The Golden Age of Comic Books describes an era in the history of American comic books from 1938 to 1956. During this time, modern comic books were first published and rapidly increased in popularity. The superhero archetype was created and many well-known characters were introduced, including Superman, Batman, Robin, Captain Marvel, Captain America, and Wonder Woman.

Etymology
The first recorded use of the term "Golden Age" was by Richard A. Lupoff in an article, "Re-Birth", published in issue one of the fanzine Comic Art in April 1960.

History
An event cited by many as marking the beginning of the Golden Age was the 1938 debut of Superman in Action Comics #1, published by Detective Comics (predecessor of DC Comics). Superman's popularity helped make comic books a major arm of publishing, which led rival companies to create superheroes of their own to emulate Superman's success.

World War II

Between 1939 and 1941 Detective Comics and its sister company, All-American Publications, introduced popular superheroes such as Batman and Robin, Wonder Woman, the Flash, Green Lantern, Doctor Fate, the Atom, Hawkman, Green Arrow and Aquaman. Timely Comics, the 1940s predecessor of Marvel Comics, had million-selling titles featuring the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America. Although DC and Timely characters are well remembered today, circulation figures suggest that the best-selling superhero title of the era was Fawcett Comics' Captain Marvel Adventures with sales of about 1.4 million copies per issue. The comic was published biweekly at one point to capitalize on its popularity. Another notable series was The Spirit by Will Eisner, which deviated from the usual publishing model of the period as a weekly multi-page supplement in the Register and Tribune Syndicate newspapers that Eisner held the copyright, a rare consideration for creators of that period.

Patriotic heroes donning red, white, and blue were particularly popular during the time of the Second World War following the Shield's debut in 1940. Many heroes of this time period battled the Axis powers, with covers such as Captain America Comics #1 (cover-dated March 1941) showing the title character punching Nazi leader Adolf Hitler.

As comic books grew in popularity, publishers began launching titles that expanded into a variety of genres. Dell Comics' non-superhero characters (particularly the licensed Walt Disney animated-character comics) outsold the superhero comics of the day. The publisher featured licensed movie and literary characters such as Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Roy Rogers and Tarzan. It was during this era that noted Donald Duck writer-artist Carl Barks rose to prominence. Additionally, MLJ's introduction of Archie Andrews in Pep Comics #22 (December 1941) gave rise to teen humor comics, with the Archie Andrews character remaining in print well into the 21st century.

At the same time in Canada, American comic books were prohibited importation under the War Exchange Conservation Act which restricted the importation of non-essential goods. Canadian publishers responded to this lack of competition by producing titles of their own, informally called the Canadian Whites. While these titles flourished during the war, they did not survive the lifting of trade restrictions afterwards.

Post-war and shift from superheroes

A brief time period after the war until the mid-1950s is sometimes referred to as the Atomic Age of Comic Books. Some authors consider this an interregnum period or an era in its own right, but most regard it as still part of the Golden Age. During this time, the popularity of superhero comics waned. To retain reader interest, comic publishers diversified into other genres, such as war, Westerns, science fiction, romance, crime and horror. Many superhero titles were canceled or converted to other genres.

In 1946, DC Comics' Superboy, Aquaman and Green Arrow were switched from More Fun Comics into Adventure Comics so More Fun could focus on humor. In 1948 All-American Comics, featuring Green Lantern, Johnny Thunder and Dr. Mid-Nite, was replaced with All-American Western. The following year, Flash Comics and Green Lantern were canceled. In 1951 All Star Comics, featuring the Justice Society of America, became All-Star Western. The next year Star Spangled Comics, featuring Robin, was retitled Star Spangled War Stories. Sensation Comics, featuring Wonder Woman, was canceled in 1953. The only superhero comics published continuously through the entire 1950s were Action Comics, Adventure Comics, Batman, Detective Comics, Superboy, Superman, Wonder Woman and World's Finest Comics.

Plastic Man appeared in Quality Comics' Police Comics until 1950, when its focus switched to detective stories; his solo title continued bimonthly until issue 52, cover-dated February 1955. Timely Comics' The Human Torch was canceled with issue #35 (March 1949) and Marvel Mystery Comics, featuring the Human Torch, with issue #93 (Aug. 1949) became the horror comic Marvel Tales. Sub-Mariner Comics was canceled with issue #42 (June 1949) and Captain America Comics, by then Captain America's Weird Tales, with #75 (Feb. 1950). Harvey Comics' Black Cat was canceled in 1951 and rebooted as a horror comic later that year—the title would change to Black Cat Mystery, Black Cat Mystic, and eventually Black Cat Western for the final two issues, which included Black Cat stories. Lev Gleason Publications' Daredevil was edged out of his title by the Little Wise Guys in 1950. Fawcett Comics' Whiz Comics, Master Comics and Captain Marvel Adventures were canceled in 1953, and The Marvel Family was canceled the following year.

Also during this period, the mass media with the advent of television were forcing media companies to put out comics that reflected the popular culture of the time period. Comic books focused on space, mystery, and suspense that television and other forms of media were turning to in the march toward scientific progress.
According to historian Michael A. Amundson, appealing comic-book characters helped ease young readers' fear of nuclear war and neutralize anxiety about the questions posed by atomic power. It was during this period that long-running humor comics debuted, including EC Comics' series Mad and Dell's series Uncle Scrooge (both in 1952).

End of the era
In 1953, the comic book industry hit a setback when the United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency was created in order to investigate the problem of juvenile delinquency. After the publication of Fredric Wertham's Seduction of the Innocent the following year that claimed comics sparked illegal behavior among minors, comic book publishers such as EC's William Gaines were subpoenaed to testify in public hearings. As a result, the Comics Code Authority was created by the Association of Comics Magazine Publishers to enact self-censorship by comic book publishers. At this time, EC canceled its crime and horror titles and focused primarily on Mad. The Silver Age of Comic Books is generally recognized as beginning with the debut of the first successful new superhero since the Golden Age, DC Comics' new Flash, in Showcase #4 (Oct. 1956).

See also

 Silver Age of Comic Books
 Bronze Age of Comic Books
 Modern Age of Comic Books
 List of Golden Age comics publishers
 List of Marvel Comics Golden Age characters

References

External links
 Comic Book Plus (scans of presumed public domain Golden Age comics)
 Digital Comic Museum (scans of presumed public domain Golden Age comics)
 Don Markstein's Toonopedia
 International Catalogue of Superheroes
 Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes
 Villain Paper  a Golden Age Comics Subscription Service

1938 comics debuts
1956 comics endings
1938 establishments in the United States
1956 disestablishments in the United States

Comic Books
Nostalgia in the United States
1930s in the United States
1940s in the United States
1950s in the United States

Golden Age of Comic Books


Todwick is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham in South Yorkshire, England.  It has a population of 1,637, reducing marginally to 1,634 at the 2011 Census,  and contains a primary school (junior and infants) and a nursery, Todwick Early Years. Todwick also is home to a pub, The Red Lion, and a church. There is a village hall adjacent to the primary school, and this is on the corner of Kiveton Lane and The Pastures. The Pastures has the only shops in the village on it; Cyprus Gardens pizza house and Heaven Is Homemade Vintage Tea Room.

The main street in Todwick is Kiveton Lane, which runs through the heart of the village, connecting it at one end to the A57, towards Dinnington, Anston, Thurcroft etc., and at the other end to Station Road in Kiveton Park. At the Kiveton Park end of Kiveton Lane there is a small marker, which was reputed to be the site of a look out post for Robin Hood. A plaque marks the spot behind a white gate just outside the village. Todwick can only be accessed by road or footpath; the nearest railway stations are Kiveton Bridge and Kiveton Park on the Sheffield to Lincoln line. Its location near to the M1 motorway gives the village's inhabitants good access to the country. Local towns provide many job opportunities for Todwick's working population.

Todwick has two parks; the smallest is alongside the church graveyard on Lindleys Croft, and has had in previous years, swings, a roundabout, climbing frame and a basketball court. The other park is known as "the rec" to locals. It has two football fields on it, as well as slides and roundabouts at the village end, and a bowling green and cricket field at the far end. The village's annual bonfire on Guy Fawkes Night is held here, where many locals gather for hot dogs, toffee apples, sparklers and fireworks, although this has not been organised for the past few years due to health and safety hazards. Todwick Junior and Infant School was rated as satisfactory in an Ofsted report during 2010. Todwick also has a football club placed on the "rec" which is named Kiveton park FC, previously the Todwick Trojans.

In the 1960s, plans were made for an airport at Todwick to serve Sheffield and Rotherham. However, the plans were not realised, and Sheffield did not get its own airport until the 1990s, which itself closed fully in 2008.

See also
Listed buildings in Todwick

References

External links

Villages in South Yorkshire
Geography of the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham
Civil parishes in South Yorkshire

Todwick


Tony Demetrius Reagins (born March 11, 1967) is an American former executive in Major League Baseball for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Reagins served as the general manager of the Angels from 2007 until his 2011 resignation. The fourth African American general manager in MLB history, he was promoted to GM of the franchise on October 16, 2007, having previously held the position of director of player development since 2002.

Education
Reagins pledged to the Theta Upsilon chapter of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity in 1988, while attending California State University, Fullerton. In 1991, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in marketing from CSUF. He had previously received an associate degree in business administration from the College of the Desert.

Career
Reagins joined the Angels as an intern in the club's marketing department in 1991, and moved permanently to the team's baseball staff in 1998 as manager of baseball operations. He is a member of the Buck O'Neil Scout Association and an active supporter of Major League Baseball's Urban Youth Academy.

Reagins began his career as an intern in baseball operations in the Angels' organization 1992. He then held an internship in marketing/advertising sales in 1993 before being named marketing assistant in 1994. He moved to sponsorship services representative from 1996 until returning to baseball operations in April 1998. He served six seasons as the Angels' Director of Player Development, a position he held until becoming general manager of the Angels. As director of player development, Reagins was responsible for overseeing the Angel farm system, with seven affiliates that include a Dominican Summer League club and developmental academy in San Pedro de Macoris, Dominican Republic. The Angels' farm system posted winning records in four of the six seasons (2003-05-06-07) and was named "Minor League Organization of the Year" in 2003 by The Sporting News. It produced players such as Howie Kendrick, Reggie Willits, Robb Quinlan, Kendry Morales, Erick Aybar, Jeff Mathis, Mike Napoli, Jered Weaver and Joe Saunders – all of whom made significant impacts on the 2007 American League West Division champion team. Minor League News named the Angels "2007 Farm System of the Year." Currently, Reagins maintains his competitive spirit by coaching his son's youth basketball team in New Rochelle, New York.

