The yellow-bellied siskin (Spinus xanthogastrus) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. It breeds from Costa Rica south to southern Ecuador, central Bolivia and the highlands of northwestern Venezuela.

Description
The yellow-bellied siskin is a small bird, 10.5 cm in length and weighing 12 g. The male is entirely black except for a bright yellow belly, tail sides and wing patches. The female is dark olive green above and has pale yellow underparts which become brighter on the belly. She has a blackish tail and wings and also has bright yellow primary wing patches and tail sides. Young birds resemble the female, but have dusky fringes to the upperpart feathers and smaller yellow wing and tail patches. The song of this bird is a pleasant chattering twitter, and the call is a sharp .

The subspecies S. x. stejnegeri, which occurs from extreme southeastern Peru to central Bolivia, is larger and longer-billed than the nominate subspecies S. x. xanthogastrus. Males have larger yellow wing patches and more extensive black on the flanks. Females of this subspecies are darker olive above than the northern birds.

The yellow-bellied siskin is more of a woodland bird than the superficially similar lesser goldfinch (Spinus psaltria) and the latter species is paler and has a white wing patch and a more musical song.

Behaviour and ecology
The yellow-bellied siskin breeds in mountain oak forests at altitudes between 800–3,000 m. The nest is a shallow cup of rootlets, bark and lichens 2.4–3.7 m high in the dense foliage of a small tree in a clearing. The two or three green-tinged white eggs are laid in April or May and incubated by the female. Although not migratory, this species wanders within its range when not breeding.

The yellow-bellied siskin has been relentlessly persecuted for the cage-bird trade in some areas, such as central Costa Rica. Where it remains common, in remote or protected areas, flocks of up to 30 birds forage in the canopy for small insects and oak flowers, or descend to clearings for seeds. The males may sing socially.

References

Other sources
 Clement, Harris and Davis, Finches and Sparrows
 Hilty,  Birds of Venezuela,
 Stiles and Skutch,  A guide to the birds of Costa Rica

Spinus (genus)
Birds of Bolivia
Birds of Colombia
Birds of Ecuador
Birds of Peru
Birds of Venezuela
Birds of Costa Rica
Birds of Panama
Birds described in 1855
Taxa named by Bernard du Bus de Gisignies

Yellow-bellied siskin


James John Rantz (born February 24, 1938, at Saint Paul, Minnesota) is an American former professional baseball player and executive. He was the Minnesota Twins' farm system director from –, holding the title of "Director of Minor Leagues." When he retired after his 27th consecutive season in the post, Rantz was one of the longest-tenured farm system directors in Major League Baseball; it was his 53rd consecutive season with the Twins' organization. From 1971 through 1985, Rantz was assistant minor league director under George Brophy. As such, during his career, he sent multiple generations of home-grown players to the Twins, and contributed materially to the team's  and  world titles and its run of playoff teams during the first decade of the 21st century.

Playing career
A ,  right-handed relief pitcher, Rantz attended Washington High School in St. Paul (now Washington Technical Magnet School) then walked on at the University of Minnesota where he pitched (for Dick Siebert) and played hockey (for John Mariucci). Despite never having started a game in his collegiate (or later professional) career, Rantz pitched a complete game in the Gophers 2-1, 10 inning victory which gave Minnesota the 1960 College World Series title over the University of Southern California.

He signed with the Washington Senators in  — a year before the franchise shifted to Minnesota. Rantz compiled a 22–16 won–loss mark with a 3.64 earned run average in five minor-league seasons. After serving as manager for the St. Cloud Rox, the Twins' affiliate in the Class A Northern League, for one season (1965), he moved into the club's front office in 1965.

Front office
Originally hired by Brophy (then serving as the assistant director of farm clubs for the Twins) as an intern in the Twins' Media Relations department during the 1965 World Series, Rantz moved over four years later to work under Brophy. Other than a one-year stint in 1977 as manager of the Wisconsin Rapids Twins of the Class A Midwest League, Rantz worked for Brophy for the next 16 years. Following Brophy's retirement from the Twins in 1985 due to health problems, Rantz was promoted to succeed him as Director of Minor League Operations.

In recognition of his accomplishments as the team's player development boss for 22 years, Rantz was inducted into the Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame in 2007. On October 15, 2012, the Twins announced that Rantz would retire from his post at the end of the calendar year, after 53 years with the organization.

References

1938 births
Living people
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey players
Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball players
Atlanta Crackers players
Dallas Rangers players
Major League Baseball executives
Major League Baseball farm directors
Minnesota Twins executives
University of Minnesota alumni
Vancouver Mounties players
Wilson Tobs players
Wytheville Senators players
Ice hockey people from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Baseball players from Saint Paul, Minnesota

Jim Rantz


P. T. A. Rahim is an Indian politician from Kerala. He is from the Indian National League. He represents the Kunnamangalam constituency in Kozhikode district and Pro-tem Speaker in the Kerala Legislative Assembly.

Career
Born at Koduvally in Kozhikode district on 8 March 1949, Rahim started his political career through MSF during his college days. He completed a B.Com. degree at Farook College and LLB at Government Law College, Kozhikode. He was secretary of the Indian Union Muslim League Kozhikode District Committee and he was also President of Koduvally Grama Panchayath (1988–1993, 1998–2006). He left the Muslim League in early 2000s and formed Muslim League(R) with his followers. He made a successful movement in the Panachayat election held in 2005 with the support of Left Front in Koduvally.

He became a noted politician when he defeated K. Muraleedharan, the UDF candidate in Koduvally constituency in 2006 elections. In early 2011 with the support of LDF, under the leadership of P. T. A. Rahim a new party, National Secular Conference (NSC) was formed, which aimed to protect the rights of Dalits, religious minorities and other backward sections of people.

The party was later merged with Indian National League

Assembly Election Victories

References

1949 births
Living people
Malayali politicians
People from Kozhikode district
Kerala MLAs 2011–2016
Kerala MLAs 2016–2021
Indian National League politicians

P. T. A. Rahim


Sibylla of Armenia (died in 1290) was the princess of Antioch and countess of Tripoli by marriage to Bohemond VI from 1254 to 1275, and then regent of the County of Tripoli until their son, Bohemond VII, came of age in 1277. She was closely allied with the bishop of Tortosa, Bartholomew Mansel, which frustrated the scheme to install her as ruler of Tripoli instead of her daughter Lucia after Bohemond VII's death in 1287. During her lifetime, both the principality and the county were lost to the Egyptian Mamluks.

Early life
Sibylla was the daughter of Queen Isabella and King Hethoum I of Armenia. In 1254, at the suggestion of the crusader King Louis IX of France, Sibylla was married to Bohemond VI, the prince of Antioch and count of Tripoli. Their children were Bohemond VII, Lucia, and Maria.

The Principality of Antioch fell to the Egyptian Mamluks in 1268.

Regent of Tripoli
Sibylla's husband, Bohemond VI, died in 1275, and their son, Bohemond VII, inherited the County of Tripoli. Since Bohemond VII was then a minor, Sibylla assumed government in his name as regent. She was challenged by King Hugh III of Cyprus, who claimed regency as the closest adult in the line of succession. But family custom and popular opinion was on the princess's side. She sent her son to the court of her brother King Leo III of Armenia and appointed the bishop of Tortosa, Bartholomew Mansel, as her bailli. Hugh thus found no support.

Sibylla's husband, Bohemond VI, and Roman mother-in-law, Lucia of Segni, had installed Romans in important government posts, incurring displeasure of the local nobility. The nobility thus supported Sibylla and Bartholomew when they dealt with the Romans through executions and banishments. They failed to remove Paul of Segni, who was Bohemond VI's uncle and bishop of Tripoli, due to his friendship with the Knights Templar. The Templars were thus hostile to Bohemond VII when he returned from Armenia to assume government in 1277.

Claimant of Tripoli
Bohemond VII died childless on 19 October 1287. His heir was his sister, Sibylla's daughter, Lucia, who lived in Apulia with her husband, Narjot of Toucy, former admiral of Charles I of Anjou. The Angevins had meddled in the affairs of the Crusader states, trying to take over the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Hugh III of Cyprus, and had recently been ejected by Hugh III's son Henry II. Neither the nobility nor the citizens of Tripoli supported Lucia, who was hardly known to them and associated with the Angevins. They offered the county to Sibylla instead. She wrote to the bishop of Tripoli to ask him to be her bailli. The letter was intercepted and Sibylla was told by the nobles that he would not be accepted. Both sides refused to concede. The nobles and the merchants then proclaimed a commune, which was to rule Tripoli instead of counts. Sibylla then retired to her brother's court in Armenia. Her daughter came in 1288 and negotiated acceptance of her comital rights, but the Mamluks conquered Tripoli the next year. Sibylla died in Armenia in 1290.

References

Sources

1240 births
Armenia, Sibylla
13th-century women rulers
Princesses of Antioch
Countesses of Tripoli
Hethumid dynasty
Armenian princesses
Regents of Antioch

Sibylla of Armenia


HistoAtlas is a free collection of historic geographic information of the human culture all over the world. This is achieved as a time enabled geographic information system (GIS) on the web. All information can be used and edited freely and is intended to be a resource for education, archaeologists, historians and others.

Introduction

HistoAtlas provides a system to actively maintain historical information derived from historical records and check if it is consistent. It is not meant for the discovery of new historical facts but to put everything together so it can be presented as one whole story.

It is an open project making sure everyone benefits from it. Anyone can use the information and collaborate on the project. Its main audience is the general public but it should also contain enough historical details that historians should be able to enjoy it.

HistoAtlas is not only able to visualize the changes in extent of different countries, but also the events that caused this change altogether, because these things are historically more important than just the change of a border.

The atlas has information about different aspects of history. A few examples.

 Political boundaries based on antique historical records or archeological research.
 Historical events like wars, disasters, discoveries, treaties and journeys that shaped the course of time.
 Facts about historical figures and their families that played an important role in history.
 The evolution of cultural aspects like languages and religions.

Strategy

HistoAtlas aims to be a free, multilingual historical encyclopedia, intended as the most precise open content global historical reference.

In concept there are some similarities to what online encyclopedia like Wikipedia are doing, with differences on how data is stored, presented and used. It is a history oriented geographic information system. Information is structured more transparently so it can be searched more efficiently and presented in different ways. Wikipedia and other encyclopedia are focused on articles and are not able to create maps efficiently because they are not meant to do this.

But like Wikipedia the information and application will be made available under an open license, meaning it will be maintained by volunteers who want to share their knowledge.

Consistency

The vision that HistoAtlas wants to put forward is the one of a collaborative system. Scientists require that the information is correct. Making sure that data is correct will be a high priority of the system. For now only a basic system has been put in place, but this will be extended in the future.

Licensing

Everything developed for the project is licensed under an open license. It can be used and improved by anyone.

All data published under the project is put under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

See also
Table of Historical Maps

References
 HistoAtlas official website
 Ian N. Gregory: A place in History A short introduction to HGIS by the lead developers of GBHGIS ISSN 1463-5194

Online encyclopedias
Wikis about geography
Geographic information systems
Historical geographic information systems
History websites
History maps
Atlases
Maps
Belgian online encyclopedias
Map websites

HistoAtlas


The Scottish Touch Association (STA) is the national body set up to promote and develop the sport of Touch (also known as Touch Rugby) in Scotland. It is in turn administered by the Federation of International Touch (FIT).

The 2011 World Cup was hosted in Edinburgh.

History
Touch has been played in Scotland since 1991 in informal leagues in Edinburgh and Glasgow.  The sport soon spread to Aberdeen with a well established league forming soon afterwards.

At Heriot-Watt University, two Sport Science Students, John Houston and Nick Grier, organized an Inter-University Touch Tournament. Originally taking place in the 3rd term '03, the first winners of "The Lopez Cup" came through the group stages unbeaten and won the final convincingly. From humble beginnings of only 8 teams the tournament is now a yearly success with 32 teams registering.

In 2005 the Scottish Touch Association (STA) was formally constituted as the governing body to help develop the sport.  By 2007 the association had welcomed new participants from Dundee, Perth and Stirling to join existing leagues, held its first formal national championships, trained over 150 referees and won the tender to host the 2011 World Cup in Edinburgh.

References

External links
 Official website
 Edinburgh Touch
 Touch Superleague - Premier Touch League in Scotland
 Bareback Riders - invitational touch team

Sports governing bodies in Scotland
Rugby in Scotland
2005 establishments in Scotland
Touch (sport)

Scottish Touch Association


USS Grimes (APA-172) was a Haskell-class attack transport in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1947. She was scrapped in 1974.

History
Grimes (APA-172) was acquired by the Navy from the United States Maritime Commission on loan charter basis 23 November 1944; sponsored  by Mrs. Harry Fielding; and commissioned 23 November 1944.

World War II
After shakedown out of San Pedro, California, Grimes returned to Seattle, Washington, 25 January 1945; embarked over 240 troops; then departed Seattle 1 February for Honolulu in support of the Navy's great Pacific Ocean offensive. After conducting exercises off Maui Island, Grimes was underway 20 February 1945, with Transport Division 59 and anchored off the northeast coast of recently secured Iwo Jima 14 March and began embarking units of the 4th Marine Division for evacuation to the Philippine area. While riding to anchor Grimes was brought under fire at a distance of about 1,000 yards from small arms positioned in caves and crevices near the waters edge. No damage or casualties resulted. Grimes cleared the area 20 March and discharged 1,618 passengers at Pearl Harbor 4 April 1945.

After shuttling troops among the Hawaiian Islands, Grimes departed Honolulu with officers and enlisted patients of the Navy, Marine Corps, and Merchant Marine. Reaching San Francisco 30 May 1945, she disembarked her passengers, then sailed for Seattle. With 1,512 Army and Navy passengers on board, the transport sailed from Seattle 16 June and discharged troops at Honolulu and Okinawa before putting in at Guam 14 August. Here she took aboard 900 officers and men of the 6th Marine Division and 8 war correspondents. Sailing the next day Grimes rendezvoused with units of the U.S. 3rd Fleet 19 August far the initial occupation of Japan; she anchored in Tokyo Bay 30 August 1945 and landed her troops and cargo for the occupation of Yokosuka Naval Base without incident.

Grimes sortied from Tokyo Bay 1 September 1945 as part of Task Unit 30.3.5 en route Saipan to lift units of the 2nd Marines for the occupation of Nagasaki. Sailing from Saipan 18 September she put her troops ashore 23–25 September 1945. Grimes carried out her transport duties in the Pacific until 15 June 1946 when she sailed from Sasebo, Japan. Going by way of the Panama Canal Zone she reached Norfolk, Virginia, 13 July 1946.

Decommissioning and fate
Grimes remained at Norfolk and decommissioned there 26 February 1947. She remained in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet until 1 October 1958, when her name was struck from the Navy List and she was transferred to the Maritime Commission. She was placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Wilmington, North Carolina, and in October 1964 she was transferred to James River, Virginia. She was sold for scrapping on 21 August 1974 to Union Minerals and Alloys Corporation, New York, $280,160.

Awards
Grimes received one battle star for World War II service.

References

External links

 NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive - APA-172 Grimes

World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Haskell-class attack transports
USS Grimes (APA-172)
Ships built in Portland, Oregon
1944 ships

USS Grimes


James Arthur Williams (born March 29, 1932 – October 31, 2017) was a United States Army lieutenant general. Williams served as Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency in the 1980s. He was a 1987 inductee of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame and was the chairman of the board of directors for the National Military Intelligence Association.

Early life and education
Williams was born  in Paterson, New Jersey on March 29, 1932. As a youth, Williams paid his first visit to the U.S. Military Academy in May 1938, and four years later began his first Federal Service in May 1942 as a volunteer aircraft spotter for the 2nd Anti-Aircraft Region. As a youth he was active in sports, playing baseball, running track and swimming. He was a member of the 1950 NJ Group II State Basketball Championship Team and garnered Group II All State Honors. He was also an avid hiker and skier.

In 1954, Williams graduated from the United States Military Academy with a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering and initially commissioned as a second lieutenant in Air Defense Artillery. He received a Master of Arts degree in Latin American Studies from the University of New Mexico in 1964. His military education includes completion of the Air Defense Basic Officers Course, the United States Army Intelligence School, the Artillery Officers Career Course, the United States Army Command and General Staff College, the Defense Intelligence School, and the National War College.

Career
Williams began his career with Air Defense Artillery assignments, but except for a tour with the Field Command of the Defense Atomic Support Agency, his subsequent assignments were in the intelligence field. After assignments with the 470th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment, Fort Amador, Canal Zone and the 471st Counterintelligence Corps Detachment, Fort Brooke, Puerto Rico, he was assigned to the US Army Combat Developments Command at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he was project intelligence officer for Tactical Aerial Reconnaissance and Surveillance, 1975 (TARS-75). After this, he served as the Assistant Army Attaché in Caracas, Venezuela. He then commanded the 1st Military Intelligence Battalion (Provisional), 525th Military Intelligence Group, United States Army Vietnam supporting the III Marine Amphibious Force(III MAF) and then served in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Military Operations in Washington, DC.

Remaining in Washington, Williams was named the Director of Political/Military Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, State Department and Chief, Counterintelligence and Collection Division, and then Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Headquarters, Department of the Army. From there he assumed command of the 650th Military Intelligence Group (Counterintelligence) at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. Upon return to the United States, he was assigned to the Defense Intelligence Agency as Chief, Missile Forces/Strategic Arms Limitation Branch, Soviet/Warsaw Pact Division, and he later served as the Deputy Director for Estimates. Prior to his return to the Defense Intelligence Agency as its director, Williams served as Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, United States Army, and the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, United States Army, Europe, leading the first team of DOD analysts to provide strategic early warning of Contingency Planning for Martial Law in Soviet-dominated Poland vice Warsaw Pact intervention. In September 1981, he was appointed the Director of DIA.

Williams culminated 31 years service with a four-year tour as Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). He was the senior intelligence officer (SIO) for the Department of Defense (DoD) and directed intelligence analysis for DoD and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He initiated widespread use of open source collection of foreign scientific and technical information by DIA as well as establishment of the Military Intelligence Integrated Data System(MIIDS). Under the General's supervision DIA, in conjunction with the Central Intelligence Agency, brought into operation the Secure Analyst File Environment(SAFE) an interactive system of intelligence analyst files. Under his direction DIA established the first formal requirements for imagery from civilian satellites such as LANDSAT. Williams was also instrumental in creating the first computerized threat methodologies for DoD and established the first threat validation system for the Defense Acquisition Cycle

Williams focused the Agency on enhancing support to tactical and theater commanders, improving capabilities to meet major wartime intelligence requirements, and strengthening indications and warning assets. In this regard he was responsible for establishing the first terrorism warning billets in the Agency and for placing the first United States Coast Guard Attachés on station. During his tenure the Defense Intelligence College was chartered by Congress to award a master's degree of Strategic Intelligence, the first federally chartered institution to be authorized to award a graduate level degree.

In December 1981, President Reagan signed Executive Order 12333 giving the Intelligence Community a mandate for the years ahead. In response to a requirement to improve intelligence support to the Unified & Specified Commands' war-fighting capabilities, the functional manager for intelligence processing was established in 1982. The Central America Joint Intelligence Team (CAJIT) was established in 1984 as an interagency analytical task organization focused on insurgency in Central America. DIA also created the Intelligence Communications Architecture to improve DoD's ability to disseminate national level intelligence to tactical commanders during contingency situations. The concept of intelligence as a "force multiplier in crises" became a predominant theme in planning as DIA began structuring an all source integrated database to support the Unified & Specified Commands in assessing the threat in the field Williams established a Research Crisis Support Center to provide a centralized, operationally secure, all-source, crisis management center to support the National Military Intelligence Center (NMIC) and the Unified & Specified Commands. As events deteriorated in Nicaragua, DIA analysts provided extensive support to the U.S. Southern Command.

Other analysis focused on the Falkland Islands War and Israel's invasion of Lebanon. When 6,000 U.S. troops invaded Grenada during Operation URGENT FURY in 1983, DIA's Task Force responded to numerous formal taskings for briefings and information, and distributed a wide variety of intelligence summaries to assist field commanders during the operation. The planning process for URGENT FURY was greatly facilitated by a number of intelligence products that had been prepared as early as 1979, bringing high praise for DIA's support and services. Other DIA analytical efforts during the year centered on the continuing crises in Nicaragua, Lebanon (the attack on the Marine barracks), Iran and Iraq, and Afghanistan, as well as the Soviet shoot-down of KAL 007, the civil war in Chad, and unrest in the Philippines. A significantly larger number of hijackings, bombings, kidnappings, murders, and other acts of terrorism led to characterizing 1985 as the "Year of the Terrorist."

Finally, Williams oversaw the Agency's move into its new headquarters at Bolling Air Force Base from Arlington Hall Station. The Defense Intelligence Analysis Center (DIAC) was dedicated on May 23, 1984.

Since his retirement from the U.S. Army in 1985, Williams has served as senior consultant for a variety of projects dealing with the collection, processing and analysis of intelligence; integration of intelligence data processing systems and revitalization of the civil remote sensing program. Williams played a major role as an advisor for two projects to improve imagery collection management. He also serves as a member of intelligence advisory panels for Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratories and is a member of the Special Technologies Advisory Panel for the Department of Energy.

Williams was one of the pioneers in the use of open source data for commercial purposes. Since 1987 he has been President of the Direct Information Access Corporation (DIAC), which specializes in the production of commercial intelligence.

Williams served for five years as the Chairman of a task force overseeing the creation of the Defense HUMINT Service. He also served as an advisor for the Army on the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Program and played a major role on two projects to improve imagery collection management.

Following are some of the programs and groups that he has participated in:

 USAREUR Polish Crisis Action Team Lead
 JTTRS – Joint Tactical Radio System
 Joint Logistics Study
 DOD Biometric Task Force Senior Review Group
 DCI Training Review
 DOD COOP – Referee, player and script writer at various times
 Task Force Williams- DIA HUMINT review
 LANDSAT Advisory Committee for the Congressional Committee on Science and Technology
 Author, DOD Requirements Management Study
 Author of OSD Review of Counterintelligence Proposals

Awards and decorations
Williams' military decorations include the Defense Superior Service Medal, Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Bronze Star with "V" Device and Oak Leaf Cluster, the Meritorious Service Medal with two Oak Leaf Clusters, the Air Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal, the Army Commendation Medal, The National Defense Service Medal, the Vietnam Service Medal with four stars, the Army Service Ribbon, the Army Overseas Service Ribbon, the Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal, and the Vietnam Campaign Medal.

Unit awards include the Army Meritorious Unit Commendation, and the Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation, the French Legion of Honor and the German Order of the Knights Commander.

Badges include the Office of the Secretary of Defense Identification Badge, Joint Staff Identification Badge, the Army General Staff Identification Badge, the Defense Intelligence Agency Badge, and the Expert Marksmanship Badge.

Williams is also the recipient of the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal, He is a member of the Military Attaché Hall of Fame and is a Distinguished Member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame.

Medals and ribbons
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Personal
Williams died in 2017 as the result of injuries sustained from a fall. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery on March 12, 2018.

See also

References
 This entry is based on the biography on page 119 of Army Executive Biographies, DA Pamphlet 360-10, May 15, 1985.

1932 births
2017 deaths
Military personnel from Paterson, New Jersey
United States Military Academy alumni
University of New Mexico alumni
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Army generals
Directors of the Defense Intelligence Agency
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

James A. Williams


Approximately 6% of primary energy in French Polynesia is generated from renewable energy sources. Approximately 30% of electricity is generated renewably, primarily Hydroelectricity and solar power. Renewable generation is concentrated on Tahiti, with other parts of French Polynesia almost entirely reliant on fossil fuels. Wind power is not used, with only two small facilities, both of which became non-functional due to lack of maintenance.

In December 2013 the Assembly of French Polynesia adopted a Law on the Guiding Principles of the Energy Policy of French Polynesia, requiring that a minimum of 50% of electricity be generated from renewable sources by 2020. This was replaced in November 2015 by the 2015-2030 Energy Transition Plan (PTE), which set a target of 75% renewables by 2030. The ETP was replaced in February 2022 by a multi-annual energy plan (PPE), and the 75% by 2030 target was retained.

In July 2016 the government announced that hybrid solar PV / battery / diesel power plants would be constructed on eight remote islands. In April 2021 the government called for tenders for 30MW of solar farms with batteries for Tahiti. Winners of the tenders were announced in March 2022.

In September 2022 Électricité de Tahiti performed a test to run the island of Tahiti entirely on renewables for an hour, using hydroelectricity and photovoltaics, with the Putu Uira battery system stabilising the grid. This was followed by a longer test a week later. Following the test EDT announced that would increasingly rely on renewables to power Tahiti during periods of good weather and low demand.

In July 2021 the French government agreed to provide a 7.1 billion XPF energy transition fund to decarbonise electricity production, particularly on remote islands. An agreement to implement the fund was signed in February 2023.

References

Energy in French Polynesia
Polynesia

Renewable energy in French Polynesia


Millen-Chase-McCalla House, also known as the Topolgus Building, is a historic home located at Bloomington, Monroe County, Indiana.  The original section was built in 1844, and now forms the two-story brick rear wing.  The two-story, brick main section was added in 1854, to form a two-thirds I-house.  The house was remodeled in 1871 in a combination of Greek Revival and Italianate style architecture. It rests on a limestone foundation and has a side-gable roof.  The interior has undergone renovation for commercial uses a number of times; in 2011 it was rehabilitated for use as a restaurant.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Greek Revival houses in Indiana
Italianate architecture in Indiana
Houses completed in 1871
Buildings and structures in Monroe County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, Indiana

Millen-Chase-McCalla House


Umm Al Nar () is a Bronze Age culture that existed around 2600-2000 BCE in the area of modern-day United Arab Emirates and Northern Oman. The etymology derives from the island of the same name which lies adjacent to the city of Abu Dhabi, the capital of the UAE, which provided early evidence and finds that came to define the period.

The Umm Al Nar people were important regional trading intermediaries between the ancient civilisations of Sumeri in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Harappan culture. Known to the Sumerians as 'Magan', the area was the source of Sumer's copper and diorite as well as a trading entrepot for other goods from the Indus Valley, including carnelian jewellery.

Location
The key site on the island, today known as Sas Al Nakhl, is protected, but its location between a refinery and a sensitive military area means public access is currently prohibited.

Attributes
A key indicator of the Umm Al Nar culture is circular tombs typically characterized by well fitted ashlar in the outer wall and multiple human remains within. The tombs are frequently associated with towers, many of which were built around water sources.

Excavations

The first archaeological excavations in Abu Dhabi began at Umm Al Nar in 1959, twelve years before the foundation of the United Arab Emirates. Seven tombs from a total of fifty and three areas at the ruins of the ancient settlement were examined by a Danish Archaeological Expedition under Danish archaeologist PV Glob. During its first visit the expedition identified a few exposed shaped stones fitted together at some of the stone mounds. The following year (February 1959) the first excavations started at one of the mounds on the plateau, now called Tomb I. Two more seasons (1960 and 1961) involved digging more tombs, while the last three seasons (1962/1963, 1964 and 1965) were allocated to examining the settlement.

The Danish excavations on Umm Al Nar halted in 1965 but were resumed in 1975 by an archaeological team from Iraq. During the Iraqi excavations which lasted one season, five tombs were excavated and a small section of the village was examined. Between 1970 and 1972 an Iraqi restoration team headed by Shah Al Siwani, former member of the Antiquities Director in Baghdad, restored and/or reconstructed the Danish excavated tombs.

At Al Sufouh Archaeological Site in Dubai, archaeological excavation between 1994 and 1995 revealed an Umm Al Nar type circular tomb dating between 2500 and 2000 B.C. An Umm Al Nar tomb forms the centrepiece of the Mleiha Archaeological Centre in Sharjah.

Dilmun Burial Mounds in Bahrain also feature Umm Al Nar Culture remains.

At Tell Abraq, settlements associated with the start of the Umm Al Nar Culture began c. 2500 BCE.

Occupation phases

The Ubaid period (5,000-3,800 BCE) followed the neolithic Arabian bifacial era. Pottery vessels of the period already show contact with Mesopotamia.

The Hafit period followed the Ubaid period. During the Hafit period (3200 - 2600 BCE) burial cairns with the appearance of a beehive appeared, consisting of a small chamber for one to two burials.

The distinctive circular tombs of the Umm Al Nar period (2,600-2,000 BCE) distinguish it from the preceding Hafit period, together with finds of distinctive black on red decorated pottery and jewellery made with gems such as carnelian, sourced from the Indus Valley.

A number of important Umm Al Nar sites in the UAE such as Hili, Al Badiyah, Tell Abraq and Kalba feature large towers, presumably defensive in purpose. At Tell Abraq, this fortification is 40 metres in diameter, but most are between 16 and 25 metres. These fortifications typically are built around a well, presumably to protect important water resources.

