A claw hammer is a hammer primarily used in carpentry for driving nails into or pulling them from wood. Historically, a claw hammer has been associated with woodworking, but is also used in general applications.  It is not suitable for heavy hammering on metal surfaces (such as in machining work), as the steel of its head is somewhat brittle; the ball-peen hammer is more suitable for such metalwork.

An early claw hammer is seen in Albrecht Dürer's etching "Melencolia I," dated 1514, halfway up the left side. There are several nails in the lower right corner.

Design
A claw hammer is composed of a metal head and a handle, which historically was made of wood but also may be of steel, fiberglass, or other composite. One side of the head has a poll with either a smooth or textured surface and used for driving, while the other is formed into a pair of downward curving V-shaped claws and used for most commonly  extracting nails from wood. The greater the curve of the claw(s), and longer the handle, the greater the leverage that may be applied.

Types

Claw hammers can be constructed many ways but generally come in one of two forms. The first, and most popular, type of hammer is the two-piece hammer. This hammer is constructed from a forged steel head with a hole for fixing a handle. One end is made to fit the hole in the hammer head, then a steel wedge is driven into the wood which forces it to expand and secure the hammer head to the handle.  Other handle materials include glass fiber and even carbon fiber.

Another type of claw hammer is single-piece forged heat-treated steel where the head and handle are integral.  These hammers often have polymer grips to add to their ergonomics and decrease vibrations when the hammer is used.

Another type of claw hammer is the framing hammer. This is an oversized claw hammer used in framing carpentry. The larger and heavier head can decrease the number of blows required to fully drive a nail, minimized further by increased leverage (torque) and head speed generated by longer handles.  Framing hammers also characteristically have a checkered "milled" face, which reduces skip-off of the head if the blow is not precisely struck on the nail.  The slight indentations left on the wood by the checkered face are considered unimportant in rough carpentry.  Framing hammers also have a much straighter claw than regular claw hammers, as the claw is designed more for prying nailed  boards apart, rather than removing nails (though its claw can also be used in that capacity).

The size of this type of hammer is commonly designated by the weight of its head, which may range from .

References

Bibliography
Hazra Choudhary, A text book on workshop technology

Hammers
Woodworking hand tools

Claw hammer


Zīj-i Sulṭānī () is a Zij astronomical table and star catalogue that was published by Ulugh Beg in 1438–1439.  It was the joint product of the work of a group of Muslim astronomers working under the patronage of Ulugh Beg at Samarkand's Ulugh Beg Observatory. These astronomers included Jamshid al-Kashi and Ali Qushji, among others.

The Zij-i-Sultani was not surpassed in accuracy until the work of Taqi ad-Din and Tycho Brahe in the 16th century.

The serious errors which Ulugh Beg found in previous Zij star catalogues (many of the earlier ones were simply updates on Ptolemy's work, adding the effect of precession to the longitudes) induced him to redetermine the positions of 992 fixed stars, to which he added 27 stars from al-Sufi's Book of Fixed Stars (964), which were too far south for observation from Samarkand. This catalogue, one of the most original of the Middle Ages, was edited by Thomas Hyde at Oxford in 1665 under the title Jadāvil-i Mavāzi' S̱avābit, sive, Tabulae Long. ac Lat. Stellarum Fixarum ex Observatione Ulugh Beighi, by Gregory Sharpe in 1767, and in 1843 by Francis Baily in Vol. XIII of the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society.

In 1437, Ulugh Beg determined the length of the sidereal year as 365.2570370...d = 365d 6h 10m 8s (an error of +58s). In his measurements over many years he used a 50 m high gnomon. This value was improved by 28s, 88 years later in 1525 by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), who appealed to the estimation of Thābit ibn Qurra (826–901), which was accurate to +2s. However, Ulugh Beg later measured another more precise value as 365d 6h 9m 35s, which has an error of +25s, making it more accurate than Copernicus' estimate which had an error of +30s. Ulugh Beg also determined the Earth's axial tilt as 23;30,17 degrees in sexagesimal notation, which in decimal notation converts to 23.5047 degrees.

See also
 Zij
 Ulugh Beg Observatory

Notes

References
 E.S. Kennedy, A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, (1956) 46(2), pp. 3–4, 44-5.
 L.P.E.A. Sédillot. Tables astronomiques d'Oloug Beg, commentées et publiées avec le texte en regard, Tome I, 1 fascicule, Paris; 1839.
 L.P.E.A. Sédillot. Prolégomènes des Tables astronomiques d'Oloug Beg, publiées avec Notes et Variantes, et précédées d'une Introduction. Paris: F. Didot, 1847.
 L.P.E.A. Sédillot. Prolégomènes des Tables astronomiques d'Oloug Beg, traduction et commentaire. Paris: 1853.

1437 books
Astronomical tables
Astronomical works of the medieval Islamic world
Astrological works of the medieval Islamic world

Zij-i Sultani


Kenneth Macaulay (1792-1829) was a merchant and colonial official in British Sierra Leone during the early nineteenth century. Macaulay served as Acting-Governor of Sierra Leone and was appointed as a member of His Majesty's Colonial Council. He was a second cousin of Zachary Macaulay, the abolitionist and member of the Clapham Sect.

Early life and background
Kenneth Macaulay was born to Aulay Macaulay and Rachel Macaulay, née Rome, and was a member of the Macaulay family of Lewis. Kenneth Macaulay was baptised at Crosby Upon Eden, Cumberland, England on 5 September 1792.

Kenneth Macaulay was a second cousin of Zachary Macaulay, a former Governor of Sierra Leone, who had been appointed by the Sierra Leone Company to govern during the pre-Crown colony era.  Kenneth Macaulay arrived in the colony in 1808 at the age of sixteen years old to take up the position of government writer. Several Liberated Africans adopted the surname 'Macaulay' or 'Macauley' after Kenneth, who was in charge of distributing provisions to the Liberated African Department.

Political career
Macaulay was appointed as a managing agent of Macaulay and Babington, the largest European mercantile firm in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Kenneth Macaulay served in several positions of influence in the Colony of Sierra Leone during the early nineteenth century. He was appointed as a Member of the Colonial Council of Sierra Leone, and was hence styled as 'Honourable Macaulay'. Macaulay was also appointed as Acting-Governor of Sierra Leone. He was a member of the jury during the trial of Samuel Samo, the first court case brought under the British Slave Trade Felony Act 1811. He was drawn into the controversy concerning his cousin Zachary when Robert Thorpe, the Chief Justice in the colony criticised Macauley's poor accountancy standards, and Macauley was removed from his position in 1815. Although unversed in the law, Macaulay was appointed as Acting Chief Justice of Sierra Leone on several occasions.

Defense of the Colony of Sierra Leone
Critics of the Colony of Sierra Leone such as James McQueen, a Scottish advocate of slavery, decried the purpose of founding a colony for ex-slaves and discredited Kenneth who had several children by mistresses of African descent. Macaulay wrote a spirited defence of the Colony of Sierra Leone entitled, The Colony of Sierra Leone Vindicated, which provided some insight into the political, economic and social aspects of early colonial Freetown society. Kenneth Macaulay was a raconteur and he held several banquets for the European community in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Macaulay was also keen horse racer and he won the Governor's Cup on several occasions.

Death

After surviving several outbreaks of yellow fever in the colony, Kenneth Macaulay died on 5 June 1829 after suffering from a bout of yellow fever. He was buried in Freetown, Sierra Leone. He bequeathed several prime properties in Freetown, Sierra Leone to his children of partial African descent.

Descendants
Macaulay had at least seven children in Sierra Leone, including John Macaulay, George Macaulay, Charles Macaulay, Commodore Collier Macaulay, Charlotte Macaulay, and Margaret Macaulay. Kenneth had a brief relationship with Mary Harding and had several children with Abboo Shaw and Harriet Sleight (Slight), both Liberated Africans possibly from modern-day Ghana or Nigeria.

Macaulay has several notable Sierra Leone Creole descendants, including Francis Smith, Robert Smith, Frances Claudia Wright, and Emile Short.

References

1792 births
1829 deaths
Kenneth
Scottish merchants
Scottish colonial officials
19th-century Scottish businesspeople

Kenneth Macaulay (colonialist)


Erwin Panofsky (March 30, 1892, in Hannover – March 14, 1968, in Princeton, New Jersey) was a German-Jewish art historian, whose academic career was pursued mostly in the U.S. after the rise of the Nazi regime.

His work represents a high point in the modern academic study of iconography, including his hugely influential Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art and his masterpiece Early Netherlandish Painting. Many of his books are still in print, including Studies in Iconology: Humanist Themes in the Art of the Renaissance (1939), Meaning in the Visual Arts (1955), and his 1943 study The Life and Art of Albrecht Dürer.

Panofsky's ideas were highly influential in intellectual history in general, particularly in his use of historical ideas to interpret artworks and vice versa.

Biography

European years
Panofsky was born in Hannover to a wealthy Jewish Silesian mining family. He grew up in Berlin, receiving his Abitur in 1910 at the Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium.  In 1910–14 he studied law, philosophy, philology, and art history in Freiburg, Munich, and Berlin, where he heard lectures by the art historian Margarete Bieber, who was filling in for Georg Loeschcke.

While Panofsky was taking courses at Freiburg University, a slightly older student, Kurt Badt, took him to hear a lecture by the founder of the art history department, Wilhelm Vöge, under whom he wrote his dissertation in 1914. His topic, Dürer's artistic theory Dürers Kunsttheorie: vornehmlich in ihrem Verhaltnis zur Kunsttheorie der Italiener was published the following year in Berlin as Die Theoretische Kunstlehre Albrecht Dürers.  Because of a horse-riding accident, Panofsky was exempted from military service during World War I, using the time to attend the seminars of the medievalist Adolph Goldschmidt in Berlin.

The original 1920 manuscript of Panofsky's Habilitationsschrift, his second dissertation, which is titled "Die Gestaltungsprinzipien Michelangelos, besonders in ihrem Verhältnis zu denen Raffaels" ("The Composition Principles of Michelangelo, particularly in their relation to those of Raphael"), was found in August 2012 by art historian Stephan Klingen in an old Nazi safe in Munich's Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte.

It had long been assumed that this manuscript was lost in 1943/44 in Hamburg, as this important study was never published and the art historian's widow was unable to locate it in Hamburg. It seems as if art historian  Ludwig Heinrich Heydenreich, who had studied under Panofsky, was in the possession of this manuscript from 1946 to 1970. In the Süddeutsche Zeitung, Willibald Sauerländer shed some light on the question of whether Heydenreich shared his recovery of the manuscript or not: "Panofsky has historically distanced himself from his early writings on Michelangelo, as he tired of the subject, and (according to Sauerländer) developed a professional conflict with Austro-Hungarian art historian Johannes Wilde, who accused Panofsky of not crediting him with ideas gleaned from a conversation they had about Michelangelo drawings. Perhaps Panofsky didn't care about the whereabouts of his lost work and Heydenreich was not malicious in keeping it a secret ... but questions still remain."

