is a Japanese film directed by Yasuzo Masumura. The Hoodlum Soldier was the first of a series of nine films that followed two soldiers, Kisaburo Omiya (Shintaro Katsu), a former yakuza who has become a soldier, and Arita (Takahiro Tamura), an intellectual from a good family who has deliberately failed the officer examination.

Plot

The story is presented as a voiced-over narrative by Arita (Takahiro Tamura), speaking long after the events of the film. In a remote army base in Manchuria, near the Soviet border, long-serving corporal Arita hates the military and looks forward to the day he may leave. Although a university graduate, he has several times deliberately failed the exam for promotion and thus remains a corporal after four years' service.

The base commander asks him to take charge of Omiya (Shintaro Katsu), a soldier who responds poorly to military discipline. Discipline at the camp is imposed through beatings, with non-commissioned officers being able to freely punch and kick the lower ranks for infractions and failings. Former yakuza member Omiya proves to be very much tougher than the other soldiers and often responds to the beatings with violence. Arita tries to obtain fair treatment for him, for example refusing to let him be beaten with a wooden bar. Omiya forces his way into a brothel for officers and befriends a prostitute (Keiko Awaji) there.

Arita becomes friends with Omiya and helps him survive a training forced march, in which Omiya's feet become covered with sores. After another infraction, Arita is ordered to beat Omiya. He hits him once with a shinai, but cannot bring himself to hit Omiya more. To save Arita from being disciplined, Omiya hits himself in the face with bricks, drawing blood. After a soldier is beaten by the catering soldiers, and then escapes from the camp and commits suicide, Omiya picks a fight with the catering soldiers. They trick him by pretending to befriend him then attack him in a secluded part of the camp. Arita rescues Omiya.

Omiya is to be sent to the front on a suicide mission to fight the Soviets. Arita and Omiya steal officers' uniforms and pistols with the help of the prostitute. They make an escape by decoupling the engine of the train they are travelling on. The film ends with them speeding away. In the voice-over, Arita says that every man on the train was killed in battle.

Release and availability
A subtitled version of The Hoodlum Soldier was released in the United States by Altura Films International. It is not currently available on video in the US.

Reception

Film critic Tom Mes opines: "In Hoodlum Soldier army life becomes a miniature of version [sic] Japan itself. Men's lives are lived in daily repetition, lives in which duty and loyalty to the group mean everything, and hierarchy is an omnipotent force."

Series
The films in the "Heitai Yakuza" series are:
 (1965) Directed by Yasuzo Masumura
 (1965) Directed by Tokuzō Tanaka
 (1966) Directed by Tokuzō Tanaka
 (1966) Directed by Kazuo Mori
 (1966) Directed by Tokuzō Tanaka
 (1967) Directed by Tokuzō Tanaka
 (1967) Directed by Tokuzō Tanaka
 (1968) Directed by Tokuzō Tanaka
 (1972) Directed by Yasuzo Masumura

References

External links

1965 films
Japanese war drama films
1960s Japanese-language films
Films directed by Yasuzo Masumura
Films set in Manchukuo
Films produced by Masaichi Nagata
1960s Japanese films
Japanese action drama films

The Hoodlum Soldier


is a Japanese adult bishōjo visual novel for the PC. The original DOS version was published in 1996 by Sakura Soft. It was translated to English by JAST USA, and later re-released for modern Windows systems in 2002 as part of the "JAST USA Memorial Pack" along with Season of the Sakura and Runaway City.

Gameplay
The gameplay is standard for a visual novel. The player reads text at the bottom of the screen, which is accompanied by static images. A number of choices are made during the course of the game, letting the player direct the main character through the plot, and into sexual encounters with Yuki, Emi or Risa, the three main female characters, as well as with a number of other females.

Plot
Koichi and Eiichi are two brothers, who were separated after the suicide of their father and the collapse of his business. Ten years later, Eiichi tracks Koichi down, and tells him that all their misfortune was because of a man named Okamura. Eiichi is now rich and has control over an important company, and financially supports his brother, who lives near Okamura's daughters. Eiichi has driven Okamura to bankruptcy and away from his three daughters, Yuki, Emi and Risa. Koichi starts investigating Okamura's three daughters, but he falls in love with one of the sisters, Emi, and starts a relationship with her.

Over the course of a few days, Koichi discovers the secret ambition of his brother, totally swallowed up by his desire for money: Eiichi is forcing women into prostitution. Eiichi, who wants vengeance at all cost against the Okamuras, starts to persecute them: he offers work to Yuki, the eldest, in a lingerie bar; she agrees, because of the financial problem of the Okamuras. Eiichi also gives lingerie to Risa, the youngest, and he kidnaps Emi. This prompts Koichi to turn against his brother and infiltrate his office to rescue her. After rescuing her, there will be several possible endings, depending on whether the player chose to have sex with Risa, Yuki, his schoolmates, or some combination of the above. If he didn't, then Koichi survives after the building catches fire. Eiichi burns to death inside the building, trying to keep the money with him. Emi confesses her love for Koichi, and the three sisters' father returns home.

Reception

Metacritic describes Three Sisters' Story as a game with a "complex dramatic story" with a "rich" story.

Censorship

Three Sisters' Story is banned in New Zealand for the depiction of sexual exploitation of minors.

References

External links

1996 video games
DOS games
Eroge
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games

Three Sisters' Story


Leal Garcia v. Texas, 564 U.S. 940 (2011), was a ruling in which the Supreme Court of the United States denied Humberto Leal García's application for stay of execution and application for writ of habeas corpus. Leal was subsequently executed by lethal injection. The central issue was not Leal's guilt, but rather that he was not notified of his right to call his consulate as required by international law. The Court did not stay the execution because Congress had never enacted legislation regarding this provision of international law. The ruling attracted a great deal of commentary and Leal's case was supported by attorneys specializing in international law  and several former United States diplomats.

Background
Leal García was a Mexican national who kidnapped, raped, and killed a 16-year-old girl. He was arrested, convicted, and sentenced to death. Citing Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals, a decision by the International Court of Justice, Leal argued that his conviction was obtained in violation of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Specifically, Leal argued that the United States had violated the Vienna Convention by failing to notify him that he had the right to call his consulate. Leal and the United States asked the Supreme Court to stay his execution so that Congress could consider legislation to implement the Avena decision.

The Court previously ruled in Medellín v. Texas that international legal obligations are not binding unless Congress enacts them in a statute. Thus the primary focus of Leal's Supreme Court appeal was a bill introduced by Senator Patrick Leahy that would enact the obligations of the Vienna Convention as law (henceforth referred to as Avena legislation).

Opinion
The opinion of the Court was delivered per curiam. First, the Court considered Leal's claim that executing him while 'Avena' legislation was under consideration violated due process. The Court rejected this claim, stating that due process does not prevent a State from carrying out a lawful judgment in light of unenacted legislation. Second, the Court considered an argument by the United States which claimed that the Court should issue a stay in execution so that the Court could issue a ruling after the 'Avena' legislation had passed. The Court rejected this argument, holding that the Court is tasked with ruling with the law at present, not what it might become in the future. Further, the Court expressed its skepticism that such legislation would ever be enacted. Having rejected all arguments, the Court denied Leal's application for stay of execution and application for writ of habeas corpus.

Dissent
Associate Justice Stephen Breyer dissented, joined by Justice Ginsburg, Justice Sotomayor, and Justice Kagan. Breyer held that a stay would be appropriate. Breyer drew a distinction between Medellín v. Texas and Leal's case, noting that the Court had refused to grant a stay of execution in Medellín in significant part because the President had not told the Court there would be likely congressional action. Breyer pointed out that in Leal's case congressional action was a reasonable possibility. Further, Breyer argued that under Federal Trade Commission v. Dean Foods Co., the Court could take action to preserve its future jurisdiction that would result upon Congress passing the Avena legislation.

Breyer also argued that the Court should defer to the executive branch, per the President's constitutionally based authority in matters of foreign relations.

See also
 Avena case
 LaGrand case

References

Further reading

External links

2011 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
Capital punishment in Texas
Mexico–United States relations
United States death penalty case law
International Court of Justice
2011 in international relations
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court

Leal Garcia v. Texas


Friedrich Wilhelm Rathgen (2 June 1862 – 19 November 1942) was a German chemist and a founder of the field of conservation science.

Biography

Rathgen was born in Eckernförde, Schleswig-Holstein, then part of Denmark, on 2 June 1862. He began his formal education at the University of Göttingen in 1881, where he studied the natural sciences. After a brief period of study in Berlin, Rathgen completed his education at the University of Marburg, where he received his doctoral degree in organic chemistry in 1886 (Rathgen 1886). The following year Rathgen served as a research assistant to the German chemist, H. H. Landholt, in Berlin, where he worked on various aspects of sugar polarization. In 1888 Rathgen was appointed the first director of the newly formed chemical laboratory of the Royal Museums of Berlin where he remained until his retirement in 1927

Rathgen is significant in the early development of art conservation, particularly for archaeological conservation. Firstly he was the first chemist to be employed by a museum, the Koniglichen Museen, Berlin (Royal Museums of Berlin), in 1888. This was an event important enough for Chris Caple (2000 P.53)  to write: "It was, perhaps, only in 1888 that conservation as a profession discipline can truly be seen to have started". This helped in establishing the birth of conservation science.

His second major contribution was to publish a Handbook of Conservation. "In 1898 Rathgen published the first edition of his handbook Die Konservierung von Altertumsfunden (The Conservation of Antiquities) (Rathgen, 1898). This was the first comprehensive treatment of the subject; it drew upon his ten years of experience and practical work in the field". It was translated into English in 1905 (Rathgen 1905). Prior to this there had been several short works, including works by Rathgen, published about conservation, but nothing devoted purely to the subject.

Rathgen's handbook was divided into two parts, a format which was adhered to in all subsequent editions:

 Part I was devoted to the transformations which antiquities undergo before and after excavation.
 Part II discussed the treatment of antiquities, with examples of methods used in various European museums, e.g. at the Royal Museums of Berlin.

Many of the methods employed today for the treatment of archaeological materials may be found here in one form or another although Rathgen is rarely cited as a source of reference.

Legacy

The Rathgen Research Laboratory, bearing Rathgen's name, carries forward the tradition of the old Chemical Laboratory of the Royal Museums in Berlin and is today the world's oldest scientific museum laboratory. It has become a leading institution for conservation science, art technology and archaeometry. The laboratory carries out investigations on a broad variety of materials within the museum environment and conducts research on the preservation of monuments and archaeological sites.

Publications
Some of Rathgen's key publications:
 Rathgen, F. Über p- und o-Toluolazo-a- und b-napthol und die isomeren Hydrazinverbindungen. Ph.D. Diss., University of Marburg, Marburg, 1886.
 Rathgen, F. Die Konservierung von Altertumsfunden. Berlin: W. Spemann, 1898.
 Rathgen, F., and Borrman, R. Die Konservierung von Altertumsfunden. Nachtrag. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1905.
 Rathgen, F., and Borrman, R. The Preservation of Antiquities: A Handbook for Curators. G. Auden and H. Auden, trans. London: Cambridge University Press, 1905.

References

1862 births
1942 deaths
People from Eckernförde
University of Göttingen alumni
19th-century German chemists
Conservator-restorers
20th-century German chemists

Friedrich Rathgen


Karl Frederick Inderfurth (born September 29, 1946) is an American diplomat.  He was the Assistant Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs from August 1997 to January 2001.  In his capacity as Assistant Secretary, Inderfurth was responsible for US policy regarding Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.  Prior to his appointment as Assistant Secretary, Inderfurth served as the U.S. Representative for Special Political Affairs to the United Nations, with the rank of Ambassador.  In this capacity, Ambassador Inderfurth dealt with issues such as UN peacekeeping, disarmament, nuclear proliferation and security affairs.  Ambassador Inderfurth also served as Deputy U.S. Representative on the United Nations Security Council.

Early life
Inderfurth was born in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1946.  He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and received his B.A. in political science in 1968.  In 1973, he was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Strathclyde in Scotland where in 2013 he was presented the degree of Doctor of the University honoris causa. He earned his M.A. from the Department of Politics at Princeton University in 1975.

Career
Inderfurth  served in several government positions, including on the staffs of the National Security Council, United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.  Inderfurth also worked for ABC News as a national security correspondent, specializing in arms control, and was awarded an Emmy in 1983.  Inderfurth worked as the Moscow correspondent for ABC News from February 1989 to August 1991.

During Inderfurth's tenure as Assistant Secretary of State for South Asia, India and Pakistan tested its first nuclear devices in 1998, the Taliban tightened its grip on Afghanistan and extended safe haven to Osama bin Laden, India and Pakistan fought a brief war over the area of Kargil in Kashmir, and there was coup in Pakistan by Gen. Pervez Musharraf removing civilian Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. During this time, Inderfurth also oversaw Secretary of State Madeleine Albright's Global Humanitarian Demining 2010 Initiative.

In 2002, Inderfurth appeared in the BBC documentary The Situation Room: America in Crisis in which Inderfurth and other high-level, retired diplomats and political appointees portray events in a fictitious White House Situation Room during a hypothetical nuclear crisis.  Inderfurth plays the  President of the United States, when his National Security Council is faced with a nuclear crisis on the Indian subcontinent.  Other notable officials in the documentary include Ambassador Robert B. Oakley, former White House Chief of Staff John Podesta and former White House Press Secretary Joe Lockhart.

Inderfurth co-authored a book with Dr. Loch K. Johnson entitled, Fateful Decisions: Inside the National Security Council (2004) and is a frequent op-ed contributor to major American newspapers.

Current work
Currently, Inderfurth is an adjunct professor at George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs. He was a senior advisor and the Wadhwani Chair in U.S.-India Policy Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, DC. Previously he served as the director of the international affairs graduate program at the Elliott School. His areas of expertise focused on US-South Asian relations and national security decision making at the National Security Council and the Department of State. He also taught an undergraduate course on "Film and US Foreign Policy."

Since joining the George Washington community in 2001, Inderfurth helped organize visits by high-ranking diplomats and heads-of-state such as former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan, former United States Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, Afghan President Hamid Karzai and Pakistani former President Pervez Musharraf.

Inderfurth serves as a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Fulbright Association and is on the board of trustees of The Asia Foundation.

Inderfurth joined the Board of Directors of the National Democratic Institute in 2014.

References

External links
 BBC's The Situation Room: America in Crisis
 George Washington University faculty profile

1946 births
Living people
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
People from Charlotte, North Carolina
Elliott School of International Affairs faculty
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Princeton University alumni
George Washington University faculty
ABC News personalities
American diplomats
The Asia Foundation

Karl Inderfurth


Pieter Woortman (born 23 March 1700 – 14 April 1780) was a slave trader and an administrator of the Dutch West India Company. He was one of the longest-serving Director-General of the Dutch Gold Coast, in office between 1767 and 1769 (ad interim) and from 1769 until his death in 1780.

Biography
Pieter Woortman was born in Soest, Brandenburg-Prussia, to Johann Georg Wortmann and Margaretha Elisabeth Plange. In 1721, Woortman applied for a job at the Dutch West India Company, and was stationed as soldier on the Dutch Gold Coast. Woortman made a swift career, becoming fort commandant and acting military commander, and retired to the Netherlands in 1730.

Woortman settled in Groningen, set up a grocery store, married Elisabeth Carrier, and founded a family. Probably because of personal financial problems, he returned to the Gold Coast in 1741. Because of his previous experience, he was installed as commandant Fort Lijdzaamheid soon after his arrival. Here he cassared a local African woman named Afodua or Aphodewa, with whom he would have six children. At Fort Lijdzaamheid, Woortman and Afodua led a profitable slave trade enterprise, which probably led him to delay his application for a higher office.

When he eventually did so in 1763, he would rise to the highest office of Director-General in four years time. Jan and Hendrik Woortman, sons from his Dutch marriage with Elisabeth Carrier joined him in his personal enterprise, later joined by sons from his relationship with Afodua. The combination of Woortman's contacts with the Company, and Afodua's contacts with the local people, proved very worthwhile.

Woortman died on 14 April 1780, at the age of 80.

Legacy
Both Jan and Hendrik Woortman, sons of Pieter Woortman and Elisabeth Carrier, married women according to local rites during their service on the Gold Coast. Their offspring in male line in Ghana still carries the name Woortman.

The children of Pieter Woortman and Afodua carried the name Plange, after Pieter Woortman's mother. The Plange family would become one of the most prominent Euro-African families on the Gold Coast in the nineteenth century. Descendants include the English rugby league player David Plange, the Ghanaian boxer Manyo Plange, the Burkinabé footballer Nii Plange, and the Ghanaian fashion designer Mimi Plange.

Citations

References

1700 births
1780 deaths
Colonial governors of the Dutch Gold Coast
People from Soest, Germany
Dutch slave traders
18th-century Dutch businesspeople

Pieter Woortman


Hurricane Boris was a deadly storm. It was the fourth cyclone of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season. It formed on June 27. During the night the depression became Tropical Storm Boris. Shortly after this, Boris rapidly became stronger. It became a hurricane. Just as an eye started to form, Boris made landfall in Mexico. It had the strongest winds of 85 mph (140 kn/h). It quickly became weaker. It ended on July 1. Boris caused heavy flooding in southern Mexico. Ten deaths were reported.

Meteorological history

Boris came from a tropical wave that moved off Africa on June 8. It passed near the Cape Verde Island with no convection. It went across Central America on June 23. The wave was very poorly defined on satellite images for many days. The first signs of a circulation on satellite imagery appeared on the 26th. It was about 250 miles south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. The system became a tropical depression on the 27th when convective banding increased around the center.

At its first advisory, it was noted that it got better organized. At that time, there were tropical storm warnings for Mexico. It was also noted the Aviation model forecast Tropical Depression Four-E to make landfall in Mexico as a weak tropical storm in 12 hours. Around that time, the forecast track was issued by the National Hurricane Center late on June 27. It said that it would receive an outflow from Hurricane Alma close by. At the same time the Ukmet model had Tropical Depression Four-E remaining offshore Mexico. The same model also had the depression becoming Tropical Storm Boris. The National Hurricane Center forecasted Tropical Depression Four-E to become Tropical Storm Boris and make landfall in Mexico with winds of . In the same advisory, it was noted that the outer rain bands of brand new Tropical Depression Four-E had moved onshore Mexico.

The tropical cyclone moved northwestward at 8 to 10 knots for the next two days. It became stronger from 25 knots to 80 knots during a 36-hour period. It had a ragged eye appearing on satellite imagery just before landfall on the afternoon of June 29. It had a peak intensity of . This made Boris a moderate Category 1 hurricane. The center crossed the south coast of Mexico midway between Lazaro Cardenas and Acapulco. Boris quickly became weaker. It became a depression and turned southwestward in response to a building ridge to its north. The system was disrupted by the mountainous terrain of Mexico and dissipated on the July 1 after moving back over water just south of Puerta Vallarta.

Preparations, impact, and aftermath
Hurricane Boris was, in general, a well-forecast storm. Due to the short time when the system was at or above tropical storm intensity, long-range forecasts were not verified. The average errors were  at one and a half days in the future. As Hurricane Boris was approaching Mexico, a tropical storm watch was issued for the coast between Manzanillo and Puerto Escondido on June 28. From Manzanillo to Puerto Maldonado, the tropical storm warning changed to a hurricane warning the same day.

Deaths and damage
Boris caused ten deaths. Nearby, three other people drowned and five fishermen went missing. Rain was heavy throughout the impacted region. The highest totals were in Guerrero. A total of 12.16 inches was recorded in Coyuca de Benítez. The highest total was 14.98 in Paso de San Antonio, to the east of the point of landfall.  Those rains caused a flood of the San Jeronimo River, which left at least 5,000 people without a home. Tecpan was badly hit by the storm. It reported heavy damage.  This included many homes destroyed, at least one person was killed and the storm also flooded lobbies of hotels along the coast. In Acapulco a child was killed when a roof collapsed. Strong surf pushed fishing boats against a sea wall. The storm blew down trees and business signs. Streets were flooded to the level of hubcaps. A total of about 10,000 people were left homeless. At least 70 people were injured. Approximately 12 boats sunk offshore.

Related pages
1996 Pacific hurricane season

References

Boris
Boris
1996 in North America
1990s in Mexico

Hurricane Boris (1996)


Thomas Baltzar (c. 1630 – 24 July 1663) was a German violinist and composer. He was born in Lübeck to a musical family; his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather were all musicians. Sources suggest an array of music teachers who may have taught him in his early years. According to the writings of Samuel Hartlib, composer and violinist Johann Schop was one of those instructors. Baltzar may have studied the violin with Gregor Zuber and composition with Franz Tunder. He may have also received instruction from composer and violinist Nicolaus Bleyer, who taught Baltzar's younger brother.

Through contacts at Germany's embassy in Sweden (where, by 1653, Baltzar was employed), he may have come in contact with English musicians accompanying Bulstrode Whitelocke's mission to Queen Christina. This possible encounter may have been the impetus for Baltzar's decision to emigrate to England in 1655, leaving behind his newly attained position of Ratslutenist of Lübeck (he had returned briefly to his home city, probably shortly after Christina's abdication in June 1654). Hartlib's writings indicate that the Swedish ambassador to England, Christer Bonde, took in Baltzar.

Baltzar's arrival in England was met with acclaim. On 4 March 1656 he performed the violin at the residence of Roger L'Estrange, where John Evelyn was in attendance. Evelyn wrote in his Diary that night:

This night I was invited by Mr. Rog: L'Estrange to  the incomperable Lubicer on the Violin, his variety upon a few notes & plaine ground with that  dexterity, as was admirable, & though a very young man, yet so perfect & skillful as there was nothing so crosse & perplext, which being by our Artists, brought to him, which he did not at first sight, with ravishing sweetenesse & improvements, play off, to the astonishment of our best Masters: In Summ, he plaid on that single Instrument a full Consort, so as the rest, flung-downe their Instruments, as acknowledging a victory.

In September 1656, Baltzar was listed as one of the musicians who helped premiere The Siege of Rhodes in London, thought to have been the first all-sung English opera. Two years later, according to Anthony Wood, he was employed as a private musician for Sir Anthony Cope at Hanwell House in Banbury. Wood, who had heard Baltzar play at a performance in Warden John Wilkins's lodgings at Wadham College, Oxford, described his "very great astonishment" at the German's skill. "[I] saw him run his fingers to the end of the finger-board of the violin, and run them back insensibly," he wrote, "and all with alacrity and in very good tune, which [I] nor any in England saw the like before." Also in attendance was John Wilson, a professor of music at the University of Oxford, who, according to Wood, bowed at Baltzar's feet after the performance. However, Wood also observed of Baltzar that "he was given to excessive drinking."

On 23 December 1661 Baltzar entered Charles II's service as a leader of the king's private music ensemble, the "four and twenty fiddlers," succeeding Davis Mell in the post. He was given an annual salary of £110, a high figure for the time. Some of Baltzar's surviving compositions, including a work in C major that may be the earliest suite for three violins, require virtuosity and technical mastery. According to Wood, Baltzar's drinking habits contributed to his death. He was buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey on 27 July 1663.

References

External links

Free scores Mutopia Project

1630s births
1663 deaths
German classical violinists
Male classical violinists
German violinists
German male violinists
German classical composers
German Baroque composers
Musicians from Lübeck
17th-century classical composers
German male classical composers
17th-century male musicians

Thomas Baltzar


Webuye, previously named Broderick Falls, is an industrial town within Webuye West sub county in Bungoma County, Kenya.  Located on the main road to Uganda, the town is home to the Pan African Paper Mills, the largest paper factory in the region, as well as a number of heavy-chemical and sugar manufacturers.  The area is heavily populated and is used mainly for subsistence agriculture.  The area around Webuye is home to the Bukusu and Tachoni tribes.  The town has an urban population of 19,600 (1999 census) and 22,507 in total according to the GeoNames geographical database.

Villages near Webuye include Lugulu, Milo, Maraka and Misikhu. Webuye is home to the Broderick Falls of Nzoia River. In Maraka, there exists the famed "mfunje" suspension bridge which consists of rickety timber strips joined together with some metal wires, precariously dangling across River Nzoia. It attracts a considerable number of both local and foreign tourists who enjoy the thrill of crossing the river on the shaky locally-made bridge.

Webuye has in the recent past also seen the establishment of some important education centres, including a constituent college campus of the Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, and a Kenya Medical Training college Campus.

Webuye hosts Webuye Referral Hospital that is a leading medical facility in the County

The town's economy was hit hard by the dwindling fortunes of Pan African Paper Mills, which was closed down in 2008.  Efforts have been put in place by successive regimes since then to reopen the paper mill, but without success.
The nearest tourist attraction is the Nabuyole waterfalls on River Nzoia. The falls are seven kilometres from Webuye and provide a cool breeze to tourists.

Naming
In the pre-independence times, Webuye was known as Broderick Falls, after the first white man to visit the nearby Nabuyole falls on River Nzoia.  Today, it's named after a cobbler who repaired shoes for railway workers.

Railways
The town is located on the main railway from Mombasa to Uganda. The area around the town is inhabited by both the Bukusu and the Tachoni.

Statistics
 Webuye has a tropical climate, and the land around it is used mainly for subsistence agriculture.  Its latitude is 0.6166667° and longitude is 34.7666667° and elevation is .  Average annual temperature is 24 °C / 75.2 °F.

References

Populated places in Bungoma County

Webuye


The Eric Singleton Bird Sanctuary is an artificial wetland in Bayswater, Western Australia, a suburb of Perth. The Bayswater Brook discharges into the wetlands, which in turn discharges into the Swan River. In 2015, it underwent a rehabilitation project in order to improve the water quality and attract more wildlife.

History
Prior to the 1950s, the site of the Eric Singleton Bird Sanctuary was a seasonally wet depression. In the 1950s, it was drained. Between 1972 and 1981, the surrounding area was used for a landfill, and the site became a wetland.

Due to nutrients and pollutants from runoff, the wetlands were severely degraded and experiencing frequent algal blooms. In 2015, the wetlands underwent a $3 million rehabilitation project, jointly funded by the City of Bayswater and the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. The project was designed so that water coming from the Bayswater Brook is cleaned and stripped of nutrients by the wetlands before being discharged into the Swan River. First, the incoming water flows through a gross pollutant trap, removing any rubbish, sediment or other large materials. The water then passes through alternating areas of shallow and deep water, which removes nitrogen and other nutrients, before flowing out of the wetland. The flow of water is controlled by a series of weirs and outlets, and in total, the process takes 48 hours from when the water enters the wetland to when the water exits. The project is projected to stop  of nitrogen,  of phosphorus and  of sediment and rubbish from entering the Swan River each year. The project also included the creation of a publicly accessible area in the middle of the wetland. Prior to the rehabilitation project, the wetlands were artificially supplied with ground water to ensure that the wetland did not dry up. After the completion of the project, it received several awards, including from the Australian Engineering Excellence Awards, the WA Premier's Awards and the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects.

In 2016, a housing development was approved by the Western Australian Planning Commission next to the wetlands, overruling the City of Bayswater and triggering significant controversy. The proposed development consisted of two large blocks, and one block was considered by the community to be environmentally sensitive and contain wetlands. In 2017, the State government provided $1.5 million to the City of Bayswater to part-fund the purchase of the block which contained the wetlands, thereby ending a significant amount of the controversy.

In 2018, the Eric Singleton Bird Sanctuary was rezoned from Urban to Parks and Recreation, ensuring that it would not be developed.

Name
The wetlands were named after Eric Singleton, who was a local advocate for the wetlands. He was a bird enthusiast and helped save the wetlands from development in the 1970s.

Flora and Fauna
104 bird species have been recorded at the Eric Singleton Bird Sanctuary. They include:
Biziura lobata (Musk Duck)
Malacorhynchus membranaceus (Pink-eared duck)
Oxyura australis (Blue-billed duck)
Anas gracilis (Grey teal)
Poliocephalus poliocephalus (Hoary-headed grebe)
Elseyornis melanops (Black-fronted Dotterel)

170,000 native plants of 26 different species were planted in the Eric Singleton Bird Sanctuary during the rehabilitation project. They include:
Schoenoplectus validus (River club rush)
Baumea articulata (Jointed twig rush)
Baumea juncea (Bare Twig Rush)

References

Bayswater, Western Australia
Swan River (Western Australia)
Wetlands of Western Australia
Swan Coastal Plain

Eric Singleton Bird Sanctuary


Wave–particle duality is perhaps one of the most confusing concepts in physics, because it is so unlike anything we see in the ordinary world.

Physicists who studied light in the 1700s and 1800s had an argument about whether light was made of particles or waves. Light seems to act like both. At times, light seems to go only in a straight line, as if it were made of particles.  But other experiments show that light has a frequency and wavelength, just like a sound wave or water wave.  Until the 20th century, most physicists thought that light was either one or the other, and that the scientists on the other side of the argument were simply wrong.

Present situation
Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Louis de Broglie, Arthur Compton, Niels Bohr worked on this problem. Current scientific theory is that all particles act both like waves and like particles. This has been verified for elementary particles, and for compound particles like atoms and molecules. For macroscopic particles, because of their extremely short wavelengths, wave properties usually cannot be detected.

Experiment
In 1909, a scientist named Geoffrey Taylor decided that he was going to settle this argument once and for all.  He borrowed an experiment invented earlier by Thomas Young, where light was shone through two small holes right next to each other.  When bright light was shone through these two small holes, it created an interference pattern that seemed to show that light was actually a wave.

Taylor's idea was to take a photo of the light coming out of the holes with a special camera that was unusually sensitive to light.  When bright light was shone through the holes, the photo showed an interference pattern, just like Young showed earlier.  Taylor then turned down the light to a very dim level.  When the light was dim enough, Taylor's photos showed tiny pinpoints of light scattering out of the holes.  This seemed to show that light was actually a particle.  If Taylor allowed the dim light to shine through the holes for long enough, the dots eventually filled up the photo to make an interference pattern again.  This demonstrated that light was somehow both a wave and a particle.

To make matters even more confusing, Louis de Broglie suggested that matter might act the same way.  Scientists then performed these same experiments with electrons, and found that electrons too are somehow both particles and waves. Electrons can be used to do Young's double-slit experiment.

Today, these experiments have been done in so many different ways by so many different people that scientists simply accept that both matter and light are somehow both waves and particles. Scientists are still unsure about how this can be, but they are quite certain it must be true. Although it seems impossible to understand how anything can be both a wave and a particle, scientists do have a number of equations for describing these things that have variables for both wavelength (a wave property) and momentum (a particle property).  This seeming impossibility is referred to as the wave-particle duality.

Basic theory
Wave–particle duality means that all particles show both wave and particle properties. This is a central concept of quantum mechanics.
Classical concepts like "particle" and "wave" do not fully describe the behavior of quantum-scale objects.

Particles as waves
An electron has a wavelength called the "de Broglie wavelength". It can be calculated using the equation

 is the de Broglie wavelength.

 is Planck's constant

 is the momentum of the particle.

This made the idea that electrons in atoms show a standing wave pattern.

Waves as particles
The photoelectric effect shows that a light photon which has enough energy (a high enough frequency), can cause an electron to be released off a metal's surface. Electrons in this case can be called photoelectrons.

Related pages
 Max Planck
 Quantum mechanics

References

Quantum mechanics

Wave–particle duality


The Granada War () was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada. It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile, ending the last remnant of Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula and ending the 781 year long Christian Reconquista in Iberia, the longest war in history.

The ten-year war was not a continuous effort but a series of seasonal campaigns launched in spring and broken off in winter. The Granadans were crippled by internal conflict and civil war, while the Christians were generally unified. The Granadans were also bled economically by the tribute () they had to pay Castile to avoid being attacked and conquered. The war saw the effective use of artillery by the Christians to rapidly conquer towns that would otherwise have required long sieges. On January 2, 1492, Muhammad XII of Granada (King Boabdil) surrendered the Emirate of Granada, the city of Granada, and the Alhambra palace to the Castilian forces.

The war was a joint project between Isabella's Crown of Castile and Ferdinand's Crown of Aragon. The bulk of the troops and funds for the war came from Castile, and Granada was annexed into Castile's territory. The Crown of Aragon was less important: apart from the presence of King Ferdinand himself, Aragon provided naval collaboration, guns, and some financial loans. Aristocrats were offered the allure of new lands, while Ferdinand and Isabella centralized and consolidated their power.

The aftermath of war brought to an end coexistence between religions in the Iberian peninsula: Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or be exiled in 1492, and by 1501, all of Granada's Muslims were obliged to convert to Christianity, become slaves, or be exiled; by 1526 this prohibition spread to the rest of Spain. "New Christians" (conversos) came to be accused of crypto-Islam and crypto-Judaism. Spain would go on to model its national aspirations as the guardian of Christianity and Catholicism. The fall of the Alhambra is still celebrated every year by the City Council of Granada, and the Granada War is considered in traditional Spanish historiography as the final war of the Reconquista.

Iberia and Al-Andalus in the late 15th century

The Emirate of Granada had been the last Muslim state in Iberia for more than two centuries by the time of the Granada War. The other remnant al-Andalus states (the taifas) of the once powerful Caliphate of Córdoba had long since been conquered by the Christians. Pessimism for Granada's future existed before its ultimate fall; in 1400, Ibn Hudayl wrote "Is Granada not enclosed between a violent sea and an enemy terrible in arms, both of which press on its people day and night?" Still, Granada was wealthy and powerful, and the Christian kingdoms were divided and fought amongst themselves. Granada's problems began to worsen after Emir Yusuf III's death in 1417. Succession struggles ensured that Granada was in an almost constant low-level civil war. Clan loyalties were stronger than allegiance to the emir, making consolidation of power difficult. Often, the only territory the emir really controlled was the city of Granada. At times, the emir did not even control all the city, but rather one rival emir would control the Alhambra, and another the Albayzín, the most important district of Granada.

This internal fighting greatly weakened the state. The economy declined, with Granada's once preeminent porcelain manufacture disrupted and challenged by the Christian town of Manises near Valencia, in the Crown of Aragon. Despite the weakening economy, taxes were still imposed at their earlier high rates to support Granada's extensive defenses and large army. Ordinary Granadans paid triple the taxes of (non-tax-exempt) Castilians. The heavy taxes that Emir Abu-l-Hasan Ali imposed contributed greatly to his unpopularity. These taxes did at least support a respected army; Hasan was successful in putting down Christian revolts in his lands, and some observers estimated he could muster as many as 7,000 horsemen.

The frontier between Granada and the Castilian lands of Andalusia was in a constant state of flux, "neither in peace nor in war." Raids across the border were common, as were intermixing alliances between local nobles on both sides of the frontier. Relations were governed by occasional truces and demands for tribute should those on one side have been seen to overstep their bounds. Neither country's central government intervened or controlled the warfare much.

King Henry IV of Castile died in December 1474, setting off the War of the Castilian Succession between Henry's daughter Joanna la Beltraneja and Henry's half-sister Isabella. The war raged from 1475–1479, pitting Isabella's supporters and the Crown of Aragon against Joanna's supporters, Portugal, and France. During this time, the frontier with Granada was practically ignored; the Castilians did not even bother to ask for or obtain reparation for a raid in 1477. Truces were agreed upon in 1475, 1476, and 1478. In 1479, the Succession War concluded with Isabella victorious. As Isabella had married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, this meant that the two powerful kingdoms of Castile and Aragon would stand united, free from the inter-Christian strife which had allowed the Emirate of Granada to survive.

Chronology

Provocations and responses

The truce of 1478 was still theoretically in effect when Granada launched a surprise attack against Zahara in December 1481, as part of a reprisal for a Christian raid.  The town fell, and the population was enslaved. This attack proved to be a great provocation, and factions in favor of war in Andalusia used it to rally support for a counterstrike, quickly moving to take credit for it, and backed a wider war.  The seizure of Alhama and its subsequent royal endorsement is usually said to be the formal beginning of the Granada War. Abu Hasan attempted to retake Alhama by siege in March but was unsuccessful. Reinforcements from the rest of Castile and Aragon averted the possibility of retaking Alhama in April 1482; King Ferdinand formally took command at Alhama on May 14, 1482.

The Christians next tried to besiege Loja but failed to take the town. This setback was balanced by a twist that would prove to aid them greatly: on the same day that Loja was relieved, Abu Hasan's son, Abu Abdallah (also known as Boabdil), rebelled and styled himself Emir Muhammad XII. The war continued into 1483. Abu Hasan's brother, al-Zagal, defeated a large Christian raiding force in the hills of the Axarquia east of Málaga. However, at Lucena the Christians were able to defeat and capture King Boabdil. Ferdinand and Isabella had previously not been intent on conquering all of Granada. With the capture of King Boabdil, however, Ferdinand decided to use him to conquer Granada entirely. In a letter written in August 1483, Ferdinand wrote "To put Granada in division and destroy it We have decided to free him.... He [Boabdil] has to make war on his father." With Boabdil's release as a pseudo-Christian ally, the Granadan civil war continued. A Granadan chronicler commented that Boabdil's capture was "the cause of the fatherland's destruction."

In 1485, the fortunes of the Granadan internal conflict shifted yet again. Boabdil was expelled from the Albayzín, his base of power, by Hasan's brother al-Zagal. Al-Zagal also took command of the nation, dethroning his aging brother, who died shortly thereafter. Boabdil was obliged to flee to Ferdinand and Isabella's protection. The continuing division within the Muslim ranks and the cunning of the Marquis of Cádiz allowed the western reaches of Granada to be seized with unusual speed in 1485. Ronda fell to him after fifteen days, thanks to his negotiations with the city's leaders. Ronda's fall allowed Marbella, a base of the Granadan fleet, to come into Christian hands next.

Boabdil was soon released from Christian protection to resume his bid for control of Granada. For the next three years, he acted as one of Ferdinand and Isabella's vassals. He offered the promise of limited independence for Granada and peace with the Christians to the citizenry; from the Catholic Monarchs, he extracted the title of Duke for whatever cities he could control.

Siege of Málaga

Málaga, the chief seaport of Granada, was the main objective of the Castilian forces in 1487. Emir al-Zagal was slow to march to attempt to relieve the siege and was unable to harass the Christian armies safely because of the ongoing civil war; even after he left the city to come to the aid of Málaga, he was forced to leave troops in the Alhambra to defend against Boabdil and his followers.

The first main city to be attacked, Vélez-Málaga, capitulated on 27 April 1487, with local supporters of Boabdil directly aiding the Christian besiegers.  Málaga held out during an extended siege that lasted from 7 May 1487 until 18 August 1487; its commander preferred death to surrender, and the African garrison and Christian renegades (converts to Islam) fought tenaciously, fearing the consequences of defeat.  Near the end, the notables of Málaga finally offered a surrender, but Ferdinand refused, as generous terms had already been offered twice.  When the city finally fell, Ferdinand punished almost all the inhabitants for their stubborn resistance with slavery, while renegades were burned alive or pierced by reeds. The Jews of Malaga, however, were spared, as Castilian Jews ransomed them from slavery.

Historian William Prescott considered the fall of Málaga the most important part of the war; Granada could not reasonably continue on as an independent state without Málaga, its chief port.

Siege of Baza
Al-Zagal lost prestige from the fall of Málaga, and Boabdil took over all of the city of Granada in 1487; he additionally controlled the northeast of the country with Vélez-Rubio, Vélez-Blanco, and Vera. Al-Zagal still controlled Baza, Guadix, and Almería. Boabdil took no action as the Christian forces took some of his land, perhaps assuming it would shortly be returned to him.

In 1489, the Christian forces began a painfully long siege of Baza, the most important stronghold remaining to al-Zagal. Baza was highly defensible as it required the Christians to split their armies, and artillery was of little use against it. Supplying the army caused a huge budget shortfall for the Castilians. Occasional threats of deprivation of office were necessary to keep the army in the field, and Isabella came personally to the siege to help maintain the morale of both the nobles and the soldiers. After six months, al-Zagal surrendered, despite his garrison still being largely unharmed; he had become convinced that the Christians were serious about maintaining the siege as long as it would take, and further resistance was useless without the hope of relief, of which there was no sign. Baza was granted generous surrender terms, unlike Málaga.

Last stand at Granada

With the fall of Baza and the capture of al-Zagal in 1490, it seemed as if the war was over; Ferdinand and Isabella believed this was the case.  However, Boabdil was unhappy with the rewards for his alliance with Ferdinand and Isabella, possibly because lands that had been promised to him were being administered by Castile. He broke off his vassalage and rebelled against the Catholic Monarchs, despite holding only the city of Granada and the Alpujarras Mountains. It was clear that such a position was untenable in the long term, so Boabdil sent out desperate requests for external aid. Qaitbay, the Sultan of Egypt mildly rebuked Ferdinand for the Granada War, but the Mamluks that ruled Egypt were in a near constant war with the Ottoman Turks. As Castile and Aragon were fellow enemies of the Turks, the Sultan had no desire to break their alliance against the Turks.  Boabdil also requested aid from the Sultanate of Fes in crisis, but no reply is recorded by history.  North Africa continued to sell Castile wheat throughout the war and valued maintaining good trade relations. In any case, the Granadans no longer controlled any coastline from where to receive overseas aid. No help would be forthcoming for Granada.

An eight-month siege of Granada was to begin in April 1491.  The situation for the defenders grew progressively dire, as their forces for interfering with the siege dwindled and advisers schemed against each other. Bribery of important officials was rampant, and at least one of the chief advisers to Boabdil seems to have been working for Castile the entire time. After the Battle of Granada a provisional surrender, the Treaty of Granada, was signed on November 25, 1491, which granted two months to the city. The reason for the long delay was not so much intransigence on either side, but rather the inability of the Granadan government to coordinate amongst itself in the midst of the disorder and tumult that gripped the city. After the terms, which proved rather generous to the local Muslim population,  were negotiated, the city capitulated on January 2, 1492. The besieging Christians sneaked troops into the Alhambra that day in case resistance materialized, which it did not.  Granada's resistance had come to its end.

Tactics and technology

The most notable facet of the Granada War was the power of bombards and cannons to greatly shorten the many sieges of the war.  The Castilians and Aragonese started the war with only a few artillery pieces, but Ferdinand had access to French and Burgundian experts from his recent wars, and the Christians aggressively increased their artillery forces.  The Muslims, however, lagged far behind in their use of artillery, generally only using the occasional captured Christian piece.  The historian Weston F. Cook Jr. wrote "Gunpowder firepower and artillery siege operations won the Granadan war, and other factors in the Spanish victory were actually secondary and derivative."  By 1495, Castile and Aragon controlled 179 pieces of artillery total, a vast increase from the paltry numbers seen in the War of the Castilian Succession.

Primitive arquebuses also saw use in the war, though only to a small degree. Heavy cavalry knights were a much smaller factor in the Granada War than seen in earlier warfare.  Light cavalry jinetes took on a more prominent role instead.  The open-field battles in which cavalry were the most important were rare; the Granadans, badly outnumbered, generally avoided such battles.  The Castilians also employed a large number of supporting men; a huge force of workers were mustered in 1483 to destroy crops and pillage the countryside rather than engage directly in battle.  Coordination and logistics was difficult given the mountainous terrain, but the Christians diligently built a series of roads through the mountains to deliver food and supplies to their troops.

Politically, many nobles insisted on controlling their own forces, but Ferdinand and Isabella were still able to exercise a large degree of control in directing the army as a whole. The Granadans, meanwhile, were beset with civil war, preventing the establishment of a unified command. The Christian army was almost completely Castilian; Aragonese and foreign mercenary participation was minimal. Of the Castilian army, Andalusia contributed far more troops than the other territories, with much of its population conscripted into the war. The nobility provided the majority of the expensive cavalry.

Strength of the armies involved

Concerning the real strength of the armies involved, according to original sources the Castilian armies reached between 50,000 and 70,000 soldiers the years of the greatest military effort (1482, 83, 86, 87, 89 and 91), or 10,000 to 29,000 in the quieter ones (1484, 85, 88, and 90), strength which is accepted by modern scholars as Ladero Quesada.  Nevertheless, according to García de Gabiola, to keep, pay and feed armies of such strength was beyond the resources of the recently birthed modern states. For the campaigns in Italy (1494–1503) the Spanish armies were of 5,000, 9,000 or 15,000 men maximum, so it is rather surprising the numbers recorded 5–10 years before for Granada. If we take into account the revenues of Castile during the period (130 to some 200 million maravedies per year) it is hardly plausible that Castile could have organized more than 8,000 to 20,000 soldiers. In fact, Ladero Quesada register the number of grain loads contracted by Castile in several years and García de Gabiola has calculated the number of soldiers that could have been fed through these grain loads, and his conclusions are 12,000 men for 1482 (siege of Loja); 8,000 men for 1483 and 1484 (Granada fields sacking); 10,000 men in 1485 (Ronda siege); 10–12,000 soldiers in 1486 (2nd Loja siege); 12,000 for 1487 (Malaga siege); 10–12,000 in 1488 (1st Baza siege); 20,000 soldiers in 1489 (2nd Baza siege, the greatest grain loads contracted, that also coincides with the largest revenue of Castile during the campaign, some 200 million); and 10–12,000 men for 1490–91 (final siege of Granada). A 20% of them should be cavalry.

In relation to Muslim armies, according to García de Gabiola, the strengths mentioned by the sources (15,000 to 50,000 infantry, or 4,500–7,000 cavalry) should also be discarded. More plausible strengths mentioned are the 3,000 horses (1482), 1,000 to 1,500 (1483, 1485 and 1487) or even 3-400 riders (1489 and 1491). Concerning the infantry, De Miguel Mora states that a Muslim soldier captured by the Castilians during the siege of Baza confessed that the real infantry strength of the garrison  was 4,000 men and not 15,000.  So, the Muslim armies could not exceed some 4,000 infantry. At the end of the war, the ratio was 2-to-1 or 3-to-1 in favor of the Castilian armies.

The Granada War would prove to be valuable training for the Italian Wars, where the Castilian armies and tactics such as the tercio would acquit themselves well.

Consequences

The surrender of Granada was seen as a great blow to Islam and a triumph of Christianity. Other Christian states offered their sincere congratulations to Ferdinand and Isabella, while Islamic writers reacted with despair. In Castile and Aragon, celebrations and bullfights were held. People rejoiced in the streets.  For Christendom, the wresting of Granada from Islamic rule was seen as a counterbalance to the loss of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks forty years prior.

The treaty's terms for Granada's surrender were quite generous to the Muslims, considering how little they had left to bargain with. They were similar to the terms offered to towns which surrendered earlier, when the outcome of the war was in doubt. For three years, Muslims could emigrate and return freely. They were allowed to keep weapons, though not firearms, a provision that however was to be annulled a month later. No one would be forced to change religion, not even former Christians who had converted to Islam. Boabdil was offered money and the rulership of a small principality in the mountainous Alpujarras, an area that would have been difficult to control in any case. At first, most of conquered Granada was treated respectfully and was therefore predominantly stable for seven years, though the Alhambra Decree of 1492 expelled the Jews that were not converso Marranos.

King Boabdil soon found his position intolerable. He left for Morocco in October 1493, where he would die some forty years later. Eventually, Castile started to revoke some of the more tolerant attributes of the treaty. This initiative was led by Archbishop Cisneros, who ordered mass conversions, the burning of valuable Arabic manuscripts and other measures detrimental to the Muslims (and Jews).

This sparked a revolt that ended in many Muslims being forced to choose between baptism, exile, or execution. Tensions from then onward would remain high, and Castile was obliged to maintain a large military force in Granada to deter future revolts. Isabella also strengthened the Spanish Inquisition, and Ferdinand brought the Inquisition to Aragon where previously it had not held power.

Castile was the main beneficiary of the war, as it had also spent by far the majority of the money and manpower to prosecute it, and completely annexed Granada. The conquest of Granada meant little for Aragon's strategic position, but it did help secure Castilian support in Italy and France, where Aragon's interests lay.  The task of funding the war was formidable; the total cost was estimated to be 450,000,000 maravedies.

Increasing oppression of the Moors—now known as Moriscos or "New Christians"—led to the Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–71). After the defeat of the Moors, which was not easy, almost all the Moriscos of the former Kingdom of Granada were exiled to other parts of Spain.

Cultural influence
An entire genre, romances fronterizos, developed around stories of the war and the battles on the Granadan frontier which reached their culmination in Granada's fall. Ginés Pérez de Hita wrote an early example of historical fiction, Guerras civiles de Granada, a romantic account of the war that emphasized chivalry and heroism on both sides. A number of stories and songs appear to have been sponsored by the royal government to help steel morale for the long struggle; Sobre Baza was a poem written in 1479 encouraging persistence in the long siege. The song "Setenil, ay Setenil", written in 1484, hoped that Ferdinand would conquer "as far as Jerusalem." The song "Una sañosa porfía" by Juan del Encina puts the depiction of the war in the lips of King Boabdil himself.

Spanish Baroque playwright Calderon de la Barca wrote a play concerning the Conquest of Granada entitled Amar despues de la Muerte. It was translated as Love After Death in 1853 by Denis Florence McCarthy, and again by Roy Campbell in 1959 (see List of Calderón's plays in English translation). English playwright John Dryden wrote a heroic drama The Conquest of Granada, published in 1672, which focuses on a romantic love triangle and clashing loyalties in two feuding Granadan factions, leaving the besieging Castilians in the background.

The Día de la Toma de Granada is a civic and religious festival held each year in Granada on the anniversary of the city's conquest, January 2. In the 21st century, parties of the left have criticised and boycotted the date, instead proposing that Granada's festival be that of Mariana Pineda, a 19th-century heroine. In 2019 and 2020, the party PP celebrated the event, also attended by Vox and the group Hogar Social, distributing Spanish flags, with attendees chanting in praise of Spanish identity, while other groups such as the Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left turned out to oppose the celebration altogether, labelling the conquest a genocide. During the celebration, the Spanish Legion marches with its music band; it has become a rallying point for far-right and nationalist groups that have sparked incidents in late years. The Spanish Socialists shifted their position from removing the celebration to adding also Moor parading as a sign of "cultural encounter".

See also
 Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula § Castile-Aragón conquers the kingdom of Granada (1481–1491)
 Islam in Spain
 Morisco Rebellions in Granada
 Border of Granada

References

Bibliography
 Benito Ruano, Eloy. "Un cruzado inglés en la Guerra de Granada", Anuario de estudios medievales, 9 (1974/1979), 585–593.
 Cristobal Torrez Delgado. El Reino Nazari de Granada, 1482–92 (1982).

  (Republished in 2002 by Simon Publications, )
 Ladero Quesada, Miguel Ángel. La Guerra de Granada. Granada Dip. 2001.
 Ladero Quesada, Miguel Ángel. La Hermandad de Castilla. Real Academia de la Historia. 2005.
  (An extract from Prescott's 1838 book History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic, updated with modern scholarship and commentary.

Reconquista
Sieges involving the Emirate of Granada
15th century in al-Andalus
15th-century conflicts
1480s in Spain
1490s in Spain
Sieges involving Castile
Sieges involving Aragon
Battles of the Reconquista
15th-century military history of Spain

Granada War


Frederick Arthur Greer, 1st Baron Fairfield,  (1 October 1863 – 4 February 1945) was a British lawyer and judge. Born to a merchant and his wife, Greer became a barrister and member of Gray's Inn, practicing in Liverpool. In 1910 he became a King's Counsel, and in 1919 a judge of the High Court of Justice. In 1939 he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Fairfield.

Background and education
Greer was born to merchant Arthur Greer, who lived in Liverpool and the Isle of Man, and his wife, Mary Hadfield Greer, (née Moore). He was educated at Old Aberdeen Grammar School before studying mental philosophy at the University of Aberdeen, where he graduated with first-class honours and won the Fullerton scholarship.

Career
In 1886, he was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn after winning the Bacon and Arden scholarships, and began practising as a barrister in Liverpool, where he met Moelwyn Hughes and Rigby Swift among others. His practice steadily grew, and in 1910 he became a King's Counsel. After continuing his career in London he was appointed a judge of the High Court of Justice (King's Bench Division) by Lord Birkenhead, and given the customary knighthood.

In 1927 he became a Lord Justice of Appeal, sitting in the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, and was also made a Privy Councillor. In 1932 he served as the British representative to the International Congress of Comparative Law at The Hague, and in 1939 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Fairfield, of Caldy in the County Palatine of Chester. He died at home on 4 February 1945, at which point the peerage became extinct.

As a judge, some of his more notable decisions included:
 Hall v Brooklands Auto-Racing Club [1933] 1 KB 205
 John Shaw & Sons (Salford) Ltd v Shaw [1935] 2 KB 113

Personal life
On 17 August 1901 he married Katherine van Noorden, and the couple had one daughter, Louise Mary Greer, who married Moelwyn Hughes.

After the death of Katherine he married Mabel Lily Fraser in 1939.

References

1863 births
1945 deaths
Lords Justices of Appeal
Queen's Bench Division judges
20th-century King's Counsel
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Barons created by George VI

Arthur Greer, 1st Baron Fairfield


Lucy Fisher (born October 2, 1949) is an American film producer. She was previously Vice Chairman of the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group at Sony Studios, Executive Vice President of Worldwide Production at Warner Brothers, Head of Production at Zoetrope Studios and Vice President of Production at Twentieth Century Fox. She was described by actor Jack Nicholson as "this casually brilliant vice chairperson of Sony Pictures. The executive that no one flees at parties."

Along with her partner and husband Douglas Wick, she is co-head of Red Wagon Entertainment.
Fisher and Red Wagon's most recent production was The Divergent Series, based on Veronica Roth's New York Times bestselling books. Divergent starred a cast of stellar newcomers including Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Miles Teller and Ansel Elgort, as well as Oscar-winner Kate Winslet. It was followed by the sequels Insurgent and Allegiant, which also stars Naomi Watts and Jeff Daniels. Previously, Fisher and Wick produced The Great Gatsby, which won two Academy Awards, was directed by Baz Luhrmann and starred Leonardo DiCaprio, as well as Memoirs of a Geisha, which won three Academy Awards.

Early life and career
Fisher grew up in Englewood, New Jersey. Fisher graduated from Dwight-Englewood School in 1967 and received the school's Distinguished Alumni Award in 1997. She attended Harvard University (1971) where she graduated cum laude with a degree in English. After graduation, Fisher moved to Los Angeles, where she began her career as a freelance script reader at United Artists. Fisher continued to work her way up the ladder, as an executive story editor for MGM, and as a vice president at 20th Century Fox, before being hand-picked as head of production by Francis Ford Coppola for his Zoetrope Studios.

In 1981, Fisher began a 14-year tenure at Warner Brothers as executive vice president of Worldwide Production, where she developed and supervised a diverse range of films, including Twilight Zone: The Movie, The Fugitive, The Color Purple, Gremlins, The Goonies, Malcolm X, Space Jam, Empire of the Sun, The Outsiders, The Bridges of Madison County,  The Secret Garden, and The Witches of Eastwick. In 1995, Fisher joined Sony and moved to Columbia TriStar, where she worked as vice chairman During Fisher¹s tenure as vice chairman at Sony, the studio broke all-time industry records for biggest domestic and worldwide grosses with films she supervised, which included Men in Black, My Best Friend's Wedding, Air Force One, Jerry Maguire, As Good As It Gets, and Stuart Little.

In 2000, Fisher announced she would be leaving Sony to join her husband, Doug Wick, as co-head of their production company, Red Wagon Entertainment. Together, they produced a wide range of critically acclaimed and popular movies, including Jarhead, Peter Pan, RV, Stuart Little 2, and Lawless.

In June 2018 she was named co-president of the Producers Guild of America, alongside Gail Berman.

Personal life
Fisher's boyfriend, musician and television host Peter Ivers was murdered in downtown Los Angeles in early 1983. Fisher has been married to producer Douglas Wick since 1986. They have three daughters: Sarah Wick, Julia Wick and Tessa Wick.

Philanthropy and causes
In addition to her work in the film industry, Fisher has been involved with several philanthropical causes.
Fisher served as a member of the Harvard Board of Overseers, and as Vice Chairman of the Overseers' Executive Committee, as well as an advisor to the Harvard Office of the Arts. Fisher also founded the Peter Ivers Artist in Residency at Harvard, which has funded burgeoning artists since 1983.
After their youngest daughter Tessa was diagnosed with juvenile diabetes, Fisher and Wick co-founded CuresNow, an organization that promotes regenerative medicine and stem cell research. Fisher was a co-chair of the California Stem Cell Research and Cures Act (Proposition 71), which legislation passed by a wide margin in 2004. The successful stem cell initiative now awards $3 billion for stem cell research in California.
Fisher is widely considered a pioneer for women and working mothers in the entertainment industry. She was the driving force behind the on-site Warner Bros. Studio Children's Center, which has since provided care for over 2000 children and served as a prototype for day care centers at other studios.

Awards
Fisher's  awards include the Crystal Award from Women in Film, the Hollywood Award for Outstanding Achievement in Producing, The Hollywood Film Festival 'Producer of the Year' Award, Producers Guild of America's Award, the John Harvard Award, Premiere Magazine's Icon Award, the Friends of Cancer Research Advocacy's 'Lifetime Achievement Award', and the David O. Selznick Achievement Award in Theatrical Motion Pictures. She has also been listed as one of Fortune magazine's 50 Most Powerful Women in American Business.

Filmography
She was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted.

Film

Television

References

External links

1949 births
Living people
American women film producers
American women philanthropists
Dwight-Englewood School alumni
Film producers from New Jersey
Harvard College alumni
People from Englewood, New Jersey
21st-century American women

Lucy Fisher


Kalani Brooke Hilliker (born September 23, 2000) is an American dancer and actress. She rose to fame in 2013 as a contestant on the Lifetime reality series Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition and subsequently appeared on Dance Moms, becoming a regular cast member from 2014 to 2017.

Life and career
Hilliker was born on September 23, 2000, in Mesa, Arizona to Kira Girard (née Salazar) and Matthew Hilliker. She has two younger half-brothers, Jax and Jett, and one younger half-sister, Kaliah—all of whom are through her mother. In October 2019, Hilliker moved to Los Angeles. However, in January 2021, she announced on her YouTube channel that she left L.A. for Scottsdale, Arizona. Hilliker started dancing at the age of two. Her mother initially enrolled her in dance classes because she thought it would be fun to dress her daughter up. Hilliker started training at Club Dance in Mesa at age 5. As a child, she was an avid soccer player, but decided to pursue dance more committedly around age 9 and got an agent. She began ballet training at the Master Ballet Academy in Arizona at the age of 10. In 2011, Hilliker and several of her dance friends entered Disney Channel's Make Your Mark Ultimate Dance Off contest, vying for the prize of a featured role on the hit show Shake It Up. Her group, AKsquared, won the competition, and was featured in the Shake It Up episode "Camp It Up." She aspired at this time to be a backup dancer for Katy Perry or Beyonce. In 2013, Hilliker became a series dance regular on the ABC Family show Bunheads, appearing in multiple episodes as Baby Bun. That same year, she took part in Lifetime's Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition, a dance reality competition series. Hilliker made it to the final four, finishing in fourth place. Following her top four finish, Hilliker and her mother were invited by Abby Lee Miller to join the cast of Dance Moms and to replace Brooke and Paige Hyland on the Abby Lee Dance Company team. They first appeared in the season four episode "Big Trouble in the Big Apple." While originally brought on as a guest dancer and after several weeks with the ALDC in season 4, Hilliker became a permanent member of the team at the beginning of the competition season during season five. She danced as part of the ALDC until the second half of the seventh season, when she left to form "The Irreplaceables" with Nia Sioux, Kendall Vertes, Chloe Lukasiak, and Camryn Bridges, which was led by Dancing with the Stars alum Cheryl Burke. Following the season finale, she left the show entirely. In December 2017, after the seventh season of Dance Moms wrapped, Hilliker, Kendall, Chloe, and Nia started The Irreplaceables Tour, holding workshops and dancing in cities across North America and abroad. In 2018, she began starring on the web series Dirt. Hilliker has placed in the top three at The Dance Awards for six years, winning Junior Female Best Dancer in 2013. Currently, Hilliker has a sock line called "Pretty Feet by Kalani", which is sold at Claire's. She also has a prom dress collection, which she helped design in partnership with PromGirl.

In July 2020, Hilliker was photographed with a Blue Lives Matter flag. Then, in November 2020, she publicly announced that she would be supporting Donald Trump's presidential campaign in the 2020 United States presidential election.

Filmography

Films

Television and web

Music videos

Awards and nominations

References

External links

2000 births
Living people
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Phoenix, Arizona
American child actresses
American female dancers
American people of Basque descent
American television actresses
Arizona Republicans
Participants in American reality television series
People from Mesa, Arizona

Kalani Hilliker


The Scotland A national rugby league team nicknamed the Bravehearts is made up of amateur players, who either play in the Rugby League Conference the BUCS university league or the Scottish domestic competition. Napier University has also played a huge part in the team, with many Napier students having played in the side over the years. The team regularly compete against England, Wales and Ireland, playing them annually in the Amateur Four Nations. Since the creation of this tournament, in 2002, Scotland have won it just once in 2010. In 2003 Scotland embarked on a mini tour of Europe playing in Netherlands, Italy and Serbia, helping expand rugby league in those countries by playing domestic and national sides. Former player and winner in 2010 Mike Wallace currently coaches the side.

Squad

The following squad was picked for the 2014 Celtic Nations tournament.

Results

See also
 Scotland national rugby league team match results
 List of Scotland national rugby league team players
 Amateur Four Nations

References

 A results

Rugby league in Scotland
Scotland national rugby league team
Amateur rugby league
British rugby league lists
National rugby league second teams

Scotland A national rugby league team


Giulia Russo (born 12 November 1992), known mononymously as Giulietta, is an Australian pop singer, songwriter, dancer, rapper and model of Italian descent. She released her first collaborative single "Dirty House Music" with DJ Marcus Knight in 2008 before releasing her debut studio album, Ascension, in 2010. Her debut single "Vertigo" peaked at No. 16 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play charts, effectively rendering her the first Australian unsigned female to make an impact on the US chart and making her a number-one Breakthrough Artist. Two years later, she released her second studio album, entitled 911: Code Pink.

Early life
Giulietta was born in the Melbourne suburb of Rowville, Australia, to parents Fabrice and Teresa. She has a younger brother, Antonio. Giulietta began singing at the age of four, regularly performing in talent shows and drawing inspiration from musicians such as Mariah Carey, Whitney Houston and Celine Dion. At the age of nine she trained at NIDA in Sydney, and later attended a performing arts high school.

Career
In 2007, Giulietta met with DJ Marcus Knight and contributed vocals to his tracks "Give It Up" and "Dirty House Music". When the latter was released to nightclubs and other music outlets, it peaked at number four on the Beatport charts and charted twice on the ARIA Dance Chart, peaking within the top twenty. Giulietta also contributed vocals to tracks by Jacob D ("Take Your Mind There") and Dirty Rascals ("Venus").

In January 2009, producer David Kershenbaum met with Giulietta after hearing "Dirty House Music". She agreed to have him produce her debut album, which became Ascension. Though it was rumoured that Giulietta's family were paying up to A$40,000 a session with Kershenbaum, in an interview with the Herald Sun Teresa Russo stated, "I don't like to talk figures. I won't today, I won't in future."

In November 2009, Giulietta attended the Los Angeles Music Awards in Hollywood, California, where she won awards for International Pop Artist of the Year, Producer's Choice and the Hollywood Walk of Fame Award. She also performed a song called "Here We Go Again", which was originally slated to be the lead single off Ascension.

On 17 May 2010, Giulietta released her debut album Ascension on her own label, Giulietta R. Enterprises, with distribution by Interscope Records. As well as featuring production from Kershenbaum the album also had writing by Ellis Miah and mixing by Rob Orton and Chris Cox. The album spawned the single "Vertigo", which reached No. 16 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Chart. The song was also remixed by the likes of Dave Aude. To promote the album, Giulietta performed at many venues including The Highlands nightclub in Hollywood and attended record releases for artists such as Lil' Jon. On her time promoting the album in the US, Giulietta stated, "It's a lot busier over there; I was doing 13 hours a day and rehearsing and doing things like Bikram yoga." Giulietta also performed at R&B festivals such as Summerbeatz in Melbourne.

In February 2011, Giulietta began writing for her second album, which eventuated into 911: Code Pink. She enlisted Australian producer Simmy for the album's production, and the majority of the album was recorded in the USA. Though it was originally scheduled to be released on 19 November 2011, it was delayed several months with Giulietta stating that some of the instrumentals needed re-recording. After releasing the singles "Pixelated", "VooDoo" and "Pretty in Pink", the album was released in its entirety for free via SoundCloud and ClubTapes on 12 July 2012. The album contained guest appearances by Tay Dizm of Nappy Boy, Raz B of B2K, Mick Stillz, Dall. Diamond, Billionaire, Envy and Mr. Focus.

In August 2012 Giulietta stated she would embark on her first tour of China later in the year.

Influences
Giulietta regards the likes of Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Celine Dion, Lady Gaga, Pharrell, Gwen Stefani, Rihanna, The-Dream and Nicki Minaj as her influences.

Discography

Albums
 Ascension (2010)
 911: Code Pink (2012)
 XXI (2015)
 Bandit (2016)

Singles
 "Vertigo" (2010)
 "Pixelated" (2011)
 "When December Comes" (2011)
 "VooDoo" (2012)
 "Pretty in Pink" (2012)
 "2am" (2012)
 "Nowhere"(feat. Tay Dizm) (2013)
 "Uptown" (2014)
 Över"
 "Real 1" (2015)
 "Soldier" (2015)
 "Bandit" (2016)
 "Owh!" (2016)

As a feature artist
 "Draft Day" (E.Cov, 2011)
 "Takin' Flight (Peter Pan)" (Christylez, 2011)

References

Living people
Australian child singers
Australian female dancers
Australian singers of Italian descent
Australian hip hop musicians
Australian contemporary R&B singers
Musicians from Melbourne
1992 births
Giulietta
21st-century Australian singers
21st-century Australian women singers

Giulietta (singer)


John Hill was an officer of the British Army who served in the American War of Independence.

Biography
Hill was promoted to lieutenant colonel during the war, commanding the 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot under General John Burgoyne, and serving as deputy quartermaster for him. Hill commanded a small British detachment pursuing a retreating American force under Colonel Pierse Long, and successfully held them off at the Battle of Fort Anne, when Long rounded on his pursuers. Hill commanded the 9th again at the Battle of Bemis Heights.

John Hill was granted brevet rank as Colonel in 1782 and was succeeded as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 9th by John Campbell in 1783.

References

Royal Norfolk Regiment officers
British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War

John Hill (British Army officer)


A boiled egg is an egg boiled in its shell. This is a common way of cooking eggs. If the shells are broken, it is called a poached egg. There are two different types of boiled eggs: hard boiled eggs and soft-boiled eggs.

Hard-boiled eggs
Hard-boiled eggs are completely cooked. The egg yolk is solid. They can be eaten warm or cold. Some dishes use them like egg salad. They can be stored for a long time in the refrigerator. Some machines called egg slicers can slice these easily.

Soft-boiled eggs
Soft-boiled eggs have firmly cooked eggwhites, while at the same time, the yolks are liquid. They can have salmonella in them if you don't prepare them correctly. In Europe, soft-boiled eggs are a traditional breakfast cousin, and you normally scoop them out of the shell and eat. In Asia, the soft-boiled egg is cracked into a cup with soy sauce and black pepper.
To make the perfect soft-boiled egg, bring the water up to a boil, then lower it to a rapid simmer. Add the eggs to the pot, and then begin timing. If you're just cooking one or two eggs, five minutes is perfect for a runny yolk, or cook as long as seven minutes for a more firmly set, but still spoonable, yolk.

Related pages
Fried egg

Egg dishes

Boiled egg


The Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the Headquarters of Związek Walki Zbrojnej, later of Armia Krajowa ( - in short: BIP), a conspiracy department created in spring 1940 during the German occupation of Poland, inside the Związek Walki Zbrojnej, then of the Supreme Command of Armia Krajowa (as 6th Department).

Initially, its commander was Major Tadeusz Kruk-Strzelecki, then Colonel Jan Rzepecki pseudonym "Wolski" or "Prezes". Until the end of 1940, his deputy was Hipolit Niepokólczycki, while since 1944 until January 1945, Captain Kazimierz Moczarski.

Tasks of BIP included informing of Polish community activities by the Polish Government in London, documenting activities of the German occupiers, psychological warfare against Nazi propaganda, consolidation of solidarity in the fight for independence of the Polish nation, collecting of information, reports and orders. BIP published underground newspapers, such as: Biuletyn Informacyjny (Information Bulletin), Wiadomości Polskie (Polish News) and Insurekcja (Insurrection); some of its departments carried secret trainings: Department A (film) in photoreport, direction, operation of megaphones.

Among others, cameramen and cutters Antoni Bohdziewicz, Wacław Kaźmierczak, Leonard Zawisławski, Seweryn Kruszyński, film/stage directors Jerzy Gabryelski, Jerzy Zarzycki pseudonym "Pik", Andrzej Ancuta, photographers Sylwester Braun and Joachim Joachimczyk, historian Aleksander Gieysztor, philologist professor Kazimierz Feliks Kumaniecki worked for BIP. Among others, Krystyna Wyczańska and Hanna Bińkowska were its liaisons officers.

Organisation of BIP

As of July 1944, the Bureau of Information and Propaganda ZWZ–AK included:
Secretary – Irena Piasecka pseudonym "Elżbieta", "Kreska"
Department of Finance – Maria Wielhorska-Szpręglewska pseudonym "Maska"
Department of Post – name unknown pseudonym "Anna"
Department of Emergency Liaison – Irena Markiewicz pseudonym "Jaga"
Department of Microphotography – Andrzej Pronaszko pseudonym "Majster"
Department of Current Propaganda – Major Tadeusz Wardejn-Zagórski pseudonym "Gozdawa"
Sekretary office – Hanna Hryniewiecka pseudonym "Maryna"
Branch bulletins (editorial teams of Biuletyn Informacyjny (Information Bulletin), "Wiadomości Polskie" (Polish News) and Głos Ojczyzny (Voice of the Homeland))
Bureau of Military History – doctor Stanisław Płoski pseudonym "Sławski"
Department of Information – Major Jerzy Makowiecki pseudonym "Tomasz", Lieutenant Aleksander Gieysztor (pseudonym "Lissowski" or "Borodzicz")
Sekretary office – Zofia Straszewska pseudonym "Magdalena"
Bureau of the Department of Information
Sub-department W – internal situation of occupied Poland – Antoni Szymanowski pseudonym "Brun"
Office W 1 – occupant's policy, germanisation, German propaganda, recording of acts of terror
Office W 2 – administration, occupant's legislation, self-government institutions
Office W 3 – economic matters
Office W 4 – social matters
Office W 5 – cultural matters
Sub-department P – Kazimierz Ostrowski pseudonym "Łaski"
Office P 1 – organised political life in the underground
Office P 2 – communist and communist-like organisations
Office P 3 – attitude of Polish community
Office P 4 – problems of social resistance
Office P 5 – press and program publications of political organisations
Jewish Department – Henryk Woliński pseudonym "Wacław"
Sub-department R of Radio Information – Jerzy Olivier-Merson pseudonym "Wiktor"
Office R 1 – editorial team of Dziennik Radiowy (Radio Daily)
Office R 2 – editorial team of Służba Reutera (Reuter News)
Office R 3 – editorial team of Biuletyn Sztabowy (Staff Bulletin)
Office R 4 – editorial team of Serwis Kościuszki (Kościuszko News) and "Świt" (The Dawn)
Local Inspection
Department of Mobilisation Propaganda – captain Tadeusz Żenczykowski pseudonym "Kania", "Kowalik"
Sub-department of "N" Propaganda (psychological subversion against German community) – captain Tadeusz Żenczykowski
Section I of Organisation – Antoni Szadkowski pseudonym "Leszek"
Courier team
Team of "Service"
Unit of Legalisation
Section II of Studies – Michał Mendys pseudonym "Baca"
Unit of Economy
Unit of History
Unit of Domestic Policy
Unit of Propaganda
Unit of Press
Unit of Foreign Affairs
Section III of Editorial Service – headed by Professor Kazimierz Feliks Kumaniecki pseudonym "Kozakiewicz"
Editorial Teams of German-language clandestine papers "Der Klabautermann", "Die Ostwache"
Section IV of Special Actions – Kazimierz Gorzkowski pseudonym "Godziemba" or "Wolf"
Section V of Publication Distribution – Jerzy Rolicki pseudonym "Jacek"
Sub-department of Mobilisation Propaganda "Rój" – Zygmunt Ziółek pseudonym "Sawa"
Section A of Information and Film – headed by Stanisław Olkusznik pseudonym "Śmiałowski"
Office of Press – Sławomir Dunin-Borkowski pseudonym "Jaskólski"
Office of Radio – Stanisław Zadrożny pseudonym "Pawlicz"
Office of Megaphones – Czesław Kotlarczyk pseudonym "Czema"
Office of Photography – Wacław Żdżarski pseudonym "Kozłowski"
Office of Film – Antoni Bohdziewicz pseudonym "Wiktor"
Section B of Culture Propaganda – Bronisław Rutkowski pseudonym "Korycki"
Office of Photography – Stanisław Ryszard Dobrowolski pseudonym "Goliard"
Office of Music – Bronisław Rutkowski pseudonym "Korycki"
Office of Theatre – Józef Wyszomirski pseudonym "Albin"
Office of Publication – Józef Sosnowski pseudonym "Brzeziński"
Office of Bookstores and Libraries – Tadeusz Suchocki pseudonym "Radwan"
Office of Planning – Mieczysław Jurgielewicz pseudonym "Narbutt"
Section C of Technical Matters – Kazimierz Dobrowolski pseudonym "Szymczak")
Section D of Field Propaganda – Stanisław Ostrowski pseudonym "Bogdan"
Office of Patrols
Office of Field BIPs
Office of Equipment
Editorial Team of Gawędy Żołnierskie (Soldier's Talks) – Zygmunt Ziółek pseudonym "Sawa"
Sub-department of Aid for Soldiers – headed by Major Hanna Łukaszewicz pseudonym "Ludwika"
Section of Organisation
Section of Propaganda and Training
Section of Economy
Section of Social Care
Sub-department "Antyk" – captain Tadeusz Żenczykowski pseudonym "Krawczyk"
Office of Editorial Service – captain Tadeusz Żenczykowski
Office of Organisation – name unknown
Office of Publication Distribution – Bolesław Trenda
Wydział Kolportażu BIP KG AK – kierownictwo: Wanda Kraszewska-Ancerewicz pseudonym "Lena"
Secret Military Publishing House – headed by Jerzy Rutkowski pseudonym "Michał Kmita"
Secretary – Maria Rutkowska-Mierzejewska pseudonym "Janka"
Section of Administration – Igor Telechun pseudonym "Łukasz"
Section of Supplies – Aleksander Wąsowski pseudonym "Józef"
Section of Technical Matters – Stefan Berent pseudonym "Steb"
Cell of Drawings – Stanisław Kunstetter pseudonym "Krzysztof"
Printing house W 2 – Jerzy Paszyc pseudonym "Stefan"
Printing house W 3 – Władysław Pomorski pseudonym "Jerzy"
Printing house W 4 – Michał Wojewódzki pseudonym"Andrzej"
Printing house W 5 – Czesław Mierzejewski pseudonym"Marek"
Printing house W 6 – Jerzy Mierzejewski pseudonym "Jacek"
Printing house W 7 – Michał Wojewódzki pseudonym "Andrzej"
Printing house W 8 – Jerzy Paszyc pseudonym "Stefan"
Printing house W 9 – Marian Jędrzejczyk pseudonym"Kazimierz"
Printing house W 10 – Stanisław Stopczyk pseudonym "Antoni"
Editorial Team of Professional Military Press – Lieutenant-Colonel Mieczysław Biernacki pseudonym "Mieczysław"
Insurekcja (Insurrection) – Mieczysław Biernacki
Żołnierz Polski (Polish Soldier) – Mieczysław Biernacki

Notes

References
Komenda Główna ZWZ - AK w latach 1940-1944

1940 establishments in Poland
1945 disestablishments in Poland
Psychological warfare
Units and formations of the Home Army
Military history of Poland during World War II
Organizations established in 1940
Organizations disestablished in 1945

Bureau of Information and Propaganda


Azucena Hernández Iglesias (21 March 1960 – 4 December 2019) was a Spanish actress known for her work in cinema, stage and television. Her artistic career began in the late 1970s and flourished during early years of the 1980s. Her career was cut short in 1986 from a debilitating car crash that left her paralyzed.

Biography
Azucena was born in Seville, Andalusia. She had a brief period of activity as a model, and on 3 August 1977 she was elected Miss Catalonia in the town of Agramunt.

She lived for some years in the municipality of Blanes, and later moved to Madrid starting her career as an actress in 1978 in an operetta and in the movie Las eróticas vacaciones de Stela, as well as some erotic productions of a subgenre known in Spain as S-Films which was very popular in the late 1970s. Azucena also played some roles in satirical films.

In 1980 she starred in the horror film El Retorno del Hombre Lobo, directed by Paul Naschy. This film was exported to several countries under the titles The Craving and The Night of the Werewolf which gave Azucena some fame abroad, popularity later revived through Internet forums.

In the early part of the 1980s, she continued as a stage actress, taking part in the play Enrique IV, a Spanish adaptation of Luigi Pirandello's Enrico IV original. She also appeared in several television broadcasts, working first in Anthology of Zarzuela by Fernando Garcia de la Vega, where she participated at some zarzuelas, Spanish kind of semi-operatic plays.

Her media career was prematurely ended by a serious car accident in Las Rozas de Madrid, on the night of 15 to 16 October 1986, in which she received severe spinal cord injuries.

Since 1986, she has made a few appearances on television about the harsh adaptations she has had to make as a result of her disability.

References

External links

1960 births
2019 deaths
Actresses from Andalusia
Actors from Seville
People with tetraplegia
Spanish film actresses
Spanish people with disabilities
Actors with disabilities
Spanish stage actresses
Spanish television actresses

Azucena Hernández


James Archibald Stuart-Wortley, PC, QC (3 July 1805 – 22 August 1881) was a British Conservative Party politician and the husband of the philanthropist Jane Stuart-Wortley.

Life
He was born in 1805, the youngest son of James Archibald Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 1st Baron Wharncliffe. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford and he became a barrister at the Inner Temple in 1831, rising to be a Queen's Counsel in 1841. He was a fellow of Merton College, Oxford.

He was elected at the 1835 general election  as Member of Parliament (MP) for Halifax, but was defeated at the 1837 general election.  He returned to the House of Commons in 1842, when he was elected at an unopposed by-election as MP  for Bute, and held that seat until 1859. At the 1859 general election he stood in the West Riding of Yorkshire, but did not win a seat.

In 1846, he was sworn a Privy Counsellor. He held office as Recorder of London from 1850 to 1856 and then as Solicitor-General for England under Lord Palmerston from November 1856 until May 1857. He had to resign in 1858 due to spinal injuries sustained in a riding accident. He and his wife left their London home in Carlton House Terrace to live at East Sheen Lodge (which was renamed Wortley Lodge) near Mortlake until he became worse, forcing them to move back to London in 1869. Back in London his wife was able to delegate the care of her husband at least in part to their daughters.

Family

On 6 May 1846 he married Jane Lawley (1820–1900), daughter of Lord Wenlock. She died at Ripley, Surrey, on 4 February 1900, aged 79. They had four sons and five daughters:
Mary Caroline Stuart-Wortley (10 May 1848 – 18 April 1941), married in London on 30 December 1880 Ralph King-Milbanke, 2nd Earl of Lovelace
Archibald John Stuart-Wortley (27 May 1849 – 11 October 1905), married in 1883 Eleanor Edith Bromley (d. 1939)
Charles Beilby Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Stuart of Wortley (15 September 1851 – 24 April 1926)
William Talbot Stuart-Wortley (27 Jan 1853 - 1863)
Margaret Jane Stuart-Wortley (21 Mar 1855 - 6 October 1937), married on 8 May 1877 Sir Reginald Talbot, son of Henry Chetwynd-Talbot, 18th Earl of Shrewsbury
Blanche Georgina Stuart-Wortley (18 Dec 1856 - 7 July 1931), married on 26 February 1895 Frederick Firebrace (d. 1917)
Caroline Susan Theodora Stuart-Wortley (15 Jun 1858 - 7 August 1940), married on 25 June 1881 Norman Grosvenor, son of Robert Grosvenor, 1st Baron Ebury
James Stuart-Wortley (27 Aug 1859 - 29 Apr 1863)
Katharine Sarah Stuart-Wortley (18 Sep 1860 - 27 March 1943), married on 1 October 1883 Gen. Sir Neville Lyttelton, son of George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton

References

The photographs on this page are in The National Portrait Gallery and are listed as being JOHN Stuart-Wortley – 2nd Baron Wharncliffe (1801–1855)and his wife Georgina (née Ryder)

External links

1805 births
1881 deaths
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Members of the Inner Temple
British barristers
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
Scottish Tory MPs (pre-1912)
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
Younger sons of barons
19th-century King's Counsel
Recorders of London
Solicitors General for England and Wales
James
Presidents of the Oxford Union

James Stuart-Wortley (Conservative politician)