BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), first published by the Building Research Establishment (BRE) in 1990, is the world's longest established method of assessing, rating, and certifying the sustainability of buildings.  More than 550,000 buildings have been 'BREEAM-certified' and over two million are registered for certification in more than 50 countries worldwide. BREEAM also has a tool which focuses on neighbourhood development.

Purpose
BREEAM is an assessment undertaken by independent licensed assessors using scientifically-based sustainability metrics and indices which cover a range of environmental issues. Its categories evaluate energy and water use, health and wellbeing, pollution, transport, materials, waste, ecology and management processes. Buildings are rated and certified on a scale of 'Pass', 'Good', 'Very Good', 'Excellent' and 'Outstanding'.

It works to raise awareness amongst owners, occupiers and designers of the benefits of taking a sustainable approach, providing a framework to help them to successfully adopt sustainable solutions in a cost-effective manner, and provides market recognition of their achievements. It aims to reduce the negative effects of construction and development on the environment.

History
Work on creating BREEAM began at the Building Research Establishment (based in Watford, England) in 1988. The first version for assessing new office buildings was launched in 1990. This was followed by versions for other buildings including superstores, industrial units and existing offices.

In 1998, there was a major revamp of the BREEAM Offices standard, and the scheme's layout, with features such as weighting for different sustainability issues, was established. The development of BREEAM then accelerated with annual updates and variations for other building types such as retail premises being introduced.

A version of BREEAM for new homes called EcoHomes was launched in 2000. This scheme was later used as the basis of the Code for Sustainable Homes, which was developed by BRE for the UK Government in 2006/7 and replaced Eco Homes in England and Wales. In 2014, the Government in England signalled the winding down the Code for Sustainable Homes. Since then BRE has developed the Home Quality Mark, which is part of the BREEAM family of schemes.

An extensive update of all BREEAM schemes in 2008 resulted in the introduction of mandatory post-construction reviews, minimum standards and innovation credits. International versions of BREEAM were also launched that year.

Another major update in 2011 resulted in the launch of BREEAM New Construction, which is now used to assess and certify all new UK buildings. This revision included the reclassification and consolidation of issues and criteria to further streamline the BREEAM process. In 2012, a scheme for domestic refurbishment was introduced in the UK, followed by a non-domestic version in 2014 that was expanded to an international scope the following year.

In 2015, the Building Research Establishment announced the acquisition of CEEQUAL following a recommendation from their board, with the aim of creating a single sustainability rating scheme for civil engineering and infrastructure projects.

The 2018 update of BREEAM UK New Construction was launched in March 2018 at Ecobuild.

The BREEAM UK New Construction V6 was released on 24 August 2022 following the updates to building regulations in England that came into force on 15 June 2022 and V6.1 (to incorporate changes to the building regulations for energy performance in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) on 14 June 2023.

Scope
BREEAM has expanded from its original focus on individual new buildings at the construction stage to encompass the whole life cycle of buildings from planning to in-use and refurbishment. Its regular revisions and updates are driven by the ongoing need to improve sustainability, respond to feedback from industry and support the UK's sustainability strategies and commitments.

Highly flexible, the BREEAM standard can be applied to virtually any building and location, with versions for new buildings, existing buildings, refurbishment projects and large developments:

BREEAM New Construction is the BREEAM standard against which the sustainability of new, non-residential buildings in the UK is assessed. Developers and their project teams use the scheme at key stages in the design and procurement process to measure, evaluate, improve and reflect the performance of their buildings.

BREEAM International New Construction is the BREEAM standard for assessing the sustainability of new residential and non-residential buildings in countries around the world, except for the UK and other countries with a national BREEAM scheme (see below). This scheme makes use of assessment criteria that take account of the circumstances, priorities, codes and standards of the country or region in which the development is located.

BREEAM In-Use is a scheme to help building managers reduce the running costs and improve the environmental performance of existing buildings. It has two parts: building asset and building management. Both parts are relevant to all non-domestic, commercial, industrial, retail and institutional buildings. BREEAM In-Use is widely used by members of the International Sustainability Alliance (ISA), which provides a platform for certification against the scheme. The newest version v6, available from 2020 includes also Residential programs.

BREEAM Refurbishment provides a design and assessment method for sustainable housing refurbishment projects, helping to cost-effectively improve the sustainability and environmental performance of existing dwellings in a robust way. A scheme for non-housing refurbishment projects is being developed and is targeted for launch in early 2014. The launch date will be announced once the piloting and independent peer review processes has been completed.

BREEAM Communities focuses on the masterplanning of whole communities. It is aimed at helping construction industry professionals to design places that people want to live and work in, are good for the environment and are economically successful.

BREEAM includes several general sustainability categories for the assessment:
 Management
 Energy
 Health and wellbeing
 Transport
 Water
 Materials
 Waste
 Land use and ecology
 Pollution

Home Quality Mark was launched in 2015 as part of the BREEAM family of schemes. It rates new homes on their overall quality and sustainability, then provides further indicators on the homes impact upon the occupants 'Running costs', 'Health and wellbeing' and 'Environmental footprint'.

National operators
BREEAM is used in more than 70 countries, with several in Europe having gone a stage further to develop country-specific BREEAM schemes operated by National Scheme Operators (NSOs). There are currently NSOs affiliated to BREEAM in:

 Netherlands: the Dutch Green Building Council operates BREEAM NL
 Spain: the Instituto Tecnológico de Galicia operates BREEAM ES
 Norway: the Norwegian Green Building Council operates BREEAM NOR
 Sweden: the Swedish Green Building Council operates BREEAM SE
 Germany: the German Institute for Sustainable Real Estate (DIFNI) operates BREEAM DE.

Schemes developed by NSOs can take any format as long as they comply with a set of overarching requirements laid down in the Code for a Sustainable Built Environment. They can be produced from scratch by adapting current BREEAM schemes to the local context, or by developing existing local schemes.

The cost and value of sustainability
A growing body of research evidence is challenging the perception that sustainable buildings are significantly more costly to design and build than those that simply adhere to regulatory requirements. Research by the Sweett Group into projects using BREEAM, for example, demonstrates that sustainable options often add little or no capital cost to a development project. Where such measures do incur additional costs, these can frequently be paid back through lower running expenses, ultimately leading to saving over the life of the building.

Research studies have also highlighted the enhanced value and quality of sustainable buildings. Achieving the standards required by BREEAM requires careful planning, design, specification and detailing, and a good working relationship between the client and project team—the very qualities that can produce better buildings and better conditions for building users. A survey commissioned by Schneider Electric and undertaken by BSRIA examined the experiences of a wide range of companies that had used BREEAM. The findings included, for example, that 88% think it is a good thing, 96% would use the scheme again and 88% would recommend BREEAM to others.

The greater efficiency and quality associated with sustainability are also helping to make such building more commercially successful. There is growing evidence, for example, that BREEAM-rated buildings provide increased rates of return for investors, and increased rental rates and sales premiums for developers and owners. A Maastricht University document, published by RICS Research, reported on a study of the effect of BREEAM certification on office buildings in London from 2000–2009. It found, for example, that these buildings achieved a 21% premium on transaction prices and an 18% premium on rents.

See also
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
Sustainable refurbishment

References

External links
 BREEAM website

 Website of the Building Research Establishment

Building energy rating
Building engineering
Construction
Environmental design
Environmental engineering
Low-energy building in the United Kingdom
Science and technology in Hertfordshire
Sustainability
Sustainable building in the United Kingdom
Sustainable building rating systems
Sustainable design
Sustainable development

BREEAM


Robert Catesby Taliaferro (1907–1989) was an American mathematician, science historian, classical philologist, philosopher, and translator of ancient Greek and Latin works into English.  An Episcopalian from an old Virginia family, he taught in the mathematics department of the University of Notre Dame. He is cited as R. Catesby Taliaferro or R. C. Taliaferro.

He translated from Greek and Latin into English: Ptolemy's Almagest, a 2nd-century book on astronomy, the 13 books of Euclid's Elements, Apollonius' works on conic sections, and some works of Plato (Timaios, Critias), and St. Augustine (On Music).  He contributed a celebrated foreword to the Bollingen Series 1944 reprint of the Thomas Taylor translation of Plato's Timaeus and Critias.  He also wrote a book titled The concept of matter in Descartes and Leibniz and one titled Number systems, introduction to Euclid book V, and to the theory of limits.

He received his doctorate from the University of Virginia at Charlottesville in 1936. He was a teacher at St. John's College in Annapolis, and in 1948 became a master at Portsmouth Priory, now Portsmouth Abbey School, in Portsmouth (Rhode Island). In 1956 he became an associate professor at the University of Notre Dame, after he was their visiting associate professor.

Bibliography
 Rational Mechanics: The Classic Notre Dame Course (Dover Books on Physics) (2014) by R. Catesby Taliaferro and A. Hahn
 Conics Books I-IV (2013) by Apollonius of Perga and R. Catesby Taliaferro
 Euclid: Elements / Archimedes: Works / Apollonius: Conic Sections / Nicomachus: Arithmetic (Great Books, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952)
 Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler (Britannica Great Books 1952) edited by Taliaferro, Translated by Taliaferro and Charles Glenn Wallis

Notes and references

1907 births
1989 deaths
Historians of astronomy
American historians of mathematics
American historians of philosophy
American classical scholars
Greek–English translators
Latin–English translators
20th-century translators
R. Catesby
20th-century American Episcopalians
20th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers

R. Catesby Taliaferro


North Sweden European Office is the joint regional European Union liaison office for the Swedish counties Norrbotten and Västerbotten, the two northernmost counties of Sweden.

The main purpose of the office is to contribute and encourage Northern Sweden to become an active and competent region at a European level.

The founding organisations are the Municipalities, the County Councils, the County Administration Boards, the Federation of private enterprises and the Chambers of Commerce in Norrbotten and Västerbotten as well as Luleå University of Technology and Umeå University.

North Sweden European Office has an office in Brussels as well as an office in each county, located in Umeå and Luleå.

References

External links
 North Sweden European Office

Government agencies of Sweden
Västerbotten County
Norrbotten County
Sweden and the European Union

North Sweden European Office


Beech is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It lies 2 miles (3 km) west of Alton, just west of the A339 road.

