Kevin Hood is a playwright and screenwriter who is perhaps best known for contributing scripts to the BBC television series Grange Hill and the 2007 film Becoming Jane.

Career
A successful playwright from 1987 to 1998, Hood wrote the plays Beached, Astronomer's Garden, Sugar Hill Blues, Hammett's Apprentice, and So Special. During this period, Hood delved into television. He wrote episodes of Medics and Grange Hill, a popular school drama for BBC. Later he co-devised the crime drama Silent Witness, writing four episode scripts. Hood also penned the screenplay for the 1998 television film The Echo, a thriller starring Clive Owen, as well as the serial In a Land of Plenty featuring Robert Pugh and Man and Boy with Ioan Gruffudd.

In 2004, Ecosse Films hired Hood to aid in the development of a screenplay for Becoming Jane, a 2007 film depicting the early life of Jane Austen. Screenwriter Sarah Williams had completed several drafts at the time of Hood's entry to the project. Robert Bernstein, a producer with Ecosse, believed that Hood's past work contained "a romantic sensibility. There is a poetic quality about his writing as well as there being a rigorous emotional truth which I thought was important for Jane." Hood agreed to join the production because he believed "the story is such an important one and very much the inspiration for Pride and Prejudice." He worked on the script with director Julian Jarrold over a two-year period.

In 2011, Hood was reported to be attached as the screenwriter for Reykjavík, a drama film about the Cold War. Media sources reported that it was to be directed and produced by Ridley Scott, though they also questioned whether his schedule would fit such a film. The film is set to star Michael Douglas as Ronald Reagan and Christoph Waltz as Mikhail Gorbachev, and was to begin shooting in March 2013.

References

External links

British male screenwriters
British dramatists and playwrights
Living people
British male dramatists and playwrights
Year of birth missing (living people)

Kevin Hood


Adaptive learning, also known as adaptive teaching, is an educational method which uses computer algorithms as well as artificial intelligence to orchestrate the interaction with the learner and deliver customized resources and learning activities to address the unique needs of each learner. In professional learning contexts, individuals may "test out" of some training to ensure they engage with novel instruction. Computers adapt the presentation of educational material according to students' learning needs, as indicated by their responses to questions, tasks and experiences. The technology encompasses aspects derived from various fields of study including computer science, AI, psychometrics, education, psychology, and brain science.

Research conducted, particularly in educational settings within the United States, has demonstrated the efficacy of adaptive learning systems in promoting student learning. Among 37 recent studies that examined the effects of adaptive learning on learning outcomes, an overwhelming majority of 86% (32 studies) reported positive effects.

Adaptive learning has been partially driven by a realization that tailored learning cannot be achieved on a large-scale using traditional, non-adaptive approaches. Adaptive learning systems endeavor to transform the learner from passive receptor of information to collaborator in the educational process. Adaptive learning systems' primary application is in education, but another popular application is business training.  They have been designed as desktop computer applications, web applications, and are now being introduced into overall curricula.

History

Adaptive learning or intelligent tutoring has its origins in the artificial-intelligence movement and began gaining popularity in the 1970s.  At that time, it was commonly accepted that computers would eventually achieve the human ability of adaptivity.  In adaptive learning, the basic premise is that the tool or system will be able to adjust to the student/user's learning method, which results in a better and more effective learning experience for the user.  Back in the 70's the main barrier was the cost and size of the computers, rendering the widespread application impractical.  Another hurdle in the adoption of early intelligent systems was that the user interfaces were not conducive to the learning process. The start of the work on adaptive and intelligent learning systems is usually traced back to the SCHOLAR system that offered adaptive learning for the topic of geography of South America. A number of other innovative systems appeared within five years. A good account of the early work on adaptive learning and intelligent tutoring systems can be found in the classic book "Intelligent Tutoring Systems".

Technology and methodology

Adaptive learning systems have traditionally been divided into separate components or 'models'.  While different model groups have been presented, most systems include some or all of the following models (occasionally with different names):

 Expert model – The model with the information which is to be taught
 Student model – The model which tracks and learns about the student
 Instructional model – The model which actually conveys the information
 Instructional environment – The user interface for interacting with the system

Expert model

The expert model stores information about the material which is being taught.  This can be as simple as the solutions for the question set but it can also include lessons and tutorials and, in more sophisticated systems, even expert methodologies to illustrate approaches to the questions.

Adaptive learning systems which do not include an expert model will typically incorporate these functions in the instructional model.

Student model

The simplest means of determining a student's skill level is the method employed in CAT (computerized adaptive testing).  In CAT, the subject is presented with questions that are selected based on their level of difficulty in relation to the presumed skill level of the subject.  As the test proceeds, the computer adjusts the subject's score based on their answers, continuously fine-tuning the score by selecting questions from a narrower range of difficulty.

An algorithm for a CAT-style assessment is simple to implement.  A large pool of questions is amassed and rated according to difficulty, through expert analysis, experimentation, or a combination of the two.  The computer then performs what is essentially a binary search, always giving the subject a question which is halfway between what the computer has already determined to be the subject's maximum and minimum possible skill levels.  These levels are then adjusted to the level of the difficulty of the question, reassigning the minimum if the subject answered correctly, and the maximum if the subject answered incorrectly.  Obviously, a certain margin for error has to be built in to allow for scenarios where the subject's answer is not indicative of their true skill level but simply coincidental.  Asking multiple questions from one level of difficulty greatly reduces the probability of a misleading answer, and allowing the range to grow beyond the assumed skill level can compensate for possible misevaluations.

A further extension of identifying weaknesses in terms of concepts is to program the student model to analyze incorrect answers.  This is especially applicable for multiple choice questions.  Consider the following example:

Q.  Simplify:

a)  Can't be simplified
b)
c)  ...
d)  ...

Clearly, a student who answers (b) is adding the exponents and failing to grasp the concept of like terms.  In this case, the incorrect answer provides additional insight beyond the simple fact that it is incorrect.

Instructional model

The instructional model generally looks to incorporate the best educational tools that technology has to offer (such as multimedia presentations) with expert teacher advice for presentation methods.  The level of sophistication of the instructional model depends greatly on the level of sophistication of the student model.  In a CAT-style student model, the instructional model will simply rank lessons in correspondence with the ranks for the question pool.  When the student's level has been satisfactorily determined, the instructional model provides the appropriate lesson.  The more advanced student models which assess based on concepts need an instructional model which organizes its lessons by concept as well.  The instructional model can be designed to analyze the collection of weaknesses and tailor a lesson plan accordingly.

When the incorrect answers are being evaluated by the student model, some systems look to provide feedback to the actual questions in the form of 'hints'.  As the student makes mistakes, useful suggestions pop up such as "look carefully at the sign of the number".  This too can fall in the domain of the instructional model, with generic concept-based hints being offered based on concept weaknesses, or the hints can be question-specific in which case the student, instructional, and expert models all overlap.

Implementations

Learning management system
Many learning management systems have incorporated various adaptive learning features. A learning management system (LMS) is a software application for the administration, documentation, tracking, reporting and delivery of educational courses, training programs, or learning and development programs. Adaptive learning systems have previously been used, for instance, to help students develop their argumentative writing performance (Argument Mining).

Distance learning
Adaptive learning systems can be implemented on the Internet for use in distance learning and group collaboration.

The field of distance learning is now incorporating aspects of adaptive learning. Initial systems without adaptive learning were able to provide automated feedback to students who are presented questions from a preselected question bank. That approach however lacks the guidance which teachers in the classroom can provide. Current trends in distance learning call for the use of adaptive learning to implement intelligent dynamic behavior in the learning environment.

During the time a student spends learning a new concept they are tested on their abilities and databases track their progress using one of the models. The latest generation of distance learning systems take into account the students' answers and adapt themselves to the student's cognitive abilities using a concept called 'cognitive scaffolding'. Cognitive scaffolding is the ability of an automated learning system to create a cognitive path of assessment from lowest to highest based on the demonstrated cognitive abilities.

A current successful implementation of adaptive learning in web-based distance learning is the Maple engine of WebLearn by RMIT university. WebLearn is advanced enough that it can provide assessment of questions posed to students even if those questions have no unique answer like those in the Mathematics field.

Adaptive learning can be incorporated to facilitate group collaboration within distance learning environments like forums or resource sharing services. Some examples of how adaptive learning can help with collaboration include automated grouping of users with the same interests, and personalization of links to information sources based on the user's stated interests or the user's surfing habits.

Educational game design

In 2014, an educational researcher concluded a multi-year study of adaptive learning for educational game design. The research developed and validated the ALGAE (Adaptive Learning GAme dEsign) model, a comprehensive adaptive learning model based on game design theories and practices, instructional strategies, and adaptive models. The research extended previous researching in game design, instructional strategies, and adaptive learning, combining those three components into a single complex model.

The study resulted in the development of an adaptive educational game design model to serve as a guide for game designers, instructional designers, and educators with the goal of increasing learning outcomes. Survey participants validated the value of the ALGAE model and provided specific insights on the model's construction, use, benefits, and challenges. The current ALGAE model is based on these insights. The model now serves as a guideline for the design and development of educational computer games.

The model's applicability is assessed as being cross-industry including government and military agencies/units, game industry, and academia. The model's actual value and the appropriate implementation approach (focused or unfocused) will be fully realized as the ALGAE model's adoption becomes more widespread.

Development tools
While adaptive learning features are often mentioned in the marketing materials of tools, the range of adaptivity can be dramatically different.

Entry-level tools tend to focus on determining the learner's pathway based on simplistic criteria such as the learner's answer to a multiple choice question.  A correct answer may take the learner to Path A, whereas an incorrect answer may take them to Path B.  While these tools provide an adequate method for basic branching, they are often based on an underlying linear model whereby the learner is simply being redirected to a point somewhere along a predefined line.  Due to this, their capabilities fall short of true adaptivity.

At the other end of the spectrum, there are advanced tools which enable the creation of very complex adaptions based on any number of complex conditions.  These conditions may relate to what the learner is currently doing, prior decisions, behavioral tracking, interactive and external activities to name a few.  These higher end tools generally have no underlying navigation as they tend to utilize AI methods such as an inference engine.  Due to the fundamental design difference advanced tools are able to provide rich assessment capabilities.  Rather than taking a simple multiple choice question, the learner may be presented with a complex simulation where a number of factors are considered to determine how the learner should adapt.

Popular tools
 Qualtrics

See also
 Adaptive hypermedia
 Computerized adaptive testing
 Educational software
 Intelligent tutoring systems
 Learning management system
 Personalized learning
 Smart learning
 Validated learning

References

Learning methods
Educational software

Adaptive learning


Edward Claudius Herrick (February 24, 1811 – June 11, 1862) was an American librarian and scientist. He was the first full-time librarian at Yale University.

Early life and education
He was the youngest child of Rev. Claudius Herrick, a much respected teacher in New Haven, Connecticut, and Hannah (Pierpont) Herrick. He was born in New Haven, on what is now a part of the Yale College square. After a good preliminary education, of which the College course did not form a part, he was Engaged as a clerk in the well known book-store of Gen. Hezekiah Howe, where excellent opportunities were afforded him to gratify his early thirst for knowledge. For a short time, he was in business as a bookseller on his own account.

Career at Yale
His official connection with the College commenced in 1843.  As the Yale University Library was about to be removed to a new edifice, he was appointed Librarian, and he continued to discharge the duties of that office fifteen years, till his resignation in 1858. In 1852 he was also appointed Treasurer of Yale College, and he held that post until his death. His services to the College, however, were by no means confined to his official trusts; but he labored for its interests in every way which his versatile industry could suggest.

Since the death of Professor James Luce Kingsley, he edited the Yale Triennial Catalogue, and prepared the annual record of the deceased graduates of the College. He also made extensive researches respecting the history of the College, and collected much information respecting the biographies of the early graduates.  His public spirit led him to perform many important labors for the town of New Haven, among which, his care for the public records, and his supervision of the Cemetery, are most note-worthy Notwithstanding his life of incessant business, he made high attainments in various departments of science. Entomology was one of his favorite studies, and although he published comparatively little, his acquaintance with the literature of the subject was extensive, and his original investigations were valuable. He was enthusiastically devoted to Astronomy and Meteorology.

From an early period in his life, he was an observer of the heavens, and an accurate recorder of his observations. He rendered important services in determining the periodicity of meteoric showers, and discovered by his own researches the return of the August Perseids. He took great pains to collect information respecting the paths of remarkable meteors of which he heard, and to look up historical notices of those of earlier years. He likewise paid special attention to the recurrence of the Aurora Borealis, keeping for several years an accurate daily register of the appearance or non-appearance of that phenomenon. Numerous articles from his pen, on all these topics, are to be found in the American Journal of Science. He received, but did not accept, an appointment as a member of the United States Exploring Expedition, under Capt Charles Wilkes.

In the local history of the college, the town and the state, in American biography, in general literature, especially in quaint and entertaining lore, in English etymology, and in bibliography, his attainments were great, and his knowledge was always at command. He was constantly referred to as an adviser and a critic, not only by his neighbors and College associates, but by those at a distance who knew his reputation. It is believed that the time and pains which he expended in these indirect contributions to literature and science, would, if otherwise employed, have given him wide distinction in the world of letters.

Death
After a brief illness, he died. He was never married, but kept house in New Haven for his mother, to whom he was affectionately devoted, until her death in 1859. He died at his residence in New Haven, June 11, 1862, aged 51 years.

Notes

References

External links
 Sketch of the life of Edward C. Herrick, late librarian and treasurer of Yale College. By Professor T.A. Thacher

 New York Times obituary

1811 births
1862 deaths
Yale University faculty
Yale University Library
American librarians
Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut

Edward Claudius Herrick


Georges Leygues (; 29 October 1856 – 2 September 1933) was a French politician of the Third Republic.  During his time as Minister of Marine he worked with the navy's chief of staff Henri Salaun in unsuccessful attempts to gain naval re-armament priority for government funding over army rearmament such as the Maginot Line.

Leygues's Ministry, 24 September 1920 – 16 January 1921
Georges Leygues – President of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Foreign Affairs
André Joseph Lefèvre – Minister of War
Théodore Steeg – Minister of the Interior
Frédéric François-Marsal – Minister of Finance
Paul Jourdain – Minister of Labour
Gustave L'Hopiteau – Minister of Justice
Adolphe Landry – Minister of Marine
André Honnorat – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
André Maginot – Minister of War Pensions, Grants, and Allowances
Joseph Ricard – Minister of Agriculture
Albert Sarraut – Minister of Colonies
Yves Le Trocquer – Minister of Public Works
Auguste Isaac – Minister of Commerce and Industry
Émile Ogier – Minister of Liberated Regions

Changes
16 December 1920 – Flaminius Raiberti succeeds Lefèvre as Minister of War.

Memory
Two French warships have been named for Georges Leygues:
 a light cruiser Georges Leygues that served in World War II
 an F70-type frigate Georges Leygues in current service

References

External links

1856 births
1933 deaths
People from Villeneuve-sur-Lot
Republican Union (France) politicians
Democratic Republican Alliance politicians
Prime Ministers of France
Ministers of Marine
French Ministers of Overseas France
French interior ministers
Members of the 4th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 7th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 9th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 10th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 11th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 13th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 14th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 15th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of Parliament for Lot-et-Garonne

Georges Leygues


චිං කායි-ෂෙක් (; 31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also romanized as Chiang Chieh-shih and known as Chiang Chungcheng (), was a political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China.

Chiang – who led the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975 – was an influential member of the Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese Nationalist Party, as well as a close ally of Sun Yat-sen's. Chiang became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT following the Canton Coup in early 1926. Having neutralized the party's left wing, Chiang then led Sun's long-postponed Northern Expedition, conquering or reaching accommodations with China's many warlords.

From 1928 to 1948, Chiang served as chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China (ROC). Chiang was socially conservative, promoting traditional Chinese culture in the New Life Movement and rejecting both western democracy and Sun's nationalist democratic socialism in favour of an authoritarian government. Unable to maintain Sun's good relations with the communists, Chiang purged them in a massacre at Shanghai and repression of uprisings at Kwangtung and elsewhere.

At the onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War, which later became the Chinese theater of World War II, Zhang Xueliang kidnapped Chiang and obliged him to establish a Second United Front with the communists. After the defeat of the Japanese, the American-sponsored Marshall Mission, an attempt to negotiate a coalition government, failed in 1946. The Chinese Civil War resumed, with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) led by Mao Zedong defeating the Nationalists and declaring the People's Republic of China in 1949. Chiang's government and army retreated to Taiwan, where Chiang imposed martial law and persecuted critics in a period known as the "White Terror". After evacuating to Taiwan, Chiang's government continued to declare its intention to retake mainland China. Chiang ruled Taiwan securely as President of the Republic of China and General of the Kuomintang until his death in 1975, just one year short of Mao's death.

Like Mao, Chiang is regarded as a controversial figure: supporters credit him with playing a major part in the Allied victory of the Second World War; detractors and critics denounce him as a dictator at the front of an authoritarian autocracy who suppressed and purged opponents and critics and arbitrarily incarcerated those he deemed as opposing to the Kuomintang among others.

චීනය

චිං කායි-ෂෙක්


François René Jean Lucien Bayrou (; born 25 May 1951) is a French politician who has presided over the Democratic Movement (MoDem) since he founded it in 2007. A centrist, he was a candidate in the 2002, 2007 and 2012 presidential elections. He has also presided over the European Democratic Party (EDP) since 2004.

From 1993 to 1997, he was Minister of National Education in three successive governments. He was also a member of the National Assembly for a seat in Pyrénées-Atlantiques from 1986 to 2012 with brief interruptions and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1999 to 2002. He has been Mayor of Pau since 2014.

It was speculated that Bayrou would be a candidate in the 2017 presidential election, but he decided not to run and instead supported Emmanuel Macron, who – after winning the election – named him Minister of State and Minister of Justice in the government headed by Édouard Philippe. On 21 June 2017, he resigned from the government amid an investigation into the MoDem's allegedly fraudulent employment of parliamentary assistants, initiated earlier that month.

Early life
Bayrou was born on 25 May 1951 in Bordères, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, a village located between Pau and Lourdes. He is the son of farmer Calixte Bayrou (1909–1974), MRP mayor of Bordères from 1947 to 1953, and Emma Sarthou (1918–2009). Bayrou descends from an ancestry of primarily Occitans except from his maternal grandmother's side which is Irish.

When Bayrou was in his youth, he developed a stutter which led to him attending speech therapy for seven years. He first went to secondary school in Pau, before transferring to Bordeaux. He studied literature at university, and at the age of 23, sat the "agrégation", the highest qualifying level for teachers in senior high schools and universities in France. Around the same time, his father was killed in a tractor accident.

Bayrou was married in 1971 to Élisabeth Perlant also known as "Babette". He and Perlant have five children, Hélène, Marie, Dominique, Calixte and Agnès. The children were raised on the farm where Bayrou was born and Bayrou currently lives there with Perlant.

Prior to embarking on his political career, Bayrou taught history in Béarn in the French Pyrenees. He is the author of several books on politics and history, including one on King Henry IV of France. Bayrou's hobby is raising horses. Although a practising Roman Catholic, he strongly supports France's system of laïcité.

Political career

First steps in politics: 1982–2002
In Bayrou's youth, he was active in nonviolent movements and followed Gandhi disciple, Lanza del Vasto.

Bayrou, a member of the Centre of Social Democrats (CDS), the Christian-democratic wing of the Union for French Democracy (UDF) confederation, was elected to the General Council of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in 1982 in the canton of Pau-Sud, then the French National Assembly four years later. After the victory of the RPR/UDF coalition in the 1993 legislative election, he became Education Minister in the cabinet led by Edouard Balladur. In this post, he proposed a reform allowing local authorities to subsidise private schools, which caused massive protests and was quashed by the Constitutional Council.

In 1989, after poor results in both the municipal elections and the European Parliament elections, Bayrou and twelve other centre-right parliamentarians including Philippe Séguin, Michel Noir, Alain Carignon, Étienne Pinte, Michel Barnier, François Fillon, Charles Millon, Dominique Baudis, François d'Aubert, Philippe de Villiers and Bernard Bosson demanded reform of the system at the RPR and the UDF, criticising the most prominent politicians of these parties including former president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and Prime Minister Jacques Chirac. They called for the formation of a new right-wing party to unite the UDF and the RPR into a single entity. Ideological differences between members of this group led to members leaving, though d'Estaing endorsed Bayrou to become UDF general secretary in 1991.

Despite supporting Édouard Balladur's candidacy in the 1995 presidential election, Bayrou remained Education Minister following Jacques Chirac's election and the formation of a new government headed by Alain Juppé. Following the majority for the Plural Left in the 1997 legislative election, Bayrou returned to opposition and became president of the UDF in 1998, transforming it into a unified party rather than a union of smaller parties.

Positioning of the UDF as a centrist party: 2002–2007
In 2002 François Bayrou rejected proposals to merge the UDF with the Rally for the Republic (RPR), into a new entity that later became the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). As a result, many UDF members left to join the UMP.

Bayrou was increasingly critical of the direction taken by the UMP-led government, which he described as out of touch with the average Frenchman. He denounced the de facto two-party system, in which the Socialist Party and the RPR (later UMP) alternate. Instead, Bayrou called for a pluralist system in which other parties would also contribute.

On 16 May 2006, Bayrou supported a motion of no confidence sponsored by Socialist deputies calling for the resignation of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin's government following the Clearstream affair. As de Villepin's UMP had an absolute majority in the National Assembly, the motion failed. Following Bayrou's support for this measure, France's television authority classified him as a member of the parliamentary opposition for timing purposes. However, after Bayrou protested, he was classified as a member of neither the majority nor the opposition.

Second presidential campaign: 2007
Bayrou contested the presidency again in 2007. Most commentators had expected the election to be fought primarily between Sarkozy and Ségolène Royal of the Parti Socialiste. However, Bayrou's increasing support in polls in February complicated the "Sarko-Ségo" scenario, and led to speculation that the Parti Socialiste candidate would fail to progress to the second round for a second consecutive election, following the defeat of former Prime Minister Lionel Jospin in 2002 by National Front leader Jean Marie Le Pen. Ultimately, Bayrou finished in third place in the election with 18.57% of the vote (6,820,119 votes), behind Sarkozy and Royal, the best performance by the UDF in a Presidential election since 1981. Bayrou declared that he could not endorse either Sarkozy or Royal in the second round, although he indicated that Sarkozy was the worse of the two.

Foundation of the Democratic Movement: 2007–2012
After the 2007 election, Bayrou announced his intention to form a new centrist party, the Democratic Movement (MoDem). The majority of UDF politicians did not follow him, and instead formed a rival party, the New Centre, which pledged to support an alliance with the UMP. However, most of the UDF's grassroots membership remained with Bayrou and joined MoDem. In the subsequent legislative elections in June 2007, MoDem came third with 7.6% of the vote. Although an increase on the UDF share of the poll of 4.9% in the 2002 elections, MoDem won only four seats, including Bayrou's own seat. The other parliamentarians elected on the party's list were Jean Lasalle, Thierry Benoit (who has since left the party, to join the New Centre) and Abdoulatifou Aly. The establishment of MoDem led to the formal dismantling of the UDF alliance on 30 November.

Third presidential election: 2012

On 18 August 2011, Bayrou released a book, 2012. Etat d'urgence, in which he discussed how and why the economic crisis happened, and outlined the top priorities of his next presidential program: production and education.

François Bayrou confirmed his candidacy for the 2012 presidential election on 25 November 2011, in an interview with journalist Laurence Ferrari on her show Parole Directe on TF1.

His supporters included:
 Jean Arthuis, president of the Centrist Alliance, president of the Senate Finance Committee (2002–2011)
 Bernard Bosson, Mayor of Annecy (1977–2007), member of the National Assembly of France for Haute-Savoie (1986–2007)
 Pierre Albertini, Mayor of Rouen
 Anne-Marie Idrac, Secretary of State for International Trade under Nicolas Sarkozy (2008–2010)
 Alain Lambert, Budget Minister (2002–2004)
 Daniel Garrigue, member of the National Assembly of France for Dordogne and former press secretary for Dominique de Villepin
 Jean-François Kahn, author and former director of the newspaper Marianne

Bayrou was eliminated in the first round, receiving around half of his vote share from 2007; he announced that he would be voting for Socialist François Hollande in the runoff.

2017 presidential election
On 22 February 2017, Bayrou announced that he would not contest the 2017 presidential election, instead endorsing the centrist candidate Emmanuel Macron of En Marche!. The alliance surprised French political pundits and rival candidates. Part of the agreement was Macron's commitment to support a clean government law proposed by Bayrou. Bayrou said that France was "at extreme risk", requiring an "exceptional response", adding that the alliance did not mean that MoDem would be subsumed by En Marche!

Minister of Justice (2017)
On 17 May 2017, Bayrou was appointed as Minister of Justice in the first Philippe government.

Le Canard enchaîné published information that Democratic Movement politician Marielle de Sarnez had been paid for work she had not actually done, embroiling Bayrou in a fictitious jobs scandal. France Info later reported that MoDem had "over a dozen" fictitious jobs in the European Parliament.

Bayrou resigned several days before the 2017 legislative election, with Prime Minister Édouard Philippe announcing following the election that Bayrou would not be a part of the second Philippe government, only 35 days after he had taken the post.

Later career
In February 2022, Bayrou created what he calls a "sponsorship bank", joined by a few hundred local officials, willing to give their signatures to candidates for the presidential election struggling to obtain them, even if they represent a large part of the public according to opinion polls. Later that month, he announced that he was prepared to give his signature to help far-right candidate Marine Le Pen to stand in the presidential election.

Political views

François Bayrou has been a vocal campaigner on a variety of issues, including reform of the political process, civil liberties, and free software (see DADVSI). During the 2007 presidential election campaign he described the European Union as "the most beautiful construction of all humanity". He called for France to play a greater role in the European Union's affairs, and supports the ratification of a European Constitution, in a more concise and readable form than the one voted down by the French electorate in 2005.

In an interview with The New York Times in 2007, Bayrou said: "I am a democrat, I am a Clintonian, I am a man of the 'third way'". He positioned himself as a centrist, although he has historic ties to the right. His platform emphasises job creation, improvement of educational standards, improved conditions in the troubled suburbs, reduced government spending, a balanced budget and a stronger European Union, with France as its de facto leader. He has also criticized China's protection of the Sudanese government from UN Security Council sanctions. Bayrou was highly critical of the American economic model under George Bush and of the unregulated free market in general. He described the United States economic model as a "survival of the fittest" system, where it was often stated that money was people's only motivation, where higher education was too expensive, and where the middle class was shrinking. Bayrou criticized the Iraq war, saying it was "the cause of chaos" in the region.

He criticized Nicolas Sarkozy's foreign policy, including the invitation of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi for a week-long state visit to France and the signing of military cooperation agreements with Libya.

In 2009, he criticized statements by Pope Benedict XVI claiming that condoms promote AIDS. Bayrou called the remarks "unacceptable," adding that "the primary responsibility, particularly of Christians, is the defence of life...This is a continent in which tens of millions of women and men are dying."

He called for France to boycott the 2008 Summer Olympics, due to the poor human rights record in China and political unrest in Tibet. During a rally in Paris on 21 March he said that "if this drama does not stop, France would do itself credit by not coming to the Olympic Games", criticising China's opposition to sanctions against Sudan over its involvement in the humanitarian crisis in Darfur.

Bayrou is fluent in Béarnese and often expresses his support for regionalism.

Governmental functions
Minister of National Education: 1993–1995.
Minister of National Education, Higher education and Research: 1995–1997.
Minister of Justice: 2017-2017
Electoral mandates

European Parliament
Member of European Parliament: 1999–2002 (Reelected member in the National Assembly of France in 2002)

National Assembly of France
Member of the National Assembly of France for the Pyrénées-Atlantiques' 2nd constituency: 1986–1993 (Became minister in 1993) / 1997–1999 (Became member of European Parliament in 1999) / 2002–2012. Elected in 1986, reelected in 1988, 1993, 1997, 2002, 2007. He lost his seat on 17 June 2012.

