Social equality is a state of affairs in which all individuals within a specific society have equal rights, liberties, and status, possibly including civil rights, freedom of expression, autonomy, and equal access to certain public goods and social services.

Social equality requires the absence of legally enforced social class or caste boundaries and the absence of discrimination motivated by an inalienable part of an individual's identity. For example, advocates of social equality believe in equality before the law for all individuals regardless of sex, gender, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, origin, caste or class, income or property, language, religion, convictions, opinions, health, or disability.

Social equality is related to equal opportunity.

Definition
Social equality is variously defined and measured by different schools of thought. These include equality of power, rights, goods, opportunities, capabilities, or some combination of these things. It may also by defined in comparison to distributive equality, power structures between individuals, or justice and political egalitarianism. Societies that promote social equality generally do not make distinctions of rank or social class, and interpersonal relationships under a system of social equality are generally based on the ideal of mutual respect and equal value rather than hierarchy or honour. Many different ideologies draw from ideas of social equality, including communism, anarchism, multiculturalism, republicanism, democracy, socialism, and social democracy. The advocacy of social equality is egalitarianism. Social equality is distinct from alleviating suffering of the unfortunate in society. It is an expression of the ideal that any two individuals in society should be treated with an equal level of respect and have equal right to participate in society without regard for social status or hierarchy.

Social equality often pertains to how individuals relate to one another within a society, though it can also be considered in interactions between societies. Social hierarchies may form between states or their citizens when power disparities exist between them, particularly in the context of globalization. These disparities are often distinct in type as well as scope, as citizens in different states do not share a common community or social environment. As advances are made in social equality, both internationally and within a society, the scope of social equality expands as new forms of social inequality become apparent and new solutions become possible.

Historical examples
Illustrating the combat fought in favor of this application on many fronts are the following episodes:

 The French Revolution of 1789 in view of the abolition of privileges
 The Bandung Conference and other anticolonialist movements reclaiming a better sharing of the world than that realized between great powers at the Yalta Conference
 The United Nations which – by its specialized institutions – seeks to promote more stable and concrete dialogue and cooperation between its members
 In France, trade union movements (as in 1936) or charitable movements, such as in France that of Abbé Pierre, of International Movement ATD Fourth World
 The appeal to the establishment of equal opportunities appeals to the idea that people must be in the same conditions to try in life (with concrete initiatives, such as that of Muhammad Yunus in favor of microcredit)

Philosophical history
Early conceptions of social equality appear in Ancient Greek philosophy. The Stoic philosophers believed that human reason is universal. Plato considered natures of equality when building a society in the Republic, including both a monastic equality and equality in depravity. Aristotle also developed a conception of equality, particularly in regard to citizenship, though he rejected the concept of total social equality in favor of social hierarchy. Social equality developed as a practicable element of society in Europe during the Reformation in which traditional religious hierarchies were challenged. The development of post-Reformation political philosophy provided a secular foundation for social equality and political science created empirical systems to analyze social equality in practice.

The contemporary notion of social equality was developed in the 20th century by political philosophers such as John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, and Amartya Sen. Rawls defined equality through primary goods like liberty, opportunity, respect, and wealth. Dworkin incorporated a concept of responsibility to Rawls' approach, saying that individuals are personally responsible for voluntary decisions but not natural talents or pre-dispositions. Sen rejected Rawls' measurement of resources in favor of capability to function. Robert Nozick is known for his rejection of Rawls' conception of social equality, arguing that the individual who produced a resource is entitled to it, even if this produces unequal results.

Types
Social equality is a major element of equality for any group in society. Gender equality includes social equality between men, women, and intersex people. It seeks to rectify detriment to social status caused by biological sex as well as inequalities caused by gender roles. Internationally, women are harmed significantly more by a lack of gender equality, resulting in a higher risk of poverty. Racial equality and ethnic equality include social equality between people of different races and ethnic origins. Social equality can also be applied to belief and ideology, including equal social status for people of all political or religious beliefs.

The rights of people with disabilities pertains to social equality. Both physical and mental disabilities can prevent individuals from participating in society at an equal level, due to environmental factors as well as stigmas associated with disability. Social equality includes both the treatment of disabilities and accommodation of people with disabilities to facilitate equal participation in society.

Means
Economic development and industrialization are correlated with increased social equality. The industrialization process in which a developing country becomes a developed country corresponds to a significant increase in social equality, and further economic development and growth in developed countries corresponds with further increases in social equality. Education and social equality are also correlated, and increased access to education promotes social equality among individuals.

Standards

Ontological
The standard of equality that states everyone is created equal at birth is called ontological equality. This type of equality can be seen in many different places like the United States Declaration of Independence. This early document, which states many of the values of the United States of America, has this idea of equality embedded in it. It says "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights". The statement reflects the philosophy of John Locke and his idea that all are equal in terms of certain natural rights. Although this standard of equality is seen in documents as important as the Declaration of Independence, it is "one not often invoked in policy debates these days".

Opportunity

Another standard of equality is equality of opportunity, "the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules of the game, so to speak, are the same for everyone". This concept can be applied to society by saying that no one has a head start. This means that, for any social equality issue dealing with wealth, social prestige, power, or any of that sort, the equality of opportunity standard can defend the idea that everyone had the same start. This views society almost as a game and any of the differences in equality standards are due to luck and playing the "game" to one's best ability.

Lesley A. Jacobs, the author of Pursuing Equal Opportunities: The Theory and Practice of Egalitarian Justice, talks about equality of opportunity and its importance relating to egalitarian justice. Jacobs states that: at the core of equality of opportunity... is the concept that in competitive procedures designed for the allocation of scarce resources and the distribution of the benefits and burdens of social life, those procedures should be governed by criteria that are relevant to the particular goods at stake in the competition and not by irrelevant considerations such as race, religion, class, gender, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or other factors that may hinder some of the competitors' opportunities at success. (Jacobs, 10).

This concept points out factors like race, gender, class, etc. that should not be considered when talking about equality through this notion. Conley also mentions that this standard of equality is at the heart of a bourgeois society, such as a modern capitalist society, or "a society of commerce in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive".  It was the equal opportunity ideology that civil rights activists adopted in the era of the civil rights movement in the 1960s. This ideology was used by them to argue that Jim Crow laws were incompatible with the standard of equality of opportunity.

Condition

Another notion of equality introduced by Conley is equality of condition. Through this framework is the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point. Conley goes back to his example of a game of Monopoly to explain this standard. If the game of four started off with two players both having an advantage of $5,000 to start off with and both already owning hotels and other property while the other two players both did not own any property and both started off with a $5,000 deficit, then from a perspective of the standard of equality of condition, one can argue that the rules of the game "need to be altered in order to compensate for inequalities in the relative starting positions". From this we form policies in order to even equality which in result bring an efficient way to create fairer competition in society. Here is where social engineering comes into play where we change society in order to give an equality of condition to everyone based on race, gender, class, religion, etc. when it is made justifiable that the proponents of the society make it unfair for them.

Sharon E. Kahn, the author of Academic Freedom and the Inclusive University, talks about equality of condition in their work as well and how it correlates to freedom of individuals. Kahn claims that in order to have individual freedom there needs to be equality of condition "which requires much more than the elimination of legal barriers: it requires the creation of a level playing field that eliminates structural barriers to opportunity". Her work refers to academic structure and its problem with equalities and claims that to "ensure equity... we need to recognize that the university structure and its organizational culture have traditionally privileged some and marginalized other; we need to go beyond theoretical concepts of equality by eliminating systemic barriers that hinder the equal participation of members of all groups; we need to create and equality of condition, not merely an equality of opportunity". "Notions of equity, diversity, and inclusiveness begin with a set of premises about individualism, freedom and rights that take as given the existence of deeply rooted inequalities in social structure," therefore in order to have a culture of the inclusive university, it would have to "be based on values of equity; that is, equality of condition" eliminating all systemic barriers that go against equality.

Outcome

The fourth standard of equality is equality of outcome, which is "a position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness". In this standard of equality, the idea is that "everyone contributes to society and to the economy according to what they do best". Under this notion of equality, Conley states that "nobody will earn more power, prestige, and wealth by working harder". Equality of outcome is often falsely conflated with communism or Marxist philosophy despite the fact that these ideologies promote the distribution of resources on the basis of need or contribution (depending on the level of development of a society's productive forces) rather than equality. Vladimir Lenin stated that the "abolition of classes means placing all citizens on an equal footing with regard to the means of production belonging to society as a whole. It means giving all citizens equal opportunities of working on the publicly-owned means of production, on the publicly-owned land, at the publicly-owned factories, and so forth".

When defining equality of outcome in education, "the goals should not be the liberal one of equality of access but equality of outcome for the median number of each identifiable non-educationally defined group, i.e. the average women, negro, or proletarian or rural dweller should have the same level of educational attainment as the average male, white, suburbanite". The outcome and the benefits from equality from education from this notion of equality promotes that all should have the same outcomes and benefits regardless of race, gender, religion etc. The equality of outcome in Hewitt's point of view is supposed to result in "a comparable range of achievements between a specific disadvantaged group – such as an ethnic minority, women, lone parents and the disabled – and society as a whole".

Information ethics is impartial and universal because it brings to ultimate completion the process of enlargement of the concept of what may count as a center of a (no matter how minimal) moral claim, which now includes every instance of being understood informationally, no matter whether physically implemented or not. In this respect, information ethics holds that every entity as an expression of being, has a dignity constituted by its mode of existence and essence (the collection of all the elementary properties that constitute it for what it is), which deserve to be respected (at least in a minimal and overridable sense), and hence place moral claims on the interacting agent and ought to contribute to the constraint and guidance of his ethical decisions and behavior. Floridi goes on to claim that this "ontological equality principle means that any form of reality (any instance of information/being), simply for the fact of being what it is, enjoys a minimal, initial, overridable, equal right to exist and develop in a way which is appropriate to its nature." Values in his claims correlate to those shown in the sociological textbook You May Ask Yourself by Dalton Conley. The notion of "ontological equality" describes equality by saying everything is equal by nature. Everyone is created equal at birth. Everything has an equal right to exist and develop by its nature.

References

Further reading

 Arnold, Mathew (18759). "Equality." In: Mixed Essays. New York: Macmillan & Co., pp. 48–97.

 Bryce, James (1898). "Equality," The Century; A Popular Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 459–469.
 Dreikurs, Rudolf (1983). Social Equality; The Challenge of Today. Chicago, IL: Alfred Adler Institute of Chicago.
 Gil, David G. (1976). The Challenge of Social Equality. Cambridge: Schenkman Pub. Co.
 Hyneman, Charles S. (1980). "Equality: Elusive Ideal or Beguiling Delusion?," The Modern Age, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, pp. 226–237.
 Jackman, Robert W. (1975). Politics and Social Equality. New York: Wiley.
 Lane, Robert E. (1959). "The Fear of Equality," The American Political Science Review, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 35–51.
 Lucas, J.R. (1965). "Against Equality," Philosophy, Vol. 40, pp. 296–307.
 Lucas, J.R. (1977). "Against Equality Again," Philosophy, Vol. 52, pp. 255–280.
 Mallock, William H. (1882). Social Equality: A Short Study in a Missing Science. London: Richard Bentley and Son.
 Merwin, Henry Childs (1897). "The American Notion of Equality," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 80, pp. 354–363.
 Nagel, Thomas (1978). "The Justification of Equality," Crítica: Revista Hispanoamericana de Filosofía, Vol. 10, No. 28, pp. 3–31.

 Rothbard, Murray N. (1995). "Egalitarianism and the Elites," The Review of Austrian Economics, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 39–57.
 Rougier, Louis (1974). "Philosophical Origins of the Idea of Natural Equality," The Modern Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, pp. 29–38.
 Stephen, James Fitzjames (1873). "Equality." In: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. New York: Holt & Williams, pp. 189–255.
 Stephen, Leslie (1891). "Social Equality," International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 261–288.
 Tonsor, Stephen J. (1979). "Liberty and Equality as Absolutes," The Modern Age, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, pp. 2–9.
 Tonsor, Stephen J. (1980). "Equality and Ancient Society," The Modern Age, Vol. XXIV, No. 2, pp. 134–141.
 Tonsor, Stephen J. (1980). "Equality in the New Testament," The Modern Age, Vol. XXIV, No. 4, pp. 345–354.
 Tonsor, Stephen J. (1980). "The New Natural Law and the Problem of Equality," The Modern Age, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, pp. 238–247.
 Tonsor, Stephen J. (1981). "Equality: The Greek Historical Experience," The Modern Age, Vol. XXV, No. 1, pp. 46–55.
 Velasco, Gustavo R. (1974). "On Equality and Egalitarianism," The Modern Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, pp. 21–28.

External links

Social systems
Distribution of wealth
Egalitarianism
Social inequality

Social equality


Xiaohongshu () is a social media and e-commerce platform.  It has been described as "China's answer to Instagram", and as such, is sometimes referred to as "Chinese Instagram".

, Xiaohongshu had over 300 million registered users and the number of monthly active users is over 85 million. 70% of its users are reportedly born after 1990, and nearly 70% of them are female. The app allows users and influencers to post, discover and share product reviews, most frequently related to beauty and health. Travel bloggers are also known to regularly post content regarding tourism and leisure destinations on the platform. Xiaohongshu also operates RED Mall, which sells international products to Chinese users.

In the Xiaohongshu community, the users could share their lives through vlogs, shopping experiences and creative content through photos, text, videos, live streaming etc.

The users could be the bloggers on Xiaohongshu. Their content could be beauty, fashion, food, travel, entertainment, fitness, parenting and more. The platform's social features of  Xiaohongshu is to discover new brands, products and ideas. Xiaohongshu also includes an in-app shopping interface for users to browse, search and purchase products.

Xiaohongshu's headquarters are in Huangpu District, Shanghai.

According to publicly available information, the number of daily active users (DAU) of Xiaohongshu grew from 20 million to 40 million in 2021. Monthly active users also doubled to exceed 200 million in the same period. That is to say, from its inception to the monthly activity of more than 100 million, Xiaohongshu used seven years, while from 100 million monthly activity to 200 million monthly activity, it only took one year.

History
Xiaohongshu was founded by Miranda Qu and Charlwin Mao in 2013, as an online tour guide for Chinese shoppers, providing a platform for users to review products and to share their shopping experiences with the community. In October 2014, the founders started focusing on connecting Chinese consumers with global retailers and established its own cross-border e-commerce platform, where Chinese consumers can buy products from overseas and order directly.

In 2015, Xiaohongshu set up its warehouses in Shenzhen, Guangdong and Zhengzhou, Henan.

By May 2017 Xiaohongshu had over 50 million users, with sales of nearly ¥10 billion, making it one of the world's largest community e-commerce platforms. Xiaohongshu's international logistics system REDelivery went into service during the month. On 6 June that year, Xiaohongshu held a shopping festival to celebrate its fourth anniversary, which sees the sales revenue exceeded CN¥ 100 million in 2 hours, while the app ranked in first place in the iOS App Store under "Shopping" category during that day.

In June 2018, Xiaohongshu completed a US$300 million funding led by Alibaba and Tencent, with a valuation of US$3 billion.

In 2018, xiaohongshu became an internationalized platform that attracted many overseas users. However, at the end of that year, Xiaohongshu encountered regulatory problems and its app store shelves were suspended.

Due to the platform's early focus on fashion and beauty trends, Xiaohongshu's user base is predominantly female in its early years. 90% of Xiaohongshu users were women, according to a report published in April 2021. The app had attracted affluent Gen Z female users in urban China as an alternative to Instagram, which is blocked in the country. Xiaohongshu subsequently adjusted its corporate strategy to attract more male users to maintain its growth. In 2021, it announced that the platform would promote male user content. Xiaohongshu also started increasing advertising in male-centric online spaces, such as the Hupu sports forum with advertising taglines, "Beautiful ladies are all here on Xiaohongshu, free to see, without spending any money!",  while another Xiaohongshu ad shown on forum site Baidu Tieba read, "Sexy, beautiful car models and stylish beauties are waiting for you."

In October 2021. Xiaohongshu decided to transfer the IPO from the United States to Hong Kong. According to a Bloomberg report in July, this includes requiring all companies holding more than 1 million user data to submit a cyber security review, which is one of the reasons for the suspension of Xiaohongshu's listing in the United States.

In December 2022, the government of Taiwan banned public sector employees from using Xiaohongshu on official device due to national security concerns.

In 2023, Sequoia China bought the Xiaohongshu shares in multiple transactions at a valuation of $14 billion.

Controversies
In October 2021, Xiaohongshu received criticism for condoning heavily filtered, stylized photographs and perfectly captured imagery that was becoming increasingly common on the platform's feeds. On 17 October 2021, the platform issued a statement on WeChat to acknowledge that there was a problem of travel influencers posting "overly beautified" photos of scenic spots. According to the statement, Xiaohongshu issued an apology and indicated that because "bloggers did not clearly label their works as creative photography, people interpreted them as part of travel guides. Users who visited the locations were disappointed by the differences between their expectations and reality".

In December 2021, in response to loss of public trust towards the authenticity of content hosted on its platform, Xiaohongshu formed a dedicated team to identify and remove fraudulent content. A system that uses algorithms and human checks to block falsified content was also implemented. Since then, the platform has banned 81 brands and merchants, deleted 172,600 fake reviews, and disabled 53,600 accounts, according to the company.

On 19 January 2022, an announcement was made by Xiaohongshu to indicate that the company has filed a lawsuit against four companies behind several ghostwriting broker sites in an attempt to restore consumer trust. In an official statement made by Xiaohongshu, the company alleged that the four companies had set up marketplaces for merchants and gig writers to carry out fraudulent practices, including the production of fake reviews and click farming. Xiaohongshu has asked for US$1.57 million in damages for a bruise to its reputation and the infringement of consumer rights on its platform.

On 25 January 2022, reports emerged that Xiaohongshu has received a fine totaling ¥300,000 from local authorities in Shanghai for failing to remove content that was deemed harmful to minors. The fine relates to a violation of cybersecurity law that guarantees protection for minors after an earlier media report was made by state broadcaster China Central Television (CCTV) in December 2021, that it found videos posted on Xiaohongshu showing underage girls in various states of undress, featured in advertisements for underwear brands.

References

External links

2013 establishments in China
Companies based in Shanghai
Online marketplaces of China

Xiaohongshu


Solska Forest () is a large forest complex in southern part of the Lublin Voivodeship, about 100km south of Lublin, Poland. It occupies an area north of the San and south of the Roztocze Upland. The forest is mostly made of coniferous trees, part of them having been artificially planted. Its total area is 1240km2, which makes it the second largest forest of Poland (the Lower Silesian Forest ranks first). Until the late Middle Ages, the Solska Forest was connected with another huge complex, the Sandomierz Forest, but deforestation separated these two complexes from each other.

Solska Forest is rich in landscape parks (such as the Puszcza Solska Landscape Park), nature reserves and peat bogs. Main rivers that cross the area are the Tanew, and the Łada and main cities are Biłgoraj, Tomaszów Lubelski and Józefow. The forest is crossed by several routes, including the main national road number 17, which goes from Warsaw, via Lublin, to Lviv. Also, a Zwierzyniec–Bełżec rail line goes through it.

Sources
 nature.poland.pl
 roztocze.net.pl

References

Forests of Poland
Geography of Lublin Voivodeship

Solska Forest


Alexander Vasilyevich Chayanov (; 17 January 1888 – 3 October 1937) was a Russian, then Soviet agrarian economist, scholar of rural sociology, and advocate of agrarianism and cooperatives.

Personal life
Chayanov was born in Moscow, the son of a merchant, Vasily Ivanovich Chayanov, and an agronomist, Elena Konstantinovna (born Klepikova). He attended a Realschule (1899–1906) and the Moscow Agricultural Institute (1906–1911), becoming an agronomist; he taught and published works on agriculture until 1914, when he began working for various government institutions. In 1912 he married Elena Vasilevna Grigorieva, a marriage that lasted until 1920. In 1921 he married Olga Emmanuilovna Gurevich; they had sons Nikita (born 1922) and Vasily (born 1925).

After the Russian Revolution
After the October Revolution, he served on several Soviet committees for agrarian reform and was a member of Narkomzem as well as "holding lecturing and administrative posts at several universities and academies."

He was a proponent of agricultural cooperatives, but was skeptical about the inefficiency of large-scale farms. Chayanov's skepticism was rooted in the idea that households, especially peasant households which practice subsistence farming, will tend to produce only the amount of food that they need to survive. He believed that the Soviet government would find it difficult to force these households to cooperate and produce a surplus. These views were sharply criticized by Joseph Stalin as "defence of the kulaks".

Show trial
In 1930 Chayanov was arrested in the "Case of the Labour Peasant Party" (Трудовая крестьянская партия), fabricated by the NKVD. The name of the party was taken from a science fiction book written by Chayanov in the 1920s. The process was intended to be a show trial, but it fell apart, due to the strong will of the defendants. Nevertheless, on a secret trial in 1932 Chayanov was sentenced to five years in Kazakhstan labor camps. In 1937 he was shot on false charges after his name appeared on an execution list signed by Stalin and Molotov.

Aftermath and rehabilitation
His wife Olga was repressed as well and spent 18 years in labour camps; she was released in 1955 and died in 1983. Chayanov was rehabilitated in 1987.

Published work
Chayanov's major works, Peasant Farm Organisation (originally published in Russian in 1925) and On the Theory of Non-Capitalist Economic Systems were first translated into English in 1966.  Chayanov's theory of the peasant household influenced economic anthropology.  The substantivist Marshall Sahlins drew on Chayanov in his theory of the domestic mode of production, but later authors have argued that Chayanov's use of neo-classical economics supports a formalist position.

His book Puteshestvie moego brata Alekseia v stranu krest'ianskoi utopii [My brother Alexei's journey into the land of peasant utopia] (Moskva: Gosizdat, 1920) predicted a rapid transfer of power into peasant hands; its hero wakes up in 1984, "in a country where the village has conquered the city, where handicraft cooperatives have replaced industry." Like Evgeny Zamyatin's We, it contains theosophical elements.

Between 1918 and 1928 he also wrote five Gothic stories which he published at his own expense under the pseudonyms Anthropologist A, Phytopathologist U, and Botanist Kh (), with illustrations by his friends; three of them have been translated into English.

Consumption-labour-balance principle
The higher the ratio of dependents to workers in a household, the harder the workers have to work. Chayanov proposed that peasants would work as hard as they needed in order to meet their subsistence needs, but had no incentive beyond those needs and therefore would slow and stop working once they were met. The principle, which is called the consumption-labour-balance principle, is therefore that labour will increase until it meets (balances) the needs (consumption) of the household. This view of peasant farming implies that it will not develop into capitalism without some external, added factor. Furthermore, the peasant's way of life is seen as ideologically opposed to capitalism in that the family work for a living, not for a profit. Evidence for this principle is found in the actions of Turkish peasants after the collapse of cereal prices in 1929.

In practice
In practice, the consumption-labour-balance principle means that accounting is not as precise on a farm than in a regular financial capitalist company. This, as there is no separation between capital and labour. Accounting works with an artificial cost structure which charges all kinds of costs which in reality, a farm does not have. For example, wage and farm-grown animals as well as organic fertiliser and animal feed are charged against commercial (artificial) fertiliser and composed animal feeds. A bought tractor is written off in four years against the bought value while the farmer often buys a second
hand tractor and carries along with it for another 15 years.

Chayanov's influence
Chayanov's ideas have survived him. His work was rediscovered by Westerners in the mid-1960s. Agricultural sociologists, anthropologists and ethnologists working in developing countries, where the peasant economy remains a predominant factor, apply his theory to help understand the nature of the family labour farm.  Halil İnalcık, the leading historian of the Ottoman Empire, applied his ideas to peasant land tenure in the Ottoman Empire.

Beginning in the mid-1990s, Vladimir Megre's Ringing Cedars series have many points in common with Chayanov.

References

1888 births
1937 deaths
Writers from Moscow
Economic historians
Agricultural economists
Systems scientists
Complex systems scientists
Soviet sociologists
Soviet anthropologists
Soviet economists
Soviet historians
Soviet orientalists
Geopoliticians
Development specialists
Anthropologists of religion
Great Purge victims from Russia
People executed by the Soviet Union
Soviet rehabilitations
20th-century Russian historians
20th-century anthropologists
Russian scientists

Alexander Chayanov


The ProRec initiative of 1996 was a network of national non-profit organisations (the "ProRec centres"). The initiative was a consequence of the conclusions of the Concerted Action MEDIREC (1994-1995) regarding the reasons why Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems were not used more widely in any of the European Union. As part of the Lisbon Declaration suggestions were made to remedy this situation.

The ProRec initiative is supported by the DG Information Society of the European Union. The DG Information Society supported the ProRec initiative with the ProRec Support Action (1996-1998), and the WIDENET Accompanying Measure (2000-2003).

The goal of the initiative is to build awareness of the limitations, shortcomings and obstacles on the way towards widespread development, implementation and use of quality Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and pointing them out. Especially significant for implementing Electronic Health Record systems is the ability to communicate and interoperate.

See also
 CEN/TC 251
 EHRcom
 European Institute for Health Records (EuroRec)
 European Health Telematics Association (EHTEL)
 European Health Telematics Observatory (EHTO)
 Health Informatics Service Architecture (HISA)

External links
 ProRec-BE
 ProRec-RO

Electronic health records
Information technology organizations based in Europe

ProRec


Cytidine deaminase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDA gene.

This gene encodes an enzyme involved in pyrimidine salvaging. The encoded protein forms a homotetramer that catalyzes the irreversible hydrolytic deamination of cytidine and deoxycytidine to uridine and deoxyuridine, respectively. It is one of several deaminases responsible for maintaining the cellular pyrimidine pool. Mutations in this gene are associated with decreased sensitivity to the cytosine nucleoside analogue cytosine arabinoside used in the treatment of certain childhood leukemias. Most cytidine deaminases act on RNA, and the few that act on DNA require ssDNA.

A related activation-induced (cytidine) deaminase (AID) regulates antibody diversification, especially the process of somatic hypermutation.

Interactive pathway map

References

Further reading

External links

EC 3.5.4

Cytidine deaminase


Barokologadi ba Ga Maotwe are a Tswana tribe who live in the North-West province of South Africa. They originally split from the 'Bapedi' Community and sought refuge among Bakgatla Ba Kgafela.

They lived at Lengwana Village, and they eventually re-settled at Mankgopi near Ramotswa in Botswana. On their departure from Mankgopi they settled at Melorane which is now the Madikwe Game Reserve in South Africa.
In 1950 yet another exodus of Barologadi ba Ga Maotwe followed when they were forcefully removed from Melorane to Misgund, while others to De Brak.

In 1958 from Misgund they left for Pitsedisulejang which is now the main village of Barokologadi while other communities are settled at De Brak, Maretlwana, Sesobe, Nkaipaa, Ramotlhajwe Ramokgolela, Magong and Obakeng.

The Current Chief of the Barokolokgadi is Chief Kgosi Thari Maotoe.

References

 WorldStatesmen website on political and administrative entities, per present state

Ethnic groups in Botswana
Sotho-Tswana peoples in South Africa

Barokologadi Ba Ga Maotwa


The European System of Accounts (ESA) is the system of national accounts and regional accounts used by members of the European Union. It was most recently updated in 2010 (ESA 2010).

The ESA 95 is fully consistent with the United Nations System of National Accounts (1993 SNA) in definitions, accounting rules and classifications. However, it incorporates certain differences, particularly in its presentation, that are more in line with use within the European Union. The ESA 95 underwent a revision to meet the requirements of the update of the SNA 1993 launched in 2003 under the auspices of the United Nations.

See also
Balance of payments
Capital account
Gross national income in the European Union
Gross output
Net output
Value added

References

Council Regulation (EC) No 2223/96 of 25 June 1996 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the Community, the annex contains the whole ESA95
European Commission (1996). "European System of Accounts ESA 1995" Eurostat, Brussels-Luxembourg,1996, xx + 383 pp.

National accounts

European System of Accounts


Frederik's Church (), popularly known as The Marble Church () for its rococo architecture, is an Evangelical Lutheran church in Copenhagen, Denmark. The church forms the focal point of the Frederiksstaden district; it is located due west of Amalienborg Palace.

History and description
The church was designed by the architect Nicolai Eigtved in 1740 and was along with the rest of Frederiksstaden, a district of Copenhagen, intended to commemorate the 300 years jubilee of the first coronation of a member of the House of Oldenburg.

Frederick's Church has the largest church dome in Scandinavia with a span of 31 m. The dome rests on 12 columns. The inspiration was probably St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

The foundation stone was set by king Frederick V on October 31, 1749, but the construction was slowed by budget cuts and the death of Eigtved in 1754. In 1770, the original plans for the church were abandoned by Johann Friedrich Struensee. The church was left incomplete and, in spite of several initiatives to complete it, stood as a ruin for nearly 150 years.

In 1874, Andreas Frederik Krieger, Denmark's Finance Minister at the time, sold the ruins of the uncompleted church and the church square to Carl Frederik Tietgen for 100,000 Rigsdaler — none of which was to be paid in cash — on the condition that Tietgen would build a church in a style similar to the original plans and donate it to the state when complete, while in turn he acquired the rights to subdivide neighboring plots for development.

The deal was at the time highly controversial. On 25 January 1877, a case was brought by the Folketing at the Court of Impeachment (), Krieger being charged with corruption over this deal. He was, however, eventually acquitted.

Tietgen got Ferdinand Meldahl to design the church in its final form and financed its construction. Due to financial restrictions, the original plans for the church to be built almost entirely from marble were discarded, and instead Meldahl opted for construction to be done with limestone. The church was finally opened to the public on August 19, 1894.

Inscribed in gold lettering on the entablature of the front portico are the words: HERRENS ORD BLIVER EVINDELIG (Danish: the word of the Lord endureth for ever – 1 Peter 1:25, KJV).

A series of statues of prominent theologians and ecclesiastical figures, including one of the eminent Danish philosopher Kierkegaard (who, incidentally, had become very critical of the established church by the end of his life), encircles the grounds of the building.

Architecture and notable features

References

External links

Official website

Lutheran churches in Copenhagen
19th-century Church of Denmark churches
Church buildings with domes
Rococo architecture in Denmark
18th-century Lutheran churches
Tourist attractions in Copenhagen
Zinc sculptures in Denmark
Churches in the Diocese of Copenhagen
18th-century churches in Denmark

Frederik's Church


Thomas Carney (ca 1830 – 1905) was an American-born inventor and political figure in Manitoba, Canada. He represented Emerson from 1880 to 1883 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative.

He was born in Bradford County, Pennsylvania and was educated there. Carney married Mary Ann Kaufelt. In 1873, he came to Manitoba and, with William Newton Fairbanks, founded the town of Emerson. Carney was mayor of Emerson from 1880 to 1883. He was elected to the Manitoba assembly in an 1880 by-election held after William Nash was named registrar. While in Emerson, he developed an idea for a "coin changer" (cash register). In 1884, he left Emerson to join the National Cash Register company. Carney died in Dayton, Ohio.

References

External links

Year of birth uncertain
1905 deaths
People from Emerson, Manitoba
Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba MLAs
Mayors of places in Manitoba
NCR Corporation people

Thomas Carney (Canadian politician)


The 1827 Guayaquil uprising, also known as the Guayaquil Department rebellion, was a rejection of the centralist policies of Gran Colombia. This was one of the first separatist rebellions in the country of Gran Colombia before it dissolved in 1829.

The Free Province of Guayaquil, an unrecognized state that emerged after it declared its independence on October 9, 1820, was militarily annexed to Gran Colombia in 1822.  As a result of the promulgation of the Territorial Division Law of 1824, it became one of the three departments of the Southern District.  Colombian policies strengthened New Granadan centralism, imposed various taxes, and divided the departments into several provinces and cantons with their own municipalities.  This all undermined the power of the authorities in the departmental capitals and caused unrest in various parts of the country.  In addition, the drafting of the Life Constitution for Peru and the similar project in Bolivia by Simón Bolívar generated much controversy, and a mutiny in the Colombian military.  The Cabildo of Guayaquil endorsed the Bolivian constitution, ignored the Constitution of Cúcuta, and appointed José de la Mar as its new mayor.  In addition, it proclaimed total autonomy from the Republic.

The departure of La Mar and sending of Colombian troops from Quito and Bogotá to the borders of the department made the Cabildo of Guayaquil state that it supported a federalist constitutional reform, and temporarily suspended its autonomy, until the formation of a new constituent congress.  However, its political autonomy lasted until October 1827, when General Juan José Flores entered the city of Guayaquil with the Colombian army to restore constitutional order.

Background

Free Province of Guayaquil
The Spanish-American wars of independence that began around 1810 permeated emancipatory ideas in Guayaquil society, which developed an independence movement that concluded with the taking of power in the city on October 9, 1820. A provisional civil and military government was formed, as well as an army to ensure and preserve the independent status against the troops loyal to the Spanish Crown. The Free Province of Guayaquil emerged after the proclamation of the Reglamento Provisorio de Gobierno (provisional constitution) on November 11 of that year as an independent state, which was not recognized during the war period. The Guayaquil army, known as the Protective Division of Quito, began a military campaign to achieve the independence of the other territories of the former Presidency of Quito.

Following a victory in the , the Protective Division advanced rapidly through the inter-Andean alley towards the north but defeat in the  forced a withdrawal back to the coast. Simón Bolívar wanted to ensure the independence of the newly created Republic of Colombia (known as Gran Colombia) by sending a division of his army from New Granada to Guayaquil to renew the attack on the royalists entrenched in the Quito mountains. The Colombian army, commanded by Antonio José de Sucre, merged with the Guayaquil troops, with certain Peruvian and River Plate elements, initiated the so-called Campaign of the South that concluded with the independence victory at the battle of Pichincha on May 24, 1822.

Manu militari annexation
The intention of the Guayaquil government board was to form a new state from the former Presidency of Quito. However, the city of Cuenca decided to annex itself to Gran Colombia on April 11, 1822; and the Quito authorities, after the battle of Pichincha, also made the decision to join the Colombian nation on Sucre's suggestion on May 29. The Free Province of Guayaquil, which had suffered many casualties in its army due to the help given in the , decided to remain autonomous from any other state.

In the city of Guayaquil, there were three factions within the population and its authorities; there were those who preferred an annexation to Colombia, while others saw it more favorably for the territory to be part of Peru, and lastly, those who wanted the province to remain independent and autonomous, among whom were José Joaquín de Olmedo and other members of the Government Board. Its status as the main port on the Pacific coast and its rapid commercial growth made Peruvian claims manifest through General José de San Martín. Simón Bolívar, aware of the Peruvian advance, intended to meet in Guayaquil with San Martín to determine his situation. However, Bolívar went ahead and entered Guayaquil on July 11 with an army of three thousand soldiers, forcing the resignation of the Governing Board and proclaiming himself dictator. The interview between Bolívar and San Martín took place on July 26, and dealt with other issues with Peruvian disadvantage in claiming Guayaquil territory. Finally, on July 31, 1822, Bolívar formally decreed the annexation of the occupied Free Province of Guayaquil into Gran Colombia.

Territorial division of 1824 and taxes
The Republic of Colombia (historically known as Gran Colombia to differentiate it from the current republic of the same name) was formally established with the merger of Venezuela and Nueva Granada in the Congress of Angostura in 1819, which drafted the Fundamental Law of the Republic, ratified by the Congress of Cúcuta on July 12, 1821, under the official name of the Constitution of the Republic of Colombia. Initially, the Gran Colombian territory included only Venezuela and New Granada, but Panama was incorporated in 1821, while Cuenca, Quito and Guayaquil were incorporated in 1822. On June 25, 1824, the Senate and the House of Representatives promulgated the Law of Territorial Division of the Republic which divided the Colombian territory into twelve departments grouped into three districts. Each department was subdivided into several provinces, and these in turn into several cantons.

With the law of 1824, the department of Guayaquil was divided into two provinces: Guayaquil and Manabí. The province of Guayaquil was divided into the cantons of Guayaquil, Daule, Babahoyo, Baba, Punta de Santa Elena and Machala, and the province of Manabí was divided into the cantons of Portoviejo, Jipijapa, and Montecristi. The cities aspired to regain some control over the rural territory, they had held for much of the Colony and lost during the Cadiz regime; however, the creation of the 1824 law established a municipality in each canton head. Several parts of the country were dissatisfied with this provision.

The wars of the Colombian State were supported financially by various taxes and forced contributions. In the municipalities, they opposed the figure of the intendente, who was subject to the central executive power and regulated fiscal resources. The population was opposed to direct contributions falling on owners and professionals. The protests raised in various parts of Colombia caused the rate to be replaced in 1826 by the poll tax, a tax levied on all men between 14 and 60 years of age; This tax was only in force for two years due to the refusal of the general population to pay it.

La Cosiata
La Cosiata, also known as the "Morrocoyes revolution", broke out in the city of Valencia in Venezuela, led by General José Antonio Páez on April 30, 1826. Several Venezuelan municipalities rebelled in favor of autonomy from the Colombian government, and proclaimed Páez as civil and military chief. This event laid the foundations for the later separation of Venezuela from Gran Colombia.

Boliviarian Constitution
By the beginning of 1825, Peru had not consolidated its independence and there were still redoubts loyal to the Spanish Crown. Simón Bolívar was dictator of Peru, a position that was estimated to be close to being replaced by the election of a purely Peruvian government and that would lead to the restoration of the Peruvian constitution of 1823; however, the Peruvian Congress decided to extend the Bolivarian dictatorship on February 10, and a month later, on March 10, it ceased its functions by its own decision.

1827 Rebellion
In Guayaquil, the Departmental Rebellion of April 16, 1827, led by Vicente Rocafuerte and José Joaquín de Olmedo, with the support of the Guayaquil people, expressed a desire to rebel against the centralist government of Colombia. The protagonists of this feat were the brothers Juan Francisco and Antonio Elizalde, and also Marshal José Domingo de La Mar y Cortázar, who was appointed civil and military chief.

After the decision by the revolutionaries, the authorities representing the Colombian government, including General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera and Colonel Rafael Urdaneta, who later became president of Gran Colombia, hastily left the city.

New annexation to Gran Colombia
Several times that year the Colombian government tried to retake Guayaquil, even sending troops under Generals José Gabriel Pérez and Juan José Flores, but no attempt was successful.

Guayaquil became autonomous again and remained so for three months, until mid-July, 1827, when Marshal José de la Mar had to leave the city for having been appointed President of Peru. Simón Bolívar took advantage of this situation to get the separatist forces to give up their attitude, offering total amnesty to the city and the entire province.

Finally, in September the revolution had been completely quelled, things returned to normal and the province returned to the centralist subjection where it had been before April 16.

References

Bibliography

 Ayala Mora, Enrique (2008).  Ayala Mora, Enrique, ed. Manual de Historia del Ecuador (Primera edición). Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional. .
 Hoyos Galarza, Melvin; Avilés Pino, Efrén (2009). Historia de Guayaquil. Guayaquil: M.I. Municipalidad de Guayaquil. .
 Morelli, Federica (1 de julio de 2018). «"Una gran asociación de pueblos". La rebelión en Guayaquil y su percepción de la Gran Colombia (1827)». Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura 45 (2): 149-174. doi:10.15446/achsc.v45n2.71030.
 Suárez Fernández, Luis; Hernández Sánchez-Barba, Mario (1992). Historia general de España y América. (Segunda edición). Madrid: Ed. Rialp. .
 Pollack, Aaron (18 de julio de 2016). «De la contribución directa proporcional a la capitación en la Hispanoamérica republicana: Los límites impuestos por la constitución fiscal». Araucaria (Sureste, Chiapas: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social) (36): 59-86. doi:10.12795/araucaria.2016.i36.04.
 Vela Witt, María Susana (1999). El Departamento del Sur en la Gran Colombia, 1822-1830 (Primera edición). Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala. .
19th-century rebellions
Gran Colombia
Guayaquil
1820s in Ecuador

1827 Guayaquil uprising


Adoram Keisi (; born June 17, 1972) is a retired Israeli professional association footballer. He played most of his career as a left back in Maccabi Haifa F.C. in which he won 4 championship, one state cup and 2 Toto cups. Keisi is known as an excellent header and as a winner who scores crucial goals when needed (such as the equalizer to Hapoel Tel Aviv on 2001 or the goal vs Sturm Graz which secure Haifa's appearance in the group stage of the champions league).

Early life
Keisi was born in Petah Tikva, Israel, to a family of Jewish background.

Career

He joined his current club Maccabi Haifa from Hapoel Petah Tikva in 1995. After suffering a serious leg injury he recovered to become one of the best left backs in Israel. He has 51 caps and 4 goals for the national team and appeared for Maccabi Haifa in the UEFA Champions League group stage. Keisi is an excellent header who often comes forward and has scored many goals while assisting many from the wing.

