Elsing Green Plantation, a National Historic Landmark and wildlife refuge, rests upon nearly  along the Pamunkey River in King William County, Virginia, a rural county on the western end of the state's middle peninsula, approximately  northeast of the Richmond. The 18th-century plantation, now owned by the Lafferty family, has been in continuous operation for more than 300 years. In addition to the plantation house, dependency buildings and cultivated land, Elsing Green includes  of surrounding farmland, forest and marsh land. Elsing Green has been on the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places since 1969, and received formal National Historic Landmark status in 1971.

Its history dates back nearly three centuries with ties to the West family of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (a/k/a Lord Delaware). The original structure, a brick Jacobean lodge now serving as the east dependency of the manor house, was built before 1690 by his descendant, Colonel John West. Lord Delaware used the building as his hunting lodge, supposedly escaping to the King William woods by way of the Pamunkey River. Now primarily a wildlife refuge, no hunting is allowed on the property or surrounding wetlands.

History
Although fire during the American Civil War destroyed many of the records detailing the history of Elsing Green, the Lafferty Foundation holds to what it believes as an accurate account of the plantation's history.

The plantation was passed down through the West family after the death of Colonel John West in 1692. Col. William Dandridge, who served on the Governor's Council from 1727 until 1743 and whose descendant would become the father of George Washington's wife, Martha Dandridge Custis, named the plantation after his home parish, Elsing, in Norfolk, England. He built a house, as well as a kitchen outbuilding between 1715 and 1720. Tradition claims that Martha Custis Washington actually rode her horse through the house.

Carter Braxton, a Founding Father and signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, bought the plantation in 1753. According to a plaque on the building, he built the Queen Anne manor house in 1758. Dissatisfied with the results, or because of financial problems, he sold the plantation. Several additional inheritances and purchases followed. In the 1930s Beverly D. Causey purchased the degraded property and restored it.

In 1950, Edgar R. Lafferty, Jr., and his wife, Margaret, continued the restoration and expanded the plantation by adding previously purchased land adjacent to Elsing Green. The Lafferty family formed the Lafferty Foundation to help preserve and protect Elsing Green after Edgar Lafferty, Jr.'s death. To further ensure its preservation, Lafferty granted historic preservation easements to the Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission and the Virginia Outdoors Foundation, and his foundation acquired the plantation after Edgar Lafferty, Jr.'s death.

Architecture and furnishings
The exterior of the Queen Anne manor house is Flemish-bond brickwork, with its erection dating back to between 1715 and 1720.  It is two-stories and U-shaped, with east and west wings jutting to the north.  Doors on either side of the wing lead to a detached east dependency home (the original hunting lodge) and a west kitchen house. The Pamunkey River lies just  from the home.

The home features 18th-century American and English furniture, including the "Surrender Table" on which the American and French negotiated terms of surrender with the English over the Battle of Yorktown of the American Revolutionary War.

See also
List of the oldest buildings in Virginia
List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places listings in King William County, Virginia

References

External links
 Elsing Green website
 King William County website
 Landmarks Register - Virginia Department of Historic Resources
 Elsing Green at the National Park Service website
Elsing Green, State Route 632 vicinity, West Point, King William County, VA: 8 photos and 3 data pages at Historic American Buildings Survey

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
Houses completed in 1758
Dandridge family of Virginia
Carter family residences

Houses in King William County, Virginia
Plantations in Virginia
Plantation houses in Virginia
Georgian architecture in Virginia
Jacobean architecture in Virginia
Protected areas of King William County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in King William County, Virginia
Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia
Homes of United States Founding Fathers

Elsing Green


Redux a compilation album by Adam Ant. It is a 15-track bonus disc that only came with the Adam Ant Remastered limited edition collector's box set (5,000 copies) released 11 April 2005. It features previously unreleased demo versions of songs from his previous albums.

Along with Redux, Adam Ant Remastered came with remastered versions of Friend or Foe, Strip & Vive Le Rock, which also contained demos and outtakes from their respective albums. Most of the demos on Redux were from older Adam and the Ants albums, however, a few demos from his solo career appear on it as well.

The first four tracks are demos from 1980 for Adam and the Ants' breakthrough album, Kings of the Wild Frontier, recorded at KPM studio. "Prick Up Your Ears" (track one) is about 1960s English playwright and author Joe Orton and his mentor, lover and eventual murderer Kenneth Halliwell. By the time it became "The Magnificent Five," the lyrics became about Adam and the Ants.

Tracks five through eight are demos from 1981 from the Prince Charming, recording sessions at Windmill Lane Studios. Tracks nine through eleven are demos from Adam Ant's first solo album, Friend or Foe. "Seven Up" (track ten) is a previously unreleased instrumental. Tracks twelve through fourteen are Vive Le Rock demos. The final track is a cover of the title track to T. Rex's final album, "Dandy in the Underworld," recorded at John Reynolds' studio in Notting Hill.

Track listing
"Prick Up Your Ears" (Demo Version) [early version of "Magnificent Five"]
"Jolly Roger" (Demo Version)
"Making History" (Demo Version)
"Don't Be Square Be There" (Demo Version)
"Mowhok" (Demo Version)
"That Voodoo!" (Demo Version)
"Five Guns West" (Demo Version)
"Ups and Downs" (Demo Version) [early version of "Mile High Club"]
"Friend or Foe" (Demo Version)
"Seven Up" (Demo Version)
"Desperate But Not Serious/Manzanera" (Demo Version)
"Saigon" (Demo Version)
"Scorpio Rising" (Demo Version)
"Mohair Lockeroom Pin-Up Boys" (Demo Version)
"Dandy in the Underworld" (Demo from 1995)

References

Adam Ant albums
2005 albums
Epic Records albums

Redux (album)


Frank Annunzio (January 12, 1915 – April 8, 2001) was an American politician from Chicago, Illinois.

Annunzio, an Italian-American, was born in Chicago, where he remained for his entire childhood and much of his adult life. He attended Crane Technical High School and DePaul University. He then had careers as a high school teacher and labor leader of the United Steelworkers of America. Under governor Adlai Stevenson II, he served as the state's Secretary of Labor from 1949 to 1952.

In 1964, Annunzio was elected to the United States House of Representatives from a district in Chicago as a member of the United States Democratic Party. He was re-elected 13 times and served from 1965 to 1993, deciding not to run for reelection in 1992. He was chairman of several committees including the House Administration Committee during his later terms in congress, and was particularly notable for serving on a subcommittee for consumer affairs. In 1989 he urged people to burn credit cards in order to drive down interest rates and stop themselves from going into debt.

Annunzio died in Chicago from complications arising from Parkinson's disease and was interred in the Queen of Heaven Cemetery.

References

External links

 Congressman Frank Annunzio Photo Collection - from the University of Illinois at Chicago digital collections

1915 births
2001 deaths
DePaul University alumni
State cabinet secretaries of Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
United Steelworkers people
American people of Italian descent
Catholics from Illinois
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Illinois
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois
20th-century American politicians

Frank Annunzio


Fort Pitt was a fort built by British forces between 1759 and 1761 during the French and Indian War at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, where the Ohio River is formed in western Pennsylvania (modern day Pittsburgh). It was near (but not directly on) the site of Fort Duquesne, a French colonial fort built in 1754 as tensions increased between Great Britain and France in both Europe and North America. The French destroyed Fort Duquesne in 1758 when they retreated under British attack.

Virginia colonial protection of this area ultimately led to the development of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, Pennsylvania by British-American colonists and immigrants.

Location and construction

In April 1754, the French began building Fort Duquesne on the site of the small British Fort Prince George at the beginning of the French and Indian War (AKA Seven Years' War). The Braddock expedition, a 1755 British attempt to take Fort Duquesne, met with defeat at the Battle of the Monongahela at present-day Braddock, Pennsylvania. The French garrison later defeated an attacking British regiment in September 1758 at the Battle of Fort Duquesne. French Colonel de Lignery ordered Fort Duquesne destroyed and abandoned at the approach of General John Forbes' expedition in late November.

A number of factors contributed to this strategic withdrawal. In August 1758 the French Fort Frontenac, at the head of Lake Ontario, was captured by British Gen. Bradstreet, severing the supply lines to French fortifications across the frontier. Fort Duquesne was the southernmost of these. Short on materiel, French commander François-Marie Le Marchand de Lignery was forced to dismiss elements under his command down the Ohio River to their bases in Illinois and Louisiana, and send others overland north to Ft. Presque Isle. Those Native who may have remained at Fort Duquesne were likely eager to return to their winter longhouses before the weather changed. Consequently, the fort was further undermanned, possibly left with as few as 200 regulars.

