Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (; 12 January 1903 – 7 February 1960), was a Soviet physicist who played a central role in organizing and directing the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons.

As many of his contemporaries in Russia, Kurchatov, initially educated as a naval architect, was an autodidact in nuclear physics and was brought by Soviet establishment to accelerate the feasibility of the "super bomb". Aided by effective intelligence management by Soviet agencies on American Manhattan Project, Kurchatov oversaw the quick development and testing of the first Soviet nuclear weapon, which was roughly based on the first American device, at Semipalatinsk in the Kazakh SSR in 1949.

Kurchatov, a recipient of many former Soviet honors, had an instrumental role in modern nuclear industry in Russia. His rapid decline in health is mainly attributed to a 1949 radiation accident in Chelyabinsk-40 (a more serious event than Chernobyl in 1986). Kurchatov died in Moscow in 1960, aged 57.

Biography

Kurchatov was born in a small village in Simsky Zavod in Ufa, Russia (now it is a town of Sim, Chelyabinsk Oblast), on 12 January 1903. His father, Vasily Alekseyevich Kurchatov, was a surveyor and former forester's assistant in the Ural Mountains; his mother, Mariya Vasilyevna Ostroumova, a daughter of the parish priest at Sim, was a school teacher. He was an elder and second of three children of Vasily Kurchatov, and the family moved to Simferopol in Crimea in 1912. The Kurchatovs were of Russian ethnicity.

After his older sister, Antonina, passed away in Crimea, Igor grew up with his younger brother, Boris, where they both attended the Simferopol gymnasium №1, and was a Mandolin player at his school's orchestra. During the World War I, Igor and Boris had to work to support the family, becoming the skilled welder and developed interests in the steam engines, wishing to become an engineer.

Kurchatov attended the Crimea State University where he studied physics and had built a reputation for his mechanical ability to perform physics experiment, for which he was titled as a doctorate. Kurchatov soon moved to Baku in Azerbaijan after securing physics assistance job at the Azerbaijan Polytechnic Institute. There, he presented his experiments in electrical conduction, which impressed Dr. Abram Ioffe who was there as a guest, and invited him to Physico-Technical Institute in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Kurchatov married Marina Sinelnikova in 1927 and they did not have children.

While working under Ioffe on ferroelectricity and semiconductors, Kurchatov entered in Leningrad Polytechnic Institute to study engineering and secured his engineer's degree in naval architecture in 1930s. Between 1931 and 1934, Kurchatov worked in the Radium Institute which was headed by . In 1937, Kurchatov was a part of the team that designed and built the first cyclotron particle accelerator in Russia, which was installed in Radium Institute. Installation was finished in 1937, and research began to take place on 21 September 1939. During this time, Kurchatov considered studying physics abroad at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the United States but the plan fell apart due the political reasons. Until 1933, Kurchatov did not go into the nuclear physics and his work was primarily focused on electromagnetism but did an important work on nuclear isomer and radioactivity in 1935.

In 1940, Kurchatov moved to Kazan and raised objection on Spontaneous fission when Georgy Flyorov directed a letter about the discovery. In 1942–43, Kurchatov found a project with the Soviet Navy and moved to Murmansk where he worked with fellow physicist Anatoly Alexandrov. By November 1941, they had devised a method of demagnetizing ships to protect them from German mines, which was in active use until the end of World War II and thereafter. The job with Soviet Navy solved Kurchatov's objection on spontaneous fission when he wrote in 1944: "Uranium must be separated into two parts at the moment of detonation. Upon the breaking up of the nuclei in a kilogram of uranium, the energy released must be equal to the explosion of 20,000 tons of TNT equivalent."

Soviet program of nuclear weapons

After 1942, Kurchatov oversaw the facility expansion and overall development of the Russian program in the Soviet Union, from military to civilian dimensions of the nuclear program. Kurchatov is widely known as father of the Soviet program of nuclear weapons, and is often compared to American Robert Oppenheimer— although Kurchatov was not a theoretical physicist.

The Soviet establishment did not start the program until 1943 despite receiving intelligence from Russian spies in the United States and a warning from Georgii Flerov. Kurchatov, as many others, was working towards building ammunition for the Red Army's campaign against the German forces at the Eastern Front of World War II. Initially, the Soviet establishment asked Abram Ioffe to lead the Soviet program of nuclear weapons, which Ioffe rejected, instead recommending Kurchatov in 1942. Kurchatov established the Laboratory No. 2 in Moscow by bringing Abram Alikhanov (who worked on heavy water production) from Armenia and Lev Artsimovich who was instrumental in electromagnetic isotope separation. Initially, Kurchatov insisted working without foreign data on isotope separation and was aiming to produce material using the gas centrifuges but the gas centrifuge machine would be available to the Soviets only much later. Facing a tighter deadline from Stalin, Kurchatov relied upon foreign data by choosing the Gaseous diffusion method to produce the fissile material, a move that irked Pyotr Kapitsa who raised objections against this but was dismissed.

During the early years, the Soviet program suffered from many setbacks due to logistical failures and lack of commitment by the Soviet establishment but received later full support - after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. In 1942, Kurchatov was informed of results obtained from Chicago Pile-1 by the Soviet intelligence, and provided his view of making a nuclear bomb. In 1945, Kurchatov became involved in designing and building the first reactor at Laboratory No. 2 which sustained the nuclear chain reaction in late 1946. Together with Alikhanov and Flerov, Kurchatov authored a paper on the production of plutonium in a uranium graphite reactor. In 1947, Kurchatov worked with Isaak Kikoin to verify the calculations of the foreign data received on the American program.

In 1946, the Soviet program was aggressively pursued under Lavrenty Beria who (like Kapitsa) had a conflict with Kurchatov over his reliance on design data provided by Klaus Fuchs, a German physicist in the American Manhattan Project, to meet Stalin's deadline. The design of the first Soviet nuclear device town of Sarov in the Gorki Oblast (now Nizhny Novgorod Oblast), on the Volga, was started and renamed Arzamas-16. Kurchatov recruited Yulii Khariton (who first resisted but joined the program) and Yakov Zel'dovich, and Kurchatov vigorously defended their deuterium calculations, insisting that the data could not be more accurate on cross section estimates.

The team was assisted by public disclosures made by the US government as well as by further information supplied by Fuchs. However, Kurchatov and Beria feared that the intelligence was disinformation and so insisted that their scientists retest everything themselves. Beria, in particular, would use the intelligence as a third-party check on the conclusions of the teams of scientists.

RDS-1

The Russian spies in the United States greatly aided in providing the key data on American nuclear devices, which allowed Kurchatov to avoid time-consuming and expensive trial and error problems. The fissile material was obtained from using the gaseous diffusion and implosion-type plutonium core that Kurchatov spent most of his time on. Furthermore, the German nuclear physicists were instrumental in speeding the acquisition of device data, and were employed under Kurchatov's guidance.

Final device assembly was overseen by Yulii Khariton who had a device moved to a knock-down subassembly in Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan.

On 29 August 1949, Kurchatov and his team successfully detonated its initial test device RDS-1 (a plutonium implosion bomb) at the Semipalatinsk Test Site– the device was codenamed RDS-1 (РДС–1) by Kurchatov which was approved by Soviet establishment. Kurchatov later remarked that his main feeling at the time to be one of relief.

In 1950, the work on thermonuclear weapon was started by Khariton, Sakharov, Zel'dovich, Tamm, and others working under Kurchatov's leadership at Arzamas-16. Kurchatov aided in calculations but most work was done by Vitaly Ginzburg, Andrei Sakharov, Khariton, and Zel'dovich who had the most credit in developing the design for the thermonuclear device, known as RDS-6, which was detonated in 1953.

By the time RDS-1 exploded, Kurchatov had decided to work on nuclear power generation, working closely with engineer Nikolay Dollezhal, which would established the Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, near Moscow. The site was opened in 1954, which was known for its kind and was the first nuclear power plant in the world. His knowledge on naval architecture undoubtedly helped him in designing the first civilian nuclear ship, the Lenin.

After Stalin's death and the execution of Beria, Kurchatov began to speak about the dangers of nuclear war, of nuclear weapon testing and visited England where he spoke in favour of greater interaction between Russian and Western scientists on nuclear fusion applications.

Death

In January 1949, Kurchatov was involved in a serious radiation accident which became a catastrophe at Chelyabinsk-40, in which it is possible that even more people died than at Chernobyl. In an effort to save the uranium load and reduce losses in the production of plutonium, Kurchatov, without proper safety gear, was the first to step into the central hall of the damaged reactor full of radioactive gases. After 1950, Kurchatov's health sharply declined and he suffered a stroke in 1954 and died in Moscow of a cardiac embolism on 7 February 1960 aged 57. He was cremated and his ashes were buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis on Red Square.

Legacy and honors

During his time in Soviet nuclear program, Kurchatov swore he would not cut his beard until the Soviet program succeeded, and he continued to wear a large beard (often cut into eccentric styles) for the remainder of his life, earning him the nickname "The Beard". Kurchatov was a communist who had a portrait of Stalin by the time he died, and a member of Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Two towns bear his name: Kurchatov Township in Kazakhstan, and Kurchatov near Kursk (the site of a nuclear power station), the Kurchatov Institute is named in his honour, and bears a large monument dedicated to him at the entrance. The crater Kurchatov on the Moon and the asteroid 2352 Kurchatov are also named after him. Many of his students also enjoyed distinguished careers, among them Andrei Sakharov, Viktor Adamsky, Yuri Babayev, Yuri Trutnev and .

For his part in establishing the Soviet nuclear program, in accordance with state decree 627-258, Kurchatov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, the Stalin Prize First Class, the sum of 500,000 rubles (besides the earlier results of (50%) premium in the amount of 500,000 rubles) and a ZIS-110 car, a private house and cottage furnished by the state, a doubling of his salary and "the right (for life for him and his wife) to free travel by rail, water and air transport in the USSR". In all, he was:

Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (elected in 1943)
Three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954)
Awarded five Orders of Lenin
Awarded two Orders of the Red Banner
Awarded the following medals: "For Victory over Germany", "For the defense of Sevastopol"
Four times recipient of the Stalin Prize (1942, 1949, 1951, 1954)
Recipient of the Lenin Prize (1957).

Kurchatov was buried in the Kremlin Wall in Moscow, a burial place reserved for top Soviet officials. In 1960 his institute was renamed to the I.V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, and in 1991 to the Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute. The Kurchatov Medal was established by the Academy of Sciences for outstanding work in nuclear physics. In the Transfermium Wars element naming controversy, the USSR's proposed name for element 104 was "kurchatovium", Ku, in honor of Kurchatov. Element 104 is now known as rutherfordium.

References

Further reading
 Dark Sun: The Making Of The Hydrogen Bomb by Richard Rhodes ()
 PBS documentary Citizen Kurchatov

 S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity - edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014

External links

 Kurchatov institute
 Biography of Igor Kurchatov (in Russian)
 Annotated bibliography of Igor Kurchatov from the Alsos Digital Library

1903 births
1960 deaths
People from Ashinsky District
People from Ufimsky Uyezd
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University alumni
Russian expatriates in Azerbaijan
Russian communists
Russian engineers
Soviet physicists
Soviet engineers
Soviet  inventors
Russian nuclear physicists
Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Academic staff of Moscow State University
Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Victims of radiological poisoning
Third convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Fourth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Fifth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
Russian scientists

Igor Kurchatov


David Weber (December 18, 1913 – January 23, 2006) was an American classical clarinetist known for the beauty of his tone, his inspired playing, and his influential teaching of the clarinet.

Early life
David Weber was born in Vilna in present-day Lithuania and came to the United States in 1921. His family settled in Detroit. His parents were not musical, but he liked the sound of clarinet and took it up at the age of 11. While in high school, he studied under Roy Schmidt and Alberto Luconi, principal clarinetists of the Detroit Symphony. In 1933 Ossip Gabrilowitsch, then conductor of the Detroit Symphony, was impressed by Weber's playing and helped him get a New York Philharmonic Scholarship. This allowed Weber to study without fee in New York with Simeon Bellison, the New York Philharmonic's principal clarinetist. Around the same time he also studied with Daniel Bonade, principal clarinet with the Columbia Broadcast System Symphony.

Career

Performance and recording
Weber's orchestral career began at age 25, with a 1938 audition for Arturo Toscanini, who personally hired Weber on the spot to play in the NBC Symphony. Weber played with the orchestra for two years as associate principal and e-flat clarinet, but was replaced just before the orchestra's 1940 tour of South America for a more experienced player. He instead went on to audition for Erich Leinsdorf, head of German repertoire at the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, who awarded him the principal clarinet position, which he held from 1940–1943.

Weber went on to serve as assistant principal in the New York Philharmonic under former teacher Simeon Bellison. He held this position from 1943–1944 and took part in Leonard Bernstein's debut on November 14, 1943. He was principal clarinetist in the CBS Symphony Orchestra from 1946–1952, and then assumed the same position in the Symphony of the Air (the successor to the NBC Symphony) under Leopold Stokowski from 1954–1957. After serving as the assistant principal for several years, in 1964, he became principal clarinetist in the New York City Ballet Orchestra, a position he held until his retirement from performing in 1986. While he was a member of the orchestra, legendary choreographer Jerome Robbins created a ballet to Igor Stravinsky's Three Pieces for Solo Clarinet, featuring only Weber's playing.

Weber has been featured on many recordings. He can be heard performing the e-flat clarinet solos in Toscanini's recordings of the Daphnis and Chloe Suite No. 2 and Richard Strauss' Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks. He played first clarinet in Stokowski's Symphony of the Air recordings.

In a 78 RPM set released by Musicraft Records in early 1939, Weber and pianist Ray Lev collaborated in the first recording of the Johannes Brahms Sonata in F minor, op. 120 no. 1, in its original instrumentation for clarinet and piano. In 2002, Clarinet Classics released a CD entitled "A Portrait of David Weber: A Grand Master of the Clarinet," featuring recordings of David Weber from 1946 through 1978.

Teaching
Weber, who long had an interest in teaching clarinet, devoted himself to teaching at Columbia University and the Juilliard School of Music after leaving the New York City Ballet Orchestra in 1986. Many of his students became prominent clarinetists themselves and teachers in the United States and other countries. Former students currently occupy chairs in the Cleveland Orchestra, Dallas Symphony, Rochester Philharmonic, and Milwaukee Symphony and include noted soloist Jon Manasse and jazz clarinetist Kenny Davern, who initially studied saxophone in the same building that Weber taught in, only to become mesmerized by the sound of the clarinet playing coming from Weber's studio. The jazz clarinetist Benny Goodman also studied under Weber, who claimed Goodman never paid him and took his best reeds.

Weber continued teaching privately until June 2005, at which point he was a robust 92 years old.

Legacy
Weber was perhaps best known for the quality of his tone. According to The New York Times, "His sound was full, rich, resonant and pure." Current American Ballet Theatre principal and acclaimed recording artist Jon Manasse described his teacher's sound as having "a unique bell-like quality". Stokowski described Weber's sound as being "like a dove cooing."

Weber used a double-lip embouchure and though many of his students did not, he implored his students to strive for a "rich, liquid, legatissimo sound" that one could "reach out and touch."

Death
He died in New York City.

References

1913 births
2006 deaths
American classical clarinetists
Musicians from Detroit
Musicians from Vilnius
Polish emigrants to the United States
20th-century American musicians
20th-century classical musicians
Classical musicians from Michigan

David Weber (clarinetist)


Paulinho da Viola (born Paulo César Batista de Faria on 12 November 1942) () is a Brazilian sambista, singer-songwriter, guitar, cavaquinho and mandolin player, known for his sophisticated harmonies and soft, gentle singing voice.

Biography

Born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to a family deeply rooted in the samba tradition, Paulinho met and befriended much of Rio's samba elite as a child. His father César Faria was a guitar player, and musicians such as Pixinguinha and Jacob do Bandolim would often come to his house for rehearsals, which Paulinho watched for hours on end. After the rehearsals, Paulinho would pick up his father's guitar and strum the few chords he knew. Later, as a teenager, he was frequently seen at jams at mandolin master Jacob do Bandolim's house, quietly and attentively observing the older, more experienced musicians. He began writing his own songs as a teenager, but never considered a career as a professional musician until he met poet Hermínio Bello de Carvalho in 1964. By then, Paulinho was working as a teller at a bank in Rio de Janeiro, and recognized Hermínio from the jam sessions at Jacob do Bandolim's house. The two became close friends and soon began writing music together. The first song they wrote together was "Duvide-o-dó", recorded by singer Isaurinha Garcia. He then began performing his own songs at a restaurant in Rio, owned by samba legend Cartola and his wife.

He got his famous nickname in 1965, when he was a member of the samba group A Voz do Morro ("the voice of the hills"), alongside Zé Keti and Oscar Bigode. After their first recording session, a publicist from the record label reportedly told him: "'Paulo César' is not a samba name!", which was true because it is a very common name. Zé Keti and journalist Sérgio Cabral eventually came up with the nickname "Paulinho da Viola" ("Paulie Guitar").

By the 1970s, Paulinho was at the most prolific stage of his career, releasing an average of one album per year. He was already a household name in samba, choro and Música popular brasileira (MPB) circles and broadened his audience by touring all over Brazil and also playing at festivals in Europe and the US. His productivity and popularity had waned by the mid-1980s, when he decided to focus more on his songwriting. In 1996 he regained notoriety after releasing the much-acclaimed album Bebadosamba, in which he once again joined forces with Hermínio Bello de Carvalho and Elton Medeiros, his early songwriting partners.

The peak of success for a samba composer is to have his song picked by one of the largest samba schools (escola de samba) to be performed during the annual Carnival procession in the Rio Sambadrome. Da Viola has earned this distinction numerous times. The melody is supposed to be simple and catchy, the two or three stanzas are supposed to deal with love, longing (saudade), the joys of samba or of the Carnival, and the chorus or refrain is expected to be a memorable crowd-pleaser that will be sung for weeks on the streets of the city. Unlike in Trinidad, for example, political commentary is not expected to be part of a traditional samba composition. From this standpoint, Da Viola is truly a traditionalist in that his compositions have always stayed away from social commentary. However, other samba stars such as Martinho da Vila, who is four years older, and Chico Buarque, who is two years younger and the son of white intellectuals, have added biting political and social commentary to their compositions. Perhaps due to his mild social stance, beautiful melodies and gentle personality, Da Viola is probably the most beloved composer of traditional samba music in the second half of the 20th century.

A 2003 documentary called Meu Tempo é Hoje (My Time is Now) depicted his personal and public lives, including his relationship with his native Rio de Janeiro and its samba community. "The film depicts, both with enthusiasm and restraint, the life of a true prince," wrote Brazilian journalist and critic José Nêummane in a review.

Paulinho Da Viola still lives in Rio de Janeiro and performs around Brazil.

Da Viola was selected to perform a slow rendition of the Brazilian National Anthem during the Rio de Janeiro Olympics in 2016.

Discography

1965 – Rosa de Ouro
1965 – Roda de Samba, Conjunto "A voz do morro"
1966 – Roda de Samba Vol.2
1967 – Rosa de Ouro Vol.2
1968 – Os Sambistas, conjunto "A voz do morro"
1968 – Samba na Madrugada, Paulinho da Viola and Elton Medeiros
1968 – Paulinho da Viola
1970 – Foi Um Rio Que Passou em Minha Vida
1971 – Paulinho da Viola
1971 – Paulinho da Viola
1972 – Dança da Solidão
1973 – Nervos de Aço
1975 – Paulinho da Viola, also known as "Amor à Natureza"
1976 – Memórias Chorando
1976 – Memórias Cantando
1978 – Paulinho da Viola
1979 – Zumbido
1981 – Paulinho da Viola
1982 – A Toda Hora Rola Uma estória
1983 – Prisma Luminoso
1989 – Eu canto Samba
1993 – Paulinho da Viola (International)
1996 – Bebadosamba
1997 – Bebadachama (Live)
1999 – Sinal Aberto com Toquinho
2003 – Meu tempo é Hoje (Soundtrack)
2007 – Acústico MTV (MTV Unplugged)

Latin Grammy nominations and wins

1 Tied with Maria Rita for Samba Meu

References

External links
 Official website
 José Nêumanne, "Paulinho da Viola: The Prince and the Cabinetmaker", brazilmax.com, 19 September 2003. Review of Paulinho da Viola: Meu Tempo É Hoje
  https://doi.org/10.33178/alpha

1942 births
20th-century Brazilian male singers
20th-century Brazilian singers
Brazilian guitarists
Latin Grammy Award winners
Living people
Musicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Samba musicians

Paulinho da Viola


Naomi Siegler Savage (June 25, 1927 – November 22, 2005) was an American photographer.

Early life and education
Born Naomi Siegler, she was a native of Princeton, New Jersey. Her parents were Samuel Siegler and Elsie Siegler (née Radnitzky), a sister of Man Ray. She first studied photography under Berenice Abbott at the New School for Social Research in 1943, following this with studies in art, photography, and music at Bennington College from 1944 until 1947. The next year she spent in California with her uncle, studying his techniques. In 1950 she married the architect and sculptor David Savage, with whom she moved to Paris, living there for some years.

Career

During her career Savage received an award from the Cassandra Foundation in 1970, and a photography fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1971. In 1976 she received the silver award from the Art Directors Club. Later in life, Savage returned to live in Princeton, where she died.

Savage was heavily influence by her uncle, Man Ray, prompting her to experiment with the medium of photography, combining traditional techniques with more unusual processes, including some of her own design. She worked extensively with photogravure and photoengraving, transforming these mechanical printing techniques to be used for aesthetic effects rather than duplication.

Unlike many photographers, Savage considered the metal plate that photographs are etched on to be a work of art in its own right. She pioneered the use of using the photographic metal plate to produce a three dimensional form with a metallic surface.

Savage explored variations in color and texture in her work often by using inked and intaglio relief prints. Many of her works were created by combining media such as collage, negative images, texture screening, multiple exposure, photograms, solarization, toning, printing on metallic foils. Her works focus on a variety of subject matter and imagery, which has included portraits, landscapes, human figures, mannequins, masks, toys, kitchen utensils, dental and ophthalmological equipment.

Legacy
Several of her pieces are owned by the Museum of Modern Art, and she is represented as well in the collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the International Center for Photography, the Fogg Art Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, and the Madison Art Center. A photoengraved mural depicting the life of Lyndon Baines Johnson is a centerpiece of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum. A collection of her papers relating to the life of Man Ray is held by the Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian Institution.

References

1927 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers
People from Princeton, New Jersey
Photographers from New Jersey
The New School alumni
Bennington College alumni
National Endowment for the Arts Fellows
20th-century American women photographers
21st-century American women photographers

Naomi Savage


Porno (later republished as T2 Trainspotting after the 2017 film adaptation) is a novel published in 2002 by Scottish writer Irvine Welsh,  the sequel to Trainspotting. The book describes the characters of Trainspotting ten years after the events of the earlier book, as their paths cross again, this time with the pornography business as the backdrop rather than heroin use (although numerous drugs, particularly cocaine, are mentioned throughout). A number of characters from Glue make an appearance as well.

This sequel picks up ideas of the film adaptation of Trainspotting. One example is the fact that "Spud" has received his share of the drug money, which is shown in the film, but only alluded to in the book.

Plot summary
The novel is divided into three sections, each of which comprises chapters with different narrators. Unlike Trainspotting, which had more narrational diversity, Porno is reduced to just five narrators: Sick Boy, Renton, Spud, Begbie and Nikki. Another difference from the format of Trainspotting is that each character has a defined chapter heading depending on what chapter it is. For instance, Sick Boy's chapters all begin with "Scam..." and then a number in front of a "#". Renton's all begin with "Whores of Amsterdam Pt..." Spud's chapters are just narrative, Begbie's are in capitals, and Nikki's are quotes from the chapter, for example "...A SIMON DAVID WILLIAMSON PRODUCTION...".

Each narrator is associated with a distinctive prose style. Renton, Sick Boy, and Nikki's chapters are written almost entirely in "standard" English while Begbie and Spud's chapters are in Scots. For example, in Chapter 25, Spud narrates, "So ah'm downcast git intae the library, thinkin tae masel" ("So I'm downcast when I get into the library thinking to myself"). He also repeats certain words when talking such as "catboy" or "cat", "likes" or "likesay", and "ken?" Begbie often swears a lot during his chapters. Sick Boy's returning grandiose nature is featured in imagined interviews with John Gibson of the Evening News and Alex McLeish.

Section 1: Stag
Simon 'Sick Boy' Williamson leaves the London crack scene and returns to Leith when he comes into ownership of his aunt's pub. Convinced that the area is destined to become a social and cultural hub, Simon decides to focus his energy into making the pub an upper class establishment. Nikki Fuller-Smith is a university student who works part-time in a massage parlour. Rab, a university acquaintance, introduces her to his friend Terry Lawson and his underground, home-made pornography operation. The scene interests Nikki.

Danny 'Spud' Murphy has been regularly attending group sessions in an attempt to kick his drug habit. His relationship with his partner Alison is estranged and Spud feels like he has become a burden on her. He considers his life insurance policy and contemplates suicide.

Meanwhile, in Amsterdam, Mark Renton is co-owner of a successful nightclub. One night, a DJ from his hometown (Carl Ewart from Welsh's previous novel Glue) plays at one of his clubs and recognises him.

When Sick Boy learns of Terry's operation, he offers the use of the upstairs bar to shoot some scenes. During their first meeting, the group begins planning to shoot a full-length adult film. The first section concludes with "OOTSIDE", a chapter noting the release into society of Francis Begbie.

Section 2: Porno
While in prison, Begbie received anonymous packages of gay porn sent from Sick Boy. He was determined to find the culprit upon his release. While accompanying an old friend on a debt collection errand, he meets Kate and begins a relationship with her.

When Alison begins working at Sick Boy's pub and Sick Boy deliberately attempts to end her relationship with Spud, the friendship between Spud and Sick Boy is over. During one heated argument, Spud reveals that he received his share of the money from Renton. He also unveils his recent ambition to write a history of Leith.

Begbie visits Sick Boy's pub. As the two converse, Sick Boy considers the merciless trait of opportunity and threat accompanying Begbie's release. Soon after, Terry, Rab and several other friends arrive and begin discussing their upcoming road trip to Amsterdam, a bachelor celebration for Rab. Sick Boy is initially reluctant to attend but changes his mind after Carl, a DJ, mentions that Renton works at a club there.

Section 3: Exhibition
Sick Boy's "Porno" shoot becomes a slow demolition of his so-called mates. Spud ends their friendship when Sick Boy tells him he was using him for the purpose of a scam, Nikki becomes disillusioned with him after realising that he really has no loving side and really is the cold-hearted, deceitful man that she tried desperately to ignore.

Begbie grows tired of Sick Boy being 'smarmy', although Begbie becomes angry with everyone in due course. Spud tries to provoke Begbie into killing him so his wife Alison will profit from his life insurance. As Begbie is angrily beating Spud, Alison and the couple's young son burst in, stopping them. Spud is severely injured, but his last narration implies that he can see life getting better.

The biggest departure Sick Boy has from his life is Renton. After promising to meet Sick Boy in Cannes, Renton instead goes to Zurich to empty their joint account and then start a new life in San Francisco. This deception is the biggest blow to Sick Boy as he obviously treasured their unconventional friendship and cannot believe he was tricked by Renton again.

Begbie later discovers Renton while visiting Leith and is hit by a car while running across the road to assault him. While Renton would have expected to feel happy by this he is heartbroken and comforts Begbie while he is taken to hospital. It is indicated that as Begbie slips into a coma he may have forgiven Renton.  After learning that Begbie has fallen into a coma, Renton flees the country with Nikki and Diane, as well as Sick Boy's £60,000 made from a financial fraud. The book ends with Begbie suddenly coming awake as Sick Boy confesses everything in hope that Begbie will resume his bloodthirsty hunt for Renton.

Main characters
Simon David "Sick Boy" Williamson - bitter by a string of failed business ventures, Sick Boy decides to make a porn film. A heavy cocaine user and still angry about being ripped off by Renton in the previous novel. In the years since Trainspotting he had a son with a woman who is now his ex-wife. He has also lost some of the charisma and good looks he previously possessed.
Mark "Rents" Renton - kicked heroin and owns a successful nightclub in Amsterdam. He agrees to finance Sick Boy's porn film in exchange for a share of the profits, despite a mutual lack of trust and respect. Has got into shape and learned martial arts in anticipation and fear of an eventual meeting with Begbie.
Nikki Fuller-Smith - an English 25-year old university student and film studies major who moonlights performing minor sexual favours at a sauna/massage parlour. Experiences intermittent bulimic disordered eating and is attracted to Sick Boy. She decides to help Sick Boy with his film by starring in it.
Terry Lawson - an arrogant lothario, his sexual exploits find him involved in the local dogging / amateur pornography scene, into which Rab introduces Nikki, becoming the star of Seven Rides.
Rab Birrell - brother of Billy Birrell and a college mate of Nikki also on her Film Studies course - and fuels the idea of exploiting the girls from Terry's pub, and Nikki's knowledge of film and pornography.
Danny "Spud" Murphy - after receiving his share of the drug money he has been regularly attending group sessions in an attempt to kick his drug habit. Is in an estranged relationship with Alison (a character who was in an on / off relationship with Sick Boy in Trainspotting) and feels like he has become a burden on her. He considers his life insurance policy and contemplates suicide.
Rab "Second Prize" McLaughlin - a recovering alcoholic, the fifth of the gang robbed by Renton at the end of Trainspotting (though not in the film). Has turned to religion in an attempt to cure his alcoholism and distance himself from his former friends.
Francis "Franco" Begbie – a dangerous psychopath who seeks out his former friends after being recently released from prison. He ends up murdering the sex offender Chizzie, effectively destroying the plans of all the characters, though he sees his own actions as heroic.

Film adaptation

Danny Boyle stated his wish to make a sequel to Trainspotting based on Porno which takes place nine years later. He was reportedly waiting until the original actors themselves age visibly enough to portray the same characters, ravaged by time; Boyle joked that the natural vanity of actors would make it a long wait.
On 10 September 2009, Robert Carlyle revealed that Boyle was "edging closer" to making Porno. Carlyle, who played Begbie in the film, said he would "jump through hoops of fire backwards" for the filmmaker and would "do Porno tomorrow for nothing." Ewan McGregor, who played anti-hero Renton, expressed his reluctance to do a sequel saying it would be a "terrible shame". Boyle and McGregor had not worked together since 1997's A Life Less Ordinary, after which McGregor was passed over in favour of Leonardo DiCaprio for the lead role in Boyle's big screen adaptation of Alex Garland's novel, The Beach. In 2013, McGregor noted that he was "ready to work" on the film with Boyle after reconciling.

In 2013 Boyle said that any sequel to Trainspotting would be loosely based on Porno. On 6 May 2014, Welsh confirmed that he had spent a week with Boyle, Andrew Macdonald and the creative team behind Trainspotting to discuss the sequel. Welsh stated that the meeting was in order to "explore the story and script ideas. We're not interested in doing something that will trash the legacy of Trainspotting... we want to do something that's very fresh and contemporary."

On 17 November 2014, Welsh revealed that McGregor and Boyle had resolved their differences and had held meetings about the film, saying "I know Danny and Ewan are back in touch with each other again. There are others in the cast who've had a rocky road, but now also reconciled. With the Trainspotting sequel the attention is going to be even more intense this time round because the first was such a great movie - and Danny's such a colossus now. We're all protective of the Trainspotting legacy and we want to make a film that adds to that legacy and doesn't take away from it."

Filming on a sequel to Trainspotting began in May 2016, with all the major cast members reprising their roles and Danny Boyle directing. It was released on 27 January 2017.

A stage adaptation of Porno, written by Davie Carswell and following the novel more closely than the film, premiered at the Edinburgh Fringe in 2022.

Release details
2002, UK. Jonathan Cape. Hardback. First edition.
2003, UK. Vintage Press. Paperback
2002, USA. W. W. Norton. Hardback.
2002, USA. W. W. Norton. Paperback

References

2002 British novels
British novels adapted into films
Jonathan Cape books
Novels about pornography
Novels about substance abuse
Novels by Irvine Welsh
Sequel novels
Trainspotting

Porno (novel)


Daniel Orr (May 13, 1933 - June 6, 2012) was an economist. He was a Princeton University Ph.D, and the retired economics chair at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He was a published author in the field of economics, especially in academic circles, and has worked for the United States Treasury Department. He became Trustee of Oberlin College in 1993.

Education
He graduated from Oberlin College in 1954. Later, he received a Ph.D. in economics and sociology from Princeton University in 1960.

Teaching
His teaching career began at Amherst College and moved to the University of Chicago Business School. In 1966, he moved to the newest campus of the University of California at San Diego to start building an economics department. He became chair of the Economic Department for ten years. Then, in 1978, he moved to Virginia Polytechnic Institute in Blacksburg as the department chair. There he successfully assembled a top-rated economics faculty. His last move was in 1989 to become chair of the economics department at the University of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana, from which he retired in 1999.

Personal life
He spent early childhood in New York, Wisconsin, North Carolina and Tennessee. He married Mary Lee and was a father of three children: Rebecca, Matthew and Sara. His daughter, Rebecca Orr, was an Oberlin College freshman who was killed in an accident in the spring of 1982. The family established the Rebecca Cary Orr Memorial Prize in Mathematics to award on the basis of outstanding achievement in undergraduate mathematics and promise of future professional accomplishment.

Orr, an admirer of Adlai Stevenson in his younger days, became a staunch conservative and Republican for most of his years. He was a member of the Scholars for 9/11 Truth, and believed the Collapse of the World Trade Center was caused by explosives.

Publications
 "Stochastic Reserve Losses and Expansion of Bank Credit" (with W.G. Mellon), American Economic Review (September, 1961)
 "A Random Walk Production-Inventory Policy: Rationale and Implementation", Management Science, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Oct., 1962)
 "A Stochastic Income Model Using Optimal Inventory Rules", The Review of Economic Studies Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jun., 1963)
 "An Application of Control-Limit Models to the Management of Corporate Cash Balances" (with Daniel Orr), in Proceedings of the Conference on Financial Research and Its Implications for Management, Stanford University (June 9–11, 1966).
 "A Model of the Demand for Money by Firms" (with Merton H. Miller), Quarterly Journal of Economics (August 1966).
 "The Demand for Money by Firms: Extensions of Analytical Results" (with Merton H. Miller), Journal of Finance (December 1968).
 "A Note on the Uselessness of Transaction Demand Models", The Journal of Finance (December 1974)
 "The Superiority of Comparative Negligence: Another Vote," Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 20 (1991).
 "Reflections on the Hiring of Faculty", American Economic Review, Vol. 83, No. 2 (1993).
 "The Role of Trust and the Law in Privatization," with T. S. Ulen, in "Latin America: Privatization, Property Rights and Deregulation I", Special Issue of the Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Vol. 33 (1993).

References

External links
 University of Illinois official page

2012 deaths
Princeton University alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
1933 births
Oberlin College people
University of California, San Diego faculty
American conspiracy theorists
9/11 conspiracy theorists

Daniel Orr


Damianos Kyriazis  (; 1890–1948) was a Greek politician, industrialist, collector, and benefactor from a Kissos family,  in Mt Pelion, who left a significant legacy of important historical documents.

Family
Damianos Kyriazis was the first-born son of Ioannis Kyriazis (1853–1919), one of five brothers from Kissos, Greece, who founded the cigarette empire Kyriazi Freres. His mother Maria (Marilita) Ritonides was from a rich ship-owner family. He had four sisters (Euterpi Kolas, Elena Aliveratos, Euthalia Naoum, Ioanna Leon Melas) and one brother (Costadinos). He was born in Cairo, but grew up in Volos, Greece, where he was first educated. Kyriazis married Angela Synnefia and had one daughter, Maria Kyriazis-Spenza. Damianos Kyriazis was a first cousin of Dr Neoclis Kyriazis another collector of historical documents.

Career
He studied at the Universities of Athens and Zurich. In 1914 (or 1916) was awarded a Diploma (PhD) in Politics and Law from the School of Philosophy in Leipzig.  He returned to Greece and was employed as a senior director of the department of Industry at the Ministry of National Finance. He was a Member of Parliament and in 1932 he briefly became Minister of Finance. One of his works was a study on 'the development of handicraft in today's Greece' (in German), but he wrote several other essays or books. Kyriazis was a member of several political, cultural and scientific organisations including local musical societies.

He continued working at his family's cigarette factories (Kyriazi Freres) and, together with his brother Costadinos, opened custom-built factories in Amsterdam and Hamburg. When he became a Finance Minister of Greece he relinquished his position at the Kyriazi Freres board.

Collections and donations
Kyriazis was an avid collector of books and manuscripts relating to the Balkans. He donated many of his possessions to the National Archaeological Museum of Greece. However, a large number of his books and manuscripts were donated to the Damianos Kyriazis wing of the Benaki Museum in Athens. Another donation to the Gennadeion Library included important papers of Ali Pasha, 41 rare manuscripts, 860 books and others. Certain items from this collection were displayed in New York City and at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. In addition, in his will he left funds for the construction of the Public Library in Volos, where he also left substantial numbers of his book and document collection.

References

1890 births
1948 deaths
Greek philanthropists
People from Volos
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Members of the Hellenic Parliament
Government ministers of Greece
20th-century philanthropists

Damianos Kyriazis


Canada–Europe relations are the diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties between Canada and the peoples and states of the European continent.

Prior the Second World War, this referred primarily to bilateral relations with particular countries. However, since 1945 Europe has become increasingly institutionalized, and the Government of Canada deals directly with the major European multilateral organizations.

History
Canada's relationship with Europe is a consequence of the historical connections generated by colonialism and mass European immigration to Canada. Canada was first colonized by Vikings on the shores of Baffin Island, plus those of Newfoundland and Labrador in the Middle Ages. However, centuries later in the Modern Age, it would be mainly colonized by France and, after 1763, it formally joined the British Empire after its conquest in the Seven Years' War. It also had colonial influence from Spain in British Columbia, plus southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Formal diplomatic ties were not possible between Canada and European countries when Canada was a collection of British colonies, but migration ties continued through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Traditionally, from the beginnings of Canadian diplomacy in the 1870s to the 1930s, Canadian contacts with European countries were limited. Canada was not fully independent of the British Empire in matters of foreign affairs. Therefore, Canada could not send ambassadors to European capitals but rather relied on the Canadian High Commissioner in London or the Canadian Legate attached to the British Embassies in Paris, as well as Washington to make contacts with European diplomats.

Travel between Canada and Europe for political leaders was also limited. This began to change during and following the First World War, when Canada was a member of the Entente Powers in alliance with a variety of European states including France, Belgium, Italy, and Russia, and sent troops to France and Belgium. Formal expression of this new relationship emerged after 1919 when Prime Minister Robert Borden attended the Paris Peace Conference, and when Canada joined the League of Nations and sent representatives to its headquarters in Geneva.

Canadian engagement with the League of Nations was relatively weak however, as the government of Mackenzie King mostly pursued a policy of isolationism, though King did begin to make overseas travel for prime ministers a more regular occurrence, including a visit to Adolf Hitler in Berlin in 1937.

With the onset of the Second World War Canada became intimately involved in the politics of Europe, as a member of the Allies, as a sanctuary for European refugees including the Dutch royal family, and with Canadian troops fighting in France, Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands. Canada began raising the status of its missions in Europe from legations to embassies in 1944. Canada was a strongly Atlanticist state, and following the war, the new links were institutionalized through the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization which bound Canada to defend any of the (Western) European members of the alliance if it was attacked by the Soviet Union. Relations with "Eastern Europe" (in the sense of the Warsaw Pact) were decidedly cooler.

Economically, Canada still dealt much more with the United Kingdom than the rest of the continent at end of the war, but this began to change quickly because of the post-war economic booms in France and West Germany combined with British relative decline. At the same time Canada's relations with the United States loomed ever larger, so that relations with UK were no longer so important as to be thought of as separate from European relations, as they had been before. This was confirmed by Canadian refusal to back Britain's position in the Suez Crisis of 1957, and Britain's entry into the European Economic Community in 1973 over Canadian (and Australasian) objections. Canada and Britain still continue to have close ties, however, based on shared history and culture, and share the same head of state and are both members of the Commonwealth.

Canada's commitments to the rest of Europe included NATO-related forces stationed in Germany and Norway, and a series of economic agreements with the EEC starting in 1976.

Since the end of the Cold War, Canada has expanded ties with Eastern Europe, including being the first western country to recognize the independence of the Baltic States and Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Current relations

Canada is still a member of the NATO alliance committed to defending its fellow members from an attack anywhere in Europe, however Canadian forces in Germany and Norway have been withdrawn.

Proposals for transatlantic economic and political ties, which Canadian hoped NATO would include in 1949, have not come to fruition. The European Union and the North American Free Trade Association instead represent two divergent trade blocs. However, Canada has signed a free trade agreement with the smaller European Free Trade Association in 2008.  talks for a Canada–EU FTA are ongoing.

See also

 Foreign relations of Canada
 Canada–NATO relations
 Canada–European Union relations
 Canada–European Free Trade Association Free Trade Agreement
 European Canadians
 Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement

References

Canada
Europe

Canada–Europe relations


Hinduism in Telangana encompasses a diverse range of traditions, practices, and beliefs. Although there is considerable variation, certain elements exist that unite the Hindus in the state. These include the worshiping of a pantheon of gods and goddesses, engagement in yoga and meditation, and the celebration of festivals such as Diwali and Holi.

The historical legacy of Hinduism in Telangana is both extensive and vibrant. The region was a religious and cultural hub in the past, as it was home to the Satavahana Empire. Later, during the 17th century, the Qutb Shahi dynasty governed the area and constructed numerous mosques and Islamic structures. Nonetheless, Hinduism retained its dominant position as the prevailing religion in the region.

Hinduism is the dominant religion in Telangana, with over 85% of the population identifying as Hindu. The state is home to several important Hindu pilgrimage sites, including the Yadadri temple, the Bhadrachalam temple, and the Ramappa temple.

Cultural Identity

Hinduism influences the language, literature, arts, music, dance, and festivals (such as Bonalu) of the people of Telangana. Epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata, and ancient scriptures such as the Vedas and Upanishads form the culture's foundation. Hinduism has significantly influenced Telangana's cultural, religious, social, and philosophical identities and has deeply rooted itself within the Telangana peoples' way of life.

References

Telangana
Religion

Hinduism in Telangana


Since the beginning of the Premier League, 58 football stadiums have been used to host matches, with one more stadium set to host its first match in the 2016–17 season. The first round of Premier League matches took place on 15 August 1992. 11 clubs hosted the opening fixtures.  Following the Hillsborough Disaster in 1989, the Taylor Report suggested the removal of standing terraces by the start of the 1994–95 season. They were replaced by all-seater stadiums.

When Fulham came up from Division 1 in the 2000–2001 season, terraces returned for a short while. This gave them more time to complete the changes.  For a bit of time they had to play at Loftus Road after not enough progress was made in converting Craven Cottage. They returned to their home ground after building work was completed in time for the 2004–05 season.

Burnley's Turf Moor stadium became the 50th Premier League stadium on 19 August 2009, where they faced Manchester United. Bournemouth's Dean Court is the most recent stadium to host a Premier League match, when they played their first ever home Premier League match against Aston Villa on 8 August 2015. The next stadium to host its first Premier League match will be London Stadium, new home to West Ham United, when West Ham hosts Bournemouth on 21 August 2016.

Stadiums
Stadiums listed in bold  mean they are the home grounds of teams currently in the 2017–18 Premier League season. Those stadiums listed in italics have now been demolished.

† For closed or demolished grounds, capacity is taken at closure.
‡ Currently in the process of, or scheduled to be developed.

References

Other websites
 Map of English Premier League Stadiums

Stadiums

List of Premier League stadiums


Dschinghis Khan (; "Genghis Khan") is a German Eurodisco pop band. It was originally formed in Munich in 1979 to compete in the Eurovision Song Contest with their song "Dschinghis Khan".

The original group consisted of six members: Louis Hendrik Potgieter, Edina Pop, Henriette Strobel, Wolfgang Heichel, Leslie Mándoki, and Steve Bender, performed from 1979 to their first disbandment in 1985.

In 2005, the surviving Dschinghis Khan members reunited to recreate the music group, but years later they separately organized different bands all under the brand name "Dschinghis Khan".

History

Beginning: 1979–1985
Dschinghis Khan was managed by German producer Ralph Siegel and choreographed by Hannes Winkler, one of the most famous German choreographers during that time.   Their original eponymous song was written and produced by Siegel with lyrics by Bernd Meinunger and came in fourth place at the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 in Jerusalem. Their name is a possible German spelling (most usual is "Dschingis Khan") of the name of the historical figure Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire. The only native Germans in the group were the bald-headed Karl-Heinz "Steve" Bender and Wolfgang Heichel, who brought his Dutch-born wife Henriette ( Strobel) with him. Louis Hendrik Potgieter (Genghis Khan) was South African. Edina Pop (Marika Késmárky) was a Hungarian who had started her singing career in West Germany in 1969. Leslie Mándoki, also Hungarian, had left Hungary in 1975.

In 1979, the group released the singles "Dschinghis Khan" and "Moskau". A year later, the English version of "Moskau" topped the charts in Australia for six weeks, largely thanks to Seven Network using the song as the theme music for coverage of the 1980 Summer Olympics. In an interview with Russian television presenter Alexandra Glotova, the producer of the group Dschinghis Khan, Heinz Gross, said that in the 1980s, the group was banned in the Soviet Union and was accused of anti-communism and nationalism.

Following the success of the singles "Hadschi Halef Omar", "Rom", "Pistolero", and "Loreley", Dschinghis Khan underwent an image change, with their songs becoming more folk-oriented with their fourth album, Helden, Schurken & der Dudelmoser. As a result, their popularity waned. The group released their fifth album, Corrida, which served as the soundtrack to the musical of the same name by Siegel and Meinunger. After the release of the single "Mexico", Dschinghis Khan disbanded in 1985.

Post-disbandment: 1985–1994

Following Dschinghis Khan's disbandment, the members took different paths. Mándoki became a successful musician and producer while Pop pursued a solo singing career and Bender worked as a music producer. The success of the band eventually led to Wolfgang and Henriette's divorce in 1986, with Henriette reverting to her maiden name of Strobel.

In 1986, the group reunited as "Dschinghis Khan Family", but only with original members Strobel on vocals, Mándoki on drums, and Potgieter on keyboards. The song "Wir gehör'n zusammen" led them to a national qualifying round of the Eurovision Song Contest, where they finished in second place.

In 1994, Potgieter died of AIDS in South Africa.

Reunion: 2005–2018
On 17 December 2005, Dschinghis Khan reunited at the Retro FM Festival in Moscow, with founding members Bender, Pop, Heichel, and Strobel joined by new members Stefan Track, Kaya Ebru, and Daniel Käsling. In May 2006, Bender died of cancer. The song "Wie Feuer im Wind" on the group's 2007 album 7 Leben was dedicated to both Potgieter and Bender.

In 2006, Track left the group and started his own solo project called Rocking Son. On July 15, Strobel, Heichel, and Pop were joined by the dance group The Legacy of Dschinghis Khan in a concert in Mongolia. The dance group consisted of Claus Kupreit, Corinna Günzel, Benjamin Schobel, Evi Weigand, Stefan Sauter, and Angelika Nimbach; Kurpreit would go on to become a permanent member of Dschinghis Khan. In 2014, Heichel left the group due to creative differences.

Recent developments: 2018–present
In 2018, Dschinghis Khan re-recorded "Moskau" with new lyrics for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which was hosted in Russia. For the German and English versions, the lead vocals were performed by former US5 member Jay Khan. Alexander Malinin and his daughter Ustinya performed the Russian version, titled "Moskva". The Spanish version, titled "Moscú", was performed by Jorge Jiménez and Marifer Medrano. At the same time, Heichel teamed up with Track to record the song "We Love Football". It was revealed that Heichel gained the rights to the Dschinghis Khan name in Germany and Spain. Strobel, Pop, Kupreit, and producer Heinz Gross also own the rights to the name Dschinghis Khan, with both group patents revealing the use of their own logos. As a result, there are two disco groups operating under the name Dschinghis Khan.

On 12 September 2020, dancer and singer Johannes Kupreit died in a car accident in Germany. Tributes were paid from the members and Dschinghis Khan fans from around the world. By the end of 2020, Pop and Strobel retired from their band. Meanwhile, the Heichel and Track faction of Dschinghis Khan released the studio album Here We Go, which is a mix of new songs and self-covers.

In July 2021, Siegel sued Heichel when the latter attempted to bar him from releasing the 2018 FIFA World Cup version of "Moskau" and claimed to have full ownership of the Dschinghis Khan name. The Munich Regional Court ruled in favor of Siegel and awarded him the trademark rights to the group, citing him as the group's original creator and producer and the group's prior disbandments did not affect his ownership rights.

In 2023, the Siegel lineup was revamped with three new members: Marco Matias, Selina Kohl, and Michael Thurner.

Members
Original lineup
 Louis Hendrik Potgieter (1979–1985; died 1993)
 Edina Pop (1979–1985)
 Henriette Strobel (1979–1985)
 Wolfgang Heichel (1979–1985)
 Leslie Mándoki (1979–1985)
 Steve Bender (1979–1981; died 2006)

Ralph Siegel lineup
 Claus Kupreit (as Prince Igei Khan) (2007–2020; 2023–present)
 Angelika Erlacher (as Eltuya Khan) (2016–2020; 2023–present)
 Läm Virat Phetnoi (as Yassa Khan) (2012–2020; 2023–present)
 Marco Matias (as Batou Khan) (2023–present)
 Selina Kohl (as Zuri Khan) (2023–present)
 Michael Thurner (as Michael T. Khan) (2023–present)
 Edina Pop (2005–2020)
 Henriette Strobel (2005–2020)
 Wolfgang Heichel (2005–2014)
 Stefan Track (2005–2007)
 Steve Bender (2005–2006; died 2006)

Stefan Track lineup
 Stefan Track (2005–2007; 2018–present)
 Leila Melikova
 Tatiana Gerisamova
 Denis Loginov
 Wolfgang Heichel (2018–2022)

Other members
 Daniel Käsling (as Ögödei Khan) (2005–2007)
 Kaya Ebru (as Eltuya Khan) (2005–2007)
 Corinna Günzel (as Eltuya Khan) (2007–2014)
 Evi Weigand (as Ohla Khan) (2007–2014)
 Attila Mario Diallo (as Cash Khan) (2007–2014)
 Benjamin Schobel (as Ögödei Khan) (2007–2011)
 Stefan Sauter (as Yassa Khan) (2007–2009)
 Angelika Nimbach (as Yesugan Khan) (2007–2008)
 Johannes Kupreit (as Ögödei Khan) (2011–2020; died 2020)
 Jan Großfeld (as Bärke Khan) (2019–2020)

Timeline

Discography

Dschinghis Khan (1979)
Rom (1980)
Viva (1980)
Wir sitzen alle im selben Boot (1981)
Helden, Schurken & der Dudelmoser (1982)
Corrida (1983)
7 Leben (2007)

References

External links
 (Ralph Siegel lineup)
 (Stefan Track lineup)

Internet memes
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Germany
German musical groups
Eurodisco groups
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1979
Genghis Khan
20th-century German musicians
Musical groups established in 1979
1979 establishments in West Germany

Dschinghis Khan


Stephen H. West, Ph.D. (Traditional Chinese: 奚如谷, pinyin: Xī Rúgǔ; born  January 6, 1944)  is a sinologist, philologist, and translator.

West received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan.  He formerly taught at University of California, Berkeley, where he held the position of Professor of Chinese, in the Department of East Asian Languages, and also served as executive director of the Inter-University Board of Chinese Language Studies.  West then became professor of Chinese and head of the Chinese program at Arizona State University, in Tempe, Arizona, where he taught classes on classical Chinese and Chinese culture.

English publications
 Records of the Three Kingdoms in Plain Language. (With Wilt L. Idema). Hackett Publishing Company, 2016.
 Vaudeville and Narrative: Aspects of Chin Theater. Münchener Ostasiatische Studien. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1977.
 China, 1976. (With other authors). Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1978.
 Chinese Theater 1100-1450: A Source Book. (With Wilt L. Idema) Münchener Ostasiatische Studien. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982.
 The Moon and the Zither: Wang Shifu's Story of the Western Wing. (With Wilt L. Idema). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
 The Story of the Western Wing. (With Wilt Idema). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. (Rev. ed. of Moon and the Zither).

See also
 List of Sinologists

References

1944 births
Living people
American sinologists
Arizona State University faculty
University of Michigan alumni
Scholars of Chinese opera

Stephen H. West


Oxyper is a Solvay coated and stabilised sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate (or sodium percarbonate) which combines the properties of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide.  It is an odorless, crystalline, white powder used, when dissolved in water, in cleaning and bleaching applications and as a beer keg and line cleaner.  It is a brand name of the Solvay S.A. Corporation, headquartered in Brussels.

External links
Sodium Percarbonates, Solvay Corporation website, retrieved 2012-12-14
Product Data Sheet, retrieved 2012-12-14

Household chemicals
Antiseptics
Bleaches

Oxyper


Kepier is a location in the city of Durham, England in the parish of Belmont, close to Gilesgate and beside the River Wear. It is site of the medieval Hospital of St Giles at Kepier.

The name derives from 'Kipe weir', meaning a weir with a fish trap and the convenience of being close to a source of fish (a major part of the monastic diet) may have influenced the location of the hospital.

Kepier was also the site of a medieval corn mill which continued in use until its destruction by fire on September 24, 1870 caused by a spark from the grinding of the stone millwheels.  The mill was never rebuilt; only a stone arch over the remnant of the mill race remains.

Kepier may also have been the site of a Roman crossing of the River Wear carrying a postulated Roman road, Cade's Road, which led north to Pons Aelius (modern Newcastle upon Tyne).

The Kepier estate previously extended over much of Gilesgate, Gilesgate Moor and Carrville.

In the 1940s, plans for Kepier power station were drafted, but the project was never undertaken.

References

Meade, Dorothy M. Kepier Hospital. Turnstone Ventures, 1995.
Watts, Victor. A Dictionary of County Durham Place-Names. English Place-Name Society, Nottingham, 2002.

External links
North East History Pages on Kepier and Gilesgate
Northern Echo Durham Memories article including Kepier estate under lay ownership, 22/10/04
Northern Echo Durham Memories article on Gilesgate and Kepier, 25/04/03
Northern Echo Durham Memories article on medieval farming around Durham, 05/09/03

Areas of Durham, England

Kepier


Josep Casadevall (born 10 September 1946) is an Andorran lawyer born in Spain and the judge of the European Court of Human Rights in respect of Andorra.

Early life
Casadevall was born on 10 September 1946 in Girona, a city in the northeast of Catalonia, Spain. From 1970 to 1980, he was Secretary General of Andorra la Vella, the capital of Andorra, the largest and most populous of Europe's five microstates.

Legal career
Casadevall graduated in law from the University of Madrid in 1978 and began practising in Andorra in 1980, becoming Secretary General of the Bar Association in 1984 and President in 1993. From 1985 to 1998, he was Professor of Law in the Spanish National Open University.

Casadevall has been the judge in respect of Andorra at the European Court of Human Rights, a non-permanent court enforcing the European Convention on Human Rights, since 1996. Prior to 1998, appointment as a judge of the Court was a part-time appointment, however in 1998 the Court was recreated as a permanent entity and appointment became full-time. Casadevall is resident in Strasbourg, the seat of the Court. He has been President of the Third Section of the Court since 1 February 2008.

See also
European Court of Human Rights
List of judges of the European Court of Human Rights

References

External links
Website of the European Court of Human Rights

Judges of the European Court of Human Rights
Andorran judges
1946 births
Living people
Spanish emigrants to Andorra
Andorran judges of international courts and tribunals

Josep Casadevall


The barril de bomba is a traditional drum used in bomba music of Puerto Rico. The barriles de bomba are built from the wood of rum storage barrels and goatskin, adjusted with tourniquets, screws, cuñas or wedges. At least two drums are required to perform bomba music and dance: a Primo or subidor, the lead drum who follows the dancer, and the buleador, which keep a steady beat.

Additional instruments include the cuá, a hollow small wooden barrel which is struck with wooden sticks, and most commonly a maraca.

Cuá - wooden sticks are used on a wooden surface to draw a basic rhythmic pattern, similar to the buleador pattern. The wooden surface can be a lying barrel, a piece of hollowed tree or a bamboo, open at both ends.

Maraca - made from native fig, this singular maraca produces a sharp sound. Before this artefact, a marimba (güiro) was used in some areas of the island instead of the rattle. The maraca is  a shaken idiophone instrument comprising a hollow spherical portion supported by a shaft that passes through or is attached to it. The interior is filled with small percussive elements, like small stones, seeds or peronia seeds, which produce sound when hit against the inner wall of the sphere.

References

Membranophones
Puerto Rican musical instruments

Barril de bomba


Mihanikos (Greek: Ο χορός του Μηχανικού, literally The dance of the mechanic) is a traditional dance from the Greek island of Kalymnos. It is typically only performed by men dancing in a line. In basic it is a normal Syrtos.

The dance depicts the crippling effects of decompression sickness caused by sponge diving, which was the main source of income on Kalymnos during the last half of the 19th century. This is shown by the leading dancer who (on the slow part of the music) seemingly has to struggle to stand and walk, and uses a stick in doing so. His feet and legs shake violently and sometimes he almost collapses. This "mechanic" behaviour gives the dance its name. Sometimes he is seen being assisted by the second dancer in line. The other dancers dance on normally, until at some point the music picks up speed and leading dancer picks up the rhythm and they dance together in line, with the leading dancer joyfully showing off. This may happen only once during the dance, or the slow and fast parts may alternate, with or without the leading dancer joining the line.

See also

Greek folk music
Greek dances

References

Greek dances
Greek music
Kalymnos

Mihanikos


Tiền Hải is a rural district of Thái Bình province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 213,616. The district covers an area of 226 km². The district capital lies at Tiền Hải.

Notable people
Hoang Van Thai (1915-1986), first Chief of General Staff of Vietnam People's Army.

References

Districts of Thái Bình province

Tiền Hải district


The Opéra de Monte-Carlo (Salle Garnier) is an opera house in Monaco. It was built in the 1870s by Prince Charles III of Monaco and the Société des bains de mer de Monaco.  Building was directed by the architect Charles Garnier, who also designed the Palais Garnier in Paris. The Monaco Opera House similar to the Paris Opera House. It seats 524 people. It is in the Belle Époque style. It was opened on 25 January 1879. The house was renovated between 2004 and 2005.

Other websites
Opéra de Monte-Carlo

Opera houses
Monte Carlo

Opéra de Monte-Carlo


Iron(II) sulfide or ferrous sulfide  (Br.E. sulphide) is one of a family of chemical compounds and minerals with the approximate formula . Iron sulfides are often iron-deficient non-stoichiometric.  All are black, water-insoluble solids.

Preparation and structure
FeS can be obtained by the heating of iron and sulfur:
Fe  +  S   →   FeS

FeS adopts the nickel arsenide structure, featuring octahedral Fe centers and trigonal prismatic sulfide sites.

Reactions
Iron sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid, releasing hydrogen sulfide:
FeS  +  2 HCl   →   FeCl2  +  H2S

FeS + H2SO4 →  FeSO4 + H2S

In moist air, iron sulfides oxidize to hydrated ferrous sulfate.

Biology and biogeochemistry

Iron sulfides occur widely in nature in the form of iron–sulfur proteins.

As organic matter decays under low-oxygen (or hypoxic) conditions such as in swamps or dead zones of lakes and oceans, sulfate-reducing bacteria reduce various sulfates present in the water, producing hydrogen sulfide. Some of the hydrogen sulfide will react with metal ions in the water or solid to produce iron or metal sulfides, which are not water-soluble. These metal sulfides, such as iron(II) sulfide, are often black or brown, leading to the color of sludge.

Pyrrhotite is a waste product of the Desulfovibrio bacteria, a sulfate reducing bacteria.

When eggs are cooked for a long time, the yolk's surface may turn green. This color change is due to iron(II) sulfide, which forms as iron from the yolk reacts with hydrogen sulfide released from the egg white by the heat. This reaction occurs more rapidly in older eggs as the whites are more alkaline.

The presence of ferrous sulfide as a visible black precipitate in the growth medium peptone iron agar can be used to distinguish between microorganisms that produce the cysteine metabolizing enzyme cysteine desulfhydrase and those that do not. Peptone iron agar contains the amino acid cysteine and a chemical indicator, ferric citrate. The degradation of cysteine releases hydrogen sulfide gas that reacts with the ferric citrate to produce ferrous sulfide.

See also
 Iron sulfide
 Troilite
 Pyrite
 Iron-sulfur world theory

References

Monosulfides
Non-stoichiometric compounds
Sulfide minerals
Nickel arsenide structure type

Iron(II) sulfide


SMS Meteor was an auxiliary cruiser of the Imperial German Navy which operated against Allied shipping during World War I.

Early career
Originally built as the British freighter Vienna in 1903 by Ramage & Ferguson, of Leith, for Curries shipping line.
At the outbreak of war in August 1914 Vienna was at Hamburg and was seized as a prize there.
To take advantage of her unmistakably British appearance, the Imperial German Navy decided to convert her into an auxiliary cruiser and minelayer.
She was moved to the Kaiserliche Werft (KWW) in Wilhelmshaven, where she was equipped with two 88 mm guns and two machine guns. She had minelaying equipment installed and a capacity for 347 mines. She was renamed Meteor and commissioned in May 1915 under the command of KK Wolfram von Knorr.

Service history

On 29 May 1915 Meteor set out on her first mission, to lay mines in the White Sea and attack Allied merchant ships engaged in taking coal and other materiel to Russia. In this she had several successes, sinking three freighters and laying her mines, which accounted for another three ships. She returned unharmed in June 1915.

Her second mission, in August 1915, was to lay mines in the Moray Firth, but this was less successful.
In the course of this operation, while attempting to run the British blockade, Meteor was challenged by the British armed boarding vessel HMS Ramsey, which stopped her for inspection. While stopping to be boarded, Meteor was able to manoeuvre into a firing position, and, suddenly opening fire, she quickly overwhelmed Ramsey, which sank.

Retribution was swift, and several British cruisers in the area, which had received Ramsey report, closed in on her. Notified by an Imperial German Navy airship, which was scouting in the area, Meteor captain decided to scuttle her to avoid capture. This took place on 9 August 1915. Her crew, and the survivors from Ramsey, were rescued by the approaching British cruisers.

Aftermath
Though Meteor had some success, this was short-lived, and she did not survive to repeat her exploits. Also, of the eight ships sunk by her, four were neutral Scandinavian vessels, which did nothing for Germany's relations with her neighbours.

Raiding career
In two voyages Meteor sank five ships, and her mines another five, with a total tonnage in excess more of 17,000 GRT.

Notes

References
Halpern, Paul (1994)  A Naval History of World War I  HB
Hawkins, Nigel (2002) The Starvation Blockades
Schmalenbach, Paul (1977) German Raiders

World War I commerce raiders
Auxiliary cruisers of the Imperial German Navy
1903 ships
Ships built in Leith
Maritime incidents in 1915
Scuttled vessels of Germany
World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea

SMS Meteor (1903)


After decades of increasing crime across the industrialised world, crime rates started to decline sharply in the 1990s, a trend that continued into the new millennium. Many explanations have been proposed, including situational crime prevention and interactions between many other factors complex, multifactorial causation.

Lead is widely understood to be toxic to multiple organs of the human body, particularly the human brain. Concerns about even low levels of exposure began in the 1970s; in the decades since, scientists have concluded that no safe threshold for lead exposure exists.

The major source of lead exposure during the 20th century was leaded gasoline. Proponents of the lead–crime hypothesis argue that the removal of lead additives from motor fuel, and the consequent decline in children's lead exposure, explains the fall in crime rates in the United States beginning in the 1990s. This hypothesis also offers an explanation of the  in crime in the preceding decades as the result of increased lead exposure throughout the mid-20th century.

The lead–crime hypothesis is not mutually exclusive with other explanations of the drop in US crime rates such as the legalized abortion and crime effect. The difficulty in measuring the effect of lead exposure on crime rates is in separating the effect from other indicators of poverty such as poorer schools, nutrition, and medical care, exposure to other pollutants, and other variables that may lead to crime.

Background and research

Usage of lead in modern history
Lead, a naturally occurring metal of bluish-grey color, has been used for multiple purposes in the history of human civilization. Advantages include being somewhat soft and pliable as well as resistant to corrosion compared to other metals. The widespread substance is also able to function as a shield against various forms of radiation.

Expanded scientific investigation into organolead chemistry and the varied ways in which human biology changes due to lead exposure took place throughout the 20th century. Although it has continued to be in wide use even into the 21st century, greater understanding of blood lead levels (BLLs) and other factors have meant that a new scientific consensus has emerged. No 'safe' level of lead in the human bloodstream exists as such; any amount can contribute to neurological problems and other health issues.

Medical analysis of the role of lead exposure in the brain note increases in impulsive actions and social aggression as well as the possibility of developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Those conditions likely influence personality traits and behavioral choices, with examples including having poor job performance, beginning a pattern of substance abuse, and undergoing teenage pregnancy. Evidence that lead exposure contributes to lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores goes back to a seminal 1979 study in Nature, with later analysis finding the link particularly robust.

The international process of trying to lower the prevalence of lead has been largely spearheaded by the Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV). The non-governmental organization partners with major oil companies, various governmental departments, multiple civil society groups, and other such institutions worldwide. Efforts to phase-out lead in transport fuel achieved major gains in over seventy-five nations. In discussions at the 2002 'Earth Summit', institutions under the umbrella of the United Nations vowed to emphasize public–private partnerships (PPPs) in order to help developing and transitional countries go unleaded.

Correlation between lead exposure and crime

In terms of crime, multiple commentators and researchers have noted that, after decades of relatively steady increases, crime rates in the United States started to sharply decline in the 1990s. The trend continued even into the new millennium. Multiple possible explanations have come about, with academic studies pointing to complex, multifactorial causation as different social trends occurred at the same time.

The economists Steven D. Levitt and John J. Donohue III, of the University of Chicago and Stanford University, respectively, have argued that the decline in U.S. crime rates took place due to the combination of increases in the number of police, hikes in size of the prison population, waning of the spread of crack cocaine, and the widespread legalization of abortion from the 1970s onward. Possible other factors include changes in alcohol consumption. Later studies have upheld many of these findings while disputing others.

While noting that correlation does not imply causation, the fact that in the United States anti-lead efforts took place simultaneously alongside falls in violent crime rates attracted attention from researchers. Changes were not uniform across the country, even while increasingly stringent Environmental Protection Agency rules went into force from 1970s onward. Several areas had far greater lead exposure compared to others for years.

A 2007 report published by The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, authored by Jessica Wolpaw Reyes of Amherst College, found that between 1992 and 2002 the phase-out of lead from gasoline in the U.S. "was responsible for approximately a 56% decline in violent crime". While cautioning that the findings relating to "murder are not robust if New York and the District of Columbia are included," the author concluded that "[o]verall, the phase-out of lead and the legalization of abortion appear to have been responsible for significant reductions in violent crime rates." She additionally speculated that by "2020, all adults in their 20s and 30s will have grown up without any direct exposure to gasoline lead during childhood, and their crime rates could be correspondingly lower."

In 2011, a report published by the official United Nations News Centre remarked, "Ridding the world of leaded petrol, with the United Nations leading the effort in developing countries, has resulted in $2.4 trillion in annual benefits, 1.2 million fewer premature deaths, higher overall intelligence and 58 million fewer crimes". The California State University did the specific study. Then U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP) executive director Achim Steiner argued, "Although this global effort has often flown below the radar of media and global leaders, it is clear that the elimination of leaded petrol is an immense achievement on par with the global elimination of major deadly diseases."

In a 2013 article, Mother Jones ran a report by Kevin Drum arguing:

Drum writes:

According to Reyes, "Childhood lead exposure increases the likelihood of behavioral and cognitive traits such as impulsivity, aggressivity, and low IQ that are strongly associated with criminal behavior".

A May 2017 study by Anna Aizer and Janet Currie found that lead exposure in childhood substantially increased school suspensions and juvenile detention among boys in Rhode Island, suggesting that the phasing out of leaded gasoline may explain a significant part of the decline in crime in the United States beginning in the 1990s.

Systematic reviews / meta-analysis
The first meta-analysis of the lead-crime hypothesis was published in 2022. "The Lead-Crime Hypothesis: A Meta-Analysis", authored by Anthony Higney, Nick Hanley, and Mirko Moro consolidates findings of 24 studies on the subject. It concluded that there is substantial evidence linking lead exposure to a heightened risk of criminal behavior, particularly violent crimes. This aligns with earlier research suggesting lead exposure may foster impulsive and aggressive tendencies, potential precursors to violent offenses.

The study's implications point towards the potential benefits of reducing lead exposure to decrease crime rates. Such reductions could be achieved through initiatives like removing lead from products like gasoline and paint, water pipes and enhancing lead abatement measures in schools and residences.

See also

 Biosocial criminology
 Environmental toxicology
 Lead abatement
 Lead poisoning
 Organolead chemistry
 Pollution control
 Statistical correlations of criminal behavior
 Tetraethyllead

References

Further reading

Correlates of crime
Environmental toxicology
Lead poisoning
Mass poisoning

Lead–crime hypothesis


Cannabis in North Macedonia is legal for medical purposes, but illegal for recreational purposes.

Medical cannabis
On February 9, 2016, the Macedonian Parliament Health Committee gave its approval for the legalization of medical marijuana. Beginning in June 2016, patients without a prescription were allowed to buy oil with 0.2 per cent cannabinoids or less; more concentrated forms require prescription.

Recreational use
On November 20 2020, the prime minister Zoran Zaev said the government is looking to legalize the recreational use of marijuana in the country's hospitality places and tourist hotspots, including Skopje and Ohrid.

References

Macedonia
Politics of North Macedonia
Society of North Macedonia
Drugs in North Macedonia

Cannabis in North Macedonia


Dr. John S. Langford is the Founder and CEO of Electra.aero, a startup developing hybrid electric aircraft for regional mobility. He was previously Founder, President, and C.E.O. of Aurora Flight Sciences. Langford founded Aurora Flight Sciences in 1989 in order to design and manufacture high altitude UAVs that could be used for global climate change research. In 2004, Langford received Virginia's Outstanding Industrialist award for his contribution to business development in Virginia.

Education and career
Langford received his Ph.D. from MIT in the field of aeronautics and public policy. He also received Bachelor and Master of Science degrees in aeronautics and astronautics and a Master of Science in defense policy and arms control from MIT.

While he was a student at MIT, Langford managed the MIT Daedalus human powered aircraft project.

In April 2017, John Langford was elected President of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA).

In 2018, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for the application of autonomy and robotics to the design, development, production, and operation of advanced aircraft.

See also
Estes Industries

References

American aerospace engineers
Living people
American chief executives
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

John Langford (engineer)


Boris Casoy (born February 13, 1941, in São Paulo) is a Brazilian journalist, the son of Russian Jewish immigrant parents.  He has spent most of his professional life in TV journalism and is currently a Brazilian TV news anchorman.

Casoy's journalism career started when he worked as a reporter for the now defunct television network TV Tupi in 1961. During the 1960s, in the early phases of the military dictatorship in Brazil, he was charged by the press with belonging to a paramilitary right-wing organization, Commando for Communist Hunting (Comando de Caça aos Comunistas, CCC) which was aimed at harassing and bullying leftist students.

From 1974 to 1984, Casoy worked in the Paulista newspaper, Folha de S.Paulo - firstly as chief editor, a position in which he had to share power with the redaction director, the Trotskyist sympathizer Cláudio Abramo. In 1976, Casoy left this position and began editing a column on political faits divers, while Abramo took over the paper's chief editorship. However, in September 1977, Casoy resumed his earlier position, after the military threatened to intervene in the paper, holding Abramo responsible for the publication in the paper of a chronicle, by Lourenço Diaféria, deemed as demeaning to the historical figure of the Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias, the civic patron of the Brazilian Army. In 1988, Casoy returned to television as the anchor of a new newscast for SBT, Telejornal Brasil (TJ Brasil, for short). TJ Brasil ran from 1988 until being canceled in 1997. After TJ Brasil, he became the main anchor of Rede Record's national news, Jornal da Record. As anchor, Casoy became famous for his rhetorical outbursts, as he acquired the habit of expressing disagreement with unpleasant facts (mainly corruption scandals) he had described by uttering repeatedly: "For Shame!" ("isto é uma vergonha!") - a stock-phrase that gave him the reputation of a vigilante who would speak truth to power.

Casoy was fired from TV Record in late December 2005 – officially, for disagreements with changes that the station wanted to make on his program.  However, he had speculated that there was pressure  from the Worker's Party, since he and his crew were unrelenting in investigating and exposing alleged scandals and corruption cases in the left-wing government.

After being fired from Rede Record, Casoy returned to television, but this time on a small regional television network in Rio de Janeiro, TV JB. He was the main anchor to the main newscast, Telejornal do Brasil. On April 14, 2008, Boris Casoy returned to national television on Rede Bandeirantes as the main anchor for its nightly newscast, Jornal da Noite. Casoy also presents the news in Rede Bandeirantes' radio news network, BandNews FM.

In 2010, Casoy was involved in a scandal: after a TV news broadcast in which two street sweepers appeared offering season's greetings, he offered a private comment during commercials, without noticing that the audio channel was inadvertently open: "Shit, two garbage men offering greetings from atop their brooms... the lowest rung of the working ladder." – a comment for which he had to apologize in public.

On September 30, 2016, Casoy left Band's nightly news program Jornal da Noite. On October 17, he became anchor of RedeTV!'s national news, RedeTV! News, replacing Sérgio Cursino.

References

Brazilian Jews
Brazilian people of Russian-Jewish descent
1941 births
Living people
Conservatism in Brazil
Brazilian television news anchors
Brazilian anti-communists
Writers from São Paulo

Boris Casoy


The Wesley Hospital is a hospital located in the suburb of Auchenflower in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

The hospital currently has over 530 beds and offers a large range of clinical services.
It is owned and operated by UnitingCare Health. The hospital recently underwent works and an extension.

The hospital is well known for its 'Kim Walters Choices Program' which supports men, women and their families who have been diagnosed with breast or gynecological cancer. This program is free.

Transport
The Wesley Hospital is accessible by bus routes which travel along Coronation Drive, and also from Auchenflower Rail Station which is situated behind the hospital.

History
The Wesley Hospital has its roots in St Helen's Hospital (Brisbane) at South Brisbane, which sat on the banks of the Brisbane River   in the current location of the State Library of Queensland. In the late 1960s, it became clear St Helen's Hospital could not expand on its existing site. This led to the purchase of the Moorlands Estate at Auchenflower in 1971. The State Government would not allow the hospital to operate on two sites under the same name, so the new site became Wesley Hospital. Construction commenced in 1975 and the Wesley Hospital received its first patients by ambulance convoy from St Helen's on 1 March 1977.

References

Hospital buildings completed in 1977
Hospitals in Brisbane
Teaching hospitals in Australia
Hospitals established in 1896
1896 establishments in Australia
1977 establishments in Australia
Auchenflower, Queensland

Wesley Hospital (Brisbane)