Tobias Faber, Hon. FAIA (12 December 1915 – 19 November 2010) was a Danish architect best known for his academic achievements, He was a professor at the Royal Danish Academy's School of Architecture and the academy's president from 1954 to 1973. He was a strong advocate of keeping a human scale in architecture.

Biography
Faber studied architecture at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in the 1930s, graduating in 1941. Due to the German Occupation of Denmark during World War II he went to neutral Sweden where he worked at various well-reputed practices in Stockholm. Back in Denmark after the war, he joined Vilhelm Lauritzen's office where he worked until 1952. He then set up his own practice, together with his wife Jytte Jensenius, which operated until 1967.

From 1952 he taught at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts and in 1954 he was a visiting lecturer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston, USA. In 1962 he was appointed professor at the academy and from  1965 he served as its director, a position he held until 1974 when the Academy Schools were split into separate institutions for administrative reasons. Thereafter he was as the principal of the School of Architecture until his retirement in 1985. He also published a number of influential books on architecture.

Distinctions
Faber was elected to Honorary Fellowship of the American Institute of Architects in 1987 (Hon. FAIA). He received the Dreyer Honorary Award in 1995. He received the N. L. Høyen Medal in 1988.

Written works
 Rum, form og funktion (1962)
 Dansk arkitektur (1963, 1977),
 Arne Jacobsen (1964)

See also
 Architecture of Denmark

References

1915 births
2010 deaths
Danish architects
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Academic staff of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Directors of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Honorary Fellows of the American Institute of Architects

Tobias Faber


Midge Point is a coastal town and rural locality in the Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Midge Point had a population of 464 people.

Geography
Midge Point is on the Whitsunday Coast and is the only settlement on the western shores of Repulse Bay (except the Laguna Quay Resort - Currently Closed) until Conway Beach via Proserpine, (Conway by boat 20 km away) and nothing south until St Helens (by boat 24 km away).

Midge Point is the headland () from which the town takes its name.

Midge Mountain () rises to .

Midge Point closest major town being Proserpine in the Whitsunday Region. Although the Bruce Highway does not pass through Midge Point, it passes through the adjacent town of Bloomsbury with a turnoff to Midge Point Road, offering the traveller a scenic drive to Proserpine via Laguna Quay's.

Whitsunday Coast Airport (PPP) is only 24.2 km away.

History
In 1937 it was proposed to establish a town, called Midgetown, at Midge Point on 40 acres acquired from farmer A.P. Nielsen. However, the town lots could not be sold until a road had been constructed, including a bridge over the O'Connell River. In November 1938, the Queensland Government and the Pioneer Shire Council had not come to an agreement in relation to paying for the road, so the Queensland Government decided to release the land prior to the road's development. On 23 December 1938, the first town land sites were sold in Midgeton. At the time, Midgeton was described as follows:"Midgeton is noted for its large stretch of unbroken sandy beachand safe bathing. A grassy esplanade runs to high-water mark, and there is a plentiful supply of fresh water. In adjacent waters there are excellent fishing grounds and a number of good catches were reported during the holidays." In 1973 the town's name was changed to Midge Point.

In the , the locality of Midge Point had a population of 464 people.

Education
There are no schools in Midge Point. Bloomsbury State School is the nearest school to Midge Point.

Amenities
The Mackay Regional Council operates a mobile library service on a fortnightly schedule at Nielsen Parade. (currently not in service)

St Peter's Catholic Church is at 1478 Midge Point Road (). It is part of the Farleigh parish.

Public Toilets - available on Neilson Parade, located on the beach front and also at Bundesen Ave Park.

BBQ facilities - available at Bundesen Avenue Park, Bundesen Ave and at the beach front, Neilson Pde.

The Point Tavern - 7 Conder Pde. Lunch and Dinner. Normal Pub hours.

Sealand Take Away and Cafe -  11 Conder Pde. All meals. Closed Tuesdays. Open 10.00am

Accommodation - Whitsundays Cabins - 12 Patterson St. Swimming pool, volleyball court. Undercover parking.

Travellers Rest Caravan and Camping Park - 29 Jackson St.

Public Telephone - available on Bundesen Ave, just on the left entry of the Park.

Post Office - 7 Conder Pde.

Attractions
Midge Point offers tranquility and remoteness from major towns. Exceptional fishing and crabbing, with boat access via the beach by tractor. The beach is 1.8 km long, south east facing with views to Gould island and Midge Island.The sandy low gradient shallow nature of the bay shore is great for families wanting a day out, kite flying and horse riding.

References

External links

Towns in Queensland
Mackay Region
Coastline of Queensland
Localities in Queensland

Midge Point, Queensland


An elastic modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically (i.e. non-permanently) when a force is applied to it.

The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region:

where λ is the elastic modulus; stress is the force that causes the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied; and strain is the ratio of the change caused by the stress to the original state of the object.

If one specifies how stress and strain are to be measured, that allows for many types of elastic moduli to be defined.

Related pages
 Elasticity (physics)
 Tensile strength

Elasticity (physics)

Elastic modulus


Michelin (; ; full name: ) is a French multinational tyre manufacturing company based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région of France. It is the second largest tyre manufacturer in the world behind Bridgestone and larger than both Goodyear and Continental. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the Kléber tyres company, Uniroyal-Goodrich Tire Company, SASCAR, Bookatable and Camso brands. Michelin is also notable for its Red and Green travel guides, its roadmaps, the Michelin stars that the Red Guide awards to restaurants for their cooking, and for its company mascot Bibendum, colloquially known as the Michelin Man, who is a humanoid consisting of tyres.

Michelin's numerous inventions include the removable tyre, the pneurail (a tyre for rubber-tyred metros) and the radial tyre. Michelin manufactures tyres for Space Shuttles, aircraft, automobiles, heavy equipment, motorcycles, and bicycles.  In 2012, the group produced 166 million tyres at 69 facilities located in 18 countries.

History

In 1889, two brothers, Édouard Michelin (1859–1940) and André Michelin (1853–1931), ran a farm implement business in Clermont-Ferrand, France.  One day, a cyclist whose pneumatic tyre needed repair turned up at the factory.  The tyre was glued to the rim, and it took over three hours to remove and repair the tyre, which then needed to be left overnight to dry.  The next day, Édouard Michelin took the repaired bicycle into the factory yard to test.  After only a few hundred metres, the tyre failed.  Despite the setback, Édouard was enthusiastic about the pneumatic tyre, and he and his brother worked on creating their own version, one that did not need to be glued to the rim. Michelin was incorporated on 28 May 1889.  In 1891 Michelin took out its first patent for a removable pneumatic tyre which was used by Charles Terront to win the world's first long-distance cycle race, the 1891 Paris–Brest–Paris.

In the 1920s and 1930s, Michelin operated large rubber plantations in Vietnam. Conditions at these plantations led to the famous labour movement Phu Rieng Do.

In 1934, Michelin introduced a tyre which, if punctured, would run on a special foam lining, a design now known as a run-flat tyre (self-supporting type).

Michelin developed and patented a key innovation in tyre history, the 1946 radial tyre, and successfully exploited this technological innovation to become one of the world's leading tyre manufacturers. The radial was initially marketed as the "X" tyre. It was developed with the front-wheel-drive Citroën Traction Avant and Citroën 2CV in mind. Michelin had bought the then-bankrupt Citroën in the 1930s. Because of its superiority in handling and fuel economy, use of this tyre quickly spread throughout Europe and Asia. In the U.S., the outdated bias-ply tyre persisted, with a market share of 87% in 1967.

In 1966, Michelin partnered with Sears to produce radial tyres under the Allstate brand and was selling 1 million units annually by 1970.

In 1968, Michelin opened its first North American sales office, and was able to grow that market for its products rapidly; by 1989 the company had a 10% market share for OEM tyres purchased by American automobile makers.

Also in 1968, Consumer Reports, an influential American magazine, acknowledged the superiority of the radial construction, setting off a rapid decline in Michelin's competitor technology. In the U.S., the radial tyre now has a market share of 100%.

In addition to the private label and replacement tyre market, Michelin scored an early OEM tyre win in North America, when it received the contract for the 1970 Continental Mark III, the first American car with radial tyres fitted as standard.

In 1989, Michelin acquired the recently merged tyre and rubber manufacturing divisions of the American firms B.F. Goodrich Company (founded in 1870) and Uniroyal, Inc. (founded in 1892 as the United States Rubber Company) from Clayton, Dubilier & Rice.  Uniroyal Australia had already been bought by Bridgestone in 1980. This purchase included the Norwood, North Carolina manufacturing plant which supplied tyres to the U.S. Space Shuttle Program.

As of 1 September 2008, Michelin is again the world's largest tyre manufacturer after spending two years as number two behind Bridgestone. Michelin produces tyres in France, Serbia, Poland, Spain, Germany, the US, the UK, Canada, Brazil, Thailand, Japan, India, Italy and several other countries. On 15 January 2010, Michelin announced the closing of its Ota, Japan plant, which employs 380 workers and makes the Michelin X-Ice tyre. Production of the X-Ice will be moved to Europe, North America, and elsewhere in Asia. In 2019, Michelin announced that plants in Germany and France are to be closed soon.

Michelin also controls 90% of Taurus Tyre in Hungary, as well as Kormoran, a Polish brand.

In December 2018, Michelin acquired Camso, a manufacturer of off-the-road tyres, tracks, and accessories for power sports, agriculture, material handling and construction markets.

On 22 January 2019, it was announced that Michelin had acquired Indonesian manufacturer Multistrada Arah Sarana, which produces Achilles Radial and Corsa tyres. On 19 June that year, Michelin owns 99.64% of the share capital of Multistrada.

Motorsport

MotoGP
Michelin participated in MotoGP from 1972 to 2008. They introduced radial construction to MotoGP in 1984, and multi-compound tyres in 1994. They achieved 360 victories in 36 years, and from 1993 to 2006, the world championship had gone to a rider on Michelins.

In 2007, Casey Stoner on Bridgestone tyres won the world championship in dominating fashion, and Valentino Rossi and other top riders complained that Michelins were inferior. Rossi wanted Bridgestones for the 2008 season, but Bridgestone was reluctant to provide them; Dorna threatened to impose a control tyre on the series, after which Bridgestone relented.

