The Constant Gardener is a 2001 novel by British author John le Carré. The novel tells the story of Justin Quayle, a British diplomat whose activist wife is murdered. Believing there is something behind the murder, he seeks to uncover the truth and finds an international conspiracy of corrupt bureaucracy and pharmaceutical money.

The plot was based on a real-life case in Kano, Nigeria. The book was adapted into a feature film in 2005.

Plot summary
Justin Quayle, a British diplomat in Nairobi, Kenya, is told that his activist wife, Tessa, was killed while travelling with a doctor friend in a desolate region of Africa. Investigating on his own, Quayle discovers that her murder, reportedly committed by her friend, may have had more sinister roots.

Justin learns that Tessa had uncovered a corporate scandal involving medical experimentation in Africa. KVH (Karel Vita Hudson), a large pharmaceutical company working under the cover of AIDS tests and treatments, is testing a tuberculosis drug that has severe side effects. Rather than help the trial subjects and begin again with a new drug, KVH covered up the side effects and improved the drug only in anticipation of a massive multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis outbreak.

Justin travels the world, often under assumed identities, to reconstruct the circumstances leading to Tessa's murder. As he begins to piece together Tessa's final report on the fraudulent drug tests, he learns that the roots of the conspiracy stretch further than he could have imagined; to a German pharmawatch NGO, an African aid station, and, most disturbingly to him, corrupt civil servants in the British Foreign Office.

John le Carré writes in the book's afterword: "by comparison with the reality, my story [is] as tame as a holiday postcard". The book is dedicated to Yvette Pierpaoli, a French activist who died during the course of her aid work.

Film adaptation
In August of 2005, Focus Features released a film adaptation of The Constant Gardener directed by Fernando Meirelles, starring Ralph Fiennes and Rachel Weisz. Weisz won the Oscar, Golden Globe, and SAG Awards for her performance as Tessa.Screenwriter Jeffrey Caine was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. The film also received ten BAFTA nominations including Best Film, winning one for Best Editing. Meirelles, Fiennes, Weisz, and Caine were each nominated here as well.

Footnotes

2001 British novels
Novels by John le Carré
British novels adapted into films
British thriller novels
British Book Award-winning works
Pharmaceuticals policy
Medical novels
Hodder & Stoughton books

The Constant Gardener


William Martyn Baird was an American  Presbyterian missionary who founded Soongsil University in Korea.

Baird was born in Indiana on June 16, 1862. He was educated at Hanover College (Bachelor's degree in 1885, PhD in 1903, and Doctor of Divinity in 1913) and McCormick Theological Seminary (graduated 1888). Baird sailed to Korea to do missionary work, arriving in 1891, less than two months after marrying Annie Laurie Adams (December 18, 1890).  His first missionizing was in Busan in September of the same year.

Beginning with a "Sarangbang" class in Pyeongyang in 1897, Baird's efforts grew into the Soongsil School in 1900 and eventually into an institution of higher education, graduating its first students in 1908. He died in 1931. Baird Hall on the Soongsil campus is named after him, and there is a bronze bust of him there as well.

Archival collections

The Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has a collection of Dr. William Baird's diaries and correspondence that document, among other events, his early years as a missionary in Korea and the death of his first wife, Annie Laurie Baird, in 1916.

The Society also holds a collection of the Baird Family papers, which consists of correspondence and photographs of Dr. Baird, his brother Richard, and his wife Anna.

References

1862 births
University and college founders
1931 deaths
Hanover College alumni
McCormick Theological Seminary alumni
American Presbyterian missionaries
American expatriates in Korea
Presbyterian missionaries in Korea
Missionary educators

William M. Baird


Tines (; also spelled tynes), prongs or teeth are parallel or branching spikes forming parts of a tool or natural object. They are used to spear, hook, move or otherwise act on other objects. They may be made of wood, bone, metal, or similar materials.

The number of tines on tools varies widely – a pitchfork may have just two, a garden fork may have four, and a rake or harrow many. Tines may be blunt, such as those on a fork used as an eating utensil; or sharp, as on a pitchfork; or even barbed, as on a trident. The terms tine and prong are mostly interchangeable. A tooth of a comb is a tine. The term is also used on musical instruments such as the Jew's harp, tuning fork, guitaret, electric piano, music box or mbira which contain long protruding metal spikes ("tines") which are plucked to produce notes.

Tines and prongs occur in nature—for example, forming the branched bony antlers of deer or the forked horns of pronghorn antelopes. The term tine is also used for mountains, such as the fictional Silvertine in The Lord of the Rings.

In chaos theory (physics, non-linear dynamics), the branches of a bifurcation diagram are called tines and subtines.

References

Tools

Tine (structural)


EnergyAustralia (formerly TRUenergy) is an electricity generation, electricity and gas retailing private company in Australia. It is one of the "big three" retailers in the National Electricity Market. It generates electricity primarily using coal fired generation, at the Yallourn Power Station in Victoria, and the Mount Piper Power Station in New South Wales. 10% of its generation is from wind power, 32% from gas, and 58% from coal. It is Australia's second biggest emitter of greenhouse gases, after AGL Energy. As a loss making company in 2023, its parent in Hong Kong, CLP Group, has stated that it is looking for  partners for renewable energy investment, however as of this time, there were no plans to build new renewable energy itself.

It has committed to closing Yallourn Power Station in 2028, but plans to keep Mount Piper Power Station running until 2040.

Over 400,000 customers have opted in to EnergyAustralia's "carbon neutral" product, offered at no additional cost, however this product has led to legal accusations of "greenwashing".

History
In 2005, TXU Corp sold all its Australian assets to Singapore Power, which retained the distribution businesses (electricity and natural gas distribution networks) in Victoria, and onsold the retail and generation businesses to the Hong Kong-based CLP Group, which also owned the Yallourn Power Station, in Victoria's Latrobe Valley. In Australia, CLP traded as TRUenergy, and became the fifth largest energy retailer in Australia. In 2011, TRUenergy acquired from the New South Wales Government the state's electricity retail business and trade name of EnergyAustralia. Following the sale of the government's electricity retail assets, the government changed the name of the remainder of the government enterprise to Ausgrid, and in 2012 TRUenergy changed its name to EnergyAustralia.

In 2013, EnergyAustralia acquired Wallerawang Power Station, now closed, along with Mount Piper Power Station, both in New South Wales, from Delta Electricity for A$160 million.

In 2015, EnergyAustralia closed its call centre in Melbourne, outsourcing up to 300 jobs to the Philippines.

In 2018, EnergyAustralia became one of the 17 energy businesses who supported the launch of the Energy Charter, a global initiative aimed at bringing together all parts of the power supply chain to give customers more affordable and reliable energy.

In 2021, EnergyAustralia announced that it will close the Yallourn Power Station in mid-2028, four years ahead of schedule, and instead build a 350 megawatt power-generating battery in the Latrobe Valley by the end of 2026. At the time, Yallourn produced about 20% of Victoria's electricity.

Operations
EnergyAustralia supplies electricity and natural gas to more than 1.7 million residential and business customers throughout Australia.

In 2021-22, it emitted 16.2 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, making it Australia's second largest emitter.

As at July 2017, EnergyAustralia has a master hedge agreement with Ecogen Energy for Ecogen to supply to it the output from Ecogen's gas-fired Newport and Jeeralang Power Stations, both in Victoria, which have a combined capacity of . EnergyAustralia also owns the gas-fired Hallett Power Station in South Australia with a capacity of .

In addition to the retail function, EnergyAustralia has a significant portfolio of industrial and commercial customers, and a A$5 billion portfolio of energy assets, including Hallett Power Station, Wallerawang Power Station (now decommissioned), and Mount Piper Power Station. It owned an underground natural gas storage facility at the Iona Gas Plant near Port Campbell until 2015.

In September 2023, the ACCC, the competition regulator, commenced legal action in regard to EnergyAustralia allegedly not complying with industry regulations around transperancy in pricing, in 2022. EnergyAustralia may face millions of dollars of fines in regard to this.

Carbon neutral electricity
EnergyAustralia offers a carbon neutral electricity option to their customers by purchasing carbon offset units from a range of Australian and international offset projects including renewable energy projects in developing countries, land management and tree planting in Australia. It is certified by Climate Active, the Australian government's certification product.

However, it does not commence until 6 months after an accounts connection date, and if the account number changes, the six month counter restarts. This is not clearly advertised, however it is in their terms and conditions.

In relation to this product, in August 2023, a lawsuit was filed in the Federal Court of Australia, accusing EnergyAustralia of greenwashing, aiming to bar them from making deceptive claims about their product in the future. EnergyAustralia stated that their product complied with the federal government's Climate Active certification product. However, a 2022 Australia Institute report heavily criticised this certification product, alleging that it was "state sponsored greenwashing."

According to Michael Mazengarb, a consultant in renewable energy and climate change policy, EnergyAustralia is by far the largest buyer of offsets under the Climate Active certification. It is able to afford to offer this product at no additional cost to its customers, because "the offsets are so cheap".

Energy generation and assets
EnergyAustralia's portfolio of assets includes:
 Mount Piper Power Station, New South Wales
 Tallawarra Power Station, New South Wales
 Wallerawang Power Station, New South Wales (decommissioned)
 Pine Dale Mine, New South Wales
 Yallourn Power Station, Victoria
 Cathedral Rocks Wind Farm, South Australia
 Hallett Power Station, South Australia
 Waterloo Wind Farm, South Australia

References

Electric power companies of Australia

EnergyAustralia


Rosemary Olivia Wright (née Stirling, born 11 December 1947) is a former British sprinter and middle-distance runner. She won a gold medal in the 4 × 400 m relay at the 1969 European Championships, and a gold medal in the 800m at the 1970 Commonwealth Games. Her 800m best of 2:00.15, stood as the Scottish record for 30 years (1972-2002).

Career
Born in Timaru, Canterbury, New Zealand to a Scottish father and English mother, she moved with her family to Wolverhampton, England as a teenager where she joined the Wolverhampton Harriers. At the age of 16 she was one of the best British female runners over 800 metres. In the British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1966 in Kingston, Jamaica she competed for Scotland over 440 yards and 880 yards and finished in fourth place in both events. In 1969 she won the Bronze medal in the 400m at the European Indoor Games in Belgrade. She also competed at the 1969 European Championships in Athletics in Athens, Greece, placing eighth in the 400 metres final and, with teammates Pat Lowe, Janet Simpson and Lillian Board, helping Great Britain win gold in the 4 x 400-metres relay in world record time (3:30.8) .

At the 1970 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh she won gold in the 800 metres race. At the European Indoor Athletics Championships in 1971 in Sofia, she was awarded the 800m Bronze medal behind Hildegard Falck and Ileana Silai. She also won Bronze the same year at the European Championships in Helsinki. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich she finished seventh in the 800 metres with a personal best time of 2:00.15 that lasted as a UK record until 1979. In 1974, at the British Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, New Zealand she was a member of the Scottish relay team that finished fourth. At the European Indoor Championships in Gothenburg she finished in fourth place in the 800 m.

Rosemary married her English-born husband, Trevor Wright who ran for New Zealand, having met him while competing in Helsinki in 1971. She lived in Wolverhampton until the age of 34, when the couple moved to New Zealand.

References

1947 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Timaru
Sportspeople from Wolverhampton
British female sprinters
Scottish female sprinters
Scottish female middle-distance runners
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Scotland
Athletes (track and field) at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Olympic athletes for Great Britain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
New Zealand emigrants to the United Kingdom
Olympic female sprinters
Anglo-Scots
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
Medallists at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games

Rosemary Stirling


Lucas Monteverde (born December 18, 1976) is an Argentine professional polo player with a handicap of 9 (formerly 10). He grew up near the town of 25 de Mayo, Buenos Aires Province, at the estancia El Rincón. The ranch is run by his father Lucas, and uncle Marcelo Monteverde, one of the world's most successful coaches. He is married to the Argentine model Loli Lopez and has two children.

Monteverde has played polo since a very early age and turned professional with a 5-goal handicap travelling to Europe. Today, Monteverde, has grown into one of the world's finest defensive players, is well known for his outstanding work rate and horsemanship on the field. During his career, he played for teams including La Martina, Ellerstina & notably La Dolfina.

Monteverde's first Grand Slam win was at the 2005 Veuve Clicquot Cowdray Park Gold Cup, where he was called in as a late substitute for the injured Adolfo Cambiaso. With such a huge hole to fill, Monteverde led the team to victory with teammate Piki Alberdi over Black Bears. Other wins include the Hurlingham Open, the Gold Cup Deauville and the Gold Cup Sotogrande.

He played at the Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo (Argentine Open) for the first time in 2000. In 2005, 2006 and 2007 he won the Argentine Open with La Dolfina, led by Adolfo Cambiaso. In 2007, the team won because of a golden goal, shot in extratime by Monteverde. After the tournament, he was promoted to handicap 10, making La Dolfina the only polo team with a "perfect handicap" at the moment.

References

External links
Profile at World Polo Tour

Argentine polo players
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires Province
1976 births
Living people

Lucas Monteverde


The band Wallenstein, founded in Viersen in Lower Rhineland, later based in Mönchengladbach, was a German rock band from 1971 to 1982, which was later associated with the Krautrock genre of the 1970s.

History
Wallenstein was founded in the summer of 1971 under the martial name of Blitzkrieg by the ambitious student of art (at the Art Academy Düsseldorf), , from Viersen. He had already been trained in classical music, playing the piano and the double bass, and he had played in skiffle as well as in jazz formations. In addition, the businessman and band manager, Peter Gielen (Octopus Productions) from Mönchengladbach-Hehnerholt, and Corrado Faccioni, Italian buddy and former road manager of Dollase, were involved in the foundation. Wallenstein started as a kind of "test-tube child", because Dollase and Roadie Faccioni gathered the initial lineup from other bands. The first solo-guitarist of the group was Wolfgang "Ginger" Steinicke from Erkelenz, today a renowned astronomer; but the former member of Smiddys Blues Band was soon replaced by the American William (Bill) Joseph Barone from Philadelphia because Steinicke's studies in physics or astrophysics and mathematics had his highest priority. Jürgen Dollase had already been able to win over Harald Grosskopf from Hildesheim, and Dutchman Ger (Jerry) Berkers (now deceased) from Brunssum was taken on board shortly after Bill Barone.

Because the name Blitzkrieg was already in use by an English band (but was often misspelled Blitzkreig by the British music press), and because the name was far from being politically correct for the German record labels of that time, the group named itself after the Thirty Years' War commander Albrecht von Wallenstein in early 1972. Also in early 1972, the debut album of the classical or art rockers was released. It had been recorded in the studio of Dieter Dierks in Stommeln near Cologne from September to December 1971 and it was titled after the first name of the band. In the same year, the German record label Pilz released Mother Universe, succeeding the debut album (also from the Pilz record label) as fast as lightning (Blitz). (Rem.: The album cover photo by Harald Grosskopf depicts Dollase's grandmother.)

In 1978, after some changes in the musical style, Dollase replaced all members of the band. Because of their performance in the ZDF broadcast Disco with Ilja Richter in 1979, the band reached place 17 in the German pop charts with their single Charline. But the single Don't Let It Be (from the album Blue Eyed Boys) was also rather successful later and sold very well.  From March to June 1981, Wallenstein went on their last tour; the group finally disbanded in 1982.

Discography
 Blitzkrieg (recorded in 1971, released in 1972)
 Mother Universe (1972)
 Cosmic Century (1973)
 Stories, Songs & Symphonies (1975)
 No More Love (1977)
 Charline (1978)
 Blue Eyed Boys (1979)
 Fräuleins (1980)
 SSSSS…TOP (1981)

External links
 Official site of Jürgen Dollase (Tre Torri Verlag)
 Harald Grosskopf's Homepage
 Wolfgang Steinicke's Homepage

Krautrock musical groups
German progressive rock groups
Musical groups established in 1971
Musical groups disestablished in 1982
1971 establishments in West Germany
1982 disestablishments in West Germany
Cultural depictions of Albrecht von Wallenstein

Wallenstein (band)


In display technology parlance, viewing angle is the angle at which a display can be viewed with an acceptable visual performance. In a technical context, the angular range is called viewing cone defined by a multitude of viewing directions. The viewing angle can be an angular range over which the display view is acceptable, or it can be the angle of generally acceptable viewing, such as a twelve o'clock viewing angle for a display optimized or viewing from the top.

The image may seem garbled, poorly saturated, of poor contrast, blurry, or too faint outside the stated viewing angle range, the exact mode of "failure" depends on the display type in question. For example, some projection screens reflect more light perpendicular to the screen and less light to the sides, making the screen appear much darker (and sometimes colors distorted) if the viewer is not in front of the screen. Many manufacturers of projection screens thus define the viewing angle as the angle at which the luminance of the image is exactly half of the maximum. With LCD screens, some manufacturers have opted to measure the contrast ratio and report the viewing angle as the angle where the contrast ratio exceeds 5:1 or 10:1, giving minimally acceptable viewing conditions.

The viewing angle is measured from one direction to the opposite, giving a maximum of 180° for a flat, one-sided screen. A display may exhibit different behavior in horizontal and vertical axes, requiring users and manufacturers to specify maximum usable viewing angles in both directions. Usually, the screens are designed to facilitate greater viewing angles at the horizontal level, and smaller angles at the vertical level, should the two of them differ in magnitude.

The viewing angle for some displays is specified in only a general direction, such as 6 o'clock or 12 o'clock.

Early LCDs had strikingly narrow viewing cones, a situation that has been improved with current technology.

Narrow viewing cones of some types of displays have also been used to bring a measure of security in businesses, where employees handle private information in the presence of customers, banks being one example. Rectangular privacy filters fitting to the computer monitors have also been sold as accessories.

LEDs

LEDs are measured so that the line along half the viewing angle from directly forward is half the brightness as at directly forward.

References

Display technology

Viewing angle


In chemistry, an enantiomer (/ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər; from Ancient Greek ἐνάντιος (enántios) 'opposite', and μέρος (méros) 'part') – also called optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode – is one of two stereoisomers that are non-superposable onto their own mirror image. Enantiomers are much like one's right and left hands; without mirroring one of them, hands cannot be superposed onto each other. No amount of reorientation in three spatial dimensions will allow the four unique groups on the chiral carbon (see chirality) to line up exactly. The number of stereoisomers a molecule has can be determined by the number of chiral carbons it has. Stereoisomers include both enantiomers and diastereomers.

Diastereomers, like enantiomers, share the same molecular formula and are non-superposable onto each other; however, they are not mirror images of each other.

A molecule with chirality rotates plane-polarized light. A mixture of equal amounts of each enantiomer, a racemic mixture or a racemate, does not rotate light.

Naming conventions

There are three common naming conventions for specifying one of the two enantiomers (the absolute configuration) of a given chiral molecule: the R/S system is based on the geometry of the molecule; the (+)- and (−)- system (also written using the obsolete equivalents d- and l-) is based on its optical rotation properties; and the D/L system is based on the molecule's relationship to enantiomers of glyceraldehyde.

The R/S system is based on the molecule's geometry with respect to a chiral center. The R/S system is assigned to a molecule based on the priority rules assigned by Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules, in which the group or atom with the largest atomic number is assigned the highest priority and the group or atom with the smallest atomic number is assigned the lowest priority.

The (+)- and (−)- is used to specify a molecule's optical rotation — the direction that the molecule rotates in polarized light. When a molecule is denoted dextrorotatory it is rotating the plane of polarized light clockwise and can also be denoted as (+). When it is denoted as levorotatory it is rotating the plane of polarized light counterclockwise and can also be denoted as (−).

The Latin words for left are laevus and sinister, and the word for right is dexter (or rectus in the sense of correct or virtuous). The English word right is a cognate of rectus. This is the origin of the D/L and R/S notations, and the employment of prefixes levo- and dextro- in common names.

The prefix ar-, from the Latin recto (right), is applied to the right-handed version; es-, from the Latin sinister (left), to the left-handed molecule. Example: ketamine, arketamine, esketamine.

Chirality centers

The asymmetric atom is called a chirality center, a type of stereocenter. A chirality center is also called a chiral center or an asymmetric center. Some sources use the terms stereocenter, stereogenic center, stereogenic atom or stereogen to refer exclusively to a chirality center, while others use the terms more broadly to refer also to centers that result in diastereomers (stereoisomers that are not enantiomers).

Compounds that contain exactly one (or any odd number) of asymmetric atoms are always chiral. However, compounds that contain an even number of asymmetric atoms sometimes lack chirality because they are arranged in mirror-symmetric pairs, and are known as meso compounds. For instance, meso tartaric acid (shown on the right) has two asymmetric carbon atoms, but it does not exhibit enantiomerism because there is a  mirror symmetry plane. Conversely, there exist forms of chirality that do not require asymmetric atoms, such as axial, planar, and helical chirality.

Even though a chiral molecule lacks reflection (Cs) and rotoreflection symmetries (S2n), it can have other molecular symmetries, and its symmetry is described by one of the chiral point groups: Cn, Dn,  T, O, or I. For example, hydrogen peroxide is chiral and has C2 (two-fold rotational) symmetry. A common chiral case is the point group C1, meaning no symmetries, which is the case for lactic acid.

Examples

An example of such an enantiomer is the sedative thalidomide, which was sold in a number of countries around the world from 1957 until 1961.  It was withdrawn from the market when it was found to cause birth defects.  One enantiomer caused the desirable sedative effects, while the other, unavoidably present in equal quantities, caused birth defects.

The herbicide mecoprop is a racemic mixture, with the (R)-(+)-enantiomer ("Mecoprop-P", "Duplosan KV") possessing the herbicidal activity.

Another example is  the antidepressant drugs escitalopram and citalopram.  Citalopram is a racemate [1:1 mixture of (S)-citalopram and (R)-citalopram]; escitalopram [(S)-citalopram] is a pure enantiomer.  The dosages for escitalopram are typically 1/2 of those for citalopram. Here, (S)-citalopram is called a chiral switch of Citalopram.

Chiral drugs

Enantiopure compounds consist of only one of the two enantiomers.  Enantiopurity is of practical importance since such compositions have improved therapeutic efficacy.. The switch from a racemic drug to an enantiopure drug is called a chiral switch. In many cases, the enantiomers have distinct effects. One case is that of Propoxyphene. The enantiomeric pair of propoxyphene is separately sold by Eli Lilly and company. One of the partner is dextropropoxyphene, an analgesic agent (Darvon) and the other is called levopropoxyphene, an effective antitussive (Novrad).  It is interesting to note that the trade names of the drugs, DARVON and NOVRAD, also reflect the chemical mirror-image relationship.  In other cases, there may be no clinical benefit to the patient. In some jurisdictions, single-enantiomer drugs are separately patentable from the racemic mixture. It is possible that only one of the enantiomers is active. Or, it may be that both are active, in which case separating the mixture has no objective benefits, but extends the drug's patentability.

Enantioselective preparations

In the absence of an effective enantiomeric environment (precursor, chiral catalyst, or kinetic resolution), separation of a racemic mixture into its enantiomeric components is impossible, although certain racemic mixtures spontaneously crystallize in the form of a racemic conglomerate, in which crystals of the enantiomers are physically segregated and may be separated mechanically. However, most racemates form crystals containing both enantiomers in a 1:1 ratio.

In his pioneering work, Louis Pasteur was able to isolate the isomers of sodium ammonium tartrate because the individual enantiomers crystallize separately from solution.  To be sure, equal amounts of the enantiomorphic crystals are produced, but the two kinds of crystals can be separated with tweezers. This behavior is unusual. A less common method is by enantiomer self-disproportionation.

The second strategy is asymmetric synthesis: the use of various techniques to prepare the desired compound in high enantiomeric excess. Techniques encompassed include the use of chiral starting materials (chiral pool synthesis), the use of chiral auxiliaries and chiral catalysts, and the application of asymmetric induction. The use of enzymes (biocatalysis) may also produce the desired compound.

A third strategy is Enantioconvergent synthesis, the synthesis of one enantiomer from a racemic precursor, utilizing both enantiomers. By making use of a chiral catalyist, both enantiomers of the reactant result in a single enantiomer of product.

Enantiomers may not be isolable if there is an accessible pathway for racemization (interconversion between enantiomorphs to yield a racemic mixture) at a given temperature and timescale. For example, amines with three distinct substituents are chiral, but with few exceptions (e.g. substituted N-chloroaziridines), they rapidly undergo "umbrella inversion"  at room temperature, leading to racemization. If the racemization is fast enough, the molecule can often be treated as an achiral, averaged structure.

Parity violation
For all intents and purposes, each enantiomer in a pair has the same energy. However, theoretical physics predicts that due to parity violation of the weak nuclear force (the only force in nature that can "tell left from right"), there is actually a minute difference in energy between enantiomers (on the order of 10−12 eV or 10−10 kJ/mol or less) due to the weak neutral current mechanism. This difference in energy is far smaller than energy changes caused by even small changes in molecular conformation, and far too small to measure by current technology, and is therefore chemically inconsequential. In the sense used by particle physicists, the "true" enantiomer of a molecule, which has exactly the same mass-energy content as the original molecule, is a mirror-image that is also built from antimatter (antiprotons, antineutrons, and positrons). Throughout this article, "enantiomer" is used only in the chemical sense of compounds of ordinary matter that are not superposable on their mirror image.

Quasi-enantiomers
Quasi-enantiomers are molecular species that are not strictly enantiomers, but behave as if they are. In quasi-enantiomers majority of the molecule is reflected; however, an atom or group within the molecule is changed to a similar atom or group. Quasi-enantiomers can also be defined as molecules that have the potential to become enantiomers if an atom or group in the molecule is replaced. An example of quasi-enantiomers would (S)-bromobutane and (R)-iodobutane. Under normal conditions the enantiomers for (S)-bromobutane and (R)-iodobutane would (R)-bromobutane and (S)-iodobutane respectively. Quasi-enantiomers would also produce quasi-racemates, which are similar to normal racemates (see Racemic mixture) in that they form an equal mixture of quasi-enantiomers.

Though not considered actual enantiomers, the naming convention for quasi-enantiomers also follows the same trend as enantiomers when looking at (R) and (S) configurations - which are considered from a geometrical basis (see Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules).

Quasi-enantiomers have applications in parallel kinetic resolution.

See also

 Chiral switch
 Crystal system
 Enantiopure drug
 Atropisomer
 Chirotechnology
 Chirality (physics)
 Diastereomer
 Dynamic stereochemistry
 Epimer
 Homochirality
 Molecular symmetry
 Stereochemistry
 Stereocenter

References

External links

chemwiki:stereoisomerism

Stereochemistry
Isomerism

Enantiomer


Joseph Gerald Adolphus Cole (born in 1978 in Freetown, Sierra Leone) better known by his stage name Daddy Saj is a Sierra Leonean rapper and arguably the biggest and most famous musician from Sierra Leone. He uses his music to address political corruption and general corruption in Sierra Leone. His rap is a blend of hip hop and traditional goombay music. While his music is mostly in Krio, Sierra Leone's national language, he does also performs in English. His first album 'Corruption e do so' (meaning in Krio, corruption is enough) struck a chord not only in Sierra Leone, but across Africa.

Early life and music career
Joseph Gerald Adolphus Cole, better known as Daddy Saj was born in 1978 in Freetown, the capital city of Sierra Leone to Creole parents. At the age of eight, the young Daddy Saj joined his church choir, where he was one of the most talented singers. In his teens he found inspiration from some American based Hip hop artists. Daddy Saj fled Sierra Leone as a refugee and moved to Conakry, Guinea in 1997 when the government of the then-president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah was ousted by a group of soldiers in the Sierra Leonean army. He did this in order to save himself from being kidnapped as a child soldier. While in Guinea, he became more ingrained in music, and became friends with many other musicians from West Africa. When he return to Freetown, he linked up with one of Sierra Leone's most famous musicians and producers Jimmy B (born Jimmy Bangura). Jimmy B signed him to his Paradise Family label. Jimmy B had already had good exposure in music internationally. Jimmy was a pioneer in promoting Sierra Leone music to the outside world. As Daddy Saj put it "...so for me it was a great privilege to work with him, it was like being in a furnace; purifying myself for the tasks ahead [laughter]." Daddy Saj recorded several hit songs with the Paradise Family. He then left Paradise Family in 2003 to start his own label, Daddy Saj Entertainment.

His debut album 'Corruption' was released in 2003, and quickly became a bestseller not only in Sierra Leone, but throughout many countries in Africa. Many Sierra Leoneans welcomed the song 'Corruption E Do So' (meaning in Krio "Corruption is Enough is Enough") at a time when corrupt practices by authorities and had become rampant in the country. The song spread like wild fire in terms of the rate of airplay on radio stations, as well as its rotation in street bars, pubs and restaurants.

However the airplay of the song did not last long. Some top government officials, including some members of parliament and ministers publicly announced their opinion that the song contained words which did not reflect the reality of the government of Sierra Leone. They warned that the song could become a catalyst for public unrest.

Even though the Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission started to use the song as their theme in the fight against corruption – and even sponsored the distribution of it, politicians  called for a ban of the song. Also, rumours started going around that there was a five million Leones price tag on for his arrest.

His second album Densay Densay (meaning 'Rumours, Rumours' in Krio), also aimed to change some social attitudes, those towards sexual harassment. The album talks about women in Sierra Leone who often have no choice but to sleep with their employers to keep their jobs and support their family. His third album named 'Faya 4 Faya' was also an instant hit throughout West Africa.

References

Sierra Leonean male singers
Sierra Leone Creole people
Sierra Leoneans of Jamaican Maroon descent
People from Freetown
1978 births
Living people

Daddy Saj


Helen Elna Hokinson (June 29, 1893 – November 1, 1949) was an American cartoonist and a staff cartoonist for The New Yorker. Over a 20-year span, she contributed 68 covers and more than 1,800 cartoons to The New Yorker.

Life and career

She was born in Mendota, Illinois, the daughter of Adolph Hokinson, a farm machinery salesman, and Mary Hokinson, the daughter of Phineas Wilcox, the "Carpenter Orator". She studied at the Academy of Fine Arts (now known as the School of the Art Institute of Chicago), and worked as a freelance fashion illustrator in Chicago for department stores such as Marshall Field's.

In 1920, Hokinson moved to New York City to work as a fashion illustrator and study at the School of Fine and Applied Arts (now Parsons School of Design). Encouraged by an instructor she began submitting comic drawings to magazines, and became one of the first cartoonists to be published in The New Yorker, appearing in the magazine for the first time in the July 4, 1925 issue. She specialized in wealthy, plump, and ditsy society women and their foibles, referring to them as 'My Best Girls', those dowager denizens of woman's clubs, beauty parlors, art galleries, summer resorts and Lane Bryant; they were also popularly known as "Hokinson Women". According to James Thurber and Brendan Gill, Hokinson relied on the magazine's staff writers to provide captions for her cartoons, a common practice at The New Yorker in the Harold Ross era, until entering into a professional partnership with James Reid Parker in 1931. Hokinson and Parker also provided a monthly cartoon, "The Dear Man," for the Ladies' Home Journal as well as occasional cartoons for advertising campaigns and other magazines.

Hokinson died in the Eastern Airlines Flight 537 mid-air collision at Washington National Airport on November 1, 1949, en route to an appearance at the opening of a Community Chest Drive in DC. She left dozens of cartoons, many of which were published by The New Yorker in subsequent months.

Books
In addition to her own cartoon collections, she also illustrated books by others. Her estate published three volumes of her cartoons during the 1950s.

Awards
Inducted into the Society of Illustrator's Hall of Fame, September 9, 2023.

Bibliography

Works by Helen Hokinson
So You're Going to Buy a Book! Minton, Balch & Co. 1931
My Best Girls E. P. Dutton 1941
When Were You Built? E. P. Dutton & Co. 1948
The Ladies, God Bless 'em (memoir by James Reid Parker) E. P. Dutton & Co. 1950
There are Ladies Present E. P. Dutton & Co. 1952
The Hokinson Festival E. P. Dutton & Co. 1956

Illustrated by Helen Hokinson
Edith M. Barber, What Shall I Eat Macmillan 1933
Margaret Fishback, Safe Conduct: When to Behave—And Why The World Publishing Company 1941
Laurence McKinney, Garden Clubs & Spades E. P. Dutton & Co. 1941
Helen Hayes Peffer, Madam Chairman, Members, And Guests Macmillan 1942
Emily Kimbrough, We Followed Our Hearts to Hollywood Grosset & Dunlap 1943
Emily Kimbrough, How Dear to My Heart Dodd, Mead & Co. 1944
Emily Kimbrough, It Gives Me Great Pleasure Dodd, Mead & Co. 1948
Mannix Walker, Everything Rustles Dodd, Mead & Co. 1945

Publications
James Thurber, The Years with Ross, Harper Perennial Modern Classics, New Edition, paperback 2001, .
Brendan Gill, Here at The New Yorker, Da Capo Press, paperback 1997, .

References

External links
Helen Hokinson - Beinecke Library, Yale University
R.C. Harvey, "Helen E. Hokinson" - The Comics Journal - 2013

1893 births
1949 deaths
American women cartoonists
Accidental deaths in Washington, D.C.
The New Yorker cartoonists
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1949
American cartoonists
20th-century American women
20th-century American people

Helen E. Hokinson


A barangay (; abbreviated as Brgy. or Bgy.), historically referred to as a barrio ( Bo.), is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district, or ward. In metropolitan areas, the term often refers to an inner city neighborhood, a suburb, a suburban neighborhood, or even a borough. The word barangay originated from balangay, a type of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines.

Municipalities and cities in the Philippines are politically subdivided into barangays, with the exception of the municipalities of Adams in Ilocos Norte and Kalayaan in Palawan, each containing a single barangay. Barangays are sometimes informally subdivided into smaller areas called purok (), or barangay zones consisting of a cluster of houses for organizational purposes, and sitios, which are territorial enclaves—usually rural—far from the barangay center. , there are 42,001 barangays throughout the country.

History

When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, they found well-organized, independent villages called barangays. The name barangay originated from balangay, a certain type of traditional boat in many languages in the Philippines. Early Spanish dictionaries of Philippine languages make it clear that balangay was pronounced "ba-la-ngay", while today the modern barangay is pronounced "ba-rang-gay". The term referred to the people serving under a particular chief rather than to the modern meaning of an area of land, for which other words were used. While barangay is a Tagalog word, it spread throughout the Philippines as Spanish rule concentrated power in Manila.

All citations regarding pre-colonial barangays lead to a single source, Juan de Plascencia's 1589 report Las costumbres de los indios Tagalos de Filipinas. However, historian Damon Woods challenges the concept of a barangay as an indigenous political organization primarily due to a lack of linguistic evidence. Based on indigenous language documents, Tagalogs did not use the word barangay to describe themselves or their communities. Instead, barangay is argued to be a Spanish invention resulting from an attempt by the Spaniards to reconstruct pre-conquest Tagalog society.

The first barangays started as relatively small communities of around 50 to 100 families. By the time of contact with the Spaniards, many barangays had developed into large communities. The encomienda of 1604 shows that many affluent and powerful coastal barangays in Sulu, Butuan, Panay, Leyte, Cebu, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasig, Laguna, and the Cagayan River were flourishing trading centers. Some of these barangays had large populations. In Panay, some barangays had 20,000 inhabitants; in Leyte (Baybay), 15,000 inhabitants; in Cebu, 3,500 residents; in Vitis (Pampanga), 7,000 inhabitants; and in Pangasinan, 4,000 residents. There were smaller barangays with fewer people, but these were generally inland communities, or if they were coastal, they were not located in areas that were good for business pursuits. These smaller barangays had around thirty to one hundred houses only, and the population varied from 100 to 500 persons. According to Miguel López de Legazpi, he founded communities with only 20 to 30 people.

Traditionally, the original "barangays" were coastal settlements formed by the migration of these Malayo-Polynesian people (who came to the archipelago) from other places in Southeast Asia (see chiefdom). Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine. This is because most of the people were relying on fishing for their supply of protein and their livelihood. They also traveled mostly by water, up and down rivers and along the coasts. Trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking.

The coastal barangays were more accessible to trade with foreigners. These were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other countries also meant contact with other cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indians, and Arabs. These coastal communities acquired more cosmopolitan cultures with developed social structures (sovereign principalities), ruled by established royalties and nobilities.

During Spanish rule, through a resettlement policy called reductions, smaller, scattered barangays were consolidated (and thus "reduced") to form compact towns. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay (barangay chief), who formed part of the principalía, the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines. This position was inherited from the first datus and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish monarch, who also collected taxes (called tribute) from the residents for the Spanish Crown, ruled each barangay through the cabeza.

When the Americans arrived, "slight changes in the structure of local government was effected". Later, Rural Councils with four councilors were created to assist, now renamed Barrio Lieutenant; they were later renamed Barrio Council and then Barangay Council (Sangguniang Barangay).

The Spanish term barrio (abbr. Bo.) was used for much of the 20th century. Manila mayor Ramon Bagatsing of established the first Barangay Bureau in the Philippines, creating the blueprint for the barangay system as the basic socio-political unit for the city in the early 1970s. This was quickly replicated by the national government, and in 1974, President Ferdinand Marcos ordered the renaming of barrios to barangays. The name survived the People Power Revolution, though older people would still use the term barrio. The Municipal Council was abolished upon the transfer of powers to the barangay system. Marcos used to call the barangay part of Philippine participatory democracy, and most of his writings involving the New Society praised the role of baranganic democracy in nation-building.

After the People Power Revolution and the drafting of the 1987 Constitution, the Municipal Council was restored, making the barangay the smallest unit of Philippine government. The first barangay elections held under the new constitution were held on March 28, 1989, under Republic Act No. 6679.

The last barangay elections were held in October 2023. The next elections will be held in December 2025.

Organization

The modern barangay is headed by elected officials, the topmost being the barangay captain. The barangay captain is aided by the Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Council), whose members, called barangay kagawad ("councilors"), are also elected. The barangay is often governed from its seat of local government, the barangay hall.

The council is considered a local government unit (LGU), similar to the provincial and municipal governments. The officials that make up the council are the barangay captain, seven barangay councilors, and the chairman of the Youth Council, or Sangguniang Kabataan (SK). Thus, there are eight members of the legislative council in a barangay.

The council is in session for a new solution or a resolution of bill votes, and if the counsels and the SK are at a tie, the barangay captain uses their vote. This only happens when the SK, which is sometimes stopped and continued, In the absence of an SK, the council votes for a nominated Barangay Council president, and this president is not like the League of the Barangay Councilors, which is composed of barangay captains of a municipality.

The Barangay Justice System, or Katarungang Pambarangay, is composed of members commonly known as the Lupon Tagapamayapa (justice of the peace). Their function is to conciliate and mediate disputes at the barangay level to avoid legal action and relieve the courts of docket congestion.

Barangay elections are non-partisan and are typically hotly contested. Barangay captains are elected by first-past-the-post plurality (no runoff voting). Councilors are elected by plurality-at-large voting, with the entire barangay as a single at-large district. Each voter can vote for up to seven candidates for councilor, with the winners being the seven candidates with the most votes. Typically, a ticket consists of one candidate for barangay captain and seven candidates for councilors. Elections for the post of punong barangay and the barangay kagawads are usually held every three years, starting in 2007.

A barangay tanod, or barangay police officer, is an unarmed watchman who fulfills policing functions within the barangay. The number of barangay tanods differs from one barangay to another; they help maintain law and order in the neighborhoods throughout the Philippines.

Funding for the barangay comes from their share of the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA), with a portion of the allotment set aside for the Sangguniang Kabataan. The exact amount of money is determined by a formula combining the barangay's population and land area.

See also

 Poblacion
 Barrio
 Association of Barangay Captains
 Balangay
 Barangay Health Volunteers
 Purok
 Sitio

Bibliography
 Constantino, Renato. (1975) The Philippines: A Past Revisited (volume 1).
 Mamuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615), Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1975.

Notes

References

External links
Katarungang Pambarangay Handbook

.
Local government in the Philippines
Subdivisions of the Philippines
Human habitats
Tagalog words and phrases
Types of administrative division

Barangay


TKO Group Holdings, Inc. (TKO) is a media conglomerate created by Endeavor Group Holdings as part of a merger between World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (WWE) and Zuffa, the parent company of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Following the completion of the merger on September 12, 2023, both WWE and UFC operate as divisions under the banner of TKO.

The merger marked the first time that WWE has not been majority-controlled by the McMahon family, which had founded the company and owned it for over 70 years. This marked the third time that the UFC has changed ownership as its parent company Zuffa had been sold to Endeavor in 2016. Zuffa had previously purchased the UFC from the Semaphore Entertainment Group in 2001.

WWE's Vince McMahon serves as executive chairman of the new entity, with Endeavor chief executive officer (CEO) Ari Emanuel becoming the new company's CEO and Mark Shapiro serving as president and chief operating officer. Emanuel did not take on any creative roles in WWE or the UFC, with Nick Khan becoming president of WWE post-merger and Dana White serving as CEO of the UFC.

Background

WWE was founded in 1953 as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC), a Northeastern territory of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). The CWC was run by Vincent J. McMahon, son of boxing and wrestling promoter Jess McMahon. Following a dispute over CWC wrestler Buddy Rogers being booked to lose the NWA World Heavyweight Championship to Lou Thesz, the CWC left the NWA and became the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) in January 24, 1963, and in April 25, 1963 made Buddy Rogers their first WWWF World Heavyweight Champion. The WWWF was renamed to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1979; the WWF made its final departure from the NWA in 1983. The current legal entity, which was originally named Titan Sports, Inc., was incorporated on February 21, 1980, in South Yarmouth, Massachusetts, but reincorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law in 1987. Titan Sports was co-founded by Vincent K. McMahon, Vincent J.'s son, and his wife Linda. It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd., the holding company for the WWF, in 1982. After buying the WWF, Vince McMahon expanded the promotion by overturning the NWA's territory system and holding events around the United States and the world which were televised on a global basis. Throughout the 1980s WWF begun to capitalize on the popularity of rising star Hulk Hogan after he defeated The Iron Sheik at Madison Square Garden on January 23, 1984 to capture the WWF World Heavyweight Championship. On March 31, 1985 WWF held the first WrestleMania which would go on to become WWF's flagship event. The company's status as the world's premier professional wrestling organization was cemented by its acquisition of the assets of World Championship Wrestling in 2001. Titan Sports was renamed World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. in 1999, and then World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. in 2002 after a legal dispute with the World Wildlife Fund. Since 2011, the company has branded itself solely with the initials WWE, though the legal name did not change at the time. WWE's majority owner was its executive chairman, third-generation wrestling promoter Vince McMahon, who retained a 38.6% ownership of the company's outstanding stock and 81.1% of the voting power before the merger. The closure of the merger saw McMahon's voting power and stock ownership dramatically decrease.

The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) was founded by American businessman Art Davie and Brazilian martial artist Rorion Gracie and their partners in WOW Promotions, with the backing of the Semaphore Entertainment Group. The first UFC event was held in November 12, 1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado. The purpose of the early ultimate fighting competitions was to identify the most effective martial art in a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines. In subsequent events, more rigorous rules were created and fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline, which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts (MMA). In April 1995, following UFC 5, Davie and Gracie sold their remaining interest in the UFC to the Semaphore Entertainment Group and disbanded WOW Promotions. Six years later in 2001, Zuffa, a sports promotion company headed by Frank and Lorenzo Fertitta, purchased the UFC from the Semaphore Entertainment Group. Zuffa's ownership led to a growth period for the company and the sport of MMA in general; the UFC's global leadership in the sport led to Zuffa buying the assets of the Pride Fighting Championships in 2007 and the Strikeforce promotion in 2011 (among other MMA promotions). In 2016, Zuffa was sold to a group led by Endeavor, then known as William Morris Endeavor (WME–IMG), including Silver Lake Partners, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and MSD Capital. for US$4.025 billion. In 2017, WME–IMG changed its holding name to Endeavor and four years later, in 2021, Endeavor bought out Zuffa's other owners at a valuation of $1.7 billion.

History

WWE's preparations for a sale
On June 17, 2022, amid allegations that he paid hush money to a former employee, Vince McMahon stepped down as the chairman and CEO of WWE, leaving the company to his daughter, Stephanie McMahon, and Nick Khan. In January 2023, Vince stated his intention to return to WWE ahead of media rights negotiations. WWE's media rights with Fox and USA Network are set to expire in 2024. That same month, JPMorgan were hired to handle a possible sale of the company, with rumored suitors having included Comcast and Fox Corporation (owners of WWE's broadcast partners USA Network and Fox), The Walt Disney Company (owners of ESPN), Warner Bros. Discovery (media partners of rival All Elite Wrestling), Netflix, Amazon, Endeavor (WWE had an existing business relationship with its subsidiary Endeavor Streaming, which took over the technical operations of its streaming service WWE Network in 2019), Liberty Media, Creative Artists Agency, and Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund (WWE has a long-term agreement with Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Sport to promote events in the country).

On January 10, 2023, Stephanie McMahon resigned as WWE's chairwoman and co-CEO, after which Vince McMahon assumed the role of executive chairman of WWE, and Nick Khan became the sole CEO.

Formation
On April 3, 2023, WWE and Endeavor reached a deal under which WWE would merge with the UFC's parent company Zuffa to form a new company which would go public on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol "TKO". Internally, the new company was initially named "New Whale Inc."; on May 16, an Endeavor spokesperson stated that the company would officially be known as TKO Group Holdings.

Endeavor was expected to hold a 51% stake in TKO Group Holdings, with WWE's shareholders having a 49% stake, valuing WWE at $9.1 billion. The merger would mark the first time that WWE has not been majority-controlled by members of the McMahon family. Vince McMahon was expected to serve as executive chairman of the new entity, with Endeavor CEO Ari Emanuel becoming CEO of the new company and Mark Shapiro serving as president and chief operating officer. The merger would see the UFC and WWE operate as separate divisions of the company, with Dana White set to become CEO of the UFC and Nick Khan becoming president of WWE post-merger.
 Emanuel is not expected to take on any creative roles in WWE, with WWE's head of creative Paul Levesque expected to remain in his role. The deal granted McMahon life tenure as TKO executive chairman, the right to nominate five WWE representatives on the 11 member board, as well as veto rights over certain actions by the new company. Vince's son Shane McMahon had attempted to purchase the UFC multiple times in the 2000s, but Vince talked him out of doing so.

Emanuel stated that this merger would "bring together two leading pureplay sports and entertainment companies" and provide "significant operating synergies". McMahon stated that "family businesses have to evolve for all the right reasons", and that "given the incredible work that Ari and Endeavor have done to grow the UFC brand — nearly doubling its revenue over the past seven years — and the immense success we've already had in partnering with their team on a number of ventures, I believe that this is without a doubt the best outcome for our shareholders and other stakeholders."

In August 2023, it was announced that the merger would be completed on September 12. Hours after the merger agreement was announced, law firm Ademi LLP launched an investigation into the sale, looking for "possible breaches of fiduciary duty and other violations of law". WWE's stock price additionally decreased following the announcement of the sale.

Upon announcement of the board of directors for TKO on August 10, 2023, Paul Levesque, the head of creative for WWE, and Dana White, the then president of the UFC, were not included on the new board but were announced as maintaining roles in their respective divisions of TKO. The merger closed on September 12, 2023; with Vince McMahon personally owning 34% of the newly formed TKO Group. Following the merger, White was made CEO of the UFC. TKO's first show was September 12, 2023 episode of  WWE NXT.

Corporate governance
The board of directors of TKO Group Holdings consists of eleven members, five representing WWE and six representing Endeavor.

Assets
WWE
Alpha Entertainment (minority owner)
Tapout (50%, shared with Authentic Brands Group)
Titan Towers
TSI Reality Services, Inc.
WCW Inc.
WWE Books
WWE Home Video
WWE Jet Services Inc.
WWE Legacy Department
American Wrestling Association
Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club
Deep South Wrestling (select footage)
Evolve
Dragon Gate USA
Extreme Championship Wrestling
Eastern Championship Wrestling
Florida Championship Wrestling
Georgia Championship Wrestling (select footage)
Global Wrestling Federation
Heartland Wrestling Association (select footage)
International Championship Wrestling
Jim Crockett Promotions
Central States Wrestling (select footage)
Midwest Wrestling Association
Championship Wrestling from Florida
Championship Wrestling from Georgia
Eastern States Championship Wrestling
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
Maple Leaf Wrestling
Queensbury Athletic Club
Memphis Championship Wrestling
Ohio Valley Wrestling (select footage)
Smoky Mountain Wrestling
Stampede Wrestling (select footage)
Big Time Wrestling
Klondike Wrestling
Wildcat Wrestling
Ultimate Pro Wrestling
Universal Wrestling Federation
Mid-South Wrestling
NWA Tri-State
World Class Championship Wrestling (select footage)
NWA Big Time Wrestling
World Class Wrestling Association
World Championship Wrestling
World Wrestling Council (select footage)
Capitol Sports Promotions
WWE Music Group
WWE Network
WWE Network (Canada)
WWE Performance Center
WWE Podcast Network
WWE Shop
WWE Studios
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Pride Fighting Championships
Strikeforce
UFC Apex
UFC Fight Pass
UFC Gym
UFC Fit
UFC Performance Institute
UFC Performance Institute Shanghai
UFC Store
World Extreme Cagefighting
World Fighting Alliance

Drug testing policy
TKO maintains the drug testing policies of its predecessors. The WWE Talent Wellness Program is a comprehensive drug, alcohol, and cardiac screening program initiated in February 2006, three months after the sudden death of one of their highest-profile and most popular wrestlers, Eddie Guerrero, who died at 38-years-old. Prior to the creation of the Talent Wellness Program, WWE's (then the World Wrestling Federation) parent company Titan Sports had an in-house drug testing policy that existed from 1987 until it was scrapped in 1996. The Wellness Program, under the guidelines of its Substance Abuse and Drug Testing Policy, tests for recreational drug use and abuse of prescription medication, including anabolic steroids. Through the Wellness Program, WWE wrestlers are also tested annually for pre-existing or developing cardiac issues. The drug testing is handled by Aegis Sciences Corporation; the cardiac evaluations are handled by New York Cardiology Associates P.C. The Wellness Program requires that all talent "under contract to WWE who regularly perform in-ring services as a professional sports entertainer" undergo testing; however, part-time performers are exempt from testing. In 2010, muscle relaxers were banned from use.

In 2015, the UFC announced a partnership with the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA). Following the start of the partnership, USADA, an independent anti-doping agency, serves as UFC's official drug testers. The partnership saw USADA carry out a minimum of 2,750 drug tests per year with an average of five tests per UFC fighter, and punishments for fighters who fail the tests. Under the UFC Anti-Doping Policy, fighters are subject to random tests at any time and place on all in- and out-of-competition blood and urine samples collected by USADA. Fighters must participate in the testing pool for at least six months prior to a fight in order to qualify for a UFC event. In February 2017, UFC made changes to the Anti-Doping Policy, effective April 1, 2017, as follows: (1) Fighters who are new to the UFC with no previous contract would be subject to a one-month testing rule. The same rule applies to returning fighters who were terminated or whose contracts were not renewed at the decision of the UFC. Previously, returning or terminated fighters were required to undergo four months of testings prior to competing in a fight. (2) Returning fighters who have chosen to retire, go on hiatus, or had a non-renewal of their contract, are required to be in a six-month testing pool prior to competition. (3) No doping violation is handed down to newly signed UFC fighters who voluntarily disclose the use of a prohibited substance prior to testing. (4) "In-competition" testing begins at noon on the weigh-in day and ends one hour after a fighter clears a post-fight medical for non-selected post-fight testing. For fighters who are subjected to post-fight testing the in-competition testing ends after any post-fight testing is done.

On October 11, 2023, USADA announced that its partnership with the UFC would end on January 1, 2024.

Notes

References

External links

Endeavor
American companies established in 2023
Mass media companies established in 2023
Ultimate Fighting Championship
WWE
2023 establishments in the United States
Mass media companies of the United States
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange

TKO Group Holdings


John DiResta is an American former New York Transit police officer turned comedian, and actor.

Career
He was the title star of a short-lived UPN sitcom called DiResta from 1998-1999.  He has appeared in several films, including Miss Congeniality and its sequel, Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous, as well as on the CBS sitcom Rules of Engagement. In 2004 he got a show on FX called Trash to Cash where he and his brother Jimmy Diresta went around buying or finding cheap garbage. Jimmy would build whatever was needed and John act as the comic relief. It lasted one season.

He co-hosted a show with his brother on HGTV. Hammered with John and Jimmy DiResta (premiered September 16, 2006). Jimmy DiResta, an inventor and carpenter, builds intricate projects while John, similar to previous programs, acts as the comic foil.  Hammered aired for two seasons.

John also stars as "Johnny" in an American Chopper spoof series called American Body Shop on Comedy Central that began airing in 2007.

Personal life
John grew up in the Five Towns area of Long Island, with two brothers, Jimmy DiResta and Joe DiResta, and one sister and graduated from Hewlett High School in 1982. Several years ago, he was inducted into the school's hall of fame.

External links
 'Making Fun': Who is Jimmy DiResta? Host of Netflix show creates masterpieces Meaww.com, March 2, 2022

American male comedians
21st-century American comedians
American police officers
American television personalities
George W. Hewlett High School alumni
Living people
People from The Five Towns, New York
Year of birth missing (living people)

John DiResta


The Brazil men's national volleyball team is the national team of Brazil. It is governed by the Confederação Brasileira de Voleibol (Brazilian Volleyball Confederation) and takes part in international volleyball competitions. Brazil has two gold medal at the Olympic Games, won three times the World Champioship and nine times the World League. Brazil is the #1 team on the FIVB World Rankings. The team is often referred to as volleyball's "Dream Team" due to its success under coach Bernardo Rezende.

Other websites
Official website
FIVB profile

National volleyball teams
Volleyball

Brazil national volleyball team


Edmund Rice (December 2, 1842 – July 20, 1906) was a soldier in the United States Army and a Medal of Honor recipient who achieved the rank of Brigadier General.

Early life
Rice was born 2 December 1842 in Brighton, Massachusetts to Moses Maynard Rice and Eliza (Damon) Rice. In 1856 he entered Norwich University in Vermont and remained there until 1858, but was not awarded a degree until 1874. After three years he became an apprentice to Captain Lloyd on the clipper ship, Snow Squall, that left Long Wharf in Boston in September 1858 headed for Shanghai, China. After ten months at sea Edmund arrived back in New York City in June 1859. He then began working as a surveyor for his father's development interests.

Civil War
On 22 Aug 1861, Rice joined the 14th Massachusetts Infantry and was commissioned a captain. He was soon transferred to the 19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment to command Company F.  With that unit he was engaged in the Civil War battles of: Ball's Bluff, Siege of Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Savage Station, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. He was promoted to the rank of major on 7 Sep 1862 and fought at Antietam later in September 1862, and the Battle of Fredericksburg December 11–13, 1862. For his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg in repelling Pickett's Charge, he was presented with the Medal of Honor in 1891. Made a lieutenant colonel 28 Feb 1864, he commanded his regiment in the Rapidan Campaign, the battles of Bristoe Station, Blackburn's Ford, Robinson's Cross Roads, and the Mine Run. He commanded the 19th in the Battle of the Wilderness on May 5–7, 1864 and at the battle of Laurel Hill on May 8, 1864. He was wounded and captured in the assault at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, May 12, 1864. While being transported as a prisoner on May 23, he escaped by cutting the door of a freight car and jumping from it while the train was moving at 15 mph. He reached Union lines, near the Ohio River, twenty-three days later. He was promoted to colonel on 28 July 1864.

He rejoined his unit in August 1864, and led the regiment in the Second battle of Deep Bottom, the Battle of Weldon Railroad, the Second battle of Ream's Station, and the Battle of Hatcher's Run; he was in command of Fort Stedman and batteries Eleven and Twelve in front of Petersburg, Virginia. He was present at the surrender of the Confederate States Army at Appomattox Court House, and returned to civilian life on June 30, 1865. Altogether, he was wounded three times. Just a year later, he entered the United States Army and was commissioned a first lieutenant in the 40th Infantry, July, 1866.

Reconstruction
Rice married Annie Clark Dutch on August 30, 1866 in Charleston, South Carolina. He commanded the Post of Hilton Head, South Carolina and was also stationed in Raleigh, North Carolina, Jackson Barracks, Louisiana, Camp Distribution, Washington, D.C., and in Mississippi. After the Civil War, Rice invented several useful military implements, including the Rice Trowel Bayonet, the Rice Stacking Swivel, and a knife entrenching tool. In June 1868 Rice was assigned to the Springfield Armory to supervise the manufacture of the 'Rice Trowel Bayonet' for trial by the U.S. Army. While stationed there, his wife Annie died of tuberculosis at the age of twenty only 11 months after their daughter was born. Rice's daughter, Corrine, was raised by his mother and siblings.

Indian wars
In 1874 Rice commanded an expedition against Ute tribe Indians near Spanish Peaks, Colorado, and volunteered for an 1876 campaign against Sioux Indians in Montana, in retaliation for the loss of the 7th Cavalry at Little Bighorn. Buffalo Bill Cody was employed as a scout to aid the company in its trip up the Yellowstone River in search of hostile Indians. In July 1879 Rice commanded a six-gun battery in Colonel Nelson Miles' expedition against the Sioux, north of the Missouri River near the Canada–US border. He took part in the engagement of July 17, where their Hotchkiss guns were used to disperse the Sioux.

Rice spent the remainder of the Indian Wars of the 1870s and 1880s mostly at Fort Keogh, Montana, Fort Totten, North Dakota, Fort Rice, North Dakota, and Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.  In 1877 he was a military envoy to England and Russia. He was promoted to captain on 10 Mar 1883, and from 1888 through 1891 Edmund Rice was stationed in Texas at Fort McIntosh, Fort Bliss and finally in command of Fort Hancock.  He was Commandant of the Columbian Guard at the 1893 World's Fair.

In 1881 he married his second wife, Elizabeth Huntington, in Cincinnati, Ohio. Corrine was then suddenly removed from her home in Massachusetts to live with her father and stepmother in the western frontier. The reunion was less than amicable and she returned to the east coast in 1888, settling in New Jersey with her husband Joseph H. Scharff, who was a grandnephew of secretary of State William H. Seward.

Spanish–American War and Philippine–American War

Edmund Rice served as U.S. military attaché at Tokyo, Japan from May 1897 through April 1898. At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, he asked to be relieved from diplomatic duty and to be given active field command. In May, 1898 he was appointed inspector general with the rank of lieutenant colonel on the staff of General Nelson A. Miles. Later upon the recommendation of Miles, Rice was promoted to colonel and placed in command of the 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment that saw active service in both Puerto Rico and Cuba.

In July 1898, Colonel Rice was appointed by President William McKinley to be the senior colonel of all U.S. Volunteers in the Philippines. He commanded the 26th Infantry Regiment, a New England regiment, that was involved in skirmishes against the insurgents and Moros. In 1899, he was appointed as Military Governor of the Island of Panay.  In that capacity following recommendations of the First Philippine Commission, he established public schools, took the census, and administered the oath of allegiance to over 60,000 Filipinos. He served until Filipino General Martin Delgado was appointed first Civil Governor of Panay on April 11, 1901.

He returned to the United States in July 1901 after suffering from fever and heart disease brought on by the harsh tropical climate. The Philippine–American War was Rice's last war. He served until his retirement in command of the 19th U.S. Infantry at the Presidio of San Francisco.

Military inventions

Rice was an inventor of military equipment that were in use by military organizations around the world for decades.  Some of his inventions include:
 () Improved Trowel Bayonet, 22 June 1869
 () Improved Bayonet Scabbard, 21 May 1872
 () Improved Bayonet, 26 March 1875
 () Individual Shelter Tent, 29 December 1896

Retirement
Rice retired on August 14, 1903, with the rank of brigadier general. He became a member of the Medal of Honor Legion, Military Order of the Loyal Legion, Grand Army of the Republic, Society of Prisoners of War, Sons of the Revolution, Sons of the American Revolution, Society of the Army of the Potomac, and the General Society of the War of 1812. General Rice served as Grand Marshal of Ceremonies at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904, and he spent the summer of 1905 with his daughter Corinne and her husband.

He died "very suddenly" of heart failure "while sitting in a hammock" at Wakefield, Massachusetts, on July 20, 1906, lay in state in the Hall of Flags of the State House in Boston, and was buried in Section 3 of Arlington National Cemetery. His wife, Elizabeth H. Rice (1849–1919) is buried with him. His grave is marked by a large rock with a 3.5 foot bronze sculpture of the Medal of Honor draped over the boulder with the inscription, "The Congress to lieut.-Col. Edmund Rice, 19th Mass. Volunteers, for conspicuous bravery on the 3rd day of the battle of Gettysburg."

Family relations and genealogy
Rice's first cousin Edward Everett Rice was a renowned theater producer in New York City.  He was a direct descendant of the early English immigrant, Edmund Rice as follows:
 Brigadier General Edmund Rice, son of
 Moses Maynard Rice (May 12, 1811 – February 14, 1861), son of
 Edmund Rice (1785–1860), son of
 Edmund Rice (1755–1841), son of
 Edmund Rice (1725–1796), son of
 Jason Rice (1692–1730), son of
 Edmund Rice (1653–1719), son of
 Edward Rice (1622–1712), son of
 Edmund Rice (1594–1663)

Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Major, 19th Massachusetts Infantry. Place and date: At Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Entered service at: Boston, Mass. Birth: Brighton, Mass. Date of issue: October 6, 1891.

Citation:
Conspicuous bravery on the third day of the battle on the countercharge against Pickett's division where he fell severely wounded within the enemy's lines.

Other military awards
In addition to the Medal of Honor, General Rice was entitled to the following military awards:
 Civil War Campaign Medal
 Indian Campaign Medal
 Spanish Campaign Medal
 Philippine Campaign Medal

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Gettysburg
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: Q–S

References

External links
 Arlington National Cemetery

1842 births
1906 deaths
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Norwich University alumni
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

Edmund Rice (Medal of Honor)


Adrian Richard Whitbread (born 22 October 1971) is an English football manager and former professional footballer.

As a player, he was a defender who notably played in the Premier League for Swindon Town and West Ham United. He also played in the Football League for Leyton Orient, Portsmouth, Luton Town, Reading and Exeter City before retiring from playing due to a persistent knee injury.

After his playing career ended, Whitbread became a coach. He had spells as assistant manager at Barnet, Brentford, Milton Keynes Dons and Leicester City. He has also coached overseas for Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Islanders and Carolina Railhawks where he was head coach and for Antigua Barracuda FC, Bahrain U23 and Olympic team. Whitbread has frequently worked under the managership of Martin Allen and was most recently assistant manager at Chesterfield.

Playing career
Whitbread began his professional career as a trainee with Leyton Orient in 1989. He captained the team at the age of 21, and helped Leyton Orient to promotion to the Football League Second Division in 1992. He made a total of 155 league and cup appearances for Leyton Orient in four seasons, before joining Swindon Town in July 1993 for £500,000, and made 38 league and cup appearances for Swindon in the 1993–94 season. Following Swindon's relegation from the Premier League, Whitbread joined West Ham United in August 1994 in part-exchange for Joey Beauchamp.

Whitbread's first-team opportunities at West Ham were limited and he made only 14 league and cup appearances. He went to Portsmouth on loan in November 1995 and eventually joined them on a permanent basis in October 1996 for £250,000. Following knee surgery in the summer of 2000, he was unable to obtain a regular place in the first-team and requested a transfer. He joined Luton Town on loan in November 2000, and then went on loan to Reading for the rest of the season in February 2001, before joining Reading on a permanent basis. He had made a total of 145 league and cup appearances for Portsmouth, in addition to 13 appearances while on loan to Portsmouth in 1995.

Whitbread signed a two-year contract with Reading in July 2001. He made 18 league and cup appearances before a knee injury sustained in training in December 2001 ruled him out of the rest of the 2001–02 season. He had a spell on loan at Exeter City in early 2003, where he made seven appearances, but a persistent knee injury forced his retirement from playing football in April 2003 without making any further appearances for Reading.

Managerial career
After retiring, Whitbread joined Barnet in June 2003 as first-team coach, assisting Martin Allen. He later worked as assistant manager at Brentford, MK Dons, and Leicester City, all under Allen. He qualified for the UEFA Pro Licence in 2008.

Whitbread was named Assistant Coach of the Puerto Rico National Team and Puerto Rico Islanders in 2008. He held both positions through 2011. In December 2011, he was named head coach of Puerto Rico Islanders, now playing in the North American Soccer League. In 2013 Whitbread was appointed head coach of Antigua Barracuda FC. In April 2014 Whitbread was appointed as the Bahrain U23 & Olympic Head Coach. Whitbread re-joined Barnet as a first-team coach in the summer of 2015.

In August 2015, he was named as the inaugural coach of Puerto Rico FC. He served alongside  Neil Sillett, who was the technical director. On 19 May 2017, he was relieved of coaching duties by Puerto Rico FC.

On his return to England, Whitbread assisted Allen at Barnet again, then followed him to Chesterfield in May 2018. He left Chesterfield in the following December following Allen's sacking.

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
People from Epping
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
Barnet F.C. non-playing staff
Premier League players
English football managers
British expatriates in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico national football team managers
Puerto Rico Islanders managers
Brentford F.C. non-playing staff
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) coaches
Puerto Rico FC managers
Association football coaches
Leicester City F.C. non-playing staff
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. non-playing staff
Chesterfield F.C. non-playing staff

Adrian Whitbread


Erwang Sanke (二王三恪) or "the two crownings and the three respects" is something Chinese emperors did to honor the previous dynasty. For example the Sui dynasty came directly before the Tang. So the Tang may honor descendants of the Sui royal family. The Tang would do this by giving these Sui descendants land to rule over. The Tang said you can control these lands and use laws of the previous Sui dynasty if you wish. There may also be a sacrifice at a religious place.

This was done to show respect to previous dynasties. This was also to make a peaceful transition of power.

It has been done in every major Chinese dynasty from the Xia to the Qing.

Sometimes people would pretend to be the descendants of the previous dynasty just to get this benefit.

Name
Er wang 二王 means two rulers. This refers to the current ruler and the previous ruler.

San ke 三恪 means three respects. This could refer to how this was done for the first three generation descendants of the previous ruler (their children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren).

References

History of China

Er Wang San Ke


Philipp Schaufelberger (born 30 August 1970) is a Swiss jazz guitarist and composer.

Life and works
Schaufelberger took classical guitar lessons and studied at the jazz department of Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts. He graduated from Lucerne University with master's degree in 1955. During the education, he was also active in several formations in the field of jazz and related music genres such as Giancarlo Nicolai's guitar orchestra Zap (with Hans Feigenwinter, Bänz Oester and Kaspar Rast), Boxer (with Mich Gerber and Fabian Kuratli) and with Kenny Wheeler's Banff Jazz Orchestra in Canada. In 1994, he became a member of Harald Haerter's quartet. As a member of the quartet, he performed in many festivals in Europe and the USA from 1994 to 1999. Since 1993, he has worked with Daniel Mouthon (Sängers Flug and Air à l'enverre).

He has played in several formations of Pierre Favre since 1998 (Singing Drums, Pierre Favre ensemble, The Bridge with Bänz Oester and in the duet Fleuve in 2006). He also made a tour with Michael Brecker and in 2003 also with Paul Motian's trio.

Since 2000, he has been the core member of Lucas Niggli's Zoom along with Michael Brecker. The group Zoom was expanded with the new members Barry Guy, Peter Herbert or Claudio Puntin and participated in international festivals since 2002. Schaufelberger collaborated also with Jürg Halter and Wolfpack. He participated also in many radio plays for Swiss and German programs. In 2008, he wrote with Jörg Köppl the radio play Das weisse Lauschen.

References

Jazz guitarists
Swiss jazz composers
1970 births
Living people
Musicians from Göttingen
Swiss guitarists
21st-century guitarists

Philipp Schaufelberger


Ernoul le Vielle (also corrected as le Viel and le Vieux) de Gastinois was a trouvère of the late thirteenth century. His name may indicate that he was from the Gâtinais, but vielle could mean either "the old" or  "the vielle-player".

Two lais have been attributed to Ernoul. Both are found only in the Noailles Chansonnier (BnF fr.12615). The Lai de notre-dame (incipit: En entente curieuse) is ascribed to him in the manuscript, but the Lai de l'ancien et du nouveau testament (incipit: S'onques hom en lui s'asist) is presented anonymously and was only assigned to Ernoul by Alfred Jeanroy. David Fallows describes his two lais as "among the most unusual in the entire monophonic repertory, astonishingly long with complex repetition schemes and elaborate motivic structure."

Five pastourelles have also been attributed to Ernoul, and all are preserved only in the Chansonnier du Roi (BnF fr.844). The attribution of only one, En avril, au tens novel, is highly disputed. Though anonymous in the manuscript, modern scholars have disagreed whether it belongs to Ernoul's corpus, with one assigning it instead to Thibaut de Blaison. It has two lines that are identical to two found in Pensis, chief enclin, which is attributed in the manuscript to Ernoul but is incomplete. Musically it is unusual among Enroul's pieces for its less restricted style. Pensis, chief enclin later formed the basis of a motet with Flos filius eius. The only other pastourelle ascribed to Ernoul in the manuscript, Por conforter mon corage, was also used in a later motet, and its melody was used in another with Crescens incredulitas. Two further pastourelles, both incomplete and anonymous, have been assigned to Ernoul because they appear beside his other works and are similar in language and musical style: Quant voi le tans avrilier and Tres pensant d'une amourete. The language of all these is francien, the dialect of the Île-de-France, with a trace of the Picard dialect.

Selected recordings
 La chanson de Guillaume - including Ernoul le Viel Lai de l'ancien et du nouveau testament and Crescens in Credulitas. Diabolus in Musica 1999

References

David Fallows. "Ernoul le vielle de Gastinois." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Accessed 20 September 2008.

Trouvères
13th-century French people
Male classical composers

Ernoul le Vielle de Gastinois


A mahallah, also mahalla, mahallya, mahalle, mohalla, mehalla, or mehalle is an Arabic word variously translated as district, quarter, ward, or "neighborhood" in many parts of the Arab world, the Balkans, Western Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and nearby nations.

History
Historically, mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals. Today it is popularly recognised also by non-Muslims as a neighbourhood in large cities and towns. Mahallas lie at the intersection of private family life and the public sphere. Important community-level management functions are performed through mahalle solidarity, such as religious ceremonies, life-cycle rituals, resource management and conflict resolution. It is an official administrative unit in many Middle Eastern countries.

The word was brought to the Balkans through Ottoman Turkish mahalle, but it originates in Arabic محلة (mähallä), from the root meaning "to settle", "to occupy".

In September 2017, a Turkish-based association referred to the historical mahalle by organizing a festival with the title "Mahalla" in the frame of parallel events of the 15th Istanbul Biennial. The festival in Istanbul features cultural initiatives of civil society and artists from the Middle East, Europe, the Balkans and Turkey. Against the background of the ongoing migration crisis, all participants of the festival focus their work using themes of hospitality, identity formation, homelessness, migration, fluctuation, the changing of an existing order and the dissolution of borders. The second Mahalla Festival took place 2018 in Valletta, Malta, in the frame of European Capital of Culture under the title "Generating New Narratives". The third Mahalla Festival took place in 2020 under the title "Wandering Towers" with online and physical events due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 edition,  "Murmuration", took place ino the Istanbul district of Kadıköy at the Yeldeğirmeni Sanat Merkezi.

Origins

The word is used in many languages and countries to mean neighborhood or location and originated in Arabic  (maḥalla), from the root meaning 'to settle', 'to occupy', derived from the verb halla (to untie), as in untying a pack horse or camel to make a camp. In ancient cultures, hospitality involved welcoming a stranger at the host location and offering him food, shelter and safety. That demonstration of hospitality centred on the belief that strangers should be assisted and protected while they travel.  A mahala was a relatively-independent quarter of a larger village or a town, usually with its own school, religious building or buildings, mayor's representative etc. Mahalas are often named after the first settler or, when ethnically separate, according to the dominant ethnicity.

In the Ottoman Empire, the "mahalle" was the smallest administrative entity. The mahalle was generally perceived to play an important role in identity formation, with the local mosque and the local coffee house as the main social gathering institutions.

Mahalle lay at the intersection of private family life and the public sphere. Important community-level management functions were performed by mahalle solidarity, such as religious ceremonies, lifecycle rituals, resource management and conflict resolution.

Today, the mahalle is represented in the municipality and government by its muhtar.  The muhtarlık, the office of the muhtar, has been designed as the smallest administrative office, with representative and enforcement powers at the local level. In some cases, however, the muhtar acts as not only the representative of the government towards the community but also the head of the community toward the government and subverts official government policies by intricate face-to-face mahalle-level relationships.

Use of the term

Bangladesh
A mahalla ( mo-hol-la), is an Islamic congregation or parish. Typically, a mahalla supports a single mosque. An imam is seen as the spiritual head of a mahalla. Mahallas are directly subordinate to a city or town, especially an electoral district, for ritual and representative purposes. Unlike a ward, it is an optional and non-elective unit of a city corporation or municipal corporation. Mahalla also means an urban neighbourhood.

Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, mahalas were historically considered a separate type of settlement administration on some occasions. In rural mountainous areas, villages were often scattered and consisted of relatively separate mahalas with badly developed infrastructure. Today, settlements are divided into towns or villages, and the official division of towns is into quarters. It today is used almost always to refer to the Roma neighbourhoods of towns such as Arman Mahala.

Greece
In Greece, mahalas () is considered a neighborhood. Sometimes it is considered a quarter of a small town or a gypsy neighborhood.

Hungary
The township of Szentendre lost most of its population during the Ottoman era, and was repopulated by various migrant groups from the Balkans - Serbs, Dalmatians, Bosniaks and the like. They built their own churches and created their own neighborhoods around them. They called them mahala or mehala, using the Ottoman nomenclature, and the word is still in use to describe these small quarters of the town today.

Iran
The "mahalle" is the smallest urban administrative division in Iran. Each city is divided into a few Mantaqes, (), which is then divided into Nahiyes (), further subdivided to Mahalle (), usually having a Mahalle council (), a quarter mosque, and a small parkette.

North Macedonia
A maalo (sometimes maale), plural maala () is a synonym for neighborhood in colloquial speech, but can also appear as part of a neighborhood name, such as Skopje's "Debar maalo", and Bitola's "Jeni maale", "Madzar maala".

Romania
In Romanian, the word mahala has come to have the strictly negative or pejorative connotations of a slum or ghetto that are not present (or not as strongly implied) in other languages.

Russia and former Soviet Union
A mahalla is an Islamic congregation or parish in Russia and a number of countries, once part of the Soviet Union.  Typically, mahallas support a single mosque. An imam is seen as the spiritual head of the mahalla.  Mahallas are directly subordinate to a muhtasib and a territorial muhtasibat.

Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan
They were urban divisions in central Asian communities which today exist in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Historically, mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals. Before the establishment of the Soviet rule in central Asia, mahallas fulfilled local self-government functions connecting the private sphere with the public sphere. Religious rituals, life-cycle crisis ceremonies, resource management, conflict resolution, and many other community activities were performed at the mahalla, in other words, on the neighbourhood level.  An informal council of elders, called oqsoqol (or "aksakal") provided leadership.

After their inclusion in the Soviet Union, informal mahalla organizations were placed under the state control and served as local extensions of the Soviet government. Mahallas were thought to be "eyes" and "ears" of the Soviet government; mahalla became a control mechanism of the state.  Mahalla leaders were then appointed by the government. Mahalla level state-society relationships were more complex, however, as their leaders could serve as henchmen as well as act as buffers between the local community and the state. Due to intimate, face-to face relationships dominant at the mahalla level, mahalla organizations could often shield the community from the incursions of the state.

Since 1993, the Uzbek government reorganized mahalla councils as bearers of "Uzbek nationhood" and "morality," effectively reproducing Soviet style state domination over the society. Thus, they are formal structures run by committees and once again regulated by the government.

Mahallas are a common unit not only in Uzbekistan, but in Tajikistani cities like Khujand and Kyrgyzstani cities like Osh.

Turkey
In Turkey, mahalle, which may be translated as 'quarters', were traditionally a kind of sub-village settlement, one that could be found in both rural settings and in towns.

In popular culture
Mahallada duv-duv gap, a 1960 Uzbek comedy movie
"Viva Mahalla", a 2020 single by the Slovenian singer Senidah

See also
 Mellah
 Corjova, Dubăsari

Notable incorporated mahallahs
 Mohalla Sadiqabad, Pakistan
 Shahi Mohalla, Pakistan
 Mahala, Podgorica
 El Mahalla El Kubra

Notes

References

External links
 Abuses by Mahalla Committees, by Human Rights Watch
Timur Dadabaev, "Changing Nature of the Mahalla", in RICAS Newsletter, University of Tokyo, 2006, no. 15,

Government of the Ottoman Empire
Types of administrative division
Arabic words and phrases
Administrative divisions in Asia
Urban studies and planning terminology

Mahallah