The seat of government is (as defined by Brewer's Politics) "the building, complex of buildings or the city from which a government exercises its authority".

In most countries, the nation's capital is also seat of its government, thus that city is appropriately referred to as the national seat of government. The terms are not however, completely synonymous, as some countries' seat of government differs from the capital. The Netherlands, for example, has Amsterdam as its capital but The Hague is the seat of government; and the Philippines, with Manila as its capital but the metropolitan area of the same name (Metro Manila; also known as National Capital Region (NCR)), is the seat of government.

Local seats of government
Local and regional authorities usually have a seat, called an administrative centre, as well. Terms for seats of local government of various levels and in various countries include:
County seat (United States)
 County town (UK and Ireland)
City hall/Town hall
Barrio-pueblo (Puerto Rico)

Buildings as seats of government
Examples of seats of government include:
 Canada: The suite of buildings on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario, where the Canadian Parliament meets.
 India: Three sites in New Delhi: the Sansad Bhavan (legislative seat), the Rashtrapati Bhavan, 7, Lok Kalyan Marg (executive seat), Supreme Court of India (judicial seat).
 Philippines: Four buildings in National Capital Region (NCR)/Metro Manila, Philippines: the GSIS Building in Pasay (Senate of the Philippines) and Batasang Pambansa in Quezon City: House of Representatives of the Philippines (legislative seat), the Malacañang Palace (executive seat), and Supreme Court of the Philippines (judicial seat) in Manila.
 United Kingdom: The Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, in Central London, where the British Parliament meets.
 United States: Three sites in Washington, D.C.: the United States Capitol (legislative seat), the White House (executive seat), and the United States Supreme Court building (judicial seat).

List of seats of country government which are not country capitals
There are several countries where, for various reasons, the official capital and de facto seat of government are separated:
Benin: Porto-Novo is the official capital, but Cotonou is the seat of government.
Bolivia: Sucre is the constitutional capital, and the supreme tribunal of justice is located in Sucre, making it the judicial capital. The , the national congress and national electoral court are located in La Paz, making it the seat of government.
Eswatini (Swaziland): Lobamba is the traditional, spiritual, and  legislative capital city of Eswatini, seat of the Parliament, while the capital is  Mbabane.
Israel and Palestine: Jerusalem is considered to be the national capital of Israel since 1950 but was fully declared the undivided capital of the nation from 1980 according to the Jerusalem Law, though most government offices are located in West Jerusalem. This move is not recognized by the international community but majority of the embassies are located in Tel Aviv. In addition, the State of Palestine also declares East Jerusalem or the entirety of Jerusalem to be its capital but the seat of government resides in Ramallah as with the Palestinian National Authority.  (For more details see: Status of Jerusalem.)
Ivory Coast: Yamoussoukro was designated the national capital in 1983, but most government offices and embassies are still located in Abidjan.
Malaysia: Putrajaya the federal administrative centre of the Malaysia. The seat of government was shifted in 1999 from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya because of overcrowding and congestion in the former.
Montserrat: Its official capital is Plymouth, but it was permanently abandoned in 1997 after it was completely destroyed by the eruptions of the Soufrière Hills volcano. Since 1998 the de facto capital is Brades.  The move was initially intended to be temporary, but it has remained the island's de facto capital ever since. Several names have been suggested for the new official capital now being constructed in the Little Bay area.
Netherlands: Amsterdam is the constitutional national capital even though the Dutch government, the parliament, the supreme court, the Council of State, and the work palace of the King are all located in The Hague, as are almost all the embassies. (For more details see: Capital of the Netherlands.)
Sri Lanka: Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, commonly known as Kotte is the official administrative capital of Sri Lanka. It is a satellite city of and located within the urban area of Sri Lanka's de facto economic and legislative capital, Colombo.
Tanzania: Until 1974, Dar es Salaam served as Tanzania's capital city, at which point the capital city commenced transferring to Dodoma, by order of then-president Julius Nyerere, which was officially completed in 1996. However, , it remained focus of central government bureaucracy, although this is in the process of fully moving to Dodoma.

Countries with no official capital
Nauru: Yaren District (in earlier times Makwa/Moqua), is the de facto capital of Nauru; the republic does not have an official capital.
Switzerland: , no Swiss city holds an official status of national capital. In 1848, the Federal Assembly voted to locate the seat of government in Bern, but no official status was granted to the city. The city has since been informally referred to as "Federal City".
Republic of China (Taiwan): Since 7 December 1949, Taipei has been the provisional capital and the seat of government of the Republic of China after losing the Chinese Civil War. Although Nanjing had been claimed as the nominal capital of the country, its claims were downplayed in the 1990s.

Historical examples
Federal Republic of Germany: Since German reunification in 1990 at the end of the Cold War and until 1999, Berlin was its capital and Bonn was the seat of government. However, the Berlin-Bonn Act specifies that many federal government institutions are to maintain a seat in Bonn indefinitely. Prior to reunification, the question as to what was the de jure capital was complicated by questions regarding the status of Berlin.
Kingdom of England: The traditional capital was the City of London, while Westminster, outside of the boundaries of the City of London, was the seat of government. They are both today part of the urban core of Greater London.
Kingdom of France: The traditional capital was Paris, though in the periods 1682-1789 and 1871-1879 the seat of government was at the Palace of Versailles, located southwest of Paris.

See also
 Government
 Lists of capitals

References

Capitals
Political geography
Political science terminology

Seat of government


Eliprodil (codenamed SL-82.0715) is an NMDA antagonist drug candidate which selectively inhibits the NR2B (GLUN2B) subtype NMDA receptor at submicromolar concentrations. Eliprodil failed a Phase III clinical trial for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke in 1996, sponsored by Synthélabo Recherche.

NMDA receptors are a key component in mediating glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, and it is believed that NMDA antagonists would be neuroprotective after a stroke or other traumatic brain injury. After a traumatic brain injury, neurons become deprived of glucose and oxygen. These neurons quickly lose ATP and become depolarized, which releases glutamate. The extracellular buildup of glutamate triggers the overstimulation of AMPA and NMDA receptors. This, in turn, causes an influx of Na+ and Ca2+. Therefore, when NMDA receptors are activated, there is an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. High Ca2+ causes fatal metabolic consequences, including neuronal cell death.

References

Abandoned drugs
Chloroarenes
NMDA receptor antagonists
Fluoroarenes
Phenylethanolamines
Piperidines

Eliprodil


John Le Keux (4 June 1783 – 2 April 1846) was a British engraver.

Life
Born in Sun Street, Bishopsgate, London, on 4 June 1783, and baptised at St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, in September of that year, he was son of Peter Le Keux and Anne Dyer, his wife. The engraver Henry Le Keux  (1787–1868), was his younger brother. His father, a wholesale pewter manufacturer in Bishopsgate, was from a Huguenot family.

Le Keux was apprenticed to his father, but tried out engraving on pewter. He turned his attention to copperplate engraving, and was transferred for the remaining years of his apprenticeship to James Basire, to whom his brother Henry had been apprenticed. Under Basire he became a stylish line engraver.

Works
Le Keux's engravings were found in the architectural publications of John Britton, Augustus Welby Pugin, John Preston Neale, and others; they were an influence in the revival of Gothic architecture. He engraved the plates to James Ingram's Memorials of Oxford, and published himself two volumes of engravings, Memorials of Cambridge, with text by Thomas Wright and Harry Longueville Jones; some of these plates were subsequently used for Charles Henry Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge. He engraved, after J. M. W. Turner, Rome from the Farnese Gardens for James Hakewill's Italy, and St. Agatha's Abbey, Easby, for Thomas Dunham Whitaker's History of Richmondshire.

Family
Le Keux married, on 27 September 1809, at St. Mary's, Lambeth, Sarah Sophia (1836–1871), daughter of John Lingard, by whom he was father of John Henry Le Keux (b. 1813), also an engraver. Le Keux died on 2 April 1846, and was buried in Bunhill Fields cemetery.

Notes

1783 births
1846 deaths
Burials at Bunhill Fields
English engravers

John Le Keux


Italian literature is written in the Italian language, especially in Italy. It may also refer to literature written by Italians or in other languages spoken in Italy, often languages that are very similar to modern Italian, including regional varieties and dialects. Italian literature begins in the 12th century, when in different areas of the peninsula the Italian vernacular started to be used to write books. The Ritmo laurenziano is the first text of Italian literature.

History
One of the first examples of Italian literature is the tradition of lyric poetry sung in Occitan. This tradition arrived in Italy by the end of the 12th century. In 1230, the Sicilian School became famous for being the first style in standard Italian. Dante Alighieri, one of the greatest of Italian poets, is important and famous for being the author of La Divina Commedia (The Divine Comedy, c. 1308–1320).

Renaissance humanism developed during the 14th and the beginning of the 15th centuries. Early Italian humanists, such as the lyric poet Francesco Petrarca and the Neoplatonist philosopher Marsilio Ficino, were highly educated Classical scholars and great collectors of old manuscripts.

The development of the drama in the 15th century was very great. In the 16th century, the main feature of the time following the end of the Renaissance is that it perfected the Italian character of its language. Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini were the chief originators of the science of history. Pietro Bembo was an famous and important figure in the development of the Italian language and an influence on the 16th-century renewed interest in the works of Petrarca.

In 1690, the Academy of Arcadia was created with the goal of "restoring" literature by copying the simplicity of the old shepherds. In the 18th century, the political condition of the Italian states began to improve, and philosophers spread their writings and ideas throughout Europe during the Age of Enlightenment. Apostolo Zeno and Metastasio are two of the important figures of the age. Carlo Goldoni, a Venetian playwright and librettist, created the comedy of character. The leading figure of the 18th-century Italian literary revival was Giuseppe Parini.

The ideas behind the French Revolution of 1789 gave a special direction to Italian literature in the second half of the 18th century. It began with the publication of the book Dei delitti e delle pene (On Crimes and Punishments, 1764) by Cesare Beccaria. Patriotism and classicism were the two ways of thinking that motivated the literature that began with the Italian playwright and poet Vittorio Alfieri. Others include the poets Vincenzo Monti and Ugo Foscolo.

