Days of Blood and Starlight is a young adult fantasy novel written by Laini Taylor. It was published in November 2012 by Hachette Book Group, an imprint of Little, Brown and Company. The book is the second in a trilogy, preceded by Daughter of Smoke and Bone and followed by Dreams of Gods and Monsters.

The story continues where Daughter of Smoke and Bone left off. Karou has since realized that she is Madrigal, a chimaera (or creature made of both human and animal parts) who was killed for loving the seraph Akiva and resurrected by Brimstone in the form of a human girl to raise. Now that Brimstone was killed by the seraphim, the chimaera have taken Karou back to their residence so that she can perform the art of resurrection, as she is the only chimaera left who knows the art.

Plot
Karou has left Earth for the land of the chimaera and seraphim, Eretz, where the chimaera have been defeated by the seraphim. She has begun the job taken up by her adopted father Brimstone: the art of resurrection, which will bring the dead members of the broken chimaera army back to life to defeat the seraphim. She blames Akiva for everything, while the angel himself thinks her dead and begins training with his half-siblings Hazael and Liraz to keep his feelings from overwhelming him. Karou's best friend Zuzana and her boyfriend Mik begin looking for her after a mysterious e-mail and reports that a phantom girl has been stealing teeth.

The son of the Warlord and new commander of the chimaera army, Thiago, has been courting Karou during her resurrection process and has offered up his own pain for the tithing process multiple times. He has specific resurrection instructions for her: make everyone larger, stronger, faster, and winged. Through this repeated process, the chimaera finally begin to win against the seraphim. Thiago has also brought a wolf chimaera named Ten to help Karou with the resurrection process and to serve as a sort of babysitter when Karou goes on her tooth missions. While she dislikes it, she is afraid to offend Thiago.

Meanwhile, two deer-like centaurs called Dama by the names of Sveva and Sarazal have escaped from slavery and are on the run. Sarazal has an infection from her manacles chafing her while she was enslaved. A boy named Rath of the Dashnag, chimaera with saber-toothed tiger heads, comes and helps them by carrying Sarazal to a Caprine village. The Caprine have a poultice to help Sarazal. When the seraphim, including Akiva, are looking for the Caprine, Sarazal wakes up to see Rath and screams. Akiva pretends that it was just a bird and leads the other seraphim away.

Zuzana and Mik decode the "puzzle" of Karou's e-mail and find where the chimaera are hiding. She is forced to tell them about her life as Madrigal and her job as a resurrectionist. This thrills Zuzana, who demands to help. Karou refuses to let her and says that they need to get out as soon as possible. While they are told to leave, they amuse the chimaera and enjoy it in their presence.

Thiago sends out an army including Ziri, Madrigal's "little Kirin shadow", to what he says is the Hintermost to help other chimaera, but in reality is an attack mission. The chimaera actually go to the Hintermost to help, and all die except for Ziri, who manages to glean the souls of the dead before attacking angels, who attack him in return. Karou says that she could try to heal him. After he is healed, Ziri tells Karou everything, including how Akiva summoned birds to let the Kirin escape.

Razgut, the fallen angel who held onto Izîl's back, found his way to Eretz and tells the seraphim that Karou is with the chimaera and practicing the art of resurrection. Among the seraphim, Akiva, Hazael, and Liraz plan on how to kill the emperor Joram and his brother Jael in the hope of ending the war and leading to a more peaceful world. Akiva seeks out Karou and gives her a thurible with Issa's soul in it. While Thiago is not pleased with Issa's return, he allows her to stay when Karou points out that the Naja will be able to help with resurrection work.

When Akiva is summoned to a council with Joram, he has his opportunity to kill the emperor. He uses the glamour to disguise his sword and, upon hearing the news that Joram killed his mother Festival, kills the emperor. Jael then steps in and kills Japheth, the crown prince, so that he can be the new emperor. Jael then commands that white robes and harps be given to everyone in an attempt to invade the human world and make the chimaera look evil for trying to fight the holy angels. Jael's army then attacks Akiva, Liraz, and Hazael, and they end up killing Hazael. Akiva says to take his body to Karou.

Ten comes in to talk to Karou and Karou aggravates the wolf, so she threatens the resurrectionist with killing off Zuzana and Mik. Karou teaches the two to become invisible, and they sneak away to a hotel in Morocco. Karou gets a memory of Brimstone sealing the souls of a thousand dead women and children in a cathedral after the fall of Loramendi, and they could be gleaned and given bodies again. While some stand with Karou, Thiago refuses. Later, Bast comes to Karou's door and says that three of those who stood with her, Amzallag and the Shadows That Live, were taken to the pit to be killed. When Karou goes to see it, Thiago is waiting for her and attempts to rape her. She uses a knife in her boot to slit his throat and gleans the souls of the three who were killed.

When Akiva and Liraz reach Karou, she says that because they don't have a thurible of Hazael's soul she can't resurrect him. Meanwhile, Thiago and Ten come and attack Akiva. Afterwards, they reveal that after killing Thiago and Ten, Ziri sliced his own throat for a greater cause, so his and Haxayas souls were placed  in the bodies of the former two so that they could sneak out. Akiva, when he wakes up beside Liraz in a 'cell' thrown in there by Thiago, actually Ziri in Thiago's body, which was not even locked, says that he is going to burn the portals so that he can prevent Jael from invading the human world. However, as he begins it has already begun, and he is too late.

Critical reception
Publishers Weekly gave Days of Blood and Starlight a starred review, calling the world of the novel "irresistible", Taylor's writing "dazzling", and saying that she has skill with suspense. Entertainment Weekly gave the novel an "A" and said that Days of Blood and Starlight was "richly imagined and compelling." Kirkus Reviews gave a mixed review of the novel, saying that its "memorable characters and turns of phrase" helped the novel, which was affected by its plot of "mostly ... licking wounds in the wake of the opener's savage inner and outer conflicts". Booklist said that the novel was "dark", "brutal", "bitter", and "violent".

Days of Blood and Starlight was, like its predecessor Daughter of Smoke and Bone, named one of Amazon.com's Best Books of the Month for November 2012. It was, in addition, placed #10 in Amazon.com's list of the Best Teen Books of 2012.

See also

References

2012 American novels
2012 fantasy novels
American fantasy novels
American romance novels
Little, Brown and Company books
Hodder & Stoughton books

Days of Blood and Starlight


Dianne Odell (February 13, 1947 – May 28, 2008) was a Tennessee woman who spent most of her life in an iron lung. She contracted "bulbo-spinal"  polio at age 3 in 1950 and was confined to an iron lung for the rest of her life. Due to a spinal deformity caused by the polio, she was unable to change to a portable breathing device introduced in the late 1950s. Odell's condition was not as severe in youth and she could spend short periods outside the machine until her 20s, from then on she needed to be in it 24 hours a day. Caregivers could still slide Odell's bedding out of her iron lung for basic nursing care but only briefly.

Odell was one of the longest time users of an iron lung, being confined to it for nearly 60 years. By 2018, only 3 people in the United States still rely on iron lungs. Odell's iron lung, which was seven feet long and weighed 750 pounds, produced positive and negative pressures that forced air into her lungs and then expelled it. She lay on her back with only her head exposed and made eye contact with visitors through an angled mirror. She was able to operate a television set with a small blow tube. She was cared for by her parents, other family members and aides provided by a nonprofit foundation.

Odell had many successes in her life despite her condition. Although she could not attend high school, she completed her studies by having her classmates or teachers bring school assignments to her home, where she would read the answers into a Dictaphone or have friends or family transcribe them. She also learned to write with her toes. She graduated from high school in 1965 and subsequently took long-distance classes from Freed-Hardeman University. Although she was unable to earn a degree, she received an honorary degree in 1987. In 1992, Odell was profiled in Woman's World magazine and received the Paul Harris Fellow Award from the Jackson Rotary Club, one of the club's highest honors.

In 1991, Odell began writing a children's book using a voice activated computer, even though it took 10 years to accomplish. Published in 2001, about 5,000 copies of the book, Blinky, Less Light, have been sold. Shortly after the book was published, Dianne met former Vice President Al Gore at a Christmas Gala in her honor. This book was briefly mentioned by actress Jane Seymour in her 2004 work Remarkable Changes: Turning Life's Challenges into Opportunities. Dianne first met Seymour in 2003 who also introduced her to Christopher Reeve.

Despite her condition, friends say that Odell accepted her life with grace. In a 1994 interview with the Associated Press, she stated that "I've had a very good life, filled with love and family and faith. You can make life good or you can make it bad." In a 2001 interview with The Associated Press, Odell said she wrote her children's book to show youngsters, especially those with physical disabilities, that they should never give up. "It's amazing what you can accomplish if you see someone do the same thing," she said.

Her medical costs were approximately $60,000 per year. However, her family refused to institutionalize her. To help the family, the West Tennessee Healthcare Foundation and the Campbell Street Church of Christ established the Dianne Odell Fund. In 2001, a website was set up to provide users with a brief biography of Odell and a way to donate money or services to help with her care. A number of fundraisers, some featuring celebrities, were also held to raise money to allow her to remain at home.

On February 17, 2007 (the Saturday following her 60th birthday), she was temporarily moved to The New Southern Hotel in Jackson, for celebrations attended by approximately 200 guests and with a nine-foot birthday cake. She also received letters and well-wishes from people all over the country. That same month, a German film crew visited Dianne to do a story about her life.

Odell's life was threatened by power outages in 1957 and 1974 which disabled her respirator. However, she survived with the help of her family who hand-pumped the respirator until power was restored. In 1995, the Tennessee Valley Authority provided the Odell family with a generator large enough to power the house, in case of future power outages.

Odell died on May 28, 2008, at age 61. A power failure and the failure of an emergency generator cut off her breathing device's functions. Family members attempted to use the emergency hand pump attached to the iron lung to keep her breathing, but their efforts were unsuccessful.

References

External links

1947 births
2008 deaths
People from Jackson, Tennessee
Freed–Hardeman University alumni
Polio survivors

Dianne Odell


The Rt Hon. John Raymond Godley, 3rd Baron Kilbracken, DSC (17 October 1920 – 14 August 2006), was a British-born, later Irish-resident peer, wartime naval pilot, journalist, author and farmer.  He was the son of The 2nd Baron Kilbracken; his grandfather, Arthur Godley, 1st Baron Kilbracken, was William Ewart Gladstone's private secretary.  He became the third Baron Kilbracken on his father's death in October 1950, and became an active member of the House of Lords.  After many years living in the Republic of Ireland, he renounced his British nationality and took up Irish citizenship in the 1970s, as a protest at British actions in Northern Ireland.

Early and private life
Godley was born in Chester Street in Belgravia, and educated at Arnold House School in St John's Wood in London, followed by Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford, developing an interest in horse racing and betting at both latter places, and rowing in the first VIII at Eton and the university second boat, Isis, at Oxford.  After serving in the Fleet Air Arm in the Second World War, he returned to his studies, and graduated with an MA in 1948.

He married twice. He married Penelope Anne Reyne in 1943. They had two children, Christopher (born 1 January 1945) and another son, who died aged three days. He and Penelope divorced in 1949.

In April 1951, he moved permanently to the family's estate, Killegar House, in Carrigallen, County Leitrim.  His father's fortunes had not flourished and he had been forced by circumstances to put Killegar on the market. The house was dilapidated, and had not been occupied for several years but he was determined to live there.  He farmed the estate organically from the 1950s.

His second marriage was to an Australian ex-spy and writer, Susan Lee Heazlewood, who was thirty-six years his junior, in 1981. They had one son, the Irish poet Sean Godley (born 1981), before divorcing in 1989.

He also had a daughter, Lisa.

He died in Cavan in August 2006.

Wartime service
Having taken flying lessons while at school, when World War II broke out, he joined the Fleet Air Arm in 1940, mainly flying obsolescent Fairey Swordfish bombers (known as "stringbags") from merchant aircraft carriers, merchant ships with an added flight deck used to escort merchant convoys on the Atlantic.  He was commissioned in 1941, and later commanded 'P' Flight of 836 Naval Air Squadron.  He was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1944 and took command of 835 Naval Air Squadron.  He was awarded the DSC for commanding the mixed Swordfish and Grumman Wildcat squadron from the escort carrier HMS Nairana in an attack on enemy shipping on 29 January 1945.  He transferred to command of 714 Naval Air Squadron, ending the war flying a Fairey Barracuda.

Post-war writing career
After finishing his studies, he considered joining the Foreign Service, but decided to become a journalist instead, working for the Daily Mirror from 1947 to 1949, the Daily Express from 1949 to 1951, and then freelance.  He was originally as a racing correspondent and later mainly as a foreign correspondent in places including Aden, Angola, China, Cuba and Yemen.  He wrote for many journals, including The New Yorker, Punch, Sports Illustrated, Reader's Digest and Good Housekeeping.

He also wrote several books under the name "John Godley", including Tell Me the Next One (1950), The Master Forger (1951, a biography of the Vermeer forger Han van Meegeren), Living Like a Lord (1955), A Peer Behind the Curtain (1959) and Shamrocks and Unicorns (1962), a second biography of the Vermeer forger Han van Meegeren (1967, under the name "Lord Kilbraken"), a war autobiography entitled Bring Back My Stringbag (1979), and The Easy Way to Bird Recognition (1982), which won an award and was followed up by The Easy Way to Tree Recognition (1983) and The Easy Way to Wild Flower Recognition (1984).

Peerage
He succeeded his father as Baron Kilbracken in 1950, while visiting New Zealand to celebrate the centenary of the foundation of Christchurch and the province of Canterbury by his great-great-grandfather, John Robert Godley.  He took his seat in the House of Lords, but rarely attended until he made his maiden speech in 1961.  He became an active member in later years.  Originally a Liberal, he moved to Labour in 1966.

As a resident in the Republic of Ireland, Lord Kilbracken returned his six military medals in 1972 as a result of British behaviour in Northern Ireland (variously attributed to the Bloody Sunday incident, or the British policy of internment).  He also renounced his British nationality, taking up an Irish passport, but retaining his right to sit in the House of Lords until the reforms in 1999.  He also campaigned on behalf of the Kurds, comparing the situation in Iraq with that in Northern Ireland.

References

External links
Obituary, The Times, 15 August 2006
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 15 August 2006
Obituary, The Guardian, 16 August 2006
Obituary, The Independent, 18 August 2006

1920 births
2006 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
3
John
Irish writers
Labour Party (UK) hereditary peers
People educated at Arnold House School
People educated at Eton College
Politicians from County Leitrim
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Fleet Air Arm personnel of World War II
British emigrants to Ireland
Kilbracken
People from Carrigallen

John Godley, 3rd Baron Kilbracken


Hinton Mitchem (May 18, 1938 – January 22, 2013) was a Democratic member of the Alabama Senate, representing the 9th District from 1979 to January 1987 and then again from June 1987 to January 2011.

Early years
Hinton Mitchem was born on May 18, 1938, in Georgia to Neal Emory and Gertrude Helen Hinton. He received his Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree in Education from the University of Georgia in 1961. He also served in the U.S. Coast Guard. He moved from Georgia to Marshall County, Alabama, in 1962. He was the owner of Hinton Mitchem Tractor Co., Inc. from 1965 until he sold it in 2005.

Political service
Mitchem first entered politics as a member of the Albertville, Alabama City Council in 1968.  In 1974, he was elected unopposed in the general election as a member of the Alabama House of Representatives, representing the 25th District, serving a single four-year term before his election to the Senate. He ran without Republican opposition again in both his first race and in 1982 as well as the special 1983 race the entire legislature had to run in. In 1986, Mitchem stepped down from the Senate and ran in the primary for Lieutenant Governor. In a four-person field, he placed third behind fellow State Senator John Teague and eventual winner, Jim Folsom, Jr., placing just ahead of former State Treasurer Melba Till Allen.

When Senate successor Loyd Coleman was forced from office upon a criminal conviction in April 1987, Mitchem jumped into the special election and won handily in the primary, and by a 2-to-1 margin over Republican Nell Burton Skidmore. He won unopposed again in 1990. With the growing strength of the Alabama Republicans, he faced opposition during his last terms in 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2006, with a declining, but respectable, percentage of the vote. His closest race was his final one in 2006 where he prevailed by 7% over attorney Bill Ingram of Guntersville, Alabama.

