Majeed Marhoon (; 17 August 1945 – 16 March 2010) was a Bahraini saxophonist, and a former leftist political activist with the National Liberation Front of Bahrain. He spent 22 years in prison in Bahrain between 1968 and 1990, accused of planting a bomb in the car of a British intelligence officer of 21 March 1966. Seventeen of his years in captivity were spent at the Jidda Island prison, with four of those years in solitary confinement.

He claims to have been tortured in prison under the orders of British officer Ian Henderson.

Life
Majeed Marhoon was born on 17 August, 1945 in Hoora, Bahrain.
Majeed says that his birth was one week after the second bombing of Japan by the American forces and the heat that day was extreme due to the spreading of atomic dust in the ozone layer.

Majeed faced the bitterness of life and poverty by excelling in school. He stated, "I was one of the best students in the school despite the hardships of living, at times we used to go to bed with empty stomachs. In 1953, I was transferred to Gudaibiya elementary school before it was fully constructed. In that school I noticed the social differences between classes, and I used to isolate myself trying to think and find reasons, but of no use, because the issue was bigger than my mind could handle."

In the academic year 1956, Majeed was asked by his arts and sports teacher, Salman Majid Al-Dallaal, to compose the music for a monologue of a school play. This was the first of Majeed's musical compositions; he was only ten years old when he composed this monologue which was broadcast on Radio Bahrain.

Every night, before he goes to bed, Majeed would listen to Radio Dhahran on an old radio that works on a dry battery. Radio Dhahran used to broadcast music 24 hours a day.

After elementary school, Majeed was transferred to the Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO) Training School, since being affiliated to this school ensured an income. This helped him and his family to move out from the house they rented to a better home.

In 1959, he bought a harmonica and along with it a book to learn how to play it. Due to his limited knowledge of English at the time, Majeed struggled to play initially, however he overcame it by learning to play by ear.

This youth born for music was also vowed to struggle. In those beautiful times, the creative ones always found themselves biased towards the cause of their people, and the progressive route expressed that yearning for freedom.

This would lead him to reading novels and literature of George Hanna, Salama Moussa, Mohammed Mandour and Maxim Gorki. The stories and novels of the latter had a deep impact on Majeed because he found in the characters of those stories live impersonations he related to in real life.

In a short while, the realization came to Majeed that the Socialist ideas and directions were closest to his mind and heart. That was when he was asked if he would be interested in joining the National Liberation Front, Majeed says, "Without hesitation, I revealed my desire and eagerness to join it!"

In 1961, he was asked by the late Baqer Kalbarham to start a music group to play at the forefront of Kalbarham's Azza* procession during the lunar month of Muharram, since he was one of the most popular musicians among the poor at the time. With great enthusiasm, Majeed took up the task.

At this stage, the consciousness of the meeting point between art and music with the ideas of change got defined within him. This realization enhanced his stance that music is a means to transcend with the taste of the human being and discipline his soul. His musical skills had been improving, and other instruments started luring him into their world.

In 1961, he bought the saxophone after being introduced to wind instruments like the trumpet and the clarinet.

According to the late artist Ahmed Jamal, who owned a music instruments and books shop, Majeed was the first in Bahrain to buy a saxophone and a book with it to learn how to play, and he did with no help from any teacher or instructor.

Majeed joined the Amateur Musicians Family in late 1963 for six months, during which he participated in various concerts and events organized by many clubs, but his membership there didn't take long for him to later become one of the founders of Al-Anwar Group.

His musical and artistic knowledge continued to grow and develop and his saxophone playing skills have been improving significantly, he began to play French music which widened his artistic capabilities. He also played African, Latin American, English music (like The Beatles), Spanish and Russian; even though he was unable to continue studying music in a methodological manner.

In 1967, the lyrics of the anthem "Tareequna anta tadri shawkon wa wa'aron Aseer" (Our path, you know, rugged, hard and filled with thorns) was discussed for the first time. Even though Majeed didn't get the full lyrics, but the first verses attracted his attention, so he composed the music. These lyrics would be enriched years later by the poet Ahmed Al-Shamlan, and at a later stage the artist Salman Zaiman would add a few more verses too.

In 1966, Majeed would execute a heroic operation against the militants of British colonization, of which his role would remain a secret until 1969. He was then led to a mock trial which only lasted for half an hour, where the prior issued sentence was revealed. He was given a life sentence.

He was then transferred to the island of Jidah. The island seemed very scary at first, because it was nothing like the other islands of Bahrain, there were mountainous plateaus, caves and everything that brings fear to a newcomer.

In 1973, Majeed's attempts to convince the prison warden to get some music books in order for him to study during his free time succeeded. As soon as he had those books in his possession he began studying seriously and intensively making the best out of the isolated atmosphere he was in, taking inspiration from his musical experiments, going back to everything he had learnt with great concentration. He recomposed "Memories" on the note. Even though "Memories" wasn't his first experience in composition, but it was a turning point in his career as a musician, he then composed "Haneen". And after reading 'The Hunchback of Notre dame' came the piece "Esmeralda" expressing the great influence the works of Victor Hugo had on him, especially since his romantic musical directions were going in parallel to those of the novel.

He was also very influenced by the music of Hayden and Mozart; but most of all: Beethoven. Majeed found his soul as a music composer in Beethoven; he says Beethoven was just like him a deaf self-taught musician who also had revolutionary ideas; opposed the authority of the Lords and despised ingratiation.

He was very interested in the works of Al-Rahbani Brothers. He performed their music and benefited from it a lot in many of his pieces including his piece "The Island of Dreams" which embodies the dreams, hopes aspirations and pain of many of the prisoners including himself.

Specialized musicians from the Royal Swedish Academy of Music studied some of his work and ranked him at the level of high professionals. From then on, the world's recognition of Majeed as a freedom fighter and as an artist continued.

In the 80's during one of the largest campaigns to demand his freedom, two of Majeed's compositions – "Memories" and "Nostalgia" – were played by the German Radio Symphony Orchestra to be heard by the progressive world and bring its attention to his talent and suffering.

In 1985 at the World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow, thousands of protesting cards were signed by the representatives of the Democratic Youth Against Colonization Movement from all over the world demanding his immediate release. Majeed wrote at that moment: "For the first time in my life, I've tasted the sweetness of the great victory!"

The passing of his mother had a great impact on Majeed, his great sorrow flooded out in the form of captivating musical pieces like "The song of the departed" which he composed ten days after her death, or like "The burning of the heart" that he composed after four days of her death and completed in one session only. It was played later by Dr. Weiry Deen, a music Professor at the University of Utah.

Majeed says that his outcome of his musical compositions was based on deep self-analysis and extreme strict self-criticism leading him to complete his second symphony "An invitation to Joy" on his fortieth birthday on 17 August 1985.

By that time, Majeed had made a firm decision that his future was in music alone, not in any other field, therefore he got himself more indulged in studying harmony, music distribution and music composition on a strict scientific basis.

He was able during that time to obtain a small tape player and some cassettes on which he recorded some music works like Tchaikovsky and Beethoven which quenched some of his thirst and passion for music and helped him move on in his project. He composed some valuable pieces like The Piano Sonata and The First String Quartet; he also worked on completing his second symphony in which he avoided making the same mistakes of his first.

During that period he also composed The Second String Quartet, which was played later by the Adembra String Quartet Group on the International Music Day in 1999 gaining remarkable success.

Majeed had turned the island of Jida into a laboratory for creative musical experiments, since the 70s he had begun teaching music to some fellow prisoners and later forming a humble music group after a few musical instruments were provided.

On 8 January 1986, Majeed was transferred from Jida to the prison of Jaww. According to Majeed this transfer came with some advantages helping him with his musical project. He was placed in a private cell which he used as a music school and library with a table and a chair making it easier for him to sit and compose his music whenever he pleased.

On 26 April 1990, Majeed completed his life sentence to finally breathe the air of freedom. From his first day out of prison, Majeed got affiliated to Ajras Musical Band as a composer and a musician. Among his works with Ajras was the song "Habeebati" (My Darling) which was performed at the 3rd Ajras concert; and also the composition, "An invitation to affection".

Majeed continued working with immense concentration and passion on his music and also to complete writing "The Modern Music Dictionary" on which he was working since 1975 in prison. He then revised the first volume and included additions to the entries and footnotes, mostly on the connection between the computer and music. He devoted himself for the first volume from 1990 to 2002, which is released today.-- 16 March 2008.

Majeed died on 23 February 2010 because of sickness.

See also
 March Intifada
 National Liberation Front of Bahrain

References
 In memoriam to Majeed Marhoon
 "Bahrain's Mandela" dies - Habib Toumi, Gulf News
 Tribute to Majeed Marhoon - Abdulhadi Khalaf, Alwaqt Newspaper, 11 December 2007
 Majeed Marhoon - Hassan Madan, Civilized Dialogue, 19 December 2007
 Glory to you, O Saxophonist - Khalil Zainal, Civilized Dialogue, 20 October 2003
 Testimonies of Torture Victims in Bahrain

1945 births
2010 deaths
Bahraini dissidents
Bahraini left-wing activists
Bahraini musicians
Bahraini prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Bahrain
Saxophonists
Republicanism in Bahrain
20th-century saxophonists

Majeed Marhoon


The Borthwick Water (Border Scots: Borthwick Witter) is a river in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, and a tributary of the River Teviot.

The Aithouse Burn, the Howpasley Burn, and the Northhope Burn (amongst others) are some of the feeder burns for what becomes the Borthwick Water at Craik, in the heart of the Craik Forest. The Water continues via Meadshaw, Muselee, and Deanburnhaugh, to Burnfoot and Roberton until it joins the Teviot at Borthaugh and Martinshouse, at the end of the B711, and less than 2 miles from the centre of Hawick.

Places of interest nearby are the Alemoor Loch reservoir and Borthaugh Hill, as well as the villages of Borthwickshiels, Branxholme, Broadhaugh, and Buccleuch.

See also
List of places in the Scottish Borders
List of places in Scotland

External links

RCAHMS record for Borthwick Wa'as, St. Mary's Chapel and Graveyard
GEOGRAPH: The Borthwick Water
SCRAN image: The Duke of Buccleuch's Hunt and Borthwick Water Foxhounds Joint Meet

Sources
Borthwick Water: two centuries of life in the parish of Roberton by Kathleen W. Stewart, published 1991
Reminiscences of Borthwick Water sixty years ago by George Scott, 1909 transactions

Rivers of the Scottish Borders
2Borthwick

Borthwick Water


Who's Who is a reference work. It has been published annually in the form of a hardback book since 1849, and has been published online since 1999. It has also been published on CD-ROM. It lists, and gives information on, people from around the world who influence British life. Entries include notable figures from government, politics, academia, business, sport and the arts. Who's Who 2023 is the 175th edition and includes more than 33,000 people.

In 2004, the book was described as the United Kingdom's most prominent work of biographical reference.

The book is the original Who's Who book and "the pioneer work of its type". The book is an origin of the expression "who's who" used in a wider sense.

History
Who's Who has been published since 1849.

When book publisher A & C Black bought the copyright to the publication in 1896, Douglas Sladen was employed with a three-year contract to overhaul the publication. According to Sladen, the old Who's Who was solely a "handbook of the titled and official classes only", which he sought to modernize by including celebrities from all circles through the use of autobiographical forms. Between 1897 and 1899, under Sladen, Who's Who expanded its number of entries from 6,000 to 8,500. The inclusion of a "recreations" section for biographees to fill proved to be particularly successful for the book: according to Sladen, newspapers "never tired of quoting the recreations of eminent people", thus attracting publicity for the publication. While Sladen's contract was not renewed, the revised Who's Who experienced financial success: its sales rose from 10,000 to 12,000 copies between 1901 and 1910, in spite of a twofold increase in the book price for that period.

Cedric Arthur Larson stated that Who's Who in 1849 was not biographical. Who's Who turned into a biographical dictionary in 1897. In 1963 and 1975, Professor William Lawrence Rivers wrote that Who's Who then included biographical information.

In 1973, a spinoff version, called The Academic Who's Who, was released by the same publisher. Both the first edition, published in 1973, and the second edition, published in 1975, were published by Adam & Charles Black in London. The first US edition was published by Bowker in New York, and the second by Gale Research in Detroit. The second edition contained biographies of almost seven thousand academics.

Who's Who 1897–1996 was published on CD-ROM and was awarded the McColvin Medal. Who's Who 1897–1998 was also published on CD-ROM. Who's Who was included in KnowUK from 1999. Who's Who 2005 was included in Xreferplus. The Who's Who & Who Was Who website (ukwhoswho.com) is dated from 2007 onwards. Who's Who continues to be published annually in hardback.

A history of Who's Who was published to coincide with the 150th edition in 1998. "Preface with a Brief History 1849–1998" was included in Who's Who 1998.

Publishers and editors
Who's Who was originally published by Baily Brothers. Since 1897, it has been published by A & C Black. It has been published in New York by the Macmillan Company and by St. Martin's Press.

From 1849 to 1850, Who's Who was edited by Henry Robert Addison, from 1851 to 1864 by Charles Henry Oakes, from 1865 by William John Lawson and from 1897 to 1899 by Douglas Sladen. Subsequent editions do not disclose the identity of their editor. In 1990, it was reported that after the departure of Douglas Brooke Wheelton Sladen, the people who compiled Who's Who remained anonymous to conceal the fact that they were female. In 2004, it was reported that the editorial staff and the selection panel endeavour to operate in anonymity so as to shield themselves from unwanted pressures.

Biographies
Academics who study elites have used the book as the primary reference for deducing who is part of the British elite.

Inclusiveness
The subjects of Who's Who entries include peers, MPs, judges, senior civil servants, writers, lawyers, scientists, academics, actors, athletes, artists and hereditary aristocrats. 50 percent of new entrants (such as those holding a professorial chair at Oxbridge, baronets, peers, MPs, judges etc.) are included automatically by virtue of their office or title; the other 50 percent are selected at the discretion of a board of advisors. Inclusion has come to carry a considerable level of prestige: Paul Levy stated in The Wall Street Journal in 1996 that having an entry in Who's Who "really puts the stamp of eminence on a modern British life".

Once someone is included in Who's Who they remain in it for life: MPs, for example, are not removed when they leave Parliament. The 7th Earl of Lucan continued to be listed in the book after he went missing in 1974 and even after he was declared legally dead in 1999. He was listed in Who's Who 2016, which was published in 2015. As of 2023, the most recent version of his entry on the Who's Who & Who Was Who website is dated 1 December 2016, his death certificate having been issued in 2016.

Inclusion in Who's Who does not involve any payment by or to the subject, or even any obligation to buy a copy. Some individuals have attempted to offer bribes in attempts to be included.

The publication includes the members of the Scottish Parliament, Welsh and Northern Ireland Assemblies, members of the House of Commons, the chief executives of all UK cities and counties, and foreign ambassadors accredited to London. There was a high proportion of Oxford and Cambridge graduates among the new entrants in Who's Who 2008. During the reign of Queen Victoria, the proportion of such graduates was less than 20%.

In a review of Who's Who, 1907, the Law Magazine and Review declared: "So comprehensive is the scheme of the work that it is well-nigh impossible to find any person at all entitled to be considered prominent in any particular sphere, whose biography is not included". The Expository Times wrote that Who's Who, 1910 included "Everybody who is anybody". The Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects wrote that the choice of subjects included in Who's Who 1936 was generally appropriate. Writing in The Spectator about a radio documentary on the book they prepared for BBC Radio 4 in 2004, Crick and Rosenbaum criticised, or reported that others had criticised, the publication for its lack of inclusion of well known celebrities, sports personalities, solicitors, and the quasi-totality of Britain's wealthiest people. They also questioned the inclusion of all baronets. In 2007, Jeremy Paxman criticised the publication for failing to include more non-British MEPs. In 2010, Charles Moore criticised the criticism of the inclusiveness of Who's Who. In 2021, it was reported that Michael Grade, who was Chairman of the Board of Governors of the BBC from 2004 to 2006, had criticised Who's Who for failing to include entries for Benedict Cumberbatch and Eddie Redmayne.

Richard Fitzwilliams, former editor of The International Who's Who quoted in The Independent in 2015 indicated that Arthur Scargill and Tony Benn were included in Who's Who against their wishes, and that W. S. Gilbert was "threatened with being given a concocted version of his entry unless he provided one". Douglas Sladen published or threatened to publish non-autobiographical entries for recalcitrant figures in order to coerce them to submit their own autobiographical forms. In his autobiography, Douglas Sladen wrote: "W. S. Gilbert wrote the rudest letter of anybody. He said he was always being pestered by unimportant people for information about himself. So I put him down in the book as "Writer of Verses and the libretti to Sir Arthur Sullivan's comic operas." He then wrote me a letter . . . in which he asked me if that was the way to treat a man who had written seventy original dramas. Next year he filled up his form as readily as a peer's widow who has married a commoner." In a footnote to the preceding passage from Sladen's autobiography, the historian Philip Waller said that "Sladen did not always allow accuracy to get in the way of a good story", and that the actual facts consist of the inclusion of the line "Writer of Verses and the libretti to Sir Arthur Sullivan's comic operas"  in Gilbert's biography in Who's Who 1897 and 1898, and the removal of that line from Gilbert's biography in Who's Who 1899, to which no other changes were made. In his autobiography, Sladen wrote: "A prominent authoress first of all refused to fill up her form at all. I wrote to tell her that in that case I should have to fill it up for her. She showed no concern about this until I sent her a proof of the biography, in which I made her out ten years older than she really was, and said that I meant to insert the biography in that form unless there was anything she wished to correct. She then corrected it, and added so much that it would have taken the whole column if I had inserted all she sent." According to Philip Waller, this "was how Sladen behaved: if celebrities did not deliver, he invented a CV for them. It usually brought them into line." In 2004, it was reported that Scargill had argued that people who do not wish to be in Who's Who should be allowed to opt out.

