Catherine Joy "CJ" Perry (born March 24, 1985) is an American professional wrestling manager, professional wrestler, and actress. She is signed to All Elite Wrestling as CJ. She is best known for her tenure in WWE from 2013 to 2021 under the ring name Lana.

Early life
Perry was born on March 24, 1985, in Gainesville, Florida, the eldest of four siblings. She is of Portuguese and Venezuelan descent. She spent several years of her childhood in the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, where her father worked as a Christian missionary. Perry and her family remained in Latvia after it restored its independence in 1991. From an early age, Perry aspired to become a ballet dancer like her mother. She attended the Riga Choreography School (the ballet school of the Latvian National Opera) and began dancing with the Latvian National Ballet at the age of 14.

At the age of 17, Perry returned to the United States. She initially lived in New York City, where she danced at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Ballet Hispanico, Broadway Dance Center, and Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance. She later enrolled at Florida State University (FSU) in Tallahassee, Florida, majoring in dance and acting. While attending FSU, she began attending Florida State Seminoles football games with Jenn Sterger and several other students, cheering from the bleachers while dressed as cowgirls. The students, known as the FSU Cowgirls, entered the public consciousness after being acknowledged by commentator Brent Musburger during a game between the Florida State Seminoles and the Miami Hurricanes that aired on ABC in September 2005.

Perry parlayed the exposure into a modelling career, appearing in photoshoots in publications such as the RIDGID Tool Calendar and working as a spokesmodel for the energy drinks Matrix and Red Bull. Upon graduating from FSU, she relocated to Los Angeles with the aim of working in show business.

Music and acting career
In 2009, Perry joined No Means Yes, a girl group signed to Ne-Yo's record label comprising Perry (billed as "CJ"), Kat, Shea, and Tanu. The group released one single, "Would You Like That", and recorded two others ("7 Years Bad Luck" and "Burn Rubber") before disbanding in 2010. Perry later stated:

Perry went on to work as a backup dancer for performers such as Keri Hilson, Nelly, Pink, Usher, Akon, and Rich Boy. In 2013, she starred alongside Kelley Jakle in the music video for Jakle's cover of the Paramore song "Ain't it Fun". She trained as an actress at The Groundlings School and under the acting coaches Lesly Kahn and Larry Moss. She went on to appear in acting roles such as an episode of The Game in 2011, the lead role in I.C.I.R.U.S. in 2011, the musical comedy film Pitch Perfect in 2012 and the 2015 sequel Pitch Perfect 2, and an episode of Banshee in 2013. In 2016, she starred in the WWE Studios production Interrogation alongside WWE Hall of Famer Adam "Edge" Copeland.

Professional wrestling career

WWE (2013–2021)

Managerial role (2013–2016)

In June 2013, Perry revealed that she had been signed to WWE and was sent to their developmental branch NXT. She debuted on the October 23, 2013, episode of NXT, under the ring name "Lana", scouting Alexander Rusev. On the November 6 episode of NXT, Lana became Rusev's "social ambassador", using a Russian accent and developing a character who majored in Foreign Affairs and Business and Social Media Marketing in college. Lana made her main roster debut on the January 31 episode of SmackDown, where she and Rusev in the following weeks appeared in a series of self-promotional videos and speeches. In early May, Lana began dedicating Rusev's matches to her "hero", President of Russia Vladimir Putin, as well as adopting an anti-American, Russophilic gimmick.

Lana made some controversial comments during an in-ring promo prior to Rusev's match at Battleground, blaming the United States for current world events and praising Putin. Although she did not directly mention it, some media outlets said Lana was making reference to the crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, which happened three days before Battleground, to help build heat for Rusev in his feud against Jack Swagger. A representative of WWE later told TMZ that the segment was not specifically about the Malaysia Airlines crash, noting that the Rusev-Lana storyline "has been a part of WWE programming for more than three months. WWE apologizes to anyone who misunderstood last night's segment and was offended".

Following the November 3 episode of Raw, Rusev defeated Sheamus on WWE Network to capture the United States Championship. At WrestleMania 31, Rusev lost the title to Cena after Rusev accidentally crashed into Lana, knocking her off the ring apron. On May 17, at Payback, Cena defeated Rusev in an "I Quit" match after Lana quit on Rusev's behalf. The following night on Raw, Lana justified her actions by explaining that Rusev said he quit in Bulgarian, only for him to harshly dismiss her; later that night, Lana kissed Dolph Ziggler, turning her face (i.e., changing sides) and officially ending their association. After Ziggler being injured by Rusev, he went to return on the August 17 episode of Raw, aiding Lana during a confrontation with Rusev and Summer Rae. Rae went on to "seduce" Ziggler in order to end his relationship with Lana, but the storyline ended quietly, after WWE announced that Lana had injured her wrist while training. On October 11, TMZ reported that Lana had gotten engaged to Rusev, which Lana confirmed. Lana made her return, once again as a villainess, on the November 30 episode of Raw, where she and Rusev referenced their engagement.

On the April 25, 2016, episode of Raw, Lana returned to managing Rusev, After being drafted to Raw as part of the 2016 WWE draft which took place on July 19, Lana made her first appearance for the brand on August 1, where she accompanied Rusev. On August 8, Rusev's and Lana's wedding celebration was usurped by Roman Reigns, and one week later on the August 15 episode of Raw, Rusev competed in a match for Lana's honor against Reigns but lost. In early 2017, Rusev suffered a legitimate shoulder injury, taking them off television.

Early matches (2016–2017)

On the February 29, 2016, episode of Raw, Lana confronted Brie Bella during a backstage segment, arguing that Bella's fans only supported her out of pity for having a "bad husband", On the March 14 episode of Raw, she distracted Brie during a tag team match against Team B.A.D. (Naomi and Tamina), causing her to lose, and aligned herself with Team BAD. On the March 22 episode of Main Event, she brought the returning Emma and Summer Rae to her guild. As a result, Lana faced off Bella in a tag team match at the WrestleMania 32 pre-show, in what would be Lana's in-ring debut, which her team (dubbed Team B.A.D. & Blonde) lost.

On the April 11, 2017, Lana was drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the Superstar Shake-up. As vignettes hyping her televised return aired, Lana resumed in-ring competition under her new gimmick at NXT live events that same month. Lana made her return on the June 6 episode of SmackDown Live, unsuccessfully vying to compete in the impending women's Money in the Bank ladder match, and had a feud with SmackDown Women's Champion Naomi. On June 18, Lana was defeated by Naomi in her first televised singles match at Money in the Bank after a distraction by Carmella. She went on to compete against Naomi two more times on the June 27 and July 4 episodes of SmackDown Live, where she was defeated both times in quick matches. On July 23 at Battleground, Lana competed in a five-way elimination match to determine the number one contender for the SmackDown Women's Championship, where she was eliminated by Becky Lynch. At the Royal Rumble on January 28, 2018, Lana participated in the first ever women's Royal Rumble match as the 13th entrant, but was eliminated by Michelle McCool. Lana would compete in the WWE Mixed Match Challenge, teaming with Rusev, where they defeated Elias and Bayley in the first round. Lana competed in the WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal at WrestleMania 34 she was eliminated by Bianca Belair. On the May 22 episode of SmackDown, Lana defeated Billie Kay to qualify for the women's Money in the Bank ladder match marking Lana's first and only singles win on SmackDown. At the 2018 Money in the Bank, Lana did not win the Money in the Bank ladder match the match was won by Alexa Bliss.

Various alliances (2018–2021)

Throughout late July 2018, Lana was booked with Rusev and Aiden English against Andrade "Cien" Almas and Zelina Vega. At SummerSlam, Lana and Rusev faced Vega and Almas in a match which they lost. Lana competed in the WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal at WrestleMania 35, where she was eliminated by Sarah Logan.

On the September 30, 2019, episode of Raw, Lana started a romantic storyline where she started a relationship with Bobby Lashley, kissing him in front of Rusev. However, the storyline was dropped after Rusev was legitimately released from his WWE contract. Lana then began a feud with MVP, after he tried to gain Lashley as an ally. After Backlash, where Lashley was unsuccessful in capturing the WWE Championship due to an altercation between MVP and Lana at ringside, Lashley chose to stay with MVP instead of Lana. Since September, Lana worked with Nia Jax, where Jax performed a Samoan drop on Lana through the commentator's table. That would become a recurring theme, as Jax would Samoan drop Lana through the table on a weekly basis during Raw. On November 22, at Survivor Series, Lana participated in a traditional Survivor Series elimination match as part of team Raw. During the match, Lana was told by her teammates to stand on the ring steps and not tag in again. At the end of the match, Jax and Bianca Belair from team SmackDown were counted out, leaving Lana the sole survivor thus winning the match for team Raw.

On the next night on Raw, Lana challenged Asuka again for the Raw Women's Championship but lost by disqualification because Asuka was attacked by the Women's Tag Team Champions Nia Jax and Shayna Baszler. On the December 14, 2020, episode of RAW, Jax, and Baszler injured Lana's leg. She returned on January 31, 2021, at the Royal Rumble as the 26th entrant. On the March 8, 2021, episode of Raw, Lana and Naomi challenged Nia Jax and Shayna Baszler for the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship but they were unsuccessful. They competed in the Tag Team Turmoil match at WrestleMania 37 to determine the no. 1 contenders for the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship, but they were eliminated by Billie Kay and Carmella. On the May 3, 2021, episode of Raw, Lana and Naomi challenged Nia Jax and Shayna Baszler for the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship again but they were unsuccessful. On the May 31, 2021, episode of Raw, Lana and Naomi were defeated by Dana Brooke and Mandy Rose. This was Lana's final match in WWE.

On June 2, 2021, Lana was released by WWE.

All Elite Wrestling (2023–present)
Perry debuted in All Elite Wrestling (AEW) at its All Out pay-per-view on September 3, 2023, attempting to save her husband, Miro, from a post-match attack from Powerhouse Hobbs by hitting Hobbs with a chair. On the September 23 episode of AEW Collision, Perry (now known as "CJ") gave an interview with Lexy Nair in which she stated that Miro had "lost his way" and that she would be managing other clients. On the October 14 episode of Collision, Miro attacked Action Andretti after Andretti expressed an interest in being managed by CJ.

Other media
Perry has appeared in six WWE video games as Lana. She made her in-game debut in WWE 2K15 as a non-player character, appearing during Rusev's entrance and victory celebration. She later made her managing debut in WWE 2K16 and later appearing in its follow-ups, WWE 2K17 and WWE 2K18. She was confirmed to be a playable character for the first time in WWE 2K19 and followed that up with appearance in WWE 2K20, WWE 2K Battlegrounds, and WWE 2K22.

In 2016, it was announced that Perry would be featured as a main cast member for the sixth season of Total Divas. Perry joined the cast of VH1's reboot of The Surreal Life in 2021.

Personal life

Perry once dated actor and former American football player Isaiah Mustafa. She married wrestler Miroslav Barnyashev (known in WWE by his ring name Rusev and now known as Miro) on July 29, 2016.

Filmography

Discography

Singles

Awards and accomplishments
 Rolling Stone
 Worst Storyline (2015) –
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Best Gimmick (2014) –
 WrestleCrap
 Gooker Award (2015) –

References

External links

1985 births
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
21st-century female professional wrestlers
Actresses from Gainesville, Florida
American ballerinas
American contemporary dancers
American female dancers
American female professional wrestlers
American film actresses
American hip hop dancers
American jazz dancers
American people of Portuguese descent
American sportspeople of Venezuelan descent
American television actresses
American expatriates in Latvia
American expatriates in the Soviet Union
Dancers from Florida
Faux Russian professional wrestlers
Female models from Florida
Florida State University alumni
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
People from Riga
Professional wrestlers from Florida
Professional wrestling managers and valets
Sportspeople from Gainesville, Florida

CJ Perry


A mansard or mansard roof (also called a French roof or curb roof) is a multi-sided gambrel-style hip roof characterised by two slopes on each of its sides, with the lower slope at a steeper angle than the upper, and often punctured by dormer windows. The steep roofline and windows allow for additional floors of habitable space (a garret), and reduce the overall height of the roof for a given number of habitable storeys. The upper slope of the roof may not be visible from street level when viewed from close proximity to the building.

The earliest known example of a mansard roof is credited to Pierre Lescot on part of the Louvre built around 1550. This roof design was popularised in the early 17th century by François Mansart (1598–1666), an accomplished architect of the French Baroque period. It became especially fashionable during the Second French Empire (1852–1870) of Napoléon III. Mansard in Europe (France, Germany and elsewhere) also means the attic or garret space itself, not just the roof shape and is often used in Europe to mean a gambrel roof.

Identification

Two distinct traits of the mansard roof – steep sides and a double pitch – sometimes lead to it being confused with other roof types.  Since the upper slope of a mansard roof is rarely visible from the ground, a conventional single-plane roof with steep sides may be misidentified as a mansard roof. The gambrel roof style, commonly seen in barns in North America, is a close cousin of the mansard. Both mansard and gambrel roofs fall under the general classification of "curb roofs" (a pitched roof that slopes away from the ridge in two successive planes).

The mansard is a curb hip roof, with slopes on all sides of the building, and the gambrel is a curb gable roof, with slopes on only two sides.  (The curb is a horizontal, heavy timber directly under the intersection of the two roof surfaces.) A significant difference between the two, for snow loading and water drainage, is that, when seen from above, gambrel roofs culminate in a long crease at the main ridge beam, whereas mansard roofs form a rectangular shaped crease, outlined by the curb beams, with a low-pitched roof inside this rectangle.

French roof is often used as a synonym for a mansard but is also defined as an American variation of a mansard with the lower pitches nearly vertical and larger in proportion to the upper pitches.

In France and Germany, no distinction is made between gambrels and mansards – they are both called "mansards". In the French language, mansarde can be a term for the style of roof, or for the garret living space, or attic, directly within it.

Advantages
The mansard style makes maximum use of the interior space of the attic and offers a simple way to add one or more storeys to an existing (or new) building without necessarily requiring any masonry. Often the decorative potential of the mansard is exploited through the use of convex or concave curvature and with elaborate dormer window surrounds.

One frequently seen explanation for the popularity of the mansard style is that it served as a method of tax avoidance. One such example of this claim, from the 1914 book How to Make a Country Place, reads, "Monsieur Mansard is said to have circumvented that senseless window tax of France by adapting the windowed roof that bears his name."  This is improbable in many respects: Mansart was a profligate spender of his clients' money, and while a French window tax did exist, it was enacted in 1798, 132 years after Mansart's death, and did not exempt mansard windows.

Later examples suggest that either French or American buildings were taxed by their height (or number of storeys) to the base of the roof, or that mansards were used to bypass zoning restrictions.  This last explanation is the nearest to the truth: a Parisian law had been in place since 1783, restricting the heights of buildings to 20 metres (65 feet).  The height was only measured up to the cornice line, making any living space contained in a mansard roof exempt.  A 1902 revision of the law permitted building three or even four storeys within such a roof.

In London in the 1930s, building regulations decreed that "a building (not being a church or a chapel) shall not be erected of, or be subsequently increased to, a greater height than 80 ft., exclusive of two stories in the roof, and of ornamental towers". This was to stop buildings blocking the light, and effectively mandated mansard roofs for tall buildings.

History and use

Early use
The style was popularised in France by architect François Mansart (1598–1666).  Although he was not the inventor of the style, his extensive and prominent use of it in his designs gave rise to the term "mansard roof", an adulteration of his name. The design tradition was continued by numerous architects, including Jules Hardouin-Mansart (1646–1708), his great-nephew, who is responsible for Château de Dampierre in Dampierre-en-Yvelines.

Second Empire
The mansard roof became popular once again during Haussmann's renovation of Paris beginning in the 1850s, in an architectural movement known as Second Empire style.

Second Empire influence spread throughout the world, frequently adopted for large civic structures such as government administration buildings and city halls, as well as hotels and railway stations. In the United States and Canada, and especially in New England, the Second Empire influence spread to family residences and mansions, often incorporated with Italianate and Gothic Revival elements. A mansard-topped tower became a popular element incorporated into many designs, such as Main Building (Vassar College), Poughkeepsie, New York, which shows a large mansard-roofed structure with two towers.

20th century

The 1916 Zoning Resolution adopted by New York City promoted the use of mansard roofs; rules requiring the use of setbacks on tall buildings were conducive to the mansard design.

In the 1960s and 1970s, a modernised form of mansard roof, sometimes with deep, narrow windows, became popular for both residential and commercial architecture in many areas of the United States. In many cases, these are not true mansard roofs but flat on top, the sloped façade providing a way to conceal heating, ventilation and air-conditioning equipment from view. The style grew out of interest in postmodern stylistic elements and the "French eclectic" house style popular in the 1930s and 1940s, and in housing also offered a way to provide an upper storey despite height restrictions. Houses with mansard roofs were sometimes described as French Provincial; architect John Elgin Woolf popularised it in the Los Angeles area, calling his houses Hollywood Regency.

Transportation
The roof of two Victorian Railways hopper wagons resembled a mansard roof. The Australian Commonwealth Railways CL class locomotive also has a mansard roof.

See also
List of roof shapes

References

External links

An Illustrated Roof Glossary
What is the Mansard Roof, Advantages and Disadvantages Sheltered, Architect Anton Giuroiu, Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism, Bucharest, Romania

Roofs
Structural system
Architectural elements

Mansard roof


Philip Rubens (1574–1611), was a Flemish antiquarian, librarian and philologist from the Low Countries. He was the older brother of the prominent Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens.

Life
Philip was born on 27 April 1574 in the city of Siegen to Jan Rubens and Maria Pypelincks. His parents had fled with their families to Cologne in 1568 because they feared persecution as Calvinists in their homeland. His father Jan Rubens was a lawyer and had been an alderman in Antwerp from 1562 to 1568. His mother Maria Pypelinckx came from a prominent family. After Philip's father was appointed legal advisor to Anna of Saxony, the second wife of William the Silent, the Rubens family moved in 1570 to Siegen where her court was located. Jan Rubens then had an affair with Anna of Saxonyn which led to a pregnancy. Jan Rubens was incarcerated for the affair and was at risk of being sentenced to death. Thanks to his wife's entreaties, his life was spared and was released from prison after two years. After his release, Jan Rubens was banned from practicing as a lawyer for a while. This put heavy pressure on the family, which was only relieved when the professional ban was given up after the death of Anna of Saxony in 1577. In this difficult situation, Philip was born in 1574, followed in 1577 by his brother Peter Paul. In 1578 the Rubens family moved to Cologne where father Jan Rubens died in 1587. The widow Maria Pypelinckx returned with her family to Antwerp in 1590, where she again converted to Catholicism.

Philip Rubens attended with his younger brother Peter Paul in Antwerp the Latin school of Rombout Verdonck, where they studied Latin classics. In 1590 the brothers had to stop their education for financial reasons, more specifically to provide a dowry for their sister Baldina. Philip had distinguished himself in his studies. He succeeded in obtaining an appointment as secretary to Jean Richardot, president of the Secret Council, in Brussels. At the same time, he became the private teacher of Richardot's sons Guillaume and Antoine. Philip accompanied the sons to Leuven when they became students at the Leuven University. They lived there with Justus Lipsius and attended his lectures. Philip became one of the professor's favourite students. After a four-year stay in Leuven, Philip returned to Jean Richardot in Brussels in 1599.

When Guillaume Richardot travelled to Italy in 1601, Philip accompanied him and continued his law studies in Rome. Here he obtained the degree doctor of both laws in Rome. He returned to the Low Countries in 1604, and was offered a position at the university, but chose to travel to Italy again, where he was also offered a position at the University of Bologna. Turning his back on an academic career, he became librarian and secretary to Cardinal Ascanio Colonna.

Philip again returned to Antwerp in November 1606. In January 1609 he was appointed secretary to the city of Antwerp. The following March, he married Marie de Moy, whose father Hendrik de Moy had also been secretary to the city, and whose sister, Claire, was the step-mother of Isabella Brant, Peter Paul Rubens's first wife. Philip and Marie had two children: Clara II Rubens (1610) and Philip II Rubens (1611).

His brother painted a group portrait of Philip, himself, Justus Lipsius, and Joannes Woverius, The Four Philosophers.

Philip died on 28 August 1611, one year after his father-in-law Hendrik de Moy. He was buried in St. Michael's Abbey, Antwerp. A memorial volume was issued containing the posthumous publication of his edition of the homilies of Asterius of Amasea, together with a short biography of Philip, a selection of Latin poems that he had written, and Latin poems written in his memory by his friends.

Works
Philip was the author of two works. The first work with the title Electorum libri II. In quibus antiqui ritus, emendationes, censurae. Eiusdem ad Iustum Lipsium Poëmatia was published in Antwerp in 1608. The book, written in Latin, contains studies on various aspects of Roman antiquities and customs and Rubens' proposals for solving doubtful passages in various Latin works. The book ends with five poems dedicated to the then recently deceased Justus Lipsius, a eulogy to Justus Lipsius and a poem dedicated to his brother Peter Paul Rubens. The book contains five prints engraved by the famous engraver Cornelis Galle after drawings by his brother Peter Paul. The prints illustrate certain customs of the ancient Romans such as the way in which they draped their toga and their wives wore the double tunic. A sixth print is a copy of a print from another book about the Roman toga, entitled Hieronymi Bossii De toga romana commentarius.

The Dutch classicist Hendrik Snakenburg quoted in his edition of the Roman historian Quintus Curtius Rufus' De rebus gestis Alexandri Magni (Delft and Leiden, 1724) the three chapters of the Electorum libri II in which Philip Rubens had corrected the surviving text of Rufus.

The second work by Philip Rubens is entitled S.Asterii, episcopi Amaseae, Homiliae Graece et Latine nunc primum editae and was published posthumously in Antwerp in 1615.  The book contains the original Greek text and Philip's Latin translation of five sermons by Saint Asterius of Amasya, the manuscripts of which Philip had discovered in the library of Cardinal Colonna. The second part of the book begins with a selection of poems, letters and other occasional writings written by Philip Rubens in honor of friends, patrons and scholars. This is followed by a number of texts about Philip Rubens on the occasion of his death. This section contains a portrait of the deceased engraved by Cornelis Galle after a drawing by Peter Paul Rubens and is introduced by a biography of Philip written by Jan Brant, brother-in-law of Philip and father-in-law of Peter Paul.

Publications
 Electorum libri II (Antwerp, 1608) Available on Google Books.
 S. Asterii Episcopi Amaseæ Homiliæ Græce & Latine (Antwerp, 1615) Available on Google Books.}

References

1574 births
1611 deaths
People from Siegen
Writers from Antwerp
Flemish librarians
Flemish philologists
Flemish Renaissance humanists
17th-century philologists
16th-century antiquarians
17th-century antiquarians
Ph
Neo-Latin poets

Philip Rubens


Eigg Mountain is high plateau (between 225 and 300 metres above sea level), part of the highlands of Antigonish County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Originally used as winter hunting grounds by the Mi'kmaq people, Eigg Mountain was settled and farmed in the early nineteenth century by immigrants from Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.   The place takes its name from the Isle of Eigg in western Scotland where some of the first settlers originated.   Farming conditions were difficult at this high elevation.   Winters were longer and the snow-cover deeper than in lowland areas.   The soil was rocky and thin.   Crop failures were reported in the 1890s.   The school was closed in 1914.  The entire settlement was abandoned shortly thereafter.  The history of Eigg Mountain settlement is documented on an interactive online map.

Eigg Mountain has been logged continuously since the eighteenth century,  and logging is now the main economic activity there.  People still hunt on Eigg Mountain as the Mi'kmaq did centuries ago; however the caribou are gone  and the endangered mainland moose is now a protected species.   In the summer people enjoy the area by hiking, cycling and exploring with all-terrain vehicles; in the winter by snowshoe, ski and snowmobile.  A portion of Eigg Mountain was protected in 2003 as part of the Eigg Mountain-James River Wilderness Area.

The term Eigg Mountain is also used to refer to a peak that rises above the Eigg Mountain plateau to an elevation of 321.9 metres (Co-ordinates: ) and is the site of a horizontal control point or triangulation station.

References

External links
Eigg Mountain Settlement History Project, http://people.stfx.ca/rbantjes/gis/txt/eigg/introduction.html

History of agriculture in Canada
Protected areas of Nova Scotia
Mountains of Nova Scotia
Eigg
Mountains of Canada under 1000 metres

Eigg Mountain


Spotlight or spot light may refer to:

Lighting
 Spot light, an articulating automotive auxiliary lamp
 Spotlight (theatre lighting)
 Spotlight, a searchlight
 Stage lighting instrument, stage lighting instruments, of several types

Art, entertainment, and media

Films
 Spotlight (film), a 2015 American drama film
The Spotlight (film), a 1927 American comedy silent film

Music

Albums
 Spotlight, a 2001 album by Tír na nÓg
 Spotlight, a 2007 album by Djumbo
 Spotlight, a 2009 album by Antoine Clamaran
 Spotlight, a 2016 EP by Up10tion

Songs
 "Spotlight" (Madonna song), 1988
 "Spotlight" (Jennifer Hudson song), 2008
 "Spotlight" (Gucci Mane song), 2009
 "Spotlight" (Mutemath song), 2009
 "Spotlight" (Marshmello and Lil Peep song), 2018
 "Spotlight" (Jessie Ware song), 2020
 "Spotlight" (Xiao Zhan song), 2020
 "Spotlight", song by Kylie Minogue from the album Disco, 2020
 "Spotlight". song by The Sweet from the album Funny How Sweet Co-Co Can Be, 1971
 "Spotlight", song by Selena Gomez & the Scene from the album A Year Without Rain, 2010
 "Spotlight", song by Shakira from the album Shakira, 2014
 "Spotlight", song by Fayray, 2005
 "Spotlightz", song by XO-IQ, featured in the television series Make It Pop

Periodicals
SPOTLIGHT, Con Edison's newsletter
 The Spotlight, a weekly American newspaper, now out of print

Television
 Spotlight (BBC News), BBC's regional news programme for the southwest of England
 Spotlight (BBC Northern Ireland television programme), a current affairs programme in Northern Ireland
 Spotlight (Canadian TV program), a 1975 Canadian current affairs television program that aired on CBC
 Spotlight (South Korean TV series), a 2008 South Korean television series that aired on Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC)
 Spotlight (TV channel), a defunct premium movie channel
 Spotlight TV, a British music channel

Enterprises and organizations
 Spotlight (Boston Globe), a newspaper investigative team, in US
 Spotlight (company), a UK casting service company featuring directories of actors and actresses
 Spotlight Group, Australian retail conglomerate
 Spotlight PA, investigative reporting partnership of Pennsylvania news organizations

Technology
 Spotlight (Apple), search technology integrated into macOS and iOS
 DBpedia Spotlight, named entity extraction for DBpedia resources
 Spotlight SAR, a technique to improve resolution for synthetic-aperture radar
 SpotLight GPS Pet Locator, a product of Positioning Animals Worldwide
 Windows Spotlight

Other
 Spotlight effect, phenomenon in which people tend to believe they are being noticed more than they really are
 Celebrity, the spotlight
 SPOTLIGHT project, a European Commission-funded research project on health promotion

See also
 Light (disambiguation)
 Limelight (disambiguation)
 Spot (disambiguation)

Spotlight


Pieing or a pie attack is the act of throwing a pie at a person. In pieing, the goal is usually to humiliate the victim while avoiding actual injury. For this reason the pie is traditionally of the cream variety without a top crust, and is rarely if ever a hot pie. In Britain, a pie in the context of throwing is traditionally referred to as a custard pie. An aluminium pie pan or paper plate filled with whipped cream or more typically, shaving cream can substitute for a real pie.

Brought to a widespread audience as the "pie-in-face" gag in silent film comedies, pieing may sometimes be intended as a harmless practical joke. However, it can also be used as a means of political protest directed against an authority figure, politician, industrialist, or celebrity, and perpetrators may regard the act as a form of ridicule.

Non-consensual pieing is a punishable offence in criminal law, and depending on jurisdiction is a battery but may also constitute an assault. Non-consensual pieing may also be actionable as a civil wrong (tort) giving the victim of the pieing the right to recover damages in a lawsuit.

Pieing and pie fights are a staple of slapstick comedy, and consensual pie "tosses" are also common charity fundraising events, especially in schools.

Slapstick

Pieing has its origins in the "pie in the face" gag from slapstick comedy. It appears on stage in the music hall sketches of the English theatre impresario Fred Karno. It was first seen in film in the 1909 Essanay Studios silent film Mr. Flip starring Ben Turpin. In the story, Turpin has a pie pushed into his face for taking liberties with several women. Beginning in 1913 with That Ragtime Band and A Noise from the Deep, filmmaker Mack Sennett became known for using one or two thrown pies in many of his comedy shorts. Sennett had a personal rule about who received the pies: "A mother never gets hit with a custard pie ... Mothers-in-law, yes. But mothers? Never."

At least a half dozen films have been made incorporating extended pie-throwing battles. The first was Charlie Chaplin's Behind the Screen released in 1916. The definitive pie fight in film occurs in The Battle of the Century (1927) starring Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy, using 3,000 pies. Our Gang's Shivering Shakespeare (1930) winds up with an auditorium full of people throwing pies.  The 1935 short subject Keystone Hotel featured a large pie-fight ending with the camera taking a pie. Another major pie-fight film appeared (their first one ever): The Three Stooges' In the Sweet Pie and Pie (1941). Pieing had become such an established gag in Hollywood comedy that the song "Make 'Em Laugh" from Singin' In The Rain (1952) concludes with the line "And then you get a great big custard pie in the face!" A film involving pies was the comedy, The Great Race (1965); known for having the largest pie fight in cinematic history. Its $200,000 pie-fight scene used 4,000 pies and one large cake, and took five days to shoot. Pie fights also featured in Beach Party (1963), Smashing Time (1967) and Blazing Saddles (1974). In Bugsy Malone (1976), the "splurge guns" resembled spud guns which fired custard. Original plans called for Dr. Strangelove (1964) to end with a pie fight; the scene, though filmed, was ultimately deemed excessively farcical by director Stanley Kubrick and removed from the final cut. Surviving stills from the excised pie fight have appeared online.

There are many instances in the Looney Tunes series of cartoons where characters "pie" each other in the face. Bugs Bunny repeatedly hits Elmer Fudd with cream pies during a scene in Slick Hare (1947), and also shoves one in Elmer's face in Hare Do. In Shishkabugs (1962), Bugs Bunny releases a spring-loaded pie into the face of the king, causing the royal cook Yosemite Sam to be led away to a dungeon. Daffy Dilly (1948) has Daffy Duck trying to cure a dying millionaire by getting him to laugh. After he achieves this inadvertently, by landing in a cake, Daffy is hired as a sort of household jester and ends the cartoon by getting repeatedly pelted with cakes and pies. Bugs himself gets pied in Case of the Missing Hare, provoking him to spend the rest of the short wreaking revenge.

Many comedy routines have used a pie as a gag, including ones performed by Soupy Sales and Monty Python, and those of clowns in many circus performances.

A popular Nickelodeon reality show called What Would You Do? also features contraptions designed to hit participants in the face with multiple cream pies, often as punishment for losing, or sometimes as a reward for winning, a game performed on the show. The UK Saturday morning programme Tiswas had custard pies as a regular feature and even had a character called The Phantom Flan Flinger, a masked man who pied people.

The World Custard Pie Throwing Championships take place annually in the village of Coxheath in Kent, England.

Political acts
The probable originator of pieing as a political act in the United States was Jim Retherford, former underground newspaper editor and ghost writer of Jerry Rubin's Do It!, who landed a cream pie in the face of former UC Berkeley president Clark Kerr in Bloomington, Indiana, October 14, 1969. Retherford's theatrics were widely reported in the U.S. and European press. The next pie was thrown by Tom Forcade, the founder of High Times magazine. In 1970, Forcade pied Otto N. Larsen, the Chairman of the President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography.  Aron Kay, also a Yippie, went on to take up Forcade's pieing tactics. Kay pied, among many others, William F. Buckley Jr., Phyllis Schlafly, G. Gordon Liddy, E. Howard Hunt, and Andy Warhol. A disciple of Aron Kay, Thom Higgins, pied singer and anti gay-rights activist Anita Bryant in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1977 (audio footage of the incident is included in the Chumbawamba song "Just Desserts", an homage to the concept of pieing). Kay retired in 1992 after pieing right-wing activist Randall Terry. Kay appears in cartoon form in a 2003 animated music video, "Death penalty for pot" by Benedict Arnold and The Traitors, where he and Dana Beal pied George W. Bush and former U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft (at 2 minutes and 33 seconds into the video).

Concerning Kay, an article in the San Francisco Examiner says: "He considers the Three Stooges, whom he began watching on TV as a kid, as the true fathers of pie-throwing."

A noted victim of pieing was Microsoft founder Bill Gates who was pied in Belgium in 1998. A computer game was later released in which Gates' head pops up around the screen and the object is to "pie" as many of his heads as possible in the allocated time. Other victims include designer Karl Lagerfeld, American singer Kenny Rogers, former Dutch finance minister Gerrit Zalm and media tycoon Rupert Murdoch.

The anonymous Biotic Baking Brigade has pied or attempted to pie, among others, conservative pundits Ann Coulter and David Horowitz; and Fred Phelps, the controversial leader of the Westboro Baptist Church. Coulter has also been attacked by the "terrorist" group Al Pieda. The Canadian group the Entartistes, founded by Rhinoceros Party of Canada founder François Gourd, has also pied many, including then-Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien. In 2003 in the city of Calgary they pied Ralph Klein, the premier of the Canadian province of Alberta, saying in their press release: "Is it surprising to see Ralph Klein opposing the Kyoto Accord for the right of big corporations to pollute, the same corporations that finance his campaigns?"

"The pie gives power back to the people because so many feel powerless in the face of big politicians and industrialists", explained Pope-Tart (a pseudonym), a member of the Entartistes. Newsweek columnist Gersh Kuntzman wrote that pieing "deserves to be one of the most celebrated traditions in our so-called culture."

Sometimes pieing targets suffer the prank with good humor. Jean-Luc Godard was very pleased at being pied and said "this is what happens when silent movies meet talking pictures"; he intervened with the Cannes authorities on behalf of Noël Godin to prevent him from being arrested. Anti-gay campaigner Anita Bryant, upon being pied by a gay activist on television, joked that "at least it's a fruit pie", apparently making a pun on the derogatory term for a gay man ("fruit"). However, moments later she was in tears. By contrast, Bernard-Henri Lévy has on multiple occasions attacked Godin and his followers, and Ann Coulter pressed charges in 2005 when she narrowly evaded a pie at the University of Arizona. Activist David Horowitz said of his pieing, "These attacks are sinister. The person who throws a pie is saying, 'I hate you. I don't want you to speak.' I never saw it coming. And it took away my dignity. When you're lecturing, you're supposed to have an authority. But a pie turns it into a food fight."

On January 25, 2010, Canada's Fisheries and Oceans Minister Gail Shea was hit with a pie in her face while touring the Canada Centre for Inland Waters in Burlington, Ontario, in an act of protest against the seal hunt in Canada by animal rights group PETA. PETA said in a release that it was part of its campaign "to stop the government's ill-advised sanction of the slaughter of seals."

On 19 July 2011, Rupert Murdoch was pied in London during a Parliamentary hearing on the News International phone hacking scandal.

On 9 May 2017 Alan Joyce, the chief executive of Australian airline Qantas, had a speech interrupted by a man who shoved a pie in his face.

According to former US president Donald Trump's former fixer Michael Cohen, his boss often referred to the Bill Gates incident and instructed his security detail to look out for flying pies. Trump has also expressed a disdain for fruit-based projectiles, stating under oath that "you can be killed if that happens."

Convicted

Canada
Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien was hit in the face with a pie by a protester in Prince Edward Island in 2000. His attacker initially was given a prison sentence, but subsequently received a conditional sentence.

A woman who missed Alberta Premier Ed Stelmach with a pie at the annual Calgary Stampede breakfast in 2007, and hit a security official instead, was sentenced to 30 days in prison. So was a woman who threw a pie at Calgary Mayor Dave Bronconnier in the summer of 2007.

In 2003, a protester who hit then-Alberta premier Ralph Klein in the face with a pie at the Stampede breakfast was convicted of assault and ordered to serve a 30-day intermittent prison sentence.

In 2010, a PETA supporter threw a tofu cream pie at Canadian fisheries minister Gail Shea to protest the Canadian Government's support of seal hunting. The act was later condemned by Liberal MP Gerry Byrne as an act of terrorism.

United Kingdom
Comedian Jonathan May-Bowles (also known as Jonny Marbles) pied Rupert Murdoch in July 2011 during a highly publicized testimony before a British parliamentary committee in connection with the News International phone hacking scandal. May-Bowles was sentenced to serve a six-week prison sentence at Wandsworth Prison in London; this sentence was later reduced to four weeks.

United States
In August 2010, a Michigan State University student named Ahlam Mohsem, 23, threw a Dutch apple pie into Michigan Senator Carl Levin's face and was arrested on assault and battery charges. The police also charged a man who allegedly distracted the senator before the pie was thrown. Mohsem said she threw the pie with the aim of "bringing to light Sen. Levin's war crimes" as a "Zionist".

In September 2016, Sacramento, California, mayor Kevin Johnson was attending a charity event at Sacramento Charter High School when a man approached him and hit him in the face with a cream pie. Johnson then punched his assailant. The perpetrator, Sean Thompson, was arrested on a felony charge of assaulting a public official and misdemeanor charge of battery on school.

Spain

On 27 October 2011, the Spanish politician Yolanda Barcina was hit by three pies during a meeting in Toulouse, France. The pies were thrown by Gorka Ovejero Bengoa, Deputy Mayor of Arruazu at the time, Julio Martín Villanueva and Ibon García Garrido, protesting against a high-speed rail line. On 27 November 2013 a Spanish court condemned all three to a fine of 900 euros and two years in prison each. An accomplice who did not throw a pie was condemned to one year in prison. Yolanda Barcina claimed bodily harm, suffered because of "the hardness of French meringue pie".

Sweden
In September 2001, the Swedish king Carl XVI Gustaf was visiting Varberg when a 16-year-old boy threw a strawberry tart at him. Such an attack could possibly have counted as high treason under Swedish law, which would have warranted a long prison sentence. However, the perpetrator was only convicted of assault, as it could not be proven that his action was politically motivated. He was later ordered to pay day-fines. Two other boys, who had helped to prepare the attack by making the tart, were also fined.

In 2014 The Sweden Democrats leader Jimmie Åkesson had a cake thrown at him and the perpetrator was sentenced to 2 months in jail and a fine of 5000 kr for the crime of harassment.

Charity

At charity fundraisers, a pie-toss event usually involves a local celebrity, generally a person either in a position of authority or fame, who is intended as the "victim". People attending the event pay for or bid on the opportunity to smoosh the volunteer victim in the face with a pie; throwing is generally not allowed anymore as the impact can cause injury, and the smoosh is usually in slow-motion and applied without great pressure. Although this takes the element of chance out of the event, it allows the opportunity to smear pie more thoroughly in the victim's face and potentially through their hair.  One additional option is allowing the person who has purchased or won the opportunity to use the pie to also fill it, usually with a variety of extremely messy dessert toppings: chocolate, cherries, caramel sauce, strawberry sauce, etc. Plastic bags for the victim to protect their clothing and hair are optional. Witnesses standing too close to the victim(s) may be splattered.

Pie-in-the-face variants on the Ice Bucket Challenge also emerged in 2014, most commonly under the name "Pie In The Eye Challenge", in which the nominated person must receive a pie in the face instead of the bucket of iced water poured over the head.  In some cases, individuals underwent both challenges in the same video. One particular occurrence of this, the late 2016 Waitress Pie Challenge, was initiated by the cast of the musical Waitress to raise awareness of breast cancer.

Sports

Baseball
In Major League Baseball, Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher A. J. Burnett (formerly of the New York Yankees and Philadelphia Phillies) pies teammates who drive in or score the winning run in a walk-off win (a game won on a hit by the last batter).

Burnett's "pies" are filled with either shaving cream or whipped cream. Burnett has pied Alex Rodriguez, Johnny Damon, Melky Cabrera, Jorge Posada, Hideki Matsui, Nick Swisher (twice), Robinson Canó (twice), Francisco Cervelli, Juan Miranda, Mark Teixeira, Jerry Hairston Jr., Marcus Thames, Brett Gardner, Alex Presley, and most recently, Josh Harrison and Russell Martin.  Burnett usually pies the player while he is being interviewed on the field by a TV reporter.

Other players have become well-known and celebrated for their pieing. During his tenure as a member of the Philadelphia Phillies, utility infielder Tomás Pérez would commonly pie teammates during post-game interviews.

The pieing tradition in baseball has extended beyond game-winning hits to any outstanding performance. Rookie Stephen Strasburg was pied by teammate John Lannan after his historic debut when he struck out 14 Pittsburgh batters. Matt Garza of the Tampa Bay Rays was pied by Evan Longoria after Garza pitched the first no-hitter in Rays history July 26, 2010. Most recently, Baltimore Orioles rookie Manny Machado was pied by teammates Robert Andino and Adam Jones after hitting two home runs (the youngest Oriole ever to do so) in only his second major league game.

On July 26, 2010, the Florida Marlins left fielder Chris Coghlan injured himself while pieing teammate Wes Helms after Helms's single won the game in the bottom of the 11th inning. In response, manager Edwin Rodríguez said that there will be no more such celebratory antics.

J. P. Arencibia was pied in the face after hitting two home runs in his MLB debut against the Rays.

Football
In the National Football League, the Indianapolis Colts' mascot Blue is known for pranking opposing fans and mascots and unsuspecting people with pies to the face. Blue has also pied the Colts' cheerleaders numerous times. When the Colts revealed their schedule for the 2022 NFL season on Instagram, Blue pied team employees dressed in t-shirts of each opposing team that the Colts were set to face in 2022.

See also
Egging
Food fight
Glitter bombing
Incidents of objects being thrown at politicians
List of people who have been pied
List of practical joke topics
Milkshaking
Shoeing
Slapstick comedy

References

Further reading
 Agent Apple. Pie Any Means Necessary: The Biotic Baking Brigade Cookbook. Edinburgh: AK Press, 2004.
 Noël Godin (1989) Anthologie de la subversion carabinée. Éditions L'Âge d'Homme; .
 Noël Godin (1995) Crème et châtiment: Mémoire d'un entarteur. Éditions Albin Michel; .
 Noël Godin (2005) Entartons, entartons les pompeux cornichons! Flammarion; .

External links

Pied Politicians and Corporate CEOs
The Pied Sniper: Noel Godin's Flavorful Terrorism, by D. Trull
The Medium is the Meringue, an article from Mother Jones, March/April 1999
World Custard Pie Throwing Championships Official Website

Activism by type
Culture jamming techniques
Practical jokes
Protest tactics
Slapstick comedy

Pieing


A Fix Like This is a crime novel by the American writer K. C. Constantine set in 1970s Rocksburg, a fictional, blue-collar, Rust Belt town in Western Pennsylvania, modeled on the author's hometown of McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, adjacent to Pittsburgh.

Mario Balzic is the protagonist, an atypical detective for the genre, a Serbo-Italian American cop, middle-aged, unpretentious, a family man who asks questions and uses more sense than force.

As the novel opens, Armand "Fat Manny" Manditti has been stabbed and is brought into the emergency room by his brother Tullio the Tub, who refuses to tell Chief Balzic what happened. Balzic suspects the men will take revenge, and he works to prevent the death of a citizen or two of Rocksburg.

It is the fourth book in the 17-volume Rocksburg series.

1975 American novels
Novels by K. C. Constantine
American crime novels
Novels set in Pennsylvania
Saturday Review Press books

A Fix Like This


The linguistics wars were a protracted academic dispute inside American theoretical linguistics that took place mostly in the 1960s and 1970s, stemming from an intellectual falling out between Noam Chomsky and some of his early colleagues and doctoral students. The debate began in 1967, when linguists Paul Postal, "Haj" Ross, George Lakoff, and James McCawley—self-dubbed the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" (in reference to the Book of Revelation)—proposed an approach to the relationship between syntax and semantics, which treated deep structures as meanings rather than syntactic objects. While Chomsky and other generative grammarians argued that the meaning of a sentence was derived from its syntax, the generative semanticists argued that syntax was derived from meaning.

Eventually, generative semantics spawned an alternative linguistic paradigm, known as cognitive linguistics, which attempts to correlate the understanding of language with the concepts of cognitive psychology, such as memory, perception and categorization. While generative grammarians operate on the premise that the mind has a unique and independent module for language acquisition, cognitive linguists deny this. Instead, they assert that the processing of linguistic phenomena is informed by conceptual deep structures and—more significantly—that the cognitive abilities used to process this data are similar to those used in other non-linguistic tasks.

Books
A first systematic description of the linguistic wars is the chapter with this title in Frederick Newmeyer's book Linguistic Theory in America, which appeared in 1980. The second edition, from 1986, reduces this chapter in order to make space for later developments.

The Linguistics Wars is the title of a 1993 book by Randy Allen Harris that closely chronicles the dispute among Chomsky and other significant individuals (Lakoff, Postal, etc.) and also highlights how certain theories evolved and which of their important features have influenced modern-day linguistic theories. A second edition was published in 2022, in which Harris traces several important 21st century linguistic developments such as Construction Grammar, Cognitive Linguistics and Frame semantics (linguistics), all emerging out of generative semantics. The second edition also argues that Chomsky's Minimalist Program has significant homologies with early generative semantics.

Ideology and Linguistic Theory, by John A. Goldsmith and Geoffrey J. Huck, also explores that history, with detailed theoretical discussion and observed history of the times, including memoirs/interviews with Ray Jackendoff, George Lakoff, Paul M. Postal, and John R. Ross. The "What happened to Generative Semantics" chapter explores the aftermath of the "wars" and the schools of thought or practice that could be seen as successors to generative semantics.

See also: Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics

See also
 Ray C. Dougherty
 Ray Jackendoff
 Neurolinguistics
 Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics

References

Generative linguistics
Syntax
Semantics
Linguistic controversies
Noam Chomsky

Linguistics wars


The Codex Sinaiticus, or "Sinai Bible", is one of the four great uncial codices, ancient, handwritten copies of a Christian Bible in Greek. The codex is an historical treasure. The codex is an Alexandrian text-type manuscript written in uncial letters on parchment and dated paleographically to the mid-4th century.

Biblical manuscripts
4th-century books

Codex Sinaiticus


Péter Halász (August 20, 1943 in Budapest – March 9, 2006 in New York City) was a Hungarian actor, director and playwright.   In 1993 he won the Hungarian Film Critics Awards for Best Actor. He founded several theater companies in Budapest and New York City including the Kassák Haz Studió, the "appartement theatre", Squat Theatre, Love Theatre and Varosi Szinhaz. As a film actor he appeared Fat Man and Little Boy (1989), Sunshine (1999 film) (1999), and The Breed, among others.  In February, 2006 his terminal liver cancer led to his final performance: lying in an open coffin in a Budapest art museum. He died a month after at the age of 62. He had four children: Judith Halasz, Cora Fisher, Gabor Halasz, and David Halasz.

Plays

 1972 The Puppet Theatre of Péter Halász
 1975 Guido and Tyrius, a play by Eva Buchmuller and Péter Halász.
 1975-79 Three Sisters by Anton Chekhov
 1977 Pig, Child, Fire!, a play in five parts. The first, a drama based on the confessions of Nikolai Stavrogin in Dostoyevsky's Demons. The second is inspired by 1940s American Gangster films. The third is a comic act.
 1978 Andy Warhol's Last Love, Ulrike Meinhof meets Andy Warhol in 3 acts: Aliens on the Second Floor, An Imperial Message  and Interview With the Dead.
 1981 Mr. Dead & Mrs. Free, film and live show in a storefront, 1981.
 1981 The Battle of Sirolo.  Open air version of Mr. Dead & Mrs. Free. Premiere at Polverigi Festival (Inteatro Festival, Polverigi.
 1982 The Golden Age of Squat Theatre. A retrospective of three Squat Theatre plays : Pig, Child, Fire!, Andy Warhol's Last Love and Mr. Dead & Mrs. Free.
 1987 Ambition. by Péter Halász.

Films
 1975 Minotaur in a Sand Mine  20 minutes, B&W, 16mm. Budapest, Biennale de Paris.
 1975 Don Juan von Leporello. 60 minutes, B&W, 16mm Budapest, Düsseldorf.
 1977 Pig, Child, Fire! 1981, 60 min, color, sound, 16mm
 1978 Andy Warhol's Last Love, An Imperial Message, 2nd part of play. 1978-81, 60 min, b&w and color, sound, 16mm. Directed by Stephan Balint and Péter Halász, Performance Camera: Larry Solomon. 'An Imperial Message' camera: Michel Auder. Michael Mooser, cinematography. Editor: Roughcut Studio. Music: Blondie (band), Kraftwerk. Appearance by Kathleen Kendel as the White Witch.
 1981 Mr. Dead & Mrs. Free. 43 minutes, color, 16mm. Part of the play, Mr. Dead & Mrs. Free exhibited separately, Hamburg, Abaton Cinema, Berlin. Künstlerhaus; Yale University. Directed by Stephan Balint and Péter Halász. Péter Halász, cinematography.
 1982 A Matter of Facts by Eric Mitchell
 1982 A Matter of Facts 1982 by Eric Mitchell w/ Squat Theatre (Archival)  17 minutes, 45 seconds, color, 16mm. Starring Stephan Balint, Klara Palotai, Boris Major, Péter Halász, Peter Berg, Eric Daillie, Anna Koós, Eszter Balint, Vince Pomilio, Phillipe Pagasky and Arto Lindsay. Mr. Dead & Mrs. Free.
 1983 Tscherwonez. Directed by Gabor Altorjay. With Stephan Balint, Peter (Breznyik) Berg, Péter Halász and Eva Buchmuller of Squat Theatre.
 1989 Fat Man and Little Boy (a.k.a. Shadow Makers in the UK) is a 1989 film that reenacts the Manhattan Project, the secret Allied endeavour to develop the first nuclear weapons during World War II.  The film is named after the weapons Little Boy and Fat Man that were detonated over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. The film was directed by Roland Joffé and written by Joffe and Bruce Robinson.
 1993 Senkifoldje.  Directed by Andras Jeles.
 1999 Sunshine (1999 film) is a historical drama film directed by István Szabó and written by Israel Horovitz and Szabó. It won three European Film Awards, including Best Actor for Fiennes, and three Canadian Genie Awards, including Best Motion Picture.
 1999 Simon the Magician Directed by Ildikó Enyedi.
 2004 A Mohacsi Vesz Directed by Miklós Jancsó.
 2006 Herminafield: Apparitions. Director, Producer, Screenwriter Péter Halász.

Notes
1.The name Squat-Love Theater as it appears in Mel Gussow's October 4, 1987 New York Times article, "Theater: 'Ambition, By Halasz," was legally contested as breach of copyright by Squat Theatre. The name of Halász theatre was changed to Love Theatre.

References

External links

 Péter videó-életrajza (részlet) VideoBio

Further reading
 Theater: 'Ambition,' By Halasz Gussow, Mel. The New York Times, October 4, 1987, Sunday, Late City Final Edition

1944 births
2006 deaths
Hungarian film directors
Male actors from Budapest
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Hungarian male film actors

Péter Halász (actor)


Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician. He is the President of Cameroon. He has been the country's president since 6 November 1982.

Biya was born in the village of Mvomeka'a in Cameroon. At that time, the country was called French Cameroon. He studied in France, at the Sorbonne and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, both in Paris. He graduated in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in public law and a diploma in international relations.

After graduating, Biya returned to Cameroon and worked in the government. In 1975, the President Ahmadou Ahidjo gave the job of Prime Minister to Biya. When President Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982, Biya became president of the country. Shortly afterwards, Ahidjo and Biya began feuding, and Ahidjo was forced to leave Cameroon.

Biya was elected as the President of Cameroon in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997 and 2004, but other parties only have been allowed to enter the elections since 1992. The results many of these election results have been called fraudulent (achieved through unfair or illegal ways).

Many international organizations, including Amnesty International, have criticized Biya's government for restricting the freedom of the people of Cameroon. These issues include control of the media (newspapers and radio and television stations)  and violations of human rights.  Biya's supporters point to the country's stability and high literacy rate.

Biya is currently the longest-ruling non-royal leader in the world and the oldest ruler in Sub-Saharan Africa after Robert Mugabe stepped down during the 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état.

References

Other websites
 bbc.com's country profile on Cameroon
 Paul Biya's Biography (from the 2004 election)
 Amnesty International press release from 17/25/97

1933 births
Living people
Presidents of Cameroon
Prime Ministers of Cameroon
Current national leaders
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris

Paul Biya


A lightning arrester is a device, basically an air gap between an electric wire and ground, that is used to switch a lightning strike from something such as a television antenna to a metal rod about two meters long that is buried in the ground. If a lightning arrester is not used, then the lightning will go through the television set and burn it out.

A "lightning arrester" does not really "arrest" or stop lightning. It "diverts" or changes the way lightning goes so that it ends up going into the ground instead of going into a television set or other device that it could hurt.

Electricity distribution

Lightning arrester


Trollfest (whiles written as TrollfesT) is a Fowk metal baund frae Norawa.  They tak their soond frae jynin thegither fowk muisic an Black metal.

Efter formin in 2004 an recordin a demo the same year, the baund wis signed tae Solistitium Records, an in 2005 set furth their first fou-lenth record, Willkommen Folk Tell Drekka Fest  than can be pitten ower intil Scots as Walcome, fowk, til the Drinkin Fest.  Their seicont album, Brakebein wis setten furth on Omvina Records the neist year.  Brakebein is a concept album anent a curn o trowes that gangs awa on an ventur for tae rake for the legendar beer.

The feck o the baund's leerics is written in the upmakkit leid Trollspråk (Sco: Trowe Leid) that's a mixtur-maxtur o Norse an German.  For ordinar the leerics haes a humorous  focus, bein tae the maist pairt anent trowes an drinkin.

Efter bein thegither for three year, the baund played their first shaw at Barther Metal Open Air 2007 in Germany.

Line Up
Jostein (a.k.a. Trollmannen) - Vocals
John Espen (a.k.a. Mr. Seidel) - Guitar
Martin (a.k.a. Psychotroll) - Bass
Eirik (a.k.a. Trollbank) - Drums

Discography
 Willkommen Folk Tell Drekka Fest (2005)
 Brakebein (2006)
 Villanden (2008)
 En Kvest For Den Hellige Gral (2011)
 Brumlebassen (2012)
 Helluva (2017)
 Norwegian Fairytales (2019)

Fremmit Airtins
Trollfest Offeecial Wabsteid
Trollfest's leerics
Review o their first album
Review o their seicont album

Norse fowk metal muisical groups

Trollfest


"Reichenbach" is the second episode of the paranormal drama television series Supernaturals season 10, and the 197th overall. The episode was written by Andrew Dabb and directed by Thomas J. Wright. It was first broadcast on October 14, 2014 on The CW. In the episode, Sam escapes from his captor, Cole Trenton, who is holding a vendetta against Dean for something that happened 12 years ago while Crowley begins to lose control of Dean. Meanwhile, Hannah notices Castiel's health and decides to ask Metatron for help.

Plot
Sam (Jared Padalecki) is told by Cole (Travis Aaron Wade) that on June 21, 2003, Cole woke up in the night to see Dean (Jensen Ackles) kill his father, the reason why he wants to kill Dean. He begins torturing Sam to reveal Dean's location but Sam tries to talk him down about the monsters he and Dean hunt but Cole doesn't believe him. While Cole speaks through the phone, Sam escapes.

Crowley (Mark A. Sheppard) has Dean kill a man's wife after the man sold his soul. However, Dean instead kills the man, making Crowley furious as he has lost a soul. Meanwhile, Castiel (Misha Collins) is beginning to deteriorate his health, causing a car crash, wounding him and Hannah (Erica Carroll). Hannah decides to go to the dungeons in Heaven to talk to Metatron (Curtis Armstrong). Metatron offers Castiel's remaining grace if he's freed but Castiel arrives to refuse the deal, while Metatron states that he will somehow get out and kill everyone.

Realizing Dean is out of control, Crowley gives Sam his whereabouts. Dean refuses to go with Sam but the bar is attacked by Cole, who knocks down Sam. Cole reveals that he allowed Sam to escape and then follow him as he would go with Dean. Cole tries to attack Dean but he is no match for him and is brutally wounded. Dean leaves him alive so that he will have to live with the shame of having been unable to avenge his father. Sam then spreads holy water on Dean so he can handcuff him and take him to the car. Cole leaves but goes to a library to start researching on demons as a way to kill Dean. Sam then gives Crowley the First Blade and while driving, Dean begins to taunt him, stating he will have no mercy on him.

Reception

Viewers
The episode was watched by 2.13 million viewers with a 0.9/3 share among adults aged 18 to 49. This was a 15% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 2.50 million viewers. This means that 0.9 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 3 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. Supernatural ranked as the second most watched program on The CW in the day, behind The Flash.

Critical reviews

"Reichenbach" received critical acclaim. Amy Ratcliffe of IGN gave the episode a "great" 8.7 out of 10 and wrote in her verdict, "Tonight's Supernatural jumped forward in unexpected ways but seeing Sam and Dean confront each other so soon cemented what Dean said in the premiere: Dean doesn't care. This episode drove it home, and Dean's behavior felt like a punch in the gut – in a satisfying sort of way."

Hunter Bishop of TV Overmind, wrote, "Castiel, though, seems like he made peace with his death; that is new, at worst, and cool, at best. I'm willing to watch this play out. I think it could have potential. Some real conflict between the Winchesters outside of the basic crap we've been trundling through for the last nine years is just so appealing. I hope Demon-Dean stays Demon-Dean or at least become Self-Confident-Dean. I hope that Sam gets something to do besides look incredibly sick and chase his brother around. I hope Castiel... does something interesting. Perhaps my hopes are up. But anyways. I liked this episode. It's nice to have Supernatural back; as busy as I am, it's a nice and comfortable hour-long spot for me to enjoy. Hope it's the same for you guys."

Samantha Highfill of EW stated: "Supernatural lives and dies on the relationship between the Winchester brothers. That's not to say that they need to be on good terms for the show to be good. In fact, some of the show's greatest moments have come out of disagreements or one brother trying to save the other from himself. And despite a slow start to the hour, the Demon Dean story line seems to be building to yet another epic moment of brotherly love. No, it didn't happen in this hour, which felt more like setup for what's to come than anything else, but by the end of it, the Winchester brothers were back in the same room, and of course, back in the Impala. From here, things can only get darker and more interesting."

Sean McKenna from TV Fanatic, gave a 4.6 star rating out of 5, stating: "Overall, this was an intense hour providing a mesmerizing and freighting Dean right until the last moments. There's something terrifying (and I can only imagine for Sam) in listening to the elder Winchester brother talk so coldly about what he's going to do to Sam. And as much as I want Sam to save him, I can't help but be pleased at Supernaturals success with exploring a story that involves a demon Dean."

MaryAnn Sleasman of TV.com wrote, "'Reichenbach' kicked up the momentum that was set in motion by 'Black' and left me wanting MORE. NOW. Which is all it really needed to do. After the goofiness of 'Black,' this crazy train to angstville was just want I needed to get my giddy on."

Bridget LaMonica from Den of Geek gave the episode a perfect 5 star rating out of 5, stating "Dean doing the demon eye-flick is creepy. His mild enjoyment later when he's gut-stabbing Lester is even more unsettling. Demon Dean is an unusual sort of character. He's not a good guy, and he's not exactly the demon friend that Crowley had hoped for. The Mark converted Dean into a demon, sure, but he's not one to be controlled by the King of Hell. There's no other being like Dean in the world, which is probably what a lot of his one night stands would say. Did I go there? I think I did."

References

External links

Supernatural (season 10) episodes
2014 American television episodes
Television episodes set in heaven

Reichenbach (Supernatural)


Stimulant maintenance is the medical practice of prescribing stimulant substances such as cocaine or amphetamines to people who are dependent on these drugs. Supporters of stimulant maintenance believe that prescription offers legal alternatives to people who would otherwise be purchasing impure drugs in unknown potency and concentration, unnecessarily risking their health and supporting an illegal market that fuels organized crime. Pharmaceutical Dexedrine is being tried as drug replacement therapy for cocaine as well. There has been success in Australia and England.

References

Drug rehabilitation
Substance dependence

Stimulant maintenance


Vernon Andrade (April 24, 1902, Panama – February 8, 1966, New York City) was an American jazz bandleader active primarily in New York City in the 1920s and 1930s.

Andrade played violin as a teenager and moved to New York in the early 1920s, holding a position in Deacon Johnson's orchestra. He picked up double-bass in 1923 and became a bandleader around the same time. He married Charlotte Cooper  and moved to a brownstone in the Bedford Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn. Oddly enough he and Carmen McRae were neighbors and in-laws. He held a regular gig at the Renaissance Casino and also worked the Alhambra Ballroom in Harlem, which featured high-level dancing. Frankie Manning was among Andrade's admirers. He remained at the Renaissance until 1938; members of his band included Pete Briggs, Ernest Hill, and  Zutty Singleton. Helen Humes recorded with Andrade's band on Okeh Records, but other than this, Andrade recorded little in his career, and was largely forgotten as a result. Nevertheless, his style of arrangements was an influence on bandleaders like Fletcher Henderson and Chick Webb. Andrade spent the later years of his life teaching piano and violin.

References
Eugene Chadbourne, [ Vernon Andrade] at Allmusic

1902 births
1966 deaths
American jazz bandleaders
20th-century American musicians
Panamanian emigrants to the United States
Jazz musicians from New York City

Vernon Andrade


For Eyes Only /Streng geheim is an East German espionage film. It was released in 1963.

Plot
1961, West Germany. Hansen is a man who escaped from the German Democratic Republic and now works for an American company called Concordia. In fact, Hansen is an agent of the Stasi, and Concordia is the headquarters of Military Intelligence Division in Germany, from which countless saboteurs and spies have been sent over the border to wreak havoc in East Germany. The United States plans to invade the country, after staging an internal uprising as a provocation to intervene. The plans are held by Collins, Hansen's superior. The latter intends to steal them, but has to evade the suspicions of security officer Rocker, who knows there is a leak. He is assisted by his chauffeur, František, who discovered his covert identity but intends to help him, in order to return to his homeland Czechoslovakia. The two manage to steal the safe with the invasion plans and cross the border to the East, pursued by the police and army. The plan is uncovered and the invasion has to be canceled.

Cast
 Alfred Müller: Hansen
 Helmut Schreiber: Major Ted Collins
 Ivan Palec: František
 Hans Lucke: Colonel Rock
 Werner Lierck: Schuck
 Martin Flörchinger: Stasi colonel
 Peter Marx: Hartmann
 Eva-Maria Hagen: Peggy
 Rolf Herricht: Max
 Gerd E. Schäfer: Charly
 Christine Laszar: Hella
 Ingrid Ohlenschläger: Liz
 Renate Geißler: Gisela
 Marion van de Kamp: Adelheid
 Eberhard Esche: Stasi agent
 Norbert Flohr: Manfred
 Peter Friedrich: bearded man
 Georg Gudzent: MID general
 Hans Köcke: man with glass eye

Production
The idea to make For Eyes Only was conceived by dramatist Hans Lucke, who also played in the film. Although its main theme – the planned invasion of the GDR by American-led NATO forces – was a common motif in East German propaganda since the beginning of the Cold War, author Bernd Stöver viewed For Eyes Only as the final link in a chain of publications, starting at 1958, intended by the government to demonstrate the necessity of building the Berlin Wall and to justify it after it was erected. Dramatist Heinz Hafke commented that "the Imperialist forces view the Cold War as a never-ending struggle against the Socialist states. The Cold War can become hot instantly, if the forces of peace will let down their guard. In this film, although we used some artistic freedom, we based the plot on actual people and documents... The setting of the story sometime before 13 August 1961 is justified and is supported by fact." Stöver claimed that the picture was to give the impression that the planned invasion was prevented by building the wall. This was reinforced by the disclaimer that announced: "Resemblance to real persons is intended".

The film's plot was loosely based on three actual espionage affairs: primarily, it was modeled after the case of Horst Hesse, an East German agent who infiltrated the American Military Intelligence Division in 1955 and managed to smuggle out two safes containing classified documents, which allowed the Stasi to uncover some 140 spies. Hesse was celebrated as a hero in East Germany - largely due to the film's success - but later research established that his role in the operation was exaggerated. The chief protagonist Hansen was meant to allude to him. The invasion plans mentioned in the film were inspired by DECO II, an operational plan of the Bundeswehr to attack the GDR, which was known to the Stasi since 1955 but was granted great publicity in the early 1960s as proof for the danger of imminent invasion. The producers also mentioned MC-96, a NATO plan to use tactical nuclear weapons in East Germany, as another inspiration. The fifth column of Western saboteurs referred to in the film, that were to organize a second '17 June 1953', was based on a network uncovered in 1959, when three American agents related to it were captured in Karl-Marx-Stadt.

The producers received full cooperation from the Stasi, and several officers from the service were used as consultants. Director János Veiczi saw actor Alfred Müller in theater, playing Phileas Fogg, and offered him the main role. Principal photography took place in Leipzig. Müller, who had no driving license, was only shot in the Opel Kapitän used in the filming when it was pushed or towed, while a member of the production team drove it in the car chase scenes.

Reception
The film was viewed by 800,000 people in the first month after its release, and also exported to other Eastern Bloc countries, selling 9,000,000 tickets overall. On 5 October 1964, Veiczi and writer Harry Thürk both received the National Prize of East Germany, 3rd Class for For Eyes Only Erich Mielke had personally awarded the National People's Army Medal of Merit to Thürk, editor Christel Ehrlich, the dramatists and the leading actors. Composer Günter Hauk was awarded the Heinrich Greif Prize on 17 May 1966, in recognition of his work on the picture's soundtrack.

The film was received in a highly positive manner in the East German press: on 23 July 1963, the critic of the Schweriner Volkszeitung wrote: "it is thrilling, because its plot is true: a real plan to invade our country existed, but had to be canceled after 13 August 1961." On 10 August 1963, a commentator in Das Freie Wort noted "there is nothing fictional in there... Bonn constantly declares its intention to 'free' East Germany."

Peter Ulrich Weiß, who researched Cold War media in East Germany, pointed out that the film presented a highly politicized portrayal of the characters: Stasi agent Hansen was depicted as humane and devoted to his country, while being contrasted with the West Germans: he was only suspected, as one of the MID personnel tells in the film, because "he is the only one from the East... and the only one to have served during World War II merely as an infantry corporal. All the rest of our German employees have all either been in the SD or the Gestapo, or at the least in the SS." The Americans in the film - whose authenticity was enhanced by having the actors speak in American English, with a German dubbing over it - were all negative characters: one is active in trading stolen art, others are serial fornicators and another makes antisemitic remarks. One more Cold War token figure was the Czechoslovak driver of Hansen, who longs to return to his Socialist homeland. When he realizes his employer is a spy, he volunteers to help him in exchange for being allowed to flee with him to East Germany. Daniela Berghahn considered For Eyes Only as the most famous and successful spy thriller ever made in the GDR.

References

External links

 For Eyes Only on the Goethe Institute's website.

1963 films
1960s spy films
German spy films
East German films
1960s German-language films
Cold War spy films
Films set in Berlin
German black-and-white films
1960s thriller films
Films based on German novels
1960s German films

For Eyes Only


Honey baby, Honey baby is a 1974 American action film directed by Michael Schultz. The film focuses on the adventures of Laura Lewis, a young woman from Harlem known as "Honey Baby" (Diana Sands), who wins a game show trip to Beirut, Lebanon. While on this trip, she and her cousin Skiggy (J.Eric Bell) get in trouble after she encounters a Chinese woman named Madame Chan (Gay Suilin), who, unknown to Laura and Skiggy, implants a dot with the secret formula of a deceased prince's body in Honey Baby's purse. Consequently, mercenaries track Honey Baby to get the formula back.

The film was also released in the United States under a variety of alternate titles such as, "Honeybaby, Honeybaby", "Honeybaby", and "Three Days in Beirut".

Plot
The film follows "Honey Baby" on her trip to Beirut where she is hunted down by a variety of people seeking a micro dot from her, which was planted on her by Madame Chan and contains a sought-after secret formula. Honey Baby's role as a target becomes evident once she is approached by an African man who is inquiring about the disappearance of Madame Chan, and murdered shortly after. Honey Baby then meets a man named "Liv" (Calvin Lockhart) who she proceeds to go on a date with. Liv's ulterior motive is revealed at the conclusion of their date as he confesses to his interest in the disappearance of Madame Chan, despite enjoying Honey Baby's company.

Amidst driving home from their date, Liv's car is chased by multiple men in an attempt to assassinate Honey Baby. Upon reaching a dead-end, Honey Baby is involved in a shootout as Liv gives her a gun with instructions to 'run like hell'. Following the shootout, Madame Chan's missing body is put into Honey Baby's closet by "Makuba" (Head of the Operations).

The next day, Honey Baby begins to face different pressures from the producer of the game show, Sam (Seth Allen), who wants to constantly shoot her "having fun" to show the viewers back home. He even suggests that "if we get you in a pants suit, on a horse, and put you in an Afro hairdo we got something" as a solution to re-brand her. Honey Baby rejects this because she just wants to be herself and doesn't want to change. However, she does eventually agree to go on a live game show to continue her trip to Lebanon. She is to be filmed sitting on a ski lift over Lebanon. Before the show can begin, an assassin cuts the rope steadying her, causing her to speed down the line and almost die on National Television.

In the end, Laura reveals that the guy that everyone believes to be Makuba is actually General Christian Awani (Thomas Baptiste) and he kidnapped the real Makuba to steal his identity and obtain the secret formula of the dead prince's body. As revenge for constantly trying to kill her, Honey Baby locks Awani in the Prince's castle in order for him to be arrested when the police arrive.

Cast
 Diana Sands as Laura Lewis / "Honey Baby"
 Calvin Lockhart as "Liv"
 Seth Allen as Sam
 Bricktop as Harry's Mother
 J. Eric Bell as "Skiggy" Lewis
 Thomas Baptiste as General Christian Awani

Soundtrack

Credits
 Art direction – Dick Smith (9)
 Artwork – Katrina Taylor (2)
 Bass – Francisco Centeno
 Clavinet – Weldon J. Irvine*
 Drums – Brian O. Grice*
 Electric Piano – Nathaniel Adderley Jr.*
 Flute – Harald Milton Jones*, Philip L. Bodner*, William Slapin
 French Horn – Brooks Tillotson, James Buffington*, Peter Gordon (8)
 Guitar – Bradley Bobo
 Harp – Margaret Ross
 Percussion – David Carey, Richard V. Powell*
 Performer [Tender Loving Care] – Deirdre Tuck, Jocye Tuck, Renelle Stafford
 Piano [Pianoforte] – Carl Maults-By*
 Producer, Arranged By, Adapted By, Conductor – Carl Maults-By*
 Recorded By, Mixed by – Dick Baxter
 Saxophone – Frank Wess, Seldon Powell
 Strings – Alan Shulman, Alfred Brand, Charles Libove, Emanuel Green, Emanuel Vardi, George Ricci, Harry Cykman, Harry Lookofsky, Harry Zaratzian, Joe Malin, Joseph Malignacci*, Julien C. Barber*, Kermit Moore, Lewis Eley, Max Ellen, Max Pollikoff, Paul Gershman, Selwart Richard Clarke*,Theodore Israel
 Strings, Concertmaster – Gene Orloff
 Trombone – Garnett Brown, Paul Faulise, Wayne J. Andre*
 Trumpet, Flugelhorn – Ernest Royal*, Blood Hollins*, Raymond Crisara*
 Vocals – Friends Of Distinction*, Tender Loving Care, Zulema

See also
 List of American films of 1974

External links

1974 films
Films directed by Michael Schultz
1974 action films
Films set in Lebanon
American action films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films

Honeybaby, Honeybaby


Hexis () is a relatively stable arrangement or disposition, for example a person's health or knowledge or character. It is an Ancient Greek word, important in the philosophy of Aristotle, and because of this it has become a traditional word of philosophy. It stems from a verb related to possession or "having", and Jacob Klein, for example, translates it as "possession". It is more typically translated in modern texts occasionally as "state" (e.g., H. Rackham), but more often as "disposition".

General description
Joe Sachs translates it as "active condition", in order to make sure that hexis is not confused with passive conditions of the soul, such as feelings and impulses or mere capacities that belong to us by nature. Sachs points to Aristotle's own distinction, explained for example in Categories 8b, which distinguishes the word diathesis, normally uncontroversially translated as disposition. In this passage, diathesis only applies to passive and shallow dispositions that are easy to remove and change, such as being hot or cold, while hexis is reserved for deeper and more active dispositions, such as properly getting to know something in a way that it will not be easily forgotten. Another common example of a human hexis in Aristotle is health (, or sometimes , in Greek) and in cases where hexis is discussed in the context of health, it is sometimes translated as "constitution".

Humans
Apart from needing to be relatively stable or permanent, in contexts concerning humans (such as knowledge, health, and good character) hexis is also generally understood to be contrasted from other dispositions, conditions and habits, by being "acquired" by some sort of training or other habituation.

According to Plotinus, virtue is a hexis of the soul that is not primarily related to praxis and habituation; hexis is a quality of being in an active state of possession that intellectualizes the soul in permanent contemplation of the intelligible world (Enn. VI.8.5.3–37).

Other uses also occur, for example it is sometimes translated as "habit", based upon the classical translation from Greek to Latin "habitus", which also comes from a verb indicating having.

The Latin term is also used in English and as a result "habitus" is for example also a term used in sociology.

Aristotle
Being in a truly fixed state, as opposed to being stable, is not implied in the original Aristotelian usage of this word. He uses the example of "health" being a hexis.

So according to Aristotle, a "hexis" is a type of "disposition" (diathesis) which he in turn describes in the same as follows...

And specifically it is the type of disposition "in virtue of which (kath' ho) the thing which is disposed is disposed well or badly, and either independently or in relation to something else".

The wording "in virtue of which" was also described in the same passage...

In Aristotle then, a hexis is an arrangement of parts such that the arrangement might have excellence, being well arranged, or in contrast, might be badly arranged. Also see Aristotle's Categories viii where a hexis ("habit" in the translation of Edghill) is contrasted with a disposition (diathesis) in terms of it being more permanent and less easy to change. The example given is "knowledge" (epistemē).

In perhaps the most important case, Aristotle contrasted hexis with energeia (in the sense of activity or operation) at Nicomachean Ethics I.viii.1098b33 and Eudemian Ethics II.i.1218b. The subject here was eudaimonia, the proper aim of human life, often translated as "happiness" and hexis is contrasted with energeia (ἐνέργεια) in order to show the correctness of a proposed definition of eudaimonia - "activity (ἐνέργεια) in conformity with virtue"

Happiness
Happiness then, is an , but virtue of character (often translated as "moral virtue") is made up of . Happiness is said to deserve honoring like the divine if it be actually achieved, while virtue of character, being only a potential achievement, deserves praise but is lower.

New Testament

...and defined in the Strong's concordance...

References

Bibliography

Concepts in ancient Greek metaphysics
Greek Muses
Philosophy of Aristotle

Hexis


The Lake Placid Olympic Museum commemorates the 1932 Winter Olympics and 1980 Winter Olympics, which were based in the Olympic village of Lake Placid.  It is one of few Olympic museums in the United States and is a part of the work of New York State Olympic Regional Development Authority in the Lake Placid Olympic Region. Lake Placid is the only North American city to have hosted two separate Winter Olympics.

The museum, which was opened by New York State in 1994, is located within the Olympic Center. Its collection includes the "Fram III" bobsled from the 1932 Olympic Games which had been missing for more than sixty years prior to being donated to the museum, the skates used by Jack Shea in the same games, as well as memorabilia from the 1980 Miracle on Ice hockey team. The museum also hosted the Olympic torch when it traveled the United States prior to the 2002 Olympic Games in Salt Lake City. In addition to hosting the Lake Placid film forum, the museum's collection also provided materials for the 2004 movie Miracle, which focused on the 1980 hockey team.

The museum was the recipient of the 2005 Olympic Cup, one of the oldest awards given by the International Olympic Committee, which recognizes institutions that have been active in the service of sport, and have contributed to the development of the Olympic Movement. It has benefited from and is augmented by the other Olympic institutions and programs located in and around Lake Placid which form part of former Governor Pataki's promotion of Lake Placid as a tourism destination. The museum draws between 25,000 and 35,000 visitors each year.

See also
 United States Olympic & Paralympic Museum

References

External links
 Lake Placid Olympic Museum

Museums in Essex County, New York
Sports museums in New York (state)
Museums established in 1994
1932 Winter Olympics
1980 Winter Olympics
Olympic museums
1994 establishments in New York (state)

Lake Placid Winter Olympic Museum


Medical debt refers to debt incurred by individuals due to health care costs and related expenses.

Medical debt is different from other forms of debt, because it is usually incurred accidentally or faultlessly. People do not plan to fall ill or hurt themselves, and health care remedies are often unavoidable; medical debt is often treated with more sympathy than other kinds of debt resulting in advice that people ought not try to convert it to credit card debt.

United States

Medical debt is an especially notable  phenomenon in the United States. According to a 2019 poll from the Pew Research center, American citizens are much more worried about health care issues as a top public matter and concern, especially medical expenses, rather than the economy and terrorism.

In less developed nations those on low income in need of treatment will often avail themselves of whatever help they can from either the state or NGOs without going into debt, and in most developed countries public coverage of healthcare costs are comprehensive.  But in the US, even when the patient has insurance coverage, including coverage under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, considerable medical costs remain the patient's responsibility. Consequently, medical debt has been found by a 2009 study to be the primary cause of personal bankruptcy. One of the surveys that has been conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation showed that the amount of debt incurred by individuals for health care costs is likely to cause personal bankruptcy. The study, which involved adults with employer-sponsored insurance, found that while 20% of those surveyed have been approached by agencies, almost 9% of people declared their bankruptcy due to the health expenses.

A 2007 survey found about 70 million Americans either have difficulty paying for medical treatment or have medical debt.
According to research done in 2019, especially adults who are between 18–64 years and those lacking health insurance coverage are familiar with medical financial hardship in the US. Studies have found people are most likely to accumulate large medical debts when they do not have health insurance to cover the costs of necessary medications, treatments, or procedures—in 2009 about 50 million Americans had no health coverage.  However, about 60% of those found to have medical debt were insured.
Health insurance plans rarely cover all health-related expenses; for insured people, the gap between insurance coverage and the affordability of health care manifests as medical debt. As with any type of debt, medical debt can lead to an array of personal and financial problems—including having to go without food and heat plus a reluctance to seek further medical treatment.
Aggressive debt collecting has been highlighted as an aggravating factor.
A study has found about 63% of adults with medical debt avoided further medical treatment, compared with only 19% of adults who had no such debt.

In the United States, one of the largest concerns of medical debt stems from high medical costs. For example, in a 2011 study of fees paid to physicians for office visits and hip replacement procedures across the United States and several other wealthy countries, the patients in the United States paid 27% more for office visits and 70% more for hip replacement procedures. Similarly, the United States charges an average of $75,345 for a heart bypass operation whereas the same operation in other wealthy countries, such as the Netherlands and Switzerland, costs $15,000 to $36,000 on average. In general, data has shown that individuals in the United States pay nearly double the amount of money on healthcare in their lifetime than those in other wealthy countries. As these healthcare costs continue to rise, a lack of insurance or insurance that does not cover all fees causes a rise in out-of-pocket expenses. In addition, those with medical debts may increase in the future due to increasing patient cost-sharing and rising health care costs.

According to a study conducted in 2012 by Demos, it was determined that among indebted households 62% cited out-of-pocket medical expenses as a contribution to their debt. As these medical fees continue to rise and out-of-pocket expenses continue to grow, Americans are at much higher risk of falling into medical debt whether insured or not.

In May 2023, President Biden publicly discouraged all Americans from using medical credit cards to pay for their medical bills due to the credit cards' high interest rates.

Medical debt in other countries
The threat of unmanageable medical debts is less common for those in Western Europe, Japan and Australia. A 2019 study of health provision carried out for the Los Angeles Times reported in the United Kingdom, Sweden, France, Germany and Japan about 2.8% of citizens struggled with high medical bills compared to about 16.6% of Americans. In the same year, a World Health Organization analysis of the spending of patients in 36 countries found that only 1 household in 90 in the Netherlands risked facing prohibitive medical expenses. According to another report by the Los Angeles Times, countries such as the United Kingdom and Canada that have state-funded health provision, and Germany and the Netherlands where private insurers have tight limits on the amount of patients may be charged, few people struggle to afford medical expenses. Research based on available data from 2018 indicated that the amount of unaffordable health care by individuals in the USA (7.4%) was considerably higher than European states such as France where only 1.9% of people faced concerns regarding medical bills, Germany (2.4%), the UK (1.4%), the Netherlands (1.1%), and non-European countries such as Australia (3.2%) and Japan (2.6%). The study found that although health care expenses are cheaper in other countries in comparison with the US, such countries faced difficulties such as overcrowding in UK hospitals and long waiting lists in Canada.

Medical debt in bankruptcy

Medical debt is considered as a non-priority unsecured debt in Chapter 7 bankruptcy. In other words, medical debts are paid only after assets are applied to the debt of creditors who hold priority debt, and thus medical debts are often discharged in their entirety at the conclusion of the bankruptcy process. If the bankrupt estate has sufficient assets such that a part of the medical debt is repaid through bankruptcy, any remaining outstanding medical debt that is included in the bankruptcy case will be discharged.

Settlement of medical debt

Public programs
In order to tackle the issue, an advocacy organization, Physicians for a National Health Program thinks of a special program which would enhance insurance coverage for Americans. Under that single-payer health care system, Medicare for All is advocated for the resemblance of the health care services with that work in Canada, where all individuals are free to consult a doctor generally without paying a bill at all. The survey has demonstrated that 56% of citizens supported that national plan in 2019.

Financial assistance by organizations
The PAN Foundation is considered to be "an independent, national 501 (c)(3) organization dedicated to helping federally and commercially insured people living with life-threatening, chronic and rare diseases with the out-of-pocket costs for their prescribed medications" and the non-profit organization has provided approximately 1 million patients those are underinsured with a financial aid equaling to $3 billion since 2004. Apart from that, the national organization "providing free, professional support services and information to help people manage the emotional, practical and financial challenges of cancer", CancerCare has provided $39.7 million as a financial assistance to reportedly 24,767 people in order to help with treatment-related medical costs.

Debt negotiation
According to Dr. Marty Makary, the professor of health policy and management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and a surgeon at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, debt negotiation is achievable before, during and after the health care services in the process of a high costing of medical expenses.

On the other hand, the issue of inaccuracy is common in the health care sector related to the price of services and in case of any inaccuracy is better to be reviewed before the negotiation process. Dr. Carolyn McClanahan, the founder and director of financial planning at Life Planning Partners, says that patients should double-check whether they received all the services for which they are billed. America's Debt Help Organization encourages patients to check the medical bills for the common mistakes such as double billing, fraudulent charges and coding (typo) errors with the insurance company as the first course of action before going into the debt negotiation process.

Debt forgiveness
In 2016 John Oliver forgave $14.9 million of medical debt on his Last Week Tonight show.  The debt was purchased for just $60,000 through a company named "Central Asset Recovery Professionals" (or CARP, a pun on the bottom feeding fish) which Oliver said had cost just $50 to create.  After the purchase he reportedly received a portfolio offering the names, current addresses and Social Security numbers of about 9,000 people which was sent to the RIP Medical Debt organization in order to have the debt forgiven.

In 2018, two local women from the Finger Lakes region in New York partnered with the nonprofit RIP Medical Debt after fundraising for the purpose of debt collection for debt forgiveness. The nonprofit looks for bundled packages of debt from first or third party agencies which the group negotiates to purchase at discounted prices (pennies on the dollar). The two women initially raised $12,500 and used this money to purchase $1.5 million of medical debt through RIP Medical Debt, which was then forgiven.

Debt consolidation
Debt consolidation may be an option for those who carry medical debt on credit cards, by providing a reduced interest rate.

See also

Charge description master
Financial toxicity
Health care in the United States
Health economics
Health insurance
Underinsured

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Debt
Medical ethics
Economic problems
Personal financial problems
Healthcare in the United States
Social problems in medicine

Medical debt


Xincheng District (, pinyin:Xīnchéng Qū, meaning: New City District), is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, and it's in middle-eastern of Xi'an. Shaanxi government is in here. Its name is from Xincheng Square. As of November 2011, 589,739 people live in here. Area of Xincheng District is 30.13 km2.

Shaanxi
Districts of China

Xincheng District