In 2008, Michelin committed errors of judgment in allocating adequate tyres for some of the race weekends. Dani Pedrosa's team switched to Bridgestones in the midst of the season, a highly unusual move that caused friction between Honda Racing Corporation and their sponsor Repsol YPF. Other riders also expressed concerns and it seemed that Michelin might not have any factory riders for the 2009 season, leading to rumours that Michelin would withdraw from the series altogether. Dorna and the FIM announced that a control tyre would be imposed on MotoGP for the 2009 season and Michelin did not enter a bid, effectively ending its participation in the series at the end of 2008.

Michelin returned to MotoGP in 2016 as the official tyre supplier after Bridgestone's withdrawal from the series at the end of 2015.

Formula One

Michelin first competed in the 1977 Formula One season, when Renault started the development of their turbocharged F1 car.  Michelin introduced radial tyre technology to Formula One and won the Formula One Drivers' Championship with Brabham and McLaren, before withdrawing at the end of 1984.

The company returned to Formula One in 2001, supplying the Williams, Jaguar, Benetton (renamed Renault in 2002), Prost and Minardi teams. Toyota joined F1 in 2002 with Michelin tyres, and McLaren also signed up with the company.  Michelin Tyres were initially uncompetitive but by the 2005 season were dominant.  This was partly because the new regulations stated that tyres must last the whole race distance (and qualifying), and partly because only one top team (Ferrari) was running Bridgestones, and so had to do much of the development work.  Michelin in contrast had much more testing and race data provided by the larger number of teams running their tyres.

Following the debacle of the 2005 United States Grand Prix where, because of safety concerns, Michelin would not allow the teams it supplied to race, Michelin's share price fell by 2.5% (though it recovered later the same day).  On 28 June, Michelin announced that it would offer compensation to all race fans who had bought tickets for the Grand Prix.  The company committed to refunding the price of all tickets for the race.  Additionally, it announced that it would provide 20,000 complimentary tickets for the 2006 race to spectators who had attended the 2005 event.

Michelin has had a difficult relationship with the sport's governing body (the FIA) since around 2003 and this escalated to apparent disdain between the two parties during the 2005 season.  The most high-profile disagreement was at the United States Grand Prix and the acrimony afterwards.  Michelin criticised the FIA's intention to move to a single source (i.e. one brand) tyre from 2008 and threatened to withdraw from the sport.  In a public rebuke, FIA President Max Mosley wrote: "There are simple arguments for a single tyre, and if [Michelin boss Édouard Michelin] is not aware of this, he shows an almost comical lack of knowledge of modern Formula One".  Another bone of contention has been the reintroduction of tyre changes during pit-stops from 2006.  Michelin criticised the move claiming "this event illustrates F1's problems of incoherent decision-making and lack of transparency".

In December 2005, and as a result of the difficult relationship with the sport's governing body, Michelin announced that it would not extend its involvement in Formula One beyond the 2006 season. Bridgestone was then the sole supplier of tyres to Formula One until the end of the 2010 season, with Pirelli providing tyres for 2011.

The last race won on Michelin tyres in Formula One was the 2006 Japanese Grand Prix, Fernando Alonso benefitted after the Ferrari engine of Michael Schumacher failed during the race.  This gave Michelin a second consecutive Constructors' Championship win, with the 2005 and 2006, after Bridgestone's seven-year winning streak, and brought to a total of four the number of titles for Michelin since this championship's inception back in the 1958 Formula One season; Michelin's other titles were in the 1979, and 1984 seasons.

Endurance racing
Michelin is involved in endurance races such as the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the American Le Mans Series. Involvement in Le Mans began with supplying tyres for the winner of the inaugural 1923 24 Hours of Le Mans as well as nine others of the 33 entrants.  In 2009 Michelin supplied tyres for 41 of the 55 cars that entered in Le Mans. In 2016 they provided tyres to the Audi, Porsche and Toyota LMP1 teams, as well as the AF Corse, BMW, Corvette, Ford Ganassi, Porsche and Risi teams in GTE-Pro / GTLM. Beginning in 2019, Michelin will replace Continental as the official tyre of the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. Along with supplying tyres for IMSA's top three series, the partnership includes naming rights for the Sports Car Challenge series and the North American Endurance Cup.

Michelin has also supplied tyres in the European Le Mans Series. They have been the exclusive supplier of the LMP3 class since 2015.

Rallying
In the World Rally Championship, Michelin has been the supplier of the Audi, Citroën, Ford, Lancia, Mitsubishi, Peugeot, Toyota and Volkswagen factory teams. Michelin Group brand BFGoodrich represented the brand in 2006 and 2007. The company was absent from 2008 to 2010, when Pirelli was signed as the official supplier, after which they returned to the series as an official supplier from 2011 to 2020 until Pirelli won the tender to once again become an official supplier from 2021 onwards.

Recent developments
Pax System
Tweel
X One
Agri
BAZ Technology. Michelin employs specific tread construction, that uses spiral-wrapped nylon strips. The strips are applied in the tread area above steel belts in order to oppose centripetal force, in order to avoid tyre distortion at high speeds.
EverGrip Technology. This is a patented safety technology that allows combining tread grove design. This way, it does not just wear down, but evolves due to high traction tread compound, which makes driving safer on snowy and wet roads.
Zero Pressure Technology means a reinforced sidewall that is designed to continue supporting the vehicle's weight even when air pressure is lost. The technology allows driving at speeds between 50 and 55 mph for some time.

Active Wheel

Active Wheel from Michelin includes in-wheel electric motors and a motorised suspension to free up space in the front or rear of the vehicle. This model also eliminates the need for other notorious space hogs like transmissions and exhaust systems. The wheels already have a vehicle ready to receive them, the Heuliez Will from Opel, and are also expected to come standard on the Venturi Volage sometime in 2012. The project was interrupted in 2014.

Other products

Tyre retailer
Tyre retail in Europe with Euromaster and in the US with its wholly owned subsidiary TCI Tyre Centers.

Tour guides

Michelin has long published two guidebook series, the Red Guides for Hotels and Restaurants, and the Green Guides for tourism.  It now publishes several additional guides, as well as digital maps and guide products.  The city maps in both the Red and the Green guides are of high quality, and are linked to the smaller-scale road maps.

Maps
Michelin publishes a variety of road maps, mostly of France but also of other European countries, countries in Africa, Thailand and the United States. They have recently embarked on e-commerce selling Michelin maps and guides directly to the public through, for example, their UK website. The Michelin roadmaps were reproduced in England for the Allied invasion during World War II. The Germans also reproduced the 1940 the 1938 edition of Michelin maps for the invasion.

Online mapping
ViaMichelin is a wholly owned subsidiary of Michelin Group, and was started in 2001, to represent Michelin's digital mapping services.  As of August 2008, ViaMichelin generates 400 million maps and routes per month on its main website.

ViaMichelin provides mapping for internet, mobile and satellite navigation products with street level coverage of Europe, USA, Australia, and parts of Asia and South America.

Michelin Challenge Bibendum / Movin'On (since 2017)
The Michelin Challenge Bibendum is a major sustainable mobility event.

Michelin Truck and Bus

In 1952, 6 years after Michelin patented its Radial Casing, Michelin adapted the radial technology to truck tyres.

Management

From 1999, the company was headed by CEO Édouard Michelin.  On 26 May 2006, Édouard drowned while fishing near the island of Sein, off the coast of Brittany. His death brought Michel Rollier, a 2nd cousin of Édouard Michelin, to the head of the company. Rollier was replaced in May 2012 by Jean-Dominique Senard. In 2018, Jean-Dominique Senard announced he would not seek re-election at the shareholders' meeting in 2019.  As a result, the shareholders elected Florent Menegaux to succeed Senard starting in 2019.

The company also has its headquarters in Greenville, South Carolina, United States as Michelin North America. They first manufactured in the city in 1975 before opening up their headquarters a decade later.

Corporate governance
Corporate governance is consist of 2 managers and executive committee as follows:

 Éric-Philippe Vinesse, Executive Vice President, Research & Development
 Lorraine Frega, Executive Vice President, Distribution, Services & Solutions, Strategy, Innovation and Partnerships
 Yves Chapot, General Manager and Chief Financial Officer
 Adeline Challon-Kemoun, Executive Vice President, Engagement and Brands
 Jean-Claude Pats, Executive Vice President, Personnel
 Bénédicte de Bonnechose, Executive Vice President, Urban and Long-Distance Transportation and European Regions
 Pierre-Louis Dubourdeau, Executive Vice President, Manufacturing
 Florent Menegaux, Managing Chairman
 Scott Clark, Executive Vice President, Automotive, Motorsports, Experiences and Americas Regions
 Serge Lafon, Executive Vice President, Specialties and Africa/India/Middle East, China, East Asia and Australia Regions
 Maude Portigliatti, Executive Vice President, High-Tech Materials.

See also

 Budd–Michelin rubber-tired rail cars
 List of tire companies

References

External links

 Yahoo! – Compagnie Générale des Établissements Michelin Company Profile
 How Is It Made

 Michelin Tyres Middle East
Michelin Map Collection  at the Newberry Library

Massif Central
French companies established in 1889
CAC 40
Companies listed on Euronext Paris
Automotive companies established in 1889
Cycle parts manufacturers
French brands
Map companies
Multinational companies headquartered in France
Tire manufacturers of France
Articles containing video clips
Companies based in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Formula One tyre suppliers

Michelin


James G. Thompson (born January 15, 1829, in Sharon, Schoharie County, New York) was an American politician from New York.

Life
He graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and then taught school. Later he engaged in the book and stationery business in Norwich. In 1857, he married Julia Frances Foote, and they had several children.

He was Treasurer of Chenango County from 1855 to 1857; Clerk of Chenango County from 1858 to 1872; School Superintendent; and Supervisor of the Town of Norwich.

In 1873, the Republican nomination for state senator from the 23rd District (comprising Schoharie, Delaware and Chenango counties) was disputed by one candidate from each of the three counties, and Thompson was nominated on the 143rd ballot. He was elected by a majority of a single vote, and was a member of the New York State Senate (23rd D.) in 1874 and 1875. His election was unsuccessfully contested by his Democratic opponent William Yeomans Jr.

