Yenagoa is a Local Government Area and capital city of Bayelsa State, southern Nigeria. It is located at the southern part  of the country at coordinates .

The LGA has an area of 706 km² and a population of 352,285 at the 2006 census.

The postal code of the area is 561.

The Ijaws form the majority of the state. English is the official language, but Epie-Atissa language is one of the local languages spoken in Yenagoa, others such as  Ekpetiama, Gbarian, Buseni and Zarama are Ijaw dialect in Yenagoa LGA.

Bayelsa Airport (Bayelsa Cargo Airport) is an airport located in the Bayelsa State capital of Yenagoa, southern Nigeria. Yenagoa Bayelsa Airport received its first aircraft arrival on February 14, 2019.

Yenagoa is the home of Bayelsa United, a men's association football club that plays in the second-tier Nigeria National League, and Bayelsa Queens, a women's football club in the NWFL Premiership. The two clubs won the 2021 Aiteo Cup for men and women respectively. The men's match took place at the new Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium in Benin City, Benin. Bayelsa United defeated Nasarawa United 4–3 on penalties after the regular period and added time had ended 2–2.

List of Towns and Villages in Yenagoa

 Abasere
 Agbia
 Agbobiri
 Aorogbene
 Agudama
 Agudama-Epie
 Akada
 Akpide
 Akunomi
 Amarata
 Amasso
 Anyamabele
 Atissa
 Azikoro
 Bebelibiri
 Betaland
 Biogbolo
 Biseni
 Bumodi
 Ede-Pie
 Egbebiri
 Ekeki
 Ekpetiama
 Emblama
 Epie
 Fangbe
 Freetown
 Gbarain
 Gbaramtoru
 Ibia
 Igbogene
 Ikarama
 Ikibiri
 Ikolo
 Jackbiri
 Kaiama
 Kalaba
 Karama
 Korama
 Kpansia
 Nyanbiri
 Obungha
 Ogbolomo
 Ogoniforu
 Ogu
 Ojogbolo
 Okolobiri
 Okorodia
 Okotiama
 Okutukutu
 Omom
 Onura
 Opolo
 Ovelemini
 Polaku
 Tein
 Tombia
 Tuburu
 Yenegoa
 Yeniozue-Epie
 Zarama
 Zarama Epie

Climate
Yenagoa experiences unpleasant weather all year round, with the wet season being warm and cloudy and the dry season being hot and generally cloudy. The average annual temperature fluctuates between 71°F and 87°F, rarely falling below 63°F or rising over 90°F.

It is situated in an area of swamps and mangrove tropical rainforest.

Average temperature
Yenagoa's seasonal temperature variations are so negligible that talking about hot and cold seasons doesn't really imply much.

Clouds
The average proportion of the sky that is covered by clouds in Yenagoa varies significantly seasonally throughout the year.

Yenagoa's clearer season starts about November 17 and lasts for 2.8 months, coming to a finish around February 11.

In Yenagoa, December is the clearest month of the year, with the sky remaining clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 41% of the time on average.

Beginning at February 11 and lasting for 9.2 months, the cloudier period of the year ends around November 17.

In Yenagoa, April is the month with the most clouds, with the sky being cloudy or mostly cloudy 87% of the time on average.

Precipitation
A day that has at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation is considered to be wet. In Yenagoa, the likelihood of rainy days fluctuates wildly throughout the year.

In the 7.7-month wetter season, which runs from March 20 to November 11, there is a more than 46% chance that any given day would be rainy. In Yenagoa, September has an average of 24.5 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation, making it the month with the most wet days.

Between November 11 until March 20, or 4.3 months, is the dry season. January has an average of 2.8 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation, making it the month with the fewest wet days in Yenagoa.

We categorize wet days into those that include snow, rain, or a combination of the three. In Yenagoa, September has an average of 24.5 days of rain, which is the most of any month. According to this classification, rain alone is the most frequent type of precipitation throughout the year, with a high likelihood of 83% on September 12.

Gallery

See also
Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa

References

Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State
State capitals in Nigeria
Bayelsa State

Yenagoa


The Battle of Jamrud was fought between the Emirate of Afghanistan under Emir Dost Mohammad Khan and the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh on 30 April 1837. Afghan forces confronted the Sikh forces at Jamrud. The garrisoned army was able to hold off the Afghans till Sikh reinforcements arrived to relieve them.

Background
Following the consolidation of the Sikh Empire in Punjab, Maharaja Ranjit Singh had led a wave of invasions on Afghan-held territories, also capitalizing off of Afghan Civil war and began conquering the long-held Afghan territories over the preceding years. This resulted in the Durrani Empire losing the Punjab region, Multan, Kashmir, Derajat, Hazara, Balakot and Attock, whereas Peshawar and Jamrud would later be seized from the Peshawar Sardars in the Battle of Peshawar (1834)

Prelude and battle
Towards the end of 1836, Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa attacked and captured the small, but very strategic, fortified Khyberi village of Jamrud, situated on the south-side of a range of mountains at the mouth of the Khyber Pass. With the conquest of Jamrud, the frontier of the Sikh Empire now bordered the frontier of Afghanistan.
In 1837, the Sikh Army was in Lahore where all best generals and troops were recalled from all places including Peshawar for the wedding of Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh, the grandson of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The Emir of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan, finding this as the right opportunity, sent his sons with a 7000 cavalry, 2000 matchlockmen, 9000 guerilla fighters and 20,000 Khybers, to drive the Sikhs out of Peshawar. Akbar Khan reached Jamrud, and saw no sign of the Sikh forces, and as a result began to demolish the defenses of the fort. While Akbar Khan's forces were focused on destroying the fortifications, Hari Singh Nawla, the Sikh general, led a charge against the Afghans. The Afghans were sent into disarray with heavy losses, and Akbar Khan's force was relieved by Shams al-Din Khan, who charged the Sikh lines. Akbar Khan reorganized and rallied his men and forced the Sikhs to retreat to the fort of Jamrud. Amidst the fighting, the Sikh general, Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa was mortally injured in the battle and later died after forcing his way into the fort. According to Afghan chronicle Siraj al-Tawarikh, Akbar Khan and Hari Singh Nawla engaged in a duel without recognizing each other. After much thrusting and parrying, Akbar Khan won out and Hari Singh Nawla was knocked to the ground and killed. According to historian Hari Ram Gupta, when Hari Singh rallied his men and rode to the front, he was struck by two bullets, one in the stomach and the other on the side. Mortally wounded he was immediately taken inside the fort where he said to keep his death a secret till the reinforcements arrived. Many eyewitnesses claimed Nalwa ordered his dead body to be hung outside the fort before he died, discouraging the Afghans from attacking, believing Nalwa was still alive. Nevertheless, the Sikh garrison continued holding out until Sikh reinforcements arrived from Lahore, prompting the Afghans to retire from the siege. The battle ended with  the retreat of Afghans back to Jalalabad.

Result of the battle
The result of the battle is disputed amongst historians. Some contend the failure of the Afghans to take the fort and the city of Peshawar or town of Jamrud as a victory for the Sikhs. On the other hand, some state that the killing of Hari Singh Nalwa resulted in an Afghan victory. James Norris, Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M International University, states that the battle's outcome was inconclusive.

See also
Battle of Attock
Battle of Multan
Battle of Shopian
Battle of Nowshera
Battle of Peshawar (1834)

References

Conflicts in 1837
Battles involving Afghanistan
Battles involving the Sikhs
1837 in Asia
Ranjit Singh
April 1837 events

Battle of Jamrud


Deiton Baughman (born April 23, 1996) is an American tennis player.

Baughman has a career high ATP singles ranking of 341 achieved on October 26, 2015. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 354 achieved on October 26, 2015.

Baughman made his ATP main draw debut at the 2014 Sony Open Tennis in the doubles event partnering Martin Redlicki. The pair were given a wildcard and lost in the first round to Ryan Harrison and Jack Sock.

At the 2015 US Open, Baughman made his grand slam main draw debut in the doubles event, where he was given a wildcard with Tommy Paul.

Baughman is known for his creative, "stream-of-consciousness" outbursts during matches.

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
American male tennis players

Deiton Baughman


Joel Lane (1963 – 26 November 2013) was a British novelist, short story writer, poet, critic and anthology editor. He received the World Fantasy Award in 2013 and the British Fantasy Award twice.

Life
Born in Exeter, he was the nephew of tenor saxophonist Ronnie Scott. At the time of his death, Lane was living in south Birmingham, where he worked in health industry-related publishing. His location frequently provided settings for his fiction.

Works
The majority of Lane's short stories can be categorised as horror or dark fantasy, and he cited Robert Aickman, Ramsey Campbell and M. John Harrison as influences on his fiction. His short stories were usually published in small-press books and magazines. Lane's work was also anthologized by both Karl Edward Wagner (in Wagner's The Year's Best Horror Stories series) and Stephen Jones (in Jones' Best New Horror series). Much of Lane's fiction is set in Birmingham and the Black Country. Lane's novels are more overtly mainstream. From Blue to Black (2000) is a portrait of a disturbed rock musician, whilst The Blue Mask (2003) follows the aftermath of a brutal and disfiguring attack.

Something Remains, edited by Peter Coleborn and Pauline E. Dungate (Alchemy Press, 2016), is a collection of stories by other hands "based on and inspired by the notes left by Joel Lane". This Spectacular Darkness, edited by Mark Valentine and John Howard (Tartarus Press, 2016), is a collection of his critical essays on fantasy and horror fiction, together with appreciations of his work.

Guest appearances
Lane addressed the Birmingham Science Fiction Group in March 2002. Together with his friend Steve Green, he was a guest speaker at Microcon 30 at Exeter University in March 2010.

Politics
Lane was described in an obituary as "a passionate supporter of equality and a tireless scourge of fascism", was strongly left wing and opposed to the politics advocated by Tony Blair and New Labour. He joined the Socialist Party in 2009 and contributed to its newspaper, The Socialist, and its journal, Socialism Today.

Partial bibliography

Novels
From Blue to Black (2000)
The Blue Mask (2003)

Novella
The Witnesses Are Gone (2009)

Short story collections
The Earth Wire and Other Stories (1994)
The Lost District and Other Stories (2006)
The Terrible Changes (2009)
Do Not Pass Go (booklet, 2011)
Where Furnaces Burn (2012)
Scar City (2015)
The Anniversary of Never (2015)

Poetry
The Edge of the Screen (1998)
Trouble in the Heartland (2004)
The Autumn Myth (2010)
Instinct (pamphlet, 2012)

Anthologies edited
Birmingham Noir: Urban Tales of Crime and Suspense (2002, co-edited with Steve Bishop)
Beneath the Ground (2003)
Never Again (2010, co-edited with Allyson Bird)

Awards
1993: Eric Gregory Award (poetry)
1994: British Fantasy Award, best anthology / collection, The Earth Wire and Other Stories
2008: British Fantasy Award, best short story, My Stone Desire
2008: Shirley Jackson Award, novella finalist, The Witnesses are Gone
2013: World Fantasy Award, best collection, Where Furnaces Burn (PS Publishing, 2012)

References

External links
Partial bibliography, including short story appearances

 "Forbidden questions: the politics of noir fiction" by Joel Lane, Socialism Today, October 2009

1963 births
2013 deaths
British horror writers
English fantasy writers
English horror writers
Science fiction editors
World Fantasy Award-winning writers
Socialist Party (England and Wales) members
English anti-fascists
British male poets
English male short story writers
English short story writers
English male novelists
20th-century English poets
20th-century English novelists

Joel Lane


VisionCivil is a solution of calculations and designs that helps engineers and land surveyors of Canada. Programmers have developed the civil engineering software in order to facilitate terrain modeling from different angles; triangulation mode, producing profiles, sections cross plans, capping, pipe services, and also to make rapid and accurate volume calculations for land surveyors and civil engineers.

Initially released in late 1992 VisionCivil was one of the first vertical computer-aided design programs. VisionCivil ran on primitive entities, as the technology evolved VisionCivil followed. In 1996, from a simple design tool it acquired graphic interface and C programming. The drafting features associated with COGO calculations and digital terrain modeling capacities brought VisionCivil to the new era.

VisionCivil, developed by Geo-Plus, is a pioneer for Canada's geomatics industry and is widely use for it has thousands of licenses in circulation.

VisionCivil runs on AutoCAD, MicroStation, PowerDraft and BricsCAD environments.

Education
VisionCivil and VisionPlus are used in some technical design colleges in Canada as a teaching tool for geomatics.

Version history

External links

Computer-aided design software

Visioncivil


Neal James Bartlett (born 7 April 1975) is an English retired football midfielder who played professionally for Southampton and Hereford United.

Football career

Southampton
Bartlett was born in Southampton and after playing for the city schools, he joined Southampton F.C. as a trainee. He signed as an associate schoolboy in June 1990, and his first professional contract in July 1993. He made his first team debut on 1 May 1993, in the penultimate match of the 1992–93 season, as a substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Manchester City.

He made a handful of appearances at the start of the following season, making his first start on 25 August 1993 when his cross in the 11th minute was volleyed home by Matthew Le Tissier for the opening goal in a 5–1 victory over Swindon Town. After the arrival of Paul Allen in September, Bartlett was restricted to the occasional substitute appearance. Following the replacement of Bartlett's mentor, Ian Branfoot by Alan Ball in January 1994, Bartlett fell right out of the reckoning and he was released in December 1994.

Minor league football
After being released by Southampton in 1994, he joined Fareham Town for the rest of the season. He then spent the summer of 1995 with Swedish side BK Häcken before signing for New Forest club Bashley in November 1995. After an unsuccessful trial with Swansea City in August 1996, he returned to professional football when he joined Hereford United in September 1996.

Hereford United
He made his Hereford debut on 21 September 1996, as a late substitute for Gareth Stoker, in Hereford's 3–0 win at home to Rochdale. He made two further appearances, both as substitute, before being released.

Later career
He left Hereford in March 1997, moving to Newport County where he remained until the end of the season. His next club was Salisbury City, who he joined in December 1997, only staying for a few weeks. He then played for a succession of minor clubs, including Hastings Town, Lymington Town and New Milton Town before joining Tring Town in 1999.

By now, Bartlett had abandoned plans for a full-time career in football and in March 1999 he enlisted in the Army, joining the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment. He continued to play club football alongside his military career, remaining with Tring Town until joining Bath City in August 2001. He scored, albeit by punching the ball into the net, on his debut against Cambridge City, but as a serving soldier found it difficult to juggle his playing and army responsibilities, and played only three further games. He was released by Bath and returned to Tring Town.

In the summer of 2002, after playing for the Combined Services, he was approached by Port Vale but declined to resurrect his professional football career, deciding to remain a full-time soldier.

Whilst based at Catterick Garrison, Bartlett spent a year and a half as assistant manager and central midfielder for Shildon leaving them in October 2006 to join Ballyclare Comrades, moving from there to Institute in January 2007.

References

External links

1975 births
Military personnel from Southampton
Living people
Footballers from Southampton
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Southampton F.C. players
Fareham Town F.C. players
BK Häcken players
Bashley F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Salisbury City F.C. players
Hastings United F.C. players
Lymington Town F.C. players
New Milton Town F.C. players
Tring Athletic F.C. players
Bath City F.C. players
Shildon A.F.C. players
Institute F.C. players
Ballyclare Comrades F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment soldiers

Neal Bartlett


Geminigeraceae is a family of cryptophytes containing the five genera Geminigera, Guillardia, Hanusia, Proteomonas and Teleaulax. They are characterised by chloroplasts containing Cr-phycoerythrin 545, and an inner periplast component (IPC) comprising "a sheet or a sheet and multiple plates if diplomorphic". The nucleomorphs are never in the pyrenoid, and there is never a scalariform furrow. The cells do, however, have a long, keeled rhizostyle with lamellae (wings).

References

Cryptomonads
Eukaryote families

Geminigeraceae


Palghat T. S. Mani Iyer (1912–1981), born Thiruvilvamalai Ramaswamy was one of the leading mridangists in the field of Carnatic music. He, along with his contemporaries Palani Subramaniam Pillai and Ramanathapuram C. S. Murugabhoopathy, are revered as the "Holy Trinity of Mrudangam".  Mani Iyer was the first mridangist to be awarded the Sangeetha Kalanidhi (1966) presented by the Music Academy of Madras, the  Padma Bhushan (1971) and  the Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards(1956) presented by the Government of India.

Early life and background
He was born in a Palakkad brahmin family on 12 June 1912 at Pazhayanur, then in Tiruvilvamala Taluk, in Palghat District, Kerala (now located in Thrissur District) to Sesham Bhagavatar and Aanandaambaal as their second son. Mani was named Ramaswami at birth— after his grandfather who was a school teacher besides being a good singer. Mani Iyer learnt his music from his parents in his native Pazhayyanur. His maiden public performance was at the age of 10 at a harikatha discourses by Sivaramakrishna Bhagavathar. The mridangam player who was supposed to play had failed to turn up and Mani Iyer substituted. Later he caught the eye of Thanjavur Vaidyanatha Iyer who taught him the intricacies that invested his recitals with remarkable purity. Mani Iyer came into prominence in 1924, after accompanying Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhaagavathar in a music concert at Jagannatha Bhaktha Sabha in Madras (now called Chennai).

Career
Mani Iyer accompanied all the leading vocal artists of his era. He was also the guru for later mridangam players such as Late Palghat R. Raghu, Late Mavelikkara Velukkutty Nair, Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman, Thanjavur R.Ramadas, Kamalakar Rao, Late G. Harishankar (kanjira), Trivandrum V. Surendran, etc.

Before Mani Iyer's arrival in the music scene, the three mridangists Nagercoil S.Ganesa Iyer,  Alaganambi Pillai and Dakshinamurthy Pillai (who played the kanjira also), dominated the percussion scene. The way in which Mani Iyer played changed the style of mridangam playing from just keeping beat for the main artist's music to being an instrument in its own right. A comment from Y. G. Doraisamy: "It was Mani Iyer who started the now prevalent trend of the mridangam, not just keeping the time with tekkas and moras, but actively accompanying the musical phrasing, so as to be a rhythmic running commentary, reproducing on the drum all the subtleties and rhythmic complexities of the musical composition."

Palghat R. Raghu, a disciple of Mani Iyer, describes his guru as a genius in that he showed music followers the manner of blending with the music of the main artist in handling the kritis of every conceivable mood and tempo. By his consistent excellence he could raise the concert to thrilling heights.

He had his eccentricities, and he refused to accompany women artists for a long time. But after his daughter married D K Pattammal's son, he accompanied Pattamal (पट्टमाळ), considered one of the three singers who make up Trinity of Women Carnatic Music singers in the 20th C. Afterwards he also accompanied M L Vasanthakumari.

When Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer was asked to pick geniuses of Carnatic music, he came up with only three names -- T.R. Mahalingam, T.N. Rajarathnam Pillai and Palghat Mani Iyer.

Personal life
Mani Iyer was Born on 12 June 1912, in Pazhayannur village, near Palghat. He died on 30 May 1981, aged 68. He was the father of the noted artists Mridangist T. R. Rajamani, vocalist Lalitha Sivakumar, violinist T.R. Rajaram, Smt. Lakshmi Vaidhyanathan and Sri. Thyagarajan. He was also the grandfather of the noted singer Nithyasree Mahadevan and Carnatic vocalist Palghat Ramprasad.

References

External links
 South Indian Percussionist page
 Palghat Mani Iyer website
 An article in The Hindu - The Genius of Sound and Silence
 Musings of a Mridangam Maestro
  accompanying Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar on the Mridangam with Chowdiah on the violin.
Mani Iyer Centenary at Kalpathy

1912 births
1981 deaths
Indian percussionists
Mridangam players
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Sangeetha Kalanidhi recipients
20th-century Indian musicians
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
People from Palakkad district
20th-century drummers

Palghat Mani Iyer


Trinity Groves is a restaurant and retail development in West Dallas, at the western end of the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge. The development is owned and managed by Stuart Fitts, Larry McGregor, and Phil Romano.

Trinity Groves has a Restaurant Concept Incubator program, wherein chefs open new restaurant concepts and see if they are successful enough to expand nationwide.

There are plans to expand the development by building apartments and additional retail space, to create a new urban neighborhood close to downtown and the city core.

References

Neighborhoods in West Dallas

Trinity Groves, Dallas


Hatay is a province in the southern part of Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast. Hatay is bordered by Syria on the south and east. The city has a mixed population of Turks and Arabs.

In ancient times it was called Antioch. It joined Turkey in 1939.  From 1938 to 1939, the city was an independent Arab emirate known as Hatay State. It then became a part of Turkey which caused protests by the Arab majority in the city however the protests were later shut down. Currently, the city has a mixed population of Turks and Arabs and both of these groups follow Sunni Islam.

The province was badly damaged and many people died in the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.

Stamps issued as Hatay state, today Turkey

Hatay Province


Akhil Mehta (Delhi, September 19, 1987 - Ghaziabad, March 28, 2015) was an Indian Entrepreneur and comedian. He was known for his Twitter and Facebook satire communities with followers over 270,000. He was the president of Student Union in Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Goa Campus. He was an influential social media personality and was known for his outspokenness. He wrote against corruption, religion, hypocrisy or any other wrongdoings he saw in the society in a humorous manner and millions of people liked it.

Early life

Akhil was born in Delhi on September 19, 1987. He studied his kindergarten at Air Force School, Thane and thereafter completed his schooling from Arvind Gupta DAV Centenary Public School, New Delhi. He became Microsoft Certified System Engineer at a record age of 13 in year 2000, was accredited Microsoft Certified System and Internet Engineer and a Microsoft Certified Trainer at a World Record age of a little over 15 years. He won many titles for singing and quizzes during his school days. He was an avid reader, music lover and writer.

Career
After completing studies at BITS Pilani Goa Campus, Akhil Mehta worked for Breakthrough Management Group India at Mumbai for about one and a half years. He was accredited Black Belt in Six Sigma practices. Thereafter Akhil founded two start up firms at Mumbai - LearningPractice and Pointtalent, where he experimented with many novel business ideas.

Comedian
He created the viral satire handle @AapChutiyeHain on Twitter in May, 2011. Apart from his social media comedy he also used to perform local stand-up acts. Mehta's Twitter handle described him as a proud Indian achieving 'world peace through insult comedy'. The Finding Akhil Mehta revealed in a post that they fear he might have been kidnapped. Mehta would regularly receive threats from "several political and religious groups for criticising them" through his tweets as he was passionately against corruption, hypocrisy and disclosed any injustices done in society as he viewed it.

Death
Akhil went  missing on March 27, 2015, after a 15-day search, Police found that Akhil allegedly committed suicide on March 28, 2015, by  jumping off a high-rise water tank in Tronica City Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, at the age of 27. The reason given by  cops and family was depression but some of the people suspect kidnapping and conspiracy behind that case, because of some political and religious criticism on his page, he was getting threats from many big political and religious followers. Police and other investigating agencies are currently looking into that matter.

References

External links
 Facebook Page - Finding Akhil Mehta

1987 births
2015 deaths
21st-century Indian businesspeople
Suicides by jumping in India

Akhil Mehta


A coaxial-rotor aircraft is an aircraft whose rotors are mounted one above the other on concentric shafts, with the same axis of rotation, but turning in opposite directions (contra-rotating).

This rotor configuration is a feature of helicopters produced by the Russian Kamov helicopter design bureau.

History

The idea of coaxial rotors originates with Mikhail Lomonosov. He had developed a small helicopter model with coaxial rotors in July 1754 and demonstrated it to the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In 1859, the British Patent Office awarded the first helicopter patent to Henry Bright for his coaxial design. From this point, coaxial helicopters developed into fully operational machines as we know them today.

Two pioneering helicopters, the Corradino D'Ascanio-built "D'AT3" of 1930, and the generally more successful French mid-1930s Gyroplane Laboratoire, both used coaxial rotor systems for flight.

Design considerations

Having two coaxial sets of rotors provides symmetry of forces around the central axis for lifting the vehicle and laterally when flying in any direction. Because of the mechanical complexity, many helicopter designs use alternate configurations to avoid problems that arise when only one main rotor is used. Common alternatives are single-rotor helicopters or tandem rotor arrangements.

Torque

One of the problems with any single set of rotor blades is the torque (rotational force) exerted on the helicopter fuselage in the direction opposite to the rotor blades. This torque causes the fuselage to rotate in the direction opposite to the rotor blades. In single rotor helicopters, the antitorque rotor or tail rotor counteracts the main rotor torque and controls the fuselage rotation.

Coaxial rotors solve the problem of main rotor torque by turning each set of rotors in opposite directions. The opposite torques from the rotors cancel each other out. Rotational maneuvering, yaw control, is accomplished by increasing the collective pitch of one rotor and decreasing the collective pitch on the other. This causes a controlled dissymmetry of torque.

Dissymmetry of lift

Dissymmetry of lift is an aerodynamic phenomenon caused by the rotation of a helicopter's rotors in forward flight. Rotor blades provide lift proportional to the amount of air flowing over them. When viewed from above, the rotor blades move in the direction of flight for half of the rotation (advancing half), and then move in the opposite direction for the remainder of the rotation (retreating half). A rotor blade produces more lift in the advancing half. As a blade moves toward the direction of flight, the forward motion of the aircraft increases the speed of the air flowing around the blade until it reaches a maximum when the blade is perpendicular to the relative wind. At the same time, a rotor blade in the retreating half produces less lift. As a blade moves away from the direction of flight, the speed of the airflow over the rotor blade is reduced by an amount equal to the forward speed of the aircraft, reaching its maximum effect when the rotor blade is again perpendicular to the relative wind.
Coaxial rotors avoid the effects of dissymmetry of lift through the use of two rotors turning in opposite directions, causing blades to advance on either side at the same time.

Other benefits
Another benefit arising from a coaxial design includes increased payload for the same engine power; a tail rotor typically wastes some of the available engine power that would be fully devoted to lift and thrust with a coaxial design. Reduced noise is the main advantage of the configuration; some of the loud "spanking" sound associated with conventional helicopters arises from interaction between the airflows from the main and tail rotors, which in some designs can be severe. Also, helicopters using coaxial rotors tend to be more compact (with a smaller footprint on the ground), though at the price of increased height, and consequently have uses in areas where space is at a premium; several Kamov designs are used in naval roles, being capable of operating from confined spaces on the decks of ships, including ships other than aircraft carriers (an example being the Kara-class cruisers of the Russian navy, which carry a Ka-25 'Hormone' helicopter as part of their standard equipment). Another benefit is increased safety on the ground; the absence of a tail rotor eliminates the major source of injuries and fatalities to ground crews and bystanders.

Disadvantages
There is an increased mechanical complexity of the rotor hub. The linkages and swashplates for two rotor systems need to be assembled atop the mast, which is more complex because of the need to drive two rotors in opposite directions. Because of the greater number of moving parts and complexity, the coaxial rotor system is more prone to mechanical faults and possible failure. Coaxial helicopters are also more prone to the "whipping" of blades and blade self-collision, according to critics.

Coaxial models

The system's inherent stability and quick control response make it suitable for use in small radio-controlled helicopters. These benefits come at the cost of a limited forward speed, and higher sensitivity to wind. These two factors are especially limiting in outdoor use. Such models are usually fixed-pitch (i.e., the blades cannot be rotated on their axes for different angles of attack), simplifying the model but eliminating the ability to compensate with collective input. Compensating for even the slightest breeze causes the model to climb rather than to fly forward even with full application of cyclic.

Coaxial multirotors

Multirotor type unmanned aerial vehicles exist in numerous configurations including duocopter, tricopter, quadcopter, hexacopter and octocopter. All of them can be upgraded to coaxial configuration in order to bring more stability and flight time while allowing carrying much more payload without gaining too much weight. Indeed, coaxial multirotors are made by having each arm carrying two motors facing in opposite directions (one up and one down). Therefore, it is possible to have an quad-axis, octorotor airframe thanks to coaxial configuration. Duocopters are characterised by two motors aligned in a vertical axis. The control is performed by the appropriate acceleration of a single rotor blade for targeted thrust generation during revolution. Having more lifting power for a greater payload explains why coaxial multirotors are preferred for nearly all large-payload commercial applications of UAS.

Reduced hazards of flight

The U.S. Department of Transportation has published a "Basic Helicopter Handbook".  One of the chapters in it is titled, "Some Hazards of Helicopter Flight'. Ten hazards have been listed to indicate what a typical single rotor helicopter has to deal with. The coaxial rotor design either reduces or completely eliminates many of these hazards. The following list indicates which:

 Settling with power — Reduced
 Retreating blade stall  — Reduced
 Medium frequency vibrations — Reduced
 High frequency vibrations — None
 Anti torque system failure in forward flight — Eliminated
 Anti torque system failure while hovering — Eliminated

The reduction and elimination of these hazards are the strong points for the safety of coaxial rotor design.

List of coaxial rotor helicopters

 Bendix Model K (1945)
 Brantly B-1 (1946)
 Bendix Model J (1946)
 Bréguet G.111 (1949)
 Bréguet-Dorand Gyroplane Laboratoire (1936)
 Cierva CR Twin (1969)
 Cranfield Vertigo (1987)
 Eagle's Perch (1998)
 EDM Aerotec CoAX 2D/2R
 Gyrodyne QH-50 DASH
 Hiller XH-44 (1944)
 Kamov Ka-10 (1949)
 Kamov Ka-15 (1953)
 Kamov Ka-18 (1955)
 Kamov Ka-25 (1963)
 Kamov Ka-26 (1965)
 Kamov Ka-27 (1974)
 Kamov Ka-50 (1982 and 1997 for Ka-52)
 Kamov Ka-92
 Kamov Ka-126 (1988)
 Kamov Ka-226 (1997)
 Manzolini Libellula (1952)
 Phoenix Skyblazer (2011)
 Sikorsky S-69 (1973)
 Sikorsky X2 (2008)
 Sikorsky S-97
 Sikorsky/Boeing SB-1 Defiant
 Wagner Aerocar
 Mars helicopter Ingenuity (2021)

See also
 Intermeshing rotors
 Contra-rotating propellers
 Tandem rotors
 Transverse rotors
 Mars helicopter Ingenuity

References

External links

 Helicopter History Site

Aerodynamics
Coaxial rotor helicopters
Helicopter components
Rotorcraft

Coaxial-rotor aircraft


Thomas Pitt  (c. 1705 – 17 July 1761), of Boconnoc, Cornwall, was a British landowner  and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1727 and 1761. He was Lord Warden of the Stannaries from 1742 to 1751.

Pitt was the grandson and namesake of the better known Thomas Pitt and the son of Robert Pitt, MP, of Boconnoc, near Lostwithiel in Cornwall. He was the elder brother of William Pitt the Elder. He succeeded his father in 1727 to his estates, including Boconnoc.

As head of the family, Pitt inherited both his grandfather's immense fortune and his parliamentary boroughs - he had the complete power to nominate both MPs at Old Sarum and one of the two at Okehampton, as well as considerable influence in at least two Cornish boroughs, Camelford and Grampound. He had himself elected Member of Parliament for Okehampton in 1727, the first election after he came of age, and represented the borough until 1754; but on a number of occasions he was also elected for Old Sarum, which meant that when he chose to sit for Okehampton the Old Sarum seat was free to offer at a by-election to somebody else who had failed to get into Parliament.

Pitt was Assay master of the Stannaries from March 1738 to February 1742 and Lord Warden of the Stannaries from February 1742 to March 1751, when the Cornish Stannary Parliament met for the last time.

Pitt was ambitious for political influence and, attaching himself to the retinue of Frederick, Prince of Wales, managed the general elections of 1741 and 1747 in Cornwall in the Prince's interests; but this involved massive expenditure - especially at the notoriously-corrupt Grampound, where he spent huge sums both on bribing the voters and on lawsuits attempting to deprive the most rapacious of their votes. By 1751 he had bankrupted himself, and the death that year of the Prince of Wales destroyed his hopes of securing influence or patronage for his efforts. He mortgaged his boroughs to the Treasury, allowing the government to name two MPs at Old Sarum and one at Okehampton in return for a pension of £1000 a year. After sitting briefly for Old Sarum in the 1754 Parliament, he resigned his seat and fled the country.

Returning to England in 1761, however, Pitt persuaded the government to allow him to be once more elected for Old Sarum - a temporary measure, he promised, to prevent his being arrested for debt until he was able satisfy his creditors. (MPs were immune from civil arrest.) He promised to relinquish the seat at the earliest possible moment and allow the government to name his replacement in accordance with the original arrangement; but he died a few months later, still MP for Old Sarum.

Pitt had married, c.1731, Christian, the daughter of Sir Thomas Lyttelton, 4th Baronet, M.P., of Hagley, Worcestershire and the sister of Lord Lyttelton. They had two sons and two daughters. He afterwards married, in 1761, Maria, the daughter of General Murray.

Pitt died on 17 July 1761. His only surviving son was the first Baron Camelford, who repudiated his father's arrangement for Old Sarum, and chose himself as MP when he inherited the borough.

References

 Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807)

|-

1700s births
1761 deaths
Pitt
Politicians from Cornwall
British MPs 1727–1734
British MPs 1734–1741
British MPs 1741–1747
British MPs 1747–1754
British MPs 1754–1761
Thomas
Pitt

Thomas Pitt of Boconnoc


Starčevo (), also known as Grad (Град) is the eponymous archaeological site of the Starčevo culture that has been dated to the Early Neolithic period. It is located on the left bank of the Danube, north-west from the village of Starčevo and 8 kilometers south of Pančevo, Serbia. Starčevo site has been in central register from 1993 as an Archaeological Site of Exceptional Importance.

History
The first systematic archeological digging started in 1928, exploration with the sond took place during 1931 and 1932 and that represented collaboration between Public museum and Harvard University. In 1939 the leading excavator was Miodrag Grbić. In the middle of the 20th century exploration was done by Milutin Garašanin and Draga Garašanin. Revision of excavation was done in 1969 and was protected in 2003 and 2004.
On the site they have discovered dugouts ellipsoidal and round shape, with a diameter between 2 and 6 meters, as well as several tombs with the deceased in a fetal position. Inside of the dugouts they have discovered masonry. From the movable material they have discovered stone and bone weapons, ceramics painted with geometric ornamentation, colored with white, red and black, as well an anthropomorphic figurine made out of terracotta.

Cultural connection
The culture of Starčevo is connected with other cites from Balkan and middle Europe where they use the term Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture in Hungary and Romania cites to symbolize the union of three close culture: culture of Starčevo, Körös culture and Criș culture all of them located on the region of today southeast Hungary, Serbia and Romania.

References

1928 archaeological discoveries
Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance
Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture

Starčevo site


Adam Miller (born 1979 in Eugene, Oregon), is an American painter based in New York. He is known for his large-scale paintings inspired by baroque and mannerist art. He studied at the Florence Academy of Art, Michal John Angel Studios, Art Students League of New York and the Grand Central Academy of Art.

In 2017 he unveiled a monumental painting named Quebec, which depicts prominent people from the history of Quebec and Canada. It was commissioned by the Montreal businessman Salvatore Guerrera.

References

External links
 Official website

1979 births
21st-century American painters
American contemporary painters
American male painters
Living people
Painters from Oregon
Artists from Eugene, Oregon

Adam Miller (painter)


Katherine Reback (1950/51 – May 24, 2010) was an American screenwriter, best known for the screenplay of the 1997 romantic comedy Fools Rush In and for penning the production draft of the 1983 film, Flashdance.

Reback was a native of Stamford, Connecticut. She received her bachelor's degree from Columbia University. She launched her career in the mid-1970s, while working for Alan King in New York City. Reback also began writing for such television shows as The Line and One Day at a Time.

In 1980, Reback relocated to California. In addition to screenwriting, Reback contributed to Bill Clinton's speech writing team during his 1992 presidential campaign.

Reback worked as a writer for Fox Television Studios for the last fifteen years of her life, until her death in 2010.

Katherine Reback died of cancer on May 24, 2010, in Los Angeles at the age of 59. She was survived by husband, Sonny King (the couple had been married for 15 years); three stepchildren; and a step-grandchild.

References

External links

1950s births
2010 deaths
American speechwriters
Columbia University alumni
Writers from Stamford, Connecticut
Deaths from cancer in California
Screenwriters from Connecticut

Katherine Reback


Aimilios Veakis (; December 13, 1884 – June 29, 1951) was a Greek actor. An active member of the National Liberation Front during the Axis occupation of Greece, he was persecuted for his leftist beliefs during the White Terror.

Biography
Aimilios Veakis was the grandson of the scholar and theatrical author Ioannis Venakis, but was orphaned at a very early age, and was raised by childless relatives. Over the objections of his guardians, in 1900, at the age of 16, he enrolled in the Royal Drama School. The school abruptly stopped functioning though, and Veakis enrolled in the School of Fine Arts, where he studied painting. Eventually, however, he broke off his studies and began working as an actor in Volos in the company of Evangelia Nika. His career was interrupted due to his drafting into the army during the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, where he received a field promotion to sergeant for valour.

Returning from the war, Veakis went on to cooperate with the most famous companies of the time (Lepeniotis, Kalogerikou, Kotopouli, Kyveli, Oikonomou) and distinguished himself in all theatrical genres, especially in classic tragedy and drama. His performance of the title role in Oedipus Rex under the direction of Fotos Politis with the Greek Theatre Society was considered a landmark in his career. From 1932 he reached the apogee of his career in the National Theatre of Greece, serving both as company director and as a professor of acting in the National Theatre's drama school. In 1938 he performed in the production of King Lear.

During the Axis occupation of Greece in World War II he became a member of the National Liberation Front, fleeing to the mountains with other actors, where they gave theatrical performances for the Resistance. Following the Varkiza Agreement and the White Terror that followed, he was persecuted for his leftist beliefs, with his health suffering as a result. He retired in 1947 but performed sporadically thereafter, including his final farewell performances in the National Theatre in April and May 1951. He died lonely and poor and he was buried at the Athens First Cemetery.

Legacy and recognition

After his death, Veakis was recognized for his contributions to modern Greek theatre. The Veakeio Theatre in Kastella, Piraeus, built by the junta-installed mayor Aristeidis Skylitsis in 1969 and named after him, was renamed in Veakis' honour in 1976. A bust of Veakis was also erected in front of the Municipal Theatre of Piraeus, while from 1994 on the Theatrical Museum of Greece presents the biennial "Aimilios Veakis Award" for outstanding male leading actor performances, and the "Veakis Award" for lifetime achievement in theatre.

Filmography

Published works
Veakis also published poetry collections, plays and novels such as:
 Polemikai Entyposeis ("Impressions from War"), 1914
 Tragoudia tis agapis kai tis tavernas ("Songs of Love and of the Tavern"), poetry, 1926
 Dervenochoria, poetry, 1945
 Tapeinoi kai katafronemenoi, theatrical adaptation of Dostoyevsky's novel Humiliated and Insulted, 1934
 Rinoula ("Little Irene"), drama
 Symplegades, drama
 Oi theatrinoi ("The actors"), novel
 Epta ekatommyria eisodima ("Income seven million"), theatrical comedy

References

1884 births
1951 deaths
20th-century Greek male actors
Greek male film actors
Greek theatre directors
Greek male poets
Greek dramatists and playwrights
Greek male stage actors
Actors from Piraeus
Greek Resistance members
National Liberation Front (Greece) members
Greek military personnel of the Balkan Wars
20th-century Greek poets
20th-century Greek dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Greek male writers
Greek male silent film actors

Aimilios Veakis


Karl Ernst Adolf Anderssen (July 6, 1818 – March 13, 1879) was a German chess master. He won the great international tournaments of 1851 and 1862, but lost matches to Paul Morphy in 1858, and to Wilhelm Steinitz in 1866. Accordingly, he is generally regarded as having been the world's leading chess player from 1851 to 1858, and leading active player from 1862 to 1866, although the title of World Chess Champion did not yet exist.

Anderssen became the most successful tournament player in Europe, winning over half the events he entered, including the very strong Baden-Baden 1870 chess tournament. He achieved most of these successes when he was over the age of 50.

Anderssen is famous today for his brilliant sacrificial attacking play, particularly in the "Immortal Game" (1851) and the "Evergreen Game" (1852). He was an important figure in the development of chess problems, driving forward the transition from the "Old School" of problem composition to the elegance and complexity of modern compositions. He was also one of the most likeable of chess masters and became an "elder statesman" of the game, to whom others turned for advice or arbitration.

Background and early life
Anderssen was born in Breslau (now called Wrocław, Poland), in the Prussian Province of Silesia, in 1818. He lived there for most of his life, sharing a house with and supporting his widowed mother and his unmarried sister. Anderssen never married. He graduated from the public gymnasium (high school) in Breslau and then attended university, where he studied mathematics and philosophy. After graduating in 1847 at the age of 29, he took a position at the Friedrichs-Gymnasium as an instructor and later as Professor of Mathematics. Anderssen lived a quiet, stable, responsible, respectable middle-class life. His career was teaching mathematics, while his hobby and passion was playing chess.

When Anderssen was nine years old, his father taught him how to play chess. Anderssen said that as a boy, he learned the strategy of the game from a copy of William Lewis' book Fifty Games between Labourdonnais and McDonnell (1835).

Chess career

First steps

Anderssen first came to the attention of the chess world when he published Aufgabe für Schachspieler ("Task for chess players"), a collection of 60 chess problems, in 1842. He continued to publish problems for many years, both in magazines and as a second collection in 1852. These brought him to the attention of the "Berlin Pleiades" group, which included some of the strongest players of the time, and he played matches against some of them. Anderssen's development as a player was relatively slow, largely because he could spare neither the time nor the money to play many matches against strong players. Nevertheless, by 1846 he was able to put up a good fight against another Pleiades member, Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa, who may have been the world's strongest player at the time. In 1846, he became the editor of the magazine Schachzeitung der Berliner Schachgesellschaft (later called Deutsche Schachzeitung) when its founder Ludwig Bledow, one of the "Berlin Pleiades", died. Anderssen held this post until 1865.

London 1851

In 1848, Anderssen drew a match with the professional player Daniel Harrwitz. On the basis of this match and his general chess reputation, he was invited to represent German chess at the first international chess tournament, to be held in London in 1851. Anderssen was reluctant to accept the invitation, as he was deterred by the travel costs. However the tournament's principal organizer, Howard Staunton, offered to pay Anderssen's travel expenses out of his own pocket if necessary, should Anderssen fail to win a tournament prize. Anderssen accepted this generous offer.

Anderssen's preparations for the 1851 London International Tournament produced a surge in his playing strength: he played over 100 games in early 1851 against strong opponents including Carl Mayet, Ernst Falkbeer, Max Lange and Jean Dufresne.  The 1851 International Tournament was a knock-out event in which pairs of competitors played short matches, and Anderssen won it by beating Lionel Kieseritzky, József Szén, Staunton, and Marmaduke Wyvill – by margins of at least two games in every case. His prize was two-thirds of the total prize fund of £500, i.e. about £335; that is equivalent to about £240,000 ($370,200) in 2006's money. When Anderssen and Szén found they were to play each other, they agreed that, if either won the tournament, the other would receive one-third of the prize; this does not appear to have been considered in any way unethical.

Although most chess books regard Wilhelm Steinitz as the first true world champion, one of the organizers of the 1851 London International Tournament had said the contest was for "the baton of the World's Chess Champion". In fact Anderssen was not described as "the world champion", but the tournament established Anderssen as the world's leading chess player. The London Chess Club, which had fallen out with Staunton and his colleagues, organized a tournament that was played a month later and included several players who had competed in the International Tournament. The result was the same – Anderssen won.

Morphy match, 1858

Opportunities for tournament play remained rare, and Anderssen was reluctant to travel far because of the expense.  In his one recorded tournament between 1851 and 1862, a one-game-per-round knock-out tournament at Manchester in 1857, he was eliminated in the second round.  Then in late 1858, he was beaten 8–3 by the American champion Paul Morphy in a famous match held in Paris, France (two wins, two draws, seven losses). Although Anderssen knew as well as anyone how to attack, Morphy understood much better when to attack and how to prepare an attack. Morphy had recently scored equally convincing wins in matches against other top-class players: Johann Löwenthal, the Rev. John Owen and Daniel Harrwitz. Morphy returned to the United States in 1859 and soon afterwards announced his retirement from serious chess, however, making Anderssen once again the strongest active player.

Anderssen played the curious opening move 1.a3 in three games of his match against Morphy, and broke even with it (one loss, one draw, one win). This opening move, now referred to as "Anderssen's Opening", has never been popular in serious competition.

Other games 1851–1862
Shortly after the 1851 London International Tournament, Anderssen played his two most famous games, both casual encounters which he won by combinations that involved several sacrifices. In the first, as White against Lionel Kieseritzky in London on June 21, 1851, just after the International Tournament (1851) and now called the "Immortal Game", he sacrificed a bishop, both rooks and finally his queen. In the second, played in Berlin in 1852 as White against Jean Dufresne and now called the "Evergreen Game", the total sacrifice was more modest, but still exceeded a queen and a minor piece.

After the match with Morphy, Anderssen played two matches against Ignác Kolisch, one of the leading players of the time, who later became a wealthy banker and patron of chess. Anderssen drew their match in 1860 and narrowly won in 1861 (5/9; won four, drew two, lost three; Kolisch was ahead at the half-way stage).

London 1862
Anderssen won the London 1862 chess tournament, the first international round-robin tournament (in which each participant plays a game against each of the others) with a score of twelve wins out of thirteen games. He lost only one game, to the Rev. John Owen and finished two points ahead of Louis Paulsen, who had the best playing record in the early 1860s. Morphy had retired from chess at this time, so Anderssen was again generally regarded as the world's leading active player.

Shortly after the tournament, he played a match against tournament runner-up Paulsen, ending in a draw (3 wins, 3 losses, 2 draws). In 1864, he drew another match (3 wins, 3 losses, and 2 draws) against Berthold Suhle, who was a strong player and respected chess writer.

Steinitz match, 1866

In 1866, Anderssen lost a close match with 30-year-old Wilhelm Steinitz (six wins, eight losses, and no draws; Steinitz won the last two games). Although Steinitz is now known for inventing the positional approach to chess and demonstrating its superiority, the 1866 match was played in the attack-at-all-costs style of the 1850s and 1860s. This is generally seen as the point at which Steinitz succeeded Anderssen as the world's leading active player. Although ideas of a contest for the world championship had been floating around since the 1840s, the 1866 Anderssen–Steinitz match was not defined as being for the world championship, and many were opposed to the claim of such a title while Morphy was retired from chess and still alive.  Furthermore, Anderssen remained dominant both in top tournaments and in personal matches against Zukertort until 1871.

1866–1879
By this time tournaments were becoming more frequent, and the round-robin format was adopted.  At the same time, Anderssen, after losing the match to Morphy in 1858 and to Steinitz in 1866, re-dedicated himself to chess, particularly studying both endgames and positional play.  The result was that Anderssen, in his early fifties, was playing the finest chess of his career.  As a result, Anderssen compiled a very successful tournament record in the late stages of his career: five first places, two second places, two third places; and a sixth place in the final year of his life, when his health was failing. One of his first places was ahead of Steinitz, Gustav Neumann, Joseph Henry Blackburne, Louis Paulsen and several other very strong players at the Baden-Baden 1870 chess tournament. In terms of the number of leading players present, this could be regarded as one of the top 20 tournaments ever. One of Anderssen's third places was at the strong Vienna 1873 tournament, when he was 55. About half of Anderssen's tournament successes came at championships of the different regional German Chess Federations; but these were open to all nationalities, and most of them had a few "top ten" or even "top five" competitors. Anderssen usually beat Zukertort in matches, but his dominance came to an end in 1871.

The Leipzig 1877 tournament was organized in his honour and named the "Anderssen-Feier" (Anderssen Celebration); Anderssen finished second in the tournament behind Louis Paulsen.

Still at Leipzig, Anderssen lost a match against tournament winner Louis Paulsen (three wins, one draw, and five losses). Matches were Anderssen's relative weakness; his only match win in this period was in 1868, against the 26-year-old Johann Zukertort (eight wins, one draw, and three losses).

Assessment

Playing strength and style

Anderssen was very successful in European tournaments from 1851 to early 1878, taking first prize in over half of the events in which he played. His only recorded tournament failures were a one-game-per-round knock-out event in 1857 and sixth place at Paris 1878 when his health was failing and he had only about a year to live. His match record was much weaker: out of the 12 that he played, he won only two, drew four and lost six.

Though outclassed by Morphy, and to a lesser extent by Steinitz, Anderssen has been called the first modern chess master.

Arpad Elo, inventor of the Elo rating system, retroactively calculated ratings through history, and estimated that Anderssen was the first player with a rating over 2600. Chessmetrics ranks Anderssen as one of the top two players for most of the period from 1859 to 1873, and as the strongest player in the world seven months distributed between 1860 and 1870.

Steinitz rated Anderssen as one of the two greatest attacking players of his time: "We all may learn from Morphy and Anderssen how to conduct a king's-side attack, and perhaps I myself may not have learnt enough." Although Anderssen is regarded as a member of the "heroic" attacking school, he was not in favor of mindless aggression, for example he said: "Move that one of your pieces, which is in the worst plight, unless you can satisfy yourself that you can derive immediate advantage by an attack", a principle more recently labelled "Makogonov's rule". According to Fine, his approach to development was haphazard and he totally failed to understand why Morphy won.

Anderssen's home town was so proud of him that in 1865 Breslau University awarded him an honorary doctorate.

Influence on chess

Due to the perceived beauty of its attacking style, some of Anderssen's games, such as the Immortal Game and the Evergreen Game, are among the most famous in chess history.

The "heroic" attacking school of play to which Anderssen belonged was eclipsed by Steinitz' positional approach – by 1894 it was generally acknowledged that the only way to beat Steinitz was to apply Steinitz' principles.

Anderssen has had a more enduring influence on chess problem composition. He started composing in the last years of the "Old School", whose compositions were fairly similar to realistic over-the-board positions and featured spectacular "key" moves, multiple sacrifices and few variations. He was one of the most skillful composers of his time, and his work forms an early stage of the "Transition Period", between the mid-1840s and the early 1860s, when many of the basic problem ideas were discovered, the requirement for game-like positions was abandoned and the introduction of composing competitions (the first of which was in 1854) forced judges to decide on what features were the most desirable in a problem.

Outside the field of chess problems Anderssen was not a prolific author. However he edited the magazine Schachzeitung der Berliner Schachgesellschaft (later called Deutsche Schachzeitung) from 1846 to 1865, and was co-editor with Gustav Neumann of Neue Berliner Schachzeitung from 1864 to 1867.

Personality

Steinitz wrote: "Anderssen was honest and honourable to the core. Without fear or favour he straightforwardly gave his opinion, and his sincere disinterestedness became so patent....that his word alone was usually sufficient to quell disputes...for he had often given his decision in favour of a rival..." On the other hand, Reuben Fine, a 20th-century player, wrote, "There is a curious contrast between his over-the-board brilliance and his uninspired safety-first attitude in everyday affairs."

Death
Anderssen died on March 13, 1879, in his hometown. The Deutsche Schachzeitung noted his death in 1879 with a nineteen-page obituary. His cause of death was a heart attack.
Bombing raids during World War II damaged his grave in Breslau. After the war, the city became part of Poland and is now known under its Polish name Wrocław. In 1957, the Polish Chess Federation decided to re-bury Anderssen in a new grave at the Osobowice Cemetery.

Tournament results
Sources:

Match results
Sources:

See also
 List of chess games

References

Further reading

World Chess Champions by Edward G. Winter, editor. 1981
The World's Great Chess Games by Reuben Fine; Dover; 1983.
 classical standard biography on Anderssen (only in German)
 Some material on Anderssen in the first chapter.

External links

Anderssen Memorial Tournament
Anderssen's matches  (Archived 2009-10-24)

1818 births
1879 deaths
Burials in Poland
German chess players
German chess writers
Chess composers
Sportspeople from Wrocław
People from the Province of Silesia
University of Breslau alumni
German male non-fiction writers
19th-century chess players

Adolf Anderssen


The Maddalena Pass (Italian: Colle della Maddalena French: Col de Larche, historically Col de l'Argentière) (elevation 1996 m.) is a high mountain pass between the Cottian Alps and the Maritime Alps, located on the border between Italy and France. It connects Barcelonnette in France with Cuneo in Italy. Its French name Col de Larche refers to the village Larche on its northwestern side.

Under its earlier name, Col de l'Argentière it has historically linked Lyon with Italy; the Col de l'Argentière was in the possession of the house of Savoy from 1388 to 1713, offering an easy route between Piedmont and its outlying valley of Barcelonnette, which came into Savoyard possession in 1388, when Amadeus VI of Savoy purchased it for the sum of 60,000 ecus, it was of such strategic and commercial importance.

A few hundred metres from the pass, on its Italian side, is the Lago della Maddalena, which is the source of the Stura di Demonte, an important tributary of the Tanaro.

See also
 List of highest paved roads in Europe
 List of mountain passes

References

External links
Profile on climbbybike.com

Mountain passes of the Alps
Mountain passes of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Mountain passes of Piedmont
Province of Cuneo
France–Italy border crossings

Maddalena Pass


Hurricane Julia was the easternmost Category 4 hurricane recorded in the Atlantic basin since reliable satellite observations became available. On Sept. 15, Julia and Igor had both been powerful category four hurricanes but Julia's wind speeds had continued to drop since because of wind shear from monster hurricane Igor's outflow. By 11 a.m. EDT on Sept. 20, the National Hurricane Center issued their final warning on Julia. She was 1,100 miles west of the Azores near 34.7 North and 46.4 West and maximum sustained winds were near 46 mph, but quickly weakening. Julia had later been downgraded into a low pressure system and is now in the 2010 Atlantic Hurricane Season history books. Meanwhile, Igor's life history is not finished as he makes a track further into the North Atlantic Ocean. Hurricane Julia became a Category 4 storm in just 24 hours. She is currently out in the Atlantic with sustained winds at 135 mph. Luckily, there were no deaths. The maximum wind speed  of the cyclone was 140mph. The minimum pressure created was 948/949mb. The cyclone lasted for 13 days (09/12 - 09/24) with the changing of the catergories.

Julia
Julia

Hurricane Julia (2010)


Sanghar Taluka is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Sanghar District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Sanghar is the district headquarter of district Sanghar.

History
During British rule the taluka of Sanghar was part of the Thar and Parkar district of Sindh (initially part of the Bombay Presidency). In 1901 the taluka covered an area of , however the taluka was subdivided shortly afterwards and then contained an area of 830 square miles.

The population according to the 1901 census was 40,341 this was a decrease of about a thousand since the 1891 census (41,265). The 1901 census also revealed a density of 49 people per square miles which was considerably higher than the district average. The land revenues and cessess in 1903-4 amounted to 130,000, the taluka was chiefly irrigated by the Mithrao Canal and rice was the principle crop.

References

Talukas of Sindh
Sanghar District

Sanghar Tehsil


Gentile (or Gentilis) (died 1171) was the bishop of Agrigento in Sicily from 1154 to his death. He has been described as a prélat aventureux et vagabond, an "adventurous and vagabond prelate" (Chalandon 1907).

A Tuscan by birth, he originally served as an ambassador from Géza II of Hungary, but decided to remain in Sicily after a diplomatic mission. There he became bishop of Agrigento and a noted courtier. Noted, that is, for his luxury and debauchery. He threw lavish banquets, which he used to begin a whispering campaign against Richard Palmer, Bishop of Syracuse, a rival candidate for the vacant archbishopric of Palermo (1166). Ironically, he complained of the Syracusan bishops foreign, English origins. Likewise, he convinced the Grand Protonotary Matthew of Ajello that Palmer was planning to kill him and very nearly started a blood feud.

The archbishopric was filled by Stephen du Perche, also a foreigner, and Gentile was the first ecclesiastic to join the large conspiracy against him. Nevertheless, Gentile swore an oath of fealty to Stephen just before the latter moved the court to Messina, where the conspiracy was uncovered and the "leader" of the group, Henry, Count of Montescaglioso, arrested and imprisoned. Gentile himself had avoided the court proceedings, but hurried with Matthew of Ajello back to Palermo to await Stephen's return. Once again, the conspiracy was uncovered and Gentile fled to his diocese, where the people handed him over to a royal justiciar come to arrest him. The bishop was imprisoned in San Marco d'Alunzio, the first Norman fortress on the island.

On Stephen's fall later in 1168, Gentile was released and was a guarantor of the deal whereby Stephen's life was spared should he immediately leave Sicily, which he did. The "old voluptuary", as Norwich calls him, was passed over again for the vacant archdiocese, Walter of the Mill being elected instead. Nonetheless, Gentile's penchant for conspiracy and sedition had apparently been satisfied and he took no part in any more such quarrels, dying early in 1171 and succeeded by Bartholomew.

References
Norwich, John Julius. The Kingdom in the Sun 1130–1194. Longman: London, 1970.
Chalandon, Ferdinand. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile. Paris, 1907.

12th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
1171 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Gentile (bishop of Agrigento)


Leona is a city in Leon County, Texas, United States. The population was 175 at the 2010 census.

Geography

Leona is located at  (31.154763, –95.975703).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 181 people, 71 households, and 48 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 91 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 83.43% White, 13.81% African American, 0.55% Asian, and 2.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.21% of the population.

There were 71 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.7% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.3% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $37,083. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,725. About 4.8% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under the age of 18 and 16.7% of those 65 or over.

Education
The City of Leona is served by the Centerville Independent School District.

Notable people

 Albert Collins (1932–1993), musician

References

Cities in Texas
Cities in Leon County, Texas

Leona, Texas


Betty Carter (born Lillie Mae Jones; May 16, 1929 – September 26, 1998) was an American jazz singer known for her improvisational technique, scatting and other complex musical abilities that demonstrated her vocal talent and imaginative interpretation of lyrics and melodies. Vocalist Carmen McRae once remarked: "There's really only one jazz singer—only one: Betty Carter."

Early life
Carter was born in Flint, Michigan, and grew up in Detroit, where her father, James Jones, was the musical director of a Detroit church and her mother, Bessie, was a housewife. As a child, Carter was raised to be extremely independent and to not expect nurturing from her family. Even 30 years after leaving home, Carter was still very aware of and affected by the home life she was raised in, and was quoted saying:
I have been far removed from my immediate family. There's been no real contact or phone calls home every week to find out how everybody is…As far as family is concerned, it's been a lonesome trek…It's probably just as much my fault as it is theirs, and I can't blame anybody for it. But there was…no real closeness, where the family urged me on, or said…'We're proud'…and all that. No, no…none of that happened.

While the lack of support from Carter's family caused her to feel isolated, it may also have instilled self-reliance and determination to succeed. She studied piano at the Detroit Conservatory at the age of 15, but only attained a modest level of expertise.

At the age of 16, Carter began singing. As her parents were not big proponents of her pursuing a singing career, she would sneak out at night to audition for amateur shows. After winning first place at her first amateur competition, Carter felt as though she were being accepted into the music world and decided that she must pursue it tirelessly. When she began performing live, she was too young to be admitted into bars, so she obtained a forged birth certificate to gain entry in order to perform.

Career

Even at a young age, Carter was able to bring a new vocal style to jazz. The breathiness of her voice was a characteristic seldom heard before her appearance on the music scene. She also was well known for her passion for scat singing and her strong belief that the throwaway attitude that most jazz musicians approached it with was inappropriate and wasteful.  Her scatting was known to display a degree of spontaneity and basic inventiveness that was seldom seen elsewhere.

Detroit, where Carter grew up, was a hotbed of jazz growth. After signing with a talent agent after her win at amateur night, Carter had opportunities to perform with famous jazz artists such as Dizzy Gillespie, who visited Detroit for an extensive amount of time. Gillespie is often considered responsible for her strong passion for scatting. In earlier recordings, it is apparent that her scatting had similarities to the qualities of Gillespie's.

At the time of Gillespie's visit, Charlie Parker was receiving treatment in a psychiatric hospital, delaying her encounter with him. However, Carter eventually performed with Parker, as well as with his band consisting of Tommy Potter, Max Roach, and Miles Davis. After receiving praise from both Gillespie and Parker for her vocal prowess, Carter felt an upsurge in confidence and knew that she could make it in the business with perseverance.

Carter's confidence was well-founded. In 1948, she was asked by Lionel Hampton to join his band. She finally had her big break. Working with Hampton's group gave her the chance to be bandmates with artists such as Charles Mingus and Wes Montgomery, as well as with Ernest Harold "Benny" Bailey, who had recently vacated Gillespie's band and Albert Thornton "Al" Grey who would later go on to join Gillespie's band. Hampton had an ear for talent and a love for bebop. Carter too had a deep love for bebop as well as a talent for it. Hampton's wife Gladys gave her the nickname "Betty Bebop", a nickname she reportedly detested. Despite her good ear and charming personality, Carter was fiercely independent and tended to attempt to resist Hampton's direction, while Hampton had a temper and was quick to anger. Hampton expected a lot from his players and did not want them to forget that he was the band's leader. She openly hated his swing style, refused to sing in a swinging way, and she was far too outspoken for his tastes. Carter honed her scat singing ability while on tour, which was not well received by Hampton as he did not enjoy her penchant for improvisation. Over the course of two and a half years, Hampton fired Carter a total of seven times.

Carter was part of the Lionel Hampton Orchestra that played at the famed Cavalcade of Jazz in Los Angeles at Wrigley Field which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on July 10, 1949. They did a second concert at Lane Field in San Diego on September 3, 1949. They also performed at the sixth famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert on June 25, 1950. Also featured on the same day were Roy Milton & His Solid Senders, Pee Wee Crayton's Orchestra, Dinah Washington, Tiny Davis & Her Hell Divers, and other artists. 16,000 people were reported to be in attendance and the concert ended early because of a fracas while Hampton's band played "Flying High".

Being a part of Hampton's band provided a few things for "The Kid" (a nickname bestowed upon Carter that stuck for the rest of her life): connections, and a new approach to music, making it so that all future musical attitudes that came from Carter bore the mark of Hampton's guidance. Because Hampton hired Carter, she also goes down in history as one of the last big band era jazz singers in history. However, by 1951, Carter left the band. After a short recuperation back home, Carter was in New York, working all over the city for the better part of the early 1950s, as well as participating in an extensive tour of the south, playing for "camp shows". This work made little to no money, but Carter believed it was necessary to develop as an artist and was a way to "pay her dues".

Very soon after Carter arrived in New York City, she was allowed to record with King Pleasure and the Ray Bryant Trio, becoming more recognizable and well-known and subsequently being granted the chance to sing at the Apollo Theatre. This theatre was known for giving up-and-coming artists the final shove into becoming household names. Carter was propelled into prominence, recording with Epic label by 1955, and was a well-known artist by the late 1950s. Her first solo LP, Out There, was released on the Peacock label in 1958.

Miles Davis can be credited for Carter's bump in popularity, as he was the person who recommended to Ray Charles that he take Carter under his wing. Carter began touring with Charles in 1960, then making a recording of duets with him in 1961 (Ray Charles and Betty Carter), including the R&B-chart-topping "Baby, It's Cold Outside", which brought her a measure of popular recognition. In 1963 she toured in Japan with Sonny Rollins. She recorded for various labels during this period, including ABC-Paramount, Atco and United Artists, but was rarely satisfied with the resulting product. After three years of touring with Charles and a total of two recordings together, Carter took a hiatus from recording to marry. She and her husband had two children. However, she continued performing, not wanting to be dependent upon her husband for financial support.

The 1960s became an increasingly difficult time for Carter as she began to slip into fame, refusing to sing contemporary pop music, and her youth fading. Carter was nearly forty years old, which at the time was not conducive to a career in the public eye. Rock and roll, like pop, was steadily becoming more popular and provided cash flow for labels and recording companies. Carter had to work extremely hard to continue to book gigs because of the jazz decline. Her marriage also was beginning to crumble. By 1971, Carter was single and mainly performing live with a small group consisting of merely a piano, drums, and a bass. The Betty Carter trio was one of the very few jazz groups to continue to book gigs in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Carter created her record label, Bet-Car Records, in 1969, the sole recording source of Carter's music for the next eighteen years:

Some of her most famous recordings were originally issued on Bet-Car, including the double album The Audience with Betty Carter (1980). In 1980 she was the subject of a documentary film by Michelle Parkerson, But Then, She's Betty Carter. Carter's approach to music did not concern solely her method of recording and distribution, but also her choice of venues. Carter began performing at colleges and universities, starting in 1972 at Goddard College in Vermont. Carter was excited at this opportunity, as it was since the mid-1960s that Carter had been wanting to visit schools and provide some sort of education for students. She began lecturing along with her musical performances, informing students of the history of jazz and its roots.

By 1975, Carter's life and work prospects began to improve, and Carter was beginning to be able to pick her jobs once again, touring in Europe, South America, and the United States. In 1976, Carter was a guest live performer on Saturday Night Live′s first season on the air, and was also a performer at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1977 and 1978, carving out a permanent place for herself in the music business as well as in the world of jazz.

In 1977, Carter enjoyed a new peak in critical and popular estimation, and taught a master class with her past mentor, Dizzy Gillespie, at Harvard. In the last decade of her life, Carter began to receive even wider acclaim and recognition. In 1987 she signed with Verve Records, who reissued most of her Bet-Car albums on CD for the first time and made them available to wider audiences. In 1988 she won a Grammy for her album Look What I Got! and sang in a guest appearance on The Cosby Show (episode "How Do You Get to Carnegie Hall?"). In 1994 she performed at the White House and was a headliner at Verve's 50th-anniversary celebration in Carnegie Hall. She was the subject of a 1994 short film by Dick Fontaine, Betty Carter: New All the Time.

In 1997 she was awarded a National Medal of Arts by President Bill Clinton. This award was one of the thousands, but Carter considered this medal to be the most important that she received in her lifetime.

Death
Carter continued to perform, tour, and record, as well as search for new talent until she was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the summer of 1998. She died on September 26, 1998, at the age of 69, and was cremated. She was survived by her two sons.

Legacy
Carter often recruited young accompanists for performances and recordings, insisting that she "learned a lot from these young players, because they're raw and they come up with things that I would never think about doing."

1993 was Carter's biggest year of innovation, creating a program called Jazz Ahead, which took 20 students who were given the opportunity to spend an entire week training and composing with Carter, a program that still exists to this day and is hosted in The Kennedy Center.

Betty Carter is considered responsible for discovering great jazz talent, including John Hicks, Curtis Lundy, Mulgrew Miller, Cyrus Chestnut, Dave Holland, Stephen Scott, Kenny Washington, Benny Green, Tarik Shah, and Gregory Hutchinson.

Discography

CD compilations
 1990: Compact Jazz – (PolyGram) – Bet-Car and Verve recordings from 1976 to 1987
 1992: I Can't Help It – (Impulse!/GRP) – the Out There and The Modern Sound albums on one compact disc
 1999: Priceless Jazz – (GRP) – Peacock and ABC-Paramount recordings from 1958 and 1960
 2003: Betty Carter's Finest Hour – (Verve) – recordings from 1958 to 1992

On multi-artist compilations
 1988: "I'm Wishing" on Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films
 1997: "Lonely House" on September Songs – The Music of Kurt Weill

References

External links

 Seth Rogovoy, "Betty Carter: Still taking risks", Interview, Berkshire Eagle, November 14, 1997, via The BerkshireWeb.
 Betty Carter profile at MTV
 Martin Weil, Betty Carter  Obituary, 1998
 Betty Carter profile at All About Jazz
 "Betty Carter: Fiercely Individual", in NPR's Jazz Profiles series, August 14, 2008

1929 births
1998 deaths
ABC Records artists
African-American women composers
American women composers
American jazz composers
Women jazz composers
African-American jazz composers
American women jazz singers
American jazz singers
African-American women singer-songwriters
American contraltos
Bebop singers
Deaths from pancreatic cancer in New York (state)
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Flint, Michigan
Scat singers
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Singers from Detroit
20th-century American women singers
Jazz musicians from Michigan
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century women composers
20th-century African-American women singers
Singer-songwriters from Michigan

Betty Carter


Kothammuriyattom is a village folk art form of northern Kerala, India. It is in fact Godavariyattom. Basically it is a theyyam (a popular ritual form of worship of North Malabar), with the image of a cow-face attached to mid part of the body. Usually a boy is selected to do this. Special hair work, face pack, and costumes accompany this. Paniyas also assist the main character. It is believed that, after this play, the country becomes prosperous with more yields and increased number of livestock. With drum patterns serving as the music, the speech is both socially conscious and humorous.

See also
 Arts of Kerala
 Kerala Folklore Akademi

Dances of Kerala
Ritual dances
Arts of Kerala

Kothammuriyattam


Haywood Cooper Sullivan (December 15, 1930 – February 12, 2003) was an American college and professional baseball player who was a catcher, manager, general manager and club owner in Major League Baseball.  From May 23, 1978, through November 23, 1993, he was a general partner in the Boston Red Sox, where he parlayed a $200,000 investment into a cash out of at least $12 million.

Early years
Sullivan was born in Donalsonville, Georgia, and raised in Dothan, Alabama.  He graduated from Dothan High School on May 27, 1949. He received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he was the starting quarterback for coach Bob Woodruff's Florida Gators football team in 1950 and 1951, and a standout catcher for coach Dave Fuller's Gators baseball team in 1951 and 1952.

In his two seasons as the Gators' quarterback, Sullivan threw for 2,016 yards in an era when the emphasis was on a running offense.

As a Gators baseball player, he was named to the All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) team in 1952.

He threw and batted right-handed, stood  tall and weighed .

Sullivan signed a guaranteed $45,000 bonus contract with the Red Sox in 1952, a contract which would not have been available a year later under pending baseball rules changes, and thereby ended his college football and baseball career after his junior year.  He was later inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great."

MLB catcher and manager
Sullivan's professional baseball playing career—derailed by military service, which caused him to miss the 1953 and 1954 seasons, and back surgery that cost him the entire 1958 campaign—was largely confined to the minor leagues for its first eight seasons.

After three short stays and only eight total games played for the Red Sox (in 1955, 1957 and 1959), Sullivan finally established himself in the big leagues in  at age 29. He was the starting backstop for Boston's first three games, including the then-traditional "Presidential Opener" at Washington's Griffith Stadium. However, Sullivan injured his hand in the third game of the season and struggled offensively afterward, hitting only .135 through June 13 and 36 games played. That day, the Red Sox acquired catcher Russ Nixon from the Cleveland Indians, and from then through the end of the campaign, Sullivan played only sparingly. He ended the season as Boston's second-most-used catcher, behind Nixon, with 50 games and  innings caught. But he batted only .161 with four extra-base hits and was left exposed in the 1960 Major League Baseball expansion draft.  The newly created edition of the Washington Senators franchise picked him up, then traded him to the Kansas City Athletics for pitcher Marty Kutyna on December 29, 1960.

Sullivan played for  seasons with the Athletics, and was the club's semi-regular catcher in 1961 and 1962, starting 78 and 80 games behind the plate. In a three-game span against his former team, the Red Sox, at Municipal Stadium from July 12–14, 1962, Sullivan had seven hits in 11 at bats, with two home runs, although Boston won all three games.  For his MLB career, Sullivan batted .226 with 192 hits, 30 doubles and 13 home runs in 312 games over all or parts of seven seasons.

In 1964, Sullivan was named manager of the Athletics' Birmingham Barons farm club in the Double-A Southern League.  His 1964 Barons—the first integrated team in Birmingham—missed the pennant by just one game, earning him a promotion to the Vancouver Mounties of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League in 1965. After only 25 games in Vancouver, Sullivan was called to Kansas City to manage the parent Athletics on May 16, 1965, succeeding Mel McGaha. At 34, Sullivan was the youngest manager in Major League Baseball that season.  Kansas City had lost 21 of its first 26 games and was lodged in last place in the ten-team American League when McGaha was fired, and they remained in the cellar for the rest of the 1965 season, winning 54 and losing 82 (.397) with Sullivan at the reins.

Managerial record

Front office and ownership career

Role with Bosox' 1967 pennant winners
On November 28, 1965, he was recruited by the Red Sox, who had reorganized their front office under new general manager Dick O'Connell. As vice president, player personnel, Sullivan was positioned as the top "baseball man" in the organization, and from 1965 to 1967 was instrumental in acquiring several players from the Athletics (among them John Wyatt, José Tartabull, Ken Harrelson and Bill Landis) who would help lead Boston to its surprise 1967 AL pennant. But O'Connell gradually assumed more power and took over most of Sullivan's responsibilities; Sullivan kept his title but in reality became the Red Sox' director of scouting after the 1973 death of Neil Mahoney.

Despite his decline in overall authority, Sullivan maintained very close personal ties with owner Tom Yawkey and his wife, Jean. In 1977, a year after Tom Yawkey died of leukemia, the Red Sox were put up for sale. Sullivan—reportedly borrowing $100,000 and using his home as collateral—joined an ownership group organized by former Red Sox athletic trainer Edward "Buddy" LeRoux. Because of Sullivan's close friendship with Jean Yawkey, the LeRoux offer was accepted, even though it was not the highest bid and the group did not have the financial resources of some of its rivals. The American League initially rejected the deal, but reconsidered when Mrs. Yawkey joined the group in May 1978, becoming principal owner, general partner and team president.

Before the sale was consummated, in October 1977, Mrs. Yawkey fired O'Connell and promoted Sullivan to general manager. Overall, his first off-season as GM of the Red Sox was highly successful. Still using the resources of the Yawkey fortune, and benefitting from the depth of the Red Sox farm system that he helped to build, Sullivan acquired players Mike Torrez, Jerry Remy, Dick Drago, Tom Burgmeier and Dennis Eckersley. Buoyed by the new additions to an already strong team, the Red Sox charged into first place in the 1978 AL East race, but they would squander a  game lead over the New York Yankees and then lose a one-game playoff for the division title to miss the postseason completely. Although manager Don Zimmer is usually cast as the chief culprit for the collapse, Sullivan contributed to the debacle by dealing away useful players such as Bernie Carbo, Ferguson Jenkins, Jim Willoughby and Reggie Cleveland, who were considered to be "clubhouse lawyers." None of the players fetched comparable value, and the loss of pitching depth and bench strength was a critical factor in Boston's struggles.

Post-1978 decline and the "Coup LeRoux"
Sullivan then further earned the wrath of Red Sox Nation after the 1978 season when he allowed legendary pitcher Luis Tiant to leave for the Yankees as a free agent and, as he had done with Jenkins, Carbo and the others, dumped a clubhouse dissident, lefty pitcher Bill Lee, in a giveaway trade—in this case, to the Montreal Expos.  In 1979, he raised eyebrows when he selected his son Marc Sullivan, who was not considered to have early-round talent, in the second round of baseball's amateur draft; the younger Sullivan would bat a paltry .186 in parts of five major league seasons.

In December 1980, Sullivan faced the imminent free agency of Rick Burleson, Carlton Fisk and Fred Lynn—Boston's starting shortstop, catcher and center fielder, and the "up the middle" core of the ball club.  The three players, represented by agent Jeremy Kapstein, had been embroiled in a contract dispute with the team in , the first year of free agency, and hard feelings still lingered between them and owners Sullivan and Mrs. Yawkey.  Sullivan was able to trade Burleson for value (young third baseman Carney Lansford and relief pitcher Mark Clear), but then failed to mail contract offers to Lynn and Fisk by MLB's mandated deadline, triggering binding arbitration and unintentionally speeding their free agency.  Sullivan was forced to accept fifty cents on the dollar for Lynn in a trade to the California Angels, who signed him to a multi-year contract, and then lost Fisk outright when the arbitrator declared him a free agent. Fisk played the rest of his Baseball Hall of Fame career as a member of the Chicago White Sox, retiring in .

From then on, Sullivan's reputation in Boston was tarnished.  He refused to enter the market for free agents, preferring to rely exclusively on player development, but the Boston farm system hit a dry spell resulting from poor drafts during Sullivan's tenure as GM; whereas O'Connell in 1976 alone had drafted Wade Boggs, John Tudor, and Bruce Hurst, the only starting player drafted and signed by the Red Sox between 1977 and 1979 was Marty Barrett.  The Red Sox were also ridiculed for stinginess and ineptitude, with one sportswriter claiming that the team motto should have been "don't just do something; stand there!"  The contending Bosox of the late 1970s were reduced to also-rans.

Sullivan's legacy received another battering in 1983 when a long-simmering estrangement from LeRoux became embarrassingly public. On June 6, just prior to a ceremony celebrating the Red Sox' 1967 AL championship, and raising money to care for stricken former outfielder Tony Conigliaro, LeRoux called a press conference to reveal that he and his limited partners had exercised a clause in their ownership agreement and taken control of the Red Sox.  He fired Sullivan on the spot, and restored O'Connell—who hadn't set foot in Fenway Park since his dismissal in 1977—to the GM post.  Boston sportswriters called the gambit "the Coup LeRoux."  Sullivan and Mrs. Yawkey then immediately called their own press conference to announce they had filed suit to prevent the takeover.  A court granted them an injunction, and in a public 1984 trial that aired dirty laundry on both sides, Sullivan and Yawkey won the day again.

From GM to CEO/COO
But the damage had been done. Sullivan voluntarily gave up his general manager duties to Lou Gorman in June 1984, immediately after the court victory over LeRoux, and became the team's chief executive and chief operating officer.  Gorman received credit for trades that helped the 1986 Red Sox win the AL championship, although Sullivan's determination to build from within helped to furnish the club with many of its key players.

During Sullivan's tenure as general manager and chief executive, the Red Sox, with their history as the last pre-expansion MLB team to break the color line, were again criticized for anti-Black bigotry. In a 1985 public reckoning, the team was sued by former outfielder and coach Tommy Harper for retaliation after the Red Sox fired Harper as a minor league base-running instructor when he shared with the media the club's practice of allowing the all-white Elks Club of Winter Haven, Florida (where the team held spring training) into the Red Sox' Chain of Lakes Park clubhouse to invite white players and white front-office personnel to the Elks' segregated facilities. The Red Sox' illegal actions, and Harper's complaint was upheld by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission on July 1, 1986.

When the Red Sox re-entered the free agent market late in the 1980s, they were able to sign All-Star catcher Tony Peña, but many nonwhite players ignored the Red Sox in free agency, or included them on their "no trade" lists. This trend only began to change when the Red Sox bid aggressively (but unsuccessfully) for Kirby Puckett after the 1992 season.

In late March 1987, Jean Yawkey bought out LeRoux and, with two general partnership shares, she became the Red Sox' managing partner. Sullivan and Mrs. Yawkey grew distant, and, although he still held a general partnership in the team, by the late 1980s Sullivan was consistently outvoted 2–1 by Mrs. Yawkey's two general partnership shares. (Sullivan's title of CEO/COO, meanwhile, quietly was removed from the team's masthead.)  When Mrs. Yawkey died in 1992, Sullivan and her representative, John Harrington, who headed the JRY Trust, each vowed to buy the other out.  On November 23, 1993, Harrington made good his word, acquiring Sullivan's share in the team on behalf of the trust; while initially reported as $12 million, later estimates placed the buyout at $30 million or more.

Life after baseball

Sullivan then retired to the Gulf Coast of Florida, where he operated a marina and invested successfully in real estate, his name occasionally popping up (usually linked with former Commissioner of Baseball Fay Vincent) as a potential part-owner of another Major League club.  Upon Sullivan's death at age 72 in Fort Myers, Florida, after suffering a stroke, Boston baseball observers such as Peter Gammons took a fresh view of Sullivan's impact on the Red Sox and gave him renewed credit for building the team into contenders, and keeping them there, from 1966 forward. Sullivan is interred at the Dothan City Cemetery. He was named to the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2004.

See also

 Boston Red Sox all-time roster
 Florida Gators
 Florida Gators football, 1950–59
 List of Florida Gators baseball players
List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members

References

Bibliography

Bryant, Howard, Shut Out: A Story of Race and Baseball in Boston. Boston: The Beacon Press, 2002.
Gammons, Peter, Beyond the Sixth Game. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1985.
Spink, C.C. Johnson, editor, The 1965 Baseball Guide. St. Louis: The Sporting News, 1966.
Stout, Glenn and Johnson, Richard A., Red Sox Century.  Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 2000.
Obituary, The Boston Globe, February 13, 2003.

External links

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Haywood Sullivan