Motion planning, also path planning (also known as the navigation problem or the piano mover's problem) is a computational problem to find a sequence of valid configurations that moves the object from the source to destination. The term is used in computational geometry, computer animation, robotics and computer games.

For example, consider navigating a mobile robot inside a building to a distant waypoint. It should execute this task while avoiding walls and not falling down stairs. A motion planning algorithm would take a description of these tasks as input, and produce the speed and turning commands sent to the robot's wheels. Motion planning algorithms might address robots with a larger number of joints (e.g., industrial manipulators), more complex tasks (e.g. manipulation of objects), different constraints (e.g., a car that can only drive forward), and uncertainty (e.g. imperfect models of the environment or robot).

Motion planning has several robotics applications, such as autonomy, automation, and robot design in CAD software, as well as applications in other fields, such as animating digital characters, video game, architectural design, robotic surgery, and the study of biological molecules.

Concepts

A basic motion planning problem is to compute a continuous path that connects a start configuration S and a goal configuration G, while avoiding collision with known obstacles. The robot and obstacle geometry is described in a 2D or 3D workspace, while the motion is represented as a path in (possibly higher-dimensional) configuration space.

Configuration space
A configuration describes the pose of the robot, and the configuration space C is the set of all possible configurations. For example:
 If the robot is a single point (zero-sized) translating in a 2-dimensional plane (the workspace), C is a plane, and a configuration can be represented using two parameters (x, y).
 If the robot is a 2D shape that can translate and rotate, the workspace is still 2-dimensional. However, C is the special Euclidean group SE(2) = R2  SO(2) (where SO(2) is the special orthogonal group of 2D rotations), and a configuration can be represented using 3 parameters (x, y, θ).
 If the robot is a solid 3D shape that can translate and rotate, the workspace is 3-dimensional, but C is the special Euclidean group SE(3) = R3  SO(3), and a configuration requires 6 parameters: (x, y, z) for translation, and Euler angles (α, β, γ).
 If the robot is a fixed-base manipulator with N revolute joints (and no closed-loops), C is N-dimensional.

Free space
The set of configurations that avoids collision with obstacles is called the free space Cfree. The complement of Cfree in C is called the obstacle or forbidden region.

Often, it is prohibitively difficult to explicitly compute the shape of Cfree. However, testing whether a given configuration is in Cfree is efficient. First, forward kinematics determine the position of the robot's geometry, and collision detection tests if the robot's geometry collides with the environment's geometry.

Target space
Target space is a subspace of free space which denotes where we want the robot to move to. In global motion planning, target space is observable by the robot's sensors. However, in local motion planning, the robot cannot observe the target space in some states. To solve this problem, the robot goes through several virtual target spaces, each of which is located within the observable area (around the robot). A virtual target space is called a sub-goal.

Obstacle space
Obstacle space is a space that the robot can not move to. Obstacle space is not opposite of free space.

Algorithms
Low-dimensional problems can be solved with grid-based algorithms that overlay a grid on top of configuration space, or geometric algorithms that compute the shape and connectivity of Cfree.

Exact motion planning for high-dimensional systems under complex constraints is computationally intractable. Potential-field algorithms are efficient, but fall prey to local minima (an exception is the harmonic potential fields). Sampling-based algorithms avoid the problem of local minima, and solve many problems quite quickly.
They are unable to determine that no path exists, but they have a probability of failure that decreases to zero as more time is spent.

Sampling-based algorithms are currently considered state-of-the-art for motion planning in high-dimensional spaces, and have been applied to problems which have dozens or even hundreds of dimensions (robotic manipulators, biological molecules, animated digital characters, and legged robots).

Grid-based search
Grid-based approaches overlay a grid on configuration space and assume each configuration is identified with a grid point. At each grid point, the robot is allowed to move to adjacent grid points as long as the line between them is completely contained within Cfree (this is tested with collision detection). This discretizes the set of actions, and search algorithms (like A*) are used to find a path from the start to the goal.

These approaches require setting a grid resolution. Search is faster with coarser grids, but the algorithm will fail to find paths through narrow portions of Cfree. Furthermore, the number of points on the grid grows exponentially in the configuration space dimension, which make them inappropriate for high-dimensional problems.

Traditional grid-based approaches produce paths whose heading changes are constrained to multiples of a given base angle, often resulting in suboptimal paths. Any-angle path planning approaches find shorter paths by propagating information along grid edges (to search fast) without constraining their paths to grid edges (to find short paths).

Grid-based approaches often need to search repeatedly, for example, when the knowledge of the robot about the configuration space changes or the configuration space itself changes during path following. Incremental heuristic search algorithms replan fast by using experience with the previous similar path-planning problems to speed up their search for the current one.

Interval-based search
These approaches are similar to grid-based search approaches except that they generate a paving covering entirely the configuration space instead of a grid. The paving is decomposed into two subpavings X−,X+ made with boxes such that X− ⊂ Cfree ⊂ X+. Characterizing Cfree amounts to solve a set inversion problem. Interval analysis could thus be used when Cfree cannot be described by linear inequalities in order to have a guaranteed enclosure.

The robot is thus allowed to move freely in X−, and cannot go outside X+. To both subpavings, a neighbor graph is built and paths can be found using algorithms such as Dijkstra or A*. When a path is feasible in X−, it is also feasible in Cfree. When no path exists in X+ from one initial configuration to the goal, we have the guarantee that no feasible path exists in Cfree. As for the grid-based approach, the interval approach is inappropriate for high-dimensional problems, due to the fact that the number of boxes to be generated grows exponentially with respect to the dimension of configuration space.

An illustration is provided by the three figures on the right where a hook with two degrees of freedom has to move from the left to the right, avoiding two horizontal small segments.

Nicolas Delanoue has shown that the decomposition with subpavings using interval analysis also makes it possible to characterize the topology of Cfree such as counting its number of connected components.

Geometric algorithms
Point robots among polygonal obstacles
 Visibility graph
 Cell decomposition

Translating objects among obstacles
 Minkowski sum

Finding the way out of a building
 farthest ray trace
Given a bundle of rays around the current position attributed with their length hitting a wall, the robot moves into the direction of the longest ray unless a door is identified. Such an algorithm was used for modeling emergency egress from buildings.

Artificial potential fields
One approach is to treat the robot's configuration as a point in a potential field that combines attraction to the goal, and repulsion from obstacles. The resulting trajectory is output as the path. This approach has advantages in that the trajectory is produced with little computation. However, they can become trapped in local minima of the potential field and fail to find a path, or can find a non-optimal path. The artificial potential fields can be treated as continuum equations similar to electrostatic potential fields (treating the robot like a point charge), or motion through the field can be discretized using a set of linguistic rules. A navigation function or a probabilistic navigation function are sorts of artificial potential functions which have the quality of not having minimum points except the target point.

Sampling-based algorithms
Sampling-based algorithms represent the configuration space with a roadmap of sampled configurations.
A basic algorithm samples N configurations in C, and retains those in Cfree to use as milestones. A roadmap is then constructed that connects two milestones P and Q if the line segment PQ is completely in Cfree. Again, collision detection is used to test inclusion in Cfree. To find a path that connects S and G, they are added to the roadmap. If a path in the roadmap links S and G, the planner succeeds, and returns that path. If not, the reason is not definitive: either there is no path in Cfree, or the planner did not sample enough milestones.

These algorithms work well for high-dimensional configuration spaces, because unlike combinatorial algorithms, their running time is not (explicitly) exponentially dependent on the dimension of C. They are also (generally) substantially easier to implement. They are probabilistically complete, meaning the probability that they will produce a solution approaches 1 as more time is spent. However, they cannot determine if no solution exists.

Given basic visibility conditions on Cfree, it has been proven that as the number of configurations N grows higher, the probability that the above algorithm finds a solution approaches 1 exponentially. Visibility is not explicitly dependent on the dimension of C; it is possible to have a high-dimensional space with "good" visibility or a low-dimensional space with "poor" visibility. The experimental success of sample-based methods suggests that most commonly seen spaces have good visibility.

There are many variants of this basic scheme:
 It is typically much faster to only test segments between nearby pairs of milestones, rather than all pairs.
 Nonuniform sampling distributions attempt to place more milestones in areas that improve the connectivity of the roadmap.
 Quasirandom samples typically produce a better covering of configuration space than pseudorandom ones, though some recent work argues that the effect of the source of randomness is minimal compared to the effect of the sampling distribution.
Employs local-sampling  by performing a directional Markov chain Monte Carlo random walk with some local proposal distribution.
 It is possible to substantially reduce the number of milestones needed to solve a given problem by allowing curved eye sights (for example by crawling on the obstacles that block the way between two milestones).
 If only one or a few planning queries are needed, it is not always necessary to construct a roadmap of the entire space. Tree-growing variants are typically faster for this case (single-query planning). Roadmaps are still useful if many queries are to be made on the same space (multi-query planning)

List of notable algorithms
A*
D*
Rapidly-exploring random tree
Probabilistic roadmap

Completeness and performance
A motion planner is said to be complete if the planner in finite time either produces a solution or correctly reports that there is none. Most complete algorithms are geometry-based. The performance of a complete planner is assessed by its computational complexity. When proving this property mathematically, one has to make sure, that it happens in finite time and not just in the asymptotic limit. This is especially problematic, if there occur infinite sequences (that converge only in the limiting case) during a specific proving technique, since then, theoretically, the algorithm will never stop. Intuitive "tricks" (often based on induction) are typically mistakenly thought to converge, which they do only for the infinite limit. In other words, the solution exists, but the planner will never report it. This property therefore is related to Turing completeness and serves in most cases as a theoretical underpinning/guidance. Planners based on a brute force approach are always complete, but are only realizable for finite and discrete setups.

In practice, the termination of the algorithm can always be guaranteed by using a counter, that allows only for a maximum number of iterations and then always stops with or without solution. For realtime systems, this is typically achieved by using a watchdog timer, that will simply kill the process. The watchdog has to be independent of all processes (typically realized by low level interrupt routines). The asymptotic case described in the previous paragraph, however, will not be reached in this way. It will report the best one it has found so far (which is better than nothing) or none, but cannot correctly report that there is none. All realizations including a watchdog are always incomplete (except all cases can be evaluated in finite time).

Completeness can only be provided by a very rigorous mathematical correctness proof (often aided by tools and graph based methods) and should only be done by specialized experts if the application includes safety content. On the other hand, disproving completeness is easy, since one just needs to find one infinite loop or one wrong result returned. Formal Verification/Correctness of algorithms is a research field on its own. The correct setup of these test cases is a highly sophisticated task.

Resolution completeness is the property that the planner is guaranteed to find a path if the resolution of an underlying grid is fine enough. Most resolution complete planners are grid-based or interval-based. The computational complexity of resolution complete planners is dependent on the number of points in the underlying grid, which is O(1/hd), where h is the resolution (the length of one side of a grid cell) and d is the configuration space dimension.

Probabilistic completeness is the property that as more "work" is performed, the probability that the planner fails to find a path, if one exists, asymptotically approaches zero. Several sample-based methods are probabilistically complete. The performance of a probabilistically complete planner is measured by the rate of convergence. For practical applications, one usually uses this property, since it allows setting up the time-out for the watchdog based on an average convergence time.

Incomplete planners do not always produce a feasible path when one exists (see first paragraph). Sometimes incomplete planners do work well in practice, since they always stop after a guarantied time and allow other routines to take over.

Problem variants
Many algorithms have been developed to handle variants of this basic problem.

Differential constraints
Holonomic
 Manipulator arms (with dynamics)

Nonholonomic
Drones
 Cars
 Unicycles
 Planes
 Acceleration bounded systems
 Moving obstacles (time cannot go backward)
 Bevel-tip steerable needle
 Differential drive robots

Optimality constraints

Hybrid systems

Hybrid systems are those that mix discrete and continuous behavior. Examples of such systems are:
 Robotic manipulation
 Mechanical assembly
 Legged robot locomotion
 Reconfigurable robots

Uncertainty
 Motion uncertainty
 Missing information
 Active sensing
 Sensorless planning
 Networked control systems

Environmental constraints

 Maps of dynamics

Applications
 Robot navigation
 Automation
 The driverless car
 Robotic surgery
 Digital character animation
 Protein folding
 Safety and accessibility in computer-aided architectural design

See also
 Gimbal lock – similar traditional issue in mechanical engineering
 Kinodynamic planning
 Mountain climbing problem
 OMPL - The Open Motion Planning Library
 Pathfinding
 Pebble motion problems – multi-robot motion planning
 Shortest path problem
 Velocity obstacle

References

Further reading

Planning Algorithms, Steven M. LaValle, 2006, Cambridge University Press, .
 Principles of Robot Motion: Theory, Algorithms, and Implementation, H. Choset, W. Burgard, S. Hutchinson, G. Kantor, L. E. Kavraki, K. Lynch, and S. Thrun, MIT Press, April 2005.
  Chapter 13: Robot Motion Planning: pp. 267–290.

External links

"Open Robotics Automation Virtual Environment", http://openrave.org/
 Jean-Claude Latombe talks about his work with robots and motion planning, 5 April 2000
"Open Motion Planning Library (OMPL)", http://ompl.kavrakilab.org
"Motion Strategy Library", http://msl.cs.uiuc.edu/msl/
"Motion Planning Kit", https://ai.stanford.edu/~mitul/mpk
"Simox", http://simox.sourceforge.net
"Robot Motion Planning and Control", http://www.laas.fr/%7Ejpl/book.html

Robot kinematics
Theoretical computer science
Automated planning and scheduling

Motion planning


Psychologism is a family of philosophical positions, according to which certain psychological facts, laws, or entities play a central role in grounding or explaining certain non-psychological facts, laws, or entities. The word was coined by Johann Eduard Erdmann as Psychologismus, being translated into English as psychologism.

Definition
The Oxford English Dictionary defines psychologism as: "The view or doctrine that a theory of psychology or ideas forms the basis of an account of metaphysics, epistemology, or meaning; (sometimes) spec. the explanation or derivation of mathematical or logical laws in terms of psychological facts." Psychologism in epistemology, the idea that its problems "can be solved satisfactorily by the psychological study of the development of mental processes", was argued in John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690).

Other forms of psychologism are logical psychologism and mathematical psychologism. Logical psychologism is a position in logic (or the philosophy of logic) according to which logical laws and mathematical laws are grounded in, derived from, explained or exhausted by psychological facts or laws. Psychologism in the philosophy of mathematics is the position that mathematical concepts and/or truths are grounded in, derived from or explained by psychological facts or laws.

Viewpoints
John Stuart Mill was accused by Edmund Husserl of being an advocate of a type of logical psychologism, although this may not have been the case. So were many nineteenth-century German philosophers such as Christoph von Sigwart, Benno Erdmann,  Theodor Lipps, Gerardus Heymans, Wilhelm Jerusalem, and Theodor Elsenhans, as well as a number of psychologists, past and present (e.g., Wilhelm Wundt and Gustave Le Bon).

Psychologism was notably criticized by Gottlob Frege in his anti-psychologistic work The Foundations of Arithmetic, and many of his works and essays, including his review of Husserl's Philosophy of Arithmetic. Husserl, in the first volume of his Logical Investigations, called "The Prolegomena of Pure Logic", criticized psychologism thoroughly and sought to distance himself from it. Frege's arguments were largely ignored, while Husserl's were widely discussed.

In "Psychologism and Behaviorism", Ned Block describes psychologism in the philosophy of mind as the view that "whether behavior is intelligent behavior depends on the character of the internal information processing that produces it." This is in contrast to a behavioral view which would state that intelligence can be ascribed to a being solely via observing its behavior. This latter type of behavioral view is strongly associated with the Turing test.

See also

 Antipsychologism
 Blockhead argument
 Naturalized epistemology

References

External links

 Husserl's Criticism of Psychologism. Link broken, page preserved most recently from October 22, 2009 at Internet Archive: Eprint. From Diwatao, (apparently former) online journal of the philosophy department of San Beda College, Manila, the Philippines.

Metatheory
Philosophy of mathematics
Theories of deduction

Psychologism


Cumberland Basin (or Cumberland Market Basin) was a canal basin near to Euston railway station in London, England and a part of the Regent's Canal. It was originally known as Jew's Harp Basin in the 1880s, after a nearby public house.

The basin's excavation was authorised in 1813 to serve Cumberland Market and then-industrial "New Road" and in 1941-1942 was filled back in chiefly using rubble from the London Blitz of those years and the previous year.

Cumberland Arm

The Cumberland Arm (or Cumberland Market Branch) was a  long stretch of canal that connected Cumberland Basin to the Regent's Canal (which passes through the present site of the car park for London Zoo).  The Cumberland Turn junction with the Regent's Canal is still visible with the short stub-end of the arm remaining housing the Feng Shang Floating Restaurant.

In the 1880s, American writer Ellis Martin was touring the London canals, but chose not to enter the basin as an 1850s report described it as "no better than a stagnant putrid ditch", and noted that cholera had spread amongst nearby neighbourhoods and boat-dwellers.

The basin and associated works were authorised in 1813 to serve Cumberland Market and New Road (now Euston Road), and closed in 1942.

The basin was dammed off in August 1938, and during the Blitz, the arm was used to supply water to fire pumps attending fires through the West End. By 1941, the arm and basin had been filled in with rubble from demolished buildings.

Historical remains
Starting after World War I, sections of the area around the Cumberland Market were used by the Crown Estate to develop housing for war veterans.  Eventually the land right beside the Cumberland Basin was included in these allotments for the Cumberland Market Estate. Some street lamps associated with the basin remain on Gloucester Gate Bridge above the Main Line of the Regent's Canal just west of Cumberland Turn.

References

Cumberland Arm
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden
London docks
Canal basins in England and Wales

Cumberland Basin (London)


The voting system is a set of rules about the way people vote and how the votes are counted. Different countries have different voting systems. There are many different types of voting system. One of the first voting systems to be used is called "first-past-the-post". Under this system each voter writes an "x" next to their chosen candidate. At the end, the votes are counted. The candidate with the most votes wins. Some people think that first-past-the-post is unfair because they believe that many votes are wasted.

List of voting Systems

 Additional member system
 Approval voting
 Instant Runoff Voting
 Plurality voting
 Proportional representation
 Single Transferable Vote
 Schulze method
 Supplementary vote
 First-past-the-post voting

Related pages
Election

Voting system


Health is "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease" according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Physical health is about the body. Mental health is about how people think and feel. Social health talks about how people live with other people. It is about family, work, school, and friends.

Aspects of health

Physical health
Physical fitness refers to good body health. It is dependent on genetic determinators and also on social, economic and ecological factors. That means, one's genes are partly responsible for one's physical health, but also other circumstances: where you live, how clean or polluted your water and the air around you is and also how good your social and medical system is. It is also the result of regular exercise, proper diet and nutrition, and proper rest for physical recovery. A person who is physically fit will be able to walk or run without getting breathless and they will be able to carry out the activities of everyday living and not need help. How much each person can do will depend on their age and whether they are a man or woman. A physically fit person usually has a normal weight for their height. The relation between their height and weight is called their Body Mass Index. A taller person can be heavier and still be fit. If a person is too heavy or too thin for their height it may affect their health. Better health is central to human happiness and well-being. It also makes an important contribution to economic progress, as healthy populations live longer, are more productive, and save more. Many factors influence health status and a country's ability to provide quality health services for its people.

Mental health
Mental health refers to a person's emotional and psychological well-being. "A state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her thinking and emotional (feeling) abilities, function in society, and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life."

One way to think about mental health is by looking at how well a person functions. Feeling capable and efficient; being able to handle normal levels of stress, have good friends and family, and lead an independent life; and being able to "bounce back," or recover from hardships, are all signs of mental health. It's normal for all of us to feel worried, sad, upset, or have difficult emotions from time to time. For most people though, these feelings are only temporary and are resolved without causing any long-term problems. However, for some people, these negative feelings can become worse over time and lead to a mental health problem such as depression, anxiety, stress or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Public health

Public health refers to trying to stop a disease that is unhealthy to the community, and does not help in living a long life or promote your health. This is fixed by organized efforts and choices of society, public and private clubs, communities and individuals.

It is about the health of many people, or everybody, rather than one person. Public health stops instead of encouraging a disease through surveillance of cases. To prevent being sick, it is good to act according to some simple advice:  Hand washing, regular check-ups,  vaccination programmes, drinking clean water, and using condoms. When infectious diseases break out, washing hands for about 30 seconds may be especially important. Sometimes it is necessary to avoid masses of people or wear a surgical mask to protect yourself and to stop the spreading of the disease. Teaching people how to live healthily and educate them, especially about sex and childbirth, is also very important.

Related pages
 Medicine
 Healthy lifestyle
 Fitness
 Right to health

References

Health
Basic English 850 words

Health


Felix Earl Browder (; July 31, 1927 – December 10, 2016) was an American mathematician known for his work in nonlinear functional analysis. He received the National Medal of Science in 1999 and was President of the American Mathematical Society until 2000. His two younger brothers also became notable mathematicians, William Browder (an algebraic topologist) and Andrew Browder (a specialist in function algebras).

Early life and education

Felix Earl Browder was born in 1927 in Moscow, Russia, while his American father Earl Browder, born in Wichita, Kansas, was living and working there. He had gone to the Soviet Union in 1927. His mother was Raissa Berkmann, a Russian Jewish woman from St. Petersburg whom Browder met and married while living in the Soviet Union. As a child, Felix Browder moved with his family to the United States, where his father Earl Browder for a time was head of the American Communist Party and ran for US president in 1936 and 1940. A 1999 book by Alexander Vassiliev, published after the fall of the Soviet Union, said that Earl Browder was recruited in the 1940s as a spy for the Soviet Union.

Felix Browder was a child prodigy in mathematics; he entered MIT at age 16 in 1944 and graduated in 1946 with his first degree in mathematics. In 1946, at MIT he achieved the rank of a Putnam Fellow in the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition. In 1948 (at age 20), he received his doctorate from Princeton University.

Career
Browder had an academic career, encountering difficulty in the 1950s in getting work during the McCarthy era because of his father's communist activities.

Browder headed the University of Chicago's mathematics department for 12 years. He also held posts at MIT, Boston University, Brandeis and Yale. In 1986 he became the first vice president for research at Rutgers University.

Browder received the 1999 National Medal of Science. He also served as president of the American Mathematical Society from 1999 to 2000.

In his outgoing presidential address at the American Mathematical Society, Browder noted, "ideas and techniques from one set of mathematical sources imping[ing] fruitfully on the same thing from another set of mathematical sources" as illustration of bisociation (a term from Arthur Koestler). He also recounted the moves against mathematics in France by Claude Allègre as problematic.

Browder was known for his personal library, which contained some thirty-five thousand books. "The library has a number of different categories," he said. "There is mathematics, physics and science as well as philosophy, literature and history, with a certain number of volumes of contemporary political science and economics. It is a polymath library. I am interested in everything and my library reflects all my interests."

Family

Browder married Eva Tislowitz in 1949, born to Jewish parents. Their children included Dr. Thomas Browder, a physicist specializing in the experimental study of subatomic particles, and Bill Browder, who became CEO of Hermitage Capital Management and resides in London.

The late Dr. Browder had two younger brothers who were also research mathematicians, William (an algebraic topologist) and Andrew Browder (a specialist in function algebras). Browder died in 2016 at home in Princeton, New Jersey, aged 89. "In addition to his brothers, survivors include the above mentioned two sons, Thomas Browder of Honolulu and Bill Browder of London; and five grandchildren."

See also

 Earl Browder, father
 William Browder (mathematician), brother
 Andrew Browder, brother
 Bill Browder, son
 Joshua Browder grandson

References

External links
Rutger's announcement
AMS Presidents: A Timeline

1927 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Princeton University alumni
Rutgers University faculty
National Medal of Science laureates
Presidents of the American Mathematical Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Functional analysts
Felix
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Putnam Fellows

Felix Browder


Arif Ali (21 June 1961 – 31 January 2008) was the regional product director for the Associated Press news agency in Europe, Middle East and Africa.

Early years

Arif Ali was born in India on 21 June 1961.

Career
He first became employed at the AP London bureau in October 1982 as a field service technician. Ali often worked on risky assignments for the AP, including as a technical operations technician in Somalia in the early 1990s as the country collapsed in interclan warfare. His main tasks at this time in his career were keeping satellite phones, satellite systems and power generators working so that AP reporters could file reports for the wire service from remote locations such as Somalia.

Ali also managed a wide range of AP technical projects during his career with the organization. Ali managed the Associated Press Server from 1995 until 2003. He also served as the product manager for the project manager for AP Photo Archive from 1995 to 1999 before being promoted to director of photo technology from 1999 to 2003. Additionally, Ali worked as product manager for the content management systems eAP and eDistribute in 2003 and 2004.

Ali also oversaw the technical operations coordination for large, special events covered by the AP, such as the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.

In 2006 and 2007, Ali guided the creation of a new AP Arabic text service.

Also in 2007, he was honored with the Gramling Award, the Associated Press' top staff award for overseeing the creation and implementation of new AP services.

Death
Arif Ali died at his home in London on 31 January 2008 at the age of 46. His funeral was held in Slough, United Kingdom.

References

External links
"Arif Ali of AP London Dies at 46"
"Arif Ali, Associated Press director"

1961 births
2008 deaths
Associated Press people
British male journalists
Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom
Deaths from cancer in England

Arif Ali


The International Fight League was an American mixed martial arts (MMA) league and is the world's first MMA league. It was founded on January 7, 2006 and closed on July 31, 2008.

Instead of the established norm for MMA events, where matchups are strictly one-on-one affairs, each IFL card was a showdown between two teams of five fighters, each fighter fighting one match against another on the opposing team. The IFL was shown in the United States on Fox Sports Net and MyNetworkTV.

Other websites
IFL - Official Website

Mixed martial arts organizations
2006 establishments in the United States
2008 disestablishments in the United States

International Fight League


Westville is a town in Pictou County, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is located immediately west of Stellarton and about four kilometres southwest of New Glasgow, the major town in the area.

History
Originally called Acadian Village,  the name Westville was chosen because the community was west of the Albion Mines (now Stellarton).

Westville has a long history of coal mining dating back to 1864 when coal was first discovered. The opening of the Acadia Mine followed in 1866. Westville, along with Stellarton, was once home to a thriving coal mining industry. At its peak, during World War I, Westville boasted three underground workings; the Black Diamond, the Acadia, and the Drummond. Westville was the site of the Drummond Mine explosion on May 13, 1873.

The last underground mine, the Drummond pit, closed in the 1970s. Extensive open-pit mining on the Drummond and Acadia sites was carried out throughout the 1980s and 1990s, by Pioneer Coal Limited of Antigonish, Nova Scotia.

In the early 1900s Westville also boasted the largest natural ice skating rink east of Montreal.
Today the miner's monument at Acadia Park honoring those touched by the town's mining disasters, and a community centre is all that remains of its proud coal mining heritage. The war memorial was sculpted by the renowned Emanuel Hahn.

Like many coal towns Westville was a hotbed of sports. Baseball was very popular among the miners. One of the Westville baseball teams was crowned Maritime champion in 1927 and the legendary Babe Ruth visited the town in 1936 and hit a ball over the centre field fence. The town also sponsored championship cricket, lacrosse, football and hockey teams.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Westville had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Amenities

While mainly a bedroom community, Westville's Main Street features banks, shops, restaurants and other amenities. A Nova Scotia highway rest stop was opened at the end of Cowan Street off exit 21 of Highway 104, part of the Trans-Canada Highway.

One of the largest Canada Day celebrations in Atlantic Canada takes place in Westville. The five-day event includes a county fair, street parade, and annual guest bands from around the world. The year 2007 marked the 100th anniversary of Westville's Canada Day celebrations.

Notable residents
 Kris MacFarlane, the drummer of Great Big Sea
 Russell MacEwan, lawyer, Member of Parliament and judge

Navigator

See also
 List of municipalities in Nova Scotia

References

External links
Town of Westville Official Website

Communities in Pictou County
Towns in Nova Scotia
Mining communities in Nova Scotia

Westville, Nova Scotia


Gloria Williams (August 1, 1942 - July 5, 2000) was an American singer notable for being the original lead singer of an early incarnation of Martha and the Vandellas under the name, The Del-Phis.

Born Gloria Jean Williamson in Detroit, Michigan in 1942, Williams auditioned for a spot in a girl group in 1957, and found herself accompanying Annette Beard, Rosalind Ashford and Martha Reeves in the christened Del-Phis.

The group performed in benefits and high school parties before being signed to the Chess Records subsidiary Checkmate (later bought by Motown Records), where the group recorded a single, "I'll Let You Know", with Williams on lead. Once at Motown, the group sang backing vocals for other acts/artists on studio recordings, such as Marvin Gaye during this period. Williams sang lead on an early single, "There He Is (At My Door)", on the Mel-O-Dy subsidiary of Motown after the group changed their name to The Vels. On the single's flip side, "You'll Never Cherish A Love So True", she shares the lead with Rosalind Ashford, who recorded a spoken part.

However, when the single flopped, a frustrated Williams left the group leaving the band as a trio. The group went on to international fame with Reeves as lead singer under the name of Martha and the Vandellas.

Williams died of diabetes complications in Detroit on July 5, 2000.  She was 57 years old.

References

External links
 The Original Vandellas
 'Martha and the Vandellas' Vocal Group Hall of Fame Page
 The Vells a.k.a. The Del-Phis & The Vandellas

Martha and the Vandellas members
American contraltos
1942 births
2000 deaths
Singers from Detroit
20th-century American singers
Deaths from diabetes
20th-century American women singers

Gloria Williams


Allele frequency refers to the different forms of a gene at a single  position on a chromosome. It is the proportion of a given allele to all alleles at the same locus. It is usually expressed as a percentage.

Allele frequencies may be used to describe genetic diversity in a population. If the frequency of any allele is above 1% it is probable that natural selection is maintaining it at this level. This is because the natural mutation rate of an allele is almost always much lower than 1%.

A fixed allele is one allele that exists for a particular population.  A fixed allele is homozygous for all members of the population.

The term allele refers to one variant gene out of several possible for a particular locus in the DNA. When all but one allele go away, one only remains.  That allele is said to be fixed.

References

Classical genetics

Allele frequency


Geoffrey III of Anjou (1040–1096), called le Barbu ("the Bearded"), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou 1060-68.

Early career

Geoffrey III, born , was the oldest son of Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais and Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou. Ermengarde-Blanche was the daughter of Fulk III of Anjou. Both he and his younger brother Fulk, called le Réchin, were raised at the court of their uncle, Geoffrey Martel. Both Geoffrey and Fulk were knighted by him in 1060. Geoffrey was well treated by his uncle but the count may have favored his younger nephew, Fulk. Nonetheless Geoffrey became his heir to succeed him as count of Anjou. Geoffrey III reigned as Count of Anjou until the countship was taken from him by his brother, Fulk.

Count of Anjou

He succeeded his uncle Geoffrey Martel in 1060, but it soon became clear to his vassals he was not a very good count. Geoffrey Martel left his younger brother, Fulk, Saintonge as an appanage. In 1062, when Saintonge was attacked by Count Guy-Geoffrey of Poitou, Geoffrey did nothing to help Fulk and Saintonge was lost. In 1063 the county of Maine was lost to Anjou as well. In 1064 Geoffrey failed to come to the aid of one of his vassals, Rainaldus of Chateau-Gontier, who was captured by the Bretons. In 1065 Geoffrey angered Archbishop Barthelemy of Tours by trying to force his own choice for Bishop of Le Mans on the church. In turn the archbishop excommunicated Geoffrey.

As the situation in Anjou became worse Fulk argued with his brother Geoffrey. Finally, in 1067, Fulk rebelled and took the county away from Geoffrey, briefly imprisoning him. In 1068 Geoffrey attacked Fulk, and once again he was defeated. This time Geoffrey was imprisoned where he remained for 28 years. Geoffrey was finally freed by the intervention of Pope Urban II in 1096. But Geoffrey died soon after his release.

Family

Geoffrey married Julienne de Langeais before 1060. She died after 7 August 1067. They had no children.

Notes

References

1040s births
1096 deaths
Counts of Anjou

Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou


Jam sync refers to the practice of applying a phase hit to a system to bring it in synchronization with another. The term originates from the use of this technique to replace defective time code on a video tape recording by replacing it with a new time code sequence, which may be an extension of a previous good time code sequence on an earlier part of the source material.

Synchronization

Jam sync


Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy (; 23 October 176629 May 1847) was a French military leader who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was the last Marshal of the Empire to be created by Napoleon, and is best known for his actions during the Waterloo campaign.

Early life
Grouchy was born in Paris on 23 October 1766 into a family of the noblesse d'épée, the son of François-Jacques de Grouchy, 1st Marquis de Grouchy (born 1715) and Gilberte Fréteau de Pény (died 1793). He was raised at the Château de Villette (known as "the little Versailles"), his family's estate in Condécourt, northwest of Paris. He was the brother of Sophie de Condorcet, a salon hostess and writer. Another sister, Charlotte, was the wife of physiologist and philosopher Pierre Cabanis.

Destined to a military career from birth, Grouchy attended the Artillery School of Strasbourg from 1780 to 1781, graduating as lieutenant in  the La Fère Regiment. He was later transferred to the cavalry in 1782, and was appointed captain in the Royal Foreign Regiment in 1784. In 1785, Grouchy was presented to King Louis XVI, and the next year he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Scottish Company of the King's Life Guards.

French Revolutionary Wars

Despite his aristocratic birth and his connection to the court, Grouchy was a convinced supporter of the French Revolution in 1789, along with his brother-in-law, the Marquis de Condorcet, and had in consequence to leave the Life Guards. Refusing to emigrate, Grouchy remained faithful to the revolutionary cause and rejoined the army. By 1791 he was lieutenant colonel of the 12th Regiment of chasseurs à cheval. In 1792 he served during the invasion of Savoy, first as colonel of the 12th Regiment of chasseurs à cheval then of the 2nd Dragoon Regiment. After the campaign of 1793, Grouchy was promoted to brigade general and was made a cavalry commander in the Army of the Alps.

In 1794, Grouchy was sent to the War in the Vendée, where he distinguished himself defending Nantes from Royalist rebels led by François de Charette, for which he received the rank of general of division. Shortly afterwards, he was expelled from the army as being of noble birth, and remained as a simple soldier in the National Guard. Grouchy was reinstated to his rank the next year and returned to Western France, where he served under General Lazare Hoche in the defence against the Quiberon Expedition in July 1795. In late 1796, he took part in the abortive expedition to Ireland as Hoche's second-in-command, and the next year he was assigned to the Army of the North.

Grouchy was deployed to Italy in 1798 under the orders of General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan. By skilfull measures, he was able to persuade the King of Sardinia, Charles Emmanuel IV, to renounce his rule over Piedmont, then received from the Directory the task of organizing the conquered territory. He asked to join the Egyptian campaign, but General Napoleon Bonaparte preferred General Louis-Alexandre Berthier to him. Remaining with the Army of Italy, Grouchy distinguished himself greatly as a divisional commander in the 1799 campaign against the Austrians and Russians. In covering the retreat of the French after the defeat at the Battle of Novi, Grouchy received fourteen wounds and was taken prisoner.

During his captivity, which lasted nearly a year, Grouchy protested in a letter against Bonaparte's coup d'état of 18 Brumaire that established the Consulate, and had this letter signed by several officers. Despite this protest, upon his release he was at once re-employed by the First Consul, and distinguished himself again at the Battle of Hohenlinden. After the Peace of Lunéville he was appointed Inspector General of the Cavalry. Following the Cadoudal affair, Grouchy was under Bonaparte's suspicion for some time due to his association with General Jean Moreau, but soon returned to favor, and in 1803 he received the mission of having Charles Louis recognized as King of Etruria.

Napoleonic Wars

Grouchy took part in the Ulm campaign in 1805, during the War of the Third Coalition. He later fought with distinction at the battles of Eylau and Friedland in 1807. Grouchy entered Spain in 1808 commanding the twelve squadrons (2,850 men) of the Cavalry Division of Marshal Moncey's Corps of Observation of the Ocean Coast, and was appointed governor of Madrid.

At the time of the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809, Grouchy commanded the cavalry of the Army of Italy in Viceroy Eugène de Beauharnais's advance to Vienna, and contributed to the victories at the battles of Raab and Wagram. As a reward for his services, Grouchy was made Colonel General of the chasseurs à cheval of the Grande Armée, and received the title of Count of the Empire.

During the Russian campaign in 1812, Grouchy was appointed commander of the III Cavalry Corps and led the corps at Smolensk and Borodino. During the retreat from Moscow, Napoleon appointed him to command the Sacred Squadron, a unit composed exclusively of picked officers and responsible for the emperor's personal protection. His almost continuous service with the cavalry led Napoleon to decline in 1813 to place Grouchy at the head of an army corps, and Grouchy thereupon retired to his estates, taking no part in the German campaign of 1813.

When the allies invaded France in early 1814, Grouchy hastened to take part in the defensive campaign and asked to return to service. Napoleon gave him the command of a cavalry division, which Grouchy skillfully lead at the battles of Brienne, La Rothière, Vauchamps, and Craonne, where he was severely wounded. Upon Napoleon's abdication and the Bourbon Restoration, Grouchy lost his rank of Colonel General of the chasseurs à cheval, which was given to the Duke of Berry, and was allowed to retire by King Louis XVIII.

Hundred Days

In March 1815, Grouchy rallied to Napoleon on his return to power during the Hundred Days. He was made a Marshal of the Empire on 5 April 1815 (against the recommendation of Marshal Davout, then Minister for War), and received the command of the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th divisions. Grouchy directed the operations against the Duke of Angoulême's Royalist army in Southern France. After the Royalists were defeated, he unwillingly allowed the Duke to leave the country under the terms of the , which Grouchy had initially refused to recognize. He then organized the defences in the Alpine front, and was made a Peer of France on 2 June.

In the Waterloo Campaign, Grouchy commanded the reserve cavalry of the army, and after the Battle of Ligny he was appointed to command the right wing to pursue the Prussians. Napoleon sent Grouchy to pursue a part of the retreating Prussian army under the command of General Johann von Thielmann. On 17 June, Grouchy was unable to close with the Prussians. Despite hearing the cannon sound from the nearby Battle of Waterloo, he decided to follow the Prussians along the route literally specified in his orders, issued by Napoleon via Marshal Soult, while the Prussian and British-Dutch armies united to crush Napoleon. He won a tactical victory over the Prussian army's rearguard at the Battle of Wavre on 18–19 June 1815, but the delaying action by III Corps allowed the main Prussian force to join Wellington at Waterloo while preventing Grouchy from doing the same.

So far as resistance was possible after the great disaster, Grouchy made it, gathering up the remnants of Napoleon's army and retiring, swiftly and unbroken, to Paris. After Napoleon's second abdication, he addressed a proclamation to his soldiers in support of Napoleon II. After interposing his reorganized forces between the enemy and the capital, Grouchy resigned his command into the hands of Marshal Davout.

Later life

After the second restoration of the Bourbons, an attempt to have Grouchy condemned to death by a court-martial failed, however he was proscribed and went into exile in the United States, settling in Philadelphia along with several other French officers of the Hundred Days. He was amnestied by King Louis XVIII in November 1819 and departed for France in May 1820. Upon his return Grouchy was reinstated as general, but not as marshal nor as peer of France. For many years thereafter he was equally an object of aversion to the court party, as a member of their own class who had joined the Revolution and Napoleon, and to his comrades of the Grande Armée as the supposed betrayer of Napoleon.