Sources
 Life Sketches of Government Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York in 1875 by W. H. McElroy and Alexander McBride (pg. 102ff) [e-book]
 The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner (1870; pg. 545 and 553)
 POLITICAL PARAGRAPHS in NYT on September 26, 1873
 THE STATE LEGISLATURE; SENATE in NYT on February 5, 1874

1829 births
Year of death missing
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
People from Sharon, New York
People from Chenango County, New York
Town supervisors in New York (state)
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni

James G. Thompson (New York politician)


Overhead may be:

 Overhead (business), the ongoing operating costs of running a business
 Engineering overhead, ancillary design features required by a component of a device
 Overhead (computing), ancillary computation required by an algorithm or program
 Protocol overhead, additional bandwidth used by a communications protocol
 Line code or encoding overhead, additional bandwidth required for physical line transmission
 Overhead information, for telecommunication systems
 File system overhead, storage or other consideration required by a file system that is not directly related to data
 Any physical object situated, or action occurring above:
 Overhead line, for power transmission
 Overhead cable, for signal transmission
 Overhead projector, a display system
 Overhead storage, for example overhead storage bins, racks, shelves, cabinets or track systems in aircraft, trains or buildings
 Overhead cam, a mechanical device
 Overhead join, in air traffic control
 Overhead press, an upper-body weight training exercise in
 Overhead crane or bridge crane, a type of crane sliding on two parallel rails

See also
 Overkill (disambiguation)

Overhead


Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398 (2006), is a United States Supreme Court case involving the exigent circumstances exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement.  The Court ruled that police may enter a home without a warrant if they have an objectively reasonable basis for believing that an occupant is or is about to be seriously injured.

The case involved the arrest of four adults seen restraining a juvenile, who punched one of the adults who was restraining him.  The trial court granted the defendants' motion to dismiss, arguing that the warrantless entry was not supported by exigent circumstances; the Utah Court of Appeals and Utah Supreme Court both affirmed the trial court's ruling. However, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed and remanded the case on May 22, 2006.

Background
On July 23, 2001, at about 3:00 AM, four Brigham City police officers were dispatched to a loud house party.  At the front door, the officers determined that knocking would not be productive and made their way down the driveway alongside the house to investigate. Through a slat fence they saw two minors drinking and entered the backyard, having probable cause to do so.  While in the backyard, the officers saw a fight inside the house, which appeared to be four adults restraining a juvenile. At one point, the juvenile broke free and struck one of the occupants of the house in the nose with his hand.

Two officers opened the screen door and "hollered" to identify themselves, but the occupants didn't notice. After entering the house, one officer shouted again to identify himself, this time alerting the occupants.  The occupants then became upset at the presence of the officers in the residence without permission.  The officers arrested the adults and charged them with contributing to the delinquency of a minor, disorderly conduct, and intoxication. The defendants filed a motion to suppress with the trial court. The trial court sided with the defendants, and the city twice appealed to the Utah Court of Appeals and the Utah Supreme Court, which both affirmed the trial court's ruling.

Opinion of the Court
The Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Utah Supreme Court, in a unanimous opinion delivered by Chief Justice John Roberts.  Justice John Paul Stevens delivered a separate concurring opinion.

Exigency
The Court ruled that the officers' warrantless entry into the home was justified under the emergency aid exception to getting a warrant because their entry "was plainly reasonable under the circumstances." In ruling the officers' entry was supported by exigency, the Court cited Mincey v. Arizona, , 393–394:

[W]arrants are generally required to search a person's home or his person unless 'the exigencies of the situation' make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that the warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment." ... One exigency obviating the requirement of a warrant is the need to assist persons who are seriously injured or threatened with such injury. ... Accordingly, law enforcement officers may enter a home without a warrant to render emergency assistance to an injured occupant or to protect an occupant from imminent injury. Mincey, supra, at 392; see also Georgia v. Randolph, 547

The court found that "the officers had an objectively reasonable basis for believing both that the injured adult might need help and that the violence in the kitchen was just beginning."

"Knock and announce" rule
The Court found that "the manner of the officers' entry was also reasonable."  The court found that after seeing the punch, one officer opened the screen door to the kitchen and yelled in "police." Upon nobody hearing him, he stepped into the kitchen and then announced himself again, which prompted the tumult to subside. The Court ruled that:
...the officer's announcement of his presence was at least equivalent to a knock on the screen door. Indeed, it was probably the only option that had even a chance of rising above the din. Under these circumstances, there was no violation of the Fourth Amendment's knock-and-announce rule.

Also, the Court ruled that once the officers announced their presence, they were free to enter the house to deal with the tumult, as it would be pointless to stand at the door waiting for a response while people brawled inside.

External links

 Duke Law - Brigham City v. Stuart
 Utah Supreme Court - Full text opinion

2006 in United States case law
Brigham City, Utah
United States Fourth Amendment case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court

Brigham City v. Stuart


The Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus (), also known as the Comboni Missionaries of the Sacred Heart, or the Verona Fathers, and originally called the Sons of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Congregatio Filiorum S. Cordis Iesu), is a Catholic clerical male religious congregation of pontifical right.

History

The congregation was founded on 1 June 1867 by Daniele Comboni, who was born into a humble family of laborers. Comboni entered the institute opened in Verona by Nicola Mazza for the education of the poor. Mazza's institute was also involved in the work of evangelization of the territories of Central Africa.

In 1854, Comboni was ordained a priest, and on 14 February 1858, he settled in the Vicariate Apostolic of Central Africa along with five missionary companions. The mission went poorly; the climate was harsh and the missionaries became ill. Some died within a few months, and in 1859 Comboni himself decided to leave Africa and return home.

In Italy, Comboni devised a plan for the rebirth of Africa: convinced of the need to involve the local people in missionary activity, he thought of creating centres for welcoming, baptizing, and educating the natives so they could act as catechists among their own people. He organised conferences all over Europe to share his idea, as well as speaking with Arnold Janssen and Catholic congregations already engaged in missions in Africa.

On the occasion of Vatican Council I, Comboni prepared a document to be presented to the fathers to try to involve as many ecclesial forces in the work of propagating faith in Africa, but because of the suspension of the council, the document could not be discussed.

On 1 June 1867, Comboni decided to open a training center which conducted seminars for clerics in Verona to be used in African missions: as a reference model for the organization of the community, the Paris Foreign Missions Society was chosen as a company of priests and lay brothers, without religious vows, but with an oath of loyalty and belonging to the community. The direction and teaching in the institute were entrusted to the Jesuits.

The missionary society, originally called the Sons of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, was approved as a congregation of diocesan right on 8 December 1871. On 31 July 1877,  Comboni was named Apostolic Vicar  of Central Africa and travelled to Khartoum, where he died in 1881. With the founder's death, his congregation entered a precarious phase: the Mahdist War prevented missionaries from continuing their mission to Sudan.  Francesco Sogaro, Comboni's first successor, transformed the society into a congregation of simple vows in 1885, but older members did not accept the decision because they believed that religious practices would distract the missionaries from the active apostolate. Only the decision of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, which approved Sogaro's choice, ended the internal conflicts of the institute.

With the Anglo-Egyptian victory over the Mahdists, the Comboni Missionaries could resume their mission to Sudan. The congregation received the Papal Decree of Praise on 7 June 1895. Since the congregation was now mature and self-sufficient, Antonio Maria Roveggio, successor to Sogaro, in 1899 took on the responsibility of formation of new missionaries from the Jesuits. On 19 February 1910, the Holy See finally approved the institute and its constitutions.

Within the congregation, two groups were soon set up: one formed by Italian religious and the other by the religious of the German-speaking countries. The conflicts between the two factions grew in the years of World War I. On 27 July 1923, the Holy See decided to separate the German branch of the institute from the parent congregation by instituting the Missionaries of the Sons of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, which were approved on 18 March 1924.

Vatican II, which had invited religious institutes to rediscover the charism of their founders, urged the two separate congregational groups to seek the way of unity. As a result, on 2 September 1975, together in the town of Ellwangen in southern Germany, the two groups celebrated the general chapters which decided and ratified the meeting of the two institutes. On 22 June 1979, the Holy See sanctioned the union of the two congregations.

The founder, beatified in 1996, was proclaimed a saint by Pope John Paul II on 5 October 2003.

Activity and dissemination

The Comboni Missionaries state that they dedicate themselves to the missionary apostolate to the populations that are not yet or not sufficiently evangelised, especially in Africa.

They are present in Europe (Austria, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, United Kingdom, Spain), Africa (Benin, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Zambia), in the Americas (Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru), and Asia (Philippines, Macao, Taiwan). The Mother House is in Via Luigi Lilio in Rome.

At the end of 2020, the congregation had 272 houses with 1,576 religious, 1,103 of whom were priests.

Sexual abuse

Eleven men have alleged that members of the order sexually abused them during the 1960s and 1970s when they were boys at a Comboni Missionaries minor seminary, St Peter Claver College, in Mirfield, England. One of those abused, Mark Murray, set up a blog, veronafathersmirfield.com, to encourage further testimonies; eventually a group formed. Four abusers were named in the men's statements. In 2014, the order paid a total of £120,000 to the men, while saying "All the claims were made on a purely commercial basis and with no admission of liability". A Comboni Missionaries internal inquiry reported that one of the accused, Father Nardo, "had acted inappropriately". In May 2015, the accusers sent a 157-page report including over 1,000 allegations of abuse over several decades to the archbishops of Britain and Ireland, calling on the Comboni Missionaries to acknowledge the alleged abuse and apologise. Danny Sullivan, chairman of the National Catholic Safeguarding Commission, said that the response of the Combonis reflected "a stark difference of attitude from that of Pope Francis", who had addressed victims of abuse and humbly asked forgiveness, implying that Comboni Fathers had taken a very different approach.

The 2014–2020 Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse in England and Wales met with victims and complainants, and reported on the experience of the Comboni core participants (victims). The section of the Inquiry's Report on the Comboni Order in November 2020 stated that "The Inquiry has seen a number of instances where abuse was understated or described as 'inappropriate', 'a misdemeanour' or 'misbehaviour'. To describe the sexual abuse of children in such ways is to minimise the appalling acts and the effect on the victims".

In summer 2019 the Comboni Order declined a request to meet with the Comboni core participants, responding: "The Provincial Superior has publicly stated that the Comboni Missionaries are deeply sorry for any suffering experienced by individuals who attended their junior seminary at St Peter Claver College in Mirfield" but that they believed it "best to allow the Inquiry to conclude before they consider any engagement". The Inquiry, quoting this response, clarified that they had "never asked that any institution delay meeting with victims and survivors nor did it do so in respect of the Comboni Order".

In June 2021  Bishop of Leeds Marcus Stock, in a meeting with victims attended by Archbishop of Westminster Cardinal Vincent Nichols and Archbishop Charles Scicluna of Malta, Adjunct Secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (responsible for dealing with clerical sexual abuse cases), apologised for sexual abuse of boys at the Comboni Missionaries' St Peter Claver College in the 1960s and 1970s. A victim said that the apology was the first time that a senior figure in the church had acknowledged the events. Victims commented that the only time the church had previously engaged with them was through the courts, and that they hoped for a meeting with Pope Francis. The Bishop said that he had not been able to arrange a meeting between the victims and the Comboni Order, and that the Pope was aware the men had not had an "adequate pastoral response" from the leadership of the Comboni Order.

