The Cadillac Fleetwood is a full-size luxury sedan that was marketed by Cadillac from the 1976 to 1996 model years.  Taking its nameplate from a coachbuilder historically associated with the General Motors division, the Cadillac Fleetwood became a stand-alone model line in 1985.

The first generation of the Fleetwood was introduced as Cadillac converted its C-body platform to front-wheel drive.  Serving between the Sedan deVille and the Sixty Special in the front-wheel drive Cadillac line, the Fleetwood also filled the gap between the deVille and the rear-wheel drive Fleetwood Brougham (Cadillac Brougham from 1987-1992).  The second generation moved to the D-body platform, serving as the replacement of the Brougham (the Fleetwood Brougham returned as a trim option).

Following the 1996 model year, Cadillac retired its Fleetwood line as GM ended production of its full-size sedan lines in North America.  Within Cadillac, its large sedan lines were consolidated solely to the deVille series (later the Cadillac DTS).

Background of nameplate

Pre-history (1916–1924)

Lawrence P. Fisher was the Fisher brother most closely involved with Cadillac in its early years. In 1916 he joined the Fisher Body Company that had been formed by two of his brothers in 1908. Larry (as people knew him) was one of four of the seven Fisher brothers who brought Fisher Body Corporation under the General Motors umbrella in 1919. In May 1925 Alfred P. Sloan, then the head of General Motors, appointed Fisher as Cadillac General Manager, an office he retained through 1934. Fisher immediately went to work adding exclusive, custom bodies to the Cadillac range. Thus, he oversaw the purchase of the Fleetwood Metal Body Company by the Fisher Body Corporation in September 1925.

The Fleetwood Body Company of Fleetwood, Pennsylvania, was founded by Harry Urich in the nineteenth century. It began as a small community of craftsmen founded by Henry Fleetwood, Esq. of Penwortham, near Lancaster, England (the Fleetwood family flourished in England in the 17th and 18th centuries). The traditions of 300 years of coach-building that the Fleetwood Body Company applied to its work on cars secured it a high reputation in automobile circles worldwide by the 1920s. Coachwork was built by Fleetwood for a variety of luxury makes through 1924.

After the Fisher Body Corporation purchased the Fleetwood Body Company in 1925, Fleetwood bodies were reserved exclusively for Cadillac. By 1929 GM had purchased the remaining stock holdings of the Fisher Body Corporation and thus became the sole owner of both the Fisher and Fleetwood companies. From 1927 through 1934 all Cadillac series offered Fleetwood bodies as an option.

Fleetwood-bodied Cadillacs (1935-1985)

After 1934, Cadillac became more selective in offering Fleetwood bodies on its series and by 1938 the only way to obtain a Fleetwood-bodied car was by buying a Cadillac Series 75 or 90, as even the Cadillac Sixty Special had a Fisher body in its inaugural year. The Fleetwood script and crest would not appear on the exterior of any Cadillac until the 1947 model year when it appeared on the rear deck lid of the Sixty Special. By 1952 it also appeared on the rear deck lid of the Series 75. In 1957 the Cadillac Series 70 Eldorado Brougham joined the Sixty Special and the Series 75 as the only Cadillac models with Fleetwood bodies although Fleetwood script or crests did not appear anywhere on the exterior of the car. This marked the first time in 20 years that a Fleetwood bodied car was paired with the Brougham name. When production of the Eldorado Brougham was shifted in 1959 from the Cadillac Fleetwood plant in Detroit to Pininfarina in Turin, Italy, only then did it acquire Fleetwood wheel discs and doorsill moldings, presumably because the design work and final touches were still being done by Fleetwood.

Production of the Eldorado Brougham ceased in 1961 but in 1963 the Eldorado Biarritz also became Fleetwood bodied and immediately acquired Fleetwood crests on its rear quarters and Fleetwood rocker panel moldings. The 1963 Eldorado Biarritz was also the first Fleetwood bodied convertible since the Cadillac Series 75 stopped offering 4-door and 2-door convertible body styles and production of the Cadillac Series 90 ceased in 1941.

In 1965, the Eldorado, Sixty Special, and Series 75 models were designated as Fleetwood "subseries" but this would only last through the 1972 model year, and during this period there never was a separate Fleetwood series per se. Fleetwood became a much more integral part of a Cadillac series name in 1977 with the introduction of the Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham and the Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine, which replaced the Fleetwood Sixty Special Brougham and the Fleetwood 75 respectively. In 1985, Fleetwood became a separate series in its own right.

Front-wheel drive (C-body; 1985–1992)

In 1985, Fleetwood models used a new front wheel drive C-body platform, sharing the  wheelbase with GM's other C-body cars, the DeVille, Buick Electra, and Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight. The Fleetwood Brougham continued to use the RWD platform, (which was redesignated as "D-body" for 1985) through 1986.

As had been the case since the 1977 model year, there were little more than trim differences between the Fleetwood and the DeVille. For 1985, the Fleetwood was actually a de Ville trim option, rather than a separate model. The optional d'Elegance package, added tufted-button seating among other niceties for the FWD Fleetwood sedan. The Fleetwood coupe had been dropped after the 1986 model year, but returned in 1989. The Fleetwood coupe for 1989 - 1992 was not popular with model year production in 1989: 4,108, 1990: 2,438, 1991: 894, and for 1992: a mere 443.

Cadillac offered the Fleetwood Sixty Special for model years 1987–1988, using a stretched  version of the new C-body platform — as well as the Fleetwood Series 75 for model years 1985–1987, using a  stretched version of the same platform. The aluminum 4.1 L HT-4100 V8 was replaced by the 4.5 L HT-4500 for 1988. The engine displacement was increased for 1991 to the 4.9 L HT-4900.

The Fleetwood line was redesigned for the 1989 model year to include skirted rear wheels. The Fleetwood coupe remained on the  wheelbase, while the sedan's wheelbase increased by . The slightly revised Fleetwood coupe, with extended front and rear styling, was sold from 1989 and ended in 1992.

Power was increased to  from the same 4.5 L engine for 1990 through the use of a dual-stage intake manifold and other changes. It was replaced by the  4.9 L HT-4900 for 1991.

The Fleetwood nameplate departed the front-drive lineup for 1993 (as Fleetwood was transferred to the new rear-drive replacement for the 1992 Brougham). Instead, the Sixty Special nameplate was used on the front-wheel drive model for 1993. A total of 5,292 Sixty Specials were built during 1993, including 688 with the optional "Ultra" Package that featured 22-way adjustable front seats, designed in Italy by Giorgetto Giugiaro. This seating package had been standard on the Sixty Special since 1989, but in 1993, it became a $3,550 option. While it was based upon the DeVille, the Sixty Special included eleven items as standard equipment, while those eleven items were optional at extra cost on DeVilles. There were options for the Sixty Special, that were unavailable on the DeVille, such as "Memory Seat" for the driver with two recall settings, an "Exit" button" when pushed automatically powered the driver seat all the way rearward, and dual front seat power recliners.

Both the Fleetwood and DeVille were coded as C-bodies in the fourth digit of the VIN. The fifth digit coded the DeVille as "D" (with the later Touring Sedan becoming "T"), the Fleetwood as "B", and the Fleetwood Sixty Special as "S". The Sixty Special became the "G" code for 1991, and switched back to "B" for its 1993 run.

Transmissions included the THM440 T4 (1985–1986), the 4T60 (1987–1989), and the 4T60E (1990–1993).

Rear-wheel drive (D-body; 1993–1996)

For 1993, the Fleetwood model moved from the de Ville's front wheel drive C-body to the newly revised rear wheel drive D-body, used previously by the Cadillac Brougham. It was the first American vehicle to go from rear-wheel-drive to front-wheel drive vehicle then back to rear-wheel drive. At  overall, the Fleetwood was, at the time, the longest production car made in the United States. All Fleetwoods except for the commercial chassis had standard antilock brakes, traction control, and dual front airbags. In 1994, Cadillac used the Corvette-derived LT1  engine rated at  along with the new 4L60E automatic transmission. Between 1993 and 1996, the Fleetwood commercial chassis was used instead of the de Ville for most funeral coaches and limousines produced during these years. The de Ville was used again in 1997, after production of the Fleetwood ceased. After 1996, the Cadillac Fleetwood was retired by General Motors along with all other rear-wheel drive sedans, and the assembly plant was converted to truck production for the Chevrolet Suburban and Tahoe because of the increasing demand for SUVs.

In 1993, after president Bill Clinton took office, a then brand-new 1993 Fleetwood would become his state car that he would use throughout his term until 2001, and only the second Cadillac since Ronald Reagan's 1983 Fleetwood. This would also prove to be the last presidential car based on a regular production passenger car, as in 2001, the de Ville was not regarded as suitable for conversion, so its successors have instead been built on the GM's SUV chassis. After Clinton left office, the car eventually was displayed at the Clinton Presidential Center in Little Rock, Arkansas, with its doors closed to the public per the Secret Service regulations, to prevent third parties from learning about the car's protection and security features. The car also featured communication devices such as phones, satellite communications and even the Internet.

The Brougham option package included a full vinyl top, C-pillar badging, specific seat design with six-way driver's seat memory, and heated three-position lumbar front seats, instrument panel badging, rear-seat vanity mirrors, and rear-seat storage armrest. The full vinyl top could be deleted from the package, and the seats could be upholstered in either Prestwick Cloth or leather.

Other options included a CD player, a full-size spare tire, a sliding glass moonroof (dubbed "Astro roof"), chrome wheels, a security package, and an automatically dimming rear-view mirror.

The  trailer towing package was made available 1993, a return to production sedan since the 1971–1976 Cadillac Sixty Special. The RPO V4P package included heavy-duty cooling (RPO V08, which consisted of a seven-blade mechanical primary fan, a heavy-duty electrical secondary fan, and an extra capacity radiator), RPO FE2 Suspension System Ride Handling, HD 4L60 transmission, RPO KC4 Cooling System Engine Oil, RPO KD1 Cooling System Transmission Oil, RPO KG9 140 amp alternator, and RPO GT4 3.73 gears with an 8.5-inch ring gear. In 1994–1996, the V4P package was revised with RPO GU6 3.42 gears with the new more powerful RPO LT1  V8, and HD 4L60E transmission with revised accumulators to shift smoother with the shorter rear axle gearing.  Transmissions included the 4L60 (1993) and 4L60E (1994-1996).

Further use of name

For 1998–1999, the Cadillac Fleetwood name saw a revived use on a license-built conversion of the Sedan deVille.  Developed between Cadillac and professional car manufacturer Superior Coach Company, the Cadillac Fleetwood Limited added six inches of wheelbase (to 119.8 inches) and 12 inches of body length (to 221.8 inches, 3 inches shorter than a 1996 Fleetwood Brougham), increasing rear seat legroom and luggage space.

Alongside the standard Cadillac options for the deVille (using the standard 275hp 4.6L V8), Superior offered a variety of stand-alone options with the conversion, including rear fender skirts, exclusive roof designs, rear-seat TV/video, and fold-down rear seat tables.  The Fleetwood Limited is distinguished primarily by the relocation of its rear axle (on standard-length, unmodified 1998-1999 deVilles, there is no visible sheetmetal between the rear doors and the rear wheels).

Offered for $51,000 to $57,000 through the Cadillac dealer network, 781 Fleetwood Limiteds were manufactured by Superior Coach.

References

Fleetwood
1940s cars
1950s cars
1960s cars
1970s cars
1980s cars
Flagship vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Full-size vehicles
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans
Limousines
Cars introduced in 1993

Cadillac Fleetwood


Ilya Yankelevich Gabay (; 9 October 1935, Baku – 20 October 1973, Moscow; buried in Baku) was a key figure in the civil rights movement in the Soviet Union. Gabay, who was Jewish, was also a literature teacher, poet, and writer. During his lifetime, his works were published only in samizdat.

During the trial of writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel in 1965, Gabay took part in the "glasnost meeting" calling for an open and fair trial for the writers. On January 22, 1967, he participated in a demonstration in defense of the arrested dissidents Yuri Galanskov, Vera Lashkova, Alexey Dobrovolsky, and Pavel Radzievsky, a case known as the Trial of the Four. After the demonstration, he was arrested and spent five months in Lefortovo prison. He was released in June 1967, and his case was closed.

After his release, he, together with Yuli Kim and Peter Yakir, co-authored an appeal warning against Re-Stalinization. He also assisted Natalya Gorbanevskaya in editing the Chronicle of Current Events, most notably for issue No. 3 dedicated to the 1968 Red Square demonstration against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. Through fellow dissident Pyotr Grigorenko, Gabay also became involved in the struggle for the Crimean Tatar autonomy and helped edit its samizdat publications.

In March 1968, Gabay was dismissed as an editor at the Institute of the Peoples of Asia of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and in May 1969, arrested and imprisoned. In January 1970, he was tried on the charge of preparing and circulating samizdat materials and sentenced to three years in a general-regime camp. Shortly before the end of the sentence, he was also questioned in Moscow in connection with the case against the Chronicle of Current Events ("Case No. 24").

After Gabay's release in May 1972, he remained unemployed and was subjected to KGB harassment. He committed suicide on October 20, 1973.

He was the husband of Galina Viktorovna Gabay (née Samohena), and the father of two children, Alexei Ilyich Gabay (2/13/69) and Maria Ilyinichna Gabay (6/21/73).

Bibliography

References

External links
 Ilya Gabay: biography

1935 births
1973 suicides
Moscow State Pedagogical University alumni
Russian male poets
Russian Jews
Jewish poets
Russian-language poets
Soviet dissidents
Suicides by jumping in Russia
Suicides in the Soviet Union
20th-century Russian poets
Writers from Baku
20th-century Russian male writers
1973 deaths

Ilya Gabay


Ravenscraig is an area of land in North Lanarkshire, Scotland.  It used to be the site for steelworks. Ravenscraig used to have the largest steel mill in Western Europe. Ravenscraig was closed in 1992, and is now almost completely gone.

Ravenscraig is now at the start of a big redevelopment by Wilson Bowden Developments Ltd, Scottish Enterprise and Corus, to create a full new town.

Location
Ravenscraig is very easy to get to. More than two—thirds of Scotland's population live within 90 minutes drive.

Located in North Lanarkshire, Ravenscraig is between the towns of Wishaw and Motherwell, who house a population of over 60,000.

Ravenscraig lies only a few minutes drive from both the M74 and the M8 motorways which lead to Glasgow and Edinburgh, Scotland's two biggest cities.

History

Another steel maker, Colvilles, decided to expand their business in July 1954. They were the largest steel manufacturer before World War II.

In 1954, Colvilles began the first stages of development in Ravenscraig, that turned Ravenscraig from an empty field into a site for steelworks. By 1957 most of the machinery was built and by 1959 the full building work was complete.

When Ravenscraig closed in 1993, that was the end of most steel making in Scotland. 770 jobs were lost, along with another 10,000 jobs, both directly and indirectly linked.

Current State

In its current state, Ravenscraig is one of the largest derelict sites in Europe measuring over 1125 acres in size. Ravenscraig is the same size as an area of 700 football pitches and double the size of Monaco.

Future Plans

After many years of planning, Ravenscraig will be rebuilt by three equal companies: Wilson Bowden Developments Ltd, Scottish Enterprise and Corus and will be one of the largest regenerations in Europe, with 400 acres being developed.

Ravenscraig will have lots of new facilities:

Part of the development will be to make new habitats for the wildlife that live in the area, such as deer, foxes, hares, otters, badgers, watervoles, butterflies and many birds. An "Ecological Clerk of Works" has been appointed to make sure the building works do not harm the wildlife.

It is hoped that the £29million sports complex will be used as a training camp for the 2012 London Olympics and the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.

There are many people who disagree with the building work. Many local residents and small businesses think that it will take jobs and customers from other towns.

Transport
As part of the changes, the transport to Ravenscraig will get better. There will be new transport within walking distance of the new town centre, with buses going to Glasgow, Lanark and many other towns. There will be easy access to public transport throughout Ravenscraig that will include business routes, that will link to the public transport network with roads to the Motherwell and Carfin rail stations.

Motherwell FC
Local press have said that the Scottish Premier League football team, Motherwell Football Club could buy some land in Ravenscraig to build a new football stadium, leaving behind their home of 113 years, Fir Park. Motherwell Chairman, John Boyle has said "No decisions have been taken and we are simply exploring realistic options at this stage."

Other websites
 North Lanarkshire Council

References

Towns in North Lanarkshire

Ravenscraig


Rafał Blechacz (; born 30 June 1985) is a Polish classical pianist who rose to fame after winning the XV International Chopin Piano Competition in 2005.

Biography
Blechacz began piano lessons at the age of five, and enrolled in the National Arthur Rubinstein Music School in Bydgoszcz three years later. In May 2007, he graduated from the Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy in Bydgoszcz with professor Katarzyna Popowa-Zydroń. He won second prize at the Arthur Rubinstein in Memoriam Piano Competition in Bydgoszcz in 2002, second prize at the 4th Hamamatsu International Piano Competition in 2003 (no first prize was awarded), and first prize at the International Piano Competition in Morocco in 2004.

On October 21, 2005, he became the sole recipient of all five first prizes at the 15th International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw, taking First Prize and the polonaise, mazurka, concerto prizes, as well as the Special Prize for Audience Approval. No other pianist has achieved this feat. One of the judges, Piotr Paleczny, said that Blechacz "so outclassed the remaining finalists that no second prize could actually be awarded." Another judge, John O'Conor, called Blechacz "one of the greatest artists I have had a chance to hear in my entire life". Blechacz was the first Pole to win the prize (given every five years) since 1975, when Krystian Zimerman won.

Blechacz signed a contract to record for Deutsche Grammophon on May 29, 2006. In addition to his 2005 debut album from CD Accord, he has released seven albums under Deutsche Grammophon as of March 2022. He recorded with the Warsaw Philharmonic, led by Antoni Wit, for the Chopin Competition in 2005, and with the Concertgebouw, under Jerzy Semkow, for his album of the Chopin piano concertos in 2009. He has also performed with the Russian National Orchestra, the Tonhalle Orchestra, the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Philharmonia, the Tokyo Symphony Orchestra, and the Wiener Symphoniker.

In 2014, Blechacz was named the 2014 Gilmore Artist. He is the seventh individual to receive this award, and the second Polish pianist.

Blechacz had been studying philosophy at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, and in 2016, took a sabbatical to complete his doctorate. His thesis explored "aspects of the metaphysics and aesthetics of music and, as he reflects, his studies have helped him 'understand both the freedoms and limitations of musical interpretations'". He returned to performing in January 2017.

In March 2022, many of his concerts were cancelled or postponed due to illness.

Discography

References

External links

Rafal Blechacz Performed in Warsaw - NPR 18OCT2006
Rafal Blechacz recorded Chopin's two Piano Concertos - NPR 14FEB2010
Rafał Blechacz at culture.pl

1985 births
Living people
Deutsche Grammophon artists
People from Nakło nad Notecią
Polish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
International Chopin Piano Competition winners
Recipients of the Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis

Rafał Blechacz


Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao Jr. (born 20 May 1983), also known as Jr. N.T.R. or  Tarak, is an Indian actor who primarily works in Telugu cinema. One of the highest paid Telugu film actors, Rama Rao has won several accolades, including two  Filmfare Awards, two state Nandi Awards, and four CineMAA Awards. Since 2012, he has been featured in Forbes India's Celebrity 100 list.

Grandson of Indian matinee idol, N. T. Rama Rao Sr. who was also the former Chief Minister of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, Rama Rao appeared as a child actor in works such as Brahmarshi Viswamitra (1991), and Ramayanam (1997), the latter winning the National Film Award for Best Children's Film for that year. He made his debut as a lead actor with Ninnu Choodalani (2001). He rose to prominence with the coming-of-age film Student No. 1 (2001) and the action drama Aadi (2002).

Rama Rao established himself as a leading actor in Telugu cinema with works such as Simhadri (2003), Yamadonga (2007), Adhurs (2010), Brindavanam (2010), Baadshah (2013), Temper (2015), Nannaku Prematho (2016), Janatha Garage (2016), Jai Lava Kusa (2017), Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava (2018), and RRR (2022), the latter being his highest-grossing release. He won two Filmfare Awards for Best Actor – Telugu for his performances in Yamadonga and Nannaku Prematho.

In 2017, he hosted the first season of the Telugu language reality TV show Bigg Boss on Star Maa. He started hosting the fifth season of Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu in 2021 on Gemini TV.

Early life and family

Rama Rao was born on 20 May 1983 to film actor and politician, Nandamuri Harikrishna and Shalini Bhaskar Rao. His father is of Telugu descent and was born and raised at Nimmakuru, in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. His mother is a Kannadiga, who hails from Kundapur, Karnataka. He is the grandson of Telugu actor and former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, N. T. Rama Rao. Initially named Tarak, he was renamed N. T. Rama Rao at the suggestion of his grandfather.

Rama Rao did his schooling at Vidyaranya High School, Hyderabad, and completed his intermediate education at St. Mary's College, Hyderabad. He also studied in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh for some time.

Rama Rao is a trained Kuchipudi dancer. He is the half-brother of actor and producer, Nandamuri Kalyan Ram, the nephew of actor and politician Nandamuri Balakrishna and former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, N. Chandrababu Naidu, and the cousin of actor Taraka Ratna and politician Nara Lokesh.

Film career

1991–2006: Debut and initial career
Rama Rao made his debut in the film Brahmarshi Vishwamitra (1991) as a child artiste at the age of seven. Written and directed by his grandfather N. T. Rama Rao, he played the role of Bharata. After a long gap, he then played the title role of Rama in the Gunasekhar-directed mythological film Ramayanam (1997), which won the National Film Award for Best Children's Film. His performance in the film received critical appreciation.

K. Raghavendra Rao recommended Rama Rao to S. S. Rajamouli for his directorial debut, Student No. 1 (2001), during mid-2000 after being impressed with his performance in the auditions and his previous film, Ramayanam (1997). However, the film went under production for too long. He was later signed by producer Ramoji Rao, and decided to work on the romantic drama Ninnu Choodalani which marked his debut as a lead actor. By that time, he was only 17. Student No. 1, which released later, went onto be successful while Subbu (2001) was a commercial failure.

In Aadi (2002) directed by debutant V. V. Vinayak, he played a man is trying to take revenge on a landlord for the death of his parents. The film was one of the highest-grossers of 2002. He went to appear in other films such as B. Gopal's Allari Ramudu (2002) and A. M. Rathnam's political thriller Naaga (2003). Simhadri  (2003), his second collaboration with Rajamouli, on a budget of ₹8.5 crore, the film ended up becoming the highest-grossing Telugu film in history at the time.[ He sported a new look, in order to get rid of the youth one, and grew a light beard. giving him the title of Young Tiger. He later quit youth films and started experimenting with faction dramas.

He next appeared in Puri Jagannadh's action drama Andhrawala (2004) created much hype but was a box office failure. He then starred in action film, Samba (2004) in his second collaboration with Vinayak. Later on he played a dual role in family drama film Naa Alludu (2005) and starred in Gopal's Narasimhudu (2005) and Surender Reddy's Ashok. All the three films failed at the box office. His performance in Krishna Vamsi's Rakhi (2006) is considered to be one of his finest.

2007–2012: Breakthrough and career fluctuations
Rama Rao collaborated with director Rajamouli for the third time for a socio-fantasy film Yamadonga. For this film, he had to sport a new look by shedding more than 20 kg, as he used to be 94 kg. RamaRao played Raja, a thief who later criticizes and insults Yama and then suddenly goes into hell due to some bad acts. The film received positive reviews and made him receive Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu. Actor Mohan  Babu praised Rama Rao's performance in the film. Rama Rao later signed up for the action film Kantri which was directed by debutant Meher Ramesh, a protege of Puri Jagannadh. In 2009, Rama Rao took a year hiatus to campaign for Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in the 2009 general elections.

Rama Rao signed up for the action-comedy Adhurs, in which he played dual roles for the third time after Andhrawala, and Naa Alludu. Adhurs grossed more than 300 million. He then returned to romantic films after several years in the romantic comedy Brindavanam (2011), directed by Vamsi Paidipally.

Rama Rao collaborated with director Ramesh for the fantasy action film Shakti, and with director Surender Reddy for the romantic action film Oosaravelli. The Boyapati Srinu-directed Dammu (2012) become an average grosser.

2013–present: Commercial successes and RRR

In Baadshah, he sported a new look by straightening his curly hair and growing a beard, in order to suit the don image. The film became a sleeper hit. Baadshah's final figures was over 480 million in 50 days. This film was later dubbed into Hindi and Malayalam. Rama Rao's next release of 2013, was the revenge drama Ramayya Vasthavayya, directed by Harish Shankar. This was the worst period in Rama Rao's career and Baadshah was the only film that gave him success. Baadshah was premiered at the Osaka Asian Film Festival 2014 held in Japan.

In 2015, he starred in Temper directed by director Puri Jagannadh. The film gave a much-needed success for Rama Rao, after a series of debacles and his performance as a corrupted cop Daya who turns a good doer was appreciated by audience and critics alike.

Following the success of Temper, Rama Rao worked in Nannaku Prematho (2016) directed by Sukumar under the production of Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra and Reliance Entertainment. He has second Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu for his performance. NTR sported a new look with gelled up hair and long beard for the film. received positive reviews from critics and audience. The movie eventually turned out to be the highest grosser in Rama Rao's career surpassing Baadshah with a worldwide gross of . Later in the same year, Rama Rao starred in the September release Janatha Garage, directed by Koratala Siva, where he was cast alongside Mohanlal. The film registered the highest opening for a Tollywood film in 2016, and became the highest grossing Telugu film of the year.

In 2017, Rama Rao essayed a triple role in Jai Lava Kusa under the direction of K. S. Ravindra on N.T.R. Arts banner with his half-brother Nandamuri Kalyan Ram as the producer. Jai Lava Kusa collected almost ₹130.90 crore worldwide and was successful at the box office with critics praising his performance.

In 2018, he starred in Trivikram Srinivas-directed action drama Aravinda Sametha, which went become one of the highest-grossing Tollywood films of the year. Trivikram Srivinas credited Rama Rao for success of Aravinda Sametha, saying "a highly-capable actor like NTR is very rare to find in any generation. When it comes to acting, He is like a torchbearer. Staying in the moment is a very great quality. He is such a rare Actor. NTR has the capability to match his Grandfather. He is disciplined, honest, straight-forward, doesn't get involved in unnecessary issues and goes to any extent to achieve what is necessary. We needn't have to stop such a personality, just need to offer claps during his journey".

S. S. Rajamouli's magnum opus RRR, where Rama Rao playing 20th century freedom fighter Komaram Bheem, opened to massive success. Rajamouli said, "I would really say there is no other actor on the Indian screen who can do what Tarak did in Komaram Bheemudo song. Showing pain, showing betrayal, showing subjugation to the motherland, but not even batting an eyelid at the oppressor. Not just showing all these emotions, but showing all these emotions in one shot, in one frame. That is like an epic."

Upcoming projects
Rama Rao is reuniting with Koratala Siva, after Janatha Garage, for his 30th film, Devara, which went on floors in March 2023 after enormous delays. It is scheduled for a theatrical release on 5 April 2024. He is also reuniting with Mythri Movie Makers, after Janatha Garage, for a film to be helmed by Prashanth Neel. Both these films are being produced under N. T. R. Arts, with Nandamuri Kalyan Ram as a co-producer. In April 2023, he was signed by Yash Raj Films to make his debut in Hindi cinema with the sequel to War, War 2, co-starring Hrithik Roshan and directed by Ayan Mukerji. He will enter the YRF Spy Universe with the film.

Television career
Rama Rao hosted the reality show, Bigg Boss 1 that was broadcast on the Star Maa. Rama Rao's television debut was a huge success and had a record breaking ratings for Star Maa, making it the number one channel among all the shows. The show began airing from 16 July 2017. He has also been as a guest in Telugu reality game show Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu  and Telugu reality dance shows Dhee 2 and Dhee 10. In February 2021, he was confirmed to be the host of Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu. Later, on 10 July 2021, he joined the production of the show.

Personal life

Family
Rama Rao married Lakshmi Pranathi, the daughter of realtor and businessman Narne Srinivasa Rao. Srinivasa Rao's wife is the niece of N. Chandrababu Naidu, who mediated the marriage. Their wedding took place on 5 May 2011 in Hyderabad at Hitex Exhibition Center, Madhapur. The couple have two sons.

Rama Rao is popularly referred to as Young Tiger or Tarak in Tollywood and the media.

Political stint and accident
Rama Rao was one of the campaigners for the Telugu Desam Party, for the 2009 Indian general election from April to May 2009 in Andhra Pradesh. On 26 March 2009, after electioneering, en route to Hyderabad, the SUV in which he was a passenger, was struck head-on with another vehicle, at Suryapet. He and his companions were thrown out of the SUV and suffered injuries. He was treated at Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, in Secunderabad, where he recuperated well.

Philanthropy
In 2009, Jr. NTR announced his plan to donate ₹20 Lakhs to the Chief Minister's Relief Fund to aid flood victims. During the  Baadshah audio function in 2013, a fan died due to a stampede and NTR extended his support by donating ₹5 Lakhs to the family of the deceased. Additionally, he pledged to take care of the family following the sudden loss.

In 2014, NTR once again announced a donation of ₹20 Lakhs to the CM's Relief Fund to support those affected by Cyclone Hudhud in Andhra Pradesh.

Filmography

Accolades

Discography

Playback singing

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Nandi Award winners
Filmfare Awards South winners
Male actors in Telugu cinema
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
Performers of Indian classical dance
Kuchipudi exponents
Indian male dancers
Indian male film actors
Dancers from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century Indian dancers
CineMAA Awards winners
Male actors from Andhra Pradesh
South Indian International Movie Awards winners
Zee Cine Awards Telugu winners
Male actors from Hyderabad, India
Telugu male actors

N. T. Rama Rao Jr.


The Arsonists (), previously also known in English as The Firebugs or The Fire Raisers, was written by the Swiss novelist and playwright Max Frisch in 1953, first as a radio play, then adapted for television and the stage (1958) as a play in six scenes.  It was revised in 1960 to include an epilogue.

Plot

This dark comedy is set in a town that is regularly attacked by arsonists. Disguised as door-to-door salesmen (hawkers), they talk their way into people's homes and settle down in the attic, where they set about planning the destruction of the house.

The central character, a businessman called Biedermann, is seen at the outset reading newspaper reports of arson, convinced that he could never be taken in. Within minutes, the first "hawker" has appeared (Schmitz), and through a combination of intimidation and persuasion he talks his way into spending the night in the attic. As the play unfolds, a second arsonist appears (Eisenring), and before Biedermann can do anything to stop it, his attic is piled high with oil drums full of petrol. He even helps them to measure the detonating fuse and gives them matches, refusing to believe the full horror of what is happening. He soon becomes an accomplice in his own downfall.

The action is observed by a Greek-style chorus of "firemen", and the increasingly surreal flavour culminates in a final scene, the afterpiece, where Biedermann and his wife Babette find themselves at the gates of Hell. Here they once again meet Schmitz and Eisenring who turn out to be Beelzebub and the Devil respectively, who, after becoming angered at the number of mass murderers being allowed to go to Heaven, refuse to conduct a Hell for a "small fry" like Biedermann.

Analysis
The first sketch was written in 1948 in response to the Communist takeover in Prague, but the play is often seen as a metaphor for Nazism and fascism, and Frisch encourages this through several allusions. The play shows how "normal" citizens can be taken in by evil. As a parable, in a more general sense it may be considered to be descriptive of the gullible and easily manipulated aspects of the German Biedermann – the Everyman – who yearns both for a sense of shallow propriety and for a deeper sense of belonging, even if it comes at a great price, including that which is sensible or even necessary for his own survival. In that sense, the play shares much with absurdist plays written at around the same time, such as Eugene Ionesco's Rhinoceros.

The name Biedermann is itself a play on the German word "bieder" meaning conventional, conservative, worthy, honest, upright and is frequently used in a pejorative or ironic context. Thus the name equates to der biedere Mann or the worthy man. Bieder is associated with Biedermeier, a cultural style of the 19th century prominent for its association with a type of petite bourgeoisie mindset.

Production history
The Fire Raisers, translated by Michael Bullock, was produced in London on December 21, 1961, at the Royal Court Theatre with Alfred Marks as Biedermann.
Jules Irving and Herbert Blau directed a San Francisco Actor's Workshop production of The Firebugs on February 28, 1964. Bullock's translation was also staged by the Edinburgh Gateway Company in the Autumn of 1964.  Mordecai Gorelik, research professor of theater at Southern Illinois University, wrote the authorized English translation and directed it to positive reviews in 1964 while a Visiting Professor at California State University, Los Angeles, and again June 1–5, 1965 at SIU.  The inmates of San Quentin Prison staged The Firebugs in June, 1965.  The first United States performance that included the epilogue was directed by Edwin Duerr on May 16, 1968, at California State College, Fullerton.

During his brief tenure as Director of the Liverpool Playhouse Bernard Hepton put on the play, which featured  in his effort to move the theatre's repertoire beyond its normal fare.

A new translation of the play by Alistair Beaton entitled The Arsonists, featuring Benedict Cumberbatch, was produced at London's Royal Court Theatre in November 2007, under the direction of Ramin Gray. It was also performed in 1968 at the Bristol Old Vic with Tim Pigott-Smith as one of the Fireraisers.

The play has been adapted into the opera Biedermann und die Brandstifter  by Šimon Voseček (premiered in 2013 at the Neue Oper Wien in Vienna). The English version Biedermann and the Arsonists, translated by David Pountney, was performed at the Independent Opera at Sadler's Wells in November 2015. (director: Max Hoehn, conductor: Tim Redmond).

In September, 2017, Washington's Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company produced an updated staging of the play, almost immediately after the election of Donald Trump. The script was from the translation by Alistair Beaton and directed by Michael Garcés. The theater cast their artistic director Howard Shalwitzof as the lead actor.

Notes

1958 plays
Literary works by Max Frisch
Swiss plays
Comedy plays
Black comedy plays
Hell in popular culture
Plays adapted into operas
Absurdist fiction

The Fire Raisers (play)


The Go-Getter is a 2007 American independent road film directed and written by Martin Hynes. The film stars Lou Taylor Pucci, Zooey Deschanel, and Jena Malone. In the film, 19-year-old Mercer (Pucci) steals a stranger's car to embark on a road trip to find his estranged brother and tell him that their mother has died. He communicates with the car's owner, Kate (Deschanel), via her cell phone while he travels.

The story was based partially on Hynes's own experiences. After his mother died, and his marriage ended, he took a road trip of his own and wrote "different things," some of which came together in the script for The Go-Getter. Before production began, Hynes and three other crew members traveled to almost every location visited in the film to perform a test shoot, trying various filming styles and techniques. Filming took place between October and November 2005 in Oregon, Nevada, California, and Mexico. Singer and guitarist M. Ward provided most of the music for the film, complemented by songs from The Black Keys, Elliott Smith, The Replacements, and Animal Collective.

The Go-Getter debuted on January 22, 2007, at the Sundance Film Festival and was given a limited theatrical release on June 6, 2008, by Peace Arch Entertainment. Its run lasted just three days, and it grossed only US$11,931. Critics were divided in reaction to the film; some praised the performances, the dialogue and the cinematography, while others thought it was unoriginal, forgettable, and poorly acted.

Plot
One ordinary day, 19-year-old Mercer White steals a Volvo station wagon from a car wash, and leaves Eugene, Oregon to find his estranged half-brother Arlen, who is unaware that their mother has recently died. Soon after leaving, a cell phone in the car rings, and Mercer finds himself talking to the owner of the car, Kate, who lends him her car on the condition that he calls regularly to describe his trip to her.

Mercer travels to a bohemian pottery-making commune in Shelter Cove, California where Arlen once lived, but learns that he moved to Reno, Nevada. He passes through Fallon, Nevada to meet up with the seductive Joely, his middle school crush. In Reno, they take ecstasy and almost have sex before Mercer resumes his search for Arlen. Later he finds himself on the set of a pornographic film, where the director tells him that Arlen left to work at a pet store in Sacramento, California. Joely asks Mercer if he can drive her cousin Buddy and his friend Rid to Mojave, California, where they are building their own car. While driving, Mercer finds Kate's YMCA card in the trunk of her car and, now knowing what she looks like, describes a dream to her in which he, Joely, and Kate are dancing in a re-enactment of Bande à parts dance sequence. Not wanting to get sidetracked, he tries to leave the others behind in a motel room, but when Buddy threatens to steal the car, Mercer tells him that the car belongs to his girlfriend, and Buddy, Rid, and Joely leave without Mercer in Kate's car. He hitchhikes to Mojave and finds the salvage yard where Buddy and Rid are working, and retrieves the car.

Mercer talks to Kate while driving, imagining her sitting in the back seat of the car, but she hangs up in jealousy when he mentions Joely for the first time. He arrives in Sacramento and finds the pet store where Arlen worked. The owner asks Mercer to sing in her children's band, for which she plays as part of her probation. When he returns to the car, he finds somebody trying to break into it, only to discover that it is Kate. They spend the night at a hotel, but he leaves without her the next morning and catches a train to Los Angeles, California. With the help of a translator, he phones Arlen's last residence and learns from a Hispanic woman that Arlen is working at a hotel in Ensenada, Mexico. Mercer finally meets Arlen at the hotel in Ensenada, but Arlen assumes Mercer is just there for money. Enraged, Mercer tackles his brother to the ground and gets kicked off the premises. Kate later finds a bloody Mercer sitting on the side of a road and takes him to a hotel. She tells him that she let him take her car because she was attracted to him, and they have sex. The next day Mercer meets with Arlen again, more amicably, and tells him that he and Kate are driving to Louisiana to spread his mother's ashes.

Cast

Production

Development

Writer-director Martin Hynes referred to the film as "very uncomfortably autobiographical". He had learned that his mother was diagnosed with cancer when making his 1999 film The Big Split. His marriage ended soon after his mother died, which Hynes saw as "a huge amount of loss". After deciding that "I have to do less," he took a road trip, spending much of his time writing as he traveled. He wrote "really different things", some of which were pieced together and led to his script for The Go-Getter, which he wrote in 2004. Within six months of the script's completion, producer Lucy Barzun Donnelly had raised the entire budget of the film without any actors attached at the time.

Barzun Donnelly recommended to Hynes that he consider Lou Taylor Pucci for the lead role of Mercer, believing that he was "perfect". Hynes watched Pucci's 2005 film Thumbsucker and thought that "We'd be so lucky to have him." He contacted Pucci about the role but was leaving for Norway in less than a week to attend a friend's wedding and wanted to meet with him before leaving. Pucci was in San Francisco on a press tour and Hynes flew from Los Angeles to have lunch with him. Hynes said of the meeting, "I think we really [got] each other," and Pucci accepted the role a week later. Jena Malone signed on to portray Joely because she "loved the script" and was keen to play "a woman on the cusp of learning to toy with her [...] sexual manipulation"; she only later learned that Hynes had written the role with her in mind, having previously worked with her on the short film Al as in Al. Hynes said that Zooey Deschanel, Maura Tierney, and Bill Duke each joined the cast because they "read [the script] and really liked it". He made a deliberate attempt to cast Deschanel and Malone against their previous types. He described Deschanel as a "glamour girl" and Malone as a sexually mature woman.

Filming

Four months before filming began, Hynes asked Barzun Donnelly to set US$20,000–25,000 aside from the film's budget so that he could perform a test shoot. Hynes, cinematographer Byron Shah, a camera assistant, and a stand-in for Mercer—as Pucci had not yet been cast—traveled to every location in the film except for Mexico. Over , they shot  of film, testing different filters, lenses, film stocks, and shooting styles. Hynes wrote an 85-page shot list, "scop[ing] out" the entire film. He called the test shoot an "incredible boon" and remarked that "Not one frame of it ended up on the movie, but it paid for itself time and time again." After returning to Los Angeles, he visited each of the locations (including Mexico) again with the principal and technical crews.

Principal photography began in mid-October 2005 and continued through November over a total period of 25 days. The film was shot in sequence, with production starting in Eugene, Oregon and then moving to Reno, Nevada and subsequently Ensenada, Mexico. Hynes called the filming "a high-wire act the whole way", and said that one of the biggest challenges was transporting the crew of 40 from Oregon to Mexico, sometimes changing locations twice a day with few hours of daylight. A crew member lost the project's Filming Permit on the last day of shooting in Mexico, and filming at rush hour was halted by the police. Hynes took a smaller camera to film several blocks away from the original set, but the second assistant director soon arrived warning that the police were coming and that they would be taken to prison because they did not have the paperwork for filming. Hynes and the crew "scatter[ed]", leaving Pucci alone further down the street, which Hynes claims is his strangest experience in the film industry. The crew later returned to Los Angeles to shoot final scenes and to commence post-production.

Music

When searching for the film's music, one of the producers suggested to Hynes that he go to a Bright Eyes concert. Singer and guitarist M. Ward opened the show as a supporting act, and Hynes recalled thinking, "Holy shit! That's the guy. That's it. He's perfect!" Hynes sent an unsolicited script of the film to Ward, who read it and signed on to the project when there was no financing behind the film nor any actors attached. He told Hynes that any of his songs could be used in the film; Hynes said that, in post-production, he tested every one of Ward's songs, including instrumental versions, in the final cut. In the beginning of the film, Mercer comes across a band; Hynes had always intended for whichever song they were playing to become the overture of the film. Ward's song "Vincent O'Brien" became that overture, and described the continuous presence of Ward's music as "a reminder of home". He decided that when Joely entered "it was right to step away from Mercer's sound—M. Ward—and [convey] that this movie has been overtaken by forces outside his control," using The Black Keys' "10 A.M. Automatic" and "Keep Me" in addition to The Replacements' "Color Me Impressed". Hynes was able to obtain, at a low cost, "Banshee Beat" by Animal Collective and the late Elliott Smith's song "Coast to Coast", after writing a "heartfelt letter" to Smith's mother and sister, his main estate holders.

He also used "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" by novelty singer Corn Mo at the insistence of Nick Offerman, who plays three minor roles in the film. The Portland Youth Jazz Orchestra All Stars plays Ward's "One Life Away" as an "old-timey instrumental" for one of Mercer's dreams, an homage to a dancing sequence seen in Jean-Luc Godard's 1964 film Bande à part. For the closing credits, Ward and Zooey Deschanel recorded a duet cover of "When I Get to the Border" from Richard and Linda Thompson's 1974 album I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight. The pair found themselves "mutually charmed", according to The New York Times Melena Ryzik, and bonded over similar musical interests. After Ward listened to Deschanel's demos, they paired up and formed the band She & Him. Pitchfork Media reported in April 2007 of a future The Go-Getter soundtrack to be released by Merge Records, including a 12-song tracklist, but Merge later claimed that it was never planning to release a soundtrack.

Distribution

Theatrical release
The world premiere of The Go-Getter was held on January 22, 2007, at the Sundance Film Festival. The film was subsequently screened at the AFI Dallas International Film Festival, Waterfront Film Festival, Nantucket Film Festival, Hamburg Film Festival, Austin Film Festival, Stockholm International Film Festival, and the Prague Febiofest. Peace Arch Entertainment bought the film's distribution rights and it was given a limited release on June 6, 2008, in selective theatres in New York City, Santa Monica and Irvine, California, and Portland, Oregon. The film's release was withdrawn on June 8, its theatrical run lasting only three days. On its only open weekend, the film earned US$11,931 across six locations with a per-screen average of $2,386. The Go-Getter placed 512th for the highest-grossing films of 2008 and 375th for the year's highest-grossing opening weekends.

Home media
The Go-Getter was released on DVD on October 21, 2008, in Region 1 and in August 2008 in Region 4. The region 1 disc includes an audio commentary with Martin Hynes, a "20 Questions" featurette with the cast and crew, a voucher for the download of a She & Him song, and a digital copy of the film for use with portable video players.

Reception
 At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 69, based on 12 reviews.

Rolling Stones Peter Travers awarded the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, commending the film for being "emotionally truthful, painfully funny and vibrantly alive" and labeling it "a near-perfect road movie". Stephen Holden of The New York Times believed that "Much of the dialogue is so quirky it sounds overheard instead of scripted" and called the cast "correspondingly spontaneous". New York magazine's chief film critic David Edelstein praised Hynes' "talent for deadpan jaw-droppers that aren't self-consciously quirky", and thought that "In The Go-Getter, filmmaking itself feels like Manifest Destiny." Todd McCarthy, writing for Variety, was impressed by Pucci's performance and Shah's cinematography, calling the film "an unusually fresh-feeling indie with a nice sense of style". Lou Lumenick of the New York Post wrote that The Go-Getter "breathes new life [...] into the overworked indie road-movie formula", labeling Pucci as "charming" and the cinematography as "unusually nice". The New York Presss Mark Peikert thought that Deschanel made the film's flaws "almost forgivable", and that the film was "a feature-length audition reel for Deschanel to finally get the roles she deserves". New York Daily News critic Elizabeth Weitzman called Pucci "one of the best, and most overlooked, young actors around" and giving the film 4 out of 5 stars.

Other reviews were less positive. The Los Angeles Times Carina Chocano felt that "despite flashes of genuine emotion [The Go-Getter] eventually succumbs to its own tweeness" and that the "moments of beauty" were outweighed by "the mannered dialogue and hamstrung performances". Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly graded the film as a C, saying that it "travels, but it doesn't go anywhere" and likening Pucci to "a wan, passive Johnny Depp". The Hollywood Reporter critic Frank Scheck praised the film's "appealing performances, sun-dappled cinematography and occasional witty dialogue", but thought that it was "contrived and derivative" and "a little too pleased with itself". The Globe and Mails Rick Groen called The Go-Getter "a fairly well-made picture that's just been fairly well-made too many times before, a knock-off of a thousand other knock-offs". Gabriel Wilder of The Sydney Morning Herald felt that it was "hard to maintain interest in [Mercer's] plight" because of Pucci's underacting and thought that "the script isn't so much quirky as incomplete", referring to the film's ending. With a rating of 2.5 out of 4, Maitland McDonagh of TV Guide wrote the film is "too familiar to make any great impression".

References

External links

American road comedy-drama films
2000s coming-of-age comedy-drama films
2007 films
2007 independent films
American coming-of-age comedy-drama films
2000s road comedy-drama films
Films set in Oregon
Films set in Nevada
Films set in California
Films set in Sacramento, California
Films set in Mexico
Films shot in Eugene, Oregon
2007 comedy-drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The Go-Getter (2007 film)


The Buffyverse is a fictional universe created by writer/director Joss Whedon. It is the setting used for the movie Buffy the Vampire Slayer (BtVS), the BtVS television series and the Angel television series.  Comic books and novels based on both the Buffy and Angel television series and the Fray comic book also take place in the Buffyverse. The term Buffyverse was created by the fans of the shows and later used by Whedon as the name for his world. The term has also been used in the titles of published works.

The Buffyverse is a world where Vampires and demons exist. Many different types of fictional creatures and monsters can be found in this world. These creatures include werewolves, ghosts, trolls, and witches. It is a world where magic is used often. Most of the people in the Buffyverse do not know that these creatures live in this world or that magic exists.

Notable features

The Slayer
The Slayer or Chosen One is a young girl with super-human strength, agility and stamina. It is her destiny to fight evil. When one Slayer is killed, a new girl is chosen to become the new Slayer. The new slayer has all of the power of the last Slayer as soon as she is chosen. The new Slayer also begins to have dreams that tell her of her future and Slayers from the past.

The first Slayer was created long before written history by a group of men who looked like Aborigine. She was created by combine her with a demon. As each Slayer is killed, the demon moves to the next slayer. It gives her the powers of the Slayer as well as the dreams of its past with the other slayers.

Hellmouth
In the Buffyverse there are many different dimensions or worlds. Some are full of evil. A place where the borders between the normal world and an evil dimension are weak is called a Hellmouth. Evil in the normal world will naturally move towards a hellmouth. The area closest to a hellmouth will be home to much evil and strange circumstances.

There are two well known hellmouths in the Buffyverse. The first is located in Sunnydale, California. This is the place where the stories in Buffy take place. It is the largest and most powerful hellmouth in the Buffyverse. The second hellmouth is in Cleveland, Ohio. Not much is known about this hellmouth.

References

Other websites

Fan forum
Buffyverse dialog database

Whedonverse

Buffyverse


Namibia Commercial Aviation (NCA) was a Namibia-based charter airline that operated a Douglas DC-6B. The airline operated sightseeing charters. The airline was based at Windhoek Eros Airport.

History
The predecessor airline of NCA was Hire and Fly, which was founded in 1977. Chris Schutte, a former station engineer with South African Airways, founded Hire & Fly, which operated single and twin-engine Cessna aircraft.

In 1989, Hire and Fly expanded by taking over the Cessna fleet of Namib Air (now Air Namibia). By 1992, the airline was operating seven Cessna 210s and up to eight twin-engined Cessna 310s when the company changed its name to Namibia Commercial Aviation.

Acquiring the Douglas DC-6A
In December 1990, the company received a contract from the United Nations to provide airlift to war-torn Angola. The company acquired a Douglas DC-6A, which it registered as V5-NCB and started to fly it by June 1991. A second DC-6A was acquired in September 1991. Both of these were leased to a Zairean airline in October 1993, though one was repossessed the following year and sold.

Historic Douglas DC-6B aircraft acquired

In September 1992, NCA purchased 40 tons of spare DC-6 parts from the Zambian Air Force. The sale was contingent on purchasing two DC-6B which had been parked for 15 years. These two were eventually registered in Namibia as V5-NCF and V5-NCG.

V5-NCF had a manufacturer's serial number of 45563, the second to last DC-6B serial number although it was the fourth to last DC-6B delivery, which took place in January 1958. It served as the presidential plane to then Yugoslavian President Josip Broz Tito, who used it on a state visit to India in January 1959. Later, it served as the personal transport for then Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda.  V5-NCF's first revenue flight after restoration took place on March 20, 1995.

V5-NCF is no longer operated by NCA having been sold to pay for the restoration of V5-NCG. The aircraft formerly registered as V5-NCF is now based in Austria sporting the Red Bull livery.

V5-NCG was restored by NCA and was first operated on a revenue flight on March 31, 2001. The aircraft was the last Douglas DC-6B built.

References
Figgen, A., Ultimate Six, Airways Magazine, Vol. 5., No. 1, March 1998, p. 37-38.
Wegg, J., NCA's Ultimate Sixes, Airways Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 1998, p. 39-42.

External links

Defunct airlines of Namibia
Companies based in Windhoek
Airlines established in 1989
Namibian companies established in 1989

Namibia Commercial Aviation


Tropical Storm Barry was a tropical cyclone that grew quickly. It made landfall in Florida in early June 2007. It was the second Atlantic named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. Barry formed in the Gulf of Mexico and moved toward the northeast, reaching top wind speeds of 60 mph (95 km/h). It then weakened and first reached land near Tampa Bay, Florida. Barry quickly weakened after wind shear blew away most of the thunderstorms. Barry moved up the East Coast of the United States, and by June 5, it was taken over by an even bigger storm.

Rain from Barry in the Cuban province of Pinar del Río hurt three people and damaged 55 houses. In Florida, Barry caused heavy rain in an area that had been in a drought. Flooding and wet roads killed two people in traffic accidents. Rough seas killed one surfer in Pinellas County, Florida. In Florida and Georgia, the rain helped firefighters fight wildfires. Damage from the storm was minor.

Storm history

On May 29, a weather system in the Yucatán Peninsula created a small area of thunderstorms over the Yucatán Channel. The thunderstorms got stronger near the weather system. By May 30, clouds from the area reached from Nicaragua to the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Another weather system, called a tropical wave, created a storm on May 30. The next day, a cyclone formed inside the system. The storm moved towards the north-northeast, and slowly gained strength. More thunderstorms formed near the center, and the system became a tropical depression. A tropical depression is a type of storm.

The depression developed an area of squalls (sudden, violent storms with wind and rain). A Hurricane Hunters airplane flew into the area to collect information about the cyclone. At the beginning, the tropical depression looked to be both a tropical and subtropical cyclone. On June 1, the National Hurricane Center named the storm Tropical Storm Barry. Barry was now 235 miles (375 km) to the west of Key West, Florida. Barry moved quickly towards the north. On June 2, it reached its strongest with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).

After Barry reached its maximum strength, strong wind shear removed most of the thunderstorms from the tropical cyclone. The center of the system then increased in length, and it began to weaken. At 1400 UTC on June 2, Barry made landfall near Tampa, Florida while it was at tropical depression status. As Barry moved inland, it weakened more. Later that day, the National Hurricane Center said that Barry had died out over northeastern Florida. What was left of Barry continued to move northeast. On June 3, it moved onto shore again, this time in South Carolina. Late on June 4, the extratropical system entered New England. Late on June 5, what was left of the cyclone was taken over by a larger weather system, near the border of the U.S. state of Maine and the Canadian province of Quebec.

Preparations

When Barry was named as a tropical storm, the National Hurricane Center sent out a tropical storm warning for the west coast of Florida from Bonita Beach through Keaton Beach. Also, a tropical storm watch was issued from Keaton Beach, northward to Saint Marks. An inland tropical storm warning was also sent out for inland parts of Charlotte, Citrus, DeSoto, Hardee, Hernando, Highlands, Lee, Levy, Manatee, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Sarasota, and Sumter counties. The storm increased the risk of rip currents, so officials told swimmers to stay out of the water until the storm left the area. A tornado watch was sent out for the southern part of the state, but it was removed after the storm lost strength.

After Barry became an extratropical cyclone, National Weather Service offices sent out flood watches for parts of: South Carolina, eastern North Carolina, southeastern Virginia, and southeastern Maryland.
Flood watches were also sent out for: southeast Pennsylvania, northern Delaware, northern New Jersey, east-central New York, southern New England.
A wind advisory was sent out for parts of Georgia.

Impact

Florida
Barry caused heavy rain in Florida. The heaviest rain was 6.99 inches (178 mm) at Palm Beach International Airport. Other areas reported over 3 inches (75 mm) of rain. The rain helped to get rid of drought conditions. It also helped in fighting bad wildfires across the state. In Brevard County, the rain caused a large sinkhole, a hole in the ground, to open in the middle of a road. Other roads were flooded. On Interstate 95, near Lake Worth, another sinkhole closed two lanes of traffic. Wet slippery roads caused many traffic accidents in the state. In Brevard and Volusia counties, drivers were killed in traffic accidents. On Interstate 4, a tractor trailer crashed into a guardrail because of the weather.

The storm caused stormy seas along the coastline of Florida, with a storm surge of 4.78 feet (1.46 m) at Clearwater Beach. The waves caused minor beach erosion. The high surge also caused minor flooding on many roads near Tampa Bay. At Indian Shores, a woman died after being injured by the high seas.

Barry caused high winds in Florida, which reached 47 mph (76 km/h), near the southeastern coastline of the state. The winds knocked down trees and caused power failures. In Carrolwood, one person was injured when a tree crashed onto their house. The storm created at least two tornadoes, including some that damaged fences and power lines. One possible tornado in Goulds, Florida left about 2,000 people without power.

Rest of the country

The storm also caused heavy rain in Georgia of up to 8 inches (203 mm). The rain helped put out wildfires. It also caused some minor flooding, and in Savannah, there were a few minor car accidents. Winds blew down some trees and power lines. Heavy rain from the storm moved across much of the East Coast of the United States. High winds also occurred in South Carolina.

The remains of Barry caused strong winds along the Atlantic coast. They reached 60 mph (97 km/h) near Charleston, South Carolina. Around 200 houses in Craven County, North Carolina lost power. In southeastern Virginia, the storm caused over 60 traffic accidents. Ten people were injured in them. High seas off Cape Fear left a sailboat with three people needing rescue from the Coast Guard.

Rain went north into the Mid-Atlantic States and New England, with 4.50 inches (113 mm) at Absecon, New Jersey, 3.91 inches (99 mm)  near Central Park, New York, and 3.19 inches (81 mm) at Taunton, Massachusetts. Flooding damaged several roads and driveways in the Finger Lakes region of New York State. Flash floods were seen in southeast New York, and high wind gusts caused some damage to trees. In New Jersey, winds pushing over land caused high tides and minor coastal flooding.

Tornadoes

Related pages
2007 Atlantic hurricane season
List of tropical cyclone names
 List of hurricanes in Florida
 List of hurricanes in Connecticut

References

Other websites

HPC rainfall page for Barry
NHC Tropical Cyclone Report for Barry
Weather Discussions Storm Archive

2007 Atlantic hurricane season
Berry
Berry
2007 in New Jersey
21st century in El Salvador
2000s in Cuba
2007 in Florida
2007 in Georgia (U.S. state)
2000s in South Carolina
2000s in North Carolina
2000s in Virginia
2000s in Maryland
21st century in Delaware
2000s in Pennsylvania
2000s in New York (state)
2000s in Connecticut
2007 in Massachusetts
2000s in Rhode Island
21st century in New Hampshire
June 2007 events

Tropical Storm Barry (2007)


Mudanya is a town along the Sea of Marmara and also a district of Bursa Province in Turkey. It is located in Gulf of Gemlik.  The town has a road transportation with Bursa and seaway transportation by ferries with Istanbul.

Mudanya has industrial sector and agriculture sector especially oil production. The town also has a seaport.

Settlements in Turkey
Districts of Bursa Province
Marmara Region

Mudanya


"Don't Wanna Fall in Love" (also titled "Don't Want to Fall in Love") is a 1990 pop and romantic dance song. It peaked at #2 across the Billboard in spring of 1990. A new jack swing remix for the song was released later that year. The single is by Jane Child. This is the only Top 40 charting single from Child. In the United Kingdom, however, it peaked at only #22 due to Child not wanting to appear on a popular British television show for fear of being classified a sellout.

1990 songs
Pop songs

Don't Wanna Fall in Love


Torbjörn Zetterberg (born 10 May 1976) is a Swedish jazz musician (double bass) and composer, known from collaborations with Jonas Kullhammar.

Biography
Zetterberg attended Södra Latin och Fridhems Folkhögskola in Svalöv but was first recognised as bassist when he studied at Kungliga Musikhögskolan in Stockholm still very young. Here he studied bass under guidance of Jan Adefelt. Soon he joined drummer Fredrik Norén's band together with the saxophonist Jonas Kullhammar. Already at this point one could sense that he would become a prominent figure in the Swedish jazz scene. Now his name is firmly rooted in the vibrant progressive selection as the new jazz generation.

He went through a personal crisis and did not record as a bandleader for more than seven years. Zetterberg was uncomfortable with his career and in 2010 he decided to leave the urban life including his bass, and moved to a Buddhist temple. There he resided for a year and still spends half of his time there in 2016. This existential crisis led to the production of the album Och Den Stora Frågan ("And the Big Question" in Swedish) in 2014. Here he collaborated with well known musicians from his earlier career, like the Portuguese trumpeter Susana Santos Silva and drummer Jon Fält, known from albums with pianist Bobo Stenson's trio. The album is "charged with joyful urgency, shiny optimism and confident flowing energy, despite the doubts and uncertainties that accompany any creative, artistic process", the reporter of All About Jazz stated in 2014.

Music groups
Jonas Kullhammar Quartet (1998–2013)
The Torbjörn Zetterberg Hot Five (Since 2000)

Discography (in selection)

Solo albums
2005: Krissvit (Moserobie)
2007: Kvinnans Kamp (Moserobie)
2014: Och Den Stora Frågan (Moserobie)
2015: Om Liv & Död (Moserobie)

Torbjörn Zetterberg Hot Five
2002: Hela Sveriges Lilla Fästmö (Moserobie)
2002: The Torbjörn Zetterberg Hot Five (Moserobie)
2004: Förtjänar Mer Uppmärksamhet (Moserobie)

Collaborations
With Jonas Kullhammar Quartet (Jonas Holgersson, Torbjörn Gulz)
2000: Salut (Moserobie)
2001: The Soul Of Jonas Kullhammar (Moserobie)
2003: Plays Loud For The People (Moserobie)
2005: Snake City North (Moserobie), with Norrbotten Big Band
2006: Son Of A Drummer (Moserobie)
2010: Från Och Med Herr Jonas Kullhammar (Moserobie)
2013: Låt Det Vara (Moserobie)
2013: Plays A Love Supreme EP (Moserobie)
2013: This Is The End (Moserobie)

With Daniel Fredriksson and Jonas Kullhammar
2005: Gyldene Tider Vol. 1 (Moserobie)
2005: Gyldene Tider Vol. 2 (Moserobie)
2005: Gyldene Tider Vol. 3 (Moserobie)

With Alberto Pinton, Jonas Kullhammar and Kjell Nordeson
2009: Chant (Clean Feed)

With Ivo Perelman and Daniel Levin
2010: Soulstorm (Clean Feed)

With Jonas Kullhammar and Espen Aalberg
2012: Basement Sessions Vol. 1 (Clean Feed)
2014: Basement Sessions Vol. 2 (Clean Feed)
2014: Basement Sessions Vol. 3 - The Ljublana Tapes (Clean Feed), including with Jørgen Mathisen

With Susana Santos Silva
2013: Almost Tomorrow (Clean Feed)
2015: If Nothing Else (Clean Feed), including with Hampus Lindwall

References

External links
Swedish bassist Torbjörn Zetterberg covers radically different territories on two recent albums by Peter Margasak at Chicago Reader

1976 births
Musicians from Stockholm
Free jazz double-bassists
Swedish jazz double-bassists
Swedish jazz composers
Male jazz composers
Post-bop double-bassists
Living people
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century Swedish male musicians

Torbjörn Zetterberg


Dulichium  ( Doulíkhion), also called Dolicha  (Δολίχα Dolíkhā) or Doliche  (Δολίχη Dolíkhē), was a place noted by numerous ancient writers that was either a city on, or an island off, the Ionian Sea coast of Acarnania, Greece.

In the Iliad, the Catalogue of Ships says that Meges, son of Phyleus, led 40 ships to Troy from Dulichium and the sacred islands he calls Echinae (the Echinades), which are situated beyond the sea, opposite Elis. Phyleus was the son of Augeas, king of the Epeians in Elis, who emigrated to Dulichium because he had incurred his father's anger. In the Odyssey, however,
Dulichium is implied to be part of Odysseus's kingdom, not of Meges's kingdom. In the Odyssey, the island is ruled by king Acastus (Od.14. 335-6) and has the largest contingent of suitors, fifty two in total, who are led by Amphinomus, Penelope's favourite owing to his good nature (Od. 16. 247-8; 394-398)). Disguised as the beggar Aethon of Crete, Odysseus claims that he arrived on Ithaca en route from Thesprotia to Dulichium, where he was to be received by its king. Dulichium is frequently mentioned along with Same, Zacynthus, and Ithaca as one of the islands associated with Odysseus' territorial possessions, and is celebrated for its fertility. Nonetheless, the Odyssey does not explicitly state that Dulichium is a subject state under the rule of Odysseus' Ithacan kingdom.

The site of Dulichium gave rise to much dispute in antiquity. Hellanicus supposed that it was the ancient name of Cephalonia; and Andron, that it was one of the cities of Cephalonia, which Pherecydes supposed to be Pale, an opinion supported by Pausanias. However, Strabo maintains that Dulichium was one of the Echinades, and identifies it with Dolicha (), an island which he describes as situated opposite Oeniadae and the mouth of the  Achelous, and distant 100 stadia from the promontory of Araxos in Elis. Dolicha appears to be the same which now bears the synonymous appellation of Makri, derived from its long narrow form.

Most modern writers have followed Strabo in connecting Dulichium with the Echinades, though it seems impossible to conclusively identify it with any particular island. It is observed by Leake that Petalas, being the largest of the Echinades, and possessing the advantage of two well-sheltered harbours, seems to have the best claim to be considered the ancient Dulichium. It is, indeed, a mere rock, but being separated only by a strait of a few hundred meters from the fertile plains at the mouth of the Achelous and river of Oenia, its natural deficiencies may have been there supplied, and the epithets of grassy and abounding in wheat, which Homer applies to Dulichium——may be referred to that part of its territory. But Leake adds, with justice, that there is no proof in the Iliad or Odyssey that Dulichium, although at the head of an insular confederacy, was itself an island: it may very possibly, therefore, have been a city on the coast of Acarnania, opposite to the Echinades, perhaps at Tragamesti, or more probably at the harbour named Pandeleimona or Platya, which is separated only by a channel of a mile or two from the Echinades. Wilhelm Dörpfeld supported the theory of Hellanicus that Dulichium was the Homeric name of Cephalonia.

Another story has Dulichium placed approximately  from the island of Cephalonia but reportedly sunk following an earthquake.

References

Sources

Ancient Acarnania
Islands of Greece
Echinades
Locations in the Iliad
Geography of the Odyssey
Lost places

Dulichium


The Bacolod Public Plaza, officially the Plaza del 6 de Noviembre, named after the day of the Spanish surrender of Negros Island to the Negros revolutionaries, is one of the notable landmarks of Bacolod, the capital of Negros Occidental, Philippines. It is located  in the heart of the downtown area,  near the old city hall and  across from the San Sebastian Cathedral. The plaza is a trapezoidal park with a belt of trees  around the periphery and a gazebo at the center. Scattered within the trees are four circular fountains.

History

When Bacolod was declared as the capital of Negros Island in 1846, the Spanish Colonial Government in Negros set to work in creating a public plaza fronting the current Banco de Oro branch, which used to be the "Casa Real" or the official residence of the Spanish governor. However, the plaza was too small to be constituted that Don Jose Vicente Locsin Gonzaga donated a portion of his property to expand the plaza. These two lots continue to be owned by the City Government of Bacolod, while the other half was only added when the extension of Rizal Street towards San Juan Street cut off a portion of the churchyard of San Sebastian Cathedral.

His Excellency James McCloskey, Bishop of Jaro, which Bacolod previously belonged, in behalf of Monsignor Maurice Foley, the parish priest of Bacolod, granted a perpetual usufruct to the Municipal Government of Bacolod for the management of the property cut off from San Sebastian, on March 22, 1922. The gazebo/bandstand was constructed in 1926 and inaugurated in 1927, as part of the plaza's reorganization to its current form as a place for recreation, political, spiritual and cultural activities. The bandstand is inscribed along the sides of the roof with the names of Western classical music composers Beethoven, Wagner, Haydn, and Mozart.

Festival
The plaza is the heart of the MassKara Festival celebration. The MassKara Festival is a week-long celebration held each year in Bacolod every third weekend of October nearest October 19, the city's Charter Anniversary. The Bacolod public plaza is the final destination of MassKara street dancing competition which is the highlight of the celebration.

See also
 Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol
 Capitol Park and Lagoon
 Capitol Central
 Fountain of Justice

References

External links
MassKara Festival Page of the Bacolod City Official Website
MassKara Festival Photo Gallery of the Bacolod City Official Website
Lakbay Pilipinas: Masskara Festival

Plazas in the Philippines
Buildings and structures in Bacolod
Landmarks in the Philippines
Tourist attractions in Bacolod

Bacolod Public Plaza


Alessia di Matteo (July 4, 2003 – January 12, 2005) was an Italian from Genoa. Di Matteo became the first person in history to survive the transplantion of eight organs in a single operation, although she died a year later of complications. She was operated on at the age of six months on January 31, 2004, in Miami. She was born with megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis (MMIH) syndrome (also known as Berdon syndrome), a congenital smooth muscle disorder which affected her kidneys, intestines and stomach; she would have died earlier without treatment. She received a liver, a small and large intestine, a pancreas, a new stomach, a spleen and two kidneys. The operation was led by doctor Andreas Tzakis.

Di Matteo remained in Florida until one month before her death, so that doctors could watch for complications. Complications did develop, and eventually caused her death in a Genoan hospital at the age of 18 months.

References

2003 births
2005 deaths
People from Genoa
Organ transplant recipients
Liver transplant recipients
Kidney transplant recipients
Italian children

Child deaths

Alessia di Matteo


Obduction is a geological process whereby denser oceanic crust (and even upper mantle) is scraped off a descending ocean plate at a convergent plate boundary and thrust on top of an adjacent plate. When oceanic and continental plates converge, normally the denser oceanic crust sinks under the continental crust in the process of subduction. Obduction, which is less common, normally occurs in plate collisions at orogenic belts (where an oceanic plate that is subducting scrapes some of its material onto the continental plate) or back-arc basins (places where the edge of a continent is pulled away from the rest of the continent due to the stress of plate collision).

Obduction of oceanic lithosphere produces a characteristic set of rock types called an ophiolite. This assemblage consists of deep-marine sedimentary rock (chert, limestone, clastic sediments), volcanic rocks (pillow lavas, volcanic glass, volcanic ash, sheeted dykes and gabbros) and peridotite (mantle rock). John McPhee describes ophiolite formation by obduction as "where ocean crust slides into a trench and goes under a continent, [and] a part of the crust - i.e., an ophiolite - is shaved off the top and ends up on the lip of the continent."

Obduction occurs where a fragment of continental crust is caught in a subduction zone with resulting overthrusting of oceanic mafic and ultramafic rocks from the mantle onto the continental crust. Obduction often occurs where a small tectonic plate is caught between two larger plates, with the crust (both island arc and oceanic) welding onto an adjacent continent as a new terrane. When two continental plates collide, obduction of the oceanic crust between them is often a part of the resulting orogeny.

Most obductions appear to have initiated at back-arc basins above the subduction zones during the closing of an ocean or an orogeny.

Types of obductions

Upwedging in subduction zones
This process is operative beneath and behind the inner walls of oceanic trenches (subduction zone) where slices of oceanic crust and mantle are ripped from the upper part of the descending plate and wedged and packed in high pressure assemblages against the leading edge of the other plate.

Weakening and cracking of oceanic crust and upper mantle is likely to occur in the tensional regime. This results in the incorporation of ophiolite slabs into the overriding plate.

Progressive packing of ophiolite slices and arc fragments against the leading edge of a continent may continue over a long period of time and lead to a form of continental accretion.

Compressional telescoping onto Atlantic-type continental margins
The simplest form of this type of obduction may follow from the development of a subduction zone near the continental margin. Above and behind the subduction zone, a welt of oceanic crust and mantle rides up over the descending plate. The ocean, intervening between the continental margin and the subduction zone is progressively swallowed until the continental margin arrives at the subduction zone and a giant wedge or slice (nappe) of oceanic crust and mantle is pushed across the continental margin. Because the buoyancy of the relatively light continental crust is likely to prohibit its extensive subduction, a flip in subduction polarity will occur yielding an ophiolite sheet lying above a descending plate.

If however, a large tract of ocean intervenes between the continental margin the subduction zone, a fully developed arc and back arc basin may eventually arrive and collide with the continental margin. Further convergence may lead to overthrusting of the volcanic arc assemblage and may be followed by flipping the subduction polarity.

According to the rock assemblage as well as the complexly deformed ophiolite basement and arc intrusions, the Coastal Complex of western Newfoundland may well have been formed by this mechanism.

Gravity sliding onto Atlantic-type continental margins
This concept involves the progressive uplift of an actively spreading oceanic ridge, the detachment of slices from the upper part of the lithosphere and the subsequent gravity sliding of these slices onto the continental margin as ophiolites. This concept was advocated by Reinhardt for the emplacement of the Semail Ophiolite complex in Oman and argued by Church and Church and Stevens for the emplacement of the Bay of Islands sheet in western Newfoundland. This concept has subsequently been replaced by hypotheses that advocate subduction of the continental margin beneath oceanic lithosphere.

Transformation of a spreading ridge to a subduction zone
Many ophiolite complexes were emplaced as thin hot obducted sheets of oceanic lithosphere shortly after their generation by plate accretion. The change from a spreading plate boundary to a subduction plate boundary may result from rapid rearrangement of relative plate motion. A transform fault may also become a subduction zone, with the side with the higher, hotter, thinner lithosphere riding over the lower, colder lithosphere. This mechanism would lead to obduction of ophiolite complex if it occurred near a continental margin.

Interference of a spreading ridge and a subduction zone
In the situation where a spreading ridge approaches a subduction zone, the ridge collides with the subduction zone, at which time there will develop a complex interaction of subduction-related tectonic sedimentary, and spreading-related tectonic igneous activity. The left-over ridge may either subduct or ride upward across the trench onto arc trench gap and arc terranes as a hot ophiolite slice. These two mechanisms are shown in figure 2 B and C. Two examples of this interaction of a ridge colliding into a trench are well documented. The first one is the progressive diminution of the Farallon plate off California. Ophiolite obduction by the above proposed mechanism would not be expected as the two plates share a dextral transform boundary. However, the major collision of the Kula/Pacific plate with the Alaskan/Aleutian resulted in the initiation of subduction of the Pacific plate beneath Alaska, with no sign of either obduction or indeed any major manifestation of a ridge being "swallowed".

Obduction from rear-arc basin
Dewey and Bird suggested that a common form of ophiolite obduction is related to the closure of rear-arc marginal basins and that, during such closure by subduction, slices of oceanic crust and mantle may be expelled onto adjacent continental forelands and emplaced as ophiolite sheets. In the high heat-flow region of a volcanic arc and rear-arc basin the lithosphere is particularly thin. This thin lithosphere may preferentially fail along gently dipping thrust surface if a compressional stress is applied to the region. Under these circumstances a thin sheet of lithosphere may become detached and begin to ride over adjacent lithosphere to finally become emplaced as a thin ophiolite sheet on the adjacent continental foreland. This mechanism is a form of plate convergence where a thin, hot layer of oceanic lithosphere is obducted over cooler and thicker lithosphere.

Obduction during continental collision
As an ocean is progressively trapped in between two colliding continental lithospheres, the rising wedges of oceanic crust and mantle rise are caught in the jaws of the continent/continent vise and detach and begin to move up the advancing continental rise. Continued convergence may lead to the overthrusting of the arc-trench gap and eventually overthrusting of the metamorphic plutonic and volcanic rocks of the volcanic arc.

Following total subduction of an oceanic tract, continuing convergence may lead to a further sequence of intra-continental mechanisms of crustal shortening. This mechanism is thought to be responsible for the various ocean basins of the Mediterranean region. The Alpine belt is believed to register a complex history of plate interactions during the general convergence of the Eurasian plate and African plates.

Examples
There are few continental plates being obducted under an oceanic plate known today, but in the past it appears to have happened a number of times. Thus there are examples of oceanic crustal rocks and deeper mantle rocks that have been obducted and are now exposed at the surface, worldwide. New Caledonia is one example of recent obduction. The Klamath Mountains of northern California contain several obducted oceanic slabs, most famously the Coast Range Ophiolite. Obducted fragments also are found in the Hajar Mountains of Oman, the Troodos Mountains of Cyprus, Newfoundland, New Zealand, the Alps of Europe, the Shetland islands of Unst and Fetlar, Leka island in Norway, and the Blue Ridge Ophiolite in the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America.

See also

References

Plate tectonics
Geological processes

Obduction


The 11th Motor Transport Battalion (11th MTB) was a logistics unit of the United States Marine Corps active from 1966 to 1971.

History
On 7 December 1966 most of the battalion embarked at San Diego aboard the  for South Vietnam, via Naha, Okinawa. An advance party arrived by air at Danang Air Base on 17 December. The battalion arrived into Danang Harbor on 29 December, offloaded onto the Red Beach Base Area and by nightfall had established its compound. The battalion was placed under the operational control of the 1st Marine Division.

On 18 January 1967, after all its heavy equipment had been brought ashore, the battalion began operations in support of 1st Division units. On 1 July 1967 a battalion MRC-109 radio jeep hit a mine killing two Marines. On 8 July a battalion M54 truck hit a mine while delivering supplies to the 2nd Battalion 5th Marines on Hill 63 resulting in one Marine killed.

On 5 April 1968 a convoy to Phu Bai Combat Base was hit by four command detonated mines. An M54 security truck was damaged and a Marine from K Company, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines was killed. On 14 July 1968 a battalion M54 detonated a mine and received small arms fire killing the driver. On 20 November while supporting Operation Meade River an M54 hit a mine killing one Marine.

On the morning of 23 February 1969 six 140mm rockets hit the battalion compound and later that evening, small arms and sniper fire was received and enemy probes of the perimeter occurred. A Company B Marine was killed by small arms fire while recapturing an observation post. On 6 March 1969 an M54A2C detonated a mine killing one Marine. In April 1969 the battalion put its first M116E1 Huskies into service. On 12 August 1969 the battalion was attacked by an enemy force using mortars and small arms, a sweep of the perimeter captured on People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) soldier and two Rocket-propelled grenades (RPG). On 20 August an M116 was hit by an RPG killing the driver. On 6 September 1969 a battalion ambush patrol killed three PAVN and captured one AK-47, one K-50M and an RPG launcher. On 29 October battalion personnel participated in a demonstration of the XM174 grenade launcher firing from the M733 and 4A2C vehicles. This was provided at the request of Lieutenant General Herman Nickerson Jr., III Marine Amphibious Force commander.

During 1969 and 1970 the battalion's M116s and M733s were parcelled out to support the 1st, 5th, 7th and 26th Marine Regiments.

On 16 December 1970 23 battalion M116/M733s deemed to be in excess of in-country requirements were transferred to Force Logistic Command for return to Marine Corps Supply Activity, Barstow. On 27 December an M54A2C in a convoy to Cam Lộ Combat Base hit a mine killing the .50 caliber gunner.

From 1 February to 6 February 1971 20 battalion M116/M733s deemed to be in excess of in-country requirements  were transferred to Force Logistic Command for return to Marine Corps Supply Activity, Barstow. This marked the end of use of these vehicles in South Vietnam. On 24 March 1971 the battalion stood down from normal operations to begin preparations to redeploy to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton.

On 24 April 1971 the last battalion units were loaded aboard the  and departed South Vietnam. Upon arrival at Camp Pendleton the battalion prepared for deactivation distributing its equipment throughout the 1st Marine Division. The battalion was deactivated at Camp Pendleton on 14 June 1971.

References

See also
 List of United States Marine Corps battalions
 Organization of the United States Marine Corps

Logistics battalions of the United States Marine Corps

11th Motor Transport Battalion


Sikkimese people live in the Indian province of Sikkim. The native Sikkimese consist of the Lepcha and Limbu people; they migrated from Tibet. They also include the Bhutias. These are descendants of Buddhists who arrived from Nepal in 15th century; they migrated from the Kham district of Tibet in the 14th century.
Sikkim

Ethnic groups in India

Sikkimese people


The British Show Horse Association (BSHA) is the governing body for the showing and registering of hacks, cobs and riding horses.

Aims and Objectives
The aims of the association are to improve the standard of horses shown under their rules, to encourage the breeding of excellent horses, to encourage shows to affiliate to the association, and to safeguard the interests of its members.  The association runs an examination and probationary scheme for new judges, and has a Panel of qualified judges, as well as holding a register of members and their equines.

History
The Association, known then as the British Show Hack and Cob Association, was founded in 1935 by owners of show hacks and show cobs, to provide an umbrella body which could oversee the breeding, showing and judging of these animals. Riding horses came under the remit of the Association in 1983, at which time it became known as the British Show Hack, Cob and Riding Horse Association, or BSHC&RHA.  As the BSHA, it is now the governing body of showing for hacks, cobs, riding horses, and their youngstock.

Competitions
Affiliated competitions are run under the Association's rules for hacks, cobs, riding horses under saddle, and for broodmares and youngstock in-hand. Championships are held in various areas of the country, including the most prestigious at the Horse of the Year Show.

See also
 Equestrianism
 Horse show

External links
  British Show Horse Association

Clubs and societies in the United Kingdom
Equestrian organizations
Organizations established in 1935
Organisations based in Hertfordshire
1935 establishments in the United Kingdom

British Show Horse Association