The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system at thermodynamic equilibrium approaches a constant value when its temperature approaches absolute zero. This constant value cannot depend on any other parameters characterizing the system, such as pressure or applied magnetic field. At absolute zero (zero kelvins) the system must be in a state with the minimum possible energy.

Entropy is related to the number of accessible microstates, and there is typically one unique state (called the ground state) with minimum energy. In such a case, the entropy at absolute zero will be exactly zero. If the system does not have a well-defined order (if its order is glassy, for example), then there may remain some finite entropy as the system is brought to very low temperatures, either because the system becomes locked into a configuration with non-minimal energy or because the minimum energy state is non-unique. The constant value is called the residual entropy of the system. The entropy is essentially a state-function meaning the inherent value of different atoms, molecules, and other configurations of particles including subatomic or atomic material is defined by entropy, which can be discovered near 0 K.

Formulations
The Nernst statement of the third law of thermodynamics concerns thermodynamic processes at a fixed, low temperature:  Here a condensed system refers to liquids and solids.

A classical formulation by Nernst (actually a consequence of the Third Law) is:

Another formulation of the third law approaches the subject by postulating a specific energy behavior:

History
The third law was developed by chemist Walther Nernst during the years 1906 to 1912 and is therefore often referred to as the Nernst heat theorem, or sometimes the Nernst-Simon heat theorem to include the contribution of Nernst's doctoral student Francis Simon. The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system at absolute zero is a well-defined constant. This is because a system at zero temperature exists in its ground state, so that its entropy is determined only by the degeneracy of the ground state.

In 1912 Nernst stated the law thus: "It is impossible for any procedure to lead to the isotherm  in a finite number of steps."

An alternative version of the third law of thermodynamics was enunciated by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall in 1923:
If the entropy of each element in some (perfect) crystalline state be taken as zero at the absolute zero of temperature, every substance has a finite positive entropy; but at the absolute zero of temperature the entropy may become zero, and does so become in the case of perfect crystalline substances.

This version states not only  will reach zero at 0 K, but  itself will also reach zero as long as the crystal has a ground state with only one configuration. Some crystals form defects which cause a residual entropy. This residual entropy disappears when the kinetic barriers to transitioning to one ground state are overcome.

With the development of statistical mechanics, the third law of thermodynamics (like the other laws) changed from a fundamental law (justified by experiments) to a derived law (derived from even more basic laws). The basic law from which it is primarily derived is the statistical-mechanics definition of entropy for a large system:

where  is entropy,  is the Boltzmann constant, and  is the number of microstates consistent with the macroscopic configuration. The counting of states is from the reference state of absolute zero, which corresponds to the entropy of .

Explanation
In simple terms, the third law states that the entropy of a perfect crystal of a pure substance approaches zero as the temperature approaches zero. The alignment of a perfect crystal leaves no ambiguity as to the location and orientation of each part of the crystal. As the energy of the crystal is reduced, the vibrations of the individual atoms are reduced to nothing, and the crystal becomes the same everywhere.

The third law provides an absolute reference point for the determination of entropy at any other temperature. The entropy of a closed system, determined relative to this zero point, is then the absolute entropy of that system. Mathematically, the absolute entropy of any system at zero temperature is the natural log of the number of ground states times the Boltzmann constant .

The entropy of a perfect crystal lattice as defined by Nernst's theorem is zero provided that its ground state is unique, because . If the system is composed of one-billion atoms that are all alike and lie within the matrix of a perfect crystal, the number of combinations of one billion identical things taken one billion at a time is . Hence:

The difference is zero; hence the initial entropy  can be any selected value so long as all other such calculations include that as the initial entropy. As a result, the initial entropy value of zero is selected  is used for convenience.

Example: Entropy change of a crystal lattice heated by an incoming photon
Suppose a system consisting of a crystal lattice with volume  of  identical atoms at , and an incoming photon of wavelength  and energy .

Initially, there is only one accessible microstate:

Let us assume the crystal lattice absorbs the incoming photon. There is a unique atom in the lattice that interacts and absorbs this photon. So after absorption, there are  possible microstates accessible by the system, each corresponding to one excited atom, while the other atoms remain at ground state.

The entropy, energy, and temperature of the closed system rises and can be calculated. The entropy change is

From the second law of thermodynamics:

Hence

Calculating entropy change:

We assume  and . The energy change of the system as a result of absorbing the single photon whose energy is :

The temperature of the closed system rises by

This can be interpreted as the average temperature of the system over the range from . A single atom is assumed to absorb the photon, but the temperature and entropy change characterizes the entire system.

Systems with non-zero entropy at absolute zero

An example of a system that does not have a unique ground state is one whose net spin is a half-integer, for which time-reversal symmetry gives two degenerate ground states. For such systems, the entropy at zero temperature is at least  (which is negligible on a macroscopic scale). Some crystalline systems exhibit geometrical frustration, where the structure of the crystal lattice prevents the emergence of a unique ground state. Ground-state helium (unless under pressure) remains liquid.

Glasses and solid solutions retain significant entropy at 0 K, because they are large collections of nearly degenerate states, in which they become trapped out of equilibrium. Another example of a solid with many nearly-degenerate ground states, trapped out of equilibrium, is ice Ih, which has "proton disorder".

For the entropy at absolute zero to be zero, the magnetic moments of a perfectly ordered crystal must themselves be perfectly ordered; from an entropic perspective, this can be considered to be part of the definition of a "perfect crystal". Only ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and diamagnetic materials can satisfy this condition. However, ferromagnetic materials do not, in fact, have zero entropy at zero temperature, because the spins of the unpaired electrons are all aligned and this gives a ground-state spin degeneracy. Materials that remain paramagnetic at 0 K, by contrast, may have many nearly degenerate ground states (for example, in a spin glass), or may retain dynamic disorder (a quantum spin liquid).

Consequences

Absolute zero

The third law is equivalent to the statement that
It is impossible by any procedure, no matter how idealized, to reduce the temperature of any closed system to zero temperature in a finite number of finite operations.

The reason that  cannot be reached according to the third law is explained as follows: Suppose that the temperature of a substance can be reduced in an isentropic process by changing the parameter X from X2 to X1. One can think of a multistage nuclear demagnetization setup where a magnetic field is switched on and off in a controlled way. If there were an entropy difference at absolute zero,  could be reached in a finite number of steps. However, at T = 0 there is no entropy difference, so an infinite number of steps would be needed. The process is illustrated in Fig. 1.

Specific heat
A non-quantitative description of his third law that Nernst gave at the very beginning was simply that the specific heat of a material can always be made zero by cooling it down far enough. A modern, quantitative analysis follows.

Suppose that the heat capacity of a sample in the low temperature region has the form of a power law  asymptotically as , and we wish to find which values of  are compatible with the third law. We have

By the discussion of third law above, this integral must be bounded as , which is only possible if . So the heat capacity must go to zero at absolute zero

if it has the form of a power law. The same argument shows that it cannot be bounded below by a positive constant, even if we drop the power-law assumption.

On the other hand, the molar specific heat at constant volume of a monatomic classical ideal gas, such as helium at room temperature, is given by  with  the molar ideal gas constant. But clearly a constant heat capacity does not satisfy Eq. (). That is, a gas with a constant heat capacity all the way to absolute zero violates the third law of thermodynamics. We can verify this more fundamentally by substituting  in Eq. (), which yields

In the limit  this expression diverges, again contradicting the third law of thermodynamics.

The conflict is resolved as follows: At a certain temperature the quantum nature of matter starts to dominate the behavior. Fermi particles follow Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose particles follow Bose–Einstein statistics. In both cases the heat capacity at low temperatures is no longer temperature independent, even for ideal gases. For Fermi gases

with the Fermi temperature TF given by

Here  is the Avogadro constant,  the molar volume, and  the molar mass.

For Bose gases

with  given by

The specific heats given by Eq. () and () both satisfy Eq. (). Indeed, they are power laws with  and  respectively.

Even within a purely classical setting, the density of a classical ideal gas at fixed particle number becomes arbitrarily high as  goes to zero, so the interparticle spacing goes to zero. The assumption of non-interacting particles presumably breaks down when they are sufficiently close together, so the value of  gets modified away from its ideal constant value.

Vapor pressure
The only liquids near absolute zero are 3He and 4He. Their heat of evaporation has a limiting value given by

with  and  constant. If we consider a container partly filled with liquid and partly gas, the entropy of the liquid–gas mixture is

where  is the entropy of the liquid and  is the gas fraction. Clearly the entropy change during the liquid–gas transition ( from 0 to 1) diverges in the limit of T→0. This violates Eq. (). Nature solves this paradox as follows: at temperatures below about 100 mK, the vapor pressure  is so low that the gas density is lower than the best vacuum in the universe. In other words, below 100 mK there is simply no gas above the liquid.

Miscibility
If liquid helium with mixed 3He and 4He were cooled to absolute zero, the liquid must have zero entropy. This either means they are ordered perfectly as a mixed liquid, which is impossible for a liquid, or that they fully separate out into two layers of pure liquid. This is precisely what happens.

For example, if a solution with 3 3He to 2 4He atoms were cooled, it would start the separation at 0.9 K, purifying more and more, until at absolute zero, when the upper layer becomes purely 3He, and the lower layer becomes purely 4He.

Surface tension
Let  be the surface tension of liquid, then the entropy per area is . So if a liquid can exist down to absolute zero, then since its entropy is constant no matter its shape at absolute zero, its entropy per area must converge to zero. That is, its surface tension would become constant at low temperatures. In particular, the surface tension of 3He is well-approximated by  for some parameters .

Latent heat of melting
The melting curves of 3He and 4He both extend down to absolute zero at finite pressure. At the melting pressure, liquid and solid are in equilibrium. The third law demands that the entropies of the solid and liquid are equal at . As a result, the latent heat of melting is zero, and the slope of the melting curve extrapolates to zero as a result of the Clausius–Clapeyron equation.

Thermal expansion coefficient
The thermal expansion coefficient is defined as

With the Maxwell relation

and Eq. () with  it is shown that

So the thermal expansion coefficient of all materials must go to zero at zero kelvin.

See also
 Adiabatic process
 Ground state
 Laws of thermodynamics
 Quantum thermodynamics
Residual entropy
 Thermodynamic entropy
 Timeline of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and random processes
 Quantum heat engines and refrigerators

References

Further reading
Goldstein, Martin & Inge F. (1993) The Refrigerator and the Universe. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. . Chpt. 14 is a nontechnical discussion of the Third Law, one including the requisite elementary quantum mechanics.

3

Third law of thermodynamics


Mary Ursula Bethell (pseudonym, Evelyn Hayes; 6 October 1874 – 15 January 1945), was a New Zealand social worker and poet. She settled at the age of 50 at Rise Cottage on the Cashmere Hills near Christchurch, with her companion Effie Pollen, where she created a sheltered garden with views over the city and towards the Southern Alps, and began writing poems about the landscape. Although she considered herself "by birth and choice English", and spent her life travelling between England and New Zealand, she was one of the first distinctively New Zealand poets, seen today as a pioneer of its modern poetry.

Background and social work
Bethell was the eldest daughter of the well-to-do sheep farmer Richard Bethell and his wife Isabel Anne, née Lillie, and was born in Horsell, Surrey, England, in 1874. Her parents had both lived in New Zealand in the 1860s, but returned to London where they married. Shortly after her birth, in 1875, her parents returned with her to New Zealand, where her two younger siblings were born. She was educated at Rangiora Primary School and Christchurch Girls' High School, and developed a love of the Canterbury landscape that would last for the rest of her life. In later years, she wrote of the Ashley River:

Her father died in April 1885. Two years later, at age 15, she travelled back to England and boarded with the family of Ruth Mayhew, who became a lifelong friend, as she attended Oxford High School for Girls and a Swiss finishing school. She returned to New Zealand in 1892 and devoted herself to charitable work, before again returning to Europe in 1895 to study painting in Geneva and music in Dresden. Having enough private wealth to support herself, she took up social work in London with the Anglican organisation Women Workers for God, or "Grey Ladies". She continued to perform social work in a religious context in England and New Zealand, travelling between the two, including in the war years.

In 1924 Bethell permanently settled in New Zealand, in the Cashmere Hills near Christchurch. She bought a newly built home, Rise Cottage in Westenra Terrace, which she shared with another returnee New Zealander, Effie Pollen. The theory that Bethell's relationship with Pollen was homosexual (which would have sat ill with her Anglicanism and her social aspirations in that period) was explored in some detail by the fellow poet Janet Charman, as a visiting scholar at the University of Auckland in 1997. Bethell herself described the relationship as "prevailingly maternal", but there is no way of knowing for sure what the relationship between them was, except that it was a close and loving relationship.

Poet and salonnière

Bethell only began to write poetry at the age of about 50. Most of it was written during her years at Rise Cottage with Pollen. At first she had no design to publish her poems, but wrote them as messages to send in letters to her friends. She was deeply affected by Pollen's death in 1934, writing to a friend that the event was "a complete shattering of my life.... [for] from her I have had love, tenderness, and understanding... and close and happy companionship". She wrote little more afterwards, so that most of her output dates from the one decade of 1924 to 1934. Vincent O'Sullivan said, "She was surprised that people admired her 'garden' poems, often written as casual messages to friends.... By the late 1920s, she was also writing the more deliberate and intellectually adventurous poems which took their place in her later two books." After Pollen's death, she sold Rise Cottage and moved into a room in a house she had gifted to the Anglican church.

Her first collection, From a Garden in the Antipodies (1929), is her best-known work; its poems have often been anthologised. It expresses an awareness of her separation from "loved and lost London", and themes of religious thought and nature that marked all her work. Her later collections include poems for which there had been no place in the first collection, and memorial poems to Pollen. Her poetry is ascribed by the Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English "a plainness and spareness (as well as freshness of image) which distinguishes it from the more ornamented verse the country had previously produced."

The New Zealand writer Charles Brasch, visiting Bethell in the late 1930s, found her at "the centre of an astonishingly diverse circle of interesting people, many of the younger of whom were so close to her that she almost directed their lives." Among them were the crime writer Ngaio Marsh, the essayist M. H. Holcroft, the artists R. H. Field and Evelyn Margaret Page, the poets Blanche Edith Baughan and J. H. E. Schroder, and the musician Frederick Joseph Page. She acted as a mentor to younger local poets, notably Allen Curnow and Denis Glover.

All Bethell's work appeared anonymously, as she felt that publicity in "provincial New Zealand" would be a "painful affair". She said her pseudonym, Evelyn Hayes, came from a great-great-grandfather, Sir Henry Hayes of Cork, who was "deported for life to Botany Bay for attempted abduction of a Quaker heiress." In later life, she became less keen to be anonymous, and before her death asked that her collected poems be published under her own name.

Death and legacy
Bethell died in Christchurch on 15 January 1945. A volume of her Collected Poems appeared posthumously in 1950 and was reprinted in 1985 with an introduction by O'Sullivan. In 1948, after her death, several New Zealand authors contributed personal reflections to Landfall. The educator and writer Crawford Somerset opined, "New Zealand has produced no other poetry so clearly original and so delicately sensitive as Ursula Bethell's." The poet and journalist D'Arcy Cresswell said that in literature "New Zealand wasn't truly discovered, in fact, until Ursula Bethell, 'very earnestly digging', raised her head to look at the mountains. Almost everyone had been blind before."

She featured prominently in both of Curnow's notable anthologies, A Book of New Zealand Verse 1923–1945 (1945) (in which 19 of her poems were printed, more than any other poet) and The Penguin Book of New Zealand Verse (1960), and later in The Penguin Book of New Zealand Verse (1985) edited by Ian Wedde and Harvey McQueen.

In 1979, the University of Canterbury founded the Ursula Bethell Residency in Creative Writing to support and encourage New Zealand writing. It goes to writers of "proven merit". Notable recipients have included Margaret Mahy, Keri Hulme and Eleanor Catton.

Published works
(As Evelyn Hayes) From a Garden in the Antipodes (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1929)
(As "The Author of Poems From a Garden in the Antipodes") Time and Place (Christchurch: Caxton, 1936)
(As "The Author of Time and Place") Day and Night: Poems 1924–1934, (Christchurch: Caxton, 1939)
Collected Poems, ed. Helen Simpson, (Christchurch: Caxton Press, 1950), (Kindle edition 2016, ASIN: B016QNELZ4)
Collected Poems, ed. Vincent O'Sullivan, (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1985 [1950])
Vibrant with Words: The Letters of Ursula Bethell, ed. Peter Whiteford (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2005).

References

External links
Ursula Bethell, author page at the New Zealand Electronic Poetry Centre
Bethell, (Mary) Ursula, profile at Read NZ Te Pou Muramura

1874 births
1945 deaths
New Zealand social workers
British emigrants to the Colony of New Zealand
New Zealand poets
New Zealand women poets
New Zealand Anglo-Catholics
20th-century New Zealand poets
People educated at Christchurch Girls' High School
People educated at Oxford High School, England
People from Christchurch
Pseudonymous women writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers
20th-century New Zealand women writers

Ursula Bethell


The Mercedes-Benz EQA is a battery electric subcompact luxury crossover SUV (C-segment) produced by German luxury vehicle brand Mercedes-Benz since February 2021. It is part of the EQ family, a range vehicles expanded by 10 models in 2022. The vehicle uses the MFA2 platform, which designates C-segment and smaller-sized D-segment vehicles which use a base front-wheel drive layout.

, the EQA is the smallest vehicle in the EQ Series, slotting beneath the D-segment EQB. The name "EQA" blends EQ, Mercedes' electric vehicle group, with the letter A, which signifies that the vehicle is the smallest of its class.

Overview

Concept
The EQA was previewed by the EQA Concept which was revealed on September 2017. The Concept EQA is not a crossover but a small family hatchback that is  long,  wide, and  tall. The EQA concept features dual electric motors for all-wheel drive that produces a combined system output of  and .

Development and launch
Internally designated H243, the EQA is based on the MFA2 (second-generation Modular Front-Drive Architecture) platform which it shares with the ICE-powered second-generation GLA that debuted in 2020. The vehicle was revealed with the larger EQB in January 2021, and later went on sale in April of that year. At  long, it is  just slightly longer than its ICE counterpart. The vehicle was designed by a team under the direction of Balázs Filczer who designed the GLS and the G-Class.

At launch, the only version available was the front-wheel drive EQA 250 (EQA 260 in China). It has a  electric motor powering the front wheels. Later, Mercedes had announced a more powerful version, using two motors for all-wheel drive and putting out over . A longer-range version was also announced.

The EQA 250+ was unveiled in March 2022 with a longer range (540 km WLTP), bigger battery (70.5 kwh), improved aerodynamics and a 140 kW permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) more efficient than the asynchronous motor of other versions. In May 2022, the EQA 250's range has been increased to 490 km WLTP, probably by using the same motor as the new EQA 250+.

Front-wheel drive comes standard on EQA 250 models, but all-wheel drive on the 300 and the 350 models using the 4matic system. All models use a single-speed transmission. The vehicle is  longer and  taller than the GLA, however its width and wheelbase remain the same. Weight ranges from  to  primarily because of battery size and weight. The variant tested by Euro NCAP was an all-wheel drive  variant.

Electric motors are supplied by ZF Friedrichshafen. Batteries are placed below the floor. The EQA features "one-pedal driving", which essentially collects kinetic energy and puts it into the battery, which boosts the vehicle's range. All EQA models feature Mercedes' comfort suspension system, which gives a high level of comfort while driving long distances. The Premium package features adaptive dampers which give a more dynamic ride. Safety systems include: Blind Spot Assist, Active Lane Keep Assist and Active Brake Assist.

The EQA adds a trim called the "Edition 1" trim, which adds 20-inch alloys, leather seats and AMG trimming compared to the normal 250. A limited number of them will be available.

Design
The full-width strip lamps which are placed on both front and rear were inspired by the EQC, which was the first vehicle to be a part of the EQ Series. The vehicle features the brand's characteristic "Black Panel" radiator grille introduced on all EQ models. The AMG-Line model adds a twin-blade design to the grille. The front features standard full-LED headlights which are connected seamlessly by a fibre optic strip. The license plate is placed on the bumper, which lets the full-LED taillights to give a full effect.

Its drag coefficient of 0.28 improves aerodynamics which helps to expand range. Compared to the GLA, the EQA's interior is almost indistinguishable, if not for the rose gold trim inserts on the vents, key, and seats. It also features slight trim backlighting. Mercedes states the EQA offers the desired ride height, combined with versatility. The EQA retains the 40:20:40 split-folding rear seats from the GLA.

