Balasubramaniam Rajam Iyer (15 July 1922 – 3 May 2009) was a Carnatic singer from South India. He was awarded the Madras Music Academy's Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 1987.

Family
Rajam Iyer was born in Karaikudi, in Ramnad district,  to Balasubramania Iyer and Lakshmi Ammal.

Training in music
He began his training in Carnatic music under Thirukokarnam Subbiah Bhagaathar and then under Ganapathy Iyer of Kunnakudi. The latter is a Gottuvadyam and Jalatarangam player. This initial training lasted for about five years.
He went for advanced training as the disciple of Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar. This training was undertaken in the traditional Gurukula (residing in the master's residence and serving him) style and lasted for about 10 years.
Rajam Iyer grew up as the leading disciple of Ramanuja Iyengar and became an exponent of his style of singing.
His long association with Ramanuja Iyengar helped him to enrich his repertoire. In addition, he learnt Muthuswami Dikshitar krithis from T. L. Venkatarama Iyer, a recipient of the Prestigious Sangeetha Kalanidhi award.

As a musicologist
He set tunes and rhythm to all the 30 Tiruppaavai songs of Sri Andal. He also set tunes to many Rama Natakam songs of Arunachala Kavi. He published these and many other songs to which he set music.
He was a tutor to the Travancore royal family members for 4 years since 1943.
He served as a member of the selection panels of Madras and Delhi universities. He was a member of the expert committee of the Madras Music Academy
Perhaps his greatest achievement was bringing out the Tamil edition of Sangita Sampradaya Pradarshini written by Subbarama Dikshitar. This was done for the Madras Music Academy.

Concerts
His first concert was during the Thyagaraja Aradhana at Thiruvaiyaru in 1942. He gave his first performance in Chennai (it was called Madras, then) in 1956 with a concert in the Jagannadha Sabha in Egmore. He renders the compositions with sincerity and devotion. His concerts are noted for the sustained interest they acquire from the tana varna to the lighter pieces bringing out the excellence in composition and musical content.
He had also served as the "Top Grade Artiste" of All India Radio.

Publishing of notations of Sri Muthuswami Dikshitar in Swadesamitran
Sangita Kalanidhi Sri B. Rajam Iyer was a living authority in rendering Shri Muthuswami Dikshitar's kritis.  He had the benefit of learning these kritis under the tutelage of Shri T.L.Venkatarama Iyer, who himself had the privilege of learning them from Shri Ambi Dikshitar.  Shri Rajam Iyer wrote swara notations to several Dikshitar's compositions and these were published in Swadesamitran, Tamil weekly in 1956.  He was fired by a grand ambition — to share and propagate the glories of the Dikshitar heritage.  The swara knowledge fostered by his first Guru Sri Kunnakudi Ganapathi Iyer, a Gottuvadyam and a Jalatharangam artiste was a blessing as Dikshitar's compositions demanded meticulous expertise in the notation process, as evident in Rajam Iyer's "Selected Compositions of Sri Muttusvami Dikshitar" (2004) published in Roman and Devanagari scripts, or in his contributions as co-editor of Subbarama Dikshitar's "Sampradaya Pradarsini."The original Pataantaram (repertoire) of the great composers' kritis were reflected in the notations.

He once visited Arsha Vidya Gurukulam, Saylorsburg, Pennysylvana, in August 2003, to conduct a weeklong camp on Dikshitar Kritis in the presence of Pujya Swamiji Dayananda Saraswathi.  One of his students Subbalakshmi Chandrasekaran was fortunate to learn a few kritis taught by Shri B. Rajam Iyer and was inspired by the method by which very difficult kritis were taught with ease.  She undertook the project of translating the original notations of the kritis in English, for the benefit of the music students all over the world who may not be able to read Tamil. The notations were in English and the sahitya were written following the international scheme of Transliteration.  The kritis were written in Devanagiri as well as in Romanised English fonts.  The book was published in the year October 2004.

Awards and honours
Kalaimamani, 1981 by Tamil Nadu State Government
Swar Vilas, 1981 by Sur singer Samsad, Mumbai
Certificate of Merit and T.T.K. Memorial Award, 1984, the Music Academy
Government of India Senior Fellowship, 1984-86
The T.T.K Trust Award for Meritorious Musicians, 1985, The Music Academy, Chennai, FiftyEighth Conference
Dr. Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar Memorial Award for Talented Musicians, 1986, The Music Academy, Chennai, Fiftyninth Conference
Sangeetha Kalasikhamani, 1985 by The Indian Fine Arts Society
Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1986 by Sangeet Natak Akademi
Sangeetha Kalanidhi, 1987 by Music Academy, Chennai
Guruguhanjali Award, 1997, Guruguhanjali Trust of Dr.V.V. Srivatsa
Kala Ratna, 2000, Rasikaranjani Sabha, Chennai
Sangeetha Kala Sironmani, 2000, Nungambakkam Cultural Academy, Chennai
Sangeetha Acharya, 2001, Narada Gana Sabha
Gayakaratnam, 2002, Sri Swati Tirunal Sangita Sabha, Trivandrum
Padma Bhushan, 2003 by the Government of India
Kalai Chudar, 2003, Palani Tamil Sangam Sabha
Sangeetha Kala Sagara, 2004, Thyagaraja Festival of Cleveland, USA
Honorary Doctorate, 2004, University of Madras
Nadha yogi, 2004, Sri Parthasarathy Swamy Sabha, Chennai
Contributions to Sangita Sampradaya Pradarshini, 2005, Music Academy, Chennai at the 78th Annual Conference on 4 January 2005
Gayaka Sikhamani, 2006, Sanskrit College Chennai
Veteran Award, 2006, Bharat Kalachar
Sangeetha Seva Nirata, 2006, Sri Thyagaraja Sangeetha Vidwath Samajam
Arsha Kala Bhushanam, 2008, Dayananda Swamiji

Personal life
He had 5 daughters. His fifth daughter Gowri Venkataraman learnt music from him and accompanied him for concerts. His second son-in-law Sri V.Subramanian and grand daughter Dr.S.Seethalakshmi learnt music from him and accompanied him for concerts in India and abroad.

Prominent students
Smt. Vaijayanthi Mala Bali, Hon'ble Chief Minister Dr.J. Jayalalitha, Mallika Sivasailam (TAFE group), N Veera Raghavan, Padmavathy (IAS), Dr.Prameela Gurumurthy, Jayanthi Ravi (IAS), Chandrika Rajaraman, Namagiri Ramesh, Rajini Hariharan, Kalki group Smt. Anandhi, Prakash, Dr. Gowri Ramanarayan, his (Rajam Iyer's) fifth daughter Gowri Venkataraman, TVS group Sheela Balaji, Mallika Srinivasan, Gayathri Mahesh, Jayalakshmi Santhanam, Padma Sandilyan, Rama Ravi, Sirigudi Sisters, Prof. Unnikrishnan, V.K.Manimaran, Rajini Hariharan, Namagiri Ramesh, Kasthuri Shiv kumar Bhat and Dr.Shiv kumar Bhat

Foreign Students
Prof. David Reck, Prof. Skelton, Sri Swaminathan Natarajan, Smt. Sivasakthi Sivanesan (London) and Sri Y.Yadavan (London).

Death
B. Rajam Iyer died on Sunday 3 May 2009 (aged 86) after a brief illness.

References

Notes

2009 deaths
1922 births
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Male Carnatic singers
Carnatic singers
20th-century Indian male classical singers
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award

B. Rajam Iyer


Puerto Rico uses Atlantic Standard Time throughout the year, with no Daylight Saving Time, due to how close it is to the Equator. This is also true in the United States Virgin Islands. Hence, during the summer, clocks in Puerto Rico match those in New York City and Miami, while during the winter clocks on the island match those in Bermuda and Halifax in Canada.

References

Puerto Rico

Time in Puerto Rico


Vaduz Castle is a castle in Liechtenstein which serves as the home of the royal family of Liechtenstein.

It was built in the 12th century by the Counts of Vaduz. It was bought by the Liechtenstein family in 1712.

The castle is located on a hill and overlooks the town of Vaduz.

Castles in Europe
Vaduz

Vaduz Castle


The Oxford Union Society, commonly referred to as the Oxford Union, is a debating society in the city of Oxford, UK, whose membership is drawn primarily from the University of Oxford. Founded in 1823, it is one of Britain's oldest university unions and one of the world's most prestigious private students' societies. The Oxford Union exists independently from the university and is distinct from the Oxford University Student Union.

The Oxford Union has a tradition of hosting some of the world's most prominent individuals across politics, academia, and popular culture ranging from Albert Einstein and Michael Jackson to Sir Winston Churchill, Ronald Reagan, Queen Elizabeth II and Mahathir Mohamad. Many former Presidents of the Union have gone on to hold high office in the UK and Commonwealth, including William Gladstone, Ted Heath, Boris Johnson, and Benazir Bhutto.

History and status

Genesis
The Oxford Union was founded as an independent forum for unrestricted debate by junior members of Oxford University in 1823. At the time, the University prohibited junior members from discussing certain issues, such as matters of theology. Although restrictions of speech within the University have since been lifted, the Oxford Union has remained separate from and independent of the university and is constitutionally bound to remain so.

The first meeting of the Society was held illegally in a room in Peckwater Quad at Christ Church. The first recorded debate was about Parliamentarianism vs Royalism during the English Civil War. By the late 1820s, the Oxford Union was established enough to have regular elections, a growing collection of books, and formalised relations with its sister society The Cambridge Union. In the early 1830s the Union held its first debate on having confidence in HM Government, a tradition that is continued to this day. As the Society developed, it bought a plot of land by Frewin Court in central Oxford and commissioned Benjamin Woodward, who was then working on the University Museum, to design new buildings for the Society's use. These initial buildings, opened in 1857, included the original debating chamber. By the 1870s, the Society had grown too large for the chamber and commissioned a new chamber by Alfred Waterhouse.  Finished in 1878 and opened the following year, the Union's new Debating Chamber was the largest purpose-built debating chamber in the world. The original chamber became the Society's library and is now home to over 60,000 volumes. A further period of building began in the early 1900s when an extension was built between the Steward's House and the main premises of the Society.

Status
The Oxford Union is an unincorporated association; its property is held in trust in favour of its objectives and members, and governed by its rules (which form a multipartite contract between the members). Its members are almost exclusively drawn from the University of Oxford with some provision for members who are resident in Oxford or attend Oxford Brookes University.

Women members
Until 1963, women were excluded from membership of the Oxford Union. The admission of women to the Union required a 2/3 vote of its past and current members.  The first vote to admit women failed, with 903 men voting to admit women and 459 voting against. The second vote, on 9 February 1963, succeeded, 1,039 to 427. Oxford student Judith Okely, who had led the campaign to admit women, then became the first woman member. Geraldine Jones of St Hugh's College was in 1967 the first woman to be elected President of the Oxford Union.

Notable debates

1933: King and Country Debate

The Oxford Union has long associated itself with freedom of speech, most famously by debating and passing the motion "This House would under no circumstances fight for its King and country" in 1933. The debate polarized opinion across the country, with the Daily Telegraph running an article headlined "DISLOYALTY AT OXFORD: GESTURE TOWARDS THE REDS".

Several prominent Union members (including Randolph Churchill) tried to expunge this motion and the result of the debate from the Union's minute book. This attempt was defeated in a meeting more attended than the original debate. Sir Edward Heath records in his memoirs that Churchill was then chased around Oxford by undergraduates who intended to debag him (i.e., humiliate him by removing his trousers), and was then fined by the police for being illegally parked.

1964: Extremism Debate

In 1964, the Oxford Union invited American civil rights activist Malcolm X to speak on the motion, "This House Believes Extremism in Defence of Liberty is no Vice; Moderation in the Pursuit of Justice is no Virtue".

1975: EEC Membership

In 1975 the Union debated the motion "This House Would Say Yes to Europe" with Conservative Leader Ted Heath, Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe and senior Labour cabinet minister Barbara Castle speaking in the debate. It was televised live by the BBC shortly before the referendum.

1985: Nuclear Armament

In 1985, David Lange, Prime Minister of New Zealand, debated against the American evangelist, the Revd Jerry Falwell, the motion "This House Believes Nuclear Weapons are Morally Indefensible."

Notable speakers

The Union puts on a wide variety of events for its members, but is best known for its Thursday night debates and individual speaker events. In both of these, leading figures from public life are invited to discuss something of interest to the membership. Amongst the earliest individual addresses made to the Union were speeches given by Lord Randolph Churchill at the start of the 20th Century and Millicent Fawcett who became the first woman to address the Oxford Union in 1908.

Since then notable speakers to have addressed the members of the Oxford Union include:
 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II
 UK Prime Ministers Herbert Asquith, David Lloyd George, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, Harold Macmillan, Ted Heath, Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Gordon Brown, David Cameron, Theresa May, and Boris Johnson
 US Presidents Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter, and Richard Nixon
 US Secretaries of State Henry Kissinger, Madeleine Albright, John Kerry, and Colin Powell
 Several US Senators including Robert Kennedy, Bernie Sanders, and John McCain
 Speakers of the US House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi and Newt Gingrich
 The first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru
 Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
 Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto
 Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi
 The spiritual leader of Tibet, The Dalai Lama
 German Chancellor Helmut Kohl
 French Presidential candidate Marine La Pen
 American athlete O J Simpson
 Nobel Peace Prize winners F. W. de Klerk, Lech Walesa, Malala Yousafzai, Desmond Tutu, Yasser Arafat and Mother Teresa
 Australian Prime Ministers Malcolm Turnbull, Tony Abbott, Kevin Rudd, Paul Keating and Bob Hawke
 New Zealand Prime Ministers John Key, David Lange, and Mike Moore
 Scientists including Albert Einstein, Buzz Aldrin, Richard Dawkins and Stephen Hawking
 Musicians including Elton John, Billy Joel, Michael Jackson, Shakira, and James Blunt
 Actors including Morgan Freeman, Judi Dench, Bryan Cranston, Ian McKellen, Emma Watson, Clint Eastwood and Roger Moore

Membership

Membership of the Oxford Union falls into four classes: life membership, long-term membership, temporary membership, and residential membership.  Temporary membership can take four forms: course-length membership, termly membership, visiting membership, and (confusingly) permanent membership. The overwhelming majority of members are life members; the criterion for membership is being a fully matriculated member of the University of Oxford or a member of one of the Union's "kindred societies", namely:

Cambridge Union
Durham Union
Conference Olivant
Trinity College, Dublin's University Philosophical Society
Yale Political Union
Harvard Political Union

All those eligible for life membership can instead apply for long-term membership for a period of at least the duration of their course, and all such long-term members can, while eligible, apply to transfer to life membership.

Students at certain other educational institutions in Oxford, most notably Oxford Brookes University, are entitled to join for the duration of their course. Shorter membership is also extended to staff members of the University of Oxford or of any of its colleges or permanent private halls. Members of a number of other institutions, together with those participating in some visiting study programmes in Oxford, are also eligible to apply for temporary membership, while members of Oxford Brookes University alone are entitled to apply for permanent membership.

Guests staying at the Oxford Union Society/Landmark Trust flat in the Old Steward's House are deemed to be visiting members of the Society for the duration of their stay in the flat. Residential memberships are available to Oxford residents who are not from the university, but only if they are deemed worthy by a full meeting of the Union's Standing Committee after submitting a written application to the Secretary and subsequent interview by a member of the Standing Committee.

The Union buildings
The Oxford Union buildings are located in Frewin Court (off Cornmarket Street) and on St Michael's Street, and are owned by a separate charitable trust, the Oxford Literary and Debating Union Trust ("OLDUT").

OLDUT
The Oxford Union was never financially secure and had a significant level of historic debt associated with the erection of its buildings. Following a particularly bad period in the 1970s, the Union buildings were sold to OLDUT (the Oxford Literary and Debating  Union Trust), and the Oxford Union Society was granted a licence to occupy the building.

Several parts of what were historically the Union buildings and grounds were subsequently either sold or made the subject of long leases, including an area of land around the rear of the debating chamber, part of the Union cellars (adjoining that now occupied by the LGBTQ+ venue Plush), and part of what was formerly the Steward's house (now occupied by the Landmark Trust).

The creation of OLDUT secured the future of the Union's buildings such that even if the Oxford Union Society were to cease to be or fail financially the buildings would not be lost. OLDUT's principal sources of funds are private donations and grant funding (including from the Mitsubishi UFJ Trust Oxford Foundation), rent on investment property and hiring fees. OLDUT uses these funds to provide financial support for the refurbishment and maintenance of the Union buildings and the operation of the Union's library and reading-rooms.

Buildings
The original Union buildings were designed by Benjamin Woodward and opened in 1857. The society soon outgrew these premises and commissioned Alfred Waterhouse to design a free-standing debating chamber in the gardens, which opened in 1879. This was about a decade after the completion of the Cambridge Union's premises (also designed by Waterhouse), and the exteriors of the two buildings are very similar.

The original Woodward debating chamber is now known as "The Old Library". The Old Library is best known for its Pre-Raphaelite paintings by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris, referred to collectively as the Oxford Union murals. The current debating chamber and several further extensions to the main buildings were added over the next forty years. The final extension was designed in a conventional Gothic Revival style by Walter Mills and Thorpe, and built in 1910–11. It provides the Macmillan Room (the Union dining room) and Snooker Room on the first floor above the Goodman Library, underneath which there are basement library stacks. The Union also consists of a Bar on the ground floor, the Gladstone Room (a reception room) and the Morris Room (a meeting room) on the first floor, and a Members' TV Room on the second (uppermost) floor, along with separate offices for the President, Librarian, Treasurer and Secretary.

Many of the rooms in the Union are named after figures from the Union's past, such as the Goodman Library with its oriel windows and the wood-panelled Macmillan Room with barrel ceiling. The buildings have gradually been added to with paintings and statues of past presidents and prominent members.

The Old Library contains a fireplace situated in the middle of the floor with a concealed flue, a rare design of which only a handful of examples survive in the UK.

The debating chamber features busts of such notables as Roy Jenkins, Edward Heath, Michael Heseltine, George Curzon and William Gladstone. It is also home to a grand piano, known as the "Bartlet-Jones Piano" after the Oxford University Music Society president who found it dusty and forgotten in a cupboard in the Holywell Music Room and placed it on permanent loan to the Union. The piano was unveiled by Vladimir Ashkenazy who famously refused to play it in front of the packed chamber because he "had not warmed up". The despatch boxes which continue to be used in Union debates are modelled on those in the House of Commons and were offered to the House during World War II.

As recently as the 1970s the Oxford Union still provided a full silver service dining room for its members which, like its famous bar, was the afternoon and evening venue of choice for many of the university's leading undergraduate journalists and politicos. To be invited to dine at the large table in the bay window - the usual domain of the Union's president - was considered the acme of attainment in that particular sphere of the university. It was often said more plots were hatched around that particular table on a regular evening than in the Houses of Parliament on Bonfire Night.  Similarly, the Union's two libraries were extensively used by that same cadre of undergraduates (principally humanities students) who were rushing at the last minute to complete the obligatory weekly essay for their formal university education.

The Union's buildings were used as a location for each of the films Oxford Blues (1984) and The Madness of King George (1994).

Debating
Debating at the Oxford Union takes two forms: competitive debating and chamber debating.

Competitive debating offers members of the Union debate workshops and a platform upon which to practise and improve their debating skills. The Union's best debaters compete internationally against other top debating societies, and the Oxford Union regularly fields successful teams at the World Universities Debating Championship (which the Union hosted in 1993) and the European Universities Debating Championship.

The Union also runs the Oxford Schools' Debating Competition and the Oxford Intervarsity Debating Competition, each of which attracts schools and universities from around the world, as well as running a number of internal debating competitions. Oxford Schools' Debating Competition is the largest schools' competition in the world, with over one thousand teams entering each year.

There are chamber debates every Thursday evening during University terms. Experts for the proposition and opposition present paper speeches to the house. Members have an opportunity to deliver brief speeches from the floor. Following the style of the British Parliament, a motion is moved to "divide the House" in order to vote. Members in the chamber vote on the proposition with their feet by exiting the hall through a door designed to model the voting lobbies of the House of Commons, the right-hand side being marked 'ayes' and the left-hand side 'noes'.

Oxford Union Society debates are filmed and licensed by Oxford Union Limited, a registered company controlled by the Oxford Union Society. Oxford Union Limited runs a YouTube channel which has more than 1.8 million subscribers and has gained more than 250 million views across its videos.

Governance

The Oxford Union's general conduct and management is governed by the Standing Committee. The voting members are:
 The Junior Officers (The President, President-Elect, Junior Librarian, Junior Treasurer, Librarian-Elect, Treasurer-Elect, and the Secretary)
 Six elected members
 Any Ex-President within six terms of leaving office who has registered their vote
 Any other Ex-Junior Officer within three terms of leaving office who has registered their vote

The non-voting members are:
 The Returning Officer – responsible for the conduct of the Union's elections and for the interpretation of the Union's Rules and Standing Orders
 The Chair of the Consultative Committee – responsible for logistics and facilitation of events
 The Chair of the Debate Selection Committee – responsible for overseeing the debating wing of the Union
 The Senior Officers (the Senior Librarian and the Senior Treasurer) –  generally Oxford University academics and who must be members of the Union, responsible for supervising the Society's finances and libraries
 The Union's Trustees

The Bursar, the Deputy Bursar and the Access Officers attend meetings of Standing Committee in an advisory capacity.

Day-to-day management of the Union is partly conducted by professional staff, principally the Bursar, the Deputy Bursar and the House Manager.

Elections
Elections are held to fill the offices of President-elect, Librarian-elect, Treasurer-elect and Secretary, as well as 6 positions on the Standing Committee and 11 positions on the Secretary's Committee. In order to stand for election to the Secretary's Committee, members must make two speeches on different nights during the term they stand for election. For the other offices, candidates must have additionally made two such speeches in the previous term. Elections are always held on Friday of 7th Week of the university's Full Term.

The election for the Chair of the Consultative Committee is held at the meeting of the Consultative Committee on Monday of 8th Week of each term. Only members who have attended four of the last eight meetings of the Consultative Committee may either stand for election as Chair or vote.

The number of elected positions on Standing Committee was increased from 5 to 7 in Michael Li's term (Trinity 2017) and implemented in Chris Zabilowicz's term (Michaelmas 2017). However, the number of elected positions was decreased back to 5 officers at the end of James Price's term (Hilary 2021) before being increased to six at the end of Molly Mantle's term. It remains an ongoing point of discussion within the Society.

Students running for election usually stand as part of a team, known as slates, enabling voters to support a designated candidate for each position and increase each candidate's vote count.

Controversies

1996: OJ Simpson
In May 1996 President Paul Kenward invited O. J. Simpson to address the union, his first public address since his October acquittal by a Los Angeles jury of murdering his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman in 1994. Speaking for 90 minutes in front of 1,300 students, Simpson spoke of racism in the Los Angeles Police Department, and said he was sorry for hitting his wife, Nicole.

Paul Kenward had given O. J. Simpson assurances there would be no broadcast media at the union debate. However, Chris Philp, (now Conservative MP and then a second-year student at University College and features editor of the student magazine Cherwell), was fined £50 for selling a written transcript of the debate and helping to sell an audio cassette to TV stations.

2007: David Irving / Nick Griffin debate
In November 2007, President Luke Tryl sparked controversy by inviting Holocaust denier David Irving and British National Party leader Nick Griffin to speak at a Union forum on the topic of free speech. The Student Population at a Council meeting voted to oppose the invitations. Following this and protests by other student groups, a poll of the Union's members was taken and resulted in a two-to-one majority in favour of the invitations.

On the evening of the planned debate several hundred protesters gathered outside the Union buildings, chanting anti-fascist slogans and later preventing guests and Union members from entering the premises. Around 20 protesters succeeded in breaching the poorly maintained security cordon and attempted to force their way through to the main chamber. Members of the waiting audience blocked access by pushing back against the chamber doors. After students were convinced to yield to the protesters by Union staff, a sit-in protest was staged in the debating chamber, preventing a full debate from occurring due to security concerns. Because of a lack of security personnel, a number of students from the audience eventually came to take on the responsibilities of controlling events, in one instance preventing a scuffle from breaking out between a protester and members of the audience, and eventually assisting police in herding protesters from the main hall. One student protester interviewed by BBC News reported that fellow protesters played 'jingles' on the piano and danced on the President's chair though the truth of the latter assertion was seriously questioned by eyewitnesses. Smaller debates were eventually held with Irving and Griffin in separate rooms, amid criticism that the police and Union officials had not foreseen the degree of unrest which the controversial invitations would arouse.

The President of Oxford University Student Union, Martin McCluskey, strongly criticised the decision to proceed with the debate, saying that providing Irving and Griffin with a platform for their extreme views afforded them undue legitimacy. Following the event, some, including Oxford MP Evan Harris, criticised the No Platform Policy adopted by the Student Union.

2015: Marine Le Pen
In February 2015, the Union invited Marine Le Pen, the leader of the Front National in France, to address the Union, in view of the popularity of the FN in the French polls at the time. This sparked considerable controversy, with allegations of Le Pen endorsing anti-Semitism and Islamophobia. The speech went ahead as planned, albeit delayed by the protesters blockading the Union's main entrance, and briefly breaking into the building. In all, over 400 people turned up to the demonstration. There was considerable controversy over OUSU's response, with allegations that OUSU had indirectly supported the protesters and not adequately condemned threats of violence against Union members who had attempted to attend the talk.

2018: Heather Marsh

In 2018, human rights activist Heather Marsh accused the Oxford Union of censorship and violating a contractual obligation when they failed to post video of a "Whistleblowing" panel in which she appeared to the official Oxford Union YouTube channel, allegedly at the request of a fellow panelist, former CIA operative David Shedd. Oxford Union president Gui Cavalcanti replied that its agreement with Marsh and other panelists gave them the right but not the obligation to publish video of any events, adding that "just this academic year, we've had multiple events not uploaded, ranging from J. J. Abrams to Sir Patrick Stewart." A transcript of the panel and its 22-minute audio are available online.

2019: Ebenezer Azamati
In October 2019, before the annual 'No Confidence' debate, blind Ghanaian graduate student Ebenezer Azamati was violently removed from the hall for refusing to relinquish his seat, which had been reserved for a committee member. Azmati later had his membership revoked for two terms for 'violent misconduct'. Footage of the event was recorded by another member, and was subsequently uploaded to the internet. This led to protests from the University's AfriSoc society on Azmati's behalf, and soon gained national news media coverage. This was eventually followed by the resignation of standing committee members and other Union officials, and then by Union president Brendan McGrath on 19 November. Azmati was compensated an undisclosed amount.

2023: Kathleen Stock
In April 2023, the Union invited the gender-critical feminist philosopher Dr Kathleen Stock. The invitation was met with criticism from the University's LGBTQ+ Society and Student Union, who alleged Stock's views were transphobic and called upon the Union to rescind the invitation. The Union declined to disinvite Stock, saying in a statement that members would have the 'opportunity to respectfully engage and challenge' Stock. Letters both in support and in opposition to Stock's talk were published in national publications, signed by academics and students, and prompted intervention from Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, who told the Telegraph that 'University should be an environment where debate is supported, not stifled. We mustn't allow a small but vocal few to shut down discussion. Kathleen Stock's invitation to the Oxford Union should stand'. Over a hundred protestors gathered outside the buildings on the day. The event went ahead, but shortly after it started, a protestor glued themselves to the floor of the Union's debating chamber before subsequently being removed by police.

Retractions of speaker invitations
In a few notable cases the Union has withdrawn invitations to controversial speakers, as the result of public pressure, specific pressure by lobbyists, and concerns about safety.

1998: John Tyndall

A debate that was to have involved the far-right fascist leader John Tyndall was met with a campaign of resistance in 1998. This opposition, coupled with police advice following a series of racially motivated nail-bombings in London, resulted in the cancellation of the debate.

2001: David Irving

An invitation to the writer and Holocaust denier David Irving to speak in a debate on censorship in 2001 was met by a coordinated campaign by left-wing, Jewish, and anti-fascist groups, together with the elected leadership of the Oxford University Student Union, to have the invitation withdrawn. Following a meeting of Union members, and a subsequent meeting of the Union's governing body, the Standing Committee, the President decided the debate would have to be cancelled. However, Irving was allowed to speak at a Union debate in 2007.

2009: Philip Nitschke

In March 2009, the Union withdrew an invitation to euthanasia campaigner Philip Nitschke after Nitschke had already accepted the invitation. Nitschke received a second e-mail cancelling the invitation "in the interests of there being a 'fair debate'", and was told other speakers were unwilling to speak alongside him. The debate topic was the legalisation of assisted suicide, a field in which Nitschke is prominent. The reason given by Oxford Union President Corey Dixon was that two other speakers "disagree with his particular take on [assisted suicide]". According to Dixon, the speakers who successfully pressured the Union to withdraw Nitschke's invitation were a member of the public, whose brother had undergone assisted death, and British euthanasia campaigner Michael Irwin. However, Irwin denied that he had applied pressure to exclude Nitschke.

The Oxford Union released a statement explaining the decision: "An administrative decision was made to ensure we had three speakers on each side of the debate, which was proving difficult due to Nitschke's attendance. It is always in the interests of the Oxford Union to ensure a balanced debate with as wide-ranging views as possible represented. There may have been miscommunication between the Oxford Union and Nitschke. We certainly hope that no offence has been caused. The Oxford Union is a neutral institution and holds no opinion on Nitschke's views."

Nitschke commented, "This famous society has a long tradition of championing free speech. To suggest that my views on end-of-life issues are inappropriate simply because I believe that all rational elderly adults should have access to the best end-of-life information beggars belief." He also called the act "an almost unprecedented act of censorship". Nitschke gave a series of lectures across the UK at the time the debate was held.

Past officers
Notable past Presidents and Junior Officers of the Oxford Union include:

 Eric Anthony Abrahams (Cabinet minister in Jamaica): President (MT 1964)
Jonathan Aitken (UK Cabinet minister 1992-95): Librarian
Tariq Ali (author): President (TT 1965)
H. H. Asquith (UK Prime Minister): President (TT 1874)
Lalith Athulathmudali (Cabinet minister in Sri Lanka): President (HT 1958)
S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike (Prime Minister of Ceylon 1956-1959):  Treaaurer (TT 1924)
Ruzwana Bashir (entrepreneur): President (MT 2004)
Hilaire Belloc (author): President (HT 1895)
Michael Beloff (barrister, President of Trinity College, Oxford): President (MT 1962)
Benazir Bhutto (Prime Minister of Pakistan): President (HT 1977)
Gyles Brandreth (UK Member of Parliament, comedian): President (MT 1969)
John Buchan (author): President (HT 1899)
Anthony Crosland (UK Foreign Secretary): President (TT 1946)
Edwina Currie (UK Government minister): Librarian
Lord Curzon (UK Foreign Secretary 1919-24): President (MT 1880)
Robin Day (BBC Presenter): President (TT 1950)
Lord James Douglas-Hamilton (Junior Scottish minister 1987-97): President (TT 1964)
Michael Foot (Labour leader): President (MT 1933)
Paul Foot (journalist, dep. ed. Private Eye): President (TT 1961)
William Ewart Gladstone (UK Prime Minister): President (MT 1830)
Michael Gove (UK Cabinet Minister): President (HT 1988)
Sam Gyimah (UK Member of Parliament): President (MT 1997)
William Hague (UK Foreign Secretary): President (MT 1981)
Denis Healey (UK Chancellor of the Exchequer): Librarian
Edward Heath (UK Prime Minister): President (HT 1939)
Michael Heseltine (UK Deputy Prime Minister): President (MT 1954)
Damian Hinds (UK Member of Parliament): President (TT 1991)
Douglas Hogg (UK Cabinet minister): President (MT 1965)
Quentin Hogg (Lord Hailsham, UK Lord Chancellor): President (TT 1929)
Christopher Hollis (UK Member of Parliament): President (MT 1923)
Anthony Howard (journalist): President (TT 1955)
Jeremy Isaacs (TV executive): President (HT 1955)
Peter Jay (journalist, Chairman of OLDUT Trustees): President (TT 1960)
Roy Jenkins (UK Chancellor of the Exchequer): Librarian
Boris Johnson (UK Prime Minister): President (TT 1986)
Humayun Kabir (Indian politician) Librarian 1931
Lakshman Kadirgamar (Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka 1994-2001): President (HT 1959)
Uwe Kitzinger (head of INSEAD, Founder of Templeton College): President (HT 1950)
Cosmo Gordon Lang (Archbishop of Canterbury): President (MT 1884)
David Lewis (Canadian Member of Parliament): President (HT 1934)
Harold Macmillan (UK Prime Minister): Librarian
Henry Edward Manning (Archbishop of Westminster 1865-1892): President (MT 1829)
Philip May (husband of UK Prime Minister): President (TT 1979)
Louise Mensch (UK Member of Parliament): Secretary (1991?)
Viscount Monckton (UK Cabinet minister 1951-57): President (HT 1913)
Nicky Morgan (UK Education Secretary): Treasurer
John Playfair Price (UK diplomat): President (TT 1927)
Julian Priestley (Secretary-General of the European Parliament 1997–2007): President (HT 1972)
Jacob Rees-Mogg (UK Member of Parliament): Librarian (1990)
William Rees-Mogg (Editor of 'The Times'): President (TT 1951)
Andrew Rowe (UK Member of Parliament): Librarian
3rd Marquess of Salisbury (UK Prime Minister): Secretary (MT 1848)
F. E. Smith (Lord Birkenhead, UK Lord Chancellor): President (TT 1894)
Montek Singh Ahluwalia (economist, IMF): President (MT 1966)
Andrew Sullivan (political commentator): President (TT 1983)
William Temple (Archbishop of Canterbury): President (HT 1904)
Jeremy Thorpe (UK Liberal leader): President (HT 1951)
Anthony Wedgwood-Benn (UK Cabinet minister): President (TT 1947)
Ann Widdecombe (UK Member of Parliament): Secretary (1971), Treasurer (1972)

(MT = Michaelmas Term; HT = Hilary Term; TT = Trinity Term)

See also
 List of presidents of the Oxford Union
 Cambridge Union
 Durham Union
 Olivaint Conference of Belgium

References

External links

1823 establishments in the United Kingdom
Student debating societies
History of Oxford
Culture in Oxford
Politics of Oxford
Alfred Waterhouse buildings
Grade II* listed buildings in Oxford

Oxford Union


Johannes Gerhard (17 October 1582 – 17 August 1637) was a Lutheran church leader and Lutheran Scholastic theologian during the period of Orthodoxy.

Biography
He was born in the German city of Quedlinburg. During a dangerous illness, at the age of fourteen he came under the personal influence of Johann Arndt, author of Das wahre Christenthum, and resolved to study for the church. He entered the University of Wittenberg in 1599, and studied philosophy and theology. A relative then persuaded him to change his subject, and he studied medicine for two years. In 1603, he resumed his theological reading at Jena, and in the following year received a new impulse from J.W. Winckelmann and Balthasar Mentzer at Marburg. He graduated in 1605 and began to give lectures at Jena, then in 1606 he accepted the invitation of John Casimir, Duke of Coburg, to the superintendency of Heldburg and mastership of the gymnasium Casimirianum Coburg; soon afterwards he became general superintendent of the duchy, in which capacity he was engaged in the practical work of ecclesiastical organization until 1616, when he became the senior theological professor at Jena, where the remainder of his life was spent.

Here, with Johann Major and Johann Himmel, he formed the "Trias Johannea." Though still comparatively young, Gerhard was already regarded as the greatest living theologian of Protestant Germany; in the "disputations" of the period he was always protagonist, and his advice was sought on all public and domestic questions touching on religion or morals. During his lifetime he received repeated calls to almost every university in Germany (e.g. Giessen, Altdorf, Helmstedt, Jena, Wittenberg), as well as to Uppsala in Sweden. He died in Jena.

Writings
His writings are numerous, alike in exegetical, polemical, dogmatic and practical theology. To the first category belong the  (1617), the Comment, super priorem D. Petri epistolam (1641), and also his commentaries on Genesis (1637) and on Deuteronomy (1658). Of a controversial character are the Confessio Catholica (1633–1637), an extensive work which seeks to prove the evangelical and catholic character of the doctrine of the Augsburg Confession from the writings of approved Roman Catholic authors; and the Loci communes theologici (1610–1622), his principal contribution, in which Lutheranism is expounded "nervose, solide et copiose," in fact with a fulness of learning, a force of logic and a minuteness of detail that had never before been approached.

The Meditationes sacrae (1606), a work expressly devoted to the uses of Christian edification, has been frequently reprinted in Latin and has been translated into most of the European languages, including Greek.

Works
 A full listing of printings of Gerhard's works from 1601 to 2002 is in Johann Anselm Steiger, ed., Bibliographia Gerhardina 1601–2002: Verzeichnis der Druckschriften Johann Gerhards (1582–1637) sowie ihrer Neuausgaben, Übersetzungen und Bearbeitungen (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: frommann-holzboog, 2003).
 Loci Theologici (1610–1625; reprint, Berlin: Schlawitz, 1863–85), vol. 1 (1625 Exegesis), vol. 3 (1610 Loci),  vol. 5, vol. 7,  vol. 8,  vol. 9, vol. 1-9
 Confessio Catholica (Jena, 1634–37), volume 1, volume 2/1, volume 2/2, volume 2/3, (Frankfurt, 1679).
 Meditationes Sacrae (original Latin text with audio recordings)
 Johann Gerhards Handexemplar der Lutherbibel - Digital copy of Johann Gerhard's personal annotated Bible

Translations
 Theological Commonplaces: Exegesis, or A More Copious Explanation of Certain Articles of the Christian Religion (1625): On the Nature of Theology and on Scripture, rev. ed., translated by Richard J. Dinda, edited with annotations by Benjamin T. G. Mayes (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2009).
 Theological Commonplaces: Exegesis, or A More Copious Explanation of Certain Articles of the Christian Religion (1625): On the Nature of God and On the Most Holy Mystery of the Trinity, translated by Richard J. Dinda, edited with annotations by Benjamin T. G. Mayes (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2007).
 Theological Commonplaces: Exegesis, or A More Copious Explanation of Certain Articles of the Christian Religion (1625): On the Person and Office of Christ, translated by Richard J. Dinda, edited with annotations by Benjamin T. G. Mayes (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2009).
 Theological Commonplaces: On the Church, translated by Richard J. Dinda, edited with annotations by Benjamin T. G. Mayes (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2010).
 Meditations on Divine Mercy, translated by Matthew C. Harrison (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2003).
 Sacred Meditations, translated by C. W. Heisler (Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society, 1896).
 An Explanation of the History of the Suffering and Death of our Lord Jesus Christ, translated by Elmer M. Hohle (Malone, TX: Repristination Press, 1999).
 The External Symbols or Earthly Matter in the Lord's Supper, translated by Nathaniel J. Biebert (Red Brick Parsonage, 2013).
 Commentary on 1 Timothy 4:12, translated by Nathaniel J. Biebert (Red Brick Parsonage, 2012).
 Not Ashamed of the Cross: Commentary on 2 Timothy 1:11–18, translated by Nathaniel J. Biebert (Red Brick Parsonage, 2011).
 Troublesome Times: Commentary on 2 Timothy 3:1–5, translated by Nathaniel J. Biebert (Red Brick Parsonage, 2013).
 The Necessity of Being Persecuted: Commentary on 2 Timothy 3:10-13, translated by Nathaniel J. Biebert (Red Brick Parsonage, 2014).
 Finishing the Race: Commentary on 2 Timothy 4:6–8, translated by Nathaniel J. Biebert (Red Brick Parsonage, 2015).

Notes

References
  This work in turn cites:
 Vita Joh. Gerhardi, (published by E. R. Fischer, 1723)
 Carl Julius Böttcher, Das Leben Dr. Johann Gerhards, 1858
 W. Gass, Geschichte der protestantischen Dogmatik (1854–1867)

Further reading

 Studium Excitare: biography of Johann Gerhard by Nathaniel J. Biebert
 Gerhard, Johann (Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge), Vol. IV
 Gerhard, Johann (Christian Cyclopedia)
 Erdmann Rudolph Fischer, The Life of John Gerhard, translated by Richard J. Dinda and Elmer Hohle (Malone, TX: Repristination, 1999).
 Erdmann Rudolph Fischer, Vita Johannis Gerhardi (Leipzig, 1723).
 Glenn K. Fluegge, Johann Gerhard (1582–1637) and the Conceptualization of Theologia at the Threshold of the "Age of Orthodoxy": The Making of the Theologian (Goettingen 2018, )

External links

1582 births
1637 deaths
People from Quedlinburg
17th-century German Lutheran clergy
German Lutheran theologians
German male non-fiction writers
Lutheran sermon writers
Clergy from Saxony-Anhalt
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
17th-century writers in Latin
Academic staff of the University of Jena
University of Wittenberg alumni
16th-century Lutheran theologians
17th-century Lutheran theologians
Lutheran saints

Johann Gerhard


The spine-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis hardwickii), also commonly known as Hardwicke's sea snake and Hardwicke's spine-bellied sea snake, is a species of venomous sea snake in the family Elapidae.

Etymology
The specific name, hardwickii, is in honor of English naturalist Thomas Hardwicke.

Description
H. hardwickii has the following characteristics.
Body short, stout, neck region not less than half as thick at midbody;
head large; scales squarish or hexagonal, juxtaposed, outer 3-4 rows larger than others, scale rows: males 23-31 around neck, females 27-35, around midbody, males 25-27, females 33-41;
ventrals small, usually distinct anteriorly, not so posteriorly, in  males 114-186, in  females 141-230; head shields entire, parietals occasionally divided;
nostrils superior, nasals in contact with one another;
prefrontal usually in contact with second upper labial;
7-8 upper labials, 3-4 bordering eye; 1 pre- and 1-2 postoculars; 2, rarely 3, anterior temporals; greenish or yellow- olive above, whitish below, 35-50 olive to dark gray dorsal bars, tapering to a point laterally, occasionally encircling body, a narrow dark ventral stripe or broad irregular band occasionally present;
adults often lack any pattern and are uniform olive to dark gray;
head pale olive to black, yellow markings on snout present or not. Total length 860 mm (2' 4"), tail length 85 mm (3.3").

