Saxon Switzerland National Park (), is a national park in the German Free State of Saxony, near the Saxon capital Dresden. It  covers two areas of 93.5 km2 (36.1 mi2) in the heart of the German part of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains, which is often called (the) Saxon Switzerland ().

The national park adjoins Bohemian Switzerland National Park () in the Czech Republic.

Geography

Location
The National Park is situated in the centre of a natural area of almost 710 km2 (274 mi2). This region, called Saxon Switzerland is cultivated by humans in many places. Smaller towns and villages such as Bad Schandau or Königstein in the district of Sächsische Schweiz are part of this region.

The core area of the National Park has a quiescent area of 40% and is covered almost completely by woodland. The status of National Park, which grants the highest natural protection in Germany, was attributed in 1990. The park lies – in two geographically separate areas – within the district of Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge.

Landscape
Saxon Switzerland is an intensively fissured and rocky canyon landscape. The highest peak of the National Park is at 556 meters (1,814 feet) above sea level, but is only a short distance from the valley of the Elbe river at 110 to 120 meters (360 to 390 feet). It offers several different habitats and microclimate zones due to its strong vertical division. The National Park still hosts some forms of forest without human intervention, which is unusual in central Europe. The special forms of mountain forest and gorge forest are endangered in Europe generally. Because of the sabulous soil and fissures, many places in this area are drier than normal for the temperate zone.

Western region
This region includes the Bastei area, the Lilienstein and the Polenz valley. In the west it is bordered by Wehlen and Lohmen, in the north by Lohmen and Hohnstein, in the east by Hohnstein and Goßdorf and in the south by Porschdorf, Rathen and Wehlen. The municipality of Waitzdorf lies entirely within the western region. Important peaks are the Lilienstein (415 m), the Bastei (305 m), the Hockstein and the Brand (317 m). The Grünbach and the associated lake of Amselsee and the Polenz are the only noteworthy bodies of water.

Eastern region
The eastern region includes the area of the Schrammsteine rocks, the Großer Winterberg mountain, the Großer Zschand valley and the hinterland of Saxon Switzerland (Hinterer Sächsischen Schweiz). To the west it is bordered by Bad Schandau and Altendorf and to the north by Altendorf, Ottendorf and Hinterhermsdorf. To the east and south it is bordered by the Bohemian Switzerland National Park. From Schmilka to Bad Schandau the Elbe forms the southern boundary of this region. Important peaks are the Großer Winterberg (556 m), the Kuhstall (337 m) and the Raumberg (459 m). The Kirnitzsch is the only noteworthy body of water.

Tourism and recreation
 The definition of national Park is, in some cases, in conflict with tourism and recreation. One objective is to raise the inviolate area to 75%, which means limiting the areas of hiking and climbing.

The development of the network of paths in today's national park took place in the first half of the 19th century and completed at the beginning of the 20th century. The historical route guides illustrate it thoroughly (e.g., Meinhold's route guide). The first hiking restrictions were declared as early as in the 1980s (Thorwalder Wände ridge path). Today the National Park has a marked network of 400 km of hiking trails, numerous mountain restaurants, and some 50 km of cycling trails. It is compulsory to use marked routes in the National Park. Though visitors may use all paths outside the core zone, only marked trails are allowed within the core zone.

The painter's way

The painter's way (Malersweg in German) represents only a small part of the park area, but due to its beauty and being a well-developed trail, most visitors prefer it for hiking. The Bastei bridge is the first view of the Valley for many visitors and is extensively photographed and documented.

Rock climbing
The peculiar form of the sandstone cliffs in Saxon Switzerland national park attracts crowds of climbers every year. However, since these cliffs are sandstone, it is important to treat them with cautioun.

The following rules, introduced at the beginning of the 20th century, are in place to preserve the national park sandstones:

 Visitors are not permitted to climb when the rock is wet or crumbling.
 Ropes are only allowed for safety purposes and abseiling.
 Metal safety equipment, such as chock-stones and solid rings, are forbidden.
 Visitors are not allowed to use chemical aids such as magnesia.
 The rock surface must not be modified – except to attach retaining rings on first ascents.

Information posts
 National Park Headquarters
 National Park Centre in Bad Schandau
 National Park Office in Bad Schandau
 Information posts
 Schweizerhaus on the Bastei
 Amselfall mountain hut
 Log cabin on the Brand
 Eishaus on the Großer Winterberg
 Armoury in the Großer Zschand
 Haus Beize and Waldhusche in Hinterhermsdorf

Points of interest

 Pflanzengarten Bad Schandau, a regional botanical garden
 Bastei Bridge

See also
Bohemian Switzerland

References

External links

Nationalpark Sächsische Schweiz

National parks of Germany
Protected areas of Saxony
Protected areas established in 1990
Elbe Sandstone Mountains
Saxon Switzerland
1990 establishments in East Germany

Saxon Switzerland National Park


Street Singer is a 1938 Hindi film directed by Phani Majumdar. It was produced by New Theatres Calcutta and was Phani Majumdar's first Hindi film as a director. The film was made in Bengali as Sathi in the same year. It starred K. L. Saigal, Kanan Devi, Jagdish Sethi and Bikram Kapoor. The music was composed by R. C. Boral with lyrics written by Arzu (Arzoo) Lucknavi. Two street urchins dream of singing and making it big in the glamorous world of theatre in Calcutta. They grow up with the girl being employed while the boy is not. The story follows them through first their enchantment and then the disillusionment with the theatre. Finally both choose to return to their roots in the village.

Plot
Bhulwa helps Manju escape from a burning orphanage and from the care of the tyrannical manager of the orphanage. The two street urchins go from village to village, singing and making money. Bhulwa's big dream is to someday sing in a theatre in Calcutta. Several years later both are singing on the streets in Calcutta and Manju is employed by a theatre to sing. Bhulwa encourages her through her nervousness and she becomes a popular singer. However her attitude towards servants and other people changes and Bhulwa is disappointed and tells her off. Bhulwa is still struggling but manages to get a chance to sing on the radio. Manju learns of his singing assignment when she listens to him sing on the radio. Feeling slighted she decides to sing Bhulwa's song in a new style, the way the actor-manager Kailash wants. She leaves a message with the servant asking him to send Bhulwa to the theatre. Bhulwa gets drenched in the rain and is feverish but he goes to listen to Manju. On hearing the new tune given to his favourite song he gets aggressive on the stage and then leaves from there. Manju by now is repentant and decides to search for him. She asks the manager-actor Kailash to drive her and searches the roads by which both had travelled to come to the city. She spies Bhulwa in a boat which is being tossed around due to the wind and storm. The boat crashes against the banks. Manju rushes to Bhulwa and cradles his head on her lap. Kailash leaves them, while both look towards the road leading to the village.

Cast
K. L. Saigal
Kanan Devi
Jagdish
Chaman Puri as Munshi also writer in theatre
Bikram Kapoor
Shabir
A. H. Shore
Shyam Laha

Production
Street Singer. was Phani Majumdar's first and most famous Hindi film. Saigal and Kanan Devi were a sensation nationwide following this film. The film helped establish Kanan Devi's popularity and her 'melody queen' status. It is also ranked as one of  Saigal's greatest hits, where his rendition of Wajid Ali Shah's Bhairavi thumri "Babul Mora Naihar Chhooto Jaye" is considered a classic. Majumdar considered Saigal an exceptional artist.  He felt he could pan the camera on his face irrespective of who was giving the dialogues. When Saigal sang "Babul Mora', he requested Majumdar not to use recording and playback (his own song) on him, but to let him sing live on the sets. He sang the song pacing the streets with the harmonium.

Soundtrack
The songs became popular making K. L. Saigal and Kanan Devi a craze in India. Saigal's song Babul Mora Naihar Chhooto Hi Jaaye is associated with him as "an immortal singer". The music was by R. C. Boral and lyrics by Arzu Lucknavi. The bhairavi thumri "Babul Mora" is by Wajid Ali Shah.

Track listing

References

External links

1938 films
1930s Hindi-language films
Films directed by Phani Majumdar
Indian black-and-white films
1938 drama films
Indian drama films
Hindi-language drama films

Street Singer (film)


The Dead is a novel written by Charlie Higson. The book, published by Puffin Books in the UK on 16 September 2010, is the second book in a seven-book series, titled The Enemy. The Dead takes place in London, a year before the events in the previous book (The Enemy, released in the UK by Puffin Books on 3 September 2009), two weeks after a worldwide sickness has infected adults turning them into something related to voracious, cannibalistic zombies.

Puffin Books released the third novel in the series, titled The Fear, on 15 September 2011; the fourth novel, The Sacrifice, on 20 September 2012; the fifth novel, The Fallen, on 12 September 2013; the sixth novel, The Hunted, on 4 September 2014; and the final book, The End, on 10 November 2015. Disney Hyperion released Higson's short story companion book in the series, titled Geeks vs. Zombies, on 5 June 2012; it portrays an exclusive scene from The Fear, on World Book Day.

Plot
The Dead begins a year before the events in The Enemy, where an unnamed user posts a video on YouTube titled "The Scared Kid". In it, a boy frantically talks to the camera about how his friends Danny and Eve have been killed by "Mothers and fathers" (Zombies), and shows them standing outside his window. He then suffers a nervous breakdown and ends the video. The video goes viral, with people not knowing if it is real or not. Eventually, the video is taken down from YouTube, followed by the site itself, followed by the internet, and finally electricity entirely. This marks the point that people realized that something bad was going on, and the start of the apocalypse.

Two weeks into the apocalypse, two 14-year-old boys, named Jack and Ed are trapped with a group of other schoolboys in the Rowhurst boarding school (in Kent, in a remote village a few miles from London) where they are defending themselves from their now zombified teachers. After escaping from the adult siege of their school with the help of a rugby player named Bam, Jack and Ed rescue their French teacher's daughter, Frederique, and make their way to a nearby chapel, where a group of people led by a boy named Matt barricaded themselves inside a few days prior. Alarmed by the lack of a reply from inside the church, they break in and find that the boys hiding inside have either fallen unconscious or died from carbon monoxide poisoning. The group of boys manages to revive the survivors, and Matt appears to have suffered brain damage from the poisoning. He believes himself to be the messenger of a being called the Lamb, who he explains will come down to earth and cleanse it of "Nonbelievers" (the zombies). He is convinced he must go to St Paul's Cathedral in London to fulfil the needs of his "god". The group splits, with Matt and some people he has brought into his religion (now calling themselves his "acolytes", attempting to go to London with Jack (who wants to find his family home), and the rest (including Ed, Bam and one of Ed's best friends, Malik) deciding to go deeper into the countryside (thinking it will be safer).

