Edmund  Shimwell (27 February 1920 – 30 September 1988) was an English professional footballer.

Playing career
Born in Birchover, Derbyshire, Shimwell was a trainee with Sheffield United in 1939, but failed to break into the first team before the outbreak of World War II. In 1943–44, he made 15 guest appearances for Southampton.

Shimwell began his professional career with Sheffield United in 1946, but on 20 December he made the move to the club with which he made his name, Blackpool. The Blades had refused Shimwell permission to run a pub — the Plough Inn, in Two Dales — which prompted him to put in a transfer request. Blackpool manager Joe Smith jumped in to sign the full-back for £7,000.

His debut for Blackpool was supposed to be against Charlton Athletic, the day after his signing, but it was put back after his train got stuck in snow, which meant he did not arrive at The Valley until half-time. His first game came four days later, on Christmas Day, against Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park. He replaced Eric Sibley, and from that moment he made the right-back position his own.

Shimwell scored two important FA Cup goals for Blackpool; the first, against Chester City on 24 January 1948, was a 60-yard lob, the combination of a following wind and frozen pitch saw it bounce over the goalkeeper's head. Blackpool reached that year's final, in which they met eventual victors Manchester United, and Shimwell became the first full-back to score in such a Wembley event when his 12th-minute penalty gave Blackpool the lead.

Shimwell played in two more FA Cup Finals with Blackpool, firstly in 1951 against Newcastle United (in which they were on the losing side again, thanks to a Jackie Milburn double), and then in 1953, the famous "Matthews Final" Blackpool victory.

On 13 May 1949, at the age of 29, Shimwell gained his only England cap, against Sweden.

A dislocated shoulder, suffered in a win over Wolverhampton Wanderers at Bloomfield Road on 17 September 1955, meant Shimwell was out for the rest of the season. Indeed, he made only one more start for the Seasiders, on 19 January 1957, at home to Sunderland, but it gave the Blackpool faithful amongst the 18,702 present the chance to say farewell to the defender after thirteen years of service. In May, Shimwell was given a free transfer to Third Division Oldham Athletic. He played only seven games for the club before joining Burton Albion as player-manager. He finished his playing career while at Matlock Town in 1960.

Retirement
After retiring, Shimwell became licensee at The Royal Volunteer, a pub in Clay Cross, Derbyshire. He was also the licensee of the Plough Inn, Two Dales, and later of the Duke of Wellington, Matlock.

Shimwell died in 1988 at the age of 68.

Honours
Blackpool
 FA Cup: 1953
 Lancashire Cup: 1954

References

External links
Profile at England FC.com

1920 births
1988 deaths
People from Derbyshire Dales (district)
Footballers from Derbyshire
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Sheffield United F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Burton Albion F.C. players
English football managers
English Football League players
Southampton F.C. wartime guest players
Matlock Town F.C. players
Men's association football defenders

Eddie Shimwell


The Hôtel d'Assézat in Toulouse, France, is a French Renaissance hôtel particulier (urban palace) of the 16th century which houses the Bemberg Foundation, a major art gallery of the city.

The hôtel was likely built by Toulouse architect Nicolas Bachelier for Pierre d'Assézat, an internationally renowned Toulouse woad merchant at the time. As one of the first manifestations of French classicism it is an outstanding example of Renaissance palaces architecture of southern France, with a use of brick typical of Toulouse and an elaborate decoration of the cour d'honneur (courtyard) influenced by Italian Mannerism and by classicism.

The Hôtel d'Assézat differs from the other  not only in size and its exceptional ornementation, but also in its pristine condition, a fact which earns it a mention in every overview of French Renaissance. The hôtel now belongs to the City of Toulouse and was restored in the 1980s. It is home to the Union des sociétés savantes, the Académie des Jeux Floraux and the Bemberg Foundation.

History
Pierre Assézat was at the height of his social and professional success when he launched the construction of his mansion close to the Merchant Exchange, of which he had been one of the founders. Nevertheless, he did get caught up in the religious troubles of the time. A Calvinist convert, he was obliged to leave Toulouse after attempting to seize the town along with his fellows capitouls in 1562. He recanted ten years later and returned to his townhouse in Toulouse where he died in 1581.

The hotel seems to have been mostly completed as early as 1562, as all the components visible today were already there at that date.

The hotel was sold on August 20, 1761 to Nicolas-Joseph Marcassus de Puymaurin, who modified the mullioned windows but without disfiguring the hotel. He also commissioned the Louis XVI style decoration of one of the salons. At the time of the sale, he was moderator and president of the Royal Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture of Toulouse. Twenty years later, the hotel became the property of the Sabatier family, then, in 1816, of the Gèze family.

Théodore Ozenne, who bought this building in 1894, bequeathed it to the city upon his death so that it could host learned societies, including the oldest literary society in Europe. It is still one of his vocations today. From 1980, the city began the restoration of old buildings as well as the construction of a modern extension.

Presentation
Assézat launched the first phase of construction in 1555–1557. The two classical facades of the courtyard were built by the architect Nicolas Bachelier and by the stonemason Jean Castagnié. On the deaths of Castagnié and Bachelier the construction work stopped; it was restarted in 1560, under the direction of Dominique Bachelier, son of Nicolas. He undertook the creation of the loggia and the passageway, which divided up the courtyard, and the street gate. Much polychrome interplay (brick/stone) and various ornaments (cabochons, diamonds, masks) evoke luxury, surprise and abundance, themes peculiar to mannerist architecture.

Classical facades
The main L-shaped structure was built along with the staircase pavilion in the corner. The design of the façades, featuring twin columns which develop regularly over three floors (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian), takes its inspiration from the great classical models such as the Coliseum. The careful treatment of the capitals systematically uses the most sophisticated antique expression known. The Doric on the ground floor is, for example, through Serlio or Labacco, an allusion to its most ornate known version: that of the Basilica Aemilia.

This composition of the facades of the hotel bears no direct resemblance to that of the Lescot facade of the square courtyard of the Louvre Palace, to which it is sometimes compared.

Main gate
The monumental gate designed by Dominique Bachelier combines power with delicacy. The gateway arch takes a certain rhythm from several projecting stones decorated with small dots. Serlio's Extraordinary Book of Doors contain this type of composition and it was used on several occasions by Toulousain architects (Hôtel de Molinier and Hôtel de Massas). The Doric pilasters that frame the gate display an alternating succession of diamond-shaped stone, which gives the ensemble a precious aspect. In the upper section the Ionic pilasters around the mullioned window are fluted and delicately ornamented. And with the table that surmounts it, the composition imparts a refined sophistication. Thus, Dominique Bachelier was able to offer the owner a complete composition which evoked both power and a delicate erudition.

The passageway and the loggia
In the courtyard, the passageway features arches decorated with diamond-shaped stone. They rest on large scrolled consoles, whose fronts are decorated with grotesque masks of different design. On the side, the rolls of the scrolls engender plant pods and cloves. Each console is borne upon a lion foot standing on a section of pilaster capped underneath with a magnificent rose. These consoles illustrate, by themselves, the manneristic aesthetic on the unusual and the association of opposites, combining mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms. These refined motifs, heightened through the polychrome interplay and relief of the passageway, were much appreciated by contemporaries and inspired details on other buildings, such as Hôtel de Massas and Laréole Castle.

The loggia, the upper floor of which corresponds to a 17th century elevation (except for the 16th century windows, which used to stand out on a high slate roof), is at that time independent of the left wing and is located above the semi-buried cellars. A porch with converging flights of stairs provides access to it. A sort of festive tribune from which the lively courtyard can be observed, it brought pleasure to outdoor life in the summer months.

The staircase and the tower
The large staircase with straight handrails takes place in a pavilion that projects into the courtyard. The architectural orders are repeated on the landings. On the landing of the first floor, stands the impressive figure of a male term. Half man, half pilaster, his face grimacing and his hands holding a cushion placed on his head to reduce the pain, this term was condemned to support the weight of the console. Although a symbol of knowledge in the sense that it alludes to mythology (Atlas and Hercules), this motif also amuses thanks to an association of opposites, such as the straining muscles and the soft cushion. Cariatid termes and other telamons were much appreciated in Renaissance Toulouse, notable examples can be found on the windows of Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin and on the main gate of Hôtel de Bagis.

The brick crowning of the tower makes it the highest of the town's mansions. Probably finished by Dominique Bachelier, who gave it the shape of an Italian tempietto, it has two terraces and a parapet walk.

Bemberg Foundation

Since 1994, the Hôtel d'Assézat has housed the Bemberg Foundation (Fondation Bemberg), an art gallery which presents to the public one of the major private collections of art in Europe: the personal collection of the wealthy Argentine Georges Bemberg (1915–2011). His foundation was created in collaboration with the City of Toulouse. The large Bemberg collection features paintings, drawings, sculptures, ancient books and furniture. Paintings and drawings are the highlights of the collection, especially 19th, and early 20th century French paintings (with impressionism, Nabis, post-impressionism and fauvism) and Venetian paintings of the 16th and 18th centuries.

The painting and drawing collection includes an impressive set of 30 paintings  by Pierre Bonnard and 18th century Venetian paintings by Canaletto, Francesco Guardi, Pietro Longhi, Rosalba Carriera, Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Tiepolo. 18th century French painting is represented by François Boucher, Nicolas Lancret, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun and Hubert Robert.

From the Flemish and Netherlandish schools of painting are artworks by the studio of Rogier van der Weyden, Lucas Cranach, Gerard David, Adriaen Isenbrandt, Joachim Patinir, Pieter Brueghel the Younger, Frans Pourbus the Elder. For the 17th century paintings are displayed by Antoon van Dyck, Pieter de Hooch, Nicolaes Maes, Jan van Goyen, Philips Wouwerman, Isaac van Ostade.

Italian Renaissance painting is centered on Venice with paintings by Paris Bordone, Jacopo Bassano, Titian, Paul Veronese and Tintoretto while for the 17th century, there are works by Pietro Paolini, Giovanni Battista Carlone, Evaristo Baschenis, Mattia Preti.

French Renaissance and 17th century painting are represented with Jean Clouet, François Clouet, Nicolas Tournier while the Foundation bought in 2018, a canvas by Spanish painter Francisco de Zurbarán.

French painting from the second half of the 19th century is well represented with paintings by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Eugène Boudin, Claude Monet, Henri Fantin-Latour, Edgar Degas, Édouard Vuillard, Odilon Redon, Paul Sérusier, Paul Gauguin, Louis Valtat, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Gustave Caillebotte, Berthe Morisot, Paul Signac and Paul Cézanne.

20th century French art is represented by Georges Rouault, André Derain, Henri Matisse, Raoul Dufy, Albert Marquet, Maurice de Vlaminck, Kees van Dongen, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Othon Friesz, Amedeo Modigliani and Maurice Utrillo.

See also
 Renaissance architecture of Toulouse
 French Renaissance architecture

References

Bibliography
 Bruno Tollon, Hôtels de Toulouse, p. 313–318, in Congrès archéologique de France. 154e session. Monuments en Toulousain et Comminges. 1996, Société française d'archéologie, Paris, 2002
 Marcel Sendrail, Pierre de Gorsse, Robert Mesuret, L'Hôtel d'Assézat, Édouard Privat éditeur, Toulouse, 1961
 Guy Ahlsell de Toulza, Louis Peyrusse, Bruno Tollon, Hôtels et Demeures de Toulouse et du Midi Toulousain, Daniel Briand éditeur, Drémil Lafage, 1997
 Louis Peyrusse, Bruno Tollon, Jacques Gloriès, L'hôtel d'Assézat. Publisher: l'Association des amis de l'Hôtel d'Assézat, Toulouse, 2002.

External links

Official website of the Bemberg Foundation

Houses completed in the 16th century
Buildings and structures in Toulouse
Art museums and galleries in France
Museums in Toulouse
Art museums established in 1994
Renaissance architecture in Toulouse
Renaissance architecture in France
Hôtels particuliers in Toulouse
1994 establishments in France

Hôtel d'Assézat


{{DISPLAYTITLE:N6-Methyladenosine}}

N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) was originally identified and partially characterised in the 1970s, and is an abundant modification in mRNA and DNA. It is found within some viruses, and most eukaryotes including mammals, insects, plants and yeast. It is also found in tRNA, rRNA, and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) as well as several long non-coding RNA, such as Xist.

The methylation of adenosine is directed by a large m6A methyltransferase complex containing METTL3, which is the subunit that binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). In vitro, this methyltransferase complex preferentially methylates RNA oligonucleotides containing GGACU and a similar preference was identified in vivo in mapped m6A sites in Rous sarcoma virus genomic RNA and in bovine prolactin mRNA. More recent studies have characterized other key components of the m6A methyltransferase complex in mammals, including METTL14, Wilms tumor 1 associated protein (WTAP), VIRMA and METTL5. Following a 2010 speculation of m6A in mRNA being dynamic and reversible, the discovery of the first m6A demethylase, fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) in 2011 confirmed this hypothesis and revitalized the interests in the study of m6A. A second m6A demethylase alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) was later discovered as well.

The biological functions of m6A are mediated through a group of RNA binding proteins that specifically recognize the methylated adenosine on RNA. These binding proteins are named m6A readers. The YT521-B homology (YTH) domain family of proteins (YTHDF1, YTHDF2, YTHDF3 and YTHDC1) have been characterized as direct m6A readers and have a conserved m6A-binding pocket. Insulin-like growth factor-2 mRNA-binding proteins 1, 2, and 3 (IGF2BP1–3) are reported as a novel class of m6A readers. IGF2BPs use K homology (KH) domains to selectively recognize m6A-containing RNAs and promote their translation and stability. These m6A readers, together with m6A methyltransferases (writers) and demethylases (erasers), establish a complex mechanism of m6A regulation in which writers and erasers determine the distributions of m6A on RNA, whereas readers mediate m6A-dependent functions. m6A has also been shown to mediate a structural switch termed m6A switch.

The specificity of m6A installation on mRNA is controlled by exon architecture and exon junction complexes. Exon junction complexes suppress m6A methylation near exon-exon junctions by packaging nearby RNA and protecting it from methylation by the m6A methyltransferase complex. m6A regions in long internal and terminal exons, away from exon-exon junctions and exon junction complexes, escape suppression and can be methylated by the methyltransferase complex.

Species distribution

Yeast

In budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the homologue of METTL3,  IME4 is induced in diploid cells in response to nitrogen and fermentable carbon source starvation and is required for mRNA methylation and the initiation of correct meiosis and sporulation. mRNAs of  IME1 and IME2, key early regulators of meiosis, are known to be targets for methylation, as are transcripts of IME4 itself.

Plants

In plants, the majority of the m6A is found within 150 nucleotides before the start of the poly(A) tail.

Mutations of MTA, the Arabidopsis thaliana homologue of METTL3, results in embryo arrest at the globular stage. A >90% reduction of m6A levels in mature plants leads to dramatically altered growth patterns and floral homeotic abnormalities.

Mammals

Mapping of m6A in human and mouse RNA has identified over 18,000 m6A sites in the transcripts of more than 7,000 human genes with a consensus sequence of [G/A/U][G>A]m6AC[U>A/C] consistent with the previously identified motif. The localization of individual m6A sites in many mRNAs is highly similar between human and mouse, and transcriptome-wide analysis reveals that m6A is found in regions of high evolutionary conservation. m6A is found within long internal exons and is preferentially enriched within 3' UTRs and around stop codons. m6A within 3' UTRs is also associated with the presence of microRNA binding sites; roughly 2/3 of the mRNAs which contain an m6A site within their 3' UTR also have at least one microRNA binding site. By integrating all m6A sequencing data, a novel database called RMBase has identified and provided ~200,000 sites in the human and mouse genomes corresponding to N6-Methyladenosines (m6A) in RNA.

Precise m6A mapping by m6A-CLIP/IP  (briefly m6A-CLIP) revealed that a majority of m6A locates in the last exon of mRNAs in multiple tissues/cultured cells of mouse and human, and the m6A enrichment around stop codons is a coincidence that many stop codons locate round the start of last exons where m6A is truly enriched. The major presence of m6A in last exon (>=70%) allows the potential for 3'UTR regulation, including alternative polyadenylation. The study combining m6A-CLIP with rigorous cell fractionation biochemistry reveals that m6A mRNA modifications are deposited in nascent pre-mRNA and are not required for splicing but do specify cytoplasmic turnover.

m6A is susceptible to dynamic regulation both throughout development and in response to cellular stimuli. Analysis of m6A in mouse brain RNA reveals that m6A levels are low during embryonic development and increase dramatically by adulthood. In mESCs and during mouse development, FTO has been shown to mediated LINE1 RNA m6A demethylation and consequently affect local chromatin state and nearby gene transcription. Additionally, silencing the m6A methyltransferase significantly affects gene expression and alternative RNA splicing patterns, resulting in modulation of the p53 (also known as TP53) signalling pathway and apoptosis.

m6A is also found on the RNA components of R-loops in human cells, where it is involved in regulation of stability of RNA:DNA hybrids.

The importance of m6A methylation for physiological processes was recently demonstrated. Inhibition of m6A methylation via pharmacological inhibition of cellular methylations or more specifically by siRNA-mediated silencing of the m6A methylase Mettl3 led to the elongation of the circadian period. In contrast, overexpression of Mettl3 led to a shorter period. The mammalian circadian clock, composed of a transcription feedback loop tightly regulated to oscillate with a period of about 24 hours, is therefore extremely sensitive to perturbations in m6A-dependent RNA processing, likely due to the presence of m6A sites within clock gene transcripts. The effects of global methylation inhibition on the circadian period in mouse cells can be prevented by ectopic expression of an enzyme from the bacterial methyl metabolism. Mouse cells expressing this bacterial protein were resistant to pharmacological inhibition of methyl metabolism, showing no decrease in mRNA m6A methylation or protein methylation.

Clinical significance

Considering the versatile functions of m6A in various physiological processes, it is thus not surprising to find links between m6A and numerous human diseases; many originated from mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cognate factors of m6A. The linkages between m6A and numerous cancer types have been indicated in reports that include stomach cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, mesothelioma, sarcoma, and leukaemia. The impacts of m6A on cancer cell proliferation might be much more profound with more data emerging. The depletion of METTL3 is known to cause apoptosis of cancer cells and reduce invasiveness of cancer cells, while the activation of ALKBH5 by hypoxia was shown to cause cancer stem cell enrichment. m6A has also been indicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis and obesity, as FTO is a key regulatory gene for energy metabolism and obesity. SNPs of FTO have been shown to associate with body mass index in human populations and occurrence of obesity and diabetes. The influence of FTO on pre-adipocyte differentiation has been suggested. The connection between m6A and neuronal disorders has also been studied. For instance, neurodegenerative diseases may be affected by m6A as the cognate dopamine signalling was shown to be dependent on FTO and correct m6A methylation on key signalling transcripts. The mutations in HNRNPA2B1, a potential reader of m6A, have been known to cause neurodegeneration. The IGF2BP1–3, a novel class of  m6A reader, has oncogenic functions. IGF2BP1–3 knockdown or knockout decreased MYC protein expression, cell proliferation and colony formation in human cancer cell lines. The ZC3H13, a member of the m6A methyltransferase complex, markedly inhibited colorectal cancer cells growth when knocked down.

Additionally, m6A has been reported to impact viral infections. Many RNA viruses including SV40, adenovirus, herpes virus, Rous sarcoma virus, and influenza virus have been known to contain internal m6A methylation on virus genomic RNA. Several more recent studies have revealed that m6A regulators govern the efficiency of infection and replication of RNA viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). These results suggest m6A and its cognate factors play crucial roles in regulating virus life cycles and host-viral interactions.

In bacteria
M6A methylation  is also widespread in bacteria, where it can be introduced by methylases belonging to restriction/modification systems, or by orphan methylases. IN the latter case, for instance in Caulobacter crescentus, M6A has a transcriptional modulatory effect.

References

Nucleosides
Purines
Hydroxymethyl compounds

N6-Methyladenosine


Bayzo (3 April 1947 - 1 February 2018) whose name is Tony Camilleri was a Maltese singer born in St. Paul's Bay. He is known for his unique voice and songs such as "Qalu li raw", which was played at the Malta Song Festival in 1986.

Career

The Malta Bums
During his sixty-year-long career, he had been one of the main singers of the The Malta Bums. His song L-Ewwel Tfajla li ħabbejt remains known.

Bayzo, along with Freddie Portelli, Brethren Paul, Mario Perrone, Tony Muscat and Tony Bartolo, were meeting in the fields of St Paul's Bay areas and singing. From there, The Malta Bums, originally known as The Bums, were founded.

With The Malta Bums, Bayzo lived and played in Germany for six months, where he started Viva Malta at the end of 1967.

Festivals
After having been separated from the Malta Bums, he merged his group Bayzo's Clikka, which was active in many hotels and nightclubs, and took part in numerous festivals and musicals.

He went to a tour in Australia, Canada and the United States, where he sang and played for Maltese emigrants.

He represented Malta in some contests, in which it took part in Poland and Slovakia.

Film
Bayzo was given a part in the RAI film "Cristoforo Colombo" (1984). Parts of the film were filmed in Malta and other parts of the film in the Dominican Republic. Bayzo spent six weeks on this set, along with actors John Suda and Lino Mintoff.

Rock operas
He had taken part in Dream, the first rock opera from Malta, which first played at the Manoel Theatre in 1974.

In 1982, he was one of the singers of The Lord, which was a popular rock opera in Malta, and was respected for his unique style, as well as always being patient.

Awards
 27 June 2013: l-Midalja Ġieħ San Pawl il-Baħar

Death
Bayzo died on February 1, 2018 at age 70. Malta's Labour Party considered the death of Bayzo to be a major defeat to the Maltese musical scene because for years, he was known as one of the main people in Maltese music. While they remembered his international performances that promoted Maltese music, they especially referred to Bayzo's performances in rock operas.

References

Other websites
 Bayzo on Discogs

Maltese people
1947 births
2018 deaths
Singers

Bayzo


The 2006 Central Pacific cyclone, also called 91C.INVEST or Storm 91C, was a strange weather event in 2006. Forming on October 30 from a mid-latitude cyclone in the north Pacific mid-latitudes, it moved over waters warmer-than-normal. It got some characteristics more normal for subtropical or even tropical cyclones. However, as it came closer to western North America, it fell apart. Moisture from its remains then caused a lot of rainfall in British Columbia.

Storm history
A cut-off extratropical cyclone over the central north Pacific moved into a place with sea surface temperatures as high as 2 °C above normal for two days.  By October 31 the system had gotton convection, a warmer-than-normal core, and an eye-like characteristic.  During this time it had moved east, then northeast, and then northwest.

On November 1, the system had estimated winds of 100 km/h (60 mph) and its most developed convection. After that, it slowly weakened, moved counter-clockwise, and headed east towards the west coast of North America. On November 2, wind shear started affecting the storm, and all convection was gone by the next day, when it was located roughly 520 mi (840 km) off the coast of Oregon.

This system's center of circulation passed south of observation buoy 46637 on November 1. The buoy's lowest pressure reading was 989 mb/hPa. Other buoys indicated that a rather large area of low pressure was associated with the system. Buoy 46637 was not at the system's center of circulation, so it is possible that this system had a lower minimum pressure than was actually measured.

Impact, preparation, and records
As a result, to the weather system, the American National Weather Service gave out wind watches for the Oregon Coast.  The system brought heavy rain to parts of Vancouver Island.

If Storm 91C is really a tropical or subtropical cyclone, it has several records. Since right now it is not officially either, its holding these records is also unofficial. Because the storm formed at 36°N, this system is the northernmost formation in the eastern north Pacific basin. The previous record-holder was Tropical Storm Wene, which formed at 32°N before crossing the dateline.  In addition, this system's track data shows that it crossed from the central to the east Pacific because it formed at longitude 149°W and dissipated at 135°W.  Only two other known tropical cyclones had done that before.

Nature of the system

This system has been thought to be a tropical, subtropical, or extratropical cyclone.

Mark Guishard, a meteorologist with Bermuda Weather Service, had the opinion that the system had finished tropical cyclogenesis and was a tropical cyclone. Meteorologist Mark Lander thought that cloud tops were similar to several Atlantic hurricanes, Hurricane Vince in example. James Franklin, a meteorologist at the National Hurricane Center, thought that:

The system was of frontal origin... the frontal structure was eventually lost.... The convective structure resembled a tropical, rather than subtropical cyclone, and the radius of maximum winds (based on QuikSCAT) was very close to the center, also more typical of tropical cyclones... on balance, it was more tropical than subtropical.

Clark Evans of Florida State University reported that forecasting tools showed that the system's structure was same with that of a subtropical or barely tropical cyclone. NASA, which is not a meteorological agency, thought that the system was a subtropical cyclone.

In its review of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season, the Canadian Hurricane Centre said that the storm was to be an extratropical cyclone.  Since this system had one-minute sustained winds of 100 km/h (60 mi/h), which are above the 60 km/h (39 mi/h) boundary between a depression and a storm, it would be able to be a named storm if it was a tropical or subtropical cyclone. However, neither of the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers for the eastern north Pacific, the National Hurricane Center and the Central Pacific Hurricane Centre, include this system in their yearly archives, nor is it included in the official "best track" file.  So this system is not an official tropical or subtropical cyclone of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season.

References

Other websites

 Unofficial track data

2006 in weather
Tropical cyclones in North America
Hurricanes in the United States
2006 in North America

2006 Central Pacific cyclone


Darin Hendrickson is an American college baseball coach who has been the head coach at Saint Louis since the start of the 2008 season.

Hendrickson has also served as the batting practice pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals.

Playing career
Hendrickson pitched for two seasons (1990–1991) at his alma mater, SIU Edwardsville.  He was named First-Team All-Region both season and ranks among the school's leaders in career winning percentage, with an 18–5 (.783) overall record.

Coaching career
Following his graduation in 1992, Hendrickson served as an assistant at SIU Edwardsville for three seasons (1993–1995) while he earned his master's degree there.  He considered attending law school, but elected to stay in college coaching.

Fontbonne
Hendrickson's first head coaching position came at NCAA Division III Fontbonne, where he helped to start the Griffins' baseball program.  Hendrickson coached there for four seasons (1996–1999).  His best came in 1998, when the Griffins went 41–7 and won the SLIAC regular season and tournament championships to qualify for the NCAA tournament.  At the Central Regional, Fontbonne went 0–2, losing 6–4 to North Central and 17–2 to Carthage.  Hendrickson was named both the 1998 SLIAC and Central Region Coach of the Year.

STLCC–Forest Park
From Fontbonne, Hendrickson moved to NJCAA Division II St. Louis Community College–Forest Park, where he served as both the athletic director and head baseball coach for four seasons (2000–2003).  Forest Park qualified for the NJCAA Tournament in each of his four seasons, reaching the NJCAA World Series in 2001.  That year, Hendrickson was named both District and MCCAC Coach of the Year.

Central Missouri
When Central Missouri State head coach Brad Hill left for Kansas State after the 2003 season, Hendrickson was hired to replace him.  At his introductory press conference, Hendrickson said, "The tradition is something I'm really looking forward to. Looking at their history, it is just amazing. I've only had an opportunity to view it from the outside. I am really excited to be a part of it now."

Hendrickson spent four seasons (2004–2007) at Central Missouri.  Under him, the Mules had three 50-win seasons and won three Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association regular season and tournament titles each.  They appeared in the NCAA tournament in all four of his seasons.  In 2004, the Mules swept through the Central Regional, defeating Wayne State (NE) 22–2 in the regional championship.  At the College World Series, the team lost its opener to Delta State but recovered to finish third.  In 2005, the Mules again swept through the Central Regional and finished third at the College World Series.  In 2006 and 2007, the program reached the NCAA tournament but was eliminated in the Central Regional.  Hendrickson was named the MIAA Coach of the Year in 2004, 2005, and 2007.

In 2005, five Central Missouri pitchers were selected in the first 11 rounds of the MLB Draft.  These included second-round selection Nicholas Webber and tenth-round selection Josh Outman.  Outman, who had begun his career under Hendrickson at Forest Park and followed him to Central Missouri, went on to pitch in Major League Baseball.

Saint Louis
Hendrickson left Central Missouri for the head coaching position at Saint Louis ahead of the 2008 season.

After missing the A-10 tournament in his first two seasons, the Billikens won it in 2010 to qualify for their first NCAA tournament under Hendrickson.  At the Louisville Regional, Saint Louis went 0–2, losing games to host Louisville and Illinois State.

Saint Louis won three straight A-10 regular season titles in 2012, 2013, and 2014.  In 2012, Hendrickson was named the A-10 Coach of the Year.  In 2013, the team went 41–21 and also won the A-10 tournament to qualify for another NCAA tournament.  At the Columbia Regional, the Billikens lost both games, 7–3 to host South Carolina and 10–2 to second-seeded Clemson.

At Saint Louis, Hendrickson has had several major award winners and professional draftees.  Pitcher Alex Alemann won the 2010 A-10 Rookie of the Year Award, and first baseman Mike Vigliarolo was named the league's co-Player of the Year in 2013.  Between 2008–2014, Saint Louis has had eight MLB Draft selections under Hendrickson.  The number includes two top-ten round picks: catcher Grant Nelson, a ninth-round pick of the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2013, and pitcher James Norwood, a seventh-round pick of the Chicago Cubs in 2014.

Head coaching record
Below is a table of Hendrickson's yearly records as a collegiate head baseball coach.

See also
 List of current NCAA Division I baseball coaches
 Saint Louis Billikens

References

Living people
People from Granite City, Illinois
Central Missouri Mules baseball coaches
Fontbonne Griffins baseball coaches
STLCC Archers baseball coaches
Saint Louis Billikens baseball coaches
SIU Edwardsville Cougars baseball players
SIU Edwardsville Cougars baseball coaches
St. Louis Community College
Year of birth missing (living people)

Darin Hendrickson


Kirsten Simone (born 1 July 1934) is a former Danish ballerina. She studied at the Royal Danish Ballet School with Vera Volkova and joined the Royal Danish Ballet Company in 1952. She became their first soloist in 1966. She created roles in Flemming Flindt's The Three Musketeers (1966), Elsa-Marianne von Rosen's Don Juan (1967) and Harald Lander's Fête polonaise (1970). She was a guest artist with several companies including the American Ballet Theatre and London Festival Ballet. Since her retirement she has taught at the Royal Danish Ballet School.