Geographic range
H. hardwickii is located in warm waters:
Persian Gulf (United Arab Emirates, Iran)
Indian Ocean (Bangladesh, Burma, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India)
South China Sea north to the coasts of Fujian and Shandong
Strait of Taiwan
Indoaustralian Archipelago
North coast of Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia)
Philippines, Cambodia.
Pacific Ocean (Thailand, Indonesia, China, Japan, Papua New Guinea)

References

Further reading
Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthogylyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Enhydris hardwickii, p. 301).
Gray JE (1835). Illustrations of Indian Zoology, chiefly selected from the collection of Major - General Hardwicke. Vol. 2. London (1833-1834): 263 pp., 95 plates. (Lapemis hardwickii, new species, Plate 87, Figure 2).
Gray JE (1843). "Description of two new species of reptiles from the collection made during the voyages of H.M.S. Sulphur." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [First Series] 11: 46.
Gritis P, Voris HK (1990). "Variability and significance of parietal and ventral scales in the marine snakes of the genus Lapemis (Serpentes: Hydrophiidae), with comments on the occurrence of spiny scales in the genus." Fieldiana Zool., New Series (56): i-iii + 1-13.
Günther ACLG (1864). The Reptiles of British India. London: The Ray Society. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xxvii + 452 pp. + Plates I-XXVI. (Hydrophis hardwickii, p. 380 + Plate XXV, figure W).
Leviton AE, Wogan GOU, Koo MS, Zug GR, Lucas RS, Vindum JV (2003). "The Dangerously Venomous Snakes of Myanmar: Illustrated Checklist with Keys". Proc. California Acad. Sci. 54 (24): 407-462. (Lapemis hardwickii, p. 436).
Smith MA (1943). The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes. London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (Lapemis hardwickii, pp. 468–470, Figures 148 & 149).

External links
 SnakeDatabase (http://snakedatabase.org/species/Hydrophis/hardwickii).

Hydrophis
Reptiles of Western Australia
Reptiles described in 1834
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Snakes of Australia

Spine-bellied sea snake


The Usambara Mountains of northeastern Tanzania in tropical East Africa, comprise the easternmost ranges of the Eastern Arc Mountains. The ranges of approximately  long and about half that wide, are situated in the Lushoto District of the Tanga Region. They were formed nearly two million years ago by faulting and uplifting, and are composed of Precambrian metamorphic rocks. They are split into two sub-ranges; the West Usambaras being higher than the East Usambaras, which are nearer the coast and receive more rainfall.

The mountains are clad in virgin tropical rainforest which has been isolated for a long period and they are a centre of endemism. Historically they were inhabited by Bantu, Shambaa, and Maasai people but in the eighteenth century, a Shambaa kingdom was founded by Mbegha. The kingdom eventually fell apart after a succession struggle in 1862. German colonists settled in the area which was to become German East Africa, and after World War I it became part of the British mandated territory of Tanganyika.

Geography
The Usambaras are approximately  long and ranging from  in width. They form part of the Eastern Arc Mountains, which stretch from Kenya through Tanzania. The range is one of the world's Biodiversity hotspots. The highest point being Chambolo peak at 2,289 meters above sea level.

The range is accessible from the towns of Lushoto in the west, and Amani in the east. The Usambaras are commonly split into two sub-ranges, the West Usambara Mountains and the East Usambara Mountains. The East Usambara are closer to the coast, receive more rainfall, and are significantly smaller than the West Usambara.

Geology
The mountain range was formed nearly two million years ago. Due to a lack of glaciations and a relatively consistent climate, the rainforest has gone through a long term and unique evolution resulting in an impressive amount of endemism and an old-growth cloud rainforests.

The West and East Usambaras are large ranges of Precambrian metamorphic geologic formations of acid-gneisses, pyroxenes, and amphiboles. These mountains were formed by faulting and uplifting creating the drainage system of troughs that form many watersheds, which provide water to a majority of the population of northeast Tanzania.

Ecology
The Usambara Mountains are fairly unusual in East Africa with their natural regions still covered in tropical forests, which otherwise continentally remain primarily in Western Africa.  Considered tremendously significant ecologically and a Biodiversity hotspot. There are many protected zones throughout the range, which are being expanded and contributed to by the Tanzanian government, associated NGO's and research teams, and donor countries such as Norway.

Several species are endemic to the Usambara forests, including the Usambara eagle-owl (Bubo vosseleri), the Usambara akalat (Sheppardia montana), the Usambara weaver (Ploceus nicolli), the African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha), the tree species Calodendrum eickii.

Human history
Historically the Usambara Mountains have been inhabited by the Bantu, Shambaa, and Maasai people who were a mix of agriculturalists and pastoralists.

A Shambaa kingdom based on Vugu was founded by Mbegha in the first half of the 18th century. His grandson Kinyashi Muanga Ike gave the kingdom a stronger political and military structure. Under Kinyashi's son Kimweri ye Nyumbai the kingdom grew to cover both the west and east Usambaras, extending down to the coast and into the Pangani River valley to the south. After Kimweri died in 1862 the kingdom fell apart in a succession struggle.

In the late 19th century when within the Usambara District of German East Africa, German colonialists came into the area bringing with them a mix of cash crops like lumber trees, coffee, tea, and quinine, and also designated forests as reserves for either water conservation or timber use. They also brought many new Western concepts, which often were diametrically opposed to traditional beliefs, such as coexistence with the forest versus forest as a "separate wilderness". The result of colonialism was a massive change in the way forests were perceived in the community, and conversion of traditional agriculture to cultivating cash crops such as quinine, pine trees, bananas, maize, tea, and coffee.

In 1882 Adalbert Emil Walter Redliffe le Tanneux von St. Paul-Ilaire (known as Baron Walter), the Governor of the Usambara District of German East Africa, collected seed and plants of a small herb which were sent to Hermann Wendland, Director of the Berlin Royal Botanic Garden. Wendland cultivated the plants and recognized them as representing a new species in a new genus, Saintpaulia ionantha, with the English common name African violet. In the generic name. Saintpaulia he recognized von St. Paul-Ilaire; the specific name he assigned means violet (Gr. ion) flower (Gr. anthos). In their native Usambara Mountains cloudforests, the plants are threatened with extinction.

Following World War I, it became part of the British mandate territory of Tanganyika. The British administration continued to reserve and exploit forests.

Development and tourism
Today, the population of the Usambara Mountains region has one of the highest growth rates (about 4% compared to the Tanzanian national average of 2.1%), a staggering amount of poverty, and highest densities of people in all of Tanzania. Most of the inhabitants are subsistence farmers who rely heavily on the forests around them for timber, medicinal plants, clearing for agriculture, and fuelwood.

70% of the original forest cover of the West and East Usambaras has been lost. Its ecosystems were significantly disrupted by foreign-controlled logging companies that carried out large-scale deforestation from the 1950s onwards. A sawmill at Tanga processed East Usambara timber, and its output was increased in the 1970s with Finnish development funding. Major land and forest degradation remains a pressing issue.

There are still many places that attract visitors looking for experiences beyond developed tourist resorts. These include the trade town of Lushoto (German colonial era Wilhelmsthal), the once-popular German resort Amani Nature Reserve and farm, and the Mazumbai University Forest, which is considered the last example of pristine tropical forest in the East Usambaras.

See also
 Amani Research Institute

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

 UsambaraMountains.com: Usambara Mountains website
 Bird watching in the Usambara Mountains
 Tropical-biology.org: Introduction and fieldguide for the Amani Nature Reserve
 Kew.org: The Botanical Research Institute at Amani Nature Reserve

Biosphere reserves of Tanzania
Eastern Arc forests
Eastern Arc Mountains
Geography of Tanga Region
Important Bird Areas of Tanzania
Mountain ranges of Tanzania
Tourist attractions in the Tanga Region

Usambara Mountains


Lilian Gonshaw Katz (born 1932) is a professor emerita of early childhood education at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where she is also principal investigator for the Illinois Early Learning Project, and a contributor to the Early Childhood and Parenting Collaborative.  She founded two journals: Early Childhood Research Quarterly for which she served as editor-in-chief during its first six years, and Early Childhood Research & Practice the first on-line peer-reviewed early-childhood journal for which she remains editor-in-chief. Her scholarly work focused on the developmental stages of a teacher, child social development, and she has been a proponent of the project-based learning approach to childhood education, believing children learn best in informal and interactive situations.

She was born and raised in England, moving to the United States in 1947.  She graduated from Wilson High School in Los Angeles in 1950 (voted "Most Likely to Succeed"), briefly attended Whittier College until 1952, married and gave birth to three children, returned to college in 1962 at San Francisco State College, received her BA in 1964, and then earned a PhD in child development from Stanford University in 1968.  That same year, she took on the position of assistant professor of early childhood education at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where she remained throughout her academic career.  She was the recipient of two Fulbright awards (India and New Zealand) and in 1997 she served as Nehru Professor at the University of Baroda in India. Katz was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters (Litt.D.) degree from Whittier College in 1993.

Katz is a past president of the National Association for the Education of Young Children and former director of the ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary & Early Childhood Education. She has published Talks with Teachers of Young Children (1995), a collection of her essays. In 2001 the second edition of her Engaging Children's Minds: The Project Approach (with S. C. Chard) was published. She is currently chair of the editorial board of the International Journal of the Early Years published in the United Kingdom. The Clearinghouse on Early Education and Parenting (CEEP) organized a symposium in her honor in 2000.

References

Bibliography
 Helm, J. H., & Katz, L. G. (2001). Young investigators: The project approach in the early years. New York: Teachers College Press. (ERIC Document No. ED448856)
 Katz, L. G. (1977). Ethical issues in working with young children. Champaign, IL: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. (ERIC Document No. ED144681)
 Katz, L. G. (1995). Talks with teachers of young children: A collection. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. (ERIC Document No. ED380232)
 Katz, L. G., & Chard, S. C. (1989). Engaging children's minds: The project approach. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. (ERIC Document No. ED407074)
 Katz, L. G., & Chard, S. C. (2000). Engaging children's minds: The project approach (2nd ed.). Stamford, CT: JAI Press. (ED456892)

See also
 Reggio Emilia approach
 Project-Based Learning

British educational theorists
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Living people
Stanford University alumni
Early childhood education in the United States
British expatriate academics in the United States
1932 births

Lilian Katz


ADS is an Australian television station based in Adelaide, South Australia. It is owned and operated by Paramount Networks UK & Australia through their Australian holdings Network 10.

History
ADS-10 began as ADS-7 on 24 October 1959, originally owned by The Advertiser newspaper, which was at the time controlled by The Herald and Weekly Times of Melbourne, founder of television station HSV-7. Therefore, ADS was originally associated with the channel 7 stations in the eastern states, forming the Australian Television Network, predeccesor to today's Seven Network. ADS used the national Seven Network logos and presentation in the 1970s and 1980s, and, along with HSV-7, used Frank Gari's Hello News campaign.

In the late 1980s ADS-7 was bought by media entrepreneur Kerry Stokes, who also owned CTC-7 in Canberra. In 1987, Stokes, with new regulations of the Broadcasting (Ownership and Control) Act, planned to buy the Seven Network from John Fairfax & Sons, which would have seen ADS-7 Adelaide and CTC-7 Canberra, along with a soon-to-be new station in Perth wich license was granted to a group participated by Stokes, align with ATN-7 Sydney and HSV-7 Melbourne. Stokes offered $100 million more than rival Christopher Skase for Seven, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Unable to build a metropolitan Seven television network, on 7 August 1987, Stokes sold ADS, CTC and his licence for what will become NEW-10 Perth to Northern Star Holdings, the then owners of Network 10.

This new ownership structure led to the unusual situation that two stations in Adelaide were owned by groups asociated with stations in other capital cities bearing the opposite channel numbers. To better align the Adelaide stations with its new sister stations and networks, ADS-7 and Adelaide's original Network Ten station SAS-10 (owned by Seven Network affiliate TVW-7 Perth starting in the 1970s, and that will be acquired the next year by Seven Network owner at the time, Skase's Qintex) agreed to switch affiliations and channel positions, ADS moving to channel 10 and thus becoming the oldest station of Network 10, the younger SAS moving to channel 7. The switch was effective on 27 December, 1987. The night before the swap, Seven National News reporter Alan Murrell reported about the pending changes on ADS-7, hours before the switch to Channel 10:

 "Tonight will mark the end of the callsigns ADS-7 and SAS-10. Tomorrow, it'll be ADS-10 and SAS-7. It's the first time such a change has been made. The switch follows a media shake-up earlier this year, which left ADS in the hands of the owners of the Ten network. Already, the cosmetic changes are being made at Strangways Terrace and Gilberton. But viewers will notice little difference. They'll still turn the knob to 10 for Channel Ten programs, and to 7 for Seven programs."
 "The only difference will be that the local personalities will be seen on different channels. So if you want to watch Steve Whitham and Caroline Ainslie reading the news tomorrow night, you simply turn the dial three positions, from 7 to ADS-10. And it's as easy as that."

Less that one month later, ADS, now on channel 10, adopted the new "X" logo that will be used for the final expansion of the network in Perth and Canberra.

In July 2007 ADS-10 moved from its original location on Strangways Terrace, North Adelaide to a new studio on the corner of Wakefield and Hutt streets in the city.

In February 2022, Network 10 relocated to new state-of-the-art studios on Greenhill Road in Eastwood in the coming weeks, bringing to an end 15 years of broadcasting in Hutt Street studios in Adelaide.

Digital multiplex

Program production
Following the station's official opening, the Opening Night Variety Show was hosted by Sydney TV identity Bobby Limb, his wife Dawn Lake and comedian Buster Fiddess. Produced by Fred Maxian and directed by Geoff Grant, the show introduced the station's lineup of hosts for news, children's and daytime shows: Marie Tomasetti, Ian Cochius, Blair Schwartz, Angela Stacey, Bob Moore, Peter Cellier, Ian Boyce and Mary McMahon.

The early schedule included a talent show, Stairway to the Stars, hosted by Marie Tomasetti, the first show to recognise new talent, giving competitors an opportunity to perform. It was very basic, black and white, live action television.  A weekly variety Monday night spectacular, The Light Show, which could afford interstate talent such as the schoolboy group, the Bee Gees. Like all good TV variety shows of the era, a full studio orchestra and dancers backed leading artists such as Kamahl, Little Pattie, US TV star Michael Cole, and a long list of other overseas artists including Tommy Steele who toured Australia.

Equipped with a new three-camera outside broadcast van, imported from the German manufacturer Fernseh, the station covered live events such as the John Martin's Christmas Pageant, Glenelg Beach Concerts, special events such as the arrival of The Mickey Mouse Club talent team, The Beatles' visit to Adelaide, as well as major sporting events.
The station was owned by Advertiser Newspapers and the local office of the Philips electronics group delivered a top technical fit-out at the North Adelaide studios and the Mount Lofty transmitter site (with the central of the three masts). Many of ADS-7's original staff came from Adelaide commercial radio station 5AD (also owned by The Advertiser) and the Adelaide theatre scene. Production experience was imported from Melbourne commercial television station GTV-9, Melbourne commercial radio station 3DB and the ABC's Melbourne television station, ABV-2

Under the leadership of general manager Keith McDonald and program manager Neville Thomson, the station built a national reputation for production values with strong Art Direction under Trevor Ling and Brian Thompson.
Studio directors, John Adey, Lynton Taylor, Graeme Blair, Ted Craig and Steve Bowman, Tony Roberts and Ian Ridley turned out hours of live content each week including Sports panels, daytime game shows, cooking and lifestyle segment, religious program, and a "Funfair" hosted by Angela Stacy, Rick Patterson with Chris and Terry, lit up Adelaide afternoons.
Chief engineer, Norm Sawyer, Financial director, Brian Sallis and head of staging John Blain, technical director John Harvey, film manager Bronte Hall, telecine manager Trevor Tipplow, musical director John Drake and news editor Don Riddell were supported by a technical team many drawn from local radio and theatre who learnt the skills of television on the job. Cora Dove handled the make-up department.
The station was self-contained with film processing, technical maintenance, set construction and even a gardener.

A highlight for the station were visits from national television shows to record South Australian episodes such as Coles Quiz, The Mobil Limb Show and Bandstand.
The station's national export program was Playroom, produced by Heather Gell, a pioneer in pre-school radio and television in Australia.
The news division, led by Don Riddell, produced early documentaries on the building of the Berlin Wall, Kenya and the formation of the Malaysian states. Film of interstate and major overseas events such as the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy and the Moon landing all arrived by air and were rushed to North Adelaide for transmission.
The station's news camera van could be spotted all over the state as cameramen Wally Herzfeld and Brian Taylor filmed everything from road accidents, political interviews, the arrival of VIPs at Adelaide Airport, local sport and the everyday events that made news.
Donald Campbell's land speed record attempts on Lake Eyre, ship wrecks on the Coorong and the disappearance of the Beaumont children were syndicated globally.

In the studios or on outside broadcasts, Mal Boxer and Brian Thomas were the audio directors who assisted either in the studio sound mix of news assignments or out in the field with audio equipment to complete the final product so it was ready to go to air.

Popular television shows made during the ADS-7 era include children's shows Cartoon Connection, SPECCO (SPace ECho COmpany) (with Pam Tamblyn & Steve Curtis), KO (Kids Only), and later, as ADS-10, the national pre-school program Mulligrubs. Music programming from ADS included Music Express (1975–1986), hosted by Steve Curtis then Greg Clark and Nightshift hosted by David Day. Popular variety shows included On The Sunnyside, The Penthouse Club and the weekday morning show, Lionel Williams' Woman's World.

The local current affairs show State Affair, hosted by Guy Blackmore, aired weeknights at 6:30 following Seven National News and featured stories about South Australia and its people. From 1967 to 1984, the Easter Appeal telethon was held each year to raise money for the Adelaide Children's Hospital. ADS-7 also broadcast the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) Australian rules football matches for many years with a commentary team comprising Bruce McAvaney, and former SANFL players Peter Marker, Robert Oatey and Ian Day.

The Strangways Terrace site contained two studios. Studio 1 was the largest and home to productions such as the Channel Seven Easter Appeal, Wheel of Fortune, It's Academic, SPECCO and KO while Studio 2 was host to smaller-scale entertainment programmes such as The Super Fun Show [hosted by Steve Curtis and Pam Tamblyn, Music Express, and news and current affairs, including Seven National News and State Affair. Permanent studio seating was provided in Studio One, with portable seating provided in Studio Two for The Super Fun Show. Audio operators Mal Boxer and Brian Thomas were two of the longest-serving operators in the proud history ADS Adelaide television. On-camera host Steve Curtis also worked extensively behind the scenes as a control room director for some years.

The popular television game show Wheel of Fortune originally commenced recording in studio 1 at ADS-10 in July 1981 with Ernie Sigley (later John Burgess from 1984), Adriana Xenides and Steve Curtis (later John Deeks from 1984) then after the changeover to SAS-7 in December 1987 moved to their studios where it remained until July 1996 when the show moved to ATN-7 Sydney.

Programming

Current in-house productions
 10 News First (Adelaide edition, Sports and Weather Segments only) (2023–present)

Previous in-house productions
 10 News First (Adelaide edition) (1987–2000, 2011–2020)
 Studio 10 3-day outside broadcast (Feb 2014)
 Simply Footy (2002–2011)
 AFL coverage: Adelaide, Port Adelaide (2002–2011)
 The Music Shops (1996–1998)
 Mulligrubs (1988–1996)
 Wheel of Fortune (1981–1987, moved to SAS-7 in 1988)
 Seven News (Adelaide edition) (1959–1987)
 Aweful Movies with Deadly Earnest/Deadly Earnest's Nightmare Theatre (1967–1975, 1978)
 State Affair (1980s)
 The Penthouse Club (1974–1975)
 Good Friday Appeal/Easter Appeal (1967–1984)

News and current affairs

ADS-10 produces a 90-minute local news program at 5pm on weeknights.

10 News First is presented from the network's Sydney studios by Kate Freebairn with sports presenter Max Bulford and weather presenter Tiffany Warne. Reporters, camera crews and editorial staff are based at ADS-10's Greenhill Road studios in Eastwood.

In September 2020, studio production of the Adelaide bulletin was transferred to Network 10's Melbourne headquarters, leading to redundancies among local presentation and production staff.

Presenters and reporters

News presenter
 Kate Freebairn (2023–present in Sydney)

Sports presenter
 Max Bulford (2023–present)

Weather presenter
 Tiffany Warne (2023–present)

Reporters'''

 Danny Adamopoulos (Chief Of Staff)
 Tiffany Warne
 Katrina Muhsin
 Brett Clappis
 Alan Murrell (Senior)
 Jase Kemp (Sport)
 Caroline O'Dea
 Taylee Jones
 Max Burford (Sport)
 Jodie Oddy

Former presenters

 Ian Cochius (1959–1960s)
 Alec Macaskill (1960s–1976)
 Sandy Roberts (1970s–1979)
 Kevin Crease (1976–1986)
 Anne Fulwood (1984–1987)
 Steve Whitham (1979–1990)
 Steve Curtis (1975–1982)
 Caroline Ainsle (1987–1991)
 Sue Cardwell (1987–1993)
 Keith Martyn (1982–1995)
 Marina Emsley (1991–1996)
 Nikki Dwyer (1992–2000)
 Katrina Shute (1995–2002)
 Kelly Nestor (2001–2006)
 George Donikian (1991–2010)
 Belinda Heggen (2011–2012)
 Jane Reilly (1994–2013)
 Mark Aiston (1996–2014)
 Rebecca Morse (2006–2020)

Former reporters
Adam Hegarty (now with Nine News Queensland)
Alice Monfries (now with Nine News Sydney)
James Wakelin (was with Nine News Adelaide'')

See also
 Television broadcasting in Australia

References

News Corp Australia
Network 10
Television stations in South Australia
Television stations in Adelaide
Television channels and stations established in 1959

ADS (TV station)


CLSCs (centre local de services communautaires, local community service centre) in Quebec are free clinics and hospitals run and maintained by the Quebec government. They are a form of community health centre.

