Zhang Wentian (30 August 1900 – 1 July 1976) was a Chinese politician who was a high-ranking leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Born in Nanhui, he attended the Hohai Civil Engineering School in Nanjing and spent a year at the University of California. He later joined the CCP in 1925 and was sent to study at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, from 1926 to 1930. He was a member of the group known as the 28 Bolsheviks, but switched to supporting Mao Zedong during the Long March. He was General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party from 1935 to 1943, when the post was abolished. He remained a member of the Politburo, but ranked 12th of 13 in the 7th Politburo and reduced to Alternate Member in the 8th Politburo.

He was First Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China from December 1954 to November 1960.  He was a participant of the Long March, and later served as an ambassador to the Soviet Union from April 1951 to January 1955.  At the Mountain Lu Conference in 1959 he supported Peng Dehuai and lost power along with Peng. During the Cultural Revolution he was attacked as an ally of Peng and Liu Shaoqi; he was rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping after Mao's death.

Life

Early life
On 30 August 1900, Zhang Wentian was born in Deng San Village, Nanhui, Jiangsu Province. Zhang's ancestors migrated to Pudong from Qinghe County to avoid the war. His grandfather Zhang Xiangfu and father Zhang Qimei were farmers, and his mother Jin Tianhua had attended a private school. Zhang Wentian was the eldest son of the family. In 1915, he was admitted to the Jiangsu Provincial Fisheries School (Wusong Fisheries School). After studying for two years, he decided to transfer because he could not physically get used to the studying environment there. In 1917, he entered the Hohai Civil Engineering School. At this point, Zhang Wentian became exposed to the Chen Duxiu's journal New Youth, and started to lean toward the idea of Bolshevik revolution.

After the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement in 1919, Zhang Wentian participated in student movements and began to engage himself in literary creation and translation. In July 1920, Zhang Wentian and his classmate Shen Zemin went to study in Japan. They studied Japanese, philosophy and other texts in social sciences. In January 1921, Zhang Wentian returned to China, and became an editor for Zhonghua Book Company, working with colleagues Zuo Shunsheng, Tian Han, Li Da, He Shuheng. On January 5, 1922, Zhang Wentian published "China's Source of Chaos and Its Solution(中国底乱源及其解决)". The article stated: "We are so uneasy about this unreasonable society, but what methods should we use to transform it? What should it be transformed into? Nonresistance? Resistance? Anarchism? Socialism? Like the water flowing in the river, it constantly troubles me. However, life cannot continue without a decision. Then, naturally we cannot but go down the socialist road." In August, Zhang Wentian went to study in University of California, Berkeley at his own expense. He took several courses, but was not formally enrolled.

Zhang Wentian returned home in January 1924, continuing his work as an editor for to Zhonghua Book Company. In October 1924, Zhang Wentian received an invitation from the Juvenile Chinese Society Chengdu branch and took up the job as an English teacher at the Second Chongqing Women's Normal School with colleagues Xiao Chunü and Yang Angong. In May 1925, Zhang Wentian left Sichuan and returned to Shanghai with Xiao Chunü to propagate revolutionary ideas. In June, Zhang Wentian was introduced by Shen Zemin and Dong Yixiang to join the Chinese Communist Party. He went to Moscow to study at Sun Yat-sen University in October.

While Zhang was studying and teaching in Moscow between 1925 and 1930, Nikolai Bukharin was still in power. Zhang learned about Bukarin's theory of allowing private rural economy through supply and marketing cooperatives, and this would later deeply influence Zhang's own policy perspectives. Zhang was much respected in the CCP circle for his thorough knowledge of Bukharin, in addition to Marxism and Leninism.

In early 1928, some members of the Chinese Communist Party branch at Sun Yat-sen University were dissatisfied with the work of the school branch office. The school branch office ignored the leadership of the party and sought to restructure the Communist Party branch. The power struggle between the two factions in Moscow reached its peak in the summer of 1928, and a ten-day meeting was held to discuss the workings of the school office. The secretary of the Soviet Communist Party Committee supported the school branch office. Despite the opposition from majority of students, under the support of minority factions including Bo Gu and others, the vote was passed to support the school branch office. After the meeting, the proud supporters of the school branch office were given the nickname" 28 Bolsheviks" by the oppositional faction, and Zhang Wentian was one of them.

On 19 May 1930, Zhang Wentian published "On the Two Lines of Struggle." The article pointed out that the Communist Party not only needs to oppose the right-wing within the party, but also needs to oppose the left-wing inside the party. This article was considered to be directed against Li Lisan and his extremism which later came to be known as "Li Lisan line".

The First Chinese Civil War (1927-1937)
In February 1931, Zhang Wentian returned to Shanghai, and soon served as the Minister of Propaganda Department of the CCP Central Committee. In September of the same year, the provisional central political bureau was established by Bo Gu, Zhang Wentian, Lu Futan, Li Zhusheng, Kang Sheng, Chen Yun, Huang Ping, Liu Shaoqi, Wang Yun Cheng and other nine; Bo Gu, Zhang Wentian, Lu Futan as the Standing Committee. After the outbreak of January 28 Incident in 1932, Zhang Wentian was disturbed by the class struggle mode of thinking, which denounced the Nineteenth Route Army generals as reactionary and counter-revolutionary "anti-Japanese warlords". He pointed out that the Party's strategy is "supporting the soldiers to struggle against Japan automatically and to oppose their superiors, using every opportunity to expose the deceptions of these officials" and making them to think that "they must kill their reactionary superiors in order to win the war."

In December 1932, the Shanghai underground party was once again destroyed. Lu Futan and others in Politburo Standing Committee were arrested, resulting in Zhang Wentian, Chen Yun and others to almost get arrested. In January 1933, Zhang Wentian moved to the Central Soviet Area with the temporary central government, and served as the Minister of the Central Bureau of the Soviet Union, and as the chairman of Ruijin Workers and Peasants Democratic Government.

At that time, the Nationalist Government was preparing for the Fourth Encirclement Campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet. Chiang Kai-shek personally commanded the attack. Bo Gu held a meeting of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, arguing that they should stick to their positions. This proposal has been opposed by the Chinese Communist Party Fujian Provincial Party Secretary Luo Ming, who said that they should continue the guerrilla warfare since people do not have the strength to resist long-term warfare. Luo Ming pointed out straightforwardly that the resolution of the Central Bureau was an "empty preaching". Bo Gu was enraged and wrote "The Central Bureau's position about Decisions from Fujian Provincial Committee," in which he accused Luo Ming of "opportunism" (Luo Ming doctrine), followed by the launching of anti-Luo Ming campaign. Many grassroots and front-line cadres involved were dismissed from their posts.

On 18 February 1933, Zhang Wentian published an article entitled "What is the opportunist line of Comrade Luo Ming" published in the Struggle, a bulletin for the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Since then, Bo Gu criticised "Jiangxi Luoming line," and Zhang Wentian also published "Luo Ming line in Jiangxi," "Fire toward the Opportunism of the Right-wing" and other articles to support Bo Gu's action. Communist cadre including Zhang Dingcheng, Liu Xiao, Deng Xiaoping, Mao Zedong, Xie Weijun, and He Shushing were involved in this movement.

In January 1934, Zhang Wentian was elected member of the Central Political Bureau and secretary of the Central Committee of the Fifth Plenary Session of the Sixth CCP Central Committee. In February, he was elected as the Chairman of Central Government People's Committee. After the fall of Guangchang, Zhang Wentian criticized the military command of Bo Gu, Li De (Otto Braun) and others at the first meeting of the Central Military Commission, and began to be estranged from them. In August 1934, the authorities of the Central Soviet area stationed at Shazhou Dam was bombed by the Kuomintang, and they were forced to relocate to Ruijin. Since then, Zhang Wentian began to communicate with Mao Zedong and became close to him.

In October 1934, Zhang Wentian participated in the Long March with Mao Zedong and Wang Jiaxiang. Three people communicated many times during the march on the way and formed an alliance against Bo Gu and Li De. On 15 January 1935, the First Red Army occupied Zunyi, Guizhou during the Long March, and held a meeting. At the meeting, Bo Gu took the lead in making a report to discuss the errors of military command during the fifth anti-encirclement campaign, but mainly asserted that the difficulties were unavoidable due to circumstances. Zhou Enlai then made a deputy report, saying that it was the tactical errors made by the military command, and admitted responsibility. It was followed by Zhang Wentian's report opposing the Central Committee's military strategy that solely focused on defense. Then, Mao Zedong made a long speech, pointing out that the cause of serious loss and defeat in the fifth anti-encirclement campaign was due to the military's simple defense line, and this was manifest in the adventurism during the attack, the conservatism during the defense, and conservatism during the sortie. Mao Zedong had planned this outline in advance with Wang Jiaxiang and Zhang Wentian. Immediately, Wang Jiaxiang, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi expressed agreement. The meeting was held for three days, and the final decision was to dismiss the leadership of Bo Gu, Li De, and Zhou Enlai. Mao Zedong was co-opted onto the standing committee of the CCP Central Committee Political Bureau by military commanders Zhu De and Zhou Enlai, and was also restored to the position as the military commander of the Red Army.

On 5 February, the Red Army arrived in Bijie, and held a Politburo meeting here. Zhang Wentian replaced Bo Gu as the CCP Central Committee General Secretary. On 12 May, Zhang Wentian presided over the Huili Meeting. After the First and Fourth Red Army joined forces in June 1935, Zhang Wentian supported Mao Zedong's decision to go up north and opposed Zhang Guotao's plan to go south.

In 1936, the Red Army carried out the failed eastern and western expedition (western route army). During this period, Zhang Wentian, Mao Zedong, and Zhou Enlai cooperated to push the anti-Japanese national united front into the CCP's focus. After the outbreak of Xian Incident in December, Zhang Wentian held a meeting to deal with the incident. At this meeting, Mao Zedong proposed to "put Chiang on trial", "get rid of Chiang", and Zhang Wentian advocated "not to take the opposite policy with Nanjing, not to organise opposition against Nanjing", "to strive to gain legitimacy of the Nanjing government and join forces with anti-Chiang troops". In the end, under the pressure from Stalin, the Xian Incident was peacefully resolved. In January 1937, Zhang Wentian secretly went to Xian to discuss matters with Zhou Enlai, Bo Gu and others.

Second Sino-Japanese War
After the full-scale Sino-Japanese War broke out in China in August 1937, the CCP Central Committee held a Political Bureau meeting in Fengjia Village, Luochuan, Shaanxi Province. Zhang Wentian presided over the meeting and made an analytic report on the political situation both at home and abroad. He put forward a proposal of ten major of resistance against Japan and rejected national defeatism.

By the end of November 1937, Wang Ming, Chen Yun and Kang Sheng returned to Yan'an from Moscow. Zhang Wentian presided over the December Politburo meeting and made a report on "The Current Political Situation and the Task of the Party." At the meeting, the Central Committee decided that Zhang Wentian should manage the Party, Mao Zedong manage the army, Wang Ming manage the United Front, forming a triumvirate layout. In 1938, Zhang Wentian opposed the marriage of Mao Zedong and Jiang Qing.

After the 6th Plenary Session of the 6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Zhang Wentian withdrew from the position of supreme leader and went on to being responsible for propaganda work and cadre education as the Minister of the CCP Central Committee and Central Propaganda Department. In 1941, Zhang Wentian responded to Mao's call and went to rural areas in northern Shaanxi and northwestern Shanxi for more than a year for a rural survey and wrote "Return to the Start". In 1941, the CCP was facing embargo from the Nationalist Party and offensive attacks by the Japanese army. The economy was on the verge of collapse, making CCP highly unpopular among peasants. Zhang Wentian was sent down to Shanxi in order to investigate how to increase the production of agricultural output and improve peasant's livelihood. During the investigation, Zhang found out about the key role of rich peasants in rural prosperity. Zhang proposed providing economic incentives to boost commerce and new capitalism, but his report was suppressed as it went directly against Mao Zedong's plan for organising collective farms and mutual aid teams. In February 1942, Mao Zedong launched the Yan'an Rectification Movement, and pushed for Sinification of Marxism and study of Mao Zedong thought. When Zhang Wentian returned to Yan'an, he became a target for Yan'an Rectification Movement, and was forced to repeatedly criticise himself. He could not apply his knowledge gained from the investigation to solve economic problems. In June 1945, at the Seventh Congress of the CCP in Yanan, he was elected a member of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee, and served as director of the Central Political Research Office.

The Second Chinese Civil War (1946-1949)
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Zhang Wentian volunteered to go to the northeast for local work. After regaining trust from Mao Zedong after continuous self-criticisms, Zhang was sent to Hejiang province in northeast China to take charge of it. On October 22, 1945, Zhang Wentian and Gao Gang, Li Fuchun, Wang Heshou, Kai Feng, Chen Guang and Zhu Rui took a plane from the U.S. mediation team to Handan, and arrived in Shenyang on 22 November. Afterwards, Zhang Wentian was sent to North Manchuria. Under the auspices of Chen Yun, he participated in drafting a telegram and sending it to the Central Committee jointly with Chen Yun and Gao Gang. Zhang suggested that the CCP's strategic principle in northeast should be to disperse the armed forces and cadres into the vast rural areas and small to medium-sized cities as soon as possible, and establish a consolidated base instead of concentrating too much attention on big cities. In December, Zhang Wentian served as secretary of the CCP Hejiang Provincial Party Committee. Because of the large number of bandits in Hejiang Province at the time, Zhang Wentian first conducted a social investigation in Ning'an County.

In Hejiang, he has presided over the work of building political power in Hejiang and suppressing bandits and land reform, and has also served as political commissar of Hejiang Military Region. Between 1947 and 1948, radical land reforms swept northeast China, followed by collective-style mutual aid teams. However, these aid teams soon collapsed, creating chaos in the rural areas. There was a "leftist" tendency in the land reform movement and other excessive violence taking place. In response, Zhang Wentian ordered newspapers in Hejiang area not to reproduce the experience of violent land reform, and to protect Hejiang's commerce and industry, and Zhang drafted the "Directive on the Protection of Business and Industry in Distinguishing the Land. Zhang strongly objected to forceful collectivisation and proposed to the Party that the emphasis should be in encouraging rural production, rather than class struggle.

In May 1948, Zhang Wentian served as a minister of the Standing Committee and Organisation Department of the Northeast Bureau of the CCP Central Committee and deputy director of the Northeast Financial and Economic Committee. During this period, Zhang Wentian drafted the "Outline on the Basic Principles of Economic Structure and Economic Development in Northeast China" and put forward the idea of "five kinds of economic components". The Outline was affirmed by Mao Zedong and was forwarded to the whole party as a guideline for the economic development of all the liberated areas. In April, he took up the job as the secretary of Liaodong Provincial Party Committee, Liaodong Military District Political Committee to organize the increase of production and to improve people's lives.

After the Founding of the PRC
Since earlier periods of the CCP, Mao Zedong's emphasis on collective farms as the correct form of rural socialism differed from Liu Shaoqi and Zhang Wentian's line of supporting the supply and marketing cooperative (SMCs). Gao Gang was a prominent leftist and a staunch supporter of Stalin's and Mao's model of bolstering collectivisation. Zhang Wentian clashed with Gao Gang when Zhang strongly criticised the idea of organising all peasants into mutual aid teams. Soon afterwards, the CCP suddenly appointed Zhang as a Chinese delegate to the United Nations without consulting him. Zhang reluctantly accepted the post and repeatedly made pleas to return to his job in the economic sector, but they were ignored. In April 1951, Zhang Wentian was appointed as Ambassador of China to the Soviet Union. Zhang Wentian paid attention to studying international issues and actively submitted the analysis and policy proposals to the Central Government. For instance, the report on the first armistice negotiations in the Korean War was put forward in 1951, and was valued by the Central Government. In 1953, during his conversation with Wu Lengxi of Xinhua news agency, Zhang talked about the weakness and failures of the Soviet collectivisation system and warned that China should not blindly copy the Soviet model. In January 1955, Zhang Wentian returned to China and was appointed the first deputy minister of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China to assist Zhou Enlai in diplomatic affairs. In September 1956, the 8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party elected Zhang Wentian as alternate member of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee.

In 1959, Zhang Wentian attended the Mountain Lu meeting. On 14 July, Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission and Vice Minister of the State Council and Minister of National Defense Peng Dehuai wrote a letter to Chairman Mao Zedong. In the letter, he first affirmed that the principles of the Great Leap forward was correct. However, Peng subsequently pointed out the problems of the Great Leap Forward, "Now looking back, the basic development in 1958 was overly rapid and a bit too much. In the year 1959, not only the pace could not be slowed down, nor was it properly controlled, and continuing the Great Leap Forward did not lead to immediate regulation of imbalances, but only added new temporary difficulties." He also pointed out that the lack of democracy and the cult of personality were the root causes of all these evils. On July 19, Huang Kecheng, chief advisor of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and Zhou Xiaozhou, the first secretary of the CCP Hunan Provincial Committee, spoke in support of Peng Dehuai. On 21 July, Zhang Wentian made a speech for three hours and used more precise theoretical terms to criticize the leftist mistakes of the Great Leap Forward and the People's commune. He advocated the promotion of democracy within the party and supported Peng Dehuai. Subsequently, Mao Zedong, who originally advocated "rectification of the left," turned to criticise the "Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Group". Zhang Wentian was classified by Mao Zedong as a "Right opportunist" element and a member of "Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Group". After the meeting, "Anti-Rightist Movement" was launched again. Zhang Wentian was further criticized at the National Foreign Affairs Conference and was removed from the post of deputy minister of foreign affairs.

On 12 November 1960, he took up the job as a researcher for the Institute of Economics at Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Chinese Academy of Sciences, and dealt with the research on socialist economic development theories. He went to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Hunan to conduct a social survey. After the survey was over, he wrote a report "Suggestions on Market Trade". During the Eighth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee, Mao Zedong again criticised Peng Dehuai, Zhang Wentian, Xi Zhongxun and others. After the meeting, Zhang Wentian was deprived of the right to participate in all Central Committee's meetings and read any document from the Central Government. Afterwards, Zhang Wentian again put forward "A Duality of Production Relations Theory". On 1 October, Zhang Wentian took part in the celebration of the National Day and went up to the Tiananmen Gate Tower with Mao Zedong to have a conversation.

During the Cultural Revolution, Zhang Wentian was persecuted and received criticism with Peng Dehuai. From May 17, 1968, Zhang Wentian was under house arrest in his residence. During the period, Zhang Wentian and his wife Liu Ying were separated. In order to obtain material unfavourable to Liu Shaoqi, Kang Sheng asked Zhang Wentian to testify on Liu Shaoqi's charge on "61 Traitors Group", but Zhang Wentian did not give in to the pressure. On 24 October 1969, Zhang Wentian was released to Zhaoqing, Guangdong with his family.

