Udayananu Tharam () is a 2005 Indian Malayalam-language black comedy satire film directed by Rosshan Andrrews and written by Sreenivasan based on a story he had co-written with the director. The film stars Mohanlal, Meena, Sreenivasan, Mukesh and Jagathy Sreekumar. The songs featured in the film was composed by Deepak Dev, while Ouseppachan provided the background score. Udayananu Tharam presents the Malayalam film industry through a satirical viewpoint.

The financial and artistic crisis which plagued the once glittering Malayalam film industry at the turn of the 21st century lies at the center of the story. It depicts the struggles of Udayabhanu (Mohanlal), who is an assistant director and who aspires to be a director. But he is thwarted in his attempts by a scheming friend and junior artist, Rajappan Thengamoodu (Sreenivasan), who steals his screenplay to become superstar Saroj Kumar.

The film made the biggest ever opening until then in the history of Malayalam cinema. The film won two Kerala State Film Awards, for Best Debut Director and for Best Choreography.
 It is inspired by the 1999 movie Bowfinger. It was remade into Tamil cinema as Velli Thirai in 2008 and into Bollywood as Shortkut in 2009.

Plot

Udayabhanu is a hardcore worshipper of films and a talented assistant director, who learns to write and direct his own film at a time when the industry is filled with dubious filmmakers. Rajappan Thengummoodu is a rather crooked friend of Udayabhanu and an aspiring and failed actor.

Udayabhanu finally prepares to shoot his first film based on his own script, he discovers to his horror that Rajappan has stolen his manuscript, and filming is underway with Rajappan playing the leading role, which eventually propels him to stardom. Udhayabhanu soon finds himself faced with a career and personal crisis, with his faltering relations with his actress wife Madhumati contributing to the latter. She leaves the house later after Udayan causes chaos in the house after getting drunk, saying that he lost everything.

Later, with the help of producer Babykuttan, Udayabanu prepares to direct another film, but he is forced to cast Rajappan as the hero since he was the star with most market value at that time. Rajappan takes up the offer, since he is also at a plateau of his career, but refuses to co-operate and throws tantrums and causes maximum trouble when possible. He spends most of his time actively flirting with the actresses in the film.

Towards the end of the shoot, using a perceived insult as a ruse, Rajappan leaves the set leaving the film half way with the hope that this will destroy Udayabanu's career for ever. But Udayabanu devises clever tactics and shoots the remaining scenes with Rajappan without him even being aware of it.

At the end, the film is a critical and box office success, which also saves Rajappan from his damaging career, Rajappan realises his mistakes, admits publicly that Udayabanu is the real star and not himself and apologises to Udayabhanu.

Cast

Production
The film was the directorial debut of Rosshan Andrrews who started as an assistant director in Malayalam cinema. He changed his name from Roshan Andrews to Rosshan Andrrews as per numerology before the film's release. The film's story was conceived by Andrrews, who prepared the story three years back but producers were not willing to take the film as they thought a film based on film industry would not work. He also approached Jayaram for the film, but he also rejected it as he was a new director. He then narrated the story to Sreenivasan who developed it into a screenplay, which took two years, and introduced him to C. Karunakaran who agreed to produce the film. Sreenivasan also helped him to cast Mohanlal in the lead role.

Soundtrack

Home media
The satellite rights for Udayananu Tharam was sold to Asianet for a hitherto record sum of ₹36 lakhs. AP International released the film on DVD and Blu-ray Disc.

Reception

Critical response

Writing for The Hindu, Sreedhar Pillai wrote, "Udayananu Tharam, directed by debutant Rosshan Andrrews, asserts that the creator is a path-breaking director. After many years of prattle about `new' cinema within the commercial format, Udayananu Tharam gives some substance to the contention that Malayalam cinema has come of age. The most refreshing thing is that it is a genre film, a black comedy, rather than omnibus masala concoctions serving all the nine rasas. Paresh C. Palicha of Now Running gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, ""Sreenivasan has peppered the story with real life incidents. He does not spare the two reigning superstars of Malayalam cinema, Mammootty and Mohanlal, even though the latter is the film's hero." He also praised Sreenivasan's performance writing, "Mohanlal gives a restrained and dependable performance as Udayan. But it is Sreenivasan who steals the thunder with his over-the-top act as the megalomaniac superstar."Sify, in their review gave the film a verdict of "Excellent" and praised the film for its refreshing script, writing, "Writer Sreenivasan and director Rosshan traces Udayan's dreams and progresses in a realistic manner. The wry passages and the swipes at the superstars are gingerly executed."

The reviewer for Webindia called the film "a definite entertainer" and praised the film's script, writing, "Sreenivasan writes about real life incidents that happen in the film industry and presents them in a humorous manner. He makes a dig at everyone, not even leaving the superstars. The director has handled the script well. But somewhere something is amiss in the narrative especially in the first half." They also praise Sreenivasan's performance writing, "It is Sreenivasan who steals the show as the dimwit obnoxious superstar Saroj Kumar." Varnachithram, praising Mohanlal's performance wrote, "He performs his role with great subtlety and makes us feel the pain of the character." They conclude writing, "Even with all the drawbacks we mentioned, it was a good movie to watch with the minimum standard we expect from Malayalam movies. But it is not a classic along the lines of Nadodikaatu (1987) or Sanmasullavarku Samadhanam (1986) which we like to watch over and over again. Finally, the movie should have been called Sreeniyanu Tharam (Sreeni is the star) for he was the real star of this movie.

Box office
It was made on a budget of ₹2.35 crore, including prints and publicity. The film was a major commercial success and a blockbuster. It took the biggest ever opening for a Malayalam film until then, surpassing Narasimham (2000). It grossed  in two weeks from 41 screens in Kerala, with a distributor share of . The film grossed ₹19,80,000 in 17 days at Ernakulam Shenoys theatre, which was a record. The film then grossed Rs 16.69 Crore from 41 screens in 35 days and a distributor's share of ₹2.76 Crore. The film managed to recover its budget from the releasing stations. It ran for 100 days in several cities such as Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode and Thrissur. The film also performed well in cities outside Kerala, like Bengaluru, Chennai and Mumbai. It was the first hit of the year.

Accolades

Spin-off
A spin-off titled Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar directed by Sajin Raaghavan was released in 2012. Sreenivasan reprises the role of Saroj Kumar from the original. The director announced that this is not a sequel. Only some characters from Udayananu Tharam were used.

References

External links

Malayalam films remade in other languages
2000s Malayalam-language films
Films with screenplays by Sreenivasan
Films about filmmaking
Rajappan1
Films scored by Deepak Dev
Films scored by Ouseppachan
Films directed by Rosshan Andrrews
Films shot at Ramoji Film City

Udayananu Tharam


The Doniphan County Courthouse, located in Courthouse Square in Troy, is the seat of government of Doniphan County, Kansas. The courthouse was built from 1905 to 1906 and was the fourth courthouse in the county. Architect George P. Washburn, who designed several courthouses in the state, designed the building in the Romanesque Revival style. The red brick building has a limestone base, and the building's north and south entrances feature limestone porches. The courthouse features circular towers at each corner and a decagonal cupola at the center of the building. The top floor of the building features arched windows connected by a band of stone.

The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 15, 1974. The courthouse is also included in the Doniphan County Courthouse Square Historic District, which is also on the National Register.

References

Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
Romanesque Revival architecture in Kansas
Government buildings completed in 1906
Buildings and structures in Doniphan County, Kansas
County courthouses in Kansas
National Register of Historic Places in Doniphan County, Kansas
1906 establishments in Kansas

Doniphan County Courthouse (Kansas)


The Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center is a non-profit organization dedicated to conservation, research, education, and animal care. The center is located on about  at the head of Turnagain Arm and the entrance to Portage Valley, Milepost 79 of the Seward Highway, about 11 mi southeast of Girdwood.  The center is in the Municipality of Anchorage on the approximant border of the Kenai Peninsula and the Kenai Mountains to the south and the Chugach Mountains to the north.

It is a Wildlife sanctuary for orphaned or injured wildlife, as well as home or temporary home to captive born and translocated wildlife such as wood bison. It is a wildlife sanctuary that provides comfortable, permanent homes for orphaned and injured animals.

History
Founded by Mike Miller, The Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center opened in 1993 as the for-profit Big Game Alaska.

In 1999, the center became a 501(c)3 non-profit organization, with Miller serving as the center's executive director. The name was officially changed to Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center, Inc. in 2007. In 2018, Miller departed the center as executive director, with Dianna Whitney being promoted to that position. In 2019, the center acquired the land and remaining assets from Miller.

Animals

Animals at the center include timber wolves, Grizzly bears, black bears, Alaskan moose, red foxes, elk, muskoxen, sitka black tailed deer, Porcupine caribou, Canadian lynxes, bald eagles, great horned owls, wood bison, and porcupines. This wildlife conservation center is also home to coyotes.

Most of the animals are cared for in large natural habitats. For instance, three brown bears live in an  habitat of brushland and conifers, and two black bears are housed in a  enclosure with a stream.

Education
The center offers educational programs and tours in self-guided, drive-through or walk-through formats.

Conservation
Starting in 2003, the center has taken part in a program to reintroduce the wood bison back into Alaska after a 100-year absence. The wood bison is the largest land mammal in North America, and is a keystone grazing herbivore from the region. Conservationists transferred thirteen wood bison from various Canadian wildernesses to this wildlife conservation center in 2006. They sent fifty-three more Canadian wood bison from Alberta's Elk Island National Park for their survival two years later. This project was a joint effort with the Alaska Department of Fish & Game and other conservation groups.

Media
Several documentaries, features films, and other video media have been shot on location at the Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center including a documentary for National Geographic and Into Alaska featuring Jeff Corwin in 2007, and Into the Wild, starring Emile Hirsch. Other special guests to the center include Jungle Jack Hanna who filmed a few segments for his syndicated program. The center, it's animals and staff have also been featured on many episodes of the NatGeo show Dr. Oakley, Yukon Vet.

In July 2010 the center's resident porcupine, "Snickers," gained worldwide publicity from video footage in which the friendly rodent appeared to behave like a puppy. The video went viral on the internet in a matter of days.