Ed's group is ambushed by older, infected teenagers shortly after parting from the rest, who kills half the group, seemingly including Malik (it is revealed in a later novel that he survived the attack). They are saved by the timely arrival of a motor coach driven by an adult named Greg Thorne, a butcher who claims he is immune to the disease. With his young son Liam, Greg has acquired a bus and is collecting children to transport them all to London. He and Liam want to visit Arsenal Stadium, unaware that it is an adult nest (as revealed in The Enemy). On the bus, Ed's group meets three girls, Aleisha, Courtney and Brooke. Brooke immediately develops a crush on Ed, whilst Greg eventually catches up with Jack, Matt, and the Lamb of God believers, who are all still journeying towards London.

After finding the others and picking them up, Greg explains that, before the epidemic, he was staying with a farmer and his family, but he had to kill the father and the older children. He says a younger child, who'd gone crazy after losing his family, "didn't make it", indirectly revealing that he had killed the boy and made him into the dried meat he was seen eating, but which Liam refused. After a close call where Greg nearly leaves Jack and Frederique behind to a group of zombies, the bus stops for the night on the outskirts of London. Liam finds out that Greg is infected, and knowing that he cannot protect him anymore, Greg strangles and kills him.

The next morning, Ed finds Greg inexplicably wearing Liam's glasses. Jack and Ed confront Greg about Liam's death. This causes him to succumb to the virus, which is revealed after Jack, who gets mad at the discovery, attempts to disarm a shotgun that Greg is wielding. The arm-to-the-face maneuver that he inflicted causes Greg to lose control, and crash the bus, which he was driving erratically due to succumbing to the disease, and out of anger wanted to get everyone on board to their destination. Afterward, he completely succumbs to the virus and attacks the kids, whilst the bus is simultaneously assaulted by several adults. Most of the group escapes from the bus except for a boy Piers who was already injured and makes it to the Imperial War Museum in South London. Greg wanders off into the streets of London, whilst the "Bus Party" meets the museum's leader, Jordan, and his second in command DogNut (who develops a crush on Brooke). Jordan refuses to let them stay, eventually compromising and letting them stay as long as they collect food for themselves.

A group sets off, and they explore until they find a Tesco truck full of non-perishable food, with a partially decomposed corpse inside. Whilst they are attempting to get the truck to run, Frederique is surrounded by several adults. The other kids fight off the adults and are surprised to find that Frederique is unharmed. Whilst they are driving the truck back to the museum, Jack and Bam tell Ed that they are planning on going to Jack's old house (like Jack said before) and hop out to go off on their own. Ed eventually decides to join them, kisses Brooke and catches up with the two boys, unaware that they are being followed by a now fully zombified Greg.

Meanwhile, Matt's religion has gained more believers. They rename the religion Agnus Dei (Latin for "Lamb of God"). Matt foretells that the Lamb will look like a blond boy and will have a darker shadow (another boy, nicknamed "The Goat"), who must be sacrificed so that "The Lamb has no shadow" and is capable of cleansing the earth. The new religion attempts to make a banner, but the maker misspells Agnus Dei as "Angus Day", leading to the religion being renamed again. Also at the museum, Frederique attacks a young boy named Froggie, biting into his arm. She reveals that she is 16 years old to Ed, after he meets her, and is infected, but her disease took longer to manifest than it did for others. Several of Jordan's kids lock her in a storeroom.

Jack, Ed, and Bam make their way to The Oval cricket ground, finding dozens of ambulances, military trucks, police cars, and skips outside filled with dead bodies. Despite Ed's hesitation, Bam and Jack kill two soldiers and a policeman. The boys explore, finding and keeping several weapons. They find that the entire stadium is full of diseased corpses that were stacked to be burned, as well as numerous bodies seated in the stands, but the law enforcement and medical officials were themselves killed or succumbed to the infection before they had a chance to finish the job. The boys learn not all the bodies are dead  and are then pursued by adults through the stadium. Jack accidentally shoots a propane tank with a submachine gun whilst trying to fend off an attacker, causing it to explode and setting off an avalanche of corpses. Ed is buried underneath the bodies whilst Jack and Bam are buried underneath the debris resulting from a partially collapsed section of the stadium. Bam mistakes Jack for an adult and shoots him with the shotgun that he had recovered from Greg. Jack is badly wounded in the side, but able to stand. Ed finds them, and the three boys leave, continuing their trek to Jack's house.

In the street, they are ambushed by adults whom the three boys manage to kill, but as they do a victory dance for killing the rather large group (as revealed by the book), Greg appears and kills Bam with a meat cleaver to the head. In the book, it is noted that Greg was seen before far off, but the boys couldn't identify him. They therefore dismiss him. He then slashes Jack's chest open and cuts the side of Ed's face from forehead to chin. Greg is about to finish off Ed, but Greg flees, wailing with horror when Ed mentions Liam's name aloud, upon seeing that the bundle in Greg's other hand was Liam's body. Ed drags a fading Jack to his home and tries to heal his friend's wounds. However, Jack is beyond repair. Ed takes Jack to his bedroom and keeps him company throughout the night with him. In the morning, Ed finds Jack has died from his injuries. Ed cremates his friend by burning the entire house down, and heads back to the museum under a spreading cloud of smoke and ash emanating from a large fire they'd seen earlier in South London.

Soon, Ed is ambushed again by adults, only to be rescued by David and his group (before they took residence at Buckingham Palace). Together, they all travel to the museum. David warns Ed that the fire is spreading northward, towards the museum, and the museum group should relocate. At the museum, Ed manages to stitch his cheek, leaving him with a large scar. He confronts Frederique, who has escaped captivity by gnawing off her own thumb to slip out of her handcuffs. Ed defeats her and, against Jordan's advice to kill her so she won't kill someone else, manages to banish her into the streets. Ed holds council with David and Jordan, with Ed and David deciding to move to North London away from the oncoming fire. Jordan decides to stay in the museum with his original group.

Ed and David make a deal: in exchange for receiving food from the Tesco truck, on which Ed's group will ride, David's group will accompany the truck on foot, clearing the congestion and debris blocking the truck's path. Armed with additional weapons from the museum, Ed and David lead their respective kids, and attempt to cross north across the River Thames via the Lambeth Bridge, fleeing the rapidly spreading fire. Every other kid in South London is also trying to cross the river, and they all struggle to do so due to congestion and a commotion between kids further up the bridge. A huge wave of infected adults comes up behind the kids from the south, and Ed and several other fighters including Courtney and Aleisha hang back to fend off the infected whilst Brooke and the others drive on without knowing they are leaving them behind. Brooke decides to split off from David's group after she sees him shoot a boy in the chest. Frederique reappears and attacks Aleisha, injuring her, resulting in Ed shooting Frederique dead with a pistol, after she "reverts" to human upon recognizing Ed. Ed is helped by another boy named Kyle, and although the fighters initially seem to be overwhelmed, they are rescued by Jordan, DogNut and their his crew, who had been forced to abandon the museum by adults and the fire.

The fighters flee, but the way back to the bridge is blocked by a horde of adults. The kids manage to take control of a sightseeing cruise boat moored in the river. They pilot it downstream towards the Tower of London, but Matt hijacks the boat in an attempt to reach St Paul's Cathedral. He accidentally crashes the boat into the bridge, and it splits in half, causing a number of kids to drown, including Aleisha. Matt and his surviving acolytes are last seen disappearing under a bridge, standing on the top of half of the ruined boat, whilst Matt holds the banner above his head.

Jordan, Ed, Kyle, and the survivors find lifeboats and navigate them to the river's north bank. They make their way to the Tower of London and enter it by climbing the drainpipes. Inside, they find a group of about 30 kids already inhabiting the castle. Frustrated with the current leader, Jordan takes control, with Ed as his right-hand man. Of the original group from the bus, only Ed and Courtney remain. The others are either dead, missing, or still with the Tesco truck. Greg finds himself in Trafalgar Square, where he has lost his shirt. He puts on a St. George T-shirt from a souvenir stand and decides to get revenge on those he holds responsible for Liam's death. It is also revealed that he intends to raise an army of adults, revealing him as the "Saint George" adult from the previous novel (The Enemy).

One year later, DogNut decides to leave the Tower with a group of people, including Courtney, to search for Brooke and the other kids. A few days after this, Ed, Kyle, and Jordan witness Small Sam and the Kid arrive at the tower (as shown in "The Enemy"), and are shocked to find that they look identical to the Lamb and the Goat children on the Angus Day banner.

Characters

Rowhurst
Arthur – Wiki's best friend. Arthur is nicknamed "Jibber-Jabber" (by Greg, though the nickname sticks) because he talks constantly.
Chris Marker – A boy who never stops reading and believes he sees ghosts. He appears to be schizophrenic, as he mentions therapy and doctors from earlier in his life.
Ed Carter – One of the main characters in the book, he is a handsome, popular boy from Rowhurst and Jack's best friend. His face is scarred after Greg Thorne attacks him with a meat cleaver. He assumes leadership of the group after they escape the motorcoach.
Frederique Morel – A French girl whom the Rowhurst students find while escaping their school. Frederique develops a romantic connection with Jack, but this is never fully established because she becomes infected, due to her mature age. The Rowhurst students expel her from the Imperial War Museum, and later she reappears at the battle on the bridge and bites Aleisha. Immediately after this, she regains control of herself long enough to let Ed shoot and kill her.
Harry "Bam" Bamford – A student from Rowhurst. Bam is a strong, powerful, enthusiastic rugby player, much respected by everyone because he is the best fighter of the group. He is killed in a fight with Greg Thorne, who attacks him from behind with a meat cleaver.
Jack – A main character in the book. A student from Rowhurst, Jack is Ed's best friend and dies from multiple wounds sustained when Bam shoots him and Greg stabs him. Ed carries him back to Jack's family's house where he dies peacefully in his bed. When Ed leaves, he burns the house so that Jack's body doesn't  get eaten by the adults.
Johnno – One of the Rowhurst rugby players who is killed during the ambush at the Fez.
Justin – The last of the three nerds. He is put in charge of driving the Tesco truck. Later in the book is in charge of driving with Brooke across the busy bridge.
Kwanele Nkosi – A fashion-obsessed African student from Rowhurst. Kwanele is cowardly and unwilling to help out with anything for fear of ruining his clothes. Ed Carter is greatly annoyed by this behaviour.
Piers – One of the rugby players from Rowhurst and a friend of Bams. He is injured early in the novel, and dies when Kwanele and Ed leave him on the bus.
The Sullivan Brothers - Twin rugby players from Rowhurst named Damien and Anthony. Both are killed at the Fez.
Wiki – A small boy who seems to know everything, hence his nickname. His real name is Thomas.

The Church at Rowhurst
Archie Bishop – A member of "The Lamb" religion formed by Matthew. His father was a vicar and he is Matthew's right-hand man. At the end of the novel, his fate is unknown.
Harry Ryan - A member of "The Lamb" religion formed by Matthew. He is excellent at calligraphy. He makes the banner for the religion, but misspells it as "Angus Day". This angers Matt, but others suggest that "The Lamb" influenced him to misspell the banner. At the end of the novel, it is unclear whether Harry is dead or floating downriver with Matt and his acolytes on the remains of the boat.
Jacob - An asthmatic boy in the church. When Ed, Jack, and their group enter, he is already dead from carbon monoxide poisoning.
Malik – A Muslim friend of Ed Carter's, from Rowhurst. Malik is taken by sickos in the ambush at the Fez; it is later revealed in the sixth novel that he survived.
Matthew Palmer – A  Rowhurst student who suffered carbon monoxide poisoning at the church. Following the poisoning and the emotional trauma from the disease epidemic, Matthew forms a religion about a boy known as "The Lamb", who makes things right. He is nicknamed "Mad Matt" by others in the group because of this. He hijacks the sightseeing boat but crashes it, then floats downriver on its remains, with his second in command, Archie Bishop, and four acolytes. At the end of the novel, his fate is unknown.
Phil - A small boy who joins Matt's "The Lamb" religion and becomes its youngest acolyte. At the end of the novel, it is unclear if he is dead, or among those floating down the river on the remains of the boat.
Stanley - A small boy at the church who does not join Matt's religion initially. He attempts to leave with the majority of the group for the countryside but is presumably killed during the ambush at the Fez.

The Coach group
Aleisha – A girl student on Greg Thorne's coach, who is best friends with Brooke and Courtney. Aleisha gets bitten and later drowns, when the cruise boat sinks.
Brooke – A girl student on Greg Thorne's coach, who is best friends with Aleisha and Courtney. Brooke becomes emotionally close to Ed Carter, until Greg scars Ed's face. At the end of the book, she is horrified by witnessing David shoot a kid on the bridge and tells Justin to keep driving.
Courtney – A girl student on Greg Thorne's coach, who is best friends with Aleisha and Brooke. Courtney travels with Ed to the Tower of London.
Froggie – Zohra's brother. The two cute little siblings enjoy chatting with Arthur, Justin, and Wiki. Froggie is bitten by Frederique Morel, but he is fine afterward. He is seven years old and looks a bit like a frog.
Liam Thorne – Greg Thorne's young son. When Greg realizes he is not immune to the disease and, because he has become infected, he cannot care for Liam, he strangles his son. Greg then carries Liam's body wherever he goes, until he later drops it from a bridge.
Zohra – Froggie's nine-year-old sister. The two cute little siblings enjoy chatting with Arthur, Justin, and Wiki.

The Imperial War Museum group
Dognut – A boy in the Imperial War Museum group. Dognut is ratty and wiry, and deeply respects Jordan Hordern, for whom he appears to serve as second-in-command. At the end, Dognut leads a group away from the Tower of London to search for other kids who were separated from their group.
Jordan Hordern – The leader of the Imperial War Museum group. Jordan is very interested in war and strategy, and he takes control when his group arrives at the Tower of London.

David King's group
Andy Thomas - A boy in David's group who has a big nose, and recognizes Ed Carter, as he also played football.
David King – A posh boy from a private school in Surrey, called St. Hilda's. He rescues Ed and escorts the Rowhurst students across London with his group. He starts as simply sanctimonious and subtly narcissistic, but shows himself to be increasingly psychopathic and violent by nature - a dark side that heavily worsened by the time of The Enemy.
Pod – A boy who serves as head of security for David King.

Adults
 Greg Thorne/"Saint George" – Liam Thorne's father; he later calls himself "Saint George". Greg is an adult who claims he is "immune" to the disease. He is driving a coach bringing Aleisha, Brooke, and Courtney back to England after the disease breaks out on their school trip to France. South of London, he picks up the Rowhurst students and Frederique Morel. Later, he becomes infected, dons a shirt decorated with a St George's Cross, and becomes a leader for infected adults. He serves as the book's main antagonist.
 Monsieur Morel – A French teacher at Rowhurst, and Frederique's father. When the boys try to escape, he leads the infected teachers to attack them, and captures one of them. Jack kills him by hitting him with a plank of wood with nails sticking out, driving the nails into his skull. Frederique is never told exactly what happened to him, but she is told that he is dead.
 Mr. Hewitt – An English teacher at Rowhurst. He tries to help the boys in the early stages of the outbreak, until he came down with the sickness (before the beginning of the book). In the beginning, he tries to eat Jack and Ed, but slices open his stomach crawling through a window, and they escape. The boys later find his head (the adults ate his body) while escaping the school, and throw it in a trash can.
 Mr. Langston – An elderly history teacher at Rowhurst. He pursues the boys and Frederique to the church. As he tries to get the gate open, Jack hits his head with a piece of rebar, and kills him shortly after.
 Ms. Warlock – An English teacher at Rowhurst. She pursues the boys and Frederique when they go to the church. She remains outside while Mr. Langston tries to open the gate. Bam leaps over the wall and knocks her over, and kills her immediately afterward.
 Pez – A young infected man whose cheeks have been slashed through, causing his lower jaw to hang down and rendering him unable to bite, also making him look like a living Pez dispenser. He first appears with a group of adults attacking the coach after Greg turns on the children. After the kids (sans Piers) escape, he appears among the sickos attacking the scavenging group at Tesco. After they escape again, he is among the adults attacking the kids trying to cross Lambeth Bridge. He attempts to bite Ed, but cannot due to his injuries, and Kyle kills him. He has dark hair and yellow eyes.

Other characters
Dior - Frederique's cat, who she carries with her in the early stages of the book. It was a gift to her father, the French teacher at Rowhurst, and she feels obligated to care for it, to the point where she nearly causes sickos to attack the group by refusing to abandon it. She later releases Dior after they reach the Imperial War museum, believing the cat will be better off on its own.
Kyle – A boy Ed meets during the battle on the bridge. Kyle joins Ed's trek through London and serves as his right-hand man at the Tower of London.
Tomoki - The unofficial leader of the Tower of London group, when Ed and the survivors from the tour boat arrive. His position is taken by Jordan, who is a more effective leader, though Tomoki is allowed to continue representing his group.

Cultural, historical, and geographical elements
Part of the appeal of The Dead, as with Higson's other books, stems from the author's inclusion of accurate geographic details (e.g., the locations of and attractions surrounding various Tesco stores; Jack, Ed, and Bam's trek from the Imperial War Museum to The Oval; the trek of Ed's "bus party" and David King's group from the Imperial War Museum to the Lambeth Bridge); descriptions of various sites and historic events, e.g., the Great Fire of London (1666); and references to popular culture, e.g., the Gormenghast series).

References

External links

2010 British novels
2010 science fiction novels
British young adult novels
British post-apocalyptic novels
Novels by Charlie Higson
Zombie novels
Novels set in London
Puffin Books books

The Dead (Higson novel)


The Stones of Mora () is a historic location in Knivsta, Sweden. Several Medieval kings of Sweden were proclaimed  at
the assembly of Mora near modern Uppsala. It was moved in the 15th century and was considered  to have been lost. However, there are a number of stones of record in a small building in the vicinity of the former assembly site.

Origin  of name
The Stones of Mora were originally named in singular as Mora sten referring to a stone on which the newly elected king stood after his election. With later monuments in stone commemorating different elections, the name changed to the plural form.

Location
Mora Meadow (Mora äng) is located in Lagga parish in Knivsta Municipality about 10 km south-east of Uppsala. The location, which is not associated with Mora town, is at equal distance from the Things of the old folklands Attundaland and Tiundaland. This was the location of Mora Thing, where the Swedish kings were elected.

History

The law of Uppland and Södermanland states: The three folklands, that is Tiundaland, Attundaland and Fjärdhundraland, shall first elect king. Then the election will be sanctioned by the lawspeaker of Uppland and then by all his subordinate lawspeakers in the rest of the kingdom, one by one.

The Westrogothic law reminded the Geats that they had to accept this election: Sveær egho konung at taka ok sva vrækæ meaning Swedes have the right of choosing and deposing the king.

The detail that the Swedes were not only entitled to elect their king, but that they also had the right to depose him was institutionalized a long time before, as attested by Snorri Sturlason's (died 1241) accounts of Swedish history (the speech of Torgny the Lawspeaker, and the deaths of Domalde, Egil, Aun, and Jorund in the Heimskringla). The location was on the border of a wetland and according to Snorri, five kings had been drowned in this wetland, when the people had been displeased.

The newly elected king also had to go on a traditional journey around Sweden (Eriksgata), including the Geatish provinces. It was thus a sort of federation where the king started with his election at Mora Thing and then travelled throughout the kingdom to have the election confirmed by the local assemblies. Beginning in 1362 also representatives from Finland took part in the election.

The Stone of Mora and many stones which flanked it with inscriptions commemorating the elections of earlier kings, were probably destroyed in 1515 during the civil war against the Danes. Kings Gustav Vasa and John III are said to have tried to reconstruct the Stones of Mora without success.

The building where the fragments are now contained was constructed by local military officer Carl Wijnbladh (1705- 1768).

