010 deaths
Royal Navy officers

Malcolm Burley


Pres and Teddy is a jazz album by The Lester Young and Teddy Wilson Quartet, recorded in January 1956. Originally released on LP by Verve in 1959, it has subsequently been reissued on CD by Verve, Universal Japan and Lonehill Jazz.

The album includes six standard swing jazz songs with one original composition, "Pres Returns." In spite of Young's failing health, this studio album is critically acclaimed as one of best of his best later works, and among the best albums produced by Verve Record's founder Norman Granz.

Background
Pres and Teddy is one of several late 1950s reunions between Lester Young, a tenor saxophonist characterized by jazz commentator Scott Yanow as "one of the giants of Jazz history", and Teddy Wilson, "the definitive swing pianist". Recorded on January 13, 1956, the quartet also featured Jo Jones, an innovative and influential jazz drummer, and bassist Gene Ramey. The group had also played together the previous day along with Roy Eldridge, Vic Dickenson and Freddie Green, recording the similarly acclaimed The Jazz Giants '56.

Wilson was in 1956 steadily producing both solo and group albums, having only recently stopped teaching music at Juilliard. Young, although also working steadily, was suffering a rapid deterioration of his health. Though Young had established a strong early presence in jazz prior to being drafted into World War II in 1945, his experiences during the war left him an alcoholic so unapproachable that he invented his own language to better control who would be permitted to communicate with him. But while Young's playing throughout the 50s was often hampered by his excessive drinking,
 on this occasion, according to Yanow, he returned to "classic form". After these sessions, Young continued to decline, drinking himself to death three years later, at the age of 49.

Critical reception

In 1994, The New York Times listed the album as among 10 of the "high points" of music produced by Norman Granz, who founded the Verve label, describing it as "a magnificent set of standards". While Yanow recommends the comprehensive box set The Complete Lester Young Studio Sessions on Verve for all of Young's later work, he recommends this album along with The Jazz Giants '56 and Lester Young with the Oscar Peterson Trio for more casual listeners seeking Young's best later work.

In his profile of the album for Allmusic, Yanow notes that, "[W]hen he was healthy, Young played at his very best during the '50s, adding an emotional intensity to his sound that had not been present during the more carefree days of the '30s," concluding that on Pres and Teddy Young was in "particularly expressive form".

Track listing
"All of Me" (Gerald Marks, Seymour Simons) – 5:10
"Prisoner of Love" (Russ Columbo, Clarence Gaskill, Leo Robin) – 7:40
"Louise" (Robin, Richard Whiting) – 5:18
"Love Me or Leave Me" (Walter Donaldson, Gus Kahn) – 6:50
"Taking a Chance on Love" (Vernon Duke, Ted Fetter, John Latouche) – 5:10
"Love Is Here to Stay" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 6:31
"Pres Returns" (Lester Young) – 6:18 Bonus track on CD reissue

Personnel
Teddy Wilson – piano
Lester Young – tenor saxophone
Gene Ramey – bass
Jo Jones – drums

Additional personnel

CD Reissue
Dennis Drake – digital remastering
Donald Elfman – CD Preparation
Richard Seidel – CD Preparation
Ellie Hughes – graphic design
Tom Hughes – design
Herman Leonard – photography
Bill Simon – liner notes

References

External links
At Verve Music, with samples

Lester Young albums
Teddy Wilson albums
1959 albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Verve Records albums
Swing albums

Pres and Teddy


Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko (; 22 May 1921 – 16 January 1984) was a Soviet mathematician and academician. He was known for his contributions to computational mathematics and fluid mechanics. He served as Director of the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Education and research
Yanenko received his Ph.D. degree from Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1954 under the supervision of Petr Rashevskii. The topic of his doctoral thesis was a problem in multidimensional differential geometry. His scientific interests span several areas of fundamental research, including gas dynamics, the theory of difference schemes, and computational fluid dynamics.

In recognition of Yanenko's scientific contributions the International Conference on "Mathematical Models and Numerical Methods of Continuum Mechanics" was held on May 26, 1996 at the Novosibirsk Scientific Center, Novosibirsk.

References

External links

N.N. Yanenko's portraits

1921 births
1984 deaths
Computational fluid dynamicists
Soviet mathematicians
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin

Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko