The sea is the interconnected system of all the Earth's oceanic waters, including the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern and Arctic Oceans. However, the word "sea" can also be used for many specific, much smaller bodies of seawater, such as the North Sea or the Red Sea.There are 78 seas in the world

List of seas, by ocean

Pacific Ocean
 Bering Sea
 Gulf of Alaska
 Seck Sea (Gulf of California)
 Sea of Okhotsk
 Sea of Japan
 Seto Inland Sea
 East China Sea
 South China Sea
 Beibu Gulf
 Sulu Sea
 Celebes Sea
 Bohol Sea (Mindanao Sea)
 Philippine Sea
 Flores Sea
 Brazilian Sea
 Arafura Sea
 Tasman Sea
 Yellow Sea
 Bohai Sea
 Coral Sea
 Gulf of Carpentaria

Atlantic Ocean
 Hudson Bay
 James Bay
 Baffin Bay init fam
 Gulf of St. Lawrence
 Gulf of Guinea
 Caribbean Sea
 Gulf of Mexico
 Sargasso Sea
 North Sea
 Baltic Sea
 Gulf of Bothnia
 Irish Sea
 Celtic Sea
 English Channel
 Mediterranean Sea
 Adriatic Sea
 Aegean Sea
 Black Sea
 Sea of Azov
 Ionian Sea
 Ligurian Sea
 Mirtoon Sea
 Tyrrhenian Sea
 Gulf of Sidra
 Sea of Marmara
 Sea of Crete
 Balearic Sea
 Alboran Sea

Indian Ocean
 Red Sea
 Gulf of Aden
 Persian Gulf
 Gulf of Oman
 Arabian Sea
 Bay of Bengal
 Gulf of Thailand
 Java Sea
 Timor Sea
 Gulf of Kutch
 Gulf of Khambhat

Arctic Ocean
 Barents Sea
 Kara Sea
 Beaufort Sea
 Amundsen Gulf
 Greenland Sea
 Chukchi Sea
 Laptev Sea
 East Siberian Sea

Southern Ocean
 Amundsen Sea
 Weddell Sea
 Ross Sea
 Great Australian Bight
 Gulf St. Vincent
 Spencer Gulf

Seas which have land around them (these are landlocked)
 Aral Sea
 Caspian Sea
 Dead Sea
 Sea of Galilee (we call this a sea, but it is really a small freshwater lake)
 Salton Sea

Seas which are not on Earth
Lunar maria are very big areas on the Moon. In the past, people thought they were water and called them "seas".

Scientists think that there is liquid water under the ground on some moons, for example Europa.

Scientists also think that there are liquid hydrocarbons on Titan.

Basic English 850 words

Geography-related lists

List of seas


The Mystery of the Great Pyramid, Volume 1: Manetho's Papyrus () by the Belgian artist Edgar P. Jacobs was the fourth comic book in the Blake and Mortimer series, first published in Tintin magazine from March 23, 1950 to February 21, 1951. It appeared in book format in 1954, then was reprinted in a single-volume edition with Part 2 in 2011 ().

Synopsis
Professor Philip Mortimer is going to Cairo, Egypt for a holiday. He soon gets mixed up in a weird business with ancient papyrus, heretic kings, lost treasures, an old nemesis, and the murder of his friend, Captain Blake.

Plot
Invited by his friend, Egyptian Egyptologist Ahmed Rasim Bey, Philip Mortimer, accompanied by Nasir his servant, arrives in Cairo. Rasim Bey and his assistant Ben Zaim Abdul then show him a papyrus by Manetho, speaking about the Chamber of Horus and the Treasure of Aton. For Mortimer, there's no doubt there is in the Great Pyramid of Cheops an unknown secret room where the tomb of Akhenaten and his treasure lie hidden. But Mortimer discovers that Ben Zaim had hidden some of the papyrus and recovers it. One evening, Mortimer comes to the museum, to trap Ben Zaim and recover from him the document he lost when he was knocked out by Olrik, believed to have died during the destruction of Lhasa (in The Secret of the Swordfish, Volume 3). Mortimer is then determined to assist Commissioner Kamal, head of the Cairo police, to get hold of the members of the trafficking network which includes antique thief Olrik and Ben Zaim and well in Olrik has a length of ahead of him (having stolen the papyrus after stunning him). While it took Ben Zaim, Mortimer discovers a track in an antique shop whose assistant is a regular. He is greeted more than brutal Youssef, the seller, and Razul, supposed to have died in the Battle of the Strait of Hormuz, both members of the trafficking network. Mortimer then narrowly escapes Olrik.

It is the turn of Olrik to pass by the arrest because of an error of Ben Zaim. Olrik having put him to death, Commissioner Kamal decides not to listen to Mortimer, who is then forced to call his friend Francis Blake to the rescue to assist in its investigation. Meanwhile, Blake, Mortimer visits the Giza plateau where he meets the eccentric German Egyptologist, Dr. Großgrabenstein and second, the American Sharkey, who is none other than the henchman of Olrik. The first meeting between the man and Mortimer is pretty brutal because the second rescues a mysterious old man named Sheik Abdel Razek. At the end of Volume 1, Mortimer and Nasir learn that Blake was murdered during his stopover at Athens airport, and swear vengeance.

Translations

English

The Mystery of the Great Pyramid, Vol. 1 was first published in English by Les Editions Blake and Mortimer in 1987.</ref> Comcat Comics planned to publish an English version in 1990, under the title Secret of the Great Pyramid, Vol 1, but the company went bankrupt before it could come out. Cinebook Ltd published a translation in November 2007 .

References

Blake and Mortimer
Works originally published in Tintin (magazine)
Literature first published in serial form
Ancient Egypt in fiction
Fiction set in 1950
Comics set in Egypt
Comics set in deserts
1954 books
Cultural depictions of Akhenaten


Malena Watrous (born in San Francisco) is an American novelist, essayist, short story writer, educator, and author of numerous magazine articles.

She is a contributor to The San Francisco Chronicle, The New York Times, Real Simple, The Believer, and Salon.

She lives in San Francisco. She attended the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop, was a Wallace Stegner Fellow at Stanford University, and then a Jones Lecturer. She currently teaches at the Stanford Online Writers' Workshop.

Her debut novel, If You Follow Me was released on March 9, 2010. The book has received reviews in The New York Times,  The Boston Globe, Ms. Magazine, The Rumpus, and the San Francisco Chronicle.

She lived and worked in Japan as an Assistant Language Teacher on the JET Programme from 1998–2000. She attended Barnard College, where she majored in English and spent her free time interning for a food writer.

References

Living people
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
American women short story writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American short story writers
Barnard College alumni

Malena Watrous


Old Town is a part of the city of Oslo, Norway. It is the original town settlement of Oslo. The Norwegian royal family previously lived here. Here were also several churches and the home for the Bishop of Oslo. Today there are still ruins left of the old town, protected in parks.

Oslo

Old Town, Oslo


Gurcharan Singh Kalkat (17 June 1926 – 27 January 2018) was an Indian agricultural scientist and the founder chairman of the Punjab State Farmers Commission (PSFC), known for his contributions in bringing the green revolution to Punjab. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of Padma Shri in 1981 and followed it up with the third highest Indian civilian award of Padma Bhushan in 2007.

Biography
Gurcharan Singh was born on 17 June 1926 in the Indian state of Punjab. He graduated in agriculture from Punjab Agricultural College, Lyallpur in 1947 and secured a master's degree in agriculture from the University of Punjab in 1956. Receiving the Rockefeller Fellowship, he went to US and completed his doctoral studies at Ohio State University, Columbus, to obtain a PhD in agricultural entomology in 1958. Returning from US, he started his career as the deputy director of agriculture with the Government of Punjab in 1960 and became the director in 1971.

Two years later, he was shifted to the Indian Ministry of Agriculture in New Delhi as the Agricultural Commissioner, a post he held till 1978. After a stint in Washington, D.C., as senior agriculturist with the World Bank with the responsibility of attending to the agriculture development programmes in Ghana and Nigeria and subsequently in India and Nepal, he returned to India to take up the post of the vice chancellor of the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana in 1998 and worked there till 2001. When the Government of Punjab established the Punjab State Farmers Commission in 2005, Kalkat was appointed its founder chairman.

Kalkat is known to have initiated the cooperation between Punjab Agricultural University and the farmers for fast dissemination of modern agricultural methods. He is also credited with initiatives for coordination between the local cooperatives and the Punjab State Cooperative Marketing Federation for smooth disbursal of farming credits and supply of materials. During his stint as the agricultural commissioner, he got the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and National Seeds Corporation involved in various state level agricultural programmes. He has also worked with Norman Borlaug when the Nobel Laureate was working on high yielding wheat varieties in the 1960s.

The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of Padma Shri in 1981. Twenty six years later, he was again included in the 2007 Padma honours list for Padma Bhushan award.

See also

 Norman Borlaug

References

Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
1926 births
2018 deaths
Scientists from Punjab, India
Indian agriculturalists
Rockefeller Fellows
University of the Punjab alumni
Heads of universities and colleges in India
World Bank people
Ohio State University alumni
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
20th-century Indian biologists

Gurcharan Singh Kalkat


1957–1972 is a 1972 double album by The Miracles on Motown Records' Tamla label. This two-record set is noted as the group's final series of live concerts with original lead singer Smokey Robinson, recorded over a period of three days, July 14–16, during the 1972 National Parks Centennial, at the Carter Barron Amphitheater in Washington, D.C., and charted at No. 75 on the Billboard Top 200 Album chart, and at No. 14 on its R&B Album chart. During the show, Smokey's wife, original Miracles member Claudette Rogers Robinson, who stopped touring with the group in 1964 (but continued recording with them), reunited with the Miracles on stage for the first time in eight years. As a celebration of the group's fifteen years together, The Miracles made this an "all request" show, where audience members could choose which of the group's long string of hits they wanted performed.  Also, at the end of the concert, Miracles fans were introduced to the group's new lead singer, Billy Griffin. According to Smokey's autobiography, Smokey: Inside My Life, The Miracles' final concert was videotaped in movie form, but was never publicly released. However, 1957–1972 was released on CD originally in 1990, and re-released again in 2004 along with The Miracles' 1969 "Live" album in the 2004 Motown/Hip-O Select release Smokey Robinson and The Miracles: The Live Collection.

Track listing

Side one
"The Tears of a Clown" (Smokey Robinson, Hank Cosby, Stevie Wonder)
"I Don't Blame You at All" (Robinson)
"Satisfaction" (Robinson)
"Got to Be There" (Elliot Willensky)

Side two
"More Love" (Robinson)
"We've Come Too Far to End It Now" (Johnny Bristol, Wade Brown, Jr., David Jones, Jr.)
"Abraham, Martin & John" (Dick Holler)

Side three
"Intro of Orchestra"
"Bad Girl" (Robinson, Berry Gordy)
"Shop Around" (Robinson, Gordy)
"The Tracks of My Tears" (Robinson, Pete Moore, Marv Tarplin)
"Here I Go Again (Robinson, Moore, Al Cleveland, Terry "Buzzy" Johnson)

Side four
"Ooo Baby Baby" (Robinson, Moore)
"Mickey's Monkey" (Holland-Dozier-Holland)
"Going to a Go-Go" (Robinson, Bobby Rogers, Moore, Tarplin)

Note: Includes Smokey's farewell and introduction of his successor, new Miracles lead singer Billy Griffin.

Personnel
The Miracles
Smokey Robinson
Claudette Rogers Robinson
Pete Moore
Ronnie White
Bobby Rogers
Marv Tarplin
Orchestra conducted by: Thomas "Beans" Bowles

References

External links
The Miracles- 1957-1972 : Original Album Cover Artwork]
[ The Miracles: 1957-1972 All Music Guide'' Review

1972 live albums
The Miracles live albums
Tamla Records live albums

Smokey Robinson & The Miracles: 1957–1972


Panthays (; ) form a group of Chinese Muslims in Myanmar. Panthays are one of the oldest group of Muslims in Burma. The exact proportion of the Chinese Muslim group in the local Chinese population remains unknown due to a lack of data. However, they are concentrated particularly in the northern part of Myanmar- closer to Yunnan, China from where the Panthays historically originated. They particularly reside in the Tangyan-Maymyo-Mandalay-Mogok-Taunggyi area and the Shan States

Etymology
The name Panthay is a Burmese word, which is said to be identical with the Shan word Pang hse. It was the name by which the Burmese refer to Chinese Muslims who came with caravans to Burma from the Chinese province of Yunnan. The name was not used or known in Yunnan itself. The predominant Muslim ethnic group living in Yunnan are the Hui () and identify as Hui or Huihui (), but never as Panthay. Notably, the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan during the mid 19th century is called in Chinese as either the Du Wenxiu Rebellion or the Pingnan Kingdom.

Several theories are suggested as to its derivation, but none is strong enough to refute the others. The Burmese of Old Burma called their own indigenous Muslims Pathi, a word deriving from Persian. It was applied to all Muslims other than the Chinese Muslims. The term "Panthay" being used for Yunnanese Muslims dates from about this time; it was widely used by British travelers and diplomats in the region from about 1875.

One other theory is that Panthay is shortened version of the Burmese phrase "Tarup Pase", meaning Chinese Muslim. This was then anglicised by Sladen in his 1868 expedition to Dengyue, Yunnan. The term Panthay achieved widespread usage during the period of British rule, and remains the name by which Myanmar's Chinese Muslim community has generally been distinguished in English language sources to this day.

Culture

During the Panthay Rebellion, Sultan Suleiman (Du Wenxiu) was eager to establish close and friendly relations neighboring states. He took the opportunity to have a Chinese Muslim mosque installed at the Burmese King's capital. He sent Colonel Mah Too-tu, one of his senior military officers, as his special envoy and agent to Mandalay with the important mission. The mosque took about two years to finish and was opened in 1868 as the second mosque to be built in the royal capital. Today, 134 years later, the Panthay Mosque is still standing as the second oldest mosque in Mandalay.

No comprehensive census of the remaining Panthay population within Burma has been taken since 1931 as the 1941 census was cancelled. Restrictions on travel for foreigners, combined with the weak central government control over outlying areas of the Shan and Kachin Hills where many Panthays live, made attempts to calculate the Panthay population almost impossible in 1980. An exaggerated estimate of 100,000 Panthays resident within Burma appeared in the Burmese daily Hanthawaddi in 1960..

Readily identifiable Panthay communities continue to exist in several areas like Yangon, Mandalay, Taunggyi. Ny report, the Panthays have communities in Kengtung, Bhamo, Mogok, Lashio, Pyin-Oo-Lwin and at Tanyan, near Lashio. Wherever they have settled in sufficient numbers, the Panthays have established their own mosques and madrasas. Some of these mosques are in "pseudo-Moghul" style, clearly having been influenced by Indian Muslim tastes and styles, whilst others (notably at Mandalay) have Chinese architectural features.

As with the Hui in China, the Burmese Panthay are exclusively Hanafi Muslims. Few are conversant with more than the most elementary phrases of Arabic, and quite often when a Panthay imam is not available to care for the spiritual welfare of a community, a South Asian and Zerbadi Muslim is engaged instead. The Zerbadi are descendent community of intermarriages between foreign Muslim (South Asian and Middle Eastern) males and Burmese females.

Panthay caravaners
In the pre-colonial times the Panthays emerged as excellent long-distance caravaneers of southern China and northern Southeast Asia. They virtually dominated whole caravan trade of Yunnan by the time the first pioneers of French and British imperialism arrived in Yunnan. By the mid 19th century the caravans of Yunnanese traders ranged over an area extending from the eastern frontiers of Tibet, through Assam, Burma, Thailand, Laos and Tongkin (presently part of Vietnam), to the southern Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi. The Chinese Muslim domination of the Yunnan caravan network continued well into the 20th century.

The Chinese Muslims of Yunnan were noted for their mercantile prowess. Within Yunnan, the Muslim population excelled as merchants and soldiers, the two qualities, which made them ideally suited to the rigors of overland trade in the rugged, mountainous regions, and to deserve the rewards therefrom. They might have been helped in this by their religion of Islam from its inception had flourished as a Religion of Trade. The religious requirement to perform Hajj pilgrimage had also helped them to establish an overland road between Yunnan and Arabia as early as the first half of the 14th century.

The merchandise brought from Yunnan by the Panthay caravaneers included silk, tea, metal utensils, iron in the rough, felts, finished articles of clothing, walnuts, opium, wax, preserved fruits and foods, and dried meat of several kinds. The Burmese goods taken back to Yunnan were raw cotton, raw and wrought silk, amber, jades and other precious stones, velvets, betel-nuts, tobacco, gold-leaf, preserves, paps, dye woods, stick lac, ivory, and specialized foodstuffs such as slugs, edible bird's nest, among other things. Raw cotton, which was reserved as a royal monopoly, was in great demand in China. An extensive trade in this commodity had existed between the Konbaung dynasty and Yunnan. Goods were transported up the Ayeyarwady River to Bhamo where it was sold to the Chinese merchants, and conveyed partly by land and partly by water into Yunnan, and from there to other provinces of China. Most caravans consisted of between fifty and one hundred mules, employing ten to fifteen drivers.

History

Muslims in Yunnan
The history of the Panthays in Burma was inseparably linked to that of Yunnan, their place of origin. Within Yunnan, the Chinese Muslim population excelled as merchants and soldiers, which made them ideally suited to the rigors of overland trade in the mountainous regions. Commercial and cultural contacts between the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau and the Irrawaddy Delta and lower Salween River probably predate significant migration by Han Chinese or Bamar populations into either area.

In the 8th century, the Yi state of Nanzhao was the dominant power in the region, a position which both it and its successor, the Dali Kingdom, held until the Mongol conquest of the region five centuries later.. Despite the political independence of Nanzhao, Chinese cultural influence penetrated the frontier region throughout the Tang and Song dynasties. It is possible that during the mid-Tang period – in about 801 –  surrendered Muslim soldiers, described in the Chinese Annals as the Hēiyī Dàshí (, "Black-clad Tay'ī, a term referring to the black flags of the Abbasid Caliphate) were first settled in Yunnan.

It is at least certain that Muslims of Central Asian origin played a major role in the Yuan conquest and rule of Southwest China. As a result, a distinct Muslim community was established in Yunnan by the late 13th century. One important soldier-administrator was Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, a Turkic court official and general who became Yuan Governor of Yunnan from 1274–79. His son Nasir al-Din, was in charge Yunnan's road systems and commanded the first Mongol invasion of Burma in 1277. Shams al-Din is represented as a wise and benevolent ruler, who successfully "pacified and comforted" the people of Yunnan, and who is credited with building temples of Confucius as well as mosques and schools. During his rule, a significant number of Muslim soldiers of Central Asian origin were transferred to Yunnan, which was still largely unpopulated by Han Chinese settlers. The descendants of these Muslim garrison troops are the nucleus of present-day Chinese Muslim populations both in Yunnan and Burma.

Within Yunnan, the Hui Muslim population flourished throughout the Yuan and Ming periods. In the early Yuan dynasty, Marco Polo noted the presence of "Saracens" amongst the population during his visit. The Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani similarly recorded in the Jami' al-tawarikh that "the great city of Yachi" in Yunnan was exclusively inhabited by Muslims. Rashid al-Din may have been referring to the region around Dali, which was the earliest centre of Hui settlement in Yunnan.

Panthays during Konbaung period

In the 19th century, during the Konbaung period, Panthays started to settle in the royal capital of Mandalay, particularly during the reign of King Mindon. Although their number was small, a few found their way inside the court as jade-assessors. They lived side by side with non-Muslim Chinese in Chinatowns (;tayoke tan), which had been designated by King Mindon as the residential area for the Chinese. The non-Muslim Chinese had started settling in considerably earlier. So by the arrival of the Panthays, there already was a Chinese community at Mandalay with its own bank, companies and warehouses and organized social and economic life.

It happened that there were also already Chinese jade-assessors in the employ of the king. Rivalry between the Chinese and Panthay jade-assessors in courting the royal favor naturally led to a quarrel between the two groups, resulting in a number of deaths. King Mindon did not give much serious thought to the religious and social differences between the Panthays and the Chinese. But after the Chinatown quarrel, the king began to see the wisdom of separating the two groups.

King Mindon granted the Panthays of the royal capital land on which to settle as a separate community. The goal beibg to preventing further quarrels between them and the Chinese. The Panthays were given the rare favor of choosing their own place of residence within the confines of the royal capital, and they chose the site on which the present-day Panthay Compound is located. It was bounded on the north by 35th Street, in the south by 36th Street, in the east by 79th Street and in the west by 80th Street. This site was chosen because it was the camping ground for the mule caravans from Yunnan, which regularly came to the capital via the Hsenwi route.

The King also permitted a mosque to be built on the granted site so that the Panthays would have their own place of worship. Having no funds for an undertaking of such magnitude, the Panthays of Mandalay put up the matter to the Sultan of Yunnan. Sultan Sulaiman had already started a business enterprise (hao) in Mandalay and was happy to take the opportunity.

Panthay rebellion

According to Ming Guangshi's book Panthay History, the Panthay originate from the families of some loyal lieutenants of the self-proclaimed Sultan of Yunnan - the Hui General Du Wenxiu (). These families fled to Wa State in northern Shan State after the failure of the Panthay Rebellion under the leadership of Ma Lin-Gi (). Ma Lin-Gi divorced his wife of surname Yuan and married a widow of surname Ting. They later had two sons, the elder named Mah Mei-Ting (馬美廷) born in 1878 and the second son named Mah Shen-Ting (馬陞廷) born in 1879. The older son later became the leader of the Panthay community in Myanmar.

During early 19th century, the Hui Muslim and other minority peoples of Yunnan faced increased population pressures as a result of Han Chinese migration to the province. Resentment against this development, coupled with mounting hostility towards Qing rule, led to the Panthay Rebellion in 1855. Muslim miners in the Qianshui region were the starting point of the rebellion. Within two years, the center of rebellion had spread to westwards under the leadership of Du Wenxiu. Du was a Hui born in Yongcheng. Du Wenxiu's father was a Han who converted to Islam.

The unfavorable discrimination with which the Hui were treated was at the root of their rebellions. However, the revolt was not religious in nature, since the Muslims were joined by non-Muslim Shan and Kakhyen groups. In addition, loyalist Muslim forces helped Qing crush the rebel Muslims.

For the next fifteen years, until the Qing reconquest, Dali remained the capital of the self-proclaimed Pingnan Kingdom, "Country of the peaceful South", proclaimed as an "Islamic Kingdom of Yunnan". Du erected a Forbidden City, wore Ming hanfu in repudiation of Qing authority, and adopted the Muslim name and title "Sultan Sulayman". The Sultanate, fashioned after those in the Middle East, survived in Yunnan for over ten years, reaching its heights in 1860. Panthay governorships were also created in a few important cities, such as Momein (Tengchong), close to the Burmese border town of Bhamo.

The Qing secretly hounded mobs on to the rich Panthays, provoked anti-Hui riots and instigated destruction of their mosques. The Panthays repulsed the desultory attacks and took town after town. The ancient holy city of Dali fell to the Panthays in 1857. With the capture of Dali, Muslim supremacy became an established fact in Yunnan.

During this period, the Sultan Suleiman, on his way to Mecca as a pilgrim, visited Rangoon, presumably via the Kengtung. From there he went to Calcutta where he had a chance to see the power of the British colonists. He had also started a company in Mandalay, housed in a one-story brick building located at the present-day Taryedan on the west side of the 80th Street, between 36th and 37th Streets. The hao had been carrying on business in precious stones, jades, cotton, silk and other commodities of both Chinese and Burmese origins.

The Panthay power declined after 1868. The Chinese Imperial Government had succeeded in reinvigorating itself. By 1871, it launched a campaign for the annihilation of the Panthays. Quickly, towns fell and Sultan Suleiman found himself caged in by the walls of his capital. He turned to the British colonists for military assistance, but was unsuccessful. Seeing no escape, Sultan Suleiman tried to take his own life before the fall of Dali, but was beheaded before the poison could take effect. The Sultan's head was preserved in honey and sent to the Imperial Court as a trophy of their decisive victory.

Exodus

The scattered remnants of the Panthay troops continue their resistance after the fall of Dali. But when Momien was next besieged and stormed by the imperial troops in May 1873, their resistance broke completely. Many adherents to the Panthay cause were persecuted by the Qing. Many Panthays fled with their families across the Burmese border and took refuge in the Wa State where, they set up the exclusively Panthay town of Panglong in 1875.

The demise of the Sultanate had shattered the hope of all their own Islamic kingdom in Yunnan. For a period of perhaps ten to fifteen years following the collapse, the province's Hui minority was widely discriminated against. During these years, Hui refugees settled across the frontier within Burma gradually established themselves in their traditional callings – as merchants, caravaneers, miners, restaurateurs as well as some smugglers and mercenaries. 15 years after the fall of the Sultanate, the original Panthay settlements had grown to include numbers of Shan and other hill peoples.

Mandalay
Colonel Mah Too-tu found himself in the same situation. When the Sultanate fell, Mah Too-tu was stranded at Mandalay. For a man of his rank and stature, going back to Dali meant sure execution by the Qing authorities. In November 1868, he bought a plot of land with a house on it for 80 pieces of one-kyat coins from Khunit Ywa-sa Princess. On 7 June 1873, Mah Too-tu married Shwe Gwe, a lady from Sagyin-wa village near Amarapura, who happened to be the daughter of a princess of Manipur brought to Mandalay as a captive by the Burmese king. Mah Too-tu spent the last years of his life at the Panthay Compound with his Burmese wife.

After the mass exodus from Yunnan, the number of Panthays residing in Mandalay gradually increased. The new arrivals, usually families, came by way of Bhamo or via the Wa State. When the land for the Panthays was granted by King Mindon, there were a few houses on it, in addition to several old graves. The place had been an abandoned graveyard. In the years immediately following the completion of the mosque, there were less than twenty houses in the Panthay Compound. There were also between ten and twenty Panthay households living in other parts of Mandalay.

The establishment of the Panthay Mosque in 1868 marked the emergence of the Panthays as a distinct community in Mandalay. Although the number of this first generation of Panthays remained small, the mosque signified the beginning of the first Panthay Jama'at (Congregation) in Mandalay Ratanabon Naypyidaw.

Panlong

Over the next thirty years or so, the Panthays of Panlong in Wa State continued to prosper. By the early 1920s, a feud had developed between them and the Wa in neighbouring Pangkham. In 1926, this erupted into the local "Wa-Panthay War". The Panthay emerged victorious and Panlong threw off its vassalage to Pangkham and reinforced its dominance over trade in the area.

In addition to legitimate trading, the Panthays of Panlong also became known as 'the aristocrats of the opium business' in the region now known as the Golden Triangle. The Panthay left the risky business of peddling this highly profitable commodity locally to Shan and Han Chinese dealers. Instead, they ran large, well-armed caravans in long-distance convoys far into Siam, Laos, Tonkin and Yunnan. Each muleload was guarded by two rifles.

When Harvey visited Panlong in 1931 he found that Panthay numbers had risen to 5,000 ('including local recruits') and that they were financed by Singaporean Chinese, had 130 Mauser rifles with 1,500 mules, and exported opium by the hundredweight into French, Siamese and British territory. In contrast to Harvey's estimate, official estimates put the Panthay population of Burma at 2,202 for 1911 (1,427 males and 775 females), whilst by the 1921 Census of India this had declined to 1,517 (1,076 males and 441 females), and by 1931 to 1,106 (685 males and 421 females).

British Burma

Other Panthays moved further into Burma, initially as miners anxious to exploit the ruby mines of Mogok; the Baldwin silver mines of Namtu in the Northern Shan State, the jade mines of Mogaung in Kachin State. Numbers of Panthay restaurateurs and innkeepers, merchants and traders settled in the urban centres of upland Burma – chiefly at Lashio, Kengtung, Bhamo and Taunggyi – to service the needs of these miners, passing caravaneers and local inhabitants. Other settlements largely devoted to trade with the indigenous Shan and Karen populations sprang up along the Salween River. Some moved to major urban centres of the Burmese lowlands, most notably to Mandalay and Rangoon, where they flourished as merchants and middle-men representatives of Panlong and the other "Overland Chinese" settlements of Upper Burma and the "Overseas Chinese" community of the lowland port-cities. Bassein and Moulmein must also have attracted some Panthay settlement, the latter port being a terminus of the overland caravan trade from Yunnan in its own right, via the northern Thai trade route through Kengtung, Chiang Mai and Mae Sariang.

During most of the British rule in Burma these Panthay settlers flourished, specialising in all levels of commerce from the international gem markets to shop and inn-keeping, mule-breeding and peddling or street hawking. Yunnanese peddlars penetrated into the unadministered and inaccessible hill tracts of "The Triangle" between the Mali Hka and Nmai Hka rivers, to the north of Myitkyina. Beyond the urban centres of the Burmese lowlands, the Panthays continued their involvement in the caravan trade with Yunnan, transporting silk, tea, metal goods and foods from China to Burma, and carrying back European manufactured goods like broadcloths, specialized food and, above all, raw cotton, to Yunnan.

World War II and independence
The traditional dominance of Panthay in the trade of the Burma-Yunnan frontier region was set back by the construction of the Burma Road between Lashio and Kunming in 1937–38.

During World War II, the main Panthay settlement at Panglong was destroyed in 1941 by the Japanese invasion of Burma. Many Panthay fled to Yunnan, or crossed the jungle frontiers into Thailand and Laos to escape Japanese persecution. The Japanese destroyed Panglong, burning it and driving out the over 200 Hui households out as refugees to Yunnan and Kokang.

Ma Guanggui, a Hui, became the leader of the Hui Panlong self defense guard. The guard was created by the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China to fight against the Japanese invasion of Panlong in 1942.
 An account of the Japanese attack in Panlong was written and published in 1998 in the "Panglong Booklet".

The exodus of thousands of Yunnanese refugees and Kuomintang troops following the seizure of power by the Chinese Communists in 1949. As a result of these developments, which brought a flood of predominantly Han, and not Hui, "Overland Chinese" to the Burmese Shan States, many Panthay seem to have chosen to migrate to northern Thailand, where their communities continue to flourish.

See also

 Islam in Burma
 Islam in China
 Islam in India
 Islam in Asia
 Burmese Indians
 Rohingya people
 Burmese Chinese
 Hui Chinese
 Chin Haw
 Panthay Rebellion
 Dungan people
 Burmese Malays

References

Further reading
 Anderson, John, Mandalay to Momien: A Narrative of the Two Expeditions to Western China of 1868 and 1875 (London: Macmillan, 1876).
 Ba Shin, Lt. Colonel, "Coming of Islam to Burma Down to 1700 AD.," Asian History Congress (New Delhi: Azad Bhavan, 1961).
 Forbes, Andrew D.W., "The Role of Hui Muslims in the Traditional Caravan Trade between Yunnan and Thailand," Asian Merchants and Businessmen in the Indian Ocean and the China sea: 13th-20th Centuries (French Journal published under the direction of Denys Lombard & Jean Aubin), (Paris: School of Higher Studies in Social Sciences, 1987).
 Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). Traders of the Golden Triangle. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5K
 Kaye, J.W., Major Sladen's Report on the Bhamo Route, (In Continuation of Parliamentary Paper No. 251, of Session 1868-9), (London: India Office, 1871), Microfilm copy.
 Scott, J. George, GUBSS, 1, i ( Rangoon Government Printing, 1900).
 Thaung, Dr., "Panthay Interlude in Yunnan: A Study in Vicissitudes Through the Burmese Kaleidoscope," JBRS Fifth Anniversary Publications No. 1 (Rangoon Sarpy Beikman, 1961).
 Yule, Col. Henry & Burnell, A. C., Hobson-Jobson- A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical And Discursive (Delhi-.Munshiran Manoharlal, 1968), Reprint.
 Than Tun, Dr. (Professor of History), History on Tour, 111, (In Burma) (Yangon Nantha House, August 1968).
 Parabaik dated 13 November 1868 containing a short account of Mah Too-tu's purchase of land and house from Khunit Ywa-sa Princess (a family parabaik of the writer).

External links

Chinese diaspora in Asia
Ethnic groups in Myanmar
Hui people
Muslim communities in Asia

Panthays


Jacques Louis Valon, Marquis de Mimeure (19 November 1659, Dijon – 3 March 1719)  was a French soldier and poet.

Menin to Louis, Dauphin of France (1661–1711), he entered on a military career and became lieutenant général. Louis XIV of France promoted the territory of Mimeure to a marquisate around 1697 for him.

He wrote many verses which were not printed. Backed by the François Louis de Bourbon-Conti, Madame de Montespan and Nicolas Boileau, he was elected to seat 3 of the Académie française on 2 December 1707. His acceptance speech is said to have been written by Antoine Houdar de la Motte. Valon's last known literary work is a 1715 ode in imitation of Horace. The rue de Mimeure in his birthplace is named after him

References

1659 births
1719 deaths
Military personnel from Dijon
French Army officers
17th-century French poets
17th-century French male writers
18th-century French poets
French translators
Members of the Académie Française
French male poets
French male non-fiction writers
18th-century French male writers
17th-century French translators
Writers from Dijon

Jacques-Louis de Valon


Rangeela () may refer to:

Rangeela (actor) (1937–2005), Pakistani film actor
Rangeela (1970 film), a Pakistani Urdu film
Rangeela (1995 film), a 1995 Indian  romantic comedy drama film
Rangeela (upcoming film), an upcoming Indian Malayalam-language film
Rangeela (album), a 2013 album by Shireen Jawad
Rangeelay, a 2013 Indian film
Muhammad Shah "Rangeela" (reigned 1719–1748), 13th Mughal Emperor, known as Rangeela from his penname and due to his patronage of the arts and pleasure seeking

See also
Rang (disambiguation)
Rangin (disambiguation)

Rangeela


Women's cricket is the form of the team sport of cricket that is played by women. The first recorded match was in England on 26 July 1745.

History

The first recorded match of women's cricket was reported in The Reading Mercury on 26 July 1745, a match contested "between eleven maids of Bramley and eleven maids of Hambledon, all dressed in white."  The first known women's cricket club was formed in 1887 in Yorkshire, named the White Heather Club.  Three years later a team known as the Original English Lady Cricketers toured England, reportedly making substantial profits before their manager absconded with the money. In Australia, a women's cricket league was set up in 1894, while in South Africa, Port Elizabeth had a women's cricket team, the Pioneers Cricket Club.
In Canada, Victoria also had a women's cricket team that played at Beacon Hill Park.

In 1958 the International Women's Cricket Council (IWCC) was formed to co-ordinate women's cricket around the world, taking over from the English Women's Cricket Association, which had been doing the same job in a de facto role since its creation 32 years earlier.  In 2005, the IWCC was merged with the International Cricket Council (ICC) to form one unified body to help manage and develop cricket.

Women's international cricket

Women's cricket has been played internationally since the inaugural women's Test match between England women and Australia women in December 1934.  The following year, New Zealand women joined them, and in 2007 Netherlands women became the tenth women's Test nation when they made their debut against South Africa women.  Since 1973, women's One Day Internationals (ODIs) have also been contested, and these quickly became the focus of women's international cricket.  In the years since the inception of women's ODIs more than eight times more of this format has been played than women's Test cricket.  The Women's Cricket World Cup has been held nine times, with Australia, England and New Zealand sharing the titles.  In 2004, a shorter format still was introduced, with the introduction of women's Twenty20 International.  Initially, women's Twenty20 cricket was played little at international level, with only four matches played by the end of 2006.  However, the following three years saw a rapid growth, with six matches been played in 2007, ten in 2008 and thirty in 2009, which also saw the first ICC Women's World Twenty20.

Rankings
The ICC Women's Rankings were launched on 1 October 2015 covering all three formats of women's cricket. The ranking system gives equal weight to results of Test, ODI, and T20 matches. It was designed by statistician and ICC Cricket Committee member David Kendix and utilizes the same methodology as men's cricket rankings. Each team scores points based on the results of their matches over the last 3−4 years − all matches played in the 12-24 months since the first of October before last, plus all the matches played in the 24 months before that, for which the matches played and points earned both count half. On 1 October of every year, the matches and points earned between 3 and 4 years ago are removed, and the matches and points earned between 1 and 2 years ago switch from 100% weighting to 50% weighting. For example, on 1 October 2014, the matches played between October 2010 and October 2011 were removed, and the matches played between October 2012 and October 2013 switched to 50% weighting. This happens overnight, so can result in teams changing positions in the ranking table despite no one playing.

Historical rankings

The ICC provides ratings for the end of each month back to October 2015. The teams that have successively held the highest rating since that date, by whole month periods, are:

References

External links
Cricinfo Women

Cricket

කාන්තා ක්‍රිකට්


Sergey Yervandovich Kurginyan (; born 14 November 1949) is a Russian politician, scientist, and theatre producer. He is the founder and leader of the Russian neo-Soviet movement Essence of Time.

Biography
He was born in Moscow; his father, Yervand Amayakovich Kurginyan (1914–1996), of Armenian origin, was a professor of modern history and a specialist on the Middle East. His mother, Mariya Sergeyevna Kurginyan (Bekman) (1922–1989), was a senior research fellow at the Gorky Institute of World Literature, an expert on Thomas Mann and the author of several monographs. His maternal grandfather was a White officer who went over to the Red side in the Civil War; he was executed on 2 November 1938.

Kurginyan graduated from the Moscow Institute of Geological Exploration with the specialty of geophysics (1972). He finished at Shchukin's Theatre School (1983), specializing in "directing the drama." He gained his Ph.D. in Mathematical Sciences, Fellow Institute of Oceanology, USSR Academy of Sciences (1974–1980). Up to 1986, he was a senior research fellow at the Laboratory of Applied Cybernetics, Moscow Institute of Geological Exploration.

Soviet period
Kurginyan was a member of the commission on new theatrical forms of the Theatre Union of the RSFSR and the initiator of the socio-economic experiment "Studio Theatre at the collective work contract." In 1967, while a student, Kurginyan created his own Theatre Studio which in 1986, together with the studios of M. Rozovsky, "the South-West", "Man" and others took part in the experiment "Theatre in the collective work contract." According to the results of the experiment Kurginyan's theatre "On the boards" got the status of a state theatre. The theatre of Sergey Kurginyan confesses Philosophy and metaphysical approach to the phenomena of our time.

From the 1980s, Kurginyan in parallel to his theatre activities was engaged in the analysis of the political process. In November 1987, the executive committee of the Moscow City Council by the decision N 2622 created the "Experimental Creative Center" which was based on the theatre-studio "On the boards" and gave him the set of premises on the Vspolny Lane in Moscow. In January 1989, Kurginyan became the boss of the organization of a new type - "Experimental Creative Center", which was established by the Moscow City Authority on the base of his theater. He repeatedly went to the "hot spots" on behalf of the Central Committee (then - leadership of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR) for independent examination.

After unsuccessful attempts to offer his services to the Secretary Central Committee Alexander Yakovlev (1987), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme RSFSR Vitaly Vorotnikov and the chairman of the KGB Victor Cherbrikov (1988) Kurginyan was close to the second (later the first) Secretary of the CPSU MGK  Yuri Prokofiev and was introduced into groups of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee. In September 1990, at the  brainstorm in the Council of Ministers Kurginyan proposed rigid confiscatory measures and mass repressions against "speculators informal economy", calling the remark Deputy Prime Minister Leonid Abalkin "we already went through it in 1937". He supported in this period close contact with the "Union".

In 1990, Kurginyan ran for the deputies of the RSFSR (on Chertanovskaya territorial district N 58, Moscow). The election program of the candidate S. Kurginyan proposed the strategy for national salvation of Russia which was developed to prevent the disintegration of the Russian economy, society and state. In response to the question of where to get the money to implement this program, a candidate's campaign materials stated that Russia annually loses huge sums of money due to unequal distribution between the constituent republics of the USSR, the unfinished objects, the Union's "projects of the century" and so on.

The Russians were offered to follow the example of Japan and "sparingly and prudently" put all the released funds to the program of national salvation of Russia.
In 1990, Kurginyan created "Experimental Creative Centre" which main task is to unite aesthetics, ethics and epistemology. Since 2004 this community has associated nongovernmental status in the United Nations.

In 1991, Kurginyan refused to become a counselor of Gorbachev because of differences in attitudes towards the withdrawal of the Communist Party and the country out of the impasse. Kurginyan's idea of relying on an intelligent layer (mainly scientific and technical intelligentsia) for guiding the country through the modernization was supported by Yuri Prokofiev, the secretary of the CPSU MGK. A number of houses in the center of Moscow have been granted to S. Kurginyan who united in the Experimental Creative Center a number of organizations and laboratories with the development breakthroughs.

Post-Soviet period
In 1993, Kurginyan became an advisor of Ruslan Khasbulatov. During events of October 1993 he was in the building of the Supreme Council. He was the developer of the script of the behavior of the opposition forces, an alternative to that which was implemented on 3 October ("march to the Ostankino"). According to him, a campaign plan to Ostankino was provocative. Several times he thwarted provocations, organized among the "White House's Citizens" (so-called "Sokolov's rebellion," etc.), strongly objected to the incorporation in "White House's Citizens" the Barkashov's fellows and other provocative elements.

He led political dialogue and the information campaign in favor of the Supreme Council. September 30 the "party" supporters of the march to the Ostankino, existing inside the building, achieved expulsion of S. Kurginyan as a dangerous enemy. The same day, S. Kurginyan addressed to all the supporters of the Supreme Council with a cautionary note of the impending provocation. The warning was passed through the channels that existed at the time: the information system "The Ring". It also appeared on the tapes of official news (full text in "Russia-XXI», № 8, 1993).

In 1996 he invited the representatives of big business (among them Boris Berezovsky, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Vladimir Gusinsky, Mikhail Fridman and others) to unite and embark on a constructive public attitude. The result was the famous "Letter from thirteen" which led to the creation of the so-called Semibankirschina — a closed group of oligarchs who owned over 50% of all Russian resources, the majority of Russian mass media, and who promoted Boris Yeltsin during the presidential election of 1996. Between 1996 and 2000 they turned into the main power behind Russian politics and economy, unofficially manipulating Yeltsin and his decisions.

In his own words, he participated in the removal of Gen. Alexander Lebed from the post of Secretary Russian Security Council.

In 2007, before the presidential election in Russia he said that "the principle of presidential power in Russia is a more fundamental constitutional than the principle, which refers to the two-term presidency," and expressed concern that "if Putin tries to move from the presidency at a millimeter, it will collapse the system."

From July to December 2010 he was a co-host of TV program "The court of time."

In 2011, after the United Russia Party Congress, in comments on the nomination of Putin as a candidate for President of Russia, Kurginyan said that "a process that they would like to turn towards a return to radical liberalism, in this side it did not turn". He added that "the de-Stalinization of radical liberalism, the return to the dead mythology and types of social and cultural life, - this all is over in the near future."
Addressing his supporters, Kurginyan also stressed that this did not happen due to "between others thanks to our modest efforts."

He is the author and the host of the "anti show" program "The essence of time", published since February 2, 2011 on the video-hosting service Vimeo, the site of the Experimental Creative Center and the site of the virtual club "The essence of time".
The program, among other things, says the idea of the messianic role of Russia in the modern world.

Since August 2011 he is co-host (along with Nicholas Svanidze) of the project "The historical process" on TV "Russia."

Kurginyan wrote many political books such as "Field of the response action", "Russian question", "Post-restructing", "Seventh Scenario","Weakness of power", "Swing", "Esau and Jacob", "Theory and practice of political games", "Radical Islam", "Political Tsunami".

In July 2014, during the war in Donbass, Kurginyan accused Igor Girkin (Strelkov) of surrendering Sloviansk and not keeping his oath to die in Sloviansk. Kurginyan believes that surrendering Sloviansk is a war crime, and Strelkov should be responsible for that. Donbass insurgent Pavel Gubarev whacked Kurginyan in the face, and another Donbass insurgent Alexander Borodai promised to shoot Kurginyan to death. According to Aleksandr Dugin, Kurginyan is a traitor and is working for oligarchs, Yukos and Israel.

In the words of journalist Alexander Nevzorov, if we had had Kurginyan and Dugin instead of Putin, "there would have been hell for all of us to pay, they would have unleashed a European and World War without a shadow of a doubt, without considering consequences at all". But "Dugin and Kurginyan do not have the slightest impact on what is going on in the Kremlin and do not even get coaching there".

References

External links

 Transcripts of the tv-show of "The court of time"

Other
 All interviews of Sergei Kurginyan on the radio «Echo of Moscow»
 All interviews of Sergei Kurginyan on the radio  «Russian News Service»
 Interviews of Sergei Kurginyan on the radio «Finam FM»
 Сергей Черняховский Strategist of the left Search

1949 births
Living people
Writers from Moscow
Neo-Sovietism
Russian people of Armenian descent
Russian male bloggers
Russian bloggers
Russian geophysicists
Russian political scientists
Soviet theatre directors
Defenders of the White House (1993)
Pro-Russian people of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

Sergey Kurginyan


Nikolaos Gyzis ( ; ; 1 March 1842 – 4 January 1901) was considered one of Greece's most important 19th century painters. He was most famous for his work Eros and the Painter, his first genre painting. It was auctioned in May 2006 at Bonhams in London, being last exhibited in Greece in 1928. He was the major representative of the Munich School, the major 19th-century Greek art movement.

Life

Gyzis was born in the village of Sklavochori, on the island of Tinos which has a long artistic history. As his family settled in Athens in 1850, he soon embarked on a study at the Athens School of Fine Arts. His studies there formed the foundation of his artistic education and helped him to develop his natural skill in painting.

In 1865, having won a scholarship, he went to continue his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, where he settled for the rest of his life. He was very soon incorporated into the German pictorial climate, and became one of its most characteristic representatives of the Greek artistic movement of the Munich School. This is expressed in the painting News of Victory of 1871, which deals with the Franco-Prussian War, and the painting Apotheosis i Thriamvos tis Vavarias (Apotheosis or Triumph of Bavaria).

From 1886 onward he was professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, and gradually turned from the detailed realistic depictions towards compositions of a singularly impressionistic character. His students included Jan Vochoc, Ernst Oppler, Fritz Osswald, Anna May-Rychter, and Stefan Popescu (Romanian painter).

At the beginning of the 1870s returned to Greece for a period of several years, after which he produced a sequence paintings with more avowedly Greek themes, such as the Carnival at Athens and the Arravoniasmata (Engagement Ceremony) and a little later the painting After the Destruction of Psara. Towards the end of his life, in the 1890s, he took a turn toward more religious themes, with his best known work of the later period being Triumph of Religion. Gyzis died in Munich.

Legacy
His works are today exhibited at museums and private collections in Greece, Germany, and elsewhere.

Gyzis' painting The Secret School was depicted on the reverse of the Greek 200 drachmas banknote of 1996–2001.

The Athenian neighbourhood Gyzi is named for him.

Gallery

See also
 Munich School
 National Gallery of Athens
 Art in modern Greece
 Greek Art
 Emfietzoglou Gallery

References

External links

 Nikolaos Gyzis's The Secret School and an Ongoing National Discourse by Antonis Danos
 National Gallery of Greece
 Gallery of Paintings by Nikolaos Gyzis

1842 births
1901 deaths
Greek artists
Academic staff of the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
People from Tinos
19th-century Greek painters
Munich School

Nikolaos Gyzis


Teresa Victoria Carpio, more commonly known as T. V. Carpio, is a Chinese / Filipina singer, songwriter and actress.  She is the daughter of Asian singing star Teresa Carpio, with whom she has performed on stage as a backup singer.

Carpio played Prudence in the 2007 musical movie Across the Universe.  She has also appeared on television, including a TV movie and episodes of The Jury and Law & Order.  She made her Broadway debut in  Rent as Alexi Darling and others, appearing from December 2006 until April 2007.

Filmography
Limitless (2011) .... Valerie
Across the Universe (2007) .... Prudence
Sucker Free City (2004) (TV) .... Angela Tsing
She Hate Me (2004) .... Gail
The Jury .... Esme Kingman (1 episode, "Mail Order Mystery," 2004)
Law & Order .... Laundry Lady (1 episode, "Patriot," 2002)
Popstars .... Top 26 Finalist (TV) (2001)

Other websites

1981 births
Living people
Filipino actors
Filipino singers
Musical theater actors

T. V. Carpio


St. Basil's Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Intercession, is a very famous cathedral in Moscow, Russia. It is officially known as the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat, or Pokrovsky Cathedral. It was commissioned by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), for Saint Basil the Blessed. It is in the area called Red Square. It was built in 1555-1561.

The cathedral is has eight distinctive onion-shaped towers. The building itself is made up of separate chapels. There is a ninth spire in the middle, forming an eight-point star.

The cathedral has been close to destruction many times. Napoleon Bonaparte decided to take it to Paris, but such an undertaking would have been impossible. Instead, he ordered it to be demolished. Explosives were lit, but torrential rain suddenly started, extinguishing the fuses.

Joseph Stalin also ordered it to be destroyed, since it interfered with parades.  Pyotr Baranovsky, who was the architect in charge, objected and was sent to the GULAG but the demolition was cancelled.  The city of Moscow also caught fire numerous times, and the cathedral wasn't spared. Even so, it still stands to this very day.

Cathedrals
Buildings and structures in Moscow

St. Basil's Cathedral


Big data is a term used for certain database systems. It is used for a number of technologies which help to organize, gather and analyse data.

At least some of the following characteristics apply:
 There are huge amounts of data

 The data changes very often

 It is difficult to structure the data so that it can be used easily

Use
Big data is used to analyse different subjects. Through the analysis, new information can be gained. Bigger amounts of data make it easier to find reliable information. It is used in many different areas, such as government, health care, insurance, media, advertisement and information technology.

Origin
The data is gathered among other things through:

 Surveillance
 the use of credit cards
 Electronic Communication (for example E-mail and smartphones)
 Internet and social media (for example from using Google search or when visiting Facebook)
 Internet of things (objects that can connect to the internet, for example Amazon Alexa)
 governments and public authorities (for example tax data, census data)

Critique
Big data has been criticised for different reasons. One prominent criticism is the increasing surveillance to gather data, which takes place in many new forms. Edward Snowden has revealed how the American National Security Agency (NSA) uses digital technology to spy on people around the world. Another prominent criticisms is data privacy, which is about the risk of sensitive personal data leaking because it is not protected well enough.

A more fundamental critique of big data is just because it is bigger, it is not automatically better. The quality of the data still has to be controlled. It also says that data analysis can only ask "what" is happening, but not "why" it is happening.

References

Databases
Data science
Privacy

Big data


Henry Sherburne (March 28, 1611 – 1680) of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, landed there June 12, 1632 from London, a pioneer who rose to considerable wealth in pre-independence colonial New Hampshire.  His descendant Samuel Sherburne built the 1766 (and later) house which bears Henry's name today in Portsmouth. Henry was the older brother of John Sherburne, another New Hampshire pioneer.  Colonel Tobias Lear, George Washington's private secretary, was his great grandson.

Sherburne and his brother John were lineal descendants of the illustrious "Sherburne" (or Shireburn) family of England (their ancestors progressively built Stonyhurst Hall in Lancashire, England but lost it when the elder branch of the family, which remained there, became extinct in 1717).

After Henry's great grandfather quit Stonyhurst for Oxford, England, where he dwelled in Beam Hall, Henry's father Joseph moved to Odiham, where Henry was born. While it's unknown where he was educated, in the New World Sherburne's classical education and fine court hand quickly proved useful. By 1640 he was a warden of the Church of England in Portsmouth, and was thereafter selected as town clerk (1656–1660), treasurer, and commissioner of Portsmouth.

In 1644 he was appointed judge at Portsmouth. Later the General Court of Massachusetts appointed him associate judge. He was a large landowner in Portsmouth. He married twice; first to the daughter of New Hampshire pioneer Ambrose Gibbons, by whom he had many children who have since spread about the New World.

References

People of colonial New Hampshire
1680 deaths
1611 births

Henry Sherburne


François Amoudruz (7 September 1926 – 21 July 2020) was a member of the French Resistance during World War II. He was born in Albertville, France.

Life
Amoudruz entered the law school in Clermont-Ferrand. However, on 25 November 1943, the Gestapo raided the school and Amoudruz was taken as a hostage after having just turned 17. In December 1943, he was held captive at the Royallieu-Compiègne internment camp. He left the camp on 17 January 1944, being deported to the Buchenwald concentration camp. He was eventually locked up at the Flossenbürg concentration camp on 23 February 1944.

Amoudruz escaped during a death march in April 1945, but was captured and sent back to camp. However, he would be freed by Allied Forces on Victory in Europe Day. He returned to France on 24 May 1945.

He was Deputy President of the Fédération nationale des déportés et internés réesistants et patriotes until 2013 and was vice-president of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation.

He was also a member of the European Centre on Resistance and Deportation and the Concours national de la résistance et de la déportation.

Amoudruz died on 21 July 2020 in Schiltigheim at the age of 93.

References

1926 births
2020 deaths

François Amoudruz


Zela House, also called Zela House City Theater, is a museum located in the center of Tacna, Peru.  Francisco Antonio de Zela, an important forerunner to Peruvian independence, once lived there.  Today, it is the Salon Museo Arqueologico (Archeological Museum Hall) where ceramic and textile pieces, works of wood and metal, and pre-Hispanic fishing and basket weaving tools are displayed.

The building was given the status of a national historic monument in 1961.

References

 i perú(2014), "Información de Tacna".

Museums in Peru

Zela House


The William Hayden House is a historic house on Vermont Route 14 in southern Albany, Vermont.  Built in 1854, it is a remarkably sophisticated example of Greek Revival architecture in brick for a small rural community.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Description and history
The William Hayden House stands on the west side of Vermont Route 14, between Wylie Hill Road and Route 14's crossing of the Rogers Branch of the Black River.  It is a -story brick building, with a side gable roof, end chimneys, and granite foundation.  It is set back from the road, accessed by a semicircular drive, with a low granite wall paralleling the road.  The driveway entrances are marked by carved stone posts, as is a pedestrian entrance at the center of the semicircle.  The house's main block has a five-bay front facade, articulated by brick pilasters with granite capitals.  Windows are rectangular sash, set in openings with granite sills and lintels.  The window above the entrance is a three-section window, with narrow side windows in the Palladian style.  The entrance is recessed in a rectangular granite-lined openings, with flanking sidelight windows and round columns, and a large transom window above. Below the roofline is a tall entablature, and an eave decorated with drop pendants.  A single-story brick ell, reproducing one destroyed by fire, extends to the south, joining the house to a 20th-century garage.

William Hayden is said to have built the first frame house in what is now Albany, and it is where he raised a son, William, Jr., who went on to become a railroad construction magnate.  In 1854 he had this house built by a local contractor, William Steele, using locally sourced bricks.  Local lore has it that he had it built as a monument to himself, and "to show the fools in Albany what money could do".  His only son's heirs squabbled over his estate, which passed out of the family in 1927.  It became rundown in the mid-20th century, but underwent a major restoration in the late 1970s, which included a recreation (based on early photos) of the original ell.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans County, Vermont

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Orleans County, Vermont
Greek Revival architecture in Vermont
Houses completed in 1854
Houses in Orleans County, Vermont
Buildings and structures in Albany, Vermont

William Hayden House (Albany, Vermont)


A learning curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between how proficient people are at a task and the amount of experience they have. Proficiency (measured on the vertical axis) usually increases with increased experience (the horizontal axis), that is to say, the more someone, groups, companies or industries perform a task, the better their performance at the task.

The common expression "a steep learning curve" is a misnomer suggesting that an activity is difficult to learn and that expending much effort does not increase proficiency by much, although a learning curve with a steep start actually represents rapid progress. In fact, the gradient of the curve has nothing to do with the overall difficulty of an activity, but expresses the expected rate of change of learning speed over time. An activity that it is easy to learn the basics of, but difficult to gain proficiency in, may be described as having "a steep learning curve".

The learning curve may refer to a specific task or a body of knowledge. Hermann Ebbinghaus first described the learning curve in 1885 in the field of the psychology of learning, although the name did not come into use until 1903. In 1936 Theodore Paul Wright described the effect of learning on production costs in the aircraft industry. This form, in which unit cost is plotted against total production, is sometimes called an experience curve.

In psychology

Hermann Ebbinghaus' tests involved memorizing series of nonsense syllables, and recording the success over a number of trials. The translation does not use the term 'learning curve' — but he presents diagrams of learning against trial number. He also notes that the score can decrease, or even oscillate.

The first known use of the term 'learning curve' is from 1903: "Bryan and Harter (6) found in their study of the acquisition of the telegraphic language a learning curve which had the rapid rise at the beginning followed by a period of slower learning, and was thus convex to the vertical axis."

Psychologist Arthur Bills gave a more detailed description of learning curves in 1934. He also discussed the properties of different types of learning curves, such as negative acceleration, positive acceleration, plateaus, and ogive curves.

In economics

History

In 1936, Theodore Paul Wright described the effect of learning on production costs in the aircraft industry and proposed a mathematical model of the learning curve.

In 1952, the US Air Force published data on the learning curve in the airframe industry from 1940 to mid-1945. Specifically, they tabulated and plotted the direct man-hour cost of various products as a function of cumulative production. This formed the basis of many studies on learning curves in the 1950s.

In 1968 Bruce Henderson of the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) generalized the Unit Cost model pioneered by Wright, and specifically used a Power Law, which is sometimes called Henderson's Law. He named this particular version the experience curve.
Research by BCG in the 1970s observed experience curve effects for various industries that ranged from 10 to 25 percent.

Models

The main statistical models for learning curves are as follows:

 Wright's model ("log-linear"): , where
  is the cost of the -th unit,
  is the total number of units made,
  is the cost of the first unit made,
  is the exponent measuring the strength of learning.
 Plateau model: , where  models the minimal cost achievable. In other words, the learning ceases after cost reaches a sufficiently low level.
 Stanford-B model: , where  models worker's prior experience.
 DeJong's model: , where  models the fraction of production done by machines (assumed to be unable to learn, unlike a human worker).
 S-curve model: , a combination of Stanford-B model and DeJong's model.

The key variable is the exponent  measuring the strength of learning. It is usually expressed as , where  is the "learning rate". In words, it means that the unit cost decreases by , for every doubling of total units made. Wright found that  in aircraft manufacturing, meaning that the unit cost decreases by 20% for every doubling of total units made.

Applications
The economic learning of productivity and efficiency generally follows the same kinds of experience curves and have interesting secondary effects. Efficiency and productivity improvement can be considered as whole organization or industry or economy learning processes, as well as for individuals. The general pattern is of first speeding up and then slowing down, as the practically achievable level of methodology improvement is reached. The effect of reducing local effort and resource use by learning improved methods often has the opposite latent effect on the next larger scale system, by facilitating its expansion, or economic growth, as discussed in the Jevons paradox in the 1880s and updated in the Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate in the 1980s.

A comprehensive understanding of the application of learning curve on managerial economics would provide plenty of benefits on strategic level. People could predict the appropriate timing of the introductions for new products and offering competitive pricing decisions, deciding investment levels by stimulate innovations on products and the selection of organizational design structures.
Balachander and Srinivasan used to study a durable product and its pricing strategy on the principles of the learning curve. Based on the concepts that the growing experience in producing and selling a product would cause the decline of unit production cost, they found the potential best introductory price for this product. As for the problems of production management under the limitation of scarce resources, Liao  observed that without including the effects of the learning curve on labor hours and machines hours, people might make incorrect managerial decisions. Demeester and Qi  used the learning curve to study the transition between the old products' eliminating and new products' introduction. Their results indicated that the optimal switching time is determined by the characteristics of product and process, market factors, and the features of learning curve on this production. Konstantaras, Skouri, and Jaber  applied the learning curve on demand forecasting and the economic order quantity. They found that the buyers obey to a learning curve, and this result is useful for decision-making on inventory management.

Learning curves has been used to model Moore's law in the semiconductor industry.

When wages are proportional to number of products made, workers may resist changing to a different post or having a new member on the team, since it would temporarily decrease productivity. Learning curves has been used to adjust for temporary dips so that workers are paid more for the same product while they are learning.

Examples  and mathematical modeling
A learning curve is a plot of proxy measures for implied learning (proficiency or progression toward a limit) with experience.
 The horizontal axis represents experience either directly as time (clock time, or the time spent on the activity), or can be related to time (a number of trials, or the total number of units produced).
 The vertical axis is a measure representing 'learning' or 'proficiency' or other proxy for "efficiency" or "productivity". It can either be increasing (for example, the score in a test), or decreasing (the time to complete a test).

For the performance of one person in a series of trials the curve can be erratic, with proficiency increasing, decreasing or leveling out in a plateau.

When the results of a large number of individual trials are averaged then a smooth curve results, which can often be described with a mathematical function.

Several main functions have been used:

 The S-Curve or Sigmoid function is the idealized general form of all learning curves, with slowly accumulating small steps at first followed by larger steps and then successively smaller ones later, as the learning activity reaches its limit. That idealizes the normal progression from discovery of something to learn about followed to the limit of learning about it. The other shapes of learning curves (4, 5 & 6) show segments of S-curves without their full extents. In this case the improvement of proficiency starts slowly, then increases rapidly, and finally levels off.
 Exponential growth; the proficiency can increase without limit, as in Exponential growth
 Exponential rise or fall to a Limit; proficiency can exponentially approach a limit in a manner similar to that in which a capacitor charges or discharges (exponential decay) through a resistor. The increase in skill or retention of information may increase rapidly to its maximum rate during the initial attempts, and then gradually levels out, meaning that the subject's skill does not improve much with each later repetition, with less new knowledge gained over time.
 Power law; similar in appearance to an exponential decay function, and is almost always used for a decreasing performance metric, such as cost. It also has the property that if plotted as the logarithm of proficiency against the logarithm of experience the result is a straight line, and it is often presented that way.

The specific case of a plot of Unit Cost versus Total Production with a power law was named the experience curve: the mathematical function is sometimes called Henderson's Law. This form of learning curve is used extensively in industry for cost projections.

In machine learning

Plots relating performance to experience are widely used in machine learning. Performance is the error rate or accuracy of the learning system, while experience may be the number of training examples used for learning or the number of iterations used in optimizing the system model parameters. The machine learning curve is useful for many purposes including comparing different algorithms,  choosing model parameters during design, adjusting optimization to improve convergence, and determining the amount of data used for training.

Broader interpretations
Initially introduced in educational and behavioral psychology, the term has acquired a broader interpretation over time, and expressions such as "experience curve", "improvement curve", "cost improvement curve", "progress curve", "progress function", "startup curve", and "efficiency curve" are often used interchangeably. In economics the subject is rates of "development", as development refers to a whole system learning process with varying rates of progression. Generally speaking all learning displays incremental change over time, but describes an "S" curve which has different appearances depending on the time scale of observation. It has now also become associated with the evolutionary theory of punctuated equilibrium and other kinds of revolutionary change in complex systems generally, relating to innovation, organizational behavior and the management of group learning, among other fields. These processes of rapidly emerging new form appear to take place by complex learning within the systems themselves, which when observable, display curves of changing rates that accelerate and decelerate.

General learning limits
Learning curves, also called experience curves, relate to the much broader subject of natural limits for resources and technologies in general. Such limits generally present themselves as increasing complications that slow the learning of how to do things more efficiently, like the well-known limits of perfecting any process or product or to perfecting measurements. These practical experiences match the predictions of the second law of thermodynamics for the limits of waste reduction generally. Approaching limits of perfecting things to eliminate waste meets geometrically increasing effort to make progress, and provides an environmental measure of all factors seen and unseen changing the learning experience. Perfecting things becomes ever more difficult despite increasing effort despite continuing positive, if ever diminishing, results. The same kind of slowing progress due to complications in learning also appears in the limits of useful technologies and of profitable markets applying to product life cycle management and software development cycles). Remaining market segments or remaining potential efficiencies or efficiencies are found in successively less convenient forms.

Efficiency and development curves typically follow a two-phase process of first bigger steps corresponding to finding things easier, followed by smaller steps of finding things more difficult. It reflects bursts of learning following breakthroughs that make learning easier followed by meeting constraints that make learning ever harder, perhaps toward a point of cessation.

 Natural Limits One of the key studies in the area concerns diminishing returns on investments generally, either physical or financial, pointing to whole system limits for resource development or other efforts. The most studied of these may be Energy Return on Energy Invested or EROEI, discussed at length in an Encyclopedia of the Earth article and in an OilDrum article and series also referred to as Hubert curves. The energy needed to produce energy is a measure of our difficulty in learning how to make remaining energy resources useful in relation to the effort expended. Energy returns on energy invested have been in continual decline for some time, caused by natural resource limits and increasing investment. Energy is both nature's and our own principal resource for making things happen. The point of diminishing returns is when increasing investment makes the resource more expensive. As natural limits are approached, easily used sources are exhausted and ones with more complications need to be used instead. As an environmental signal persistently diminishing EROI indicates an approach of whole system limits in our ability to make things happen.
 Useful Natural Limits EROEI measures the return on invested effort as a ratio of R/I or learning progress. The inverse I/R measures learning difficulty. The simple difference is that if R approaches zero R/I will too, but I/R will approach infinity. When complications emerge to limit learning progress the limit of useful returns, uR, is approached and R-uR approaches zero. The difficulty of useful learning I/(R-uR) approaches infinity as increasingly difficult tasks make the effort unproductive. That point is approached as a vertical asymptote, at a particular point in time, that can be delayed only by unsustainable effort. It defines a point at which enough investment has been made and the task is done, usually planned to be the same as when the task is complete. For unplanned tasks it may be either foreseen or discovered by surprise. The usefulness measure, uR, is affected by the complexity of environmental responses that can only be measured when they occur unless they are foreseen.

In culture

"Steep learning curve"
The expression "steep learning curve" is used with opposite meanings. Most sources, including the Oxford Dictionary of English, the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, and Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, define a learning curve as the rate at which skill is acquired, so a steep increase would mean a quick increment of skill.
However, the term is often used in common English with the meaning of a difficult initial learning process.

The common English usage aligns with a metaphorical interpretation of the learning curve as a hill to climb. (A steeper hill is initially hard, while a gentle slope is less strainful, though sometimes rather tedious. Accordingly, the shape of the curve (hill) may not indicate the total amount of work required. Instead, it can be understood as a matter of preference related to ambition, personality and learning style.)

The term 'learning curve' with meanings of 'easy' and 'difficult' can be described with adjectives like 'short' and 'long' rather than steep and 'shallow'. If two products have similar functionality then the one with a "steep" curve is probably better, because it can be learned in a shorter time. On the other hand, if two products have different functionality, then one with a short curve (a short time to learn) and limited functionality may not be as good as one with a long curve (a long time to learn) and greater functionality.

For example, the Windows program Notepad is extremely simple to learn, but offers little after this. At the other extreme is the UNIX terminal editor vi or Vim, which is difficult to learn, but offers a wide array of features after the user has learned how to use it.

"On a steep learning curve"
Ben Zimmer discusses the use of the term "on a steep learning curve" in Downton Abbey, a television series set in the early 20th century, concentrating mainly on whether use of the term is an anachronism. "Matthew Crawley, the presumptive heir of Downton Abbey and now the co-owner of the estate, says, 'I've been on a steep learning curve since arriving at Downton.' By this he means that he has had a difficult time learning the ways of Downton, but people did not start talking that way until the 1970s."

Zimmer also comments that the popular use of steep as difficult is a reversal of the technical meaning. He identifies the first use of steep learning curve as 1973, and the arduous interpretation as 1978.

Difficulty curves in video games

The idea of learning curves is often translated into video game gameplay as a "difficulty curve", which described how hard the game may get as the player progresses through the game and requiring the player to either become more proficient with the game, gain better understanding of the game's mechanics, and/or spend time "grinding" to improve his or her characters. Establishing the right difficulty curve is part of achieving the game balance within a title. As with learning curves in educational settings, difficulty curves can have multitudes of shapes, and games may frequently provide various levels of difficulty that change the shape of this curve relative to its default to make the game harder or easier. Optimally the difficulty of a video game increases in correspondence with players ability. Games must neither be too challenging nor too undemanding nor too fortuitous. The players will continue playing as long as a game is perceived to be winnable. This is therefore referred to as the illusion of winnability. To generate an illusion of winnability games can include, internal value (a sense of moving towards a goal and being rewarded for it) driven by conflict which can be generated by an antagonistic environment and story driven suspense in the form of world building. The latter is not pivotal to progressing in a game. Game designers may also make changes in gameplay by, for instance, limiting resources. One perspective is that if players are not tricked to believe that the video game world is real - if the world does not feel vibrant - then there is no point in creating the game.

See also
 Forgetting curve
 Learning speed
 Labor productivity
 Learning-by-doing (economics)
 Population growth
 Trial and error

References

External links
 Learning curve

Learning
Cognitive science
Curves

Learning curve


Albert Earl Draper (December 13, 1895 – November 3, 1963) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada.  He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Progressive Conservative from 1955 to 1958.

The son of William Draper and Jane Stanley, Draper was born in St. Mary's, Ontario, and became a farmer in Elgin, Manitoba.  He served from 1915 to 1918 in France during World War I, and achieved the rank of Sgt. Major.  His older son, Clarence Oscar Draper, was killed in action during World War II.

Draper was elected to the Manitoba legislature in a by-election held on June 27, 1955, defeating Liberal-Progressive candidate Robert E. Moffat by almost 700 votes in the constituency of Deloraine-Glenwood.  He did not seek re-election in the 1958 provincial election, in which the Progressive Conservatives won a minority government.

He died in Winnipeg at the age of 67.

References

1895 births
1963 deaths
Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba MLAs

Albert Draper


The Oblate Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus () are the members of a religious congregation of women founded in the 17th century, dedicated to the education and religious formation of poor girls. They use the suffix O.B.G. after their names.

History

Foundation
The Sisters were founded in Rome through the inspiration of Father Cosimo Berlinsani, O.M.D. (1619–1694), together with Mother Anna Moroni (1613–1675). The priest had recently been appointed pastor of the Basilica Church of Santa Maria in Campitelli. In the course of his pastoral care, he found that many of the girls who came to him to make their First Communion had little or no knowledge of the Catholic faith. He asked Moroni, for whom he served as confessor, to teach some of these girls.

In 1650 Moroni began to dedicate herself to the work of re-educating female victims of prostitution, shortly afterwards setting up a school to teach young girls the catechism and in 1667 receiving authorisation from the Vicar General of Rome to open a boarding house for her students.

In 1671, Moroni and 12 of the students from the school, who had become her assistants, decided to form a religious community, taking the name of the Boarding School Community () of the Most Holy Child Jesus, based on a favorite devotion of Moroni. They then elected her their leader. The members of the small community all made a vow of perseverance on 2 July 1672, thereby formally establishing themselves as a lay religious society.

The women initially took as their religious habit a brown tunic, in honor of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, with a woolen belt and a black, ankle-length veil. They established a limit of 33 members for their community, based on the traditional lifespan of Christ.

Expansion
The members of the community then formed a life combining adoration of the Blessed Sacrament with the service to the students of the school. New schools under their direction began to be established outside of Rome. A Rule of Life was drawn for them between 1680 and 1684, which received final approval from Cardinal Gasparo Carpegna in 1693, under his authority as the Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria in Campitelli, to which they were still attached. New schools of the congregation began to be founded outside of Rome: Spoleto (1683), San Severino (1693) and Rieti (1693). Not long after, though, Cardinal Lorenzo Corsini, who was their Cardinal Protector, persuaded them to adopt the Rule of St. Augustine, at which time they changed the name of the community to the Augustinian Oblates of the Most Holy Child.

The following century saw continued growth of the congregation. In 1708 the community in Rome moved from their original site to the one they still have as their motherhouse, adjacent to the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. The historic Church of the Bambin Gesù was built for them there during the 1730s. Additional schools of the congregation were established: Ascoli Piceno (1701), Fermo (1717), Sezze (1717) and Palestrina (1722). During the 19th century, due to their status as laywomen, not nuns, the members of the congregation and their schools were able to escape the closing of religious communities mandated by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. A school was founded in Gualdo Tadino in 1817.

Modern era
For the first 250 years of the congregation's existence, each community of Oblates had been completely autonomous, and they lived under the canonical status of a society of common life, not taking religious vows. In 1917, the Catholic Church issued its first universal code of canon law, which recognized for the first time women living in religious communities, that were not part of an enclosed religious order, as leading a consecrated life. In 1926 the Oblates voted to seek the status of a religious congregation, uniting themselves all under one central administration. Two years later, in 1928, they were allowed to profess vows as Religious Sisters. At that time they changed the name of the congregation to the one they currently use.

This period saw a new spurt of growth of the congregation within Italy: Sorrento (1916), Giulianova (1931), Montone (1936), Roseto degli Abruzzi (1936) and Tortoreto (1946). In response to a general request by the pope issued to all religious orders, the Sisters began to serve in South America, opening schools in Brazil and Peru.

References

Societies of apostolic life
Religious organizations established in the 1670s
Catholic teaching orders
Catholic female orders and societies
Bambin Gesu
Catholic religious institutes established in the 20th century

Oblate Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus


"Get Shaky" is a song by American DJ and producer Ian Carey. It was first released as a commercial radio track in Australia by Vicious Recordings who made it peak at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart. It then went on peak within the top ten of the charts in Belgium, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, and the goal song of world champions Czech Republic at the 2010 Ice Hockey World Championships in Germany. The song features on Clubland 16 and also on Clubland: Smashed. The female voice is American singer-songwriter Kelly Barnes, who also co-wrote the song.

Track listing
Australian CD single
 "Get Shaky" (radio edit) – 2:58
 "Get Shaky" (Ian Carey Original vs Alternative Remix) – 6:02
 "Get Shaky" (Vandalism Remix)
 "Get Shaky" (Stonebridge Remix)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications and sales

References

2008 singles
Ian Carey songs
2008 songs
Songs written by Alexander Perls

Get Shaky


Anapithecus (pronounced Ana-PITH-i-kuhs; from Greek πίθηκος pithekos "ape") is a late Miocene primate (10 million years old) known from fossil locations in Hungary and Austria. Many Anapithecus fossils come from the site of Rudabánya, in northern Hungary, where Anapithecus lived alongside the ape Rudapithecus. The only species in the genus, Anapithecus hernyaki, is named after Gabor Hernyák, chief geologist of the Iron Ore Works of Rudabánya.

Classification and phylogeny
Anapithecus belongs to the clade Pliopithecoidea, an extinct group of primates that inhabited Eurasia during the Miocene epoch (17-7 million years ago). Pliopithecoids are catarrhine primates, sharing a common ancestor, and many physical characteristics, with both apes and Old World monkeys. Evolutionarily speaking pliopithecoids are considered to be a primitive side-branch of the catarrhine family tree, which diverged over 20 million years ago, prior to the split between apes and Old World monkeys. Among the pliopithecoids, Anapithecus is classified as a crouzeliine. The crouzeliines are characterized by having molars with high, sharp crests and deep occlusal basins. These crests have been suggested to be indicative of folivory.

Physical characteristics
Anapithecus weighed approximately 15 kg, about the same size as large adult gibbon. Similar to other pliopithecoids Anapithecus had a relatively short face, broad orbits with projecting rims, low cheekbones, and a globular skull. Although similar in size to a gibbon, the jaw bone of Anapithecus is much deeper and more robust.  Anapithecus is defined by a series of unique dental characteristics. Most notable among these is the distinctive system of crests found on the first lower molar. The crests form a Y shape between the cusps of the teeth (although this is not to be confused with Y-5 pattern found on the lower molars of apes). Less is known about postcranial morphology of Anapithecus, as the majority of fossils consist of teeth. Still, analyses have determined that Anapithecus was most likely a suspensory arboreal primate, which swung below from tree branch to tree branch, akin to an ape. This stands in contrast to the smaller pliopithecoids which were thought to walk atop the branches of trees, more similar to monkey.

Paleoecology and life history
The site of Rudabánya, at which the majority of Anapithecus fossils have been discovered, is located in north-eastern Hungary. During the late Miocene, Rudabánya was a humid subtropical forested swamp. A diverse collection of fauna have been collected from Rudabánya, including flying squirrels, tree squirrels, hamsters, weasels, beavers, reptiles, mastodons, rhinoceroses, as well as the primitive "bear-dog" Amphicyon,  and the three-toed horse Hippotherium. Anapithecus also shared its habitat with the Miocene ape, Rudapithecus. Although the elongated sharp crested molars of Anapithecus suggest a folivorous diet, more rigorous analyses have determined that both Anapithecus and Rudapithecus were both primarily frugivorous. Anapithecus likely supplemented its diet with leaves, whereas Rudapithecus likely consumed pericarp fruits as a fall back.

Analysis of the enamel micro-structure of Anapithecus shows that its dental development was similar in rate to that of Old World monkeys (particularly macaques). The first lower molar erupts at 1.45 months, then the second and third molars erupt at 2.2 and 3.2 years. This eruption time is faster than any living catarrhine primate of similar size.

References

Miocene primates of Europe
Primates articles needing attention
Prehistoric primate genera
Fossil taxa described in 1975

Anapithecus