Lifeguard is a 1976 American drama film made by Paramount Pictures. It was directed by Daniel Petrie from a screenplay by Ron Koslow. It stars Sam Elliott, Anne Archer, Stephen Young, Parker Stevenson, and Kathleen Quinlan. The film follows Rick Carlson, a Southern California lifeguard who is prompted to reexamine his life when he attends his high school reunion.

Plot
Rick Carlson is a 32-year-old career lifeguard in Southern California who enjoys a commitment-free life of casual relationships. For the summer, he trains Chris Randolph, a college student and temporary weekend assistant. Though Rick is content with his profession, he is needled by his father to get a "real job" that pays more. One day, Rick receives an invitation to his 15-year high school reunion in the mail.

While on duty, Rick is approached by Wendy, a 17-year-old girl who has moved to the area from San Diego with her family. Wendy develops an infatuation with the older man. Though wary of returning her affections as she is underage, Rick remains friendly with her. He encounters Larry, an old high school friend who is now a partner in a Porsche dealership. Larry brings up the school reunion and tells Rick his old high school flame, the newly divorced Cathy, is expected to attend. Larry also offers Rick a sales position at the dealership, suggesting he can double his salary. Rick decides to go to the reunion in the hopes of seeing Cathy.

Meanwhile, Wendy continues to pursue Rick. At her insistence, Rick gives in to her one day and it is implied that they have sex in the lifeguard tower. On the night of the reunion, Wendy surprises Rick at his apartment door before he leaves. He invites her in and she is somewhat surprised to discover that he is in his 30s, but says she understands his concern over their age difference.

At the reunion, former classmates discuss their careers. Rick seems embarrassed about still being a lifeguard and begins to lie about why he is so tanned, claiming he works an outdoors job for the county. He reunites with Cathy and learns she works at an art gallery and has a young son. Rick and Cathy rekindle their relationship with each other. The next day, Rick and Chris compete in the annual lifeguard relay races, but Rick is outrun by younger competitors. Rick shows up to interview at the Porsche dealership. Mr. Gilmore, Larry's partner, initially has doubts about Rick's qualifications, but reconsiders when Rick impresses him with how seriously he takes his lifeguard job.

After a brief absence, Wendy returns to the beach and asks Rick when they will be intimate again. He tells her plaintively that they are doing something illegal and it would be best if she found someone closer to her own age. He admits he is with someone else when she prods him about another woman. He tries to comfort a distraught Wendy. A few days later, he sees Wendy swimming away from the beach and goes to rescue her. She admits she is trying to kill herself. He takes her to shore and walks her to her car. He reassures her that when school starts Monday she will "begin to make new friends" before she drives off.

Rick visits Cathy at the art gallery to tell her about the incident with Wendy, which seems to have frazzled him. Cathy comforts him, then invites him to move in with her. While they are discussing the arrangement, a male client continually insists that Cathy wait on him. An annoyed Rick loudly tells the man off, jeopardizing Cathy's standing at the gallery. He apologizes to Cathy for losing his cool and says he will think over the living situation.

With the summer season winding down, Larry returns to the beach one more time to offer Rick a job selling Porsches. Rick turns it down definitively, even though he realizes it will probably mean an end to his relationship with Cathy who has been encouraging him to become more upwardly mobile. He tells Larry he will remain a lifeguard "just as long as they'll have me". On his last day on the assistant job, Chris thanks Rick for everything he taught him.

As the movie ends, Rick is summoned to the beach changing room as a hysterical woman tells him there is a man in there. Rick asks the man what he's doing in the ladies' room. The man claims to be a police officer working surveillance but doesn't have his badge because he's working undercover.

Cast

Production
Elliott's parents were lifeguards and he had worked as a lifeguard himself. He was cast after Dan Petrie and his wife saw Elliott on TV in the film Frogs. Lifeguard completed filming in August 1975 but was held for release by Paramount until the following year. Elliott held off on doing any TV in that time because he hoped the film would establish him in features.

Despite some of its serious subject matter, the film was marketed as a lighthearted beach party movie. However, it was considered a breakthrough for Elliott, with the actor saying, "Dan Petrie did a great job directing that movie; it was shot for something like only $900,000. Those were the days".

Part of the film was shot in Petrie's own home.

It was executive produced by Ted Mann.

Most of the lifeguard tower scenes were filmed at the Knob Hill and "Burnout" towers in the South Bay of Los Angeles.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Lifeguard holds a rating of 47% from 17 reviews.

Reviewing the film in The New York Times, Vincent Canby stated: "As a film, 'Lifeguard' is romantic twaddle, but as sociology it's a spontaneous assault on a very American way of life. [...] as entertainment it ranks somewhat above 'Bikini Beach' but below 'Godzilla Versus Megalon.'" In a positive review, Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "It's not just about a man beginning to wonder whether it's time for him to start growing up but rather about a man who's tough-minded and honest enough with himself to question what maturity really is. Is it really doing what is expected of you or is it having the courage to be yourself, to do what you want—especially when you're fortunate enough to know what you want to do in the first place?"

Time Out wrote the film "manages to perform an interesting autopsy on the psyche of the American male". Filmmaker David Frankel selected the film for a New York Times piece on favorite summer movies.

In Through the Shattered Lens, Lisa Marie Bowman wrote, "The attempts to mix drama and comedy often lead to uneven results and Anne Archer, Parker Stevenson, and Stephen Young are stuck with underwritten characters…When the film does work, it's due to the performances of Kathleen Quinlan and Sam Elliot. Though her character is a cliché (the rebellious teenager who isn't as worldly as she thinks she is), Quinlan does a good job of giving the character a personality that makes her more than just a stock temptation."

In a 2013 review for DVD Talk, Glenn Erickson said the film "captures a particular So-Cal beach vibe during a brief post-pill, pre-AIDS patch of time when a significant segment of the singles scene actually treated sex as a kind of heightened recreational activity", and noted that some elements, including the relationship with Wendy and the lightness with which the screenplay treats indecent exposure, are plainly dated. Though he said the film's drawback is "it leaves a thread or two unresolved", he reviewed the film positively and said "What makes Lifeguard special is that Elliot convinces us that he's the nicest guy ever to walk a beach."

See also
 Baywatch, TV film and TV series starring David Hasselhoff, which also originally featured Parker Stevenson in the cast.

References

External links

1976 films
1976 romantic drama films
1970s English-language films
American romantic drama films
Films about class reunions
Films about lifeguards
Films directed by Daniel Petrie
Films set in California
Films set on beaches
Paramount Pictures films
1970s American films

Lifeguard (film)


Up quarks are subatomic particles that help make up many larger particles, such as protons. Up quarks have a charge of +2/3, and are the lightest of the six types of quarks. Up quarks have a spin of 1/2, which is the spin all fermions have. They are affected by all four of the fundamental forces, which are gravity, the strong force, the weak force, and electromagnetism. Up quarks are elementary particles, similar to all other quarks. This means that they are so small that scientists believe that they can not be divided any more.

Protons (which have a total charge of +1) are made of two up quarks (which have a charge of +2/3) and one down quark (which has a charge of -1/3). Neutrons (which have a total charge of 0) are made of one up quark, and two down quarks. Up quarks can also be used to create more complex particles, such as pions.

Quarks

Up quark


Chandrakanta (1938- ) is a writer, born in Srinagar, India. She has written many novels and stories in the Hindi language including the epic Katha Satisar, which was awarded the Vyas Samman prize in 2005.

To date, her published short stories number about 200. She has also published seven novels as well as poetical works. Her writing concerns socio-political issues and women's concerns in general. The Indian State of Kashmir constitutes the backdrop of most of her writings, especially terrorism and the repercussions of it, notably the mass exodus of the majority community of "Kashmiri Pandits".

Her magnum opus is Katha Satisar [2001]. She has been the recipient of several awards, including the Subramanya Bharati award, awarded by the President of India for her literary work. Her works have also  been translated in many Indian languages, and into English. Her novel Ailan Gali Zinda Hai has been translated for the first time in English by Manisha Chaudhry, published by Zubaan Books (an imprint of 'Kaali for Women', Penguin India) as A Street in Srinagar, The translation was shortlisted for the 2012 DSC Prize for South Asian Literature.

Her latest epic Hindi novel, Katha Satisar (published by Rajkamal publications), has been translated into English by Ranjana Kaul as The Saga of Satisar - published by Zubaan Books.It was Longlisted for the DSC award for South Asian literature in 2018.

