Operation Chrome Dome was a United States Air Force Cold War-era mission from 1961 to 1968 in which B-52 strategic bomber aircraft armed with thermonuclear weapons remained on continuous airborne alert, flying routes that put them in positions to attack targets in the Soviet Union if they were ordered to do so. The exact routes varied by year, but in general there were routes that went to positions over the Canadian arctic, Alaska, Greenland, and the Mediterranean Sea. Many American Air Force Bases in the 1960s allocated at least one bomber crew to "Chrome Dome" duty on a regular basis, and many other bases, including foreign bases, were involved in the refueling operations. Over the years the mission involved overflights of American, Canadian, Danish (Greenland), and Spanish territory, among others. The goal of "Chrome Dome" was to keep a number of nuclear-armed aircraft in a position to help guaranteed nuclear retaliation against the Soviet Union in the event that the latter was somehow able to destroy the majority of US nuclear weapons still on the ground, while also ensuring that Strategic Air Command bomber crews had experience with airborne alert procedures so that, in the event of heightened concern, the number of patrolling bombers could be increased dramatically. Several high-profile nuclear accidents were associated with the "Chrome Dome" program, including the accidental release of nuclear weapons on foreign territory, and it was shut down in the wake of one such accident in 1968.

Background: airborne alert

After the Soviet Union's successful launch of its first satellites, in 1957, US military planners feared that intercontinental ballistic missiles could under some circumstances destroy the bomber forces of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) prior to their taking off. General Curtis LeMay had, prior to this, worked to reduce the ground-based alert time for SAC's B-52 bomber forces to 15 minutes, but the new SAC commander, General Thomas S. Power, pushed to augment this with a full airborne-alert program, in which some portion of the American B-52 bomber force would be airborne and armed with nuclear weapons 24-hours a day. This would make it impossible for an incoming attack to destroy the entirety of the US continental nuclear forces, guaranteeing the possibility of a retaliatory strike.

The initial pilot program in 1958 saw one bomb wing launching a combat-ready B-52 every six hours. Over the years, this expanded to SAC launching 12 sorties per day by late 1961. By 1960-1961, the alerts followed "ladder" routes that went from the United States up into the Canadian arctic. Over the course of 1961, there were several distinct operations that gradually increased the number of planes involved. The purpose of all of these named missions was "indoctrination": while acting as an active airborne alert operation, they were also meant to be training missions for a more general airborne alert with many more planes. The ultimate plans called for the ability to maintain at least 1/16th of the entire SAC bomber forces in the air at any given time in a period of high alert. The operations of 1961, each using 12 bomber sorties, were: "Cover All" (15 January-31 March), "Clear Road" (1 April-30 June), "Keen Axe" (1 July-30 September), and "Wire Brush" (1 October-5 November). "Wire Brush," for example, involved at least 11 B-52s, each launched from a different American airbase, traveling along  traveling along 6 different routes over Canadian airspace.

During Operation "Cover All", there were at least two serious accidents involving B-52s and nuclear weapons, one near Goldsboro, North Carolina and another a few weeks later near Yuba City, California.

As the number of bombers increased, the route became congested in a way that made it clear that getting to 1/16th airborne alert status, or an even more ambitious 1/8th status, would jeopardize flight safety. Operation "Chrome Dome" was conceived of as a revision to the original "ladder" routine, as well as an attempt to make the airborne alert program a "regular" one, rather than the short-term alert programs that had preceded it. The new plan would use two routes, one circumnavigating Canada known as "North Country", the other traversing the Atlantic to the Western Mediterranean Sea (known as "Mail Pouch"). These planes would be refueled in-flight by KC-135 aircraft operating out of bases in the northeast United States, Alaska, and Spain. "Chrome Dome" was approved by the Department of Defense and began in November 1961, with four strategic wings and two bomb wings flying one sortie a day, and one bomb wing flying two sorties a day, on the northern route, and four strategic wings flying one sortie a day on the southern route. Two of these 12 bombers per day were sent to monitor the BMEWS facility near Thule, Greenland. After several weeks of operation, the planners judged "Chrome Dome" a success in addressing the problems created in previous operations. It was explicitly planned that, in times of high alert, the number of B-52s on the "Chrome Dome" routes could be increased far above the twelve daily flights.

"Chrome Dome" is the best-known of the SAC airborne alert programs, in part because several high-profile "Broken Arrow" nuclear weapons accidents became associated with it, including the 1968 accident at Thule which ended the program. But it was not the only such program; it existed side-by-side with other, more-temporary airborne alert programs with names like "Hard Head", "Round Robin", and "Butterknife". As an official history put it, "Operation Chrome Dome was only the most dramatic and best known program requiring that nuclear weapons be kept aloft."

Cuban Missile Crisis

On 22 October 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the airborne alert was immediately increased 1/8th level under an order by General Power for the first and only time. This involved using existing "Chrome Dome" procedures, including those designed to enable the scaling up of forces dramatically and quickly, as well as the existing "Chrome Dome" flight routes. The greatest increase in traffic during this period was on the southern route because of refueling limitations at the Eielson AFB in Alaska. The increase meant that initially 66 B-52s launched daily (28 on the northern route, 36 on the southern route, with still only 2 monitoring Thule). Such was the priority in increasing the number of flights that on 24 October, SAC authorized that B-52s could still run their "sorties" even if one of their engines was shut down. By 5 November the total number of daily B-52s launches was increased to 75 (42 planes on the northern route, 31 on the southern route, 2 on Thule duty). This level of alert was maintained until 21 November, almost 30 days, at which point the alert level was reduced to the previous "indoctrination" level. During that month, 2,088 B-52 aircraft were launched, all carrying multiple thermonuclear bombs, and they logged 41,168 flying hours. At peak strength, approximately 65 planes were "target effective" at any given time. President John F. Kennedy presented Power with a flight safety award in December 1962 as a result of the fact that no accidents of significance were reported during this period.

Primary mission
The missions in 1964 involved a B-52D that left Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas, and flew across the United States to New England and headed out to the Atlantic Ocean. The aircraft refueled over the Atlantic heading north to and around Newfoundland. The bomber changed course and flew northwesterly over Baffin Bay towards Thule Air Base, Greenland.  It then flew west across Queen Elizabeth Islands of Canada. Continuing to Alaska, it refueled over the Pacific Ocean, again heading southeast, and returned to Sheppard AFB.

By 1966, three separate missions were being flown: one east over the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, another north to Baffin Bay, and a third over Alaska.

Military units
The following military units were involved:
 Strategic Air Command Divisions:
 306th Bombardment Wing
 494th Bombardment Wing, Sheppard Air Force Base
 821st Strategic Aerospace Division
 822d Air Division
 Homestead Air Force Base
 Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom
 2nd Bomb Wing, 62nd Bomb Squadron Barksdale AFB, Bossier City, Louisiana
 Strategic Air Command 42 Bomb Wing Loring AFB, Limestone, Maine
 4126/456th bomb wing Beale AFB   Marysville  California

Accidents

The program and its antecedents was involved in the following nuclear-weapons accidents:
 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash (project "Cover All")
 1961 Yuba City B-52 crash (project "Cover All")
 1964 Savage Mountain B-52 crash
 1966 Palomares B-52 crash
 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash. The Thule accident signaled the end of the program on January 22, 1968.

See also

 Fail-Safe (1964 film), a film about a strategic bomber aircraft that receives an attack order while patrolling the Soviet border.
 Dr. Strangelove (1964 film), a black comedy about a mad American general ordering nuclear bombers under his control on a Chrome Dome type alert, to attack the Soviet Union.

References
Informational notes

Citations

External links
 SAC'S Deadly Daily Dozen at Time Magazine

1960 establishments in the United States
1960 in international relations
1960 in military history
1960s in the United States
1960s in the Soviet Union
Nuclear history of the United States
Nuclear warfare
Soviet Union–United States relations
Military operations of the Cold War
United States nuclear command and control
1960 in politics

Operation Chrome Dome


Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Albese Calcio is an Italian association football club, based in Alba, Piedmont. They currently play in Serie D.

History

Foundation
The club was founded in 1917 as Unione Sportiva Albese.

The 1920s and the beginning of the rivalry with Cuneo
In the 1920s, Albese participated in several leagues Terza Divisione era and one of them won the record for best placement of the team, still undefeated in the season Terza Divisione 1924–1925 finishing in 2nd place just 2 points from promotion to the Seconda Divisione (now Serie B).

Remain in history, for reasons not exactly sporting challenges Cuneo-Albese seasons of 1927–1928 and 1928–1929 championship in Seconda Divisione (the former Serie C).
In the first two seasons of the above derby between La Fedelissima Sportiva Cuneese and Albese saw the first leg scheduled to Alba. Alba wins with a 2–0: to be reported primarily against the excesses of local fans, and Cuneo, after the match, the request to have Alba capital of the province.
Cuneo is the "revenge" (sporting speaking) in the second round by winning the challenge-rematch 1–0, playing, say the chronicles, with a grit and determination that allowed them to prevail on Albese is more technical: the success was the way to erase the shame of the defeat suffered leg and torn by the opposing party suffered from the public.
Much warmer they were the derby next year, the 1928–1929.
In both cases, the Cuneo always won 2–0 but the second leg played in Alba on 21 April 1929 he record moments of fear: the race of the players suspended for the brawl and the public, barrel field and fisticuffs in the stands.
The Faithful Polisportiva Cuneo had been a 1–0 interval lead but by the end of the first half, the Bianconeri (these were the colors of the time) were accompanied by police and by the referee in the locker room. In the second installment of the second network host, a furious melee broke out in the field and the stands and a new invasion of the area. Captain of the police intervened in the person who imposed the suspension on the match race with the visiting team that gave up the sports Alba escorted by the Royal Military Police and the Militia.

The 30s
The white and blue won the Championship Sezione Propaganda of Cuneo in 1939.

The 70s and return to the Series C
At the end of the 1970–71 season, was promoted to Serie D where, after a year of adjustment, raced three seasons and last meeting (Serie D 1974–1975) centered on the long-awaited promotion Serie C.

In recent years, the team played their home games at the stadium "Cinzano" Santa Vittoria d'Alba.
In this championship was saved in the Serie C 1975–1976, but relegated the following year. In Serie C 1976–1977  went down in history for the record delayed an hour, the race-Albert Udinese played at 0–1 Michael Coppino networks Rai, the first case ever for a round of Series C, with commentary by Bruno Pizzul. However, in Serie D 1977–1978 finished third in and, thanks to the new formula of division championships with the C in C1 and C2, were promoted in the Serie C2.

The 80s and the decline
The first year Serie C2 1978–1979 was positive, but in the Serie C2 1979–1980 came the relegation to Serie D, where it served in two successive seasons. So another relegation, this time in the Promozione where, after his second place came the success of the 1982–83 and 1983–84 shows that in the Interregional, where, however, was only two years since the end of Interregional Championships 1985–1986 it returned to the Promozione.

From 1986/87 to 1989/90 it served in Promozione.

The dark years of the 90s
In the summer of 1990 was found again in Serie D, but at the end of the season, Interregional Championship 1990–1991 has dropped again.

A new reform of the league championships grafts Eccellenza (including the Interregional and Promozione) that Albese has played from 1991–92 to 1993–94, when it is relegated to Promozione. In 1996, she was still fished in Eccellenza, where it played from 1996–97 to 1999–00 (relegation play-out).

The 2000s and the return to D
In 2000–01 played in the Promozione, as well as in 2001–02, when it won the championship and returned to Eccellenza, from which however she retreats into the lower division by losing in the play-out at the end of the 2002–03 season.

In 2003, the president Franco Rava and sports director Saviero Roman aim to achieve in five years the series diletantistica and in the 2007–08 season Albese dominates Group B of Eccellenza Piedmont and Aosta Valley, remained in the lead for 29 of 30 days, and centers for the promotion by beating Don Bosco Nichelino 1–0 on the last day and finishing the season in first place with 60 points, one more than the followers Castellazzo Bormida, thus returning to Serie D after 18 years.
Lost the final to become a champion of Eccellenza Piedmont and Aosta Valley against Valle d'Aosta losing 0–1 away and 1–5 at home.

New relegation to Eccellenza
In the 2011–12 season it was relegated from Serie D to Eccellenza.

Immediate return to Serie D
The next year Albese won promotion back to Serie D after finishing first in Eccellenza Piedmont and Aosta Valley.

Squad

Current squad

References

External links
Official site

Football clubs in Piedmont and Aosta Valley
Association football clubs established in 1917
Serie C clubs
Alba, Piedmont
1917 establishments in Italy

ASD Albese Calcio


Pavel Pavel (born March 11, 1957 in Strakonice) is a Czech engineer and experimental archaeologist best known for investigating how ancient civilizations transported heavy weights.

Pavel Pavel studied electrical engineering at the university in Plzeň and later worked as a design engineer in Agrostav Strakonice. Solving how the ancient people could move megalithic statues and stone blocks became his hobby for which he became known. He began this line of inquiry as a child, when he became worried he may inadvertently be transported back in time and charged with moving heavy objects.

After the Velvet revolution (1989), Pavel became involved in local politics as a member of the Civic Democratic Party. He ran in two elections for the Czech Senate (in 2002 and again in 2003) finishing second. Since 1990 Pavel has worked in the field of heavy transportation, founding his company PAVEL PAVEL s.r.o. in 2000.

Experimental archaeology
Inspired by Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki, Pavel Pavel set out to demonstrate how the monolithic Moai of Easter Island might have been moved into place by a small number of people using only rudimentary technologies. He conducted a practice experiment in 1982 in south Bohemia using a concrete model (4.5 m, 12 tonnes). In 1986, he was invited by Heyerdahl to Easter Island to test his experiment in its actual setting, where he successfully replicated the experiment. Only 16 people with one leader were needed for  relatively fast statue transportation.

He then performed some further experiments.  He and five assistants using only wooden sledges erected and moved a 30-ton rocking stone at the village of Kadov (in Strakonice District) to its original location, from where it had been removed in the 19th century by unknown vandals. He estimated that only 160 people with similar simple technology would have been necessary for transportation of the 800 ton stones in Baalbek.

One of next experiments, realised 1991, was building of one segment of Stonehenge model 1:1. Ten people transported during one day a five-ton concrete stone to the top of other two stones, using only ropes and wooden sledges. This model is erected in Strakonice.

Books
 Pavel Pavel: Rapa Nui, České Budějovice, 1989.
 Jaroslav Malina, Pavel Pavel: Jak vznikly největší monumenty dávnověku (How the largest ancient monuments had been built), Prague 1994, .
 Rapa Nui, The Man Who Made the Moai Walk, first edition, Rapanui Press 2014, Chili. . www.rapanuipress.com

Notes

External links
Article on Pavel's visit to Easter Island
Pavel Pavel: Muž, který rozchodil sochy moai (in Czech)
The "Walking" Moai of Easter Island (archived link)

1957 births
Living people
People from Strakonice
Czech engineers
Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic) politicians
University of West Bohemia alumni

Pavel Pavel


Veljko Despotović (1 October 1931 – 6 April 2013) was a notable Serbian film and television production designer.

In 1958 he graduated from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture, after which he continued with designing theatre, film and television sets. Between 1950 and 1962 he was working as an assistant in the art department and as an architect in theatre, film and television. Since 1962 he works as independent Serbian and foreign film set designer. He has done over 150 domestic and foreign movies and co-productions.

Despotović won two Golden Arena for Best Production Design awards at the 1979 and 1984 editions of the Pula Film Festival, the Yugoslav national film awards. for his work on the films The Man to Kill (Čovjek koga treba ubiti, 1979; directed by Veljko Bulajić), Burning (Usijanje, 1979; directed by Boro Drašković), and Strangler vs. Strangler (Davitelj protiv davitelja, 1984; directed by Slobodan Šijan).

Selected filmography
I Even Met Happy Gypsies (1967)
It Rains in My Village (1968)
Who's That Singing Over There (1980)
The Secret of Nikola Tesla (1980)
Strangler vs. Strangler (1984)
The Meeting Point (1989)
Silent Gunpowder (1990)
Tito and Me (1992)
Tears for Sale (2008)

References

External links
Official homepage

1931 births
2013 deaths
Film people from Zagreb
Serbian production designers
Golden Arena winners
University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture alumni

Veljko Despotović


January be de first month of de year wey dey Julian den Gregorian calendars wey esan be de first of seven months wey eget length of 31 days. Dem know de first day of de month as New Year's Day. Ebe, for average, de coldest month for de year within most of de Northern Hemisphere (wer ebe de second month of winter) den de warmest month of de year within most of de Southern Hemisphere (wer ebe de second month of summer). For de Southern hemisphere insyd, January be de seasonal equivalent of July for de Northern hemisphere insyd den vice versa.

Ancient Roman observances during dis month dey include Cervula den Juvenalia, dem celebrate January 1, as well as one of three Agonalia, dem celebrate January 9, den Carmentalia, dem celebrate January 11. Dis dates no dey correspond to de modern Gregorian calendar.

January symbols

 January ein birthstone be de garnet, wey dey represent constancy.
 Ein birth flower be de cottage pink Dianthus caryophyllus anaa galanthus as well as de traditional carnation.
 De Japanese floral emblem of January be de camellia (Camellia sinensis).
 For Finnish insyd, de month of tammikuu dey mean de heart of de winter wey secof de name literally dey mean "oak moon", e fi be infer say de oak tree be de heart of de grand forest plus chaw valuable trees as opposed to de typical Arctic forests, wey be typically pine den spruce. De photograph of large tree cover plus ice against blue sky be familiar scene during Finland ein winter.
 De zodiac signs for de month of January be Capricorn (til January 19) den Aquarius (January 20 dey go).
 De name of de full moon wey dey occur for January insyd be de wolf moon.

References

Months

January


Vanand () is the area of historic Armenia that roughly corresponds to the Kars Province of present-day Turkey.  Named after the Armenian family of Vanandi, it was a principality of the Kingdom of Armenia and a later province of the Democratic Republic of Armenia.  Its historic capital was the city of Kars. The region fell to numerous invaders including the Assyrians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Mongols, Persians, and the Ottoman Turks.  After the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire acquired the region at the Congress of Berlin.  The area still retained a substantial Armenian population, but after World War I, most of it was decimated during the Turkish-Armenian War in 1920.  This region was passed to Turkish control by the Treaty of Alexandropol and the Treaty of Kars.

