Sicilian pizza () is pizza prepared in a manner that originated in Sicily, Italy. Sicilian pizza is also known as sfincione (;  ) or focaccia with toppings.
This type of pizza became a popular dish in western Sicily by the mid-19th century and was the type of pizza usually consumed in Sicily until the 1860s. It eventually reached North America in a slightly altered form, with thicker crust and a rectangular shape.

Traditional Sicilian pizza is often thick crusted and rectangular, but can also be round and similar to the Neapolitan pizza. It is often topped with onions, anchovies, tomatoes, herbs and strong cheese such as caciocavallo and toma. Other versions do not include cheese.

The Sicilian methods of making pizza are linked to local culture and country traditions, so there are differences in preparing pizza among the Sicilian regions of Palermo, Catania, Siracusa and Messina.

Variations
The sfincione (or sfinciuni in Sicilian language) is a very common variety of pizza that originated in the province of Palermo. Unlike  Neapolitan pizza, it is typically rectangular, with more dough, sauce and cheese. An authentic recipe often calls for herbs, onion, tomato sauce, strong cheese and anchovies. The sauce is sometimes placed on top of the toppings to prevent it from soaking into the thick dough.

Siracusa

In the province of Siracusa, especially in Solarino and Sortino, the pizzòlu is a kind of round stuffed pizza.

Catania
In the province of Catania the traditional scacciata is made in two different ways: a first layer made of dough covered, within the city, by a local cheese (tuma) and anchovies or, in the region around Catania, by potatoes, sausages, broccoli, and tomato sauce. In both cases a second layer of dough brushed with eggs covers everything. Also in the region of Catania, in Zafferana Etnea and in Viagrande a typical pizza siciliana is a fried calzone stuffed with cheese and anchovies.

Messina
In the province of Messina, the traditional piduni is a kind of calzone stuffed with endive, toma cheese, tomato and anchovies. There is also the focaccia alla messinese, prepared with tomato sauce, toma cheese, vegetables and anchovies.

United States
In the United States, "Sicilian pizza" is used to describe a typically square variety of cheese pizza with dough over an inch thick, a crunchy base, and an airy interior. It is derived from the sfinciuni and was introduced in the United States by the first Italian (Sicilian) immigrants. Sicilian-style pizza is popular in Italian-American enclaves throughout the northeastern United States, including Massachusetts, Rhode Island,  Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and also Michigan (which would influence Detroit-style pizza). In some parts of coastal Massachusetts and New Hampshire, it is also known as "beach pizza" because of its prevalence along the Route 1A corridor. A similar dish, perhaps often overlapping or confused with sfincione, is tomato pie.

Gallery

See also

 Pizza al taglio
 Neapolitan pizza
 Detroit-style pizza
 Italian tomato pie
 List of Sicilian dishes
 List of pizza varieties by country

References

External links

Cuisine of Sicily
Palermitan cuisine
Pizza styles
Sicilian-American cuisine
Street food
Cuisine of New York City
Street food in Italy

scn:Pizza siciliana

Sicilian pizza


The 1989 Football League Cup Final was a football match played on 9 April 1989 between Nottingham Forest and the 1988 League Cup winners, Luton Town at Wembley Stadium. Nottingham Forest claimed victory in the 29th League Cup final with a 3–1 victory. Luton opened the scoring in the first half with a header from Mick Harford, while Forest's Lee Chapman had a goal disallowed at the other end. In the second half Forest took control and equalised with a penalty by Nigel Clough. Soon after, Tommy Gaynor provided a cross for Neil Webb to control and slot into the Luton net. Clough completed the scoring with a low drilled shot from just outside the penalty area. It was Forest's third victory in this competition, and currently the last time Luton have appeared in either domestic cup final.

Match details

Road to Wembley
Luton

Luton 1–1 Burnley (R Johnson) 2nd Round 1st Leg

Burnley 0–1 Luton (R Hill) 2nd Round 2nd Leg

Leeds 0–2 Luton (D Wilson, K Black) 3rd Round

Luton 3–1 Manchester City (R Wegerle 2, Oldfield) 4th Round

Luton 1–1 Southampton (M Harford) 5th Round

Southampton 1–2 Luton (M Harford, R Hill) 5th Round Replay

West Ham United 0–3 Luton (M Harford, R Wegerle, D Wilson) Semi-final 1st Leg

Luton 2–0 West Ham United (M Harford, R Wegerle) Semi-final 2nd Leg

References
Match report at the Sporting Chronicle

EFL Cup finals
League Cup Final 1989
League Cup Final 1989
1988–89 Football League
Football League Cup Final
1989 in London

1989 Football League Cup final


Indirect calorimetry calculates heat that living organisms produce by measuring either their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste (frequently ammonia in aquatic organisms, or urea in terrestrial ones), or from their consumption of oxygen. Indirect calorimetry estimates the type and rate of substrate utilization and energy metabolism in vivo starting from gas exchange measurements (oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during rest and steady-state exercise). This technique provides unique information, is noninvasive, and can be advantageously combined with other experimental methods to investigate numerous aspects of nutrient assimilation, thermogenesis, the energetics of physical exercise, and the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.

Scientific background
Indirect calorimetry measures O2 consumption and CO2 production. On the assumption that all the oxygen is used to oxidize degradable fuels and all the CO2 thereby evolved is recovered, it is possible to estimate the total amount of energy produced from the chemical energy of nutrients and converted into the chemical energy of ATP, with some loss of energy during the oxidation process.
Respiratory indirect calorimetry (IC) is a noninvasive and highly accurate method of metabolic rate, which has an error of less than 1%. It has high reproducibility and has been considered a gold standard method. This method allows estimating BEE and REE as well as identification of energy substrates that are predominantly metabolized by the body at a specific moment. It is based on the indirect measurement of the heat produced by oxidation of macronutrients, which is estimated by monitoring O2 consumption and CO2 production for a certain period of time.
The calorimeter has a gas collector that adapts to the subject and through a unidirectional valve minute by minute collects and quantifies the volume and concentration of O2 inspired and CO2 expired by the subject. After a volume is met, Resting Energy Expenditure is calculated by the Weir formula and results are displayed in software attached to the system. Another formula used is:

where RQ is the respiratory quotient (ratio of volume CO2 produced to volume of O2 consumed),  is , the heat released per litre of oxygen by the oxidation of carbohydrate, and  is , the value for fat. This gives the same result as the Weir formula at RQ = 1 (burning only carbohydrates), and almost the same value at RQ = 0.7 (burning only fat).
⊅Σ′

History
Antoine Lavoisier noted in 1780 that heat production, in some cases, can be predicted from oxygen consumption, using multiple regression. Indirect calorimetry, as we know it, was developed around 1900 as an application of thermodynamics to animal life. Although the development of indirect calorimetry dates back over 200 years, its greatest use has been in the last two decades with the development of total parenteral nutrition, interdisciplinary nutrition support teams, and the production of portable, reliable, relatively inexpensive calorimeters.

Collection methods
Four different gas collection and measurement techniques can be used to perform this test:
Douglas Bag: Expired respiratory gases are collected on an inflatable airtight bag. After completion of any test using Douglas Bags, gas collected must be analysed for volume and composition.
Canopy (dilution): The dilution technique is considered the gold standard technology for Resting Energy Expenditure measurement in clinical nutrition. The test lasts just few minutes and consists of making a patient lie down relaxed on a bed or on a comfortable couch, with the head under a transparent hood connected to a pump, which applies an adjustable ventilation through it. Exhaled gas dilutes with the fresh air ventilated under the hood and a sample of this mixture is conveyed to the analysers, through a capillary tube and analysed. Ambient and diluted fractions of O2 and CO2 are measured for a known ventilation rate, and O2 consumption and CO2 production are determined and converted into Resting Energy Expenditure.
Face mask (breath by breath): Indirect calorimetry tests are also often performed with a face mask, which is used to convey exhaled and inhaled gas through a turbine flowmeter able to measure the patient's breath by breath minute ventilation, at the same time a sample of gas is conveyed to the analyser and VO2 and VCO2 are measured and converted in energy expenditure.
Interface with a Ventilator (Intensive Care settings): In case the patient is mechanically ventilated, an indirect calorimeter can still measure breath by breath inhaled/exhaled O2 and CO2 if interfaced with the ventilator through the endotracheal tube.

Applications
Indirect calorimetry provides at least two pieces of information: a measure of energy expenditure or 24-hour caloric requirements as reflected by the Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) and a measure of substrate utilization as reflected in the Respiratory Quotient (RQ). Knowledge of the many factors that affect these values has led to a much broader range of applications. Studies of indirect calorimetry over the past 20 years have led to the characterization of the hypermetabolic stress response to injury and the design of nutritional regimens whose substrates are most efficiently assimilated in different disease processes and organ failure states. Indirect calorimetry has influenced everyday practices of medical and surgical care, such as the warming of burn unit and surgical suites and the weaning of patients from ventilators.

References

See also
 "Measuring RMR with Indirect Calorimetry (IC)" Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics - Evidence Analysis Library
 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Calorimetry
Exercise physiology
Metabolism

Indirect calorimetry


Johann Michael Moscherosch (7 March 1601 – 4 April 1669), German statesman,  satirist, and educator, was born at Willstätt, on the Upper Rhine near Strassburg.

His bitterly brilliant but partisan writings graphically describe life in a Germany ravaged by the Thirty Years' War (1618–48). His satires, which at times are tedious, also show an overwhelming moral zeal added to a sense of mission.

Life
Moscherosch was the son of farmer and bailiff Michael Moscherosch and his wife Veronika Beck.  He grew up on his parents' farm in Willstätt in the County of Hanau-Lichtenberg, Germany.  At the age of 11 he attended high school in Strassburg (now in France) and then studied law, philosophy and literature at the University of Strassburg. We owe the only eyewitness account of the theatrical performances of Caspar Brülow to his diary. In September 1623 Moscherosch defended his dissertation on Suetonius' The Twelve Caesars diatribe XV before a committee chaired by Matthias Bernegger. Following his award of the degree of Magister on 8 April 1624 he enrolled at the University of Geneva in Switzerland.

After completing his studies Moscherosch first took educational trips to France and Switzerland, and then worked as a private tutor. From 1631 to 1634 he was one of the bailiffs of the Lutheran branch of the Counts of Kriechingen (today Créhange in France) and in the same capacity in the half of Saarwellingen belonging to Kriechingen.  In 1636 the Pomeranian Duke of Croy-Arschot appointed him steward of his interest in the divided lordship of Finstingen (today Fénétrange), not far from Kriechingen. In this position, which he held until 1642, Moscherosch had to defend the rights of his employer in a confined space against the bailiffs of the other five lords. After his activities in the Lorraine border region Moscherosch fled the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War to Strassburg where he was chief of police and tax collector from 1645 to 1655. He also studied the medieval manuscripts of the city's library, such as Gottfried von Hagenau's Liber sex festorum beatae Virginis.

From 1656 he served as a legal adviser to Friedrich Casimir, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg. Due to financial mismanagement the relatives of the Count, in particular the guardians of his nephew and successor, Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld and Countess Palatine Anna Magdalena of Pfalz-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler, obtained from the Kaiser sequestration of the county and a guaranteed  right to share in the government in the county. The advisers to the Count including Moscherosch were dismissed. He next entered the service of the Elector of Mainz, and in 1664 he moved to Kassel to the court of the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.

On 9 September 1628 Moscherosch married Esther Ackermann, who died in December 1632 during the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War. On 20 August 1633 he married his second wife, Maria Barbara Paniel, who died of plague on 6 November 1634, aged barely twenty. On 4 October 1636 he married his third wife Anna Maria Kilburger. From these three marriages he had fourteen children, of whom many did not survive infancy. Moscherosch died in Worms of a "high fever" on 4 April 1669 on his way to visit his son Ernst Bogislav in Frankfurt am Main.

Moscherosch's life encompasses the entire Thirty Years' War whose cruelties and excesses are reflected in detail in his work.

Work
Moscherosch published essays, poems and short stories in Latin and German under the pseudonym Philander von Sittewald—"Sittewald" is a play on the name of his birthplace, Willstaett. The Aufrichtige Tannengesellschaft—a German Language society founded in 1633 in Strassburg by Jesaias Rompler and Johannes Freinsheim—counted Moscherosch along with Johann Matthias Schneuber among its most eminent members.

In 1645 Prince Ludwig I of Anhalt-Köthen awarded him membership in the Fruitbearing Society, a prestigious German literary society. The society assigned him the nickname "The Dreaming" (der Träumende) and the motto "high things" (hohe Sachen ). His emblem was the nightshade (Solanum nigrum). In the annals of the society Moscherosch is entry number 436.

Moscherosch's most famous work is Wunderliche und Wahrhafftige Gesichte Philanders von Sittewald (Wondrous and True Visions of Philander von Sittewald), a collection of fourteen satirical narratives published from 1640, an adaptation of the Spanish book Los Sueños by Francisco de Quevedo. One of the stories, Soldatenleben (Military Life), was republished in 1996.

Moscherosch appears in the 1979 fictional story The Meeting at Telgte (Das Treffen in Telgte) by Günter Grass.

References

External links
 Gesichte Philanders von Sittewald at archive.org.

1601 births
1669 deaths
German satirists
Writers from Strasbourg
German male non-fiction writers
German-language poets
German male poets

Johann Michael Moscherosch


Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends sometimes shortened to Sunny Patch, is a CGI-animated children's television series produced by Cartoon Pizza, Nelvana, Portfolio Entertainment, 9 Story Entertainment, Studio 306, The Canadian Film or Production Tax Credit, Canadian Television Fund, Shaw Rocket Fund, Ontario Production Tax Credit, AbsoluteDigital Pictures and Callaway Arts & Entertainment as a follow-up to Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Kids. it was based on the children's book by David Kirk. In the United States and Canada, the series aired on Nickelodeon and Treehouse TV 44 episodes were produced.

Children's television series

Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends


Hu Zejun (; born March 1955) is a Chinese politician and served as the Auditor-General of the National Audit Office from 2017 to 2020.

Biography
Hu was born in Chongqing. She graduated from the Southwest University of Political Science & Law with a degree in philosophy, and joined the Chinese Communist Party in February 1976. She also has a master's degree in the history of Chinese legal thought. Upon graduating, she served in the Communist Youth League organization at her alma mater, while serving as a teaching assistant and later an instructor. She was eventually promoted to the party chief of her alma mater. She was then promoted to Deputy Minister of Justice. She was then dispatched to Guangdong to become a part of the provincial party standing committee and head of the provincial organization department. In June 2010, she was named the Deputy Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate (minister-level).

In April 2017, Hu was named Auditor General of the People's Republic of China, succeeding Liu Jiayi, becoming the first female to hold the position.

Hu is an alternate member of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, and a full member of the 18th and 19th Central Committees.

In June 2020, Hu was replaced by Hou Kai and was appointed as one of the deputy directors of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Population, Resources and Environment Committee.

References

1955 births
Living people
Politicians from Chongqing
Alternate members of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Southwest University of Political Science & Law alumni
21st-century Chinese women politicians
21st-century Chinese politicians
Members of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

Hu Zejun


In human anatomy, a hamstring () is any one of the three posterior thigh muscles in between the hip and the knee (from medial to lateral: semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris).

Etymology
The word "ham" is derived from the Old English ham or hom meaning the hollow or bend of the knee, from a Germanic base where it meant "crooked". It gained the meaning of the leg of an animal around the 15th century. String refers to tendons, and thus, the hamstrings are the string-like tendons felt on either side of the back of the knee.

Criteria
The common criteria of any hamstring muscles are:
 Muscles should originate from ischial tuberosity.
 Muscles should be inserted over the knee joint, in the tibia or in the fibula.
 Muscles will be innervated by the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve.
 Muscle will participate in flexion of the knee joint and extension of the hip joint.

Those muscles which fulfill all of the four criteria are called true hamstrings.
 The adductor magnus reaches only up to the adductor tubercle of the femur, but it is included amongst the hamstrings because the tibial collateral ligament of the knee joint morphologically is the degenerated tendon of this muscle. The ligament is attached to medial epicondyle, two millimeters from the adductor tubercle.

Structure
The three muscles of the posterior thigh (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris) flex (bend) the knee, while all but the biceps femoris extend (straighten) the hip. The three 'true' hamstrings cross both the hip and the knee joint and are therefore involved in knee flexion and hip extension. The short head of the biceps femoris crosses only one joint (knee) and is therefore not involved in hip extension. With its divergent origin and innervation, it is sometimes excluded from the 'hamstring' characterization.

A portion of the adductor magnus is sometimes considered a part of the hamstrings.

Function
The hamstrings cross and act upon two joints – the hip and the knee – and as such they are termed biarticular muscles.

Semitendinosus and semimembranosus extend the hip when the trunk is fixed; they also flex the knee and medially (inwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent.

The long head of the biceps femoris extends the hip, as when beginning to walk; both short and long heads flex the knee and laterally (outwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent.

The hamstrings play a crucial role in many daily activities such as walking, running, jumping, and controlling some movement in the gluteus. In walking, they are most important as an antagonist to the quadriceps in the deceleration of knee extension.

Clinical significance

Sports running injuries
A common running injury in several sports, excessive stretch of a hamstring results from extensive hip flexion while the knee is extended. During sprinting, a hamstring injury may occur from excessive muscle strain during eccentric contraction late in the leg swing phase. The overall incidence of a hamstring injury in sports and professional dancers is about two per 1000 hours of performance. In some sports, a hamstring injury occurs at the incidence of 19% of all sports injuries, and results in an average time loss from competition of 24  days.

Imaging

Imaging the hamstring muscles is usually performed with an ultrasound and/or MRI.  The biceps femoris is most commonly injured, followed by semitendinosus. Semimembranosus injury is rare. Imaging is useful in differentiating the grade of strain, especially if the muscle is completely torn. In this setting, the level and degree of retraction can be determined, serving as a useful roadmap prior to any surgery. Those with a hamstring strain of greater than 60mm in length have a greater risk of recurrence.

Use in surgery
The distal semitendinosus tendon is one of the tendons that can be used in the surgical procedure ACL reconstruction. In this procedure, a piece of it is used to replace the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The ACL is one of the four major ligaments in the knee, which also include the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL).

See also

Hamstringing
Hamstring curl
Lombard's Paradox
Popliteal fossa
Pulled hamstring

References

External links
MRI Images demonstrating avulsion fracture of the hamstring muscle origin

Hip extensors
Knee flexors
Muscles of the lower limb
Posterior compartment of thigh
Hamstring

Hamstring


"Together Breakfast" is the first episode of the first season of Steven Universe, and the first episode overall It first broadcast on November 4, 2013 Steven Universe american animated television series the two episodes of series premiere The episode was written by Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu and directed by Ki-Yong Bae, Young-Wha Yoon, & Seo-Whan Kim and Kevin Dart and Ian Jones-Quartey.

Plot
The episode begins first day of Beach City in the morning, where Steven looks for the Gems but discovers the house empty. Regardless, he decides to make breakfast and starts by stacking a tower of waffles. He continues preparing the meal by piling on numerous toppings — syrup, whipped cream, popcorn-completing the breakfast with a strawberry garnish on top. After several additional attempts to gather the Gems, Steven gives up, upset that he made a meal he calls "Together Breakfast" that he cannot share with the others.

Garnet suddenly warps into the room and Steven asks if she would like to have some of his Together Breakfast. She declines because she has to go into the Crystal Temple to burn something. She shows him a scroll with strange patterns and voices emanating from it. Intrigued by it, Steven takes a picture with his phone but Garnet quickly snatches it from him, saying she now has to burn that too and goes into the Temple. Steven tries to open the temple door with his gem. He is unable to and dejectedly goes back to the table. Suddenly, the front door of the Beach House opens. A shape shifted Amethyst as a policeman called the "dumb police" starts yelling that he is dumb. She then squirts a water gun at the Together Breakfast and Steven quickly jumps in front to save it, getting drenched in the process. Steven tells Amethyst that he knew of her disguise the entire time. He puts on a new shirt which Amethyst squirts with her water gun again.

Pearl comes out of the Temple using Amethyst's door and is mad at her for taking one of her swords. Amethyst claims she did not, but rushes back in after Pearl mentions that she cleaned her room. Steven asks if they would like to have his Together Breakfast with him, but they both had gone back inside. Steven quickly follows Pearl through her door without her noticing. He sees Pearl on top of her waterfall dancing with her sword collection and putting everything back in place. When Steven calls out to her, she gets mad at him for being in the Temple, but Steven ignores her and tries to swim over. Pearl warns him to stop, but Steven accidentally swims toward a long waterfall and falls over the edge.

