David Pereira (born 21 September 1953) is an Australian classical cellist, considered one of the finest working today.  He was Senior Lecturer in Cello at the Canberra School of Music from 1990 to 2008. Later he worked there as a Distinguished Artist in Residence. Since April 2017 he again teaches cello there as a Senior Lecturer.

Pereira was born in Macksville, New South Wales in 1953, moved to Young at the age of five and then to Leura. His mother, Margaret Beveridge, and his father, Keith Pereira, are Australian born. Pereira is a Portuguese name meaning - Pear-tree. He studied with John Painter at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music 1972–75 and graduated as "Student of the Year".  He also studied with Fritz Magg at Indiana University and completed a master's degree in Cello Performance (1976–79).

His early work included Musica Viva Australia tours of the Outback with Richard Goldner and Charmian Gadd.

He played with the Australia Ensemble for 11 years, and was Principal Cellist of the Australian Chamber Orchestra (seven years) and of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra (three years). He has also played with Flederman, the Seymour Group, the String Soloists of the Berlin Philharmonic, Felix Ayo, the Chilingirian Quartet, Roger Woodward, Geoffrey Tozer, Ian Munro, and the Sydney String Quartet.

Pereira has performed all the cello concertos and major concertante pieces from the standard repertoire (Dvořák, Elgar, Schumann, Saint-Saëns, Johann Christian and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Beethoven's Triple Concerto, Brahms's Double Concerto, Bruch's Kol Nidrei) as well as premiering concertos written for him by Australian composers such as Richard Mills, Barry Conyngham, David Lumsdaine, Larry Sitsky, Mary Finsterer and Bruce Cale. Numerous works by Australian composers for solo cello also have been written for him.
He has appeared with the major orchestras in Australia and New Zealand.  He has appeared in Europe, Russia and the United States with the Australian Chamber Orchestra and the Australia Ensemble, at venues such as Wigmore Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, the Concertgebouw, Lincoln Center and the United Nations (with Stuart Challender and Dame Joan Sutherland).  There have also been appearances in China, India, the Philippines and Japan.

He has recorded the complete works for cello by Peter Sculthorpe and Einojuhani Rautavaara (with Ian Munro) and the complete solo cello suites of Johann Sebastian Bach, among a number of other recordings.

He has won many awards including twice winning the Sounds Australian Award for the Best Performance of an Australian Composition (Carl Vine's Inner World; David Lumsdaine's Garden of Earthly Delights). Apart from the new concertos mentioned above, David Pereira has premiered many other new Australian works, by composers such as Carl Vine, Peter Sculthorpe, Ross Edwards, Nigel Westlake, Elena Kats-Chernin, Mike Nock, Roger Dean, Tristram Cary, Roger Frampton, Anne Boyd and Nigel Butterley.

He has written three books on cello technique: Eloquent Cello Technique (2003), A Cellist's Companion (2005) and The Larrikin Cellist (2008). He has allowed these publications to fall out of print and expects to improve on them in the near future.

In 2005 and 2006, David Pereira fell seriously ill. He sought hospitalisation (winter of both years) and was diagnosed with Obsessive–compulsive disorder and depression. Expert psychiatric and psychological interventions eventually proved helpful, but anti-depressants caused tremor that made cello playing impossible. By mid-2007 he had recovered completely and discontinued his drug regimen. He then quickly returned to full professional functioning.

From 2008 to 2012 Pereira ran his own cello-focused subscription recital series emanating from the Wesley Music Centre in Canberra and reaching into nearby regional centres. In 2008 he made a series of recordings of his performances playing a cello which forms part of the A. E. Smith quartet of musical instruments held by the National Museum of Australia. year he played in solo and chamber capacities in the Arts in the Valley and the Canberra International Music Festival.

David Pereira is also a composer.  His piece for cello and piano "Mt. Ainslie Rising" was premiered by himself and Tamara Anna Cislowska at the Canberra International Music Festival on 14 May 2013.

Pereira completed yoga teacher training. For a time he taught Yoga in class situation (Vinyasa Flow) but essentially lately it is a private personal practice that he enjoys. He generally recommends Yoga practice to his students because he believes that it improves longevity and health, and because the cello playing he teaches is so strongly affected by Yoga Asana and Meditation.
David is married to cellist and Yoga teacher Gillian Pereira and is father of 7 children. The youngest of these is 6 years old in 2017.

Sources
 Davidpereira.com.au
 Violoncello.biz
 YassArts
 ANU School of Music

References

1953 births
Australian classical cellists
Australian musicians
Cello pedagogues
Living people
People with mood disorders
People with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Sydney Conservatorium of Music alumni
Australian people of Portuguese descent
Yoga teachers

David Pereira


, best known under his ring name Little Tokyo, was a Japanese professional midget wrestler who competed in North American promotions from the 1970s into the 1990s including appearances for American Wrestling Association (AWA), National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and the World Wrestling Federation, (WWF) most notably appearing at WrestleMania III in a mixed tag team match with Lord Littlebrook and King Kong Bundy against Hillbilly Jim, the Haiti Kid and Little Beaver in 1987. He held the NWA World Midget's Championship on three occasions

Professional wrestling career
Akabane began his professional wrestling career in the early 1970s in his native Japan working under his real name. At some point during his first year in the business a troupe of professional midget wrestlers toured Japan with Lord Littlebrook striking up a friendship with Akabane. The friendship led to Akabane travelling to the United States where he became part of a touring troupe of midget wrestlers, known as "Little Tokyo" playing off his Japanese heritage and martial arts background. In August 1974 Akabane, as Little Tokyo was recognized as the NWA World Midget's Champion. Records are not clear on when Little Tokyo lost the championship but he was billed as the World champion once again in later 1981. On December 25, 1981 Little Tokyo lost the championship to Tiny Tom as part of Big Time Wrestling's Christmas Star Wars show. One year later Little Tokyo appeared at WCCW's Christmas Star Wars losing to Lone Eagle on the under card. On May 30, 1983 Little Tokyo defeated Cowboy Lang to become a three time world champion. On September 28, 1985 at American Wrestling Association's SuperClash '85 event Little Tokyo successfully defended the title against Midget Mr. T. On January 12, 1986 the same Little Mr. T ended Little Tokyo's third and final reign as World Midget Champion.September 28, 1985. Little Tokyo's most notable match took place on March 29, 1987 when he worked for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) at their WrestleMania III show. At the show he teamed with mentor Lord Littlebrook and King Kong Bundy against Hillbilly Jim, the Haiti Kid and Little Beaver. The match ended when all 4 midget wrestlers attacked the  King Kong Bundy after Bundy attacked Little Beaver. On January 1, 1988 Little Tokyo became the first holder of the Windy City Wrestling Midget Championship when he defeated Cowboy Cottrell. On September 29, 1994, on the last show ever held by Universal Wrestling Federation, Little Tokyo defeated Karate Kid to become the first and only holder of the UWF Midget World Championship. Little Tokyo won the WCW Midget for a second time in 1996. Akabane retired in 1998.

Retirement and death
At the age of 69, Akabane was diagnosed with base tongue cancer. Doctors said it was cureable and family and friends gathered around him for support. He was living in St. Joseph, Missouri at the time.

On September 6, 2011, Akabane died after suffering a heart attack at the age of 70, shortly while getting up to use the bathroom.

Championships and accomplishments
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA World Midget's Championship (3 times)

 Professional wrestling
Midgets' World Championship (3 times)

Universal Wrestling Federation
UWF Midget World Championship (1 time, only)

Windy City Wrestling
WCW Midget Championship (2 times, first)

References

External links
Profile at OWW

1941 births
2011 deaths
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Midget professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Tokyo
Stampede Wrestling alumni
20th-century professional wrestlers

Little Tokyo (wrestler)


Her Majesty's Advocate v Trevor Muirhead and Neil McKenzie was a criminal trial of two men at the Glasgow High Court.

They were charged with sending parcel bombs to several people associated with Celtic F.C., including their manager Neil Lennon, former MSP Trish Godman, senior lawyer Paul McBride and Cairde na hÉireann, an Irish republican group.

The trial started on 27 February 2012.  Witnesses included two postal workers who spotted suspicious packages, and a police officer.

Paul McBride, who was due to appear as a witness, died suddenly on 4 March.  On 5 March the judge suspended the trial for one day as a mark of respect.

On 29 March the charges against the accused were reduced from conspiracy to murder to conspiracy to assault.

On 30 March both accused were found guilty of most of the charges against them.  They had been in custody since May 2011, and in April were both sentenced to 5 years in prison.

See also
 Trial by jury in Scotland

External links
BBC report

High Court of Justiciary cases
2011 in Scotland
2011 crimes in the United Kingdom
2012 in Scotland
2012 in United Kingdom case law

HM Advocate v Muirhead


Ravensford is an unincorporated community in Swain County, Western North Carolina. This is within the traditional homeland of the Cherokee people. In a survey and excavation project in the early 21st century, part of the community was found to have archeological resources that were thousands of years old, in addition to more recent historic materials related to the Cherokee people. In 1938, the US Government and state of North Carolina negotiated with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians to gain their agreement to transfer some of their land to enable construction of the Blue Ridge Parkway. In return, lands in Ravensford were transferred to their Qualla Boundary property.

Ravensord was established as a company town by European Americans sometime between 1900–1910, on the banks of Raven Fork, a tributary of the Oconaluftee River.  The lumber mill owned and operated everything, from housing to the school/church building, for workers who numbered 200-1000 people.  In 1933, Ravensford Lumber Company sold the town and area to the National Park Service for over $33 an acre. In 1934, it was made part of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

In 1938, the U.S. Government, the State of North Carolina, and the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians made a compromise that transferred land at Ravensford into the latter's  Qualla Boundary in exchange for land ceded to the US for the Blue Ridge Parkway. As part of the compensation, North Carolina constructed a new highway (US 19) through Soco Gap and Qualla Boundary. Ravensford became the southern terminus of the Blue Ridge Parkway in the Oconaluftee area of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

In the 21st century, the EBCI was planning for construction of a new high school to serve their people. The site was in Ravensford, and an environmental assessment was performed (including a document and archeological survey) to determine if the project would affect any historic resources. It developed as one of North Carolina's largest and most intensive archaeological projects, as a tremendous number of artifacts and resources were found.

Discoveries at Ravensford include "114 structures, thousands of features, maybe 500,000 artifacts", including pots from 1450 and 1600 CE. There was evidence that Cherokee ancestors and other indigenous groups may have been living here since 8000 BCE.

Cherokee High School, built in 2010, is within the Ravensord area of Qualla Boundary. There are also a few homes dotted along Big Cove Road.

References

Communities of the Great Smoky Mountains
Unincorporated communities in Swain County, North Carolina
Unincorporated communities in North Carolina

Ravensford, North Carolina


Robert Joseph DeLaney (April 21, 1924 – November 25, 2008) was an American sportscaster.

A 1942 graduate of Elmira Free Academy, DeLaney served in the United States Army in the Pacific theater during World War II, stationed in New Caledonia. After returning to the States, he attended Syracuse University and worked with radio station WFBL in Syracuse. When the Boston Red Sox and Boston Braves decided to separate their radio coverage in 1951, Curt Gowdy, Tom Hussey and DeLaney were hired to call Red Sox games on WHDH. At the end of the 1954 season, DeLaney was hired to replace Ernie Harwell on New York Giants broadcasts. When the Giants moved to San Francisco in 1958, DeLaney was replaced by local announcer Lon Simmons.

After his stint with the Giants, DeLaney was hired as the announcer for live commercials for Atlantic Refining Company during New York Yankees games, a job he held for ten seasons. In April 1959, DeLaney became the announcer for John F. Kennedy's presidential campaign.

After the election, DeLaney worked as a television sports host in New York City from 1962 to 1968 on WPIX and called the Ivy League Football Game of the Week on radio from 1964 to 1968. During the 1970s he served as narrator for the NFL Films Game of the Week, a disc jockey at WFAS in White Plains, New York, and a freelance commercial voiceover artist.

He died on November 25, 2008, from complications of a stroke at St. John's Queens Hospital.

References
Boston Globe Obituary

1924 births
2008 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Boston Red Sox announcers
College football announcers
Major League Baseball broadcasters
New York Giants (NL) announcers
New York Yankees announcers
NFL Films people
Sportspeople from Elmira, New York
United States Army soldiers
Syracuse University alumni

Bob DeLaney (sportscaster)


Guatapé is a town and municipality in the Department of Antioquia, Colombia. It is a part of the subregion of Eastern Antioquia and is located  from Medellín, the capital of the department. Guatapé is bordered on the north by Alejandría, San Rafael to the east, and Granada and El Peñol to the south. This town is the gathering place for Las Vegas, referring to the small farms of the area.

The town is a major tourist attraction, especially for travelers from Medellín. El Peñón de Guatapé, a large rock that visitors can climb, and the famous zócalos (murals) that adorn several buildings attract many tourists.

History
Before Spanish conquistadores reached the area in the 16th century, this territory was inhabited by indigenous groups, some controlled by a cacique named Guatapé. In his honor, the town was named after him. The name "Guatapé", comes from the Quechua language, related to "stones and water". Another name that the town had in the past was "La Ceja de Guatapé".

In 1714, the indigenous people under Guatapé of this region were grouped into a shelter known as "San Antonio de Remolinos Peñol". Traces of their existence come from clay urns found in the town of Alto Verde, and several archaeological sites not yet studied in the villages of La Peña, La Piedra, El Roble, and El Rosario.

Guatapé was founded on 4 October 1811, by the Spaniard Don Francisco Giraldo y Jimenez. It was declared a municipality in September 1867.

Guatapé has changed throughout its history. It was predominantly a farming town that relied on livestock, agriculture, and mining. Empresas Públicas de Medellín built a large hydroelectric complex here in the 1970s. This megaproject produced large impacts on social, economic, political, environmental, and cultural development in the locality. With the construction of this dam, Guatapé became one of the most important electric production centers in the country.

Demographics
Total Population: 6,469 inhabitants (2015)
 Urban population: 5,045
 Rural population: 1,424

Literacy: 92.3% (2005)

Ethnicity:
According to figures presented by DANE census in 2005, the ethnic makeup of the township is the following:
 Mestizo & White (99.96%)
 Afro-Colombian (0.04 %)

Sites of interest

 Calle del Recuerdo ("Memory Lane")
 Parish Church of Nuestra Señora del Carmen
 Chapel of Our Lady of Santa Ana
 Community Historical Museum.
 Pueblo de Zócalos
 Waterfalls

La Piedra

El Peñón de Guatapé is a rock formation that borders a lake. It formed along the Antioquia Rock Base (batolito de antioquia), 70 million years ago. With two-thirds of its height below ground, the exposed vertical face is over 200 meters high and visible from throughout the surrounding countryside.  Visitors can scale the rock via a staircase built into one side, a path that includes more than 708 steps to the top.  On the flat top of the rock, food vendors offer outdoor tables overlooking vistas that stretch to the horizon in every direction. Above the food vendors are two gift shops, and an open-air viewing area to see the spectacular scenery.

Also, you can visit two monasteries, that belong to the "Benedictinos" Communities. The monks are devoted to receiving and sharing with visitors.

There are many Ferries available, to take tours around the dam, and to visit islands known as "The Fantasy Island Hotel", located at 3 NM, north of Guatapé shore. There are also many extreme and traditional water sports available.

, there were plans to construct an airport for ultralight aviation.

Zócalos
Each building has tiles along the facade's lower walls in bright colors and dimensioned images. Many of the tiles are tied to the products sold by the shops, or the beliefs of the residents. Others are cultural images of the farming heritage of the community.

Gallery

References

External links

Corporacion CIMTED, Desarrollo desde lo local, Entrepreneur projects in the Guatape City
ON-LINE RADIO STATION - LIVE GUATAPE VIDEO

Municipalities of Antioquia Department
Populated places established in 1811

Guatapé


"Baby, Hold Me Close" is a song written by Jerry Lee Lewis and Bob Tubert and released as a single by Lewis in the U.S. in February 1965 on Smash Records. The song was also released in the UK in 1965 as a 45 single on Philips Records.

Background
"Baby, Hold Me Close" was recorded for Smash Records in the U.S. as S-1969 and was released as a 7" 45 single backed with "I Believe in You" in February, 1965. The music and lyrics were credited to Jerry Lee Lewis and Bob Tubert. Shelby Singleton, the producer of the recording with Jerry Kennedy, was credited as a co-writer on the Australian release by Billy Thorpe & The Aztecs. The song was published by Raleigh Music, Inc.

The appeal of the song is to dancing. In 1965, go go dancing and dance shows were popular. The opening line is: "Now listen here baby to what ol' Jerry Lee has to say / I want you to get out on this dance floor with me now." While on the floor, he exhorts his partner: "Now hold me close, baby / Squeeze ol' Jerry Lee all through the doggone night."

In Jerry Lee Lewis: Lost and Found, Joe Bonomo characterizes the song as "a cool studio-concocted groove".

Jerry Lee Lewis performed the song live on the American music variety television series Shindig! in 1965.

The song was also released as a 45 single in the UK, Australia, Brazil, and the Netherlands. In the UK, the song was released as a Philips 7" 45 single in April, 1965 as BF 1407.

The song was featured on the 1965 Smash LP album The Return of Rock.

The single reached no. 129 on the Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 singles chart in the U.S. in June, 1965.

Billy Thorpe released a cover version in Australia as a Parlophone Records 45 single as A8170 on EMI in September, 1965 as Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs. Their recording was a hit on the Australian charts, reaching #4 in Sydney, #24 in Melbourne, #4 in Brisbane, #14 in Adelaide, and #19 in Perth.
The single peaked at #15 on Australia's (4BC) Top Singles Chart for the week of November 14, 1965. The recording was also released on the 1965 Parlophone EP Twilight Time.

The song appeared on the 1971 compilation album The Best of Billy Thorpe on Parlophone.

Album appearances
"Baby, Hold Me Close" appeared on the following albums:

 The Return of Rock, Smash Records, 1965
 High Heel Sneakers, Pickwick, 1970
 Hound Dog, Sears, 1971
 Ausgewählte Goldstücke, Karussell, 1982
 Killer: The Mercury Years, Volume 1 (1963-1968), Polygram/Mercury, 1989
 The Locust Years...And the Return to the Promised Land, Bear Family Records, 1994
 Southern Swagger, Bear Family Records, 2007
 A Whole Lotta Jerry Lee Lewis, Salvo, 2012
 Original Classic Albums, 1965-1969, Raven, 2012
 The Return of Rock/Soul My Way, Beat Goes On

Sources
Bonomo, Joe (2009). Jerry Lee Lewis: Lost and Found. New York: Continuum Books.
Tosches, Nick (1982). Hellfire. New York: Grove Press.
Gutterman, Jimmy (1991). Rockin' My Life Away: Listening to Jerry Lee Lewis. Nashville: Rutledge Hill Press.
Gutterman, Jimmy (1993). The Jerry Lee Lewis Anthology: All Killer, No Filler. Rhino Records.
Lewis, Myra; Silver, Murray (1981). Great Balls of Fire: The Uncensored Story of Jerry Lee Lewis. William Morrow/Quill/St. Martin's Press.

References

1965 songs
Jerry Lee Lewis songs
Rock-and-roll songs
1965 singles
Smash Records singles
Philips Records singles
Songs written by Jerry Lee Lewis

Baby, Hold Me Close


The Cape Tercentenary Foundation (or Cape 300 Foundation) was set up in 1950 by brothers Edward and Harry Molteno, pioneers of the Cape fruit industry. The influential exporters were great appreciators of music and the arts, and were deeply concerned about the natural environment. They therefore wanted to establish "a fund for the cultural development of Cape Town" as well as for environmental causes.

Projects
The stated mission of the Cape 300 Foundation is to preserve, promote and encourage literature, the visual and performing arts, and the natural and cultural environment in the Cape.

Projects of the Foundation include scholarships and bursaries (especially post-graduate or doctoral), equipment and grants for needy schools and students, public libraries, heritage trusts, publication subsidies, orchestras and music societies, environmental organisations (such as the Botanical Society of South Africa and SANCCOB), educational workshops and other community projects.

Awards
The actions and achievements of individuals or organisations that further the aims and objectives of the Foundation are recognized by awarding the Molteno Medal, which was first struck in 2000 to mark the 50th year of the Foundation and remembers its founders, Edward and Harry Molteno.

Funding
The foundation receives continued support from the Molteno Trust but financial assistance is open to all. Donations to the foundation go to fund projects such as study grants, publication subsidies and the preservation of the built or natural environments.

References

External links
Official website.

Charities based in South Africa
Foundations based in South Africa
Environmental charities
Cape Town culture
Organizations established in 1950
1950 establishments in South Africa

The Cape Tercentenary Foundation


Xun Yue (148–209), courtesy name Zhongyu, was a Chinese historian, philosopher, and politician of the Eastern Han dynasty of China. Born in the influential Xun family of Yingchuan Commandery (穎川郡; around present-day Xuchang, Henan), Xun Yue served in the Han government as a historian and wrote 13 chapters of the historical text Annals of Han (), which covered the history of the Western Han dynasty (206 BCE – 9 CE).

Life
Xun Yue's ancestral home was in Yingchuan Commandery (穎川郡; around present-day Xuchang, Henan). His grandfather, Xun Shu (), was an official who served as the Prefect () of Langling County () and as the Chancellor () to the Marquis of Langling County. Xun Shu had eight sons, who were nicknamed the "Eight Dragons of the Xun Family" (). Xun Yue's father, Xun Jian (), was the eldest among Xun Shu's eight sons. He died early.

Xun Yue was known for being studious and academically inclined since childhood. When he was just 11, he could already recite and discuss the Spring and Autumn Annals. As his family was poor and could not afford books, he borrowed books from others to read and memorised them after reading through once. Although he had a good-looking appearance, he was also known for his quiet and introverted character.

When the eunuch faction came to power during Emperor Ling's reign (168–189), many scholar-officials decided to leave the political arena to avoid getting into trouble. Xun Yue claimed that he was in poor health and led a life of seclusion. Many people did not know about his talent. Only his younger cousin, Xun Yu, treated him respectfully and regarded him highly.

In the 190s, the warlord Cao Cao came to power and took control of the Han central government, while paying nominal allegiance to Emperor Xian. At the time, Cao Cao held the appointment of General Who Guards the East (). He initially recruited Xun Yue as his subordinate. Xun Yue was later promoted to a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (). As Emperor Xian was fond of studying literature, he ordered Xun Yue, Xun Yu and Kong Rong, who were known for their expertise in literature, to mentor and guide him. Xun Yue was further promoted to Custodian of the Private Library () and Palace Attendant ().

At the time, Emperor Xian had been reduced to the status of a figurehead emperor and Cao Cao was in fact the de facto ruler even though he was nominally a subject of the emperor. Although Xun Yue longed for Emperor Xian to retake the reins of power from Cao Cao, he knew that it would not become reality and worried that his ideas would go to waste. As such, he wrote the five-chapter Shenjian (申鑒; Extended Reflections), in which he discussed, among other things, the importance of education and customs, of the balance of rewards and punishments, and the requirements of social justice – including a proposal for restoring the well-field system and opposing the excesses of the landed gentry. More generally, he sought to defend the Han dynasty's traditions by arguing for the preservation and striving for ideals of government, in spite of the realities of human failing. The Australian sinologist Rafe de Crespigny pointed out that when Xun Yue advocated for the need to rely on good officials rather than the vagaries of individual rulers, he could almost be seen as approaching a view of constitutional monarchy. Ch'en Ch'i-yün, who translated the Shenjian into English in 1980, described Xun Yue as "Confucianist in his approach to scholarship, Taoist in his relativistic view of reality, and Legalist in his pragmatic approach towards politics."

Emperor Xian also enjoyed reading historical texts. He found Ban Gu's Book of Han, which covered the history of the Western Han dynasty (206 BCE – 9 CE), very complicated and difficult to read. He thus ordered Xun Yue to write another version of the Book of Han in the style of the Zuo Zhuan, a commentary on the historical text Spring and Autumn Annals. Xun Yue did as instructed, and completed and presented 13 chapters of the historical text Annals of Han () in 200 CE. Apart from being a study of history, the Annals of Han sought to demonstrate how imperial virtue had accumulated over generations. It implied that the process had continued under the Eastern Han dynasty and that one should look to a restoration of the Han dynasty rather than usurpation by a subject, no matter how powerful he was. In recognition of his contributions, Xun Yue was promoted to a Master of Writing () and awarded an ink brush and a scroll.

Xun Yue also wrote numerous chapters in other books such as Chongde () and Zhenglun (). He died in 209 at the age of 62 (by East Asian age reckoning).

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
 Fan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han.
 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
 Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.

148 births
209 deaths
2nd-century Chinese historians
2nd-century Chinese philosophers
Han dynasty government officials
Han dynasty writers
Politicians from Xuchang
Writers from Xuchang

Xun Yue


The Pacific Time Zone (PT) is a time zone encompassing parts of western Canada, the western United States, and western Mexico. Places in this zone observe standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−08:00). During daylight saving time, a time offset of UTC−07:00 is used.

In the United States and Canada, this time zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, time in this zone is referred to as Pacific Standard Time (PST) when standard time is being observed (early November to mid-March), and Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) when daylight saving time (mid-March to early November) is being observed. In Mexico, the corresponding time zone is known as the Zona Noroeste (Northwest Zone) and observes the same daylight saving schedule as the United States and Canada. The largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, whose metropolitan area is also the largest in the time zone.

The zone is two hours ahead of the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone, one hour ahead of the Alaska Time Zone, one hour behind the Mountain Time Zone, two hours behind the Central Time Zone, three hours behind the Eastern Time Zone, and four hours behind the Atlantic Time Zone.

Canada

One Canadian province is split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone:
British Columbia – all, except for the Highway 95 corridor (including Golden and Creston) in the southeast, and Tumbler Ridge, Fort St. John, and Dawson Creek in the northeast

The border between time zones in British Columbia was decided in a 1972 plebiscite held in northeastern and southeastern electoral districts due to their ties to neighboring Alberta.

As of September 24, 2020, Yukon officially switched from the Pacific Time Zone to a time zone "to be reckoned as seven hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−7)" after deciding to stop observing daylight saving time.

Mexico

In Mexico, the Zona Noroeste, which corresponds to Pacific Time in the United States and Canada, includes:
Baja California

United States

Two states are fully contained in the Pacific Time Zone:
California
Washington

Three states are split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone:
Idaho – 10 counties in the Idaho Panhandle north of Hells Canyon and the Salmon River are in the Pacific Time Zone due to proximity to cities in Washington
Nevada – all, except for West Wendover since 1999, due to proximity to Wendover, Utah
Several towns along the Idaho border, including Jackpot, Jarbidge, Mountain City, and Owyhee, observe Mountain Time.
Oregon – all, except for the majority of Malheur County due to proximity to Idaho cities; it was moved in 1923 to accommodate the needs of the Oregon Short Line Railroad.

One state is split between the Pacific Time Zone (unofficially), the Alaska Time Zone, and the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone:
Alaska – Hyder, which unofficially uses Pacific Time due to proximity to Stewart, British Columbia

Daylight time

Through 2006, the local time (PST, UTC−08:00) changed to daylight time (PDT, UTC−07:00) at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April, and returned at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October. The United States Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which moved the local time changes from PST to PDT to the second Sunday in March and the reversal from PDT to PST to the first Sunday in November. Like other Canadian provinces that observe daylight time, British Columbia adopted the same dates in April 2006, to take effect in March 2007 alongside the U.S. Several Mexican states, including Baja California, implemented the new dates for the daylight time changes in 2010, ending a three-year period where cities across the Mexico–United States border had a one-hour difference for two months a year.

Proposals to abolish the bi-annual time change and adopt year-round standard time or daylight time gained popularity among U.S. states in the 2010s. 59 percent of voters in California approved a 2018 ballot proposition that authorizes the legislature to use year-round daylight time, pending Congressional approval. The Washington State Legislature passed a bill in May 2019 that would move the state to permanent daylight time, subject to Congressional approval; the Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a similar bill a month later, while California's attempt failed. The provincial government of British Columbia announced in 2019 that they would follow the U.S. states in whether the time changes were kept or removed in order to maintain a unified time zone. In 2020, Idaho passed legislation to allow for permanent daylight time for the Pacific Time Zone. Congressional approval was sought through the Sunshine Protection Act, which was submitted several times and passed by the U.S. Senate in 2022, but its equivalent in the House of Representatives failed to pass.

See also
Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting

Notes

References

External links
 The Official NIST US Time
 Official times across Canada
 U.S. time zone map
 History of U.S. time zones and UTC conversion
 Canada time zone map
 Time zones for major world cities

Time in Canada
Time in Mexico
Time zones
Time zones in the United States

Pacific Time Zone


Graham Cyril Kennedy AO (15 February 1934 – 25 May 2005) was an Australian entertainer, comedian and variety performer, as well as a personality and star of radio, theatre, television and film. He often performed in the style of vaudevillian and radio comedy star Roy Rene and was often called "Gra Gra" (pronounced "gray-gray").

Honoured as an officer of the Order of Australia, he was a six-time recipient of the Gold Logie, including the Logie Hall of Fame award, and won the Star of the Year Award in 1959. He is the most awarded star of Australian television. He was often referred to as "The King" or the "King of Australian television".

He was also known for his television collaborations with Bert Newton and Don Lane.

Early life

Childhood
Kennedy was born in Camden Street, Balaclava to Cyril William Kennedy and Mary Austin Kennedy (née Scott). Kennedy's mother, who was 18 years old at the time of his birth, was employed at a local picture theatre. His father worked variously as an engineer and handyman, mowed lawns and washed cars. In 1939 he joined the RAAF as an air gunner. Kennedy's first home was a "small, crowded duplex" at 32 Nelson Street, Balaclava. A 20 cm diameter plaque was placed on the property by the City of Port Phillip, coincidentally in the week of Kennedy's death.

When Kennedy was two years old, his parents moved to Carlisle Street, St Kilda, for two years. His parents divorced shortly before World War II and Kennedy was largely raised by his grandparents, "Pop" Kennedy (who had been an electrician at Melbourne's Tivoli, Royal and Bijou theatres) and "Grandma Scott", to whom he remained particularly close until her death. Kennedy later said that he had:
often wished his mother and father had never married. 'I wasn't enamoured of either of them [...] they betrayed me [...] divorce is not too much fun for a little nine-year-old [...]
After Kennedy's death, an article in The Bulletin by his friend and colleague John Mangos recorded that:
... he would sometimes talk about the violent arguments between his parents, how he gravitated to his grandmother's bosom, his two uncles ("one fought the Germans, the other fought the Japs") and how one of them took liberties with the boy. Graham never resented him, claiming he equated it with affection.

Education
Kennedy was educated firstly at Euston College (which no longer exists) on the corner of Chapel and Carlisle streets, secondly at Caulfield North Central School (now Caulfield Junior College) and finally at Melbourne High School, South Yarra.

In 1977, Kennedy chaired a project to raise funds for improvements at Melbourne High which raised more than $100,000 in its first year.

After school
During a school break in 1949, Kennedy worked at his uncle's hairdressing shop at 475 Collins Street, where he met clients who worked in the same building for the Radio Australia shortwave service of the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC). He accepted a job as a news runner from Collins Street to the ABC studios in Lonsdale Street. Shortly after he joined radio station 3UZ, working in the station's record library.

Radio career

3UZ and "Nicky"
Clifford "Nicky" Nicholls Whitta was a Melbourne radio personality. A radio performer since 1932, he presented a housewives' program, as well as "Chatterbox Corner" with his wife Nancy Lee (Kathleen Lindgren). In an era when Australian radio announcers routinely adopted false British accents and a "hard-sell" approach to advertisements, Whitta's authentic Australian voice and irreverent attitude towards his sponsors brought him a large audience. In Nancy Lee's 1979 biography Being a Chum Was Fun she says: "Nicky went on to become the most popular announcer ever on Melbourne (r)adio".

In his foreword to Nancy Lee's book, Kennedy wrote:

About 40 years ago, when I was a snow haired six year old, I can remember being totally captivated by a grown man pretending to be a naughty little boy on 3AW's children session called "Chatterbox Corner". His name was Clifford Whitta, and he was to become the most important man in my life. Years later I was even more fascinated with this man when he conducted a breakfast program and let the boy who played his records actually talk on the air with him.

Nicholls moved from 3KZ to 3UZ (where Kennedy was working), bringing with him his teenage panel operators Alf "Alfie Boy" Thesinger and Russell Archer. However, eighteen-year-olds, Thesinger and Archer were conscripted for National Service. Nancy Lee's book records:

I asked Nicky, "Have you decided on anyone to help you in the session yet?" When I heard the chosen one was to be young Graham, I was surprised. "Oh, no, not Graham! [...] he's a nice boy, but he can't talk." Nick said, "Mum, leave him to me."

Nicky became father-figure, personal friend and mentor to Kennedy, and the two built an extraordinary on-air rapport. Kennedy wrote:
Being straight man to one of the greatest entertainers of our time was not all that easy. We were not always chums. He would spend weeks not talking to me (except on air) for something I had unknowingly said or done. Once he even suspended me from the programme for some trivial matter. [...] I worked with him until his sudden death in 1956. I never stopped being a fan. I did not realise then that I had been prepared for another career on another electrical medium: the most potent communication device of the century.

Nicky died on 8 September 1956.

Other radio
By May 1957, Kennedy was appearing on television, but also presented a 3AK morning radio program with Bert Newton in 1961–1962, which later originated from a studio built at Kennedy's home in Olivers Hill, Frankston.

In 1970, he worked at 3XY; from June to December 1975 he appeared on a 3LO drivetime program with Richard Combe; from September to November 1976 was on 3DB with Dennis Scanlan; in 1977 he returned to DB to cover the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II live from London.

RS Playhouse
Kennedy recorded eight 30-minute radio comedies for the ABC under the title Graham Kennedy's RS Playhouse. Written by Gary Reilly and Tony Sattler (who together wrote the television programs Kingswood Country and The Naked Vicar Show), the shows were broadcast between 11 August and 23 September 1979.

Sattler and his wife (actress Noeline Brown) were two of Kennedy's closest friends.

2Day FM
In 1980, Kennedy became a 10% shareholder in Sydney radio station 2Day FM, and from 24 May 1981 he presented a computer-edited, three-hour Sunday morning program of music and comedy.

Television career

Kennedy's first television appearance was in March 1957, representing 3UZ on a GTV-9 Red Cross telethon. Viewing his performance on the monitors, GTV-9's general manager Colin Bednall and producer Norman Spencer "... turned to one another without exchanging a word and shook hands."

In Melbourne Tonight

Bednall and Spencer defied both the GTV-9 boardroom and the first sponsor (Philips) by choosing Kennedy, who began on a salary of £30 for five one-hour evening shows per week to be called In Melbourne Tonight (or IMT) which began on 6 May 1957 (A$213 per hour in 2022 terms). Thus, the 23-year-old Kennedy began a career of which he later said that he was "terrified for forty years". The show's theme song, "Gee, But You're Swell", was written by Abel Baer and Thomas Tobias in 1936.

Kennedy was not GTV-9's first choice – they had planned to use either 3UZ personality John McMahon or 3DB's Dick Cranbourne. Despite later reports that the program's name had been intended to be The Late Show, and that rival station HSV-7 beat GTV-9 to the title by one week, contemporary press reports from several weeks before the show's debut list the title as "In Melbourne Tonight". The program became extremely popular, although Kennedy had his detractors. Kennedy was quoted as saying:
Many women write to tell me that although their husbands may not like me, they do. It appears from the mail that the women have the say on what the household is watching. And we do remember that it is the women who do the buying of products that we advertise. Bearing that in mind we try and design our commercials for them.

IMT was devised as a copy of the American Tonight Show format, with the host presiding over sketches, introducing star artists and reading advertisements live. His colleague Bert Newton records in his autobiography:

(Norman) Spencer was the mastermind of IMT; don't let anyone forget that. Nothing happened on IMT that Norm did not approve personally [...] Norman Spencer chose Graham Kennedy as compère; Norm kept his eye on the show from day to day; he pushed the buttons from the control room which put the TV shots into viewers' homes at night; he added the talent around Graham and he set up the organisation.

Spencer wielded other influence, too. According to Hugh Stuckey, a writer on the show, the producer placed Kennedy with a series of attractive young women to displace rumours of Kennedy's homosexuality.
This was an era in which homosexuality was, well, horrifying. So every now and again Kennedy had to be seen about in case any viewers thought him the other persuasion. [...] It was cleverly manipulated – the station had the media at its disposal. It was all to give Graham a good old hetero image though he always seemed very unsexual.

By July 1959, the program was still popular in Melbourne. Recurring comedy players Joff Ellen and Rosie Sturgess became regulars. Singer Toni Lamond joined the cast. Attempts were made at this time to launch Kennedy as a national personality. Special Friday night editions of IMT were produced under the title of The Graham Kennedy Show and recorded on videotape which had just come into use. After being transmitted live in Melbourne taped copies of the show would be shipped to Adelaide, Brisbane and Sydney for transmission there on subsequent evenings. Producer Spencer observed there was critical and popular resistance to Kennedy in Sydney. Queensland too had shown suspicion to imports from down south trumpeted to Queenslanders as the best in Australia while Queensland itself had apparently been left out of this judgement.

The Graham Kennedy Show began in February 1960 but was not popular in Sydney. The program was judged stilted compared to IMT itself; Kennedy seemed much more subdued than usual, was tense, and the comedy was not working. Critics in Sydney and Queensland disliked key components of the show. Judged as a flop, The Graham Kennedy Show in Sydney was dropped by ATN7 after 13 weeks. The program however was immediately picked up by TCN9 – its general manager Ken G. Hall saw potential in the program. After continued bad reviews its popularity increased in Sydney. By July 1960 it had reached its twenty-fifth episode and had the highest ratings in Australia.

Later in 1960 Kennedy faced opposition when Sir Frank Packer bought GTV-9. Unlike the previous owner, Packer interfered directly with the station's activities. GTV-9 executive Colin Bednall reported that Packer hated Kennedy and forcefully articulated his desire to have him removed from the IMT.

Packer had a phobia about homosexuals and he believed Kennedy to be one. He insisted he could pick one a mile off.

Kennedy himself was aware that Packer "loathed" him:

Sir Frank did suspect that I and others were of that persuasion. I mean if everyone in the television industry was fired because of that, there would be few around! [...] I've been accused of everything. I've been accused of being homosexual, bisexual, heterosexual and worst of all asexual, which means you don't do anything. That's cruel.

Packer's arrival prompted the departure of IMT producer Norman Spencer. IMT continued its run. Other regular performers on IMT were Patti Newton and Philip Brady. In 1961 Kennedy described his presentation of the program.

In the whole of the ten years I have been working on radio and television, I have been working to a majority of women. I think women prefer men to be well-mannered, so I always try to watch my manners. They like men to be well dressed, so I do my best to observe this. Others bring to my notice the fact that I sometimes make grammatical errors in my speech; so, because of this, I try to watch my grammar – but at the same time I bear in mind that it's more profitable for me to be entertaining than to be perfect in my use of English.

By March 1961 the national show had been renamed Graham Kennedy's Channel 9 Show and was finding quiet acceptance nationally. Even at this time Kennedy admitted there were problems in the weekly national show.

We clam up and get tense. But I think the national show will improve in the next few weeks. We want to include the best segments of IMT in the national show. IMT is a lot more spontaneous than the national show – we've run up to an hour overtime. We like to get the audience to participate and if we can find someone interesting in the studio audience we throw away our scripts and just adlib.

Kennedy by this stage did not always host IMT. Bert Newton hosted on Monday nights. Then a September 1961 reshuffle had Toni Lamond host Monday nights and Newton hosted only on Thursday nights. Kennedy took occasional nights off to be replaced by Fred Parslow, Jimmy Hannan, and Philip Brady. Despite resistance from network executives to the varied hosting line-up, the ratings remained strong.

In January 1962 the national Graham Kennedy's Channel 9 Show was cancelled and replaced by The Channel 9 Show hosted by Bert Newton. Kennedy continued to fine-tune his IMT performances. Kennedy had a strong understanding of key technical elements of television and perfected his comic timing, and watched the lenses on the TV cameras, adjusting his performance depending on whether he was in a wide shot or a close up. Compilation highlight programs of IMT segments were screened in Sydney, Perth, Brisbane and Adelaide in May 1963 under the title The Best of Kennedy. The Best of Kennedy continued until December 1963. On IMT, Noel Ferrier was appointed the new Friday night host. Also in 1963 writer Mike McColl-Jones joined. Kennedy had often disliked having writers on the program, was reluctant for them to be publicly acknowledged, and often ignored all their material, preferring to rely on Tivoli shtick and sketches remembered by veterans like Joff Ellen. In the case of McColl-Jones, Kennedy seemed to like him and his comedy material, which was apparently the key requirement by which Kennedy would use a writer's material. McColl-Jones continued as a writer on the series for several years. Also in 1963 Ernie Carroll joined the writing team. Kennedy had apparently relaxed his attitude towards writers by this stage and seemed happy to use their material with few complaints.

In 1964 Bert Newton abruptly disappeared from the program. It was not publicly acknowledged at the time but he had suffered a nervous breakdown. After a long absence he returned to appear on the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday evening episodes. On 14 June 1965 IMT reached its 2,000th instalment and more people watched the show per capita than any other television program in the world.

By this stage Fred Parslow was well established on the program's writing team and was a confidante of Kennedy's.
When he was really down, depressed about things. A relationship had failed. He rang me in a terrible state and asked me to go down to his house in Frankston. Joan, my wife, said you better go. He sounded really desperate. There wasn't much he could do for such a long time. Of course, when he did start to get brave, he was too old for going around and picking up what he might enjoy. He was the first of our mega stars; there seem to be mega stars everywhere now. In those days, living in such a Sleepy Hollow like Melbourne, he found his life terribly, terribly difficult. And you can understand in those days. The times have changed. It's almost compulsory to be homosexual now.

On 7 July 1965 Kennedy appeared on a then-innovative live split-screen link with Don Lane, the host of Sydney Tonight, via the recently completed co-axial cable linking Melbourne and Sydney. Starting late September 1966, IMT itself was transmitted to Sydney via the coaxial cable. This coincided with a cameo in the film They're a Weird Mob in which Kennedy plays himself. Like the film's protagonist, Kennedy in the film finds Sydney to be a city somewhat unwelcoming towards migrants from anywhere. By early December 1966 ratings for Kennedy's show were strong in Sydney. There was an increase from one IMT episode a week in Sydney, to two, with a Monday night broadcast added that month.

By 1968 there was a regular roster of IMT guest hosts, including Bert Newton, Tim Evans, Bobby Limb, Don Lane, Kevin Sanders, and Michael Preston. The announcement of Kennedy's intention to leave IMT was made in October 1969 and he left the show on the expiration of his contract 23 December 1969. His final episode features newsreader Sir Eric Pearce placing on his head a crown made by the Channel Nine prop department in the style of that worn by Henry IV, symbolising Kennedy's reign as King of Australian television.

In 2007, the crown (which a private collector had recognised at a junk store in Bowral NSW, and purchased for $5) was auctioned for more than $17,000 to a producer of the Seven Network's Sunrise program.

The Graham Kennedy Show

After specials on 15 November 1971 and 2 March 1972, Kennedy returned to regular television with The Graham Kennedy Show on 19 September 1972. This series lasted until late 1973. In 1974, when Kennedy claimed he wanted a rest, Nine allegedly paid him not to sign with another network. It was Frank Packer who paid Kennedy $50,000 to do nothing, as he was fearful he would work for someone else. Kennedy said in 1978:

It wasn't a retainer. It was $50,000 not to work. Sir Frank didn't know it but I had no intention of working.

The Graham Kennedy Show resumed in March 1975, and was Kennedy's first series in colour.

Memorable, and controversial, moments, included the "crow call" controversy where, on 3 March 1975, Kennedy imitated a crow call ("faaaaaark") highly reminiscent of the word "fuck". This led the Australian Broadcasting Control Board to request that Kennedy "show cause" why he should not be removed from the airwaves. Kennedy replied that he could not show cause, suggesting that the Board take action to limit his appearances, while hinting at legal action should they do so. Rather than removing him, the ABCB banned Kennedy from appearing live, forcing him to pre-record the show on videotape.

Another notable moment was from 17 April 1975, when Kennedy attacked Senator Doug McClelland, the then Minister for the Media, over local content issues. His comments were edited, and a voiceover recorded by the general manager was inserted saying that Kennedy had made a "cowardly attack on a Labor Minister who was unable to defend himself."

Following the McClelland incident, Kennedy parted company with the Nine Network, but later returned.

Later television work
Kennedy appeared as Clive Parker in an episode of the 26-part ABC drama Power Without Glory, which began on 21 June 1976.

He returned to television in 1977 for what is now Network Ten to host a comedy game show, Blankety Blanks. It dominated early evening television over two seasons, between 7 February 1977 and 15 September 1978. The show featured friends from his earlier days including Noeline Brown, Barry Creyton, Noel Ferrier, Ugly Dave Gray, Carol Raye and Stuart Wagstaff. It was only after the show became a ratings success and the network's most profitable program that it revealed Kennedy was paid an unprecedented $1 million per season.

In 1979, "The King" became King of Moomba complete with his motorised desk, the second Melbourne-born recipient after Newton.

In 1982 Kennedy provided the voice-over narration for a ten-episode ABC historical documentary The Blainey View.

Kennedy appeared as the host of Channel Seven's morning news program Eleven AM in 1983 and again – for eight weeks – in 1984. Nearly 60 by this point, Kennedy accepted an offer from the Nine Network's managing director Sam Chisholm to present Graham Kennedy's News Show from Sydney, to air five nights a week at 10:30 pm against Clive Robertson's Newsworld on the Seven Network. Five trial programs were recorded but never broadcast.

Kennedy initially "pulled the plug" and withdrew from the show but returned (see Harry M. Miller, below). Kennedy's contract stipulated that his co-presenter would be sports commentator Ken Sutcliffe.

Kennedy's writers, who worked from a production cottage at the corner of Scott Street and Artarmon Road included Jim Pike, Tim Evans, Larry Burns, and Ken Sterling. Blundell records:

They worked in the back room shooting out gags over typewriters and word processors, united in their hatred of the 'Little Guy', as they also called him."

The writers also referred to Kennedy as "the little buggle-eyed bastard",. However, they admired his talent. Jim Pike said, ".. I hate him, but he is the best there is".

Kennedy defied convention with his tasteless humour. Pointing out the irony of how a news show gets good ratings he said it would be helpful for his show's ratings if the Pope's aircraft were to fly into a mountain while it was full of orphans.  He also remarked that Queen Elizabeth II "didn't have bad breasts ... for a woman of her age" and mocked 17 October 1989, San Francisco Loma Prieta earthquake with a re-creation on the set.

After a slightly heavy woman was caught for streaking at a cricket match, Graham explained on air that they would run the footage but had to cover certain offending parts of her body with black.  The clip he played was all black, except for a single spot that revealed her pubic hair.

He also reprised the "Chum Song" from Melbourne radio days, saying that it originated in a 1920s children's newspaper column in Scotland. In Nancy Lee's book Being a Chum Was Fun she writes:

The Chum Song, I believe, was written and recorded in Glasgow in 1930 by Jack Hylton's orchestra for a Scottish Newsboys Club. The recording Kennedy used to close the program was provided by Melbourne music Historian Alex Hehr

The lyrics of the chorus are:

Being a chum is fun,
That is why I'm one;
Always smiling, always gay,
Chummy at work,
(and) chummy at play -
Laugh away your worries,
Don't be sad or glum;
And everyone will know that you're a
Chum, chum, chum!

Sutcliffe would "corpse", with tears in his eyes, unable to continue; this became so frequent that Kennedy managed to coin a catchphrase, "I love it when he cries".

Kennedy called Sutcliffe "Two Dogs" after delivering a joke ending with the tag "Why do you ask, Two Dogs Rooting?"

Graham Kennedy's News Show was a rarity in that it was a live news show that had a studio audience.  Five nights a week for most of the year, audiences lined up at 10:30 at night just to see Kennedy do his magic in the flesh.  Often the funniest parts of the show were in the commercial breaks when Kennedy would come down and join the audience for a chat.  He always made a point of telling them a particularly crude joke that was timed so they got the punchline just a second before the show was back on air. On 13 February 1989 the show became Coast to Coast, with Nine journalist John Mangos replacing Sutcliffe, and ran until 8 December 1989. Kennedy's last series was Graham Kennedy's Funniest Home Video Show which was broadcast between 29 March and 15 November 1990 on the Nine Network. Kennedy presented the introduction segment to the Nine Network special 35 Years of Television in 1991. The segment covered the very early days of television variety, including his own In Melbourne Tonight. Kennedy's last television appearance was in February 1994 in an interview for Ray Martin Presents Graham Kennedy's Sixtieth. Believing that Martin had ambushed him by departing from a pre-agreed list of questions, Kennedy ensured that much of the interview was unusable for broadcast by peppering his responses with obscenities.

In 2005 John Mangos wrote:
He (Kennedy) later explained the experience in a piece for TV Week in an article called 'In his own words'.

"Ray Martin and I had worked together before, and he well knows that if I have the questions in advance, he'll get a better interview. Everyone knows this – politicians in particular. Ray duly faxed the questions to me, but on the morning of the recording changed them. I was bewildered by this (I think a researcher let him down). I terminated the interview when I didn't know what he was talking about and went upstairs to lunch."

It was a critical turning point in his career. He vowed never to do television again.

Ray Martin denied any ill intent, saying "We faxed a series of general topics, but it was clear at the outset that much would depend on the general run of the interview [...] An ambush was not on the agenda [...] He had no complaints. There was never a suggestion that he was unhappy."

Logie awards
Kennedy coined the name Logie Award in 1960, after the inventor of television, John Logie Baird.

Kennedy received many Logies, including:

 5 Gold Logies for the Most Popular Personality on Australian Television (1960, 1967, 1969, 1974, and 1978).
He also won the "TV Week Awards' Star of the Year" award at the inaugural presentation in 1959, and this is sometimes counted as his first Gold Logie, which would give him 6 in total
 a Special Logie Award – the Star of the Decade in 1967
 a Hall of Fame Logie Award in 1998. He did not attend the ceremony; the award was accepted on his behalf by Bert Newton.

Filmography

Film

Television
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Type
|-
| 1957 || GTV-9 Red Cross telethon || 3UZ representative || TV special
|-
| 1957-69 || In Melbourne Tonight (IMT) || Host || TV variety series, 87 episodes
|-
| 1959 || The Bob Dyer Show || Himself || TV special
|-
| 1959 || BP Super Show || Himself || TV series
|-
| 1959 || Adelaide Tonight || Himself || TV series
|-
| 1960 || The General Motors Hour || Himself || TV series, 1 episode
|-
| 1961-62 || Graham Kennedy's Channel 9 Show''' || Host || TV variety series
|-
| 1963 || The Best of Kennedy || || TV highlights series
|-
| 1965 || In Perth Tonight || Himself || TV series
|-
| 1972 || ALP: It's Time || Himself || TV political campaign
|-
| 1972-75 || The Graham Kennedy Show || Host || TV variety series, 115 episodes
|-
| 1975 || Celebrity Squares || Himself || TV game series, 11 episodes
|-
| 1976 || Power Without Glory || Clive Parker || TV series, 1 episode
|-
| 1976-83 || The Don Lane Show || Himself || TV series, 2 episodes
|-
| 1977-78 || Blankety Blanks || Host || TV game series, 27 episodes
|-
| 1980 || Kingswood Country || Himself || TV series, 1 episode
|-
| 1980 || Celebrity Tattle Tales || Himsf || TV series, 2 episodes
|-
| 1980 || Cabaret || Himself || TV series
|-
| 1981 || The Love Boat || Port Vila Jeweller || TV series, 2 episodes
|-
| 1982 || The Blainey View || Narrator || TV documentary series, 10 episodes
|-
| 1983 || Silent Reach || Chasser Fitzpatrick || TV miniseries, 2 episodes
|-
| 1983-84 || Eleven AM || Host || TV series
|-
| 1984 || Five Mile Creek || Walker the Hawker || TV series, 1 episode
|-
| 1988-89 || Graham Kennedy's News Show || Host || TV series
|-
| 1989 || Coast to Coast || || TV series
|-
| 1989 || Channel Seven Perth Telethon || Himself || TV special, 1 episode
|-
| 1990 || Graham Kennedy's Funniest Home Video Show || Host || TV series, 1 episode
|-
| 1991 || 35 Years of Television || Presenter (introduction segment) || TV specials
|-
| 1994 || Ray Martin Presents Graham Kennedy's Sixtieth || Interviewee || TV special
|}

Personal life
Being a period of that era of the 1950s I think being gay must have been pretty harsh for Graham. I can imagine...everybody knew, nobody cared, but I think it was such a time when you didn't talk about issues that were personal, and I think that made him much more secretive and reclusive, and I think that was probably quite a tough thing for him... – Susan Gaye Anderson

Kennedy himself never publicly acknowledged that he was gay, but his homosexuality was considered an open secret within the Australian entertainment industry.

In the 1960s, Bob Dyer described him as "probably the loneliest young man in Australia."

In 1973, Melbourne newspapers reported that Kennedy was engaged to 28-year-old Australian singer Lana Cantrell, who became a successful New York lawyer. Many years later, Kennedy wrote to a newspaper that a photographer, taking pictures of him and Cantrell leaving a restaurant together, asked if he could "hint at a romance". The following Sunday, a poster proclaimed "Graham and Lana to wed". His former housekeeper, Devona Fox, in the 2009 television documentary The Real Graham Kennedy—produced by Bob Phillips, one of the producers from Kennedy's breakthrough Channel 9 program In Melbourne Tonight—is quoted as saying:

Graham always told me right early on that he would never get married. He told me that his life was devastated when his parents split up, and he said straight out, "Mrs Fox, I'll never get married", so I never expected anything more of him than what did happen. Even when Lana Cantrell came into the scene I was puzzled and I did say to him why all this, and of course we all know it was good publicity. Lana came to the house and I had to go up, and have it all cleaned, ready for her and her party to come one Sunday night. And then on the Monday night, this great big announcement was going to be made that he was supposed to be engaged to Lana Cantrell. Well, the ratings went through the roof...

In his 2006 book King and I: My Life with Graham Kennedy, published by celebrity agent Anthony Zammit, broadcaster Rob Astbury stated that Kennedy and he had been lovers. Kennedy is portrayed as homosexual in the 2007 biopic The King.

He was a Freemason.

 Lawsuit
Kennedy engaged Harry M. Miller as his agent. According to biographer Blundell, Kennedy believed that Miller was to donate his commission of $2500 per week to the Wayside Chapel for Kennedy's appearance on Graham Kennedy's News Show.

Miller later sued Kennedy for "wrongful termination and for a 20 per cent commission on his 1989 gross earnings." During the court case, Miller "painted a picture of his client of twenty years as a late-night drunk in the habit of sending demanding faxes while under the influence." Justice Brownie found against Miller, and ordered him to pay $75,699 and costs.

Retirement
In 1991, Kennedy retired to a rural property at Canyonleigh, near Bowral in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, near his friends Tony Sattler and Noeline Brown, where his main companions were two Clydesdale horses named Dave and Sarah, and Henry, a Golden Retriever.

Health problems
Kennedy's health declined during the 1990s. He was diabetic, and a heavy smoker and drinker. Throughout his illnesses, his friends Tony Sattler and Noeline Brown rallied to his aid.

On 18 December 2001 his housekeeper found him unconscious and dehydrated. Sattler said "Between the diabetes and the booze, there's not much left of him", adding that the death of Kennedy's dog Henry was "the final trigger".

On 14 June 2002 Kennedy was found unconscious at the foot of the stairs at his home, suffering a broken leg and skull with suspected brain damage.

His Canyonleigh property was sold, and he moved into a townhouse and later a nursing home.

Benefactor
Despite a career of high earnings, press reports said that his financial situation was, while not disastrous, insufficient to fund his ongoing care. Having made millions for the Packer family interests, he believed that "the Packers will always look after me".

According to Graeme Blundell's biography, Tony Sattler:

[...]spent several days ringing Kerry Packer's office [...] Nursing was going to cost $3000 a week. 'We could cope for several years but not longer. [...] After three days Di Stone, Mr Packer's personal assistant, called Sattler back: 'Mr Packer has considered his plight. Unfortunately, he is unable to assist.
[...] Sattler received a phone call from [...] an 'unnamed businessman' – [...] ten minutes later there was a call from Graham's bank to tell Sattler that $150,000 had been deposited in the ailing comedian's account.

On 27 May 2005, Noeline Brown confirmed that the benefactor was Sam Chisholm.

However, Kennedy's will reportedly left a seven-figure sum to the Sydney City Mission.

Decline and death
On 2 February 2004, The Daily Telegraph said:
The king of Australian TV Graham Kennedy will celebrate his 70th birthday next weekend with a few close friends. The low-key affair is expected to be at the Kenilworth Nursing Home at Bowral where Kennedy has lived since taking a nasty tumble a few years ago. Physically he's not in terrific shape. He can't walk any more and gets around in a wheelchair as a result of the diabetes and the years of heavy smoking.

Actor Graeme Blundell, who had worked with Kennedy on the movie The Odd Angry Shot, published a biography of Kennedy, King: The Life and Comedy of Graham Kennedy (MacMillan, 2003). A newspaper report stated that Kennedy "passed on his best wishes but declined to be involved 'for no particular reason [...] other than he believes he has a limited memory of many of the facts of his life'." The book, which was completed before Kennedy's death, ends with "Graham read them [chapters of an early draft] ... asked if he wished to read any more, 'No', Graham Kennedy said. 'I know how it ends.'"

In 2001, Kennedy's friend and Coast to Coast colleague John Mangos was reported as saying:

I can say to his beloved fans that they won't see Graham again. He won't appear publicly again; he is in his twilight. He has made a personal decision to disappear quietly into the sunset.On 25 May 2005, aged 71, Kennedy died at the Kenilworth Nursing Home, Bowral, from complications from pneumonia.

John Mangos wrote in The Bulletin:

A week before his 69th birthday, he was bedridden and infirm. His wasted and frail, aching body could take no more. I paid a short and emotional visit. Still, the ashtray was by his bedside next to a radio tuned to ABC Radio National. I leaned over to kiss him on the forehead and he whispered, 'Don't get too close, it hurts'.

He also wrote:

I was often asked if he had cancer or AIDS. In fact at 67, he had diabetes, some rheumatism, the odd creaky joint, a healthy capacity to whinge and the usual symptoms connected with smoking and drinking. But by now the horses were gone and the dog had died. He was eating less and drinking more. One night, he fell down the stairs. He was discovered the next morning on the floor by his housekeeper. He was rushed to the local hospital where pneumonia in one lung was treated effectively and efficiently, a fracture near his hip was repaired and he was diagnosed with brain damage. We were to learn he had Korsakoff's syndrome (an alcohol-related condition) and we decided to keep it private.

Korsakoff's syndrome is a form of amnesia seen in chronic alcoholics; briefly stated, victims eat too little and drink too much.

Derryn Hinch controversy
After his death, controversial Melbourne-based 3AW radio broadcaster Derryn Hinch alleged that Kennedy had died from an AIDS-related disease. This was strenuously denied by his friends and carers Noeline Brown and Tony Sattler, and as a result Kennedy's biographer Graeme Blundell then published Kennedy's medical records, including a recent negative HIV test, to disprove this allegation.

Funeral
Tony Sattler offered the Nine Network the right to televise the funeral but it declined, claiming it could not justify the cost of the outside broadcast. The Seven Network accepted, and gave coverage free of charge to the Nine Network. Hence, the one-hour funeral service was aired simultaneously across both Seven and Nine networks.

Stuart Wagstaff presented the funeral, which was attended by many of Kennedy's friends, colleagues and associates on the morning of 31 May 2005 at a small community theatre in the town of Mittagong. At the end of the funeral Kennedy's coffin was carried by players from the St Kilda Football Club, the Australian rules football team he supported.

Wagstaff's eulogy alluded to the claims made by Derryn Hinch about the cause of Kennedy's death:

Delivering a eulogy for a close friend and for someone who was so much admired is never a happy occasion. Though I must confess I would be quite happy to deliver a eulogy for a certain media personality who's tried the second Kennedy assassination of our time... and failed.The Age newspaper, on 26 June 2005, reported John Mangos as saying that he "knew Kennedy wanted his ashes scattered at sea. And that wish was carried out." This was confirmed in a report in The Sydney Morning Herald which stated that Kennedy's ashes were scattered in the sea at Kiama attended by a group which included "Noeline Brown, Tony Sattler, John Mangos, Stuart Wagstaff, Kennedy's former housekeeper Sally Baker-Beall and her husband John, and old friends Christine and Nicholas Deeprose."

Legacy

Four of Kennedy's television shows were named in the program 50 Years 50 Shows which counted down the top 50 Australian TV shows of all time, as decided by ratings data and the opinions of 100 television industry professionals, on the Nine Network on 25 September 2005. Kennedy's In Melbourne Tonight topped the poll, Power Without Glory was 15th, Blankety Blanks was 20th, and Coast to Coast was 42nd.

In the Australia Day honours of 26 January 2006, Kennedy was posthumously appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO), for "service to the entertainment industry as an actor, comedian and presenter significantly influencing the development of the radio, television and film industries in Australia, and to the community". The award was made effective from 5 May 2005.

The King telemovie
A telemovie examining Kennedy's life, titled The King'', began filming in December 2006. It stars Stephen Curry as Kennedy and Stephen Hall as Bert Newton, with Garry McDonald, Shaun Micallef, Steve Bisley, Jane Allsop as Noeline Brown, Beau Brady, Leo Taylor as Sir Frank Packer and Bernard Curry as John Wesley.

The project, which cost $2.1 million, premiered on 20 May 2007 on TV1 (becoming the highest-rating drama to be shown on pay-TV) to heavy criticism by Kennedy's friends. Tony Sattler and his wife, actress Noeline Brown, Kennedy's closest friends, said they were mortified by the movie, saying that "The film was obsessed with his homosexuality. I don't think people cared about that ... He was Australia's most famous, successful entertainer but how much do we see of that in the film? We see fuck all of it." The Nine Network screened the film on 27 August 2007 .

Comedic style
Kennedy deliberately pushed the boundaries of acceptability in a socially conservative era. Inspired by stage comedians such as Roy Rene, his style was bawdy, irreverent, iconoclastic, often smutty, sometimes deliberately camp, and laden with innuendo and double-entendre. He regularly overstepped the boundaries of accepted "good taste", once telling a fan "There are no limits, love, there are no limits."

Journalist Megan Gressor described Kennedy's style as having "... mongrel roots – a hybrid of vaudeville, slapstick and endless suggestiveness, plus a subliminal subversiveness all his own. It seems almost pantomimic to modern eyes, but Kennedy was a product of simpler times. And more complex. His was an act predicated upon repression; naughtiness loses its point in a world without taboos, where anything goes. It wouldn't work today, when people don't just say "fuck" on television, they do it."

References

Further reading

External links
Graham Kennedy biography (ABC)
ABC news obituary including video and audio links
Laughterlog.com – Biography with list of radio, television and film appearances
Vale Graham Kennedy – includes rare early recordings of Whitta with Kennedy
Blainey – The first inhabitants – Kennedy voiceover
Blainey – Bush medicine – Kennedy voiceover

1934 births
2005 deaths
Australian Freemasons
Australian game show hosts
Australian male comedians
Australian male film actors
Australian radio personalities
Australian television talk show hosts
Comedians from Melbourne
Deaths from pneumonia in New South Wales
Australian gay actors
Gay comedians
Gold Logie winners
Officers of the Order of Australia
People educated at Melbourne High School
Television personalities from Melbourne
Royal Australian Air Force personnel
20th-century Australian comedians
Radio personalities from Melbourne
20th-century Australian LGBT people
People from St Kilda, Victoria
Australian LGBT comedians

Graham Kennedy


The Adaptaur is a tropically-adapted Bos taurus beef cattle breed which was developed in Australia in the 1950s from crosses between Herefords and Shorthorns.

History
The breed was established on the Belmont Research Station near Rockhampton, Queensland and cattle were selected primarily for increased resistance and/or tolerance to tropical heat and cattle ticks (Boophilus microplus).

Characteristics
Adaptaur cattle are early maturing and of a medium size with a short dark red pigmented coat and good resistance to internal parasites.  Some Adaptaurs carry a gene that produces extremely high resistance to cattle ticks and the Australian Hereford Society is assisting to increase frequency of the gene by embryo transfer.

It is capable of producing substantial hybrid vigor when used for crossbreeding. The F1 progeny grow faster and are more fertile than Brahmans. Adaptaurs have similar resistance to ticks and worms as Brahmans. They are at least 10% more efficient than Brahmans and have the favorable carcass qualities of the Bos taurus cattle.

Adaptaur cattle are mainly found in the tropical areas of northern Australia.

References

External links
Animal Genetics
Science direct

Cattle breeds originating in Australia

Adaptaur


Jonny Quest versus The Cyber Insects (also known as Jonny's Global Impact) is an animated made-for-television film made by Hanna-Barbera. It premiered on November 19, 1995 on TNT, and was the final iteration of the classic Jonny Quest franchise. The film was a follow-up to the series The New Adventures of Jonny Quest  (1986–87), with the same actors voicing Dr. Quest (Don Messick) and Race Bannon (Granville Van Dusen), and was made as part of a "Year of Jonny Quest". This was Don Messick's last time to voice Dr. Quest in the Jonny Quest series. Jonny's original voice actor, Tim Matheson, returned as the voice of 4-DAC. The plot featured "creepy cyberbugs, techno-speak and computer-assisted info wars, all amidst good old-fashioned melodramatic evil." with a teleplay by David Bennett Carren and J. Larry Carroll.

In addition to the original character line-up, this story also features Race's daughter Jessie Bannon, introduced in Jonny's Golden Quest (1993) and voiced once again by Anndi McAfee. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution declared Jessie to be "no 'icky girl'...Not only does she save Jonny's life when disturbingly large fire ants attack, but she also teaches him patience." A test screening of Cyber Insects to 30- to 35-year-old males revealed that though some questioned her addition, most "understood that just like the [original] series, [the update] is a reflection of its times." The Hollywood Reporter's critic enjoyed some sparkling moments of dialogue in the teleplay, but criticized the film's pacing and the repetitiveness of the "overwrought emotional atmosphere" created by the threatened destruction of civilization. The reviewer remarked that Héctor Elizondo and Jeffrey Tambor stole the show with "inimitable style" in voice acting, while animation directors Marlene May and Ron Myrick "brilliantly created two visually intense worlds" with "fantastic" animation.  The film is dedicated to the memory of Doug Wildey, the creator of Jonny Quest, who died in 1994 (one year after the USA Network premiere of Jonny's Golden Quest).

Plot
Jonny Quest and Hadji Singh are fleeing from a seemingly hostile tribe of natives in the Orinoco in South America. After evading both the tribe and various jungle predators, including some ferocious alligators, the two enter a native village. Their goal is to steal a sacred sapphire, seemingly unguarded. Hadji points out that it is too easy, but Jonny impulsively attempts to take the jewel, and the two boys are taken prisoner by the tribe who have lain in wait. At this point, Chief Atacama appears along with Jonny's father Dr. Benton Quest, Race Bannon and the Quests' dog, Bandit, revealing the entire thing to have been an Orinoquian test of manhood. One which Jonny has failed.

Later, Jonny confides in Chief Atacama, who reveals he failed because he didn't listen to his friend, Hadji. Jonny reveals he is uncertain he can measure up his world-famous scientist father, and Atacama tells him if he follows the correct path he will attain his goal. Suddenly a violent storm rocks the region. Dr. Quest is contacted by Commander Harris from the organization Intelligence 1, who reveals the bizarre weather is happening all over Earth and seeks his assistance in discovering its origin. The Quests return to their South American base where Race's daughter Jessie rubs Jonny the wrong way due to his failing the Orinoquian test. Jonny's personal robot 4-DAC, is also introduced. 4-DAC assists Quest in determining the origin of the storms is somewhere in space, likely a satellite of some sort.

Armed with this information, Benton opts to go and visit his colleague Dr. Eve Belage, who works on Quest Station, a research platform in Earth's orbit. He takes 4-DAC with him. Out in the jungle, a ship crashlands and disgorges a group of cybernetic insects, who use a sonic device of some kind to induce a swarm of ants to attack the Quest compound in an effort to prevent Benton's ship, Quest Shuttle 1, from launching. However Jonny plays a recording of Chief Atacama's flute music, which drives the ants off, and Quest Shuttle 1 launches without incident. Benton and 4-DAC arrive and meet with Eve, who gives them a tour of the station, which Benton helped create and fund.

Elsewhere, it is revealed that the Quests' old enemy Dr. Zin is behind both the weather phenomenon and the gigantic insects. He is assisted by several numbered technicians: 425, 426 and 427. Blaming 425 for the ants' failure, Zin has him killed and promotes 426 in his place. Back on Earth, Jonny impulsively goes to investigate the source of the ants and takes Hadji and Jessie with him, without asking Race first. His brash behavior nearly gets the three killed when they encounter the insects. Race manages to shoot one's arm off, and they take it back to the compound for analysis. Aboard Quest Station, 4-DAC is brought under Dr. Zin's remote control using a computer virus. 4-DAC uploads all of Quest Station's files to Zin's computer, including Dr. Belage's research into prehistoric assassin bugs.

Needing the assassin bugs for his own work, Zin captures the entire space station using his cloaked asteroid base. He has Benton and Eve brought to him. The remaining scientists are kept imprisoned aboard Quest Station. After losing contact with his father, Jonny, accompanied by Race, Hadji, Jessie and Bandit, takes Quest Shuttle 2 into space to find them. The group remains in contact with Commander Harris and Intelligence 1 with a video link. Aboard the asteroid, Zin explains he plans to weaken Earth using his weather-changing satellites before unleashing his cyber insects upon it. Having no further use for 4-DAC, he has the robot dumped into a vat of ethynol before using Eve's research to begin growing a giant mutated assassin bug inside of a vat. When Quest Shuttle 2 appears on their radar, he orders 426 and 427 to shoot the ship down with an ion cannon despite Benton's pleas.

426 refuses, telling Zin doing so would give away their position. Zin admits she is right but then drops her through a trapdoor for questioning him, and promotes 427. He has Benton and Eve taken to a holding cell in a giant honeycomb-like structure. On Quest Shuttle 2, Jonny uses his laptop to locate 4-DAC, who he remotely links with. The computer virus is cleaned up using anti-virus software, and 4-DAC fills the group in on what has happened so far after extracting himself from the ethynol vat. He finds and frees Benton and Eve and the three begin searching for a way out. When Jonny, desperate to save his father, flies Quest Shuttle 2 near the asteroid again, Zin has 427 send out fighters piloted by his cyber insects to destroy them. During the attack, Race is injured and thought dead.

After learning of Benton and Eve's escape, Zin executes 427 by freezing him to death and shatters his frozen body to pieces. He has the insects find the two. They are swiftly recaptured despite 4-DAC's attempt to distract the insects. Shot and damaged, the robot is dumped down a trash chute. Zin reveals his presence to Intelligence 1, uncloaking the asteroid, and tells Commander Harris all of Earth must surrender to him. Back on Quest Shuttle 2, Race is revived. Jonny blames himself for almost getting Race killed, but is told by Hadji and Jessie that part of growing up is making mistakes and learning from them. He agrees to assist them in getting aboard the asteroid. Zin, intending to upload all of Benton and Eve's memories into his computer, hooks the two up to a brain-scanning machine before he is distracted by Quest Shuttle 2's attack. He destroys it using the ion cannon, much to Benton's horror.

Unknown to him however ship was empty. The group infiltrates the base using a pair of small shuttecraft called Weasels, and Jonny finds 4-DAC, whose body is damaged beyond repair, however his CPU remains intact, and so Jonny uploads him into his laptop, along with the computer virus, inactive but still present, which he intends to use against Zin's computer. In the meantime, Zin's assassin bug, which he calls an "Assassinoid," finishes growing. Zin tells it to go and attack the intruders. Quest Team's first encounter with the Assassinoid has it getting frozen and shattered when Race shoots it, and Bandit grabs a piece. The other pieces thaw and regrow into more Assassinoids as the group finds Quest Station in the hangar and take refuge aboard, finding and freeing the captive scientists.

Eve's assistant Mylana cryogenically freezes the piece of Assassinoid Bandit grabbed, and then Jonny and Race fight their way past the insects to reach Zin's unoccupied control room. They learn from 4-DAC that the only way to kill the insects is a nuclear bomb or a sufficiently large, fiery explosion. They open the hangar doors, allowing Quest Station to be sucked harmlessly back out into outer space. Jonny and 4-DAC upload Zin's own virus into his computer, bringing it under 4-DAC's control. Benton and Eve are freed, allowing Jonny to rescue them. Zin flees. Jonny transfers control of the weather satellite to Intelligence 1, and Harris orders it turned against the asteroid base. It begins to be destroyed as Jonny, Benton, Race and Eve try to reach Zin's escape ship, but it is damaged by an Assassinoid. Instead, the four are rescued when Hadji and Jessie arrive flying Quest Shuttle 1 (which was docked on Quest Station).  They escape just as the base explodes.

Back on Earth, Jonny and Hadji retake the Orinoquian test of manhood and passes, making both Benton and Chief Atacama proud; Jonny then beckons Jessie into the circle since she's earn the right to be within it too. 4-DAC has also been restored to a duplicate robot body. Meanwhile, in space, Eve is keeping the piece of Assassonoid that Mylana froze in her lab aboard Quest Station, as she and Mylana tend to the station's onboard garden, which is revealed to be named E.D.E.N. ("Environmental Diversity Experimental Nucleus"). Not far away, it is revealed that Dr. Zin made it to a different escape ship and has survived...

Cast
Kevin Smets - Jonny Quest
Don Messick - Dr. Benton Quest, Bandit
Granville Van Dusen - Race Bannon
Rob Paulsen - Hadji, 425
Anndi McAfee - Jessie Bannon
Jeffrey Tambor - Dr. Zin
Theresa Saldana - Dr. Eve Belage
Tim Matheson - 4-DAC
Héctor Elizondo - Chief Atacama

Additional voices
Victor Love - Commander Harris
Robert Ito - 427
Olivia White - 426

Production
The film is produced in association with Hanna-Barbera's overseas subsidiary, Fil-Cartoons in Manila, Philippines, with the animation work being handled by production executive Bill Dennis and overseas animation director Chris Cuddington, a former animator from Hanna-Barbera's defunct Australian studio in Sydney, New South Wales.

Home media
On March 19, 1996, Turner Home Entertainment released the film on VHS in the Cartoon Network Video line.

On August 9, 2011, Warner Home Video released Jonny Quest versus The Cyber Insects on DVD in region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection.  This is a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available exclusively through Warner's online store and only in the U.S.

References

External links

1995 television films
1995 films
1990s adventure films
TNT Network original films
Jonny Quest
1990s American animated films
Hanna-Barbera animated films
South America in fiction
Films about Native Americans
American children's animated adventure films
1990s English-language films
Films directed by Mario Piluso
Animated films about orphans

Jonny Quest vs. The Cyber Insects


A revenue stream is a source (or category of sources) of revenue of a company, other organization, or regional or national economy.

In business, a revenue stream is generally made up of either recurring revenue, transaction-based revenue, project revenue, or service revenue.  In government, the term revenue stream often refers to different types of taxes.

Recurring revenue
Recurring revenue is revenue that is likely to continue to be generated regularly for a significant period of time. It is typically used by companies that sell subscriptions or services. It could take the form of bills paid monthly by consumers, or commercial contracts lasting several years. An example of this is monthly phone contracts. Unless the contract is broken or the customer does not pay, the phone business is guaranteed monthly revenue for the duration of the contract, often 2 years.

Recurring revenue is often tracked on either a monthly basis, as monthly recurring revenue (MRR), or an annual basis, as annual recurring revenue (ARR). This number excludes all one-time, non-recurring payments; for instance, implementation or professional service fees, hardware, and discounts.

MRR allows subscription and service business owners to develop development strategies. Sales managers - to build quarterly and annual plans. For marketers to think through promotions, plan loyalty programs, marketing strategies and channels.  The MRR indicator is important for analysts: these specialists determine which areas of the company should be improved, which should be abandoned, where to invest money. To do this, they analyze a lot of data, including regular monthly income.

MRR Calculation Formula:
MRR = average monthly client payment × number of clients

Transaction based revenue
These revenues based on predictable sales of goods. Revenue is earned by a transaction from a customer. A customer in a clothing store, buying a new jacket, generates a transaction based revenue. This type of revenue is often considered less attractive than the recurring model because an action is required to attract customers.

Project revenue
These are revenues generated through one time projects. Companies that rely entirely or largely need to invest a lot of effort into maintaining customer relationships. In this type of model, revenue is hard to predict, because it is hard to know what lies further down the road.

Service revenue
This revenue model sells the time of oneself or of a company's employees. The service revenue model is often used in combination with one of the other models. An example of service based model are consulting firms. They offer their advice and commonly charge per hour.

Revenue generation
The Business Model Canvas lists 7 ways of generating revenue: asset sales, usage fees, subscription fees, lending/leasing/renting, licensing, brokerage fees, and advertising.

Asset sale
An asset sale is completed, when the buyer acquires the assets dropped by a company. An example of an asset sale is when a shoe store sells a pair of shoes to a customer. By doing this, the shoe shop sells the ownership rights to the buyer, giving him complete freedom over what to do with the pair of shoes. This type of revenue belongs to the transaction based revenue.

Subscription fees
A company sells the repeated access to a product or a service. Mobile phone companies for example, generally sell their phone service through a monthly subscription plan. This model was pioneered by magazines and newspapers. This model is desirable because often a contract binds the customer to pay for the offered product or service. This means, a company can make a much more precise revenue forecast. This revenue stream belongs to the recurring revenue model.

Lending / leasing / renting
This sort of revenue is made by giving someone access to an asset, which can be a product or a service. The key difference to a subscription fee is that this asset still belongs to the company. Common examples include car rentals or hardware leasing. This revenue stream also belongs to the recurring revenue model.

The above-mentioned are only some of the most popular revenue streams. With the growth of the internet, companies are beginning to look for new internet-based revenue streams.

Examples

Consumer goods

Food service
An example of how businesses are managing to create new revenue streams without substantial capital investment, can be found in gastronomy. Restaurant managers and planners are beginning to offer multiple lines of service as opposed to opening new restaurants. One of these services is catering. Offering a catering service does not require the huge amount of investment, whereas opening a new restaurant does. Also catering attracts an entirely new customer base. This allows restaurants to increase the number of revenue streams without needing large investments.

Film industry

Software industry

See also

 Business Model Canvas
 List of companies by revenue
 Net revenue
 Pricing mechanism
 Revenue assurance
 Customer churn
 Product/market fit

References

Business terms

Revenue stream


Ilona Harima  (4 March 1911 – 9 June 1986) was a Finnish artist whose paintings expressed deep oriental spirituality. Her style was strongly influenced by Buddhism and Hinduism but not similar to Asian art. Harima developed a personal style very different from the mainstream movements of that era between the world wars.

Early life and education
Harima was born in the town of Vaasa on the west coast of Finland and spent her early childhood there. Her father, Samuli Hohenthal, was a prominent Finnish businessman and her mother, Anna, née Björklund, came from a Finnish priestly family. In 1936, the couple changed their surname to Harima. They had two children, son Jorma and daughter Ilona, who was three years younger. The family moved to Helsinki, southern Finland, when Ilona was seven.  She graduated from middle school at the age of fifteen. To study art was important to her and Harima enrolled in the graphics department of the Central School of Applied Arts in Helsinki in 1927.

Career
Harima's main interests were elsewhere and she interrupted her graphics studies after about two years. She worked for a while at an advertising agency but soon continued to pursue a free artistic career, a very personal path of her own. Already at an early age she was deeply interested in Asian culture and Asian art. Especially India and Tibet were near to her heart. In her youth she made a study trip to Paris and another one to Italy, taking care to seek also oriental art collections. Later an exhibition trip to New Delhi was planned but could not be realized and India stayed out of her reach permanently. Gradually spirituality began to interest her more deeply. She became a member of the Theosophical Society in Finland in 1936.

Ilona Harima painted mostly small-scale detailed works in gouache and watercolour on paper and parchment often mounted on old brocades. She did some larger oil paintings also. Harima was unique in the Finnish art world in showing very openly her spiritual personality through her paintings. Divine figures and angels, enlightened humans but also suffering and compassionate individuals are the main subjects of Harima's works. This kind of subject matter is most exceptional in Finnish art. She also drew landscapes as well as detailed studies of plants inspired by the surroundings of the family's summer villa. Animals were dear to her and especially birds appear in many of her works. Her paintings are full of Oriental spirituality with symbols like flames, sunbeams, sun discs, heavenly eyes and blooming lotus flowers as well as water symbols and celestial bodies. She kept on painting for three decades. There are also a few small bronze sculptures from her.

Harima seldom exhibited her works and was not very keen in selling them. She was not obliged to earn a living by painting. In her paintings she was contemplating her own inner world and usually gave them as gifts to friends and relatives. Her first small exhibition in Galleria Strindberg, Helsinki, in 1934 received much attention.  Correspondence from those times has survived, amongst others from the Swedish pioneer in abstract art, Hilma af Klint. She had noticed kinship with the works of this young Finnish painter, urged her to study Rudolf Steiner and was interested in meeting her to discuss spiritual matters. Harima exhibited anew in 1946 and 1960, also at Strindberg's. The Finnish National Gallery Ateneum presented a small but informative selection of her works in 2011-2012 commemorating the hundredth anniversary of her birth.

Personal life
Ilona Harima met the like-minded young architect Erkki Rautiala in theosophical circles. They were married in August 1939, just a few months before the Winter War affected the life of everyone in Finland. Only some weeks after returning from their camping honeymoon in northern Lapland, her husband had to leave for the front. From the wedding on she used her married surname Rautiala but kept Ilona Harima as her artist name. Their only child, a daughter, was born in 1941.They lived permanently in Helsinki spending summers at the family villa in the nearby archipelago by the sea. In the sixties the family travelled to interesting destinations such as Cyprus, Israel and Egypt but never further to Asia proper. Although being above all a painter Harima also wrote essays, aphorisms and some poems but was not interested in assembling them. She also read much and especially books on Eastern philosophies were important to her.

Death
Harima died on 9 June 1986 in Helsinki, at the age of 75.

Collections
Ilona Harima's paintings can be found in the following Finnish museums and galleries:
 Finnish National Gallery Ateneum, Helsinki
 Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation, Helsinki
 Gösta Serlachius Fine Arts Foundation, Mänttä
 The Tikanoja Art Museum, Vaasa

Sources
 Ilona Harima valaistumisen tiellä [Ilona Harima - the road to enlightenment]. Edited by Helena Hätönen and Riitta Ojanperä. Helsinki  Finnish National Gallery. Kuvataiteen keskusarkisto [Central Art Archives] 23 (2011). 61 p. .  Exhibit - publication.  In Finnish with summary in English on pages 58–60.   Wholetext incl. illustrations, see external link.

 Konttinen, Riitta 2008,  Naistaiteilijat Suomessa keskiajalta modernismin murrokseen [Women artists in Finland from the Middle Ages to the breakthrough of modernism]. 479 p. Helsinki Tammi. . In Finnish.

References

Further reading
 Anttonen, Erkki: Idän henkisyys Suomen taiteessa: Ilona Harima [Eastern spirituality in Finnish art]. Ananda 2011:4, pp. 23–25. ISSN 1795-8016. (Finnish)

External links
 Ilona Harima  at the Finnish National Gallery

1911 births
1986 deaths
People from Vaasa
People from Vaasa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Finnish women artists
Spiritualists
20th-century mystics
Finnish Theosophists
Finnish women poets
Finnish essayists
Aphorists
20th-century Finnish poets
20th-century Finnish painters
20th-century Finnish women artists
Writers from Ostrobothnia (region)
20th-century women writers
20th-century essayists

Ilona Harima