The Romantic movement had as its organ the Conciliatore, established in 1818 at Milan. The main initiator of the reform was the Italian poet and author Alessandro Manzoni, known for his historical novel I promessi sposi (The Betrothed, 1827–1842). The great Italian poet of the age was Giacomo Leopardi. The bookish movement that happened before and at the same time as the political revolutions of 1848 was represented by four writers: Giuseppe Giusti, Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi, Vincenzo Gioberti, and Cesare Balbo. After the Risorgimento, political literature became less important. During the first part of this period, two different tendencies of literature against Romanticism appeared: the Scapigliatura and Verismo. The most well-known figure of Verismo was the Sicilian writer Giovanni Verga, author of I Malavoglia (The House by the Medlar-Tree, 1881).

Important early 20th-century Italian writers include Giovanni Pascoli, Italo Svevo, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Umberto Saba, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Eugenio Montale, and Luigi Pirandello (winner of the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature). Neorealism was developed by Alberto Moravia. Umberto Eco became successful with the detective story Il nome della rosa (The Name of the Rose, 1980).

Novel Prize winners
Six Italian authors have received the Nobel Prize in Literature. These are Giosuè Carducci, Grazia Deledda, Luigi Pirandello, Salvatore Quasimodo, Eugenio Montale, and Dario Fo.

Some of the most important books of the Italian literature

 The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri
 I Promessi Sposi by Alessandro Manzoni
 Il Decamerone by Giovanni Boccaccio
 Orlando furioso by Ludovico Ariosto
 Il fu Mattia Pascal by Luigi Pirandello
 Ultime lettere by Jacopo Ortis di Ugo Foscolo
 Se questo è un uomo by Primo Levi
 Il barone rampante by Italo Calvino

 I Malavoglia by Giovanni Verga
 Il Principe by Niccolò Machiavelli
 La Gerusalemme Liberata by Torquato Tasso
 Cuore by Edmondo De Amicis
 Il deserto dei Tartari by Dino Buzzati
 La coscienza by Zeno di Italo Svevo
 Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi
 Il piacere by Gabriele D´Annunzio

 Myricae by Giovanni Pascoli
 Canti by Giacomo Leopardi
 Uno, nessuno e centomila by Luigi Pirandello
 Il nome della rosa by Umberto Eco
 La casa in collina by Cesare Pavese
 Il gattopardo by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa
 I Viceré by Federico De Roberto
 Mastro don Gesualdo by Giovanni Verga

Writings on the subject
 De Sanctis, F., Storia della letteratura italiana. Napoli, Morano, 1870
 Momigliano, A., Storia della letteratura italiana. Messina-Milano, Principato, 1936
 Sapegno, N., Compendio di storia della letteratura italiana. La Nuova Italia, 1936–47
 Croce, B., La letteratura italiana per saggi storicamente disposti. Laterza, 1956–60
 Russo, L., Compendio storico della letteratura italiana. Messina-Firenze, D'Anna, 1961
 Petronio, G., Compendio di storia della letteratura italiana. Palermo, Palumbo, 1968
 Asor Rosa, A., Sintesi di storia della letteratura italiana. Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1986
 De Rienzo, Giorgio, Breve storia della letteratura italiana. Milano, Tascabili Bompiani, 2006 [1997],
 Ferroni, G, Storia della letteratura italiana, Milano, Mondadori, 2006

Italian literature

Italian literature


In typography, a font superfamily or typeface superfamily is a font family containing fonts that fall into multiple classifications.

The norm in a superfamily is to start from an identical character shape; class-specific features such as serifs are added to that shape. The result is a set of fonts with a similar appearance that belong to different classes such as sans, serif, slab serif, rounded.

Superfamilies may include fonts grouped together for a common purpose that are not exactly complementary in letterform structure. They can allow organizations to expand their image and style while maintaining stylistic consistency. For example, BBC Reith font superfamily was commissioned by the BBC in 2018 to facilitate 'typographic expression' and consists of three styles (condensed, sans, serif) as well as a multitude of weights.

Notable superfamilies

Same letterforms
 Berlingske by Playtype, comprising Berlingske Serif, Berlingske Serif Display, Berlingske Serif Stencil, Berlingske sans, Berlingske Sans Display, Berlingske sans Stencil, Berlingske Slab, Berlingske Slab Display, Berlingske Slab Stencil, Berlingske Typewriter.
 FF Meta by Erik Spiekermann, comprising FF Meta (sans), FF Meta Serif and FF Meta Headline
 FF Nexus by Martin Majoor, comprising FF Nexus Sans, FF Nexus Serif, FF Nexus Mix and FF Nexus Typewriter
 FF Quadraat by Fred Smeijers, comprising FF Quadraat (serif), FF Quadraat Sans, FF Quadraat Display and FF Quadraat Headliner
 FF Scala by Martin Majoor, comprising FF Scala (serif) and FF Scala Sans
 FF Seria by Martin Majoor,	comprising FF Seria (serif) and FF Seria Sans
 Generis by Erik Faulhaber,	comprising Generis Sans, Generis Serif, Generis Simple and Generis Slab
 ITC Humana by Timothy Donaldso,	comprising ITC Humana Sans, ITC Humana Serif and ITC Humana Script
ITC Officina by Erik Spiekermann and Just van Rossum, comprising ITC Officina Sans, ITC Officina Serif and ITC Officina Display
 Linotype Authentic by Karin Huschka, comprising Linotype Authentic Sans, Linotype Authentic Serif, Linotype Authentic Small Serif and Linotype Authentic Stencil
 Linotype Compatil by Olaf Leu, comprising Compatil Text, Compatil Fact, Compatil Letter and Compatil Exquisit
 Lucida by Charles Bigelow and Kris Holmes,	comprising Lucida Sans, Lucida Serif, Lucida Typewriter Sans, Lucida Typewriter Serif and Lucida Math
 Merriweather by Eben Sorkin, comprising Merriweather and Merriweather Sans
Penumbra by Lance Hidy, comprising Penumbra Sans, Penumbra Serif, Penumbra Half Serif and Penumbra Flare
 PT Fonts by Alexandra Korolkova et al, comprising PT Serif, PT Sans and PT Mono.
 Rotis by Otl Aicher, comprising rotis serif, rotis semi-serif, rotis semi-sans and rotis sans
 Sassoon by Rosemary Sassoon and Adrian William,	comprising Sassoon Sans, Sassoon Book, Sassoon Primary, Sassoon Infant and Sassoon Sans Slope
 Source by Paul D. Hunt and Frank Grießhammer, comprising Source Sans Pro, Source Serif Pro and Source Code Pro
 Stone by Sumner Stone, comprising Stone Serif, Stone Sans and Stone Informal
 Thesis by Lucas de Groot,	comprising TheSans, TheSerif, TheMix and TheAntiqua
 Trajan both Trajan (serif, designed by Carol Twombly) and Trajan Sans. No lower-case.

Same purpose
 Computer Modern by Donald E. Knuth, comprising cmr (antiqua), cmss (grotesque) and cmtt (monospaced)
 DejaVu and Bitstream Vera comprising DejaVu Sans, DejaVu Sans Mono and DejaVu Serif.
 Droid by Steve Matteson, comprising Droid Sans, Droid Serif and Droid Sans Mono.
 IBM Plex by Mike Abbink, comprising IBM Plex Sans, IBM Plex Sans Condensed, IBM Plex Serif and IBM Plex Mono
 Noto fonts by Google, comprising Noto Sans, Noto Serif and Noto Mono, an expansion of the Droid family. It supports a wide range of languages.
 Roboto by Christian Robertson, comprising Roboto, Roboto Slab and Roboto Mono
 Corporate ASE by Kurt Weidemann, comprising antiqua, sans and Egyptienne
 Liberation by Steve Matteson, comprising Liberation Sans, Liberation Serif and Liberation Mono

References

Typography

Font superfamily


Josh Valentine (born 22 February 1983 in Newcastle in New South Wales) is an Australian rugby union footballer. He currently plays for the US Carcassonne in France. Valentine's usual position is at scrum half.

Career
Valentine played for the Singleton Bulls in his youth. He made his debut for the Queensland Reds against the Crusaders in 2003, he subsequently made his Super 12 debut that season against the Brumbies on his 20th birthday. That year he was named Reds' rookie of the year. At the end of the season, Valentine was named as vice-captain of Australia A, and toured Japan with them as well as participating in the Under 21 World Cup in England. The following year he played games for Australia A in France in November as well as playing for the national team in the under 21 World Cup in Scotland.

After a good season with the Reds in 2006, Valentine was included in the new coach, John Connolly's Wallaby squad. He came off the bench to earn his first Australian cap against England at Sydney's Telstra Stadium. In 2006, Valentine signed a two-year deal to join the New South Wales Waratahs, where he took up Waratahs captain Chris Whitaker's position. Valentine played with the Western Force for the 2009 season and with the ACT Brumbies for the 2010 and 2011 seasons. He has played with the RC Narbonne in France since 2012.

References

External links
Waratahs profile
Western Force Profile

Australian rugby union players
Australia international rugby union players
New South Wales Waratahs players
Queensland Reds players
ACT Brumbies players
Western Force players
1983 births
Living people
Rugby union scrum-halves
Expatriate rugby union players in France
US Carcassonne players
Rugby union players from Newcastle, New South Wales

Josh Valentine


Evgeny Pavlovich Velikhov (born on February 2, 1935; in Russian: Евгений Павлович Велихов) is a physicist and scientific leader in the Russian Federation. His scientific interests include plasma physics, lasers, controlled nuclear fusion, power engineering, and magnetohydrodynamics (high-power pulsed MHD generators). He is the author of over 1500 scientific publications and a number of inventions and discoveries.

He currently holds the post of president of the Kurchatov Institute (named after Igor Kurchatov) and first Secretary (head) of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation. He is a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and has been the vice-president of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.

Career
Evgeny Velikhov graduated from the Department of Physics at M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) in 1958, where he specialized in theoretical physics. From 1958 until 1961, he studied at graduate school. After completing his graduate work, he began work as a junior researcher at the Institute of Atomic Energy, the precursor institution to the Russian Research Centre (RRC) "Kurchatov Institute". He spent most of his scientific career rising through the ranks of this famous federal scientific agency.

His early work regarding fluid and plasma instabilities led to the discovery of the magnetorotational instability in 1959, and the electrothermal instability in 1962.

In 1964, he defended his thesis before receiving his Doctor of Science degree in physics and mathematics.

In 1968, he obtained the rank of Professor of atomic physics, plasma physics, and microelectronics at the Physics Department of Moscow State University. In 1973, he became the head of the Department until 1988.
In 1971, he became a member of the Communist Party.

From 1971 to 1978, he was the director of the Magnetic Laboratory (later known as the TRINITY State Scientific Center), a branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in 1956, and subdivision of Kurchatov Institute since 1961, at Troitsk, Moscow Oblast.

In 1972, he founded an energy and space plasma research department at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT, more known as "Phystech"), with a base in this branch of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy (KIAE).

In 1975, he established another new department at Phystech in order to study the problems of physics and energy, for which he received the honor of chair of plasma energy. The next year, he was appointed as the first dean of the Faculty of Physics For Energy (FPFE), a R&D department of fusion energy specialized in plasma and high pressure physics, quantum optics, laser, and space technologies. Ten years later, in 1986, he was promoted as the scientific director of FPFE. In 1986, he was also a science advisor to Mikhail Gorbachev and helped in the clean-up of the Chernobyl Disaster.

In 1988, he was named director of Kurchatov Institute and chairman of the international programme (Russia, USA, European Union and Japan) for the creation of the thermonuclear experimental tokamak ITER, and has been its president from 1992 until the present. In 2009 he was elected Chair of the ITER Council, the governing body of ITER.

He is also president of the joint-stock company Rosshelf (Russian offshore development company to develop seafloor-based oil and gas production complex), Gazprom's subsidiary; and co-chairman of RELCOM board of directors.

Evgeny Velikhov currently resides in Moscow.

Awards
Evgeny Velikhov is well known in the world scientific and engineering community for his diverse activities, for which he has received several honors and awards, among which:

 Member of the US National Academy of Engineering (2003)
 Correspondent of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1968); Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1974); Vice-President of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1978–1991) and the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991–1996).
 Academician-secretary of the Office of information technologies and computer engineering and automatics division of Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1983).
 Hero of Socialist Labour (1985); USSR State Prize laureate (1977); winner of the Lenin Prize (1984); the MD Millionshchikov Prize of USSR Academy of Sciences (1986); the State Prize of the Russian Federation (2003); the "Global Energy Prize" (2006); as well as the American Physical Society Szilard's Prize and the World Scientist Federation "Science and Peace" Prize.
Hero of Labour of the Russian Federation (2020)
 Three Orders of Lenin
 Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st (2015), 2nd (2005), 3rd (2000) and 4th (2010) class
 Order of Courage
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour
 Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences.
 Honorary member of Ioffe Institute, Saint Petersburg.
 Doctor Honoris Causa at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana; at William Howard Taft University, California, USA; and at the University of London, UK.
 Honorary Citizen of Rino, USA; and Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
 Order of Merit 3rd Class (Ukraine, April 26, 2011) - for his significant personal contribution to overcoming the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster, the implementation of international humanitarian programs, many years of fruitful public activity.
Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class (Japan)

References

1935 births
Living people
20th-century Russian physicists
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Eleventh convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering
Foreign Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Members of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation
Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Moscow State University alumni
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Full Cavaliers of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of Merit (Ukraine), 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Experimental physicists
Russian nuclear physicists
Soviet nuclear physicists
Recipients of the Order of Courage (Russia)
Russian scientists

Evgeny Velikhov


A wormhole is a hypothetical topological feature of spacetime.

Wormhole may also refer to:

 Bajoran wormhole, a wormhole located near the planet Bajor in the fictional Star Trek universe
 Wormholes: Essays and Occasional Writings, a book containing writings from four decades by the English author John Fowles
 Wormhole switching, a technique in computer science
 "Wormhole X-Treme!", an episode of the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1
 Wormholes (film), a 1992 animated short film by Stephen Hillenburg
 "Wormhole" (album), by drum and bass act Ed Rush & Optical

See also
 Wormholes in fiction
 Wormhole Physics (disambiguation)
 Through the Wormhole, a television documentary series hosted by Morgan Freeman

Wormhole (disambiguation)


A person responsible for providing various kinds of administrative assistance is called an administrative assistant (admin assistant) or sometimes an administrative support specialist. In most instances it is identical to the modern iteration of the position of secretary or is a sub-specialty of secretarial duties.

Job duties

Admin assistants perform clerical duties in nearly every industry. Some administrative assistants, like those in the legal industry, may be more specialized than others. Most administrative assistant duties revolve around managing and distributing information within an office. This generally includes answering phones, taking memos and maintaining files. Administrative assistants may also be in charge of sending and receiving correspondence, as well as greeting clients and customers.

Bookkeeping

Admin assistants in some offices may be charged with monitoring and recording expenditures. Duties may range from creating spreadsheets to reporting expenses to an office manager. As such, some administrative assistants may be required to be knowledgeable in office bookkeeping software, such as Microsoft Excel.

Planning and scheduling

Planning events like board meetings and luncheons may also be the responsibility of admin assistants. This may require researching vendor prices or inquiring about participants' availability. Other duties may include scheduling appointments and preparing presentation materials.

Documentation

Admin assistants may also help office members with documentation. Aside from storing, organizing and managing files, assistants may need to type, edit and proofread documents. Some assistants may need to take dictation or record the minutes of meetings.

Specialized job duties

Administrative assistants in some fields may be required to have extensive professional knowledge. Accordingly, duties for these assistants may be more specialized. For example, legal administrative assistants may need to have a thorough understanding of legal terminology and procedures, while medical assistants may need to be well-versed in dealing with insurance companies and reading medical reports.

In this role they are also referred to as administrative support specialists.

Employment outlook and salary information

Average employment growth of 12% was expected for secretaries and administrative assistants, from 2012 to 2022, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). General secretaries and administrative assistants, not serving as legal, medical or executive secretaries, earned an annual median wage in 2018 of $52,840, according to the BLS.

Providing customer service
Managing inventory of assets and supplies, sourcing for suppliers (vendors) and submitting invoices
Scheduling and coordinating meetings and presentations, interviews, events and other similar activities
Sending and receiving mail and packages
Sending faxes and emails
Managing documents and files
Sending and receiving documents for the company
Answering the phone
Assisting in various daily operations
Operating a range of office machines such as photocopiers and computers
Greeting guests and visitors

Employer expectations
Employers look for workers with knowledge, combination of skills, personal traits, and attitudes.  They include:
Being well-organized
Being courteous
Reliability
Strong work ethic
Productivity
Professionalism
Problem-solving and critical thinking skills
Good technical, interpersonal and communication skills
Customer focus
Discretion
Multitasking ability
Teamwork and collaboration skills
Time management

References

External links
 iaap - International Association of Administrative Professionals

Office administration
Office and administrative support occupations

Administrative assistant


Myron Tarnavsky (  (August 29, 1869 in Baryliv, Galicia, Austria-Hungary now Ukraine – June 29, 1938 in Lviv), was a supreme commander of the Ukrainian Galician Army, the military of the West Ukrainian People's Republic.

Background
Tarnavsky was born into a family of priests in a village in the Lviv region.  He attended a village grade school and a German gymnasium in Brody, western Ukraine. He then served for one year in the Austrian military and due to his good performance was given the opportunity to pursue officer training in Lviv and, later, Vienna.

Military activities
In 1899 Myron Tarnavsky completed officer training in Vienna and was stationed in Sambir and, for a longer period of time, in Zolochiv where as an officer of the Austrian military he played an active role in local Ukrainian community life.

With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Tarnavsky was assigned to the front and fought against the Russian military.  In 1915 he was wounded but returned to the Russian front, fighting in the Carpathian mountains, later that year.  In 1916, Tarnavsky obtained the rank of major in the Austro-Hungarian army and became the commander of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen. In 1918 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and given command of the 16th infantry regiment, then stationed in central Ukraine. At the end of 1918, Austria-Hungary collapsed and a western Ukrainian state was declared in the formerly Austrian-controlled territory of Galicia. Tarnavsky joined the Ukrainian Galician Army in February 1919, and obtained the rank of colonel.  In July of that year, after Ukrainian forces were driven out of Galicia by the Polish army, Tarnavsky was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and became Supreme Commander of the Ukrainian Galician Army. Tarnavsky oversaw the Galician offensive on Kiev.  His army was decimated by a typhus epidemic and he arranged an armistice with the forces of Anton Denikin.  Because this was unauthorized by the Ukrainian policial leadership and he was relieved of duty and court-martialed in November 1919.  Tarnavsky was then acquitted and briefly reinstated as supreme commander.

References

1869 births
1938 deaths
Military personnel from Lviv Oblast
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
Ukrainian military personnel
Ukrainian Galician Army people
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Ukrainian people of the Polish–Ukrainian War
Recipients of the Iron Cross, 2nd class
Burials at Yaniv Cemetery

Myron Tarnavsky


The Nha Trang Oceanography Institute or Institute of Oceanography in Nha Trang is an oceanography institute located at 1 Cau Da St., next to Cau Da Wharf, about 6 km from the center of Nha Trang, Khánh Hòa Province, Vietnam. Established in 1923, it was one of the first centers for scientific research in Vietnam and is an important location for tropical oceanographic research.  Since the establishment, the center has published approximately 1,100 scientific studies comprising 62.6% about marine biodiversity, 11.6% about marine physics, 7.6% about ecology and environment; 5.4% about marine geology, and 4.4% about marine chemistry and biochemistry

The Marine Animal Museum is located in the vicinity which has more than 20,000 sea and freshwater creatures.

References

Research institutes in Vietnam
Buildings and structures in Khánh Hòa province
Nha Trang
Oceanographic organizations
Organizations established in 1923
1923 establishments in Vietnam
Tourist attractions in Khánh Hòa province

Nha Trang Oceanography Institute


Old Chapel Hill Cemetery is a graveyard and national historic district located on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

History
The land was a land grant to the University of North Carolina by the State of North Carolina. The land encompassed , and was sold for five shillings on October 21, 1776. The cemetery currently covers . The first recorded burial was George Clarke, a Burke County student at the university, who died September 28, 1798. His headstone was not placed until several years later. By January 28, 1994, 1,621 burials had been performed. The cemetery is now almost full, and all of the plots have already been bought. In 1922, the town took over responsibility for maintaining the cemetery, and in 1988, the ownership changed over to the University.