Princes of Vanand
 Until 451: Aravand Vanandi
 451: Tathul Vanandi
 480: Vren Vanandi

See also
 Armavir region
 List of regions of old Armenia

Former regions of Armenia

Vanand


Tsing Yi Lagoon, or Tsing Yi Tong, was a lagoon on the east shore of Tsing Yi Island in Hong Kong. Its water came from a stream in the nearby valley of Liu To and its outlet was at Tsing Yi Bay. It acted as the shelter for nearby boat people, especially after large-scale land reclamation in Tsuen Wan and Kwai Chung. Once their boats moved into the lagoon, they never moved out. This was because their boats were too old for fishing far away. The lagoon was unable to escape the fate of development. Both the lagoon and the neighbouring Tsing Yi Bay, were reclaimed for new towns. The boat people were forced to give up their boats and were relocated to public housing estate on the island. After reclamation, the northern portion became Tsing Yi Estate and the remainder became temporary housing areas, which were later demolished.

See also
 Pang uk
 Pillar Island
 Land reclamation in Hong Kong

References

Tsing Yi
Ports and harbours of Hong Kong
Lagoons of China
Bodies of water of Hong Kong

Tsing Yi Tong


Anglic languages are West Germanic languages that come from Old English. They were first spoken on the British Isles. Creole languages based on forms of English are generally not included. Except for English, this group also includes Scots in Scotland, and Yola and Fingallan in Ireland.

West Germanic languages

Anglic languages


Juan de Zaldívar (1514–1570) was a Spanish official and explorer in New Spain. He served as a city councillor of Guadalajara from 1539 to 1570. He explored Northern New Spain (the modern-day Mexican states of Sinaloa and Sonora as well as southeastern Arizona) in search of the mythical towns of Cíbola and Quivira. By the 1560s, he was the owner of mines, farms and slaves, and one of the richest men in New Spain.

Early life
Juan de Zaldívar was born in 1514 near Vitoria in Basque Country, Spain. His father was Ruy Díaz de Zaldívar and his mother, María Pérez de Oñate. His maternal uncles were Cristóbal de Oñate, who served as the Lieutenant-Governor and interim Governor of Nueva Galicia in the 1530s and 1540s, and Juan de Oñate, an administrator of the Spanish Crown.

Career
Zaldívar emigrated to New Spain in 1533. Six years later, in 1539, he was appointed as a city councillor of Guadalajara by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado. He served in this capacity until his death in 1570.

Meanwhile, Zaldívar was asked by Coronado to explore Northern New Spain (the modern-day Mexican states of Sinaloa and Sonora as well as southeastern Arizona) in search of the gold in the mythical town of Cíbola in 1539. By 1541, he was asked to find another mythical town, Quivira.

By 1566, Zaldívar was the owner of mines, slaves, and farms. He had become one of the richest men in New Spain.

Personal life
Zaldívar married Marina de Mendoza, the daughter of Luis Marín, a wealthy conquistador who was involved in the 1521 fall of Tenochtitlan alongside Hernán Cortés. They had eight children.

Death
Zaldívar died in 1570.

References

1514 births
1570 deaths
People from Álava
Politicians from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Spanish emigrants to Mexico
Mexican farmers
Spanish explorers
People from New Spain
Spanish slave owners

Juan de Zaldívar


Hıdırlık Tower is a landmark tower of tawny stone in Antalya, Turkey, where Kaleiçi meets Karaalioglu Park.

The tower is at the south side of the place, where the land walls of the city join the sea walls. The 14m high tower consists a circular tower rising on a quadratic pedestal. The tower's gate at the eastern side goes to a small room, from where a narrow staircase goes up. There was some restoration work on the upper part done in the Seljuk and Ottoman eras.

Around the Hıdırlık Tower is many cafés and restaurants also a view of the Gulf of Antalya.

Fortification
Towers in Asia
Buildings and structures in Turkey
2nd-century buildings and structures
Antalya Province

Hıdırlık Tower


Mary Elizabeth King (b. July 30, 1940) is a professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the United Nations affiliated University for Peace, a political scientist, and author of several publications. She is a graduate of Ohio Wesleyan University and has a doctorate in international politics  from Aberystwyth University. She is also a Fellow of the Rothermere American Institute and a distinguished Scholar at the American University Center for Global Peace in Washington D.C.

She received the Jamnalal Bajaj International Award in 2003. In 2009 she was awarded the El-Hibri Peace Education Prize. In May 2011, her alma mater Ohio Wesleyan University awarded her a doctor of laws (honorary) degree.

Biography
After graduating college, King became a staff member for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). She wrote a book on that four-year experience, Freedom Song: A Personal Story of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement and won a Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Book Award for it.

King's participation in the Civil Rights Movement prompted her to co-write essays on women's issues with fellow activist Casey Hayden, most notably Sex and Caste: A Kind of Memo (1965), which criticized sexism within the civil rights movement. Sara Evans attributes King and Hayden as founding activists for the women's liberation movement in her book "Personal Politics." Evans claims that King and Hayden used their knowledge of participatory democracy, learned through SNCC membership, to critique women's position in a system of patriarchy. She says their essays stirred the beginning of women's liberation.

Between 1968 and 1972 King worked for the federal government during the Johnson and Nixon administrations under the U.S. office of economic opportunity helping to set up neighborhood health services for America's rural and urban poor. And in 1974 King, with five other women, established the National Association of Women Business Owners. She was president of the Organization in 1976.

King was appointed deputy director of the independent subcabinet federal agency that housed the Peace Corps, VISTA, and various programs of the ACTION agency under president Jimmy Carter.

Mary resides with her husband, Dr. Peter G. Bourne, in Virginia in the United States and in Oxford in the United Kingdom.

Civil rights activism and feminism

Mary King joined the civil rights movement at the age of 22. She got her start in activism in college when she participated in a study tour across the south. On this tour in 1962 King and other students, both white and black, stayed at black colleges such as Fisk University, Clark College, and Tuskegee Institute. This group of students also visited white schools, such as Vanderbilt University, Agnes Scott College, and Georgia Tech. On the Study tour King was introduced to SNCC when she met John Lewis and Bernard Lafayette. Both of the men King met had been Freedom Riders and were affiliated with SNCC. Also on this study tour King met another student activist, Casey Hayden. Hayden would also become a staff member of SNCC and close friend to King.

King marked this study tour as "a turning point in [her] life." When King returned to Ohio Wesleyan University after her study tour she set up her own student organization. The organization she created was called The Student Committee on Race Relations (SCORR). With this organization, King linked together sixty students to change University policies; such as, Ohio Wesleyan's policy of rooming black freshman in single dorms or only with each other, along with the University's policies of limiting black enrollment.

King graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University in June 1962 and following in the same path as Casey Hayden was introduced to civil rights activist, Ella Baker, through the Young Women's Christian Association in the southern region. Through this organization, Baker and professor Howard Zinn of Spelman College asked King to participate in their human-relations project. This project would involve King travelling with a recent black graduate to different colleges to assess the extent of academic freedom in the south. King agreed to participate. For this job King moved to Atlanta, Georgia and was partnered with a young black woman, Roberta Yanci "Bobbi." As part of the project, King and Bobbi wrote and distributed a six-page newsletter, "Notes from the South." The newsletter chronicled litigation, student direct action, token integration occurring on college campuses and on what SNCC was doing. The goal of the human-relations project was to help southern whites meet and know educated black counterparts from the same area, so that they could develop relationships with them as human beings.

SNCC's office headquarters were also in Atlanta, so during the year that King worked for the human-relations project she also volunteered at SNCC, mostly doing office clerical work. Volunteering helped King establish connections with SNCC staff members, leading to her obtaining a staff position with the organization. In June 1963 when her job ended with the human-relations project, King began working for SNCC. She was to assist the organizations press secretary Julian Bond.

After being hired by SNCC, King was sent to Danville, Virginia to run SNCC's communications operation there. She was to manage everything related to the information SNCC gave to the news media representatives in Danville. This role also made her the direct telephone link between SNCC's Danville office and its headquarters in Atlanta. In Danville King participated in protests against Danville mills. Protesters wanted fair employment policies at the mills and also led a boycott of Dan River Mills products. In July 1963, Leonard W. Holt, a black attorney, told King that she was about to be indicted for acts of violence and war by Danville courts; therefore, she needed to leave Danville. King fled to a Roman Catholic convent in North Carolina and eventually returned to SNCC headquarters in Atlanta only to be sent to Mississippi.

King was sent to Mississippi to prepare a brochure and while there she encountered many leading activists for the Mississippi movement; such as Fannie Lou Hamer and Bob Moses. By December 1963 King was back at SNCC headquarters in Atlanta, occasionally running its communications program under Julian Bond. While in Atlanta, King was arrested and jailed for participating in a lunch counter sit-in.

King did communications work for SNCC in Atlanta between 1963 and 1964. Then between 1964 and 1965 her work was stationed in Jackson, Mississippi. The goals of communication were to create public and national awareness of the movement. Kings job entailed calling jails when activists were arrested, calling news media to give them stories about the movement, connecting SNCC offices to transfer news, and also help publish SNCC's newspaper, "The Student Voice."

King had been in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer project of 1964. After the summer project had ended a SNCC staff meeting was called to discuss the future of the organization. For this meeting King wrote two papers. One paper she wrote reflected on SNCC's need for a better communication system and how that need interfered with SNCC's lack of bureaucracy. The second paper King co-wrote with Casey Hayden, also in Mississippi with the SNCC. This paper addressed what it meant to be a woman SNCC staff member and the unequal treatment that resulted because of the patriarchal system. In King's words, it addressed the issue "of how my growing perception of myself as a woman might affect the structure and program of SNCC."

In 1965 King and Hayden expanded on this paper, elaborating on its central thesis that not only in society at large, but also within the civil rights movement itself, women are "caught" in a "common-law caste system" that limits their opportunity and voice. King and Hayden sent "Sex and Caste - A Kind of Memo" to forty women activists across the U.S. These women were involved in organizations such as Students for a Democratic Society, the National Student Association, the Northern Student Movement, the Student Peace Union, and SNCC. The document was subsequently published under the title "Sex and Caste" in the pacificst periodical Liberation, and entreated women to "start to talk with each other more openly."

In the summer of 1965 King began planning and conducting workshops to help movement volunteers remain active in civil rights issues once they went home. The workshops were "to discuss ways of using new skills, experiences, and lessons learned from community organizing in other parts of the country and in other phases of the movement." In her autobiography, King describes feeling estranged from SNCC for various reasons. This estrangement led to her resignation from SNCC at the end of 1965.

See also
 University for Peace
 Feminism

References

External links
 SNCC Digital Gateway: Mary King, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside-out
 United Nations Mandated University for Peace
 Mary King's faculty page
 Mary King's website
 Mary King's articles at Waging Nonviolence
 Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement
 Theory Talks Interview

Alumni of Aberystwyth University
Ohio Wesleyan University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Nonviolence advocates
American women political scientists
American political scientists
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Mary King (political scientist)


Melville Sydney "Butch" Keeling (August 10, 1905 – November 12, 1984) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. A left winger, he played 12 National Hockey League seasons with the Toronto St. Patricks/Toronto Maple Leafs and the New York Rangers between 1926 and 1938.

Playing career
Keeling was born in Owen Sound, Ontario and began his hockey career in his hometown, learning the game at Victoria Public School under the tutelage of principal Henry Kelso, for whom Owen Sound's Kelso Beach was named. Several Victoria students, including Keeling, eventually ended up playing for the city's junior club, the Owen Sound Greys. He was a key member of the Greys when they captured their first Memorial Cup as Canadian junior hockey champions in 1924, scoring 37 goals and 46 points in 15 playoff games.

Keeling's pro career began in 1926–27 with the London Panthers of the Canadian Professional Hockey League, although he was quickly elevated to the NHL's Toronto St. Patricks, with whom he had signed as a free agent on September 7, 1926. The St. Pats changed their name to the Maple Leafs later that season. Despite playing in only 30 of Toronto's 44 games, Keeling finished fourth in team scoring with 11 goals and 13 points, right behind fellow Owen Sound native Hap Day.

He repeated that showing in 1927–28, again placing right behind Day, but was traded to the New York Rangers on the eve of the 1928–29 season. He was traded to the New York Rangers on April 16, 1928, in exchange for Alex Gray.   Keeling slumped to only six goals and nine points for the Rangers in 1928–29, although he did lead the league in playoff goals and points as the Rangers marched to the final against the Boston Bruins. Boston swept the best-of-three series for its first Stanley Cup win. Among the victorious Bruins was Cooney Weiland, who had starred with Keeling on the 1924 Greys.

Keeling continued to rebound in 1929–30, registering career bests in goals (19) and points (26). Once again, he ended up fourth in team scoring. The Rangers went back to the Cup final in 1931–32 against Toronto but were again swept aside. It was another bitter disappointment for Keeling to see even more of his old mates skating off with the Cup.

But he and his new club got revenge in a rematch the following year, on April 13, 1933. Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens was the site of Game 4 of the 1933 Cup final, and the Rangers held a 2–1 lead in the best-of-five series. The contest was scoreless through three periods but was decided at the 7:33 mark of sudden-death overtime. According to an article which appeared in the April 24, 1933 edition of Time magazine,

"Butch Keeling took the puck at a face-off, whipped through the Toronto defense on the left side of the rink, made a pass all the way across the ice of which he later said: 'If I hadn't seen that Bill was there, I would have kept the puck myself.' Bill was Bill Cook, oldest active player on the Rangers, leading scorer of the National League ... (Cook) took the puck without breaking his stride, feinted to bring tall Lorne Chabot away from the Toronto net, then flipped the puck over Chabot's shoulder for the goal that ended the game 1 to 0, the series 3 to 1."

Keeling had finally won the Stanley Cup, but his finest campaign as a professional was still yet to come. In 1936–37 he led the Rangers with a career-high 22 goals (third in the league) and matched his previous career best with 26 points. He was fourth in team scoring for the fifth time (he never did place higher than fourth in any of his NHL seasons) and also posted high-water marks in the playoffs, notching three goals and five points as the Rangers advanced to a fifth and deciding game in the Stanley Cup final against the Detroit Red Wings.

He left the NHL after the 1937–38 season and played one year with the Philadelphia Ramblers, a Rangers farm team in the International-American Hockey League. Keeling was also the team's captain. He then became a player-coach with the Kansas City Greyhounds of the American Hockey Association. Keeling later returned to the NHL, spending three seasons as a referee.

During Keeling's NHL career, he played in 526 regular season games, scoring 157 goals and 220 points. He added five goals and 11 points in 26 playoff contests.

He was 79 years old when he died suddenly at his Toronto, Ontario home in 1984. He is buried in Park Lawn Cemetery in that city.

In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, the authors ranked Keeling at No. 45 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

 Butch Keeling on the New York Rangers' All-Time Roster

1905 births
1984 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kansas City Greyhounds players
London Panthers players
New York Rangers players
Ontario Hockey Association Senior A League (1890–1979) players
Owen Sound Greys players
Philadelphia Ramblers players
Sportspeople from Owen Sound
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Toronto St. Pats players

Butch Keeling


The Brian Conley Show was a comedy variety show, and later a comedy chat show, fronted by comedian Brian Conley. It was broadcast in the United Kingdom on ITV between 1992 and 1995, and then 2000 and 2002.

Synopsis
The show was commissioned following Conley's last successful comedy series, Brian Conley: This Way Up. The show lasted for four series, although a live special was shown a year after the series ended, and a Christmas special aired a year after that. Shows were broadcast Saturdays on ITV between 22 February 1992 and 22 July 1995. Repeats began to show a few years later on the now defunct Granada Plus, though episodes stopped showing on the channel a few years before it closed, and has since never been broadcast again. Extracts from various episodes were uploaded to a dedicated YouTube channel, but was subsequently closed due to copyright claims.

The show was a mix of comedy, music, sketches, and variety acts. The first two series were recorded in the Churchill Theatre in Bromley rather than a television studio, giving the show a "live" feel. Conley would perform musical numbers, stand-up routines and sketches, the latter of which were performed on sets that were wheeled out onto the stage, and he'd often change costume in front of the audience. Series three and four were filmed in The London Studios and given a new look. Sketches were now performed on a rotating platform that switched between different sets as it spun. However, Conley's trademark characters were either performed on their own set or were pre-recorded.

Conley decided that the fourth series would be the last when, in an interview with TV Times, he decided to pursue a career on stage. However, after Conley compered the Royal Variety Performance in 1999, the show returned in 2000 albeit in a chat show format, dramatically different to the original show. Whilst it retained Conely's stand-up sets at the beginning of the show, as well as his special guests, sketches and Conley's characters were removed from the show. Whilst this had some fans unhappy, the show managed to pull in some famous guests including Leslie Nielsen and Kathleen Turner. The revival lasted for three series. Series 6 was broadcast on Friday nights, returning to Saturdays for the 7th and final series.

Features

Sketch characters
With the exception of Septic Peg, some of Conley's characters were revived from This Way Up. They were all dropped after the original series run and didn't return for the revival in 2000.

Nick Frisbee and Larry the Loafer
Nick Frisbee was a children's in-vision continuity presenter who had a squirrel puppet sidekick, Larry the Loafer (operated by Ray Tizzard). The premise of the character was to mock children's television presenters at the time, many who had puppet sidekicks – Larry was loosely based, and named after, BBC Saturday morning show Going Live's puppet Gordon the Gopher. Unlike children's television presenters, Nick was crude, and often cared very little for Larry or his viewers. He'd famously treat Larry very harshly, often hitting him with a club, which prompted the audience to 'aww,' to which Nick would reiterate to the audience that "it's a puppet!" Nick would read out letters, poems and jokes "sent in" by viewers with double-entendre names, and show spoof trailers for movies. In the last episode, Larry gets his revenge on Nick by dropping a studio light on him when he appeals for the welfare of loafers.

"Dangerous Brian" Conley
"Dangerous Brian" Conley was Conley's alter-ego stuntman. He would perform stunts that would often vary in danger and ludicrousness, which he'd often not perform. Stunts varied from bungee jumps to riding pizza delivery scooters. From the second series, he was accompanied by commentator John Sachs who would often make fun of Dangerous much to his despair. He was occasionally joined by his scrawny helper, Nearly Dangerous Norris (played by Ray Tizzard) who dressed in a pink costume and often had no idea what he was doing.

Septic Peg
Introduced in series four, Septic Peg was an astrologist who featured in sketches entitled Septic Peg Predicts. She was a direct parody of Mystic Meg who appeared on the then newly devised National Lottery draws that aired on BBC 1 around the same time as The Brian Conley Show. Like Mystic Meg, Septic Peg would make predictions with the help of her crystal ball, but were often blatantly obvious predictions, such as guessing the Lottery winner would be celebrating a birthday this year, their name would begin with a letter of the alphabet, and they will be either a man or a woman, (or, in one episode, Russell Grant). Her predictions were often accompanied with funny looks to camera, including crossed-eyes and pursed lips. Mystic Meg would appear as herself alongside her "beautiful sister" in Conley's 1996 special Alive and Dangerous.

Conley's Car Boot Quiz
Only featuring in the third series, Conley's Car Boot Quiz was a game played by two members of the public in a bid to win £1,000. Conley would be filmed on location asking various people if they wanted to play, and mostly involved people not knowing who he was or what he was talking about. When two people were eventually chosen, they were given various impressions to identify which were performed by Jake, a robot from the year 3003 and was able to perform thousands of voices. After Jake performed the impression, the contestants would have to look through a car boot to find an item relating to the person Jake impersonated. The first person to return with the correct prop, Conley would give trivia about the person to the contestant, and had to say whether the trivia was a Fact (True) or a Fib (False). Guessing correctly won them £50. After four impressions, the winner with the most money would move on to the final round, which was based on word association. Conley would name a celebrity, such as Frank Bruno, and the contestant would have to think of words associated to that celebrity, such as boxing. Conley would often give clues if the contestant was stuck or simply show them the answer on his card. For every correct answer, the contestant won £100.

Music
Music featured heavily during the show's original run. Conley opened with his own adaptation of a famous song and closed with a song and dance number with a band and dancers. Each show also had a musical guest that'd perform after the commercial break.

Speciality acts
One of the show's stand-out features was its showcase of weird and wonderful variety acts. Many of these guests were magicians, although some were out of the ordinary. Notable guests include Octopus (which was essentially a human slinky), Christopher Hart who played Thing from The Addams Family movies, Christopher who would perform as all five members of the Village People, and a man whose costume played musical notes and drum beats. This feature was retained in the 2000 revival, and had guests such as a "boneless" man, a supposedly juggling fly, and a scientist who had Conely lay down on a bed of nails and had a concrete block smashed on his stomach.

Transmissions

Specials

Brian Conley: Alive and Dangerous (1996)
A year after the end of The Brian Conley Show saw Alive and Dangerous, a special live show that aired on ITV on 28 September 1996. Similar to the original show, albeit performed on a stage rather than in a studio, it featured Conley's sketch characters, as well as considerably more songs and stand-up. It also featured a performance from Conley as Al Jolson, a performance that would later earn him awards, praise and recognition. The show was released on VHS and DVD with extra material, although neither are currently in production.

Brian Conley's Crazy Christmas (1997)
Broadcast on ITV on 23 December 1997, Crazy Christmas was essentially an extended, Christmas special of The Brian Conley Show, but featured more sketches less reliant on his trademark characters similar to This Way Up.

References

External links

 Brian Conley Official Site

1992 British television series debuts
2002 British television series endings
1990s British comedy television series
2000s British comedy television series
British variety television shows
ITV comedy
ITV talk shows
London Weekend Television shows
Television series by ITV Studios
Television shows produced by Thames Television
Television series by Fremantle (company)
English-language television shows

The Brian Conley Show


A "cereal" grain is the seed of a grass, a simple dry fruit technically called a caryopsis. Grain may also refer to:
Grain (measure), a mass of 64.79891 milligrams, 1/7,000th of an avoirdupois pound
Film grain, the fineness of image resolution for photographic film
Grain size, for particles of rock in geology
Grain in metallurgy
GRAIN - an international non-governmental organization for sustainable agriculture
Isle of Grain in Kent, England, on which lies the village of Grain, Kent
Grain, a solid propellant charge, roughly a hollow cylinder, sometimes textured, and possibly very large
Granular synthesis, a method for digital musical instruments operating on the microsound time scale
Wood grain, the alignment and texture of the wood fibres for woodworking
Grain, a single crystal inside solid-state matter; see crystallite. Related to the obsolete "corn" as in corned beef
"fine-grained" designates a more differentiated form of a technical or abstract system

Related pages
Granularity

Grain (disambiguation)


Agalinis paupercula, commonly known as the smallflower false foxglove, is a hemiparasitic annual plant native to the eastern parts of the United States and Canada. Found in open, moist areas, its purple flowers are borne on a  stem, and bloom in August and September. The species has often been treated as a variety of Agalinis purpurea, the purple false foxglove, and preliminary genetic evidence suggests that the two are, in fact, a single species.

Description
Individuals of this species are herbaceous, erect annuals,  tall. The smooth stem is four-angled and may be simple or branching. The stem or stems bear opposite, sessile leaves, lacking lobes, which are linear and  wide. Leaves on branches may be borne alternately.

The flowers appear from August to September. They are borne in racemes, on pedicels of , borne in the leaf axils of the upper leaves. They are surrounded by a calyx of five sepals, fused into a tube at the base and separated into distinct lobes above. The pointed, triangular lobes of the calyx are almost as long as its tube. Within the calyx lies the corolla of the flower, which is campanulate (bell-shaped) and pink to purple in color, with five slightly irregular, spreading lobes. The corolla is  in length. The tube of the corolla tends to bulge on the underside. Within the flower are four stamens and a flattened stigma, the lower pair of stamens longer than the upper. The filaments are hairy near the base. The flowers mature into globose to subglobose, loculicidal fruits.

Agalinis paupercula is quite similar to A. purpurea, and may represent a variety of that species. The two can be distinguished by the smaller flowers of A. paupercula (A. purpurea has a corolla of ), and by the long lobes of the calyx, which in A. purpurea are typically not more than half the length of the calyx tube.

Taxonomy
The taxon was originally described by Asa Gray in 1878 as Gerardia purpurea var. paupercula, a variety of the purple false foxglove. He distinguished it from more typical specimens of G. purpurea by its smaller flowers, taller stem, and lighter color. In 1894, Nathaniel Lord Britton recognized it as a separate species, G. paupercula. He transferred it, with the rest of the North American Gerardia, to Agalinis, as A. paupercula, in 1913. Genetic studies thus far have been unable to distinguish between A. paupercula and A. purpurea, and it is possible that the two species will be consolidated again. However, these studies did not sample a large number of A. paupercula populations and are not definitive.

Distribution and habitat
Distributed throughout the northeast region of the United States and in the eastern regions of Canada, A. paupercula  is classified as Threatened in the state of New York, and Endangered in the states of Pennsylvania and Ohio. It is only present on Long Island at Ronkonkoma Lake.

Agalinis paupercula prefers a sunny, moist habitat. Such areas include bogs, shores, barrens, and in sandy soil.

Ecology
Agalinis paupercula is a hemiparasite, deriving some of its nutrients from the roots of woody and herbaceous plants around it. It is self-compatible when mating.

References

paupercula
Flora without expected TNC conservation status
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of Eastern Canada

Agalinis paupercula


A world government, global government or world state is a concept of replacing nation states with a single country spanning the whole Earth (or some other planet). The trope can be found in science fiction, the New World Order conspiracy theory, Marxist thought, etc. No global government is currently in known to be in the planning stages, the closest things to a world government were empires and are political unions like the European Union and African Union, as well as intergovernmental cooperation organizations like the United Nations.

Government
International relations

World government


Timothy E. Carroll (born January 17, 1951) is a Canadian politician and educator. He represented 5th Queens in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1986 to 1996 as a Liberal.

Carroll was born in 1951 in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. He graduated from the University of Prince Edward Island with a Bachelor of Business Administration degree, and the University of Saskatchewan with a Masters of Business Administration degree. He married Kathy Jenkins in 1978. In his early career, he was manager of the Ontario Vegetable Board for five years, worked as a marketing consultant in Western Canada and P.E.I., and was an assistant professor at St. Francis Xavier University and the University of Prince Edward Island.

Carroll entered provincial politics in 1986, when he was elected a councillor for the electoral district of 5th Queens, defeating Progressive Conservative incumbent Wilfred MacDonald. On May 2, 1986, Carroll was appointed to the Executive Council of Prince Edward Island as Minister of Agriculture. He resigned from cabinet in October 1988, but remained MLA and was re-elected in the 1989, and 1993 elections. He resigned as MLA on October 1, 1996.

Following his political career, Carroll continued to teach at the University of Prince Edward Island, where he is an assistant professor in the School of Business.

References

1951 births
Living people
Members of the Executive Council of Prince Edward Island
Politicians from Charlottetown
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party MLAs
University of Prince Edward Island alumni
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Academic staff of St. Francis Xavier University

Tim Carroll


George Raymond McCague (December 5, 1929 – July 14, 2014) was a Canadian politician in Ontario. He was a Progressive Conservative member in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1975 to 1990, and was a cabinet minister in the governments of Bill Davis and Frank Miller.

Background
McCague was born in Essa Township, north of Alliston, Ontario. He was son of J. J. E. McCague, who owned Glenafton Farms which was one of the best known dairy farms of its time. He was educated at Burns Public School, Alliston High School (both schools since closed)  and the Ontario Agricultural College in Guelph, Ontario. He worked as a sod and potato farmer and executive and owned a real estate company in Alliston.

Politics
McCague was a councillor in Alliston from 1960 to 1961, deputy reeve from 1962 to 1964, reeve from 1965 to 1966, a public school board member from 1967 to 1968 and Mayor from 1969 to 1973.  He was chair of the Board of Governors for Georgian College from 1967 to 1974 and Simcoe County warden in 1966. He also served as chair of the Niagara Escarpment Commission in the early 1970s.

He was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1975 provincial election, after defeating  long serving Dufferin Simcoe MP Wally Downer for the Progressive Conservative nomination. He  defeated  Liberal Bob Beattie by 1,691 votes in the riding of Dufferin—Simcoe.  He was elected by greater margins in the elections of 1977, 1981, and 1985.

McCague served as parliamentary assistant to the Treasurer just before the 1977 election, and was brought into Bill Davis's cabinet on September 21, 1977, as Minister of Government Services. On January 21, 1978, he was shifted to the Ministry of the Environment. He was named Chair of the Management Board of Cabinet on August 18, 1978. He retained this position until Davis resigned as Premier in 1985. McCague tried to convince Davis to remain in office for another election, but afterwards endorsed Frank Miller to succeed him as party leader.

When Miller replaced Davis as Premier on February 8, 1985, he appointed McCague as Minister of Transportation and Communications. Soon after this, the Tories were reduced to a tenuous minority government in the 1985 election under Miller's leadership. McCague was retained in his portfolio after the election, but did little of significance before the government was defeated in the house.  He sat in opposition for the remainder of his time in the legislature.

McCague was narrowly re-elected in the 1987 election, defeating Liberal candidate Gary Johnson by only 306 votes in the redistributed constituency of Simcoe West.  He did not seek re-election in 1990. He returned to municipal politics, and served as mayor of Tecumseth from 1992 to 1994.

McCague is considered a mentor to his successor in the legislature, former cabinet minister Jim Wilson. He continued to support the federal Progressive Conservative Party over the Reform Party in the 1990s. After leaving provincial politics, McCague served as the Mayor of the newly amalgamated town of New Tecumseth from 1992 to 1994.

Shortly after Mike Harris returned the Progressive Conservatives to government in 1995, McCague was appointed as a government negotiator in talks with the Ontario Medical Association. He was a founding member, and first chair, of the Board Governors of Georgian College, in Barrie.

Cabinet positions

References

External links

1929 births
2014 deaths
Members of the Executive Council of Ontario
Ontario Agricultural College alumni
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
People from New Tecumseth
Politicians from Simcoe County

George McCague


The Elmhirst School was a comprehensive school on the B6100 (Ardsley Road) in Worsbrough Dale, south of Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England.

History
It was the Worsbrough High School, which became known as Elmhirst School in the 1990s. The building before 1952 had been the White Cross School. It became the Barnsley Academy in 2006.

In October 2003, Barnsley Council had decided to close the school in August 2004 and open a new 11-18 school, under the Fresh Start scheme. In February 2004, the council decided to close the school and open an Academy in September 2006 for ages 3–18, including Worsbrough Bank End and Kendray primary schools. It was to be done under Barnsley Council's Remaking Learning project. The Academy would have 420 primary places and 900 secondary places. Funding would come from the Department for Education and Skills, and £2m from the Academy's sponsor, the Church Schools Company (which became the United Church Schools Trust). It was actually sponsored by the United Learning Trust.

Admissions
It admitted ages 11–16 from the Worsbrough and Ardsley areas. More than 50% of pupils were on free school meals. The Ardsley area has a very high teenage pregnancy rate, double the national rate, and much higher than the overall rate for Barnsley.

Academic performance
It was a low performing school, like many schools in Barnsley. From 2000, the schools results virtually halved. It was placed in special measures in 2003, and taken out of this restriction in November 2003. In 2003, its results for exams at 14 were the fifth lowest in England. In the same year, only 9% of pupils got 5 good GCSEs. By 2006, including English and Maths, only 6% of pupils got five good GCSEs including Maths and English. In that same year the school, in March 2006, was lifted from Special Measures into the Notice to Improve category by OFSTED.
The Academy opened in the old building in September 2006.
The Academy moved to its new building on 1 March 2009. In the Summer of 2010 the Academy saw 51% of its students achieve give good GCSEs including Maths and English - it was listed by the Department for Education as the most improved Academy in England.

Alumni

White Cross Secondary School/Worsbrough High School
 Arthur Scargill 1949-53
 Mick McCarthy 1970-74

External links
 School Homepage
 2000-3 GCSE results
 Proposal for new Academy (pdf)
 EduBase

News items
 Parents opposing the Academy in 2005
 Designing new Academy in November 2004
 Receiving praise in September 2004
 School in one of the worst in England in December 2003

Video clips
 Memories of the former school

Defunct schools in Barnsley
Educational institutions established in 1952
Educational institutions disestablished in 2006
1952 establishments in England
2006 disestablishments in England

The Elmhirst School


Margaret Rolle, 15th Baroness Clinton suo jure (17 January 1709 – 13 January 1781), was a wealthy aristocratic Devonshire heiress, known both for eccentricity and her extramarital affairs.

By her first husband Robert, 1st Baron Walpole, later 2nd Earl of Orford (1701–1751) and eldest son of Sir Robert Walpole, she gave birth to a legitimate heir, George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford, who succeeded her in the title of Baron Clinton.

Family background
The only surviving daughter and sole heiress of Samuel Rolle, MP (1646–1719), of Heanton Satchville, Petrockstowe, by his second wife, Margaret, daughter of Roger Tuckfield, of Raddon Court, Devon, a junior branch of the Tuckfield family of Little Fulford, near Crediton, she inherited from her uncle, Roger Tuckfield, MP for the family's pocket borough of Ashburton, following the purchase of the manor of Ashburton in 1702. The Rolle family of Heanton Satchville was a wealthy cadet branch of the Rolles of Stevenstone, one of Devon's biggest landowners, descended from George Rolle, MP (d.1552) who acquired lands at the dissolution of the Monasteries. She was also an heiress-in-her-issue of her paternal grandmother, Lady Arabella Clinton, wife of Robert Rolle, MP, High Sheriff of Devon and aunt of Edward Clinton, 5th Earl of Lincoln, 13th Baron Clinton (1645–1692). The earldom of Lincoln had devolved upon her kinsmen who became Dukes of Newcastle.

Inheritance

As senior co-heiress to the ancient barony of Clinton, abeyant upon the death in 1751 of her cousin, Hugh Fortescue, 1st Earl Clinton, in 1760 this title was called out of abeyance in her favour by the House of Lords Privileges Committee. Apart from  many lucrative manors, she also inherited from her father patronage of the Rolle pocket borough of Callington in Cornwall, to which in 1761 she nominated as MP her Devon agent Richard Stevens (1702–1776), of Winscott, Peters Marland, adjacent to her estate at Petrockstowe, and brother-in-law of a distant cousin, Henry, 1st Baron Rolle (1708–1750).

Marriages
Margaret Rolle married twice:

Firstly, in 1724, as a wealthy 15-year-old heiress, to 23-year-old Robert Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole, later 2nd Earl of Orford (1701–1751), eldest son of Sir Robert Walpole, of Houghton Hall, Norfolk (1676–1745), and the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. After the birth of their son she "made it a point ... not to let her husband lie with her and at last stipulated for only twice a week", as reported by Horace Walpole. The marriage was not a success, with her quarrelling violently with his entire family. They lived apart (her later obtaining a legal separation) after the birth of their son and heir:
George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford, 16th Baron Clinton (1730–1791), a celebrated falconer, who had no legitimate children and died insane.
Secondly, in 1751, to Hon Sewallis Shirley, MP, 14th son of Robert Shirley, 1st Earl Ferrers. Having previously been his mistress, they lived together in England for a while, and she sponsored his election as MP for Callington in 1754. But this marriage likewise ended in separation, and she returned to Florence in 1755, where she formed a liaison with the Count of Richecourt. Later Shirley became Comptroller of Queen Charlotte's Household.

Lovers
The Countess of Orford eloped to Florence with her lover Revd Samuel Sturgis, Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. In his letters, Horace Walpole (later 4th Earl of Orford) made several mentions of his sister-in-law, Margaret Rolle, mostly disparaging in their nature, as was his norm: "if, like other Norfolk husbands, I must entertain the town with a formal parting, at least it shall be in my own way: my wife shall neither 'run to Italy after lovers and books'..."

Sir Horace Mann, 1st Baronet (1706–1786), HM Resident at Florence, wrote to her brother-in-law, the diarist Horace Walpole: "You are infinitely mistaken in thinking that my lady took the reception ill from her Count. There are pieces of sincerity and freedom that spoil nothing. I hear that he has ordered a very fine chariot, which is to cost 600 crowns, and to be presented to her."

During her second marriage she became involved with Emmanuel de Nay, Comte de Richecourt, Minister of the Imperial Regency Council of Tuscany (1749–1757), originally from Lorraine but who died at Florence in 1768.

Death
Lady Clinton died 1781 at Pisa in Tuscany, and was buried at Leghorn. Her friend, the Countess of Huntingdon (formerly Lady Selina Shirley), later declared that she was "a woman of very singular character and considered half mad."

Succession
Her son, George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford (1730–1791), succeeded as the 16th Baron Clinton, but died without issue; the title of Baron Clinton then became abeyant again, being successfully claimed in 1794 by Robert George William Trefusis, 17th Baron Clinton (1764–1797), a cousin by descent from Margaret's aunt Bridget Rolle (1648–1721).

The heirs male of the 3rd Earl of Orford tried to claim the Heanton Satchville estates, but after a long and complex court case involving the examination of entails made by Sir Samuel Rolle, these lands were adjudged in favour of the Trefusis family.

See also
Baron Clinton

References

|-

1709 births
1781 deaths
People from North Devon (district)
18th-century English people
Margaret
Clinton
Walpole
Barons Clinton
Hereditary women peers
Margaret
English expatriates in Italy

Margaret Rolle, 15th Baroness Clinton


The Hala Fruit, which comes from the plant Pandanus Tectorius is a large fruit. It is made up of many segments called keys or cones. It is found in Southeast Asia, Eastern Australia, the Pacific Islands and Hawaii.

The Hala fruit has a delicate, sweet taste. It is similar to the paste made from the leaves. It is described looking like an "exploding planet". It is eaten fresh, boiled or ground into a paste, or squeezed into juice. The husk of the Hala Fruit is fibrous enough such that it can be turned into Dental floss. Besides Dental floss, the inner yellow neucleus-like part tastes like sweet juice of Sugarcane and Mango. It has the texture of thick Nectar which can be used to make Jam(s), desserts and Sauce.

Fruits
Monocots

Hala fruit


The 2012–13 Tennessee State Tigers basketball team represented Tennessee State University during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Tigers, led by first year head coach and former assistant Travis Williams, played their home games at the Gentry Complex and were members of the East Division of the Ohio Valley Conference. They finished the season 18–15, 11–5 in OVC play to finish in third place in the East Division. They advanced to the semifinals of the OVC tournament where they lost to Belmont. They were invited to the 2013 CIT, their second consecutive CIT appearance, where they lost in the first round to Evansville.

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9| Exhibition

|-
!colspan=9| Regular season

|-
!colspan=9| 2013 OVC Basketball tournament

|-
!colspan=9| 2013 CIT

References

Tennessee State Tigers basketball seasons
Tennessee State
Tennessee State


Theodoric I () (ca. 1045 – 2 January 1105) was a Count of Montbéliard, Count of Bar and lord of Mousson (as Theodoric II) and Count of Verdun. He was the son of Louis, Count of Montbéliard, and Sophie, Countess of Bar and Lady of Mousson.

After his father's death, he claimed the estate of the Duchy of Lorraine, which his father had already claimed. The claim was dismissed by Emperor Henry IV, confirming the duchy to Theodoric the Valiant. In retaliation, he ravaged the diocese of Metz, but he was defeated by Adalbéron III, bishop of Metz, and the Duke of Lorraine Theodoric the Valiant. Reconciled with the Church, he founded an abbey in 1074 in Haguenau and rebuilt the church at Montbéliard in 1080. He did not participate at the Council of Clermont in 1095, or the Crusades, but rather sent his son Louis in the Crusades. In 1100, the Bishop of Verdun gave the county to Thierry for life, but the relationship between the spiritual and temporal powers was turbulent.

In 1065 Theodoric married Ermentrude of Burgundy (1055–1105), daughter of William I, Count of Burgundy, and Stephanie. They had the following issue:

Theodoric II (1081–1163), Count of Montbéliard
Louis, who became a crusader, returned in 1102 and was assassinated in 1103
Frederick I († 1160), Count of Ferrette and Altkirch
Reginald I (1090–1150), Count of Bar and lord of Mousson
Stephen (†1162), bishop of Metz
William, who died before 1105
Hugh, cited in 1105, probably religious, because he did not share his father's possessions
Gunthilde (†1131), abbess of Biblisheim
Agnes, married in 1104 (†1136)

References

Sources

Georges Poull, La Maison souveraine et ducale de Bar, 1994

House of Montbelliard
Counts of Montbéliard
Theodoric II
Counts of Verdun
Lords of Mousson
1040s births
1105 deaths

Theodoric I, Count of Montbéliard


is a major tourist attraction for both domestic and overseas visitors in Tokyo.
The area contains retail markets, restaurants, and associated restaurant supply stores. Before 2018,  it was the largest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world.
The market opened on 11 February 1935 as a replacement for an older market that was destroyed in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. It was closed on 6 October 2018, with wholesale operations moving to the new Toyosu Market.

Located in Tsukiji in central Tokyo between the Sumida River and the upmarket Ginza shopping district,  the inner wholesale market was only open to the trade and did not allow access to visitors.

The market is supervised by the  of the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs.

Location

The market is located near the Tsukijishijō Station on the Toei Ōedo Line and Tsukiji Station on the Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line. There were two distinct sections of the market as a whole, but after the transfer to Toyosu, only the outer market remains.
The inner market (jōnai-shijō) was the licensed wholesale market, where approximately 900 licensed wholesale dealers operated small stalls and where the auctions and most of the processing of the fish took place. The outer market (jōgai-shijō) is a mixture of wholesale and retail shops that sell Japanese kitchen tools, restaurant supplies, groceries, and seafood, and many restaurants, especially sushi restaurants. Most of the shops in the outer market closed by the early afternoon. In the inner market visitors were only allowed in by 10.00 am (11.00 am by the time the market was moved), by which time the activity in the market had reduced significantly or almost ceased. A small number of visitors however were allowed into the inner market in the early morning to see the tuna auction.

History

Origin
The land on which the fish market sat was created during the Edo period by the Tokugawa shogunate after the Great fire of Meireki of 1657.  It was created through land reclamation on the Tokyo Bay, and the area was therefore named Tsukiji (築地), meaning "constructed land" or "reclaimed land". The fish market however was not sited here until the 20th century.

The first fish market in Tokyo was originally located in the Nihonbashi district, next to the Nihonbashi bridge that gave the area its name. The area was one of the earliest places to be settled when Edo (as Tokyo was known until the 1870s) was made the capital by Tokugawa Ieyasu, and the market provided food for the Edo castle built on a nearby hill. Tokugawa Ieyasu took a number of fishermen from Tsukuda, Osaka to Edo to provide fish for the castle in 1590. Fish not bought by the castle was then sold near the Nihonbashi bridge, at a market called uogashi (literally, "fish quay").

In August 1918, following the so-called Rice Riots (Kome Sōdō), which broke out in over 100 cities and towns in protest against food shortages and the speculative practices of wholesalers, the Japanese government was forced to create new institutions for the distribution of foodstuffs, especially in urban areas. A Central Wholesale Market Law was established in March 1923.

The Great Kantō earthquake on 1 September 1923 devastated much of central Tokyo, including the Nihonbashi fish market.  The Tokyo government, which already had plans to relocate the market due to its unsanitary conditions considered unsuitable for an area that had developed into a business center, then took the opportunity to move the market to the Tsukiji district.

Construction and opening

Following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake architects and engineers from the Architectural Section of Tokyo Municipal Government were sent to Europe and America to do research for the new market. However, because of the sheer size of the market and the number of items traded they were forced to come up with their own unique design. The quarter circular shape allowed easier access and handling for freight trains and the steel structure above allowed a wide, continuous space free from columns and subdivisions.  The relocation of the market would be one of the biggest reconstruction projects in Tokyo after the earthquake, taking over six years involving 419,500 workers.

Tsukiji was officially opened on February 11, 1935.
On the same day, Tōkyō-Shijō station (東京市場駅) was opened with tracks designed around the market area.
In this year, the big three markets (Tsukiji, Kanda and Koto) began operations as Tokyo Metropolitan Government's system of Central Wholesale Markets. And then, smaller branch markets (Ebara fruit and vegetables market, Toshima market, Adachi market and Meat market) were opened one by one in succession.

Relocation to Toyosu Market
After World War II, Tsukiji's transaction increased in volume, and its facilities became narrow and old fashioned. Relocation plans had been considered since late 1950s. The candidate place was Ohi, current Ohta market. However the plan could not get consensus among stakeholders. There was another plan in late 1980s to construct provisional market utilizing the vast site of Shiodome Freight Terminal, and rebuild advanced market facilities in Tsukiji area during that period. However the negotiation with Japanese National Railways was not unsuccessful.

in 1998, six industry groups participating to  Tsukiji market submitted a request in their joint signature to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government to conduct study and hold discussing opportunity about relocating market functions to Tokyo Waterfront Area, four of them ware for the relocation and the remaining two were against. Throughout 1999, related municipal or urban engineering studies were conducted and discussing committees were held. In 2000, six industry groups and Tokyo Metropolitan Government reached an agreement to relocate.

The Tsukiji fish market occupies valuable real estate close to the center of the city.  Former Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara repeatedly called for moving the market to Toyosu, Koto. The long-anticipated move to the new Toyosu Market (豊洲市場) was scheduled to take place in November 2016, in preparation for the 2020 Summer Olympics, but on August 31, 2016, the move was postponed. There had been concerns that new location was heavily polluted and needed to be cleaned up. The groundwater at the site contained contaminants that "far exceeded environmental limits", which was mitigated by installing additional water pumps. There were plans to retain a retail market, roughly a quarter of the current operation, in Tsukiji. The remaining area of the market would be redeveloped.

In June 2017, plans to move the fish market were restarted. but delayed in July to the autumn of 2018. On 3 August 2017, a fire broke out in some of the outer buildings.

After the new site had been declared safe following a cleanup operation, the opening date of the new market was set for 11 October 2018. Tsukiji market closed on 6 October 2018, with the businesses of the inner market relocated to the new Toyosu Market between 6 and 11 October.
Even though Tsukiji inner market has moved to Toyosu, the outer market remains, selling food and other goods. The former market was used temporarily as a hub for transport vehicles during the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. It will be developed into a complex with a convention center, hotels, and other facilities by the 2040s.

Economics

The market handled more than 480 different kinds of seafood as well as 270 types of other produce, ranging from cheap seaweed to the most expensive caviar, and from tiny sardines to 300 kg tuna and controversial whale species. Overall, more than 700,000 metric tons of seafood are handled every year at the three seafood markets in Tokyo, with a total value in excess of 600 billion yen (approximately 5.4 billion US dollars in August 2018). At Tsukiji, around 1,628 tons of seafood worth 1.6 billion yen ($US14 million) may be sold on a typical day. There were around 900 licensed dealers at the market, and the number of registered employees varied from 60,000 to 65,000, including wholesalers, accountants, auctioneers, company officials, and distributors.

Operations

The market opened most mornings (except Sundays, holidays and some Wednesdays) at 3:00 a.m. with the arrival of the products by ship, truck and plane from all over the world. Particularly impressive was the unloading of tons of frozen tuna. The auction houses (wholesalers known in Japanese as oroshi gyōsha) then estimate the value and prepare the incoming products for the auctions. The buyers (licensed to participate in the auctions) also inspected the fish to discern which they would like to bid for and at what price.

The auctions started around 5:20 a.m. Bids can only be made by licensed participants. These bidders include intermediate wholesalers (nakaoroshi gyōsha) who operated stalls in the marketplace and other licensed buyers who were agents for restaurants, food processing companies, and large retailers.

The auctions usually ended around 10:00 a.m. Afterward, the purchased fish was either loaded onto trucks to be shipped to the next destination or on small carts and moved to the many shops inside the market. There the shop owners cut and prepare the products for retail. In case of large fish, for example tuna and swordfish, cutting and preparation was elaborate. Frozen tuna and swordfish were often cut with large band saws, and fresh tuna is carved with extremely long knives (some well over a meter in length) called oroshi-hōchō, maguro-bōchō, or hanchō-hōchō.

The market was the busiest between 6:30 and 9:00 a.m., and the activity declined significantly afterward. Many shops started to close around 11:00 a.m., and the market closed for cleaning around 1:00 p.m. Tourists visited the market daily between 5 a.m. and 6:15 a.m. and watched the proceedings from a designated area, except during periods when it was closed to the public.

Because of an increase in sightseers and the associated problems they cause, the market banned all tourists from the tuna auctions on several occasions, including from 15 December 2008 to 17 January 2009, 10 December 2009 to 23 January 2010, and 8 April 2010 to 10 May 2010. After the latest ban that ended in May 2010, the tuna auctions were re-opened to the public with a maximum limit of 120 visitors per day on a first-come, first-served basis. Visitor entry into the interior wholesale markets is prohibited until after 11:00 am.  Due to the March 2011 earthquakes all tourists were banned from viewing the tuna auctions till 26 July 2011, from which date it was reopened.

Inspectors from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government supervised activities in the market to enforce the Food Hygiene Law.

See also
 Toyosu Market

Notes

Further reading

 " Tokyo's Tsukiji Fish Market Threatened By Globalization," Bloomberg News, September 28, 2005.
 Documentary Film 'The Cost of Sushi; Emptying the Seas' (2012) by director Pedro Barbadillo.

External links

 Market association home page

1935 establishments in Japan
2018 disestablishments in Japan
Buildings and structures in Chūō, Tokyo
Fish markets
Fishing industry in Japan
Food and drink companies disestablished in 2018
Food and drink companies established in 1935
Tourist attractions in Tokyo
Tsukiji

Tsukiji fish market


The Toyota Prius is a hybrid vehicle from the Japanese automobile producer Toyota. It is called 'hybrid' because it has two different engines: a gasoline engine (combustion engine) and an electric motor. Because of the electric motor, it uses less fuel than a normal gasoline automobile when driving at low speeds (for example in the city). The electric motor uses batteries for its power, and these batteries are charged by a dynamo when the gasoline engine is used at higher speeds. The first generation launched in Japan in December 1997, then it reached the rest of the world in 2000. It entered its second generation in 2003 and it began to become more popular with buyers. The third generation arrived in 2009 and grew larger in size. The fourth generation appeared in December 2015. The fifth generation arrived in 2022.

References

1990s automobiles

2000s automobiles

2010s automobiles

2020s automobiles

Prius

Toyota Prius


Aeroflot Flight 068 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight operated by Aeroflot from Khabarovsk Novy Airport in Khabarovsk Krai to Pulkovo Airport in Saint Petersburg with intermediate stops  at Tolmachevo Airport in Ob, Russia, then Koltsovo Airport in Yekaterinburg. On 16 March 1961, the Tupolev Tu-104B operating this flight crashed shortly after take off from Koltsovo Airport due to engine failure. Two crewmembers and 3 passengers along with two people on the ground, perished.

The Air Accident Investigation Commission concluded the cause of the accident was the failure of engine No. 2 (right) due a broken turbine blade.

Accident

After takeoff from Koltsovo Airport while climbing though  altitude as the crew reduced the engine power from takeoff setting, engine No. 2 began vibrating severely.

The crew was uncertain which engine was failing and were unable to use the engine instruments because the instrument panel was vibrating violently. A crew member decided to reduce power on engine No. 1 in an attempt to determine if it was the source of the shaking, but he inadvertently pulled the throttle lever too far back, shutting down that engine. With neither engine operating the airliner began descending rapidly and the crew decided there was not enough altitude to restart engine No. 1.

Searching for a suitable place to set down, the crew choose to make an emergency landing on a frozen pond  from the airport. Turning 90 degrees to the right and descending the crew lined up for the landing at a high speed with the flaps and landing gear retracted.

Passing beneath an overhead power line and severing it with the vertical stabilizer the Tupolev first struck the ice with its left wing tip, then crashed down on the ice traveling  before reaching the shore. Still moving at speed, the aircraft struck trees near the shore and continued on, destroying part of the ground floor of a two-story vacation home, killing two people inside.

Most of the right wing was torn from the aircraft and remained in the home. Simultaneously the left wing struck another home, tearing off half the wing and causing the home's complete destruction. The aircraft continued on, striking more trees, and came to a halt  from the pond and  from the initial contact with the ice. There was no fire and the fuselage broke into three main pieces, remaining close together at the crash site.

Aircraft
Construction of the Tupolev Tu-104B involved, serial number 920805, was completed at the Kazan Aircraft Production Association aircraft factory on 24 July 1959. On 4 August 1959 the Tupolev was acquired by Aeroflot. At the time of the accident, the aircraft had sustained a total of 1,600 flight hours and 789 takeoff and landing cycles.

Investigation
The Air Accident Investigation Commission examining the wreckage discovered engine No. 2 suffered a contained failure and determined the main cause of the accident was the fracture of blade number 54 in the second stage of the turbine section. This blade suffered a fatigue crack along the first groove of the blade lock and detached from the turbine hub at high speed causing massive damage to the engine. The Commission also cited the crew members error in shutting down the No.1 engine as a secondary factor in the crash.

Agents of the Tupolev design bureau and the engine manufacturer stated that because the engine failure was contained the aircraft would have been able to return to the airport on one engine. Based on this opinion their position was that the accidental shut down of engine No. 1 was the main reason for the accident.

See also
Aeroflot accidents and incidents
Aeroflot accidents and incidents in the 1960s
Kegworth air disaster
TransAsia Airways Flight 235
Airlink Flight 8911

References

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1951
Accidents and incidents involving the Tupolev Tu-104
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
68
1961 in the Soviet Union
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by engine failure

Aeroflot Flight 068