Mitchem was elected President Pro Tempore of the Senate on January 9, 2007, by a margin of 18–17 over the efforts of a coalition of Republicans and disaffected Democrats to elect leadership that would be more favorable to then-Gov. Bob Riley. He then resigned from the position on February 5, 2009, per a prior agreement to allow a vote on Rodger Smitherman to succeed him for the remaining two years of the session. As of 2010, Mitchem was serving in his 36th year in the Alabama Legislature, then the longest-serving member (with a 5-month gap of service in early 1987). He chose to retire in 2010 and was succeeded by Republican Clay Scofield.

Personal life
Mitchem was a Rotarian and enjoyed golf and traveling in his spare time. He had four children, Todd, Tonya, Dee and Brittnie, and five grandchildren.

Later years
In 1980, Mitchem was appointed by then-Governor Fob James, Jr. as Chairman of the Alabama Governor's Commission on Physical Fitness, serving in that capacity for 28 years. He also served 18 consecutive years as Chairman of the Alabama Special Olympics.

He died on January 22, 2013. He had Alzheimer's disease. In addition to suffering with Alzheimer's disease for several years, in 2011 Mitchem was diagnosed with ALS, or Lou Gehrig's Disease, a fatal neuro-muscular disease with no known cause or cure.

References

External links

Follow the Money - Hinton Mitchem **2006 2002 1998 campaign contributions
 The Arab Tribune – Mitchem ending 36-year state career 3/10/2010
Photo of Hinton Mitchem

1938 births
2013 deaths
People from Oconee County, Georgia
People from Marshall County, Alabama
Businesspeople from Alabama
Alabama city council members
Democratic Party Alabama state senators
Democratic Party members of the Alabama House of Representatives
University of Georgia alumni
20th-century American businesspeople

Hinton Mitchem


The 1956 Sugar Bowl featured the 7th ranked Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, and the 11th ranked Pittsburgh Panthers. The game was played on January 2, since New Year's Day was a Sunday. Much controversy preceded the 1956 Sugar Bowl. Segregationists and Georgia governor Marvin Griffin used all his political power in an attempt to keep Pitt fullback/linebacker Bobby Grier from playing because he was black. But ultimately, Bobby Grier played making this the first integrated Sugar Bowl and is the first integrated bowl game in the Deep South.

Background

This game occurred during segregation battles in the south, including Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and the murder of Emmett Till (1955).  The Sugar Bowl had been racially segregated since its first inception in 1935.  No black players had ever taken the field in it.  There were even different sections of the stadium set aside for black and white attendees.  In the past, most Southern colleges (including Georgia Tech) were all-white and had an unofficial "gentleman's agreement" with integrated Northern schools in which the teams would only play against each other if the African American players on the team were benched for the game.  By the 1950s, this agreement was starting to break down, with some Northern schools refusing to honor it and some Southern schools agreeing to play against integrated teams so long as the game took place in the North.  Many Southern schools responded to this shift by simply refusing to play Northern schools at all, resulting in a significant decline in inter-sectional gameplay.  The Bowl games, most of which took place in the South, became a focal point of contention.  The Cotton Bowl in Dallas held its first integrated game in 1948, and the Sun Bowl in El Paso held one in 1950.  But up to 1956, most Southern games still remained strictly segregated.

Georgia Tech had been involved in a previous racial incident in 1934, when the team refused to play a game against the University of Michigan unless the Wolverines benched their star end, a black player named Willis Ward.  Michigan eventually complied with the demand, but only after Georgia Tech agreed to reciprocate by benching their own star end, Hoot Gibson.  With both players out of the game, it proceeded on schedule, with Michigan winning 9-2 to earn what turned out to be their only victory of the season.  By 1956, Georgia Tech had a progressive President, and they had played against integrated teams before, including a game against Notre Dame two years earlier (a 27-14 defeat that ended the Yellow Jackets' 31-game winning streak), but none of these games had taken place in the South.

Pittsburgh's linebacker and fullback, Bobby Grier, was black. Many segregationists in New Orleans fought to bar him from playing. This stood in stark contrast to the 1956 Rose Bowl, which featured two of the most racially integrated college football teams of the day with six African American players for the UCLA Bruins and seven for the Michigan State Spartans. Pitt's official stance was "No Grier, no game". The School announced Grier would "travel, eat, live, practice, and play with the team." After receiving the team invitation to the Sugar Bowl, Georgia Tech coach Bobby Dodd took a poll of his players to see if they were willing to play an integrated team.  Every single player voted in favor of playing the game.  Starting quarterback Wade Mitchell said "I personally have no objection to playing a team with a Negro member on it, and, as far as I know, the rest of the boys feel the same way."

Opposition by Griffin
Georgia governor Marvin Griffin, who had a son attending Georgia Tech at the time, privately told Dodd and Georgia Tech's President Blake R Van Leer the game could proceed, but would later publicly oppose Georgia Tech's participation in the game. On December 2, 1955 (the day after Rosa Parks began her Montgomery bus boycott), Griffin publicly sent another telegram to his state's Board Of Regents imploring that teams from Georgia not engage in racially integrated events which had Blacks either as participants or in the stands. It read:

That same night, a group of 2,000 Georgia Tech students held a protest against Griffin's stance, which soon turned into a riot.  Holding signs saying "We play anybody" and "governor Griffin sits on his brains", the students broke windows, upturned parking meters, hung Griffin in effigy, and marched all the way to the governor's mansion, surrounding it until 3:30 a.m. and only agreeing to disperse when state representative Milton "Muggsy" Smith (himself a former Georgia Tech football player) addressed the crowd and assured them the game would be played. A few days later, students at the rival University of Georgia held their own protest against Griffin, stating "For once we are with Georgia Tech."  Others all across America came out against Griffin, including labor leader Walter Reuther, who called Griffin's statement "un-American", and said "you couldn't help the communists more if you were on their payroll." Griffin publicly blamed Georgia Tech's President for the "riots." Van Leer would soon be summoned to the Board of Regents. Another state representative John P Drinkard recommended that all of Georgia Tech's state funding be cut off if they proceed and later Griffin suggested anyone who adhered to the principles of integration should not be admitted to Tech. Van Leer was publicly quoted:  On December 5 the Georgia Tech board of regents voted 13-1 in favor of allowing the game to proceed as scheduled.

Game summary

The game was a high caliber defensive game. The two teams gave up a combined 7 points, on 453 combined yards. Georgia Tech was held without any points the remaining three quarters of the game, and ended up winning by a 7-0 margin. Pittsburgh, despite dominating the game in terms of yardage (311–142) lost because of 2 lost fumbles, and 72 penalty yards.

After Georgia Tech recovered a Pitt fumble on the Panthers 32-yard line, Grier was flagged for a 31-yard pass interference penalty, giving the Yellow Jackets a first and goal from the 1.  The call was hotly disputed, both by fans in attendance and Pitt players.  On the next play, quarterback Wade Mitchell took the ball into the end zone to give his team a 7-0 lead.

In the second quarter, Georgia Tech was held to five offensive plays, while Pitt got a chance to score with a 79-yard drive to the Yellowjackets 1-yard line.  But with time running out, Pitt QB Corny Salvaterra was stuffed for no gain on 4th and goal by GT defenders Franklin Brooks and Allen Ecker.

In the third quarter, a 26-yard run by Grier sparked a drive to the GT 16-yard line, but this ended with no points due to an interception.  Later in the period, Pitt drove all the way to the Yellow Jacket 7, only to lose the ball on a fumble.  In the fourth quarter, Pitt mounted a last minute drive for the tying score, but was stopped on the GT 5-yard line when time ran out.

Grier finished as the game's leading rusher with 51 yards.

Aftermath
After the game, Grier protested the pass interference call, but praised the Georgia Tech players, saying "They were good sportsmen, perhaps the best I've played against all season. They played hard, but clean. It was a good game. But believe me. I didn't push that man."  The referee who made the call was Rusty Coles, a Pittsburgh native who had been selected by Pitt for the game (both teams got to select three referees each).  Coles later admitted the call was an error, but denied making it intentionally. Despite the after game awards banquet being hosted in the segregated St. Charles Hotel, Grier accepted an invite from the Georgia Tech players to attend. 60 years later, Grier and Georgia Tech's QB Wade Mitchell met at Georgia Tech's stadium and shared a meal once more. They were joined by their families and Blake Van Leer III.