In 2004, financial differences with the club's management led him to leave for his former club. However, in 2005 he returned to Haifa where he has won three league championships and a State Cup title.  In 2007, he retired after he was suspended from the squad by the manager Roni Levi. After Levi left the club, Keisi was appointed as squad director, and assistant to the manager Elisha Levi.

Footnotes

References

1972 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli men's footballers
Shimshon Tel Aviv F.C. players
Hapoel Petah Tikva F.C. players
Maccabi Haifa F.C. players
Liga Leumit players
Israeli Premier League players
Footballers from Petah Tikva
Israel men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders

Adoram Keisi


Meyer Jacobstein (January 25, 1880 – April 18, 1963) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York.

Early life
According to family archives, Meyer was born on Henry Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan to Polish Jews who had only weeks earlier immigrated to New York via Stockholm, Sweden.  In 1881, the family moved to Syracuse, New York, and then relocated to Rochester, New York, one year later.  Coming from a family of tailors, he worked for less than a week in a Rochester tailor shop before deciding to attend high school instead.

Academic career
After attending public schools in Rochester, New York, he attended the University of Rochester and graduated from Columbia University in 1904. Jacobstein pursued postgraduate courses at the same university in economics and political science and became a special agent in the Bureau of Corporations and Department of Commerce in Washington, D.C., in 1907. Between 1909 and 1913, he worked as an assistant professor of economics at the University of North Dakota at Grand Forks and, one year later, became professor of economics in the University of Rochester. Jacobstein was a director in emergency employment management at the University of Rochester under the auspices of the War Industry Board from 1916 to 1918.

Writing in 1912 about the Aldrich plan for a National Reserve Association, Meyer Jacobstein, assistant professor of economics at the University of North Dakota, encouraged North Dakota's bankers, however unsuccessfully, to leave their rural prejudices behind and consider the greater good of the entire banking industry:

The average country banker is always more or less suspicious of the city banker. As the Aldrich bill bears the name of an unpopular easterner, who is generally believed to be working in the interest of a group of eastern capitalists, it is not unnatural that North Dakota bankers should approach this proposed legislation with considerable timidity and suspicion. It will be well for the rural banker, however, to dispossess himself of this native prejudice and withhold judgment until he has made a careful and conscientious examination of the bill.

Political Service
He was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-eighth, Sixty-ninth, and Seventieth Congresses (March 4, 1923 – March 3, 1929) yet was not a candidate for renomination in 1928. He served as a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1924 and 1932 but declined the nomination of mayor of Rochester, N.Y., in 1925.  His political career is notable for his staunch opposition to the Immigration Act of 1924.

Nothing is more un-American. Nothing could be more dangerous, in a land the Constitution of which says that all men are created equal, than to write into our law a theory which puts one race above another, which stamps one group of people as superior and another as inferior. The fact that it is camouflaged in a maze of statistics will not protect this Nation from the evil consequences of such an unscientific, un-American, wicked philosophy.

After Politics
Jacobstein engaged in banking in Rochester, N.Y., from 1929 to 1936 and in 1936 became chairman of the board of the Rochester Business Institute. He was a member of the Brookings Institution staff from 1939 to 1946 and economic counsel in the legislative reference service of the Library of Congress from 1947 until his retirement May 31, 1952. Jacobstein resided in Rochester, N.Y., until his death there on April 18, 1963, and was laid to rest at Mount Hope Cemetery.

See also
 List of Jewish members of the United States Congress

References

External links

Sources
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
Rose Jacobstein (sister), Jacobstein Family History [unpublished family archive], after 1946.

1880 births
1963 deaths
Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery (Rochester)
Columbia University alumni
University of North Dakota faculty
Jewish members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
20th-century American politicians
Politicians from the Lower East Side

Meyer Jacobstein


Mythic fiction is literature that draws from the tropes, themes, and symbolism of myth, legend, folklore, and fairy tales. It is usually set in the real world and deals with realistic issues, but a mythic atmosphere prevails; however, not all mythic fiction is fantasy, and the fantastic component is not always blatant. Mythic fiction ranges from retellings of fairy tales to stories based on myths to those loosely inspired by myth and legend, using their motifs to create new stories.

The term was invented by Charles de Lint and Terri Windling to describe their own work; de Lint has said that it fit because of its resonances and because it could reach a wider audience. Windling promoted mythic fiction as the co-editor (with Ellen Datlow) of The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror volumes for sixteen years, and as the editor of the Endicott Studio's Journal of Mythic Arts.

Mythic fiction overlaps with urban fantasy  and contemporary fantasy, and the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but mythic fiction also includes contemporary works in non-urban settings. Mythic fiction also differs from magic realism, as magic realist texts may use surreal or random symbolism in preference to symbolism drawing on myth and legend.

See also
Fairytale fantasy
Mythpunk
Slipstream (genre)

References

Fantasy genres

Mythic fiction


Semyon Fridlin (; December 28, 1909 – December 12, 1992) was an architect in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R), who was the first architect to be awarded the title of "Distinguished architect of the Moldavian S.S.R."

In 1932 he graduated from the Dnepropetrovsk Civil Engineering Institute in what is now the nation of Ukraine, and lived in what is now the national capital, Kiev. Among his notable works in Ukraine were the music and drama theaters in Zaporozhye (1947–1953) and Chernihiv (1958), Kiev Central Market Hall (1959), and the 18-storey Corps of Engineers building in Kiev (1975). In Chișinău, Republic of Moldova he was responsible for the Government House (1960–1965) and the "Octombrie" Palace (now the National Palace, 1974).

References

1909 births
1992 deaths
Soviet architects
Architects from Kyiv

Semyon Fridlin


Kom Isfaht is a toun in the Upper Egyptian Asyut Govrenorate. It is locatit on the wast bank o the Nile. It wis a Roman veelage (Apollonopolites Heptakomias).

Owerview

Kom Isfaht is a locality o Nahieh, situatit 3 oors distance frae Abu Tig, in the destrict o Abu Tig, in the province o Asyut. It haes a population o 3,719 inhabitants, wi nae dependencies.

References elsewhaur are tae the kirk o St George in Kom Isfaht an tae the fact that its name in Roman Egyp
wis Apollinopolis Heptakomia in the nome, or province, o Apollinopolites Parvus.

The records o a Strategos, or general, whose name wis Apollonius, o Heptakomia hae been preservit.  There are a number o letters tae Apollonius frae his mither, Eudaimonis, an his wife, Aline, when Egyp wis awa campaignin against the Jews
in the great revolt o the Jewish Diaspora in Cyrene, Egyp, an Mesopotamie against the Romans an the local populations in 116 an 117 AD.  Eudaimonis wis vera worriet aboot Apollonius' safety, but he seems tae hae returned unhairmit acause they haed his application for twa month' leave tae sort oot his affairs, efter the end o the revolt, Aline set up an altar tae the Dioscuri, Castor an Pollux, in Thanksgivin.

There records o a monastery near Kom Isfaht an aw, the monastery o Apa Apollo at Baouit.

Ref:Dictionnaire Geographique de l'Egypte of 1899 records her Kom Esfaht

Populatit places in Egyp

Kom Isfaht


Leslie Antonio Frazier (born April 3, 1959) is an American football coach and former player. He played professional as a cornerback for the Chicago Bears in the National Football League (NFL), winning a Super Bowl in the 1985 season.

Frazier previously served as the head coach of the Minnesota Vikings from 2010 to 2013 and previously served as an assistant coach for the Baltimore Ravens, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Indianapolis Colts, Cincinnati Bengals, and the Philadelphia Eagles. He most recently was assistant head coach and defensive coordinator for the Buffalo Bills of the NFL.

College career
Frazier started his sports career at Stephen D. Lee high school in Columbus, Mississippi where he won 9 high school letters playing three different sports:  Baseball, Football, and Basketball.

Frazier played college football at Alcorn State University from 1978-1980, where he lined up in the defensive secondary next to Roynell Young.  In his freshman season, Frazier recorded six interceptions and 62 tackles.  His sophomore season was even better, as he set a school record with 9 interceptions, while also breaking up 26 passes, recovering 2 fumbles, and making 44 tackles, while his team finished with an 8–2 record.  Frazier's junior season was cut short by a torn hamstring injury, but he still put up 5 interceptions and 49 tackles.  At the end of the year, Frazier decided to skip his senior season and declare for the NFL draft.

Professional career
Frazier went undrafted in 1981, but was signed by the Bears just days later. He spent most of his rookie season on special teams, returning six kickoffs for 78 yards. In the 9-game strike shortened season of 1982, Frazier made the starting lineup, intercepting 2 passes and recovering 1 fumble in six starts. Over the next three seasons, he intercepted 18 more passes.

Frazier was a part of the 1985 Chicago Bears team that won Super Bowl XX. During the 1985 championship season, Frazier led the team with six interceptions. His playing career was cut short due to a knee injury he suffered returning a punt in the second quarter of the Super Bowl XX. He would be carried off the field. Surgery was conducted by Dr. Bill Clancy of the University of Wisconsin at Madison whereupon it was revealed that the damage to the knee included tears of the anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, and medial collateral ligaments and a fractured bone under the kneecap. It was initially anticipated that he would be able to return during the latter half of the 1986 NFL season. However, by October it was clear he was not going to be able to play for the rest of 1986. His knee never completely healed to the point of making a comeback and he was cut by the Bears on August 3, 1987. He was also a member of the "G Crew" in "The Super Bowl Shuffle".

Coaching career
Frazier started his coaching career in 1988 as the first head coach at Trinity College in Illinois, now known as Trinity International University. He held the position for nine seasons, built the NAIA program from the ground up and won a pair of Northern Illinois Intercollegiate Conference titles before he moved on to the University of Illinois in 1997 as the Illinois defensive backs coach.

Philadelphia Eagles
In 1999, Frazier joined first time head coach Andy Reid as defensive backs coach for the Philadelphia Eagles. It was there that Frazier worked as a fellow assistant with the Vikings future head coach, Brad Childress. The Eagles defense improved steadily in the four years that Frazier was there.

Cincinnati Bengals
In 2003, Frazier was hired as defensive coordinator of the Cincinnati Bengals under new head coach Marvin Lewis where he helped turn the unit into a group that increased takeaways from 24 in 2003 to 36 in 2004. The Bengals' 36 takeaways ranked third in the NFL in 2004. The 2004 Bengals notched 20 interceptions, the most since 1996. The Bengals' defense improved from 28th in the league in total yards allowed in 2003 to 19th in 2004, and declined in the two years following his dismissal.

Indianapolis Colts
In 2005, Frazier was hired by Tony Dungy as a defensive assistant for the Indianapolis Colts, receiving the title of special assistant to the head coach as well as defensive backs coach. He was specifically brought in by Dungy to help the Colts' young corps of defensive backs. During his time in Indianapolis the Colts passing defense improved from 15th in 2005 to second in 2006. On February 4, 2007, the Colts beat Frazier's former team, the Chicago Bears, in Super Bowl XLI.

Minnesota Vikings
On February 8, 2007, Frazier became the defensive coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings under head coach Brad Childress following the hiring of Vikings defensive coordinator Mike Tomlin by the Pittsburgh Steelers as their head coach. On November 22, 2010, the Vikings fired head coach Brad Childress after the team started 3–7 and named Frazier the interim head coach for the remainder of the 2010 season. Frazier ended the 2010 season with a loss to the Detroit Lions, putting the Vikings in last place in the NFC North. Frazier's record in 2010 was 3–3. On January 3, 2011, the Vikings and Frazier reached an agreement making him the permanent head coach. In his first season as head coach, the rebuilding Vikings went 3–13, their worst season since 1984. On December 5, 2011, Vikings owner Zygi Wilf stated Frazier would return in 2012. In Frazier's second full year as head coach, the Vikings improved to 10–6, making the playoffs. The biggest single-season turn around in Vikings history resulted in Frazier finishing fourth in voting for the NFL Coach of the Year Award and the Vikings exercising their fourth year team option to keep Frazier under contract through 2014. On December 30, 2013, Frazier was fired as the Vikings head coach after a 5–10–1 season.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Frazier was hired by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to be their defensive coordinator on January 3, 2014. On January 7, 2016, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers announced that they would not pick up Frazier's 2016 option.

Baltimore Ravens
On January 15, 2016, Frazier was hired by the Baltimore Ravens as their secondary coach.

Buffalo Bills
On January 12, 2017, Frazier was hired by the Buffalo Bills to be their defensive coordinator, reuniting him with new Bills head coach Sean McDermott, whom Frazier worked alongside as assistant coaches for the Philadelphia Eagles from 1999–2002. In Frazier's first year with the Bills, the team made the playoffs for the first time since 1999 and ended what was previously the longest playoff drought in the 4 major North American professional sports leagues. On March 4, 2020, Frazier was promoted to assistant head coach. In Frazier's first year as assistant head coach, the Bills won both their first AFC East title and playoff game since 1995 and made their first AFC Championship Game since 1993, in which they lost to the Kansas City Chiefs 38–24.

On February 28, 2023, the Bills announced that Frazier would not be returning to the defensive coordinator position in 2023 and that he intended to return to coaching in 2024, not necessarily with the Bills.

Potential return to head coaching
Since 2018, several teams around the NFL have considered hiring Frazier as their next head coach. In 2018, he was interviewed by his former team, the Indianapolis Colts for their vacant head coaching spot, before the team hired Philadelphia Eagles offensive coordinator Frank Reich on February 11, 2018. In 2021, he was nearly hired by the Houston Texans as their next head coach, a spot that eventually went to Baltimore Ravens assistant head coach David Culley on January 27, 2021. In 2022, Frazier was interviewed for multiple head coaching vacancies for teams such as the New York Giants, Miami Dolphins, and the Chicago Bears, whom he previously played for from 1981–1985 and won Super Bowl XX with the team. Frazier was nearly hired by the Giants in 2022 before the job was eventually won by former Buffalo Bills offensive coordinator Brian Daboll on January 28, 2022. Frazier has not held a head coaching position since 2013, which was his third and final year as the coach of the Minnesota Vikings.

Head coaching record

* – Interim head coach

Personal life
Frazier is a Christian. He is married to Gale Frazier. They have three children.

References

External links

 Buffalo Bills profile

1959 births
Living people
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
Alcorn State Braves football players
American football cornerbacks
Baltimore Ravens coaches
Buffalo Bills coaches
Chicago Bears players
Cincinnati Bengals coaches
Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches
Indianapolis Colts coaches
Minnesota Vikings coaches
Minnesota Vikings head coaches
National Football League defensive coordinators
Philadelphia Eagles coaches
Trinity International Trojans football coaches
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Leslie Frazier


Circles is a 1972 album by UK pop group The New Seekers. It was the group's sixth album and released at the peak of their success. In the UK the album was notably released in a cut-out circular sleeve.

The album Circles released by Elektra (EKS 75034) has different artwork and quite different track listing.

Overview
Released in September 1972, The New Seekers were riding the peak of their career following three recent top two singles and #2 album in the UK. Circles also saw success in its title track single, which reached #4 in the UK singles chart, becoming one of their biggest-selling releases and remaining on the chart for 16 weeks. It is also popularly seen as their finest song according to the group's fans.  The album was released soon after and featured a number of notable cover versions, such as "Morning Has Broken" by Cat Stevens, "Blowin' in the Wind" by Bob Dylan and "Song Sung Blue" by Neil Diamond. Original songs were written by group members Marty Kristian, Peter Doyle and Paul Layton but no further singles were issued from the album. The album itself peaked at #23 in the UK album charts and remained on the top 50 for five weeks.  While the album was released in the UK in a special circular sleeve, in the US it was issued in a standard square sleeve featuring alternative artwork. The track listing also differed in that many songs were taken from the previous UK album We'd Like to Teach the World to Sing.

Three singles were released from the album; "Beg, Steal or Borrow", "Circles" and "Dance Dance Dance" which reached #81, #87 and #84 respectively in the Billboard Hot 100. The album reached US #166, a drop from their top 40-charting last album.

Track listing (UK)
Side One
 "Circles" (Harry Chapin) 4.30
 "I Saw the Light" (Todd Rundgren) 3.03
 "Day by Day" (Stephen Schwartz) 4.12
 "Morning Has Broken" (Cat Stevens) 3.22
 "Idaho" (Marty Kristian, Paul Layton) 1.46
 "Unwithered Rose" (Peter Doyle) 4.30
Side Two
 "Holy Rollin'" (Cynthia Weil, Barry Mann) 2.30
 "Beautiful" (Carole King) 2.34
 "Blowin' in the Wind" (Bob Dylan) 4.16
 "Song Sung Blue" (Neil Diamond) 2.30
 "I Don't Want to Lose You" (Hans Poulsen) 2.33
 "Reap What You Sow" (Marty Kristian) 4.29
 "I'll Be Your Song" (Peter Doyle) 1.20

Track listing (US)
Side One
 "Dance Dance Dance" (Neil Young) 2.02
 "Changes IV" (Cat Stevens) 2.45
 "I Can Say You're Beautiful" (Peter Doyle) 3.42
 "Holy Rollin'" (Barry Mann) 2.30
 "Just an Old Fashioned Love Song" (Paul Williams) 2.47
 "Mystic Queen" (Marty Kristian) 4.00
Side Two
 "Beg, Steal or Borrow" (Hall, Wolfe, Cole) 2.48
 "A Perfect Love" (Williams) 2.28
 "The World I Wish for You" (Cook, Greenaway, Backer, Davis) 2.18
 "Out on the Edge of Beyond" (Bendall, Mike Sammes) 2.18
 "Jean's Little Street Cafe" (Fugain, Aufray, Buggy, Best) 2.48
 "Circles" (Harry Chapin) 4.30

References

1972 albums
The New Seekers albums
Albums produced by David Mackay (producer)
Polydor Records albums

Circles (The New Seekers album)


Si Aria Aber nagdakula sa Germany kun sain an saiyang mga magurang  Afghan refugee. An saiyang librong Hard Damage (University of Nebraska Press, 2019), nanggana nin Prairie Schooner Book Prize in Poetry. Sa presente siya sarong parasurat na nakabase sa Oakland asin nagseserbe bilang  Li Shen Visiting Writer  sa Mills College. An saiyang mga tula maluwas o nagruluwas na sa The New Yorker, Poetry Magazine, Kenyon Review, The Poetry Review asin iba pa.  Siya man an 2018-2019 Ron Wallace Fellow sa Unibersidad kan Wisconsin-Madison asin naggana sa 2020 Whiting Award.

Hard Damage
An Hard Damage sarong katipunan nin mga tula na minahapot manungod sa sadiri asin sa mga pagkukulang kaini. Sa saiyang mga liriko asin haros dokumentaryong mga tula, pirming pigbabalikan ni Aber an relasyon Afghan-American. Masususog pa sa taon na 1950, kun sain pigkokonsidera an kinaabtan kan relasyon na ini partikularmente an pagpopondo kan mga Afghan mujahedeen na nagresulta man sa terorismong paghiro kan mga Taliban.  Pira sa mga nagtarau nin mga marhay na tuyaw digdi iyo an The Paris Review (staff picks), GQ, The Rumpus,Chicago Review of Books,Publishers Weekly,Atticus Review,NY Journal of Books,daniellejhanson.com, America Magazine, Catherine Barnett, kagsurat kan Human Hours,Sally Wen Mao, kagsurat kan Oculus, Yusef Komunyakaa, kagsurat kan The Emperor of Water Clocks, asin si Solmaz Sharif, kagsurat kan LOOK.

Pira sa mga tula ni Aber

Nostos
Afghan officials say they have uncovered a mass grave in an underground prison on the outskirts of the capital, Kabul, which dates from the Soviet era. —BBC News, 2007

Lately I've been moved by how

the skeletons were found: skulls with cloth

around the eyes, wrist bones tied by rope—

a miracle that fabric (what color

was it, what material?) has touched,

even witnessed, the suffering of those

two thousand men, who stood naked

with their eyes bound and were raped before

they were shot. Among them we suspect

lie my great-grandfather's

and my mother's youngest brother's

remains. What is it with the disappeared

that survival, this dumb extravagance, insults us

so? I felt nothing when I slayed the Hajis,

my student, an ex-Marine, wrote.

In fact, those barbarians fell easy, like buildings

in Mazar-e-Sharif. What could I have

said? I praised the urgency of subject,

her apt simile. To fight, you understand,

was aimless. I've been primed for this,

for disappearance, for all my life. I dreamt

of my student that night, her voice muscling

the soft framework of memory, whistling

Leiche, Leiche, Leiche. Dearest, I wonder why

in English the body is both dead

and alive, but I know the blight of grief

has a heart and thus will love, and learn, and thusly

learn to hate—I want to believe that he, too,

settled porous into the light. He was twenty-one

when they took him in for questioning.

My uncle, I mean. Do not return, my mother

shouts from her sleep. Do not

return. His eyes were green.

First Snow
How easy for snow to turn to ice, for snow

   to disappear the light from the ragged

frame of chestnut trees around the warehouse

   by what's left of wild chicory, scraped

sculptures, weeping dogbane. Hunger borders

   this land, while snow turns all to immigrants,

snow salts the embankment, where turtles wash ashore,

   literally hundreds of them, frozen hard

like grenades of tear gas thrown across

   a barbwire fence. But who of their free

will would ever want to climb that fence

   to live here, who would pray each night

for grace, hoping to pass through the darkened veil

   of shit, to bear witness to smokestacks,

wild champion, knapweed? Who'd loiter around cricks

   glistening with oil, which, once gone,

will, like death, at last, democratize

   us all? On potato sacks in the snowcapped,

abandoned warehouse, there huddle and sit

   the soiled refugees, bereft, cow-eyed,

picking dirt off their scalps, their shelled soles.

   Among them, wordless, is my mother,

and nestled on her lap is I, in love with the light

   of the first snow of my life, so awed

and doubtful still of what lengths the frost wills

   to go, and what shape it will then take—

Hades
Where did he go? I asked.

Where do the missing ever go?

Imagine silence, the tyrant, growing thick

over the casket lowered into the ground

with nothing resting on

its leather—just the red daybook

and the shirt of Rolling Stones scented still

with pine and cheap cologne, tobacco.

An entire population sunk

to the bottom of the sea. Plastic forks, black boxes.

Daily, filtered light gleams

on the gold teeth of the disappeared. There's a pile

of nameless bones eroding the soil

under a thousand hungry mouths

of Himalayan blue poppy. And bullet casings

litter the dirt, glimmering like coins. A cloth

that, weighted with ice water, slapped his face

the way a mother would in rage

and grief. The day they buried into earth

the thing without the body,

all the apple blossoms, I heard, floated

back into the gaunt arms of trees.

Toltolan

Panluwas na takod
https://yalereview.yale.edu/aria-aber-poetry-exile
https://thecollapsar.org/a-poem-by-aria-aber
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/06/03/afghan-funeral-in-paris
https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/exiles-promise-on-aria-abers-hard-damage/

Aria Aber


Arboga () is a locality and the seat of Arboga Municipality in Västmanland County, Sweden with 10,989 inhabitants in 2020.

Overview
The city of Arboga is known to have existed as a town since the 13th century but the area has been inhabited since around 900 AD.  The name (originally  Arbugæ) consists of the two words "Ar" which in ancient Swedish means river and bughi which means "bend" and which together have the meaning "river bend".

The city was at one time a residence of the royal family of Vasa. It was the scene of church assemblies and national diets, and it is known for the antiquities in its neighborhood. The first session of the Riksdag of the Estates was held in Arboga in 1435. Albertus Pictor, the most famous Swedish artist of the late medieval period, was admitted burgher of the town in 1465.

Today the city is an important traffic link since the highways E18 and E20 merge there. Two railways Mälarbanan and Svealandsbanan, between Stockholm and Hallsberg also merge in Arboga. The city has a population of about
14,057 (2023).

Events
Bands like Bring Me the Horizon, Arch Enemy, Architects, and Dimmu Borgir recorded albums with Fredrik Nordström in his own recording studio Studio Fredman. Recently, the studio was relocated to Gothenburg.

Sports
The following sports clubs are in Arboga:
 Arboga Södra IF
 IFK Arboga IK
In addition the Sixth Women's World Gliding Championships was held 15–25 June 2011.

Alexander Gustafsson, mixed martial artist, was born in Arboga.

References

External links

Municipal seats of Västmanland County
Swedish municipal seats
Populated places in Västmanland County
Populated places in Arboga Municipality
Cities in Västmanland County

fi:Arbogan kunta

Arboga


Brazil sent people to compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The team included two men and one woman.  Two people competed in para-Nordic skiing.  One competed in para-snowboarding.  Aline Rocha is the first woman to be part of the Brazilian team at the Winter Paralympics.  It is the second time Brazil went to the Winter Paralympics.  They first went in 2014 to the Winter Paralympics in Sochi.

Team
Brazil sent 3 people to Pyeongchang for the 2018 Winter Paralympics.  Two were para-Nordic skiers and one was a para-snowboarder. The team included Aline Rocha.  She is the first woman to be part of the Brazilian team at the Winter Paralympics. The country wanted to send 5 people to South Korea. They had the right to 2 spots in December 2017.  One spot was for a man and one spot was for a woman.

The table below contains the list of members of people (called "Team Brazil") that will be participating in the 2018 Games.

History
Brazil first competed at the Winter Paralympics in 2014 in Sochi. André Cintra competed in snowboarding. Fernando Aranha competed in cross-country skiing.

Para-Nordic skiing

Skiers

Aline Rocha
In 2017 when she was 26-years-old, Aline Rocha finished well in important ski races. Her finishes meant she had the right to compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics. One race was a World Cup in Canmore, Canada in December 2017.  She finished 15th in the 800 meter sprint race.  She also finished 15th in the 5 kilometer race.

Rocha started cross country skiing in 2016. She uses a mono-ski.  She started skiing because Brazilian Winter Paralympic sportsperson Fernando Aranha encouraged her. In December 2016, she went to Europe.  She wanted to better her skiing results.  She first went to race in Sweden. In January 2017, she went to a World Cup in Ukraine. In November 2017, she went to ski races in Germany and Canada.  When she trains in Brazil, she uses a roller ski. It is similar to a normal racing wheelchair.  She uses ski poles with the chair.  She also trains with a special wheelchair that looks like a snowboard with wheels.  Her coach is Fernando Cassio Orso.

Before cross country skiing, Rocha competed in para-athletics. She was a T54 classified racer.  She has several national records in athletics.  She also went to the 2016 Summer Paralympics. She finished ninth in the 1,500 meter T54 race.  After the Winter Paralympics, Rocha wants to go to the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo.  She has a goal of winning a medal in Tokyo.  She quit university so she could try to win the medal in 2020.

Rocha has a disability.  It is because of a car accident when she was a 15-year-old.  The accident damaged her spinal cord.

Cristian Ribera
Cristian Ribera was the last person named to the team for the 2018 Winter Paralympics.  He was named on 15 February 2018.

Ribera races in a sit ski. He competed at a World Cup in Oberried, Germany in January 2018.  He was in the 7.5 km.  He finished 11th with a time of 23 minutes and 54 seconds.

Ribera is an 18-year-old student. He is part of the Program of Sports and Adaptive Motor Activities (Peama) and the Management of Sports and Leisure (UGEL).  He wants to become a professional athlete.  He thinks sports are important for including people with disabilities into society.  He started skiing when he was a 15-year-old.

Results
 Women's distance

Men's distance

Para-snowboarding

Snowboarders
Cintra is going to his second Winter Paralympics.  At the 2014 Winter Paralympics, he finished twenty-eighth.  His goal for 2018 was to be better than he was in 2014.

Schedule and results
The snowboard cross program has the race starting on 12 March, running from 10:30 AM to 5:00 PM for all classes for both men and women. The slalom race is scheduled to take place on 16 March, going from 10:30 AM – 4:55 PM for men and women in all classes.

References

Sport in Brazil
Nations at the 2018 Winter Paralympics

Brazil at the 2018 Winter Paralympics


John the Oxite or John Oxeites was the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (as John IV or V) from c. 1089 until 1100, when he was exiled by Prince Bohemond I of Antioch. He fled to the Byzantine Empire and continued to govern those parts of the patriarchate that were under Byzantine rule. He was a prominent writer of religious texts, and reformer of religious and charitable foundations.

Prior to his patriarchate, John was a monk. In 1085 or 1092, he wrote a treatise on the practice of charistikion, whereby the emperor could grant a monastery to a private person for a specified period. He was critical of the practice, which he blamed for a decline in monasticism.

John took office as patriarch before September 1089, when the city of Antioch was still under Muslim rule. He did not leave Constantinople for Antioch until 1091. At the time of the Siege of Antioch in 1097 by the Christian armies of the First Crusade, he was imprisoned by the Seljuk governor Yağısıyan, who suspected his loyalty. On occasion he was hung from the city walls and his feet were hit by iron rods. According to the Historia belli sacri (c. 1131), after the siege the Christian women of the city went to release the imprisoned patriarch, only to find that he could not stand, his legs having been weakened by so long a confinement.

When the crusaders captured the city in 1098, John was released and restored to power. The crusaders decided to establish a Latin bishop in Albara (where there was no Greek bishop established), Peter of Narbonne. Since Peter had been consecrated by patriarch John, both prelates coexisted for a while, until John became politically inconvenient for the ruling prince. Bohemond accused him of conspiring with Byzantine emperor Alexios I, and John was exiled to Constantinople. In October 1100, he formally renounced his office and entered the Hodegon Monastery. He was succeed in Antioch by a Latin, Bernard of Valence, who thus established the line of Latin Patriarchs of Antioch.

John made enemies among the monks of his new home and was forced to leave the Hodegon for the island of Oxeia in the Sea of Marmara, where he was eventually buried. He wrote invective "panegyrics" against Alexios I, whom he blamed for the state of the empire; against those who owned "cities within cities", especially tax collectors; and against the Azymites (i.e., Latins, who used unleavened bread in the Eucharist). The latter treatise may have been occasioned by the visit to Constantinople of Grosolanus, Archbishop of Milan, in 1112.

John never returned to Antioch and after him new Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch were appointed in Constantinople, remaining there until it was possible to restore them in Antioch late in the 13th century.

References

Sources

Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch
11th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
12th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
Christians of the First Crusade
Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
11th-century births
12th-century deaths

John the Oxite


Grand Ages: Rome (previously known as Imperium Romanum 2) is a 2009 city-building and real-time strategy game developed by Haemimont Games and published by Kalypso Media. It is the sequel to 2008's Imperium Romanum. The Italian and Spanish versions of the game are titled as Imperivm: Civitas III. A sequel, Grand Ages: Medieval, was released on September 25, 2015.

Plot
The single player campaign takes place during the final years of the Roman Republic during the time of the First Triumvirate. The player undertakes missions for his/her family, establishing a reputation as a statesman and leader; as well as working under historical figures like Marcus Tullius Cicero, Mark Antony, Pompey Magnus, and Marcus Licinius Crassus. Certain historical events are portrayed, such as slave uprising led by Spartacus and the crossing of the Rubicon. At one point the player must choose between siding with Julius Caesar or Pompey Magnus, with missions playing out to wiping out the Optimates or building armies against the Populares.

Gameplay
Starting out, players create a character, choosing their name, gender and portrait. They then choose which family to associate their character with, selecting between the Flavii, Valerii, Julii, Aemilii, or Lucii, each with unique traits that benefit the player in military, civic or economic ways.

The focus of the game is on macromanagement. Each mission involves building a Roman colony in various locations around the Roman Republic, with certain requirements and bonus objectives to successfully complete the mission. A colony includes various food production buildings, such as wheat and pig farms, bakeries and butchers; material production buildings such as lumber camps and brick works; religious temples; and various types of housing for different citizen classes (Plebs, Patricians, and Equites). Emphasis is placed on efficiency and employment, ensuring that all buildings are staffed by the appropriate worker class.

Resources are based on a "flow" economy, in which the player does not actually accumulate a stockpile of resources, but rather develops the infrastructure to construct and maintain buildings. To gain more resources, players may opt to build communities around the map, engage in trade, or purchase estates, which remain with the character for the duration of the campaign.

Players must keep the citizens content through satisfactory levels of food, religion, and entertainment. Building benefits work on a radius system, with buildings providing their bonuses or needing other materials within a certain distance. The player may construct significant monuments for large or global bonuses, such as the Colosseum, Circus Maximus, and Pantheon. When players fail to satisfy the needs of their citizens, crime and disease may spread and homes may be deserted, which may lead to a chain reaction in the shortage of goods and services.

Missions will often focus on military skirmishes, allowing the player to recruit, train and command groups of units such as hastati, triarii, and auxilia. Battles usually occur on a small scale with a basic experience and morale system. Often, campaign maps will feature barbarian villages or war camps, which can be subjugated for additional resources or razed for money and slaves.

Expansion
An expansion pack titled Grand Ages: Rome - The Reign of Augustus (known as Imperivm Online in Spain and Italy) was released on November 26, 2009 in Spain, December 1, 2009 in Italy and in January 2010 worldwide. It is sold worldwide online and sold in retail stores only in Italy and Spain.

The Reign of Augustus is a mix of previous releases with a city builder mode (as in Imperivm Civitas games) and a conquest mode (as in Imperivm RTC games, like Imperivm III: Great Battles of Rome). It is focused on politics, conquests and government in the time of Augustus.

Development

The game was developed by Haemimont Games.

Reception

Grand Ages: Rome received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. IGN said that there was little difference from traditional city builders and limited combat control. GameSpot said the game was another generic city-builder set in ancient Rome.

References

External links

  at Haemimont Games

2009 video games
City-building games
Games for Windows
Haemimont Games games
Kalypso Media games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Real-time strategy video games
Video games developed in Bulgaria
Video games set in antiquity
Video games set in the Roman Empire
Fiction set in the Roman Republic
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games
Cultural depictions of Cicero
Cultural depictions of Mark Antony
Cultural depictions of Pompey
Cultural depictions of Marcus Licinius Crassus
Cultural depictions of Spartacus
Depictions of Julius Caesar in video games
Colosseum

Grand Ages: Rome


Dundee Downs  is a locality in the Northern Territory of Australia located about  south-west of the territory capital of Darwin.

Dundee Downs consists of land located just south of the natural water body of Bynoe Harbour and largely north of the Fog Bay Road which passes through the locality near its southern boundary on its way from the Cox Peninsula Road in the east to Fog Bay in the west.  Dundee Downs and the other two nearby localities prefixed with the name "Dundee" are named after the sub-divisions with these names.  The name "Dundee" is believed to be derived from the 1998 film, Crocodile Dundee.  The boundaries for Dundee Downs were gazetted on 29 October 1997 with the gazettal being revoked on 3 April 2007 with new boundaries being gazetted on 4 April 2007.

The 2016 Australian census which was conducted in August 2016 reports that Dundee Downs had 86 people living within its boundaries.

Dundee Downs is located within the federal division of Lingiari, the territory electoral division of Daly and within the unincorporated areas of the Northern Territory.

References

Populated places in the Northern Territory
Places in the unincorporated areas of the Northern Territory

Dundee Downs, Northern Territory


Hòa Thành is a town of Tây Ninh Province in the Southeast region of Vietnam. It is located in the centre of the province. As of 2003, the district had a population of 146,400. The district covers an area of 82 km². The district capital lies at Hòa Thành, which is located on National Route 22B, 8 km southeast of Tây Ninh City.

The district is bordered to the north by Tây Ninh City, to the west by Châu Thành District, to the southeast by Gò Dầu and to the northeast by Dương Minh Châu District.

Communes
The district seat aside there are several communes in Hòa Thành
 Hiệp Tân
 Long Thành Bắc
 Long Thành Trung
 Long Thành Nam
 Trường Đông
 Trường Hòa
 Trường Tây

The Long Hoa market in the district is a centre of commerce as the district is located on a highway from Ho Chi Minh City to Tây Ninh, which extends into Cambodia and is the main trade route to Phnom Penh and beyond to Thailand. There is also an ornate Cao Đài temple; this province is the home of this 20th-century religion. The Moon Festival celebrations in the district attract 30,000 people on an annual basis and is well known in the region.

References

Districts of Tây Ninh province
County-level towns in Vietnam

Hòa Thành


A total solar eclipse occurred on Monday, December 14, 2020. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, which will cover the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth.

A total solar eclipse happens when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality happens in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

The Moon's apparent diameter was larger because the eclipse occurred only 1.8 days after perigee, the point at which the Moon is closest to the Earth (on December 12, 2020).

It was visible from Chile and Argentina. There was also a partial solar eclipse in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay.

Other websites
 solar-eclipse.de: The total solar eclipse of 12/14/2020

December 2020 events
Eclipses

Solar eclipse of December 14, 2020


William J. Frank (born February 4, 1960), is a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, District 42.

Overview
William Frank is a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing District 42, which covers a part of Baltimore County.  Prior to 2002, District 42 was represented by Democrats James W. Campbell, Maggie L. McIntosh, and Samuel I. Rosenberg.  However, after the district lines were redrawn, McIntosh moved to District 43 and Rosenberg moved to District 41, where they both won reelection.  On the other hand, Campbell remained in District 42, but was defeated by a host of new Republicans, including Frank, Susan Aumann, and John G. Trueschler.

In 2006, Frank won reelection, along with Susan Aumann. Incumbent Trueschler did not run for reelection.  In his stead, Democrat Stephen W. Lafferty won his seat.

Education
Frank attended Archbishop Curley High School in Baltimore.  After high school, he went to Mount St. Mary's University in Emmitsburg, MD, graduating cum laude in 1982 with his B.A. in political science.  Frank returned to college to get his master's degree.  He graduated from the Johns Hopkins University, receiving his M.A.S. (administrative science) in 1992.

Career
Soon after college, Frank began working as vice-president of marketing for the Maryland Credit Union League , working there until 1989.  When he left MCUL, he joined Allfirst Bank (which was acquired in a spin-off from Allied Irish Bank by M&T Bank), first as an assistant vice-president of the Public Affairs Division from 1989 until 1996, and then as an assistant vice-president and relationship manager from 1996 until 1999.  In 1999, Frank was hired as a development and marketing consultant for the Archdiocese of Baltimore and continues to work there.

Frank has been an active member in his community.  He served as a volunteer cook for the Christopher Place Employment Academy  from 1988 until 1994. Additionally, he served on the Board of Directors for Action for the Homeless (now Center for Poverty Solutions ) from 1992 until 1996.

Frank is a member of the Fr. O'Neill Council for the Knights of Columbus since 1994. Locally, he served on the board of governors for the Rodgers Forge Community Association , from 1995 until 1997.  He was a board member for the Home School Association for the Immaculate Conception School  from 1998 until 2000.  Frank has served on the President's Council of Mount St. Mary's University since 1998, and the Marketing Advisory Council since 2000. He is on the board of directors of the Independent College Fund of Maryland , and is a member of the Dulaney Valley Improvement Association  in Towson, Maryland, and the North Central Republican Club.

As a Republican member of the Maryland House of Delegates, Frank has served as chief deputy minority whip since 2005.  He is a member of the Judiciary Committee and the Appropriations Committee, in addition to various subcommittees.  Since being elected to the House of Delegates, he has been the deputy minority whip (2003) and the assistant minority whip (2003–05).

Legislative notes
 voted against in-state tuition for illegal immigrants in 2007 (HB6)
 voted against the Clean Indoor Air Act of 2007 (HB359)

Election results
2006 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 42
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|Susan Aumann, Rep.
|22,054
|  18.3%
|   Won
|-
|Stephen W. Lafferty, Dem.
|21,117
|  17.5%
|   Won
|-
|William J. Frank, Rep.
|20,522
|  17.0%
|   Won
|-
|Dilip Paliath, Rep.
|19,490
|  16.2%
|   Lost
|-
|Tracy Miller, Dem.
|19,168
|  15.9%
|   Lost
|-
|Andrew Belt, Dem.
|18,006
|  14.9%
|   Lost
|-
|Other Write-Ins
|88
|  0.1%
|   Lost
|}

2002 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 42
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|Susan Aumann, Rep.
|21,326
|  17.2%
|   Won
|-
|William J. Frank, Rep.
|20,881
|  16.9%
|   Won
|-
|John G. Trueschler, Rep.
|21,591
|  17.4%
|   Won
|-
|Stephen W. Lafferty, Dem.
|18,958
|  15.3%
|   Lost
|-
|James W. Campbell, Dem.
|18,168
|  14.7%
|   Lost
|-
|Matthew Joseph, Dem.
|17,478
|  14.1%
|   Lost
|-
|Rick Kunkel, Green
|5,464
|  4.4%
|   Lost
|-
|Other Write-Ins
|66
|  0.1%
|   Lost
|}

References and notes

External links
 http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/msa14007.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070906044522/http://www.billfrankfordelegate.com/

1960 births
Johns Hopkins Carey Business School alumni
Living people
Republican Party members of the Maryland House of Delegates
Mount St. Mary's University alumni
People from Baltimore County, Maryland
21st-century American politicians

William J. Frank