Brooke Ellen Bollea (born May 5, 1988), better known by her stage name Brooke Hogan, is an American television personality, singer, and actress. The daughter of professional wrestler Hulk Hogan, she at one point served as an on-screen personality for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA, now Impact Wrestling).

She took an early interest in music and began working on her first studio album in 2002. In an attempt to promote her music career, Hogan and her father appeared in a one-hour special on VH1. The special proved to be a ratings success, leading to Hogan and her family starring in the reality television series Hogan Knows Best (2005–07). The show saw a then-teenage Brooke struggling with her overprotective father and recording her debut album. Her first studio album, Undiscovered, was released in 2006. It was preceded by the single "About Us", which entered the top-forty of the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

While Hogan began working on her second album, personal struggles among her family led to the cancellation of Hogan Knows Best. This led to Hogan starring in her own television series, Brooke Knows Best (2008–09). Though her parents and brother made numerous appearances throughout the series, it mainly focused on Brooke and the recording of her new music. Hogan's second studio album, The Redemption (2009), failed to match the success of its predecessor. The album spawned two singles, neither of which had much success. Following the conclusion of Brooke Knows Best, Hogan pursued a career in acting, making numerous appearances in low-budget films and television shows. In 2012, Hogan signed on to appear on Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), alongside her father. She was released from the series after a year on the program. Hogan starred in the satire film L.A. Slasher (2015), and worked on two extended plays consisting of country music in 2015 and 2018.

Early life
Brooke Ellen Bollea was born May 5, 1988, in Tampa, Florida, the older child of Hulk Hogan (Terry Gene Bollea) and Linda Claridge. She has one younger brother, Nick Hogan (Nick Bollea).

In high school, she took dance classes, voice lessons, piano lessons, and gymnastics. She joined the cheerleading squad of her Clearwater, Florida school, Clearwater Central Catholic High School, in her first year (though she only stayed at the school for the first half of first year). She also sang inhibitor chorus for CCCHS. Hogan graduated from high school at the age of sixteen.

Career

2002–2005: Music beginnings and reality series
Hogan was signed to Trans Continental Records in 2002. Some music was produced with LFO member Rich Cronin's assistance. The album's lead single, "Everything to Me", was released in July 2004. The song appeared at number one on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart in the United States, and number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100. To promote the album, Hogan toured with Hilary Duff on her Most Wanted Tour throughout the US, as well as with the Backstreet Boys on their Up Close & Personal Tour, both of which took place from mid 2004 to early 2005. The album, Brooke Hogan: This Voice, was slated for a September 21, 2004 release date, but the album was not released.

Hogan and her father appeared in the hour-long profile (Inside) Out: Hulk Hogan, Stage Dad. The television special chronicled Hogan working on her debut album, as well as showed her father's role in the album making process. Her father later stated that the show was mainly an attempt to help promote Brooke and her upcoming music career. The special was a major success for the network, and the success of the special led to VH1 turning it into an entire television series, titled Hogan Knows Best. The series premiered in July 2005, and was the highest rated series in the network's history. The show chronicled the Hogan family's life together, although it mainly focused on Brooke and her father. Hogan Knows Best presented her father as strict with her dating. On the show, Hulk placed a GPS tracker on Brooke's vehicle that enabled him to track her whereabouts and shut down the engine of her car remotely. However, Brooke said in a later interview that her father loosened up after her eighteenth birthday.

2006–2008: Undiscovered and Brooke Knows Best
In 2006, Hogan changed record labels and became the first artist signed to Scott Storch's label, initially called Storchaveli Records, but later named Storch Music Company. She also signed with SoBe Entertainment. Storch also became the album's main producer. During an interview, Hogan stated that she was recording the album at The Hit Factory in Miami, Florida, where rapper Paul Wall heard a clip of the song "About Us" and asked to be on the song.

The lead single from the album, "About Us", was premiered on the season two finale of Hogan Knows Best. It quickly began receiving heavy radio rotation, and peaked at number 33 the Billboard Hot 100. Undiscovered was released on October 24, 2006 in the United States and Canada. The album debuted at number 28 on the Billboard 200, and number 1 on the Independent Albums charts in the US, selling an estimated 30,000 copies in its first week of release. The album has only sold an estimated 127,000 copies in the United States.

To help promote the album, Hogan appeared in the November 2006 edition of FHM, becoming the first FHM cover model under 21 years old. As a result, the November issue had no liquor advertising. Dana Leslie Fields, executive publisher and president of FHM, said: "In the very rare instance that you might have a cover star under the age of 21, they don't want to be in the position of seeming to market to anyone under age."

To further promote the album, Hogan announced its second single would be "Heaven Baby", which featured Beenie Man on guest vocals. The song was released to pop radio in January 2007. On March 6, "For A Moment" was released as a promotional single from the album, with a music video featuring clips of the third and fourth seasons of Hogan Knows Best. Hogan's record label decided the album should be re-released later in the year; however, Hogan decided against it, opting to begin work on her second album. In August 2007, Hogan confirmed that she would be departing from one of her labels, SMC, and soon confirmed that she had signed a dual contract with SoBe Entertainment and Fontana Records and was at work on her second album. Hogan appeared as a panel judge in America's Prom Queen in early 2008.

While working on her second studio album, the series Hogan Knows Best was discontinued due to controversies involving Brooke's immediate family. As a result, Brooke was approached by VH1 awhile thereafter and signed on to do her own series, Brooke Knows Best. The series premiered on July 13, 2008, and featured Hogan dealing with her family's problems, her music career, and her life while no longer living with her parents nor dependent on them. The show consisted of her friends, Glenn and Ashley – who are often encouraging Brooke to get out, have fun, and party. Brooke, Glenn, and Ashley live in a penthouse in South Beach, which is paid for by VH1. The show chronicled the problems Brooke faced while dealing with the divorce of her parents, as well as brother Nick Hogan's prior arrest related to a serious car accident in which he permanently injured his best friend. Hogan's father has appeared in numerous episodes of the series, while her mother and brother have made a few. The series ended in 2009 after two seasons.

2009–present: The Redemption and film debut

In early 2009, Hogan announced the title of her second album to be The Redemption. The album's lead single, "Falling", featured rapper Stacks, and was released on March 31, 2009. On June 30, Hogan released the album's second single, "Hey Yo!", which featured Colby O'Donis on guest vocals. On July 4, Hogan released a mixtape, titled "Judgement Day", to help promote the release of the album. The mixtape caused a buzz online after the song 'Ur Not That Hot' was seen as a diss toward The Hills star, and fellow pop singer, Heidi Montag. The song also includes a fake voicemail that Hogan implies was sent to her from Montag. The Redemption was released on July 21 in the US and Canada for digital download and as a physical copy. It debuted at number 144 on the Billboard 200, and 27 on the Independent Albums chart, selling 3,381 copies in its first week. She was released from her four-year contract with SoBe Entertainment a year early after the promotion for the album concluded. She is now only signed to Fontana Records. To date, she is the only artist signed to the label. Hogan completed a second season of Brooke Knows Best on August 9, 2009. The show would not return to the air after the second season. She also had a small part in the pilot episode of The Jeff Dunham Show.

In November 2009 Hogan was featured in Toni Braxton's music video for "Yesterday". In late 2009, Hogan made her first film appearance in the low budget live action film Little Hercules in 3D, which was only released in certain territories outside of the US. It was released on October 8, 2009 in Kazakhstan and Russia, and in the Czech Republic on January 7, 2010. Hogan's mother, father, and brother also appear in various roles in the film.

Hogan appeared as Kate in the Science fiction film 2 Headed Shark Attack, which was released on January 17, 2012 in the United States. She also appeared as Sandy Powers in the film "Sand Sharks", which was released on January 9 in the United Kingdom. She also guest starred in "The Dean's List", the March 4, 2012 episode of China, IL.

She confirmed on June 12, 2014 via her official Instagram account, that her new single would be called "Beautiful" and set a release date for fall of 2014. On July 13, 2015, Hogan released her first alternative country track titled "Girlfriend" on iTunes. In September 2015 Hogan released her first extended play 'I Wanna Be Your Girlfriend'. In 2018 she released a follow-up EP 'So Many Summers'. On November 1, 2019, Hogan released her newest pop single titled "Touch My Body." An accompanying music video was released a week later on November 8, 2019.

Professional wrestling career

World Wrestling Entertainment (2006)

Brooke made her WWE debut on the July 15, 2006 episode of Saturday Night's Main Event XXXIII, appearing with her father. Randy Orton came out and flirted with Brooke then challenged Hulk to a match at SummerSlam. Later in the parking lot after more flirting, Brooke got in their car and was unaware Orton would RKO Hulk. Orton would later appear on WWE Raw with a fake Hogan family and kissed the fake Brooke.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2012–2013)
On May 17, 2012, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), the wrestling promotion where her father worked, announced that Brooke had signed on to work in the promotion as an on-screen authority figure and a backstage consultant to the TNA Knockouts.

In July 2012, Brooke confirmed via her official Twitter account, that she has continued to write and develop her third studio album. Throughout the mid-2012, she has been appearing on Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), weekly on Thursday nights to help promote the female's wrestling division. On the June 7 episode of Impact Wrestling, a week after Hogan's TNA debut, Hogan gave Mickie James, Tara, Velvet Sky and Miss Tessmacher (now changed back to Brooke Tessmacher) a chance in a four-way match to earn another shot at Gail Kim's TNA Women's Knockout Championship, which was won by Miss Tessmacher. In June 2012, Hogan gave Velvet Sky a part featured in Montgomery Gentry's music video for their song "So Called Life". On the June 21 episode of Impact Wrestling, Hogan chose James over Sky as the next challenger for the Women's Knockout Championship, but failed to recapture the title from Miss Tessmacher.

