The meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma, the strongest tropical cyclone known in the Western Hemisphere, began in the second week of October 2005. A big weather system formed across much of the Caribbean Sea and slowly organized to the southeast of Jamaica. By late on October 15, the system was became strong for the National Hurricane Center to name it Tropical Depression Twenty-Four.

The depression slowly moved southwestward, and in conditions that were good for strengthening, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Wilma on October 17. In the beginning, development was slow because of its large size, although thunderstorms slowly organized. From October 18, and over the next day, Wilma underwent explosive deepening over the open waters of the Caribbean; in a 30-hour period, the system's central atmospheric pressure dropped from 982 mbar (29.00 inHg) to the record-low value of 882 mbar (26.05 inHg), while the winds increased to 185 mph (300 km/h). At its strongest, the pinhole eye of Wilma was about 3 miles (5 km) in diameter, the smallest known eye in an Atlantic hurricane. After the inner eye died off because of an eyewall replacement cycle, Wilma weakened to Category 4 status, and on October 21, it made landfall on Cozumel and on the Mexican mainland with winds of about 150 mph (240 km/h).

Wilma weakened over the Yucatán Peninsula, and reached the southern Gulf of Mexico before speeding up northeastward. Despite increasing amounts of wind shear, the hurricane re-strengthened to hit Cape Romano, Florida as a major hurricane. Wilma weakened as it quickly crossed the state, and entered the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter, Florida. The hurricane again re-intensified before cold air and wind shear penetrated the inner core of convection. On October 26, it turned into an extratropical cyclone, and the next day, the remnants of Wilma were absorbed by another extratropical storm over Atlantic Canada.

Formation

The origin of Hurricane Wilma is complicated. During the second week of October, an unusually large, monsoon-like lower-level circulation and a large area of disturbed weather developed over much of the Caribbean Sea. The system was enhanced by diffluence—the rate at which a fluid moves—from an upper-level low across the southwestern Atlantic. By October 13, a broad area of low pressure developed and persisted about 150 miles (240 km) southeast of Jamaica, possibly aided by the passage of tropical waves through the area at the time. Convection increased and became slightly better organized, though upper-level wind shear originally stopped development. The system moved westward, and early on October 14 the convection became more concentrated and a little better organized as upper-level wind shear lessened slightly.

Later on October 14, the system became much better organized, with increasingly organized shower and thunderstorm activity, as conditions in the upper levels of the atmosphere became significantly more favorable. It was then that the National Hurricane Center first said that it was possible for a tropical depression to develop in the area. Dvorak classifications were initiated on October 15. The system continued to organize, with the National Hurricane Center remarking the system could ultimately become a hurricane. By late on October 15, the surface circulation became defined well-enough, with enough organized deep convection, for the National Hurricane Center to designate the system as Tropical Depression Twenty-Four while it was about 220 miles (345 km) east-southeast of Grand Cayman.

The depression tracked slowly westward, a motion due to weak steering currents caused by a high pressure system to its north across the Gulf of Mexico. Initially, the center of circulation was broad without a defined inner core; forecaster Lixion Avila remarked, "The area of minimum pressure could [have been] anywhere within 60 miles (95 km) of its [initial advisory position]." Originally, the tropical depression was forecast to drift west-southwestward before turning to the north; within 120 hours of the forecast's issuance, the system was predicted to be about 80 miles (130 km) south of the Isle of Youth as a 105 mph (170 km/h) hurricane. However, the National Hurricane Center noted in the first advisory on the depression that there were "all indications that there could a dangerous hurricane in the northwestern Caribbean Sea in 3 to 5 days." This was due to the depression being in an environment very ideal for development, specifically low amounts of wind shear and very warm water temperatures.

As Tropical Depression Twenty-Four drifted southwestward, it steadily organized; by early on October 16, rainbands began to slowly consolidate with well-established outflow, and a large upper-level anticyclone developed over the depression. Although deep convection and banding features increased, mid-level dry air from the north prevented significant organization, and the convection was split into two primary areas. Surface buoy reports indicated that, due to its large size, the system failed to strengthen beyond tropical depression status, even though it received tropical storm strength Dvorak classifications from The National Hurricane Center's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Satellite Analysis Branch. Continued reconnaissance flights reported peak winds of about 30 mph (50 km/h).

Peak strength

By early on October 17, the outer rainbands, which had previously controlled the structure of the cyclone, dissipated, while deep convection developed near and to the south of the center. Computer models predicted steady strengthening as the depression moved westward before turning to the north. Of the intensity models, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory predicted an intensity of 135 mph (215 km/h) within 36 hours, with other forecasts being more conservative in their predictions. Deep convection continued to develop to the south of the center, and the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Wilma at 0600 UTC on October 17, while about 200 miles (320 km) southeast of Grand Cayman. Right after becoming a tropical storm, the National Hurricane Center predicted Wilma to track west-northwestward, reaching winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) before striking the northeastern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula. The storm continued to the southwest while deep convection laid near the center. National Hurricane Centner forecaster James Franklin said, "Confidence at the later ranges [of the forecast track] was unusually low", because of wide divergences between computer models. Late on October 17, a Hurricane Hunters flight into Wilma recorded winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), but an unusually low pressure of 989 mbar (29.21 inHg), which would be more typical of a minimal hurricane. This was because of a number of unusual low pressures across the region, which resulted in a lesser pressure gradient and thus lighter winds. Convection continued to develop near the center and became much more symmetrical.

Tropical Storm Wilma began to turn to the west-northwest on October 18, during which the storm developed a small, intermittent and ragged eye feature as well as a mid-level eye feature. It continued to strength, and at 1200 UTC on October 18, Wilma strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane while about 225 miles (360 km) south-southeast of Grand Cayman. Shortly after reaching hurricane strength, the hurricane began undergoing explosive deepening, after the development of a "pinhole" eye 9 miles (14 km) in diameter. This small eye was surrounded by a ring of deep convection, with cloud-top temperatures of about -125 °F (-87 °C).

Early on October 19, Wilma attained major hurricane status while continuing to rapidly intensify, and by 0600 UTC, the storm's maximum sustained winds increased to 170 mph (275 km/h), making Wilma a dangerous Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. In the span of just 24 hours, Wilma had intensified from a 70-mph (110-km/h) tropical storm to a 175-mph (280-km/h) Category 5 hurricane, an event that has never happened before for an Atlantic hurricane. The eye continued to contract to a diameter of about 3 miles (5 km), the smallest known eye in an Atlantic hurricane, and at 1200 UTC on October 19, Wilma reached peak winds of 185 mph (300 km/h). The central pressure quickly dropped 54 mbar (1.65 inHg) from 0000 to 0600 UTC.

At 0800 UTC, a Hurricane Hunters flight recorded a minimum central pressure of 884 mbar (26.10 inHg) in a dropsonde near the center of the extremely small eye. As the dropsonde did not reach the calm winds in the center, the pressure was estimated at 882 mbar (26.05 inHg), the lowest pressure in an Atlantic hurricane on record. The pressure continued to fall as the Hurricane Hunters left the hurricane, and it is possible the pressure was a little bit lower. Operationally, the peak intensity was estimated at 175 mph (280 km/h). At the time of its peak intensity, hurricane-force winds extended only 50 miles (85 km) from the small center of Wilma, with tropical storm force winds extending only about 160 miles (260 km).

First landfall
Shortly after peaking in intensity, the coldest cloud tops surrounding the eye warmed a little bit and an outer eyewall began to form, meaning that an eyewall replacement cycle was happening. By late on October 19, the winds in Hurricane Wilma decreased to 160 mph (260 km/h) as the inner 5 mile (8 km) wide eye weakened and the wind field expanded. Early on October 20 the hurricane weakened to Category 4 status after the small, inner eye dissipated and the 45 mile wide outer eyewall became the new eye. At the time, the pressure measured 892 mbar (26.34 inHg), the lowest known pressure for a Category 4 hurricane, and Wilma retained the large eyewall as it turned northwestward. Originally, the hurricane was forecasted to re-intensify into a Category 5 hurricane, with one forecast predicting it to make landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula with winds of 165 mph (265 km/h), though Wilma remained a strong Category 4 hurricane as it tracked northwestward.

Steering currents stayed weak, though a series of troughs eroded the high pressure system across the Gulf of Mexico, resulting in a turn towards the north-northwest. Environmental conditions remained favorable, with the eye becoming more distinct early on October 21. At about 2145 UTC on October 21, Wilma made landfall on the island of Cozumel with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). It weakened a little bit as it continued northwestward, and struck the Mexican mainland near Puerto Morelos at 0330 UTC on October 22, with winds of 135 mph (215 km/h) and gusts of up to 170 mph (270 km/h).

Second landfall and demise
On October 22, the mid-level ridge to the north of Wilma later dissipated, leaving the hurricane moving northward across the northeastern Yucatán Peninsula. As the hurricane moved farther inland, the eye became cloud-filled as the deepest convection began to warm, and the winds slowly weakened during its passage over land. About 26 hours after making landfall on Cozumel, Wilma emerged into the southern Gulf of Mexico near Cabo Catoche with winds of about 100 mph (160 km/h). After reaching open waters, Reconnaissance Aircraft reported the remains of an inner eyewall and an outer eyewall measuring between 70 and 90 miles (110 to 145 km) in diameter. Convection deepened around the eyewalls, and the inner core of convection, which had previously become disrupted over land, became a little bit more organized.

A powerful eastward-moving mid-level trough across the central United States turned the hurricane northeastward and caused it to gradually speed up. Vertical wind shear increased as strong upper-level southwesterly flow increased, though in spite of the shear Wilma continued to intensify. Early on October 24, Wilma re-gained major hurricane status while about 120 miles (195 km) west-southwest of Key West, Florida. It slowly became better organized, with the large 50 mile (80 km) eye becoming very distinct on satellite and radar imagery. Wilma was able to retain its strength because large eyes in tropical cyclones are more stable and more resistant to vertical wind shear. Despite wind shear values of about 30 mph (48 km/h), Wilma strengthened further to reach winds of 125 mph (200 km/h). It weakened a little bit as it approached Florida, and made landfall at Cape Romano with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) at around 1030 UTC on October 24.

Hurricane Wilma crossed the Florida peninsula in about 4.5 hours while continuing to speed northeastward, and entered into the Atlantic Ocean as a weakened 110 mph (175 km/h) hurricane near Jupiter. A vigorous cold front associated with the mid-level trough moved across the area to the west of Wilma, yet the cooler and drier air behind the front could not fully penetrate the inner core of the hurricane to weaken it. Shortly after exiting the Florida coastline, Wilma began to re-intensify, believed to be due to a reduction of friction of the eyewall and warm waters of the Gulf Stream. Early on October 25, the hurricane reached a secondary peak intensity of 125 mph while about 340 miles (545 km) east of Jacksonville, Florida. During the time, the large circulation of Wilma absorbed smaller Tropical Depression Alpha over the Bahamas. Shortly thereafter, the wind shear combined with its rapid forward motion of 50 mph (80 km/h) resulted in a slow weakening trend. The overall cloud pattern began to be disorganized, with the eye becoming less visible and the convection less symmetric. By 1170 UTC on October 25, the center was to the northwest of the primary convection as cold air from the southwest disturbed the circulation. The remaining convection continued to diminish, and early on October 26 Wilma turned into an extratropical cyclone while about 230 miles (370 km) southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The extratropical remnant continued east-northeast before being absorbed by another extratropical storm on October 27.

Related pages
 Hurricane Wilma
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites
 Tropical Cyclone Report  on Hurricane Wilma.
 The NHC's archive on Hurricane Wilma.

2005 Atlantic hurricane season
Storm histories of tropical cyclones

Storm history of Hurricane Wilma


The Four Olds or the Four Old Things () was a term used during the Cultural Revolution by the student-led Red Guards in the People's Republic of China in reference to the pre-communist elements of Chinese culture they attempted to destroy. The Four Olds were: Old Ideas, Old Culture, Old Customs, and Old Habits (Chinese: Jiù Sīxiǎng 旧思想, Jiù Wénhuà 旧文化, Jiù Fēngsú 旧风俗, and Jiù Xíguàn 旧习惯). The campaign to destroy the Four Olds began in Beijing on August 19, 1966 (the "Red August", during which a massacre also took place in Beijing), shortly after the launch of the Cultural Revolution.

Terminology
The term "Four Olds" first appeared on June 1, 1966, in Chen Boda's People's Daily editorial, "Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits", where the Old Things were described as anti-proletarian, "fostered by the exploiting classes, [and to] have poisoned the minds of the people for thousands of years". However, which customs, cultures, habits, and ideas specifically constituted the "Four Olds" were never clearly defined.

On August 8, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party used the term at its 8th National Congress. The term was endorsed on August 18 by Lin Biao at a mass rally, and from there it spread to Red Flag magazine, as well as to Red Guard publications.

Calls to destroy the "Four Olds" usually did not appear in isolation, but were contrasted with the hope of building the "Four News" (new customs, new culture, new habits, new ideas). Newborn socialist things were said to struggle against the Four Olds. The idea that Chinese culture was responsible for China's economic backwardness and needed to be reformed had some precedent in the May Fourth Movement (1919), and was also encouraged by colonial authorities during the Japanese occupation of China.

Campaign to destroy the Four Olds

The campaign to Destroy the Four Olds and Cultivate the Four News () began in Beijing on August 19 during the "Red August". Academic Alessandro Russo writes that the destruction of the Four Olds was an ambiguous campaign from the perspective of the Chinese Communist Party. He argues that in a time of increasing political pluralization, the Party sought to channel student activism towards obvious class enemies and less relevant objectives to make it easier for the Party to contain the situation.

The "re-naming" campaign

Across China, signs bearing old road names were vandalized. The first things to change were the names of streets and stores: "Blue Sky Clothes Store" to "Defending Mao Zedong Clothes Store", "Cai E Road" to "Red Guard Road", and so forth.

In Beijing, the name of the road where the embassy of the Soviet Union was stationed was changed to "Anti-revisionism Road." The Peking Union Medical College Hospital, founded in 1921 by the Rockefeller Foundation, was re-named "Anti-Imperialist Hospital".

In Huangpu district of Shanghai, the city's commercial center, Red Guards tore down 93 percent of shop signboards (2,166 of 2,328), and renamed restaurants, schools and hospitals. Red Guards also took Nanjing Road as their revolutionary headquarters in Shanghai, renaming it the "Anti-Imperialism Street".

Many people across China also changed their given names to revolutionary slogans, such as Zhihong (, "Determined Red"), Jige (, "Following the Revolution") and Weidong (卫东, "Safeguard the Orient or Protect Mao").

Public sites
The Cemetery of Confucius was attacked in November 1966, during the Cultural Revolution, when it was visited and vandalized by a team of Red Guards from Beijing Normal University, led by Tan Houlan. The corpse of the 76th-generation Duke Yansheng was removed from its grave and hung naked from a tree in front of the palace during the desecration of the cemetery in the Cultural Revolution.

The Chinese government stopped short of endorsing the physical destruction of products. In fact, the government protected significant archaeological discoveries made during the Cultural Revolution, such as the Mawangdui, the Leshan Giant Buddha and the Terracotta Army.Upon learning that Red Guards were approaching the Forbidden City, Premier Zhou Enlai ordered the gates shut and deployed the People's Liberation Army against the Red Guards. After this incident, Zhou attempted to create a more peaceful code of conduct for the Red Guards, with the support of cadres Tao Zhu, Li Fuchuan, and Chen Yi. This plan was foiled by the ultra-leftists Kang Sheng, Jiang Qing, and Zhang Chunqiao. Although many of Zhou's other initiatives to stem the destruction failed because of their or Mao's own opposition, he did succeed in preventing Beijing from being renamed "East Is Red City" and the Chinese guardian lions in front of Tian'anmen Square from being replaced with statues of Mao.

In later stages of the campaign, examples of Chinese architecture were destroyed, classical literature and Chinese paintings were torn apart, and Chinese temples were desecrated.

Personal harassment and private properties
Other manifestations of the Red Guard campaign included giving speeches, posting big-character posters, and harassment of people, such as intellectuals, who defiantly demonstrated the Four Olds. This escalated from accosting people in the streets due to their dress or hairstyle, to widespread murder, assault, arbitrary detention and the ransacking of private homes. Red Guards broke into the homes of the wealthy and destroyed paintings, books, and furniture; all were items that they viewed as part of the Four Olds.

Many artists and other cultural professionals were persecuted by vigilantes, although some cultural advances came about because of the period, including the integration of "new" western instruments and ballet into Peking opera.

Gallery

Aftermath

Appraisal of damage

No official statistics have ever been produced by the Communist party in terms of reporting the actual cost of damage. By 1978, many stories of death and destruction caused by the Cultural Revolution had leaked out of China and became known worldwide.

Restoration
Starting in the 1990s and continuing into the 21st century, there has been a massive rebuilding effort under way to restore and rebuild cultural sites that were destroyed or damaged during the Cultural Revolution. This has coincided with a resurgence in interest in, and demand for, Chinese cultural artifacts.

See also

 Burning of books and burying of scholars, 3rd century BC China
 1989 Mao portrait vandalism incident,  vandalism of the portrait of Mao Zedong
 Destruction of the Goddess of Democracy, as part of the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre
 List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

References

Cultural Revolution
Campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
Maoist terminology
Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party
Religious persecution by communists
Persecution of intellectuals

Four Olds


Brodie Smith is a former American Ultimate Disc League player, and current professional disc golf player and YouTube personality best known for his frisbee trick shot videos.

Brodie rose to prominence as a premier ultimate player at the University of Florida, where he won two USA Ultimate College Championships, in 2006 and 2010. He also won two National Club Championships, first in 2012 with Austin's Doublewide, and again in 2014 with Denver's Johnny Bravo. He has played professionally with the AUDL's Indianapolis AlleyCats, Chicago Wildfire, Dallas Roughnecks, and Jacksonville Cannons.

Brodie achieved internet fame in 2011 when his Frisbee Trick Shots video became popular on YouTube. As of July 2018, his channel has over 2 million subscribers and somehow as of Sept 2023 is still at 2.19 million subscribers. and almost 409 million total video views. Clips of Brodie's trick shots have been featured on ESPN's SportsCenter "Top Plays" segment numerous times and other major media outlets, including the Huffington Post. He has a sponsored line of merchandise produced by DiscStore.com

He appeared in the 28th installment of The Amazing Race alongside Ultimate teammate and friend Kurt Gibson, finishing 5th.

As of 2020 he is a professional disc golf player on the DGPT (Disc Golf Pro Tour). He is currently signed to Discraft.

Ultimate career

High school
Brodie was introduced to Ultimate at Nease High School in Ponte Vedra, Florida where he began playing in games after cross country practice.

College
Brodie Smith began playing on the Ultimate team at the University of Florida in  2006. That spring, the team won their first National College Championship. In 2007 the UF team finished 3rd and in 2008 finished as the runner up, but In 2009, they were eliminated in the Regional Qualifier. In 2010, the UF men's team won their second national championship victory in 5 years.

Professional
Brodie Smith began his professional ultimate career with the AUDL playing for the Indianapolis Alleycats in 2011. In 2013, Brodie signed with the Chicago Wildfire. Brodie then suffered from tearing his ACL and his meniscus. He was unable to play in the 2014 and 2015 season. In 2016, Brodie signed with the Dallas Roughnecks. In 2017, Brodie came back home to Florida and signed with the Jacksonville Cannons.

Flying Disc Trick Shots
Brodie's first trick shots video, Frisbee Trick Shots, was released in 2011 on YouTube as a compilation video of trick frisbee throws around Gainesville, Florida and the University of Florida campus. , the video has generated over 5 million views. In the video, Brodie is seen completing throws into trash cans and other targets in increasingly difficult situations. The final shot involves him throwing a disc into a trash can from top of the University of Florida football stadium.

Personal life
Brodie has performed trick shots all over the world, including competing in a Japanese game show, with the goal of using his skills to promote awareness for Ultimate as a sport. Some of them are uploaded to his own account on Instagram and in his fan page: @brodiesmith21fans. His trick shot videos have also led him onto the national media stage with multiple appearances on ESPN Sports Center's Top Plays. Brodie has also created several videos together with YouTube trick shot performers Dude Perfect.

References

External links
 Frisbee Trick Shots (Original)
 Brodie Smith on the Huffington Post
 Official Brodie Smith merchandise

American YouTubers
Living people
People from St. Augustine, Florida
University of Florida alumni
Ultimate (sport) players
Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Florida
American disc golfers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Participants in American reality television series

Brodie Smith (ultimate)


Fame: an art project is a combined book and series of 100 paintings which were created by British artist Robert Priseman between 2012 and 2013. The paintings first went on public display at Art Exchange, UK in November 2013. WhiteBox AC New York City, in a show curated by Tony Guerrero in January 2014. and in 'Re-cycling Religion' at the Dukely Center, Miami in 2016.

About

In 2012 Robert Priseman purchased one hundred damaged religious icons from eBay and proceeded to over-paint each one with the portrait of a 20th-century celebrity who had died prematurely from suicide or as the result of a self-destructive lifestyle. The portraits are each the size of a postcard and painted to look like religious shrines.

In focusing on those amongst the celebrated who were troubled and at times unable to cope with the pressures of modern living.

The project portrays 50 men and 50 women from different countries, decades and creative disciplines who include writers Virginia Woolf, Ernest Hemingway, Sylvia Plath, artists such as Mark Rothko, Frida Kahlo, Diane Arbus, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Billie Holiday, actors Judy Garland, Dana Plato, Capucine and Marilyn Monroe as well as members of the "27 Club" of musicians who died at the age of 27 including Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Kurt Cobain, and Amy Winehouse.

Fame: an art project was first exhibited at Art Exchange, Colchester, Essex in 2013 and St Marylebone Crypt, London in 2015. Seventy-one of the originals are held in the permanent collection of The University of Arizona Museum of Art.
The balance of the project is held in the collections of Honolulu Museum of Art, MOMA Wales, Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art, Wayne State University Art Collection, Michigan,  University of Michigan Museum of Art, The Allen Memorial Art Museum,
Michigan and The Dennos Museum Center, Michigan who have 15 of the works.

References

External links
 University of Arizona Museum of Art Collections Database
 Robert Priseman
 Artslant
 Fame

Artists' books
21st-century paintings
Celebrity

Fame: an art project


"Mick McGuire" is a traditional Irish folk song about courtship. It tells the story of a young man who courts a woman named Kate or Katie.
He is initially well received by her mother because he owns a farm, and he is given a seat of honor in the house. He loses favor with Kate's mother after their wedding due to his drinking and his wasteful spending of her inheritance, and therefore he loses his comfortable spot at their fire.

Recordings
 The Clancy Brothers on their 1959 album Come Fill Your Glass with Us.
 Robin Hall and Jimmie Macgregor on their 1962 album Tonight and Every Night.
 The Irish Rovers on their 1966 debut album The First of the Irish Rovers.
 Four to the Bar on their 1994 live album Craic on the Road.
 Orthodox Celts on their 1997 album The Celts Strike Again.

Arrangements
"Mick McGuire" was arranged for TTBB choir by Eric M. Pazdziora and published by Alliance Music Publications.

Melody
The melody used is very popular and is also used for "The Hot Asphalt" as sung by The Dubliners, and a new song by The High Kings called "Irish Pub". Matt McGinn used the melody for 'The Big Glasgow Polis' from his album The Two Heided Man, in 1972.

Traditional ballads
Irish folk songs

Mick Maguire


AE binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AEBP1 gene.

Function
AE binding protein 1 is a member of carboxypeptidase A protein family. The protein may function as a transcriptional repressor and play a role in adipogenesis and smooth muscle cell differentiation. Studies in mice suggest that the AEBP1 gene that encodes the protein functions in wound healing and abdominal wall development. Overexpression of this gene is associated with glioblastoma.

References

External links

Further reading

Ae binding protein 1


Ruth Barnes (born 1947) is an art historian in the field of South and Southeast Asian textiles. She served as textile curator of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford before taking up her current position as Curator of Indo-Pacific Art at Yale University. She is a fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society.

Biography

Ruth Barnes received her degree from the University of Edinburgh, and her doctorate from the University of Oxford. She worked as a research assistant alongside Hélène la Rue, Curator of Musical Instruments at the Pitt Rivers Museum, before moving on as a collections researcher to the Ashmolean and the Museum der Weltkulturen in Frankfurt. She has been at the forefront of numerous galleries and exhibitions on Asian and Islamic textiles, early Indian Ocean trade, and pilgrimage during her time at the Ashmolean Museum. At Yale, Dr Barnes will head the newly created Department of Indo-Pacific Art at the University Art Gallery.

In addition to her curatorial background, Barnes has also lectured in the faculties of Oriental Studies and Anthropology at the University of Oxford and SOAS in London. She is also an accomplished academic, having published and edited numerous books and journal articles on textiles and Asian dress as well as acting on the editorial board of several textile publication journals. Her research interests focus on the social history of material culture, with a focus on Indian Ocean trade during the pre-European and early European periods.

Bibliography

Select bibliography

2010 (Barnes, Ruth and Mary H. Kahlenberg, eds.) Five Centuries of Indonesian Textiles. The Mary Hunt Kahlenberg Collection. Munich, New York: Prestel.
2009 (Kerlogue, Fiona and Barnes, Ruth, eds.) Southeast Asian collections in European museums. Indonesia and the Malay World Vol. 37: No. 108.
2006 (Barnes, Ruth and Crispin Branfoot) Pilgrimage. The Sacred Journey. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum.
2005 (Barnes, Ruth, ed.) Textiles in Indian Ocean Societies. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
2002 (Parkin, David and Ruth Barnes, eds.) Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology in the Indian Ocean. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
1992 (Barnes, Ruth and Joanne Eicher, eds.) Dress and Gender: Making and Meaning in Cultural Contexts. New York and Oxford: Berg.

References

British art historians
People associated with the Ashmolean Museum
Alumni of St Cross College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1956 births
Living people
Women art historians
British women historians
British women curators
Textile historians

Ruth Barnes


The Eastern and Western Divisions of the National Football League, renamed the American and National Conferences in 1950 and then the Eastern and Western Conferences in 1953, were organized as a result of the disputed NFL championship of 1932.  NFL owners agreed that henceforth there would be an annual championship game, to be played between the teams with the best records from two divisions, Eastern and Western. The two-division/conference structure remained essentially stable for over 35 years, including the absorption of former All-America Football Conference teams in 1950, and the early expansion teams added in the 1960s in response to the American Football League. With the 1970 AFL–NFL merger the new, larger league was reorganized.

Teams

1933–1949

1950–1966

1967–1969

Champions

1933–1966

1967–1969

References

History of the National Football League

Eastern and Western Conferences (NFL) 1933–1969


Burrishoole Friary (Irish: Minister Bhuiríos Umhaill) was a Dominican friary in County Mayo, Ireland. Its ruin is a National Monument.

Burrishoole Friary was founded in 1470 by Richard de Burgo of Turlough, Lord MacWilliam Oughter. It was built without the permission of Pope Paul II (term 1464-1471). In 1486, Pope Innocent VIII (term 1484-1492) instructed Uilliam Seóighe, the Archbishop of Tuam (term 1485-1501) to forgive the friars. Richard de Burgo resigned his lordship in 1469 and entered the friary which he had founded. He remained a friar until his death in 1473.  This was not an uncommon occurrence, and serves to illustrate the connection between patrons and their foundations at the time.

The church and the eastern wall of the cloister remain.  The grounds of the friary are an actively used cemetery.

Burrishoole Friary is a few kilometers west of the town of Newport, County Mayo.  It is often called Burrishoole Abbey, although this colloquial name is inaccurate as because the Dominican order did not have abbots, Dominican houses are not technically abbeys.

Almost all the friaries and abbeys across Ireland were suppressed in the wake of the Reformation in the 16th century. Very few were rebuilt after that time and now only the ruins survive, pleasing, if poignant, late Gothic relics of what must have been among the most striking buildings in the countryside of pre-Tudor Ireland.

Gallery

See also
 Dominicans in Ireland
 List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Mayo)
 Images of Burrishoole friary

Notes

References

 Monument sign in front of the Friary

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1470
History of County Mayo
Buildings and structures in County Mayo
1470 establishments in Ireland
Religious organizations established in the 1470s
Religion in County Mayo
Tourist attractions in County Mayo
Dominican monasteries in the Republic of Ireland
Ruins in the Republic of Ireland
Christian monasteries established in the 15th century
National Monuments in County Mayo

Burrishoole Friary


Sir Ian Kershaw  (born 29 April 1943) is an English historian and one of the most famous experts on Nazi Germany.

Early works
Kershaw started his job as a historian studying life in the Middle Ages. In the 1970s he changed to studying Nazi Germany. He worked with Martin Broszat's study on what ordinary Germans in Bavaria thought about Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. He then did studies and books of his own, including The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich in 1987. Kershaw is also well-known for writing a biography (life story) of Hitler. This was written as two books, one published in 1998 and another published in 2000.

Ideas
One of Kershaw's most important ideas is the idea of "working towards the Führer". (Hitler called himself the "Führer", a German word for "leader".) This is his idea about why the Nazi government caused World War II, the Holocaust and other mass killings. Kershaw believes that they cannot simply be blamed on just one person, and it is more important to study the rest of the Nazi government and German society. However, unlike his friend Hans Mommsen, Kershaw does not believe that Hitler was a weak ruler. Instead, he thinks that Hitler was powerful but lazy. He believes that events like the Holocaust happened because Hitler's followers were working towards what they thought Hitler wanted them to do.

Other writings
Kershaw has also written many other books and worked as an advisor to documentaries. In the 2010s, he also wrote books on the wider history of Europe in the 20th century.

References

1943 births
Living people
English historians

Ian Kershaw


Zlatko Manojlović (Serbian Cyrillic: Златко Манојловић; born 1951) is a Serbian guitarist and singer. He is known as the leader of the progressive rock band Dah and the heavy metal band Gordi, as well as for his eclectic solo work.

Career

Early career (early 1960s – 1972)
Manojlović started his musical career when he was very young. He was only fifteen when his composition won the first place in Radio Belgrade show Studio VI vam pruža šansu (Studio VI Gives You a Chance).

In 1969, Branislav Marušić "Čutura" invited him to join the reformed Džentlmeni. After Džentlmeni disbanded in 1972, he formed the short-lived band Fleš (Flash).

Dah (1972–76)

In 1972, Manojlović, together with Marušić, formed the band progressive rock Dah. The band released the album Veliki cirkus (The Big Circus) before moving to Belgium, where they changed their name to Land, and released the album Cool Breeze. The band returned to Yugoslavia in 1976 and, under the name Dah, released their third album, Povratak (The Return). Soon after, Dah disbanded.

Gordi (1977–84)

In 1977, Manojlović formed the band Gordi. After releasing three progreesive/hard rock-oriented albums, Čovek (A Man, 1978), Gordi 2 (1979) and Gordi 3 (1979), Gordi made a shift towards heavy metal with the album Pakleni trio (Hell Trio, 1981). After releasing the album Kraljica smrti (Queen of Death, 1982), Gordi disbanded in 1984.

Solo career (1975–present)
Manojlović started his solo career in 1975, while he was the leader of Dah, with the 7-inch single featuring the songs "Ko te sada ljubi" ("Who Kisses You Now") and "Osećanja" ("Feelings"). In 1977, while serving the Yugoslav People's Army in Ljubljana, he recorded the double seven " single entitled Ona je (She Is), featuring the instrumental "Jednoj ženi" ("To a Woman"), which became a hit. On the recording of the single he played both guitar and bass guitar, and Dare Petrič (guitar), Vlado Špindler (bass guitar), Andrej Petkovič (drums), Andrej Konjajev (keyboards) and Žare Prinčić (keyboards) also took part in the single recording.

Manojlović released his debut album Zlatko i njegove gitare (Zlatko and His Guitars) in 1980, while still leading Gordi. The album featured eight instrumentals composed by Manojlović and a version of Django Reinhardt's composition "Nuages". His own instrumentals varied from Latin music, over Balkan folk-inspired themes, to funk. In 1983, he released the album Jednoj ženi, on which he was accompanied by former Smak members Dragan Stojanović "Kepa" (drums) and Zoran Milanović (bass guitar). The album gained attention of the representatives of Toshiba EMI at the 1983 MIDEM, and the label released the album in Japan, but in the other countries as well.

In 1984, he left Yugoslavia and went abroad, participating in the recording of about fifty albums, although remaining mostly uncredited. In 1986, the English language album Zlatko was released in Yugoslavia. In 1994, the album Blue Heart was released in Germany. The album Zlatko, released in Serbia in 1995, featured, beside his own songs (including a new version of the title track), covers of The Beatles' "Strawberry Fields Forever", Chick Corea's "Spain", Mason Williams's "Classical Gas", Frank Sinatra's "My Way", Bonnie Tyler's "The Best" 10cc's "I'm Not in Love", and Derek and the Dominos' "Layla". Five tracks on the album were recorded with Munich Symphony Orchestra.

In 1997, he released his latest album Zlatko.

Vox (1996–98)
In 1996, Manojlović and his wife Izolda Barudžija, under the name Vox, released the album of the same title. Manojlović wrote the music, while the lyrics were written by both of them. In 1998, they released the album Vox, with some songs on it featuring Manojlović playing sitar.

Collaborations
Manojlović appeared as guest on Opus' 1975 album Opus 1, Oko's 1976 album Raskorak (Gap) and Kozmetika's 1983 self-titled album.

He played guitar on Eros Ramazzotti's 1988 album Musica è (Music Is).

Production
Beside all the albums by Gordi and most of his solo releases, Manojlović has also produced Galija album Druga plovidba (1980) and Ruž album Nº 4 (1993), also authoring most of the latter.

Discography

With Dah

Studio albums
Veliki cirkus (1974)
Cool Breeze (as Land, 1975)
Povratak (1976)

Singles
"Ako poželiš" / "Noćna buka" (1973)
"Samo jedna noć" / "Cvrčak" (1973)
"Gitareska" / "Ti si ta" (1974)
"Mali princ" / "Ime" (1974)
"Šošana" / "Please, Don't Say Nothing" (as Land, 1975)
"Žeđ" / "Misli" (1976)
"Tomorrow" / "Under The Sky" (1977)

With Gordi

Studio albums
Čovek (1978)
Gordi 2 (1979)
Gordi 3 (1979)
Pakleni trio (1981)
Kraljica smrti (1982)

Singles
"Duga noć" / "Idi sad" (1978)

Solo

Studio albums
Zlatko i njegove gitare (1980)
Zlatko (1982)
Jednoj ženi (1983)
Zlatko (1986)
Blue Heart (1994)
Zlatko (1995)
Zlatko (1997)

Singles
"Ko te sada ljubi" / "Osećanja" (1975)
Ona je (double 7-inch, 1977)
"Tvoja pesma" / "U sumrak" (1978)

With Vox

Studio albums
Vox (1996)
Vox (1998)

References

 EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960–2006, Janjatović Petar;

External links
Zlatko Manojlović at Discogs

1951 births
Living people
Serbian rock singers
Serbian rock guitarists
Serbian heavy metal musicians
Serbian singer-songwriters
Serbian male singer-songwriters
Serbian record producers
Yugoslav rock singers
Yugoslav musicians

Zlatko Manojlović


Giovanni Bellini (; c. 1430 – 29 November 1516) was an Italian Renaissance painter, probably the best known of the Bellini family of Venetian painters. He was raised in the household of Jacopo Bellini, formerly thought to have been his father, but now that familial generational relationship is questioned. An older brother, Gentile Bellini was more highly regarded than Giovanni during his lifetime, but the reverse is true today. His brother-in-law was Andrea Mantegna.

Giovanni Bellini was considered to have revolutionized Venetian painting, moving it toward a more sensuous and colouristic style. Through the use of clear, slow-drying oil paints, Giovanni created deep, rich tints and detailed shadings. His sumptuous colouring and fluent, atmospheric landscapes had a great effect on the Venetian painting school, especially on his pupils Giorgione and Titian.

