Comradeship is a 1919 British silent film drama, directed by Maurice Elvey and starring Lily Elsie, Gerald Ames and Guy Newall. The film's action covers the entire span of World War I, from the months before the outbreak of hostilities to the declaration of peace.

Background
Comradeship was the first feature production by the Stoll Pictures, founded in April 1918 by theatrical manager Oswald Stoll. Stoll was a well-known philanthropist who had been instrumental during World War I in setting up a charity to create homes for disabled soldiers, and campaigned to publicise the plight of blinded ex-servicemen. The film's storyline mirrored these interests, and was also one of the first to examine the social impact of the war on Britain in the respect that common cause and experience had caused a sea-change in British society, challenging and eroding traditional class-based assumptions.

Filming on Comradeship began in the summer of 1918 while the war was still in progress, and it was still in production when the Armistice was signed in November. Elvey took the opportunity to incorporate authentic footage of victory celebrations in London and some of his characters in the setting of the city in the immediate aftermath of war, lending these sections of the film a historical documentary feel.

Plot
Pacifist John Armstrong (Ames) runs a drapery store in the small town of Melcombe, helped by his apprentice Peggy (Peggy Carlisle) and German assistant Otto (Dallas Cairns), who are having an affair. Local landowner Lieutenant Baring (Newall) finds Otto a suspicious character, but is angrily assured by John that he is trustworthy. Armstrong is attracted to Baring's cousin Betty (Elsie), who plans to turn their home, Fanshawe Hall, into a wounded soldiers' hospital on the inevitable outbreak of war between Britain and Germany.

Otto leaves John a note stating his allegiance to Germany, and fails to return to work after the 1914 August bank holiday. Peggy is distraught as she is carrying his child. She is disowned by her family, but Betty hears of the situation and offers shelter to Peggy at Fanshawe.

War breaks out, and injured serviceman start to arrive at Fanshawe. John visits to offer a charitable donation, and starts to tell Betty how he feels about her, but is deflated when Betty explains that running the hospital takes up all of her time and she cannot think of romance. Despite his pacifist inclinations, John finally enlists in the army. At the training camp he becomes fast friends with the cheery working-class Ginger (Teddy Arundell) and the pair admit their trepidation to each other. As the regiment leaves for the front, Betty turns up to wish John goodbye and good luck, and they embrace.

While John fights in the trenches, Peggy suffers a miscarriage. She decides to become a nurse and help Betty at Fanshawe. John comes home on leave and is upset to see Betty handing her locket to Baring as a keepsake. Ginger arrives in Melcombe to visit. As he is out walking, he sees Peggy being harassed by a man and steps in to rescue her. They begin to fall in love, but before Peggy can be honest with Ginger about her past, Ginger and John are recalled to action.

On the battlefield Baring is attacked by Otto, who is killed by Ginger. Ginger is shocked when he finds a picture of Peggy in Otto's pocket. John is moving the badly-wounded Baring to safety when he finds Betty's locket. For a moment he considers leaving Baring to die, but comes to his senses and continues dragging Baring to shelter. A shell explodes nearby, and John is blinded. He is repatriated and sent to Fanshawe to be nursed.

The Armistice is signed. Ginger visits Melcombe again, but refuses to have anything to do with Peggy. Baring reveals that Betty gave him her locket for him to pass on to John, but for one reason or another he forgot about it. John now realises that Betty does not love Baring, but refuses to advance his own suit as he does not want her to feel she has to commit herself to a blind man out of sympathy. Betty is hurt by John's apparent lack of interest. Peggy intercedes, telling John he must be honest with Betty about his love for her. He refuses, but manages to effect a happy reconciliation between Peggy and Ginger.

As society begins to recover from the war, John feels adrift and unsure what to do with his future. He learns of a network of Comrades Clubs set up by ex-serviceman, and finds purpose by setting up a branch in Melcombe. Ginger and Peggy have married, and come down for the grand opening of the club. On the big day, Betty decides that if John will not make the running, she will ask him to marry her. He agrees, and later receives the good news that he can have an operation which will restore his sight.

Cast
 Lily Elsie as Betty Mortimer
 Gerald Ames as John Armstrong
 Guy Newall as Lt. Baring
 Teddy Arundell as Ginger
 Peggy Carlisle as Peggy
 Dallas Cairns as Liebeman
 Kate Gurney as Housekeeper

References

External links

 Comradeship at BFI Film & TV Database

1919 films
1919 drama films
British silent feature films
Films directed by Maurice Elvey
Western Front (World War I) films
British black-and-white films
Silent British drama films
1910s English-language films
1910s British films

Comradeship (1919 film)


Fundamental rights are a group of rights that have been recognized by a high degree of protection from encroachment. These rights are specifically identified in a constitution, or have been found under due process of law. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 16, established in 2015, underscores the link between promoting human rights and sustaining peace.

List of important rights
Some universally recognised rights that are seen as fundamental, i.e., contained in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the U.N. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, or the U.N. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, include the following:

 Self-determination
 Liberty
 Due process of law
 Freedom of movement
 Right to privacy
 Freedom of thought
 Freedom of conscience
 Freedom of religion
 Freedom of expression
 Freedom of assembly
 Freedom of association

Specific jurisdictions

Canada

In Canada, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms outlines four Fundamental Freedoms. These are freedom of:
 Conscience and religion
 Thought, belief, opinion, and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication
 Peaceful assembly
 Association.

Europe
On a European level, fundamental rights are protected in three laws:
 The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
 The Fundamental Freedoms of the European Union
 The European Convention on Human Rights

Japan
In Japan, fundamental rights protected by the Constitution of Japan include:

 Civil liberties, including the right to liberty and the right to freedom of expression, thought, conscience and religion
 Social rights, including the right to receive education and the right to maintain the minimum standards of wholesome and cultured living

India
There are six fundamental rights recognized in the Constitution of India:

 the right to equality (Articles 14-18):
 Article 14: Equality before law
 Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth
 Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
 Article 17: Abolition of untouchability
 Article 18: Abolition of titles
 the right to freedom (Article 19, 22):
 Article 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, expression, assembly, association, movement, and residence
 Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offenses
 Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty
 Article 21A: Right to education
 the right against exploitation (Articles 23-24):
 Article 23: Prohibition of trafficking in human beings and forced labor
 Article 24: Prohibition of child labor
 the right to freedom of religion (Articles 25-28):
 Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion
 Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs
 Article 27: Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion
 Article 28: Freedom from attending religious instruction or worship in certain educational institutions
 cultural and educational rights (Articles 29-30):
 Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities
 Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
 the right to constitutional remedies (Article 32 and 226):
 Article 32: Right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights
 Article 226: Power of High Courts to issue certain writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights

United States

Though many fundamental rights are also widely considered human rights, the classification of a right as "fundamental" invokes specific legal tests courts use to determine the constrained conditions under which the United States government and various state governments may limit these rights. In such legal contexts, courts determine whether rights are fundamental by examining the historical foundations of those rights and by determining whether their protection is part of a longstanding tradition. In particular, courts look to whether the right is "so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental." Individual states may guarantee other rights as fundamental. That is, States may add to fundamental rights but can never diminish and rarely infringe upon fundamental rights by legislative processes. Any such attempt, if challenged, may involve a "strict scrutiny" review in court.

In American constitutional law, fundamental rights have special significance under the U.S. Constitution. Those rights enumerated in the U.S. Constitution are recognized as "fundamental" by the U.S. Supreme Court. According to the Supreme Court, enumerated rights that are incorporated are so fundamental that any law restricting such a right must both serve a compelling state purpose and be narrowly tailored to that compelling purpose.

The original interpretation of the United States Bill of Rights was that only the Federal Government was bound by it. In 1835, the U.S. Supreme Court in Barron v. Baltimore unanimously ruled that the Bill of Rights did not apply to the states. During post-Civil War Reconstruction, the 14th Amendment was adopted in 1868 to rectify this condition, and to specifically apply the whole of the Constitution to all U.S. states. In 1873, the Supreme Court essentially nullified the key language of the 14th Amendment that guaranteed all "privileges or immunities" to all U.S. citizens, in a series of cases called the Slaughterhouse cases. This decision and others allowed post-emancipation racial discrimination to continue largely unabated.

Later Supreme Court justices found a way around these limitations without overturning the Slaughterhouse precedent: they created a concept called Selective Incorporation. Under this legal theory, the court used the remaining 14th Amendment protections for equal protection and due process to "incorporate" individual elements of the Bill of Rights against the states. "The test usually articulated for determining fundamentality under the Due Process Clause is that the putative right must be 'implicit in the concept of ordered liberty', or 'deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition.'" Compare page 267 Lutz v. City of York, Pa., 899 F. 2d 255 - United States Court of Appeals, 3rd Circuit, 1990.

This set in motion a continuous process under which each individual right under the Bill of Rights was incorporated, one by one. That process has extended more than a century, with the free speech clause of the First Amendment first incorporated in 1925 in Gitlow v New York. The most recent amendment completely incorporated as fundamental was the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for personal self-defense, in McDonald v Chicago, handed down in 2010 and the Eighth Amendment's restrictions on excessive fines in Timbs v. Indiana in 2019.

Not all clauses of all amendments have been incorporated. For example, states are not required to obey the Fifth Amendment's requirement of indictment by grand jury. Many states choose to use preliminary hearings instead of grand juries. It is possible that future cases may incorporate additional clauses of the Bill of Rights against the states.

The Bill of Rights lists specifically enumerated rights. The Supreme Court has extended fundamental rights by recognizing several fundamental rights not specifically enumerated in the Constitution, including but not limited to:
 The right to interstate travel
 The right to parent one's children
 The right to privacy
 The right to marriage

Any restrictions a government statute or policy places on these rights are evaluated with strict scrutiny.  If a right is denied to everyone, it is an issue of substantive due process. If a right is denied to some individuals but not others, it is also an issue of equal protection. However, any action that abridges a right deemed fundamental, when also violating equal protection, is still held to the more exacting standard of strict scrutiny, instead of the less demanding rational basis test.

During the Lochner era, the right to freedom of contract was considered fundamental, and thus restrictions on that right were subject to strict scrutiny.  Following the 1937 Supreme Court decision in West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, though, the right to contract became considerably less important in the context of substantive due process and restrictions on it were evaluated under the rational basis standard.

See also
Fundamental Rights Agency of the European Union
Inalienable rights
Universal human rights

References

Fundamental rights
Constitutional law
Rights
Civil rights and liberties

Fundamental rights


The Mitsubishi Chariot is an automobile manufactured and marketed by Mitsubishi from 1983 to 2003. It is a small multi-purpose vehicle (MPV). Based on the SSW concept car first exhibited at the 23rd Tokyo Motor Show in 1979, the MPV derives its nameplate from chariots used by the ancient Greek and Roman empires.

Internationally, the MPV has been marketed as the Mitsubishi Space Wagon, Mitsubishi Nimbus and Mitsubishi Expo — and as the Dodge and Plymouth  Colt Vista Wagon, as captive imports in North America, and as the Eagle Vista Wagon in Canada. It has also been manufactured under license as the Hyundai Santamo and Mitsubishi Savrin in Asia.

First generation (1983)

The first generation Chariot (D0#W-series) was produced from February 1983 until May 1991 with a choice of SOHC straight-four powerplants ranging from the 1.6-liter 4G32 to the 2.0-liter 4G63 petrol engines, or the 1.8 liter 4D65T turbo-diesel (from October 1984), mated to a 5-speed manual or 3-speed automatic transmission. Based on the Tredia, the Chariot partially replaced the Mitsubishi Galant station wagon. In Japan the Chariot was available as either a six- or a seven-seater, in which the rear two rows could be folded down flat; the middle row on the six-seater model could be turned around to create a sitting area in the rear (although not while the vehicle was in motion).