Chandrakanta lives in Gurgaon, India

Awards and honors

Jammu Kashmir Cultural Academy: Best Book Award
Arthantar (1982)
Ailan Galli Zinda Hai (1986)
O Son Kisri (1994)
Katha Satisar (2006)
Haryana Sahitya Academy:
Apne Apne Konark (1997)
Abbu Ne Kaha Tha (2006)
Hashiye Ki Ibarathen (2011)
Ministry of Human Resources & Development, Govt. of India:
Baki Sab Khairiyat Hai (1983)
Poshnool Ki Wapasi (1989)
Badalte Haalat Mein (2003 – 2004)
Hindi Academy, Delhi:
Katha Satisar (2002)
Vyas Samman, K. K. Birla foundation, Delhi:
Katha Satisar, Novel (2005)
Chandrawati Shukla Puraskar, Varanasi:
Katha Satisar, Novel (2006)
Kalpana Chawla Excellence Award for excellence in Hindi Literature (2005)
Richa Samman, Delhi for Hindi Literature (2006)
Wagmani Samman (2007)
Hindi Academy, Delhi Sahityakar Samman (2008)
Honored by First Lady of India (Mrs. Sharma) (1996)
Rashtriya Bhasha Gaurav Samman (2006)
Community Icon Award by All India Kashmiri Samaj (2006)
Sauhard Samman, Hindi Sansthan, Uttar Pradesh (2008)
Wagh Devi Puraskar, Kamla Goenka Foundation (2011)
Bal Mukund Puraskar, Haryana Sahitya Academy (2013)
Mahatma Gandhi Sahitya Saman, Lucknow (2014)
DSC Prize for South Asian Literature (2012), shortlist, A Street in Srinagar
Subramanyam Bharati Sahitya Samman, awarded by the President of India (2017)

Works
Novels and Story Collections

Salakhon Ke Peeche
Galat Logon Ke Beech
Poshnool Ki Vapasi
Ailan Gali Zinda Hai
Dahleez Per Niyay
Apne Apne Konark
 O Sonkisri
Suraj Ugne Tak
Kothe Par Kaga
Kali Baraf
Katha Nagar
Arthantar
 Katha Satisar
 Antim Sakshya
 Yahan Vitasta Behti Hai
 Baki Sab Khariyat Hai
Badalte Haalat Mein
 Abbu Ne Kaha Tha
Tanti Bai
Raat Mein Saagar
Alcatraz Dekha
 Anchalik Kahaniyan
 Prem Kahaniyan
 Charchit Kahaniyan
Yaadgaree Kahaniyan
Dus Pratinidhi Kahaniyan
Cheynit Kahaniyan
Chunihui Kahaniyan
Lokpriya Kahaniyan
Katha Samagr (4 volumes)

Poetry
 Yaheen Kahin Aas Paas

Memoirs
 Hashiye Kee Ibaratein
Mere Bhoj Patr
Prashno Ke Dayire mein (Interviews)

References

External links
 http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060108/spectrum/book6.htm

Hindi-language writers
1938 births
Living people
Kashmiri people
People from Gurgaon
Writers from Srinagar

Chandrakanta (author)


A heating element is a basic part of many electrical appliances and systems that create and maintain heat. They are needed for a wide range of uses. These include appliances for home use such as ovens and water heaters and industrial machinery and laboratory equipment.

Heating elements are usually made using materials that have a high electrical resistance. Examples include  nichrome (a nickel-chromium alloy), Kanthal (an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy), or other alloys made for heat generation. When an electric current flows through the heating element, the resistance makes it heat up. It converts electrical energy into thermal energy. This idea of heating using resistance is the main way heating elements work

The choice of heating element depends on factors like the required temperature range, heat distribution, durability and power consumption.

Heating elements play a important role in modern technology and industry. They supply the comfort, convenience and efficiency of various everyday appliances and processes.

References

Thermodynamics
Cooking appliances
Home appliances
Laboratory equipment
HVAC

Heating element


The National Unification Gas Pipeline (Gas Unificação – GASUN) will be a  natural gas pipeline in Brazil. GASUN will connect the Gasbol pipeline with the northern Amazon and the Northeast states (Pará, Tocantins, Maranhão and Piauí) allowing transportation of Bolivian gas into these regions. The project is expected to cost US$2.48 billion.

The first stage of GASUN will begin in Mimoso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and will join the Gasbol pipeline. From there it will run towards Brasília, passing through Goiânia. Construction of this section started in 2005, and scheduled to be completed in 2007.

The longest and most costly portion of GASUN will be the  long central-north branch, which is to connect Goiás and Maranhão. It will pass through Palmas and Belém, Pará. The entire natural gas pipeline should be complete by 2026.

References

Natural gas pipelines in Brazil
Proposed pipelines in South America
Energy infrastructure under construction
Proposed energy infrastructure in Brazil

GASUN


Francesco I d'Este (6 September 1610 – 14 October 1658) was Duke of Modena and Reggio from 1629 until his death. The eldest son of Alfonso III d'Este, he became reigning duke after his father's abdication.

Biography
The pestilence of 1630–1631 killed 70% of Modena's inhabitants. After the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War he sided with Spain and invaded the duchy of Parma, but upon visiting to Spain to claim his reward, he could only acquire Correggio by a payment of 230,000 florins.

Later followed the First War of Castro, in which Francesco's Modena joined Venice and Florence and sided with the Dukes of Parma against Barberini Pope Urban VIII, aiming to reconquer Ferrara. The war ended without any particular gain for the Modenese. As again no help had come from Spain, Francesco allied with France through the intercession of Cardinal Mazarin. When he however failed to conquer Cremona, and as the situation of the Thirty Years' War seemed to be favourable for Spain, the Duke sought for an agreement with the latter. He returned to the service of France by marrying his son and heir Alfonso to Laura Martinozzi, Mazarin's niece.

After successful resistance to a Spanish invasion from their territories in Milan, he fought alongside France and Savoy, conquering Alessandria and Valenza in 1656–1657 with the help of his son. In 1658 he conquered Mortara but, struck by malaria, died in Santhià soon later. After Maria's death in 1646, he married her sister Vittoria Farnese who died 1649.

His last marriage was to Lucrezia Barberini (1628–1699), daughter of Taddeo Barberini with whom his troops had fought during the First War of Castro. He had a total of eleven children, two of them, Alfonso and Rinaldo, were later Dukes of Modena.

Although a skillful military commander, Francesco was renowned for his upright character and religious ideals. He enriched Modena with the construction of the Ducal Palace of Modena, the large Teatro della Spelta, the Villa delle Pentetorri, a port on an enlarged Naviglio channel and the restoration of the Cittadella.

Francesco in Art
Francesco was immortalized by Bernini in a sculpture made around 1650–1651 (Este Gallery and Museum, Modena). It culminates the master sculptor's revolution in portraiture. Much of the freedom and spontaneity of the bust of Cardinal Scipione Borghese is kept, but it is united with a heroic pomp and grandiose movement that portray the ideals of the Baroque age as much as the man. This style of sculpting would later also be seen in the bust of Louis XIV. According to Howard Hibbard, Bernini's portrait bust of Francesco I and the Louis XIV bust "set the standard for monarchical portraiture up to the time of the French Revolution" (126-8).

References

Issue

Issue with Maria Caterina Farnese:

Alfonso d'Este, Hereditary Prince of Modena (1632), died in infancy.
Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena (2 February 1634 – 16 July 1662), married Laura Martinozzi, parents of Mary of Modena.
Isabella d'Este (3 October 1635 – 21 August 1666) married Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, and had issue.
Eleonora d'Este (1639–1640), died in infancy.
Tedaldo d'Este' (1640–1643), died in infancy.
Almerigo d'Este (8 May 1641 – 14 November 1660), died young.
Eleonora d'Este (2 January 1643 – 24 February 1722), a nun.
Maria d'Este (8 December 1644 – 20 August 1684), married Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, and had issue.
Tedaldo d'Este (1646), died in infancy.

Issue with Vittoria Farnese:
Vittoria d'Este (24 August 1649 – 1656).

Issue with Lucrezia Barberini:
Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena (26 April 1655 – 26 October 1737), married Duchess Charlotte Felicitas of Brunswick-Lüneburg and had issue.

Ancestry

External links

https://web.archive.org/web/20091015021941/http://worldroots.com/foundation/families/taddeobarberinidesc.htm

 -- (the record of the festival celebrating Francesco's marriage to Lucrezia Barberini)

1610 births
1658 deaths
Francesco 1
Francesco 1
Francesco 1
17th-century Italian nobility
Italian Roman Catholics
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Hereditary Princes of Modena
Francesco 1

Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena


The Eclipse Trilogy (also referred to as A Song Called Youth trilogy) is a series of three English language cyberpunk science fiction novels by John Shirley consisting of Eclipse (1985), Eclipse Penumbra (1988), and Eclipse Corona (1990).

The books depict a dystopian future, set in a hypothetical mid 21st century where a new Russian Soviet has invaded Western Europe, causing massive disruption and destruction. Their armies were only repelled by the (unseen) use of tactical nuclear weapons, resulting in a stalemate, somewhat like the middle years of World War I. The New Soviet—more oligarchic than communist—has been stymied. But now Europe is in chaos, the USA is in crisis. To keep order and free up troops for actual fighting, NATO has contracted with the Second Alliance Security Corporation (SA), a right-wing, private security company of mercenaries, an anticipation of Blackwater-style privatization of the military. Second Alliance is part of a hidden (fascist) agenda unbeknownst to most of those who hired them. The heroes of the series are the New Resistance, who are fighting to expose and defeat the SA's racist policies and the neofascist attempt to grab power.