The service was launched in the early 1960s after major reforms in the health and social services system were made by the Castonguay-Nepveu Commission during the Quiet Revolution era in the 1960s. Until the commission, most health and social services had been generally under jurisdiction of religious-affiliated agencies, primarily those of the Roman Catholic Church. After the commission, the Quebec government, with several measures made by the Quebec Liberal Party of Jean Lesage, took full control of the health and social services jurisdiction and later created the CLSCs. The province also granted access to a wide variety of services for free for most citizens. The Pointe-Saint-Charles Community Clinic was a model for the system.

The network offers a wide variety of social, psychological, and health services. There are 147 CLSCs spread throughout the province.

References

Medical and health organizations based in Quebec
Government of Quebec
Clinics

CLSC


The Sunda Arc is a volcanic arc that produced the volcanoes that form the topographic spine of the islands of Sumatra, Nusa Tenggara, and Java, the Sunda Strait and the Lesser Sunda Islands. The Sunda Arc begins at Sumatra and ends at Flores, and is adjacent to the Banda Arc. The Sunda Arc is formed via the subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the Sunda and Burma plates at a velocity of 63–70 mm/year.

Formation and geologic setting
Mid-oceanic ridge basalts (MORB) form most of the oceanic basin south of Sunda, according to geodynamic studies. These plates began to converge in the Early Miocene. The Indo-Australian Plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate with the dip angle of 49-56 degrees. The slab subducting under Java is continuous down to the lower mantle. However, the slab appears to beak apart under Sumatra Island. Earthquake depth records indicate that there is no deep seismic activity in Sumatra, likely due to the age of the subducting complex.. Two types of subductions have been identified along the Sunda Arc: 1) orthogonal subduction along Java and 2) oblique subduction on the Sumatra side. These subductions are separated by the Sunda Strait.

Notable seismic events
With the ongoing magmatic activities and the nature of the subduction zone, Sunda Arc experiences major seismic events throughout history. These events cost the loss of lives and vast destruction along the coast. These are some major seismic events that have been recorded.

Tsunami on December 2004, Indian Ocean
In 2004, the tsunami in Indian Ocean was triggered by an earthquake of 9.15 magnitude near Sumatra Island. In Banda Aceh area, the tsunami height reached up to 35 meters, which surpassed value recorded prior to this event.

Tsunami on July 2006, West Java and Central Java, Indonesia
A devastating event occurred on July 17, 2006, with major destruction along West Java and Central Java. The Mw-7.7 earthquake-induced tsunami struck over 250 km of the coastline and cost more than 600 deaths. The approximate run-up height was about 4–6 meters.

Historic eruptions and arc volcanism
The Sunda Arc is home to some of the world's most dangerous and explosive volcanoes.  The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora on Sumbawa and the 1257 eruption of Mount Samalas on Lombok were among the largest in the last two millennia, ranking 7 on the VEI scale.  The Sunda Arc subduction zone was also the site of one of the largest known eruptions of the Cenozoic, the VEI 8 Toba supereruption on Sumatra, which expelled 2,800 km³ of magma c. 74,000 BP.  The resulting caldera has become Lake Toba.  The loudest noise in recorded history occurred during the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa and was heard  away.  Hundreds of thousands of people have been killed by these eruptions and by episodes of activity at other volcanoes, including Papandayan, Galunggung, Merapi, Kelud, Sinabung and Agung.

Main-arc volcanism

The main-arc volcanism along Sunda is mainly derived from the interaction between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasia Plate. Magma originates from partial melting of the mantle wedge driven by the fluids from subducting slab. In addition, volcanic rocks from Quaternary generally show more enrichment in alkaline contents than those from Tertiary age. The majority of basalts of the arc have calc-alkaline contents, except for some potassic lava production in East Java.

Back-arc volcanism
The magmatic activities along the back-arc may or may not relate to the main-arc materials. Magma and lava appear to have originated from molten materials at a deeper part of the mantle as supported by a higher K2O/Na2O ratio in comparison to other part of Sunda Arc. Most salient volcanoes in back-arc region are Lasem, Muria, and Bawean in which their volcanic rocks show complex patterns in terms of chemical signature.

Major islands

Java
Java Island is located on the east side of Sunda Arc, residing between Sumatra and Bali. Its oceanic crust's thickness is approximately 20-25 kilometers.  With the geological activities and the tectonic nature of Sunda Arc, megathrust earthquakes and volcanic activities are ubiquitous at Java island. Modern volcanoes at Java are formed during Tertiary with typical products of andesitic composition and progressively get more alkali content during Quaternary. Along the Java island, there are approximately 62 geothermal fields which can be utilized for further usages including producing electricity. Java is also a germinal center for supplying gold and cooper in which the occurrences of these low-sulfidication (LS) epithermal deposits may associate with magmatic arc activities with the spatial relationship between the akaditic magma and porphyry Cu-Au deposits.

East Java
Most volcanic activity in East Java is Plinian-type, which is very explosive and emits columns of hot volcanic debris. The adiakitic magma, which deviates from usual island-arc magma, is associated with porphyry deposits. There is evidence that the Ringgit-Beser volcanic complex also produces potassic and magnesian lava, which could be a result of the decreasing influence of subduction-related material. A major volcano in East Java is Mount Bromo.

Central Java
There exist two main arcs at Central Java which are Southern Mountain Arc (SMA) and Modern Volcanic Arc (MVA) which give rise to frequent volcanic activities. Prior studies suggested that SMA is formed during Middle Eocene, followed by the subduction that resulted in the formation of MVA in Late Eocene. Central Java is home to one of the most notorious volcanoes, Merapi,  as well as other major volcanoes such as Merbabu, Muria, and Slamet.

Mount Merapi is the most active volcano in Indonesia which erupt periodically every 2–6 years and has shown perennial volcanic activities dated back roughly 2000 years ago based on carbon isotropic signatures.  The earliest eruption has been approximated to be roughly 40,000 years ago. The most recent significant eruptions occurred in 1994, 2006, and 2010. Mount Merapi is a steep stratovocano situated on Central Java Island with its seismic and volcanic activities that could pose major threats to countless lives and infrastructures in its vicinity. Most recent volcanic activities are induced by the collapse of lava dome, contributing to highly explosive eruption of andesitic materials.

West Java
The volcanic activities in this region have begun roughly since Pliocene or Pleistocene epoch. There are two major volcanic zones called the volcanic front (VF) and the rear arc (RA) with different chemical imprints. The geochemical study of major and trace elements and isotopic signatures of lava have confirmed the steady-state subduction and ongoing replenishment of magma for about 10 Ma. The volcanic rocks founded on West Java are dated back to the Eocene. The basement of West Java is continental lithosphere which can be inferred from crustal assimilation and contamination in volcanic rocks.

Krakatoa
The island of Anak Krakatau has grown at an average rate of five inches (13 cm) per week since the 1950s. Quiet periods of a few days have alternated with almost continuous Strombolian eruptions since 1994. In 1883 CE, tsunami were triggered by the eruption of Krakatoa with the run-up of 41 meters. The magnitude of damage reached Panama, which was located almost 19,300 km away from the focus.

Sumatra
Sumatra island is located on the southwest side of Sunda Arc. The main seismic zone of Sumatra is the Sumatra Fault System (SFS), which trends NW-SE. The subducting oceanic crust are dated to be approximately 50 to 90 Ma. A K/Ar study reveals that subducted-related magmatism in Sumatra started roughly in early Mesozoic according to the evidences derived from the plutonic body on Barisan Mountain. The key mineralization found on Sumatra are epithermal veins of Au, Ag, Zn, Pb, and other metals in which these ore bodies are correlated to arc volcanism and subvolcanism intrusive bodies.

Mount Sinabung is a stratovolcano of andesite and dacite in the Karo plateau of North Sumatra, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Lake Toba supervolcano. It has been continuously active since 2013.

Nusa Tenggara
Nusa Tenggara lies at the east side of Sunda Arc. The information and study on this island are scarce compared to Java due to the difficulty of access. Generally, the island is composed on Quaternary volcanic deposits. Major volcanoes in Nusa Tenggara are Kelimutu and Mount Rinjani. Another active major volcano in the region is Mount Tambora, whose eruption in 1815 led to global climate abnormalities in the subsequent year, known as the Year Without a Summer. Seismic studies have shown clusters of seismic events beneath active island-arc volcanoes, which may be a result from the collision zone.

See also
List of volcanoes in Indonesia

References

Further reading
 Newcomb KR & McCann WR. (1987). Seismic history and seismotectonics of the Sunda Arc. Journal of Geophysical Research; 92:421–439.

Arcs of Indonesia
Volcanic arcs
x
x
Geology of Indonesia
Plate tectonics

Sunda Arc


Vincent Fella Rune Møller Hendricks (born 6 March 1970) is a Danish philosopher and logician. He holds a doctoral degree (PhD) and a habilitation (dr.phil) in philosophy and is Professor of Formal Philosophy and Director of the Center for Information and Bubble Studies (CIBS) at University of Copenhagen, Denmark. He was previously Professor of Formal Philosophy at Roskilde University, Denmark. He is member of IIP, the Institut International de Philosophie in Paris.

Work
Hendricks's work deals with modern mathematical and philosophical logic and concentrates primarily on bringing mainstream and formal approaches to epistemology together — from epistemic reliabilism, counterfactual epistemology and contextualism to epistemic logic, formal learning theory and what is called 'modal operator epistemology'. Modal operator epistemology, developed first by Hendricks in The Convergence of Scientific Knowledge (Dordrecht: Springer, 2001), since developed further in a number of papers and books – see in particular Mainstream and Formal Epistemology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, winner of CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title 2006) – is the cocktail obtained by mixing alethic, tense and epistemic logic with elements from formal learning theory in order to study the limiting validity of convergent knowledge.

Vincent F. Hendricks is editor-in-chief of Synthese Library and New Waves in Philosophy,  he is also the first founder of ΦLOG – The Network for Philosophical Logic and Its Applications  and chief editor of ΦNEWS – The Newsletter for Philosophical Logic and Its Applications.

In 2008, Vincent F. Hendricks was awarded the Elite Research Prize by the Danish Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation and HRH Crown Princess Mary. In 2008 he was awarded the Roskilde Festival Elite Research Prize.

Controversies

In 2012, Hendricks attracted criticism from some philosophers for doing a photo shoot that depicts young women dressed in sexy school uniforms in a classroom setting and presenting it on his web site. Hendricks later withdrew the pictures from his web site and apologized. The photos were taken as part of a charity drive arranged by a Danish-language charity "Youmeshopping".

Authored and edited books
 The Ministry of Truth: BigTech's Influence on Facts, Feelings and Fictions [with Camilla Mehlsen] (New York: Springer Nature, 2022)
Sandhedsministeriet: Techplatformenes indflydelse på tidens fakta, følelser og fortællinger [med Camilla Mehlsen] (København: Informations Forlag, 2021)
Vend Verden: Genvind autonomien i en digital tidsalder (København: Politikens Forlag, 2020)
Hovedbrud: Naturvidenskab og filosofi [med Johan Olsen] (København: Gads Forlag, 2020)
Reality Lost: Markets of Attention, Manipulation and Misinformation [with Mads Vestergaard] (New York: Springer Nature, 2019)
Postfaktisch: Die neue Wirklichkeit in Zeiten von Bullshit, Fake News und Verschwörungstheorien [with Mads Vestergaard] (München: Blessing Verlag / Penguin Books - Random House, 2018)
Kæmp for kloden: Når politik, videnskab og erhvervsliv sammen tager ansvar [med Claus Strue Frederiksen] (København: Gyldendal, 2018)
Introduction to Formal Philosophy [edited with Sven Ove Hansson and Esther Michelsen Kjeldahl] (Dordrecht: Springer, 2018)
FAKE NEWS: Når virkeligheden taber [with Mads Vestergaard] (København: Gyldendal, 2017)
Spræng boblen: Sådan bevarer du fornuften i en ufornuftig verden (København: Gyldendal, 2016)
Infostorms: How to take Information Punches and Save Democracy (New York: Copernicus Books / Springer, 2014)
Social Epistemology: 5 Questions, edited with Duncan Pritchard (Automatic Press / VIP, 2015)
A Formal Epistemology Reader (Dordrecht: Springer, 2015)
Handbook of Formal Philosophy (Dordrecht: Springer, 2015)
Epistemic Logic: 5 Questions (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2010)
Blackwell Companion to Philosophy of Technology (Oxford: Blackwell, 2009, 2012)
Thought 2 Talk: A Crash A Course in Reflection and Expression (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2006)
Mainstream and Formal Epistemology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, winner of CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title 2006)
Formal Philosophy (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2005)
Masses of Formal Philosophy (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2006)
Game Theory: 5 Questions (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2007)
Philosophy of Mathematics: 5 Questions (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2007)
Probability and Statistics: 5 Questions (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2008)
Epistemology: 5 Questions (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2008)
The Convergence of Scientific Knowledge (Springer, 2001)
Feisty Fragments (London: King's College Publications, 2004)
Logical Lyrics (London: King's College Publications, 2005)
500 CC: Computer Citations (London: King's College Publications, 2005)
Self-Reference (CSLI Publications, 2006)
8 Bridges Between Formal and Mainstream Epistemology, Philosophical Studies, March 2006
Ways of Worlds I, Studia Logica, April 2006
Ways of Worlds II, Studia Logica, November 2006
Interactions: Physics, Mathematics and Philosophy, 1840-1930 (Dordrecht: Springer, 2006)
New Waves in Epistemology (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007)
Proof Theory (Dordrecht: Springer, 2001)
Probability Theory (Dordrecht: Springer, 2002)
Knowledge Contributors (Dordrecht: Springer, 2003)
First-Order Logic Revisited (Berlin: Logos Verlag 2004)
The Way Through Science and Philosophy: Essays in Honor of Stig Andur Pedersen (London: College Publications, 2006)
Modern Elementary Logic [in Danish] (Copenhagen: Hoest and Soen, 2002, 2nd revised edition, 2011)
 [in Danish] (Copenhagen: Forlaget Samfundslitteratur, 2007)
 [in Danish] (Copenhagen: dk4 forlag, 2008)
 [in Danish] (Copenhagen: Automatic Press / dk4 forlag, 2009)
 [in Danish] (Copenhagen: dk4 forlag, 2010)
 [in Danish] (Copenhagen: Forlaget Samfundslitteratur, 2011)
 [in Danish] (Copenhagen: Gyldendal Business, 2012)
 [in Danish] (Copenhagen: Automatics Press / dk4 forlag, 2013)

References

External links
Vincent F. Hendricks
Infostorms - How to take Information Punches and Save Democracy

Living people
20th-century Danish philosophers
21st-century philosophers
1970 births
Epistemologists

Vincent F. Hendricks


Hørsholm Local History Museum is a local history museum in Hørsholm, Denmark.

Location
The museum is based in a building from 1723 which was designed by crown prince Christian (VI). It served as residence for the estate manager (godsforvalteren) at Hørsholm crown estate which belonged under Hirschholm Palace. It later served as residence for the county manager (Amtsforvalteren). Hirschholm Palace was torn down in about 1810 but a number of buildings associated with the palace. The museum's neighbouring building, known as Vognremisen, used to house the palace's carriages. It now contains the local archives. The current rectory on the opposite side of the street was originally a cow stable. Its neighbouring buildings, which now houses the Danish Museum of Hunting and Forestry, were originally barns and stables.

In front of the museum stands the Stolberg Column which commemorates the agricultural reforms that took place at Hørsholm Estate between 1759 and 1761. They were introduced by count Christian G. Stolberg and were the first of their kind in Denmark. The memorial, a commission from Christian VI's widow, Queen Downer Sophie Magdalene, was raised in 1766 to designs by the French sculptor Nicolas-Henri Jardin.

References

External links
 Official website

Local museums in Metropolitan Copenhagen
Listed buildings and structures in Hørsholm Municipality
Houses completed in 1723

Hørsholm Local History Museum


Daniel Kish (born 1966 in Montebello, California) is an American expert in human echolocation and the President of World Access for the Blind (WAFTB), a California-registered nonprofit organization founded by Kish in 2000 to facilitate "the self-directed achievement of people with all forms of blindness" and increase public awareness about their strengths and capabilities. Kish and his organization have taught a form of echolocation to at least 500 blind children around the world.

Kish, who had to have his eyes removed before he was 13 months old because of eye cancer, is the first totally blind person to be a legally Certified Orientation and Mobility Specialist (COMS) and to hold a National Blindness Professional Certification (NOMC). He also holds master's degrees in developmental psychology and special education from University of California Riverside.

Kish's work has inspired a number of scientific studies related to human echolocation.  In a 2009 study at the University of Alcalá in Madrid, Spain, ten sighted subjects were taught basic navigation skills within a few days.  The study aimed to analyze various sounds which can be used to echolocate and evaluate which were most effective.  In another study, MRI brain scans were taken of Kish and another echolocation expert to identify the parts of the brain involved in echolocation, with readings suggesting "that brain structures that process visual information in sighted people process echo information in blind echolocation experts."

Kish was named an Ashoka Fellow in 2017. Fellows are leading social entrepreneurs recognized for their innovative solutions to social problems and potential to change patterns across society.

Bibliography

References

External links

 Poptech demonstration

1966 births
Living people
American educators
American blind people
People from Montebello, California
Ashoka USA Fellows
Blind educators

Daniel Kish


Live from New York City, 1967 is the second live album by Simon & Garfunkel, recorded at Philharmonic Hall at Lincoln Center in New York City, on 22 January 1967. The album was released on the Columbia Legacy CK 61513 label on 16 July 2002.

The performance was the first official live release by Simon and Garfunkel recorded in the 1960s. Recorded in 1967 prior to the duo's work on the soundtrack to The Graduate. It features many of the duo's early hits and album tracks, such as "Leaves That Are Green", "He Was My Brother", and "For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her".

Four of the tracks from the album were previously released on 1997's Old Friends box-set which contained five songs from the Lincoln Center concert, though "Red Rubber Ball" was not included on this release.

In contrast to the duo's other official live releases (The Concert in Central Park, Old Friends: Live on Stage, and Live 1969), this recording features Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel performing alone. This album does not capture the same show as the bootleg Live from New York City, 1966, despite similar material and packaging.

Track listing
All songs by Paul Simon, except where noted.

 "He Was My Brother" – 3:21
 "Leaves That Are Green" – 2:57
 "Sparrow" – 3:06
 "Homeward Bound" – 2:39
 "You Don't Know Where Your Interest Lies" – 2:06
 "A Most Peculiar Man" – 2:59
 "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)" – 1:49
 "The Dangling Conversation" – 3:01
 "Richard Cory" – 3:23
 "A Hazy Shade of Winter" – 2:37
 "Benedictus" (Traditional, arr. Simon & Art Garfunkel) – 2:45
 "Blessed" – 3:45
 "A Poem on the Underground Wall" – 4:45
 "Anji" (Davy Graham) – 2:28
 "I Am a Rock" – 2:57
 "The Sound of Silence" – 3:25
 "For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her" – 2:40
 "A Church Is Burning" – 3:43
 "Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M." – 3:35

Personnel
Paul Simon: Acoustic guitar, vocals
Art Garfunkel: Vocals

References

2002 live albums
Columbia Records live albums
Legacy Recordings live albums
Simon & Garfunkel live albums
Albums produced by Roy Halee
Albums recorded at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
Albums produced by Paul Simon
Albums produced by Art Garfunkel

Live from New York City, 1967


Johan Erik Friborg (24 January 1893 – 22 May 1968) was a Swedish road racing cyclist who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He finished seventh individually and won a gold medal with the Swedish team. The city of Västerås donated a silver trophy to be given to the best Swedish road cyclist at the 1912 Olympics, and the trophy went to Friborg. In 1955 he donated it to a Swedish racing society (Sällskapet Gamla Tävlingcyklister), which decided to present it to the best Swedish cyclist at each forthcoming Olympics, as originally intended.

After the 1912 Games Friborg moved to the United States. In 1917, he enlisted in the Swedish army and participated in the final stages of World War I. After that he settled in France and worked as a physiotherapist in Cannes. He attended the 1920 and 1948 Olympics as a masseur for Swedish wrestlers; at the 1924 Games in Paris he was an interpreter and deputy head of the Swedish cycling team. At the onset of World War II Friborg moved to London, where he died in 1968.

References

1893 births
1968 deaths
Swedish male cyclists
Cyclists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Sweden
Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in cycling
Sportspeople from Stockholm
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics

Erik Friborg