In July, Hulk Hogan, alongside Sting, began feuding with a mysterious group of masked men, who had dubbed themselves the Aces & Eights. The group's attack on Hulk Hogan on the July 12 episode of Impact Wrestling was used to write Hulk Hogan off the show, as he was set to undergo another back surgery. On the August 16, 2012 episode of Impact, Hogan hired Taryn Terrell, as the referee for the TNA Women's Knockout Championship match between Madison Rayne and Miss Tessmacher. In November, Hogan would move into a storyline with her father and Bully Ray after Austin Aries revealed a secret relationship between herself and Ray. After seeing them kissing in a parking garage on the December 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, Hulk suspended Ray indefinitely on the January 3, 2013, episode. The following week, after Ray saved Hogan from a kidnapping by the Aces & Eights, Hogan accepted his marriage proposal much to her father's dismay. The ceremony took place the next week on Impact Wrestling, where Ray's groomsman Tazz interrupted and revealed himself to be a member of Aces & Eights, leading to the group attacking Ray, Hulk Hogan, and the rest of the groomsmen. On the February 21 edition of Impact, after listening to Hogan plea, Hulk Hogan named Bully Ray the number one contender for the World Heavyweight Championship at Lockdown. At this event, Bully Ray would turn his back on Hogan and TNA by revealing himself as the President of the Aces & Eights. On the following episodes of Impact, Bully Ray touted the fact that the public bought into his deceptive act the entire time to earn the trust of Sting, Hogan, and Hulk Hogan as a way to get a chance to capture the TNA World Title. Hogan continued to seek a divorce from her husband and got it ending the storyline. On August 16, 2013 it was reported that Hogan had been released from TNA.

In October 2016, TMZ reported that Hogan was forming a female wrestling league called the Daughters of Wrestling, along with the daughters of Roddy Piper, Diamond Dallas Page, and Kerry Von Erich.

Personal life
Hogan was engaged to former Dallas Cowboys center Phil Costa.
The engagement ended in November 2013.

In 2015, an audio recording (and its transcripts) of her father Hulk Hogan allegedly making comments about her and her choice of companionship in 2006 became the center of controversy that resulted in his contract with the WWE ending. Hulk Hogan's comments described himself as her ideal husband and that he would bring 'Hulkamania' on anyone who married his daughter. In response, she wrote a poem defending him.

Filmography

Discography
Studio albums

Mixtapes

Extended plays

Singles

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
Actresses from Miami
Actresses from Tampa, Florida
American child singers
American dance musicians
American female models
American female professional wrestlers
American film actresses
American socialites
American television actresses
American women pop singers
Bollea family
Female models from Florida
Musicians from Miami
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
Professional wrestlers from Florida
Professional wrestling authority figures
Singers from Florida
The Challenge (TV series) contestants

Brooke Hogan


Vellore is an important city in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the headquarters of Vellore district. It is located on the banks of Palar River.The area of Vellore covers about 87km2.The total population of Vellore city is 423,425 as per 2001 census.Vellore is the base place where two of India's top 10 educational institutions located.They are:Christian Medical College Hospital and VIT University.

Vellore region is the top exporter of finished leather goods in the country. Vellore leather accounts for more than 37% of the country's export of leather and leather-related products.

Vellore Fort, Science Park, Vainu Bappu Observatory, Amirthi Zoological Park, Religious places such as Jalakandeswarar Temple, Srilakshmi Golden Temple, Big Mosque and St. John's Church and Yelagiri Hill station are the  top tourist attractions in and around Vellore.

Reference

Vellore district
Cities  in Tamil Nadu

Vellore


Samuel Abrahám (born 1960 in Bratislava) is rector of BISLA, a small liberal arts college in Bratislava, Slovakia. Samuel Abrahám studied political science and political philosophy at the University of Toronto and at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Education Innovator
Samuel Abrahám is currently involved in ECOLAS - a network of universities supported by European funding in order to spread and support liberal arts education in Europe.

Membership of organizations
From 1996 to 2004 he was representative of the Project on Ethnic Relations, a Princeton-based foundation focusing on resolving ethnic tensions in Central and Eastern Europe.
He is also a member of the advisory board of Eurozine - an internet journal of a network of European cultural journals.

Academic posts
From 1990 onwards he helped to establish and lectured at Political science department at Comenius University.
In 1996 he founded and has since edited Slovak-English cultural journal Kritika & Kontext.
During 1996 - 2006 he founded and directed Society for Higher Learning, an educational institution for gifted university students. In 2006 he co-founded and has been the rector of Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts (BISLA).

References

1960 births
Living people
Rectors of universities in Slovakia
Writers from Bratislava

Samuel Abrahám


The Shetland goose is a breed of domestic geese originating in the Shetland Islands in Scotland. Like the other livestock breeds native to the islands, the Shetland goose is small in stature, generally weighing between 12 and 14 pounds (5 and 6 kilos). They are very hardy and exceptionally good foragers, and are able to largely sustain themselves through grazing.

History
The Shetland goose has been used by crofters to graze pastures. This was to rid the grass of parasites, such as the liver fluke, to prepare it for grazing by sheep.

Characteristics
Like a few other goose breeds, including the Pilgrim and Cotton Patch, Shetlands are sexually dimorphic at hatch (called auto-sexing in poultry nomenclature), and can be differentiated on appearance alone. Ganders have entirely white plumage, while geese have a head, neck, and upper body with gray highlights and a white underbody. They generally mate for life, and are good parents. Shetland geese lay around 30 eggs a year, that are white in colour. The Shetland goose has a shorter bill, due to its natural ability to forage.

Shetlands were first exported to United States in 1997, by a farm in New York. They are not yet recognized by the American Poultry Association via admittance in the Standard of Perfection. The breed is currently being studied by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, which considers populations in North America to potentially be too low to maintain sufficient genetic diversity (in North America).

References

See also
 List of goose breeds
 Shetland animal breeds

Goose breeds
Goose breeds originating in Scotland
Goose breeds originating in the United Kingdom
Shetland animal breeds
Animal breeds on the RBST Watchlist

Shetland goose


Wafabank was a private bank in Morocco, that belonged to the Kettani family. In 2004, the Kettanis sold their stakes to ONA Group which resulted in the merger of the bank with Banque Commerciale du Maroc to form Attijariwafa Bank.

History
1904 France's Compagnie Algérienne established its first Moroccan branch in Tangier, later complemented by branches in Casablanca and other Moroccan cities
1959 On the eve of independence, the Compagnie Algérienne, with 38 branches, had the largest network in Morocco.
1964 The Moroccan operations of the Compagnie Algérienne became an autonomous subsidiary, the Compagnie Marocaine de Crédit et de Banque (CMCB)
1968 A group of Moroccan private investors acquired majority control of the CMCB, together with the Compagnie Financière de Suez.
1985 CMCB changed its name to Wafabank.
1986 Wafabank moved its HQ to Casablanca.
1987 Wafabank established a subsidiary in Belgium.
1993 Wafabank carried out an IPO.
1996 Wafabank acquired BBV's Uniban subsidiary and BBV took an 8% stake in Wafabank. Credit Agricole Indosuez also took a stake in Wafabank (14.8%).
2000 Wafabank and the Senegalese holding "Keur Khadim," agreed to establish Senbank to provide banking services in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
2001 Wafabank acquired BBVA's subsidiary BBVA Maroc and BBVA increased its stake in Wafabank to 10%, further cementing the partnership commenced in 1997.
2003 Banque Commerciale du Maroc acquired Wafabank.

References

1904 establishments in Morocco
2004 disestablishments in Morocco
Banks established in 1904
Banks disestablished in 2004
Banks of Morocco
Defunct banks of Morocco

Attijariwafa bank Stock in the Casablanca Stock Exchange

Wafabank


were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan.  Appointments to this prominent office were usually fudai daimyōs, but this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not daimyōs. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner" or "overseer" or "governor".

This bakufu tile identifies an official responsible for administration of the pre-Heian capital city of Nara.  The numbers of men holding the title concurrently would vary over time.

Shogunal city
During this period, Nara ranked with the largest urban centers, some of which were designated as a "shogunal city".  The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration.

List of Nara bugyō

See also
 bugyō

Notes

References
 Beasley, William G. (1955).  Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868. London: Oxford University Press. [reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001.   (cloth)]
 Cullen, Louis M. (2003).  A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Government of feudal Japan
Officials of the Tokugawa shogunate

Nara bugyō


The Crying Indian ad was a public service announcement that was on television starting in 1971.  A group called Keep America Beautiful made the ad.  It showed a Native American person crying when he saw people throw garbage out of their cars.

Keep America Beautiful

In 1953, the American Can Company and Owens-Illinois Glass Company and other companies started Keep America Beautiful.  Later, Owens-Illinois would own Dixie Cup Company.  Television stations played it so much that their copies of the film wore out and they had to get new ones.

The Advertising Council helped make ads for Keep America Beautiful.  The Advertising Council had already made Smoky the Bear for the U.S. Forest Service. Smokey the Bear tells people "Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires." The Council decided their ad for Keep America Beautiful should be like the Smokey the Bear ads: It should tell people that their own choices solve problems.

Earlier ideas

Before the Crying Indian ad, Keep America Beautiful used a character called "Susan Spotless." This was a young white girl in a white dress who shook her finger at adults who littered and told them to stop: "Daddy, you forgot . . . every litter bit hurts!" (In American English, some children say "litter" with an R sound when they mean "little.") The idea was that parents should be ashamed to teach their children to litter.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the idea that the environment must be protected became strong in America.  Many of the protesters just before the first Earth Day talked about throwaway containers.  For example, students from the University of Michigan put a big pile of empty drink containers on the ground outside the offices of the National Soft Drink Association.

The hippies of the 1960s liked the idea of Native Americans.  In 1967, Life wrote that hippies saw "the dispossessed Indian as America's original dropout, and convinced that he has deeper spiritual values than the rest of society, hippies have taken to wearing his costume and horning in on his customs," meaning that hippies wanted to copy American Indians.

Goals

The companies behind Keep America Beautiful did not want the government to pass laws that would cost them money.  For example, they wanted to stop laws that would make them sell drinks in reusable bottles.  Throwaway bottles were cheaper.  Keep American Beautiful wanted voters to look at the ad and think people made pollution one person at a time.  Keep America Beautiful did not want people to think that big companies made pollution.