Compilation and authorship
From 1897 onwards, entries have been compiled from questionnaires filled in by their subjects and then returned to the publisher. Lea and Day wrote that this approach normally leads to increased accuracy.

It has been said that, from Who's Who 1897 onwards, the entries, or the majority of them, are autobiographical. Nature Notes described the notices of naturalists in Who's Who, 1900 as "virtually autobiographical".

In A & C Black Ltd v Claude Stacey Ltd, Mr Justice Tomlin (as he then was), sitting in the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice in England, held that the "author", within the meaning of that expression in section 5 of the Copyright Act 1911, of each biography in Who's Who was the compiler. This decision has been cited as authority as to the meaning of the expression "author" in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Content
Entries typically include full names, dates of birth, career details, club memberships, education, professional qualifications, publications, recreations and contact details.

Utility
Who's Who has been repeatedly described as useful and indispensable.

Reliability and accuracy
The Saturday Review wrote that Who's Who 1904 is "generally accurate". The World's Paper Trade Review wrote that "it may be relied on not only as being accurate but really authoritative". The Law Magazine and Review wrote that "The accuracy of the information given shows the great care with which this work has been compiled". The Law Journal wrote that the "biographical details of judges and leading members of the profession . . . so far as we have tested them, are . . . accurate".

The Accountant's Magazine spoke of "the remarkable accuracy" of Who's Who, 1905. The Canada Lancet wrote that "The book contains a vast amount of reliable information regarding persons of note throughout the British Empire". The Law Journal wrote that the "biographical details of judges and leading lawyers . . . so far as we have tested them, are accurate".

Engineering wrote that Who's Who, 1906 gave "accurate information regarding the career of men whose names are frequently before the public in an official or other capacity". Notes and Queries wrote that "For those engaged in literary and journalistic pursuits, Who's Who remains the most trustworthy . . . work of personal reference". The Library World wrote that "its accuracy is well maintained".

The Congregationalist and Christian World wrote that Who's Who, 1907 "comes promptly to aid journalists and others who wish to consult . . . accurate biographies of the leading personages in the Western political and literary world, Britons of course predominating." The Standard called it "a monument of painstaking care". Page's Weekly wrote that "we have subjected Who's Who to several tests and are glad to find that the accuracy which pervades the subject matter is again worthy of high commendation". Medical Record wrote that "The data about Americans mentioned in the work appear to be in the main correct, though we notice that the name of the late Albert Bierstadt, the artist, is retained in the book as though he were still living." The United Service Magazine wrote that "Immense pains are taken to ensure accuracy".

The Dublin Journal of Medical Science wrote that the biographies in Who's Who, 1908 "may be considered to be accurate". The Electrical Review wrote that "the details may generally be regarded as accurate". Page's Weekly added that "We have many occasions had reason to admire the accuracy which is attained by the Editor of Who's Who".

Country Life wrote that Who's Who, 1909 was "of most praiseworthy accuracy". The Scots Law Times wrote that "The information given about the persons named may be taken as reliable". The Empire Review and Magazine wrote "the great pains taken to ensure accuracy gives to the volume additional value". The American Review of Reviews wrote that it "continues . . . to sustain its high level of accuracy".

Knowledge & Scientific News wrote that Who's Who, 1910 "is kept up-to-date and accurate". The Railway News wrote that "The information is brought thoroughly up to date". Country Life wrote that "This year it appears to be as accurate . . . as usual." Page's Weekly wrote that "Who's Who has a notable reputation to maintain and it is not surprising to find, therefore, that exceptional care is taken to render it a reference work of unimpeachable accuracy."

The accuracy of Who's Who, 1933 was praised by the Solicitors Journal and by the Journal of State Medicine. The accuracy of Who's Who, 1934 was praised by the Clinical Journal, by the Burlington Magazine and by the Journal of State Medicine. The accuracy of Who's Who 1935 was praised by Public Opinion, by the Solicitors' Journal, by the Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal and by the Clinical Journal. The accuracy of Who's Who 1936 was praised by Engineering. The Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal also praised the accuracy of that edition, but wrote that the book included an entry for a deceased person. The accuracy of Who's Who 1937 was praised by the Municipal Journal & Public Works Engineer. The accuracy of Who's Who 1938 was praised by the Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene and by the New Statesman and Nation. The accuracy of Who's Who 1939 was praised by the Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene.

The accuracy of Who's Who 1940 was praised by the Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene, and the reliability of that edition was praised by The Tennessee Teacher. The accuracy of Who's Who 1941 was praised by the Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene, by the Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal and by the Municipal Journal & Local Government Administrator. The accuracy of Who's Who, 1942 was praised by the Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene and by The Accountant. The accuracy of Who's Who, 1943 was praised by the Medical Press and Circular. The accuracy of certain entries in Who's Who, 1944 was praised by the Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene. The accuracy of Who's Who, 1946 was praised by the Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal. The accuracy of Who's Who, 1949 was praised by Subscription Books Bulletin.

In 1957, the reliability of Who's Who was praised by Dr Ajit Kumar Mukherjee.

The accuracy and reliability of Who's Who 1970 was praised by Dr Bohdan Stephan Wynar. The accuracy of Who's Who 1973 was praised by Reference and Subscription Books Reviews. In 1974, the reliability of Who's Who was praised by John Richard Meredith Wilson. In 1975, the accuracy of Who's Who was praised by Carolyn Sue Peterson.

The accuracy of Who's Who 1982 was praised by Jefferson D Caskey. The accuracy of Who's Who 1985 was praised by Jefferson D Caskey. In 1986, the reliability of Who's Who was praised by John Richard Meredith Wilson. The accuracy of the entry for Reginald William Revans in Who's Who 1987 was praised by Dr Yury Boshyk and Robert Lexow Dilworth.

In 1995, the reliability of Who's Who was praised by Professor Glenda Norquay.

In 2001, BBC News qualified some of the entrants as "a little economical with the truth". Writing in The Spectator about a radio documentary on the book they prepared for BBC Radio 4 in 2004, Michael Crick and Martin Rosenbaum wrote that there were questions about the accuracy of the entries, but that they frequently used Who's Who themselves in their work as journalists. In 2007, the reliability of Who's Who Online was praised by William Ashford Kelly. In 2014, the reliability of the Who's Who & Who Was Who website was praised by Fred Burchsted.

Subjects are not permitted to include libellous statements in their entries. In 2004, the publishing director for reference books of Bloomsbury, which owns A & C Black, the publisher of Who's Who, stated that if an inaccuracy was brought to the attention of the editors, they would raise it with the biographee first. If the biographee insisted or failed to respond, however, no correction would be issued. The director stated that "the vast majority of errors" are sorted by mutual agreement between Who's Who and the biographee.

Dates of birth
In 2004, Crick and Rosenbaum wrote that the largest number of errors were in dates of birth. It has been reported that entries for
Mohamed al-Fayed, Anita Brookner, Ken Dodd, Susan Hampshire, Nanette Newman, and Nicholas Parsons have displayed incorrect dates of birth. The BBC claimed that when Brookner was asked by the editors of Who's Who whether she wanted her date of birth corrected, she asked to have it blanked instead. Errors in the dates of birth of Mohamed al-Fayed, Ken Dodd and Susan Hampshire had previously been reported by Compton Miller, editor of Who's Really Who, in a book review of A & C Black's Who's Who 1998, in which Compton Miller praised the entries for Mohamed al-Fayed, Ken Dodd and Susan Hampshire in his own book. It has been reported that the entry for Jimmy Wray has displayed a disputed date of birth.

Particular entries
In 2001, BBC News claimed that former MP Jeffrey Archer had listed Brasenose College, Oxford, under the education part of his Who's Who entry, despite having no degree and having only attended a one-year postgraduate physical education course. Previously, in a 1997 letter to the editor of The Independent, Paul Flather of Oxford University had written that the training course Archer had taken at Brasenose College was "not strictly a university course", and that his Who's Who entry also incorrectly listed his year of attendance. In 2004, Crick and Rosenbaum claimed that the entry for Archer had also listed an incorrect sum of money.

The entry for Iain Duncan Smith in (in particular) Who's Who 2002 and Who's Who 2003 claimed that he had been educated at "Univ. di Perugia". This claim did not appear in Who's Who 2004. In 2002, BBC Newsnight reported that Duncan Smith had attended the Università per Stranieri di Perugia and had never attended the Università degli Studi di Perugia.

The entry for James Gulliver in (in particular)  Who's Who 1972, Who's Who 1973, Who's Who 1980, Who's Who 1985 and Who's Who 1986, stated that he had been educated at Harvard University and did not mention that he had been educated at, and had received an MSc from, the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1954. The press repeatedly reported that Gulliver had received an MBA from Harvard Business School. Those press reports were not correct. He had in fact done a marketing course at Harvard Business School for three weeks in 1954. On 9 March 1986, Gulliver said that his Who's Who entry was not correct in relation "to a degree achieved in 1954". The press had been informed of the error by a PR company working for an alcohol company that Gulliver's company had bid to takeover. Paddy Ashdown said that the PR company had performed "a rather unsavoury and tawdry" character "assassination". The bald statement that Gulliver was educated at the Harvard University has been characterized as having a tendency to mislead.

