Judd Greenstein (born 1979) is an American composer of contemporary classical music, and an avid promoter of new music in New York City. He is also a co-director of New Amsterdam Records.

Life and career
Judd Greenstein was born and raised in Manhattan, and attended Hunter College Elementary School and Hunter College High School. He received his undergraduate degree from Williams College, and his masters in music composition from the Yale School of Music where he studied with Martin Bresnick, Aaron Jay Kernis, and Ezra Laderman.  Shortly after Yale, Greenstein began to draw attention in the New York classical scene for the pulse-driven quality and "impressive confidence" of his music, which was being performed at Carnegie Hall, Tanglewood Music Center, and the Tribeca New Music Festival. The New Yorker critic Alex Ross also regularly lauded the exciting freshness of Greenstein's work as early as 2005. Since then he has received dozens of commissions, and has had his music performed at leading classical music festivals including Bang on a Can Marathon Concerts, Tanglewood, the Carlsbad Music Festival, and the MATA Festival.

In addition to his work as a composer, Greenstein has tirelessly demonstrated his support for new music and young composers through various forms of curation and community organization. Since 2008, he has served as co-director of the non-profit label New Amsterdam Records along with William Brittelle and Sarah Kirkland Snider. He describes the label as being dedicated to supporting artists "whose work is a reflection of truly integrated music influences," which has subsequently placed it at the forefront of the indie-classical music scene. In 2011, Greenstein curated the Ecstatic Music Festival at Merkin Concert Hall, giving indie-classical and indie-pop artists like Owen Pallett, Shara Nova, Julianna Barwick, and Victoire an "uptown" arena to showcase their sophisticated endeavors. The festival has been compared to the genre-indifferent Bang on a Can, but with less of the latter's highbrow intimidation and intellectualized atmosphere.

In 2014, Greenstein, together with Michi Wiancko, composed the score for the feature film The Mend, which premiered at the SXSW Film Festival in March 2014.

Musical style
Critics have frequently commented on Greenstein's idiosyncratic style, which maintains a pulse-driven poppish sensibility while employing a sophisticated harmonic language. He is often identified with a group of young New York-based composers like Nico Muhly, Missy Mazzoli, and Corey Dargel, who fuse the accessibility of minimalist classical music with popular vernaculars to create genre-indifferent works, commonly labeled "indie-classical". In a detailed analysis, musicologist Kyle Gann remarked on Greenstein's typically polymetric compositional structures, giving his music a "foot-tapping pop surface in front of a background rhythmic complexity", akin to the 1980s advent of totalism.

Works
Central to Greenstein's compositional career has been his work with the NOW Ensemble, for which he is the co-artistic director and has composed six pieces. The ensemble has performed his music along with the chamber music of other young, emerging composers in a wide range of settings, including (Le) Poisson Rouge, Carnegie Hall, and the Library of Congress. Greenstein has also closely collaborated with a number of New York's young solo musicians and ensembles, including violist Nadia Sirota, soprano Anne-Carolyn Bird, percussionist Samuel Solomon, the political chamber ensemble Newspeak, and others.

Greenstein's most recent project is The Yehudim—an ensemble of vintage keyboards, mixed voices, electric guitars, and percussion that "explores characters from the Hebrew Bible, using the strange stories of their lives and the ancient writings around their characters to weave contemporary narratives." The Yehudim had its concert debut in March 2011 at Merkin Concert Hall premiering Greenstein's piece "Sh'lomo", and was called "an epiphany" by Steve Smith of The New York Times. He has also recently been commissioned to write works for ETHEL, Gibbs & Main, and a large-scale work for the Minnesota Orchestra.

See also

 A Marvelous Order

References

External links
Judd Greenstein's website
New Amsterdam presents

NewMusicBox interview with Molly Sheridan

American male composers
21st-century American composers
Living people
Musicians from Manhattan
Composers from New York City
Williams College alumni
Yale School of Music alumni
1979 births
21st-century American male musicians
Hunter College High School alumni

Judd Greenstein


Oleksiy Shevchuk (born July 13, 1985; Kyiv) is a Ukrainian criminal defense lawyer, journalist and TV-host. Best known for his participation in political trials related to the criminal prosecution of the top politicians and entrepreneurs, such as Kyiv mayor Vitaliy Klitchko, an oligarch Oleksandr Onyshchenko and a tycoon Oleg Bakhmatyuk.

Biography
Oleksiy was born on July 13, 1985 in Kyiv.

In 2007, he received a Master's degree in Law from Kyiv National Economic University.

In 2018 and 2019 got an award "Lawyer of the Year" according to the Ukrainian Bar Association.

In 2019, Oleksiy got an Order of St. Michael by the Orthodox Church of Ukraine

Professional career
In 2006-2007, he worked as a legal consultant and the head of the legal department at LLC Fourway and LLC Karges.

In 2009, Oleksiy co-founded a law firm Shevchuk and Partners.

In 2017, he co-founded a new law firm Barristers as a merger of Shevchuk and Partners together with Ponomarenko & Partners law firms.

Cases
Oleksiy Shevchuk became well known after participating in resonant cases, defending top-politicians of Ukraine.

Some of the most famous cases:

The case of Genadiy Korban, a Ukrainian state and political figure, businessman, the head of UKROP party

The case of Oleksandr Onyshchenko, a Ukrainian politician, businessman and athlete, member of the Parliament

The case of Vitaliy Klitchko, the mayor of Kiev, former heavyweight world box champion.

The case of Oleg Bakhmatyuk, a Ukrainian agriculture tycoon, owner of defunct VAB Bank.

References

Living people
1985 births
Ukrainian lawyers
Ukrainian journalists

Oleksiy Shevchuk


This is a list with images of some of the historic structures and places in the Fort Huachuca National Historic District in Arizona. The district, also known as Old Fort Huachuca, is located within Fort Huachuca an active United States Army installation under the command of the United States Army Installation Management Command. The fort sits at the base of the Huachuca Mountains four miles west of the town of Sierra Vista, on AZ 90 in Cochise County, Arizona.

During the Apache Wars General Nelson A. Miles used Fort Huachuca as his headquarters until the  surrender of Geronimo in 1886.  In 1913, the fort became the base for the 10th Cavalry Regiment also known as the "Buffalo Soldiers", which was composed of African Americans. General John Pershing  used the fort as a forward logistics and supply base from 1916 to 1917 in his expedition against Pancho Villa and his men, The fort was once commanded by Charles Young, the first African American to be promoted to colonel. Fort Huachuca was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977.

Brief early history
The Clovis people, were hunters of the now-extinct mammoth and other large game. They lived in the area 13,000 years ago. According to archaeologists, the area where the fort is located, was Inhabited since  by various Native-American tribes. Among those tribes were the Hohokam, Mogollon and the Trincheras. Apache pictographs from the 1700s were also discovered.

In 1540, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado led an expedition and passed through the area in search of transportable riches, rumored to be in the "Seven Cities of Cibola". Coronado and his men were the first Europeans to explore the area, however the "Seven Cities of Cibola", whose structures were supposed to be made of gold, was only a myth.

Father Kino, the traveling Padre of the Southwest, passed through this area in 1699. Father Kino was a Jesuit, missionary, geographer, explorer, cartographer and astronomer who established many missions in the Southwest.

The area became part of Mexico in 1821, when Mexico fought for and gained its independence from Spain. In 1854, it ceased to be part of Mexico and became a United States Territory (New Mexico Territory). In 1863, Arizona became an official United States territory as a result of Gadsden Purchase.

Camp Huachuca

After gold was discovered in California, pioneers of European heritage from the east coast of the United States, began to migrate to the West and Southwestern territories of the United States. Many of these pioneers settled in Arizona and some established travel routes by the area close to where the fort currently stands. The early settlers and travelers were under constant attack by the Chiricahua Apaches who would proceed to escape to sanctuary in Mexico via the routes through the San Pedro and Santa Cruz valleys.

Geronimo was a Chiricahua Apache who became a leader during the Apache Wars. On one occasion when  Geronimo was 28 years old, he was away from his camp with the rest of the male Apache warriors. When they returned they saw that many of the women and children had been slaughtered, including Geronimo's mother, wife and three of his children. This incident set him on the path of fighting against the colonizing forces that sought to control and oppress the Apache and take their lands.

In February 1877, Col. August V. Kautz, commander of the Department of Arizona, ordered that a camp be established in the Huachuca Mountains. The Huachuca Mountains, whose name means "place of thunder", was named as such by the Native-Americans. Camp Huachuca was designated a fort and renamed as such in 1882.

In 1886, Gen. Nelson A. Miles designated Fort Huachuca as his advance headquarters and forward supply base for the Geronimo campaign. In 1886, Miles replaced General George Crook as commander of the forces fighting against Geronimo,  Miles relied on white troops, who eventually traveled  without success as they tracked Geronimo through the tortuous Sierra Madre Mountains. First Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood, who had studied Apache ways, succeeded in negotiating a surrender, under the terms of which Geronimo and his followers agreed to spend two years on a Florida reservation. Geronimo agreed on these terms, being unaware of the real plot behind the negotiations (that there was no intent to let them go back to their native lands). The exile included even the Chiricahuas who had worked for the army, in violation of Miles' agreement with them. Miles denied Gatewood any credit for the negotiations and had him transferred to the Dakota Territory.

Buffalo Soldiers

After the surrender of Geronimo, trouble continued to brew with renegade Native-Americans, Mexican bandits; especially with the followers of Pancho Villa, and American outlaws and freebooters. In 1913, Fort Huachuca became the base for the 10th Cavalry Regiment "Buffalo Soldiers", which was composed of African Americans. The 10th Cavalry continued to fight the Apaches after Geronimo's surrender in 1886. A detachment of 10th Cavalry fought one of their last battles of the Apache Wars north of Globe at the Salt River during an expedition on March 7, 1890. After the battle Sergeant William McBryar, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the pursuit of the Apache warriors.

General John Pershing used the fort as a forward logistics and supply base from 1916 to 1917 in his expedition against Pancho Villa and his men. Pershing sent the 10th Cavalry in pursuit of Villa and his men. Then-Major Charles Young, an African-American, commanded a squadron of the 10th Cavalry during the  "Punitive Expedition" into Mexico. In Mexico they were confronted by peasants with pro Villa sympathies. The authorities in Mexico considered it a disgrace if Villa was captured by the Americans and therefore provided misleading information which resulted in the failure of Pershing's Villa campaign.

Upon his return from Mexico, then-Lieutenant Colonel Young established a school for African American enlisted men at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. He foresaw the coming of future wars and was determined that men of his race would be prepared to enter an officers' training camp if one should be established. Young, was the first African American to be promoted to colonel. On September 1916, he became the commander of Fort Huachuca.

The Old Post Cemetery
The historic Old Post Cemetery was established in 1877 on the southwest corner of Grierson and Mizner Avenues. The cemetery  was moved to its present location on May 18, 1883. Buried are many of the soldiers who perished during the Apache Wars including Apache Scouts and their families. There are over 4,124 U.S. Military Personnel buried in the cemetery. Among the buried are Apache Scout Shorten Bread, one of the Apache Scouts of General George Crook who helped to track Geronimo, and his son Shorten Bread, Jr. Miss Carrie A. Clark, who served as postmistress, is also buried there. Also buried in the cemetery is Colonel Louis A. Carter, the only African-American chaplain, who served with all four of the black regiments of the Regular Army. Carter was the second African-American Army chaplain to be promoted to colonel. At Fort Huachuca, he served as post chaplain from 1913 to 1915 and again from 1935 to 1940. There are some unmarked graves outside the cemetery's wall. Criminals were prevented from being buried within the cemetery itself. The "Mourning Hearts, A Soldier's Family", a bronze sculpture by Jessica McCain and presented by the Huachuca Museum Society in 1996, is situated inside the cemetery. The statue depicts a nameless woman and children mourning the loss of her husband, a Soldier with a backdrop of gravestones. The address of the 7.3 acre cemetery is 104 Burt Road.

Currently
The historic district, which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977, is located within Fort Huachuca an active United States Army installation under the command of the United States Army Installation Management Command.

Historic properties pictured

The historic properties, places and items pictured are the following:
 The Pershing House – Built in 1884. General John J. Pershing, stayed in this house, named in is honor, in 1922.
 The Original Fort Headquarters – Built in 1880, Now the Fort Huachuca Museum. The Fort Huachuca Museum opened in 1960 and serves the Fort by collecting, preserving and exhibiting artifacts representing its own history and the larger history of the military in the Southwest.
 The Carleton House – Built in 1880. The building was once a hospital. It is named for Brigadier General James H. Carleton, commander of the "California Column" during the Civil War.
 The Old Post Barracks – Built in 1883. They were constructed as double barracks. The four buildings are now used as administration buildings and each is named after a cavalry unit which was once stationed in the old fort Huachuca. The names are: 6th Cavalry Hall (22208), 4th Cavalry Hall (22214), lOth Cavalry Hall (22216), and 5th Cavalry Hall (22320).
 The Leonard Wood Hall – Built in 1885. A large two-storied building used as the hospital. The building was named after Major General Leonard Wood, Medal of Honor recipient and Chief of Staff of the Army from 1910 to 1914.
 The Ordnance Warehouse – Built in 1882. In the 1930s, the building served as Salvador Sepulveda's shoe repair shop.
 The Hangman's Warehouse – Built in 1880. The Hangman's Warehouse is mainly remembered for the execution of two murderers in the 1940s. In 1942, Private James Rowe stabbed a fellow soldier to death in a dispute over stolen cigarettes. One year later, Staff Sergeant Jerry Sykes murdered a woman with whom he had been having an affair. Both were hanged for their crimes beneath the side windows of the warehouse.
 Rodney Hall – Built in 1917. Now Military Intelligence Branch headquarters. Colonel George B. Rodney, who once commanded Fort Huachuca, was the first occupant of this structure. Rodney was to command 10th Cavalry during World War I.
 Sam Kee Hall – Built in 1885. The Hall is now used by a headquarters staff element. It is named after Sam Kee, who first opened a post concession in 1881.
 The Buffalo Soldier Legacy Plaza – Dedicated on April 23, 2009.
 A Parrott Rifle –  An 1861 cannon, also known as the "Parrott Gun.", in the Brown Parade Field which once used in the Apache Wars
 The Old Fort Cemetery –  Established in 1877. Its first burial was Private F.P. Kelly of the 6th US Cavalry Regiment, who died on December 22, 1877. Colonel Louis A. Carter, the only African-American chaplain, who served with all four of the black regiments of the Regular Army, is buried there.
 The Mourning Hearts Statue –  Dedicated in 1996 to the wives who lost their husbands in service.

Properties not pictured
The historic properties which are not pictured are the following:
 The Bernard House (#22116) – Completed in 1884,
 The Hazen House (#22104) – Was constructed in 1891
 The Carr House (#22114)
 The Miles House (#22128) – The building today bears the name of General Nelson A. Miles.
 The Wilder House (#22132) – Is named for Colonel Wilbur E. Wilder who commanded the 5th Cavalry at Fort Huachuca in 1913.
 The Winans House (#22138) – Honors Colonel Edwin B. Winans who commanded the Post and the l0th Cavalry from 1920–23.
 The Macomb House (#22140) – Honors Captain Augustus C. Macomb who commanded the 5th Cavalry and Fort Huachuca.
 The Sanford House (#22144) – Is named for Major George Bliss Sanford, 1st US Cavalry, who was a Huachuca commander in 1881. He began his career in Arizona as a Lieutenant of the Dragoons in 1862, returning to the Arizona Territory after several Civil War actions.
 The Brayton Hall (#21115) – Had its beginnings in 1887 as an amusement hall
 The DeRussy Hall (#22326) – Was named for another Post Commander (1891–92), Colonel Isaac D. DeRussy, 11th US Infantry. This $800 adobe structure was first opened 1D 1899 as a Post Office and school.
 The Gresham Hall (#22332) – Was completed in 1883 as the Quartermaster's Storehouse
 The Mar Kim Hall (#22334) – Was named for a nephew of Sam Kee.

Further reading
 "Fort Huachuca (AZ) (Images of America)"; By: Ethel Jackson Price (Author); Publisher : Arcadia Publishing;
 "Fort Huachuca: The Story of a Frontier Post Paperback"; By Cornelius C Jr Smith (Author); Publisher : University Press of the Pacific;

See also

 Sierra Vista, Arizona
 Fort Tyson
 Fort Huachuca
 Fort Lowell
 Fort Whipple

References

Arizona Territory
Fort Huachuca
Buildings and structures in Cochise County, Arizona
History museums in Arizona
History of Cochise County, Arizona
Military and war museums in Arizona
1877 establishments in Arizona Territory

Historic properties in Fort Huachuca National Historic District


Spread betting is any of various types of wagering on the outcome of an event where the pay-off is based on the accuracy of the wager, rather than a simple "win or lose" outcome, such as fixed-odds (or money-line) betting or parimutuel betting.

A point spread is a range of outcomes and the bet is whether the outcome will be above or below the spread. Spread betting has been a major growth market in the UK in recent years, with the number of gamblers heading towards one million. Financial spread betting (see below) can carry a high level of risk if there is no "stop". In the UK, financial spread betting is regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority rather than the Gambling Commission who regulate spread betting on sports.

Purpose
The general purpose of spread betting is to create an active market for both sides of a binary wager, even if the outcome of an event may appear prima facie to be biased towards one side or the other. In sports, almost every contest has a favorite and an underdog, most obviously when a historically strong team is playing a weaker team. If the wager is simply "Will the favorite win?", more bets are likely to be made for the favorite, possibly to such an extent that there would be very few betters willing to take the underdog.

The point spread is essentially a handicap towards the underdog. The wager becomes "Will the favorite win by more than the point spread?" The point spread can be moved to any level to create an equal number of participants on each side of the wager. This allows a bookmaker to act as a market maker by accepting wagers on both sides of the spread. The bookmaker charges a commission, or vigorish, and acts as the counterparty for each participant. As long as the total amount wagered on each side is roughly equal, the bookmaker is unconcerned with the actual outcome; profits instead come from the commissions.

Because the spread is intended to create an equal number of wagers on either side, the implied probability is 50% for both sides of the wager. To profit, the bookmaker must pay one side (or both sides) less than this notional amount. In practice, spreads may be perceived as slightly favoring one side, and bookmakers often revise their odds to manage their event risk.

One important assumption is that to be credited with a win, either team only needs to win by the minimum of the rules of the game (i.e., 1 point), without regard to the margin of victory. This presumes that winning teams never unnecessarily extend a winning margin—and losing teams never uselessly narrow an inevitable loss. In other words, each team is only playing to win rather than to beat the point spread.

This assumption does not necessarily hold in all situations. For example, at the end of a season, the total points scored by a team can affect future events such as playoff seeding and positioning for the amateur draft; winning teams may "run up" the score, and losing teams may bench their starters in favor of developing less-experienced players for the future.

In virtually all sports, players and other on-field contributors are forbidden from being involved in sports betting and thus have no incentive to consider the point spread during play; any attempt to manipulate the outcome of a game for gambling purposes would be considered match fixing. The lack of tolerance for athletes and coaching staff engaging in this practice is so serious that the penalty is typically a lifetime banishment from the sport.

Spreads in sports wagering (U.S.)
Spread betting was invented by Charles K. McNeil, a mathematics teacher from Connecticut who became a bookmaker in Chicago in the 1940s. In North America, the gambler usually wagers that the difference between the scores of two teams will be less than or greater than the value specified by the bookmaker, with even money for either option. An example:
 The bookmaker advertises a spread of 4 points in a certain game;
 If the gamblers bet on the "underdog", they are said to take the points and will win if the underdog's score plus the spread is greater than the favorite's score.
 The eventual score is Underdog 8, Favorite 10: 8 + 4 > 10, so the gambler wins;
 The eventual score is Underdog 8, Favorite 13: 8 + 4 < 13, so the gambler loses.
 If the gamblers bet on the "favorite", they give the points (sometimes called lay the points) and will win if the favorite's score minus the spread is greater than the underdog's score:
 The eventual score is Underdog 5, Favorite 10: 10 – 4 > 5, so the gambler wins;
 The eventual score is Underdog 8, Favorite 10: 10 – 4 < 8, so the gambler loses.
 Ties aka "Push"
 The eventual score is Underdog 9, Favorite 13: 9 + 4 = 13, so the gambler ties "pushes". The reverse is also the same the gambler takes the favorite and it is 13 - 4 = 9

Spreads are frequently, though not always, specified in half-point fractions to eliminate the possibility of a tie, known as a push. In the event of a push, the game is considered no action, and no money is won or lost. However, this is not a desirable outcome for the sports book, as they are forced to refund every bet, and although both the book and its bettors will be even, if the cost of overhead is taken into account, the book has actually lost money by taking bets on the event. Sports books are generally permitted to state "ties win" or "ties lose" to avoid the necessity of refunding every bet.

Betting on sporting events has long been the most popular form of spread betting. Whilst most bets the casino offers to players have a built in house edge, betting on the spread offers an opportunity for the astute gambler. When a casino accepts a spread bet, it gives the player the odds of 10 to 11, or -110. That means that for every 11 dollars the player wagers, the player will win 10, slightly lower than an even money bet. If team A is playing team B, the casino is not concerned with who wins the game; they are only concerned with taking an equal amount of money of both sides. For example, if one player takes team A and the other takes team B and each wager $110 to win $100, it doesn't matter what team wins; the casino makes money. They take $100 of the $110 from the losing bet and pay the winner, keeping the extra $10 for themselves. This is the house edge. The goal of the casino is to set a line that encourages an equal amount of action on both sides, thereby guaranteeing a profit. This also explains how money can be made by the astute gambler. If casinos set lines to encourage an equal amount of money on both sides, it sets them based on the public perception of the team, not necessarily the real strength of the teams. Many things can affect public perception, which moves the line away from what the real line should be. This gap between the Vegas line, the real line, and differences between other sports books betting lines and spreads is where value can be found.

A teaser is a bet that alters the spread in the gambler's favor by a predetermined margin – in American football the teaser margin is often six points. For example, if the line is 3.5 points and bettors want to place a teaser bet on the underdog, they take 9.5 points instead; a teaser bet on the favorite would mean that the gambler takes 2.5 points instead of having to give the 3.5. In return for the additional points, the payout if the gambler wins is less than even money, or the gambler must wager on more than one event and both events must win. In this way it is very similar to a parlay. At some establishments, the "reverse teaser" also exists, which alters the spread against the gambler, who gets paid at more than evens if the bet wins.

Sports spread betting
In the United Kingdom, sports spread betting became popular in the late 1980s by offering an alternative form of sports wagering to traditional fixed odds, or fixed-risk, betting. With fixed odds betting, a gambler places a fixed-risk stake on stated fractional or decimal odds on the outcome of a sporting event that would give a known return for that outcome occurring or a known loss if that outcome doesn't occur (the initial stake). With sports spread betting, gamblers are instead betting on whether a specified outcome in a sports event will end up being above or below a 'spread' offered by a sports spread betting firm, with profits or losses determined by how much above or below the spread the final outcome finishes at.

The spread on offer will refer to the betting firm's prediction on the range of a final outcome for a particular occurrence in a sports event, e.g., the total number of goals to be scored in a football (US: soccer) match, the number of runs to be scored by a team in a cricket match or the number of lengths between the winner and second-placed finisher in a horse race.

The gambler can elect to 'buy' or 'sell' on the spread depending on whether they think the final outcome will be higher than the top end of the spread on offer, or lower than the bottom end of the spread. The more right the gambler is then the more they will win, but the more wrong they are then the more they can lose.

The level of the gambler's profit or loss will be determined by the stake size selected for the bet, multiplied by the number of unit points above or below the gambler's bet level. This reflects the fundamental difference between sports spread betting and fixed odds sports betting in that both the level of winnings and level of losses are not fixed and can end up being many multiples of the original stake size selected.

For example, in a cricket match a sports spread betting firm may list the spread of a team's predicted runs at 340 – 350. The gambler can elect to 'buy' at 350 if they think the team will score more than 350 runs in total, or sell at 340 if they think the team will score less than 340. If the gambler elects to buy at 350 and the team scores 400 runs in total, the gambler will have won 50 unit points multiplied by their initial stake. But if the team only scores 300 runs then the gambler will have lost 50 unit points multiplied by their initial stake.

It is important to note the difference between spreads in sports wagering in the U.S. and sports spread betting in the UK. In the U.S. betting on the spread is effectively still a fixed risk bet on a line offered by the bookmaker with a known return if the gambler correctly bets with either the underdog or the favourite on the line offered and a known loss if the gambler incorrectly bets on the line. In the UK betting above or below the spread does not have a known final profit or loss, with these figures determined by the number of unit points the level of the final outcome ends up being either above or below the spread, multiplied by the stake chosen by the gambler.

For UK spread betting firms, any final outcome that finishes in the middle of the spread will result in profits from both sides of the book as both buyers and sellers will have ended up making unit point losses. So in the example above, if the cricket team ended up scoring 345 runs both buyers at 350 and sellers at 340 would have ended up with losses of five unit points multiplied by their stake.

Bets on the total (over/under)
In addition to the spread bet, a very common "side bet" on an event is the total (commonly called the over/under or O/U) bet. This is a bet on the total number of points scored by both teams. Suppose team A is playing team B and the total is set at 44.5 points. If the final score is team A 24, team B 17, the total is 41 and bettors who took the under will win. If the final score is team A 30, team B 31, the total is 61 and bettors who took the over will win. The total is popular because it allows gamblers to bet on their overall perception of the game (e.g., a high-scoring offensive show or a defensive battle) without needing to pick the actual winner.

In the UK, these bets are sometimes called spread bets, but rather than a simple win/loss, the bet pays more or less depending on how far from the spread the final result is.

Example: In a football match the bookmaker believes that 12 or 13 corners will occur, thus the spread is set at 12–13.
 A gambler believes that there will be more than 13 corners, and "buys" at £25 a point at 13.
 If the number of corners is 16, the gambler wins (16–13) = 3 x £25.
 If the number of corners is 10, the gambler loses (13–10) = 3 x £25.
 A "sell" transaction is similar except that it is made against the bottom value of the spread.
 Often "live pricing" changes the spread during the course of an event, increasing a profit  or minimizing a loss.

In North American sports betting many of these wagers would be classified as over-under (or, more commonly today, total) bets rather than spread bets. However, these are for one side or another of a total only, and do not increase the amount won or lost as the actual moves away from the bookmaker's prediction. Instead, over-under or total bets are handled much like point-spread bets on a team, with the usual 10/11 (4.55%) commission applied. Many Nevada sports books allow these bets in parlays, just like team point spread bets. This makes it possible to bet, for instance, team A and the over, and be paid if both
 team A "covers" the point spread (wins by that amount or more)
and
 the total score is higher than the book's prediction.

(Such parlays usually pay off at odds of 13:5 with no commission charge, just as a standard two-team parlay would.)

Mathematics
The mathematical analysis of spreads and spread betting is a large and growing subject. For example, sports that have simple 1-point scoring systems (e.g., baseball, hockey, and soccer) may be analysed using Poisson and Skellam statistics.

Financial spread betting
By far the largest part of the official market in the UK concerns financial instruments; the leading spread-betting companies make most of their revenues from financial markets, their sports operations being much less significant.  Financial spread betting in the United Kingdom closely resembles the futures and options markets, the major differences being
 the "charge" occurs through a wider bid–ask spread;
 spread betting has a different tax regime compared with securities and futures exchanges (see below);
 spread betting is more flexible since it is not limited to exchange hours or definitions, can create new instruments relatively easily (e.g. individual stock futures), and may have guaranteed stop losses (see below); and
 the trading is off-exchange, with the contract existing directly between the market-making company and the client, rather than exchange-cleared, and is thus subject to a lower level of regulation.

Financial spread betting is a way to speculate on financial markets in the same way as trading a number of derivatives.  In particular, the financial derivative contract for difference (CFD) mirrors the spread bet in many ways.  In fact, a number of financial derivative trading companies offer both financial spread bets and CFDs in parallel using the same trading platform.

Unlike fixed-odds betting, the amount won or lost can be unlimited as there is no single stake to limit any loss. However, it is usually possible to negotiate limits with the bookmaker:
 A stop loss or stop automatically closes the bet if the spread moves against the gambler by a specified amount.
 A stop win, limit or take profit closes the bet when the spread moves in a gambler's favor by a specified amount.

Spread betting has moved outside the ambit of sport and financial markets (that is, those dealing solely with share, bonds and derivatives), to cover a wide range of markets, such as house prices.

Tax treatment
In the UK and some other European countries the profit from spread betting is free from tax.  The tax authorities of these countries designate financial spread betting as gambling and not investing, meaning it is free from capital gains tax and stamp duty, despite the fact that it is regulated as a financial product by the Financial Conduct Authority in the UK.  Most traders are also not liable for income tax unless they rely solely on their profits from financial spread betting to support themselves.  The popularity of financial spread betting in the UK and some other European countries, compared to trading other speculative financial instruments such as CFDs and futures is partly due to this tax advantage.  However, this also means any losses cannot be offset against future earnings for tax calculations.

Conversely, in most other countries financial spread betting income is considered taxable.  For example, the Australian Tax Office issued a decision in March 2010 saying "Yes, the gains from financial spread betting are assessable income under section 6-5 or section 15-15 of the ITAA 1997".  Similarly, any losses on the spread betting contracts are deductible.  This has resulted in a much lower interest in financial spread betting in those countries.

Financial spread bet example
Suppose Lloyds Bank is trading on the market at 410p bid, and 411p offer. A spread-betting company is also offering 410-411p. We use cash bets with no definite expiry, or "rolling daily bets" as they are referred to by the spread betting companies.

If I think the share price is going to go up, I might bet £10 a point (i.e., £10 per penny the shares moves) at  411p.  We use the offer price since I am "buying" the share (betting on its increase). Note that my total loss (if Lloyds Bank went to 0p) could be up to £4110, so this is as risky as buying 1000 of the shares normally.

If a bet goes overnight, the bettor is charged a financing cost (or receives it, if the bettor is shorting the stock). This might be set at LIBOR + a certain percentage, usually around 2-3%.

Thus, in the example, if Lloyds Bank are trading at 411p, then for every day I keep the bet open I am charged [taking finance cost to be 7%] ((411p x 10) * 7% / 365 ) = £0.78821 (or 78.8p)

On top of this, the bettor needs an amount as collateral in the spread-betting account to cover potential losses. Usually this is either 5 or 10% of the total exposure you are taking on but can go up to 100% on illiquid stocks. In this case £4110 * 0.1 or 0.05 = £411.00 or £205.50

If at the end of the bet Lloyds Bank traded at 400-401p, I need to cover that £4110 – £400*10 (£4000) = £110 difference by putting extra deposit (or collateral) into the account.

The punter usually receives all dividends and other corporate adjustments in the financing charge each night. For example, suppose Lloyds Bank goes ex-dividend with dividend of 23.5p. The bettor receives that amount. The exact amount received varies depending on the rules and policies of the spread betting company, and the taxes that are normally charged in the home tax country of the shares.

Terminology and acronyms
HoD
High of day (the highest price the market traded at for the day).
Intraday trader
A trader operating from within each day's trade times.
LoD
Low of day (the lowest price the market traded at for the day).
London Turn
The time when markets subtly change direction between 12:15 and 13:15 GMT with a regularity that is more than coincidental.
Market session
The time of day that is governed mostly by the regional stock markets. Times vary from broker to broker, but the following are typical: Asian session (22:30 to 08:45 GMT), European session (06:45 to 16:45 GMT), US session (13:00 to 21:30 GMT).
Spread
The difference between the ask and bid prices, which may vary between markets and between brokers substantially.

Dangers of financial spread betting
According to an article in The Times dated 10 April 2009, approximately 30,000 spread bet accounts were opened in the previous year, and that the largest study of gambling in the UK on behalf of the Gambling Commission found that serious problems developed in almost 15% of spread betters compared to 1% of other gambling. A report from Cass Business School found that only 1 in 5 gamblers ends up a winner. As noted in the report, this corresponds to the same ratio of successful gamblers in regular trading. Evidence from spread betting firms themselves actually put this closer to being 1 in 10 traders as being profitable.

See also

 Asian handicap
 Bet exchange
 Financial betting
 Point shaving
 Prediction market
 Spread trade
 Sports betting
 Sports betting systems

Notes

Further reading

 Financial Services Authority, March 2007 review, Spread Betting Review
 Understanding Point Spread Betting,  Point Spread Guide

Gambling terminology
Sports betting
Wagering

Spread betting


Magpies are birds in the crow family, Corvidae. They are general scavengers and predators of insects, small mammals, and other birds' eggs and young.

The word "magpie" usually means the European magpie (Pica pica), which is a very common bird, found all over Europe. Elsewhere, there are other species of magpie. Most are black and white and are in the genus Pica.

Other birds called "magpie"
There are other species of bird that are called 'magpies', though they are not true magpies. Oriental "magpies" are green and blue in colour, and are in the genera Urocissa and Cissa. There is also one blue and white magpie, the azure-winged magpie Cyanopica cyana. There is the black magpie, which is really a treepie. There is also the Australian magpie. It is not a member of the crow family at all. It is in the Artamidae family. All these are in different genera from Pica. This is a good example of the confusion caused by common names before the Linnaean system came into use.

Description
Magpies are large birds. They often have long tails. Magpies eat lots of different kinds of food. They may eat baby birds, eggs and carrion. They may also eat seeds and other parts of plants.

Magpies are clever birds. They can pass the mirror test. This is when the bird sees itself in a mirror and understands that it is a reflection. Magpies do not have any attraction to bright, shiny things, contrary to popular belief.

Related pages
Yellow-billed magpie
Black-billed magpie

Other websites
 Magpie videos on the Internet Bird Collection
 Magpie webcam  - Live webcam stream Magpies & Blackbirds nest

Corvids

Magpie


Le Père Goriot (, "Old Goriot" or "Father Goriot") is an 1835 novel by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850). It is in the Scènes de la vie privée section of his novel sequence La Comédie humaine. It is set in Paris in 1819. It follows the lives of three characters: the elderly Goriot, a mysterious criminal named Vautrin and a naive law student named Eugène de Rastignac.

The novel takes place during the Bourbon Restoration. It brought major changes to French society. The struggle by individuals to reach a higher social status is a major theme in the book. Balzac analyzes through Goriot and others the nature of family and marriage that provides a pessimistic view of them.

Publication
In the first book edition, the novel had seven chapters:

 In the first volume:
 Une Pension bourgeoise (A Bourgeois Boarding House)
 Les Deux Visites (The Two Visits)
 L'Entrée dans le Monde (The Entrance into the World)
 In the second volume:
 L'Entrée dans le Monde (Suite) (The Entrance into the World (Continuation))
 Trompe-la-Mort (Cheat-the-Death, Death-Dodger, or Dare-Devil)
 Les Deux Filles (The Two Daughters)
 La Mort du Père (The Father's Death)

The character Eugène de Rastignac had appeared as an old man in Balzac's earlier philosophical fantasy novel La Peau de chagrin. While writing the first version of Le Père Goriot, Balzac named the character "Massiac", but he decided to use the same character from La Peau de chagrin. Other characters were changed in a similar way.

Legacy
Le Père Goriot is widely considered Balzac's essential novel. Its influence on French literature has been considerable, as shown by novelist Félicien Marceau's remark: "We are all children of Le Père Goriot."

In his book Le Pére Goriot: Anatomy of a Troubled World, Martin Kanes calls it "the keystone of the Comédie humaine". It is the central text of Anthony Pugh's study Balzac's Recurring Characters. Entire chapters have been written about the detail of the Maison Vauquer.

Thus, says Balzac biographer Graham Robb, "Goriot is one of the novels of La Comédie humaine that can safely be read in English for what it is."

According to the editor of the Norton Critical Edition, Peter Brooks, the book is now seen as "the most endurable and popular of Balzac's myriad works" and a "classic of the [18th]-century European novel".

A well-known line of this book by Balzac is when Vautrin tells Eugene, "In that case I will make you an offer that no one would decline."

This has been reworked by Mario Puzo in the novel The Godfather (1969) and its movie adaptation (1972) as "I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse".

It was ranked as the second most significant cinematic quote in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes (2005) by the American Film Institute.

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Adamson, Donald: Old Goriot presented in Everyman Books, 1991.
 Auerbach, Erich. Père Goriot. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998. . pp. 279–289.
 Balzac, Honoré de. "Author's Introduction". La Comédie humaine. The Human Comedy: Introductions and Appendix. 1842. Online at Project Gutenberg. Retrieved on 19 January 2008.
 Balzac, Honoré de. Father Goriot. The Works of Honoré de Balzac. Vol. XIII. Philadelphia: Avil Publishing Company, 1901.
 Balzac, Honoré de. Père Goriot. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998. .
 Baran, J. H. "Predators and parasites in Le Père Goriot". Symposium. 47.1 (1993): 3–15. .
 Barbéris, Pierre. "The Discovery of Solitude". Père Goriot. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998. . pp. 304–314.
 Bellos, David. Honoré de Balzac: Old Goriot (Landmarks of World Literature). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. .

Other websites

Father Goriot at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
  Le Père Goriot, audio version
 Le Père Goriot (original version) with approx. 1000 English annotations at Tailored Texts

French novels
1830s books

Père Goriot


In the statistical physics of spin glasses and other systems with quenched disorder, the replica trick is a mathematical technique based on the application of the formula:

or:

where
 is most commonly the partition function, or a similar thermodynamic function.

It is typically used to simplify the calculation of , the expected value of , reducing the problem to calculating the disorder average  where  is assumed to be an integer. This is physically equivalent to averaging over  copies or replicas of the system, hence the name.

The crux of the replica trick is that while the disorder averaging is done assuming  to be an integer, to recover the disorder-averaged logarithm one must send  continuously to zero. This apparent contradiction at the heart of the replica trick has never been formally resolved, however in all cases where the replica method can be compared with other exact solutions, the methods lead to the same results. (A natural sufficient rigorous proof that the replica trick works would be to check that the assumptions of Carlson's theorem hold, especially that the ratio  is of exponential type less than .)

It is occasionally necessary to require the additional property of replica symmetry breaking (RSB) in order to obtain physical results, which is associated with the breakdown of ergodicity.

General formulation
It is generally used for computations involving analytic functions (can be expanded in power series).

Expand   using its power series: into powers of  or in other words replicas of , and perform the same computation which is to be done on , using the powers of .

A particular case which is of great use in physics is in averaging the thermodynamic free energy,

over values of  with a certain probability distribution, typically Gaussian.

The partition function is then given by

Notice that if we were calculating just  (or more generally, any power of ) and not its logarithm which we wanted to average, the resulting integral (assuming a Gaussian distribution) is just

a standard Gaussian integral which can be easily computed (e.g. completing the square).

To calculate the free energy, we use the replica trick:which reduces the complicated task of averaging the logarithm to solving a relatively simple Gaussian integral, provided  is an integer.
The replica trick postulates that if  can be calculated for all positive integers  then this may be sufficient to allow the limiting behavior as  to be calculated.

Clearly, such an argument poses many mathematical questions, and the resulting formalism for performing the limit  typically introduces many subtleties.

When using mean-field theory to perform one's calculations, taking this limit often requires introducing extra order parameters, a property known as "replica symmetry breaking" which is closely related to ergodicity breaking and slow dynamics within disorder systems.

Physical applications
The replica trick is used in determining ground states of statistical mechanical systems, in the mean-field approximation. Typically, for systems in which the determination of ground state is easy, one can analyze fluctuations near the ground state. Otherwise one uses the replica method.  An example is the case of a quenched disorder in a system like a spin glass with different types of magnetic links between spins, leading to many different configurations of spins having the same energy.

In the statistical physics of systems with quenched disorder, any two states with the same realization of the disorder (or in case of spin glasses, with the same distribution of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic bonds) are called replicas of each other. For systems with quenched disorder, one typically expects that macroscopic quantities will be self-averaging, whereby any macroscopic quantity for a specific realization of the disorder will be indistinguishable from the same quantity calculated by averaging over all possible realizations of the disorder. Introducing replicas allows one to perform this average over different disorder realizations.

In the case of a spin glass, we expect the free energy per spin (or any self averaging quantity) in the thermodynamic limit to be independent of the particular values of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic couplings between individual sites, across the lattice. So, we explicitly find the free energy as a function of the disorder parameter (in this case, parameters of the distribution of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic bonds) and average the free energy over all realizations of the disorder (all values of the coupling between sites, each with its corresponding probability, given by the distribution function). As free energy takes the form:

where  describes the disorder (for spin glasses, it describes the nature of magnetic interaction between each of the individual sites  and ) and we are taking the average over all values of the couplings described in , weighted with a given distribution. To perform the averaging over the logarithm function, the replica trick comes in handy, in replacing the logarithm with its limit form mentioned above. In this case, the quantity  represents the joint partition function of  identical systems.

REM: the easiest replica problem
The random energy model (REM) is one of the simplest models of statistical mechanics of disordered systems, and probably the simplest model to show the meaning and power of the replica trick to the level 1 of replica symmetry breaking. The model is especially suitable for this introduction because an exact result by a different procedure is known, and the replica trick can be proved to work by crosschecking of results.

See also
The cavity method is an alternative method, often of simpler use than the replica method, for studying disordered mean-field problems. It has been devised to deal with models on locally tree-like graphs.

Another alternative method is the supersymmetric method. The use of the supersymmetry method provides a mathematical rigorous alternative to the replica trick, but only in non-interacting systems. See for example the book:

Also, it has been demonstrated  that the Keldysh technique provides a viable alternative to the replica approach.

Remarks

The first of the above identities is easily understood via Taylor expansion:

For the second identity, one simply uses the definition of the derivative

References
 S Edwards (1971), "Statistical mechanics of rubber". In Polymer networks: structural and mechanical properties, (eds A. J. Chompff & S. Newman). New York: Plenum Press,  ISBN 978-1-4757-6210-5.
 M Mezard, G Parisi & M Virasoro, "Spin Glass Theory and Beyond", World Scientific, 1987
Papers on Spin Glasses

Books on Spin Glasses

References to other approaches

Statistical mechanics

Replica trick


Joseph Allard (December 31, 1910 – May 3, 1991) was a professor of saxophone and clarinet at the Juilliard School, the New England Conservatory, and the Manhattan School of Music. He also held adjunct positions at many other schools. He succeeded Vincent J. Abato as the saxophone instructor at Juilliard in 1956 and held that position until the end of the 1983–84 school year. Allard was the first saxophonist with the NBC staff orchestra in New York City, and played on "Firestone Hour" and "Bell Telephone Hour" on TV and radio. He played with Red Nichols and the Five Pennies, played for a brief period with Red Norvo's orchestra, was the saxophone section coach for the Glenn Miller Orchestra and the Benny Goodman Orchestra, and played bass clarinet in the NBC Symphony Orchestra under Arturo Toscanini from 1949-54. He was a native of Lowell, MA.

Allard studied clarinet under Gaston Hamelin of the Boston Symphony and saxophone under Lyle Bowen, and taught many famous students, including Michael Brecker, Eddie Daniels, Bob Berg, Dave Tofani, Dave Liebman, Paul Winter, Jordan Penkower, Victor Morosco, Eric Dolphy, Harvey Pittel, Col Loughnan, Paul Cohen, Anders Paulsson, Harry Carney and Kenneth Radnofsky.

References
 The Joe Allard Project
 Debra McKim, "Joseph Allard: His Contributions to Saxophone Pedagogy and Performance," (DMA diss., University of Northern Colorado, 2000)
 James Dawson, "In Memoriam, Joseph Allard (1910–1991)," Saxophone Symposium 16, No. 4 (Fall 1991): 14–19.
 David Demsey, "The Saxophone at Juilliard," Saxophone Journal 24, No. 6 (July 2000): 59–61.
 David Liebman, "Developing a Personal Saxophone Sound," (Medfield, MA: Dorn Publications, 1989).
 Paul Piersall, "Joe Allard," Saxophone Journal 13, No. 1 (Spring 1988): 12–22.

1910 births
1991 deaths
American classical saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz saxophonists
American classical clarinetists
Juilliard School faculty
American music educators
Musicians from Lowell, Massachusetts
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Massachusetts
Classical musicians from Massachusetts
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Joseph Allard


Helsinki Swimming Stadium is an outdoor swimming venue in Helsinki, Finland, located in the Eläintarha area to the northeast of the Helsinki Olympic Stadium.

History
The Swimming Stadium was designed by architect Jorma Järvi in the Functionalist style prevalent during the 1930s. The stadium was built for the 1940 Olympic Games which were cancelled due to World War II, but later hosted the 1952 Summer Olympics.

Because of the war, the construction of the Swimming Stadium took a long time, and it was finally completed in 1947. In wartime, the finished pools were used to store herring and root vegetables.

According to the International Swimming Federation, the water temperature in the pool needs to be at least 22 °C, nowadays 27 °C. The machinery to heat the outdoor pool was ordered from abroad, and the ship transporting them was sunk immediately after the war broke out.

The stadium has been listed as a significant example of modern architecture in Finland by Docomomo.

Current use
The Swimming Stadium is a popular recreational venue for citizens. It is open from the beginning of May to the end of September. It is a popular place and in summertime it is visited by about 5,000 swimmers every day – 290,000 altogether in summer 2013. The stadium has three pools: a 50-metre exercise swimming pool, a diving pool and a children's pool, and a small, shallow, round wading pool for small children a little further away. The diving pool has two 1 metre and two 3 metre high springboards, and a 1-metre plateau in front of the diving tower. Use of the diving tower is controlled and requires lifeguard supervision. The 1 and 3 metre springboards are almost always freely usable by customers. However, for example when swimming teams or clubs come to practice at the Stadium, the 3 metre springboard may be reserved for their use.

The area also has a water slide, a gym, a basketball court, a volleyball field, a table tennis table and a café. The gym is open all year round.

Outside normal opening times, the Stadium is used a practicing place for other aquatic sports, for example diving schools use the diving pool as practice place.

The Swimming Stadium was also the scene for filming the popular Finnish youth television show Summeri in 2003–2009 and 2011.

In January 2009, the city of Helsinki initiated a discussion of keeping the Helsinki Swimming Stadium heated throughout the entire autumn and winter, in order to make it accessible for outdoor swimming during the entire year, in honour of the 90th anniversary of the Sports Bureau of Helsinki. However, this idea was abandoned as too expensive.

See also
 Kumpula Outdoor Swimming Pool

References

1952 Summer Olympics official report. pp. 47–9.

External links
The swimming stadium official page

Sports venues in Helsinki
Swimming venues in Finland
Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic diving venues
Olympic swimming venues
Olympic water polo venues

Helsinki Swimming Stadium


Pit Crew Panic! is a WiiWare game by Hudson Soft. It was released in North America on December 1, 2008, in Europe on December 5, 2008 and in Japan on December 2, 2008.

Gameplay
Described by Hudson as an "action panic" game, Pit Crew Panic! sees players controlling a team of six pit crew girls in attempting to fix different objects. The game involves the player directing their pit crew with the pointer of the Wii Remote to fix broken parts on a variety of vehicles, such as racing cars and motorcycles, against a time limit. In addition, players must also fix more unusual objects termed "WHATSITs"; these include items such as toilets, cakes and a bed of flowers, right up to huge objects like castles, aircraft carriers, the Golden Gate Bridge and the International Space Station. In order to speed up repair players can jump in and help the girls out by picking a part and miming their repair action with the Remote.

The game gives players the option of playing in a normal time attack mode, an "abnormal mode" (a competitive mode involving two teams fixing the same WHATSIT) and a training mode. Each mode supports up to four players playing simultaneously. Players will also have the option to customize the rules, the WHATSITs that show up and the time limit they are set before starting the game. In addition, Pit Crew Panic! also features local and online multiplayer modes, and players will also be able to upload their best times onto an online leaderboard.

Reception
WiiWare World gave Pit Crew Panic! a 6/10, finding the game playable but ultimately "rather repetitive" and suffering from some interface issues and visuals that are "all over the map". IGN gave the game 3.9/10, highlighting the game's unique concept but also noting shallow gameplay, limited lasting appeal and frustrating controls.

References

External links
Pit Crew Panic! at IGN

2008 video games
Wii-only games
WiiWare games
Wii Wi-Fi games
Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection games
Hudson Soft games
Puzzle video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan

Pit Crew Panic!


Burroughs v. United States, 290 U.S. 534 (1934), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld as constitutional the financial disclosure and reporting requirements of the Federal Corrupt Practices Act. The court also held that certain counts incorporated by description in other counts of an indictment may be considered in determining the adequacy of the original certain counts.

Background
The Federal Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) as amended in 1925 required political election committees to keep a detailed account of all contributions made to or by the committee. The treasurer of the committee must then file the accounts with the clerk of the United States House of Representatives.

James Cannon Jr. was the chairman, and Ada L. Burroughs the treasurer, of a political election committee from July 22, 1928, to March 16, 1929. During that time, the committee accepted contributions and made expenditures to influence the election of presidential and vice presidential electors in two states. They agreed that they would not file the requisite reports. Cannon, a powerful lobbyist, was investigated by Congress, and found in violation of the FCPA.

A grand jury returned an indictment with 11 counts against Burroughs and Cannon. The first eight counts alleged a substantive violation of the Act, but poorly described the crimes. A ninth count against Burroughs more specifically alleged a violation of the Act. A tenth count made a conspiracy charge against Cannon based on the ninth charge.

Cannon and Burroughs claimed that each count of the indictment failed to allege an offense under the FCPA, and that the FCPA violated Article II, Section 1 of the United States Constitution

The district court found all 11 counts of the indictment to be imperfect, rendering judgment on the constitutional violation moot. The court of appeals reversed, finding that the ninth count was specific enough to charge Burroughs with conspiracy. The incorporation by reference of the ninth count by the other counts was sufficient to perfect the remaining counts. It also ruled that the FCPA was not unconstitutional. The defendants appealed to the Supreme Court.

Opinion of the Court

Majority
Justice George Sutherland, writing for the majority, argued that the ninth charge contained enough information to uphold all 10 counts in the indictment. The majority did find that there was a failure in the first eight counts to charge an offense under the statute. However, the ninth count was described sufficiently. Since the first eight counts referenced the ninth count, that was enough to indict the two individuals.  Although the tenth count (conspiracy, against Cannon) was imperfect on its own, it, too, referenced the ninth count. That, the court held, was sufficient to save the tenth count.

Regarding the constitutionality of the Act, the court held that Congress has the power to pass legislation to protect the integrity of the federal election process.
While presidential electors are not officers or agents of the federal government (In re Green, 134 U.S. 377, 379), they exercise federal functions under, and discharge duties in virtue of authority conferred by, the Constitution of the United States. The President is vested with the executive power of the nation. The importance of his election and the vital character of its relationship to and effect upon the welfare and safety of the whole people cannot be too strongly stated. To say that Congress is without power to pass appropriate legislation to safeguard such an election from the improper use of money to influence the result is to deny to the nation in a vital particular the power of self protection. Congress, undoubtedly, possesses that power, as it possesses every other power essential to preserve the departments and institutions of the general government from impairment or destruction, whether threatened by force or by corruption.

Dissent
Justice James Clark McReynolds, however issued a stinging dissent regarding the court's ruling regarding the indictment. He argued that the court should have dismissed nine of the 10 counts.
Thus, we have allegations of what are called conspiracies to commit crimes which are nowhere adequately described. And I cannot think that such pleading should find toleration in any criminal action. An indictment ought to set out with fair certainty the charge to which the accused must respond. If crime has been committed, a fairly capable prosecuting officer can definitely describe it.

McReynolds argued that the disagreement existed between the district court and court of appeals justified a refusal to uphold the indictment.
Here, we have an example of what seems to me inordinate difficulty unnecessarily thrust upon the accused. An experienced trial judge was unable to find proper description of crime in any of the ten counts of the indictment. The Court of Appeals, with a judge of long service dissenting, ruled that every count was sufficient. This Court, being divided, now declares eight of the counts bad, but holds that two are sufficient. Surely, such contrariety of opinion concerning allegations of the indictment indicates plainly enough that no man should be required to go to trial under it.

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
United States elections case law
Election campaign law
1992 in United States case law

Burroughs v. United States


The Festetics Palace is a Baroque palace located in the town of Keszthely, Zala, Hungary. The building now houses the Helikon Palace Museum.

The palace's construction, started by Kristóf Festetics in 1745, lasted more than a century. During this time, the palace, built at first on the foundations of a ruined castle, was tripled in size in two subsequent building campaigns, most recently in the 1880s, to designs by Viktor Rumpelmayer, living in Vienna.

When Rumpelmayer died in 1885, the work was carried to completion by architects Gusztáv Haas and Miksa Paschkisch. The result is one of the three largest country houses in Hungary.

History

The Counts Festetics were progressive landowners: Kristóf Festetics founded a hospital, Pál Festetics established a school in the town, and in 1797, Count György Festetics opened an agricultural college, the Georgikon, the first of its kind in Europe, which is still in operation as a faculty of the University of Pannonia.

The palace's library wing was built by Count György Festetics in 1799–1801, with guidance from  András Fischer of the Vienna Academy. Execution was entrusted to local artisans. The dining room (now a concert hall) has stucco decor by Mátyás Vathner from the town of Pápa. Stonework was executed by the local mason József Zitterbart, locksmithing by a local master craftsman, József Dobrolán, tiled stoves by József Pittermann and inlaid floors and woodwork by master carpenter János Kerbl, who was also responsible for the fittings in the library.

The book collection was made available to students of the Georgikon.

In 1815 Dr Richard Bright (namesake of Bright's Disease) lived here.

The central axis of the garden front is centered on one pavilion of the corps de logis, rather than on the prominent central tower of the extension built in the 1880s, with prominent mansard roofs and richly framed dormer windows typical of the neo-Baroque French Second Empire style, and neo-Renaissance woodwork in some of the interiors. On the entrance side facing the town, the axis remains centered on the original baroque structure, now a flanking wing.

The elaborate expansion was carried out for Count Tasziló Festetics, who married Lady Mary Douglas-Hamilton (1850-1922) on 2 June 1880. He entertained Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, in October 1885 and again in 1888 during his "incognito" Hungarian visits, accompanied by his great friend the Duke of Hamilton, the brother-in-law of Festetics.

The parterres in which the palace stands were extended in the nineteenth century with a naturalistic landscape park in the English fashion.

Prince Tasziló Festetics died in possession of the palace on 4 May 1933, and unlike the surrounding area it was not damaged during the Second World War. The property continued to belong to the Festetics family until it was nationalized by the Communists in 1949.

Recent history
Since 1974, the palace has housed the independent Helikon Palace Museum; it is visited by 200,000 people each year.

The great book collection remaining in the palace is the only substantial aristocratic library now surviving in Hungary. Portraits of the Festetics family, including some in tartans, are also still in the palace. The stable block now houses a collection of coaches and carriages. Open-air concerts are held in the grounds during the summer.

From November 2019 until March 2020, the palace was the main filming location for the 'Little Palace' setting of the fantasy Netflix series Shadow and Bone.

Gallery

Notes

External links

Helikon Palace Museum - official website
Palace info on the Keszthely town website

Castles in Hungary
Baroque palaces in Hungary
Mansions in Hungary

Museums in Zala County
Historic house museums in Hungary
Buildings and structures in Zala County
Keszthely

Festetics Palace


Sir Andrew Philip Witty (born 22 August 1964) is a British business executive, who is the current chief executive officer (CEO) of UnitedHealth Group. He was also the CEO of GlaxoSmithKline between 2008 and 2017. He formerly held the role of chancellor of the University of Nottingham.

Early life
Witty attended Malbank School (originally the "Nantwich and Acton Grammar School") in Nantwich, and then gained a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Nottingham.

Career
Witty joined Glaxo UK in 1985 as a management trainee. He held various positions in the UK, including director of pharmacy & distribution in Glaxo Pharmaceuticals UK.

He served as a vice president and general manager of marketing of Glaxo Wellcome Inc., a subsidiary of GlaxoSmithKline with responsibility for strategy development, marketing execution and new product positioning. He served as an economic adviser to the governor of Guangzhou, China, from 2000 to 2002.

He was appointed president, Pharmaceuticals Europe of GlaxoSmithKline plc in January 2003 and succeeded Jean-Pierre Garnier as CEO following his retirement in May 2008. He was paid an annual salary of  and received bonuses and other compensation amounting to  for this role.

In February 2009 he pledged to make a major change in the way GSK pharmaceuticals are priced, in an attempt to make vital drugs more affordable in countries with the lowest incomes. At the same time he announced that GSK would place certain patents in a pool so that they were freely available for others in the search for new drugs.

From 2010 until 2015, Witty served on the business advisory board of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron.

In October 2012 it was announced that he had been appointed the chancellor of the University of Nottingham with effect from 1 January 2013, having maintained strong ties with the university since graduation. Witty announced his retirement from the role of chancellor in November 2017.

In July 2013, the People's Republic of China announced that they were investigating allegations of fraud perpetrated by GSK going back to 2007 and involving thousands of millions of renminbi. Witty stated "It appears that certain senior executives in the China business have acted outside our processes and controls to both defraud the company and the Chinese health care system. To see these allegations about people working for GSK is shameful. For me personally they are deeply disappointing."

From 2013 to 2015, Witty served on the UNAIDS–Lancet Commission for Defeating AIDS and Advancing Global Health, co-chaired by Joyce Banda, Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma and Peter Piot. From 2015 until 2016, he was a member of the UN High-Level Panel on Access to Medicines, led by Ruth Dreifuss and Festus Mogae.

In November 2015, Witty's leadership of GSK was criticised by Neil Woodford, who said that "he's not doing a very good job". Woodford called for GSK to be split into four companies. In March 2016, Witty announced that he was to step down as chief executive.

From 2017 until 2018, Witty led the National Health Service's Accelerated Access Collaborative.

In July 2018, Witty became CEO of Optum, a division of UnitedHealth Group. In November 2019, he was named president of UnitedHealth, in addition to his role as CEO of Optum.

In April 2020, Witty took a one-year leave of absence from Optum to assist the World Health Organization in developing a vaccine for COVID-19. In May 2020, he was appointed to the expert advisory group for the UK Government's Vaccine Task Force, chaired by Patrick Vallance.

Witty became CEO of UnitedHealth Group in February 2021.

In April 2021, he was also appointed to the Pandemic Preparedness Partnership (PPP), an expert group chaired by Vallance to advise the G7 presidency held by the government of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Boris Johnson.