On 21 and 22 March 2023 people who had been abused as teenagers in the 1960s and 1970s at Mirfield met in Rome with Pope Francis and leaders of the Comboni Missionary order. In 2014 the order had questioned victims' accounts and refused to meet them; in the 2023 meeting the survivors said that the Comboni leadership now listened to them and believed them, "a transformative experience". In a joint statement the Comboni Missionaries apologised for past abuses, said they were "truly sorry for the times we have not responded adequately", and asked "once again for forgiveness". Bede Mullen, spokesman for the Comboni Survivors Group, said the pope's intervention on their behalf was critical to their cause, saying "Without his intervention we would not have progressed". A further meeting was held in London from 28 June to 3 July 2023 between the Survivors' Group, and the Comboni Superior General and Vicar General.

See also

 Comboni Missionary Sisters
 Apostles of Jesus
 Caravan of Peace
 The White Fathers Mission in Uganda

References

Bibliography

 Mario Escobar (Ed.), Ordini e congregazioni religiose (2 voll.), Società Editrice Internazionale, Torino 1951–1953.

External links

1871 establishments in Italy
Catholic Church in Africa
Religious organizations established in 1871
Catholic missionary orders
Catholic religious institutes established in the 19th century
Organisations based in Rome


Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End is a 1995 American fantasy comedy action epic movie.

This is the third movie in the Pirates of the Caribbean series. It was released May 25, 1995 by Disney and was followed by a sequel Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides in 1999.

Despite receiving mixed reviews from film critics, it was positively welcomed from audiences and fans alike which praised its story, directing, humor, cast performances (especially those of Depp and Knightley), Hans Zimmer's musical score, emotional weight, action scenes, message, screenplay, and the special effects and it led the box office, grossing more than US$960 million worldwide.

Cast
The main characters are:
Johnny Depp as Jack Sparrow
Orlando Bloom as Will Turner
Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Swann
Geoffrey Rush as Hector Barbossa
Bill Nighy as Davy Jones
Naomie Harris as Tia Dalma/Calypso
Tom Hollander as Lord Cutler Beckett
Jack Davenport as James Norrington
Stellan Skarsgård as Bootstrap Bill Turner
Chow Yun-fat as Captain Sao Feng

Related movies
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides

Other websites

Official Site

Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End at MySpace

At World's End
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
1995 action movies
1995 adventure movies
1995 fantasy movies
1990s English-language movies
Disney movies
1990s American fantasy movies
1990s American action movies
American adventure movies
Movies directed by Gore Verbinski
Movies set in Singapore


Super battleship is an unofficial class of battleships. It includes the largest types constructed or planned with a  displacing of roughly 60,000 tons or more. Only two such battleships were ever made. Many more were planned by several navies of the world before and during the Second World War. Their design included thick armor and large guns and They were thought to be the ideal warships for naval battle,  but the success of the aircraft carriers compromised their use. Only two were ever built (both by the Japanese Empire). Both were sunk during World War II.

References

World War II
Japanese weapons

Super battleship


Lamberto Gardelli (8 November 191517 July 1998) was a Swedish conductor of Italian birth, particularly associated with the Italian opera repertory, especially the works of Giuseppe Verdi.

Life and career
Born in Venice, Italy, Gardelli studied with Amilcare Zanella and Adriano Ariani at the Liceo Musicale Rossini in Pesaro, and later at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome. He started his career as a pianist (appearing in public at the age of eight) and double-bass player in Italy. In addition to vocal studies he took composition classes with Goffredo Petrassi, and later spent eight years as an assistant to Serafin, also working with Mascagni during this period.

He made his conducting debut at the Rome Opera with La traviata in 1944.  Professionally, he continued to have a major career in Europe in addition to making recordings of many neglected operas.

Gardelli was permanent guest conductor with the Royal Swedish Orchestra from 1946–1955, and conductor at the Stockholm Opera from 1947, working with singers such as Jussi Björling and Birgit Nilsson. He also conducted at the Drottningholm Theatre, and eventually adopted Swedish nationality and became a Court conductor. He was a conductor of the Danish Radio Orchestra from 1955–1961, then music director at the Hungarian State Opera from 1961 until 1966 and continued to appear in Budapest up until the 1990s. He made guest appearances at the Glyndebourne Festival from 1964 (with Macbeth, which was filmed), the Royal Opera House in London (during the period 1969–1982), the Metropolitan Opera in New York (debut 1966) and Deutsche Oper Berlin. He was chief Conductor of the Munich Radio Orchestra from 1982 to 1985 and of the Danish Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1986 until 1988.

Later in his career in Budapest he was noted for performances of Bruckner and Mahler symphonies. He "showed a firm command of a work's structure and used expressive nuance with discernment, eschewing any hint of excess".

He was made an "Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres" in 1995, by the Ministère de la Culture (France).

He composed five operas, of which only L'impresario delle Americhe of 1959 was performed (Hungarian TV, 1982), while a post-Romantic Requiem was well received at performances in Budapest.

Gardelli died on 17 July 1998 in Munich, Germany, at the age of 82.

Recordings
Gardelli was considered a specialist in the works of Verdi and he made several recordings of that composer's operas in the 1960s and 1970s, conducting pioneering recordings of the neglected early operas with record companies such as Philips and Orfeo. These included Alzira, Attila, Stiffelio, I masnadieri, Ernani, Oberto, Un giorno di regno, Il corsaro, as well as more well-known works such as Nabucco, Macbeth, La traviata, La forza del destino.

While not limiting himself to Verdi, he recorded the first complete French version of Rossini's Guillaume Tell  and Giordano's Fedora with the rarely recorded Magda Olivero. He made studio recordings of four Respighi operas with Hungaroton.  He was also mentor to several noted sopranos, including Lucia Aliberti and Sylvia Sass. His non-operatic recordings include orchestral works by G. Bizet, H.D. Koppel, F. Mendelssohn, I. Pizzetti and O. Respighi.

Some of his full opera recordings include:

 L. Cherubini – Medea – Gwyneth Jones, Bruno Prevedi, Fiorenza Cossotto, Justino Diaz – Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia – DECCA
 G. Verdi – Attila – Ruggero Raimondi, Sherrill Milnes, Cristina Deutekom, Carlo Bergonzi – Ambrosian Singers and Royal Philharmonic Orchestra – PHILIPS
 G. Verdi – I Masnadieri – Carlo Bergonzi, Montserrat Caballe, Piero Cappuccilli, Ruggiero Raimondi – Ambrosian Singers and New Philharmonia Orchestra – PHILIPS
 G. Verdi – Nabucco – Tito Gobbi, Elena Souliotis, Dora Carral, Bruno Prevedi, Carlo Cava – Vienna State Opera Chorus and Orchestra – DECCA
 G. Verdi – Macbeth – Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Elena Souliotis, Luciano Pavarotti, Nicolai Ghiaurov – Ambrosian Opera Chorus, London Philharmonic Orchestra – DECCA
 G. Verdi – La traviata – Mirella Freni, Franco Bonisolli, Sesto Bruscantini – Berlin State Opera Chorus and Orchestra – ACCORD
 G. Verdi – La forza del destino – Martina Arroyo, Carlo Bergonzi, Piero Cappuccilli, Bianca Maria Casoni, Ruggero Raimondi, Geraint Evans – Ambrosian Opera Chorus, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra – EMI
 A. Ponchielli – La Gioconda – Renata Tebaldi, Carlo Bergonzi, Robert Merrill, Marilyn Horne, Nicola Ghiuselev, Oralia Dominguez – Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia – DECCA
 G. Puccini – Il tabarro – Renata Tebaldi, Mario del Monaco, Robert Merrill – Chorus and Orchestra of the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino – DECCA
 G. Puccini – Suor Angelica – Renata Tebaldi, Giulietta Simionato – Chorus and Orchestra of the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino – DECCA; Ilona Tokody, Eszter Póka – Hungarian State Opera – Hungaroton
 G. Puccini – Gianni Schicchi – Fernando Corena, Renata Tebaldi, Agostino Lazzari – Orchestra of the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino – DECCA
 G. Rossini – Guillaume Tell – Gabriel Bacquier, Nicolai Gedda, Montserrat Caballé – Royal Philharmonic Orchestra – EMI

Filmography
 Eldfågeln (1952) – Hasse Ekman's film starring Tito Gobbi (Gardelli appears as an accompanist and conductor)

Sources

Biography (in German)

1915 births
1998 deaths
Musicians from Venice
Italian male conductors (music)
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni
20th-century Italian conductors (music)
20th-century Italian male musicians
Bayerischer Rundfunk people
Italian emigrants to Sweden

Lamberto Gardelli


In physics, a gravitational field is a model used to explain the influence that a massive body has. The influence extends into the space around itself, producing a force on another massive body. Thus, a gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena (effects). It is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg).

In the original Newtonian concept, gravity was a force between point masses. Following Newton, Laplace attempted to model gravity as some kind of radiation field or fluid. Since the 19th century explanations for gravity have in terms of a field model, rather than a point attraction. This revolution was brought about by Einstein's general theory of relativity. Most scientists believe that the gravitational field and its gravitational waves are the physical interpretations of Einstein's equations of general relativity.

In a field model, rather than two particles attracting each other, the mass of objects distort spacetime. This distortion is what is perceived and measured as a "force". In such a model matter moves in certain ways in response to the curvature of spacetime. One can say either there is no gravitational force, or that gravity is a fictitious force.

References

Relativity

Gravitational field


Ya-ya may refer to one of the following.

 Ya Ya (Lee Dorsey song), a 1961 song by Lee Dorsey, covered by Dalida, Petula Clark and others
 A trombone technique of Tricky Sam Nanton
 Ya! Ya! (1964 album)
 The Ya-Ya series of novels by Rebecca Wells
 Ya-Ya, a traditional drinking song better known as Limerick
 A 1994 album (Ya Ya) and song (Le Yaya) by French Canadian pop star Mitsou
 Ya Ya (film), a 2013 Tamil language movie.

See also
Yaya (disambiguation)

Ya-ya


Zhu Xiaotong, also known as Tom Zhu, is a manufacturing industry executive. , Zhu is an executive officer at Tesla, Inc. serving as the Senior Vice President of Automotive. In his role, Zhu has oversight of the electric carmaker's assembly plants and sales operations.

Previously, he was the vice president for Greater China and was tasked with bringing Gigafactory Shanghai online. He was reportedly among a group of employees who slept in the factory when the Chinese government imposed a lockdown following a surge of COVID-19 cases in the area.

There are reports that Zhu is being groomed to succeed Elon Musk as CEO of Tesla. Zhu is the highest-profile executive at Tesla after Musk. Zhu's appointment to a global SVP role came at a time when Musk was seen as distracted by his acquisition of Twitter and was urged by investors to appoint more senior executives.

Zhu was born in China but holds a New Zealand passport. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in commerce in information technology from the Auckland University of Technology and a Master of Business Administration degree from Duke University. After graduating from Duke, Zhu was a project manager at a company established by his classmates, where he advised Chinese contractors working on infrastructure projects in Africa. He joined Tesla in 2014.

References

Living people
Duke University alumni
Tesla, Inc. people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Auckland University of Technology alumni

Tom Zhu


Holmby Park is a public park in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California.

Location
The park is located in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California. It is surrounded by Club View Drive, Beverly Glen Boulevard, Comstock Avenue, and the Los Angeles Country Club. South Mapleton Drive, which eventually leads to the Playboy Mansion, takes off from Club View Drive. The Manor can be seen from the park, as it is located across the street on the corner of Club View Drive and South Mapleton Drive.

History
The land was deeded by the Janss Investment Company, the developers of Holmby Hills, to the City of Los Angeles to create a public park in the 1920s. In 1954, it was dedicated by the Daughters of the American Revolution.

Due to its location, the park has been frequented by celebrities over the years. In the 1950s, Frank Sinatra frequented Holmby Park.  In the late 1960s, former president Ronald Reagan, who was governor of California at the time, lived a block from the park, and would visit on several occasions. Reagan also frequented the park in the late 1990s, during the last few years of his life. In the 1980s, composer Nelson Riddle (1921-1985) would meet his son Skip Riddle in Holmby Park at 8:30am on weekdays to talk about personal matters.

In 1996, a dispute occurred between nature lovers and lawn bowlers after trees had been felled to prevent the grass from going brown because of too much shade from leafy trees. However, nature lovers objected to it, arguing the trees had been planted by the Jansses in the 1920s, and the lawn bowling club had no right to fell the trees of a public park. The Holmby Park Lawn Bowling Club is open to all and the park administration sided with the lawn bowlers.

Facilities
The park includes facilities such as barbecue pits, a children's play area, and picnic tables. Signs in the park remind users that dogs must be kept on leashes, and the following activities are forbidden: rollerskating, skateboarding, bicycling, the consumption of alcohol, the use of portable barbecues, littering, and loitering.

It is home to the Armand Hammer Golf Course, named for Armand Hammer (1898-1990), a Holmby Hills resident and founder of Occidental Petroleum (). It was formerly called the Holmby Park Pony Course. As made manifest on signs in the park, only registered golfers are allowed on the putting green and turfgrass.

It is also home to the Holmby Park Lawn Bowling Club, which was started in 1927. The club has 150 members from 19 different countries.

Cultural references

Movies
The movie High School Hellcats (dir. Edward L. Bernds, 1958), starring Yvonne Lime Fedderson and Brett Halsey, was shot on Comstock Avenue, with Holmby Park in the background.

Poetry
Poet James L. McMichael describes Holmby Park as "triangular, genteel" in his 1994 poem Each in a Place Apart.

Gallery

See also
List of parks in Los Angeles

References

Municipal parks in California
Urban public parks
Parks in Los Angeles
Holmby Hills, Los Angeles

Holmby Park


A chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. This information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data.

Chemical structures
Chemical structures are usually shown using lines (that indicate chemical bonds between atoms) and drawn on paper. Computer search algorithm and storage cannot use this method. Small molecules or ligands, are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. Large molecules like protein are shown using their building blocks, amino acids and the order of these.

Large chemical databases for structures allow users to store and search for millions of molecules. Therefore, they take up terabytes of memory.

Literature

Chemical literature connect structures or properties of chemicals to academic papers or patents related to them. Examples of this type are STN, Scifinder, and Reaxys.

Crystallography

Crystallography databases store x-ray crystal structure data.  Common examples include Protein Data Bank, Cambridge Structural Database, and COD+ Database .

NMR spectra

NMR spectroscopy databases provide information to relate structure and NMR data.  They have information on FTIR and mass spectrometry which help in characterization.

Reactions

Most chemical databases store information on stable molecules. In some databases, information about reaction intermediates and temporarily created products are also stored. Reaction databases contain information about products, educts, and reaction mechanisms.

Thermophysical

Thermophysical data are information about
 phase equilibria such as vapor–liquid equilibrium, solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in solids (SLE), heats of mixing, vaporization, and fusion.
 caloric data like heat capacity, heat of formation and combustion,
 transport properties like viscosity and thermal conductivity

References

Computational chemistry
Cheminformatics
Databases

Chemical database


Dr. Alien is a 1989 American science fiction comedy film starring Judy Landers, Billy Jacoby, and Olivia Barash. Directed by David DeCoteau, the film was also released under the titles I Was a Teenage Sex Maniac and I Was a Teenage Sex Mutant. The alternative titles explain the movie's plot.

The film's plot centers on an unpopular honors student named Wesley Littlejohn (Billy Jacoby), who becomes involved in an experiment headed by his new, sexy biology teacher, Ms. Xenobia (Judy Landers). As part of the experiment, Wesley becomes a chick magnet whenever a phallic stalk emerges from his head. However, this threatens to alienate the girl he really cares about, Leanne (Oliva Barash), and Wesley begins to suspect Xenobia's motives, which may have something to do with the fact that she isn't from Earth.

Plot
Dr. Ackerman (Troy Donahue) is the high school biology teacher.  Leaving school one night he crashes his car after encountering a UFO.

Wesley Littlejohn is a nerd who is in Dr. Ackerman's class, along with his opportunistic friend Marvin (Stuart Fratkin).  Wesley is the stereotypical nerd who is bullied at school and relies on Marvin to defuse situations with the bullies.  He is also in love with a girl named Leanne, but is too shy to make any kind of approach to her.

Instead of Dr. Ackerman teaching biology that day, a sexy, blond substitute teacher named Ms. Xenobia arrives and informs the class she will be teaching for the time being.  All the boys in the class are stunned at having such a sexy woman as a teacher, apart from Wesley.  Looking for a participant in an experiment, all the boys in class volunteer but Ms. Xenobia selects Wesley and asks him to attend after school has finished.

Wesley goes back to the class after school, where he encounters Drax, Ms. Xenobia's assistant (Raymond O'Connor).  Ms. Xenobia arrives and explains that the experiment involves being injected with a vitamin supplement and observing Wesley's reaction.  Wesley does not want to participate and Ms. Xenobia agrees, before injecting him with the "supplement" when his back is turned.  A phallic stalk starts to emerge from Wesley's head as a result. Becoming sexually excited by the sight of the stalk,  Ms. Xenobia proceeds to remove her lab coat, revealing white lingerie underneath. She then has sex with Wesley (who is oblivious to his surroundings) with Drax recording the findings.  After the "experiment" Wesley is sent home.

At home Wesley's parents and brother start to see changes in him; he becomes more confident and assured, which allows him to get closer to Leeanne.  After the experiment, however, there is a tendency for the stalk to emerge at the most inconvenient times, usually when there are women around.  This leads to several sexual encounters with them, notably with a former bully's girlfriend and the gym teacher Miss Buckmeister (Edy Williams).  Each time these encounters happen, Wesley is left with amnesia, and he starts to suspect Ms. Xenobia has given him something more than a vitamin supplement.  Challenging Ms. Xenobia on the experiments, he is injected again with the serum by Drax and again has sex with Ms. Xenobia.

Away from school, Wesley becomes the singer of a heavy metal band called the Sex Mutants (prior to this, he played classical piano). He also goes on a date with Leanne, although it is interrupted by the stalk which leads Leanne to become passionate with him before "waking up" and accusing Wesley of trying to take things too fast. Wesley protests his innocence later on and invites her to a gig that the Sex Mutants are playing.

The Sex Mutants play their gig, along with support from the Poon Tangs (an all-girl group featuring Ginger Lynn Allen, Linnea Quigley & Laura Albert).  After the show has finished, Wesley is backstage with the Poon Tangs when Leanne arrives.  Shocked that Wesley appears to be flirting with the girls, she runs off and Wesley follows her.  Outside the venue, Wesley encounters Ms. Xenobia, who is wearing a silver spacesuit. Ms. Xenobia informs Wesley that she and Drax are aliens from the planet Alterion who had been experimenting on him to help their race, as the males of their species lost the ability to procreate and Ms. Xenobia was tasked with finding a cure.  With humans having a similar biology to her species, she and Drax landed on Earth (inadvertently causing the demise of Dr. Ackerman) and began their experiments with Wesley. When a skeptical Wesley does not believe this, Ms. Xenobia then proceeds to peel off her face, revealing that she is a blue-skinned alien with a large head rather than a sexy woman.  This causes Wesley to panic, throw Ms. Xenobia into a garbage can, and flee.

Wesley returns to the school (encountering Drax) where he blows up the biology lab, destroying Ms. Xenobia's serum. Meanwhile, Ms. Xenobia starts to shoot up the music venue with a ray gun. Wesley arrives with the last batch of serum and threatens to drop it unless Ms. Xenobia stops her violent spree. When Ms. Xenobia refuses, Wesley destroys the serum, shocking her enough that she stops shooting.

Despondent that the chances of saving her race are over, Drax appears with a stalk growing from his head; he had taken some of the serum because he was in love with Ms. Xenobia.  This allows Ms. Xenobia to have a change of heart and she apologizes for all the hassle she caused Wesley. The film ends as Ms. Xenobia and Drax head home to their planet, while Wesley continues his new career with the Sex Mutants and his relationship with Leeanne.