Documented elections
Magnus III of Sweden was elected at the Stones of Mora in 1275.
Magnus IV of Sweden was elected at the stones on July 8, 1319
Albert was crowned here on February 18, 1364
Christian I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden was the last to be elected at Mora in 1457

Knivsta coat of arms

In 2002, in anticipation of Knivsta Municipality (previously part of Uppsala Municipality since 1971) regaining its status of a municipality of its own in 2003, the  Swedish state herald  designed and registered a coat of arms for Knivsta based on the stone of Mora motif: an open crown over a heraldic trimount.

See also
Coronation Stone
Germanic king
Lia Fáil
Prince's Stone
Stone of Scone

References

Other sources
 Larsson, Mats G. (2013) Mora sten och Mora ting (Fornvännen. Stockholm)
Mora sten och Mora stenar: en vägledning till ett märkligt nationalmonument(Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet. 1993)

Related reading
Stefan Brink The creation of a Scandinavian provincial law: how was it done (Historical Research, Volume 86, Issue 233, August 2013, Pages 432–442)

Uppland
Swedish monarchy
Germanic paganism
Mora
13th century in Sweden
Legal history of Sweden

Stones of Mora


Kjell Tennfjord (born 17 December 1953) is a Norwegian siviløkonom and entrepreneur, but is best known as a football manager.

He managed Fyllingen Fotball to a cup final (1990), Bryne FK (1991–92), and SK Brann (1995-1998).

At Brann, Tennfjord managed the club to play in the Norwegian Premier League 1995, 4th Place in the Norwegian Premier League 1996 and 2nd place in the Norwegian Premier League 1997.
They lost the cup finale (1995), which took them to the European  UEFA Cup Winners' Cup where they beat PSV and lost in the quarter-final against Liverpool F.C. (1997). He went 11 games without a single victory in the Norwegian Premier League 1998.

Tennfjord is retired associate professor at Volda Pedagogiske Høgskole, and graduated in siviløkonom from the Norwegian School of Economics, and worked as deputy manager of Elcon Finans and organisational manager of NB Steel (Norsk Blikkvalseverk).

After a time in administration of Brann (1998–99) he moved to Fjellbekk, where he became a headhunter for Erik Solér's agent firm, Sports Management Group (2000), working with Frode Ohr and Møreforskning in outreach projects.

External links
 brann.no: «Branns hovedtrenere siden 1960»

1953 births
Living people
Norwegian School of Economics alumni
Norwegian economists
Norwegian football managers
Bryne FK managers
SK Brann managers

Kjell Tennfjord


Fugitive Kind is a 1937 play written by Tennessee Williams. The play is evocative of a Clifford Odets Depression era play. The action takes place in a flophouse in Two Rivers, Mississippi during the waning days of 1936, as the New Year 1937 is imminent. The play features a lonesome clerk, who oversees a hotel that houses a collection of alcoholic losers and a rebellious college student. The owner of the hotel is an obsessive Jew. The clerk is befriended by an on-the-run gangster, Terry Meighan, who claims to be a victim of the corrupt social system. He represents hope to the hotel clerk.

Reviews

Plays by Tennessee Williams
Plays set in Mississippi
1937 plays

Fugitive Kind


Ratified on February 3, 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to impose a  federal income tax. This allows the federal government to collect a tax on personal income, no matter where that income came from. The Sixteenth Amendment overturned the 1895 Supreme Court landmark decision in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. In Pollock, the Court ruled that a 2 percent tax on incomes over $4,000 was unconstitutional. This was because the law the ruling struck down did not allow for apportionment, the court ruled against it. The Sixteenth Amendment allowed Congress to levy a uniform direct income tax without being subject to apportionment.

Text

Background
When the framers of the Constitution were determining how the new government would be funded, they were trying to avoid a tax based on a person's income. In the Constitution, Article one, Sections 2 and 9 created the "rule of apportionment". On a practical basis this required Congress to tax the states based on each state's population instead of a tax on each person's income or property. For example, if a state made up four percent of the total population, they would be required to pay four percent of the total federal tax. The framers of the Constitution expected direct taxes to be used and defined the term broadly. However, they did not see that apportionment would cripple any attempt to collect direct taxes.

Before 1913, the bulk of federal revenues came from indirect taxes on goods. These include tariffs on goods imported into the country. They also included excise taxes on items like whiskey. Income taxes were not new in 1913. Congress had passed the Revenue Act of 1861 during the Civil War to help pay for the war. Ten years later it was allowed to lapse. The Confederate States of America also had an income tax. Starting in 1863, the tax exempted the first $1,000 and charged a 1% tax on the first $1,500 over the exemption. A 2% tax was levied on all income over that amount.

In 1894, Congress passed the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act which included a flat rate federal income tax of 2 percent. A year later, the Supreme Court handed down their decision in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.. They ruled the tax unconstitutional because it was a direct tax and not apportioned to the population of each state.

A constitutional income tax
On June 16, 1909, President Taft sent a message to the Senate which read:
 After a debate on the floor of the House lasting five hours, the bill was passed 314-14 (1 vote as "present" and 55 not voting). It was then sent to the state legislatures for ratification. The amendment gave Congress the power to apply a direct tax, based on people's incomes, and not subject to the apportionment rule.

Effects of the Sixteenth Amendment
The largest and most direct effect of the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment was it shifted power from the states to the national government. States had income taxes before the national government did. This kept the national government weaker due to having less revenue than the states. Without the Sixteenth Amendment, the national  government would find it far more difficult to extend its military power to other parts of the world.

Notes

References

16
Taxation in the United States

Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution


The 1994 Shreveport Pirates season was the first season in the teams franchise history. They finished last place in the East division with a 3–15 record and failed to make the playoffs.

Offseason
During the 1993 season, Bernie Glieberman was the owner of the Ottawa Rough Riders franchise. The city refused to renegotiate the terms of the lease for Frank Clair Stadium and Glieberman threatened to move the franchise. Instead, Glieberman sold the franchise to local businessman Bruce Firestone. Glieberman was offered the opportunity to start a new franchise and the Shreveport Pirates were born. His son Lonie was named team president and the Gliebermans were leased Independence Stadium at a 10-year lease for $2,500 a game.  Lonie Glieberman boasted that the Pirates would be the first US based CFL franchise to win the Grey Cup.

Training camp
The Pirates first training camp was meant to be on the grounds at Louisiana State University. Instead, there was a scheduling error and the Pirates were forced to hold their training camp on the grounds of the Louisiana State Fair. The players were housed in a large barracks style room that housed 12 to 18 players, and were on the second level, while animals were on the first level.  Pirates player Joe Mero would book a nearby hotel room at his own expense.
Head coach John Huard was the former football coach at the Maine Maritime Academy and he would be fired during training camp. An incident occurred where Huard berated a volunteer athletic therapist. The therapist left training camp and Huard was released from his coaching duties.    Huard was replaced by NFL Hall of Famer and former Cincinnati Bengals and Toronto Argonauts head coach Forrest Gregg. Gregg convinced the Gliebermans to remove the Vice President of Operations and the General Manager.

Preseason

Regular season
Despite the losing, Shreveport averaged a respectable attendance of 17,871 fans per game. The Pirates set a CFL record with the longest losing streak in history (14 consecutive losses).

Schedule

Awards and honors
Ben Williams, Defensive Tackle, CFL Eastern All-Star
Joe Fuller, Defensive Back, CFL Eastern All-Star

References

External links
 Shreveport Pirates team profile

Shreveport Pirates
Canadian Football League seasons
Shrev

1994 Shreveport Pirates season


A memory card is a form of flash memory that is used in a range of electronic devices such as a digital camera or video game console. The memory card stores data, images, music, saved games or other computer files.

Flash memory devices like this contain no moving parts so they are not easily damaged. This means that they are ideal for use in portable devices such as MP3 players, digital cameras, mobile phones etc.

The amount of data memory cards can store depends on the capacity of the card. Currently (in 2017) the largest memory cards can store 1 terabyte of data. As the technology improves, larger capacity cards are expected.

There are many different types of memory cards, for example MultiMediaCard or CompactFlash, but the majority are SD cards or MicroSD.

Storage devices

Memory card


Lodge Causeway is an ancient passage through the former Royal Forest of Kingswood and now the main road between Fishponds and Kingswood in Bristol, England.  The road is designated the B4048.

The Causeway led to Kingswood Lodge at the top of Lodge Hill, recorded in use since Saxon times when kings used the forest for hunting whilst resident at the palace at Pucklechurch, where King Edmund was murdered by an outlaw in 946. It passes through the Fishponds suburbs of Hillfields, Mayfield Park and Chester Park.

References
Kingswood Forest. Retrieved on 2007-11-12.

History of Bristol
Streets in Bristol

Lodge Causeway


Louis de Bruges, Lord of Gruuthuse, Prince of Steenhuijs, Earl of Winchester (Dutch: Lodewijk van Brugge;  – 24 November 1492), was a Flemish courtier, bibliophile, soldier and nobleman. He was awarded the title of Earl of Winchester by King Edward IV of England in 1472, and was Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland 1462–77.

Early life
Born in (or about) 1422 as the legitimate son of Lord Jean IV of Bruges of the Gruuthuse family, and Margriet of Steenhuyse, Lady of Avelghem, young Loys (Louis or Ludovicus) was trained in the arts of war and the court in the wealth and luxury of Flanders' Golden Age. In the Tournament of the White Bear, held in Bruges every year, Loys took part in 1443, 1444, 1447, 1448 and 1450. He often won one of the prizes. This caught the eye of the Duke of Burgundy and Count of Flanders, Philip the Good (1396–1467), who made Loys his squire and official wine server, an honorary title bestowed on only a few selected men.

As a courtier Loys followed the Duke around his expanding duchy. Meeting with the highest nobles and princes in Europe, he learned the art of diplomacy and secured his place within the Burgundian court. On 19 April 1450 Loys of Gruuthuse again took part in the Tournament of the White Bear and again he won one of the prizes.

War

This was his last tournament in Bruges, but a real war now came.  The crisis with the town of Ghent about a salt tax reached its zenith and Ghent declared open war on Philip the Good. During this Salt War Loys was appointed governor of Bruges and he proved to be a brave and loyal ally to the duke.  During the winter of 1452–1453 the Salt War laid Flanders' countryside to waste, so when spring came the duke gathered his army and moved on Ghent with Loys of Gruuthuse as one of its commanders. Loys was knighted on 23 July 1453 on the battlefield of Gavere and he was given command of the rearguard. The battle was a disaster for Ghent. Its army was destroyed and blood coloured the river Scheldt red. Loys feared the devastation of Ghent and asked the duke to spare the city of plunder. The duke's merciful answer was: "If I would destroy this city, who is going to build me one like it?!"