The Ad Council started by talking about litter as something ugly and poor citizenship.  They said that people who littered were thoughtless and careless and made the world ugly for other people.  The Keep America Beautiful media fact sheet read that littering ruined "pleasure and recreation from their beautiful outdoors. . . . enjoyment of the natural and man- made attractions of our grand landscape is everywhere marred by the litter which careless people leave in their wake. ... The mountain of refuse keeps growing." They also said that litter cost money to clean up and could be bad for health.

The Ad Council wanted to show three ideas:

Show litter and pollution as if they were the same thing
Show that littering was a choice made by individual people and not by big companies
Show that all people were equally guilty

Crying Indian ad
In the Crying Indian ad, an actor called Iron Eyes Cody, dressed as a Native American, paddles a canoe through a stream.  At first, the stream is clean and pretty but it becomes dirtier and full of garbage.  He gets out of the stream and walks to a highway, where people throw garbage out of their cars.  Then he slowly cries one tear.  The tear is made of a drop of glycerin on the actor's face.  A voice says, "Some people have a deep, abiding respect for the natural beauty that was once this country. And some people don't. ... People start pollution. People can stop it." The ad was on television starting in 1971.  The group Keep America Beautiful paid for and made the ad.  It was about littering.  The ad won many awards, for example two Clio Awards.  Television stations played it so much that their copies of the film wore out and they had to get new ones.

Keep America Beautiful was run by packaging and drink companies.  They tried to stop the government from passing laws that would be good for the environment.  For example, they wanted to stop laws that would make them sell drinks in reusable bottles.  Throwaway bottles were cheaper.  Keep American Beautiful wanted people to look at the ad and think individual people made pollution and not that big companies made pollution.

Another Crying Indian ad was on television in 1975.  In 1998, the first one was on television again.

Image of Native Americans

Trent University history professor Finis Dunaway says that the man in the Crying Indian ad "appears completely powerless. In the commercial, all he can do is lament the land his people lost," when, at the same time, real-life American Indians were working to solve their problems.  At the same time the ad went on TV, groups of Native Americans had taken over Alcatraz.

Actor

Iron Eyes Cody was an actor who played Native Americans on television and in movies.  He had already been in many movies and TV shows before the Crying Indian ad.  Iron Eyes Cody said he was a Native American with a Cherokee father and Cree mother, but he was really Italian-American.

References

Advertising
Environment
Waste management

Crying Indian public service announcement


Roger Dumas (31 December 1897 – 15 June 1951) was a French composer and conductor.

Biography
After he finished his musical studies, first at the Conservatory of Nice then the Conservatoire de Paris, Roger Dumas was conductor during the 1920s and 1930s at the Casino de Toulon (a city where he also taught at the conservatory). It is in this entertainment venue and under his musical direction that his first operetta, Flouette, was created in 1924. The second was Le Danseur du casino, premiered at Orange in 1935.

He became film score composer on two productions respectively released in 1930 (Cendrillon de Paris, with Alibert and Pauline Carton) and 1931 (Les Vagabonds magnifiques, with Nadia Sibirskaïa and Georges Melchior).

His third film was Les Bleus de la marine by Maurice Cammage (1934, music cowritten with Vincent Scotto), starring Fernandel and the screenwriter Jean Manse. In association with the latter (the actor's stepbrother) as librettist, he composed his third operetta, Ignace, created in Marseille in 1935, then revived at the Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin in Paris in 1936, with Fernandel in the leading role, Andrex, Edmond Castel, Alice Tissot and Henry Trévoux. This operetta was brought to the screen under the same title, under the direction of Pierre Colombier (1937), where Fernandel, Andrex and Alice Tissot resume their respective roles.

There followed a collaboration with Fernandel for twelve other films (to which Jean Manse participated, mostly as lyricist), including Barnabé by Alexander Esway (1938), Simplet (directed by the actor, 1942) and L'Aventure de Cabassou by Gilles Grangier (1946). Their last feature film together was Uniformes et grandes manœuvres by René Le Hénaff, released in December 1950, some months before the composer's premature deaths at 53.

Dumas also contributed to eight films without Fernandel, including his first two already mentioned, Pierre et Jean by André Cayatte (1943, with Renée Saint-Cyr and Noël Roquevert) as well as Cécile est morte by Maurice Tourneur (1944, with Albert Préjean featuring commissaire Maigret).

Roger Dumas' fourth operetta was Un de la musique, created at the Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin in 1937, with Georges Milton, Louis Florencie and Alice Tissot. The fifth (in partnership with Georges Van Parys for music) was Les Chasseurs d'images, created at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris in 1946, with Fernandel and René Lestelly. The sixth and last one was La Chance d'Oscar (published in 1949), not represented but of which Fernandel recorded two songs on 78 rpm (published in 1951) - after others before, like Ignace and On m'appelle simplet, song-titles of the pre-mentioned movies - .

Film scores (complete)
1930: Cendrillon de Paris by Jean Hémard
1931: Les Vagabonds magnifiques by Gennaro Dini
1934: Les Bleus de la marine by Maurice Cammage (*)
1937: Ignace by Pierre Colombier (*)
1937: The Kings of Sport by Pierre Colombier (*)
1938: Barnabé by Alexander Esway (*)
1939: Berlingot and Company by Fernand Rivers (*)
1942: Dédé la musique by André Berthomieu
1942: Simplet by Fernandel (*)
1943: Pierre and Jean by André Cayatte
1943: Ne le criez pas sur les toits by Jacques Daniel-Norman (*)
1943: La Main du diable by Maurice Tourneur
1943: Adrien by Fernandel (*)
1943: La Ferme aux loups by Richard Pottier
1943: La Cavalcade des heures by Yvan Noé (*)
1943: Le Val d'enfer by Maurice Tourneur
1943: The Lucky Star by Jean Boyer (*)
1944: Cécile est morte by Maurice Tourneur
1946: L'Aventure de Cabassou by Gilles Grangier (*)
1946: Rooster Heart by Maurice Cloche (*)
1947: Irma la voyante by Antoine Toé (short film) (*)
1950: Uniformes et grandes manœuvres by René Le Hénaff (*)
(*) : Films with Fernandel

Other compositions (selection)
1924: Flouette, operetta on a libretto by J. Marlines (Casino de Toulon)
1926: Ah, ne dites pas ça ; Cagoli-Cagola ; Chois l'Escavenier ; En Provence ; Je préfère l'écarté ; Mais si l'occasion se présente ; O parfums... Divins poèmes ; On a toujours tort... On a... ; Quand on a fait ça tout' la journée ; Quand on se mêl' de rien ; Y'a qu'ça: collection of popular songs for voice and piano
1927: Les mensonges ; Mia Gorgonzolina ; O... O... Ophélie ; Par un soir gris ; Les Remords de Colombine ; Théo Théo ; Un coup d'œil ; La vadrouillarde ; Vision d'Orient ; Vive le printemps ; Yette: collection of popular songs for voice and piano
1935: Le Danseur du casino, operetta (created at Orange)
1935: Ignace, operetta on a libretto by Jean Manse (created in Marseille)
1936: Ignace, operetta cited above (revival at the Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin)
1937: Un de la musique, operetta on a libretto by Camille François (Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin)
1946: Les Chasseurs d'images, operetta on a libretto by André Mouëzy-Éon and Jean Manse, music in collaboration with Georges Van Parys (création à Paris, Théâtre du Châtelet)
1949: La Chance d'Oscar, operetta

External links
 Notice d'autorité de la BnF ;
 Roger Dumas sur l'Encyclopédie de la Comédie Musicale en France (ECMF) ;
 Roger Dumas on Ciné-Ressources ;
 .

French operetta composers
French film score composers
French male conductors (music)
1897 births
People from Gard
1951 deaths
20th-century French conductors (music)
French male film score composers
20th-century French male musicians

Roger Dumas (composer)


Sankalp is a 1975 Bollywood film directed by Ramesh Saigal. The song "Tu Hi Sagar Tu Hi Kinara", rendered by Sulakshana Pandit earned her its only Filmfare award. It was composed by Khayyam.

Plot

Rakesh lives with his widowed businessman dad Harkishanlal; elder brother Shyam, his wife, Kamla and their son. He attends college, does extremely well in his exams, and stands first with only one other candidate, who comes from a poor family. Rakesh also has a sweetheart in fellow-collegian, Geeta Sehgal, and both hope to get married soon. Rakesh introduces Geeta to Kamla, and gets instant approval. But there is something troubling Rakesh, he is appalled at the inequalities and injustices in this world, the power the rich have over the poor; why God remains a silent spectator in the light of atrocities, committed on his very own creations. Rakesh sets out to seek answers within his family, and is shunned. His dad and brother want him to lend a hand in their business, but Rakesh does not want any part in it as part of it is being run by black money, surrounded by hypocrites. He stops seeing Geeta, and when Kamla finds this out, she follows him one day and finds him with a group of half-naked, drug-induced hippies. When confronted, Rakesh's only explanation is that he will not marry Geeta as he does not want to get tied down and wants his freedom – what exactly is the freedom that Rakesh seeks – watch as he runs away from home to seek life's meanings along with newfound hippie friends.

Cast

Sulakshana Pandit as Poojaran
Sukhdev as Rakesh
Farida Jalal as Geeta Sehgal
 Arjun Bakshi as Shyam
 Bipin Gupta as Harkishanlal (Shyam's dad)
Anjali Kadam as Kamla (Shyam's wife)
 Leela Mishra as Rani of Bacharawa (Kamla's mom)

Soundtrack

Music composed by Khayyam and lyrics
by Kaifi Azmi.

Awards and nominations

 Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Sulakshana Pandit for the song "Tu Hi Sagar Tu Hi Kinara"

1974 films
1970s Hindi-language films
Films directed by Ramesh Saigal

Sankalp


Bill W. and Dr. Bob is a play written by Stephen Bergman and Janet Surrey, published by Samuel French, Inc.
The play will return to Off-Broadway after being produced in some thirty of the fifty United States, Australia, Canada, and England. Bill W. and Dr. Bob began previews at The Soho Playhouse on July 8, 2013.