The Chariot's wheelbase was , while overall length ranged from  depending on market and equipment level, which was within compliance with Japanese regulations concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement size. In most export markets, the Chariot was sold as the Mitsubishi Space Wagon, but there were also a number of other names used.

A van version with an extended fiberglass roof was sold in Finland as the Mitsubishi Space Van. At the time vans were exempt from tax in Finland and the roof was extended to reach the minimum height of cargo space needed to be registered as a van. The fiberglass extensions were produced by boat manufacturer Esboat. The van's top speed was limited to 80 km/h.

From June 1984, a version with permanent four-wheel drive was also offered for the two-liter engined model, while Japanese customers could also get the 4G62 engine in the MR Turbo version from July 1983 until the 1987 model year (1795 cc,  at 5800 rpm). This version could reach , and was also available with the 3-speed automatic.

In Australia, where it was marketed as the "Nimbus", it won the 1984 Wheels Car of the Year award in its debut year. The Nimbus model codes were "UA" (1984), "UB" (1986), and "UC" (1987).

A single 1.8-litre GLX version, with manual or automatic transmission, was assembled from CKD kits in New Zealand by importer Todd Motors (later Mitsubishi NZ Ltd).

Colt Vista
The rebadged Dodge and Plymouth Colt Vista, in Canada also sold as the Eagle Vista Wagon (1989-1991), were introduced in August 1983 as a 1984 model and they were offered in North America until 1991. The Colt Vista was originally available only with front-wheel drive and the 2.0-liter G63B engine producing  in US trim. Transmissions were the "Twin-Stick" (4x2 gears), a 5-speed manual, or a 3-speed automatic. Four-wheel drive became an option in the United States in the spring of 1985, while in Canada, the Colt Vista was only marketed with four-wheel drive in several model years including 1986.

In later years, power crept up to . Top speed was ,  for the 4WD. The Dodge/Plymouth Colt/Eagle Summit wagons replaced the Vista.

Second generation (1991)

The second-generation Chariot grew in wheelbase, length, width and height while  remaining within Japanese government regulations concerning vehicle exterior dimensions and engine displacement. The G63B engine was replaced with the architecturally similar but updated 4G63 four-cylinder engine. In the home market, the turbo-diesel 4D65T was phased out and replaced with a newer and larger 1,997 cc 4D68T powerplant, but in export markets the 1.8-liter engine continued to be offered. The 1.8-liter four-cylinder 4G93 engine was also not offered on the Chariot in Japan. In 1993, the 2,350 cc 4G64 was added to the range. A five-speed manual, or four-speed automatic could be specified, and in high-end models an INVECS electronically controlled four-speed auto with "fuzzy logic" was also available.

A limited-production 4WD and turbocharged version was offered only in Japan, called the "Resort Runner GT", which borrowed the powertrain from the Lancer Evolution and the Galant VR-4. The 4G63 engine was slightly detuned to produce  in manual transmission models, and  in automatic transmission models. The Resort Runner GT was a spiritual continuation of the turbocharged first-generation Chariot 1.8MR produced from 1983 through 1987.

The Chariot Resort Runner GT seated seven passengers in a three-row seating arrangement. Second- and third-row seats reclined fully to create a small bed, or folded flat to create a flat load space. A five-passenger two-row version called the Chariot Resort Runner GT-V replaced the third-row bench seat with a cargo tray to create a flat loading surface.

Most other Chariot variants, including the American-market Mitsubishi Expo, featured fully reclining first-, second- and third-row seats that created a larger makeshift bed.

According to Mitsubishi Motors recall data, approximately 2260 Chariot Resort Runner GT and GT-V models were produced from April 25, 1995 to October 18, 1995, with an additional 155 cars built from April 25, 1996 to August 27, 1997.

From 1992, a single GLX model was assembled in New Zealand, with manual or automatic transmissions, at Mitsubishi's Porirua plant. Whilst the vehicle was sold in many countries under a variety of names, not all markets received the full range of models. For example, Australia received only front-wheel-drive models powered by the 2.4-liter 4G64 engine. It was called the Mitsubishi Nimbus (UF) in Australia.

It was sold in the Philippines as the "Space Wagon MPV" in 1992. Earlier models are powered by Mitsubishi's 4G93 1.8-liter, carburated inline-four engine paired to a standard 5-speed manual transmission. The facelifted models have been updated to the fuel-injected version of that engine, and a 4-speed automatic transmission became optional. They also had revised front ends with new headlights and grille, as well as a new wheel design, third brake light and two-tone color combinations. By 1999, Mitsubishi dropped the Space Wagon from the lineup in the Philippines without a direct replacement.

Santamo
In Korea, Hyundai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. built a re-badged version of the second generation Mitsubishi Chariot at its Ulsan Yeompo-dong Plant between 1996 and 2002 and called it the Hyundai Santamo and Galloper Santamo. According to the corresponding article on Korean Wikipedia, the Hyundai Santamo name was an acronym, meaning "SAfety aNd TAlented MOtor".

Third generation (1997)

The third and final generation was introduced on October 17, 1997, and was larger and heavier again. It was now known in its home market as the Chariot Grandis, after the French grandiose, to emphasise the increase in the car's size and quality as it moved from a ladder frame to monocoque construction, using the company's RISE safety body. Mitsubishi discontinued all other straight-4 engines in favour of a single gasoline direct injection version of the 4G64, while introducing a new 2972 cc DOHC 6G72 V6 powerplant, also GDI-equipped.
For Europe, there were also available 2.0 4G63 SOHC 16 valve engine, which is well known on the 8th generation Galant. The INVECS-II four-speed semi-auto and 5-speed manual transmission were options. Four-wheel-drive version was only available with 2.4 GDI and 5-speed manual transmission. Rear viscous-limited-slip differential was an option. Center differential is also with viscous-coupling-unit. Gearbox and transfer box look similar to Lancer Evolution, but still are different.
For Japanese market, due to the engine size exceeding 2000cc, and the width exceeding 1.7 m, this generation was no longer in compliance with Japanese regulations, and buyers were now liable for additional yearly taxes, which affected sales. The 3.0 litre engine also obligated Japanese buyers to pay more annual road tax which was also a consideration affecting purchases.

This generation was not sold in North America, as the Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager were now sold in regular and extended length vehicles, with the longer models sold as Grand Caravan and Grand Voyager in addition to the Chrysler Town and Country.   It was marketed as a large minivan as a result.

The Chariot Grandis was finally superseded by release of the Mitsubishi Grandis on May 14, 2003, although production of the older vehicle continued until the following year for overseas markets.

Production and sales figures

(Sources: Fact & Figures 2000, Fact & Figures 2005, Mitsubishi Motors website)

References

External links

Chariot
Crossover sport utility vehicles
Compact sport utility vehicles
Compact MPVs
Station wagons
Minivans
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1983
1990s cars
2000s cars
Cars discontinued in 2006

Mitsubishi Chariot


Jahbulon (or Jabulon) is a word, or a confection of three syllables, that was used in the past in some rituals of certain parts of Masonry.  It is also said to be used in Ordo Templi Orientis rituals.

The origin and meaning of this word are not completely known. Different groups think the word means different things. Even Masonic researchers do not all agree to what the word means or where it came from. One Masonic scholar says that the word was first used in an early 18th century Royal Arch ritual. He said it was the name of an explorer looking for King Solomon's Temple. Another Masonic scholar thinks it is a name for God in Hebrew. The most used Masonic explanation is that it is a word that comes from putting together parts of the name of God in different historic languages.

Writers who are not Masons, especially those against Masonry, have said that it is a Masonic name for God. Some say it is the name of a unique "Masonic God". Freemasonry's officials have said many times that "There is no separate Masonic God". They have also said that there is no separate proper name for a deity in any branch of Freemasonry.  This meaning of the word has caused many religious groups to argue about and condemn Freemasonry.  In England, no ritual with the name has been in official Masonic use since February 1989. Stephen Knights, author of The Brotherhood:The Secret World of the Freemasons, says it is a trinity composed of three ancient Middle Eastern Gods, Jah, God of the Jews, Baal, God of the Phoenicians, and On, an Egyptian God.

After persistent strong criticism in the popular press, the Supreme Grand Chapter of England excised the word from its Royal Arch ritual in 1989, and replaced it with a choice between two forms of the tetragrammaton.

References

Freemasonry

Jahbulon


Leith McDonald Ratten was a convicted murderer from Echuca, Australia whose case ignited controversy and national interest in the 1970s. Leading lawyers were convinced of his innocence. He died in January 2012.

Background

On May 7, 1970, members of the Victoria Police stationed in Echuca responded to an emergency call at a home in Mitchell Street. They found a heavily-pregnant woman, Beverley Ratten, lying dead in the kitchen from a shotgun wound to the torso. Her upset husband, Leith Ratten, was removed for questioning.  Beverley would later be interred in the Cheltenham Memorial Park, Melbourne.

During interview Ratten said he was cleaning an old rusty double-barrelled shotgun brought in from the garage when it fired, hitting his wife under the left armpit while she was in the kitchen at lunchtime. Ratten could not explain how the gun discharged or how it came to be loaded. Subsequent investigations revealed that Ratten was having an affair with Jennifer Kemp, the wife of a family friend, and had spoken to her on the morning of the shooting. He had also applied for a twelve-month posting to a base in Antarctica.

In January 2012, Ratten died, aged 73 years.

Trial and appeals

Ratten was committed to trial for murder and the hearing took place in August, 1970 in the nearby town of Shepparton, Victoria. Despite the assertions of Ratten's defence counsel that the shooting was accidental and evidence against him was circumstantial, the jury found Ratten guilty and he was sentenced to death. This was later commuted to 25 years' prison.

Following the case, Ratten's lawyers undertook four separate appeals on various grounds, one of which involved the exhumation of Beverley Ratten's body in 1973. All four appeals were dismissed. Despite the failure of his appeals there was considerable doubt about Ratten's conviction, many believing he was found guilty for the questionable morality of his marital infidelity rather than concrete evidence. His case was widely discussed among the legal fraternity while his cause was taken up by many notable lawyers and politicians, such as Don Chipp.

In 1978, the Free Leith Ratten Committee was founded by Monash University law undergraduate, Mark Cowie.  Over the next five years, and until Ratten's release from Her Majesty's Prison Dhurringile, Cowie was involved in efforts to bring new evidence before the courts that questioned the legitimacy of Ratten's conviction.  He authored an unpublished manuscript on the case, Justice in Shame: The Leith Ratten Case.

Don Chipp said that in 1971 Henry Winneke had told him the convicted murderer Leith Ratten was innocent. In 1981 when Ratten had yet to be released, Chipp said Winneke denied the conversation had taken place. Later, a member of the Supreme Court at the time of Ratten's trial, told Tom Molomby Winneke had wanted to remove the jury from the trial. Such a move would require a belief that the evidence would not support a guilty verdict.

Ratten served his sentence, was a model prisoner and was released in 1983 (whereupon he worked as a surveyor in Queensland). In 1981, two years prior to his release, Ratten was advised he would likely be released and was given time on regular day-release opportunities to find a job, which he did. Then he heard via the radio that he would not be released. Politicians making the decision had allegedly been pressured by Victoria Police to not release Ratten. Further examination of the unfired cartridge was undertaken, with the view that it was indeed a reload cartridge, and he was released soon after.

Media coverage
Ratten's family had been advised that he would be released early if there was no fuss.

But in the late 1970s ABC TV did a program on Ratten in its "Beyond Reasonable Doubt" series. The program was researched and scripted by Tom Molomby who later organised a campaign lobbying politicians on Ratten's behalf.

A Sunday Observer beat up was severely criticised by the Press Council of Australia.

A book, The Web of Circumstance, by Tom Molomby in 1978 argued Ratten was innocent. And Professor Colin Howard of Melbourne University wrote:
"After reading his scrupulous and impartial account I share the author's belief that there can be no doubt left that Ratten did not murder his wife."

External links
Successful complaint to the Press Council against the Sunday Observer on behalf of Leith Ratten
Transcript of Ratten's appeal to the High Court of Australia
Friends of Cheltenham and Regional Cemeteries Inc.

References

1939 births
2012 deaths
Australian people convicted of murder
Australian prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by Victoria (state)
People convicted of murder by Victoria (state)
People from Echuca

Leith Ratten


Bloodsworth is a surname of English origin. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its relative frequency was highest in Nottinghamshire (5.1 times the British average), followed by Lancashire, Derbyshire, Surrey, County Durham and London. In all other British counties, its relative frequency was below national average. The name Bloodsworth may refer to:
James Bloodsworth (1759–1804), English thief sentenced to seven years transportation to Australia; responsible for much construction in Australia
Kirk Bloodsworth (b. 1960), American man convicted of murder, then exonerated by DNA evidence

See also
 Bloodsworth Island
 Bloodworth (surname)

References

Bloodsworth


Polly Vacher  (born 1944) is an English aviator specialising in long-distance solo flights. She was awarded the MBE for services to charity in 2002. She lives in Oxfordshire.

Born in south Devon, she trained in physiotherapy and spent twenty years in music education. Her interest in aviation developed from a charity skydiving event. She obtained her private pilot licence with her husband Peter in Australia in 1994 and they followed this up by a circumnavigation of the continent. In 1997 she toured the United States by plane, flying solo across the North Atlantic in both directions.

Her first Wings Around the World Challenge in aid of the charity Flying Scholarships for the Disabled was in January–May 2001 when she made a solo eastbound circumnavigation of the world in her single-engine Piper PA-28 Cherokee Dakota G-FRGN, the smallest aircraft flown solo by a woman around the world via Australia, including a 16-hour segment from Hawaii to California.

On 6 May 2003 she set out from Birmingham Airport on a Voyage to the Ice for the same charity, flying over the North Pole, Antarctica and all seven continents, returning on 27 April 2004, becoming the first solo woman flyer over the polar regions.

On 21 May 2007 she set off from Birmingham Airport on her Wings Around Britain Challenge in which she landed at all the airfields in the Jeppesen VFR Manual, between 21 May and 31 July 2007. 221 airfields were visited, flying  in 158 flying hours. Ninety-six disabled passengers were flown on legs of the flight.

References

1944 births
Living people
People from Devon
Members of the Order of the British Empire
British music educators
British women aviators
British women music educators

Polly Vacher


Kaiserwald (Ķeizarmežs) was a Nazi concentration camp near the Riga suburb of Mežaparks in modern-day Latvia.

Kaiserwald was built in March 1943, during the period that the German army occupied Latvia. The first inmates of the camp were several hundred convicts from Germany.

Following the liquidation of the Riga, Liepāja and Daugavpils (Dvinsk) ghettos in June 1943, the remainder of the Jews of Latvia, along with most of the survivors of the liquidation of the Vilna Ghetto, were deported to Kaiserwald.

In early 1944, a number of smaller camps around Riga were brought under the jurisdiction of the Kaiserwald camp.

Following the occupation of Hungary by the Germans, Hungarian Jews were sent to Kaiserwald, as were a number of Jews from Łódź, in Poland. By March 1944, there were 11,878 inmates in the camp and its subsidiaries, 6,182 males and 5,696 females, of whom only 95 were gentiles.

Use of the inmates
Unlike Auschwitz or Treblinka, Kaiserwald was not an extermination camp, and the inmates were put to work by large German companies, notably Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft, which used a large number of female slaves from Kaiserwald in the production of electrical goods, such as batteries.

Evacuation
On 5 August 1944, as the Red Army advanced westwards and entered Latvia, the Germans began to evacuate the inmates of Kaiserwald to Stutthof concentration camp, in Poland. All Jews under 18 or over 30 were murdered along with anyone who had been convicted of any offense or anyone who it was thought would be unable to survive the trip from Latvia to Poland. The remaining inmates who did not die during the journey arrived at Stutthof in September 1944.

The Red Army took over the camp on 15 October 1944 and later used the camp to house Axis prisoners of war.

See also
 List of Nazi concentration camps

Bibliography

References

External links
 Helen Rodak-Izso - "The Last Chance to Remember"
 Museum of Tolerance - Kaiserwald

Nazi concentration camps in Latvia
Generalbezirk Lettland

Kaiserwald concentration camp


Hackteria is a web platform and collection on their wiki pages of open source biological art projects instigated in February 2009 by Andy Gracie, Marc Dusseiller and Yashas Shetty, after collaboration during the Interactivos?09 Garage Science at Medialab Prado in Madrid. According to their website the aim of the project is to develop a rich wiki-based web resource for people interested in or developing projects that involve bioart, open source software/open source hardware, DIY biology, art/science collaborations and electronic experimentation.

Hackteria designs were featured in the book Open-Source Lab by Joshua M. Pearce. SciDev reports that Hackteria is trying to change the way development is done with DIY. Wired highlighted a project inspired by Hackteria's earlier prototypes on mobile labs to create the Darwin Toolbox: the portable DIY biotechnology lab-in-a-box, now developed further as the Bento Lab. In India, Hackteria is known for the science of art making. The global Hackteria network has also been pioneering and cofounding the recent global movement on open science hardware, HardwareX, and contributed to the founding of GOSH - Gathering for Open Science Hardware, held the first time at CERN in Geneva in 2016.

See also
 Do-it-yourself biology

References

External links

Internet properties established in 2009
BioArt
Wikis
Free software
Hacker culture

Hackteria


Hugh Heclo (10 March 1943 – 6 August 2017)  was born in Marion, Ohio. After receiving a Bachelor of Art's degree from George Washington University in 1965, he went on to receive an M.A. from Manchester University in 1967, and a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1970. Heclo was a Clarence J. Robinson Professor of Public Affairs at George Mason University, in the United States from 1987 until retirement in 2014. He was previously a professor of government at Harvard University and George Washington University in the 1980s. He operated Ashcroft Farms, a Christmas tree farm outside Winchester, Virginia.

Heclo is perhaps best known as an expert on American democratic institutions and the development of modern welfare states. In 1978, he invented the concept of an issue network, used to describe loose alliances between interest groups, organizations, and economic actors that attempt to influence policy development. Issue Crawler, a server-side software that locates public debate on the Web, is based on the issue network concept.

In addition to his many academic accomplishments, Heclo received many awards and accolades, including the American Political Science Association's John Gaus Award, recognizing and honoring exemplary scholarship in the joint tradition of political science and public administration. Heclo was also the recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship and served the Library of Congress' Kluge Center from 1985-1986 and served the White House as Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution.

A collection of Heclo's donated materials is housed at the George Mason University Special Collections Research Center.

List of works

 1974 Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden
 1975 Comparative Public Policy
 1977 A Government of Strangers: Executive Politics in Washington
 1998 The Government We Deserve
 2003 Religion Returns to the Public Square (contributor and editor)
 2003 Chapter in The Reagan Presidency
 2003 Chapter in The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment
 2008 On Thinking Institutionally

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20100730024424/http://provost.gmu.edu/index.php
George Mason University SCRC Hugh Heclo Collection Finding Aid

1943 births
2017 deaths
American political scientists
Harvard University faculty
George Mason University faculty
George Washington University faculty
George Washington University alumni
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Yale University alumni
People from Marion, Ohio

Hugh Heclo


William Whitley (August 4, 1749 – October 5, 1813), was an American pioneer in what became Kentucky, in the colonial and early Federal period. Born in Virginia, he was the son of Scottish Presbyterian immigrants from northern Ireland, then the Ulster Plantation. He was important to the early settlement of the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky, where he moved with his family from Virginia. He served with the Kentucky militia during the Northwest Indian War.

He was married and his eleven children lived to adulthood, settling as far West as Oregon. At the age of 64, Whitley signed up to serve in the War of 1812. He was killed in Canada at the Battle of the Thames; some accounts credit him with killing Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader allied with the British.

Early life and family
William Whitley was the son of Solomon Whitley and Elizabeth Barnett, Presbyterian Scottish or Scots-Irish immigrants from Carrickfergus, Ireland (in what is today Northern Ireland and was then the Ulster Plantation) who settled in Augusta County, Virginia.  He was the oldest of four sons and is thought to have had five sisters as well.

About 1771 or as late as 1775, Whitley married Esther Fullen, also from Virginia. A few years later, he proposed that they move from Virginia to the western frontier across the Appalachian Mountains. When she approved, he organized an expedition with his brother-in-law, George Clark. The pair met another party of seven pioneers; the two parties combined and continued with their expedition. After scouting a location near a branch of the Dix River called Cedar Creek, they returned to Virginia to prepare for a permanent move west.

The families left Virginia in November 1775, shortly before the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. When they reached their new site, Whitley planted  of corn to establish his claim to the land. He and his family moved to the safety of St. Asaph's fort (present-day Stanford, Kentucky), as the local Shawnee and Cherokee resisted European-American encroachment in their territory. In 1763, the British had promised the Native Americans that this area west of the mountains would be a reserve for them and prohibited to colonists.

Not feeling safe, the Whitley and Benjamin Logan families moved to the protection of Fort Harrod, near present-day Harrodsburg, Kentucky. In this period, Whitley saw the body of William Ray, who he said had been scalped by Native Americans. Many years later, when dictating his memoir to his son-in-law, Phillip Soublett, Whitley said that Ray's body was the first he had seen scalped. He was horrified and considered the Native people brutal for what he considered mutilation. During the Revolutionary War in 1779, Whitley discovered the mutilated bodies of the Starnese family near Blue Lick (south of Boonesborough, Kentucky) and documented the find. There was continued warfare with Cherokee in the region during the revolution.

Military career
After the Revolutionary War, Whitley volunteered for service in George Rogers Clark's expedition against Indians in the Northwest Territory. He was assigned to Captain John Montgomery's Company, which accompanied Clark's forces. During his military career, Whitley was known to scalp many natives as a militia leader and frontiersman. By 1779, Whitley had returned for his family and permanently settled on the land he had claimed years earlier in what is now Kentucky.

By the 1790s, the settlement at St. Asaph's developed into the town of Stanford. Whitley and his family built a large brick house outside town, near what would later become Crab Orchard, Kentucky.  The plantation was named Sportsman's Hill. It was the first brick house built in Kentucky and still stands, preserved as the William Whitley House State Historic Site.  The house includes a secret passage for escape and survival during raids by Native Americans. The plantation originally included a racetrack.  This racetrack set several traditions for horse racing in the United States. It had the first clay (instead of turf) track in the United States and here horses were raced counterclockwise (instead of clockwise, as was the British tradition).

In 1792, Isaac Shelby, the newly elected governor of Kentucky, commissioned Whitley as a major in the 6th Regiment of the Kentucky militia. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel the following year. In 1794, he led 200 militiamen in a highly successful raid against a Chickamauga village in Tennessee. The Chickamauga were a band of Cherokee, referred to by the geographic area where they lived.

In 1813, at the age of 64, Whitley returned to military service. He volunteered in the Kentucky Mounted Infantry during the War of 1812 with Great Britain. In the Battle of the Thames, on October 5, 1813, he led the "Forlorn Hope" charge against Tecumseh's forces. Both Tecumseh and Whitley were killed in the battle. Whitley was buried near the battleground, in Chatham, Ontario. Militia colleagues returned his horse, Emperor, his powder horn, strap, and rifle to his wife in Kentucky after the war. The rifle is currently on display at the William Whitley House State Historic Site.

Some primary accounts suggest that Whitley was likely the person who killed Tecumseh. Richard Mentor Johnson is generally credited with killing the Shawnee leader. James A Drain Sr. published an autobiography, Single Handed (1927), in which he recounts Whitley's granddaughter telling their family tradition that Whitley and Tecumseh killed each other simultaneously.

Political career
In 1797, Whitley served a single term in the Kentucky House of Representatives. He also represented Lincoln County as a commissioner of the Kentucky River Company in 1801.

Legacy and honors
In 1818, Whitley County, Kentucky, and its county seat, Williamsburg, were named for the colonel.
A plaque on the Whitley County Courthouse credits Colonel Whitley with killing the last Indian (probably Cherokee) in the county.
In addition, the census-designated place Whitley City, Kentucky, is named after the colonel.
In 1838, Whitley County, Indiana, was named after him.
One of his grandsons was William L. Sublette, a fur trader who became co-owner of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company with Jedediah Smith and David Edward Jackson. Sublette was a member of the original fur-trapping expedition known as Ashley's Hundred.
The 20th-century Andromeda-class attack cargo ship USS Whitley was named for the Whitley counties in Kentucky and Indiana.

Family

William and Esther Whitley had eleven children, all of whom survived to maturity.

These were:
 Elizabeth (Mrs. Robert Stevenson) b Augusta, Virginia, 1772, d Huntsville, Alabama, 1830.
 Isabella (Mrs. Phillip Sublette), b Virginia, about 1774, d Kentucky about 1820. Phillip and Isabella's first-born son, William, was notable as a mountain man and fur trader, known as Bill Sublette. Areas of Wyoming were named for him.
 Levisa (Mrs. James McKinney), b Harrodsburg, KY, February 24, 1777. Moved to Missouri.
 Solomon, b Kentucky 1770, moved to Missouri.
 William, b Kentucky, Apr 20. 1782 - d Lincoln Co., KY, August 23, 1849.
 Andrew, b Kentucky 1784 - d Lincoln Co. 1844.
 Esther (Mrs. Samuel Lewis), b 1786 - d Woodford Co., KY 1815.
 Mary (called Polly), (Mrs. James Gilmour), b Kentucky 1788, moved to Illinois; later to Colorado and Oregon.
 Nancy (Mrs. John Owlsey), b 1790 - d prior to 1820 near Crab Orchard., KY
 Sally (Mrs. Henley Middleton), b 1792 - d 1845 near Crab Orchard.
 Ann (Mrs. William Harper), b 1795 - d Woodford Co., KY after 1870

Esther Whitley died at the home of her daughter, Ann Harper, in Woodford County, Kentucky, November 20, 1833.

Representation in other media
Since 2006, Whitley has been portrayed by Matt Bryant of Mount Vernon, Kentucky at the William Whitley House State Historic Park and elsewhere. Bryant also played the role of Whitley in the film  William Whitley: Guardian of the Kentucky Road. It was  which was produced by That's Just Muggs Productions.

Notes

 The Biographical Cyclopedia gives the name as Esther Fuller and the marriage date as 1775.
 The Biographical Cyclopedia gives the name as George Clark.

External links
William Whitley DAR Chapter
Starnes Defeat Historical Marker
State of Kentucky, William Whitley Historic Site

References

1749 births
1813 deaths
American pioneers
People from Lincoln County, Kentucky
People from Augusta County, Virginia
People from Kentucky in the War of 1812
American people of Irish descent
American military personnel killed in the War of 1812
Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives

William Whitley


Brenda Irene Isabelle Frances Theresa Dean Paul (8 May 1907 – 26 July 1959), generally known by her stage name Brenda Dean Paul, was a British silent film actress, socialite, and "Bright Young Thing" in the 1920s. Her use of illegal drugs landed her in court and in the tabloid press of the day. She served time in Holloway Prison and had many stints in hospitals in efforts to shake her addiction.

Early life
Dean Paul was the daughter of Sir Aubrey Edward Henry Dean Paul, 5th Bt and the Belgian-born pianist and composer known as Poldowski, the daughter of the Polish violin virtuoso Henryk Wieniawski. Her elder brothers were Aubrey Donald Fitzwarren Severin Dean Paul (1902–1904) and Sir Brian Kenneth Dean Paul, 6th Baronet (18 May 1904 – 5 August 1972).

Raised Catholic and educated in convent schools, she went on to play minor roles in touring theatre companies and ventured to Berlin to build her film career, but she was quickly drawn into Berlin's hectic nightlife and failed her screen test in 1927.

Bright Young Thing
On her return to England, she became a fixture of London's bohemian youth culture, "the Bright Young Things", and socialised with such celebrities as Evelyn Waugh and Cecil Beaton at the group's fancy dress parties.

Following a reported miscarriage, she became chemically dependent on morphine, which led to her lifelong battle with drug addiction and made her one of the most talked-about young women in London.

Later years

In February 1931, Brenda Dean Paul made her first court appearance, having been charged with bouncing a cheque. The following decades saw her in and out of various courts, receiving sentences of up to six months in prison for possession of dangerous drugs, obtaining goods on false pretences, and theft of services (refusing to pay taxi drivers). With each court appearance her name appeared in the papers, which added to her notoriety.

In 1932, she was sent to Holloway Prison, where she developed bulimia, dropping to five stone (). Over the next few years she was in and out of nursing and care homes.

In 1935, she quit drugs and her ghost-written memoir, My First Life, was published. Her acting ambitions never came to anything and she again fell victim to drug addiction. In 1939 she was evicted from her flat because she "walked about naked" and "answered the door in the nude", and in 1940 she was tried for buying goods on other people's accounts.

In the mid-1950s, the young artist Michael Wishart, sitting in a restaurant, watched her take a syringe of heroin from her handbag and fill it "from a vase of flowers on the table". In 1951, she assured a reporter that she was cured and was preparing to open her own addiction clinic, but this was untrue.

In 1952, a former flatmate wrote to the police to tell them that she "augmented her income by allowing sadists to whip her". Worn down by addiction but still beautiful, she finally realized her ambition to act when she got the leading role in Ronald Firbank's play The Princess Zoubaroff at Dhurjati Chaudhury's Irving Theatre Club, on Irving Street, off Leicester Square, London. Neville Phillips reported "the role of the Princess was played by the always newsworthy, once ravishing now ravaged, oft arrested society blonde lesbian drug addict, Brenda Dean Paul, who, owing to her addiction, was not able to do all the performances, giving the ones she could manage the extra frisson of wondering if the police might burst in at any moment and make an on-stage arrest."

Last years and death
In 1957, she was admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Rome with a parcel of cocaine in her possession. She died in London on 26 July 1959, aged 52.

References

1907 births
1959 deaths
20th-century English actresses
20th-century English LGBT people
20th-century English memoirists
20th-century English women writers
20th-century Roman Catholics
Daughters of baronets
Drug-related deaths in England
English people of Polish-Jewish descent
English silent film actresses
English socialites
British lesbian actresses
British women memoirists
English prisoners and detainees
Actresses from London
Actors from Kensington

Brenda Dean Paul


Sibylle Canonica (born 26 April 1957) is a Swiss actress. She appeared in more than forty films since 1981. Canonica received her training at the Folkwang University of the Arts in Essen. She played at the Oldenburgisches Staatstheater, the Schiller Theater Berlin, the Staatstheater Stuttgart, the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus and the Munich Kammerspiele. Since 2001 she has been engaged at the Residenz Theatre in Munich.

Selected filmography

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
Swiss film actresses
Actors from Bern
Swiss television actresses

Sibylle Canonica


Kidd Harbor is a sheltered harbor in High Island, in the Thimble Islands of Branford, Connecticut. It was named in 1845 for Captain Kidd, who was alleged to have used the harbor as a place to hide his vessel, attacking unsuspecting ships who couldn't see him.

History
The islands were known to the Mattabesek people as "Kuttomquosh", "the beautiful sea rocks".
Adrian Block was the first European to discover the Thimble Islands in 1614.

References

Thimble Islands

Kidd Harbor


The Long–Thibaud–Crespin Competition is an international classical music competition for pianists, violinists and singers that has been held in France since 1943.   (A Jacques Thibaud Competition was held the year before in Bordeaux: Jacques Thibaud chaired the jury and the First Prize was awarded to Jacques Dejean.)  It was created by the pianist Marguerite Long and the violinist Jacques Thibaud.  Thibaud died in 1953, Long in 1966.  Until 2011 it included only pianists and violinists and was known as the Marguerite Long–Jacques Thibaud Competition.  That year, in honour of the French soprano Régine Crespin (1927–2007), it was expanded to include singers, and renamed.

Frequency
The competition was initially triennial, but from 1949 it was held biennially.  In 1980, it was split into two contests, where pianists compete only against other pianists, and violinists only against other violinists.  Previously, violinists and pianists had competed against each other.  That year, it reverted to a triennial competition.  In 2007, it became biennial once more, and in 2011, under its new name, it became triennial again.

Juries
Yehudi Menuhin headed the violin jury from 1993 till his death in 1999. The president of the violin jury is currently Salvatore Accardo. Aldo Ciccolini headed the piano jury in 2007.

Winners

The winners in the inaugural contest (1943) were Samson François (piano) and Michèle Auclair (violin).

Other notable prize winners include: Paul Badura-Skoda, Kristóf Baráti, Dmitri Bashkirov, Anshel Brusilow, Joaquin Achucarro, Alexandre Brussilovsky, Stanislav Bunin, Olivier Cazal, Jean-Philippe Collard, Youri Egorov, Arnold Eidus, Brigitte Engerer, Philippe Entremont, Aldo Ciccolini, Victor Eresko, Devy Erlih (1955, violin), Verda Erman (1963), Vladimir Feltsman, Christian Ferras, Peter Frankl, Nana Jashvili, Sergey Kravchenko, Marina Goglidze-Mdivani, Jean-Frédéric Neuburger, György Pauk, Jorge Luis Prats (1976), Nelli Shkolnikova, Raphael Sobolevsky, Vladimir Spivakov, Gabriel Tacchino, Jean Ter-Merguerian, Cédric Tiberghien, Julian Trevelyan, Tamás Vásáry, Vladimir Viardo, Jean-Pierre Wallez, Oxana Yablonskaya, Diana Tishchenko (2018), Kenji Miura (2019), Masaya Kamei and Hyuk Lee (2022).

References

Piano competitions
Violin competitions
Singing competitions

Music competitions in France

Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition


Chacarero is a Chilean sandwich made with thinly sliced churrasco-style steak or lomito-style pork on a round roll with tomatoes, green beans, and optionally ají verde pepper.

It is one of the many varieties of sandwich served in Chilean fuentes de soda, or schoperías, restaurants equivalent to the British concept of a greasy spoon, that serve fast food and draught beer.

It was considered by Time magazine as one of "The 13 Most Amazing Sandwiches the World Has to Offer".

See also
List of sandwiches

References

Chilean sandwiches
Beef sandwiches
Pork sandwiches

Chacarero