Its boot space stands at , approximately 100 L less than the GLA. Folding the rear seats makes boot space stand at , which is about 110 L less than its ICE-powered equivalent. The dual-screen setup includes a pair of 10.0-inch screens that run the Mercedes-Benz User Experience (MBUX) system.

Charging
Charging via a Type 2 connector (AC) supports a capacity of up to 11 kilowatts takes a time of 6 hours and 30 minutes (390 minutes). DC fast charging through a CCS port supports a capacity of up to 100 kilowatts and takes a time of 33 minutes for a 10-80% charge. Charging using a basic wallbox socket supports a capacity of up to 7.4 kilowatts takes about 10 hours using a large battery. Charging using a smaller battery will take 9 hours.

Markets

China
The EQA started production in China in November 2021, assembled locally in the Beijing Benz factory. The EQA 300 4MATIC and EQB 350 4MATIC were the first models released, with the EQA 260 variant added in April 2022.

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the EQA launched in late January 2022. Available packages begin with the "Premium Lite", which comes with a 360° camera and 18-inch wheels. The "Premium Lite+" package adds the MBUX Innovation package, MBUX Interior Assist, and a head-up display. The "Dynamic Lite" package adds 19-inch, AMG twin-spoke alloy wheels, and the Dynamic Lite+ package also adds the MBUX integration and a head-up display. The "Elite Lite" package includes 20-inch AMG multi-spoke alloy wheels, and the "Elite Lite+" adds the MBUX integration to that.

Australia
The EQA was released in Australia in April 2021. Versions include the "Progressive" trim, which comes with 19-inch AMG twin-spoke alloy wheels, painted in high-gloss black. The AMG Line model adds AMG-type front and rear aprons with chrome trim, the "Black Panel" radiator grille, side trims in black, and upgraded 20-inch wheels of a different design.

Europe
The vehicle launched in its home market in February 2021. Prices start at €37,970. 18-inch wheels are available on the unmodified 250 model, but the AMG Line adds 20-inch wheels, Artico leather and Dinamica upholstery, door sill illumination, AMG floor mats and aluminum pedals. The Premium package features 19-inch AMG-type wheels, a panoramic glass roof, the KEYLESS-GO system, augmented reality navigation system, wireless charging and a premium audio system. MBUX system and a digital instrument cluster are both available. The Advanced Package, Advanced Plus Package and Premium Package are available as extra packages.

2024 facelift
In August 2023, Mercedes had revealed the EQA and the EQB facelifts for the 2024 model year. The vehicle receives aesthetic changes which bring it more into the line of the larger EQE SUV and EQS SUV. The vehicle receives a new front grille, and an optional front bumper. At the rear, the taillights gain an intricate 3D light signature, and the lights are tinted for a shade of dark red.

The interior updates feature a new three-spoke steering wheel with capacitive controls, trim pieces on the dashboard and the doors to represent illuminated Mercedes logos, and a larger infotainment screen. The 2024 EQA also adds the Plug & Charge system, which allows the vehicle to charge without human authentication. New 18-, 19- and 20-inch alloy wheel designs are available. New colours, including "Spectral Blue Metallic" which was also introduced on the H247 LCI and "High-Tech Silver Metallic" will both be available. On the EQA, the 250+ model receives an extra  of range.

The facelift will be available to order in Q1 2024, and deliveries will start in Q2 of that year.

Models
Models start at the EQA 250 which uses a front-wheel drive powertrain and has a gross battery capacity of 69.7 kWh and a battery voltage of 420-volts. Power and torque is  and  respectively. Its electric motor code is "EM0021". The EQA 250+ features a gross battery capacity of 73.9 kWh. Power and torque is  and , and its motor code is "EM0026". The EQA 300 4MATIC uses an all-wheel drive powertrain and has a gross battery capacity of 69.7 kWh. Its power and torque is  and  respectively. The range tops out at the EQA 350+ 4MATIC which has  and  of power and torque and a battery capacity of 69.7 kWh.

All models except the EQA 250+ use an AC permanent-magnet synchronous electric motor. The EQA 250+ dual motor model use two asynchronous motors.

Powertrain
The specifications include:

Safety
In a Euro NCAP testing conducted in 2019, the all-wheel drive EQA had received five stars. It received 97% for adult occupants, 90% for child occupants, 81% for pedestrians, and 75% for safety-assistance technologies.

References

External links

EQA
Subcompact crossover sport utility vehicles
Luxury crossover sport utility vehicles
Production electric cars
Cars introduced in 2021
Mercedes-EQ
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles

Mercedes-Benz EQA


John Lorn McDougall  (November 6, 1838 – January 15, 1909) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Renfrew South in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1867 to 1871 and in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal from 1869 to 1872 and from 1874 to 1878.

He was born in Golden Lake, Ontario, Upper Canada in 1838, the son of John Lorn McDougall, Sr. He studied at the High School of Montreal and then at the University of Toronto. He entered his father's business in Renfrew, taking over the operation of the business in 1860 when his father died. He served several terms as reeve of Renfrew and also was warden for Renfrew County. His lumber business failed in 1878 and, shortly afterward, he was named to the post of Auditor General of Canada. The Public Accounts Audit Act of 1878 established an auditor general who was independent of government financial operations and had some degree of independence from the party in power. His attention to detail, efforts to tighten controls on government spending, and persistence ruffled some feathers, but ultimately helped establish the importance of this role. Unfortunately, because his office relied on information provided by government departments, some instances of fraud went undetected. Despite resistance from government departments, he helped improve financial control by parliament and established annual reports on government spending. He resigned in 1905 and opened a private company that performed audits for companies and municipalities. He died in Ottawa in 1909 after suffering a series of strokes.

He was appointed CMG in the 1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours.

References

External links

1838 births
1909 deaths
19th-century Canadian civil servants
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Canadian auditors
Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Canadian people of Scottish descent
High School of Montreal alumni
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
People from Renfrew County

John Lorn McDougall


Mishpacha (, : Family) - Jewish Family Weekly is a Haredi weekly magazine package produced by The Mishpacha Group in both English and Hebrew.

History
The Mishpacha Publishing Group was founded in 1984 with the publication of the Hebrew Mishpacha magazine. Publisher and CEO Eli Paley teamed with Moshe Grylak towards the goal of producing a magazine that would serve as a conduit for the exchange of ideas and values between the varying streams within Jewish orthodoxy, among them the Hasidic, Yeshivish, Sephardic, and Modern Orthodox communities. With no other weekly or monthly magazines geared towards Orthodox Jewish readership at that time, Mishpacha quickly gained popularity, in effect launching the Jewish Orthodox magazine industry.

The first editor for the Hebrew edition was Asher Zuckerman (now the editor of the Hebrew newspaper Sha'ah Tova). First beginning as a monthly, it became a weekly in the beginning of 1991. After a while the newspaper split into two competing weekly papers. One is left with the original name "Mishpacha" and the other is called "Hashavua" (This Week).

In November 2010 by the husband & wife team of Rabbi Yitzchok Frankfurter (previously Torah Editor for Mishpacha) and Rechy Frankfurter (previously Mishpacha'''s American Desk Editor), founded the Ami Magazine.

According to a TGI (Target Group Index, a subsidiary of market research company Kantar Group) survey of September 2016, the Hebrew "Mishpacha" exposure rate is 24.1%. In light of this, it is the most popular Haredi weekly and  weekend in Israel. A magazine "Te'imot" (tasting), which is also published by Mishpacha, is rated 6.7% according to this survey.

In the years 2011–2013, Hebrew "Mishpacha" released a Free newspaper which was distributed in the middle of the week, but its publication was halted due to pressure from religious leader Yosef Shalom Elyashiv, who protested what he felt were distortions of Torah.

English edition
The English Mishpacha launched in 2004 with a weekly package including the flagship Mishpacha Magazine and Mishpacha Junior. Mishpacha was the first full-color weekly magazine targeting the Anglo-Orthodox population worldwide, with the standalone children's magazine also serving as an innovation.  Family First, introduced to the package in 2005, was also the first of its kind, a full-color weekly magazine by and for Jewish women.

Mishpacha frequently addresses social problems. For example, it has addressed issues such as the shababniks (Haredi street youth) and violence in the family; and has waged a battle against educational institutions' discrimination against Mizrahim and the newly religious. But it brings up these issues without mentioning names, so no one will be hurt.

Mishpacha's publications tend to not print photos of women. There have been exceptions to this. For example, when Hillary Clinton was running for president against Donald Trump, the magazine chose to print her face, although obscured by a blue field.

Some attribute the significant increase in Haredim joining Israel's army to Mishpacha as well as mental health awareness and mental health services access over the past decade amongst Orthodox Jewish populations to the public dialogue stimulated by Mishpacha magazines and other Jewish publications such as Ami.
Mishpacha has been banned by many rabbinical leaders including Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv. However, Mishpacha has turned to the rabbinical court of the Haredi community (Badatz) which forbade harassment of the magazine.
Haaretz, the newspaper of Israel's secular left, describes the Hebrew version of Mishpacha'' as one of the "most powerful" newspapers in the Haredi community.

Contributors
Some of the popular contributors to the English version of Mishpacha are noted authors Yisroel Besser and Yonasan (Jonathan) Rosenblum, political editor Binyomin Rose and Jewish historian Yehuda Geberer, and educator Yakov Horowitz.

References

External links

1984 establishments in Israel
Haredi Judaism in Jerusalem
Jewish magazines
Magazines established in 1984
Mass media in Jerusalem
News magazines published in Israel
Weekly magazines

Mishpacha


Herbert Wilfred Taylor  (5 May 1889 – 8 February 1973) was a South African cricketer who played 42 Test matches for his country including 18 as captain of the side. Specifically a batsman, he was an expert on the matting pitches which were prevalent in South Africa at the time and scored six of his seven centuries at home. His batting was also noted for quick footwork and exceptional 'backplay'. He became the first South African to pass 2,500 Test runs and was selected one of Wisden's Cricketers of the Year in 1925. In domestic cricket, he played for Natal, Transvaal and Western Province.

Taylor's greatest achievement is generally reckoned to be scoring 508 runs at an average of 50.80 in the 1913–14 Test series against England, in spite of English bowler Sydney Barnes taking a record 49 wickets in the series at 10.93. The cricket historian H.S. Altham wrote: "The English cricketers were unanimous that finer batting than his against Barnes at his best they never hoped to see." Neville Cardus noted it was "perhaps the most skilful of all Test performances by a batsman." It also led Cardus to count Taylor as "one of the six greatest batsmen of the post-Grace period".

Cricket career

Early career
Born in Durban, Taylor attended Michaelhouse School from 1903 to 1907, during which period he was coached by Sussex bowler George Cox. Taylor made his first-class debut for Natal in January 1910 against the touring MCC team, he opened the batting in both innings, scoring 55 and 30. After finishing the 1910/11 season as second highest run scorer in the Currie Cup, he was selected for South Africa's touring party to England in 1912.

Triangular tournament
In the final warm-up match before the Triangular Tournament began, Taylor scored 83 in an innings victory over Worcestershire. He shared in a 146-run opening partnership with Gerald Hartigan after the home side had been dismissed for 50. In the first match of the tournament between South Africa and Australia at Old Trafford, Taylor was selected to make his Test debut. Opening South Africa's innings, in response to Australia's total of 448, Taylor was dismissed for a duck. South Africa followed on and were dismissed for 98 to lose by an innings, Taylor top-scored in the second innings with 21, having moved down the order. In the next two Tests against England he struggled for runs scoring 39 in four innings. In South Africa's second Test against Australia at Lord's he made his maiden half-century, batting at number six he top scored with 93 in a first innings total of 263. From 74/5 he put on a 97-run stand with Louis Stricker "in little more than an hour". Wisden noting that Taylor's "driving was splendid". In South Africa's two remaining fixtures he scored 31 runs, to finish with a series aggregate of 194 at an average of 19.40. South Africa had a poor series, losing five of their six Tests, drawing the other which was rain affected. Taylor finished the whole tour with 1340 runs, a figure only bettered by Dave Nourse.

The Wisden end of series report stated: "Excellent in style and a powerful driver, he is likely to make a great mark before he is much older". In 1912/13 Taylor captained Natal as they won the Currie Cup. He started his captaincy career with a match against Transvaal, in the second innings of which he scored an unbeaten 250 in 225 minutes, out of a score of 384/5 declared. Only one other player  passed fifty in the match. This score remained the highest of his first-class career.

England 1913/14
England (Marylebone Cricket Club) toured South Africa in 1913/14, the tourists final game before the Tests began was against Natal at Pietermaritzburg. Taylor carried his bat in the first innings, scoring 83 in a total of 124, in the second he scored 42 not out as the match was drawn. He carried this form into the first Test at Durban, his first match as captain of South Africa. Having won the toss and chosen to bat first he made a maiden Test century, scoring 109 in about three hours and 20 minutes. Wisden described the innings as a "superb display of batting" commenting that he played "[Sydney] Barnes with perfect confidence". However Taylor got little support from his teammates and South Africa were dismissed for 182. England won the Test by an innings after the hosts had managed just 111 in the second innings, Taylor scored eight. England also won the second Test at Johannesburg by an innings, Sydney Barnes taking record Test match figures of 17/159, Taylor fell to him twice for scores of 29 and 40.

Taylor took his Test best bowling figures in the third Test which was again staged in Johannesburg, in England's first innings he took three wickets for 15 runs (3/15) from 10 overs. In dismissing Wilfred Rhodes leg before wicket he claimed his maiden Test wicket, his other two wickets were that of Frank Woolley and Morice Bird. Taylor opened the bowling in the second innings and, although expensive, claimed the wicket of Rhodes again. In terms of batting Taylor scored 14 and 70, the latter innings came in a 153-run opening stand with Billy Zulch. There was a six-week gap between the third and fourth Tests, in which period the MCC played seven tour matches. The last of these was against Natal, and just like in the earlier tour fixture Taylor dominated the scoring for the hosts. In a low scoring match he scored 91 (out of a team total of 153) and 100 (out of 216/6), as Natal won by 4 wickets. Only one other batsman in the match passed fifty.

In the fourth Test at Durban South Africa avoided defeat despite Sydney Barnes excellent form continuing, he claimed 14 more wickets to take his series tally to 49. Taylor was dismissed by him in both innings, scoring 16 in the first and 93 in the second, an innings Wisden described as "more cautious than usual". In that second innings he shared a 69-run partnership with his older brother Dan who was making his Test debut. In the fifth and final Test of the series at Port Elizabeth Taylor scored 42 and 87 as South Africa lost by ten wickets. In the second innings he shared a century stand with Billy Zulch for the second time in the series, this time they put on 129. Despite the 4–0 defeat Taylor finished the series as the leading run scorer on either side with 508 runs in 10 innings, his aggregate was 227 ahead of the next best South African, Philip Hands. This performance came while facing Barnes who finished the series with a Test record 49 wickets at 10.93. The cricket historian H. S. Altham wrote: "The English cricketers were unanimous that finer batting than his against Barnes at his best they never hoped to see". Neville Cardus wrote in the 1955 Wisden:
Yet at his deadliest Barnes met a worthy opponent in H. W. Taylor, who played with ease and assurance in each Test match...how possibly could any mortal batsman be subjected to a severer ordeal—Barnes on matting, with wickets falling at the other end all the time? H. W. Taylor must be counted one of the six greatest batsmen of the post-Grace period.
Cardus also wrote that Taylor's performance was "perhaps the most skilful of all Test performances by a batsman".

Post-war
Taylor returned to cricket in 1919/20 having won the Military Cross in World War I. He served 18 months in the Royal Field Artillery and two years in the Royal Flying Corps. His first match back for Natal was against Transvaal in April 1920, he scored 76 but the innings was overshadowed by Dave Nourse who scored 304 not out. This was the only match of the season however formal competition (the Currie Cup) returned for the 1920/21 season. Taylor scored 150 in the opening match of the season against Orange Free State and finished with 372 runs at an average of 53.14.

The first international opponents for South Africa following the War were Australia, who toured South Africa in 1921/22. Despite the eight-year gap after the hosts' last Test, Taylor was still captain. In the first Test at Durban, Taylor was dismissed for one in the first innings, and he moved down the order to number four for the second innings and the remainder of the series. From the unaccustomed position he made scores of 29, 47, 80, 26 and 17 to finish the series with a total of 200 runs at an average of 33.33. After the first two Tests were drawn, Australia won the three match series with a ten wicket victory at Cape Town.

England 1922/23
The following season saw England tour and just like nine years previous Taylor was at his best. In the first Test at Johannesburg he batted at number three and in the second innings scored a superb 176, the next highest score in the match was 50. Taylor's knock included 25 boundaries and was the largest by a South African against England. South Africa won the Test by 168 runs, it was Taylor's first victory as captain and as a Test player. He followed that in the second Test with scores of 9 and 68 as England narrowly won by one wicket. In the third Test at Durban he was moved back up to open the innings, he scored 91 and shared 110 with Bob Catterall. The third days play was washed out leaving the draw inevitable in a four-day match. The fourth Test was also drawn, Taylor scored 11 at number four and when moved back as opener in the second innings made 101. Wisden wrote: "Taylor, who hit out freely when fear of defeat had gone, played a masterly game, but he had a little luck".

With the series still level at 1–1, the fifth and final Test was made Timeless to ensure a winner of the series. England's C. A. G. Russell scored two centuries in the match and South Africa were set a target of fourth innings target of 344. Taylor, at number four,  batted for four and a half hours over an innings of 102 however he received little support from his teammates and South Africa lost by 109 runs. Taylor finished the series with 582 runs at 64.66 and was the highest scorer on either side, his total was 278 more than the next South African. His series total was at the time a Test record for a captain, later surpassed by Don Bradman in 1936. His three centuries in the series set a South African Test record which was only bettered in 2003/04 by Jacques Kallis. The Wisden report of the series recorded that "H. W. Taylor as a batsman was in a class by himself".

1924 England tour

Taylor played only two matches in the 1923/24 season prior to the South Africa tour of England in 1924. His form at the start of the tour was poor, in 11 matches before the first Test, he scored just two fifties in 18 innings. In the first Test at Edgbaston he scored 7 and 34, however his first innings was the top score for South Africa as they were dismissed for 30 in 12.3 overs. It equalled the record for the lowest Test total, the previous score of 30 also set by South Africa against England. It was also the only occasion in Test history that not a single batsman had reached double figures. Despite scoring 390 in the second innings they lost by an innings and 18 runs, the same margin of defeat followed in the second Test at Lord's where Taylor made scores of four and eight.

They were three tour matches between the second and third Tests, in the second of these against Northamptonshire Taylor top scored with 116, his second century of the tour. The third match saw South Africa return to Edgbaston, this time against Warwickshire he top scored in both innings with 94 and 116. His good form continued into the third Test where he made scores of 59 not out and 56. He shared 54 and 99 run partnerships with Bob Catterall as South Africa averted a third consecutive innings defeat however they still lost by nine wickets. Rain affected the final two Tests of the series and both were drawn, Taylor scored 18 not out at Old Trafford and 11 at The Oval. His series total was 197 at 32.83. Wisden described the performance as 'disappointing' but commented: "There can be no doubt that the anxiety of captaining a beaten team told upon him and that he would have done far better if he had had nothing to think about but his own batting." In the tour as a whole he played in 34 first-class matches and scored 1,898 runs, marginally fewer than Dave Nourse but with a higher average of 42.17.

England 1927/28
Three South African seasons passed without an international tour, in this time Taylor moved from Natal to Transvaal prior to the 1925/26 season. He had a successful first season with his new side, captaining them to win the Currie Cup and scoring 344 runs at an average of 68.80. The following season he scored 481 runs at 80.16 as Transvaal retained the title.

England toured South Africa in 1927/28 for a five-Test series. Taylor was no longer captain, having been replaced by Nummy Deane, but he showed himself to still be the country's leading batsman by top scoring in the series. In the first Test at Johannesburg he scored 31 and 4 as the tourists won by ten wickets. With scores of 68 and 71 he top scored in both innings of the second Test at Cape Town, in the second innings he shared a 115-run opening partnership with Mick Commaille. He made another fifty in the third Test before scoring a first innings century in the fourth that played a crucial part in South Africa winning the match by four wickets and keeping the series alive. Wisden described Taylor's innings of 101: "By restrained methods he gradually obtained a mastery over the bowling and then hit so freely that he scored 101 out of 170 in two hours and twenty-five minutes". Taylor scored 36 and 29 in the fifth and final Test which South Africa won by eight wickets to square the series. It was the first time in his Test career that Taylor hadn't finished on the losing side in a series. He ended the series as South Africa's top scorer with 412 although Bob Catterall had a marginally higher average.

1929 England tour
Taylor toured England for a third time in 1929, as part of a young and inexperienced squad he was one of only three players who had toured the country previously. After Taylor scored two in the drawn first Test, he missed both second and third Tests with an injury. This was the first time Taylor hadn't appeared in the Test team since his debut in 1912. He returned for the fourth Test at Old Trafford and played two attacking innings in defeat. In the first innings scoring 28 of the 32 added while at the crease, while in the second innings he was dismissed for 70 with the score at 113. Wisden considered his driving to be "admirable in its power and certainty". In the fifth and final Test at The Oval Taylor scored his first Test century outside of his homeland. He scored 121 including 12 boundaries, the innings came with South Africa 20/3 in their first innings, Taylor alongside captain Nummy Deane shared a fourth wicket stand of 214. Wisden recorded: "The batting of both men reached a very high standard and, coming as it did in such circumstances, was easily the best in point of class and skill shown by the South Africans in the whole series of Tests." The stand was a South African record for the fourth wicket until beaten in 2003 by Jacques Kallis and Gary Kirsten. The century gave Taylor a total of 221 runs in the series at an average of 55.25. The end of tour report in Wisden commentated that although he wasn't the dominating personality of previous years he was still the man England had most to fear. In the whole tour he scored 1,575 first-class runs at 38.41, the highest average amongst the tourists.

England 1930/31
Taylor played only two Currie Cup matches in the 1929/30 season, but made centuries in both. In the final two matches of the season he scored 142 against Western Province and 139 against Rhodesia as Transvaal won the title for a third time in five seasons. The following season saw England tour for a five Test series which witnessed a first series victory for South Africa since 1910. Taylor missed the first Test which South Africa won by 28 runs.  He returned for the second at Cape Town and scored a seventh Test century. He was one of three South African centurions but Taylor's 117 was considered by Wisden as "the most attractive batting display for South Africa." England followed on in the match but were able to draw the match. The third match was also drawn but on this occasion England had the better of the play, Taylor scored an unbeaten 64 from a total of 145/8 in the second innings to ensure the draw. In the fourth Test he top scored in the first innings with 72, the innings took South Africa past the follow on which was crucial in securing another draw. England needed to win the fifth Test to level the series but they were unable to dismiss South Africa quickly in the first innings having put them in and the hosts controlled the match from there. South Africa drew the match and therefore won the series 1–0, it was Taylor's first series victory as a Test player.

Australia 1931/32
In 1931/32 South Africa toured Australia for the first time since 1910/11, it was therefore Taylor's first tour of the country. Without the chance of a draw, all Tests in Australia at the time were Timeless, South Africa were whitewashed in the Test series. Part of the reason for this dominance was Don Bradman who scored 806 runs including four centuries. Taylor scored 41 and 47 in the first match at Brisbane and made innings of seven and six in the second at Sydney, South Africa lost both Tests by wide margins. They gained a first innings lead of 160 in the third but still lost, this time by 169 runs, Taylor contributed 11 and 38. His highest innings of the series came in the fourth Test at Adelaide where he scored 78 and 84, in both innings he shared century stands with Bruce Mitchell however Clarrie Grimmett's 14 wickets saw Australia win by ten wickets. In the fifth Test, South Africa made totals of just 36 and 45 and lost by an innings. Taylor was dismissed for a duck in the first innings and made two in the second. The duck was the first since his debut Test, a run of 72 innings which was a then Test record. His series total of 314 runs made him South Africa's second highest scorer behind Mitchell. In the tour as a whole he was also second behind Mitchell, Taylor scored 813 runs with one century against New South Wales.

Following the Australia tour South Africa played two Tests in New Zealand, the first Tests to be staged between the two teams. In the single warm-up match before the first Test, Taylor scored 113 against Auckland. In the first Test at Christchurch he didn't fare as well, dismissed for nine having come to the crease following a large opening stand. This was his final innings in Test cricket  as he announced his retirement from that form of the game prior to the second Test.

After Test retirement
Taylor continued to play first-class cricket for a short period. In 1932 he spent the season in England playing for a variety of teams including: the MCC, the Gentlemen, an England XI and the Rest of England side. He returned to South African domestic cricket for the 1932/33 season although he played only one match. Now at Natal he played against former team Transvaal and scored 158. Over the following two seasons he played eight further matches and adding two further centuries. The last of his 30 first-class centuries came in December 1934 at the age of 45. In March 1936 he made a brief comeback playing one first-class match for Western Province against the touring Australians.

Taylor took up coaching schoolboys upon retirement. He lived in Cape Town near the Newlands ground which was where he died in 1973.

Records and statistics

Batting
At the time of his retirement Taylor held a number of South African Test batting records, including most runs (2,936), centuries (7) and half-centuries (17). His average of 40.77 was only fractionally behind that of Aubrey Faulkner (40.79). The aforementioned records were all surpassed by Bruce Mitchell in the late 1940s. Taylor had most of his success on the matting pitches of South Africa, he averaged 48.80 and scored six of his centuries at home. In comparison, his average outside of South Africa was 30.16 and 20 Tests produced a single century. He scored 2,001 of his Test runs at home and this aggregate remained a record until after readmission.

For the majority of Taylor's career there were only two other Test nations, Australia and England and he only played against different opposition, New Zealand, in his final Test. Of Taylor's 42 Tests, 30 were against England. He scored all of his centuries and accumulated 2,287 runs against that opposition. In England-South Africa contests only Mitchell has scored more runs while the seven centuries is a record he shares with Mitchell, Dudley Nourse, Denis Compton and Jacques Kallis.

In Currie Cup matches he scored 3,226 runs at an average of 58.65 and was part of seven championship winning teams, four with Natal and three with Transvaal.

Captaincy
Taylor captained his nation in four series and 18 Tests in total and although he had personal success in averaging 47.96 during this period, the team lost all four series and they won only one Test with him in charge. However this was indicative of South Africa at the time and during his whole career Taylor only enjoyed four Test victories, he played a large part in the first two of these scoring centuries in the Johannesburg wins of 1922 and 1928.

Despite the results under him Taylor does have a number of captaincy achievements to his name. He holds the record for longest time spent as Test captain, he took charge of his first Test on 13 December 1913 and his last on 16 August 1924, a period of 10 years and 251 days. Taylor is one of two South African captains to have scored centuries in their first match in charge, the other is Jackie McGlew. By scoring that century he also had a share in the first occasion of opposing captains scoring centuries in the same match.

Rankings
On subsequently calculated world rankings Taylor reached a peak batting rating of 844 (out of 1000), this placed him top of the batting rankings. He reached this mark in February 1923 following his innings of 102 in the fifth Test of the home series with England. He remained top of the rankings for only a single match but did disturb Jack Hobbs from the top spot, the only person to do so between 1912 and 1928.

References

External links

1889 births
1973 deaths
Cricketers from Durban
Royal Flying Corps officers
Royal Artillery officers
KwaZulu-Natal cricketers
Recipients of the Military Cross
South Africa Test cricketers
South Africa Test cricket captains
South African cricketers
Gauteng cricketers
Western Province cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
British Army personnel of World War I
Gentlemen cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
L. G. Robinson's XI cricketers
Alumni of Michaelhouse

Herbie Taylor


David Allan "Kid" Jensen (born 4 July 1950) is a Canadian-born British radio DJ and television presenter. Born in Victoria, British Columbia, Jensen began as a radio DJ on Radio Luxembourg. Jensen was later a broadcaster for the BBC from 1976 to 1984, as a host on BBC Radio 1 and presenter on the TV music programme Top of the Pops from 1977 to 1984. Jensen has also hosted and presented for Capital FM and ITV among other stations.

Early career
Born into a Danish-origin family residing in Victoria, British Columbia, Jensen began his career in his home country at the age of sixteen playing jazz and classical music on CJOV-FM, in Kelowna, on a show called Music For Dining, which was sponsored a lot of the time by a number of local funeral parlours.  He then joined Radio Luxembourg at the age of eighteen in November 1968, joining Paul Kay, Paul Burnett, Noel Edmonds and Tony Prince as the resident DJ team.  His recruitment was part of the "all-live" initiative, bringing to an end most of the pre-recorded shows.

His initial slot was 1am to 3am Monday to Thursday, and 7pm to 9pm Sunday evenings, but was quickly promoted at the start of 1969 to an earlier slot, mostly starting at 9pm.  Being only 18 years old, Paul Burnett affectionately called him the "kid" and the name "Kid" Jensen was being widely used in newspaper listings by February 1969. From May 1970, he presented a popular progressive rock show, typically broadcast at midnight or 1am, later billed as "Dimensions" which resulted in a big increase in listeners to this slot.

By 1974, Jensen was becoming a TV personality in Britain, hosting pop shows on ITV (including music quiz show Pop Quest), and in the mid-1970s he worked for the then-new Radio Trent (now Capital East Midlands) in Nottingham, one of the first legal, land-based commercial radio stations in the UK. During the early part of his career he was billed as "Kid Jensen" and did not use his given name professionally until 1980.

Broadcasting career

BBC Radio 1
In 1976 he joined the BBC's pop network, Radio 1, initially hosting a Saturday morning show from 10am to midday, but sitting in for many other DJs, and eventually graduating to a weekday late afternoon/early evening show in the spring of 1978 from 4:30 to 7:00pm. He kept his profile high through regular appearances presenting Top of the Pops, and championed many acts who went on to achieve huge commercial success, notably The Police and Gary Numan.

After his 29 May 1980 radio show, Jensen left the BBC to work for the Turner Broadcasting System WTBS cable superstation in Atlanta, Georgia, where he was host of the 10:00pm nightly news. On 12 October 1981, Jensen returned to BBC Radio 1 with a new weekday evening show from 810pm. The show was later extended to run from 710pm. Soon afterwards he dropped the "Kid" name, although he would still be popularly known by it for many years to come. His mid-evening show was dominated by indie-rock, but also featured interviews with mainstream acts such as Duran Duran, and was the first show to champion Frankie Goes to Hollywood, before their commercial success. He remained a regular Top of the Pops presenter and struck up a famous partnership with John Peel. He also wrote a pop column for the Daily Mirror.

Capital Radio
In 1984, Jensen quit Radio 1 and joined London's Capital FM, presenting the weekday mid-morning show (replacing Michael Aspel); moving to weekday drivetime in 1987. In addition to his weekday shows he also presented the weekly The Network Chart Show, the UK's first syndicated commercial radio show which originally went out every Sunday between 5p.m. and 7p.m., competing directly with Radio 1's Top 40 show.

While presenting the Network Chart, Jensen became ITV's unofficial "face" of pop music, presenting pop shows such as The Roxy (an attempt to compete with Top of the Pops). He continued to comment regularly on pop-related stories in ITN and Sky News bulletins for some time after he left the Network Chart in 1993, when he was replaced by Neil Fox. Jensen continued to present the weekday drivetime show on Capital FM until 1998.

He also presented various children's programmes including Worldwise and Popquest.

Recent years
In 1998, Jensen joined rival London FM station, Heart 106.2, presenting the weekday drivetime show from 4pm to 7pm. He also presented a Sunday afternoon CD chart show called Kid Jensen's CD Countdown which was produced by Blue Revolution and networked on Birmingham's 100.7 Heart FM and various other stations.

In 2002, Jensen returned to Capital and was heard on its oldies service Capital Gold. First presenting the Monday–Thursday late night show from 10p.m.1a.m., before taking over the weekday mid-morning slot in February 2003, then the breakfast show, (co-hosted with Erika North). Jensen later moved to the late morning slot 10a.m.1p.m. Jensen teamed up with Capital Radio Producer Craig Kingham to present the Saturday morning show. Jensen left Gold in December 2010.

In September 2008, Jensen hosted the evening show of Planet Rock (7-11p.m.) as a stand-in for Nicky Horne.  He also hosted Planet Rock's Sunday Morning show, "Another Dimension", and co-hosted with Rick Wakeman on Saturday mornings until December 2010 and briefly hosted the Saturday morning 10a.m.1p.m. show on his own, until he left the station in April 2011.

Jensen joined Smooth Radio in April 2011 to present an afternoon show. In April 2012, he took over the Smooth Drive Home slot (Mondays to Friday, 4p.m. – 8p.m.) from Carlos.
Jensen also hosted a two-hour retro chart show on Smooth Radio on Sunday evenings.  Smooth was acquired by Global Radio in 2013. Following a studio and business move to Global headquarters in Leicester Square, Jensen was dropped from the schedules on 19 December 2013.

After that he has since been heard on online station, United DJs. He presented a one hour weekly slot every Tuesday evening from 7-8pm.

In February 2021, he joined Jazz FM for a six week run of Sunday evening programmes named David Jensen's Jazz in partnership with Parkinson's UK. Also that month he began a weekly show on the newly launched Boom Radio, on Friday nights called Kid Jensen's 70s. In February 2022, David Jensen's Jazz returned to Jazz FM for a second series and a third in April 2023.

He was a co-presenter (off-screen) of the TV programme Gillette World Sports Special, alongside Mark Webster.

Personal life
Jensen is married to Iceland-born Gudrún Ágústa Thórarinsdóttir (), and they have three children. Their youngest son, Viktor, a racing driver, both competed in and was also a National Class winner in the 2007 British and International Formula 3 Championship. Jensen also founded the Kid Jensen Racing team that briefly raced in the Formula 3000 championship, which won one race at the hands of Nicolas Minassian in 1999 at Silverstone.

A Freemason, he is a member of Chelsea Lodge No. 3098, the membership of which is made up of entertainers.

In 2010 he became a Freeman of the City of London and was inducted into the UK Radio Hall of Fame.

Jensen is a fan of Crystal Palace, is chairman of the Crystal Palace F.C. Vice-President's Club, and also acted as ambassador for the CPFC 2010 consortium during the purchase of the club from administrators.

It was announced on 16 January 2018 that Jensen had decided to go public about living with Parkinson's disease for the previous five years.

References

External links
Radio Rewind - David Jensen

1950 births
Living people
British radio presenters
British television presenters
BBC Radio 1 presenters
Brooklyn Funk Essentials members
Canadian expatriates in England
Canadian people of Danish descent
London
Danish radio presenters
Danish television presenters
People from Victoria, British Columbia
People with Parkinson's disease
Radio Luxembourg (English) presenters

David Jensen


AL-38022A is an indazole derivative drug which is one of a range of similar drugs developed for scientific research and with some possible clinical applications. It acts as a potent and selective agonist for the 5-HT2 family of serotonin receptors, with highest binding affinity for the 5-HT2C subtype and around 4x less affinity for 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B. In drug discrimination tests on animals, it fully substituted for both DOM and 5-MeO-DMT.

See also
 AL-34662
 AL-37350A
 Ro60-0175
 VER-3323
 YM-348

References

Amines
Indazoles
Dihydropyrans
Serotonin receptor agonists
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings

AL-38022A


A Russian Journal, published by John Steinbeck in April 1948, is an eyewitness account of his travels through the Soviet Union during the early years of the Cold War era. Accompanied by the distinguished war photographer Robert Capa, Steinbeck set out with the intent to record the real attitudes and modes of existence of people living under Soviet rule. As Steinbeck explained it, the book's goal was "honest reporting, to set down what we saw and heard without editorial comment, without drawing conclusions about things we didn't know sufficiently."

This literary and photographic record of life under Joseph Stalin's rule is a historical document. Steinbeck and Capa portray Soviet people as living in extremely different conditions from those in the reports among the West of the day: life in the cities and the country appears peaceful and very similar to that of other peoples in Europe at the time. Without diminishing the authoritarian nature of the Soviet Union, Steinbeck claimed that the main fear held by average Russians was not of Stalin but another World War.

During their short trip to the Soviet Union, Steinbeck and Capa visited Moscow, Kiev, Stalingrad and Soviet Georgia.

During his visit to Kiev, Steinbeck was shocked by the war's devastation in Ukraine, and to convey it to Americans, wrote:

If the United States were completely destroyed from New York to Kansas, we would have about the area of destruction the Ukraine has. If six million people were killed, not counting soldiers, fifteen per cent of the population, you would have an idea of the casualties of the Ukraine. Counting soldiers, there would be many more, but six million out of forty-five million civilians have been killed. There are mines which never opened because the Germans threw thousands of bodies down into the shafts.

References

1948 non-fiction books
Books by John Steinbeck
Books by Robert Capa
American travel books
Books about the Soviet Union
Cold War documents
Viking Press books

A Russian Journal


Christian James "C/J." McCollum (born September 19, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for the Portland Trail Blazers. He was drafted 10th in the 2013 NBA draft. In his third year, he won the NBA Most Improved Player award. He played college basketball for the Lehigh Mountain Hawks. In 2017, he scored 27 points in the first half against the #1 seeded Golden State Warriors. That year he also had the highest free-throw percentage in the league.

1991 births
Living people
Portland Trail Blazers players

C. J. McCollum


Pinoy Sunday () is a 2009 Taiwanese comedy-drama film directed by Ho Wi Ding about two overseas Filipino workers in Taiwan who get themselves in an adventure all over Taipei when they discover an abandoned red couch.

Plot
Dado Tagalog and Manuel dela Cruz are two Overseas Filipino workers employed with Giant Bicycles in Taiwan. While Dado misses his wife and daughter back home, he has been dating a Personal Care Assistant named Anna. Meanwhile, Manuel has hopelessly been in love with a club hostess named Cecilia. One Sunday after Church, a chain of events occurs between the two friends. Manuel tries to ask Cecilia out on a date when he spots her at a hair salon. He does her a favor by buying mango ice drinks for Cecilia and her companions, only for them to flake out on him. Dado foolishly decides to break up with Anna on her birthday, which he had forgotten all along.

As the duo talk about their heartbreaking experiences over lunch, they notice a Taiwanese couple arguing over a red couch that is delivered on their doorstep. When the couple and delivery workers abandon the couch, Manuel sees it as a sign from God and decides that he and Dado bring it back to their dormitory. After a friend overcharges them for offering to deliver it on his truck and the local bus refuses to accommodate it, Dado and Manuel have no choice but to carry the couch on foot. In the middle of their journey, they cross a street when a drunk motorcyclist collides with the couch. The motorcyclist argues heavily with the duo until all three men are sent to the police station when the motorcyclist accidentally hits a policewoman with his helmet. At the precinct, Manuel begins to fear of being deported when an officer wonders if the duo stole the couch, but the policewoman lets the duo go after filing her report.

After walking for a few kilometers, the duo rest on the couch when an Ilonggo woman in a taxicab meets them. She offers them a truck for them to borrow for free to deliver the couch the next day, but Manuel politely declines the offer because they would have to leave the couch at that spot overnight, much to Dado's dismay. Manuel offers to buy Dado a snack to calm him down, but when he returns, he sees Dado give the couch away to a junk collector; eventually, the duo chase after and hitch a ride on the junk collector's three-wheeler pickup. They fall asleep during the trip and wake up to discover that they are at a recycling plant. The duo get into an argument and Dado threatens to leave Manuel at the plant, but he changes his mind when he steals a shopping cart from a group of kids and they strap the couch on it. Later, Manuel and Dado argue over using the couch as a side business at the dormitory when a news reporter stops to interview them after they indirectly prevented a young man from jumping off an apartment building during their journey. After they run away from the reporter, she broadcasts a report on them, asking if they are thieves or heroes.

As night falls, the duo ditch the shopping cart to cross the river in a shortcut, but get into yet another heated argument after they nearly drown. Manuel finally admits that they won't make it in time before the curfew, but Dado encourages him to relax. Dado calls Anna and asks for forgiveness. While the dormitory gate closes for curfew, Manuel and Dado spend the rest of the night singing on the couch floating on the river. The next morning, the duo wake up and take a bus home, abandoning the couch on the riverbanks.

Manuel and Dado return to the Philippines, where they relax by the beach before going home by tricycle. They talk about what to eat for dinner before thinking about running a furniture business.

Cast
Bayani Agbayani as Diosdado "Dado" Tagalog
Epy Quizon as Manuel dela Cruz
Alessandra De Rossi as Cecilia
Meryll Soriano as Anna
Nor Domingo as Carros
Father Jean-Claude as himself
Melenie Hung as Joy
Julia Chen as Grace
Bowie Tsang as House-moving wife

Reception
James Marsh of Twitch Film admired the film, calling it "a delight from start to finish. Like its characters, it is a film of simple tastes and manageable ambitions, and Ho, together with co-writer Ajay Balakrishnan, does a grand job of telling a very particular story in a way that speaks to us all, regardless of our nationality or background." Ho Yi of Taipei Times described the film as "a lighthearted and humorous tone, opting to depict the sunnier side of the lives of migrant workers, who sing karaoke, laugh, relax and can be themselves on their days off."

Awards and nominations

Wins
Best New Director - Ho Wi Ding (47th Golden Horse Awards)
Best Picture (2010 Comedy Cluj Festival, Romania)

References

External links
 Official website (archived)

2009 films
2009 comedy films
2009 drama films
2009 romantic comedy-drama films
2000s buddy films
2000s Mandarin-language films
2000s Tagalog-language films
Filipino diaspora
Films directed by Ho Wi Ding
Films set in the Philippines
Films set in Taiwan
Films shot in the Philippines
Films shot in Taiwan
Taiwanese romantic comedy-drama films

Pinoy Sunday


The Second Epistle of Peter is the 61st book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-second in the New Testament. This book is believed to be a letter from Peter, who was a disciple of Jesus.

When it was written

Since Peter was killed in about 69 A.D. by Nero, the emperor of Rome, if Peter is the author it was written about 65 to 69 A.D.  In the letter the writer says,  ("since I know that the putting off of my body will be soon, as our Lord Jesus Christ made clear to me").  Chapter 1, verse 14  Some think that the book was written by a later unnamed follower of Peter, and it could have been any time between 60 and 160 A.D. In both ancient and modern times, people have disagreed about this but the letter was finally accepted as part of the Bible by most Christians.

The content of the letter

In both content and style this letter is very different from 1 Peter.

The epistle mentions many verses in the Old Testament. In Chapter 3, verses 15 and 16 one of Paul's letters is mentioned. This is probably 1 Thessalonians chapters 4 and 5. Peter calls Paul's writings scripture and mentions that they are hard to understand so that some people try to change their meaning.

The letter begins with a greeting. Next the writer tells the Christians to live a good life of faith, knowledge, self control, and love. In Chapter 2, there are warnings about false teachers.  In Chapter 3 are teachings about the Second Coming of Jesus. The letter ends by saying again that the Christians should live properly. Then there is a final blessing.

References

Other websites
II Peter (NIV)
II Peter (KJV)

New Testament books
General Epistles

Second Epistle of Peter


The Strabane Chronicle is a newspaper based in Strabane, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. The paper was started in 1896 as the Strabane Chronicle and Tyrone and Donegal Advertiser and was subsequently purchased by the North West of Ireland Printing and Publishing Company, which was established in 1901 by the Lynch family. The masthead was changed in 1969 and the paper became known as the Strabane Chronicle.
The January to June 2010 ABC figure for the Strabane Chronicle is 5,560 and it continues to be the highest selling newspaper in Strabane.

Its sister titles include the Ulster Herald, Tyrone Herald, Donegal News (Monday and Friday editions), Fermanagh Herald and Gaelic Life.

References

Newspapers published in Northern Ireland
Mass media in County Tyrone

Strabane Chronicle


The zhu (筑; pinyin: zhù (Mainland); zhú (Taiwan)) was an ancient Chinese string instrument. Though rarely used, three very old specimens in varying degrees of preservation survive. One with five strings, dating to approximately 433 BC, was discovered in the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, in the Hubei province of central China.

It first became popular during the Warring States period, when its most famous player was Gao Jianli, a citizen of the state of Yan who attracted the attention and played for Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China.

The instrument remained popular through the Sui and Tang dynasties, and was lost during the Song dynasty.

Little is known about the instrument but it is believed to have been a zither with a rectangular wooden body, with silk or gut strings that were played with a slender stick. Although ancient sources state that the instrument was struck (implying that the stick was bounced on the string in the manner of a hammered dulcimer in order to elicit sound), it is possible that it was actually plucked with the bamboo stick.

See also
Traditional Chinese musical instruments

References

External links
Photo of a zhu from New York Qin Society site
Zhu page

Chinese musical instruments
Box zithers

Zhu (string instrument)


Trai Jamar Essex (born December 5, 1982) is a former American football offensive guard who played eight seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Pittsburgh Steelers and Indianapolis Colts.

Early years
Essex grew up in Fort Wayne, Indiana where he attended Paul Harding High School and lettered in football and basketball. In football, he was a standout tight end. He played in the first ever U.S. Army All-American Bowl (a high school football national all-star game) on December 30, 2000.

In basketball, he was a member of the 2001 class 2A Indiana boys high school championship team. His 14 rebounds ties for 3rd best ever in the class 2A championship game. Essex was an All-Conference honoree as a junior.

College years
Essex attended Northwestern University, where he majored in African-American studies and was a letterman in football. He started every game as a true freshman at tight end, catching three passes for 24 yards and a touchdown. He was named to the Big Ten All-Freshman team by The Sporting News magazine. He was moved from tight end to offensive tackle prior to his sophomore season and started 37 consecutive games at left tackle for the Wildcats in his final three seasons. He was named to ESPN's All-Bowl team following his performance in the 2003 Motor City Bowl.

Professional career

Essex was selected in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers. He signed a $1.385 million three-year contract which included a $460,000 signing bonus. After being held out of action through the first nine games of his rookie season, he started at left tackle in four games in place of an injured Marvel Smith. The Steelers' 2005 season ended with a victory in Super Bowl XL.

Essex did not make a start in the next two seasons, though he did suit up for 18 games. After the 2007 season he signed a restricted free agent tender which bound him to the team through  for just over $900,000.

Essex's fifth career start came when he again subbed for Smith at left tackle in a playoff game on January 5, 2008, which was a narrow loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars.

Essex showed promise in  with strong performances in place of starting right guard Darnell Stapleton against the Chicago Bears and Minnesota Vikings. Once again the team finished the season as Super Bowl champions, making Essex one of 21 players who were members of both of the Steelers' championship teams in the 2000s.

Following the Steelers' victory in Super Bowl XLIII, Essex signed a $1.92 million, two-year contract with the team, which included a $500,000 signing bonus. Before re-signing with Pittsburgh he fielded offers from the New York Jets and Tennessee Titans but was persuaded to return to the Steelers when he received assurances from the team that he would be given the opportunity to win a starting spot.

Essex started at right guard for the entire 2009 season. He picked up where he left off in  as the starting right guard. However, he was sidelined in the second game of the year with a high-ankle sprain. He eventually returned as the starter at right guard, but was replaced by Ramon Foster after getting three more starts. The Steelers once again earned a trip to the Super Bowl XLV where they fell to the Green Bay Packers.

Essex was an unrestricted free agent following the 2010 NFL season. He was unable to sign a new contract due to the 2011 NFL lockout which canceled normal off-season team activities. During the lockout, Essex ballooned to 380 pounds, fifty pounds over his playing weight. Team personnel saw Essex at quarterback Ben Roethlisberger's wedding in July 2011, and were hesitant to extend a contract or invite Essex to training camp due to his lack of conditioning. The team eventually re-signed him toward the end of camp at Roethlisberger's urging after Essex had worked on his own to bring his weight under control. He said at the time that he had lost an amount equivalent to the weight of "a couple newborn babies." He was signed for the veteran minimum of $810,000.

Essex's "position flexibility" (i.e. the ability to play more than one role on the team) was key to his re-signing and was pressed to new heights in the 2011 season during which he played at all five offensive line positions. He played a good portion of the team's third game at right tackle when the starter, rookie Marcus Gilbert, was injured. He started the team's next game at left tackle in place of Jonathan Scott, who had also been injured in week three. He spent some time over the next few weeks at left guard because of yet more injuries. In week 13 he spent significant time at left guard and started at that position in week 15.

When backup center Doug Legursky (who was starting due to an injury to Maurkice Pouncey) was injured early in the team's week 16 game against the St. Louis Rams Essex was forced to play center for the first time in his career. The Steelers shut out the Rams 27–0 in that game and coach Mike Tomlin presented Essex with a game ball as recognition of the magnitude of his contributions.

Essex was released by the Steelers at the end of the 2012 training camp.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Players of American football from Fort Wayne, Indiana
American football offensive tackles
American football offensive guards
Northwestern Wildcats football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Indianapolis Colts players

Trai Essex


Emilio Amero (1901 in Ixtlahuaca – 1976 in Norman, Oklahoma) was a Mexican artist, illustrator, muralist, and educator, he was among the leading figures of the Mexican Modern art movement. He was also a member of the first group of muralists to receive commissions in Post-Revolutionary Mexico, working alongside artists including José Clemente Orozco, Carlos Mérida, and Diego Rivera.

Biography
Raised and educated amidst the social and political upheaval of the Mexican Revolution, Amero fully embraced its lessons and began to express his personal vision in painting, printmaking, illustration, photography, and filmmaking. In particular, Amero developed a great passion for lithography, establishing several print workshops during his career and influencing a generation of young artists.

Like many leading Mexican artists of his time, Amero had an important relationship with the United States. In the late 1920s, he went via Cuba to New York City, where he worked as an illustrator for several publications, as well as the Saks Fifth Avenue department store. Most important of all to him were the lessons he received from George Miller, the master lithographer.

In 1930 he returned to Mexico City, where he established a successful lithography workshop at ENBA. Among those who attended his classes were such noteworthy artists as Bracho, Jean Charlot, Olga Costa, Gabriel Fernández Ledesma, Francisco Díaz de León, Francisco Dosamantes, Carlos Mérida, José Chávez Morado, Carlos Orozco Romero, and Alfredo Zalce.

On his return to New York a few years later he became a teacher at the Florence Cane School of Art, executed murals for the Works Progress Administration, and experimented with photography and filmmaking. He developed a friendship with the poet Federico García Lorca, who wrote a script for a Dada-esque Amero film entitled Viaje a la Luna (Trip to the Moon). He also had his first solo show at the Julien Levy Gallery and subsequently helped Henri Cartier-Bresson exhibit there.

In 1940 Amero moved to Seattle, Washington to teach at the Cornish School, which had attracted such innovators as Martha Graham and John Cage. In 1946, Amero took a professorship at the University of Oklahoma. There, he established a world-class print workshop and taught classes until his retirement in 1968.