The game did not immediately lead to future integration of the Sugar Bowl.  In July 1956, the Louisiana state legislature passed Act 579, known as the Athletic Events Bill, which prohibited interracial sports competitions. Governor Earl Long signed it on July 16. It said, in part:

The Sugar Bowl would not host another Northern team for the next eight years.  Eventually, a federal district court ruled Act 579 was unconstitutional.  Five days after the 1964 Sugar Bowl, the United States Supreme Court agreed to let the lower court ruling stand.  The lower court stated "Cities may as well face up to the facts of life: New Orleans, here and now, must adjust to the reality of having to operate desegregated public facilities. Time has run out. There is no defense left. There is no excuse left which a court, bound by respect for the Rule of Law, could now legitimize as a legal justification for a city's continued segregation of governmental facilities."  The following year, Louisiana State University played in the 1965 Sugar Bowl against a Syracuse University team that featured two black players, Floyd Little and Jim Nance, both of whom would go on to play in the NFL.

In 1957, Georgia senator Leon Butts introduced a bill to ban all integrated athletic contests in the state, as well as other social functions such as dances and concerts.  A violation of this act would be a misdemeanor crime, with a possible fine of up to 1,000 dollars or 60 days in jail.  Governor Griffin supported the bill, but it received fierce opposition from sports writers and athletic clubs, who warned it would ruin Georgia athletics.  The bill passed unanimously in the Georgia senate, but died in the house before it could be put to a vote, leading Butts to complain "I think it's a shame the major league ball clubs and the NAACP have gotten control of the Georgia House."  A few months later, the Georgia Bulldogs played a scheduled football game against an integrated University of Michigan team, losing 26-0.

The 1956 Sugar Bowl is considered the first step towards integration for Georgia Tech as they also opposed Griffin's push to cut funding from colleges which adhered to integration. President Van Leer would suddenly die two weeks after the game. 4 years after his death an overwhelming majority of the 2,741 students present voted to endorse integration of qualified applicants, regardless of race. However, the regents of both Georgia University and Georgia Tech instituted a new policy of refusing to play against integrated teams in integrated stadiums for games that took place in the South, but this was largely symbolic and unenforced.  Just four years later, Georgia accepted an invitation to the Orange Bowl to play against the University of Missouri, which had two black running backs.

Georgia Tech guard Franklin Brooks was named the game's MVP. Bobby Grier's participation in the 1956 Sugar Bowl, as well as the support he received from various communities, is seen by some experts as a milestone in American race relations. Bobby Grier's is now known as a trailblazer who broke the color barrier.

Brooks went on to have a successful coaching career after a brief stint with the Washington Redskins. Brooks coached at the high school level before returning to Georgia Tech as an assistant coach under Pepper Rodgers.  Excelling as an assistant coach, Brooks was poised to become Rogers' replacement but was untimely stricken with inoperable lung cancer.

Brooks was a non-smoker and non-drinker. According to doctor's reports, he developed cancer as a result of exposure to asbestos during a summer job as a teen.  Despite his courageous fight over a two-year period, Brooks died in 1977.  Among friends and family, Brooks' funeral procession included College and Pro Football greats such as Eddie Lee Ivery and Bill Curry.

Brooks' struggles with cancer contributed to reform and ultimately the elimination of unsafe asbestos production. Governments and businesses all around the world have urgently taken measures to eliminate structures containing asbestos over the last twenty-five years. Artist Julian Hoke Harris would later sculpt a portrait plaque to honor Van Leer's stance against Governor Griffin.

A film about Bobby Grier and Blake R Van Leer is being produced by Bobby's son Rob and Blake's grandson. They want it to be a film about change makers and coming together.

References

Sugar Bowl
Sugar Bowl
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football bowl games
Pittsburgh Panthers football bowl games
Sugar Bowl
Sugar Bowl
African-American-related controversies
1955 in sports in Georgia (U.S. state)
Riots and civil disorder in Georgia (U.S. state)
Racism in sport
Post–civil rights era in African-American history
African-American history in Atlanta

1956 Sugar Bowl


Sir Richard Cave (died 16 June 1645) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  in 1640. He fought on the Royalist side in the English Civil War and was killed at the Battle of Naseby.

Cave was the son of Thomas Cave of St Helens Worcester and his wife Katherine Jones, daughter of Walter Jones of Witney, Oxfordshire. He received the support of Prince Rupert and in November 1640 was elected Member of Parliament for Lichfield in the Long Parliament. He was disabled from sitting in parliament in 1642 for supporting the King.

Cave became Governor of Hereford Castle after the Royalists re-captured the town in 1642, but on 25 April 1643, the Parliamentarian forces under General Waller attacked Hereford and found little opposition. Waller demanded the surrender of the City, and a £3000 ransom, and imposed fines on the citizens instead of plunder. Cave was court-marshalled for the surrender of the City but he explained how reluctant the citizens had been to help with the defence and was acquitted.  Cave subsequently fought at the Battle of Naseby where he was killed on 16 June 1645.

Cave married  Elizabeth Bartlett, daughter of Sir Thomas Bartlett.

References

Year of birth missing
1645 deaths
English MPs 1640–1648

Richard Cave


Houlletia is a genus of large-growing epiphytic orchids native to Mexico, and possibly also Guatemala through Central America to Bolivia. was established with the publication by Brogniartt of Houlletia brocklehurstiana in 1841. The genus is named in honor of orchid collector and grower M. Houllet, French orchid collector in Brazil, later the director of the Botanic Jardin des Plantes in Paris, 19th century.

Environment
They are found growing epiphytically and terrestrially on embankments in cool, humid, wet areas, 1,000-2,200 m elevation.

Classification and description
Gerlach (1999) places the genus Houlletia within the "Acineta-Verwandtschaftsgruppe," allied with Acineta, Lueddemannia and Vasqueziella within the larger Stanhopeinae Alliance.

Whitten, Williams, and Chase distinguish the Houlletia clade among the Stanhopeinae, comprising Horichia, Houlletia, Paphinia, Schlimmia, and Trevoria. They write:

"As presently defined, Houlletia consists of two morphologically distinct groups. The group containing H. brockelhurstiana (the type species), H. tigrina, H. odoratissima (Linden ex Lindl.), and H. juruenensis (Hoehne) have open, resupinate flowers that are heavily spotted in red-brown. The epichile is triangular and the hypochile bears a pair of curved, acute projections; the lip shares many features of the lip of Paphinia. The viscidium is narrow, approximately the same width of the long stipe, and the pollinaria are deposited on the bee's scutellum.

In contrast, the group containing H. sanderi, H. wallisii, H. clarae (Schltr.), and H. lowiana (Rchb.f). has globose, nonresupinate flowers that are white to yellow, mostly unspotted, and borne on an erect inflorescence. The epichile is rectangular or ovate (not triangular), and the lateral projections on the hypochile are broad instead of acute. The pollinarium has a broad, concave viscidium."

The plants have ovoid, ridged pseudobulbs, each bearing 2-4 large, pleated leaves. The inflorescences begin from the base of the pseudobulbs and are always pendant, with fleshy, showy flowers hanging downward ("nodding") on a simple raceme. The dorsal sepal is free and the lateral sepals form a short mentum with the column foot. The petals are similar to the dorsal sepal but smaller. The lip is deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes are upcurved and the mid-lobe is spreading. The anther is imperfectly two-celled and there are two waxy pollinia, cleft, with viscidium and a prominent stipe.

Note that in 1999, E. Luckel & H. Fessel published the new genus Jennyella "to accommodate the globose, white flowered taxa." They segregate four species previously attributed to Houlletia into the new genus Jennyella: H. clarae (Schlechter 1924); H. kalbreyeriana (Kraenzlin 1920); H. lowiana (Rchb. f.); and H. sanderi (Rolfe 1910).

Intergeneric hybrids
Houllora (Gongora × Houlletia), in Orchid Rev., 108(1234), IPNI ID 1014858-1, February 7, 2003

References

 Brogniart (1841) "Houlletia brocklehurstiana," in: Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 15: 37
 International Plant Names Index (IPNI)

External links
 The Stanhopea Pages website /Houlletia.

Stanhopeinae genera
Epiphytic orchids
Taxa named by Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart

Houlletia


David Ian Calder (born 1 August 1946) is an English actor.

Life and career
Calder was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, and trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. His most high-profile TV roles include Det. Insp. George Resnick in the crime series Widows and Nathan Spring in the sci-fi drama Star Cops. In 1989, he appeared in the TV adaptation of the David Lodge novel Nice Work. In 2012 he portrayed Captain Edward Smith in the ITV mini-series Titanic. From 2005–06, he took on the role of PC George Dixon in the radio adaptation of the BBC's long running television series Dixon of Dock Green.

Other TV credits include: Crown Court,  Boys from the Blackstuff,  The Professionals, Enemy at the Door, Minder, Bergerac, The New Statesman, Between the Lines, Bramwell, Cracker, Dalziel and Pascoe, Heartbeat, Sleepers, Spooks, Midsomer Murders, Hustle, Waking the Dead, Wallis & Edward, A Touch of Frost, Cold Blood, Burn Up, Lewis and Houdini. He also appeared as Harold Hardman, the Manchester United chairman at the time of the Munich air disaster in 1958, in the TV drama United, aired by the BBC in April 2011. In 2013, he played Mr Reid in The Wrong Mans.

Calder appeared as Sir Robert King in the 1999 James Bond film The World Is Not Enough. His other film appearances include Moonlighting (1982), Defence of the Realm (1986), American Friends (1991), Hollow Reed (1996), FairyTale: A True Story (1997), The King Is Alive (2000), Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006), The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008) and Rush (2013).

In 1979, Calder appeared in a public information film as a crime prevention officer, asking people to consider how they would get into their own home if they lost their keys. The PIF, which was used to encourage people to make their homes secure, and to contact their crime prevention officer for advice, ran until at least 1985. In February 2010, Calder played Stuart Bell in the television film On Expenses.

In October 2016, Calder played Gus, in The Intelligent Homosexual's Guide to Capitalism and Socialism with a Key to the Scriptures by Tony Kushner at the Hampstead Theatre.

In October 2016, he appeared as Mr Bruff in the BBC mini-series The Moonstone and from October 2017 in the title role of Julius Caesar at the new Bridge Theatre. This production was broadcast by National Theatre Live in March 2018.

Also in 2018, Calder played a closeted gay man suffering from dementia on BBC's Call the Midwife.

Filmography

References

External links

1946 births
Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
English male film actors
English male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Portsmouth
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors

David Calder (actor)


The Gazetteer for Scotland is a gazetteer covering the geography, history and people of Scotland.  It was conceived in 1995 by Bruce Gittings of the University of Edinburgh and David Munro of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, and contains 25,870 entries as of July 2019. It claims to be "the largest dedicated Scottish resource created for the web".  The Gazetteer for Scotland provides a carefully researched and  editorially validated resource widely used by students, researchers, tourists and family historians with interests in Scotland.

Following on from a strong Scottish tradition of geographical publishing, the Gazetteer for Scotland is the first comprehensive gazetteer to be produced for the country since Francis Groome's Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland (1882–1886) (the text of which is incorporated into relevant entries). The aim is not to produce a travel guide, of which there are many, but to write a substantive and thoroughly edited description of the country, including industrial sites, notable architecture and many other features not of tourist interest.

Unlike a traditional gazetteer, the Gazetteer for Scotland has been expanded into an encyclopedia, by including additional entries on famous people, events, Scottish families and family history.  These entries are interlinked, and facilities provided to search and map the online database.  The Gazetteer for Scotland also includes a simple interface to the historical mapping provided by the National Library of Scotland, and links to other Scottish Government resources, such as listed building information from Historic Environment Scotland and geological maps from the British Geological Survey.  As such, it provides a single portal into a vast array of underlying information.

In terms of the web, the Gazetteer for Scotland is historically interesting because it is one of the earliest decisions to take what would have been a book and make it available as a website, realising that the content would grow too much larger than could be economically publishable.  The web medium also permitted many more illustrations than would be possible in print.  A book has, in fact, been published as a later output of this project Scotland: An Encyclopedia of Places and Landscape (2006), which distills the key facts from the Gazetteer for Scotland database, together with high-quality mapping, into a handy reference form.

See also
Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland
Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales
List of online encyclopedias

References

External links

Publications established in 1995
1995 establishments in Scotland
English-language encyclopedias
British online encyclopedias
Scottish websites
University of Edinburgh
Gazetteers
Scottish encyclopedias
Databases in Scotland
Internet properties established in 1995
20th-century encyclopedias
Geographical databases in the United Kingdom

Gazetteer for Scotland


The Dora Riparia (; ;  or Doire; ) is an alpine river, a left-hand tributary of the Po. It is  long (of which 5 km in France), with a  drainage basin. It originates in the Cottian Alps, close to the Col de Montgenèvre in France, where it is called the Piccola Dora. Its name becomes the Dora Riparia after the confluence with the Ripa in the Argentera Valley and the Thuras de Bousson close to Cesana.

Further down the valley, in Oulx, the river grows thanks to its main upper tributary, the Dora di Bardonecchia, and before Susa is augmented by the Galambra and Cenischia. After Susa, it only receives minor tributaries: from the left, Gravio by Condove, Sessi by Caprie, and Messa by Almese, from the right Scaglione by Meana and Gravio by Villar Focchiardo. It runs through the Susa Valley, and after having crossed part of the plain of the Po and the territories of the comunes of Avigliana, Alpignano, Pianezza and Collegno, joins the Po at Turin. It is considered a "stream" (torrente) until Susa, and a river (fiume) to Turin.

It was at the confluence of the Dora Riparia and the Po that present-day Turin was founded in Roman times. Dora Riparia was there for a long time the main source of energy: already in medieval times its water was collected in canals () that drove mills, water wheels and other contraptions. In the area between the confluence of Dora Riparia and Stura in the Po, where before the destruction caused by the Battle of Turin in 1706 one could find the Regio park, lies today the Parco della Colletta. One of the bridges spanning the river at Turin is Ponte Mosca.

In the 20th century, industrial and urban development significantly degenerated environmental conditions in the river; renovation work did not start until the 1990s. In 1999, the environmental protection agency ARPA (the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection) conducted a study of the entire Dora Riparia and the river Sangone, revealing a condition of serious pollution. Then, in 2002, the agro-natural park of Dora Riparia was born, financed by the comune of Collegno and the region of Po, to preserve the natural habitat, but also to integrate agricultural and river area.

References

Rivers of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Rivers of France
Rivers of the Province of Turin
International rivers of Europe
Rivers of Italy
Rivers of Hautes-Alpes
Rivers of the Alps

Dora Riparia


Edward Cooper (February 26, 1873 – March 1, 1928) was an American lawyer and Republican politician who represented West Virginia in the United States House of Representatives during the 64th and 65th United States Congresses from 1915 to 1919.

Cooper was born in Trevorton, Pennsylvania. He moved with his parents to Fayette County, West Virginia in 1875 where he attended public and private schools. He graduated from Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia in 1892, and subsequently from the law department of the same university. He was admitted to the bar in 1894 and practiced law for three years in Bramwell, West Virginia where he was also a member of the town council for eight years.

On the death of his father, Cooper abandoned the practice of law and engaged in the development of coal properties in West Virginia. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1912 and elected as a Republican to the Sixty-fourth and Sixty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1915 – March 3, 1919). He was unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1918 to the Sixty-sixth Congress. After leaving Congress, he again engaged in the production of coal in Mercer and McDowell Counties, West Virginia and served as a director in several coal companies. He died in Bluefield, West Virginia in 1928 and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.