Pearl comes out of the Temple using Amethyst's door and is mad at her for taking one of her swords. Amethyst claims she did not, but rushes back in after Pearl mentions that she cleaned her room. Steven asks if they would like to have his Together Breakfast with him, but they both had gone back inside. Steven quickly follows Pearl through her door without her noticing. He sees Pearl on top of her waterfall dancing with her sword collection and putting everything back in place. When Steven calls out to her, she gets mad at him for being in the Temple, but Steven ignores her and tries to swim over. Pearl warns him to stop, but Steven accidentally swims toward a long waterfall and falls over the edge.

Steven lands in Amethyst's room with the breakfast still intact. Amethyst notices him and complains that Pearl always accuses her of taking her things, but in reality, they always fall down the waterfall into Amethyst's room. She then proceeds to mess up her room again to her standards. Steven says that it still looks pretty messy, which pleases her. Then she notices Steven's breakfast and she insists on eating it. Steven starts running, telling her that it is for everyone, but she still chases him through the Temple.

Steven eventually jumps onto a red glowing pole. Pearl comes in and starts panicking because he is on the Crystal Heart, a glass heart that is connected to the most dangerous areas of the Temple. She tells him to hold still and to not look down but Steven does so and panics, falling down into the depths of the Temple. He eventually slides to a stop above the Burning Room. Then he sees Garnet standing by a pool of lava where she breaks his phone and tosses it in. She begins burning the scroll when the other Gems arrive, whispering to Steven that they should leave. Instead, excited that they are all finally in the same room, he calls out to Garnet, distracting her. The Smoke Monster escapes from the scroll and expands into a large dark cloud.

The Crystal Gems attack the cloud, trying to force it back. The monster rushes at Steven and takes refuge in the Together Breakfast. The breakfast mutates, growing larger, and attacks the Gems. Utilizing the powers of a breakfast, it breaks Pearl's spear and traps her with syrup and whipped cream. It then squashes Garnet and Amethyst with a waffle. It rushes at Steven, but he is able to lift and force the Together Breakfast into the lava pool.

The others walk over to Steven and he apologizes, saying that all he wanted was to have breakfast with them. Later, Garnet, Amethyst, and Pearl help Steven make another Together Breakfast which is bigger and better so they can all share it. They finish it and get ready to eat it, but then they realize that they do not have the appetite to eat it as a result of the morning's events, so they decide to order a pizza. Garnet remarks that "It did try to kill us" as the iris closes on her.

Television episodes

Together Breakfast


The 2011 McDonald's All-American Boys Game was an All-star basketball game that was played on Wednesday, March 30, 2011, at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois, home of the Chicago Bulls. The game's rosters featured the best and most highly recruited high school boys graduating in 2011.  The game was the 34th annual version of the McDonald's All-American Game first played in 1978.

2011 Game
The 2011 game was played at the Chicago Bulls' United Center in Chicago, Illinois, on March 30, 2011.

2011 West Roster

2011 East Roster

Coaches
The West team was coached by:
 Head Coach Gene Pingatore of St. Joseph High School (Westchester, IL)
 Asst Coach Bill Riley of St. Joseph High School (Westchester, IL)
 Asst Coach Daryl Thomas of St. Joseph High School (Westchester, IL)

The East team was coached by:
 Head Coach Bob Cimmino of Mt. Vernon High School (Mt. Vernon, NY)
 Asst Coach Brian Pritchett of Mt. Vernon High School (Mt. Vernon, NY)
 Asst Coach Dwayne Murray of Mt. Vernon High School (Mt. Vernon, NY)

All-American Week

Schedule

 Monday, March 28: Powerade Jamfest
 Slam Dunk Contest
 Three-Point Shoot-out
 Timed Basketball Skills Competition
 Wednesday, March 30: 34th Annual Boys All-American Game

The Powerade JamFest is a skills-competition evening featuring basketball players who demonstrate their skills in three crowd-entertaining ways.  The slam dunk contest was first held in 1987, and a 3-point shooting challenge was added in 1989.  A timed basketball skills competition was added to the schedule of events in 2009.

Contest Winners
 The 2011 Powerade Slam Dunk contest was won by LeBryan Nash.
 The winner of the 2011 3-point shoot-out was Kyle Wiltjer.
 The winner of the basketball skills competition was Michael Carter-Williams.

See also
2011 McDonald's All-American Girls Game

References

External links
McDonald's All-American on the web

2010–11 in American basketball
2011
2011 in sports in Illinois
Basketball in Illinois

2011 McDonald's All-American Boys Game


Niamey () is the capital and largest city of Niger. Niamey lies on the Niger River, primarily situated on the east bank. Niamey's population was counted as 1,026,848 as of the 2012 census. As of 2017, population projections show the capital district growing at a slower rate than the country as a whole, which has the world's highest fertility rate. The city is located in a pearl millet growing region, while manufacturing industries include bricks, ceramic goods, cement, and weaving.

History

Probably, Niamey originated in the 18th century as a cluster of small villages (Gaweye, Kalley, Maourey, Zongo and Foulani Koira). Niamey was of little importance until the French developed it as a colonial centre in the late 1890s. The town, then with an estimated population of some 1,800, was chosen as the capital of the newly created Military Territory of Niger in 1905, however, the capital was shifted to the more established city of Zinder in 1912. Zinder's proximity to the Nigerian border and distance from French-controlled ports prompted the French to move the capital back to Niamey in 1926, by which time the city had some 3,000 inhabitants. A series of devastating droughts prompted influx from the countryside into the city, leading to significant population growth, and by 1945 the population was about 8,000.

Prior to 1926-27 the Upper Volta-Niger border ran along the Niger river, meaning that Niamey lay directly on the boundary.

At the time of independence in 1960 the population had grown to around 30,000. The period from 1970 to 1988 was one in which the economy of Niger boomed, driven by revenue from the uranium mines at Arlit. As a result, the population of Niamey grew from 108,000 to 398,365 inhabitants and the city expanded from  in 1970 to  by 1977, in the process annexing peripheral villages such as Lazaret. Continuing droughts also caused many rural Nigeriens to move to the growing city.

In 1992 Niamey and its immediate hinterland were split off from Niamey Region to form the much smaller Niamey Capital District, enclaved within the new Tillabéri Region.

By some estimates, the population had reached 700,000 in 2000. In 2011, government press estimated the total urban population at over 1.5 million. A major cause of the increase has been in migration for work and during droughts, as well as a high birth rate. This last factor means that demographically a majority of the city's citizens are young people.

Geography

The Niamey region straddles between the Liptako, corresponding to the northern extremity of the East ridge of Man, and the south-western edge of the Iullemmeden basin. Covering an area of over , the metropolitan area sits atop two plateaux reaching  in altitude, bisected by the Niger River. At Niamey, the river, running almost straight SSE from Gao, Mali, makes a series of wide bends. The city grew on the east ("left bank") of the river as it meanders from west to east flow to run almost directly south. A series of marshy islands begin at Niamey and extend south in the river.

The vast majority of the population and government and commercial buildings are located on the eastern bank of the river. The very centre of the centre contains a number of wide boulevards linking roundabouts. Two bridges connect the two sides - the Kennedy Bridge and the Friendship Bridge. The western bank area consists mainly of residential areas such as Gaweye, Saguia, Lamorde, Saga, and Karadje, as well as Abdou Moumouni University.

Climate
The climate is hot and semi-arid (Köppen climate classification BSh), with an expected rainfall of between  and  a year, mostly beginning with a few storms in May, then a transition to a rainy season, usually lasting from sometime in June to early September, when the rains taper off rather quickly. Most of the rainfall is from late June to mid-September. There is practically no rain from October to April. Niamey is remarkably hot throughout the year. In fact, it is one of the world's hottest major cities. Average monthly high temperatures reach  four months out of the year and in no month do average high temperatures fall below . During the dry season, particularly from November through February, nights are generally cool. Average nighttime lows between November and February range from .

Demographics

Niamey's population has grown rapidly since independence - the droughts of the early 1970s and 1980s, along with the economic crisis of the early 1980s, have propelled an exodus of rural inhabitants to Niger's largest city. Its population increased gradually, from about 3,000 in 1930 to about 30,000 in 1960, rising to 250,000 in 1980 and, according to the official statistics, to 800,000 in 2000. Under the military government of General Seyni Kountché, there were strict controls on residency and the government would regularly round up and "deport" those without permits back to their villages. The growing freedoms of the late 1980s and 1990s, along with the Tuareg Rebellion of the 1990s and famine in the 2000s, have reinforced this process of internal migration, with large informal settlements appearing on the outskirts of the city. Noticeable in the city's centre since the 1980s are groups of poor, young, or handicapped beggars. Within the richer or more trafficked neighbourhoods, these beggars have in fact formed a well-regulated hierarchical system in which beggars garner sadaka according to cultural and religious norms.

In the 1990s, the capital district population growth rate was lower than the torrid national rate, suggesting large rural migration (urbanization) was negligible in Niger, there is an undercount, and/or the government's forced urban to rural deportations were effective.

Culture and architecture

A major attraction in the city is the Niger National Museum, which incorporates a zoo, a museum of vernacular architecture, a craft centre, and exhibits including dinosaur skeletons and the Tree of Ténéré. Other places of interest include the American, French and Nigerien cultural centres, seven major market centres (including the large Niamey Grand Market), a traditional wrestling arena, and a horse racing track. Most of the colourful pottery sold in Niamey is hand made in the nearby village of Boubon.

In December 2005, it was the host of the Jeux de la Francophonie.

Places of worship
Niger being a predominantly Muslim country, mosques are the most common places of worship, with the Grande Mosquée being the largest in the city. There are also various Christian churches, most notably Our Lady of Perpetual Help Cathedral, the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Niamey, and the Cathedral de Maourey.

Governance

Administration
Niamey makes up a special capital district of Niger, which is surrounded by the Region of Tillabéri.

The city of Niamey itself is governed as an autonomous first-level administrative block, the Niamey Urban Community (Fr. Communauté Urbaine de Niamey, or CUN). It includes five Urban Communes, divided into 44 "Districts" and 99 "Quartiers", including formerly independent towns. It is a co-equal first division subdivision with the seven Regions of Niger. The Niamey Urban Community includes an administration and Governor appointed by national leaders. Like the rest of Niger, Niamey has seen a decentralisation of governance since 2000. Government Ordinance n°2010–56 and Presidential Decree n°2010-679 of September 2010 mandated an elected City Council for the city of Niamey, subsumed under the CUN. This excludes some outlying areas of the CUN. Forty-five councillors are popularly elected and in turn elect the Mayor of the City of Niamey. In July 2011, the first Mayor under the new system, Oumarou Dogari Moumouni, was installed by the Governor of the CUN Mrs. Aïchatou Boulama Kané and the City Council. The City Council and Mayor have limited roles compared to the CUN Governor. Niamey has a third layer of government in the Commune system. Each Commune elects its own council, and outside major cities, these function like independent cities. Niamey and other major cities have been, since the advent of decentralisation, developing co-ordination of Commune governments in large cities made up of multiple Communes.

