The Eveleigh Railway Workshops machinery is a heritage-listed former railway workshops machinery located on the Main Suburban railway line in the inner western Sydney suburb of Redfern in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It is also known as Eveleigh Locomotive Workshops machinery. The property is owned by Transport for NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
Redfern's natural landscape was defined by sand hills and swamps. The Carrahdigang, more widely known as the Cadigal people, valued the area for its abundant supply of food.

The name Redfern originates from an early land grant to William Redfern in 1817. It was previously known as Roberts Farm and Boxley's Swamp. William Redfern (1774–1833) was a surgeon's mate in the Royal Navy and was aboard HMS Standard when its crew took part in the revolt in 1797 known as the Mutiny of the Nore. Because he had advised the men to be more united, he was included among leaders who were court-martialled. Although sentenced to death, he was reprieved because of his youth and in 1801 arrived in Sydney as a convict. He served on Norfolk Island as an assistant surgeon. In 1803 he was pardoned, but remained on the island until 1808, when he returned to Sydney and was appointed assistant surgeon after being examined in medicine and surgery by Surgeons Jamison, Harris and Bohan. In 1816 he took charge of the new Sydney Hospital, but maintained a private practice. In 1814 he reported on conditions on convict transport ships and his recommendation that all have a surgeon on board whose duties were to superintend the health of convicts was put into practice. He resigned from Government service in 1819 when not appointed to succeed D'Arcy Wentworth as principal surgeon. Despite his valuable service, many were contemptuous of him as he was an emancipist, although he had the friendship of Governor Macquarie. In 1818 Redfern received a grant of  in Airds (in today's Campbelltown area) and later received more land in the area and by his death in 1823 he owned, by grant and purchase, over  in NSW. In 1817 he had been granted  in the area of the present suburb of Redfern. The boundaries were approximately the present-day Cleveland, Regent, Redfern and Elizabeth Streets. The commodious home Redfern built on his land was considered to be a country house, surrounded by flower and kitchen gardens. His neighbours were John Baptist (at the  Darling Nursery in today's Chippendale) and Captain Cleveland, an officer of the 73rd regiment, remembered by today's street of that name, and before its demolition, by Cleveland House, his home.

The passing of the Sydney Slaughterhouses Act in 1849 brought other businesses to the district. This act banned abattoirs and noxious trades from the city. Tanners, wool scourers and wool-washers, fellmongers, boiling down works and abattoirs had ten years to move their businesses outside city boundaries. Many of the trades moved to Redfern and Waterloo - attracted by the water. The sand hills still existed but by the late 1850s Redfern was a flourishing suburb housing 6500 people.

The Municipalities Act of 1858 gave districts the option of municipal incorporation. Public meetings were held and after a flurry of petitions Redfern Municipality was proclaimed on August 11, 1859, the fourth in Sydney to be formed under the Act. Redfern Town Hall opened in 1870 and the Albert Cricket Ground in 1864. Redfern Post Office came in 1882.

The majority of houses in Redfern in the 1850s were of timber. From the 1850s market gardeners congregated in Alexandria south of McEvoy Street, around Shea's Creek and Bourke Road.

When Sydney's original railway terminus was built in the Cleveland Paddocks, which extended from Devonshire and Cleveland Streets to Chippendale, the station's name was chosen to honour William Redfern. The station was built of iron and the first stationmaster was a Mr Fielding. In 1874 the station was replaced by a brick and stone structure, covering two platforms. At that time the present Redfern station was known as Eveleigh, after a lovely old home standing on the western side of the railway line.

When Central Station was built, on the site of the Devonshire Street cemetery, the name of Eveleigh Station was changed to Redfern. The name Eveleigh was retained for the huge railway workshops, just beyond the station, on the site of the original Hutchinson Estate.

All that remains of the Cleveland Paddocks is Prince Alfred Park, where the exhibition building was erected in 1870 for an inter-colonial exhibition opened by Governor Belmore, after whom Belmore Park was named, on 30 August 1870.

Redfern was the scene of the maiden trip of the first double-decker tram in 1879. It travelled between the old Redfern station to the corner of Hunter and Elizabeth Streets in the city.

In 1885 the Sands Sydney Directory listed 54 market gardens. While many were worked by European-Australians, by the 1870s Chinese market gardeners had acquired leases in the district and a decade later were dominating the trade.

The Eveleigh complex in 1886 became one of the largest employers in the state. Redfern was an industrial working class suburb by the end of the 19th century. Reschs brewery and other factories attracted migrants. The Syrian/Lebanese community began settling around Redfern and Surry Hills by the 1880s.

Redfern at the end of the 19th century was characterised by its many gardens, but at the turn of the century industry was taking over the area. At that time, many businessmen in the area were from Syria, such as George Dan, who established his business in 1890; Stanton and Aziz Melick, in 1888; and Anthony & Simon Coorey, in the 1890s. Like other inner-city suburbs, the area still has a high migrant population, including many now from Lebanon, as well as a large Aboriginal population. There is still industry in the area among the high density residential occupation.

In the 1940s 73 per cent of all industrial activity in Sydney was concentrated within a radius of  from Redfern Station.

Many of its services have disappeared or been substantially downgraded over the last couple of decades, even though Redfern is still a densely populated inner city suburb.

Description
Machinery associated with Locomotive Workshops.

Heritage listing
Eveleigh Railway Workshops machinery was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

See also

South Eveleigh
Carriageworks
Eveleigh Railway Workshops
Eveleigh Carriage Workshops
Eveleigh Chief Mechanical Engineer's office

References

Bibliography

Attribution

New South Wales State Heritage Register
Redfern, New South Wales
Railway workshops in New South Wales
Rail infrastructure in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register

Eveleigh Railway Workshops machinery


Lieutenant-General Sir Jacob Louis van Deventer KCB CMG DTD (18 July 1874 – 17 August 1922) was a South African military commander.

Van Deventer was born in Ficksburg in the Orange Free State. He began his military career in the Transvaal republican forces in Pretoria on 21 February 1896, and fought in the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). He was physically a very big man standing almost 2 m tall. A serious wound at the end of the Anglo Boer War affected his ability to speak. Van Deventer was skilled at guerrilla tactics.

He returned to military service in World War I, and commanded a Union Defence Forces formation in the South West Africa Campaign (1914-1915). In the German East Africa Campaign (1916-1918), he commanded a South African Overseas Expeditionary Force mounted brigade, then a division, and finally (1917-1918) all the British imperial forces in the region (though, allegedly, he could hardly speak English). He was knighted twice for his services.

After the war, he was a part-time inspecting officer. He was made a Grand Officer of the Portuguese Military Order of Aviz in 1921. In 1922, he commanded a mounted brigade in operations to crush the Rand Revolt on the Witwatersrand.  He married Maria Cornelia Snyman, born 5 May 1890. He died later in Pretoria in 1922.

References

 Van Deventer W.D Dr (1993)  Van Deventer stamboom en Agtergrond
 Nothling, C.J. (1994).  Suid-Afrika in die Eerste Wereldoorlog.

1874 births
1922 deaths
People from Ficksburg
Afrikaner people
Generals of World War I
South African military personnel of World War I
Boer military personnel of the Second Boer War
South African Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
South African knights
South African generals
Orange Free State people

Jacob van Deventer (general)


Sister Simona Noorenbergh (1907–1990) was a Belgian-born social worker and community organizer. The Australian author Joan Benbow writes in her book A walkabout life () that in Papua New Guinea she was also known under the name Marmee.

She was born in Ypres, Belgium in 1907. She was one of the founders of the small mountain village Fane in Central Province, Papua New Guinea, where she was known in Papua New Guinea as "Sister Simona".  At the age of 84 she died in an airplane crash in the Papuan mountains on July 5, 1990.

Award
In October 1989 she was made a Knight of the Order of Léopold II, for services to the people of Goilala and Papua New Guinea as a whole, awarded by Wilfried de Pauw, Belgian ambassador to Australia and Papua New Guinea.

Quotes
"Having one big nose might be better than having two little ones."
"I'll never go back to Belgium. To do what? Is there still something to be done? Papua New Guinea is where I belong and were I'll die."
"My people in the tribes would consider it an honour if I offered them my body to be eaten. Having a look at myself it would for sure be a long extended meal."

Personal life
In 1923 at the age of 16 Simona Noorenbergh read a story in a French magazine on Papua New Guinea. She told her parents that she immediately wanted to leave home to live in that country.  This was refused.  When she became very sick and her parents feared for her life they promised her that, when she got better, she would be allowed to go to New Guinea.  Soon she was cured.

As the only way to get to New Guinea was to be sent by a religious organisation, she studied to become a nun at the congregation Lady of The Sacred Heart at Stockel, Brussels.  In 1928, after she finished her novitiate she took a train from Brussels to Marseille and then left on a 3-month packet trade ship to Port Moresby where she was dropped off. She arrived at the age of 21 in the Goilala mountains by horse on December 8, 1928.

She worked and lived successively in Popole, Ononghe, Bema, Kosige, Boroko, Boregaina, Waima, Inauia and Fane.  During many years she was confronted with the dominant disease Yaws, with heavy never-ending tribe wars and with cannibalism.  In an interview with Elizabeth Kogomoni-Sowei of the Post-Courier in 1989 she mentions smiling that she was asked several times "to voluntarily offer my body for celebration. It would be considered an honour", she continues, "to be entirely and literally consumed and eaten, as in certain tribes they believe that then my spirit would stay forever in their village."

She gained respect by learning several local languages and became a jack-of-all-trades: teacher, nurse, singer, welfare officer, designer of clothes, organiser of primitive hospitals and elementary schools and educational services, and co-founder of Fane (quote Simona Noorenbergh: "This is where I belong, this is where I'll die."), the mountain village in Central Province.  Due to her respectable age, the local chiefs and people saw her as a guru and grandmother of all (the oldest age of Papuans at that time in Papua New Guinea was 50 to max 55 years) and they came by foot from far through the jungle to get her opinion on family issues and tribe problems.

At the age of 83 she went to Australia to have an eye-operation as she became practically blind. The operation succeeded but she crashed with an airplane when she got back to Fane in the Papua's. Due to a typhoon the Britten Norman Islander light aircraft hit a ridge-top in the Owen Stanley Ranges and slammed into a tree in the rugged terrain of Woitape in Central Province. Noorenbergh, sitting next to the pilot, was one of the 8 people who died, 4 survived.  She is buried in Fane where she received a local funeral.

Dedication
The operatic trilogy "The Accacha Chronicles", a secular, contemporary classical, music drama  in Latin about Death, Birth and Love by Nicholas Lens, published by Schott Music Mainz/New York, has been entirely dedicated to Simona Noorenbergh by the author/composer.

References
Weekend Magazine, Post-Courier of Papua New Guinea, October 20 of 1989
The Times of Papua New Guinea, July 12 of 1990
Post-Courier of Papua New Guinea, July 9, 10 and 11 of 1990
De Standaard (Belgium) of July 9 of 1990
Het Nieuwsblad (Belgium) of July 9 of 1990
La Libre Belgique (Belgium) of July 9 of 1990
Het Laatste Nieuws (Belgium) of July 9 of 1990
An adventurous walkabout life

1907 births
1990 deaths
Belgian expatriates in Papua New Guinea
Belgian Roman Catholic missionaries
20th-century Belgian Roman Catholic nuns
Belgian social workers
Roman Catholic missionaries in Papua New Guinea
Female Roman Catholic missionaries
Knights of the Order of Leopold II
Missionary educators
People from Ypres
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Papua New Guinea

Simona Noorenbergh


Morto da Feltre was an Italian painter of the Venetian school who worked at the close of the 15th century and beginning of the 16th.

Biography
His real name appears to have been Pietro Luzzo, Pietro Luci  or Lorenzo Luzzo; he is also known by the name Zarato or Zarotto, either from the place of his death or because his father, a surgeon, was in Zara during the son's childhood: whether he was termed "Morto" (dead) from his joyless temperament is a disputed point.

Born in Feltre (province of Belluno), he may probably have studied painting first in Venice and surroundings, initially an assistant of Pinturicchio. It is claimed by Vasari that at an early age he went to Rome, and investigated the ancient, especially the subterranean remains, and thence to Pozzuoli, where he painted from the decorations of antique crypts or grotte. The style of fanciful arabesque which he formed for himself from these studies gained the name of "grottesche", whence comes the term grotesque; not, indeed, that Morto was the first painter of arabesque in the Italian Renaissance, for art of this kind had, been developed, both in painting and in sculpture, towards 1480, but he may have powerfully aided its diffusion southwards.

His works were received with much favor in Rome. He afterwards went to Florence, and painted some fine grotesques in the Palazzo Pubblico and trained Andrea di Cosimo. Returning to Venice towards 1505, he assisted Giorgione in painting the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, and seems to have remained with him till 1510. It may have been in 1515 that Morto returned to his native Feltre, then in a very ruinous condition from the ravages of war in 1509. There he executed various works, including some frescoes, still partly extant, and considered to be almost worthy of the hand of Raphael, in the loggia beside the church of Santo Stefano. He may have met Giovanni da Udine.

Towards the age of forty-five, Morto, unquiet and dissatisfied, abandoned painting and took to soldiering in the service of the Venetian republic. He was made captain of a troop of two hundred men; and fighting valorously, he is said to have died at Zara in Dalmatia, in 1519. This story, and especially the date of it, are questionable: there is some reason to think that Morto was painting as late as 1522. One of his pictures is in the Berlin museum, an allegorical subject of Peace and War. Andrea Feltrini was his pupil and assistant as a decorative painter.

He is cited in Giorgio Vasari's Vite or biographies of the artists.

Notes

Sources

External links

15th-century births
16th-century deaths
People from the Province of Belluno
15th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
16th-century Italian painters
Italian Renaissance painters

Morto da Feltre


James Melvin Hughes (October 20, 1965, Mobile, Alabama – July 25, 1995) was an American professional boxer in the welterweight division.

Boxing career
Known as "Jesse James" and "The Outlaw", Hughes turned professional in 1987 and is perhaps best known for his appearances on the USA Tuesday Night Fights series.  During his career he suffered defeats to Maurice Blocker, Vincent Pettway, and James McGirt among others.  In 1994 and 1995 he went on a win streak and captured the USBA welterweight championship belt and he appeared headed towards a big payday, but his final bout was to be against Nick Rupa in late 1995.

Murder
Hughes' body was found face down in a swamp near his home shortly after his fight with Rupa. The autopsy revealed that Hughes had received a blunt trauma to the head, but not one that would have resulted in his death. There were no knife wounds, no cut marks, no holes in his body, there were no powder burns on his body. The autopsy report also states that trace amounts of cocaine were found in Hughes' liver, but again, not enough to have killed him or caused him serious harm. His cause of death could not be determined, although he had water in his lungs.

References

External links

1965 births
1995 deaths
Welterweight boxers
Boxers from Alabama
American male boxers

James Hughes (boxer)


Alice and Ellen Kessler (born 20 August 1936 in Nerchau, Saxony, Germany) are twin entertainers known in Europe, especially Germany and Italy, from the 1950s and 1960s and until today for their singing, dancing, and acting. They are usually credited as the Kessler Twins (Die Kessler-Zwillinge in Germany and Le Gemelle Kessler in Italy), and remain popular today.

In the US, they were not as popular but appeared in the 1963 movie Sodom and Gomorrah as dancers and appeared on the cover of Life Magazine in that year.  They made their American television debut on 12 February 1963 on the Red Skelton Hour, acting in his comedy sketch and dancing and singing a duet. They also performed on The Ed Sullivan Show.

Their parents, Paul and Elsa, sent them to ballet classes at the age of six, and they joined the Leipzig Opera's child ballet program at age 11. When they were 18, their parents used a visitor's visa to escape from East Germany to West Germany, where they performed at the Palladium in Düsseldorf. They performed at Le Lido in Paris between 1955 and 1960, and represented West Germany in the 1959 Eurovision Song Contest, finishing in 8th place with Heute Abend wollen wir tanzen geh'n (Tonight we want to go dancing).

They moved to Italy in 1960 and gradually moved to more serious roles. At the age of 40, they agreed to pose on the cover of the Italian edition of Playboy. That issue became the fastest-selling Italian Playboy up until that point.

They moved back to Germany in 1986 and currently live in the Munich suburb of  Grünwald. They have received two awards from both the German and Italian governments for promoting German-Italian cooperation through their work in show business.

References

Other websites

Living people
1936 births
Twin people
Sibling musical duos
German musical entertainers
German pop singers
Child singers
German movie actors
Child actors
German models
People from Saxony

Kessler Twins


Tirsuli is a Himalayan mountain peak in the
Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, India. It is part of the complex of mountains, including Tirsuli West, Hardeol, Dunagiri, Changabang, and Kalanka, which make up the northeast wall of the Nanda Devi Sanctuary, in the Garhwal Himalaya. It rises at the northern end of the Johar Valley, which drains into the Ghori Ganga. This peak should not be confused with nearby Trisul, which is on the southwest side of the Sanctuary.

In 1939, a serious attempt on this peak by the successful Polish expedition to Nanda Devi East was abandoned after a night avalanche buried leader Adam Karpinski and climber Stefan Bernadzikiewicz at Camp 3. Indian team led by Mohan Singh Kohli from Indian Mountaineering Foundation, under Ministry of Defence, Government of India tried an unsuccessful attempt to the peak in 1964. Another team led by K. P. Sharma and organized by Himalayan Association attempted the peak in 1965, but turned back from about . The peak was scaled for the first time on 9 October 1966 by another Indian team led by Chanchal Kumar Mitra & organised for the 2nd. time by Himalayan Association of calcutta. They ascended the east face of the south-east ridge and then took the south-east ridge to the top, mounting the summit bid from Camp 5, at about . Nirapada Mallik (Dy.leader), Shyamal Chakrabarty, Nima Tashi ( former Dy.Director of training at The HMI Darjeeling) and Dorji sherpa  were the summitters. Other members of the team were Manik Banerjee, K.K.Khanna, Marcopolo Srimal, Dr. Jungpangi from Geological Survey of India, Dr.Amitava Sen(M.O), Pinaki Sinha and Sailesh Chakraborty. The expedition was organised by the Himalayan Association, Kolkata.

See also
 List of mountains in India

References

Mountains of Uttarakhand
Geography of Pithoragarh district
Seven-thousanders of the Himalayas

Tirsuli


Josse van Clichtove or Judocus Clichtoveus Neoportuensis (Nieuwpoort, 1472/73 – Chartres 22 September 1543), was a Flemish theologian, priest and humanist.

Life
He received his education at Leuven and at Paris under Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples.

He became librarian of the Sorbonne and tutor to the nephews of Jacques d'Amboise, bishop of Clermont and abbot of Cluny. He is best known as a distinguished antagonist of Martin Luther, against whom he wrote extensively.

When Cardinal Duprat convened his Synod of Paris in 1528 to discuss the new religion, Clichtove was summoned and was entrusted with the task of collecting and summarizing the objections to the Lutheran doctrine. This he did in his Compendium veritatum ... contra erroneas Lutheranorum assertiones (Paris, 1529).

He died at Chartres on 22 September 1543. Devoted to Saint Cecilia, he left to the Cathedral of Chartres an endowment for the celebration of Mass on Cecilia's Day.

Works
 De doctrina moriendi (Paris, 1520).
 Antilutherus (Paris, 1524).
 Compendium veritatum ad fidem pertinentium contra erroneas Lutheranorum assertiones ex dictis et actis in concilio provinciali Senonensi apud Parisios celebrato (Paris, 1529).
 Convulsio calumniarum Ulrichi Veleni quibus S. Petrum nunquam Romae fuisse cavillatur (Paris, 1535).
 Fundamentum Logicae. Introductio in terminorum cognitionem, in libros logicorum Aristotelis (Paris, 1538).
 De mystica numerorum significatione opusculum (Paris, 1513).
 De Sacramento Eucharistiae contra Œcolampadium (Paris, 1526).
 De vera nobilitate opusculum (Paris, 1512).
 De vita et moribus sacerdotum (Paris, 1519).
 Elucidatorium ecclesiasticum (Paris, 1516).
 De laudibus Sancti Ludovici regis Franciae. De laudibus sacratissimae virginis et martyris Ceciliae (Paris, 1516)
 Propugnaculum ecclesiae adversus Lutheranos (Paris, 1526).
 Sermones (Paris, 1534).

References

1543 deaths
University of Paris alumni
Roman Catholic theologians of the Habsburg Netherlands
Flemish humanists
Year of birth unknown
Year of birth uncertain
Roman Catholic priests from the Habsburg Netherlands

Josse van Clichtove


Indonesian Ulema Council (, , abbreviated MUI) is Indonesia's top Islamic scholars' body. MUI was founded in Jakarta on July 26, 1975 during the New Order era. The council comprises many Indonesian Muslim groups including Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Muhammadiyah, and smaller groups such as, Syarikat Islam, Perti, Al Washliyah, Mathla'ul Anwar, GUPPI, PTDI, DMI and Al Ittihadiyyah. The Ahlul Bait Indonesia (Shi'ite) and Jemaat Ahmadiyyah Indonesia (Ahmadiyya) were not accepted as members.

In 2005, MUI released the fatwa to prohibit Ahmadiyya as deviant sect of Islam and lobbied the President to ban the expelled religious sect. An important function of MUI is to provide halal certification for products (including but not limited to foods, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and clothing).

Roles
The government, at the creation of the MUI stated three broad goals for the MUI:
Strengthening religion in the way the Pancasila describes to ensure national resilience.
Participation of the Ulama in national development.
The maintenance of harmony between the different religions in Indonesia.

Beside the three goals, nonetheless, there were two specific agendas of MUI's establishment. First, it aimed to help Suharto in communism repudiation. Second, it was an umbrella organization for political Islam canalization.

Since the collapse of Suharto's regime in 1998, MUI has changed its approach in the state-religion relationship by envisioning a more active role to protect Muslim's interests while started a new position as a critical partner of the Indonesian government. The MUI, thus, acts as an interface between the Indonesian government and the Islamic communities. The changes in civil society after the fall of Suharto have both widened the role of the MUI and made it more complex.
The MUI gives fatwas to the Islamic community; through this they dictate the general direction of Islamic life in Indonesia. Fatwa (or plural form Fatawa) represents Muslim's ethical response, legal interpretation, and contextual feedback on a particular social issue(s).

The MUI now has twelve commissions and ten divisions that work together in behalf of Muslim's interest through various responsibilities such as fatwa, education and leadership training, women and family, law and regulation, research and development, inter-religious engagement, international relations, economic betterment and many more. Each commissions is led by professional and Islamic scholars.

The MUI (particularly since the fall of Suharto) have given opinion and issued fatwas on a large variety of issues, from the role of the Indonesian Army in government to the public acceptability of the dancing of pop star Inul Daratista to the (sin of) deliberately burning forests to clear the land for growing crops.

In 2019 presidential election, the sitting MUI leader Ma'ruf Amin was elected as the vice president of Joko Widodo.

List of chairmen
 Abdul Malik Karim Abdullah (1975-1981)
 Syukri Ghozali (1981-1984)
 Hasan Basri (1984-1990)
 Ali Yafie (1990-2000)
 Sahal Mahfudz (2000-2014)
 Din Syamsuddin (2014-2015)
 Ma'ruf Amin (2015-2020)
 Miftachul Akhyar (2020-2022)
 Muhammad Cholil Nafis (2022-present)

Conflicts
MUI is a government funded organisation that acts independently but there have been examples of the MUI being asked to legitimise government policy. A particular example of this that caused friction within the MUI was request that the MUI support the government's birth control program. The government needed the support of the MUI and aspects of the program were objected to by many in religious circles.

2023 shooting
A shooting in MUI headquarters happened on 2 May 2023.

See also
Halal certification in Australia

References

External links
MUI official website
MUI official website

Religious organizations established in 1975
1975 establishments in Indonesia
Islamic organizations based in Indonesia
Organizations based in Jakarta

Indonesian Ulema Council


Brooklyn Lobster is a 2005 American drama film presented by Martin Scorsese and written, produced, and directed by Kevin Jordan. The screenplay is based on Jordan's family's efforts to salvage their Brooklyn-based wholesale and retail seafood operation when the bank defaulted on a loan they had secured to finance a restaurant extension to the business.

Plot
Frank Giorgio's life is thrown into chaos when the bank that loaned him money for a restaurant addition to his seafood business folds and the FDIC demands he repay the loan in full immediately. With the threat of a public auction looming, the very proud and stubborn Frank, his family, and eccentric crew rally to save the business.

Frank's son Michael, who works in the tech world of Seattle, and his girlfriend Kerry return home for Christmas and are dragged into the family drama. Michael's childhood home has been sold, and his mother Maureen, who has separated from Frank and is hoping to establish her own identity apart from the business that has consumed her life, is scheduled to move into a rental house after the holidays. Over the course of two weeks, Michael finds himself sleeping on a pull-out couch with his father in Frank's office, catching wandering lobster crates in the bay, and trying to mend his relationship with Kerry after his father assaults her uncle. Meanwhile, his sister Lauren, who has worked with her father since graduating from college, is striving to keep the lines of communication open among all the family members.

In the end, Frank's longtime customer and friend Bill Lau offers the highest bid on the property, with the idea he and Frank will complete construction of the restaurant and operate it as partners.

Production
In a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film, Kevin and Darren Jordan discuss family events that inspired them to develop the film. In 1938, their grandfather established a seafood business on Bleecker Street in Manhattan, and later moved it to a waterfront location in the Sheepshead Bay section of Brooklyn where, under the name Jordan's Lobster Dock, it became a popular local landmark. Their father Bill decided to expand the operation by adding a restaurant, but midway through construction the bank that loaned him money to finance the project failed, and the FDIC demanded full repayment of the loan, placing the family in a financial bind.

The film was shot in less than five weeks on the actual site of the Jordan business, as well as in Chinatown and Rockville Centre. All members of Jordan's immediate family had cameo roles.

The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and was shown at the Hamptons International Film Festival, the Avignon Film Festival, and the Bahamas International Film Festival. It went into theatrical release in the US on November 4, 2005, and earned $11,729 in two theaters on its opening weekend. It eventually grossed a total of $138,267.

Cast
Danny Aiello as Frank Giorgio
Jane Curtin as Maureen Giorgio
Daniel Sauli as Michael Giorgio
Heather Burns as Kerry Miller
Marisa Ryan as Lauren Georgio Wallace
Ian Kahn as Justin Wallace
Rick Aiello as Tommy
Sam Freed as James Miller
Barbara Garrick as Lynn Miller
Henry Yuk as Bill Lau
Tom Mason as Chuck Miller
Stephen Schnetzer as Mr. Hammon

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Brooklyn Lobster has a 44% approval rating, based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 5.66/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said the film "has a spontaneous, confident realism about it" and added, "Brooklyn Lobster is a sweet and touching film, worth a visit."

Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune awarded the film three out of four stars, calling it "the kind of smart, realistic indie family drama the movies should give us more often, just as they should more often offer performances as full-blooded and rich as Aiello's and Curtin's here."

Joe Leydon of Variety said, "Despite worthy contributions on both sides of the camera, Brooklyn Lobster comes across primarily as a showcase for Danny Aiello in a powerhouse performance . . . Character's multiple mid-life crises could make this genuinely engaging drama especially appealing to older viewers".

References

External links

2005 films
American drama films
2005 drama films
Drama films based on actual events
Films set in Brooklyn
Films shot in New York City
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Brooklyn Lobster


Limnae (in Pisidia) was a city and bishopric in the Roman province of Pisidia (Asia Minor), which is  now a Latin Catholic titular see.

Names
The city was called Λίμναι (genitive Λιμνῶν, as in πόλις Λιμνῶν, city of Limnae), as well as Λιμέναι (Limenae) and Λυμναία (Lymnaea). The Greek word Λίμναι means lakes or marshes. The town was also called Limnopolis (Λιμνῶν πόλις). The town, in the north of Pisidia, is only mentioned by ecclesiastical writers.

Location
It is also spelled Limnæ and has been identified with early-modern Gaziri (also spelled Ghaziri), where there is a wall-surrounded island in Lake Hoyran called Limenia, housing ruins that include those of a temple of Artemis. In the present day, it is located at the shore of Aşağıtırtar.

Titular see
The Pisidian city Limnae was an episcopal see, now listed in the Annuario Pontificio as a Latin Catholic titular bishopric, suffragan of Antioch of Pisidia, since the diocese was nominally restored in 1933 (Limne in Curiate Italian; Latin adjective Limnen(sis)).

It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :
 Juan José Aníbal Mena Porta (1936.07.25 – 1941.06.14) as Auxiliary Bishop of Asunción (Paraguay) (1936.07.25 – 1941.06.14); later Titular Archbishop of Cyrrhus (1941.06.14 – 1949.02.25) as Coadjutor Archbishop of Asunción (1941.06.14 – 1949.02.25), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Asunción (1949.02.25 – retired 1970.06.16), also President of Episcopal Conference of Paraguay (1958 – 1970), emeritate as Titular Archbishop of Musti (1970.06.16 – resigned 1970.11.25), died 1977
 André Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti (1941.11.08 – death 1955.06.20) on emeritate, formerly Bishop of Valença (Brazil) (1925.05.01 – 1936.08.08), Bishop of Taubaté (Brazil) (1936.08.08 – 1941.11.08)
 Francis Anthony Marrocco (1955.12.01 – 1968.06.10) as Auxiliary Bishop of Toronto (Ontario, Canada) (1955.12.01 – 1968.06.10); later Bishop of Peterborough (Canada) (1968.06.10 – death 1975.07.18).

See also
 Gazireh (Turkey) (Kurdistan), double former bishopric and twice an Eastern Catholic titular see
 Limnae, Thrace

References

Sources and references
 GCatholic - titular see

Populated places in Pisidia
Former populated places in Turkey
Ancient Greek cities in Anatolia
Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
Catholic titular sees in Asia
History of Isparta Province
Eğirdir District

Limnae in Pisidia


Guillaume Bonnafond (born 23 June 1987) is a French former professional road bicycle racer, who rode professionally between 2009 and 2018 for the  and  teams. He had excelled at both basketball and cycling as a youth, but eventually concentrated on the latter, training with 's Chambéry Cyclisme Formation, subsequently joining the squad as an amateur and, in 2009 as a professional.

Amateur career
Born in Valence, Bonnafond finished third in the general classification of the Tour de Lorraine as a junior, and he won the overall rankings of the Tour du Valromey, both in 2005. In the following season he recorded two third spots in two stages of the Tour de la Réunion and in 2007 there were two second spots (in stage 1B of the Tour des Pays de Savoie and stage 4 of the Giro della Valle d'Aosta) and two third spots (in the Grand Prix des Vins du Brulhois and in stage 1 of the Tour du Gévaudan. Then 2008 turned out to be his breakthrough year on amateur level. He was added to the  team and with a second place in the Berner Rundfahrt, a third place in the Classique Sauveterre Pyrénées Atlantique and another second place in the first stage of the Tour du Chablais he started the season well. In the Ronde de l'Isard d'Ariège he won the fourth stage of the under-23 competition finishing in front of Blel Kadri and also managed to win the overall rankings that way. He then went back to ride in the Tour des Pays de Savoie again, this time with more success than the year before as he managed to win stage 1, towards La Toussuire, stage 2 towards Chambéry and the general classification in front of Julien Bérard. Later that year he rode to the third place in the Flèche Ardennaise, the second spot in the French national amateurs road championship, a second place in the Grand Prix Cristal Energie and a third spot in the Piccolo Giro di Lombardia.

Professional career
In his first season as a professional he made his debut for the  team in the Tour de Langkawi where he finished in 32nd spot overall. In preparation of his first grand tour Bonnafond ended up in 29th place of the Giro del Trentino and the 32nd place of the 2009 Tour de Romandie. In his first grand tour, the 2009 Giro d'Italia he managed to reach the finish line of the 21st stage in Rome to complete the race in 85th position. His best result was a 22nd spot in the 14th stage from Campi Bisenzio to Bologna. He finished his first professional season with a 12th spot in the Route du Sud and a fifth place in the fifth stage of the Tour de l'Avenir

The 2010 season started off in January when he took part in La Tropicale Amissa Bongo, a stage race in Gabon. There he finished in fifth position in stage 3, third position in stage 6 and 18th overall. Also this year he prepared for the Giro d'Italia in the Giro del Trentino, improving his 2009 result to 22nd. However this time he did not manage to complete the 2010 Giro d'Italia as he did not finish stage 6 towards Marina di Carrara. In the 2010 Critérium du Dauphiné he finished in 66th position overall and in 8th position in the mountains classification. The second grand tour he completed was the 2010 Vuelta a España, which he did in 57th place. Late he would ride to the 22nd spot in the Giro di Lombardia to finish the season.

In the 2011 pre-season Bonnafond tried his luck in some of the classic races. He started off with a 32nd spot in Paris–Camembert, but did not finish the 2011 Amstel Gold Race and the 2011 Liège-Bastogne-Liège. Following those results he did not participate in the Giro d'Italia, but did finish another grand tour by completing the 2011 Vuelta a España in 26th position overall.

Career achievements

Major results

2005
 1st  Overall Tour du Valromey Juniors
 3rd Overall Tour de Lorraine Juniors
2006
 10th Paris–Tours Espoirs
2007
 3rd Grand Prix des Vins du Brulhois
 9th Paris–Tours Espoirs
2008
 1st  Overall Tour des Pays de Savoie
1st Stages 2 & 3
 1st  Overall Ronde de l'Isard
1st Stage 4
 2nd Berner Rundfahrt
 3rd Classique Sauveterre Pyrénées Atlantique
 3rd Flèche Ardennaise
 2nd Road race, National Amateur Road Championships
 2nd Grand Prix Cristal Energie
 3rd Piccolo Giro di Lombardia
2012
 2nd Overall Paris–Corrèze
 7th Overall Tour de l'Ain
2013
 6th Overall Tour du Limousin
2015
 9th Overall Tour du Limousin

Grand Tour general classification results timeline

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Valence, Drôme
Cyclists from Drôme
French male cyclists

Guillaume Bonnafond


Anna Gaskell (born October 22, 1969) is an American art photographer and artist from Des Moines, Iowa.

She is best known for her photographic series that she calls "elliptical narratives" which are similar to the works produced by Cindy Sherman. Like Sherman, Gaskell's works are influenced by film and painting, rather than the typical conventions of photography. She lives and works in New York.

Early life and education
Gaskell's mother was an evangelical Christian who brought Anna and her brother along on "wild pilgrimages throughout the Midwest," where they would witness miracles being performed, acts of healing, people speaking in tongues, and other Charismatic Christian practices. She claims that she does not remember anything strange about these acts, "but more a feeling of excitement and a security in the faith that [she] felt from everyone there." Gaskell says that her work revolves around a similar idea of faith, believing the possibility of the impossible and suspension of disbelief. After studying for two years at Bennington College, she received her BFA from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1992. In 1995, she received her MFA from Yale School of Art, studying under Gregory Crewdson.

Career

Gaskell stages all of her scenes, using the style of "narrative photography," wherein each scene exists only to be photographed. Gaskell pioneers a new discourse of contemporary photography where within each of her series, the narrative of her photographs is disrupted, "its fragments functioning like film stills excised from their context but suggesting a missing whole." There are gaps of space and time left between each photograph, evoking a "vivid and dreamlike world." In a 2002 interview with curator Matthew Drutt of the Menil Collection, Gaskell describes her creative process and the inspiration she draws from other sources in the following way: "The stories and events that I choose to use as jumping-off points are simply that. They are only a part of what goes into the work, and perhaps a useful reference for viewers. [...] Trying to combine fiction, fact, and my own personal mishmash of life into something new is how I make my work. Into all of this, I try to insert a degree of mystery that ensures that the dots may not connect in the same way every time."

1990s

1996

In haunting photographic scenes of preadolescent girls, Gaskell alludes to well-known children's literature, such as Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, which can be found in two of her series: wonder (1996–97) and override (1997). Gaskell made her international debut with the twenty photograph series, wonder (1996–97), the first series Gaskell created after receiving her MFA at Yale University School of Art. wonder, which draws the viewer in with stained-glass coloration intensified by lamination, features two identically dressed Alices photographed together and separately and at oblique angles that recall the disorienting experiences of Alice in Wonderland. For example, in Untitled #1 of wonder, one of the Alices is pictured treading in a pool of her tears, "her body grotesquely distorted by the refraction of light on the water" and in Untitled #2, one Alice leans over the other, plugging her nose, seemingly about to perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. These two photographs also demonstrate how Gaskell takes on the role of "unreliable narrator" within her series by her "use of photography as a format which invites the suspension of disbelief, with her codings and fragmentations of the frames exposing the viewer to the inconsistencies and assumptions that are held in place by realist photographic as well as narrative conventions."  Through the use of different sized photographs, Gaskell displays an instability in Alice by referring to the character's growth spurts and shrinking spells.

1997

In the series override, allusions to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland are made again, as in wonder, but in this series, the scenarios are drawn from Gaskell's own imagination. override features seven versions of Alice which alternate between roles of victim and aggressor. A description about the series written by Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum curators states, "[The seven versions of Alice] try to control the changes to her body by literally, physically holding her in place — a potent metaphor for the anxiety and confusion experienced by children on the verge of adolescence." Color and chiaroscuro play a large role in Gaskell's work as they lead the viewer to the main source of action in each piece. While the wonder series features cool blue tones, the photographs featured in override were captured in the "golden hues of Twilight." The constantly changing scale of the photographs, the physical stretching and pulling actions performed by the models, and the range of size of the photographs themselves (6 x 7 1/4 inches to 60 x 90 inches) all relate to the central metaphor of Alice in Wonderland: change.

Gaskell's film Floater repeats in a backwards sequence a scene of an Ophelia-like young woman in a pool of water, trying to decide whether she should drown or save herself. The theme of this cycle of indecision is seen again in her series half life in 2002.

1998

In her photographic series, hide, Gaskell references a lesser-known Brothers Grimm tale, "The Magic Donkey." This series features young girls alone in a gothic mansion, creating a sense of dread and underlying sexual intrigue that takes its impetus from the tale of a young woman forced to hide beneath animal skins to hide from the matrimonial desires of her father. The name of the series is drawn from the children's game hide-and-seek, the dual personality of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and the literal skin, or hide, that creates a boundary between the inside and the outside, the self and the other.

1999

In 1999, Gaskell produced two series, Sally Salt says and by proxy, both of which featured Sally Salt, the female protagonist in The Adventures of Baron Munchausen, a 1988 British comedy film based on the tall tales told about 18th-century German baron Karl Friedrich Hieronymus von Munchausen. by proxy takes on a darker tone by combining the fictional, gullible, and lovable Sally Salt character with a real-life serial killer, Genene Jones, a pediatric nurse who, in the early 1980s, was found guilty of the murder of several children in Texas. Gaskell's models in by proxy wear white nurse's outfits. The girls in the photographs represent Genene Jones at different stages in her life, battling with her own tormented mind. The title of the series draws from Munchausen syndrome by proxy, a type of child abuse in which a caregiver purposefully makes a child under their care ill, usually to attract the attention or sympathy of others upon themselves. Though all of her series are imbued with a sense of darkness, compared to the fictional stories depicted in her previous series such as override and wonder, by proxy is all the more unsettling in that it highlights real-life and disturbing subjects such as Munchausen syndrome by proxy and the Jones murders.

2000s

2002

Gaskell's half life—drawn from stories such as Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca, Elizabeth Gaskell's (no relation) "The Old Nurse's Story," and Henry James' The Turn of the Screw—began as an idea for a film installation and evolved into an exhibition combining still and moving images with ten photographs and a film installation. The unnamed central character of Rebecca, a tale from 1938 about an ingénue who goes abroad, marries a middle-aged patrician, and follows him back to his ancestral estate in Cornwall. There the young woman finds the house filled with the memory of the man's dead first wife, Rebecca, which torments the heroine to the brink of suicide. half life draws from the idea of Rebecca's presence in the estate and the heroine's mind. This series explores the human psyche, including the experiences of fear, isolation, and uncertainty. As seen in her previous works, the protagonist of half life is a young woman who finds herself between "the purity of youth and the gradual loss of innocence that comes with maturity." Differing itself from previous series, the question of identity is pushed to a new level in half life by the almost total exclusion of the main figure. When shown, the woman often has her back to the camera or remains hidden behind her hair. Gaskell uses dynamic camera angles and elaborately decorated interiors in her photographs in half life creating a sense of vertigo or claustrophobia. The accompanying 21-minute film, similar to her piece, Floater (1997), features a woman floating under water in a state of non-being, neither fully dead or alive.

2007

In her video, Acting Lessons, Gaskell plays the protagonist, an actress who is performing a monologue and is continuously interrupted by an acting coach off screen. In this piece, Gaskell adopts "a mundane living room as the setting for her portrayal of emotional power struggles."

Exhibitions

Solo exhibitions
1997
 wonder, Casey Kaplan Gallery, New York

1999
 by proxy, Casey Kaplan Gallery, New York
 Sally Salt says…, Galerie Gisela Capitain, Cologne
 Hide, White Cube, London
 Anna Gaskell, Museum of Contemporary Art, North Miami; Museum of Modern Art, Oxford; Astrup Fearnley Museet, Oslo; Hasselblad Center, Gothenburg, Sweden

2000
 by proxy, Aspen Art Museum, Colorado

2001
 Des Moines Art Center, Iowa
 Castello di Rivoli, Turin, Italy
 Resemblance, Casey Kaplan Gallery, New York
 Remarkable Places, Kölnischer Kunstverein, Cologne
 Future's Eve, New Langton Arts, San Francisco

2002
 Half Life, The Menil Collection, Houston; White Cube, London
 Addison Gallery of American Art, Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts
 Le studio, Yvon Lambert, Paris

2003
 Anagram, Galerie Gisela Capitain, Cologne
 How Some Children Play at Slaughtering, Project Room,  Chicago

2004
 Casey Kaplan Gallery, New York
 At Sixes and Sevens, Yvon Lambert, Paris

2005
 1991, Galleria Massimo De Carlo, Milan
 Erasers, Galerie Gisela Capitain, Cologne

2006
 Everything That Rises, Second Street Gallery, Charlottesville, Virginia

2007
 Paint Your Own Pictures, Yvon Lambert, New York
 Still Life, Vizcaya Museum and Garden, Miami
 Erasers, The Box, Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, Ohio

2009
 Replayground, Galerie Gisela Capitain, Cologne

2010
 Turns Gravity, Yvon Lambert, New York

2013
 Penguin, Yvon Lambert, Paris
 The Romantic Exiles, Galerie Gisela Capitain, Cologne

2014
 Vampyr (with Douglas Gordon), Yvon Lambert, Paris

Select group exhibitions
1998
 Sightings, Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA), London
2002
 Photography Past/Forward. Aperture at 50, Aperture's Burden Gallery, New York
 Moving Pictures, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
2007
 Global Feminisms, Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art, The Brooklyn Museum, New York
2012
 Exquisite Corpses. Drawings and Configuration, The Museum of Modern Art, New York
 Ecstatic Alphabets / Heaps of Language, The Museum of Modern Art, New York

Reception

Grace Glueck, writing in The New York Times in 2004, described Gaskell as an established "maker of spooky, tension-filled feminine fictions", her work recalling Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, Daphne du Maurier's novel Rebecca and the films of Alfred Hitchcock. In Glueck's view, Gaskell's method is "to create a narrative expectation without fulfilling it", each picture hinting at a situation or story, provoking the viewer to speculate. Glueck does not necessarily approve of this, calling the process of challenging the viewer to make a story "do[ing] the artist's work".

Robert Mahoney, reviewing Gaskell's first exhibition of color photographs in 1997, calls the show a "masquerade" with a pair of "pretty twins" playing at Alice in Wonderland in blue pinafores, white tights and "black Mary Jane shoes". Mahoney calls this an intense search for identity, observing that the use of twins brings out the "mirror-like clarity" of Alice's dream journey. In his view, the blue and white coloration recalls the Virgin Mary, while the use of young women to represent "prepubescent girls" brings sexuality into the images.

Christopher Mooney, writing for ArtReview in 2014, reviews an exhibition in Paris of Gaskell's photographs alongside her ex-partner Douglas Gordon's "wall, floor, and corner works". Mooney calls it a swan song, the exhibition featuring swan taxidermy in "many" of Gordon's works, and a Bolshoi ballet prima ballerina, Svetlana Lunkina, who "danc[es] across Gaskell's screens". Mooney finds Lunkina the strongest element in the show, Gaskell's photographs displaying her as both graceful and "affecting".

Awards
 Citigroup Private Bank Photography Prize (2000).
 Nancy Graves Foundation Grant (2002).
 Des Moines Art Center Artists Residency, Des Moines (2005)
 KunstFilmBiennale, Cologne, best film in the art category: Erasers (2005)
 NYFA Grant (2010)
 Artslink Grant (2010)
 Bohen Foundation Grant (2010)
 Recollects Residency, Paris (2011)

References

External links
 Guggenheim Collections

1969 births
Living people
Photographers from Iowa
Artists from Des Moines, Iowa
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
Yale School of Art alumni
20th-century American women photographers
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American women photographers
21st-century American photographers

Anna Gaskell


The Foundling Hospital (formally the Hospital for the Maintenance and Education of Exposed and Deserted Young Children) was a children's home in London, England, founded in 1739 by the philanthropic sea captain Thomas Coram. It was established for the "education and maintenance of exposed and deserted young children." The word "hospital" was used in a more general sense than it is in the 21st century, simply indicating the institution's "hospitality" to those less fortunate. Nevertheless, one of the top priorities of the committee at the Foundling Hospital was children's health, as they combated smallpox, fevers, consumption, dysentery and even infections from everyday activities like teething that drove up mortality rates and risked epidemics. With their energies focused on maintaining a disinfected environment, providing simple clothing and fare, the committee paid less attention to and spent less on developing children's education. As a result, financial problems would hound the institution for years to come, despite the growing "fashionableness" of charities like the hospital.

Early history

Foundation

Thomas Coram presented his first petition for the establishment of a Foundling Hospital to King George II in 1735. The petition was signed by 21 prominent women from aristocratic families, whose names not only lent respectability to his project, but made Coram's cause "one of the most fashionable charities of the day". Two further petitions, with male signatories from the nobility, professional classes, gentry, and judiciary, were presented in 1737. The founding royal charter, signed by King George II, was presented by Coram at a distinguished gathering at 'Old' Somerset House to the Duke of Bedford in 1739. It contains the aims and rules of the hospital and the long list of founding governors and guardians: this includes 17 dukes, 29 earls, 6 viscounts, 20 barons, 20 baronets, 7 Privy Councillors, the Lord Mayor and 8 aldermen of the City of London; and many more besides. The building was constructed between 1742 and 1752 by John Deval, the King's Master Mason.

The first children were admitted to the Foundling Hospital on 25 March 1741, into a temporary house located in Hatton Garden. At first, no questions were asked about child or parent, but a note was made of any 'particular writing, or other distinguishing mark or token' which might later be used to identify a child if reclaimed.  These were often marked coins, trinkets, pieces of fabric or ribbon, playing cards, as well as verses and notes written on scraps of paper. On 16 December 1758, the hospital governors decided to provide receipts to anyone leaving a child making the identifying tokens unnecessary.  Despite this, the admission records show that tokens continued to be left.   Clothes were carefully recorded as another means to identify a claimed child. One entry in the record reads, "Paper on the breast, clout on the head."  The applications became too numerous, and a system of balloting with red, white and black balls was adopted.  Records show that between 1 January 1750 and December 1755, 2523 children were brought for admission, but only 783 taken in.  Private funding was insufficient to meet public demand.  Between 1 June 1756 and 25 March 1760, and with financial support from parliament, the Hospital adopted a period of unrestricted entry.  Admission rates soared to highs of 4000 per year.  By 1763 admission was by petition, requiring applicants to provide their name and circumstances.  Children were seldom taken after they were 12 months old, except for war orphans.

On reception, children were sent to wet nurses in the countryside, where they stayed until they were about four or five years old.  Due to the fact that many of these nurses lived outside of London it was necessary to involve a network of voluntary inspectors, who were the hospital's representatives.   Although the hospital governors had no specific plan for who these inspectors were, in practice it was often local clergy or gentry who performed this role.

At the age of 16, girls were generally apprenticed as servants for four years; at 14, boys were apprenticed into a variety of occupations, typically for seven years. There was a small benevolent fund for adults.

The London hospital was preceded by the Foundling Hospital, Dublin, founded 1704, and the Foundling Hospital, Cork, founded 1737, both funded by government.

The new Hospital
In September 1742, the stone of the new Hospital was laid on land acquired from the Earl of Salisbury on Lamb's Conduit Field in Bloomsbury, an undeveloped area lying north of Great Ormond Street and west of Gray's Inn Lane. The hospital was designed by Theodore Jacobsen as a plain brick building with two wings and a chapel, built around an open courtyard. The western wing was finished in October 1745. An eastern wing was added in 1752 "in order that the girls might be kept separate from the boys". The new Hospital was described as "the most imposing single monument erected by eighteenth century benevolence".

In 1756, the House of Commons resolved that all children offered should be received, that local receiving places should be appointed all over the country, and that the funds should be publicly guaranteed. A basket was accordingly hung outside the hospital; the maximum age for admission was raised from two months to 12, and a flood of children poured in from country workhouses. In less than four years 14,934 children were presented, and a vile trade grew up among vagrants, who sometimes became known as "Coram Men", of promising to carry children from the country to the hospital, an undertaking which they often did not perform or performed with great cruelty. Of these 15,000, only 4,400 survived to be apprenticed out. The total expense was about £500,000, which alarmed the House of Commons. After throwing out a bill which proposed to raise the necessary funds by fees from a general system of parochial registration, they came to the conclusion that the indiscriminate admission should be discontinued. The hospital, being thus thrown on its own resources, adopted a system of receiving children only with considerable sums (e.g., £100), which sometimes led to the children being reclaimed by the parent. This practice was finally stopped in 1801; and it henceforth became a fundamental rule that no money was to be received. The committee of inquiry had to be satisfied of the previous good character and present necessity of the mother, and that the father of the child had deserted both mother and child, and that the reception of the child would probably replace the mother in the course of virtue and in the way of an honest livelihood. At that time, illegitimacy carried deep stigma, especially for the mother but also for the child. All the children at the Foundling Hospital were those of unmarried women, and they were all first children of their mothers. The principle was in fact that laid down by Henry Fielding in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling: "Too true I am afraid it is that many women have become abandoned and have sunk to the last degree of vice [i.e. prostitution] by being unable to retrieve the first slip."

There were some unfortunate incidents, such as the case of Elizabeth Brownrigg (1720–1767), a severely abusive Fetter Lane midwife who mercilessly whipped and otherwise maltreated her adolescent female apprentice domestic servants, leading to the death of one, Mary Clifford, from her injuries, neglect and infected wounds. After the Foundling Hospital authorities investigated, Brownrigg was convicted of murder and sentenced to hang at Tyburn. Thereafter, the Foundling Hospital instituted more thorough investigation of its prospective apprentice masters and mistresses.

Music and art

The Foundling Hospital grew to become a very fashionable charity, and it was supported by many noted figures of the day in high society and the arts. Its benefactors included a number of renowned artists, thanks to one of its most influential governors, the portrait painter and cartoonist William Hogarth.

Art
Hogarth, who was childless, had a long association with the hospital and was a founding governor. He designed the children's uniforms and the coat of arms, and he and his wife Jane fostered foundling children. Hogarth also decided to set up a permanent art exhibition in the new buildings, encouraging other artists to produce work for the hospital. By creating a public attraction, Hogarth turned the Hospital into one of London's most fashionable charities as visitors flocked to view works of art and make donations. At this time, art galleries were unknown in Britain, and Hogarth's fundraising initiative is considered to have established Britain's first ever public art gallery.

Several contemporary English artists adorned the walls of the hospital with their works, including Sir Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Gainsborough, Richard Wilson and Francis Hayman. Hogarth himself painted a portrait of Thomas Coram for the hospital, and he also donated his Moses Brought Before Pharaoh's Daughter. His painting March of the Guards to Finchley was also obtained by the hospital after Hogarth donated lottery tickets for a sale of his works, and the hospital won it. Another noteworthy piece is Roubiliac's bust of Handel. The hospital also owned several paintings illustrating life in the institution by Emma Brownlow, daughter of the hospital's administrator. In the chapel, the altarpiece was originally Adoration of the Magi by Casali, but this was deemed to look too Catholic by the hospital's Anglican governors, and it was replaced by Benjamin West's picture of Christ presenting a little child. William Hallett, cabinet maker to nobility, produced all the wood panelling with ornate carving, for the court room.

Exhibitions of pictures at the Foundling Hospital, which were organised by the Dilettante Society, led to the formation of the Royal Academy in 1768. The Foundling Hospital art collection can today be seen at the Foundling Museum.

Music

In May 1749, the composer George Frederic Handel held a benefit concert in the Hospital chapel to raise funds for the charity, performing his specially composed choral piece, the Foundling Hospital Anthem. The work included the "Hallelujah" chorus from recently composed oratorio, Messiah, which had premiered in Dublin in 1742. On 1 May 1750 Handel directed a performance of Messiah to mark the presentation of the organ to the chapel. That first performance was a great success and Handel was elected a Governor of the hospital on the following day. Handel subsequently put on an annual performance of Messiah there, which helped to popularise the piece among British audiences. He bequeathed to the hospital a fair copy (full score) of the work.

The musical service, which was originally sung by the blind children only, was made fashionable by the generosity of Handel. In 1774, Dr Charles Burney and a Signor Giardini made an unsuccessful attempt to form in connection with the hospital a public music school, in imitation of the Pio Ospedale della Pietà in Venice, Italy. In 1847, however, a successful juvenile band was started. The educational effects of music were found excellent, and the hospital supplied many musicians to the best army and navy bands.

Relocation
In the 1920s, the Hospital decided to move to a healthier location in the countryside. A proposal to turn the buildings over for university use fell through, and they were eventually sold to a property developer called James White in 1926. He hoped to transfer Covent Garden Market to the site, but the local residents successfully opposed that plan. In the end, the original Hospital building was demolished.  The children were moved to Redhill, Surrey, where an old convent was used to lodge them, and then in 1935 to the new purpose-built Foundling Hospital in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. When, in the 1950s, British law moved away from institutionalisation of children toward more family-orientated solutions, such as adoption and foster care, the Foundling Hospital ceased most of its operations. The Berkhamsted buildings were sold to Hertfordshire County Council for use as a school (Ashlyns School) and the Foundling Hospital changed its name to the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children and currently uses the working name Coram.

Today

The Foundling Hospital still has a legacy on the original site. Seven acres (28,000 m2) of it were purchased for use as a playground for children with financial support from the newspaper proprietor Lord Rothermere.  This area is now called Coram's Fields and owned by an independent charity, Coram's Fields and the Harmsworth Memorial Playground. The Foundling Hospital itself bought back 2.5 acres (10,000 m2) of land in 1937 and built a new headquarters and a children's centre on the site. Although smaller, the building is in a similar style to the original Foundling Hospital and important aspects of the interior architecture were recreated there. It now houses the Foundling Museum, an independent charity, where the art collection can be seen. The original charity still exists as Coram, registered under the name Thomas Coram Foundation for Children.

In fiction

In the 1840s Charles Dickens lived in Doughty Street, near the Foundling Hospital, and rented a pew in the chapel. The foundlings inspired characters in his novels including the apprentice Tattycoram in Little Dorrit, and Walter Wilding the foundling in No Thoroughfare. In "Received a Blank Child", published in Household Words in March 1853, Dickens writes about two foundlings, numbers 20,563 and 20,564, the title referring to the words "received a [blank] child" on the form filled out when a foundling was accepted at the hospital.

The Foundling Hospital is the setting for Jamila Gavin's 2000 novel Coram Boy. The story recounts elements of the problems mentioned above, when "Coram Men" were preying on people desperate for their children.

It appears in three books by Jacqueline Wilson: Hetty Feather, Sapphire Battersea and Emerald Star. In the first story, Hetty Feather, Hetty has just arrived in the hospital, after her time with her foster family. This book tells us about her new life in the Foundling Hospital. In Sapphire Battersea, Hetty has just left the hospital and speaks ill of it. The Foundling Hospital is mentioned in Emerald Star, although it is mainly about Hetty growing up.

Published in 2020, Stacey Hall's The Foundling (or The Lost Orphan in the U.S.) sees the main character, Bess Bright, leave her illegitimate daughter Clara at London's Foundling Hospital. The book was a Sunday Times Best Seller.

See also
Blackguard Children
Child abandonment
List of demolished buildings and structures in London
List of organisations with a British royal charter
Thomas Coram Foundation for Children
Taylor White, a founding governor of the Foundling Hospital and its first Treasurer

References

Bibliography
Enlightened Self-interest: The Foundling Hospital and Hogarth (exhibition catalogue), Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, London 1997.
The Foundling Museum Guide Book. The Foundling Museum, London, 2004.
Gavin, Jamila. Coram Boy. London: Egmont/Mammoth, 2000:  (U.S. Edition: New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 2001: )
Jocelyn, Marthe. A Home for Foundlings. Toronto: Tundra Books: 2005:
McClure, Ruth. Coram's Children: The London Foundling Hospital in the Eighteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981:
Nichols, R. H., and F. A. Wray. The History of the Foundling Hospital (London: Oxford University Press, 1935).
Oliver, Christine, and Peter Aggleton. Coram's Children: Growing Up in the Care of the Foundling Hospital: 1900-1955. London: Coram Family, 2000:
Sheetz-Nguyen, Jessica A. Unwed Mothers: Victorian Women and the London Foundling Hospital. London: Continuum, 2012.
Zunshine, Lisa. Bastards and Foundlings: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth Century England, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2005:

External links

The Foundling Museum
Coram Story: History of the Foundling Hospital and Thomas Coram
Old Coram Association
The Foundling Museum section at the Survey of London online
BBC British History: The Foundling Hospital

1739 establishments in England
Buildings and structures completed in 1741
Charities based in London
Children's charities based in England
Children's hospitals in the United Kingdom
Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden
Organizations established in 1739
Orphanages in the United Kingdom
George II of Great Britain

Foundling Hospital


Eugene E. "Gene" Stipe (October 21, 1926 – July 21, 2012) was an American politician from Oklahoma. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Early life and career
Gene Stipe was born in Blanco, Oklahoma, the son of Jacob Irvin Stipe, a farmer and coal miner, and Eva Lou Stipe. Following a stint in the United States Navy in the mid-1940s, he was elected to the Oklahoma House of Representatives at the age of 21 in 1948, and served as Assistant Floor Leader from 1949 to 1953. Stipe holds the record as being the longest serving elected official in Oklahoma history. He graduated from law school at the University of Oklahoma while serving in the state House of Representatives, and living at the fire station in Norman, Oklahoma.

State Senate election
Stipe did not seek re-election to the State House in 1954, but was an unsuccessful candidate for a State Senate against Kirksey Nix. However, two years later Nix was elected to the Oklahoma Court of Appeals and Stipe was elected to the State Senate in a special election, serving from 1957 until his resignation in 2003, becoming the longest-serving member of that body.

Earlier legal problems and 1978 U.S. Senate candidacy
In 1968, Stipe was indicted on charges of federal income tax evasion for allegedly failing to pay taxes on $110,000 in income, but was later acquitted of the charges.

In 1975, he was paid $100,000 plus expenses to assist William Con Sutherland in a bankruptcy case involving Sutherland's vending machine empire. Stipe was accused by bankruptcy trustees of taking his retainer fee from illegally diverted funds. In an out-of-court settlement, Stipe repaid $60,000 in order to resolve the dispute.

Stipe was a candidate for the U.S. Senate seat which was being vacated by Republican Dewey F. Bartlett in the 1978 election. He finished far behind popular Governor David L. Boren and former U.S. Congressman Ed Edmondson, a late entry in the race who finished a distant second in the primary and lost the runoff to Boren.

The following year, Stipe was indicted by a federal grand jury for his role in securing a fraudulent Small Business Administration loan for McAlester Frozen Foods, a food processing company based in Stipe's district. He was acquitted on those charges in 1981. While awaiting trial in the SBA loan case, he was indicted by another federal grand jury on charges of fraud, extortion, and conspiracy relating to his intervention in an extradition case involving a Colorado man.

Resignation and 2003 guilty plea
Stipe resigned from the Oklahoma State Senate in March 2003, was succeeded in the State Senate by Richard Lerblance. A month later, he pleaded guilty to federal charges of perjury, conspiracy to obstruct a Federal Election Commission investigation, and conspiracy to violate the Federal Election Campaign Act, relating to his alleged role in funneling illegal contributions to the failed 1998 congressional campaign of Walt Roberts in Oklahoma's 3rd congressional district.

In January, 2004, he was sentenced to five years' probation, six months' home detention, 1,000 hours of community service, and fined $735,567. Furthermore, he also agreed to forfeit both his license to practice law and his legislative pension following his guilty plea.

Possible probation revocation and 2007 indictment
In September 2007, federal authorities filed a petition seeking to have Stipe's probation revoked as a result of his alleged ongoing relationship with his former business partner Steve Covington due to the latter's status as a convicted felon. On September 28, a federal judge ordered Stipe, who had hydrocephalus, diabetes and prostate cancer, to undergo a mental competency evaluation at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, following a parole revocation hearing in which Stipe required prompting from his attorneys to answer questions, and according to the judge, appeared to be drugged or hypnotized. The request was subsequently denied in November, 2008, following the court's decision that Stipe was incompetent to face a probation revocation hearing and had effectively served the prison sentence he would have been given during his court-ordered mental competency evaluation.