Simone stars as mentor to a young ballerina in the 1966 film Ballerina.

She was awarded the Ingenio et Arti medal in 2001.

References

 Kirsten Simone, Ballerina Gallery
 Dictionary of Dance: Kirsten Simone

Danish ballerinas
1934 births
Living people
Recipients of Ingenio et Arti
Royal Danish Ballet dancers

Kirsten Simone


Jon Gudbjørn Dybendal (21 September 1904 – 3 May 1985) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

He was born in Åsnes as a son of smallholders Julius Dybendal (1877-1964) Therese Østhaug (1884-1926). After primary education he held occupations such as carpenter, boat builder and smallholder.

He was elected mayor of Åsnes, serving from 1945 to 1963. As such he was also a member of the county council. He also chaired the school board from 1952 to 1971. On a national level he served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from the constituency Hedmark during the term 1961–1965. In total he met during 145 days of parliamentary session. He finished his career as office manager in Åsnes Municipality from 1964 to 1973.

Among others he was a board member of Elverum Hospital from 1961 to 1964 and deputy board member for the Bank of Norway branch in Hamar from 1946 to 1966.

References

1904 births
1985 deaths
People from Åsnes
Mayors of places in Hedmark
Members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian civil servants

Jon Gudbjørn Dybendal


The Beautiful Cheat is a 1945 American comedy film directed by Charles Barton and written by Ben Markson and Elwood Ullman. The film stars Bonita Granville, Noah Beery Jr., Margaret Irving, Sarah Selby, Irene Ryan, Carol Hughes and Tom Dillon. The film was released on July 20, 1945, by Universal Pictures.

Plot

A sociologist sends his friend, a psychologist, to a local detention center to obtain a delinquent teenager for the sociologist to study for a book he is writing. When the psychologist is unable to get a teenager released to his custody, he convinces a secretary to pose as one. The fake delinquent causes chaos in the sociologist's life and home.

Cast
Bonita Granville as Alice
Noah Beery Jr. as Prof. Alexander Haven
Margaret Irving as Olympia Haven
Sarah Selby as Athene Haven
Irene Ryan as Miss Beatrice Kent
Carol Hughes as Dolly Marsh
Milburn Stone as Lucius Haven
Tom Dillon as Cassidy
Edward Gargan as Manager
Lester Matthews as Farley
Edward Fielding as Dr. Horace Pennypacker
Tommy Bond as Jimmy

References

External links

1945 films
1945 comedy films
American black-and-white films
American comedy films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by Charles Barton
Universal Pictures films
1940s American films

The Beautiful Cheat (1945 film)


Hierarchy of hazard control is a system used in industry to prioritize possible interventions to minimize or eliminate exposure to hazards. It is a widely accepted system promoted by numerous safety organizations. This concept is taught to managers in industry, to be promoted as standard practice in the workplace. It has also been used to inform public policy, in fields such as road safety. Various illustrations are used to depict this system, most commonly a triangle.

The hazard controls in the hierarchy are, in order of decreasing priority:
 Elimination
 Substitution
 Engineering controls
 Administrative controls
 Personal protective equipment
The priority should not be confused with effectiveness. The system is not based on evidence about effectiveness but based on the assumed burden on workers. If elimination of the hazard is possible, it frees workers of being aware of the hazard and protecting themselves. That is the basis for the priority. Substitution has less priority than elimination because the substitute can possibly also come with a hazard. Engineering controls depend on a well-functioning system and human behaviour. Administrative controls and personal protective equipment are always dependent on human behaviour which makes these controls less reliable.

Components of the hierarchy

Elimination

Physical removal of the hazard is the most effective hazard control. For example, if employees must work high above the ground, the hazard can be eliminated by moving the piece they are working on to ground level to eliminate the need to work at heights. However, often elimination of the hazard is not possible because the task explicitly involves handling a hazardous agent. For example in health care when treating patients with infectious diseases, exposure to the infectious agent is not possible to eliminate. The same holds for removing asbestos where handling the hazardous agent is the core of the task.

Substitution

Substitution, the second most effective hazard control, involves replacing something that produces a hazard with something that does not produce a hazard or produces a lesser hazard—for example, replacing solvent-based paint with water-based paint. To be an effective control, the new product must not produce unintended consequences. Because airborne dust can be hazardous, if a product can be purchased with a larger particle size,  the smaller product may effectively be substituted with the larger product.

Engineering controls

The third most effective means of controlling hazards is engineered controls.  These do not eliminate hazards, but rather isolate people from hazards.  Capital costs of engineered controls tend to be higher than less effective controls in the hierarchy, however they may reduce future costs. For example, a crew might build a work platform rather than purchase, replace, and maintain fall arrest equipment.  "Enclosure and isolation" creates a physical barrier between personnel and hazards, such as using remotely controlled equipment.  Fume hoods can remove airborne contaminants as a means of engineered control.

Administrative controls

Administrative controls are changes to the way people work. Examples of administrative controls include procedure changes, employee training, and installation of signs and warning labels (such as those in the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System).  Administrative controls do not remove hazards, but limit or prevent people's exposure to the hazards, such as completing road construction at night when fewer people are driving.

Personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes gloves, Nomex clothing, overalls, Tyvek suits, respirators, hard hats, safety glasses, high-visibility clothing, and safety footwear.  PPE is often the most important means of controlling hazards such as in health care and asbestos removal. Even though almost always also other prevention strategies are possible these don't reduce the risks to safe levels. PPE must then be used to still further reduce risks to safe levels. However, considerable efforts are needed to use PPE effectively such as training in donning and doffing or testing the equipment.  Additionally, some PPE, such as respirators, increase physiological effort to complete a task and, therefore, may require medical examinations to ensure workers can use the PPE without risking their health.

Role in Prevention through Design
The hierarchy of controls is a core component of Prevention through Design, the concept of applying methods to minimize occupational hazards early in the design process. Prevention through Design emphasizes addressing hazards at the top of the hierarchy of controls (mainly through elimination and substitution) at the earliest stages of project development.

Variations on the NIOSH Control Hierarchy
While the control hierarchy shown above is traditionally used in the United States and Canada, other countries or entities may use a slightly different structure. In particular, some add isolation above engineering controls instead of combining the two. The variation of the hierarchy used in the ARECC decision-making framework and process for industrial hygiene (IH) includes modification of the material or procedure to reduce hazards or exposures (sometimes considered a subset of the hazard substitution option but explicitly considered there to mean that the efficacy of the modification for the situation at hand must be confirmed by the user). The ARECC version of the hierarchy also includes warnings as a distinct element to clarify the nature of the warning. In other systems, warnings are sometimes considered part of engineering controls and sometimes part of administrative controls.

See also
 ARECC - Decision-making framework and process used in the field of industrial hygiene (IH) to anticipate and recognize hazards, evaluate exposures, and control and confirm protection from risks

 Normalization of deviance – one reason people stop using effective prevention measures

References

External links
 Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety document
 Hierarchy of prevention and control measures on OSH Wiki (EU)

Hazard analysis
Occupational safety and health

Hierarchy of hazard controls


Steven Carl Pelluer (born July 29, 1962) is a former professional American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Kansas City Chiefs. He was selected by the Cowboys in the 5th round of the 1984 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Washington.

Early years
Pelluer attended Interlake High School in Bellevue, Washington, a suburb east of Seattle, and lettered in football and basketball.

In football, he led his team to the state quarterfinals in his last two years. As a senior, he received All-state honors and was a National Football Foundation Scholar-Athlete.

College career
Pelluer's family had a tradition of playing football at Washington State University in Pullman, but he instead accepted a scholarship from the rival University of Washington in Seattle.

As a sophomore in 1981 under head coach Don James, Pelluer took over the starting quarterback position, after Tim Cowan injured his thumb in the second game of the season. He finished with 110 of 234 completions, for 1,138 yards and 9 touchdowns, while leading the team to a Pacific-10 Conference title and a 28–0 win over the University of Iowa in the Rose Bowl on New Year's Day.

As a junior in 1982, even though his record was 7–1 and the team was ranked No. 1 in the nation, Pelluer lost the starting job to Cowan.

As a senior in 1983, he had one of the best quarterback seasons in school history, receiving All-Pac-10 and the conference's offensive player of the year honors, after completing a 67.2% of his passes (school record) for 2,365 yards and 11 touchdowns. He also set a school record with most consecutive passes completed (137) without an interception.

Pelluer left as the school's second career leader in passing yards with 4,603 passing yards, to go along with 436 completions (school record), 30 touchdowns, 342 rushing yards, 5,248 total yards (second in school history) and a  record.

Professional career

Dallas Cowboys
Pelluer was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fifth round (113th overall) of the 1984 NFL Draft. He also was selected by the Oakland Invaders in the sixth round (111th overall) of the 1984 USFL Draft.

He was the third-string quarterback in his first two years. In 1985, with the first place in the NFC East division at stake, he was forced to enter a close game against the New York Giants and make his career debut, because both starting quarterback Danny White and backup Gary Hogeboom had been injured. Pelluer on his second series directed a 72-yard drive (which included a third-and-15 conversion) for the winning touchdown, leading the Cowboys to a victory that clinched the division title.

In 1986, he was named the backup quarterback after Hogeboom was traded. When White suffered a season-ending injury (broken wrist) in week 9 against the New York Giants, Pelluer nearly rallied the team after completing 28-of-38 passes for 339 yards. He started 6 out of the last 7 games, showing a strong arm and great mobility. In the 24-21 win against the San Diego Chargers, he was sacked a team record twelve times. In the 14–31	loss against the Seattle Seahawks, he set the franchise record for consecutive passes completed (14) without an incompletion. He struggled during the season, finishing with a 1–6 record, while being sacked 47 times and throwing 17 interceptions in 9 starts.

In 1987, he began the season as a backup, but took over White in Week 10 against the Miami Dolphins and started 4 out of the last 6 games. He finished with 94 straight passes without throwing an interception.

In 1988, at a low point in franchise history, he started 14 of the 16 games, passing for 3,139 yards, 17 touchdowns, rushing for 314 yards (second on the team) and 2 touchdowns, but the team finished just 3–13 (3–11 in his starts). In the seventh game against the Chicago Bears, while sliding feet first, a fierce hit by linebacker Mike Singletary forced him to leave the game with a concussion. In the eighth game against the Philadelphia Eagles, he completed 32 (second in team history) out of 46 passes for 342 yards. In the fifteenth game against the Washington Redskins, he passed for 333 yards and 3 touchdowns. In the 24-17 win, Pelluer was called for a false start when he jerked his head in an attempt to draw the Redskins offside. Pelluer complained to referee Jerry Markbreit, who replied, "You're jerking the sh## out of it!". Markbreit did not realize his microphone was still on, and the obscenity was broadcast to the crowd at RFK Stadium and television viewers on CBS. He was the last quarterback to start and win a game for a Tom Landry-coached team, while becoming one of only 3 quarterbacks in franchise history to pass for more than 3,000 yards in a season, joining Roger Staubach (2 times) and Danny White (4 times).

In 1989, he asked to be traded, after Jimmy Johnson was hired as the new head coach and drafted two rookie quarterbacks (Troy Aikman and Steve Walsh). On October 17, he was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs in exchange for a third round draft choice in 1990 (#68-Ron Lewis) and a fourth round draft choice in 1991 (#106-Bill Musgrave).

Kansas City Chiefs
In 1989, he appeared in 5 regular season games with 3 starts. On November 5, he led his team to a 20–10 win against the Seattle Seahawks and tied a franchise record for rushing yards (69) by a quarterback.

In 1990, he appeared in 13 games with no starts, after Steve DeBerg established himself as the team starter during the preseason.

On August 7, 1991, he walked out of training camp, before returning on August 19. He was released on August 27 and later re-signed on December 17, to back up Mark Vlasic after DeBerg was injured.

Denver Broncos
On April 1, 1992, he was signed in Plan B free agency by the Denver Broncos. He was cut on August 18, before the start of the season.

Winnipeg Blue Bombers
In May 1995, Pelluer signed with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League after being out of football for three years. He was lost for the season after dislocating his shoulder in the second game against the Birmingham Barracudas.

Frankfurt Galaxy
In 1996, he played with the Frankfurt Galaxy of the World League of American Football, reuniting with head coach Ernie Stautner, who was the defensive coordinator with the Dallas Cowboys. Pelluer was one of the three top quarterbacks  in the league and helped his team reach the World Bowl. He returned the next year, but was a reserve player, before deciding to retire at the end of the season.

Personal life
Pelluer's brother, Scott, attended Washington State University and played linebacker for the New Orleans Saints.

See also
 Washington Huskies football statistical leaders

References

1962 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Yakima, Washington
Players of American football from Washington (state)
American football quarterbacks
Washington Huskies football players
Dallas Cowboys players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
Frankfurt Galaxy players

Steve Pelluer


Sir James Douglas (also known as Good Sir James and James the Black Douglas), (died 1330), was a Scottish soldier, knight and leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence. He is considered one of Scotland's greatest heroes. He was a follower and close friend of king Robert I of Scotland (also called Robert the Bruce).

Early life

James Douglas was the oldest son of William, Lord of Douglas and Elizabeth Stewart. His father, William, had refused to support king Edward I of England who had taken over Scotland in 1290. The English king put William in prison and took his lands. This left young James with no land and no father. Douglas then went to France where he lived a simple life for three years. On hearing of his father's death he returned to Scotland and went to see William of Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews. The bishop took James in and in due time Bishop Lamberton took James to see King Edward I of England. When the bishop asked for the lands of Douglas to be returned to James, the king grew angry and said no. The lordship of Douglas had been given to Robert Clifford and the king would hear no more of the matter. Douglas remained in the service of the bishop and did nothing to rebel against the king of England. He hoped to get his family's lands returned to him. But in 1306 Robert the Bruce claimed the crown of Scotland as king Robert I. Now Douglas had a choice between two kings who might restore his lands.

Joins Robert the Bruce

In 1307 Douglas joined king Robert against the English king, Edward I That spring James Douglas with some of his men attacked his father's castle of Douglas and defeated the English soldiers there. Douglas then burned his castle and destroyed all stores of wine and grain. He poisoned the wells and executed the English soldiers they captured. This event became known as Douglas' larder. Even though Douglas did not yet possess his father's lands he had influence in that region. He and his men of Douglas harried the English forces in the region all that summer. The tactics used by Bruce and his followers including Douglas were limited to surprise attacks and quick escapes. They burned enemy lands and rendered castles they captured useless to the English. On learning the Earl of Pembroke was moving a large army into Scotland, Douglas went to warn Robert Bruce. Bruce and Douglas split up and agreed to meet at another place. When they rejoined their forces they attacked the English and defeated them.

The Black Douglas

In several raids in 1307 and 1308 James Douglas provided support to King Robert in the south of Scotland. On the night of Tuesday 19 February 1314 James Douglas and his men wearing black coats to cover their armor attacked Roxbrugh Castle. Roxbrugh was the main English stronghold in south central Scotland. It was defended by 100 English soldiers. The fall of Roxbrugh Castle caused many in the area to flee back to England. Now held by Douglas it was the beginning of his reputation as "the Black Douglas". To the people of Scotland he was "the Good Sir James". He was now one of the king's greatest supporter and a model of chivalry. But James had black hair and a reputation so feared by the English they named him "the Black Douglas." They said his evil success against them was because he was a demon himself. His son and grandson also used the feared name themselves continuing the family reputation.

Battle of Bannockburn

Edward II of England had kept up the wars against the Bruce and his followers. He was growing more and more angry with each victory of Robert the Bruce and his followers. Determined to put an end to Bruce once and for all he assembled a very large army. It consisted of mounted knights, archers, crossbow-men, and foot soldiers led by Edward himself. the exact size of his army is unknown, but it was several times larger than that of Robert the Bruce. King Robert chose the place for the upcoming battle at Bannockburn very carefully He chose a position with several natural defenses many of which prevented heavy cavalry or large mass formations to operate. He formed his army into four 'battles' or Battalions, three of which consisted of  'hedgehog' or schiltrons  Just before the battle began king Robert knighted Sir James Douglas,  his cousin Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, and many others. James and Walter were joint leaders of the left battalion.

When the English army was still approaching, king Robert sent Douglas and Sir Robert Keith, Marischal of Scotland to observe the English and report back to him. Douglas and Keith reported king Edward was approaching with a very large army. During the battle most of the fighting was directed at the other two battalions. When the center battalion led by Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray was in trouble, Douglas went to their rescue of his close friend. But the English retreated before Douglas could help. Finally the Scots won the battle and the English fell back in confusion, king Edward with 500 mounted knights fled the field. James Douglas with a small mounted force gave chase to the English king. They chased them all the way to Dunbar, but Edward escaped back to England.

Border raids

After English defeat at Bannockburn the northern border of England was very lightly defended. In August of 1314 James Douglas, along with Edward Bruce (the king's brother), and John of Soules led a large raid into England. From 1314 to 1319 Douglas was raiding northern England at least once a year. When Edward Bruce left for Ireland in 1317 Douglas took his place as leader in the south of Scotland. These raids were not just to frighten the English but to get cash payment for king of Scotland for not attacking that village. It was also to prove to the English that their king Edward II could not protect them. Douglas was the one of the main leader in the wars on the English border until the final peace in 1328.

Two times, in 1319 and in 1322, when Douglas raided into Yorkshire he tried to capture King Edward II and his wife Queen Isabella of France. While he did not succeed this only added to his reputation by the English as "the Black Douglas." On 25 December 1319 the Scots and English signed a two year truce. In 1320, James Douglas put his seal on the Declaration of Arbroath. This declaration of Scottish independence was in the form of a letter to Pope John XXII.

During this period Douglas was rewarded many times with grants of lands. One grant was not of land but of privileges. Called the Emerald Charter, it gave James Douglas and his heirs freedom from many obligations to the king. It also made Douglas and his heirs a judge in their own lands. In giving James Douglas this special grant the king took an emerald ring from his finger and placed it on Douglas' finger. His importance to King Robert and to Scotland was increasing as time went on.

Heart of the Bruce

In 1328 Robert the Bruce was in poor health and was dying. One thing he had not been able to do was to go on a crusade. He asked his friend Sir James Douglas to take his heart to the Holy Land. The king died on 7 June 1329. After the king's death James Douglas had a silver casket made and placed in it the heart of Robert the Bruce. He kept it safe on a chain around his neck. In 1330 he and six knights set out in a ship with royal banners. This is so all who saw it would know the heart of Robert, King of Scotland was on its way to Jerusalem in the Holy Land. The ship waited at Sluys, Flanders for other knights to join them before continuing on their voyage. They sailed to Spain where they stopped at Seville. They were welcomed by Alfonso XI, King of Castile and Leon as well as many English knights who had come to Spain to fight against the Moors. In August 1330 outside the walls of the Moorish town of Teba de Ardales Douglas and his knights joined the king's army. King Alfonso asked Douglas if he would lead the vanguard and placed all the English and Scottish knights under his command. Douglas ordered the charge and the fighting began right away. When the moors pretended to retreat, Douglas and ten of his knights chased after them. But it was a trick and the Moors turned and surrounded them. Trying to rescue a fellow knight Douglas and all his knights were killed. Sir James Douglas was found with the silver casket still around his neck. His body was made ready for the trip home. The silver casket containing the heart of Bruce never reached the Holy Land. It was buried at the Abbey of Melrose. Sir James Douglas was  buried at the Kirk of Douglas.

Notes

References

1330 deaths
1280s births
Knights
Signatories to the Declaration of Arbroath
Scottish nobility

James Douglas, Lord of Douglas


The United Kingdom's Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre (ARCC) is based at the National Maritime Operations Centre (NMOC), Fareham, Hampshire.

Structure
The centre is responsible for coordinating all Maritime & Coastguard Agency Search and Rescue (SAR) helicopters and fixed wing aircraft. The civil ARCC has no authority to task RAF mountain rescue teams. It monitors rescue incidents in the United Kingdom Search and Rescue Region (UK SRR), which extends to 30 degrees west in longitude, and from 45 to 61 degrees north latitude (as far north as just south of the Danish Faroe Islands),  excluding the Republic of Ireland (Ireland SRR).

Sikorsky S-92 helicopters can operate in excess of 250 miles from their base, with an endurance of over four hours.

AgustaWestland AW189 helicopters can operate in excess of 200 miles from their base, with an endurance of over four hours.

Beechcraft Super King Air B200 aircraft can operate in excess of 400 miles from their base at Doncaster, with an endurance of over five hours.  For longer range SAR incidents the aircraft can rapidly deploy to other airfields.

Piper PA-31 Navajo Panther aircraft can operate in excess of 200 miles from their base in Doncaster, with an endurance of over four hours.  Again, the aircraft can be forward deployed to other airfields around the UK.

Fareham has no helicopter squadrons, however it controls rescue helicopters and fixed wing aircraft based at:

Helicopters
 Stornoway Airport on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides
 Sumburgh Airport, south of Lerwick in the Shetland Islands
 Lee-on-Solent, four miles west of Portsmouth in Hampshire
 Portland, within Portland Harbour
 Humberside Airport
 Inverness Airport
 Caernarfon Airport
 Lydd Airport
 St Athan
 Prestwick Airport
 Newquay Airport

Fixed Wing Aircraft

Doncaster Sheffield Airport

History
The RAF Search and Rescue Force began in 1941, mainly rescuing aircrew from ditched aircraft. On 12 December 1997, the two control centres in Plymouth and Edinburgh were combined into one site at RAF Kinloss. During its time as part of the RAF its motto was Constant Endeavour.

In March 2016 ownership of tasking search and rescue aircraft transferred from the RAF to HM Coastguard based at the National Maritime Operations Centre (NMOC) in Fareham, Hampshire.

Preparedness
Coastguard helicopters and fixed wing aircraft are on standby 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, to assist those in difficulty, both at sea and over land. Helicopter crews are at 15 minutes notice from 8am until 10pm, extending to 45 minutes notice from 10pm until 8am overnight.  Fixed wing crews are at 45 minutes notice from 8am until 10pm, extending to 60 minutes notice from 10pm until 8am overnight.

Control centre
The control centre is staffed by HM Coastguard, who operate long-range HF and satellite communications equipment. And coordinating the tasking of helicopters and fixed wing aircraft following requests from the emergency services. With an area of responsibility spanning almost 1 million square miles, the ARCC deals with incidents across the whole of the UK out to halfway across the North Atlantic.

Personnel
ARCC coordinating staff come from a variety of backgrounds within the aviation and military community and work very closely with the Coastguard, Police, Ambulance Authorities and Fire & Rescue Services.

Incidents

During recent years the ARCC has assisted with rescues during the Sheffield floods, the Grayrigg Rail Crash and the Boscastle floods, and deals with over 2000 incidents each year.

UK Mission Control Centre
The NMOC is also home to the UK Cospas-Sarsat Mission Control Centre (UKMCC). This is the centre that detects emergency beacons within the UK Search and Rescue Region (SRR) using an advanced computer system. Maritime distress beacon information is passed to the Coastguard authorities but terrestrial alerts are investigated by the UKMCC, often requiring the use of SAR fixed wing aircraft and helicopters to pinpoint the beacon's position.

References

External links
 RAF Search and Rescue
Bristow Search and Rescue (HM Coastguard helicopters)
2Excel Aviation (HM Coastguard fixed wing aircraft)

Rescue coordination centres
Rescue aviation
Military units and formations of the Royal Air Force
Organisations based in Moray
Government agencies established in 1997
Sea rescue organisations of the United Kingdom
Emergency services in the United Kingdom
Aviation in the United Kingdom
1997 establishments in Scotland
Aviation in Scotland
Emergency services in Scotland
1997 establishments in the United Kingdom

Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre


Democratic Angola – Coalition (, also known as AD–Coligação) is an alliance of political parties in Angola. The leading force in AD–Coligação is the Front for Democracy (FpD). The president of the alliance is Evidor Quiela. The alliance was formed in 1992.

In the 1992 parliamentary election AD–Coligação won one seat in the national assembly, with 0.86% of the national vote. The seat is held by João Vieira Lopes, from the FpD. The presidential candidate of AD–Coligação was Simão Cassete, who got 0,67% of the votes. Cassete left Angola after the elections, and is now the representative of FpD in Europe.

Sources
UNHCR

Political party alliances in Angola
Political parties established in 1992

Democratic Angola – Coalition


Lindsay G. White (5 January 1922 – 13 March 1977) was an Australian rules footballer who represented  and  in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1940s.

White was regarded as one of the best forwards of the 1940s. He was fast on the lead, was a strong overhead mark and possessed a long and accurate kick.

He kicked 67 goals in 1941, his debut season for Geelong, but at the end of the year Geelong went into temporary recess due to travel restrictions during World War II and White transferred to South Melbourne. He spent two seasons there, kicking 111 goals in 25 games and leading the league goalkicking in 1942. White returned to Geelong for the start of the 1944 season and was named club captain in 1948. In that year he again won the league goalkicking, with 86 goals.

White played until halfway through the 1950 season, retiring due to a debilitating injury to his achilles tendon.

He was playing coach of the Queanbeyan-Acton side that were premiers in the 1956 Canberra Australian National Football League season. In the grand final win over Manuka, White kicked the two goals needed to bring his season tally to 100 goals.

References

External links

1922 births
Carji Greeves Medal winners
Geelong Football Club players
Geelong Football Club captains
Sydney Swans players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
VFL Leading Goalkicker Medal winners
Queanbeyan Football Club players
1977 deaths

Lindsay White


Boniface (III) was the Count of Bologna and Margrave of Tuscany from about 1004 to his death, probably in 1011.

He was the son of Adalbert, Count of Bologna, and his wife Bertila. He succeeded his father in Bologna and was created margrave of Tuscany sometime before 1004. By 1007, he had founded the abbey of Fonte Taona. His son Hugh was made Duke of Spoleto.

1011 deaths
Margraves of Tuscany
Year of birth unknown
House of Boniface

Boniface, Count of Bologna


T-cell growth factors acronym: TCGF(s) are signaling molecules collectively called growth factors which stimulate the production and development of T-cells.  A number of them have been discovered, among them many members of the interleukin family.  The thymus is one organ which releases TCGFs.  TCGFs have been able to induce T-cell production outside the body for injection.

List of TCGFs
 IL-2
 IL-7
 IL-9
 IL-15

References

Immunology
Growth factors

T-cell growth factor


Andrew Mitchell Uniacke (1808 – 1895) was a lawyer, banker and politician in Nova Scotia. He represented Halifax township in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1843 to 1847.

He was born in Halifax, the son of Richard John Uniacke and Eliza Newton. He was educated at King's College and went on to study law. In 1834, he married Elizabeth Fraser. He was president of the Bank of Nova Scotia from 1872 to 1874. He died in Dover, England.

References

1808 births
1895 deaths
Scotiabank presidents
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs

Andrew Mitchell Uniacke


The Cass Farm MPS is a US multiple property submission to the National Register of Historic Places which was approved on December 1, 1997.  The structures included are all located in Midtown, in the Cass Farm area in Detroit, Michigan, USA.  The Cass Farm area is defined as occupying the space between Woodward Avenue on the east, the Lodge Freeway on the west, Warren Avenue on the north, and Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard on the south.

History

1800 - 1870
The Cass Farm area spans portions of four original plattings.  These include the rear portions of three original ribbon farms (the Cass Farm, the Jones/Crane Farm, and the Forsyth Farm), as well as a section of the Park Lots between Woodward and Cass.

The Park Lots were originally platted after the disastrous 1805 fire in Detroit. After the fire, the United States Congress authorized the platting of a new village at Detroit.  Land titles were granted to settle remaining uncertainty over the ownership of some parcels, which was in part due to the then fairly recent departure of British colonial forces.  During this platting, the land on both sides of the main thoroughfare, Woodward Avenue, was set aside, with congress authorizing the platting of the Park Lots. Development of the area, however, only started in the 1860s.

Cass Farm ran between what is now Cass Avenue and Third Avenue.  In 1816, Lewis Cass purchased the ribbon farm.  The property was gradually developed over the years, with the sections closest to the river being developed first.  By the time Cass died in 1866, a few of the blocks north of Martin Luther King Boulevard had just been platted. Cass's children continued to plat the area after his death.

The Jones/Crane Farm was located between what is now Third Avenue and the alley east of Fourth Street.  De Garmo Jones, onetime mayor of Detroit, received the property in 1823.  The rear portion of the ribbon farm changed owners multiple times until Flavius JB Crane purchased it in 1854, when he began platting it.

The Forsythe Farm was located between what is now Fourth Street and the Lodge Freeway. John Forsythe purchased the property in 1829; it was later subdivided multiple times, with various owners eventually platting the property.

Development of the area was relatively slow. In the early part of the 19th century, residential growth in Detroit occurred primarily east and west of Woodward, along Fort Street and Jefferson Avenue; the areas near Cass Farm were still predominantly rural in nature.  Urban development of the area did not really begin until 1870, when the population of Detroit was nearly 80,000.  Streetcar lines established in the 1860s allowed residents to more conveniently travel from the Cass Farm area to downtown.

1870 - 1910
The West Canfield Historic District, platted in 1871, was one of the first recorded subdivisions in the area.  The district features large and expensive lots, and many prominent Detroiters settled on the block.  A severe depression slowed development, but it picked up again in the late 1870s.  The period from 1880-1895 brought a boom in the construction of elegant single-family and duplex homes in the Cass Farm area.  The lots on Woodward were the most expensive and featured the most opulent homes; the lots immediately off the main street were soon filled with the homes of Detroit's upper class.  School and religious buildings were also constructed in the area.

As Detroit grew, the demand for apartment housing also grew; beginning in 1895, the construction in the Cass Farm area began to focus more on small apartment buildings. This was particularly true in the last portion of the district to be developed, the section south of Warren between Cass and Third.  Here a number of small-scale apartment buildings were constructed around the turn of the 20th century.

1910 - 1940
As the city continued to expand, the character of the neighborhood changed.  Even before World War I, the congestion along Woodward precipitated a change from upper-class housing to commercial ventures.   The construction of Orchestra Hall heralded a City Beautiful movement that turned much of the area into public-oriented space.

The rise of the automobile also changed the area.  Cass Farm's proximity to the automotive plants in the Milwaukee Junction area made it ideal for housing auto workers.  During the 1910s and 1920s, larger apartment buildings were constructed in the area, and many remaining single-family homes were converted into boardinghouses. Commercial usage also increased in the area, particularly in automotive-related sectors: showrooms, service stations, and part supply businesses.

1930 - onward
The Great Depression heralded the beginning of a long decline for the Cass Farm area.  Newly constructed buildings fell into foreclosure, and many of the formerly well-paid auto workers living in the area were out of work.  By the time the industrial recovery from World War II stimulated the economy, industry had relocated to the suburbs, and the economic recovery for the most part passed the area by.

In the 1950s, widespread demolition of houses and businesses began, a practice that extended into the 1980s.  Wayne State University also began to have more influence in the area, rehabilitating old buildings and building new ones.  As the focus shifted to urban rehabilitation in the 1990s, more structures in the area have been refurbished, by Wayne State, other public groups, and by private parties.

Structures in the Cass Farm MPS
There are twelve structures and districts in the Cass Farm MPS; these are shown below.  The structures are from all periods of development of the area.
{| class="wikitable"
!Resource Name
!Image
!Address
!Built
!Architect
!Note
|-
|Cass-Davenport Historic District
|
|Bounded Cass Ave., Davenport, and Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd
|1905–1924
|Baxter & O'Dell; Putnam & Moore
|
|-
|Chapel of St. Theresa-the Little Flower
|
|46 Parsons Street
|1926
|Donaldson and Meier
|
|-
|Detroit Edison Company Willis Avenue Station
|
|50 West Willis
|1916
|Detroit Edison Company
|
|-
|Detroit-Columbia Central Office Building
|
|52 Selden Street
|1927
|Smith, Hinchman, & Grylls
|
|-
|Graybar Electric Company Building
|
|55 West Canfield
|1926
|C.F. Haglin & Sons
|
|-
|Hotel Stevenson
|
|40 Davenport Street
|1913
|Joseph P. Jogerst
|Now known as the Milner Arms .
|-
|Robert M. and Matilda (Kitch) Grindley House
|
|123 Parsons Street
|1897
|Putnam and Moore
|
|-
|League of Catholic Women Building
|
|100 Parsons Street
|1927
|Smith, Hinchman & Grylls
|
|-
|Sts. Peter and Paul Academy
|
|64 Parsons Street
|1892
|Leon Coquard
|Currently known as the St. Patrick Senior Center
|-
|Warren-Prentis Historic District
|
|Prentis, Forest, Hancock, & south side of Warren, from Woodward to Third Avenue
|1880–1895
|Multiple
|
|-
|West Canfield Historic District (Boundary Increase)
|
|Third Street, south of Canfield
|1871
|Unknown
|
|-
|Willis-Selden Historic District
|
|Willis, Alexandrine, and Selden, from Woodward to Third Avenue
|1870
|Multiple
|
|}
These structures represent the range of construction in the Cass Farm area.  The earliest structures are in the West Canfield Historic District boundary increase; these structures include both a Victorian private home and two Victorian commercial structures, among the earliest in the neighborhood.  The Robert M. and Matilda (Kitch) Grindley House (now unfortunately demolished) was another 19th-century single-family home, dating from the time when the Cass Farm area was still primarily upscale residential.

The Warren-Prentis Historic District is primarily a mix of early private homes and small apartment buildings that moved into the neighborhood around the turn of the 20th century. Around the same time, the Sts. Peter and Paul Academy was built to serve the growing population of the neighborhood.

The Willis-Selden Historic District primarily contains somewhat later structures, demonstrating the mix of small apartments and the commercial buildings that entered the district as the automobile industry grew importance.  Another commercial building is the Graybar Electric Company Building.  Near the same time, increasing infrastructure requirements made the Detroit Edison Company Willis Avenue Station and the Detroit-Columbia Central Office Building necessary for the neighborhood.

Finally, the Cass-Davenport Historic District shows a mix of small apartment buildings and the later, larger apartment buildings that were built in the 1920s, as space in the city became more valuable.  Another large apartment building, the Hotel Stevenson, is also included in the MPS, as is the League of Catholic Women Building, built to house the influx of young unmarried women coming to the city.  The Chapel of St. Theresa-the Little Flower was also built about this time.

References

Historic districts in Detroit
Midtown Detroit
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Detroit
National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Submissions in Michigan

Cass Farm Multiple Property Submission


Krzysztof Chorzelski (born 1971) is a classical violist, conductor, and teacher. As a violist he is active both as a soloist and as member of the Belcea Quartet.

Biography
Chorzelski was born in Warsaw in 1971. According to The New York Times, he describes himself as "the son of two frustrated musicians." In 1988, at the age of 16, Chorzelski played the violin at a ceremony commemorating the 45th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

In 1991 he moved to London to study at the Royal College of Music with Grigori Zhislin and later Felix Andrievsky. When he first moved to London, Chorzelski lived down the street from violinist Raymond Cohen, then in his 80s, and regularly attended Cohen's "quartet afternoons." Chorzelski and Corina Belcea-Fisher, the violinist of the Belcea Quartet, were formerly romantically involved, although their breakup did not affect the musical integrity of the group.

Career
In 1992 Chorzelski won the Wronski Solo Violin Competition in Warsaw. He has subsequently performed as a recitalist and concert soloist in Europe as well as making recordings for Polskie Radio and the BBC. In 1996 he joined the Belcea Quartet as their violist. Since Chorzelski joined, the quartet has won prizes at string quartet competitions in Osaka, Bordeaux, Banff, and elsewhere.

The Belcea Quartet's debut recording for EMI won a Gramophone Award in 2001. The quartet has also won the Midem Award, the Diapason d'Or, and the German Critics Chamber Music Recording of the Year Award.

Chorzelski studied conducting with Neil Thomson at the Royal College of Music and Diego Masson at Dartington Summer School.

He is a viola professor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, where the Belcea Quartet are also in residence. He also teaches viola and chamber music in Poland, Romania, Israel, and elsewhere.

Krzysztof Chorzelski plays a Nicola Amati viola made in 1680 as well as a bespoke contemporary viola made by the Viennese luthier Felix Daniel Rotaru in 2012.

References

External links
Official website

1971 births
Living people
Musicians from Warsaw
Polish classical violists
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Academics of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama

Krzysztof Chorzelski


Bernard Lenoir (born 13 September 1945) is a former radio presenter.

He was born in Algeria, which he left in 1962, working on the Côte d'Azur as a DJ. He briefly sang in a surf pop group called Les Radis Beurre.  Lenoir began on France Inter as a music programmer on veteran presenter José Artur's Pop-Club show. He worked through the late 1970s presenting the rock programme   Feedback, and continued on with it into the 1980s.

The show was cancelled after one season and Lenoir transferred to Europe 1. He also appeared on the television programme Les Enfants du rock.

In September 1990, Lenoir resumed broadcasting on France Inter in the evening shift.  His programme, which ran until the 2010–2011 season, was first called L'Inrockuptible, after the magazine Les Inrockuptibles, and later renamed C'est Lenoir (This is Lenoir).

He is currently retired in Biarritz, France.

See also
 C'est Lenoir
 John Peel
 Hugo Cassavetti
 Yves Thibord
 Jean-Daniel Beauvallet
 Michka Assayas
 Ivan Smagghe
 Lydie Barbarian
 António Sérgio

References

External links
 Site de l'émission C'est Lenoir
 Article de présentation sur le site « M la Music »
 Biographie chronologique du parrain de la Route du rock

1946 births
Living people
French radio presenters

Bernard Lenoir


David Lee Ingersoll is a cartoonist and illustrator  based in Seattle, United States. Born in Anchorage, Alaska soon after the 1964 earthquake, he spent most of his childhood and young adult years in northern California, specifically the then small town of Sebastopol. He started drawing at an early age, preferring to concentrate on dinosaurs and other monsters.

He has primarily been active in small press publications, contributing illustrations to Factsheet Five and a variety of horror and sci-fi zines in the late eighties and early nineties, creating the comic series Misspent Youths in 1991, and contributing comics to GLYPH Magazine in the late nineties. He is currently contributing to The Black Seal, Worlds of Cthulhu, various RPG publications and illustrating the comic Oz Squad. He is an illustrator for the publisher Chaosium including a cover for the novel The Spiraling Worm.

He is married to writer Sarah Byam. Poet Glenn Ingersoll is one of his brothers.

External links
http://www.skookworks.com

American cartoonists
American comics artists
Artists from Seattle
1964 births
Living people

David Lee Ingersoll


Gnathosaurus (meaning "jawed lizard") is a genus of ctenochasmatid pterosaur containing two species: G. subulatus, named in 1833 from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany, and G. macrurus, known from the Purbeck Limestone of the UK. Its fossil remains dated back to the Late Jurassic period.

History of discovery

Fragments of Gnathosaurus jaws were first discovered in 1832 in the Solnhofen limestones of southern Germany but were mistaken for a piece of teleosaurid crocodile jaw by Georg zu Münster, who first named the species Crocodilus multidens in that year. Soon afterwards, Hermann von Meyer classified the same specimen as the new genus and species Gnathosaurus subulatus, a name which came to be universally used shortly thereafter. In the 1860s, scientists such as Albert Oppel compared the G. subulatus jaw fragment to contemporary pterosaurs such as Pterodactylus and Ctenochasma, and concluded that it was also probably a "flying reptile" rather than a crocodilian. A more complete skull of an adult pterosaur was found in 1951 and classified as Gnathosaurus subulatus. This slender,  long skull had up to 130 needle-like teeth arranged around the side of a spoon-shaped tip. The specimen had an estimated wingspan of about . It probably lead a lifestyle akin to that of modern spoonbills, wading with its jaws open and closing them upon touching small prey.

Possible juvenile specimens of G. subulatus may be known from several complete skeletons that had previously been classified as the separate species Pterodactylus micronyx. These specimens have also been referred to the genus Aurorazhdarcho, which may itself be a synonym of Gnathosaurus. However, because Gnathosaurus subulatus is currently known only from skulls and jaws, and adult Aurorazhdarcho micronyx known only from a skeleton lacking a skull, the two cannot be confidently referred to the same species. Furthermore, in the only cladistic analysis to date that tests the relationships of both taxa they are found distinct.

An additional large specimen, originally named Pterodactylus macrurus, is known from the Purbeck Limestone formation of England. Represented only by a partial lower jaw and neck vertebrae, it has since been considered closer to Gnathosaurus, and its binomial changed to G. macrurus.

Classification

Below is cladogram following a topology by Andres, Clark and Xu (2014). In the analysis, they recovered both species of Gnathosaurus (G. subulatus and G. macrurus) within the family Ctenochasmatidae, more precisely within the subfamily Gnathosaurinae, as sister taxa.

See also

 List of pterosaur genera
 Timeline of pterosaur research

References

Late Jurassic pterosaurs of Europe
Ctenochasmatoids
Solnhofen fauna
Taxa named by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer
Fossil taxa described in 1833

Gnathosaurus


Mount Calvary Lutheran Church, also known as Hawksbill Church, Hacksbill Church, Hoxbiehl Church, and Gomer's Church, is an historic Lutheran church with adjacent cemetery located near the town of Luray in Page County, Virginia, United States.

History
It is not known when this congregation was established. In 1765 John Schwarbach, who apparently was temporarily rendering pastoral services, conveyed  of land to Peter Painter and Jacob Shaffer, trustees of this church. The church was first called the "Hoxbiehl" or "Hacksbill" (Hawksbill), later "Comer's Church" due to so many members by that name, and lastly "Mount Calvary." This church was first served by the Pennsylvania Ministerium, Bathaser Sauer having attended a convention as a lay delegate. In 1813, it was of the five valley churches to unite with the Evangelical Lutheran North Carolina Synod, and in 1820 it joined the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod.

Mount Calvary was originally a union church shared by members of the Lutheran and Reformed faiths. The insistence on conducting all church functions in the German language led to the cancellation of the union agreement in 1832, when the Reformed people formed a separate congregation.

The church served an active congregation until 1959, when regular services ceased.

Mount Calvary was the mother church of five other congregations in Page County that were organized, directly or indirectly, from her membership: Morning Star (organized 29 November 1873), Grace (organized 10 March 1877), St. Mark's (organized 1876), St. James' (Rileyville, organized 1884), and Beth Eden (organized 31 December 1896).

Pastors
The following pastors have served Mount Calvary Church.

 Johannes Schwarbach 1765-1775

Besides pastors from Madison County, Virginia, Peter Muhlenberg and Christian Streit rendered occasional pastoral services.

 Paul Henkel 1784-1823
 James Hoffman (Reformed) 1796-1806
 Wilhelm G. Forster 1798-1806
 Johann Voltz (John Foltz) 1806-1810
 Peter Schmucker 1813-1820
 Paul Henkel 1821-1822
 George Leidy (Reformed) 1822-1823
 Ambrose Henkel 1823-1837
 Jacob Stirewalt 1837-1860
 Socrates Henkel 1860-1869
 John Nathaniel Stirewalt 1869-1906
 D.L. Miller 1907-1909 (His call was to the Stony Man pastorate)
 Philip Loy Snapp 1910–1921 (His call was to the Stony Man pastorate)
 Carroll Irving Morgan 1921-1925
 Abner Lafayette Boliek 1927-1933
 B.D. Castor 1934-1944
 H.B. Arehart 1945-1954
 R.H. Ebert 1956-1959

Church buildings
It is not known in what year a church was first built on this site. However, on August 6, 1765, Johannes Schwarbach, who apparently was temporarily rendering pastoral services, conveyed  of land to Peter Painter and Jacob Shaffer, trustees of the church.

The old log church stood in front of and to the right of the present building. In 1937, one could still see where the ground had been disturbed for the foundation. It was rectangular in shape, with two front entrances. It was used not only as a church, but also as a school. Near the old church and on the lower side of the. graveyard was a two-story log building that was also used as a school.

The current structure is the third church at the location, and was constructed in 1848.  The building is a two-story rectangular brick structure with a metal gable roof. Since its construction, the church has seen no additions and only minor alterations to the interior and exterior of the building. The site includes a small cemetery and a non-contributing wooden outhouse. , the church was undergoing restoration with the possibility of using the building again.

The church was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register on June 17, 1998, and the National Register of Historic Places on June 3, 2008.

Church register
The only existing church register for Mount Calvary was acquired in 1817. The early entries are in German. The register is  long and about  wide. The book is in two parts and has two title pages. In 1979, the book was in the possession of Harry L. Comer of Page County, Virginia. There are at least two English translations of its pages:

 Finck, William J., translator. Early Records of Mt. Calvary Lutheran Church, Page County, Virginia. St. Louis: Joseph Willard Baker, October 10, 1969.
 Wust, Klaus, translator. The Record of Hawksbill Church 1788-1850 Page County, VA. Edinburg, Virginia: Shenandoah History, 1979.

Tradition says that an earlier church register was lost in the Civil War.

References
Cassell, C. W.; W. J. Finck; and Elon O. Henkel, editors, "Mt. Calvary," History of the Lutheran Church in Virginia and East Tennessee. Strasburg, Virginia: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc., 1930, pages 195 and 198. Digital images. Ancestry.com. https://www.ancestry.com : 2008.
Finck, William J., translator. Early Records of Mt. Calvary Lutheran Church, Page County, Virginia. St. Louis: Joseph Willard Baker, 19 October 1969.

 and accompanying photo.

United States. Works Progress Administration of Virginia Historical Inventory, County: Page, Class: Church, "Mt. Calvary Church," PA-59, Research made by Vivian Black, Luray, Virginia, 18 January 1936, page 1; Digital images. Library of Virginia http://image.lva.virginia.gov/VHI/html/20/0594.html : 2019.
Wayland, John W. "Mt. Calvary Church," A History of Shenandoah County Virginia. 1927. Reprint, Strasburg, Virginia: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc., 1976, page 411.
Wust, Klaus, translator. The Record of Hawksbill Church 1788-1850 Page County, VA. Edinburg, Virginia: Shenandoah History, 1979.

Footnotes

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Lutheran churches in Virginia
Churches completed in 1848
National Register of Historic Places in Page County, Virginia

Mount Calvary Lutheran Church


On April 5, 2010, two bombings in Pakistan killed up to 50 people and injured 100 more. In the first attack the U.S. Consulate in Peshawar was attacked by militants.   The coordinated attack involved a vehicle suicide bomb and attackers who tried to enter the U.S. Consulate in Peshawar by using grenades and weapons fire. Three explosions went off within a span of 15 minutes in the area of Saddar and Hayatabad Avenue, near the American consulate and the Peshawar headquarters of Pakistan's intelligence agency. Several militants came in two vehicles. The first vehicle exploded near a security checkpoint, and gunmen in the second car opened fire.
A Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan spokesman claimed responsibility for the assault on the consulate. In Timergara, Lower Dir district an Awami National Party rally came under attack.  Pakistani Taliban spokesman Azam Tariq said "Americans are our enemies. We carried out the attack on their consulate in Peshawar. We plan more such attacks."

Preceding events

A suicide attack at a political rally in Timergarah preceded the Peshawar Bombings. The suicide attacker detonated a bomb near the stage built for the organized celebrations. At least 46 people have died.

Attacks
The American consulate attack killed 8 people including 2 security service personnel. However, no Americans were hurt in the attack. The perpetrators were armed with guns and grenades and two car bombs. The security barrier was damaged, while shells from rocket-propelled grenades and hand grenades were seen in the vicinity. Police said one of the car bombs exploded at a checkpoint 50 metres from the consulate, while the other 100 kg bomb went off close to the consulate gate. At least three blasts were reported before a firefight between security forces and the attackers followed. According to Pakistan police official Ghulam Hussain, "The target was certainly the American consulate but they didn't succeed in getting there...one of the suicide bombers blew himself up close to the gate. Police guarding the US consulate started retaliatory fire. More blasts took place. We have recovered unexploded material from four different points". The US Consulate General said two Pakistani security guards employed by the Consulate General were among those killed in the attack.

Hours earlier 44 people died in a suicide attack at a rally in the north-western town of Timergara, Lower Dir District, during a meeting of the Awami National Party (ANP), the ruling coalition in North West Frontier Province. Zahid Khan, an Awami National Party spokesperson, said his party were celebrating plans to change the name of the North West Frontier Province when a suspected suicide bomber detonated his explosives. An official of the ruling ANP party, Hashim Khan Babar, told the media the attacks appeared to be in response to a major security operation which was launched in the Orakzai tribal region near Peshawar last week.

Perpetrators
Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan claimed responsibility for the attacks in a telephone release by Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan spokesman Azam Tariq, with the statement "We accept the attacks on the American consulate. This is revenge for drone attacks. We have already told you that we have 2,800 to 3,000 fedayeen (suicide bombers). We will carry out more such attacks. We will target any place where there are Americans" The attack was revenge for Drone attacks in Pakistan.

A BBC analyst said the Pakistani Taliban were apparently aiming for a feat to match the one last December in Khost, Afghanistan, in which several American CIA officials were killed.

Repercussions
An analyst in the capital said that after the government war on the Taliban the militants spread into more settled areas. He added that "The American consulate is one of the most well-guarded places in Peshawar. It [the attack] was well planned and they very confidently hit their target." Al Jazeera's correspondent also noted that "Although they have been driven out of their strongholds in key areas, there is a feeling that a substantial number of those people have now infiltrated into the settled areas. There is trouble in the southern parts of the Punjab - so you do see some sort of regrouping attempt and a fear that there maybe an escalation of this sort of violence."

Reactions
The United States embassy in Pakistan released a statement condemning the attack and saying that it reflected the "terrorists' desperation". Robert Gibbs, the White House spokesmen, added: "We strongly condemn the violence and the actions. And I would point out that ... extremists in Pakistan have succeeded in killing Pakistanis, which I think hardens the view that has led to gains that have been made over the course of the year against extremism by native Pakistanis."

See also
List of terrorist incidents in Pakistan since 2001
2002 US consulate bombing in Karachi

References

External links
Pictures of the attack from BBC News
Video of the attack from GEO News (via BBC News)

2010 murders in Pakistan
Mass murder in 2010
Terrorist incidents in Pakistan in 2010
Suicide bombings in Pakistan
Car and truck bombings in Pakistan
Pakistan–United States relations
Filmed improvised explosive device bombings
Attacks on diplomatic missions of the United States
Attacks on diplomatic missions in Pakistan
Terrorist incidents in Peshawar
Building bombings in Pakistan

5 April 2010 North-West Frontier Province attacks