Tenure as general manager
As general manager of the Angels, Reagins was quick to make immediate changes to the Angels' roster. A little more than a month after taking over for Bill Stoneman as GM, Reagins traded Gold Glove shortstop Orlando Cabrera to the Chicago White Sox for starting pitcher Jon Garland. Two days later, Reagins signed free agent outfielder Torii Hunter to a 5-year, $90 million contract. At the 2008 trade deadline, Reagins dealt first baseman Casey Kotchman to the Atlanta Braves for Mark Teixeira. Reagins' tenure with the Angels has been in contrast to that of Stoneman, whose time as general manager involved relatively few major trades or other transactions.

During the 2009 season, Reagins and his front office selected Mike Trout with the 25th pick in that year's draft.  After the 2009 season, in which the Angels were the AL West Division Champions, the Angels gave Reagins a contract extension. Although no details of the contract length was divulged, Reagins described it as 'long-term', adding "there's a comfort level from [owner] Arte Moreno and myself as far as the length of the contract goes. . . . I am honored and I appreciate deeply the confidence that Arte has shown in not only myself, but the job that we're doing as an organization."

Conflict with Moreno and resignation
Before the 2011 season, Angels' owner Arte Moreno insisted on acquiring Vernon Wells from the Toronto Blue Jays, and reportedly told Reagins that he would be fired if he did not acquire Wells within 24 hours. On September 30, 2011, Reagins resigned as GM. While many point to the Angels not making the playoffs in consecutive years since 2000–01 as the reason, others identified his trade of Mike Napoli and Juan Rivera for Wells being a significant factor. Many widely respected baseball analysts considered the Wells trade one of the worst trades in the modern era of Major League Baseball.

Reagins remained with the organization as special assistant to team chairman Dennis Kuhl.

Notes

References

1967 births
Living people
Major League Baseball executives
Major League Baseball general managers
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim executives
California State University, Fullerton alumni
People from Indio, California

Tony Reagins


Botany Bay Heritage Preserve & Wildlife Management Area is a state preserve on Edisto Island, South Carolina. Botany Bay Plantation was formed in the 1930s from the merger of the Colonial-era Sea Cloud Plantation and Bleak Hall Plantation.  In 1977, it was bequeathed to the state as a wildlife preserve; it was opened to the public in 2008. The preserve includes a number of registered historic sites, including two listed in the National Register of Historic Places: a set of three surviving 1840s outbuildings from Bleak Hall Plantation, and the prehistoric Fig Island shell rings.

History

Sea Cloud Plantation

In 1695, Christopher Hinkley received a grant of  on Edisto Island.  In 1727, the property was acquired by Paul Hamilton Sr.; in 1748, by Paul Hamilton Jr.  At some time after the Revolutionary War, a  parcel adjoining the Hamilton property was acquired by Normand McLeod.  At some point, the property was acquired by Ephraim Mikell Seabrook; in about 1825, he built a house there.  It has been suggested that the name "Sea Cloud Plantation" was bestowed after the marriage of a Seabrook to a McLeod.

Bleak Hall Plantation

In the late 1790s, Daniel Townsend III began developing Bleak Hall Plantation.  In 1799, his first son, John Townsend, was born at the plantation. His wife was Hephzibah Jenkins Townsend. In about 1805, a mansion was built; in about 1842, John Townsend inherited the property.  At some point in the 1840s, he acquired the Sea Cloud Plantation as well.

John Townsend was noted as an agriculturist and political leader in 19th century South Carolina.  He was one of the state's largest planters of Sea Island cotton; his cotton commanded a high price from lace-makers in Belgium and France, and won several prizes, for both its quality and its length.  Between 1822 and 1858, Townsend served several terms in the South Carolina General Assembly. In the census of 1860, John Townsend was registered as the owner of 272 enslaved laborers. In that year, he defended the institution of slavery and advocated for secession from the Union to protect it in an address to the Edisto Island Vigilant Association. In the early 1860s, Townsend was a delegate to the state's Secession Convention, and a signer of the Ordinance of Secession, whereby South Carolina withdrew from the United States, part of a chain of events leading to the American Civil War.

In November 1861, Edisto Island was evacuated. During the Civil War, both Union and Confederate forces used the cupola atop the Bleak Hall plantation house as a lookout.  This house burned down during or shortly after the war, and a new one was built in a mix of Victorian styles.  The war had disrupted property records, and Townsend was only able to establish his ownership of the combined plantations through an appeal to U.S. president Andrew Johnson.

Townsend died at Bleak Hall in 1881.  The plantation continued to produce a valuable crop of Sea Island cotton until 1917, when the boll weevil reached Edisto Island.  By the early 1920s, production of cotton had ceased, and the plantation was used for farming and timber production.

Botany Bay Plantation

The Bleak Hall and Sea Cloud plantations remained in the Townsend family until 1933, when they were bought by Dr. James C. Greenway, part of the Lauder Greenway Family, who combined them to form Botany Bay Plantation.

In 1968, hotel and real estate magnate John E. "Jason" Meyer bought Botany Bay.  An enthusiastic outdoorsman, Meyer bequeathed the  plantation to the state of South Carolina as a wildlife preserve, but stipulated that should he predecease his wife Margaret, she would retain the use of the property.  John Meyer died in 1977; his widow remarried as Margaret Pepper, and remained on the plantation, continuing to manage and improve the property for conservation purposes, until her death in 2007.  In 2008, the property was opened to the public under the name "Botany Bay Plantation Heritage Preserve/Wildlife Management Area", managed by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources.

Historic preservation

Bleak Hall outbuildings

Three outbuildings from the Bleak Hall Plantation, thought to date from the 1840s, remain on the Botany Bay preserve.  In 1973, the buildings were listed in the National Register of Historic Places, for their connection with John Townsend and as surviving examples of the Gothic Revival architecture used on the plantation.

One of these buildings is a 1 1/2-story icehouse, built out of wood on a partial basement with tabby walls.  The building has a high gable roof oriented north-south; on the east and west sides are high triangular dormers, each with two pointed windows and a small balcony.  Three-level wooden spires, topped with pendants, rise from the peaks of the gables and the dormers.  The roof is slightly flared at the eaves.  Barge boards cut in circular designs decorate the gable eaves; boards decorated with dentils run below the eaves on the east and west sides of the building.  The north and south ends both have two doors: one at ground level and one in the gable.  Two paneless windows closed by narrow shutters flank each of the lower-level windows.  On the east and west sides of the building are mock Gothic doors and windows.

Near the icehouse is a small tabby building, thought to have been used as a gardener's shed and/or a smokehouse.  The building has a single door and no windows.  The roof is slightly bell-cast, clad with cypress shingles, and topped with a wood finial; a board decorated with large serrated dentils runs around the building below the eaves.

A short distance from these two buildings, near the site of the original Bleak Hall house, is another tabby building, thought to have been used as a barn during the Colonial period and subsequently used as an equipment shed.  The building's high gable roof, oriented north-south, is clad in cypress shingles.  A wooden spire topped with a pendant rises from each gable end.  Barge boards decorated with dentils cover the gable eaves; boards decorated with serrations run below the east and west eaves.  There are doors on the north and south sides.

Near the icehouse and the gardener's shed/smokehouse are the remnants of John Townsend's Japanese garden.  When the Perry Expedition returned from the Orient in 1855, they were accompanied by one Oqui, variously described as a "Japanese botanist", a "Japanese gardener", and a Chinese florist and gardener.  Learning of this, Townsend travelled to Washington, D.C., and persuaded Oqui to return to South Carolina with him, there to lay out extensive Oriental formal gardens.  Remains of the gardens, including some of the exotic plants, survive into the early 21st century.

Other historic sites

Twenty-one registered historic sites lie on Botany Bay Heritage Preserve & WMA, including the remains of the Sea Cloud plantation house, the chimney of a slave house, and a beehive-shaped brick well originally built to provide water for the Sea Cloud slaves.

The Fig Island Shell Rings, with an age estimated at 3000–5000 years, are on the property; they are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Wildlife and habitat

Botany Bay HP * WMA includes a variety of habitats:  of marine and estuarine wetlands, including  of beachfront used for nesting by endangered loggerhead sea turtles and least terns;  of upland, consisting chiefly of mixed pine-hardwood forest; and  of agricultural fields, managed for dove hunting and as food plots for wildlife.  A set of dikes creates freshwater and brackish ponds.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Charleston County, South Carolina
Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Gothic Revival architecture in South Carolina
Buildings and structures completed in 1840
Buildings and structures in Charleston County, South Carolina

Botany Bay Plantation Wildlife Management Area


The Wombat State Forest, also called the Bullarook Forest, is  west of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, between Woodend and Daylesford, at the Great Dividing Range. The forest covers an area of about . The Bullarook Wombat State Forest was set up in 1871.

The forest is managed by the Department of Sustainability and Environment. The management plan covers firewood and other products; protection of water supplies, conservation  of biodiversity, and conservation of landscape.  Other areas of importance include cultural heritage, research, education, tourism, recreation, mineral exploration, mining, and grazing.

History

The Dja Dja Wurrung peoples lived the area that is now state forest land. Before European settlement, the forest covered a larger area than it does today.

19th century
The forest was logged heavily during the gold rush era of the mid-1800s. The wood was used for tunnel supports, sleepers for tramways, lining of mining shafts, firewood for mine boilers, piles for piers and docks, electric poles, and heavy construction timbers. In 1860 the 1860 Land Act (Section 80) was created, which placed some restrictions on logging trees. In 1871, the Wombat State Forest was set up.

By 1884, there were 36 saw mills in the Wombat and Bullarook Forests. The wood was sent to Melbourne, Sandhurst, and Ballarat. There was little replanting and the young trees were burned. Eventually the forest was ruined, and timber harvesting was stopped.

20th century
After the gold rush, the forest slowly began to regrow. By the 1960s selected logging was begun to try to improve the quality of the forest. In the 1970s and 80s, the area was called the "Midlands Forest Management Area". This included the planting of pine trees for commercial logging.

In 2001, the local community published its own findings about the forest's sustainable management. This was one of the first examples of community involvement in a state-run management plan. In 2010, community worried that logging could begin in the forest because the State Government gave out logging licenses in western Victoria.

Geography
The Wombat Forest is divided by the Great Dividing Range. The forest grows along both sides of the Dividing Range, from Creswick to Mount Macedon. There are about 400 extinct volcanoes in a stretch that extends from Kilmore in the north to Mt Gambier in South Australia. Some of these volcanoes, including Mount Babbington, Mount Wilson and Blue Mount are in the Wombat Forest.

The geology make up is of Ordovician or Tertiary sediments. The rock types are of volcanic origin, dated to the Palaeozoic era. Quaternary basalts, all of volcanic origin, were in the west of the Wombat State Forest. These lands have been cleared for farming. However, Ordovician or sedimentary soils, with poor soil conditions for farming, have remained undisturbed. Since the Pliocene the forest has changed from ash rainforest to a dry sclerophyll forest.

The Wombat State Forest is the headwaters of the Lerderderg, Campaspe and Loddon rivers. An interesting part of the forest is a large number of  mineral springs. These are about 80% of Australia's mineral springs. The mineral waters are rich in calcium, silica, magnesium, iron and sulphur. The volcanic activity of the region has added carbon dioxide to the water that is seen in the form of bubbles emerging from the springs.

Fauna and flora

Fauna
The native fauna are marsupials, monotremes, reptiles, amphibians, bats and birds. The Greater Glider (Petauroides volans) is the largest  possum found in this forest. It lives in the western part of the Wombat State Forest. Several threatened bird species live in the forest including the Great Egret, Intermediate Egret, Grey Goshawk, Australian Masked Owl, Powerful Owl and Square-tailed Kite. The forest is also home to the Red-browed Treecreeper and Olive Whistler.

Plants

The native plants are small medium and tall trees; shrubs of varying sizes; climbers; native herbs/forbs, grasses; rushes, sedges and aquatics; lilies, ferns and orchids. The open forest is dominated by a number of eucalypt species including Messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), Broad-leaf Peppermint (E. dives), Narrow-leaf Peppermint (E. radiata), Manna Gum (E. viminalis) and Candlebark (E. rubida). Swamp Gum (Eucalyptus ovata) and Yarra Gum (E. yarraensis) can also be found in the forest.

Armillaria luteobubalina, a fungus that causes forest dieback, has been found. The forest has 111 fungal species spread over its wide and varying habitats. These include "native and introduced species as well as a selection of lichenised fungi and myxomycetes (slime moulds)."

Rare or threatened plant species include Wiry Bossiaea (Bossiaea cordigera), Matted Flax-lily (Dianella amoena), Brooker's Gum (Eucalyptus brookeriana), Fryerstown Grevillea  (Grevillea obtecta), Creeping Grevillea (G. repens), Hairy Beard-heath (Leucopogon microphyllus var. pilibundus), Satinwood  (Nematolepis squamea subsp. squamea), Small Sickle Greenhood (Pterostylis lustra), Scented Bush-pea (Pultenaea graveolens) as well as two endemic species Wombat Leafless Bossiaea (Bossiaea vombata) and Wombat Bush-pea (Pultenaea reflexifolia).

Tourism
Lyonville Mineral Springs, Garden of St Erth, the Lerderderg Heritage River Walk, and Nolans Creek Picnic Area are some of the tourist attractions in the forest. Other historic places include the Andersons Mill, Balt Camp, Pioneer Sawmill, and Yankee Mine. There is also a heritage diesel railway in the forest.

References

Other websites
 Wombat Forestcare Official Site
 wombatforest.org

Protected areas of Victoria (Australia)
Forests of Australia

Wombat State Forest


Latonia Race Track on Winston Avenue in Latonia (Covington) Kentucky, six miles south of Cincinnati, Ohio, was a Thoroughbred horse racing facility opened in 1883.

The track hosted a spring-summer racing series and a second in late fall. It was once regarded as among the United States' top sites for racing, and drew more than 100,000 visitors annually. The 1924 Kentucky Derby winner Black Gold ran at Latonia Race Track, and jockey Eddie Arcaro got his start there.

Latonia Derby
The track's main attraction was the annual 1½ mile Latonia Derby, initially run as the "Hindoo Stakes" in honor of the great Kentucky-bred champion Hindoo.It became so popular that in 1912 a motion picture was made by Independent Motion Picture Co. titled Winning the Latonia Derby that featured silent film star King Baggot.

The inaugural 1883 Latonia Derby was won by Kentucky Derby winner Leonatus. Future Derby winners Kingman (1891), Halma (1895), Ben Brush (1896), Lieut. Gibson (1900), Elwood (1904), and Sir Huon (1906) also won the race and the 1918 edition was won by Harry Payne Whitney's Belmont Stakes winning colt, Johren.

Early airmeet
In November 1909, an airmeet was held at Latonia.  The airmeet was a small affair, but included famed aviator Glenn Curtiss and others such as Charles Willard and Roy Knabenshue.  The highlight of the meet was a race held between Curtiss and Willard "for a cup offered by the local capitalist".  The meet was "understood to be the opening move to secure for Cincinnati the international aviation meet in 1910", although the meet would eventually be held in Dominguez Field, Los Angeles instead.

Crash
In the days when a rope was used as the starting barrier and restarts were a common problem, in a 1917 race with a field of twelve starters, five horses crashed at the start of a race. July 1, 1939, marked the first time Thoroughbred racing used an electric starting gate, the invention of Texan Clay Puett.

1924 International Special
On October 11, 1924, 60,000 racing fans flocked to Latonia Race Track to witness the third and final edition of the International Special races that pitted the honored guest, French champion Epinard, against top American horses. The race featured stars of the day such as Chilhowee and Belmont Stakes winner Mad Play plus future U.S. Hall of Famers Princess Doreen and Sarazen. It was Sarazen who won the race and with it sealed Horse of the Year honors. Epinard finished second, as he had done in the previous two International Specials at Belmont Park and Aqueduct Racetrack in New York City.

Thoroughbred stakes races at Latonia Race Track
Clipsetta Stakes (1883-1937)
Harold Stakes
Latonia Autumn Inaugural Handicap
Latonia Championship Stakes
Latonia Cup Handicap
Latonia Derby
Latonia Independence Handicap
Latonia Oaks

Closure
Financial difficulties during the Great Depression forced Latonia Race Track to close its doors with its last race card held on July 29, 1939. The facility was sold to Standard Oil of Ohio and dismantled during World War II. Today the property is the site of the Latonia Shopping Center and WCVG-AM radio.

In 1959, a new operation called the Latonia Race Course opened in Florence, Kentucky about 10 miles west of the original Latonia site. In 1986 that facility changed its name to Turfway Park.

References

External links
 Historical Texts and Many Images of Latonia Race Track
 Government of Kentucky, Kentucky Historical Society, City of Covington
 New York Times article on Latonia Race Track
 Turfway Park official website with brief history of Latonia Race Track
 Kentucky Historical Society photo of the Latonia Racetrack grandstand
 Kentucky Historical Society photo of the  "home stretch" at Latonia Racetrack
 Kentucky Historical Society photo of the Latonia Racetrack

Horse racing venues in Kentucky
Defunct horse racing venues in the United States
History of Kentucky
Buildings and structures in Kenton County, Kentucky
1883 establishments in Kentucky
1939 disestablishments in Kentucky
Sports venues completed in 1883

Latonia Race Track


The Thornham Parva Retable is a medieval altarpiece, now in Thornham Parva, Suffolk, England. The retable is thought to have been created in the 1330s for a Dominican Priory. At  long, it is the largest surviving altarpiece from the English Middle Ages.

The retable survived the iconoclastic reformers of the 16th Century, who destroyed many of England's medieval culture, by being removed from its church. It was discovered in 1927 in a wood pile in a loft at Thornham Hall, belonging to a Suffolk landowner, Lord Henniker. He donated it to St Mary's Church, Thornham Parva, where his brother was parson.

The Thornham Parva Retable has eight panels of saints in niches surrounding a Crucifixion. The origins of the retable were a puzzle but the images provide clues.  The figures pinpointed links with the Dominican Order. At either end are St Dominic and St Peter Martyr, joint patrons of the Dominicans. St Catherine and St Margaret of Antioch were the order's mascots. The Apostles Peter and Paul, who were believed to have spoken to St Dominic, all point towards Dominican interest. The presence of Edmund the Martyr suggests an East Anglian link.  John the Baptist's figure might seem more obscure, but the benefactors of the Dominican Priory at Thetford, John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey and Edmund Gonville would have expected their namesakes to be part of the finished painting.

Related work
It is believed that an altar frontal now in the Musée de Cluny in Paris was once associated with the Thornham Parva retable as a single decorative fixture. The hypothesis is that they became separated when Henry VIII dissolved the Blackfriars, Thetford friary in 1538. The Thetford Priory contained a statue of the Virgin which was claimed to work miracles and the frontal shows scenes from the life of the Virgin.

Restoration
The retable was returned to St Mary's Church, Thornham Parva, in 2003, following eight years of restoration by the Hamilton Kerr Institute in Cambridge. Using sturgeon glue, applied with tiny dabs of cotton buds, inch by inch the layers of grime were removed to reveal some of the original gold and a glowing autumnal palette of translucent reds, purples and greens which the original artist used. Deterioration of much of the original gold used meant that a significant portion was required to be replaced by new gold leaf.

References

1330s paintings
English paintings
Mid Suffolk District
Altarpieces
Gothic paintings

Thornham Parva Retable


Hetty Balkenende (also spelled Hettie, born 1939) is a former freestyle swimmer and synchronized swimmer from the Netherlands who won a silver medal in the 4×100 m freestyle relay at the 1954 European Aquatics Championships. In 1955, she helped the Dutch team to set the world record in the same event; she also won two national titles (100 m and 400 m freestyle), broke two national records in the 400 m freestyle, and the world record on the 880 yards – all in one year.
She was selected for the Dutch Olympic team, but the Netherlands boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics in protest over the Soviet handling of the Hungarian uprising, so that Balkenende missed the opportunity to acquire an Olympic medal.

After retiring from competitive swimming she switched to synchronized swimming and became the unofficial European champion at the 1963 European Championships for all three routines (solo, pair, and technical). She married Jens Svensson on 15 April 1967. As a Norwegian, Hetty Svensson-Balkenende won the national and Scandinavian/Nordic championships synchronized swimming in 1970.

References

1939 births
Living people
Dutch female freestyle swimmers
Dutch synchronized swimmers
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
World record setters in swimming
Swimmers from Amsterdam
20th-century Dutch women
20th-century Dutch people

Hetty Balkenende


Parker City, also known simply as Parker, is a former settlement in Johnson County, Illinois, United States. Parker City was west of New Burnside, south of Creal Springs, and founded at the crossings of the former Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway and Marion to Brookport branch of the Illinois Central Railroad. The town was named after George Washington Parker, a former president of the St. Louis, Alton and Terre Haute Railroad, which was a predecessor to the Big Four.

At its peak the town reached a population of nearly 300, but slowly began to decline in the 1920s. At one time, there were two hotels, two stores, a post office, dining rooms, and restaurants. Also, two barbershops were always full of customers. The Parker City Post Office opened for business December 28, 1889 and closed down October 31, 1941. There were approximately 40 houses in Parker City during its peak.

References

Unincorporated communities in Johnson County, Illinois
Unincorporated communities in Illinois

Parker City, Illinois


Richard P. Howard is an American  historian emeritus of Community of Christ, having served as world church historian of that organization (previously named the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) from 1966–1994. He was the first professionally trained scholar to occupy that position.  Howard has frequently been compared to Leonard Arrington, his counterpart in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Both church historians are recognized as pioneering scholars of the New Mormon History.  Howard's contributions include foundational work on Latter Day Saint scripture  and the professionalization of the history of the Reorganization and the Community of Christ. His research into the origins of Mormon polygamy helped change his church's official stance on the subject.

Education

Howard earned an associate degree from Graceland College, a B.A. in education from the University of Kansas, and an M.A. in history from the University of California-Berkeley. He pursued further graduate studies at the University of Kansas, American University in Washington, D.C., and Saint Paul School of Theology in Kansas City, Missouri.

RLDS Church historian, 1966–1994

When Charles A. Davies retired as church historian of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1963, Howard succeeded him in that position, becoming the first professionally trained RLDS church historian. This change took place against the backdrop of a broader trend of professionalization in the history of the Latter Day Saint movement commonly known as the "New Mormon History". In the RLDS context, major participants in the New Mormon History included Howard, Robert Flanders, Alma Blair, Barbara Higdon, Paul M. Edwards, William D. Russell, and W. Grant McMurray.

Howard's first major contribution was a study of the scriptures produced by Joseph Smith Jr., entitled Restoration Scriptures: A Study of Their Textual Development (1969). In this work, Howard noted evolutionary changes in the Joseph Smith Translation or "Inspired Version" of the Bible and similar changes in the revelations recorded in the Doctrine and Covenants. More provocative was his comparison of the various texts of the Book of Mormon from the 1829 manuscript through the 1840 printed version. In noting the numerous changes in the text, Howard concluded that the composition process of the Book of Mormon could not have been a word for word "translation" that some of Smith's contemporaries reported. Howard's study received the "Best Book Award" from the Mormon History Association in 1969/1970.

While serving as church historian, Howard contributed articles to the independent, progressive RLDS periodical, Courage: A Journal of History, Thought, and Action.  Published quarterly between 1970 and 1973, Courage anticipated many of the progressive changes that would occur within the RLDS Church as it transformed into the Community of Christ. Howard's contributions included a study of the Book of Abraham in which he concluded with candor that "separate analyses of modern Egyptologists have established conclusive evidences that Joseph Smith's Book of Abraham (text and interpretations of the papyri drawings) is not even remotely related to the cultural reality behind the inscriptions and artwork on the Egyptian papyri brought to Kirtland." Howard further suggested that "it may be helpful to suggest that the Book of Abraham represents simply the product of Joseph Smith Jr.'s imagination" because it is "neither a scholarly translation...nor any kind of 'inspired' translation."

Howard was one of the first three RLDS historians to join the Mormon History Association (MHA), and he was among the original fifteen founders of the John Whitmer Historical Association (JWHA) on September 18, 1972. He served as president of JWHA in 1985 and as president of MHA in 1990–91.  Also among the founders of JWHA was Howard's assistant in the Church Historian's Office, W. Grant McMurray.  McMurray later became a member of the church's First Presidency, rising ultimately to become prophet-president of the church.

By the 1960s and 1970s, the traditional RLDS view that Brigham Young rather than Joseph Smith Jr. was the origin of Mormon polygamy had been called into question by scholars of the New Mormon History. In 1965, Robert B. Flanders, a professor of history at Graceland College published Nauvoo: Kingdom on the Mississippi. Flanders concluded that the traditional RLDS view was incorrect, asserting instead that the practice had indeed originated with Joseph Smith. In 1977, the First Presidency of the RLDS Church directed Howard to investigate the issue.  Several years of careful study led Howard to generally agree with Flanders' conclusions.  His seminal article on the topic, "The Changing RLDS Response to Mormon Polygamy: A Preliminary Analysis" (1983), opened the door to reassess the church's official policy.  However, as Howard recalled decades later, this study was "heavily edited" and "watered down" at the direction of church leaders and Howard considered its final form to be "a painful compromise."

Among Howard's final accomplishments as church historian was the production of The Church through the Years, published in two volumes in 1992 and 1993. Volume 1 was subtitled "RLDS Beginnings to 1860" and Volume 2 was subtitled "The Reorganization Comes of Age, 1860–1992."  As Howard explains in his introduction, the work resulted from the desire of RLDS prophet-president W. Wallace Smith to have "a more legitimate history of the church" with the goal of producing "a more honest, less defensive history."  In a review published in the John Whitmer Historical Association Journal, Mormon historian Glen Leonard (a member of the LDS Church) agreed that Howard had "written a less defensive (though still denominational) and more legitimate (though still faith-centered) history of the church through its formative years."

Retirement and Emeritus Historian, 1994–present

Howard retired as church historian in 1994, becoming church historian emeritus. He was succeeded by Mark A. Scherer.

Since his retirement, Howard has continued to publish new articles and to actively promote scholarship.  More recent articles by Howard include, "The Quest for Traces of a Peace Gene in Restoration History" and "The RLDS Church's Anti-Polygamy Stance Adapted/Canonized 1967–1972: The Specter of an Impending Schism" Since Ronald E. Romig retired as church archivist in 2009, Howard has served as a part-time volunteer in the Community of Christ Archives at the temple in Independence, Missouri.

The John Whitmer Historical Association presented Howard with its "Lifetime Achievement Award" in 2003.  On September 24, 2011, at the association's annual presidential banquet, outgoing president John C. Hamer announced that the association would sponsor an annual lecture series named the "Richard P. Howard Lecture" beginning in 2012.

Notes

21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male non-fiction writers

Richard P. Howard


In sport, doping is the use of a drug that athletes or competitors are not allowed to use. Certain drugs, such as steroids, are not allowed (or banned) in professional sports. This is because they can help a competitor's performance, by making them stronger or faster. This gives them an unfair advantage over other competitors. The drugs may be legal, but competitors will not be allowed to use them. Many sports make competitors take a drug test to prove that they are not using any drugs.

Related pages

 Blood doping
 List of chemicals in doping cases in sport
 List of doping cases in athletics
 List of doping cases in sport
World_Anti-Doping_Agency

Doping in sport


The Minnesota Workers' Compensation Court of Appeals (WCCA) is an independent agency of the Minnesota State executive branch. It was created by Minn. Chap. 175A. The WCCA consists of four judges and one chief judge. Each judge is appointed for a six-year term by the governor. Positions are confirmed by the Minnesota Senate.

Judges
The sitting judges include:
 Chief Judge Patricia J. Milun (2011)
 Judge Gary M. Hall (2012)
 Judge Sean M. Quinn (2018)
 Judge David A. Stofferahn (2002)
 Judge Deborah K. Sundquist (2015)

References

Workers' compensation
Government of Minnesota


The Onion Cellar is a play that premiered at the American Repertory Theater's venue, the Zero Arrow Theater (now Club Oberon), in Cambridge, Massachusetts from December 9, 2006 to January 13, 2007. It is a cross between a musical, cabaret show, rock concert and drama. It was the brain child of Amanda Palmer who based the title of the production on a chapter from Günter Grass's The Tin Drum. In the novel, The Onion Cellar is a bar in post-war Germany where people go to share painful memories and cry. While drinking and talking, the clients peel onions, both to make crying easier and to lessen the shame for those afraid to express their feelings openly.

In this production, although the audience members are seated as if they were in a night club, there is no peeling of onions. However, the various characters do speak and sign of pain, death, rejection and loneliness, and also of the relief found in sharing their sadness. The mixture of speech and song is consistent with the genre of the American musical, but style is more reminiscent of cabaret. There are also frequent performances by Amanda Palmer and Brian Viglione's duo The Dresden Dolls, who portray the house band of the Onion Cellar, as well as characters in the play.

Throughout the show the cast breaks the fourth wall and often directly address the audience and talk about the process whereby The Onion Cellar came into existence. Both inside the theatre and in the lobby, they have displayed letters and objects by fans, critics and audience members from earlier trial runs of the show. They intentionally mix genres and scenes of dramatic action. "The music, too, has a schizophrenic quality. The songs are sometimes in sync with the action; others feature counterpoint while still others are off in a world of their own."
it was never supposed to be a dark, dismal, sobfest as the article sort of implies: it was supposed to be an interactive environment with lots of confusion, fun, prankery, audience participation and also darker images about Grass himself, the holocaust, guilt, the creation of art in terms of grappling with the past and how we, as humans, try to come to terms with emotions that are difficult to face.

