Gandersheim Abbey () is a former house of secular canonesses (Frauenstift) in the present town of Bad Gandersheim in Lower Saxony, Germany. It was founded in 852 by Duke Liudolf of Saxony, progenitor of the Liudolfing or Ottonian dynasty, whose rich endowments ensured its stability and prosperity.

The "Imperial free secular foundation of Gandersheim" (Kaiserlich freies weltliches Reichsstift Gandersheim), as it was officially known from the 13th century to its dissolution in 1810, was a community of the unmarried daughters of the high nobility, leading a godly life but not under monastic vows, which is the meaning of the word "secular" in the title.

Church

In the collegiate church the original Romanesque church building is still visible, with Gothic extensions. It is a cruciform basilica with two towers on the westwork, consisting of a flat-roofed nave  and two vaulted side-aisles. The transept has a square crossing with more or less square arms, with a square choir to the east. Beneath the crossing choir is a hall-crypt. The westwork consist of two towers and a connecting two-storey block; it originally had in addition a projecting entrance hall, also on two storeys, the "paradise". The present church building, which has been subject to restoration in the 19th and 20th centuries, was begun in about 1100 and dedicated in 1168. Remains of the previous building are incorporated into the present structure.

History

Foundation
Gandersheim Abbey was a proprietary foundation by Duke Liudolf of Saxony and his wife Oda, who during a pilgrimage to Rome in 846 obtained the permission of Pope Sergius II for the new establishment and also the relics of the sainted former popes Anastasius and Innocent, who are still the patron saints of the abbey church. The community settled first at Brunshausen (Brunistishusun). The first abbess was Hathumod, a daughter of Liudolf, as were the two succeeding abbesses. In 856 construction began on the church at Gandersheim and in 881 Bishop Wigbert dedicated it to the Saints Anastasius, Innocent and John the Baptist, after which the community moved in.

Already in 877 King Louis the Younger placed the abbey under the protection of the Empire, which gave it extensive independence. In 919 King Henry I granted it Imperial immediacy. The close connection to the Empire meant that the abbey was obliged to provide accommodation to the German kings on their travels, and numerous royal visits are recorded.

Middle Ages
The establishment of the abbey by the founder of the Liudolfingers gave it especial importance during the Ottonian period. Until the foundation of Quedlinburg Abbey in 936, Gandersheim was among the most important Ottonian family institutions, and its church was one of the Ottonian burial places.

The canonesses, commonly known as Stiftsdamen, were allowed private property and, as they had taken no vows, were free at any time to leave the abbey. The Ottonian and Salian kings and their entourages often stayed in Gandersheim, and the canonesses were by no means remote from the world. Apart from the memorial Masses for the founding family, one of the main duties of the canonesses was the education of the daughters of the nobility (who were not obliged to become canonesses themselves).

One of the abbey's best-known canonesses was Roswitha of Gandersheim, famous as the first female poet of the German people. During a period of approximately 20 years – from about 950 to 970 or so – she wrote historical poetry, spiritual pieces and dramas, and the Gesta Ottonis, expressing her veneration of Otto I. She wrote in Latin.

In the Great Gandersheim Conflict, as it is called, originating from the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries, the Bishop of Hildesheim asserted claims over the abbey and its estates, which were located in an area where the boundaries between the Bishopric of Hildesheim and the Archbishop of Mainz were unclear. The pressure from Hildesheim moved the abbey increasingly into the sphere of Mainz. The situation was only eventually resolved by a privilege of Pope Innocent III of 22 June 1206 freeing the abbey once and for all from all claims of Hildesheim, and granting the abbesses the title of Imperial princesses (Reichsfürstinnen).

With the death of the last Salian king in 1125 the importance of the abbey began to diminish and it came more and more under the influence of the local territorial rulers. The Welfs in particular attempted to gain control over the abbey, until its dissolution. The abbey was not able to establish its own territorial lordship. No later than the mid-1270s, the Dukes of Brunswick succeeded in obtaining the Vogtei of the abbey and in the late 13th century built a castle in Gandersheim. Another way to gain influence over the abbey was to place relatives in the abbess's chair. This took the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg rather longer to achieve, but they were at last successful in 1402 with the election of their first family abbess, Sophia III, Princess of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

Reformation
The Reformation was first introduced into the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1542 when troops of the Schmalkaldic League occupied it. The Reformers ignored the abbey's Imperial immediacy and ordained the use of Lutheran church services, the introduction of which however the canonesses were able to postpone on account of the absence of the prioress (Dekanin) who was governing the abbey on behalf of the seven-year-old abbess. The townspeople of Gandersheim had received the Reformation enthusiastically and on 13 July 1543 undertook an iconoclastic attack on the abbey church, where they destroyed images and altars. Henry V changed his mind however and the principality changed back to Roman Catholicism. He made good at least some of the damages, and the church was re-dedicated.

In 1568 the Reformation was again implemented under Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The abbey and its dependencies at Brunshausen and Clus became Lutheran, and the Marienkloster and the Franciscan friaries were suppressed. A period now began of conflict between the abbess and the duke as both tried to extend their spheres of influence, a conflict which was not settled until 1593 when a treaty finally settled the points of disagreement.

Baroque

Under the abbesses Henriette Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Elisabeth Ernestine of Saxe-Meiningen there began a new golden age of the abbey. The abbesses promoted arts and sciences. Elisabeth Ernestine Antonie had the summer castle at Brunshausen built, as well as the Baroque wing of the abbey with the Kaisers' Hall (Kaisersaal), and she refurbished the church.

Dissolution
In 1802, faced with imminent secularisation, the abbey surrendered its Imperial immediacy to the sovereignty of the Dukes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, thus ending the centuries-long struggle with the Welfs.

During the French occupation Gandersheim belonged to the Kingdom of Westphalia. The abbess, who had fled, was permitted by Napoleon to return to the abbey and to live there until her death on 10 March 1810, after which there were no further elections for a successor. The abbey was dissolved and its assets were taken by the Westphalian crown, with the remaining occupants pensioned off.

Even after the end of the Kingdom of Westphalia in 1813 the Duchy of Brunswick did not restore the abbey.

Present day
The abbey is now used by the Evangelical-Lutheran parochial group of St. Anastasius and St. Innocent. During restoration works in 1997 there came to light some of the old church treasure: relics, textiles and reliquaries. These have been on display since March 2006.

List of abbesses

 Hathumod     852–74 (daughter of Liudolf, the founder)
 Gerberga I     874–96/7 (daughter of Liudolf, the founder)
 Christina I     896/7–919 (daughter of Liudolf, the founder)
 Liudgard I     919–23
 Hrotsuit (Rotsuita)     923–33
 Wendelgard (Windilgardis, Wildigrat)     933–49
 Gerberga II     949–1001
 Sophie I     1001–39
 Adelheid I     1039–43 (daughter of Emperor Otto II)
 Beatrice I     1044–61 (daughter of Emperor Henry III)
 Adelheid II     1061–96 (daughter of Emperor Henry III)
 Adelheid III     1096–1104
 Frederun (Vrederun)     1104–11
 Agnes I     1111–25
 Bertha I     1126–30
 Liutgard II     1130/31–52
 Adelheid IV, daughter of Fredrick II, Count of Sommerschenburg, and Countess Lutgard of Stade     1152/53–84
 Adelheid V (of Thuringia)     1184–96
 Mechthild I (of Wohldenberg)     1196–1223
 Bertha II     1223–52
 Margarete I (of Plesse)     1253–1305
 Mechthild II (of Wohldenberg)     1305–16
 Sophia II (of Büren)     1317–31
 Jutta (Judith) (of Schwalenberg)     1331–57
 Ermegardis (of Schwalenberg)     1357–58
 Lutgard III (of Hammerstein)     1359–1402
 Sophia III, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg     1402–12
 Agnes II of Brunswick-Grubenhagen     1412–39
 Elisabeth of Dorstadt     1439
 Elisabeth (Ilse), Duchess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen     1439–52
 Sophia IV, Duchess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen     (1452) 1467–85
 Walburg (of Spiegelberg), rival abbess     1452–67
 Agnes III, Princess of Anhalt     1485–04
 Gertrud, Countess of Regenstein-Blankenburg     1504–31
 Katharina, Countess of Hohenstein, rival abbess     1504–36
 Maria, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel     1532–39
 Clara, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel     1539–47
 Magdalena of Chlum     1547–77
 Margareta of Chlum     1577–89
 Elisabeth, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, rival abbess     1577–82
 Margarete of Warberg, rival abbess     1582–87
 Anna Erica (Erich), Countess of Waldeck     1589–1611
 Dorothea Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel     1611–26
 Catharina Elisabeth, Countess of Oldenburg 1626–49
 Maria Sabina, Countess of Solms     1650–65
 Dorothea Hedwig, Princess of Schleswig-Holstein     1665–78
 Christine Sophie,  Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel      1678–81
 Christina II, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin     1681–93
  Henriette Christine, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel     1693–1712
 Marie Elisabeth, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin     1712–13
 Elisabeth Ernestine Antonie, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen    1713–66
 Therese Natalie, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel     1767–78
 Augusta Dorothea, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel     1778–1810

Burials
Agnes of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
Sophia I, Abbess of Gandersheim
Liudolf, Duke of Saxony

Notes

References
 Goetting, Hans, 1973: Das reichsunmittelbare Kanonissenstift Gandersheim. In Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte (ed.): Germania sacra: historisch-statistische Beschreibung der Kirche des Alten Reiches. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.
 Hoernes, Martin, and Röckelein, Hedwig (eds.), 2006: Gandersheim und Essen. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zu sächsischen Frauenstiften. In: Essener Forschungen zum Frauenstift (vol. 4). Essen: Klartext Verlag.
 Portal zur Geschichte: Schätze neu entdecken! Auswahlkatalog (ed. Martin Hoernes and Thomas Labusiak). Delmenhorst 2007
 Wäß, Helga, 2006: Form und Wahrnehmung mitteldeutscher Gedächtnisskulptur im 14. Jahrhundert. Katalog ausgewählter Objekte vom Hohen Mittelalter bis zum Anfang des 15. Jahrhunderts (vol. 2, pp. 222 f). Bristol/Berlin: Tenea.
 Friedrich, Ernst Andreas, 1989: Wenn Steine reden könnten. Hanover: Landbuch-Verlag.

External links

 Gandersheim Abbey church: permanent exhibition
 Bad Gandersheim official website

Monasteries in Lower Saxony
Imperial abbeys
Lutheran women's religious houses
Gandersheim
Christian monasteries established in the 9th century
Lutheran churches converted from Roman Catholicism
Buildings and structures in Northeim (district)
1802 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
9th-century establishments in East Francia
9th-century churches in Germany
Religious buildings and structures completed in 852

Gandersheim Abbey


Casimir William of Hesse-Homburg (23 March 1690 in Weferlingen – 9 October 1726 in Hötensleben) was a prince of Hesse-Homburg.

Life
Casimir William was the youngest son of Landgrave Frederick II of Hesse-Homburg (1633–1708), the famous Prince of Homburg, from his second marriage with Louise Elisabeth (1646–1690), the daughter of the Duke Jacob of Courland.  He was educated together with his three years younger half-brother George Louis (from Frederick II's his third marriage with Countess Sophie Sybille of  Leiningen-Westerburg (1656–1724).  During a visit to his cousin Duke Frederick William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin the passion for hunting, which he shared with his father and his brothers, woke up in him.

Since his older brother Frederick III and his two sons preceded him in the line of succession, he opted for a military career and fought in 1708 in a Mecklenburg regiment under Prince Eugene of Savoy.  In early 1715, he entered the Swedish army under Charles XII.  Already in the early summer he was taken prisoner at Wismar and retired from the military.

In 1718, the princes of Hesse-Homburg divided some properties by drawing lots.  Casimir William drew the manor at Hötensleben.  He also owned Sinclair House opposite Homburg Castle in Bad Homburg.

His legacy is his hunting diary, which describes his passion for hunting and horses.

Marriage and issue
He married on 9 October 1722 in Braunfels with Charlotte Christine (1690–1751), a daughter of Count William Maurice of Solms-Braunfels.  They had three children:

 Frederick IV Charles (1724–1751), ruling Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg
 married in 1746 Countess Ulrike Louise of Solms-Braunfels (1731-1792)
 Eugenie (1725-1725)
 Ulrike Sophie (1726–1792)

References
 Wilhelm Hammann: Das Leben des Landgrafen Kasimir Wilhelm von Hessen-Homburg 1690 bis 1726, in: Jahresbericht des Grossherzoglichen Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasiums, 1907
 Philipp Dieffenbach: Geschichte von Hessen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Grohßerzogthums, p. 232
 Jürgen Rainer Wolf: Landgraf Kasimir Wilhelm von Hessen-Homburg und seine vergessene Hofhaltung im Herzogtum Magdeburg, in: Aus dem Stadtarchiv. Vorträge zur Bad Hombuger Geschichte 1995/1996, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, 1997, p. 7–27

Footnotes

House of Hesse-Homburg
Landgraves of Hesse
1690 births
1726 deaths
18th-century German people
Sons of monarchs

Casimir William of Hesse-Homburg


Sinseollo () or royal hot pot is an elaborate dish consisting of meatballs, small and round jeonyueo (전유어), mushrooms, and vegetables cooked in a rich broth in Korean royal court cuisine. The dish is a form of jeongol (elaborate chowder-like stew). It is served in a large bundt pan-shaped vessel with a hole in the center, in which hot embers are placed to keep the dish hot throughout the meal.

Etymology and history
Sinseollo is the proper name for the cooking vessel in which this dish is served, which has come to mean the actual dish as well. Sinseollo is a composite word of sinseon (hangul:신선, hanja:神仙), "Taoist immortal spirit" and ro (hangul:로, hanja:爐), brazier. Jeong Hee-Ryang (정희량), a scholar in the court of Joseon Dynasty's King Yeonsan, turned to a hermit-like life in the mountains after being exiled and disillusioned from politics. He made a small brazier to cook his meals, a portable cooking vessel that would cook various vegetables in a single pot. He disappeared in the mountains and legend says he became a sinseon, so the cooking vessel was named "brazier for a sinseon".

Sinseollo is also called yeolguja tang, which literally means "a tang (soup) that makes a mouth happy".

Preparation and serving

Although the origin of the dish was based on vegetables, meat and fish were added in later years. Up to 25 ingredients may be used in making the dish, such as beef, pork, chicken, pheasant, fish, abalone, sea cucumbers, and various vegetables. Boiled beef and sliced mu are placed in the dish with seasoned beef and the seafood. Mushrooms, carrots and other vegetables are placed next, with meatballs, walnuts, pine nuts, ginkgo nuts, and finely shredded red pepper used as garnish to create a colorful balance. Soup stock is poured over and then the dish is cooked with charcoal in the burner.

See also
 Gujeolpanalso the new royal plate
 Korean royal court cuisine
 List of cooking vessels
 List of soups
 Korean cuisine
 Dae Jang Geum

References

External links
Information and recipe of sinseollo from Korea Foundation
Best Culinary Day Tour in Seoul from Korea Tourism Organization
General information on Korean cuisine and recipe from Seoul city official website
 Information about Korean royal court cuisine and sinseollo
 Information about sinseollo
 Information about sinseollo

Korean soups and stews
Korean royal court cuisine
Cooking vessels

Sinseollo


Filicide is the act of a parent killing his or her son or daughter. The word filicide comes from the Latin words filius meaning "son" or filia meaning "daughter" and the suffix -cide meaning "to kill, murder or cause death".

Famous cases of filicides include Peter the Great, who had his son Alexei tortured and killed; Wu Zetian, who is said to have killed her own daughter to frame her lover's wife; and Susan Smith, who murdered her two sons.

Related pages
 Homicide is the killing of any human
 Infanticide is the killing of an infant

References

Murders

Filicide


Eta Carinae (η Carinae or η Car) is a superbright hypergiant star in the constellation Carina, about 7,500 to 8,000 light-years from the Sun.

The system contains at least two stars, of which the primary is a luminous blue variable (LBV) that initially had around 150 solar masses, of which it has lost at least 30. A hot supergiant of about 30 solar masses is in orbit around the primary. An enormous thick red nebula surrounding Eta Carinae makes it impossible to see this companion optically, but the dumbell-shaped gas cloud is formed by two stars.

The Eta Carinae system is inside the Homunculus nebula, itself part of the much larger Carina nebula. Together they have a combined luminosity of over five million times the Sun's. It is not visible north of latitude 30°N and is seen moving round the pole south of latitude 30°S. Due to its mass and the stage of its life, it is expected to explode as a supernova in the future.

History
Eta Carinae was first recorded as a 4th magnitude star. It brightened from 1837 to 1856 in an event known as "the Great Eruption". Eta Carinae became the second brightest star in the sky between 11 and 14 March 1843 before fading well below naked eye visibility.

It has brightened since about 1940, peaking above magnitude 4.5 in 2014. Eta Carinae is circumpolar south of latitude 30°S, so it is never seen north of latitude 30°N.

System and properties
This stellar system is currently one of the most massive that can be studied in detail. Until recently, Eta Carinae was thought to be the most massive single star, but in 2005 it was proved to be a binary system. The most massive star in the Eta Carinae multiple star system probably has more than 100 times the mass of the Sun. There are other massive stars which are known to be more luminous and are more massive.

Stars like Eta Carinae produce over a million times as much light as the Sun. They are quite rare — only a few dozen are present in a galaxy the size of the Milky Way. They are assumed to be near or over the Eddington limit. That means the outward pressure of their radiation is almost strong enough to counteract gravity. Stars over 120 solar masses exceed the Eddington limit, and their gravity is barely strong enough to hold in their radiation and gas.

Eta Carinae's chief significance for astrophysics is its giant eruption, which was observed around 1843. In a few years, Eta Carinae produced almost as much visible light as a supernova explosion, but it survived. It was a  'supernova impostor' or 'failed supernova'. Eta Carinae's giant eruption was the prototype for this phenomenon.

One remarkable aspect of Eta Carinae is its changing brightness. It is currently classified as a luminous blue variable (LBV) binary star due to peculiarities in its pattern of brightening and dimming.

The ionizing radiation emitted by the secondary star in Eta Carinae is the major radiation source of the system. Much of this radiation is absorbed by the primary stellar wind.

Related pages
 S Doradus

References

Hypergiants

Eta Carinae


"Teenage Letter" is a song written by Renald Richard.

The original version (spelled "Teen Age Letter" on the record label) was recorded in October 1957 by Big Joe Turner and released as a single (Atlantic 45–1167) in the same year.

The song has since been covered by a number of artists, including Billy Lee Riley and Jerry Lee Lewis.

References

1957 songs
1957 singles
Atlantic Records singles
Big Joe Turner songs

Jerry Lee Lewis songs

Teenage Letter


The Top (Roscoe Dillon) is a supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics.

The character has made limited appearances across DC-related media while a female version appeared in the live-action television series The Flash, portrayed by Ashley Rickards.

Publication history
Top first appeared in The Flash #122 (August 1961) and was created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino.

Fictional character biography
Roscoe Dillon is a small-time crook who turns his childhood obsession with tops into a criminal persona. Roscoe taught himself how to spin around fast enough to deflect bullets and produce other semi-useful effects. Top soon discovers that the spinning increased his intelligence as well (because his body and thus his mind are spinning at super human speeds), allowing him to create a variety of trick tops. He tried to blackmail the world with an atomic top that would destroy half the world when it slowed down and imprisoned the Flash inside it, but the Flash vibrated out of it and sent it into space. His unique gimmick and moderate success in crime soon makes him a respected member of the Flash's Rogues Gallery. He dates Golden Glider, Captain Cold's sister, while coaching her on ice skating. Eventually, Top develops immense psionic powers, as years of spinning moves dormant brain cells to the outer areas of his brain, endowing him with mental powers.

However, the newly activated brain cells are destroyed by close proximity to the Flash's superspeed vibrations. Top dies within days from the injuries sustained by his brain, but not before he plants a series of powerful bombs to destroy Central City as a final revenge. In addition, he prepared a recording explaining his terminal condition and scheme to spitefully challenge his comrades to attempt to find and defuse the explosives which must be done by gathering them all and stacking them on top of each other, knowing that the Flash would surely stop at least one of the attempts and doom the city. Certain that neither the superhero nor the police would believe them if they tried to warn either of the crisis, the Rogues desperately attempt to find the bombs despite the Flash's unwitting opposition. Fortunately, the Flash eventually realizes the situation and aids in stopping the scheme in time.

When Barry Allen's parents were in a car accident, Dillon's spirit is somehow able to take possession of the vacant body of his father, Henry. Realizing who Barry Allen is, he, along with Golden Glider, plot to kill the Flash and take over his body. He fails when he tries to take over the Flash's body while Flash is alive, leaving Henry's spirit to repossess his body.

Brainwashing
About a week after, Roscoe Dillon takes possession of another comatose body and begins wreaking havoc on anyone Barry Allen knew. The final straw comes when he digs up the grave of Iris Allen (who was dead at the time). After knocking him out, Barry takes Dillon to the Justice League Watchtower and asks Zatanna to alter his mind to make him a hero. It works at first, but Dillon is soon driven insane with guilt for all the trouble he has caused. His villainous nature comes into conflict with the spell Zatanna put on him, driving him mad. During that time, he uses his mental powers to "fix" the other rogues by implementing mental programs to make them reform. Some of them are able to reject the programming altogether, such as Captain Cold, Weather Wizard, and Captain Boomerang, while others, including Pied Piper, Heat Wave, and the original Trickster, either seem to remain under the programming or truly reform, at least until Dillon reveals his reprogramming.

Dillon apparently returns to his villainous ways after inhabiting a new body, one of Senator Thomas O'Neill, a vice-presidential nominee. He plans to become president by setting Piper up to assassinate his running mate after they win, but is stopped by the new Flash, Wally West. Dillon is imprisoned after this, causing him to become more disoriented and insane than before. His "mind-over-matter" powers evolve to being able to induce vertigo in others.

During the events of Identity Crisis, Wally receives a note from Barry about what he did to Top's mind and asks Wally to restore Top's mind back to its original state. With Zatanna, he manages to find Top behind an old toy factory and repair his mind. Now sane, Top tells them about his "fixing" of the Rogues and swears to remove their mental programming and return them back to their villainous ways.

While Captain Cold and his Rogues are warring against Trickster and the reformed Rogues, Top appears with his set of Rogues consisting of Plunder, Murmur, Tar Pit, Girder, and Double Down, having altered their brains. He removes his programming from Piper and Trickster (although Wally is apparently able to return Piper to his better nature by reminding his friend of his secret identity). After removing Heat Wave's programming, he declares himself the new leader of the Rogues and has his group of reprogrammed Rogues attack Flash. Captain Cold flash-freezes Top and shatters his body in retaliation for manipulating the Rogues' minds and setting them against one another, grimly informing Top that his superior cultural and culinary knowledge did not make him better than the rest of the Rogues.

Blackest Night
In Blackest Night #1, Top's grave is approached by a black ring. Later, he joins his fellow Black Lantern Rogues in an attack on Iron Heights prison.

The New 52
In The New 52 (a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), a version of Top exists under the name of Turbine. Roscoe Hynes was a Tuskegee Airman who led a squadron of prototype planes on its first combat mission during World War II. During the battle Hynes breaks formation to test the prototype plane's flight capabilities, and disappears into thin air. It is later revealed that Hynes was absorbed into the Speed Force dimension and trapped there for about seventy years. Driven insane due to isolation, he tried desperately to escape using his newfound ability to control the wind, but this only served to create massive wormholes that pulled people and objects (including an entire ship) into the Speed Force. The Flash, trying to save the ship's passengers, enters the Force. Turbine confronts him, and their battle ends with both being sent back to Earth An amnesic Hynes later reappears in Central City; he recovers his memories upon hearing The Flash being mentioned and promises to tell Patty Spivot (who believes Barry Allen is dead) where Barry is.

A separate character named Roscoe Dillon appears later in The New 52 as one of the "Acolytes of Zoom". This character does not use the codename of his Pre-New 52 counterpart. This version also has the ability to control centrifugal force, having created a tornado in his hometown prior to being found by Zoom.

In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, Top and his fellow Rogues are among the villains that attend the underground meeting held by Riddler that talks about the Superman Theory.

Powers and abilities
Top is able to spin at incredible speeds. The spinning also gave him increased intelligence, as his brain was also moving at incredible speeds. The Top's spinning eventually gives him powerful telekinetic and telepathic powers due to the stimulation of his brain cells. Since his soul returned from Hell, he has developed a new mental ability that allows him to induce severe disorientation and vertigo in his victims. Top also uses spinning tops with gimmicks to them such as glue, explosives, oil and gases. He once built a massive "atomic grenade top" that could have destroyed half of the world.

Other versions

25th Century Top
A heroic version of Top is part of the 25th Century cops known as The Renegades, from Professor Zoom's future. When the Renegades attempt to arrest Barry for a crime he will commit in the future, Top abandons his team to help Barry, attempting to prevent the events that lead to Barry's accusation. Once he convinces Barry to let him help, it appears as though he is actually framing Barry for a crime he committed. It is subsequently revealed that Top is actually attempting to prevent Barry from investigating previous 'cold cases' to leave an innocent man in jail, as the man who actually committed the crime is an ancestor of the future Top; the future Top spent his whole life training to join the Renegades, but the organisation will not allow members in if anyone in their families (no matter how far back) has a criminal record, prompting Top to set up events to ensure that his ancestor stays out of prison so that he can achieve his 'dream'. Informing Top that he cannot be a hero under the circumstances he is trying to set up, Barry vibrates inside Top's body and destroys his suit from the inside, subsequently leaving him for the Renegades to take back to their future.

In other media

Television
 The Top makes a cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Flash and Substance" as a member of Gorilla Grodd's Secret Society.
 The Top makes minor non-speaking appearances in Batman: The Brave and the Bold.
 A female incarnation of the Top named Rosalind "Rosa" Dillon appears in The Flash, portrayed by Ashley Rickards. Introduced in the third season episode "The New Rogues", this version is in a romantic relationship with Sam Scudder, whom she aided in multiple heists until they were both betrayed by their then other partner Leonard Snart three years prior. Shortly after, Scudder and Dillon were exposed to dark matter released by S.T.A.R. Labs' particle accelerator, with the resulting shockwave trapping Scudder inside a mirror and turning Dillon into a metahuman with the ability to induce vertigo via eye contact. After Scudder escapes in the present, he breaks her out of Iron Heights Penitentiary and they start a crime spree together, only to be stopped by the Flash and Jesse Quick. In a possible future depicted in the episode "The Once and Future Flash", Dillon and Scudder took over Central City by combining their powers. After the Flash travels to this future and is defeated by the pair, he receives help from his future self and Cisco Ramon, who defeat the criminals and see them arrested. As of the seventh season premiere "All's Well That Ends Wells", Dillon and Scudder joined Black Hole until Eva McCulloch kills him and sways the former to her side. However, Dillon is captured by the CCPD and Cecile Horton uses her empathetic powers to overwhelm Dillon with guilt, making her reveal McCulloch's plans in retaliation for Scudder's death.

Film
The Top appears in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker. This version is a member of the Rogues.

Video games
The Top appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Robert S. Fisher.

Miscellaneous
The Top appears in The Flash: The Fastest Man Alive #3.

External links
 Alan Kistler's Profile On: THE FLASH - A detailed analysis of the history of the Flash by comic book historian Alan Kistler. Covers information all the way from Jay Garrick to Barry Allen to today, as well as discussions on the various villains and Rogues who fought the Flash. Various art scans.

References

Comics characters introduced in 1961
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics supervillains
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics telekinetics
DC Comics telepaths
Characters created by Carmine Infantino
Characters created by John Broome
Fictional African-American people
Fictional aviators
DC Comics characters who have mental powers
Flash (comics) characters

Top (comics)


COmputer STored Ambulatory Record (COSTAR) is an electronic medical record using the MUMPS programming language.  It was developed by the Laboratory of Computer Science at Massachusetts General Hospital between 1968 and 1971 for Harvard Community Health Plan by Octo Barnett and Jerome Grossman.

References
Hattwick, Michael A. W. Computer Stored Ambulatory Record Systems in Real Life Practice. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1979 October 17; 761–764.
Barnett, G. Octo. Computer-stored ambulatory record (COSTAR). 1976.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Medical Informatics for Better and Safer Health Care. Research in Action, Issue 6. June 2002
Kerlin, Barbara D (1986). Dissemination of COSTAR: Promises and Realities. Journal of Medical Systems
Clinfowiki - COmputer STored Ambulatory Record (COSTAR)

Electronic health record software
Massachusetts General Hospital

Computer Stored Ambulatory Record


Lady Anna is a novel by Anthony Trollope, written in 1871 and first published in book form in 1874.  The protagonist is a young woman of noble birth who, through an extraordinary set of circumstances, has fallen in love with and become engaged to a tailor.  The novel describes her attempts to resolve the conflict between her duty to her social class and her duty to the man she loves.

Plot summary
Lady Anna is set during the 1830s, at about the time of the First Reform Act of 1832.

The title character is the daughter of the late Earl Lovel.  Her mother married him out of ambition rather than love, and despite his evil reputation.  Soon after their marriage, he told her that he had a living wife, which made their union invalid and their unborn daughter illegitimate.  He then sailed to Italy without her and did not return to England for twenty years.

During those two decades, Lady Lovel struggled to prove the validity of her marriage, and consequently her right to her title and her daughter's legitimacy.  She enjoyed neither the sympathy of the public nor the support of her family during this time; her only friend and supporter was Thomas Thwaite, a Radical tailor of Keswick, who gave her and her daughter shelter and financed her legal battles.

Early in the novel, Lord Lovel returns to England and dies intestate.  His earldom, and a small estate in Cumberland, pass to a distant cousin, young Frederick Lovel.  However, the bulk of his large fortune is personal property, and thus not attached to the title.  If his marriage to Lady Lovel was valid, it will go to her and to their daughter; otherwise, it will go to the young earl.

The new earl's lawyers, headed by the Solicitor General, come to believe that their case against Lady Lovel is weak and their claim probably false.  They accordingly propose a compromise: that the earl marry Lady Anna, thus reuniting the title and the assets held by her father.  The plan is enthusiastically supported by Lady Lovel, as fulfilling all of her ambitions for herself and her daughter.  The young earl is favourably impressed by Lady Anna's appearance and character.  However, in her twenty years as an outcast, Lady Anna has come to love Thomas Thwaite's son Daniel, and the two have become secretly engaged.

When the engagement is known, Lady Lovel and others strive to break it.  Lady Anna will not yield to persuasion or to mistreatment; Daniel Thwaite rejects arguments and bribes to end the relationship.  Lady Anna is approaching her twenty-first birthday, after which she will be free to marry without her mother's consent.  In desperation, Lady Lovel secures a pistol and attempts to murder Thwaite.  She wounds but does not kill him; Thwaite refuses to name her to the police; and the attempt puts an effective end to her attempts to keep the two apart.

With Thwaite's consent, Lady Anna makes half of her fortune over to the young earl.  She marries Thwaite with the public approval of the Lovel family, though Lady Lovel refuses to attend the ceremony.  The two then emigrate to Australia, where they expect that his low birth and her title will no longer be a burden to them.

Development and publication history
In 1871, Anthony and Rose Trollope sailed from England to Australia to visit their son Fred, who had settled at a sheep station near Grenfell, New South Wales.
Lady Anna was written entirely at sea,
between 25 May and 19 July.

The novel was serialized in the Fortnightly Review between April 1873 and April 1874.
It was published in two volumes by Chapman & Hall in 1874.

Trollope received £1200 for Lady Anna; his other 1874 novels, Phineas Redux and Harry Heathcote of Gangoil, earned him £2500 and £450 respectively.

Beside the Fortnightly, the novel was serialized in 1873–74 in the Australasian, and in Russian translation in Vestnik Evropy.  In 1873, it was also published in book form by Harper of New York, by Hunter Rose of Toronto, by Tauchnitz of Leipzig, and in Russian as Lady Anna.

More recent editions have included one by Arno Press in 1981; editions by Dover and by Oxford University Press, the latter with an introduction and notes by Stephen Orgel, in 1984; and one by the Trollope Society in 1990.

Adaptation
A play by Craig Baxter, Lady Anna: All at Sea, combining the plot of the novel and the story of Trollope's writing it while voyaging to Australia, was commissioned by the Trollope Society as part of the 2015 Trollope Bicentennial Celebrations.  It was presented at London's Park Theatre in 2015.

References

External links
Lady Anna —easy-to-read HTML version at University of Adelaide Library
Lady Anna at Project Gutenberg

1874 British novels
Novels by Anthony Trollope
Works originally published in The Fortnightly Review
Novels first published in serial form
Novels set in the 1830s
Novels set in Cumbria
Chapman & Hall books

Lady Anna (novel)


The Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale (GADS) is a tool for assisting the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome.  More specifically, it is a rating scale for behaviour, which can be used by either individuals or professionals, and is commonly used by school psychologists.

It comprises 32 diagnostic characteristics, divided into four sub-scales.  The four sub-scales are Social Interaction, Restricted Patterns of Behaviour, Cognitive Patterns, and Pragmatic Skills.  An optional additional sub-scale of eight items, Early Development, can also be included.

The rating scores on each of the sub-scales are combined by simple summation to form an overall score, the Asperger's disorder quotient.

Administering the test takes 10 minutes.  The scale is available in forms for teachers as well as parents, and like the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale it is comparatively less complicated to administer and score than other tests such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule or the Autism Diagnostic Interview — Revised (although both of these more complex tests are increasingly used in research).

References

Further reading

Asperger syndrome
Academic works about pediatrics
Autism screening and assessment tools

Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale


William de Deyn [de la Deyn] (died 1350) was a 14th-century Scottish monk and cleric. Little can be said about Deyn's early life. He had obtained a licentiate in decrees at some point in his youth, and he must have become a Tironensian  monk, for by 1329, and perhaps as early as 1327, he was Abbot of Kilwinning. Kilwinning Abbey was a Tironensian house in Cunninghame, in existence since the 1160s. He appears for the first time in this capacity as witness to a charter of Walter Comyn of Rowallan.

In 1344, Deyn, perhaps through Stewart patronage, was chosen to succeed Alexander de Kininmund as Bishop of Aberdeen. Deyn travelled to continental Europe, and by 27 September had received consecration. His consecration had been performed by Cardinal Peter Despres. In May 1345, the Pope appointed him as Scotland's papal tax collector, a duty Deyn fulfilled, sending the proceeds to the papacy via merchants in Bruges. He was one of the notables who petitioned the papacy in 1347 to legitimise the  marriage of Robert Stewart and Elizabeth More of Rowallan. In 1349 he was in attendance with the Justiciar of Scotia holding court at the standing stones of Old Rayne in Garioch.

He died on 20 August 1350 and was buried in the choir of Aberdeen Cathedral.

References

1350 deaths
14th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
Abbots of Kilwinning
Bishops of Aberdeen
Burials at St Machar's Cathedral
Year of birth unknown

William de Deyn


An eating disorder is when someone begins eating too much, or when someone begins to avoid eating. This affects one's mental and physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two of the most well-known eating disorders today. Eating disorders affect 5-7% of American women, and only a small percentage of men are affected. It is a well-known truth that Eating Disorders and Addictions are closely Related.

Eating disorders involve more than just food. Many people with eating disorders are very sad and feel alone. They get depressed and do not want to eat in front of other people. They might use food as a way to cope, or they might restrict their food intake as a means of control. They might eat a lot of food in a very short period. They might throw up their food because they feel guilty. They might eat very little because they want to lose weight, even if they are already dangerously underweight (weighing less than what it is considered healthy). Even if they are underweight, they might see themselves as very fat. Many people with eating disorders suffer physical complications, like malnutrition (not getting enough nutrients that the body needs to be healthy), or electrolyte imbalances (a change in the number of elements such as sodium or potassium that causes problems in the body's ability to work correctly). Eating disorders can cause death.

On 1 December 2013 the Daily Telegraph reported that the number of children under thirteen treated in hospital for eating disorders in the UK had tripled.

References

Other websites
 National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders
 National Eating Disorders Association
 Effects of Eating Disorders

Eating disorder


Appian of Alexandria (; ; ; ) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who prospered during the reigns of Emperors of Rome Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius.

He was born c. 95 in Alexandria.  After holding the senior offices in the province of Aegyptus (Egypt), he went to Rome c. 120, where he practised as an advocate, pleading cases before the emperors (probably as advocatus fisci, an important official of the imperial treasury). It was in 147 at the earliest that he was appointed to the office of procurator, probably in Egypt, on the recommendation of his friend Marcus Cornelius Fronto, an influential rhetorician and advocate. Because the position of procurator was open only to members of the equestrian order (the "knightly" class), his possession of this office tells us about Appian's family background.

His principal surviving work (Ρωμαϊκά Romaiká, known in Latin as Historia Romana and in English as Roman History) was written in Greek in 24 books, before 165. This work more closely resembles a series of monographs than a connected history. It gives an account of various peoples and countries from the earliest times down to their incorporation into the Roman Empire, and survives in complete books and considerable fragments. The work is very valuable, especially for the period of the civil wars.

The Civil Wars, books 13–17 of the Roman History, concern mainly the end of the Roman Republic and take a conflict-based view and approach to history. Despite the lack of cited sources for his works, these books of the Roman History are the only extant comprehensive description of these momentous decades of Roman history. The other extant work of Appian is his "The Foreign Wars", which includes an ethnographic style history recounting the various military conflicts against a foreign enemy in Roman history, until the time of Appian.

Life
Little is known of the life of Appian of Alexandria. He wrote an autobiography that has been almost completely lost. Information about Appian is distilled from his own writings and a letter by his friend Cornelius Fronto. However, it is certain that Appian was born around the year AD 95 in Alexandria, the capital of Roman Egypt. Since his parents were Roman citizens capable of paying for their son's education, it can be inferred that Appian belonged to the wealthy upper classes.

It is believed that Appian moved to Rome in 120, where he became a lawyer. In the introduction to his Roman History, he boasts "that he pleaded cases in Rome before the emperors." The emperors he claims to have addressed must have been either Hadrian or Marcus Aurelius and definitely Antoninus Pius, for Appian remained in Egypt at least until the end of the reign of Trajan (117). In the letter of Cornelius Fronto, it is revealed that a request on behalf of Appian to receive the rank of procurator occurred during the co-regency of Marcus Aurelius and his brother Lucius Verus between 147 and 161. Although Appian won this office, it is unclear whether it was a real job or an honorific title. The only other certain biographical datum is that Appian's Roman History appeared sometime before 162. This is one of the few primary historical sources for the period.

Works

Appian's Roman History and The Civil Wars

Appian began writing his history around the middle of the second century AD.
Only sections from half of the original 24 books survive today of a much larger history known as The Roman History. The section of this history known as The Civil Wars comprises books 13–17 of the original 24 of the Roman History. This history narrates the history of the Romans from the time of the Gracchan tribunates, through the civil wars of Marius, Sulla, Caesar and Pompey, to break off in the time of the Second Triumvirate. These five books stand out because they are one of the few comprehensive histories available on the transition of the Roman state from Republic to Empire and the ensuing civil and military strife.

Besides Appian, this period is also covered by a handful of ancient authors with varying degrees of detail and viewpoints. The commentaries of Julius Caesar record his personal, mainly military, observations of the Gallic Wars. Plutarch's Roman biographies sketch the lives of the major leaders of the late Republican period, recording events Plutarch thought interesting and give only a perfunctory explanation of historic events. The Roman author Velleius' history examines Roman history from the city's foundation until AD 29. This history is more detailed in the late Republic and early Empire period, while the earlier history is condensed. The Epitome of Roman History by Florus, also covers Roman history from mythical times until the 5th century AD in an extremely condensed format. The history of Diodorus of Sicily also covers Roman history until the Gallic Wars, but his history becomes fragmentary after around 300 BC.

The Foreign Wars

Another work of Appian's history which still survives mostly extant is called The Foreign Wars. This history describes the wars the Romans fought against other cultures throughout their history. The  mostly extant work narrates the wars in Spain, the Punic Wars in both Italy and Africa, the wars against the Seleucid Empire, and the Mithridatic Wars. Several small fragments also survive, describing the wars against the Samnites, Illyrians, Macedonians, Numidians, and the Gauls. Especially notable is this work's ethnographic structure. Appian most likely used this structure to facilitate his readers' orientation through the sequence of events, which are united only by their relationship to Rome. For example, the chapter on Spain recounts Roman history in Spain chronologically with the Romans' first intervention in Spain during the War with Hannibal. The book goes on to describe the Roman conquest of several regions of Spain, followed by their wars with  Spanish tribes and  the Numantine War. The chapter on Spain concludes with the war against Sertorius in roughly 61 BC. Likewise, the chapter on the Hannibalic wars only recounts the battles that took place on the Italian Peninsula during the second Punic war, while the chapters on the Punic War recount all the action that occurred in northern Africa during the first and second Punic war.

Sources

One might expect that a historical work covering nine centuries and countless different peoples would involve a multitude of sources from different periods. However, Appian's sources remain uncertain, as he only mentions the source of his information under special circumstances. He may have relied primarily on one author for each book, whom he did not follow uncritically, since Appian also used additional sources for precision and correction. At our present state of knowledge questions regarding Appian's sources cannot be resolved.

Editions
 (a translation of Appian's History into Latin)
 Editio princeps, 1551
 Schweighäuser, 1785
 Bekker, 1852
 Ludwig Mendelssohn, 1878–1905, Appiani Historia Romana, Bibliotheca Teubneriana
 Paul Goukowsky, 1997–, Appien. Histoire romaine (Greek text, French translation, notes), Collection Budé.
 Carsana, Chiara (ed.). Commento storico al libro II delle Guerre Civili di Appiano (parte I). Pisa: Edizioni ETS, 2007. 309 pp. (Pubblicazioni della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell'Università di Pavia, 116).

English translations
 W. B., 1578 (black letter) – possibly William Barker – used by Shakespeare
 J. D[avies], 1679
 Horace White, 1899 (Bohn's Classical Library);
 Book I edited by James Leigh Strachan-Davidson, 1902.
 Books XIII–XVII (Civil Wars), trans. John Carter, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1996

References

Citations

Bibliography
 William Smith (ed.) (1870), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Vol. 1, pp. 247–248

External links

 Original Greek text of the Civil Wars (Mendelssohn ed.) at Perseus Digital Library.
 Appian at Livius.org
 Appian's Civil Wars at LacusCurtius

 Review of Paul Goukowsky and Phillippe Torrens, eds., Appien: Histoire romaine. Tome X, livre XV: Guerres civiles, livre III in: Bryn Mawr Classical Review.
Historia Romana [pars II], Venezia, 1472, at the National Library of Portugal

95 births
165 deaths
2nd-century historians
1st-century Greek people
2nd-century Greek people
1st-century Romans
2nd-century Romans
Greek-language historians from the Roman Empire
2nd-century Egyptian people
Ancient Egyptian writers
Roman-era Alexandrians
Tax officials
Government accounting officials
Ancient Roman equites
Ancient Roman jurists

Appian


Two Days Away is an album by Elkie Brooks, released in 1977.

Background
Brooks' breakthrough second album, released in 1977, propelled her into solo stardom in the UK and Europe. Including the top ten hits "Pearl's a Singer" and "Sunshine After the Rain", it had a distinct American sound largely due to the work of the legendary writers and producers Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It remains one of Brooks' finest albums and is available on CD, paired with its predecessor Rich Man's Woman.

Single releases
 "Pearl's a Singer" (UK #8, 1977)
 "Saved" (1977)
 "Sunshine After the Rain" (UK #10, 1977)
 "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" (1977)

Details
 Recorded in 1976 at Electric Lady Studios in New York, USA; Record Plant in New York, USA; Air Studios in London, England. Mastered at Masterdisk, New York, USA.
 "Two Days Away" reached number 16 and remained in the UK charts for 20 weeks.

Track listing
 "Love Potion No. 9" (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) - 3:42
 "Spiritland" (Elkie Brooks, Pete Gage) - 3:19
 "Honey, Can I Put On Your Clothes" (Jean Monte Ray) - 3:22
 "Sunshine After the Rain" (Ellie Greenwich) - 3:23
 "Pearl's a Singer" (Leiber, Stoller, Ralph Dino, John Sembello) - 3:39
 "Mojo Hannah" (Fay Hale, Clarence Paul, Barbara Paul) - 3:00
 "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" (Lincoln Moman, Dan Penn) - 3:28
 "You Did Something For Me" (Leiber, Stoller) - 2:50
 "Nightbird" (Leiber, Stoller, Pete Gage, Steve York) - 3:06
 "Saved" (Leiber, Stoller) - 2:40

Charts

Personnel
Elkie Brooks – vocals
Isaac Guillory - guitars
Jean Roussel - keyboards
Trevor Morais - drums
Steve York - bass

Additional personnel
Mike Stoller - piano, keyboards
Pete Gage, Jerry Friedman, Eric Weissberg - guitars
George Devens, Carl Hall, Peggy Blue, Morris Pert - percussion
Corky Hale - harp
George Devens - vibraphone
New York Horns
Meco Monardo (arranger)
Bob Millikam
Danny Kahn
Barry Rogers
Dave Taylor
George Young
Lew Del Gatto
Muscle Shoals Horns
Harrison Calloway (arranger)
Charlie Rose
Harvey Thompson
Ronnie Eades
Meco Monardo (arranger), Tony Posk, Guy Lumia, Elliot Rosoff, Rick Sortonne, Carol Webb, Joe Goodman, Julien Barber, Jesse Levy - strings
Carl Hall, Peggy Blue, Marry Ellen Johnson, Barbara Ingram, Evette Benton, Carla Benson, Jimmy Chambers, George Chandler, Lee Vanderbilt - backing vocals
Steve Nye, Carmine Rubino - engineering
Bob Ludwig - mastering
Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller - production

References

1977 albums
Elkie Brooks albums
Albums produced by Jerry Leiber
Albums produced by Mike Stoller
A&M Records albums

Two Days Away


Tuber sinoexcavatum is a species of truffle in the family Tuberaceae. Described as a new species in 2011, it is found in China. The pale yellowish-brown to brown truffles measure up to  in diameter. The species is named for its close resemblance to the common European truffle T. excavatum.

Taxonomy
The species was described as new to science in the journal Mycotaxon in 2011. The type collection was made in Panzhihua City, China (Sichuan Province), where it was found growing in the ground near pine trees. The specific epithet sinoexcavatum combines the Latin word sino (China) with excavatum, meaning "the endemic Chinese species that is similar to T. excavatum".

Description
The fruit bodies are pale yellowish-brown to brown, roughly spherical, and measure  in diameter. The base of the truffle has a cavity. The exterior surface is either smooth or has minute papillae (nipple-like projections); around the area of the basal cavity, the surface is distinctly warted. The peridium (outer skin) is 200–300 μm thick and comprises two distinct layers of tissue. The outer tissue layer, 40–100 μm thick, is made of somewhat angular to roughly spherical light brown cells that are typically 5–15 μm wide. The inner layer (160–200 μm thick) consists of interwoven hyphae that are thin-walled, hyaline (translucent), and 2.5–5 μm thick.

The internal spore-bearing tissue of the truffle, the gleba, is yellow-brown to reddish-brown in mature specimens. It has many whitish narrow veins running through it. The asci (spore-bearing cells) are spherical (or nearly so), usually contain two or three spores (although less commonly there can be one or four spores), and measure 75–125 by 62.5–100 μm. They are situated on a short stalk. The spherical spores are initially hyaline, but become brown to yellowish-brown in age. They measure 35–50 by 30–45 μm and feature a mesh-like surface ornamentation with ridges and spines up to 5 μm high and 7.5–15 μm wide.

Tuber sinoexcavatum closely resembles the common European truffle T. excavatum, but mature fruit bodies of the latter species usually have a dark colored gleba.

References

External links

Fungi described in 2011
Fungi of China
Truffles (fungi)
sinoexcavatum

Tuber sinoexcavatum


Il Piacere (Pleasure) is the first novel by Gabriele D'Annunzio, written in 1889 at Francavilla al Mare, and published the following year by Fratelli Treves. Beginning in 1895, the novel was republished with the heading I Romanzi della Rosa ("The Romances of the Rose"), forming a narrative cycle including The Intruder (The Victim, in America), and  Triumph of Death.

Plot

Andrea Sperelli is a young noble dandy of Rome who lives in Palazzo Zuccari (Trinità dei Monti), although he is originally from Abruzzo. He loves Elena Muti, although she is married to another. Andrea fights a duel with a rival for the affections of yet another married woman, but gets injured, and taken to Francavilla al Mare, where, at Villa Schifanoja, he meets the beautiful Maria Ferres. Andrea, when cured, realizes that he loves both Maria and Elena. At the end of the story, however, he loses both women.

Book I

On 31 December 1886 Andrea Sperelli anxiously awaits the arrival of his ex-lover, Elena Muti in his house, Palazzo Zuccari. While waiting for her, he remembers their last farewell, which took place almost two years ago, in March 1885. Elena broke up with him in a carriage, telling him that she is to marry an Englishman. When Elena arrives, he alternates between his feelings of love for her and pain because of their separation. The narrator then explains the history Andrea's family, and his father's advice to Andrea, and his arrival to Rome as a youth. The reader then learns about Andrea and Elena's first meeting, which took place at a dinner party hosted by the Marchesa of Ateleta, Andrea's cousin. The two talk at the party and the next day meet each other again. The two begin an affair, which ends abruptly when Elena announces one night that she is leaving him. After she leaves, Andrea begins a long line of seductions, seducing seven noble women in total. At last he begins to try to seduce Ippolita Albònico. One day, while at a horse race, Andrea angers Ippolita's husband who challenges him to a duel. Even though Andrea is better at fencing, he sustains a grave injury during the duel.

Book II

Andrea spends time recovering at the home of his cousin Francesca, in the Villa Schifanoja. During this time he composes several poems. On 15 September 1886 Maria Ferres arrives to the villa along with her husband (who leaves shortly after) and daughter, Delfina. 10 days later, on 25 September, Andrea is seduced by Maria Ferres (unbeknownst to her). Andrea finally declares his love for Maria but she demurs because her daughter is present. Maria keeps a diary during these days, in which she writes down her own feelings about the events that transpire and of her love for Andrea. Finally, on 4 October, Maria tells Andrea that she loves him. Her husband returns and the two lovers are separated.

Book III

Once he returns to Rome, Andrea resumes his decadent lifestyle, as it was before his injury: he spends time with women of the demimonde and superficial, indifferent friends. Restless and full of bitterness, he meets Maria Ferres. His attraction to his old lover, in her new role as temptress, and his fascination with Maria for her pureness and fragility, become intertwined in his mind. He therefore tries to seduce Elena in again, in the palace where he'd first possessed her, Palazzo Barberini, but her husband appears and he immediately gives up. Soon after, Andrea spends time at Maria Ferres' house in Rome, where they talk. The next night, the two meet again at a concert at the Philharmonic, which Elena also attends. Elena becomes jealous of the couple and before leaving, asks Andrea to accompany her to her carriage where she kisses him passionately. Andrea then has a moral crisis but ultimately decides to pursue Maria, whom he loves. This does not stop him from still dreaming about Elena.

Book IV

Rejected by Elena's cold nature, Andrea learns through friends that Maria's husband has fallen into financial ruin caused by gambling. Maria remains strong in the face of her pain and tells Andrea that he must remain faithful to her. Andrea, however, is struggling to conceal his "doppio gioco," literally, double game, that he has been playing, wherein he has been courting Maria and Elena without either of them knowing about the other. After seeing Elena leave her house to visit a new lover, Andrea becomes distressed. He then visits Maria and inadvertently calls out Elena's name while the two are having sex. Maria is horrified and leaves him. Andrea begins avoiding his friends and acquaintances, but one day decides to go to an auction of Maria's husband's estate. There he buys an armoire and returns home just as it is being delivered. The novel closes with him slowly following the armoire up the steps into Palazzo Zuccari.

Topics
The central theme is that of the decadent esthete. The novel is a central text of the Italian decadent literary movement, Decadentism. D'Annunzio was inspired by Huysmans's pioneering work À rebours, which also strongly influenced Oscar Wilde's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. The esthete Andrea is a nobleman who loves only art, and who is dedicated to the veneration of a woman, Elena. Elena's chimerical nature, however, destroys the balance of the protagonist, and reveals her to be a kind of femme fatale. Sperelli's search for pleasure is doomed to remain unsatisfied, since he is unable to choose between two feminine archetypes represented, respectively, by Elena Muti (the femme fatale) and Maria Ferres (the pure woman), which cannot coexist in a single individual. The style of the novel is also of utmost importance: D'Annunzio adopts a unique brand of writing replete with courtly neologisms, frequently inflected with assonance and consonance. The work's insistence on a unique, pure language may account for its quasi- mannerist and baroque tones.

Translations

The first English version entitled The Child of Pleasure was in a Bowdlerized translation by Georgina Harding, published in 1898.

A new unexpurgated English translation by Lara Gochin Raffaelli was published in 2013.

References

1889 novels
19th-century Italian novels
Novels by Gabriele D'Annunzio

Il Piacere


The Civil War Institute (CWI) at Gettysburg College is a non-profit organization (due to being a part of Gettysburg College and is not a separate legal entity) created to promote the study of the American Civil War Era. The CWI was founded in 1982 by historian and Gettysburg College professor Gabor Boritt, an Abraham Lincoln and American Civil War scholar. The current director is Peter S. Carmichael. The Institute helps coordinate a number of Civil War-related events for the public, including the Robert Fortenbaugh Memorial Lecture, an annual program designed to commemorate Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, as well as a week-long summer conference that hosts 400 participants annually. The CWI also supports student learning at Gettysburg College, offering several programs throughout the year to help students hone their skills as young historians.

Summer Conference

The CWI hosts an annual summer conference on the Civil War, drawing over 400 people annually. Each year, the conference focuses on a different Civil War theme. Past themes have included the Battle of Gettysburg, the Battle of Fredericksburg, Robert E. Lee, the navy and the cavalry, and Reconstruction.  While most participants stay in Gettysburg College dorms during the week, local attendees can choose to forgo living expenses and commute each day.

Lecturers and tour guides are chosen for recent scholarship and expertise on the conference's central theme. The CWI has hosted a number of prominent historians, including James M. McPherson, Harold Holzer, Brooks D. Simpson, Gary Gallagher, and Jennifer Murray.

Robert Fortenbaugh Memorial Lecture

The Robert Fortenbaugh Memorial Lecture is an annual lecture on an American Civil War-related topic, aimed at appealing to the general public while still providing strong scholarly undertones. The lecture is held on November 19 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. The Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College coordinates the lecture.

Brian C. Pohanka Internship Program

The CWI partners with National Park Service sites and other nationally significant historic places to offer students paid summer internships in the field of public history. During their internships, students gain experience in fields such as interpretation, curation, or education at roughly 15 sites including Gettysburg National Military Park, Petersburg National Battlefield, and Stratford Hall. The program was established in 2011 in honor of Civil War historian Brian Pohanka.

CWI Fellows Program

Each year, the CWI selects roughly a dozen Gettysburg College students as paid fellows to conduct original research and publish it on the CWI blog The Gettysburg Compiler, assist CWI staff with their research, and support CWI programs and events.

See also

Gettysburg College
Gabor Boritt
Allen C. Guelzo
Pennsylvania Hall
American Civil War

References

External links
Civil War Institute website. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
Civil War Institute student blog. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
Faculty publications, student research, and event materials from the Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College. Retrieved August 14, 2015.

Historiography of the American Civil War
Gettysburg College


Laura Chinchilla Miranda (born 28 March 1959) served as the President of Costa Rica from 2010 to 2014. She is Costa Rica's first female president. She is the sixth woman to be elected president of a Latin American country. She was one of Óscar Arias Sánchez's two vice presidents. She was his administration's Minister of Justice. She was the governing PLN candidate for President in the 2010 general election. She won with 46.76% of the vote.

Personal life
Chinchilla was born in Carmen Central, San José in 1959. Her father was Rafael Ángel Chinchilla Fallas. He was a former comptroller of Costa Rica. Her mother was Emilce Miranda Castillo. She married Mario Alberto Madrigal Díaz on 23 January 1982 and divorced on 22 May 1985. She had a son in 1996 with José María Rico Cueto, a Spanish lawyer who has a Canadian citizenship; Chinchilla married him on 26 March 2000. He died in April 2019, aged 84.

Political career
Chinchilla graduated from the University of Costa Rica. She received her master's degree in public policy from Georgetown University.
Before politics, Chinchilla worked as a NGO consultant in Latin America and Africa. She specialized in judicial reform and public security. She served in the José María Figueres Olsen administration as vice-minister for public security (1994–1996) and minister of public security (1996–1998).

From 2002 to 2006, she served in the National Assembly as a deputy for the province of San José.

Chinchilla was one of two vice-presidents elected under the second Arias administration (2006–2010). She resigned the vice-presidency in 2008 in order to prepare her run for the presidency in 2010. On 7 June 2009 she won the Partido Liberación Nacional (PLN) primary with a 15% margin over her nearest rival, and was thus endorsed as the party's presidential candidate.

Her term ended in 8 May 2014.

References

1959 births
Presidents of Costa Rica
Living people
People from San José, Costa Rica

Laura Chinchilla


Anna Violet Clark (1896-1974) was an American screenwriter active during Hollywood's silent era.

Biography
The youngest of four children born to A.W. Clark and Anna Taggert in Omaha, Nebraska, Violet attended Mills College in Oakland, California, and then graduated from the University of Chicago. She started off her professional career as a journalist at newspapers in the Midwest.

She soon began writing scenarios; the first one she sold was for 1919's Bonnie, Bonnie Lassie, directed by Tod Browning. In 1920, Clark came to Los Angeles to accept a position as a scenario writer for Thomas H. Ince. She'd also write a number of stories for actress Katherine McDonald and B. P. Shulberg at First National, as well as Samuel Goldwyn.

She married Los Angeles–based commercial artist Robert Freeman in 1922, and the pair spent a year in London, during which she wrote pictures for British studios. After the birth of their two sons, the pair spent four years in Europe, at which point Violet returned to her position at Paramount, but she's not credited with any other films after this period.

Selected filmography

 The Girl from Gay Paree (1927)
 The Splendid Crime (1925)
 Not So Long Ago (1925)
 Grounds for Divorce (1925)
 A Self-Made Failure (1924)
 Slander the Woman (1923)
 Bell Boy 13 (1923)
 The Woman Conquers (1922)
 Domestic Relations (1922)
 The Foolish Age (1921)
 The Truth About Husbands (1921)
 The Devil's Garden (1920)
 Wings of Pride (1920)
 Madonnas and Men (1920)
 A Woman's Business (1920)
 Locked Lips (1920)
 Love Without Question (1920)
 The Red Lane (1919)
 The Pointing Finger (1919)
 Loot (1919)
 Bonnie, Bonnie Lassie (1919)

References

1896 births
1978 deaths
American women screenwriters
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American screenwriters

Violet Clark


Eric Norstad (1924-2013) was an American potter and architect who worked primarily on the west coast of the United States.

Biography

Early life and education
Norstad was born in Valhalla, New York, the youngest of four children to Magnus Norstad, a Norwegian American commercial artist who painted magazine covers and oils of western scenes, and Lillian Rosland, a Swedish American miniature dried flower artist.  Magnus and Lillian met in Portland, Oregon where they both worked at an advertising agency.

During World War II Norstad was drafted into the Army Air Forces and served in Egypt.  Following the war, he moved with his parents to San Bernardino County in Southern California.  In 1951 Norstad enrolled at the University of Oregon on the GI Bill where he met Ruth Luebke, a creative writing major. In 1953 Norstad and Luebke were wed. Norstad graduated with a degree in architecture with a minor in ceramics.  In 1955 their first of four children was born.

Career
Post graduation Norstad was offered work as a draftsman at Harmon, Prey, and Detrich, an architecture firm in Seattle Washington.  In order to subsidize his career as an aspiring architect Norstad began making stoneware pottery.  In 1957 Norstad was the recipient of a The Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation grant, which enabled him to build a small kiln and set up a pottery operation from their home. Many of Norstad's early patrons were fellow architects, artists, and classmates.  Norstad started as a kitchen potter making mugs, jugs, bowls and plates.  In the late 1950s Norstad began judging state fairs and pottery shows and teaching workshops through the Association of Clay and Glass Artists of California.

In 1959, Norstad moved his growing family to Marin County, California. He built a kiln in the basement of their new home and began selling pots at street fairs and at word of mouth home pottery sales.

In 1960 Norstad was asked to join architects Warren Callister and Jack Payne as an architect at their firm Callister and Payne in Tiburon, California. Norstad worked on multiple residential projects in Northern California while continuing to make ceramics on the side.  Soon Callister and other architects began commissioning unique ceramic pieces from Norstad such as fireplace fronts, chimney pots, large planter pots, and decorative relief murals.

In 1962, Norstad left Callister and Payne, and opened Norstad Pottery building a larger kiln on their property. Norstad credits much of his success to the right time and place.  The 1960s American craft movement was taking off and individual artists were able to make a living. With business booming Norstad hired other potters to help with production, including Toru Hasegawa, Jack Sears, and Michael Campbell to help with production.

In 1975, Norstad Pottery moved to a 3,000 square foot studio in Sausalito, California. In 1976 Ruth Norstad opened a retail storefront on Bridgeway Avenue with an emphasis on the basins. The line of pottery continued to expand with stoneware kitchen and bathroom sinks proving very popular. Later they opened a store in Carmel, California.

In 1982, Norstad designed an 8,000 square foot pottery which was built in Richmond, California with the help of his three sons, his son in-law, and their friends.  Norstad Pottery operated from the Richmond location until Eric Norstad retired in 1998.

Influences and techniques
Norstad credits artists Peter Voulkos, Bernard Leach, and his parents as influences, as well as clean, functional Scandinavian design of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.

The stoneware clay that Norstad Pottery mixed was a combination of Kentucky ball clay, California fire clay, and grog- a sand like material.  When fired the pieces vitrified into an extremely hard, dense, non-porous material.  The mixture was thrown into an old commercial dough mixer with water and the finished batch turned out into plaster trays to age and lose moisture.  The clay was then driven through a pug mill, which compresses it and extrudes long plugs of finished clay that is thrown into pots on a wheel.  Some clay is rolled into slabs and draped over plaster molds.  This treatment, called "jiggering" is a time honored method of producing many pots that are identical.

Norstad pots were most noted by their distinctive glazes, often with markings in a Japanese style Sumi-e brushwork. In earlier pieces relief features or decorated carvings were added to the pots.

Fired to 2500 °F for 24 hours with high-fire glazes resulted in a smooth, impervious, and very durable finish, resistant to scratching, chipping, and cracks.  Norstad pottery is recognizable by several design elements: a strong lip, or rim; graceful, symmetrical shapes and glazes, mostly earth tones, that are accented by brushwork of stylized fish or other animals, leafy stencils, and abstract glazed patterns.  Although some of his work, such as his porcelain, is extremely light and graceful, most of it is sturdy and utilitarian: dinnerware, vases, lamp bases and sinks.

Norstad ceramic sinks were tested and approved under the Uniform Plumbing Code by the International Association of Plumbing Officials.  The basins were hand thrown inside spinning plaster molds which insured a good degree of uniformity.  The mold formed the outside of the basin and the inside is hand crafted.

Patrons and exhibits
The City of Sausalito commissioned Norstad to make a large drinking fountain in honor of former San Francisco Madam and Sausalito Mayor Sally Stanford.  The unusual historic landmark is on the waterfront between the Hotel Sausalito and the Sausalito Yacht Club.  It is inscribed with "Have a drink on Sally" and has a runoff for the water leading to a long knee level basin that reads "Have a drink on Leland" in honor of Stanford's beloved dog.

Harrah's Lake Tahoe Hotel commissioned a huge relief mural of Sierra Nevada scenery.
A New Mexico hotel commissioned 695 lamp bases.
The City of San Francisco commissioned a ceramic plaque honoring Mary Ellen Pleasant who ran the San Francisco terminus of The Underground Railway and was also a madam.
Lark Creek Inn in Larkspur, California commissioned hundreds of serving platters and plates.

Norstad pots are in the permanent collection at the Portland Art Museum.
Norstad's first one-man show was held in 1954 at the Contemporary Crafts Gallery in Portland, Oregon.
Oakland Museum of California has an Eric Norstad decorative plate in their collection.
Norstad was featured at the Texas A&M International University's Helen Richter Watson Gallery

Awards and permanent collections
1954, 1962, 1964, 1966- Syracuse Nationals

1957- recipient of The Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Grant

1990- recipient of Living Treasure Award

Oakland Museum of California
Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art
Sausalito Ferry Building

References

External links
Digital.lib.washington.edu
Louiscomforttiffanyfoundation.org
Books.google.com
Books.google.com
Jsmacollection.uoregon.edu
Worthpoint.com
Legacy.com

University of Oregon alumni
1924 births
2013 deaths
People from San Bernardino County, California
People from Sausalito, California
People from Valhalla, New York
Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
People from Richmond, California

Eric Norstad


The Táin Bó Cúailnge ("The Cattle Raid of Cooley") is an ancient Irish story.  It is part of a group of stories, the Ulster Cycle or Cuchulain cycle. Ulster is a place in northern Ireland where most of the story happens.  Cuchulain is the main hero of the story.  According to Professor John Dunn of Catholic University, who wrote an English translation in 1914, the Tain is the Iliad of Ireland.

History

The Tain is the oldest vernacular story in western Europe, meaning the oldest story told in the language that people really spoke (instead of in Latin).

The story was passed down by people telling it out loud, so it may have changed many times.  The oldest version of the Tain that to be written down is the Lebor na hUidre or Book of the Dun Cow.  People at Clonmacnoise wrote it down in the 1100s c.e.

In ancient Ireland, cows were very important.  Many of the stories people told were about catching or stealing cows from other people.  According to a book written in 1088 c.e., the real-life King Conchobor, who is the king in the Tain, became king of Ireland in 30 c.e.

Story

In part of Ireland called Connacht, Queen Medb and King Ailil joke about which one of them is richer.  They look at all their wealth to compare it, from the most valuable gold to the commonest cloth. They find they have almost exactly the same amount.  Except King Ailil has one very good bull called Finnbeach ("White-horned").  Queen Medb is sad and disappointed.  Then she hears there is a bull as good as Finnbeach nearby in Cúailnge, called Donn Cualnge ("Brown bull of Culange").  She sends her messenger Mac Roth, to the bull's owner and asks to rent it for a year.  The owner agrees.  But later that night, Medb's men boast that, if the owner had said no, Medb would have sent her army to take the bull by force.  This makes the owner angry, and he sends the messenegers away without the bull.

Medb and Ailil take their army into to capture the bull.

The men of Ulster cannot fight back.  In an earlier part of the Ulster Cycle, a goddess put a curse on them.  For five days every year, warriors born in Ulster feel like they are giving birth to babies.  Because of the pain, they cannot fight.  However, one warrior was not born in Ulster: Cuchullain.

Cuchullain goes to Medb's army alone.  At night, he attacks the sleeping soldiers with his slingshot, killing many.  The next day, he makes a deal with Medb's army: They choose one warrior to fight him in one man against one man.  If they do this, Cuchullain will not attack them at night.  If Cuchullain wins, the army must stay still until the next day.  If the other fighter wins, Cuchullain will die.

Medb agrees, saying that it is better to lose one warrior a day than twenty at night.  To convince men to fight Cuchullain, Medb promises that anyone who kills him can marry her beautiful daughter, Finnabair.  One of the men Medb sends is Cuchullain's foster-father, Fergus.  Another is Cuchullain's foster brother and best friend, Ferdiad.

In this way, Cuchullain slows Medb's army almost until King Conchobor and the rest of the warriors feel better.  Medb and her army capture many cows and women.  Then the two armies fight.

The Ulster Army wins.  Then Finnbeach and Dunn Culagne fight too.   Dun Culagne wins, and parts of Finnbeach's organs are stuck on his horns.  He walks down the river and some of the organs fall off.  Different places on the river are named after where the organs fell off the horns.

Effects

Later writers read or heard about the Tain and it affected their own work.  For example, it affected W.B. Yeats, Lady Augusta Gregory, Seamus Heaney, and Frank McCourt.

Related pages
Ulster cycle
Beowulf

References

Other websites
The Tain in English and Irish hosted at Vassar College
Dunn Translation hosted by Project Gutenberg
Poetry
Irish mythology

Táin Bó Cúailnge


Albert III the Pious of Bavaria-Munich (; 27 March 1401 – 29 February 1460), since 1438 Duke of Bavaria-Munich. He was the son of Ernest, Duke of Bavaria and Elisabetta Visconti, daughter of Bernabò Visconti.

Life
Albert was first engaged in 1429 to Elisabeth, the daughter of Eberhard III, Count of Württemberg, but she eloped and married Count John IV of Werdenberg, who had been a page at her father's court.

In 1432, while Albert was administrator on behalf of his father Ernest, Duke of Bavaria-Munich in the former duchy of Bavaria-Straubing, he secretly married Agnes Bernauer, a maid from Augsburg. His father was against this marriage. In 1435, when Agnes lived in Straubing, Duke Ernest ordered her to be murdered. She was accused of witchcraft, thrown into the Danube River and drowned while Albert was away hunting. After his first wife's death, Albert remained with Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt at Ingolstadt, but he reconciled with his father that November.

After reconciliation with his father, Albert married princess Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck as his second wife and had ten children with her.

In 1438, Albert succeeded his father as duke of Bavaria-Munich. Around 1438-39, he built Blutenburg Castle between two arms of the River Würm into a hunting lodge. The castle was later extended by his third son Sigismund. In 1440, Albert refused the offered Bohemian crown. In 1442, he expelled the Jews from all Upper Bavarian territories. It was not until 250 years later that Jewish settlement was allowed again. In 1444 and 1445, he initiated two campaigns against the Robber barons. After the extinction of the dukes of Bavaria-Ingolstadt, Albert released this duchy to his father's cousin Henry XVI of Bavaria-Landshut in 1447.

In 1455, Albert founded the Benedictine monastery in Andechs. He died in Munich in 1460 and was buried in Andechs.

Family and children
On 22 January 1437, in Munich, Albert married Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck, daughter of Duke Eric I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen and Elisabeth of Brunswick-Göttingen and they had the following children:
 John IV, Duke of Bavaria (4 October 1437, Munich–18 November 1463, Haidhausen).
 Ernest (26 August 1438, Munich–29 February 1460, Straubing).
 Sigismund of Bavaria (1439, Straubing–1 February 1501, Blutenburg Castle).
 Albert (24 December 1440–1445, Straubing).
 Margaret (1 January 1442, Munich–14 October 1479, Mantua), married in Mantua 10 May 1463 to Federico I Gonzaga
 Elisabeth (2 February 1443–5 March 1486, Leipzig), married in Leipzig 19 November 1460 to Elector Ernst of Saxony.
 Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria (15 December 1447, Munich–10 March 1508, Munich)
 Christoph, Duke of Bavaria (6 January 1449–8 August 1493, Rhodes).
 Wolfgang (1 November 1451–24 May 1514, Landsberg am Lech), a canon in Passau, Augsburg and Köln.
 Barbara (9 June 1454, Munich–24 June 1472, Munich), a nun in Munich.

Also he had at least three illegitimate children.

References

Sources

1401 births
1460 deaths
15th-century dukes of Bavaria
House of Wittelsbach
Nobility from Munich
Burials at Andechs Abbey

Albert III, Duke of Bavaria


WAMC-FM (90.3 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to Albany, New York, United States, featuring a public radio format. Owned by "WAMC Northeast Public Radio" with a legal name of "WAMC", WAMC-FM's primary signal encompasses the Capital District, along with parts of eastern New York, southern Vermont, Western Massachusetts and the Litchfield Hills region as the regional affiliate for National Public Radio (NPR), American Public Media, Public Radio Exchange and the BBC World Service. The station's reach is extended into west-central Connecticut, northeastern Pennsylvania and the Monadnock Region, Champlain Valley, Skylands Region and North Country areas, along with portions of Quebec, via a network of twelve full-power repeaters and sixteen low-power translators. One of these satellite stations operates on the AM band, WAMC () in Albany.

Unlike many NPR stations around the U.S. which use mostly outside programming, much of WAMC's schedule is produced in-house. WAMC is a charitable, educational, non-commercial broadcaster meeting the requirements of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. §501(c)(3)) It had total annual revenues for the fiscal year 2010 of $6.36 million. The station operates The Linda, WAMC's Performing Arts Studio, near its Central Avenue studios in Albany. WAMC-FM's corporate officers include Dottie Reyonolds, chair of the board of trustees, and Alan S. Chartock, past president and chief executive officer.

History

Albany Medical Center
WAMC signed on the air in October 1958. Albert P. Fredette served as the first general manager. WAMC was put on the air by the local hospital and medical school, Albany Medical Center and Albany Medical College. Albany Medical Center is a large tertiary-care hospital serving the upper Hudson Valley, and the medical school is one of the country's ACGME-accredited medical schools. The affiliation with Albany Medical College was the source of the call sign WAMC. In 1981, the station became an independent institution, no longer associated with the medical school.

In its early days, WAMC had a mostly classical music radio format. The earliest years also included broadcasts of health information and lectures from visiting medical professors. Early on, part of WAMC's regular programming was the broadcast of live concerts by the Boston Symphony Orchestra from Tanglewood and Boston. When the NPR network was founded in 1970, WAMC signed on as one of NPR's original 90 "charter" members.

Separating from the medical school
Around 1980, financial pressures caused the hospital and medical school to begin divesting the station. In 1981, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license on 90.3 FM was transferred to a 501c3 tax-exempt entity, WAMC, Inc., which had been set up by a group of five corporators, including the current CEO and president, Alan S. Chartock. WAMC was initially affiliated with the State University of New York and New York State government.

In the years since the transfer, the station has eliminated classical music, except for live BSO concerts. It has become a producer of information-based, non-music programming, providing a variety of interview-format programs to radio stations across the country via the station's in-house subsidiary, National Productions. (WMHT-FM in nearby Schenectady and its network of repeater stations continues to program classical music in the region.)

Expanding the network
Listener contributions (often obtained during periodic pledge drives) and corporate contributions have helped the original single station grow over the years into a network of 22 facilities with large primary service contours covering the Capital District, the Adirondacks section of New York State, Western Massachusetts, Southern Vermont, and parts of New Hampshire, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

It has been a custom on WAMC to play two songs to mark the end of every fund drive: Kate Smith's "God Bless America" and Ray Charles' rendition of "America the Beautiful". The station's February 2017 fund drive raised over $1,000,000 in less than one day.

The main 90.3 mHz signal has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 10,000 watts, which on paper is somewhat modest for a full NPR member on the FM band. However, its height above average terrain (HAAT) of  gives it one of the largest coverage areas of any NPR station in the Northeast. It provides at least grade B coverage to most of east-central New York (including the Capital District), southwestern Vermont, western Massachusetts, southwestern New Hampshire, and northwestern Connecticut.

Mount Greylock
While WAMC-FM is based in Albany, its transmitter is actually in Massachusetts. WAMC-FM's antenna tower is atop Mount Greylock in Adams, in the Mount Greylock State Reservation. It is the tallest mountain in Massachusetts. The transmitter had formerly been a tenant on the tower, which was built and maintained by the Albany ABC-TV affiliate WTEN (channel 10) for its satellite station for the Berkshire region and Pittsfield, WCDC. WCDC had broadcast on channel 19 but that signal was shut down in 2017. The tower also features a radio facility for the Massachusetts State Police and a translator station for the Albany NBC affiliate, WNYT (channel 13).

On December 22, 2017, WAMC entered into an agreement to purchase the Mount Greylock WCDC transmitter and tower from the owner of WTEN/WCDC, Nexstar Media Group, for just above $1 million. WCDC-TV had gone permanently silent on November 19, 2017, two weeks ahead of a planned December 1 shutdown amid declining over-the-air viewership, following damage to the station's transmission line in a storm. The TV station license was surrendered for cancellation on February 12, 2018, as a result of the FCC's 2016 spectrum auction for $34.5 million in compensation. Due to the tower sitting on Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation land, as well as WTEN's lease on the land having expired two years prior, WAMC-FM could have been taken off the air if it had not purchased the facility. WAMC now owns the tower itself, but not the land beneath, which is under lease with the MDCR until 2025.

Accusations of bias
NPR's official news policy says its affiliate stations should be "fair, unbiased, accurate, honest, and respectful of the people that are covered". A Washington-based NPR news producer, who requested anonymity, stated that Chartock, the station's president and a frequently heard voice on the station, presents politically-biased commentary.

Chartock responded that WAMC's editorial neutrality is maintained by "including as many conservative commentators on the air as liberal ones".

First Amendment Fund
In 2005, WAMC's board of trustees established a "First Amendment Fund" to promote and preserve the First Amendment and the right of free speech by providing a source of funding "to support WAMC if special situations or needs should arise". The contributions in this "unrestricted, board designated" fund reported on WAMC's 2006 IRS tax forms was $482,577.

Other stations

WAMC-FM extends its signal throughout much of New York and portions of Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts, along with portions of Quebec, via the following network of full-power satellite stations and low-power analog translators:

Repeaters

Translators

Programs
WAMC syndicates many of its shows to other public radio stations. These programs include

 Legislative Gazette
 Women's news show 51% with Jesse King
 Environmental news show Earth Wise
 Person Place Thing with Randy Cohen
 The Academic Minute with Lynn Pasquerella
 Ideas show The Best of Our Knowledge with Bob Barrett
 Author interview program The Book Show with Joe Donahue
 The Capitol Connection with Alan S. Chartock
 Media criticism show The Media Project

See also
 David Guistina

References

Further reading

External links

Mass media in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
NPR member networks
NPR member stations
AMC
AMQ
AMK

WAMC


Andrew Gould Chatfield (January 27, 1810 – October 3, 1875) was an American lawyer and politician from New York and Minnesota.

Life
He was the son of Enos Chatfield (1782–1858) and Hannah (Starr) Chatfield (1782–1857). He was born in that part of the Town of Butternuts which in 1849 was separated as the Town of Morris, in Otsego County, New York. In 1831, he began to study law at Painted Post, was admitted to the bar in 1833, and commenced practice in Addison, Steuben County, New York. On June 27, 1836, he married Eunice Electa Clark Beeman (1817–1901), and their daughter was Cecelia Annette "Celia" (Chatfield) Irwin (1837–1915).

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Steuben Co.) in 1839, 1840, 1841 and 1846. On March 7, 1846, he was elected Speaker pro tempore, to preside over the Assembly during the absence of Speaker William C. Crain.

In 1848, he removed to Southport (now Kenosha, Wisconsin), and practiced law there. In 1850, he was elected Judge of Racine County, Wisconsin, but resigned after a short time in office.

In 1853, he was appointed by President Franklin Pierce as a justice of the Supreme Court of Minnesota Territory, and remained in office until 1857. In 1854, he founded the Town of Belle Plaine, in Scott County, Minnesota, and settled there.

In February 1863, Chatfield was appointed one of four Commissioners to Revise the Statutes of the State of Minnesota. In November 1870, he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial Circuit.

He died at Belle Plaine, and was buried there at the Episcopal Church of the Transfiguration Cemetery.

New York Attorney General Levi S. Chatfield was his brother.

Chatfield, Minnesota was named after Andrew G. Chatfield.

References

Sources
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 222, 224f, 232 and 265; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)
General and Special Laws of the State of Minnesota (1863; pg. 68f; "An Act to provide for the Revision of the Statutes of the State of Minnesota")
Bio at Minnesota Legal History Project

External links

1810 births
1875 deaths
People from Addison, New York
People from Morris, New York
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
Minnesota Territory judges
19th-century American judges
Wisconsin state court judges
Politicians from Kenosha, Wisconsin
People from Belle Plaine, Minnesota
American city founders
19th-century American politicians

Andrew G. Chatfield