Zhang Wentian started to write a series of theoretical essays that were later referred to as the "Zhaoqing Manuscript." He criticised the ultra-leftist line and errors of the Cultural Revolution and elaborated on the views on the basic issues of China's socialist construction. In his writing, Zhang Wentian wrote that the foremost task of socialist society is to develop productive forces, and "it is absurd to curse the principle of struggle for the material interests of the people as a revisionist, that is to say, unacceptable confusion and deceit!" About the Cultural Revolution, he thought that exaggerating the internal contradictions among the people as the contradiction between the enemy and myself "caused great harm to the Party." It poses a serious disruption to the Party "to have the comrades who hold different opinions are framed as 'agents of the bourgeoisie within the party,' because it further confuses the enemy and ourselves." In May 1972, the CCP Central Committee decided to restore the wages of Zhang Wentian and his wife. Since then, Zhang Wentian repeatedly asked to return to Beijing but was not approved. In August 1975, Zhang Wentian moved to Wuxi.

On 1 July 1976, Zhang Wentian died in Wuxi, Jiangsu, due to a heart disease at the age of 75. On 25 August 1979, the CCP Central Committee held a memorial service to Zhang Wentian in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.

Evaluation
In the mainstream historiography of the Chinese Communist Party, Zhang is regarded as the leader of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party who made a significant contribution to the CCP. During the Yan'an period, Mao Zedong once remarked: "Zhang Wentian was an influential figure in the Central Soviet Area, not only because of his status and position, but also for his own qualities." On 25 August 1979, during the memorial held for Zhang Wentian by the CCP Central Committee in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Deng Xiaoping wrote a eulogy stating that Zhang Wentian was "an outstanding Party member and an important leader of our party for a fairly long period of time." The next day People's Daily published a news that Zhang Wentian was "an outstanding party member of the Chinese Communist Party and an older generation of proletarian revolutionaries." Throughout his political career, he made criticism whenever overt leftist tendency arose within the Party. Even though his adherence to Bukharin's interpretation of Lenin's "Cooperative Plan" set himself against Mao Zedong, who followed Stalin's way of collectivisation, and caused constant fluctuations in terms of his political career, Zhang never ceased to speak up. He also devoted his entire life studying the economic issues. Jiang Zemin said in his letter to Zhang Wentian's wife Liu Ying in August 1990, "With his firm unwavering belief in communism, his generous heart as a politician and the cautious demeanour as a scholar, he adhered to the truth for the benefit of the people. His noble character to correct the errors, he always deserves to be learned by all of us in his practical, practical, humble, prudent and simple style of work."

See also

 Former Residence of Zhang Wentian

Notes

References

External links
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1900 births
1976 deaths
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Shanghai
Republic of China politicians from Shanghai
People's Republic of China politicians from Shanghai
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Moscow Sun Yat-sen University alumni
Heads of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
General Secretaries and Chairmen of the Chinese Communist Party

Zhang Wentian


In telecommunications, the carrier-to-noise ratio, often written CNR or C/N, is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a modulated signal. The term is used to distinguish the CNR of the radio frequency passband signal from the SNR of an analog base band message signal after demodulation. For example, with FM radio, the strength of the 100 MHz carrier with modulations would be considered for CNR, whereas the audio frequency analogue message signal would be for SNR; in each case, compared to the apparent noise. If this distinction is not necessary, the term SNR is often used instead of CNR, with the same definition.

Digitally modulated signals (e.g. QAM or PSK) are basically made of two CW carriers (the I and Q components, which are out-of-phase carriers). In fact, the information (bits or symbols) is carried by given combinations of phase and/or amplitude of the I and Q components. It is for this reason that, in the context of digital modulations, digitally modulated signals are usually referred to as carriers. Therefore, the term carrier-to-noise-ratio (CNR), instead of signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), is preferred to express the signal quality when the signal has been digitally modulated.

High C/N ratios provide good quality of reception, for example low bit error rate (BER) of a digital message signal, or high SNR of an analog message signal.

Definition
The carrier-to-noise ratio is defined as the ratio of the received modulated carrier signal power C to the received noise power N after the receiver filters:
.
When both carrier and noise are measured across the same impedance, this ratio can equivalently be given as:
,
where  and  are the root mean square (RMS) voltage levels of the carrier signal and noise respectively.

C/N ratios are often specified in decibels (dB):

or in term of voltage:

Measurements and estimation

The C/N ratio is measured in a manner similar to the way the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is measured, and both specifications give an indication of the quality of a communications channel.

In the famous Shannon–Hartley theorem, the C/N ratio is equivalent to the S/N ratio. The C/N ratio resembles the carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I, CIR), and the carrier-to-noise-and-interference ratio, C/(N+I) or CNIR.

C/N estimators are needed to optimize the receiver performance. Typically, it is easier to measure  the total power than the ratio of signal power to noise power (or noise power spectral density), and that is why CNR estimation techniques are timely and important.

Carrier-to-noise density ratio

In satellite communications, carrier-to-noise-density ratio (C/N0) is the ratio of the carrier power C to the noise power density N0, expressed in dB-Hz.
When considering only the receiver as a source of noise, it is called carrier-to-receiver-noise-density ratio.

It determines whether a receiver can lock on to the carrier and if the information encoded in the signal can be retrieved, given the amount of noise present in the received signal. The carrier-to-receiver noise density ratio is usually expressed in dB-Hz.

The noise power density, N0=kT, is the receiver noise power per hertz, which can be written in terms of the Boltzmann constant k (in joules per kelvin) and the noise temperature T  (in kelvins).

See also
 C/I: carrier-to-interference ratio
 Eb/N0 (energy per bit relative to noise power spectral density)
 Es/N0 (energy per symbol relative to noise power spectral density)
 Signal-to-interference ratio (SIR or S/I)
 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR or S/N)
 SINAD (ratio of signal-plus-noise-plus-distortion to noise-plus-distortion)

References

Further reading

 Measuring GNSS Signal Strength

Noise (electronics)
Engineering ratios
Radio frequency propagation
Radio resource management
Interference

Carrier-to-noise ratio


Isa or ISA may refer to:

Places
 Isa, Amur Oblast, Russia
 Isa, Kagoshima, Japan
 Isa, Nigeria
 Isa District, Kagoshima, former district in Japan
 Isa Town, middle class town located in Bahrain
 Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia
 Isa (river), a river in Belarus

People
 Isa (name), an Arabic name corresponding to Jesus in English
 Īsā, the name of Jesus in Islam
 Isa Tengblad (born 1998), Swedish singer using the mononym Isa
Isa, real name is Lee Chae-young, singer, member of STAYC

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional entities
 ISA (Days of Our Lives), spy agency in TV series
 Isa the iguana, in TV series Dora the Explorer
Interplanetary Strategic Alliance (ISA), military alliance in videogame saga Killzone

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
 Isa (album), a 2004 album by Enslaved
 Isa (comics), of graphic novel series Les Passagers du vent
 Isa (movie), a 2014 television movie
 Isa, a dance in music of the Canary Islands

Computing
 Industry Standard Architecture, a PC computer bus standard
 Instruction set architecture, the specification for data types, registers, instructions, etc. for a given computer hardware architecture
 Is-a, a relationship between abstractions in programming
 Internet Security and Acceleration, a network router, firewall, antivirus program, VPN server and web cache from Microsoft Corporation

Education
 Indian Squash Academy, Chennai, India
 Independent Schools Association (Australia), mainly for sports
 Independent Schools Association (UK)
 Iniciativa de Salud de las Americas, Spanish name for Health Initiative of the Americas
 Institute for the Study of the Americas, University of London, England
 Instituto Superior de Agronomia, an agronomy faculty in Lisbon, Portugal
 Instituto Superior de Arte, an art school in Havana, Cuba
 International School Amsterdam, the Netherlands
 International School Augsburg
 International School of Aleppo, Syria
 International School of Athens, Greece
 International School of the Americas, San Antonio, Texas
 International Studies Association
 Islamic Saudi Academy

Finance
 Income share agreement, US, a borrowing agreement sometimes used for tuition loans
 Individual savings account, UK
 International Standards on Auditing
 Israel Securities Authority

Government
 Independent Safeguarding Authority, former UK child protection agency
 Intelligence Services Act 1994, UK
 Intelligence Support Activity, of the US Army
 Internal Security Agency, secret service and counter-espionage agency in Poland
 International Seabed Authority, for mineral-related activities
 International Searching Authority, for patents
 International Solar Alliance
 Interoperability Solutions for European Public Administrations, EU
 Invention Secrecy Act
 Iranian Space Agency
 Israel Security Agency or Shin Bet, Israel
 Israel Space Agency
 Israel State Archives, the national archive of Israel
 Italian Space Agency

Organizations and brands
 Industry Super Australia, the peak body for Industry superannuation funds in Australia
 Information Systems Associates FZE, an aviation software house
 Innovative Software Applications, a company taken over by Sorcim in 1982
 International Seabed Authority
 International Socialist Alternative, an international association of Trotskyist political parties.
 International Society of Arboriculture, a non-profit botanical organization
 International Society of Automation, a non-profit professional organization for engineers, technicians, and students
 International Sociological Association
 International Soling Association
 International Surfing Association, the world governing authority for the sport of surfing
 Irish Sailing Association, the governing body for sailing in Ireland
 International Slackline Association

Science
 Isosaccharinic acid, a six-carbon sugar acid
 Intrinsic sympatheticomimetic activity, a term used with beta blockers that are partial agonists
 Infectious salmon anemia, a viral disease of salmon
 International Standard Atmosphere, an atmospheric model of the Earth

Other uses
 Intelligent speed adaptation, systems to automatically enforce vehicle speed limits
 International Symbol of Access, blue and white wheelchair symbol
 ISA Brown, type of chicken
 Ideological state apparatus, a theory by Louis Althusser

Isa


Carlos del Toro Orihuela (born October 15, 1954 in Havana, Cuba), is a Cuban artist specializing in engraving, painting and drawing.

Since 1971 to 1975 he studied in the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes "San Alejandro", in Havana, Cuba. In 1984 he graduated in Engraving, in the Instituto Superior de Arte (ISA), in Havana, Cuba.

Individual exhibitions
Among his personal exhibitions we can mention in 1979 Exposición Litografías de Carlos del Toro in the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, in Havana, Cuba. In 1990 he presented Temperas, in  Víctor Manuel Gallery, in Havana, Cuba. In 1991 he also exhibited Graphic Art and Paintings, in Bologna, Italy. In 1994 he made Entresaurios II, in the La Acacia Gallery, in Havana, Cuba. And in 1996 he presented Pintura/Grabado. Carlos del Toro, in the Taller Experimental de Gráfica (TEG), in Havana.

Collective exhibitions
He was part of many collective exhibitions, among them we can mention in 1979 the First Trienal of Engraving Víctor Manuel, in the Galería de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. In 1983 he was also included in Cuban Painting, in the Japan International Artists Society (JIAS),Yamaguchi Museum/ Hakodate Municipal Hall, Hokkaido, Japan. In 1991 he participated in 18 Peintres de Cuba à Paris, at the Festival de L'Humanité, Paris, France. In 1993 he was one of the selected artist to  Internationale Grafick Biennale. Maastricht Exhibition and Congress Center (MECC), Maastricht, Netherlands. He has also participated in numerous group exhibitions in the southeastern United States, including Try Me at The Bottleworks in Athens, Georgia in 2006, Punto de Embarque at Tina Newton Gallery in Birmingham in 2007, Antes Que Nada at the Alabama School of Fine Arts in 2008, and En Cada Barrio Revolución at Avondale Bricks Gallery, also in Birmingham, Alabama, in 2012, and the Ambassador's Residence Show in Atlanta, Georgia in 2013.

Awards
His work as artist has been recognized with a lot of prizes among them can be quoted a Mention gained in the  VIII National Young saloon, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Havana, Cuba. In 1982 the second Prize. The literature in visual arts about the Guillen's poetry, Sala Rubén Martínez Villena, Galería UNEAC, Havana, Cuba. He also obtained in 1993 Prize Oswaldo Guayasamín Museum. Encuentro de Grabado'93, Centro Provincial de Artes Plásticas y Diseño, Havana.

References

Cuban contemporary artists
1954 births
Living people
Instituto Superior de Arte alumni
Cuban printmakers

Carlos del Toro Orihuela


A panjdari () is a traditional element of vernacular Persian architecture.

The word comes from "panj" (پنج five) and "dar" (در window or door), meaning "five windowed room".

By definition, a panjdari is a large room that is often flanked to the main talar of the house, and most often connected to a large balcony, where five large contiguous windows provide primary views to the main courtyard of the house.

In modern terms, the room would be the equivalent of the living room of the house. However, traditional Persian houses were very large and had many rooms. The panjdari was therefore a main daily hub of the inhabitants.

Gallery

References

Architecture in Iran
Persian words and phrases
Iranian inventions

Panjdari


Bayerischer Rundfunk is the main German radio and television broadcasting company for Bavaria. It is a member of the ARD public broadcasting group.

It includes the following broadcasting services:

the radio stations
 Bayern 1
 Bayern 2
 Bayern 3
 BR-Klassik
 BR Schlager
 BR24
 BR24live
 BR Puls (only available via the Internet and DAB / Astra 19,2 East )
and the TV channels
 Bayerisches Fernsehen
 ARD-αlpha

German broadcasting companies
Munich

Bayerischer Rundfunk


Steve Sexton   is a Canadian composer, arranger, musical director, producer  and keyboardist. He served as Canadian singer Anne Murray's Musical Director for 25 years with responsibilities as her pianist, conductor, arranger, and on occasion her producer.

Early career
Sexton was born in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. He graduated from Richmond Hill High School and received a music degree from The University of Western Ontario and a performance degree from the Western Ontario Conservatory of Music.  He was a member of the Canadian rock band, Red Rider, from 1982 to 1984 and appears as keyboardist on their albums Breaking Curfew and Neruda. He was one half (with Gerald O'Brien) of the jazz/new-age ensemble, Exchange, whose recordings include Between Places, Into the Night, Exchange, and Beyond Words. Between Places reached number 9 in the Billboard New Age chart for June 30, 1990. He also appears as keyboardist on the Strange Advance album, 2WO, Platinum Blonde's album, Standing in the Dark, Shirley Eikhard's comeback album, Taking Charge, and the Jim Carrey film Copper Mountain. His ensemble, Exchange, was nominated  for a 1993 Juno Award for Best Instrumental Artist or Ensemble of the year and they have released seven albums.

Work with Anne Murray
Steve's extensive career has had him working alongside such artists as Celine Dion, Bryan Adams, Michael Bublé, Anne Murray, and top orchestras such as the London Symphony Orchestra and the Boston Pops Philharmonic orchestra and worked with John Williams.

He served as Anne Murray's Musical Director for 25 years with responsibilities as her pianist, conductor, arranger, and on occasion her producer. He was the Music Director for many of her television shows, including Friends & Legends (2008), The Music of My Life (2005), Intimate Evening with Anne Murray (1998), The Sounds of London (1985), Anne Murray's Winter Carnival in Quebec (1984), and A Special Anne Murray Christmas (1981). He also produced Anne Murray's Christmas Album (2008), An Intimate Evening With Anne Murray (1998), Anne Murray's Classic Christmas (1995), and Anne Murray (1991).

Notable Television and Film scores
His music scores for television shows include The Legend of Prince Valiant, and The Phantom 2040. As a songwriter, his compositions include "Her Body Makes Vows" which appears on the soundtrack for the Antonio Banderas and Rebecca DeMornay film Never Talk to Strangers and Tú's single "Stay With Me", the band's biggest hit. According to his official website, his compositions have also been heard on several sporting events and broadcasts including the Olympics, the Super Bowl, the Tour de France, the Masters Tournament, Baseball World Series, ABC's Wide World of Sports and the Ryder Cup.

See also
 Gerald O'Brien

References

Additional sources
Murray, Anne and Posner, Michael, All of Me, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, p. 290 and passim.
Encyclopedia of Electronic Music, http://www.pugachov.ru/eem/ea.html
IMDB, https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0786690/filmogenre

External links
Steve Sexton - Official website
Steve Sexton - IMDb
Steve Sexton - Photograph
Photograph of Steve Sexton with Anne Murray and other members of her band (on Anne Murray's official website)

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian male composers
Canadian rock keyboardists
Canadian record producers
Musicians from Ontario
People from Richmond Hill, Ontario
University of Western Ontario alumni
Red Rider members
20th-century Canadian composers
20th-century Canadian male musicians
21st-century Canadian male musicians

Steve Sexton


The Gambols is a British comic strip created by Barry Appleby which debuted 16 March 1950 in the Daily Express where it ran for almost 50 years: as of 1999 The Gambols has appeared in The Mail on Sunday.

From The Gambols''' inception, Appleby received input into creating the strips from his journalist wife Doris "Dobs" Appleby - she suggested "Gambol" as the surname of the married couple who are the strip's focus - and from the 1960s Dobs Appleby received official credit for co-writing The Gambols. Social historian David Kynaston has opined that "the Gambols [inhabit] a frozen-in-time world closely mirroring the Applebys' own in Kingston-upon-Thames Surrey in the early 1950s".

The two central characters are George and Gaye Gambol, a happily married, suburban, middle class couple. George is the main breadwinner working as a salesman while Gaye is primarily a housewife, but she does occasionally take on part-time office jobs. The stories revolve around the Gambols' everyday life, in particular Gaye's passion for shopping and George's attempts at home improvements. The couple is childless but, at least once a year, they have their non-sibling nephew and niece: Flivver and Miggy, stay with them.

Originally The Gambols appeared three times a week formatted as a strip of three or four panels, and three times in single panel format. As of 4 June 1951 - when paper rationing officially ended - The Gambols was featured daily in multi-panel format, and as of 1956 an extended three row strip was prepped for the Sunday Express. Some of the strips also appeared in colour.

After Dobs' death in 1985, Barry Appleby continued with the strip alone until his own death in 1996. The strip was then taken over by Appleby's longtime associate Roger Mahoney.. In November 1999 the Express canceled The Gambols with the Express running an intended final strip showing George and Gaye - along with Flivver and Miggy - evidently preparing to journey on in the family car. However the strip was picked up as of December 1999 by the Mail on Sunday for whom Mahoney has been drawing The Gambols'' ever since.

References

External links
The Gambols Comic Strips Gallery

British comic strips
1950 comics debuts
Comics about married people
Comic strip duos
Comics characters introduced in 1950
British comics characters
Gag-a-day comics

The Gambols


Bardney Abbey in Lincolnshire, England, was a Benedictine monastery founded in 697 by King Æthelred of Mercia, who was to become the first abbot. The monastery was supposedly destroyed during a Danish raid in 869. In 1087, the site was refounded as a priory, by Gilbert de Gant, Earl of Lincoln, and it regained status as an abbey in 1115.

In 1537, six of the Bardney Abbey monks were executed for their role in the Lincolnshire Rising. In 1538, the Abbey was disbanded and its property seized during the Dissolution of the Monasteries campaign started by Henry VIII. The property was then granted to Sir Robert Tirwhit.

Tirwhit retained the abbot's lodging as a house and converted the cloister into a garden.  In later years, the lodging and garden became ruins along with the remainder of the former abbey.

Excavations from 1909 through 1914 revealed the layout of Bardney Abbey. This can still be seen, though nothing remains to any height. Further excavations and conservation took place in 2009 and 2011. Some grave slabs and carved stones are preserved in Bardney parish church, which is dedicated to St Lawrence.  It is now owned by the charity the Jews' Court and Bardney Abbey Trust.

Relics of St Oswald
Bede relates that Bardney Abbey (which he called Beardaneu) was greatly loved by Osthryth, queen of Mercia, and in about 679 she sought to move the bones of her uncle, the very pious St Oswald, to there. However, when the body was brought to the Abbey the monks refused to accept it, because the Abbey was in the Kingdom of Lindsey, and Oswald, when king of Northumbria, had once conquered them. The relics were locked outside, but during the night a beam of light appeared and shone from his bier reaching up into the heavens. The monks declared that it was a miracle and accepted the body, hanging the King's Purple and Gold banner over the tomb. They are also said to have removed the great doors to the Abbey so that such a mistake could not occur again. So if someone said "do you come from Bardney?", it meant that you had left the door open.

As well as the wondrous light, other miracles were associated with the remains of King Oswald.  The bones at Bardney were washed before interment and ground into which the water was poured supposedly gained great healing powers.  In another tale from Bede, a boy with the Ague kept vigil by the tomb and was cured.  The King's heads and hands had been separately interred, for he had been dismembered in battle.  A fragment of the stake on which his head had been impaled was later used to cure a man in Ireland.

In 909, in response to increased viking raids, Oswald's bones were translated to the new St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester.

Burials
Oswald of Northumbria
Æthelred of Mercia
Osthryth
Gilbert de Gant
Alice de Montfort-sur-Risle, wife of Gilbert de Gant
Walter de Gant, father of Gilbert de Gant, Earl of Lincoln
Maud of Brittany (daughter of Stephen, Count of Tréguier), wife of Walter de Gaunt
Alice de Gant, d. c. 1181 (daughter of Walter de Gant), wife of Roger de Mowbray (Lord of Montbray)

Known abbots of Bardney
This list is taken from the Victoria County History, and Bowyer's History of the Mitred Parliamentary Abbies.

Original foundation:
St. Ethelred, ex-king of Mercia, and founder of the abbey, made abbot about 704, died 716
Kenewin, occurs 833

Benedictine foundation:
hi
Ralf, prior in 1087, about 1115
Ivo, occurs about 1133
John of Ghent, elected 1140, occurs 1147 and 1150
Walter, occurs 1155 to 1166
John, occurs 1167
Ralf of Stainfield, occurs 1180
Robert, occurs 1191
Ralf de Rand, occurs 1208, deposed 1214
Peter of Lenton, intruded 1214
Matthew, occurs 1218, died 1223
Adam de Ascwardby, elected 1225, occurs 1231 and 1240
William of Ripton
Walter of Benningworth, elected 1241, deposed 1243
William of Hatton, elected 1244
William of Torksey, elected 1258, died 1266
Peter of Barton, elected 1266, resigned 1280
Robert of Wainfleet, elected 1280, resigned 1318
Richard of Gainsborough, elected 1318, died 1342
Roger of Barrow, elected 1342, died 1355
Thomas of Stapleton, elected 1355, died 1379
Hugh of Braunston, elected 1379, resigned 1385
John of Haynton, elected 1385
John Woxbrigge, elected 1404, died 1413
Geoffrey Hemingsby, elected 1413, died 1435
John Wainfleet, elected 1435, died 1447
Gilbert Multon, elected 1447, resigned 1466
Richard Horncastle, elected 1466, resigned 1507
William Marton, last abbot, elected 1507

Further reading

Brakespear H (1922) "Bardney Abbey" Archaeological Journal Vol. 79,1-92.

 Includes finds record and floor plan from 1909 excavation.

An organisation called The Association of friends of Bardney Abbey existed from 1975 to 1993, and published a number of monographs in the 1970s whose titles and authors are listed by a number of internet sources but the actual works are more elusive.
 describing the refoundation of the Abbey by Gilbert de Gant with monks from Charroux.

In popular culture
Bardney was referred to as Bearddan Igge (Bardney Abbey) in The Saxon Stories by Bernard Cornwell.

See also
 Jews' Court, Lincoln
 List of monastic houses in Lincolnshire

References

Churches in Lincolnshire
Monasteries in Lincolnshire
Anglo-Saxon monastic houses
Benedictine monasteries in England
7th-century establishments in England
1538 disestablishments in England
Christian monasteries established in the 7th century
Burial sites of the Royal House of Northumbria
Burial sites of the Iclingas
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation
Churches completed in 697
7th-century church buildings in England

Bardney Abbey


The Chamber of Senators () is the upper house of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia. The composition and powers of the Senate are established in the Political Constitution of the State and others determined by Bolivian laws. The Senate is the legislative body of the country, where each Senator represents the interests of their Departments. The session room is located in the Legislative Palace building in Plaza Murillo.

The Senate has 36 seats. Each of the country's nine departments returns four senators elected by proportional representation (using the D'Hondt method). (From 1985 to 2009, the Senate had 27 seats: three seats per department: two from the party or formula that receives the most votes, with the third senator representing the second-placed party.) Senators are elected from party lists to serve five-year terms, and the minimum age to hold a Senate seat is 35 years.

The Senate was established in the 1831, disestablished later, and re-established in 1878.

Before the adoption of the new Constitution of 2009, this chamber was called National Senate ().

References

National upper houses
Government of Bolivia

1831 establishments in Bolivia
1878 establishments in Bolivia

Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)


Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 2 or Beta-fertilin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAM2 gene.

Function

This gene encodes a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain) family. Members of this family are membrane-anchored proteins structurally related to snake venom disintegrins, and have been implicated in a variety of biological processes involving cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, including fertilization, muscle development, and neurogenesis. This member is a subunit of an integral sperm membrane heterodimer glycoprotein called fertilin, which plays an important role in sperm-egg interactions. The other subunit is ADAM1 or alpha-fertilin.

References

Further reading

External links
 The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: M12.950

Proteases
Human proteins
EC 3.4.24

ADAM2


The Stories of English is a 2004 book by British linguist David Crystal; it traces the history of the English language from the invasion of Great Britain by the Angles and Saxons in the 5th Century to the modern splintering of the language into its modern British, American, Indian, Australian, and other dialects.

One primary focus of the book is a history of British English, from its Old English beginnings to Middle English, Early Modern English, and Modern English.  Crystal also argues eloquently for the inclusion of dialects and "non-standard" varieties of English.  Even for the Old English period, he shows how the available evidence can be used to determine what dialectal variation existed.

Finally, Crystal condemns what he sees as the over-abundance of linguistic prescription in the study of English, especially that which existed from the 18th Century to the 20th.  He speaks approvingly of the recent shift of focus in English language education away from prescriptivism.

2004 non-fiction books
Linguistics books
History of the English language
The Overlook Press books

The Stories of English


Bramble Bay is an embayment of Moreton Bay in South East Queensland, Australia. The Brisway map reference is 12 H5, or see page 91 G19 in Refidex.

The Houghton Highway, Hornibrook Bridge and Ted Smout Memorial Bridge span Bramble Bay, connecting Redcliffe with Brisbane.

The Brisbane to Gladstone yacht race begins in Bramble Bay. Activities for the annual race are centred on the Shorncliffe pier and nearby foreshore.

Bramble Bay is the most environmentally degraded part of Moreton Bay. Because the bay is so close to the urban populations of Brisbane and Redcliffe the collection of shelled marine animals such as oysters, scallops and limpets is banned. Fishing within bay's closed waters, risks on the spot fines at all times under Queensland's closed water fishing regulations.

Geography
North of Bramble Bay the shoreline forms the southern peninsula shape of the Redcliffe City suburbs of Clontarf and Woody Point.  The southern shoreline follows Brisbane City suburbs of Brighton, Sandgate and the northern Shorncliffe shoreline. The former suburb of Cribb Island was also found on the southern shoreline of the bay until it was disbanded for the construction of the Brisbane Airport.

Bramble Bay flows into Hays Inlet to the north-west, and Pine River flows into Bramble Bay to the south-west.  Some definitions place the mouth of the Brisbane River and the Boondall Wetlands in Bramble Bay. This would also place the mouths of a number of smaller creeks south of Shorncliffe, including Cabbage Tree Creek (formerly Tighgum Creek), Nundah Creek and Kedron Brook, within the Bramble Bay catchment.

Water quality
Both rivers flowing into Bramble Bay carry high loads of nutrients and suspended sediments.  Water in the bay is very turbid.  At times two sewerage plumes from the rivers are visible in Bramble Bay. The residence time for Bramble Bay, that is, the period of time that a parcel of water remains at a particular location, is 59 to 62 days, the longest for any part of Moreton Bay.

In 2009, the annual Healthy Waterways Partnership Report Card rated Bramble Bay an F from a previous C. The rating deteriorated because of an increase in phytoplankton and nitrogen concentrations, as well as decreases in water clarity and salinity.

During the past the bay contained large areas of seagrass which attracted feeding dugongs, however there are no seagrass beds in the bay today. This is due to a lack of sunlight reaching the seabed.

See also

 Moreton Bay Marine Park
 Redcliffe Peninsula road network

References

External links
 Google Maps Satellite Photo
 SEQ Waterways

Bays of Queensland
South East Queensland
Moreton Bay

Bramble Bay


Murray Thomas Batchelor (born 27 August 1961) is an Australian mathematical physicist. He is best known for his work in mathematical physics and theoretical physics.

Academic career
Batchelor was educated at Chatham Public School and Chatham High School (Taree, New South Wales). He completed an Honours degree in Theoretical Physics at the University of New South Wales in 1983, graduating with 1st class honours and a University Medal. Batchelor completed a PhD in Mathematics at the Australian National University in 1987.

His first postdoctoral research position was at the Lorentz Institute in Leiden. After a time as a postdoctoral research fellow in mathematics at the University of Melbourne he took up an Australian Research Council QEII Fellowship at the Australian National University. He then was awarded two successive ARC Senior Research Fellowships, followed by an ARC Professorial Fellowship in 2003.

Batchelor served as Head of the Department of Theoretical Physics from mid-2005 to March 2013. He has held visiting positions at a number of universities, including the University of Oxford, the University of Tokyo and Institut Henri Poincaré. He held a Visiting Fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford during Michaelmas Term 2013.

During his career, Batchelor has published over 150 peer-reviewed papers. He is a Fellow of the Australian Mathematical Society, the Australian Institute of Physics and the Institute of Physics (UK).

Batchelor was Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. Prior to this he served as Mathematical Physics Section Editor (2007–2008) and as a member of the Editorial Board (2005–2006). He is currently Topical Reviews Editor (2014-).

In 2008 Batchelor was awarded an Honorary Professorship at Chongqing University, China. He took up a full-time position there in 2013 under the 1000 Talents Plan. He is a General Council Member of the Asia-Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics.

He holds a part-time position at the Australian National University jointly between the Department of Theoretical Physics in the Research School of Physics and Engineering and the Mathematical Sciences Institute.

However, Batchelor has also shown an interest in ancient and modern stromatolites, which has led him on a number of field trips to outback Australia, including to the Pilbara Craton and to Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve.

In 2018 he led research into the stones used to build Buckingham Palace, determining that they were made from 200 million year old microbes.

Public roles

Batchelor served on the Mathematical and Information Sciences and Technology Assessment Panel for the Australian Research Quality Framework (2007).

Awards

 University Medal, UNSW - 1983
 Pawsey Medal, Australian Academy of Science - 1997
 Australian Mathematical Society Medal - 1998
 ARC Professorial Fellowship - 2003
 Visiting Fellowship, All Souls College - 2013
 1000 Talent Professor, China - 2013

Selected bibliography

References

External links
 Personal home page (ANU)
 Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical

Academic staff of the Australian National University
Mathematical physicists
Australian physicists
Living people
1961 births
People from Taree
University of New South Wales alumni
Theoretical physicists
Fellows of the Australian Institute of Physics
Australian National University alumni

Murray Batchelor


Ustad Ahmed Jan Khan "Thirakwa" was an Indian tabla player, commonly considered the pre-eminent soloist among tabla players of the 20th century, and among the most influential percussionists in the history of Indian Classical Music.

He was known for his mastery of the finger techniques and aesthetic values of various tabla styles, technical virtuosity, formidable stage presence, and soulful musicality.  While he had command over the traditional tabla repertoire of various gharanas, he was also distinguished by the way in which he brought together these diverse compositions, his reinterpretation of traditional methods of improvisation, and his own compositions. His solo recitals were of the first to elevate the art of playing tabla solo to an art in its own right in the popular mind. His style of playing influenced many generations of tabla players specially today's foremost Tabla maestro Pandit Nayan Ghosh besides the maestro's nephew ustad Rashid Mustafa.
Lineage with his contribution to Indian classical music.He was very popular in India for his experties in tabla and various other instruments.He is one of the prides of India.

Early life and career
Ahmed Jan later known as 'Ahmed Jan Thirakwa' was born to a family of musicians in 1892 in Moradabad in the North-Western Provinces of British India. Although his early musical training was in Hindustani vocals and the sarangi, his interest in tabla was aroused when he first heard tabla player Munir Khan. He became Munir Khan's disciple at the age of 12. According to The Hindu newspaper article, "When he was around 12, Ahmed Jan was brought to Bombay by his father Hussain Bakhsh and elder brother Mia Jan, both of whom were noted sarangi players, and placed in the hands of the tabla stalwart Ustad Munir Khan. The tutelage was to last for 25 years but at a very early stage, his guru's father, Kale Khan, nicknamed him "Thirakwa" because of his playful and naughty nature." For a long time, he played tabla in the court of the Nawab of Rampur and during this time, came in close contact with the maestroes of Agra, Jaipur, Gwalior and Patiala gharanas  — both vocalists and instrumentalists. On very few occasions, he rendered Bandishes in his own voice but this was only in the company of extremely close compatriots and admirers. As an accompanist, he was equally loved respected and admired by his peers and elders. Two noteworthy artists in this category of admirers was the great Rabindrasangeet exponent Suchitra Mitra (1924–2011) and the famous tabla player Pandit Nikhil Ghosh.

The name "Thirakwa" is not actually his original name, but was a nickname he earned from his guru's father. One day, while watching him practise, his guru's father remarked that he played so well his fingers seemed to be "shimmering" on the tabla. This earned him the nickname Thirakwa (shimmering). It is also rumored that his tone was similar to the thunderous cracking sound of lightning. A great lightning is sometimes described as "Thirakwa". In popular jargon, Ahmad Jan Thirakwa is termed as the "Mount Everest of Tabla". He performed at regular intervals in almost all the music conferences in various parts of the country and gained popularity as well as admiration. A connoisseur of biryani and kababs, Ahmad Jan was famous for his interpretation of the wide-ranging patterns of the beat-cycles which he liberally taught to his disciples. A few number of his live recordings are now available in audio-visual form that include excerpts from his different programmes over the years and which also provide glimpses of his mastery over percussion.

According to The Hindu newspaper article on Ahmed Jan Thirakwa, "Ustad Thirakwa, for instance, was revered both as a soloist and an accompanist. He belongs to the glittering galaxy of Hindustani classical music along with other supernovae such as Aftab-e-Mausiqui ('Sun of Music') Faiyaz Khan, Abdul Karim Khan, Allabande Khan, Alladiya Khan, Allauddin Khan and Bade Ghulam Ali Khan."

Disciples
Ustad Ahmed Jan Thirakwa, during his long career as a musician, trained many disciples all across India including Pt. Prem Vallabh ji,  Pandit Lalji Gokhale, Pt. Nikhil Ghosh (tabla player) and famous vocalist of Agra gharana Pandit Jagannathbuwa Purohit, Pandit Narayanrao Joshi, Pandit Bhai Gaitonde, Pandit Bapu Patwardhan, Shri Anand Shidhaye and Rashid Mustafa Thirakwa are some of his well-known shagirds. Ustad Ahmed Jan's unique style continues to attract many tabla players of present generation including Ustad Zakir Hussain, Pandit Chandra Nath Shastri, Pandit Anindo Chatterjee and Pandit Nikhil Ghosh.

Awards and recognition
 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for tabla in 1954
 Padma Bhushan Award for Arts in 1970

Death and legacy
Ahmed Jan Thirakwa died on 13 January 1976 at Lucknow, India at age 84.

As of 2015, an 'Ustad Ahmed Jan Thirakwa Music Festival' is held every year to pay tribute to him by music enthusiasts in many major cities of India – Delhi, Pune, Mumbai, Kolhapur.

See also
Pandit Anokhelal Mishra
Pandit Kishan Maharaj
Pandit Samta Prasad
Ustad Alla Rakha
Ustad Zakir Hussain

References

External links
Thirakhwa's page in Vijaya Parrikar Library of Indian Classical Music

1892 births
1976 deaths
Indian Muslims
Hindustani instrumentalists
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
People from Moradabad
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Tabla players
20th-century Indian musicians
20th-century drummers

Ahmed Jan Thirakwa


Ambient music is a genre of music that emphasizes tone and atmosphere over traditional musical structure or rhythm. It may lack net composition, beat, or structured melody. It uses textural layers of sound that can reward both passive and active listening and encourage a sense of calm or contemplation. The genre is said to evoke an "atmospheric", "visual", or "unobtrusive" quality. Nature soundscapes may be included, and the sounds of acoustic instruments such as the piano, strings and flute may be emulated through a synthesizer.

The genre originated in the 1960s and 1970s, when new musical instruments were being introduced to a wider market, such as the synthesizer. It was presaged by Erik Satie's furniture music and styles such as musique concrète, minimal music, Jamaican dub reggae and German electronic music, but was prominently named and popularized by British musician Brian Eno in 1978 with his album Ambient 1: Music for Airports; Eno opined that ambient music "must be as ignorable as it is interesting". It saw a revival towards the late 1980s with the prominence of house and techno music, growing a cult following by the 1990s. Ambient music may have elements of new-age music and drone music, as some works may use sustained or repeated notes.

Ambient music did not achieve large commercial success, being criticized as everything from "dolled-up new age, [..] to boring and irrelevant technical noodling". Nevertheless, it has attained a certain degree of acclaim throughout the years, especially in the Internet age. Due to its relatively open style, ambient music often takes influences from many other genres, ranging from classic, avant-garde music, experimental music, folk, jazz, and world music, amongst others.

History

Origins

As an early 20th-century French composer, Erik Satie used such Dadaist-inspired explorations to create an early form of ambient/background music that he labeled "furniture music" (Musique d'ameublement). This he described as being the sort of music that could be played during a dinner to create a background atmosphere for that activity, rather than serving as the focus of attention.

In his own words, Satie sought to create "a music...which will be part of the noises of the environment, will take them into consideration. I think of it as melodious, softening the noises of the knives and forks at dinner, not dominating them, not imposing itself. It would fill up those heavy silences that sometime fall between friends dining together. It would spare them the trouble of paying attention to their own banal remarks. And at the same time it would neutralize the street noises which so indiscreetly enter into the play of conversation. To make such music would be to respond to a need."

According to a 1998 article in The Wire, Blind Willie Johnson's 1928 single "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground" could be filed under ambient music, deeming it "a piece of country gospel improvisation, slide guitar with vocal hums and moans, but no lyrics."

In 1948, French composer & engineer, Pierre Schaeffer coined the term musique concrète. This experimental style of music used recordings of natural sounds that were then modified, manipulated or effected to create a composition. Shaeffer's techniques of using tape loops and splicing are considered to be the precursor to modern day sampling.

In 1952 John Cage released his famous three-movement composition 4'33 which is a performance of complete silence for four minutes and thirty-three seconds. The piece is intended to capture the ambient sounds of the venue/location of the performance and have that be the music played. Cage has been cited by seminal artists such as Brian Eno as influence.

1960s
In the 1960s, many music groups experimented with unusual methods, with some of them creating what would later be called ambient music.

In the summer of 1962, composers Ramon Sender and Morton Subotnick founded The San Francisco Tape Music Center which functioned both as an electronic music studio and concert venue. Other composers working with tape recorders became members and collaborators including Pauline Oliveros, Terry Riley and Steve Reich. Their compositions, among others, contributed to the development of minimal music (also called minimalism), which shares many similar concepts to ambient music such as repetitive patterns or pulses, steady drones, and consonant harmony.

Many records were released in Europe and the United States of America between the mid-1960s and the mid-1990s that established the conventions of the ambient genre in the anglophone popular music market. Some 1960s records with ambient elements include Music for Yoga Meditation and Other Joys and Music for Zen Meditation by Tony Scott, Soothing Sounds for Baby by Raymond Scott, and the first record of the Environments album series by Irv Teibel.

In the late 1960s, French composer Éliane Radigue composed several pieces by processing tape loops from the feedback between two tape recorders and a microphone. In the 1970s, she then went on to compose similar music almost exclusively with an ARP 2500 synthesiser, and her long, slow compositions have often been compared to drone music. In 1969, the group COUM Transmissions were performing sonic experiments in British art schools. Pearls Before Swine's 1968 album Balaklava features the sounds of birdsong and ocean noise, which were to become tropes of ambient music.

1970s
Developing in the 1970s, ambient music stemmed from the experimental and synthesizer-oriented styles of the period.

Between 1974 and 1976, American composer Laurie Spiegel created her seminal work The Expanding Universe, created on a computer-analog hybrid system called GROOVE. In 1977, her composition, Music of the Spheres was included on Voyager 1 and 2's Golden Record.

In April 1975, Suzanne Ciani gave two performances on her Buchla synthesizer – one at the WBAI Free music store and one at Phil Niblock's loft. These performances were released on an archival album in 2016 entitled Buchla Concerts 1975. According to the record label, these concerts were part live presentation, part grant application and part educational demonstration.

However, it was not until Brian Eno coined the term in the mid-70s that ambient music was defined as a genre. Eno went on to record 1975's Discreet Music with this in mind, suggesting that it be listened to at "comparatively low levels, even to the extent that it frequently falls below the threshold of audibility", referring to Satie's quote about his musique d'ameublement.

Other contemporaneous musicians creating ambient-style music at the time included Jamaican dub musicians such as King Tubby, Japanese electronic music composers such as Isao Tomita and Ryuichi Sakamoto as well as the psychoacoustic soundscapes of Irv Teibel's Environments series, and German experimental bands such as Popol Vuh, Cluster, Kraftwerk, Harmonia, Ash Ra Tempel and Tangerine Dream. Mike Orme of Stylus Magazine describes the work of Berlin school musicians as "laying the groundwork" for ambient.

The impact the rise of the synthesizer in modern music had on ambient as a genre cannot be overstated; as Ralf Hutter of early electronic pioneers Kraftwerk said in a 1977 Billboard interview: "Electronics is beyond nations and colors...with electronics everything is possible. The only limit is with the composer".  The Yellow Magic Orchestra developed a distinct style of ambient electronic music that would later be developed into ambient house music.

Brian Eno

The English producer Brian Eno is credited with coining the term "ambient music" in the mid-1970s. He said other artists had been creating similar music, but that "I just gave it a name. Which is exactly what it needed ... By naming something you create a difference. You say that this is now real. Names are very important." He used the term to describe music that is different from forms of canned music like Muzak.

In the liner notes for his 1978 album Ambient 1: Music for Airports, Eno wrote:

Eno, who describes himself as a "non-musician", termed his experiments "treatments" rather than traditional performances.

1980s
In the late 70s, new-age musician Laraaji began busking in New York parks and sidewalks, including Washington Square Park. It was there that Brian Eno heard Laraaji playing and asked him if he'd like to record an album. Day of Radiance released in 1980, was the third album in Eno's Ambient series. Although Laraaji had already recorded a number of albums, this one gave him international recognition. Unlike other albums in the series, Day of Radiance featured mostly acoustic instruments instead of electronics.

In the mid-1980s, the possibilities to create a sonic landscape increased through the use of sampling.  By the late 1980s, there was a steep increase in the incorporation of the computer in the writing and recording process of records. The sixteen-bit Macintosh platform with built-in sound and comparable IBM models would find themselves in studios and homes of musicians and record makers.

However, many artists were still working with analogue synthesizers and acoustic instruments to produce ambient works.

In 1983, Midori Takada recorded her first solo LP Through the Looking Glass in two days. She performed all parts on the album, with diverse instrumentation including percussion, marimba, gong, reed organ, bells, ocarina, vibraphone, piano and glass Coca-Cola bottles.

Between 1988 and 1993 Éliane Radigue produced three hour-long works on the ARP 2500 which were subsequently issued together as La Trilogie De La Mort.

Also in 1988, founding member and director of the San Francisco Tape Music Centre, Pauline Oliveros coined the term "deep listening" after she recorded an album inside a huge underground cistern in Washington which has a 45-second reverberation time. The concept of Deep Listening then went on to become "an aesthetic based upon principles of improvisation, electronic music, ritual, teaching and meditation".

1990s
By the early 1990s, artists such as the Orb, Aphex Twin, Seefeel, the Irresistible Force, Biosphere, and the Higher Intelligence Agency gained commercial success and were being referred to by the popular music press as ambient house, ambient techno, IDM or simply "ambient". The term chillout emerged from British ecstasy culture which was originally applied in relaxed downtempo "chillout rooms" outside of the main dance floor where ambient, dub and downtempo beats were played to ease the tripping mind.

British artists such as Aphex Twin (specifically: Selected Ambient Works Volume II, 1994), Global Communication (76:14, 1994), The Future Sound of London (Lifeforms, 1994, ISDN, 1994), the Black Dog (Temple of Transparent Balls, 1993), Autechre (Incunabula, 1993, Amber, 1994), Boards of Canada, and The KLF's Chill Out, (1990), all took a part in popularising and diversifying ambient music where it was used as a calming respite from the intensity of the hardcore and techno popular at that time.

Other global ambient artists from the 1990s include American composers Stars of the Lid (who released 5 albums during this decade), and Japanese artist Susumu Yokota whose album Sakura (1999) featured what Pitchfork magazine called "dreamy, processed guitar as a distinctive sound tool".

2000s–present

By the late 2000s and 2010s, ambient music also gained widespread recognition on YouTube, with uploaded pieces, usually ranging from 1 to 8 hours long, getting over millions of hits. Such videos are usually titled, or are generally known as, "relaxing music", and may be influenced by other music genres. Ambient videos assist online listeners with yoga, study, sleep (see music and sleep), massage, meditation and gaining optimism, inspiration, and creating peaceful atmosphere in their rooms or other environments.
Many uploaded ambient videos tend to be influenced by biomusic where they feature sounds of nature, though the sounds would be modified with reverbs and delay units to make spacey versions of the sounds as part of the ambience. Such natural sounds oftentimes include those of a beach, rainforest, thunderstorm and rainfall, among others, with vocalizations of animals such as bird songs being used as well. Pieces containing binaural beats are common and popular uploads as well, which provide music therapy and stress management for the listener.

iTunes and Spotify have digital radio stations that feature ambient music, which are mostly produced by independent labels.

Acclaimed ambient music of this era (according to Pitchfork magazine) include works by Max Richter, Julianna Barwick, Grouper, William Basinski, Oneohtrix Point Never, and the Caretaker. In 2011, American composer Liz Harris recording as Grouper released the album AIA: Alien Observer, listed by Pitchfork at number 21 on their "50 Best Ambient Albums of All Time". In 2011, Julianna Barwick released her first full-length album The Magic Place. Heavily influenced by her childhood experiences in a church choir, Barwick loops her wordless vocals into ethereal soundscapes. It was listed at number 30 on Pitchfork's 50 Best Ambient Albums of All Time. After several self-released albums, Buchla composer, producer and performer Kaitlyn Aurelia Smith was signed to independent record label Western Vinyl in 2015. In 2016, she released her second official album EARS. It paired the Buchla synthesizer with traditional instruments and her compositions were compared to Laurie Spiegel and Alice Coltrane. Kaitlyn has also collaborated with other well-known Buchla performer, Suzanne Ciani. Iggy Pop's 2019 album Free features ambient soundscapes. Mallsoft, a subgenre of vaporwave, features various ambient influences, with artists such as Cat System Corp. and Groceries exploring ambient sounds typical of malls and grocery stores.

Related and derivative genres

Ambient dub

Ambient dub is a fusion of ambient music with dub. The term was first coined by Birmingham's now defunct label "Beyond Records" in early 1990s. The label released series of albums Ambient Dub Volume 1 to 4 that inspired many artists, including Bill Laswell, who used the same phrase in his music project Divination, where he collaborated with other artists in the genre. Ambient dub adopts dub styles made famous by King Tubby and other Jamaican sound artists from the 1960s to the early 1970s, using DJ-inspired ambient electronica, complete with all the inherent drop-outs, echo, equalization and psychedelic electronic effects. It often features layering techniques and incorporates elements of world music, deep bass lines and harmonic sounds. According to David Toop, "Dub music is like a long echo delay, looping through time...turning the rational order of musical sequences into an ocean of sensation." Notable artists within the genre include Dreadzone, Higher Intelligence Agency, the Orb, Gaudi, Ott, Loop Guru, Woob and Transglobal Underground as well as Banco de Gaia and Leyland Kirby

Ambient house

Ambient house is a musical category founded in the late 1980s that is used to describe acid house featuring ambient music elements and atmospheres. Tracks in the ambient house genre typically feature four-on-the-floor beats, synth pads, and vocal samples integrated in an atmospheric style. Ambient house tracks generally lack a diatonic center and feature much atonality along with synthesized chords. The Dutch Brainvoyager is an example of this genre. Illbient is another form of ambient house music.

Ambient techno

Ambient techno is a music category emerging in the late 1980s that is used to describe ambient music atmospheres with the rhythmic and melodic elements of techno. Notable artists include Aphex Twin, B12, Autechre, and the Black Dog.

Ambient industrial
Ambient industrial is a hybrid genre of industrial and ambient music. A "typical" ambient industrial work (if there is such a thing) might consist of evolving dissonant harmonies of metallic drones and resonances, extreme low frequency rumbles and machine noises, perhaps supplemented by gongs, percussive rhythms, bullroarers, distorted voices or anything else the artist might care to sample (often processed to the point where the original sample is no longer recognizable). Entire works may be based on radio telescope recordings, the babbling of newborn babies, or sounds recorded through contact microphones on telegraph wires.

Ambient pop
Ambient pop is a musical genre that developed in the 1980s as an extension of the dream pop movement. It merges structures that are common to conventional pop music with "electronic textures and atmospheres that mirror the hypnotic, meditative qualities of ambient music." Ambient pop employs the lock-groove melodies of Krautrock as an influence. Despite being an extension of the dream pop movement, it is distinguished by its adoption of "contemporary electronic idioms, including sampling, although for the most part live instruments continue to define the sound."

David Bowie was among the first rock and pop artists to experiment with ambient music, particularly on his Berlin Trilogy with ambient music pioneer Brian Eno. The track "Red Sails" from the trilogy's third album, Lodger was described as a "piece of ambient pop with Motorik beat." English art rock band Japan's song "Taking Islands in Africa" from Gentlemen Take Polaroids (1980) is regarded by AllMusic critic Stewart Mason as a forecast of "the ambient pop direction Japan (and leader David Sylvian) would take for the rest of their careers." Featuring the Yellow Magic Orchestra leader Ryuichi Sakamoto, the track employed "a very non-rock African talking drum rhythm, slowed down to a sub-heartbeat crawl and overlaid with layers of atmospheric keyboards and minimal bass."

Dream pop band Slowdive's 1995 Pygmalion album heavily incorporated elements of ambient electronica, influencing many bands of the genre. Pitchfork critic Nitsuh Abebe described the album's tracks as "ambient pop dreams that have more in common with post-rock like Disco Inferno than shoegazers like Ride".

Dark ambient

Brian Eno's original vision of ambient music as unobtrusive musical wallpaper, later fused with warm house rhythms and given playful qualities by the Orb in the 1990s, found its opposite in the style known as dark ambient. Populated by a wide assortment of personalities—ranging from older industrial and metal experimentalists (Scorn's Mick Harris, Current 93's David Tibet, Nurse with Wound's Steven Stapleton) to electronic boffins (Kim Cascone/PGR, Psychick Warriors Ov Gaia), Japanese noise artists (K.K. Null, Merzbow), and latter-day indie rockers (Main, Bark Psychosis) – dark ambient features toned-down or entirely missing beats with unsettling passages of keyboards, eerie samples, and treated guitar effects. Like most styles related in some way to electronic/dance music of the '90s, it's a very nebulous term; many artists enter or leave the style with each successive release. Related styles include ambient industrial (see below) and isolationist ambient.

Space music

Space music, also spelled "Spacemusic", includes music from the ambient genre as well as a broad range of other genres with certain characteristics in common to create the experience of contemplative spaciousness.

Space music ranges from simple to complex sonic textures sometimes lacking conventional melodic, rhythmic, or vocal components, generally evoking a sense of "continuum of spatial imagery and emotion", beneficial introspection, deep listening and sensations of floating, cruising or flying.

Space music is used by individuals for both background enhancement and foreground listening, often with headphones, to stimulate relaxation, contemplation, inspiration and generally peaceful expansive moods and soundscapes. Space music is also a component of many film soundtracks and is commonly used in planetariums, as a relaxation aid and for meditation.

Notable ambient-music shows

 Sirius XM Chill plays ambient, chillout and downtempo electronica.
 Sirius XM Spa blends ambient and new age instrumental music on channel XM 68.
 Echoes, a daily two-hour music radio program hosted by John Diliberto featuring a soundscape of ambient, spacemusic, electronica, new acoustic and new music directions – founded in 1989 and syndicated on 130 radio stations in the USA.
 BBC Radio 1 Relax is a radio station offered by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) that broadcasts ambient music. The channel features a variety of ambient genres, including electronic and instrumental compositions.
 Hearts of Space, a program hosted by Stephen Hill and broadcast on NPR in the US since 1973.
 Musical Starstreams, a US-based commercial radio station and Internet program produced, programmed and hosted by Forest since 1981.
 Star's End, a radio show on 88.5 WXPN, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1976, it is the second longest-running ambient music radio show in the world.
 Ultima Thule Ambient Music, a weekly 90-minute show broadcast since 1989 on community radio across Australia.
 Avaruusromua, the name meaning "space debris", is a 60-minute ambient and avant-garde radio program broadcast since 1990 on Finnish public broadcaster YLE's various stations.

See also

Notes

References

External links

 Ambient Techno in Sound on Sound
 Ambient Music Guide – Comprehensive ambient music resource site

Easy listening music
Electronic music genres
British styles of music
Radio formats
1960s in music

Ambient music


Farewell or fare well is a parting phrase. The terms may also refer to:

Places
 Farewell, Missouri, a community in the United States
 Farewell and Chorley, a location in the United Kingdom near Lichfield, site of the former Farewell Priory
 Cape Farewell (disambiguation), multiple places

Films
 Farewell (1930 film) (German: Abschied), a film directed by Robert Siodmak
 Farewells (Polish: Pożegnania), a 1958 film directed by Wojciech Has
 Farewell (1967 film) (Gobyeol), a South Korean film starring Shin Young-kyun
 Farewell (1972 film) (Jagbyeol), a South Korean film starring Namkoong Won
 Farewell (1983 film) (Proshchanie), a film directed by Elem Klimov
 The Farewell (2000 film), a 2000 German film
 Farewell (2009 film) (L'affaire Farewell), a 2009 French film
 The Farewell (2019 film), a 2019 American film

Music

Groups and labels
 Farewell (band), an American pop-punk band

Classical
 Farewell Symphony, Symphony No. 45 by Haydn
 Piano Sonata No. 26 (Beethoven), known as "Das Lebewohl" or "Les Adieux" ("The Farewell")
 Waltz in A-flat major, Op. 69, No. 1 (Chopin), called also The Farewell Waltz or Valse de l'adieu.
 "Farewell", the final movement in Waldszenen, op. 82 by Robert Schumann

Albums
 Farewell (Divinefire album), 2008
 Farewell (Oingo Boingo album), 1996
 Farewell (Gil Evans album), 1986
 Farewell (The Seekers album), 2019
 Farewell (The Supremes album), 1970
 Farewell (Tomiko Van album), 2006
 Farewell (Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band album), 1980
 Farewell, a 2003 album by Clan of Xymox

Songs
 "Farewell" (Bob Dylan song), 1963
 "Farewell" (Rihanna song), 2011
 "Farewell" (Rod Stewart song), 1974
 "Farewell", a single by Congreso
 "Farewell", by Avantasia from The Metal Opera
 "Farewell", by Eminem from Music to Be Murdered By
 "Farewell", by Freedom Call from Crystal Empire
 "Farewell", by Heavenly from Carpe Diem
 "Farewell", by Kamelot from Epica
 "Farewell", by Sentenced from Frozen
 "Farewell", a series of songs by Seventh Wonder from Tiara
 "Farewell", by Simple Plan from Taking One for the Team
 "Farewell", by The Yardbirds from Roger the Engineer
 "Farewell", composed by A. R. Rahman from the film soundtrack Million Dollar Arm
 "Drum bun" (meaning "Farewell"), a popular military and patriotic Romanian song

Other uses
 Farewell, the code-name of the KGB defector Vladimir Vetrov
 Farewell (Ayşe Kulin) (Turkish: Veda), a 2008 novel by Ayşe Kulin
 Farewell, a bronze relief by Ivan Zajec at Prešeren Monument, Ljubljana, Slovenia
 "Farewell", a 2006 episode of the television series 12 oz. Mouse

See also

 Fare Thee Well (disambiguation)
 Farwell (disambiguation)

Farewell