See also
 United States congressional delegations from West Virginia
 List of United States representatives from West Virginia

Sources

1873 births
1928 deaths
American lawyers
Washington and Lee University alumni
Washington and Lee University School of Law alumni
People from Fayette County, West Virginia
Burials at Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from West Virginia
People from Bramwell, West Virginia

Edward Cooper (West Virginia politician)


Dante Alighieri, jiske jaada kar ke Danteke naam se jaana jaawe hae (14 May/13 June 1265 - 14 September 1321), ek Italian poet rahaa jon ki Florence me rahat rahaa. Uske khaae kaam Commedia (Divine Comedy), ke Italian bhasa me sab se achchhaa literary work maana jaawe hae. Italian me uske "the Supreme Poet" (il Sommo Poeta) bola jaawe hae.

Duusra websites
 "Dante Alighieri on the Web", about the Dante's life, and (complete) work.
 The Banquet (Il Convito)
 The Divine Comedy: A Study Guide about Divine Comedy
 The Divine Comedy, Italian
 Dante Alighieri  and his Divine Comedy in English on Read Print
 The Online Library of Liberty: Dante's Divine Comedy Italian text with English translation, Cambridge, 1918.
 Società Dantesca Italiana (bilingual site) manuscripts of Dante's works, images and text transcripts
 Guardian Books: small "Author Page"
 LitWeb.net: Dante Alighieri Biography
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Another biography, on his works and bibliography

A
D
Italy ke log
Poets

Dante Alighieri


Giulia Turco, or Giulia Turco Lazzari (; 1848–1912), was a baroness best known as a naturalist and writer in her native Trento, Italy. She was married to the bolognese musician Raffaello Lazzari.

In the 1850s she wrote for the magazine Rivista delle signorine, where she published a series of articles and short stories under the pseudonym "Jacopo Turco". Here she began a series of works which can be classified as lifestyle guides for young women and expounded the virtues of travel, charity, floral design, natural medicines and cooking.

Her cultural interests later brought her to support artists and musicians in both her native Trento and Venice, where she also had a home. Among these were the painter Eugenio Prati, a long-time friend, and for whom Turco's diary provides great insight. Another was the naturalist artist Bartolomeo Bezzi, whose "attachment to his native land is a constant aspect of his life and during his stays in Trentino he was a frequent visitor to the cultural circle of Baroness Giulia Turco Lazzari, in such company as Eugenio Prati, Luigi Nono, Angelo dall'Oca Bianca and many other artists, critics, writers and musicians".

By the end of the 19th century, her main focus was on gastronomy and she created a large recipe file and catalogue maintained between 1899 and 1901 with Pellegrino Artusi. In 1904 Artusi published a practical manual for the kitchen, with over 3,000 recipes and 150 tables, simply entitled Ecco il tuo libro di cucina (Here is your kitchen book). Turco's participation was anonymous and was only later revealed.

References

1848 births
1912 deaths
People from Trento
People from the County of Tyrol
Italian non-fiction writers
19th-century Italian women writers
20th-century Italian women writers

Giulia Turco


Leonid Borisovich Kogan (; ; 14 November 1924 – 17 December 1982) was a preeminent Soviet violinist during the 20th century. Many consider him to be among the greatest violinists of the 20th century. In particular, he is considered to have been one of the greatest representatives of the Soviet School of violin playing.

Life and career
Kogan was born to a Jewish family in Yekaterinoslav (now Dnipro), the son of a photographer. After he showed an early interest and ability for violin playing, his family moved to Moscow, where he was able to further his studies. From age ten he studied there with the noted violin pedagogue Abram Yampolsky. In 1934, Jascha Heifetz played concerts in Moscow. "I attended every one," Kogan later said, "and can remember until now every note he played. He was the ideal artist for me." When Kogan was 12, Jacques Thibaud was in Moscow and heard him play. The French virtuoso predicted a great future for Kogan.

Kogan studied at the Central Music School in Moscow (1934–43), then at the Moscow Conservatory (1943–48), where he studied as a postgraduate (1948–51).

At the age of 17, and while still a student, he performed throughout the Soviet Union. He was co-winner of the first prize at the World Youth Festival in Prague. In 1951, Kogan won first prize at the Queen Elisabeth Competition in Brussels with a dazzling performance of Paganini's first concerto that included an outstanding interpretation of Sauret's cadenza.

His official debut was in 1941, playing the Brahms Concerto with the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory.

His international solo tours took him to Paris and London in 1955, and then South America and the United States in the following years. Kogan had a repertoire of over 18 concerti and a number of concerti by modern composers were dedicated to him.

In 1952, Kogan began teaching at the Moscow Conservatory, and in 1980 he was invited to teach at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena, Italy.

Kogan, a brilliant and compelling violinist excelled in both the concerto repertoire and in chamber music, shunned publicity. His career was always overshadowed by that of David Oistrakh, who was strongly promoted by the Soviet authorities. Like Oistrakh, Kogan made a few studio recordings in the West, mostly for EMI. The bulk of his recordings were made in the Soviet Union, however, and their availability outside that country was very rare until the release of the Brilliant box set "Historic Russian Archives Leonid Kogan Edition"

Kogan was made a People's Artist of the USSR in 1964, and received the Lenin Prize in 1965.

Kogan married Elizabeth Gilels (sister of pianist Emil Gilels), also a concert violinist. His son, Pavel Kogan (b. 1952) became a famous violinist and conductor. His daughter, Nina Kogan (b. 1954), is a concert pianist and became the accompanist and sonata partner of her father at an early age.

Kogan died of a heart attack in the city of Mytishchi, while travelling by train between Moscow and Yaroslavl to a concert he was to perform with his son. Two days before, he had played the Beethoven Violin Concerto in Vienna. He was buried in Novodevichy Cemetery.

Many speculate that Kogan played on all steel strings, though there is not an outright confirmation. While his close associates indicate he played on gut strings except for a steel 'e' string, it is most likely that he used different combinations over the course of his career.

Instruments
Kogan used two Guarneri del Gesù violins: the 1726 ex-Colin and the 1733 ex-Burmester. He used French bows by Dominique Peccatte. Kogan never actually owned these instruments; they were provided on loan from the Soviet government. Today they are worth more than US$4 million.

Recordings
Kogan formed a trio with pianist Emil Gilels and cellist Mstislav Rostropovich. Their recordings include Beethoven's Archduke Trio, the Schumann D minor, the Tchaikovsky, the Saint-Saëns, the Horn Trio by Brahms with Yakov Shapiro (horn), and the Fauré C minor Quartet with Rudolf Barshai (viola). Kogan later formed another trio with conductor Yevgeny Svetlanov (piano) and  (cello). Kogan was the first Soviet violinist to play and record Berg's Violin Concerto. He also made a famous recording of Khachaturian's Violin Concerto with Pierre Monteux and the Boston Symphony Orchestra for RCA Victor (his American debut recording), a version still considered the most exciting reading of the work. Kogan recorded violin concerti by other Soviet composers, including the two by Tikhon Khrennikov. With Karl Richter, Kogan recorded J. S. Bach's six Violin Sonatas in 1972.

There are more than 30 albums of his performances on the Arlecchino label. In 2006, EMI France issued a 4-CD box set ("Les Introuvables de Leonid Kogan") containing his concerto recordings for that label, all digitally remastered the same year.

The EMI Kogan recordings from 1950s and 1960s used to belong to Columbia, who released about five stereo recordings of Kogan in the vinyl record period: Beethoven Violin Concerto (SAX 2386), Brahms Violin Concerto (SAX 2307), Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto (SAX 2323), Lalo Symphonie espagnole (SAX 2329) and Leclar/Telemann/Ysaye Sonatas for duo Violins (SAX 2531). Nowadays, these Kogan records are among the most sought-after records for classical vinyl collectors. For example, the price of the Beethoven Violin Concerto (SAX2386) record soars up to 10,000 dollars in eBay auctions.

See also
 Pavel Kogan
 Dmitri Kogan

Notes

References
Roth, Henry (1997). Violin Virtuosos: From Paganini to the 21st Century. Los Angeles, CA: California Classics Books.
В сб.: Музыкальное исполнительство, в. 6, М., 1970, с. 162—193; – Гринберг М., Пронин В., В классе П. С. Столярского
«Советская музыка», 1972, № 3. – Ойстрах Д., Фурер С., Мордкович Л., О нашем учителе. (К столетию П. С. Столярского)
Elena Fedorovich, Ekaterinburg, 2007
Leonid Kogan Bibliography – M. Zazovsky, L. K. (Moscow, 1956).
"Leonid Borisovich Kogan." BAKER'S BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF MUSICIANS, Centennial Edition. Nicolas Slonimsky, Editor Emeritus. Schirmer, 2001.

External links

1924 births
1982 deaths
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century Russian male musicians
Musicians from Dnipro
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Academic staff of Moscow Conservatory
Moscow Conservatory alumni
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the USSR
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Prize-winners of the Queen Elisabeth Competition
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Male classical violinists
Jewish classical violinists
Russian classical violinists
Russian Jews
Russian music educators
Soviet classical violinists
Soviet Jews
Soviet music educators
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Academic staff of Accademia Musicale Chigiana

Leonid Kogan


Ciara Gibson-Byrne (born 3 December 1992) is a British-Spanish water polo player playing as a right-wing.

Born in Barcelona, Spain, to British parents she began playing water polo aged 11. Gibson-Byrne made her debut for the British team as a 17-year-old in 2010 and has played for CN Mataró in the División de Honor de Waterpolo and for the City of Manchester club based in the Manchester Aquatics Centre. She played in the World League for the GB team in 2010, the World University Games in 2011 and was a member of the team which qualified for the 2012 European Championships, the first GB team to enter the games for 15 years. She scored in every game, finishing joint top British scorer on seven.

In 2012, as the youngest member of the team, she was selected to represent Great Britain in the 2012 London Olympics, the first ever Olympic GB women's water polo team. She also represented Great Britain at the 2013 World Championships and at the 2014 European Championships in Budapest, being the highest goal scorer of her team with 10 goals.

Club career
She started her career in 2006, in CN Mataró. In 2010, she moved to Manchester to join Great Britain. She then returned to CN Mataró in 2012.

References

External links

1992 births
British female water polo players
Living people
Sportspeople from Barcelona
Sportspeople from Newcastle upon Tyne
Olympic water polo players for Great Britain
Water polo players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Spanish people of British descent

Ciara Gibson-Byrne


Thomas Comber (1645–1699) was an English churchman, Dean of Durham from 1689.

Life
From a family at Barkham, Sussex, his father, James Comber, was the fourth son of John Comber, who was uncle to Thomas Comber, Dean of Carlisle. His mother was Mary, daughter of Bryan Burton of Westerham, Kent, and widow of Edward Hampden. Thomas was born at Westerham on 19 March 1645; his father was driven by the war to take refuge in Flanders for four years, during which time his son was left entirely under the care of his mother. His father returned to Westerham in 1649, and in the following year, Comber was placed under the tuition of the Rev. Thomas Walter. He could read and write Greek before he was ten years old.

On 18 April 1659, after some changes of school, he was admitted to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, under Edmund Matthews, B.D., senior fellow and president of the college. He studied experimental philosophy, geometry, astronomy, music, painting, and the oriental tongues, besides learning a common-place method for philosophy and divinity. His family was poor, but he procured an annual exhibition and received support from a relative of Dr. Richard Minshall, Master of the college. On 18 January 1663 he was chosen scholar of the house, and three days later he was admitted to the degree of B.A.

Early in 1663, he was invited to the house of one of his preceptors, Mr. Holland, now rector of All Hallows Staining, London; and having been ordained deacon on 18 August by dispensation, he read prayers on Sundays for Mr. Holland, and studied on weekdays in the library of Sion College. Soon afterwards he became curate to the Rev. Gilbert Bennet, rector of Stonegrave, Yorkshire. He was ordained priest in York Minster by Archbishop Richard Sterne on 20 September 1664, In May 1666 he performed the exercise for his degree of M.A.; the commencement was postponed in consequence of the Great Plague of London breaking out, and he was admitted to the degree by proxy. He was appointed chaplain to John Frescheville, 1st Baron Frescheville. While he was curate of Stonegrave he was invited to reside with William Thornton of East Newton, Yorkshire, and he afterwards married his daughter Alice. Here he wrote theological pieces and poetry. In 1669 Comber was inducted to the rectory of Stonegrave on Bennet's resignation.

In 1672 appeared the first instalment of his major work, the Companion to the Temple, intended to reconcile Protestant dissenters to the church of England. On 5 July 1677, he was installed prebendary of Holme in the church of York, and on 10 January 1678 he was presented, by Sir Hugh Cholmeley, 4th Baronet, to the living of Thornton-le-Clay, ten miles from Stonegrave. He obtained a dispensation to hold both livings from the Archbishop of Canterbury, who created him D.D. by patent on 28 June 1678. He obtained the prebend of Fenton in the church of York in 1681, and in the following year, he was nominated one of the chaplains to the Princess Anne. In 1683 he resigned the prebend of Fenton, and on 19 October in that year he was instituted precentor of York and prebendary of Driffield. Soon afterwards he went into residence at York, and was put into the commission of the peace. He was also chosen as one of the proctors of the chapter of York in the convocation of the northern province.

In the reign of James II, he refused to attend the chapter held on 25 August 1688 for the suspension of the Rev. Mr. Lawson, in compliance with an order of the Court of High Commission. When the king sent a silver crozier to York, and a congé d'élire with a recommendation of Dr. Smith, a Roman Catholic, the precentor determined to accept the invitation formerly given him by the Princess of Orange to take refuge with her. When William III and Mary II were proclaimed at York, he preached in the cathedral to a large audience. King William restored him to the office of justice of the peace after a year's suspension, and on 19 July 1689, he took the necessary oaths. His old friend John Tillotson procured for him the deanery of Durham, in succession to Dr. Dennis Grenville, a nonjuror. He was installed on 9 May 1691.

He died on 25 November 1699 at East Newton, and was buried in Stonegrave church.

Works
His works, in addition to some occasional sermons, are:

A Companion to the Temple and Closet; or a help to publick and private devotion, in an Essay upon the daily Offices of the Church, 2 parts, London, 1672–6; 2nd edition, with additions, 2 parts, London, 1676–9; 4 parts, London, 1684 and 1688; 4th edition, 1701–2. Part 1 Morning and Evening Prayer Part 2 The Litany with the Occasional Prayers and Thanksgivings A new edition was published at the Clarendon Press (7 vols., Oxford, 1841,) without addition, and omitting the preface to Comber's later editions. This is the most complete book extant on the Book of Common Prayer, with full references to authorities. Succeeding writers on the subject were indebted to it, particularly Wheatley.
Roman Forgeries in the Councils during the first four centuries (with appendix), 1673, 2 parts; London, 1689. Reprinted in Edmund Gibson's Preservative against Popery, Volume xv pages 89 to 243.
Friendly and Seasonable Advice to the Roman Catholics of England, 1674 (anon.) To the 4th edition (1685) the author prefixed his name. A new edition, with an appendix and notes by Walter Farquhar Hook, appeared in 1836 and elicited a reply from "Julius Vindex" entitled A Letter to the Rev. W. F. Hook, proving the truth of the Roman Catholic Religion from Protestant authority alone, London [1847].
A Companion to the Altar; or a help to the worthy receiving of the Lord's Supper London, 1675; 4th edition, 2 parts, London, 1685; 6th edition, 2 parts, London, 1721.
The Right of Tithes (anon.) In answer to Elwood the Quaker.
Christianity No Enthusiasm, or, The Several kinds of Inspirations and revelations pretended to by the Quakers, London, 1678.
The Occasional Offices of Matrimony, Visitation of the Sick, Burial of the Dead, Churching of Women, and the Commination, explained in the method of the Companion to the Temple: being the fourth and last part, London, 1679.
Religion and Loyalty, a political pamphlet, 1681.
An Historical Vindication of the Divine Right of Tithes, from Scripture, Reason, and the Opinion and Practice of Jews, Gentiles, and Christians in All Ages. Designed to Supply the Omissions, Answer the Objections, and Rectifie the Mistakes of Mr. [John] Selden's History of Tithes., London, 1682; 2nd edition, 1685.
Short Discourses upon the whole Common Prayer, designed to inform the judgment and excite the devotion of such as daily use the same, London, 1684; 2nd edition, 1688; 3rd edition, 1702; 4th edition, 1712.
A Discourse concerning Excommunication, London [1684].
The Church Catechism, with a brief and easy explanation thereof, London, 1686.
The plausible Arguments of a Romish Priest answered from Scripture by an English Protestant, London, 1686; 1687; 1688; 1735; York [1800 ?].
A Discourse concerning the daily frequenting the Common Prayer, London, 1687.
A Discourse of Duels, London, 1687.
A Discourse concerning the second Council of Nice, which first introduced and established Image-worship in the Christian Church, anno Domini 787, London, 1688, (anon.) Reprinted in Gibson's Preservative against Popery, Volume vii pages 373 to 397, and Volume viii pages 1 to 29
A Scholastical History of the primitive and general use of Liturgies in the Christian Church, London, 1690.
The Examiner examined; being a Vindication of the History of Liturgies, London, 1691. In reply to Samuel Bold.
The Church History clear'd from the Roman Forgeries and Corruptions found in the Councils and Baronius. Being the third and fourth parts of the Roman Forgeries, London, 1695.
A Discourse on the Offices for the V of November, XXX th of January, and XXIX th of May, London, 1696.

Comber supported the Glorious Revolution, and published two pamphlets in defence of the government: A modest Vindication of the Protestants of England who joined with the Prince of Orange; and An Apology for the Oath of Allegiance. When the French invasion was projected in 1692, he published a pamphlet called The Pretences of the French Invasion examined for the information of the People of England; and in the preface to a new edition of William King's State of the Protestants of Ireland he undertook to show that James II carried on the design of destroying liberty, property, and Protestantism.

His great-grandson, the Rev. Thomas Comber, published Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Thomas Comber, D.D. London, 1799, (with portrait).

Family
Comber married in 1668 Alice, eldest daughter of William Thornton of East Newton, by Alice Wandesford Thornton his wife, younger daughter of Sir Christopher Wandesford of Kirklington, Lord Deputy of Ireland and Alice Osborne. With this lady, who died on 20 January 1720, aged 87, he had four sons and two daughters.

Notes

Attribution

External links

1645 births
1699 deaths
Deans of Durham
People from Westerham

Thomas Comber (dean of Durham)


Louise Dorothea Schroeder (2 April 1887 in Altona (Elbe) – 4 June 1957 in Berlin) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) party. She was among the 41 female members of the Weimar National Assembly, the Constituent Assembly of the Weimar Republic and subsequently remained a member of the Reichstag until 1933. An educator and activist central in the Arbeiterwohlfahrt (Workers Welfare Institution) movement, and she was under scrutiny of the Nazi Party during the 1930s and 1940s for her socialist positions. After the partition of Germany following World War II, she served as governing mayor of West Berlin in 1948. Until Franziska Giffey was sworn in in 2021, she was the only woman to have served as Mayor of Berlin.

Life and work

Schroeder was born a short distance to the west of Hamburg, the youngest of four children. Her father, an early participant in Socialist politics, was a construction worker; her mother worked in a vegetable shop.

Schroeder had a significant part in the establishment of the Arbeiterwohlfahrt and from 1925 worked as a lecturer in its school in Berlin. She also held a teaching position at the German University of Politics, now the Otto-Suhr-Institut für Politikwissenschaft (Otto-Suhr Institute for Political Studies) until she was disqualified by the Nazis. Up to the end of the Second World War, she spent time in Hamburg, Berlin and Denmark, even though repeatedly summoned to interrogations.

In 1948 Schroeder belonged to the foundation committee of the Freie Universität Berlin (Free University of Berlin).

Party
She was engaged in the Socialist labour movement from early on and joined the SPD party in 1910, where she dedicated herself to social policy and equal rights for women.

From 1946 to 1951 she was joint editor with Otto Suhr in Berlin of a theoretical fortnightly publication entitled Das sozialistische Jahrhundert (The Socialist Century).

Political life
From 1919 she was one of the youngest members of the national assembly of the Weimar Republic and with the introduction of the female right to vote, Schroeder became its first female member. She held this position until the Nazis seized power in 1933.

After 1945 she worked to restore German democracy, initially as a member of the city council (until 1 February 1952) and from 1949 until her death in 1957 as a member of European Parliament.

Public offices
Social politician Otto Suhr pushed for her becoming mayor, given her already renowned political activities. Due to various tensions in town councils and municipalities, the first postwar mayor Otto Ostrowski stepped down from his position, allowing for Ernst Reuter to be elected into office in June 1947. However, he was not allowed to serve in this position due to Soviet objection. Consequently, Schroeder became acting mayor from 8 May 1947 until 7 December 1948, after which she became mayor of West Berlin until 18 January 1951. To this day Schroeder is the only woman to have held this position in Berlin.

Honours
Louise Schroeder was awarded the Great Cross of Merit with Star and Shoulder Ribbon of the Bundesverdienstkreuz (Federal Cross of Merit).

On 2 April 1957 she was named honorary mayor of Berlin. A square in the Wedding district of Berlin was named after her and later in 1998, the Louise Schroeder Medal was founded.

Since then, the Louise-Schroeder-Gymnasium in Munich was named after her, as well as a conference room of Hamburg Airport, and a street in her birthplace of Hamburg-Altona.

References

External links

 Short biography of Louise Schroeder on the Berlin SPD website (German)

1887 births
1957 deaths
People from Altona, Hamburg
German Lutherans
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Weimar National Assembly
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Women mayors of places in Germany
Mayors of Berlin
20th-century German women politicians
20th-century Lutherans

Louise Schroeder


John Friedlander  is a Canadian mathematician specializing in analytic number theory. He received his B.Sc. from the University of Toronto in 1965, an M.A. from the University of Waterloo in 1966, and a Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State University in 1972. He was a lecturer at M.I.T. in 1974–76, and has been on the faculty of the University of Toronto since 1977, where he served as Chair during 1987–91. He has also spent several years at the Institute for Advanced Study. In addition to his individual work, he has been notable for his collaborations with other well-known number theorists, including Enrico Bombieri, William Duke, Andrew Granville, and especially Henryk Iwaniec.

In 1997, in joint work with Henryk Iwaniec, Friedlander proved that infinitely many prime numbers can be obtained as the sum of a square and fourth power: . Friedlander and Iwaniec improved Enrico Bombieri's "asymptotic sieve" technique to construct their proof.

Awards and honors
 In 1999, Friedlander received the Jeffery–Williams Prize.
 In 1988, Friedlander became a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
 In 2002, CRM-Fields-PIMS prize
 In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
 In 2017, he received the Joseph L. Doob prize, jointly with Henryk Iwaniec, for their book Opera de Cribro.

Selected publications

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links

 John Friedlander's profile in Toronto's Focus on Research.
 On Bombieri's asymptotic sieve

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian mathematicians
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Number theorists
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society

John Friedlander


Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj al-Saluli () was an Umayyad governor of al-Andalus from 734 to 740 (or 737 to 742 according to other sources), appointed by Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab.

The new wali of Al-Andalus denounced the self-enriching excesses in taxation imposed by Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, imprisoned him and his officials. Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj in turn made a new census, followed by a more rigorous tax collection. He likewise decreed that each person be judged according to the law of their own people, meaning that the Islamic law of the conquerors did not apply at this stage to the previous inhabitants of Iberia, with the Visigothic Forum Iudicum being still enforced on former inhabitants of the Visigothic Kingdom.

This time, however, saw the commencement of serious internal unrest when the Berbers of North Africa rebelled against a new taxation exacted on them despite being Muslim——usually applying only to non-Muslims. Not only that, the youths were forcibly recruited for the military and maidens forced to provide for the harem of the Caliph in Damascus. At the same time, a new egalitarian predicament, the Kharijitism, was entering Al-Andalus, widely embraced by the Berbers.

In 737 Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj sent over an expedition to help the Muslim governor of Narbonne in his fight against the Frankish Charles Martel, but the expedition was routed by the Carolingian leader in the Battle of the River Berre. In 739 (or 740) the governor imposed a garrison and direct central rule in Pamplona, an outpost that may have been held up to that point by the Franks (or probably Basque-Aquitanians) since the aftermath of the Battle of Poitiers (732).

Shortly after, the governor marched over the northern tip of Africa and Tangier to quash a Berber uprising, and ultimately provoked a killing that spurred his downfall.

Notes

Umayyad governors of Al-Andalus
8th-century Arab people

Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj