Rafael Font Farran (26 May 1912, in Sitges, Barcelona Province, Spain – 19 November 2003, in Auxerre Burgundy, France) was a Spanish politician and journalist.

Font Farran was instrumental in founding the Catalan left-wing party Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC), but shifted to the Spanish left-wing POUM party on the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. He was imprisoned in 1937 and fled to France at the end of the war. He became active in French as well as Spanish left-wing politics and was a member of the Fourth International.

He wrote a Marxist history of Spain, a history of Catalan nationalism, and a book of memoirs.

1928-1931

In 1928, Rafael Font Farran was the editor and founder of a student magazine in Barcelona, L'Estudiant. After its fourth issue, this magazine was banned by Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, to which it was opposed. In 1929, Font Farran, one of the leaders of the opposition to this dictatorship in University of Barcelona, was one of the founders of a student left-wing organization, Esquerra Universitària. He was also a founding member of a catalanist youth organization, Palestra, in April 1930. In May 1930, he joined Estat Català, Francesc Macia i Llussa's political party. In August 1930, he published his first book, Paraules de Joventut, a political essay. He was the youngest speaker at the Conference of the Catalan left-wing parties, which, in Barcelona from 17 to 19 March 1931, gave rise to the Catalan political party ERC (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya), of which Font Farran was a founder. Immediately after the proclamation of the "Catalan Republic" by Macià, president of the ERC, Font Farran participated, in the night of 14 April 1931, in the defense of the headquarters of the Catalan Government in Barcelona, because the ERC feared that the building could be attacked by Spanish troops. A few weeks later, Font Farran joined the Barcelona daily newspaper L'Opinió, the central organ of the ERC, in which he was responsible for international news.

1932-1933

In the spring of 1932, there was a long controversy between Font Farran and Joan Peiró Belis, editor of Solidaridad Obrera - daily newspaper of the anarcho-syndicalist confederation CNT - with three articles written by Font Farran in L'Opinió and four articles by Peiró in Solidaridad Obrera. During the summer of 1932, in Madrid, Font Farran was private secretary to the member of the Parliament of Spain Lluís Companys i Jover, one of the leaders of the ERC and future president of Catalonia.

At the beginning of 1933, Font Farran was one of the leaders of a project of a new youth organization, "Joventut Esquerrista", inside ERC. In October 1933, he was one of the founders of the PNRE, a Catalan political party born out of a split with the ERC, and also one of the founders of the "Provisional Committee" of the youth organization of the PNRE. This project aimed to set up a new youth organization in rivalry with the JEREC (Joventuts de Esquerra Republicana Estat Català), which Font Farran considered to be fascistic, but the directors of the ERC decided that the JEREC would continue to be the only youth organization of the party. In December 1933, after the victory of the Spanish right-wing parties in the legislative election in November 1933, Font Farran published a new political essay, La crisi de les esquerres, in which he called upon the disunited Catalan left-wing parties to recover their "cohesion".

1934-1936

During the catalanist uprising on 6 October 1934, Font Farran participated again, as in 1931, in the defense of the headquarters of the Catalan Government in Barcelona, which the Spanish troops seized in the morning of 7 October. Font Farran was arrested and imprisoned, but he was finally discharged.

After the victory of the Spanish left-wing parties in the legislative election in February 1936, he was recruited by the Catalan Government for its CGOP, Catalan police headquarters, in which Font Farran was responsible for the censorship of foreign publications distributed in Catalonia, because as Font Farran explained the Catalan Government did not want to "alarm" public opinion about rumors of a military coup against the Spanish Republic.

Shortly after the beginning of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, Font Farran resigned from the CGOP and joined the left-wing and anti-Stalinist party POUM and its daily newspaper La Batalla.

During the Spanish Civil War, Font Farran worked as a journalist for La Batalla, central organ of the POUM. In his book Homage to Catalonia, George Orwell, author of 1984, says he read La Batalla at the time when he fought in the ranks of the POUM.

1937-1939

On 16 June 1937, Andreu Nin i Pérez, leader of the POUM, was arrested by Catalan police, which was in those days at the beck and call of Stalin's representatives. Font Farran as Nin's counsel went to the CGOP to ask after Nin. In the CGOP, he was almost arrested, but managed to escape. Some time later, as a counsel for Nin's wife, Olga Pavlova Taareva, Font Farran lodged at Barcelona court-house a complaint which, he said, raised the possibility of an arbitrary arrest "or a kidnapping".  Later, in the summer of 1937, he opened in Barcelona a law firm for the defense of the imprisoned POUMist militants, and rented offices for it in his name. These offices were used by the POUM, which was prohibited and underground. In October 1937, Font Farran was arrested in Barcelona while distributing a POUM leaflet protesting against the death of a POUMist militant. He was incarcerated in the Modelo prison of Barcelona in the "second gallery," where POUMist prisoners were gathered together. He was elected "president" of this second gallery. In this gallery, where many POUMist militants, Spanish or foreigners, were imprisoned, Orwell would probably have been imprisoned too if he had not escaped from an arrest in Barcelona. But some time later, Font Farran was transferred to a convict prison, a hundred kilometers from Barcelona, the "labor camp No. 3", in the village of Els Omells de na Gaia.

Subsequently, he was tried in Barcelona by the "Special Court of espionage and high treason" of Catalonia, which sentenced him to six years in prison because of his membership of the POUM. In January 1939, with other prisoners evacuated from the Modelo prison of Barcelona, he fled to Northern Catalonia at the end of the Spanish civil war. In Catalonia under French administration, he was imprisoned in the camp of Saint-Cyprien, but he escaped a few days after his arrival. He then lived in Belgium for about a year.

The 1940s

Following the German offensive in May 1940, he was transferred, with other exiles in Belgium, to the camp of Gurs, in South West of France, where, again, he was able to escape after a few weeks. Shortly after, in Paris, he joined the French Resistance against the German occupying forces, in the ranks of PCI (Parti Communiste Internationaliste). In 1943, he left this party - renamed meantime CCI (Comité communiste Internationaliste pour la Quatrième Internationale), of whose central committee he was a member - and he joined the POI (Parti ouvrier internationaliste), the French section of the Fourth International. Within the POI, he was one of the leaders of the GTE, which gathered together the Spanish members of the Fourth International. From 1943 on, he was the representative of Spain in the European Secretariat of the Fourth International.  As a member of this European Secretariat, he was one of the main organizers of the difficult merger of the POI and the CCI in March 1944. He was also one of the Spanish delegates, with Eduardo Mauricio Ortiz, at the European Conference of the Fourth International in February 1944 in Picardy, and at the Second International Conference of the Fourth International in Paris in March 1946.

Second half of the twentieth century

In 1951, he disagreed with the strategy of entryism launched by the Fourth International and he worked for several years on a project to form an anti-Stalinist Spanish communist party, in association with the former Stalinist leader José del Barrio Navarro and with the financial support of Tito's Yugoslavia. A few years later, he re-joined the POUM and, in the spring of 1961, he became a member of its executive committee. But in 1962 he disagreed with the party line and resigned from this executive committee and finally left the POUM.
The following year, after twenty-four years of exile, he returned to Spain, where he began to publish articles in the weekly magazines Tele/Estel and L'Eco de Sitges. In 1956, he was recruited by the Agence France Presse, where, until his retirement in 1977, he worked as a journalist on the Spanish-language editorial staff, in Paris.

Font Farran wrote his memoirs under the title Anys agitats ("Stirring Years"). His eldest son, Rafael Font Vaillant, published in 2014 a biography of his father.

Works

Paraules de Joventut, Edicions Ariel, 1930.
La crisi de les esquerres, Llibreria Catalònia, 1933.

References

Sources
Font Vaillant, Rafael (2014), ¡Adelante, adelante!, Editions Vilar. ()
Alexander, Robert J. (1991), International Trotskyism 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement, Duke University Press. ()
Figueras i Sabater, Arnau (2005), Història de la FNEC: la Federació Nacional d'Estudiants de Catalunya de 1932 a 1986, Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. ()
Guillamón, Agustín (1996), Documentación histórica del trosquismo español, 1936-1948 : de la Guerra Civil a la ruptura con la IV Internacional, Ediciones de la Torre. ()
Ivern i Salvà, M. Dolors (1988), Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, 1931-1936, Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. ()
Prager, Rodolphe (1981), L'Internationale dans la guerre, 1940-1946, Editions La Brèche. ()

Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in France
POUM politicians
Republican Left of Catalonia politicians
Spanish anti-fascists
Lawyers from Barcelona
Politicians from Barcelona
People from Sitges
Journalists from Catalonia
20th-century Spanish lawyers
Spanish Trotskyists
Spanish communists
Spanish revolutionaries
Left communists
Spanish Marxists
Marxist journalists
1912 births
2003 deaths
20th-century Spanish journalists

Rafael Font Farran


Korean Cubans (, , Hangukgye kubain) are citizens of Cuba of Korean ancestry. Most of them are descendants of Korean immigrant farmers from Mexico who left to Cuba in search of a better life. Today about 800 descendants of the Korean farmers live around Havana, Matanzas and other areas of Cuba.

History of migration
The first ethnic Koreans to arrive in Cuba came from Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula in search of a better life. In 1905, 1,033 Koreans set sail on a cargo ship from Incheon to Yucatán. Upon arrival, instead of the riches they had been promised, all they found was the most menial type of labor. They were sold to 22 landlords and became sugarcane and hemp (henequen) cutters, toiling from sun-up till sundown in the dry and harsh tropical sun. Most of them settled there as field hands. On 25 May 1921, three hundred of them immigrated to Cuba from Mexico, hoping for better living conditions, but found them just as lamentable.

The Koreans' arrival coincided with a generally favorable economy in Cuba mostly due to sugar but soon sugar prices dropped drastically and there was no work. Land that had formerly grown sugar was now converted to growing henequen and employed the Korean farmers as cutters. The Koreans, bringing their henequen-cutting skills from Mexico, soon showed their good skills and productivity, which allowed some to rise to specialized fieldwork and even become trainers and supervisors.

Cubaiminsa
Korean immigrant Lim Cheontaek wrote a history book called Cubaiminsa in 1954 that describes the history of Korean immigrants living in Cuba.

Language
Most Korean Cubans today speak the Spanish language. A Cuba-Korea culture center was built in 1921 that taught Korean writing and history in an attempt to remind the descendants of their heritage. But lack of funding shuttered the center and now it is hard to find a descendant of the Korean immigrants who can speak the Korean language.

Famous Korean Cubans
Jeronimo Lim Kim

See also

 Asian Latin Americans
 Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans
 Chinese Cubans
 Japanese Cubans

References

External links
 "Five Generations On, Mexico's Koreans Long for Home." The Chosun Ilbo. 16 August 2008.

Asian Cuban
Ethnic groups in Cuba
Cuba
Cuba
Cuba

Koreans in Cuba


Earl of Stamford was a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1628 for Henry Grey, 2nd Baron Grey of Groby. This Grey family descended through Lord John Grey, of Pirgo, Essex, younger son of Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, and younger brother of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk (father of Lady Jane Grey); Suffolk was executed for treason in 1554 forfeiting his titles  (see the Duke of Suffolk for earlier history of the family).

History
Lord John Grey's son Sir Henry Grey was in 1603 raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Grey of Groby, in the County of Leicester. He was succeeded by his grandson, the second Baron, who was created Earl of Stamford in the Peerage of England in 1628. Lord Stamford later fought as a Parliamentarian in the Civil War. His eldest son Thomas Grey, Lord Grey of Groby, was a leading Parliamentarian in the Civil War. Stamford was one of the judges at the trial of Charles I and one of the regicides who signed the King's death warrant. He predeceased his father and never succeeded to the earldom. Lord Stamford's daughter Lady Elizabeth Grey married George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer, and was the mother of Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington. Stamford was succeeded by his grandson Thomas, the second Earl and  the only son of Lord Grey of Groby. Thomas Grey was a politician and served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and as President of the Board of Trade. He was childless and on his death in 1720 the titles passed to his first cousin Harry, the third Earl. He was the son of the Hon. John Grey, younger son of the first Earl.

He was succeeded by his son, the fourth Earl. He briefly represented Leicestershire in the House of Commons. Lord Stamford married his second cousin once removed Lady Mary Booth, daughter of George Booth, 2nd Earl of Warrington (on whose death in 1758 the earldom of Warrington became extinct). When Harry Grey, 4th Earl of Stamford died the titles passed to his son, George Grey, the fifth Earl; he sat as Member of Parliament for Staffordshire and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Cheshire. In 1796 the barony of Delamer (which became extinct in 1770) and earldom of Warrington held by his mother's family was revived by his creation as Baron Delamer and Earl of Warrington in the Peerage of Great Britain - he refused the offer of a marquessate, so as to become known as the Earl of Stamford and Warrington in recognition of the great estates he had inherited from the Booth family. He was succeeded by his son, George Grey, the sixth Earl. He represented Aldborough and St Germans in Parliament and was Lord-Lieutenant of Cheshire. His son styled Lord Grey of Groby (1802–1835), was summoned to the House of Lords by a writ of acceleration in his father's subsidiary title of Baron Grey of Groby in 1833; he, however, predeceased his father. Lord Stamford was therefore succeeded by his grandson, George Grey, the seventh Earl. He was the son of Lord Grey of Groby and had already succeeded as ninth Baron Grey of Groby on his father's death. Lord Stamford was a great patron of the Turf. On his death in 1883, the barony of Delamer and earldom of Warrington became extinct (although his wife remained Countess of Stamford and Warrington until her death in 1905).

The seventh Earl was succeeded in the barony of Grey of Groby and the earldom of Stamford by his third cousin once removed the Reverend Harry Grey, as eighth Earl. He was the son of the Reverend Harry Grey, son of the Hon. John Grey, third son of the fourth Earl. He lived in South Africa, and had married his housekeeper Martha Solomons after she had already given birth to two of his children, the elder of whom was a boy. As this son was born before the date of his father's marriage, his illegitimacy prevented his inheriting the title; while a third child, born after the marriage and therefore legitimate, could not inherit the earldom because she was female. More information on this episode can be found in Enthusiasms, essays by the historian Mark Girouard.

The eighth Earl was succeeded by his nephew, William Grey, the ninth Earl. However, it was not until 1892 that the Committee for Privileges of the House of Lords confirmed the latter in the title, as the Committee wished to be assured that the marriage contracted by the eighth Earl while he lived abroad had not produced a legitimate heir.  On the ninth Earl's death the titles passed to his son, Roger Grey, the tenth Earl. He served briefly as Parliamentary Private Secretary (unpaid) to the Secretary of State for India, Lord Peel, in 1922 and was also Mayor of Altrincham from 1937 to 1938. Lord Stamford never married and on his death in 1976 his family titles became extinct.

Estates
The main family seat of the Earls of Stamford in later years was Dunham Massey Hall, near Altrincham, Cheshire. Dunham Massey was bequeathed to the National Trust by the 10th and last Earl.

Another ancestral seat of the Grey family was Enville Hall, Staffordshire, and the house is occupied by relatives of Catherine Cox, Countess of Stamford and Warrington born 11 October 1826 Sturminster Marshall, Dorset died 29 January 1905 Bradgate House, Groby, Leicestershire.  This was devised (bequeathed) by George Harry Grey, 7th Earl of Stamford to his great niece, Catherine Payne, who married Sir Henry Foley Lambert, 7th Baronet (who took the surname Grey) in 1905, and subsequently to his granddaughter.  Catherine Payne was the granddaughter of Tamar Cox and a sister of Catherine, Countess of Stamford and Warrington, Catherine Payne's mother was the illegitimate daughter called Sarah Letitia Cox and was one of three illegitimate children born to Tamar Cox.  Sarah Letitia Cox was brought up under the wing of her aunt Catherine, Countess of Stamford and Warrington and Catherine also took under her wing Robert Miller Cox illegitimate son of Tamar and who became the estate agent at Dunham Massey Hall.

The 7th Earl had a house which he called Bradgate House built in the village of Groby, Leicestershire and this was designed by the architect Mr. M.J. Dain of Dain and Parsons, London, and built by the local builder Mr. Thomas Rudkin; Bradgate House was completed in 1856 and was also built in the Jacobean style and it has been referred to as the Calendar House because it had 365 windows, 52 rooms, and 12 main chimneys.

Bradgate house in Bradgate park, Leicestershire is often confused with Bradgate House built in the 1850s in the village of Groby, Leicestershire.

Titleholders

Barons Grey of Groby (1603)
Henry Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Groby (1547–1614)
Henry Grey, 2nd Baron Grey of Groby (c. 1600–1673) (created Earl of Stamford in 1628)

Earls of Stamford (1628)
Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford (c. 1600–1673)
Thomas Grey, Lord Grey of Groby (1623–1657)
Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford (c. 1653–1720)
Henry Grey, 3rd Earl of Stamford (1685–1739)
Harry Grey, 4th Earl of Stamford (1715–1768), married Lady Mary Booth in 1702
George Harry Grey, 5th Earl of Stamford (1737–1819), created Earl of Warrington in 1796
George Harry Grey, 6th Earl of Stamford, 2nd Earl of Warrington (1765–1845)
George Harry Grey, 8th Baron Grey of Groby (1802–1835)
George Harry Grey, 7th Earl of Stamford, 3rd Earl of Warrington (1827–1883)
Harry Grey, 8th Earl of Stamford (1812–1890), married Martha Solomons (1838-1916) in 1880
William Grey, 9th Earl of Stamford (1850–1910)
Roger Grey, 10th Earl of Stamford (1896–1976)

See also
Duke of Suffolk (1551 creation)
Earl of Warrington
Booth baronets

References

Vicary Gibbs, The Complete Peerage of Great Britain and Ireland, extinct, dormant and abeyant, in 14 vols, (1907–98), letter S, p.217

Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of England
Earl of Stamford
1628 establishments in England
1976 disestablishments in England
Noble titles created in 1628

Earl of Stamford


A definition in language explains what a word or phrase means. A definition usually answers the question what is.... Defining means giving a definition.

Other words with this meaning are description and explanation. It describes what a word means and explains to the person when and where it can be used.

In mathematics, a definition is an exact way of saying what a mathematical concept is. It might not be the easiest way to say what it is, but it is used because it is exact. It can be used in a mathematical proof.

Words

Definition


Broad Street on Legos Ailand, Legos, for Naija, na biznes eria for wan of di siti's Sentra biznes ples.
Among di tenats: Bagatelle restaurant, Christ Church Cathedral Primary School, Eko Boys High School, Newswatch (Naija), and St. Mary's Private School.
Dem konstrokt di "Secriteriat" biudin for 1906.

Wie wi si pruf

Ekstana links

Broad Street, Lagos


George Geoffrey Dawson (25 October 1874 – 7 November 1944) was editor of The Times from 1912 to 1919 and again from 1923 until 1941. His original last name was Robinson, but he changed it in 1917. He married Hon. Margaret Cecilia Lawley, daughter of Arthur Lawley, 6th Baron Wenlock, in 1919.

Early life
Dawson was born 25 October 1874, in Skipton-in-Craven, Yorkshire, the eldest child of George Robinson, a banker, and his wife Mary (née Perfect). He attended Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford. His academic career was distinguished; he took a First in Classical Moderations in 1895 and a First in Literae Humaniores ('Greats') in 1897. In 1898 he was elected a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, a position he held for the rest of his life. He chose a career in civil service, entering in 1898 by open examination. After a year at the Post Office, he was transferred to the Colonial Office and in 1901 he was selected as assistant private secretary to Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain. Later the same year Dawson obtained a similar position with Lord Milner, high commissioner in South Africa.

As Milner's assistant, Dawson participated in the establishment of British administration in South Africa in the aftermath of the Boer War. While there, he became a member of "Milner's kindergarten", a circle of young administrators and civil servants whose membership included Leo Amery, Bob Brand, Philip Kerr, Richard Feetham, John Buchan and Lionel Curtis. United by a common aspiration for Imperial Federation, all later became prominent in the "round table of Empire Loyalists".

Career in journalism
Milner wanted to ensure the support of the local newspapers after his return to England. He persuaded the owners of the Johannesburg Star to appoint Dawson as the paper's editor. Dawson later parlayed this post into a position as the Johannesburg correspondent of The Times in February 1911; and then attracted the attention of Lord Northcliffe, owner of The Times, who appointed him editor of the paper in July 1912.

Dawson was unhappy, however, with the way that Northcliffe used the paper as an instrument to further his own personal political agenda and broke with him, stepping down as editor in February 1919. Dawson returned to the post in 1923 after Lord Northcliffe's death, when the paper's ownership had passed to John Jacob Astor V. Bob Brand had become the Astors' brother-in-law, and it is thought that he introduced Dawson to the Astors' circle at Cliveden, the so-called Cliveden set presided over by Nancy Astor.

In his second stint as editor, Dawson began to use the paper in the same manner as Lord Northcliffe had once done, to promote his own agenda. He also became a leader of a group of journalists that sought to influence national policy by private correspondence with leading statesmen. Dawson was close to both Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain. He was a prominent proponent and supporter of appeasement policies, after Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. He was a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship. Candid news despatches from Berlin by Norman Ebbutt that warned of warmongering were rewritten in London to support the appeasement policy. Dawson explained to Lord Lothian on 23 May 1937: "I should like to get going with the Germans. I simply cannot understand why they should apparently be so much annoyed with The Times at this moment. I spend my nights in taking out anything which I think will hurt their susceptibilities and in dropping little things which are intended to soothe them".

In March 1939, however, The Times reversed course and called for war preparations. Dawson was a lifelong friend and dining companion of Edward Wood, later Lord Halifax, who was Foreign Secretary in the period 1938–1940. He promoted the policies of the Baldwin/Chamberlain governments of the period 1936–1940. Dawson retired in September 1941 and died on 7 November 1944 in London. He was succeeded as editor by Robert Barrington-Ward.

Works

References

Sources
 Fleming, N. C. "The Press, Empire and Historical Time: The Times and Indian self-government, c. 1911–47." Media History 16.2 (2010): 183–198.
 McDonough, Frank.  "The Times, Norman Ebbut and the Nazis, 1927–37." Journal of Contemporary History 27#3 (1992): 407–424.
 Martel, Gordon, ed. The Times and Appeasement: The Journals of A L Kennedy, 1932–1939 (2000).
 The Office of the Times. The History of The Times: The 150th Anniversary and Beyond 1912–1948  (2 vol. 1952), passim.
 Riggs, Bruce Timothy.   "Geoffrey Dawson, editor of "The Times" (London), and his contribution to the appeasement movement" (PhD dissertation, U  of North Texas, 1993) online, bibliography pp 229–33.

 Marlowe, John. Milner, Apostle of Empire, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1976

External links

Catalogue of the papers of Geoffrey Dawson at the Bodleian Library, Oxford

1874 births
1944 deaths
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
British male journalists
British newspaper editors
Editors of the Round Table Journal
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
People educated at Eton College
People from Skipton
The Times people

Geoffrey Dawson


Fairchild is a town in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 351 at the 2000 census. The Village of Fairchild is located within the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.5 square miles (89.4 km2), of which, 34.5 square miles (89.3 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2) of it (0.09%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 351 people, 113 households, and 84 families residing in the town.  The population density was 10.2 people per square mile (3.9/km2).  There were 153 housing units at an average density of 4.4 per square mile (1.7/km2).  The racial makeup of the town was 94.87% White, 1.14% Native American, 0.85% from other races, and 3.13% from two or more races.  2.85% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 113 households, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.6% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 3.11 and the average family size was 3.75.

The population was 33.9% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.5 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $30,625, and the median income for a family was $34,464. Males had a median income of $31,000 versus $13,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,163.  About 12.1% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.1% of those under age 18 and 23.5% of those age 65 or over.

References

Towns in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin
Eau Claire–Chippewa Falls metropolitan area
Towns in Wisconsin

Fairchild (town), Wisconsin


A letter bomb is a bomb concealed within a letter or package, which is then sent or left for the recipient to find, typically with his or her name and address on, to be opened and then exploded, or exploded within a certain time.

The first known case of a "modern" letter bomb was the Swedish bombmaker Martin Ekenberg in August 1904. He built a bomb and sent it to a factory owner in Stockholm called Karl Fredrik Lundin. The bomb exploded but nobody was seriously injured. He sent a total of four bombs until 1907 before he was discovered.

Letter bomb sendouts
There had been many injuries caused by letter bombs. A very famous letter bombmaker is Ted Kaczynski, the so-called Unabomber, who sent a series of letter bombs between 1978 and 1995, killing three people (all men) and injuring 23. One package, however, exploded onboard an airplane, which could have killed all the passengers and personnel, but it only caused an emergency landing. He stopped sending bombs after the New York Times accepted to publish a text he had written called Industrial Society and its Future.

Unfortunately for him, his brother recognised the writing style and alerted the police, which ultimately captured Kaczynski and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. The bombs were very well made and had no evidence from the sender, but typically of letter bombs, they are too small to case significant damage, and in most cases did not even kill the person who opened the package (this was also the case with Ekenberg, who failed to kill a single person). For this reason, and because most important government departments X-rays packages, the method is not very efficient.

Another

Government agencies
Several government agencies have used letter bombs to target persons outside their jurisdiction. One victim of a letter bomb was German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who was sent a letter bomb by the so-called Stern gang and Israeli politician (and later Prime Minister) Menachem Begin in the 1950s.

Begin's reasons, as he explained, was that Adenauer and all Germans were responsible for the deaths of millions of Jews during the Holocaust, although Adenauer had been imprisoned by the Nazi regime which committed these crimes. The same group also sent several bombs to US President Harry S. Truman. The South African apartheid regime used letter bombs, including to activist Ruth First, who died when opening one in 1982.

References

Terrorism
Explosions
Letters

Letter bomb


Honoré Caille, seigneur du Fourny (1630–1713) was a French genealogist.

An examiner at the Court of Accounts in Paris, he collected the papers of the noted genealogist Père Anselme after his death in 1694, and in 1712 published a new edition of Father Anselm's great work, the Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France, et des grands officiers de la couronne.

After his death, this work was continued by Father Angel of St. Rosalie (1655–1726) and Father Simplicien (1683–1759), both friars, like Father Anselm, at the Couvent des Petits Pères, a priory of the Discalced Augustinians in Paris attached to the Basilica of Our Lady of Victories.

French genealogists
1630 births
1713 deaths
French male non-fiction writers

Honoré Caille du Fourny


A business park or office park is a designated area of land in which many office buildings are grouped together. These types of developments are often located in suburban areas where land and building costs are more affordable, and are typically situated near major highways, roads, or train stations for easy access.

Criticism
While business parks can provide many benefits, such as providing employment opportunities and boosting the local economy, they can also have negative impacts on surrounding areas and communities. The impact of business parks on surrounding areas and communities has been criticized:
Large gaps between urbanized zones, increasing the suburban sprawl.
The appearance of the buildings.
Obsolescence, vacancy, and disrepair.

To mitigate these negative effects, businesses and developers can take steps such as incorporating green spaces and sustainable design features into the business park, as well as maintaining and updating the buildings to prevent obsolescence.

See also
 Industrial park
 Knowledge spillover
 Mega-Site
 Office
 Science park

References

Business terms

 Business

Business park


Video High Density (VHD) was a videodisc format which was marketed predominantly in Japan by JVC. There was also an audio-only variant, Audio High Density (AHD).

Technology

VHD discs are 25 cm (9 5/6 inches) in diameter, and store up to 60 minutes of video per side. Each disc is stored in a plastic case, similar to a CED's case, so that the user could not touch the disc itself. The entire case was put into the player, which would take out the disc, and then the now empty case could be taken back out. After one side has finished playing, the disc would have to be taken out, flipped, and put back in to continue playing.

Similar to the RCA's CED, the signal on the VHD is recorded by varying capacitance on the disc. However, unlike the CED, the VHD does not contain any groves and the needle is made of diamond instead of titanium. Instead of having grooves, the needle is kept on track electronically so the needle does not have to actually touch the disc therefore resulting in less wear on the disc and on the needle. In one rotation of the disc, 2 frames of picture and audio were read.

VHD was designed to be very interactive and was used in some video game systems as well as in car engine diagnostic tools.

History

The VHD was first demonstrated in 1978, and after many advertisements in National Geographic magazines, It was eventually released in Japan and in the USA in 1983. However, by this time both Laserdisc and CED were already not selling well compared to the VHS and Betamax VCR systems. As a result of this, JVC did not let the VHD be sold in North America, but made it available to the general public in Japan and commercially in the UK and the US.

During the time the VHD was made, it was mostly used for karaoke systems, anime video games, and interactive training systems. In the UK, the VHD was used for training, demonstration, and fault diagnostics.

In Japan, a 3D version of the VHD utilizes double speed discs and special glasses.

VHDs Today
The VHD was not very successful as a consumer product, but it sold well for commercial purposes. In Japan, the CED is still somewhat popular and the discs and players are both still collected.

Other websites
Video of a VHD player with its cover off

Video Discs

Video High Density


Invite Media is a display advertising and exchange bidding company that was acquired by DoubleClick, a subsidiary of Google Inc., on June 3, 2010 for $81 million.  Prior to Google's acquisition, Invite Media partnered up with AlmondNet, a data aggregator and intellectual property licensor.

History
Invite Media was founded in April 2007, and they are the creators of Bid Manager, a "universal buying platform" for display media. Bid Manager supports many different advertisement exchanges, including DoubleClick, Yahoo, Google, AdBrite, Microsoft, and Right Media. Even though Yahoo directly competes with Google in many different areas, Yahoo has stated that they plan to continue working with demand-side platforms, including Invite Media. In an interview with AdExchanger, Google publicly stated that they would not give their own DoubleClick Ad Exchange an unfair advantage, and their technology will remain unbiased and neutral, however, they plan on making it work seamlessly with their own DoubleClick for Advertisers ad serving product. By purchasing Invite Media, Google gained a demand-side platform, which allows advertisement buyers to purchase advertisements from several different advertisement exchanges through a single interface.

Invite Media was purchased shortly after Google completed their acquisition of AdMob on May 2, 2010. Google's purchase of Invite Media has caused controversy among consumer advocacy groups, as John M. Simpson of Consumer Watchdog puts it: "The ink is hardly dry on Google's questionable AdMob acquisition, and the Internet giant is forging ahead with an insatiable appetite for more. When is enough, enough?"  There was speculation about Google acquiring Invite Media almost as soon as the AdMob deal was successfully completed, because Invite Media offered "a three-year-old "demand-side platform" designed to help buyers navigate high-volume display-advertising exchanges".

References

External links
 Invite Media homepage

Google acquisitions
Software companies based in Pennsylvania
2007 establishments in Pennsylvania
American companies established in 2007
Software companies established in 2007
Defunct software companies of the United States
Advertising in the United States
Companies based in Philadelphia
2007 establishments in the United States
Marketing companies established in 2007
Software companies disestablished in 2010
2010 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Business services companies disestablished in 2010
2010 mergers and acquisitions

Invite Media


The Sumerian Game is an early text-based strategy video game of land and resource management. It was developed as part of a joint research project between the Board of Cooperative Educational Services of Westchester County, New York and IBM in 1964–1966 for investigation of the use of computer-based simulations in schools. It was designed by Mabel Addis, then a fourth-grade teacher, and programmed by William McKay for the IBM 7090 time-shared mainframe computer. The first version of the game was played by a group of 30 sixth-grade students in 1964, and a revised version featuring refocused gameplay and added narrative and audiovisual elements was played by a second group of students in 1966.

The game is composed of three segments, representing the reigns of three successive rulers of the city of Lagash in Sumer around 3500 BC. In each segment the game asks the players how to allocate workers and grain over a series of rounds while accommodating the effects of their prior decisions, random disasters, and technological innovations, with each segment adding complexity. At the conclusion of the project the game was not put into widespread use, though it was used as a demonstrations in the BOCES Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York and made available by "special arrangement" with BOCES into at least the early 1970s. A description of the game, however, was given to Doug Dyment in 1968, and he recreated a version of the first segment of the game as King of Sumeria. This game was expanded on in 1971 by David H. Ahl as Hamurabi, which in turn led to many early strategy and city-building games. The Sumerian Game has been described as the first video game with a narrative, as well as the first edutainment game. As a result, Mabel Addis has been called the first female video game designer and the first writer for a video game.

Gameplay

The Sumerian Game is a largely text-based strategy video game centered on resource management. The game, set around 3500 BC, has players act as three successive rulers of the city of Lagash in Sumer—Luduga I, II, and III—over three segments of increasingly complex economic simulation. Two versions of the game were created, both intended for play by a classroom of students with a single person inputting commands into a teleprinter, which would output responses from the mainframe computer. The second version had a stronger narrative component to the game's text and interspersed the game with taped audio lectures, presented as the discussions of the ruler's court of advisors, corresponding with images on a slide projector. In both versions, the player enters numbers in response to questions posed by the game.

In the first segment of the game, the player plays a series of rounds—limited to 30 in the second version of the game—in which they are given information about the current population, acres of farmland, number of farmers, grain harvested that round, and stored grain. The rounds start in 3500 BC, and are meant to represent seasons. The player then selects how much grain will be used as food, seed for planting, and storage. After making their selections, the game calculates the effect of the player's choices on the population for the next round. Additionally, after each round, the game selects whether to report several events. The city may be struck with a random disaster, such as a fire or flood, which destroys a percentage of the city's population and harvest. Independent of disasters, a percentage of the stored grain may also be lost to rot and rats. Additionally, the game may report a technological innovation which has a positive effect on subsequent rounds, such as reducing the amount of grain that may spoil or reducing the number of farmers needed for each acre of land. Several of these innovations require the player to have first "exhibited some good judgement", such as by adequately feeding their population for multiple rounds.

In the second and third segments of the game, the city's population and grain are adjusted to preset levels, regardless of the player's performance in the prior segment, to represent that some time has passed since the decisions of the prior ruler. The player then again plays through a series of rounds. In the second segment, the player can also apply workers towards the development of several crafts—which in turn can result in innovations—while the third increases the complexity of the simulation by adding trade and expansion choices. In the original version of the game, the second and third segments were expansions on the first, requiring the same choices around grain in addition to the new choices. In the second version of the game, the second segment was refocused. The rounds were limited to 10 and the player was no longer required to make choices around grain allocation, but instead only make decisions about applying workers to farming or crafts. The third segment was not changed, though plans were made to either also remove the grain allocation choices and add more choices around trade, colonization, and war, or else to instead make the third segment a combination of the first two segments.

Development
In 1962, the Board of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES) of Westchester County, New York, began a series of discussions with researchers at IBM, which was headquartered in Westchester County, about the use of computers in education research. The BOCES system had been established in New York to help rural school districts pool resources, and the Westchester BOCES Superintendent Dr. Noble Gividen believed that computers, along with computer simulation games like the Carnagie Tech Management Game being used in colleges, could be used to improve educational outcomes at small districts in Westchester. The Westchester County BOCES and IBM held a joint workshop, led by Bruse Moncreiff and James Dinneen of IBM along with Dr. Richard Wing, curriculum research coordinator for BOCES, in June 1962, involving ten teachers from the area to discuss ways of using simulations in classroom curricula. Based on the result of the workshop, BOCES applied for a  grant from the U.S. Office of Education that December to continue to study the concept for 18 months as a joint project between IBM and the New York State Education Department, receiving almost  instead for "Cooperative Research Project 1948".

The project began in February 1963 under the direction of Dr. Wing, who asked for proposals from nine teachers. One of the teachers who had been at the workshop, Mabel Addis, proposed an expansion of an idea given by Moncreiff at the summer workshop: an economic model of a civilization, intended to teach basic economic theory. Moncreiff had been inspired by prior research, especially the paper "Teaching through Participation in Micro-simulations of Social Organization" by Richard Neier, and by the board game Monopoly, and wanted to use the ancient Sumerian civilization as the setting to counter what he saw as a trend in school curriculum to ignore pre-Greek civilizations, despite evidence of their importance to early history. Addis, a fourth-grade teacher at Katonah Elementary School, agreed with Moncreiff about the undervaluation of pre-Greek civilizations in schools, and had studied Mesopotamian civilizations in college. Her proposal was approved, and she began work with IBM programmer William McKay to develop the game.

The game itself, The Sumerian Game, was designed and written by Addis and programmed by McKay in the Fortran programming language for an IBM 7090 time-shared mainframe computer. Like many early mainframe games, it was only run on a single computer. Commands were entered and results printed with an IBM 1050 teleprinter. The researchers ran one play session with 30 sixth-grade students. Project 1948 concluded in August 1964, and a report on its outcome given to the Office of Education in 1965 listing the eight "subprojects" that had been proposed in it, of which The Sumerian Game was the only game.

Two weeks after its conclusion a new project was started as Cooperative Research Project 2148, with two more grants given beginning in 1966 totaling over , focusing on the first project's progress with the game and to run through 1967. This project created three games: The Sierra Leone Game, The Free Enterprise Game, and an expansion of The Sumerian Game. Addis rewrote and expanded the game in the summer of 1966 by adding a stronger narrative flow to how the advisor tells the player about the events of the city, refocusing the second segment of the game on the new concepts introduced, and interspersing the game with taped audio lectures corresponding with images on a slide projector. These have been described as the first cutscenes. A 1973 summary guide to educational games described The Sierra Leone Game as being very similar to The Sumerian Game, including having interspersed slides and audio lectures, with only the context and terminology changed. The researchers conducted a playtest of the new version of The Sumerian Game with another 30 sixth-grade students the following school year, and produced a report in 1967.

Legacy
BOCES copyrighted The Sumerian Game in 1964. The grants for the second version of the game were in part to create a "center of demonstration" at the BOCES Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York for computer-assisted instruction. To this end, following the creation of the second version of the game, the first segment was reprogrammed by Jimmer Leonard, a graduate student in Social Relations at Johns Hopkins University, for the IBM 1401, to be used at demonstrations at the BOCES Research Center. Further revisions to the other sections of the game were considered, but no further grants for the project was received and no further changes were made. The project was mentioned in Time and Life magazines in 1966. The game was made available to other schools by "special arrangement" with Westchester County BOCES into at least the early 1970s.

In 1968, however, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) employee Doug Dyment gave a talk about computers in education at the University of Alberta, and after the talk a woman who had once seen The Sumerian Game described it to him. Dyment decided to recreate the game as an early program for the FOCAL programming language, recently developed at DEC, and programmed it for a DEC PDP-8 minicomputer. He named the result King of Sumeria. Needing the game to run in the smallest memory configuration available for the computer, he included only the first segment of the game. He also chose to rename the ruler to the more famous Babylonian king Hammurabi, misspelled as "Hamurabi". Dyment's game, sometimes retitled The Sumer Game, proved popular in the programming community: Jerry Pournelle recalled in 1989 that "half the people I know wrote a Hammurabi program back in the 1970s; for many, it was the first program they'd ever written in their lives".

Around 1971, DEC employee David H. Ahl wrote a version of The Sumer Game in the BASIC programming language. Unlike FOCAL, BASIC was run not just on mainframe computers and minicomputers, but also on personal computers, then termed microcomputers, making it a much more popular language. In 1973, Ahl published BASIC Computer Games, a best-selling book of games written in BASIC, which included his version of The Sumer Game. The expanded version was renamed Hamurabi and added an end-of-game performance appraisal. In addition to the multiple versions of Hamurabi, several simulation games have been created as expansions of the core game. These include Kingdom (1974) by Lee Schneider and Todd Voros, which was then expanded to Dukedom (1976). Other derivations include King (1978) by James A. Storer, and Santa Paravia en Fiumaccio (1978) by George Blank; Santa Paravia added the concept of city building management to the basic structure of Hamurabi, making The Sumerian Game an antecedent to the city-building genre as well as an early strategy game.

As The Sumerian Game was created during the early history of video games as part of research into new uses for computer simulations, it pioneered several developments in the medium. In addition to being a prototype of the strategy and city-building genres, The Sumerian Game has been described as the first video game with a narrative, as well as the first edutainment game. As a result, Mabel Addis has been called the first female video game designer and the first writer for a video game. The original code for The Sumerian Game is lost, but the projector slides and three printouts of individual game sessions were found in 2012 and donated to The Strong National Museum of Play, where they are kept in the Brian Sutton-Smith Library and Archives of Play.

References

External links

1964 video games
Early history of video games
Educational video games
Fiction set in the 4th millennium BC
Lost video games
Mainframe games
Strategy video games
Sumer in fiction
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in antiquity
Video games with textual graphics
Teleprinter video games
Single-player video games
1960s electronic literature works

The Sumerian Game


Senior Year is a 2010 Philippine coming-of-age film written, scored, edited and directed by Jerrold Tarog. It follows ten students of a private Catholic school in Manila, as they go through the many transitions that come with their final year in high school.

Plot
The promotional material for Senior Year avoids giving the audience specific plot points, and describes the film simply as:

"...a glimpse into the lives of ten students at St. Frederick's Academy as they struggle through the final months before graduation. Hearts are broken and healed, friendships are formed and lost. Childish ways are thrown out in exchange for seeds of maturity in what may be the beginning of a bumpy ride towards the chaos of adulthood."

Cast
(in alphabetical order within each category)

Students
 Aaron Balana as Henry Dalmacio
 Sheila Marie Bulanhagui as Stephanie Evangelista
 Francez Bunda as Jackie Bunda
 Nikita Conwi as Solenn Vergara
 Rossanne de Boda as Sofia Marasigan
 Mary Amyrose Lojo as Bridget Escueta
 Daniel Lumain as Briggs de Mesa
 Eric Marquez as Chito Marquez
 Daniel Clavecilla Medrana as Carlo Larada
 Celina Peñaflorida as Mitch Veloso

Teachers
 Ramon Bautista as Sir Lance
 LJ Moreno as Ms. Betty
 Che Ramos as Ms. Joan
 Angeli Bayani as Ms. Salva

Bookend characters
 Ina Feleo as adult Mitch
 RJ Ledesma as adult Henry
 Arnold Reyes as adult Carlo
 Dimples Romana as adult Sofia

Production

Casting and screenplay
To cast the film, Tarog sent surveys to about 300 students about their life experiences. The ten students with the most interesting stories were selected to be part of the cast. Tarog then put these students through a two-month workshop, and then he started writing the screenplay for Senior Year.

"Kung anuman yung kwento ng buhay nila, dun ako na-inspire na magsulat ng script" (Whatever their own life stories were, that's where I drew the inspiration for writing the script.), Tarog would later explain.

Promotion

Faculty: A Prequel to Senior Year
In 2010, as Senior Year was being made, the ABS CBN News Channel tapped Tarog to be part of AmBisyon 2010, a series in which directors would use short films to narratively present the various problems that would face whoever won the Presidency in the Philippine Presidential Election of 2010. Tarog's entry, covering the area of "education", was the short film "Faculty", subtitled "A prequel to Senior Year." The Ms. Joan character from Senior Year makes her first appearance in this short, which explains why the character, who used to be a College teacher, had become a high school teacher by the time she was shown in Senior Year. Faculty became a viral hit on various social networks, and the popularity of the short film became part of the marketing for its longer, more fleshed-out sequel.

Digitank Studios, 2010 Metro Manila Filmfest, and SM Cinemas
During the development of the film, Tarog, who up to this point had been known primarily as an independent film director, told producer Franco Alido that he would "do my best to come up with a film that he can show to everybody. But he has to do his best to show it to everybody". He further explained that "Any film that has commercial aspirations is nothing without the marketing that comes after it. People have to know the film is out there, that it wants to be seen. And that's exponentially more difficult for an independent film without big stars, huge billboards and full support from the major TV networks."

Alido and his Digitank Studios staff proceeded to do everything they could to promote the film, lugging promotional material and viewing equipment to different SM branches and eventually getting the film played in twelve SM Cinema Branches beginning March 9, while a nonconventional promotional campaign used Facebook and YouTube to build hype for the film, often taking advantage of the fact that the prequel short film, "Faculty", had become a viral favorite on social networking sites. As of the day before the regular screening, the campaign had attracted more than twelve thousand to the movie's official Facebook page.

The film was first screened as an independent film during the 2010 Metro Manila Film Festival, which began a special category for indie films that year.

It was later picked up for distribution in SM Cinemas and had its wider-audience premiere on March 2, 2011, and began its regular screening run on March 9.

SM Cinema extension campaign goes viral
On the evening of the film's release, Tarog thanked those who had already seen the film and also encouraged those who hadn't seen it yet to watch the film as soon as possible.

"From a purely business standpoint, the hard truth is that some SM branches will pull out the film or slide it to a limited time slot due to slow ticket sales on a Wednesday afternoon (precisely the time when nobody goes to watch a film... So listen...tomorrow might be your last chance to see SENIOR YEAR. So if you have time tomorrow, do catch it! Most branches within Metro Manila are still relatively "safe" so we expect weekend screenings. But the earlier you catch the film, the better."

On March 10, 2011, with viewers asking on the various social networks for the film to be extended, the film's marketing team replied "We notice some of your pleas are addressed to SM Cinema. Well, you can tell it to them directly. Just Like their FB page and post on their Wall. It could work."

Fans immediately started posting requests on the official SM Cinema wall so that the film would be extended, with the page soon becoming flooded with Senior Year requests. Theater patrons from areas where the SM Cinema branch wasn't showing Senior Year, such as Baguio, Laguna, and Batangas, also requested that the film be shown in their local SM Cinemas.

The campaign worked, and the film was screened in SM Cinemas for an entire week, an unusual achievement for a Filipino independent film. In a message to viewers after the screenings, Tarog noted:

It's [...] a big achievement to have an independent film of this type (no major stars, no TV advertisements) to be allowed a weeklong run in a major mall chain. The theatrical run was an experiment for us. Without TV exposure, we didn't really raise our expectations at the box office but, with the advance screenings and word-of-mouth, we DID hope that enough people would see the film to make an impact on the Filipino audience.

Apparently it has. The viral campaign to extend SENIOR YEAR by flooding SM Cinema's Facebook Wall was probably the main reason why SM allowed the film to stay in the theaters in the first place.

It was all about trying something new and seeing if audiences would respond. On that count, we succeeded, all thanks to you, our audience, who helped us fight for the right to be seen and heard. All we need now is more faith from distributors and sponsors to give SENIOR YEAR and other independently-produced, audience-friendly films the proper media mileage.

In addition, Tarog noted:

I am confident that's all it takes. The audience and the market exists. The Filipino moviegoer is smart and intelligent. After all, aren't we sons and daughters of people who sparked intelligent revolutions? I don't think it's a big stretch to imagine that we deserve entertainment that levels with us.

Recognition
The film received an "A" rating from the Philippines' Cinema Evaluation Board, and was heartily recommended by the Philippines' Department of Education.  Aside from marking the film in the public eye as "excellent", an "A" rating from the Cinema Evaluation Board entitles a film to a 100% tax rebate on its box office sales.

The risky move of featuring real high school students in the major roles of the film paid off, with critics praising the young actors for their exceptional performances. The film was nominated for national awards even before its scheduled regular screenings.

The Entertainment Press Society (Enpress)'s 8th Golden Screen Awards (GSA), which opens the awards season for films in the Philippines, saw Senior Year nominated for six awards, including Best Motion Picture Drama, Best Director, Best Story, and Best Original Screenplay.

The Philippine Movie Press Club (PMPC)'s Star Awards for Movies saw Senior Year nominated for six awards, including Digital Movie Production Designer of the Year for Benjamin Padero, and five nominations for Tarog: Digital Movie Director of the Year, Digital Movie Screenplay of the Year, Digital Movie Editor of the Year, Digital Movie Musical Scorer of the Year, and Digital Movie Sound Engineer of the Year.

See also
 Jerrold Tarog
 Sana Dati
 Confessional (film)
 Mangatyanan
 Cinema of the Philippines

References

External links

2010 films
Philippine New Wave
Films directed by Jerrold Tarog

Senior Year (2010 film)


In music, a whole-tone scale is a scale in which each note is separated from its neighbors by the interval of a whole tone. In twelve-tone equal temperament, there are only two complementary whole-tone scales, both six-note or hexatonic scales. A single whole-tone scale can also be thought of as a "six-tone equal temperament".

The whole-tone scale has no leading tone and because all tones are the same distance apart, "no single tone stands out, [and] the scale creates a blurred, indistinct effect". This effect is especially emphasised by the fact that triads built on such scale tones are all augmented triads. Indeed, all six tones of a whole-tone scale can be played simply with two augmented triads whose roots are a major second apart. Since they are symmetrical, whole-tone scales do not give a strong impression of the tonic or tonality.

The composer Olivier Messiaen called the whole-tone scale his first mode of limited transposition. The composer and music theorist George Perle calls the whole-tone scale interval cycle 2, or C2. Since there are only two possible whole-tone-scale positions (that is, the whole-tone scale can be transposed only once), it is either C20 or C21. For this reason, the whole-tone scale is also maximally even and may be considered a generated collection.

Due to this symmetry, the hexachord consisting of the whole-tone scale is not distinct under inversion or more than one transposition. Thus many composers have used one of the "almost whole-tone" hexachords, whose "individual structural differences can be seen to result only from a difference in the 'location', or placement, of a semitone within the otherwise whole-tone series." Alexander Scriabin's mystic chord is a primary example, being a whole-tone scale with one note raised a semitone; this alteration allows for a greater variety of resources through transposition.

Classical music

In 1662, Johann Rudolf Ahle wrote a melody to the lyrics of Franz Joachim Burmeister's "Es ist genug" (It is enough), beginning it with four notes of the whole-tone scale on the four syllables. Johann Sebastian Bach chose the chorale to end his cantata O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort, BWV 60, set for four parts. The first four measures are shown below.

Mozart also used the scale in his Musical Joke, for strings and horns.

In the 19th century, Russian composers went further with melodic and harmonic possibilities of the scale, often to depict the ominous; examples include the endings of the overtures to Glinka's opera Ruslan and Lyudmila and Borodin's Prince Igor, and the Commander's theme in Dargomyzhsky's The Stone Guest. Further examples can be found in the works of Rimsky-Korsakov: the sea king's music in Sadko and also in Scheherazade. Shown below is the opening theme to Scheherazade, which is "simply a descending whole-tone scale with diatonic trimmings." Notes in the whole-tone scale are highlighted.

(For some short piano pieces written completely in whole-tone scale, see Nos. 1, 6, and 7 from V.A. Rebikov's Празднество (Une fête), Op. 38, from 1907.)

H. C. Colles names as the "childhood of the whole-tone scale" the music of Berlioz and Schubert in France and Austria and then Russians Glinka and Dargomyzhsky. Claude Debussy, who had been influenced by Russians, along with other impressionist composes made extensive use of whole-tone scales. Voiles, the second piece in Debussy's first book of Préludes, is almost entirely within one whole-tone scale. The opening measures are shown below.

Janáček's use of the scale in the bracing opening to the second movement of his Sinfonietta is, to quote William W. Austin, "utterly different". Austin writes, "Janáček's free chromaticism never loses touch with a diatonic scale for long. Though the whole-tone scale is prominent in much of his music after 1905 when he encountered Debussy, it serves simply to fit the motifs over augmented chords. The same motifs return from the whole-tone to the diatonic scale without emphasizing the contrast." The first measures of the second movement of Sinfonietta are shown below.

Giacomo Puccini used whole-tone scales as well as pentatonic scales in his 1904 opera Madama Butterfly to imitate east Asian music styles.

The first of Alban Berg's Seven Early Songs opens with a whole-tone passage both in the orchestral accompaniment and in the vocal line that enters a bar later. Berg also quotes the Bach chorale setting referred to above in his Violin Concerto. The last four notes of the 12-tone row Berg used are B, C, E and F, which, together with the first note, G, comprise five of the six notes of the scale.)

Béla Bartók also uses whole-tone scales in his fifth string quartet. Ferruccio Busoni used the whole-tone scale in the right hand part of the "Preludietto, Fughetta ed Esercizio" of his An die Jugend, and Franz Liszt had used the technique as early as 1831, in the Grande Fantaisie sur La clochette.

Jazz
Some early instances of the use of the scale in jazz writing can be found in Bix Beiderbecke's "In a Mist" (1928) and Don Redman's "Chant of the Weed" (1931). In 1958, Gil Evans recorded an arrangement that gives striking coloration to the "abrupt whole-tone lines" of Redman's original. Wayne Shorter's composition "JuJu" (1965), features heavy use of the whole-tone scale, and John Coltrane's "One Down, One Up" (1965), is built on two augmented chords arranged in the same simple structure as his earlier tune "Impressions".

However, these are only the most overt examples of the use of this scale in jazz. A vast number of jazz tunes, including many standards, use augmented chords and their corresponding scales as well, usually to create tension in turnarounds or as a substitute for a dominant seventh chord. For instance a G7 augmented 5th dominant chord in which G altered scale tones would work before resolving to C7, a tritone substitution chord such as D9 or D711 is often used in which D/G whole-tone scale tones will work, the sharpened 11th degree being a G and the flattened 7th being a C, the enharmonic equivalent of B, the major third in the G dominant chord.

Art Tatum and Thelonious Monk are two pianists who used the whole-tone scale extensively and creatively. Monk's "Four in One" (1948) and "Trinkle-Tinkle" (1952) are fine examples of this.

A prominent example of the whole-tone scale that made its way into pop music are bars two and four of the opening of Stevie Wonder's 1972 song "You Are the Sunshine of My Life".

Non-Western music
The raga Sahera in Hindustani classical music uses the same intervals as the whole-tone scale. Ustad Mehdi Hassan has performed this rāga. Gopriya is the corresponding Carnatic rāgam.

See also

Altered scale

References

External links
 The whole tone scale for piano
 Whole Tone Scale – Analysis
 The Whole Tone Scale and Applications for Jazz Guitar

Post-tonal music theory
Hexatonic scales
Musical symmetry
Anhemitonic scales
Tritonic scales

Whole-tone scale


The Wayland Historic District is a predominantly residential historic district on the east side of Providence, Rhode Island.  It is a large area, covering about , bounded roughly on the north by Everett and Laurel Avenues, on the east by Blackstone Boulevard and Butler Avenue, on the west by Arlington Avenue, and on the south by Angell and South Angell Streets.  This area, which was in the 19th century part of the Moses Brown farm, was platted for development in 1891, with most of the construction taking place in the early decades of the 20th century.  Most of the residential properties in the district are single-family houses, typically built in revival styles popular at the time.  They are set on similarly sized lots with fairly uniform setbacks, and were typically built without garages (which were often added later).  There are a number of two-family houses, and a small number of apartment buildings, most of which are found on the arterial roads of the area.  There are several religious buildings, including several churches; the most architecturally distinctive religious building is the Jewish Temple Beth El, built 1951–54.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence, Rhode Island

References

Historic districts in Providence County, Rhode Island
Geography of Providence, Rhode Island
Unofficial neighborhoods of Providence, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Providence, Rhode Island
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island

Wayland Historic District


Spanish Harbor Key is an island in the lower Florida Keys.

U.S. 1 (the Overseas Highway) crosses the keys at approximately mile markers 35–36, between Bahia Honda Key and West Summerland Key.

Originally, there were three keys at this location.  They were connected by fills at the time the Overseas Railroad was built.  The Keys were West Summerland Key (westernmost), Middle Summerland Key (center), and an unnamed easternmost key.  West Summerland retains its name, but the other two are known simply as the Spanish Harbor Keys; named for the anchorage located between this key and Big Pine Key.  Interesting features of this key include Indian mounds and storage buildings still standing from the Flagler Railway construction era.

References

Uninhabited islands of Monroe County, Florida
Islands of Florida

Spanish Harbor Key


Nakshathra Nagesh is an Indian actress and television host who has worked in Tamil films and television shows.

Career
Nakshathra was schooled at Chettinad Vidyashram in Chennai. She studied hotel management at IHM, before moving into the entertainment industry as a video jockey. She first worked on Thanthi TV by hosting the show Vaanavil before moving on to work as a host on television shows such as Sun Singer for Sun TV, and as an awards host for ceremonies such as Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal and the South Indian International Movie Awards. Nakshatra also acted in short films such as En Iniye Pon Nilave, while also making appearances in small roles in the feature films, Settai (2013) and Vaayai Moodi Pesavum (2014). She then appeared alongside an ensemble cast in Balaji Mohan's web series, As I'm Suffering From Kadhal, which marked one of the first Tamil language web-series. A reviewer noted that Nakshatra "looks fantastic and plays her role perfectly."

Nakshatra subsequently took on a leading role in Khushbu's television series Lakshmi Stores, which marked her first lead appearance on a primetime Tamil television drama. Portraying the timid Bhagyalakshmi, Nakshatra won critical acclaim for her portrayal of the character. In 2018, she was also listed by the Chennai Times as the fourth most "desirable woman on television".

Personal life
Nakshathra got engaged to Raghav in early 2021, and they married on 9 December 2021.

Filmography

Films
Feature films

Short films

Television
Reality

Shows

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Indian film actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Indian television actresses
Actresses in Tamil television
Year of birth missing (living people)

Nakshathra Nagesh


WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011 (also shortened to WWE SvR 2011 or SVR 11) is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ for PlayStation 2 (PS2), PlayStation 3 (PS3), PlayStation Portable (PSP), Xbox 360, and Wii systems. The game was released worldwide in October 2010, with the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions for Japan in February 2011.

The game is the twelfth overall installment in the series, the successor to SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, as well as the seventh and last game to be released under the SmackDown vs. Raw name, which is based on the WWE professional wrestling promotion and its Raw and SmackDown brands.

SmackDown vs. Raw 2011 was succeeded by WWE '12 in 2011.

Gameplay

One of the main changes in the game is the incorporation of a new physics system that allows objects to be used more realistically, such as objects involved in the Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match. Tables now break differently depending on the impact placed upon them. Inside and outside the ring, ladders can now be rested onto the ring ropes and be broken in half. For the first time since the original WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw game, chairs can be thrown at the player's opponents.

The Hell in a Cell match was revamped with expanded cell walls, weapons underneath the ring, steel steps near the poles, and the removal of the cell door. In addition, new ways to exit the cell were introduced, such as barreling through the cage wall. This game was also the last to feature Batista and Shawn Michaels as non-legends or unlockables until the release of later installments of the game.

WWE Universe
The game's new "WWE Universe" builds storylines, and integrates cut scenes and rivalries between wrestlers based on the matches that are wrestled. These cut scenes appear randomly before, during, and after the match. The game features more than 100 cutscenes to push storylines, which can revolve around alliances, rivalries and titles, forward. The game reacts to the players actions and depending on the goal of the player's superstar, original or created, puts them in one of, or several, the top ten contenders lists for a specific title. However, one can only get into the contendership list depending on their rivalries, alliances, match types and most importantly, win–loss ratio.

Road to WrestleMania
Road to WrestleMania mode has been modified to include new features such as backstage roaming, mini-quests, and further interaction with other Superstars. Playable storylines involve Rey Mysterio, John Cena, Christian, and Chris Jericho. Along with that is the new storyline in which players choose Kofi Kingston, John Morrison, Dolph Ziggler, R-Truth, or a created superstar in a quest to end The Undertaker's undefeated WrestleMania Streak. Like previous iterations, the game features several storylines starting during the card leading to the Royal Rumble, a time period dubbed the Road to WrestleMania (WrestleMania XXVI).

Create modes
The Create A Superstar mode now includes pre-loaded attribute points for created superstars, while in Create A Finisher mode, a new finisher position is the "Corner", in which finishers can be created in corner position (Cannot be used during the Royal Rumble match). Also attributes such as speed and trajectory can now be modified by single increments rather than 25% increments. The number of available created finishers has been expanded to 130 as well. Online mode also returns – each new copy of the game contains an Online Pass allowing one user to play the game online for free. Players who rent or purchase the game used will obtain a trial of Online Pass.

A new feature called "Match Creator" allows players to create new match types. In addition, Story Designer mode now has new cutscenes, usable sound clips from announcers and wrestler entrance music, support for up to fifteen created superstars, 'branching' story paths depending on which character won the match and the ability to include championship belts in cutscenes and event triggers based on a wrestler reaching a certain state.

Development
WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011 was first announced along with WWE All Stars at E3 in June 2010 by THQ. A playable demo was featured at E3 with Randy Orton, The Undertaker, Chris Jericho, and The Miz as playable characters.

Special editions of the game featuring The Undertaker, Bret Hart and Randy Orton were released in PAL regions, each offering exclusive in-game content, an art book and DVD relating to each wrestler. Various retailers offered in-game bonuses include a playable Bret Hart, The Undertaker's alternate Ministry of Darkness attire, three alternate outfits for Randy Orton and the WWE Tribute to the Troops arena.

Three downloadable content packs were released. The first pack, "Online Axxess" was available at release and added playable character Chris Masters, Halloween-themed attires for Kelly Kelly and Rey Mysterio and online multiplayer mode. The second pack was released in North America and United Kingdom on December 21, 2010. This pack contained the playable characters British Bulldog, Lex Luger, Layla and Nexus members Wade Barrett, David Otunga, and Justin Gabriel along with alternate attires for Shad Gaspard and Shawn Michaels and the NXT Arena. The third pack included alternate attires for John Cena, The Undertaker, Sheamus and CM Punk as well as the WCW Nitro Arena. THQ has offered players a package deal called "Fan Axxess" to purchase the last two content packs beforehand.

Bret Hart was made available as a downloadable character for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions in January 2011. He had previously been excluded from THQ's "Fan Axxess" package.

Reception

The game was met with positive to mixed reception upon release. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 80% and 80 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version; 77.47% and 74 out of 100 for the PlayStation 3 version; 76.84% and 75 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version; 74% and 72 out of 100 for the Wii version; and 60% and 62 out of 100 for the PSP version.

Greg Miller of IGN gave the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions of the game an eight out of ten. He praised the game's Universe Mode and the wrestler animations, but criticized the limitations of Road to WrestleMania mode and the inaccurate commentary. In addition, he stated that the grappling system could be frustrating at times. Miller gave the Wii version of the game a 7.5 out of ten, however. He mentioned the same criticisms from the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions, but also criticized the graphics. GameSpot's Chris Watters rated the PS3 and X360 versions seven out of ten, lauding the game's customization options, while finding fault with the game's collision detection and the lag during online multiplayer games. He also claimed that the series was starting to "show its age".

GameZone's William Haley criticized the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions for not progressing much beyond their predecessors, claiming that the game targeted the "lowest common denominator". He called the WWE Universe feature, online multiplayer mode and creation tools "compelling", but also wrote that "the foundation upon which they are built is so decrepit that it completely invalidates the meager value this game has to offer".

By September 2012, the game had sold 3.5 million copies.

See also
 List of licensed wrestling video games
 List of fighting games

References

External links

PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Portable games
Xbox 360 games
Wii games
WWE Raw video games
WWE SmackDown video games
WWE video games
2010 video games
THQ games
Yuke's games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with custom soundtrack support
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Professional wrestling games
Video games set in Rhode Island
Video games set in Chicago
Video games set in New Orleans
Video games set in California
video games set in Philadelphia
video games set in Los Angeles
video games set in Montreal
Video games set in New Jersey
video games set in Pittsburgh
Video games set in Washington, D.C.
Video games set in Texas
Video games set in Atlanta
Video games set in St. Louis
Video games set in Arizona

WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011


Septimus Edwin Scott (1879–1965), who signed his name Sep E. Scott, was a British painter, illustrator and comics artist.

Biography

Scott was born in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England, on 19 March 1879, and studied at the Royal College of Art in London. By 1903 he was exhibiting his landscape and portrait paintings at the Royal Academy. He was elected an associate of the Royal Society of British Artists in 1919, the Royal Institute of Oil Painters in 1920 and Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours in 1927.

As an illustrator, Scott contributed to periodicals including The Graphic and The Red Magazine, painted colour plates for editions of Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities and R. M. Ballantyne's The Coral Island, and illustrated a number of Ladybird Books. He also illustrated the book An Incurable Disease  written under the pseudonym Roland Dunster by Lord Stevenson.

During the First World War he painted propaganda posters for the Ministry of Munitions, and from the 1920s he worked in advertising, painting posters for Lifebuoy soap, Mars chocolate bars and Players cigarettes, among many other products. His art was probably most widely known through railway company posters such as one for the London & North Eastern Railway to advertise rail services to Newcastle's North East Coast Exhibition, which was open from May to October 1929.

In 1948 he was recruited by Amalgamated Press comics editor Leonard Matthews to draw historical adventure comic strips. He illustrated the pirate series Captain Flame for Knockout from 1948 to 1953, and The King's Captain for Comet from 1951 to 1952, both strips written by Matthews. He drew five issues of Thriller Comics Library, which also reprinted his Captain Flame and King's Captain serials, and painted 108 covers for the title, and several for Cowboy Comics Library, War Picture Library, and Swift. He also drew strips for the nursery titles Playhour and Jack and Jill, and contributed illustrations to the educational magazine Look and Learn. He worked in comics until shortly before his death in 1965.

References

External links

Example "Captain Flame" strips scanned at Yesterday's Papers
Sep E. Scott illustrations a Lookandlearn.com

1879 births
1965 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English painters
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
British comics artists
English illustrators
Artists from Sunderland
20th-century English male artists
19th-century English male artists
British railway artists

Sep E. Scott


The 1997 Ardabil earthquake occurred on 28 February with a moment magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The strike-slip earthquake occurred in northern Iran, near the city of Ardabil.

Background and tectonics
Ardabil and the surrounding province which bears its name are agricultural lands, primarily populated by Azeris. Two other earthquakes damaged northern Iran the month before, killing at least 79 people.

Damage and casualties
The earthquake occurred at 12:57 UTC (4:27 p.m. Iran Standard Time) and lasted for 15 seconds. At least 1,100 people were killed, 2,600 injured, 36,000 homeless, 12,000 houses damaged or destroyed and 160,000 livestock killed in the Ardabil area of northwestern Iran. Severe damage was observed to roads, electrical power lines, communications and water distribution systems around Ardabil. Hospitals and other medical buildings were overflowing with patients as a result of the earthquake. More than 83 villages experienced some form of damage.

Within the village of Villadareh, 85 corpses were recovered from the rubble. In Varania, another small village near the epicenter that had previously had a population of 85, all but 20 residents had perished.

Aftershocks
Roughly 350 aftershocks followed the main Ardabil earthquake. The largest one had a magnitude of 5.2 on the Richter scale. Aid workers and rescuers approximate death toll as high as 3,000.

Aftermath and relief efforts
In the aftermath of the tremor,  of snow fell, hampering rescue efforts. The Iranian government declared three days of mourning to honor victims. Iranian president visited the damaged area on 4 March. Rescue workers at the scene disputed the official government death toll, claiming it was as much as three times higher.

Nonetheless, head of the Iranian Branch of Red Crescent Seifollah Vahid Dastjerdi was satisfied with the pace of relief work. More than 8,700 tents, 21,800 blankets, 15,300 heaters and lanterns, 2,000 bottles of baby formula and 80 tons of bread were given to the victims. Additionally, 60 ambulances, 127 trucks and vans and two helicopters transported victims, relief workers, and supplies to and from the affected region.

Air crash
On 3 March, a small aircraft on a relief mission crashed about 16 miles (25 km) northeast of Ardabil. Its wreckage was discovered the following day. There were four people on board the Falcon aircraft but no survivors. The crash was blamed on poor weather and heavy snowfall.

See also
1997 Bojnurd earthquake – An earlier earthquake affecting Iran that same month
List of earthquakes in 1997
List of earthquakes in Iran

References

Further reading

External links

1997 Ardabil
Ardabil
Ardabil earthquake
History of Ardabil Province
February 1997 events in Asia
1997 disasters in Iran

1997 Ardabil earthquake


Newtown School is a multidenominational, coeducational independent school with both day and boarding pupils in Waterford, Ireland. It is run by a Board of Management, but owned by the Religious Society of Friends.

History
Newtown School was founded in 1798 by the Religious Society of Friends (Quaker), on the estates of the former home of Sir Thomas Wyse. Its original purpose was the education of Quakers in the south of Ireland, and until 1858 no non-Quakers were admitted, although priority is still given to applicants who are Quakers.
In 1924 Newtown adopted a fully coeducational policy which it has maintained to the present day.

Newtown School is a co-educational boarding and day school. Boarding facilities are offered on a three-weekly basis. Some students may opt for weekly boarding. There are two residences, for girls and boys separately. Accommodation is mostly in dorms but there are also twin and single rooms. Day students have the opportunity to become day boarders and remain in school until after evening study thus allowing them to take a full part in all aspects of school life.

Curriculum

Junior cycle
For the Junior Cycle, Newtown follows the curriculum for the Junior Certificate. All offered subjects offered are available in Higher and Ordinary levels. First Year Scholars have access to twenty-one subjects. In Second and Third Year, all Junior Certificate candidates study Art, Craft & Design and Science, all have access to French and/or German and:or Spanish and all take a practical subject, either Materials Technology (woodwork) or Home Economics, Technical graphics , business studies or music.

Transition year
Newtown operates a compulsory Transition Year program. In recent years students have participated in kayaking, outdoor pursuits, Young Social Innovators, surfing, lifesaving courses, drama, media, personal development, nutrition, enterprise, crafts and fashion design. The programme also includes week-long work experience placements, and a European studies tour on themes pertinent to the programme, along with other courses that vary from year to year.

Senior cycle
The senior cycle begins at the end of Transition Year when students are asked to choose the subjects in which they would like to be examined at Leaving Certificate, in order of preference. The subjects offered in addition to the three compulsory subjects (English, Maths and Irish) vary each year, depending on demand(e.g. Applied Mathematics). At present there are over 20 Leaving Certificate subjects offered, all of which are available for study at any level.

Sports Facilities
Newtown has a 25m indoor swimming pool (with diving platforms and a diving board), a gym, a weights-room, an astroturf hockey pitch, an athletics track, two hockey training pitches, two rugby pitches, a cricket lawn and tennis courts. A cross-country track also runs along the perimeter of the  grounds.

Notable alumni

Erskine Barton Childers – writer, journalist, United Nations civil servant
Jeamie Deacon – rugby union and field hockey player
Ralph Fiennes – actor
R. F. Foster – historian of the Modern Irish period
Ian Gibson – historian, author and Hispanist
Sinéad O'Connor – singer
Nick Popplewell – rugby union player
Philip Boucher-Hayes – journalist

References

External links

 Newtown School Waterford, Mountmellick & Foy Old Scholars Association
 History of Irish Quaker schools

Buildings and structures in Waterford (city)
Education in Waterford (city)
Quaker schools
Secondary schools in County Waterford
Educational institutions established in 1798
Boarding schools in Ireland
Private schools in the Republic of Ireland
Protestant schools in the Republic of Ireland
Co-educational boarding schools
1798 establishments in Ireland

Newtown School, Waterford


The Basilica of the Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart is a cathedral church and a minor basilica located in Charleston, West Virginia, United States.   Along with the Cathedral of St. Joseph in Wheeling it is the seat of the Catholic Diocese of Wheeling-Charleston.  The parish complex is a contributing property in the Downtown Charleston Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.

History

Sacred Heart Parish

The first Catholic priest to visit what is now West Virginia came in 1832.  In 1836, the Rev. Alexander L. Hitzelberger of Norfolk, Virginia visited relatives in Charleston and celebrated Mass in the courthouse.  Bishop Richard Vincent Whelan of Richmond visited the city in 1842. Pope Pius IX established the diocese of Wheeling on July 19, 1850.  Various priests visited the area from time to time.  The Rev. Stenger settled in Charleston for a short time in 1862, but the Civil War hindered his ministry.  He was able to return and settle in the town again in 1866.  There was no church building at the time so Stenger celebrated Mass on the second floor of B. Ward's store on Front Street (now Kanawha Boulevard).

Sacred Heart parish was established on August 1, 1866, when Bishop Whelan, who was now Bishop of Wheeling,  purchased the Dunbar property in Charleston.  A two-story brick building served as a church and school.  In 1869, the congregation constructed a frame church measuring  for $1,500.00.  It sat on the site of the present rectory on Virginia Street. The rectory was located on the site of the old courtyard.  The first assistant pastor assigned to Sacred Heart in 1870 was the Rev. Terence I. Duffy.  Both priests established and served various missions in the area.

In 1885, Father Stenger began collecting funds for a new church and prominent Protestants also provided financial assistance.  By 1892, the parish census showed 84 English families and 56 German families.  The school had an enrollment of 90 students.  He selected H.B. Lowe as architect for the new church, and spent $600 for plans and specifications for the new building.   The congregation celebrated its first Mass in the present church Christmas in 1897.

Father Stenger died in 1900 and in April 1901 Capuchin friars began their ministry at Sacred Heart. They constructed a new rectory the following year and made additions to the church building in the first decade of the 20th century.  The first pipe organ came to the sanctuary in 1905. The marble high altar and stained glass windows from Munich, Germany followed in 1909. The three bells placed in the tower in 1911 are named: St. Richard, St. Joseph and the Blessed Virgin and weigh ,  and  respectively.

In 1948, the congregation purchased a Wurlitzer electronic organ for $4,500.00 to replace the old pipe organ.   The St. Cecilia's Guild started a weekly bingo to raise the money for a new Kilgen pipe organ, which cost $31,832.48.  The interior of the church was extensively renovated from 1950 to 1951 and the front portion of the current rectory was completed the following year. The parish completed a new convent in 1958 which eventually became the Cenacle Retreat House.  The present pews were installed in the church in 1958 for $11,429.  Artist John L. Baker painted the sanctuary ceiling with a vibrant, complex linear painting in 1966.

Sacred Heart Co-Cathedral

On October 4, 1974, Pope Paul VI renamed the Diocese of Wheeling as the Diocese of Wheeling-Charleston and Sacred Heart Church became the co-cathedral for the diocese.  In 1980, the Capuchins left the parish after ministering at the parish for 79 years.  A diocesan priest, the Rev. Edward Sadie became the cathedral rector.

Various renovation and building projects occurred in the 1980s.  The parish initiated a capital fund drive called Growth In Faith Together to renovate the cathedral inside and out.  The project included air-conditioning, cleaning and repairing the stained glass windows and a Schantz 58-rank, three-manual pipe organ (opus 1765).  The parish purchased the former Kanawha Valley Hospital building to construct a parking lot and in 1985, dedicated the John XXIII Pastoral Center. New carpeting graced the sanctuary and furniture maker Edward Hillenbrand created a new Bishop's Chair, Ambo and Altar.  Bishop Francis B. Schulte dedicated the completed cathedral in 1988.

In the 1990s, the parish purchased Riverview Terrace to become a complex for the elderly.  The purchase was made possible in part through the estates of Blanche and Maxine Horan.  The parish joined with First Presbyterian Church to construct two houses for Habitat for Humanity.

In the first decade of the 21st century the parish purchased the parking lot of the Charleston newspaper, remodeled the Cenacle Retreat property for parish office space and apartments for the parish clergy, renaming it the Cordis Center.  It also renovated the cathedral and added a new gathering space to the structure.  On November 9, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI raised Sacred Heart to the dignity of a minor basilica.

Catholic schools

The first school at Sacred Heart opened in 1866 in the Dunbar Building that served as a combination church and school.  For the rest of the 19th century the school was not a stable entity.  It ceased operating in 1868 until the Sisters of St. Joseph reopened it in 1870.  At the same time, a boarding school named St. Mary's Academy opened and operated until 1895.  The school occupied a new building in 1872 but it closed again in 1892. The Franciscan Sisters of Penance and Christian Charity reopened it in 1903 and constructed a new convent in 1904.

A new school building opened on September 8, 1920, and the first high school classes began in 1922. The parish purchased and renovated a building to house the high school in 1927.  Bishop John Swint laid the cornerstone for a new high school in 1940 and the building opened the following year as Charleston Catholic High School.  The grade school was remodeled in 1942 and the Dunbar Building, which had served as grade school, convent, rectory for the Capuchins, school, first high school, parish hall, and parish library was demolished.  The school added Kindergarten classes in 1952 and a third floor to the high school building in 1956.  The current grade school building opened in 1962 at a cost of $521,140.

The school constructed a new playground in 1986, and renovated Seton Hall in 1990 with classrooms on second and third floors and space for the After School Care Program on the first floor.  In the 1990s, it initiated a $3.5 million fund drive to fund a new science wing for the high school.

See also
List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States
List of cathedrals in the United States

References

External links

Official Cathedral Site
Roman Catholic Diocese of Wheeling-Charleston Official Site

Religious organizations established in 1866
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1897
Sacred Heart Charleston
Basilica churches in the United States
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wheeling-Charleston
Romanesque Revival church buildings in West Virginia
Buildings and structures in Charleston, West Virginia
Churches in Kanawha County, West Virginia
1866 establishments in West Virginia
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, West Virginia
Historic district contributing properties in West Virginia
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States