Ras Desta Damtew KBE (Amharic: ደስታ ዳምጠው ; c. 1892 – 24 February 1937) was an Ethiopian noble, an army commander, and a son-in-law of Emperor Haile Selassie I. He is known for his leadership in the Ethopian Army during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. He was executed on 24 February 1937, by the Italian Armed Forces shortly after Ethiopia's loss in the war.

Biography
Born in the village of Maskan (in the contemporary Gurage Zone), Desta Damtew was the second son of Fitawrari Damtew Ketena. His older brother was Abebe Damtew. In 1896, Fitawrari Damtew Ketena was killed at the Battle of Adwa.  As boys, Lij Desta Damtew and his brother Lij Abebe Damtew served at the Imperial Palace in Addis Ababa as pages to Emperor Menelik II and Empress Taitu Bitul.  Desta Damtew went on to serve in the Dowager Empress Taitu's household at the Palace on Mt. Entoto after the death of Menelik II.

In 1916, Desta Damtew supported Tafari Makonnen against Lij Iyasu.  Tafari Makonnen was the future Emperor Haile Selassie I.  Lij Iyasu was deposed but escaped. In 1920, Desta Damtew was in the party that captured Lij Iyasu.

In 1924, Desta Damtew married Tafari Makonnen's daughter Leult Tenagnework Haile Selassie. They had four daughters and two sons.

Anthony Mockler describes Desta Damtew as "something of an eccentric among Ethiopian nobles", who had run away in his twenties to become a monk at Debre Libanos, as well as having a reputation "as an entrepreneur and an enfant terrible." Mockler continues that Ras Desta "had as little taste as the young progressives of inferior birth for the traditional amusements of the Amhara aristocracy, the feasting, the horsemanship, the boasting and the drunkenness."

According to his obituary in The Times he was a tall and princelike figure, ascetically handsome in face and reserved in manner.  He had the soft, almost inaudible voice of the aristocratic Shewan. Although a modernizer on the Imperial pattern, he was perfectly frank about his distrust of foreigners.  "The less foreigners visit Ethiopia, the better." was a remark he once made at a European gathering at the British Legation. Desta Damtew was considered a genius by many of his advisors and fellow-soldiers. He was educated in Ethiopia, Britain, and Switzerland and spoke fluent Amharic, English, French, German, and Italian, among other languages.

By 1928, Negus Tafari Makonnen appointed his son-in-law Desta Damtew as Dejazmach and as Shum of Kefa Province.

In 1932, Emperor Haile Selassie I appointed Desta Damtew as a Ras.  In the same year, he was appointed Shum of Sidamo Province and of Borena Province.  He succeeded Birru Wolde Gabriel in Sidamo.

In 1933, Ras Desta Damtew traveled to America to return the visit of the United States representative to the coronation of Haile Selassie.  It was his only journey outside Ethiopia. He arrived in New York and was greeted with royal honours, later lunching with President Roosevelt.

In 1935, Ras Desta commanded troops along the southern border of Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.  In January 1936, he was defeated by the Italian General Rodolfo Graziani at the Battle of Ganale Dorya. Desta retreated back to his administrative center at Irgalem, where with the help of Dejazmach Gabremariam, he reorganized his surviving supporters to resist the Italian advance.  Desta continued to resist the Italians after the Emperor left the country.

In 1936, after the end of the rainy season, Italian General Carlo Geloso, who had been appointed governor of the Italian province of Galla-Sidamo, advanced from the north to dislodge Ras Desta and Dejazmach Gabremariam.  However, by the end of October, Geloso had not advanced very far or effectively. It was not until a month later when a second Italian column advanced from the south through the Wadara Forest that Ras Desta at last left Irgalem, which was occupied 1 December. With Dejazmach Gabremariam, Dejazmach Beyene Merid (Shum of Bale Province), and a dwindling number of soldiers, for the next few months Ras Desta eluded the Italians until they were trapped near Lake Shala in the Battle of Gogetti and annihilated. Wounded, Ras Desta managed to escape, only to be caught and executed near his birthplace.

Following the liberation of Ethiopia from Italian occupation in 1941, the remains of Ras Desta Damtew were disinterred from the grave they were buried in by the Italians and moved to the Imperial family tombs in the crypt of Holy Trinity Cathedral.

Honours

National honours
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Trinity.
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Menelik II.
 Knight Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Star of Ethiopia.
 Imperial Coronation Medal (1930).

Foreign honours
 Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour (French Third Republic, 2 January 1932).
 Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (United Kingdom, 13 January 1932).

See also
Haile Selassie Gugsa - Another son-in-law of Haile Selassie
Beyene Merid - Another son-in-law of Haile Selassie
Nasibu Emmanual
Princess Sophia Desta

Notes
Footnotes

Citations

References

External links
Photo: Ras Desta Damtew ca. 1930

1890s births
1937 deaths
Ethiopian nobility
Ethiopian military personnel killed in action
Executed military personnel
Executed Ethiopian people
20th-century executions by Italy
People executed by Italy by hanging
Year of birth uncertain
Burials at Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia

Desta Damtew


Dalmatian was a Romance language, which was spoken in Dalmatia, on the Eastern Adriatic Sea.  The language became extinct in the Middle Ages.  In places it was used until the 18th or 19th century.  Today, few sources are left.  Only the dialect of Veglia (Krk) and Ragusa (Dubrovnik) have enough sources so they can be studied.  From the other dialects, there are only isloate words, or short phrases.

In 1897, the scholar Matteo Bartoli, himself a native of nearby Istria, visited postman Tuone Udaina (), nicknamed burbur ('barber' in Dalmatian) the last known speaker of any Dalmatian dialect, to study his language.  Bartoli wrote down approximately 2,800 words, stories, and accounts of his life, which were published in a book in German () in 1906.  That book has provided much information on the vocabulary, phonology, and grammar of the language.

One year after the interview, on 10 June 1898, Tuone Udaina was accidentally killed at 74 in a roadwork explosion.

References

Romance languages

Dalmatian language


Emil Erich Kästner (; 23 February 1899 – 29 July 1974) was a German writer, poet, screenwriter and satirist, known primarily for his humorous, socially astute poems and for children's books including Emil and the Detectives. He received the international Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1960 for his autobiography . He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in six separate years.

Biography

Dresden 1899–1919

Kästner was born in Dresden, Saxony, and grew up on Königsbrücker Straße in Dresden's Äußere Neustadt. Close by, the Erich Kästner Museum was subsequently opened in the Villa Augustin that had belonged to Kästner's uncle Franz Augustin.

Kästner's father, Emil Richard Kästner, was a master saddlemaker. His mother, Ida Amalia (née Augustin), had been a maidservant, but in her thirties she trained as a hairstylist in order to supplement her husband's income. Kästner had a particularly close relationship with his mother. When he was living in Leipzig and Berlin, he wrote her fairly intimate letters and postcards almost every day, and overbearing mothers make regular appearances in his writings. It has been rumored that Erich Kästner's natural father was the family's Jewish doctor, Emil Zimmermann (1864–1953), but these rumors have never been substantiated. Kästner wrote about his childhood in his autobiography  (1957, translated as When I Was a Little Boy). According to Kästner, he did not suffer from being an only child, had many friends, and was not lonely or overindulged.

In 1913, Kästner entered a teacher training school in Dresden. However, he dropped out in 1916 shortly before completing the exams that would have qualified him to teach in state schools. He was drafted into the Royal Saxon Army in 1917 and was trained at a heavy artillery unit in Dresden. Kästner was not sent to the front, but the brutality of the military training he underwent and the death of contemporaries he experienced strongly influenced his later antimilitarism. The merciless drilling he was subjected to by his drill sergeant also caused a lifelong heart condition. Kästner portrays this in his poem Sergeant Waurich.

After the end of the war, Kästner went back to school and passed the Abitur exam with distinction, earning a scholarship from the city of Dresden.

Leipzig 1919–1927

In the autumn of 1919, Kästner enrolled at the University of Leipzig to study history, philosophy, German studies, and theater. His studies took him to Rostock and Berlin, and in 1925 he received a doctorate for a thesis on Frederick the Great and German literature. He paid for his studies by working as a journalist and critic for a newspaper, the Neue Leipziger Zeitung. However, his increasingly critical reviews, and the "frivolous" publication of his erotic poem "Abendlied des Kammervirtuosen" (Evening Song of the Chamber Virtuoso) with illustrations by Erich Ohser, led to his dismissal in 1927. That same year, he moved to Berlin, although he continued to write for the Neue Leipziger Zeitung under the pseudonym "Berthold Bürger" ("Bert Citizen") as a freelance correspondent. Kästner later used several other pseudonyms, including "Melchior Kurtz", "Peter Flint", and "Robert Neuner".

Berlin 1927–1933

Kästner's years in Berlin, from 1927 until the end of the Weimar Republic in 1933, were his most productive. He published poems, newspaper columns, articles, and reviews in many of Berlin's important periodicals. He was a regular contributor to dailies such as the Berliner Tageblatt and the Vossische Zeitung, as well as to Die Weltbühne. Hans Sarkowicz and Franz Josef Görtz, the editors of his complete works (1998), list over 350 articles written between 1923 and 1933, but he must have written even more, since many texts are known to have been lost when Kästner's flat burned down during a bombing raid in February 1944.

Kästner published his first book of poems, Herz auf Taille, in 1928, and by 1933 he had published three more collections. His Gebrauchslyrik (Lyrics for Everyday Use) made him one of the leading figure of the Neue Sachlichkeit movement, which focused on using a sobering, distant and objective style to satirise contemporary society.

In the autumn of 1928, he published his best-known children's book, Emil und die Detektive, illustrated by Walter Trier. The owner of the Weltbühne publishing house, Edith Jacobsen, had suggested the idea of writing a detective story to Kästner. The book sold two million copies in Germany alone and has since been translated into 59 languages. The novel was unusual in that, in contrast to most children's literature of the period, it is set in contemporary Berlin and not in a fairy-tale world. Kästner also refrained from overt moralising, letting the characters' actions speak for themselves. Its sequel, Emil und die Drei Zwillinge (1933; Emil and the Three Twins) takes place on the shores of the Baltic. The Emil books may have influenced the creation of other books in the subgenre of literature about child detectives. Emil und die Detektive has been adapted for the cinema five times, three of them in Germany: in 1931, 1935 (UK), 1954, 1964 (USA) and 2001.

Kästner followed this success with Pünktchen und Anton (1931) and Das fliegende Klassenzimmer (1933). Walter Trier's illustration significantly contributed to the books' overwhelming popularity. Das fliegende Klassenzimmer has been adapted for the cinema several times: in 1954 by Kurt Hoffmann, in 1973 by Werner Jacobs and in  by .

In 1932 Kästner wrote Der 35. Mai (The 35th of May), which is set in a fantasy land entered via a wardrobe and includes futuristic features such as mobile phones.

Gerhard Lamprecht's film version of Emil und die Detektive (1931) was a great success. Kästner, however, was dissatisfied with the screenplay, and that led him to become a screenwriter for the Babelsberg film studios.

Kästner's only major adult novel, , was published in 1931. Kästner included rapid cuts and montages in it, in an attempt to mimic cinematic style. Fabian, an unemployed literary expert, experiences the uproariously fast pace of the times as well as the downfall of the Weimar Republic.

From 1927 until 1931, Kästner lived at Prager Straße 17 (today near no. 12) in Berlin–Wilmersdorf and after that, until February 1945, at Roscherstraße 16 in Berlin-Charlottenburg.

Berlin 1933–1945

Kästner was a pacifist and wrote for children because of his belief in the regenerative powers of youth. He was opposed to the Nazi regime and was one of the signatories to the Urgent Call for Unity. However, unlike many other authors critical of the dictatorship, Kästner did not go into exile. After the Nazis' rise to power, he visited Merano and Switzerland and met with exiled writers, yet he returned to Berlin, arguing that there he would be better able to chronicle events. It is probable that he also wanted to avoid abandoning his mother. His Necessary Answer to Superfluous Questions (Notwendige Antwort auf überflüssige Fragen) in Kurz und Bündig explains Kästner's position:

I'm a German from Dresden in Saxony
My homeland won't let me go
I'm like a tree that, grown in Germany,
Will likely wither there also.

The Gestapo interrogated Kästner several times, the national writers' guild expelled him, and the Nazis burned his books as "contrary to the German spirit" during the book burnings of 10 May 1933, instigated by Joseph Goebbels. Kästner witnessed the event in person and later wrote about it. He was denied membership of the new Nazi-controlled national writers' guild, Reichsverband deutscher Schriftsteller (RDS), because of what its officials called the "culturally Bolshevist attitude in his writings prior to 1933."

During the Third Reich, Kästner published apolitical novels such as Drei Männer im Schnee (Three Men in the Snow) (1934) in Switzerland. In 1942, he received a special exemption to write the screenplay for Münchhausen, using the pseudonym Berthold Bürger. The film was a prestige project by Ufa Studios to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of its establishment, an enterprise backed by Goebbels.

In 1944, Kästner's home in Berlin was destroyed during a bombing raid. In early 1945, he and others pretended that they had to travel to the rural community of Mayrhofen in Tyrol for location shooting for a (non-existent) film, Das falsche Gesicht (The Wrong Face). The actual purpose of the journey was to avoid the final Soviet assault on Berlin. Kästner had also received a warning that the SS planned to kill him and other Nazi opponents before arrival of the Soviets. He was in Mayrhofen when the war ended. He wrote about this period in a diary published in 1961 under the title Notabene 45. Another edition, closer to Kästner's original notes, was published in 2006 under the title Das Blaue Buch (The Blue Book).

Kästner and the bombing of Dresden

In his diary for 1945, published many years later, Kästner describes his shock at arriving in Dresden shortly after the bombing of the city in World War II (February 1945) and finding it as a pile of ruins in which he could recognize none of the streets or landmarks among which he had spent his childhood.

His autobiography Als ich ein kleiner Junge war includes a lament for Dresden (quoted from the English translation, When I Was a Little Boy): "I was born in the most beautiful city in the world. Even if your father, child, was the richest man in the world, he could not take you to see it, because it does not exist any more. ... In a thousand years was her beauty built, in one night was it utterly destroyed."

Munich 1945–1974

After the end of the war, Kästner moved to Munich, where he became culture editor for the Neue Zeitung and publisher of , a magazine for children and young people. He was also active in literary cabaret, in productions at the Schaubude (1945–1948) and Die kleine Freiheit (after 1951), and in radio. During this time, he wrote a number of skits, songs, audio plays, speeches, and essays about National Socialism, the war years, and the stark realities of life in post-war Germany. Most notable among these works are Marschlied 1945 and Deutsches Ringelspiel. He also continued to write children's books, including  (The Animals' Conference), a pacifist satire in which the world's animals unite to successfully force humans to disarm and make peace. This picture book was made into  by Curt Linda. Kästner also renewed his collaboration with Edmund Nick, whom he had met in Leipzig in 1929, when Nick, then Head of the Music Department at Radio Silesia, wrote the music for Kästner's radio play Leben in dieser Zeit. Nick, now the Musical Director at the Schaubude, set more than 60 of Kästner's songs to music.

Kästner's optimism in the immediate post-war era gave way to resignation as Germans in the West attempted to normalize their lives following the economic reforms of the early 1950s and the ensuing "economic miracle" ("Wirtschaftswunder"). He became further disillusioned as Chancellor Konrad Adenauer remilitarized West Germany, made it a member of NATO, and rearmed it for possible military conflict with the Warsaw Pact. Kästner remained a pacifist and spoke out at anti-militarist demonstrations against the nuclear weapons armement of West Germany. Later, he also took firm stand against the Vietnam War. Kästner began to publish less and less, partly because of his increasing alcoholism. He did not join any of the post-war literary movements in West Germany, and in the 1950s and 1960s he came to be perceived mainly as an author of children's books.

His novel Fabian was made into a movie in 1980, as were several of his children's books. The most popular of these adaptations were the two U.S. versions of The Parent Trap, made in 1961 and 1998, and based on his novel Das doppelte Lottchen (Lisa and Lottie). In 1960, Kästner received the Hans Christian Andersen Award for Als ich ein kleiner Junge war, his autobiography. The English translation by Florence and Isabel McHugh, published as When I Was a Little Boy in 1959, won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1961.
Kästner received several other awards, including the Filmband in Gold for best screenplay for the German film version of Das doppelte Lottchen (1950), the literary prize of the city of Munich in 1956, and the Georg Büchner Prize in 1957. The government of West Germany honored Kästner with its order of merit, the Bundesverdienstkreuz (Federal Cross of Merit), in 1959. In 1968 he received the  together with the literary prize of the German Masonic Order.

In 1951, Kästner was elected President of the PEN Center of West Germany, and he remained in office until 1961. In 1965 he became President Emeritus. He was also instrumental in the founding of the Internationale Jugendbibliothek, a library of children's books, in Munich. In 1953 he was founding member of IBBY (International Board on Books for Young People).

Kästner never married. He wrote his last two children's books, Der kleine Mann and Der kleine Mann und die kleine Miss, for his son Thomas Kästner, who was born in 1957. Kästner frequently read from his works. In the 1920s, he recorded some of his poems of social criticism and in some of the films based on his books he performed as the narrator, as he did for the first audio production of Pünktchen und Anton. Other recordings for Deutsche Grammophon include poems, epigrams, and his version of the folk tale Till Eulenspiegel. He also read in theaters, such as the Cuvilliés Theatre in Munich, and for the radio, for which he read Als ich ein kleiner Junge war and other works.

Kästner died of esophageal cancer on 29 July 1974 in the Neuperlach Hospital in Munich. He was buried in the St. George cemetery in the Bogenhausen district of Munich. Shortly after his death, the Bavarian Academy of Arts established a literary prize in his name. Many streets in Germany and the asteroid 12318 Kästner are named after him.

Works
A list of his works under their German titles, arranged by their German publication dates:
 Weihnachtslied, chemisch gereinigt, 1927
 Herz auf Taille, 1928
Emil und die Detektive, 1929 (Emil and the Detectives)
  1929
 Ein Mann gibt Auskunft, 1930
 Pünktchen und Anton, 1931 (Dot and Anton)
 Der 35. Mai, 1931 (The 35th of May, or Conrad's Ride to the South Seas)
 Fabian. Die Geschichte eines Moralisten, 1931
 Gesang zwischen den Stühlen, 1932
  1933 (Emil and the Three Twins)
 Das fliegende Klassenzimmer, 1933 (The Flying Classroom)
 , 1934 (Three Men in the Snow)
 , 1935 (The Missing Miniature)
 , 1936 (Doctor Erich Kästner's Lyrical Medicine Chest)
 Georg und die Zwischenfälle, (aka Der kleine Grenzverkehr) 1938 (A Salzburg Comedy)
 Das doppelte Lottchen, 1949 (Lisa and Lottie; republished as The Parent Trap in the United Kingdom and Australia)
 , 1949 (The Animal Congress)
 , 1955
  1957 (When I Was a Little Boy)
 Das Schwein beim Friseur 1963
  1963 (The Little Man)
  1967 (The Little Man and the Little Miss)
 Mein Onkel Franz 1969
 Sylvia List (Editor): Das große Erich Kästner Buch, with an introduction by Hermann Kesten, Atrium Verlag, Zürich 2002, .

References

Further reading
 , "Erich Kästner, the Innovator: Modern Books for Modern Kids", Volker Ladenthin and Susanne Hucklenbroich-Ley, ed., Erich Kästner Jahrbuch vol. 3, Würzburg 2004, pp. 19–26

External links

 Erich Kästner's poems in Hebrew

1899 births
1974 deaths
Writers from Dresden
Writers from the Kingdom of Saxony
German children's writers
German satirists
German poets
German pacifists
German Army personnel of World War I
Leipzig University alumni
20th-century German novelists
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Trümmerliteratur
Georg Büchner Prize winners
Hans Christian Andersen Award for Writing winners
German male poets
German male novelists
German-language poets
Deaths from cancer in Germany
Deaths from esophageal cancer

Erich Kästner


Mary Akrami is an activist from Afghanistan.  She started the Afghan Women Skills Development Center, a women's shelter in Kabul.  In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life

Akrami grew up in Kabul, Afghanistan.  During the war with the Taliban, her family left Afghanistan and went to live in Pakistan.  Akrami got a BBA degree in Administration and Economy from Peshawar in Pakistan.

Work

Akrami worked with a group of women to start classes in English and computer literacy for Afghan women in refugee camps.  They got help from the Aurat Foundation (an NGO in Pakistan) and the Afghan Women Skills Development Center (AWSDC).

In 2001, Akrami went to the Afghan Civil Society meeting in Bonn, Germany.  After the war, she went back to
Afghanistan and started an economic development project for women in the small village of Ghazni. In April, she started a women's shelter with the help of Norwegian church Aid (NCA). The shelter provides psychological counseling and legal aid.

To promote human rights for women, they started a  peace building program in the Parwan province. They started 12 peace committees 6 and 1 central Shura in each district.  Women have 50% representation in the peace committees.

References

1970s births
Living people
BBC 100 Women
Afghan women's rights activists
Parwan Province

Mary Akrami


Crypturellus reai is a species of Miocene fossil bird in the tinamou family. It was described in 2012 from material originally excavated by American palaeontologist Barnum Brown in 1899 in Patagonia. The specific epithet honours Amadeo M. Rea, an educator, mentor and friend of the describer.

History
The holotype left humerus is held in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), which was a sponsor of the 1898-99 Patagonian expedition, led by John Bell Hatcher, on which Brown was the AMNH representative. The site of the discovery was a wash at Cañadón de las Vacas, southeastern Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. It was found in Early-Middle Miocene (Santacrucian; 16.3–17.5 million-year-old) deposits of the fossiliferous Santa Cruz Formation. The site is considerably further south than the ranges of extant members of Crypturellus, which inhabit tropical or subtropical environments.

References

Crypturellus
Miocene birds of South America
Santacrucian
Neogene Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Fossil taxa described in 2012
Birds described in 2012

Crypturellus reai


Suaeda californica is a rare species of flowering plant in the amaranth family known by the common name California seablite. It is now endemic to San Luis Obispo County, California, where it is known from a few occurrences in the marshes around Morro Bay, historical populations around San Francisco Bay have been extirpated.

Description
Suaeda californica is a mound-shaped shrub up to 80 centimeters tall with hairless or slightly hairy succulent green or red-tinged herbage. The woody stems have many branches which are covered with the knoblike bases of old leaves. Between these grow the new leaves, which are lance-shaped and up to 3.5 centimeters long. The flowers occur between the leaves, all along the stems. Each cluster has 1 to 5 flowers and is accompanied by a leaflike bract. The calyx is a cone of fleshy, rounded sepals, and there are no petals. The fruit is an utricle that grows within the calyx.

Habitat
This rare plant, Suaeda californica,  grows in a restricted area within the intertidal zone of salt marshes. It is threatened by anything that alters the hydrology of the area, such as changes in sedimentation, including dredging, erosion, and recreation. It requires a porous substrate high in nitrogen, which may come from decaying plant matter and bird droppings. Invasive plant species such as introduced ice plant threaten remaining occurrences and reintroductions.

Endangered status
It once occurred around the San Francisco Bay, but any populations there are now extirpated. It probably once grew along the Petaluma River north of the bay, as remains of the species have been found in adobe bricks there. By 1991 the total remaining number of individuals was estimated to be below 500, and the plant was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States in 1994. Some carefully tended populations have been planted as reintroductions at locations around the San Francisco Bay.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Suaeda californica
Flora of North America; Suaeda californica
Suaeda californica - Photo gallery

californica
Endemic flora of California
Halophytes
Salt marsh plants
Natural history of San Luis Obispo County, California
Critically endangered flora of California
Taxa named by Sereno Watson

Suaeda californica


Patrick Lance Borders (born May 14, 1963) is an American former professional baseball player and current minor league manager. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball from  to . He was the Most Valuable Player of the 1992 World Series as a member of the Toronto Blue Jays. Borders also won an Olympic gold medal with the United States baseball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He is the current manager of the Williamsport Crosscutters of the New York–Penn League.

Early years
Borders was born in Columbus, Ohio, but spent the majority of his childhood in Lake Wales, Florida, where he currently resides. He attended Lake Wales High School and was a standout in both football and baseball. He batted .440 as a junior, and as a senior he batted .510 with a school single season record 10 home runs and 36 RBI. Although he was offered a football/baseball scholarship to Mississippi State University, he turned it down to sign with the Blue Jays, who had drafted him in the sixth round of the 1982 Major League Baseball Draft.

Professional career
Borders was brought up in the Toronto Blue Jays system and made his major league debut in , playing in 56 games. Initially playing first and third base, he was converted to a catcher as his defense was deemed not strong enough to keep him in the majors. Over the next few seasons, he earned the full-time position behind the plate, and he was a cornerpiece of the 1992 and 1993 World Series champion teams. In the 1992 Series, he hit .450 with one home run en route to winning the World Series MVP award. On September 2, 1990, while with the Blue Jays, Borders caught Dave Stieb's no-hitter—the only one in franchise history to date.

Borders left the Jays as a free agent after the  season, but never found a permanent home like Toronto had been for him in his seven years there. Over the following decade he played for the Kansas City Royals (), Houston Astros (1995), St. Louis Cardinals (), California Angels (1996), Chicago White Sox (1996), Cleveland Indians (-), returned to Toronto in 1999, Seattle Mariners (-), Minnesota Twins (2004), and again with the Mariners (), never playing in more than 55 games for any one team during a season.

Borders was signed by the Milwaukee Brewers to a minor league contract after the 2004 season. On May 19, 2005, he was acquired by Seattle from the Brewers for cash considerations and was assigned to Triple-A Tacoma of the Pacific Coast League. With Seattle's primary catcher Miguel Olivo struggling, and losing backup catcher Dan Wilson to an injury, Borders became Seattle's primary catcher for most of the first half of the 2005 season. Seattle designated him for assignment shortly after the All-Star Break to make room for some younger prospects. During his time in Triple-A Tacoma for the Mariners, Borders stated that he would rather remain in Triple-A, because he was closer to his family, enjoyed the lifestyle, and had enough money.

On January 25, , the Los Angeles Dodgers signed Borders to a minor league contract and invited him to spring training. On May 27, he announced his retirement. Borders finished his career with a .253 batting average, 69 home runs, and 346 runs batted in in 1,099 games.

Borders is one of only five players to have won both a World Series championship and an Olympic gold medal, along with Doug Mientkiewicz and Cuban players Orlando Hernandez, Jose Contreras and Yuli Gurriel.

Post-retirement
On August 7, 2009, the Blue Jays held a pre-game ceremony at the Rogers Centre recognizing members of the 1992 and 1993 World Series teams, including Borders. As part of the event, Borders caught the ceremonial first pitch from Cito Gaston, then in his second stint as Blue Jays manager after leading the team to both Series titles.

In June 2015, Borders began his first season as manager of the Williamsport Crosscutters, the Philadelphia Phillies' short-season single A affiliate.

See also
 List of Olympic Games gold medalists who won World Series

References

External links

 Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)

1963 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball coaches from Florida
Baseball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Caimanes del Sur players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
California Angels players
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Chicago White Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Durham Bulls players
Florence Blue Jays players
Houston Astros players
Kansas City Royals players
Kinston Blue Jays players
Kinston Eagles players
Knoxville Blue Jays players
Las Vegas 51s players
Major League Baseball catchers
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medicine Hat Blue Jays players
Minnesota Twins players
Minor league baseball coaches
Minor league baseball managers
Nashville Sounds players
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in baseball
People from Lake Wales, Florida
Baseball players from Polk County, Florida
People from Scioto County, Ohio
Seattle Mariners players
Baseball players from Columbus, Ohio
Baseball coaches from Ohio
St. Louis Cardinals players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Vero Beach Dodgers players
World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners

Pat Borders


The Conway base 13 function is a function created by British mathematician John H. Conway as a counterexample to the converse of the intermediate value theorem. In other words, it is a function that satisfies a particular intermediate-value property—on any interval (a, b), the function f takes every value between f(a) and f(b)—but is not continuous.

In 2018, a much simpler function with the property that every open set is mapped onto the full real line was constructed by Aksel Bergfeldt. This function is also nowhere continuous.

Purpose

The Conway base 13 function was created as part of a "produce" activity: in this case, the challenge was to produce a simple-to-understand function which takes on every real value in every interval, that is, it is an everywhere surjective function.  It is thus discontinuous at every point.

Sketch of definition

 Every real number x can be represented in base 13 in a unique canonical way; such representations use the digits 0–9 plus three additional symbols, say {A, B, C}.  For example, the number 54349589 has a base-13 representation B34C128.
 If instead of {A, B, C}, we judiciously choose the symbols {+, −, .}, something interesting happens: some numbers in base 13 will have representations that look like well-formed decimals in base 10: for example, the number 54349589 has a base-13 representation of −34.128. Of course, most numbers will not be intelligible in this way; for example, the number 3629265 has the base-13 representation 9+0−−7.
 Conway's base-13 function takes in a real number x and considers its base-13 representation as a sequence of symbols .  If from some position onward,  the representation looks like a well-formed decimal number r, then f(x) = r. Otherwise, f(x) = 0.  (Well-formed means that it starts with a + or − symbol, contains exactly one decimal-point symbol, and otherwise contains only the digits 0–9).  For example, if a number x has the representation 8++2.19+0−−7+3.141592653..., then f(x) = +3.141592653....

Definition

The Conway base-13 function is a function  defined as follows. Write the argument  value as a tridecimal (a "decimal" in base 13) using 13 symbols as "digits": ; there should be no trailing C recurring.  There may be a leading sign, and somewhere there will be a tridecimal point to separate the integer part from the fractional part; these should both be ignored in the sequel.  These "digits" can be thought of as having the values 0 to 12 respectively; Conway originally used the digits "+", "−" and "." instead of A, B, C, and underlined all of the base-13 "digits" to clearly distinguish them from the usual base-10 digits and symbols.
 If from some point onwards, the tridecimal expansion of  is of the form  where all the digits  and  are in  then  in usual base-10 notation.
 Similarly, if the tridecimal expansion of  ends with  then
 Otherwise,

For example:

Properties

 According to the intermediate-value theorem, every continuous real function  has the intermediate-value property: on every interval (a, b), the function  passes through every point between  and  The Conway base-13 function shows that the converse is false: it satisfies the intermediate-value property, but is not continuous.
 In fact, the Conway base-13 function satisfies a much stronger intermediate-value property—on every interval (a, b), the function  passes through every real number. As a result, it satisfies a much stronger discontinuity property— it is discontinuous everywhere.
 From the above follows even more regarding the discontinuity of the function - its graph is dense in .
 To prove that the Conway base-13 function satisfies this stronger intermediate property, let (a, b) be an interval, let c be a point in that interval, and let r be any real number. Create a base-13 encoding of r as follows: starting with the base-10 representation of r, replace the decimal point with C and indicate the sign of r by prepending either an A (if r is positive) or a B (if r is negative) to the beginning.  By definition of the Conway base-13 function, the resulting string  has the property that  Moreover, any base-13 string that ends in  will have this property. Thus, if we replace the tail end of c with  the resulting number will have f(c) = r. By introducing this modification sufficiently far along the tridecimal representation of  you can ensure that the new number  will still lie in the interval  This proves that for any number r, in every interval we can find a point  such that
 The Conway base-13 function is therefore discontinuous everywhere: a real function that is continuous at x must be locally bounded at x, i.e. it must be bounded on some interval around x. But as shown above, the Conway base-13 function is unbounded on every interval around every point; therefore it is not continuous anywhere.
 The Conway base-13 function maps almost all the reals in any interval to 0.

See also

References

Functions and mappings
John Horton Conway
Special functions

Conway base 13 function


Administrative law (also called  regulatory law) covers a wide range of procedures by administrative agencies. These agencies include city, county, state or federal government bodies. They may be called commissions, departments, divisions or boards.

Each may have its own rules and regulations which are usually not found in statutes. These are based on laws passed by a government. Agencies also have the power to enforce these rules and regulations.

United States
Congress or state legislatures pass laws, sometimes on complicated issues. The details of how these laws are to be enforced is left to administrative agencies. For example, a government agency, the Social Security Administration (SSA) was created August 14, 1935 by an act of Congress. They were given the authority to administer Social Security benefits and disability laws. They have passed a body of rules and regulations that determine how benefits will be handled.

European Union
The rules created by the European Union are carried out by an ad hoc collection of agencies. These rules may be for a particular treaty or for things such as trade policy. These agencies evolve on a policy-by-policy basis.

References

Types of law

Administrative law


Kari Bøge (born 19 August 1950) is a Norwegian poet, novelist, short story writer, children's writer and illustrator. She was born in Stockholm, a daughter of Max Harlow Bøge and Ida Detlefsen. She was first married to Rolf Wibe, and later to Arild Stubhaug.

She made her literary debut in 1971 with the poetry collection Asmorelda. Her tetralogy Viviann, hvit (1974), Lyset er så hvitt om sommeren (1975), Viviann og Lin (1980) and Søster Viviann (1988) tells the story of an introvert and depressive woman (Viviann) and her way towards joy of life. Among her children's books are I trylleskogen and the prize winning Speilet fanger, both from 1986.

She was awarded Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment in 1988.

References

1950 births
Living people
Writers from Stockholm
20th-century Norwegian poets
Norwegian children's writers
Norwegian children's book illustrators
Norwegian women illustrators
Norwegian illustrators
20th-century Norwegian novelists
21st-century Norwegian novelists
Norwegian women novelists
Norwegian women children's writers
21st-century Norwegian women writers
20th-century Norwegian women writers
Norwegian women poets

Kari Bøge


GameMaker (originally Animo, Game Maker (until 2011) and GameMaker Studio) is a series of cross-platform game engines created by Mark Overmars in 1999 and developed by YoYo Games since 2007. The latest iteration of GameMaker was released in 2022.

GameMaker accommodates the creation of cross-platform and multi-genre video games using a custom drag-and-drop visual programming language or a scripting language known as Game Maker Language, which can be used to develop more advanced games that could not be created just by using the visual programming features. GameMaker was originally designed to allow novice computer programmers to be able to make computer games without much programming knowledge by use of these actions. Recent versions of software also focus on appealing to advanced developers.

Overview
GameMaker is primarily intended for making games with 2D graphics, allowing out-of-box use of raster graphics, vector graphics (via SWF), and 2D skeletal animations (via Esoteric Software's Spine) along with a large standard library for drawing graphics and 2D primitives. While the software allows for limited use of 3D graphics, this is in form of vertex buffer and matrix functions, and as such not intended for novice users.

The engine uses Direct3D on Windows, UWP, and Xbox One; OpenGL on macOS and Linux; OpenGL ES on Android and iOS, WebGL or 2d canvas on HTML5, and proprietary APIs on consoles.

The engine's primary element is an IDE with built-in editors for raster graphics, level design, scripting, paths, and shaders (GLSL or HLSL). Additional functionality can be implemented in software's scripting language or platform-specific native extensions. In GameMaker Studio 2, users can choose whether to export the game as an NSIS installer, or a .zip file containing the game, the data.win file, and any files added under the "Included Files" tab in the editor.

Supported platforms
GameMaker supports building for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Ubuntu, HTML5, Android, iOS, Amazon Fire TV, Android TV, Raspberry Pi, Microsoft UWP, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Xbox One; support for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X|S was announced in February 2021

In past, GameMaker supported building for Windows Phone (deprecated in favor of UWP), Tizen, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation Vita (not supported in GMS2 "largely for business reasons").

PlayStation Portable support was demonstrated in May 2010, but never made publicly available (with only a small selection of titles using it).

Between 2007 and 2011, YoYo Games maintained a custom web player plugin for GameMaker games before releasing it as open-source mid-2011 and finally deprecating in favor of HTML5 export.

Prior to August 2021, users had to obtain a single-purchase license for one of five different platforms, excluding consoles, depending on the target platform they wanted to publish on (such as desktop or mobile). An annual license was required to publish for consoles, which was also contained in an all-encompassing annual Ultimate license that covered all supported platforms. Yoyo Games announced a change to the licensing approach in August 2021, allowing GameMaker to be used for free to learn, and eliminating the single-purchase options. Instead, it simplified the license scheme to only two tiers, one that supported publishing on all non-console platforms, and a higher tier that added in console platform publishing support at a lower rate than the prior Ultimate license. These changes were aided by the financial investment of Opera into YoYo Games to help reduce costs for GameMaker users.

GameMaker Language
GameMaker Language (GML) is GameMaker's scripting language. It is an imperative, dynamically typed language commonly likened to JavaScript and C-like languages.

The language's default mode of operation on native platforms is via a stack machine; it can also be source-to-source compiled to C++ via LLVM for higher performance. On HTML5, GML is source-to-source compiled to JavaScript with optimizations and minification applied in non-debug builds.

GML Visual
GML Visual (originally called "Drag and Drop") is GameMaker's visual scripting tool.

GML Visual allows developers to perform common tasks (like instantiating objects, calling functions, or working with files and data structures) without having to write a single line of code. It remains to be largely aimed at novice users.

While historically GML Visual remained fairly limited in what can be comfortably done with it, GameMaker Studio 2 had seen an overhaul to the system, allowing more tasks to be done with GML Visual, and having it translate directly to code (with an in-IDE preview for users interested in migrating to code).

History
GameMaker was originally developed by Mark Overmars. The program was first released on 15 November 1999 under the name of Animo (at the time, it was just a graphics tool with limited visual scripting capabilities). The first versions of the program were being developed in Delphi.

Subsequent releases saw the name changed to Game Maker and software moving towards more general-purpose 2D game development.

Versions 5.0 and below have been freeware; version 5.1 introduced an optional registration fee; version 5.3 (January 2004) introduced a number of new features for registered users, including particle systems, networking, and possibility to extend games using DLLs.

Version 6.0 (October 2004) introduced limited functionality for use of 3D graphics, as well as migrating the runtime's drawing pipeline from VCL to DirectX.

Growing public interest led Overmars to seek help in expanding the program, which led to partnership with YoYo Games in 2007. From this point onward, development was handled by YoYo Games while Overmars retained a position as one of the company's directors. Version 7.0 was the first to emerge under this partnership.

The first macOS compatible version of program was released in 2009, allowing games to be made for two operating systems with minimal changes.

Version 8.1 (April 2011) sees the name changed to GameMaker (lacking a space) to avoid any confusion with the 1991 software Game-Maker. This version also had the runtime rewritten in C++ to address performance concerns with previous versions.

September 2011 sees the initial release of "GameMaker: HTML5" - a new version of software with capability to export games for web browsers along with desktop.

GameMaker: Studio entered public beta in March 2012 and enjoyed a full release in May 2012. Initial supported platforms included Windows, Mac, HTML5, Android, and iOS. Additional platforms and features were introduced over the years following; Late 2012 there was an accident with anti-piracy measures misfiring for some legitimate users.

In February 2015, GameMaker was acquired by Playtech together with YoYo Games. Announcement reassured that GameMaker will be further improved and states plans to appeal to broader demographic, including more advanced developers.

November 2016 saw the initial release of GameMaker Studio 2 beta, with full release in March 2017. This version spots a completely redesigned IDE (rewritten in C#) and a number of new editor and runtime features.

In August 2020, major update 2.3 was released, bringing a host of new features to IDE, runtime, and the scripting language.

In January 2021, YoYo Games was sold to Opera Software for roughly 10 million USD. The development team of GameMaker remains the same, and has not caused any major development changes to GameMaker Studio.

In August 2021, YoYo Games announced that they are changing their licenses and will offer a free version of the GameMaker engine.

In January 2022, YoYo Games changed GameMaker Studio 2's numbering scheme so the version corresponds to the year and the month it was released (For example, 2022.1 for January 2022).

In April 2022, YoYo Games dropped the GameMaker Studio 2 name in order to match its new version numbering scheme, changing it to simply GameMaker.

Reception
The program currently holds a rating of 8.5/10 on Mod DB based on 223 user reviews; many cite its flexibility and ease of use as positives and instability, crashes, project corruption and outdated features as negatives. Douglas Clements of Indie Game Magazine wrote that the program "[s]implifies and streamlines game development" and is "easy for beginners yet powerful enough to grow as you develop", though noting that "resource objects have to be gathered if unable to create" and that licensing between Steam and the YoYo Games website is "convoluted".

References

External links

Video game IDE
Video game engines
1999 software
IOS video game engines
Programming tools for Windows
Proprietary software for Windows

GameMaker


Blest Pair of Sirens is a short work for choir and orchestra by Hubert Parry.  It was composed in 1887.  It is a setting of an ode called At a solemn Musick by John Milton.

Blest Pair of Sirens was first performed by the Bach Choir conducted by Charles Villiers Stanford.  At first Stanford wanted to perform another work by Parry: The Glories of Our Blood and State.  However, the performance was going to be part of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee celebrations.  The words of The Glories of Our Blood and State were about Death coming to kings and queens, so it was not thought to be appropriate, and so Stanford asked Parry to write a new work for the occasion.  George Grove suggested Milton's Ode at a Solemn Music would be a good poem for Parry to set.

The first performance of Blest Pair of Sirens at St James's Hall took place on 17 May 1887.  It is very well written for choir with music that excellently fits Milton's powerful words.  The choir divides into eight parts.  The words are about man's desire to join the heavenly music of the spheres.

"Blest Pair of Sirens" was sung by the choirs of Westminster Abbey and the Chapel Royal at the Royal Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Kate Middleton on 29 April 2011.  It was performed during the signing of the register.

References

Compositions by Hubert Parry
Choral compositions

Blest Pair of Sirens


Yogin Ma (Bengali: যোগীন মা) (16 January 1851 - 4 June 1924), born Yogindra Mohini Biswas, was one of the principal female disciples of Sarada Devi, the wife and spiritual consort of the Hindu mystic Ramakrishna. Together with Gopaler Ma, she was a constant companion of Sarada Devi, revered as the holy mother in the monastic order of Ramakrishna.

Yogin Ma was a major witness and an active contributor to the early formation of the order. She stayed with the Sarada Devi in the Udbodhan House in Calcutta, which was built by Swami Saradananda for the use of Sarada Devi.

Biography

Early life
Yogin Ma was born as Yogindra Mohini Biswas in Calcutta on 16 January 1851 to Prasanna Kumar Mitra, a successful physician. She was given in marriage to Ambika Charan Biswas at the age of six or seven, as it was the prevailing custom in Bengal to marry off girls at an early age. Her husband squandered all his wealth and, despite her best attempts of rehabilitating and reforming him, became a habitual drunkard. Yogin Ma finally left her husband's place with her only daughter and took shelter with her widowed mother in her father's house in Bagbazar area of Calcutta.

Spiritual awakening
Adversity propelled her to develop intense yearning for God Realization and a chance encounter with Ramakrishna, the 19th century mystic saint of Bengal, changed her life. In 1882, Yogin Ma first met Ramakrishna in the house of Balaram Bose, who was a great devotee. After a few meetings in Dakshineswar, Ramakrishna initiated her and became her Guru and mentor. Yogin Ma first met Ramakrishna's wife and spiritual consort Sarada Devi in Dakshineswar, in the building of Nahabat, where Sarada Devi stayed. By staying as a close companion of Sarada Devi, Yogin Ma had recorded and shared some of her day-to-day experiences, which serves as an important testimony to the early life and the spiritual practices of Sarada Devi during her stay in Dakshineswar. She recounted many incidents of her life during this period - her travels to Vrindavan after Ramakrishna's demise, her travels to Puri and stay in Calcutta in several of her devotees' house, including that of Balaram Bose.

Life lived by Ramakrishna and Sarada Devi inspired Yogin Ma to practise spiritual disciplines, and lead a holy and pure life like a nun. She also studied the scriptures, esp. the Ramayana and Mahabharata and the Puranas. Thus, later in her life she was able to help Sister Nivedita in writing one of her famous books, "The Cradle Tales of Hinduism" . Ramakrishna had acknowledged her spiritual prowess by predicting that, "She is not an ordinary flower that will blossom quickly, she is a thousand-petalled lotus that will open slowly."

When Ramakrishna died on 16 August 1886, Yogin Ma was in Vrindaban. There she was joined by Sarada Devi of whom she later became a lifelong companion. Sarada Devi used to call her "Meye Yogen" or "lady Yogen", for distinguishing her from Swami Yogananda, who was also known as "Yogen". Her daughter Ganu died and she was left with three grandsons who were brought up under the tutelage of Swami Saradananda, and at least one of them later joined the order and was initiated by Sarada Devi.

Character
Yogin-ma was a woman of strong determination. Whatever she undertook, she carried through to perfection. Yogin-ma looked on the monastic disciples as her own children and they, including Swami Vivekananda in turn, were very free with her. She was an expert cook, and Vivekananda often requested her to prepare a meal for him. The American disciple of Swami Paramananda, sister Devmata recollects about her, "Yogin-ma always seemed to me one of the noblest of Ramakrishna's disciples… She did not abandon her householder life, but no nun in a cloister was more rigid in her spiritual observance than she… No service was ever omitted, no care neglected." Her life was very austere, and she accompanied Sarada Devi in performing the 'Austerity of the Five Fires', considered as a very sacred and dangerous ritual.

Later life
She later came back to Calcutta along with Sarada Devi and often stayed with her in Udbodhan House in Calcutta. Toward the end of her life, Yogin Ma took the final monastic vows according to the Vedic tradition from Swami Saradananda. Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda) was also present at the ceremony. She died on 4 June 1924, at the Udbodhan House, at the age of seventy-three.

References

External links
 Yogin Ma's House

19th-century Hindu religious leaders
20th-century Hindu religious leaders
1851 births
1924 deaths
Ramakrishna Mission
Indian women religious leaders
Vedanta
Feminism in India
Bengali Hindus
Scholars from Kolkata
19th-century Indian educational theorists
20th-century Indian educational theorists
Indian women educational theorists
Women educators from West Bengal
Educators from West Bengal
19th-century Indian women scientists
20th-century Indian women scientists
19th-century Indian scientists
20th-century Indian scientists
19th-century Indian educators
20th-century Indian educators
19th-century Indian women educators
20th-century Indian women educators

Yogin Ma


Cone cells, kent as cones as weel, is a type o photoreceptor cell in the retina o the ee. Thay'r responsible fur detectin licht an colour, an thay play a fundamental pairt in heich-resolution an daytime vision. Cone cells is maist dense in the central airt o the retina kent as the fovea.

Thare's three main kynds o cone cells, ilka ane sensitive tae a distinct range o wavelenghts o licht. The three types is guid tae differentiate atween the primary colors o reid, green, an blue:

L-Cones: sensitive tae lang wavelenghts (reddish hues)

M-Cones: sensitive tae medium wavelenghts (greenish hues)

S-Cones: sensitive tae short wavelenghts (bluish hues)

Thir cone cells warks thegither wi rod cells, anither type o photoreceptor in the retina. Rod cells is mair sensitive tae law levels o licht an helps wi nicht vision, but thay dinna detect colour. Cone cells is whit gies us the gift o colourful vision an the ability tae see details in guid licht conditions.

Cone cell


Sugar Pie DeSanto (born Peylia Marsema Balinton, October 16, 1935) is an American R&B singer and dancer, whose career in music flourished in the 1950s and 1960s.

Early life
DeSanto was born to an African-American mother, who was a concert pianist, and a Filipino father. She spent most of her early life in San Francisco, California, where she moved with her family at the age of four. She stands . As a girl she was friends with Etta James.

Career
Johnny Otis discovered DeSanto in 1955, and she toured with the Johnny Otis Revue. Otis gave her the stage name Sugar Pie. In 1959 and 1960, she toured with the James Brown Revue.

In 1960, DeSanto rose to national prominence when her single "I Want to Know", reached number four on Billboard'''s Hot R&B chart. She recorded the song with her husband, Pee Wee Kingsley. Soon thereafter their marriage ended. DeSanto moved to Chicago and signed with Chess Records in 1962 as a recording artist and writer. Among her recordings for Chess were "Slip-in Mules" (an "answer song" to "High Heel Sneakers"), "Use What You Got", "Soulful Dress" (her biggest hit for Chess), and "I Don't Wanna Fuss". DeSanto participated in the American Folk Blues Festival tour of Europe in 1964, and her lively performances, including wild dancing and standing back flips, were widely appreciated.

In 1965, DeSanto, under the name Peylia Parham, began a writing collaboration with Shena DeMell. They produced the song "Do I Make Myself Clear", which DeSanto sang as a duet with Etta James. It reached the top 10. It was followed by another DeSanto–James duet, "In the Basement", in 1966. DeSanto's next record, "Go Go Power", did not make the charts, and she and Chess parted ways.

DeSanto kept on writing songs and recorded for a few more labels without much success. She eventually moved back to the Bay Area, settling in Oakland.

Though it has often been said that her stage performances far surpassed her studio recordings, a full-length live recording, Classic Sugar Pie'', was not released until 1997.

DeSanto was given a Bay Area Music Award in 1999 for best female blues singer. In September 2008, she was given a Pioneer Award by the Rhythm and Blues Foundation. She received a lifetime achievement award from the Goldie Awards in November 2009.

DeSanto was honored on December 10, 2020 by the Arhoolie Foundation, a nonprofit that honors artists who preserve traditional music for future generations.

Personal life
DeSanto was married to Pee Wee Kingsley in the 1950s. After that marriage ended, she was married to Jesse Earl Davis for 27 years. In October 2006, Davis died attempting to extinguish a fire that destroyed their apartment in Oakland, California.

Popular singles

References

External links

 Bay-area-bands.com
 Pbs.org

1935 births
Living people
Musicians from Brooklyn
American women singers
American contraltos
American rhythm and blues singers
Songwriters from New York (state)
American female dancers
Record producers from New York (state)
American musicians of Filipino descent
Filipino people of African-American descent
West Coast blues musicians
Chess Records artists
Northern soul musicians
James Brown vocalists
Dancers from New York (state)
American women record producers
African-American women musicians

Sugar Pie DeSanto


The Ezekiel Kelsey House is a historic house at 429 Beckley Road in Berlin, Connecticut.  Built about 1760, it is a well-preserved example of a saltbox colonial residence.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

Description and history
The Ezekiel Kelsey House is located in a rural suburban setting in eastern Berlin, on the east side of Beckley Road north of Connecticut Route 9.  It is a -story wood-frame structure, three large bays wide, with a large central chimney and a centered entry.  It is one room deep, with a leanto section added to the rear, giving the house a saltbox appearance.  The second story overhangs the first by several inches on three sides.  The interior follows a typical center chimney plan, with parlor spaces on either side of the chimney, and the kitchen behind it.  The left parlor is the finest room, with period wood paneling, cased timber framing, and carved trim elements.  Paneling also appears in the other parlor and the kitchen; the latter room also has period cabinetry.  A great deal of the house hardware is original, but some is old (period) replacement hardware salvaged from other buildings for restoration.

The house was probably built c. 1760 by Ezekiel Kelsey, who was the sixth of eleven children born to John Kelsey and Mary Buck.  Ezekiel was born in Wethersfield in 1713 and died in 1795.  The house may have been built by Ezekiel for his son Asahel, to whom he gave it in 1768.  The house is more stylistically similar to houses built earlier in the 18th century in Connecticut than it is to many of its contemporaries.

The home of Ezekiel Kelsey's nephew Enoch also survives in Newington.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford County, Connecticut

References

Houses completed in 1750
Berlin, Connecticut
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Kelsey Ezekiel
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford County, Connecticut

Ezekiel Kelsey House


Lampeter (;  (formal); Llambed (colloquial)) is a town, community and electoral ward in Ceredigion, Wales, at the confluence of the Afon Dulas with the River Teifi. It is the third largest urban area in Ceredigion, after Aberystwyth and Cardigan, and has a campus of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. At the 2011 Census, the population was 2,970. Lampeter is the smallest university town in the United Kingdom. The university adds approximately 1,000 people to the town's population during term time.

Etymology
The Welsh name of the town, , means "Peter's church [at] Stephen's bridge" in reference to its church and castle. Its English name derives from this, as does the colloquial Welsh name . An alternative English spelling occurs as "Thlampetre" in 1433.

History

The Norman timber castle of Pont Steffan ("Stephen's bridge" in English) occupying a strategic position beside the River Teifi was destroyed in 1187 after it had been conquered by Owain Gwynedd and was not rebuilt.

Cardiganshire was one of the royal counties established by Edward I after the defeat of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf) at Cilmeri in 1282, when Lampeter fell under direct royal control. But this had little effect on the town, and the Welsh language and culture continued to thrive. The first Borough Charter was granted in 1284 to Rhys ap Meredydd who was given the right to hold a weekly market. As many as eight fairs were also held each year under successive charters.

The town was ruled by a local aristocracy who lived in elegant mansions, including Brynhywel, Maesyfelin and the Lloyd baronets of Peterwell. As magistrates, they handed out the severest of penalties to offenders. The fairs and markets had become rowdy occasions with violence and drunkenness, and the stocks and whipping post in front of Lampeter Town Hall were frequently put to use in the 18th century.

The town developed the crafts, services and industries to cater to the needs of the rural area. There were several woollen mills, one of which in the mid-18th century was already producing the complex double-woven tapestry cloth later to become associated with the Welsh woollen industry. There were also blacksmiths, a leather tannery, carpenters, saddlers, bootmakers and hatters. The town was one of the main centres on the Welsh drovers' road which carried cattle and sheep on foot to the markets in England. A large number of inns point to the town's importance as a rural centre.

Lampeter's war memorial, sculpted by Sir William Goscombe John (1860–1952), was unveiled in September 1921.

University

St David's College was founded in Lampeter in 1822 by Thomas Burgess, Bishop of St David's, to provide training for those wishing to join the Anglican priesthood. It was the first institution of higher education in Wales and the third oldest in England and Wales after Oxford and Cambridge. In 1852 it was granted a charter to award the Bachelor of Divinity (BD) degree, and in 1865 another charter enabled it to confer BA degrees in liberal arts. Its central building, based on an Oxbridge-style quadrangle, was designed by Charles Robert Cockerell.

In 1971, it became a constituent part of the University of Wales as St David's University College and was renamed the University of Wales, Lampeter, in 1996. In 2008, the Lampeter institution's original charter was used to reform higher education in West Wales with the integration of Trinity College Carmarthen, further education colleges in Cardigan and Llanelli, and the technical college known as Swansea Metropolitan into the University of Wales Trinity Saint David.

The university's Rugby Union team was the first in Wales. It was formed in the 1850s by Rowland Williams who introduced the game from Cambridge.

Governance
Lampeter is the name of the electoral ward which is coterminous with the community, though prior to 1995 it was a ward for Dyfed County Council and also included the neighbouring community of Llangybi. Since 1995 the ward has elected two county councillors to Ceredigion County Council. The ward has elected a Welsh Labour Party councillor and an Independent councillor at each election since 1995.

At the local level Lampeter is represented by 14 town councillors on Lampeter Town Council.

Culture

 Lampeter's local Eisteddfod, Eisteddfod Rhys Thomas James Pantyfedwen, is held annually over the August bank holiday. It is particularly noteworthy for its competition for singers under the age of 30, colloquially known as Llais Llwyfan Llambed ('the voice of Lampeter's stage').
 Lampeter Museum covers the cultural and agricultural development of the town as well as the history of the college.
 Theatr Felinfach, a small regional theatre located outside the village of Ystrad Aeron in Dyffryn Aeron, about 7 miles from Lampeter.
 During the Second World War, Dylan Thomas and his wife Caitlin lived at Plas Gelli, a secluded mansion just outside Talsarn. The Dylan Thomas Trail links Talsarn and Lampeter with the other places in Ceredigion associated with the poet, such as Aberaeron and New Quay.
 In 1968, William Julian Cayo-Evans first marched his paramilitary nationalist 'Free Wales Army' from Lampeter.
 The Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, a Roman Catholic Church, is Grade II listed and is considered a fine example of mid-20th century church architecture.

Notable people

 Eliezer Griffiths (1827–1920), a Congregationalist minister, worked in Australia and America
 David Thomas (1829–1905), a Welsh clergyman helped found a Welsh church in the Welsh settlement in Argentina.
 John Perowne VD, TD (1863–1954), a British Army officer and a King's Messenger
 Watcyn Samuel Jones (1877–1964), agricultural administrator and theological college principal.
 Glyn Daniel FBA, FRAI (1914 in Lampeter Velfrey – 1986), a Welsh scientist and archaeologist who taught the European Neolithic period
 Gillian Elisa (born 1953), a Welsh actress, singer and comedian.
 Elin Jones (born 1966), politician, the Llywydd of the Senedd (presiding officer) since 2016.

Sport
Lampeter has a strong sporting community, which includes Cwmann and Llanybydder. Many sports are played in the town, with rugby union being the most popular. Lampeter fielded the first rugby union team in Wales. The sport is believed to have arrived in the late 1840s, meaning the town has a very long tie and history with the sport. The town is represented by Lampeter Town Rugby which is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for the Llanelli Scarlets.

Many other sports are played in the town, including association football, with the town being represented by a football team, their pitch being directly next to the main pitch of Lampeter Rugby Club. The football team has junior teams as well as a 1st and 2nd team. The town is served by a leisure centre, which has a gym, the main hall and modern tennis facilities. The town has a swimming pool and also a bowling green.

Transport

In 1866, transport in Lampeter was greatly improved with the opening of the railway linking  and . In 1911, a branch line opened to Aberaeron. Following the nationalisation of the railways, the passenger service to Aberaeron ceased in 1951. Passenger trains on the main line to Carmarthen and Aberystwyth continued until December 1964 when the track was badly damaged by flooding south of Aberystwyth and through trains were suspended. This was the era of the "Beeching Axe" and it took little political persuasion to decide that the cost of repairs would be unjustified. The remaining passenger services were withdrawn. Milk trains continued to the processing factories at Pont Llanio until 1970, and Felinfach until 1973. The line was eventually lifted in 1975. However, the section of the old line between Bronwydd Arms and Danycoed Halt still exists and is used by the Gwili Railway, a steam railway preservation society which operates a regular timetable during summer months.

Regular bus services operate through the town, connecting Lampeter to Aberystwyth, Carmarthen and Swansea. Two buses a day continue beyond Swansea, providing a through service to Cardiff.

Twinning
Lampeter is twinned with Saint-Germain-sur-Moine, France.

See also

 All Saints' Church, Cellan

References

External links

 Town website
 Tourist information
 Photos of Lampeter and the surrounding area

Towns in Ceredigion
Wards of Ceredigion
Wards of Dyfed
Market towns in Wales
Castles in Ceredigion

Lampeter


Revry (Revry.tv) is a global streaming network launched in 2016 that focuses on queer content and creators. It was founded by Damian Pelliccione, Alia J. Daniels, Christopher Rodriguez, Wadooah Wali and LaShawn McGhee. The website offers a curated selection of films, series, podcasts, music, and videos. Additionally, Revry releases original content, including the series Gayborhood, Before I Got Famous, and Drag Roast, as well as numerous podcasts. Its content is available online and via services including iOS, Apple TV, Amazon Fire, Android TV, Roku, Samsung TV Plus, and TiVo.

In addition to its LGBTQ themes, Revry promotes content inclusive of racial and ethnic diversity. In 2019, founder Rodriguez said, "I think a driving force behind our programming is reflecting the community as we are as opposed to what's trendy or what big-wig execs think is marketable."

Revry's company headquarters are in Los Angeles, California.

References

Transactional video on demand
American companies established in 2015
LGBT-related websites

Revry


Griselda Andreatini, better known by the stage name Gilda Mignonette (28 October 1890 in Naples – 8 June 1953), was a Neapolitan singer of international fame in the early 20th century.

She began her career as a singer in theatrical revue shows, where she became a popular "sciantosa" (i.e., a diva), but later dedicated herself mostly to the canzone napoletana genre, recording with major labels such as Columbia and HMV, and touring intensively abroad.

In the mid-1920s, she moved to New York, where she reached the apex of her international popularity with Neapolitan classics such as A cartulina 'e Napule ("Postcard from Naples") or E l'emigrante chiagne ("And the emigrant cries").

In June 1926 she  married Feliciano "Frank" Acierno Jr., son of Feliciano Acierno, owner and operator of Acierno's Thalia Theater, previously known as the famed Bowery Theater. Acierno is credited for bringing much of the Italian vaudeville scene to New York City. The Acierno Theater was known for churning out nightly entertainment, featuring an eclectic mix of experimental theater alongside traditional Italian opera while also providing a packed house for some of Italy's most renowned performance artists to attain transatlantic appeal. While already a considerable star in Italy, her father-in-law's theater provided Griselda Andreatini Acierno (performing as Gilda Mignonette) the venue to catapult to stardom in the United States.

In "Birds of Passage" Italian author and sound-studies scholar Simona Frasca writes extensively about Andreatini as Gilda Mignonette, citing her as central to the narrative of early 20th century Italian-American music and culture.

In the early 1950s, she suffered severe health problems; having expressed the desire to die in her hometown in Naples, she actually died during the traversal by boat, off the Algerian coast.

References

Singers from Naples
1890 births
1953 deaths
20th-century Italian women singers

Gilda Mignonette