Panofsky's academic career in art history took him to the University of Berlin, University of Munich, and finally to University of Hamburg, where he taught from 1920 to 1933. It was during this period that his first major writings on art history began to appear. A significant early work was Idea: Ein Beitrag zur Begriffsgeschichte der älteren Kunstheorie (1924; translated into English as Idea: A Concept in Art Theory), based on the ideas of Ernst Cassirer.

American years (from 1931)
Panofsky first came to the United States in 1931 to teach at New York University. Although initially allowed to spend alternate terms in Hamburg and New York City, after the Nazis came to power in Germany his appointment in Hamburg was terminated because he was Jewish, and he remained permanently in the United States with his art historian wife (since 1916), Dorothea "Dora" Mosse (1885–1965). He and his wife became part of the Kahler-Kreis. By 1934 he was teaching concurrently at New York University and Princeton University, and in 1935 he was invited to join the faculty of the new Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, where he remained for the rest of his career.  In 1999, "Panofsky Lane", named in his honor, was created in the institute's faculty housing complex.

Panofsky was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the British Academy and a number of other national academies. In 1954 he became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1962 he received the Haskins Medal of The Medieval Academy of America.  In 1947–1948 Panofsky was the Charles Eliot Norton professor at Harvard University; the lectures later became Early Netherlandish Painting.

He became particularly well known for his studies of symbols and iconography in art.  First in a 1934 article, then in his Early Netherlandish Painting (1953), Panofsky was the first to interpret Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait (1934) as not only a depiction of a wedding ceremony, but also a visual contract testifying to the act of marriage.  Panofsky identifies a plethora of hidden symbols that all point to the sacrament of marriage. In recent years, this conclusion has been challenged, but Panofsky's work with what he called "hidden" or "disguised" symbolism is still very much influential in the study and understanding of Northern Renaissance art. Similarly, in his monograph on Dürer, Panofsky gives lengthy "symbolic" analyses of the prints Knight, Death, and the Devil and Melencolia I, the former based on Erasmus's Handbook of a Christian Knight.

Panofsky was known to be a friend with physicists Wolfgang Pauli and Albert Einstein. His younger son, Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, became a renowned physicist who specialized in particle accelerators.  His elder son, Hans A. Panofsky, was "an atmospheric scientist who taught at Pennsylvania State University for 30 years and who was credited with several advances in the study of meteorology".  As Wolfgang Panofsky related, his father used to call his sons "meine beiden Klempner" ("my two plumbers"). William S. Heckscher was a student, fellow emigre, and close friend.  In 1973 he was succeeded at Princeton by Irving Lavin.
Erwin Panofsky has been recognized as both a "highly distinguished" professor at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, and in Jeffrey Chipps' biography of the subject as "the most influential art historian of the twentieth century".  In 1999, the new "Panofsky Lane", in that Institute's faculty housing complex, was named in his honor.

Iconology

Panofsky was the most eminent representative of iconology, a method of studying the history of art created by Aby Warburg and his disciples, especially Fritz Saxl, at the Warburg Institute in Hamburg. A personal and professional friendship linked him to Fritz Saxl in collaboration with whom he produced a large part of his work. He gave a short and precise description of his method in his article "Iconography and Iconology", published in 1939.

Three strata of subject matter or meaning

In Studies in Iconology Panofsky details his idea of three levels of art-historical understanding:

Primary or natural subject matter: The most basic level of understanding, this stratum consists of perception of the work's pure form. Take, for example, a painting of the Last Supper.  If we stopped at this first stratum, such a picture could only be perceived as a painting of 13 men seated at a table.  This first level is the most basic understanding of a work, devoid of any added cultural knowledge.
Secondary or conventional subject matter (iconography): This stratum goes a step further and brings to the comparison of cultural and iconographic knowledge. For example, a Western viewer would understand that the painting of 13 men around a table would represent the Last Supper.  Similarly, a representation of a haloed man with a lion could be interpreted as a depiction of St. Mark.
Tertiary or intrinsic meaning or content (iconology): This level takes into account personal, technical, and cultural history into the understanding of a work.  It looks at art not as an isolated incident, but as the product of a historical environment.  Working in this stratum, the art historian can ask questions like "why did the artist choose to represent The Last Supper in this way?"  or "Why was St. Mark such an important saint to the patron of this work?"  Essentially, this last stratum is a synthesis; it is the art historian asking "what does it all mean?"

For Panofsky, it was important to consider all three strata as one examines Renaissance art. Irving Lavin says  "it was this insistence on, and search for, meaning — especially in places where no one suspected there was any — that led Panofsky to understand art, as no previous historian had, as an intellectual endeavor on a par with the traditional liberal arts."

Style and the Film Medium
In his 1936 essay "Style and Medium in the Motion Pictures (text online), Panofsky seeks to describe the visual symptoms endemic" to the medium of film.

Legacy

In 2016 The Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte (Central Institute for Art History) in Munich founded the Panofsky-Professur (Panofsky Professorship). The first Panofsky Professors have been Victor Stoichita (2016), Gauvin Alexander Bailey (2017), Caroline van Eck (2018), and Olivier Bonfait (2019). His work has greatly influenced the theory of taste developed by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, in books such as The Rules of Art and Distinction.  In particular, Bourdieu first adapted his notion of habitus from Panofsky's Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism, having earlier translated the work into French.

Works
 Idea: A Concept in Art Theory (1924)
 Perspective as Symbolic Form (1927)
 Studies in Iconology (1939)
 The Life and Art of Albrecht Dürer (1943)
 (trans.) Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St.-Denis and its art treasures (1946). Based on the Norman Wait Harris lectures delivered at Northwestern university in 1938.
 Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism (1951)
 Early Netherlandish Painting: Its Origins and Character (1953). Based on the 1947–48 Charles Eliot Norton Lectures.
 Meaning in the Visual Arts (1955)
 Pandora's Box: the Changing Aspects of a Mythical Symbol (1956) (with Dora Panofsky)
 Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art (1960)
 Tomb Sculpture: Four Lectures on Its Changing Aspects from Ancient Egypt to Bernini (1964)
 Saturn and Melancholy: Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion, and Art (1964) (with Raymond Klibansky and Fritz Saxl)
 Problems in Titian, mostly iconographic (1969)
 Three Essays on Style (1995; ed. Irving Lavin): "What Is Baroque?", "Style and Medium in the Motion Pictures", "The Ideological Antecedents of the Rolls-Royce Radiator". Intro. by Irving Lavin.

 Carmina Latina (2018; ed. with introduction and short annotations by Gereon Becht-Jördens)

References
References

Sources
Holly, Michael Ann, Panofsky and the Foundations of Art History, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, (1985)
Ferretti, Sylvia, Cassirer, Panofsky, Warburg: Symbol, Art, and History, New Haven, Yale University Press, (1989)
Lavin, Irving, editor, Meaning in the Visual Arts: View from the Outside. A Centennial Commemoration of Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968), Princeton, Institute for Advanced Study, (1995)
Panofsky, Erwin, & Lavin, Irving (Ed.), Three essays on style, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, (1995)
 Panofsky, Erwin.  in the  Dictionary of Art Historians, Lee Sorensen, ed.
Wuttke, Dieter (Ed.), Erwin Panofsky. Korrespondenz, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, (2001–2011)

External links

Erwin Panofsky Papers at the Smithsonian's Archives of American Art
Rainer Donandt, "Erwin Panofsky – Ikonologe und Anwalt der Vernunft"
 Emmanuel Alloa, Could Perspective Ever Be A Symbolic Form. Revisiting Panofsky with Cassirer, in Journal of Aesthetics and Phenomenology 2.1 (2015)

Panofsky Bibliography: The Major Works – Compiled by Joseph Connors
Daniel Sherer, "Panofsky on Architecture: Iconology and the Interpretation of Built Form,1915–1956," History of Humanities 5, 1 (Spring 2020), 189–221; Panofsky on Architecture, Part II: Mental Habits, Disguised Symbolism, and the "Spell of Circularity," History of Humanities 5,2 (Fall, 2020), 345–66.

1892 births
1968 deaths
Institute for Advanced Study faculty
Writers from Hanover
People from the Province of Hanover
German art historians
Jewish historians
American people of German-Jewish descent
University of Freiburg alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the University of Hamburg
New York University faculty
Princeton University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium alumni
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
People associated with the Warburg Institute
German male non-fiction writers
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Scholars of Netherlandish art
Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Philosophers of art

Erwin Panofsky


A disdrometer is an instrument used to measure the drop size distribution and velocity of falling hydrometeors. Some disdrometers can distinguish between rain, graupel, and hail.

The uses for disdrometers are numerous. They can be used for traffic control, scientific examination, airport observation systems, and hydrology. The latest disdrometers employ microwave or laser technologies. 2D video disdrometers can be used to analyze individual raindrops and snowflakes.

See also
 Rain gauge
 Snow gauge

References

Measuring instruments
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
Hydrology instrumentation

Disdrometer


Marika (born Marta Kosakowska on 14 December 1980) is a Polish vocalist, songwriter and radio DJ. Currently performing avant-pop, she was previously known for her Caribbean-inspired repertoire which incorporated reggae, dancehall, as well as funk and soul music. She was hailed "the First Lady of Polish dancehall" and was noted for energetic shows and conscious lyrics. She also had a short-lived but successful career as a prime time TV host in Poland.

Career
Marika was born in Białystok, but grew up in the nearby Łomża. She studied Polonistics at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.

She debuted in 2002 as the vocalist of the sound system Bass Medium Trinity. The group released the album Mówisz i masz (Polish for You Say and You Have) in 2004, which was the first Polish-language album recorded on original Jamaican riddims. At the same time, Marika was a member of the band Breakbeat Propaganda. In 2005, she was performing as a soloist in a theatre project 12 ławek (12 Benches) in Gdynia, and supported Macy Gray during her concert in Warsaw's Congress Hall. In 2006, Marika participated in a Polish-German musical project Polski ogień (Polish Fire), for which she recorded two songs: "Siła ognia" (on "Doctor's Darling" riddim) and "What's Ya Flava" (on "Curefix" riddim).

In 2007, Marika released her debut solo single, "Moje serce" ("My Heart"), through Karrot Kommando. She then signed with Pomaton EMI and released her first solo album, Plenty, on 22 August 2008. It reached the top 20 in the Polish albums chart and met with favorable reviews. In October, she started hosting her own radio show called Nie tylko reggae (Not Only Reggae) on Radio Euro. The following year, Plenty was nominated for the Polish music award Fryderyk in the Hip-Hop/R&B Album of the Year category, and Marika received a nomination in the New Face of Phonography category. In the summer of 2009, the English-language track "So Sure" was released as the final single from Plenty, followed by an EP titled So Remixed, which featured a selection of remixes. In September 2009, Marika started another radio show, Towary kolonialne, on Roxy FM.