Life

Early career

Giovanni Bellini was born in Venice. The painter Jacopo Bellini had long been considered Giovanni's father, but the art historian Daniel Wallace Maze has advanced the theory that in fact, Jacopo was his much elder brother. Nonetheless, Giovanni was brought up in Jacopo's house. He always lived and worked in the closest fraternal relationship with his elder brother, Gentile. His paintings from the early period are all executed in the old tempera method: the scene is softened by a new and beautiful effect of romantic sunrise colour (as, for example, in the St. Jerome in the Desert).

In a changed and more personal manner, he drew Dead Christ paintings (in these days one of the master's most frequent themes e.g. Dead Christ Supported by the Madonna and St. John, or Pietà), with less harshness of contour, a broader treatment of forms and draperies and less force of religious feeling. Giovanni's early works have often been linked both compositionally and stylistically to those of Andrea Mantegna, his brother-in-law.

In 1470 Giovanni received his first appointment to work along with his elder brother, Gentile, and other artists in the Scuola di San Marco, where among other subjects he was commissioned to paint a Deluge with Noah's Ark. None of the master's works of this kind, whether painted for the various schools or confraternities or for the ducal palace, has survived.

Maturity

To the decade following 1470 must probably be assigned the Transfiguration now in the Capodimonte Museum of Naples, repeating with greatly ripened powers and in a much serener spirit the subject of his early effort at Venice.

Also likely from this period is the great altarpiece of the Coronation of the Virgin at Pesaro, which would seem to be his earliest effort in a form of art previously almost monopolized in Venice by the rival school of the Vivarini.

As is the case with a number of his brother, Gentile's public works of the period, many of Giovanni's great public works are now lost. The still more famous altarpiece painted in tempera for a chapel in the church of S. Giovanni e Paolo, where it perished along with Titian's Peter Martyr and Tintoretto's Crucifixion in the disastrous fire of 1867.

After 1479–1480 much of Giovanni's time and energy must also have been taken up by his duties as conservator of the paintings in the great hall of the Doge's Palace. The importance of this commission can be measured by the payment Giovanni received: he was awarded, first the reversion of a broker's place in the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, and afterwards, as a substitute, a fixed annual pension of eighty ducats. Besides repairing and renewing the works of his predecessors, he was commissioned to paint a number of new subjects, six or seven in all, in further illustration of the part played by Venice in the wars of Frederick Barbarossa and the pope. These works, executed with much interruption and delay, were the object of universal admiration while they lasted, but not a trace of them survived the fire of 1577; neither have any other examples of his historical and processional compositions come down, enabling us to compare his manner in such subjects with that of his brother Gentile.

Of the other, the religious class of his work, including both altarpieces with many figures and simple Madonnas, a considerable number have been preserved. They show him gradually throwing off the last restraints of the Quattrocento manner; gradually acquiring a complete mastery of the new oil medium introduced in Venice by Antonello da Messina about 1473, and mastering with its help all, or nearly all, the secrets of the perfect fusion of colours and atmospheric gradation of tones. The old intensity of pathetic and devout feeling gradually fades away and gives place to a noble, if more worldly, serenity and charm. The enthroned Virgin and Child (such as the one at left) become tranquil and commanding in their sweetness; the personages of the attendant saints gain in power, presence and individuality; enchanting groups of singing and viol-playing angels symbolize and complete the harmony of the scene. The full splendour of Venetian colour invests alike the figures, their architectural framework, the landscape and the sky.

High Renaissance

An interval of some years, no doubt chiefly occupied with work in the Hall of the Great Council, seems to separate the San Giobbe Altarpiece, and that of the church of San Zaccaria at Venice. Formally, the works are very similar, so a comparison between them serves to illustrate the shift in Bellini's work over the last decade of the fifteenth century. Both paintings are of the Holy Conversation (sacred conversation between the Madonna and Saints) type. Both show the Madonna seated on a throne (thought to allude to the throne of Solomon), between classicizing columns. Both place the holy figures beneath a golden mosaicked half dome that recalls the Byzantine architecture in the basilica of St. Mark.

In the later work, Bellini depicts the Virgin surrounded by (from left): St. Peter holding his keys and the Book of Wisdom; the virginal St. Catherine and St. Lucy closest to the Virgin, each holding a martyr's palm and her implement of torture (Catherine a breaking wheel, and Lucy a dish with her eyes); St. Jerome, with a book symbolizing his work on the Vulgate.

Stylistically, the lighting in the San Zaccaria piece has become so soft and diffuse that it makes that in the San Giobbe appear almost raking in contrast. Giovanni's use of the oil medium had matured, and the holy figures seem to be swathed in a still, rarefied air. The San Zaccaria is considered perhaps the most beautiful and imposing of all Giovanni's altarpieces, and is dated 1505, the year following that of Giorgione's Madonna of Castelfranco.

Other late altarpieces with saints include that of the church of San Francesco della Vigna at Venice, 1507; that of La Corona at Vicenza, a Baptism of Christ in a landscape, 1510; and that of San Giovanni Crisostomo at Venice of 1513.

Of Giovanni's activity in the interval between the altarpieces of San Giobbe and San Zaccaria, there are a few minor works left, although the great mass of his output perished with the fire of the Doge's Palace in 1577. The last ten or twelve years of the master's life saw him besieged with more commissions than he could well complete. Already in the years 1501–1504 the marchioness Isabella Gonzaga of Mantua had experienced great difficulty in obtaining delivery from him of a painting of the Madonna and Saints (now lost) for which part payment had been made in advance.

In 1505 she endeavoured through Cardinal Bembo to obtain from him another painting, this time of a secular or mythological character. What the subject of this piece was, or whether it was delivered, we do not know.

Albrecht Dürer, visiting Venice for a second time in 1506, describes Giovanni Bellini as still the best painter in the city, and as full of all courtesy and generosity toward foreign brethren of the brush.

In 1507 Bellini's brother Gentile died, and Giovanni completed the painting of the Preaching of St. Mark which his brother had left unfinished; a task on the fulfilment of which the bequest by the elder brother to the younger of Jacopo's sketch-book had been made conditional.

In 1513 Giovanni's position as sole master (since the death of Gentile and of Alvise Vivarini) in charge of the paintings in the Hall of the Great Council was threatened by one of his former pupils. Young Titian desired a share of the same undertaking, to be paid for on the same terms. Titian's application was granted, then after a year rescinded, and then after another year or two granted again; and the aged master must no doubt have undergone some annoyance from his sometime pupil's proceedings. In 1514 Giovanni undertook to paint The Feast of the Gods for the duke Alfonso I of Ferrara.

Bellini died on 29 November 1516 (a date is given by Marin Sanudo on his diary). He was interred in the Basilica di San Giovanni e Paolo, a traditional burial place of the doges.

Assessment

Both in the artistic and worldly sense, the career of Bellini was, on the whole, very prosperous. His long career began with Quattrocento styles, but matured into the progressive post-Giorgione Renaissance styles. He lived to see his own school far outshine that of his rivals, the Vivarini of Murano; he embodied, with growing and maturing power, all the devotional gravity and much also of the worldly splendour of the Venice of his time; and he saw his influence propagated by a host of pupils, two of whom at least, Giorgione and Titian, equalled or even surpassed their master. Bellini outlived Giorgione by five years; Titian, as we have seen, challenged him, claiming an equal place beside his teacher. Other pupils of the Bellini studio included Girolamo Galizzi da Santacroce, Vittore Belliniano, Rocco Marconi, Andrea Previtali and possibly Bernardino Licinio.

Bellini was essential to the development of the Italian Renaissance for his incorporation of aesthetics from Northern Europe. Significantly influenced by Antonello da Messina and contemporary trends such as oil painting, Bellini introduced the pala, or single-panel altarpieces, to Venetian society with his work Coronation of the Virgin. Certain details in this piece, such as breaks in the modelling of figures and shadows, imply that Bellini was still working to master the use of oil. This painting also differs from previous coronation scenes as it appears as a "window" to a natural scene, and excludes the typical accompanying paradise hosts. The simple scenery allows viewers to relate with more ease to the scene itself than before, reflecting Alberti's humanist and inventio concepts. He also used the disguised symbolism integral to the Northern Renaissance. Bellini was able to master the Antonello style of oil painting and surface texture and to use this skill to create a refined and distinctly Venetian approach to painting. He blends this new technique with Venetian and Byzantine traditions (previously influencing art in the city) of iconography and colour to create a spiritual theme not found in Antonello's pieces. The realism of oil painting coupled with the religious traditions of Venice were unique elements to Bellini's style, which set him apart as one of the most innovative painters in the Venetian Renaissance. As demonstrated in such works as St. Francis in Ecstasy  (c. 1480) and the San Giobbe Altarpiece (c. 1478), Bellini makes use of religious symbolism through natural elements, such as grapevines and rocks. Yet his most important contribution to art lies in his experimentation with the use of colour and atmosphere in oil painting.

The Bellini cocktail is named in his honour.

Spanish Museums own a scarce, but high-quality, presence of his works. The Prado Museum owns a Virgin and child between two Saints, with the collaboration of the workshop. The Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum preserves a Nunc Dimittis, and The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando holds a Saviour.

References

Further reading
 Roger Fry, Giovanni Bellini (At the Sign of the Unicorn, 1899; Ursus Press, 1995).
 Rona Goffen, Giovanni Bellini (Yale University Press, 1989).
 Ronda Kasl, ed., Giovanni Bellini and the Art of Devotion (Indianapolis Museum of Art, 2004)
 Oskar Batschmann, Giovanni Bellini (London, Reaktion Books, 2008).
 Antonio Mazzotta, Giovanni Bellini's Dudley Madonna (Paul Holberton publishing, 2012)
 Carolyn C. Wilson (ed.), Examining Giovanni Bellini: An Art "More Human and More Divine" (Brepols, 2015). ()
 Giorgio Vasari, Carlo Ridolfi, Marco Boschini, Isabella d'Este, Lives of Giovanni Bellini, Frank Dabell, trans., Davide Gasparotto, ed. (J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, 2018)
 Peter Humfrey, Giovanni Bellini: An Introduction (Marsilio Editori, 2021). ()

External links

 Giovanni Bellini biography, style and critical reception
 Giovanni Bellini in "A World History of Art"
 The National Gallery
 Web Gallery of Art
 Biblical art by Bellini
 National Gallery of Art
 Masters in Art online
Carl Brandon Strehlke, "Virgin and Child by Giovanni Bellini (cat. 165)" in The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works, a Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication.

Italian Renaissance painters
Quattrocento painters
Painters from Venice
1430s births
1516 deaths
Italian male painters
Italian Roman Catholics
15th-century Italian painters
16th-century Italian painters
15th-century Venetian people
16th-century Venetian people
Sibling artists
Catholic painters
Burials at Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice

Year of birth uncertain

Giovanni Bellini


A mini-map or minimap is a miniature map that is often placed at a screen corner in video games to aid players in orienting themselves within the game world. They are often only a small portion of the screen and must be selective in what details they display. Elements usually included on mini-maps vary by video game genre. However, commonly included features are the position of the player character, allied units or structures, enemies, objectives, and surrounding terrain.

Mini-maps have become very common in real-time strategy and MMORPG video games because they serve as an indication of where the current screen lies within the scope of the game world. Most first-person shooter games also have some version or variant of the mini-map, with the odd exception of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare,  often showing enemy and teammates locations in real-time.

Features
Many mini-maps make use of similar features. Common features are:

Fog of war

In many games using a mini-map, the mini-map begins completely blank, while the map is automatically drawn as the player discovers new areas of the game world. After players discover new areas, the terrain of the discovered area often remains visible on the mini-map. If the player's characters or units cease to see the area, the area might be covered by a fog of war, so that unit or structure movements in that area will not be shown. Things in a fog of war portion of a mini-map may not be updated until they are rediscovered.

Layers
Similar to custom layers in Google Earth, some team-oriented multiplayer games, such as Age of Empires II or Empire Earth, allow players to draw temporary lines, signals or markings on the mini-map for others to see. This allows for quick communication over large distances in games.

Rotation and zoom
In some 3D video games, the mini-map rotates when the player character or game camera faces different directions to keep the top of the map always corresponding to forward from the camera's point of view. This is common for games in the Grand Theft Auto series, and many racing games that show the track in a mini-map. In other games such as many in The Legend of Zelda series, the map does not rotate but features an arrow that moves about and rotates to show the player character's position and the direction they're facing. In some games, mini-maps that only show the close surrounding area often have icons on the edge to show the direction of locations or characters outside the area shown on the map. Some games also have a feature where the mini-map zooms out when the player character is travelling at high speed and zooms back in when they slow down.

Automap

An Automap is similar to a mini-map but traces its origin back to early role-playing games. In early dungeon crawl video games, players were expected to draw maps by hand as they played the game to solve complex mazes and explore large dungeons. Game boxes such as those for early 1980s Wizardry games included graph paper for this purpose.

Games featuring automapping simulate the creation of a map, typically showing an abstract top-down view of nearby areas of the game world that is automatically updated as the player character gains knowledge of the environment. Automaps typically display doors, terrain types, and important locations or items. When discussing The Bard's Tale IIIs role as one of the first CRPGs with automapping, Computer Gaming World in 1994 wondered "How did we ever play without it?".

Early automaps typically found in role-playing video games were pause screens that stopped gameplay when opened. Early examples of video games to feature a real-time automap include Namco's Rally-X in 1980, Gebelli Software's Horizon V in 1982, and Arsys Software's WiBArm in 1986. When the feature became popular with action-oriented games such as Doom and Diablo, the automap feature in these games did not pause the game and allowed the player to continue gameplay while the map was on screen.

MUDs, which were popular multiplayer virtual worlds in the mid-1990s, rarely provided an automap. This resulted in MUD clients adding automapping as a feature, notably zMUD in September 1996.

Code minimap in text editors and IDEs

A code minimap in a Text editor or  Integrated development environment (IDE) is a reduced overview of the entire file in its own view pane, typically next to the main editor pane. The portion of the file visible in the main editor pane is highlighted, and clicking or dragging in this view scrolls the editor through the file.

See also
Overworld

References

Video game gameplay

Mini-map


Sir Gawain Westray Bell  (21 January 1909 – 26 July 1995) was a British colonial administrator who became the Governor of Northern Nigeria.

Early life
Bell was born in Cape Town, South Africa to an executive of the New Zealand Shipping Company. At 10, his family moved back to Cumberland, England where he attended the Dragon School, Oxford, Winchester College and Hertford College, Oxford.

Sudan, Palestine, and World War II
In 1931, Bell entered the Sudan Political Service, where he learned Arabic. His postings included Eastern Sudan, the Nuba Mountains, and Kurdofan.

In 1938, Bell was seconded to the Government of Palestine where he worked with the police in Gaza. He eventually became commander of the Beersheba Camel Gendarmerie.

Bell volunteered for service in the Second World War. Bell rode horseback with an irregular force of Druze cavalry, and participated in the capture of Suweida from the Vichy French. He became a regiment leader of the Arab Legion and was appointed MBE (military) in the 1942 New Year Honours. In 1945, he married Silvia Cornwell-Clyne.

Following the war, Bell returned to Khartoum, Sudan where he became Deputy Civil Secretary and later Permanent Under Secretary to the Ministry of the Interior. He left Sudan in 1955 to become the British Political Agent in Kuwait during the Suez crisis.

Nigeria

In 1957 the Colonial Office recruited Bell to become the Governor of Northern Nigeria, where he worked closely with Sir Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. Bello was regarded by the British as difficult to work with; Bell came to his new job with an open mind and won over Bello to the point that he was asked to remain in his post as governor after Nigeria gained its independence from the United Kingdom. He stepped down as governor in 1962.

Later life
Bell worked on several political projects in the Middle East following his time in Nigeria. He worked with Sir Ralph Hone on a constitution for the Federation of South Arabia, and additional projects in the Trucial States and Oman. From 1966 until 1970 he was the last European Secretary-General of the South Pacific Commission (now called the Secretariat of the Pacific Community.

After retiring in 1970, he concentrated on voluntary and charity work. He served as vice president and later chairman of LEPRA, and served on the governing board of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. He was also the first President of the Society for the Study of the Sudans UK

He published two volumes of memoirs. The first, "Shadows on the Sand", was published in 1984 and covers his life through his time in the Sudan. The second, "An Imperial Twilight", details his five years in Nigeria, as well as his time in Arabia.

Awards and decorations
 Member of the Order of the British Empire (Military Division; 1942)
 Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1955)
 Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (1957)
 Knight of the Order of St John (1959)

References

BELL, Sir Gawain (Westray), Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2015 (online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014)

1909 births
1995 deaths
People educated at The Dragon School
People educated at Winchester College
Alumni of Hertford College, Oxford
Sudan Political Service officers
Colonial Administrative Service officers
Pacific Community people
British Governors and Governors-General of Nigeria
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights of the Order of St John
Recipients of the Order of Independence (Jordan)
British memoirists
Arab Legion

Gawain Westray Bell


James C. Liao () is the Parsons Foundation Professor and Chair of the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles and is the co-founder and lead scientific advisor of Easel Biotechnologies, LLC.

He is best known for his work in metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and bioenergy. Liao has been recognized for the biosynthesis and production of higher alcohols such as isobutanol from sugars, cellulose, waste protein, or carbon dioxide.

He was named the president of Academia Sinica, Taiwan, in June 2016.

Education and training
Liao holds both Taiwanese and American citizenship. After receiving his bachelor's degree from National Taiwan University in 1980, Liao earned his doctor of philosophy from University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1987 under the guidance of Edwin N. Lightfoot, co-author of Transport Phenomena. He worked as a research scientist for Eastman Kodak from 1987 to 1989. In 1990, he joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at Texas A&M University as an assistant professor and three years later he became an associate professor. In 1997, Liao became a professor for the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at University of California, Los Angeles.

Research
Liao's research interests include biological synthesis of fuels and chemicals, carbon and nitrogen assimilation, metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, transcriptional and metabolic networks analysis, fatty acid metabolism.

Protein based biofuels
Liao and his team are researching protein based biofuels which use proteins, rather than fats or carbohydrates, as a significant raw material for biorefining and biofuel production. The benefit of using protein is that the protein metabolism is much faster than fatty acid metabolism such as  algae biofuels, which leads to higher production.

Electrofuels
Liao's lab recently participated in the US Department of Energy's Electrofuels program. They proposed converting solar energy into liquid fuels such as isobutanol. A new bioreactor could store electricity as liquid fuel with the help of a genetically engineered microbes and carbon dioxide. The isobutanol produced would have an energy density close to gasoline.

Non-oxidative glycolysis
Liao has also worked on the creation of a non-oxidative glycolysis pathway. Natural metabolic pathways degrade sugars in an oxidative way that loses 1/3 of the carbon to  in fermentation. The Liao laboratory has developed a pathway, called Non-oxidative glycolysis (NOG), that allows 100% carbon conservation in various fermentation processes.

Awards and honors
Samson-Prime Minister's Prize for Innovation in Alternative Energy and Smart Mobility for Transportation, Israel, 2020
Elected to The World Academy of Sciences 2019
Elected to National Academy of Sciences 2015
Elected Academician of Academia Sinica
Industrial Application of Science from National Academy of Sciences 2014
Elected to National Academy of Engineering 2013
ENI award for Renewable Energy 2013
White House Champion of Change in Renewable Energy, 2012
Presidential Green Chemistry Award from EPA 2010
James E. Bailey Award, Society for Biological Engineering, 2009
Alpha Chi Sigma Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2009
Marvin J. Johnson Award, Biochemical Technology Division, American Chemical Society, 2009
Charles Thom Award, Society for Industrial Microbiology, 2008
Merck Award for Metabolic Engineering, 2006
FPBE Division Award of American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2006
Fellow, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, 2002
National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award, 1992

Personal
Liao is originally from Taiwan. He is married to Kelly Liao and has two daughters, Carol and Clara Liao.

References

External links
James C. Liao, President of Academia Sinica
White House Champion of Change for Renewable Energy - James Liao
James C. Liao, Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology Laboratory Homepage

Living people
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
National Taiwan University alumni
UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Taiwanese chemical engineers
Members of Academia Sinica
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Synthetic biologists
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Year of birth missing (living people)
American biomedical engineers
TWAS fellows

James C. Liao


Matīss Akuraters (born June 7, 1982, in Riga, Latvia) is a Latvian musician- percussionist. He is considered one of the best percussionists in Latvia.

Akuraters's parents: mother Ieva Akuratere is a well-known Latvian musician; father Sergejs Akuraters is a photographer.
In his childhood Matīss Akuraters studied piano and clarinet in music school. Akuraters's professional musical career began at age of 16 when he started  collaboration with hip hop artists such as Gustavo and Ozols. Later he and his friends  DJ Krii and Elvi formed their own hiphop crew  "Ritmiņš", in which Akuraters played an Mc role. They recorded songs and played concerts all around the Latvia.

In age of 18 he began studying percussion, and his first instrument turn out to be the tabla- well known Indian percussion. Akuraters learned the tabla in London at The Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, UK centre and also from jazz musician, drummer, percussionist - Brian Melvin.

In year 2003 the band Lidojošais Paklājs (The Flying Carpet) is being formed.
In year 2004 for three years Matīss Akuraters was performing in Gaļina Poļiščuka's musical play "Pūt Vējiņi" at the Latvian National Theatre. This play took part in many foreign theatre festivals in Germany, Moscow, Denmark and Croatia, where the play got award for best music.
Love for percussion led Matīss Akuraters to rich world of Brazilian music. He was fascinated by Brazil's culture so much that in year 2008 he finally fulfilled his  dream and went to Brazil to improve his percussionist skills and learn Brazilian culture.
Akuraters spent three months in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, meeting great artists and contributing his percussion skills at  local percussionists community authority-  Jaguara, who is a percussionist of current samba king- Zeca Pagodinho. Akuraters also learned from Rio's carioca, famous sambista Andreazo and local percussionist from Brasilia Tiago Loei.
A few months later after returning from Brazil, Matīss Akuraters organized a Brazilian percussion workshops in Riga and invited Tiago Loei and Andreazo to participate. After successful workshops they formed a group of percussionists- "Afro Brasilian Drums".

Matīss Akuraters was participating in various recordings and played with well-known Latvian musicians and bands such as: Haralds Sīmanis, Amber(Aija Vītoliņa), Aivars Hermanis, Ieva Akuratere, Ilze Grunte, El Mars, Samba de Riga, Forshpil, Lidojošais Paklājs (The Flying Carpet), 7th  Floor, Diana Pīrāgs, Afro Brazilian Drums.

In year 2008 "Lidojošais Paklājs" (The Flying Carpet) won the nomination- best alternative music album in Latvian Music Awards for the album "Lidojošais Paklājs".

In 2012, Matīss Akuraters joined Latvian indie-rock band Them Lemons as a drummer. The band is not currently active.

In 2014 recorded CD with choir "Mūza" and went on tour in France, Provence.

In 2014 joined Guitarist Gatis Ziema to record an album, currently band is on high demand, playing live concerts in 2015.

Matiss recently returned from India where he spent 5 months deepening his knowledge of playing tabla.

References

(Latvian/ English) http://matissakuraters.wordpress.com Personal blog of Matīss Akuraters
(Latvian) http://www.diena.lv/lat/izklaide/muzika/muzikas_zinas/brazilijas-saule-latvijas-cilvekiem Interview with Matīss Akuraters in daily newspaper "Diena"
(Latvian) http://www.nra.lv/zinas/28885-matiss-akuraters-muzikis-pec-parliecibas.htm Interview with Matīss Akuraters in magazine "Patiesie Stāsti"

External links
 Gatis Ziema at Nabaklab -YouTube video
 The Flying Carpet concert -YouTube video
 The Flying Carpet at Poetry Days 2008 in Limbaži- YouTube video
 El Mars "Craving Images"- performance in Tallinn - YouTube video
 Samba De Riga homepage
 Listen The Flying Carpet in social network
 Listen Afro Brasilian Drums in social network

1982 births
Living people
Musicians from Riga
Percussionists

Matīss Akuraters


Johannes Ronge (16 October 1813 – 26 October 1887) was the principal founder of the New Catholics. A Roman Catholic priest from the region of Upper Silesia in Prussia, he was suspended from the priesthood for his criticisms of the church, and went on to help found and promote the New Catholic movement. When the movement split, he led the more liberal wing, which became known as the German Catholics. Following his involvement in the political struggles of 1848 he went into exile in England, where he and his wife Bertha Ronge established a kindergarten in Manchester and then Leeds. He returned to Prussia in 1861 following an amnesty, and made efforts to revive the German Catholic movement and to combat antisemitism.

Biography
Johannes Ronge was born in 1813 in Bischofswalde (now Biskupów) in Upper Silesia, then part of the Kingdom of Prussia (now in Poland). Ronge was educated at Breslau (1837–1839), entered the Roman Catholic priesthood (1840), and was settled at Grottkau (1841). His liberal tendencies brought him into frequent conflict with the Roman Catholic authorities. When he published criticisms of the relation between Rome and the Breslau Cathedral chapter in the Sächsischen Vaterlandsblättern, he was suspended in consequence (1843). He then went to Laurahütte in Upper Silesia as a teacher, and while there the exhibition of the Holy Coat at Treves, used by Bishop Arnoldi of Trier to increase pilgrimage and church revenue so stirred his ire that he denounced it in print (1 October 1844) in a public letter to Bishop Arnoldi. He published in succession a number of pamphlets in which he called on the Roman Catholic laity and the lower clergy to leave the communion of that Church. These were generally understood to be written from the standpoint of deism; and in subsequent years Ronge pronounced himself more and more unreservedly in favor of deistic doctrines.

New Catholics

Ronge helped form the New Catholics, and served as Pastor for the first congregation in Breslau, which grew in less than a year to over 8,000 members. Ronge organized the New Catholics as a principally democratic organization. He ended the rule of celibacy for priests, excommunication, oral confessions, indulgences and other practices of the Catholic Church, and he married Bertha Meyer, sister of his friend Carl Schurz's wife, Margarethe. Ronge had also garnered support from Robert Blum, a newspaper publisher in Saxony, who published writings of the new movement.

Ronge's touring ministry brought about 100 new congregations to his movement. He decried declining spirituality and called for a separation from Rome, the formation of a German national church and an end to oral confession, priestly celibacy, Latin masses etc. During this time Johannes Czerski joined the movement. (In 1844, Czerski had resigned from his office in order to remove his congregation from the Roman Catholic Church.) A Leipzig council in 1845 brought the various congregations to a common agreement, and the number of congregations increased further to about 300. While free-thinking Protestants were sympathetic with the movement, the conservative Protestants did what they could to discourage it. Soon a split began within the movement between the more conservative Czerski and the more liberal Ronge, and an 1847 council in Berlin failed to mend it.

The New Catholics were later forced to change their name to German Catholics. A Protestant group analogous to the New Catholics, the Friends of the Light, joined with the German Catholics in 1849, forming the Freireligiöse ("free-thinkers") communities.

For his actions, Ronge was defrocked and excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church.

Political activities

Ronge took part in the political struggles of 1848 and was prominent as a democratic leader. He was obliged to flee to London, where he signed in 1851, with Arnold Ruge, Gustav Struve, Gottfried Kinkel, and others, a democratic manifesto to the German people, and where he became the leader of a free congregation. While in London, Ronge was subject to surveillance by The Police Union of German States because his wife's sister was married to Carl Schurz, whom they viewed as an emissary of communism.

Marx and Engels wrote "Heroes of the Exile" in 1852 in which they ridiculed Ronge and others who fled Germany following the failed revolution.

Ronge and his wife moved to Manchester, England, where they founded a kindergarten. In 1860 they relocated to Leeds, as other supporters of the kindergarten were disturbed by Ronge's religious views, and opened another kindergarten.

In consequence of the amnesty granted by the Prussian government, in 1861 he again made his appearance in Breslau. He founded a reform association in Frankfurt-am-Main in 1863, and endeavored to revive the waning German Catholicism. In 1873, he moved to Darmstadt, and there edited a paper in promotion of his plans. Ronge sought to interest liberal Jewish congregations in a common free religion, and in the 1870s and 1880s he agitated energetically against spreading antisemitism. He died in Vienna in 1887.

Legacy
After the failed revolts, many Freireligiöse went to the United States (where they were known as "Freethinkers") or moved to Canada and South Africa where they acted as missionaries. In 1852, Wisconsin had 32 congregations. Their influence lasted into the early part of the 20th century, but then began to falter. The influence and lasting effect of this German movement remains in the Midwest.

Works in English
A German Catholic's Farewell to Rome (London, 1845)
The Holy Coat of Treves, and the New German-Catholic Church (New York, 1845)
The Autobiography and Justification of Johannes Ronge translated into English by John Lord (London, 1846)
A Practical Guide to the English Kindergarten, with Bertha Ronge (London, 1855)

References

Further reading
Fretwell, John. "Johannes Ronge and the English Protestants" Unitarian Review (January, 1888), 19–32.

External links

Manuscript of "Johannes Ronge", poem by Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Selbstbiographie und Selbstbekenntnisse des heiligen Rockes zu Trier, First edition autobiography in German

19th-century German educators
German Christian religious leaders
1813 births
1887 deaths
19th-century German Roman Catholic priests
People from Nysa County
People from the Province of Silesia

Johannes Ronge


John Eudes O'Leary (18 August 1949 – 26 March 2020) was an Irish professional golfer. He played on the European Tour through the 1970s and 1980s. He was born in Dublin.

In 1976 he won his first European Tour event, the Greater Manchester Open, and in 1982 he became only the third Irishman to win the Irish Open. He played in a number of team competitions, representing Great Britain and Ireland in the 1975 Ryder Cup. He played for Ireland three times in the World Cup.

After retiring as a tournament golfer he was an active administrator, being a director of the European Tour from 1985 to 2019 and being on the Ryder Cup committee.

O'Leary died on 26 March 2020 in Esher, Surrey, England at the age of 70.

References

1949 births
2020 deaths
Irish golfers
Sportspeople from Dublin

John O'Leary (golfer)


Alexander Samuel Diven (February 10, 1809 – June 11, 1896) was an American politician from New York and an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Biography
Born in Catharine, New York, Diven attended the common schools and the academies in Penn Yan and Ovid, New York, and then studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1831, and commenced practice in Elmira. He was member of the New York State Senate (27th District) in 1858 and 1859.

Diven was elected as a Republican to the 37th United States Congress, holding office from March 4, 1861, to March 3, 1863. Strongly opposed to slavery, he was the first to draft and introduce measures for the recruitment of colored troops in the Union Army.

Diven entered the Army on August 13, 1862, as lieutenant colonel of the 107th New York Infantry Regiment. He was promoted to colonel on October 21, 1862. He was granted leave of absence from the Army for ninety days to take his seat in Congress. He was honorably discharged as colonel May 11, 1863, and later brevetted brigadier general of Volunteers April 30, 1864. He spoke at the dedication of the monument honoring the 107th New York in 1869. He engaged in railroad building and operation from 1865 to 1875, and was prominently identified with the Erie Railroad.

In the 1870s Pennsylvania native Truckson LaFrance obtained several patents on improvements he developed in the rotary steam engine. John Vischer, head of the Elmira Union Iron Works, became interested and was convinced by LaFrance to back him in the manufacture of a steam fire engine. They subsequently formed a business partnership to manufacture fire apparatus.

Their success attracted the attention of Diven and his four sons, who bought the company in April 1873. They renamed LaFrance Manufacturing Company and appointed John Vischer as a Director and Truckson LaFrance as the company's Mechanical Engineer. Within three months, the new company bought 10 acres of land and built a plant to manufacture steam engines and related equipment, including railroad locomotives. Diven served as mayor of Elmira from 1880 to 1882.

General Diven was married, in 1835, to Miss Amanda Beers, of Elmira, and had four sons and four daughters. He died in Elmira, New York, on June 11, 1896, and was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery.

His daughter, May, married U.S. Army officer Emerson H. Liscum on September 4, 1867.

Diven Elementary School in the Elmira City School District is named in honor of his son, George.

See also

References

Sources

External links

1809 births
1896 deaths
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Union Army colonels
19th-century American railroad executives
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
People from Schuyler County, New York
Erie Railroad
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American politicians

Alexander S. Diven


The Chittagonian peoples are groups of tribes and native aborigines living in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, consisting of the Tripuris, the Chakmas and various others inhabiting SE Bangladesh. In their overall complexion and facial features these peoples are more closely related to Burma and other South East Asian nations of Indo-China, gives the country a strong candidate to become a future member of ASEAN.

Chittagongian people speak the Chittagongian language, which is an Indo-Aryan language of Assamese-Bengali group. It is considered a dialect of Bengali by the Bangladeshi government though they are not mutually intelligible.

They live in the Chittagong division of south-eastern Bangladesh. They are predominantly Theraveda Buddhist, but there are sizeable Hindus and due to influx of people from Bangladesh's other parts Muslims are now consisting the largest minority of the region.

The Indian tricolour was hoisted in Rangamati for 3 days, but was put down by the Pakistani government( Then Bangladesh was under Pakistan as East Pakistan)

Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
Tripura
Chittagong Hill Tracts

Chittagonian peoples


Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (26 March 1559 – 16 January 1617) was Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1587 to 1612.

Life
Raitenau was born at Hofen Castle in Lochau, near Bregenz in Further Austria, the son of the Habsburg colonel Hans Werner von Raitenau (1525-1593) and Helene von Hohenems (1535-1586), a niece of Pope Pius IV and sister of Mark Sittich von Hohenems Altemps, who was consecrated Bishop of Constance in 1561, as well as sister-in-law of Cardinal Charles Borromeo.

Wolf Dietrich received an ecclesiastical education at the Collegium Germanicum in Rome and became a member of the Salzburg cathedral chapter in 1578. His predecessor, Archbishop George of Kuenburg, had long served as a coadjutor bishop and had found himself in constant conflict with the chapter. Upon his death in 1587, Raitenau was elected as a compromise candidate and was ordained by the Passau bishop Urban of Trennbach. He continued the harsh measures of the Counter-Reformation initiated by his predecessors, invited Franciscan and Augustinian friars, and in 1589 had all Protestants expelled from the city of Salzburg. In his later years, however, he developed a milder attitude and initiated reforms of the liturgy and the administration of the episcopal lands, which alienated the Roman Curia.

Perceptive, well-read, and a follower of Niccolò Machiavelli's ideas, Raitenau considered himself a genuine Renaissance prince of an absolutist state. He won fame not only as an art collector but also as a builder who significantly promoted the spread of the Baroque architecture north of the Alps: When Salzburg Cathedral was devastated by a fire on the night of 11 December 1598, he had plans set up for a lavish reconstruction by the Venetian architect Vincenzo Scamozzi, who also drew up a master plan for the adjacent Residenzplatz square and designed the Salzburg Residenz. The new cathedral was, however, erected under Raitenau's successor, Mark Sittich von Hohenems, and his architect, Santino Solari. In 1606 the archbishop had also a castle built for his mistress, Salome Alt, with whom he had fifteen illegitimate children; the castle later was converted into Mirabell Palace by his successor.

Raitenau's rule was brought down after he entered into a fierce dispute with his mighty neighbour, Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria: In 1609 the Archbishop refused to join Maximilian's Catholic League and in October 1611 his forces invaded the Berchtesgaden Provostry, which was also claimed by the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach. In the subsequent clashes of arms, Bavarian troops campaigned in Salzburg. Deserted by his cathedral chapter and abandoned by Emperor Rudolf II, Raitenau on his flight to Carinthia was captured, deposed and imprisoned for life by his nephew and successor, Mark Sittich von Hohenems, first at Hohenwerfen Castle and later in Hohensalzburg.

References

1559 births
1617 deaths
People from Bregenz District
16th-century Austrian people
Roman Catholic archbishops of Salzburg
Prince-archbishops of Salzburg

Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau