The CIE 1931 color spaces are the first defined quantitative links between distributions of wavelengths in the electromagnetic visible spectrum, and physiologically perceived colors in human color vision. The mathematical relationships that define these color spaces are essential tools for color management, important when dealing with color inks, illuminated displays, and recording devices such as digital cameras. The system was designed in 1931 by the "Commission Internationale de l'éclairage", known in English as the International Commission on Illumination.

The CIE 1931 RGB color space and CIE 1931 XYZ color space were created by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1931. They resulted from a series of experiments done in the late 1920s by William David Wright using ten observers and John Guild using seven observers. The experimental results were combined into the specification of the CIE RGB color space, from which the CIE XYZ color space was derived.

The CIE 1931 color spaces are still widely used, as is the 1976 CIELUV color space.

Tristimulus values

The human eye with normal vision has three kinds of cone cells that sense light, having peaks of spectral sensitivity in short ("S",  – ), middle ("M",  – ), and long ("L",  – ) wavelengths. These cone cells underlie human color perception in conditions of medium and high brightness; in very dim light color vision diminishes, and the low-brightness, monochromatic "night vision" receptors, denominated "rod cells", become effective. Thus, three parameters corresponding to levels of stimulus of the three kinds of cone cells, in principle describe any human color sensation. Weighting a total light power spectrum by the individual spectral sensitivities of the three kinds of cone cells renders three effective values of stimulus; these three values compose a tristimulus specification of the objective color of the light spectrum. The three parameters, denoted "S", "M", and "L", are indicated using a 3-dimensional space denominated the "LMS color space", which is one of many color spaces devised to quantify human color vision.

A color space maps a range of physically produced colors from mixed light, pigments, etc. to an objective description of color sensations registered in the human eye, typically in terms of tristimulus values, but not usually in the LMS color space defined by the spectral sensitivities of the cone cells. The tristimulus values associated with a color space can be conceptualized as amounts of three primary colors in a tri-chromatic, additive color model. In some color spaces, including the LMS and XYZ spaces, the primary colors used are not real colors in the sense that they cannot be generated in any light spectrum.

The CIE XYZ color space encompasses all color sensations that are visible to a person with average eyesight. That is why CIE XYZ (Tristimulus values) is a device-invariant representation of color. It serves as a standard reference against which many other color spaces are defined. A set of color-matching functions, like the spectral sensitivity curves of the LMS color space, but not restricted to non-negative sensitivities, associates physically produced light spectra with specific tristimulus values.

Consider two light sources composed of different mixtures of various wavelengths. Such light sources may appear to be the same color; this effect is called "metamerism." Such light sources have the same apparent color to an observer when they produce the same tristimulus values, regardless of the spectral power distributions of the sources.

Most wavelengths stimulate two or all three kinds of cone cell because the spectral sensitivity curves of the three kinds overlap. Certain tristimulus values are thus physically impossible: e.g. LMS tristimulus values that are non-zero for the M component and zero for both the L and S components. Furthermore pure spectral colors would, in any normal trichromatic additive color space, e.g., the RGB color spaces, imply negative values for at least one of the three primaries because the chromaticity would be outside the color triangle defined by the primary colors. To avoid these negative RGB values, and to have one component that describes the perceived brightness, "imaginary" primary colors and corresponding color-matching functions were formulated. The CIE 1931 color space defines the resulting tristimulus values, in which they are denoted by "X", "Y", and "Z". In XYZ space, all combinations of non-negative coordinates are meaningful, but many, such as the primary locations [1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], and [0, 0, 1], correspond to imaginary colors outside the space of possible LMS coordinates; imaginary colors do not correspond to any spectral distribution of wavelengths and therefore have no physical reality.

Meaning of X, Y and Z

In the CIE 1931 model, Y is the luminance, Z  is quasi-equal to blue (of CIE RGB), and X is a mix of the three CIE RGB curves chosen to be nonnegative (see ). Setting Y as luminance has the useful result that for any given Y value, the XZ plane will contain all possible chromaticities at that luminance.

The unit of the tristimulus values , , and  is often arbitrarily chosen so that  or  is the brightest white that a color display supports. In this case, the Y value is known as the relative luminance. The corresponding whitepoint values for  and  can then be inferred using the standard illuminants.

Since the XYZ values are defined much earlier than the characterization of cone cells in the 1950s (by Ragnar Granit), the physiological meaning of these values are known only much later. The Hunt-Pointer-Estevez matrix from the 1980s relates XYZ with LMS. When inverted, it shows how the three cone responses add up to XYZ functions:

In other words, the Z value is solely made up of the S cone response, the Y value a mix of L and M responses, and X value a mix of all three. This fact makes XYZ values analogous to, but different from, the LMS cone responses of the human eye.

CIE standard observer
Due to the distribution of cones in the eye, the tristimulus values depend on the observer's field of view. To eliminate this variable, the CIE defined a color-mapping function called the standard (colorimetric) observer, to represent an average human's chromatic response within a 2° arc inside the fovea. This angle was chosen owing to the belief that the color-sensitive cones resided within a 2° arc of the fovea. Thus the CIE 1931 Standard Observer function is also known as the CIE 1931 2° Standard Observer. A more modern but less-used alternative is the CIE 1964 10° Standard Observer, which is derived from the work of Stiles and Burch, and Speranskaya.

For the 10° experiments, the observers were instructed to ignore the central 2° spot. The 1964 Supplementary Standard Observer function is recommended when dealing with more than about a 4° field of view. Both standard observer functions are discretized at  wavelength intervals from  to  and distributed by the CIE. All corresponding values have been calculated from experimentally obtained data using interpolation. The standard observer is characterized by three color matching functions.

There is also a -interval dataset of CIE 1931 and CIE 1964 provided by Wyszecki 1982. A CIE publication in 1986 appears also to have a 1 nm dataset, probably using the same data. Like the regular  dataset, this dataset is also derived from interpolation.

The derivation of the CIE standard observer from color matching experiments is given below, after the description of the CIE RGB space.

Color matching functions

The CIE's color matching functions ,  and  are the numerical description of the chromatic response of the observer (described above). They can be thought of as the spectral sensitivity curves of three linear light detectors yielding the CIE tristimulus values X, Y and Z. Collectively, these three functions describe the CIE standard observer.

Analytical approximation
Table lookup can become impractical for some computational tasks. Instead of referring to the published table, the CIE XYZ color matching functions can be approximated by a sum of Gaussian functions, as follows:

Let g(x) denote a piecewise-Gaussian function, defined by

That is, g(x) resembles a bell curve with its peak at  , a spread/standard deviation of σ to the left of the mean, and spread of σ to the right of the mean. With the wavelength λ measured in nanometers, we then approximate the 1931 color matching functions:

It is also possible to use fewer gaussian functions, with one gaussian for each "lobe". CIE 1964 fits well with a one-lobe function.

The CIE XYZ color matching functions are nonnegative, and lead to nonnegative XYZ coordinates for all real colors (that is, for nonnegative light spectra).  Other observers, such as for the CIE RGB space or other RGB color spaces, are defined by other sets of three color-matching functions, not generally nonnegative, and lead to tristimulus values in those other spaces, which may include negative coordinates for some real colors.

Computing XYZ from spectral data

Emissive case
The tristimulus values for a color with a spectral radiance Le,Ω,λ are given in terms of the standard observer by:

where  is the wavelength of the equivalent monochromatic light (measured in nanometers), and customary limits of the integral are .

The values of X, Y, and Z are bounded if the radiance spectrum Le,Ω,λ is bounded.

Reflective and transmissive cases

The reflective and transmissive cases are very similar to the emissive case, with a few differences. The spectral radiance Le,Ω,λ is replaced by the spectral reflectance (or transmittance) S(λ) of the object being measured, multiplied by the spectral power distribution of the illuminant I(λ).

where

K is a scaling factor (usually 1 or 100), and  is the wavelength of the equivalent monochromatic light (measured in nanometers), and the standard limits of the integral are .

CIE xy  and the CIE xyY color space

Since the human eye has three types of color sensors that respond to different ranges of wavelengths, a full plot of all visible colors is a three-dimensional figure. However, the concept of color can be divided into two parts: brightness and chromaticity. For example, the color white is a bright color, while the color grey is considered to be a less bright version of that same white. In other words, the chromaticity of white and grey are the same while their brightness differs.

The CIE XYZ color space was deliberately designed so that the Y parameter is also a measure of the luminance of a color. The chromaticity  is then specified by the two derived parameters x and y, two of the three normalized values being functions of all three tristimulus values X, Y, and Z:

That is, because each tristimulus parameter, X, Y, Z, is divided by the sum of all three, the resulting values, x, y, z, each represent a proportion of the whole and so their sum must be equal to one. Therefore, the value z can be deduced by knowing x and y, and consequently the latter two values are sufficient for describing the chromaticity of any color.

The derived color space specified by x, y, and Y is known as the CIE xyY color space and is widely used to specify colors in practice.

The X and Z tristimulus values can be calculated back from the chromaticity values x and y and the Y tristimulus value:

The figure on the right shows the related chromaticity diagram. The outer curved boundary is the spectral locus, with wavelengths shown in nanometers. The chromaticity diagram is a tool to specify how the human eye will experience light with a given spectrum. It cannot specify colors of objects (or printing inks), since the chromaticity observed while looking at an object depends on the light source as well.

Mathematically the colors of the chromaticity diagram occupy a region of the real projective plane.

The chromaticity diagram illustrates a number of interesting properties of the CIE XYZ color space:
 The diagram represents all of the chromaticities visible to the average person. These are shown in color and this region is called the gamut of human vision. The gamut of all visible chromaticities on the CIE plot is the tongue-shaped or horseshoe-shaped figure shown in color. The curved edge of the gamut is called the spectral locus and corresponds to monochromatic light (each point representing a pure hue of a single wavelength), with wavelengths listed in nanometers. The straight edge on the lower part of the gamut is called the line of purples. These colors, although they are on the border of the gamut, have no counterpart in monochromatic light. Less saturated colors appear in the interior of the figure with white at the center.
 It is seen that all visible chromaticities correspond to non-negative values of x, y, and z (and therefore to non-negative values of X, Y, and Z).
 If one chooses any two points of color on the chromaticity diagram, then all the colors that lie in a straight line between the two points can be formed by mixing these two colors. It follows that the gamut of colors must be convex in shape. All colors that can be formed by mixing three sources are found inside the triangle formed by the source points on the chromaticity diagram (and so on for multiple sources).
 An equal mixture of two equally bright colors will not generally lie on the midpoint of that line segment. In more general terms, a distance on the CIE xy chromaticity diagram does not correspond to the degree of difference between two colors. In the early 1940s, David MacAdam studied the nature of visual sensitivity to color differences, and summarized his results in the concept of a MacAdam ellipse. Based on the work of MacAdam, the CIE 1960, CIE 1964, and CIE 1976 color spaces were developed, with the goal of achieving perceptual uniformity (have an equal distance in the color space correspond to equal differences in color). Although they were a distinct improvement over the CIE 1931 system, they were not completely free of distortion.
 It can be seen that, given three real sources, these sources cannot cover the gamut of human vision. Geometrically stated, there are no three points within the gamut that form a triangle that includes the entire gamut; or more simply, the gamut of human vision is not a triangle.
 Light with a flat power spectrum in terms of wavelength (equal power in every  interval) corresponds to the point .

Mixing colors specified with the CIE xy chromaticity diagram

When two or more colors are additively mixed, the x and y chromaticity coordinates of the resulting color (xmix,ymix) may be calculated from the chromaticities of the mixture components (x1,y1; x2,y2; …; xn,yn) and their corresponding luminances (L1, L2, …, Ln) with the following formulas:

These formulas can be derived from the previously presented definitions of x and y chromaticity coordinates by taking advantage of the fact that the tristimulus values X, Y, and Z of the individual mixture components are directly additive. In place of the luminance values (L1, L2, etc.) one can alternatively use any other photometric quantity that is directly proportional to the tristimulus value Y (naturally meaning that Y itself can also be used as well).

As already mentioned, when two colors are mixed, the resulting color xmix, ymix will lie on the straight line segment that connects these colors on the CIE xy chromaticity diagram. To calculate the mixing ratio of the component colors x1,y1 and x2,y2 that results in a certain xmix,ymix on this line segment, one can use the formula

where L1 is the luminance of color x1,y1 and L2 the luminance of color x2,y2. Because ymix is unambiguously determined by xmix and vice versa, knowing just one or the other of them is enough for calculating the mixing ratio. In accordance with the remarks concerning the formulas for xmix and ymix, the mixing ratio L1/L2 may well be expressed in terms of other photometric quantities than luminance.

Definition of the CIE XYZ color space

CIE RGB color space
The first step in developing the CIE XYZ color space is the measurement of the CIE RGB color space. The CIE RGB color space is one of many RGB color spaces, distinguished by a particular set of monochromatic (single-wavelength) primary colors.

In the 1920s, two independent experiments on human color perception were conducted by W. David Wright with ten  observers, and John Guild with seven observers. Their results laid the foundation for the trichromatic CIE XYZ color space specification.

The experiments were conducted by using a circular split screen (a bipartite field) 2 degrees in diameter, which is the angular size of the human fovea. On one side a test color was projected while on the other an observer-adjustable color was projected. The adjustable color was a mixture of the three monochromatic primary colors, each with adjustable brightness. The observer would alter the brightness of each of the three primary beams until a match to the test color was observed.

If the test color were simply a monochromatic color at wavelength λ, and if it could be matched by a combination of the three primaries at relative intensities , , and  respectively, then a tabulation of these values at various λ will estimate three functions of wavelength. These are the RGB color-matching functions. Any spectral distribution can be thought of as a combination of a number of monochromatic sources at varying intensities, so that (by Grassmann's laws) integrating the color matching functions with that spectral distribution will yield the intensities of the three primaries necessary to match it. The problem is that the three primaries can only produce colors which lie withinin their gamut - the triangle in color space formed by the primaries, which never touches the monochromatic locus nor the purple line except at the three primaries. In other words, there is no monochromatic source that can be matched by a combination of the three primaries, except at the wavelengths of the three primaries themselves. However, by adding one of the primaries to the monochromatic test color, the test color can be brought into the RGB gamut, allowing a match to be made. Adding a primary to the monochromatic test color is effectively the same as subtracting it from the adjustable color, which of course cannot be done since it is impossible to have a negative intensity for any of the primaries.

For wavelengths between the blue and green primaries, some red primary must be added to allow matching, resulting in negative values of . Likewise, between the green and red primaries, some blue must be added and  will be negative. For wavelengths below the wavelength of the blue primary, or above the wavelength of the red primary, some green must be added and  will be negative. In each case, the remaining two color matching functions will be positive. It can be seen that the deviation of the RGB gamut from the complete gamut is rather small except between the blue and green primaries at 435.8 and 546.1 nm. In this wavelength band, rather large amounts of the red primary needed to be added to the test color, and it is in this band that the red color matching function has rather large negative values. In their regions of negative values, the green and blue matching functions have rather small negative values.

Although Wright and Guild's experiments were carried out using various primaries at various intensities, and although they used a number of different observers, all of their results were summarized by the standardized CIE RGB color matching functions , , and , obtained using three monochromatic primaries at standardized wavelengths of  (red),  (green) and  (blue). The color matching functions are the amounts of primaries needed to match the monochromatic test primary. These functions are shown in the plot on the right (CIE 1931).  and  are zero at ,  and  are zero at  and  and  are zero at , since in these cases the test color is one of the primaries. The primaries with wavelengths  and  were chosen because they are easily reproducible monochromatic lines of a mercury vapor discharge. The  wavelength, which in 1931 was difficult to reproduce as a monochromatic beam, was chosen because the eye's perception of color is rather unchanging at this wavelength, and therefore small errors in wavelength of this primary would have little effect on the results.

The color matching functions and primaries were settled upon by a CIE special commission after considerable deliberation. The cut-offs at the short- and long-wavelength side of the diagram are chosen somewhat arbitrarily; the human eye can actually see light with wavelengths up to about , but with a sensitivity that is many thousand times lower than for green light. These color matching functions define what is known as the "1931 CIE standard observer". Rather than specify the brightness of each primary, the curves are normalized to have constant area beneath them. This area is fixed to a particular value by specifying that

The resulting normalized color matching functions are then scaled in the r:g:b ratio of 1:4.5907:0.0601 for source luminance and 72.0962:1.3791:1 for source radiance to reproduce the true color matching functions. By proposing that the primaries be standardized, the CIE established an international system of objective color notation.

Given these scaled color matching functions, the RGB tristimulus values for
a color with a spectral power distribution  would then be given by:

These are all inner products and can be thought of as a projection of an infinite-dimensional spectrum to a three-dimensional color.

Grassmann's laws

One might ask: "Why is it possible that Wright and Guild's results can be summarized using different primaries and different intensities from those actually used?" One might also ask: "What about the case when the test colors being matched are not monochromatic?" The answer to both of these questions lies in the (near) linearity of human color perception. This linearity is expressed in Grassmann's laws of color.

The CIE RGB space can be used to define chromaticity in the usual way: The chromaticity coordinates are r, g and b where:

Construction of the CIE XYZ color space from the Wright–Guild data

Having developed an RGB model of human vision using the CIE RGB matching functions, the members of the special commission wished to develop another color space that would relate to the CIE RGB color space. It was assumed that Grassmann's law held, and the new space would be related to the CIE RGB space by a linear transformation. The new space would be defined in terms of three new color matching functions
, , and  as described above. The new color space would be chosen to have the following desirable properties:

 The new color matching functions were to be everywhere greater than or equal to zero. In 1931, computations were done by hand or slide rule, and the specification of positive values was a useful computational simplification.
 The  color matching function would be exactly equal to the photopic luminous efficiency function V(λ) for the "CIE standard photopic observer". The luminance function describes the variation of perceived brightness with wavelength. The fact that the luminance function could be constructed by a linear combination of the RGB color matching functions was not guaranteed by any means but might be expected to be nearly true due to the near-linear nature of human sight. Again, the main reason for this requirement was computational simplification.
 For the constant energy white point, it was required that .
 By virtue of the definition of chromaticity and the requirement of positive values of x and y, it can be seen that the gamut of all colors will lie inside the triangle [1, 0], [0, 0], [0, 1]. It was required that the gamut fill this space practically completely.
 It was found that the  color matching function could be set to zero above  while remaining within the bounds of experimental error. For computational simplicity, it was specified that this would be so.

In geometrical terms, choosing the new color space amounts to choosing a new triangle in rg chromaticity space. In the figure above-right, the rg chromaticity coordinates are shown on the two axes in black, along with the gamut of the 1931 standard observer. Shown in red are the CIE xy chromaticity axes which were determined by the above requirements. The requirement that the XYZ coordinates be non-negative means that the triangle formed by Cr, Cg, Cb must encompass the entire gamut of the standard observer. The line connecting Cr and Cb is fixed by the requirement that the  function be equal to the luminance function. This line is the line of zero luminance, and is called the alychne. The requirement that the  function be zero above  means that the line connecting Cg and Cr must be tangent to the gamut in the region of Kr. This defines the location of point Cr. The requirement that the equal energy point be defined by  puts a restriction on the line joining Cb and Cg, and finally, the requirement that the gamut fill the space puts a second restriction on this line to be very close to the gamut in the green region, which specifies the location of Cg and Cb. The above described transformation is a linear transformation from the CIE RGB space to XYZ space. The standardized transformation settled upon by the CIE special commission was as follows:

The numbers in the conversion matrix below are exact, with the number of digits specified in CIE standards.

The above matrix is balanced for the equi-energy stimulus: it has coordinates (1,1,1) in both RGB and XYZ coordinates.

While the above matrix is exactly specified in standards, the inverse is left unspecified so that it can be approximated to machine precision to reduce round-trip rounding errors. Its values can be computed precisely using rational numbers:

Which has these approximate values:

The integrals of the XYZ color matching functions must all be equal by requirement 3 above, and this is set by the integral of the photopic luminous efficiency function by requirement 2 above. The tabulated sensitivity curves have a certain amount of arbitrariness in them. The shapes of the individual X, Y and Z sensitivity curves can be measured with a reasonable accuracy. However, the overall luminosity curve (which in fact is a weighted sum of these three curves) is subjective, since it involves asking a test person whether two light sources have the same brightness, even if they are in completely different colors. Along the same lines, the relative magnitudes of the X, Y, and Z curves are arbitrary. Furthermore, one could define a valid color space with an X sensitivity curve that has twice the amplitude. This new color space would have a different shape. The sensitivity curves in the CIE 1931 and 1964 XYZ color spaces are scaled to have equal areas under the curves.

Subsequent refinements

The most serious problem with the 1931 CIE XYZ color matching functions is the error in the photopic Y (or  function on the blue end of the spectrum.  The data of Stiles and Burch have corrected this problem as well as having remeasured a new set of RGB color matching functions. Their estimate of the photopic response curve are now accepted by the CIE. An improved set of XYZ matching functions has been proposed by Stockman based on the new data and the use of cone response functions embodied in the LMS color space.

Similar color spaces
A few other XYZ-style color-matching functions have been available. These functions imply their own XYZ-like and xyY-like color spaces.

 Judd and Vos corrections for the 2° CMF
 The CIE 1931 CMF is known to underestimate the contribution of the shorter blue wavelengths. The Judd (1951) and its following Vos (1978) corrections sought to correct for the issue without deviating from the original methodology.
 CIE 1964 X10Y10Z10
 X10Y10Z10 (also written XYZ10 and analogously for the following) is the XYZ-style color space defined using the CIE 1964 10° observer CMFs.
 CIE 170-2 XFYFZF
 XFYFZF is the XYZ-style color space defined using the Stockman & Sharpe (2000) physiological 2° observer, which is in turn a linear combination of the group's LMS fundamentals. The CMF data, along with the physiological 10° dataset, is available from the Colour & Vision Research laboratory of University College London down to 0.1 nm resolution.
 CIE 170-2 XF,10YF,10ZF,10
 This space is based on the Stockman & Sharpe (2000) physiological 10° observer.

According to Konica Minolta, the older CIE 1931 CMF exhibits metamerism failure (failure to predict when colors appear the same) for wide color gamut displays containing narrowband emitters like OLED, whereas the 2015 XYZF CMF is not affected. Older Sony manuals recommend using the Judd-Vos correction by applying an offset to the white point depending on the display technology used.

See also
 Trichromacy
 Impossible color
 CIELAB color space
 Standard illuminant, the definition of white point used by CIE and commonly shown in color space diagrams as E, D50 or D65

References

Further reading

  (originally published by the Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, 1981.)

External links
 Introduction to Colour Science, William Andrew Steer.
 efg's Color Chromaticity Diagrams Lab Report and Delphi source
 CIE Color Space, Gernot Hoffmann
 Annotated downloadable data tables, Andrew Stockman and Lindsay T. Sharpe.
 Calculation from the original experimental data of the CIE 1931 RGB standard observer spectral chromaticity co-ordinates and color matching functions
 Colorlab MATLAB toolbox for color science computation and accurate color reproduction (by Jesus Malo and Maria Jose Luque, Universitat de Valencia). It includes CIE standard tristimulus colorimetry and transformations to a number of non-linear color appearance models (CIE Lab, CIE CAM, etc.).
Precise color communication A Look at the Past and Future of LED Binning
 Measuring Color in a world of light

Color space
1931 introductions
Articles with example C code

CIE 1931 color space


Ashkharbek Kalantar (; February 11, 1884 – June 1942) was an Armenian archaeologist and historian who played an important role in the founding of archaeology in Armenia.

Born into the Armenian noble families of Loris-Melikov and Arghutians, he graduated St. Petersburg University in 1911 under Nicholas Marr. He was appointed a Fellow of the Archaeological Institute, of Imperial Russian Archaeological Society and the keeper of the Asiatic Museum in St. Petersburg. He was one of the founders of Yerevan State University. Ashkharbek Kalantar authored more than 80 scholarly articles.

Early life
Ashkharbek Kalantar was born in Ardvi (in the modern-day Lori Province of Armenia) on February 11, 1884. He received his early education at the Nersisian School in Tiflis, graduating from there in 1903. He continued his studies at the St. Petersburg University with Nicholas Marr as his teacher. He terminated his studies in 1911 to become a member of the archaeological society of the University.

Excavations at Ani
As a student, Kalantar in 1907 participated the archaeological excavations of Nicholas Marr in the Armenian medieval capital Ani. In 1914 he was appointed the head of the 13th Ani Archaeological excavation campaign. In 1918 he organized the evacuation of about 6000 items from the Ani Museum, which are currently in History Museum of Armenia in Yerevan. He was the last archaeologist to describe monuments, mostly in Ani region, which did not survive after the 1920s.

In 2013 an international expedition repeated Kalantar's expedition of August–September 1920 to document the current - often desperate - situation of ten or more monuments of Ani region (Alaman, Arjo-Arij, Bagaran, Khtskonk, Mren, etc.).

Ancient irrigation systems and Urartian inscriptions
In 1910s Kalantar studied the ancient monuments in the Lori and Surmali regions, the basilica in Zor, headed the excavations in medieval monastery Vanstan (Imirzek) in Armenia and revealed its epigraphic materials. In 1917 with Nicholas Adontz he participated the II Van Archaeological expedition and studied the Urartian inscriptions there.

From 1920 to the 1930s he revealed the existence of a pre-Urartian irrigation system on Mt. Aragats and Geghama range in Armenia, discovered vishaps (stone monuments) there, studied their rock-carved figures, and published articles on the Urartian inscriptions found in Armenia.

Founding of the Yerevan State University and of the Commission of Ancient Monuments

In 1918 and 1919 he lectured in Transcaucasian university in Tiflis, in 1919 he becomes one of seven founding members of the Yerevan State University, the founder of the chair of archaeology and oriental studies.

With architect Alexander Tamanian and painter Martiros Saryan he was one of founders of the Commission of Ancient Monuments in Armenia. During 1920-1938 he organized over 30 expeditions in Armenia.

In 1931 Kalantar directed the excavations in Old Vagharshapat. In 1930s with Alexander Tamanian acted to save the two basilica churches, Katoghike and Poghos-Petros in Yerevan (both were finally destroyed by the ruling regime).

In 1935 Kalantar was appointed as the member of the Council of Armenian branch of Soviet Academy of Sciences.

Publications
Ashkharbek Kalantar authored over 80 articles. The English translations of his selected works were published in 3 volumes in 1994, 1999, 2004 by Recherches et Publications,  Paris-Neuchâtel, and in Armenian in Yerevan, 2007.

American Journal of Archaeology (AJA 100, 638, 1996) reviewing Kalantar's volume writes:
"While Lehmann-Haupt and Marr are often credited with sparking investigations into the history and prehistory of  eastern Anatolia and
southern Transcaucasia, this compilation* of selected writings and photographs of Ashkharbek Kalantar (1884-1942) makes a persuasive case that it was he who most thoroughly shaped archaeology in the Armenian highlands."

"Kalantar's life and work provide a testimony to the enduring importance of the Armenian highlands to world history and prehistory..."

Great Purge victim
On 19 March 1938 Kalantar was arrested in Yerevan by the Stalinist regime, among other professors, as an 'enemy of the nation'; the precise date and place of his death in Russia are unknown.

Legacy

A bust of Ashkharbek Kalantar was unveiled in February 2015 in the entrance hall of Yerevan State University.

Edik Minasyan, Dean of the Faculty of History at Yerevan State University, said of Kalantar:

Later publications
 Ashkharbek Kalantar, Armenia: From the Stone Age to  the Middle Ages,  Civilisations du Proche Orient, Se´rie 1, Vol. 2, Recherches et Publications,  Neuchâtel, Paris, 1994;
 Ashkharbek Kalantar, The Mediaeval Inscriptions of Vanstan, Armenia,  Civilisations du Proche-Orient: Series 2 - Philologie, Vol. 2, Recherches et Publications,  Neuchâtel, Paris, 1999;
 Ashkharbek Kalantar, Materials on Armenian and Urartian History (with a contribution by Mirjo Salvini), Civilisations du Proche-Orient: Series 4 - Hors Série, Neuchâtel, Paris, 2004;

From Kalantar's documents

References

Webarchive template wayback links
1884 births
1942 deaths
People from Lori Province
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Academic staff of Yerevan State University
20th-century Armenian historians
Armenian archaeologists
Archaeologists from the Russian Empire
Soviet archaeologists
Armenian studies scholars
Armenian people from the Russian Empire
Soviet Armenians
Great Purge victims from Armenia

Ashkharbek Kalantar


Clive Melville Hambidge (10 May 1888 – 4 September 1950) was a surveyor in the State of South Australia, remembered as a long-serving Surveyor General.

History
Clive was born in Ovingham, South Australia, the son of John Frederick Hambidge (c. 1863–1926) and his wife Cecile Aimee née Edlin (1863–1934). He was educated at St. Peter's College, and joined the Lands Department as a cadet surveyor in 1908 and appointed surveyor in 1911. He worked in all parts of the State, and was appointed State Surveyor-General in 1938.

He died in his sleep. Following his death, and that of the Engineer-in-Chief Hugh Thomas Moffitt Angwin (1888–1949) the previous year, both in their early 60s, some concern was expressed that senior public servants were being over-stressed, Hambidge having recently lost many valuable staff to private industry. He was praised by the Minister of Agriculture, Sir George Jenkins as "one of nature's gentlemen", and his death as "a severe loss to the State" by the Minister of Lands, Sir Cecil Hincks.

Other activities
Aside from his primary responsibilities, Hambidge was a member of the Land Board from 1926 and chairman of the Pastoral Board and of the Dog Fence Board.
He was chairman of the Nomenclature Committee and president of the SA branch of the Royal Geographical Society from 1943-1947.

Recognition
The Hundred of Hambidge on the Eyre Peninsula was named for him in 1957 by the South Australian Government, with the surname subsequently being used for the gazetted locality of Hambidge and the protected area known as the Hambidge Wilderness Protection Area.

Family
He married Elizabeth Hobart Pizey (1887–1977) on 31 May 1913. They had four daughters;
Margaret Cecile "Peg" Hambidge (1914–2006) married Bruce Allder Saddler ( –1994) on 22 July 1942. She was a senior official with the YMCA.
Nancy Russell Hambidge (1917–2011) married Alan W. Barr Gemmell ( –1989) on 16 August 1947
Helen Mary Hambidge (1921– ) married Horace Frank Nuttman "Frank" Oakeshott (1917–1997) on 16 January 1943
Patricia Hambidge (1923– ) married George Osborn Forward (1916–2003) c. 1944
They had a home at 21 William street Hawthorn.

References

1888 births
1950 deaths
Surveyors General of South Australia

Clive M. Hambidge


The Palisades Sill is a Triassic intrusion, formed 200 million years ago. It runs through parts of New York and New Jersey. It is noteworthy for The Palisades, cliffs which rise steeply above the western bank of the Hudson River. The visibility of the sill,and its unique features, have got much attention from nature enthusiasts, rock climbers, and geologists.

Location

The outcrop of the Palisades Sill is quite recognizable for its prominent cliffs above the Hudson River; it is easily seen from the western portions of Manhattan. The exposure is approximately  long, most of it following the Hudson River. It first emerges in Staten Island in New York City. The sill then crosses the state line into New Jersey, where Hoboken, Jersey City, Union City, Fort Lee, and Englewood Cliffs all lie on it.

Geology

The end of the Triassic saw large-scale rifting during the break-up of Pangaea. What is now eastern North America began to separate from what is now north-western Africa, creating the young Atlantic Ocean. Magma came from decompression melting, and some was pushed into the pre-existing sandstones and arkoses. The magma solidified and, after millions of years, the overlying rocks got uplifted and eroded, exposing the Palisades Sill as we see it.

There is an average stratigraphic thickness of 300 meters (~1000 feet), with the famous cliffs rising 100 meters (300 ft) on average above sea level. The intrusion dips between 10 and 15 degrees westward for most of its length. The sill was intruded at a depth of about 3-5 kilometers. These studies also concluded that the sill was in a position nearly identical to its current one (10-to-15-degree dip); this is further confirmed by the still-vertical orientation of the columnar jointing.

The Watchung basalt flows of the Watchung Mountains are eruptions onto the surface of the same magma that created the Palisades Sill.

References

Igneous rocks
Geography of New York (state)
Geography of New Jersey

Palisades Sill


Colosseum are an English jazz rock band, mixing blues, rock and jazz-based improvisation. Colin Larkin wrote that "the commercial acceptance of jazz rock in the UK" was mainly due to the band. Between 1975 and 1978 a separate band Colosseum II existed playing progressive rock.

History

Original tenure; 1968–1971
Colosseum, one of the first bands to fuse jazz, rock and blues, were formed in early 1968 by drummer Jon Hiseman with tenor sax player Dick Heckstall-Smith, who had previously worked together in the New Jazz Orchestra and in The Graham Bond Organisation, where Hiseman had replaced Ginger Baker in 1966. They met up again early in 1968 when they both played in John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, during which time they played on the Bare Wires album. Childhood friend Dave Greenslade was quickly recruited on organ, as was bass player Tony Reeves who had also known both Hiseman and Greenslade since being teenage musicians in South East London. The band's line-up was completed, after lengthy auditions, by Jim Roche on guitar and James Litherland (guitar and vocals), although Roche only recorded one track before departing.

Their first album, Those Who Are About to Die Salute You, which opened with the Bond composition "Walkin' in the Park", was released by the Philips' Fontana label in early 1969. In March the same year they were invited to take part in Supershow, a two-day filmed jam session, along with Modern Jazz Quartet, Led Zeppelin, Jack Bruce, Roland Kirk Quartet, Eric Clapton, Stephen Stills, and Juicy Lucy.

Colosseum's second album, later in 1969, was Valentyne Suite, notable as the first release on Philip's newly launched Vertigo label, established to sign and develop artists that did not fit the main Philips' brand, and the first label to sign heavy metal pioneers Black Sabbath.

For the third album, The Grass Is Greener, released only in the United States in 1970, Dave "Clem" Clempson replaced James Litherland. Louis Cennamo then briefly replaced Tony Reeves on bass, but was replaced in turn by Mark Clarke within a month. Then Hiseman recruited vocalist Chris Farlowe to enable Clempson to concentrate on guitar. This lineup had already partly recorded the 1970 album Daughter of Time.

In March 1971, the band recorded concerts at the Big Apple Club in Brighton and at Manchester University. Hiseman was impressed with the atmosphere at the Manchester show, and the band returned five days later for a free concert that was also recorded. The recordings were released as a live double album Colosseum Live in 1971. In October 1971 the original band broke up.

Interim, 1971–1994
After the band split, Jon Hiseman formed Tempest with bassist Mark Clarke; Dave Greenslade formed Greenslade together with Tony Reeves. Chris Farlowe joined Atomic Rooster; and Dick Heckstall-Smith embarked on a solo career. Clem Clempson joined the hit group Humble Pie.

Hiseman formed another group called Colosseum II in 1975, with a stronger orientation towards jazz-fusion rock, which featured guitarist Gary Moore and Don Airey on keyboards. They released three albums before disbanding in 1978.

Reunion, 1994–2015
Colosseum reunited on 24 June 1994 at the Freiburg Zelt Musik Festival, with the same line-up as when they split in 1971.
On 28 October they played a concert in Cologne at E-Werk which was recorded for a TV Special. Recordings from this show were released in 1995 as a CD and a video, and re-released in 2004 as a DVD. The rejuvenated band then played a lengthy tour of mainly German concerts. A second tour followed in 1997, to promote their new studio album "Bread and Circuses". They also appeared at major festivals in 1998, 1999 and 2000.

In 2003 they toured on the back of "Tomorrow's Blues" CD, followed also by gigs in England in 2004. Hiseman's wife, saxophonist Barbara Thompson, joined the band on various occasions. When Dick Heckstall-Smith died in December 2004 she became a permanent member of the band.

In 2005, there were three memorial concerts for Dick Heckstall-Smith, one in Hamburg Germany and two in England.

On 24 September 2005 they performed in Moscow, followed by more concerts in 2006.

In 2007, the made their first appearance in Japan and returned to play more dates in Germany.

Further tours of Europe were made in 2010.

In October 2010, Jon Hiseman's biography, Playing the Band - The Musical Life of Jon Hiseman, was published. In November 2012, a Kindle version (with minor re-edits) of Playing the Band was published.

Colosseum played their "Summer 2011" tour of 22 gigs in Germany, Italy, Austria, Finland and Poland. The tour started in June and ended on 20 August in Germany, Rostock, at Bad Doberan "Zappanale" festival. According to the interview of the bandleader Jon Hiseman, Bad Doberan was the last concert of the band. Their second 'last' concert was in Poland, Slupsk, at "Legends of Rock" festival on 13 August 2011 and the third 'last' concert in Finland, Äänekoski, at "Keitelejazz" festival on the 23 July 2011. These announcements were based on Barbara's worsening Parkinson's disease preventing her from playing. However, with the arrival of new medication, her ability to play was renewed, so those announcements proved to be premature and the band continued to record and play until 2015.

More studio releases followed, as expanded editions of Valentyne Suite and Colosseum Live, and several compilation sets of earlier work. From 2011 to 2014, Colosseum gradually recorded their album, titled Time on our Side, which was eventually released late in 2014, to coincide with their final flurry of dates in Germany and the UK. These included 24 concerts during 2014 in Central Europe, starting 23 October at Steinegg Festival, Collepietra, Italy. Followed by concerts in February 2015 before ending on 28 of that month at the Shepherd's Bush Empire, London. At all these concerts, Jon Hiseman confirmed from the stage that this tour would be Colosseum's last.

After 23 years, the band played what Hiseman referred to as 'the last hurrah!' before an audience at the Shepherd's Bush Empire, London on 28 February 2015. Special 'guest' was Ana Gracey, the daughter of Jon Hiseman and Barbara Thompson. Together with Chris Farlowe she sang her own composition "Blues to Music", which was also included on the final Colosseum CD.

Second reunion, 2019–present
Colosseum reunited again after the death of Jon Hiseman to play selected shows in 2020. The line-up is Chris Farlowe, Clem Clempson and Mark Clarke, joined by Kim Nishikawara (sax), Adrian Askew (keys, organ) and Malcolm Mortimore (drums). In September 2020, it was reported that the keyboard position would be filled by Nick Steed. This line-up started touring on 29 August in Hamburg at Landhaus Walter to be continued in UK. On April 15 2022, they released their new studio album, Restoration.

Members

Current members

Former members

Touring musicians

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
 Those Who Are About to Die Salute You (1969)
 Valentyne Suite (1969)
 The Grass Is Greener (1970) (U.S. release only)
 Daughter of Time (1970)
 Bread and Circuses (1997)
 Tomorrow's Blues (2003)
 Time on Our Side (2014)
 Restoration (2022)

Singles
 "Walking in the Park" / "Those About to Die, Salute You" – (1969)
 "Walking in the Park" / "The Road She Walked Before" – (1969)
 "The Kettle" / "Plenty Hard Luck" – (1969)
 "The Daughter of Time" / "Bring Out Your Dead" – (1971)

EPs
 Bread & Circuses – (1997)
 The Kettle – (2001)

Live albums
 Colosseum Live – (1971)
 LiveS  The Reunion Concerts 1994 – (1995)
 Live Cologne 1994 – (2003)
 The Complete Reunion Concert – (2003)
 Live05 – (2007)
 Theme for a Reunion – (2009)
 Live At The Boston Tea Party, August 1969 – (2020)
 Live At The Montreux Jazz Festival 1969 – (2020)
 Live At Ruisrock, Turku, Finland, 1970 – (2020)
 Live At Piper Club, Rome, Italy 1971 – (2020)
 Live '71, Canterbury, Brighton & Manchester – (2020)
 Transmissions, Live At The BBC – (2020)

Compilation albums
 The Collectors Colosseum – (1971)
 Epitaph – (1986)
 Milestones – (1989) (2-CD collection)
 Night Riding – (1990)
 Daughter of Time – (1991)
 The Time Machine – (1991)
 The Ides of March – (1995)
 Anthology – (2000) (2-CD collection)
 Best - Walking in the Park – (2000)
 The Best Of – (2002)
 An Introduction To...Colosseum – (2004)
 Morituri Te Salutant – (2009) (4-CD collection)

DVD
 Colosseum LiveS : The Complete Reunion Concert Cologne 1994 – (2002)

See also
Tempest (UK band)
Greenslade
Colosseum II

References

Literature
 Hanson, Martyn: Playing The Band - The Musical Life of Jon Hiseman, Edited by Colin Richardson 2010, London, Temple Music Books,

Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups disestablished in 1971
Musical groups reestablished in 1994
Musical groups disestablished in 2015
Musical groups reestablished in 2020
English jazz-rock groups
English progressive rock groups
English jazz ensembles
Dunhill Records artists
Vertigo Records artists
1968 establishments in England
Bronze Records artists

Colosseum (band)


The National Guard Naval Service Corps () is the naval service, water police and coast guard branch of the National Guard Forces Command, National Guard of Russia. Formerly the Naval Service of the Internal Troops of Russia, it was established in 1978 through the fulfillment of a 1976 resolution of the  Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and a 1978 decree of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union.

Brief history
The roots of this service may be traced to the May 5, 1976 Resolution "On the Protection of artificial structures on the Trans-Baikal and Far Eastern Railways" of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The resolution created  an interdepartmental commission for inspection of underwater structures and make recommendations for their protection. As a result, problems have been identified for both the Baikal-Amur Mainline and the Trans-Siberian Railway, providing the basis for the 1978 formation of the first units of boats and naval divers of what was then the Naval Service of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics or NS-IT-MIA-USSR (Морские части внутренних войск МВД CCCP, Moskoy Chasti Vnutrenniye Voiska MVD SSSR) with the approval of the suggested measures and subsequent decrees of the Council of Ministers. The naval service, while sporting uniforms similar to the Soviet Navy would provide public order and security, inland waters and waterways security and lifesaving functions for the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Only with the raising of the Naval Service did the problems facing the waterways, as well as lifesaving duties in these areas, began to be resolved.

In 1981 the current uniform and officer ranking system was adopted, in 1983 special flags were issued (today's flags feature the state naval ensign on the maroon background), and in 1985, the warrant officer and rating ranks were officially standardized. In 1984, through a general order of the chief of internal troops of the parts on the protection of sea lanes, two patrol boat divisions were raised. In 1988, on this basis, a separate detachment of patrol boats was established. A Divers' Training Center was included in its composition (established in 1987) for training and retraining of divers of the Naval Service, which would form the basis for today's National Guard Naval Diving Service.

Through a Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers on May 18, 1989 "On the Repair and technological enterprise of the nuclear fleet" (which gave military protection to personnel from today's FSUE Atomflot and the Murmansk Shipping Company) and a Decreee of the Council on August 3 the same year the organizational and staffing structure was approved for the 2 naval patrol boat divisions assigned in Murmansk to the Naval Service of the MVD.

On the basis of part of personnel of the 1st Naval Detachment (Khabarovsk), the 5th Independent Maritime Training Division (Severobaikalsk) was raised on October 1, 1996. This division's cadets are trained in specialties: diver-shooter, mechanic, and boat captains. According to data for 2002, it created the basis for specialty training steering for signalmen.

As of April 15, 2016, the NS-IT-MIA-RF has transformed into the NGNSC-NGFC of the National Guard and reports directly to the Security Council.

Naval Service Units
 1st Detachment (Khabarovsk)
 2nd Detachment (Murmansk)
 5th Independent Maritime Training Division (Severobaikalsk, Buryatia)
 32nd Detachment (Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
 Independent Patrol Division (Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Oblast)
 Naval Detachment of the NGFC Ural District Command (Yekaterinburg)

Missions
 to ensure the safety of important public facilities and communications structures, located in the coastal lands and waters of the Russian Federation, the territorial seas, the rivers, lakes and other surface water bodies
 participation in disaster relief and other emergencies on the specified protected objects and structures in waterways (together with the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the Coast Guard of the Federal Security Service Border Service)
 Conducting anti-terrorism operations and combating illegal weapons trade in the inland and coastal waters of Russia
 participate jointly with the Police of Russia in maintaining public order and security in the important waterways located in areas with the most valuable natural resources, determining the list of which is approved by the Government of Russia
 assisting in border security with the Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation through the Coast Guard of the Federal Security Service Border Service
 wartime and peacetime functions as the inland and coastal counterweight of the Russian Navy and other uniformed organizations as may be called by the President in his duty as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and Chairman of the Security Council, through the Commander of the National Guard
if necessary conduct lifesaving operations in strategic waters together with the Ministry of Emergency Situations

Gallery

See also

 National Guard of Russia
 National Guard Forces Command
 Coast Guard (Russia)

References

 МВД России, энциклопедия. Москва: Объед. редакция МВД России, «Олма-пресс», 2002.
 Скрынник А.М., Стракович В.В., Пухарев И.В. Правовые основы деятельности морских воинских частей внутренних войск МВД России. Ростов-на-Дону, 2007.

Gendarmerie
Law enforcement agencies of Russia
Military of Russia
Military units and formations established in 1978
National Guard of Russia
Units and formations of the National Guard of Russia

National Guard Naval Service Corps


The Val Calanca  is a valley of the Swiss Alps, located in the Lepontine Alps. The valley is drained by the Calancasca, a tributary of the Moesa (Ticino basin), at Roveredo. The highest mountains surrounding  the Val Calanca are the Puntone dei Fraciòn (3,202 metres) and the Zapporthorn (3,152 metres).

The valley belongs to the Moesa District, in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. The main villages are (from north to south): Rossa, Cauco, Selma, Arvigo, Buseno and Santa Maria in Calanca.

References
Swisstopo maps

External links

Val Calanca on MySwitzerland

Valleys of the Alps
Valleys of Graubünden
Lepontine Alps

Val Calanca


Herald House or Herald Publishing House is the publishing division of Community of Christ in Independence, Missouri. It publishes books, periodicals and other materials at the direction of the First Presidency. Its history dates to the publication of a church periodical called the True Latter Day Saints' Herald in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1860. The first church-owned press was located in Plano, Illinois and a much larger facility was opened in Lamoni, Iowa in 1881. The publishing plant in Lamoni was destroyed by fire in 1907. A replacement facility was built shortly thereafter. When the church headquarters moved to Independence, Missouri in 1921, the Herald House was relocated to a facility that had previously been used by an artillery battalion of the Missouri National Guard. In 1965, a modern publishing facility was built for Herald House 3225 South Noland Road in Independence. That facility was closed in 1999 and printing has been outsourced since that date. The publishing offices were moved to The Temple and The Auditorium in Independence, Missouri.

Herald House publishes the Herald, the monthly denominational magazine of the Community of Christ. The Herald is a member of the Associated Church Press from whom it has received awards and other recognition in recent years. Herald Publishing House is a non-profit 501(c)(3) and a public charity 509(a)(3). Books published by Herald House include scriptures, scripture studies, Christian education materials, worship resources, inspirational books, priesthood and leadership manuals, hymnals (including the official denominational hymnal, Community of Christ Sings), missionary materials, stewardship materials and theological studies.

Herald House also does business under the Independence Press publishing imprint.

Notes

External links
Official website
Community of Christ

Book publishing companies based in Missouri
Christian publishing companies
Community of Christ
Companies based in Independence, Missouri
Latter Day Saint media
Latter Day Saint movement in Missouri
Magazine publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies established in 1860
Religious leaders from Missouri

Herald House


African Convention (, CA) was a political party in French West Africa, originally formed at a meeting in Dakar on 11 January 1957. The CA consisted of the Senegalese Popular Bloc (BPS) of Léopold Sédar Senghor, the African Popular Movement of Nazi Boni in Upper Volta, and the Nigerien Democratic Front (FDN) of Zodi Ikhia in Niger.

In the 1957 territorial assembly elections, CA member parties won 96 seats. CA won in Senegal, and gained presence in three other assemblies.

In March 1958 the African Convention and the African Socialist Movement (MSA) merged to form the African Regroupment Party (PRA).

References

Zuccarelli, François. La vie politique sénégalaise (1940-1988). Paris: CHEAM, 1988.
1958 disestablishments in French West Africa
1957 establishments in French West Africa
African and Black nationalist parties in Africa
Pan-African organizations
Pan-Africanist political parties in Africa
Political parties disestablished in 1958
Political parties established in 1957
Political parties in French West Africa
Transnational political parties

African Convention


The Church of the Monastery of San Benito el Real is a parish church and former Benedictine monastery located in the city of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain.

History
The church was erected at the site of the old Royal Alcázar of Valladolid and designed originally in Gothic style; although the façade, with its gate-tower shape, was designed in 1569 in a Renaissance-influenced style by Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón. Originally, the towers flanking the entrance were considerably taller, but these were shortened in the 19th century due to concerns about their structural integrity.

The church was built using stone from 1499 to 1515, following plans of Juan de Arandia and García de Olave. It is organized by three naves, which end in three polygonal apses without a crossing. The aisles are tall, with minimal height difference with the center nave, creating a space that suggests a single church-hall, more common in the first half of the 16th century.

The interior is lit through large oculi, that open in the wall of the lateral nave of the side of the Epistle and in the apses. Originally, there were also some holes in the central nave, but these were covered when the roofs were raised around 1580. The high choir covers the three naves of the church.

The exterior of the building has thick walls of limestone (extracted from quarries near Valladolid, like Villanubla, Zaratán or Campaspero) and large windows that illuminate the spacious interior. The side facades are articulated by buttresses that counteract the thrust of the vaults with terceletes with which it is covered on the inside. The pillars that divide the naves are baquetonates. The sections at the head of the church have decorated capitals and cornices, which are absent elsewhere. This may be due to the search for a cheaper budget as the work proceeded from the head, according to the medieval custom.

Interior decoration
As the Benedictines had much power and this was their main house in Castile, the church held artworks of high quality. These included the altarpiece and the choir stalls, in the central nave.

The choir stalls (1528) were sculpted by Andrés de Nájera, with low and high chairs. The stalls were used for the annual meetings of the Benedictine abbots of the Castilian monasteries, which took place in this church. The backs of high chairs depict the saints to whom the Spanish Benedictine houses were dedicated, allowing each abbot to find their seat. The style of the stalls is Plateresque. The style to the Roman from Italy had only recently arrived in Spain. Some decorations are based on paintings in Rome's Domus Aurea; the images of saints depart from prior Gothic models.

In 1571 an iron grille was erected, covering the three naves and dividing the church into two parts: the front for common people, and the apse for the monks. The fence is by Tomás Celma and is of high quality.

There were other works of art of great value: small altars, tombs, organs, and others.

After the Ecclesiastical Confiscation of Mendizábal in 1835, the monastery became a fort and barracks, and the church was deconsecrated. It was stripped of its works of art, though the choir stalls were kept, and the altarpiece transferred to the Museo Nacional de Escultura in the Colegio de San Gregorio, Valladolid. The fence however remains and has not suffered damage. From the mid-19th-century many people called for the church's reopening, which occurred in 1892, under the Venerable Third Order of the Carmel's administration. Since 1897 it is the Order of the Barefoot Carmelite which takes care of the church. In 1922 was installed a Baroque altarpiece to replace the former, from a church of the town of Portillo, Castile and León.

Adjacent to the church is the monastic building with three cloisters; one of them known as Patio Herreriano, now a museum of contemporary art, and a Mannerist main facade designed by Juan Ribero de Rada.

At present, the prior of the convent is Juan Jesús Sánchez Sánchez, from Convento de Padres Carmelitas in Medina del Campo.

Elements preserved in Museo Nacional de Escultura
Parts of the monastery's altarpiece are now in the Museo Nacional de Escultura in Valladolid, the rest having been lost or destroyed by the Confiscation. The altarpiece was made by Alonso Berruguete between 1526 and 1532.

References

Bibliography

External links

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1515
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1569
Roman Catholic churches in Valladolid
Gothic architecture in Castile and León
Monasteries in Castile and León
Benedictine monasteries in Spain
Spanish confiscation
1515 establishments in Spain
16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Valladolid

San Benito el Real, Valladolid


100 Greatest of All Time was a sports television series of five one-hour episodes, produced and first aired by the Tennis Channel in March 2012. It presented a list of 100 tennis players to be considered the greatest of all time, both men and women. The series was hosted by Jack Nicklaus, Jerry Rice, Wayne Gretzky, Lisa Leslie and Carl Lewis. Many retired tennis luminaries provided commentary, including Rod Laver, Billie Jean King, Chris Evert, Björn Borg, John McEnroe, Martina Navratilova, Pete Sampras, and Andre Agassi.

Background
An international panel of tennis experts determined this ranking of 62 men and 38 women. The United States was credited with the most great players (38), followed by Australia (17), France (7), Great Britain (6) and Czechoslovakia (5). Forty-three players made the list from the Americas, 39 from Europe and 18 from Oceania.

Grand Slam singles titles (Australian, French, Wimbledon and US tournaments) column figures reflect number of wins as of March 2012 when the list was published. In addition to that, the pre-Open Era Pro major tournaments (three professional events) were included: the U.S. Pro Championships (first held in 1927), French Pro Championship (first held in 1930) and Wembley Championships (started in 1934). Only male tennis players that turned from amateurs to pros were able to participate in those. The Open Era started in 1968 and all three pro majors tournaments were quickly relegated to lesser events and were all defunct by the 1990s.

Prior to 1924, the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) recognized two other events as world championships. The "World Hard Court Championships" (WHCC) and the "World Covered Court Championships" (WCCC). Between 1913 and 1923 Wimbledon was known as the World Grass Court Championships (WGCC), also sanctioned by the ILTF.

In 1924 ILTF designated the Australasian, French, British and American championship tournaments as the new four majors. 1925 was the first season held with all these four major tournaments opened to all amateurs.

Achievements

‡ The Grand Slam, winning all four Grand Slam tournament singles titles (Australian, French, Wimbledon and US) in one calendar year was achieved six times by five different players: Don Budge in 1938, Maureen Connolly in 1953, Rod Laver in 1962 & 1969, Margaret Court in 1970 and Steffi Graf in 1988.

◊ The Pro Grand Slam, winning all three professional slam singles titles (U.S., French and Wembley) in one calendar year was achieved by Ken Rosewall in 1963 and by Rod Laver in 1967.

† Anthony Wilding is the only Triple World Champion. In 1913, he won all three ILTF singles titles, the World Covered Court Championships (WCCC), the World Hard Court Championships (WHCC) and Wimbledon Championships (also known as World Grass Court Championships or simply WGCC).

Top 100 ranking per Tennis Channel in 2012

Notes:
 Bolded players are still active today.
 Empty spots in the table mean player did not participate in any of those tournaments.

See also
The 40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era
The 50 Greatest Players of the Open Era

Notes

References

External links
Official site

2012 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
Tennis-related lists
Top sports lists
Cultural depictions of tennis players
2010s American documentary television series
Documentary television series about sports

100 Greatest of All Time


Anarkali is a 2015 Indian Malayalam-language romantic thriller film written and directed by Sachy and produced by Rajeev Nair. The film stars Prithviraj Sukumaran and Biju Menon with Priyal Gor, Suresh Krishna, Arun, Sudev Nair, Kabir Bedi, and Samskruthy Shenoy in supporting roles. The music was composed by Vidyasagar. The plot follows Indian Navy officer Shanthanu who arrives at Kavaratti island.

Principal photography began in February 2015 and was shot mostly in Kavaratti, Bangaram, and Agatti in Lakshadweep. Anarkali was released on 13 November 2015. It received generally positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success.

Plot
Shanthanu Varma, a former navy officer, travels to Kavaratti, Lakshadweep to work as a deep-diving instructor.
On reaching there, he meets Atta Koya  who was awaiting his arrival. During the check in procedure by the coastal police, a man named Dheeraj Iyengar is found to have fake documents. He escapes from the police by jumping into the ocean. Shanthanu, on seeing this, jumps in and catches him. This turns out to be a planned mock drill called Gemini, conducted twice a year. Shanthanu befriends Dheeraj.

Shanthanu's friend Zachariah works as the lighthouse operator at Kavaratti. When Shanthanu goes to meet him, Zachariah hides due to the past issues between them. But Shanthanu succeeds in finding him regardless. Shanthanu pines over Nadira Imam, whom he loved 11 years ago. Due to Nadira being a minor at the time, he had to leave the Navy because of his affair with her. Seeing Zachariah's anguish in seeing him, Shanthanu reveals the real purpose of his arrival to Kavaratti- to find Nadira's brother Naseeb Imam, who works at the naval base in Kavaratti. On hearing this, Zachariah becomes upset that Shanthanu is still not over Nadira, but decides to help him find Naseeb. Atta Koya comes and asks them about their past issues. Zacharia narrates the story to him.

The movie cuts back to 11 years ago when Shanthanu and Zachariah were working in the navy. Shanthanu sees Nadira Imam, the daughter of Rear Admiral Jaffer Imam during a Navy Fest of 2004. Nadira, after performing her dance, gets impressed on Shathanu's melody performance. However Zacharia creates a scene in the hall after power cut happened between Shanthanu's performance. Hence both receive a red mark on their academic performance. One fine day, Shanthanu and Zacharia tells Nadira that there are rumours about their affair and she instantly falls for Shanthanu. However when she learns that he was pranking, she makes him seriously confess his love to her which was also a prank by her. They fall in love with each other. One day after swimming Shanthanu and Nadira kiss each other in the bathroom. Jaffer witnesses this and beats Shanthanu badly. Nadira tells him that she really loves Shanthanu. The next day Shanthanu and Zacharia are summoned to the court for the charges against them. It is then they both learn that Nadira is a 15 year old girl. They both plead non guilty. However Nadira tells the court officials that she loved Shanthanu and they were in a relation. They both are dismissed from the Navy. Nadira promises that she will wait for 5 years to confess the love to him.

Back to the present, Koya is shocked to learn that his niece Dua Miyan is going away with his boyfriend in a helicopter. However she refuses to go on seeing Koya's attitude. Dheeraj boards into the helicopter, gazing at Shanthanu. A suspicious Shanthanu learns that Dheeraj was none other that Naseeb Imam. The final hope to know about Nadira is being shattered. However Koya informs that he went on a ten days leave and his father's name is Jaffer Imam.

Then he narrates what happened after 5 years. For the first few years, Shanthanu and Nadira keep in touch through recorded CDs, which Jaffer eventually finds out and prevents her from sending. They lose all contact but Shanthanu still waits for her. Back in the present time Shanthanu is telling his story to everyone in Kavaratti. All of them sympathize with him. They tell him that they will help him find her. After some days Naseeb comes back and meets Shanthanu. He informs him that Nadira is still waiting for him, but she left home due to constant fights with her father.

Shanthanu wanted to meet her as soon as possible. So he decides to take the helicopter from there. But the helicopter could only be used for emergencies. So he and Zachariah come up with a plan where Shanthanu acts as if he is poisoned so that he can go to the city for medical care since the medical options available there were limited and didn't include modern equipment. For that, first, the Kavaratti medical superintendent Dr. Sherin Mathew  has to confirm that he requires emergency medical attention. When taken to the hospital she confirms that he needs emergency medical care and he is immediately taken to the city along with Zachariah and Naseeb. On their way to Kochi, Shanthanu vomits blood, and Zachariah learns that he wasn't pretending. Zachariah panics and tells the pilot to reach their destination faster.

On reaching there, Shanthanu, in his half-awake state, sees Nadira waiting there for him crying as Naseeb already informed her. He is taken to the hospital where all his relatives, Nadira, and Jaffer are waiting eagerly outside the ICU. Doctors inform them that he will be fine. He insists on meeting Nadira, and Jaffer allows her to be with him.

Some days later they are shown to be together. They go to a religious place and a man over there says that their names had a strange yet blissful connection. Shanthanu was another name for Prince Salim and Nadira meant Anarkali alluding to the famous love story of Salim and Anarkali.

Cast

Production

Casting
The story of the film is based on two Naval officers, Prithviraj Sukumaran and Biju Menon in the Indian Navy. Bollywood actor Kabir Bedi was cast as Nadira's father, Jaffer Imam, who is a commanding officer of base hailing from Lucknow. Sachy said that both Kabir and Priyal would speak mostly in Hindi and English in the film. Priyal Gor and Miya were signed for the lead female roles. While the former would play the main lead as Nadira Imam, the teenage daughter of a Rear Admiral in the Indian Navy, the latter's role is that of a supporting character, Dr. Sherin Mathew, who works in Kavarathi. Director Shyamaprasad was selected for a pivotal role and his character Commodore Madhavan Nair was said to be crucial to the film. Samskruthy Shenoy was later chosen to portray Duvha, a "Pucca Muslim woman" from Lakshwadweep, who is a medical student that left her studies 1 year shy of completion, due to a love affair and works as a physician assistant. Other supporting roles were given to directors Major Ravi, Renji Panicker and Madhupal. Sujith Vassudevv and Vidyasagar were signed as the cinematographer and music director, respectively.

Filming
The makers faced objections from the Sunni Students' Federation (SSF) against shooting the film in the Lakshadweep islands. The makers had permission to shoot the film in Agatti Island, Kavaratti, Bangaram Atoll, and Tinakkara Island in February 2015, however, a day before they were to reach the islands, the Lakshadweep administrator H. Rajesh Prasad revoked their permission informing that the SSF has filed a petition with him signed by the local Imam stating that "cinema is un-Islamic" and allowing to shoot would create communal issues. Sachy informed a senior official with the Ministry of Home Affairs, who called the administrator to Delhi and urged him to clear the permission and if there's a law and order issue then the central forces can be deployed. Permission was issued as soon as he reached the Island. Sachy recalled that most of the locals were in support of the shoot when they arrived at Kavaratti. Nevertheless, he faced difficulties to shoot a crowd scene as he could only get local men, as the islanders were Muslims who said their women are not to be featured in cinema. Sachy finally managed to get some reluctant local women to shoot the scene.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack was released on 23 October 2015, with songs composed by Vidyasagar and lyrics written by Rajeev Nair and Manoj Muntashir. The "over and over" song was written by Radhika Nair and composed by Sreevalsan J. Menon.

Release
Anarkali was released on 13 November 2015.

References

External links

2015 films
Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)
Indian Navy in films
2010s Malayalam-language films
Indian romantic thriller films
2010s romantic thriller films
Lakshadweep
Films featuring underwater diving

Anarkali (2015 film)


Thomas Orde Lawder Wilkinson VC (29 June 1894 – 5 July 1916), was an English-born Canadian and British Army officer who was a recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. A soldier with the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment during the First World War, he was posthumously awarded the VC for his actions on 10 July 1916, during the Battle of the Somme.

Early life
Wilkinson was born on 29 June 1894, the second son of Charles Orde Wilkinson and his wife, Edith, at Lodge Farm on Dudmaston estate near Bridgnorth in Shropshire, England. He attended Parkside School in Surrey and then Wellington College where he showed both academic and athletic prowess. He graduated in November 1912 by which time the Wilkinson family had emigrated to Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada, where his father had been working at the time of his birth.

First World War
Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, Wilkinson joined the 16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish) at Vancouver. He had been working as a surveyor at the time of his enlistment. He was soon commissioned as a lieutenant. After the regiment arrived in England he transferred to the 7th Battalion, Loyal North Lancashire Regiment and by the start of 1916 was serving on the Western Front as a gunnery officer.

Wilkson's battalion was part of the 56th Infantry Brigade, 19th Division, which was involved in the opening stages of the Battle of the Somme. During the battle, on 4 July 1916, his battalion was attacking the village of La Boisselle. A neighbouring unit had conceded ground and Wilkinson's battalion was ordered to retake the position. A machine-gun had been left behind, which Wilkinson put into operation on reaching the position. He was able to hold off an attacking party of Germans until reinforcements arrived. He was killed shortly afterwards trying to bring a wounded soldier into cover. For his actions, he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross (VC).  The VC, instituted in 1856, was the highest award for valour that could be bestowed on a soldier of the British Empire. The citation for Wilkinson's VC read:

As his body was never recovered, Wilkinson is commemorated with thousands of other British and Commonwealth soldiers on the British Memorial to the Missing at Thiepval. His name is also on the Sandwick War Memorial, in British Columbia. In 2004 a plaque to his memory was unveiled at the church in Quatt, near his place of birth. The plaque was commissioned by the Shropshire War Memorials Association after unsuccessful attempts to locate relatives of Wilkinson.

Victoria Cross
King George V presented Wilkinson's VC to his father on 26 November 1916, in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. He was also entitled to the 1914–15 Star, the British War Medal, and the Victory Medal. His VC and other medals are displayed at the Imperial War Museum in London.

Notes

References

Further reading
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
VCs of the First World War – The Somme (Gerald Gliddon, 1994)

External links
Thomas Orde Lawder Wilkinson's digitized service file
Thiepval Memorial
 Legion Magazine article on Thomas Orde Lawder Wilkinson

1894 births
1916 deaths
People from Bridgnorth
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
Canadian Battle of the Somme recipients of the Victoria Cross
Loyal Regiment officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in the Battle of the Somme
British emigrants to Canada
Canadian Militia officers
Canadian Expeditionary Force officers
Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's) officers
British Army officers
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Canadian military personnel killed in World War I
Military personnel from Shropshire
People educated at Parkside School, Cobham

Thomas Orde Lawder Wilkinson


Heinz Politzer (December 31, 1910 – July 30, 1978) was an internationally recognized academic and writer. As a young man he was forced to flee Nazism first to Palestine and then to the United States, where he taught German language and literature as a professor at the Bryn Mawr College, Oberlin College, and the University of California, Berkeley. He was a literary scholar, published poet, and prominent editor, particularly of Franz Kafka. As a close associate of Kafka's protégé, Max Brod, Politzer coedited with Brod the first complete collection of Kafka's works in eight volumes, published initially by the Schocken publishing house of Berlin during the early years of the Nazi dictatorship and subsequently by the successor firm Schocken Books in New York.

Life

Politzer was born in Vienna to Marie (née Löwenthal) and Moritz Sigmund Politzer, a courtroom lawyer. After completing secondary schooling at a humanities-focused Gymnasium in 1929, he enrolled at the University of Vienna and studied German and English literatures. He transferred in 1931 to the Charles University in Prague, where he began dissertation research on Kafka. In 1933–35, he collaborated with Max Brod, comparing the already published versions of Kafka's books with the original manuscripts in order to prepare volumes 1-4 of Kafka's collected works for publication. He also worked on parts of volume 5 prior to emigrating.

Fleeing fascism, Politzer moved to Palestine in 1938. There he befriended Martin Buber and enrolled from 1938 to 1940 at the Hebrew University. He was involved with the American Guild for German Cultural Freedom in 1938–39, prior to relocating to the U.S. in 1947, where he matriculated at Bryn Mawr College.  He taught there as an instructor, completed a Ph.D. in 1950 with a dissertation on Kafka (work for which had begun in Prague), and advanced to an assistant professorship. He was naturalized as a U.S. citizen in 1952 and in the same year converted from Judaism to Episcopalianism. In 1976, he converted to Roman Catholicism.

Politzer taught and conducted research as an associate professor at Oberlin College starting in 1952, and then in 1960 received an appointment as a full professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he held tenure until his retirement in 1978. His scholarly focus was on the writings and influence of Franz Kafka, German and Austrian literature, Fin-de-Siecle Vienna, and the psychoanalytical approach to literary interpretation. During the last decade of his life, he became immersed in the works of Sigmund Freud, resulting in his volume Freud and Tragedy, which appeared posthumously (German edition 2003, English version 2006). He was a highly respected teacher, especially beloved by the graduate students who took part in his advanced seminars.

With his first wife, Ilse née Schröter, he had one daughter, Maria. He was survived by his second wife, Jane née Horner, with whom he had four sons, Michael, David, Stephen, and Eric, as well as his sister Kate. In recognition of his many contributions to the study of Austrian literature and culture, his ashes are interred at the historic Petersfriedhof in Salzburg, Austria.

Awards and honors

Among many prizes and honors, he was three times a recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship (1958, 1966, 1974). In 1963, the Commonwealth Club of California awarded him its silver medal. In his homeland, he received the Austrian Cross (1966), the Grillparzer Ring (1972), and the Vienna Humanities Prize (1974) as well as an invitation to deliver the inaugural address at the 1976 Salzburg Music Festival. He also was awarded the key to the City of Vienna. Germany conferred upon him an Officer's Cross, and on his 65th birthday his colleagues presented him with a Festschrift.

Works

 Ed. Vor dem Gesetz, by Franz Kafka. Berlin: Schocken, 1934.
 Ed., with Max Brod. Gesammelte Schriften, by Franz Kafka. 6 vols. Berlin: Schocken, 1935–37.
 Vol. 1: Erzählungen und kleine Prosa. 1935.
 Vol. 2: Amerika. Roman. 1935.
 Vol. 3: Der Prozess. Roman. 2nd ed. 1935.
 Vol. 4: Das Schloss. Roman. 2nd ed. 1935.
 Vol. 5: Beschreibung eines Kampfes. Novellen, Skizzen, Aphorismen aus dem Nachlass. 1936.
 Vol. 6: Tagebücher 1910-1923. 1937.
 Ed., with Max Brod. Gesammelte Schriften, by Franz Kafka. 2 vols.  New York: Schocken, 1946–53.
 Vol. 7: Briefe an Milena. 1946.
 Vol. 8: Hochzeitsvorbereitungen auf dem Lande und andere Prosa aus dem Nachlass. 1953.
 Ed. Die Goldene Gasse. Jüdische Sagen und Legenden. Auswahl aus den Sippurim. Vienna and Jerusalem: R. Löwit, 1937. 272 pp.
 Fenster vor dem Firmament. Gedichte. Leipzig: J. Kittl, 1937. 69 pp. Leipzig: J. Kittls Nachfolger, 1970.
 Gedichte. Jerusalem: Peter Freund, 1941. 48 pp.  Jerusalem: Peter Freund, 1974.
 Le-zek̲er Lûdvîg Yônas (Ansprache zum Gedächtnis des Malers Ludwig Jonas, 1887–1942). Jerusalem: Peter Freund, 1943. 7 pp.
 "Studies on Jewish Contributors to German Literature: Heine and Börne".  Ph.D. diss., Bryn Mawr, 1950. 149 pp.
 Ed. Das Kafka-Buch. Eine innere Biographie in Selbstzeugnissen. Fischer-Bücherei 708. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1951. 271 pp. Reprints 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1983, 1989, 1990.
 Kafuka to sono shūhen. Transl. Michifuyu Kitao. Tokyo: Shinbisha, 1974. 140 pp.
 With John William Kurtz. German One: Ein deutsches Lern- und Lesebuch. Oberlin: Oberlin College, 1956. ix + 275 + 16 pp.
 With John William Kurtz. German: A Comprehensive Course for College Students. New York: W. W. Norton, 1959. xx + 377 pp.  Rev. ed., 1966. xxv + 415 pp.
 Martin Buber: Humanist and Teacher. Faculty Lectures, The Humanistic Tradition, Oberlin College. New York: National Council, 1957. 24 pp.
 Ed. Amerika erzählt. Siebzehn Short Stories. Fischer Bücherei 209. Frankfurt: Fischer, 1958. 244 pp.
 Ed. Amerika erzählt. Erzählungen amerikanischer Schriftsteller. Fischer Bücherei 209. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1971. 223 pp.
 Die gläserne Kathedrale. Gedichte. Vienna: Bergland, 1959. 90 pp.
 Ed. Des wüsten Lebens flücht'ger Reiz. Theaterlieder, by Johann Nestroy. Insel-Bücherei 724. Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1961. 71 pp.
 Franz Kafka: Parable and Paradox. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1962. xxi + 376 pp. 2nd rev. ed., 1965. xxvii + 398 pp.
 Franz Kafka, der Künstler. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1965. 563 pp. Suhrkamp Taschenbuch 433. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1978. 579 pp. 3rd ed., 1986.
 Ed. Grillparzer über sich selbst. Aus den Tagebüchern. Insel-Bücherei 842. Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1965. 145 pp.
 Franz Grillparzers "Der arme Spielmann". Dichtung und Erkenntnis 2. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1967. 64 pp.
 Transl. Der alte Seefahrer, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Insel-Bücherei 901. Leipzig: Insel, 1968. 71 pp.
 Das Schweigen der Sirenen. Studien zur deutschen und österreichischen Literatur. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1968. 436 pp.
Also as Milczenie syren. Studia z literatury niemieckiej i austriackiej. Transl. Jerzy Hummel. Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1973. 280 pp.
 "Sigmund Freud as Interpreter of His Dreams". Pacifica Tape Library, 1970.
 Ed. Morgen fahr' ich heim. Böhmische Erzählungen, by Johannes Urzidil. Munich: A. Langen - G. Müller, 1971. 503 pp.
 Heinz Politzer Bibliographie. Biberach a.d. Riss: Thomae, 1971. 12 pp.
 Franz Grillparzer, oder Das abgründige Biedermeier. Vienna: F. Molden, 1972. 416 pp. Vienna: Paul Szolnay, 1990. xiv, 416 pp.
 Ed. Franz Kafka. Wege der Forschung 322. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1973. x, 560 pp.
 Hatte Ödipus einen Ödipus-Komplex? Versuche zum Thema Psychoanalyse und Literatur. Munich: Piper, 1974. 236 pp.
 Musikerlöste Dämonie. Rede zur Eröffnung der Salzburger Festspiele 1976. [Salzburg: n.p., 1976.] 36 pp.
 Ed., with Joachim Schondorff. Zeit und Ewigkeit. Tausend Jahre österreichischer Lyrik. Düsseldorf: Claassen, 1978. 600 pp. Düsseldorf: Claassen, 1980. 611 pp.
 Freud und das Tragische. Ed. William H. Hemecker. Wiener Neustadt: Edition Gutenberg, 2003. 251 pp.
 Freud and Tragedy. Ed. William H. Hemecker. Transl. Michael Mitchell. Riverside: Ariadne, 2006. 176 pp.

References

Further reading
 .
 Lexikon deutsch-jüdischer Autoren, vol. 18 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010), pp. 109–118 (in German).

External links
 1958 photograph
 Memorial at UC-Berkeley
 Heinz Politzer (in German) from the online-archive of the Österreichischen Mediathek

1910 births
1978 deaths
20th-century Austrian poets
Academics from California
Academics from Ohio
Academics from Pennsylvania
American literary critics
American male non-fiction writers
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Austrian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Mandatory Palestine emigrants to the United States
Austrian Jews
Austrian literary historians
Austrian male poets
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Bryn Mawr College faculty
Franz Kafka scholars
Germanists
Jewish American historians
Oberlin College faculty
Poets from California
Poets from Ohio
Poets from Pennsylvania
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Writers from Vienna
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Historians from California

Heinz Politzer


Rasensport-Preußen Königsberg was a German association football club from the city of Königsberg, East Prussia.

History
The club was established in 1905 as Sportclub Preußen 05 Königsberg. After a merger with VfR Königsberg in 1920 it took the name Rasensport-Preußen Königsberg. They played at Sportplatz-Rasensport-Preußen on Fuchsberger Allee in the outskirts of northern Mittelhufen.

In 1927–28 the club played one season in the top flight. In 1933, German football was re-organized into sixteen Gauligen under the Third Reich and the club played first division football in the Gauliga Ostpreußen. The Gauliga was divided in two and later in four divisions. The team won the divisional title in 1937 and came close to becoming champions, but finished second in its group. Their top flight run ended in 1939. They did not manage to come back.

The Königsberg club disappeared in 1945 following the conflict when the city was annexed by the Soviet Union and renamed Kaliningrad.

References
 Der Fußball in Ostpreußen und Danzig (en: Football in East Prussia and Danzig)
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Defunct football clubs in Germany
Association football clubs established in 1905
Association football clubs disestablished in 1945
Defunct football clubs in former German territories
Sport in Königsberg
1905 establishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany

Rasensport-Preußen Königsberg


Alfred Kwabena Ofosu-Ahenkorah is a Ghanaian energy bureaucrat who from 2005 to 2020, served as the Executive Secretary of the Energy Commission in Accra, Ghana.

Biography
Ofosu-Ahenkorah trained as a research engineer in Ghana and the Soviet Union and is a certified energy manager. After obtaining a Master of Science in engineering, he received his doctorate in Technical Sciences with a specialty in Energy Efficiency from the Volgograd State Technical University. He received an Executive MBA with a concentration in Finance from the University of Ghana Business School. From 1992 to 1998, he headed the Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Fuel Substitution Unit at the Ministry of Mines and Energy in Accra. Between 1998 and 2005, he was the founding executive director of the Ghana Energy Foundation, a public-private partnership dedicated to the promotion of energy efficiency where he worked from 1998 to 2005. He has been instrumental in the roll-out of energy efficiency standards and labelling for household appliances in Ghana and other African countries. He was appointed the Executive Secretary of the Energy Commission in May 2005. In addition, he has served as the Deputy Chairperson of the Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP). He was the Director of Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation at the Ministry of Power.

References

Akan people
Ghanaian civil servants
Ghanaian engineers
Ghanaian Protestants
Living people
University of Ghana alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Alfred Ofosu-Ahenkorah


Kirby Super Star Ultra is a remake of Kirby Super Star, a collection of side-scrolling platform video games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. It was made for Kirby's 15th anniversary. The game was released for the Nintendo DS in 2008.

Game modes and plot
Kirby Super Star Ultra has every game that the original Kirby Super Star has, along with new games. The original games are:

Spring Breeze: King Dedede had stolen food from the people of Dream Land. Kirby goes to his castle to stop him. A traditional Kirby platformer. This game is like a smaller version of the first Kirby game, Kirby's Dream Land.
Dyna Blade: Kirby must stop Dyna Blade, a giant bird, from disturbing Dream Land's crops. This game has five levels, two secret levels, and a mini-boss level. This game also has a world map.
Gourmet Race: King Dedede challenges Kirby to a gourmet race. A racing game where the player goes against King Dedede in a race while also eating as many food as possible.
The Great Cave Offensive: Kirby fell off a cave and explores it, discovering treasure as he finds the exit. A Metroidvania game with 60 hidden treasures. Some treasures are from other Nintendo games.
Revenge of Meta Knight: Meta Knight is unhappy with the laziness of Dream Land's people. He plans to take over Dream Land with his flying battleship, the Halberd. A story-driven game focused on Kirby's attempts to stop Meta Knight. Each level has a limited time to complete. After completing a level, the Halberd takes damage.
Milky Way Wishes: The sun and moon are fighting. Marx, tells Kirby to travel through eight planets to restore the wish granting Nova and stop the sun and moon from fighting. Kirby cannot use copy abilities. Instead, he collects "Copy Essence Deluxes". These allow Kirby to use copy abilities at any time.
The Arena: A boss rush mode that where the player fights every boss in the game with only one life and a free selection of abilities at the start of the game. The player can heal up to five times, and are given two random abilities between boss fights.

The new games are:

Revenge of the King: A traditional Kirby platformer. It is like Spring Breeze, but harder.
Meta Knightmare Ultra: Meta Knight prepares for the "ultimate battle". It is a game where you play as Meta Knight and control him through various actions on the touch screen.
Helper to Hero: A version of The Arena where the player takes control of the helper characters.
The True Arena: A version of The Arena which has the bosses from Revenge of the King. It also has a new boss called Marx Soul.
Sub-games: There are three new sub-games: Snack Tracks, Kirby Swipe, and Kirby on the Draw. They use the console's touch screen and can be played with up to four players.

Video game remakes
Kirby
Nintendo DS games
2008 video games

en:Kirby Super Star#Remake

Kirby Super Star Ultra