Gallery

References

External links

1993 establishments in Alaska
Buildings and structures in Anchorage, Alaska
Nature conservation organizations based in the United States
Education in Anchorage, Alaska
Organizations based in Anchorage, Alaska
Roadside attractions in Alaska
Scientific organizations established in 1993
Tourist attractions in Anchorage, Alaska
Wildlife rehabilitation and conservation centers
Zoos in Alaska

Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center


Essence-Function (體用, Chinese pinyin: tǐ yòng, Korean: che-yong), also called Substance and Function, is a key concept in Chinese philosophy and other Far-Eastern philosophies. Essence is Absolute Reality, the fundamental "cause" or origin, while Function is relative or concrete reality, the concrete manifestation of Essence. Ti and yong do not represent two separate things, such as Absolute Reality and Concrete Reality. They are always two, flexibly-viewed aspects of a single thing.

Etymology
 Essence, 體 (ti), Korean pronunciation 체, or CHE: body; shape, form; entity, unit; style, fashion, system; substance, essence; theory (as opposed to practice).
 Function, or Application 用 (yong), Korean pronunciation 용, or YONG: use, employ, apply, operate; exert; effect; finance; need; eat, drink.

Together, they form the phrase 體用 ti-yong, 체용 che-yong, Essence-Function.

Meaning

Essence is Absolute Reality, the fundamental "cause" or origin, while Function is manifest or relative reality, the discernible effects or manifestations of Essence. Essence-Function describes the interplay between the two: although Absolute Reality is the ultimate reality, the relative reality nevertheless also exists, as is evident from concrete reality. The relationship between these two realms is expressed in such schemata as the Five Ranks and the Oxherding Pictures. Various terms are used for "absolute" and "relative".

The tree forms a metaphor for Essence-Function, with the roots being Essence and the branches being Function. According to Muller, "the most important application of t'i-yung thought [...] is to the human being, where the human mind is seen as "essence," and one's words, thoughts, and actions are seen as "function."

According to Sung-bae Park the concept of essence-function is used by East Asian Buddhists "to show a non-dualistic and non-discriminate nature in their enlightenment experience," but does not exclude notions of subjectivity and objectivity. According to Sung-bae Park, the terms "essence" and "function" can also be rendered as "body" and "the body's functions," which is a more personal and less abstract expression of nonduality.

Origins and application of the concept

China
The t'i-yung developed in the Wei (220–265) – Jin (266–420) period of Chinese history, when "Unification of the Three Teachings" ideology was domimant, striving for a theoretical reconciliation of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. The t'i-yung concept was first known as pen-mo ("primary-last" or "primary-subordinate"), and developed into t'i-yung. In the initial development of the theory, "thinkers considered one of the three philosophies as 'the primary' or 't'i' and the others as 'the last' or 'yung,' insisting that their own philosophy was superior to the others." However, although the theory was used to arrange the three teachings hierarchically, it also confirmed their inner unity.

The concept developed with the introduction of Buddhism in China, adapting Buddhist philosophy to a Chinese frame of reference. One of the core Madhyamaka Buddhist doctrines is the Two Truths Doctrine, which says that there is a relative truth and an ultimate truth. In Madhyamaka, the two truths are two epistemological truths: two different ways to look at reality. Phenomenal reality is relatively real or true: one can make factual statements about concrete or manifest reality, but those statements have a relative trueness, since everything that exists changes, and is bound to dissolve again. Ultimately, everything is empty, sunyata, of an underlying unchanging essence. Sunyata itself is also "empty," 'the emptiness of emptiness', which means that sunyata itself does not constitute a higher or ultimate "essence" or "reality. The Prajnaparamita-sutras and Madhyamaka emphasized the non-duality of form and emptiness: form is emptiness, emptiness is form, as the heart sutra says.

When Buddhism was introduced to China, the two truths doctrine was a point of confusion. Chinese thinking took this to refer to two ontological truths: reality exists of two levels, a relative level and an absolute level. The doctrines of Buddha-nature and Sunyata were understood as akin to Dao and the Taoist non-being. It took the Chinese world several centuries to realize that sunyata has another meaning.

Based on their understanding of the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra, the Chinese supposed that the teaching of the Buddha-nature was, as stated by that sutra, the final Buddhist teaching, and that there is an essential truth above sunyata and the two truths. The idea that ultimate reality is present within the daily world of relative reality melded well with Chinese culture, which emphasized the mundane world and society. But this does not tell how the absolute is present in the relative world:

The notions appear already in the Zhongyong (Doctrine of the Mean) attributed to Zi Si (481–402 BCE), the grandson of Confucius. The first philosopher to systematically use the ti-yong schema was Wang Bi (226–249) in his commentary to Daodejing, chapter 22, when he discussed the metaphysical relation between non-being (wu) and being (you). Subsequently, the notion has been borrowed from the Neo-Daoist philosophy to other schools of Chinese philosophy, including Hua-yen and other schools of Buddhism, and the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi, and served as a basic tool of interpretation. With these schools, it has travelled to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, and has been developed there.

The Awakening of Mahayana Faith, a key text in Chinese Buddhism, also employs Essence-Function. Although attributed to Aśvaghoṣa (?80-?150 CE), and traditionally thought to have been translated by Paramartha (499–569), in 553, many modern scholars now opine that it was actually composed by Paramartha or one of his students.

The concept was employed by Confucian reformers of the Self-Strengthening Movement at the end of the Qing dynasty's (1644 to 1912) rule in China, in the phrase "Chinese learning for essence, Western learning for application". The belief was that China should maintain its own Confucian style of learning to keep the "essence" of society, while at the same time using Western learning for "practical application" in developing its infrastructure and economy.

Korean Buddhism
Essence-Function is an essential element in the philosophy of Wonhyo (617–686 CE). Wonhyo developed t'i-yung theory into its most influential form in his commentary on the Ta ch'eng ch'i hsin lun (Treatise on the Awakening of Mahayana Faith). This scripture proclaims the non-duality of the phenomenal or mundane world and the tathagata-garbha. Wonhyo saw the Treatise'''s treatment of t'i-yung as a way of harmonizing the thought of Madhyamika and Yogacara. For Wonhyo, t'i corresponds to Madhyamika's ultimate truth and yung'' to its conventional truth, and these, in turn, are the two gates of Yogacara's one-mind.

Chinul (1158–1210) and Kihwa (1376–1433) also employed and developed this idea of Essence-Function in their writings in particular ways. Wonch'uk (613–696) employed the conceptual and analytical tool, Essence-Function, as an exegetical, hermeneutical, and syncretic device.

Linguistics

The concept is also employed in Korean and Japanese linguistics. Words that do not change their form, mostly nouns, which are not inflected in Korean and Japanese, are referred to as 'essence' words (體言), while verbs and most adjectives, which are highly inflected in those languages, are referred to as 'function' words (用言).

See also
Buddhism
 Gankyil
 Korean Buddhism
 Korean philosophy
 Sentient beings (Buddhism)
 Store consciousness
 Five Ranks
Christianity
 Essence–energies distinction

Notes

References

Sources

Printed sources

Web-sources

Religion articles needing expert attention
Concepts in Chinese philosophy
Three teachings
Buddhist philosophical concepts
Buddhism in Korea
Nonduality

Essence-Function


The IAE VUT Marabou was built as a piloted test vehicle to develop autonomous control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) flying in civil airspace.  Czech-designed and constructed, it first flew in April 2010.

Design and development
The Marabou () was designed and built at the Institute of Aerospace Engineering of Brno University of Technology with support from the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade and the involvement of industrial partners Jihlavav Airplanes (aircraft), PBS Velká Biteš (engines) and Plastservis-L (composites).  It is specifically designed to provide pilot oversight of the development of an autonomous control system that will allow UAVs to be operated safely in civil rôles and airspace.

The Marabou is a mid-wing, pod-and-boom style, tandem two-seat aircraft with a pusher configuration single engine and a T-tail. The wings are trapezoidal and with 6° of dihedral outboard of a brief, constant chord centre section, terminating in winglets.  They carry rod actuated ailerons and electrically powered Fowler flaps. The fin and unbalanced, tab-assisted rudder are swept and the tapered tailplane carries a single-piece tapered elevator. All manual controls are integrated in the UAV's own control drives.  The outer wing panels and horizontal tail are metal structures; the wing centre section and the vertical tail are composite.

Seats are in tandem with the forward one well ahead of the wing and the raised rear seat just forward of its leading edge.  The canopy, with a smooth and rising profile, is divided into two single-piece transparencies. A 60 kW (80 hp) Rotax 912 flat-four engine is mounted immediately behind and above the rear seat in pusher configuration.  The fuselage is a wholly composite structure.  The Marabou has a low tricycle undercarriage with fuselage-mounted, glass reinforced plastic cantilever mainlegs.  The nosewheel is steerable and the mainwheels have hydraulic brakes.

The first flight was made on 29 April 2010.

Operational history

In addition to its control development programme, the Marabou has test flown a single small turbojet engine, the 1.0 kN (225 lb) PBS Velká Biteš TJ-100M, mounted on a short pylon above the port wing at the outer end of the centre section. Its fuel is carried in a separate centre section tank.

Specifications

References

2010s Czech aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2010
T-tail aircraft

IAE VUT Marabou


Gummite is a yellow amorphous mixture of uranium minerals, oxides, silicates, and hydrates of uranium, derived from the alteration of uraninite. It is named for its gum-like luster.

The material has been known by various other names, mostly due to differences in sample origins, including: eliasite from Elias – the name of a mine at Jáchymov,  coracite – a variety from Lake Superior, pittinite, pechuran, urangummit, and uranogummite.

References
Gummite on Mindat.org

Uranium minerals

Gummite


Hot Springs is a thriller novel by Stephen Hunter, published in 2000.

It is about gangsters and gambling in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It is the first novel in the series featuring Hunter's character Earl Swagger.

It is summer 1946 and Earl Swagger, former Marine and recipient of the Medal of Honor, feels he is an angry man with nowhere to go in the post-war peace. But then he joins a new war, the one against organized crime, and in this hellish crucible rediscovers his courageous true self.

Plot summary
Right after the official ceremony of receiving the Medal of Honor in Washington, D.C., 1stSgt Earl Swagger (retired)  is being approached by district attorney of Garland County Fred Becker and ex-FBI agent D. A. Parker. The two men propose him a new job in Hot Springs, Arkansas to fight against organized crime and finally end the gambling and corruption of the city. Swagger's mission is to train twelve young policemen into a "dream team" and instruct them during operations in city casinos. The mission is to close down all gambling places, preferably without hurting people. If violence becomes necessary, they are outfitted with custom .45 automatics, Thompson submachine guns, and Browning automatic rifles as well as 12 gauge shotguns and M1 Carbines.