In 2004, Crick and Rosenbaum reported that Arthur Scargill had denied that his entry was completely accurate.

Omissions
In 2004, Crick and Rosenbaum named six people whose entries were claimed to have contained at least one omission at some point in time (excluding entries claimed to have displayed at least one error at some point in time).

Jeremy Paxman has calculated that only 8% of new entrants in 2008 made any reference to marital breakdown, which is far below the national average.

The non-autobiographical entry for W. S. Gilbert in Who's Who 1897 and Who's Who 1898 did not include the fact that Gilbert had written seventy original dramas.

Lists and tables
The original nucleus of Who's Who consisted of tables. In a review of Who's Who 1903, the Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer wrote "From time to time it has been found necessary to remove some useful tables inserted in the front of the book, in order to make room for the biographies, and now the portentous increase of the latter has led to the complete removal of the tables, with the exception, of course, of those devoted to the Royal Family and to obituaries. The publishers hope . . . to issue the various tables separately . . . at a later date." The tables were moved into the Who's Who Year Book from the first edition of that year book, the Who's Who Year Book, 1904, onwards.

Who Was Who
When the subject of a Who's Who entry dies, the biography is transferred to the next volume of Who Was Who, where it is usually printed as it appeared in its last Who's Who, with the date of death added.

The first volume of Who Was Who covered deaths between 1897 and 1915. They were then published at 10-year intervals, and since 1990 at five-year intervals.

Who Was Who series:

 1897–1915, 1988 reprint:
 1916–1928, 1992 reprint:
 1929–1940, 1967 reprint:
 1941–1950, 1980 reprint:
 1951–1960, 1984 reprint:
 1961–1970, 1979 reprint:
 1971–1980, 1989 reprint:
 1981–1990: 1991
 1991–1995: 1996
 1996–2000: 2001
 2001–2005: 2006
 2006–2010: 2011
 2011–2015: 2016

Corrections

Errors contained in Who's Who entries are corrected in Who Was Who "where necessary". (The deceased subjects cannot object to corrections because they are deceased.)

Cumulated index

There is a cumulative index, titled "cumulated index":
Who Was Who, A Cumulated Index 1897 to 1980. Published 1981. Cox said this index is useful.
Who Was Who: A Cumulated Index 1897–1990. Published 1991.
Who Was Who: A Cumulated Index 1897—2000. Published 2002.

See also
 List of biographical dictionaries

References

Further reading
Ballou. Reference Books. PACAF Library Service Center. (Fifth Air Force, Pacific Air Forces). 1 September 1968. pp 178 & 179.
Fritze, Coutts and Vyhnanek. Reference Sources in History: An Introductory Guide. ABC-CLIO. Second Edition. 2004. pp 199 & 201.
James L Harner. Literary Research Guide. Fifth Edition. MLA. 2008. p 188.
Birch and Hooper. The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. Fourth Edition. 2012. p 772.
"What's What of Who's Who". Western Mail. 15 December 2001. TheFreeLibrary.
Gary Archer, "Review of Who's Who Online 2013 edition" (2013) 29 Refer 3 (No 1, Spring 2013) ProQuest
Malcolm Gladwell. "Nice to meet you. But what on earth are you doing here?" in "Books" in "The week in Reviews". The Observer. 11 January 1998. ProQuest
Richard Ingrams, "Who's odd" (1983) 250 The Spectator, 2 April 1983, p 16 Spectator [Review of Who's Who 1983]
Alan Watkins, "Who he?" (1979) 242 The Spectator, 12 May 1979, p 22 ProQuest Spectator [Review of Who's Who 1979]
"The Longest Novel" (1970) 258 Punch 731 (13 May 1970) [Review of Who's Who 1970]
"Curious Facts about Famous People" (1963) 44 Time and Tide 26 (21 to 27 March 1963) [Review of Who's Who 1963]

(1903) 19 Law Quarterly Review 109 Internet Archive Google Books
(1903) 37 Law Journal 611 Google Books
"Current Literature", The Spectator, 4 February 1865, p 20

External links

Publications established in 1849
British biographical dictionaries
Online person databases
Series of non-fiction books
A & C Black books
1849 establishments in the United Kingdom

Who's Who (UK)


1389 Onnie, provisional designation , is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 September 1935, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa.

Orbit and classification

The stony S-type asteroid belongs to the Koronis family, a group consisting of few hundred known bodies with nearly ecliptical orbits. Onnie orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,771 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.
As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.

Lightcurve

American astronomer Richard P. Binzel obtained a rotational light-curve of Onnie from photometric observations in September 1983. It gave a longer-than average rotation period of 22.5 hours with a change in brightness of 0.34 magnitude (). In 2011 and 2013, respectively, a modeled light-curve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and other sources gave a period 23.0447 hours, as well as a spin axis of (183.0°, -75.0°) in ecliptic coordinates ().

Diameter and albedo

According to the 2014-published result by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Onnie measures 13.77 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.198. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony Koronian asteroids of 0.24 and derives a diameter of 12.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.69.

Naming

This minor planet was named for A. Kruyt, sister-in-law of astronomer G. Pels (1893–1966). Pels, who proposed the minor planet's name, was as a lifelong member of the Leiden Observatory's staff, observer of minor planets at Leiden, as well as an orbit computer for many of Hendrik van Gent's made discoveries. The minor planet 1667 Pels was named in his honour.

References

External links
 Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
 Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
 Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center

001389
Discoveries by Hendrik van Gent
Named minor planets
19350928

1389 Onnie


A death hoax is a false report of someone's death.

In some cases, it might be because the person has faked their own death on purpose. In some cases they are mistakes while in most cases, they are intentional. Hoaxes are designed to play on other people's emotions. Sometimes, a death hoax is designed to be a practical joke; however, most are to give the person starting the rumor a sense of power over their victims.

There are often consequences when the person who started the hoax is discovered. The news media has to be especially careful of hoaxes, including death hoaxes. While some people will believe anything, most people resent being tricked. However, it depends on how the story is handled: For example, a death hoax ran in Canadian papers about a hard-drinking, hard-swearing Carcross Parrot who had just died; most forgave the writers since the story was published on April Fools' Day.

Mark Twain is one of the most famous people to be the subject of a death hoax. In his case, the newspapers were just careless. This is when he uttered his famous quote, "The report of my death was an exaggeration." It has often been misquoted as "reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated".

References

Death
Hoaxes

Death hoax


Harding Township is a township in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is located in the Passaic Valley region within the New York Metropolitan area. The township was formed as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on September 1, 1922, from portions of Passaic Township (since renamed as Long Hill Township), based on the results of a referendum passed on May 9, 1922. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 3,871, an increase of 33 (+0.9%) from the 2010 census count of 3,838, which in turn reflected an increase of 658 (+20.7%) from the 3,180 counted in the 2000 census.

The long-established hamlets of New Vernon and Green Village (also within Chatham Township) are both located in Harding Township. The township is home to the private club community Mount Kemble Lake, a former summer colony developed in the 1920s.

Described by The New York Times as "one of the most restrictive and elegant of New Jersey's residential suburban areas" and as an "affluent Morris County township", the community has been one of the state's highest-income municipalities. Harding Township had a per capita income of $109,472 and was ranked first in New Jersey based on data from the 2006–2010 American Community Survey from the United States Census Bureau, more than triple the statewide average of $34,858. Based on data from the ACS for 2014–2018, Harding Township ranked sixth in the state with a median household income of $183,587 and had almost half of households earning more than $200 thousand annually.

The 07976 ZIP Code for New Vernon was named one of the "25 Richest ZIP Codes" in the United States by Forbes magazine in 2006. Many relatively unchanged large country estates that have been passed down through several generations attest to the wealth of many of its residents. Some have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places and some have nonprofit support organizations that assure the retention of the original nature of the properties.

As of 2021, the median value of a home in Harding Township lies at $1,181,000.

History
After the retreat of the Wisconsin Glacier, a mighty glacial lake called Glacial Lake Passaic formed in this area that, about 15,000 to 11,000 years ago, extended for  in length and was  wide. The lake finally drained when a blockage of the Passaic River reopened. The Great Swamp is the remnant of the lake bottom and portions of the swamp lay in what now is the township. Once the lake drained, higher areas became a wooded area that was used for hunting, fishing, and farming by Native Americans. At the time of colonization by the Dutch it belonged to the Lenape tribes, but British colonists did their best to displace them westward.

Much of what now is known as Harding was an agricultural community with roots stretching as far back as the early 18th century.  Bypassed by colonial turnpikes, revolution era canals, and railroads laid in the Victorian era, the area remained a rural backwater.  For almost two centuries of European occupation, its open and rolling landscapes reflected its agricultural use, as land had been cleared for cattle pastures, orchards, and fields of grain.  The Great Swamp, the wooded slopes of the Watchung Mountains, and those near Jockey Hollow also were used by local farmers for wood supply.  The communities of Green Village, Logansville, New Vernon, and Pleasantville were the village centers in this agricultural community.