Cast
 Billy Jacoby as Wesley Littlejohn
 Judy Landers as Ms. Xenobia
 Olivia Barash as Leeanne
 Troy Donahue as Dr. Ackerman
 Stuart Fratkin as Marvin
 Arlene Golonka as Mrs. Littlejohn
 Jim Hackett as Mr. Littlejohn
 Bobby Jacoby as Bradford Littlejohn
 Julie Gray as Karla
 Raymond O'Connor as Drax
 Edy Williams as Buckmeister
 Ginger Lynn Allen as Rocker Chick #1
 Linnea Quigley as Rocker Chick #2
 Laura Albert as Rocker Chick #3
 Michelle Bauer as Coed #1
 Karen Russell as Coed #2

References

External links

1980s science fiction comedy films
1989 films
American science fiction comedy films
American direct-to-video films
Films directed by David DeCoteau
1989 comedy films
Paramount Pictures direct-to-video films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films

Dr. Alien


Thirteen Strings is a chamber orchestra in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1976 by Brian Law, then conductor of the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra, who led the ensemble until 1991. Its initial members were drawn from the National Arts Centre Orchestra. The performances are often supplemented by vocal or instrumental soloists. Jean-François Rivest was the Artistic Director from 1999 to 2006. The present Artistic Director is Kevin Mallon. The ensemble performs in such venues as St Andrew's Presbyterian Church and Dominion-Chalmers United Church.
Thirteen strings also organizes Junior Thirteen Strings, which consists of Ottawa region teen string players ages 12–17 carefully selected to play with the Thirteen Strings in a concert during their regular season.

Composition of the Thirteen Strings
Please note that the members of Thirteen Strings vary from time to time depending on the musicians schedules. The current players in the Thirteen Strings are:

Julian Armour - cello

Brigitte Amyot - violin II

Hilda Cowie - bass

Martine Dubé - violin I

Andréa Armijo Fortrin - violin I

Guylaine Lamaire - viola

Manuela Milani - violin I

Thaddeus Morden - cello

Maria Nenoiu - violin II

David Thies-Thompson - violin II

Solange Tremblay - violin II

Peter Webster - viola

Other members

Louis-Pierre Bergeron - horn

Marie Bouchard - harpsichord

Camille Churchfield - flute

Christian Paquette - flute

Julie Paul - Oboe

References
 Concert Program dated 27 April 2012, Thirteen Strings Chamber Orchestra

External links
 Official Website
 Thirteen Strings photos  http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.280716455344983.65085.280682838681678&type=1
 Thirteen Strings music    http://music.cbc.ca/#/artists/Thirteen-Strings

Canadian classical music groups
Musical groups from Ottawa
Musical groups established in 1976
1976 establishments in Ontario

Thirteen Strings


Azerbaijan State Theatre of Musical Comedy () is one of the leading musical theatres of Azerbaijan.

History
The premiere of Husband and wife, a musical comedy written by Uzeyir Hajibeyov in 1909, was held on May 24, 1910, in the building of the Nikitin brothers' circus, in Baku. This production laid the foundation of Azerbaijan State Theatre of Musical Comedy. By 1938, musical comedies were displayed on the stage of Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater.

In 1938, an independent theatre of musical comedy (with Azerbaijani and Russian departments), which acquired official status of "Azerbaijan State Theatre of Musical Comedy" in September of the same year, was organized. In 1939, the first Azerbaijani and Soviet musical comedies such as Bride for 5 manats (S. Rustamov), Husband and wife, The married bachelor, (later Whose wedding?) (A.Mashadibeyov) and Roza (S. Hajibeyov) were staged. Comedies such as Blue mazurka (Franz Lehár), Arshin mal alan (U. Hajibeyov), The Circus Princess  (Imre Kálmán), Wedding in Malinovka (B. Aleksandrov) and others were staged by the Russian department of the theatre.

From the 1940s onwards, the theatre took a significant place in cultural life of Azerbaijan.

The absence of a building for the theatre in the period 1988–1992, coupled with socio-political events  in the new Republic, affected the creative activity of the theatre's collective. However the theatre then entered into a new stage of its development,  in a new building. Amongst the pieces presented were: If Not That One, Then This One, Konul, Love on the stage, Goodbye!, Everyone has his own star,  and others.

References

Buildings and structures in Baku
Theatres in Baku
Culture in Baku
1938 establishments in Azerbaijan
Tourist attractions in Baku
Arts in Azerbaijan
Musical theatre companies

Azerbaijan State Academic Theatre of Musical Comedy


The Cinnamon Peeler is a lyric poem by Canadian writer Michael Ondaatje. The poem is about love but also about writing. The speaker of the poem travels through vastly different temporalities, wishing for different outcomes in a subjunctive past and settling on the hope given him as he is in dialogue with his memory. Speaking to someone (a memory) who is incapable of being touched, he is drawn more and more to other senses, to the words of his memory, which finally acknowledge that touching is impossible, by saying "I am the Cinnamon Peeler's Wife. Smell me." Smell being the critical sense here.

It is similar to another Ondaatje poem about turtles.

Canadian poems
1991 books
Alfred A. Knopf books

The Cinnamon Peeler


Lyndoch  is a town in Barossa Valley, located on the Barossa Valley Highway between Gawler and Tanunda, 58 km northeast of Adelaide. The town has an elevation of 175m and an average rainfall of 560.5mm. It is one of the oldest towns in South Australia.

The town is now primarily a service centre for the surrounding grape and wine industry and a dormitory town with a significant number of local residents commuting to the city of Adelaide each day for employment.

Lyndoch is in the Barossa Council. It is in the state electoral district of Schubert and the federal Division of Barker.

History
Lyndoch was named by Colonel William Light in December 1837 after his esteemed friend Thomas Graham, Lord Lynedoch under whom he served at the Battle of Barrosa outside Cádiz during the Peninsula War, in 1811. As in the naming of the Barossa Valley itself, it may have been an unfortunate misspelling that gave the town its name, but reflects the proper pronunciation of "Lynedoch". The town was settled in 1839 and the village laid out later.

Lyndoch was declared a sister town to Georgetown, Texas as both Texas and South Australia celebrated their sesqui-centenaries in 1986.

Railway
Lyndoch was served by a station on the Barossa Valley railway line from its opening in 1911 to the cessation of passenger services in 1968. The station was also used for transport of good and timber. Before the railway was built, there was considerable discussion about the route of the line near Lyndoch, and the location of the Lyndoch railway station.

Cycling
Lyndoch is a stop on the Barossa Trail, a shared cycling and walking path that goes from the outskirts of Gawler through Lyndoch, Rowland Flat, Tanunda, Nuriootpa to Angaston). The Tour Down Under frequently finishes here.

Wineries

 Creed Wines
 Barossa Chateau
 Chateau Yaldara
 Kies Family Wines
 Burge Family Winemakers
 Schild Estate Wines
 Hemera Estate
 Trevor Jones Fine Wines
 Charles Cimicky Wines
 Kellermeister Wines

See also
Sandy Creek Conservation Park

References

Towns in South Australia
Barossa Valley

Lyndoch, South Australia


The Book of Mormon is a book that Latter Day Saints believe is the word of God along with the Bible.

The original English version of the Book of Mormon was published in March 1830 by a man named Joseph Smith, Jr. who said he was a prophet like the ones in the Old Testament.

Joseph Smith claimed that the record originated from gold plates that he was guided to find by an angel, and then used a spiritual gift from God to translate the book into English. The book says that the language it was first written in was made from "the learning of the Jews and the language of the Egyptians."

The story that is in the Book of Mormon is a shortened version written by a man named Mormon of the story of two groups of people called the Nephites and the Lamanites. Their ancestors left Jerusalem with their father Lehi about 600 years before the birth of Christ, sailed across a very big ocean, and came to live in the New World. It gives a story of their families, cities, wars, systems of government, spiritual experiences and religious beliefs among other things. The main purpose of the Book of Mormon is to teach about Jesus Christ.

It also contains the Book of Ether (a very old book discovered by the Nephites) which told the story of another people (called the Jaredites) who had lived in some of the same areas shortly after the time of the Tower of Babel, but died out because of wars.

Usually, Book of Mormon stories show the Nephites as the more righteous, industrious and peaceful people and the Lamanites as wicked, lazy and warlike. Wars happen all the time between the two groups. But, near the end of the book, the Nephites become more wicked than the Lamanites, and all the Nephites die in their last war, except for one named Moroni who was directed by God to bury the Book of Mormon in a hill so that Joseph Smith Jr. could find it.

The central theme of the book revolves around Jesus Christ visiting the people described, performing miracles and showing them the right way to live.

Other websites
Book of Mormon at Scriptures.lds.org
 Book of Mormon Online

Mormonism
Religious texts
1830s books

Book of Mormon


Illegal immigration is the migration of people into a country in violation of the immigration laws of that country or the continued residence without the legal right to live in that country. An illegal immigrant is an immigrant who lives in a country without permission or in a way that is not allowed, or illegal. Millions of people around the world live in another country against the laws of that country.

Many of these people migrate to a country in secret. Many others come to the country legally as a visitor, then stay in the country when they should legally  going home. Some work illegally and live in bad conditions. They usually move for similar reasons as other immigrants, but they do not legally have the right to be there.

In the United States
Thousands of immigrants illegally enter the United States each year, many crossing the Mexican border. In general, they are opposed by the Republican Party, which generally wishes to deport them, while in general Democrats want to help give illegal immigrants legal status. In 2016, Donald Trump ran on a bid to build a wall on the Mexican-American border to prevent further illegal immigration. He became president in 2017, but the building of the border barrier was halted in 2021 when Joe Biden replaced Trump as president.

Legal terms
Immigration

Illegal immigration


Lee Mortimer (1904–1963) was an American newspaper columnist, radio commentator, crime lecturer, night club show producer, and author.

He was born Mortimer Lieberman in Chicago, but was best known by the pen name he adopted as a young newspaper editor. With Jack Lait, he co-authored a popular series of books detailing crime in the United States, including New York Confidential, Chicago Confidential, Washington Confidential, and  U.S.A. Confidential.

Early life
Mortimer Lieberman (Lee Mortimer) was the eldest son of Nathan and Rose Lieberman, first generation immigrants to the United States. Nathan Lieberman was born October 12, 1873, in Ukraine and emigrated in 1890, taking employment with Sears, Roebuck & Company, and later, Montgomery Ward, selling clothing. In 1918, Nathan Lieberman was employed by Kahn Tailoring Company in Chicago. His wife, Rose, was born in Sweden in 1885, and immigrated to the United States in 1899. The couple had one other child, Robert Lieberman, born in Chicago in 1914, who was a promotions agent for The Chicago Tribune - New York News Syndicate. Nathan Lieberman brought his family to New York in the early 1920s, and founded a clothing firm originally known as Mencher Brothers & Lieberman, a manufacturer of boys' and student's clothing later called Quickturns Company. Nathan Lieberman was actively involved in the operation, serving as general manager of the firm at the time of his death in 1955, at the age of 82.