The scope of the story is worldwide, but the main action mostly takes place in Europe, on a small Caribbean island and on humanity's first space colony.

On the book jacket of the 2012 re-release, William Gibson calls Shirley "cyberpunk's patient zero", and Bruce Sterling calls the trilogy "a complex, bizarre, and unique vision of the near future, with a kaleidoscopic mix of politics, pop, and paranoia."

An  of the trilogy has been released by Dover Books, starting with A Song Called Youth: Eclipse, in October 2017. All three books are out now, from Dover, and still in print.

Characters
"Smiling" Rick Crandall is the leader of the SA is a charismatic American preacher/televangelist
Steinfeld is the leader of the New Resistance (NR), a former Mossad agent
Jack "Smoke" Brendon is a former professor, the public face of the NR. He is the first character we meet, disillusioned  and living in a bombed out Amsterdam
Dan "Hard-Eyes" Torrence is the NR's best fighter
Claire Rimpler is the protected daughter of the man who runs the space colony, FirStep

Technologies and advances
Various technologies and societal changes are employed in this fictional world, and help define it while also anticipating the future through extrapolation and/or speculation. Among these are:

 Extraction is a tactic used by both sides in the war. The term is applied to both the process of removing memories from an enemy to find out secrets and the process of implanting other memories that can go as far as altering one's identity and changing one's allegiance.
 Orbiting space colony - FirStep has its own gravity and a vulnerable environment that plays a key role in the action of the trilogy.
 Removable mind implants - Characters exchange mind implants and otherwise interface with them. These removable implants (like memory chips or USB ports) are controlled or accessed using fingernail taps. This augmentation is viewed with suspicion and is essentially outlawed in the United States, where some key figures are jailed for its use. While this is a common feature in other cyberpunk literature, Shirley's deep exploration of this is notable.
 Surreptitious aerial surveillance - Artificial birds that are barely distinguishable from real ones act much like drones that take pictures and otherwise spy and surveil.
 Jaegernauts - Large rolling war machines that can destroy entire city blocks, high rises and other large buildings.
 Technicki – A somewhat subversive language developed by the working class, poorly understood and not well tolerated by others.
 Buildings as drugs - As with other cyberpunk literature, intoxication has also changed with advances in technology, chemistry and other factors. In one scene in the second novel, a character ascends higher into a "place that is a drug," where atmospheric stimulants ranging from mists to light stimulation deepen his intoxication.  "Instead of you swallowing the drug, the drug swallows you."

References

Science fiction book series
Science fiction novel trilogies
Cyberpunk novels

Eclipse Trilogy


Qualifying for the 2010 FIFA World Cup was a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations. Each confederation – the AFC (Asia), CAF (Africa), CONCACAF (North, Central America and Caribbean), CONMEBOL (South America), OFC (Oceania), and UEFA (Europe) – was allocated a certain number of the 32 places at the tournament. A total of 205 teams entered the qualification competition, with South Africa, as the host, qualifying for the World Cup automatically. The first qualification matches were played on 25 August 2007 and qualification concluded on 18 November 2009. Overall, 2,338 goals were scored over 852 matches, scoring on average 2.74 per match.

Entrants
At the close of entries on 15 March 2007, 204 football associations had entered the preliminary competition: 203 out of the 207 FIFA members at that time (including the host nation, South Africa, as the qualification procedure in Africa also acted as the qualification for the 2010 African Cup of Nations) and the Montenegro team, which later became FIFA's 208th member. The final number of teams entered breaks the previous record of 199 entrants set during the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Four FIFA members (all from the AFC) failed to register for the tournament by 15 March 2007: Bhutan, Brunei, Laos, and the Philippines.

After the close of entries, Bhutan were allowed to enter and were included in the Asian preliminary draw, while Brunei and the Philippines had their late entries rejected.

However, five teams withdrew during qualifying without playing a match: Bhutan, Central African Republic, Eritrea, Guam, and São Tomé and Príncipe. In addition, Papua New Guinea failed to meet the registration deadline for the South Pacific Games (which was also the initial stage of the Oceania qualification) and took no part in qualification.

Qualified teams

The following 32 teams qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup:

1.The rankings are shown as of 16 October 2009. These were the rankings used for the final draw.
2.Germany between 1951 and 1990 is often referred to as "West Germany", as a separate East German state and team existed then.
3.This is the 1st appearance of Serbia at the FIFA World Cup. However, FIFA considers Serbia as the successor team of the Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro who all themselves qualified on 10 occasions.
4.This is the 1st appearance of Serbia at the FIFA World Cup. However, FIFA considers Serbia as the successor team of the Yugoslavia who achieved this result.
5.Competed as part of Czechoslovakia from 1934 to 1990.
6.No official third place match took place in 1930 and no official third place was awarded at the time; both United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals. However, FIFA lists the teams as third and fourth respectively.

Qualification process
The qualification process commenced in August 2007 and was completed in November 2009. An initial draw for preliminary qualification (qualifying groups in Oceania, and knockout ties in CAF and AFC) had been announced for Zurich on 28 May 2007, but none was held.

Initial groups for the Oceania qualification were eventually held in Auckland, New Zealand, in early June, with preliminary draws for the Asian and African qualification announced in August.

The draw for the main 2010 World Cup qualifying groups was held in Durban, South Africa on 25 November 2007. 34 teams had been eliminated before the actual draw – 6 from OFC, 5 from CAF and 23 from AFC – and CONMEBOL qualification also had started (no draw was required for this confederation, as all 10 members play in the same group, with the order of fixtures the same as for the 2006 qualification rounds). The four remaining teams from OFC had also started playing the final stage as a single group, and no draw was needed. Therefore, the draw of 25 November involved 156 FIFA members from the original 205 entries, divided as follows: UEFA–53 entries in draw; CAF–48 entries in draw (original 53 minus 5 preliminary round losers and withdrawals); AFC–20 entries in draw (original 43 minus 23 1st and 2nd round losers and withdrawals); and CONCACAF–35 entries in draw.

The distribution by confederation for the 2010 World Cup was:
 Europe (UEFA): 13 places
 Africa (CAF): 5 places (+ South Africa qualified automatically as host nation for a total of 6 places)
 Asia (AFC): 4.5 places
 South America (CONMEBOL) 4.5 places
 North, Central American and Caribbean (CONCACAF): 3.5 places
 Oceania (Oceania Football Confederation): 0.5 places

UEFA and CAF had a guaranteed number of places, whereas the number of qualifiers from other confederations was dependent on play-offs between the highest placed teams in the qualification tournaments not guaranteed a place in the finals, with CONCACAF's fourth-place team facing CONMEBOL's fifth-placed team, and AFC's fifth-placed team facing the winners from the OFC.

As the host nation, South Africa qualified automatically. As in 2006, the current cup holders – Italy – did not qualify automatically.

Tiebreakers
For FIFA World Cup qualifying stages the method used for separating teams level on points is the same for all Confederations, as decided by FIFA itself. If teams were even on points at the end of group play, the tied teams would be ranked by:
 goal difference in all group matches
 greater number of goals scored in all group matches
 greater number of points obtained in matches between the tied teams
 goal difference in matches between the tied teams
 greater number of goals scored in matches between the tied teams
 drawing of lots, or a play-off (if approved by FIFA)
This is a change from 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification, where results between tied teams was the first tiebreaker.

Confederation qualification

AFC

(43 teams competing for 4 or 5 berths; a play-off against OFC determines which confederation gets the extra berth)

Two preliminary rounds (one in October 2007 and one in the first half of November) narrowed the field from 43 to 20 prior to the group stage draw in Durban on 25 November 2007.

The group stage draw divided the 20 remaining sides into five groups of four, which were played from February to June 2008, from which the winners and runners-up advanced to the final group stage. The winners and runners-up from two final groups of five nations (playing from September 2008 to June 2009) will qualify automatically for the World Cup finals, with the two third-placed sides playing off in September 2009 for the right to compete against the Oceania winner for a final qualification spot (with matches played in October and November 2009).

The knock-out preliminary rounds themselves were somewhat unusual, with all 38 AFC sides that did not qualify for the 2006 World Cup playing in the first knock-out round, but the 11 best-ranked winners from that round receiving byes in the second round (and only the eight lowest-ranked winners competing to reduce the fields of teams to 20).

Final positions (fourth round)

Play-off for fifth place (fifth round)

|}
2–2 on aggregate; Bahrain advanced on the away goals rule to the AFC-OFC play-off against New Zealand, the winners from the OFC zone (2008 OFC Nations Cup).

CAF

(53 teams competing for 5 berths, host South Africa occupying a 6th berth)

The CAF qualification process began with a preliminary round played on 13 October and 17 November 2007 to narrow the field to 48 teams, and then 12 groups of four teams were drawn in Durban in November 2007.

The 12 groups winners and eight best runners-up advanced to the next stage. The procedure was complicated due to two of the groups being reduced to just three teams due to the withdrawal of Eritrea (before the commencement of the group) and the exclusion of Ethiopia (which saw all their results annulled). As a result, the comparison of the 12 runners-up did not include results against teams finishing fourth in 4-team groups.