During this period, the first Sumerian mentions of a land of Magan (Akkadian Makkan) are made, as well as references to 'the Lords of Magan'. Sumerian sources also point to 'Tilmun' (accepted today as modern Bahrain) and Meluhha (thought to refer to the Indus Valley). Akkadian campaigns against Magan took place in the twenty-third century, again possibly explaining the need for fortifications, and both Manishtusu and Naram-Sin in particular, wrote of campaigning against '32 lords of Magan'.

Magan was famed for its shipbuilding and its maritime capabilities. King Sargon of Akkad (2,371-2,316 BCE) boasted that his ports were home to boats from Tilmun, Magan and Meluhha. His successor, Naram-Sin, not only conquered Magan, but honoured the Magan King Manium by naming the city of Manium-Ki in Mesopotamia after him. Trade between the Indus Valley and Sumer took place through Magan. Ur-Nammu (2,113-2,096 BCE) laid claim to having 'brought back the ships of Magan'.
Archaeological finds dating from this time show trade not only with the Indus Valley and Sumer, but also with Iran and Bactria. They have also revealed what is thought to be the oldest case on record of poliomyelitis, with the distinctive signs of the disease found in the skeleton of a woman from Tell Abraq.

Domestic manufactures in the late third millennium included soft-stone vessels, decorated with dotted circles. These, in the shapes of beakers, bowls and compartmentalised boxes, are distinctive.

The archaeological record of the Hafit and Umm Al Nar periods show the area of southeastern Arabia formed a locus for a bipolar field of trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus where the people of Magan were intermediaries, suppliers and consumers, but also political agents acting in their own interests.

The trade with Mesopotamia collapsed in and around 2,000 BCE, with a series of disasters including the Aryan invasion of the Indus Valley, the fall of the Mesopotamian city of Ur to Elam in 2,000 BC and the decline of the Indus Valley Harappan Culture in 1800 BC. The abandonment of the port of Umm Al Nar took place at around this time.

There is some dispute as to the exact cause of the end of the trading era of the Umm Al Nar period and the subsequent, and inwardly focused, domestication of the Wadi Suq period (2,000-1,300 BCE), and modern consensus is that the transition from the Umm Al Nar to the Wadi Suq period was evolutionary and not revolutionary. The Wadi Suq culture saw more inland settlement, increasingly sophisticated metallurgy and the domestication of the camel.

The poorly represented last phase of the Bronze Age (1,600-1,300 BCE) has only been vaguely identified in a small number of settlements. This phase of the Bronze Age was followed by a boom when the underground irrigation system (the Falaj ()) or Qanat was introduced during the Iron Age (1,300-300 BCE) by local communities.

See also
Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates
List of Ancient Settlements in the UAE
Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn

References

Bibliography
P. Yule–G. Weisgerber, The Tower Tombs at Shir, Eastern Ḥajar, Sultanate of Oman, in: Beiträge zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Archäologie (BAVA) 18, 1998, 183–241, .
 Karen Frifelt, The Island of Umm-an-Nar. Jutland Archaeologcia Society Publications, Aarhus 1995
 Vol. 1: Third Millennium Graves. .
 Vol. 2: The Third Millennium Settlement. .
 Walid Yasin Al Tikriti: Archaeology of Umm an-Nar Island (1959–2009). Abu Dhabi Culture & Heritage, Department of Historic Environment, Abu Dhabi 2011
 About Umm an-Nar culture, at academia.edu website:
 Charlotte Marie Cable, Christopher P. Thornton: Monumentality and the Third-millennium "Towers" of the Oman Peninsula. online
 Daniel T. Potts: The Hafit – Umm an-Nar transition: Evidence from Falaj al-Qaba'il and Jabal al-Emalah. In. J. Giraud, G. Gernez, V. de Castéja (Hrsg.): Aux marges de l'archéologie: Hommages à Serge Cleuziou. Paris 2012: Travaux de la Maison René-Ginouves 16, S. 371–377. online

History of the United Arab Emirates
Cultural history of the United Arab Emirates
Ubaid period
Ancient Near East
History of Oman
Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates

Umm Al Nar culture


The Shirley Village Historic District encompasses the main commercial and industrial village of Shirley, Massachusetts.  It is located in the southern part of the town, and grew up around a series of mills that were located along Catacoonamug Brook, and then the railroad, which was built through the area in the 1840s.  The district contains 441 properties.  It is roughly bounded by Center, Harvard, Leominster and Shaker Roads.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Description and history
The town of Shirley was settled in the 1720s and incorporated in 1775.  Its colonial town center (recognized in the Shirley Center Historic District) was nearer its geographic center than Shirley Village.  The village grew in the 19th century as an industrial site,  overtaking the original center economically, and eventually also becoming the site of its main municipal buildings.  Catacoonamug Brook, the source of its early power, was the site of a gristmill and sawmill as early as 1740.  Lancaster Road, which passes through the village, was also the only major stagecoach route in the town, and the village was also where the Boston and Fitchburg Railroad was routed through in 1845.  The village's dominant economic force thereafter were the cotton mills, of which the large building of the Phoenix Mills still stands.  Residential growth on the south side of the railroad in the second half of the 19th century resulted in a large number of mainly vernacular wood frame residences.

The focal point of the district is near its western end, where Leominster, Lancaster, and Harvard Roads meet with Main Street and Center Road in a series of intersections.  The district radiates out for short distances along most of these roads, and more significantly to the east, along Front and Fredonia Streets and Ayer Road.  There is one cemetery, the Village Cemetery on Harvard Road, established in 1849.  Notable brick buildings in the district include several schoolhouses, the war memorial hall, and the library, a handsome Richardsonian Romanesque building trimmed in brownstone.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Shirley Center Historic District

References

Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Shirley, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Shirley Village Historic District


The Hilbert Circle Theatre, originally called the Circle Theatre, is in Indianapolis, Indiana, on Monument Circle in the Washington Street-Monument Circle Historic District. It was originally built in 1916 as a "deluxe movie palace" and now is the home of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra.

The theatre was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

History
The Circle Theatre was one of the first "motion picture palaces" in the Midwest and one of the first movie theaters west of New York. The theatre also offered locally produced stage shows, such as the 1921 The Landing of the Pilgrims for Thanksgiving week. In 1922, a $50,000 Wurlitzer organ was installed for use during silent films and solo performances. In the summer of 1924, visiting musicians offered Circle patrons "syncopation seasons" with various jazz and popular music performances while the house concert orchestra was off. Frank Sinatra and Dizzy Gillespie were two such visitors who held concerts in the theatre.

On March 6, 1927, the Circle brought sound movies to the Indianapolis approximately fourteen months before other venues. Three musical film segments were shown: Roy Smeck playing the guitar, ukulele, and banjo; Giovanni Martinelli, a Metropolitan Opera tenor, singing I Pagliacci, and finally, Al Johnson, the blackface singing comedian. The Circle brought another first to the city in February 1928 by offering The Jazz Singer, a film with four talking and singing scenes starring Al Jolson.

As multiscreen cinemas emerged in suburban malls throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the Circle Theatre fell into disrepair.

Reopening on October 12, 1984 after a $6.8 million renovation, the Circle Theatre is home to the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra. In December 1996, it was renamed the Hilbert Circle Theatre after being endowed by Stephen Hilbert, founder of CNO Financial Group, and his wife Tomisue. The theatre holds 1,660 seats and has space for an 87-member ensemble. It is now home to a 3-manual 24-rank Wurlitzer theatre organ.