The road between Bentworth and Beech runs over King's Hill (218 m), one of the county's high points. The nearest railway station is 2 miles (3 km) east of the village, at Alton.

History
One of the first examples of the village name Beech is in Greenwood's map of Hampshire dated 1826, which shows a "Beech Farm" between "Wivelet" (the current Wivelrod) to the west, and "Wellhouse" to the east, now Wellhouse lane in the current Civil Parish of Beech.

Modern Beech started to take shape in the 1890s when the landowner began to sell off parcels of land for housing - much of it in the low-cost "colonial" style of wood and corrugated iron construction. This process accelerated after the First World War inspired by Lloyd George's "Homes for Heroes" programme.

The small church building on Wellhouse Road dates from 1902 and the village hall at the east end of Wellhouse lane was established 1932 in a building that was previously part of a print works.

At the west end of Wellhouse Road there was a well from which water was pumped by a large wooden wheel inside which was a track operated by a donkey or pony.  This was still there in 2019.

Since the 1960s the original colonial-style housing has generally been replaced by modern detached houses of high value.

Beech used to be part of the parish of Bentworth until boundaries were changed in the 19th century. Today, the Beech Civil Parish (CP) is next to the Bentworth CP to the north and the Medstead CP to the west.

Present day
The village is now an affluent residential area with little commercial activity within the village boundary. The 2015 electoral roll for Beech lists 457 people living in 217 different addresses.

By year 2000 the Village Hall, although well used, was in need of modernisation. Thanks to the generosity of local inhabitants in an appeal for funding, supported by the National Lottery, a programme of expansion and refurbishment began in 2008. In 2010 the new Village Hall was officially opened by broadcaster, writer and gardening expert Alan Titchmarsh , a former resident of the village.

Geography
The Parish of Beech is located in the north-eastern area of Hampshire approximately 11 miles (18 km) south of Basingstoke, 15 miles (24 km) east of Winchester and two miles (3 km) from the market town of Alton. Beech is close to, but outside, the northern boundary of the South Downs National Park.

The village has a linear nature, sitting largely within a narrow valley that descends (by minor road) for almost two miles (3 km) from Alton Abbey, which at 217 metres (712 ft) is one of the highest points in Hampshire, on the slopes of King's Hill, to the Alton - Basingstoke trunk road at 106 metres (348 ft).

The area in which Beech is situated is primarily rural. The parish has an area of 5.26 square kilometres (1262 acres) and is a broad mix of woodland, farmland and, in the village area, residential developments. In the past, the area has had an agriculturally based economy, although this influence has declined with modern farming practices.

References

External links
Beech Village website
Beech Parish Council

Villages in Hampshire
East Hampshire District

Beech, Hampshire


Handae Rhee (born March 19, 1977) is a South Korean film producer and distributor. He is currently the chief executive officer (CEO) of Sidus, a company based in Seoul that works in the production, distribution, and investment of domestic and international films. Rhee has been involved in the distribution of titles such as Shrek and Transformers and the production of domestic hits such as Tazza: The Hidden Card.

Life and career
Rhee was born in Seoul, South Korea in 1977. He graduated from Korea University in Sociology and received his MBA in Business Administration from the University of Southern California (USC) in 2010.

Starting 2004, Rhee began working in film strategy, distribution, marketing, and content development with the media development studio, CJ Entertainment. There, he was involved in the distribution of about 70 titles, such as You Are My Destiny, and aided in the marketing of movies like Shrek 3 and Kung Fu Panda.

Rhee started working at the strategy consulting firm nPlatform in 2008 and took his skills to KT Groups, a large media provider in Korea, in 2010 to be a content strategy consultant. There, he developed long-term strategy building for pay-tv and established strategic synergistic content with 15 KT affiliates.

Handae Rhee worked with KT till 2012 when he was appointed as the CEO of the film production company Sidus and became the youngest official in the KT group. As the new CEO, he produced Tazza 2, which boasted a theater attendance of 4 million, and participated in the investment and distribution of The Nut Job, which drew $6 billion in sales in the American box office and 500,000 people in the domestic market. In 2014, Sidus returned to rank within the top five domestic distributors.

References

1977 births
Living people
Korea University alumni
Marshall School of Business alumni
South Korean film producers
South Korean chief executives

Handae Rhee


A bootee (also bootie or booty) is a short soft sock or bootlike garment used for warmth or protection. Bootees for babies are usually thick and knitted, to keep the baby's feet warm. Dog booties for dogs such as sledge dogs in very cold Arctic conditions (see Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race) protect the animal from the cold and sharp ice. Booties worn over the shoes in cold-weather biking similarly protect cyclists.

Disposable socks, such as those worn for hygiene by surgical teams, are also called bootees.

References

External links

Hosiery
Infants' clothing

Bootee


Rolls-Royce is a British brand, it may refer to:
Rolls-Royce (car), a list of cars manufactured by Rolls-Royce Limited, Rolls-Royce Motors and Rolls-Royce Motor Cars
Rolls-Royce Limited, the original company founded in 1906, and split into Rolls-Royce plc and Rolls-Royce Motors in 1973
Rolls-Royce plc, the engineering company specialising in turbine-based products
Rolls-Royce Deutschland
Rolls-Royce Marine Power Operations Ltd
Rolls-Royce North America
Rolls-Royce Corporation
Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Ltd.
Rolls-Royce AB, formerly KaMeWa AB, then a part of Vickers plc
Rolls-Royce Motors, the car division comprised of the Rolls-Royce and Bentley brands, separated from Rolls-Royce Limited in 1973. Both brands were sold in the year 1998. BMW AG bought Rolls-Royce Motors (now called Rolls-Royce Motor Cars) and Volkswagen bought Bentley Motors (now called Bentley Motors Limited)
Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, manufacturer of Rolls-Royce automobiles since 1998, a BMW subsidiary

Rolls-Royce


Herbert Edmund Edmund-Davies, Baron Edmund-Davies, PC (15 July 1906 – 26 December 1992) was a British judge.

Early life and career
Born Herbert Edmund Davies at Mountain Ash (), Glamorgan (now in Rhondda Cynon Taf), Wales, he was the third son of Morgan John Davies and Elizabeth Maud Edmunds. Davies was educated at Mountain Ash Grammar School, King's College London where he received a first-class LLB and an LLB in 1926 and an LLD in 1928. Following this, he completed the BCL in 1929 at Exeter College, Oxford, where he received the Vinerian Scholarship.

Called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1929, he worked as examiner and lecturer at the London School of Economics in 1930 and 1931. During the Second World War, he served in the Army Officers' Emergency Reserve and in the Royal Welch Fusiliers. He was Recorder of Merthyr Tydfil from 1942 to 1944, of Swansea from 1944 to 1953 and of Cardiff from 1953 to 1958. Between 1953 and 1964, Davies was chairman of the Denbighshire Quarter Sessions.

Judicial career
He was knighted in 1958 (becoming Sir Edmund Davies) when the Lord Chancellor, Lord Kilmuir appointed him a High Court Judge of the Queen's Bench Division (as Mr Justice Edmund Davies), a post he held until 1966. Davies's name almost immediately attracted public attention when it fell to him to try a German named Guenther Podola, who had shot and killed a police sergeant; Podola was convicted of capital murder and hanged in November 1959. In 1964 he was sent to Aylesbury to try the notorious Great Train Robbery (1963) case. The severity of the sentences he passed became and has remained controversial.

Sworn of the Privy Council in 1966, he was a Lord Justice of Appeal (as Lord Justice Edmund Davies) from 1966 to 1974. In 1967 he was appointed by the Secretary of State for Wales as chair of the Aberfan Disaster Tribunal. On 1 October 1974, he was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary ("Law Lord") and was raised to the Peerage as Baron Edmund-Davies, of Aberpennar in the County of Mid Glamorgan. He changed his surname to "Edmund-Davies", so that his given name, which had formed part of his judicial title for more than 15 years, could be incorporated into his peerage title.

Following very severe problems with the recruitment and retention of police officers in England and Wales because of chronically low pay, which had by then fallen far behind the pay for comparable occupations, in August 1977 Edmund-Davies was appointed by Labour Home Secretary Merlyn Rees MP to chair a commission of inquiry into the negotiating machinery for police pay and conditions. His terms of reference were enlarged in December 1977 to include the levels of pay. His report was published in July 1978 and recommended a substantial increase in pay for police officers – of the order of 45 per cent. His recommendations were implemented in full in 1979 by the incoming Conservative Government, and the essential elements of the Edmund-Davies pay regime have remained undisturbed ever since. The Edmund-Davies review has become a cornerstone for police pay and the Police Federation of England and Wales – the representative body for police officers up to and including the rank of Chief Inspector – has tenaciously held onto the Edmund-Davies regime.

In 1981, Edmund-Davies retired as a Law Lord. From 1974 to 1985, he was Pro-Chancellor of the University of Wales. Edmund-Davies was President of the London Welsh Trust, which runs the London Welsh Centre, from 1982 until 1988.

Family
In 1935, he married Eurwen Williams-James. They had three daughters.

Famous judgments
R v Collins [1972] 2 All ER 1105
Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd v Martin & Co (Contractors) Ltd [1973] QB 27 (dissenting)
Wilson v Racher [1974] ICR 428
Whitehouse v Lemon and Gay News Ltd [1979] 2 WLR 281

Arms

Notes

References

1906 births
1992 deaths
Royal Welch Fusiliers officers
Law lords
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Knights Bachelor
20th-century Welsh judges
People educated at Mountain Ash Comprehensive School
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Queen's Bench Division judges
British Army personnel of World War II
Members of Gray's Inn
Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
20th-century Welsh educators

Edmund Davies, Baron Edmund-Davies


George Clyde Kell (August 23, 1922 – March 24, 2009) was an American Major League Baseball third baseman who played 15 seasons for the Philadelphia Athletics (1943–1946), Detroit Tigers (1947–1952), Boston Red Sox (1952–1954), Chicago White Sox (1954–1956), and Baltimore Orioles (1956–57). Kell went on to become a Detroit Tigers broadcaster for 37 years. He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983.

Kell was an All-Star for ten seasons. In 1949, he won the American League (AL) batting title hitting .343 with 59 runs batted in (RBI). In 1950, he hit .340 with 101 RBI and led the AL in hits and doubles. In 1951, he hit .319 with 59 RBI and led the AL in hits, singles, and doubles. He hit .300 or more for nine seasons. While lacking home run power, Kell was an outstanding contact hitter. He struck out only 287 times in 6,702 at-bats during his career, averaging just 26 strikeouts per 162 games.

Baseball career

In college, Kell played for Arkansas State, where the baseball facility, Tomlinson Stadium–Kell Field, is named after him.

Kell was a ten-time All-Star, batted over .300 nine times and topped the league's third basemen in assists and total chances four times and in fielding percentage seven times.

Athletics

Kell entered the leagues with the Philadelphia Athletics as a September call-up in the 1943 season. He appeared in one game on September 28, facing the St. Louis Browns as the starting third baseman and batted third.

The next year, he would play 139 games for the Athletics, and Kell batted .268 while having 138 hits while receiving a few votes for MVP. It was the first season that he would finish in the top ten in at-bats per strikeout, going 22.3 at-bats per strikeout to finish 8th in the American League. The following year, he would improve by batting .272 with 154 hits (30 doubles).

Tigers
In 1946 Kell played 26 games with the Athletics before being traded to Detroit on May 18 for Barney McCosky. In the American League, he ranked in the top ten for batting average with .322 for the year (fourth) and on-base percentage with .372 (9th) alongside hits (168, 8th). He also led the league in sacrifice hits with 15. On September 20 of that season, Kell went 6-for-7 with 4 runs and 3 RBI in a 15-1 rout of the Cleveland Indians.  He played 131 games at third base and led the league in putouts, assists, fielding percentage and double plays.

He played 152 games in 1947 and hit .320 with 188 hits, garnering his first All-Star selection and finishing 5th in MVP voting. He was hampered by issues in the 1948 season, playing just 92 games while batting .304 with 112 hits, although he garnered MVP voting and an All-Star selection. He would bounce back in  with his first and only batting title by batting .343, denying Ted Williams his third Triple Crown; until the final week of the season, Williams had led the batting race. On October 2, 1949, Kell went 2-for-3 while Williams was hitless in two official at bats. Kell's final mark was .3429, Williams' .3427. He had 179 hits while walking a career high 71 times (leading to a career-high .424 on-base percentage), and he struck out only 13 times all season.

One year later, Kell batted .340, leading the majors with 218 hits and 56 doubles, but lost the batting title to Williams' teammate, Red Sox second baseman Billy Goodman. However, he led the league in numerous hitting categories, played in 157 games and had a .982 fielding percentage, which was the third time he had topped .980. He scored 114 runs and had 101 RBI. Kell's 56 doubles were the most by a Tiger since Charlie Gehringer had 60 doubles in 1936 and remains the third-most by a Tiger player as of 2022.

He led the league in hits for a second and final time the next season (1951), having 191 in 147 games to go with 36 doubles while batting .319. It would be his last full year with the Tigers, as he was traded after 39 games in 1952 alongside Hoot Evers, Johnny Lipon and Dizzy Trout to the Boston Red Sox for Walt Dropo, Fred Hatfield, Don Lenhardt, Johnny Pesky and Bill Wight.

Red Sox, White Sox &  Orioles

His tenure with Boston saw the team engage in attempts at stealing signs involving the scoreboard, and it wasn't long after his trade to Chicago (done on May 23, 1954, for Grady Hatton and cash) that management asked him about the system. He worked with teammate Bob Kennedy, general manager Frank Lane, and the ballpark crew on a system that used the scoreboard to flash a light (i.e. a one or a zero) for a certain type of pitch while Kennedy had binoculars to see signs.

Reportedly the scheme persisted long after Kell left the team in 1956 (the White Sox won the pennant three years later).

He spent the 1954 season playing mostly at third and first base with minimal time in the outfield. With 97 games, he batted .276. He continued this positioning for 1955, although he played 128 total games while batting .312 with 81 RBIs and 51 walks. He went through one more early season-trade with 1956, where he played 123 games while batting .271 with 115 hits with 33 walks and 37 strikeouts while being traded by the White Sox after 21 games on May 21, going with Mike Fornieles, Connie Johnson and Bob Nieman to the Baltimore Orioles for Dave Philley and Jim Wilson. He would spend time at third base while sharing time with second-year third baseman and fellow Arkansan Brooks Robinson (also a future Hall of Famer). He batted .271 for the year while having 115 hits and 48 RBIs with 37 strikeouts to 33 walks (marking the second and last time he had more strikeouts than walks, with the only other one being in 1944, his first full year). He made it to the All-Star Game that year, his ninth selection. 1956 was the tenth and final time that he ranked in the top ten for at-bats per strikeout, in which he went 11.5 at-bats between strikeouts.

He closed his career out in 1957, hitting .297 in 99 games while collecting his 2,000th hit during the year and making another All-Star Game while striking out 16 times with 25 walks.

In his career, Kell batted .306, with 78 home runs and 870 runs batted in, 881 runs scored, 2054 hits, 385 doubles, 50 triples, 51 stolen bases, a .414 slugging average, and 621 walks for a .367 on-base percentage. He posted a career .971 fielding percentage. Kell played 1,795 games, but he never played for a team that made the postseason or the World Series.

Kell was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1983. A quote from his induction speech at the Hall of Fame goes as follows, "I have suspected for a long time that George Kell has taken more from this great game than he would ever be able to put back. And now today I know that I am more deeply in debt than ever before."

Broadcasting career
Following his retirement as a player, Kell worked as a play-by-play announcer for CBS television (1958) and the Tigers (1959–1963, 1965–1996). Kell also called the 1959 National League tie-breaker series for ABC television with Bob DeLaney, the second 1962 All-Star Game for NBC Radio with Jack Quinlan, the 1962 National League tie-breaker series for NBC television with Bob Wolff, the 1962 World Series for NBC Radio with Joe Garagiola, and Games 3–5 of the 1968 World Series (for which the Tigers were the home team) for NBC television with Curt Gowdy.

Kell initially called Tigers games on both radio and television, splitting the play-by-play with Van Patrick (in the 1959 season) and then with Ernie Harwell. Following the 1963 season he briefly retired from broadcasting, citing a desire to spend more time at his Arkansas home; after a one-year absence, Kell was persuaded to return in 1965 working the (less frequent) TV games exclusively while Harwell did radio. Kell's television partners included Ray Lane, Larry Osterman, and (beginning in 1975) fellow Hall of Famer and former Tiger Al Kaline as color commentator, the latter pairing lasting for the remainder of Kell's broadcast career. He retired from the TV booth after the 1996 season.

Personal life
Kell served for ten years on the Arkansas State Highway Commission (1973–83) and owned a car dealership, George Kell Motors, in Newport.

Kell's brother, Everett "Skeeter" Kell, played the 1952 season for the Philadelphia Athletics.

Kell and his wife Charlene were married for 50 years until her death from cancer in 1991.

Bestselling author Elmore Leonard, in the 1990 anthology Cult Baseball Players, wrote that Kell was his favorite player. When the novelist threw out the first pitch at a June 15, 1999, Tigers game at Tiger Stadium, Leonard wore a No. 21 jersey that was presented to him by the Tigers in an homage to Kell (who wore the number for four of his seven seasons).

Death
Kell died at age 86 in his sleep in his hometown of Swifton, Arkansas, on March 24, 2009.

Fox Sports Detroit, by then the Tigers' local TV rights holder, honored Kell with re-airings of the special FSN Basement: All Star Edition 2005 featuring interviews with Kell and Al Kaline, each recalling his memories of playing for the Tigers and working together in the television booth. It re-aired several times during the week following his death.

Highlights
 10-time All-Star (1947–54, 1956–57)
 Eight consecutive .300 seasons (1946–53)
 AL batting champion, led the majors in batting average (1949)
 Holds record of the fewest strikeouts for a batting champion (13, in 1949)
 Twice led the league in hits and doubles (1950–51)
 Hit for the cycle (June 2, 1950)
 Had 6 hits in a game (September 20, 1946)
 Top 10 in AL MVP vote (1947, 1949, 1950)

See also

 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of Major League Baseball batting champions
 List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball doubles records
 List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

References

Further reading

 Goldstein, Richard "George Kell, 86, Tigers' Hall of Famer and Broadcaster, Is Dead" The New York Times, March 25, 2009
 Smith, Dale B. "George Kell: A Tiger in A's Clothing", Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society.
 Trister, Noah "Ex-Oriole George Kell dies at 86" Associated Press, March 24, 2009
  "Kell, O's All-Star, Hall of Famer, dies" The Baltimore Sun, March 25, 2009

External links

, or Retrosheet

George Kell Oral History Interview (1 of 2) - National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection
George Kell Oral History Interview (2 of 2) - National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection

1922 births
2009 deaths
American League All-Stars
American League batting champions
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Arkansas
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago White Sox players
Detroit Tigers announcers
Detroit Tigers players
Detroit Tigers scouts
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball third basemen
Members of the Arkansas State Highway Commission
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Philadelphia Athletics players
People from Jackson County, Arkansas
Television in Detroit

George Kell


Lebanese Arabic (Arabic: عَرَبِيّ لُبْنَانِيّ) is a dialect of the Arabic language spoken in Lebanon. It is also spoken among the Lebanese diaspora. It has different features and variations in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar that makes it different from other Arabic dialects.

Lebanese Arabic reflects Lebanon's diverse cultural influences, with elements from French, English, and other languages added into daily speech. While Modern Standard Arabic is used in formal contexts, Lebanese Arabic is the primary spoken language in Lebanon which shows the rich linguistic heritage of the country.

References

Arabic language
Languages of Asia

Lebanese Arabic


The Palace letters, sometimes labelled as the Palace papers, were letters between Queen Elizabeth II, through her Private Secretary Martin Charteris, and Australian Governor-General Sir John Kerr around the time of the 1975 constitutional crisis, in which Kerr dismissed Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. The phrase 'Palace letters' originated in the work of Australian historian and Whitlam biographer Professor Jenny Hocking, who successfully overturned the Queen's embargo over these letters, as a reference to Buckingham Palace, the official residence of Elizabeth in London.

Kerr's copies of these letters are held by the National Archives of Australia, which would ordinarily have made them publicly accessible after 30 years as provided by the Archives Act.  However, the letters arrived at the Archives as a voluntary deposit of personal papers and access was therefore subject to terms set down by Kerr, which meant that public access was denied according to an embargo placed over them by the Queen until at least 2027 and after that date until permitted by the Queen's private secretary.

In 2016 Professor Jenny Hocking, having been refused access to the letters, sued the National Archives for their release, arguing that the letters were 'Commonwealth records' not 'personal' and they should therefore be available for public access 31 years after their creation according to the provisions of the Archives Act 1983.  In 2020, the High Court of Australia found in Hocking's favour in a 6:1 decision and ruled that these documents should be accessible to the Australian public as Commonwealth records, and ordered the Director-General of the National Archives to reconsider Hocking's request. The High Court also issued three cost orders against the National Archives directing it to pay Professor Hocking's costs. The National Archives had spent a total of $1.6 million unsuccessfully contesting Hocking's case seeking public access to the Palace letters. The letters were made public, in full and online, on 14 July 2020.

Background

In October 1975, the Opposition (Liberal/National-Country party coalition) used its control of the Australian Senate to defer passage of appropriation bills (needed to finance government expenditure), that had been passed by the Australian House of Representatives. The Opposition stated that they would continue their stance unless Whitlam called an election, subsequently urging Governor-General Sir John Kerr to dismiss Whitlam unless he agreed to their demand. Whitlam believed that Kerr would not dismiss him, and Kerr did nothing to disabuse Whitlam of this notion. On 11 November 1975, Whitlam intended to call a half-Senate election which was due at that time in an attempt to break the deadlock. When he went to Government House for an agreed meeting with Kerr to sign the final paperwork for the election, Kerr instead dismissed him as Prime Minister and shortly thereafter installed in his place Malcolm Fraser, the Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia and Leader of the Opposition.

Queen Elizabeth II and her Australian representative Governor-General Sir John Kerr exchanged more than 200 letters, which are now held in the National Archives of Australia.  If they were Commonwealth records, they would ordinarily have been made public in 2006, 31 years after they were created. However, the letters were designated 'personal' records and were under the embargo of the Queen until at least 2027, with either the Queen's private secretary or the Governor-General's official secretary able to veto the release of the letters thereafter. Public access to the letters was therefore barred by the National Archives, which claimed that they were 'personal' papers and not Commonwealth records, and therefore did not come under the Australian Archives Act 1983.

Legal challenge

In 2016 Hocking commenced proceedings in the Federal Court of Australia against the National Archives of Australia seeking the release of secret correspondence between Sir John Kerr and the Queen regarding the dismissal of the Whitlam government.

In 2020, Hocking revealed that there were more than 200 'Palace letters'. They cover the bulk of Kerr's term in office, from 15 August 1974 to 5 December 1977, and it was an agreed fact in Hocking's Federal Court action that most of them "address topics relating to the official duties and responsibilities of the Governor-General" and some "take the form of reports to The Queen about the events of the day in Australia". There had been a long debate regarding whether the Queen might have known about the machinations of the dismissal, and it was thought that the contents of the 'Palace letters' could clarify and possibly settle that issue.

The case was at first unsuccessful in the Federal Court and in February 2019 an appeal to the Full Court of the Federal Court was rejected by a majority. In a strong dissenting judgment, Justice Flick found that the Palace letters were Commonwealth records and, further, that it was "difficult to conceive of documents which are more clearly 'Commonwealth records' and documents which are not 'personal' property" than the Palace letters. He described the letters as concerning "'political happenings' going to the very core of the democratic processes of this country".

In January 2020, Sir Edward Young, Elizabeth's private secretary stated a preference for "all vice-regal letters to remain sealed until at least five years after her reign ends and for him to maintain a sole veto on whether they should be released at all".

On 29 May 2020 the High Court of Australia ruled that the Palace letters were now under the control of the National Archives and therefore must be considered as records that are the property of the Commonwealth, and "Commonwealth records" for the purposes of the Archives Act, and ordered the Director-General of the National Archives to reconsider Professor Hocking's request for access to the letters which it had previously denied. National Archives Director-General David Fricker immediately stated that "We accept the High Court's judgment and will now get to work examining these historically significant records for release under the provisions of the Archives Act...The National Archives is a pro-disclosure organisation. We operate on the basis that a Commonwealth record should be made publicly available, unless there is a specific and compelling need to withhold it." He nevertheless added the caveat that "some records may not be released, as exemptions for things like national security still play a role".

The letters were made public, in full and online, on 14 July 2020. Hocking's book The Palace Letters cites a key letter from Charteris of 2 October 1975 which shows that 'the Queen, Prince Charles, and [Sir Martin] Charteris were all aware by September 1975' that Kerr was considering dismissing the government, and knew of his failure to warn Whitlam of that possibility. The letters revealed that Kerr had discussed the prospect of dismissing the government with Prince Charles and the Queen, several weeks before he did so, and that he  was prepared to disregard the formal legal advice of the Australian solicitor-general, Sir Maurice Byers that there was no basis for the use of the reserve powers at that time. The view of the palace, communicated to Kerr, was that the reserve powers did exist and that Kerr had the power to use them despite the law officers' advice to the contrary, but did not encourage or advise Kerr on whether to use them. Despite these revelations the Palace itself continues to deny that it played 'any part' in Kerr's decision to dismiss the Whitlam government. Professor Frank Bongiorno however has concluded, as have others, that 'the Palace was indeed a player'.

In January 2022 the National Archives of Australia released a further cache of over 2,000 pages of vice-regal correspondence between six other governors-general and the Queen, from Lord Casey in 1966 to Sir William Deane in 2001, as a result of the High Court's ruling in the Palace letters case. These later letters have reaffirmed the significance of the Palace letters case for the release of previously secret royal correspondence with Australian governors-general.

References

External links
 The Letters, hosted by the National Archives of Australia
 The Letters, provided by The Guardian
 The Letters in transcript, provided by the Sydney Morning Herald

1975 documents
National Archives of Australia
Palace letters
1975 Australian constitutional crisis
Freedom of information
2020 in Australian law
Australia–United Kingdom relations
Elizabeth II
Letters (message)

Palace letters


Edwin "Eddie" Marshall (April 13, 1938 – September 7, 2011) was an American jazz drummer.

Biography
Marshall was born in Springfield, Massachusetts.  He played in his father's swing group and in R&B bands while in high school. He moved to New York City in 1956, developing his percussion style under the influence of Max Roach and Art Blakey. Two years later he played in the quartet of Charlie Mariano and with Toshiko Akiyoshi; after two years' service in the Army, he returned to play with Akiyoshi again in 1965. He worked with Mike Nock for a year in the house band of the New York nightclub The Dom, and also worked with Stan Getz and Sam Rivers, and accompanied Dionne Warwick on tours.

In 1967 he was a member of The Fourth Way, a fusion group which included Nock, Michael White, and Ron McClure. This group toured the San Francisco Bay Area through the early 1970s; after this Marshall played with Jon Hendricks and The Pointer Sisters.

Marshall was a member of the group Almanac with Bennie Maupin (flute, tenor saxophone), Cecil McBee (bass) and Mike Nock (piano). They released one album in 1977.

In the 1980s he worked in the project Bebop & Beyond, who recorded tribute albums to Dizzy Gillespie and Thelonious Monk.

Marshall underwent heart surgery in 1984, temporary sidelining his career, but he continued to perform on the recorder. He then taught at the San Francisco School of the Arts, and issued his second release as a leader in 1999. In the 2000s he worked on the San Francisco Arts Commission.

Marshall died of a heart attack on September 7, 2011. Marshall was survived by his wife, Sue Trupin, his five sons, Andre, Alcide, Jeru and David Marshall and Andre Charles, and his stepson, Reevan Trupin.

Discography

As leader or co-leader
Dance of the Sun (Timeless Muse, 1977)
Holy Mischief (1999)

With Almanac (Mike Nock, Bennie Maupin, Cecil McBee, Marshall)
 1977: Almanac (Improvising Artists) – recorded in 1967

As sideman
With Toshiko Akiyoshi
Long Yellow Road (Asahi Sonorama, 1961)
Toshiko Mariano Quartet (Candid, 1961)
With Kenny Burrell
Sky Street (Fantasy, 1975)
With John Handy
Where Go the Boats (Warner Bros., 1978)
With Eddie Harris
Sounds Incredible (Angelaco, 1980)
Exploration (Chiaroscuro, 1983)
With Bobby Hutcherson
Waiting (Blue Note, 1976)
The View from the Inside (Blue Note, 1976)
Highway One (Columbia, 1978)
Conception: The Gift of Love (Columbia, 1979)
Ambos Mundos (Landmark, 1989)
With Ahmad Jamal
Genetic Walk (20th Century, 1975)
With John Klemmer
Waterfalls (Impulse!, 1972)
Magic and Movement (Impulse!, 1974)
With Art Pepper
San Francisco Samba (Contemporary, 1977 [1997])
With Archie Shepp
California Meeting: Live on Broadway (Soul Note, 1985)
With Sonny Simmons
Manhattan Egos (Arhoolie, 1969 / 2000)
With Paul Contos Group
Points Unknown (Park Ave Records, 1984)

References

External links
[ Eddie Marshall] at Allmusic

1938 births
2011 deaths
Musicians from Springfield, Massachusetts
American jazz drummers
Timeless Records artists
Jazz musicians from Massachusetts
Bebop & Beyond members
Almanac (band) members
The Fourth Way (band) members
Improvising Artists Records artists

Eddie Marshall


Michael J. Wherley (born March 15, 1972 in Waconia, Minnesota) is a 3-time World Champion and 2-time Olympian in the sport of rowing. He started rowing at the University of Minnesota in 1990, before rowing at Penn AC Rowing Association and then the U.S. National Team from 1997 to 2004.

Wherley was part of the U.S. Men's Eight that won three straight World Championships in 1997–1999. He placed fifth in the Men's Four at the Sydney Olympics in 2000, which was won by Sir Steve Redgrave and the crew from Great Britain.

Wherley won two more medals in the U.S. Men's Eight, before ending his National Team career at the Athens Olympics in 2004 with a 10th-place finish in the Men's 4-.

In 2008, Wherley competed in The Boat Race for the University of Oxford; Oxford was victorious over Cambridge, and Wherley became the oldest rower in the history of the event at the time.

Wherley was inducted into the National Rowing Hall of Fame in 2014. He remains committed to the sport of rowing, and served as President of Penn AC Rowing Association. He lives in Philadelphia with his wife, Janet Distel, and their daughter.

References

1972 births
Living people
American male rowers
People from Waconia, Minnesota
Olympic rowers for the United States
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Oxford University Boat Club rowers
World Rowing Championships medalists for the United States

Michael Wherley


David Everard Ford (1797 in Long Melford – 1875), was an English congregational minister, religious author and hymn composer.

Ford was born on 13 September 1797 at Long Melford in Suffolk, where his father, the Rev. David Ford, was congregational minister. In 1816 he entered Wymondley College, and in 1821 became congregational minister at Lymington in Hampshire.

Hymns
During the twenty years of his residence in this town he published seven books of psalm and hymn tunes harmonised for four voices; a chorus for five voices—'Blessings for ever on the Lamb' (1825?); a song, 'The Negro Slave' (1825); 'Progressive Exercises for the Voice, with illustrative examples' (1826); 'Observations on Psalmody' (1828?); and in 1829 the 'Rudiments of Music,' the eleventh thousand of which was issued with the author's final revisions in 1843.

Sermons
Besides these musical productions Ford also published a sermon on John xi. 36, in 1826, and in 1828 'Hymns chiefly on the Parables of Christ.' But the work by which he is best known, and which produced a great and immediate effect upon the religious world of the time, was an essay entitled, 'Decapolis; or the Individual Obligation of Christians to save Souls from Death.' This was published in 1840, and within a year had reached its fifth thousand; a fifth American edition also being issued in New York in 1848. Other essays of a similar kind were entitled 'Chorazin; or an Appeal to the Child of many Prayers,' 1841; 'Damascus; or Conversion in relation to the Grace of God and the Agency of Man,' 1842; 'Laodicea; or Religious Declension,' 1844; and 'Alarm in Zion; or a few Thoughts on the Present State of Religion,' 1847.

In 1841 Ford accepted an appointment from the Congregational Union to visit the stations of the Home Missionary Society, and in 1843 took the oversight of a newly formed church in Manchester. Here he remained till 1858, when he retired from stated service as a resident minister. He, however, still continued to preach to other congregations in various parts of the country till 1874, when cataract, beginning to affect his vision, compelled him to desist. He died at Bedford 23 October 1875 at the age of seventy-eight.

References

British writers
English composers
People from Long Melford
1797 births
1875 deaths
19th-century English musicians

David Everard Ford


Oscar M. Ruebhausen (August 28, 1912 – December 7, 2004) was a prominent New York City lawyer, and adviser to Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller, and a president of the New York City Bar Association.

Early life and education
Oscar Ruebhausen was born in Manhattan on August 28, 1912, and was raised in Vermont. He attended Dartmouth College, where he graduated summa cum laude, and Yale Law School, where he was notes editor of the Yale Law Journal.

Career
In 1937, Ruebhausen joined the law firm Debevoise, Stevenson, Plimpton & Page, a precursor to the modern firm of Debevoise & Plimpton.

Ruebhausen was exempted from military service during World War II for health reasons, but in 1941 he moved to Washington, D.C. to work for the Lend-Lease Administration financing material aid for the Allied war effort in Europe. In 1944, he became general counsel to the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), headed by the engineer Vannevar Bush. That year, at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ruebhausen helped Bush draft a letter on how scientific research could be useful to the United States in peacetime. The letter became the blueprint for the establishment of the National Science Foundation in 1950.

After the war, Ruebhausen returned to practice at Debevoise & Plimpton, where he remained until his retirement in 1987. From 1950 to 1951, he also served as counsel to the International Development Advisory Board, where he began a lifelong relationship with Nelson A. Rockefeller, the organization's chairman, as a friend and political adviser. When Rockefeller became Governor of New York, Ruebhausen served him in a number of capacities, including as chairman of a Task Force on Protection from Radioactive Fallout, as Special Adviser on Atomic Energy, and as chairman of a panel on Insurance Holding Companies.

Ruebhausen also maintained a long relationship with the New York City Bar Association, where he served as president from 1980 to 1982. In keeping with his professional interest in science, he served as chairman of the Association's Special Committee on Atomic Energy from 1949 to 1959 and as chair of the Committee on Science and the Law from 1959 to 1967.

Personal life and death
Ruebhausen married Zelia K. Peet in 1942. He was widowed when she died in 1990. Oscar Ruebhausen died on December 7, 2004, at New York Presbyterian Hospital in Manhattan. He was 92 years old.

Sources
 Morris, Jeffrey B. "Making Sure We are True to Our Founders": The Association of the Bar of the City of New York, 1980-1995. New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 1997.
"Oscar M. Ruebhausen, 92, Former Rockefeller Adviser, is Dead." The New York Times. December 12, 2004.
Oscar M. Ruebhausen Biography, Yale Law School

1912 births
2004 deaths
Lawyers from Manhattan
Dartmouth College alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Presidents of the New York City Bar Association
People associated with Debevoise & Plimpton
20th-century American lawyers

Oscar M. Ruebhausen


Device tracking software is software installed in an electronic device that is capable of reporting the device's location remotely. Depending upon the software and the device on which it is installed, the software may obtain the location of the device by means of GPS, WiFi-location, IP address, or accelerometer logs, and it may report the address by means of e-mail, SMS, or other means.

Some device tracking software is sold as part of a subscription to a staffed service that will assist the device's owner to update police officers with the device's location.

See also
 Geolocation software
 Hybrid positioning system
 Mobile phone tracking
 Bringrr
 Skyhook Wireless
 Laptop theft
 Prey (software)

References

Surveillance
Mobile software

Geopositioning

Device tracking software


USS Adopt (AMc-114/AM-137/MSF-137) was an  built for the United States Navy during World War II and in commission from 1943 to 1945. In 1945, she was transferred to the Soviet Navy under Lend-Lease as T-332.

Construction and commissioning
Adopt was laid down on 8 April 1942 at Tampa, Florida, by the Tampa Shipbuilding Company, Inc. She was launched on 18 October 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hastings, and commissioned on 31 May 1943.

Service history

U.S. Navy, World War II, 1943-1945
After conducting shakedown training off Key West, Florida, Adopt proceeded to Norfolk Navy Yard in Portsmouth, Virginia, for post-shakedown repairs and alterations and then began a series of minesweeping tests and exercises at Little Creek, Virginia, and Solomons Island, Maryland. These operations occupied her into early September 1943, when she departed for the United States West Coast. Adopt made a brief stop at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, before transiting the Panama Canal and joining the United States Pacific Fleet. She reached San Diego, California, on 25 September 1943.

Adopt operated at San Diego as an escort ship through 26 May 1944. That same month, she reported for duty to the Commander, Western Sea Frontier. She left the U.S. West Coast on 6 June 1944 and shaped a course for Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, and took part in a 10-day period of antisubmarine warfare exercises in the waters of the Hawaiian Islands under the auspices of Commander, Task Force 1. On 23 June 1944, she departed Hawaii in a convoy bound for the Territory of Alaska.

Adopt reached Adak in the Aleutian Islands on 29 June 1944. She was subsequently based there at Naval Operating Base Kuluk Bay. During her service in Alaskan waters, Adopt carried out tactical and gunnery drills, held minesweeping exercises, and provided convoy escort services.

Selected for transfer to the Soviet Navy in Project Hula – a secret program for the transfer of U.S. Navy ships to the Soviet Navy at Cold Bay, Alaska, in anticipation of the Soviet Union joining the war against Japan – Adopt steamed into the anchorage at Cold Harbor in June 1945 and began training her new Soviet crew.

Soviet Navy, 1945-1954
Following the completion of training for her Soviet crew, Adopt was decommissioned on 19 July 1945 at Cold Bay and transferred to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease immediately. Also commissioned into the Soviet Navy immediately, she was designated as a  ("minesweeper") and renamed T-332 in Soviet service. She soon departed Cold Bay bound for Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the Soviet Union, where she served in the Soviet Far East.

Disposal
In February 1946, the United States began negotiations for the return of ships loaned to the Soviet Union for use during World War II, and on 8 May 1947, United States Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal informed the United States Department of State that the United States Department of the Navy wanted 480 of the 585 combatant ships it had transferred to the Soviet Union for World War II use returned. Deteroriating relations between the two countries as the Cold War broke out led to protracted negotiations over the ships, and by the mid-1950s the U.S. Navy found it too expensive to bring home ships that had become worthless to it anyway. Many ex-American ships were merely administratively "returned" to the United States and instead sold for scrap in the Soviet Union, while others by mutual agreement between the two countries were destroyed off the Soviet coast under the observation of American naval authorities.

Although she was never returned to the United States, the U.S. Navy reclassified the ship as a "fleet minesweeper" (MSF) and redesignated her MSF-137 on 7 February 1955. T-332 was stricken by the Soviet Navy in 1960 and presumably sold for scrap.

References

External links
HyperWar
Uboat.net

Admirable-class minesweepers
Ships built in Tampa, Florida
1942 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Admirable-class minesweepers of the Soviet Navy
World War II minesweepers of the Soviet Union
Cold War minesweepers of the Soviet Union
Ships transferred under Project Hula

USS Adopt


Cowboy Jimmy Moore (September 14, 1910 – November 17, 1999), born James William Moore, was a world famous American pocket billiards (pool) player. He was originally from Troup County, Georgia, and lived for much of his life in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He is best known for his skill in the game of straight pool (14.1 continuous).

Moore was an excellent athlete at other sports. He has set many records in billiards. He won the Michigan State Billiard Championship four times. He came in second at the World Championship five times while playing the best in the world such as Willie Mosconi, Irving Crane and Luther Lassiter. He won the United States National Pocket Billiards Championship in 1958, the National Invitation Pocket Billiards Championship in 1965, and the Legends of Pocket Billiards competition in 1984.

Moore was known for playing in straight pool . He was a feared road player (a player who hustled while traveling across the United States). He was also known for his unusual pool style, which included wearing cowboy clothing, and an unusual way of using his pool cue when he was hitting ball—a technique known as a "slip stroke". Moore also worked as a technical adviser for scenes in television and film that showed pool. He did so for the movie My Living Doll, and the Jerry Lewis movie The Family Jewels. He was honored by election to the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame, the International Pocket Billiards Hall of Fame, and the Albuquerque Sports Hall of Fame.

Early years
James William Moore was born on September 14, 1910 on a farm in Troup County, Georgia, just outside the City of Hogansville. He was the son of a Georgia blacksmith, sheriff and streetcar conductor. He began working at a young age to supplement his family's income. He worked at many jobs including as a cotton picker earning 35 cents per 100 pound, managing a fruit stand, and delivering newspapers. His family moved to Detroit when he was 13. There, he found other ways of making money. Moore ran card games and pursued other games of chance. He even pitched pennies. He was very good at gambling games and was a naturally gifted athlete. He was a Triple-A level baseball player in the minor leagues. He once bowled a perfect game, and was a good golfer.

In 1928 at 18 years of age, Moore took a job as a pinsetter at Car Barns, a local bowling alley, earning six cents a line. Moore learned fast. For a time he achieved a 233 bowling average. Moore first picked up a cue stick at Car Barns, playing on the single 4 x 8 foot pool table the bowling alley had. According to Moore, he immediately fell in love with the game. Specifically, the game he loved was straight pool (14.1 continuous). This was the main game he competed at during his career. He did, however, play other billiard games. In fact, in later years Moore become U.S. national snooker champion, and came in second at the 1961 First Annual World's One-Pocket Billiards Tournament in Johnston City, Illinois.

Straight pool was the game of championship pocket billiards competition until approximately the 1980s. Then, it was overtaken by "faster" games such as nine-ball. In the game, a shooter may attempt to pocket any ball on the table (but the cue ball). The object is to reach a set number of points which is agreed before the game. Professional competition is often played to 150 points. One point is scored for each ball sunk in a pocket that must be called by the player. According to Moore, his high run in the game was 236 ball in a row.

Six months after he first started playing, Moore entered and won the 1929 Michigan State billiard championship. He successfully defended that title in the following three years. During the middle of the Great Depression, however, playing pool for trophies was not a luxury Moore could afford. Instead, he took his game on the road to attempt to make a living gambling.

On the road
Moore first partnered with a hustler and exhibition player names Ray St. Laurent. Laurent was a colorful character who sometimes played exhibitions wearing a red cape and mask. He was called "The Red Devil" for exhibition events. Laurent helped Moore, but they were not equals on the pool table. One winter evening in Canton, Ohio, St. Laurent was losing badly in a gambling session to Ohioan gambling legend, Don Willis,. Willis was known as the "Cincinnati Kid". He was considered by many of his peers of the time "the deadliest player alive". The wager was 25 cents a ball. This was not a small sum at the time. Moore was providing money for the match. Moore became disgusted by how unevenly matched Laurent was with Willis. Moore told St. Laurent that he could not win and asked him to step aside and let him play. Willis later recalled:

Moore and Willis became traveling partners after that match. They often traveled on the road with future six-time world champion Luther "Wimpy" Lassiter. Because of his skill and well known road partners, Moore's name began to be known in the billiard world. In 1940, the World Pocket Billiards (straight pool) titleholder of that year, Andrew Ponzi, sought out Moore looking for a challenge. At the match arranged, Moore first beat Ponzi out of $80 playing nine-ball. He then beat him at his own game, straight pool. Moore scored 125 points to Ponzi's 82.

After Moore's match with Ponzi, he was hired by Ponzi's employer, Sylvester Livingston. Livingston was a man who hosted exhibitions with a lot of top pool talent, including Irving Crane. Crane, like Lassiter, would become a six-time world champion. During 1941, Moore performed 250 exhibitions across the U.S. He earned $5 for matinees, and $7 for evening performances. He lost only one match over the year. During that same time he had straight pool runs of 100 or more points in 24 out of the 250 exhibitions.

By that time Moore was recognizable for his cowboy characteristics. He customarily wore cowboy boots, a white Stetson hat and a string tie. He kept his hair in a crew-cut, and was rarely seen without a cigar. He was also known for his unusual form of stroke. Moore employed a slip stroke. This is a way of shooting in which a player releases his gripping hand briefly and re-grasps the cue farther back on the butt just before hitting the cue ball. Using the slip stroke, Moore was deadly accurate, but could also shoot with great power.

In 1945, Moore's purchased a home in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He would live there for the rest of his life with his wife, Julie Chavez, whom he married in 1949. They had seven children together: sons Jamie, Raymond and Tommy, and daughters Pamela Nathan, Kolma Moore, Emily DiLorenzo and Linda Bates. Soon after moving to Albuquerque, he became co-owner and operator of the U Cue Billiards Hall in the City. It was said that hustlers avoided going through Albuquerque just to avoid getting into a money game with Moore.

Exhibition and competition
Though Moore continued playing on the road—as he would for over 40 years—he began competing and placing in top-tier tournaments. His tournament career was to be overshadowed by an enduring series of runner-up finishes that would earn him the nickname "pool's underpaid prince" in such publications as Esquire Magazine. The name that stuck with him for life, however, was Cowboy. According to Moore, he became 'Cowboy' Jimmy Moore when he appeared at the Commodore Hotel championships in New York City in the 1950s wearing the required tuxedo, but nevertheless sporting cowboy boots and his signature white Stetson hat.

The second-place-saga started in 1951 at the two week long, double-elimination, round robin format, World Championship tournament, held that year in Boston. At the competition, Moore was defeated in his last match by Willie Mosconi. His record was seven wins in nine matches, including triumphs over future Billiard Congress of America (BCA) Hall-of-Famers, Irving Crane and Arthur "Babe" Cranfield.

In 1952 he made a strong showing in the same competition, held once more in Boston, running 93 balls against Lassiter, beating him 150 to 25, but again finishing behind Willie Mosconi, this time sharing second place with Jimmy Caras and Joe Procita. Moore's match with Mosconi had an ending score of 150 to 58 in 19 innings. Moore competed in the 1953 World Championship in San Francisco, but did not place, losing in his last match to Crane, 150-56 in 7 innings.

The following year Moore took second place yet again in the World Championship, held that year in Philadelphia. The 1954 tournament was not sponsored and was unsanctioned by the BCA; in its absence being organized by Irving Crane. It was denominated by newspapers, such as The New York Times, as the "Unofficial World Pocket Billiard Championship." In a career highlight in the penultimate match there, Moore was losing 148 to 8 to Irving Crane. When Crane let him back to the table, Moore ran 142 balls and out. Despite this feat, Moore was dispatched to second place by Lassiter, with a final score of 150 to 95, sharing second place with Crane. The defending champion, Mosconi, did not participate.

Moore's runner-up streak continued in the 1956 World Championship held at Judice's Academy in Brooklyn, New York. He clinched second place, to Willie Mosconi's now almost ubiquitous first, with a 150 to 50 score over Al Coslosky of Philadelphia in 15 innings, a win over Richard Riggie of Baltimore, 150 to 121, with an inspired run of 107 balls, but a loss to Lassiter, 150 to 70 in 7 innings. That same year Moore played Mosconi at a challenge match in Kinston, North Carolina. It was not Moore's day as Mosconi posted a career highlight; a perfect match—150 balls in a row in one inning.

In all, Moore came in second at the World Championship five times but never took the crown. He did however win the National Pocket Billiards Championship held in Chicago at Bensinger's Billiards in 1958. The tournament was a challenge match, marathon straight pool race to 3,000 points between Moore and Luther Lassiter. It was a tight competition, with Lassiter leading at one point 1,800 to 1,512. Moore battled back and eventually won with a final score of 3,000 to 2,634.

Moore would eventually have ten second-place finishes in world-title competition. Nevertheless, he frequently competed with and beat all of the players whom he so often played second fiddle to in sanctioned tournament play. In fact, later in 1958, the same year he won the National Pocket Billiards Championship against Lassiter, he roundly defeated Mosconi in a two-day exhibition match in his home town of Albuquerque, with a final score of 500 to 397. Moore and Mosconi would battle it out many times in unsanctioned but publicized play. In addition to matches previously mentioned, they vied at Albuquerque's old Chaplin Alley on 1956; at the Highland Bowl in 1958; and later, in matches in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Philadelphia, Chicago and Johnston City at the Jansco Brother's Stardust Open, where Moore would win the prize for "all-around honors".

It was not until 1965 at the National Invitation Pocket Billiards Championship, seven years after his last first-place finish, that he would repeat as champion in a sanctioned tournament. At that contest held at the Riviera Terrace in New York City, along the way to first place and the prize of $4,000, Moore defeated: Onofrio Lauri 150 to 117; Joe Balsis 150 to -3; Cisero Murphy 150 to 96; "Champagne" Edwin Kelly 150 to 83 in 3 innings; and the ever-present Luther Lassiter, 150 to 41 in 4 innings. The runner up in the tourney was Joe Balsis.

In addition to competition, Moore served as a technical adviser for billiard-related scenes in television and film, including My Living Doll starring Julie Newmar and Robert Cummings in 1964, and the Jerry Lewis movie The Family Jewels in 1965.

Later life
Moore was inducted into the International Pocket Billiards Hall of Fame in 1982, the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame in 1994, and the Albuquerque Sports Hall of Fame in 1998. He remained competitive in tournament and match play well into his 70s. In 1984, at age 74, Moore won the Legends of Pocket Billiards competition on ESPN. Even in later years he was still deadly on a pool table, running 111 balls three days after his 80th birthday. "Until the traffic accident I had about a year ago, I was still playing my usual speed" Moore said in July 1999 at the age of 89. However, Moore's health declined rapidly that same year. He died on November 17, 1999 of natural causes.

References

1910 births
1999 deaths
People from New Mexico

Cowboy Jimmy Moore


The Volkswagen Jetta (A5 or Mk5, codename 1K) is a compact car, the fifth generation of the Volkswagen Jetta and the successor to the Volkswagen Bora which was manufactured by Volkswagen between 2005 and 2010, and up to 2012 in China. It is a three-box sedan derivative of the Golf Mk5. It was marketed as the Volkswagen Bora in Mexico and Colombia, Volkswagen Vento in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, and Volkswagen Sagitar in China.

Overview

The fifth generation debuted at the Los Angeles Auto Show on 5 January 2005. After the New Beetle, it was the second Volkswagen product to make its world debut at a U.S. auto show. The Mark 5 sedan went on sale in the USA prior to any other country, reflecting the importance of the car in that market for Volkswagen. VW spent US$800 million to upgrade its Puebla facilities for this model's production. This included a US$290 million new engine production line for the 5-cylinder power plant, a US$50 million investment in the press shop, as well as a US$200 million purchase of 460 robots, which increased automation by 80%.

Although produced in the largest volumes in Mexico, final assembly of the car also takes place in China and South Africa for those respective markets. Like initial production of the second generation in China, the Asian and African plants build the car from a complete knock down (CKD) kit shipped from the factory in Puebla. Local assembly in Kaluga, Russia, started in early 2008. Assembly also began in India in 2008 at the Škoda factory in Aurangabad As with the previously mentioned assembly plants, CKD kits from Volkswagen de México will be used.

The A5 Jetta is  longer,  wider, and has a  longer wheelbase than the previous iteration. Interior room has increased from . In particular, rear legroom was increased by  over the fourth generation. Luggage compartment volume is up to 453 litres (16 cu ft). One major change is the introduction of the first multi-link independent rear suspension in a Jetta. The design of the rear suspension resembles the one found in the Ford Focus.  Volkswagen reportedly hired engineers from Ford who designed the suspension on the Focus.

Styling reflects a new direction for the Volkswagen brand, with a new chrome front grille, first seen on the Golf Mk5 R32, which was trickled down to other models. Some critics appreciated the new styling, whilst others dismissed it as just as bland as the 4th generation.

The 2006 model year TDI models used the 04A five-speed manual transmission. The 04A had the following gear ratios:

For model year 2009, certain markets saw a new base model internal combustion engine and automatic transmission. The previous 2.0-litre four-cylinder engine and six-speed automatic transmission were replaced with a smaller, more powerful, and more fuel efficient, 1.4-litre turbocharged four-cylinder engine and six-speed DSG transmission (the same as used in the new Golf Mk5). As a result of the change, fuel consumption has been improved (by 17% for the manual, from  down to ), and 23% for the automatic, from  down to . Power increased 7% from , while torque is up 20%. In addition, acceleration times  have improved, from 9.2 s to 8.5 s for the manual (an 8% improvement), and from 9.9 s to 8.5 s for the automatic (a 14% improvement).

Features
The body of the fifth generation used high strength steel and laser welding with 35% of its body parts, resulting in double-digit increases in both dynamic and torsional rigidity. An impact-absorbing front bumper which yields slightly in the event of a collision with a pedestrian, reducing the chance of injury. A new door design allows just the outer panel to be removed and replaced if damaged, rather than the entire door. Safety features included side curtain airbags, seat-mounted rear side airbags, Electronic Stability Programme with Anti-Slip Regulation and Brake assist, as well as active head restraints. A Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG) transmission, available dual-zone automatic climate control, and electro-mechanical power steering were also available.

The fifth generation car features a redesigned electrical system. Control modules are used for various systems, digitally transmitted over Controller Area Network (CAN) buses at 500 kilobits per second — reducing the number of wires needed, and the opportunity for faults. Cars equipped with halogen headlamps have a 'VW' logo integrated into the bulb shield. In most markets, the rear lights use light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In North America, standard filament bulbs with a different design are used to comply with FMVSS 108.

Volkswagen has developed a very specific motor oil quality standard; oil meeting this standard must be used to ensure full warranty coverage.

Engines

The internal combustion engines available are dependent on the destination market. In Europe, a range of the new generation Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) engines are available. Additionally in that market, the car can be had with an engine known as the 'Twincharger'. This 1.4 litre petrol engine combines turbo- and supercharging, to make a small but powerful engine with low fuel consumption. The Jetta available in the Americas and the Middle East is powered by a 2.5-litre 5-cylinder 20-valve engine in most trims. This engine shares its cylinder head design with the V10 engine found in the Lamborghini Gallardo and Audi R8.

When the Mark 5 Jetta was introduced, the Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel engine was not offered in five U.S. States due to the tight emission standards promulgated by the California Air Resources Board. In addition to California, four other states adopted the more stringent California standards. Where it was available, it fell into the least-restrictive emission category. That category was removed in 2007, prompting the diesel Jetta to be unavailable for more than a year until the introduction of a new common rail diesel engine, which appeared in August 2008. The introduction was delayed for approximately six months due to technical issues with the new emissions control system. The TDI Clean Diesel engine is rated , and uses advanced features such as a diesel particulate filter and NOx-storage catalyst (vs. AdBlue) to reduce NOx in order to qualify as a Tier II Bin 5 vehicle (equivalent to California's LEV II rating), and thereby allowing it to be sold in all 50 U.S. states. AdBlue (urea injection fluid) is not required, further reducing maintenance requirements. In 2015 it was found that this engine's emissions had been falsified.

In the U.S., in August 2010, it was reported that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) was investigating 37,889 2009 Jetta TDI's regarding a stalling problem. There were complaints to the agency about the Jettas going into "limp-home" mode and then stalling almost immediately while being driven. Motor Trend reported that there were also complaints about premature failures of its high-pressure fuel pump.

Safety

In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety crash testing the Jetta received an overall "Good" rating in both front offset and side impact tests. In the side impact test the Jetta received "Good" marks in all nine measured categories. In 2005, the Institute noted that the side impact protection performance was the best they had ever rated. In 2006, the car received a "Top Safety Pick" award from the institute. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration gave the fifth generation Jetta  for both driver and passenger protection in a frontal impact, while the car received  stars in a side impact crash test. To tout the safety of the car, a series of television commercials with the tag line "Safe happens" showed the car being involved in a collision whilst afterward the occupants are shown to have emerged unscathed.

The VW Jetta received the maximum 5 stars in the China NCAP crash tests.

Testing and review

The fifth generation received generally positive reviews with some reviewers complaining the car lost some of its character with the redesign. Most reviewers found the ride to be firm and well controlled but not always as forgiving as the previous generation. Handling was a strong point, with quick and precise steering and minimal body roll due to the MacPherson Strut suspension up front. Fit and finish received excellent marks, with reviewers noting the car felt very upscale. The front seats were firm but well liked, and the rear seat was roomy, in contrast to the cramped quarters in the fourth generation. Controls and displays were decent, but fell apart and started shorting out with age. Reviewers were particularly impressed with the "Sportline" models (known as the GLI in North America). Equipped with sport seats, a firmer suspension lowered by , and low profile tyres, critics praised the excellent handling that was an improvement over the already good performance on the standard model. Additionally, the 2.0 Turbo FSI engine also won commendation for its high power figures, smooth operation, and low fuel consumption. Along with its hatchback brethren, the fifth generation ranks among the top cars on the market in independent reviews of resale value.

Although improved over the fourth generation, the Mark 5 still took over 42 hours to assemble at the factory in Mexico. Part of this disparity is blamed on the switch to the more complex independent rear suspension. Volkswagen has publicly stated its discontent over the excessive assembly time, and pledged to streamline manufacturing in the next generation of A platform cars. In the interim, Volkswagen de México is making a concerted effort to further increase productivity at the plant by consulting outside experts from Toyota and other Japanese companies. By implementing many lean manufacturing principles and techniques, a goal has been set to increase productivity levels at the factory by 30% or more in the coming years.

Engine specifications

Golf Variant/Jetta SportWagen

Volkswagen debuted a station wagon variant of the Golf at the 2007 New York International Auto Show, with a cargo volume of  (rear seats up/down) and an optional  panoramic sunroof.

VW marketed the station wagon as the Jetta SportWagen in the United States, Bora Sportwagen in Mexico, Golf Break and later Golf SW in France, Jetta Variant in Brazil, Vento Variant in Argentina, Jetta Wagon in Canada (2009 only), Golf Wagon in Canada (2010 onwards), Golf Estate in the United Kingdom and Golf Variant in the German domestic and most other markets.

In 2010, the Sportwagen received a minor interior and exterior facelift, and remained based on the fifth-generation Golf, with front end styling mirroring the sixth-generation Golf.

2010 Jetta TDI Cup "Street" edition
This version commemorated the 2008+ Jetta TDI Cup Race series, the last year of the Mk V, and was based on the TDI Clean Diesel sedan. The same  and  of torque diesel motor was supplied, and the package included GLI brakes, suspension, and sway bars. Additional upgrades from the base TDI were "TDI Cup Edition" body side stickers, 18 inch wheels with Pirelli P-Zero or Yokohama ADVAN 225/40R18 sport tires, aluminum pedals, leather-wrapped steering wheel, chrome door linings, aerodynamic body kit (front, side & rear), an Interlagos cloth interior with heated sport seats, short shifter, faux carbon fiber inlays (as opposed to metallic), and a black interior (headliner/doorcards/dash).

It could be purchased with either a 6-speed Manual or DSG transmission (DSG includes paddle shifters), and a "Thunderbunny" body kit was optional (and available from VW only on the Cup edition).

The vehicle was unveiled in the 2008 SEMA Show. The production version went on sale in January 2010 with a base MSRP of US$24,990 (not including destination fee or options).

Per VW North America, worldwide only 1,501 Jetta TDI Cup Editions were produced. 588 were manufactured with a manual transmission and 913 were built with DSG transmissions.

References

Compact cars
Euro NCAP small family cars
Latin NCAP small family cars
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans
Cars introduced in 2005
2010s cars
Jetta 5
Cars of Mexico

Volkswagen Jetta (A5)


Brigadier General Alfred A. Sanelli, Pennsylvania Guard (May 1, 1921 – December 12, 2005). (Lieutenant Colonel, United States Army.)  Sanelli was a graduate of Valley Forge Military Academy, Class of 1939. Following Valley Forge, he attended the University at Buffalo, but his education was interrupted in 1942 with the outbreak of World War II. He returned to college in 1946 and received a bachelor's degree in English. He later earned a master's degree from Columbia University.

Sanelli was a member of the English Department at Valley Forge in 1947 and returned to active duty in 1948. During his US Army career, BG Sanelli served in various capacities as a commander and staff officer, stateside and overseas. In 1952 he was assigned as assistant professor of military science at the University of Wisconsin. In 1958 he was appointed assistant professor of English at West Point. His last Army assignment before retiring in 1965 was as professor of military science at Valley Forge.

After his retirement, Sanelli was an associate professor of English at West Chester University.  In 1967 he returned to Valley Forge as the dean of the academy, with the rank of brigadier general, Pennsylvania Guard, a position he held for 17 years before assuming his post as Chaplain and assistant to the president in 1984. During that period he was also the dean of the college for two years. In addition, he served as an adjunct instructor of First Class English in the academy and was an adjunct professor of ethics at the college.

As a cadet, Sanelli was the company commander of B Company and was class president in his First and Second Class years. He was a member of the Honor Council and received the order of Anthony Wayne.

In 1971 he was cited as a Leader in American Secondary School Education. In 1981 he was presented with the Distinguished Alumnus Award and at Homecoming 1999, he received the Valley Forge George Washington Award.

See also

References
The Forge, Summer 2005
 ON PARADE—A Pictoral History of the First 50 Years of the Valley Forge Military Academy and Junior College, Wayne:  Cooke Publishing 1979, pp. 166, 189.

1921 births
2005 deaths
United States Army generals
University at Buffalo alumni
Columbia University alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
West Chester University faculty
Valley Forge Military Academy and College alumni

Alfred A. Sanelli


Rekha (Bhanurekha Ganesan,born 10 October 1954) is a Indian actress. She has acted in 182 movies. She has a National Film Award and three Filmfare Awards. In 2010, she got Padma Shri. Her first Hindi movie was Sawan Bhadon (1970). Rekha became a member of the Rajya Sabha in 2012. Her first Hindi movie was Sawan Bhadon (1970). She was one of the leading stars in 1980s and early 1990s.

Early life
Rekha born in Madras (presen Chennai)South Indian actors Gemini Ganesan and Pushpavalli, when the couple were unmarried. Rekha did not reveal her family background until mid-1970.Her mother was busy in movies, Rekha stayed with her grandmother. Asked in an interview by Simi Garewal about her father, Rekha believed he was never even aware of his father existence.

Early career
Her first movie Sawan Bhadon(1970) was successful. Other movies like Raampur Ka Lakshman (1972), Kahani Kismat Ki (1973), and Pran Jaye Par Vachan Na Jaye (1974)  and Dharmatma (1975) were also became hit. Rekha's first good role was with Amitabh Bachchan's  in Do Anjaane(1976).

References

1954 births
Living people
Indian actors

Rekha


Maverick was an American entertainment company founded in 1992 by Warner Music Group and run by recording artist Madonna, as well as Frederick DeMann and Veronica "Ronnie" Dashev. It included a record label (Maverick Records), a film production company (Maverick Films), book publishing, music publishing, an adjacent Latin/Spanish language record label (Maverick Música), and a television production company.

The first releases for the company were Madonna's 1992 coffee table publication SEX, and its accompanying studio album, Erotica (both released simultaneously); the book, notably, drew harsh criticism towards Madonna herself, despite the book was intended to be read as an erotic and irreverent "poetry journal" with artistic, vintage-style black-and-white photos, and a telling of fictional romantic escapades.

Journalist and biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli considered the existence of Maverick Records to be an "anomaly", as Madonna became one of the first female artists to head a real record label, and one of the few women to run her own entertainment company.

DeMann was bought out of the company for a reported $20 million in 1998. Guy Oseary increased his stake in the company and took control as chairman and CEO, thus Madonna was no longer the head of Maverick. Madonna and Dashev left in 2004 after a lawsuit between Maverick and Warner Music Group, in which Maverick had accused parent label Warner of not providing sufficient operating funds to compete against other, bigger labels for music acts. Since 2009, the label has been defunct; some of its acts were transferred over to Warner Bros. Records, directly. In 2014, the brand was revived as a management group, founded by Oseary, in-partnership with Live Nation Entertainment.

History

Beginnings
Maverick Records launched in April 1992 as a unit of the Maverick entertainment company. It was a joint venture among Madonna, Frederick DeMann, Veronica "Ronnie" Dashev and Time Warner, and its name was combined from the names of three of the founders; Madonna, Veronica and Frederick. The company had divisions for recording, music publishing, television, film, merchandising and book publishing. The venture was part of a $60 million recording and business deal between Madonna and Time Warner. It gave her 20% royalties from the music proceedings, one of the highest rates in the industry, equalled at that time only by Michael Jackson's royalty rate established a year earlier with Sony.

At the time of its launch, the company was bi-coastal, with offices in  New York City and Los Angeles. The record company division of Maverick also consisted of sub-label Maverick Musica (a Miami, Florida-based satellite label focusing on Latin-American music) and Maverick Music Publishing. The first releases for the company were Madonna's 1992 coffee table publication, Sex, and her studio album Erotica, which were released simultaneously to great controversy.

Commercial success

Maverick's first commercial success was with the self-titled debut album by Seattle-based grunge band Candlebox. Released in 1993, the album would be RIAA-certified quadruple platinum in the United States. The following year, the label signed Canadian musician Alanis Morissette, whose third album (and Maverick debut) Jagged Little Pill was released in 1995, and would be eventually certified 16× platinum in the U.S. (overall global sales of 33 million units)–making it the best-selling album in the label's history, and of the 1990s.

DeMann was bought out of the company for a reported $20 million in 1998, after which Guy Oseary increased his stake in the company and took control as chairman and CEO.

Throughout the 1990s to the middle 2000s, Maverick would also release albums by Erasure, Michelle Branch, Meshell Ndegeocello, U.N.V., Dana Dane, N-Phase, Dalvin DeGrate, the Prodigy, Cleopatra, Tyler Hilton, Muse, Deftones, Summercamp, No Authority and William Orbit. "I'm happy with Maverick as a label," observed the Prodigy's Liam Howlett. "They respect their bands; even the ones who aren't selling."

Decline and final years
By the early 2000s, Maverick saw its commercial fortunes decline and business operations financially unravel.  In March 2004, the label and Madonna filed suit against Warner Music Group (and its former parent company, Time Warner), claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars.  Warner filed a countersuit, alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own.

On June 14, 2004, the dispute was resolved when Maverick shares owned by Madonna and Dashev were purchased — which effectively exiled the two of them from the company, as it then became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music Group.  Then Maverick CEO Guy Oseary, meanwhile, retained his position until WMG purchased his label shares in 2006. The same year, the band Lillix, which at the time was signed to the label, claimed that the Maverick label no longer existed and that all the artists were now handled by Warner Bros. directly. In 2009, the record company folded.

Two of the label's most successful artists, Alanis Morissette and Michelle Branch, left in the late 2000s. Branch left in 2007 after disbanding The Wreckers, while Morissette left after the release of 2008 album Flavors of Entanglement. Madonna's recording contract remained with Warner Bros. Records under a separate agreement until 2009.

In 2001, Maverick Picture Company was rebranded as simply Maverick Films and was solely managed by Madonna and Guy Oseary, CEO of another Maverick division, Maverick Records. In 2004, Madonna and Dashev were bought out of Maverick after a lawsuit with Warner Music Group and they no longer have an interest in the company. In August 2008, company head Mark Morgan and Oseary split with Oseary retaining the rights to the Maverick name his artist management business while Morgan retain ownership of the company's projects and changing the name to Imprint Entertainment. Oseary later formed a joint venture with Live Nation Entertainment in 2014 to revive Maverick as a management group.

In 2010, Maverick Records sued teenage file-sharer Whitney Harper for copyright infringement, and won the case. Harper was ordered to pay $750 per song for the three dozen songs downloaded from the Internet. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which declined review of the case following an opinion by Justice Samuel Alito. The case is known as Harper v. Maverick Recording Co..

Selected recording artists

Aaron Bruno (2002)
Elia Alberghini (2022)
Alanis Morissette (1994–2009)
Bad Brains (1994–1995)
Baxter (1998)
Candlebox (1992-2000)
Cleopatra (1998–2001)
Dana Dane (1994–1995)
 Dalvin DeGrate
Deftones (1995–2006)
Erasure (1997)
Family Force 5 (2006)
Goldfinger (2005)
Jack's Mannequin (2005–2008)
John Stevens (2004-2006)
Jude (1998–2001)
Lillix (2002-2007)
Madonna (1992–2004)
Meshell Ndegeocello (1992–2003)
Mest (1995–2006)
Michelle Branch (2001–2003)
Muse (1999–2004)
Neurotic Outsiders (1996–1997)
NPhase (1994)
Onesidezero (2000–2002)
Paul Oakenfold (2002–2006)
 Proper Grounds (1993)
Solar Twins (1999–2000)
Story Of The Year (2002-2007)
Summercamp (1996-2001)
Tantric (2000–2004)
The Prodigy (UK)
The Wreckers (2006–2007)
Tyler Hilton (2001–2005)
U.N.V. (1993-1995)
William Orbit (1999–2000)

Divisions
Maverick Records – record label
Maverick Musica – Latin division of Maverick Records
Maverick Books – book publishing
Maverick Films - production company, now Imprint Entertainment
MadGuy Television – television production, now Imprint Television
MadGuy Films – film and television production
Maverick Music – publishing division

See also
 2010 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito
 BMG Music v. Gonzalez
 Madonna and business

References

External links
 Official Website

Film production companies of the United States
Defunct record labels of the United States
Record labels based in California
Pop record labels
Rock record labels
Soundtrack record labels
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Record labels established in 1992
Record labels disestablished in 2008
Warner Music labels
Labels distributed by Warner Music Group
Madonna
Warner Records
Vanity record labels

Maverick (company)


Melissa Hayden is a professional poker player.

As of 2016, Hayden's live tournament winnings exceed $850,000.  Her biggest return to date was at the 2000 World Series of Poker limit Texas hold 'em event, where she finished in second place, winning $142,000. She placed fifth in the WPT Ladies' Night V Tournament at the Bicycle Casino in Bell Gardens, California, on September 1, 2007.  Hayden once beat world champion Stu Ungar in a $5,000 heads-up match in what is believed to have been his final poker game before dying days later.

Hayden resides in Las Vegas with her boyfriend, Allen Cunningham.

Notes

Female poker players
Living people
American poker players
People from Brooklyn
Year of birth missing (living people)

Melissa Hayden (poker player)