On 8 June 2010, Marika released her second studio album titled Put Your Shoes On/Off. It consisted of two CDs: one with new material and another one with remixes. The first single from the album was "Uplifter". The album was another top 20 success and received positive reviews. On 4 July 2010, she performed in the same line-up with Nas and Damian Marley at the Open'er Festival in Gdynia. Put Your Shoes On/Off was nominated for the Fryderyk award in the Album of the Year - Hip-Hop/R&B/Reggae category. In mid-2011, Marika released a music video for the multilingual song "Esta Festa" (Portuguese for "It's a Party") in which she sings in Polish, English and Portuguese.

In 2012, she appeared on the compilation Morowe panny which was released to commemorate the Warsaw Uprising. In October 2012, Marika released her third album, Momenty, recorded with the band Spokoarmia. It spawned the popular songs "Baqaa" and "Widok". In May 2013, she released Chilli Zet Live Sessions, an album consisting of acoustic versions of songs from her previous CDs. From 2013 to mid-2014, she co-hosted three seasons of The Voice of Poland broadcast on TVP2, the Polish edition of the singing talent show The Voice. In autumn 2014, she so-hosted the show SuperSTARcie also on TVP2. In the meantime, she took part in two more historical projects, Panny wyklęte and Panny wyklęte: wygnane vol. 1.

On her next album, titled simply Marta Kosakowska, the singer shifted from reggae and dancehall towards electronic avant-pop. Released in October 2015, the album was preceded by the singles "Tabletki" and "A jeśli to ja", and was accompanied by Marika's radical change of image. It received positive reviews and charted within the top 40 in Poland. In 2016, she released the book Antydepresanty which consisted of lyrics, stories and black-and-white illustrations. She began recording the new album in 2017, and the following year released a remix of "Moje serce" to mark the 10th anniversary of the release of her debut album. The singer then focused on family life, but continued to perform regularly, and returned with the single "Jak na moje oko" in May 2020.

Private life
Marika divorced her first husband around the beginning of her solo career. She married her second husband in March 2016 and gave birth to their twin boys in early 2018.

At the turn of 2014 and 2015, Marika went through a spiritual awakening and started practicing Catholicism. She does, however, define herself as a "person of faith" rather than "religious".

She is a vegetarian.

Marika advocates the legalization of cannabis.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

External links

 Official website
 Official YouTube channel
 Marika on Discogs

1980 births
21st-century Polish singers
21st-century Polish women singers
Dancehall singers
English-language singers from Poland
Living people
People from Białystok
Polish reggae singers
Polish Roman Catholics
Polish women singer-songwriters
Polish singer-songwriters
Artists from Białystok

Marika (singer)


Welch v. Swasey, 214 U.S. 91 (1909), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which held that the statutes of Massachusetts, chap. 333 of the Acts of 1904, and chap. 383 of the Acts of 1905, limiting the height of buildings in a certain quarter of a city, do not violate the Constitution of the United States.

Francis C. Welch owned property in a residential section of Boston where building height was legislatively limited to . In other, more commercial sections of the city, the legislation permitted building height up to . After he was denied a permit to construct a  building on his property, Welch sued, contending "that the purposes of the acts are not such as justify the exercise of what is termed the police power, because, in fact, their real purpose was of an aesthetic nature, designed purely to preserve architectural symmetry and regular skylines."

Delivering the opinion of the Court, Justice Rufus Wheeler Peckham acknowledged Welch's claim that "there is here a discrimination or classification between sections of the city," but nonetheless adopted a standard of review very deferential to local government. "If the means employed, pursuant to the statute, have no real, substantial relation to a public object which government can accomplish, if the statutes are arbitrary and unreasonable, and beyond the necessities of the case, the courts will declare their invalidity," wrote Peckham, also expressing that the Court "feels the greatest reluctance in interfering with the well-considered judgments of the courts of a state whose people are to be affected by the operation of the law."

The reason for this reluctance was the Court's sense that, in such cases, the decision was location specific: "[t]he particular circumstances prevailing at the place or in the state where the law is, to become operative … are all matters which the state court is familiar with; but a like familiarity cannot be ascribed to this court." Although not entitled to absolute deference, such a state court judgment "is entitled to the very greatest respect, and will only be interfered with, in cases of this kind, where the decision is, in our judgment, plainly wrong."

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 214
Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. (1926)

Further reading

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court
United States land use case law
1909 in United States case law

Welch v. Swasey


Justice League/Mighty Morphin Power Rangers was a 2017 comic book intercompany crossover series featuring DC Comics' Justice League and Saban's Power Rangers, written by Tom Taylor with art by Stephen Byrne, published by DC Comics and Boom Studios.

Synopsis
Lord Zedd attacks the Command Center with an army of Putties and Zack arrives to defend it and Zordon. During his attempt to teleport them out, the teleportation relay is destroyed by a fake Alpha 5 with a bomb implanted in him. This causes the teleportation to malfunction and send Zack, Lord Zedd and the Putties to cross dimensions, where a "Dark" and familiar figure witnesses their arrival. The Power Rangers teleport to the same coordinates Zack went to and end up stranded in the DC Universe, a world where superpowered heroes are an everyday thing and villains are almost as powerful as the  monsters  that Rita and Zedd create.

Plot
When the Power Rangers are informed by Zordon that Alpha 5 is missing, Zack discovers a decoy that explodes when brought to the Command Center, letting Lord Zedd and his Putties attack. Zack uses the malfunctioning teleportation array to unintentionally send Zedd and himself to different parts of the DC Universe, where Zack encounters Batman. Calling in reinforcements to fight between the other Power Rangers and Justice League members – Flash, Cyborg, Superman, Green Lantern, and Wonder Woman – the two sides realize they're both heroes of their respective worlds, while Zedd is captured in one of Brainiac's bottle habitats and the villains agree to work together.

Zedd creates giant monsters that attack all over the Earth, and the heroes split up to defeat them, but Brainiac hacks the Watchtower's teleporters and takes the Rangers' Power Coins, communicators, and Zords for himself. With no way for the Rangers to get home, the Justice League helps them create a portal using their reality's hadron collider, and they arrive to see Angel Grove being shrunken and collected by Brainiac's ship. The de-powered Rangers gear up with suits and weapons of various DC figures, and half of them defend Earth from Zedd's monsters while the others attack the ship, getting their Power Coins back as Cyborg is infected by Brainiac. Billy is forced to stab Cyborg so Batman can reboot him, and Superman helps them save the real Alpha 5, who Brainiac wanted to keep as a fellow sentient machine.

Using one of Zedd's Growth Bombs, Alpha 5 enlarges himself to fight the monsters, and Brainiac corrupts Cyborg again, only to be infected with a virus from Billy that destroys his forces and frees the Zords from his control. In a last-ditch effort, Zedd makes himself giant and dispatches the Justice League, but the Rangers' Megazord and Alpha 5 are able to triumph over him. The heroes then return Angel Grove to normal, celebrating at the Juice Bar and exchanging communicators before the Justice League leaves, with no one realizing that Brainiac has overtaken Alpha 5.

Reception
The comic received mixed to  positive critical reviews.

On Comic Book Roundup, the critics review were 7.1/10, while the audience review was 7.3/10.

Publications
 Justice League/Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (2017-12-06 (hardcover), 2018-11-21 (softcover): Includes Justice League/Mighty Morphin Power Rangers #1-6.

References

External links
DC page

2016 comics debuts
Comics based on television series
Crossover comics
DC Comics titles
Boom! Studios titles
Power Rangers
Intercompany crossovers
Justice League titles
Comics about parallel universes


Browns Flat is a Canadian rural community in Kings County, New Brunswick.

Located within Greenwich Parish, Browns Flat is situated along a stretch of the Long Reach section of the Saint John River and is accessed by Route 102.  From Moncton/Sussex, Browns Flat can allow be accessed via Route 124 from Valley Waters.  The Evandale Ferry runs 24 hours a day by the Department of Transportation at no fee to the user.

Browns Flat is home to:

Greenwich Volunteer Fire Department. Founded 1974.
Greenwich Recreation Center.
The Rite Touch Convenience.
Donald's Excavation Service.
Balemans Fruits and Vegetable Stand.
Beulah Camp, a campground belonging to the Atlantic District of the Wesleyan Church.
Catons Island, an island located in the Saint John River. It holds week-long summer camps for families (long weekend in August), kids and teenagers.  It is owned by the Atlantic District of the Wesleyan Church.
3034 Blue Mountain Rangers Royal Canadian Army Cadet Corps.
Blue Mountain Sports.
Browns Flat Baptist Church.
Wesley United Church.
Galbraith Stables.
Royal Canadian Legion Branch #87 Greenwich
Jones Creek Hall.

The nearest large community is the town of Grand Bay-Westfield, New Brunswick which is approximately a 10–15 minutes drive from Browns Flat.

History

Notable people

See also
List of communities in New Brunswick

References

Communities in Kings County, New Brunswick

Browns Flat, New Brunswick


Salvatore Sciarrino (born 4 April 1947) is an Italian composer of contemporary classical music. Described as "the best-known and most performed Italian composer" of the present day, his works include Quaderno di strada (2003) and La porta della legge (2006–08).

Biography
A native of Palermo, the young Sciarrino was attracted to the visual arts, but began experimenting with music when he was twelve. Though he had some lessons from Antonino Titone and Turi Belfiore, he is primarily self-taught as a composer. After his classical studies and a few years of university in his home city, in 1969 he moved to Rome, where he attended Franco Evangelisti's course in electronic music at the Accademia di Santa Cecilia.

In 1977, Sciarrino moved from Rome to Milan, where he taught at the conservatory until 1982. By this time his compositional career had expanded to the point where he could withdraw from teaching, and he moved to Città di Castello, in Umbria, where he has lived ever since. He nevertheless has continued to teach occasionally in Florence and Bologna, as well as in Città di Castello. Some of his notable students include Francesco Filidei, Lucia Ronchetti, David Monacchi, and Maurizio Pisati.

He has composed for: Teatro alla Scala, RAI, Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Biennale di Venezia, Teatro La Fenice di Venezia, Teatro Carlo Felice di Genova, Fondazione Arena di Verona, Stuttgart State Opera, Brussels La Monnaie, Frankfurt Opera Theatre, Amsterdam Concertgebouw, London Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Suntory Hall. He has also composed for the following festivals: Schwetzinger Festspiele, Donaueschinger Musiktage, Witten, Salzburg, New York, Wien Modern, Wiener Festwochen, Berliner Festspiele Musik, Holland Festival, Alborough, Festival d'Automne (Paris), Ultima (Oslo).

His music was published by Ricordi from 1969 to 2004. Since 2005, Rai Trade has had exclusive rights for Sciarrino's works.

Sciarrino's discography is extensive: there are over 70 CDs, many of which have won awards.

Apart from being the author of most of the librettos of his operas, Sciarrino has written many articles, essays and texts, some of which have been chosen and collected in Carte da suono, CIDIM – Novecento, 2001. His book about musical form: Le figure della musica da Beethoven a oggi (Ricordi 1998) is particularly important.