Under this devolution process formalised in the 1999 Constitution of Niger, the CUN contains five urban communes, which are further divided into 99 quarters ("Quartiers") with elected boards.

Communes and quarters
The CUN includes 99 quarters:

The CUN includes land where there were formerly several surrounding towns and villages which the city of Niamey has now annexed. These include Soudouré, Lamordé, Gamkallé, Yantala, and Gaweye.

The CUN covers a territory of , or 0.02% of the nation's territory.

Until 1998, all of greater Niamey was part of Tillabéri Region, which prior to 1992 was named the Niamey Department. The CUN remains surrounded on all sides by Tillabéri Region.

Transport

Niamey is served by the Diori Hamani International Airport, located 12 km southeast of the city and is crossed by the RN1 highway. Niamey railway station, officially inaugurated in April 2014, is the first one built in Niger. Boats are also used to travel the Niger River.

Education
The city is the site of the National School of Administration, Abdou Moumouni University, the Higher Institute of Mining, Industry and Geology which lies on the right bank of the river, and many institutes (Centre Numérique de Niamey, IRD, ICRISAT, Hydrologic Institute, etc.) Niamey hosts the African Centre of Meteorological Application for Development.

Notable people
Bombino

References

Bibliography

External links

Niger Assemblee Nationale  official website

Capitals in Africa
Populated places in Niger
Communities on the Niger River
Capital districts and territories
Regions of Niger
Populated places established in the 2nd millennium

Niamey


Biltong is an edible dried, cured meat snack that originates from South African countries. To be more specific, this high protein snack is from South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Namibia, Botswana, and Zambia. The word Biltong comes from the Dutch word 'bil' and 'tong' which respectively holds the meaning of 'buttock" and "strip" or "tongue". Biltong can be made of a variety of meats, though beef biltong is the most common one in modern times. Strip-cut beef fillets that are flat with muscle grains are used to make biltong. Due to this, biltong is usually slightly chewy. Biltong has traditionally been made of game meats such as kudu, springbok and wildebeest. You may also find biltong made of chicken, fish and ostrich meat.

History
Biltong has actually been around for centuries with its roots tracing back to South Africa. In a time before refrigerators and freezers, indigenous people needed a way to preserve extra meat for future meals. To do this, they used the basic resources at hand — knives to cut the meat, salt to flavor and preserve, and tree branches to hang the meat until it was dry.

The 17th century European settlers who arrived later saw the benefits of having a stock supply of food. They quickly adopted this method, adding their own ingredients of vinegar and saltpeter (potassium nitrate) to the meat-curing mix.

Then, in the 19th century, came the Dutch. In a mass migration known as the Great Trek, thousands of Dutch farmers hitched their wagons to avoid British rule in Cape Colony and moved into the inland of Southern Africa.

For this long journey, they needed food — something portable, something non-perishable, and something with sustenance. Biltong was their perfect solution.

They toted the preserved meat with them as they traveled, calling it "biltong"— a combination of the Dutch words "bille" (for buttock) and "tonghe" (for strip or tongue).

This marked the beginnings of biltong, now one of South Africa's favorite meaty snacks.

References

Meat

Biltong


William Edington (died 6 or 7 October 1366) was an English bishop and administrator. He served as Bishop of Winchester from 1346 until his death, Keeper of the wardrobe from 1341 to 1344, treasurer from 1344 to 1356, and finally as chancellor from 1356 until he retired from royal administration in 1363. Edington's reforms of the administration – in particular of royal finances – had wide-ranging consequences, and contributed to the English military efficiency in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. As Bishop of Winchester he was responsible for starting an extensive rebuilding of Winchester Cathedral, and for founding Edington Priory, the church of which still stands today.

Royal service
Edington's parents were Roger and Amice of Edington near Westbury, Wiltshire. Though it has been claimed that he was educated at Oxford, there seems to be no support for this. His first patron, however, was the Oxford chancellor Gilbert Middleton, who was also a royal counsellor. When Middleton died in 1331, Edington entered the service of Middleton's friend, Adam Orleton, Bishop of Winchester. Through Orleton, Edington's abilities were brought to the attention of King Edward III, and in 1341 the King named him keeper of the wardrobe. The position was an important one; the wardrobe functioned as the treasury while the King was on campaign, and Edward strongly resisted any attempts to limit this royal prerogative.

The King must have been impressed by Edington's performance, because in 1344 he made him treasurer of the realm, a position he held for the exceptionally long period of twelve years. This was a job fraught with problems, as the nation was in serious financial difficulties by the mid-1340s. The treasury was in great debt from the heavy demands of the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. By then reneging on his debts, the king had lost public confidence, and struggled to obtain new loans. Edington saw the need to bring all royal expenditure under the oversight of the exchequer. This did not entail controlling the King's use of his resources – a move Edward would have resented greatly – but simply attempting to budget all revenues and expenses. By the early 1360s, this was largely achieved; a testimony to the capabilities and energy of Edington as an administrator. In 1356, he was named chancellor, a post he held until his retirement from the national scene in 1363, possibly for health reasons.

Ecclasiastical career
Edington also held ecclesiastical benefices. After his education at Oxford he held a succession of rectorates in Northamptonshire: first at Cottingham, then at Dallington, and finally from 1322 at Middleton Cheney.

In 1335 Orleton collated Edington to the rectory of Cheriton, Hampshire, and from 1335 to 1346 he was master of the Hospital of St Cross in Winchester. Also, the King was eager to reward his capable servant; in 1341 he was given the prebend of Leighton Manor (Lincoln), by 1344 he also held that of Netheravon (Salisbury), and by 1345 that of Putston (Hereford). This level of pluralism was not unusual at the time. His greatest preferment, however, came with his papal appointment – on the King's request – to the see of Winchester in 1345. This was the richest see in England, considered second only to the archbishopric of Milan.

The monks of Winchester had already elected one of their own number, but this was over-ruled, and Edington was consecrated in 1346. As a bishop, he was necessarily much absent, even with the relatively short distance between Westminster and Winchester. He was not entirely detached from his episcopal duties, however: he used the see as a source for extensive nepotism, yet he also initiated wide-ranging building works on the nave of the cathedral. Meanwhile, in 1351, he founded an Augustinian priory at his birthplace of Edington, to have prayers said for himself, his parents and his brother. Although most of the priory has been demolished, the church still stands, as a good example of the transition between the decorated and perpendicular style of church-building.

Edington was the first Prelate of the Order of the Garter on its foundation in 1348, and that office has ever since been held by his successors as Bishops of Winchester.

In May 1366, as a final sign of royal gratitude, King Edward had Edington elected Archbishop of Canterbury. Edington, however, declined on the grounds of failing health; or rather, he declined because, as he said, "Canterbury is the higher Rack, but Winchester is the better Manger," i.e., the former was the higher honour, but the second provided the higher income. Five months later, on 6 or 7 October 1366, he died at Bishop's Waltham. He is buried in Winchester Cathedral, where his effigy can be seen in the chantry chapel he himself had built in the nave.

Citations

References

 (paysite)

Further reading

1366 deaths
14th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
Archbishops of Canterbury
Bishops of Winchester
Burials at Winchester Cathedral
Lord chancellors of England
Lord High Treasurers of England
Clergy from Wiltshire
Year of birth unknown
14th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops

William Edington


Johannes Acronius (1565 – 29 September 1627) was a German Reformed theologian. He is less known by scientific works, than by his part in the quarrel between Arminians (Remonstrants) and Contra-Remonstrants (see History of Calvinist–Arminian debate).

Life
He was born in Grimersum, East Frisia, the son of a preacher, Bernardus Acronius, in a village north of Emden, now in the municipality of Krummhörn. He was taught by Zacharias Ursinus and Franciscus Junius in Neustadt an der Hardt, today Neustadt an der Weinstrasse. In 1584 he became a preacher in Eilsum, East Frisia, later in 1601 he was called to Groningen where he served for 10 years, during which time he was called several times to Amsterdam, but he refused as he did not want to take part in the arguments between Franciscus Gomarus and Jacobus Arminius. In 1611 he was called to Wesel, but when that city was conquered by the Spanish he fled to Deventer. He declined calls to Haarlem and Deventer, because he couldn't preach about the political situation in the church that had so nearly cost him his life. Unable to preach, in 1617 he became professor for theology at the University of Franeker. Once installed, he preached there now and then on Sundays and served as substitute in nearby Kampen, Overijssel. Contra-remonstrants there sent him to the Synod of Dort, mainly to counter some of his colleagues in this area who were deemed too favourable towards Arminius' teachings. Being the delegate of the church assembly of Dordrecht in 1618–1619, he indeed accused them of Arminianism, resulting in the unseating of several.

In 1619 he went to work as a preacher in Haarlem where his portrait was painted by Frans Hals and where he stayed until his death. The Calvinists of the time saw in him an educated man of oratory skills, with the fervour to stand for their truth. His opponents described him as an unsettled man with a tendency to polemise.

Publications

 Syntagma Theologiae, Groningen, 1605
 Elenchus orthodoxus pseudo-relig. Romano-Cathol., Deventer, 1615
 Uytmonsteringe van verscheydene dolingen ... der genoemde Lutherschen, Arnheim, 1625

Sources

 Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie - online version
 Acronius, Johannes in the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online.

External links

  Biography on Johannes Acronius at the Digital Library for Dutch Literature

1565 births
1627 deaths
People from Krummhörn
16th-century German theologians
16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Academic staff of the University of Franeker
East Frisians
German people of Dutch descent
17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Frans Hals
Dutch Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Participants in the Synod of Dort
17th-century German Protestant theologians
German male non-fiction writers

Johannes Acronius


Andrea Lagunes Barrales, known as Andrea Lagunes is a Mexican singer and actress, born in Mexico City on October 29, 1992. She started to work on television shows at the age of four and became famous by starring in the telenovela Gotita de amor (Droplet of Love).

Career

At the age of three years, Andrea Lagunes joined the Center for Arts Education of Televisa, where she received acting and dance lessons for 3 years. At the age of four years she appeared in 25 episodes of the soap opera Maria Isabel produced by Carla Estrada, after participating in programs such as Plaza Sesamo and Que nos Pasa?.

In 1998 she starred in the telenovela Gotita de amor, for which she recorded an album under the same name. The album was composed of 13 songs. After the successful soap opera, she debuted on stage in the play "Little Red Riding Hood and the Three Little Pigs".

In 1999, she appeared in the soap operas Alma Rebelde and Cuento de Navidad, and later in Mi Destino Eres Tu, playing the role of Ximena.

In the same year she recorded her second album, A Love Jet.

Andrea has also done commercials in Caracas Venezuela. and has appeared on several unit as Furcio and Caroline in Real Life. For the year 2001 participated in the soap opera Carita de Angel of Nicandro Diaz.

For the year 2002 had a brief participacion in the soap opera Vivan los Ninos, playing Miranda, a brat and selfish child, who grew up without her mother at her side.

She also participated in "Operation Triumph GalaNovela" with the cast of Televisa Kids.

Television appearances

 El espacio de Tatiana
 Mujer, casos de la vida real (2001–2005) – 6 episodes
 Plaza Sésamo
 ¿Qué nos pasa?
 Hoy
 Vida TV
 La Familia Peluche
 Furcio
 GalaNovela de Operación Triufo
 La rosa de Guadalupe
 Como dice el dicho

Soap operas

 María Isabel (1997) – Gloria Mendiola (niña)
 Mi pequeña traviesa (1997–1998)
 Gotita de amor (1998) – Isabel Arredondo/García De Santiago
 Alma rebelde (1999) – Angelita
 Cuento de navidad (1999) .... Niña ángel
 Mi destino eres tú (2000) – Ximena Rivadeneira Pimentel
 Carita de ángel (2001) – Irma Valadez
 ¡Vivan los niños! (2002) – Miranda
 Lo Que La Vida Me Robo (2014) – Diana Garcia

Theater

 Caperucita Roja y los Tres Cochinitos
 El Hado Zorro y el Ruiseñor de Oro
 Ricitos de Oro
 El Mago de Oz

Discography

 Gotita de Amor (1998)
 Un Chorro de Amor (1999)

References

1992 births
Living people
Actresses from Mexico City
Singers from Mexico City
Mexican child actresses
Mexican stage actresses
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican television actresses
21st-century Mexican singers

Andrea Lagunés


The KNMI-mast Cabauw is a 213-metre (699') high guyed mast for meteorological measurements at Cabauw, the Netherlands.
In 1972 at Cabauw (06348) a 213 metre (699') high mast was specifically built for meteorological research to establish relations between the state of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), land surface conditions and the general weather situation for all seasons. The Cabauw mast is located in the western part of the Netherlands (51.971 °N, 4.927 °E) in a polder 0.7 metres (28") below average sealevel. This site was chosen, because it is rather representative for this part of the Netherlands and because only minor landscape developments were planned in this region. However, significant changes are the removal of the trees along a road east of the mast in 1975, and the building of houses in the village of Lopik east of the mast in more recent years.

The North Sea is more than 50 km (30 miles) away to the WNW. The nearby region is agricultural, and surface elevation changes are at most a few metres (yards) over 20 km (12 miles). Within 40 km (25 miles) radius there are four major synoptic weather stations, among which is the regular radiosonde station at De Bilt (06260), ensuring a permanent supporting mesoscale network. Near the mast, the terrain is open pasture for at least 400 metres (yards) in all directions, and in the WSW direction for 2 km (1¼ miles). Farther away, the landscape is generally very open in the West sector, while the distant East sector is rather rough (windbreaks, orchards, low houses).

The distant North and South sectors are mixed landscapes, much pasture and some windbreaks. So the highest mast levels have in all directions a long fetch of landscape roughness which is usefully similar to the roughness observed in the lower surface layer. On the mast itself no undisturbed measurements can be made below 20 metres (60'). Therefore, auxiliary 20 metre (60') masts are installed to the SE and the NW at sufficient distance from the mast foot building. South of the mast is a well-kept observation field for micrometeorological observations, including soil heat flux, soil temperatures and various radiation measurements; north of the mast is a spare observation field. The soil consists of 0.6 metres (2') of river-clay, overlying a thick layer of peat. The water table is about 1 metres (3') below the surface, but can be higher during wet periods.

The mast is a closed cylinder of 2 metres (6') diameter, with an elevator inside. It is guyed at four levels, and carries booms at 20 metre (60') intervals in three directions. The 9.4 metre (30') booms can be swung up hydraulically, so that instruments at their ends can be handled from an upper balcony; this swivelling mounting allows much longer booms than the customary sideways-sliding construction. Permanent signal cables in the boom tubes run through the hollow swivel axis, so during boom motion they are only torsion-deformed, a more endurable load than bending. Built around the mast foot is a 200 m2  (2000 sq. ft.) streamlined building for registration and maintenance purposes.
On top of the mast, a compact weather radar was installed in 2007, measuring precipitation up to a radius of 60 km (40 miles) around the mast.

References
 In Higher Spheres; 40 years of observations at the Cabauw Site. Wim Monna and Fred Bosveld, 2013. KNMI-Publication 232

External links
 Diagram at skyscraperpage.com.
 Description at KNMI.
 Current meterorological data.
 Real-time weather radar measurement from the mast top.

See also
List of masts

Guyed masts
Communication towers in the Netherlands
Towers in Utrecht (province)
Lopik
Towers completed in 1972
1972 establishments in the Netherlands
20th-century architecture in the Netherlands

KNMI-mast Cabauw


The Common good is an ideal or moral measure. It creates a world where human beings can thrive as individuals. The common good provides us with a goal to work for. It is reached when we work together to improve the wellbeing of people in our society and the wider world. Common good is about doing the best that we can to support others and ourselves.

Ethics

Common good


HBO World Championship Boxing (in later years stylized in its title card as HBO Boxing – World Championship) is an American sports television series on premium television network HBO. It premiered on January 22, 1973 with a fight that saw George Foreman defeat Joe Frazier in Kingston, Jamaica.

HBO's pay-per-view distribution arm, TVKO was formed in 1990, which debuted in 1991 with Evander Holyfield vs. George Foreman and was rebranded HBO PPV in 2001.

On September 27, 2018, HBO announced they would be dropping boxing from the network following its last televised match on October 27, though two airings on November 24 and December 8 were its last editions. Various issues in the boxing business, including the influx of streaming options (such as DAZN and ESPN+) and issues with promoters, along with declining ratings and loss of interest in the sport among HBO's subscribers, made continued carriage of the sport untenable. HBO's long-term move to upscale dramatic programming, an ownership transfer of parent WarnerMedia to AT&T, and re-focus around the upcoming streaming service HBO Max also played a role in the decision, with an HBO executive commenting that "HBO is not a sports network."

Memorable events
Famous matches broadcast on World Championship Boxing include:
 the Rumble in the Jungle, in which Muhammad Ali regained the world heavyweight title from George Foreman in Kinshasa, Zaire in 1974;
 the Thrilla in Manila, the final encounter between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier and HBO's first program when the service uplinked to satellite in 1975;
 Sugar Ray Leonard vs. Thomas Hearns I and II
 When Wilfred Benítez beat Roberto Durán
 Larry Holmes vs. Gerry Cooney, for the World Boxing Council (WBC) heavyweight championship;
 the Battle of the Champions, when Aaron Pryor beat Alexis Argüello in their first fight;
 Carnival of Champions, in which Wilfredo Gómez beat Lupe Pintor, and Thomas Hearns beat Wilfred Benítez;
 Marvin Hagler defeats Roberto Durán and Hector Camacho beat Rafi Solis - both fights shown on the same night, days after they had taken place
 Marvin Hagler-Thomas Hearns fight, billed as The War;
 Evander Holyfield vs. George Foreman, billed as The Battle of the Ages;
 Thunder Meets Lightning, in which Julio César Chávez beat Meldrick Taylor with two seconds remaining in the twelfth round;
 Michael Moorer vs. George Foreman, in which Foreman knocked out Michael Moorer to become the oldest heavyweight champion of the world at age 45;
 James "Buster" Douglas's stunning upset of Mike Tyson for the undisputed world heavyweight title in Tokyo, Japan;
 Evander Holyfield vs. Lennox Lewis and Evander Holyfield vs. Lennox Lewis II;
 Arturo Gatti vs. Micky Ward trilogy, in which the first fight, Ward beat Gatti by majority decision, while Gatti beat Ward twice, in second and third fights by unanimous decision;
 Manny Pacquiao vs. Juan Manuel Márquez tetralogy, in which the first fight ended in a split draw where Burt Clements incorrectly scored 113-113, despite three knockdowns, the second fight ended in Pacquiao winning by split-decision with the knockdown scored in round three as the difference in the fight, the third fight, in which Pacquiao won by majority decision and the final fight of the rivalry resulting Márquez knocking out Pacquiao in the sixth round with one second left;
 Bernard Hopkins vs. Oscar De La Hoya;
 The World Awaits - Floyd Mayweather Jr. beat Oscar De La Hoya for the WBC super-welterweight title;
 Undefeated" - Floyd Mayweather Jr. beat Ricky Hatton to retain the WBC welterweight title with a TKO in the 10th round;
 The Dream Match - The Welterweight match between Manny Pacquiao (moving up 2 weight classes) against Oscar De La Hoya (moving down 1 weight class). Pacquiao won by technical knockout before the 9th round began (De La Hoya retired on his stool);
 Mayweather Jr. vs. Pacquiao, when Mayweather outpointed Pacquiao over 12 rounds in one of the most widely seen fights around the world in boxing history (on May 2, 2015, simulcasted with Showtime);
 Saúl "Canelo" Álvarez's outpointing of Miguel Cotto by 12 round unanimous decision on a November 21, 2015.
 Saul "Canelo" Alvarez vs Gennady Golovkin I &II. Canelo took on GGG in 2017 and 2018. Both fights were very close and are still disputed today, with the first fight ending in a draw and the second ending in a win, via majority decision, for Canelo.
A famous incident occurred on July 11, 1996 during the Riddick Bowe vs. Andrew Golota fight at Madison Square Garden, in which a confrontation between Golota and Bowe's entourage resulting a chaotic and violent brawl between the boxers' respective entourages and fans. During the fight, HBO's commentary team had to evacuate their ringside position (with George Foreman helping to protect his fellow commentators after unsuccessfully attempting to put an end to the fighting; the commentators' table was destroyed in the brawl), resulting in several minutes of commentary-free coverage of the melee before Jim Lampley was able to resume coverage of the incident from several levels above. Larry Merchant and Foreman remained in the ring providing coverage as tempers continued to flare into punch-ups between spectators. The credits rolled over footage of NYPD officers entering MSG and beginning to make arrests.