Soon after accepting the new job, Earl finds out that his wife June is pregnant. She doesn't support Earl's idea to work in Hot Springs and is afraid of him being killed.

One of the "dream team" members, young policeman Frenchy Short (who also has a critical but unseen role in Black Light) is a smart young man, who feels that he can be above and better than the others in the team. Several times he tries to do something better than the others but in the end fails. That way he once killed two men during an assassination in the casino. Luckily for him, these two men were known bandits and Frenchy became sort of a hero. Next time, while supposedly on vacation, Frenchy finds the central office of the gambling network and reveals his research results to Swagger and Parker. This results in Becker firing him from the team because of illegal way of gathering evidence (as Frenchy, in fact, broke into a telephone office to search the maps). An enraged Short promptly goes over to the other side. For a little favor, he informs the city boss Owney Maddox (based on real-life Hot Springs gangster Owney Madden) of everything related to the "dream team".

On the other hand, during the holiday Short's "dream team" partner Carlo Henderson (later seen in Dirty White Boys) is asked by D. A. Parker to investigate Swagger's past and find out, how is Swagger so familiar with Hot Springs's landscape. Swagger has shown knowledge of the city several times, pointing out important nuances during the operations, however claims that he's never been to Hot Springs before. Parker suggests that Swagger has the death instinct, because Swagger always tries to get into action himself, without wearing the bulletproof vest. During the investigation, Henderson finds out that Swagger's brother was beaten a lot by their father, Charles Swagger, former sheriff of Polk County. Carlo's investigation ultimately leads him to the belief that Earl was responsible for his father's death. When he finally questions him on the subject, Earl reveals that he did not kill his father, but found him dying in Hot Springs. He took him out of there and faked the robbery that supposedly got him killed to protect his father's reputation (and his own as well). Sam Vincent, who at the time is assistant of attorney in Garland, Arkansas. briefly assists Henderson with the investigation. Vincent also appears in other Hunter's novels, such as Point of Impact and Black Light.

In the meanwhile, the governor of Arkansas orders a Highway Patrol unit to confiscate all heavy weaponry and bulletproof vests from the team, leaving them only with their handguns. Several members decide to leave, leaving only seven men. Short suggests Maddox to make a trap for the "dream team", which results in seven of them dying, including old D. A. Parker. The sole survivors are Swagger and Henderson. They are then arrested by the police and later let go, with no money paid and on the condition that they never, ever return to Hot Springs.

Soon after, Maddox is being arrested with the accusation of owning stolen artwork. He's freed from prison by the crew of assassins who ambushed the raid team, but Swagger finds them in a place called Hard Bargain Valley and uses his Marine Issue  M1A1 Thompson to kill all of them in a savage protracted gunfight, including Maddox. Swagger also finds out that Maddox was the actual murderer of his father.

In the meantime, June is in the hospital giving birth to their son, which doesn't appear to be easy because of an unusual position of the baby. The local doctor can't rescue both the mother and the child, so Earl brings another doctor with him, who is black. The locals in the town, outraged that a black doctor has entered a white hospital and is assisting a white patient, form a lynch mob and approach the hospital. Earl, carrying three loaded .45's, confronts them and warns them that if a fight occurs, a lot of them will die. The mob backs off. June survives, and successfully gives birth to their son, Bob Lee Swagger.

Other characters
Additionally the plot features two real-life persons from that period: American gangster Bugsy Siegel who was a major driving force behind large-scale development of Las Vegas and his friend, Chicago Outfit courier Virginia Hill. Two other real-life persons appear briefly, and with their identities only hinted at. The first, a screenwriter named "Bill", shares a table with Humphrey Bogart at a Hollywood nightclub. This is actually William Faulkner, the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, when he was working in the movie business. The second brief appearance is by a gay pool attendant named "Roy", whose full name is Roy Scherer, and who later became better known as Rock Hudson. Other real-life persons merely mentioned include Mickey Rooney, Orson Welles, Rita Hayworth, Dick Powell and Alan Ladd.  Finally, Raymond Clinton, the owner of the Buick dealership in Hot Springs is mentioned twice.  This is an allusion to a real individual, Roger Clinton who owned the Buick dealership in Hot Springs during this time period and, a few years later, married the widowed mother of former President Bill Clinton, eventually becoming future President Clinton's stepfather.

Notes

2000 American novels
American thriller novels
Fiction set in 1946
Novels about organized crime in the United States
Novels by Stephen Hunter
Novels set in the 1940s
Novels set in Arkansas
Novels set in Washington, D.C.
Simon & Schuster books
Novels set in Hot Springs, Arkansas

Hot Springs (novel)


Tan Sri Mohammed Tahir Tan Tong Hye, also known as T. H. Tan () (31 October 1914 – 3 November 1985), was a Singapore-born journalist and politician who became the Secretary of the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) and the first honorary Secretary-General of the Alliance Party in Malaya. He is mainly remembered for being among the three men (the others being Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tun Abdul Razak) who took part in the UMNO-MCA Alliance delegation to London in 1954 to demand for an effective elected majority in the Federal Legislative Council of Malaya.

Early life
Born in Singapore, Tan attended St. Joseph's Institution and Raffles Institution. At Raffles Institution he was a contributor to the school newspaper, The Rafflesian, which would set him on the path to journalism.

Career
After his Senior Cambridge Examination, he became a cub reporter with the Malaya Tribune. He became acquainted with the then chairman of the newspaper, Tan Cheng Lock, who would become his friend, mentor and later colleague in the pursuit of Malayas independence. Tan rose quickly in the ranks, soon becoming a sub-editor and editor of the Sunday Tribune. He later joined the Straits Times group and became one of the leading writers of the Singapore Free Press and night editor of the Sunday Times.

During the Japanese Occupation, Tan and his colleagues organized a news service for Commonwealth prisoners of war at Sime Road camp and Changi Prison. After the war, the English-only policy for top positions at the Straits Times led Tan to join the Singapore edition of the Tiger Standard, the paper established by Aw Boon Haw. In 1950, a Standard-owned DC-3 airplane crash-landed in Thailand, paper's substantial profits, but Aw refused on account that his son was also a victim. As a result of this difference in opinion, Tan resigned from the paper.

Upon resignation, Tan joined the MCA in 1953 as Chief Executive Secretary, a position that he retained for nearly three years. In May 1954, an UMNO-MCA Alliance delegation composed of Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tun Abdul Razak and Tan arrived in London to demand for an effective elected majority in the new Federal Legislative Council. The MCA president, Tan Cheng Lock, was not asked to attend.  He authorized Tan Tong Hye to represent him in the talks as proposed by Razak and Tengku, for the trip.  Tan was instructed by MCA to hand a memorandum issued by the MCA and Chinese educational bodies opposing colonial education policy and Chinese demands over to the British Undersecretary of State for Colonies, Oliver Lyttelton . But Tan did not hand over the memorandum as Razak felt that the delegation should speak in one voice to the British colonials.  However, the mission failed, leading the Alliance leaders to push for a boycott of the Federal Legislative Council and other bodies to put further pressure on the British government to heed Alliance terms for independence.  The boycott lasted three weeks and ended when the High Commissioner agreed to consult the leader of the majority party on the filling of five of the seven nominated seats in the Federal Legislative Council.

Shortly after, the Alliance registered as a political party – the Alliance Party. Tan served as the Secretary General of the Alliance Party until May 1971. He retired from politics in 1975 after a series of heart attacks.

Other than in the field of politics, Tan also had substantial accomplishments in business and industry, as a prime mover in the establishment of Malaya's first integrated multimillion-dollar steel mill (Malayawata) and as the leader of the Selangor and All-Malaya Chinese Chambers of Commerce.  He organized the first Sino-Malay Economic Co-operation Council in Malaysia. He was also chairman and member of the board of directors in many Malaysian companies, including Southern Bank Bhd. In charity work, he was President of the Malaysian Leprosy Relief Association.

While a Buddhist by birth and he was decorated by the King of Malaysia for his service in the propagation of Buddhism in 1964, he was converted to Islam by Tun Abdul Razak. This is rather surprising as he had been decorated by the King. And the fact he converted when he was in power within the Alliance and Government. Razak was then the Deputy Prime Minister and came into power in 1968 after the serious 13 May incident which Tengku was blamed for.

Honours

Honours of Malaysia
  :
 Companion of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (JMN) (1958)
  :
 Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) - Tan Sri (1964)

References

Mention of the "late" Mohammad Tahir Tan Tong Hye

People from Singapore
Year of death missing
1914 births
Converts to Islam from Buddhism
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Chinese descent
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Malaysian Chinese Association politicians
Members of the Dewan Negara
Malaysian journalists
Malaysian writers
Malaysian editors
Saint Joseph's Institution, Singapore alumni
Raffles Institution alumni
Malaysian chairpersons of corporations
Malaysian philanthropists
Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Companions of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Singaporean emigrants to Malaysia
People who lost Singaporean citizenship
Naturalised citizens of Malaysia

Tan Tong Hye


The Terrace mutiny was a revolt by Canadian Army soldiers based in Terrace, British Columbia during the Second World War. The mutiny, which began on November 24, 1944, and ended on November 29, 1944, was the most serious breach of discipline in Canadian military history. The mutiny was triggered by the rumour that conscript soldiers based on the home front would be deployed overseas.

Root causes

As had occurred in Canada during the First World War, conscription was a divisive issue in Canadian politics. During the election campaign of 1940, Liberal leader William Lyon Mackenzie King promised to limit Canada's direct military involvement in the war. This was possible in the early years of the war, and those who were conscripted were deployed on the home front. However, as the war progressed, mounting losses combined with a lack of volunteers put greater pressure on the government to send conscripts overseas. Facing pressure from his cabinet, in late November 1944 Mackenzie King agreed to a one-time assignment of conscripts for overseas service.

Eight months prior to the mutiny, conscripts were put under increasing pressure to "go active." One of the best recorded examples occurred at Vernon Military Camp where, according to the war diaries of the Le Régiment de Hull, junior officers were encouraged to identify conscripts who were strongly opposed to converting so that they could be removed from the camp to a segregated tent camp referred to as "Zombieville." Any senior non-commissioned officer who did not volunteer for overseas service was demoted. Elsewhere in British Columbia, conscripts alleged being bribed with alcohol or money, reduced in rank, placed in isolation where they were subjected to freezing temperatures, and refused medical attention in order to persuade them to volunteer for overseas service. These methods increased resentment within the conscript ranks and lowered morale. The men separated into the tent towns at Camp Vernon were later transferred into the Fusiliers du St-Laurent.

At the time the Mackenzie King government was reconsidering its conscription policy, the 15th Canadian Infantry Brigade of Pacific Command was stationed in Terrace, in north-west British Columbia. At that time, the town had less than 500 residents. The 15th Brigade, which numbered approximately 3000 men, was composed largely of conscripts, with a significant number of French Canadians, most of whom were uninterested in fighting in any theatre of the Second World War. The morale of the 15th Brigade was low, largely due to the poor relationship between the soldiers and the local populace, the isolation of the post, the damp weather, lack of recreation, crowded facilities, and the distance from home for most of the men.

Mutiny
Many of the officers of the brigade were in Vancouver when news that conscripts might be deployed overseas reached the soldiers stationed in Terrace. Many soldiers began to disobey orders of those officers present in Terrace. On November 24, 1944, members of the Fusiliers du St-Laurent, who were part of the 15th Brigade, resolved to resist any efforts to deploy them overseas and some men seized weapons. The mutiny spread to other elements of the 15th Brigade as news came in of resistance by conscripts of other units stationed elsewhere in the province.

By November 28, the mutiny had begun to wane. The officers, led by Major General George Pearkes, regained control and imposed order and discipline on the troops. Many of the mutineers returned seized weapons. The mutiny had exhausted itself by the next day. Some units, such as the Prince Albert Volunteers, were already being shipped out of Terrace.

Cover-up

The government and military were fearful that the mutiny would spread and impair the war effort. The authorities pressured censors to apply federal press censorship regulations more strictly. These efforts were largely successful. The mutiny did not come to be well known among the general public, and the event came to be an obscure event in Canadian history.

References

Sources

 German, Daniel. " Press censorship and the Terrace Mutiny: a case study in Second World War information management", Journal of Canadian Studies = Revue d'études canadiennes,  Vol. 31, no. 4 (Winter 1996–7), pp. 124–142.
 Roy, Reginald "Mutiny in the Mountains: The Terrace, British Columbia Incident" (p. 49-69), in Men at War. Politics, Technology and Innovations in the Twentieth Century, Precedent Publishing, 1982
 University of Victoria Archives and Special Collections: George Pearkes project .

1944 in Canada
Mutinies in World War II
Terrace, British Columbia

Terrace mutiny


Isaka is a small town and station on the narrow-gauge Mwanza railway line of Tanzania which connects to the seaport of Dar es Salaam.

Transport

It is located in Kahama Rural District of Shinyanga Region. In the 1980s a dry port was established there to serve the landlocked countries of Burundi and Rwanda, since Isaka is on a highway, now paved, running 610 km from the Rwandan capital, Kigali.  The dry port functions as a sub-port of Dar es Salaam. Road transport companies can collect containers coming from overseas at Isaka and clear customs there, and deliver containers going overseas to the same location. Isaka also handles containers for the north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

In 2017, a new station on the standard gauge railway is proposed.

In 2006, China offered funds to carry out feasibility studies to extend the Tanzanian Railway system to serve Burundi and Rwanda directly.  There is an alternate plan to connect these landlocked countries to the Cape Gauge southern African railway network via DR Congo, but the DR Congo network itself is still in poor condition. Burundi and Rwanda are also connected by paved highway to Kampala which has a rail link to the seaport of Mombasa.

References

Populated places in Shinyanga Region
Wards of Tanzania

Isaka


Old El Paso is a brand of Tex-Mex-style foods from American food producer General Mills. These include dinner kits, tacos and tortillas, taco seasoning, sauces, condiments, rice, and refried beans.

Old El Paso products are marketed across the globe. The brand is owned by General Mills. Pillsbury acquired it in 1995, when its then-parent company Grand Metropolitan bought Pet, Inc., which had itself taken over the brand in 1968 from the Mountain Pass Canning Company.

The name is a reference to the city of El Paso, Texas, and the historical "Old" period when Texas was a part of Mexico.

History and products
In 1917, the Mountain Pass Canning Company in New Mexico was bought from a local in El Paso, Texas. The Old El Paso company originally started by selling canned tomatoes and pinto beans. By 1938, Old El Paso was registered as a trade mark.

Old El Paso relocated to many locations around the United States, before finally settling in Texas in 1958. In 1969, Old El Paso became the first national brand to offer a full line of Mexican meals in supermarkets and the first to advertise Mexican cuisine in the United States.

In 1970, American supermarkets created a Mexican food section in their stores for the first time, due to the influence of Old El Paso and other Mexican food products. Also in the '70s, Old El Paso introduced a taco dinner globally, where many international markets were unfamiliar with Mexican cuisine.

In 2010, Old El Paso released products under the "Smart Fiesta" line, also known as "Healthy Fiesta" in some regions. This line features healthier alternatives for their traditional dinner kits. The Smart Fiesta dinner kits include hard and soft taco shells and tortillas made with whole grain, and fajita and taco seasoning with reduced sodium.

In 2013, Old El Paso introduced their new frozen entrees line, only available in the United States. The product line features frozen ready-made burritos, quesadillas, enchiladas, and fajitas. The entrees are available in chicken, ground beef, or steak. There are no vegan or vegetarian options currently.

In 2019, Old El Paso introduced a new shredded cheese line in partnership with Crystal Farms Dairy Company.

Today, Old El Paso is sold in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Ireland, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, and Finland, among other countries.

References

External links
Old El Paso USA
Old El Paso UK
Old El Paso Germany
Old El Paso Spain
Old El Paso Finland
Old El Paso Sweden
Old El Paso Australia
Old El Paso Canada
Old El Paso France
Old El Paso Norway
Official Old El Paso UK Facebook Page
General Mills brands
Tex-Mex cuisine
Products introduced in 1938

Old El Paso


Gonodonta sinaldus, the moonseed fruitpiecer, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found from the Mexican border north to Concan in the Texas Hill Country. There are sporadic records north to at least Dallas, south at least to Trinidad and Colombia.

The wingspan is about 36 mm. There are probably continuous generations.

The larvae feed on moonseed vine.

References

Calpinae
Moths described in 1852

Gonodonta sinaldus


New Idria was an unincorporated town in San Benito County, California. It was named after the New Idria Mercury Mine, which closed in 1972, resulting in a ghost town.

Geography
The area is inside Area code 831. It is included in the Monterey Bay Unified Air Pollution Control District and the Panoche Elementary School District. San Benito Mountain, elevation , is located  southeast. The nearest city is King City along U.S. Route 101.

The New Idria Mercury Mine was named in honor of the world's then second largest quicksilver mine in what was then Idria, Austria, now Idrija, Slovenia; (Slovene pronunciation [ĭdrija], California English pronunciation [īdria].) The town grew to support the mining operations, but the mine closed in the 1970s. The town is currently an abandoned ghost town with more than 100 standing buildings, though vandalism has contributed to their deterioration in recent years. According to the US Geological Survey, both Idria (primary) and New Idria (variant) are recognized for federal use in describing the community.

History
The community was established to support the mine, which mainly extracted mercury, since cinnabar was abundant in the local rock formations.  Mercury mining at the location began in 1854.  At one time, the New Idria mines were America's second most productive mines, with the New Almaden mines in the vicinity of San Jose, about  northwest, being the first.

The discovery of mercury ore at New Idria came soon after the discovery of gold in the Sierra foothills, which began the California gold rush.  At that time, mercury was important in extracting gold from gold ore. Before the New Idria and New Almaden Quicksilver Mines, the mercury came almost exclusively from Europe.

The New Idria Mining Company was formed soon after the discovery of cinnabar (quicksilver ore) in the southern Diablo Range of central California in 1854. The town of New Idria began around 1857 and about 300 men were employed at the mine by 1861. The first school opened in 1867 and the New Idria Post Office opened in 1869, with Edward A. Morse as the first postmaster. In 1894, the New Idria Post Office dropped the word "New" and the town become known as Idria. The New Idria Quicksilver Mining Company closed in 1972.

In an 1871 report to the United States House of Representatives, the surveyor general of California, Sherman Day, noted "...that the country about the mine is a series of rough and precipitous mountains and hills, intersected by deep canons; that the greater portion of it is barren and unsuited for agricultural purposes; it is essentially a minieral region..."

On May 30, 1974, the town and surrounding 2,000 acres were auctioned by Wershow Auctioneers, in So. San Francisco.

The town has since become a ghost town.

New Idria is a California Historical Landmark (#324) and home of the world's first Gould Rotary Furnace, which revolutionized ore processing technology worldwide.

On July 30, 2010, a fire destroyed 13 buildings on the north side of town.

Superfund Site
In 2011, New Idria was re-listed as a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund site, owing to unchecked mercury run-off and contamination. As of June, 2012, the entire section of the former town site on the south side of New Idria/Clear Creek road is fenced-off.

Environmental concerns in the area
The New Idria Mercury Mine was initially investigated in the 1990s by the EPA, for possible inclusion on the EPA's National Priorities List, but the site did not rank high enough at that time to be listed.  A site reassessment was begun in 2002, and an expanded site assessment begun in 2009, which was concluded in October 2010.  In March 2011, the EPA proposed New Idria to its National Priority List. Elevated levels of mercury were found downstream of the town, as well as significant levels of mercury and other heavy metals found within tailings piles on the site.  The region has a long history of mining, with asbestos and chromium being mined in addition to mercury; the EPA's 2004 Risk Assessment for the nearby Clear Creek Management Area identified 86 separate abandoned mines in the vicinity.
The natural rock formations in the area have been shedding asbestos-rich debris into stream valleys for millions of years The average New Idria rock contains 5-15% by volume short fiber asbestos. The 2010 edition of Rand McNally's The Road Atlas labels the area immediately south of New Idria as an "Asbestos Hazard Area".

Mineral collecting
The New Idria Mining District is known for its abundance of rare minerals such as benitoite, named after the San Benito River. Gem quality benitoite is only found in this area of the world.  New Idria is also home to serpentinite rock.  Many thousands of tectonic events acting on the serpentinite have produced extensive deposits of short-fiber asbestos.

Climate

See also
 New Idria Mercury Mine
 Mercey Hot Springs, California
 Paicines, California
 Panoche, California
 State Route 25
 San Benito Mountain

References

External links

Former settlements in San Benito County, California
Ghost towns in California
Mining communities in California
Diablo Range
California Historical Landmarks
History of San Benito County, California
1854 establishments in California

New Idria, California


Urban Magic is a  live album recorded on 4 June 1997 in Laroche-sur-Yon, France by the Art Ensemble of Chicago and originally released with the March 2003 issue of the Italian magazine Musica Jazz. It features performances by Lester Bowie, Roscoe Mitchell, Malachi Favors Maghostut and Don Moye and would be the group's last release featuring Bowie who died in 1999.

Track listing
 "Urban Magic" (Don Moye) - 13:05
 "Mama Wants You" (Malachi Favors) - 10:30
 "Dancer" (Don Moye) - 3:32
 "Chant" (Roscoe Mitchell) - 12:40
 "Villa Tiamo" (Lester Bowie) - 3:15
 "Horn Web" (Roscoe Mitchell) - 6:05
 "Odwalla" (Roscoe Mitchell) - 3:56
 "Strawberry Mango" (Art Ensemble of Chicago) - 5:22
Recorded at Laroche-sur-Yon, France on June 4, 1997

Personnel
Lester Bowie: trumpet, flugelhorn
Roscoe Mitchell: soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, bamboo saxophone, flute, bamboo flute, piccolo, percussion
Malachi Favors Maghostut: bass, percussion
Don Moye: drums, congas, gong, percussion

References

Art Ensemble of Chicago live albums
2003 live albums

Urban Magic


St. Paul's College was a Jesuit school, and later college, founded circa 1542 by saint Francis Xavier, at Old Goa. It was once the main Jesuit institution in the whole of Asia. It housed the first printing press in India, having published the first books in 1556. The original building, however, was abandoned progressively after the outbreak of plague in 1578, and went into disuse as the college moved to new building known as the New College of Saint Paul. It is an ASI protected Monument of National Importance in Goa.

The ruins were demolished in 1832. The only vestige of the original college and of the collegiate church consecrated on 25 January 1543 is the Gate of the College of St. Paul, that can be seen south of St. Cajetan's church. The arch with a niche at the top and a cross crowning it, is built of laterite and flanked by basalt columns. The legacy of St. Paul's College endures until today in the Rachol Seminary.

History
In 1542 the first Jesuits arrived at India headed by Francis Xavier, co-founder of the new Society of Jesus. They were sent by King John III of Portugal to help on religious issues in the Portuguese Empire, under the Padroado agreement. In Goa, then capital of Portuguese India they established, at first temporarily, in the Seminary of the Holy Faith (Santa Fé) started by Miguel Vaz and Franciscan friar Diogo de Borba, under the patronage of governor Estevão da Gama  in 1541. Soon they renamed it  "St. Paul's College" as it became the Jesuit' headquarters in Asia. The college had classes in grammar, rhetoric, and lectures on classical authors. It had also a school for 450 local students, teaching reading and writing, and an hospital. On 10 March 1554 the college got a grant from king John III of Portugal entitling it to the rents of the temples in Goa and nearby islands. It was also entitled to the gifts from local chiefs to the king.

The French traveler François Pyrard de Laval, who visited Goa c.1608, described the College of St Paul, praising the variety of the subjects taught there free of charge. Like many other European travelers who visited the College, he recorded that at this time it had 3000 students, from all the missions of Asia. Its Library was one of the biggest in Asia, and the first Printing Press was mounted there.

The first Printing Press

The art of printing first entered India through St. Paul's College in Goa. In a letter to St. Ignatius of Loyola, dated 30 April 1556, Father Gasper Caleza speaks of a ship carrying a printing press, setting sail from Portugal to Abyssinia (current-day Ethiopia) via Goa, with the purpose of helping missionary work. Circumstances prevented this printing press from leaving India, and consequently, printing operations began in Goa in 1556, established at the Jesuit College of St Paul in Old Goa.

That year, D. João Nunes Barreto, who had been appointed Patriarch of Abyssinia, and his coadjutor Belchior Leitão stood residing in Goa, offering his episcopal services till the appointment of the first Archbishop of Goa, D. Gaspar de Leão Pereira in 1560. He introduced the printing press to Goa. The individual responsible for the initiation of printing in India was Joao De Bustamante. Bustamante, an expert printer sent accompanying the printing press, along with his Indian assistant set up the new press and began to operate it. Among others, four books are known to have been printed by Bustamante: The first book published that year was called Conclusiones Philosophicas. A year later, the printing press published its second book, Catecismo da Doutrina Christã, five years after the death of its author, St. Francis Xavier. This was followed by the printing of Garcia da Orta's Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia on 10 April 1563 by Joao de Endem. In 1568, the first illustrated cover page (the illustration being done with the relief technique of woodblock) was printed in Goa for the book Constituciones Do Arcebispado De Goa. The earliest, surviving printed book in India is the Compendio Spiritual Da Vide Christaa (Spiritual Compendium of the Christian life) of Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira, the Portuguese Archbishop of Goa.

Notable alumni
Blessed Miguel de Carvalho (1579-1624), Jesuit priest, and Martyr of Japan
Saint Joseph Vaz (1651-1711), Oratorian priest and 'Apostle of Ceylon'.

See also
 Printing in Goa
 Printing in Tamil language
 Francis Xavier
 Henrique Henriques
 St. Paul's College, Macao
 List of Jesuit sites

References

Further reading
Charles J. Borges, The economics of the Goa Jesuits, 1542-1759: an explanation of their rise and fall, Concept Publishing Company, 1994,

External links

Colonial Goa
Defunct universities and colleges in India
Jesuit universities and colleges in India
Christianity in Goa
Jesuit Asia missions
Educational institutions established in the 1540s
1540s establishments in Portuguese India

Saint Paul's College, Goa


Estadio Juan Francisco Barraza is a multi-purpose stadium in San Miguel, El Salvador.
It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of C.D. Águila and C.D. Dragón. It is named after the 1950s star Juan Francisco "Cariota" Barraza in 1982. The stadium holds 10,000 people.

History
Construction began in November 1956 and was under the direction of Pablo Paredes Lemus and Cia. After 3 years of building, The stadium was opened and held its very first game on November 15, 1959. This day saw Honduran Club Deportivo Olimpia play against Águila and drew 1-1.
In 1982, 26 years after its construction, the Aguila board, decided to change its name to Estadio Juan Francisco Barraza, after the iconic footballer in El Salvador.

References

1959 establishments in El Salvador
Football venues in El Salvador
Multi-purpose stadiums in El Salvador
Sports venues completed in 1959

Estadio Juan Francisco Barraza


William Walcot  (10 March 1874 – 21 May 1943) was a Scottish architect, graphic artist and etcher, notable as a practitioner of refined Art Nouveau (Style Moderne) in Moscow, Russia (as Вильям Францевич Валькот). His trademark Lady's Head keystone ornament became the easily recognisable symbol of Russian Style Moderne. In 1920s–1930s, he concentrated on graphic art and was praised as "the best architectural draftsman" in London.

Biography

Russia

William Walcot was born at Lustdorf, near Odessa in a mixed Scottish-Russian family. He grew up in Western Europe and South Africa, returning to Russia at the age of 17, and studied arts and architecture under Leon Benois at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg. Later, he attended art schools in Paris. Walcot's career as an architect in Moscow lasted only six years, but he managed to leave a lasting heritage of refined, pure Art Nouveau. Unlike contemporary architects like Fyodor Schechtel, Walcot never ventured into Neo-Gothic or Russian Revival styles – his work is strictly Art Nouveau, in its English Decadent variety (according to contemporary Russian critics).

His largest and best known work was the Hotel Metropol in Moscow, financed by Savva Mamontov. The spacious building, now operating as a hotel only, was conceived as a cultural center around Private Opera hall. In 1899, Walcot applied to the open contest with a draft codenamed A Lady's Head (Женская головка), earning the fourth prize and losing to Lev Kekushev. However, Mamontov discarded the professional jury decision, and awarded the design to Walcot (Lev Kekushev later joined the team as project manager). More than once, Walcot's original plans were changed in the process; in fact, there is little in common between the extant building and his 1899 draft (Brumfield, fig.56) – but the Lady's Head persisted in the main hall ornaments. The building, completed in 1905 after a devastating fire in 1901, was decorated by Mikhail Vrubel, Alexander Golovin, Nikolai Andreev and other artists. Participation of Victor Vesnin and Fyodor Schechtel, suggested by William Brumfield, has not been confirmed.

Lady's Head became Walcot's trademark, repeated in his later works (usually in place of an arch keystone), and frequently imitated by local craftsmen. For a while, he enjoyed an unprecedented flow of inquiries and secured two high-profile commissions of his own choice. These buildings, soon occupied by foreign embassies, are well maintained and retain most of their original interiors:

1899–1900 Yakunchikova House (Prechistensky lane, 10)
1902–1903 Gutheil House (Prechistensky lane, 8, Embassy of Morocco)

Walcot's mosaic, signed W.W., adorns the List House in Glazovsky Lane, built by Lev Kekushev.

Walcot's 1902 draft for the Lutheran Cathedral in Moscow won the contest, but the cathedral was eventually built to another architect's design. Walcot published various drafts in architectural magazines, influencing many local architects (Brumfield, fig.58).

In 1904, Walcot lost the contest for the Polytechnical Society Building in Myasnitskaya Street to Adolph Mincus; the building, completed in 1905–1907 by Alexander Kuznetsov (1874–1954), bears some details from Walcot's rejected draft.

United Kingdom

In 1906, Walcot relocated to London. There he was initially employed as a draughtsman for the South African architect Eustace Frere. He rarely returned to practical construction, designing only one London building: 61 St James's Street (1933). Rather, Walcot worked as an architectural draftsman, famous for his artistic presentation of other architects' designs and exhibiting his own work at the Royal Academy summer exhibitions.

Walcot, along with contemporary Cyril Farey, was one of the most sought after English architectural illustrators of the 1920s and 30s. Walcot developed his own impressionistic style in gouache and watercolour which won numerous commissions from Edwin Lutyens, Herbert Baker and Aston Webb. He also engaged in printmaking, creating reconstructions of ancient Greek, Roman, Babylonian and Egyptian buildings. A folio of his work was published in 1919 as Architectural Watercolours and Etchings of William Walcot. He was elected to the Royal Society of British Artists in 1913, as an associate of the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers and Engravers in 1916 and a Fellow of the RIBA in 1922. He was also an associate of the British School at Rome.