From 1978 to 1980, he was Artistic Director of Teatro Comunale di Bologna, Academic of Santa Cecilia (Roma), Academic of Fine Arts of Bavaria and Academic of the Arts (Berlin).

He has been teaching at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana since 2013; beforehand he held a composition class in 1983 and in 2002.

Sciarrino has won many awards, among the most recent are: Prince Pierre de Monaco (2003) and the prestigious Feltrinelli Prize (2003). He is also the first prizewinner of the newly created Salzburg Music Prize (2006), an International composition prize established by Salzburg. He received the 2011 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award of Contemporary Music for renewing the possibilities of vocal and instrumental music and for the singularity of his sound materials. Sciarrino has developed a new and unique syntax and a manner of combining extreme synthesis with richness of detail.

Musical style
Pietro Misuraca, in one of the most recent books on the composer's music (2018), wrote:

Works

Sciarrino's works include a large body of chamber music, including many pieces for wind instruments, five piano sonatas, and several operas or theatrical works: Lohengrin (1982), Perseo ed Andromeda (1990), Infinito nero (1998), Luci mie traditrici (1998), Macbeth (2002), and Da gelo a gelo (2006).

He published with Casa Ricordi from 1969 to 2004; from the following year, the exclusive rights to Sciarrino's works passed to Rai Trade. His discography is very wide-ranging, including more than eighty titles, published by international labels and repeatedly mentioned and rewarded.

References

Sources

Further reading

 Bartolini, Donatella. 1999. "La genialità? Il segreto è nell'universo infantile: Intervista a Salvatore Sciarrino".  33, no. 2 (April–June): 227–232.
 Boni, Monica, and Luigi Pestalozza. 1997. "La musica in Italia dal 1945 ad oggi: Un archivio vivente" Musica/Realtà 18, no. 54 (November): 173–184.
 Borio, Gianmario. 1991. "Der italienische Komponist Salvatore Sciarrino". Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 152, no. 5 (May): 33–36.
 Carapezza, Paolo Emilio. 1989. "De musices novissimae extremis elementis (Sciarrino, Donatoni)". In Polsko-włoskie materiały muzyczne, edited by Michał Bristiger, Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, Paolo Emilio Carapezza, and Renato Guttoso, 302–309. Kraków: Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne.
 . 2002. "Musikalische Figurenlehre: Salvatore Sciarrino als Analytiker und Komponist".  6, no. 22 (April): 106–111.
 Geraci, Toni. n.d. "La sonatina per violino e pianoforte di Salvatore Sciarrino"." In L'analisi musicale: Atti del convegno di Reggio Emilia, 16–19 marzo 1989, edited by Rossana Dalmonte and Mario Baroni. Milan: Unicopli.
 Giomi, Francesco, and Marco Ligabue. 1998. "The 'Enchanted' Sound Objects: Aesthetic-Cognitive Analysis and Musical Signification Strategies". In Les universaux en musique: Actes du quatrième congrès international sur la signification musicale, edited by Costin Mireanu and Xavier Hascher, with a foreword by Michel Guiomar. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.
 Helgeson, Aaron. 2013. "What Is Phenomenological Music, and What Does It Have to Do with Salvatore Sciarrino?" Perspectives of New Music 51, no. 2 (Summer): 4–36.
 Kager, Reinhard. 1998. "Salvatore Sciarrinos Oper Die tödliche Blume: UA 19.5. in Schwetzingen; 29.–31.5. in Wien". Österreichische Musikzeitschrift 53, no. 5 (May): 50–51.
 Lanza Tomasi, Gioacchino. 1969. "I due volti dell'alea". Nuova rivista musicale italiana. 3, no. 6 (November–December): 1076–1095.
 Leydon, Rebecca. 2013. "Narrativity, Descriptivity, and Secondary Parameters: Ecstasy Enacted in Salvatore Sciarrino's Infinito nero". In Music and Narrative since 1900, edited by Michael L. Klein and Nicholas Reyland. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
 Ligabue, Marco, and Francesco Giomi. 1996. "Gli oggetti sonori incantati di Salvatore Sciarrino: Analisi estesico-cognitiva di Come vengono prodotti gli incantesimi?" Nuova rivista musicale italiana 30, nos. 1–2 (January–June):155–179.
 Mazzolino, Marco. 1990. "Incontro con Salvatore Sciarrino di Marco Mazzolini: Dell'interrogare" Sonus: Materiali per la musica contemporanea 2, nos. 3 & 4 (June–August): 45–56.
 Misuraca, Pietro. 2018. "Il suono, il silenzio, l'ascolto". Rome: NeoClassica
 Müller, Patrick, and Grazia Graccho. 2000. "Zwischen Raum und Zeit: Zu den 'Figuren' von Salvatore Sciarrino". Dissonanz, no. 65:20–25.
 Pais, João Miguel. 2007. "Salvatore Sciarrinos Variazione su uno spazio ricurvo", translated by Hermann J. Metzler. Musik & Ästhetik 11, no. 41 (January): 62–79.
 Petazzi, Paolo. 1997. "'...isola, mare, prigionia, spazio...': Il Perseo e Andromeda di Salvatore Sciarrino". In Paolo Petazzi, Percorsi viennesi e altro Novecento, 241–252. Potenza: Sonus Edizioni Musicali. .
 Pinzauti, Leonardo. 1977. "A colloquio con Salvatore Sciarrino" Nuova rivista musicale italiana 11, no. 1 (January–March): 50–57.

 Saxer, Marion. 2006. "Scheiternde Verständigung: Melancholie im Musiktheater Salvatore Sciarrinos" Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 167, no. 6 (November–December): 26–29.
 Sciarrino, Salvatore. 1998. Le figure della musica: da Beethoven a oggi. Milan: Ricordi. .
 Sciarrino, Salvatore. 2000. Après "Giovanna d'Arco": Deux réflexions. In Arrangements, dérangements: La transcription musicale aujourd'hui, edited by Peter Szendy, 97–99. Paris: L'Harmattan.
 Stuppner, Herbert. 1993. "Salvatore Sciarrinos archaisierende Sphärenklänge". In Brennpunkt Nono: Programmbuch Zeitfluß 93, edited by Josef Häusler. Zürich, Switzerland: Palladion.
 Vidolin, Alvise. 1996. "I suoni di sintesi nel "Perseo e Andromeda" di Salvatore Sciarrino". In Nell'aria della sera: Il Mediterraneo e la musica, edited by Carlo de Incontrera, 353–387. Monfalcone: Teatro Comunale di Monfalcone.
 Vinay, Gianfranco, Philippe Gontier, and Marylène Raiola. 2000. "La construction de l'arche invisible: Salvatore Sciarrino à propos de dramaturgie et de son théâtre musical". Dissonance, no. 65 (August):14–19.
 Zavagna, P., A. Provaglio, Salvatore Sciarrino, and Alvise Vidolin. 1991. "Perseo e Andromeda, opera lirica in un atto per mezzosoprano, tenore, baritono, basso e sistemi informatici di Salvatore Sciarrino: Composizione, realizzazione ed esecuzione". In IX Colloquium on Musical Informatics/IX Colloquio di Informatica Musicale, edited by Corrado Canepa and Antonio Camurri. Genoa: Associazione di Informatica Musicale Italiana.

External links

Salvatore Sciarrino, Accademia Musicale Chigiana

1947 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Composers from Sicily
Avant-garde composers
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Palermo
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni
Academic staff of Milan Conservatory
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
20th-century Italian composers
21st-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian male musicians
21st-century Italian male musicians
Academic staff of Accademia Musicale Chigiana

Salvatore Sciarrino


Takht-e-Nasarati is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Karak District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The town of Takht-e-Nasrati is the headquarters of the tehsil.

Administration
The tehsil is administratively divided into 7 Union Councils - one of which makes up the tehsil capital. These are:

 Ahmad Abad
 Chowkara
 Jehangiri
 Mianki Banda
 Shanawa Godi Khel
 Siraj Khel
 Takht-E-Nasrati
 Shaheedan Banda

Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Karak District

Takht-e-Nasrati Tehsil


Aper Aku  (1938–1988) was elected governor of Benue State, Nigeria in October 1979 and reelected in October 1983, leaving office after the military coup in December 1983 which General Mohammadu Buhari came to power.

Background

Aper Aku was born in 1938 in Ikyobo, Ushongo Local Government Area, Benue State. He was of Tiv origin. He had his primary education at Aku Primary School between 1943-1947 and from 1948 to 1951, he attended the Senior Primary School, Mkar. He had his senior secondary education at Government College, Keffi from 1952 to 1957, and then studied at Nigeria College of Arts and Science (later Ahmadu Bello University) from 1958 to 1961. He studied for a degree at Fourah Bay University, Sierra Leone (1961–1964). He became a teacher in 1964 at William Bristow Secondary School, Gboko, and later taught at Bauchi Provincial Secondary School and Government Secondary School, Gombe. He attended Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (1965–1966) for a post-graduate Course in Education. In 1968 he joined the Federal Government and worked with External Aid for Education and the Federal Ministry of Establishment. He was Principal of the Federal Training Centre, Kaduna (1970–1972) and a member of the Governing Council of the University of Ibadan (1972–1976).

In May 1974 and again in August 1974 Aku wrote to Joseph Dechi Gomwalk, Governor of Benue-Plateau State, accusing him of nepotism and financial wrongdoings, and filed affidavits to this effect. General Yakubu Gowon dismissed the allegations at the time and ordered Aku's detention. However, a probe initiated by Gowon's successor Murtala Mohammed vindicated Aku, saying that the allegations were true.

Political career

Aper Aku was appointed as Chairman of Kwande Local Government Council in 1977 by Abdullahi Shelleng, Benue state governor. He presided over a hostile council because the councillors belonged to different factions; some councillors where loyal to Joseph Tarka, Akus mentor and some were loyal to Paul Unongo, a leader of another political camp. However, his administration was perceived as honest and effective. Aku resigned as chairman of the local council in 1978 and subsequently entered the Benue State primary race for governor under the banner of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). He won the NPN primary over challengers such as Isaac Shaahu and George Atedze. In 1979, he went on to become the elected Governor of Benue State and was re-elected in 1983.

Aku faced severe problems as governor in a state with a long history of neglect, particularly in the southern area which was inhabited by minority groups. However, the state has fertile land and plentiful rainfall, with great agricultural potential. Aku encouraged mass agricultural production, and during his tenure the state produced bumper harvests of local crops such as yams, cassava, soya beans, cowpea, maize, guinea corn, millet, groundnut, banana, mangoes and oranges. The Government established a number of industries to produce fertilizer and process agricultural products, located close to the areas where the produce was grown. Aku launched commercial enterprises such as the Benue Brewery, Benro Packaging, Benue Bottling Company, Lobi Bank, Ber-Agbum Fish Farm, Ikogen Cattle Ranch, Taraku Vegetable Processing Industry and Benue International Hotel in Makurdi. He initiated the Makurdi International Market and planned to establish a flour mill in Makurdi. Aku also built a state of the art State Secretariat

He cancelled work on a large medical centre at Apir and instead began construction of seven cottage hospitals in different locations. He established two Teachers Colleges at Oju and Makurdi and the University of Technology in Makurdi. He embarked on an ambitious program to expand the number of Secondary Schools. He built roads in Makurdi township and provided the street lights, awarded the contract for the Art Council Complex and started work on the Makurdi stadium.