Architecture
The theatre was designed by Indianapolis architects Rubus & Hunter. Built in 1916, the building is a Neoclassical-revival with white glazed terra cotta entrance section with a brick auditorium section behind. The front façade is slightly curved. The theatre's interior was designed by architect Robert Adam and uses motifs from Greek, Etruscan and Pompeian artists.

Notable events
In 1986, the theatre reverted to being a movie palace for the world premier of Hoosiers. The theatre hosted the Weightlifting Competition during the 1987 Pan American Games. Actress Kitty Carlisle hosted a centennial celebration for the Indiana native composer Cole Porter in 1991. The venue later hosted NBC's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon for a week of episodes during Super Bowl XLVI in 2012.

References

External links

Official website
Circle Theater (Hilbert Circle Theatre) from Indianapolis, a Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary

Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Indiana
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Neoclassical architecture in Indiana
Theatres completed in 1916
Music venues in Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Indianapolis

Hilbert Circle Theatre


Mount Cayley is an eroded stratovolcano. It is 11 km southeast of Callaghan Lake and 24 west of Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. It is part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt which is a segment of the Cascade Volcanic Arc.

A scenario of an eruption of Mount Cayley shows how western Canada is vulnerable to an eruption. The scenario is based on past activity in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and involves both effusive and explosive eruptions. The scenario impact is largely a result of the concentration of vulnerable infrastructure in valleys.

In 2003, Catherine Hickson, a scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada, was one of the three scientists to report on the hypothetical eruption at Mount Cayley. The first signs of activity at the volcano would probably be enlarged seismic activity in and close to the mountain. Flooding would turn out to be a huge issue for the community of Squamish and could eventually overrun parts of Highway 99.

The Mount Cayley volcanic field is named after Mount Cayley.

References

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Mountains of British Columbia

Mount Cayley


Peter Charles Knight (May 5, 1903 – May 23, 1937) was a Canadian and World Champion Rodeo Bronc Rider. Knight was the acclaimed "King of the Cowboys" of the 1930s, and held the Rodeo Association of America title "World Champion Bronc Rider" for 1932, 1933, 1935, and 1936. The Rodeo Hall of Fame in the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum inducted Knight in 1958. The Ellensburg Rodeo Hall of Fame inducted Pete in 1998. The ProRodeo Hall of Fame in Colorado Springs, Colorado, inducted Knight in the Saddle Bronc Riding category when it opened its doors in 1979.

Bronc Riding career

Knight won second in a bucking contest a few months after beginning training in 1918. Calgary Stampede founder Guy Weadick invited him to compete at the Stampede, which he did in 1924, winning second place in the Canadian Bucking Horse Championship event by 1/10 of a point. He toured with the Alberta Stampede Company, riding Midnight for the first time in October 1926 in Montreal. He won the 1927 Canadian and North American Open bucking championships and was awarded the Prince of Wales' Cup.
At the 1930 Calgary Stampede, Knight won the Canadian Championship Bucking event for the second time, and weeks later, won the 1930 bucking event at the Cheyenne Frontier Days Rodeo. In 1931, Knight won the World Series Rodeo bucking event held in Madison Square Garden, New York City, and was chosen to compete against three other riders (the bucking event winners of the 1931 Rodeos at Calgary, Pendleton, Oregon, and Cheyenne) for the Jack Dempsey Trophy, which Knight won at Reno, Nevada in the Ride of Champions event held in June 1932. He went on to win the bucking event at the 1932 Pendleton Round-Up in Pendleton, Oregon.

Knight entered the Calgary Stampede in 1933, again winning both the North American Open Bucking Championship and the Canadian Championship Bucking event, and was presented with the Prince of Wales' Cup for perpetuity. Later in 1933, Knight won the bucking event held at the World's Fair Rodeo in Chicago. Later that year, Wilf Carter recorded "Pete Knight, The King of the Cowboys." The same year, Knight performed screen tests and rode bucking horses in movies for Tom Mix at Los Angeles.

In 1934, Knight was invited to ride in England with the Tex Austin Rodeo Troupe. Later in 1934, Knight was invited to Melbourne, Australia, where he rode in the Stewart McColl pageant with fellow rider Yakima Canutt. The Rodeo Association of America (RAA) named Knight the World Champion Bronc Rider for 1932, 1933, 1935, and 1936. At the Rodeo held in Boston Gardens in 1936, Knight helped organize the Cowboy strike, becoming a founding member of the Cowboys Turtle Association (CTA) in 1936.

On May 23, 1937, Knight was trampled to death by a horse called "Duster", at the Hayward Rodeo in California. He was buried at Lone Tree Cemetery in Fairview near Hayward; his remains were later reinterred in 1960 at the Greenwood cemetery in Hot Springs, Arkansas. Pete Knight's cups, trophies, saddles and buckles became a permanent fixture at the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, US. In his hometown of Crossfield, Alberta, the town named its arena in honor of Pete Knight, and holds an annual "Pete Knight Days Rodeo".

Honors

 Cowboy Country Television Trailblazers
 1998 Ellensburg Rodeo Hall of Fame
 1981 Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame
 1980 Alberta Sports Hall of Fame
 1979 ProRodeo Hall of Fame
 1971 Pendleton Round-Up and Happy Canyon Hall of Fame
 1958 Rodeo Hall of Fame - National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum

References

 Faulknor, Cliff (1977)  Turn Him Loose! , Western Producer Prairie Books
 Gunderson, Harald (1996)  The Linder Legend , Sagebrush Publishing, Calgary
 Kennedy, Fred (1952)  The Calgary Stampede Story , T. Edward Thonger Publications, Calgary
 Kennedy, Fred (1972)   Alberta Was My Beat , The Albertan Publishing Corp., Calgary
 Knight, Darrell (2004)  Pete Knight - The Cowboy King , Deteselig Publishing, Calgary
 Kroetsch, Robert (1986)  Seed Catalogue , Turnstone Press, Winnipeg
 MacEwan, Grant (1952)  Between the Red and the Rockies , University of Toronto Press, Toronto

1903 births
1937 deaths
Burials at Lone Tree Cemetery (Fairview, California)
Sportspeople from Alberta
People from Rocky View County
ProRodeo Hall of Fame inductees
Saddle bronc riders
Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame inductees
Alberta Sports Hall of Fame inductees

Pete Knight (rodeo)


Norbert Friedrich Haug (born 24 November 1952) is a German journalist and the former vice president of Mercedes-Benz motorsport activity, including Formula One, Formula 3 and DTM. Under his direction, Mercedes-Benz enjoyed considerable success in all categories, winning multiple races and championships.

Journalist
Haug worked for the Pforzheimer Zeitung newspaper in his home town of Pforzheim as a volunteer, before joining them as a trainee journalist. He then moved on to the publishing house Motor-Presse-Verlag in Stuttgart, which was part of the Gruner + Jahr group, where he became head of motorsports for Auto, Motor und Sport magazine before becoming its deputy chief editor in 1988.

While busy pursuing a career in journalism, Haug also raced cars, including the 24 Hours Nürburgring where he finished second in 1985. He also took part, like many people involved with Formula One, in the Porsche Carrera Cup. In 1986, was given the opportunity to privately test a Williams F1 car.

Mercedes-Benz

Haug joined Mercedes-Benz in 1990, with a brief to revive their motor sport credentials. Haug maintained Mercedes presence in Group C and later in the DTM and International Touring Car Championship. Early successes included Klaus Ludwig winning the DTM drivers title in 1992 and 1994, and Bernd Schneider winning both the DTM and ITC drivers titles in 1995. In 2000 Haug and Mercedes were instrumental in the relaunch of Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters.