- Amanda Palmer

The Onion Cellar was conceived and written by Amanda Palmer, Jonathan Marc Sherman, Marcus Stern, Christine Jones, Anthony Martignetti, and the cast. The running time is 1 hour and 45 minutes with no intermission.

The company
The cast consisted of Remo Airaldi, Merritt Janson, Jeremy Geidt, Karen Macdonald, Kristen Frazier, Neil P. Stewart, Claire Elizabeth Davies, Thomas Derrah, Brian Farish, Brian Viglione and Amanda Palmer.

It was directed by Marcus Stern, stage managed by Jennifer Sturch, with set design by Christine Jones, costume design by Clint Ramos, lighting design by Justin Townsend, and sound design by David Remedios.

The set list
The songs are integral to the plot of the show and are sprinkled throughout. Amanda Palmer and Brian Viglione perform throughout the show, including compositions originally from their previous albums.

 Introductory song (unreleased)
 Necessary Evil (from Yes, Virginia...)
 Good Day (from The Dresden Dolls)
 Coin-Operated Boy (from The Dresden Dolls)
 The Gardener (later released on No, Virginia)
 Delilah (from Yes, Virginia...)
 Sex Changes (from Yes, Virginia...)
 Half Jack (from The Dresden Dolls)
 Sing (from Yes, Virginia...)

References

External links
Website of The Onion Cellar with photos and reviews
Photos of The Onion Cellar by Sheri Hausey
Amanda Palmer's Drawings and Photos from the production

Reviews
Review on Owlspotting
Review on Bostonist
Review in Variety
Review in Boston Globe
Review in Patriot Ledger

2006 musicals
Culture of Boston
Jukebox musicals
The Dresden Dolls

The Onion Cellar


The Baptistère Saint-Jean (Baptistery of St. John) is a Roman Catholic church in Poitiers, France. It is reputed to be the oldest existing Christian building in France and one of the most prominent examples of Merovingian architecture.

History

Roman origins
The central part of the building was constructed around 360, atop the substructures of Roman buildings that were demolished in 276, in what subsequently became the episcopal quarter of the town of Poitiers, near the residence of Saint Hilary and the future cathedral. Many changes have been made to the original structure. A baptismal tank was added in the 6th century, as at that time baptism was conducted by total immersion.

Early Middle Ages and reconstruction
The building was badly damaged during the Visigoth occupation in the fifth century.  A restoration was begun after Clovis I defeated Alaric II in 507 at the Battle of Vouillé, near Poitiers.  This restoration included the repair of the upper parts of the walls of the cella, the addition of three apsidioles in the form of a transept and an apse, and the decoration of outside and inside of the building.

By the tenth century the building had become dilapidated, and additions and repairs were made. These included the demolition of two original small sacristies (which were originally designated as preparation chambers for catechumens of both sexes), the lateral apsidioles, the arms of the transept, were rebuilt as apses, and the square narthex was given its present polygonal shape.  It was around this time that baptism by immersion had been abandoned as a practice by the Catholic Church, and subsequently, the baptismal pool was filled in and replaced by baptismal fonts.  The baptistery then became a parish church.

High period of the Late Middle Ages
From the twelfth to fourteenth century, the church was embellished by frescoes which are still visible today.  They include representations of Christ's ascension, symbolic peacocks, horsemen with flowing cloaks, one of which represents Emperor Constantine, and a bust of the Holy Virgin.

Modern times

The building was abandoned in 1791 during the revolution, and was confiscated from the church and sold as national property to a private citizen who used it as a warehouse. It was saved from demolition by a public subscription which allowed it to be repurchased in 1834. The baptistery underwent restoration in the middle of the 20th century.

Excavations during the course of the 20th century have recovered the baptismal tank and allowed the dating of the building to be made more precise. This improved dating has ruled out the theory that the baptistery first served as a pagan temple, under which pretext it was at one time given the name Temple Saint-Jean. Instead it appears the building was indeed constructed for the purpose of baptism, a sacrament which was previously administered in the River Clain, which runs about a few hundred metres away.

Despite the centuries of demolitions, additions, and other changes, the baptistery retains its original Latin character.

The baptistery currently holds a small museum which includes many stone sarcophagi dating from the fifth to seventh centuries, many of which are vividly decorated with carved designs. It also includes  remnants such as pieces of Roman columns, baptismal fonts, and other stone relics.

External links

 Plans, drawings and photos from Alison Stones, University of Pittsburgh

Catholic baptisteries
Saint-Jean
4th-century churches
Merovingian architecture

Baptistère Saint-Jean


"El Burrito de Belén" (English: The Little Donkey from Bethlehem) or "El Burrito Sabanero" (English: The Little Donkey from the Savannah) is an aguinaldo from Venezuela. It was written by Hugo Blanco for the 1972 Christmas season. The song was first recorded by the Venezuelan folk singer Simón Díaz, included on his record, Las Gaitas de Simon where he was accompanied by the Venezuelan Children's Choir. Later, the children's musical group La Rondallita recorded the song in November 1972. This latest version gained popularity in Latin America. It has since been recorded many times by popular artists.

Cover versions
Colombian singer-songwriter Juanes recorded his own version of this famous Venezuelan song as the first radio single from the Christmas compilation album Superestrella en Navidades.
American singer, actress and talk show host Adrienne Houghton released "El Burrito Sabanero" on her debut solo album New Tradiciones. It features Freddy Bailon, Claudette Bailon, Beau Harper and Jet Marie on guest vocals.
American musician, singer, songwriter, rapper, record producer, and philanthropist Aloe Blacc released his own funky version named "Mi Burrito Sabanero" on his 2018/2019 Christmas album Christmas Funk.
The Arizona-based band Calexico included the song on their 2020 Christmas album Seasonal Shift, under the title "Mi Burrito Sabanero".
The Bronx-based bachata group Aventura recorded a bachata cover in 2008.

References

Venezuelan songs
Juanes songs
Christmas songs
Songs about mammals
2006 singles
Songs written by Hugo Blanco (musician)
1972 songs

El Burrito de Belén


Edmond François Paul Pottier (13 August 1855, Saarbrücken – 4 July 1934, Paris) was an art historian and archaeologist who was instrumental in establishing the Corpus vasorum antiquorum. He was a pioneering scholar in the study of Ancient Greek pottery.

He was born in Saarbrücken, Rhineland, the son of a civil engineer he won a place at the Lycée Condorcet and went on to study at the École Normale Supérieure and the École d'Athènes, his thesis was on the subject of the chronology of Athenian archons. It was during his tenure as a curator at the Louvre that he organised the first meeting of the Union Académique Internationale aimed at establishing the complete corpus of Greek vases held in the national collections of every nation in 1919, the Corpus vasorum antiquorum. He produced the first fascicule for the Louvre in 1922.

Under the pseudonym Jacques Morel his wife was a writer who won the 1912 Prix Femina with the book Feuilles mortes.

Published works
In 1908 his book on the vase painter Douris, Douris et les peintres des vases grecs, was translated into English and published as "Douris and the painters of Greek vases". Other noteworthy works by Pottier include:
 Étude sur les lécythes blancs attiques à représentations funéraires, 1883 – Study on the white lekythoi of Attica.
 La nécropole de Myrina: recherches archéologiques exécutées au nom et aux frais de l'École française d'Athènes, 1887 (with Salomon Reinach; A. Veyries; École française d'Athènes) – The necropolis at Myrina: archaeological research performed on behalf of the French School of Athens.
 Les Statuettes de terre cuite dans l'antiquité, 1890 – Terracotta statuettes of ancient times.
 Vases antiques du Louvre, 2 volumes, 1897-1901 – Antique vases of the Louvre.
 Diphilos et les modeleurs de terres cuites grecques, 1908 – Diphilos and Greek terracotta modelers.
 Le dessin chez les grecs d'après les vases peints, 1926 – Greek design in regards to its painted vases.
 L'art hittite, 2 volumes, 1926-31 – Hittite art.

References
Phillippe Rouet:Approaches to the Study of Attic Vases, Beazley and Pottier, Oxford, 2001.
Medwid, Linda M.  The Makers of Classical Archaeology:  A Reference Work.  New York:  Humanity Books, 2000 pp. 247–8.

Scholars of ancient Greek pottery
French art historians
French archaeologists
French classical scholars
Lycée Condorcet alumni
École Normale Supérieure alumni
1855 births
1934 deaths
French male non-fiction writers

Edmond Pottier


Abner Hazeltine (June 10, 1793 – December 20, 1879) was a politician from New York.

Biography
Born in Wardsboro, Vermont, Hazeltine attended the common schools.  He graduated from Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1815.  He moved to Jamestown, New York, November 2, 1815, where he taught school and was a founder of the Jamestown Academy.  He studied law with Jacob Houghton and Samuel A. Brown, was admitted to the bar in 1819 and commenced practice in Chautauqua County, New York.  He moved to Warren, Pennsylvania, and was the first lawyer in the county.  He returned to Jamestown, New York, and resumed the practice of law in 1823.  He also became editorial writer on the Jamestown Journal 1826-1829.  He served as member of the New York State Assembly in 1829 and 1830.

Hazeltine was elected as an Anti-Masonic candidate to the Twenty-third Congress and reelected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1837).  He was not a candidate for renomination in 1836.  He served as district attorney of Chautauqua County 1847-1850, and as judge of Chautauqua County 1859-1863.  He was appointed special county judge of Chautauqua County in 1873 but did not qualify because he was older than the maximum allowable age of 70.

Hazeltine served as United States Commissioner for the courts of the Northern District of New York from 1873 until his death.  He died in Jamestown, New York, on December 20, 1879.  He was interred in Lake View Cemetery in Jamestown.

References

1793 births
1879 deaths
People from Wardsboro, Vermont
Anti-Masonic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American politicians
New York (state) National Republicans
National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Members of the New York State Assembly
Politicians from Jamestown, New York
County district attorneys in New York (state)
New York (state) state court judges
New York (state) lawyers
Williams College alumni
Burials in New York (state)
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers

Abner Hazeltine


The American Foursquare or American Four Square (American 4 Square) is an American house style popular from the mid-1890s to the late 1930s. A reaction to the ornate and mass-produced elements of the Victorian and other Revival styles popular throughout the last half of the 19th century, the American Foursquare was plain, often incorporating handcrafted "honest" woodwork (unless purchased from a mail-order catalog). This style incorporates elements of the Prairie School and the Craftsman styles. It is also sometimes called Transitional Period.

The hallmarks of the style include a basically square, boxy design, two-and-one-half stories high, usually with four large, boxy rooms to a floor (with the exception of the attic floor, which typically has only one or two rooms), a center dormer, and a large front porch with wide stairs. The boxy shape provides a maximum amount of interior room space, to use a small city lot to best advantage. Other common features included a hipped roof, arched entries between common rooms, built-in cabinetry, and Craftsman-style woodwork.

A typical design would be as follows: first floor, from front to back, on one side, the living room and dining room; while on the other side, the entry room or foyer, stairway and kitchen. Sometimes a bathroom was also included. Second floor, front to back, on one side, bedroom, bathroom and bedroom; while on the other side, bedroom, stairway and bedroom. The upstairs bathroom would generally be placed above the kitchen, so that the plumbing could run directly from one to the other. The bedrooms had a slightly longer dimension along the front and back of the house with side-by-side closets between the bedrooms. This gave a very efficient layout, with a bedroom in each corner and a centralized bathroom and stairway. The top floor was generally just a big open space with one to four dormers, essentially an attic, whether finished into living space or not. The basement generally contained a large natural convection furnace or boiler, exhausting to a chimney running upwards through the center of the house, which also provided exhaust for the stove.

Models

Foursquare houses may be built with a variety of materials, including bricks and wood frames. Later models include built-in shelves and other amenities. Large tracts of these homes exist in older Midwestern urban neighborhoods, particularly streetcar suburbs, but the design was used everywhere.

As with other styles in streetcar suburbs, it was tailored to relatively narrow lots, and was multi-story, allowing more square footage on a smaller footprint. The American Foursquare style is occasionally revived in new developments, although its appeal is as a "traditional-looking" style rather than a fully authentic one, often including modern two-car attached garages and other features absent in originals, and typically built on larger lots.

History
The American Foursquare or "Prairie Box" was a post-Victorian style, which shared many features with the Prairie architecture pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright.

During the early 1900s and 1910s, Wright even designed his own variations on the Foursquare, including the Robert M. Lamp House, "A Fireproof House for $5000", and several two-story models for American System-Built Homes. Unlike other houses of the style, Wright's versions featured more open main floor plans achieved by removing or minimizing partitions between the entry, living room, and dining room. He in turn inspired other Prairie School architects, such as Walter Burley Griffin, to design similar Foursquares in the following decades.

Other variations on the American Foursquare emerged regionally during the first decades of the 20th century. In Kansas City, the Shirtwaist-style emerged, with a brick or limestone first floor and siding-wrapped second and third floors. The style is named for the higher-waisted women's fashion of the time.

Later Foursquares often had the same type of interiors as bungalows, with open floor plans, many built-ins, and fireplaces. Many examples are trimmed with tiled roofs, cornice-line brackets, or other details drawn from Craftsman, Italian Renaissance, or Mission architecture.

Mail-order era
The Foursquare was a popular mail-order era style along with the California bungalow. When one was ordered, it came in a boxcar with a book of directions and all the parts pre-cut and numbered for self-assembly. These homes are particularly common in neighborhoods near rail-lines built in this era. The largest mail-order house catalog companies were Sears and Aladdin.

References

 The American Foursquare, OldHouseWeb

External links

 American Four Square- Housing an Industrializing Nation

American architectural styles
American Craftsman architecture
House styles

American Foursquare


The Santa Cova Funicular (; ) is a funicular railway at Montserrat, near Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain. The line descends from the monastery, and the upper terminus of the Montserrat Rack Railway, on a continuous curve to a lower station that gives access, via a path, to Santa Cova, a shrine lower down the mountain.

The funicular has the following technical parameters:

Length:
Height:
Maximum steepness: 56.5 %
Cars: 2
Capacity: 90 passengers per car
Configuration: Single track with passing loop
Travel time: 2.5 minutes
Track gauge:
Traction: Electrical

Although the line operates two cars, in normal service only one carries passengers, whilst the other simply acts as a counterweight.

The line is operated by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalan Government Railways, FGC), who also operate the Montserrat Rack Railway and the Funicular de Sant Joan funicular railway on Montserrat Mountain, together with two other funicular railways and a significant suburban railway system in and around Barcelona.

The line originally opened in 1929 and was passed to the FGC in 1986. It was renovated in 1991 with the retention of its original stepped and wooden bodied cars. Unfortunately one of these was damaged by floods in 2000, as was the lower station. When the line reopened in 2001, new panoramic cars,  similar to those already in use on the nearby Funicular de Sant Joan, were provided.

References

External links

Official website of the Montserrat Rack Railway and associated funicular railways (in Catalan, Spanish, English and French)
Photographic description and map of the line from Trens de Catalunya (in Catalan)

Funicular railways in Catalonia
Metre gauge railways in Spain
Transport in Bages

Santa Cova Funicular


Frederic Homer Johnson (November 19, 1908 – November 8, 1967), known professionally as Keg Johnson, was an American jazz trombonist.

Early life
He was born in Dallas, Texas. His father was a choir director there and also worked at a local Studebaker plant where Keg also worked for a while.

He and his younger brother, Budd Johnson, began their musical careers singing and playing first with their father and later with Portia Pittman, daughter of Booker T. Washington. Keg played various instruments but is most noted for the trombone. The two brothers played in Dallas-area bands as the Blue Moon Chasers and later in Ben Smith's Music Makers. Eventually they performed with an Amarillo group led by Gene Coy called The Happy Black Aces.

Career
In the late 1920s, the Johnson brothers played in several bands in Dallas, including Terence Holder's Dark Clouds of Joy. In 1929 they were playing with Jesse Stone, with whom they travelled to Kansas City and joined George E. Lee.

By 1930 Keg had settled in Chicago playing with Jabbo Smith, Cassino Simpson, and Eddie Mallory, amongst others, before touring and recording with Louis Armstrong from January 1933, and recording his first solo on Armstrong's Basin Street Blues.

In 1933, Keg Johnson went to New York, playing and recording with Benny Carter (1933–4), Fletcher Henderson (February–November 1934) and, in 1935, began his long-running collaboration with Cab Calloway at the Cotton Club.

Johnson remained with Cab Calloway for some 15 years, coinciding with fellow trombonists Claude Jones and DePriest Wheeler and later Tyree Glenn and Quentin Jackson, as well as other musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie, before moving to Los Angeles where he briefly changed careers renovating houses.

During the 1950s he returned to New York City where he and his brother recorded the album Let's Swing. In 1961, Keg began playing with Ray Charles and was still in his band when Keg died in Chicago on November 8, 1967.

Personal life
His son, Frederic Homer "Keg" Johnson, Jr. (October 24, 1939 — May 16, 2015), was a record producer whose first production was the R&B hit, "Going In Circles", performed by The Friends of Distinction. He also produced the Sylvers, Lakeside, Shalamar, LeVert, The Brothers Johnson, Gene Harris, Bobby Womack, the Blind Boys of Alabama, and more.

Discography
 Ray Charles, Genius + Soul = Jazz (Impulse!, 1961)
 Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band, Handle with Care (Atlantic, 1963)
 Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band, Now Hear Our Meanin' (Columbia, 1966)
 Gil Evans, Out of the Cool (Impulse!, 1961)
 Fletcher Henderson, Swing's the Thing (Decca, 1961)
 Budd Johnson, Let's Swing (Prestige Swingville, 1960)

References

1908 births
1967 deaths
American jazz trombonists
Male trombonists
Musicians from Dallas
20th-century American musicians
20th-century trombonists
Jazz musicians from Texas
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
The Cab Calloway Orchestra members

Keg Johnson


Menlo Park is a city in California in the San Francisco Bay area. Menlo Park is on the peninsula between San Jose and San Francisco. To the south are Stanford and Palo Alto. To the north is Atherton. Menlo Park is part of San Mateo County and Silicon Valley.

Menlo Park has various school districts. It has the schools La Entrada, Hillview, Oak Knoll, and Las Lomitas.

Meta Platforms, one of the world's largest technology companies, is based in Menlo Park. Meta Platforms owns Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and other products.  It employs 18,500 people in Menlo Park, as of 2020-2021.

References

Menlo Park, California


Earl Terrence O'Loughlin (born August 2, 1930) is a former general and commander of the Air Force Logistics Command, with headquarters at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

Biography
O'Loughlin was born in 1930, in Bay City, Michigan. He graduated from high school in East Tawas, Michigan in 1948.

His military career began as an enlisted airman in February 1951 and graduated from Bay City Junior College later that year.  He subsequently received his bachelor's degree from Park College in Kansas City, Missouri. He became an aviation cadet and upon graduation from pilot training in June 1952 was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force. He completed B-29 Superfortress combat crew training at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, and Forbes Air Force Base, Kansas in January 1953. O'Loughlin was then assigned to the 98th Bombardment Wing at Yokota Air Base, Japan. From there he flew 29 combat missions and 224 combat hours in B-29s over North Korea.

After returning to the United States in August 1953, he was assigned to the 26th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Lockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio, where he qualified in RB-47Es. From 1953 to 1963, he served at Lockbourne Air Force Base as an aircraft commander, instructor pilot, standardization evaluator and squadron operations officer for RB-47Es and B-47Es.

Following graduation from the Air Command and Staff College in June 1964, he served as a B-52 Stratofortress aircraft commander and instructor pilot with the 379th Bombardment Wing at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan. From 1965 to 1968, he was chief of the Programs and Scheduling Branch for the 379th. In January 1968, O'Loughlin was assigned to Operation Arc Light as an air operations officer with the United States Military Assistance Command, Saigon, J-3, Republic of Vietnam, and in January 1969 he returned to Wurtsmith as commander of the 379th Organizational Maintenance Squadron. From January 1970 to November 1971, he was assistant deputy commander for maintenance and then deputy commander for maintenance with the 379th Bombardment Wing.

From November 1971 to August 1972, O'Loughlin was assigned to Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, as chief of the Maintenance Management Division. He then entered the Army War College and after graduation in June 1973, he became vice commander of the 97th Bombardment Wing, Blytheville Air Force Base, Arkansas. Later he was commander of the KC-135-equipped 310th Provisional Wing (Young Tiger) at U-Tapao Royal Thai Naval Airfield, Thailand.

He returned to the United States in April 1974 to command the 380th Bombardment Wing at Plattsburgh Air Force Base, New York. During his assignment the FB-111 Aardvark/KC-135 Stratotanker wing received the Fairchild Trophy as the best bombardment wing in the annual bombing and navigation competition.

The general was deputy for maintenance, engineering and supply in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Systems and Logistics at Headquarters United States Air Force, Washington D.C., from July 1975 to June 1977. He then became vice commander of the Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma.

He was named deputy chief of staff for contracting and manufacturing at Air Force Logistics Command headquarters in December 1978 and was assigned as deputy chief of staff for maintenance there in June 1979. Transferring to Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, in March 1981, General O'Loughlin served as commander of the San Antonio Air Logistics Center. In July 1982 he was named vice commander of Air Force Logistics Command and assumed his final position as commander of the Air Force Logistics Command in September 1984. During his career there, he influenced the development of the B-1B Lancer.

He was promoted to general on November 1, 1984, with same date of rank.

Awards
Awards earned during his career:
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit with an oak leaf cluster
Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star Medal
Meritorious Service Medal
Air Medal
Air Force Commendation Medal with four oak leaf clusters
Command pilot with more than 6,000 flying hours

References

1930 births
Living people
United States Air Force generals
United States Air Force personnel of the Korean War
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
American Korean War bomber pilots
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Order of the Sword (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
University of Minnesota alumni
People from Bay City, Michigan
Military personnel from Michigan

Earl T. O'Loughlin


Estonian Air Navigation Services (), abbreviated as EANS, is a modern, rapidly developing company operating under the auspices of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications of the Republic of Estonia. It is a business entity, the major function of which is to provide services to air traffic in accordance with international standards as well as to ensure flight safety in Tallinn Flight Information Region. The sole owner of the company shares is the Republic of Estonia.

Company's main activity is provision of air navigation services in Tallinn Flight Information Region, covering the airspace over Estonian territory and some segments over the international waters that are delegated to Estonia by ICAO Convention. In plain language, air traffic control means organising air traffic into a safe, expeditious and smooth flow. The overwhelming part of the traffic handled by EANS is the overflights connecting West and East. Company cooperates with almost 1000 different customers.

All activities are governed by Estonian legislation, ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) and EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency) regulations; they are certified by Estonian Civil Aviation Administration in accordance with the common requirements stated in the regulation nr 550/2004 of the European Parliament and Council and regulation nr 2096/2005 of European Commission; the certificate is a state warranty that the company is functioning in accordance with the established quality requirements.

EANS consists of seven structural units: Air Traffic Management, Aerodromes, CNS/ATM, Aeronautical Information Management, Development, Quality and Finance Departments. The number of employees exceeds 170 – one third of them are air traffic controllers. Their professional training is provided by Estonian Aviation Academy.

The activities of different departments (AIS – since 2002, CNS/ATM – since 2004, ATM – since 2005, Development Department – since 2008) have been recognised compliant with ISO 9001:2000 and later ISO 9001:2008 quality management standards and established requirements.

Membership in international organisations
 1992 – ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization – becoming its 166th member state; it urged us to provide the air traffic over our territory with the services meeting internationally recognized standards and recommended practices.
 1995 – European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC).
 2000 – CANSO – and organisation of commercialised ANS providers.
 2002 – Nordic cooperation, which in 2007 got the name of North European ANS Providers – NEAP.  In 2012 the cooperation was reorganised and received a new name – Borealis alliance.
 End of 2012 – establishment of NEFAB – North European Functional Airspace Block, covering Norway, Finland, Estonia and Latvia.
 2015 – Estonia joins EUROCONTROL

See also

 List of the busiest airports in the Baltic states

External links
 EANS

Aviation in Estonia
Air navigation service providers

Estonian Air Navigation Services


Denomination is a proper description of a currency amount, usually for coins or banknotes. Denominations may also be used with other means of payment such as gift cards. For example, five euros is the denomination of a five-euro note.

Subunit and super unit
In a currency, there is usually a main unit (base) and a subunit that is a fraction of the main unit. In some countries, there are multiple levels of subunits. In the former Ottoman Empire, 1 lira = 100 [kuruş] = 4000 para = 12000 [akçe]. Today, only a few places have more than one subunit, notably the Jordanian dinar is divided into 10 dirham, 100 qirsh/piastres, or 1000 fils. Many countries where Western European languages are spoken currently have their main units divided into 100 subunits. Some currencies that previously had subunits no longer do, because inflation has rendered the subunit useless. A prominent example is the Japanese yen, which was formerly divided into 100 sen or 1000 rin. Both subunits were demonetized at the end of 1953.

Occasionally, a super unit is used as a multiple of the main unit. Examples include Korean won = 5 yang in 1893, Iranian toman=10 rials (used informally today). In the Ottoman Empire, lira and kuruş were super units at some point before becoming the main unit.

In the Indian subcontinent, it is common in Hindustani, as well as in both Indian and Pakistani English for large amounts of money to be discussed in lakhs and crores rather than in rupees. While they are not official denominations, they are drawn from the customary numerical system and are widely understood and utilised in the Indian, Pakistani, and Nepalese financial systems.

Decimal vs. non-decimal
A decimal currency is a currency where the ratio between the main unit and the subunit is an integral power of 10. Non-decimal currencies are now rare but had some advantages in daily life transactions. For example, 1 South German Gulden = 60 Kreuzer. 60 can be divided into 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20 or 30 parts that are still integers, making pricing easy. This advantage (in an age without mechanical or electronic calculators) and the lack of widespread accurate weighing apparatus (meaning an item might sometimes simply be divided in 2,4,5 etc.) coupled with tradition were the reasons why non-decimal currencies were used.

In theory, two countries currently use non-decimal currency: Mauritania (1 ouguiya = 5 khoums) and Madagascar (1 ariary = 5 iraimbilanja). In practice, however, the value of the main unit in each case is so low (less than 1/1000 of a United States dollar) that the sub-unit is not of any practical use and is rarely seen in circulation. In the case of the iraimbilanja, this is a carryover of the Madagascar's previous currency, the Malagasy franc, which had the ariary as a super unit worth 5 francs, and iraimbilanja was an alternate term for the franc. The last major countries to use non-decimal currencies in practice were the United Kingdom (until 1971), Ireland (1971), Malta (1972) and Nigeria (1973).

The "optimal denomination problem" is a problem for people who design entirely new currencies: What denominations should be chosen for the coins to minimize the average effort required to change into smaller denominations. As of 2014, most decimal currencies use a 1-2-5 series of coins, but some other set of denominations would require fewer denominations of coins or a smaller average number of coins to make change or both. Denominations of 3, 15 or 25 units are also in existence, or have been until recently.

Display on coins
Traditionally, denomination was not displayed on coins, although names of coins (such as drachma, ass, sestertius etc.) were used both in colloquial and official language. It was only in the 1600s that Scandinavian coins began to display relative value to the smaller units (8, 16 skilling etc.) because there were many of them in circulation.

The monetary reform of Peter the Great in the Russian Empire not only established a strictly decimal monetary system (which was rather uncommon in other states back in those times) but made the display of denomination (the "face value") mandatory on all coins. By the end of the 18th century denomination appeared on most coins in Europe and the Ottoman Empire, and in the 19th century it became a common practice.

By the end of the 20th century, coins were mostly distinguished from medals or tokens by presence of denomination, either in monetary units or (for commemorative or bullion coins only) in the weight of a valuable metal. Exceptions are quite rare: for example, British commemorative crowns (or 25 pence coins after the decimal reform) traditionally do not display any face value, and are only recognized as such due to their typical size.

Choice of name
It is common to name a unit with a unit of weight, such as pound, lira, and baht. In most cases, these currencies were originally defined as that amount of some precious metal. Another choice of name is some form of derivative of the political entity. The Afghan afghani and European euro fall into this category. Sometimes the name is simply the name of the metal of which the coins were or are made, such as Polish złoty ("golden") and Vietnamese đồng ("copper"), or its geographical origin, e.g. Joachimsthaler (see Dollar).

See also

 Chronic inflation
 Denomination (postage stamp)
 Devaluation
 Face value
 Hyperinflation
 Redenomination

References

Numismatics

Denomination (currency)


Richard Earl Caves (November 1, 1931 – November 22, 2019) was an American economist, and Professor of Economics at Harvard University. He is known for his work on multinational corporations, industrial organization and the creative industries. He is known within the film economics field as the author of a definitive book on the organization of creative industries.

Education and Academic Career
Caves obtained his BA in economics at Oberlin College in 1953. He continued his studies at Harvard University, where he obtained his MA in economics in 1956, and his PhD in 1958.

In 1957, Caves embarked on his academic career in the Department of Economics, chaired by Joe S. Bain, at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1962, he moved back to Harvard University, where he was appointed Professor of Economics and lectured in industrial organization and international trade. He served as Department Chairman from 1966 to 1969, and as Chairman of the Ph.D programme in Business Economics from 1984 to 1997. He was also appointed as the George Gund Professor of Economics and Business Administration from 1986 to 1997, and subsequently as the Nathaniel Ropes Research Professor of Political Economy, from 1997 on. He retired from Harvard in 2003, and became Emeritus Professor of Economics. He also sat on the editorial board of the Review of Economics and Statistics from 1992 to 1996.

Consultancy Work
Caves acted as a consultant on various topics to various bodies. He was an adviser on international monetary problems for the US Council of Economic Advisers in 1961, and deputy to the Special Assistant to the President on foreign trade policy in the same year. From 1963-4 he was a member of the Review Committee for Balance of Payments Statistics at the US Bureau of the Budget (also known as the Bernstein Committee). In 1964, he was appointed as a member of the White House Task Force on Foreign Economic Policy. From 1972-3, he acted as a consultant to the Council of Ontario Universities, and from 1975-6 he was a consultant to the Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration.

Contributions to Creative Industries

Caves specialized in industrial and political economics, and authored several books on industrial efficiency, productivity, and competition. Using this as background, Caves went on to provide new insights into the economics of the artistic and creative endeavour by examining the organization of creative industries. In a seminal work, Creative Industries:  Contracts Between Art and Commerce, Caves examined a wide range of visual and performing arts – including cinema and television, theatre, music,  book publishing, and toys and games – in order to investigate how the theory of contracts and the logic of economic organization affect the production of "simple creative goods" (like art), as well as more "complex goods" (such as theatre plays or motion pictures), which require teams of artists with diverse talents.

According to Caves' analysis, art collectors and moviegoers are consumers; gallery owners are "gatekeepers"; and critics are "certifiers." In this respect, his work comes close to that of the American sociologist, Howard S. Becker, who, two decades earlier, put forward a theory of art worlds. However his approach was strictly that of an economist, as he theorised that the organization and practices of all creative industries could be analysed according to seven "economic properties". These were: (1) time flies, the fact that all creative work is subject to tight deadlines and has to be completed by a particular date; (2) infinite variety, meaning that no two creative products are the same and, as a result, cannot be standardised; (3) nobody knows, referring to the vagaries of an uncertain market where success or failure of a creative product cannot be determined in advance; (4) A list / B list, a ranking of both organisations and individual personnel as a means to combat market uncertainties through recognised talent; (5) motley crew, whereby all creative products, to a greater or lesser extent, rely on cooperation among different personnel with different skill sets; (6) art for art's sake, meaning that creative products differ from other mass-produced commodities because they rely on aesthetic or artistic inputs; and (7) ars longa, referring to the cumulation of copyrights by film studios, publishing houses, and other creative industry organisations.

Over the years since its publication, the attention paid to Caves's work on creative industries has borne out the early comment by sociologist Paul DiMaggio that his book "promises to be a much-needed touchstone for work in cultural economics, the sociology of art and culture, and the interdisciplinary field of arts and cultural policy analysis." Scholars in economic geography, political science, anthropology, and cultural studies have all taken Caves's work as their starting point in their own analyses of different forms of creative industries – primarily in the United States and Europe, but also in the Asian region (in particular, perhaps, Japan ).

Awards and Prizes
 Wells Prize, Harvard University, 1957–8
 Ford Foundation Faculty Research Fellowship, 1959–60
 Gerard C. Henderson Prize, Harvard Law School, 1966
 Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1968
 Galbraith Prize, 1976, 1981
 Kenan Enterprise Award, 1990
 Doctor of Economic Science, University of London, 1999
 Eminent Scholar, Academy of International Business, 1999
 Distinguished Scholar Award, Academy of International Business, 1998
 Doctor of Economic Science, University of London, 1999
 Distinguished Fellow, Industrial Organization Society, 2001.

Selected publications
 Caves, Richard E. Multinational enterprise and economic analysis. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
 Caves, Richard E. Creative industries: Contracts between art and commerce. Harvard University Press, 2000.

Articles, a selection:
 Caves, Richard E. "International corporations: The industrial economics of foreign investment." Economica (1971): 1-27.
 Caves, Richard E. "Multinational firms, competition, and productivity in host-country markets." Economica (1974): 176-193.
 Caves, Richard E., and Michael E. Porter. "From entry barriers to mobility barriers: Conjectural decisions and contrived deterrence to new competition*." The Quarterly Journal of Economics (1977): 241-261.
 Caves, Richard E. "Industrial organization and new findings on the turnover and mobility of firms." Journal of economic literature (1998): 1947-1982.

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
Cultural economists
American business theorists
Oberlin College alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Harvard University faculty
Writers from Akron, Ohio
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists
Economists from Ohio

Richard E. Caves


Frédéric Beigbeder (; born 21 September 1965) is a French writer, literary critic and television presenter. He won the Prix Interallié in 2003 for his novel Windows on the World and the Prix Renaudot in 2009 for his book A French Novel. He is also the creator of the Flore and Sade Awards. In addition, he is the executive director of Lui, a French adult entertainment magazine.

Life and career

Beigbeder was born into a privileged family in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine. His mother, Christine de Chasteigner, is a translator of mawkish novels (Barbara Cartland et al.); his brother is Charles Beigbeder, a businessman. He studied at the Lycée Montaigne and Louis-le-Grand, and later at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris and the CELSA Paris-Sorbonne. Upon graduation at the age of 24, he began work as a copywriter in Young & Rubicam, then as an author, broadcaster, publisher, and dilettante.

In 1994, Beigbeder founded the "Prix de Flore", which takes its name from the famous and plush Café de Flore in Saint-Germain-des-Prés. The prize is awarded annually to a promising young French author. Vincent Ravalec, Jacques A. Bertrand, Michel Houellebecq are among those who have won the prize. In 2004, the tenth anniversary of the prize, it was awarded to the only American to ever receive it, Bruce Benderson. Three of Beigbeder's novels, 99 Francs, Love Lasts Three Years  and Windows on the World, have been or will be adapted for the cinema. The film of Windows on the World will be directed by the French/English director Max Pugh.

In 2002, he presented the TV talk show ypershow on French channel Canal +, co-presented with Jonathan Lambert, Sabine Crossen and Henda.  That year he also advised French Communist Party candidate Robert Hue in the presidential election.

In 2005, he was, with others authors such as Alain Decaux, Richard Millet and Jean-Pierre Thiollet, one of the Beirut Book Fair's guests in the Beirut International Exhibition & Leisure Center, commonly (BIEL). He worked for a few years as an editor for Flammarion. He left Flammarion in 2006.

His novel A French Novel was awarded the Prix Renaudot in November 2009. He has written columns in Le Figaro Magazine since 2010.

Beigbeder's writing style includes both humour and self-mockery. His books are full of high-low cultural references.

In addition, he hosts Le Cercle, a TV programme of literary and film reviews broadcast on Canal+ Cinéma.

Chronology of works
He published his first novel Mémoires d'un jeune homme dérangé which was published by La Table Ronde in 1990 when he was 25.

He published his second novel, Holiday in a Coma, in 1994, followed by Love Lasts Three Years, the last book of the trilogy of Marc Marronier, one of his main characters. Then, he wrote a collection of short stories entitled Nouvelles sous Ecstasy published by Gallimard.

In 2000, Frédéric Beigbeder was dismissed from the advertising agency Young & Rubicam after publishing his satirical novel 99 F (original title of the paperback edition: each edition in French and other languages was named after its actual retail price, for instance in the United States it was named $9.99, in Germany it became Neununddreißigneunzig and even its French title was changed after the Franc was replaced as the official currency by the Euro in 2001, as well as for the pocket edition) in which he criticized the advertising world, and which simultaneously turned him into a prominent author (that book generated significant press coverage, very good sales in the original French edition, and was later translated in English and several other languages).

He won the Prix Interallié in 2003 for his Windows on the World which takes place at the World Trade Center on September 11th, 2001. The English translation by Frank Wynne was awarded by the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize in 2005.

In 2005, he published L'Égoïste romantique (The Romantic Egoist). In 2007, he published Au secours pardon, the sequel of 99F.

In 2008, he was arrested for snorting cocaine off the hood of a car in Paris in the 8th arrondissement. He was also in possession of 2.6 grams of cocaine. The arrest inspired his book A French Novel.

Selected publications
 Mémoires d'un jeune homme dérangé (1990)
 Holiday in a Coma (1994)
 Love Lasts Three Years (1997)
 Nouvelles sous ecstasy (1999)
 99 Francs (2000)
  (2001)
 Windows on the World (2003)
  (2005)
  (2007)
 A French Novel (2009)
  (2011)
 Oona et Salinger (2014)
 A Life Without End (2018)
 L'Homme qui pleure de rire (2020)
 Un barrage contre l'Atlantique (2022)
 Confessions d'un hétérosexuel légèrement dépassé (2023)

References

External links
 "S.N.O.B. Site Non Officiel de Frédéric Beigbeder"
 Short biography from the Berlin International Literature Festival

1965 births
Living people
Writers from Neuilly-sur-Seine
20th-century French novelists
20th-century French male writers
21st-century French novelists
French literary critics
French television presenters
Sciences Po alumni
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
Lycée Montaigne (Paris) alumni
Prix Renaudot winners
Prix Interallié winners
Elle (magazine) writers
French male novelists
21st-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers

Frédéric Beigbeder


An  is an impression of the  (face make-up) of kabuki actors on a piece of cloth, usually silk or cotton, created as an artwork and memento.

 are customarily made after the performance of a kabuki play, though not necessarily after every performance, and given as highly valued souvenirs of the event. A single  may have face-impressions from one or several actors, usually all from the same show, illustrating the make-up designs for major characters in the play. It may also include autographs, dates and additional inscriptions; sometimes other graphic elements are added to the design.

The same term can also be used to describe an artistic depiction of kabuki make-up created by other means, but intended to emulate the appearance of a face-print.

See also
, the white foundation used by kabuki actors
Clown Egg Register

External links
"Anatomy of an Oshiguma 押隈の 解剖学です". via Scribd.com
"Kabuki Oshiguma Redux agostinoarts". Christopher Agostino. February 21, 2012.
"Kabuki actors oshiguma face pressing - Contributed by trevorormandi". BBC History of the World.
"Kumadori". Immortalgeisha.com. May 18, 2011.

Kabuki
Japanese art

Oshiguma


A Complete Collection of genteel and ingenious Conversation, according to the most polite mode and method now used at Court, and in the best Companies of England, commonly known as A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation, or more simply as Polite Conversation, is a book by Jonathan Swift offering an ironic and satirical commentary on the perceived banality of conversation among the upper classes in early-18th century Great Britain written in the form of a reference guide for those lacking in conversational skill. It was completed in 1731, but may have been conceived of as early as 1704. One of Swift's last works, it was written in between bouts of vertigo and was not presented for publication until 1738.

References

External links
 A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation at Google Books

1731 books
1738 books
Works by Jonathan Swift
Satirical books