Last years

On 31 December 1983 General Muhammadu Buhari took power in a coup, and replaced the civilian governors with military officers.  When Aku was removed from office the state's finances were severely overdrawn. Many of the projects he had begun were later abandoned by the later military governors, and agricultural production plunged. The elaborate water supply schemes that Aku had initiated was abandoned, and the infrastructure that had been built was not maintained. To this day, the Late Governor Aper Aku is regarded as the best governor to ever govern Benue State. Professor David Iornem once referred to him as a visionary leader ahead of his time.

Buhari jailed Aku and most of the other Governors, setting up military tribunals to investigate their conduct while in office. Aku's health was broken by the harsh conditions in jail, and he died in 1988 shortly after being released. Aku left two wives and four children. At a 2008 press conference to mark the anniversary of his death, the People's Democratic Party (PDP) leader in the state noted that 70% of important projects in Benue State today were started or completed during the four years of the Aku administration.

References

External links

1988 deaths
1938 births
Governors of Benue State
Library of Congress Africa Collection related
Tiv people

Aper Aku


David Charles Harvey (29 July 1946 – 4 March 2004) was a historian and author.  He is notable for his seminal work, Monuments To Courage, which documents the graves of almost all recipients of the Victoria Cross, a task that took him over 36 years to complete.

Biography
Harvey was born in East Ham, London, the son of a grocer, and worked as a salesman after he attended Hinchley Wood School in Surrey. He later joined the Metropolitan Police, where he started the mounted police magazine One One Ten, before he moved to Denver, Colorado, to run an equestrian centre for over a decade.

A chance meeting with Canon William Lummis led him to take over his life-work of researching and documenting the final resting places of all Victoria Cross recipients.  This task took Harvey to 48 countries over the next four decades. However, an accident during a visit to the Somme in 1992 left Harvey in a wheelchair for the remainder of his life and he later had to have a leg amputated. Monuments to Courage was finally published in 1999.

Harvey married once in 1968, to Ruth Ward.  The couple had a son and two daughters.  They divorced in 1979.

Harvey died in 2004 aged 57. He received obituaries in The Daily Telegraph and The Independent.

Monuments to Courage

Monuments to Courage: Victoria Cross Monuments and Headstones is a two-volume book by Harvey on the last resting places of 1,322 of the 1,350 recipients of the Victoria Cross. The book features an introduction by Princess Alexandra and a foreword by Australian VC recipient Sir Arthur Roden Cutler.

Each entry gives the date of birth, date of action, and brief details of the Victoria Cross action, date of death, and place of burial or cremation where applicable. Where possible, photographs of the individual, his grave, and any memorial were included. Excluding the recent Iraq war recipient (Johnson Beharry), 28 Victoria Cross recipients were still alive at the time the book went to press, although several have since died.

The research for this work took Harvey 36 years of travelling to 48 countries in his search for unknown graves. His interest in the topic was awakened in the early 1960s when he assisted William Lummis into his researches into Victoria Cross recipients.

Details

References

British military writers
1946 births
2004 deaths
British military historians
Metropolitan Police officers
People from East Ham
Victoria Cross books
English amputees

David Charles Harvey


Defence View () is a neighborhood of Jamshed Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan but it is in Dh
A part.

There are several ethnic groups including Hazaras, Muhajirs, Punjabis, Sindhis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Balochis, Memons, Bohras, Ismailis, etc. Over 99% of the population is Muslim.

Iqra University's main campus is located in Defence View. Royal Grammar School is oldest school in Phase 1 area. The Defence View Graveyard is a major cemetery in the area. As because of other projects and shopping malls , Playground and a mosque the area value is increased as it had all facelities available.

See also
 Jamshed Town
 Azam Basti
 Central Jacob Lines
 Chanesar Goth
 Akhtar Colony
 Garden East
 Garden West
 Jamshed Quarters
 Jut Line
 Firozabad
 Mahmudabad
 Manzoor Colony
 Nursery
 Pakistan Quarters
 P.E.C.H.S. (Pakistan Employees Co-operative Housing Society)
 P.E.C.H.S. II (Pakistan Employees Co-operative Housing Society)
 Soldier Bazar
 Baloch Colony

References

External links
 Karachi Website .

Neighbourhoods of Karachi

Defence View


Sarfraz Nawaz Malik (Punjabi, ) (born 1 December 1948) is a former Pakistani Test cricketer and politician, who was instrumental in Pakistan's first Test series victories over India and England. Between 1969 and 1984, he played 55 Tests and 45 One Day Internationals and took 177 Test wickets at an average of 32.75. He is known as one of the earliest exponents of reverse swing.

Personal life
His Arain family business was in the construction sector, a field he was himself involved in before going into professional cricket.

He married Pakistani film actress Rani in 1985, and he himself had film offers during the 70s, for instance in 1974 while in England or later on from influential Pakistani film director Yunus Malik of Maula Jatt fame, but always refused them considering that acting is not his forte.

Cricket career

Early career
In his first Test – against England at Karachi in 1969 – the twenty-year-old Sarfraz took no wickets, did not bat and was dropped for three years. In 1972–73 by taking 4/53 and 4/56 against Australia at the SCG, accounting for Ian and Greg Chappell, Keith Stackpole and Ian Redpath, but this did not stop the hosts winning by 56 runs. At Headingley in 1974 Sarfraz hit 53 off 74 balls to convert 209/8 into 285 all out, driving the ball fiercely off Geoff Arnold, Chris Old, Mike Hendrick, Tony Greig and Derek Underwood in a low scoring match. Against Clive Lloyd's West Indians in 1974–75 he took 6/89 at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore to dismiss them for 214, but the Test and the series were both drawn. Sarfraz was made vice-captain to Wasim Bari, but disappeared before the Second Test against England in 1977–78. He was found in London where he had gone to see Christmas and returned to Pakistan in time for the Third Test. As World Series Cricket was operating at time it was speculated that he was negotiating with Kerry Packer. At Lord's in 1978 he took 5/39 to reduce England to 119/7, dismissing Mike Brearley, Graham Gooch, David Gower, Ian Botham and Bob Taylor, but rain ruined play and the match was drawn. More decisively in 1978–79 Sarfraz's haul of 4/89 and 5/70 against India at Karachi gave Pakistan victory in the third and final Test by eight wickets. He took 17 wickets (25.00) in the series, the most by any player and Pakistan won their first Test series against their rivals despite having played them since 1952.

Australia 1978–79
Sarfraz's greatest bowling performance took place in the First Test at Melbourne on 15 March 1979 when Australia were 305/3 with Allan Border (105) and Kim Hughes (84) at the crease needing only 77 runs to win. Sarfraz took 7/4 in 33 balls (3 of these runs came in no-balls) and dismissed Australia for 310 to give Pakistan a surprise 71 run victory. At the time his 9/86 in an innings was the best Test match analysis in Australia, the best by a Pakistani bowler and the fifth best in Test cricket. Sarfraz had also made 35 coming in at 99/6 in the first innings and took 11/125 in the match. He was also involved in the controversial dismissal of Andrew Hilditch for handling the ball in the Second Test at the WACA in Perth. The batsman was at the non-striker's end when the ball was returned to the crease by the wayward throw of a fielder. Hilditch picked up the ball and politely gave it to Sarfraz, Sarfraz appealed and Hilditch was given out. It was second time in a hundred years of Test cricket that a batsman had been given out in this fashion and although strictly correct it was considered to be against the spirit of the game. Earlier in the match the Australian tailender Rodney Hogg had been run out while 'gardening' and Alan Hurst controversially ran out Sikander Bakht when backing up, two pieces of gamesmanship which caused bad feeling between the teams. Australia made 236/3 to win the Test and square the series, the other two batsmen being run out and no bowler taking a wicket.

Later career
Sarfraz played for Northamptonshire in two separate spells and in the 1980 Benson and Hedges Cup Final he took 3/23 off 11 overs to restrict Essex to 203/8 in Northant's six run win. In 1983–84 he took 4/42 and 2/27 in the First Test against England at Karachi and hit the winning runs when Pakistan made 66/7 to win. After several 'retirements' the Third Test at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore proved to be his last and in the first innings his 4/49 helped dismiss England for 241. When Pakistan were reduced to 181/8 Sarfraz made 90, his highest Test and first-class score, adding 161 for the ninth wicket with his captain Zaheer Abbas (82 not out) to give his team a 102 run lead. David Gower made 173 not out and Safraz was hit for 1/112 in the second innings, but came in at 199/5 and saw out the match with 10 not out. This ensured that Pakistan kept their 1–0 lead to win their first Test series against England.

Style
Being 6'6'' tall, Sarfraz was described "as strong as a cart-horse" and his powerful upper body and good action allowed him to bowl at a fast-medium pace. He could seam the ball in either direction and despite the convention he repeatedly bounced other fast bowlers such as Jeff Thomson and Joel Garner. The flat wickets found in Pakistan were not ideal for a bowler of his pace, but could sometimes surprise batsmen with his ability to make to ball seam, swing or bounce awkwardly. More importantly with Sikander Bakht Sarfraz developed reverse swing. Commentators did not realise this was reverse swing at the time, though they realised that he had an uncanny ability to move the old ball in the air. He passed on his knowledge to Imran Khan, Wasim Akram and Waqar Younis, who made this new type of bowling famous in the late 1980s and 1990s. As a batsman he was a good lower-order striker of the ball particularly when driving and averaged over 40 in a series on three occasions.

Battle against match fixing
When Bob Woolmer was found dead in Jamaica, Sarfraz was quick to suggest that he was murdered, even before the postmortem, linking it to corruption in cricket. He subsequently raised concerns about the safety of Pakistani cricketers in West Indies, claiming Woolmer and Inzamam Ul Haq were getting threats from the bookies without naming his sources. He requested the involvement of Scotland Yard in the investigations, questioning the credibility of Jamaican police. He also alleged that the match Pakistan lost against West Indies in the 2007 Cricket World Cup was fixed.

Political career
In 1985, Sarfraz left cricket and joined politics. He was elected as a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as an independent candidate in 1985 Pakistani general election.

References

External links

Pakistan Test cricketers
Pakistan One Day International cricketers
Lahore cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
Punjab (Pakistan) cricketers
United Bank Limited cricketers
World Series Cricket players
Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup
1948 births
Living people
Punjab MPAs 1985–1988
Punjabi people
Pakistani cricketers
Pakistani sportsperson-politicians
Muttahida Qaumi Movement politicians
Cricketers from Lahore
Politicians from Lahore
Lahore Greens cricketers
Punjab University cricketers
Punjab A cricketers
Pakistan Railways cricketers
Lahore City A cricketers
Lahore City cricketers
Lahore City Whites cricketers
Lahore City Blues cricketers
T. N. Pearce's XI cricketers

Sarfraz Nawaz


George Frederick Folingsby (23 August 1828 – 4 January 1891) was an Irish-born Australian painter and art educator.

Folingsby was born in the County of Wicklow, Ireland. At the age of 18 he emigrated to Canada. Later he went to New York Cit studied drawing and contributed illustrations to magazines of the day, including Harper's Magazine. In 1852 he went to Munich and spent two years at the drawing school of the Royal Academy. He then went to Paris and for a few months was a pupil of Thomas Couture. Returning to Munich he worked for five years under Carl von Piloty.

In 1864, Folingsby's picture Bunyan in prison, was purchased by the National Gallery of Victoria. He continued to live in Munich but occasionally exhibited in Ireland and England; his The first lesson was hung in the Royal Academy in 1869 and Lady Jane's victory over Bishop Gardener in 1871. He was awarded medals for historical paintings at the exhibitions held at Vienna in 1871 and Philadelphia in 1873.

Folingsby arrived in Melbourne, Australia with his ten-year-old daughter, on 1 July 1879.  His reputation as a figure painter preceded him and he was quickly sought after as a portraitist, making a living from commissions of eminent members of Melbourne society.  Folingsby was offered the position of Master in the School of Painting at the gallery and was appointed on 1 June 1882.

In September of that year, he was appointed as the first Director of the National Gallery of Victoria and reorganized the painting school. The practice of making copies of pictures ceased and every encouragement was given to working from life.

Among his pupils were John Longstaff and Aby Altson, the winners of the first and second travelling scholarships, and Iso Rae.

After the death of Folingsby, Lindsay Bernard Hall was appointed Director of the National Gallery of Victoria.

References

External links

1828 births
1891 deaths
Australian people of Anglo-Irish descent
19th-century Australian artists

George Folingsby


In algebraic topology, a locally constant sheaf on a topological space X is a sheaf  on X such that for each x in X, there is an open neighborhood U of x such that the restriction  is a constant sheaf on U. It is also called a local system. When X is a stratified space, a constructible sheaf is roughly a sheaf that is locally constant on each member of the stratification.

A basic example is the orientation sheaf on a manifold since each point of the manifold admits an orientable open neighborhood (while the manifold itself may not be orientable.)

For another example, let ,  be the sheaf of holomorphic functions on X and  given by . Then the kernel of P is a locally constant sheaf on  but not constant there (since it has no nonzero global section).

If  is a locally constant sheaf of sets on a space X, then each path  in X determines a bijection  Moreover, two homotopic paths determine the same bijection. Hence, there is the well-defined functor

where  is the fundamental groupoid of X: the category whose objects are points of X and whose morphisms are homotopy classes of paths. Moreover, if X is path-connected, locally path-connected and semi-locally simply connected (so X has a universal cover), then every functor  is of the above form; i.e., the functor category  is equivalent to the category of locally constant sheaves on X.

If X is locally connected, the adjunction between the category of presheaves and bundles restricts to an equivalence between the category of locally constant sheaves and the category of covering spaces of X.

References

External links

https://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2010/11/locally_constant_sheaves.html (recommended)

Algebraic topology
Topological spaces

Locally constant sheaf


Je t'aime John Wayne (2000) is a ten-minute short film parody directed by Toby MacDonald about a young man in London obsessed with imitating Jean-Paul Belmondo in the film Breathless, who in turn was pretending to be Humphrey Bogart. One of the film's writers, Luke Ponte, describes it as, "an Englishman who thinks he's a French man who thinks he's an American." It was distributed on DVD as part of the collection Cinema 16: British Short Films and in the U.S. as Cinema 16: European Short Films.

External links
 Netribution: Je t'aime john wayne

2000 films
2000 short films
2000s parody films
Cultural depictions of John Wayne
2000 comedy films

Je t'aime John Wayne


The Battle of Puebla took place on 5 May 1862, near Puebla City in Mexico. It was part of  the "Second French intervention in Mexico". The Mexican Army won over the occupying French soldiers.

The French eventually overran the Mexicans in other battles. However, the Mexican victory at Puebla against a much better equipped and larger French army gave a morale boost to the Mexican army. It  also slowed the French army's advance towards Mexico City.

Background
The 1858–60 Mexican civil war (known as the "Reform War") caused major distress in Mexico's economy. When he was elected president in 1861, Benito Juárez was forced to stop payments of interest on foreign debts for two years.

At the end of October 1861 diplomats from Spain, France, and Britain met in London to form the Tripartite Alliance. The main purpose of this alliance was to launch an allied invasion of Mexico, to take control of Veracruz, its major port. The idea was to force the Mexican government to negotiate terms for repaying its debts and for reparations for harm to foreign citizens in Mexico. In December 1861, Spanish troops landed in Veracruz; British and French followed in early January.

The allied forces occupied Veracruz and advanced to Orizaba. The Tripartite Alliance fell apart by early April 1862, when it became clear the French wanted to impose harsh demands on the Juarez government and provoke a war. The British and Spanish withdrew, leaving the French to march alone on Mexico City. Napoleon III wanted to set up a puppet Mexican regime.

References

Puebla
19th century in Mexico
19th century in France
1862
1860s in North America
May events

Battle of Puebla


Giannina Braschi (San Juan, Puerto Rico, 5 February 1953) is a Puerto Rican poet, novelist, and scholar. Her best-known books are Empire of Dreams, Yo-Yo Boing!, and United States of Banana.

Life
Giannina Braschi was a model, singer, and tennis champion in her childhood. Her family imported cars to Puerto Rico. She studied literature and philosophy in Madrid, Rome, London, Paris, and New York. She has a Ph.D. in Hispanic Literature. She taught at Rutgers University. Her life's work is the subject of the book "Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi".

She is also an activist. She advocates for the independence of Puerto Rico from the United States.

She lives in New York City.

Works
Giannina Braschi writes in Spanish, Spanglish, and English. She writes about  love, creativity, immigration, and liberty.  She is "one of the most revolutionary" writers in Latin America today." The word "revolutionary" means to her style is very creative.  She also writes about revolution.

She wrote the poetry epic Empire of Dreams (1988) about New York City. Her poetry is humorours. She  wrote the first Spanglish novel Yo-Yo Boing! (1998).  Spanglish is a mix of the English and Spanish languages. She wrote the novel United States of Banana (2011) about terrorism and the collapse of the United States. The novel opens with the fall of the World Trade Center in 2001, and ends with the liberation of Puerto Rico.

Her books have been turned into art books, photography, painting, and sculpture. There is a comic book of United States of Banana (2017) by the Swedish cartoonist Joakim Lindengren. The same book was turned into a play.

Awards
She has won awards from National Endowment for the Arts, New York Foundation for the Arts, Ford Foundation, Danforth, and Reed Foundations, Puerto Rican Institute of Culture, and PEN American Center, among others.

Related pages
 Puerto Rican literature
Puerto Rican poetry
Julia de Burgos
Victor Hernández Cruz
Caribbean poetry

References

American novelists
American playwrights
American essayists
Puerto Rican poets
Puerto Rican educators

Giannina Braschi


Eugene "Ted" Hendry (born August 31, 1940) is a former professional baseball umpire who worked in the American League from 1977 to 1999, wearing uniform number 35 when the AL adopted numbers for its umpires in 1980. Hendry umpired 2,906 major league games in his 23-year career. He umpired in the 1990 World Series, two All-Star Games (1983 and 1995), four American League Championship Series (1985, 1988, 1993 and 1998), and the 1996 American League Division Series. Hendry was also the home plate umpire of Bret Saberhagen's no hitter in 1991 and Jim Abbott's no hitter in 1993.

Major League Baseball Umpires' strike of 1979
During the umpires' strike in 1979, Hendry was one of only two regular umpires (the other being Paul Pryor) to begin the season not on strike. Hendry and Pryor had already signed contracts before the strike began and both umpires joined the strike after giving the MLB the required ten days of notice that they were stepping down as well.  The labor dispute was eventually settled in May of the same year.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball umpires

References

External links
The Sporting News umpire card

1940 births
Living people
American League umpires
Major League Baseball umpires
Sportspeople from Oregon City, Oregon

Ted Hendry


Iguatemi is the third largest  Brazilian firm working within the fields of creation, planning, development, and administration of shopping centers after BRMalls and Multiplan.
Iguatemi has shareholdings in 16 shopping malls, 1 premium outlet and 3 office towers that account for 657.000 m² of gross leasable area (GLA). Such space is used by 3.004 stores that welcome approximately 10 million customers per month.

The firm is controlled by Grupo Jereissati in the businesses of shopping centers and outlets.

History
In May 1979 Iguatemi Empresa de Shopping Centers SA was established. In the same year, Iguatemi purchased the construction firm Construtora Alfredo Matias SA, one of the owners of Iguatemi São Paulo, Brazil's oldest mall.
In May 1980, the company Iguatemi opened the shopping mall Iguatemi Campinas in the countryside of São Paulo. Three years later, in 1983, the firm opened  Iguatemi Porto Alegre.

Iguatemi's expansion had a boost in the 1990s with the openings of the shopping centers Praia de Belas in 1991; Shopping Market Place in São Paulo in 1995, which represents the firm's second mall in São Paulo; Iguatemi Rio in 1996, the firm's first mall in Rio de Janeiro which was sold to Ancar Ivanhoé in 2012;  Iguatemi Caxias do Sul in 1996, the firm's third enterprise in the state of Rio Grande do Sul; and finally Iguatemi São Carlos in 1997. Iguatemi Florianópolis was opened in 2007, the same year in which the firm held its IPOat Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA). In the following years, the firm opened Iguatemi Alphaville (2011), JK Iguatemi (2012), Iguatemi Ribeirão Preto (2013), Iguatemi Esplanada (2013), and Iguatemi Rio Preto (2014). JK Iguatemi, opened in June 2012, was a partnership of Iguatemi Empresa de Shopping Centers and WTorre Empreendimentos Imobiliários JK Iguatemi welcomed the first stores of GAP, Miu Miu, Hermès and Sephora in Brazil. In March 2014, WTorre sold its sharehold in the enterprise to Iguatemi Empresa de Shopping Centers and Fundo TIAA-CREF. Nowadays, Iguatemi holds 64% of JK Iguatemi and Fundo TIAA-CRE 36% of it.

In 2013, Iguatemi started its operations in the business of premium outlets by purchasing 41% of Platinum Outlet in Novo Hamburgo. Furthermore, the company announced the construction of two outlets, the first one in Nova Lima (MG) and the second one in Tijucas (SC). Also in 2013, Iguatemi became responsible for the administration of the shopping center Pátio Higienópolis in the city of São Paulo. In 2014, Iguatemi was elected for the seventh time in a row one of Brazil's most valuable brands. The study was conducted by Brand Analytics and Iguatemi was selected as the 22nd most valuable Brazilian brand.

Shopping centers owned by the firm

São Paulo
Iguatemi São Paulo - São Paulo
Market Place - São Paulo
JK Iguatemi - São Paulo
Iguatemi Alphaville - Barueri
Iguatemi Campinas - Campinas
Iguatemi São Carlos - São Carlos
Iguatemi Rio Preto - São José do Rio Preto
Iguatemi Ribeirão Preto - Ribeirão Preto
Iguatemi Esplanada - Sorocaba
Galleria Shopping - Campinas

Distrito Federal
Iguatemi Brasília - Brasília

Rio Grande do Sul
Iguatemi Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre
Praia de Belas Shopping - Porto Alegre
I Fashion Outlet Novo Hamburgo - Novo Hamburgo

Santa Catarina
I Fashion Outlet Santa Catarina - Tijucas

Shopping malls run by Iguatemi
Pátio Higienópolis

External links

References

Shopping center management firms
Real estate companies of Brazil
Companies listed on B3 (stock exchange)

Iguatemi S.A.


William Cranstoun, 3rd Lord Cranstoun (born before 1620, died after July 1664) was a Scottish Lord of Parliament and a renowned Cavalier.

Origins
William Cranstoun was the only son and heir to his father, James, Master of Cranstoun (the second son of William Cranstoun, 1st Lord Cranstoun), by his spouse Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Stewart, 1st Earl of Bothwell. He succeeded to the peerage on the death without issue of his uncle, John Cranstoun, 2nd Lord Cranstoun. The Cranstouns were a prominent Lowland family, whose estates had since at least the 14th century been centred on Cranston (or "Cranstoun"), in Midlothian, and Denholm, in the Borders.

Royalist
In 1648 he was one of the "Engagers" for King Charles I. He accompanied King Charles II into England in 1651 and was taken prisoner at the battle of Worcester, and remained in confinement for several years in the Tower of London. His estate was sequestrated, lands of £200 a year value being settled on his wife and children, and he was excepted from Cromwell's Act of Grace in April 1654.

Swedish service
In 1656 he was allowed to levy 1000 men for the service of king Charles X Gustav of Sweden, and, probably at his instance, was formally pardoned by Parliament in 1657.

Duel
On 15 January 1661/2 he, being then 'of the parish of St. Margaret's, Westminster', was found guilty of slaying Alexander Skringer, Esq., with a rapier in self-defence.

Marriage
Cranstoun married by contract on 10 July 1643, Mary, fifth and youngest daughter of Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven, by whom he had:
James Cranstoun, 4th Lord Cranstoun
Alexander Cranstoun
Agnes Cranstoun
Helen Cranstoun, who married the Kirkcaldy mason John Adam; their son was the architect William Adam.
Margaret Cranstoun
Christian Cranstoun
Elizabeth Cranstoun
Mary Cranstoun
Barbara Cranstoun

The 3rd Lord Cranstoun was still alive on 29 July 1664, when his son had a charter of lands where he was designated "James, Master of Cranstoun".

References

The Royal Families of England Scotland and Wales, with their descendants etc., by John and John Bernard Burke, London, 1848, volume 1, pedigree CXXXIX.
Index to Genealogies, Birthbriefs, and Funeral Escutcheons, recorded in the Lyon office, by Francis J. Grant, W.S., Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records, Edinburgh, 1908, p. 12.
The Complete Peerage, by G. E. Cokayne, under 'Cranstoun'.

17th-century births
Year of death unknown
Cavaliers
Lords of Parliament (pre-1707)

William Cranstoun, 3rd Lord Cranstoun


Geoffrey Thomas Leslie Ashe  (29 March 1923 – 30 January 2022) was a British cultural historian and lecturer, known for his focus on King Arthur.

Early life
Born in London, Ashe was an only child who excelled all his classmates in academics.  Periods of poor health meant that he had ample opportunity to read broadly, or be read to.  Through his parents, he developed a life-long enjoyment of Gilbert & Sullivan's operas and Conan Doyles' Sherlock Holmes canon.  His mother read some of Conan Doyle's stories to him from the Strand when they were first published; his father took him to see Gilbert & Sullivan performances by some of the cast who had worked with Gilbert himself.

Ashe's father was general manager of Poly Tours, later Lunn-Poly, and travelled to Europe and the British Isles frequently with his parents to the hotels used by the agency, sometimes to correct problems, sometimes to establish business contacts.  His favourite childhood memories were of summers spent in the West Highlands of Scotland, at the Highland Hotel in Fort William.

When he was 16, his parents emigrated to Vancouver, British Columbia.  He graduated from the University of British Columbia before continuing at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Work
Many of his historical books are centred on factual analysis of the Arthurian legend, and the archaeological past of King Arthur, beginning with his King Arthur's Avalon: The Story of Glastonbury, in 1957. The book was inspired by what Ashe had read in G. K. Chesterton's Short History of England.

He is a major proponent of the theory that the historical King Arthur was Riothamus, presented in an article in Speculum, April 1981, and expanded in The Discovery of King Arthur (1985) and in various further articles. His fresh idea was to scrutinise Arthur's foreign campaigns in Geoffrey of Monmouth's account and take the material seriously, concluding that, though the legendary Arthur is a composite figure, the career of Riothamus seems to underlie at least a major portion of Geoffrey's account, for which Ashe adduces passages in a Breton text and several chronicles.

Ashe, co-founder (with C. A. Ralegh Radford) and Secretary of the Camelot Research Committee has also helped demonstrate, through a dig directed by Leslie Alcock in 1966–70, that Cadbury Castle, identified as Camelot by the 16th-century antiquary John Leland, was actually refortified in the latter part of the fifth century, in works as yet unparalleled elsewhere in Britain at the time. Ashe's point is that when Leland picked out this hill as Camelot, he picked what seems to be the most plausible candidate; yet even an archaeologist could not have guessed that the fifth-century fortification was embedded in the earthworks, just by looking without digging.

"I would say there must have been a tradition about the hill and its powerful overlord, handed down from the Dark Ages", Ashe has said, and added "In the film of the musical Camelot, you have a brief glimpse of a map of Britain, and Camelot is in Somerset. It's there because I told Warner Brothers to put it there. That is my one contribution to Hollywood."

Honours
Anya Seton put his name forward in 1963 as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature after publication of Land to the West:  St Brendan's Voyage to America.  Declining a nomination for honours for most of his career, nevertheless he was delighted to accept an MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) from the Queen in the 2012 New Year Honours for Services to Heritage. In 2015, Ashe was unanimously named an Honorary Freeman of Glastonbury by the Glastonbury Town Council "in recognition of his eminent services to the place as an author and cultural historian."  He commented that his honour was most important to him because it symbolised the respect of his own community.  Of deep professional and personal gratification to him was the title Eminent Arthurian, bestowed by The International Arthurian Society in the year of his 90th birthday, 2013.

Personal life
He died in Glastonbury on 30 January 2022, at the age of 98.

Publications
 King Arthur's Avalon: The Story of Glastonbury (1957)
 From Caesar to Arthur (1960)
 Land to the West: St Brendan's Voyage to America (1962)
 The Land and the Book: Israel – The Perennial Nation (1965)
 The Quest For Arthur's Britain (1968)
 Gandhi: A Study in Revolution (1968)
 All About King Arthur (1969)
 Camelot and the Vision of Albion (1971)
 King Arthur in Fact and Legend (1971)
 The Art of Writing Made Simple (1972)
 The Finger and the Moon (1973)
 Do What You Will: A History of Anti-Morality (1974)
 The Virgin (1976)
 The Ancient Wisdom (1977)
 Miracles (1978)
 Gandhi: A Biography (1980)
 A Guidebook to Arthurian Britain (1980)
 The Glastonbury Tor Maze (1982)
 Kings and Queens of Early Britain (1982)
 Avalonian Quest (1982)
 The Discovery of King Arthur (1985)
 The Landscape of King Arthur (1987)
 The Arthurian Handbook (1988) (with Norris J. Lacy)
 King Arthur: The Dream of a Golden Age (1990)
 Mythology of the British Isles (1990)
 Dawn Behind the Dawn: A Search for the Earthly Paradise (1991)
 Atlantis: Lost Lands, Ancient Wisdom (1992)
 Discovering the Goddess: A Personal Testimony (1994)
 The Book of Prophecy: From Ancient Greece to the Millennium (1999)
 The Hell-Fire Clubs: A History of Anti-Morality (2000)
 Encyclopedia of Prophecy (2001)
 Merlin (2001)
 Labyrinths and Mazes (2003)
 The Offbeat Radicals: The British Tradition of Alternative Dissent (2007)
 Eden in the Altai: The Prehistoric Golden Age and the Mythic Origins of Humanity'' (2018)

References

External links

1923 births
2022 deaths
English male non-fiction writers
Academics from London
Arthurian scholars
English historians
People from Glastonbury
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Historians of the British Isles
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
University of British Columbia alumni
Members of the Order of the British Empire
British expatriates in Canada

Geoffrey Ashe


Carl Wolmar Jakob Freiherr von Uexküll (born 19 August 1944) is a writer, lecturer, philanthropist, activist and former politician. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1987 to 1989 representing the German Green Party. In 1980, Uexkull founded the Right Livelihood Award, and in 2006, he co-founded the World Future Council. Born in Sweden, he holds both Swedish and German citizenship, and is a resident of the United Kingdom.

Biography
The son of Gustav Adolf Gösta Baron von Uexküll and Ewa Lewerentz, Jakob von Uexküll was born in Uppsala, Sweden of a noble Baltic German family that left Estonia after World War I. After studying in Sweden and Germany, he won a scholarship to Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in Philosophy, Politics and Economics.

His grandfather Jakob von Uexküll was a biologist and the founder of the study of biosemiotics. His maternal grandfather was renowned Swedish architect Sigurd Lewerentz. Uexküll is married and has three children. He lives with his family in London.

Right Livelihood Award
The Right Livelihood Award evolved from von Uexküll's opinion that the Nobel Prizes were relatively narrow in scope and usually recognised the work of citizens in industrialised countries. Uexküll first approached the Nobel Foundation with the suggestion that it establish two new awards, one for ecology and one relevant to the lives of the poor majority of the world's population. He offered to contribute financially but his proposal was turned down.

Uexküll then created the Right Livelihood Award and provided an initial endowment by selling his collection of postage stamps for US$1 million; the awards have subsequently attracted additional funding from private individuals enabling the donation of annual prizes worth 150,000 euro. In 1980, the first Right Livelihood Awards were bestowed in a rented hall. Five years later, the invitation to present them in the Riksdag (Swedish parliament) in Stockholm followed. Since 2005 his nephew Ole von Uexküll has taken over the management of the Right Livelihood Award.

Activism
The German Green Party has several times nominated Jakob von Uexküll in elections to the European Parliament. As a member of the European Parliament (1987–89), he served on the Political Affairs Committee and the Science and Technology Committee. He was also a member of the Delegation for Relations with the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Baltic Intergroup.

Uexküll is co-founder of the Other Economic Summit (1984), and founder of the Estonian Renaissance Award (1993). He is a patron of Friends of the Earth International, member of the Council of Governance of Transparency International, and of the Global Commission to Fund the United Nations. He served on the board of Greenpeace, Germany, and the New Economics Foundation, London. He was also a member of the UNESCO Commission on Human Duties and Responsibilities. Uexkull lectures on environment, justice and peace issues. He is also a philatelist with publications including The Early Postal History of Saudi Arabia (London, 2001). In 2007, Uexküll founded the World Future Council.

Honours and prizes
 Officer's Cross of the Order Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2009)
 Erich Fromm Prize in Stuttgart, Germany (2008)
 Great Binding Prize for Environmental Protection, Liechtenstein (2006)
 Time magazine European Heroes Award (2005)
 Third Class Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, Estonia (2001)
 Future Research Prize, Salzburg (1999)
 Bios Prize, St. Petersburg (1998)
 Patron, International Student Week in Ilmenau (ISWI) 2015
 Illis quorum (2014)

References

External links

Right Livelihood Award: The Founder – Jakob von Uexküll
Plon, Ulla (2 October 2005). "Got his eyes on the prize". Time.

1944 births
Living people
Baltic-German people
People from Uppsala
Swedish people of Baltic German descent
Swedish philatelists
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Alliance 90/The Greens MEPs
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 3rd Class
Recipients of the Illis quorum

Carl Wolmar Jakob von Uexküll


A glottal consonant is a sound made using only the glottis. English has two glottal consonants, [h], as in hat and [ʔ], as in uh-oh.

The International Phonetic Alphabet has symbols for three glottal consonants:

[ʔ] - the glottal stop
[h] - the voiceless glottal fricative
[ɦ] - the voiced glottal fricative

[h] and [ɦ] often are not true fricatives, and are more similar to voiceless vowels.

Consonants

Glottal consonant


Andrew Hartley Dismore (born 2 September 1954) is a British Labour politician who was  the Member of the London Assembly for Barnet and Camden from 2012 to 2021. He previously  was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hendon from 1997 until 2010.

Early life
Dismore was born in Bridlington, East Riding of Yorkshire, the son of a hotelier. He was educated at Bridlington Grammar School before attending the University of Warwick, where he received a LLB in 1975, and the London School of Economics, where he was awarded his LLM in 1976. He graduated from The College of Law in 1978.

Professional life
Dismore joined the Labour Party in 1974. After a brief time during his studies when he worked as an education officer with the General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trade Union, he began his professional career as a partner with Robin Thompson and Partners Solicitors in 1978. He became a partner in the firm Russell Jones & Walker Solicitors in 1995.

He was elected as a councillor for Westbourne on Westminster City Council in 1982, becoming the Labour group leader in 1990. During his time there, he led the criticism of Shirley Porter and the homes for votes scandal.

Member of Parliament
He was elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for the new seat of Hendon, defeating John Gorst, the sitting Conservative MP for the former constituency of Hendon North, by 6,155 votes. He made his maiden speech on 6 June 1997, in which he criticised the government of John Major for closing the Edgware General Hospital A & E department. He became a member of the Social Security select committee in 1998, and after the 2001 general election its replacement, the Work and Pensions Select Committee, on which he remained until 2005. He was a member of the Standards and Privileges Select Committee from 2001 until 2010 and the Human Rights and Liaison committees from 2005 to 2010 (chairing the Joint Committee on Human Rights).

Dismore asked Tony Blair a parliamentary question about Holocaust memorial and education, and received a written answer on 10 June 1999. This led to the establishment of Holocaust Memorial Day in the UK. He set the 21st century record for a filibuster in the House of Commons by talking for 197 minutes during the debate of the Criminal Law (Amendment) (Protection of Property) Bill.

In the 2010 general election Dismore lost his seat by 106 (0.2%) votes to Conservative candidate and former Hendon ward councillor Matthew Offord. In his losing speech Dismore complained that Offord had used his record of expenses against him.

He was a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Tribal Peoples.

In 2015, Dismore stood once again as the Labour Party candidate for Hendon in the General Election but failed to regain his seat, instead losing by a bigger majority as the Conservatives improved their position overall.

In 2009,  The Daily Telegraph reported that he had claimed expenses equivalent to 487 journeys between Parliament and his constituency home, although the Commons only sat for 145 days.

It was reported by the BBC in March 2010, that Dismore had annual trips to Cyprus, funded by the Cypriot Parliament. Dismore failed to declare this interest on a number of Parliamentary Questions and Early Day Motions, despite providing this information on the register of members' interests.

London Assembly
Following his defeat as MP for Hendon, Andrew Dismore was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the Barnet and Camden constituency in the 2012 London Assembly election, defeating Conservative incumbent Brian Coleman. He was re-elected in 2016 with a reduced majority. Dismore currently serves as Chair of the London Assembly's Fire, Resilience and Emergency Planning Committee. During his time on the Assembly, he has campaigned on issues including tube noise and the impact of Brexit on London. He stood down in 2021 and was succeeded by Anne Clarke.

References

External links
 Andrew Dismore GLA Assembly Member's website
 Andrew Dismore- Hendon Parliamentary Campaign Website
 Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Andrew Dismore MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com – Andrew Dismore MP
 BBC Politics
 Entry on list of MPs
 Joint Committee of Human Rights

News items
 Long speech in December 2005 blocks householder v intruder bill
 Long speech in July 2004 blocks bill on volunteers activities bill
 Discusses evidence of torture by UK troops
 Rejection of anti-Israel boycott
 Andrew Dismore MP: Foreign trips and rule breaches

1954 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Labour Members of the London Assembly
Labour Friends of Israel
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Councillors in the City of Westminster
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
People from Bridlington
Alumni of the University of Warwick
English solicitors
People educated at Bridlington School

Andrew Dismore


Around the World in 80 Days (sometimes written as Around the World in Eighty Days) is a 1956 adventure movie. It stars David Niven, Cantinflas, and Shirley MacLaine. It was produced by the Michael Todd Company and released by United Artists. The movie was directed by Michael Anderson.  The screenplay was written by James Poe, John Farrow, and S. J. Perelman. It was based on the novel of the same name by Jules Verne. The music score was composed by Victor Young. The cinematography was by Lionel Lindon. The movie won many Academy Awards, including "Best Picture". Many well known actors made small appearances in the movie. These stars include Charles Boyer, Marlene Dietrich, and Frank Sinatra.

1950s American adventure movies
Movies based on books by Jules Verne
1956 adventure movies
1950s English-language movies
Movies set in London
Movies set in England
Movies set in Paris
Movies set in France
Movies set in Spain
Movies set in India
Movies set in Japan
Movies set in Bangladesh
Movies set in the United States
Movies directed by Michael Anderson
Movies set in the 1870s

Around the World in 80 Days (1956 movie)


Uriah Galusha Pennypacker (June 1, 1841/1844 – October 1, 1916) was a Union general during the American Civil War. He may be the youngest person to hold the rank of brigadier general in the US Army; at the age of 20, he remains the only general too young to vote for the president who appointed him.

Early life
Pennypacker was born supposedly June 1, 1844, but the year is uncertain. Census and other records indicate an earlier year of birth, perhaps 1840–41; his death record cites June 1, 1842. Ages in this article are based on the 1844 date. He was born in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, to a family with a long history of military service. He was raised without having any memory of his parents, Joseph Judson Pennypacker (1814–1880?) and Tamson A. Workheiser. His mother died when he was still a baby, and his father, who had taken part in the Mexican–American War, later became an adventurer in California, where he founded the Petaluma Argus newspaper in 1859 and sold it in December 1860. The 1880 Census has the father living in Oakland, California. His grandfather also served in the military, fighting in the American Revolutionary War. Galusha and George Armstrong Custer, two of the youngest generals in the Civil War, were fifth cousins, both being descendants of Paulus Kuster (1643–1707). He was also cousin to General Benjamin Prentiss through the Pennypacker family.

Military career
At the age of 16, Pennypacker enlisted as a quartermaster sergeant in the 9th Pennsylvania Infantry from West Chester, Pennsylvania. In August 1861, he helped recruit a company of men for the 97th Pennsylvania Infantry, and was appointed as their Captain. He was promoted to major the following October. Pennypacker and his regiment saw action in Georgia at Fort Pulaski and in the battles around Charleston. In 1864, his regiment was transferred to Virginia, where he was engaged in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign under Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler, in which he was wounded at the Battle of Ware Bottom Church. After the Battle of Cold Harbor and during the siege of Petersburg, he was appointed Colonel of his regiment, August 15, 1864. He assumed command of the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps of the Army of the James. He led his brigade into action at the Battle of New Market Heights and was wounded near Fort Gilmer. His brigade was attached to the Fort Fisher Expedition under Alfred Terry.

Pennypacker's greatest moment of the war came at the Second Battle of Fort Fisher, January 15, 1865, where he was again severely wounded. His wound was considered fatal and General Terry promised the young officer that he would receive a brevet promotion for his conduct that day. Terry called Pennypacker "the real hero of Fort Fisher" and remarked that without his bravery the fort would not have been taken. He was much later awarded the Medal of Honor, with a citation reading, "Gallantly led the charge over a traverse and planted the colors of one of his regiments thereon, was severely wounded."

He received a brevet promotion to brigadier general dated January 15, 1865. He survived his wounds after 10 months in the hospital and on April 28, 1865, he received a full promotion to brigadier general of volunteers at age 20 (backdated to February 18), making him the youngest officer to hold the rank of general to this day in the United States Army (though Marquis de LaFayette was just 19 when he received his commission as major general in the Continental Army on 31 July 1777).  He was appointed a brevet major general of volunteers on March 13, 1865.

Pennypacker stayed in the Army after the Civil War, being commissioned as Colonel of the 34th U.S. Infantry in July 1866.  He received a brevet promotion to major general in the regular army on March 2, 1867.  His regiment merged with the 11th U.S. Infantry in 1869 to become the 16th U.S. Infantry, which he commanded until his retirement in July 1883 at the age of 39.

In 1889 Pennypacker became an honorary member of the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati.  He also was a first class companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. In 1904, Pennypacker, having retired with the regular rank of colonel, was promoted to brigadier general on the retired list.

Nearly fifty-two years after the Civil War, Pennypacker died from complications of his Civil War injuries.  He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 1, 1916, and is buried in Philadelphia National Cemetery. He died less than a month after the death of his noted cousin, former Pennsylvania Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker.

See also

List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P
List of American Civil War generals (Union)
William Paul Roberts, youngest Confederate Army general
Charles Cleveland Dodge brigadier general at 21
Edmund Kirby nominated to brigadier general at 23, but killed in action
George Armstrong Custer brigadier general at 23

Notes

References

External links

1844 births
1916 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Union Army generals
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Chester County, Pennsylvania
Deaths from bleeding

Galusha Pennypacker