Formula One
Under Haug's direction, Mercedes-Benz re-entered Formula One after almost 40 years. In 1993 Haug negotiated a partnership with Peter Sauber, with engineering assistance which resulted in Sauber team cars having the words Concept by Mercedes-Benz on their engine bay flanks. In 1994 Haug negotiated Mercedes-Benz entry to the CART championship, and the Sauber-Mercedes cars were now officially powered by Mercedes-Benz badged engines, developed by the company's development arrangement with United Kingdom based manufacturer Ilmor.

After the serious accident at the Monaco Grand Prix which resulted in injury to Karl Wendlinger, and with Team McLaren looking for a new engine supplier, Haug negotiated Mercedes-Benz partnership with McLaren from the 1995 season. In 2009, it was officially announced that Daimler AG in partnership with Aabar Investments had purchased a 75.1% stake in Brawn GP (Daimler AG: 45.1%; Aabar: 30%). Under Haug's leadership, the team was rebranded as Mercedes GP for . The team used the Brawn GP base in Brackley for its operations and Brawn stayed on as team principal until the end of the  season. On 13 December 2012, it was announced that Haug would leave his role and the company at the end of 2012.

Personal life
Haug is married, with one daughter.

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
People from Pforzheim
German journalists
German male journalists
20th-century German journalists
21st-century German journalists
German motorsport people
Formula One people
World Sportscar Championship drivers
German male writers
Mercedes-Benz in Formula One

Norbert Haug


Kaavi art (Devanagari:कावि कला) is a form of murals found in Konkan region especially in temples of Goa, parts of coastal Maharashtra and Karnataka. Kaavi murals can also be seen in old houses, small shrines.

Materials
The term Kaav (Devanagari:काव) in Konkani refers to Indian red pigment which is the only color used in this painting, is obtained from the laterite soil.
Artistically drawn and well executed, reddish brown murals against white sandblasted backgrounds are the specialties of Kaavi art. Snow white lime, obtained by burning seashells, and washed sand from river beds were mixed with jaggery and allowed to ferment for two weeks. The mixture is then hand-pounded to obtain a homogeneous substance, which hardens when applied to the walls.

Technique
On the wet walls on which Kaavi pictures are to be etched, a buttery smooth mixture of lime and uramunji is smeared with a steel trowel. To cover larger areas, a wooden float is also employed. After an hour, engraving work commences. A well-trained Kaavi art mason can etch a small mural without any aids. For geometrical designs he employs rulers and compasses. Large and complicated motifs are first drawn on paper, perforated with pinholes and then traced on the wall by dusting the pinholes with dry lime.
Kanthas or the steel bodkins of different sizes and dimensions are used for etching. The ridges, platforms and niches are decorated with the rows of spirals, spades, semi-circles and curves. The V-shaped parallel bands are used for twin pseudo-pillars.

Decline
Kaavi art is almost an dying form of art and lacks revival attempts. Renovation and reconstruction of temples has been a major factor for decline of this art form.

Notes

Further reading
Kavikale by Dr. K.L.Kamat (in Kannada), Karnataka Arts Academy, 1993
Konkanyali kaavi kalain Konkani
Sivaramamurthi C., Indian Paintings, National Book Trust of India, 1970

Murals in India
Schools of Indian painting
Murals

Kaavi art


Erin Heather Bubley (born March 4, 1989), known professionally as Erin Heatherton, is an American model. She was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 2010 to 2013.

Early life
Heatherton was born and raised in Skokie, Illinois, the daughter of Laura (née Stein) and Mark Bubley. Her family is Jewish, and she attended Solomon Schechter Day School, a Jewish day school, as well as Niles North High School. She grew up competing in science fairs and played basketball for Niles North High School.

Career

2006–2019: Modeling career
Heatherton was discovered by modeling scout Arri Taylor while vacationing with a friend on South Beach, Miami. At the age of 17, Heatherton moved to New York City and signed with the Marilyn Agency. She made her runway debut in September 2006 at the Diane von Fürstenberg fashion show. She has since walked the runway for Prada, Stella McCartney, Chanel, Tommy Hilfiger, Marc Jacobs, Jason Wu, Carolina Herrera, Michael Kors, Christian Lacroix, Lacoste, Valentino, Oscar de la Renta, Zac Posen, Dolce & Gabbana, Moschino, L.A.M.B., Elie Saab, Carmen Marc Valvo, Derek Lam, Etro and Isaac Mizrahi.

At the age of 17, she booked her first cover with Italy's Flair. She has since appeared on the magazine covers of D, Grazia, Velvet, Elle (Serbia, Russia, France and Czech Republic) GQ (Spain, UK, Mexico and Germany), Beauty in Vogue, Ocean Drive, Russh, L'Officiel Hommes 2, Flair, and Muse. Additionally, she has appeared in editorials for Mixte, Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Interview, Numero, V, Marie Claire, and Harper's Bazaar. Heatherton's campaigns include Chopard, XOXO, Diesel, Versace, Lord & Taylor, Blanco, Buffalo Jeans, BLK DNM, John Galliano, H&M, Blugirl, Lacoste, Armani, Liu Jo, Valentino, Karl Lagerfeld, Osiris, Pronovias, and Dolce & Gabbana.

Heatherton began walking in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show in 2008. Heatherton was officially contracted as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 2010 to 2013. She appeared in several television commercials and advertising campaigns for the brand, including a billboard in New York City for the company's "Showstopper" launch. In 2013, it was announced that Heatherton had signed with IMG. Heatherton was ranked at number 35 on Askmen's list of the "Top 99 Most Desirable" women for 2013. She played at the annual exhibition basketball game 2014 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game on February 14, 2014. In January 2015, Heatherton became a brand ambassador for men's fragrance, Curve Sport and appeared in Victoria's Secret's "Very Sexy Now" fragrance's spring 2015 advertising campaign. She modeled in Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues in 2015 and 2016. In 2016, she was featured in various campaigns for Adore Cosmetics and became a brand ambassador for NFL Women's Apparel Collection. In 2017, she modeled for Kikirio Swimwear.

In 2019, she signed with Select Model Management. After a prolonged hiatus, she returned to modeling and appeared on the cover of Chicago Splash magazine in November 2019.

2020–present: Business ventures
In February 2021, Heatherton co-founded Resistance Chicago Lagree, a group fitness studio in Chicago. Heatherton wrote about her decision to open a fitness studio on the company's blog post: "I started a fitness studio because it was a way for me to take something that I am genuinely passionate about and share it directly with the people around me. It was important to me that the next chapter of my life after modeling was more authentic. My passion was never lingerie, luxury products, or social media. My proudest accomplishment is not what my body looked like when it was framed by angel wings on a runway. My proudest accomplishment is building Resistance, channeling the challenges from my past into something that helps people feel good about their bodies."

Personal life
She currently resides in Chicago, Illinois. She is the godmother to model Lily Aldridge's daughter.

She has supported numerous charities, including Global Poverty Project, and the Global Citizen Festival, a concert to combat poverty held in Central Park that attracted 60,000 attendees.

Morton Square Condominium filed a civil lawsuit against Heatherton stating that the model "regularly causes and allows unreasonable levels of noise and bass vibrations... disturbing the condo's residents and interfering with their ability to use and enjoy their units." Fashion stylist Clare Byrne sued Heatherton in 2017 for $10 million as compensation for a proposed sportswear line called RetroActive that never got off the ground.

In April 2019, Heatherton filed for bankruptcy, claiming to be "more than $500,000 in debt and made less than $3,000 this year." $100,000 of the debt was to Clare Byrne, her former business partner.

Heatherton dated actor Leonardo DiCaprio from December 2011 to November 2012.

On March 2, 2022, Heatherton announced her engagement to American-Polish trader Karol Kocemba.

Filmography

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Female models from Illinois
Jewish female models
People from Skokie, Illinois
Victoria's Secret Angels
21st-century American women
American businesspeople
Businesswomen
American models
American female models

Erin Heatherton


The Cumberland Plateau is the southern part of the Appalachian Plateau in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. It includes much of eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, and portions of northern Alabama and northwest Georgia.  The terms "Allegheny Plateau" and the "Cumberland Plateau" both refer to the dissected plateau lands lying west of the main Appalachian Mountains. The terms stem from historical usage rather than geological difference, so there is no strict dividing line between the two. Two major rivers share the names of the plateaus, with the Allegheny River rising in the Allegheny Plateau and the Cumberland River rising in the Cumberland Plateau in Harlan County, Kentucky.

Geography

The Cumberland Plateau is a deeply dissected plateau, with topographic relief commonly of about , and frequent sandstone outcroppings and bluffs.

At Kentucky's Pottsville Escarpment, which is the transition from the Cumberland Plateau to the Bluegrass in the north and the Pennyrile in the south, there are many spectacular cliffs, gorges, rockhouses, natural bridges, and waterfalls. In Tennessee, the Cumberland Plateau's western border is the Highland Rim east of the Nashville Basin, and its eastern edge is marked by Walden Ridge, which continues south into Alabama as Sand Mountain. Walden Ridge and Sand Mountain are separated from the main portion of the Cumberland Plateau by the Sequatchie Valley. The Sequatchie River empties into the Tennessee River just below Nickajack Dam and the valley extends into Jackson County, Alabama, as part of the Tennessee Valley.

In Kentucky, the height of the plateau's hills increases from northwest to southeast, with the westernmost areas of the plateau having a relief of around 200 feet and an appearance similar to the knobs region, whereas areas near Black Mountain have a relief exceeding 2,500 feet.

Geology and physiography
The Cumberland Plateau is a physiographic section of the larger Appalachian Plateau province, which in turn is part of the larger Appalachian Highlands physiographic division. The Plateau rises about 1000 feet above the surrounding areas in the region (Tennessee Vacation, 2018). The rough topography that makes up the Cumberland Plateau has caused a development of isolated settlements and the local economies based on subsistence agriculture (Britannica, 2016).

The sedimentary rocks that compose the Cumberland Plateau and larger Appalachian Plateau are of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian geological age, composed of near-shore sediments washed westward from the Appalachian Mountains. Some rock layers were laid down in shallow coastal waters, some, including bituminous coal seams were laid onshore in swampy environments. These are interlaced with delta formations of cross-bedded sandstones and occasionally conglomerate.

There are numerous discontinuities in the beds, where they were raised high enough to be eroded, then lowered to have more sediments added on top near Cumberland Falls, 400 feet below the top of the formation, going by the age of the bedrock which has moved less than a tenth of an inch for the last 300 million years, caused mainly by lateral erosion of the plateau.

Natural history and conservation
The plateau contains some of the largest stretches of contiguous forest in the eastern United States. Regionally, forests are intermediate between oak (Quercus) and hickory (Carya) forest types with pines (Pinus) occurring on dry, upland sites and mesophytic species occurring in protected coves.

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory is involved with the conservation of the mixed mesophytic forests within the Northern Cumberland Plateau. Conservation organizations active on the Cumberland Plateau include The Nature Conservancy, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, and the Natural Resources Defense Council.

See also
 Cumberland Mountains
 Geology of the Appalachians

References

Further reading
 Caudill, Harry M., Night Comes to the Cumberlands (1962).
 Finger, J. R. (2001) Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition. Indiana University Press.

External links

 The Kentucky Highlands Project
 Physiographic Regions of Tennessee Broken link as of 2016-12-18
 The Columbia Gazetteer of North America, Cumberland Plateau
 Tennessee landforms

Plateaus of the United States
Appalachian Mountains
Geography of Appalachia
Landforms of Alabama
Landforms of Georgia (U.S. state)
Landforms of Kentucky
Landforms of Tennessee
Appalachian Ohio
East Tennessee
Lookout Mountain
Physiographic sections
Physiographic regions of the United States

Cumberland Plateau


Air Commodore Helen Ferguson Renton,  (13 March 1931 – 2 June 2016) was a Scottish Royal Air Force officer. From 1980 to 1986, she served as Director of the Women's Royal Air Force.

Early life and education
Renton was born on 13 March 1931 in Denny, Falkirk, Scotland, to John Paul Renton and Sarah Graham Renton (née Cook). She was educated at Stirling High School, a state high school in Stirling. She studied at the University of Glasgow, graduating with an undergraduate Master of Arts degree (MA Hons). She remained at Glasgow to undertake one year of postgraduate business studies.

Military career
Renton joined the Women's Royal Air Force (WRAF) in 1954, and then underwent two months of officer training. On 9 June 1955, she was commissioned into the Secretarial Branch as a pilot officer. Having completed an accounting course, she was posted as a junior accounts officer to RAF Spitalgate in Grantham, Lincolnshire, England. She was promoted to flying officer on 9 June 1957. She served in the United Kingdom between 1955 and 1960. On 1 April 1960, she was promoted to flight officer with seniority in that rank from 9 March 1960. From 1960 to 1962, she served in Cyprus.

Renton returned to the United Kingdom in 1963. She spent 1967 as a member of the HQ staff of Royal Air Force Germany. On 1 January 1968, she was promoted to squadron officer as part of the half-yearly promotions. From 1968 to 1971, she worked at the Directorate of the WRAF in London. On 1 July 1971, she was promoted to wing commander as part of the half-yearly promotions. She then moved to Cyprus where she served as the most senior WRAF officer at the headquarters of the Near East Air Force. From 1973 to 1976, having returned to the United Kingdom, she was based as RAF Training Command. From 1976 to 1978, she was a staff officer at the Ministry of Defence. On 1 January 1977, she was promoted to group captain as part of the half-yearly promotions.

On 16 February 1980, Renton was appointed Director of the Women's Royal Air Force in succession to Joy Tamblin, and made an acting air commodore. On 1 July 1980, she was promoted to air commodore as part of the half-yearly promotions. She was head of the WRAF during the Falklands War, and although no WRAF personnel were directly involved in the conflict, they played a supporting role from bases in the United Kingdom. She retired on 13 March 1986.

Personal life
Renton never married, nor did she have any children. She believed "children and military life are incompatible".

Renton died on 2 June 2016, she was aged 85.

Honours
On 16 February 1980, Renton was made an Honorary Aide-de-Camp (ADC) to Queen Elizabeth II; she relinquished this appointment on 31 January 1986. In 1981, she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree by the University of Glasgow, her alma mater. In the 1982 New Year Honours, she was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
Women's Royal Air Force officers
People from Denny, Falkirk
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
People educated at Stirling High School
Companions of the Order of the Bath

Helen Renton