General Council
President of the General Council of Pyrénées-Atlantiques: 1992–2001. Reelected in 1994, 1998.
General councillor of Pyrénées-Atlantiques: 1982–2008. Reelected in 1988, 1994, 2001.

Municipal Council
Mayor of Pau: since April 2014.
Municipal councillor of Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques: 1983–1993 (Resignation) / Since 2008. Reelected in 1989, 2008, 2014.

Political functions
President of the Union for French Democracy: 1998–2007.
President of the European Democratic Party: since 2004.
President of the Democratic Movement: Since 2007.

References

Bibliography
Bayrou is the sole author unless other names are mentioned.

 , subject(s): Enseignement—Réforme—France—1970–, Éducation et État—France—1970–.
  le Grand livre du mois 1994, subject(s): Henri IV (roi de France ; 1553–1610) – Biographies, France—1589–1610 (Henri IV).

 , preface by François Bayrou.
 , le Grand livre du mois 1996, subject(s): Politique et éducation—France—1990–, France—Conditions sociales—1981–.

 , series: J'ai lu 4183.

 , preface by François Bayrou.

 , subject(s): Henri IV (roi de France ; 1553–1610 ) – Ouvrages pour la jeunesse.

 , le Grand livre du mois 1999.

 , series: Le livre de poche 14779.
 , "témoignages de François Bayrou et de Dominique Baudis", series: Politiques & chrétiens 16.
 , series: L'Info. Citoyenne.

 Abus de pouvoir, [Paris] Plon, 2009
 2012, Etat d'urgence, [Paris] Plon, 2011

External links

  bayrou.fr – Campaign Website
  lesdemocrates.fr – Website of Bayrou's party
  france-democrate.fr –  Website on the Democratic Movement
  bayrou.fr – Video Channel on YouTube
  Video François Bayrou  (not linked to François Bayrou)
  François Bayrou Blog (not linked to François Bayrou)
  Site du Mouvement Democrate en Grande-Bretagne (Website of Bayrou's party in the UK and Ireland)
  Blog du Mouvement Democrate en Amerique du Nord – Etats-Unis et Canada (Website of Bayrou's party in North America)

|-

|-

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1951 births
Living people
Candidates in the 2002 French presidential election
Candidates in the 2007 French presidential election
Candidates in the 2012 French presidential election
Centre of Social Democrats politicians
Democratic Force (France) politicians
Union for French Democracy politicians
Democratic Movement (France) politicians
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 9th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 10th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
European Democratic Party
French Ministers of Justice
French Ministers of National Education
French Roman Catholics
Gandhians
Mayors of places in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
People from Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
State ministers of France
Departmental councillors (France)
Presidents of French departments
French people of Irish descent

François Bayrou


Diethyl carbonate (sometimes abbreviated DEC) is an ester of carbonic acid and ethanol with the formula OC(OCH2CH3)2.  At room temperature (25 °C) diethyl carbonate is a colorless liquid with a low flash point.

Diethyl carbonate is used as a solvent such as in erythromycin intramuscular injections. It can be used as a component of electrolytes in lithium batteries.  It has been proposed as a fuel additive to support cleaner diesel fuel combustion because its high boiling point might reduce blended fuels' volatility, minimizing vapor buildup in warm weather that can block fuel lines. As a fuel additive, it can reduce emissions such as volatile organic compounds, CO2, and particulates.

Production

It can be made by reacting phosgene with ethanol, producing hydrogen chloride as a byproduct.  Because chloroform can react with oxygen to form phosgene, chloroform can be stabilized for storage by adding 1 part (by mass) of ethanol to 100 parts (by mass) of chloroform, so that any phosgene that forms is converted into diethyl carbonate.

2 CH3CH2OH + COCl2 → CO3(CH2CH3)2 + 2HCl

It can also be made by the alcoholysis of urea with ethanol. This reaction requires a heterogeneous catalysis that can act both as a Lewis acid and a base, such as various metal oxides. The reaction proceeds via the formation of the intermediary ethyl carbamate.

2 CH3CH2OH + CO(NH2)2 → CO3(CH2CH3)2 + 2 NH3

It can also be synthesized directly from carbon dioxide and ethanol using various methods, and via oxidative carbonylation with carbon monoxide. Another method is transesterification from dimethyl carbonate. Yet another method is from the reaction of ethyl nitrite and carbon monoxide, where the ethyl nitrite can be made from nitric oxide and ethanol. This method requires a catalyst such as palladium.

Use in biological research
0.01% v/v DEC solutions can be used as a relatively gentle cold sterilizing reagent for laboratory chromatography resins.

See also
 Ethylene carbonate
 DEPC

References

Ester solvents
Ethyl esters
Carbonate esters

Diethyl carbonate


Shekef () is a moshav in south-central Israel. Located southeast of Kiryat Gat and west of Hebron, it falls under the jurisdiction of Lakhish Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

History
The village was founded by the Herut movement with Betar and assistance from the Jewish Agency in 1981 as part of the Star Villages Plan of Ariel Sharon in an attempt to inhabit the region around the Green Line for the extension of Jewish settlement in the line between Mount Hebron. About 500 meters east of the community, beyond the Israeli West Bank barrier, is the Palestinian village of Beit Awwa.

The moshav is located with a view in the border between the mountain and the desert and is found in a natural reserve. The moshav is surrounded by a natural forest and wildflowers. The moshav grows mainly grapes for eating and vegetables in greenhouses agriculture.

In 2006, a caravan village was founded within the moshav as a temporary settlement mainly for evacuees from Tel Katifa who lived in Gush Katif in the Gaza Strip until disengagement in 2005. The mixed community of religious and non-religious families are slated to receive land nearby on which a new village called "Mirsham" will be built.

The name "Shakaf" is taken from the older village Umm al-Shakaf, located near the current moshav.

References

Moshavim
Populated places established in 1981
Populated places in Southern District (Israel)
1981 establishments in Israel

Shekef


Weird Tales #3 is an anthology edited by Lin Carter, the third in his paperback revival of the classic fantasy and horror magazine Weird Tales. It was first published in paperback by Zebra Books in 1981.

Summary
The book collects fourteen novelettes, short stories and poems by various fantasy authors, including both new works by various fantasy authors and reprints from authors associated with the original Weird Tales, together with an editorial and introductory notes to the individual pieces by the editor.

Contents
"The Eyrie" (editorial) (Lin Carter)
"The Chinese Woman" (Evangeline Walton)
"The Messenger" (Steve Rasnic Tem)
"To the Nightshade" (poem) (Clark Ashton Smith)
"The Opposite House" (Diane Brizzolara and John Brizzolara)
"The Guardian of the Idol" (Robert E. Howard and Gerald W. Page)
"The Black Garden" (Carl Jacobi)
"The House of the Temple" (Brian Lumley)
"The Red Brain" (Donald Wandrei)
"Annals of Arkya: 5. The Summons" (poem) (Robert A. W. Lowndes)
"Annals of Arkya: 6. The Viola" (poem) (Robert A. W. Lowndes)
"Nobody Ever Goes There" (Manly Wade Wellman)
"The Summons of Nuguth-Yug" (Gary Myers and Marc Laidlaw)
"The Wind That Tramps the World" (Frank Owen)
"The Winfield Inheritance" (Lin Carter)

External links

1981 anthologies
Fantasy anthologies
Horror anthologies
Lin Carter anthologies
Works originally published in Weird Tales
Zebra Books books

Weird Tales 3


Lootpack is an American hip hop group signed to Stones Throw Records with members Madlib, Wildchild, and DJ Romes.  They made their first appearance on the 1993 debut album by Tha Alkaholiks, 21 & Over.

The first vinyl by Lootpack, Ill Psych Move EP, was released in 1996 on a label named Crate Digga's Palace founded by Madlib's father, Otis Jackson Sr. After this 12" they caught the attention of Stones Throw founder Peanut Butter Wolf, producer and DJ. Eventually the three of them signed for Stones Throw leading to their 1999 release of Soundpieces: Da Antidote. A follow-up has not been released, but all three of them have collaborated on other projects and recorded solo records. DJ Romes released the Hamburger Hater Breaks record in 2001, Madlib has produced concept albums as Quasimoto and Yesterdays New Quintet. Wildchild released his debut Secondary Protocol in 2003, entirely produced by Madlib and his younger brother Oh No.

Discography

Albums
Soundpieces: Da Antidote Album (1999)
The Lost Tapes LP (2004)

EPs and singles
The Anthem EP 12" (1998)
"Whenimondamic" 12" Single (1999)
"Weededed" 12" Single (2000)
Da Packumentary VHS (2001)
"On Point"/"Questions Remix" 7" Single (2002)
"Movies 2 Groupies" Single (2002)
"Loopdigga EP" (2014)

Lootpack on Crate Diggas Palace
Psyche Move EP 12" and CD (1996)
"Miss Deja Vu" 12" Single (2004)
The Lost Tapes LP (2004)

References

Hip hop groups from California
Stones Throw Records artists
Musical groups from Ventura County, California
Likwit Crew members
Musicians from Oxnard, California

Lootpack


Devil May Cry 2 is the second video game in the series of Devil May Cry. It was released on the PlayStation 2 on 2003.

Gameplay
Dante can use a melee weapon or a firearm towards enemies. He can collect blue orbs and purple orbs to upgrade his health and Devil Trigger meters. The game introduces the Bloody Palace gameplay mode, where the player can attack countless waves of enemies and bosses.

Development
Interestingly, the game started development even before the first game was finished. It was even made by an entirely different development team in Capcom from the first game. It is said that Capcom started work on Devil May Cry 2 without the first game's team even knowing about it. On top of all this, Capcom did not hire Hideki Kamiya (the first game's director), but hired a mystery director whose name was never shared outside of Capcom. Said director also had no experience directing before making Devil May Cry 2. Since Capcom was disappointed with the inexperienced team's progress, Capcom fired the game's first director and hired the game's new director, Hideaki Itsuno. Itsuno would be the director the last five to four months before the game's release. Although the game still had worse reviews than in the first game, many people would argue that Itsuno made the game much better than it could have been under the first director. For this reason, Itsuno would be hired again as the director of the game's sequel, Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening. The game also had a lower difficulty as a response to complaints about the first game's difficulty.

Reception
The game had much worse reviews than the first game. People complained about things such as the game being too easy, having poorly designed mechanics, and having worse graphics from the first game. Despite this, the high sales resulted in an acclaimed prequel called Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening.

2003 video games
Devil May Cry
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
Video game sequels
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games

Devil May Cry 2


The Antique Temple is a small round temple in the west part of Sanssouci Park in Potsdam.  Frederick the Great had the building constructed to house his collection of classical works of art, antique artifacts, coins and antique gems.  Carl von Gontard created the building in 1768/69 near the New Palace north of the Central Alley, as a complement to the Temple of Friendship situated south of the Alley.  Since 1921 the Antique Temple has been used as a mausoleum for members of the House of Hohenzollern and is not open to the public.

Usage under Frederick the Great
The Antique Temple was, like the Sanssouci Picture Gallery, envisioned from the beginning as a museum and at the time of Frederick the Great could be visited after notifying the castellan at the New Palace.  Next to dozens of antique ornaments, such as marble urns, bronze figurines, tools, weights and ceramics, could be found the so-called 'Family of Lycomedes', ten life-sized marble statues on marble plinths.  They came to Frederick the Great from the art collection of the French Cardinal Melchior de Polignac.  Fifty busts of marble, basalt and bronze sat on brackets, 31 of which also came from Polignac's collection; the rest were from Friedrich's favourite sister, Princess Wilhelmine, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. In a square annex that could only be reached by opening a door from the round central hall, the Coin Chamber was created. Four cedar wood cupboards were filled with over 9,200 gold, silver and bronze coins, around 4,370 engraved gems and cameos, 48 marble, terra cotta and bronze reliefs, and books from Frederick the Great's archaeological library.

New usage under Frederick William III
Frederick William III, who ruled Prussia from 1797, announced in a Cabinet Order on 1 September 1798:

"...for the progress of the study of the antiquities and art... the collection of medals and antiques in the Antique Temple in Potsdam shall be united with the similar collections in Berlin and entrusted with the Academy of Sciences..."

Consequently, the coin and gem collection was placed in the Antique Chamber of the Berlin City Palace.  In 1828 the sculptures and busts followed, which, after being restored in the workshop of the sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch, found their place in the Altes Museum in Lustgarten.  The museum was built to the design of the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel and opened in 1830.

In June 1828 Friedrich William III had the second version of a coffin designed by Christian Daniel Rauch set into the now-empty Antique Temple.  The coffin's famous original lay in the mausoleum in the park of Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin, which was completed for Queen Louise, who died on 19 July 1810.  Until 1904 the copy remained in the Antique Temple, and arrived in Spring 1877 in the Hohenzollern Museum, situated in Monbijou Palace, which was open to the public.  The Monbijou Palace was destroyed during the Second World War.

Planned change of use under Wilhelm II

Plans for the use of the Antique Temple as a court chapel were made during the reign of Wilhelm II, the last German Emperor.  The architect Ernst von Ihne drew up several designs.  The first from 1904/05 suggested a conversion in the style of the Italian High Renaissance.  Eight years later, in 1913, came plans for classical interior decoration.  Due to other building projects and the outbreak of the First World War, the project was never realised, however.  Even a suggestion from 1918, to furbish a gravesite for the imperial leadership, did not come to fruition.  However, on 19 April 1921, Empress Augusta Victoria was laid in the Antique Temple, according to her wishes, and until the 1940s the Antique Temple became the final resting place of other members of the House of Hohenzollern.

Usage as a mausoleum
Five members of the House of Hohenzollern found their final resting place in the Antique Temple:

Empress Augusta Viktoria (born 22 October 1858; died 11 April 1921)
The first wife of Emperor Wilhelm II died in exile in Doorn House, near Utrecht in the Netherlands, following a serious illness.  The house was from 1920 the home of the abdicated German emperor.

Prince Joachim of Prussia (born 17 December 1890; died 18 July 1920)
The youngest son of Wilhem II died one day after a suicide attempt with an army revolver in St. Josef Hospital, Potsdam. The prince's coffin initially lay in the sacristy of the Potsdam Church of Peace and was transferred to the Antique Temple in 1931.

Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (born 4 July 1906; died 26 May 1940)
Prince William was the eldest son of Crown Prince Wilhelm, German Crown Prince and his wife, Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, as well as grandson of Wilhelm II.  The prince took part in the invasion of France during World War II. He was wounded during the fighting in Valenciennes and died in a field hospital in Nivelles.

Prince Eitel Friederich of Prussia (born 7 July 1883; died 8 December 1942)
The second eldest son of Wilhelm II died in Ingenheim, his villa in Potsdam.

Hermine Reuss, German Empress and Queen of Prussia (a title held in pretence as her husband had ceased to be German Emperor and King of Prussia in November 1918), formerly Dowager Princess of Schönaich-Carolath, (born 17 December 1887; died 7 August 1947)
The second wife of William II died suddenly of a heart attack in a small flat in Frankfurt (Oder), where she was under heavy guard by the Russian occupation force.

Architecture

Outer features
The building is an unadorned closed round temple, surrounded by ten Tuscan columns, forming a Beehive tomb. The inner diameter of the building (the rotunda) is about sixteen meters in length. The square annex at the back of the building measures 9.4 metres × 9.4 metres, and is overlooked by three windows. The arched roof is crowned by a cupola, from which four diagonal-oval window openings admit light into the central chamber. The building can be entered through a single entrance: a rounded,  door at the head of a staircase. An oblong gable over the cornice accentuates the building's front.

Interior decoration
The wall surfaces of the rotunda are decorated with grey Silesian marble. Large sculptures and vessels stand on a bench of wood which still runs around the building. Above them are antique busts, which stand on fifty brackets on three tiers. A marble relief of Emperor Trajan on his Horse, in gold framing, likewise still decorates the area of a wall over the entrance door today. A faded painting on the inside of the cupola shows genies in the clouds holding a garland of flowers. The surfaces of the annex, which can be reached from the rotunda through a rounded door, are paneled with wood.

References

Much of the text of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article, retrieved on 18 March 2006, which uses the following reference:
General Authority of the Foundation for the Palaces and Gardens of Potsdam-Sanssouci (editor): Potsdamer Schlösser und Gärten. Bau- und Gartenkunst vom 17. bis 20. Jahrhundert. UNZE VGmbH, Potsdam, 1993

Buildings and structures in Potsdam
Sanssouci Park
Temples in Germany
Burial sites of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
Mausoleums in Germany
Burial sites of the House of Hohenzollern

Antique Temple


In astronomy, the Sagittarius Stream is a long, complex structure made of stars that wrap around the Milky Way galaxy in an orbit that nearly crosses the galactic poles. It consists of tidally stripped stars from the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, resulting from the process of merging with the Milky Way over a period of billions of years.

This stellar stream was originally proposed in 1995 by Donald Lynden-Bell after analyzing the distribution of globular clusters in the Milky Way. The actual structure was identified by Newberg and associates (2002) plus Majewski and associates (2003) using data from the 2MASS and SDSS surveys. In 2006, Belokurov and his collaborators found that the Sagittarius Stream has two branches.

When the progenitor object was shredded apart during the interaction, it sent oscillations (analogous to sound waves) through the Milky Way spiral arm structure. The effects of the oscillations are observed today as layers of alternately denser and sparser star distributions, above and below the Solar System. Presently, the position of the Sagittarius Stream relative to the observed layers make the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy the strongest candidate for this intruding object.

See also
 List of stellar streams

References

External links
Deriving The Shape Of The Galactic Stellar Disc (SkyNightly) March 17, 2006
Deriving the shape of the Galactic stellar disc, A&A press release, March 16, 2006

Milky Way
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Milky Way Subgroup
Stellar streams
?

Sagittarius Stream


The following lists events that happened during 1927 in Afghanistan.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Amanullah Khan
 Prime Minister – Shir Ahmad (starting 25 October)

Events

 The year is free from internal disturbances. During a tour in the southern provinces, King Amanullah is loyally received by the same Mangals who were in revolt against him a couple of years previously. Some restiveness shown by the Uzbeks of Afghan Turkestan is also calmed by a personal visit from the king in May.
 May - In pursuance of his settled policy of modernizing Afghan institutions, the king reorganizes the arrangements for the budget after a conference with his ministers at Jalalabad. The revenue estimates are satisfactory, and not only are liberal allocations granted to various departments, but provision is made for opening twenty-seven new primary boys' schools and three girls' schools, also schools of agriculture and telegraphy. In order to gain new ideas for the improvement of his country, the king further plans an extended tour in foreign, especially European, countries.
 December - The preparations for his tour having been completed, King Amanullah makes a farewell speech to his officials at Kabul, in which he states that Afghanistan, in the shadow of freedom, has said good-bye forever to her stationary position, and has joined the "social and living nations of the age." The farewell durbar is held at Kandahar - a place with which the king has close family connections - and from there the king travels via Quetta and Karachi to Bombay. He is accompanied by his queen and by his minister for foreign affairs, and other high officials. The minister of war, Sardar Mohammad Wali Khan, is left as regent in his absence. The royal party reaches Bombay on December 14. They are received by the governor - the viceroy being confined to bed with malaria - and are given an enthusiastic popular welcome. Amanullah during his stay visits the principal mosque, and delivers a sermon, in which he recommends to his Muslim hearers tolerance of other faiths. Leaving Bombay on December 18, the party sails to Egypt, stopping on the way at Aden, where the king and queen land for a few hours and visit the residency. Port Said is reached on December 26, and from there the party proceeds to Cairo, where they are entertained by King Fuad.
 The Swedish citizen Aurora Nilsson obtain a unique divorce from her Afghan spouse Asim Khan, possibly the first time in Afghanistan a woman could divorce a man on equal terms.

Births

Deaths

References

Afghanistan
Years of the 20th century in Afghanistan
Afghanistan
1920s in Afghanistan

1927 in Afghanistan


Ling Gill is a gill (or narrow valley) in the Yorkshire Dales in North Yorkshire, England.  Cam Beck, a tributary of the River Ribble, flows through the gill.

Ling Gill is a rare example of a sub-alpine ash woodland.  The site is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a national nature reserve, not open to the public.  The Pennine Way passes the east end of the gill.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in North Yorkshire
National nature reserves in England
Nature reserves in North Yorkshire
Ribblesdale

Ling Gill


The Dumfries & Galloway Standard is a tabloid newspaper which primarily serves Dumfries and the surrounding towns and villages such as Thornhill, Sanquhar, Lockerbie and Annan. But it also covers Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbright, Gretna and news in Wigtownshire such as in the town of Stranraer. Its sister paper is the Galloway News which covers the Galloway area more in depth with Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbright and Dalbeattie the three main towns in its patch. Both are part of Reach plc.

The Standard, as it is colloquially known, was established in 1853 and prints twice weekly on a Wednesday and a Friday. It was the 2003 regional newspaper of the year. It was named Weekly Newspaper of the Year in Scotland by the Newspaper Society in 2007 and also won Scottish Weekly Newspaper of the Year at the Scottish Press Awards in May 2010.

References

External links
Dumfries & Galloway Standard website

Newspapers published in Scotland
Newspapers established in 1853
Dumfries
1853 establishments in Scotland
Newspapers published by Reach plc

Dumfries & Galloway Standard


Street Cred Magazine is a multi-cultural urban entertainment and lifestyle magazine based in England's second largest city, Birmingham. It was founded in 1997 by Mark Dwayne, who at the time was a young singer/songwriter looking to promote himself in the UK. He took the idea of promoting himself using print marketing to a higher level by introducing a product that also helped to market local talent. The magazine grew from a one-page supplement in the Community Enterprise Newspaper to a 100-page glossy title within a few years. Its demographic targets 16- to 30-year-olds interested in the music, fashion and entertainment lifestyle. Now running for 14 years, it has over 400,000 monthly readers in the UK and is available free of charge to a worldwide audience online at streetcredmagazine.com.

Street Cred sections of content include Celebrity Interviews, music reviews, live events, feature articles, fashion, sports, gadgets and self-help topics.

Street Cred Magazine has spawned other types of media and entertainment events, the first of which is a radio program called "Street Cred Live" that began in December 2007 and aired seven days a week on ASTON FM 89.1. It was based on the Aston Villa football ground in the West Midlands. The station reaches 140,000 listeners a day.

In February 2008, "Funkalicious" a monthly club event was launched, held on the last Friday of every month.

Also in 2008 the magazine founded its own record label "Street Cred Records" accompanied by artist management and booking support.

EMMA humanitarian award
In 1998 Street Cred Magazine won an EMMA Humanitarian Award in the category of "Best Media Newcomer" at the Dorchester Hotel in London's West End.

In the company of the likes of novelist and former MP Lord Jeffrey Archer, Darcus Howe of Channel 4's Devil's Advocate and Body Shop founder, Anita Roddick, Street Cred Co-ordinator, Mark Dwayne received the crystal cut glass trophy as the best media newcomer in its field in Britain.

External links
Street Cred Magazine official website
EMMA awards official site
ASTON FM 89.1 official site

Dance music magazines
Magazines established in 1997
Music magazines published in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Mass media in Birmingham, West Midlands
Lifestyle magazines published in the United Kingdom

Street Cred Magazine


William Wirt Adams (1819–1888) was a banker, planter, state legislator, and a Brigadier General in the Confederate States Army.

Early life
Adams was born in Frankfort, Kentucky, to Anna Weisiger Adams and Judge George Adams (a personal friend to American statesman and orator Henry Clay). He was a brother of Daniel Weisiger Adams, another future Civil War general. In 1825 his family moved to and settled in Natchez, Mississippi. His father was a district court judge for the state of Mississippi from 1836 to 1839. William attended college at Bardstown College in Bardstown, Kentucky. Upon graduation in 1839, he enlisted as a private for the Republic of Texas under Edward Burleson, received a commission to adjutant of the regiment, and was involved in the Military campaign of northeast Texas against Native Americans settled there.

He returned to Mississippi where he married Sallie Huger Mayarant in 1850. There he pursued banking and agriculture in Jackson, Mississippi, and Vicksburg, Mississippi. From 1850 to 1861, he owned and operated a successful business and, from 1858 to 1860, he served two sessions in the Mississippi House of Representatives.

Confederate States Army service
In 1861, after Mississippi seceded from the Union, Adams was appointed commissioner from Mississippi to Louisiana. As such, he helped the latter to secede from the Union. In February of that year, the Confederate States of America formed in Montgomery, Alabama. President Jefferson Davis offered Adams a cabinet position there as Confederate Postmaster General, but he declined.

After settling his banking interests, he formed and enlisted the "Wirt Adams" Cavalry Regiment into the Confederate States Army at Memphis, Tennessee, in August 1861. Later, in September, his command was ordered to Columbus, Kentucky, and then, in October, to Headquarters, General Albert Sidney Johnston, Bowling Green, Kentucky. From there they fought a rear-guard action in the Confederate retreat from Kentucky to Nashville, Tennessee, and subsequently to Corinth, Mississippi. Later, at the Battle of Shiloh, they were positioned on the extreme right flank of the infantry and fought with it near the Tennessee River at Greer's Ford. Then they were on outpost duty during the Siege of Corinth. Later, four of the regiment's companies aggressively attacked and pursued Union Army elements for two miles, near Booneville, Mississippi.

As a colonel, Adams, alongside General Sterling Price, later combined his regiment with an Arkansas regiment under Colonel William F. Slemons at Iuka, Mississippi. Upon leaving General Price, Adams captured a trainload of Union Army troops from Corinth. His orders next took him to Washington County, Mississippi. There he guarded local plantations and observed troop movements in and around Vicksburg, Mississippi. After the fall of Vicksburg, both his regiment and the 28th Mississippi Cavalry harassed and skirmished units under General William Tecumseh Sherman who were advancing on Confederate-held positions.

Commissioned as brigadier general in September 1863, Adams was assigned command of a brigade composed of both his regiment and the command of Colonel Logan. In February 1864, he was ordered to attack General Sherman's advance on Meridian, Mississippi. Near the end of the war, he operated alongside General Nathan Bedford Forrest in Alabama. He and his brigade surrendered near Ramsey Station, Sumter County, Alabama, on May 4, 1865. His farewell address was delivered to his command two days later. His parole is dated Gainesville, Alabama, May 12, 1865.

Later life and death

Upon the conclusion of the Civil War, Adams resided in Vicksburg and Jackson, Mississippi. In 1880, he was appointed as a Mississippi state revenue agent. He resigned in 1885 and took the position of postmaster in Jackson by appointment of President Grover Cleveland.

In 1888, Adams was made the target of a number of attacks by the editor of the New Mississippian, John H. Martin, a staunch prohibitionist and reform advocate. Adams was rebuked by Martin for, among other things, his role as a character witness in the murder trial of Colonel Jones S. Hamilton, who was ultimately acquitted for killing Roderick D. Gambrell, another newspaper editor and ally of Martin's, in a street duel. On May 1, 1888, Adams, walking on President Street in Jackson with another man, encountered Martin coming from the opposite direction near the corner of Amite Street. After a brief verbal altercation, both men pulled revolvers on each other, Adams firing three times and Martin six. Both died almost immediately with Adams shot through the heart and Martin in the chest, leg, and hand. He was buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Jackson.

Photograph

The Photograph of William Wirt Adams in Era Warner's "Generals in Gray" is incorrect-it is that of his brother Daniel Weisiger Adams.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
 Vicksburg order of battle

References

Further reading

 Johnson, Allen, ed.  Dictionary of American Biography.  New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936.

External links

1819 births
1888 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Mississippi postmasters
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
Deaths by firearm in Mississippi
Democratic Party members of the Mississippi House of Representatives
People of Mississippi in the American Civil War
People of the Texas Revolution
Politicians from Frankfort, Kentucky
People from Natchez, Mississippi
American slave owners

William Wirt Adams