Corporate Membership

Corporate boards
 G1 Therapeutics, non-executive director (since 2017)
 Synthego, member of the advisory board (since 2017)
 Hatteras Venture Partners, advisor

Non-profit organizations
 Imperial College Business School, chair of the advisory board (since 2020)
 Duke Institute for Health Innovation (DIHI), member of the global advisory board
 Singapore Land Authority Board, member

Recognition
Witty was knighted in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to the economy and the UK pharmaceutical industry. He was also conferred the Honorary Citizen of Singapore in 2018.

References

External links
 Witty's biography at GlaxoSmithKline

Living people
GSK plc people
English chief executives
Place of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry
Knights Bachelor
People from Nantwich
1964 births
American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies

Andrew Witty


Melbourne A. Doig (b. 1912 - d. 25 October 1998) was a longtime Communist politician in Ontario, Canada.  He served as leader of the Communist Party of Canada - Ontario in the 1981 provincial election, and was a prominent member of the federal party.

Doig was raised in a working-class community of Montreal, Quebec, and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the McGill University in 1932.  He also joined the Communist Party of Canada in the 1930s.  Doig campaigned as a candidate of the Labor-Progressive Party in Welland in the 1949 federal election, and subsequently in a 1950 federal by-election in the same riding.  He described himself as an organizer, and finished fourth on both occasions.

Doig served on the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Canada in the early 1980s.  An article in The Globe and Mail lists him as having been 68 years old in 1980.

The same article cites Doig as making the following comments in the 1980 federal election:  "We are struggling to bring about a socialist society based on the interests of the majority of people who fight the exploitation of a minority. While we do see the possibility of achieving this end through the parliamentary process, we do not rule out the possibility of armed struggle if necessary . . . nor are we fighting for a socialist state and government that can be voted out of office through the ballot box."

Doig campaigned in St. Catharines in the 1979 and 1984 federal elections, and in the Toronto riding of St. Paul's for the 1980 federal election.  He described himself as a journalist in 1979 and 1980, and as a secretary in 1984.  Doig never came close to winning election.

During the 1981 provincial campaign, Doig called for a "new majority" of Members of Provincial Parliament who would end the foreign control of provincial industries.  His party's platform called for the nationalization of natural resources, and government takeovers of plants that were in financial jeopardy.  The Communist Party did not run a full slate of candidates, and Doig argued that some members of the New Democratic Party (NDP) could become part of the "new majority" in the legislature.  He received 162 votes in Dovercourt, finishing last against NDP candidate Tony Lupusella.

Electoral record

Notes

  John Fraser, "Commitment to a cause, not votes, prompts these candidates to run", The Globe and Mail, 25 January 1980.
  Stan Oziewicz, "Communists call for 'new majority' to break hold of U.S. companies", The Globe and Mail, 27 February 1981.

1998 deaths
Labor-Progressive Party candidates in the 1949 Canadian federal election
Communist Party of Canada candidates in the 1979 Canadian federal election
Communist Party of Canada candidates in the 1980 Canadian federal election
Communist Party of Canada candidates in the 1984 Canadian federal election
Communist Party of Canada (Ontario) candidates in Ontario provincial elections
Politicians from Montreal
Leaders of the Communist Party of Canada (Ontario)
1912 births

Mel Doig


Nathan Joseph (23 July 1939 – 30 August 2005) was a British record company founder, theatrical producer and talent agent.  He was a pioneer in the development of independent record companies in the 1960s and 1970s.

Born in Birmingham, England, Joseph is best known as the founder of Transatlantic Records, an independent British record company that flourished between 1961 and 1977. Joseph started his label by importing American folk and blues recordings that were hard to obtain in the UK in the early 1960s. These were licensed for the UK from American record companies such as Folkways Records. He also released a few offbeat spoken word recordings (including a series of audio sex instruction manuals).  By 1963 Joseph had started to sign and record British and Irish artists - primarily in the folk and blues spheres. The label was initially modelled on the Folkways label - and then broadened out in musical scope. Artists signed by Joseph to Transatlantic included Billy Connolly (who after beginning his career as folk singer with the Humblebums released his first comedy recordings for Transatlantic in the early 1970s), Ralph McTell, Bert Jansch, John Renbourn, Sheila Hancock and The Dubliners. He also released the first recordings by the Portsmouth Sinfonia the avant garde orchestra that included Brian Eno and Michael Nyman in its membership.

In the late 1970s, Joseph sold Transatlantic Records to the Granada Group and left the music business.  He started a second career as a theatrical producer and talent agent, forming the production company, Freeshooter. Productions by Freeshooter included Sir Peter Hall's production of The Petition starring Sir John Mills, The March of the Falsettos and a revival of Godspell.  As part of his work in the theatre world, he became chair of the Theatre Design Trust in Britain, which worked on theatre restoration projects.

References
 Obituary, Jewish Chronicle, Nov 11 2005, p. 27

External links
 Tribute website
 Archived obituary from The Guardian, 12 September 2005
 Archived obituary from The Independent, 13 September 2005
 Archived obituary from The Stage, September, 2005

1939 births
2005 deaths
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
British Jews
British record producers
English record producers

Nathan Joseph


Société Nationale des Transports Aériens du Rwanda, or Air Rwanda as the airline was commonly known as the national airline of Rwanda, with its base at Kigali International Airport in Kigali. The airline operated for 21 years. In 1996 the airline was rebranded and renamed to Rwanda Air which finally led to the formation of RwandAir in 2002.

History

Founding
Air Rwanda was founded by the government of Rwanda on 15 July 1975 as the national airline of Rwanda. The airline began operations on domestic flights and to neighbouring nations, with a network including flights from Kigali to Gisenyi, Kamembe, Bujumbura and Ostend. Other services were also operated to Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire, along with a scheduled cargo flight from Bujumbura to Mombasa in Kenya. A fleet comprising one Boeing 707, two de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters and one Piper Aztec was operated on these routes. The airline would also occasionally lease a Britten-Norman Islander for operations from the Rwandan Air Force.

Libyan controversy
The airline was implicated in a mooted deal with Libya, under which the Libyans would paint Boeing aircraft belonging to Libyan Arab Airlines in Air Rwanda livery. The purpose of the deal was to allow the Libyans to skirt an embargo and to gain access to spare parts for the aircraft. The possible deal came to light when the United States gained photos of some Libyan aircraft being repainted in Air Rwanda livery, after which the Rwandans cancelled talks with the Libyans.

Re-branding
In 1994, the airline was forced to cease flying to domestic destinations because of the Rwandan genocide, whilst internationally the airline reduced its network to include only Kigali, Bujumbura and Entebbe. In 1996, the airline was renamed to Rwanda Air and its fleet consisted only of the Boeing 707. At this time its network only included Gisenyi, Kamembe, Bujumbura, Ostend, Dar es Salaam, Entebbe and Kinshasa.

Alliance Express Rwanda
In November 1997, it was announced that Alliance Express, the regional arm of multi-national Uganda-based airline SA Alliance Air, had reached a deal with the Rwandan government to take over the operations of Rwanda Air, after which it would operate as Alliance Express Rwanda from 1 March 1998. The new airline operated on routes from Kigali to Entebbe, Kinshasa, Johannesburg and Nairobi with Boeing 737-200 equipment. The government continued to hold a majority 51% share in the airline, with Alliance Air taking a 49% stake. The airline began operations to Bujumbura in neighbouring Burundi on 8 February 1999. In its first year of operations Alliance Express Rwanda posted a US$4 million operating loss on US$6 million revenues, which the airline blamed on its inability to operate flights to the Democratic Republic of the Congo due to the Second Congo War. A dispute between Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, according to the airlines' deputy managing director, meant the Kigali-Lubumbashi-Kinshasa route could not be developed. By this time, the airline was also operating a Bombardier Dash 8 in addition to the 737.

Government Takeover
After the Ugandan-based SA Alliance Air ceased operations in October 2000, the Rwandan government entered into an agreement with South African Airways to ensure the Rwandan subsidiary would continue to operate. Operations continued until the company was eventually wound up on 30 November 2002 and its operations taken over by Rwandair Express, later to be rebranded as RwandAir.

Historic fleet
Air Rwanda operated the following aircraft at some point in their 21 years of operations.
 Boeing 707
 de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters
 Piper Aztec
 Britten-Norman Islander
After re-branding under Alliance Express Rwanda the airline operated
 Bombardier Dash 8
 Boeing 737-200

References

Defunct airlines of Rwanda
Airlines established in 1975
Airlines disestablished in 2002
Government-owned airlines
Organisations based in Kigali
Economy of Kigali

Air Rwanda