References

20th-century Mexican painters
20th-century Mexican male artists
Mexican male painters
Mexican muralists
1901 births
1976 deaths
Mexican people of Italian descent
Works Progress Administration workers
Mexican expatriates in the United States

Emilio Amero


The Church of Saidet et Tallé, sometimes spelled Saydet El Talle and translated as  Our Lady of the Hill, is a Maronite church in Deir el Qamar in Lebanon. It is one of the most important historical and religious sites in Deir el Qamar and dates to the 16th century.

Monk Nicolas Smisaati built a church on the site over the ruins of an old Phoenician temple dedicated to the goddess Astarte. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 859 and reconstructed by the Order of the Templars during the Crusades.

The second church was destroyed by the Saracens and rebuilt  during Fakhreddine 1st Maan's (1518-1544) reign. In 1673, Sheikh Abu Fares Karam of Ehden (Emir Ahmed Maan's secretary) and his brother Sheikh Abu Nader enlarged the church and added a vault. During the reign of Bechir II Chehab (1789-1840) it was again enlarged and renovated.

Legend and legacy
According to the Maronite Heritage web site, "the legend says that there was a Druze Emir in Baakline looking at the hill of Dar El Kamar. He saw a light coming out of the hill so he gathered his soldiers and ordered them to go in the morning and dig in the land.
He said to them: 'If you find an Islamic symbol, build a mosque. If you find a Christian symbol, build a church."

In the morning, the soldiers went and found a rock with a cross on it and under the cross there was the moon and venus. That was the sign that in the distant past there was a temple dedicated to the moon and venus and later it became a church.

Earthquakes and wars might be the reason for the holy site's disappearance. The rock discovered by the soldiers can be found above the old gate of the church. A Byzantine column can be found inside the church. The inhabitants honor a "miraculous" icon of our Lady of the Hill placed behind the altar. It was painted in 1867 by the Italian artist Guerra. On the feast of Our Lady of the Hill- the first Sunday of August - thousands of believers go in a big procession with the miraculous icon from the entrance of Deir El Qamar to the Church.

See also
Architecture of Lebanon

References

16th-century churches
Religious buildings and structures in Lebanon
Maronite church buildings in Lebanon
Chouf District
Phoenician temples
Astarte
Knights Templar

Church of Saidet et Tallé


The Honkawa Elementary School Peace Museum (本川小学校平和資料館 Honkawa Shogakkou Heiwa Shiryokan) is a museum of the Peace in Honkawacho, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan.

The school was the closest school to ground zero of the Hiroshima bombing. They lost about 400 students and more than 10 teachers, and the building took great amounts of damage from the atomic bomb dropped on August 6, 1945.

The Peace Museum is the part of the school building with the basement of the former Hiroshima City Honkawa Elementary School; it is kept as a place to learn about the importance of peace. The museum is operated by the Honkawa Elementary School PTA, as well as former members of the PTA, and is cleaned and maintained by the students.

The memorial service for the students and teachers killed in the blast is held  every August 5 at the school. The school has also appeared in the manga Barefoot Gen, written by Keiji Nakazawa.

History

The school opened in the Myocho-ji, a temple of the Nichiren sect, on January 10, 1873. They built an independent schoolhouse at the current address in 1884. In July 1928 the school constructed a new building, which was the first reinforced concrete school building in Hiroshima.

During World War II students in third grade or older were evacuated to another school in the suburbs in April 1945. A few months later, on August 6, 1945, about 400 students and more than 10 teachers were killed by the atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima. In February 1946 the school reopened with 45 students with 4 teachers, but they didn't have any school supplies and the building still hadn't been fully repaired. In 1947 Reverend Arthur Powell Davies encouraged his congregation at the All Souls Church to donate half a ton of school supplies to Honkawa Elementary school. The students drew pictures in thanks, and sent them to the All Souls Church.

In June 1947 the school was renamed as Hiroshima City Honkawa Elementary School. In 1950 it was designated as the "School of the Peace Memorial City" by the Ministry of Education. The new school building was built and part of the old building was opened as the Peace Museum in April 1988. A memorial for the atomic bomb victims was built in November 1998.

The total number of visitors for the museum reached 100,000 in September 1998. A collection of the stories about the atomic bomb, Negai was written in March 2005. Students participated in the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony and performed the Commitment to Peace as the Children's representatives on August 6, 2005. Most recently, cherry trees were planted in remembrance of the bombing in March 2006.

Museum

Exhibitions
Photographs
Pictures and calligraphy by students of the school
Damaged objects
Thousand Paper Cranes from schools and people

Education programs
Volunteer Guide Services - appointment is required in advance
by the atomic bomb survivors for the visitors
by the students of the school for the students visiting from other schools

See also
Hiroshima City Honkawa Elementary School
Barefoot Gen - Honkawa appears in the story
Fukuromachi Elementary School Peace Museum - the school has same history and the peace museum

References

External links
Honkawa Elementary School Peace Museum (the school web site)
Honkawa Elementary School Peace Museum (by the school Alumni association)
Honkawa Elementary School Archival Collection

Peace museums in Japan
1873 establishments in Japan
School buildings completed in 1928
Museums established in 1988
Museums in Hiroshima
Monuments and memorials in Japan
Barefoot Gen
Monuments and memorials concerning the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
History museums in Japan
World War II museums in Japan
Educational institutions established in 1873

Honkawa Elementary School Peace Museum


Amy Joy Williams,  (born 29 September 1982) is a British former skeleton racer and Olympic gold medallist. Originally a runner, she began training in skeleton in 2002 after trying the sport on a push-start track at the University of Bath. Although unable to qualify for the 2006 Winter Olympics, she was a member of the Great Britain team four years later at the 2010 Games. She won a gold medal, becoming the first British individual gold medallist at a Winter Olympics for 30 years and the only British medallist in those Olympics.

Early life and education
Williams was born in Cambridge and brought up in Bath, being educated at Hayesfield School Technology College, Beechen Cliff School and the University of Bath. Her father, Ian Williams, was a professor of chemistry at the University of Bath, and her mother, Janet Williams, is a former midwife. Williams has a twin sister and an older brother.

Career
Williams was originally a 400m runner but she was unable to qualify for the national athletics team. She began competing in skeleton in 2002 after trying out at a push-start track at the University of Bath. She described her first experience on a skeleton track as exhilarating and terrifying, but she nonetheless enjoyed it and began training in skeleton.

At her first major event, the 2009 World Championships in Lake Placid, she won a silver medal.

Williams was unable to qualify for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, as Great Britain was only allowed to enter a single skeleton athlete in that year's competition, a spot won by Shelley Rudman, who went on to win the silver medal. Four years later, she qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, where her country was allowed to send two skeleton athletes.

At the 2010 Games, Williams won the gold medal in the women's skeleton, breaking the track record twice along the way and winning by more than a half a second. At the end of the first day, on which Williams had established a 0.3s advantage over second placed Kerstin Szymkowiak, two protests were filed by other nations over the aerodynamics of Williams's helmet. The protests claimed that the helmet's spoilers were illegal and gave her an unfair aerodynamic advantage. The manufacturer claimed that they were integral to the helmet's design. Both protests were rejected by the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation, which had passed the helmet—with ridges—days earlier.

Williams became the first British gold medallist in an individual event at the Winter Olympics for 30 years, following Robin Cousins's victory in figure skating at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, and the first British female individual Winter Olympics gold medallist since Jeannette Altwegg in 1952.

Williams was a contestant in the second series of the ITV show 71 Degrees North in late 2011.  She finished the series in third place. She has also appeared in the CBBC series, 12 Again.

Post-retirement
On 1 May 2012, Williams announced her retirement from skeleton and said her injuries were behind her quitting the sport.

In January 2013, BBC Two announced Williams as a co-presenter on the 35th series of Ski Sunday.

When approached by Tony Jardine, a motorsports pundit and part-time rally driver, Williams agreed to co-drive a Honda Civic, with the aim of competing in Rally GB. After gaining her licence, the pair successfully trained and qualified to compete in the 2013 Wales Rally GB.

As well as taking up a new role as TeamGB Ambassador, with Robin Cousins, she has also taken a commentator role with the BBC Sport commentating team, specialising in the ice sports of skeleton and bobsleigh.

On 25 April 2014, it was announced that Williams would replace Rachel Riley as a presenter on Channel 5's The Gadget Show. For the 2017 series of the show, Williams decided to leave to care for her child.

In August 2015, Williams married Craig Ham.

In 2018 she was part of the BBC's team providing coverage on the 2018 Winter Olympics. In October 2019, Williams was appointed as the first Ambassador of the Dame Kelly Holmes Trust, a charity that enables former athletes to mentor and support disadvantaged young people.

In June 2022, Williams co-presented the ITV4 coverage of the 2022 Isle of Man TT, along with Matt Roberts, Steve Plater and Cameron Donald.

Awards and honours
Williams was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours. She was installed as an Honorary Freeman of the City of Bath on 5 June 2010.

References

External links

1982 births
Alumni of the University of Bath
English Olympic medallists
English female skeleton racers
Living people
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in skeleton
Olympic skeleton racers for Great Britain
People educated at Beechen Cliff School
Sportspeople from Bath, Somerset
Sportspeople from Cambridge
Skeleton racers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Team Bath winter athletes
Universiade medalists in skeleton
Universiade silver medalists for Great Britain
Competitors at the 2005 Winter Universiade

Amy Williams


The Sanskrit play  (अागमडम्बर) satirizes various religions in Kashmir and their place in the politics of King Shankaravarman (883–902).

Bhatta Jayanta's strategy is to take a characteristic figure of the target religion and show that he is a rogue, using reasoning or some fundamental ideas connected with the doctrines of that very religion. This way he makes a laughingstock of both its followers and their tenets. The leading character, Sankarshana, is a young and dynamic orthodox graduate of Vedic studies, whose career starts as a glorious campaign against the heretic Buddhists, Jains and other heterodox sects. By the end of the play he realizes that the interests of the monarch do not encourage such inquisitional rigor and the story ends in a great festival of tolerance and compromise.

English translations

Much Ado about Religion by Csaba Dezső, Clay Sanskrit Library, 2005.

Indian philosophy
Sanskrit plays

Āgamaḍambara