Councillor
After the war Loys became a trusted councillor and was sufficiently trusted to arrange the wedding between Charles de Charolais, the duke's son and Margaret of York, sister to the king of England. In 1454 he was present at the Feast of the Pheasant in Lille. In 1455 he himself married Margaretha, lady of Borssele, of the most prominent noble family of Zeeland, related to the Scottish and French royal families and to the dukes of Burgundy. They had several children. Their first son, Jean V, was born in 1458.

In 1461 Loys was made a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He now bore the titles of "Siege (=lord) de Bruges", prince of Steenhuijse, lord of Avelghem, Haamstede, Oostkamp, Beveren, Thielt-ten-Hove and Spiere.

Between 1463 and 1477 he held the position of lieutenant-general (or stadtholder) in The Hague as the duke's highest official in the provinces of Holland, Zeeland and Frisia (though the latter was at that time not part of the Burgundian territories). During the winter of 1470–1471 Gruuthuse hosted King Edward IV, an exile from the Wars of the Roses. In return Edward later gave Gruuthuse the hereditary title of Earl of Winchester, a very exceptional honour for a non-Englishman.

Under Charles the Bold

Charles de Charolais, later to be known as Charles the Bold or the Rash (1433–1477), succeeded his father in 1467. Gruuthuse became his trusted councillor as well. After the duke's untimely death on the battlefield at the gates of Nancy he also took care of Charles' daughter Mary of Burgundy, also known as Maria the Rich.

Grateful for his support in the difficult times after her father's death she appointed him chamberlain to her young son Philip. Maria died at the age of 25 in 1482 after a tragic fall from her horse and her husband, the ambitious Maximilian I of Habsburg (1459–1519), soon clashed with the nobility and cities in Flanders as he tried to increase his power at their cost.

Gruuthuse more than once came into serious conflict with the father of his protégé, the boy that was to become Duke Philip I of Castile the Handsome (1478–1506) and this has seriously clouded the last years of his life. Louis of Gruuthuse died on 24 November 1492 in his palace at Bruges. It is said that a great thunderstorm raged over the city at the time of his burial.

Patronage of the arts

Louis appears to have been the second largest purchaser in the period, after Philip the Good, of illuminated manuscripts from the best Flemish workshops, then at their peak of success.  He appears to have had a book collection totalling 190 volumes, mostly secular in content, of which over half were contemporary illuminated copies.  This made his collection over twice the size of the contemporary English Royal collection.  He seems to have incorporated portraits of himself in miniatures in several books, as an extra figure, wearing the collar of the Fleece, appears in his copies but not in similar compositions in other copies of the same works. Many of his volumes passed to King Louis XII of France and are now in the Bibliotheque nationale de France, including his four-volume Froissart (BNF, Fr 2643-6) which contains 112 miniatures painted by the best Brugeois artists of the day, among them Loiset Lyédet, to whom the miniatures in the first two volumes are attributed.  The other two volumes were done by the anonymous illuminators known as the Master of Anthony of Burgundy, the Master of Margaret of York, and the Master of the Dresden Prayerbook as an assistant. Among other artists who worked for Louis de Gruuthuse was also the Master of the Flemish Boethius, who i.a. illustrated what was probably Gruuthuse's last commission, a sumptuous copy of Boethius from 1492.

The Gruuthuse manuscript, containing vernacular poetry, was owned by the Belgian noble family van Caloen of Koolkerke near Bruges until it was sold to the Dutch Royal Library in The Hague in February 2007. Another manuscript, the Penitence d'Adam, of 1472, was dedicated to him by the famous Bruges scribe, and later printer, Colard Mansion.

Louis was in fact one of the last people to commission new manuscripts on such a scale; he probably began collecting books in the late 1460s, with many of his major commissions dating from the 1470s.  In some cases even from that decade the titles already existed in printed form, and by the end of his life most titles could be bought printed, and Flemish illumination, especially of secular works, was in deep decline.  The collapse of the Burgundian state after the death of Charles the Bold further worsened this position, and there is documentation showing Louis allowed Edward IV of England to buy a Josephus commissioned by him from the workshop, and encouraged him to make other purchases of Flemish manuscripts, probably in an attempt to maintain an industry in crisis.

References and sources
References

Sources

See also

 House of Gruuthuse
 Jacob van Brugge
 Jean III d' Aa of Gruuthuse

External links

 Royal Dutch Library web-exhibition of the Gruuthuse-Manuscript
 Gruuthuse-Manuscript

1420s births
1492 deaths
Bibliophiles
Winchester, Louis de Gruuthuse, Earl of
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Burgundian knights
Politicians from Bruges
People of the Tudor period
Arts in the court of Philip the Good
Nobility of the Burgundian Netherlands
Medieval governors

Louis de Gruuthuse


XDCAM is a series of products for digital recording using random access solid-state memory media, introduced by Sony in 2003. Four different product lines the XDCAM SD, XDCAM HD, XDCAM EX and XDCAM HD422 differ in types of encoder used, frame size, container type and in recording media.

None of the later products have made earlier product lines obsolete. Sony maintains that different formats within XDCAM family have been designed to meet different applications and budget constraints.

The XDCAM range includes cameras and decks which act as drop-in replacements for traditional VTRs allowing XDCAM discs to be used within a traditional videotape-based workflow.  These decks can also serve as random access computer hard drives for easy import of the video data files into non-linear editing systems (NLE) via FireWire (IEEE 1394) and Ethernet.

In September 2008, JVC announced its alliance with Sony to support the XDCAM EX format.

In August 2009, Convergent Design began shipping the nanoFlash Portable Recorder, which uses the Sony XDCAM HD422 codec.

In November 2012, VITEC began shipping the FS-T2001 Portable Recorder, which uses Sony XDCAM HD422 and XDCAM HD codec.

Compression methods
The XDCAM format uses multiple video compression methods and media container formats.

Video is recorded with DV, MPEG-2 Part 2 or MPEG-4 compression schemes. DV is used for standard-definition video, MPEG-2 is used both for standard and high definition video, while MPEG-4 is used for proxy video.

Audio is recorded in uncompressed PCM form for all formats except proxy video, which uses A-law compression.

Equipment that uses Professional Disc as well as XDCAM 4:2:2 on SxS cards as recording media employs MXF container to store digital audio/digital video streams. Tapeless camcorders that record onto solid-state memory cards, use MP4 container for high definition audio/video, and DV-AVI container for DV video. JVC camcorders that use XDCAM EX recording format, are also capable of recording into QuickTime container besides using MP4 container.

Recording formats
DVCAM uses standard DV encoding, which runs at 25 Mbit/s, and is compatible with most editing systems. Some camcorders that allow DVCAM recording can record progressive-scan video.

MPEG IMX allows recording in standard definition, using MPEG-2 encoding at data rate of 30, 40 or 50 megabits per second. Unlike most other MPEG-2 implementations, IMX uses intraframe compression with each frame having the same exact size in bytes to simplify recording onto video tape. Sony claims that at 50 Mbit/s it offers visual quality that is comparable to Digital Betacam MPEG IMX is not supported in the XDCAM EX product line.

MPEG HD is used in all product lines except for XDCAM SD. This format supports multiple frame sizes, frame rates, scanning types and quality modes. Depending on product line or a particular model, not all modes of this format may be available.

MPEG HD422 doubles the chroma horizontal resolution compared to the previous generations of high-definition video XDCAM formats. To accommodate the improved chroma detail, video bitrate has been increased to 50 Mbit/s. This format is used only in XDCAM HD422 products.

MPEG SHD422 XDCAM-SHD422 stands for "Super HD" and has been introduced later on to preserve more details. It maintains the 4:2:2 planar chroma sampling as well as the same resolution of MPEG HD422, but it increases the bitrate to 85 Mbit/s. This format has never become widely used and a very limited set of devices support it.

Proxy AV is used to record low resolution proxy videos. This format employs MPEG-4 video encoding at 1.5 Mbit/s (CIF resolution) with 64 kbit/s (8 kHz A-law, ISDN-quality) for each audio channel.

XDCAM formats

1 720p @ 19 Mbit/s is offered by JVC and is equivalent to HDV 720p

XDCAM-SHD422 has a very limited support.

Recording media

Professional Disc (XDCAM and XDCAM HD)

The Professional Disc was chosen by Sony as its medium for professional non-linear video acquisition for a number of reasons, outlined in their white-paper Why Sony Adopted Professional Disc. This disc is similar to Blu-ray Disc and holds either 23 GB of data (PFD23, single-layer, rewritable), 50 GB (PFD50, dual-layer, rewritable), 100 GB (PFD100TLA, triple-layer, rewritable) or 128 GB (PFD128QLW, quad-layer, write-once).

Essentially, the Professional Disc format was deemed to be a suitable, cost effective and easy step forward. The discs are reliable and robust, suitable for field work (something which has previously been a problem with many disc-based systems). Additionally, the cost of media is comparable to existing professional formats.

SxS

In 2008, Sony introduced a new recording medium to their XDCAM range SxS Pro (pronounced "S-by-S"). It is a solid-state memory card implemented as an ExpressCard module. The first camera to use this media was the Sony PMW-EX1 professional video camera.

In December 2009, Sony introduced the more affordable SxS-1.  This unit is designed to have the same performance as the SxS Pro card however its life expectancy is shorter at an estimated 5 years of life when used every day to the card's full capacity.

In early 2013, Sony has introduced SxS Pro+ cards.  These have a 1.2 Gbit/s read and write speed to support the PMW-F55 in storing 4K 60p acquisition.

Memory Stick

Memory Stick cards can be used in Sony XDCAM EX camcorders via the MEAD-MS01 adapter.

Secure Digital

Secure Digital memory cards can be used in Sony XDCAM EX camcorders via the MEAD-SD01 adapter. JVC camcorders that record in XDCAM EX format use Secure Digital memory cards natively.

XQD

XQD memory cards can be used in Sony XDCAM EX camcorders via the QDA-EX1 ExpressCard adapter.

See also

 HDCAM
 XAVC
 Professional video camera
 Tapeless camcorder

References

 Sony's official XDCAM web page
 [ Brochure for the Sony PMW-EX1]
 * [ Brochure for XDCAM HD422 Family]
 JVC Solid State Press Release
 JVC KA-MR100G Press Release

Video storage
Audiovisual introductions in 2003

XDCAM


Jacob van Loo (1614 – 26 November 1670) was a painter of the Dutch Golden Age, chiefly active in Amsterdam and, after 1660, in Paris. Van Loo is known for his conversational groupings; particularly his mythological and biblical scenes generally attributed to the genre of History painting. He was especially celebrated for the quality of his nudes to the extent that, during his lifetime, particularly his female figures were said to have been considered superior and more popular than those of his Amsterdam contemporary and competitor Rembrandt. In 1663, three years after fleeing to Paris, Jacob van Loo was accepted into the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture.

Though his father also painted, Jacob's success ensured that he would forever be referred to as the founder of the Van Loo family of painters; a dynasty which was influential in French and European painting from the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century.

Biography
Van Loo was born in Sluis, a town in the Dutch Republic. Some sources have speculated that his father, Jan van Loo, may have been a notary, but more often his father is described as a painter from whom Jacob van Loo received his early training. Little is known of van Loo's early history due to the destruction of the city archives in Sluis during World War II. His early influences are said to have included Thomas de Keyser and Jacob Adriaensz Backer.

Family life
In 1635, van Loo moved to Amsterdam, In 1642 he married Anna Lengele, the sister of the painter Martinus Lengele (1604–1668). The couple had six children, including the painters Jean van Loo and his better known brother Louis-Abraham van Loo. Their grandsons, Jean-Baptiste van Loo and Charles-André van Loo were among the most famous French painters of the 18th century. They lived on Rozengracht in the Jordaan district of Amsterdam.

Professional practice
In Amsterdam, van Loo found himself at the centre of an active and competitive circle of artists, which included Rembrandt, Frans Hals and Bartholomeus van der Helst. Around 1640 Eglon van der Neer entered his studio as an apprentice and remained his student for a decade. In 1652 van Loo bought himself citizenship (burgerrecht) of the city of Amsterdam. It was speculated that he did so in the hope of being commissioned to help decorate the newly constructed town hall. In 1654, a poem by Jan Vos counted van Loo among the most significant of Dutch painters, alongside Rembrandt and van der Helst.

The greater part of van Loo's oeuvre was done in the Baroque style that had originated in Rome and had been popularised throughout Europe. He is often referred to as a major influence on Johannes Vermeer, evidence of which can be seen by comparing Vermeer's painting of Diana and Her Companions with van Loo's 1648 version of the same subject (not the 1654 version of Diana and her nymphs often used to dispute the claim of direct influence.)

Van Loo painted many portraits. Among his subjects were Johan Huydecoper van Maarseveen; his sister, Leonara Huydecoper, who was married to Jan J. Hinlopen; Joan Ortt, who was later involved with Antoinette Bourignon; and his wife Lucretia Boudaen.

Flight to Paris
In 1660, van Loo fled from Amsterdam after fatally stabbing someone during an altercation at an inn. He was sentenced to death in absentia which forever prevented his return to the Dutch Republic. Van Loo settled in Paris, where, in 1663, he was admitted to the Académie de peinture et de sculpture. He died in Paris in 1670, three years after the van Loo family were naturalised as French citizens.

Gallery

References

External links

 Record at Getty Research
 Biography from Kresge Art Gallery
 Biography at Daphne Alazraki Fine Art
 Works and literature on Jacob van Loo

1614 births
1670 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
People from Sluis
Dutch portrait painters
Flemish portrait painters

Jacob van Loo


Alternative medicine describes practices used instead of normal medical treatments. Some patients seek these practices along with normal medicine. When the patient's medical doctor works with an alternative medicine therapist, this is called "complementary medicine."

Alternative medicine includes practices that incorporate spiritual, metaphysical, or religious belief; non-evidence-based practices, non-European medical traditions, or newly developed approaches to healing.

Examples include acupuncture, chiropractic and homeopathy.

Alternative medicine does not prevent or cure any disease.
The opposite of alternative medicine are medical diagnoses and treatements that are proven to work. This is called evidence-based or conventional medicine.

Alternative medicine


Stephen McGowan is the former Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of Sun Microsystems. He retired from this position in June 2006.

McGowan attended Northeastern University where he earned a B.S. in finance, followed by an MBA from Loyola University Chicago. He is also a member of the Institute of Management Accountants and is a Certified Management Accountant.

After joining Sun in 1992, McGowan took on the role of vice president of finance and planning for North America and Australia, and he moved on three years later in 1995 to take on a VP of finance and planning for the company's Worldwide Field Organization in the Computer Systems division. On July 1, 2002, McGowan took on the CFO position from Mike Lehman, leaving his role as vice president of finance, planning and administration for the Global Sales Operations unit. Lehman had served as CFO for four and a half years, having taken on the job in January 1998.

McGowan's previous experience includes various sales, finance and marketing positions at Digital Equipment Corporation.

External links
 Sun Microsystems's official Stephen McGowan bio

References

Shankland, Stephen (April 2002). "Sun's CFO to retire this summer". Accessed on September 9, 2005.

Northeastern University alumni
Loyola University Chicago alumni
Living people
American chief financial officers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Stephen McGowan


Millah Abraham also known as Gafatar is a religious movement with roots in Islam based in Indonesia. Founded by Ahmad Moshaddeq., it claims over 50,000 members. It has been persecuted by the Indonesian government, with its founder Ahmad Mushaddeq sent to prison.

History
Millah Abraham is led by Ahmad Mushaddeq, who in the 1990s began to believe that he was receiving messages from God, and that he was a successor to Muhammad. His beliefs became known as Milah Abraham, which accumulated approximately 50,000 followers in Indonesia and Malaysia. Mushaddeq's followers also began a back-to-the-land movement emphasizing organic farming and agrarian self-sufficiency, known as Gafatar.

Persecution
As of 2016 there were more than 7,000 members of Gafatar. Gafatar encouraged its followers to sell their possessions and move to more rural farmland in Borneo, in order to avoid persecution by Indonesian authorities.

In January 2016, the Ministry of Home Affairs of Indonesia banned activities of Gafatar. and a mob destroyed the Gafatar compound in West Kalimantan. Indonesian authorities detained approximately 7,000 practitioners and began relocation and re-educating them. More than 25 members were charged with blasphemy, and 11 have spent time in prison. (While the Constitution of Indonesia guarantees freedom of religion, in practice freedom is extended to only six official religions: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Confucianism. A police spokesman, told the New York Times that the teachings of Milah Abraham's contradicted those of Indonesia's established religions and so violate the law.)

Beliefs
Millah Abraham teaches that the major Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity and Islam, have been corrupted by humans, necessitating a sequence of new prophets. It claims to be the latest installation of the Abrahamic religions.  Mushaddeq teaches that "just as Judaism had given way to Christianity, and Christianity to Islam, it was Islam's turn" to give way to Gafatar, which will "in turn be superseded by a new iteration of Abrahamic faith centuries from now."

Distribution
Its followers are particularly located in West Kalimantan.

References

Islam in Indonesia
New religious movements
Abrahamic religions

Milah Abraham


Hong Kong Recording Industry Alliance Limited  (HKRIA, ) is a not-for-profit copyright management organization, formed to handle copyright issues for recording companies regarding the broadcast, public performance and relevant usage of sound recordings (recorded music) and music videos in Hong Kong, Macau and other territories.  The founding companies included the traditional internationally recognised Big Four Recording Companies  (四大唱片公司) of EMI Group, Sony Music, Universal Music (環球) and Warner Music Group (華納).  The group was established in October 2008. Later in December 2010, BMA Entertainment (博美) joined HKRIA, turning the Big Four into the Big Five.  While BMA is

History
As the founding members of HKRIA, the Big Four Recording Companies, Sony Music, Warner Music Group, EMI Music and Universal Music withdrew their membership from IFPI (Hong Kong) on 20 August 2008. They then assigned management of copyright, public performance and other related issues exclusively to HKRIA. On 21 December 2010, BMA Entertainment announced its new membership, joining the traditional Big Four (since reduced to three following the breakup of EMI).

On 2013, EAS Music, Soundgood Production Ltd, BEGGARS, Lemongrass, Starz Track and Equilibrium Music Group were announced its new membership.

On 2015, West One Music Group was announced its new membership.

Controversies

TVB
On December 24, 2009, HKRIA held a press conference with regards to increasing the royalties due from TVB, the dominant local free over-the-air station, with which many cantopop singers also have artiste contracts.  The fees were raised for three reasons.
 Value of the singers were previously underestimated.
 TVB is broadcasting more music content than before.
 To meet TVB's increase use of music, the rise will grant users one year of unlimited licensed use.  The royalties due per year is to exceed HK$10 million.

TVB was not satisfied with the fee and began to ban singers from the internationally recognised Big Four from appearing on their programmes.  Singers Hacken Lee, Eason Chan and Kay Tse, voiced their support for their respective record labels.  In the past, Hacken Lee was often dubbed as "TVB's son" due to his close working relationship with the TV station. However both he and Eason Chan were immediately pulled from their appearances on TVB's Jade Solid Gold and the 21st CASH Songwriter's Quest within days of the controversy. Prudence Liew, signed under the Universal label Cinepoly Records, was quickly dismissed of her hosting duties from the singing competition The Voice, a program she has hosted weekly since July 2009, three episodes shy of the season finale.

As a result of the ban, no artists from HKRIA record labels received any awards at the TVB-organized 2009 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation held on January 16, 2010. Singers affected included many frontrunners of the night: Universal Music's Eason Chan, Hacken Lee, Kay Tse, Hins Cheung and Mr.; Warner Music Group's Fiona Sit and Khalil Fong; and Sony Music's Jason Chan.  In support of their record labels, none of the artistes signed to HKRIA record labels showed up to the TVB awards ceremony.

Beginning in 2011 the Metro Radio Hits Music Award Presentation became the only complete award to allow singers from all companies.

See also
 Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), also included the now-Big Three of Warner, Universal, and Sony.

References

External links
 HKRIA.com official site

Music industry associations
Organizations established in 2008
Music organisations based in Hong Kong

Hong Kong Recording Industry Alliance


Choi Eun-hee (November 20, 1926 – April 16, 2018) was a South Korean actress. She began her movie career in 1947 in the movie A New Oath. For the next 20 years, she was one of the biggest stars in Korean movies and led the Shin Film company along with her husband, the director Shin Sang-ok. She was born in Gwangju, Gyeonggi.

Career
According to the Internet Movie Database, from 1955 to 1985, Choi appeared in eighty-one movies. She received the award for best actress at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival in 1985, for her part in the movie Sogum.

Personal life
In 1978, Choi and Shin, whom she had recently divorced due to Shin having committed adultery, were kidnapped in Hong Kong to North Korea by order of Kim Jong-il. Kim's plan was to have Shin work as his propagandist and for Choi to be the star. Shortly after agreeing to the demands of Kim, they were remarried at his recommendation. The couple finally staged their escape in 1986 while on a trip to Vienna, fleeing to the United States embassy and requesting political asylum.

Choi died on April 16, 2018 in Seoul, South Korea of kidney failure at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

 Inside the mind of Kim Jong-il, BBC, July 21, 2003, retrieved January 29, 2006
 Kidnapped by North Korea, Mike Thomson, BBC, March 5, 2003, retrieved January 29, 2006

1926 births
2018 deaths
South Korean movie actors
Kidnapped people

Choi Eun-hee


"Someone's Looking at You" was the third and final single from The Boomtown Rats' album The Fine Art of Surfacing. It peaked at number two on the Irish Singles Chart and number 4 on the UK Singles Chart in February 1980.

It is an organ-based song that paints a humid picture of 1984-style government surveillance and has been described as a "gently humorous song about paranoia". The second verse starts "They saw me there in the square when I was shooting my mouth off about saving some fish. Now could that be construed as some radical's views or some liberals' wish". This refers to singer Bob Geldof's participation in a Greenpeace anti-whaling rally in London's Trafalgar Square. Geldof's website describes the song as a personal statement on fame.

Charts

References

External links

The Boomtown Rats songs
1980 singles
1979 songs
Ensign Records singles
Columbia Records singles

Someone's Looking at You


Wikipedians are the people who write and edit articles for Wikipedia. Some people might think that Wikipedist would be a more appropriate name, as an encyclopedist is someone who contributes to an encyclopedia. The ending of Wikipedian, though, suggests being part of a group or community.  So in this sense, Wikipedians are people who form  The Wikipedia Community.

The number of Wikipedians has grown to more than 1.6 million (1 600 000 — counting registered user accounts), plus an unknown, but quite large, number of unregistered contributors. Detailed statistical information about Wikipedia is available at Wikipedia:Statistics.

The diversity of Wikipedians renders it nearly impossible to make many categorical statements about Wikipedians as a whole. Information about many registered Wikipedians is available on their user pages. However, users are not required to create these pages or post information on them.

You could think of Wikipedians as a global ant colony, except there's no queen, and users choose their own roles. Some Wikipedians welcome newcomers; some Wikipedians award those whom they feel deserve awards. Some upload images; some work on history articles; and still others work on reverting vandalism. Many take on all of these tasks. Whatever you decide to do, every Wikipedian is valuable.

This page contains lists of Wikipedians by country, as well as various other groupings. Different categories have been created due to demand. Individual Wikipedians may add themselves to appropriate lists if they wish. It is suggested that if you put your name on one of the more specific lists, you should also include it on the alphabetical list.

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 Wikipedia:List of Administrators
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 m:Stewards - Can revoke permissions when necessary and will grant permissions on small projects that lack an internal process for doing so

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विकिपिडियाम्हि


Isis is an American comic book character based on the goddess of the same name from Ancient Egyptian religion. Originally published by Image Comics, she has since been moved to her creator Darren G. Davis's publication of Bluewater Productions.

Originally published in February 2002 in a one-shot issue by Image Comics, Isis later appeared in The 10th Muse #10 and The Odyssey #1 - both by Tidal Wave Studios and Avatar Press.  In 2005 Isis would return in her own ongoing, monthly series, The Legend of Isis at Alias Enterprises by creator Darren G. Davis and writer Ryan Scott Ottney, before the last move to Bluewater.

Although some artistic depictions of the character, such as that shown in the comic illustration at right, make her resemble the DC Comics superhero and TV character of the same name, the Image/Bluewater version has no connection.

Fictional character biography
Once a powerful warrior in Ancient Egypt, Isis fought in honorable battle with her sister, Nephtys. The victor of the battle would be wed to Osiris and welcomed into the Egyptian Pantheon as its Queen Goddess. Isis defeated her sister, but spared her life. Nephtys and her brother Set, the advisor to the throne, devised an evil spell that cast Isis 5,000 years into the future and erased her from everyone's thoughts and minds.

Isis arrives in modern day Los Angeles, California and quickly draws the attention of the local police. Officer Scott Dean, feeling sorry for her, takes her into his care. Isis realizes that she has been erased from history, and Nephtys now sits next to Osiris in Egyptian Mythology. She finds the Staff of Luxor at a local museum, and says that it was pulling her to it. Once Isis is near this staff, she is empowered with great abilities by the spirit of Osiris, who now channels his power through the staff and into her hands. The staff also enables her with complete fluency in English. But touching the Staff also awakens the spirit of Set, who is now an evil demi-god. Set has come back to destroy Isis so that he may complete his agreement with the Goddess Nephtys and be granted the full power of the God of Chaos and rule the world.

Scott, with the help of Crystal Van Howe (Scott's girlfriend), create a new identity for Isis to live in the modern world, and name her Jessica Eisen. "Jessica" takes on a job at a museum of Egyptian artifacts.

Characters

Osiris
Osiris was very much in love with the warrior Isis in his time, but an evil spell cast upon him by his advisor, Set, caused him and everyone else to forget that Isis ever existed as they cast her far into the future. Without remembering Isis, Osiris wed her sister, Nephtys, instead. Years later Nepytys and Set would devise a plot to kill Osiris, giving all power of Egypt to Nephtys. As Set carried out their plan, he told Osiris what they had done to Isis. In this moment, the spell over Osiris was lifted and he remembered everything. He used his last, dying breath to enchant the Staff of Luxor with the power of his spirit.

With his power contained within, the staff would seek out Isis wherever she may be, so that the two could be together someday and use this power to destroy the evil that tore them apart.

Jessica Eisen
Jessica Eisen is the name chosen by Scott Dean for the Egyptian Goddess Isis to adopt while living in our time - named after Scott's mother (See: The Legend of Isis #1, 2005). Jessica lives a quiet life in Los Angeles, California, where she works in a museum tending to many ancient artifacts from around the globe. Her specialty is, of course, Egyptian culture.

Other villains
 Lynx is the spirit of the Amazonian Goddess, Sekhent, who has inhabited the body of Crystal Van Howe through a mystic gem. Crystal was, at first, completely unaware of her possession, and she has no control over the evil spirit that erupts from within. Lynx wishes to enslave (or kill) all the men of the world and usher in a matriarchal dominant society. Lynx first appeared in The Legend of Isis #1 (Alias Enterprises, 2005).
 Wosret is the leader of the ancient, secret religion, known as the Council of Isis. The Council believes that Osiris prophesied to them the return of Isis, and they believe that Isis will lead them to destroy all "false" worldly-religions to re-establish the Egyptian Pantheon as a true and rightful gods. The Council uses a mind-altering chemical-gas to enslave people and abduct them to join their religion. The gas has a particularly violent effect on those thought to be more resistant to the Egyptian gods, and transforms their entire body into vicious, hideous, dog-like creatures (See: Anubis). When Scott, and Crystal unleashed the chemical-antidote on the Council, its servants began to return to normal. When Isis tried the antidote on Wosret, however, he reverted to his original form; a massive, giant Dog-like creature, more vicious and deadly than any of the others. Wosret once believed that Isis was the fulfillment of the great prophecy, but since she destroyed his religion he now believes she is a false-Isis. Wosret is intent on destroying this false-Isis, as he continues to await the arrival of the "true" Isis. Wosret was created by writer Ryan Scott Ottney and first appeared in The Legend of Isis #6 (Alias Enterprises, 2006). The name Wosret translates to "Beautiful Isis".
 Silencer is a deadly female assassin (who never speaks), once hired to kill a colleague of Isis, named Judo Girl. Judo Girl secretly replaced Silencer to infiltrate a mob boss circle, and had to fight Isis and Atlas who were unaware that this was not Silencer, but rather Judo Girl in disguise. Silencer later returned in the pages of Judo Girl comics. Silencer was created by writer Ryan Scott Ottney and first appeared in The Legend of Isis #5 (Alias Enterprises, 2006).

Other media
In 2004 The Legend of Isis was optioned for a major motion picture by Paramount Studios and Grammnet Productions, with screenwriter Ali Russell. No progress of the adaptation was made and the rights lapsed.

Notes

References

External links
 Bluewater Productions
 Alias Comics
 Devil's Due Digital - Digital distributor

Comics characters introduced in 2002
2002 comics debuts
2005 comics debuts
2007 comics debuts
Alias Enterprises titles
TidalWave Productions
Comics characters with superhuman strength
Image Comics female superheroes
Image Comics titles
Isis

Isis (Bluewater Comics)


Kissing Shakespeare is a debut novel of a former American teacher and librarian-turned-writer Pamela Mingle. It was published as a young adult literature book on August 14, 2012, by Delacorte Books. There are no records of William Shakespeare's life between his birth in 1564 to his arrival in London in 1590, although he was speculated to be a schoolteacher before becoming a playwright.  Mingle's novel sets during what historians referred as Shakespeare's "lost years," using clues from the 1580s, to create a romantic fantasy centering on a love triangle composed of a contemporary teenage girl from the 21st century, a time traveler from the past, and William Shakespeare. Mingle remains true to the history and events of the era, revealing the challenges of living in a time of religious persecution and suppression of women.

Premise
American teenager Miranda Graham believes that she has Shakespeare in her genes: she hopes one day to follow her parents' footsteps as a Shakespearean actress. After her disastrous performance in her school's staging of The Taming of the Shrew, her fellow cast member, Stephen Langford, steps out of the backstage and asks if she'd like to meet William Shakespeare in person. Miranda thinks he's insane. But before she can object, Stephen uses a spell to magically transport them both back to 16th century England–the time period Stephen is actually from, in the year 1581, at Lancashire. He wants Miranda to use her acting skills and modern-day charms on a teenage Shakespeare. Without her help, Stephen claims, the world will lose its greatest playwright.

Miranda isn't convinced she's the girl for the job. Reluctantly, she agrees to help, as Stephen agrees that once they've completed their mission, Stephen will send her back to the moment they've left.  Stephen had Miranda taking his sister Olivia's identity, and lives with his uncle and aunt. Stephen's uncle and aunt, Alexander and Elizabeth Hoghtons, don't realize that Miranda is not their niece because Stephen's family had not been in contact with them in years due to feuds, and Miranda resembles Olivia.  During lunch with the Hoghtons and their guests, Miranda meets the young Shakespeare, who is hired as a headmaster for children.  During dinner, Stephen help Miranda adjust to life in the 16th century, even teaching her how to dance.  William later dances with Miranda, and offers to teach her poetry.  Miranda finds herself attracted to both Stephen and William afterward.

On the following day, William reveals a desire to become an actor.  However, after witnessing a religious execution, Miranda learns from Stephen that current events could prevent William from pursuing his dreams, and force him to take a different path in life as a Jesuit instead.  If William Shakespeare joins the Catholic Church under the urging of the Jesuits' leader Thomas Cook, he would likely be persecuted and put to death, thus endangering Miranda's timeline.  Stephen proposes that Miranda seduce Shakespeare, causing him to lose his virtue so that the church would not be able to recruit him....

Reception
According to Lara Avery, "Mingle makes good use of Shakespeare's 'lost years' as she weaves an improbable but no less fascinating story of a contemporary young woman coping with the harsh yet courtly conditions of rural sixteenth-century England." O'Malley also claims that "this novel is definitely a cut above the typical teen romance."  While Kirkus found that "The only thing that's not predictable about this time-travel romance is its exceptionally silly premise." and "...this offering achieves only inanity."

Awards
 Runner-up - 2013 Colorado Romance Writers Award of Excellence Young Adult with Romantic Elements
 Winner - 2013 Colorado Authors' League Book-length Middle Grade/Young Adult Fiction
 Winner - 2013 Colorado Book Award Young Adult Literature

References

External links
Author's official site

2012 American novels
2012 science fiction novels
2012 fantasy novels
Novels set in the 1580s
American alternate history novels
American young adult novels
Debut speculative fiction novels
Novels about William Shakespeare
Novels about magic
Novels about actors
Novels set in Boston
Novels set in Lancashire
Historical romance novels
Romantic fantasy novels
Sexuality in novels
Novels about time travel
Books about Christianity
2012 debut novels
Delacorte Press books

Kissing Shakespeare


Toba Tek Singh (, ) is a city and capital of Toba Tek Singh District in the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is surrounded by cities of Gojra, Kamalia, Rajana, Pir Mahal and Shorkot.

History
The city and district is named after a Sikh religious figure Tek Singh. Legend has it that Mr. Singh, a kind hearted man, served water and provided shelter to the worn out and thirsty travelers passing by a small pond ("toba" in Punjabi) which eventually was called Toba Tek Singh, and the surrounding settlement acquired the same name.

British Raj
Toba Tek Singh was developed by the British toward the end of the 19th Century when a canal system was built. People from all over the Punjab (currently Indian and Pakistani Punjab) moved there as farmlands were allotted to them. Most of the people who migrated there belonged to Lahore, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur District. The Imperial Gazetteer of India described the tehsil of Toba Tek Singh as follows:

Tehsil of the new Lyallpur District, Punjab, lying between 30°50' and 31°23' N. and 72° 20' and 72°54' E., with an area of 865 square miles (2,240 km2). The population in 1906 was 148,984. It contains 342 villages, including Toba Tek Singh (population,1,874), the headquarters, and GOJRA (2,589), an important grain market on the Wazirabad -Khanewal branch of the North-Western Railway. The land revenue and ceases in 1905-6 amounted to 4.7 lakhs. The tahsil consists of a level plain, wholly irrigated by the Chenab Canal. The soil, which is very fertile in the east of the tahsil, becomes sandy towards the west. The boundaries of the tahsil were somewhat modified at the time of the formation of the new District of Lyallpur"

Modern
During the 1970s, when many Pakistani cities were renamed to change names given after British Rulers to their original or native names or more acceptable names to local population - for example, Montgomery returned to its original name Sahiwal -  Toba Tek Singh remained one of the very few cities to maintain its original name mainly because of reputation of Tek Singh. In 1982 Toba Tek Singh, formerly a subdivision, was separated from Faisalabad District and became a separate district.

Kisan conference 1970
In Toba Tek Singh, the Left parties held a farmers' conference on March 23-25, 1970, which was led by Maulana Bhashani. The farmers' conference made Toba Tek Singh famous in the country. Toba Tek Singh was chosen to host the farmers' conference because it was not only an important agricultural area but also had left-wing ideological leaders present before the partition of India.

Gas pipeline explosion
On the evening of October 23, 1999, SNGPL employees were repairing a 26-inch diameter pipe at the wall assembly station on Jhang Maghiana Road of SNGPL's main pipeline passing through Toba Tek Singh city. An explosion set fire to the assembly station and surrounding houses, burning 13 people, including 11 employees, to death and injuring dozens.

Demography

Toba Tek Singh is located in central Punjab and occupies 3,252 square kilometers and is made up of large areas of lowlands that flood frequently during the rainy season; the floods originate from the Ravi River that runs along the southern and southeastern borders. The pre-partition Toba Tek Singh had a sizable Sikh population, much of which migrated to Punjab in modern India in 1947.

Economy

Agriculture
Toba Tek Singh is one of the best producers of oranges, locally known as kenno. It contributes towards export standard quality of oranges. The majority of people living in this district work in agriculture and the region produces several kinds of agricultural and dairy products, including meat, eggs, cotton, maize, several pulses, peaches, guava, tomato, melon, water melon, mangoes, tobacco, onion.

Notable people

 Masood Fakhri (1932 – 6 September 2016), footballer

Sardar Muhammad Ayub Khan, Member, Provincial Assembly of Punjab ((2013 - 2018) (born in Toba Tek Singh)
Sardar Muhammad Chaudhry Ex-Inspector General, Punjab Police (June 1991 to 1 June 1993).
Tabraiz Shamsi, South African Cricketer (Debut 2016)
Amjad Javed Saleemi Ex-Inspector General, Punjab Police (October 2018 to April 2019).
Riaz Fatyana, Member, National Assembly of Pakistan, (PTI) NA-113 Chairman Standing Committee on Law and Justice, Member Public Accounts Committee, Convener SDG's, Member NACTA EX Minister for Education, Finance and Information of Punjab.
Muhammad Junaid Anwar Chaudhry, member, National Assembly of Pakistan, Ex Minister Postal and Communication Services, Member Public Account Committee.
Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar, former Governor of Punjab, Pakistan.
Waheed Akbar Chaudray Entrepreneur and Founder Member PTI, District President TT.Singh, Member National Council of PTI.

Educational Institutes
 St. Peter's High School
 Divisional Public School & College, Toba Tek Singh
 Bahria Foundation College, Toba Tek Singh
 Convent of Jesus and Mary High School, Toba Tek Singh
 Ken Public High School
 Govt Graduate College, Toba Tek Singh

In fiction
Saadat Hasan Manto, an Urdu language novelist, wrote a short story entitled "Toba Tek Singh" which is a satire on the partition of Punjab; in the story, an inmate in an asylum frets over the question of whether his home town Toba Tek Singh is now in India or Pakistan. It was adapted into a short movie of the same name directed by Pakistani filmmaker Afia Nathaniel in 2005. In 2006, Sarmad Sehbai dramatized "Toba Tek Singh" for Pakistan Television which was aired on Pakistan Television on December 3, 2006 and it was adapted into a film, Partition, by Ken McMullen and Tariq Ali for the British Channel 4 in 1987.

It has also been made into an Indian short film by Ketan Mehta. Rapper Riz Ahmed released a track titled the same name in his 2020 album, "The Long Goodbye".

See also
 Boota from Toba Tek Singh (a popular Pakistani TV drama about a person from Toba Tek Singh)

References

External links
  (short movie)
"The official homepage of local government Toba Tek Singh." Archived
  Toba Tek Singh Punjab Govt. website

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Populated places in Toba Tek Singh District
Toba Tek Singh District

Toba Tek Singh


The perforating arteries are branches of the deep artery of the thigh, usually three in number, so named because they perforate the tendon of the adductor magnus to reach the back of the thigh. They pass backward near the linea aspera of the femur underneath the small tendinous arches of the adductor magnus muscle.

The first perforating artery arises from the deep artery of the thigh above the adductor brevis, the second in front of this muscle, and the third immediately below it.

First
The first perforating artery (a. perforans prima) passes posteriorly between the pectineus and adductor brevis (sometimes it perforates the latter); it then pierces the adductor magnus close to the linea aspera.

It gives branches to the adductores brevis and magnus, biceps femoris, and gluteus maximus, and anastomoses with the inferior gluteal, medial and lateral femoral circumflex and second perforating arteries.

Second
The second perforating artery (a. perforans secunda), larger than the first, pierces the tendons of the adductores brevis and magnus, and divides into ascending and descending branches, which supply the posterior femoral muscles, anastomosing with the first and third perforating.

The second artery frequently arises in common with the first.

The nutrient artery of the femur is usually given off from the second perforating artery; when two nutrient arteries exist, they usually spring from the first and third perforating vessels.

Third/fourth
The third perforating artery (a. perforans tertia) is given off below the Adductor brevis; it pierces the Adductor magnus, and divides into branches which supply the posterior femoral muscles; anastomosing above with the higher perforating arteries, and below with the terminal branches of the profunda and the muscular branches of the popliteal.

The nutrient artery of the femur may arise from this branch.

The termination of the profunda artery, already described, is sometimes termed the fourth perforating artery of Elliott after the anatomist who first dissected its course.

Additional images

References

External links

Arteries of the lower limb

Perforating arteries