A low rock wall was built around the cemetery in 1835 at the cost of $64.41. The school officially named the cemetery "College Graveyard," as opposed to "Village Cemetery," like the Chapel Hill residents called it. Five sidewalks divide the cemetery into six sections. Two of the sections were reserved for African-American burials because there were no black church cemeteries in town. A low rock wall divides the two segregated sections (Sections A and B) from the rest. The Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies were the first to establish plots. In the other sections, there are administrators and professors, as well as prominent public officials, business leaders, and artists from the area. During the Civil War, Confederate soldiers were buried there.

There are many different styles of grave markers represented in the cemetery. Many of the early family plots are marked by monuments and obelisks with smaller tablets marking individual graves. There are also uninscribed fieldstones, headstones, ledgers, boxtombs, and tomb-tables in the newer sections. Marble and granite were used most frequently, but stone and concrete can also be found.

The Old Chapel Hill Cemetery is not just a resting place for the deceased. It remains an integral part of campus life. For many students, the quiet, secluded setting is an ideal place to relax or study. Diverse species of trees, such as oaks, hickories, gums, cedars, maples, and pines, create a cover of shade in the cemetery. There are also shrubs, like boxwoods, azaleas, nandinas, and crape myrtles, around many of the plots. During the spring, dogwood trees, azaleas and wisteria make the cemetery one of the most beautiful spots on campus. Some of the individual gravestones are covered by English ivy and vinca. A gazebo has been built between Section B and Section 1 and provides a convenient place to sit.

Vandalism has been a major problem in the cemetery. Whether the culprits are just careless or actually meaning to cause damage, the cemetery has had many tombstones ruined throughout the years. Five 19th century headstones were tipped over and smashed the day before Charles Kuralt was buried in the cemetery. On November 27, 1974, 40 to 50 monuments were broken and pushed off their bases. In 1985, football fans eager to get to a seat damaged stones.

Distinguished persons buried in the cemetery include legendary North Carolina basketball coach Dean Smith; band leader Kay Kyser and his wife, singer Georgia Carroll; playwright Paul Green; novelists Alice Adams and Max Steele; university presidents Frank Porter Graham, Robert Burton House, and William Friday; and CBS newsman Charles Kuralt.

In 2005, the Memorial Grove portion was established to allow space for the spreading of ashes of cremated persons. Names of those whose ashes have been spread in the grove are inscribed upon the Wall of Remembrance. To date, the names of fifteen persons are inscribed on the wall. Some of these persons had been cremated before the opening of the grove. It is assumed that their ashes were originally retained in the care of loved ones.

References

External links

Silent Sentinels of Stone  - information on people buried there and photographs

Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill landmarks
1798 establishments in North Carolina
Protected areas of Orange County, North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Chapel Hill-Carrboro, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill buildings

Old Chapel Hill Cemetery


Minsk () is an aircraft carrier (heavy aircraft cruiser in Russian classification) that served the Soviet Navy and the Russian Navy from 1978 to 1994. She was the second  vessel to be built.

From 2000 to 2016 she was a theme park known as Minsk World in Shatoujiao, Yantian, Shenzhen, China.

In April 2016, Minsk was towed to Jiangsu for exhibition.

History

Russian service

Named after the capital city of Belarus, Minsk was laid down in 1972, launched on 30 September 1975, completed on 27 September 1978, and decommissioned on 30 June 1993.

Minsk operated with the Pacific Fleet. Shortly after the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979, Minsk was deployed to the South China Sea, making a port of call at Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam, in September 1980. She visited Vietnam again in 1982 during her second deployment before sailing onto the Indian Ocean. In 1984, Minsk, the  landing ship Aleksandr Nikolayev, and Vietnam forces conducted the Soviet Navy's first amphibious landing in Vietnam.

Soviet cosmonaut Oleg Grigoriyevich Kononenko survived an aircraft ejection on the Minsk in 1979. On September 8, 1980, he was killed in the crash of a Yakovlev Yak-38 VTOL fighter on the Minsk.

The carrier was retired as a result of a major accident (details not known) which required the facilities at the Chernomorskiy yard, in Mykolayiv, located in the newly independent Ukraine (the reasons for not attempting a repair are not known).

Shenzhen Minsk World, China

In 1995 Minsk was sold for scrap to a South Korean company. Due to protests from South Korean environmentalists, the ship was resold to the Chinese state-owned Guangdong Ship Dismantling Company. The ship was again saved from the scrapyard when a group of Chinese video-game arcade owners formed the Shenzhen Minsk Investment Company to buy the ship for $4.3 million.

Minsk became the centerpiece of a military theme park in Yantian district, Shatoujiao (沙头角) sub-district, Shenzhen called Minsk World. However, the Shenzhen Minsk company went bankrupt in 2006, and the carrier was put up for auction on 22 March 2006. On 31 May 2006, the carrier was sold in Shenzhen for 128 million RMB to CITIC Shenzhen.

The ship was again sold to Dalian Yongjia Group, a real estate company in Dalian in North China, on 1 January 2013. On 3 April 2016, Chinese news reported the aircraft carrier had been towed to a new destination, Zhoushan for refit, because of the decline of the number of tourists after 2006.

After the refit is completed, the ship is to be taken to Nantong on the Yangtse River in Jiangsu Province and moored to the west of Sutong Yangtze River Bridge as part of a new theme park which was planned to open in 2017. As of 2018, the project is delayed.

See also

 List of aircraft carriers of Russia and the Soviet Union

References

External links
 "Bids fall short for ex-Soviet aircraft carrier"
 MaritimeQuest Minsk pages
 Satellite Photo of Minsk in the military theme park in Shenzhen from Google Maps

Kiev-class aircraft carriers
Ships built at the Black Sea Shipyard
1975 ships
Cold War aircraft carriers of the Soviet Union
Museums in Jiangsu
Museum ships in China
Ships built in the Soviet Union

Soviet aircraft carrier Minsk


Ana González González, more commonly known by her married name Ana González de Recabarren (25 July 1925 – 26 October 2018), was a Chilean human rights activist. She was born in Tocopilla, Chile.

González joined the Association of Relatives of the Disappeared Detainees (AFDD) and became one of its primary leaders alongside Sola Sierra, Viviana Díaz, and Clotario Blest. She participated in a hunger strike at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean headquarters in Santiago.

In 1996, she was the focus of the Televisión Nacional de Chile-broadcast documentary Quiero llorar a mares and in 2001 won the Premios Ondas for Ibero-America for the Best Program or Professional or Television Station.

In June 2000, she sued former dictator Augusto Pinochet for the disappearance of her family 26 years prior.

González died from a lung infection in Santiago on 26 October 2018 at the age of 93.

References

2018 deaths
1925 births
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
Chilean human rights activists
People from Santiago

Ana González de Recabarren


Someo is a village and former municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo to form a new and larger municipality of Maggia.

The municipality has 258 people in 2003. It has an area of 32.73 km².

2004 disestablishments in Switzerland
Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino

Someo


Radville is a small town in Canadian province of Saskatchewan, in the RM of Laurier No. 38. It was incorporated in 1911 after being settled in 1895. Highway 28 and Highway 377 pass through the town. Nearby communities include the village of Ceylon, 23 km to the west, and the city of Weyburn, 51 km to the north-east. Major nearby urban centres include Regina, which is 148 km to the north, and Moose Jaw, which is 143 km north-west.

A small river, Long Creek, runs along the northern and eastern side of the town, providing fishing and recreation to the locals. To the south of town, a second dam is located for the water supply pumphouse.

History

Radville used to be a major hub of activity throughout the 1920s to 1970s with a livery, the Canadian National Railway (CN), and five grain elevators. Radville was also a CN divisional point. It had a roundhouse with turntable, water tank, sand house, coal dock, ice house, bunkhouse, Roadmaster office, stores, stockyard, loading platform, freight, and express service. The Radville railway station still remains though now used as a museum. At one time in the town, there was a blacksmith shop four general stores, dress shop, bakery, Watson's Hardware Store, Clarke's Electric, appliance store, Credit Union, jeweller, two barber shops, a dry cleaner, two lumber yards, Vennard's locker plant, liquor store, and a law office. This diminished when Highway No. 28 was upgraded in about 1975. With horses virtually gone and replaced by automobiles and substantially improved roads, the next largest urban centre of Weyburn received more and more of Radville's local regional commerce.

Notable buildings
One of the historic buildings in Radville is the local restaurant. The building started as the Bon Ton Barber Shop and the first doctor in Radville, Dr. Joseph P. O'Shea's office, which later became the Radville Café, followed with the Paris Café, the Boston Café, the Lasalle, the Glencoe, the Canadian Café, the Radville Family Restaurant, and in 2002, the Radville Family Restaurant II.

Radville has had several theatres. The last one, the Oasis Theatre, closed its doors in 1977, showing Star Wars as one of its last movies. After standing empty for a few years, the Oasis was bought by local entrepreneur George Hays and converted into the Alley Oops bowling alley. The newspaper South Saskatchewan Star was owned and operated by Oscar Stitt. A few years afterwards, George Hays purchased the local newspaper, the Radville Star, and moved the publication into the same building. The Princess Theatre, owned by Ham Ferris, closed much earlier and was converted into a senior citizens hall in 1972.

The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, originally the Bank of Commerce, was built in the early 1920s and closed in 2017. The Empire Hotel was built in the early 1920s and is still in operation.

Eva McNaught, who was wife to the fire chief and drayman Harold, ran Eva's Popcorn stand for many years. Due to the warm long languishing summer nights typical of southern prairie towns, many people stayed out in the evenings and enjoyed the Saskatchewan summer weather. A replica of Eva's Popcorn Stand was built in 2010 and runs entirely by volunteers, in the evenings of the summer months.

The Radville CN Station was completely restored in 2010 and is now a very impressive museum. Artifacts from local settlers have been collected and are displayed throughout the station. Many activities are hosted at the Museum throughout the year, including the annual "Harvest Day" where locals enjoy an old fashioned outing with live music, a car show, pie contest, silent auction, Soap Box Races on main street, BBQ supper, and beer gardens. This event is usually held in late September.

Education

The Radville Public School, a traditional 3-storey cube-shaped red brick building, burned to the ground on January 16, 1977. A mimeograph machine with its alcohol-based image transfer fluid created an explosion in the staff office on the second floor. Picture windows across the street were cracked as a result of the explosion. The new Radville Elementary School opened a few years later. In the interim, the students were sent to classrooms in the high school, and the younger students were sent to the Catholic school.

The high school was called the Radville Regional High School. The Catholic school, commonly called the Separate School, is named St. Olivier School. There was also the Christian College, Western Christian College, located on the east side of Long Creek.

Larsen Dam
About a mile north of the town is a dam on the creek, commonly referred to as the Radville Dam or the Larsen Dam. This water reserve was used as the primary water reservoir for Radville until approximately 1984, at which time the town decided to use deep drilled water wells. The dam is stocked by the wildlife and fisheries department of the government. In the 1970s and the earlier 1980s, the dam was stocked with northern pike (or "jackfish") and fresh water perch. Later it was stocked with pickerel (or "walleye") and then with trout.

Radville-Laurier Regional Park
Radville-Laurier Regional Park () is a regional park that was originally established in 1965. It was renamed in 1975 to its current name to reflect the partnership between the RM and the town. The park is located adjacent to the town and features most of the recreational facilities for the region. There are 42 campsites, 12 of which are electrified, ball diamonds, playgrounds, an outdoor swimming pool, golf course, and a recreation centre.

The recreation centre has a community hall, skating rink (which is home to the Radville Nationals hockey team), curling rink, the aforementioned swimming pool, seasonal concession, and the registration offices. The golf course, called Robertdale Golf and Country Club, is a 9-hole sand greens golf course named in honour of A.R. Robertson, who had devoted many hours to the club. It is a par 35 course with a total of 2,953 yards.

Transportation
Saskatchewan Highway 28
Saskatchewan Highway 377
Radville Airport

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Radville had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Notable people
 Darcy Verot, professional ice hockey player
 Roy Bailey (politician)

See also
List of communities in Saskatchewan
List of towns in Saskatchewan

References

External links

Towns in Saskatchewan
Laurier No. 38, Saskatchewan
Division No. 2, Saskatchewan

Radville


In functional programming, a functor is a design pattern inspired by the definition from category theory that allows one to apply a function to values inside a generic type without changing the structure of the generic type. In Haskell this idea can be captured in a type class:

class Functor f where
  fmap :: (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

This declaration says that any type of Functor must support a method fmap, which maps a function over the element(s) of the Functor.

Functors in Haskell should also obey functor laws, which state that the mapping operation preserves the identity function and composition of functions:

fmap id = id
fmap (g . h) = (fmap g) . (fmap h)

(where . stands for function composition).

In Scala a trait can be used:

trait Functor[F[_]] {
  def map[A,B](a: F[A])(f: A => B): F[B]
}

Functors form a base for more complex abstractions like Applicative Functor, Monad, and Comonad, all of which build atop a canonical functor structure. Functors are useful in modeling functional effects by values of parameterized data types. Modifiable computations are modeled by allowing a pure function to be applied to values of the "inner" type, thus creating the new overall value which represents the modified computation (which might yet to be run).

Examples

In Haskell, lists are a simple example of a functor. We may implement  as

fmap f []     = []
fmap f (x:xs) = (f x) : fmap f xs

A binary tree may similarly be described as a functor:

data Tree a = Leaf | Node a (Tree a) (Tree a)
instance Functor Tree where
   fmap f Leaf         = Leaf
   fmap f (Node x l r) = Node (f x) (fmap f l) (fmap f r)

If we have a binary tree  and a function , the function  will apply  to every element of . For example, if  is , adding 1 to each element of  can be expressed as .

See also

 Functor in category theory
 Applicative functor, a special type of functor

References

External links
 Section about Functor in Haskell Typeclassopedia
 Chapter 11 Functors, Applicative Functors and Monoids in Learn You a Haskell for Great Good!
 Documentation for Functor in Cats library
 Section about Functor in lemastero/scala_typeclassopedia

Functional programming
Software design patterns
Programming idioms

Functor (functional programming)


The Royal Hanoverian State Railways (German: Königlich Hannöversche Staatseisenbahnen) existed from 1843 until the annexation of the Kingdom of Hanover by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866. At that time its railway network, which comprised 800 kilometres of track, went over to the Prussian state.

Construction phases and routes

The Kreuzbahn

The concept of the Kreuzbahn arose from the desire of Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, to avoid having a central railway station in Hanover. The routes therefore ran into the district of Lehrte in the form of a cross (hence Kreuzbahn = cross railway) and, as a result, Lehrte developed into an important railway hub.

The government of the Kingdom of Hanover had initially taken over the construction of state railways, because no private sponsors could be found for the first railway lines that were planned. These were the routes:
 Hanover via Lehrte to Peine on the border with the Duchy of Brunswick
 Lehrte to Celle
 Lehrte to Hildesheim

The first line, a 16 kilometre stretch from Hanover via Misburg to Lehrte, was opened on 22 October 1843. Its extension towards Brunswick followed on 1 December 1843 as far as the state border at Peine; there on 19 May 1844 it was joined to the Duchy of Brunswick State Railway that owned almost a third of the now 60 kilometre long connexion between the two residenz cities. On 15 October 1845 the Lehrte–Celle line followed and on 12 June 1846 the Lehrte–Hildesheim line was finally completed.

From the Kreuzbahn the following additional lines were built under the direction of the Royal Hanoverian Railway which was founded on 13 March 1843:

The Celle–Harburg line via Uelzen and Lüneburg was opened on 1 May 1847 and on 15 October 1847 the Hannover–Minden line followed with its connexion to the main line operated by the Cologne–Minden Railway Company.

Bremen Railway

Against the wishes of Prussia the line to Bremen, which was jointly funded with the state of  Bremen, was not constructed directly from Minden, but from Hanoverian Wunstorf. On 12 December 1847 the Wunstorf–Bremen section was opened. As a result of the political events of 1848/49 (March revolutions), further expansion of the railway network in the Kingdom of Hanover was delayed.

Hanoverian Southern Railway

 1 May 1853:		Hannover–Alfeld
 15 September 1853:	Nordstemmen–Hildesheim link
 31 July 1854: 	Alfeld–Kreiensen–Göttingen extension
 8 May 1856:		Göttingen–Hanoverian Münden (including the Dransfelder Rampe)
 23 September 1856:	Hanoverian Münden–Kassel

Hanoverian Western Railway

The project, jointly agreed with Prussia, for a railway from Löhne to the Cologne-Minden Railway Company network via Osnabrück to Emden did not come to fruition until there had been protracted discussions about the course of the line and its connexion to the Dutch railway network.

In the end they agreed upon the present-day route from von Löhne via Osnabrück to Prussian Rheine, that at the same time provided a junction at Münster to the Royal Westphalian Railway Company (Königlich-Westfälische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) and from there a link via Salzbergen to Leer and Emden.

The link to the Dutch railway network was achieved from Hanoverian Salzbergen through Bentheim to Oldenzaal. On 24 November 1854 the first section, Emden–Papenburg, was completed.

 21. November 1855: 	Löhne–Osnabrück opened
 19./20. Juni 1856: 	Entire route via Rheine to Emden completed
 18. November 1865: 	Salzbergen–Oldenzaal

Bremen–Bremerhaven railway

On 23 January 1862 the extension of the Bremen line to Geestemünde/Wesermünde (today Bremerhaven) was effected, again in conjunction with the city of Bremen.

Elbe train ferry

On 15 March 1864 after lengthy negotiations the line along the river Elbe from Lüneburg to Hohnstorf was finally built and, at the same time the Lauenburg-Hohnstorf Elbe Ferry Company was formed and they established a ferry to connect with the Berlin-Hamburg Railway Company's Lauenburg–Büchen line on the other side of the Elbe.

Harz

The Vienenburg–Goslar railway was also owned by the Hanoverian State Railways, although it was operated by the Duchy of Brunswick State Railway. The Göttingen–Arenshausen and Northeim–Ellrich lines were not completed until after the transfer of the Hanoverian State Railways to Prussia after the War of 1866.

Transfer of the state railway to Prussia
On 15 December 1866 the Royal Hanoverian State Railways was merged into the Prussian state railways and renamed as the Prussian railway division of Hanover.

Sources
 Bundesbahndirektion Hannover (ed.): 1843–1983. 140 Jahre Eisenbahndirektion Hannover, Hanover (1983)
 Meschkat-Peters, Sabine: Eisenbahnen und Eisenbahnindustrie in Hannover 1835 – 1914, Hanover 2001 (Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens, vol. 119)

See also
 Kingdom of Hanover

Defunct railway companies of Germany
Transport in Hanover
Kingdom of Hanover
1843 establishments in the Kingdom of Hanover
1866 disestablishments in the Kingdom of Hanover
German companies established in 1843
Railway companies established in 1843
Railway companies disestablished in 1866

Royal Hanoverian State Railways


The Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) is an ice hockey league in Canada that was formed in 2007.  Female players from around the world played in this league and in the Western Women's Hockey League. The CWHL replaced the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) in 2007. Many teams (Toronto, Brampton and Montreal) from the NWHL moved to the CWHL.

Teams in the CWHL
Boston Blades
Brampton Thunder
Burlington Barracudas
Montreal Stars
Team Alberta CWHL
Toronto Furies

CWHL Champions

2007-08 - Brampton Thunder
2008-09 - Montreal Stars
2009-10 - Montreal Stars
2010-11 - Montreal Stars

Clarkson Cup
The Clarkson Cup is an ice hockey trophy, which since 2009 has been awarded to the winner of the Canadian Women's Hockey Championship.

2009 - Montreal Stars
2010 - Minnesota Whitecaps (WWHL)
2011 - Montreal Stars

Other websites
 CWHL.ca
  Canadian Women's Hockey League on Facebook

Ice hockey leagues in Canada

Canadian Women's Hockey League


KSHE (styled as K-SHE) is a Classic rock radio station licensed to Crestwood, Missouri which serves the Greater St. Louis area. KSHE transmits on 94.7 MHz and currently uses the slogan "KSHE 95, Real Rock Radio". Owned by Hubbard Broadcasting, the station's studios are located in Creve Coeur, while the transmitter is located in Shrewsbury.

History
After working as an engineer for 20 years with the Pulitzer stations KSD and KSD-TV, Ed Ceries invested his life savings and his considerable engineering efforts in building his own FM station, which he called KSHE. He built some of the equipment himself, and on February 11, 1961, the station signed on from the basement of the Ceries' home in suburban Crestwood. The station called itself "The Lady of FM," and had a classical music format. For a while, all the announcers were women. Most of the basement was used for the station operations, with the Associated Press Teletype installed next to the clothes washer. The record library room doubled as an administrative office where Mrs. Ceries also did her ironing. Listener loyalty was strong, and at times they would come to the station with copies of classical selections they thought were better than the ones being played on KSHE. Advertisers were not convinced FM radio—particularly classical music on FM radio—had much of an audience. After the first year, the format was adjusted to contain about 90% middle-of-the-road music and 10% classical, with nine daily news broadcasts. In 1964, the station was sold to Century Broadcasting.

New general manager Howard Grafman was convinced by his friend Ron Elz to adopt a new format that Elz had heard on a trip to San Francisco on KMPX: album-oriented rock, with high latitude given to individual DJs as to what to play. The very first rock song played on KSHE in November 1967 that ushered in their format change, was Jefferson Airplane's "White Rabbit". KSHE sometimes played music nonstop for hours without station identification, which eventually was brought to the attention of the FCC and warnings from the agency to identify as required. In late 1967, '68 and most of '69 they would play whole albums in the late afternoon and late at night any day of the week. Albums played in their entirety included such titles as The Firesign Theatre's Waiting for the Electrician or Someone Like Him, The Who's Tommy, Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band's Gorilla, Arlo Guthrie's Alice's Restaurant, and Iron Butterfly's In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida, just to name a few.

During the 1970s and early 1980s, KSHE was influential in the growth of many midwestern bands such as Styx, Cheap Trick, REO Speedwagon and Head East. KSHE had a wide and varied play list, which popularized such rock artists as Lake from Germany, Stingray from South Africa, and rising bands from Australia and New Zealand like Midnight Oil and Split Enz, as well as playing the classics from the more well-known rock legends.

KSHE would frequently play concept albums in their entirety, as well as entire album sides from favorites such as Rush. Sunday evenings were dedicated to playing seven albums from seven different artists on a show called the Seventh Day starting in the late 1970s, a program that continues to this day. The albums usually were played from 7:00 pm until after midnight.  The Seventh Day concept was later used by other stations around the country.

Instead of the broadcast convention of reading news ripped from the Associated Press or United Press International wire machine ("rip and read"), early KSHE newscasts introduced news topics by preceding the story with rock music excerpts that had lyrics introducing or commenting on the topic.

From 1996 to 2012, KSHE aired The Bob & Tom Show in morning drive, syndicated from WFBQ in Indianapolis.

KSHE created a virtual museum on its website as a way of celebrating its 40th birthday.  It contains video clips, audio clips, pictures and memorabilia.  The first inductees (2007) were Rush, Kiss, Ted Nugent, and REO Speedwagon.

In March 2010, KSHE held its annual March Bandness—the third-longest version of this contest in the US. Along with the typical classic rock, KSHE's format also includes standard modern rock.  KSHE also has various subgenres for various times of day, such as Hair Band Doran (DJ: Mike Doran) from 8pm-9pm weekdays (previously called '80s at 8 under the previous DJ, Katy Kruze) and Monday Night Metal with Tom "Real Rock" Terbrock on Tuesday nights from 9 pm to midnight (originally on Monday night at 10 pm with Radio/Radical Rich from the mid-'80s until 1987 when it was moved to Tuesday night, until it was canceled in the mid-'90s; returning with Terbrock in the summer of 2006). KSHE DJ Lern has restarted Monday Night Metal, every Monday 9 p.m. to Midnight. At 5 pm each weekday, KSHE plays "The Daily Dose", two Led Zeppelin songs presented with trivia about their creation or notable performances of the songs.

Mascot
The station mascot is a sunglasses-and-headphones-wearing pig named "Sweetmeat," the likeness of which originally appeared on the cover of Blodwyn Pig's 1969 album 'Ahead Rings Out'.

Like the pig pictured on the LP cover, Sweetmeat first appeared with a joint in his mouth. This "controversial" detail disappeared in the early '80s in favor of an updated, cartoon "rocker" pig. In recent years, the station has returned to using the original image, along with the original KSHE-95 text logo.

Sweetmeat also inspired the name of Austin, Texas Christian Punk/Thrash band One Bad Pig.

References

External links
Official website
KSHE 95 Station History & KSHE Classics
http://kshedjs.tripod.com/kshedjs.html
http://www.stlmediahistory.com/index.php/Radio/RadioHOFDetail/elz-ron
http://www.stlmediahistory.com/index.php/Radio/RadioArticles/st.-louis-vintage-rock-station-was-a-lady-first
http://www.stlmediahistory.com/index.php/Radio/RadioArticles/kshe-imports-a-format-from-the-west
KSHE Collection at the St. Louis Public Library

Hubbard Broadcasting
Classic rock radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1961
SHE

KSHE


Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3: Viva la Fiesta! is a 2012 American comedy film directed by Lev L. Spiro. It is the third and final installment of the Beverly Hills Chihuahua series, and stars George Lopez, Odette Annable and Logan Grove. The film focuses on Papi, Chloe and the puppies moving to a hotel. Pedro finds love when he falls head over heels for Charlotte.

The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 18, 2012 in a two-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo pack. Zachary Gordon and Chantily Spalan did not reprise their roles as Papi, Jr. and Rosa. This was Kay Panabaker's final film before her retirement to study zoology and become an animal keeper at Disney's Animal Kingdom.

Plot
After their wedding, Rachel and Sam decide to find new jobs. The Langham Hotel is willing to let anybody who can take the place of the landscaper and chef live in the hotel. Sam and Rachel bring Chloe and Papi to the hotel, where Chloe and Papi meet Oscar and Jenny, the hotel's Doggy Day School teachers. Papi is less than thrilled when he discovers he will no longer be teaching the pups. Mr. Hollis, the manager, notices Chloe and asks if she can make appearances as the hotel has gained a major threat, Montague, the owner of a new hotel rivaling the Langham. Because of this Sam and Rachel get the jobs. Rosa is also not much happier at the thought of Doggy Day School. Pedro also comes along to the Langham decked out in sunnies. The humans, chihuahuas and Pedro are blown away at their room's luxury. However Rosa isn't feeling happy and is nervous about day school. Papi comforts her, telling her about how he was a chamberlain at a friend's Quinceanera when Pedro finds a picture in a box marked "DO NOT OPEN". Papi tells her what a Quinceanera is about. Later, Chloe, Sam and Rachel start work and the puppies go to school.

Rachel meets her boss, Chef Didier, an uptight man who is very fond of himself. When somebody quits, Chef says that he fired him. When he and Rachel meet, he tells her to wash dishes and then throws herbs at her face. Sam meets his assistant, Lester, who is lazy and tired and leaves Sam to do all the work. Rosa is being bullied by a large dog who teases her for having to wear swimmies. Rosa runs off, upset and embarrassed and the puppies get payback on the dog. Papi finds Sam and offers assistance, but just as he begins to help, he hears a rustling sound and finds an overgrown and messy garden. There, he meets Arnie, a stray dog. Oscar then arrives as Jenny quickly leaves, not wanting to be seen or heard. Papi is concerned for the pups' safety and asks Oscar what is going on. Oscar, however, doesn't want to mention anything and leaves Papi to ponder what is going on. Arnie makes a carving of Jenny to warn Papi, but Papi doesn't understand it.

Back at home, Rosa fakes being sick to avoid going to school but when Papi says she will have to go to the vet, she claims she is feeling better. She claims that she does not want to be little anymore and states she wants to be a Quince. When the other pups assume it is "One of dad's weird Mexican holidays", they state they want a sweet sixteen, but Rosa says she wants a Quince and Papi promises to throw her one.
The next day, an old friend, Sebastian, arrives (as one does) and helps with the party planning. But in the midst of the party planning, Papi continues to be his paranoid self and was pressured due to the lot of errands he has been working on. As more proof of Jenny and Oscar scheming something behind their backs, and Rosa saving a dog, Charlotte, who was a VIP guest at the hotel, they contact Delgado, to help with their plan on catching Jenny and preparing Rosa's quince.

The next day, Papi, Pedro and Arnie are together, with Pedro keeping watch. Jenny appears, telling Oscar to be quiet. She trips and falls into a pit of peanut butter, and Pedro calls more dogs. When Hollis overhears the commotion, Pedro opens the gate, and Delgado appears with Montague, the competitor hotel manager, hung upside down. A bewildered Chloe comes and apologizes to Papi. After a while, Chloe and Papi wake up Rosa with quince outfits for her and her siblings and get ready. As the quince starts, Ali reveals that she was the one who mentioned Charlotte's rescue to the other pups. Jenny and Oscar are arrested, Papi becomes the new teacher at the doggy day care, and Hollis adopts Arnie.

Cast
 Marcus Coloma as Sam Cortez
 Erin Cahill as Rachel Ashe-Cortez
 Cedric Yarbrough as Hollis
 Frances Fisher as Amelia James
 Briana Lane as Jenny
 Sebastian Roche as Chef Frank Didier
 Jason Brooks as Mr. Montague
 Kyle Gass as Lester
 Amanda Fuller as Spa Employee
 Michael Lanahan as BellHop #1
 Sam Pancake as Frederick
 Eddie "Piolín" Sotelo as Hotel Security Guard
 Jeff Witzke as Cook
 Dana Rutkin as Assistant Cook
 Caren Boyajian as Bellhop #2
 J. P. Manoux as Gustavo
 Cara Santana as Jillian

Voices
 George Lopez as Papi Cortez
 Odette Annable as Chloe Winthrop Ashe-Cortez
 Ernie Hudson as Pedro Cortez
 Kay Panabaker as Rosa Cortez; Panabaker replaced Chantilly Spalan as the voice of Rosa.
 Logan Grove as Papi Cortez Jr.; Grove replaced Zachary Gordon as the voice of Papi Jr.
 Emily Osment as Pep Cortez
 Madison Pettis as Lala Cortez
 Delaney Jones as Ali Cortez
 Tom Kenny as Sebastian
 Jake Busey as Oscar
 Lacey Chabert as Charlotte
 Miguel Ferrer as Delgado
 Phil LaMarr as Diego and Black Labbeth Bassist
 Eddie "Piolín" Sotelo as Humberto
 Nick Eversman as Phil
 Lev L. Spiro as Black Labbeth Guitarist

References

External links

2012 direct-to-video films
2012 films
2010s English-language films
2010s children's comedy films
American children's comedy films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Disney direct-to-video films
Films about animals
Films about dogs
Films about pets
Films scored by Heitor Pereira
2012 comedy films
Films set in hotels
Beverly Hills Chihuahua (film series)
Films directed by Lev L. Spiro
Films produced by David Hoberman
2010s American films


Silvio Spaventa (12 May 1822 – 20 June 1893) was an Italian journalist, politician and statesman who played a leading role in the unification of Italy, and subsequently held important positions within the newly formed Italian state.

Early life
Younger brother of the Italian philosopher Bertrando Spaventa, Silvio was born into a middle-class family of limited means. His mother, Maria Anna Croce, was the great-aunt of philosopher Benedetto Croce. When Croce's parents died in an earthquake, in 1883, Silvio became his guardian, an experience that had a deep influence on Croce.

In 1836, Silvio joined his brother at the Diocesan Seminary in Chieti. In 1838 he moved, along with Bertrando to Montecassino, to study at the Benedictine seminary. It is probable they were sent to Montecassino because new political and religious ideas were allowed to flourish there. Silvio befriended the philosopher Antonio Tari. In 1840, in collaboration with two other seminary students, he began his political career by writing a petition to the king of Naples, Ferdinand II, demanding a constitution.

In 1843, he moved to Naples to work as tutor to the children of the magistrate Benedetto Croce, his maternal uncle, and grandfather of the famous philosopher of the same name. Like his elder brother, Silvio became interested in liberalism and the thought of Hegel, and soon had to leave Naples on account of his political views. Moving to Tuscany, he forged strong links with a number of local moderate politicians. After returning to Naples in February 1848, and following the granting of a constitution, he founded Il Nazionale.  After the newspaper's first issue, on 1 March 1848, within a short time it became a point of reference for the liberal middle class, and even found favour in more conservative and royalist circles. During this period he also founded, with the help of Luigi Settembrini and Filippo Agresti, a secret society named the Grande Società dell'Unità Italiana, the aim of which was the overthrow of the Bourbon dynasty.

Spaventa was elected to parliament, where he joined the effort to give Neapolitan patriotism a national dimension. This included lending strong support to the sending of troops of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to fight in the First Italian War of Independence.

Exile
Shortly after granting the constitution, the Bourbon king of Naples, Ferdinando II of the Two Sicilies, promptly abolished it on 15 May 1848 and proceeded to bombard the anti-royalist strongholds of Naples. Spaventa, accused of supporting General Guglielmo Pepe's resistance movement, was arrested on 19 March 1849 and held in the prison of San Francesco. On being found guilty of conspiracy against the state, and sedition, he was sentenced on 8 October to hang. This punishment was then commuted to life imprisonment (as often happened under the Bourbons). He spent the next six years in Santo Stefano prison, dedicating his time to studying politics and philosophy. On 11 January 1859 his sentence was commuted once again, this time to exile for life. In all, he spent 11 years in prison, the chains used to shackle him leaving scars on his legs and affecting his gait for the rest of his life. Spaventa was put on a boat to America with 68 other exiles, including Filippo Agresti and Luigi Settembrini, both also condemned for their political activities. During the voyage a mutiny was organised by Settembrini's son, an officer in the British Merchant Navy who had talked his way onto the crew of the ship. The mutineers landed in Ireland on 6 March 1859 and Spaventa and his comrades returned to Turin via London. In Turin, Spaventa contacted Cavour, becoming a staunch supporter of the statesman and a leading advocate of his political ideas.

Political activity after Italian unification

In July 1860, Spaventa was sent to Naples by Cavour and the Savoy monarchy (who were already planning an invasion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, possibly under the leadership of Garibaldi). His mandate was to prepare for the annexation of the South of Italy to the future Kingdom of Italy. He unsuccessfully tried to achieve this without waiting for Garibaldi to reach Naples. On arriving there, Garibaldi, adopting the title of Dictator expelled Spaventa from the city on 25 September. He returned in October to take up the post of Minister for Police in the provisional government (from November 1860 to July 1861), dealing vigorously with the difficult situation in the city, at times with the help of Rodrigo Nolli, a landowner from the same region of Italy as Spaventa.

Silvio Spaventa was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, for the Destra storica (a liberal alliance based around Cavour), from 1861 to 1889. He was appointed Under-Secretary to the Ministry of the Interior in the governments of Luigi Carlo Farini and Marco Minghetti, becoming the principal architect of the State's policy on internal security. He organised the repression of banditry in southern Italy, and of the disturbances in Turin, in 1864. These took place in response to the September Convention, which resulted in the capital of Italy being moved from Turin to Florence.
In 1868 Spaventa was appointed a member of the Council of State where, on 6 May 1880, he delivered has famous speech on "justice in government".
From July 1873 to March 1876, he was Minister for Public Works in the second Minghetti cabinet. While in this post, he promoted the law to nationalise the railways. The resulting withdrawal of support from Tuscan members of parliament led to the fall of the government in March 1876 and the demise of the Destra storica political alliance.

Silvio Spaventa became a Senator in 1889 and, through the good offices of Francesco Crispi was also appointed to the IV section of the Italian Council of State.

Political and philosophical thought

There is evidence that Silvio was the first to propose that "classical" German philosophy descended directly from Italian philosophy of the 16th century. This idea was to become of key importance in Bertrando Spaventa's Hegelian theory of history and the state.

Strongly influence by Hegel's philosophy of the state, Silvio Spaventa's theory of liberalism was one of the most original of 19th century Italy. He wrote that the state should be strong, but not authoritarian. He also fought tenaciously for a rigorous separation of the political and administrative spheres of government, and argued against Agostino Depretis's trasformismo, in favour of a British-style two-party system.

Spaventa died in Rome on 20 June 1893. He was given a state funeral and buried in the cemetery of Verano in Rome.

Main works

La politica della Destra, writings and speeches, ed. Benedetto Croce, Laterza, Bari 1910;
Dal 1848 al 1861. Lettere scritti documenti, ed. Benedetto Croce, Bari 1923;
Lettere politiche (1861-1893), ed. G. Castellano, Laterza, Bari, 1926.

Bibliography
R. De Cesare, Silvio Spaventa e I suoi tempi, in Nuova Antologia, Vol. XLVI, Florence 1893;
Bertrando Spaventa, Scritti filosofici, ed. G. Gentile, Ditta A. Morano & Figlio, Napoli, 1901;
Paolo Romano, Silvio Spaventa, biografia politica, Laterza, Bari, 1942;
Giulio M. Chiodi, La giustizia amministrativa nel pensiero politico di Silvio Spaventa, Laterza, Bari 1969;
Elena Croce, Silvio Spaventa, Adelphi, Milan 1969;
Saverio Ricci, Silvio Spaventa, Rivista Bergomum, LXXX, Bergamo 1990;
Domenico Losurdo, Dai fratelli Spaventa a Gramsci, La Città del Sole, Naples 1997.
Luigi Gentile, Coscienza nazionale e pensiero europeo in Bertrando Spaventa, Edizioni Noubs, Chieti 2000;
Raffaele Aurini, Spaventa Silvio, in Dizionario bibliografico della gente d'Abruzzo, Ars et Labor, Teramo 1958, now in Nuova Edizione, Andromeda editrice, Colledara 2002;
Carlo Ghisalberti, Silvio Spaventa tra Risorgimento e stato unitario, Vivarium, 2003.

Notes

External links
,  Information on website of Comune of Bomba (in Italian)

1822 births
1893 deaths
People from the Province of Chieti
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies people
Historical Right politicians
Italian Ministers of Public Works
Deputies of Legislature VIII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature IX of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature X of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XI of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XIII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XIV of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XV of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XVI of the Kingdom of Italy
Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
Italian liberal politicians
Idealists
Italian political philosophers
Italian newspaper founders
Italian male journalists
19th-century Italian journalists
19th-century Italian male writers
Italian people of the Italian unification
Burials at Campo Verano

Silvio Spaventa


The Zeppelin-Lindau V I was a metal-framed, pusher configuration, German sesquiplane, designed by Claude Dornier. It flew on 13 November 1916 and crashed on the first flight.

Design and development

It was designed by Claude Dornier, then with Zeppelin-Werke Lindau GmbH and first flew on November 13, 1916. It was a single seat experimental test aircraft for Abteilung Dornier.

The V I was a two bay sesquiplane, its lower wing both shorter and narrower than the upper one. Both had roughly rectangular plans, though the upper tips were rounded. Two steel tube, V-form interplane struts braced the upper and lower wing spars together across an unusually small interplane gap. The wings had Dornier's preferred metal spars and ribs and were fabric covered.

A pusher configuration aircraft, the V I was powered by a  Maybach Mb.III engine placed, partially exposed, at the rear of the forward fuselage. This was a smooth ovoid aluminium sheet structure and contained the cockpit just behind the nose. Behind the wing trailing edges the fuselage was an uncovered steel tube structure, rectangular in cross-section. Its upper and lower tailbooms were mounted on the wings at the top and bottom of the inner interplane struts, far enough apart to provide clearance for the propeller. It narrowed aft to the tail, which, like the wings, had surfaces with fabric covering over metal structures. A trapezoidal fin was mounted  between the converging fuselage members, where the final vertical tube served as the rudder post and carried a rectangular rudder. The horizontal tail was mounted on the upper fuselage, braced with V-struts to the lower booms ahead of the rudder post. An SKF latticed radiator was fixed above the upper wing.

Its undercarriage was fixed and conventional, with mainwheels on a single axle supported at each end by a V-strut to the lower fuselage. There was a small tailskid below the rudder post.

The pusher layout was probably influenced by the success of the British D.H.2, and F.E.2b fighters which, with the French Nieuport 11 sesquiplane had helped to attain aerial superiority on the Western Front in the summer of 1916.

Operational history

The machine was built at Seemoos, Friedrichshafen and was transported to Loewental airfield and stored in readiness for flight trials. Ground-based taxiing trials indicated that it was top heavy, where it nosed over on the ground on at least once. On 13 November when the initial flight was to take place, company pilot Schroeter did not turn up so Oblt. Riechsffreiherr Hans Haller von Hallerstein volunteered instead. The aircraft lifted off the ground and flew on an undulating path before climbing almost vertically and then diving and crashing into the ground. Kallerstein was killed and the aircraft was so badly damaged that it was not repaired.

Specifications

References

Pusher aircraft
Sesquiplanes
1910s German military aircraft
Zeppelin-Lindau aircraft
Dornier aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916

Zeppelin-Lindau V I


Lake McDonald is the largest  lake in Glacier National Park. It is located at  in Flathead County in the U.S. state of Montana. Lake McDonald is approximately 10 miles (16 km) long, and over a mile (1.6 km) wide and 472 feet (130 m) deep, filling a valley formed by a combination of erosion and glacial activity. Lake McDonald lies at an elevation of  and is on the west side of the Continental Divide. Going-to-the-Sun Road parallels the lake along its southern shoreline. The surface area of the lake is 6,823 acres (27.6 km2).

The lake is home to numerous native species of trout, and other game fish.  Catchable species include: westslope cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, bull trout (char), lake trout (char), Lake Superior whitefish, mountain whitefish, kokanee salmon (landlocked sockeye), and suckers.  However, the lake is nutrient-poor and is not considered a prime fishing destination. Grizzly bears, black bear, moose, and mule deer are found in many places near the lake but are most common on the north shore. The lake is surrounded by a dense coniferous forest dominated by various species of spruce, fir, and larch.

At the westernmost section of the lake in Apgar there is a National Park Service visitor center with limited lodging and dining facilities. Lake McDonald Lodge is the largest lodging facility on the lake and is approximately  east along the Going-to-the-Sun Road. The lodge was constructed in 1913–14 to resemble a rustic hunting lodge with Swiss-influenced architecture.

McDonald Creek flows into and drains from the lake, and empties into the Middle Fork Flathead River shortly after.

References

External links

Lakes of Glacier National Park (U.S.)
Lakes of Flathead County, Montana

Lake McDonald


Ignaz or Ignace Vitzthumb (also Witzthumb; 14 September 1724 – 23 March 1816) was an Austrian musician, composer and conductor active in the Austrian Netherlands. He was also music director of the La Monnaie theatre in Brussels.

Life
Vitzthumb was born in Baden bei Wien.  Arriving in Brussels in 1735 at the age of 11, he entered the service of archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria as a child-singer in her choir. Taught by Jean-Joseph Fiocco, then choirmaster of the Brussels chapel royal, Vitzthumb became a court drummer at sixteen, a post he held for more than 40 years alongside other roles. His half-brother, François-Antoine Vitzthumb, was a trumpeter in the court and his son Paul Vitzthumb (1761–1838) succeeded him as court drummer.

After the War of the Austrian Succession, in which he had served in a regiment of Hungarian hussars, he returned to Brussels and took part in several chambers of rhetoric and compagnies bourgeoises, of which there were Francophone as well as Flemish versions. He showed off his talents as a violinist, conductor and theatre director, and was a member of the Concert bourgeois. He is also mentioned among the court musicians as a composer, tenor and violinist in 1758 and 1759, and as a composer from 1760 to 1775.

From 1761, he entered the Théâtre de la Monnaie as its composer and music master, and taught singing to young actors such as Angélique D'Hannetaire and Alexandre Bultos. In 1772, he and the singer Louis Compain became co-directors of the Théâtre, then Vitzthumb was sole director from 1774 to 1777. This period is considered to be one of the most fertile in the Théâtre de la Monnaie's life, and travellers like Charles Burney did not hesitate to praise the quality of the members of its acting troop and orchestra. Even so, the theatre soon went bankrupt and so Vitzthumb was forced to abandon his role as director, though he retained that of conductor. He founded the Opéra flamand in 1772.

Suspended from all his jobs in 1791 for taking part in the insurrection against Joseph II, Vitzthumb left for Amsterdam to take up a post as music master at the "Collège dramatique et lyrique". Falling seriously ill the following year, he returned to Brussels to live with his son Paul and died there in 1816, aged 91.

Works
 Surviving
 Céphalide ou les Autres mariages samnites, libretto by prince Charles-Joseph de Ligne (1777)
 Lamentations of Jeremiah for Holy Week (manuscript fragments)
 Symphonies (manuscript fragments)
 Sinfonia a più stromenti
 Recueils d'ariettes d'opéra (arrangements of 14 verses, 1775-1786)
 Lost
 La Fausse esclave (1761)
 L'Éloge de la vertu ou le Tribut des cœurs, libretto by Louis Compain (1761)
 Le Soldat par amour, with Pieter van Maldere, libretto by Jean-François de Bastide (1766)
 La Foire de village, libretto by François-Xavier Pagès (1786)

Sources
 Opera Glass
 Dominique Dujardin. The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie (1992).  and

1724 births
1816 deaths
18th-century Austrian musicians
18th-century Austrian male musicians
Austrian classical musicians
Austrian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Austrian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Austrian expatriates in Belgium
Austrian Classical-period composers
Directors of La Monnaie
Austrian opera composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Baden bei Wien
Musicians of the Austrian Netherlands
Austrian male classical composers
19th-century male musicians

Ignaz Vitzthumb


Bloomability is a children's book by Sharon Creech, first published in 1998; the main character is Dinnie Doone, a young girl who at the start of the novel lives with her semi-nomadic family in the modern-day United States of America. She is given the opportunity to attend a boarding school in Lugano, Switzerland, where the majority of the storyline takes place. This school is inspired by The American School In Switzerland, where Creech taught English.

The title, "Bloomability", comes from Keisuke, one of Dinnie's friends in the book.  Keisuke is a Japanese student at the school who is just learning English, so "bloomability" emerged as his linguistic concept of the word "possibility"

Plot summary
Domenica Santolina Doone, known as Dinnie, has spent most of her life traveling around the United States because her father is transiently employed.  Dinnie feels that she has settled into this routine of never having a permanent home until one night, her whole world changes.  With her older brother in the Air Force after ending up in jail again, her sixteen-year-old sister pregnant and married, and her dad still on the road for yet another home, Dinnie is taken away by her aunt and her husband to Switzerland, where Uncle Max (her uncle) is the new headmaster of an international boarding school.

Dinnie becomes a student at the school, where she makes friends, sees new, exciting things, and has many adventures of her own. She befriends a girl named Lila, who at first seems nice but then starts complaining a lot, but Dinnie still really likes her. Dinnie also has a friend named Guthrie, a spontaneous and fun-loving "fantastico!" person.  She also gets to know Keisuke and Belen, a Japanese boy and a Spanish girl, who love each other, but whose parents are not supportive of their relationship.  The group is later joined by an Italian girl named Mari.  During a Ski trip with the boarding school, Lila and Guthrie get trapped in an avalanche and are saved because Dinnie watched where they fell and was thus able to locate them. Both of them survived and made a full recovery.

Interspersed in the novel are Dinnie's diary entries, postcards from her two paternal aunts informing Dinnie of what is happening with her family, and Dinnie's various attempts to communicate to the local community using signs at her window that she wants to return home.  However, as the year progresses, Dinnie begins to thrive in the diverse environment and the stability of remaining in one place.  At the end of the year, Dinnie's aunt and uncle give her a choice: Go home to America for the summer and come back to school in the fall, or go back to America permanently. It is never said what her decision was, but Dinnie keeps her skis in the closet so that she will have to come back someday.

Characters

 Mrs. Stirling
 The glamorous and elegant founder of the international school that Dinnie attends.  Though Max is the headmaster, Mrs. Stirling is the director of the school and highly respected by everyone.  Despite her advanced age, she is extremely astute and aware of everything that is going at the school and fluent in English, French, and Italian.

Keisuke
 A boy who came from Osaka, Japan and Guthrie's best friend.  Because English is not his first language, he often pronounces words differently (like stupid as "stew pod") and coins new words to define existing concepts (bloomability for "possibility"), which are picked up by his friends.  He is good-humoured and bright, and has a relationship with Belen Martinez, his classmate.

Belen Martinez
 A girl who was a roommate with Lila, and is from Barcelona, Spain.  She and Keisuke are in a relationship of sorts, though Belen is aware that her parents would not entirely approve of her dating a Japanese boy.  She is a mature girl who comes across as somewhat moody and has strong opinions.  However, she is not confrontational like Lila.

Mari
 An Italian girl from Rome, Italy who joins Dinnie and her friends later in the novel, after the school's annual ski trip.  She is friendly and cheerful, though a little hot-tempered.

Dinnie's family
 Dinnie's family consists of her father Jack, her mother, her older brother Crick and her older sister Stella.  Jack, who was born in Bybanks, Kentucky like Dinnie was, is constantly on the move with another job.  He does not get along with his wife's family, whom he believes looks down on him for his country roots.  Dinnie's mother was originally from New York and is a trained artist; though she prefers living in the city, she willingly travels around the United States in the wake of her husband's jobs.  While Dinnie is in Switzerland, her mother infrequently responds to Dinnie's letters with slightly bizarre cards she has painted herself.  Her mother, Dinnie's Grandma Fiorelli, originally comes from Campobasso, Italy, and disapproves of Jack's lifestyle.  Dinnie's brother Crick, due to being constantly on the move, frequently falls into delinquent behavior until, shortly before Dinnie is sent to Switzerland with Sandy and Max, is forcibly enlisted into the army in order to clean up his act.  In contrast, Dinnie's sixteen-year-old sister Stella secretly marries a marine named George and has a baby, Michael, before Dinnie leaves for Switzerland.  Throughout the novel, Dinnie receives news about her family from her paternal aunts, Tillie and Grace, who reside in By banks and often argue with one another.  The sisters, however, express great love for their niece in their letters to Dinnie and offer encouraging news.

References

1998 American novels
American children's novels
American young adult novels
Novels by Sharon Creech
Novels set in Switzerland
Lugano
Novels set in boarding schools
1998 children's books
Children's books set in Switzerland
Children's books set in schools

Bloomability