Kevin McCarthy (born July 14, 1957) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who spent 10 seasons in the National Hockey League between 1977 and 1987, serving as captain of the Vancouver Canucks from 1979 until 1982.

Playing career
As a youth, McCarthy played in the 1969 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Winnipeg St. James minor ice hockey team.

Playing for his hometown Winnipeg Monarchs, McCarthy was one of the most dominant junior defenders of his era. Following a memorable 1976–77 season in which he set WCHL records for defenders with 105 assists and 127 points (later broken by Cam Plante), he was selected in the first round (17th overall) in the 1977 NHL amateur draft by the Philadelphia Flyers.

McCarthy stepped straight into the Flyers' roster in the 1977–78 season, posting 2 goals and 17 points along with a stellar +29 rating. Early in the 1978–79 campaign, however, he was dealt to the Vancouver Canucks in a deal for Dennis Ververgaert. The deal would prove controversial, as McCarthy was damaged goods and played only a single game for Vancouver before requiring surgery for a pre-existing hip condition.

Back to full health in 1979–80, McCarthy would be a revelation for Vancouver as he led the team's blueliners with 15 goals and 45 points and finished 3rd in overall team scoring. It would be the first of four consecutive 40-point seasons on the Canuck blueline for McCarthy, who impressed with his powerful point shot and fine outlet passing and was quickly becoming the team's top all-around defender.

McCarthy responded with the finest season of his career, tying a team record for defenders with 16 goals and registering a career-high 53 points. He was also selected to represent the Canucks in the 1981 NHL All-Star Game in Los Angeles. After another fine season in 1981–82, McCarthy would suffer a broken ankle on the eve of the 1982 playoffs, and was forced to watch from the pressbox as the Canucks marched all the way to the Stanley Cup Finals before losing to the New York Islanders. Stan Smyl captained the Canucks on their Cinderella run to the finals.

After a poor start to the 1983–84 season, McCarthy would be a victim of a rebuilding process in Vancouver and was dealt to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a draft pick, one of three top defenders (along with Harold Snepsts and Lars Lindgren) shipped out within a few months of each other. He re-discovered his offensive game in Pittsburgh, posting 20 points in 31 games, but was a horrific -32 over that stretch for the last-place Penguins. After a disappointing 1984–85 season in which he slumped to just 19 points, he was released by the Penguins.

After his release from the Penguins, McCarthy returned to Philadelphia, signing with the Flyers as a free agent. However, his career was on the downturn and he spent most of the next three seasons in the minors with the Hershey Bears, appearing in only 6 games for the Flyers over that stretch. He retired in 1988.

In 537 career NHL games, McCarthy amassed 67 goals and 191 assists for 258 points along with 527 penalty minutes. His 51 goals were the most ever by a Vancouver Canuck blueliner at the time of his departure, and he remains 6th all-time for the club in that category.

Coaching career
During his time as a player in Hershey, McCarthy developed a quality reputation for his leadership and work with young players, and was promoted to a player-assistant coach during the 1987-88 season. Following his retirement, he remained as an assistant coach for the Bears, and was promoted to head coach for the 1989-90 season. After a season in that capacity, he then spent two seasons as pro scouting director for the Philadelphia Flyers.

He went on to serve as an assistant coach with the Hartford Whalers from 1992 until 1995 before returning to the AHL to take on head coaching duties with the Springfield Falcons and the Beast of New Haven.

McCarthy served as an assistant coach for the Carolina Hurricanes from 1999–2009, and won the Stanley Cup as a member of the Hurricanes' coaching staff in 2006.
McCarthy was brought into the Philadelphia Flyers organization in 2009 as an assistant coach with head coach Peter Laviolette.

On October 7, 2013 McCarthy, along with head coach Peter Laviolette, was relieved of his assistant coach position by Flyers general manager, Paul Holmgren.

On May 6, 2014, Laviolette and McCarthy were hired by the Nashville Predators as head coach and assistant coach, respectively.

On July 21, 2017, McCarthy was promoted to associate coach, after Phil Housley was hired by the Buffalo Sabres and Dan Muse was hired by the Nashville Predators as an assistant coach.

On January 6, 2020, Laviolette and McCarthy were fired by the Nashville Predators. McCarthy was an assistant coach with the Washington Capitals from October 2020 until April 2023, while Laviolette was Washington's head coach.

Awards and achievements
WCHL First All-Star Team (1976 and 1977)
WCHL Top Defenceman (1976)
WCHL Player of the Year (1977)
AHL First All-Star Team (1986)
Played in NHL All-Star Game (1981)
Calder Cup (AHL) Championship (1988)
"Honoured Member" of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
Stanley Cup (2006, coaching)

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com
Kevin McCarthy's biography at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame

1957 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Carolina Hurricanes coaches
Hartford Whalers coaches
Hershey Bears players
Houston Aeros draft picks
Ice hockey people from Winnipeg
Nashville Predators coaches
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
Philadelphia Flyers coaches
Philadelphia Flyers draft picks
Philadelphia Flyers players
Philadelphia Flyers scouts
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Stanley Cup champions
Vancouver Canucks captains
Vancouver Canucks players
Winnipeg Monarchs players
Hershey Bears coaches

Kevin McCarthy (ice hockey)


In Hawaiian mythology, Pakaʻa is the god of the wind and the inventor of the sail.

In the legend, Pakaʻa was the child of a traveling royal named Kuanuʻuanu and a beautiful common woman named Laʻamaomao. Kuanu'uanu was summoned back to his liege Keawenuiaumi before Pakaʻa's birth. Pakaʻa was then raised by Laʻamaomao and her elder brother Maʻilou, who Pakaʻa was told was his father. Pakaʻa however questioned this, because despite his young age, he was much taller than Maʻilou.

He then went traveling with the king of Kauaʻi, Paiʻea, to the other Hawaiian Islands, taking the Gord of Laʻamaomao, which gave him control over the many winds of Hawaii.

He later served under Keawenuiaumi and taught his son Ku-a-Pakaʻa to follow in his footsteps.

Notes

Hawaiian gods
Wind gods

Pakaʻa


Eyo Ita Esua (14 January 1901 – 6 December 1973) was a Nigerian teacher and trade unionist who was at the helm of the Balewa's government's Federal Electoral Commission in the Nigerian First Republic.

Esua was a school master and a founder member of the Nigeria Union of Teachers. He was the first full-time general secretary of the union from 1943 until his retirement in 1964.
He was an Efik, Calabar man, renowned for his dedication to duty and uprightness.

The Esua-led commission organized the December 1964 election, which was mired in controversy.
Two members of the commission disagreed with the chairman and resigned from the commission.
Esua also conducted the 1965 Western Region election, which was violent and was disputed by the opposition United Party Grand Alliance.
A few days before these elections Esua acknowledged that his organisation could not guarantee a free and fair poll.
The widespread electoral abuses may have been a factor in the success of the military coup of January 1966 in which Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi came to power.

References

1901 births
1973 deaths
Nigerian civil servants
20th-century Nigerian educators
Ibibio people

Eyo Esua


DAF LF is a range o trucks designed, developed an assembled bi Leyland Trucks, an marketed warldwide under the DAF brand name.

The LF45 an LF55 ar pouered bi Cummins B4.5 and B6.7 engines respectively, an the LF shares its cab with the Renault Midlum an the Volvo FL. It is also the base for medium duty trucks for Kenworth an Peterbilt.

The LF wan the Internaitional Truck o the Year 2002 award.

LF
LF

DAF LF


Filip Robar Dorin (born 8 September 1940 in Bor) is a Slovenian film director, screenwriter, and film editor.

He studied comparative literature and philosophy at the University of Ljubljana's Faculty of Arts and later screenwriting, directing, cinematography, and film editing at the Columbia College Chicago, from which he graduated in 1969.

Dorin has created some 30 short and medium-length documentary and feature films, as well as twelve full-length films and video portraits of prominent Slovenian poets, writers, musicians, and painters. He has received several Slovenian and international film awards, including the Golden Arena for Best Director at the 1990 Pula Film Festival for his film The Windhunter (Slovenian: Veter v mreži).

References

External links

Filip Robar Dorin biography at Slovenian Film Fund website

1940 births
Living people
Slovenian film directors
Slovenian screenwriters
Male screenwriters
Golden Arena for Best Director winners
People from Bor, Serbia
Yugoslav film directors
University of Ljubljana alumni
Columbia College Chicago alumni

Filip Robar Dorin


Tampere University (, shortened TAU) is a Finnish university that was established on 1 January, 2019 as a merger between the University of Tampere and Tampere University of Technology. The new university is also the major shareholder of Tampere University of Applied Sciences.

History
University of Tampere was founded in 1925 as the Civic College in Helsinki teaching public administration, organisation management and journalism. In 1930, a total of 195 students were enrolled at the College and its name was amended to the School of Social Sciences. As the institution grew, it expanded to municipal administration, public law, child protection, and civic education. Faculty of Social Sciences was established in 1949 as the first faculty. By 1960, the number of students had increased to 933 and the School of Social Sciences moved to Tampere. The institution was renamed to the University of Tampere in 1966.

Tampere had been the most important industrial center in Finland since the late 19th century. Agathon Meurman, member of the senate of Finland, had expressed the need for a technical higher institution already in the mid-19th century. Yet, even after the continuation war all technical higher education was conducted in Helsinki University of Technology. Urho Kekkonen, the President of Finland, signed an edict for establishing a Tampere-based branch of the Helsinki University of Technology in 1965. The school began operating on the same year. The branch gained independent university status in 1972 and was named as Tampere University of Technology.

The two universities always had close relations and co-operation was common in the fields of economics, computer science, biotechnology, and medical technology. Therefore, merging the universities had been suggested multiple times. The Tampere3 merger process began in 2014 when vuorineuvos Stig Gustavson invited the higher education institutions in Tampere to discuss a reform. In 2015, the three universities decided the objectives on creating the new university in Tampere. In 2016, the Ministry of Education and Culture appointed a steering, and a working group to prepare the establishment of a new foundation university. Initially, Tampere University of Applied Sciences was planned to merge into the new foundation, similarly to the other two universities. However, this would have required changes to legislation since Universities of Applied Sciences, or polytechnics, are not considered as Universities, in Finland, which can grant licentiate and doctorate degrees. The merger of the two universities was approved by the Finnish Parliament in December 2017 and came into effect on 1 January 2019. The university commune (TUNI) comprises the new Tampere University and the Tampere University of Applied Sciences, of which Tampere University is the major shareholder.

In 2021 it was announced that Tampere University is trying to get rid of a large part of its premises. The goal is to reduce farms by 25% by 2030. This includes closing the University Library. The announcement was met with protest from faculty staff and students as they felt that there is a lack of transparency in the design of this decision, and that their voices were not heard in the matter.

Organisation

Faculties
Tampere University comprises the following faculties:

 Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences
 Faculty of Management and Business
 Faculty of Education and Culture
 Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology
 Faculty of Built Environment
 Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
 Faculty of Social Sciences

Other units

 Language Centre
 Library
 Teacher Training School
 Tampere University Hospital, a teaching hospital affiliated with Tampere University

Academics

Studies
A total of 21,500 degree students studied at the Tampere University in 2021, including 18,800 students in bachelor's and  master's degree programmes, and 2,700 students in doctoral degree programmes. Additionally 1,600 students are completing medical specialty training. In 2019, the university received 28,265 applications of whom 2,977 were enrolled for an admission rate of 11%. During that same year, the university was the second most applied university in Finland only bested by the University of Helsinki.

Research
Tampere University is primarily a research university, whereas, Tampere University of Applied Sciences focuses on development. Pre-merger multidisciplinary collaboration was mainly conducted between the fields of signal processing, biotechnology and medical technology at the Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology (BioMediTech). The University states that it aims to become a globally recognized research community in the areas of technology, health, and society research. The university has ten Finnish Centres of Excellence:

 HEX – History of Experience
 SPARG – Spaces of Political Agency
 Gamecult – Game Culture Studies
 AgeCare – Ageing and Care Research
 CoETG – Cancer Research
 FinMIT – Mitochondria, Metabolism and Disease Research
 CoEBoC – Body-on-Chip Research
 ProLipids – Biomembrane Research
 COMP – Computational Nanoscience Research
 Inverse Problems Research

The University also comprises a single Nordic Centre of Excellence:

 NordSTEVA – Security and Safety Research

Furthermore, the University coordinates Academy of Finland's flagship programme on Photonics Research and Innovation (PREIN).

Notable people and alumni
 Jyrki Katainen – M.Soc.Sc., Prime Minister of Finland
 Sanna Marin – M.Sc. (Admin.), Prime Minister of Finland
 Mika Lintilä – B.Sc. (Admin.), Minister of Finance of Finland
 Kalevi Sorsa – M.Soc.Sc., the longest-reigning Prime Minister of Finland
 Paula Risikko – D.Sc. (Health Care), Minister of Interior of Finland
 Sampo Terho – M.A. (History), Minister for European Affairs, Culture and Sports of Finland
 Satu Hassi – L.Sc. (Tech.), Minister of Environment of Finland
 Hailemariam Desalegn –  M.Sc. (Tech.), Prime Minister of Ethiopia
 Rainer Mahlamäki – M.Sc. (Arch.), Architect
 Mikko Kaasalainen – D.Phil., Mathematician
 Kari Jormakka – D.Phil., Architect
 Jouko Karvinen – M.Sc. (Tech.), CEO of Stora Enso
 Matti Kähkönen – M.Sc. (Tech.), President and CEO of Metso
 Jarmo Kekäläinen – M.Sc. (Econ.), general manager of the Columbus Blue Jackets
 Mariina Hallikainen – B.Sc. (Tech.), CEO of Colossal Order
 Hille Korhonen – M.Sc. (Tech.), CEO of Nokian Tyres
 Kari Neilimo – D.Sc. (Econ.), Vuorineuvos and former CEO of S Group

References

External links

minedu.fi/en - Ministry of Education and Culture
oph.fi/english - Finnish National Agency for Education

Universities and colleges in Finland
Buildings and structures in Finland
2019 establishments in Finland
Universities and colleges established in 2019
1925 establishments in Finland
Universities and colleges established in 1925
Education in Pirkanmaa
Tampere

Tampere University


The Genesis Mint is a concept car made by Genesis Motor, the luxury subdivision of Hyundai Motor Company. It is a battery electric vehicle with limited range and seating, targeting the market for a luxurious city car. Unlike typical small city cars, it does not feature a rear hatch, instead offering access to its cargo space through scissor doors mounted on each side.

Design
The Mint concept vehicle debuted at Hudson Yards in April 2019, ahead of the New York International Auto Show; it was designed by a worldwide team led by Luc Donckerwolke, the first EV shown by Genesis. The debut event was accompanied by a fashion show featuring designs from Prabal Gurung.

It incorporates several elements of the Genesis corporate design language, including "G-Matrix" (a rhombus/lattice pattern used on the battery floor, wheel spokes, and throughout the interior), quad lamps (both front and rear), the "Crest Grille" (a wide hexagonal shape in front, with a reduced opening reflecting the car's electric powertrain), and "Parabolic Line" profile. Other styling details include a coupe-like profile, large  wheels, and lower air vents around the car. The car's name is derived from its color, which was finished in matte green.

The Mint has a single leather-covered bench seat for the driver and a single passenger; access to the cargo area behind it is through two scissor doors, one on each side of the car, hinged at their rear edges. The seat and dashboard are powered, moving aside to aid entry and exit. The car's main screen is embedded within the steering wheel, and the driving mode selector is a spherical control embedded in the seat's flip-down center armrest; the control rotates to become a switch when the car is on, and becomes a decorative element when the car is off. The door locks and windows are controlled through similar rotating spherical controls in the car's two passenger doors.

Details about the battery electric powertrain were not made public, but Genesis stated the car has a range of  and can charge at rates up to 350 kW. It uses a skateboard-style chassis, with the battery underneath the floor of the car. The charging port is located in the center of the car's rear exterior. Sangyup Lee also claimed the concept was equipped with an advanced driver-assistance system capable of Level 3.5 or 4 automation.

See also
 Aston Martin Cygnet, a similar luxury-targeted city car
 Honda e, an electric city car with limited range
 Mini Electric, an electric city car with limited range

References

External links

Cars introduced in 2019
Electric concept cars
Electric city cars
Mint

Genesis Mint


Fort Vijf Sinnen (also Vyf Sinnen, Dutch for "the five senses") was a fortification made by the Dutch East India Company in Nagapattinam, then part of Dutch Coromandel (1610-1798), now Tamil Nadu. The fortification, also described as a castle, was built to protect the interests of the trading company, which shifted the capital of the Coromandel operation from Pulicat to Nagapattinam in 1690, three years after work began on the fort.

The heavily armed fort in the end proved useless in the 1781 Siege of Negapatam, in which the British took the fort. In the Treaty of Paris of 1784 which ended the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War of which this siege was part, Nagapattinam was not restored to Dutch rule, but remained British. The headquarters of the colony shifted back to Pulicat.

References

External links

Coromandel on De VOC site
Profiles of the fort walls

Archaeological monuments in Tamil Nadu
Vijf Sinnen
Buildings and structures in Nagapattinam district
Dutch Coromandel

Fort Vijf Sinnen


Games available in most casinos are commonly called casino games. In a casino game, the players gamble cash or casino chips on various possible random outcomes or combinations of outcomes. Casino games are also available in online casinos, where permitted by law. Casino games can also be played outside of casinos for entertainment purposes, like in parties or in school competitions, on machines that simulate gambling.

Categories

There are three general categories of casino games: gaming machines, table games, and random number games. Gaming machines, such as slot machines and pachinko, are usually played by one player at a time and do not require the involvement of casino employees. Tables games, such as blackjack or craps, involve one or more players who are competing against the house (the casino itself) rather than each other. Table games are usually conducted by casino employees known as croupiers or dealers. Random number games are based on the selection of random numbers, either from a computerized random number generator or from other gaming equipment. Random number games may be played at a table or through the purchase of paper tickets or cards, such as keno or bingo.

Some casino games combine multiple of the above aspects; for example, roulette is a table game conducted by a dealer, that involves random numbers. Casinos may also offer other types of gaming, such as hosting poker games or tournaments where players compete against each other.

Common casino games
Games commonly found at casinos include table games, gaming machines and random number games.

Table games
In the United States, 'table game' is the term used for games of chance such as blackjack, craps, roulette, and baccarat that are played against the casino and operated by one or more live croupiers, as opposed to those played on a mechanical device like a slot machine or against other players instead of the casino, such as standard poker.

Table games are popularly played in casinos and involve some form of legal gambling, but they are also played privately under varying house rules. The term has significance in that some jurisdictions permit casinos to have only slots and no table games.  In some states, this law has resulted in casinos employing electronic table games, such as roulette, blackjack, and craps.

Table games found in casinos include:
 Baccarat
 Blackjack
 Craps
 Roulette
 Poker (Texas hold'em, Five-card draw, Omaha hold'em)
 Big Six wheel
 Pool

Gaming machines
Gaming machines found in casinos include:
 Pachinko
 Slot machine
 Video lottery terminal
 Video poker

Random numbers games
Random numbers games found in casinos include:
 Bingo
 Keno

House advantage

Casino games typically provide a predictable long-term advantage to the casino, or "house", while offering the players the possibility of a short-term gain that in some cases can be large. Some casino games have a skill element, where the players' decisions have an impact on the results. Players possessing sufficient skills to eliminate the inherent long-term disadvantage (the house edge or vigorish) in a casino game are referred to as advantage players.

The players' disadvantage is a result of the casino not paying winning wagers according to the game's "true odds", which are the payouts that would be expected considering the odds of a wager either winning or losing. For example, if a game is played by wagering on the number that would result from the roll of one die, the true odds would be 6 times the amount wagered since there is a 1 in 6 chance of any single number appearing, assuming that the player gets the original amount wagered back. However, the casino may only pay 4 times the amount wagered for a winning wager.

The house edge, or vigorish, is defined as the casino profit expressed as a percentage of the player's original bet. (In games such as blackjack or Spanish 21, the final bet may be several times the original bet, if the player doubles and splits.)

In American roulette, there are two "zeroes" (0, 00) and 36 non-zero numbers (18 red and 18 black). This leads to a higher house edge compared to European roulette. The chances of a player, who bets 1 unit on red, winning are 18/38 and his chances of losing 1 unit are 20/38. The player's expected value is EV = (18/38 × 1) + (20/38 × (−1)) = 18/38 − 20/38 = −2/38 = −5.26%. Therefore, the house edge is 5.26%. After 10 spins, betting 1 unit per spin, the average house profit will be 10 × 1 × 5.26% = 0.53 units. European roulette wheels have only one "zero" and therefore the house advantage (ignoring the en prison rule) is equal to 1/37 = 2.7%.

The house edge of casino games varies greatly with the game, with some games having an edge as low as 0.3%. Keno can have house edges of up to 25%, slot machines having up to 15%.

The calculation of the roulette house edge is a trivial exercise; for other games, this is not usually the case. Combinatorial analysis and/or computer simulation is necessary to complete the task.

In games that have a skill element, such as blackjack or Spanish 21, the house edge is defined as the house advantage from optimal play (without the use of advanced techniques such as card counting), on the first hand of the shoe (the container that holds the cards). The set of optimal plays for all possible hands is known as "basic strategy" and is highly dependent on the specific rules and even the number of decks used.

Traditionally, the majority of casinos have refused to reveal the house edge information for their slots games, and due to the unknown number of symbols and weightings of the reels, in most cases, it is much more difficult to calculate the house edge than in other casino games. However, due to some online properties revealing this information and some independent research conducted by Michael Shackleford in the offline sector, this pattern is slowly changing.

In games where players are not competing against the house, such as poker, the casino usually earns money via a commission, known as a "rake".

Standard deviation

The luck factor in a casino game is quantified using standard deviations (SD). The standard deviation of a simple game like roulette can be calculated using the binomial distribution. In the binomial distribution, SD = , where n = number of rounds played, p = probability of winning, and q = probability of losing. The binomial distribution assumes a result of 1 unit for a win, and 0 units for a loss, rather than −1 units for a loss, which doubles the range of possible outcomes. Furthermore, if we flat bet at 10 units per round instead of 1 unit, the range of possible outcomes increases 10 fold.

 SD (roulette, even-money bet) = 2b , where b = flat bet per round, n = number of rounds, p = 18/38, and q = 20/38.

For example, after 10 rounds at 1 unit per round, the standard deviation will be 2 × 1 ×  = 3.16 units. After 10 rounds, the expected loss will be 10 × 1 × 5.26% = 0.53. As you can see, standard deviation is many times the magnitude of the expected loss.

The standard deviation for pai gow poker is the lowest out of all common casino games. Many casino games, particularly slot machines, have extremely high standard deviations. The bigger size of the potential payouts, the more the standard deviation may increase.

As the number of rounds increases, eventually, the expected loss will exceed the standard deviation, many times over. From the formula, we can see that the standard deviation is proportional to the square root of the number of rounds played, while the expected loss is proportional to the number of rounds played. As the number of rounds increases, the expected loss increases at a much faster rate. This is why it is impossible for a gambler to win in the long term. It is the high ratio of short-term standard deviation to expected loss that fools gamblers into thinking that they can win.

It is important for a casino to know both the house edge and variance for all of their games. The house edge tells them what kind of profit they will make as a percentage of turnover, and the variance tells them how much they need in the way of cash reserves. The mathematicians and computer programmers that do this kind of work are called gaming mathematicians and gaming analysts. Casinos do not have in-house expertise in this field, so they outsource their requirements to experts in the gaming analysis field.

See also
 Gambler's fallacy

References

Game

Casino game


Kabylia (Kabyle: Tamurt n Leqbayel or Iqbayliyen, meaning "Land of Kabyles", , meaning "Land of the Tribes") is a mountainous coastal region in northern Algeria and the homeland of the Kabyle people. It is part of the Tell Atlas mountain range and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean Sea.

Kabylia covers two provinces of Algeria: Tizi Ouzou and Bejaia. Gouraya National Park and Djurdjura National Park are also located in Kabylia.

Name
During the French colonization of Algeria, the French invented the term 'Kabylia', a term never used by the Arab and Berber populations of Algeria prior to the French invasion. The word 'Kabyle' is a distortion of the Arabic word qaba'il (قبائل) which has two meanings, the first one is tribes that live among sedentary populations and the second is 'to accept', which Arabs after the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb used for local populations that accepted Islam.

History

Antiquity
Kabylia was a part of the Kingdom of Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC).

Middle Ages
The history of Kabylie started to appear in the classical books during the fourth century AD with the revolt of the commander Firmus and his brother Guildon against the empire.

The Vandals, a Germanic people, established a kingdom in North Africa in 435. They were conquered by the Byzantine Empire shortly after. During the rule of the Romans, Vandals and Byzantines, the Kabyle people were some of the few Imazighen in North Africa who remained independent. During the Arab conquest of North Africa, the Kabyles were able to temporarily control and possess their mountains, however they were defeated and converted to Islam, and they began to use Arabic. It was not until 1857 that Kabylia as a whole was fully and entirely conquered and subdued by France.

Between 902 and 909 AD, after being converted to Isma'ilism and won over by Abu Abdallah's propaganda, the Kutama Berbers from Little Kabylie helped contribute to the founding of the Fatimid Caliphate, whose support in the conquest of Ifriqiya resulted in the creation of the Caliphate, although the ruling Fatimid dynasty was Arab. After the conquest of Ifriqiya, the Fatimids conquered the realm of the Rustamids on the way to Sijilmasa which they also briefly conquered. There the imprisoned Abdullāh al-Mahdī Billah was freed, accepted as the Imam of the movement, and installed as the first Caliph and founder of the ruling dynasty. The historian Heinz Halm describes the early Fatimid state as being "a hegemony of the Kutama and Sanhaja Berbers over the eastern and central Maghrib" and Loimeier states that rebellions against the Fatimids were also expressed through protest and opposition to Kutama rule. The weakening of the Abbasids allowed Fatimid-Kutama power to quickly expand and in 959 Ziri ibn Manad, Jawhar the Sicilian and a Kutama army conquered Fez and Sijilmassa in Morocco.
 During the reign of al-Aziz Billah, the role of the Kutama in the Fatimid army was greatly weakened as he significantly reduced their size in the army and included new socio-military groups. In 969 under the command of Jawhar, the Fatimid troops conquered Egypt from the Ikhsidids, the general Ja'far ibn Fallah was instrumental in this success: he led the troops that crossed the river Nile and according to al-Maqrizi, captured the boats used to do this from a fleet sent by Ikhshidid loyalists from Lower Egypt. The general Ja'far then invaded Palestine and conquered Ramla, the capital, he then conquered Damascus and made himself the master of the city and then he moved north and conquered Tripoli. It was around this time period that the Fatimid Caliphate reached its territorial peak of 4,100,000 km2.

A Berber family emerged as formidable leaders in the unique Berber form of elected delegates form of government (through financial contribution and thus influence), the Zirids. Beyond their immediate Zirid territory (aarch/Congregation), another aarch and family Hammadid and its associates emerged in Kabylia with influence covering most of today's Algeria, whereas the Zirid's territory extended eastward to cover the area of modern Tunisia. Both the Hammadid and Zirid empires as well as the Fatimids established their rule in the Maghreb countries. The Zirids ruled land in what is now Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta and Italy. The Hammadids captured and held important regions such as Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli and Fez establishing their rule in every country in the Maghreb region. The Fatimids conquered all of North Africa as well as Sicily and parts of the Middle East.

Regency of Algiers
During the Regency of Algiers, most of Kabylia was independent. Kabylia was split into two main kingdoms, the Kingdom of Kuku in modern Tizi Ouzou, and the Kingdom of Ait Abbas in modern Béjaïa.

French colonisation and resistance

Though the region was the last stronghold against French colonization, the area was gradually taken over by the French after 1830, despite vigorous local resistance by the local population led by leaders such as Faḍma n Sumer and Cheikh Mokrani, until the Battle of Icheriden in 1857 marked a decisive French victory, with sporadic outbursts of violence continuing as late as Mokrani's rebellion in 1871. Much land was confiscated in this period from the more recalcitrant tribes and given to French pieds-noirs. Many arrests and deportations were carried out by the French in response to uprisings, mainly to New Caledonia (hence the origins of the Algerians of the Pacific.) Colonization also resulted in an acceleration of the emigration into other areas of the country and outside of it.

Algerian migrant workers in France organized the first party promoting independence in the 1920s. Messali Hadj, Imache Amar, Si Djilani, and Belkacem Radjef rapidly built a strong following throughout France and Algeria in the 1930s and actively trained militants who became key players during the struggle for independence and in building an independent Algerian state.

French colonists invented the Kabyle myth in the 19th century which asserted that the Kabyle people were more predisposed than Arabs to assimilate into "French civilization." Lacoste explained that "turning the Arabs into invaders was one way of legitimizing the French presence". Prior to the creation of the term in the 1840s, Kabyles throughout the centuries were actively and fully assimilated into the Arab culture of Algeria.

In the Algerian War
During the War of Independence (1954–1962), the FLN and ALN's reorganisation of the country created, for the first time, a unified Kabyle administrative territory, wilaya III, being as it was at the centre of the anti-colonial struggle. As such, along with the Aurès, it was one of the most affected areas because of the importance of the maquis (aided by the mountainous terrain) and the high levels of support and collaboration of its inhabitants for the nationalist cause. Several historic leaders of the FLN came from this region, including Hocine Aït Ahmed, Abane Ramdane, and Krim Belkacem. It was also in Kabylia that the Soummam conference took place in 1956, the first of the FLN. The flipside of being such a critical region for the independence movement was being one of the major target of French counter-insurgency operations, not least the devastation of agricultural lands, looting, destruction of villages, population displacement, the creation of forbidden zones, etc.

After independence

From the moment of independence, tensions had already developed between Kabyle leaders and the central government, with the Socialist Forces Front (FFS) party of Hocine Aït Ahmed, strong in wilayas III and IV (Kabylie and Algiers), opposing the FLN's Political Bureau centred around the person of Ahmed Ben Bella, who in turn relied upon the forces of the border army group within the ALN commanded by Houari Boumediene. The Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (based in Tizi Ouzou) was defeated by the Oujda Group led by Ahmed Ben Bella in the 1962 Algerian crisis. As early as 1963 the FFS called into question the authority of the single-party system, which resulted in two years of armed confrontation in the region. The rebellion was defeated, leaving more than four hundred dead, and most of the FLN leaders from Kabylia and the eastern provinces either executed or forced into exile.

In April 1980, following the banning of a conference by writer Mouloud Mammeri on traditional Kabyle poetry, riots and strikes broke out in Tizi Ouzou, followed by several months of demonstrations on university campuses in Kabylia and Algiers, known as the Berber Spring, demanding the officialisation and recognition of the Tamazight language. These resulted in the extrajudicial imprisonment of thousands of Kabylie intellectuals, along with other clashes in Tizi-Ouzou and Algiers in 1984 and 1985. With the opening up and establishment of the multi-party system in 1989, the RCD (Rally for Culture and Democracy) party was created by Saïd Sadi, at the same time as identity politics and the cultural awakening of the Kabylians were intensifying in reaction to the increasingly hard-line Arabization. In the midst of the civil war, there was an act of massive civil disobedience beginning in September 1994 and lasting the entire school year until mid 1995 where the ten-million strong population of Kabylia conducted a total school boycott, known as the "schoolbag strike". In June and July 1998 the region flared up again after the assassination of protest singer and political activist Lounès Matoub at the same time that a law requiring the use of Arabic in all fields of education entered into force, further worsening tensions.

Following the death in April 2001 of Massinissa Guermah, a young high school student, in police custody, major riots took place, known as the Black Spring, in which 123 people died and some two thousand were wounded as a result of the authorities' violent crackdown. Eventually, the government was compelled to negotiate with the Arouch, a confederation of ancestral local councils over the situation, alongside wider issues such as social justice and the economy, which was deemed by the government as 'regionalist' and dangerous for national unity and cohesion. Nevertheless, Tamazight was recognised in 2002 as a national language of Algeria, and as of 7 February 2016, an official language of the State alongside Arabic.

The Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie (MAK), founded in June 2001, has called for self-government for the region since 2011. The MAK was renamed as "Mouvement pour l'Autodétermination de la Kabylie" seeking independence from Algeria.

Geography

Main features:
 Greater Kabylia, which runs from Thénia (west) to Bejaia (east), and from the Mediterranean Sea (north) to the Soummam Valley (south), that is to say, 200 km by 100 km, beginning 50 km from Algiers, the capital of Algeria.
 Lesser Kabylia, comprising Kabylia of Bibans and Kabylia of Babors.

Three large chains of mountains occupy most of the area:
 In the north, the mountain range of maritime Kabylia, culminating with Tifrit n'Ait El Hadj (Tamgout 1278 m)
 In the south, the Djurdjura, dominating the valley of Soummam, culminating with Lalla-Khedidja (2308 m)
 Between the two lies the mountain range of Agawa, which is the most populous and is 800 m high on average. The largest town of Great Kabylia, Tizi Ouzou, lies in that mountain range. At Iraten (formerly "Fort-National" in French occupation), which numbered 28,000 inhabitants in 2001, is the highest urban centre of the area.

Ecology

There are a number of flora and fauna associated with this region. Notable is a population of the endangered primate, Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus, whose prehistoric range encompassed a much wider span than the present limited populations in Algeria, Morocco and Gibraltar.

Population

The area is populated by Kabyles, a Berber ethnic group. They speak the Kabyle language, the largest Berber language in Algeria. It is spoken by 3 million people and has significant Arabic, French, Latin, Greek, Phoenician and Punic substratum, with Arabic loanwords representing 35% to 46% of the total Kabyle vocabulary.

Since the Berber Spring in 1980, Kabyles have been at the forefront of the fight for recognition of the Berber language as an official one in Algeria (see Languages of Algeria).

Zawiyas

The Kabylia region is home to dozens of zawiyas affiliated with the Rahmaniyya Sufi brotherhood, including the following:
 Zawiya Thaalibia in the Issers.
 Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi in Tidjelabine.
 Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki in Thenia.
 Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif in Sidi Daoud.
  in Aafir.
  in Beni Amrane.
  in Khemis El-Khechna.
  in Boudouaou.

Economy
The traditional economy of the area is based on arboriculture (orchards, olive trees) and on the craft industry (tapestry or pottery). The mountain and hill farming is gradually giving way to local industry (textile and agro-alimentary).

Today Kabylia is one of the most industrialised parts of Algeria. Kabylia produces less than 15% of Algerian GDP (excluding oil and gas). Industries include: pharmaceutical industry in Bgayet Bejaia, agro-alimentary in Ifri and Akbou, mechanical industry in Tizi Ouzou and other small towns of western Kabylia, and petrochemical industry and oil refining in Bgayet Bejaia.

Bgayet (Bejaia)'s port is the second biggest in Algeria after Algiers, and the 6th largest on the Mediterranean Sea.

See also
 JS Kabylie
 Kabylia football team

References

External links

 Cg.gov.dz
 Elwatan.com
 Tiziouzou-dz.com
 Wilaya-boumerdes.dz
 Wilayasetif.dz
 jijel-dz.org

Cultural regions of Algeria
Natural regions of Africa
Geography of Béjaïa Province
Geography of Boumerdès Province
Geography of Tizi Ouzou Province
Berbers in Algeria
Historical regions in Algeria
Algeria geography articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
 Algeria articles needing expert attention

Kabylia


Benmoreite is a volcanic rock of intermediate composition. It is a silica-undersaturated sodium-rich variety of trachyandesite and belongs to the alkaline suite of igneous rocks.

Benmoreite has been found, for example, on Ascension Island and Easter Island, at Mount Berlin in Antarctica, and in Atakor volcanic field, Algeria. Benmoreite lava was erupted during the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull.

Nepheline benmoreite

An origin by fractionation from basanite through nepheline hawaiite to nepheline benmoreite has been demonstrated for a volcanic suite in the McMurdo Volcanic Group of late Cenozoic age in McMurdo Sound area of Antarctica. Nepheline benmoreite magmas derived from mantle sources, containing lherzolite xenoliths, display similarities to some plutonic nepheline syenites.

See also

References

Petrology
Intermediate rocks
Volcanic rocks

Benmoreite


Georgios Vizyinos (Greek: Γεώργιος Βιζυηνός, March 8, 1849 - April 15, 1896) was a Greek short story writer and poet. He is considered highly influential in Greek literature.

References

External links

Greek short story writers
Greek poets
1849 births
1896 deaths

Giorgos Viziinos (Bidsi (a small town in Kırklareli called Vize today, 1849 - Athens, 1896) (Greek, Γεώργιος Βιζυηνός, in Spanish phonetic transcription, Yorgos Bidsinós) (Greek poet, narrator and intellectual considered one of the main representatives of modern Greek literature. / p> Biography He was born into a very poor family in the small town of Bidsi (Βιζύη), eastern Thrace, in 1849. At the age of twelve his parents sent him to Constantinople to learn the trade of tailor with his uncle. He remained at the Golden Gate until the age of nineteen, under the protection of Cypriot Syndicate Giango Georgiadi (Γιάγκος Γεωργιάδης) and later Cypriot Archbishop Sofronius (Σωφρονίος), who sent him a season to the island with the intention of preparing him for the ecclesiastical career.
In 1872 he began his studies in theology at the Seminary of Halki, the most important of Eastern Christianity, located on the small island of the Marmara Sea. A year later he published his first collection of poems: Primicias poéticas (Ποιητικά Πρωτόλεια). Among his professors is the poet Helias Tandalidis (Ηλίας Τανταλίδης), who values the sensitivity and talent of the young Viziinos and introduces him to Giorgos Zarifis (Γεώργιος Ζαρίφης), one of the great patrons of Hellenism in Asia Minor.
In 1874 his epic poem Kodros (Κόδρος) was awarded one of the most important prizes of the time. In the same year he joins the Philosophy School of Athens, but thanks to the help of Zarifis he travels to Göttingen (Germany) where he studies Philosophy and Philology for four years.
In the following years he published several more poems: Breezes of the Bosphorus (Βοσπορίδες αύραι, also titled Άραις μάραις κουκουνάραις, 1876), Espérides (Εσπερίδες, 1877), Athenian Breezes (Ατθίδες Αύραι, 1883).
In 1881 his doctoral thesis appears in Leipzig, where he studies the psychology of children's play (Das Kinderspiel in Bezug auf Psychologie und Paedagogik). In those years travels by different European cities: Paris, London, where it knows great personalities of the Greek Diaspora. In 1883 he published in the important magazine Hestía his first stories, that would procure a great success to him: The sin of my mother, Between Naples and Piraeus and Who was the assassin of my brother (Το αμάρτημα της μητρός μου, Μεταξύ Πειραιώς και Νεαπόλεως και το Ποίος ήτο ο φονεύς του αδερφού μου;). In 1884, because of the death of his protector Zarifis, returns to Athens where he obtains a position of professor of institute.
A year later he joined the Chair of Philosophy with a study on the idea of Good in [[Plotinus. In the same year he published his following accounts: The consequences of ancient history, The only journey of his life and One of May (Αι συνέπεια της παλαιάς ιστορίας, Το μόνον της ζωής του ταξίδιον και Πρωτομαγιά). In 1886 he wrote his last short story: Moskov Selim (Μοσκώβ Σελήμ). In 1892 he is admitted because of a cerebral crisis. After four years of incarceration in the hospital, he died in April 1896.

Georgios Vizyinos


King Phalo kaTshiwo He was the king of the Ama-Xhosa Nation from 1728 until his death in 1755.

King Phalo KaTshiwo (Born:1702-Died:1755)
was the second son of King Tshiwo KaNgconde but his older brother Prince Gwali KaTshiwo was from a junior wife  and so King Phalo KaTshiwo was in line for the AmaXhosa throne.

King Tshiwo KaNgconde died the same year of King Phalo's birth so his uncle Prince Mdange kaNgconde took over the reins as regent.

Prince Gwali kaTshiwo joined forces with Prince Ntinde KaTogu , chief of the AmaNtinde clan, to overthrow King Phalo KaTshiwo but was not successful.

King Phalo KaTshiwo he had five Known sons Prince Langa kaPhalo (1705), Prince Rarabe kaPhalo (1722), King Gcaleka kaPhalo (whose mother, Queen Thandela KaPhahlo, was the daughter of the AmaMpondomise monarch King Phahlo and sister to Queen Mamani kaPhahlo & also later on King Sonthlo KaPhahlo.), Prince Lutshaba kaPhalo (1730) and Prince Nukwa kaPhalo.

References

Phalo
1775 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Phalo kaTshiwo


Harry Hall Pearson, Jr. (January 5, 1937 – November 4, 2014), known to his readers as HP, was an American journalist, audio reviewer, and publisher who founded The Absolute Sound magazine for high-end audio enthusiasts. Pearson is considered the most influential figure in the history of audiophile journalism. Pearson is famous for his philosophy of judging the sound of an audio component on how closely it approximates the "absolute sound", which he defined as "the sound of actual acoustic instruments playing in a real space."

Early years
Harry Hall Pearson, Jr. was born on January 5, 1937, in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina to Harry Pearson (Sr.) and his wife Joyce (née Welborn). Pearson lived in North Wilkesboro until his parents' divorce in 1947. After the divorce, Harry and his younger sister moved to Charlotte, N.C., to live with their mother. After completing high school in Charlotte, Harry attended Duke University. After graduating from Duke University, Harry became a newspaper reporter and columnist, writing for several prominent publications in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas.

In Arkansas, Pearson was an environmental investigative reporter for the Pine Bluff Commercial where he wrote a series of articles that were influential in the campaign to save the Buffalo National River. Harry left the Pine Bluff Commercial when he was recruited by Bill Moyers to become the environmental writer for Newsday in New York.

The Absolute Sound
While working at Newsday, Harry started an underground magazine for audiophiles from his Victorian home in Sea Cliff, N.Y. The first issue of The Absolute Sound appeared in the spring of 1973 with Pearson acting as editor-in-chief and publisher. Under Pearson, TAS was published every other month from 1973 until the 1990s. Pearson decided to name his magazine after the philosophy behind the idea of an "absolute sound", which he defined as the "sound of actual acoustic instruments playing in a real space." In his reviews, Pearson established the principle that an objective audio review is not a matter of taste, but that the "absolute sound" should be the standard in evaluating the qualities of components or recordings. In the early years, TAS accepted no advertising from manufacturers. Pearson stated that one's reaction to that criteria could be termed as "subjective," but the observation of how music sounded in real life, and one's familiarity of that was not subjective, but objective, which is what reviews were based upon.

In reaction to the prevailing mode of audio reviewing at the time, Pearson and TAS reviewed audio equipment based on how it sounded and not relying on measurements. This subjective style of audio reviewing was similar to that of J. Gordon Holt, the founder of the audiophile magazine Stereophile. Pearson has often stated that Holt served as the inspiration for him becoming an audio reviewer and starting TAS. Along with Holt, Pearson developed a new language to describe what he was hearing and thus influenced a generation of audiophiles and manufacturers in their pursuit of better sound. According to The New York Times, Pearson "laid the foundations of a philosophy and vocabulary that helped give rise to a worldwide subculture of high-end audiophiles... He wrote about recorded music with the conviction and nuance that food critics brought to haute cuisine."
During the rise of digital and the CD, Pearson and TAS remained highly critical of the digital sound technologies. In a 1992 article in The New York Times, Edward Rothstein characterized Pearson as an "unofficial spokesman for an impassioned rear guard, a group of music lovers of extreme views, an organization of Luddite fanatics... I am one of them."

Beginning with TAS Issue #4, Pearson began printing a list of his reference recordings that he dubbed the Super Disc List. He continued to publish the list annually with updates and new additions. The Super Disc List was revered by his readers and has been credited with driving up the market prices for certain LPs that continually appeared on the list, such as RCA Shaded Dog pressings and the original pressing of the soundtrack to the 1967 film Casino Royale. Titles from his Super Disc List are continually being reissued by audiophile record companies around the world.

Beginning in the early 1990s TAS began to experience financial and operational troubles due to mismanagement and the magazine began to struggle to fulfill subscriptions. In 1998, TAS was purchased by Tom Martin, who moved the magazine to Austin, TX. It continues to be published in print and online today (10 issues per year). After relinquishing control of the magazine, Pearson continued to write for TAS in a column called HPsWorkshop, which he published until his departure from the magazine in 2012. On August 31, 2012, Pearson quit TAS. After leaving TAS, Pearson co-founded an online audio journal and newsletter with his protégé Joseph Weiss, called HPSoundings. HPSoundings eventually folded after two years due to Pearson's declining health.

Influence
Over the years, Pearson's influence help substantiate new audio companies in the audiophile community. A good review by Pearson could lead to success, as was the case with manufacturers, such as Nordost Corporation, VPI, Conrad-Johnson and Magnepan, all becoming successful companies that continue to operate today. Likewise, a negative review by Pearson could be harmful for a new or established company. Many of the leading audiophile reviewers of today, including Jonathan Valin (TAS), Michael Fremer (Stereophile, Analog Planet), Art Dudley (Stereophile), and Roy Gregory (The Audio Beat) began their career working under Pearson. According to reviewer Roy Gregory, Pearson's "real importance was as a reviewer who defined what a reviewer was, and his legacy lies in the hands of the reviewing community."

Death
On November 4, 2014, Pearson died in his home in Sea Cliff, New York. At the time of his death, Pearson was in frail health following a series of heart and circulatory ailments.

References

1937 births
2014 deaths
American critics
American magazine editors
American magazine founders
People from North Wilkesboro, North Carolina
Writers from North Carolina
Duke University alumni

Harry Pearson (audio critic)


John Hume  (18 January 19373 August 2020) was an Irish nationalist politician from Northern Ireland, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the recent political history of Ireland, as one of the architects of the Northern Ireland peace process.

A native of Derry, he was a founding member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), and served as its second leader from 1979 to 2001. He also served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP), and a Member of the UK Parliament (MP), as well as a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA).

Hume was co-recipient of the 1998 Nobel Peace Prize with David Trimble, and also received both the Gandhi Peace Prize and the Martin Luther King Award.  He is the only person to receive the three major peace awards.

In 2012, Pope Benedict XVI made Hume a Knight Commander of the Papal Order of St. Gregory the Great.
He was named "Ireland's Greatest" in a 2010 public poll by Irish national broadcaster RTÉ to find the greatest person in Ireland's history.

Early life and education

Hume was born in 1937 into a working-class Catholic family in Derry, the eldest of seven children of Anne "Annie" (née Doherty), a seamstress, and Samuel Hume, a former soldier and shipyard worker. He had a mostly Irish Catholic background, though his surname derived from one of his great-grandfathers, a Scottish Presbyterian who migrated to County Donegal. Hume attended St Columb's College and went on to St Patrick's College, Maynooth, the leading Catholic seminary in Ireland and a recognised college of the National University of Ireland, where he intended to study for the priesthood. Among his teachers was Tomás Ó Fiaich, the future cardinal and Primate of All Ireland.

Hume did not complete his clerical studies but did obtain an M.A. degree in French and history from the college in 1958, and then returned home to his native Derry, where he became a teacher at his Alma mater, St Columb's College. He was a founding member of the Credit Union movement in the city and was chair of the University for Derry Committee in 1965, an unsuccessful fight to have Northern Ireland's second university established in Derry in the mid-1960s.

Hume became the youngest ever President of the Irish League of Credit Unions at age 27. He served in the role from 1964 to 1968. He once said that "all the things I've been doing, it's the thing I'm proudest of because no movement has done more good for the people of Ireland, north and south, than the credit union movement."

Hume became a leading figure in the civil rights movement in the late 1960s along with people such as Hugh Logue. Hume was a prominent figure in the Derry Citizens' Action Committee. The DCAC was set up in the wake of 5 October 1968 march through Derry which had caused much attention to be drawn towards the situation in Northern Ireland. The purpose of the DCAC was to make use of the publicity surrounding recent events to bring to light grievances in Derry that had been suppressed by the Unionist Government for years. The DCAC, unlike Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA), was aimed specifically at a local campaign, improving the situation in Derry for everyone, and maintaining a peaceful stance.  The committee also had a Stewards Association that was there to prevent any violence at marches or sit-downs.

Political career

Hume became an Independent Nationalist member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland in 1969 at the height of the civil rights campaign. He was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1973, and served as Minister of Commerce in the short-lived power-sharing Executive in 1974. He stood unsuccessfully for the Westminster Parliament for the Londonderry constituency in October 1974, and was elected for Foyle in 1983.

In October 1971 he joined four Westminster MPs in a 48-hour hunger strike to protest at the internment without trial of hundreds of suspected Irish republicans. State papers that have been released under the 30 year rule that an Irish diplomat eight years later in 1979 believed Hume supported the return of internment.

In 1977, Hume challenged a regulation under the Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922 which allowed any soldier to disperse an assembly of three or more people. The Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, Lord Lowry, held that the regulation was ultra vires under Section 4 of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 which forbade the Parliament of Northern Ireland to make laws in respect of the army.

A founding member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), he succeeded Gerry Fitt as its leader in 1979.  He also served as one of Northern Ireland's three Members of the European Parliament and served on the faculty of Boston College, from which he received an honorary degree in 1995.

Hume was directly involved in secret talks with the British government and Sinn Féin, in an effort to bring Sinn Féin to the discussion table openly. The talks are speculated to have led directly to the Anglo-Irish Agreement in 1985.

The vast majority of unionists rejected the agreement and staged a massive and peaceful public rally in Belfast City Centre to demonstrate their distaste. Many Republicans and nationalists also rejected it, as they had seen it as not going far enough. Hume, however, continued dialogue with both governments and Sinn Féin. The "Hume–Adams process" eventually delivered the 1994 IRA ceasefire which ultimately provided the relatively peaceful backdrop against which the Good Friday agreement was brokered.

Reputation
Hume is credited as being the thinker behind many political developments in Northern Ireland, from the power-sharing Sunningdale Agreement to the Anglo-Irish Agreement and the Belfast Agreement. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1998 alongside the then-leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, David Trimble.

When Trimble became First Minister, it was expected that Hume would take the role of Deputy First Minister, being the leader of the second largest party, the SDLP. Instead, this role was handed to Séamus Mallon, also of the SDLP. Some political journalists cited a bad working relationship between Hume and Trimble, despite the two men collecting the Nobel Prize together.

On his retirement from the SDLP leadership in 2001, Hume was praised across the political divide, even by his long-time opponent, fellow MP and MEP, the Rev. Ian Paisley. Hume held the Tip O'Neill Chair in Peace Studies at the University of Ulster, currently funded by The Ireland Funds.

Retirement

On 4 February 2004, Hume announced his complete retirement from politics and was succeeded by Mark Durkan as SDLP leader.  He did not contest the 2004 European election (when his seat was won by Bairbre de Brún of Sinn Féin), nor did he run in the 2005 general election, in which Mark Durkan retained the Foyle constituency for the SDLP.

Hume and his wife, Pat, continued to be active in promoting European integration, issues around global poverty and the Credit Union movement. He was also a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations. In retirement, he continued to speak publicly, including a visit to Seton Hall University in New Jersey in 2005, the first Summer University of Democracy of the Council of Europe (Strasbourg, 10–14 July 2006), and at St Thomas University, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, on 18 July 2007. A building added to the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, was named after him. Hume held the position of Club President of his local football team, Derry City F.C., which he supported all his life. He was a patron of the children's charity Plan International Ireland.

Personal life

In 1960, Hume married Patricia "Pat" Hone (22 February 19382 September 2021), a primary school teacher, whom he had first met two years earlier at a dancehall in Muff, County Donegal. The couple had five children - Thérèse, Áine, Aidan, John and Mo - as well as 16 grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.

Death

In 2015, Hume was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, of which he had first displayed symptoms in the late 1990s. Hume died in the early hours of 3 August 2020 at a nursing home in Derry, at the age of 83. On his death, former Labour leader and prime minister Tony Blair said: "John Hume was a political titan; a visionary who refused to believe the future had to be the same as the past." The Dalai Lama said on Twitter: "John Hume's deep conviction in the power of dialogue and negotiations to resolve conflict was unwavering... It was his leadership and his faith in the power of negotiations that enabled the 1998 Good Friday Agreement to be reached. His steady persistence set an example for us all to follow."

See also
List of peace activists

Awards and honours
 LL.D. (honoris causa), Boston College, 1995 (one of 44 honorary doctorates Hume was awarded)
 LL.D. (honoris causa), University College Galway, 1996
 Four Freedoms, Freedom of Speech Medal Recipient, 1996
 Golden Doves for Peace Journalistic Prize, 1997
 Nobel Prize for Peace (co-recipient), 1998
 Officier de Légion d'Honneur, France, 1999
 Martin Luther King Award, 1999
 Blessed are the Peacemakers Award from Catholic Theological Union, 2000
 International Gandhi Peace Prize, 2001
 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 2002
 Freedom of two cities; Derry City in 2000 & Cork in 2004
 Honorary D.Litt., St. Thomas University, Fredericton, N.B., 2007
 Honorary Patron, University Philosophical Society, Trinity College Dublin, 2007
 Ireland's Greatest (public poll conducted by RTÉ), 2010
 Knight of Saint Gregory, 2012

Further reading
 Denis Haughey and Sean Farren, 'John Hume: Irish Peacemaker,' Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2015
 John Hume, 'Personal views, politics, peace and reconciliation in Ireland,' Town House, Dublin, 1996.
 John Hume, 'Derry beyond the walls: social and economic aspects of the growth of Derry,' Ulster Historical foundation, Belfast, 2002.
 Barry White, 'John Hume: a statesman of the troubles,' Blackstaff, Belfast, 1984
 George Drower, 'John Hume: peacemaker,' Gollancz, 1995
 George Drower, 'John Hume: man of peace,' Vista, London, 1996
 Paul Routledge, 'John Hume: a biography,' Harper-Collins, London, 1997
 Gerard Murray, 'John Hume and the SDLP: impact and survival in Northern Ireland,' Irish Academic Press, Dublin, 1998.

Quotes

 "Over the years, the barriers of the past—the distrust and prejudices of the past—will be eroded, and a new society will evolve, a new Ireland based on agreement and respect for difference."
 "I thought that I had a duty to help those that weren't as lucky as me."

References

External links

  including the Nobelprize Lecture on 10 December 1998
 Hume's Address to the College Historical Society of Trinity College Dublin, on Northern Ireland
 Tip O'Neill Chair in Peace Studies at the University of Ulster

1937 births
2020 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of St Gregory the Great
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Leaders of the Social Democratic and Labour Party
British cooperative organizers
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
MEPs for Northern Ireland 1979–1984
MEPs for Northern Ireland 1984–1989
MEPs for Northern Ireland 1989–1994
MEPs for Northern Ireland 1994–1999
MEPs for Northern Ireland 1999–2004
Social Democratic and Labour Party MEPs
People from Northern Ireland of Scottish descent
Members of the Northern Ireland Forum
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1969–1973
Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly 1973–1974
Members of the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention
Northern Ireland MPAs 1982–1986
Northern Ireland MLAs 1998–2003
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Londonderry constituencies (since 1922)
Recipients of the Gandhi Peace Prize
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
Nobel laureates from Northern Ireland
British Nobel laureates
Politicians from Derry (city)
People of The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Social Democratic and Labour Party MPs (UK)
People educated at St Columb's College
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland for County Londonderry constituencies
Executive ministers of the 1974 Northern Ireland Assembly
Social Democratic and Labour Party members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland
Social Democratic and Labour Party MLAs
Independent members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Deaths from dementia in Northern Ireland

John Hume


Pierre Woods (born January 6, 1982) is a former American football linebacker. He was signed by the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at Michigan.

Early years
Woods was a two-year letterman at Glenville High School in Cleveland, Ohio under the guidance of coach Ted Ginn Sr., and his most notable teammates at the time were Troy Smith, Donte Whitner and Ted Ginn Jr. He played in the first ever U.S. Army All-American Bowl game on December 30, 2000, alongside fellow Michigan Wolverine Marlin Jackson. He recorded 173 tackles and 42 sacks, caused seven fumbles and intercepted one pass during prep career and also tallied 34 career receptions for 581 yards and 13 touchdowns as a tight end. He registered 92 tackles, 26 sacks, five forced fumbles and one interception during senior campaign and was Second-team USA Today High School All-America. He was also a four-year letterman and three-year starter on the varsity basketball team.

College career
Woods attended the University of Michigan where he appeared in all 13 games as a redshirt freshman and did not see any action as a freshman. As a sophomore in 2003 he had 68 tackles and led team with 14 tackles for loss and seven sacks and was second-team All-Big Ten after starting all 13 games at outside linebacker. In 2004, played in 12 games, recording 22 tackles, one tackle for loss and one fumble recovery. As a senior in 2005, played in all 12 games and made five starts at linebacker and made 24 tackles, 11 tackles for loss, three sacks, one pass breakup and two forced fumbles...

Professional career

Pre-draft

New England Patriots
Woods was signed by the New England Patriots after going undrafted in the 2006 NFL Draft. In his rookie season, Woods saw action in eight games and finished fourth on the team with 11 special teams tackles In 2007, he played in all 16 regular-season games for the first time in his career and led the team in special teams tackles with 21. In 2008, he led the team in special teams tackles in three games and made his first career start on November 13, 2008, against the New York Jets and made nine tackles (7 solo) in the game. However, Woods suffered an arm injury weeks later and was placed on injured reserve on December 13. Woods returned in 2009 to play in all 16 games for the Patriots, starting five. He finished the season with 36 tackles, 18 of which came on special teams. He was released during final cuts on September 4, 2010.

Woods was re-signed by the Patriots on November 17, 2010, one day after the team waived outside linebacker Shawn Crable. He recorded his second career sack in the team's Week 12 Thanksgiving game against the Detroit Lions. The Patriots waived Woods on December 3, 2010.

Buffalo Bills
Woods was claimed off waivers by the Buffalo Bills on December 6, 2010.

On February 11, 2011, Woods was released from the team's roster and is now an unrestricted free agent.

Cleveland Gladiators
On November 9, 2012, Woods was assigned to the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League. After going on injured reserve after Week 11, Woods was reassigned after the Gladiators Week 12 game.

References

External links
Buffalo Bills bio
New England Patriots bio
Michigan Wolervines bio

1982 births
Living people
Glenville High School alumni
American football outside linebackers
Buffalo Bills players
Cleveland Gladiators players
Michigan Wolverines football players
New England Patriots players
Players of American football from Cleveland
African-American players of American football
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

Pierre Woods


The Centre Tecnològic per a la Indústria Aeronàutica i de l'Espai (CTAE, Technological Centre for the Aeronautical and Space Industry), was founded in March 2005 as a non-profit private foundation by academia, government and industry in the region of Catalonia, Spain.

CTAE is committed to boost the aeronautical and space sector in Catalonia, with a mission to enhance industrial competitiveness, stimulating innovation, and undertaking transversal initiatives involving research centers, government and companies.

CTAE offers services of Research, Development and Innovation ("R+D+i") to companies, helping transform concept into product, with the support and the competences of universities and research centers, and financing projects with a mixed formula of public-private funding.

CTAE promotes also trans-regional and international cooperation, transfer of technology with other non-aerospace sectors, as well as promotion of activities related to outreach the aerospace sector to society.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090930100827/http://www.ctae.org/

Non-profit organisations based in Spain
Science and technology in Catalonia
Organizations established in 2005

Centre de Technologia Aerospacial


Alberto Giacometti (; 10 October 1901 – 11 January 1966) was a Swiss sculptor, painter, draftsman and printmaker. His parents were Giovanni and Annetta and his family grew up with art. His father was a Post-Impressionist painter.

When he was ten, he began drawing with pencil and crayon and sending his drawings to his godfather, Amiet. Then he started to use oils and he painted his first photo of a face at the age of 12. He used his siblings as models.

In 1915, he went to the Evangelical School in the town of Schiers. He left school in 1919. He continued to develop his art skills in Geneva where he enrolled at the École des Arts Industriels. He travelled to Venice, Padua, Florence and Rome. Here, he was influenced by the collections of Egyptian art he studied. African and Oceanic art also inspired him. He also focused on the surrealism of art. Example of this are Suspended Ball and The Palace at 4 a.m.

From 1922, he lived and worked mainly in Paris. He regularly visited his hometown Borgonovo to see his family and to work on his art.

In 1940, Giacometti and his brother, Diego, went to the south of France to escape Nazi invasion. He returned to Paris in 1941. He died on 11 January 1966.

Giacometti was one of the most important sculptors of the 20th century. His work was particularly influenced by artistic styles such as Cubism and Surrealism.

1901 births
1966 deaths
Swiss sculptors
Swiss painters
Maloja District
Printmakers
People from Graubünden

Alberto Giacometti


Summons of the Soul, Summoning of the Soul, or Zhao Hun (; Pinyin: Zhāo Hún) is one of the poems anthologized in the ancient Chinese poetry collection, the Chu Ci. The "Summons of the Soul" consists of a four-part poem. The first part consists of a few lines with no clear relationship to the rest of the poem. The second part is a prolog in the form of a conversation in heaven, in which God (帝) orders the Ancestor Shaman Wu Yang (巫陽) to go down below to earth and help out in the case of someone whose soul has wandered off. Part three is the actual summoning of the soul, by means of threats and temptations. The fourth part is an epilog (luan). (Hawkes, 2011 [1985]: 222) The authorship of "Summons of the Soul" has been attributed to Qu Yuan, but Song Yu is more likely. (Hawkes, 2011 [1985]: 223) The "Summons of the Soul" is very similar, but longer, than another of the Chu ci poems, "The Great Summons" (Da zhao). Both poems derive from a shamanic tradition of summoning the soul of someone who has seemed to die, most likely originally with the intention of having it to re-animate its former body (but in the later literary tradition this was meant more allegorically). The two poems both follow a similar pattern: threats of dangers lurking in all directions to which the soul might wander and then detailed lists with tempting descriptions of magnificent sensual pleasures which would be available as a reward for the souls obedient return (Hawkes, 2011 [1985]: 219–221)

Interpretations
Various interpretations of the "Summoning the Soul" have been made, as to whose soul is being summoned, by whom, and in what context.

See also
Chuci
Classical Chinese poetry
Duanwu Festival
History of fu poetry
List of wu shaman
Qu Yuan
Wu (shaman)

References
Hawkes, David, translator and introduction (2011 [1985]). Qu Yuan et al., The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books.

Chinese poems

Zhao Hun


Danny Thomas (born Amos Muzyad Yaqoob Kairouz; January 6, 1912 – February 6, 1991) was an American actor, singer, nightclub comedian, producer, and philanthropist. He created and starred in the Danny Thomas Show. In addition to guest roles on many of the comedy, talk, and musical variety programs of his time, his legacy includes a lifelong dedication to fundraising for charity. Most notably, he was the founder of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, a leading center in pediatric medicine with a focus on pediatric cancer. St. Jude now has affiliate hospitals in eight other American cities as of early 2020.

Already a successful entertainer, Thomas began his film career in 1947, playing opposite child actress Margaret O'Brien in The Unfinished Dance (1947) and Big City (1948). He then starred in the long-running television sitcom Make Room for Daddy (later, The Danny Thomas Show from the fourth season onwards) from 1953 to 1964, in which he played the lead role of Danny Williams. He was the father of Marlo Thomas, Terre Thomas, and Tony Thomas.

Early life

One of 10 children, Danny Thomas was born Amos Muzyad Yaqoob Kairouz () on January 6, 1912, in Deerfield, Michigan, to Charles Yaqoob Kairouz and his wife Margaret Taouk. His parents were Maronite Catholic immigrants from Bsharri, Lebanon. Thomas was raised in Toledo, Ohio, attending St. Francis de Sales Church, Woodward High School, and finally the University of Toledo, where he was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Bishop Samuel Stritch of Toledo confirmed Thomas in the Catholic Church. Stritch, a native of Tennessee, was a lifelong spiritual advisor for Thomas, and would later advise him to locate the St. Jude Hospital in Memphis. He married Rose Marie Cassaniti in 1936, a week after his 24th birthday.

In 1932, Thomas began performing on radio in Detroit at WMBC on The Happy Hour Club. Thomas first performed under his anglicized birth name, "Amos Jacobs Kairouz." After he moved to Chicago in 1940, Thomas did not want his friends and family to know he went back into working clubs where the salary was better, so he came up with the pseudonym "Danny Thomas" (after two of his brothers).

He was living in Ward 6, Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio, according to the 1920 United States Census as Amos Jacobs, the same in the 1930 Census, and in 1940 living in Ward 2, Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan, as Amos J. Jacobs, a radio and theatrical artist. Further, the 1930 Census states his parents were born in Syria; while the 1920 census states that they were born in "Seria," and that their mother tongue is "Serian." At the time, Lebanon was part of the Ottoman Empire (until 1920) and Lebanese immigrants were identified as Syrians in most of the world and as Turks in Latin America.

Careers other than television

Radio
Thomas first reached mass audiences on network radio in the 1940s playing shifty brother-in-law Amos in The Bickersons, which began as sketches on the music-comedy show Drene Time, starring Don Ameche and Frances Langford. Thomas also portrayed himself as a scatterbrained Lothario on this show. His other network radio work included a stint as Jerry Dingle the postman on Fanny Brice's The Baby Snooks Show. In the early 1950s he made several appearances on the popular NBC variety program, The Big Show, hosted by stage legend Tallulah Bankhead.

Thomas also had his own radio program, The Danny Thomas Show. The 30-minute weekly variety show was on ABC from 1942 to 1943 and on CBS from 1947 to 1948.

Films
After his two late 1940s films with Margaret O'Brien, Thomas appeared with Betty Grable in the musical Call Me Mister (1951). He portrayed songwriter Gus Kahn opposite Doris Day in the 1951 film biography I'll See You in My Dreams. He then starred in The Jazz Singer opposite the popular contemporary vocalist Peggy Lee, a 1952 remake of the 1927 original.

Music
In 1952, Thomas recorded several Arabic folk songs with Toufic Barham for a Saint Jude Hospital Foundation fundraiser record. The songs later appeared on the re-issue album The Music of Arab-Americans: A Retrospective Collection. From 1952 through 1974, Thomas also recorded a number of vocal albums on his own, as well as participating on other albums.

Television career

Make Room for Daddy (The Danny Thomas Show)
Thomas enjoyed a successful 11-year run (1953–1964) on Make Room for Daddy, later known as The Danny Thomas Show. Jean Hagen, Sherry Jackson, and Rusty Hamer were his first family. The Hagen character died offscreen in 1956 and was replaced by Marjorie Lord; Angela Cartwright also joined the cast at this time playing Danny's stepdaughter. Sherry Jackson left the series in 1958, and Penny Parker replaced her in the 1959–1960 season. Parker was written out of the series with her marriage to the character Patrick Hannigan, played by comedian Pat Harrington, Jr.

On January 1, 1959, Thomas appeared with his other Make Room for Daddy child stars, Angela Cartwright and Rusty Hamer, in an episode of NBC's The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford.

The show was produced at Desilu Studios, where Lucille Ball was appearing alongside Desi Arnaz in I Love Lucy, and it featured several guest stars who went on to star in their own shows, including Andy Griffith (The Andy Griffith Show, Mayberry RFD), Joey Bishop, and Bill Bixby (My Favorite Martian and others). He also scored a major success at the London Palladium, in the years when many big American stars appeared there. In 1963, in an episode called "Oh, the Clancys," the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem appeared as Marjorie Lord's Irish cousins and sang "Brennan on the Moore."

In 1970, the program was revived for a season under the title Make Room for Granddaddy.

Angela Cartwright (who spoke about her on- and off-camera relationship with her television stepfather, Danny Thomas, on a groundbreaking ABC TV show, Make Room for Daddy) had said: "I thought Danny was hilarious and he was always cracking me up. He was loud and gregarious, nothing like my real dad who is far more reserved than that. So, it was fun to be able to make smart remarks and get away with it. I would never have talked to my real parents that way, but in the make-believe world of the Williams family I got away with that." Cartwright also added that by the time Thomas' show had ended, she wanted to join the cast of The Sound of Music: "I went on an interview for the part of Brigitta. I was still filming The Danny Thomas Show, but I knew the series was coming to an end. After several auditions, I was the first von Trapp cast. I asked Danny Thomas if he would let me out of my contract so I could be in the movie and he was very gracious to let me out of the last show of the season. He didn't have to do that and I am very grateful he did."

The Wonderful World of Burlesque
In 1965 and 1966, Thomas presented The Wonderful World of Burlesque, featuring Lucille Ball, Jerry Lewis, Don Adams, Carol Channing, Andy Griffith, Sheldon Leonard, and Shirley Jones.

The Danny Thomas Hour
The Danny Thomas Hour is an American anthology television series that was broadcast on NBC during the 1967–1968 television season.

Producer
Thomas became a successful television producer (with Sheldon Leonard and Aaron Spelling among his partners) of The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Andy Griffith Show, That Girl and The Mod Squad. Thomas also produced three series for Walter Brennan: The Real McCoys, The Tycoon, and The Guns of Will Sonnett on ABC during the late 1950s and 1960s. Thomas often appeared in cameos on shows he produced, including his portrayal of the tuxedoed, droll alien Kolak, from the planet Twilo, in the Dick Van Dyke Show science-fiction spoof, "It May Look Like a Walnut".

Thomas was responsible for Mary Tyler Moore's first "big break" in acting. In 1961, Carl Reiner cast her in The Dick Van Dyke Show after Thomas personally recommended Moore. Reiner had remembered her as "the girl with three names" whom he had turned down earlier, but rediscovered her after a lengthy search through photos and records.

Return to television
In the early 1970s, Thomas reunited most of his second Daddy cast (Marjorie Lord, Rusty Hamer, and Angela Cartwright) for a short-lived update of the show, Make Room for Granddaddy. Premised around Danny and Kathy Williams caring for their grandson by daughter Terry, who was away with her husband who was serving in the Military, and stationed in Japan, the show lasted one season.

By the mid-1970s, Thomas' son Tony had become an accomplished television producer. Tony, along with Paul Junger Witt, formed Witt/Thomas Productions in 1975, and was responsible for his father's next three (and ultimately final) starring vehicles. Thomas returned to series TV in the NBC sitcom, The Practice, from January 1976 to January 1977, and after that I'm a Big Girl Now, which aired on ABC from 1980 to 1981.

Thomas was guest of honor in The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast that aired December 15, 1976, on NBC. He guest-starred in "In Full Command," the March 18, 1978, series finale of the long-running detective drama Kojak, as a corrupt superior officer in the police department, in an episode directed by series star Telly Savalas. He also appeared in the 1988 TV movie Side by Side, opposite Milton Berle and Sid Caesar.

The last series in which Thomas was a headlining star was One Big Family, which aired in syndication during the 1986–1987 season. The situation comedy's premise was set around a semi-retired comedian whose grandchildren were orphaned after their parents were killed in a car accident.

Commercials
Thomas, like many actors prominent in television, endorsed commercial products. In particular, two companies that featured him in their advertising were Maxwell House, whose instant coffee he endorsed (though it had no decaffeinated variant at the time, he later claimed he had been endorsing a "decaffeinated" instant coffee and the coffee he actually drank had a high caffeine content), and Philips Norelco's "Dial-A-Brew" version of its short-lived "Better Cup Of Coffee" line of electric drip coffee-makers. One of his other "commercials" was actually a public-service message, with fund-raising goals, for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.

Philanthropy
As a "starving actor", Thomas had made a vow: If he found success, he would open a shrine dedicated to St. Jude Thaddeus, the patron saint of hopeless causes. After becoming a successful actor in the early 1950s, his wife joined him and began traveling the United States to help raise funds to build St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. He fervently believed "no child should die in the dawn of life." With help from Dr. Lemuel Diggs and close friend Anthony Abraham, an auto magnate in Miami, Florida, Thomas founded the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1962. Since its inception, St. Jude has treated children from all 50 states and around the world, continuing the mission of finding cures and saving children. Dr. Peter C. Doherty of St. Jude's Immunology Department, was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1996 for key discoveries on how the immune system works to kill virus-infected cells.

St. Jude's has grown to include eight affiliate hospitals across the United States. It is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization with annual expenses, as of 2018, of over $1.4 billion funded by nearly $1.5 billion in donations. Further, the World Health Organization has named St. Jude's as its first "Collaborating Center for Childhood Cancer" to help increase survival rates on rare pediatric cancer from 20% to as much as 60% by 2030.

Personal life

Danny Thomas was a struggling young comic when he met Rose Marie Mantell (born Rose Marie Cassaniti) (1914–2000), who had a singing career with her own radio show in Detroit, Michigan, and was the daughter of Marie "Mary" Cassaniti (1896–1972), a drummer and percussionist for "Marie's Merry Music Makers". They were married on January 15, 1936, and had three children, Margaret Julia ("Marlo"), Theresa ("Terre"), and Charles Anthony ("Tony") Thomas. The Thomas children followed their parents into entertainment in various capacities—Marlo as an actress and producer, Tony as a television producer, and Terre as an accomplished singer-songwriter. Danny's brother, Thomas Yaqoob, using the name Tom Jacobs, appeared on Make Room For Daddy and The Andy Griffith Show.

Thomas was initiated to the Freemasonry in Prudence Lodge No. 958, Chicago, passed, and raised to the sublime degree of Master Mason at Gothic Lodge #270 F&AM located at Hamilton Square, New Jersey, on March 15, 1984, by special dispensation of the New Jersey Grand Master. During May 1985, he was made a 32° Mason and also a Noble in Al Malaikah Shrine located at Los Angeles, California. Thomas also filmed the introduction to the Masonic Service Association's movie, When the Band Stops Playing.

A devout Roman Catholic, Thomas was named a Knight Commander of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre by Pope Paul VI in recognition of his services to the church and the community. He was a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills, California. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan presented Thomas with a Congressional Gold Medal honoring him for his work with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Thomas was one of the original owners of the Miami Dolphins, along with Joe Robbie, but he sold his share soon after the purchase. He was an avid golfer, claimed a ten golf handicap, and competed with Sam Snead in a charity event. Two PGA Tour tournaments bore his name: the Danny Thomas-Diplomat Classic in south Florida in 1969 and, along with co-founder Vernon Bell, the Danny Thomas Memphis Classic from 1970 to 1984. He was also the first non-Jewish member of the Hillcrest Country Club in Los Angeles.

In 1990, Danny Thomas was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame.

Death

In 1991, Thomas died after a heart attack at his home in Beverly Hills, a hospital spokesman said. Two days previously he had celebrated St. Jude Hospital's 29th anniversary and filmed a commercial, which aired posthumously. He is interred in a mausoleum on the grounds of the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, alongside his wife.

Awards and honors
A park in Toledo, Ohio, bears Thomas' name and a monument.

A stretch of roadway in Memphis is locally known as Danny Thomas Boulevard. The road, built in the 1960s to partially reroute U.S. Highway 51 around downtown, runs from E.H. Crump Boulevard (U.S. 70/79/64) to North Parkway/A.W. Willis Avenue (Tennessee State Route 1), passing through St. Jude Children's Research Hospital's campus on a viaduct.

For Thomas' contribution to the television industry, in February 1960 he was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6901 Hollywood Boulevard.

Thomas was a posthumous recipient of the 2004 Bob Hope Humanitarian Award.

In 1965, Danny Thomas was appointed as a Special Deputy Sheriff by Ben Clark, who was a long standing Riverside County Sheriff and a recognized "trail blazer" in terms of professionalizing the law enforcement profession in California and the United States.

On February 16, 2012, the United States Postal Service issued a first-class forever stamp honoring Thomas as an entertainer and humanitarian. The Danny Thomas Forever Stamp shows an oil-on-panel painting depicting a smiling, tuxedo-clad Thomas in the foreground and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in the background.

Filmography

References

External links

Biography at the Museum Broadcast Communications
"Danny Thomas Story" at St. Jude
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Danny Thomas receives the Congressional Gold Medal from President Ronald Reagan
 Portrait of comedian Danny Thomas, 1963 in Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.

1912 births
1991 deaths
Male actors from Toledo, Ohio
Arab-American culture in Ohio
American male comedians
20th-century American comedians
American male film actors
Philanthropists from New York (state)
American male television actors
Television producers from New York (state)
American male radio actors
American people of Lebanese descent
Burials in Tennessee
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Respiratory disease deaths in California
Deaths from pneumothorax
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Male actors from Detroit
People from Lenawee County, Michigan
Male actors from Rochester, New York
Myrrh Records artists
RCA Victor artists
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American businesspeople
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
American Freemasons
Roman Catholic Freemasons
Nightclub performers
Musicians from Rochester, New York
Catholics from Michigan
University of Toledo alumni
Television producers from Michigan

Danny Thomas


The Parker Tapes is the debut album from UK group Cassetteboy.  The duo claim it took them 7 years to finish.  It contains many short tracks and a long track listing.

Overview

Highlights include the song "Fly Me To New York", a satirical political swipe at the 9/11 bombing, which includes Frank Sinatra's voice cut up to create the dialog. Joliver is a cut up of various Jamie Oliver samples, proclaiming himself to be a 'tosser', whilst 'Nogged Out with Sharon Davies' transforms David Bowie's 'Space Oddity' to hilarious effect. 'Pasta Rasta's Camo Visor Advisor (Revised)' is a cut up version of the song 'Camouflage' by Stan Ridgeway. 'Old Time Romantic Doves' chops up Lee Dorsey's 'Get Out My Life, Woman', whilst 'Dancing with Manatees' uses elements of Aphex Twin's 'Every Day'. Other sample sources include The Fall, Doctor Who, The Professionals, Madonna, many television advertisements, Coronation Street, The Smiths, BBC News, and St Winifred's School Choir, although cataloguing every sample used on the album is a near-impossible task. In addition to this, the album contains several longer, hip-hop inspired loops as interludes.  The album received a favourable review in the New Musical Express upon release .

Track listing
 "Sabbaba"
 "Pilly the Bigs"
 "Fist Up Mother Brown"
 "Young Friends"
 "Nogged Out with Sharon Davies"
 "Blood and Pus"
 "An Old Hook"
 "Billy Bonds Loop"
 "Joliver"
 "Bokey and the Smandits"
 "Bring Back Cloaks"
 "Old Time Romantic Doves"
 "Dixy Shit"
 "Dancing with Manatees"
 "Job and Bosie"
 "TR 389 SH L82 TR 380"
 "Trout Leg Legg Street"
 "CV Mosq and More Except for CV Mosq"
 "The Crime Busters of the Sea"
 "100 Degree Neck Cracking Pins"
 "Chocolate Sushi"
 "Expensive Shoes Born Cheap Worn Once"
 "My Dad Knows Your Brother"
 "Wind It Up Rob, We'll Dance"
 "New Drun 2"
 "Chicken Cake"
 "Shit & Bird Muck"
 "Well Now"
 "You Always Seemed So Brave Before"
 "What Happened to You Eh?"
 "Herron?"
 "Pigeon Nosebag"
 "Hat Whistle the Shoe Whistle"
 "Baronia Marine"
 "Fred Horse"
 "Cos We're Livin on Adam Clayton"
 "Grunder"
 "Bill Hate Figure"
 "Ah, Tone, the Brownies!"
 "2hrs Later Loop"
 "Magic Watery Stickers"
 "A Black Swan Bit My Red Shoe"
 "Sick as a Dog"
 "Hideous Krow"
 "Thomas Chad"
 "Darkside Farmers"
 "Big Up All Our Mates"
 "Smiggie Balls, Duff Paddy, Shoepack"
 "2 Millennium Big Knee"
 "Pasta Rasta's Camo Visor Advisor (Revised)"
 "Large Father"
 "Gold Small Cat"
 "Krylon"
 "Elint Castwood"
 "A Chance to Turn it Off"
 "Cybear"
 "Got Myself A __ Tied Up in the Basement"
 "My Dad's Brother Knows Russell Crowe"
 "Anyway, Right, So I Said to Her"
 "If That's Yer Attitude"
 "You Can Just About Forget It"
 "Rwuul Mwroededded"
 "Crocodile Tears"
 "Jangly Watt.sits On the Prom"
 "Pissed Up and Shitting"
 "The Legend of the Swedish Galleon"
 "The Meat Section"
 "Gasoff Kettleggs"
 "MF Doom"
 "Pen Cock"
 "Dogs Dogs Dogs Dogs Oh Yeah Dogs"
 "Ferrularbis"
 "Atta Michi Hoi"
 "Foliage Nick Included"
 "Your Love is Fading"
 "Is It Hardcore?"
 "Brian Cardboard and His Swaying Stance"
 "We're Fucking Ragbags As It Is"
 "Barn Master Farley"
 "Scott says the Slum"
 "Bich Ho Tran"
 "The Sea Dogs"
 "The Kickabout"
 "Scrap Heap Services"
 "The One Behind It"
 "In Yer Eye"
 "10 $ Sting"
 "And a Complete Change of Blood"
 "Phil Collins' Cock"
 "Cool Fighter"
 "Drums"
 "6 it"
 "Dirt Slug the Finest" (featuring JT)
 "Fly Me to New York" (featuring DJ Rubbish)
 "alecchristie.com"
 "Your Love is Like Off Benelyn"
 "(Thats Enough Meaningless Track Names-Ed.)"
 "Big Ugly Fat-necked Wombat-headed Big-bellied Magpie-legged Narrow-hipped Splay-footed Sons of Irish Bailiffs"

References

External links
 Cassetteboy on MySpace
 Cassetteboy on youtube

Cassetteboy albums
2002 debut albums

The Parker Tapes


The Knight of Hope or The Life of Luis Carlos Prestes (Portuguese: O Cavaleiro da Esperança ou Vida de Luis Carlos Prestes) is a 1942 book by Jorge Amado, a biography of the well-known Brazilian revolutionary Luis Carlos Prestes. It has not been published in English.

The Knight of Hope salutes the heroism of Prestes. In 1924 he set out on a 25,000 kilometer march that became known as the Prestes Column. In 1935 he founded the National Liberation Alliance and led the so-called "Communist Conspiracy". He was imprisoned in 1936 by the Getúlio Vargas dictatorship, along with his pregnant wife. The book expresses considerable support for Prestes's positions and indeed admiration for his person. As Amado observed, the book was written "with passion, about someone who is loved".  However, one critic has argued that Amado's estimate of the significance of Prestes is somewhat exaggerated, while admitting that the biography "is useful testimony to the relation between art and political life".

Amado himself suffered censorship and political persecution under Brazil's Estado Novo regime (1937-45). He was imprisoned in both 1936 and 1937, accused of being a Communist and a subversive. In 1937, copies of his various works were burned in a public square in Salvador along with those of others. He decided to write Prestes' biography in 1941 to campaign for the release of the revolutionary leader, who was still in prison. The book was written in Buenos Aires and published in Spanish language in 1942. Copies were only available on the black market in Brazil, and the text circulated in secret. The Argentine edition was later banned.

The first Brazilian edition was published in 1945, but disappeared from bookstores after the military coup of 1964. The next edition was not published until 1979. Throughout the biography Jorge Amado addresses an imaginary female reader, showing his intention to speak directly to the Brazilian people, encouraging them to support democracy and liberty.

References

1942 non-fiction books
Books by Jorge Amado
Brazilian biographies

The Knight of Hope