Wealthy urban residents from Manhattan and Newark bought farmland, enlarged old farmhouses, and landscaped the grounds.  The movement to establish Harding Township was driven by local property owners who wanted to maintain a bucolic community without suburban development.

The township was created in 1922 from the northern half of what was then Passaic Township (present day Long Hill Township) and it was named after the incumbent President of the United States, Warren G. Harding.

The New Vernon Neighborhood Restrictive Agreement was established in 1928 by estate owners under which they agreed to voluntarily place restrictive covenants on their land that would require future owners of the properties to maintain the rural nature of the area.  This voluntary effort to limit development and save the pastoral qualities of over  across Harding Township influenced subsequent zoning codes, which emerged several decades later, and helped preserve the landscape to the present day.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 20.57 square miles (53.28 km2), including 20.05 square miles (51.94 km2) of land and 0.52 square miles (1.34 km2) of water (2.51%).
The township includes unincorporated communities, a portion of Green Village and all of New Vernon, both of which have origins as colonial settlements that predate the American Revolution. The governmental offices for the township are in New Vernon.

Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Baileys Mill, Dickson Mill, Glen Alpin, Jockey Hollow Park, Logansville, Mount Kemble Lake, Olmstead Mills, Osborn Mill, Pleasantville, Sugar Loaf and Van Dorens Mill.

The township borders Mendham Township to the west, Madison to the northeast, Chatham Township to the east, Morris Township to the north, and Long Hill Township to the southeast in Morris County and Bernardsville to the southwest and Bernards Township to the south in Somerset County.

Demographics

Population

2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 3,838 people, 1,474 households, and 1,126 families in the township. The population density was 192.7 per square mile (74.4/km2). There were 1,610 housing units at an average density of 80.8 per square mile (31.2/km2). The racial makeup was 94.14% (3,613) White, 0.99% (38) Black or African American, 0.13% (5) Native American, 2.66% (102) Asian, 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander, 0.34% (13) from other races, and 1.75% (67) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.49% (134) of the population.

Of the 1,474 households, 31.2% had children under the age of 18; 68.7% were married couples living together; 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present and 23.6% were non-families. Of all households, 20.6% were made up of individuals and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.00.

24.0% of the population were under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 14.5% from 25 to 44, 35.8% from 45 to 64, and 21.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48.9 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 93.1 males.

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $168,365 (with a margin of error of +/− $37,371) and the median family income was $185,647 (+/− $30,739). Males had a median income of $123,854 (+/− $38,454) versus $66,131 (+/− $25,727) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $109,472 (+/− $24,951). About 6.8% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.5% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States census there were 3,180 people, 1,180 households, and 940 families residing in the township.  The population density was .  There were 1,243 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the township was 97.20% White, 0.41% African American, 1.07% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.79% of the population.

There were 1,180 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.3% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.3% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the township the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 32.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $111,297, and the median income for a family was $128,719. Males had a median income of $95,737 versus $57,308 for females. The per capita income for the township was $72,689. None of the families and 1.1% of the population were living below the poverty line, including none under eighteen and 3.3% of those over 64.

Government

Local government
Harding Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 564 statewide) that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting held during the first week of January, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor, each serving terms of one year.

Eleven standing committees are appointed at the reorganization meeting including planning, zoning and legal; finance and insurance; public safety; public works and building; personnel; recreation commission; freeholder liaison; Glen Alpin Steering liaison; school board liaison; open space liaison; and board of health liaison.  Two members of the township committee serve on each standing committee and provide oversight to the departments.

, members of the Harding Township Committee are Mayor Timothy D. Jones (R, term on committee ends December 31, 2024; term as mayor ends 2023), Deputy Mayor Rita Chipperson (R, term on committee and as deputy mayor ends 2023), Nicole Lacz (R, 2024), Nicolas Platt (R, 2025) and Christopher M. Yates (R, 2023).

Federal, state and county representation
Harding Township is located in the 11th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 25th state legislative district.

Politics
As of March 2011, there were a total of 3,025 registered voters in Harding Township, of which 466 (15.4%) were registered as Democrats, 1,443 (47.7%) were registered as Republicans and 1,115 (36.9%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There was one voter registered to another party.

In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 70.4% of the vote (1,607 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 28.6% (654 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (22 votes), among the 2,295 ballots cast by the township's 3,195 registered voters (12 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 71.8%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 61.9% of the vote (1,516 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 36.7% (898 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (23 votes), among the 2,449 ballots cast by the township's 3,139 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.0%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 66.8% of the vote (1,618 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 32.1% (778 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (20 votes), among the 2,421 ballots cast by the township's 3,040 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 79.6.

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 82.0% of the vote (1,193 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 16.6% (242 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (19 votes), among the 1,476 ballots cast by the township's 3,200 registered voters (22 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 46.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 68.4% of the vote (1,280 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 20.5% (384 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 10.5% (197 votes) and other candidates with 0.3% (5 votes), among the 1,871 ballots cast by the township's 3,099 registered voters, yielding a 60.4% turnout.

Education
The Harding Township School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade at Harding Township School. As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 299 students and 41.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 7.3:1.

For ninth through twelfth grades, public school students attend Madison High School in Madison, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Madison Public Schools. As of the 2021–22 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 839 students and 69.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1.

Historic district
The Tempe Wick Road–Washington Corners Historic District is a  historic district located in Harding Township and Mendham Township. It extends along Tempe Wick Road from Mount Kemble Avenue to Cold Hill Road, and short segments of Corey Lane, Cemetery Road, Kennaday Road, Leddell Road, and Jockey Hollow Road. Tempe Wick Road is named for Temperance Wick.

The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 2000, for its significance in architecture and military history. The district includes 44 contributing buildings, 6 contributing sites, 10 contributing structures, and 4 contributing objects.

Transportation

Roads and highways
, the township had a total of  of roadways, of which  were maintained by the municipality,  by Morris County and  by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.

Interstate 287 is the most prominent highway within Harding Township, though there are no exits within the township. The nearest exits, 30 and 33, are both just outside the township in neighboring Bernards Township and Morris Township, respectively. U.S. Route 202 is the main highway providing local access to Harding Township.

Public transportation
Many Harding residents commute to jobs in Manhattan. There are private van shuttles that make the 45-minute trip to Jersey City or Hoboken, where ferries and PATH make the short journey across the Hudson River to Lower Manhattan. Additionally, many residents use the Madison, Morristown, and other nearby train stations to commute to Midtown Manhattan.

NJ Transit had provided local bus service on the MCM8 route until 2010, when subsidies were eliminated to the local service provider as part of budget cuts.

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Harding Township include:

 William O. Baker (1915–2005), former head of Bell Labs
 James J. Barry Jr. (born 1946), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly and was Director of the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs
 Michelle Cesan (born 1991), field hockey player who competed for the United States women's national field hockey team in the women's event at the 2012 Summer Olympics
 Ray Chambers (born 1942), UN Special Envoy for Malaria
 Steve Conine (born 1972/73), co-founder of the online retailer Wayfair
 Ned Crotty (born 1986), professional lacrosse player with the Chrome Lacrosse Club of the Premier Lacrosse League
 Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr. (1881–1963), lived at Hartley Farms, a large estate in New Vernon, from the time he was married
 Regina Egea, Chief of Staff to Governor Chris Christie
 Peter Frelinghuysen Jr. (1916–2011), politician who represented New Jersey's 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1953 to 1975
 Rodney Frelinghuysen (born 1946), politician who represented New Jersey's 11th congressional district from 1995 to 2019
 Justin Gimelstob (born 1977), professional tennis player
 Barry Halper (1939–2005), extensive collector of baseball memorabilia who had been a limited partner owning about 1% of the New York Yankees
 Kerry Kittles (born 1974), former professional basketball player
 Eric Mangini (born 1971), former head coach of the New York Jets
 Josephine Margetts (1901–1989), politician who served as a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1967 to 1973.
 Bart Oates (born 1958), former professional football player who played for the New York Giants
 Morgan Pearson (born 1993), professional triathlete who won a silver medal in the mixed relay event at the 2020 Summer Olympics
 William E. Simon (1927–2000), United States Secretary of the Treasury for Nixon and Ford
 Bo Sullivan (1937–2000), chairman of the New Jersey Turnpike Authority and a Republican Party politician who sought the nomination for Governor of New Jersey in the 1981 primary
 Jim Weaver, chef, author and a pioneer in the Slow Food movement

References

External links

Harding Township website
Harding Township School

School Data for the Harding Township School, National Center for Education Statistics
Harding Township Civic Association

1922 establishments in New Jersey
Populated places established in 1922
Township form of New Jersey government
Townships in Morris County, New Jersey

Harding Township, New Jersey


Winston Zeddemore is a fictional character appearing in the Ghostbusters movies, TV series, and video games. He was played by Ernie Hudson in both movies and was voiced by Arsenio Hall in the first two seasons of The Real Ghostbusters.