The late October Treaty of Easton with several Native tribes involved in the war largely dissolved the alliance that had enabled French military dominance in the region. Chiefs of 13 American Indian nations agreed to negotiate peace with the colonial governments of Pennsylvania and New Jersey and to abandon any alliances with the French. The nations were primarily the Six Nations of the Iroquois League, bands of the Lenape (Delaware), and the Shawnee. They agreed to the treaty based on the colonial governments' promising to respect their rights to hunting and territory in the Ohio Country, to prohibit establishing new settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains, and to withdraw British and colonial military troops after the war.

The French commander, anticipating an attack along Braddock's road, had spent some effort fortifying positions there. (Forbes had several times advanced men along that route as a feint.) From prisoners captured during Maj. James Grant's catastrophic attack on Fort Duquesne, de Lignery was reportedly surprised to learn of a fortified encampment of British troops only 50 miles away at Ligonier, Pennsylvania, with substantial reserves behind. He was also certainly cognizant of the British lightning raid on the Native village of Kittanning (40 miles north on the Allegheny River) two years earlier. Thus, a British attack from the north was a distinct possibility. Forbes had indeed contemplated an attack further north on Fort Machault (later, Ft. Venango; modern-day Franklin, PA.)

Finding himself in an under-manned, flood-prone fort in a weak defensive position, vulnerable to attack from three directions, and running low on provisions, de Lignery retreated north. He destroyed the stores and many of the structures as 1500 advance British troops under the command of Forbes drew within 10 miles. The French never returned to the region.

The British built a new fort and named it Fort Pitt, after William Pitt the Elder. The fort was built from 1759 to 1761 during the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), next to the site of former Fort Duquesne. It was built in the popular pentagram shape, with bastions at the star points, by Captain Harry Gordon, a British Engineer in the 60th Royal American Regiment.

Pontiac's War

After the colonial war and in the face of continued broken treaties, broken promises and encroachment by the Europeans, in 1763 the western Lenape and Shawnee took part in a Native uprising known as Pontiac's War, an effort to drive settlers out of the Native American territory. The American Indians' siege of Fort Pitt began on June 22, 1763, but they found it too well-fortified to be taken by force. In negotiations during the siege, Captain Simeon Ecuyer, a Swiss mercenary and the commander of Fort Pitt, gave two Delaware emissaries blankets that had been exposed to smallpox. The potential of this act to cause an epidemic among the American Indians was clearly understood. Commander William Trent wrote that he hoped "it will have the desired effect." Colonel Henry Bouquet, leading a relief force, would discuss similar tactics with Commander-in-Chief Jeffery Amherst. The effectiveness of these attempts to spread the disease are unknown, although it is known that the method used is inefficient compared to respiratory transmission, and it is difficult to differentiate from naturally occurring epidemics resulting from previous contacts with colonists.

During and after Pontiac's War, epidemics of smallpox among Native Americans devastated the tribes of Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes areas. On August 1, 1763, most of the American Indians broke off the siege to intercept the approaching force under Colonel Bouquet. In the Battle of Bushy Run, Bouquet fought off the American Indian attack and relieved Fort Pitt on August 10.

In 1772, after Pontiac's War, the British commander at Fort Pitt sold the building to two colonists, William Thompson and Alexander Ross. At that time, the Pittsburgh area was claimed by the colonies of both Virginia and Pennsylvania, which struggled for power over the region.  After Virginians took control of Fort Pitt, they called it Fort Dunmore, in honour of Virginia's Governor Lord Dunmore. The fort served as a staging ground in Dunmore's War of 1774.

American Revolutionary War and beyond
During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Pitt served as a headquarters for the western theatre of the war. In 1778, Sampson Mathews, George Clymer, and Samuel Washington were sent as representatives for the United States Congress to the western frontier to report on security of the American border. Congress had learned of British governor Henry Hamilton's efforts to pit local Indian tribes against the lightly guarded American western border, and feared attack. From Fort Pitt, the committee reported back to Congress the seriousness of the threat, leading Congress to send 3,000 militiamen to the western frontier, including George Rogers Clark. Clark finally captured Hamilton in winter 1779—a success that encouraged the alliance with France. In present-day Michigan, the British garrisoned Fort Detroit.

Later, during the Northwest Indian War, General Anthony Wayne built a fort adjacent to the site as Fort Lafayette, elided to Fort Fayette. Still later it was regarrisioned in the War of 1812 as a staging point and supply depot for expeditions against northern British forts. Both forts became part of the borough of Pittsburgh.

20th century

In the 20th century, the city of Pittsburgh commissioned archeological excavation of the foundations of Fort Pitt. Afterward, some of the fort was reconstructed to give visitors at Point State Park a sense of the size of the fort. In this rebuilt section, the Fort Pitt Museum is housed in the Monongahela Bastion, and excavated portions of the fort were filled in.

A redoubt, a small brick outbuilding called the Blockhouse, survives in Point State Park as the sole remnant of Fort Pitt. Erected in 1764, it is believed to be the oldest building still standing in Pittsburgh. Used for many years as a private residence, the blockhouse was purchased and preserved for many years by the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.

Fort Pitt Foundry was an important armaments manufacturing center for the Federal government during the Civil War, under the charge of William Metcalf.

Popular culture
The Allegheny Uprising (1939) starred John Wayne and Claire Trevor.
In Cecil B. DeMille's Unconquered (1947), starring Gary Cooper and Paulette Goddard, Howard Da Silva played a gunrunner and Boris Karloff a Seneca chief who lead an American Indian uprising in 1763. Cooper and Goddard save Fort Pitt.
The video game Assassin's Creed III (2012) features Fort Pitt, but it is referred to as "Fort Duquesne", although some of the action takes place after the Braddock and Forbes expeditions, when Pitt had been built to replace Duquesne.
Conrad Richter's youth novel, The Light in the Forest (1953), is partially set at Fort Pitt.
 Aerials of the fort can be seen during the opening credits of the 1993 film Groundhog Day as the live truck leaves the downtown area on its way to Punxsutawney.

See also
 Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
 Redstone Old Fort

References

Further reading
O'Meara, Walter. Guns at the Forks. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1965. .
Stotz, Charles Morse. Outposts Of The War For Empire: The French And English In Western Pennsylvania: Their Armies, Their Forts, Their People 1749-1764. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005. .
Durant, Samuel W., plate IV, History of Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania : with illustrations descriptive of its scenery, palatial residences, public buildings, fine blocks, and important manufactories, Philadelphia: L. H. Everts, 1876.

External links

 "Fort Pitt" at Heinz History Center

1761 establishments in Pennsylvania
Pitt
Pitt
Pitt
Pitt
Pitt
Government buildings completed in 1761
History of Pittsburgh
Infrastructure completed in 1761
Pontiac's War

Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)


S.E. Rykoff & Co., also known as SERCO, was a broad line national wholesale grocer that serviced the restaurant, hotel and institutional trade from regional warehouses, sale forces and truck fleets located primarily on the west coast of the United States.  S.E. Rykoff & Co. eventually became US Foods in 1997 by merging with JP Foodservice.  The company traces its roots to a small family grocery store opened by Harry and Ida Rykoff in Los Angeles, California in 1911.

Early history
The Harry and Ida Rykoff Family moved from Sioux City, Iowa, to Los Angeles in 1910. The family opened a small grocery store near Union Station in downtown Los Angeles. They had nine children. In 1919, their son Saul returned from military service in World War I and rejoined his parents' grocery store.  Saul realized that selling food by the wagon load to large users was better business than selling to individuals. Saul proposed that the family focus on wholesaling. The company, S.E. Rykoff & Co., is named after Saul. Its slogan was "Home of the Gallon Goods", which referred to the foodservice industry #10 can size. Saul focused on distributing to restaurants and other institutional customers of canned goods and dry groceries in and around Los Angeles. S.E. Rykoff & Co. was incorporated in 1950. Saul E. Rykoff died April 26, 1967, and was survived by his wife Saragrace and three children Thomas, Stephen and Ruth Coleman.

S.E. Rykoff & Co. expansion
On June 15, 1967, Saul's son-in-law Roger Coleman was elected president and chief executive officer of S.E. Rykoff & Co. Coleman had been a board member of the company since 1960.  In 1969, Rykoff was generating about $900k in profits on sales of $54 million.  Coleman believed that expanding Rykoff's distribution network, sales force and product offerings were the best way to increase value of the company.  Rather than relying solely on internal expansion, Coleman initiated the strategy of acquiring small regional wholesale distributors in markets that Rykoff wanted to enter.  Roger Coleman viewed it far easier to buy an establish wholesale grocery company in a new territory rather than build a sale force and distribution network from scratch.  In 1969, Rykoff purchased S&W Fine Foods of San Francisco (later acquired by Del Monte Foods).  S&W had a strong distribution network in Northern California.

To fund the acquisition and internal growth strategy and to satisfy the Rykoff family members looking for liquidity, S.E. Rykoff & Co. became a public company.  In October 1972, S.E. Rykoff & Co. issued 400,000 shares at $25 par value in the over the counter market (NASDAQ).  S.E. Rykoff & Co. was generating $1.9 million in profits with revenue of $75.9 million.  200,000 shares were used to repay short-term debt and to augment working capital.  The remaining 200,000 shares were sold by family members.

