Afghan Muscles is a 2006 Danish documentary film directed by Andreas Møl Dalsgaard about bodybuilding in Afghanistan.

Synopsis
Following the 2001 United States-led invasion and the overthrow of the Taliban government, bodybuilding has enjoyed a renaissance in Afghanistan. The film follows the lives of two Afghan bodybuilding champions, Hamidullah Shirzai and Noorulhoda Shirzad, who are part of the national team training for the 2004 Mr. Asia competition in Bahrain. Although the men enjoy celebrity status in their country, their training is hampered by a lack of financial support, problems in gaining access to the bodybuilding supplements and professional guidance that would improve their competitive performances, and the ongoing military conflict across Afghanistan. Hamid also has the added burden of being nagged by his father to settle down and marry and by the abrupt withdrawal of support by a gym owner who once encouraged his progress.  The Afghan national team arrives in Bahrain for the Mr. Asia event, but the more flamboyant competitors from other countries overshadow them.

Production
Afghan Muscles is the first feature-length film directed by Danish filmmaker Andreas Møl Dalsgaard (born 1980), who received a BA in social anthropology from the University of Aarhus and became a student director at the National Film School of Denmark in 2005.  Dalsgaard became interested in the subject during a 2003 visit to Kabul, when he noticed large posters of scantily clad male bodybuilders around the Afghan capital. Dalsgaard spent three years following a group of bodybuilders for the film, which he later described as "a culture of young men seeking modernity in their very own way, trying to be successful and gain a name and fame in the cultural chaos of postwar Kabul."

Release
During a presentation of Afghan Muscles at the 2007 AFI Fest, Dalsgaard acknowledged that his film intentionally avoided highlighting any involvement by Afghan women in bodybuilding, either as athletes or audience members. "It's men looking at men," he stated.

Afghan Muscles shared the 2007 AFI Fest Grand Jury Prize for Documentary with Operation Filmmaker, directed by Nina Davenport. The film also played in festivals in the U.S., Europe and the Middle East. Afghan Muscles has been released in the U.S. on DVD by Cinema Guild.

See also
The Bodybuilder and I

References

External links

2006 films
2000s Arabic-language films
Bodybuilding in Afghanistan
Danish documentary films
2000s Persian-language films
Sport in Afghanistan
Documentary films about bodybuilding
2006 documentary films
Documentary films about Afghanistan
Films set in Bahrain
Films shot in Bahrain
2006 in bodybuilding
2006 multilingual films
Danish multilingual films

Afghan Muscles


Acacia cochlearis, commonly known as the rigid wattle, is a shrub of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Plurinerves. It is native to an area along the coast from the Goldfields-Esperance to the Mid West regions of Western Australia.

Description
The bushy erect pungent shrub typically grows to a height of  with branchlets that are ribbed, glabrous or sparsely appressed-puberulous with straight hairs. Stipules are present only on young fresh shoots. The trunk and branches have smooth green or brown bark. The leathery leaves have phyllodes or are sessile, patent to ascending, inequilateral basally, subulate-linear,  elliptic in shape and straight to recurved. They are mostly  in length and  wide.

It blooms from July to October and produces yellow flowers. The inflorescences are simple with 1–3 per axil and peduncles which are  long, Heads are globular with a  diameter, containing 30-50-flowers that have a deep golden color. The flowers are pollinated by many different species of insects. A moderate number of seeds will be produced during favourable seasons. The green-brown pod which forms later is a linear shape and is slightly raised over the seeds. The pod is approximately  long and contains between 10 and 15 of mostly viable black seeds. The valves of the pod will recurve once the seed is shed, usually in December.

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanist Jacques Labillardière in 1807 as Mimosa cochlearis as part of the work Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen. It was then reclassified as Acacia cochlearis by Heinrich Wendland in 1820 as part of the work Commentatio de Acaciis aphyllis. It was reclassified in 2003 by Leslie Pedley as Racosperma cochleare then transferred back to genus Acacia in 2006. The species can be confused with Acacia melanoxylon.

Distribution and habitat
A. cochlearis grows in sandy soils and is found in coastal areas on sandplains and sand dunes. It grows in coastal areas from Lancelin to Israelite Bay, where it is found growing as solitary plants or in dense thickets.

Uses
The shrub is sold as a suitable medium size shrub for gardens in coastal regions or areas with sandy soils. It is also used to stabilise dune or coastal areas. A. cochlearis establishes quickly and reliably in stabilised soils. Although it is must be protected from high winds it is utilised in mixed plantings with other species such as Acacia rostellifera and Scaevola crassifolia. It is an indicator of good quality dunes as the
species is vulnerable to disturbance once established.

Cultivation
A. cochlearis can be grown from seed. The seeds should be soaked in hot water or lightly abraded with fine sandpaper prior to planting. They should be sown in free draining soil and can benefit from the addition of disease-free soil from existing plants to transfer the Rhizobium bacteria that are important in nitrogen fixation. Plants require a position in full sun.

See also
 List of Acacia species

References

cochlearis
Acacias of Western Australia
Plants described in 1820
Taxa named by Heinrich Wendland

Acacia cochlearis


Bath Aqua Theatre of Glass is an arts centre and museum in Walcot Street (The Bath artisan centre) Bath, Somerset, England. It showcases the skills of glassblowers and stained glass artists in demonstrations and also contains historic stained glass exhibits, which appeared on the BBC's Antiques Roadshow. Bath Aqua Glass was founded by Annette Dolan in 1999. The company preserves the art of glassblowing, stained glass, fused glass and glass appliqué. Its mission statement is 'Colouring the world with ancient arts'. It is now run by Annette Dolan, Adrian Dolan and Themis Mikellides.

Amongst its pieces is a William Burges stained glass window discovered deep in the vaults of Bath Abbey in 2009, valued at £10-15,000.

In addition to making glass ornaments and gifts they also produce stained glass, they give demonstrations of the techniques and opportunities to try out glass blowing.

References

External links
Official site
Memorial glass site

Art museums and galleries in Somerset
Museums in Bath, Somerset
Glass museums and galleries

Bath Aqua Theatre of Glass


IBM Information Management System for more details

Hyperthymesia, also known as hyperthymestic syndrome or highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM), is a condition that leads people to be able to remember an abnormally large number of their life experiences in vivid detail. It is extraordinarily rare, with only 62 people in the world having been diagnosed with the condition as of 2021. One who has hyperthymesia is called a hyperthymesiac.

American neurobiologists Elizabeth Parker, Larry Cahill, and James McGaugh (2006) identified two defining characteristics of hyperthymesia: spending an excessive amount of time thinking about one's past, and displaying an extraordinary ability to recall specific events from one's past. The authors wrote that they derived the word from Ancient Greek: hyper- ("excessive") and thymesis ("remembering"), but there is no such word as thymesis; it may allude to the Greek enthymesis, which means "consideration", and is derived from thymos "mind".

Signs and symptoms
Individuals with hyperthymesia can extensively recall the events of their lives, as well as public events that hold some personal significance to them. Those affected describe their memories as uncontrollable associations; when they encounter a date, they "see" a vivid depiction of that day in their heads without hesitation or conscious effort. While memories are reported as vivid, they are not exact recordings of all experiences, as seen in the case of Jill Price, then anonymised as "AJ": Although she describes her mind like having a movie running, she is not recording her world verbatim in its totality. One day after several hours together, she was asked to close her eyes and tell what her two interviewers were wearing. She was unable to do so.

There is a distinction between those with hyperthymesia and those with other forms of exceptional memory, who generally use mnemonic or similar rehearsal strategies to memorize long strings of information. Memories recalled by hyperthymestic individuals tend to be personal, autobiographical accounts of both significant and mundane events in their lives. This extensive and highly unusual memory does not derive from the use of mnemonic strategies; it is encoded involuntarily and retrieved automatically. Despite perhaps being able to remember the day of the week on which a particular date fell, hyperthymestics are not calendrical calculators, like some people with savant syndrome. Rather, hyperthymestic recall tends to be constrained to a person's lifetime and is believed to be a subconscious process.

Although people showing a high level of hyperthymesia are not regarded as autistic, certain similarities exist between the two conditions. Like autistic savants, some individuals with hyperthymesia may also have an unusual and obsessive interest in dates. As the first documented hyperthymestic, Jill Price was quite different from the famous case of mnemonist Solomon Shereshevsky (as documented by psychologist Alexander Luria). Shereshevsky could memorize virtually unlimited amounts of information deliberately, while Price could not – she could only remember autobiographical information (and events she had personally seen on the news or read about). In fact, she was not very good at memorization in general, according to the study published in Neurocase. Hyperthymestic individuals appear to have poorer than average memory for arbitrary information. Another striking parallel drawn between the two cases was that Shereshevsky exemplified an interesting case of synesthesia and it has been suggested that superior autobiographical memory is intimately tied to time-space synesthesia.

Difficulties
Hyperthymestic abilities can have a detrimental effect. The constant, irrepressible stream of memories has caused significant disruption to Price's life. She described her recollection as "non-stop, uncontrollable and totally exhausting" and as "a burden". Price is prone to getting lost in remembering. This can make it difficult to attend to the present or future, as she is often spending time re-living the past. Others who have hyperthymesia may not display any of these traits, however.

Price displays considerable difficulty in memorizing allocentric information. According to James McGaugh, "Her autobiographical memory, while incredible, is also selective and even ordinary in some respects". This was demonstrated by her having poor performance on standardised memory tests and average performance at school, unable to apply her exceptional memory to her studies.

Deficits in executive functioning and anomalous lateralisation were also identified in Price. These cognitive deficiencies are characteristic of frontostriatal disorders.

Even those with a high level of hyperthymesia do not remember exactly everything in their lives or have "perfect memory". Studies have shown that it is a selective ability, as shown by Price's case, and they can have comparative difficulty with rote memorization and therefore cannot apply their ability to school and work.

Their memorization of events tends to exceed their ability to memorize given facts; for example, if you told a hyperthymesiac a fact about the world, they may not remember what you said, but they will be more likely to remember what you wore and other details of the situation when you told them.

People with hyperthymesia also have difficulties letting go of difficult events or traumatic memories, which can stay with them for life. Joey DeGrandis, who was featured in the magazine Time said, "I do tend to dwell on things longer than the average person, and when something painful does happen, like a break-up or the loss of a family member, I don't forget those feelings."

Cases of hyperthymesia have forced many people to re-evaluate what is meant by "healthy" memory: "it isn't just about retaining the significant stuff. Far more important is being able to forget the rest."

Causes
Because of the small number of people diagnosed with hyperthymesia, relatively little is known about the processes governing this superior memory ability. However, more is beginning to be understood about this condition.

Psychological
It has been proposed that the initial encoding of events by such people includes semantic processing, and therefore semantic cues are used in retrieval. Once cued, the memory is retrieved as episodic and follows a pattern similar to that of a spreading activation model. This is particularly evident in Jill Price's case. She describes how one memory triggers another, which in turn triggers another and how she is powerless to stop it: "It's like a split screen; I'll be talking to someone and seeing something else." This theory serves to explain why hyperthymestics have both a sense of 'knowing' (semantic memory) and 'remembering' (episodic memory) during recollection.

One writer claimed hyperthymesia may be a result of reviewing memories constantly to an obsessive-compulsive degree. However, Price has completely dismissed this article as "a load of crap" and others with hyperthymesia claim to never revisit uneventful memories. Other findings have shown that the tendencies to absorb new information and fantasize are personality traits that are higher in hyperthymestics than the rest of the population. These traits, absorption and fantasizing, also correlated with a test which measures superior autobiographical memory within the hyperthymestic sample.

McGaugh rejects the idea that hyperthymestic syndrome can be explained away so easily; he argues that nothing explains how subjects are able to memorize so much: "You'd have to assume that every day they rehearse it... The probability of these explanations dwindles as you look at the evidence."

Biological
An MRI study conducted on Price provides a plausible argument as to the neurological foundation of her superior memory. Both the temporal lobe and the caudate nucleus were found to be enlarged.

Parker and colleagues speculated that a defective frontostriatal circuit could be responsible for the observed executive function deficits in hyperthymesia. This circuit plays a crucial role in some neurodevelopmental disorders including obsessive–compulsive disorder and Alzheimer's. Given the parallels in some aspects of behavior, Price's hyperthymestic abilities possibly stem from atypical neurodevelopment. Scientists now need to ascertain if and how these brain areas are connected to establish a coherent neurological model for superior autobiographical memory.

For autobiographical memory, the hippocampus, located in the medial temporal lobe, is involved in the encoding of declarative memory (memory for facts and events), while the temporal cortex is involved in the storage of such memory. The caudate nucleus is primarily associated with procedural memory, in particular habit formation, and is, therefore, intrinsically linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A 2018 clinical trial published that there were higher levels of activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction along with heightened connection between the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus in individuals with hyperthymesia, suggesting that these regions may play a role in the enablement of the condition. This contradicts information published earlier in a Wired article, which states that the famous hyperthymesiac Jill Price had been brain scanned and her "hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were reportedly normal", suggesting that these regions of the brain do not need to be different for hyperthymesia to occur.

Significant debate also exists over the limits of memory capacity. Some are of the view that the brain contains so many potential synaptic connections that, in theory at least, no practical limit exists to the number of long-term memories that the brain can store. In 1961, Wilder Penfield reported that specific stimulation of the temporal lobes resulted in vivid recollection of memories. He concluded that our brains were making "continuous, effortless, video-like recordings" of our experiences, but that these records are not consciously accessible to us. However, a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggested that those with hyperthymesia may reconstruct memories from traces and incorporate post event information and associations—a finding at odds with Penfield's video-like recording analogy.

Diagnosis
Parker and colleagues used a variety of standardised neuropsychological tests in their diagnosis of Price's hyperthymesia. These included tests of memory, lateralisation, executive functions, language, calculations, IQ, and visual-spatial and visual-motor functions. They also devised novel tests to examine the extent of her memory abilities. These mostly consisted of questions pertaining to specific dates and events in history. Some of her personal recollections were verified with diary entries, as well as by her mother.

Neuroscientist David Eagleman at Stanford University developed a free online test for hyperthymesia (no longer available). Participants first give their year of birth, and then are challenged to match dates to 60 famous events that happened between the time they were five years old and the present day. To qualify as potentially hyperthymestic, participants must achieve a score at least three standard deviations above the average. To prevent people from searching for answers on-line during the test, reaction time for each question is measured; answers must be chosen within 11 seconds to qualify for consideration. However, many of the questions are sourced in American culture and test results could have a strong cultural bias against non-Americans.

Society and culture

Notable cases
, six cases of hyperthymesia have been confirmed in peer-reviewed articles, the first being that of Jill Price (initially anonymized as "AJ") in 2006. More cases had been identified by 2012, but are yet to be published. Price's case was originally reported by researchers from the University of California, Irvine, Elizabeth Parker, Larry Cahill, and James McGaugh, and is credited as being the first case of hyperthymesia. Price can apparently recall every day of her life from when she was 14 years old: "Starting on February 5th, 1980, I remember everything. That was a Tuesday."

In March 2009, Price was interviewed for an article in Wired magazine by Gary Marcus, a cognitive psychologist at New York University. Price's brain had been subject to a brain scan and the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex had been reportedly normal. Marcus claimed, however, that her brain resembled "those of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder" and suggested that her remarkable memory might be "the byproduct of obsession", claiming also that "the memory woman clings tightly to her past". Price has since reacted angrily to such claims and McGaugh has also expressed skepticism about this explanation. Price gave her first interview in over a year for the UK's Channel 4 documentary The Boy Who Can't Forget, and provided an insight into just how difficult life can be for people who have this ability.

K. Anders Ericsson of Florida State University does not believe that sufficient evidence exists to suggest that the skills of Price and Williams need additional explanation: "Our work has pretty much concluded that differences in memory don't seem to be the result of innate differences, but more the kinds of skills that are developed."

As the condition has become better known, more people claiming to have hyperthymestic abilities have emerged. In the aftermath of the 2006 Neurocase publication alone, more than 200 people contacted McGaugh; however, only a handful of cases were determined to be actual cases of hyperthymesia. The second verified case was Brad Williams, the third was Rick Baron, and in 2009, Bob Petrella became the fourth person diagnosed with hyperthymestic syndrome.

On December 19, 2010, actress Marilu Henner was featured on the U.S. television program 60 Minutes for her superior autobiographical memory ability. Henner claimed she could remember almost every day of her life since she was 11 years old. The show was initially pitched as a story featuring hyperthymestic violinist Louise Owen, but the reporter Lesley Stahl volunteered her friend Henner as having a similar ability.

In June 2012, the case of H.K. Derryberry was reported, a blind 20-year-old man who could clearly recall every day of his life since the age of about 11. Derryberry had been born at 27 weeks, weighing just over  and was in neonatal intensive care for 96 days. A severe brain hemorrhage was the likely cause of cerebral palsy, and his prematurity resulted in congenital blindness. He told researchers that his memories are rich in sensory and emotional details, regardless of whether they are from years ago or yesterday. About 90% of his memories are in the first person, compared with an average of 66% in the general population. Brandon Ally and his team, at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, conducted a series of tests with the subject, including a brain scan that was compared with 30 age-matched controls. His brain was smaller than average (probably a result of his premature birth at 27 weeks). His right amygdala, however, was 20% larger, with enhanced functional connectivity between the right amygdala and hippocampus and in other regions. In 2016, HK's remarkable life story was published by HarperCollins Christian Publishing in a book entitled The Awakening of HK Derryberry: My Unlikely Friendship with the Boy Who Remembers Everything, which details his medical condition. It was written by his mentor Jim Bradford with the help of Andy Hardin.

In September 2012, UK's Channel 4 screened the documentary The Boy Who Can't Forget, which examined the memory of 20-year-old Aurelien Hayman from Cardiff, a student at Durham University, who remembers practically every day of his life from the age of 10. Hayman is the first British person to be identified as possessing this ability, and he views it positively. When Hayman's brain was scanned by a team led by Professor Giuliana Mazzoni at the University of Hull, whilst he was prompted to remember a series of dates, a series of "visual areas" of the brain were activated, with much greater speed than would be expected in normal brain function. Potential problems with total recall were illustrated. The documentary also featured 62-year-old TV producer Bob Petrella, whose memory has allowed him to catalogue the events from his "favorite days" over many years into an extensive scrapbook.

In March 2015, Markie Pasternak of Green Bay, Wisconsin was diagnosed as the youngest person to be living with HSAM. Born in 1994, Pasternak remembers every day of her life since February 2005. She was featured on 60 Minutes Australia in August 2016 with Rebecca Sharrock.

In January 2016, painter and polymath Nima Veiseh was featured by the BBC for his use of hyperthymesia to create paintings that were said to only be producible with vast memories of art pieces, although a paper published in the journal Memory in 2022 claimed that having hyperthymesia does not increase one's creative thinking. Veiseh claimed he could remember almost every day of his life since he was 15 years old, and that his ability to synthesize time and an "encyclopedic knowledge of the history of art" enabled him to create wholly unique visions on canvas. In March 2016 NPR examined further Veiseh's exploration of time and the human experience through art.

In April 2017, Rebecca Sharrock of Brisbane, Australia became known as a person who claims to recall even circumstantial details of every day of her life from her 12th day of life onward. Discussing her hyperthymesia with BBC World Service, Sharrock revealed she was supporting two research projects – one with the University of Queensland and another with the University of California – to understand how a greater knowledge of hyperthymesia can support Alzheimer's disease research, particularly in repairing the degeneration of the hippocampus. Scans conducted during the studies showed that Sharrock's brain exhibited a heightened connection between the conscious and sub-conscious parts of her brain, which may aid easier memory recall – particular for events that took place earlier in life.

In December 2017, a man named Joey DeGrandis was verified as having HSAM by James McGaugh and subsequently featured in an article in the magazine Time. DeGrandis also reports having poor short-term memory, indicating that HSAM does not necessarily improve one's short-term memory abilities.

A 63-year-old man, anonymized as "The Amazing Memory Man" (MM) was featured in a paper by Neuropsychology in March 2018, where is it reported that he "appreciates that his memory for personally experienced life events and general knowledge are both exceptional, whereas his imaging the future is only average" (after scoring 123 on Episodic, 123 on Semantic, 112 on Spatial, and 91 on Future remembering memory types, all with a mean of 100).

In October 2018, it was reported that teenager Tyler Hickenbottom, who is an identical twin, had the condition, which allowed him to "remember every day of his life like it was yesterday".

Fiction

Books
 In the 1942 short story "Funes the Memorious" by Jorge Luis Borges, the protagonist suffers a head injury after which he gains the ability to remember every detail of what he experiences, but comes to view this as a curse. The condition may not technically be an example of hyperthymesia, but shares some features.
 In the 1980 series The Book of the New Sun by Gene Wolfe, the protagonist remembers everything he has ever seen starting from infancy. He describes his memories as being so vivid that he is capable of re-living anything he has experienced whenever he chooses to do so.
 In a 2011 manga by Kohske called Gangsta, the main character, Worick Arcangelo, is said to have hyperthymesia, which he uses to help police identify murder victims.
 In the 2015 novel Memory Man by David Baldacci, the protagonist, Amos Decker, has hyperthymesia. In the book, a mystery-crime scene-thriller with graphic scenes, Decker uses his perfect memory brought on by a traumatic hit in football to solve the murder of his wife and child, and the school shooting connected to it. Decker recalls his memories as a "DVR", just playing when it wants to, or being rewound and played forward by conscious thought.

Film
 In the 2014 film The Dark Place, the protagonist of the story, Keegan Dark, has hyperthymesia. Keegan uses it to solve the mystery at the heart of the story. His hyperthymesia memories are visually depicted in the movie as "screens" appearing to Keegan, often in an overwhelming and distressing manner.
 Unforgettable (American TV series)
 The 2020 South Korean TV series, Find Me In Your Memory, portrays the love story between a news anchorman with hyperthymesia and an actress with amnesia, connected by a past traumatic event.

See also
Daniel McCartney
Hypermnesia

References

External links

 []
 []
 []
 []

Exceptional memory
Memory disorders

Hyperthymesia


Kakegoe () usually refers to shouts and calls used in performances of traditional Japanese music, Kabuki theatre, and in martial arts such as kendo.

Kabuki
In the kabuki theatre, the term is used to refer to melodramatic calls from an audience, or as part of call-and-response singing in Japanese folk music. It is a custom for people in the audience to insert kakegoe every so often, in praise of the actors on stage. There are special climaxes in kabuki theatre called "mie", where the actor puts on an extravagant pose and someone in the audience shouts the actor's stage name or guild name at just the right moment.

Occasionally the shout is not a name, for example "Mattemashita!" ("This is what we've been waiting for!") as the curtain is drawn back.

There are three kakegoe guilds in Tokyo, totalling about 60 members. They receive free passes to the Kabuki-za. Almost all are mature male Japanese, but there have been examples of women and foreigners.

Folk music
In folk music some kakegoe are inserted in parts of song at will. Rather than names, kakegoe are usually words of encouragement for the musicians, singers, or dancers performing with the music. A commonly used word is "sore!", meaning "that", which conveys the sense "That's the way!", or "Just like that!" Another is "dontokoi!" meaning something like "Gimme your best shot!" or literally "Come quickly/don't hesitate!" "Sate!" means "So then!" Other words are "yoisho!", "yoi yoi yoi!", and "choi choi!" Kakegoe are also used in Buyō dancing, when the stage name of the performer is shouted at key points in a dance.

A great deal of kakegoe are usually unvoiced parts of the repeating chorus of the song. In a famous folk song called "Soran Bushi" the shout "ah dokkoisho, dokkoisho!" is said at the end of each verse. The verses of the song "Mamurogawa Ondo" always end in "ah dontokoi, dontokoi!" Some shouts are area-specific. In the Hanagasa Odori (Flower Hat Dance) of Yamagata, for example, the shout at the end of each verse is "ha yassho makasho!" (See Hanagasa Ondo.) This is a kakegoe heard only in this particular song and no others. "Ha iya sasa!" and "A hiri hiri" are shouts specific to Okinawan folk music.

Traditional music ensembles
Kakegoe are used in traditional music ensembles, such as Hayashi, Nagauta, Taiko, and Tsugaru-jamisen. They are used to cue different parts of a musical piece. They can signal anywhere from the beginning or end of a particular rhythm, the beginning or end of an improvisation section for an instrument virtuoso, to cuing different instrument entrances. In Taiko, for example, there are certain rhythms that repeat until the leader shouts the go-ahead. In Tsugaru-Jamisen, a great deal of improvisation is used, and the player has to cue the drum when he is ready to end a session of improvisation. In larger music ensembles such as Hayashi and Nagauta, musicians need to tell each other where they are in a piece, so they use kakegoe to signal the ending/beginning of a section.

Matsuri festivals
 can also be heard in different festivals or "". These also vary from region to region. In parts of Tokyo, , or float shrines are hoisted by people yelling "" The Hamamatsu Matsuri is famous for its enormous kites and large wooden carts called  that are taken throughout the city. Each kite and cart has their own represented guilds, and each group marches through the streets to the beats of snare drums and bugles chanting "" Another example is in Mie prefecture, at Kuwana City's Ishidori Matsuri where the chants of "" or "" are used in the festival. This is shouted out by participants after a sequence of taiko drumming and hammering of the Kane on the traditional cart. The city of Kishiwada in Osaka prefecture is also famous for its cart or  festival. Participants pulling the rolling shrines all yell "" as they pull the danjiri. The list goes on and on, but these shouts generally mean something like the English "heave, ho! heave, ho!" The pitch and inflection changes from district to district based on timing and rhythm.

See also
—guild names or stage names of actors, which are shouted in

References

External links
 http://park.org/Japan/Kabuki/sound.html examples of kakegoe used in Kabuki theatre

Japanese culture
Japanese music

Kakegoe


Theodontius was the author of a now lost Latin work on mythology. He was extensively quoted in Giovanni Boccaccio's Genealogia Deorum Gentilium, but is otherwise almost unknown. Boccaccio says that he knew Theodontius's work through the Collections of Paul of Perugia, which Paul's wife burnt after his death (Genealogiae XV 6). In telling the legend of Bathyllus, however, Boccaccio complains that Theodontius was illegible except for Bathyllus's birth, from Phorcys and a marine monster (Genealogiae X 7), so he may have seen some of Theodontius's own writings; sources disagree on this. Some authorities think Boccaccio invented him.

Outside Boccaccio, there was a Theodontius, who wrote on the wars of Troy, and is quoted by Servius on Aeneid, I, 28; and the fourteenth century author Domenico Bandini, who made an index for the Genealogiae, calls him "Teodontius Campanus diligens investigator poetici figmenti".  Carlo Landi argued in his 1930 monograph Demogorgone that Boccaccio's Theodontius was a Campanian philosopher, from between the 9th and 11th centuries.

Theodontius provided Boccaccio with euhemeristic and naturalistic interpretations of mythology, and philosophic speculations about mythology. He quotes the (also lost) Greek historian Philochorus. Most significantly, he is Boccaccio's source for the idea that all the gods were descended from Demogorgon, which Theodontius himself credited to Pronapides the Athenian.

References
Giovanni Boccaccio Genealogie Deorum Gentilicum Libri, Vol. X and XI of his Opere, Bari, 1951.
Boccaccio On Poetry, ed. Charles H. Osgood Princeton University Press, 1929; a translation of the Preface and books XIV and XV of the foregoing. P. 114 (XV, 6) and its notes on pp. 189–90.
Jean Seznec Survival of the Pagan Gods, tr. Barbara F. Sessions, Pantheon, Bollingen Series XXXVIII, 1953, p. 221-2

Mythographers
Ancient writers
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
References on Greek mythology

Theodontius


Alfred Grey (born 2 February 1935) is an English former football referee in the English Football League and at FIFA level. During his time on the List he was based in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk.

Career
Grey qualified as a referee in April 1960. He progressed via The Football Combination and became a Football League linesman in 1968. Three years later he became a supplementary referee and in 1972 he progressed to the full List. His first full season (1972–73) was coincidentally the last one for another Great Yarmouth referee who achieved honours - Norman Burtenshaw.
In 1972, he made his first appearance at Wembley as a Linesman in the FA Amateur Cup Final between Enfield and Hendon. His next appearance at Wembley was as a senior linesman to Clive Thomas in the 1976 FA Cup Final between Manchester United and Southampton, which the Saints won 1-0 through a goal by Bobby Stokes. One year later he was appointed to the FIFA List. In 1978, he made yet another appearance at Wembley this time as the referee for the FA Challenge Trophy Final between Altrincham and Leatherhead.

Thereafter Grey was a regular figure in top division and other key games. He was awarded the FA Cup Final between Manchester United and Brighton at the end of his final season (1982–83). He had refereed the Sussex club earlier in the competition at Anfield when they pulled off a shock victory in a fifth round tie, Liverpool also missing a penalty. For the third time in succession the Final went to a replay. Brighton, who had been relegated, came remarkably close to an upset against Manchester United. The game ended 2-2 after extra-time but Gordon Smith of Brighton famously missed a great chance in the final minute of normal time that might have won the game. This was Grey's sixth appearance at Wembley

The replay was Grey's final domestic match. United won this game easily 4–0, the last goal an Arnold Mühren penalty. He had one more game at international level in June 1983 - a friendly in Basle between Switzerland and Brazil, which was won by the visitors by 2–1.
After an active career which lasted 23 years Grey went on to become a referee assessor on the Football League. In 1990, he was appointed as Delegate on the Premier League and in 1996 a UEFA Delegate.
He retired from UEFA on 31 July 2004.
Total length of service - 44 years and 4 months.

Grey is now actively involved with Gorleston Football Club (local town team in The Premier Division of the Eastern Counties League) as an Honorary Vice President.

References

Print
Football League Handbooks, 1968–1971
Rothmans Football Yearbooks, 1972–1983

Internet

External links

1935 births
Living people
English football referees
English Football League referees
Sportspeople from Great Yarmouth

Alf Grey


Played is a 2006 crime film produced by Caspar von Winterfeldt, Nick Simunek and Mick Rossi, executive produced by John Daly, co-produced by Nigel Mead, David Brin and Lenny Bitondo, written by Sean Stanek and Mick Rossi and directed by Sean Stanek. The film stars Val Kilmer, Gabriel Byrne, Vinnie Jones, Patrick Bergin, Joanne Whalley, Bruno Kirby (in his final film), Anthony LaPaglia, Roy Dotrice, Patsy Kensit, Andy Nyman and Mick Rossi.

Originally intended to be a short, the film was shot without the use of a scripted screenplay and the director (Sean Stanek) allowed the actors to improvise a majority of dialogue as he shot the scenes. The picture was shot on location in London and Los Angeles and took three years to complete.

Plot

The story opens in Los Angeles with Dillon (Val Kilmer) who receives a phone call from Ray Burns (Mick Rossi) who has just been shot and desperately needs help. Dillon is a cleaner for a gangster named Eddie (Gabriel Byrne) and has been sent to assist Ray should he require it. After a colorful opening title sequence which follows Dillon's drive to the house, he finds Ray almost bleeding to death on a sofa. Removing all of the evidence, Dillon leaves carrying Ray to his car but not before he torches the house, destroying any evidence of Ray's presence. As Dillon and Ray drive away, Dillon struggles to keep Ray conscious and relates to him a story of a humorous encounter with a Mexican auto mechanic, which coins one of the catchphrases of the film: "I'm not gonna taco".

The story then flashes back to eight years earlier and introduces Riley (Patrick Bergin) as he admires some artwork in a London gallery. He receives a call on his cell phone from the crooked Detective Brice (Vinnie Jones), who informs Riley that there is a shipment of heroin coming in, and that he wants Riley to get a team together and steal it for him. Riley agrees to the job and tells Brice that he has just the man to do it, a petty thief named Ray Burns. Riley gives a menacing stare to the gallery attendant (Caspar von Winterfeldt) in one of the films funnier moments before leaving to meet with Ray.

After they discuss the details of the job at hand, Ray agrees to do the job and meets up with his team, which consists of Nathan (Sean Power) and Terry Rawlings (Trevor Nugent) son of infamous moblord Jack Rawlings (Roy Dotrice) and Terry's girlfriend, Cindy (Patsy Kensit). Together they begin plotting the heist: Nathan will go up to the roof and act as lookout while Ray and Terry break into the warehouse to steal the heroin. Unfortunately, during the heist, Nathan loses his footing and tumbles to his death, falling through a skylight and triggering an alarm, alerting the guards. Ray and Terry manage to escape with the drugs, but lose contact with each other.

Shortly thereafter, Brice calls Riley to inform him that the heist went terribly wrong, and that Nathan is dead. To cover his own tracks, he tells Riley to find a scapegoat, and Riley immediately names Ray. Meanwhile, Ray, who has gone into hiding, tries to call Terry but doesn't get an answer. He turns to Riley to find out what happened. Riley tells Ray that Nathan is dead and that Scotland Yard is looking for him, omitting the fact that Terry has handed over the drugs and that Brice is behind the whole heist. Ray decides he needs to disappear for a while and attempts to go underground, but before he can do so the police pick him up on an anonymous tip from Brice. Ray is convicted for the robbery and the manslaughter of Nathan, and is subsequently sentenced to eight years in prison.

Ray serves his time, but has no contact with the outside world, denying even his closest lover and girlfriend Maggie (Joanne Whalley) a visit. He also learns by reading the paper that Terry has died of a drug overdose. Saddened by the news, Ray vows to get revenge on Brice and Riley as soon as he is free.

While Ray is serving time, Riley and Brice continue their crooked ways, and Brice informs Riley that he has an incriminating video tape of London Charlie (Steve Jones) that could be worth some cash. He dispatches Riley to Los Angeles to blackmail London Charlie. Riley arrives in Los Angeles along with his girlfriend Samantha Fay (Sile Bermingham) in order to pick up the cash from Brice. Meanwhile, Ray is released from prison and contacted by London Charlie, who realizes that the only way he can escape his dilemma is to have Riley terminated. He knows Ray is out to avenge his time in prison and so pays him $100,000 to come to Los Angeles. Brice, aware of Ray's release and suspicious that he may be up to something, instructs an underling, Danny, (Andy Nyman) to keep an eye on him and find out what he can about his plans. Danny confronts Ray in a busy London street and brings the situation to a head when he makes a comment about Ray's former girlfriend Maggie, whom Ray has not seen since he went to prison. Ray angrily headbutts Danny, telling him to leave him alone. Danny reports this back to Brice, who still believes Ray is up to something.

Ray is soon contacted by Jack Rawlings, Terry's father, who beckons him to come and visit. The two have a long talk about Terry and Ray tells Jack how sorry he is for Terry's death. Jack feigns compassion and tells Ray that he wants him to go after the guy who set them up, namely Riley, and gives him a contact in Los Angeles, Eddie, who can help him with the job. Ray is to pick up $100,000 at Jack's club from Big Frankie (Adam Fogerty) and then get on a plane to Los Angeles to hunt Riley down.

Upon arrival, Ray immediately goes to London Charlie's house (which is revealed to be the one seen in the beginning of the film) to meet with him. Ray is told that there is $100,000 in a bag that he is to take to Riley and use to recover the tape. Once he has the tape, Ray is to kill Riley and bring the tape back to London Charlie. Ray leaves and begins to cover his tracks by checking into two separate motels. He then makes a call to Eddie to pick up a car for use in Los Angeles. That night he picks up the car and meets Eddie, who is waiting for him in the back seat. Eddie tells him there is a pistol in the glove box and that he doesn't want to get involved in any of the nasty business. Ray acknowledges the request and takes off into the night.

The next day, Riley is waiting to meet with London Charlie. He is surprised by Ray, who shows up at his door carrying a bag of cash. Ray has hidden the pistol outside of the apartment and so is clean when he is frisked by Riley. The two have a heated discussion about what happened eight years ago and Riley makes light of Terry's death, much to Ray's chagrin. Ray gives the bag of cash to Riley, who angrily informs him that the amount is only half of what he and London Charlie had agreed to, and ordering him to get him the rest if he wants the tape. Ray exits the apartment, retrieves his pistol, then goes back inside and demands the tape from Riley at gunpoint. Riley refuses, and Ray shoots him once in the chest, then once in the back of the head, killing him.

Ray searches the apartment for the tape, but only finds a key to a room at a nearby hotel. Ray returns to his first hotel to wash Riley's blood off of himself before he goes to check out the other hotel. Meanwhile, police are investigating the shooting death at Riley's apartment. Detective Allen (Bruno Kirby) arrives on the crime scene and discovers that there is a link to a nearby hotel—the same hotel Ray is also heading to. Detective Bartow (Mark Siciliani) and Officer Chris Anders (Aaron Gallagher) are dispatched to investigate. At the hotel they find Samantha Fay, who is startled by their appearance. When the officers inform her that there has been an incident and they need to take her to the station to answer some questions, she reluctantly agrees. Officer Anders escorts her out, leaving Detective Bartow to search the room. Ray arrives as they are leaving, running into Bartow as he attempts to enter the room. Ray attempts to keep his cool, especially when Bartow tells him he is a police officer. He questions Ray as to how he knew Riley, and Ray innocently says they recently met and that they had arranged to grab a drink. Bartow is suspicious and asks Ray if he would have any objections to coming down to the station for some questioning. Ray has no choice but to agree, and they leave together.

At the station, Ray and Samantha are questioned for hours and hours by Detective Allen and Detective Drummond (Anthony LaPaglia). The situation is tense, and they both have a tough time keeping calm. Eventually they are both let go, but not before Samantha is told that Riley is dead. Both leave the station within a couple of hours of each other and head in different directions, Ray to pick up his things at the second motel, and Samantha to pick up the tape and a gun which Riley had left in a safety deposit box earlier that day. Samantha then heads to London Charlie's house to square things away with him and avenge Riley's death. She shoots London Charlie dead in his pool just as Ray arrives to say goodbye. Ray and Samantha have a Mexican stand-off. The now-useless tape is thrown into the pool, and Samantha slowly backs out of the house, leaving Ray to sort out the mess. As Ray sits to contemplate his next move, he doesn't notice Samantha sneaking back inside, who shoots Ray in the back. Samantha leaves and Ray is left in a pool of blood, but still alive. The scene from the film's opening replays as Ray picks up the phone to call Eddie and reaches Dillon, who comes to clean up his mess.

Dillon finally gets Ray to a secure location, and Ray pays him off so that he can return to London, where he recuperates for several days in the care of Maggie. Ray thinks quickly about what he should do when he receives a phone call from Eddie, telling him that Jack Rawlings wants to see him on the rooftop of a car-park in Chinatown later that evening. After Eddie hangs up, he anonymously calls Brice and tells him about the meeting. Brice is confused, but eager to settle the score with Ray. He calls Danny to tell him that he should follow Ray to the meeting and kill him.

While Danny circles the streets of London in an attempt to find Ray, he stumbles on Maggie and follows her back to her flat. Ray, meanwhile, is visiting with Cindy, whom he had rescued from the streets prior to his departure to Los Angeles and had given shelter to while she attempted to recover from her drug habit. Danny forces his way into Maggie's apartment and, after roughing her up, takes Ray's remaining money and returns to his place. When Ray returns, he grabs Maggie and they head over to Danny's flat. Ray breaks in and finds Nikki (Meredith Ostrom) clutching the bag of money and Danny jamming on drugs. Ray also hears a recording on Danny's answering machine of Brice telling Danny to kill him. Ray kills Danny, then takes the tapes from the answering machine and the bag of money. He and Maggie then leave to head to the rendezvous in Chinatown.

Brice arrives at Danny's place a little later after Nikki has called the police, and finds Danny dead. Brice also notices that the tapes from the machine are missing and now has no choice but to show up on the car park rooftop for the inevitable showdown.

