Headington Amateurs Football Club is a football club based in Headington, in Oxford, England. Affiliated to the Oxfordshire County Football Association, they are currently members of the  and play at the Horspath Sports Ground.

History
The club was established in 1949 as Brittania Football Club, named after a pub close to where the team trained. They joined the Oxford City Junior League, in which they played until moving up to the Oxfordshire Senior League in 1966. They won the Division One title in 1968–69, and the league's Clarendon Cup the following season. In 1972–73 the club won the Premier Division title and the President's Cup, retaining both the following season. They went on to win back-to-back league titles in 1975–76 and 1976–77, before winning the Clarendon Cup again in 1978–79.

In 1988 Headington moved up to Division One of the Hellenic League after a merger with the committee of the defunct Morris Motors club. They were Division One runners-up in their first season in the league, earning promotion to the Premier Division. However, they were relegated back to Division One at the end of the 1993–94 season due to a lack of floodlights. When Division One was split into eastern and western sections in 2000, the club were placed in Division One West. They were transferred to Division One East for the 2000–07 season, which saw them win the Oxfordshire Intermediate Cup, but returned to Division One West the following year.

In 2010–11 Headington were Division One West champions, but were unable to take promotion to the Premier Division. They were transferred to Division One East again in 2012, and were runners-up in 2012–13, a season that also saw the club win the league's Supplementary Cup. They were moved to Division One West in 2017. At the end of the 2017–18 season the club were demoted to Division Two West due to the ground not meeting the requirements for their level.

Ground
In 1988 the club moved to the Old Pressed Steel Ground, formerly the home of Pressed Steel. They moved to the Barton Village Road ground in 1990. However, the lack of floodlights led to their relegation from the Premier Division in 1994. In the summer of 2011 the ground had a £350,000 revamp done to its clubhouse so that it met the latest Sport England and Football Association standards. In 2016 they moved to the Horspath Sports Ground. However, they returned to the Barton area, moving into a new ground at Barton Park.

Honours
Hellenic League
Division One West champions 2010–11
Supplementary Cup winners 2012–13
Oxfordshire Senior League
Premier Division champions 1972–73, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1976–77
Division One champions 1968–69
President's Cup winners 1972–73, 1973–74
Clarendon Cup winners 1969–70, 1978–79
Oxfordshire Charity Cup
Winners 1975–76
Oxfordshire Intermediate Cup
Winners 2006–07

Records
Best FA Vase performance: First round, 1989–90
Record attendance: 250 vs Newport, 1991
Most appearances: Kent Drackett
Most goals: Tony Penge

References

External links

Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Oxfordshire
1949 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 1949
Amateur association football teams
Oxfordshire Senior Football League
Hellenic Football League

Headington Amateurs F.C.


Frederick Rutherfoord Harris (1 May 1856 – 1 September 1920) was a British Conservative Party politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) between 1900 and 1906.

Harris was born in Madras, India, where his father, George Anstruther Harris, was a Supreme Court Judge, and was educated at Leatherhead Grammar School, in Baden, and at the University of Edinburgh, where he studied medicine.

In 1882 he began practising as a doctor in Kimberley, South Africa. He got to know Cecil Rhodes, who appointed him secretary of the British South Africa Company when it was set up. He became a member of the Cape Province House of Assembly, sitting for the Kimberley constituency. In 1895 he was involved in the controversy over the Jameson Raid, when on Rhodes' instructions he forwarded to The Times newspaper a message from the Reform Committee dated in such a way as to falsely suggest that Jameson was responding to an immediate request for help. "The cloud of this act of deception," the Times later wrote, "was heavy over Harris for the rest of his life".

Moving to England, he was first elected as MP for Monmouth Boroughs in the 1900 general election, winning the seat from the Liberal party, but was unseated after a lawsuit alleging electoral irregularities. Although he was disqualified by the court from standing again in the constituency for seven years, the judges insisted that no blame should attach to Harris personally. A local committee subsequently raised nearly a thousand pounds for a gift on his behalf.

He was elected MP for Dulwich at a by-election in 1903, but sat for only three years before resigning to return to South Africa. He died in Eastbourne at the age of 64.

He was a descendant of General George Harris, victor of the Battle of Seringapatam, and a cousin of Lord Harris, the cricketer. In 1900 he married Florence Ling. She hanged herself three months after his death, apparently overcome by grief.

References

 The Times, 16 December 1903
 Obituary, The Times, 3 September 1920

External links

1856 births
1920 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
Politics of the London Borough of Southwark
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
British people in colonial India
People from the Madras Presidency

Frederick Rutherfoord Harris


Wem is a small market town in the ceremonial county of Shropshire, England. It is situated 9 miles north of the county town of Shrewsbury.

History
The name of the town comes from the Old English "wamm", meaning a marsh, as a lot of marshy land exists in the area of the town. Over time, this formed the name "Wem". The area now known as Wem is believed to have been inhabited by the Cornovii, Celtic Iron Age settlers, before the Roman Conquest of Britain. The town is recorded in the Domesday Book as consisting of four manors in the hundred of Hodnet. In 1202, Wem became a market town.

Now, the town has a population of 5,142. Each year, Wem holds a traditional town carnival which is held on the first Saturday of September, as well as the Sweet Pea Festival on the third weekend of July.

Transportation
The town has a small railway station on the Welsh Marches line that provides direct trains to Crewe, Manchester and Shrewsbury. The town also has a semi-professional football club, Wem Town FC.

Gallery

Towns in Shropshire
Market towns in England

Wem


This is a list of trains and train museums in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California in the United States.

Full-size commuter trains
The Bay Area hosts several regional commuter rail operations, as well as inter-city rail.
Commuter and intercity
 Altamont Corridor Express (ACE)
 Amtrak (California Zephyr, Capitol Corridor, Coast Starlight, and San Joaquins)
 Caltrain
 Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit

Rapid transit
 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)

Light rail / streetcar
 Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail (VTA)
 San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA)
 Muni Heritage streetcars (including the Market Street Railway)
 Muni Metro
 San Francisco cable car system

Full-size excursion trains
The Bay Area is home to several heritage railways that operate full size trains.

 Ardenwood Historic Farm – Fremont
 California Trolley and Railroad Corporation – San Jose
 Napa Valley Wine Train – between Napa and St. Helena
 Niles Canyon Railway – between Fremont and Sunol
 Roaring Camp & Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad
 Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway

Ride-on trains
The Bay Area is home to several ridable miniature railways.

East Bay
 Golden Gate Live Steamers – Berkeley
 Kennedy Park Train - Hayward
 Oakland Zoo – Oakland
 Redwood Valley Railway – Berkeley

Peninsula
 Central Park Bianchi Train – San Mateo
 Emerald Hills Railway – Redwood City
 Little Puffer – San Francisco Zoo

North Bay

 Seaside Railway at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom – Vallejo
 Sonoma TrainTown Railroad – Sonoma

South Bay
 Billy Jones Wildcat Railroad – Los Gatos
 Bonfante Railroad Train Ride and Sky Trail Monorail at Gilroy Gardens – Gilroy
 Happy Hollow Park & Zoo – San Jose

Museums
The Bay Area is home to several independent railway museums.

East Bay
 Golden Gate Railroad Museum – Niles Canyon
 Niles Depot Museum – Fremont

North Bay
 Tiburon Depot – Tiburon
 Western Railway Museum – Solano County

Peninsula
 Colma Historical Association – Colma
 Millbrae Train Museum – Millbrae, California
 San Francisco Cable Car Museum – San Francisco
 San Francisco Railway Museum – San Francisco

South Bay
 Los Altos History Museum – Los Altos
 Edward Peterman Museum of Railroad History – Santa Clara

Model trains

There are several clubs in the Bay Area that are home to large layout model trains.

North Bay
 Golden State Model Railroad Museum – Richmond

East Bay
 Alameda County Fairgrounds – Pleasanton
 Black Diamond Lines Model Railroad Club – Antioch
 Diablo Valley Lines – Walnut Creek
 Niles Depot Museum – Fremont
 Walnut Creek Model Railroad Society – Walnut Creek

Peninsula
Barron Park Garden Railway – Palo Alto
 Golden Gate Model Railroad Club – San Francisco
 West Bay Model Railroad Association – Menlo Park

South Bay
 Edward Peterman Museum of Railroad History – Santa Clara
 Silicon Valley Lines – San Jose

See also

List of California railroads

References

External links

Tourist attractions in California
Trains
California transportation-related lists
Rail transportation in California

List of San Francisco Bay Area trains


Willi Kreikemeyer (1894 – c. 1950) was a German labourer and a Communist. From 1941 he and his wife Marthe Kreikemeyer were close assistants of Noel Field who supported German anti-Nazi refugees in France and Switzerland. He died in East German detention as a victim of the Noel Field show trials, which had the function to replace Communist Party officials with others more aligned with Moscow.

Life

Kreikemeyer was a skilled lathe worker. He joined the union in 1910 and 1919 the newly formed Communist Party. Through his work for the Communist Party functionary, he came into close contact with Willi Münzenberg.

Kreikemeyer was severely wounded in the Spanish Civil War and then later used as the first Chief Executive of the German department, as Chefadjudant for all senior divisions of the International Brigades. In these activities he had contact with Erich Mielke, who was then under the code name Leistner or Leissner chief of the instruction department and adjutant of the central administration. Among other things, it is known that both efforts Kreikemeyer Mielke knew to settle in the safe in Mexico, as well as to help that Mielke from the Fund Noel Field erhielt.

Post-war period
After the Second World War they settled in East Berlin. In 1949 Kreikemeyer became Director General of the East German railway company Deutsche Reichsbahn.

When in 1950 the slandering campaign started against Noel Field – he was accused of having built an anti-Communist spy network while pretending to be a Communist sympathizer – Kreikemeyer was arrested and never seen again. At least one propaganda article against the alleged spy was published in an East German newspaper and a show trial against him was prepared, but never took place. Mrs Kreikemeyer wrote dozens of letters to the GDR authorities inquiring about her husband's fate. For seven years the authorities pretended that Willi Kreikemeyer was alive and well, waiting for his trial. Fearing her own arrest, Mrs Kreikemeyer escaped to her home country France in 1954. She continued writing her letters. In 1957 she was told that Willi Kreikemeyer had died a few days after his imprisonment.

Erich Mielke (later the East German Minister of State Security) had been responsible for the detainee. In a confidential document he claimed that Kreikemeyer had committed suicide in his prison cell on 31 August 1950. This story has been proven to be a lie.  But what really happened to Kreikemeyer can hardly be reconstructed.

Today it is known that Kreikemeyer named Mielke as one of the persons supported by Noel Field. That information threatened Mielke's career: according to a Soviet order, people, who had spent the war in the West had to resign from public office. (In his official CV, Mielke claimed that he had fought in the Red Army during World War II). What's more, alleged collaboration with an "American spy" could have led to the death penalty.

It is therefore likely that Willi Kreikemeyer was murdered on behalf of Erich Mielke.

Rehabilitation
The newly established, emerged from the SED to PDS - Today "The Left", decided at a meeting on 20–21 January 1990, among other things, people who the bloody terror of Stalin in the Soviet Union have fallen victim to rehabilitate. The Arbitration Commission of the PDS has rehabilitated 48 people politically, who suffered under Stalinist persecution and imprisonment, or been murdered. "In the interest of the renewal of the party and on the basis of the then applicable statute lift all sanctions in the past expressed party." Furthermore, subjects who received the late 40s and early 50s of the 20th Century excluded because of their past affiliation with the SPD under the stigma of "social democracy" as a so-called Schumacher agents from the SED and arrested, or in connection with the fictional spy, Noel Field, and the Stalinist show trials in Hungary against László Rajk and others in Bulgaria Traicho Kostov and against others and against Rudolf Slansky in Czechoslovakia, and others were also persecuted by the SED as alleged agents of imperialism or imprisoned. These include, among others rehabilitated a total of 28: Leo Bauer, Alfred Drögemüller, Max Emendörfer, and Stanislaw Trabalski

References

Bibliography
  Wolfgang Kießling Leistner ist Mielke. Schatten einer gefälschten Biographie (Leistner is Mielke. Shadow of a faked biography) Aufbau Taschenbuch Verlag, Berlin 1998,
  Wilfriede Otto "Das Verschwinden des Willi Kreikemeyer" (The disappearance of Willi Kreikemeyer) 1999

1894 births
1950 deaths
Year of death uncertain
East German politicians
German communists
German people of the Spanish Civil War
German people who died in prison custody
International Brigades personnel
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
Prisoners who died in East German detention

Willi Kreikemeyer


Leprechaun 4: In Space is a 1997 American science fiction black comedy slasher film directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith and written by Dennis Pratt. Warwick Davis stars as the titular leprechaun, who terrorizes a Marine crew aboard a spaceship in order to retrieve a princess he intends to wed.

The film is the fourth installment in the Leprechaun series, preceded by Leprechaun 3 (1995) and followed by Leprechaun in the Hood (2000). Like its predecessors, Leprechaun 4: In Space received largely negative reviews.

Plot
In 2096, on a remote planet, the Leprechaun courts an alien princess named Zarina, in a nefarious plot to become king of her home planet. The two agree to marry, with each partner secretly planning to kill the other after the wedding night in order to enjoy the marriage benefits (a peerage for the Leprechaun, the Leprechaun's gold and jewels for the princess) undisturbed.

A platoon of space marines arrive on the planet and kill the Leprechaun for interfering with mining operations. Lucky tries to steal gold but gets killed by the leprechaun's lightsaber. A grenade explodes and kills the leprechaun. Gloating over the victory, one of the marines, Kowalski, urinates on the Leprechaun's body. Unbeknownst to Kowalski, the Leprechaun's spirit travels up his urine stream and into his penis, where his presence manifests as gonorrhea. The marines return to their ship with the injured Zarina, whom they plan to return to her homeworld in order to establish positive diplomatic relations. The ship's commander, the cyborg Dr. Mittenhand, explains his plans to use Zarina's regenerative DNA to recreate his own body, which was mutilated in a failed experiment. Elsewhere on the ship, the Leprechaun violently emerges from Kowalski's penis after he is aroused during a sexual act. The marines hunt the Leprechaun, who outsmarts them and kills most of the crew in gruesome and absurd ways.

While pursuing Zarina, the Leprechaun injects Mittenhand with a mixture of Zarina's DNA and the remains of a blended scorpion and tarantula, before initiating the ship's self-destruct mechanism. A surviving marine, Sticks, rushes to the bridge to defuse the self-destruct but is stopped by a password prompt. Mittenhand—now a grotesque monster calling himself "Mittenspider"—entangles Sticks in a giant web. Meanwhile, the other survivors confront the Leprechaun in the cargo bay, where they inadvertently cause him to transform into a giant after shooting him with Dr. Mittenhand's experimental growth ray.

The ship's biological officer, Tina Reeves, escapes to the bridge and rescues Sticks by spraying Mittenhand with liquid nitrogen and shooting him. The only other surviving marine, Books, opens the airlock so the giant Leprechaun is sucked into space and explodes. Books joins the others at the helm and they deduce that the password is "Wizard", since Dr. Mittenhand previously compared himself to the Wizard of Oz. After stopping the self-destruct sequence, Books and Reeves kiss, while Sticks looks out the window to see the Leprechaun's giant hand giving him the finger.

Cast
 Warwick Davis as Lubdan The Leprechaun
 Rebekah Carlton as Princess Zarina
 Brent Jasmer as Staff Sergeant "Books" Malloy
 Jessica Collins as Dr. Tina Reeves
 Guy Siner as Dr. Mittenhand / The Mittenspider
 Gary Grossman as Harold
 Joseph Slaven as Captain "Snake" Marcus
 Tim Colceri as Master Sergeant "Metal Head" Hooker
 Miguel A. Nunez Jr. as Private "Sticks"
 Debbe Dunning as Private Delores Costello
 Mike Cannizzo as Private Danny O'Grady
 Rick Peters as Private "Mooch"
 Geoff Meed as Private Kowalski
 Ladd York as Private "Lucky"

Critical reception

This film holds a 17% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 6 reviews; the average rating is 1.5/10. The A.V. Club wrote that "the outer-space setting comes off as a desperate ploy to continue a horror series without having to pay any attention to continuity or the laws of reality". DVD Talk rated the film as 3 stars of 5 stars as "Recommended".

References

External links

1997 films
1997 horror films
1997 direct-to-video films
1990s black comedy films
1990s science fiction films
American black comedy films
American science fiction horror films
American space adventure films
American sequel films
American slasher films
1990s English-language films
Direct-to-video horror films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Films about size change
Films directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith
Films set in the 2090s
Films set on fictional planets
Films set on spacecraft
Trimark Pictures films
Leprechaun (film series)
Films set in the future
Films about princesses
1990s American films
Mad scientist films

Leprechaun 4: In Space


Benjamin W. Heineman (February 10, 1914 – August 5, 2012) was an attorney and American railroad executive. Heineman first attended the University of Michigan (1930-1933), and later attended Northwestern's school of law.  He first gained attention in the railroad industry in 1954, when he orchestrated a successful proxy battle for control of the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway. He became president of the Chicago and North Western Railway (CNW) in 1956, leading the railroad through a series of difficult cost-cutting measures that returned the railroad to solvency.  One of the measures he instituted was to sell shares in the railroad to the railroad's own employees, prompting the "Employee Owned" inscription in the railroad's logo. This process was consummated in 1972, at which time Larry Provo succeeded Heineman as president of the company. Heineman remained in charge of the holding company Northwest Industries (owner of Fruit of the Loom, Acme Boots, and Velsicol Chemical Corporation) until 1985. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2011.

Heineman is noted in the history of Chicago, Illinois, for replacing all the steam locomotives which brought passenger trains into North Western Station with diesel locomotives, in one day in 1956, in response to a complaint by Mayor Richard J. Daley about smoke and fumes emanating from the station. Heineman also replaced the North Western's entire passenger rolling stock used for commuter services with double deck "commuter streamliners".

Heineman served in various governmental roles in World War Two and was active in politics, working as a speechwriter for Adlai Stevenson in 1952, Chairman of the White House Conference on Civil Rights during the administration of Lyndon Johnson and Chairman of the Illinois Board of Higher Education. Heineman turned down several offers from President Johnson to serve in high-ranking positions including Budget Director and UN Ambassador, but remained an informal advisor.

References
 Chicago and North Western Historical Society, Chicago & North Western - A Capsule History .  Retrieved March 15, 2005.

1914 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American railroad executives
Chicago and North Western Railway
University of Michigan alumni

Benjamin W. Heineman


James Lawrie (born 18 December 1990) is a Northern Irish semi-professional footballer who plays for  club Hanley Town. The striker has represented Northern Ireland at youth level and won three senior caps.

One of the most promising players to come through the Port Vale youth system in recent years, during the summer of 2009 he picked up interest from top-flight clubs. However, he was released by the club in the summer of 2010 after only featuring in a handful of games, and signed with AFC Telford United. He was loaned out to Altrincham in 2011, and signed permanently with the club in December that year, and helped the club to win promotion out of the Conference North via the play-offs in 2014. He signed with Hednesford Town in June 2017, and then moved on to Nantwich Town 12 months later. After three years with Nantwich, he moved on to Witton Albion in October 2021 and then joined Hanley Town in July 2022.

Club career

Port Vale
Born in Dundonald, County Down, Lawrie attended Middlewich High School in Middlewich, Cheshire, England. Lawrie worked his way through the Port Vale youth team and in July 2007 was offered his first professional contract. His first league goal came in the 89th minute against Chester City on 27 January 2009, the goal was so well taken that it earned him the club's goal of the season award. Following that game manager Dean Glover stated his belief that Lawrie had a bright future in football and two days later signed Lawrie up to a two-and-a-half-year deal. Lawrie repaid these kind words the next month in a BBC interview; accepting responsibility for Vale's low standing on behalf of the players, as opposed to bad-management on Glover's part. On 4 April he gained his second club goal in a 1–1 draw with Bury, again impressing with his performance.