While awaiting a determination on his competency to face probation revocation, Stipe and his brother, Francis, were indicted by a federal grand jury in another case on charges of mail fraud, witness tampering, money laundering and conspiracy, relating to their alleged role in a real estate deal involving a pet food company owned by another one of Gene Stipe's former business partners, Steve Phipps. The witness tampering charge stemmed from allegations that the Stipe brothers engaged in a conspiracy to influence the testimony of former Oklahoma State Representative Mike Mass by buying the mortgage on a home owned by Mass. The indictment against Stipe was put on hold due to mental competency issues raised during a probation revocation hearing relating to a previous case against him, and Francis Stipe subsequently died following his guilty plea in the indictment.

Death and personal life
Stipe married Agnes L. Minter in 1949 and they had one daughter. They were married until her death in 2002. Following Agnes's death, he married Mary Bea Thetford in December 2003. Stipe died on July 21, 2012.

References

 Continuing Coverage of Gene Stipe (NewsOK.com)
 Oklahoma Senate Press Release Re: Death of Agnes Stipe
 2004 Justice Department Press Release RE: Stipe Sentencing
 "Stipe enters prison for evaluation" (Tulsa World article)
 "Former State Senator Indicted (KOTV.com news report)
 "Clyde Stipe-July 9, 2012 Obituaries-McAlester News-Capital"

External links

1926 births
2012 deaths
Democratic Party members of the Oklahoma House of Representatives
Democratic Party Oklahoma state senators
Oklahoma lawyers
Disbarred American lawyers
American perjurers
Oklahoma politicians convicted of crimes
People from McAlester, Oklahoma
Military personnel from Oklahoma
United States Navy personnel
University of Oklahoma College of Law alumni
People with hydrocephalus
American lawyers with disabilities
American politicians with disabilities
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American politicians

Gene Stipe


A popover is a light roll made from an egg batter similar to that of Yorkshire pudding, typically baked in muffin tins or dedicated popover pans, which have straight-walled sides rather than angled.

Popovers may be served either as a sweet, topped with fruit and whipped cream; or, butter and jam for breakfast; or, with afternoon tea; or, with meats at lunch and dinner.

Name
The name "popover" comes from the fact that the batter swells or "pops" over the top of the tin while baking. Popovers are also known as Laplanders.

History
The popover is an American version of Yorkshire pudding and similar batter puddings made in England since the 17th century,

The oldest known reference to popovers dates to 1850. The first cookbook to print a recipe for popovers was in 1876.

A variant of popovers with garlic and herbs is called Portland (Oregon) popover pudding. Other American popover variations include replacing some of the flour with pumpkin puree and adding spices such as allspice or nutmeg. Most American popovers today, however, are not flavored with meat or herbs. Instead, they have a buttery taste.

References

American breads
Breakfast dishes
Quick breads

Popover


The Mitchell County Courthouse, built ca. 1924, is an historic 3-story redbrick Classical Revival style courthouse building located  at 349 Oak Street in Colorado City, Texas. It was designed by David S. Castle, who has been called the Architect of Abilene, and built by J.H. Reddick. It is Mitchell County's second courthouse and replaced the first courthouse built in 1883, which was torn down after it was discovered to have been built in the right-of-way of Oak Street. Sometime after 1939, the 10 windows in the portico were covered over.

See also

List of county courthouses in Texas

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Mitchell County, Texas
County courthouses in Texas
Government buildings completed in 1924
Neoclassical architecture in Texas

Mitchell County Courthouse (Texas)


The Urema Valley, also known as the Urema Graben, is a lowland valley in Sofala Province of central Mozambique.

The Urema Valley extends from the Zambezi River south to Sofala Bay. It is a typical graben valley, with a flat bottom and escarpments on either side. It forms a broad crescent which bends towards the west as it extends from north to south. The valley floor is 12-80 meters above sea level, and averages about 40 km wide. Escarpments 300 to 400 meters high lead to plateaus. The Cheringoma Plateau lies to the east, and the Barue Plateau to the west. Mount Gorongosa lies on the Barue Plateau near the western escarpment.

The Urema Valley is the southernmost portion of the East African Rift, a continuation of the southern rift segment contains the Shire River valley and Lake Malawi.

Much of the valley floor is covered with seasonal wetlands, which are filled during the rainy season by rivers flowing off the Barue Plateau. The northern end of the graben is drained by the Zangue River, which flows north to join the Zambezi. The Urema River flows south into the lower Pungwe, and forms a large but shallow seasonal lake called Lake Urema. Gorongosa National Park occupies the central portion of the Graben, including Lake Urema.

The southernmost portion of the valley is occupied by the large estuary of the Pungwe and Buzi rivers, with extensive mangrove swamps. The port of Beira lies on the eastern shore of the estuary where it meets Sofala Bay.

In addition to the seasonally-flooded grasslands, the valley floor is occupied by warm and dry mopane woodland. Miombo woodlands occupy the more humid Barue Plateau. The climate of the Cheringoma Plateau is influenced by the Indian Ocean, and is home to coastal forest mosaic.

References

Cenozoic rifts and grabens
Geography of Sofala Province
Great Rift Valley
Landforms of Mozambique
Zambezian and mopane woodlands

Urema Valley


An infinity pool, also called infinity edge pool, zero edge pool, overflow pool or spillover pool, is a reflecting pool or swimming pool where the water flows over one or more edges, producing a visual effect of water with no boundary. Such pools are often designed so that the edge appears to merge with a larger body of water such as the ocean, or with the sky, and may overlook locations such as natural landscapes and cityscapes. They are often seen at hotels, resorts, estates, and in other luxurious places.

History
It has been claimed that the infinity pool concept originated in France, and that one of the first vanishing-edge designs was the Stag Fountain at the Palace of Versailles, built in the late 17th century. In the US, architect John Lautner has been credited as one of the first to come up with an infinity pool design in the early 1960s. He included infinity pools in various residential projects, and also created the vanishing-edge pool in the 1971 James Bond movie Diamonds Are Forever. It was introduced to Australia by the architect Douglas Snelling.

Structure

Infinity pools are expensive and require extensive structural, mechanical, and architectural detailing. Since they are often built in precarious locations, sound structural engineering is paramount. The high cost of these pools often arises from the elaborate foundation systems that anchor them to hillsides.

The "infinite" edge of the pool terminates at a weir that is  lower than the required pool water level. A trough or catch basin is constructed below the weir. The water spills into the catch basin, from where it is pumped back into the pool.

See also
 Spa

References

Further reading

External links

Swimming pools
Landscape architecture
Luxury

Infinity pool


The Foreign Enlistment Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict c 90) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that seeks to regulate mercenary activities of British citizens.

It received royal assent on 9 August 1870.

Background
There was no common law prohibition on enlistment in foreign militaries, and mercenary services predated the development of professional armies. The Foreign Enlistment Act 1819, 59 Geo. 3 c. 69 (long title "An Act to Prevent the Enlisting or Engagement of His Majesty's Subjects to Serve in Foreign Service, and the Fitting out or Equipping, in his Majesty's Dominions, Vessels for Warlike Purposes Without His Majesty's Licence") was passed by in 1819. The law was passed to uphold British neutrality in the Spanish American wars of independence and made it a crime punishable by fines and imprisonment for British subjects to serve in foreign militaries. The 1819 act was almost never enforced. In 1833 MP John Murray proposed repeal, saying "There never was an Act of the Legislature so little in accordance with the general opinions of the country." That repeal effort failed, but the law remained ineffective.

On 9 August 1870, in response to the Franco-Prussian War, Parliament repealed the 1819 Act and passed the 1870 Act, a redrafting of the prior legislation. The 1870 act, enacted during the British Empire era, implemented many recommendations of a royal commission convened after the American Civil War. It clarified the scope of prohibited military activity (including making clear that the act only applied to "any foreign state at war with any foreign state at peace with Her Majesty" rather than all peacetime military service, to which the 1819 act extended); excluded Asia from the scope of the Act; limited prison sentences for violations to two years; and made it a crime to prepare for or conduct military expeditions, and made it a crime to aid or abet any violators of the act, or to induce a person's enlistment by misrepresentations. The 1870 act thus applied to wars between states in which Britain was neutral; during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), and Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), British officials blocked naval vessels from sailing to belligerents.

Stephen presents late 19th century establishment views. Lorimer publishes the law of 1870 as it was originally enacted.

Prosecutions and non-prosecutions under the 1819 and 1870 acts
Authorities in Britain generally did not enforce the act, and it was often ignored, both in Britain and in British North America (to which the act applied), except in rare situations in which the foreign military activity threatened British neutrality in armed conflicts. More than 5,000 Britons served with Simon Bolivar in the Albion Legion and other units during the Spanish American wars of independence. The 300 Britons who participated in the 1832 military campaign of Dom Pedro of Brazil against Portugal were also not prosecuted. Nor was any action taken against the Irish and Quebec Catholics (British subjects) who fought on behalf of the Papal States (as Zouaves) in the late 1860s, during the Italian Risorgimento.

Britain was neutral in the American Civil War, yet more than 50,000 British North Americans (many Canadians) fought for the Union during the war, and a much smaller number for the Confederacy. There were only a handful of prosecutions. In the small number of prosecutions, the Canadian courts rejected jurisdictional challenges raised by the accused, concluding that the imperial act applied in British North America. The highest-profile case was that of Colonel Arthur Rankin, a militia officer of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada who in the summer of 1861 personally offered his services to Abraham Lincoln, accepted a Union commission, and raised the First Michigan Lancers. Rankin was prosecuted in October 1861; the court rejected Rankin's arguments on jurisdiction, dropped the charge of "recruiting" and referred the charge of enlistment to the Court of Queen's Bench; ultimately, the prosecution was dropped. Rankin denounced the Foreign Enlistment Act as a violation of the rights of him and other "Canadian gentlemen not only willing but eager to" fight for the Union as part of their "perfect right to enrol themselves in the cause of freedom – that of the North against the South."

Parliament formally suspended the law on one occasion – in 1835, during the First Carlist War, for two years, permitting British subjects to join the army of Queen Isabella II of Spain.

The last successful prosecution occurred in 1896 in the trial of Sir Leander Starr Jameson, who was convicted for leading the Jameson Raid, a raid from the Cape Colony into the South African Republic (Transvaal) in rebellion against the Boer government there. Problems with evidence prevented the British government from convicting enlistees to the French Foreign Legion or those thousands who joined the fight against Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War.

In 1975 the National Liberation Front of Angola advertised for recruits in the British press, prompting the Wilson ministry to get the Privy Council to appoint a committee (Lord Diplock, Derek Walker-Smith and Geoffrey De Freitas) to "Inquire into the Recruitment of Mercenaries". Its terms of reference included "possible amendment of the Foreign Enlistment Act", which the August 1976 "Diplock Report" described as "antiquated".

Interviewed after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Foreign Secretary Liz Truss said she would "absolutely" support Britons volunteering to fight for Ukraine. This suggestion caused mixed reactions. Former Attorney General for England and Wales Dominic Grieve, a former member of Truss's Conservative Party, said that Britons who fought in Ukraine would be violating the 1870 Act. By contrast, Sir Bob Neill, the chair of the House of Commons' Justice Select Committee, called the Foreign Enlistment Act an "antiquated piece of legislation" that should not be enforced.

Outside the United Kingdom
The Westminster act initially applied throughout the British Empire. After the Statute of Westminster 1931 it was gradually repealed or replaced in independent Commonwealth members.

In the Republic of Ireland it was repealed as "inoperative" by the Statute Law Revision Act 1983.

Canada
The Province of Canada passed a clarifying statute in 1865, but it only applied to the 1819 Foreign Enlistment Act, and lacked any force after the 1870 statute was enacted. In 1875, MP Télesphore Fournier introduced an act to clarify the imperial act ("An Act to Prevent Enlistment in the Services of Any Foreign State in Certain Cases not provided for by the Foreign Enlistment Act, 1870") as it applied in Canada. The bill went through a first and second reading, but was dropped by Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie, who cited a lack of necessity for the law and expressed concerns that it might conflict with the imperial act.

Foreign enlistment was not a political issue again in Canada until the 1930s. The Canadian Parliament enacted the Canadian Foreign Enlistment Act of 1937 due to concerns that it would not allow for the Canadian government to successfully convict the Communist Party of Canada's ongoing effort to recruit Canadians for the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. The Act was passed in April 1937 and formally applied to circumstances in Spain by an order-in-council in July 1937.  An investigation was conducted, prosecutors were hired, and warrants were issued for the arrest of participants in the recruiting network, but ultimately there were no prosecutions under the statute.

Up to 40,000 Canadians enlisted in the U.S. military during the Vietnam Era. Although Canada was officially neutral in the conflict, no Canadian Vietnam War veteran was prosecuted for violation of the Canadian Foreign Enlistment Act of 1937.

The Canadian Foreign Enlistment Act of 1937 remains a valid statute.

See also
Neutrality Act of 1794 (US)
British ambulances in the Franco-Prussian War

References

External links
"The Foreign Enlistment Act and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939", Twentieth Century British History, 1999, 10(1):52-66.
Record of parliamentary debates on Foreign Enlistment, 1819-2005 in Hansard

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1870
1870 in British law
1870 in military history
Military history of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom military law
Franco-Prussian War

Foreign Enlistment Act 1870


The Darling Buds of May is a novella by British writer H. E. Bates published in 1958. It was the first of a series of five books about the Larkins, a rural family from Kent. The title of the book is a quote from William Shakespeare's Sonnet 18:  Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate: / Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, / And summer's lease hath all too short a date; [...]

Plot synopsis
Pop and Ma Larkin and their many children take joy in nature, each other's company, and almost constant feasts. Their only income is through selling scrap, picking strawberries, and selling farm animals or previous purchases that they've tired of. Nevertheless, they joyfully spend money on horses, cars, perfume, fine furniture, and holidays abroad. Pop Larkin opposes taxes and any barriers to free enterprise.

Pop and Ma Larkin celebrate sex, youth, and vitality. In each novella in the series, Pop Larkin kisses, caresses, and pinches most of the women that he encounters. Ma Larkin expects this behaviour and approves of it. When told that Pop has kissed the middle-aged Miss Pilchester, she responds, "Do her good. Make her sleep all the sweeter."

In the first novella, Pop, Ma, and Mariette Larkin attempt to beguile Cedric Charlton, a timid and naive tax inspector, into abandoning his investigation of their finances. Their ultimate goal is for Mariette, who is secretly pregnant at the age of seventeen, to marry "Charley" and thus provide a father for her baby. Ultimately Mariette develops true feelings for Charley and they do become engaged. Charley is never told of the pregnancy, which turns out to be a false alarm.

Adaptations
The novel was loosely adapted into the film The Mating Game in 1959. ITV produced a television series of the novel, and its sequels plus additional original storylines, The Darling Buds of May, which ran from 1991 to 1993. A further adaptation of the novel, The Larkins, was made by ITV and broadcast in October 2021.

References
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.

External links

 The Darling Buds of May at HEBates.com

1958 British novels
British comedy novels
Novels by H. E. Bates
English novels
Novels set in Kent
British novels adapted into films
British novels adapted into television shows
Michael Joseph books

The Darling Buds of May (novel)


Eucrosia bicolor is a species of plant found in Ecuador and Peru.  Its natural habitats are seasonally dry lowland areas. It was the first species of Eucrosia to be scientifically described, in 1817, and the first to be introduced into cultivation in Europe, flowering outside its homeland for the first time in 1817. It is the most widely grown species of Eucrosia.

It grows from bulbs up to 4.5 cm in diameter. The slightly glaucous leaves, which usually appear by flowering time, have short petioles and blades (laminae) which are 20 cm long by 10 cm wide. The flowers are umbellate, on a stem (scape) up to 60 cm in height, pale red in colour, with stamens with prominent long filaments. The stamens are yellow in the Ecuadorian var. bicolor and red in the Peruvian var. plowmanii.

When grown in cultivation in Europe, it should be kept dry at 10 °C or above when the leaves wither, and watered again when the flowers and leaves begin to appear in spring, when it should be kept in a sunny position.

References

Flora of Ecuador
Flora of Peru
bicolor
Garden plants of South America
Plants described in 1817

Eucrosia bicolor


Orgazmo is a 1997 American sex comedy and superhero movie. It was written, directed by and stars Trey Parker. Matt Stone co-directed the movie. He also stars in it.

Plot
Everyman Mormon missionary Joseph Young and his mission partner are assigned to Los Angeles. They find the city a hostile place for their work. The problems get worse when they knock on the door of sleazy pornography director Maxxx Orbison. Several security guards are sent to throw Joseph and his partner away. But Joseph, or Joe, defeats them singlehanded with his own martial arts skills. Orbison is impressed by Joe's performance. He (Orbison) is also bored with the lead actor of his current project. Orbison tries hiring Joe to be the lead character of his pornographic superhero movie, Orgazmo. Joe is confused due to his God beliefs. However, the salary offered would pay for his Utah wedding to his fiancée Lisa. Joe doesn't want to accept, though he accepts anyway.

Joe finds the crew of the movie very threatening. But he manages to become friends with his co-star Ben Chapleski. Ben is a technical genius. He works in the pornography industry. Ben plays Orgazmo's partner Choda Boy. Choda assists Orgazmo with some specially designed sex toys. The toys include Orgazmo's main weapon, the Orgazmorator. The Orgazmorator is a ray gun that, when fired, causes orgasms upon whomever it is fired. Ben invites Joe to his home later on. He (Ben) shows Joe a real and working Orgazmorator Ben has built. Ben and Joseph spend an evening using the weapon on unknowing citizens for amusement.

At a sushi bar owned by Ben's Japanese friend G-Fresh, the two witness a group of thugs. The thugs vandalize the bar and try to force out G-Fresh. That's so their next door dance club can expand.

Later, when Ben and Joe are not present, G-Fresh is asked to leave. Upon finding this out, Joe and Ben put on costumes. They use their movie props and the Orgaznmorator ro sneak into the club and steal back the contract that G-Fresh was forced into signing. Ben is excited by finally getting to be a real superhero.

The movie Orgazmo becomes a financial and critical success. Orbison withholds Joe's paycheck to keep him in town long enough so he can announce a sequel. Joe is tempted with a doubled salary. His fiancée meets him angrily and then leaves him when she finds out what Joe's been doing. Joe faces production problems and harassment from Orbison's nephew A-Cup. Joe tries backing out the project. Orbison refuses, though. When Joe stands up to Orbison, the latter has Lisa kidnapped to force Joe into agreement. When Ben finds out the thugs who assaulted G-Fresh are also working for Orbison, he and Joe go into Orbison's mansion before Lisa can be forced into acting in one of Orbison's movies.

Cast

 Trey Parker as Joe Young/Orgazmo
 Dian Bachar as Ben Chapleski/Choda Boy
 Robyn Lynne Raab as Lisa
 Michael Dean Jacobs as Maxxx Orbison
 Matt Stone as Dave The Photographer
 Masao Maki as G-Fresh
 Toddy Walters as Georgi
 Ron Jeremy as Clark/Jizzmaster Zero
 David Dunn as A-Cup/Neutered Man
 Chasey Lain as Candi
 Juli Ashton as Saffi
 Shayla LaVeaux as Greek porn actress
 Jill Kelly as Nurse
 Lloyd Kaufman as Doctor
 Max Hardcore as Award show presenter
 Christi Lake
 Jeanna Fine
 Jacklyn Lick
 Mike Eaton as Meatfish
 Melissa Hill
 Serenity

Release
Orgazmo was first shown at Toronto International Film Festival in Fall 1997. The Motion Picture Association of America gave the movie an NC-17 rating. That meant a limited release in the United States.

Reception
Orgazmo has a score of 50% under Rotten Tomatoes. The movie had a score of 48 out of 100 on the Metacritic, meaning "average or mixed reviews". Roger Ebert gave the movie half a star. Ebert called it "Callow, obvious and awkward".

The movie has been called a cult movie, mostly by fans of South Park.

References

NC-17 rated movies
American comedy movies
1997 comedy movies
American superhero movies

Orgazmo


Basileus (Greek: βασιλεύς) is a Greek word which means "king" or "monarch" of a country. The title is often used when referring to rulers of the Ancient Greek nations, and was used to refer to the Byzantine emperors. The title was also used to refer to kings of modern Greece. The word can also be used to refer to bishops of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches.

The feminine forms are basileia (βασίλεια), basilis (βασιλίς), basilissa (βασίλισσα), or the archaic basilinna (βασιλίννα).

Ancient Greek culture

Basileus