The remaining 20 teams were placed in five groups of four teams at a draw held in Zürich on 22 October 2008. The winners of these groups qualified for the World Cup finals.

The qualifying competition for the 2010 World Cup was combined with the qualification process for the 2010 African Cup of Nations. Since South Africa was hosting the World Cup, it automatically qualified for that tournament, although it (unlike hosts in previous qualifying tournaments since 1938) played in the qualifiers themselves to facilitate the use of the same set of qualifying matches for the 2010 African Cup of Nations.

Had South Africa advanced to the third round (second group stage), their matches would not have been counted in determining who advances to the World Cup finals. However, South Africa were eliminated from the qualifiers after the second round. This meant that they could not qualify for the African Cup of Nations, and all matches in Round 3 counted towards World Cup qualification.

Final positions (third round)

In Group C, Algeria and Egypt finished with identical overall and head-to-head records. A tiebreaking play-off was contested on 18 November 2009 in Sudan to determine which team would qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with Algeria prevailing 1–0.

CONCACAF

(35 teams competing for 3 or 4 berths; a play-off against CONMEBOL determines which confederation gets the extra berth)

The CONCACAF qualification process is identical to that for the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification, except that as Puerto Rico competed this time (they were the only CONCACAF member not to enter 2006 qualification), there were 11 matches instead of 10 in the first preliminary round, and thus 13 teams instead of 14 received a bye to the second preliminary round. The two preliminary rounds, played in the first half of 2008, reduced the 35 entrants to 24 and then 12 teams. Three semi-final groups of four were played between August and November 2008, with the top two in each group advancing to a final six-team group held during 2009. The top three of this group qualified for the World Cup finals; the fourth-placed team advancing to the play-off against the fifth-placed CONMEBOL team.

Final positions (fourth round)

Honduras advanced on goal difference tiebreaker. Costa Rica moved to the CONCACAF/CONMEBOL intercontinental play-off.

CONMEBOL

(10 teams competing for 4 or 5 berths; a play-off against CONCACAF determined which confederation filled the extra berth)

The CONMEBOL qualification process again featured a league system (home and away matches) for a single group of 10 associations, with matches played from October 2007 to October 2009. The fixture list was identical to that used in the qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. To limit the amount of travel by European-based players to South America, CONMEBOL's schedule used nine 'double match days' (with two sets of matches held within a few days of each other). The top four teams qualified for the World Cup finals; the fifth-placed team advancing to a play-off against the fourth-placed CONCACAF team.

Final positions

OFC

(10 teams competing for 0 or 1 berth; a play-off against AFC determines which confederation gets the extra berth. Tuvalu also played in the qualifying tournament, but was not an entrant to the World Cup qualification)

The qualification process began with a tournament at the 2007 South Pacific Games in August 2007. The top three (New Caledonia, Fiji, and Vanuatu, respectively) joined New Zealand in a 4-team group, which was also the 2008 OFC Nations Cup, playing home and away. The winners would play a home-and-away play-off with the fifth-placed Asian nation for a World Cup berth.

Final positions (second round)

New Zealand advanced to the AFC-OFC play-off, against Bahrain, the fifth-placed team from the AFC.

UEFA

(53 teams competing for 13 berths)

The European qualification games started in August 2008 after Euro 2008. Eight groups of six teams and one group of five contested the European qualifying competition. As a result, the nine group winners qualified directly, while the best eight of the nine second-placed teams contested home and away play-off matches for the remaining four places. In determining the best eight second-placed teams, the results against teams finishing last in the six-team groups were not counted for consistency between the five- and six-team groups.

The First Round was completed on 14 October 2009. A draw for the Second Round was held in Zürich on 19 October, with the matches played on 14 and 18 November.

Final positions (first round)

Second round

The Second Round was contested by the top eight runners-up. With one group having one team fewer than the others, matches against the sixth-placed team in each of the other groups were not included in this ranking.

The draw for the second round play-offs was held in Zürich on 19 October, and the matches were played on 14 and 18 November 2009. The eight teams were seeded according to the FIFA World Rankings released on 16 October. The top four teams were seeded into one pot, with the bottom four teams seeded into a second. A separate draw was conducted between each matchup to decide who would host the first leg.

|}

France, Portugal, Greece and Slovenia qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Inter-confederation play-offs

There were two scheduled inter-confederation play-offs to determine the final two qualification spots to the finals. The matches were played in October and November 2009.

The draw for the order in which the matches were to be played was held on 2 June 2009 during the FIFA Congress in Nassau, The Bahamas.

AFC v OFC

CONCACAF v CONMEBOL

Qualification controversies
Controversy surrounded several of the final qualification matches in November 2009.

In the second leg of the play-off between France and the Republic of Ireland, French captain Thierry Henry, unseen by the referee, twice illegally handled the ball in the lead up to the decisive goal, which saw France make the final 32 teams ahead of Ireland. The incident caused widespread debate on FIFA Fair Play, and how matches should be refereed at the highest level. The Football Association of Ireland requested a replay on grounds of fairness, but this was denied by FIFA under the Laws of the Game. A widely reported later request by Ireland to be included as an unprecedented 33rd World Cup entrant was later withdrawn by the FAI, and dismissed by the FAI as peripheral to their other more substantial petitions for change in world football made to FIFA.

Costa Rica also complained over Uruguay's winning goal in the CONMEBOL–CONCACAF play-off.

There was crowd trouble around two matches between Egypt and Algeria, with the Algerian team bus stoned before the first in Cairo, and reports of Egyptian fans ambushed after the second in Khartoum, Sudan. Local media made lurid reports, and diplomatic relations between the countries nosedived.

In response to the incidents during qualification, and to a match fixing controversy, on 2 December 2009 FIFA called for an extraordinary general meeting of their executive committee. After the meeting, FIFA announced that they would be setting up an inquiry into technology and extra officials in the game, but they did not announce the widely expected move of fast-tracking the introduction of goal-line referee's assistants, already being trialled in the Europa League, and instead restated that the competition in South Africa would be officiated as before, with just one referee, two assistants, and a fourth official. On the subject of fair play, FIFA President Sepp Blatter said:

Notes
 Since the inception of the World Cup preliminary competition, several teams have gone through qualification winning all of their matches. Though, during the qualification process for 2010, Spain set a new record by doing this on a 10-game schedule. Netherlands won 8 games out of 8 to qualify for the World Cup, something only West Germany had achieved before, during the World Cup preliminary competition for 1982. Brazil won their 6 games on their way to World Cup 1970 and managed then to win all of their 6 games in the final competition.

Top goalscorers

12 goals
  Moumouni Dagano
  Osea Vakatalesau

10 goals
  Humberto Suazo
  Theofanis Gekas

9 goals
  Edin Džeko
  Luís Fabiano
  Samuel Eto'o
  Wayne Rooney
  Seule Soromon

8 goals
  Razak Omotoyossi
  Joaquín Botero
  Frédéric Kanouté
  Shane Smeltz
  Rudis Corrales
  Sarayoot Chaikamdee
  Maksim Shatskikh

References

External links

 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa matches and results at FIFA.com
 Live Preliminary Draw

Qualification
FIFA World Cup qualification

2010 FIFA World Cup qualification


Wendy Wild (born Wendy Andreiev, August 31, 1956 – October 26, 1996) was an American singer, musician, and artist who in the 1980s was a well-known presence in New York's downtown music and performance scenes.

Career
Growing up in Northport, New York, Wild moved to Manhattan in the late 1970s, accompanied by John McLoughlin, who would later become known as the performer John Sex. Throughout the 1980s she performed regularly in Lower Manhattan night clubs and art spaces, including the Lucky Strike, Privates, and Club 57. She would become a fixture at the Pyramid Club, where she could often be seen go-go dancing on the bar.

Along with her work as a nightclub performer, Wild performed in several New York-based bands, including the Roll-Ons, Pulsallama, the Problem Drinkers, the Wild Hyaenas (with then-boyfriend Keith Streng of The Fleshtones), polka-rockers Das Furlines, and most famously the neo-psychedelic Mad Violets. In addition to playing locally in many of Manhattan's rock venues (The Dive, Irving Plaza, CBGB, Danceteria, Andy Warhol's Underground, and others), she and her bands toured extensively, including US performance dates at Boston's The Rat, Miami's Club Nu, and the 9:30 Club in Washington, D.C.  Overseas appearances included London (The Venue), Leeds and Manchester (The Haçienda), England with Pulsallama in 1982, and Tokyo in 1988 with John Sex.

During her career, Wild appeared on several recordings. Along with releases for Mad Violets (World of LSD... and the posthumously released Season of the Mad Violets), she sang on records for Bronski Beat, The Fleshtones, Peter Zaremba's Love Delegation, Hoodoo Gurus, and John Sex. She also appeared in two music videos with Mr. Sex, "Hustle with My Muscle" and "Rock Your Body", as well as the 1988 documentary Mondo New York.