The young striker's progress attracted attention from top flight clubs during the 2009–10 pre-season. The Daily Star reported that David Moyes was interested in bringing Lawrie in for a trial at Everton. Vale chairman Bill Bratt did in fact give permission for a trial, Lawrie spending the last week of July with the "Toffees", though manager Micky Adams denied it being a trial per se. Regardless of semantics, nothing came of the week at Goodison Park, Everton having apparently ended their interest in the young striker. Adams believed the experience benefited the player: "All these experiences can help James and benefit him in the long term." He was transfer listed in late September, along with the entire Port Vale squad, after manager Micky Adams saw his team slip to a third consecutive defeat.

Lawrie joined Kidderminster Harriers on a one-month loan in February 2010. The deal was made to get Lawrie games at the Conference level, as he was unable to break into the Vale first team all season. This deal was then extended until the conclusion of the 2009–10 season, and he finished the season with one goal in twelve appearances for the "Harriers". In April 2010 he learned that he would not be offered a new contract by manager Micky Adams.

AFC Telford United
In July 2010, Lawrie joined League One club Exeter City on a two-week trial. Lawrie was not offered a contract after an unsuccessful trial. He then joined Football League newboys Stevenage on trial, before trying his luck at Morecambe, again of League Two. He ended up signing a one-year deal with AFC Telford United of the Conference North. This was seen as quite a coup for the club.

He scored on his Telford debut, in a 5–0 thumping of Hyde United on 14 August. Despite this he was forced to wait on the substitute bench for a number of weeks before earning his first start for the club. He got his second goal in November, against Droylsden, before getting a brace against Hinckley United in January. He hoped this brace would prove enough to win him a first team place. However the next month he was sidelined with an ankle injury, and struggled to regain his place in the side upon his recovery. Telford managed to win promotion to the Conference National after a play-off final win over Guiseley – the "Stags" had finished the league campaign in second place.

Altrincham
On transfer deadline day, 31 August 2011, he joined Altrincham back in the Conference North on loan for a month. His loan was extended until 28 November and he scored four goals in eleven appearances, playing mostly as a winger. After his loan spell ended he was released by Telford and joined Altrincham on a permanent basis. The club missed out on the play-offs by 11 points in 2011–12. Altrincham reached the play-offs in 2012–13, but were beaten 4–2 by Brackley Town in the play-off semi-finals. The "Robins" again qualified for the play-offs in the 2013–14 campaign, and Lawrie scored the winning goal against Hednesford Town at Moss Lane at the semi-final stage. Lawrie then went on to score in the final as the club secured promotion with a 2–1 extra time victory over Guiseley.

He scored eight goals in 46 appearances in the 2014–15 season, as Altrincham finished 17th in the Conference Premier. He scored five goals in 50 games in the 2015–16 campaign, as Altrincham were relegated in 22nd-place. He scored eight goals in 51 games in the 2016–17 campaign, however the club continued to struggle and were relegated out of the National League North in last place after winning just four of their 42 league matches.

Northern Premier League
Lawrie joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Hednesford Town in June 2017. The "Pitmen" finished 17th in the 2017–18 campaign and Lawrie scored seven goals in 35 starts and eight substitute appearances, being named as man of the match on two occasions.

On 18 June 2018, he and teammate Danny Glover both signed with Nantwich Town, also of the Northern Premier League Premier Division. He lifted the Cheshire Senior Cup with the club after playing in the 5–2 final victory over Cammell Laird 1907. He also helped the "Dabbers" to reach the play-offs, where they were beaten by Warrington Town in the semi-finals. He scored eight goals and provided nine assists over 47 appearances in the 2018–19 season. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in England, the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March 2020, with all results from the season being expunged. The 2020–21 season was also curtailed with only six games played on 24 February 2021. In September 2021, Lawrie was released by Nantwich, shortly after reaching 100 club appearances. The following month, he signed for league rivals Witton Albion. He featured 28 times in the 2021–22 campaign, scoring three goals, as Albion were relegated.

In July 2022, Lawrie joined Northern Premier League Division One West club Hanley Town following their promotion. Hanley finished 16th at the end of the 2022–23 season.

International career

Youth level
Lawrie earned four caps in the under-17 side, scoring against Iceland to earn a 2–2 draw after coming on as a substitute on 19 March 2007. In the under-19 side Lawrie scored three goals in his first six games. His first came against Belgium in a 5–4 victory Milk Cup on 30 July 2008, Lawrie scored the opener and was described as a "dominant figure". His second goal was against Iceland in a 2–0 win on 8 September. His third came against England in a 3–1 loss on 10 October. He won his first caps for the under-21 side on 19 August 2008, coming on as a substitute in a 1–0 friendly defeat to Poland. Later in the month he was also a substitute in a 4–1 loss to Ukraine and two months later he came on in a 3–1 win over Scotland. Lawrie was then called up to the Northern Ireland B team for a friendly with the Scotland B team on 6 May 2009. Upon announcing the teenagers call-up manager Nigel Worthington stated his belief that Lawrie would earn a full cap in the future. He came on as a 31st minute substitute.

Following his senior debut, he continued at youth level in the 2009 Northern Ireland Youth Soccer Tournament, Lawrie scored the under-19's last minute winner over Germany at the Riada Stadium, the game finishing 3–2. Two days later he scored the opener of a 3–0 win over Bulgaria. In the final, the Irish beat Denmark 2–0, Lawrie providing the cross for Josh Magennis to score the opener. Lawrie came away with the Player of the Tournament award "The One". His fourth under-21 cap came on 12 August 2009, as he won a penalty in a 2–1 friendly defeat to Portugal. The next month he missed out on further call-ups to the under-21 squad, as he had an operation to remove his appendix. He returned to the squad following his recovery, scoring in a 2–1 defeat in Iceland in the 2011 under-21 Euro qualifier.

Senior team
In May 2009 it was announced that Lawrie was to be called up to the full Northern Ireland squad for the first time in a friendly with Italy on 6 June 2009. He picked up his first senior cap in the game, coming on as a late substitute as the Italians came out 3–0 winners. His second cap came a year later in a friendly with Turkey.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Northern Ireland under-19s
Milk Cup: 2009

AFC Telford United
Conference North play-offs: 2010–11

Altrincham
Conference North play-offs: 2013–14

Nantwich Town
Cheshire Senior Cup: 2019

Individual
Milk Cup Player of the Tournament: 2009

References

External links

Profile at the Irish FA site

1990 births
Living people
People from Dundonald, County Down
Association footballers from County Down
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland men's youth international footballers
Northern Ireland men's under-21 international footballers
Northern Ireland men's B international footballers
Northern Ireland men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
AFC Telford United players
Altrincham F.C. players
Hednesford Town F.C. players
Nantwich Town F.C. players
Witton Albion F.C. players
Hanley Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players

James Lawrie


TUSHAD (; ) was a clandestine organization within the Turkish Armed Forces, including within the General Staff of Turkey. Prosecutors in the Ergenekon trials allege that it was set up in 1993 on instructions from Ergenekon, by then secretary-general of the General Staff Hurşit Tolon. Tolon has denied that TUSHAD ever existed.

The General Staff had denied its existence, but documents retrieved from the General Staff in 2013 described TUSHAD, including four reorganisations between 1995 and 2008, and its deactivation in 2008 under pressure from the Ergenekon investigation. Ergenekon suspect İlker Çınar told prosecutors that he had worked for TUSHAD believing it an agency of the state, but now believed it to be the armed wing of the Ergenekon organization. Çınar said TUSHAD had elements within it named the "black", "white" and "orange" forces, that he had been part of the white forces, and that his instructor had been Levent Ersöz. He also said that TUSHAD was still active in 2012. A Turkish Protestant said that several years earlier Çınar had shown him a TUSHAD identity card, and that Çınar had protected him from a planned assassination.

Prosecutors allege that TUSHAD carried out the Zirve Publishing House massacre in 2007. İlker Çınar told prosecutors that he had heard of the planned attack from retired Col. Mehmet Ülger, but that it was not clear that it would involve the killing of the publishers. According to Çınar, Ülger also linked the attack with the assassinations of Andrea Santoro (2006) and Hrant Dink (2007), describing them as "operations". The Zirve murders are claimed to be part of the "Cage Action Plan", which is being prosecuted in the Poyrazköy case of the Ergenekon trials. Çınar linked the murders with the 2007 E-memorandum.

Çınar has also said that President Turgut Özal was targeted by TUSHAD.

TUSHAD is also said to have worked with the Turkish Gendarmerie's JİTEM intelligence unit.

See also
 Doğu Çalışma Grubu

References

External links
 Zirve evidence shows how group used terrorist organizations
 Former priest turned Muslim turns out to be military man

Ergenekon (allegation)
Terrorism in Turkey

TUSHAD


Alfred Nourney, also known as Baron Alfred von Drachstedt (February 26, 1892 — November 15, 1972), was a Dutch-born German gentleman who survived the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912. Nourney was 20 when he travelled as a first-class passenger on board .

Titanic
Travelling under the false name and title of Baron Alfred von Drachstedt, Nourney boarded the Titanic in Cherbourg, France, as a second-class passenger. His request to a purser to be transferred to a first-class cabin was granted, largely because of his supposedly aristocratic status. He had purchased expensive items, including clothes, jewellery, walking sticks, two sets of toilet articles and a fountain pen, in order to support his pretence.

On the night of April 14, 1912, he was playing bridge  with other men in the first-class smoking room.  When Nourney first sensed a disturbance, he briefly left to investigate, but returned to continue playing.  Minutes later, they became aware of the situation and boarded Lifeboat #7 without difficulties, lowering away at 12:45am. While the others were rowing, he sat motionless, smoking cigarettes. He also carried a pistol which he used to fire gunshots into the air through the night. They were rescued by the  at 5:10am.

While on board the Carpathia, he rested on a pile of blankets which were to be distributed among the survivors. A woman who entered the room pulled the uppermost blanket, making Nourney roll onto the floor. As everyone applauded the woman, he disappeared.

Upon disembarking on April 18 in New York City, he said he had lost all his money on the Titanic and wished to quickly return to Europe. He returned to France and then to Cologne, Germany, where his mother lived.

Later life
During the 1920s, he was a salesman for Daimler-Benz AG, and he competed in motorsports.   He settled in Bad Honnef, Germany, where he became an honour member of the "Rot-Weiss" Tennis Club.  He married and had two daughters.

Death
Nourney died on November 15, 1972, and was the last remaining adult male from Titanic's first class who survived.

References

1892 births
1972 deaths
People from Cologne
RMS Titanic survivors
Dutch emigrants to Germany
20th-century Dutch people

Alfred Nourney


Dhoom () is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language action thriller movie. This movie was directed by Sanjay Gadhvi. This movie was produced by Aditya Chopra. Two sequels to the film titled Dhoom 2 and Dhoom 3 were released in 2006 and 2013.

Plot
The story starts in the city of Mumbai, where a motorbike gang (a gang of robbers on hi-tech motorbikes, led by charismatic Kabir, is sweeping through Mumbai, outwitting the police at every turn) starts breaking into banks and other public places and vanishes onto the Western Express Highway.

Assistant Commissioner of Police Jai Dixit (Abhishek Bachchan), a no-nonsense cop, is called onto the case. Dixit seeks the help of a local bike dealer/racer named Ali Akbar Fateh Khan (Uday Chopra) and devises a trap to catch the gang, but it fails. Kabir (John Abraham), the leader of the gang, eventually taunts Dixit, claiming that Dixit can't catch him even if he is right in front of him. He is proven correct, and Dixit's failure apparently causes him to part ways with Ali.

Lure to gang
Kabir then lures Ali into his gang as a substitute for Rohit, the gang member who was killed by Dixit. Ali falls in love with Sheena (Esha Deol), another gang member. The gang later goes to Goa to perform one last big heist before disbanding forever. Kabir sets his eyes on the largest casino in all of India. Kabir and his gang swiftly loot the casino on New Year's Eve, but they soon realize that Dixit has led them right into a trap. It is revealed that Ali was working for Dixit the whole time, and a fight ensues.

Escape
Kabir manages to escape from Dixit and goes back to the gang's truck, where Ali has kept Sheena bound and gagged. Kabir then viciously beats up Ali for his betrayal, but Ali is saved by Dixit's timely arrival at the scene. The gang flees, except for Sheena, while Dixit and Ali give chase to Kabir. They kill all the other gang members except Kabir, who tries to escape on his bike. He is cornered by Dixit and Ali with nowhere to go. Kabir decides to take his own life rather than let Dixit arrest him, and he rides his bike over the edge of a cliff into the water to his death. The film ends with Dixit and Ali arguing with each other, albeit in a friendly way.

Cast
 Abhishek Bachchan as ACP Jai Dixit
 Uday Chopra as Ali Akbar Fateh Khan
 John Abraham as Kabir Sharma
 Esha Deol as Sheena Rai
 Rimi Sen as Sweety J. Dixit (Jai's wife)
 Manoj Joshi as Shekhar Kamal
 Aarav Chowdhary as Rahul Trivedi
 Farid Amiri as Tony Raj
 Rohit Chopra as Rohit Acharya
 Ajay Pande as Vinod Singh
 Bhupinder as Chor Bazaar Goon
 Mehul Bhojak as Manu Vikram
 Yusuf Hussain as Mr. Tripathi (Mumbai Police Commissioner)
 Mukesh Ahuja as Bookie
 Ayesha Raza as Sunaina (A T. V. reporter)
 Sanjay Keni (cameo appearance)
 Perizaad Zorabian (special appearance)

Production
Aditya Chopra initially had car chases in mind instead of bikes, but Sanjay Gadhvi convinced him otherwise as the rider's faces can be seen, and he had a craze for bikes in his youth.

References

Other websites

2004 movies
2000s Indian movies

Dhoom


The Tower Site (or 33-Bl-15) is a prehistoric village site dating from 1000 to 1499 AD and is closely associated with the Monongahela culture.  Located around  north-west of Barnesville, Ohio, United States, the site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

History
The site was once a prehistoric village for the Monongahela and is just one of several village sites located throughout Ohio. Located on a high hilltop with an elevation of , the site is located between the headwaters of two prominent creeks, it provided an excellent site for habitation.

The village encompassed around 2-3 acres of land with huts, refuse pits and burial features ringing a central plaza devoid of any structure. The site has yielded the human remains of 3 separate natives, two female and one male. Early local residents claimed the site as a burial ground due to a large amount of human remains found when a county road was laid out through the middle of the village site. The eastern side of the site has not been investigated as permission has been repeatedly refused by the landowner.

The site was abandoned sometime around 1500 AD for unknown reasons.

Current Condition
The location was fenced off to keep trespassers out and also to mark the village bounds from the local mining operations. The location also houses a radio relay tower, which lends its name to the site. The site was severely "potholed" (cylindrical sections are dug up and sifted, compared to a large square excavation), revealing pottery shards, bone fragments, arrow heads and beads. The many finds brought attention to the site as it was discovered to be a village instead of just a burial ground. Several excavations during the late 1970s by Kent State University's archaeological department further discovered hundreds of animal bone fragments, pottery shards, arrow heads, cannel coal pendants, shells, beads, as well as a burial pit containing a female skeleton.

The coal company completed most operations in the area of the Tower Site, leaving the site comparatively quiet. The fence has recently been removed as the site is under ongoing surveillance to protect it from vandals.

References

Further reading
Brown, Jeffrey D., The Tower Site and Ohio Monongahela, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 1981

Archaeological sites in Belmont County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Belmont County, Ohio
Former populated places in Ohio
Monongahela culture
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Native American populated places
Populated places on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

Tower Site


Breakable You is the fourth novel written by American author Brian Morton. It was published in 2006 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. The book was made into a 2017 film starring Holly Hunter, Tony Shalhoub and Alfred Molina.

Characters
The story, like most of Morton's books, focuses around three or four central characters, and the omniscient point of view changes between them in each chapter.

List of main characters:a

Maud Weller is a college graduate in her late twenties. She is described as 5'10', having brown hair and awkward but attractive features. She teaches a philosophy class at an unknown university, and in the story is writing her dissertation on "how people treat each other". In the book, Morton alludes to Maud being somewhat mentally unstable, having had two mental breakdowns in her lifetime already. Later in the book, Maud has a third and is checked into a rehab center that she attended before.
Samir is an Arab man and the love interest of Maud Weller. He remodels homes, but it's not exactly his passion in life, and he is described as very intellectual. He is also much shorter than Maud, which is something that Maud comes to like in him. He is very emotionally shut-down when he first starts dating Maud, and he reveals that it is due to his daughter's death and divorcing his wife, which happened some time ago.
Eleanor Weller is the mother of Maud Weller, and she is in her sixties. She works as a therapist, but she's always had a yearning to publish a memoir of her family life growing up. She finds that her problem is that she wants to take care of people too often, and leaves her dreams on the side.
Adam Weller is the father of Maud Weller and previous husband to Eleanor Weller before their divorce. Adam is a novelist of some moderate fame in New York and has published several novels. He is old too, and is in fear of being lost in the crowd of a youthful world.

Minor characters
Thea is the love interest of Adam Weller. She is a much younger woman and is described as hip, youthful, fiery and very beautiful. She is also very instrumental to Adam and furthering his reputation as an author.
Isador Cantor is a novelist and friend of Adam Weller. He never appears in the novel, having died shortly before the story takes place but he is very important to Adam's storyline. He has always been Adam's main adversary in the literary world, and Adam thinks that Izzy is a better writer than he.

Critical reception
The book was well reviewed by critics. The New York Times gave it a positive review, writing: "Terrible fates befall some of Morton's characters, undeserved; he seems, at times, to bring them to life only to make them suffer. It's a complaint usually reserved for a higher power, and a tribute to Morton's craft: conjuring up lives so vivid the reader mourns their passing." The New York Sun wrote "Breakable You has succeeded in demonstrating, once again, Mr. Morton's appealing and humane gift."

References

2007 American novels
Novels by Brian Morton

Novels set in New York City

Breakable You


Raccoon Creek is a  stream that drains parts of five Ohio counties in the United States. It originates in Hocking County, Ohio. It flows through Vinton County and Gallia County and a corner of Meigs County. Its largest tributary, Little Raccoon Creek, arises in Jackson County. The watershed also includes part of Athens County, drained by another tributary, Hewett Fork. The other major tributaries are Elk Fork, located entirely in Vinton County, and Brushy Fork, which is mostly in Vinton County with a small area in Hocking County.

Location
Mouth: Confluence with the Ohio River in Gallia County at
Origin: Confluence of the East and West Branches of Raccoon Creek  near New Plymouth in Vinton County at

Discharge
The USGS stream gauge on Raccoon Creek at Adamsville recorded a mean annual discharge of  during water years 1916-2019. The gauge on Little Raccoon Creek at Ewington recorded a mean annual discharge of  during water years 1999-2019.

Organizations
The Raccoon Creek Partnership was established to deal with environmental and recreational issues pertaining to Raccoon Creek.

See also
List of rivers of Ohio

References

Rivers of Vinton County, Ohio
Rivers of Hocking County, Ohio
Rivers of Gallia County, Ohio
Rivers of Jackson County, Ohio
Rivers of Meigs County, Ohio
Rivers of Ohio

Raccoon Creek (Ohio)


Bob Lamey (born December 23, 1938) is an American sportscaster. He is the radio voice of the Indianapolis Colts. He has been with the franchise since they moved to Indianapolis from Baltimore except for the 1992-1994 seasons. During that time, he was replaced by Joe McConnell. He was also the voice of the Indiana Pacers of the NBA. He also called ice hockey games for the Indianapolis Checkers and Indianapolis Racers as well as the voice of the Carolina Cougars of the original American Basketball Association and served as a turn reporter for the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network.

Motorsports broadcasters
American Basketball Association announcers
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Living people
1938 births

Bob Lamey


After the so-called Pakistan Civil War (1971), Act Number 9 of 1973 (called The Bangladesh Passport Order, 1973) which was signed into effect by the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, on 8 February 1973, this led to the creation and issuing of the first passport of a newly separatist Bangladesh. These passport booklets were traditional, handwritten or manual, passports and were compliant with the relevant international laws and regulations in force at the time. Subsequently, additional laws were enacted in Bangladesh in the years that followed to improve the passport application process; enforce the ineligibility to hold multiple valid Bangladeshi passports; citizenship requirement for a passport; etc. Since 1972 a special passport, also known as the India-Bangladesh Special Passport, used to be issued to Bangladeshi citizens and Indian nationals resident in West Bengal State and the North-Eastern States of India only.

Physical appearance

Bangladeshi passport covers are dark green, with the Seal of the Government of Bangladesh emblazoned in gold in the centre of the front cover. The word "পাসপোর্ট" (Bengali) and "Passport" (English) are inscribed above the Seal. Below the Seal "গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ" (Bengali); "People's Republic of Bangladesh" (English); and the international e-passport symbol () are inscribed.

References

Law in Asia
Nationality

Bangladeshi passport


Ian Woodner (January 25, 1903 – November 1, 1990) was an American real estate developer, artist and art collector.

Early life and education
Woodner was born in New York City to a Polish immigrant family. He was raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He received a bachelor's degree in architecture from the University of Minnesota and a master's from Harvard University. He received a fellowship to study abroad in Europe and the Middle East. He attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where he won nine medals during his postgraduate work. He was married to Ruth Lyon Woodner of Westport, Connecticut.

Real estate developer
Woodner had a role in designing the Central Park Zoo and various buildings at the 1939 World's Fair.  Woodner began building houses in Wilmington, Delaware and later concentrated on Washington, D.C., and the New York metropolitan region, where his company erected housing complexes in Manhattan, Flushing, Queens and Yonkers. In 1945, Woodner founded the Jonathan Woodner Company, which has built residential and commercial properties in New York, the District of Columbia and Atlanta. The company was named for Woodner's infant son, Jonathan, who later joined the business along with his sisters, Dian and Andrea. Jonathan Woodner died in an airplane crash in Maryland in 1988.

Art collector and artist
Woodner began collecting art in the early 1950s. His collection of drawings included works by Raphael, Tiepolo, Cellini, Correggio, Dürer, Holbein, Goya and Rembrandt. His collections have had major showings at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Royal Academy, the Prado and other galleries. The best of Woodner's rare old master drawings, were either sold or donated to the National Gallery of Art after his death. Woodner's interest in art collecting stemmed from his own work over the years in watercolors and pastels, which has been exhibited in New York, Munich and Jerusalem. Some of his work is still on display today in the lobby of the Woodner Apartments in Washington, D.C.

His collection of drawings includes works from the 14th through the 20th century and includes extremely rare drawings by Botticelli and Cellini. In 1989, when the Woodner collection was shown at the Metropolitan, Woodner said:

I'm an artist and I see these things as an artist, as Vasari did. A collector requires only two basic qualities, taste and boldness: The ability to see a good work and the willingness to buy it on his own judgment alone.

His family foundation, the Ian Woodner Family Collection, supports exhibitions, museum education programs and university art and architecture scholarships. It has also endowed a professorship of architecture at Harvard University and a curatorship in drawings at the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard.

See also
 Jonathan Woodner

References

1903 births
1990 deaths
University of Minnesota School of Architecture alumni
American artists
American real estate businesspeople
American philanthropists
American art collectors
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
20th-century American businesspeople

Ian Woodner


Søren Kam (2 November 1921 – 23 March 2015) was a Danish junior officer in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was wanted for murder in Denmark and listed by the Simon Wiesenthal Center as one of the most wanted Nazi war criminals.

Early years
Kam was born on 2 November 1921 in Copenhagen, Denmark, as the second of nine children to Rasmus Hansen Kam and wife Inger née Hermansen.

The young Kam was a member of the youth faction of the DNSAP (NSU) where he was a close associate of Christian Frederik von Schalburg, one of his so called "blood boys". According to the Bovrup File, Kam's mother became a member of DNSAP in December 1940.

World War II
Kam volunteered with the SS in June 1940. He served with the 5. SS-Panzergrenadier-Division Wiking on the Eastern Front. He was transferred to SS-Junkerschule Bad Tölz and was promoted to SS-Untersturmführer.

From 1 May to 2 September 1943, Kam was heading the school at Høveltegaard responsible for the training of new members of the Schalburg Corps. The initial six week training had 50-70 recruits.

According to Efraim Zuroff of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, in August 1943 Kam participated as a Waffen-SS soldier in a robbery during which the birth records of the Jewish community in Denmark were stolen. He thereby ensured that the German file on Danish Jews was as complete as possible, in preparation for the attempt to arrest and deport them in October that year. Kam denied the allegation.

From 15 July to 2 September 1943, Kam had seven meetings with Werner Best, whose service calendar describes Kam as commander of the Schalburg Corps.

During the week before Saturday August 28, 1943, Kam participated in one such meeting with among others Best, who on the morning of that Saturday met with Erik Scavenius to make the demands that the following day led the Germans to officially dissolve the Danish government and institute martial law.

On the evening of 30 August 1943 or after midnight in Lundtofte, next to Lundtofte Airfield, Søren Kam and two others killed newspaper editor Carl Henrik Clemmensen, who was struck while standing by eight bullets fired from three different pistols. Kam later gave different explanations for his participation, lastly that the three shot the unarmed newspaper editor in self-defense.

The September 1943 issue of De frie Danske proclaimed Kam and Flemming Helweg-Larsen as Schalburg-bandits and the murderers of Clemmensen. The June 1944 issue denounced a female member of the Nazi Party, along with Carl Henrik Clemmensen's murderers, namely Flemming Helweg-Larsen and Søren Kam.

On 15 February 1945, the newspaper Politiken brought an official statement from Berlin via Reuters that on 7 February Adolf Hitler had awarded Kam, a company Commander of the SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment "Germania", the Knight's Cross for "especially decisive action in the battle against the enemy" making Kam the third Dane to receive this award. The statement proceeded to mention that Kam had been wounded in battle several times and for battlefield bravery been awarded the Iron Cross Second and First Class, the Infantry Assault Badge, Close Combat Clasp and the silver Wound Badge and that he had seen combat in the battles of Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Cherkasy, Kovel and Warsaw.

After the war
While in 1946 the Danish authorities presumed Kam to be dead they executed Helweg-Larsen for his part in the murder of Clemmensen. According to the evidence presented in the trial, Clemmensen had been killed using three different pistols firing eight bullets all impacting him while he was standing. A third accomplice in the murder, the SS-man Jørgen Valdemar Bitsch, was held in the Frøslev Prison Camp after the liberation, but managed to escape and his whereabouts remain unknown.

In 1956, Kam lived in West Germany under the name Peter Müller as stateless and he was therefore at risk of being extradited to Denmark on a murder charge. The same year, Kam applied for and obtained West German citizenship. In 1968, the public prosecutor in Munich investigated the murder. Kam admitted to have fired at Clemmensen but only as an "act of solidarity" after Helweg-Larsen had shot and killed Clemmensen who was lying dead on the ground. The case against Kam was dropped in 1971 on the principle of in dubio pro reo.

In 1985, Minister of Justice of Denmark Erik Ninn-Hansen confirmed that there was still a warrant for the arrest of Kam. The statement formed part of a response to a question from member of parliament Jørgen Lenger, who had been informed via telephone by Kam personally that Kam had visited his family in Denmark several times. In 1986, Kam and the two other Danish bearers of the Knight's Cross posed for a photograph together with Christian Frederik von Schalburg's widow, Helga Schalburg, in Ulrichsberg in the Austrian state Kärnten.

In 1998, Kam was interrogated again because his explanation that he shot Clemmensen as he was lying dead on the ground was contradicted by the autopsy report which shows that Clemmensen received all eight shots while standing. Kam changed his explanation and stated that, although unarmed, Clemmensen attacked Kam and his two associates who thus fired the eight shots in self-defence. In 1999, Danish Minister of Justice Frank Jensen requested an extradition of Kam. This was refused by Germany. This request was later repeated by Jensen's successor Lene Espersen.

In 2004, a grandson of Clemmensen, Søren Fauli, produced the documentary  (My grandfather's murderer) in which he himself interviewed Kam. During the interview, Fauli forgives Kam, but asks him to admit his guilt. The documentary was aired on Danish television in 2004 and 2005. On 21 September 2006, Kam was detained in Kempten, Bavaria in accordance with a European arrest warrant issued by Denmark. On 4 February 2007, Germany denied his extradition to Denmark, after a German court claimed that the killing of Clemmensen was not murder but manslaughter, thus falling under the statute of limitations, which had expired. Kam had stated that he admits having taken part in the abduction and killing of Clemmensen, but that he considers the case to be under the statute of limitations and the killing an accident.

In February 2008, BBC World Service presented a radio program titled The Danish Nazi.  This included a recorded statement by Kam in which he says in English, "I am a good man, I never did anything wrong." According to the London Daily Telegraph, while in Germany, Kam  "has regularly attended veterans' rallies of SS men. He has also been closely associated with Heinrich Himmler's daughter Gudrun Burwitz and her network Stille Hilfe (Silent Aid), set up to support arrested, condemned or fugitive former SS men." As of 1 April 2014, he was number five on Simon Wiesenthal Center's list of most wanted Nazi war criminals.

Kam wrote his memoirs and had a middle man hand them over to head of research at the Royal Library, Denmark John T. Lauridsen and Danish historian Mikkel Kirkebæk, so they could publish them after his death. The 400 page book The memoirs of Søren Kam () is prefaced and commented by Lauridsen and published in Danish in September 2015.

On 23 March 2015, Kam died in Kempten at the age of 93, two weeks after his wife.

See also
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

References

External links
 Former SS officer sheltering in Germany, Daily Telegraph, 29 November 2007
 SK: Most-wanted Nazi dies aged 93 a free man, The Independent, 2 April 2015
 Additional information on his alleged war crimes
 Washington Post on his demise
 translated article about his life and trial. Original article

1921 births
2015 deaths
Danish assassins
Danish emigrants to Germany
Danish Waffen-SS personnel
Fugitives wanted on murder charges
Naturalized citizens of Germany
Nazi assassins
Nazi fugitives
Military personnel from Copenhagen
SS-Obersturmführer
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Nazi war criminals

Søren Kam


WWII is a duet album by Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson, released on RCA Victor in 1982.

Background
By 1982, the outlaw country movement was past its peak but Jennings and Nelson, the movement's primary artists, remained two of country music's biggest superstars.  Jennings had scored nine Top 5 solo albums in a row, with five going to #1, between 1974 and 1982.  Nelson was also enjoying his commercial prime, with his 1982 album Always on My Mind not only topping the Billboard country albums chart but also peaking at #2 on the pop albums chart.  By the early 1980s, Nelson's appeal had transcended country music; his affable persona, as well as his increasing presence in films, had made him a crossover star.  Jennings, who was struggling to rebuild his finances and in the throes of a crippling cocaine addiction, had seen his most recent album Black on Black receive lukewarm reviews, even though it had been produced by Chips Moman, who had also produced Nelson's Always on My Mind.

Jennings and Nelson had enjoyed some of their greatest success together.  The 1976 compilation Wanted! The Outlaws became the first million selling country album and their 1978 album Waylon and Willie, released at the height of the outlaw country movement, produced the chart-topping hit "Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys."  By all accounts, Jennings and Nelson were kindred spirits and close friends, but their egos did clash occasionally. In his memoir Willie Nelson, biographer Joe Nick Patoski quotes Nelson's ex-wife Connie:  "They had such a mutual respect for each other and their music, it was like a brother bond, literally.  There was always a little bit of - not jealousy - but Willie would make him [Jennings] feel inferior in some ways, and I think it was because of the cocaine."  Asleep at the Wheel pianist Floyd Domino, who played with Jennings' band in 1983, also noticed the tension between the two legends, telling Patoski, "You could tell Waylon was bothered by Willie's success, although he said he didn't care.  He'd tell audiences, 'I don't care if I'm not number one.  I'll be number two.'  The crowd didn't even know what he was talking about.  I saw Willie on some cooking show on TV and the host said Waylon was mad at him.  Willie laughed and said, 'What's he mad about today?'  Waylon cared.  Willie didn't."

Recording
Although Chips Moman had produced both singers' previous albums, the sessions that comprise WWII date from before those records; most are from December 1981.  The songs were recorded at Moman's Nashville studio and mastered at Woodland Studios with David Cherry serving as co-engineer with Moman.  Whereas 1978's Waylon and Willie contained several previously released backing tracks upon which Nelson had overdubbed his vocals, WWII bears all the hallmarks of Moman's slick production.  Despite being more of a "complete thought" than its predecessor, the vitality evident on Waylon and Willie is not as apparent on this LP; in his review of the album that can be found on AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine observes:

"In 1982, Waylon and Willie were still riding high on the country charts, but the quality of Jennings' work was beginning to slip and his sales were responding accordingly, as 1982's Black on Black reflected. Nelson had his biggest hit ever that year with Always on My Mind, but it also was his worst album to date, the first time he sounded like he couldn't be bothered...even at its best, WWII is nowhere near as good as Waylon and Willie are at their best, since they're coasting on reputation through most of this, a fact that's only enhanced by Moman's glossy showcase production."

Although billed as a collaborative effort, WWII is more of a vehicle for Jennings; Willie sings on only five of the eleven tracks - all duets - while Waylon takes the lead on the remaining six songs.  The album spawned one hit, a cover of Otis Redding's "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay," which peaked at #13 on the country singles charts.  Despite its modest success compared to some of the duo's previous singles like "Good Hearted Woman" and "Mammas Don't Let your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys," the song is brilliantly interpreted and remains as good an example as any of the fellow Texans' chemistry as artists.  Another highlight is "Write Your Own Songs," Nelson's diatribe of the music business and music executives in particular ("We're making you rich and you were already lazy/So lay on your asses and get richer or write your own songs"), whom he and Jennings had battled for years to gain control of their own records.  Jennings had a hand in writing two songs: the inspirational "Roman Candles," which he composed with Michael Smotherman, and the narration "The Old Mother's Locket Trick," written with fellow outlaw Guy Clark.  The Chips Moman/Bobby Emmons composition "May I Borrow Some Sugar from You" had appeared on Jennings' previous album Black on Black, while "The Last Cowboy Song" would resurface three years later on the first Highwaymen album.  Jennings and Nelson also cover the Tom T. Hall classic story song "The Year Clayton Delaney Died."

Reception

WWII failed to have as major an impact as Waylon & Willie, although it peaked at #3 on the Billboard country albums chart and #57 on the pop albums chart.

Track listing
"Mr. Shuck and Jive" (Jimmy Webb) (Art Garfunkel cover) – 3:49
Duet
"Roman Candles" (Jennings, Michael Smotherman) – 3:04
"(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay" (Steve Cropper, Otis Redding) (Otis Redding cover) – 3:22
Duet
"The Year That Clayton Delaney Died" (Tom T. Hall) (Tom T. Hall cover) – 3:06
Duet
"Lady in the Harbor" (Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Doug Gilmore) – 3:18
"May I Borrow Some Sugar from You" (Bobby Emmons, Chips Moman) – 3:24
"The Last Cowboy Song" (Ed Bruce, Ron Peterson) (Ed Bruce cover) – 2:18
"Heroes" (Bobby Emmons, Chips Moman) – 2:46
Duet
"The Teddy Bear Song" (Don Earl, Nick Nixon) (Barbara Fairchild cover) – 3:11
"Write Your Own Songs" (Nelson) – 3:14
Duet
"The Old Mother's Locket Trick" (Guy Clark) (Harold Lee cover) – 3:10

Chart performance

Certifications

Personnel
Waylon Jennings - guitar, vocals
J.I. Allison - drums
Gene Chrisman - drums, percussion
Chips Moman - guitar
Reggie Young - guitar
Willie Nelson - guitar, vocals
Bobby Emmons - keyboards
Johnny Christopher - guitar, backing vocals
Bobby Wood - piano
Toni White - backing vocals
Mike Leech - bass
Jerry Bridges - bass

References

Waylon Jennings albums
Willie Nelson albums
1982 albums
RCA Records albums
Albums produced by Chips Moman
Collaborative albums
Vocal duet albums

WWII (album)


The base station identity code (BSIC), is a code used in GSM to uniquely identify a base station. The code is needed because it is possible that mobile stations receive the broadcast channel of more than one base station on the same frequency. This is due to frequency re-use in a cellular network. The BSIC is defined in GSM specification 03.03 section 4.3.2.

Each base-station has its own BSIC, this code is at all times transmitted on the broadcast channel, so the mobile stations can distinguish between base stations. The BSIC is composed of a 3-bit network color code (NCC) and a 3-bit base station color code (BCC). The NCC is assigned to each network provider so the MS can sort out which base-stations it is allowed to camp on. The NCC of different providers must be different, also in national border-areas. The BCCHs (broadcast control channel) of each base stations are assigned frequencies by the network operator, and must be assigned such that no neighbor stations have equal BCCH and thus equal BSIC.

As long as base stations use different frequencies for their broadcasting channel, there is no problem in using the same base station identity code. Unique identification of a base station is especially important in border areas, where at both sides of the border there is a different operator who might use the same broadcasting channel on the same frequency.

References

3GPP TS 03.03 Numbering, Addressing and Identification

External links
Cellular Signal Booster

GSM standard
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Rabies is a viral disease that causes encephalitis in humans and other mammals. It was historically referred to as hydrophobia ("fear of water") due to the symptom of panic when presented with liquids to drink. Early symptoms can include fever and abnormal sensations at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is virtually always death, regardless of treatment. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months but can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time depends on the distance the virus must travel along peripheral nerves to reach the central nervous system.

Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. It is spread when an infected animal bites or scratches a human or other animals. Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes, mouth, or nose. Globally, dogs are the most common animal involved. In countries where dogs commonly have the disease, more than 99% of rabies cases are the direct result of dog bites. In the Americas, bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs. Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies. The disease can be diagnosed only after the start of symptoms.

Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased the risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world. Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those at high risk, including those who work with bats or who spend prolonged periods in areas of the world where rabies is common. In people who have been exposed to rabies, the rabies vaccine and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms. Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soap and water, povidone-iodine, or detergent may reduce the number of viral particles and may be somewhat effective at preventing transmission. , only fourteen people were documented to have survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms. However, research conducted in 2010 among a population of people in Peru with a self-reported history of one or more bites from vampire bats (commonly infected with rabies), found that out of 73 individuals reporting previous bat bites, seven people had rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (rVNA). Since only one member of this group reported prior vaccination for rabies, the findings of the research suggest previously undocumented cases of infection and viral replication followed by an abortive infection. This could indicate that people may have an exposure to the virus without treatment and develop natural antibodies as a result.

Rabies causes about 59,000 deaths worldwide per year, about 40% of which are in children under the age of 15. More than 95% of human deaths from rabies occur in Africa and Asia. Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica. More than 3 billion people live in regions of the world where rabies occurs. A number of countries, including Australia and Japan, as well as much of Western Europe, do not have rabies among dogs. Many Pacific islands do not have rabies at all. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease.

Etymology
The name rabies is derived from the Latin rabies, "madness". This, in turn, may be related to the Sanskrit rabhas, "to rage". The Greeks derived the word lyssa, from lud or "violent"; this root is used in the genus name of the rabies virus, Lyssavirus.

Signs and symptoms

The period between infection and the first symptoms (incubation period) is typically one to three months in humans. This period may be as short as four days or longer than six years, depending on the location and severity of the wound and the amount of virus introduced. Initial symptoms of rabies are often nonspecific such as fever and headache. As rabies progresses and causes inflammation of the brain and meninges, symptoms can include slight or partial paralysis, anxiety, insomnia, confusion, agitation, abnormal behavior, paranoia, terror, and hallucinations. The person may also have fear of water.

The symptoms eventually progress to delirium, and coma. Death usually occurs two to ten days after first symptoms. Survival is almost unknown once symptoms have presented, even with intensive care.

Rabies has also occasionally been referred to as hydrophobia ("fear of water") throughout its history. It refers to a set of symptoms in the later stages of an infection in which the person has difficulty swallowing, shows panic when presented with liquids to drink, and cannot quench their thirst. Saliva production is greatly increased, and attempts to drink, or even the intention or suggestion of drinking, may cause excruciatingly painful spasms of the muscles in the throat and larynx. Since the infected individual cannot swallow saliva and water, the virus has a much higher chance of being transmitted, because it multiplies and accumulates in the salivary glands and is transmitted through biting.

Hydrophobia is commonly associated with furious rabies, which affects 80% of rabies-infected people. This form of rabies is notorious for causing irrational aggression in the host, which aids in the spreading of the virus through animal bites; a "foaming at the mouth" effect, caused by the accumulation of saliva, is also commonly associated with rabies in the public perception and in popular culture. The remaining 20% may experience a paralytic form of rabies that is marked by muscle weakness, loss of sensation, and paralysis; this form of rabies does not usually cause fear of water.

Cause

Rabies is caused by a number of lyssaviruses including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. Duvenhage lyssavirus may cause a rabies-like infection.

The rabies virus is the type species of the Lyssavirus genus, in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. Lyssavirions have helical symmetry, with a length of about 180 nm and a cross-section of about 75 nm. These virions are enveloped and have a single-stranded RNA genome with negative sense. The genetic information is packed as a ribonucleoprotein complex in which RNA is tightly bound by the viral nucleoprotein. The RNA genome of the virus encodes five genes whose order is highly conserved: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and the viral RNA polymerase (L).

To enter cells, trimeric spikes on the exterior of the membrane of the virus interact with a specific cell receptor, the most likely one being the acetylcholine receptor. The cellular membrane pinches in a procession known as pinocytosis and allows entry of the virus into the cell by way of an endosome. The virus then uses the acidic environment, which is necessary, of that endosome and binds to its membrane simultaneously, releasing its five proteins and single-strand RNA into the cytoplasm.

Once within a muscle or nerve cell, the virus undergoes replication. The L protein then transcribes five mRNA strands and a positive strand of RNA all from the original negative strand RNA using free nucleotides in the cytoplasm. These five mRNA strands are then translated into their corresponding proteins (P, L, N, G and M proteins) at free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Some proteins require post-translational modifications. For example, the G protein travels through the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where it undergoes further folding, and is then transported to the Golgi apparatus, where a sugar group is added to it (glycosylation).

When there are enough viral proteins, the viral polymerase will begin to synthesize new negative strands of RNA from the template of the positive-strand RNA. These negative strands will then form complexes with the N, P, L and M proteins and then travel to the inner membrane of the cell, where a G protein has embedded itself in the membrane. The G protein then coils around the N-P-L-M complex of proteins taking some of the host cell membrane with it, which will form the new outer envelope of the virus particle. The virus then buds from the cell.

From the point of entry, the virus is neurotropic, traveling along the neural pathways into the central nervous system. The virus usually first infects muscle cells close to the site of infection, where they are able to replicate without being 'noticed' by the host's immune system. Once enough virus has been replicated, they begin to bind to acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. The virus then travels through the nerve cell axon via retrograde transport, as its P protein interacts with dynein, a protein present in the cytoplasm of nerve cells. Once the virus reaches the cell body it travels rapidly to the central nervous system (CNS), replicating in motor neurons and eventually reaching the brain. After the brain is infected, the virus travels centrifugally to the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, eventually migrating to the salivary glands, where it is ready to be transmitted to the next host.

Transmission
All warm-blooded species, including humans, may become infected with the rabies virus and develop symptoms. Birds were first artificially infected with rabies in 1884; however, infected birds are largely, if not wholly, asymptomatic, and recover. Other bird species have been known to develop rabies antibodies, a sign of infection, after feeding on rabies-infected mammals.

The virus has also adapted to grow in cells of cold-blooded vertebrates. Most animals can be infected by the virus and can transmit the disease to humans. Worldwide, about 99% of human rabies cases come from domestic dogs. Other sources of rabies in humans include bats, monkeys, raccoons, foxes, skunks, cattle, wolves, coyotes, cats, and mongooses (normally either the small Asian mongoose or the yellow mongoose).

Rabies may also spread through exposure to infected bears, domestic farm animals, groundhogs, weasels, and other wild carnivorans. However, lagomorphs, such as hares and rabbits, and small rodents, such as chipmunks, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, rats, and squirrels, are almost never found to be infected with rabies and are not known to transmit rabies to humans. Bites from mice, rats, or squirrels rarely require rabies prevention because these rodents are typically killed by any encounter with a larger, rabid animal, and would, therefore, not be carriers. The Virginia opossum (a marsupial, unlike the other mammals named in this paragraph, which are all eutherians/placental), has a lower internal body temperature than the rabies virus prefers and therefore is resistant but not immune to rabies. Marsupials, along with monotremes (platypuses and echidnas), typically have lower body temperatures than similarly sized eutherians.

The virus is usually present in the nerves and saliva of a symptomatic rabid animal. The route of infection is usually, but not always, by a bite. In many cases, the infected animal is exceptionally aggressive, may attack without provocation, and exhibits otherwise uncharacteristic behavior. This is an example of a viral pathogen modifying the behavior of its host to facilitate its transmission to other hosts. After a typical human infection by bite, the virus enters the peripheral nervous system. It then travels retrograde along the efferent nerves toward the central nervous system. During this phase, the virus cannot be easily detected within the host, and vaccination may still confer cell-mediated immunity to prevent symptomatic rabies. When the virus reaches the brain, it rapidly causes encephalitis, the prodromal phase, which is the beginning of the symptoms. Once the patient becomes symptomatic, treatment is almost never effective and mortality is over 99%. Rabies may also inflame the spinal cord, producing transverse myelitis.

Although it is theoretically possible for rabies-infected humans to transmit it to others by biting or otherwise, no such cases have ever been documented, because infected humans are usually hospitalized and necessary precautions taken. Casual contact, such as touching a person with rabies or contact with non-infectious fluid or tissue (urine, blood, feces), does not constitute an exposure and does not require post-exposure prophylaxis. But as the virus is present in sperm and vaginal secretions, it might be possible for rabies to spread through sex. There are only a small number of recorded cases of human-to-human transmission of rabies, and all occurred through organ transplants, most frequently with corneal transplantation, from infected donors.

Diagnosis
Rabies can be difficult to diagnose because, in the early stages, it is easily confused with other diseases or even with a simple aggressive temperament. The reference method for diagnosing rabies is the fluorescent antibody test (FAT), an immunohistochemistry procedure, which is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The FAT relies on the ability of a detector molecule (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) coupled with a rabies-specific antibody, forming a conjugate, to bind to and allow the visualisation of rabies antigen using fluorescent microscopy techniques. Microscopic analysis of samples is the only direct method that allows for the identification of rabies virus-specific antigen in a short time and at a reduced cost, irrespective of geographical origin and status of the host. It has to be regarded as the first step in diagnostic procedures for all laboratories. Autolysed samples can, however, reduce the sensitivity and specificity of the FAT. The RT PCR assays proved to be a sensitive and specific tool for routine diagnostic purposes, particularly in decomposed samples or archival specimens. The diagnosis can be reliably made from brain samples taken after death. The diagnosis can also be made from saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid samples, but this is not as sensitive or reliable as brain samples. Cerebral inclusion bodies called Negri bodies are 100% diagnostic for rabies infection but are found in only about 80% of cases. If possible, the animal from which the bite was received should also be examined for rabies.

Some light microscopy techniques may also be used to diagnose rabies at a tenth of the cost of traditional fluorescence microscopy techniques, allowing identification of the disease in less-developed countries. A test for rabies, known as LN34, is easier to run on a dead animal's brain and might help determine who does and does not need post-exposure prevention. The test was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2018.

The differential diagnosis in a case of suspected human rabies may initially include any cause of encephalitis, in particular infection with viruses such as herpesviruses, enteroviruses, and arboviruses such as West Nile virus. The most important viruses to rule out are herpes simplex virus type one, varicella zoster virus, and (less commonly) enteroviruses, including coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, polioviruses, and human enteroviruses 68 to 71.

New causes of viral encephalitis are also possible, as was evidenced by the 1999 outbreak in Malaysia of 300 cases of encephalitis with a mortality rate of 40% caused by Nipah virus, a newly recognized paramyxovirus. Likewise, well-known viruses may be introduced into new locales, as is illustrated by the outbreak of encephalitis due to West Nile virus in the eastern United States.

Prevention

Almost all human exposure to rabies was fatal until a vaccine was developed in 1885 by Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux. Their original vaccine was harvested from infected rabbits, from which the virus in the nerve tissue was weakened by allowing it to dry for five to ten days. Similar nerve tissue-derived vaccines are still used in some countries, as they are much cheaper than modern cell culture vaccines.

The human diploid cell rabies vaccine was started in 1967. Less expensive purified chicken embryo cell vaccine and purified vero cell rabies vaccine are now available. A recombinant vaccine called V-RG has been used in Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States to prevent outbreaks of rabies in undomesticated animals. Immunization before exposure has been used in both human and nonhuman populations, where, as in many jurisdictions, domesticated animals are required to be vaccinated.

The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services Communicable Disease Surveillance 2007 Annual Report states the following can help reduce the risk of contracting rabies:

 Vaccinating dogs, cats, and ferrets against rabies
 Keeping pets under supervision
 Not handling wild animals or strays
 Contacting an animal control officer upon observing a wild animal or a stray, especially if the animal is acting strangely
 If bitten by an animal, washing the wound with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes and contacting a healthcare provider to determine if post-exposure prophylaxis is required

28 September is World Rabies Day, which promotes the information, prevention, and elimination of the disease.

In Asia and in parts of the Americas and Africa, dogs remain the principal host. Mandatory vaccination of animals is less effective in rural areas. Especially in developing countries, pets may not be privately kept and their destruction may be unacceptable. Oral vaccines can be safely distributed in baits, a practice that has successfully reduced rabies in rural areas of Canada, France, and the United States. In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, baits are successfully used on raccoons in the Mount-Royal Park area. Vaccination campaigns may be expensive, but cost-benefit analysis suggests baits may be a cost-effective method of control. In Ontario, a dramatic drop in rabies was recorded when an aerial bait-vaccination campaign was launched.

The number of recorded human deaths from rabies in the United States has dropped from 100 or more annually in the early 20th century to one or two per year due to widespread vaccination of domestic dogs and cats and the development of human vaccines and immunoglobulin treatments. Most deaths now result from bat bites, which may go unnoticed by the victim and hence untreated.

Treatment

After exposure
Treatment after exposure can prevent the disease if given within 10 days. The rabies vaccine is 100% effective if given before symptoms of rabies appear. Every year, more than 15 million people get vaccinated after potential exposure. While this works well, the cost is significant. In the US it is recommended people receive one dose of human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) and four doses of rabies vaccine over a 14-day period. HRIG is expensive and makes up most of the cost of post-exposure treatment, ranging as high as several thousand dollars. In the UK, one dose of HRIG costs the National Health Service £1,000, although this is not flagged as a "high-cost medication". A full course of vaccine costs £120–180. As much as possible of HRIG should be injected around the bites, with the remainder being given by deep intramuscular injection at a site distant from the vaccination site.

People who have previously been vaccinated against rabies do not need to receive the immunoglobulin—only the postexposure vaccinations on days 0 and 3. The side effects of modern cell-based vaccines are similar to the side effects of flu shots. The old nerve-tissue-based vaccination required multiple injections into the abdomen with a large needle but is inexpensive. It is being phased out and replaced by affordable World Health Organization intradermal-vaccination regimens. In children less than a year old, the lateral thigh is recommended. Thoroughly washing the wound as soon as possible with soap and water for approximately five minutes is effective in reducing the number of viral particles. Povidone-iodine or alcohol is then recommended to reduce the virus further.

Awakening to find a bat in the room, or finding a bat in the room of a previously unattended child or mentally disabled or intoxicated person, is an indication for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). The recommendation for the precautionary use of PEP in bat encounters where no contact is recognized has been questioned in the medical literature, based on a cost–benefit analysis. However, a 2002 study has supported the protocol of precautionary administration of PEP where a child or mentally compromised individual has been alone with a bat, especially in sleep areas, where a bite or exposure may occur with the victim being unaware.

After onset

Once rabies develops, death almost certainly follows. Palliative care in a hospital setting is recommended with administration of large doses of pain medication, and sedatives in preference to physical restraint. Ice fragments can be given by mouth for thirst, but there is no good evidence intravenous hydration is of benefit.

A treatment known as the Milwaukee protocol, which involves putting a person into a chemically induced coma and using antiviral medications, has been proposed but subsequently found not to be useful. It initially came into use in 2003, following Jeanna Giese, a teenager from Wisconsin, becoming the first person known to have survived rabies without preventive treatments before symptom onset. While this treatment has been tried multiple times since, there have been no further cases of survival. The protocol has since been assessed as an ineffective treatment with concerns related to the costs and ethics of its use.

Prognosis
Vaccination after exposure, PEP, is highly successful in preventing rabies. In unvaccinated humans, rabies was until 2004 virtually always fatal after neurological symptoms have developed.

Epidemiology

In 2010, an estimated 26,000 people died from rabies, down from 54,000 in 1990. The majority of the deaths occurred in Asia and Africa. , India (approximately 20,847), followed by China (approximately 6,000) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (5,600), had the most cases. A 2015 collaboration between the World Health Organization, World Organization of Animal Health (OIE), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO), and Global Alliance for Rabies Control has a goal of eliminating deaths from rabies by 2030.

India
India has the highest rate of human rabies in the world, primarily because of stray dogs, whose number has greatly increased since a 2001 law forbade the killing of dogs. Effective control and treatment of rabies in India is hindered by a form of mass hysteria known as puppy pregnancy syndrome (PPS). Dog bite victims with PPS, male as well as female, become convinced that puppies are growing inside them, and often seek help from faith healers rather than medical services. An estimated 20,000 people die every year from rabies in India, more than a third of the global total.

Australia
Australia has an official rabies-free status, although Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), discovered in 1996, is a rabies-causing virus related to the rabies virus prevalent in Australian native bat populations.

United States

Canine-specific rabies has been eradicated in the United States, but rabies is common among wild animals, and an average of 100 dogs become infected from other wildlife each year.

Due to high public awareness of the virus, efforts at vaccination of domestic animals and curtailment of feral populations, and availability of postexposure prophylaxis, incidence of rabies in humans is very rare in the United States. From 1960 to 2018, a total of 125 human rabies cases were reported in the United States; 36 (28%) were attributed to dog bites during international travel. Among the 89 infections acquired in the United States, 62 (70%) were attributed to bats. The most recent rabies death in the United States was in November 2021, where a Texas child was bitten by a bat in late August 2021 but his parents failed to get him treatment. He died less than three months later.

Europe
Either no or very few cases of rabies are reported each year in Europe; cases are contracted both during travel and in Europe.

In Switzerland the disease was virtually eliminated after scientists placed chicken heads laced with live attenuated vaccine in the Swiss Alps. The foxes of Switzerland, proven to be the main source of rabies in the country, ate the chicken heads and immunized themselves.

Italy, after being declared rabies-free from 1997 to 2008, has witnessed a reemergence of the disease in wild animals in the Triveneto regions (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia), due to the spreading of an epidemic in the Balkans that also affected Austria. An extensive wild animal vaccination campaign eliminated the virus from Italy again, and it regained the rabies-free country status in 2013, the last reported case of rabies being reported in a red fox in early 2011.

The United Kingdom has been free of rabies since the early 20th century except for a rabies-like virus (EBLV-2) in a few Daubenton's bats. There has been one fatal case of EBLV-2 transmission to a human. There have been four deaths from rabies, transmitted abroad by dog bites, since 2000. The last infection in the UK occurred in 1922, and the last death from indigenous rabies was in 1902.

Sweden and mainland Norway have been free of rabies since 1886. Bat rabies antibodies (but not the virus) have been found in bats. On Svalbard, animals can cross the arctic ice from Greenland or Russia.

Mexico
Mexico was certified by the World Health Organization as being free of dog-transmitted rabies in 2019 because no case of dog-human transmission had been recorded in two years.

History
Rabies has been known since around 2000 BC. The first written record of rabies is in the Mesopotamian Codex of Eshnunna (), which dictates that the owner of a dog showing symptoms of rabies should take preventive measures against bites. If another person were bitten by a rabid dog and later died, the owner was heavily fined.

In Ancient Greece, rabies was supposed to be caused by Lyssa, the spirit of mad rage.

Ineffective folk remedies abounded in the medical literature of the ancient world. The physician Scribonius Largus prescribed a poultice of cloth and hyena skin; Antaeus recommended a preparation made from the skull of a hanged man.

Rabies appears to have originated in the Old World, the first epizootic in the New World occurring in Boston in 1768.

Rabies was considered a scourge for its prevalence in the 19th century. In France and Belgium, where Saint Hubert was venerated, the "St Hubert's Key" was heated and applied to cauterize the wound. By an application of magical thinking, dogs were branded with the key in hopes of protecting them from rabies.

It was not uncommon for a person bitten by a dog merely suspected of being rabid to commit suicide or to be killed by others.

In ancient times the attachment of the tongue (the lingual frenulum, a mucous membrane) was cut and removed, as this was where rabies was thought to originate. This practice ceased with the discovery of the actual cause of rabies. Louis Pasteur's 1885 nerve tissue vaccine was successful, and was progressively improved to reduce often severe side-effects.

In modern times, the fear of rabies has not diminished, and the disease and its symptoms, particularly agitation, have served as an inspiration for several works of zombie or similarly themed fiction, often portraying rabies as having mutated into a stronger virus which fills humans with murderous rage or incurable illness, bringing about a devastating, widespread pandemic.

Other animals

Rabies is infectious to mammals; three stages of central nervous system infection are recognized. The clinical course is often shorter in animals than in humans, but result in similar symptoms and almost always death. The first stage is a one- to three-day period characterized by behavioral changes and is known as the prodromal stage. The second is the excitative stage, which lasts three to four days. This stage is often known as "furious rabies" for the tendency of the affected animal to be hyper-reactive to external stimuli and bite or attack anything near. In some cases, animals skip the excitative stage and develop paralysis, as in the third phase; the paralytic phase. This stage develops due to damage to motor neurons. Incoordination is seen, owing to rear limb paralysis, and drooling and difficulty swallowing is caused by paralysis of facial and throat muscles. Death is usually caused by respiratory arrest.

See also

 Eradication of infectious diseases
 Madstone (folklore)
 Rabies in Haiti

References

Further reading
Pankhurst, Richard. "The history and traditional treatment of rabies in Ethiopia." Medical History 14, no. 4 (1970): 378-389.

External links

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