The first production of Bill W. and Dr. Bob  began previews off-Broadway at New World Stages on February 16, 2007 and opened on March 5, 2007. It ran for 132 performances  and closed on June 10, 2007. It is based on the story of William Wilson (Bill W.) and Dr. Robert Smith (Bob S., or "Dr. Bob"), the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous and their wives Lois Wilson and Anne Smith, creators of Al-Anon. Bill W. and Dr. Bob is written by Stephen Bergman and Janet Surrey, produced by Bradford S. Lovette, Dr. Michael and Judith Weinberg, and  The New Repertory Theatre and stars Marc Carver as Man,  Kathleen Doyle as Anne Smith, Deanna Dunmyer as Woman, Rachel Harker as Lois Wilson, Patrick Husted as Dr. Bob Smith and Robert Krakovski as Bill Wilson. It was directed by Rick Lombardo and with music composed by Ray Kennedy.

A video was produced of  the 2007 Off-Broadway production by The Hazelden Foundation.

External links
 Broadway World
Playbill
Theatremania.com
Samuel French, Inc
Official website

Alcoholics Anonymous
American plays
2007 plays
2013 plays
Works by Samuel Shem
Off-Broadway plays
Biographical plays
Fiction set in 1935

Bill W. and Dr. Bob


Para Vista is a suburb in northern Adelaide, South Australia. It is bounded by Wright Road to the South. The northern boundary of the suburb is Montague, Nelson and Milne Roads, making an backwards-L shape of the suburb. The western end is Redhill Road, but the eastern side does not follow streets.

History
Para Vista Post Office opened on 13 January 1964 but was renamed Valley View in October of that year.

References

Suburbs of Adelaide

Para Vista, South Australia


Perugia railway station, also known as Perugia Fontivegge railway station () is the main station serving the city and comune of Perugia, in the region of Umbria, central Italy.  Opened in 1866, it forms part of the Foligno–Terontola railway, which also links Florence with Rome.

The station is currently managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI).  However, the commercial area of the passenger building is managed by Centostazioni.  Train services are operated by or on behalf of Trenitalia.  Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company.

Regional train services calling at the station are operated by Ferrovia Centrale Umbra, which sub-contracts on behalf of Trenitalia.

Location
Perugia railway station is situated at Piazza Vittorio Veneto, in the heavily populated district of Fontivegge, about  southwest of the city centre.

History
The station was opened on 12 December 1866, upon the inauguration of the Ellera Corciano–Ponte San Giovanni section of the Foligno–Terontola railway.

Features

Buildings
The passenger building is a large structure built on three levels.  Only the ground floor is accessible to travellers, through a main entrance below three large arches.  Adjacent to the main building are two other buildings arranged symmetrically on a single plane.

Inside the entrance to the passenger building is a ticket office.  This room is very large. In its middle are four substantial columns, supporting a high ceiling.  Dividing the ticket hall from the station yard are three blue and green glass doors.

The waiting room is also very large.  It has beautiful wooden benches, which, although antique, are still in very good condition.

Passengers inside the building can also admire a sculpture from Roman times in honor of the sacrifice of Perugia in the war against Hannibal.  Above the sculpture are modern style mosaic pictorial maps of Umbria and Perugia.

Extending from the passenger building are several small buildings, including a modern building housing the RFI technical offices.

On the opposite side of the station yard from the passenger building is what remains of the now disused goods yard; it has a brick warehouse very similar in style to its counterparts at other Italian stations.

Station yard

The station yard has four through tracks.  Only the second track is used for through trains stopping at the station.  All of the others are used for overtaking, or for originating or terminating trains.

Each of the tracks is equipped with a platform and most have a concrete shelter.  The one exception is covered instead by a wrought iron canopy. On all platforms, there are light panels displaying the destination, type and time of departure of the train that is stopped or will be stopping at that platform. All platforms are connected by an underpass.

Until recently there was also a fifth track, but this was dismantled because it was little used.

In the former goods yard there are some free tracks and an electrification dock, all of which serve today for the storage of disused or out of service carriages and line maintenance equipment.

Passenger and train movements
The station has about three million passenger movements each year.

Passenger trains are mainly regional rail services, with occasional InterCity trains to Milan and Eurostar trains.   Regional services are operated by Ferrovia Centrale Umbra, which sub-contracts on behalf of Trenitalia.  InterCity and long-distance services are operated by Trenitalia itself.

About 50 trains call at the station each day.  Their main destinations are Firenze Santa Maria Novella, Terontola-Cortona, Foligno and Roma Termini.

Goods services have long since ceased.

Interchange
The station has several underground car parks, a bus station and, about  along a path, a stop for the new Perugia Minimetrò.

See also

History of rail transport in Italy
List of railway stations in Umbria
Rail transport in Italy
Railway stations in Italy

References

External links

Description and pictures of Perugia railway station

Railway Station
Railway stations in Umbria
Railway stations in Italy opened in 1866

Perugia railway station


Brian Stephen Giles (; born January 20, 1971) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder. During his career he played for the Cleveland Indians, Pittsburgh Pirates and San Diego Padres. The left-handed Giles was a two-time All-Star and had a career line of .291/.400/.502 with 287 home runs, 411 doubles, 1,078 runs batted in (RBI), and 1,183 walks in 1,847 games.

His younger brother, Marcus Giles, is a former Major League infielder who was most notable for playing with the Atlanta Braves organization.

Professional career

Cleveland Indians
Giles was born in El Cajon, California, and attended Granite Hills High School. He was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the 17th round of the 1989 Major League Baseball draft. By 1994, Giles had worked his way up to Triple-A, where he batted .313 for Charlotte making the International League All-Star team. In 1995, Giles was again in Triple-A, where he batted .310 for Buffalo and made his major league debut as a September callup on September 16 (where he would bat .556 in nine at-bats with the Indians). He was also an American Association All-Star. Giles hit .355 in 51 games for the Indians in 1996 and hit .314 in 83 games with Buffalo, again making the American Association All-Star team. In 1997, Giles established himself as a major league regular, playing 130 games for the Indians and 112 games in 1998.

Pittsburgh Pirates
On November 18, 1998, he was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates for pitcher Ricardo Rincón.

In 1999 with the Pirates, Giles emerged as a power-hitting outfielder who also hit for average and showed plate discipline. He began a streak of hitting at least 35 home runs for four straight seasons, during which he batted no lower than .298 and was named Pittsburgh Pirates Player of the Year each year.

Giles led the 2000 club in doubles, triples, home runs, RBIs and walks. His 123 RBIs were eight shy of Paul Waner's club record of 131 set in 1927. He became the first Pirate ever to hit at least .300 with 30 plus home runs and 100 plus RBIs in back-to-back seasons, he became the third player in club history with 100 runs, 100 RBIs and 100 walks in the same season, after Barry Bonds in 1992 and Ralph Kiner from 1948–51. His 114 walks were the most by a Pirate since 1992, Bonds drew 127 walks. Giles' 74 home runs in two seasons with the club represent the most in back-to-back seasons since Willie Stargell hit 77 in 1972–73. He was named National League Player-of-the-Week after hitting .400 with two doubles, three home runs and 12 RBIs between May 2 and May 7 and shared player of the week honors with Colorado's Todd Helton after hitting .523 with three doubles, one triple, three home runs, eight RBIs and six runs scored between August 12 and August 20. Giles was named to the All-Star team for the first time in his career. He finished ninth in voting among National League outfielders.

In 2001 Giles established career highs in games played, at bats, runs and hits. He tied career highs in doubles, triples and stolen bases. At the end of the season he ranked tenth among NL players in runs (116), on-base percentage (.404),  and slugging percentage (.590). His runs total was the highest by a Pirate since Ralph Kiner in 1951. He led the Pirates in batting, home runs and walks. He tied Dave Parker's club record for most total bases, 340, by a left-handed hitter. Giles hit his 100th career home run as a member of the Pirates on August 9; he is one of 17 players to homer 100 times as a Pirate. He was selected to play in the All-Star Game for the second consecutive year.

In 2002, Giles drew a career-high 135 walks, ranking him second in the National League behind San Francisco's Barry Bonds, who led with 198. He also established the club record for most base on balls in a season by a left-handed batter. His .450 on-base percentage tied him for the second-best mark in the majors, he also ranked second in the league in slugging percentage with .622, sixth in home runs, second with 80 extra-base hits ranked second behind San Francisco's Jeff Kent, tied for second in the league with 13 outfield assists and also finished third in the NL with 24 intentional walks. He homered once every 13.1 at bats, the third-best ratio in the league behind Bonds' 8.8 and Sammy Sosa's 11.3.

San Diego Padres

On August 26, 2003, he was traded to his hometown San Diego Padres for Jason Bay, Óliver Pérez, and minor leaguer Corey Stewart.

Giles continued to be a patient and reliable hitter in San Diego, leading the majors with 119 walks in 2005. From 2004–2006, Giles played in over 150 games each season for the Padres, but in 2006, his batting average dropped to a career-low .263. On May 14, 2006, he drew five walks in a game, one shy of the record of six. In 2007, joined by his brother Marcus, signed as a free agent to be the starting second baseman, Giles batted .271, but missed time with an injured knee.

In 2008, Giles, in the third and final guaranteed year of his contract with the Padres, vetoed a potential trade to Boston, citing a desire to remain close to his family.  In 2008, 58% of his strikeouts were "looking", by far the highest percentage in the major leagues.

In 2009, through July 1 Giles had the lowest batting average (.191), slugging percentage (.271), and OPS (.548) in the major leagues. However, he went on the disabled list soon afterward with an arthritic right knee and missed the rest of the season.

As of August 22, 2018 the San Diego Padres have cut ties with Brian Giles and his brother Marcus, over domestic violence issues.