Grouchy returned to favor after the overthrow of the Bourbons in the Revolution of 1830. King Louis Philippe gave him back the marshal's baton in 1831 and restored him to the Chamber of Peers in 1832. Grouchy died in Saint-Étienne while returning from a trip to Italy on 29 May 1847, aged 80. He was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

Family
He was married firstly (1785) to Cécile le Doulcet de Pontécoulant (1767–1827), sister of Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant, by whom he had 4 children:
Ernestine (1787–1866)
Alphonse (1789–1864)
Aimee-Clementine (1791–1826)
Victor (1796–1864)

He married secondly, in 1827, Joséphine-Fanny Hua (1802–1889) and had 1 daughter:
Noemie (1830–1843)

Works
Grouchy published the following:
 Observations sur la relation de la campagne de 1815 par le général de Gourgaud (Philadelphia and Paris, 1818)
 Refutation de quelques articles des mémoires de M. le Duc de Rovigo (Paris,1829)
 Fragments Historiques Relatifs a la Campagne de 1815 et a la Bataille de Waterloo (Paris, 1829–1830) —  in reply to Barthélemy and Méry, and to Marshal Gérard
 Reclamation du marchal de Grouchy (Paris, 1834)
 Plainte contre le general Baron Berthezène — Berthezène, formerly a divisional commander under Gérard, stated in reply to this defence that he had no intention of accusing Grouchy of ill faith.

References

Attribution
 Endnotes:

Bibliography

Mémoires du maréchal Marquis de Grouchy, éditeur Édouard Dentu (Paris, 1873–1874);
General Marquis de Grouchy, Le Général Grouchy en Irlande (Paris, 1866)
Le Maréchal Grouchy du 16 au 18 juin, 1815 (Paris, 1864)
Appel à l'histoire sur les faites de l'aile droite de l'armée française (Paris, n.d.)
Sévère Justice sur les faits ... du 28 juin au 3 juillet, 1815 (Paris, 1866)

1766 births
1847 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Marquesses of Grouchy
Counts of the First French Empire
Marshals of France
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Republican military leaders of the War in the Vendée
Marshals of the First French Empire
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Hundred Days
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe

Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy


Edel Mary Quinn, (14 September 1907 – 12 May 1944) known as Edel Quinn was an Irish-born Roman Catholic lay-missionary and Envoy of the Legion of Mary to East Africa.

Life
Born in Kanturk, County Cork, Edel Mary Quinn was the eldest child of bank official Charles Quinn and Louisa Burke Browne of County Clare. She was a great-granddaughter of William Quinn, a native of Tyrone who settled in Tuam to build St. Mary's Cathedral. The spelling of her name was inspired by the edelweiss flower. Her parents had intended to name her Adele but the priest who baptized her thought they meant to call her after the flower and baptized her Edelweiss, which was shortened to Edel.

During her childhood, her father's career brought the family to various towns in Ireland, including Tralee, County Kerry, where a plaque was unveiled in May 2009 at Bank Of Ireland House in Denny Street commemorating her residence there between 1921 and 1924. Quinn attended the Presentation Convent in the town between 1921 and 1925.

Quinn felt a call to religious life at a young age. She wished to join the Poor Clares but was prevented by advanced tuberculosis. After spending eighteen months in a sanatorium, her condition unchanged, she decided to become active in the Legion of Mary, which she joined in Dublin at age 20. She gave herself completely to its work in the form of helping the poor in the slums of Dublin.

In 1936, at age 29 and dying of tuberculosis, Quinn became a Legion of Mary Envoy, a very active missionary to East and Central Africa, departing in December 1936 for Mombasa. Quinn settled in Nairobi having been told by Bishop Heffernan that this was the most convenient base for her work. By the outbreak of World War II, she was working as far off as Dar es Salaam and Mauritius. In 1941, she was admitted to a sanatorium near Johannesburg. Fighting her illness, in seven and a half years she established hundreds of Legion branches and councils in today's Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Malawi, and Mauritius. J.J. McCarthy, later Bishop of Zanzibar and Archbishop of Nairobi, wrote of her:

 "Miss Quinn is an extraordinary individual; courageous, zealous and optimistic. She wanders around in a dilapidated Ford, having for sole companion an African driver. When she returns home she will be qualified to speak about the Missions and Missionaries, having really more experience than any single Missionary I know."

All this time her health was never good, and in 1943 she took a turn for the worse, dying in Nairobi, Kenya of tuberculosis on 12 May 1944. She is buried there in the Missionaries' Cemetery.

Cause of beatification and canonization
The cause for her beatification was introduced in 1957. She was declared venerable by Pope John Paul II on 15 December 1994, since when the campaign for her beatification has continued.

Notes

References
 Edel Quinn, Envoy of the Legion of Mary to Africa, Cardinal Suenens, (1952).
 The Tuam Journal, 2007.
 "Edel Quinn Commemoration" in Kerry Magazine, Issue 20 (2010), p. 46.
 "Edel Quinn's Kilmihil Connections" on pp. 95–6 of Parish of Kilmihil: Historical, Cultural & Sporting Achievements (2nd ed. 1987).
 History of the O'Gradys of Clare and Limerick, Gerard Madden, East Clare Heritage (2007), pp. 163–6.

Another biography of Edel Quinn has been written by the Irish priest and historian Fr. Desmond Forristal.

External links
Center for the Promotion of Legion of Mary Saints
Official Web Site for the Legion of Mary
Legion of Mary in Uganda
Edel Quinn
Edel Quinn Spanish Web Site
Quinn family in 1901 census (Edel's full name appears to be Edelweiss on the manuscript return, mistranscribed as Edluariss.)

People from County Cork
1907 births
1944 deaths
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
Irish Roman Catholic missionaries
Female Roman Catholic missionaries
20th-century venerated Christians
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Kenya
Roman Catholic missionaries in Tanzania
Roman Catholic missionaries in Kenya
Roman Catholic missionaries in Uganda
Roman Catholic missionaries in Mauritius
Roman Catholic missionaries in Malawi
Irish expatriates in Kenya

Edel Quinn


The Southern Highroads Trail is a  loop of scenic and historic highways in the Southeastern United States. The driving trail traverses 14 counties, four states, and four national forests, providing sightseers and passersby an array of culinary, hotel, shopping, and recreational options along the way.

Visitors can start at any point along the trail, and circle back to their starting point. In the process, they will visit parts of four southern states, cross the Appalachian Trail twice, and meander over the Eastern Continental Divide numerous times. They will alternately travel beside whitewater rivers or high atop mountains.

As travelers visit the communities beside the trail, they will see preserved settlements from the pioneer days and old homes, along with red brick courthouses.  A firsthand view of what mountain life is like, both now and then, is readily available.

The trail visits four National Forests: Chattahoochee National Forest in GA, Nantahala National Forest in NC, Cherokee National Forest in TN, and Sumter National Forest in SC.

History

Incorporated in 1992, this scenic driving trail is supported by local, state, and nationwide organizations to give travelers an opportunity to view selected scenic parts of the lower Appalachian Trail and the Blue Ridge Mountain area. It was put together by an accumulation of country highways in the south that had significance in terms of history or natural beauty.

The Southern Highroads Trail is an important historical route that brings visitors face-to-face with the rich history and legends from the region's past. This was the homeland of the Cherokee Nation. The route encompasses the Chieftain's Trail which memorializes the Trail of Tears. Visitors can learn about the Cherokee Indians, and also the early settlers that came in search of gold, set up farms and made their homes here.

There are also many old railroad towns here, and some red brick courthouses that are the oldest in the United States, with many buildings being included on the National Historic Register. There are also many important Civil War battlefields close to the trail.

States
Georgia
North Carolina
Tennessee
South Carolina

Roads

The Southern Highroads Trail is pieced together by various Southeastern scenic highways that either run near or through the landscape of the Appalachian Trail.

Georgia State Route 52
U.S. Route 76 in Georgia and South Carolina
Georgia State Route 197 as a side road to Helen, GA
South Carolina Highway 183
South Carolina Highway 28
South Carolina Highway 107
South Carolina Highway S-37-413 or Wigington Road
South Carolina Highway 130
North Carolina Highway 281
U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina and Tennessee
U.S. Route 411 in Tennessee and Georgia
Scenic Highway 197 in Georgia

Major landmarks

Chattahoochee National Forest
Sumter National Forest
Cherokee National Forest
Nantahala National Forest
Blue Ridge Scenic Railway
Fires Creek National Wildlife Reserve
Wine tasting in Cherokee County
Cullasaja Falls
Stumphouse Tunnel Complex
Lake Jocassee
Hiwassee River Rail Adventure

Towns along route

Ellijay, Georgia
Blue Ridge, Georgia
Morganton, Georgia
Blairsville, Georgia
Young Harris, Georgia
Hiawassee, Georgia
Batesville, Georgia
Clarkesville, Georgia
Cornelia, Georgia
Clayton, Georgia
Westminster, South Carolina
Walhalla, South Carolina
Sapphire, North Carolina
Cashiers, North Carolina
Highlands, North Carolina
Franklin, North Carolina
Hayesville, North Carolina
Brasstown, North Carolina
Murphy, North Carolina
Copperhill, Tennessee
Ducktown, Tennessee
Conasauga, Tennessee
Eton, Georgia
Chatsworth, Georgia

References

External links
 Geology
 Southern Highroads Association
 Explore Georgia
 Georgia State Website
 Georgia Tourist Guide
 Trail Map
 Southern Highroads Association
 Explore Georgia
 Georgia State Website
 Georgia Tourist Guide
 Trail Map

Scenic highways in the United States
Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest
Nantahala National Forest
Sumter National Forest
Cherokee National Forest
U.S. Route 76
U.S. Route 64
U.S. Route 74
U.S. Route 441

Southern Highroads Trail


The People's Joker is a 2022 American queer coming-of-age parody superhero film directed by Vera Drew, and written by Drew and Bri LeRose. The movie premiered on September 13, 2022, at the 2022 Toronto International Film Festival, but planned screenings of the movie were canceled due to "rights issues". The movie unofficially parodies characters from the Batman comics, and the main character is a transgender woman based on the Joker, played by Drew. The film also features Scott Aukerman, Tim Heidecker, Maria Bamford, David Liebe Hart, Robert Wuhl, and Bob Odenkirk in supporting roles.

Plot
In a dystopian world monitored by Batman, a young child grows up in Smallville, Kansas idolizing the performers on a sketch comedy program, UCB Live. The unnamed protagonist's mother is disturbed when her child asks, "Was I born in the wrong body?" and immediately books a session with Dr. Crane of Arkham Asylum, who prescribes Smylex: a drug that forces its users to put on a happy face, even if they feel depression, anxiety, or gender dysphoria.

Fifteen years later, our hero has grown up and moves to Gotham City to join the cast of UCB Live, where a computer designates him a male Joker, who will be allowed to have an individual identity in the cast, unlike the women, who are all assigned to be nameless Harlequins that serve as back-up dancers. The process to become on-air talent includes paying $15,000 and enduring improv comedy classes from UCB cast member Ra's al Ghul. The hero strikes up a friendship with Oswald Cobblepot, another struggling comedian who cannot afford the entrance fee and the duo decide that they will instead make their own comedy troupe. To avoid rules that outlaw unapproved humor, they will call their act "anti-comedy".

They set up in an abandoned warehouse at a dilapidated carnival and are quickly joined by a number of law-breaking comedians with their own deliberately unfunny and uncomfortable acts. One of these is Jason "Mr. J" Todd, who dresses as a Joker of his own and tells Marxist observational humor. Mr. J and the hero immediately strike up a bond and go on a date that includes Mr. J's revelation that he is a transgender man who recently left an abusive relationship. This helps encourage the protagonist to articulate that she is a transgender woman and the two plot to have her dive into a vat of estrogen to gender transition.

As the duo evade guards at the chemical plant, a retired Batman appears to stop them and it leaves Mr. J shaken. While the protagonist finally feels happy for the first time after emerging from the chemicals, Mr. J reveals that his ex is Batman. The crimefighter adopted orphan Carrie Kelley and trained her to be his sidekick Robin, even assisting with a gender transition to the identity of Jason Todd, but their relationship became toxic and sexual, in spite of their large age difference and the fact that Batman was a father figure to the seventeen year old.

Batman continues to make public appearances, participating in a reality dating show contest, masquerading as a straight man and even hosting UCB Live, enraging Jason, who manages to make every event about him. His partner has now taken the name of Joker the Harlequin: a woman with a comedic identity of her own who is trying to be happy but is stuck in the abusive and self-sabotaging patterns of Mr. J. When Joker's mother comes to visit and explain that she wants to apologize for how she raised her child, it comes at a  time when Joker is breaking up with Mr. J and decides to finally take on the comedy establishment by hacking into a broadcast of UCB Live, daring producer Lorne Michaels to let her host instead of Batman.

Michaels agrees, seeing it as a way to get good ratings. Batman tries to intervene, but the entire anti-comedy troupe fights him off, with Pamela Isley's enormous venus flytrap eating Batman. Joker manages to make peace with Mr. J before setting out for a grueling day-long training session with Ra's, who reveals that there is a prophecy of a people's hero who can liberate comedy from its constraints and believes it to be Joker the Harlequin.

On the night of the show, Michaels pumps Smylex into the crowd to ensure that they laugh no matter what Joker says and she finally has a moment of "supersanity" where she understands what she needs to be happy and how it cannot come from validation from outsiders. She materializes in the Fifth Dimension alongside the powerful Mx. Mxyzptlk who offers to rearrange the time stream for Joker. She asks that her old friend Oswald be given the fame and power of Batman and to have one happy memory from childhood: she has a vision of 1992, riding in the car with mom, as they sing along to "The Joker" and laugh.

After the credits, we are told that Joker will return in The Joker's Nightmare and the glove of Freddy Krueger appears on screen.

Cast
 Vera Drew as Joker the Harlequin/Vera, a trans woman from Smallville trying to break into the world of stand-up comedy.
 Griffin Kramer as a young, pre-transition Vera, whose deadname is bleeped.
 Lynn Downey as Vera's mother
 Kane Distler as Mr. J, an emotionally manipulative trans man who is a composite of Jason Todd and the Jared Leto incarnation of the Joker from Suicide Squad.
 Nathan Faustyn as The Penguin, Joker's slacker friend and another aspiring comedian.
 David Liebe Hart as Ra's al Ghul, the emcee of UCB, Gotham City's only comedy showcase.
 Phil Braun as Batman, a closeted gay man with far-right politics, who was Mr. J's abuser.
 Maria Bamford as Lorne Michaels, the controlling producer of UCB. Saturday Night Live star Sarah Sherman originally voiced the role but asked to be recast following the Toronto Film Festival premiere.
 Christian Calloway as Dr. Jonathan Crane, who prescribes the young Vera with Smylex, an ineffective antidepressant with grotesque side effects.
 Trevor Drinkwater as The Riddler, another aspiring comedian.
 Ruin Carroll as Poison Ivy, a non-binary aspiring comedian.
 Tim Heidecker as Perry White, a belligerent Alex Jones-style political commentator.
 Scott Aukerman as Mr. Freeze
 Bob Odenkirk as Bob the Goon
 Arden Hughes as the UCB Computer
 Robert Wuhl as himself, an actor in superhero films appearing via a Cameo
 Alec Robbins as Mr. Boop
 Cricket Arrison as the Creeper. Film critic/bartender Mike Vanderbilt originally appeared as The Creeper in early versions of the film. However, after allegations of sexual assault came out against Vanderbilt, Drew announced she would be replacing Vanderbilt for future screenings.
 Mia Moore Marchant as The Huntress
 Ember Knight as Mxy
 Sandy Honig as Mr. Boop's Wife
 Eliot Glazer as Lil Timmy Too Times
 Denali Winter as Clark Kent
 Bambi Belle as Lois Lane

Production
In late 2019, co-writer Bri LeRose encouraged Drew to re-edit the film Joker. While working on the re-edit, Drew began to think about how the characters reflected her own life, stating "I knew I needed to do some sort of big creative project around gender, comedy, and mom issues". Drew originally planned to re-edit "every single Batman movie" along with other films to make the movie, but those scenes were later edited out. Drew crowdsourced both the budget for the production and the artwork; more than 100 artists provided backdrops and character animation for the film.

Release

According to Drew, "a media conglomerate" sent her "an angry letter (misreported as a 'cease and desist') pressuring to not screen" shortly before the premiere. Some media outlets assumed this to be Warner Bros. Discovery, the parent company to DC Comics, but neither Drew nor Warner Bros. have confirmed this.

On September 14, 2022, a day after the film had premiered, subsequent screenings of the film were canceled. The website for TIFF stated, "The filmmaker has withdrawn this film due to rights issues". The film has attempted to receive copyright exemption under fair use for being a parody, and a title card displayed before the movie began stated "Any copyright or trademark infringement was not done intentionally", among other things. In a statement to Variety, Drew said: "We're looking for buyers and distribution partners who will protect us and make this film accessible to trans people and their families everywhere".

On September 21, Drew also pulled the film from other film festivals where it had been slated to screen, although it was unclear whether this was motivated by another copyright infringement threat or simply to help the film gain a distribution deal.

The first American showing occurred for the 2023 Outfest film festival in Los Angeles on July 15, 2023.

Reception
Peter Debruge of Variety described the movie as "reflect[ing] the deliberately outrageous, ironically distanced variety found in internet memes and Adult Swim series" and as "using millennial meta-irony ... to critique the institutions [Drew] once held dear". Katie Rife of Polygon stated, "in an age where corporate IP has become a de facto religion in global cinema culture, The People's Joker is a blasphemous Molotov cocktail of a movie, with a unique and valuable point of view. And it's hilarious, too". Jude Dry of IndieWire gave it a B+ and wrote: "Underneath the satirical madness lies a genuinely moving story of self-acceptance, self-love, and the inspiring act of an artist stepping into her power. All jokes aside, the people deserve to see it."

References

External links

Films about trans women
2022 comedy films
2022 films
American parody films
American comedy films
2022 LGBT-related films
American LGBT-related films
LGBT-related comedy films
Crowdfunded films
Fan films based on Batman
Joker (character) in other media
Film controversies in the United States
Film controversies in Canada

The People's Joker


The goal of a legal guardian is to protect a person who cannot make legal decisions on their own.  The legal guardian makes decisions for the person who needs protection.  Usually, a legal guardian has to be appointed (chosen) by a court.  Before a court appoints a guardian for a person, it first has to decide that the person is incompetent (unable to make decisions on their own).

A court may choose a legal guardian for a minor child (a child under a certain age) in many different situations:

 If a child has no parents or other adults who are willing to take care of the child
 If a child's parents die
 If a child's parents lose custody of the child.  (This happens when a court decides that the parents are not able to take care of the child.  For example, if a parent hurts their child, or does not care for them properly, they may lose custody.)
 If a court decides that a child's parents are incompetent (unable to make decisions on their own)

A court may also choose a legal guardian for an adult.  This happens when the court decides the adult is incompetent.  The court appoints a legal guardian to help protect the incompetent person (who is called a ward).  The legal guardian then has the right to make legal decisions for the ward.

How do legal guardians get chosen?
Legal guardians get chosen in a few different ways.

Sometimes a parent will write a will, which explains their last wishes in case they die.  In the will, they can say who they want to take care of their child if the parent dies.  If the parent dies, a court still has to approve the person named in the will as the child's new guardian.  The new guardian does not have to be a blood relative of the parent or child.

If someone (like a person's doctor, psychiatrist, or family member) thinks that a person is incompetent, they may ask a court to choose a legal guardian.  In the United States, the court must hold a hearing to decide whether the person needs a guardian.  The person must be given a lawyer, and the court must listen to arguments from both sides.  If the court decides that the person needs a guardian, the court will choose one.  That guardian may be a family member, a friend, or a stranger.

What kind of power do legal guardians have?
In the United States, when a court chooses a legal guardian, the court has to say specifically what decisions the guardian will be able to make for their ward.  For example, a court might say the guardian can only make medical decisions for their ward.  The ward will still have the right to make any other decisions that are not medical decisions.

Different states have different laws about types of guardianships and what decisions guardians can make.

For example, in Massachusetts, a court can appoint a Rogers Guardian, who can only make decisions about their ward's psychiatric (mental health) medicines.  The ward still has the right to make any other decisions that are not about medications.

In other states, like Pennsylvania, a court can appoint a plenary guardian, who has the right to make all decisions for the ward.  The ward has no right to make any important decisions for himself or herself.

References

Legal terms
Law occupations

Legal guardian


Cnut II and I (Danish: Knud II; 25 May 994 — 12 November 1035) nicknamed the Great (Danish: den Store) was the King of Denmark as Cnut II from 1018, King of England as Cnut I from 1016, and King of Norway from 1028 until his death in 1035. Cnut was considered one of Europe's most powerful rulers during his time. He ruled over England, Denmark, Norway, and a part of Sweden on which are called the North Sea Empire.

Conquest of England
In the summer of 1015, Canute's fleet set sail for England with a Danish army of perhaps 10,000 in 200 longships. Cnut was at the head of an array of Vikings from all over Scandinavia. The invasion force was to be in often close and grisly warfare with the English for the next fourteen months. Practically all of the battles were fought against Aethelred's son, Edmund Ironside.

After ascending the throne in 1016, Canute executed many of Edmund's followers, to make his crown safe.

Family
Canute, a Christian, had two wives. His first wife, or perhaps concubine, was called Ælfgifu. She was a handfast wife, meaning the marriage was made by joining hands, not by a church ceremony. This was legal at that time. She became his northern queen.

His second wife was Emma of Normandy, who was also called Ælfgifu in Old English. Their wedding was a Christian wedding. She was kept in the south, with an estate in Exeter.

Both wives bore sons who became kings of England. Canute kept the Church sweet with many gifts.

Issue
1 – Ælfgifu of Northampton
Sweyn Knutsson, King of Norway
Harold Harefoot, King of England
2 – Emma of Normandy
Harthacanute, King of Denmark and England
Gunhilda of Denmark, wed Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor.

Canute and the waves
There is a story that Canute sat on his throne ordering the sea to turn back. We do not know whether this really happened. It seems to come from Henry of Huntington (c. 1088 – c. 1154). He relates it as follows:

"When King Cnute had reigned for twenty years, he departed this life at Shaftesbury and was buried at Winchester in the Old Minster. A few words must be devoted to the power of this king. Before him there had never been in England a king of such great authority. He was lord of all Denmark, of all England, of all Norway, and also of Scotland. In addition to the many wars in which he was most particularly illustrious, he performed three fine and magnificent deeds....The third, that when he was at the height of his ascendancy, he ordered his chair to be placed    on the sea-shore as the tide was coming in. Then he said to the rising tide, 'You are subject to me, as the land on which I am sitting is mine, and no one has resisted my overlordship with impunity. I command you, therefore, not to rise on to my land, nor to presume to wet the clothing or limbs of your master.' But the sea came up as usual, and disrespectfully drenched the king's feet and shins. So jumping back, the king cried, 'Let all the world know that the power of kings is empty and worthless, and there is no king worthy of the name save Him by whose will heaven, earth, and sea obey eternal laws.' Thereafter King Cnut never wore the golden crown on his neck, but placed it on the image of the crucified Lord, in eternal praise of God the great king. By whose mercy may the soul of King Cnut enjoy rest."

Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum (VI.17)

References

Other websites
Canute the Great At Find A Grave
Canute the Great

990s births
1035 deaths
Kings and Queens of Denmark
Kings and Queens of Norway
People buried in Winchester Cathedral
11th century in England

Canute


George Zorich (November 24, 1918 – October 14, 1967), was an American football guard.

Zorich was born in 1918 at Wakefield, Michigan, located in the iron region of Michigan's Upper Peninsula.  He attended Wakefield High School, graduating in 1937. He played college football at the guard position for Northwestern from 1939 to 1941. He graduated from Northwestern in February 1941 with a degree in history and education. He joined the Army in 1942 after the United States' entry into World War II. He served in the Coast Artillery and attained the rank of second lieutenant.

He played professional football in the National Football League for the Chicago Bears from 1944 to 1945 and in the All-America Football Conference for the Miami Seahawks in 1946 and the Baltimore Colts in 1947.  He appeared in 35 professional football games, 17 of them as a starter.

After retiring from football, Zorich worked as an insurance broker in Rensselaer, Indiana. He died in 1967 in Rensselaer.

References

1918 births
1967 deaths
American football guards
Chicago Bears players
Miami Seahawks players
Baltimore Colts players
Northwestern Wildcats football players
Players of American football from Michigan
People from Gogebic County, Michigan
Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players

George Zorich


The Exploration of the Moon started when the Space Race/Space Age (1957 - 1969/1976) heated up and the Soviet Union and the United States both raced to the moon and later other planets. With the Space Race the world and technology changed, especially the interest of the moon.

The Soviet Union was the first country to land on the moon ( Without any Humans ) and the United States was behind in the space race but the United States was the first one to land with a human on the moon which started the exploration. More Satellites and Probes during and after the space race/space age were sent to explore the rocky surface and during the robots and human missions that successfully landed on the moon they found that the moon had craters and had a hard surface. But they also found dead volcanoes, and lava flowing through areas on the moon.

Moon

Exploration of the Moon


Owen Thomas Jones, FRS FGS (16 April 1878 – 5 May 1967) was a Welsh geologist.

Education
He was born in Beulah, near Newcastle Emlyn, Cardiganshire, the only son of David Jones and Margaret Thomas. He attended the local village school in Trewen before going to Pencader Grammar School in 1893. In 1896 he went up to University College, Aberystwyth, to study physics, graduating in 1900. He then went to Trinity College, Cambridge, and was awarded a B.A. degree in Natural Sciences (geology) in 1902.

Career
In 1903 he joined the British Geological Survey, working near his home in Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire. In 1910 he was appointed the first professor of geology in Aberystwyth. In 1913 he became professor of geology at the University of Manchester, and then, in 1930, Woodwardian Professor of Geology at the University of Cambridge (until 1943). He dedicated his working life to the study of Welsh geology.

Awards and honours
In 1926 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1956 he was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society, and on receiving it he was described as 'the most versatile of living British geologists'. The same year he was awarded the Wollaston Medal and the Lyell Medal of the Geological Society of London. He was twice president of the Geological Society.

He died at the age of 89 having produced more than 140 publications. A year before his death he published a paper describing the Welsh source of the bluestones of Stonehenge (written in Welsh).

References

1878 births
1967 deaths
Welsh geologists
Woodwardian Professors of Geology
Wollaston Medal winners
Lyell Medal winners
Royal Medal winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
People from Ceredigion
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester

Owen Thomas Jones


James Vote (Voty) Bomford (October 5, 1811 – February 6, 1892) was a distinguished soldier in the United States military and a Union officer in the Civil War, and retired with the rank of Brigadier General. He graduated from Norwich University in 1828 and from West Point in 1832, and was a colonel in the 8th United States Infantry. Bomford was twice wounded in action at Perryville (brevetted colonel) and served in the Mexican–American War. His father was George Bomford, an inventor and military officer in the United States Army, who invented the Columbiad cannon. His son, also named George, was expelled but allowed to retire following his involvement in the Eggnog Riot at West Point. George did enter the military and retired as a captain.

Family
James was born October 5, 1811, on Governors Island, New York, to George Bomford and Louisa Sophia Catton, daughter of noted English artist Charles P. Catton. They had four children, George Newman Bomford, James Vote Bomford, Jr., Elizabeth Bernardine "Lilly" Bomford, and Fredrika Augusta Bomford.

Military service
Voty Bomford served gallantly in the Black Hawk War and the Seminole War; was in all the major battles of the Mexican war, being the first man to plant the American flag on the citadel of the City of Mexico; and the Civil War. He was a Lieutenant-Colonel of the 8th infantry when Fort Sumter was fired upon, and was held as a prisoner from April, 1861 to May, 1862 for failure to agree not to fight against the South. After release, he was assigned as executive officer of the Sixteenth Infantry under the command of Colonel (Brigadier-General Volunteers) Andrew Porter.

Military history
Bomford left West Point as a brevet second lieutenant of the 2d Infantry on July 1, 1832, and participated in the Black Hawk expedition. He was promoted to second lieutenant of the 2d Infantry on October 6, 1834, and participated in the Florida war from 1837 to 1838. He was stationed on the Northern frontier during Canada–US border disturbances. Promoted to first lieutenant (July 7, 1838), he became adjutant of the 8th Infantry at Sackett's Harbor, New York.

Still in the 8th Infantry, he was promoted to captain March 4, 1845. In this capacity he served in the war with Mexico and engaged in the Battle of Palo Alto (May 8, 1846), Battle of Resaca de la Palma (May 9, 1846), Battle of Monterey (September 21–23, 1846), Siege of Vera Cruz (March 9‑29, 1847), Battle of Cerro Gordo (April 17–18, 1847), the capture of San Antonio and the resulting Battle of Churubusco (both on August 20, 1847), and the Battle of Molino del Rey (September 8, 1847). During this battle that included Bomford, General Worth ordered the 500 men of the U.S. 8th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Major George Wright, to initiate the advance against the army of General Santa Ana that had four thousand cavalry and a force of 14,000 men, against the 2800 men General Worth commanded. The battle of Molino del Rey, that was two miles (3 km) from Mexico City, preceded the Battle of Chapultepec (September 13, 1847). This is the battle that resulted in the capture of Mexico City, the placement of the American flag by Bomford, and the end of the war. He was brevetted major August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the Battles of Contreras and Churubusco, and brevetted lieutenant colonel September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the Battle of Molino del Rey.

Assigned to Fort Davis, Texas (1860‑61) and attached to the 6th Infantry, Bomford was promoted to major on October 17, 1860. When the Civil War started, he refused to agree not to fight against the South, and along with his regiment was taken prisoner. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel January 10, 1862, and assigned to the 16th Infantry (July–November 1862), and was the Chief of Staff to Major General Alexander M. McCook, a member of the famed "Fighting McCook" family of Ohio; in this capacity he fought at Perryville, Kentucky, and was wounded twice. Bomford was brevetted colonel October 8, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the Battle of Perryville.  He was assigned as acting assistant provost marshal general of Western Division of Pennsylvania, May 30, 1863, to July 31, 1864; he was promoted to colonel and assigned to the 8th Infantry May 18, 1864.

Bomford also served: in command of the District of North Carolina from September 20, 1866, to April, 1867;  the regiment at Raleigh, North Carolina from April, 1867 to May 18, 1868; of the District of South Carolina from May 18, 1868, to October 23, 1870; of regiment at Davids' Island, New York Harbor, from November 5, 1870, to July 5, 1872; as Acting Inspector in the Department of the Platte, at Omaha, Nebraska from July 15 to October 1, 1872; in command of regiment at Fort D. A. Russell, Wyoming from October 5, 1872, to November 26, 1873; and on sick leave of absence from November 16, 1873, to June 8, 1874.

Eventually (in the 1890s), Rodman Guns (one cast 1872) were set up on the island that Bomford had commanded, 1870–72. Davids' Island, formerly called Rodman's Island, had once belonged to relatives along with nearby Rodman's Neck. Rodman's guns were improvements to the Columbiads that Bomford's father had invented. Under the law (July 17, 1862), and being over the age of 62, Brigadier General James Bomford was retired from duty June 8, 1872, after 43 distinguished years of service.

Death
Bomford died January 6, 1892, at Elizabeth, New Jersey, at the age of 80, and was buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Hillside.

See also
Center of Military History

References

1811 births
1892 deaths
Union Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Manhattan
Norwich University alumni
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Hillside, New Jersey)

James Vote Bomford


The Heretic is a British black comedy play by Richard Bean about climate change and its deniers. In 2011 it premiered at the Royal Court Theatre receiving positive reviews directed by Jeremy Herrin starring Juliet Stevenson, James Fleet, Lydia Wilson and Johnny Flynn. It made its Australian debut in 2012 at the Melbourne Theatre Company in a production directed by Matt Scholten and starring Noni Hazlehurst, Andrew McFarlane, Anna Samson, Shaun Goss, Lyall Brooks and Katy Warner. The play was published in 2011, and was included in a collection of Bean's plays published in 2013.

Synopsis

University lecturer Dr Diane Cassell's boss and one time lover Professor Kevin Maloney is trying to suppress her recent research into sea levels, as its results contradict the university's mainstream science stand upon global warming. Kevin, hoping to win a lucrative and high-profile research project for the university, pressurises Diane to tone down her controversial lectures, during which she tries to teach the students to reanalyse accepted views over climate change. He also attempts to make her withhold her research findings until the research project decision has been made. Kevin refuses to take the violent threats that Diane has been receiving from Green activists seriously.

Cassell's daughter Phoebe, an erratic anorexic, is there when her mother meets her new student, Ben Shotter, a fervent environmentalist, and the two are immediately attracted to one another. Even though Ben disagrees with Diane's politics he returns to her one on one tutorials in the hope of meeting Phoebe once more. In their lessons Diane teaches him to view science objectively, and not about manipulation of scientific fact. Ben begins to enjoy his lessons and Diane sees potential in him, despite his sometimes irrational and overly emotional outbursts about his estranged family, and his history of self-abuse - to Diane's horror he holds a knife to his wrist during one of their tutorials. He calms down when she agrees to let Ben visit her and her daughter during the Christmas break.

Meanwhile, the death threats against Diane become worse. Geoff Tordoff, who provides site services for the campus, including security, is of only limited help, seemingly more concerned with turning off Diane's lights than with the threats.

Kevin discovers that Diane has published her research regardless of his pressure, and he summons her to a disciplinary hearing, which she refuses to take seriously: using a small soft toy polar bear as her 'union representative'. She is suspended from the university.

Over Christmas Diane and Phoebe go down to their countryside home. Geoff breaks into their home while they are out and hides himself in a bedroom upstairs. A depressed Kevin turns up at their home having been thrown out by his wife, and having lost the research project to another university. Kevin apologises to Diane for his behaviour, and their old romantic history is stirred up again. Ben arrives and he and Phoebe are getting on well until he becomes distracted by Kevin and Diane, who are looking into the opposing university's research, having hacked into their website. They discover that the University has manipulated their research results to support their own climate change standpoint.

Ben plays Phoebe a song he wrote for her, and enthralled she takes him to the barn, where they smoke cannabis. They supply some to Kevin who regrets the end of his relationship to Diane.

Phoebe announces to her mother that she is going to move in with Ben. Diane panics, worried that Ben will not be able to cope with Phoebe's anorexia, or that she might become pregnant. She says that Phoebe has threatened to kill herself if she becomes pregnant, rather than bringing another person into the world. In a blazing row with her mother Phoebe starts to have chest pains, before collapsing with a heart attack. Hearing the family's distress Geoff runs downstairs and administers first aid to Phoebe, admitting to Diane that he and his environmentalist group were the ones sending the threatening messages. They had intended to kidnap her that night.

Eight months later, Diane and Kevin are about to attend Phoebe's marriage to Ben. Phoebe is heavily and happily pregnant. Kevin gives Diane a 'peer review' of her speech, about which she is nervous, and which is a eulogy of mankind's place in the universe. They leave for the wedding.

Productions

The Heretic received its premiere at the Royal Court Theatre in London in 2011, in a production directed by Jeremy Herrin. It garnered generally positive reviews especially as it was compared to the critically panned National Theatre's Greenland and the also well received Water at the Tricycle Theatre both about global warming. It was praised for its unapologetic non conformist stance, Charles Spencer of The Telegraph called it "an absolute corker, funny, provocative and touching, and absolutely resolute in its refusal to lapse into the apocalyptic gloom that usually attends this subject."

In 2013, The Heretic made its US debut under the direction of Jerome Davis at Burning Coal Theatre in Raleigh, North Carolina.

References

Further reading
 Review of the original production.
 Review of the Melbourne Theatre Company production.
 Review of the 2013 Burning Coal Theatre production (Raleigh).

External links
http://www.royalcourttheatre.com/whats-on/the-heretic
Review of MTC's production by Theatre Virgin
Review of MTC's procduction by Cameron Woodhead (The Age)

Climate change plays
2011 plays
Comedy plays
Plays by Richard Bean

The Heretic (play)


The Central Division is one of four divisions in Fiji. The capital of the division is Suva, which is also the capital of Fiji.

It has five provinces - Naitasiri, Namosi, Rewa, Serua and Tailevu. The division includes the eastern part of the largest island in Fiji, Viti Levu. There are also a few outlying islands, including Beqa.

Divisions of Fiji

Central Division, Fiji


The Fairs Act 1204 is an Irish statute enacted in 1204, the 6th year of the reign of John, King of England.  It provided for the erection of a castle and fortifications at Dublin and the establishment of fairs at Donnybrook, Waterford and Limerick.  It is currently the oldest statute in force on the Irish statute book by virtue of the Statute Law Revision Act 2007.

References
Legislation Directory. Irish Statute Book.

1204 in Ireland
1204
13th-century establishments in Ireland
1204 establishments

Fairs Act 1204


Professor Jon Charles Altman  (born 8 September 1954) is a social scientist with a disciplinary focus on anthropology and economics.  He is an emeritus professor of the Australian National University currently affiliated to the Regulatory Institutions Network (RegNet), College of Asia and the Pacific, ANU. He was the founding director of the Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR) at the Australian National University (1990 to 2010) and then a research professor there until 2014 when he retired. He is a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand. From 2008 to 2013 he was an Australian Research Council Australian Professorial Fellow. In late 2015 Altman moved to Melbourne to take up an appointment from 1 February 2016 as research professor at the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalization at Deakin University.

Early life
Altman was born in Haifa, Israel and attended school in New Zealand. In 1973 he completed a BA in Economics and Philosophy at the University of Auckland and went on to complete a MA (Hons) in Economics. Altman relocated to Australia in 1976.

Career
In his early career Altman sought to examine Indigenous disadvantage from an economic rather than the then dominant social welfare perspective and to place Indigenous economic development issues in a comparative international context.

Between 1978 and 1982 Altman completed a PhD in anthropology at the Australian National University. He used ethnographic methods and comparative analysis from the field of economic anthropology to examine Aboriginal ways of living at remote outstations on Aboriginal-owned land. He undertook fieldwork amongst the Kuninjku people in Western Arnhem Land.

Throughout the 1980s he undertook a series of research projects about Indigenous engagement with new industries including mining, tourism,  and the visual arts.  He collaborated with Chris Gregory, an anthropologist at the Australian National University, to theorise and document this methodology.

In 1990, Altman established the Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR) at the Australian National University as a multidisciplinary centre to enhance Australia's capacity to undertake social sciences research about the economic situation of Indigenous people. He was director of the centre from 1990 to 2010. Since 2001, he has focused his research on the hybrid economy framework and theory that encompasses the intercultural nature of Aboriginal livelihood approaches particularly in remote regions, the articulations between customary, market and state sectors of remote Aboriginal economies.

Since 2006, Altman shifted his intellectual focus to political ecology and critical development studies. He has been an outspoken critic of policies of the Australian government in Indigenous affairs, labelling them "neoliberal assimilation" and "neo paternalist". Since the 2007 Northern Territory National Emergency Response, he has co-edited two books with his partner, anthropologist Melinda Hinkson, criticising the intervention.

Altman was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2017 Australia Day Honour's list for significant service to tertiary education as a researcher and administrator, and to the social sciences and Indigenous economic policy.

References

Australian social scientists
1954 births
Living people
University of Auckland alumni
Australian National University alumni
Members of the Order of Australia

Jon Charles Altman