Buster Jones provided Winston's voice in the remaining seasons, and he reprised the role in a cameo on Extreme Ghostbusters. Hudson returned to provide his appearance and voice to Zeddemore in 2009's Ghostbusters: The Video Game.

Unlike the other Ghostbusters, Zeddemore is not a doctor and sometimes never appears with the group.

Fictional African-American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1984
Ghostbusters characters
Movie characters

Winston Zeddemore


Carlton Tyrell Godwin (born July 10, 1979) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Nationals.

College career
Godwin played both football and baseball at East Bladen High School, and collegiately while attending the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill on the Morehead Scholarship.

Football
Godwin played primarily on special teams during the 1997 and 1998 seasons, leading the Atlantic Coast Conference with a 27.8 kickoff return average in 1998 and setting a school record with a 100-yard kickoff return for a touchdown against Stanford on September 19, 1998. Godwin did not play football for the Tar Heels after the 1998 season, deciding instead to concentrate on baseball.

Baseball
Godwin played 3 years of baseball for the Tar Heels, batting .337 in 1998, .371 in 1999 and .363 in 2000. Godwin was a third team All-American in 2000.

Professional career
Godwin was drafted by the New York Yankees (in 1997) and the Texas Rangers (in 2000) but did not sign with either team. He eventually signed with the Toronto Blue Jays after being drafted in the 3rd round (91st overall) of the 2001 amateur draft. He played in the Blue Jays' minor league system for four years before the Washington Nationals selected him in the rule 5 draft.

Godwin played in three games for the Nationals during the 2005 season, wearing #1. He continued to play in the minor leagues until 2007.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Baseball players from Wilmington, North Carolina
Major League Baseball outfielders
Washington Nationals players
North Carolina Tar Heels football players
North Carolina Tar Heels baseball players
Auburn Doubledays players
Charleston AlleyCats players
Dunedin Blue Jays players
New Haven Ravens players
New Hampshire Fisher Cats players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Louisville Bats players
Columbus Clippers players
Peoria Javelinas players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Tyrell Godwin


The culture of Oregon has had a diverse and distinct character from before European settlement until the modern day. Some 80 Native American tribes were living in Oregon before the establishment of European American settlements and ultimately a widespread displacement of the local indigenous tribes. Trappers and traders were the harbingers of the coming migration of Europeans. Many of these settlers traveled along the nationally renowned Oregon Trail, with estimates of around 53,000 using the trail between 1840 and 1850.

World War I stimulated the shipyards and timber trades in Oregon, especially Portland which is still an integral part of the Northwest economy. In the 1930s, New Deal programs such as the Works Projects Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps built many projects around the state, including such Oregon treasures as Timberline Lodge on Mt. Hood. Hydroelectric dams and roads were also built at this time, improving the quality of life of many Oregonians. This encouraged settlement, and irrigation water from the Columbia River aided agricultural development. The Bonneville Dam was a plentiful and cheap source of power, which stimulated the development of industries such as aluminum plants during World War II. Food production, shipbuilding and the lumber were also greatly enhanced by the needs of the nation during World War II.

In recent years, electronics and tourism have broadened its economic base. Tourism is now the state's third largest source of revenue, after lumber and agriculture. In agriculture, Oregon is one of the top producers in such crops as greenhouse and nursery products, Christmas trees, grass seed, peppermint, blackberries and filberts. Other crops produced in Oregon are wheat, potatoes, pears, onions, snap beans and sweet corn. The products of Oregon wineries are nationally known, especially the chardonnay and pinot noir from Yamhill and Washington counties. The diversity of berries produced there (strawberries, blueberries, raspberries and many other varieties of cane berries) make summer an eagerly awaited season in Oregon.

Today, there are statewide groups, such as the Oregon Cultural Trust, that raise new funds to invest in Oregon's arts, humanities and heritage. The annual Oregon State Fair is a major event which has been held since 1861. Farm, garden and floral competitions are held.

Native American culture in Oregon

Oregon has a diverse Indian culture in Oregon with approximately 80 Native American tribes were living in Oregon before the establishment of European pioneer settlements. There are seven reservations in Oregon that belong to seven of the nine federally recognized Oregon tribes:

Burns Paiute Indian Colony, of the Burns Paiute Tribe: 13,738 acres (55.60 km2) in Harney County
Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Reservation, of Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians is less than 10 acres (40,000 m2)
Coquille Reservation includes 5,400 acres (22 km2) of land held in trust for the Coquille Tribe in and around Coos Bay, Oregon.
Grand Ronde Community, of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon: 11,040 acres (44.7 km2), mostly in Yamhill County, with the rest in Polk County.
Siletz Reservation, of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz: 4,204 acres (17.01 km2), 3,666 acres (14.84 km2) of which is in Lincoln County.
Umatilla Reservation, of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation: 172,882 acres (699.63 km2), mostly in Umatilla County, with the rest in Union County.
Warm Springs Reservation, of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs: 641,118 acres (2,594.51 km2), mostly in Wasco County and Jefferson County, with parts in Clackamas, Marion, and Linn counties.

Arts

Museums
The Jordan Schnitzer Museum on the University of Oregon campus has been a part of Oregon's culture since it opened on June 10, 1933. The museum was built to house the Murray Warner Collection of Oriental Art—more than 3,000 objects given to the university by Gertrude Bass Warner, the museum's first director and "curator for life." It is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. Another major art museum in Oregon is the Portland Art Museum (PAM). Founded in late 1892, the Portland Art Museum is the seventh oldest museum in the United States and the oldest in the Pacific Northwest. The museum is internationally recognized for its permanent collection and ambitious special exhibitions, drawn from the museum's holdings and the world's finest public and private collections. With a membership of over 23,000 households and serving more than 350,000 visitors annually, the museum is a premier venue for education in the visual arts.

Performing arts
Another major interest in the art is Oregon is the performing arts. The most notable event for the performing arts in Oregon is the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, a cultural event that has been running in Ashland, Oregon since 1935. The Portland Opera is another walk of the performing arts culture of Oregon and was the world premiere location for both Bernard Herrmann's Wuthering Heights and Christopher Drobny's Lucy's Lapses. Shanghaied in Astoria is a musical melodrama that is performed by the Astor Street Opry Company every summer in Astoria. It has run since 1984, and has been attended by over 55,000 people.

Music

The Oregon Symphony currently ranks among the largest orchestras in the nation and as one of the largest arts organizations in the Northwest. Their special event concerts and presentations to an audiences totaling around 320,000 annually.

One major outlet of music in Oregon is the Oregon Festival of American Music. The Oregon Festival of American Music is an eclectic, thematically based two-week summer music festival that has been held annually in Eugene since 1992 and has been produced by The John G. Shedd Institute for the Arts. Other music festivals in Oregon include the Waterfront Blues Festival in Portland, the Oregon Bach Festival in Eugene, and the Mt. Hood Jazz Festival in Gresham.

Portland is known for its strong indie music scene, and has produced numerous indie musicians such as The Decemberists, Gossip, The Dandy Warhols, M. Ward, Logan Lynn, Storm Large, Pink Martini, Elliott Smith, and Floater. Other notable musicians have relocated to Portland from other areas, including Modest Mouse, Sleater-Kinney, The Shins, Spoon, former Pavement leader Stephen Malkmus, singer-songwriter Patterson Hood, and former R.E.M. guitarist Peter Buck.

Several songs mention or reference the state, including "Eugene, Oregon" by Dolly Parton and "Lumberjack" by Johnny Cash. Carrie & Lowell, a concept album by Sufjan Stevens, mentions several locations in the state, including Eugene, Roseburg, Cottage Grove, Sea Lion Caves, and John Day Fossil Beds National Monument.

Literature

Authors
The non-profit arts and culture sector of the economic generates more than $680 million annually for Oregon. The state government alongside the non-profit Literary Arts sponsors the Oregon Book Awards, which honors literary excellence in writing and publishing since the 1980s. These factors, alongside a community of independent booksellers such as Powell's Books, has attracted many writers to the area, including Tom Spanbauer (who has been called "the Godfather of Portland's Writing Scene"), Omar El Akkad, Jean Auel, David Biespiel, Matthew Dickman, Ian Doescher, Dorianne Laux, Elena Passarello, Matthew Minicucci, Karen Russell, Kim Stafford, Cheryl Strayed, Mary Szybist, and Lidia Yuknavitch, among others.

Children's author Beverly Cleary was born in McMinnville, Oregon in 1916, and attended Grant High School, in northeast Portland. Although Cleary and her husband would eventually settle in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, the author continued to write stories set in Portland, and used many references to the city in them. Henry Huggins, for instance, lived on Klickitat Street, while Ramona Quimby was named for Quimby Street. In return, in 1995 fans of the author successfully raised funds to commemorate her work with the Beverly Cleary Sculpture Garden in Grant Park, which features many of her most famous characters.

Ken Kesey, best known for his novels One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (later adapted into an Academy Award-winning film starring Jack Nicholson) and Sometimes a Great Notion, lived in Oregon for most of his life. Originally from Colorado, Kesey moved to Eugene in 1957 to attend the University of Oregon. After spending six months incarcerated for marijuana possession in Redwood City, California, he settled permanently in Pleasant Hill, Oregon, with his family 1966, where he resided until his death in 2001. In 2017, the city of Eugene renamed the southeast corner of Broadway and Willamette Street Kesey Square in honor of the author.

Speculative fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin lived in northwest Portland from 1958 until her death in 2018, having moved to the city after her husband, the historian Charles Le Guin, was hired as an instructor at Portland State University. The Lathe of Heaven, one of LeGuin's most renowned novels, is set in a future Portland.

Fight Club author Chuck Palahniuk was born in the neighboring state of Washington, moving to Oregon in the early 1980s to attend the University of Oregon. In interviews, he has stated that his inspiration for his first novel came in part from working as a diesel mechanic for the truck manufacturer Freightliner, a job which the author held from age 22 to 35. In 2003, he published an alternative travelogue of the city titled Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon.

Author Steve Perry, writer of a number of movie adaptations, Batman cartoons, Conan novels, Star Wars novels, and a series called "The Man Who Never Missed" and numerous other projects and short stories. He enjoys teasing his editors by leaving situation references in his books from other works he has written. Scattered through a number of his works are the names from Portland and other locations throughout the Pacific Northwest.

Other authors from Oregon include Virginia Euwer Wolff, Daniel H. Wilson, John Gallaher, Walt Curtis, Phillip Margolin and Collen Houck.

Film

Filmmakers
Seven and Zodiac director David Fincher graduated from Ashland High School. Director Brad Bird graduated from Corvallis High School. Simpsons creator and cartoonist Matt Groening graduated from Lincoln High School. Director Todd Haynes lives in Oregon.

Director Gus Van Sant has achieved commercial and critical acclaim for his films, including My Own Private Idaho, Drugstore Cowboy, Good Will Hunting (which earned Van Sant a best director Oscar nomination) and Elephant (which won the Palme d'Or and a best director award at the Cannes Film Festival).

Will Vinton Studios, a famous producer of animated films (especially clay animation); noted for the feature film Return to Oz, the California Raisins television commercials of the 1980s, Eddie Murphy's television show The PJs.

Films

Oregon has provided the setting for hundreds of films, including The Goonies, Stand By Me, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and Mr. Holland's Opus. In addition, Oregon is a popular filming location, owing in part to the state's geographic diversity and natural beauty. Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood was used for exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel in The Shining. Animal House was filmed on the University of Oregon campus in Eugene, and in the nearby town of Cottage Grove. Twilight, while set in Forks, Washington, was filmed in Portland and St. Helens.

The Oregon Film Museum in Astoria showcases several films made in Oregon. It occupies the old Clatsop County Jail, which was used in the opening scene of The Goonies.

Cuisine
Oregon produces many fruits and berries, including pears, blueberries, huckleberries, and blackberries. Marionberries, a cultivar of blackberries, were developed by the USDA ARS breeding program in cooperation with Oregon State University, and account for over half of all blackberries produced in Oregon. Oregon is also the nation's leading producer of hazelnuts.

Seafood, such as Dungeness crab, is also common.

Tater tots were developed by the frozen food company Ore-Ida in Ontario, Oregon.

Voodoo Doughnut is a doughnut company based in Portland, known for its unusual ingredients such as breakfast cereal, bacon, and peanut butter. Portland is also home to the ice cream company Salt & Straw, known for its exotic flavors such as Bone Marrow with Bourbon Smoked Cherries and Arbequina Olive Oil. Tillamook, Oregon is home to the Tillamook County Creamery Association, the 48th largest dairy manufacturer in North America. The company's Medium Cheddar Cheese won the gold medal in the 2010 World Cheese Championship Cheese Contest.

National Landmarks

National Natural Landmarks

Oregon has many natural landmarks, the most famous of those landmarks is Crater Lake and is the main feature of Crater Lake National Park and famous for its deep blue color and water clarity. The lake partly fills a nearly 2,148-foot (655 m) deep caldera that was formed around 7,700 (± 150) years ago by the collapse of the volcano Mount Mazama. Crater Lake is also the deepest lake in the U.S.A..

Other major natural landmarks are Crown Point, a promontory on the Columbia River Gorge, Fort Rock State Monument a volcanic landmark called a tuff ring, John Day Fossil Beds a 14,000-acre (5,700 ha) park that is world-renowned for its well preserved, remarkably complete record of fossil plants and animals, along with other natural wonders.

National Historic Landmarks

Oregon has a surplus of historic landmarks spread across the state. From historic dams, like the Bonneville Dam that spans the Columbia River to the Deady and Villard Halls which are the two oldest buildings on the campus of the University of Oregon. Along with Historic Places all over the state such as the Monteith Historic District in Albany

References

External links
Oregon culture at Oregon.gov
Oregon's Cultural Resources from the Oregon Blue Book
Traveloregon.com
 Oregon state fair.org

Culture of Oregon


The Vermont Progressive Party is a political party in the United States.  It was founded in 1999 and is active only in the U.S. state of Vermont.

The party is largely social democratic and progressive. The Progressives received 9,470 votes (2.96% of the vote) in the 2010 Vermont House of Representatives Elections, and five seats, compared to the Democrats' 55.11% and 96 seats, the Republicans' 38.04% of the vote, and 46 seats.

Independents received 3.81% and three seats. As of 2012, the party controls 10% of the Vermont Senate seats, and 3.3% of the seats in the Vermont House of Representatives.

Organizations based in Vermont
1999 establishments in the United States
Political parties in the United States
20th-century establishments in Vermont

Vermont Progressive Party


Mama is a 2013 supernatural horror film directed and co-written by Andy Muschietti in his directorial debut and based on his 2008 Argentine short film Mamá. The film stars Jessica Chastain, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Megan Charpentier, Isabelle Nélisse, Daniel Kash, and Javier Botet as the title character.

The film follows two young girls abandoned in a forest cabin, fostered by an unknown entity that they fondly call "Mama", which eventually follows them to their new suburban home led by two adults after their uncle retrieves them.

It was produced by J. Miles Dale and co-writer Barbara Muschietti, with Guillermo del Toro serving as executive producer. The film was theatrically released in theaters on 18 January 2013, by Universal Pictures. Mama received mixed reviews from critics, with many praising the performances and atmosphere, with criticism for plot and writing. The film was a box office success, grossing $148 million against a $15 million budget.

Plot
Distraught after losing his fortune in the 2008 financial crisis, stockbroker Jeffrey Desange murders his colleagues and his estranged wife before taking his young daughters, 3-year-old Victoria and 1-year-old Lily, away. Driving dangerously fast on a snowy road, Jeffrey gets into a car crash, breaking Victoria's glasses. Surviving the collision, he takes the children to an abandoned cabin. Planning to kill his daughters and then himself, he prepares to shoot Victoria but is killed by a shadowy figure.

Five years later, a rescue party, sponsored by Jeffrey's identical twin brother Lucas, finds a now 8-year-old Victoria and 6-year-old Lily in the cabin, alive but in a feral state after years of isolation. The girls are put in a welfare clinic under Dr. Gerald Dreyfuss. They refer to "Mama," a mysterious maternal protector figure. The girls are initially hostile to Lucas but Victoria recognizes him after he gives her a pair of glasses and she can see properly. Victoria acclimates quickly to domestic life while Lily retains much of her feral behavior.

Lucas is attacked by a mysterious entity and put into a coma, leaving Annabel to care for the girls alone. She makes progress with Victoria but Lily remains hostile. Alarmed by nightmares of a strange woman and Victoria's warning about Mama, Annabel asks Dreyfuss to investigate. Dreyfuss's research brings to light the story of Edith Brennan, a mentally ill asylum patient who died in the 1800s; he recovers a box from a government warehouse containing a baby's remains.

Annabel has a dream revealing Edith's past; when Edith was sent to the asylum, her child was given to nuns. She escaped and took her baby back, stabbing a nun. Fleeing her pursuers, she jumped off a cliff, but before hitting the water below, she and the child made impact with a large branch. Edith drowned, but the child's corpse snagged on the branch and did not fall with her. Annabel realizes that Edith hadn't realized her child was caught on the tree and doesn't understand why her baby wasn't in the water with her. Edith's troubled ghost, Mama, searched the woods for her child for years until she discovered Victoria and Lily and took them as surrogates.

Lucas regains consciousness after a vision of his dead twin tells him to save his daughters. Victoria's growing closeness to Annabel makes her less willing to play with Mama, unlike Lily. Dreyfuss visits the cabin and is killed by Mama, who then attacks Annabel and the girls. She also kills their maternal great-aunt Jean and uses her body to spirit the children away. Annabel and Lucas find the children on the same cliff where Mama leapt with her infant.

Annabel, who found Dreyfuss' box of the child's remains, offers them to Mama. Mama recognizes her lost baby and her appearance briefly turns human. However, Lily calls out for Mama, causing her to revert to her monstrous form and attempt to take the girls. Victoria asks to stay with Annabel instead of leaving with Mama. Mama accepts and she and Lily plummet off the cliff. Mama and Lily are briefly shown as spirits happy to be united before hitting the branch and turning into a shower of moths. Annabel and Lucas embrace Victoria, who notices a moth landing on her hand, suggesting that Lily is still with her in spirit.

Cast
 Jessica Chastain as Annabel "Annie"
 Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as Lucas "Luke" Desange / Jeffrey Desange
 Megan Charpentier as Victoria Desange
 Morgan McGarry as Young Victoria
 Isabelle Nélisse as Lily Desange
 Maya and Sierra Dawe as Young Lily
 Daniel Kash as Dr. Gerald Dreyfuss
 Javier Botet as Mama
 Laura Guiteras and Melina Matthews as Mama (voice)
 Hannah Cheesman as Beautiful Mama / Edith Brennan
 Jane Moffat as Jean Podolski
 David Fox as Burnsie
 Julia Chantrey as Nina
 Elva Mai Hoover as Secretary
 Dominic Cuzzocrea as Ron
 Diane Gordon as Louise

Production
The film began production in Pinewood Toronto Studios on 3 October 2011. Production ended on 9 December 2011. Parts of the film were also shot in Quebec City, Quebec. Although the film was produced in Canada, it is set in Clifton Forge, Virginia. The film was initially scheduled for release in October 2012, but was later rescheduled for January to avoid competing with Paranormal Activity 4. Its success at that later date has, among with other dump months horror films, convinced studios to start opening horror movies year-round.

Reception

Critical reception
Mama received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 63% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 166 reviews, with an average rating of 5.90/10. The website's critical consensus states: "If you're into old school scares over cheap gore, you'll be able to get over Mamas confusing script and contrived plot devices." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Richard Roeper, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times, enjoyed the film, giving it three stars out of four and saying, "Movies like Mama are thrill rides. We go to be scared and then laugh, scared and then laugh, scared and then shocked. Of course, there's almost always a little plot left over for a sequel. It's a ride I'd take again." Owen Gleiberman, reviewing for Entertainment Weekly, gave the movie a B and said, "Mama lifts almost every one of its fear-factor visuals from earlier films: the rotting black passageways that spread like mold over the walls (very Ringu meets Repulsion); the fire in her eyes; the crouched figures that skitter and pounce à la the infamous 'spider' outtake from the original Exorcist; the way that Mama, with her arms like smoky-shadowy bent tendrils, evokes both the monster from the Alien films and also, in a funny way, the crumpled-puppet gothic mischievousness of Tim Burton animation. Nothing in the movie is quite original, yet Muschietti, expanding his original short, knows how to stage a rip-off with frightening verve. It helps to have an actress on hand as soulful as Jessica Chastain..."

IGN editor Scott Corulla rated the film 7.3 out of 10 and wrote, "This is a fine first film for director Andrés Muschietti and, despite some missteps and disappointments, very well could be a harbinger of interesting things to come for the helmer." The Huffington Post wrote, "With Del Toro's name up front, expect Mama to be the winter horror film of choice in 2013." The Philadelphia Inquirer called the film an "effectively spooky ghost story", adding, "Mama is full of arty tropes – sepia-toned flashbacks, flickering lights, menacing murmurings. The atmosphere is positively spectral. And it's easy to see why del Toro is a champion: Like his Pan's Labyrinth, there's a fairy-tale aspect (the film even begins with the title card "Once upon a time..."), with children in jeopardy, a witchy monster, and edge-of-the-precipice confrontations." Canyon News wrote, "The scares do indeed come a mile a minute and will unnerve even some of the toughest moviegoers." Mick LaSalle of the Houston Chronicle wrote, "Director Andres Muschietti is cinematically literate – in one example he borrows a flashbulb effect from Hitchcock's Rear Window – and he has visual panache. Much of the movie is surprisingly beautiful."

Box office
In the United States, the film earned $28,402,310 on its opening weekend, debuting at #1 and playing at 2,647 theaters. It grossed $148.1 million worldwide and is a commercial success. Additionally, Jessica Chastain, for the second time in her career, claimed the top two spots of the box-office with her starring roles in Mama and Zero Dark Thirty.

Home media
The film grossed $12.4 million in home sales.

Accolades

Future
In February 2013, it was reported that a sequel was in the works. In January 2016, Universal announced that duo Dennis Widmyer and Kevin Kölsch would rewrite and direct the sequel. Chastain would not return for the sequel.

See also
 List of Canadian films of 2013
 List of Spanish films of 2013
 La Llorona

References

External links

2013 films
2013 horror films
2010s ghost films
English-language Canadian films
English-language Spanish films
English-language Mexican films
Works by Neil Cross
Features based on short films
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about murderers
Films directed by Andy Muschietti
Films set in 2008
Films set in Virginia
Films shot in Quebec
Films shot in Toronto
Films produced by Guillermo del Toro
2010s supernatural horror films
2010s monster movies
Uxoricide in fiction
Films scored by Fernando Velázquez
Canadian supernatural horror films
Spanish supernatural horror films
Mexican supernatural horror films
2013 directorial debut films
Universal Pictures films
2010s English-language films
2010s Canadian films
2010s Spanish films
2010s Mexican films

Mama (2013 film)


In graph theory, a directed graph (or digraph) is a graph which has directed edges. This means one end of the edge is different from the other end. Directed edges can be thought of as arrows, or as edges which can only be travelled in one direction.

Degree
For a normal graph, the degree of a vertex  is the number of edges touching .

For a digraph, there are two more definitions. The indegree of  is the number of edges going into , and the outdegree of  is the number of edges going out of .

Related pages

 Graph

Graph theory

Directed graph


Get in High is the first of three studio albums by the German group Xhol Caravan (then known as Soul Caravan), an influential band in the krautrock music movement. The album was recorded and released in 1967. The band's only studio album to feature James Rhodes and Ronnie Swinson on lead vocals, Get in High represents Xhol Caravan's original intent to be a blues/jazz fusion band, and features covers of such blues and R&B standards as "Shotgun" and "Land of a Thousand Dances." Even so, the album does feature moments of the krautrock sound that would define the band's later studio albums and their live sound after Rhodes and Swinson left the band. Originally released on CBS Records in vinyl only, the album has not yet been repackaged for digital release.

Track listing

Personnel
 James Rhodes - vocals
 Ronnie Swinson - vocals
 Tim Belbe - saxophone
 Hansi Fischer - saxophone
 Klaus Briest - bass
 Werner Funk - guitar
 Skip van Wyk - drums

External links
  Get in High at Discogs.com

1967 albums
Albums produced by Horst Lippmann
CBS Records albums
Xhol Caravan albums

Get in High


Irofulven or 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene (also known as HMAF of MGI-114) is an experimental antitumor agent. It belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.

It inhibits the replication of DNA in cell culture.

Irofulven is an analogue of illudin S, a sesquiterpene toxin found in the Jack 'o' Lantern mushroom (Omphalotus illudens). The compound was originally synthesized by Dr. Trevor McMorris and found to have anticancer properties in mice by Dr. Michael J Kelner.

Licensing and Clinical development

The drug was created and patented by the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and subsequently licensed to the US biotech company MGI Pharma. Eisai acquired MGI in 2007, and the license was returned to UCSD, which then re-licensed the potential cancer drug to Lantern Pharma in 2015. Soon after, the drug was again sub-licensed to Oncology Venture.

The drug has undergone a number of clinical trials, mostly for late-stage tumors as well as ovarian and prostate cancers, usually preceded by treatment with carboplatin and paclitaxel. A multi-center phase 2 trial involving patients with Recurrent or Persistent Ovarian Epithelial or Primary Peritoneal Cancer was well tolerated but irofluven demonstrated modest activity as a single agent. Previously, a European Phase I study in combination with cisplatin showed substantial evidence for anti-tumor activity. In that study, irofulven showed rapid elimination and high interpatient variability. Platinum and irofulven pharmacokinetics did not suggest drug-drug interactions.

Despite modest successes demonstrating limited efficacy for late stage tumors that were statistically not significant enough to support broader clinical trials, Oncology Venture has decided to stratify patient populations with companion diagnostic tools (biomarkers) to predict outcomes, and thus select that sub-set of patients through DRP (Drug Response Predictors), for whom treatment with irofulven would be most effective. Oncology Venture Sweden AB has initiated two Phase 2 drug-screening studies at two Danish University Hospitals for late-stage prostate cancers, wherein 300 patients have been included to be screened, of which only 15 are to be selected for the Phase 2 trial.

Synthesis
A synthesis of irofulven has been reported.

References

Experimental cancer drugs
Cyclopropanes
Diols
Ketones
Spiro compounds
Terpenes and terpenoids

Irofulven