World Championship Boxing has also had three spin-off series, Boxing After Dark, KO Nation, and MetroPCS Friday Night Knockout—a weekly broadcast co-produced with Turner Sports for sister cable network TruTV, while its multiplex Spanish channel HBO Latino aired its two spin-off series Oscar De La Hoya Presenta Boxeo De Oro (focused on fighters from De La Hoya's Golden Boy Promotions) and Generación Boxeo.

Additionally, a video game carrying the brand name HBO Boxing was released for the PlayStation in 2000, which was published by Acclaim Entertainment under their Acclaim Sports banner.

Commentators
The main broadcast team was Jim Lampley on blow-by-blow, with former and future ESPN reporter Max Kellerman as color commentator, replacing Larry Merchant, who retired in December 2012. For the last two years of Merchant's contract he and Kellerman alternated telecasts.

The analyst position was held (when he was available) by former multiple-division world champion Roy Jones, Jr. Andre Ward or Bernard Hopkins fill in when Jones was unavailable. The position used to be held by Sugar Ray Leonard and former world heavyweight champions George Foreman and Lennox Lewis, and most recently (until his death) by trainer Emanuel Steward.

For pay-per-view fights, Bob Costas and James Brown used to host the telecast while Lampley called the fight; however Lampley later did both.

Harold Lederman, a former boxing judge, served as "unofficial scorer," giving his scorecards after every three rounds, sometimes two. Lederman also used to voice-over the rules under which the fight would be conducted before handing back to Lampley for pre-fight introductions; however the rules were later simply flashed on-screen to save time. Former judge Steve Weisfeld also appeared in this role, usually when Lederman's daughter Julie was judging a fight and as such Harold could not be on television due to the conflict of interest.

Michael Buffer was an unofficial member of the team as ring announcer for most HBO fights.

Chon Romero was one of the commentators for HBO Boxing's Spanish telecasts.

Former commentators include: Marv Albert, Len Berman, Barry Tompkins, Fran Charles, Gil Clancy, Howard Cosell, Don Dunphy, Sugar Ray Leonard, Al Michaels, Jerry Quarry and Dick Stockton.

International broadcasts
Prior to 2009, TSN, a basic-cable sports channel in Canada, held the Canadian broadcast rights to most HBO boxing events, often airing them live (with ads inserted between rounds) if they did not conflict with other sports properties on the channel. From January 2009 to the series' end, HBO World Championship Boxing, and other HBO boxing events, aired live on HBO Canada with later repeats on TSN.

See also
 Boxing After Dark— a television boxing program airing on HBO from 1996 to 2018
 KO Nation— a short-lived television boxing program that aired on HBO from 2000 to 2001
 Showtime Championship Boxing— a television boxing program airing on Showtime from 1986 to the present
 ShoBox: The New Generation— a television boxing program airing on Showtime from 2001 to the present
 Top Rank Boxing on ESPN— a television boxing program airing on ESPN
 Premier Boxing Champions— a boxing promotion organized by Al Haymon and a television boxing program airing on multiple broadcast and cable networks from 2015 to the present

References

External links
 HBO Boxing (HBO's Boxing website, updated weekly)
 HBO Boxing Schedule

1973 American television series debuts
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
2018 American television series endings
Boxing television series
English-language television shows
World Championship Boxing
TruTV original programming
World Championship Boxing

HBO World Championship Boxing


The Committee Against Torture (CAT)  is a group founded by the United Nations (UN). The Committee is a group of human rights experts that watch and supervise the United Nations Convention against Torture. The Committee is one of eight UN-related human rights agreements. All countries that have agreed to the Convention must send regular reports to the Committee on how human rights are being applied. Once a country has approved the Convention, they must send a report to the Committee in one year. After that, they must send a report every four years.

The Committee looks into each report and might tell the country some suggestions on how to improve their human rights. Sometimes, the Committee may think about complaints from people that say that their Convention rights have been broken.

Torture
United Nations

Committee Against Torture


Ernest Whitworth Marland (May 8, 1874 – October 3, 1941) was an American lawyer, oil businessman in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma, and politician who was a U.S. representative and Oklahoma governor. He served in the United States House of Representatives from northern Oklahoma, 1933 to 1935 and as the tenth governor of Oklahoma from 1935 to 1939. As a Democrat, he initiated a "Little Deal" in Oklahoma during the Great Depression, working to relieve the distress of unemployed people in the state, and to build infrastructure as investment for the future.

Marland made fortunes in oil in Pennsylvania in the 1900s and in Oklahoma in the 1920s, and lost each in the volatility of the industry and the times. At the height of his wealth in the 1920s, Marland built a mansion known as the Palace of the Prairies in Ponca City, after introducing fox hunts (and red foxes) and polo games to the local elite society. It has been designated a National Historic Landmark. The Marland-Paris Mansion, his former home on Grand Avenue, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Marland and his first wife Virginia did not have any children. To share their wealth and help her sister Margaret Roberts and her family, in 1916 they adopted their two children, George and Lydie, who were then 19 and 16 years old. The Marlands sent them to private school and gave them other advantages. Two years after Virginia's death in 1926, Marland had Lydie's adoption annulled. He married Lydie Roberts that year, and she later accompanied him to Washington, D.C., and the governor's mansion.

Early life and education
Ernest Whitworth Marland was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on May 8, 1874. His father was a mill owner in Pittsburgh who boasted in his later years that he never had a strike in his mill and his workers remembered him as having been "always fair to labor". This gave the son his belief in capitalism and his understanding of the importance of good labor relations.

Marland was educated in private schools, he did collegiate and law studies on an accelerated schedule, earning his LL.B. from the University of Michigan Law School at the age of 19 in 1893.

Marriage and family
Unlike many men of the period, Marland waited to marry until he was well-established. He first married Mary Virginia Collins, known as Virginia, on November 5, 1903, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. By 1907 he had become a millionaire from his oil dealings in Pennsylvania, but lost a fortune in a downturn. They decided to move to Oklahoma, where they found renewed success in its oil boom. They had no children of their own.

In 1916, to help her sister Margaret Roberts and her husband George and to share their wealth, they adopted the Roberts' two children: George and Lydie, then 19 and 16, respectively. They sent them to private schools and gave them other opportunities. The Marlands were together until Virginia's death on June 6, 1926, in Ponca City, Kay County, Oklahoma from pneumonia.

Two years later, E. W. Marland had Lydie Roberts Marland's adoption annulled. On July 14, 1928, he married Lydie Roberts in Philadelphia. She was 28 and he was 54. They were together until his death on October 3, 1941.

Career
After law school, Marland returned to Pittsburgh where he started a private practice. Through his experiences as an attorney, he became interested in geology and entered the developing oil industry in Pennsylvania. He invested in new wells and companies and, by the age of 33, Marland had become a self-made millionaire.

That same year, Marland lost millions in the panic of 1907. By 1908, Marland was broke and without a job. Hoping to start their lives over, Marland and Virginia moved to the new state of Oklahoma. They settled in Ponca City, where he resumed his oil career.

He first founded the 101 Ranch Oil Company. Marland was successful in reestablishing his fortune and, by 1920, it was estimated at $85,000,000 (roughly $910,000,000 in modern dollars).
That year he founded the Marland Oil Company in Ponca City (it was incorporated in Delaware on October 8, 1920) and served as its president. In 1928, the Marland Oil Company was taken over in a hostile bid process by J. P. Morgan, Jr. and was merged with Continental Oil and Transportation Company (CONOCO). Marland's oil empire was destroyed and he was pushed out of the company and replaced as President of Marland Oil by Dan Moran. He lost all of his wealth for the second time. He and William Skelly were instrumental in the founding of the Kansas-Oklahoma division of the United States Oil and Gas Association, then known as "Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association".

Congressman
Despite his big business background, Marland was not a Republican. His treatment at the hands of Morgan and other eastern monopoly giants gave him a distrust of them, leading him to register as a Democrat. Marland supported Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs from the beginning of his presidency. Through association with FDR, Marland was elected in 1932 to the United States House of Representatives to represent Oklahoma's 8th congressional district, since disbanded. Marland was the first Democrat to hold that seat in 15 years.

Marland served in Congress for a single term, from 1933 to 1935. He declined reelection after entering the Democratic primaries to succeed Governor William H. Murray. Marland won both the Democratic nomination and the election in November 1934 to serve as the tenth governor of the state.

Governor of Oklahoma

On January 15, 1935, Marland was inaugurated as governor. Several years before, the widower had married Lydie Roberts Marland, his former adopted daughter. She was then 28 and he was 54. She became First Lady of the state.

Marland quickly instituted a program that would become known as the "Little New Deal". From the start, the Oklahoma House and Oklahoma Senate were not in favor of his plans. The legislature was more concerned with reducing the state's massive deficit (roughly a quarter of billion dollars in modern currency). Marland, an avid supporter of FDR, stressed the need for the state government to work with the federal government in creating jobs and support for families.

Despite Marland's efforts, most Oklahoman politicians never fully embraced the New Deal. What the Legislature would accept was a homestead exemption provision to the state's ad valorem taxes, increased school funds, and raising the state sales tax to two percent. Marland introduced legislation to appropriate funds raised by the sales tax for aid to the handicapped, the elderly, and dependent children.

At this time, Oklahoma had an estimated 150,000 Oklahomans that were unemployed and 700,000 on relief. Marland asked the Fifteenth Legislature for a board to craft policy to develop the physical infrastructure of the state with investments to create a more diverse economy. The Legislature responded with the 15-member State Planning and Resources Board. The Board worked with FDR's Works Progress Administration to create jobs through public works projects such as construction of dams and tree planting. The State Highway Department expanded its road work and created thousands of jobs. Historic properties and renovated, archeological excavations were undertaken to identify and preserve resources, and other resources were enhanced.

Though he did not balance the state's budget, Marland created the Oklahoma Highway Patrol and the Interstate Oil Compact. Through the Compact, six oil-producing states agreed to practice oil conservation and establish a fair price for petroleum. The governing body of the Compact was a commission, of which Marland was elected to serve as the first president.

Marland's term as governor ended on January 9, 1939. Through more than 1,300 WPA projects, he had created jobs for more than 90,000 Oklahomans. After his term, he returned to Ponca City and tried to recreate the Marland Oil Company .

In 1940, Marland ran for the United States House of Representatives again but was unsuccessful against a Republican candidate.

Pioneer Woman statue

In the early 1920s while enjoying his great oil wealth, Marland decided to commission a statue, the Pioneer Woman, for installation in Ponca City. Marland was asked, "E. W., why don't you have sculptor Jo Davidson make a statue to the vanishing American, a Ponca, Otoe, or an Osage – a monument of great size?" Marland answered, "The Indian is not the vanishing American – it's the pioneer woman."

Marland commissioned twelve miniature  sculptures by US and international sculptors as models for the Pioneer Woman statue. Marland paid each sculptor a commission for these models, which has been variously cited as $10,000 and as $2,000 for each submission. The miniatures were shipped for exhibit in twelve cities, where they were viewed by a total of 750,000 people. Marland invited them to cast votes for their favorite but said he would make the final selection.

The twelve submissions included Confident by Bryant Baker; Self-Reliant by Alexander Stirling Calder;  Trusting by Jo Davidson; Affectionate by James E. Fraser; Protective by John Gregory; Adventurous by F. Lynn Jenkins; Heroic by Mario Korbel; Faithful by Arthur Lee; Challenging by Hermon Atkins MacNeil; Determined by Maurice Sterne; Fearless by Wheeler Williams; and Sturdy by Mahonri Young. The New York Times reported on March 27, 1927, that the exhibition had arrived in New York City and that it had attracted "more interest than any exhibition of sculpture New York has known in a long while." After being exhibited for three weeks in the Reinhardt Galleries, Bryant Baker's model won first place in the New York balloting. The Times reported that "Baker not only won first honors, but was the last man to enter the contest having no more than a month to prepare his model and obtain a casting."

I believe all of the sculptors have done well. We could select any one of the twelve figures and get an excellent interpretation of the frontier woman. The decision will be a hard one to make. I expect to be guided largely by public taste, but the final decision will be my own. This national vote is going to show exactly what the American people think about one of the greatest of their women.

The exhibition touched a popular chord in American culture of the time. The New York Times reported on March 27, 1927, that among the visitors was 91‑year‑old Betty Wollman, who as a young bride had journeyed from St. Louis, Missouri, to Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1855. She had once entertained Abraham Lincoln as a dinner guest in the Wollman household, long before he was a candidate for president. Wollman spoke about women's role during pioneer days in the Old West and congratulated Marland for his proposal to erect a statue in her honor.

The winning statue nationwide was Confident, which featured a woman and her son, by the British-born American sculptor Bryant Baker. Marland's personal favorite was said to be Trusting by Jo Davidson, who had already sculpted statues of Marland and his adopted children: George and Lydie.

On April 22, 1930, at a reception for 40,000 guests, Baker's sculpture was unveiled in Ponca City in a public ceremony. Guest speaker Will Rogers paid tribute to Oklahoma's pioneers. President Herbert Hoover addressed the nation in a radio broadcast to commemorate the statue. He said, "It was those women who carried the refinement, the moral character and spiritual force into the West.

The finished Pioneer Woman is  high and weighs 12,000 pounds.

Death
Marland died of a heart condition on October 3, 1941, at the age of 67. He is buried in Ponca City.

Movie about Marland

Filmmaker Scott Swearingen made a documentary about the oilman, High Stakes: The Life and Times of E.W. Marland (2016), which he co-produced with Steve Herrin. Supported with funding by the Marland Foundation, the film was featured with a panel discussion at the Oklahoma Historical Society on September 13, 2016.
In August 2012, the Weinstein Company, announced that it was to produce the romantic drama film Ends of the Earth, written by Academy Award-winning screenwriter Chris Terrio, and based on the lives of EW and Lydie Marland. The screenplay was said to explore the controversial love affair between the oil baron and former Oklahoma governor, and his adopted daughter, who built a mansion and other extravagances in Ponca City, Oklahoma. Actress Jennifer Lawrence was cast in the role of Lydie Marland. The screenplay went through several rewrites and the film may still be in development.

Commemoration

His Italianate mansion in Ponca City, the 55-room E. W. Marland Mansion designed by John Duncan Forsyth, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977.
His previous home, known as the Marland Grand Home, located on Grand Avenue with eight acres of formal gardens, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

State of the State speeches
First State of the State Speech
Second State of the State Speech
Third State of the State Speech
Fourth State of the State Speech

Citations

External links
History of E.W. Marland, Marland Mansion Website
Ernest Marland, Oklahoma State
"Pioneer Woman Models", Hugh Pickens website

Democratic Party governors of Oklahoma
American businesspeople in the oil industry
Petroleum in Oklahoma
1874 births
1941 deaths
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Oklahoma
Pennsylvania lawyers
People from Ponca City, Oklahoma
Politicians from Pittsburgh
American Episcopalians
ConocoPhillips people
University of Michigan Law School alumni

E. W. Marland


Uncharted is an 2022 action-adventure movie, based on Uncharted franchises by Naughty Dog. The movie sets several years before the events in the first game called Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, Nathan Drake main portagonist of the video game with his partner Victor "Sully" Sulvan must go-up against s whealthy, ruthlest treasure hunter and his mercenarise in other to claim a lost fortune in gold from the voyages of Magellan, while also tracking clues that may lead to Drake's long-lost brother, Samuel "Sam" Drake.

Uncharted released on February 18, 2022 in the United States. The movie stars Tom Holland as Nathan Drake, and Mark Wahlberg as his menthor Victor Sulvan, along with Sophia Ali, Tati Gabrielle and also Antonio Banderas in supporting roles. It also serves as a prequel to to the Uncharted video games.

2022 action movies
2022 adventure movies
2020s American action movies
American adventure movies
Spanish action movies
2020s English-language movies
Movies directed by Ruben Fleischer
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies set in Barcelona
Movies set in Boston
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the Philippines
Movies set in the 2000s
Movies set in the 2020s

Uncharted (movie)


Thomas William Rhys Davids  (12 May 1843 – 27 December 1922) was an English scholar of the Pāli language and founder of the Pāli Text Society. He took an active part in founding the British Academy and London School for Oriental Studies.

Early life and education
Thomas William Rhys Davids was born at Colchester in Essex, England, the eldest son of a Congregational clergyman from Wales, who was affectionately referred to as the Bishop of Essex. His mother, who died at the age of 37 following childbirth, had run the Sunday school at his father's church.

Deciding on a Civil Service career, Rhys Davids studied Sanskrit under A.F. Stenzler, a distinguished scholar at the University of Breslau. He earned money in Breslau by teaching English.

Civil service in Sri Lanka
In 1863 Rhys Davids returned to Britain, and on passing his civil service exams was posted to Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon). When he was Magistrate of Galle and a case was brought before him involving questions of ecclesiastical law, he first learned of the Pāli language when a document in that language was brought in as evidence.

In 1871 he was posted as Assistant Government Agent of Nuwarakalaviya, where Anuradhapura was the administrative centre. The governor was Sir Hercules Robinson, who had founded the Archaeological Commission in 1868.

Rhys Davids became involved with the excavation of the ancient Sinhalese city of Anuradhapura, which had been abandoned after an invasion in 993 CE. He began to collect inscriptions and manuscripts, and from 1870-1872 wrote a series of articles for the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Journal about them. He learned the local language and spent time with the people.

Rhys Davids' civil service career and his residence in Sri Lanka came to an abrupt end. Personal differences with his superior, C. W. Twynham, caused a formal investigation, resulting in a tribunal and Rhys Davids' dismissal for misconduct. A number of minor offenses had been discovered, as well as grievances concerning fines improperly exacted both from Rhys Davids' subjects and his employees.

Academic career
He then studied for the bar and briefly practised law, though he continued to publish articles about Sri Lankan inscriptions and translations, notably in Max Müller's monumental Sacred Books of the East.

From 1882 to 1904 Rhys Davids was Professor of Pāli at the University of London, a post which carried no fixed salary other than lecture fees.

In 1905 he took up the Chair of Comparative Religion at the University of Manchester.

Rhys Davids attempted to promote Theravada Buddhism and Pāli scholarship in Britain.  He actively lobbied the government (in co-operation with the Asiatic Society of Great Britain) to expand funding for the study of Indian languages and literature, using numerous arguments over how this might strengthen the British hold on India.

Personal life
In 1894 Rhys Davids married Caroline Augusta Foley, a noted Pāli scholar. Unlike his wife, however, Rhys Davids was a critic and opponent of Theosophy. They had three children. The eldest, Vivien, was involved in the Girl Guide movement and was a friend of Robert Baden-Powell. Their only son, Arthur Rhys Davids, was a Royal Flying Corps 25-victory fighter ace who was killed in World War I.

Rhys Davids died on 27 December 1922 in Chipstead, Surrey.

Works
 Rhys Davids, T. W. (1880). Buddhist Birth Stories (Jataka Tales), London
 Rhys Davids, T. W., trans. (1890–94). Questions of King Milinda, Sacred Books of the East, volumes XXXV & XXXVI, Clarendon/Oxford, reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi Vol. 1, Vol. 2

 Rhys Davids, T. W., Stede, William (eds.) (1921-5). The Pāli Text Society's Pāli–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pāli Text Society. Search inside the Pāli–English Dictionary, University of Chicago
 Rhys Davids, T. W. (1907). Buddhism Its History And Literature, G. P. Putnam's Sons . New York, Second Edition.
 Rhys Davids, T. W. & C. A., trans. (1899–1921). Dialogues of the Buddha, 3 volumes, Pāli Text Society, Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3.
 Rhys Davids, T. W.; Oldenberg, Hermann, trans. (1881–85). Vinaya Texts,  Sacred Books of the East, volumes XIII, XVII & XX, Clarendon/Oxford; reprint: Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi (Dover, New York) Vol. XIII, Mahavagga I-IV, Vol. XVII, Mahavagga V-X, Kullavagga I-III, Vol. XX, Kullavagga IV-XII
 Rhys Davids, T. W. (1891). The Sects of the Buddhists By T. W. Rhys Davids. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 409–422
 Rhys Davids, T. W. (1901). Asoka and the Buddha-relics By T. W. Rhys Davids. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 397–410

References

Sources
 Anonymous (1920-1923). The passing of the Founder, Journal of the Pāli Text Society 7, 1-21
 Wickremeratne, Ananda (1984). The genesis of an Orientalist: Thomas William Rhys Davids and Buddhism in Sri Lanka, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

External links

 Lorna S. Dewaraja. Rhys Davids: His contribution to Pāli and Buddhist studies, Daily News, Sri Lanka, 15–17 July 1998

1843 births
1922 deaths
20th-century Buddhists
Academics of University College London
British scholars of Buddhism
British Buddhists
British expatriates in Germany
British Indologists
British orientalists
British people of Welsh descent
British Theravada Buddhists
Converts to Buddhism from Protestantism
Converts to Buddhism
Critics of Theosophy
Fellows of the British Academy
Linguists of Pali
Pali
People from British Ceylon
Theravada Buddhism writers

Thomas William Rhys Davids


John Lawry (born June 15, 1950) is a Christian rock musician, composer, producer, and songwriter. He was the keyboardist of Petra from 1984 to 1994. After his departure, Lawry dedicated himself to producing and record engineering. From 2010 to 2012, he rejoined some of his former Petra bandmates to record and tour under the name of Classic Petra. In 2013, he officially rejoined Petra as their keyboardist.

Biography
According to his personal testimony as recorded on Petra's Captured In Time and Space live album, John was born in Japan but abandoned on the street. After being taken by missionaries to a mission home, he was subsequently adopted by an American family from Michigan. Lawry grew up in Millington, Michigan.

Lawry showed musical skills from an early age. When he was nine, he learned to play the accordion. When he grew up he went to Millington High School and was involved in the school band, where he played a variety of instruments. Lawry graduated in 1969 and continued working in music. Lawry contributed to several projects during the following years.

In 1982, he joined the Joe English Band and recorded three albums with them. He also recorded with the band's side project: Forerunner. Lawry met Petra founder and guitarist Bob Hartman during his time with the Joe English Band. After the departure of Petra keyboardist, John Slick, Lawry was asked to fill in for some shows, and eventually was asked to join the band. In 1984 he joined Petra recording a total of nine albums with the band. During this period, the band won three Grammys and several other awards.

In 1986, Lawry played a keyboard solo on Greg X. Volz (former Petra lead singer) first solo effort. In 1990, he released Media Alert as a solo album.

Lawry left Petra in 1994 to dedicate to a career producing and recording. He was replaced by his keyboard technician, Jim Cooper. He also released a second solo album, Excursions, in 1997.

In 2005, Lawry joined the stage again with Petra during one of the band's final presentations that was released as the Petra Farewell CD and DVD.

Lawry, along with the "classic" 1980s Petra lineup (John Lawry, Greg X. Volz, Bob Hartman, Mark Kelly, and Louie Weaver) reunited in 2010 under the name of Classic Petra. They recorded an album with two new songs and new versions of classic songs by the name of Back to the Rock. The album, which was produced by Lawry, was the first studio album by this line-up since 1985's Beat the System. They toured in the later part of 2010 and into 2011.

In 2016 and into 2017, Volz collaborated with Lawry in his home to produce a new album for the renamed version of classic Petra, now named Classic Petra Revived (CPR). The album, CPR, was released in October 2017.

References

American performers of Christian music
Petra (band) members
People from Tuscola County, Michigan
Living people
1950 births
21st-century American keyboardists

John Lawry


Francisco de Borja del Paso y Troncoso (October 8, 1842 in Veracruz, Veracruz Mexico – April 30, 1916 in Florence, Italy) was an important Mexican historian, archivist, and Nahuatl language scholar. He "was and remains the outstanding major Mexican investigator of his era, a fully accepted figure in the international group of his peers."

Early life and education
Del Paso y Troncoso, often cited in bibliographies as Paso y Troncoso, attended primary school in his hometown of Veracruz, and later moved to Mexico City. In his youth, he dedicated most of his time to commercial activities, but still found time to register in the National Preparatory School, attending as a regular student until he had successfully completed his studies. It is believed that he had among his teachers Don Gabino Barreda, and he had initially decided to pursue a career in medicine. Toward the end of his studies he wanted to prepare his thesis on the botany and ethno-pharmacology of the ancient Mexicans. His initial investigation in this field aroused his interest so much that he devoted himself to the study and research of the archaeological field, particularly to the inquiry of documentary sources from both Indian and Spanish authors of the 16th century.  This change in studies was eventually at the cost of his not receiving his medical degree.

Career

He soon came to focus on the Nahuatl language, and his work came to be permanently linked to the National Archaeological Museum. In 1889 Del Paso y Troncoso was appointed director of that institution. During much of 1890 and 1891, he led a significant archaeological exploration of the state of Veracruz.

In 1892, at the commemoration of the 400th Anniversary of European contact with the New World, Del Paso y Troncoso was nominated  president of the Mexican Commission on the American Historic Exhibition to be held in Madrid. He kept his title as director of the National Archaeological Museum in Mexico, and traveled to Spain in August 1892. Del Paso y Troncoso was to remain in Europe until his death, working without rest in archives and libraries on the continent.

During the nearly twenty-four years devoted to research and outside of Mexico, Del Paso y Troncoso arranged for publication a wealth of documents and previously unpublished works of the utmost importance for the history of Mexico. His extensive correspondence shows that he was always in contact with cultural institutions and specialists in his country and others from abroad that were also interested in the same field of research.  Utilizing materials found in the libraries, archives and collections of Mexico and Europe, Del Paso y Troncoso made significant contributions to the historiography of the Conquest-era and Colonial Mexico periods, identifying, collating and publishing a number of important historical source documents and original manuscripts. Many of these documentary collections were utilized by Charles Gibson, historian in his 1964 publication Aztecs Under Spanish Rule, which established in English-language scholarship the importance of the indigenous in the colonial history of Mexico.

Before 1884, Del Paso y Troncoso was elected Fellow of the Mexican Academy of Language. In 1893 he was appointed a member of the Royal Academy of History and also of the Spanish Association of Writers and Artists. In 1895 he was received as an honorary member of the Pontifical Roman Academy of Archaeology, and as a correspondent of the Paris Societe des Americanist. In 1898 he also obtained a diploma of honorary membership of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.

Publications
In the Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología he published "Ensayos sobre los símbolos cronológicos de los mexicanos", 1892; "Estudio sobre la historia de la medicina en México", 1896; "Lingüística de la República Mexicana", 1886; "Códice indiano del Sr. Sánchez Solís", 1888; "Los trabajos lingüísticos de don Miguel Trinidad Palma", 1897; "Notas arqueológicas y cronológicas al estudio de interpretación del Códice Borgiano hecho por José Lino Fábrega", 1899–1900; "Lista de los pueblos principales que pertenecieron a Texcoco", 1897; " Utilidad de la lengua mexicana en algunos estudios literarios", 1897; "División territorial de la Nueva España en el año de 1636", 1912; "Escritura pictórica, el códice Kingsborough", 1912.

Another, very significant publication that he brought together, utilizing military records and dispatches, and a host of other historic sources, is "Las guerras con las Tribus Yaqui y Mayo del estado de Sonora, Mexico." Mexico, 1905. It is one of two major sources that cover the Yaqui Wars.

A number of editions of major works on the history of Mexico appeared after his death, including the following titles: Historia y conquista espiritual de Yucatán, de fray Bernardo de Lizana, México, 1892; Biblioteca nahua, 6 v., Florencia, 1899-1909; Historia de las cosas de la Nueva España de fray Bernardino de Sahagún (Primeros memoriales, Códice matritense del Real Palacio y Códice de la Real Academia de la Historia, textos de los informantes de Sahagún), 3 v., Madrid, 1906-1907; Papeles de Nueva España, 7 v., Madrid-México, 1905; Códice Mendocino, México, 1925; Crónica de Nueva España, del doctor don Francisco Cervantes de Salazar, 3 v., Madrid-México, 1914-1936; Epistolario de la Nueva España, 16 v., México, 1939-1942.

Some of his other contributions include: Los libros de Anáhuac, México, 1895; Comentario al Códice Borbónico, Florencia, 1905.

Assessment of his work and career
Del Paso y Troncoso is a major figure in Mexican historiography, tirelessly tracking down manuscript materials in archives in Mexico and throughout Europe.  He was "certainly the most erudite Mexican specialist of his era, [but] he allowed this deep knowledge to impede rather than advance his own direct contribution. He published just a fraction of what he had collected, since he meticulously edited and annotated the primary texts. A number of his works appeared after his death in "subprofessional dress...in untrustworthy editions" published by others. Some of Del Paso y Troncoso's work was widely considered to have published under another's name.  By contrast, Mexican historian Silvio Zavala capably edited and published 16 volumes of  Del Paso y Troncoso's Epistolario de Nueva España (1939–42).

References

Further reading

 Carrera Stampa, Manuel. "Misiones mexicanas en archivos europeos." PAIGH, Comisión de Historia, Pub. 8, pp. 4–55. Mexico, 1949.
 Carrera Stampa, Manuel. "Don Francisco Paso y Troncoso." Academia Mexicana de la Historia, Memorias 22:153-67, 209–10, 304–05, 1963.
 Cline, Howard F. "Selected Nineteenth-Century Mexican Writers on Ethnohistory" in Handbook on Middle American Indians, Guide to Ethnohistorica Sources, Part 2, Howard F. Cline, volume editor, Austin: University of Texas Press 1973, section on Francisco del Paso y Troncoso pp. 391–403.
 Galindo y Villa, Jesús. Don Francisco del Paso y Troncoso, su vida y sus obras." Museo Nacional de Antropología, Anales' ep. 4, 1:305-568.  Mexico 1922.
 González Obregón, Luis. "Don Francisco del Paso y Troncoso, sabio arqueológico y lingüista mexicano." BNMex Boletín 12:167-79. 1919, reprinted in Cronistas e historiadores, Mexico 1939.
 Jiménez, Arturo, "Los restos de Del Paso y Troncoso reposan en una capilla del Ivec La Jornada 1998/11/28
 León-Portilla, Miguel. Bernardino de Sahagún, First Anthropologist, Mauricio J. Mixco (trans.) Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2002.
Miguel León-Portilla, Semblanzas de Académicos [Portraits of Academicians]. Ediciones del Centenario de la Academia Mexicana. México, 1975.
 Mendizábal, Miguel O. "Francisco del Paso y Troncoso" in Obras Completas, pp. 417–20.
 Palacios, Juan Enrique. "Don Francisco del Paso y Troncoso: Su magna labor de arqueología e historia." Museo Nacional de Antropología, Anales ep. 4, 1:581-88.
 Bernardino de Sahagún. Primeros Memoriales (ca. 1558–61). Thelma D. Sullivan (English trans. and paleography of Nahuatl text), with H.B. Nicholson, Arthur J.O. Anderson, Charles E. Dibble, Eloise Quiñones Keber, and Wayne Ruwet (completion, revisions, and ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indians series. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1997.
 Zavala, Silvio. Francisco del Paso y Troncoso: Su misión en Europa, 1892-1916.'' Mexico 1938.

Mexican Mesoamericanists
Historians of Mesoamerica
Aztec scholars
Translators from Nahuatl
20th-century Mexican historians
1842 births
1916 deaths
19th-century Mesoamericanists
20th-century Mesoamericanists
20th-century translators
19th-century translators

Francisco del Paso y Troncoso