Cast

 Val Kilmer as Dillon
 Gabriel Byrne as Eddie
 Mick Rossi as Ray Burns
 Patrick Bergin as Riley
 Joanne Whalley as Maggie
 Roy Dotrice as Jack Rawlings
 Vinnie Jones as Detective Brice
 Patsy Kensit as Bunny/ Cindy
 Anthony LaPaglia as Detective Drummond
 Bruno Kirby as Detective Allen
 Andy Nyman as Danny
 Sile Bermingham as Samantha Fay
 Meredith Ostrom as Nikki
 Steve Jones as London Charlie
 Trevor Nugent as Terry Rawlings
 Aaron Gallagher as Officer Chris Anders
 Nick Simunek as Boyd
 Adam Fogerty as Big Frankie
 Nigel Mead as Chris the Maggot
 Luca Palanca as Patrol Officer Gomez
 Sean Power as Nathan
 Marc Siciliani as Detective Bartow

Development

Played came about through a series of bizarre circumstances. Mick Rossi was working as a writer in Hollywood at the time and was having no luck in selling or producing his scripts. He was desperate to put some of his ideas on film and with the collaboration of his friend and partner Sean Stanek, the two embarked on shooting a short film to break the ice and display some of their talents. Gabriel Byrne was a close friend of Rossi's and agreed to do some filming with the two young filmmakers.

As Rossi describes in an interview after the film was made:

References

External links

2006 films
2000s crime thriller films
British crime thriller films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

Played (film)


Samson Fried Estate, also known as "Birch Hill," is a historic estate located at Severance in Essex County, New York.  The estate has a Shingle Style main house, built as a summer residence in 1902, and nine contributing outbuildings.  The main house is a large, two story rambling, roughly "L" shaped frame residence.  It features hipped- and shed-roof dormers, four massive stone chimneys, second floor balconies, and a third story widow's walk.  There is also a wide verandah around three sides of the house.  The contributing buildings and structures include a garage, barn, hen house, tennis court, guest cottage, ice house, and well.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Shingle Style houses
Houses completed in 1902
Houses in Essex County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, New York
Shingle Style architecture in New York (state)

Samson Fried Estate


Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau (b. Dessau, 2 August 1702 - d. Dessau, 2 December 1769), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and later regent of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau. He was also a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall.

Dietrich was the third son of Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, by his morganatic wife Anna Louise Föhse.

Life
The introduction of primogeniture in Anhalt-Dessau in 1727 left Dietrich without any chance to take part in the government of Dessau. Because his oldest brother, the Hereditary Prince William Gustav, had already died before his father, the second brother, Leopold Maximilian, inherited the princely title and government. After the latter's death in 1751, the succession passed to his eleven-year-old son Leopold Frederick Franz. Dietrich acted as regent of Anhalt-Dessau on behalf of his nephew until 1758, when Leopold Frederick Franz was proclaimed an adult and assumed the government of his principality.

Dietrich never married or had children. Later, his palace in Dessau was used by a progressive school, "The Philanthropinum".

References

1702 births
1769 deaths
Dietrich
Field marshals of Prussia
18th-century Prussian military personnel
Royal reburials
People from Dessau-Roßlau
Military personnel from Saxony-Anhalt
Sons of monarchs

Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau


Bill Porter (born October 3, 1943) is an American author who translates under the pen-name Red Pine (). He is a translator of Chinese texts, primarily Taoist and Buddhist, including poetry and sūtras. In 2018, he won the American Academy of Arts & Letters Thornton Wilder Prize for translation.

Early life
In an interview with Andy Ferguson for Tricycle Magazine in 2000, Red Pine revealed some of the details of his early life. His father, Arnold Porter, grew up on a cotton farm in Arkansas. At an early age, Arnold became part of a notorious bank robbing gang that robbed banks from the south northwards to Michigan. In a shoot out with the police, all the gang members were killed except Porter who was wounded and subsequently sent to prison.  Nevertheless, after six years he was pardoned by the governor of Michigan and released; an inheritance from the sale of the family farm allowed him to enter the hotel business and to become a multimillionaire. Porter moved to Los Angeles, where Bill was born in 1943. Later the family moved to a mountainous area near Coeur D'Alene Idaho. Arnold Porter became involved in Democratic Party politics and head of the Democratic Party in California, developing close associations with the Kennedy family.

Red Pine's early life was one of wealth and privilege.  He and his siblings were sent to elite private schools, but he considered the schools to be phony and too wrapped in wealth, ego, and power. Eventually his father divorced his mother and subsequently they lost everything. While his brother and sister found it difficult to live with less money, Pine was relieved when this happened.

Pine served in Germany for three years as a medical clerk, which paid for his college education at UC Santa Barbara where he obtained a degree in anthropology. When he encountered Buddhism, the tenets were quite clear to him and he understood exactly what it was about. Following graduation, he went on to graduate studies in language (Chinese) and anthropology at Columbia University, but dropped out in 1972 to go to the Fo Guang Shan in Taiwan, a Buddhist monastery.

After a year he left and spent the next two and half years at the College of Chinese Culture, a smaller, less crowded monastery outside of Taipei in the mountains where he became a graduate student in philosophy.

Writings
In the years following, he lived in Taiwan and Hong Kong. After 1989 he traveled extensively in China, both as a journalist and on his own. He adopted a Chinese art name, "Red Pine" (赤松 "Chi Song"), after the legendary Taoist immortal. In 1993, after 22 years in East Asia, he returned to the US. In 1999 and 2000, he taught Buddhism and Taoism at the City of Ten Thousand Buddhas. He now lives in Port Townsend, Washington.

His book Road to Heaven prompted Edward A. Burger to seek out and study with Buddhist hermits in the Zhongnan mountains of China and direct the 2005 film Amongst White Clouds.

In 2009, Copper Canyon Press published his translation of Laozi's Tao Te Ching. One of the most noteworthy aspects of this translation is Porter's use of excerpts from China's vast and rich commentarial tradition.

In 2012, he published a translation of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra (Lankavatara Sutra: Translation and Commentary. Counterpoint, 2012.) It is based on several early Chinese and Sanskrit translations including the Chinese translation made by Guṇabhadra in 443.

2014 brought a re-translation of The Mountain Poems of Stonehouse (石屋禅师山居诗). Stonehouse (石屋禅师) was a fourteenth century Zen master who wrote his poems late in life while living alone in a Chinese mountain hut.

Yellow River Odyssey is an account in photographs and text of Porter's early 1990s travels along the Yellow River from its mouth at the Yellow Sea to its source in the Tibetan Plateau. Along the way, Porter visited historical religious sites related to Confucius, Mencius, Laozi and Zhuang Zhou. The Chinese version was based on 1991 radio scripts for Hong Kong radio station Metro News.

"The Silk Road: Taking the bus to Pakistan" details the author's overland journey with his friend Finn Wilcox from Xi'an to Islamabad by bus, train, and plane.  It's a first-person account of scenery, artifacts, and people along the northern route of the Silk Road.

Works
 P'u Ming's Oxherding Pictures and Verses Empty Bowl, 1983. (translator) (see: Ten Bulls)
 Cold Mountain Poems Copper Canyon Press, 1983. (translator) (see: Hanshan (poet))
 Mountain Poems of Stonehouse Empty Bowl, 1985. (translator) (see: Shiwu)
 The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma Empty Bowl, 1987; North Point Press, 1989. (translator) (see: Bodhidharma)
 Road to Heaven: Encounters with Chinese Hermits  Mercury House, 1993. (author)
 Guide to Capturing a Plum Blossom by Sung Po-jen. Mercury House, 1995. (translator)
 Lao-tzu's Taoteching: with Selected Commentaries of the Past 2000 Years Mercury House, 1996. (translator and editor)
 The Zen Works of Stonehouse: Poems and Talks of a Fourteenth-Century Chinese Hermit Mercury House, 1997. (translator) (see: Shiwu)
 The Clouds Should Know Me by Now: Buddhist Poet Monks of China Wisdom Publications, 1998.  (editor, with Mike O'Connor; and contributing translator) (see: Jia Dao, Hanshan Deqing)
 The Collected Songs of Cold Mountain Copper Canyon Press, 2000. (translator and editor)
 Diamond Sutra Counterpoint, 2001 (translator and extensive commentary) (see: Diamond Sutra)
 Poems of the Masters: China's Classic Anthology of T'ang and Sung Dynasty Verse Copper Canyon Press, 2003. (translator) (see: Three Hundred Tang Poems)
 The Heart Sutra: the Womb of Buddhas Washington: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2004. (translator with extensive commentary) (see: Heart Sutra)
 The Platform Sutra : the Zen teaching of Hui-neng Counterpoint, 2006.  (translator with extensive commentary) (see: Platform Sutra)
 Zen Baggage: A Pilgrimage to China Counterpoint, 2008. (author)
 In Such Hard Times: The Poetry of Wei Ying-wu Copper Canyon Press, July 1, 2009. (translator). Awarded 2007 PEN Translation Fund Grant from PEN American Center. Winner of the American Literary Translators Association's inaugural Lucien Stryk Asian Translation Prize in 2010. (see: Wei Yingwu)
 Lao-tzu's Taoteching: Translated by Red Pine with selected commentaries from the past 2000 years revised edition, Copper Canyon Press, 2009.
Guide to Capturing a Plum Blossom by Sung Po-jen Copper Canyon Press, 2011 (translator)
 The Lankavatara Sutra: Translation and Commentary Counterpoint, 2012, (translator)
The Mountain Poems of Stonehouse Copper Canyon Press, 2014, (translator)
Yellow River Odyssey Chin Music Press 2014

"The Silk Road"  Counterpoint 2016
"Paradise of the Mind", CITIC Publishing, May 2018, translated by Li Xin
A Shaman's Lament, Empty Bowl, 2021, (translator). See: Li Sao.

References

External links
 Bill Porter (Red Pine) author page at Copper Canyon Press
 Many poems translated from Chinese by Red Pine/Bill Porter
 Interview with Bill Porter published in Tricycle
 Red Pine author page at Counterpoint Press

American Buddhists
Buddhist translators
Living people
1943 births
Translators of Taoist texts
Writers from Port Townsend, Washington
20th-century American translators
21st-century American translators
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
20th-century pseudonymous writers
21st-century pseudonymous writers

Red Pine (author)


The BDS movement is a campaign to help Palestinians. The letters BDS stand for "Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions". They help Palestinians by attempting to put economic and political pressure on Israel. They want an end of Israeli occupation of Palestine. The group thinks that they can create a Palestinian state by boycotting the Israeli government.

The movement may be hurting the Palestinian economy while having little overall effect on the Israeli economy. An example is the Israeli-owned soft drink company SodaStream. Hundreds of Palestinians lost good paying jobs in the West Bank when SodaStream moved its factory to southern Israel. SodaStream denied the move was BDS-related but their profits fell after BDS targeted them.

The movement has become popular on many US college Campuses. But no US schools have sold any stocks and none are expected to do so . Israel is concerned about the increasing number of American Jews who oppose Israel's policies. Some have even joined BDS campaigns.

References

Civil rights
Palestine
Arab–Israeli conflict

Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions


Diane Abbe Sabin (born 1952 in New York City) is a lesbian feminist activist in the San Francisco Bay Area. Her early work was in production of lesbian musical performers as well as the San Francisco Pride stages.  She founded Sabin Chiropractic, a successful community clinic in the Castro.  She does activist work to improve the health of lesbians and the LGBT community through representation in the larger health care institutions and research.

Sabin is the Executive Director of the Lesbian Health & Research Center (LHRC) at the University of California, San Francisco as well as the Associate Director for the National Center of Excellence in Women's Health. She co-founded 100 Lesbians and Our Friends, a lesbian philanthropic community initiative, and serves on the board of directors for the National Center for Lesbian Rights, the Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice, and Woman Vision. She received the Astraea Philanthropic Activism Award in 2001.

Early life and education
Sabin was born in New York City, the daughter of Helene and Alan Sabin. She grew up in a suburb of Chicago. She graduated from Johnston College at the University of Redlands in Southern California. She received a doctor of chiropractic degree from Life Chiropractic College West in Hayward, California.

She spent some years in Boston, Massachusetts, during the emerging lesbian feminist movement at the time that the oft-quoted Combahee River Collective was in formation, even joining the Boston chapter of the Daughters of Bilitis.

Career

After moving to the San Francisco Bay Area and before becoming a chiropractor, Sabin produced events in San Francisco including the tour of "Narratives: Poems in the Tradition of Black Women" based on the collection of well-known poet and activist Cheryl Clarke.  Sabin co-produced in collaboration with two local lesbians of color, Sharon Page Ritchie and Cara Vaughn.  She was also responsible for the production of the early San Francisco Pride stage in the 1980s.

She maintained a chiropractic practice in the Castro for more than 15 years where she developed a community-based private clinic.

The group 100 Lesbians and Our Friends held periodic meetings modeled after lesbian pot luck or CR groups, designed to re-educate women about the power of philanthropic giving.  The philosophy was that girls are miseducated about their relationship to money from early youth and needed to rethink how they used their economic power and how they might support each other.

Sabin is the executive director of The Lesbian Health & Research Center at University of California, San Francisco. She directs programs working in collaboration with community organizations that develop information about and educate communities about the health of lesbians, bisexual and trans women.  She is also the administrative director of the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine at UCSF.

Right to marry lawsuit
She and her partner, Jewelle Gomez, along with twelve other gay couples became part of Woo v Lockyer, a lawsuit against the State of California in 2004. The couple met in 1984 and became friends, but had to delay any romance until both were available to each other years later in 1993. They subsequently registered as domestic partners under California law.

The suit sought the right to marry and the complainants are being represented by the National Center for Lesbian Rights (NCLR) and the American Civil Liberties Union. Sabin had once served as chairwoman on the board of NCLR. Regarding the lawsuit's significance, Sabin said in the San Francisco Daily Journal (3.4.08), a legal periodical: "I think we live in a place where a lot of change is initiated.  I think this is a very elemental place. ..it's simply about ending discrimination."

Images of the interracial couple were used by news outlets to illustrate the gay marriage issue, particularly when the 2008 decision striking down California Proposition 8 and DOMA was announced. They were on hand at San Francisco City Hall when the announcements from the U.S. Supreme Court was aired. Their subsequent marriage in October 2008 was reported in The New York Times.

References

1952 births
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century American LGBT people
Activists from New York City
American feminists
Daughters of Bilitis members
Lesbian feminists
LGBT people from New York (state)
Life Chiropractic College West alumni
Living people
Members of the Combahee River Collective

Diane Sabin


Bulldog may refer to any of the following:

Dogs
The Bulldog is a medium-size breed of dog; the term may refer to any of several Bulldog breeds:
Bulldog, also known as the English Bulldog, or British Bulldog
Old English Bulldog, a now extinct breed
French Bulldog
American Bulldog, is a breed of utility dog descended from the Old English Bulldog.

Places
Bulldog Crossing, Illinois, an unincorporated community, United States
Bulldog Track, also known as the Bulldog-Wau road, a foot track in Papua New Guinea
The Bulldog, an Amsterdam cannabis coffee shop

Military
HMS Bulldog, seven different vessels of the British Royal Navy
Operation Bulldog (disambiguation), four military operations
Bristol Bulldog, a 1920s British fighter aircraft
M41 Walker Bulldog, a US Army light tank
Scottish Aviation Bulldog, a 1970s British training aircraft
Bulldog, a version of the British Army's FV432 armoured personnel carrier

Vehicles
Lanz Bulldog, a German tractor manufactured from 1921 to 1960
Aston Martin Bulldog, a 1979 Aston Martin concept car
BJJR Bulldog, a British autogyro design

Sports
Bull Dog (horse), a French Thoroughbred racehorse
Bulldog, a popular name and mascot for sports teams and other organizations: see list of bulldog mascots
Bulldog, a professional wrestling throw attacking the opponent's face. The move is also commonly used in steer wrestling.
The British Bulldogs, former English professional wrestling tag-team

Computing
Bulldog (Microsoft), a Master Data Management (MDM) product from Microsoft
Bulldog Communications, a UK Internet service provider
Bulldog, a 1980s computer game label owned by Mastertronic
The Unicode Bulldog Award

Entertainment
music
Bulldog (band), an Argentinian punk rock band
Bulldog, a 1970s American band featuring Gene Cornish and Dino Danelli, formerly of The Rascals
'Bulldog', a song by Tracy Bonham from The Burdens of Being Upright
film and television
'Bulldog' (The Killing), a television episode
'Bulldog', an episode of Thomas & Friends
Bob 'Bulldog' Briscoe, a character in the US sitcom Frasier
Bulldog Drummond, a British fictional detective created by 'Sapper' (H. C. McNeile)
Bulldog Films, a brand name used by film pioneer Will Barker

Nicknames
Bulldog (Oxford University), a common nickname for constables of the former Oxford University Police
GWR 3300 Class, a type of GWR 4-4-0 steam locomotive, used on passenger trains
Bulldog, a synonym for a tractor in Germany (especially in the Munich area), derived from the Lanz Bulldog tractor
Art Donovan (1924-2013), American Hall-of-Fame National Football League player
Ray Drummond (born 1946), American jazz musician and teacher nicknamed 'Bulldog' after the detective
Orel Hershiser (born 1958), American retired Major League Baseball pitcher
Chris "Bulldog" Parker (born 1964), American radio personality from Buffalo, New York
Corey Pavin (born 1959), American professional golfer
Bulldog Turner (1919-1998), American former National Football League player
Bulldog Bob Brown (1938–1997), Canadian former professional wrestler

Other uses
British Bulldog (game), a 'rough and tumble' game informally played in British school yards
Bulldog, former newsletter of the British National Front
Bulldog clip, a piece of office stationery used to temporarily bind together sheets of paper or card
Bulldog edition, a newspaper term for the first edition of the day
Bulldogs, a type of removable cattle nose ring
Bulldogs forceps, a medical clamp
Charter Arms Bulldog, a revolver by American gun manufacturer Charter Arms
Fresno Bulldogs, an American criminal street gang

See also

Nicknames

Bulldog (disambiguation)


The Harbour Island People Mover was an automated guideway transit people mover service in Tampa, Florida, United States that carried passengers between Downtown Tampa and Harbour Island across the Garrison Channel. Privately-owned but operated by the Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority (HART), service commenced on June 27, 1985. Due to low ridership and operating losses, the service was discontinued on January 16, 1999. The money given to the city for the closure of the system in a settlement with ownership served as the foundation of an endowment to cover the operating expenses of the TECO Line Streetcar.

Description
Developed by the Beneficial Corporation and utilizing Otis Transportation Systems, the people mover was completed at a cost of $7 million. The  concrete guideway was elevated and spanned the Garrison Channel. Operating between 7:00 a.m. and 2:00 a.m, the Harbour Island People Mover made approximately 620 trips per day with a maximum capacity of 100 passengers per trip. The system ran in a north–south direction between the downtown station located on the third level of the Old Fort Brooke parking garage and its southern terminus at the Shops of Harbour Island on Harbour Island.

History
Ground was broken for the project on September 20, 1983, as a part of the greater Harbour Island development project undertaken by Beneficial Corporation and its chief executive Finn M. W. Caspersen. When the Harbour Island People Mover opened for service on June 27, 1985, it marked the return of rail transit to Tampa since the closure of its streetcar network in 1946. Costing $7 million to complete, former President Gerald Ford took part in the inaugural ride. Although it opened to much fanfare, ridership of the system remained relatively low. By 1989, ridership averaged 1,200 riders on a weekday and 1,500 on the weekend or for an average of about 2 riders per trip. The low ridership was attributed to the perceived difficulty in accessing the downtown station and the addition of a lunch-time shuttle bus service between downtown and Harbour Island by January 1989.

By 1995, the Hillsborough County Metropolitan Planning Organization approved funding to initiate the preliminary engineering for the construction of a third station at the Tampa Convention Center. With the system losing approximately $1 million between 1994–95 due to increasing operating costs and dwindling ridership due to the closure of the Shops of Harbour Island, Beneficial Corporation sought to sell the system to HART for only $1. However, since the system was losing substantial amounts of money, HART declined to purchase it from Beneficial. By July, Beneficial announced the people mover would cease operations if the convention center station was not completed along the line.

With the prospects of a convention center station stalling, by 1998 Beneficial was looking to shut down the people mover. As a result of a contract with HART calling for the agency to be in charge of operating the system for thirty years, negotiations had to be undertaken with the city to dissolve the contract since it was good through 2015. By May 1998, an agreement was reached calling for the dismantling of the people mover system and for Beneficial to pay the city $5 million to dissolve the contract. Harbour Island would then be served by trolleybuses and the majority of the settlement money would go to an endowment to be used in the operating costs of the subsequently built TECO Line Streetcar. The line ceased operations on January 16, 1999. After determining the Garrison Channel bridge was unsuitable for use as a pedestrian crossing, demolition began in November 1999 and was completed by February 2000. Today, the Harbour Island station, located inside the Knights Point commercial development serves as Jackson's Bistro Bar & Sushi restaurant's private Waterfront Room. The elevator leading up to this room still titles the level as the People Mover. The downtown station in the parking garage serves as parking administration offices.

See also
Tampa International Airport People Movers

References

Hovair people movers
Transportation in Tampa, Florida
Passenger rail transportation in Florida
Railway lines opened in 1985
1999 disestablishments in Florida
Automated guideway transit
1985 establishments in Florida
Former people mover systems in the United States

Harbour Island People Mover


Royal Albert DLR station is a station on the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in the Docklands area of East London, England. The station serves the western end of the north quay of the Royal Albert Dock, from which it takes its name. London City Airport can be seen from the station. The station is located on an elevated section of the DLR's Beckton branch, between Prince Regent and Beckton Park stations. It is in Travelcard Zone 3.

Docklands Light Railway stations in the London Borough of Newham

Royal Albert DLR station


Deuda  (English language: Debt) is a 2004  Argentine documentary film directed and written by Jorge Lanata with Andrés G. Schaer. The film premiered on 7 October 2004 in Buenos Aires . The film was nominated for a number of Silver Condor awards for Best Documentary (Mejor Largometraje Documental) and Best Screenplay, Feature-Length Documentary (Mejor Guión Largometraje Documental) recognising directors Jorge Lanata and Andrés G. Schaer. At the 2005 World Soundtrack Awards the score musicians Andrés Goldstein and Daniel Tarrab were also nominated for an achievement award.

Synopsis
Deuda is the story of a pursuit the search for the responsible for the televised cry of hunger of Bárbara Flores, an eight-year-old Argentine girl. The film focuses on institutional corruption in Buenos Aires, Washington, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and general international bureaucratic lack of interest. The film also includes interviews with high ranking IMF officials including Anne Kreuger.

External links

2004 films
2000s Spanish-language films
Argentine documentary films
2004 documentary films
Documentary films about economics
Films distributed by Disney
2000s Argentine films

Deuda (film)


Dhenuka (pronounced dhēnukā) is a rāgam (musical scale) in Carnatic music. It is the 9th Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music.

It is called Dhunibinnashadjam in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.

Structure and Lakshana

It is the 3rd rāgam in the 2nd chakra Netra. The mnemonic name is Netra-Go. The mnemonic phrase is sa ri ga ma pa dha ni. Its  structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):
:
:
(Suddha Rishabham, Sadharana Gandharam, Suddha Madhyamam, Suddha Dhaivatham, Kakali Nishadham)

As it is a melakarta rāgam, by definition it is a sampoorna rāgam (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the Suddha madhyamam equivalent of Shubhapantuvarali, which is the 45th melakarta.

Asampurna Melakarta
Dhunibinnashadjam is the 9th Melakarta in the original list compiled by Venkatamakhin. The notes used in the scale are the same as Dhenuka.

Janya Rāgams
Dhenuka has a few janya rāgams (derived scales) associated with it. See List of Janya Rāgams for full list of rāgams associated with Dhenuka.

Compositions
TeliyalEru rAmA composed by Tyagaraja is one of the most often rendered in concerts.
Raavayya Rama composed by Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna

Film Songs

Language:Tamil

Related rāgams
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

Dhenuka's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields 3 other Melakarta rāgams, namely, Shanmukhapriya, Chitrambari and Shoolini. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the Shadjam to the next note in the rāgam.

Notes

References

Melakarta ragas

Dhenuka (raga)


Hairspray: The School Musical is a 2008 reality TV series, broadcast on Sky1 in the UK, charting the development of a comprehensive school's production of the 2002 Broadway and West End musical Hairspray.

Format
The series is presented by musical theatre actor Denise van Outen, narrated by Rich Rust and features vocal coach Zoë Tyler and choreographer Stacey Haynes as mentors to the students of Kingsmead School, a comprehensive secondary school with specialist performing and visual arts status in Enfield, North London. It follows the production from auditions to its first performance, held at London's Lyric Theatre on 31 August 2008. There was also a behind-the-scenes section of the programme, posted online, hosted by Ben James-Ellis, the West End's Link Larkin.  Two members of the Broadway production team - Benjamin Endsley Klein (directing) and Danny Austin (choreography) - serve as consultants to the school production.

Reception
In The Guardian, Lucy Mangan said that although she was not expecting the programme to provide "an enjoyable hour's entertainment", "the unforced charm and ebullience of [...] London's juvenile population quickly swept the viewer up" and that she would be watching "another gloriously uplifting hour next week". Theatre columnist Mark Shenton, having seen the finished production, suggested that although the series shows "inevitably a heightened version of the experience of putting on a show [...] it will surely encourage [the young actors] to do so again". He also noted that the West End production of Hairspray "is sure to be the first winner, as audiences follow the TV experience by seeing it live for themselves".

The first episode attracted almost 500,000 viewers, leading Richard Woolfe, the controller of Sky1, to suggest that the series could continue with other productions: "I have a sneaking suspicion we will be coming back for a bit more. Whatever the viewing figures ... we have changed lives."

The next Series appeared one year later called Grease: The School Musical and was broadcast between 31 August and October on Sky 1.

References

External links
Official site at Sky.com
Hairspray the Musical - West End production
Kingsmead School

Baltimore in fiction
Sky UK original programming
2000s British reality television series
2008 British television series debuts
2008 British television series endings

Hairspray: The School Musical


Henry Wilmer "Mike" Bannarn (July 17, 1910 – September 20, 1965) was an African-American artist, best known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance period. He is known for his work in sculpture and as a character artist in the various paint mediums, Conté crayon, pastel, and free-form sketch.

Biography
He was born in Wetumka, Hughes County, Oklahoma, on July 17, 1910. When he was still a child, the family moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he discovered his talent for art. He studied at the Minneapolis School of Arts (now known as the Minneapolis College of Art and Design).

He worked as a Works Progress Administration artist for the Federal Art Project and taught art at the Harlem Community Art Center in New York City, where he was a noted contemporary, friend and partner of another famous African-American artist, Charles Alston, with whom he ran the Alston-Bannarn Harlem Art Workshop in Harlem/NYC, NY. He was intimately associated with the "Harlem Renaissance" of the 1930s, being considered as one of the movement's preeminent contributors.  Although he is primarily known for his work in sculpture, he was equally skilled as a figurist and character artist in the various paint mediums, Conté crayon, pastel, free-form sketch, etc.

In 1941, he returned to Minnesota and entered a piece of sculpture in the Minnesota State Fair sculpture competition, where he was awarded the first prize.  The much-honored artist had won a painting prize at the fair a decade earlier as well, representing one of the earliest achievements by an African-American artist in that state's history.

He died on September 20, 1965, in Brooklyn, New York.

Legacy
His works are represented in some of the most important collections in the US, such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art,  the Smithsonian Institution, Dartmouth College's Hood Museum of Art, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Minnesota Historical Society, Minneapolis Institute of Art, Howard University Gallery of Art, and Clark Atlanta University Art Galleries. Very few Bannarn works exist in private hands.

At the April 26, 2007 sale conducted by Shannon's Fine Art Auctioneers, Milford, Connecticut, a Bannarn original oil titled "Modernist Exhibition" sold for $24,000 USD, achieving a price nearly ten times its pre-auction estimate of $2500–$3500. At a May 18, 2008, auction conducted by the Rose Hill Auction Gallery, Englewood, New Jersey, an oil on board painting by Bannarn entitled "Seagulls" sold for $5,750, almost twenty times its pre-auction estimate of $200–$300.

Exhibitions
Minnesota State Fair 1928 (Award), Minneapolis Institute of Art 1932 (prize), Harmon Foundation 1933, PAFA 1934/36, American Negro Exhibition 1940, Minnesota Artists Association Annual 1940 (Award), Minnesota State Fair 1941 (Award), Atlanta University 1943 (Award), Hanley Gallery St. Paul, Minnesota 1945, Newton Gallery, 1945

Selected Collections
 Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN

See also
 Charles Alston- partner, Alston-Bannarn Workshop, Harlem Community Art Center
 Bror Julius Olsson Nordfeldt- instructor
 George Oberteuffer - teacher
 Samuel Chatwood Burton - teacher
 Jacob Lawrence - student of Bannarn at the Harlem Art Workshop.
 Henry Barnnarn at the Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN

References

1910 births
1965 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Harlem Renaissance
People from Wetumka, Oklahoma
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
Federal Art Project artists
African-American sculptors
20th-century African-American painters

Henry Bannarn


Hombre is a RISC chipset for the Amiga, designed by Commodore, which was intended as the basis of a range of Amiga personal computers and multimedia products, including a successor to the Amiga 1200, a next generation game machine called CD64 and a 3D accelerator PCI card. Hombre was canceled along with the bankruptcy of Commodore International.

History
In 1993, Commodore International ceased the development of the AAA chipset when they concluded conventional PC clones would have similar performance shortly after the AAA machines would be released.

In the place of AAA, Commodore began to design a new 64-bit 3D graphics chipset based on Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC architecture to serve as the new basis of the Amiga personal computer series. It was codenamed Hombre (pronounced "ómbre" which means man in Spanish) and was developed in conjunction with Hewlett-Packard over an estimated eighteen-month period.

Backward compatibility
Hombre does not support any planar mode, nor any emulation for the legacy Amiga chipset or Motorola 680x0 CPU registers, so it was completely incompatible with former Amiga models. According to Hombre designer Dr. Ed Hepler, Commodore intended to produce an AGA Amiga upon a single chip to solve the backward compatibility issues. This single chip would include Motorola MC680x0 core, plus the AGA chipset. The chip could be integrated in Hombre based computers for backward compatibility with AGA software.

Design
Hombre is based around two chips: Nathaniel, a System Controller chip, and Natalie, a Display Controller chip.

The System Controller chip was designed by Dr. Ed Hepler, well known as the designer of the AAA Andrea chip. The chip is similar in principle to the chip bus controller found in Agnus, Alice, and Andrea of the Amiga chipsets. Nathaniel features the following:

 An inhouse designed 100+ MHz 64-bit integer PA-RISC microprocessor with SIMD and additional graphics processing related instructions
 An advanced DMA engine and blitter with fixed-point arithmetic 3D texture mapping and gouraud shading using trapezoids as primitives
 64-bit RISC-like Copper co-processor
 16-bit resolution sound processor with twelve voices

Additional logic has been included to permit some floating point operations to be performed in hardware, a floating point register file is included.

The inclusion of a double precision floating point unit was also under consideration.

The Display Controller Chip was designed by Tim McDonald, also known as the designer of the AAA Monica chip. It is similar in principle to the Denise, Lisa, and Monica chips found on original Amigas. In addition, the chipset also supported future official or third-party upgrades through extension for an external PA-RISC processor.

Natalie features the following:

 VGA monitor control
 Built in genlock and framegrabber
 Logic for 2 analog game port joysticks

These chips and some other circuitry would be part of a PCI card, through the ReTargetable Graphics system.

Additional IO for peripherals such as floppy drive, keyboard and mice would have been provided with a separate dedicated peripheral ASIC.

There were plans to port the AmigaOS Exec kernel to low-end systems, but this was not possible due to financial troubles facing Commodore at that time. Therefore, a licensed OpenGL library was to be used for the low-end entertainment system.

The original plan for the Hombre-based computer system was to have Windows NT compatibility, with native AmigaOS recompiled for the new big-endian CPU to run legacy 68k Amiga software through emulation. Commodore chose the PA-RISC instruction set over the MIPS architecture and first generation embedded PowerPC microprocessors, mainly because these low-cost microprocessors were unqualified to run Windows NT. This wasn't the case for the 64-bit MIPS R4200, but it was rejected for its high price at the time.

Features
Hombre was designed as a clean break from traditional Amiga chipset architecture with no planar graphics mode support. Hombre also doesn't feature the original eight Amiga sprites, early iterations of Hombre featured a new, incompatible sprite engine but Commodore decided to drop sprites because sprites had become less attractive to developers compared with fast blitters. Despite lack of compatibility, Hombre introduced modern technologies including these:

 Fill rate of 30 million 3D rendered pixels per second (similar to Sony's PlayStation performance)
 Special Function Unit (SFU) SIMD extension for rasterizing multiple pixels with a single 64-bit operation
 16-bit chunky graphic modes (to reduce costs, Commodore abandoned 256 color mode with Color LUT registers)
 32-bit chunky with 8-bit alpha channel
 1280 × 1024 pixel progressive resolution with a 24-bit color palette
 One sprite with a 24-bit color palette, used for the mouse pointer
 Four scalable playfields, each with their own graphics mode (e.g. 16bpp, HAM-8)
 512 25-bit color look up tables (24-bit color + 1 bit for genlock)
 3D texture mapping engine
 Gouraud shading
 Z-buffering
 YUV compatibility with JPEG support
 Standard TV and HDTV compatibility
 64-bit internal data bus and registers

The chipset could be sold either as a high end PCI graphics card with minimal peripherals ASICs and 64-bit DRAM, or as a lower cost CD-ROM based game system (CD64) using cheap 32-bit DRAM. It could also be used for set-top box embedded systems.

According to Dr. Ed Hepler, Hombre was to be fabricated in  3-level metal CMOS with the help of Hewlett-Packard.  HP had fabricated the AGA Lisa chip and collaborated in the design of the AAA chipset.

Commodore was planning to adopt the Acutiator architecture designed by Dave Haynie for Hombre before it filed bankruptcy and went out of business.

See also

 PA-RISC family processors
 Original Amiga chipset
 Amiga Ranger Chipset
 Enhanced Chip Set
 Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture
 Advanced Amiga Architecture chipset

References

External links
 Amiga history
 1993-1994 Hombre hardware design documents
 1998 Dr. Edward L. Hepler interview about Hombre
 Hombre History - RISC Selection By Dr. Edward L. Hepler
 The Dave Haynie Archive with much detailed info and specs
  Chris Ludwig Interview
  Article about Hombre
 CBM's Plans for the RISC-Chipset, by Dave Haynie
 OpenPA Hitachi PA/50L article - 1993 Hombre CPU candidate

Amiga chipsets
Graphics processing units
Sound chips

Amiga Hombre chipset


Edward Ridley Finch Cox (born October 2, 1946) is an American corporate and finance lawyer and the current chairman of the New York Republican State Committee.  He is married to Tricia Nixon Cox, daughter of President Nixon and Pat Nixon.

Early life and family
Cox was born to Howard Ellis Cox and Anne Crane Delafield (Finch) Cox in Stony Brook Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York. He attended Westhampton Beach Elementary School and Allen-Stevenson School in New York City. Cox is named for his grandfather, Judge Edward R. Finch, a prominent New York jurist who served as a Justice of the New York State Supreme Court (1915–1943), Presiding Justice of the New York Supreme Court Appellate Division, First Department, and Associate Judge on the New York Court of Appeals. His father, Howard Ellis Cox, was a decorated World War II aviator, New York lawyer, and Long Island real estate developer.

Cox graduated from the Princeton University Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (1968) and Harvard Law School (1972). Cox was battalion commander of his Army ROTC unit at Princeton where he put together and accredited a seminar on war, he completed officer and airborne training at Fort Benning, Georgia and subsequently served as a reserve officer with the 11th Special Forces Group.

Marriage

In 1971, Cox married Tricia Nixon, the daughter of President Richard Nixon, in a White House Rose Garden ceremony. The wedding was described in Life Magazine as "a union 'akin to American royalty'". Edward and Tricia Cox have a son, Christopher Nixon Cox. The Coxes reside on Long Island, New York.

Private sector
Cox started his legal career at Cravath Swaine & Moore, and after serving as a general counsel in the Reagan Administration, was a corporate partner in the Donovan Leisure firm and subsequently a member of the management committee and the chairman of the corporate department at Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler LLP.

His law practice has covered a wide variety of transactions and representations including securities litigations, project financings, M&A, startups, IPOs, municipal financings, securitizations, private placements and bankruptcies.

He is a member of a Bank of America advisory committee.

Cox served as a director for 35 years of Noble Energy which is an upstream independent oil and natural gas company.

To attempt to stay in shape, Cox participates in an Olympic-distance triathlon each year, and he swims, bikes and runs whenever possible in preparation. He ran and finished the New York City Marathon in 2017.

Government service

From 1981 to 1983 Cox served in the Reagan Administration as the Senior Vice President and General Counsel of a government corporation, The United States Synthetic Fuels Corporation.
He has served Presidents Richard Nixon and George H.W. Bush in the international arena. He has visited with numerous officials, including heads of state or government, in more than 30 countries including China, Russia, Israel, Cuba, England, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Italy, Greece, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Pakistan, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia.

He was commissioner of the Commission on Judicial Nomination (nominating candidates for New York's highest court, 1991 to 2009) and Chairman of the New York Council of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (1995 to 2008).

He was a Trustee of the State University of New York (SUNY) from 1995 to 2009. From 1999 to 2009 as Co-Chairman and Chairman of SUNY's Charter School Committee, Cox founded SUNY's Charter School Institute and led the authorization of fifty charter schools.

In 2006, Cox served as the chairman of newly elected Attorney General Andrew Cuomo's environmental and energy transition team.

Philanthropic involvement

In K-12 education, Cox has served as a director of Student Sponsor Partnership, which supports and mentors parochial high school students, since its founding in 1985. He is also a director of the New York Institute for Special Education which has been a leading school for the blind since 1831.

Cox has served for more than 15 years as Chairman of the New York League of Conservation Voters Education Fund.

He has led an American delegation to, and presented at, Ditchley conferences, and is a director of Ditchley's American Advisory Board.

Publications
His work has appeared in The Wall Street Journal, The New Republic, the Antitrust Law Journal and the New York Post, and in 1968 and 1969 he researched and co-authored The Nader Report on the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) which spawned "Nader's Raiders" and the rejuvenation of the FTC as a consumer advocate.

Political involvement
Cox has assisted Republican candidates in New York at all levels in numerous election cycles. In the 1994 state election, Cox played a key role in electing George Pataki Governor and Dennis Vacco Attorney General.

Cox was rumored to be considering a run for Governor of New York in 2006 if then-Gov. George Pataki opted not to seek re-election. Pataki did not run again, but Cox later chose instead to seek the seat held by incumbent U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton (D) in the 2006 New York U.S. Senate election. However, after Pataki endorsed a rival Republican--Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro—for Senate, Cox announced on October 14, 2005, that he was no longer running.

In 2007 and 2008, Cox chaired John McCain's presidential campaign efforts in the State of New York.

New York Republican Party Chairman (2009–2019)
Cox was elected chairman of the New York State Republican Committee at the committee's meeting on September 30, 2009. Cox had a seven-point "agenda for the future" when elected chairman:
 to be "a full-time chairman";
 to win election victories in the 2009 local elections;
 to re-build the state party's staff;
 to "re-establish credibility" of the state party nationally;
 to raise money;
 to recruit a "slate of candidates up and down the ballot"; and
 to win statewide elections in 2010.

Cox announced on May 20, 2019, that he was joining President Donald Trump's re-election campaign and that he would not run for re-election as Chairman of the New York Republican State Committee stating, "Serving as Chairman of the NYGOP over the last ten years has been one of the most rewarding chapters of my life, and I will continue to actively help elect more Republicans here in New York'". On July 1, 2019, Nick Langworthy, the Erie County Chairman succeeded Ed Cox as Chairman the New York State Republican Committee.

References

External links

Biography from Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler LLP
Ed Cox on The George Jarkesy Show 1.10.12

|-

1946 births
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
Candidates in the 2006 United States elections
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
New York (state) lawyers
New York (state) Republicans
Nixon family
Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler people
People from Southampton (town), New York
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni
Schuyler family
State political party chairs of New York (state)

Edward F. Cox