Wild performed in the stage musicals The Sound of Muzak at Club 57 in 1981 (revived at NYC's Limelight in 1986), and Peter Pan at Danceteria in 1983. She also staged one-woman shows for her booze-addled sex-kitten character Joey Heatherock and was one of the group of East Village performers who created the first annual Wigstock festival. She performed at Wigstock many times and appeared in Wigstock, The Movie, released in 1994.

Many of Wild's performances at the Pyramid and other New York City venues have been recorded by the late video artist Nelson Sullivan and have been included in exhibitions of his work.

Wild died on October 26, 1996, from breast cancer.

Selected recordings

 Pulsallama – Ungawa Part II/The Devil Lives in My Husband's Body (1981)
 Pulsallama – Oui Oui (A Canadian in Paris) (1983)
 Various Artists – Train To Disaster (1983)
 Richard Mazda – Hands of Fate (1983)
 Bronski Beat – Hundred And Thousands (1985)
 Mad Violets – World Of ... (1986)
 Peter Zaremba's Love Delegation – Spread The Word (1986)
 The Fleshtones – Fleshtones Vs. Reality (1987)
 Frieda – Disco Lover / Plastic Rap (1987)
 Various Artists – Time Bomb: Fleshtones Present The Big Bang Theory (1988)
 John Sex – Rock Your Body (1988)
 Peter Zaremba's Love Delegation – Delegation Time (1989)
 Various Artists – Polka Comes to Your Haus!  (1990)
 Various Artists – Battle of the Garages, Vol. 1  (1994)
 Hoodoo Gurus – The Mountain  (1994)
 Mad Violets – Season of the Mad Violets (2004)

(Wild also sang the title theme to the 1989 film No Such Thing as Gravity)

References

External links
 WendyWildWorld

1956 births
1996 deaths
American performance artists
Deaths from breast cancer
Singers from New York (state)
People from Northport, New York
20th-century American singers
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from New York (state)
20th-century American women singers
Musicians from Manhattan
20th-century American women guitarists

Wendy Wild


Trasformismo was the method of making a flexible centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the political left and the political right in Italian politics after the Italian unification and before the rise of Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism.

The policy was embraced by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and the Historical Right upon Italian unification and carried over into the post-Risorgimento liberal state. Agostino Depretis, the prime minister in 1883 and a member of the Left, continued the process. He moved to the right and reshuffled his government to include Marco Minghetti's Liberal-Conservatives. Depretis had been considering that move for a while. The aims were to ensure a stable government that would avoid weakening the institutions by extreme shifts to the left or the right and to ensure calm in Italy. At the time, middle-class politicians were more concerned with making deals with one another than with political philosophies and principles. Large coalitions were formed, and members were bribed to join them. The Liberals, the main political group, was tied together by informal gentleman's agreements, but they were always in matters of enriching themselves. Actual governing did not seem to be happening at all, but the limited franchise led to politicians not having to concern themselves with the interests of their constituents.

One of the most successful politicians was Giovanni Giolitti, who succeeded in becoming Prime Minister on five occasions over twenty years. Under his influence, the Liberals did not develop as a structured party and were a series of informal personal groupings with no formal links to political constituencies. However, trasformismo fed into the debates that the Italian parliamentary system was weak and failing, and became associated with political corruption and was perceived as a sacrifice of principles and policies for short-term gain. The system was loved by few and seemed to be creating a huge gap between politicians and their constituents. The system brought almost no advantages, as illiteracy remained the same in 1912 as before Unification, and backward economic policies and poor sanitary conditions continued to prevent the country's rural areas from improving.

Use in Gramscian theory
The Italian Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci described trasformismo as a strategy to prevent the formation of an organized working-class movement by coopting and neutralizing its ideas and leaders within a ruling coalition. Gramsci cited Giolitti's attempt to forge an alliance with the industrial workers of northern Italy under the banner of protectionism as one example of this method. On this account, trasformismo is connected to the process of passive revolution, by which capitalism can be developed in a particular country without the need for overt mobilization of the people.

In Canada
Drawing upon Gramsci's observations, the Canadian historian Ian McKay has suggested that trasformismo also played an important role in Canadian politics. He portrayed the MacDonald–Cartier coalition, the basis of the Conservative Party, which dominated Canadian federal politics in most of the second half of the 19th century, and the Liberal Party, which dominated Canadian politics in the 20th century, as examples of a Canadian variant of trasformismo.

In the 1930s, Professor Frank H. Underhill of the University of Toronto also argued that Canada's two major political parties, the Liberals and the Conservatives, operated in similar ways by advancing the same policies appealing to the same variety of sectional/regional and class interests. In doing so, Canada had perfected the two-party system and had marginalized liberalism and radicalism. Underhill argued the result was a pervasive poverty in Canadian political culture. Not coincidentally, Underhill was centrally involved in the formation of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, a farmer-labour coalition born during the Great Depression which became Canada's first successful federal third party, the social-democratic New Democratic Party.

References

Bibliography
 Nico Perrone (2009). L'inventore del trasformismo. Liborio Romano, strumento di Cavour per la conquista di Napoli [The Inventor of Political Shifting. Liborio Romano, Cavour's Instrument for the Conquest of Naples] (in Italian). Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino Editore. .

Political history of Italy
Political terminology
Antonio Gramsci

Trasformismo


The Château de Fondat is a château in the French commune of Saint-Justin, in Landes, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. It was built in the Neo-Renaissance style in the 17th century, and became classified as a National Heritage Site of France, a Monument historique, on 31 March 1999.

History
The lords of the region occupied the Fondat estate from the Middle Ages onwards, but in 1607, a noble family from Marsan bought it, keeping it until the end of the 16th century. The château has been destroyed on two occasions, and in the middle of the 17th century it was reconstructed. Later, in the 19th century, it was renovated once more in the Neo-Renaissance style.

This château is one part of a larger group of outbuildings, including:
 An armagnac storehouse constructed in the 16th/17th century
 A dovecote from the 17th century
 The Grand Pavilion which was renovated in the 19th century to fit the image of the Château itself
 A Medici fountain
 A fishpond from the 17th century, which is used as a fish reserve
 A park with exotic trees which are approximately 200 years old

Gallery

Notes

Châteaux in Landes (department)
Houses completed in the 17th century
Monuments historiques of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Renaissance architecture in France

Château de Fondat


Sir Richard Fowler (c.1425-1477) was an English administrator.

He was the son of William Fowler of Preston manor in Buckinghamshire. He inherited the manor after his father's death.

He held several posts including king's solicitor from 1461 to 1470 (the first to hold this post) and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1462 to 1477, before being appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1469 to 1471 and Under-Treasurer of England in 1471. He was knighted by Edward IV in 1467. Fowler's tenure as Chancellor occurred during the Great Bullion Famine and the Great Slump in England.

Richard Fowler was the nephew of Sybil Quartermain and whilst the Quartermains lived at Rycote, Oxfordshire,  Richard Fowler lived at the Quartermain family's ancestral home at North Weston, Somerset. The Quartermains had no surviving children and their estate at Rycote passed to Fowler.

He died on 3 November 1477 and was buried at St Rumwold's church in Buckingham. He had married Joan, the daughter of Henry Danvers, a London mercer. They had issue, including a son and heir Richard and a daughter, Sybil. His brother Thomas  (Esquire of the body of King Edward IV) was mentioned in his will. Richard's descendants became the Fowler baronets of Harnage Grange.

He bequeathed money to rebuild St Rumwold's shrine in Buckingham.

Notes

References
 Westminster Abbey History - William Fowler

1477 deaths
Politicians from Buckinghamshire
Chancellors of the Exchequer of England
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
Year of birth uncertain

Richard Fowler (chancellor)


Annette Schmiedchen is a German author, scholar of Sanskrit epigraphy, indologist, a researcher at the Humboldt University of Berlin and a member of faculty of Indology at Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. She is the author of several articles on Indian heritage and Culture and the book, Herrschergenealogie und Religioses Patronat: Die Inschriftenkultur der Rastrakutas, Silaharas und Yadavas, the 17th book released under the series, Gonda Indological Studies by Brill Publishers. The Government of India honoured her in 2015 with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award.

Biography
Annette Schmiedchen, born in Germany in 1966, did her studies on Indian History and Indology at the Humboldt University of Berlin and later at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. She obtained her doctoral degree from Humboldt University of Berlin in 1994 on the thesis, Grants of Villages, Land, and Money in Favour of Buddhist Monasteries in Northern India from the 5th to the 8th Centuries after which she submitted a Habilitation thesis on Epigraphical Culture and Regional Tradition in Early Medieval Maharashtra: Legitimizing Political Power and Official Religious Patronage under the Royal Dynasties of the Rastrakutas, Silaharas, and Yadavas from the 8th to the 13th Centuries to Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg in 2008 to secure a Habilitation degree a year later. She works as a member of faculty of the Martin Luther University and pursues research on a European Research Council funded project on Medieval Foundations and Endowments at Humboldt University.

