The flag of Portugal () is the national flag of the Portuguese Republic. It is a rectangular bicolour with a field divided into green on the hoist, and red on the fly. The lesser version of the national coat of arms of Portugal (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) is centered over the colour boundary at equal distance from the upper and lower edges. Its presentation was done on 1 December 1910, after the downfall of the constitutional monarchy on 5 October 1910.  However, it was only on 30 June 1911, that the official decree approving this flag as the official flag was published. This new national flag for the First Portuguese Republic, was selected by a special commission whose members included Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, João Chagas and Abel Botelho.
The conjugation of the new field color, especially the use of green, was not traditional in the Portuguese national flag's composition and represented a radical republican-inspired change that broke the bond with the former monarchical flag. Since a failed republican insurrection on 31 January 1891, red and green had been established as the colours of the Portuguese Republican Party and its associated movements, whose political prominence kept growing until it reached a culmination period following the Republican revolution of 5 October 1910. In the ensuing decades, these colours were popularly propagandised as representing the hope of the nation (green) and the blood of those who died defending it (red), as a means to endow them with a more patriotic and dignified, therefore less political, sentiment.

The sphere and shield in the middle of the current flag are an integral part of the design, which has historically been centred on the royal arms, usually over fields of blue and white. Since the country's foundation, the standard developed from the blue cross-on-white armorial square banner of King Afonso I, through progressively more complex designs, which did incorporate green and red, to the liberal monarchy's arms over a blue-and-white rectangle. In between, major changes associated with determinant political events contributed to its evolution into the current design.

Design
The decree that legally created the republican flag was approved by the Constituent Assembly and published in government journal no. 141 () on 19 June 1911. On 30 June, this decree had its regulations officially published in government diary no. 150. Nevertheless, the new flag had been first presented in 1910, on the national holiday of the Restoration of Independence (celebrating December 1, 1640), which was rededicated as the Day of the Flag, although this new designation didn't erase the previous one.

Construction

The flag's length is equal to  times its width, which translates into an aspect ratio of 2:3. The background is vertically divided into two colours: dark green on the hoist side, and scarlet red on the fly. The colour division is made in a way that green spans  of the length and the remaining  are filled by red (ratio 2:3). The lesser version of the national coat of arms (without the laurel wreaths)—a white-rimmed national shield on top of a black-highlighted yellow armillary sphere—is positioned over the border between both colours.

The armillary sphere has a diameter equal to  height and is equidistant from the upper and lower edges of the flag. The sphere, drawn in perspective, possesses six edge-embossed arcs, four of which are great circles and two are small circles.
The great circles represent the ecliptic (wider oblique arc), the equator, and two meridians. These last three are positioned so that the intersections between each two arcs make a right angle; one meridian lies on the flag's plane while the other is perpendicular to it.
The small circles consist of two parallels (the tropics), each tangent to one of the ecliptic-meridian intersections.

Vertically centered over the sphere is the national shield, a white-rimmed curved bottom red shield charged with a white inescutcheon. Its height and width are equal to  and  of the sphere's diameter, respectively.
The shield is positioned in a way that its limits intersect the sphere:
at the inflection points of the distal edges of the Tropic of Cancer's anterior half (top) and Tropic of Capricorn's posterior half (bottom);
at the intersection of the lower edges of the ecliptic's posterior half and of the equator's anterior half (dexter or viewer's left side); and
at the intersection of the upper edge of the ecliptic's anterior half with the lower edge of the equator's posterior half (sinister or viewer's right side).

A curious aspect of the official design is the absence of a segment of the Tropic of Capricorn, between the national shield and the ecliptic arc.

The white inescutcheon is itself charged with five smaller blue shields (escudetes) arranged like a Greek cross (1+3+1). Each smaller shield holds five white bezants displayed in the form of a saltire (2+1+2). The red bordure is charged with seven yellow castles: three on the chief portion (one in each corner and one in the middle), two in the middle points of each quadrant of the curved base (rotated 45 degrees), and two more on each side of the bordure, over the flag's horizontal middle line. Each castle is composed by a base building, showing a closed (yellow) gate, on top of which stand three battlemented towers. In heraldic terminology, the shield's blazon is described as Argent, five escutcheons in cross azure each charged with five plates in saltire, on a bordure gules seven towers triple-turreted Or, three in chief.

The colour tones of the flag are not precisely specified in any legal document. Recommendations are listed below:

Background

The Republican revolution of 5 October 1910, brought a need to replace the symbols of the overthrown monarchy, represented in the first instance by the old national flag and anthem. The choice of the new flag was not one without conflict, especially over the colours, as partisans of the republican red-and-green faced opposition from supporters of the traditional royal blue-and-white. Blue also carried a strong religious meaning as it was the colour of Our Lady of the Conception (), who was crowned Queen and Patroness of Portugal by King John IV, so its removal or replacement from the future flag was justified by Republicans as one of the many measures needed to secularize the state.

After the presentation and discussion of the many proposals, a governmental commission was set up on 15 October 1910. It included Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (painter), João Chagas (journalist), Abel Botelho (writer) and two military leaders of 1910: Ladislau Pereira and Afonso Palla. This commission ultimately chose the red-and-green of the Portuguese Republican Party, delivering an explanation based on patriotic reasons, which disguised the political significance behind the choice, as these had been the colours present on the banners of the rebellious during the republican insurrection of 31 January 1891, in Porto, and during the monarchy-overthrowing revolution, in Lisbon.

The commission considered that red should "be present as one of the main colours, because it is the battling, warm, virile colour, par excellence. It is the colour of conquest and laughter. A singing, burning, joyful colour ... Recalls the idea of blood and urges to achieve victory".  An explanation for the inclusion of the green was harder to come up with, given that it was not a traditional colour of the Portuguese flag's history. Eventually, it was justified on the grounds that, during the 1891 insurrection, this was the colour present on the revolutionary flag that "sparked the redeeming lightning" of republicanism. Finally, white (on the shield) represented "a beautiful and fraternal colour, into which all other colours merge themselves, colour of simplicity, of harmony and peace", adding that "it is this same colour that, charged with enthusiasm and faith by the red cross of Christ, marks the Discoveries epic cycle".

The Manueline armillary sphere, which had been present on the national flag under the reign of John VI, was revived because it consecrated the "Portuguese epic maritime history ... the ultimate challenge, essential to our collective life."  The Portuguese shield was kept, being positioned over the armillary sphere. Its presence would immortalize the "human miracle of positive bravery, tenacity, diplomacy, and audacity, that managed to bind the first links of the Portuguese nation's social and political affirmation", since it is one of the "most vigorous symbols of the national identity and integrity".

The new flag was produced in large numbers at the  ("National Rope House") and was officially presented nationwide on 1 December 1910, on occasion of the 270 years of the Restoration of Independence. This day had already been declared by the government as the "Flag Day" (currently not celebrated). In the capital, it was paraded from the city hall to the  ("Restorers") Monument, where it was hoisted. This festive presentation did not mask, however, the turmoil caused by a design chosen single-handedly without prior popular consultation, and that represented more of a political regime than a whole nation. To encourage a greater acceptance of the new flag, the government issued all teaching establishments with one exemplar, whose symbols were to be explained to the students; textbooks were changed to intensively display these symbols. Also, 1 December ("Flag Day"), 31 January and 5 October were declared national holidays.

Symbolism
The Portuguese flag displays three important symbols: the field colours, and the armillary sphere and national shield, which make up the coat of arms.

Colours

Despite the fact that the colours of red and green had never constituted a major part of the national flag until 1910, they were present in several historical banners during important periods. King John I included a green Aviz cross on the red bordure of his banner. The red cross of the Order of Christ was used over a white field as a naval pennon during the Discoveries and frequently on ship sails. A green background version was a popular standard of the rebellious during the 1640 revolution that restored Portugal's independence from Spain. There are no registered sources to confirm that this was the origin of the republican colours. Another explanation gives full credit to the flag that was hoisted on the balcony of Porto's city hall during the 1891 insurrection. It consisted of a red field bearing a green disc and the inscription Centro Democrático Federal «15 de Novembro» ("15 November" Federal Democratic Centre), representing one of many masonry-inspired republican clubs. Over the following 20 years, the red-and-green was present on every republican item in Portugal. The 1891 flag-inherited red stands for the colour of the republican-inspired masonry-backed revolutionaries, whereas green was the colour Auguste Comte had destined to be present in the flags of positivist nations, an ideal incorporated into the republican political matrix. Green was also added in order to distinguish the flag from the old royal standard, which had a background of solid red.

Coat of arms

Escutcheon

The Portuguese shield rests over the armillary sphere. Except during the reign of Afonso I, it is present in every single historical flag, in one form or another. It is the prime Portuguese symbol as well as one of the oldest, with the first elements of today's shield appearing during the reign of Sancho I. The evolution of the Portuguese flag is inherently associated with the evolution of the shield.

Within the white inescutcheon, the five small blue shields with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ () when crucified and are popularly associated with the "Miracle of Ourique". The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique on 25 July 1139, an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques (future Afonso I) as a divine messenger. He foretold Afonso's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers. The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp, alone, if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling, in the following night. In doing so, he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the cross. Ecstatic, Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry his name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks.

Boosted by this spiritual experience, Afonso won the battle against an outnumbering enemy. Legend has it that Afonso killed the five Moorish kings of the Seville, Badajoz, Elvas, Évora and Beja taifas, before decimating the enemy troops. Hence, in gratitude to Jesus, he incorporated five shields arranged in a cross—representing his divine-led victory over the five enemy kings—with each one carrying Christ's five wounds in the form of silver bezants. The sum of all bezants (doubling the ones in the central shield) would give thirty, symbolizing Judas Iscariot's thirty pieces of silver.

However, evidence pointing out that the number of bezants on each shield was greater than five during long periods following Afonso I's reign, as well as the fact that only in the 15th century was this legend registered on a chronicle by Fernão Lopes (1419), support this explanation as one of pure myth and highly charged with patriotic feeling in the sense that Portugal was created by divine intervention and was destined for great things.

The seven castles are traditionally considered a symbol of the Portuguese victories over their Moorish enemies, under Afonso III, who supposedly captured seven enemy fortresses in the course of his conquest of the Algarve, concluded in 1249. However, this explanation is weakly founded since this king did not have seven castles on his banner, but an unspecified number. Some reconstructions display about sixteen castles; this number changed to twelve in 1385, to seven in 1485 and to eleven in 1495; it then changed back to seven, in 1578, this time definitively. An hypothesis about the origin of the castles on a red bordure lies in the family ties of Afonso III with Castile (both his mother and second wife were Castilian), whose arms consisted of a golden castle on a red field.

A variant of the Portuguese shield is found in the flag of Ceuta, a Spanish city on the North African coast, and is used as the city's coat of arms, in a nod to its former history as a Portuguese possession.

Supporter: Armillary sphere

The armillary sphere was an important astronomical and navigational instrument for the Portuguese sailors who ventured into unknown seas during the Age of Discoveries. It was introduced by the Knights Templar, whose knowledge was essential to the Portuguese Discoveries—Henry, the Navigator, the person mainly responsible for the development of Age of Discovery was actually the Grand Master of the Order of Christ.  It thus became the symbol of the most important period of the nation—the Portuguese discoveries. In light of this, King Manuel I, who ruled during this period, incorporated the armillary sphere into his personal banner. It was simultaneously used as the ensign of ships plying the route between the metropolis and Brazil, thus becoming a colonial symbol and a key element of the flags of the future Brazilian kingdom and empire.

Adding to the sphere's significance was its common use on every Manueline-influenced architectural work, where it is one of the major stylistic elements, as seen on the Jerónimos Monastery and Belém Tower.

Evolution

Since the foundation of the kingdom, the banner of arms, i.e. the flag form of the royal arms, have served as national flag. In fact, until the 19th century, the flag served as a mere support to display the Royal coat of arms, without having any separate meaning. Until the 16th century, the flag consisted in a banner of arms, with its field being totally occupied by the field of the coat of arms, then it came to include the complete coat of arms, including the crown and other external elements laid over a monochrome white field. The flag only acquired a meaning by its own in 1830, when its field was changed from the neutral white to the distinctive blue and white, which were the national colours at that time. Although representing the country since its early beginnings, the flag of Portugal had a limited use until the 19th century, essentially being used as a fortress flag and as naval ensign, with some other flags also existing to represent the nation in other contexts, namely at the sea. In the 19th century, the flag of Portugal started to have a universal use, becoming a real national flag. It evolved in a way that gradually incorporated most of the symbols present on the current coat of arms.

1095–1248

The first heraldic symbol that can be associated with what would become the Portuguese nation was on the shield used by Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal since 1095, during his battles with the Moors. This shield consisted of a blue cross over a white field. Nevertheless, this design has no reliable sources since it is a reconstruction that became popular and widely accepted thanks to the nationalistic purposes of the Estado Novo regime.

Henry's son Afonso Henriques succeeded him in the county and took on the same shield. In 1139, despite being outnumbered, he defeated an army of Almoravid Moors at the Battle of Ourique and proclaimed himself Afonso I, King of Portugal, in front of his troops. Following the official recognition by the neighbouring León, Afonso changed his shield in order to reflect his new political status. Sources state he charged the cross with five sets of an unspecified number of silver bezants (most likely large-headed silver nails), one set on the centre and one on each arm, symbolizing Afonso's newly gained right to issue currency.

During the time of Afonso I, it was typical not to repair battle damage inflicted on the shield, so changes such as the breaking off of pieces, colour shifting or stains were very common. When Sancho I succeeded his father Afonso I, in 1185, he inherited a very worn off shield: the blue-stained leather that made the cross had been lost except where the bezants (nails) held it in place. This involuntary degradation was the basis for the next step on the evolution of the national coat of arms, where a plain blue cross transformed into a compound cross of five blue bezant-charged escutcheons—the quina (Portuguese word meaning "group of five") were thus born. Sancho's personal shield (called "Portugal ancien") consisted of a white field with a compound cross of five shields (each one charged with eleven silver bezants) with the bottom edges of the lateral ones facing towards the centre. Both Sancho's son Afonso II and grandson Sancho II used these arms, as it was usual with direct succession lines (cadency system). A new modification of the royal arms was made when Sancho II's younger brother became king, in 1248.

1248–1495

Afonso III of Portugal was not the eldest son, therefore heraldic practices stated he should not take his father's arms without adding a personal variation. Before becoming king, Afonso was married to Matilda II of Boulogne but her inability to provide him with a royal heir led Afonso to divorce her, in 1253. He then married Beatrice of Castile, an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso X of Castile. It is more likely that it was this family connection with Castile (his mother was also Castilian) that justified the new heraldic addition to the royal arms—a red bordure charged with an undetermined number of yellow castles—rather than the definitive conquest of the Algarve and its Moorish fortresses, considering that the number of castles was only fixed in the late 16th century.

The inner portion contained the arms of Sancho I, although the number of bezants varied between seven, eleven and sixteen (the latter number was used on Afonso's personal standard while he was still Count of Boulogne). This same design was used by the Portuguese kings until the end of the first dynasty, in 1383; a succession crisis put the country at war with Castile and left it without a ruler for two years.

In 1385, in the wake of the Battle of Aljubarrota, a second dynasty was founded when John, Master of the Order of Aviz and illegitimate son of King Peter I, acceded to the throne as John I. To his personal banner, John I added his Order's fleur-de-lys cross, displayed as green flowery points on the red bordure; this inclusion reduced the number of castles to twelve (three around each corner). The number of bezants in each escutcheon was reduced from eleven to seven. This banner lasted a hundred years until John I's great-grandson John II restyled it, in 1485, introducing important changes: the removal of the Aviz cross, a downward arrangement and edge-smoothing of the shields, and the definitive fixing of five saltire-arranged bezants in each shield (summing up six quinas, i.e., six "groups of five": one quina of shields and five quinas of bezants) and seven castles on the bordure (as it is currently). John II's banner was the last armorial square banner used as the "national" flag or standard. Following his death, in 1495, radical changes were made by his successor.

1495–1667

John II was succeeded by his first cousin Manuel I, in 1495. This king was the first to convert the traditional square armorial banner into a rectangular (2:3) field with the coat of arms on its centre. Specifically, the flag was now a white rectangle centrally charged with the coat of arms (bearing eleven castles) on an ogival or heater-shaped shield and surmounted by an open royal crown. Manuel I possessed a personal standard which included the armillary sphere for the first time.

In 1521, John III made minor changes to the flag by adopting a coat of arms (bearing only seven castles) with a round shaped shield.

In 1578, during the reign of Sebastian and on the eve of the fatal Battle of Alcácer Quibir, the flag was again modified. The number of castles was permanently fixed at seven and the royal crown was converted into a closed three-arched crown, which symbolized a stronger royal authority. With Sebastian's death and the short-lived reign of his great-uncle Cardinal Henry, in 1580, a dynastic crisis was solved with the Spanish king Philip II acceding to the Portuguese throne as Philip I, installing a Spanish dynasty. The accession was made on the condition that Portugal was ruled as a separate, autonomous state, not as a province. This was fulfilled as Portugal and Spain formed a personal union under Philip I and his successors. A consequence of this administrative situation was the maintenance of the flag created under Sebastian's reign as the Portuguese national flag, while Spain had its own. As the ruling house in Portugal, the Habsburg banner also included the Portuguese arms.

The country regained its independence from Spain, in 1640, in a coup d'état that placed on the throne John, Duke of Bragança, as King John IV. Under his rule, the national flag was slightly changed as the ogival shield became rounded. It was from this reign forward that the royal arms and the kingdom's arms became separate banners.

1667–1830

When Afonso VI's younger brother Peter II replaced him on the throne, in 1667, he adapted the flag's crown to fit the contemporary trends by transforming it into a five-arched crown. The new flag did not remain unchanged for too long, as it was refurbished by Peter's son John V, after he took the throne, in 1707. Heavily influenced by the luxurious and ostentatious court of the French king Louis XIV, and by France's political and cultural impact in Europe, John V wanted to transpose such style into the country's coat of arms. A red beret was then added under the crown. Besides the change of the crown, the shields started to be represented, on the flags, not only in the traditional round bottom shape ("Iberian type"), but also in other formats like the samnitic ("French type"), the horsehead ("Italian type") or the oval ("cartouche") shapes. Instated by an absolute monarch like John V, this flag endured through almost the entire absolutist period in Portugal—John V (1707–1750), Joseph I (1750–1777) and Maria I (1777–1816).

During the second half of the 17th century, the maritime use of the white flag with the Royal coat of arms of Portugal was increasingly restricted to the war ships. An ordinance of 1692 expressly banned the use of this flag by the Portuguese merchant ships, restricting its use to ships with 20 or more cannons and with a complement of 40 or more men. The Portuguese merchant ships flew instead green and white striped flags, which were the national colours of Portugal at that time. The colours green and white were also used in other Portuguese flags, like the naval commissioning pennants.

With the invasion of Portugal by Napoleon's imperial army in 1807, the Portuguese Royal Court fled to Brazil, establishing the capital of the Portuguese Monarchy and Empire in Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the Portuguese state of Brazil was elevated to a kingdom, thus receiving the same status as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. The whole of the Portuguese Monarchy became then the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. To reflect the change of the status of the Portuguese Monarchy, the Prince Regent John (future King João VI, at that time still reigning in name of his mother, Queen Mary I) established a new Royal coat of arms, where the Portuguese shield (representing Portugal and the Algarves) charged a blue-filled yellow armillary sphere (representing Brazil) surmounted by the same beret-bearing five-arched crown. The new coat of arms replaced the previous one in the Portuguese flags.

Despite the end of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, when Brazil became independent in 1822, its coat of arms continued to be used, inclusive in flags, until the death of João VI in 1826. From then on, the previous coat of arms, without the armillary sphere, became in use again.

1830–1910

João VI died in Lisbon in 1826. His elder son Peter, who had declared the independence of Brazil in 1822, becoming Emperor Pedro I, succeeded to the Portuguese throne as Pedro IV. Because the new Brazilian constitution did not allow further personal unions of Portugal and Brazil, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese crown in favour of his elder daughter Maria da Glória, who became Maria II of Portugal. She was only seven years old, so Pedro stated she would marry his brother Miguel who would act as regent. However, in 1828, Miguel deposed Maria and proclaimed himself king, abolishing the 1822 liberal constitution and ruling as an absolute monarch. This started the period of the Liberal Wars.

The liberals formed a separate government exiled on the Azorean island of Terceira. This government issued two decrees establishing modifications to the national flag. While supporters of usurper King Miguel I still upheld the flag established by João VI, the liberal supporters imposed important changes on it. The background was equally divided along its length into blue (hoist) and white (fly); the armillary sphere (associated with Brazil) was removed and the coat of arms was centred over the colour boundary; and the shield reverted to the "French type" shape of João V. This new flag configuration was decreed solely for terrestrial use, but a variation of it was used as the national ensign. This ensign differed in the way the colours occupied the background (blue , white ) with a consequent positional shift of the arms.

With the defeat and exile of Miguel in 1834, Queen Maria II returned to the throne and the standard of the victorious side was hoisted in Lisbon as the new national flag. It was in use for 80 years, witnessing the last period of the Portuguese monarchy until its abolition in 1910. Currently this flag is used by Portuguese monarchists. The Independence Day parade of Brazil also presented this flag in the standard marchpast, along with other historical flags of Portugal and Brazil.

Flag protocol

Use

The Portuguese legislation concerning the use of the National Flag is mostly limited to the Decree-law 150/87, issued on 30 March 1987, which replaced the previous scarce legislation dated back to the beginning of the 20th century.

The Decree-law 150/87 states that the flag is to be hoisted from 9:00 a.m. to sunset (during the night, it must be properly lit), on Sundays and national holidays, throughout the entire national territory. It can also be displayed on days where official ceremonies or other solemn public sessions are held; in this case, the flag is hoisted on-site. The flag can be hoisted on other days if it is considered appropriate by the central government, or by other regional or local governing bodies, or by heads of private institutions. It must follow the official design standard and be preserved in good condition.

The headquarters buildings of the bodies of sovereignty, the flag can stay hoisted on a daily basis. It can also be hoisted on civilian and military national monuments; on public buildings associated with the central, regional or local administration; and on headquarters of public corporations and institutions. Citizens and private institutions can also display it, on the condition that they respect the relevant legal procedures. At the facilities of nationally based international organizations or in the case of international meetings, the flag is hoisted according to the protocol used on those situations.

If national mourning is declared, the flag will be flown at half-staff during the fixed number of days; any flag hoisted along with it will be flown in the same manner.

When unfurled in the presence of other flags, the national flag must not have smaller dimensions and must be situated in a prominent, honourable place, according to the relevant protocol.

If there are more than one flagpole, the National Flag should be flown:
 Two flagpoles – on the right pole viewed by a person facing the exterior;
 Three flagpoles – on the central pole;
 More than three flagpoles:
 Within a building – if an odd number of poles, on the central pole; if an even number, on the first pole on the right of the centre;
 Outside a building – always on the rightmost pole;

If the flagpoles do not have the same height, the flag must be flown on the highest pole. The poles should be placed in honourable locations of the ground, building façades and roofs. On public acts where the flag is not hoisted, it can be suspended from a distinct spot, but never used as decoration, covering or for any purpose that can diminish its dignity.

Penalties
An early decree, from 28 December 1910, established that "any person who, through speech, published writings or any other public act, shows lack of respect to the national flag, which is the fatherland's symbol, will be sentenced to a three to twelve-month prison term with corresponding fine and, in case of relapse, will be sentenced to exile, as stated in the 62nd article of the Penal Code".
In its 332nd article, the current penal code punishes infractions with a prison sentence of up to two years. If the sentence is shorter than 240 days, there is a formula for converting it into a fine. If the offense is directed towards regional symbols, the penalties are halved.

Folding
During formal occasions, four people are required to properly fold the flag, where each person holds one of the sides. A correctly folded flag must be a square limiting the national shield. However, the order by which the different folding steps are performed to achieve this result is not legislated.

The procedure begins with the flag fully extended and held in a horizontal plane with the obverse facing down. One of the possible folding sequences is demonstrated below:

Military flags
The National Flag of Portugal also serves as war flag and ensign, so being flown on military facilities and naval ships. There are however specific national military flags for specific uses, namely the military colours, the naval jack and the naval pennant. The military colours are occasionally referred as war flag, however they are not to be flown on military facilities but are only to be carried by the military units on parades.

National colours

The national colours constitute the portable variants of the National Flag for use on parades by the military units. In the past, the colours had a practical function, being used as a signal to guide the military units in battle. Originally, the colours were referred as "regimental flags" (bandeiras regimentais) or "military units flags" (bandeiras das unidades militares), but now they are referred as "national standards" (estandartes nacionais). The colours are always carried in parade by a junior officer, escorted by a colour guard.

The standard model of the colours – also adopted in 1911 – is a rectangular flag measuring  in width and  in length (ratio 12:13). Green and red are positioned at the hoist and fly, respectively, but occupy the field in an equal manner (1:1). Centred over the colour boundary lie the armillary sphere and Portuguese shield, surrounded by two yellow laurel branches intersecting at their stems. These are bound by a white stripe bearing the verse by Luís de Camões "Esta é a ditosa pátria minha amada" () as the motto. This differs from the version of coat of arms employed as emblem, where the laurel shoots are tied by a green and red stripe without the verse. The sphere's outer diameter is one-third of the width and lies  from the upper edge and  from the lower edge.

Although the 1911 regulation is, theoretically, still in force, the various branches of the Armed Forces made specific changes to it and so, several types of colours are used by the different military units. For example, the colours adopted by the Portuguese Army, in 1979, measures just .

Naval jack
The Portuguese naval jack (jaco or jaque) is only hoisted at the prow of docked or anchored Navy ships, from sunrise to sunset. The national flag is permanently hoisted at the stern, when sailing, and from sunrise to sunset, when docked. It is a square flag (ratio 1:1) bearing a green-bordered red field with the minor coat of arms on the centre. The width of the green border and the diameter of the armillary sphere are equal to  and  of the side's dimension, respectively.

Commissioning pennant
The Portuguese commissioning pennant (flâmula) is a long triangular flag, green on the hoist and red on the fly. It is to be flown on the main mast of the naval ships commanded by officers.

Government flags
Highly ranked state and governmental offices are also represented by their own flag. The President of the Republic () uses a flag largely similar to the national flag, except for having dark green as the only background colour. It is usually hoisted at the President's official residence, the Palace of Belém, as well as on the presidential car, as small-sized flags. The flag of the Prime-Minister is a white rectangle (ratio 2:3) with a dark green saltire, holding the lesser coat of arms on its centre, and a red bordure charged with a pattern of yellow laurel leaves. Other ministerial flags do not possess the red bordure. The flag of the Assembly of the Republic (), the national parliament, is also a white rectangle (ratio 2:3) with the lesser coat of arms in the centre and a dark green border.

See also

 Portuguese vexillology
 List of Portuguese flags
 Coat of arms of Portugal

Notes
 From the original Portuguese blazon: "''De prata, cinco escudetes, de blau, postos em cruz, cada um carregado com cinco besantes, de prata, postos em aspa; bordadura, de gules, carregada com sete castelos, de ouro, dos quais três em chefe".

References

Further reading

External links

 PROJECTOS DE BANDEIRA NACIONAL
 National Flag from the President of Portugal
 Bandeira Nacional by Museum of the Presidency of the Republic
 Portuguese Naval Flags by Associação Nacional de Cruzeiros

Portugal
Portugal
National symbols of Portugal

Flag of Portugal


Flory Jagoda (born Flora Papo; December 21, 1923January 29, 2021) was a Bosnian Jewishborn American guitarist, composer and singer-songwriter. She was known for her composition and interpretation of Sephardic songs, Judeo-Espanyol (Ladino) songs and the Bosnian folk ballads, sevdalinka.

Biography
Flory Jagoda was born Flora Papo on December 21, 1923, to a Bosnian Jewish family.  She grew up in the Bosnian towns of Vlasenica and her birth city of Sarajevo. She was raised in the Sephardic tradition in the musical Altarac family. Her mother, Rosa Altarac left her first husband and returned to the town of Vlasenica. There she met and married Michael Kabilio, and they settled in Zagreb, Croatia, where Kabilio owned a tie-making business.

When the Nazis invaded Yugoslavia in April 1941, her step-father (whom Flory referred to as her father) put 16-year-old Flory on a train to Split using false identity papers and removing the Jewish star from her coat. On the train she played her accordion ("hamoniku" in Serbo-Croatian) all the way to Split (at that time controlled by the Italians), with other passengers and even the conductor singing along; she was never asked for her ticket. Her parents joined her in Split several days later, and after a brief sojourn there they and other Jews who had escaped the Nazis were moved to various islands off the Croatian coast. Flory and her parents were sent to the island of Korčula, where they lived until fall 1943. Following the Italian capitulation, Jews on Korcula left by fishing boats for Bari, Italy, which had recently been liberated by the British army. While in Italy, she met and fell in love with an American soldier named Harry Jagoda.  She arrived in the United States as a war bride in 1946, going first to Harry's hometown of Youngstown, Ohio, and later moving to Northern Virginia.

The Sephardic community of Sarajevo and its surrounding communities were nearly obliterated during World War II.

Jagoda's recording Kantikas Di Mi Nona (Songs of My Grandmother) consists of songs her grandmother, a Sephardic folksinger, taught her as a young girl. Following the release of her second recording, Memories of Sarajevo, she recorded La Nona Kanta (The Grandmother Sings), songs she herself wrote for her grandchildren.

In her 90s, Jagoda has stated that Arvoliko: The Little Tree, released in 2006, would be her final solo recording. The tree, located in Bosnia, is said to be the only marker of the mass grave of 42 massacred members of the Altaras family. She referred to her four recordings as representing the four musical stages of her life. In 2006 she also released a series of duets with Ramón Tasat, Kantikas de amor i vida: Sephardic Duets.

Ladino, or Judeo-Espanyol, the language of the Sephardim, is in danger of extinction, but it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music. Jagoda was a leader in this revival.

In 2002, Jagoda received a National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts for her efforts in passing on the tradition of Sephardic songs sung in Ladino. In 2002, Ankica Petrovic produced a documentary film about her life. In the fall of 2013, a gala celebration concert honoring Flory's 90th birthday was held in Coolidge Auditorium at the Library of Congress. Jagoda was joined on stage by more than twenty of her students, colleagues, and family members. The concert was filmed by JEMGLO, which used portions of the concert interspersed with interviews with Jagoda, her family members, and several of her disciples and musical colleagues for the documentary Flory's Flame.  Her music is known and sung by many musicians around the world, but especially by her apprentice, Susan Gaeta, as a soloist and with Trio Sefardi (with Tina Chancey and Howard Bass), and by her student, Aviva Chernick.

The 2019 children's book The Key from Spain by Debbie Levy is a tribute to Jagoda's life and music.

Flory and her husband, Harry Jagoda, had four children. In later life, Jagoda developed dementia and was unable to sing. Flory Jagoda died age 97 on January 29, 2021.

Discography

Albums
 Kantikas Di Mi Nona (Songs of My Grandmother) (1988)
 Memories of Sarajevo
 La Nona Kanta (1992)
 Arvoliko (2006)
 Kantikas de amor i vida: Sephardic Duets (2006) Duets with Ramón Tasat

Video
  (documentary)
  (documentary)

Bibliography

See also
 Judaeo-Spanish
 Sephardic Jews
 "Ocho Kandelikas"

References

External links
 Official website

 Flory Jagoda: The Celebration Concert. 2013. Video. Retrieved from the Library of Congress

1923 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
American people of Spanish-Jewish descent
Bosnia and Herzegovina people of Spanish descent
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sephardi Jews
Jewish American musicians
Jewish folk singers
Judaeo-Spanish-language singers
Musicians from Sarajevo
National Heritage Fellowship winners
Singers from Virginia
Yugoslav emigrants to the United States
Yugoslav Jews
Bosnia and Herzegovina emigrants to the United States
21st-century American Jews

Flory Jagoda


Polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate (PCT) is a thermoplastic polyester formed from the polycondensation of terephthalic acid and cyclohexanedimethanol.  Its chemical structure is similar to that of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), with which it shares properties like dimensional stability and chemical resistance. PCT is also particularly resistant to high temperatures and hydrolysis. The melting point is 545 °F (285 °C). Common brand names are Thermx (Ticona), Eastar (Eastman) and SkyPURA (SK Chemicals).

Application
Polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate has good dimensional stability at excess temperatures (short-term up to 493 °F (256 °C)) making this material suitable for injection molding or 3D printing of thin-walled parts. PCT is used for electronics components like plug connectors. PCT is also processed into filaments, fibers, and fabrics that are used in industry as filters. The color stability and lower density are of advantage in other applications, especially in the LED reflector application.

References

External links
 PCT using the example of Thermx (PDF)
 Polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate (PCT) on MatWeb

Polyesters
Thermoplastics
Terephthalate esters


Leonard Bert Keller (February 25, 1947 – October 18, 2009) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

Biography
A native of Rockford, Illinois, Keller was drafted into the U.S. Army from Chicago in the spring of 1966. He attended basic training at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and advanced infantry training at Fort Polk, Louisiana. Sent to Vietnam that summer with the 60th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division, Keller and his unit performed reconnaissance missions in the Mekong Delta.

By May 2, 1967, Keller was serving as a sergeant in Company A, 3rd Battalion, 60th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division. On that day, in the Ap Bac Zone, Republic of Vietnam, Keller and fellow soldier Specialist Four Raymond R. Wright stormed a series of enemy bunkers which were firing on their unit. For their actions, both Keller and Wright were awarded the Medal of Honor. The medal was formally presented to him on September 19, 1968, by President Lyndon B. Johnson during a ceremony at the White House.

After being discharged from the military in August 1968, Keller married a United States Navy veteran and eventually moved to Milton, Florida. For more than 20 years, he was supervisor of the supply department at Naval Air Station Whiting Field, a primary flight training base northeast of Naval Air Station Pensacola.

Death

Keller died on October 18, 2009, at the age of 62 after a motorcycle accident in Milton. He was leaving a Fleet Reserve Association veterans' club when he lost control of his three-wheeled Harley-Davidson. The vehicle rolled several times and landed on top of him. He was taken to Sacred Heart Hospital in Pensacola, where he died. On November 30, 2009, Keller was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Medal of Honor citation
Sergeant Keller's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sweeping through an area where an enemy ambush had occurred earlier, Sgt. Keller's unit suddenly came under intense automatic weapons and small-arms fire from a number of enemy bunkers and numerous snipers in nearby trees. Sgt. Keller quickly moved to a position where he could fire at a bunker from which automatic fire was received, killing 1 Viet Cong who attempted to escape. Leaping to the top of a dike, he and a comrade charged the enemy bunkers, dangerously exposing themselves to the enemy fire. Armed with a light machine gun, Sgt. Keller and his comrade began a systematic assault on the enemy bunkers. While Sgt. Keller neutralized the fire from the first bunker with his machine gun, the other soldier threw in a hand grenade killing its occupant. Then he and the other soldier charged a second bunker, killing its occupant. A third bunker contained an automatic rifleman who had pinned down much of the friendly platoon. Again, with utter disregard for the fire directed to them, the 2 men charged, killing the enemy within. Continuing their attack, Sgt. Keller and his comrade assaulted 4 more bunkers, killing the enemy within. During their furious assault, Sgt. Keller and his comrade had been almost continuously exposed to intense sniper fire as the enemy desperately sought to stop their attack. The ferocity of their assault had carried the soldiers beyond the line of bunkers into the treeline, forcing snipers to flee. The 2 men gave immediate chase, driving the enemy away from the friendly unit. When his ammunition was exhausted, Sgt. Keller returned to the platoon to assist in the evacuation of the wounded. The 2-man assault had driven an enemy platoon from a well-prepared position, accounted for numerous enemy dead, and prevented further friendly casualties. Sgt. Keller's selfless heroism and indomitable fighting spirit saved the lives of many of his comrades and inflicted serious damage on the enemy. His acts were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself and the U.S. Army.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

References

1947 births
2009 deaths
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Motorcycle road incident deaths
People from Rockford, Illinois
People from Milton, Florida
Road incident deaths in Florida
United States Army soldiers
Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor

Leonard B. Keller


Golf Digest is a monthly golf magazine published by Warner Bros. Discovery through its sports unit. It is a generalist golf publication covering recreational golf and men's and women's competitive golf. The magazine started by John F. Barnett in 1950 in Chicago, moved to Connecticut in 1964 and was sold to The New York Times Company in 1969. The Times company sold their magazine division to Condé Nast in 2001. The headquarters of Golf Digest is in New York City relocated from Connecticut. On May 13, 2019, Discovery, Inc. acquired Golf Digest from Condé Nast, in order to integrate with GolfTV.

Course rankings
Golf Digest produces a biennial ranking of the world's best golf courses.

Since 1965, Golf Digest has produced biennial rankings of "America's 100 Greatest Golf Courses". The courses are voted on by a panel of several hundred golf experts. The magazine also produces lists of the best new courses, the best golf resorts, the best courses in each U.S. state and best American golf courses for women. Before the "Greatest" rankings were introduced in 1985, Golf Digest produced lists called at different times America's 100 Most Testing Courses and America's 100 Greatest Tests of Golf. Alongside the "100 Greatest Courses" ranking, and using the same methodology, Golf Digest publishes a list of "America's 100 Greatest Public Golf Courses". In this context, "public" means a golf course that is open to play by the public, as opposed to a private club—not necessarily a course operated by a governmental entity. In addition to its national rankings, Golf Digest also ranks courses at a state level.

The magazine also compiles a list of the leading courses outside the United States. This is created using information from national golf associations, plus votes by the same panelists supplemented by some additional ones with international knowledge.

In 2010, Golf Digest produced its inaugural ranking of "America's Top 50 Courses for Women". In creating the ranking, the magazine used nominations and evaluations by its panel of over 100 female raters as well as the woman-friendly criteria established by the editors. Those criteria included: at least one tee less than 5,300 yards; at least two sets of tees with USGA slope and course ratings for women; run-up areas to most or all greens and minimal forced carries for those playing from the forward tees.

Recognition
In 2009, Golf Digest was nominated for a National Magazine Awards by the American Society of Magazine Editors in the Magazine Section in recognition of the excellence of a regular section of a magazine based on voice, originality and unified presentation.

Female representation
In April 2014, Golf Digest was widely criticized when, after neglecting to picture a female golfer on their cover for six years, they chose to picture model Paulina Gretzky in a revealing outfit as their May 2014 cover. The move was "particularly frustrating" to LPGA golfers. LPGA Tour Commissioner Mike Whan issued a statement echoing the concerns expressed by LPGA players. In the October 2014 edition, U.S. Women's Open winner Michelle Wie appeared on the cover.

In May 2016, the magazine again featured a female celebrity in the cover, Paige Spiranac (who was, at the time, a professional golfer), which was criticized by veteran golfer Juli Inkster.

See also
Kingdom magazine

References

External links
Official site
Composite of all U.S. courses ever ranked
Official site for Golf Digest Golf Schools

1950 establishments in the United States
Warner Bros. Discovery brands
Digest
Magazines formerly owned by Condé Nast
Magazines established in 1950
Magazines published in Connecticut
Magazines published in New York City
Sports magazines published in the United States
Turner Sports

Golf Digest


Neo-Keynesian economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that was developed after World War II from the writings of John Maynard Keynes. A group of economists (notably John Hicks, Franco Modigliani, and Paul Samuelson), attempted to interpret and formalize Keynes' writings, and to synthesize it with the neo-classical models of economics. This model, the IS/LM model, is nearly as influential as Keynes' original analysis in determining actual policy and economics education. It relates aggregate demand and employment to three variables, that is, the amount of money in circulation, the government budget, and the state of business expectations. This model was very popular with economists after World War II because it could be understood in terms of general equilibrium theory. Their work has become known as the neo-classical synthesis. It created the models that formed the core ideas of neo-Keynesian economics. These ideas dominated mainstream economics in the post-war period, and formed the mainstream of macroeconomic thought in the 1950s, 60s and 70s.

In the 1970s a series of developments occurred that shook neo-Keynesian theory. The developed world suffered from slow economic growth and high inflation at the same time (stagflation). Also, the work of monetarists like Milton Friedman cast doubt on neo-Keynesian theories. The result was a series of new ideas to bring tools to Keynesian analysis that would be capable of explaining the economic events of the 1970s. The next great wave of Keynesian thinking began with the attempt to give Keynesian macroeconomic reasoning a microeconomic basis. The new Keynesians helped create a "new neo-classical synthesis" that currently forms the mainstream of macroeconomic theory. Following the emergence of the new Keynesian school, neo-Keynesians have sometimes been referred to as Old-Keynesians.

Notes and references

Economic theories

sk:Neokeynesovstvo

Neo-Keynesian economics


The Zhongnan Mountains (), sometimes called the Taiyi Mountains () or Zhounan Mountains (), are a branch of the Qin Mountains located in Shaanxi Province, south of Xi'an, China that extend from Wugong County in the east of the province to Lantian County.  At , the range's highest point is the Cuihua Mountain.  Other notable peaks and places in the Zhongnan mountains include Lou Guan Tai, (where Taoist sage Laozi is said to have dwelt and conveyed the Dao De Jing), as well as Nan Wutai () and Guifeng ().

The Zhongnan mountains have been a popular dwelling-place for Daoist hermits since at least the Qin Dynasty. Buddhist monks began living in the mountains after Buddhism's introduction into China from India in the early first millennium AD.  The Complete Perfection Sect, one of the largest branches of modern Taoism, was founded in the Zhongnan mountains by Song Dynasty Taoist Wang Chongyang.  Due to the mountains' close proximity to the ancient capital of Chang'an, officials who incurred the imperial court's wrath often fled to these mountains to escape punishment.

The Chinese folklorical deity Zhong Kui is said to have grown up in those same mountains. Other than the name, the context of Zhong Kui being a protection deity related to Taoist belief can be connected with the creation of the complete perfection sect.

See also
Qin Mountains
Wang Wei

References
 Bill Porter, Road To Heaven: Encounters with Chinese Hermits. Counterpoint, 1993.  .
 Edward A. Burger, Amongst White Clouds. Buddhist Hermit Masters of China's Zhongnan Mountains, Festival Media, 2007. Documentary movie.

External links

Zhongnan
Landforms of Shaanxi
History of Shaanxi

Zhongnan Mountains


Aftermath! ("Sunset on humanity, or dawn of a brave new world?") is a role-playing game created by Paul Hume and Robert Charette and published in 1981 by Fantasy Games Unlimited.

It is set in a post-apocalyptic world in which the characters fight for food, water, basic supplies, and shelter.

The nature of the apocalypse is up to the game master. An expansion, Aftermath! Magic!, is set in a universe dominated by dragons in the style of the film Reign of Fire.

Game design
Aftermath! is the second RPG produced by Hume and Charrette for FGU after producing Bushido.  It was also praised for its features, but often criticized for its complexity, a common refrain when discussing games from FGU.

Aftermath! 101 (Courtesy David Harmer, Fantasy Games Unlimited)

Characters are rated on a set of six stats – Wit, Will, Strength, Deftness, Speed, and Health. These are rated as follows:

 1-5 below average
 6-10 average
 11-14 above average
 15-24 Superior
 25-34 Above Superior
 35-40 Heroic

Characters also have a set of talents – Charismatic, Combative, Communicative, Esthetic, Mechanical, Natural, and Scientific. These talents govern the progress in skills, and can be used in a pinch as a "Natural Talent" instead of a skill.

Aftermath! is a true skill-based system, with no "levels" to artificially balance gameplay. A character has a set of skills that define the tasks that they are proficient in. Skills are rated on a skillscore, which is converted to a D20 roll (BCS) for convenience. If the D20 is under the BCS, then the skill test succeeds.

The combat system is a tiered system. The players only resolve the combat to the level of detail needed for the encounter; therefore, they can forgo using the more complex resolution methods if it benefits the game's current pace.

A basic attack is roll to hit (D20). If the target is an "extra", there is no need to even roll for damage.
An average attack (for a player attacking) is roll to hit (D20), and then roll for damage.
A detailed attack is roll to hit (D20), roll for hit location (D100), then roll for damage.
A personality attack (or an attack against the PC) is roll to hit (D20) roll for location(d100) roll for damage, and resolve any special effects as needed.

Each weapon or attack method uses a different number of "damage dice" to express its power. A muscle-powered or melee weapon, for instance, uses the character's strength statistic as its damage dice.  Firearms, on the other hand, use a fixed amount of damage dice regardless of a character's stats, based on the caliber of the weapon.

Notable to this system, skill advancement (what might be considered "leveling-up" in other RPGs) is a fluid and ongoing process, based on the application of a talent during gameplay.  A specific talent that is used successfully during gameplay increments in ability immediately after being used.

Most everything the player needs to know to play the game is summarized on their character sheet.

Contents
 3 rulebooks - Basic Rules, Player's Guide and Gamemaster's Guide
 an introductory scenario
 character sheet
 a 3 panel reference sheet (full of tables and charts)
 counters and a feedback sheet

Reception
William A. Barton reviewed Aftermath in The Space Gamer No. 43. Barton commented that "If your taste in RPGs tends toward simplicity or to systems that are easily playable without a lot of work, you'll surely want to pass up Aftermath, and stick to Gamma World or The Morrow Project.  If you thrive on complexity, countless calculations and mounds of information, Aftermath will give you that - and more."

Like its sibling, Bushido, Aftermath! gained a number of very positive reviews on its publication. In the Open Box feature of White Dwarf #34, Andy Slack gave the game a 10/10, comparing it favourably to both Bushido and The Morrow Project RPG.

It received similar positive treatment in the pages of the short-lived Imagine magazine. The reviewer compared it favorably to Mad Max but disliked the use of Australia because it would  not be well-known to North American or European players and suggested moving it to a more familiar location. Baylis also compares the game to The Morrow Project and gives the adventure included a positive review.

However, Thomas Grant, writing for Different Worlds, was disappointed in the level of violence in the game, saying, "Although violence is gratuitous in RPGs there are parameters of context and quantity which Aftermath! seems to overstep. [The game] practically exults in its morbid meticulousness with every minutiae of killing." Given the 2-page flowchart to explain combat, Grant pointed out, "The unfortunate consequence of all this painstaking attention to detail is that the combat system has sacrificed playability for realism." He also criticized the organization of material,  saying "little effort has been made to organize the rules and make them easily indexed. Aftermath! ... is a paragon of bad organization: the combat system is sprawled across all three books, and some of the information necessary for the player's design of their characters is in sections marked, 'Gamesmasters Only!'"  Grant concluded, "Aftermath! as an idea has enormous potential; Aftermath! as a game buries its potential beneath a mountain of ultra-detailed combat rules, and it is up to the individual GM to make up for the gross inadequacies of the game taken at face value. The important question for anyone considering Aftermath! is, 'Is it worth the effort?'"

In his 1990 book The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games, game critic Rick Swan called this game "an interesting premise, but somewhere along the way, the game lost focus. Instead of exploring the rich possibilities of a postapocalyptic setting, Aftermath bogs down in a mire of rules, resulting in a  game so complicated that it's nearly unplayable." Swan also felt that "there's an uncomfortable preoccupation with violence ... with virtually every facet of combat rendered in excruciating detail." Given the level of violence, Swna pointed out that the characters are not particularly robust "which is a big drawback in a game as violence-prone as Aftermath. A well-placed shot from a sniper or a bite from a poison cookie can instantly wipe out a character that it took a couple of hours to create." Swan concluded by giving the game a below-average rating of 2 out of 4, saying, "Though its drawbacks are many, Aftermath is paradise for players who thrive on detail or for thos who want to wring every last drop of blood out of combat encounters. But for thos emore interested in role-playing that in staging detailed fights, wading through the two-hundred-plus pages of Aftermath rules is hardly worth the effort."

In a 1996 readers' poll conducted by the UK games magazine Arcane to determine the 50 most popular role-playing games, Aftermath was ranked 29th.  Editor Paul Pettengale commented: "Aftermath can be a harrowing game. Still, in the hands of a decent ref, it can also be one of the most involving to come out of the pre-1985 boom, with plenty of scope for freeform campaigns."

Other reviews and commentary
Arcane #14 (Christmas 1996)

Scenarios
A number of add-on scenario and campaign books were published. Because of the detailed rules, it was possible to build extremely detailed and believable worlds around actual places, such as Sydney University, where for example every room in the University was modeled with lengthy descriptions of items in each room, and maps based on actual university blueprints.

Aftermath Scenario Pack 1: Into The Ruins - The City of Littleton (1981), by Robert N. Charrette and Paul R. Hume. Published by Fantasy Games Unlimited. Takes place in the city of Littleton, Illinois.
Aftermath Scenario Pack A1: Operation Morpheus - The Ruins of the University (1982), by Phil McGregor. Published by Fantasy Games Unlimited. Takes place in Australia centered on Sydney University
Aftermath Campaign Pack A2 - Sydney, The Wilderness (1984), by Phil McGregor. Published by Fantasy Games Unlimited. Sydney region.
Adventure Pack K1 - The Empire of Karo (1984), by William Pixley. Published by Fantasy Games Unlimited. Set in Cairo, Illinois.
Aftermath Campaign Pack C1 - The City State, Chicago & The Illinois River Valley (1987), by J. Andrew Keith. Published by Fantasy Games Unlimited.
Aftermath! Technology (1992), by David S. Harmer. Published by Dinosaur Games. Rules expansion and technology supplement.
Aftermath! Technology (2008), by David S. Harmer. 2nd edition Published by Fantasy Games Unlimited. Rules expansion and technology supplement.
Aftermath! Survival Guide (2008), by David S. Harmer. Published by Fantasy Games Unlimited. Rules expansion and technology supplement covering roleplaying during the collapse.
Aftermath! - The Lost Adventures (2009), is a reprint of Aftermath Scenario Pack A1: Operation Morpheus - The Ruins of the University and Adventure Pack K1 - The Empire of Karo in a single volume.
Aftermath! Magic! (2010), by David S. Harmer. 2nd edition Published by Fantasy Games Unlimited. Magic rules expansion and campaign supplement. Covers playing after a Magical collapse.
Aftermath! Asteroid Cybele: The American Wasteland, By David S. Harmer and Eddie Johnson - Campaign pack set 20 years after an asteroid hits the planet. Covers the United States. This is the largest campaign pack ever published by FGU for Aftermath! The first campaign book in the connected Cybele campaign.
Aftermath: Asteroid Cybele: Lords of London, by Stephen Dedman. The London area after the collapse.
Aftermath! Asteroid Cybele: The Wild West, by Stephen Dedman. Southwest Australia in the Cybele campaign.
Aftermath! Asteroid Cybele: The Fleet, by David S. Harmer. The surviving US fleet, traveling the world, and finding a "Lost Island" of adventures and bio-engineering. This campaign pack ties the other Cybele campaigns together.
Aftermath! Asteroid Cybele: Prague, by David S. Harmer. Announced European campaign pack for the Cybele campaign. Release postponed to 2021.

References

External links
Aftermath! credits
Game contents and expansion packs
 French language fansite Loukoum Online
Fantasy Games Unlimited Website

Fantasy Games Unlimited games
Post-apocalyptic role-playing games
Role-playing games introduced in 1981

Aftermath!


The Süder Uplands (, sometimes Südergebirge i.e. Süder Hills), form a major natural region (no. 33 or D38) of the Rhenish Massif in the German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and northwestern Hesse. They correspond roughly to the historic regions of the Sauerland, Bergisches Land, Siegerland and Wittgenstein Land in NRW as well as the Upland and the extreme northwest of the Hinterland in Hesse.

Mountain and hill ranges

The uplands include several mountain and hill ranges that are commonly referred to as the Sauerland:

 Rothaar Mountains (Langenberg, 843 m)
 Saalhausen Hills (Himberg, 688 m)
 Ebbe Mountains (Nordhelle, 663 m)
 Lenne Mountains (Homert, 656 m)
 Plackwald (582 m)

In listing these ranges the Bergisches Land with its 519 m high peak of Homert (Oberbergischer Kreis) is often counted. However these are foothills of the Ebbe Mountains, whilst the historic Bergisches Land lies on the slopes of the Süder Uplands as they gradually descend to the Rhine.

In a similar way the highest elevations of the historic Siegerland (such as the 678 m high Riemen) are not in the natural region of Siegerland (see major landscape units), but in the Rothaar Mountains. And the 633-metre-high Alte Burg lies geographically  in the Siegerland, but is not the highest elevation of an independent ridge. Rather, it is part of the Siegerland Rothaar Foothills (Siegerländer Rothaar-Vorhöhen), which form the western slopes of the Rothaar Mountains.

The Hessian Upland in turn is part of the Rothaar Mountains forming the eastern edge of the range.

See also
Natural regions of Germany

References

External links
 Bundesamt für Naturschutz – Landscape fact file for all parts of the Süder Uplands (33***)
 Phenological natural region map

Central Uplands
Mountain ranges of North Rhine-Westphalia
Mountain ranges of Hesse

Süder Uplands


Crandall syndrome is a very rare congenital disorder characterised by progressive sensorineural hearing loss, hair loss associated with pili torti, and hypogonadism demonstrated through low levels of luteinising hormone and growth hormone. It is thought to be an autosomal recessive disorder closely related to Björnstad syndrome which presents similarly but without hypogonadism.

The condition was first reported by B. F. Crandall in 1973.

References

External links

Congenital disorders
Rare syndromes
Syndromes affecting hearing

Crandall syndrome


John Rusling Block (born February 15, 1935) is a former U.S. secretary of agriculture, during the Reagan administration. He later became a lobbyist.

Early life
Block was born in Galesburg, Illinois, on February 15, 1935. Of German descent, Block was the son of Julius Judd Block and Madeline (née Maddy) Block. He came from a strongly rural background where the home had no electricity. He graduated from West Point in 1957 and served in 101st Airborne. After that, he became successful in agribusiness.

Government services
Block was a Republican whose agriculture successes formed the basis for his position as the Illinois Director of Agriculture. This led to him becoming the secretary of agriculture in President Ronald Reagan's administration. He was involved in the 1985 Farm Bill Act.

Block was a Secretary of Agriculture, when more farmers lost their farms than at any time since the Great Depression of the 1930s.  During his term as Secretary, a Federal court judge ruled in a due process decision, Coleman vs. Block, 663 FSupp 1315, 1332 (D.N.D. 1987), that the U.S. Department of Agriculture ("USDA") and Farmers Home Administration ("FmHA") were not giving farmers enough notice of alternative debt restructuring options. The Court ordered the USDA and FmHA to amend the forms issued to farmers. The decision eventually led to restructuring and reorganization of many farm debts.  During the U.S. government's appeal of the decision, Congress passed the Agricultural Credit Act of 1987, Pub. L. No. 100-233, 101 Stat. 1568 (1988). Title VI of the Act made extensive changes in the statutory provisions which had formed the background for the Coleman litigation, the changes being designed to carry out the intent of the Coleman decisions.

In June 1981, Secretary Block invited agricultural and educational leaders willing to work cooperatively toward the common goal of educating the public about the role of agriculture to a workshop in Washington, DC. The resulting task force recommended that the U.S. Department of Agriculture help coordinate local and state Agriculture in the Classroom efforts. The Declaration of Principle was announced by Secretary of Agriculture John Block with a fanfare on Ag Day, March 21, 1983. The Declaration of Principle spelled out the purpose of the Agriculture in the Classroom program and featured the signatures of all seven living former Secretaries of Agriculture. There are now Agriculture in the Classroom programs in every state and many U.S. Territories. Canada, with assistance from USDA, developed an Agriculture in the Classroom program in every Province as well as a national organization. Countries around the world are interested in Agriculture in the Classroom because they have experienced the same needs in agricultural education.

Post-government career

Since then he has been an executive at John Deere and is President of Food Distributors International. In 1992, he won the Horatio Alger Award. He has been the active in global food programs as well.

In 2004, he joined the Board of Directors of "Digital Angel", which is more of an Internet company. He has also served on the Board of Directors of Friends of the World Food Program (currently known as World Food Program USA), a non-profit dedicated to supporting the UN World Food Program and its efforts to end global hunger. He is a Senior Policy Adviser at Olsson Frank Weeda Terman Bode Matz, a Washington law and lobbying firm that specializes in representing interests before the USDA and related federal agencies. Since 2008, he has served on the Board of Directors for Aemetis.

Private life
He married Susan Rathje "Sue" Block, a cousin of famed Chicago banker Frank C. Rathje. He and Susan had one son and two daughters: Hans, Cynthia and Christine. He was a very large farmer outside of Knoxville, Illinois and his children attended public school in Knoxville, Illinois. He has a daughter, Savannah, with his second wife and they live in Dunn Loring, Virginia.

External links
John Block profile from a site on Presidents
Essays on John Block from 1977
Block's Resignation letter to Reagan
Horatio Alger Award site
John Block Reports Archived radio commentary from John Block's weekly radio spot about agriculture and government

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1935 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Illinois
American food industry businesspeople
United States Secretaries of Agriculture
Reagan administration cabinet members
Military personnel from Illinois
20th-century American politicians
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United States Military Academy alumni
People from Galesburg, Illinois
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John Deere

John R. Block


François de Labouchere, born at Saint-Jean-le-Vieux (Ain) on 18 September 1917 and killed in air-to-air combat on 5 September 1942, was a French pilot of the Second World War.

Biography
François de Labouchere was one of the first pilots to join the Free French Air Force. He was a cadet pilot at the time of the Battle of France, during which his father (a cavalry officer) died. He was in Morocco when the armistice arrived. Going via Gibraltar, he then returned to England, where he met up with his college friend Émile Fayolle.

Appointed as a warrant officer in September 1940, he was posted to No. 85 Squadron in company with Fayolle. In March 1941, promoted to 2nd lieutenant, he was posted to No. 242 Squadron, where Philippe de Scitivaux and Bernard Dupérier were found, still with Fayolle. In July, sacrificing his leave, he was posted at his request to No. 615 Squadron where René Mouchotte and Jean Maridor were stationed. In November 1941 he was posted to the Île-de-France fighter group, the No. 340 (Free French) Squadron, where he became captain and commander of the Versailles squadron on 1 August 1942. On 19 August, the day of the attack on Dieppe, his friend Fayolle disappeared. On 5 September, Labouchere disappeared in turn, during air-to-air combat. His body has never been recovered. He took off at 09.30 (BST) as Yellow 1 in Spitfire BL803/GW-L (TNA, AIR 27/1737/20, Form 541, 340 Squadron, September 1942) and was shot down by JG 26 pilot after 11.30 hours (GST).

Victories

 On 23 June 1941, he shot down a Bf 109 above Desvres.
 On 18 September 1941, he shot down a Bf 109 above Ostend.
 On 19 August 1942, he shot down two Do 217s above Dieppe.

Decorations
 Knight of the Legion of Honour.
 Companion of the Liberation, decreed on 5 January 1943.
 Croix de Guerre 1939-45, with four palms.
 Medal of the Resistance, with rosette.
 Commemorative medal of the voluntary services in Free France.
 Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)

Citations
 "The most difficult thing is not to accomplish one's duty, but to discern it."
 "Live proudly with misfortune, rather than accept shameful fortune."

External links
  Biographical note on the site of the Order of the Liberation

1917 births
1942 deaths
French aviators
French Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
French military personnel killed in World War II
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
People from Ain
Royal Air Force personnel killed in World War II

François de Labouchere


Professor Mohan Munasinghe is internationally-recognized expert on energy, sustainable development and climate change, a Sri Lankan-born intellectual is the Chairman of his own institution called the  Munasinghe Institute for Development , Sri Lanka. As the Vice President of the  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), he had the distinction to receive the IPCC's shared 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former Vice President of the United States Al Gore., thus being the first Sri Lankan to do so. Professor Mohan Munasinghe shares the Nobel Peace Prize of 2007 with IPCC colleagues and Al Gore, for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change. He is also Visiting Professor at the United Nations University in Tokyo. Prof. Munasinghe has served as an honorary senior advisor to every administration of Sri Lanka government since 1980. He was the senior energy adviser to Sri Lankan President J.R. Jayawardane, during 1982-87. He was Chancellor, International Water Academy, Oslo, and Founding-President, Lanka International Forum on Environment and Sustainable Development (LIFE). He helped to found the Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka.

අධ්‍යාපනය

He was educated at the prestiges Royal College, Colombo and received the B.A. (Hons.) and M.A. degrees in Engineering from Cambridge University , UK in 1967. He also has obtained the prestigious S.M. and Ph. D E.E. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), U.S.A. in 1970. He also has a Ph.d. in Solid State Physics from McGill University from Canada, in 1973, and an M.A. in Development Economics from Concordia University, Canada, in 1975. He has received several honorary doctorates (honoris causa).

Positions Held
Presently, he is Chairman, Munasinghe Institute for Development, Colombo; Vice Chair, UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Geneva; Honorary Senior Advisor to the Government of Sri Lanka; and Visiting Professor, United Nations University, Tokyo. Until recently, he was Senior Advisor/Manager, World Bank, Wash. DC, covering sustainable development, environmental policy, water, energy and transport; and Chancellor, International Water Academy, Oslo. After working over 35 years in the international arena, he is recognized as a leading world authority on environment and development, with field experience in climate change, disaster management, economics, environment, energy, telecommunications, transport, urban infrastructure, and water resources projects in most developing countries.

From 1982 to 1987, Prof. Munasinghe was the Senior Advisor (Energy and Information Technology) to the President of Sri Lanka, helping to formulate and implement the national energy strategy and computer policy. He was founder Chairman, Computer and Information Technology Council (CINTEC), and served on the Presidential Commission that determined national telecommunications policy. From 1982 to 1987, he was Board Member, Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka; Governor, Arthur Clarke Centre for Modern Technology, Sri Lanka. During 1990-92, he served as Advisor to the US President's Council on Environmental Quality (PCEQ).

Since 1972, he has also served as expert advisor/consultant to many world bodies. He is also Director of the Canifex International Socio Economic Development Centre (Canadian non profit foundation), and founding-Director of both the World Energy Efficiency Association (WEEA) in Washington DC, and the New Sun Foundation in Geneva. He is Patron and Founder of the Lanka Society for Sustainable Development (LASS), and President-Emeritus and Founder of the Sri Lanka Energy Managers Assoc. (SLEMA).

He has taught university courses for the past 30 years, on energy, water, resource management, and environmental economics, in Sri Lanka, Canada, and the US. He has organized and conducted international training seminars on the environmental economics, energy, water and information technology. He is the author of several hundred technical papers in well-known scientific journals; and over 90 scholarly books).He serves on the Editorial Boards of a dozen international periodicals,

Prizes And Honours
Prof. Munasinghe has won a number of international prizes and honours for research and applications. Most notably, as IPCC Vice Chair, he was co-winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize for Peace, for scientific contributions to knowledge about climate change and sustainable development. He received the 2007 Sarvodaya (Sri Lanka) Award for Humanity, Peace and Development. In 2006, he was awarded both the Zayed International Prize for Environment (jointly with other authors) for contributions to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, and the Swarnavahini Sri Lanka Abhimanya (Excellence) Award. In 2005, the President of Bangladesh presented him with the Order of Fellowship of the Independent University of Bangladesh, for exceptional contributions to economics, energy and environment. In 2003, he received the award for outstanding lifetime achievements from a consortium of 16 major professional institutions in Sri Lanka.  He was awarded the 2003 Adelman-Frankel prize for unique and innovative contributions to energy research, by the US Assoc. of Energy Economics – Int. Assoc. for Energy Econ. (USAEE-IAEE). The green award for exceptional contributions to sustainable development was presented to him in 1998, at the Sixth World Congress of the International Federation of Environmental Journalists. He received the international best treatise award and medal for sustainable water resource management from the International Foundation for Water Science and Technology at the 1994 World Water Congress in Abu Dhabi. In 1990, two commemorative volumes of his selected papers in energy and electricity were issued, with felicitations from eminent experts as well as 20 leading international journals.  He is also the recipient of the international prize for outstanding work in electric power and energy systems analysis and pricing awarded in 1988 at the Fifth Latin American and Caribbean Energy Conference, and the annual award for exceptional contributions to energy research and policy applications, presented in 1987 by the Int. Assoc. for Energy Economics, U.S.A. In 1985, he received the Sinha Gold Medal for outstanding scientific achievement in Sri Lanka, from the Lions International Organization. His academic awards include the 1966 J. W. Beauchamp Prize from the Inst. of Electrical Engineers (UK), and the 1968 Albert M. Grass Prize at MIT (USA).

He is a Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science, USA (FWAAS), Third World Acad. of Sciences, Italy (FTWAS), Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics - Royal Swedish Acad. of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, Sri Lanka (FNASSL), Royal Society for Arts, UK (FRSA), International Water Academy, Norway (FIWA), Institution of Electrical Engineers, UK (FIEE), and Institute of Engineers, Sri Lanka (FIESL).OTHER INTERESTS

OTHER INTERESTS
Prof. Munasinghe has represented Sri Lanka (Juniors) and Cambridge University in lawn tennis and won a number of Sri Lanka National and other titles. His interests include swimming, wind surfing, chess, bridge, amateur astronomy, saxophone playing, tai-chi, and meditation.

Family
The Professor's wife Mrs. Sria Munasinghe is Vice Chair of MIND and supports his activities. She has had an important influence on Professor Munasinghe's life.

References

External links
MIND - Munasinghe Institute for Development  - private, nonprofit organization, established to play a key role in nurturing communities of scholars and practitioners who will address sustainable development issues worldwide and explore viable means of achieving this goal in Sri Lanka and elsewhere without compromising economic, environmental and socio-cultural integrity.
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Sri Lankan academics
Sri Lankan engineers
Sri Lankan scientists
Sri Lankan people
සිංහල ජනයා
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Old Royalists

මොහාන් මුණසිංහ


Billy the Kid is a Lucky Luke comic book written by Goscinny and illustrated by Morris. It is the twentieth title in the original series. The original French-language version was printed in 1962 by Dupuis. It is the first in the English versions published by Cinebook Ltd.

Plot
In 1878, the town of Fort Weakling is "terrorized" by the notorious criminal Billy the Kid - or, more accurately, the citizens cower in fear of the things Billy, a bullying type, could supposedly do to them. Lucky Luke arrives at Fort Weakling, surprised at the deserted streets and the overly nervous welcome by the local hotel manager. He meets Billy, who finds him funny and invites him to drink hot chocolate in the saloon. As a result of a 'joke' of Billy's, Luke crushes a cake on his face. Billy finds it funny. When he learns that Luke has stood up to Billy, Josh Belly, the editor of the local newspaper and the only man in town determined to see Billy jailed, has Luke made assistant sheriff.

However, the fight against the bandit is more difficult than expected. Billy's victims are so terrified that they refuse to testify against him. Luke manages to find a local citizen to testify against him - Foster Rawson, the grocer, from whom Billy regularly red caramels - but Rawson attempts to flee the town to not have to testify. Lucky Luke retrieves him, but at the trial itself the members of the jury refuse to convict Billy, who leaves the court to the applause of the judge, the witness and the jury.

After these failed attempts, Lucky Luke decides to teach the people that desperados are not as bad as they pretend to be. With the help of Belly, he pretends to turn into a desperado and begins to terrorize the town, including with a staged stagecoach attack and a bank robbery. Citizens start demonstrating for Billy the Kid to defend them against Lucky Luke. Completely taken aback, Billy proposes an alliance with Luke, who rejects it with contempt. A duel is organized between the two in the main street, but the support of the population for Billy makes him break down, and Luke captures him. After some encouragement and recompensation by Luke and Belly, the citizens finally testify at Billy's trial, and Billy is sentenced to 1,247 years in prison.

Characters

 Billy the Kid: Spoilt child with a turned-up nose and a freckled face; he only drinks hot chocolate and loves soft caramels. He will ultimately be sentenced to more than 1,200 years of forced labor. He will also appear as a main character in The Escort, and as a secondary character in The Black Hills (1963), Jesse James (1969) and Belle Starr (1995).
 Josh Belly: Director of The Clairon newspaper, he dares to resist Billy and allies with Lucky Luke.
 Mr. Bonney: Billy's father, who spanks him during his first diligence attack and deprives him of dessert; he adds that this deprivation will be applied to each new attack, which results in the departure of Billy.
 Kirk: Billy asks him to read the paper, but as he calls for mobilization against Billy, he prefers to invent a fairy tale.
 Sarah and Foster Rawson: Village grocers, suppliers of soft caramels for Billy, by whom they are terrorized.
 Sam: Saloon bartender, who only serves hot chocolate.
 Judge Yelloliver ("yellow liver"): He acquits Billy in his first trial, but when the latter, neutralized, appears a second time, he sentences him to 1,247 years of forced labor after nine seconds of deliberation.

Notes
The story's epilogue marks the first appearance of Jesse James in the series, before his eventual starring role in the 1969 album.
The story has resemblance to the cartoon short film Two Gun Goofy (1952).

References

 Morris publications in Spirou BDoubliées

External links
 Lucky Luke official site album index
 Goscinny website on Lucky Luke

Comics by Morris (cartoonist)
Comics about Billy the Kid
Lucky Luke albums
1962 graphic novels
Works originally published in Spirou (magazine)
Works by René Goscinny
Fiction set in 1878
Cultural depictions of Jesse James

Billy the Kid (Lucky Luke)


Charles M. Autenrieth (1828–1906) was an American architect whose practice was centered in Philadelphia. From 1852 to 1902, he was in partnership with Edward Collins, and thereafter with his son, Charles M. Autenrieth, Jr.

Autenrieth was born in Wurtenburg, Germany, and came to the United States in 1849.  He found positions first with Philadelphia architect Samuel Sloan, and then John McArthur, Jr. In 1852, entered into a partnership with fellow German immigrant Edward Collins (1821-1902).

The architectural firm of Collins & Autenrieth designed buildings for both private individuals and civic institutions. The Lea family served as clients for many commissions.

Collins & Autenrieth designed the first store for Lit Brothers at 735-39 Market Street (NE corner 8th & Market) in 1893. As the store grew, they expanded it into 731-33 Market (1895), 723-29 Market (1896), and, at the other end of the block, 701-07 Market (1907).

Much of Collins & Autenrieth's work centered upon Philadelphia's German immigrant community.

At least two of Collins & Autenrieth's works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Architectural Work - Partial Listing

Philadelphia buildings
 Alterations to Philadelphia Contributionship, 210-16 South 4th Street, Philadelphia - 1866-67.
 Central Presbyterian Church, 704-14 North Broad Street, Philadelphia - 1877. Now Greater Exodus Baptist Church.
 Alterations to Wagner Free Institute of Science, 1700 West Montgomery Avenue, Philadelphia - circa 1885
 Residence for Henry Charles Lea, 704 Sansom Street, Philadelphia - 1890.
 Lit Brothers Department Store, 701-39 Market Street, Philadelphia - 1893-1907, (Collins & Autenrieth), NRHP-listed
Wagner Free Institute of Science, 17th Street and Montgomery Avenue. Philadelphia (Collins & Autenrieth), NRHP-listed

Demolished/unbuilt buildings
 Design competition for Academy of Music - 1854 (not built).
 Design competition for Masonic Temple - 1867 (not built).
 Design competition for Machinery Hall, Centennial Exposition - 1876 (not built). Awarded First Prize of $4000.
 Design competition for Library Company of Philadelphia - 1879 (not built).
 Alterations to Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company Offices, 227 South 4th Street, Philadelphia - 1871 (demolished).
 "Rylston" Residence for Charles M. Lea, Paper Mill Road, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania - 1886 (demolished).
 Alterations to Library Company of Philadelphia, Juniper & Locust Streets, Philadelphia - 1890 (demolished).
 Lea Institute of Hygiene (Smith Hall), University of Pennsylvania, South 34th Street, Philadelphia - 1891 (demolished 1995).
 Alterations to Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co. Building, 3rd & Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia (demolished).

References

1828 births
1906 deaths
19th-century American architects
Architects from Philadelphia
German emigrants to the United States

Charles M. Autenrieth


Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi,  (10 March 1869 – 7 January 1932) was a lawyer and politician from British India.  As a practising barrister, he quickly gained renown and during the 1920s and 1930s he came to be regarded as one of India's leading lawyers.

Early life and education
Mian Muhammad Shafi was born on 10 March 1869 in Lahore, the capital  of the Punjab in British  India. His father's name was Mian Din Muhammad and he belonged to the aristocratic  Arain  Mian family of Baghbanpura, Lahore.

He was educated at Government College, Lahore as well as Forman Christian College, Lahore. In 1889 he went to London to study for the Bar and was admitted at Middle Temple where his cousin Mian Shah Din had been studying for the past two years. Whilst in London he took an active role in politics becoming president for a term of the London branch of the Anjuman-I- Islamia. He returned to India in 1892 and began his legal career in Hoshiarpur whilst also enrolling at the Allahabad and Lahore High Courts.

Foundation of All India Muslim League
Mian Muhammad Shafi was a supporter of the Pakistan Movement and an advocate against British rule. The name All-India Muslim League was proposed by a number of Muslims including Sir Mian Mohammad Shafi in the founding meeting of the League that was held on 30 December 1906 on the occasion of the annual All India Muhammadan Educational Conference, at the Ahsan Manzil Palace, Shahbagh, Dhaka that was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah (1871 – 1915). The meeting was attended by three thousand delegates and presided over by Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk. The other founding members were Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Syed Ameer Ali, and Mualana Mohammad Ali Jouhar.

Punjab Muslim League
Mian Muhammad Shafi organized a Muslim Association in early 1906, but when the All-India Muslim League was formed, he established its powerful branch in the Punjab of which he became the General Secretary. This branch, organized in November 1907, was known as the Punjab Provincial Muslim League.

He was also a member of the Simla Deputation in 1906. In 1909, and again in 1912, Shafi was nominated to the Provincial Legislative Council. In 1911, 1914, 1917, he was a member of the Imperial Legislative Council. He was appointed a CIE in 1916. In July 1919, Mian Muhammad Shafi, who had been elected as the President of the Chief Court Bar, became a member of the Viceroy's Executive Council during 1919–24. His tenure as Education Member was marked by many important developments, including the setting up of the Muslim University of Aligarh. He was also acting Vice-President of the Governor-General's Executive Council 1922–25. He was Council's member for education, health and later also for Law; also, he was knighted in 1925 with the KCSI.

Mohammad Shafi supported the government in Simon commission in 1927 Muslim league session in Lahore.

After completing his term, he again became active in Muslim politics and played an important role when the Simon Commission visited India and, again, at the first Round Table Conference 1930–31.

His two daughters namely Begum Jahan Ara Shah Nawaz and Begum Geti Ara Bashir Ahmad earned fame as leading Muslim women who took active part in the Pakistan Movement. He was married to Mehrunissa, elder sister of Sir Abdul Rashid.

Death
He died on 7 January 1932 and was buried in his ancestral graveyard in Baghbanpura, Lahore. Sir Shafi was married twice and was survived by his children: Mian Muhammad Rafi, Begum Jahanara Shah Nawaz, Begum Geti Ara Bashir Ahmad and Mian Iqbal Shafi.

Titles
1869–1916: Mian Muhammad Shafi (he had just one title 'Mian' during this period)
1916–1925: Mian Muhammad Shafi, CIE (the title of 'Sir' by the British government was added in 1919)
1925–1932: Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi, KCSI, CIE (knighted by the British government in 1925)

See also

 Mian family of Baghbanpura
 Arain

References

Further reading
Pershotam Mehra, A Dictionary of Modern Indian History (1707–1947)

1869 births
1932 deaths
History of Punjab
Pakistan Muslim League politicians
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Indian knights
Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India
Mian family
People from Lahore
Leaders of the Pakistan Movement
Members of the Council of the Governor General of India
Lawyers in British India

Mian Muhammad Shafi


An interreligious organization or interfaith organization is an organization that encourages dialogue and cooperation between the world's different religions. In 1893, the Parliament of the Worlds Religions held, in conjunction with the World Colombian Exposition, a conference  held in Chicago that is believed to be the first interfaith gathering of notable significance. In the century since, many local, national and international organizations have been founded.

International organizations
 American Jewish Committee (AJC) Dept of Interreligious Affairs, established 1906
 Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs at Georgetown University
 Center for Jewish-Christian Understanding and Cooperation (CJCUC), established 2008
 Council for a Parliament of the World's Religions, established 1988
 Elijah Interfaith Institute, established 1997
 European Council of Religious Leaders, established 2002
 Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), established 1914
 Focolare Movement
 Institute for Interreligious Dialogue
 The Inter Faith Network
 Interfaith Encounter Association
 Interfaith Worker Justice
 International Fellowship of Reconciliation
 Institute for Interreligious Dialogue
 Interfaith Alliance
 Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development
 Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility
 Interfaith Dialog Center
 Interfaith Drug Policy Initiative
 Interfaith Encounter Association
 Interfaith Encounter Association
 Interfaith Institute of Divine Love
 Interfaith Leadership Council of Metropolitan Detroit
 Interfaith Medical Center
 Interfaith Nutrition Network
 Interfaith Worker Justice
 Interfaith Worker Justice
 International Association for Religious Freedom
 International Council of Christians and Jews
 International Humanist and Ethical Union
 Interreligious and International Federation for World Peace
 International Association for Religious Freedom (IARF), established 1900
 International Council of Christians and Jews (ICCJ), established 1975
 Interreligious and International Federation for World Peace
 International Humanist and Ethical Union - world body for Humanism that promotes comparative religion and inter religious dialogue
 KAICIID Dialogue Centre, established in 2012
 Lutheran World Federation Program on Interfaith and Peace
 Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism
 Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council
 Network of Spiritual Progressives
 North American Interfaith Network
 Project Interfaith
 Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, established 1964
 The Religious Institute on Sexual Morality, Justice, and Healing
 Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding
 Temple of Understanding (ToU), established 1960
 United Religions Initiative (URI), established 2000
 The World Conference of Religions for Peace, established 1970
 World Council of Churches Team on Interreligious Relations, established 1948
 World Interfaith Harmony Week

National and local bodies
 Comité Pro Paz (Chile), 1973-1975; supported human rights during the Pinochet regime
 The Interfaith Alliance (USA), established 1994
 Interfaith Center of New York
 Interfaith Partners of South Carolina (USA), established 2010
 Interfaith Families Project of Greater Washington, D.C.
 Interfaith Housing Center of the Northern Suburbs
 Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism, established 1983
 Network of Spiritual Progressives, established 2006
 Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council, established 2016
 Interfaith Families Project of Greater Washington, D.C., established in 1995

Governmental Institutions
Some governmental institutions are geared specifically with dealing with diversity of religions.

Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau

See also
 Interfaith dialogue

Interfaith organizations
Interreligious

List of interreligious organizations