With the new access to capital and less of the Rykoff Family involvement, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased Louis Enders a Brooklyn, New York based food product supplier that distributed in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut.  In the Enders deal structure, S.E. Rykoff & Co. exchanged 130,000 share of company stock for ownership of Louis Enders business and operating assets.  Louis Enders management was kept in place and S.E. Rykoff & Co. products were added.  In March 1973, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased the assets of Schuss Wholesale Grocery Company of Portland, Oregon.  In addition, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased the southern California and Arizona coffee distribution business of General Foods for an undisclosed amount.   In 1974, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased Reliable Glassware & Equipment Co. of Los Angeles ($1.5 million in sales) for an undisclosed amount of cash.  That same year, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased C.L. Chaban Co. ($2 million in sales) a San Francisco distributor of restaurant supplies and equipment.

Even though S.E. Rykoff & Co. was busy integrating these acquired companies into SERCO, Roger Coleman was focused on internal growth by expanding product lines and increasing the commission based Rykoff sales force.  Between 1972 and 1974, S.E. Rykoff & Co. expanded the sales force from 250 to 300 salesmen.  In 1974, S.E. Rykoff & Co. obtained the bulk of its sales (78%) from food items.   It did not distribute meat, produce or dairy.  Rykoff produced a very limited amount of its own products chiefly pancake syrups, barbecue sauces and mayonnaise at its downtown Los Angeles warehouse.  The majority of its food products were canned and dried goods packed by other food companies. Rykoff distributed a very limited amount of frozen foods.  About 14% of Rykoff's sales came from paper goods and chemicals.  The remainder was from glassware and restaurant equipment.

By 1975, S.E. Rykoff & Co. was generating $163 million in sales with $5.1 million in profits, had 1,220 employees with 930 in California.  Rykoff distributed in California, Alaska, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon and through the Louis Ender division on the east coast.  Under Roger W. Coleman, CEO leadership, S.E. Rykoff & Co. had tripled its revenue and increased profits by 500% in less than 10 years.

In April 1976, S.E. Rykoff & Co. announced plans to build a new  distribution center in the Bay Area of San Francisco with delivery in October 1977.  The new distribution center replaced the  center that was acquired with the purchase of C.L. Chaban Co. in 1973.  The new distribution center would provide much better service to Rykoff's customers in the Bay Area, northern and central California.

In September 1977, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased the business and assets of Food Service and Design Corp. of Boston for an undisclosed sum.  Roger W. Coleman's vision was to expand Rykoff's foodservice equipment sales on the east coast by providing kitchen and restaurant design.  Foodservice equipment such as dish washers, ranges, ovens, mixers etc. have much higher margins than wholesale groceries.  In addition, Rykoff's equipment customers tended to purchase their groceries for Rykoff.

In 1979, S.E. Rykoff & Co. decided to close the metropolitan New York Division.  Rykoff originally expanded into the New York market by purchasing the Louis Ender food company.   The distance between Los Angeles and New York proved too much from a management stand point.  The division had lost money between 1976 and 1978.  A strike in early 1979 by the Teamsters would result in continued losses, the result was S.E. Rykoff & Co. decided to close the operations.

By 1981, the entire US foodservice industry was $51 billion and the largest foodservice distributor only had 3% of the market.  S.E. Rykoff & Co. was the largest foodservice distributor on the west coast.  The company was generating $315 million in sales and had over 500 salesmen working on 40% commission.  65% of Rykoff's sales were from house brands and 35% from nonfood items like glassware, cooking equipment and restaurant supplies.  At this time, Roger W. Coleman, CEO was on recorded saying that he believed that the wholesale food industry would not consolidate and no company would dominate nationally, largely because of great regional differences.

S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchase John Sexton & Co.
Roger W. Coleman approached Beatrice Foods with an offer to purchase John Sexton & Co. in 1982.  Beatrice had purchase Sexton in 1968 for $37.5 million and had operated it as an independent company.  In 1982, Sexton had revenue of $380 million with net income of $12 million compared to Rykoff's $346 million with net income of $4.5 million. Coleman saw an opportunity to gain an outstanding brand name, extensive product line, national distribution network, manufacturing division and a highly regarded sales force at a very attractive price. S.E. Rykoff & Co. bought John Sexton & Co. in 1983 $84 million from Beatrice Foods. At the time, it was the largest food service acquisition. Coleman realized that the S.E. Rykoff & Co. Brand was only known on the west coast where the Sexton Brand was known nationwide by institutional food customers. John Sexton & Co. had been distributing nationwide since 1897 and was well known as providing quality foods, reliable service and privately manufactured food items. Coleman convinced the S.E. Rykoff & Co. board of directors to rename the company Rykoff-Sexton. By 1986, Rykoff-Sexton took fourth place among foodservice distributors with $800 million in sales.

CEO Roger W. Coleman retires
In December 1992, Roger W. Coleman retired after 42 years with S.E. Rykoff & Co., 25 years as CEO.  Coleman led S.E. Rykoff & Co. from a family-owned west coast regional wholesaler grocer to a national wholesale grocer with over $1 billion in annual revenue.  Coleman's vision of buying regional wholesale grocers and integrating them under one banner would be repeated in the mid-1990s by other wholesale grocery executives.  Rykoff-Sexton board member and executive vice president, Mark Van Stekelenburg, 41 years old, succeeded the 63-year-old Mr. Coleman. Mr. Van Stekelenburg joined Rykoff-Sexton in March 1990, and previously headed a unit of  Royal Ahold NV, a food service distributor in the Netherlands.  The company headquarters was moved to Lisle, IL.

Rykoff-Sexton pursues acquisitions
In 1996, under the leadership of Mark Van Stekelenburg, Rykoff-Sexton Inc. bought Continental Foods of Baltimore, MD, H&O Foods of Las Vegas, NV, and US Foodservice of Wilkes-Barre, PA .   Rykoff-Sexton Inc. was now operating a national foodservice distribution division (d.b.a. "US Foodservice" with the businesses and assets of Sexton Foods,  S.E. Rykoff & Co. and US Foodservice), a private label manufacturing division (Sexton Foods ), a foodservice contract and design division (Finegolds), and a foodservice equipment and supply division (S.E. Rykoff & Co.).

In 1997, Rykoff-Sexton (RYK) was generating $3.2 billion in annual sales and was in the process of re-branding all products to the US Foodservice brand by dropping the Rykoff-Sexton, S.E. Rykoff & Co. and John Sexton & Co. brands. It was determined that a standardized and easily recognizable brand would reflect a nationwide presence and distribution capabilities to better compete in the rapidly consolidating foodservice market.  Ryoff-Sexton realized that it had to grow revenue and distribution presence or be squeezed out by Sysco the largest foodservice distributor in the United States with $14.45 billion in sales for fiscal 1997.   During this time, the company headquarters were moved to Wilkes-Barre, PA from Lisle, IL.

Rykoff-Sexton Merges with JP Foodservice
In July 1997, JP Foodservice ($1.7 billion in revenue) and Rykoff-Sexton ($3.2 billion in revenue) reached an agreement to merge in order to create a larger single brand to better compete in a rapidly consolidating industry.  JP Foodservice (JPF) exchanged $680 million in company JPF stock for all outstanding Rykoff-Sexton shares and the assumption of $700 million in Rykoff-Sexton debt (total deal value of $1.38 billion) .  All individual brands were dropped in favor of the US Foodservice brand.  The merger created a larger national foodservice company with $5 billion annual sales (1997).

US Foodservice purchased by Ahold
In 2000, US Foodservice was bought by Ahold for $3.6 billion in cash.

Ahold sells US Foodservice to KKR
In 2007, Ahold sells all US Foodservice assets to private equity firm KKR.

KKR operates US Foodservice as one its profolio companies with the most likely eventual plan to "cash out" US Foodservice by issuing shares on the New York Stock Exchange and paying off the acquisition debt.

References

Food and drink companies of the United States
Business services companies established in 1911
Food and drink companies established in 1911
1911 establishments in California
Wholesalers of the United States
Food and drink companies disestablished in 1997
1997 disestablishments in California

S.E. Rykoff


Sisters of the Cross and Passion, Latin Congregatio Sororum SS. Crucis et Passionis D.N.I.C., also known as the Passionist Sisters, is a Catholic religious congregation founded in 19th-century Manchester, England, by Elizabeth Prout, later called Mother Mary Joseph. It is part of the larger Passionist movement.

History

The Sisters of the Cross and Passion of our Lord Jesus Christ was founded in Manchester, England during the 19th century, by Elizabeth Prout (known in religion as Mother Mary Joseph). She was a convert to Catholicism at the time the first Passionist missionaries arrived in England.

Elizabeth Prout worked among the poor mill workers of Manchester and gathered together a group of dedicated women to serve their needs, both educational and spiritual. This was the beginning of the Sisters of the Cross and Passion.  The first sisters made their vows in November 1852. Prout's approach was unique for her time, in that her institute did not have specific educational requirements nor dowries. Membership was therefore open to the poor that the community served. Individual talents determined what tasks were assigned.   Clementina Stuart (1830–94), the youngest daughter of Charles Edward Stuart or Charles Manning Allen (1802–80), the younger of the Sobieski Stuart brothers, became a nun in the Order and worked abroad for many years.

In the early days they lived in the mill towns of England and Scotland, worked in schools for poor children, taught young working class women good housekeeping, and sheltered them in hostels. In time the Sisters of the Cross and Passion became best known for their many schools and colleges.

Ministries
The Sisters of the Cross and Passion are an international congregation.  The largest part of the Congregation is in the Province of St. Paul of the Cross which covers Great Britain and Ireland, and operates two hospice centers for the terminally ill in Bosnia.   The United States province has houses in Connecticut and Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Tennessee and Jamaica, West Indies.  Other provinces are in South America, in Chile, Argentina and Peru. There are also sisters working in Australia, and Papua New Guinea. The sisters in Botswana work with people living with HIV/AIDS and offer HIV preventative education.

Sisters are involved in education, parish work, retreat work, and pastoral care. They run retreat houses in Connecticut (US), in Larne, Northern Ireland and in Ilkley, England

References

External links
  Sisters of the Cross and Passion – St Paul of the Cross Province (UK, Ireland, Bosnia, Botswana, Papua New Guinea)
 America – Sisters of the Cross and Passio

Catholic female orders and societies
1850s establishments in England
Passionist Order

Sisters of the Cross and Passion


Thyreophora are the armoured dinosaurs: the name means 'shield-bearer'. It is a suborder of ornithischian dinosaurs.

They are divided into these groups:
Various early herbivores which could be quadrupedal or bipedal. Examples: the lightly armoured: Scutellosaurus, and Scelidosaurus.
 Ankylosauria
Ankylosaurids: armoured from their head to their club-ended tail.
Nodosaurids: no tail club but spikes and bony bumps on body.
 Stegosauria
Huayangosaurids: an early group from Middle Jurassic of China.
Stegosaurids: small heads and vertical plates and spines on body and tail. Upper Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous.

References

Thyreophora


Lisa Downing (; born 1974) is an author and academic. She is Professor of French Discourses of Sexuality at the University of Birmingham.

Downing's work is innovative in its dialogue between the critical humanities and the sciences, especially psychiatry. Her published work focuses principally on theories of sexual perversion and queer theory; the work of Michel Foucault; ethical philosophy and film; and, most recently, the cultural meanings of criminality.

Background and career
Downing trained in Modern European Languages and Literatures at the Universities of London and Oxford. She took up a Lectureship at Queen Mary, University of London in 1999, where she was promoted to Reader in 2005. She was appointed to a chair at the University of Exeter in 2006, at the age of 31. In 2012, Downing moved to an established chair at the University of Birmingham.

She is one of co-organisers of the interdisciplinary seminar series "Critical Sexology".

Awards
Downing received a 2009 Philip Leverhulme Prize, a prize "awarded to outstanding scholars under the age of 36 who have made a substantial contribution to their field of study, are recognised at an international level, and whose future contributions are held to be of correspondingly high promise."

Works
Books as author
 Desiring the Dead: Necrophilia and Nineteenth-Century French Literature (Oxford, EHRC, 2003)
 Patrice Leconte (French Film Directors Series; Manchester University Press, 2004)
 The Cambridge Introduction to Michel Foucault (Cambridge University Press, 2008)
 Film and Ethics: Foreclosed Encounters (co-authored with Libby Saxton; Routledge, 2009)
 The Subject of Murder: Gender, Exceptionality, and the Modern Killer (Chicago University Press, 2013)
 Fuckology (Chicago University Press, 2014) co-authored with Iain Morland and Nikki Sullivan, a critical analysis of the legacy of psychologist and sexologist John Money. New Scientist described the book as "ably capturing" Money's story while Susan Stryker described the book as a "careful, critical and nuanced" analysis of Money's career.

Books as editor
 Currencies: Fiscal Fortunes and Cultural Capital in Nineteenth-Century France (with Sarah Capitanio, Paul Rowe and Nick White; Peter Lang, 2005)
 Perversion: Psychoanalytic Perspectives/ Perspectives on Psychoanalysis (with Dany Nobus; Karnac Books, 2006)
 Birth and Death in Nineteenth-Century French Culture (with Nigel Harkness, Sonya Stephens and Tim Unwin; Rodopi, 2007)
 From Perversion to Purity: The Stardom of Catherine Deneuve (with Sue Harris; Manchester University Press, 2007)
 Queer in Europe: Contemporary Case Studies (with Robert Gillett; Ashgate, 2011)

References

External links

 'Selfish women and other inconvenient deviants', Lisa Downing's inaugural lecture video

Year of birth missing (living people)
English literary critics
British women literary critics
Literary critics of French
Members of Academia Europaea
Alumni of St Cross College, Oxford
Living people
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
British women writers

Lisa Downing


Schipluiden is a village in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. It is the seat of the council of the municipality of Midden-Delfland.

The village was founded relatively late in the 15th century and evolved around the Keenenburg castle, which no longer exists. The current Dutch Reformed church in the village centre belonged to the Catholic Teutonic Knights before 1572, when the Calvinists took over control of the church. The village inhabitants worked in the food trade from the agrarian area Westland to the cities of Vlaardingen and Delft. Most of the population became Roman Catholic in the 17th century. For sermons, they had to go to the Roman Catholic Church, some kilometres out of the village.

In 1855, the municipality of Sint Maartensregt was merged into Schipluiden.

A new Roman Catholic church was built in the 1960s. Schipluiden remained a small agrarian village until the 1950s. Its population began to grow significantly in the second half of the twentieth century as many middle-class people from the cities came to live in the village, but the village has maintained its village culture.

Schipluiden was a separate municipality until 2004, when it became part of Midden-Delfland.

References

External links
Official Website
Schipluiden en Midden-Delfland Mooi Dichtbij portal

Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2004
Populated places in South Holland
Former municipalities of South Holland
Midden-Delfland

Schipluiden


The Military of Adal (Arabic: سلطنة عدال) was the core of the Adal Sultanates during the 16th century. The Sultanates Military, the bulk being the Somalis is reported to have equipped a high level of discipline, strategic prowess and Organization, granting them successive victories in their various campaigns in the Conquest of Abyssinian. In its time in the 16th century Adal Sultanates Military was a very powerful and an effective force. The most successful generals of Adal's military were Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi and his right hand and  brother in law Garad Matan ibn Al Somali. The Conquest of Abyssinian led to the Islamisation of nearly half of Ethiopia. The Chronicle of  Adal's Conquest of Abyssinian is depicted in various Arabic, Abyssinian and other foreign sources an example being "Futuh Al Habesh" by Arab Faqih.

Historical Overview
In the 16th century the Adal Sultanate embarked on a Conquest of Abyssiniathe troops were recruited from all over Adal. The vast majority of the Adals military were Somalis with some Harla tribes, the list of Adalite generals who participated in the conquest are mentioned  such as Matan ibn Uthman Al Somali and his brother in law Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. Despite the enormous size of the Abyssinian Army the Adalite forces  was able to inflict a devastating defeat on the Abyssinian Christians and routed them completely, Richard Pankhurst an Ethiopianist attributed Adal's victory to the use of firearms which the Ethiopians were not accustomed to. This battle was probably the first time Ethiopian forces had to fight against a force equipped with firearms.

Battle of Shimbara Kura
The Battle of Shimbara Kura was one of  the bloodiest battles in Adal Sultanates Military History. In this battle the Adalites were significantly outnumbered. One of the informants of the Imam who went by the name "Haibi" was revealed later on the amount of forces Lebna Dengel had, it was 16,000 cavalry with 200,000 foot soldiers while the Adalites were a total of 12,000 troops with Somalis making the large majority in this Battle.
Arab faqih notes:"Each of the infidel lines was five times bigger than that of the Muslims  who were like the white birth mark on the hide of a black bull"
The Imam before the battle organised his battle formation and the Muslim Adalites prayed two Rak'at prayers 2 fold prostrations The imam right before the battle organised his formation he split the Adalites into three The right flank was held by the Harla tribes The left flank which was the largest  was held by the Somali Adalites under the brother in law of the imam, Garad Matan bin uthman the Somali who was married to his sister fardawsa The middle flank was the elite malasay troops being led by the imam Ahmed while Hamaza Al Jufi  lead the imams infantry he later was martyred in the battle. One of the Muslims gave the adalites a fiery speech encouraging the adalites to fight

O band of Muslims, paradise is beautifully ornamented  and Hell-fire is shut tight. The angels are gazing down, The Houris with wide black eyes are preening themselves rejoice at this prospect

Lebna Dengel  charged his troops they began attacking the Muslims it was bloody battle, they began attacking the right flank but the Muslims managed to resist them On the left flank the Somalis were hugely outnumbered they fought a bloody battle against the Abyssinians but were overwhelmed due to the left flank being outnumbered, Some of Somalis retreated but 3000 of them were killed. Holding Firm & not retreating was Garad Matan Bin Uthman  & Ahmed Gerri Bin Hussein The battle intensified went on until cloud dusts formed no one could see each other some of Abyssinians mistakenly attacked each other. The fighting continued until The Adalites managed to ambush them & push them out

Arab Faqih credits the Somalis for fighting a fine jihad Their chieftains, however, stood firm: Mattan bin 'Utman the Somali,brother-in-law of the imam Ahmad, may the Most High God have mercy upon him, fought a fine jihad. Holding firm with him was Ahmad Girri  and Ali  Garad, Mattan's brother and Farasaham Tal, brother of Beara; and 'Ali MadJira from the tribe of Mattan; and Husain Musa Bin *Abd Allah Makida; and Yussef Latahia, from the tribe of Ahmad Girti. Their achievements this day truly are God's doing.

Battle of Antukyah
In 1531 the Adalites was able to inflict a crushing defeat on the Abyssinians during the Battle of Antukyah which allowed the Adalites to Conquer Fatager and Shewa. Adalite forces killed and captured Elite patricians, Among the famous patricians was the governor of Begmeder Azmac Yeshaq who was killed by a Somali called Ali Madajir who was from the tribe of Matan ibn uthman the Somali, The number of patricians killed was staggering, the futuh reports exactly 130 Amhara and Tigrayan  patricians were killed  Then the  Imam dispatched his right-hand man and brother in law Garad Matan Al Somali who then conquered Eastern Shewa then General Matan Al Somali drove his adalite forces and conquered Bete Amhara ( House Of Amhara ) by the end of the year Dawit II fell back behind the Abay River to seek refuge in Gojjam much deeper into the highlands.

Battle of Badeqe
Badeqe was the residence of king wanag sagad, after the Muslims had burnt the church of the king the Muslims wanted to  proceed to conquer the town of badeqe.as they entered the city they were met by the kings patricians under them were an army. the imam instructed his troops to not hasten, he commanded wazir addoli to find a suitable place for calvary and battle.

As they drew closer to the city they a met river crossing which split the Muslims and Christians, the imam split his forces into three. the middle passing of the river was under the imam. in the right passing he put his brother in law, Garaad Matan on the left was the Somali archers whom were the marehan. the Muslims under the unit of Matan fought a bloody battle

Arab faqih explainsThe unit under Mattan fought a bloody battle at the right-hand crossing.Sometimes they attacked the infidels, and sometimes the infidels attacked the Muslims who drove them back. They were tireless in this,from the time of the forenoon prayer, until the afternoon prayer time.The Muslims continued fighting but the nomadic harla tribes  proved to be unreliable as they fled from battle the imam after went after them with the help of is generals until the night separated, in the following morning  some of the forces fighting with the imam in the middle flank fled from battle the imam subsequently delt with them by chasing after them, while the imam was chasing the deserters. some of the abyssians suggested to go after them but king assumed that it was ploy by them.  the Muslims had surrounded and occupied a mountain the abyssinans charged towards the Muslims, they ambushed and encircled  the Abyssinians killing them all.

Arab faqih describesSome of the infidel forces,when they saw the rout of the Muslims, outdistanced them and occupied a mountain along their route. The Muslims arrived at the mountain and saw the infidels on its summit. Immediately they encircled it, and killed the infidels, all of them. Not one of them escaped.

Battle of Dakan Dur
They had arrived at the Gurage gates after not spending the night there and they engaged in conventional engagements with some idol worshipping Abyssinians, after the events the imam proceeded to go Canopus on route to Dakan Dur to look for the king of Abyssinia. when the imam and his army arrived they came across three gates with thorns decorated around themWhen the imam arrived there he found three gates, into which trees and briars had been squeezed until they were blocked up. He ordered some of his foot-soldiers, commanded by Samsu, to place their shields over the trees and thorns and to walk on top of the shields, thus passing through the gate, and entering the place they so dearly sought. After they had opened the gate, they moved aside all the trees that had been blocking it, and then the imam and all his army went through.after the Muslims had passed the gate suddenly the king of Abyssinia told the people of tegre to stop the Muslims from advancing past the gate, they set out after the Muslims. Approaching them from the side, the imam and his army went through. the Muslims made a sudden change and u turned to charge at the Abyssinians. Arab faqih writesWhen the latter saw them, some of the Muslim cavalry headed in their direction, among them the sheikh Mika'el son of the sheikh Dajnah, Mattan the Somali, Saidi Muhammed, 'Abd an-Nasr, Ura'i Abun, the emir Abu Bakr, Ura'i 'Utman bin 'Ali and Kabir Muhammad, and about forty other horsemen of their ilk They galloped through a valley there and met up with the Christians.The Muslims charged into the idol-worshippers and the ferocious battle that  the troops ensued was unprecedented. the Adalites engaged in a conventional battle killing  and capturing the patricians most of them were taken as prisoners.

Battle Of Wofla
The Battle of Wofla was a decisive battle fought in 1542 August  near a lake called Ashenge in Wofla. The Portuguese under Cristóvão da Gama and the forces of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. Reinforced with a superiority not only in numbers but in firearms, Imam Ahmad was again victorious which resulted in the Portuguese, along with Queen Seble Wongel  to flee their fortified encampment and leave their weapons behind.

While fleeing the battlefield with 14 soldiers, Cristóvão da Gama had broken his arm from a bullet in battle, he was shortly then was captured at night by the adalite soldiers of Imam Ahmad. However other accounts differ and  state Gama had stayed behind to look for a woman he had captured at the Battle of the Hill of the Jews with whom he became infatuated. Nonetheless, he was  brought to the Imam Ahmad whom he tortured and  then shortly executed De Gama this served as huge blow for the Portuguese.

Demographics
Writer and historian Arab faqih describes how easily the Somalis joined the jihad against the abyssinians, the imam before the jihad rallied his Somali army to war the imam had discussed with Somali clan leaders rallying them to jihad. Arab faqih articulates the large quantity of Somalis joining the jihad. scholars have all attributated the victories of imam ahmed to the Somalis who made up the bulk of the adalite army. notably enough the Somali clan named habar maqdi brought the largest army to battle numbering 2000 men Arab faqih goes on to describe them as ' ferrcious lions raveging'

Arab Faqih describesTwo of the messengers returned from their journey bearing good news about the arrival of the Somali tribes. No oneread your letter read out,' the two of them said,without responding obediently to the Most High God.They have responded to your plea. Great numbers of them have equipped themselves with armour made from chain rings with overlapping tiers. The tribes have followed one another, kinsfolk in the footsteps of kinsfolk, tribe in the footsteps of tribe.out of the 7000 soldiers the imam

Hamaza Al Jufi argubly one of the most bravest adalites for the imam was an Arab and was the infantry leader during the battle of shimbara kura. the writer Arab faqih attributes him as brave character. in the battle of shimbara kura  Hamza al Jufi couldn't contain himself from battle until the adalites had to hold him back telling him to ' be patient ', Arab faqih goes on to describe the Somalis just like Hamaza al jufi recognizing the bravery of the Somalis.

Arab faqih writes: Now, about Hamzah al-Jufi: when he saw the infidels he could not have restrained himself from doing battle, had it not been for two of the Muslims foot-soldiers who held on to him. He became as excited as a camel in heat, craving for battle and for the jihad, and for the pleasure of the Lord of mankind, that he might grant him his heart's desire. The whole tribe of Harti was like him. The Muslims had to hold them back, saying to them, 'Be patient until the infidels get closer to you'.

Contmemporary writers have also noted that the biggest support imam ahmed received were from the Somalis, notably the Geri koombe, a Somali clan  who were his immidiatede in laws had supported the imam heavily. famously his right-hand man and brother Garad Matan married his sister, her name being fardowsa. Garad matan also styled as ' Garad Matan the Somali ' was described as the imam ahmed al Ghazi most capable general by I.M Lewis

Hassan Ali Jama Writes Imam Ahmed Garan overthrew the "Sa'daddin dynasty in Berbera on religious reform terms prior to launching his Islamic rebellion against the Christian monarchies reign over Abyssinia. Somali tribes, especially the Geri Amlaleh of the Darod clan who became his immediate in-laws, were lined up behind him

Oxford history of Islam explains the demographics of the Adalite military, the Adalite military consisted mainly Somalis who formed the majority of Adals military. the sultanate also recruited nomadic tribes such as zarba. many contemporary writers have all agreed that adal military was mainly Somalis.

Oxford history of Islam writesthe principalities became tributary to Ethiopia. The sultanate of Adal, which emerged as the major Muslim principality from 1420 to 1560, seems to have recruited its military force mainly from among the Somalis. In its  wars with the Christian state of EthiopiaI.M Lewis writesSomali forces contributed much to the Imām's victories. Shihāb ad-Dīn, the Muslim chronicler of the period, writing between 1540 and 1560, mentions them frequently (Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha, ed. And trs. R. Besset Paris, 1897). The most prominent Somali groups in the campaigns were the Geri, Marrehān, and Harti – all Dārod clans. Shihāb ad-Dīn is very vague as to their distribution and grazing areas, but describes the Harti as at the time in possession of the ancient eastern port of Mait.

David Hatcher has also articulated the imams ethnicity verifying that the imam was Somalipopularly known in Ethiopia as Ahmed Gragn (the left-handed) who was a Somali imam and general of the Adal Sultanate. Several times Ahmed Gragn left his fortress town of Harar and marched his Muslim army north

Raphael Chijioke writes Leader Imam Ahmed Gurey and his Somali armies defeat the Ethiopians. The Portuguese come to Ethiopia's aid

Abdullahi Haji writes The first movement was led by Ahmed Gurey (Somalis call him Imam Ahmed Gurey; Gurey means left-handed). In then sixteenth century, he led the Somali army during the ongoing regional wars between Somalis and Ethiopians.

John Maszka writesWith the aid of the Ottomans, the Somali imam, Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (also known as Ahmed Guray in Somali which means "Ahmed the left-handed"), captured nearly three quarters of the Abyssinian Kingdom

Edmond J Keller writesLed by the charismatic Somali leader Ahmad Gran or known as Imam Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim El - Ghazi a coalition of Muslim invaders consisting mainly of Somali  pastoral warriors waged a jihad ( holy war ) in 1527 against the Christian solomonics,

Etymology
Adal is believed to be an abbreviation of Havilah an ancient Somali civilisation mentioned in the bible. In the thirteenth century an  Arab explorer and writer al-Dimashqi documents about a northern Somali city called  Zeila,  and actually referred it by its Somali name "Awdal" (). The modern Awdal region of northern Somalia, which served the capital city of the Adal Sultanate. Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din II had his administrations in zeila name. Locally the empire was known to the Muslims as Bar Sa'ad ad-din meaning "The country of Sa'ad ad-din" in reference to the Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din II, who was killed in Zeila while fighting the Ethiopian Emperor Dawit I.

Weaponry
The Adal soldiers wore elaborate helmets and steel armour made up of chain-mail with overlapping tiers. The Horsemen of Adal wore protective helmets that covered the entire face except for the eyes, and breastplates on their body, while they harnessed their horses in a similar fashion. In siege warfare, ladders were employed to scale buildings and other high positions such as hills and mountains.among the calvary, The Somalis were renowned and skilled in their  calvary

Arab faqih states Somalis were renowned horsemen

The storyteller, may God have mercy upon him, says: On the left was the Somali tribe of Harti, from the people of Mait; a people not given to yielding. There were three-hundred of them, famous among the infantry as stolid swordsmen. In the same way there was the tribe of Yibberi, around four-hundred infantrymen, archers. So the imam attached them to the five-hundred who held the centre, saying to them, 'Hold your positions; don't budge, anyone of you.' The tribe of Girri were all horsemen, renowned as riders. arab faqih was very explicit in explaing the wide range of weapons used by adalites for exapmple arab faqih further goes on to describe Ahmed Girri Bin Hussein al somali and his habar maqdi army

arab faqih writesThe first of the tribes to reach the imam was Habr Maqdi with their lord and chieftain Ahmad Girri bin Husain, the Somali. They encamped in a place called Qasa in the heights above the valley of Harar. They showed off their equipment and their weapons, and paraded their horses. They were knights, and what knights! And they were foot-soldiers; and what foot- soldiers! The imam rejoiced at their arrival exceedingly. They met the imam face to face, and he welcomed them with the warmest of welcomes. He gave them gifts of apparel, and provisions, and treated them graciously, garbing their chieftain, Ahmad Girri Bin Hussein, in particularly exquisite clothing.

Malassay
Elite unit of military warriors in the Adal army was branded with the title Malassay or Malachai these were special adalite troops,notoble  malassay troops among them was Garad Dhaweyd Al Bartirre and Absame Nur  who was  listed among the renowned and elite honorable knights. The term often became synonymous with Muslims in Adal to outsiders, but  it did not denote to a tribe, a  Malasāy is not born He is given this title of malasai after demonstrating his military abilities in short you will have to qualify yourself into a malasai

Arab faqih writesTen knights renowned for their courage, went on to the land of Sarkah Del Sagad, Takla, Ura'i Nür bin Där 'Ali, Abjad bin Abun, Garad Dawit al-Bartirri, Jinah Satut from the people of Sim, Yussef, Saidi Muhammad bin 'Ali al-Bagari whose father was an Arab - he had been the treasurer for the Imam, and was lord of Dawaro - and Abu Bakr bin Yamag Ahmad

References

Military units and formations of the medieval Islamic world
Military units and formations established in the 16th century
Somalia-related lists
Adal Sultanate

Military of Adal


Nephila is a genus of araneomorph spiders.

They are also known as the golden silk orb-weavers, golden orb-weavers, giant wood spiders, or banana spiders. Males are smaller than females. Females often get a choice to mate and share gifts with their mates.

Nephila spiders have large sexual dimorphism in size, with females being much larger than males.

Nephila species are often parasitized by Argyrodes, a genus of very small black-and-silver spiders. These small spiders are kleptoparasitic: they live by stealing food from their hostess.

References

Araneomorphae

Nephila


Artificial scarcity is scarcity of items despite the technology for production or the sufficient capacity for sharing. The most common causes are monopoly pricing structures, such as those enabled by laws that restrict competition or by high fixed costs in a particular marketplace. The inefficiency associated with artificial scarcity is formally known as a deadweight loss.

Background

In a capitalist system, an enterprise is judged to be successful and efficient if it is profitable. To obtain maximum profits, producers may restrict production rather than ensure the maximum utilisation of resources. This strategy of restricting production by firms in order to obtain profits in a capitalist system or mixed economy is known as creating artificial scarcity.

Artificial scarcity essentially describes situations where the producers or owners of a good restrict its availability to others beyond what is strictly necessary. Ideas and information are prime examples of unnecessarily scarce products given artificial scarcity as illustrated in the following quote:

Even though ideas as illustrated above can be shared with less constraints than physical goods, they are often treated as unique, scarce, inventions or creative works, and thus allotted protection as intellectual properties in order to allow the original authors to potentially profit from their own work.

Causes of artificial scarcity

Robust competition among suppliers tends to bring the consumer price close to the marginal cost of production, plus a profit that makes entering the market worthwhile compared to other opportunities. Circumstances with insufficient competition can lead to suppliers exercising enough market power to constrict supply. The clearest example is a monopoly, where a single producer has complete control over supply and can extract a monopoly price. An oligopoly - a small number of producers - can also sustain an undersupply if no producers attempt to gain market share with lower prices at higher volume.

Lack of supply competition can arise in many different ways:
 Cartel - a group of suppliers explicitly agree to constrain supply. This is usually illegal under national competition law, but some cartels are government-approved.
 Barriers to entry make it difficult for new producers to enter the market. These may be inherent to the business (such as the cost of building a new factory), related to government regulation, or intentionally created (sometimes illegally) by incumbent suppliers to reduce competition
 Producers uninterested in the market due to low expected profit margins compared to other opportunities
 Monopolies created in law to encourage innovation and make certain businesses worthwhile
 Copyright, when used to disallow copying or disallow access to sources. Proprietary software is an example. Copyleft software is a counterexample where copyleft advocates use copyright licenses to guarantee the right to copy, access, view, and change the source code, and allow others to do the same to derivatives of that code. Producers use various means to self-enforce payment and make copyright infringement difficult, including controlling physical access to copies, copy protection and digital rights management technology, paywalls, and disruption of illegal marketplaces (e.g. cease-and-desist letters, torrent poisoning).
 Patents for useful things

Some products (e.g. works of art, non-fungible tokens, expensive cars) are manufactured as one-of-a-kind or in a limited edition, and can extract a monopoly price. This succeeds only to the degree that substitutions are unavailable or less desirable or the identity of the producer is considered important. For example, there is only one original Mona Lisa, which is very expensive, even though the work is out of copyright so that copies and reproductions are available at low cost. A luxury supercar might be manufactured in artificially low quantities to take advantage of the reputation of the brand and the difficulty other suppliers have in replicating the design, even if not protected by intellectual property rights.

Non-manufacturers can create artificial scarcity and extract monopoly prices (at least temporarily) by hoarding or cornering the market on a particular commodity.

Governments use various types of price supports that create artificial scarcity, including payments for non-production, government purchasing at a guaranteed price, and even deliberate destruction. This is typically done in agricultural markets to aid farmers. Examples:
 The 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act in the United States during the Great Depression
 Destruction of coffee by the Brazil National Coffee Council
 Conversion by the French government of wine into industrial ethanol, related to the idea of a wine lake
 European Union guaranteed purchases of certain agricultural commodities falling below intervention prices, resulting in occasional butter mountains
 U.S. government Commodity Credit Corporation purchases of dairy products from WWII to the 1990s, resulting in government cheese
 Agricultural production quotas, where overproduction can result in a fine
 Import quotas
Restrictions on immigration artificially reduce the supply of labor.

Arguments

Advocacy
Artificial scarcity is said to be necessary to promote the development of goods or prevent source depletion. In the example of digital information, it may be inexpensive to copy information almost infinitely, but it may require significant investment to develop the information in the first place. In the example of the pharmaceutical industry, large scale production of most drugs is inexpensive, but developing safe and effective drugs can be  extremely expensive. Typically, drug companies have profit margins that extract much more excess profit than necessary to repay their initial investment. It is argued that this high payoff attracts more investment and labour talent, increasing the pace of drug development. The expiry of patents works to limit the period of exclusive rights to sell a new drug. After a time of profiting from legally enforced artificial scarcity, the patent expires, and other companies can make generic versions, and compete on price in a free market.

Opposition

Right-wing

Some classical liberals and libertarians oppose artificial scarcity on the grounds that their lack of physical scarcity means they are not subject to the same rationale behind material forms of private property, and that most instances of artificial scarcity, such as intellectual property, are creations of the state that limit the rights of the individual.

An economic liberal argument against artificial scarcity is that, in the absence of artificial scarcity, businesses and individuals would create tools based on their own need (demand). For example, if a business had a strong need for a voice recognition program, they would pay to have the program developed to suit their needs. The business would profit not on the program, but on the resulting boost in efficiency enabled by the program. The subsequent abundance of the program would lower operating costs for the developer as well as other businesses using the new program. Lower costs for businesses result in lower prices in the competitive free market. Lower prices from suppliers would also raise profits for the original developer. In abundance, businesses would continue to pay to improve the program to best suit their own needs, and increase profits. Over time, the original business makes a return on investment, and the final consumer has access to a program that suits their needs better than any one program developer can predict. This is the common rationale behind open-source software.

Left-wing

Social liberals, socialists and anarchists argue that artificial scarcity is beneficial for the owner, but unfavourable towards the consumer, as it enables the owner to capitalise off ideas and products that are otherwise not property in the physical sense.

Socialists extend their argument to include "socially wasteful production" such as the production of goods which are seen as "status" goods (e.g. diamonds or expensive cars). This sort of production leads to a situation of artificial scarcity of socially useful goods because a large part of society's resources are being diverted to the production of these goods. For example, capitalism has led to the growth of money-based activities like banking-retailing services, remedial measures to deal with trade union issues, and other such activities to protect capitalism such as weapons research and the development of security firms; socialists argue that the allocation of resources to these activities is not socially useful.

Some socialists argue that not only artificial scarcity but even the doctrine of scarcity itself is a creation of the capitalist system because any kind of property was considered a burden for the nomadic lifestyle when civilisation was in the hunter-gatherer stage. Along with some free-market libertarians and anarchists, they will argue for sharing economies and post-scarcity economics, both questioning the scarcity of physical and intellectual goods as currently imposed by artificial cultural, bureaucratic, or economic constraints.

See also

 Artificial demand
 Disney Vault
 Planned obsolescence
 Rentier capitalism

References

Scarcity
Criticism of intellectual property

Artificial scarcity


Pierre, Baron Nothomb (28 March 1887 – 29 December 1966) was a Belgian writer and right-wing politician. He was well known for his varied and voluminous output of prose and poetry. His works included poetry, essays, novels, biographies marked by their passionate tone, imagination, religious sentiment and attention to the detail.

In the period between the two world wars, Nothomb also came to prominence as the co-founder of several reactionary and near-fascist nationalist movements. In the post-war era Nothomb continued to be active in politics, albeit as an advocate of an ever closer Europe.

Early life
A baron, Nothomb was born in Tournai into one of Belgium's leading families and was a descendant of Jean-Baptiste Nothomb. Nothomb studied at the Catholic University of Leuven from which he graduated with his doctorate in politics in 1910. By the age of 20 he was a regular author for Catholic journals. During World War I Nothomb worked as a propaganda writer for the Belgian government, producing such works as Les Barbares et la Belgique, La Belgique martyre, Le Roi Albert and Villes meurtries de Belgique.

Politics
Initially eschewing the Action Française tendency that was influencing Belgian Catholic thinking at the time Nothomb and his political ally Pierre Daye instead looked towards a republican nationalism. He set up the Great Belgium Movement during the war and this re-emerged after 1918 as the Comité de politique nationale. This movement made no secret of its desire to see Belgium annex both Luxembourg and Dutch Limburg. Initially associated with the Catholic Party his journal Renaissance nationale became critical of the direction of this party and in 1924 he formed the rightist Action Nationale as a more Maurrasian alternative. These groups were associated with anti-Semitism and have been seen as early fascist movements. He expressed some enthusiasm for corporatism, although by this time he had also become a staunch monarchist alongside this. Nothomb now came to recognise Enrico Corradini as his ideological model.

For a time he became associated with Paul Hoornaert but they split in 1927 when Nothomb returned to the Catholic Party. However, during the time of their alliance Nothomb had at his disposal the Jeunesses Nationales, a 3000 strong youth movement that took part in street fights with Belgium's socialist and communist youth groups. Such was the notoriety of this group that Nothomb was given the nickname Napoleon de la Marmaille or "Napoleon of the brats".

Still associated with the Catholic Party by 1931 Nothomb had joined L'Authorité, a highly reactionary non-party group. He would later write the occasional article for Rexist journals but did not commit to this group and also maintained good relations with Verdinaso leader Joris Van Severen.

In June 1936 the Provincial Council of Luxembourg province nominated Nothomb to the Belgian Senate. Barring a brief absence in 1939 Nothomb served in this body until 1966. He transferred to the Arlon seat in 1949, by which time he had joined the Christian Social Party. As a post-war Senator he continued to advocate the expansion of Belgium's borders but became convinced that the most realistic method of achieving this would be through a wider programme of European integration which he publicly endorsed.

Writing
Throughout his life Nothomb was prolific as both a poet and a novelist. In his poetic works Nothomb was noted for his mystic symbolism, and his most celebrated works include L'Arc-en-ciel (1909), Marisabelle (1920), Ans de grâce (1958), Élégie du solstice (1959) and L'Été d'octobre (1963). As a novelist his two historical works Risquons-tout (1926) and Les Dragons de Latour (1934) are amongst his most well-known. Other poetic and fictional works were inspired by the Bible, notably Vie d'Adam (1929), L'Égrégore (1945) and Le Roi David (1960). He also dabbled in science fiction, as evidenced by his 1922 novel La Rédemption de Mars concerning two astronauts visiting Mars. A further series of novels, such as Le Sens du pays (1930), La Ligne de faîte (1945) and Curieux Personnages (1942) focused on his love of the Ardennes.

Family
He was the father of Charles-Ferdinand Nothomb, who eulogised him in Parliament. He was also the father of writer Paul Nothomb, the grandfather of diplomat Patrick Nothomb and politician François Roelants du Vivier and the great-grandfather of novelist Amélie Nothomb.

References

1887 births
1966 deaths
Politicians from Tournai
Belgian essayists
Catholic Party (Belgium) politicians
Christian Social Party (Belgium, defunct) politicians
20th-century Belgian politicians
Members of the Senate (Belgium)
Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni
Belgian male poets
Belgian male novelists
20th-century Belgian poets
20th-century Belgian novelists
Belgian biographers
20th-century essayists
Members of the Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique
20th-century Belgian male writers
Writers from Tournai
Male biographers

Pierre Nothomb


Mohammed Mesfewi was a Moroccan serial killer who is notorious for having drugged and murdered women who came to his shop. In total, Mohammed killed 36 women, many of which he had buried under his land.

Mohammed Mesfewi was originally sentenced to crucifixion for his brutal murders, but foreign diplomats shunned crucifixion as being too cruel and archaic. So the Moroccan government instead chose to wall him up. Mohammed was whipped for days prior to his immurement and a cavity the size of his body was prepared in the bazaar of Marrakesh Morocco. On June 11th 1906, Mesfewi was entombed in this cavity. He could be heard constantly screaming from inside his living tomb for two days straight before succumbing to dehydration.

Serial killers
Moroccan people

Hadj Mohammed Mesfewi


Joseph "Duke" Castiglione Jr. (born June 21, 1973) is an American news anchor for WCVB-TV Boston's NewsCenter 5 weekend newscasts. He was the sports journalist, sports anchor for WNYW Fox 5 Good Day New York in New York City. He also was the host of Sports Extra on Sunday at 10:30 p.m. Before WNYW, he worked as a fill-in sports anchor and reporter at WHDH-TV, the now-former NBC affiliate in Boston. He also worked at WCBS-TV CBS 2 in New York, where he was the weekday morning sports anchor until 2006.  His first New York job was hosting Sports on 1, a nightly call-in show, for the NY1 local network, beginning in 2000.  He was a field reporter for ESPN's baseball coverage during the 2005 and 2006 seasons.

He began his broadcasting career at WGGB-TV, the ABC affiliate in Springfield, Massachusetts. Castiglione has landed a number of key breaking news interviews, including one with Joe Torre on the day he was rumored to be fired and the first one-on-one with Johnny Damon when he joined the New York Yankees. He is a recipient of the Associated Press award for Best Sports Show and two Black Journalist Awards for his interviews with Lawrence Taylor and Bernard King. He graduated from Stonehill College in 1996.

Duke Castiglione grew up in Marshfield, Massachusetts, where he spent time as a substitute teacher at the town's high school.  He is the son of Boston Red Sox lead radio commentator Joe Castiglione.

References

External links
 Duke Castiglione on Big Apple Channel

Sportswriters from New York (state)
Television anchors from New York City
Living people
1973 births
College football announcers
Major League Baseball broadcasters

Duke Castiglione


Carex stricta is a species of sedge known by the common names upright sedge and tussock sedge. The plant grows in moist marshes, forests and alongside bodies of water. It grows up to  tall and  wide. When the leaves die, they build on top of or around the living plant, making a "tussock". Widely distributed in and east of the Great Plains, it is one of the most common wetland sedges in eastern North America.

Their seeds are carried by the wind. When seeds land, they are eaten by birds such as dark-eyed junco, northern cardinal, wild turkey, and ducks such as mallard and wood duck. The seeds are also eaten by squirrels and other mammals. The plant can also reproduce vegetatively via rhizomes, and often form colonies.

It is a larval host to the black dash, the dun skipper, and the eyed brown.

References

stricta
Flora of the United States
Flora of Canada
Plants described in 1792

Carex stricta


Jeevan Naiya is a 1936 Hindi film directed by Franz Osten, and produced by  Himanshu Rai for his studio Bombay Talkies. It is famous for being the screen debut early superstar Ashok Kumar. The film is about the ostracism of dancing girls. The film was one of several successful Bombay Talkies collaborations between Franz Osten, Himashu Rai, screenwriters J. S. Kashyap and Niranjan Pal, and their leading lady of the time, Devika Rani.

It also featured the famous song Koi Humdum Na Raha, sung by Ashok Kumar, with music by Saraswati Devi and by Jamuna Swarup Kashyap (J. S. Kashyap), later sung by Kishore Kumar in the film Jhumroo (1961).

Cast
 Devika Rani as Lata
 Ashok Kumar as Karan
 Kamta Prasad as Mathuradas
 Anwari Begum
 Kusum Kumari
 K. J. Joshi
 S. N. Tripathi as Chand

Devika Rani's original co-star in the film was Najm-ul-Hassan. They developed a romantic relationship and eloped during the shooting of the film. Himanshu, who was married to Devika Rani at the time, was both enraged and distraught. Since the leading pair were absent, production was stalled. A significant portion of the movie had been shot and a large sum of money, which had been taken as credit from financers, had been spent. The studio therefore suffered severe financial losses and a loss of credit among bankers in the city while the runaway couple made merry.

Sashadhar Mukherjee, an assistant sound-engineer at the studio, who had a brotherly bond with Devika Rani, established contact with the runaway couple and managed to convince Devika Rani to return to her husband. She negotiated a financial deal with her husband with the help of Sashadhar Mukherjee, as a condition for her return. Despite the additional expense involved in re-shooting many portions of the film, Himanshu Rai replaced Najm-ul-Hassan with Ashok Kumar, who was the brother of Sashadhar Mukherjee's wife, as the hero of the film. This marked the debut, improbable as it may seem, of Ashok Kumar's six-decade-long career in Hindi films. Najm-ul-Hassan was dismissed from his job at Bombay Talkies (this was the period in which actors and actresses were paid regular monthly salaries by one specific film studio and could not work in any other studio). His reputation as a dangerous cad established, he could not find work in any other studio. His career was ruined and he sank into obscurity.

References

Bibliography

External links

1934 films
Indian black-and-white films
1930s Hindi-language films
Films directed by Franz Osten
Films about women in India
Indian drama films
1934 drama films
Hindi-language drama films

Jeevan Naiya


St Albans School is a school in St Albans, Hertfordshire. It was founded in 984. Some of the ex-students include Stephen Hawking and Pope Adrian IV.

The school has been called "Britain's oldest public school" by the Daily Mail. In 1818 the school was described as the school as "of very ancient origin, and of great celebrity".  The Good Schools Guide describes St Albans as a "traditional public school, with a rich history".

References

980s establishments
10th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in England
Schools in Hertfordshire

St Albans School


West Kingston is an unincorporated village and traditional county seat of Washington County, Rhode Island. It is the site of the Kingston Railroad Station Amtrak station, and is a part of the Town of South Kingstown.

Overview
Although unincorporated, West Kingston has a post office and recognized mailing address location. It shares ZIP code 02892 with much of western South Kingstown, a large portion of Richmond, Rhode Island to the west, and small parts of Exeter, Rhode Island to the north. However, West Kingston is not a part of the latter two towns.

The William C. O'Neill Bike Path starts in the village of West Kingston at the train station, and runs through most of South Kingstown, ending in Narragansett.

See also
Scouting in Rhode Island

References

Villages in Washington County, Rhode Island
Villages in Rhode Island

West Kingston, Rhode Island


Alternative splicing allows DNA to code for more than one protein. It varies the exon make-up of the messenger RNA.

In alternative splicing the exons of the pre-messenger RNA produced by transcription are reconnected in different ways during RNA splicing.

This produces different mature messenger RNAs from the same gene. They get translated into different proteins. Thus, a single gene may code for multiple proteins.

Alternative splicing is normal in eukaryotes. It greatly increases the diversity of proteins that can be encoded by the genome. In humans, ~95% of multiexonic genes are alternatively spliced.

There are various kinds of alternative splicing: the most common is exon skipping. An exon may be included in mRNAs under some conditions or in particular tissues, and omitted from the mRNA in others. There are splicing activators that promote the use of a particular splice site, and splicing repressors that reduce the use of a particular site. New types of alternative splicing are being found.

Abnormal variations in splicing occur in disease. Many human genetic disorders come from splicing variants. Abnormal splicing variants may also contribute to the development of cancer. Non-working splicing products are usually dealt with by post-transcriptional quality control. That is, they are chopped up by enzymes.

Source of diversity
Alternative splicing (the re-combination of different exons) is a major source of genetic diversity in eukaryotes. One particular Drosophila gene (DSCAM) can be alternatively spliced into 38,000 different mRNA.

Related pages
CRISPR

References

Genetics
RNA

Alternative splicing


This is ae leet o the "Listed" church buildings in the Catholic Diocese o Gallowa.  The date, name o airchitect whaur kent, an category ur gien.

The Roman Catholic Diocese o Galloway (Latin Dioecesis Candidae Casae o Gallovidianus) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese o the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland.

Ayr, Good Shepherd Cathedral. John Torry, 1955-57. C(S)

Ayr, St Margaret's Cathedral. 1826-27. B

Annan, St Columba. 1834. B

Ardrossan, St Peter-in-Chains. Gillespie Kidd & Coia. 1938. A

Beith, Our Lady of Perpetual Succour. 1816. C(S)

Castle Douglas, St John the Evangelist. George Goldie, 1867. C(S)

Cumnock, St John, William Burges, 1881-82. B

Dalbeattie, St Peter, 1814; tower 1854. B

Dalry, St Palladius, Robert Snodgrass, 1851. B

Dumfries, St Andrew, Marmaduke Maxwell of Terregles, 1843; towers of old Cathedral: John H Bell & Alexander Fraser, 1858. B

Galston, St Sophia, Sir Robert Rowand Anderson, 1886. B

Kilmarnock, St Joseph, 1847. B

Lockerbie, Holy Trinity, c.1874-75. B

Maybole, Our Lady and St Cuthbert, 1876-78. B

New Abbey, St Mary, Walter Newall, c.1824. B

Newton Stewart, Our Lady and St Ninian, Goldie & Childe, 1876; Charles W Gray, 1973. B

Troon, Our Lady of the Assumption and St Meddan, Reginald Fairlie, 1909-11. A. Presbytery, Reginald Fairlie, 1914. B

Whithorn, St Martin and St Ninian, Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel, 1959-60. C

Wigtown, Sacred Heart, John George Garden Brown, 1879. C(S)

Gallery

References
http://www.gallowaydiocese.org.uk/

Listed Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Galloway