Mortimer Lieberman attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, then moved to New York City, going to work as an editor for Amusements Magazine under Donald Flamm and adopting the pen name Lee Mortimer. Broadway columnist Walter Winchell, in a March 12, 1931, column, called out Mortimer for having reported that Winchell was changing newspapers, reporting that Mortimer, "an up and coming youngster now editing Amusements for Donald Flamm, goes a little gay with facts too, however, when he reports that I am shifting rags."

Newspaper and radio
In 1932, Mortimer began his long-term association with the New York Mirror, working for editor Jack Lait, with whom he later penned a series of bestselling crime books. At the Mirror, Mortimer was installed as a reporter and critic, and later began a long-running Broadway gossip column. His association with Marcus Loew's theater publicist and nightclub impresario Nils Granlund led to introductions to speakeasy club owners of the Prohibition Era, as sources for his Broadway material.

Mortimer found a close ally in Nils Granlund, who managed WHN radio and broadcast live jazz performances from NYC nightclubs, and by 1939, Mortimer had his own radio program on WMCA, a station owned by Flamm. Mortimer made appearances regularly at Granlund-staged events, and eventually produced Granlund-style dance revues for New York City nightclubs.

On crime
Mortimer served as a first lieutenant in the Signal Corps from 1942 to 1943, then returned to New York City and began a collaboration with Jack Lait that produced several bestselling crime books. Following that success, Mortimer began lecturing on crime and communism, and at one point attempted to tie popular singer Frank Sinatra to the Mafia and the Communist Party. The two men had a confrontation outside Ciro's nightclub in Hollywood on April 9, 1947 (New York Times, Sinatra Held For Trial, April 10, 1947).

Author

With Jack Lait, Mortimer wrote a series of books, including "New York: Confidential," "Washington: Confidential," "Chicago: Confidential," "U.S.A. Confidential", and the science fiction short story "Mars Confidential".  On his own, he wrote "New York Behind the Scenes" and "Women: Confidential." Following the publication of "U.S.A.: Confidential," Mortimer and Lait were charged in separate libel lawsuits by Margaret Chase Smith and Augustine B. Kelley, members of Congress. The $500,000 suit by Kelley was settled after Mortimer and the estate of Jack Lait offered written apologies and paid costs associated with the litigation.

Personal life
Mortimer wed five times, including marriages to Gerry Pascal, Patricia Whitney, Una Wyse, Ann Koga, and Mariko Harada.

Mortimer died of a heart attack in New York City on March 1, 1963.

References

External links

American non-fiction crime writers
1904 births
1963 deaths
Writers from New York City
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American businesspeople

Lee Mortimer


Fernando Rossi (born 3 September 1946) is an Italian politician.

Born in Portomaggiore, he was elected to represent the Marche region at the 2006 Italian general election for the Party of Italian Communists (PdCI). Due to his opposition to the party line and the treasury in an interview with Il Giornale, he was expelled from the PdCI.

In February 2007, Rossi and Franco Turigliatto were the two representatives from The Union coalition who abstained from a key vote on the foreign policy position outlined by Massimo D'Alema, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs.  Following this, he joined the United Consumers group, and later founded his own party, the Citizens' Political Movement.

References

1946 births
Living people
Party of Italian Communists politicians

Fernando Rossi


Luca Landucci (1436–1516) was an Italian apothecary from Florence, best known as the writer of a diary which later became an important primary source about the history of Florence.

The older of two sons of a prosperous citizen of Florence, Landucci was trained as a bookkeeper, and became the apprentice to an apothecary at the age of sixteen. Six years later, he formed a partnership with a friend and opened a shop, but was forced to dissolve the partnership when the friend proved too spendthrift and exhausted all of their capital. Landucci married a woman named Salvestra at the age of thirty, and used his wife's dowry to open a new shop. The business prospered, and after fourteen more years he was able to move his shop to a better spot across from the soon-to-be-constructed Strozzi Palace. The Landuccis had twelve children together, and Luca remained at this location until his death in 1516.

In 1450, Landucci began keeping the diary that would posthumously prove his claim to fame, diligently recording events of the day until his death. Among the events documented in this manner by Landucci was the birth of the Monster of Ravenna. The diary was continued after his death by an unknown writer until 1542. The first English language translation, performed by Alice de Rosen Jervis, was published in 1927 as A Florentine diary from 1450 to 1516. Landucci's original manuscript is preserved in the Biblioteca Comunale in Siena.

A street in modern Florence, Via Luca Landucci, is named in his honor. It connects the Via Capo di Mondo and the Cavalcavia dell'Affrico.

External links
 The diary of Luca Landucci (in Italian), via Archive.org

References

1436 births
1516 deaths
Writers from Florence
Italian diarists
15th-century Italian writers
16th-century Italian writers
16th-century male writers
Apothecaries
16th-century diarists

Luca Landucci


Hermann Alexander Diels (; 18 May 1848 – 4 June 1922) was a German classical scholar, who was influential in the area of early Greek philosophy and is known for his standard work Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker.  Diels helped to import the term Presocratic into classical scholarship and developed the Diels–Kranz numbering system for ancient Greek Pre-Socratic texts.

Biography
Hermann Alexander Diels was born to Ludwig A Diels, a railroad stationmaster and Anna D. Diels in Wiesbaden-Biebrich, Hesse on May 18, 1848, and attended a Gymnasium in Wiesbaden (1858-67) before pursuing studies in higher education.

He was educated at the universities of Bonn and Berlin but did not have enough money to complete a habilitation. As a result, Diles became a teacher at a Gymnasium in Flensburg, the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums in Hamburg and the Konigstadtische Realschule in Berlin. In 1882, Diels joined the faculty of the Humboldt University of Berlin and in 1886 became professor ordinarius of classical philology at the same institution. During this time, Diels was a close colleague of Eduard Zeller.

Diels became a member of the Berlin Academy in 1881, the British Academy in 1907, a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1907, and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1909. He was the co-founder of  Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie in 1888 and edited Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca at the Prussian Academy of Sciences from 1877 to 1909.

Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker

He is now known for a collection of quotations from and reports about Presocratic philosophers. This work, entitled Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (The Fragments of the Pre-Socratics), is still widely used by scholars. It was first published in 1903, was later revised and expanded three times by Diels, and was finally revised in a 5th edition (1934–7) by Walther Kranz and again in a sixth edition (1952). It consists of three volumes that present, for each of the Presocratics, both quotations from their (now mostly lost) works transmitted by later writers, and secondary-source material known as testimonia.

Based on Diels' enumeration of the fragments, the testimonia in the Diels collection are known as the "A-fragments", while the quotations from the Presocratics are known as the "B-fragments".  Diels's method of labeling the fragments has become the standard way of referring to the works of the Presocratics.

For example, what is thought to be the introductory section of Parmenides' poem on the "Ways of Truth and Opinion" was quoted by Sextus Empiricus and Simplicius; in Diels–Kranz this is labeled as fragment 28B1 — i.e., chapter 28, section B, fragment 1.  The "28" stands for Parmenides (to whom Diels–Kranz devote chapter 28 in the numeration of the current edition), the "B" indicates that it is a quotation, and the "1" means that it is the first quotation in Diels' ordering of quotations of Parmenides.  On the other hand, the beginning of Plato's account (in his Parmenides 127ff.) of an alleged visit of Parmenides and Zeno to Athens is labeled by Diels as fragment 29A11.  "29" stands for Zeno (the next Presocratic after Parmenides in Diels' collection), since this particular passage in Plato has more directly to do with Zeno than Parmenides; the "A" indicates that it is a "testimonium", a story about the philosopher(s) in question, not a quotation; and the "11" means that it is the 11th testimonium about Zeno in Diels.  The ordering of Presocratics in Diels is roughly chronological (from Orpheus to the author of the dissoi logoi); the numbering of the fragments themselves, within each chapter, is determined generally by the alphabetic order of the names of the sources.  The usual way of citing fragments in Diels' edition is to append "Diels–Kranz" or the letters "DK" to the fragment-number; so, for example "28B1 Diels–Kranz" or "28B1 DK" (discussed above).

Often, a commentator will refer to a fragment in Diels–Kranz in a more abbreviated form.  For example, one may refer to 28B1 as simply "Parmenides, fragment 1".

In spite of the respect paid to Diels' monumental work, there is ongoing controversy among scholars over the details of his arrangement of the fragments.  For example, some fragments categorized by Diels as quotations are thought by some scholars to be in reality only paraphrases or explanations of the Presocratic work in question.  Also, Diels–Kranz does not of course include fragments discovered since its publication, such as fragments from the Strasbourg papyrus (published in 1998), which preserves for us pieces of Empedocles' poetry never before known in modern times.  (What we have in the Strasbourg Papyrus seems to be a continuation of the part of Empedocles' On Nature which is 31B17 DK.)

An English translation or paraphrase of each of the B-fragments in Diels–Kranz may be found in Kathleen Freeman's Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers (Oxford, 1948; Harvard U. Press, 1957), though it is based on the fifth edition of Diels–Kranz, whose numbering of fragments is somewhat different from later editions.

Major works
 Doxographi Graeci (Berlin, 1879, reprint Berlin: de Gruyter, 1929)
 Simplicii In Aristotelis Physicorum libros quattuor priores commentaria (2 vol. Berlin, 1882–1895, reprint Berlin: de Gruyter, 1962)
 Parmenides Lehrgedicht (Berlin, 1897, second edition with a new Preface by Walter Burkert, Sankt Augustin, Academia Verlag 2003)
 Poetarum Philosophorum Fragmenta (Berlin, 1901, reprint Hildesheim: Weidmann 2000).
 Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Berlin, 1903, 6th ed., rev. by Walther Kranz (Berlin: Weidmann, 1952; the editions after the 6th are mainly reprints with little or no change.)
 Kleine Schriften zur Geschichte der antiken Philosophie edited by Walter Burkert, Hildesheim: Georf Olms 1969

Notes and references

External links

 Hermann Diels — works relating to Hermann Diels on the Internet Archive
 Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers — Kathleen Freeman's complete translation of the fragments in Diels (Fifth Edition, B-fragments):  Google Books, HTML
 Google Books version of Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (1903–1910): Vol. I Vol. II part 1 Vol. II part 2
 Polytonic (ancient) Greek OCR of Diels' books at the Lace collection of Mount Allison University: Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (1903–1910) Vol. 1 Vol. II part 1 Vol II part 2 Vol. III, Sibyllinische Blätter, Theophrasti Characteres

1848 births
1922 deaths
People from Wiesbaden
People from the Duchy of Nassau
German classical scholars
German scholars of ancient Greek philosophy
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
University of Bonn alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

Hermann Alexander Diels


Bohuslav Reynek (31 May 1892 – 28 October 1971) was a Czech poet, writer, painter and translator.

Education and personal life
Reynek was born on 31 May 1892 in Petrkov (today part of Lípa). From 1904 to 1911 Reynek studied at gymnasium in Jihlava, where he was influenced by his professor Max Eisler. There he learned both French and German. After a short time studying at Prague University, he went to Petrkov. In 1926 he married the French poet Suzanne Renaud, whose work he would later translate into Czech. In 1914, he started his long-time and close cooperation with Josef Florian in the town of Stará Říše translating, illustrating and publishing his own poetry. He and Suzanne had two sons, Daniel (1928–2014) and Jiří (1929–2014). In 1949 his farmstead was confiscated by the new Communist state (he and his family were allowed to live on in Petrkov), and the publishers that had heretofore published his work were closed down. He died on 28 October 1971 on his farmstead in Petrkov and was buried nearby in Svatý Kříž (part of Havlíčkův Brod) in the family grave.

Poetry

His poems are meditative and inspired by the Czech landscape, rural life in the farmstead and deep Christian humanism. What is noteworthy is the delicate way in which religious themes are refracted through images of his immediate surroundings; the poems invest everyday objects and scenes (such as the farm animals, their byres, the rhythms of the working week) with a spiritual luminescence, a bright edge, and this is done so delicately that at no point does it feel imposed. He employs, for the most part, traditional forms, with inventive rhymes.

Reynek was a graphic artist and a translator of French and German. Among the poets he translated was the German expressionist Georg Trakl, and it is clear that he learnt much from Trakl's techniques.

After the Communist coup d'état of 1948, Reynek's farmstead was confiscated and devastated, his books were prohibited and those of public libraries liquidated because of Reynek's Christian faith. He died poor with his works banned but became a hero to young Czech poets of the 1960s and 1970s, the most prominent of which were Ivan Martin Jirous, Zbyněk Hejda and Ivan Diviš. His work was published in exile and after 1989 a critical edition of his poems was completed and edited by Torst Publishing House, Prague. The French author Sylvie Germain wrote Bohuslav Reynek à Petrkov (1998), a meditation on his life and art.

Work

Žízně (Thirst) (1921), poems
Rybí šupiny (Fish Scales) (1922), poems in prose
Had na sněhu (Snake on the Snow) (1924), poems in prose
Smutek země (Earth's Grief) (1924), poems
Rty a zuby (Lip to Tooth) (1925), poems
Setba samot (The Sowing of Solitude) (1936), poems
Pieta (1940), poems
Podzimní motýli (Fall's Butterflies) (1946), poems

posthumously:
Odlet vlaštovek – samizdat (1978), in exile (Munich 1980), many editions after 1989.

selected poems:
Vlídné vidiny, ed. Jaromír Zelenka (Odeon, 1992)

definitive edition of the poems:
Básnické spisy (Poetic Works), ed. Marie Chlíbcová (Archa/Petrkov, 2009)

Translations
English
Bohuslav Reynek, Fish Scales, trans. Kelly Miller and Zdenka Brodská (Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publications, 2001).
Bohuslav Reynek, The Well at Morning: Selected Poems, 1925-1971 trans. Justin Quinn (University of Chicago Press/Charles University Press, 2017).
Bohuslav Reynek, "Shadows," trans. Justin Quinn, New Yorker (2011).

French
Bohuslav Reynek, Le serpent sur la neige, trans. Xavier Galmiche (Grenoble: Romarin-les Amis de Suzanne Renaud et Bohuslav Reynek, 1997). See the publishing house Romarin's catalogue.

References

External links

Photos of Reynek and his art-work
Poems in Anthology Vrh křídel
Reynek-Renaud Society, Grenoble, France

1892 births
1971 deaths
Writers from Bohemia
Czech male poets
Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
20th-century Czech painters
Czech male painters
People from Havlíčkův Brod District
20th-century Czech male artists
Charles University alumni

Bohuslav Reynek


Noise rock (sometimes called noise punk) is a noise-oriented style of experimental rock that spun off from punk rock in the 1980s. Drawing on movements such as minimalism, industrial music, and New York hardcore, artists indulge in extreme levels of distortion through the use of electric guitars and, less frequently, electronic instrumentation, either to provide percussive sounds or to contribute to the overall arrangement.

Some groups are tied to song structures, such as Sonic Youth. Although they are not representative of the entire genre, they helped popularize noise rock among alternative rock audiences by incorporating melodies into their droning textures of sound, which set a template that numerous other groups followed. Other early noise rock bands were Big Black and Swans.

Characteristics
Noise rock fuses rock to noise, usually with recognizable "rock" instrumentation, but with greater use of distortion and electronic effects, varying degrees of atonality, improvisation, and white noise. One notable band of this genre is Sonic Youth, who took inspiration from the no wave composers Glenn Branca and Rhys Chatham. Sonic Youth's Thurston Moore has stated: "Noise has taken the place of punk rock. People who play noise have no real aspirations to being part of the mainstream culture. Punk has been co-opted, and this subterranean noise music and the avant-garde folk scene have replaced it."

History

Forerunners

While the music had been around for some time, the term "noise rock" was coined in the 1980s to describe an offshoot of punk groups with an increasingly abrasive approach. An archetypal album is the Velvet Underground's White Light/White Heat (1968). Treblezines Joe Gross credits White Light/White Heat as the "cult classic" with being the first noise rock album, accordingly, "perhaps it's an obvious starting point, but it's also the starting point. Period." Influenced by the free jazz of Ornette Coleman Reed stated that:

Les Rallizes Denudés quickly adopted the noise elements developed by the Velvet Underground in White Light/White Heat and The Velvet Underground & Nico by creating long improvisational songs based on feedback and the use of heavy distortion. The band moved toward an increasingly noise based sound in the 1970s, influencing a great number of artists in the Japanese noise and psychedelic rock scene.

The 1960s groups Red Krayola, Cromagnon, and Nihilist Spasm Band are other bands that were later assessed by some music critics and journalists to be early pioneers of what would become noise rock.

Origins

Guitarist Steve Albini of noise rock band Big Black stated in 1984 in an article that "good noise is like orgasm". He commented: "Anybody can play notes. There's no trick. What is a trick and a good one is to make a guitar do things that don't sound like a guitar at all. The point here is stretching the boundaries." He said that Ron Asheton of the Stooges "made squealy death noise feedback" on "Iggy's monstruous songs". Albini also mentioned John McKay of Siouxsie and the Banshees, saying: "The Scream is notable for a couple of things: only now people are trying to copy it, and even now nobody understands how that guitar player got all that pointless noise to stick together as songs". Albini also said that Keith Levene of Public Image Ltd had this "ability to make an excruciating noise come out of his guitar".

In an article about noise rock, Spin wrote  that a US compilation album titled No New York, released in 1978 on an independent label called "Antilles", was important as it documented the no wave New York scene. It featured several songs of Lydia Lunch's first band Teenage Jesus and the Jerks along with material of other groups Mars, DNA and James Chance and the Contortions.

Music
In the 1980s, Big Black, Sonic Youth and Swans were the leading figures of noise rock. Sonic Youth were the first noise rock band to get signed by a major label in 1990. Later notable bands of the noise scene were the Jesus Lizard, Liars, Season to Risk and Unsane.

While noise rock has never had any mainstream popularity, the raw, distorted and feedback-intensive sound of some noise rock bands had an influence on shoegaze, which enjoyed some popularity in the 90s, especially in the UK, and grunge, the most commercially successful. Among them are Wisconsin's Killdozer, Chicago's Big Black, and most notably San Francisco's Flipper, a band known for its slowed-down and murky "noise punk". The Butthole Surfers' mix of punk, heavy metal and noise rock was a major influence, particularly on the early work of Soundgarden.

Starting in the 1990s, noise punk developed mostly as a form of party music, with the band Lightning Bolt serving as key players in the 2000s noise punk scene in Providence, Rhode Island, although Brian Gibson, the band's bassist, is dismissive of the noise punk label, stating "I hate, hate, hate the category "noise-punk" I really don't like being labeled with two words that have so much baggage. It's gross."

See also
 List of noise rock bands
 List of noise musicians

References

Sources

Punk rock genres
Alternative rock genres
Noise music
1980s neologisms
American styles of music
American rock music genres

Noise rock


The Crown Prince Court (CPC) (), or the Diwan as it is locally known, is an independent entity that enjoys full legal status as a government body in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

Overview
The CPC was established in 1976 and mandated to support His Highness General Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the UAE, Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, and Chairman of the Executive Council of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, in carrying out his national and international duties. CPC facilitates interactions between the Crown Prince and citizens of the UAE through general correspondence, the hearing of individual concerns and the identification of solutions, and manages the public affairs of the Crown Prince, including his involvement in corporate and philanthropic projects.

The Chairman's Office, The Office of the Undersecretary and the General Director's Office form the core of the leadership structure at the CPC. The CPC's three strategic divisions are:

 Citizens' Affairs Division
 Protocol Division
 Business Support Division

Management
The CPC is managed by CPC's Chairman, Sheikh Hamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan. The Chairman represents CPC on official visits, events and historical occasions, assuming the ceremonial representation of the Court during interactions with local and international officials and public figures.

Reporting directly to the Chairman is the Undersecretary of the CPC, Mohamed Mubarak Al Mazrouei, who acts as the Chief Executive Officer. The Undersecretary's role is to determine the strategic direction and the internal policies of the CPC, and supervise its implementation after the Chairman's sign-off.

The General Director of the CPC is Jaber Mohammed Ghanem Al Suwaidi. He reports to the Undersecretary and acts as the Chief Operational Officer who oversees the day-to-day operations. The office of the General Director also interacts with all other divisions, sections and units that all fall under the auspices of the CPC.

The Chairman, Undersecretary and General Director are supported by individual Executive Offices which ensure efficient facilitation between internal departments.

Divisions

Citizens' Affairs Division

Protocol Division
The Protocol Division also manages His Highness' agenda and protocol related requirements. The division also builds bridges of cooperation and close relationships with various Government entities, authorities and non-Governmental organizations within and outside the country.

Business Support Division

The strategic priorities of the Business Support Division are to adopt the best policies and procedures for support and assistance to ensure the design and roll out of the best in class internal processes.

References

External links
The Crown Prince Court

Organizations established in 1976
1976 establishments in the United Arab Emirates
Government agencies of Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi Crown Prince's Court