Schmiedchen is a regular visiter to India since 1992 for her researches and has written several articles, in German and English, on Indian culture and Sanskrit epigraphy. Her maiden book, Herrschergenealogie und religiöses Patronat. Die Inschriftenkultur der Rastrakutas, Silaharas und Yadavas, was released in 2014. She is an honorary Research Fellow of the International Association of Sanskrit Studies and is associated with Jawaharlal Nehru University and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations who funded her first project in India. She is married to Rainer Schmiedchen who is the Consul General of Germany in Kolkata. The Government of India included her in the 66th Republic Day honours list, in 2015, for the civilian award of Padma Shri for her contributions to Sanskrit language and Indology.

See also

 Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
 Humboldt University of Berlin
 Epigraphy
 Indology
 International Association of Sanskrit Studies
 Indian Council for Cultural Relations

References

Further reading

Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
Living people
German Indologists
German scholars
Academic staff of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
1966 births

Annette Schmiedchen


Dolphin lamp standards provide electric light along much of the Thames Embankment in London, United Kingdom.  Two stylised dolphins or sturgeons writhe around the base of a standard lamp post, supporting a fluted column bearing electric lights in an opaque white globe, topped by a metal crown. Many of the lamps are mounted on granite plinths.

The lamp posts were designed by George John Vulliamy and modelled by Charles Henry Driver, architect of the Victoria Embankment wall and river stairs.  They were based on statues of dolphins or fish with intertwined tails at the Fontana del Nettuno in the Piazza del Popolo in Rome, which was constructed in 1822–23.

In the late 1860s, the London Metropolitan Board of Works decided to light the new Thames embankments with electric lights, and asked for submissions of designs.  Several possible designs were published in the contemporary illustrated press including the Illustrated London News and The Builder in March 1870, including Vulliamy's "dolphin" design; a design by Timothy Butler decorated with climbing children and an overflowing cornucopia, cast by the Coalbrookdale Company; and a more restrained classical design by Joseph Bazalgette decorated with lion's feet, inspired by classical tripods, and modelled by S. Burnett.

Vulliamy had become superintending architect to the Metropolitan Board of Works in March 1861, and he also designed benches for the embankments with cast iron ends in the form of sphinxes and camels, inspired by Cleopatra's Needle.  Bazalgette was the Board's chief engineer.

Vulliamy's lamp design was the most popular, and examples of his design dominate the Victoria Embankment and Albert Embankment.  Bazalgette's design was used along the Chelsea Embankment.  Butler's design was used in very limited numbers, with at least two near the Chelsea Embankment.  The lamps originally used electric Yablochkov candles, but the early electric lights were inefficient and were replaced by gas lights by 1884.  They were converted back to electricity in 1900.  Many now have a Grade II listing.

Further dolphin lamp posts were added on the north and south banks of the Thames in 1977, to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.

References
 Dolphin lampposts, London Details
 Representing the nation: the Thames Embankment lamps, Rag-picking history
 Here be Dolphins (or Sturgeons), Footprints of London
 Iron, Ornament and Architecture in Victorian Britain: Myth and Modernity, Excess and Enchantment, Paul Dobraszczyk, Ashgate Publishing, 2014, , p. 85–89
  (dolphins)
  (dolphin)
  (fish)
  (fish)
  (cornucopiae) (cornucopiae)
  (lion's feet)
  (history of lighting)

Buildings and structures in London
Grade II listed buildings in London
Street lighting
Victoria Embankment

Dolphin lamp standard


Shang-Hua Teng (; born 1964) is a Chinese-American computer scientist. He is the Seeley G. Mudd Professor of Computer Science and Mathematics at the University of Southern California. Previously, he was the chairman of the Computer Science Department at the Viterbi School of Engineering of the University of Southern California.

Biography
Teng was born in China in 1964. His father, Dr. Teng Zhanhong, was a professor of civil engineering at the Taiyuan University of Technology. His mother, Li Guixin, was an administrator at the same university.

Teng graduated with BA in electrical engineering and BS in computer science, both from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1985. He obtained MS in computer science from the University of Southern California in 1988. Teng holds a Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University (in 1991).

Prior to joining USC in 2009, Teng was a professor at Boston University.  He has also taught at MIT, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He has worked at Xerox PARC,  NASA Ames Research Center, Intel Corporation, IBM Almaden Research Center, Akamai Technologies, Microsoft Research Redmond, Microsoft Research New England and Microsoft Research Asia.

Recognition
In 2008 Teng was awarded the Gödel Prize for his joint work on smoothed analysis of algorithms with Daniel Spielman. They went to win the prize again in 2015 for their contribution on "nearly-linear-time Laplacian solvers". In 2009, he received the Fulkerson Prize given by the American Mathematical Society and the Mathematical Programming Society.

Teng is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) as well as an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow. He was named a SIAM Fellow in the 2021 class of fellows, "for contributions to scalable algorithm design, mesh generation, and algorithmic game theory, and for pioneering smoothed analysis of linear programming".

Personal life
In 2003, Teng married Diana Irene Williams, then a Ph.D. student of history at Harvard University.

References

External links
 Shang-Hua Teng's personal homepage at USC

1964 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Chinese computer scientists
Boston University faculty
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Gödel Prize laureates
IBM employees
Intel people
Researchers in geometric algorithms
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Microsoft Research people
Shanghai Jiao Tong University alumni
Sloan Research Fellows
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
University of Minnesota faculty
USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni
University of Southern California faculty
Scientists at PARC (company)
Simons Investigator

Shang-Hua Teng


Emmanuelle Seigner (born 22 June 1966) is a French actress and singer. She is known for her roles in The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007), The Ninth Gate (1999) and Frantic (1988). She has been nominated for a César Award for Best Actress for Venus in Fur (2013), and for two César Awards for Best Supporting Actress in Place Vendôme (1998) and La Vie En Rose (2007). She has been married to Polish film director Roman Polanski since 1989.

Life and career

Seigner was born in Paris to a photographer father and a journalist mother. She is the granddaughter of the actor Louis Seigner, niece of the actress Françoise Seigner and sister of the actress Mathilde Seigner. She was educated at a Catholic convent school, and began modelling at the age of fourteen.

She married Roman Polanski on 30 August 1989, and they have two children: daughter Morgane and son Elvis. Her husband directed her in Frantic (1988), Bitter Moon (1992), The Ninth Gate (1999), Venus in Fur (2013), Based On A True Story (2017) and An Officer and a Spy (2019). In 2010, Seigner was featured in Jerzy Skolimowski's Essential Killing, which went on to win the Special Jury Prize at the Venice Film Festival. In 2012, she played the principal role of Vanda in Polanski's French film adaptation of David Ives's two-character play Venus in Fur, based on the Austrian novel of the near-same name, for which she received praise as Vanda, an actress, playing against writer and theatre director Thomas played by Mathieu Amalric.

Seigner appears as the main character in the music video "Hands Around My Throat" by Death in Vegas. In 2006, she became the lead singer of the pop rock band Ultra Orange, and the group's name was changed to Ultra Orange & Emmanuelle. They released a self-titled album in 2007. Seigner released a solo album called  Distant Lover in 2014. She and Polanski live with their two children in Paris. She was an ambassadress of the Polish brand Dr Irena Eris.

Private life
She is the daughter of Jean-Louis Seigner (1941-2020), photographer, and Aline Ponelle, journalist. She is the older sister of Mathilde Seigner, actress, and , singer. Through their father, they are the granddaughters of the actor Louis Seigner (1903-1991) and the nieces of the actress Françoise Seigner (1928-2008), both deans and members of the Comédie-Française. She is the niece of doctor .

She married Roman Polanski on August 30, 1989 in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. They have two children, Morgane (born in 1993) and Elvis (born in 1998).

Filmography

Discography

Studio albums
 Ultra Orange & Emmanuelle (2007) Sony
 Dingue (2010)
 Distant Lover (2014)
 Diabolique (as L'épée) (2019) (with Anton Newcombe & The Liminanas)

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
Actresses from Paris
French female models
French women singers
French film actresses
Roman Polanski
20th-century French actresses
20th-century French singers
21st-century French actresses
21st-century French singers

Emmanuelle Seigner


Knud Lange (born 9 May 1984 in Bremerhaven) is a German rower.

Lange study on the University of Bremen. He rowing for the Bremerhavener Ruderverein in Lightweight rowing Quad scull for Germany. He wins some World championship-Medals:
 WC 2006, Dorney Lake by Eton (UK): Silver-Medal with Kai Anspach, Martin Rückbrodt, Knud Lange, Christoph Schregel.
 WC 2007, Olympia-Oberschleißheim Regatta Course by Munich: Place four
 WC 2008, in Linz/Ottensheim: Bronze-Medal with Stephan Schad, Knud Lange, Felix Övermann and Michael Wieler.
 WC 2009, on the Malta lake in Poznań in Poland: Silver-Medal with Knud Lange, Lars Wichert, Felix Övermann and Michael Wieler.

He wins 2011 the Gold-Medal by the Students European Rowing Championships 2011 in Moscow.

He was Bremen Sportspersonality of the Year in 2006, 2007 and 2008.

References

1984 births
Living people
German male rowers
Sportspeople from Bremerhaven
World Rowing Championships medalists for Germany

Knud Lange


The Sanrizuka Struggle (三里塚闘争, Sanrizuka tōsō) refers to a civil conflict and riots involving the Japanese government and the agricultural community of Sanrizuka, comprising organised opposition by farmers, local residents, and leftist groups to the construction of Narita International Airport (then New Tokyo International Airport). The struggle stemmed from the government's decision to construct the airport in Sanrizuka without the involvement or consent of most area residents.

The struggle was led by the Sanrizuka-Shibayama United Opposition League against Construction of the Narita Airport (:ja:三里塚芝山連合空港反対同盟, Sanrizuka-Shibayama Rengo Kūkō Hantai Dōmei), which locals formed under the leadership of opposition parties the Communist Party and Socialist Party. The struggle resulted in significant delays in the opening of the airport, as well as deaths on both sides.

At its height, the union mobilised 17,500 people for a general rally, while thousands of riot police were brought in on several occasions.

Regional history

The northern region of Chiba Prefecture had been farmland since , when the emperor ordered the creation of horse and cattle pastures there. The Shimōsa Plateau, which covers most of the northern part of the prefecture, had been active in agriculture for centuries. Villages conducting agricultural work in the region since the Edo period were called koson (古村, "old village"). Edo imperial magistrates' jurisdiction did not reach these villages, which is said to have fostered defiance of political authority as a feature of the region. Farmers' movements, unions, and strikes thrived here above anywhere else in the prefecture.

In the early 20th century, the area became the Imperial family's farmlands, known as Goryō Farm (御料牧場, goryou bokujō). Locals became familiar with the Imperial family, who frequently came to visit their stables. The Goryō Farm was emotionally and economically indispensable to locals, with some residents saying this contributed to local opposition to the airport: "Hearing that the Goryō Farm would disappear [as a result of the construction] made everyone around here go crazy."

In 1923,  of the Goryō Farm were sold, leading to the development of small villages throughout the Meiji and Taishō periods. This land was cultivated by former lower-class samurai, servants of samurai families, and others who lost their livelihoods to the Meiji Restoration. Many could not cope with the hardships of land-clearing work and abandoned the area. The farmers who remained later won a long judicial struggle to secure their own rights to the land from wealthy Tokyo merchants who held land-bonds.

In 1946, after Japanese defeat in WWII, large tracts of imperial-owned land were again sold off. The various disadvantaged peoples who settled this land were collectively called "the new poor" (新窮民 shin-kyuumin). They performed heavy agricultural labour day and night, living in straw huts without electricity or running water. Settlers who could not endure this harsh environment left; those who remained were able to make a living off of land purchased from deserters.

Because of these histories, this region's farmers had a very strong attachment to their lands.

Origins of the struggle

Aviation demand and plans for a new airport
In the 1960s, Japanese aviation demands were dramatically increasing with the nation's rapid economic growth. It was predicted that Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) would reach capacity by 1970. For many logistical reasons, expanding Haneda was not an option. Instead, the Ikeda cabinet began planning a second international airport, making a formal cabinet decision on 16 November 1962.

In June 1963, the Ministry of Transport drew up plans for the "New Tokyo International Airport" which envisioned an airport spanning about . Areas considered for the site included Tomisato, Yachimata, and several other villages in Chiba Prefecture and Ibaraki Prefecture. In December 1963, the Aviation Council report to Minister of Transport  recommended the Tomisato area, making no reference to the issue of land acquisition.

On 18 November 1965, Eisaku Satō's cabinet made an informal tentative decision to construct the airport in Tomisato, which Chief Cabinet Secretary  unexpectedly announced at a press conference. The planned airport's area equaled half of Tomisato, and its construction would mean the disappearance of many farming villages. Additionally, because aircraft usage at the time was not yet common among the general public, people considered airports to be disruptions that burdened their surrounding environments with noise pollution and other issues. Opposition movements had already risen in each of the potential construction sites, such as the Tomisato-Yachimata Anti-Airport Union formed in 1963. Local farmers expressed outrage at the one-sided nature of the decision and allied with opposition parties (Japanese Communist Party and Japan Socialist Party). There was also resistance by local public bodies who had not been informed of the developments, leading to temporary suspension of the cabinet decision.

Reassignment to the Sanrizuka site
In 1966, the opposition movement showed no signs of waning. Fearing that the airport construction would be forced to a standstill, the Satō cabinet negotiated secretly with transport vice minister Tokuji Wakasa, Chiba Prefectural Governor , and Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Vice-President . They decided to reassign the construction site 4 kilometres (2.4 mi) north-east, to state-owned land on Goryō Farm, to minimise private land acquisition. They also expected that with Sanrizuka's impoverished farming communities, construction would be possible so long as adequate compensation was provided. However, the Ministry of Transport considered the Tomisato plan ideal and the Sanrizuka plan a fallback. On 21 June 1966, after the switch to the Sanrizuka plan had already been agreed between the government and the prefecture, Transport Minister  told a press conference, "There is nowhere for the airport but Tomisato/Yachimata."

The following day, Prime Minister Satō held a broadcast conference with Governor Tomonō regarding the Sanrizuka plan. This time the decision had been made after co-ordination with prefectural officials, but without consulting locals. Consequently, Sanrizuka and Shibayama residents were shocked to learn of the decision from the broadcast, and furious opposition broke out as it had in Tomisato. Tomisato organisers hurried to Sanrizuka to encourage frustrated residents that resistance was possible.

On 4 July, the Satō cabinet, wishing to hurry the opening of the airport, made another cabinet decision for the new airport construction. This plan also required a vast expanse of land of which Goryō farmland constituted less than 40%, again making the acquisition of citizen-owned land a major issue.

According to the Transport Minister's instructions in December 1966, the goal was to build the airport in two phases and begin operating the first half by spring 1971, with the remainder to be completed by the end of 1973.

Organisation of opposition

Formation of the anti-airport union

There was nearly unanimous opposition in the region to the cabinet decision. In July or August 1966, the Sanrizuka-Shibayama Joint Anti-Airport Union was formed.

The government was eventually able to secure land from many residents who conceded for social or financial reasons. To acquire the rest, the government employed both hard and soft measures, but the opposition persisted. Beginning in August 1966, the union led a campaign to purchase single plots of land within the designated construction site.

Also that month, Governor Tomonō communicated intent to have on-site investigations performed on the construction site. The opposition responded with demonstrations, sit-ins, and petitions, none of which succeeded. Many appeals were made to LDP leaders, who had a wide following among the opposition, but they persisted in support of the airport.

Early on 10 October, airport corporation members protected by approximately 1,500 riot police arrived to install surveying piles. The opposition attempted to block the road with a sit-in, but they were violently removed by riot police. The airport corporation set up three pile drivers on-site, and afterwards called this a breakthrough toward the construction.

Involvement of other political groups
In 1967, the Japanese student movement was on the rise, and the union hoped to cooperate with students who had clashed with riot police in protests against the US–Japan Security Treaty, taking the stance that they would "accept support without regard for political faction". Supported by various left-wing groups, the union held sit-ins, seized and destroyed surveying equipment from airport corporation employees, erected barricades, threw stones, and harassed airport affiliates. They were generally successful in mobilising armed struggle against the government. However, antagonism developed between parties, creating differing perceptions among union members of their relationship to leftist parties and eventually leading to splits.

Intensification of the struggle

From April to July 1968, the airport corporation ran a survey of the real estate of residents who had agreed to give up their land. Both leftist parties and farmers had opposed with physical resistance, resulting in damage to many houses and fields.

On 18 August 1969, the Goryō Farm's closing ceremony was held. The union attended in protest, and the youth division destroyed the assembly hall, putting their leader on the police's nationwide wanted list. The police became tougher on the opposition, arresting union leader  and thirteen others in November 1969 for occupying a road and stopping a bulldozer.

With these struggles, peaceful acquisition of land was thought impossible, and the airport corporation used state power to forcibly expropriate the remaining necessary land. In 1970, it carried out an on-site survey on yet-unpurchased land. Opposition members threw raw sewage, Chloropicrin, and stones, and fought with sickles and bamboo spears. They also constructed fortifications on the land, some of them underground. On 22 February 1971, the government enacted the first administrative subrogation and the opposition supporters clashed with construction workers and riot police. The forts were demolished.

On 16 September 1971, the second subrogation was enacted. Three police officers were killed by rioters on this day (). Four days later, riot police and construction workers arrived on-site to remove an elderly woman, Yone Koizumi, and demolish her house. This incident was held as an example of the state throwing lives into turmoil, and became a symbol for the continuing opposition struggle.

On 1 October 1971, Fumio Sannomiya, a central member of the youth division, committed suicide, leaving a note that said, "I detest those who brought the airport to this land" and "I have lost the will to keep fighting." Additional conflicts in 1971 led to the deaths of three riot police, with multiple injuries on both sides.

In March 1972, the union constructed a 60.6-metre (200 ft) tower within Runway A's approach area, obstructing flight tests. Opposition activity also halted the construction of a jet fuel pipeline from the Port of Chiba. Facility construction was able to proceed, but the opening continued to be delayed. The opposition union had also received a blow from mass arrests at the anti-subrogation struggle, with its initial membership of 320 households falling to 45, then to 23 by 1976.

Footage of the incidents appeared in the film Days of Fury (1979), directed by Fred Warshofsky and hosted by Vincent Price.

Opening of the airport
In January 1977, the Fukuda cabinet proclaimed that the airport would open within the year. On 17 April the opposition mobilised 17,500 people — an all-time record for the struggle — and held a general rally against the airport in a Sanrizuka public park.

In May 1977, the airport corporation submitted an injunction request for the demolition of the tower to the prefectural court, which was accepted. On 6 May, 2,100 riot police gained control of the tower and surrounding area. Protesters were removed and the tower demolished. Clashes between opposition and riot police continued, and on 8 May a large-scale conflict broke out. One protester sustained a direct blow to the head from a tear gas bomb, lost consciousness, and died two days later. The deceased's parents sued the government and prefecture for  million in damages. On 9 May, in an attack considered revenge for this incident, one police officer died.

Meanwhile, first-phase construction continued, and the airport was scheduled to open for operation with one runway on 30 March 1978. However, on 26 March, several left-wing groups raided the airport, occupying a control tower and destroying equipment and facilities. Further delays became inevitable, and the government enacted new disciplinary laws while increasing airport security.

On 20 May, two months later, the New Tokyo International Airport was completed despite ongoing opposition. At this time, 17 farming households remained on the unfinished second-phase land, of which 15 belonged to the union. The last of them was evicted in 2023.

Continued opposition
With the opening of the airport, the union's slogan was changed from "Certain Prevention of the Airport" to "Airport Abolition / Stop Second Phase Construction". Issaku Tomura, the leader and psychological pillar of the union, soon died of illness, and combined with the reality of the airport's success, this led many union participants to withdraw. Over time, the union's previous supporters – leftist and student groups – came to take charge.

Authorities thought it impossible to protect the airport from militant attacks while also acquiring the second-phase land, leading to behind-the-scenes negotiations between government and union members. However, negotiations failed after being leaked to the media, resulting in harassment of union leaders and the union dissolving into chaos. Destructive action against the airport continued from splinter groups, with over 511 incidents of guerrilla action recorded between 1978 and 2017.

Dialogue and reconciliation

Gallery

Support organizations
 Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee
 Japan Revolutionary Communist League
 National Railway Chiba Motive Power Union

See also
 Sunagawa Struggle

References

Further reading

External links

 Symbiosis Committee Records Collection (in Japanese). Narita Airport Regional Symbiosis Promotion Foundation

Narita International Airport
New Left
Protests in Japan
History of Chiba Prefecture
Student protests in Japan
Socialism in Japan
History of Narita City

Sanrizuka Struggle


Beginners is a 2010 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Mike Mills. It tells the story of a man reflecting on the life and death of his father, while trying to forge a new romantic relationship with a woman dealing with father-issues of her own. The film is based on the coming out of Mills' own father at the age of 75, five years before his death.

After its premiere at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival, the Los Angeles Times heralded Beginners as a "heady, heartfelt film" with a cast who have "a strong sense of responsibility to their real-world counterparts". Christopher Plummer received numerous accolades for his performance in the film, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Plot
(Throughout the film, scenes of Oliver Fields' memories of his deceased parents are intercut, as flashbacks, into the narrative of his developing relationship with Anna Wallace.)

In Los Angeles in 2003, a few months after the death of his father, Hal, from lung cancer, 38-year-old graphic designer Oliver often thinks about his relationship with Hal near the end of his life. Hal had come out to Oliver six months after Georgia, Hal's wife of 44 years and Oliver's mother, died of cancer, and explored life as an openly gay man from the age of 75 until he died four years later. He got active in the local gay community, found love with a much-younger man named Andy, and became closer to Oliver than he had been previously. Oliver helped Hal during his cancer treatments, and he noted the grace, good humor, and, sometimes, seeming-denial with which Hal faced his fate.

Hal and Georgia had known each other since high school, and eventually she asked him to marry her, saying she could "fix" his homosexuality. He saw a psychiatrist for a time and they were married until her death, but they always had a fairly cool relationship, and Oliver recalls his childhood with an unfulfilled, but loving, Georgia, while Hal, a museum director, was often absent, both physically and emotionally. Not wanting to end up like his parents, Oliver never settled for a passionless relationship, which has left him with only Hal's Jack Russell Terrier, Arthur, who does not like to be left alone, for company.

Oliver's work friends get him to go to a costume party, where he meets Anna, a French actress. Although she communicates by writing messages because she has laryngitis and temporarily cannot speak, they instantly connect. They go back to Anna's hotel room, where Oliver tells her about his parents, and they kiss, but then Anna asks if they can just go to sleep, and Oliver agrees. The next day, Anna has to go to New York for an audition, but she says she wants to see Oliver when she gets back. Inspired by his father's attitude towards the end of his life, Oliver decides to pursue a romance with Anna.

When Anna returns, she and Oliver see a lot of each other and fall in love. Eventually, he asks her to move in with him, and she does, but Anna, who left home when she was 16 and has a strained relationship with her depressive father and, like Oliver, is the one who has ended all of her serious romantic relationships, never unpacks her suitcase, which bothers Oliver. Things become awkward between them, as neither knows how to build a life with someone else, and, after a short time, Oliver says living together does not feel right, and Anna decides to move back to New York City.

Before long, Oliver misses Anna, but she does not answer his calls, so he drops Arthur off with Andy and flies to New York to talk to her. He calls her again from outside her apartment and she answers, and it turns out she never left Los Angeles. When Oliver gets home, Anna comes over, and, though they do not know what will happen next, they both seem optimistic about their future together.

Cast

 Ewan McGregor as Oliver Fields
 Keegan Boos as Young Oliver
 Christopher Plummer as Hal Fields, Oliver's father
 Mélanie Laurent as Anna Wallace, a French actress with whom Oliver begins a relationship
 Goran Višnjić as Andy, Hal's much-younger lover
 Kai Lennox as Elliot, Oliver's friend and co-worker
 Mary Page Keller as Georgia Fields, Oliver's mother
 China Shavers as Shauna, Oliver's friend and co-worker
 Reynaldo Pacheco as Juan, Hal's hospice nurse
 Jennifer Hasty as Hal's Secretary
 Cosmo as Arthur, Hal's (and later Oliver's) dog

Lou Taylor Pucci, the star of Mike Mills' previous film Thumbsucker (2005), has a cameo appearance in the film as the man dressed as a magician at the costume party.

Production
Much of the film is based on director Mike Mills' experiences after his own father came out of the closet following his mother's death. It was shot using the Red One digital camera. In Oliver's dining room, there is a poster for Siedem Razy Kobieta, the Polish name of the 1967 Shirley MacLaine film Woman Times Seven.

Music

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 85% based on 161 reviews, with an average score of 7.5/10; the site's "critics consensus" reads: "Wearing its twee heart on its sleeve, Beginners explores the depths of modern, multi-generational romance with wit and depth." On Metacritic, which assigns a rating to reviews, the film has an average score of 81 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, writing: "It's a hopeful fable with deep optimism and a cheerful style that kids itself." Peter Debruge of Variety called it "deeply poignant and disarmingly personal". Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote: "The movie darts, dreams, and sometimes seems to dance. The great Plummer, meanwhile, creates an inspiring, fully rounded man in late bloom, and McGregor responds with a performance to match." Diego Costa of Slant Magazine said: "One of the most distinct pleasures of Beginners is the way it puts together fragments of someone's life — presumably the filmmaker's, although little does it matter — with humility, and without vying for some complete whole." Calvin Wilson of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film "A lovably quirky comedy drama with a rhythm all its own."

Accolades
In 2011, Beginners won the Gotham Award for Best Feature, which it shared with The Tree of Life. For his performance, Christopher Plummer won numerous "supporting actor" awards, including at the National Board of Review Awards, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, Online Film Critics Society Awards, Denver Film Critics Society Awards, Golden Globe Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards, British Academy Film Awards, and Academy Awards. Plummer also won Best Supporting Male at the Independent Spirit Awards, and the film was nominated for Best Feature, Best Director, and Best Screenplay at that event. In addition, Plummer was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Notes

References

External links

2010 romantic comedy-drama films
2010 independent films
2010 LGBT-related films
2010 films
2010s English-language films
Alliance Films films
American romantic comedy-drama films
American independent films
American LGBT-related films
Films about cancer
Films about death
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about old age
Films about widowhood in the United States
Films directed by Mike Mills
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in 2003
Films shot in Los Angeles
Focus Features films
Gay-related films
LGBT-related films based on actual events
LGBT-related romantic comedy-drama films
American nonlinear narrative films
BAFTA winners (films)
Films scored by Roger Neill
Films about father–son relationships
2010s American films

Beginners