Walcot's successful practice was ruined with the outbreak of World War II, and, in 1943, Walcot committed suicide at Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. Walcot's painting and etchings are frequently exhibited; his painting palette is preserved at the Royal Institute of British Architects. He had a retrospective exhibition at the Fine Arts Society in 1974.

References
William Craft Brumfield, The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture, University of California Press, 1991 chapter 3
William Walcot exh. cat., London, F.A. Soc., 1974
G. Stamp: The Great Perspectivists, London, 1982

Further reading

Architectural water-colours & etchings of William Walcot (London: H.C. Dickins, 1919).
Salaman, M.C. (intro) (1927), Modern Masters of Etching: William Walcot, R.E., 'The Studio' Limited, London.
William Walcot, An Architect-Etcher and quintessential artist of the Modern British Etching Boom. By Elizabeth Harvey-Lee. A history and on-line exhibition of Walcot's work.

External links

Photograph of Walcot and historical photographs of Metropol Hotel
Gutheil House photos
Yakunchikova House photos, floorplan

Art Nouveau architects
20th-century British architects
British draughtsmen
British watercolourists
British etchers
Architects from Odesa
1874 births
1943 deaths
20th-century British painters
British male painters
People from the Russian Empire of Scottish descent
Architects from Moscow
20th-century British printmakers
Architectural illustrators
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
1943 suicides
Suicides in England
20th-century British male artists

William Walcot


Gaiking: Legend of Daikū-Maryū (Japanese: ガイキング LEGEND OF DAIKU-MARYU Hepburn: Gaikingu Rejendo Obu Daikū Maryū?, lit. Gaiking: Legend of the Divine Demon-Dragon) is a Super Robot mecha anime series produced by Toei Animation. It was a re-imagining of the original series created by Go Nagai and was aired in TV Asahi from November 12, 2005, to September 24, 2006, lasting a total of 39 episodes.

Episodes

References

Gaiking: Legend of Daiku-Maryu

List of Gaiking: Legend of Daiku-Maryu episodes


Sittanavasal is a small hamlet in Pudukkottai district of Tamil Nadu, India. It is known for the Sittanavasal Cave, a 2nd-century Jain cave complex. From the 7th to the 9th century A.D., the village flourished as a Jain centre.

Etymology
There are several interpretations of the word Sittanvasal. In Tamil language, Sit-tan-na-va-yil means "the abode of great saints". Another explanation is that this was a suburb of Annalvayil, called chiru-annal-vaayil, meaning "smaller Annalvayil". It is also said that the word Sittanavasal is a derivative from two Sanskrit words, ''Siddhanam'' and ''vasah'' meaning "abode of siddhas". Alternative suggestions are that Sittanavasal is a Tamil name that was used in the Sangam period, or that is a derivative from Siddhaanaam-vaasah, of north Indian origin which was corrupted first to "iddhannavaasah" and finally as "Sittannavasal". In the Brahmi script, the name mentioned in the inscriptions is "ChiRu-posil".

Geography

The Sittanavasal village is about  to the northwest of Pudukottai, just before Annavasal village and about  from Trichy. The entrance to the village has a welcome arch. Within its geographical setting there is a prominent hill of  height, which runs in the north–south direction, where many Jaina cave monuments are located. Megalithic sites of the 1st century BC have also been excavated near the village, on the road to the monuments. It was a flourishing village during the Jaina period from the 7th to 9th century AD. Before entering the Sittanavasal and on the road to the monuments, remains of prehistoric burial sites are seen. The Jain natural caverns, called Ezhadippattam are approached from the foothills. On the western slope of the central part of the hill is the cave temple which is approached by climbing a few 100 steps.

History
The village was settled during the megalithic period from the 1st century BC according to excavations of several megalithic sites near the village. Jainism flourished here from 1st century BC to 10th century AD.  The Arivarkovil or the Temple cave is initially dated to Pallava King Mahendravarman I (580-630AD) prior to his conversion from Jainism to Hinduism. The village later fell under the reign of the Pandyans in Tamil Nadu, and an inscription attributes renovation of the cave to a Pandyan king, probably Maran Sendan (654- 670AD) or Arikesari Maravarman (670-700AD). The Jain beds on the hill top indicate a Jaina era pilgrimage centre which lasted till the 9th century CE.

Architectural monuments
The archaeological monuments found in the area surrounding Sittanavasal village are the architectural features of the Arivar Kovil (Sittanvasal Cave), on the western side of the hill towards the north and the painting and sculptures found within its precincts, the Jaina beds, also known as Ekadipattam or Ezhadippattam in a natural cavern on the eastern side of the hill, the Samavasarana, a place of assembly of a tirthankara in the form of mural paintings on the roof of the cave temple, megalithic burial urns, stone circles, cairns, dolmens, cists from the Iron Age called mudu-makkal-thaazhi, and a submerged tarn called the Navach-chunai to the north of the natural cavern in the hill. The Archaeological Survey of India is responsible for the maintenance of the Arivar Kovil and the Jaina beds.

Sittanavasal Cave

The Sittanavasal Cave, also known as Arivar Kovil, is a Jain monastery of the 7th century, small in size, excavated in a bluff on the western slope of the hill in its centre. It is noted for its paintings which have been painted in fresco-secco technique with many mineral colours. The painting themes depict a beautiful lotus pond and flowers, people collecting lotuses from the pond, two dancing figures, lilies, fish, geese, buffaloes and elephants. Mulk Raj Anand said of the paintings, "Pallava craftsmen used greens and browns and puqiles, with a genuine ability and a lyrical flow of line. Lotuses spring up from imaginary ponds amid variegated greenery, under a bluish sheen." In addition, inscriptions of the 9th and 10th century are also seen. The exquisite ceiling of the Ardhamandapam is decorated with murals from the 7th century. The cave temple has placid pillars and sculptures of Jain Tirthankaras. However, most of the frescoes which were covered fully in plaster have been severely defaced or not clearly visible due to inadequate security and maintenance resulting in vandalism in the past five or six decades. Originally, the entire cave temple, including the sculptures, was covered with plaster and painted. The paintings are on the theme of Jaina Samavasarana, the "most attractive heavenly pavilion", referring to the attainment of Nirvana and Khatika bhumi.

Ezhadippattam

Ezhadippattam or Jaina beds is a natural cave, marked by a horizontal floor space which is laid out with well-polished rock beds that were used by Jaina ascetics. There are seventeen beds at the top marked on the floor. These carved beds have headrests cut in them in the form of a raised pillow. The oldest Tamil Brahmi inscriptions seen inscribed on the beds are dated to the 3rd century BC, although recent research by Iravatham Mahadevan dates it to the First Century BC and extending to the 10th Century AD. On one of the oldest and largest beds, the inscription in Tamil is of Tamil Brahmi script of the 1st century BC, considered as the oldest lithic record of South India. Also, names of ascetics who engaged in sallekhana (fasting unto death) are written on their respective beds.

Jambunatha Cave
Jambunatha Cave or Navach-chunai, in the style of late Pandya temples of the 13th century AD, is a tarn located between Ezadippattam and Arivar Kovil caves. It is on the eastern slope on the central part of the hills. This is a small rock-cut temple which is submerged in a small lake (tarn). Hill climbing is required to reach the cave temple. An old jambu tree (Syzygium jambolanum) is seen near the lake, which gives its name to the cave. It is a Shiva temple with a lingam in the centre, which is worshiped by baling out water from the lake.

Megalithic sites
Excavations carried out in 1934–35 in the Sittanvasal village have revealed many Megalithic burial sites near the hill, which are in the form of both cist and urn burials. These are located on both sides of the road leading from the monuments to the main road, after about  from the Ezhadippattam; more are seen on the left side of the road leading to Pudukkottai. Antiquaries collected from the sites also include specimens of garnet, red jasper and rock crystal at the foot of the hill have been picked up near the foot of the hill, pottery pieces with coating of molten and coloured glass inside, and also small pieces of coloured glass; all these are indicative of glass manufacturing in the area.

References

Cities and towns in Pudukkottai district
Jain rock-cut architecture

Sittanavasal


The Daimler G.I, originally designated Daimler R.I, was a bomber aircraft designed and built in Germany from early in 1915.

Design and development
When the Daimler works entered the aircraft manufacture business they ordered a Union G.I from Union Flugzeugbau, which flew but disintegrated shortly before landing during a test-flight, due to severe engine vibrations. Daimler commenced to re-design the Union G.I, resulting in the Daimler R.I.

Development of the Daimler bombers was accelerated by the use of former Union designers Baurat Rittberger and Ing. Karl Schopper, who proceeded to strengthen the structure and replace the Union G.Is troublesome inverted engines with upright Mercedes D.IIIs. Assembly of the R.Is and R.IIs took place at Sindelfingen, but most  of the R.I and R.ll parts were built by the Stuttgart firm of Schiedmayer and taken to Sindelfingen for assembly.

Flight trials commenced late in 1915 with relatively few engine problems but the structure had to be strengthened several times and three wing arrangements were also tested between 1915 and 1917. A second R.I was built with a larger tail unit to improve directional control. Daimler also built six almost identical improved R.II aircraft in 1916, two of which flew, the remaining four being crated and stored.

The airframe of the R.I and R.II was typical of large German aircraft of the time, with a wooden fuselage and metal wings covered with fabric. The fuselage housed the crew in a gunners cockpit in the nose, cockpit amidships and a gunner's cockpit aft of the wings. The tail-unit consisted of a tailplane which supported a fin and rudder as well as two additional rudders at approximately half span. The undercarriage comprised a twin nose-wheel  assembly, four main-wheels spread between the engine nacelles on the lower wings and a tail-skid. Engines were initially in tandem push-pull nacelles mounted directly on the lower wing, changing to streamlined nacelles mounted on struts mid gap on the R.II.

Poor performance and competition from similar aircraft precluded production, but at least one R.I and two R.IIs were accepted by Idflieg and test flown until the middle of 1917.

Variants
Daimler R.I
The initial designation of the G.I, changed after discovery that the aircraft did not meet one of the major criteria for being designated as a Riesenflugzeug; the engines were unable to be serviced whilst in flight.
Daimler R.II
The initial designation of the G.II, which was a refined version of the G.I, with improved structure and higher maximum weight and more streamlined engine nacelles supported on pylons between the wings.
Daimler G.I
The R.I re-designated.
Daimler G.II
The R.II re-designated.

Specifications ( Daimler R.II)

See also

References

Further reading

1910s German bomber aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1915

Daimler G.I


Downingia cuspidata is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name toothed calicoflower. This showy wildflower is native to California, where it is a resident of ponds, meadows, and vernal pool ecosystems throughout the state. Its range may extend into Mexico.

This annual grows on a branching erect stem with small leaves at intervals. At the top of each stem branch is one or more flowers, each about a centimeter wide. The tubular flower has two long, narrow, pointed upper lobes which may be blue or purple to nearly white. The lower lip is fused into one three-lobed surface, which is blue, purple, or white with a large blotch or two smaller blotches of yellow in the center, outlined in white. Each lobe may have a toothlike point.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Photo gallery

cuspidata
Flora of California
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Downingia cuspidata


Rūm millet (millet-i Rûm), or "Roman nation", was the name of the Eastern Orthodox Christian community in the Ottoman Empire. Despite being subordinated within the Ottoman political system, the community maintained a certain internal autonomy.

Establishment and development

After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, all Orthodox Christians were treated as a lower class of people. The Rum millet was instituted by Sultan Mehmet II who set himself to reorganise the state as the conscious heir of the East Roman Empire. The Orthodox congregation was included in a specific ethno-religious community under Graeco-Byzantine domination. Its name was derived from the former Eastern Roman (a.k.a. Byzantine) subjects of the Ottoman Empire, but all Orthodox Greeks, Bulgarians, Albanians, Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Romanians and Serbs, as well as Georgians and Arab Melkites, were all considered part of the same millet in spite of their differences in ethnicity and language. Belonging to this Orthodox commonwealth became more important to the common people than their ethnic origins. This community became a basic form of social organization and source of identity for all the ethnic groups inside it and most people began to identify themselves simply as "Christians". However, under Ottoman rule ethnonyms never disappeared, which indicates that some form of ethnic identification was preserved. This is evident from a Sultan's Firman from 1680 which lists the ethnic groups in the Balkan lands of the Empire as follows: Greeks (Rum), Albanians (Arnaut), Serbs (Sirf), "Vlachs" (Eflak, referring to Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Romanians) and the Bulgarians (Bulgar). Christian Armenians who belonged to the Armenian Apostolic Church were not included as they were given a separate millet.

Christians were guaranteed some limited freedoms, but they were not considered equal to Muslims, and their religious practices would have to defer to those of Muslims, in addition to various other legal limitations. The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople was recognized as the highest religious and political leader, or ethnarch, of all Orthodox subjects. The Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid, which were autonomous Eastern Orthodox Churches under the tutelage of the Ecumenical Patriarch, were taken over by the Greek Phanariotes during the 18th century. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, from 1774, allowed Russia to intervene on the side of Ottoman Eastern Orthodox subjects, and most of the Porte's political tools of pressure became ineffective. At that time the Rum millet had a great deal of power—it set its own laws and collected and distributed its own taxes. The rise of nationalism in Europe under the influence of the French Revolution had extended to the Ottoman Empire and the Rum millet became increasingly independent with the establishment of its own schools, churches, hospitals and other facilities. These activities effectively moved the Christian population outside the framework of the Ottoman political system.

During Ottoman rule, those in the millet were provided with certain protections and privileges, and were treated with preference over Catholic Christians. In some areas such as Crete, both Muslims and Orthodox Christians were permitted to attempt to convert the local Catholic population. This bias towards the Orthodox worked to secure the loyalty of those within the millet. It worked to make newly conquered citizens focus less on internal divisions and more on the conflict between Orthodoxy and Catholicism. Further encouragement of Orthodox artisans who made ecclesiastical silverware, robes, and chalices made Constantinople, although under Ottoman rule, a still-vibrant hub of Orthodoxy.

Rise of nationalism and decline

The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce exemplified in the Phanariotes.  It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce. Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination in the leadership of the Eastern Orthodox church.

In the early 19th century, the Greek Orthodox intellectuals tried to reconceptualize the Rum millet. They argued for a new, ethnic "Romaic" national identity and new Byzantine state, but their visions of a future state included all Balkan Orthodox Christians. This Megali Idea implied the goal of reviving the Eastern Roman Empire by establishing a new Greek state. It spread among the urban population of Aromanian, Slavic and Albanian origin and it started to view itself increasingly as Greek. On the other hand, the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms in the middle of the 19th century were aimed to encourage Ottomanism among the secessionist subject nations and stop the nationalist movements within the Empire, but failed to succeed. With the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire, the Rum millet began to degrade with the continuous identification of the religious creed with ethnic nationality. The national awakening of each ethnic group inside it was complex and most of the groups interacted with each other. The Bulgarian Exarchate recognized by the Ottomans in 1870 was only a link in a series of events following the unilateral declaration of an autocephalous Orthodox Church of Greece in 1833 and of Romania in 1865.

The 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War dealt a decisive blow to Ottoman power in the Balkan Peninsula. The Serbian Orthodox Church also became autocephalous in 1879. The Albanians' fear that the lands they inhabited would be partitioned among neighbouring Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece fueled the rise of Albanian nationalism and the League of Prizren was founded. The recognition of the Aromanians as a distinct millet (the Ullah millet) in the Ottoman Empire in 1905 was the final straw in this Balkan nationalistic competition. As a result, intense ethnic and national rivalries among the Balkan peoples emerged at the eve of the 20th century in Macedonia. That was followed by a series of conflicts among Greeks (Grecomans), Serbs (Serbomans), Bulgarians (Bulgarophiles) and Aromanians (Rumanophiles) in the region. The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 restored the Parliament, which had been suspended by the Sultan in 1878. However, the process of supplanting the monarchic institutions was unsuccessful and the European periphery of the Empire continued to splinter under the pressures of local revolts.

Subsequently, with the Balkan Wars (1912–1923) and the First World War (1914–1918) the Ottoman Empire lost virtually most of its possessions, except these in Asia Minor. During  these wars and the following Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) the Orthodox Christians there were subject to persecution and deportation, and the Assyrians and Greeks even to a Genocide. That put de facto end to the community of the Rum millet. The Treaty of Lausanne from 1923, led to the recognition of the new Republic of Turkey and to the end of the Ottoman Empire itself.

See also
 Rûm
 Millet (Ottoman Empire)
 Rumelia
 Phanariotes
 Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
 Antiochian Greek Christians
 Bulgarian Millet

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 Greek Millet Constitution: .
  - The French translation of the Greek Millet Constitution is in Volume 2 of 7, pages 21-34.

Sources
 From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453–1821, Victor Roudometof.
 Balkan cultural commonality and ethnic diversity. Raymond Detrez (Ghent University, Belgium).

History of the Ottoman Empire
Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
Serbs from the Ottoman Empire
Greeks from the Ottoman Empire
Bulgarians from the Ottoman Empire
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman period in the Balkans
Eastern Orthodox Christians

Rum Millet


Virtue is a 1932 American Pre-Code romance film directed by Edward Buzzell and starring Carole Lombard and Pat O'Brien.

Plot
New York City streetwalker Mae (Carole Lombard) is told by police to leave New York. However, she gets off the train at a suburban station, taking the cab of Jimmy Doyle (Pat O'Brien). He says he knows women well and does not think much of them. She slips away without paying the fare, as she is penniless. Fellow prostitute Lil (Mayo Methot) advises her to find honest work.

Receiving a loan, Mae goes to pay Jimmy the fare. They argue, but are mutually attracted and he finds her a job. By coincidence, Gert (Shirley Grey), another ex prostitute, also works there. Jimmy and Mae marry, but Mae has not told him about her past. When a policeman appears to arrest Mae for breaking bail conditions, Jimmy leaves to think things over. He then says he will try to make the marriage work, on condition that Mae has given up prostitution and avoids her old friends.

Jimmy has saved money to become a partner in a gas station. When Gert asks for money for a doctor, Mae takes it from Jimmy's savings. She learns Gert has lied and, when Jimmy tells her he will need the money, Mae finds Gert who promises to get her it. However, Gert has given the money to her boyfriend Toots (Jack La Rue), who is also Lil's pimp. When Gert tries to steal it back from him, Toots catches her and accidentally kills her. He hides the body, then watches from hiding as Mae shows up; she finds the money and leaves.

The police arrest Mae because she left her bag in Gert's apartment. However, a mistrustful Jimmy had been following Mae and knows a man was with Gert. He learns that it was Toots, but Lil gives Toots an alibi. Lil convinces Toots to go to the DA's office and lodge a complaint against Jimmy, but when they're there she rats Toots out for the murder of Gert. Toots is taken into custody and Mae is exonerated.

Cast
 Carole Lombard as Mae
 Pat O'Brien as Jimmy
 Ward Bond as Frank
 Shirley Grey as Gert
 Mayo Methot as Lil
 Jack La Rue as Toots
 Willard Robertson as MacKenzie
 Lew Kelly as Magistrate
 Fred Santley as Hank
 Arthur Wanzer as Flanagan
 Jessie Arnold as Landlady
 Edwin Stanley as District Attorney

External links

1932 films
1932 romantic drama films
American black-and-white films
American romantic drama films
Columbia Pictures films
1930s English-language films
Films about prostitution in the United States
Films directed by Edward Buzzell
Films set in New York City
1930s American films

Virtue (film)


An artist is a person engaged in an activity related to creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse refers to a practitioner in the visual arts only. However, the term is also often used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians and other performers (although less often for actors). "Artiste" (French for artist) is a variant used in English in this context, but this use has become rare. The use of the term "artist" to describe writers is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts such as critics' reviews.

Dictionary definitions
The Oxford English Dictionary defines the older broad meanings of the term "artist":

 A learned person or Master of Arts.
 One who pursues a practical science, traditionally medicine, astrology, alchemy, chemistry.
 A follower of a pursuit in which skill comes by study or practice.
 A follower of a manual art, such as a mechanic.
 One who makes their craft a fine art.
 One who cultivates one of the fine arts – traditionally the arts presided over by the muses.

History of the term
The Greek word "", often translated as "art", implies mastery of any sort of craft. The adjectival Latin form of the word, "",
became the source of the English words technique, technology, and technical.

In Greek culture, each of the nine Muses oversaw a different field of human creation:
 Calliope (the 'beautiful of speech'): chief of the muses and muse of epic or heroic poetry
 Clio (the 'glorious one'): muse of history
 Erato (the 'amorous one'): muse of love or erotic poetry, lyrics, and marriage songs
 Euterpe (the 'well-pleasing'): muse of music and lyric poetry
 Melpomene (the 'chanting one'): muse of tragedy
 Polyhymnia or Polymnia (the '[singer] of many hymns'): muse of sacred song, oratory, lyric, singing, and rhetoric
 Terpsichore (the '[one who] delights in dance'): muse of choral song and dance
 Thalia (the 'blossoming one'): muse of comedy and bucolic poetry
 Urania (the 'celestial one'): muse of astronomy

No muse was identified with the visual arts of painting and sculpture. In ancient Greece sculptors and painters were held in low regard, somewhere between freemen and slaves, their work regarded as mere manual labour.

The word art derives from the Latin "" (stem art-), which, although literally defined means "skill method" or "technique", also conveys a connotation of beauty.

During the Middle Ages the word artist already existed in some countries such as Italy, but the meaning was something resembling craftsman, while the word artisan was still unknown. An artist was someone able to do a work better than others, so the skilled excellency was underlined, rather than the activity field. In this period, some "artisanal" products (such as textiles) were much more precious and expensive than paintings or sculptures.

The first division into major and minor arts dates back at least to the works of Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472): De re aedificatoria, De statua, De pictura, which focused on the importance of the intellectual skills of the artist rather than the manual skills (even if in other forms of art there was a project behind).

With the academies in Europe (second half of 16th century) the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set.

Many contemporary definitions of "artist" and "art" are highly contingent on culture, resisting aesthetic prescription, in much the same way that the features constituting beauty and the beautiful cannot be standardized easily without moving into kitsch.

Training and employment
The US Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies many visual artists as either craft artists or fine artists.  A craft artist makes handmade functional works of art, such as pottery or clothing.  A fine artist makes paintings, illustrations (such as book illustrations or medical illustrations), sculptures, or similar artistic works primarily for their aesthetic value.

The main source of skill for both craft artists and fine artists is long-term repetition and practice.  Many fine artists have studied their art form at university, and some have a master's degree in fine arts.  Artists may also study on their own or receive on-the-job training from an experienced artist.

The number of available jobs as an artist is increasing more slowly than other fields.  About half of US artists are self-employed.  Others work in a variety of industries.  For example, a pottery manufacturer will employ craft artists, and book publishers will hire illustrators.

In the US, fine artists have a median income of approximately US$50,000 per year, and craft artists have a median income of approximately US$33,000 per year.  This compares to US$61,000 for all art-related fields, including related jobs such as graphic designers, multimedia artists, animators, and fashion designers.  Many artists work part-time as artists and hold a second job.

See also

 Art
 Art history
 Arts by region
 Artist in Residence
 Fine art
 Humanities
 List of painters by name
 List of painters
 List of photographers
 List of composers
 List of sculptors
 List of sketches of notable people by Marguerite Martyn
 Mathematics and art
 Social science
 Tattoo artist

Notes

References

 P.Galloni, Il sacro artefice. Mitologie degli artigiani medievali, Laterza, Bari, 1998
 C. T. Onions (1991). The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press Oxford.

External links

Aesthetics

Art occupations
Arts-related lists
Humanities occupations
Artisans

Artist


The Carter Center is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

Carter and his wife Rosalynn Carter partnered with Emory University just after he lost in the 1980 U.S. Presidential elections to Ronald Reagan.

The center is located in a shared building next to the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum on  of parkland, just two miles (3 km) from downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The library and museum are owned and operated by the United States National Archives and Records Administration, while the Center is governed by a Board of Trustees.

The Carter Center's goal is to advance human rights and to stop human suffering, including helping improve the quality of life for people in more than 80 countries. T

he center has many projects including election monitoring, supporting locally led state-building and democratic institution-building in many  countries and talking with heads of states on behalf of victims of human rights abuses.

It also leads disease eradication efforts, spearheading the campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease, as well as controlling and treating onchocerciasis, trachoma, lymphatic filariasis, and malaria through awareness campaigns.

References

Jimmy Carter

Political organizations based in the United States

Carter Center


Lucien Alphonse Joseph Lison (1908–1984) was a Belgian/Brazilian physician and biomedical scientist, considered the "father of histochemistry".

Lison was born in Trazegnies, Belgium. He studied medicine at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles, graduating in 1931. Deciding for a career in experimental biological research, Lison started to work in histology, developing a number of new techniques for dyeing specific substances present in a slice of tissue. Before the advent of radiolabeling, this was the only group of techniques which could infer function based on biochemical activity and it represented a great promise not only for basic science, such as physiology and pharmacology, but for pathology and laboratory diagnosis of diseases, as well. He developed the Lison-Dunn stain, a technique using leuco patent blue V and hydrogen peroxidase to demonstrate hemoglobin peroxidase in tissues and smears. In 1936, Lison wrote a landmark paper, where he stated precisely the scientifically acceptable criteria to develop techniques of morphological evidence of cytochemical processes.

In 1950, together with J. Pasteels, he developed a new histophotometer and a technique which he used extensively to quantify DNA content in several types of cells, present in chromatin (chromosomes in the nucleolus). This approach became a widely used laboratory tool in the beginning of the new science of molecular biology and genetics.

In 1951, using this technique with the Feulgen reaction, both authors studied the amount of DNA in the nuclei of developing sea urchin eggs and showed for the first time the important fact that each time that morphogenesis is accompanied by an intense mitosis, the amount of nuclear DNA is increased in this region.

Lison also contributed extensively to the understanding of metachromasy, the histochemistry of phosphatases and of lipids. In 1952, Lison published a truly monumental textbook on animal histochemistry, which became a classic in the field, unifying and integrating many concepts. With this, he was hailed as the "father of histochemistry".

In 1953 he was invited by Prof. Zeferino Vaz, the founder and director of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, in the campus of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo, to chair the Department of Histology. Europe was living through the difficult post-war years and the concept proposed by Vaz was revolutionary and intrinsically motivational for Lison and other Europeans who had accepted similar invitations. After a year of work, the Department of Anatomy of the new institution was merged with the Department of Histology, under the single denomination of Department of Morphology, under Lison's leadership. Dr. Lison became a full professor and chairman with the thesis titled "Influence of Fixative Agents on the Histochemical Reaction of Amine Groups", a very important work for neurochemistry. In 1960, he published a textbook, "Animal Histochemistry and Citochemistry, Principles and Methods", an expansion and update on his first book.

Lison had a very active and eclectical mind, as well as a legendary memory. He also wrote a text on biostatistics in 1958, and 10 years later, he started also to experiment with new approaches to medical education and educational technology. In 1964 he created and was the first director of a new school in the campus of Ribeirão Preto, the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, which began with baccalaureate courses in biology and psychology. Following Zeferino Vaz's example, he invited several foreign professors to staff its faculty.

After his retirement, Dr. Lison dedicated himself with his characteristic enthusiasm to agriculture. He acquired a farm near Ribeirão Preto and experimented with new techniques. After suffering a stroke, he famously declared his joy with it, because he had forgotten all the plots of his beloved detective books and could read them all again!

Dr. Lucien Lison's only son, Michel Pierre Lison, is a neurologist and full professor at the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto.

A scientific award and the main auditorium of the School of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, and a street in the campus of the University of São Paulo were named after him.

Bibliography
 Histochimie animale, Gauthier Villars, Paris, 1953.
 Statistique appliquée à la biologie expérimentale; la planification de l'expérience et l'analyse des résultats. Publisher: Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1958.
 Histochimie et cytochimie animales, principes et méthodes. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1960.
 Lison L. La recherché histochimique des phosphatases. Étude critique. Bull. histol. appl. et tech. microscop., 1948; 25: 23-41
 Lison L., Mutsaars W., Metachromasy of nucleic acids. Quart. J. Microscop. Sci., 1950; 91: 309-314.
 Lison L. Progres recents de l'histochimie quantitative. Ann Soc R Sci Med Nat Brux. 1950;3(3-4):154-68.
 Lison L. Etude et realisation d'un photometre a l'usage histologique. Acta Anat (Basel). 1950;10(4):333-47.
 Pasteels J, Lison L. Recherches histophotometriques sur la teneur en acide desoxyribosenucleique au cours de mitoses somatiques. Arch Biol (Liege). 1950;61(3):445-74.

References

1908 births
1984 deaths
Belgian biologists
Brazilian biologists
Belgian emigrants to Brazil
Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni
Academic staff of the University of São Paulo
20th-century biologists

Lucien Lison


26S proteasome complex subunit DSS1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHFM1 gene.

Function

The product of this gene has been localized within the split hand/split foot malformation locus SHFM1 at chromosome 7. It has been proposed to be a candidate gene for the autosomal dominant form of the heterogeneous limb developmental disorder split hand/split foot malformation type 1. In addition, it has been shown to directly interact with BRCA2. It also may play a role in the completion of the cell cycle.

Interactions

SHFM1 has been shown to interact with BRCA2.

References

Further reading

SHFM1


WKFD (1370 AM) was a radio station which existed from 1961 until 2001 when its license was deleted after being silent for three years (the station last broadcast on July 29, 1998). WKFD was licensed to the village of Wickford, Rhode Island.  The station operated on 1370 kHz with a transmitter power of 250 watts daytime, 130 watts nighttime.  Its transmitter was located at 19 Updike Avenue. The station was at one time owned by retired newscaster Lou Adler, who had previously broadcast on WCBS 880.

After the WKFD license was deleted, another attempt was made to build 1370 kHz in Rhode Island, this time from Charlestown. Astro Tele-Communications Corp., owners of WADK and WJZS, was awarded a construction permit for the frequency in 2006 and chose the WKFD callsign. The new facility would have utilized 2,500 watts during the day and 5,000 at night—considerably higher than the original WKFD. This construction permit never made it on to the air and was deleted in November 2009.

References

External links

KFD
Radio stations established in 1961
Radio stations disestablished in 1998
Defunct radio stations in the United States
North Kingstown, Rhode Island
Charlestown, Rhode Island
1961 establishments in Rhode Island
1998 disestablishments in Rhode Island
KFD

WKFD