Retirement
On February 7, 2010, Giles signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers and received an invitation to spring training. However, after playing in just two spring training games as a designated hitter, he announced his retirement on March 11, 2010.

Personal life
Giles was sued by his former girlfriend for more than $10 million. She alleged Giles broke an oral and/or implied agreement that he would take care of her for an indefinite period of time.  She alleged Giles began abusing her in 2002, and battered her while she was pregnant with Giles' child, and caused her to have a miscarriage. She  dropped the allegations that Giles caused the miscarriage before the trial began. A jury found that both Giles and his girlfriend, Cheri Olvera, committed acts of domestic violence against each other but that there were no damages. The jury also refused to award damages on Olvera's contract claim, finding that Olvera's alleged terms were not clear enough so that both Olvera and Giles could understand what each was required to do. Instead, the jury found that Olvera must return the $107,000 engagement ring Giles provided to her or pay the $107,000 as damages. Following Giles' dispute with Olvera and given the nature of the court case, Giles' endorsement contract with Nair Hair Removal products was terminated.

See also
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
List of Major League Baseball career bases on balls leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
Baseball players from El Cajon, California
Cleveland Indians players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
San Diego Padres players
Burlington Indians players (1986–2006)
Watertown Indians players
Kinston Indians players
Canton-Akron Indians players
Charlotte Knights players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Major League Baseball right fielders
Major League Baseball outfielders

Brian Giles


Khmer Khe (or Hakka Khmer; )  is a Khmeric language spoken in Stung Treng Province, Cambodia. It has an estimated lexical similarity of between 95-96% with Central Khmer.

Names
Alternate names for Khmer Khe include Khmer Khes and Khmer Kha-ak (Khmer Khak) (Herington & Ryan 2013:5).

Distribution
Khmer Khe is spoken in the following villages of Siem Pang District, Stung Treng Province, Cambodia (Herington & Ryan 2013:8).

Srae Sambour commune
Peam Khes
Kanhchanh Kouk / Kanhchanhkok
Srae Ruessei / Srae Ruessey
Kanhchanghterk / Kanhchanh Tuek / Kanhchangterk
Ket Mooeng / Ket Moeung
Preak Meas commune
Khes Kraom
Khes Svay
Pong Kriel / Pongkriel
Tuol Kruos (part of Pong Kriel)
Kham Pouk
Thma Keo commune
Nhang Sum / Nheang Sum
Mak Phoeung (part of Nhang Sum)
Khe Thom village (location unknown)

Bahnaric languages are spoken to the east of the Khmer Khe area, and Kuy, a Katuic language, is spoken to the west.

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

References

Herington, Jennifer and Amy Ryan (2013). Sociolinguistic Survey of the Khmer Khe in Cambodia. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.

Languages of Cambodia
Khmer language

Khmer Khe dialect


The Resolute desk is a nineteenth-century desk used by several presidents of the United States in the White House Oval Office.

It was a gift from Queen Victoria to President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1880 and was built from the English oak timbers of the British Arctic exploration ship . Franklin Roosevelt added a door with the presidential seal to hide his leg braces.

Many presidents since Hayes have used the desk at many locations in the White House.

The desk was removed from the White House after the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy, when President Lyndon Johnson allowed it to go on a traveling exhibition with artifacts of the Kennedy Presidential Library. It was then put on display in the Smithsonian Institution.

President Jimmy Carter brought the desk back to the Oval Office in 1977, where it has remained with every president since, except George H. W. Bush.

References

Rutherford B. Hayes

Resolute desk


AM2R (Another Metroid 2 Remake) is an action-adventure game developed by Argentinian programmer Milton Guasti (also known as DoctorM64) and released on August 6, 2016, Metroid'''s 30th anniversary. It was originally released for Windows. It is an unofficial remake of the 1991 Game Boy game Metroid II: Return of Samus in the style of Metroid: Zero Mission (2004). As in the original Metroid II, players control bounty hunter Samus Aran, who aims to eradicate the parasitic Metroids. AM2R adds several features, including new graphics and music, new areas and bosses, altered controls, and a map system.

The game received positive reviews, particularly for its improved visuals. It was nominated for The Game Awards 2016, but was later dropped from the nominee list without notice. Shortly after release, Nintendo sent DMCA notices to websites hosting AM2R, and download links were removed. Though Guasti planned to continue working on the game privately, in September 2016, he ended development after receiving a DMCA takedown request. Nintendo released an official Metroid II remake, Metroid: Samus Returns, in 2017.

GameplayAM2R is an enhanced remake of the Game Boy game Metroid II: Return of Samus, which follows Samus Aran on her quest to eradicate the parasitic Metroid species from SR388, their home world. The remake is done in the style of Metroid: Zero Mission, adding a map system, new areas, mini-bosses, upgrades originally introduced in Super Metroid, redone graphics and music, an updated artificial intelligence for enemies, and a log system similar to Metroid Prime. Logs give the player more information on Metroids, enemies and the game world after the player has encountered certain enemies or arrived in new areas. The game's controls are less "floaty" than those of the original and feature new abilities such as wall jumping and grabbing onto ledges, being more in line with the gameplay the series has employed since Super Metroid.

The Metroids the player fights have four main evolutionary stages – Alpha, Gamma, Zeta, and Omega – which have been altered compared to their Metroid II counterparts, including new techniques used in battle; Alpha is the least altered, having only been given a new dodge move, while Omega has been altered the most, having been changed to earth-bound enemies that trap the player. The player confronts these Metroid bosses often and has to defeat 55 of them. Among the newly added bosses are non-Metroid enemies such as a moving statue or a Torizo statue.

DevelopmentAM2R was developed by Milton Guasti under the pseudonym DoctorM64 over the course of about ten years, although with several periods of no work done on the game. Guasti wanted to recreate the fast gameplay of Metroid: Zero Mission and the "atmosphere and solitude" of Super Metroid. After having finished Metroid II for the first time, he imagined it to be "cool" to play the game with modern gameplay, an in-game mini-map rather than with a physical map on one's lap, and the Omega Metroids as tall as the screen. As Guasti was not a programmer at the time, he used a trial-and-error method to modify a platforming game engine by Martin Piecyk within the game creation system GameMaker, with learning being his main motivation for working on the game.

At first the remake followed the original Metroid II map layout and already existing sprites from Metroid: Zero Mission and Super Metroid. As Guasti kept working on the game engine and polished each ability, he felt that AM2R started to seem more and more authentic. After the game had been made public, several artists contacted Guasti and volunteered to create original art for the game; the Metroid evolutions were redesigned, and new enemies and areas unrelated to other Metroid games were added. He remade the music himself while waiting for customers in his recording studio. The added log system was designed to deliver narrative in a non-intrusive way.

Because so much was changed in AM2R compared to the original Metroid II – with color, a larger screen, "less claustrophobic" caves, and new gameplay controls – Guasti was faced with the challenge of recreating the original's feeling of danger within a more modern style. Metroid II featured "tight-quarters combat", while AM2R greater amount of screen space and mobility meant that the Metroids' behavior had to be changed. They were made more agile and aggressive, with the intent that players would have to use all tools available to them to defeat them. The scale of the rooms throughout the game world also had to be changed, with some landmarks being redesigned to make better use of the larger screen; some, however, were kept similar in size to their Metroid II counterparts. While the game's first areas were made colorful and accurate to their counterparts in Metroid II, later areas were expanded and introduced new elements, featuring progressively darker caves, tighter passages, and Metroids found in more dangerous locations. This, along with increasingly darker and menacing music, was to recreate the feeling of Metroid II, which Guasti described as "being lost in a dark, mysterious cave without knowing what's ahead".

In the latter parts of the game's development, the largest challenge was to coordinate Guasti's and his collaborators' work; when Guasti started working as a programmer, he learned about project management and applied it to AM2R, but still found it challenging to have deadlines and keep people motivated, as everyone was working on the game free in their spare time. In late 2014, the project was ported to the newer version of GameMaker Studio, which enabled improved loading times and performance, but required the complete rewriting of some features and changes to the designs of some levels. This move also made bugs faster to fix and new builds easier to make, leaving the development progress in a more expedient and productive state. Later in the same year, the developers worked on improving the visuals, giving the fourth area a new graphics tile set intended to give it more personality.

 Release
Guasti released a first demo in late 2011 and another in early 2013. The full game was released free following a countdown through its website on August 6, 2016, coinciding with the Metroid series' 30th anniversary. Updated versions with further improvements and features were planned, but shortly after the first release, Nintendo sent DMCA notices to websites hosting it. The download links on the game's website were removed on August 7, but Guasti said that he planned to work on the game privately. He said he understood Nintendo's need to protect its intellectual properties and encouraged AM2R players to buy the official Nintendo eShop release of Metroid II.

On September 2, Guasti received a DMCA takedown request from Nintendo and announced that he had ended development. He released the soundtrack later that month, including several tracks intended for the unfinished version 1.2 update. Development of the game was continued by people from the Metroid fan community, including bug fixes, new enemies and story elements, and additional game modes such as New Game+ and a "Randomizer", which shuffles the locations of power-ups.

Nintendo released an official remake of Metroid II, Metroid: Samus Returns, in 2017. A year after the release of AM2R, Guasti was hired by Moon Studios to design levels for Ori and the Will of the Wisps. He also announced a project made in Unity 3D. Other members of the AM2R team formed SquidShock Studios and began work on an original Metroidvania, Bō: Path of the Teal Lotus, using hand-drawn art and inspired by games like Hollow Knight and Okami.

Reception
Mike Fahey, writing for Kotaku, called the game brilliant and compared the gameplay, graphics, and music favorably to their Metroid II counterparts. Siliconera Ishaan found the game impressive and said that it stands out from other fan-made remakes. Sam Machkovech at Ars Technica said that the game would be a delight to people who liked Zero Mission, and that its quality and amount of polish put it on par with Nintendo's games. Zack Furniss of Destructoid liked the game to the point that he thought Nintendo should use some ideas from it in future Metroid titles. Jonathan Holmes, also at Destructoid, said that AM2R does a good job at filling the "void" left by Nintendo's lack of new 2D Metroid games, calling it "even more of an extensive re-imagining than Metroid: Zero Mission was to Metroid 1". Gonçalo Lopes at Nintendo Life said that the game was a great way to celebrate the series' 30th anniversary and a dream come true for Metroid fans, and that he imagined people would be willing to pay money for it if sold on Nintendo's eShop. Matthew Castle at Nintendo Gamer called it an example of how to do a remake right. Tom Sykes at PC Gamer praised AM2R as a "great game in its own right" regardless of whether one had played Metroid II prior or not. NF Magazine Tony Ponce initially worried that the game would lose the "eerie charm" of Metroid II, but found it to be able to keep a high-tension feeling, as well as including new things for longtime fans of the original.

Furniss found that the gameplay changes compared to the original Metroid II, such as the ability to grab onto ledges, all felt natural, and called the user interface "sleek". He liked the log system, calling it one of the biggest additions, and enjoyed how the opening added more story content while not being "overdone", instead feeling like the opening to Super Metroid. Holmes commended the boss battles, calling them "arguably" the best across all 2D Metroid games. Ponce found the precise win conditions for Metroid battles annoying considering how often they are fought, but similarly thought that the new non-Metroid bosses were among the most exciting and challenging in all 2D games in the series. His favorite new gameplay elements were the "gimmicks" such as the player-operated tunneling drill machine and the walker robot minigame.

Machkovech said that the game looks "phenomenal" and that its "beautiful, easily discernible sprites" and 60-frames-per-second animations made it look modern despite the 320×240 resolution. He particularly enjoyed the game's color palette, saying that it made AM2R feel like a completely new game. Furniss called the game "gorgeous", praising the colors and the increased graphical detail. Alec Meer at Rock, Paper, Shotgun said that the game looked lovely, and that it was a large improvement over the Game Boy version's green screen. Jeffrey Matulef, writing for Eurogamer, found it impressive how closely the game resembled Super Metroid visually. Fahey noted the soundtrack in particular as being of high quality, and Lopes called the music "fantastic".

The game was nominated for The Game Awards 2016 in the "Best Fan Creation" category, but was removed from the nomination page without notice alongside the fan game Pokémon Uranium. The Game Awards host Geoff Keighley explained that AM2R and Pokémon Uranium were not legally cleared by Nintendo to be included in the event.

See also

 Full Screen Mario Sonic P-06''

References

External links
 Official page

2016 video games
Action-adventure games
Fan games
GameMaker Studio games
Science fiction video games
Side-scrolling video games
Single-player video games
Video game remakes
Video games developed in Argentina
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set on fictional planets
Metroidvania games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Windows-only freeware games
Unauthorized video games
Unofficial adaptations

AM2R


Bargain may refer to:

 The process whereby buyer and seller agree the price of goods or services, see bargaining.
 An agreement to exchange goods at a price.
 A discounted price offered by the seller to attract buyers.
 "Bargain" (song), a song by The Who

See also
 The Bargain (disambiguation)
 Contract (disambiguation)
 Deal (disambiguation)
 Bargain Hunt, a British television program
 Bargain Hunt (retail store), an American discount store chain

Bargain


A duel is a pre-arranged, private fight between two persons to settle a point of honour or personal quarrel.
Duel may also mean more than one, i.e. 2.  Most commonly used in the phrase COLAS Duel [S.LAW]

Duel may also refer to:

Combat
Duel, any competition between two persons or parties
Duel, a fight between two animals (see tournament species)
Duel, single combat, in general
Duel, the wager of battle

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films
Duel (1971 film), a film directed by Steven Spielberg
Duel (2004 film), an Iranian film directed by Ahmad Reza Darvish

Games
Duels (video game), a web-based role-playing game

Music
Groups
Duels (band), an English band from Leeds

Songs
"Duel" (Morganne Matis song), 2004
"Duel" (Propaganda song), 1985
"Duel", a song by Bond from Born
"Duel", a song by Swervedriver from Mezcal Head

Television
Duel (American game show) (2007–2008)
Duel (British game show) (2008)
Duel (South Korean TV series) (2017)

Series titles of reality game shows on MTV:
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Duel (2006–2007)
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Duel 2 (2009)

Places
Dueling Creek, a tributary of the Anacostia River in Maryland

Other uses
Duel – The Haunted House Strikes Back, a ride at the Alton Towers theme park

See also
Deuel (disambiguation)
Dual (disambiguation)
Duell (disambiguation)
The Duel (disambiguation)

Duel (disambiguation)


Elm Hill, Norwich is a historic cobbled lane in Norwich, Norfolk with many buildings dating back to the Tudor period.
It is a famous Norwich landmark and features the Briton's Arms coffee house, The Stranger's Club, Pettus House (Elm Hill Collectables),The Tea House (in Wrights Court) and the Dormouse Bookshop.

It has been used as a location for television and film productions, most notably for the 2007 film Stardust and also Netflix's 2020 film Jingle Jangle.

History

Toponymy
Elm Hill acquired its name from the elm trees that have successively stood in the square since the first quarter of the 16th century when the Churchwardens of St Peter Hungate Church planted the first one. (The tree you see today is not an elm because of the presence of Dutch elm disease in the UK). The parish pump, though not the original, is sited near the tree.

First mention
There is no record of the date when Elm Hill first came into being, but there is some evidence for its existence around 1200. Very few buildings now standing  in Elm Hill are of an earlier date than 1507, when a disastrous fire destroyed over 700 houses in Norwich. The Britons Arms was the only building to survive, so is much older.

Elm Hill used to continue in a straight line past Britons Arms and intersect with St Georges Street but was re-aligned in the 15th century to permit the construction of St Andrew's & Blackfriars Halls which were originally the home of the Dominican friars. Elm Hill today extends from the Church of St. Peter Hungate where the top of Elm Hill meets Princes Street, to the Church of St. Simon and St. Jude, sited at the bottom of Elm Hill on the corner with Wensum Street.

Although it may not be immediately apparent today, the North side of Elm Hill runs parallel to the river Wensum and in the past many of the merchant houses had their own quays. During the 15th and 16th centuries Elm Hill and the river were important commercial thoroughfares. The river was the route from which raw materials were imported and finished products exported via Great Yarmouth. At this time there was industrial prosperity in Norwich due largely to the arrival of religious refugees from Europe and the settlement of a large number of weavers, dyers, goldsmiths and other skilled craftsmen.

Many wealthy merchants had their houses facing Elm Hill with their factories and workshops at the rear. Between them and the river were the homes of their workpeople. Elm Hill has provided sixteen recorded citizens to serve Norwich as Mayor or Sheriff.

Potential demolition in 1926
With the gradual decline of Norwich as a centre of the weaving industry in the 19th century, Elm Hill lost its importance and slowly degenerated into a slum area. By 1926 where once stood the fine houses of the merchants there was only neglect and decay. The areas leading down to the river, whilst still inhabited, were scenes of poverty and squalor. The Norwich Corporation wanted to demolish and build a swimming pool on the north side of the street but at the last moment was persuaded to adopt the ideas from the Norwich Society.

In 1927 the Norwich Society, carried out a detailed survey and report on Elm Hill, forwarding this, with their recommendations, to the Norwich Corporation for their consideration. The report made it clear that despite the shocking condition of the Elm Hill area there still remained much of historic and architectural value and that with a general clearance of the slums, and sympathetic renovation of some of the more important buildings, it could once again become an important area of interest. Renovation work commenced in 1927. The Corporation purchased some of the properties, the slums were largely demolished and further purchases were made after the war. Today, with a few exceptions, Norwich City Council still owns most of the buildings.

Norwich keyboard

In 1999, Molly Sole, then a student at the Norwich School of Art and Design, created a "fossilized keyboard" as an art project. It is located on the corner of Princes Street and Elm Hill. The artwork sparked several urban legends, from being the impression of a keyboard that fell into the fresh cement of the pavement in the 1980s, to being the remains of a typewriter. After years perpetuating as an unsolved mystery for Norwich locals, this story was solved by the YouTuber Nostalgia Nerd in May 2020, and later picked up by the press.

See also
 Jettying

References

External links

 Friends of Elm Hill

Norwich
Streets in England
Roads in Norfolk
Grade II listed buildings in Norfolk
Grade II* listed buildings in Norfolk
Timber framed buildings in Norfolk

Elm Hill, Norwich


The military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth consisted of two separate armies of the Kingdom of Poland's Crown Army and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army following the 1569 Union of Lublin, which joined to form the bi-conderate elective monarchy of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The army of each country was commanded by their respective Hetmans. The most unique formation of both armies were the Winged hussars. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy never played a major role and ceased to exist in the mid-17th century.

Commonwealth forces were engaged in numerous conflicts in the south (against the Ottoman Empire), the east (against the Tsardom of Muscovy and later, the Russian Empire) and the north (the Kingdom of Sweden); as well as internal conflicts (most notably, numerous Cossack uprisings). For the first century or so, the Commonwealth military was usually successful, but became less so from around the mid-17th century. Plagued by insufficient funds, it found itself increasingly hard-pressed to defend the country, and inferior in numbers to the growing armies of the Commonwealth's neighbors.

Following the Commonwealth's end, the Commonwealth military traditions would be continued by Napoleonic Polish Legions and the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw.

Background
The Commonwealth was formed at the Union of Lublin of 1569 from the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The armies of those states differed from the organization common in western Europe, as according to Bardach, the mercenary formations (Polish: wojsko najemne), common there, never gained popularity in Poland. Brzezinski, however, notes that foreign mercenaries did form a significant portion of the more elite infantry units, at least till the early 17th century. In the 15th century Poland, several other formations formed the core of the military. There was a small standing army, obrona potoczna ("continuous defense") about 1,500–3,000 strong, paid for by the king, and primarily stationed at the troubled south and eastern borders. It was supplemented by two formations mobilized in case of war: the pospolite ruszenie (Polish  levée en masse – feudal levy of mostly noble knights-landholders), and the wojsko zaciężne, recruited by the Polish commanders for the conflict (it differed from Western mercenary formations in that it was commanded by Polish officers, and dissolved after the conflict has ended).

Several years before the Union of Lublin, the Polish obrona potoczna was reformed, as the Sejm (national parliament of Poland) legislated in 1562–1563 the creation of wojsko kwarciane (named after kwarta, the type of tax levied on the royal estate in royal lands for the purpose of maintaining this formation). This formation was also paid for by the king, and in the peacetime, numbered about 3,500–4,000 men according to Bardach; Brzezinski gives the range of 3,000–5,000. It was composed mostly of the light cavalry units manned by nobility (szlachta) and commanded by hetmans. Often, in wartime, the Sejm would legislate a temporary increase in the size of the wojsko kwarciane.

Operational history

At its heyday, the Commonwealth comprised parts of the territories of present-day Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia, and Russia. It was engaged in the struggles along most of its borders, with only the Western border with the Holy Roman Empire's lands being relatively peaceful. In its first decades, major conflicts included the Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory, the interventions in Moldavia, the Danzig rebellion, and the War against Sigismund.

The early 17th century saw a number of the Polish–Swedish wars, the Polish–Ottoman Wars, and the Polish–Russian Wars (Dymitriads, the Smolensk War). The Commonwealth also suffered from many Cossacks uprisings, culminating in the devastating Chmielnicki Uprising of 1648. That period also saw some of the Commonwealth's most talented military commanders: Stanisław Żółkiewski (1547-1620), Jan Karol Chodkiewicz (1560-1621), Stanisław Koniecpolski (1593-1646) and Stefan Czarniecki (1599-1665). The Commonwealth managed to survive these conflicts, and scored several major victories on all fronts, such as the Battle of Kircholm, the Battle of Klushino, and had captured Moscow in 1612. However, the Chmielnicki Uprising, together with the Russo-Polish War and the Swedish Deluge, all taking place around the same period of the 1650s, crippled the country, resulting in a loss of most of Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667. In 1683 the Commonwealth scored its last major victory that resounded on the European scene, the relief of Vienna by King John III Sobieski.

During the 18th century, European powers (most frequently consisting of Russia, Sweden, Prussia, and Saxony) fought several wars for the control of the territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, particularly during the Great Northern War. By the 18th century's end, internal conflicts involving foreign enemies, such as the War of the Bar Confederation, led to the dissolution and partitioning of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth among its neighbours. The final attempts at maintaining the Commonwealth's independence, including the political reforms of the Great Sejm, failed militarily, with the defeats in the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794 ultimately ending in Poland-Lithuania's final partition and the final dissolution of the remains of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Composition

Organization

When the Commonwealth was formed, there was little practical difference between the Polish and Lithuanian armed forces but they were kept separate; the Lithuanian army formed about a fourth to a third of the Commonwealth's military. The Commonwealth's military was divided into national and foreign contingents (). The name applied to different unit types, regulations and the officer cadres; the majority of regular recruits for both came from within the Commonwealth, particularly from the 1630s onward. National units included the Winged hussars and lighter Polish pancerni and Lithuanian petyhorcy with some light cavalry units, with infantry being the distant second in reputation; whereas the foreign units centered around infantry and artillery formations, with dragoons gaining prominence from the 1620s, and reiter cavalry soon afterward.

The national contingent was organized in traditional formations dating back to the earlier Middle Ages, with chorągiew, commanded by a rotmistrz and composed of smaller poczet (lance) retinues, each composed of one towarzysz and a varying number of aides. The chorągiew's size varied from as little as 60 to as many as 300 men. Two or more choragwie (though rarely more than a dozen, and never more than about forty) formed a pułk, a type of a unit similar to the medieval battle or modern division or corps, which was led by the pułkownik. The foreign contingent was organized into regiments, often numbering around 500-1,000, and divided into companies. King John III Sobieski attempted in the 1670s to replace the national-foreign contingent divisions with a single structure, dividing units into infantry, cavalry and dragoons, but it would take many decades before those reforms bore fruit.

Formations and their evolution

After the Commonwealth's creation, several new military units were introduced. First among these were the registered Cossacks, formed in 1578. These were the troops made up of Cossacks, paid for their service and not subject to serfdom. Their numbers varied from about 500 to many times that number, with the Treaty of Zboriv setting the record at 40,477. The Cossacks' refusal to submit to serfdom, and the Commonwealth's nobility attempts to force them into it led to much political wrangling with regard to the Cossack register's size, which caused numerous Cossack uprisings, particularly in the 17th century. These weakened the state, and eventually led to the Cossack subjugation and destruction by the Russian Empire. In addition to the Cossack formations, another group that provided notable service to the state were the Lipka Tatars, who resided in Lithuania provided some light and medium cavalry units for the Lithuanian army. It is known that Persians and Georgians served in the Polish army.

During Stephen Báthory's reign in the late 16th century (1576–1586), a peasant-based levy formation, piechota wybranicka (lit. drafted or selected infantry, also known as piechota łanowa, lit. acreage infantry) was formed. It was based on peasants from solely royal estates, who received a unit of land (łan) in exchange for their service. The formation numbered about 2,300 and after early disappointments was never seen as of much military value. It supplemented the Hajduk infantry, which saw service primarily around late 16th and 17th centuries. In 1655 a new infantry unit was created, the żołnierz dymowy (or żołnierz łanowy – lit. chimney or łan soldier, named again after the type of tax applied). It required all lands, no matter whether owned by king, nobles or the Church, to provide peasant recruits, and applied a similar requirement to towns.

Starting in 1613, the growing inefficiencies of the central government, as well as an increase in foreign threats, led to the creation of a local territorial defense force, known as żołnierz powiatowy (district's soldiers raised by the powiat regions). The artillery formations, at first staffed by foreigners, were reformed in the 1630s, with a new tax levied to support them. This time also marked the introduction of the General of the Artillery rank into the Commonwealth armies. In the mid-17th century, the numbers of wojsko zaciężne and kwarciane proved insufficient, which led to the creation of wojsko komputowe (named after komput, a document passed by the Sejm). Wojsko komputowe numbered (in 1649) 26,000. Simultaneously, wojsko kwarciane was disbanded, and kwarta directed towards the newly created artillery forces. Brzezinski notes that wojsko kwarciane was dissolved in the aftermath of its defeat at the Battle of Batih in 1652. In 1659, in the aftermath of numerous wars, the reformed army numbered around 54,000-60,000; it would decline from that point onward, as the country, impoverished by those wars, would not be able to support such a number.

Another element of the Commonwealth's defence were the various private armies of the most powerful magnates. In peacetime, these consisted of typically small regiments with a few hundred men, but could number up to 10,000, including cavalry and artillery. In some instances the magnate contribution could surpass that of the main Commonwealth army on the frontlines, although the magnates often preferred to spare their troops, as they were not compensated by the state for their contributions. The troops were paid for and equipped by the richest noble families, such as the Opaliński, Lubomirski, Potocki, Ossoliński, Zamoyski, Koniecpolski, Sieniawski, Żółkiewski, Sapieha, Chodkiewicz, Pac and Radziwiłł families. This was one of the reasons why the magnates played a major role in the Commonwealth's politics, and on occasion, engaged in bloody civil wars, e.g. such as the Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702), amongst themselves.

Similarly, some cities occasional fielded city guard and militia. The most impressive town guard and accompanying fortifications belonged to the port of Gdańsk (Danzig), which boasted 12 infantry companies of 6,000 men total in 1646. There was also a small royal guard regiment, paid for directly by the king. In peacetime, the royal guard numbered around 1,200, but would often be expanded during war. The royal force included a hussar banner, reiter cavalry and infantry units, based upon the "foreign" model. Finally, there were also some irregular militia or mercenary troops which received no official pay but operated with the government's permission and were allowed to retain their loot; most notable of these were the Lisowczyks of the early 17th century.

Both the state and the magnates supported the construction and renovations of several fortifications (such as the Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle).

Command structure
The Commonwealth's military was commanded by the king, under whom served four hetmans: two Grand Hetmans (the Grand Crown Hetman and Grand Lithuanian Hetman) and two Field Hetmans (the Field Crown Hetman and Field Lithuanian Hetman). The hetmans' office appeared in the late 15th century as a result of the wojsko zaciężne's introduction, and a need for more professional army commanders than the king could usually provide. By the 1530s the hetman system evolved into that of regular offices that would exist in parallel both in Poland and Lithuania for the next three centuries. From 1581 it officially became a lifelong appointment. Hetmans had the right to carry out summary justice in the field. Grand Crown Hetman had the right to maintain his representatives in the Ottoman Empire, which allowed him to influence Poland–Ottoman relations and also laid groundwork for the first Polish intelligence services. The Hetman's deputy was known as regimentarz and could temporarily replace the hetman.

Navy

The Commonwealth Navy was small and played a relatively minor role in the history of the Commonwealth. Despite having access to the Baltic Sea, neither Poland nor Lithuania had any significant navy throughout their histories. In the 16th century, as Poland and Lithuania became involved in conflicts in Livonia, Polish king Sigismund II Augustus supported the operations of privateers, but that met with opposition of the Poland's primary port, Gdańsk (Danzig), which saw them as a threat to its trade. This led to the development of a privateer port in Puck. At the turn of the century, Poland-Lithuania was ruled by the House of Vasa, and was involved in a series of wars with Sweden. The Vasa kings attempted creating a proper fleet, and Władysław IV Vasa built a dedicated port for the royal navy at Władysławowo, but their attempts repeatedly failed, due to lack of funds in the royal treasury (seeing little need for the fleet, the szlachta refused to raise taxes for its construction, and Gdańsk continuously opposed the idea of a royal fleet). Although Władysław bought 12 ships, they were sold between 1641 and 1643, marking the end of the Commonwealth Navy.

Logistics and tactics
Due to a lack of centralized logistical system, the Commonwealth's armies were encumbered by large baggage trains. To some degree, this was turned into an advantage with the development of the tabor – military horse-drawn wagons, usually carrying army supplies. The wagon use for defensive formations was perfected by the Cossacks, and to a smaller extent used by other Commonwealth units. The Commonwealth armies relied on cavalry, which the nobility saw as much more respectable than the infantry. Despite the reforms of the 17th century, it lost much of its military significance in the 18th century; the primary reason for this was a lack of sufficient funding.

Problems and reforms
With the growing influence of foreign powers in the Commonwealth, the Russian-dominated Silent Sejm of 1717 declared that the size of the Commonwealth's military should be 24,200 (18,000 from Poland and 6,200 for Lithuania). Due to insufficient taxation, the military was often not paid properly, which led to a relatively small army size; in mid-18th century, the Commonwealth had funds to field an army of around 24,000, whereas the Commonwealth's neighbors' armies were often up to 12 times larger: the Imperial Russian Army numbered 300,000; the Prussian Army and Imperial Austrian Army, 150,000, and a few decades later, the Commonwealth could field an army of about 16,000, with Prussian and Austrian armies rising to 200,000. The stated size of the Commonwealth army was further exaggerated, as some money was lost due to corruption. The first half of the 18th century, following the 1717 Sejm, marks the nadir of the Commonwealth army, as it lacked funds and training, and was primarily used for ceremonial purposes. The only constructive reform of that time was the introduction of a stable (if grossly insufficient) budget for the military.  Furthermore, the unpaid units of the army were known for mutinying and forming confederations, occupying the Commonwealth's own lands until such a time that they were paid properly or pillaged enough to satisfy themselves.

The trend reversed itself following the election of the last king of Poland, Stanisław II Augustus, in 1765 and the introduction of the new governing body, Permanent Council, in 1775. Its Military Department attempted to modernize the army, and increase its size (although even the target number of 30,000 was never achieved). A major military reform came with the passing of the Constitution of May 3, 1791, which stated that the armies should have 100,000 men. (The exact number would be settled on only on 22 May 1792, at 25,654 cavalry and 72,910 infantry). A new conscription law was introduced, affecting all lands (royal, noble and Church-owned). With the days of the Commonwealth numbered, the Constitution was never fully implemented in practice, although the new Military Commission saw the Army expanded to 65,000 before the Polish defeat in the War in Defense of the Constitution. After the Commonwealth was defeated in that war and the Constitution rescinded, the military total was reduced to about 36,000. In 1794 Russians demanded a further downsizing of the army to 15,000. This demand was one of the sparks of the Commonwealth's final war, the Kościuszko Uprising.

See also
 History of the Polish Army
 Royal Guards (Poland)
 Kosynierzy
 National Cavalry
 Szabla
 Warfare in Medieval Poland

Notes

References

Disbanded armed forces
Military history of Poland
Military history of Lithuania

Military units and formations disestablished in 1795
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth


Transcendence: How Humans Evolved Through Fire, Language, Beauty, and Time is a non-fiction book by Gaia Vince published in 2019. It describes how human evolution was shaped by genetic, environmental and cultural factors. It has been reviewed by several science publications, including Nature.

Summary

Vince offers a synthesis of the contemporary research in genetics, anthropology, palaeontology, archaeology and neurology to describe the peculiar evolution of the human race. To Vince, genetics, the environment and culture all contributed to human evolution, each factor influencing the other two. For example, she shows how language is influenced not only by the evolution of the voice box, but also by climate. She describes how language, in turn, influences the way we think and may even have some effects on gene selection.

She identifies an increased energy consumption as one of the ways by which we have evolved into the planet-dominating species we are now. Humans have learned to multiply the amount of energy at their disposal, from cooking to reduce time spent consuming food, all the way to the use of machines and electronics.

Vince elaborates on the social, cooperative nature of the human animal. Contrary to chimpanzees, humans chose to form social groups and reproduce beyond their family or clan, even with neanderthals. A large part of the brain keeps track of relationships with an increasingly greater number of acquaintances.  By imitation, storytelling and instruction, humans access and share the species' common knowledge pool: survival techniques such as foraging and cooking, but also social norms and prejudices.

Referring to concepts she introduced in her first book, Vince examines the global impact humanity has on the planet, and the implications of resource scarcity on future human development. She paints a picture of a highly coherent and stratified society (a superorganism) where only some individuals have the means of living a fulfilling existence, leaving those at the margins highly vulnerable.

Critical reception

Writing for Nature, Tim Radford calls the book a "hugely enjoyable sprint through human evolutionary history". Rather than new science, Vince's offers a review of paleontological research that reads like "a mosaic of tersely introduced evidence", but one worth reading.

In Geographical, Alan Lane invites the reader to see the book as "a vital argument that future humanity will be greater than the sum of its parts. And that great does not always mean good."

For The Wire Science, M.R. O'Connor compares Vince's style to Jared Diamond, Steven Pinker, Bill Bryson, and Yuval Noah Harari, calling it "approachable, smart, and very ambitious". Vince is "uniquely talented" in weaving together research from a variety of disciplines. She is, however, prone to make unsupported statements or generalizations and the conclusion about the future of humanity seem rather vague after such a detailed account of our past evolution.

See also
 Race and intelligence
 David Reich

References

2019 non-fiction books
British non-fiction books
Genetics books
Science books

Transcendence (Vince book)


Banditos is an American six-piece rock and roll band led by singers Corey Parsons, Stephen Pierce, and Mary Beth Richardson with honky tonk, country, soul and garage rock influences. The band originally hails from Birmingham, Alabama, but is currently based out of Nashville, Tennessee. Formed in 2010, Banditos toured the United States for four years before they signed to Bloodshot Records.

History
Banditos began in 2010 when singer/guitarist Corey Parsons and singer/banjo player Stephen Pierce starting playing acoustic music in Birmingham's local indie/rock scene. They busked around the city and were eventually invited to play a show at their favorite local saloon. They added Mary Beth Richardson on vocals and percussion, Randy Wade on drums, Danny Vines on bass, and Jeffery Salter playing lead guitar. Pierce's non-traditional banjo playing throughout their music adds to the honky-tonk and garage elements of their sound. Lead guitarist Salter, who grew up with Parsons and Vines in Hueytown, Alabama, is trained in jazz and classical guitar from University of Alabama at Birmingham and works as a luthier, building custom guitars as part of his company, Pyrose Wood Works. The band's name comes from the idea of a band of friends getting together. The band's name is not associated with the Bandidos Motorcycle Club, although Bandidos members have come to see the band play a few times.

From their early days in Birmingham, the band lived together in the Crestwood neighborhood, writing songs together, and touring heavily. While on tour, the group found themselves constantly playing shows in Nashville, so after about two years in Birmingham, they decided to relocate to East Nashville. Over the next three years Banditos played over 600 shows, and in 2014, the group played South by Southwest, where they caught the eye of Bloodshot Records, and were signed to the label soon after. Marah Eakin of The A.V. Club says "The perfect soundtrack to a rowdy hang, the band blends traditional instruments like banjo and pedal steel with modern sensibilities, resulting in something that's both uniquely now and uniquely American. In March 2015, Banditos played at Rachael Ray's 8th annual Feedback in Austin Banditos have played Scandinavia, winning a place in the competitive Sweden Rock Festival in Sölvesborg.

Banditos (2015)
On May 12, 2015, Banditos debuted their self-titled album that was produced by Andrija Tokic, whose work includes fellow southern rock artists Alabama Shakes and Hurray for the Riff Raff. The record was recorded almost all live, and was recorded at Tokic's the Bomb Shelter studio in Nashville. The initial record, made around 2013, was not officially released, was just sold on tour as merchandise, so the Banditos went back into the studio to rework much of the road-tested material, adding a bunch of new songs, which resulted in the official 2015 Bloodshot release.

After the album was released, the band was featured in Taco Bell's Feed the Beat campaign, a program that helps feed touring musicians and allows fans to discover new bands. Banditos debuted their music video for "The Breeze" via Rolling Stone'''s website in the summer of 2015. Rolling Stone writer Andrew Leahey said the record is "Equal parts alt-country twang and garage rock bang, the album wears its influences proudly, recalling everything from ZZ Top's greasy boogie to the Alabama Shakes' coed soul." NPR listed the song,"Waitin'," on its Favorite Songs of 2015.

Banditos are working on their second album follow-up, which will incorporate a psychedelic feel. It will be released in 2016.

The band released a third album, Right On, in May 2022. Its lead single is "Here Tonight".

 Discography

 Albums
 2013: The Breeze (self released, tour only record)
 2015: Banditos (Bloodshot Records)
 2017: Visionland'' (Bloodshot Records)
 2022: "On My Way" single (Egghunt Records)
 2022: "Right On" (Egghunt Records)

Singles
 2015: "Cry Baby Cry" (Bloodshot Records)

References

External links
 Banditos

American garage rock groups
Alternative rock groups from Tennessee
Musical groups established in 2010
Bloodshot Records artists
2010 establishments in Alabama

Banditos (band)


Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba (28 July 1951 – 10 May 2019) was a Spanish politician, professor and chemist. He served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Spain, under Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, from 2010 to 2011. Before this, he served as Minister of Education (1992–1993), as Minister of the Presidency (1993–1996), as Minister of the Interior (2006–2011) and as acting Minister of Defence between May and June 2008. He also served as Leader of the Opposition from 2011 to 2014. Pérez Rubalcaba was a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). He was the party's Secretary-General from 2012 to 2014.

Pérez Rubalcaba was born in Solares, Cantabria. He gained a Ph.D. in organic chemistry at the Complutense University of Madrid.He married Pilar Goya in 1979.

Pérez Rubalcaba died of a stroke in Majadahonda, Community of Madrid on 10 May 2019. He was 67.

References

Other websites

 Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba at Busca Biografías

1951 births
2019 deaths
Chemists
Spanish academics
People from Cantabria
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Deputy Prime Ministers of Spain

Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba