David Dixon Porter (June 8, 1813 – February 13, 1891) was a United States Navy admiral and a member of one of the most distinguished families in the history of the U.S. Navy. Promoted as the second U.S. Navy officer ever to attain the rank of admiral, after his adoptive brother David G. Farragut, Porter helped improve the Navy as the Superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy after significant service in the American Civil War.

Porter began naval service as a midshipman at the age of 10 years under his father, Commodore David Porter, on the frigate . For the remainder of his life, he was associated with the sea. Porter served in the Mexican War in the attack on the fort at the City of Vera Cruz. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he was part of a plan to hold Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, Florida, for the Union; its execution disrupted the effort to relieve the garrison at Fort Sumter, leading to Sumter's fall. Porter commanded an independent flotilla of mortar boats at the capture of New Orleans. Later, he was advanced to the rank of (acting) rear admiral in command of the Mississippi River Squadron, which cooperated with the army under Major General Ulysses S. Grant in the Vicksburg Campaign. After the fall of Vicksburg, he led the naval forces in the difficult Red River Campaign in Louisiana. Late in 1864, Porter was transferred from the interior to the Atlantic coast, where he led the U.S. Navy in the joint assaults on Fort Fisher, the final significant naval action of the war.

Porter worked to raise the standards of the U.S. Navy in the position of Superintendent of the Naval Academy when it was restored to Annapolis. He initiated reforms in the curriculum to increase professionalism. In the early days of President Grant's administration, Porter was de facto Secretary of the Navy. When his adoptive brother David G. Farragut was advanced from rank of vice-admiral to admiral, Porter took his previous position; likewise, when Farragut died, Porter became the second man to hold the newly created rank of admiral. He gathered a corps of like-minded officers devoted to naval reform.

Porter's administration of the Navy Department aroused powerful opposition by some in Congress, who forced the Secretary of the Navy Adolph E. Borie to resign. His replacement, George Robeson, curtailed Porter's power and eased him into semi-retirement.

Family
David Dixon Porter was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, on June 8, 1813, to David Porter and Evalina (Anderson) Porter. The family had strong naval traditions; the elder Porter's father, also named David, had been captain of a Massachusetts vessel in the American Revolutionary War, as had his uncle Samuel. In the next generation, David Porter and his brother John entered the fledgling United States Navy and served with distinction during the War of 1812. David Porter was named to the rank of commodore.

The younger David was one of 10 children, including six boys. His youngest brother Thomas died of yellow fever at the age of ten, contracted when traveling with his father for the Mexican Navy. The surviving five sons all became officers, four in the U.S. Navy:
William
David Dixon, became the second man promoted to rank of admiral.
Hambleton, died of yellow fever while a passed midshipman.
Henry Ogden
Theodoric, became an officer in the US Army; he was killed at Matamoros in the Mexican–American War.

His uncle John Porter and his wife did not have as many children, but their son Fitz John Porter was a major general in the US Army at the time of the Civil War. Another son, Bolton Porter, was lost with his ship  in 1861. His aunt Anne married their cousin Alexander Porter. Their son David Henry Porter became a captain in the Mexican Navy during its struggle for independence (see below). The naval tradition continued into later generations of the family's descendants.

In addition to rearing their own children, his parents David and Evalina Porter adopted James Glasgow Farragut. The boy's mother died in 1808 when he was seven, and his father George Farragut, a U.S. naval officer in the American Revolution and friend of David Porter Sr., was unable to care for all his children. Commodore David Porter offered to adopt James, to which the boy and George agreed. In 1811, James started serving a midshipman under Porter in the U.S. Navy, and changed his first name to David.  He had a distinguished career as David G. Farragut, serving as the first man to attain the new rank of admiral, instituted by the U.S. Congress after the American Civil War.

Time of training

In the Mexican Navy
After a reprimand for an 1824 incident, Commodore David Porter decided to resign from the navy rather than submit.  He accepted an offer from the government of Mexico to become their General of Marine – in effect, the commander of their navy. He took with him a nephew, David Henry Porter, and his sons, David Dixon and Thomas. The two boys were made midshipmen. Thomas died of yellow fever soon after arriving in Mexico; he was 10.  David Dixon, age 12, was not affected by the disease. He was able to serve on the frigate Libertad, where he saw little action, and on the captured merchantman Esmeralda for a raid on Spanish shipping in Cuban waters.

In 1828, David Dixon accompanied his cousin, David Henry Porter, captain of the brig Guerrero, in another raid. Guerrero, mounting 22 guns, was one of the finest vessels in the small Mexican Navy. Off the coast of Cuba on February 10, 1828, she encountered a flotilla of about fifty schooners, convoyed by Spanish brigs Marte and Amalia. Captain Porter elected to attack, and soon forced the flotilla to seek refuge in the harbor at Mariel,  west of Havana. The Spanish 64-gun frigate Lealtad put to sea. Guerrero was able to break off the action and escape, but overnight Captain Porter decided to circle back and attack the vessels at Mariel. Intercepted by Lealtad, he could not escape. In the battle, Captain Porter was killed, together with many of his crew; the young midshipman Porter was slightly wounded.  He was among the survivors who surrendered and were imprisoned in Havana until they could be exchanged. Commodore Porter chose not to risk his son again, and sent him back to the United States by way of New Orleans.

Peacetime navy
David Dixon Porter obtained an official appointment as midshipman in the U.S. Navy through his grandfather, US Congressman William Anderson. The appointment was dated February 2, 1829, when he was sixteen years of age; this was somewhat older than many midshipmen, some of whom had been taken in as boys. Due to his relative maturity and experience, greater than that of most naval lieutenants, Porter tended to be cocky and challenge some of his superiors, leading to conflict. Except for intervention by Commodore James Biddle, who acted favorably because Porter's father was a hero, his warrant as a midshipman would not have been renewed.

Porter's last duty as a midshipman was on the frigate , flagship of Commodore Daniel Patterson, from June 1832 until October 1834. Patterson's family accompanied him, including his daughter, George Ann ("Georgy").  The two young people renewed their acquaintance and became engaged. After Porter returned home, he completed the examination for passed midshipman, and soon after was assigned to duty in the Coast Survey. There, his pay was such that he could save enough to marry.

Marriage and family
Porter and Georgy Patterson were married on March 10, 1839. Of their four sons, three had military careers, and their two surviving daughters married men who had military service or were active officers.
 Major David Essex Porter served in the army during the Civil War, but resigned after two years in the peacetime army.
 Captain Theodoric Porter made his career in the navy.
 Lieutenant Colonel Carlile Patterson Porter was an officer in the U.S. Marine Corps; his son, David Dixon Porter II, also served in the Marines, rising to the rank of major general and earning the Medal of Honor.
 One of their two surviving daughters, Elizabeth, married Leavitt Curtis Logan, who achieved the rank of Rear Admiral.
 Their other surviving daughter, Elena, married Charles H. Campbell, a former army officer who had left the service before their marriage.
 Richard Bache Porter was the only child to have no relation to the military services.

Advance to officer
In March 1841, Porter was promoted in rank to lieutenant, and in April of the next year he was detached from the Coast Survey. He had a brief tour of duty in the Mediterranean, and then he was assigned to the U.S. Navy's Hydrographic Office.

Mission to Santo Domingo
In 1846, the era of peace was coming to a close. The United States had annexed the Republic of Texas, and the islands of the Caribbean seemed to be likely targets for further expansion. The Republic of Santo Domingo (the present-day Dominican Republic) had broken off from the Republic of Haiti in 1844, and the United States State Department needed to determine the new nation's social, political, and economic stability. The suitability of the Bay of Samana for U.S. Navy operations was also of interest. To find out, Secretary of State James Buchanan asked Porter to undertake a private investigation. He accepted the assignment, and on March 15, 1846, he left home. He arrived in Santo Domingo after some unexpected delays and spent two weeks mapping the coastline. On May 19, he began a trek through the interior that left him without communication for a month. On June 19, he emerged from the jungle, bitten by insects, but with the information that the State Department wanted. He then discovered that while he was away the United States had gone to war with Mexico.

In command of ships

Mexican War

Mexico did not have a real navy, so naval personnel had little opportunity for distinction. Porter served as first lieutenant of the sidewheel gunboat  under Commander Josiah Tattnall III. Spitfire was at Vera Cruz when General Winfield Scott led the amphibious assault on the city, which was shielded by a series of forts and the ancient Castle of San Juan de Ulloa. Porter had spent many hours exploring the castle when he had been a midshipman in the Mexican Navy, so he was familiar with both its strengths and its weaknesses. He submitted a plan to attack it to Captain Tattnall. Taking eight oarsmen and the ship's gig, he sounded out a channel on the night of March 22–23, 1847, using the experience he had gained with the Coast Survey. The next morning, Spitfire and other vessels taking part in the bombardment followed the channel that Porter had laid out and took up positions inside the harbor, where they were able to pound the forts and castle. Doing so meant, however, that they had to run by the forts, which was contrary to the orders of Commodore Matthew C. Perry. Perry sent signals ordering the vessels to break off the bombardment and return, but Tattnall ordered his men not to look at the commodore's signals. Not until a special messenger came with explicit orders to retire did Maffitt cease firing. Perry appreciated the audacity shown by his subordinates, but did not approve of the way they had disregarded his orders. Henceforth, he kept Spitfire by his side.

On June 13, 1847, Perry mounted an expedition to capture the interior town of Tabasco. Porter on his own led a charge of 68 sailors to capture the fort defending the city. Perry rewarded him for his initiative by making him captain of Spitfire. It was his first command. It brought him no advantages, however, as the naval part of the war was essentially over.

Civilian service
In Washington again following the war, Porter saw little chance for professional improvement and none for advancement. In order to gain experience in handling steamships, he took leave of absence from the Navy to command civilian ships. He insisted that his crews submit to the methods of military discipline; his employers were noncommittal about his methods, but they were impressed by the results. They asked him to stay in Australia, but his health and the health of his eldest daughter Georgianne persuaded him to return. Back in the United States, he moved his family from Washington to New York in the hope that the climate would benefit his daughter, but she died shortly after the move. His second daughter, Evalina ("Nina"), also died in the interwar period.

Once again on active duty, he commanded the storeship  in a venture to bring camels to the United States. The project was promoted by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, who thought that the desert animals could be useful for the cavalry in the arid Southwest. Supply made two successful trips before Secretary Davis left office and the experiment was discontinued.

In 1859, he received an attractive offer from the Pacific Mail Steamship Company to be captain of a ship then under construction. The offer would be effective when she was complete. He would have accepted, but he was delayed in his departure. Before he could leave, war had broken out again.

Civil War

Powhatan and the relief of Fort Pickens

The seceded states laid claim to the national forts within their boundaries, but they did not make good their claim to Fort Sumter in South Carolina and Forts Pickens, Zachary Taylor, and Jefferson in Florida. They soon made it clear that they would use force if necessary to gain possession of Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens. President Abraham Lincoln resolved not to cede them without a fight. Secretary of State William H. Seward, Captain Montgomery C. Meigs of the US Army, and Porter devised a plan for the relief of Fort Pickens. The principal element of their plan required use of the steam frigate , which would be commanded by Porter and would carry reinforcements to the fort from New York. Because no one was above suspicion in those days, the plan had to be implemented in complete secrecy; not even Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles was to be advised.

Welles was in the meantime preparing an expedition for the relief of the garrison at Fort Sumter. As he was unaware that Powhatan would not be available, he included it in his plans. When the other vessels assigned to the effort showed up, the South Carolina troops at Charleston began to bombard Fort Sumter, and the Civil War was on. The relief expedition could only wait outside the harbor. The expedition had little chance to be successful in any case; without the support of the guns on Powhatan, it was completely impotent. The only contribution made by the expedition was to carry the soldiers who had defended Fort Sumter back to the North following their surrender and parole.

Lincoln did not punish Seward for his part in the incident, so Welles felt that he had no choice but to forgive Porter, whose culpability was less. Later, he reasoned that it had at least a redeeming feature in that Porter, whose loyalty had been suspect, was henceforth firmly attached to the Union. As he wrote,

Mortar fleet at New Orleans and Vicksburg

In late 1861, the Navy Department began to develop plans to open the Mississippi River. The first move would be to capture New Orleans. For this Porter, by this time advanced to rank of commander, was given the responsibility of organizing a flotilla of some twenty mortar boats that would participate in the reduction of the forts defending the city from the south. The flotilla was a semi-autonomous part of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron, which was to be commanded by Porter's adoptive brother Captain David G. Farragut.

The bombardment of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip began on April 18, 1862. Porter had opined that two days of concentrated fire would be enough to reduce the forts, but after five days they seemed as strong as ever. The mortars were beginning to run low on ammunition. Farragut, who put little reliance on the mortars anyway, made the decision to bypass the forts on the night of April 24. The fleet successfully ran past the forts; the mortars were left behind, but they bombarded the forts during the passage in order to distract the enemy gunners. Once the fleet was above the forts, nothing significant stood between them and New Orleans; Farragut demanded the surrender of the city, and it fell to his fleet on April 29. The forts were still between him and Porter's mortar fleet, but when the latter again began to pummel Fort Jackson, its garrison mutinied and forced its surrender. Fort St. Philip had to follow suit. Surrender of the two forts was accepted by Commander Porter on April 28.

Following orders from the Navy Department, Farragut took his fleet upstream to capture other strongpoints on the river, with the aim of complete possession of the Mississippi. At Vicksburg, Mississippi he found that the bluffs were too high to be reached by the guns of his fleet, so he ordered Porter to bring his mortar flotilla up. The mortars suppressed the Rebel artillery well enough that Farragut's ships could pass the batteries at Vicksburg and link up with a Union flotilla coming down from the north. The city could not be taken, however, without active participation by the army, which did not happen. On July 8, the bombardment ceased when Porter was ordered to Hampton Roads to assist in Major General George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign. A few days later, Farragut followed, and the first attempt to take Vicksburg was over.

Acting rear admiral: the Vicksburg Campaign

In the summer of 1862, shortly after Porter left Vicksburg, the U.S. Navy was extensively modified; among the features of the revised organization were a set of officer ranks from ensign to rear admiral that paralleled the ranks in the Army. Among the new ranks created were those of commodore and rear admiral. According to the organization charts, the persons in command of the blockading squadrons were to be rear admirals. Another part of the reorganization transferred the Western gunboat flotilla from the army to the navy, and retitled it the Mississippi River Squadron. The change of title implied that it was formally equivalent to the other squadrons, so its commanding officer would likewise be a rear admiral. The problem was that the commandant of the gunboat flotilla, Flag Officer Charles H. Davis, had not shown the initiative that the Navy Department wanted, so he had to be removed. He was made rear admiral, but he was recalled to Washington to serve as chief of the Bureau of Navigation.

Most of the men who could have replaced Davis were either less suitable or were unavailable because of other assignments, so finally Secretary Welles decided to appoint Porter to the position. He did this despite some doubt. As he wrote in his Diary,
Relieved Davis and appointed D. D. Porter to the Western Flotilla, which is hereafter to be recognized as a squadron. Porter is but a Commander. He has, however, stirring and positive qualities, is fertile in resources, has great energy, excessive and sometimes not over-scrupulous ambition, is impressed with and boastful of his own powers, given to exaggeration in relation to himself, —a Porter infirmity, —is not generous to older and superior living officers, whom he is too ready to traduce, but is kind and patronizing to favorites who are juniors, and generally to official inferiors. Is given to cliquism but is brave and daring like all his family... It is a question, with his mixture of good and bad traits, how he will succeed.

Thus Commander Porter became Acting Rear Admiral Porter without going through the intermediate ranks of captain and commodore.  (He was one of only three US Navy admirals to have been promoted to rear admiral without having first served in the rank of captain.  The others being Richard E. Byrd and Ben Moreell.)  He was assigned to command the Mississippi Squadron and left Washington for his new command on October 9, 1862, and arrived in Cairo, Illinois, on October 15.

Secretary of War Edwin Stanton considered Porter "a gas bag ... blowing his own trumpet and stealing credit which belongs to others." Historian John D. Winters, in his The Civil War in Louisiana, describes Porter as having "possessed the qualities of abundant energy, recklessness, resourcefulness, and fighting spirit needed for the trying role ahead. Porter was assigned the task of aiding General John A. McClernand in opening the upper Mississippi. The choice of McClernand, a volunteer political general, pleased Porter because he felt that all West Point men were 'too self-sufficient, pedantic, and unpractical.'"

Winters also writes that Porter "revealed a weakness he was to display many times: he belittled a superior officer [Charles H. Poor]. He often heaped undue praise upon a subordinate, but rarely could find much to admire in a superior."

The Army was showing renewed interest in opening the Mississippi River at just this time, and Porter met two men who would have great influence on the campaign. First was Major General William T. Sherman, a man of similar temperament to his own, with whom he immediately formed a particularly strong friendship. The other was Major General McClernand, whom he just as quickly came to dislike. Later they would be joined by Major General Ulysses S. Grant; Grant and Porter became friends and worked together quite well, but it was on a more strictly professional level than his relation with Sherman.

Close cooperation between the Army and Navy was vital to the success of the siege of Vicksburg. The most prominent contribution to the campaign was the passage of the batteries at Vicksburg and Grand Gulf by a major part of the Mississippi River Squadron. Grant had asked merely for a few gunboats to shield his troops, but Porter persuaded him to use more than half of his fleet. After nightfall on April 16, 1863, the fleet moved downstream past the batteries. Only one vessel was lost in the ensuing firefight. Six nights later, a similar run past the batteries gave Grant the transports he needed for crossing the river. Now south of Vicksburg, Grant at first tried to attack the Rebels through Grand Gulf, and requested Porter to eliminate the batteries there before his troops would be sent across. On April 29, the gunboats spent most of the day bombarding two Confederate forts. They succeeded in silencing the lower of the two, but the upper fort remained. Grant called off the assault and moved downstream to Bruinsburg, where he was able to cross the river unopposed.

Although the fleet made no major offensive contributions to the campaign after Grand Gulf, it remained important in its secondary role of keeping the blockade against the city. When Vicksburg was besieged, the encirclement was made complete by the Navy's control of the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers. When it finally fell on July 4 (1863), Grant was unstinting in his praise of the assistance he had received from Porter and his men.

For his contribution to the victory, Porter's appointment as "acting" rear admiral was made permanent, dated from July 4.

Red River Expedition

After the opening of the Mississippi, the political general Nathaniel P. Banks, who was in charge of army forces in Louisiana, brought pressure on the Lincoln administration to mount a campaign across Louisiana and into Texas along the line of the Red River. The ostensible purpose was to extend Union control into Texas, but Banks was influenced by numerous speculators to convert the campaign into little more than a raid to seize cotton. Admiral Porter was not in favor; he thought that the next objective of his fleet should be to capture Mobile, but he received direct orders from Washington to cooperate with Banks.

After considerable delays caused by Banks's attention to political rather than military matters, the Red River expedition got under way in early March 1864. From the start, navigation of the river presented as great a problem for Porter and his fleet as did the Confederate army that opposed them. The army under Banks and the navy under Porter did little to cooperate, and instead often became rivals in a race to seize cotton. Confederate opposition under Major General Richard Taylor succeeded in keeping them apart by defeating Banks at  the Battle of Mansfield, following which Banks gave up the expedition. From that time on, Porter's primary task was to extricate his fleet. The task was made difficult by falling water levels in the river, but he ultimately got most out, with the help of heroic efforts by some of the soldiers who stayed to protect the fleet.

Capture of Fort Fisher

By late summer 1864, Wilmington, North Carolina, was the only port open for running the Union blockade, and the Navy Department began to plan to close it. Its major defense was Fort Fisher, a massive structure at the New Inlet to the Cape Fear River. Secretary Welles believed that the head of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, Rear Admiral Samuel Phillips Lee, was inadequate for the task, so he at first assigned Rear Admiral Farragut to be Lee's replacement. Farragut was too ill to serve, however, so Welles  decided to switch Lee with Porter: Lee would command the Mississippi River Squadron, and Porter would come east and prepare for the attack on Fort Fisher.

The planned attack on Fort Fisher required the cooperation of the army, and the troops were taken from the Army of the James. It was expected that Brigadier General Godfrey Weitzel would command, but Major General Benjamin F. Butler, the commander of the Army of the James, exercised one of the prerogatives of his position to take over as leader of the expedition. Butler proposed that the fort could be flattened by exploding a ship filled with gunpowder near it, and Porter accepted the idea; if successful, the scheme would avoid a protracted siege or its alternative, a frontal assault. Accordingly, the old steamer  was packed with powder and blown up in the early morning of December 24, 1864. This had, however, no discernible effect on the fort. Butler brought part of his troops ashore, but he was already convinced that the effort was hopeless, so he removed his force before making an all-out assault.

Porter, enraged by Butler's timorousness, went to U. S. Grant and demanded that Butler be removed. Grant agreed, and placed Major General Alfred H. Terry in charge of a second assault on the fort. The second assault began on January 13, 1865, with unopposed landings and bombardment of the fort by the fleet. Porter imposed new methods of bombardment this time: each ship was assigned a specific target, with intent to destroy the enemy's guns rather than to knock down the walls. They were also to continue firing after the men ashore started their assault; the ships would shift their aim to points ahead of the advancing troops. The bombardment continued for two more days, while Terry got his men into position. On the 15th, frontal assaults on opposite faces by Terry's soldiers on the land side and 2000 sailors and marines on the beach vanquished the fort. This was the last significant naval operation of the war.

Tour of Richmond

By April 1865, the Civil War drawing to a close, U.S. victory in the war was all but guaranteed. After the Confederate capital of Richmond was captured by U.S. forces, Porter toured the city on foot, accompanying U.S. President Abraham Lincoln with several armed bodyguards. He fondly recalled the events in his 1885 book, Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War, where he described witnessing scores of many freed slaves rushing to get a glimpse of Lincoln. They admired the president as a hero and credited him for their emancipation; they were kissing his clothing and singing odes to him:

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
A few weeks after his visit to Virginia, Lincoln was assassinated. Porter was greatly upset by the news, as he admired Lincoln greatly. Porter said Lincoln was the best man he ever knew and ever would know. He stated that he felt some responsibility for Lincoln's death, feeling that had he been with him that night, he might have prevented his murder.

Postwar

U.S. Naval Academy
The U.S. Navy was rapidly downsized at the end of the war, and Porter, like most of his contemporaries, had fewer ships to command.  Some feared that at sea he might provoke a foreign war, particularly with Great Britain, because of what he saw as their support for the Confederacy. To make use of his undeniable talents, Secretary Welles appointed him Superintendent of the Naval Academy in 1865. The academy at that time did little to prepare men for the duties that were expected of them.

Porter resolved to change that; he determined to make the academy the rival of the Military Academy at West Point. The curriculum was revised to reflect the reality of naval life, organized sports were encouraged, discipline was enforced, and even social graces were taught. An honor system was installed, "to send honorable men from this institution into the Navy." To be sure that his reforms would remain in place after his departure, he brought to the faculty a group of like-minded men, mostly young officers who had distinguished themselves in the war.

Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
When Porter's friend Ulysses S. Grant became president in 1869, he appointed Philadelphia businessman Adolph E. Borie as Secretary of the Navy. Borie had no knowledge of the navy and little desire to learn, so he leaned on Porter for advice that the latter was quite willing to give. In a short time, Borie came to defer to him even on routine matters. Porter used his influence with the secretary to push through several policies to shape the navy as he wanted it; in the process, he made a new set of enemies who either were harmed by his actions or resented his blunt methods. Borie was strongly criticized for his failure to control his subordinate, and after three months he resigned. The new secretary, George Robeson, promptly curtailed Porter's powers.

Final years
In 1866, the rank of admiral was created in the U.S. Navy. Naval hero David G. Farragut, Porter's adoptive brother, was selected as the nation's first admiral, and Porter became vice admiral at the same time. In 1870, Farragut died, and it was expected that Porter would be promoted to fill the vacancy.

Eventually, he did become the second admiral, but it was after much controversy that was provoked by his many enemies. Among them were several very powerful politicians, including some of the political generals he had contended with in the war.  Porter reached the mandatory retirement age of 62 in June 1875 but was allowed to remain on active duty.

Despite the prestige of the high rank, Porter's eclipse in influence continued. For the last twenty years of his life, he had little to do with the operations of the Navy.  Porter turned to writing, producing some naval histories.

On October 4, 1866, Porter was elected a Companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, a military society of officers who had served in the Union Armed Force during the Civil War, and was assigned insignia number 29.  Porter resigned from the Loyal Legion and returned his insignia on January 4, 1880.

In 1890 he became the founding president of the District of Columbia Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.  He was assigned national membership number 1801 and District of Columbia Society membership number 1.  He served as president of the society until his death the next year. He was also an honorary member of the Society of the Cincinnati.

After twenty years of semi-retirement, his health had begun to give way. In the summer of 1890, he suffered a heart attack; he survived but his health was clearly in decline. He died at the age of 77 on the morning of February 13, 1891.  He had served on active duty in the U.S. Navy for 62 years, having one of the longest careers in the history of the United States Navy.

Admiral Porter is interred at Arlington National Cemetery.

Dates of rank
Midshipman – 2 February 1829
Passed midshipman – 3 July 1835
Lieutenant – 27 February 1841
Commander – 22 April 1861
Captain – 7 February 1862
Commodore – 16 July 1862
Acting rear admiral – circa late 1862
Rear admiral – 4 July 1863
Vice admiral – 25 July 1866
Admiral – 15 August 1870

Books
 Memoir of Commodore David Porter, of the United States Navy Albany, NY: J. Munsell (1875).
 The Adventures of Harry Marline New York: D. Appleton (1885).
 Allan Dare and Robert le Diable. New York: D. Appleton (1885).
 Arthur Merton, a Romance. New York: D. Appleton (1889)
 Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War (1885)

 High Old Salts: Stories Intended for the Marines (co-author F. Coburn Adams). Washington: s.n. (1876).
 The Pictorial Battles of the Civil War (La Bree, Ben, editor). New York: Sherman (1885).

Legacy
Five U.S. ships have been named  for his father and him.
Porter Road at the Naval Academy, also known as Officer's Row, was named in his honor.
A memorial to Porter was installed at Vicksburg National Military Park.
A public school in Little Neck, Queens N.Y. was named after Porter, PS 94.
A portrait of Porter is on the cover of Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's seventh studio album, Will the Circle be Unbroken.

See also

 Bibliography of Naval history of the American Civil War
 Seth Ledyard Phelps (Naval commander who also served in naval operations in the Western Rivers Fleet)
 List of Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy
 Joseph Smith Harris, for an account of the naval bombardment of the forts south of New Orleans

Notes

References

Bibliography
Duffy, James P., Lincoln's Admiral: the Civil War Campaigns of David Farragut. Wiley, 1997. pp. 276
Fonvielle, Chris E. Jr., The Wilmington Campaign: Last Rays of Departing Hope. Campbell, CA: Savas, 1997.
Hearn, Chester G., The Capture of New Orleans 1862. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995.
Hearn, Chester G., Admiral David Dixon Porter: the Civil War Years. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1996.
Lewis, Paul, Yankee Admiral: a Biography of David Dixon Porter. David McKay Co., 1968.
Melia, Tamara Moser, "David Dixon Porter: Fighting Sailor", in Bradford, James C. (ed.), Captains of the Old Steam Navy: Makers of the American Naval Tradition, 1840–1880. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1986.
Musicant, Ivan, Divided Waters: the Naval History of the Civil War. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.

Welles, Gideon, The Diary of Gideon Welles (Edgar T. Welles, editor). 3 volumes. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1911.

Further reading

External links
 Georgy Porter, Wife Of Union Admiral David Dixon Porter

 Images and biography, from the Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.
 Arlington National Cemetery

1813 births
1891 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Commanders of the USS Constitution
People from Chester, Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Porter family
Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy
Union Navy admirals
United States Navy admirals
United States Navy personnel of the Mexican–American War

David Dixon Porter


Ólafs ríma Haraldssonar is a 14th-century ríma by the Icelandic poet and official Einarr Gilsson on the career of Saint Óláfr Haraldsson (King Olaf II) of Norway.

The work is preserved in Iceland's Flateyjarbók, from around 1390, and was probably composed a couple of decades earlier. The narrative follows the account of Óláfr's life in Heimskringla, focusing on the Battle of Stiklestad and Óláfr's miracles after his death. The work is literary though the diction is simple. The ríma consists of 65 ferskeytt verses. There is no mansöngr.

Ólafs ríma is often considered the earliest ríma.

References

Poole, Russell G. (1991). Viking Poems on War and Peace. University of Toronto Press.

Old Norse poetry
Rímur
Flateyjarbók

Ólafs ríma Haraldssonar


Mars has an orbit with a semimajor axis of 1.524 astronomical units (228 million km), and an eccentricity of 0.0934.  The planet orbits the Sun in 687 days  and travels 9.55 AU in doing so, making the average orbital speed 24 km/s.

The eccentricity is greater than that of every other planet except Mercury, and this causes a large difference between the aphelion and perihelion distances—they are 1.6660 and 1.3814 AU.

Changes in the orbit
Mars is in the midst of a long-term increase in eccentricity. It reached a minimum of 0.079 about 19 millennia ago, and will peak at about 0.105 after about 24 millennia from now (and with perihelion distances a mere 1.3621 astronomical units). The orbit is at times near circular: it was 0.002 1.35 million years ago, and will reach a similar minimum 1.05 million years into the future. The maximum eccentricity between those two extreme minima is 0.12 in about 200 thousand years.

Oppositions
Mars reaches opposition when there is a 180° difference between the geocentric longitudes of it and the Sun. At a time near opposition (within 8½ days) the Earth–Mars distance is as small as it will get during that 780-day synodic period. Every opposition has some significance because Mars is visible from Earth all night, high and fully lit, but the ones of special interest happen when Mars is near perihelion, because this is when Mars is also nearest to Earth. One perihelic opposition is followed by another either 15 or 17 years later. In fact every opposition is followed by a similar one 7 or 8 synodic periods later, and by a very similar one 37 synodic periods (79 years) later. In the so-called perihelic opposition Mars is closest to the Sun and is particularly close to Earth: Oppositions range from about 0.68 AU when Mars is near aphelion to only about 0.37 AU when Mars is near perihelion.

Close approaches to Earth
Mars comes closer to Earth more than any other planet save Venus at its nearest—56 million km is the closest distance between Mars and Earth, whereas the closest Venus comes to Earth is 40 million km. Mars comes closest to Earth every other year, around the time of its opposition, when Earth is sweeping between the Sun and Mars. Extra-close oppositions of Mars happen every 15 to 17 years, when we pass between Mars and the Sun around the time of its perihelion (closest point to the Sun in orbit). The minimum distance between Earth and Mars has been declining over the years, and in 2003 the minimum distance was 55.76 million km, nearer than any such encounter in almost 60,000 years (57,617 BC). The record minimum distance between Earth and Mars in 2729 will stand at 55.65 million km. In the year 3818, the record will stand at 55.44 million km, and the distances will continue to decrease for about 24,000 years.

Historical importance

Until the work of Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), a German astronomer, the prevailing belief was that the Sun and planets orbited the Earth. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus had proposed that all the planets orbited in circles around the Sun, but his theory did not give very satisfactory predictions and was largely ignored.  When Kepler studied his boss Tycho Brahe's observations of Mars's position in the sky on many nights, Kepler realized that Mars's orbit could not be a circle. After years of analysis, Kepler discovered that Mars's orbit was likely to be an ellipse, with the Sun at one of the ellipse's focal points. This, in turn, led to Kepler's discovery that all planets orbit the Sun in elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one of the two focal points. This became the first of Kepler's three laws of planetary motion.

Accuracy/predictability
From the perspective of all but the most demanding, the path of Mars is simple. An equation in Astronomical Algorithms that assumes an unperturbed elliptical orbit predicts the perihelion and aphelion times with an error of "a few hours". Using orbital elements to calculate those distances  agrees to actual averages to at least five significant figures. Formulas for computing position straight from orbital elements typically do not provide or need corrections for the effects of other planets.

For a higher level of accuracy the perturbations of planets are required. These are well known, and are believed to be modeled well enough to achieve high accuracy. These are all of the bodies that need to be considered for even many demanding problems. When Aldo Vitagliano calculated the date of close Martian approaches in the distant past or future, he tested the potential effect caused by the uncertainties of the asteroid belt models by running the simulations both with and without the biggest three asteroids, and found the effects were negligible.

Observations improved, and space age technology has replaced the older techniques.  E. Myles Standish wrote: "Classical ephemerides over the past centuries have been based entirely upon optical observations:almost exclusively, meridian circle transit timings. With the advent of planetary radar, spacecraft missions, VLBI, etc., the situation for the four inner planets has changed dramatically." (8.5.1 page 10) For DE405, created in 1995, optical observations were dropped and as he wrote "initial conditions for the inner four planets were adjusted to ranging data primarily…" The error in DE405 is known to be about 2 km and is now sub-kilometer.

Although the perturbations on Mars by asteroids have caused problems, they have also been used to estimate the masses of certain asteroids. But improving the model of the asteroid belt is of great concern to those requiring or attempting to provide the highest-accuracy ephemerides.

Orbital parameters
No more than five significant figures are presented in the following table of Mars's orbital elements. To this level of precision, the numbers match very well the VSOP87 elements and calculations derived from them, as well as Standish's (of JPL) 250-year best fit, and calculations using the actual positions of Mars over time.

References

Dynamics of the Solar System
Mars

Orbit of Mars


Michael Anthony Muñoz (born August 19, 1958) is a former American football offensive tackle who played for 13 seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the USC Trojans. Muñoz is widely considered to be the greatest offensive lineman in NFL history. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1998.

Early life and college career
Muñoz went to Chaffey High School in Ontario, California. He played college football at the University of Southern California from 1976 to 1979. He also played baseball there, pitching for USC's national championship team in 1978. The Trojans won a bowl game in all four of Muñoz's seasons, including three victories in the Rose Bowl. However, injuries had cut Munoz's freshman and junior seasons short, forcing him to miss the team's Rose Bowl wins in both years.

In the opening game of his senior year, Muñoz suffered torn knee ligaments and had to miss all of the remaining regular season games, though he did return for USC's 17–16 Rose Bowl win over the previously undefeated Ohio State University on New Year's Day in 1980. Muñoz could have requested a medical redshirt, enabling him to play as a 5th year senior in 1980, or simply focused on getting ready for the upcoming NFL draft, but he insisted on coming back for the Rose Bowl. "I can't imagine missing that experience with my guys," Muñoz explained. USC running back Charles White rushed for a Rose Bowl record 247 yards in the game, including six carries on an 83-yard drive to score the game winning touchdown with 1:32 left, mostly running to left weak side behind Muñoz. "He played the whole ball game, he didn't get hurt and we won," USC coach John Robinson said of Muñoz after the game. "To me, that's a perfect game. That's one of the greatest things I've ever seen happen."

NFL career

Cincinnati Bengals
Muñoz was the third overall pick in the 1980 NFL Draft by the Cincinnati Bengals. His selection was viewed as a major risk by many pundits since knee problems limited the 6 ft. 6 in., 280-pound Muñoz to just a combined 16 games in his final two college seasons.

Muñoz became a starter in his rookie season and remained a fixture at left tackle for the Bengals for 13 seasons and is considered one of the greatest, if not the greatest, offensive linemen in NFL history. Despite his history of injuries, Muñoz missed just three games during his first 12 seasons. His rigorous workout routine included working out in the weight room he had installed in his home and running three to four miles every day.
In addition to his talents as a blocker, Anthony Muñoz was also a capable receiver, notching seven receptions for 18 yards and scoring four touchdowns on tackle-eligible plays, including one in 1984 from rookie quarterback Boomer Esiason against the Cleveland Browns in Cleveland.

Muñoz played in two Super Bowls during his time with the Bengals, XVI and XXIII, both narrow losses to the San Francisco 49ers.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers/Retirement
After missing much of the 1992 season battling knee and shoulder injuries, Muñoz attempted to play a 14th season with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, but he was released before the season started and decided to retire shortly after.

Legacy
Muñoz was the Offensive Lineman of the Year in 1981, and 1988, and was awarded the NFL Players Association Lineman of the Year honors in 1981, 1985, 1988, and 1989. The NFL Alumni Association voted Munoz the Offensive Lineman of the Year four times (1987, 1989–1991). He won the Seagram's Seven Crowns of Sports award for Offensive Lineman of the Year in 1981 and 1986.

At the time of his retirement, his Pro Bowl selections were tied with Tom Mack for the most ever by an offensive lineman in league history, and also set the Bengals franchise record as well. In 1994, Muñoz was named to the National Football League 75th Anniversary All-Time Team. In 1999, he was ranked #17 on Sporting News list of the 100 greatest football players and was the highest-ranked offensive lineman. In 2010, he was ranked #12 on the NFL Network's The Top 100: NFL's Greatest Players list and again was the highest-ranked offensive lineman.

In 1998, Muñoz was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was the first exclusive Cincinnati Bengals player to be enshrined. Shortly after receiving the honor, Muñoz's hometown of Ontario, California, renamed its Colony Park "Anthony Muñoz Hall of Fame Park". The renaming ceremony was held on June 26, 1998, and was attended by Muñoz, his family, city officials, and Ontario residents.

Muñoz was a member of the Bengals inaugural Ring of Honor class in 2021.

While the Bengals have not officially retired it, they have not reissued the number 78 since Muñoz left the team.

Movies and television
Muñoz appeared in two motion pictures: 1980's Borderline as "Guatemalan" and 1983's The Right Stuff (an Academy Award nominee for Best Picture) as "Gonzalez".

From 1994 to 1995, Muñoz served as a color commentator on Fox Sports' NFL telecasts and has for many years been color commentator for TV broadcasts of Bengals' preseason games.

Post-NFL career
Since 1992, Muñoz has starred in a series of commercials for the Cincinnati-area furniture store Furniture Fair.

In 2002, the Anthony Muñoz Foundation was created to consolidate Muñoz's charitable activities and encourages area individuals and businesses to "...impact area youth mentally, physically and spiritually". In 2004, Muñoz served on a panel to select the year's recipient of the Walter Payton Award. On November 14, 2012, Allstate dedicated a Hometown Hall of Famers plaque to Muñoz at Chaffey High School. On October 8, 2015, Muñoz received the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute (CHCI) Medallion of Excellence for his contributions to the Hispanic community.

Muñoz attended a celebrity flag-football game at Candlestick Park, the last event before the demolition of the stadium in 2014. He describes the event:

The final touchdown pass, there were probably 30,000 people in that stadium viewing a bunch of old guys playing a flag football game, but to see (Montana) throw to (DeBartolo) for the final touchdown there and to hear the fans go crazy and to see the admiration from these former players like Ronnie Lott and Joe Montana; that to me was impressive... to me, that's what it's all about.

Personal life
Muñoz is of Mexican–American descent and met his wife at USC; they got married during his sophomore year in 1978. They have two children. His son Michael played offensive lineman at Tennessee where he was an All-America and went undrafted in 2005. His daughter, Michelle, played basketball at Tennessee and later transferred to Ohio State.

Muñoz is a Christian. He has said, "My faith is everything for me in my life, college, my 13 years playing in the NFL. Now that I've been retired from the NFL it continues to be the most important thing in my life."

References

External links
 The Anthony Muñoz Foundation

1958 births
Living people
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football offensive tackles
Cincinnati Bengals players
College football announcers
National Football League announcers
Sportspeople from Ontario, California
Players of American football from San Bernardino County, California
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
USC Trojans football players
USC Trojans baseball players
Chaffey High School alumni
American baseball players of Mexican descent

Anthony Muñoz


Sammy Watkins was the leader of the Sammy Watkins Orchestra, popular during the late 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. He continued to lead a band, based primarily in Cleveland, into the 1960s. The band's longest engagement was at Hollenden Hotel's Vogue Room in Cleveland, Ohio. Musicians included Norbert Kuenzel, drummer Fred Borgerhoff and trumpeters "Scat" Davis and Robert H. Shelley (1912 - January 10, 1954).

During the early 1940s, a young man going by the name of Dino Martini was the band's male vocalist. At Watkins's urging, Martini dropped the 'i' in his stage name and subsequently became a star in the United States under his new stage name, Dean Martin.

He sued Dean Martin in July 1950 for unpaid royalties, claiming that he had only been given $1,000 since 1943 when Dean was supposed to give him 10% of his earnings ― which were $335,594 ― as Sammy had become Dean's agent at the time. Dean had filed for bankruptcy in January 1949.

References

Orchestra leaders
Musicians from Cleveland
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Sammy Watkins (musician)


Martin Percy "Buster" Zoborosky (November 12, 1916 – June 1, 1989), later known as Martin Edwards, was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1944–45 season.

Biography
Zoborosky was born in November 1916 in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan to Martin and Elizabeth Zoborosky. He started his hockey career in 1934 with the Moose Jaw Canucks, in the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League, of his hometown. He would continue playing in Moose Jaw until the 1935–36 season, where he split time between the Canucks and Moose Jaw Hardware of the Saskatchewan Senior Hockey League. The following season he played for the Prince Albert Mintos in the Senior League, playing 20 games, registering one point and 28 penalty minutes. The following season he played for the Swift Current Indians of that same league. In the next few years, he would go on to play in leagues in British Columbia, suiting up for Kimberley, New Westminster and Vancouver. During his time with Vancouver, he played for the Royal Canadian Air Force team, in which he was a member, having joined in the early 1940s. He would serve in the RCAF for four years. During his career in British Columbia and Saskatchewan, he participated in 3 championship playoffs - the Memorial Cup in Saskatchewan and Allan Cup in British Columbia (2 times). During his time in Swift Current, he was part of the championship-winning team of 1941.

In the 1944–45 season, Zoborosky played one game, on December 31, 1944, for the Chicago Black Hawks (against the Detroit Red Wings) in the National Hockey League, registering two penalty minutes in a 4–0 loss. He also played a single game for the Providence Reds of the American Hockey League in that same season. In 1946, Zoborosky headed to Prague, Czechoslovakia to serve as player-coach of a hockey team there, despite not knowing the Czech language. Upon his return to Canada in 1947, he lauded the rising popularity of ice hockey as a sport in Europe, adding that the possibility for scouting hockey talent out of Europe was strong. For the 1948 season he again returned to Europe, this time in charge of 10 hockey clubs, with 10 assistant coaches, travelling between them and supervising play.

A defenceman for his whole hockey career, he was nicknamed by his teammates as "Buster" or "Bus", perhaps for his "truck-like" play. A 1943 article from Vancouver described that he "fought like a tiger [and] handed out lumps all [game]". Described as an unassuming and likeable person, he was also said to not hold grudges against other opposing players, amongst whom he was held in high regard.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
 List of players who played only one game in the NHL

Notes

Last name also spelled as Zoboroski and Zobrosky

References

External links

1916 births
1989 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Chicago Blackhawks players
Providence Reds players
Ice hockey people from Moose Jaw

Martin Zoborosky


The Florencia 13, also known as South Side Florencia 13, Florence Gang, F13 is an American criminal street gang based in Los Angeles, California, composed mainly of Mexican-Americans. The gang is named after the Florence area of Los Angeles County, controlled by the Mexican Mafia. They are involved in drug smuggling, murder, assault and robbery.

History
The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, DEA & ATF began targeting Florencia 13 gang members for their roles in racially motivated attacks on African-Americans. Court testimony and the judges ruling found that F13 members had targeted African-Americans based purely on race.
At certain times, Florencia 13 leaders ordered killings of the East Coast Crip gang, according to Los Angeles County Sheriff Lee Baca. The conflict was triggered by the theft by East Coast Crips of a large amount of drugs from Florencia 13 members. This resulted in the Mexican Mafia putting a "green light" out on the East Coast Crips.
On January 13, 2019, two people were shot and wounded outside the Fashion Place Mall in Salt Lake City, Utah, after an argument erupted between Florencia 13 and Norteños members. Two male Florencia members, aged 19 and 20, were arrested for involvement in the incident. The two suspects were also charged for a shooting at a group of people at a Taylorsville, Utah cemetery on January 6, which did not harm anyone.
On October 6, 2019, four men, ages 20s to 50s, were killed and five injured at KC Tequila, a Hispanic-themed bar and restaurant in Kansas City, Kansas. It was among the deadliest acts of violence in modern Kansas history.  The suspects were alleged members of Florencia 13, and are facing murder and attempted murder charges.

Operation Joker's Wild
Operation Joker's Wild investigated the gang's drug trafficking, extortion of street criminals, and racially based murders of African Americans in the area. The operation involved the Los Angeles High- Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Task Force, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the IRS, and the Los Angeles County Probation Department.

In 2007, 102 members of Florencia 13 were listed in indictments, under the operation, leading to the biggest gang raid in American history at the time, with 96 of the 102 members taken into custody. The indictments included charges of drug trafficking, attempted murder, murder,Rape and extortion. As of 2009, 94 of the 102 had been convicted or pleaded guilty, 3 had pending trials, 2 had died and 5 were fugitives from justice. The trial further found that the gang was controlled by the Mexican Mafia prison gang.

In Popular Culture
Between 2005 and 2014 there was a Southern California style Mexican restaurant at 185 Sullivan Street in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City named Florencia 13 after the gang.

The Paragon's 1957 song "Florence" is the official theme song of Florencia 13.

References

External links
Southside Florencia (F13) in Florence

Organizations established in the 1950s
1950s establishments in California
Sureños
Latino street gangs
Gangs in Los Angeles
Mexican-American culture in Los Angeles

Florencia 13


A nebulizer is a small machine that creates a mist out of liquid medication, allowing for quicker and easier absorption of medication into the lungs.  Typically, nebulizers come in both electric or battery-run versions, and are either portable or meant to sit on a table and plug into a wall.

It is also used for the patients with runny nose or nasal stroke. A nebulizer delivers liquid medication via pressurized air. While individuals with asthma typically use both nebulizers and inhalers, occasionally, a nebulizer may be easier to use — especially when it comes to young children who may not have the proper technique for an inhaler.

A nebulizer is helpful for a variety of conditions, including:

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
 Asthma
 Bronchiectasis
 Cystic fibrosis
 Pulmonary fibrosis

Types of nebulizers
There are three main types of nebulizers:

 Jet nebulizers make an aerosol out of medications using a compressed gas (like air). These are the most common type of nebulizers.
 Ultrasonic nebulizers make an aerosol via high-frequency vibrations. These are more commonly used in hospitals and typically are not for personal use.
 Mesh nebulizers use a mesh cap with tiny holes that help dispense medication in a very efficient way. These nebulizers are newer and often more effective than jet nebulizers.

References

Medical equipment
Drug delivery devices

Nebulizer


In mathematics, a function  is weakly harmonic in a domain  if

for all  with compact support in  and continuous second derivatives, where Δ is the Laplacian. This is the same notion as a weak derivative, however, a function can have a weak derivative and not be differentiable.  In this case, we have the somewhat surprising result that a function is weakly harmonic if and only if it is harmonic.  Thus weakly harmonic is actually equivalent to the seemingly stronger harmonic condition.

See also
 Weak solution
 Weyl's lemma

References

Harmonic functions

Weakly harmonic function


Isaac Milles or Mills (19 September 1638 – 6 July 1720) was an English cleric, often described as the model parish priest of that day.

Origins
Milles was born on 19 September 1638, the youngest son of Thomas Milles, esq., "a plain country gentleman" of Carrington's Farm, Cockfield, near Bury, Suffolk. He was born and baptised 30 September 1638. The family were however distinguished enough to bear arms, which were: Argent, a chevron between three millrinds sable, with motto "Pietate et Prudentia". These arms are visible on the engraving of Isaac Milles by George Vertue in the British Museum. Of his elder brothers, Samuel, of Queen's College, Cambridge, was a vicar of Royston, Hertfordshire, and John 'a very considerable tradesman' at Dedham, Essex.

Education
After spending seven years at King Edward VI School. Bury, where Lord-keeper North was among his schoolfellows, Isaac was admitted at St John's College, Cambridge, in 1656, and graduated M.A. in 1663.  His tutor at Cambridge was Francis Turner, afterwards the nonjuring bishop of Ely, who was his lifelong friend.

Career
On leaving the university Milles took holy orders, and became curate in sole charge of Barley, Hertfordshire, the rector, Dr. Joseph Beaumont, master of Peterhouse, being non-resident.  In 1674, by the influence of his friend Chief Baron Atkins, he obtained the vicarage.

There he made the acquaintance of Henry Dodwell, and became intimate with Dr. Martin Lluelyn, whose epitaph in Wycombe Church he wrote.

While at Cambridge he had met Edward Colman, Titus Oates's victim, and seems to have read Colman's letters to Père la Chaise before they were printed.  He came to the conclusion that no popish plot existed, and gave offence by expressing his conviction to that effect in his sermons.  It was only the reputation which his high character had won for him which save him from prosecution.

In 1680 he was presented by Sir Robert Sawyer to the living of Highclere, Hampshire, where he remained till his death.  Milles took pupils there, including the sons of Thomas Herbert, eighth earl of Pembroke, the new proprietor of Highclere. Chief among his friends at this period were Dr. George Hooper, incumbent of East Woodhay and Ashmandsworth, afterwards bishop of St. Asaph and Bath and Wells, and his successor at Woodhay, John Hern, canon of Windsor.  For some time he had scruples taking the oath of allegiance after the revolution,  Turner the nonjuror appears to have persuaded him to do so.

Milles, a strong tory and high churchman, was a model parish priest.  The parish register of Highclere describes him as 'for 39 years 2 months and 7 days the constant resident rector and pastor of this parish,' and records his 'primitive integrity and piety' and his charity to the poor.  'He never refused any of his neighbours that desired to borrow any money of him, leaving it to them to take their own time to repay it, without usury.'  He laid out between 400l. and 500l. on the parsonage house and outhouses but 'never exacted the utmost of his tithes.'

Marriage and children
Milles married in 1670 Elizabeth Luckin (died 1708) of Springfield, Essex, who died of smallpox on 4 January 1708. They had children including:
Thomas Milles, eldest son, Bishop of Waterford.
Jeremiah Milles (1675–1746), fellow and tutor at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1696 to 1705, became rector of Riseholm, Lincolnshire, in 1704, and was rector of Duloe, Cornwall, from 1704 until his death. His son was Jeremiah Milles (1714–1784), Dean of Exeter and antiquary.
Isaac Milles the younger (fl. 1701-1727), B.A. of Balliol College 1696, graduated M.A. from Sidney Sussex, Cambridge, in 1701, was treasurer of the diocese of Waterford 21 May 1714, and prebendary of Lismore 6 September 1716, but was non-resident, and carried on his father's school at Highclere.  In 1727 he resigned his Irish benefices to become rector of Ludshelfe or Litchfield, Hampshire.
Richard Pococke, Bishop of Meath, was a grandson.

Death and burial
He died of paralysis on 6 July 1720, and was buried on 9 July in the chancel of Highclere Church, where a black marble slab with a Latin inscription was put up to his memory by his children.  A white marble monument with inscription was also placed by his eldest son on the north wall of the chancel.  Bromley mentions a rare engraved portrait of him, signed by George Vertue.

Further reading

Sources
 The Quaint Life of Isaac Milles (1721)), was written by or under the influence of Bishop Thomas Milles. With it is printed a funeral sermon by J. W., a neighbouring clergyman. In 1842 a duodecimo edition of the Life, summarised, and containing preface and some additional matter, with three illustrations, was published.
 H. Cotton, Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae. 6 vols. Dublin, 1851-78.

Attribution

References

External links

1638 births
1720 deaths
17th-century Christian clergy
English Christian religious leaders
People from Babergh District
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
People from Highclere

Isaac Milles


Buscot Park  is a country house at Buscot near the town of Faringdon in Oxfordshire within the historic boundaries of Berkshire. It is a Grade II* listed building.

It was built in an austere neoclassical style between 1780 and 1783 for Edward Loveden Loveden. It remained in the family until sold in 1859 to Robert Tertius Campbell, an Australian. Campbell's daughter Florence would later be famous as Mrs Charles Bravo, the central character in a Victorian murder case that remains unsolved to this day. On Campbell's death, in 1887, the house and its estate were sold to Alexander Henderson a financier, later to be ennobled as Baron Faringdon.

Following the death of the 1st Baron in 1934, the house was considerably altered and restored to its 18th-century form, by the architect Geddes Hyslop, for his grandson and successor, Gavin Henderson, 2nd Baron Faringdon, during this era, the art collection founded by the 1st Baron was considerably enlarged, although many of the 1st Baron's 19th-century works of art were sold immediately following his death.

The house and estate was bequeathed to the National Trust in 1956.  The contents (which include works of art by Rembrandt and Burne-Jones) are owned by the Faringdon Collection Trust. The house is occupied and managed by the present Lord Faringdon. The mansion and its extensive formal and informal gardens and grounds are open to the public each summer.

Architecture

The construction of Buscot Park was begun in 1780, for Edward Loveden Loveden, whose family had owned land adjacent to the site since 1557. The land upon which he chose to build the house itself was owned by the neighbouring Throckmorton estate. Loveden Loveden did not acquire ownership of the land upon which his house was built until 1788. The architect is unknown, and it is likely that Loveden himself had a hand in the design. Loveden is known to have employed James Darley at this time; a little-known architect, described by a contemporary as "able and experienced." The names of other far more eminent architects have been mentioned in connection with Buscot, including that of Robert Adam, but there is no documented evidence that any of these architects worked on the house; it therefore seems likely their involvement is apocryphal. It is known that James Paine supplied fireplaces and advised on the building costs, but the general design of the mansion is unsophisticated and not in character with Paine's work, making it unlikely that his involvement was major.

The house is constructed of local stone and materials with Portland stone adornments. The roof is of Westmorland slate. Some of the building materials were bought second-hand, following demolitions and alterations to Kempsford House, Gloucestershire, and Charlton House. Whoever the architect was, the design fails to follow the strict dictates of either the Palladian style, which was passing from fashion, or those of the neoclassical style, which had been becoming popular in England from the late 1760s. Christopher Hussey, writing in 1940, opined that "The architect owed much to Robert Adam and the pattern books of the admirable tradesmen of the day."

Unusually for a house of this period, the house has neither portico nor pilasters to break the austerity of the facade. Contemporary drawings show that the principal and central entrance originally had a segmented pediment, a motif of the Baroque, long out of fashion by the 1780s. This entrance, like the principal reception rooms, was placed in the first floor, on a piano nobile in Palladian style, leaving the ground floor free for the domestic and estate offices and service rooms. However, in neoclassical style, above the principal floor is a second floor, its windows having equal value to those below, indicating that here were principal bedrooms rather than secondary and servants' rooms, as would have been the case in a Palladian or Baroque design.

The severity of the facade, which is of nine bays, is only relieved by a band between the two major floors and the slight projection of the central three bays which are crowned by a low pediment. Following the Palladian tradition, the ground floor is rusticated. The roofline has only a very low parapet and no balustrade, thus leaving the hipped roof and chimneys completely visible. The high slate roof is pierced by two gable windows, more reminiscent of a farmhouse than a sophisticated mansion. The north front more truly follows the neoclassical style, in its English form, of the later 18th century. Two large bows project to flank the central three bays.

In 1859, the house and estate were sold by Loveden Loveden's great grandson, Sir Pryse Pryse. The new owner was an Australian gold trader, Robert "Tertius" Campbell. A keen agriculturist, Campbell extensively modernised the estate, seriously depleting his fortune in the process. During the early 1850s, Campbell considered vastly expanding the mansion, and plans were drawn up showing the house transformed to a turreted palace in a loose English renaissance style. Ultimately, Campbell decided against any grandiose schemes and contented himself by adding a porch, parapet and gabled windows to the neoclassical south front in an incongruous Neo-Renaissance style.

It was at this time that many of the estate's woodlands were planted, along with the creation of new gardens and the carriage drive which form the nucleus of the gardens today. Campbell died in 1887, his fortune spent and the estate mortgaged. Buscot was then acquired by Alexander Henderson, later to be ennobled as the first Baron Faringdon. Henderson, an eminent London stockbroker and financier, enlarged the house with a large wing.

In the 1930s, a time when many country houses were being pulled down, converted to schools or standing empty, Buscot enjoyed a renaissance. In 1934, it was inherited by the 2nd Lord Faringdon. The new Lord Faringdon inherited Buscot from his grandfather, the 1st Lord Faringdon, and immediately embarked upon a major remodelling project. He swept away the 19th-century additions of his grandfather and Campbell, returning the facades to their original 18th-century simplicity.

To compensate for the space lost through the demolition, he commissioned the architect Geddes Hyslop to create two flanking pavilions in a loose Palladian style. These pavilions, in reality rectangular but detached wings, had temple fronts complementing the two principal facades, and gave the side elevations of the mansion added grandeur and interest. This was achieved by the addition of a triumphal arch to an otherwise blank curtain wall. The pavilions are given unity with the mansion by high yew hedges acting as walls, which link the buildings, accentuating the Palladianism of the design.

Hyslop's work was not all restoration. Immediately adjacent to the east facade, in a court created by newly planted yew hedging linking the mansion and East Pavilion, Hyslop created a swimming pool garden. The placing of pools was a problem to the owners of country houses in the 20th century; the pools would be treated with some "circumspection" and disguised as something else. Thus, at Buscot, the pool appears as a formal canal pond set in a renaissance garden.

Interior

The interior of the mansion has been considerably altered and restored since its completion. The rooms are arranged in a circuit, although the principal room, the saloon, is flanked by slightly smaller rooms and adjoining cabinets. It is unlikely these smaller rooms were ever principal bedchambers, as would have been the case just a few years earlier in the 18th century. In fact, the layout was probably completely modern at the time; this is suggested by the siting of the dining room (3 on plan) and the drawing room (6 on plan). Geddes Hyslop's remodelling of the house in 1934 has created a series of seemingly meaningless and similar reception rooms, designed to accommodate large house parties. In some cases (including the Dutch Room) smaller rooms were amalgamated and lost. This has hidden the original uses of the rooms. During the late 18th century, rooms came to be perceived as masculine and feminine and arranged in suites accordingly. In particular the dining and drawing rooms "reigned as king and queen over the other rooms" and were often, as at Buscot, placed symmetrically in the house with a hall or saloon dividing them. The dividing room not only served to muffle the noise of boisterous men, partaking of their post-prandial port and cigars in the "masculine" dining rooms, from the more delicate ladies in the "female" drawing room, but also provided a "little state and distance" for the formal procession from the drawing room to the dining room.

Buscot's design suggests this was the case there. The masculine dining room, library, study and possibly a billiard room were placed en suite on one side of the hall, and the feminine drawing room, music room and morning room on the other. The saloon, the grandest room in the house, containing the best furnishings, was regarded as neutral territory and would have been used only for large receptions, or entertaining the most important guests.

The original use of the rooms is further confirmed by the design of the second floor, where the windows are of equal size to those below, which indicates that the principal bedrooms were always placed there. The principal staircase is comparatively small and not as grand and commanding as is often the case in a neoclassical house, where the owners retired upstairs. The great Baroque houses, built just 50 years earlier, often did not have a principal internal staircase at all, as the owners never left the piano nobile.

It is for their contents, rather than their architecture, that the rooms are notable.

The six principal rooms on the piano nobile contain the cream of an art collection collected by the three Barons Faringdon, from the 1880s to the present day. The Dutch Room (2 on the plan) contains, amongst works by Van Dyck, Jordaens and Honthorst, Rembrandt's portrait of Peter Six.

The principal room of the house, the saloon, displays Burne-Jones' The Legend of Briar Rose. Painted over nineteen years from 1871, the series of paintings was acquired by the first Lord Faringdon in 1890. The room was then decorated to accommodate them. Burne-Jones, visiting Buscot, disliked the sequence, and painted a further four scenes to fill the voids between the original canvases.

Elsewhere in the house are works by Botticelli, Caracci, Cipriani, Gainsborough, Kauffman, Lawrence, Leighton, Lely, Graham Sutherland and others.

Grounds

The house is set within a large park, of over , containing woodland, lakes and formal gardens. Creation of the park began in 1782. In the early 20th century, the landscape architect Harold Peto worked at Buscot. Water gardens had become popular in the late 19th century, following the introduction of exotic water-loving plants and the first illustrated gardening magazines. Thus, Peto was commissioned to design a water garden. The result was an "Alhambra-like" series of rills and fountains, linking the house to the distant  lake. Despite its woodland setting leading to an informal lake, the water garden is formal in its concept, in direct contrast to the still popular picturesque movement which perhaps reached its zenith just a few years earlier at Cragside, Northumberland. This was because Peto was influenced by the architect Reginald Blomfield, a disciple of Sir Charles Barry who was responsible for many of the great Italianate houses and formal terraced gardens of the 19th century. Peto also designed a large entrance court to the mansion, with massive gate piers, intended to create an impressive approach to the house.

Before the north front of the house is a formal lawned parterre with a bronze fountain depicting Mercury. Leading from the immediate vicinity of the house are a series of woodland avenues which lead to smaller gardens; in the form of roundels these gardens include a citrus garden, a rose garden and a swinging garden. Other woodland vistas lead to various eye catching garden statues, including a monumental urn containing the relics of the 2nd Lord Faringdon.

The vast walled kitchen garden has been replanted over the last 20 years by the present Lord Faringdon, to represent the four seasons, divided into quarters by pleached hornbeams and Judas trees, each section of the garden represents a different season. A novel feature, set on a prominence above the garden is a faux waterfall, a modern sculpture which from a distance creates a convincing optical illusion of a torrential waterfall.

Private house and public gallery

During the 1940s, the 2nd Lord Faringdon formulated a plan in conjunction with Ernest Cook to present the house and its estate to the nation, under the auspices of the National Trust. A decade later, the preservation of Buscot's contents was ensured by the creation of a family trust which acquired ownership of the Henderson family's works of art and furniture which became known as the Faringdon Collection. This collection is displayed at Buscot and the family's town house in London's Brompton Square.

A stipulation in the agreement with the National Trust stated that Buscot would be leased to the Barons Faringdon, enabling them to remain in residence. This arrangement has continued to the present day. The present and 3rd Lord Faringdon, with his wife, not only lives in the house, but is responsible for the day-to-day management and decoration of the mansion. Although Lord and Lady Faringdon have built a smaller house, the Garden House, in the grounds for their personal use during the summer months when the tourist season is at its peak, the interior of the house has very much the uncontrived air of a private residence rather than that of a public art gallery.

The present Lord Faringdon has added many works of art to the collection, including contemporary paintings, ceramics, glass and silver. The house, gardens and grounds are open each year from April to September.

Agricultural estate
In 1863, Robert Tertius Campbell built an irrigation scheme on the estate. His plan was to grow sugar beet and use it to produce alcohol. A distillery was opened in 1869. Campbell built a six-mile railway around the estate to collect the sugar beet and other farm produce.  The railway was built to the unusual track gauge of 2 ft 8in. Three 0-4-0T locomotives were supplied by Appleby Brothers of Southwark, the first in 1871. They were named Edith, Emily and Alice, after Campbell's daughters. The estate was also provided with a telegraph system. The enterprise was profitable by 1871 but declined soon afterwards. The distillery closed in 1879 and everything saleable was sold. The railway remained in use for farm transport until about 1900 but, as the locomotives had been sold, it was worked by horses.

References

Sources

External links

Official website

Art museums and galleries in Oxfordshire
Country houses in Oxfordshire
Gardens in Oxfordshire
Grade II* listed buildings in Oxfordshire
Grade II* listed houses
Historic house museums in Oxfordshire
National Trust properties in Oxfordshire
Vale of White Horse
Gardens by Harold Peto

Buscot Park


Aplococeratidae is a family of ceratitids from the Middle Triassic with very simplified sutures and a tendency to lose their ornamentation. Shells are generally evolute, more or less compressed, with rounded venters. Ornamentation if present consists of umbilical ribs that disappear outwardly, toward the venter. The suture is ceratitic or goniatitic.

Arkell et al. (1957), in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L included the Aplococeraitdae in the Ceratitaceae, whereas E. T. Tozer in 1981 includes them in the Danubitaceae, established by Spath, also in 1951.

Genera included in the Aplococeratidae are Aplococeras (type), Apleuroceras, Epiceratites, Laboceras, Metadinarites, Pseudaplococeras, and Velebites.

References

Sources
Arkell, et al, 1957. Mesozoic Ammonoidea; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L (L157-158). Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
Paleobiology Database Aplococeratidae entry accessed 9 December 2011

Danubitaceae
Ceratitida families
Anisian first appearances
Middle Triassic extinctions

Aplococeratidae


San Hermenegildo was a 112-gun three-decker ship of the line built at Havanna for the Spanish Navy in 1789 to plans by Romero Landa, one of the eight very large ships of the line of the Santa Ana class, also known as los Meregildos. San Hermenegildo served in the Spanish Navy during the French Revolutionary Wars and was destroyed with heavy loss of life during the Second Battle of Algeciras.

Construction
The Santa Ana class was built for the Spanish fleet in the 1780s and 1790s as heavy ships of the line, the equivalent of Royal Navy first rate ships. The other ships of the class were the Santa Ana,  Mexicano, Salvador del Mundo, Conde de Regla, Real Carlos, Reina María Luisa and Príncipe de Asturias. Three of the class were captured or destroyed during the French Revolutionary Wars.

History
In 1793, during the War of the Pyrenees, San Hermenegildo was the flagship of the squadron under Federico Gravina in the Mediterranean operating off Catalonia. The squadron subsequently participated in the evacuation of Toulon during the last stage of the siege, alongside the British fleet under Vice-Admiral Samuel Hood.

In 1800, San Hermenegildo was refitted at Ferrol, repairing a number of faults that had existed since her construction and increasing the weight of cannon that the ship could carry. Later in the year San Hermenegildo participated in repelling the Ferrol Expedition.

By July 1801, San Hermenegildo was at Cádiz. When a French squadron repelled a British force at the First Battle of Algeciras on 6 July, San Hermenegildo joined the squadron sent to escort the French from Algeciras back to Cádiz. During the night of 12 July the combined force was returning through the Straits of Gibraltar when a British squadron attacked them at the Second Battle of Algeciras. During the confused night action which followed, HMS Superb cut through the rearguard and between Real Carlos and San Hermenegildo. The Spanish ships opened fire, striking one another, as a fire spread across Real Carlos's decks. In the darkness, the two huge Spanish ships collided, fire spreading out of control until both exploded in a fireball that could be seen from shore. More than 1,700 men were killed in blast, one of the greatest losses of life at sea to that time.

1789 ships
Ships built in Cuba
Ships of the line of the Spanish Navy
Shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Naval magazine explosions
Friendly fire incidents

Spanish ship San Hermenegildo (1789)


Pablo Álvarez Núñez (born 14 May 1980) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a right midfielder.

Club career
Born in Oviedo, Asturias, Álvarez started his professional career at neighbouring Sporting de Gijón, making his first-team debut on 19 May 2001 in a 1–2 home defeat against Real Betis in the second division and going on to appear in 168 games across all competitions. At Gijón, he earned the nickname Tibu (diminutive of Tiburón, shark in Spanish) for his goal celebrations, in which he pretended to have a shark's fin in his head.

Álvarez also participated in the resurrection of the unofficial Galician national team in December 2005, playing their first game after 75 years against Uruguay. He signed for Deportivo de La Coruña on a Bosman transfer in August 2006.

On 3 February 2007, Álvarez played his first league match for Depor, making his La Liga debut against RCD Mallorca at the age of nearly 27. He had suffered a serious leg injury while still at the service of Sporting, in April 2006, and was eventually loaned to Racing de Santander in December of the following year until the end of the season.

After being relatively used in a Cantabria side that achieved a first-ever qualification to the UEFA Cup – netting in a 2–0 away victory over CA Osasuna on 13 January 2008– Álvarez returned to Galicia and Deportivo. Scarcely used during 2008–09, he profited from a rare start to score the game's only goal at Athletic Bilbao, on 18 April 2009; he made his debut in European competition on 18 February of that year, playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–3 away loss against AaB Fodbold for the UEFA Cup, and was sent off in the second leg in an eventual 1–6 aggregate score.

In the summer of 2012, aged 32, Álvarez joined CD Lugo of the second level on a two-year deal, returning to the club after playing youth football there for nearly a decade. On 2 September 2014, he signed with UP Langreo in the third tier; however, after only six months, he moved abroad for the first time in his career, agreeing to a deal at New York City FC on 6 March 2015 after a trial period.

Honours
Deportivo
Segunda División: 2011–12

References

External links
Deportivo official profile

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Oviedo
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
CD Lugo players
Sporting de Gijón B players
Sporting de Gijón players
Deportivo de La Coruña players
Racing de Santander players
UP Langreo footballers
Major League Soccer players
USL Championship players
New York City FC players
Wilmington Hammerheads FC players
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in the United States

Pablo Álvarez (footballer, born 1980)


A control point (CP, also control and checkpoint) is a marked waypoint used in orienteering and related sports such as rogaining and adventure racing. It is located in the competition area; marked both on an orienteering map and in the terrain, and described on a control description sheet.  The control point must be identifiable on the map and on the ground.  A control point has three components: a high visibility item, known as a flag or kite; an identifier, known as a control code; and a recording mechanism for contestants to record proof that they visited the control point. The control point is usually temporary, except on a permanent orienteering course.

For events held under International Orienteering Federation (IOF) rules the kite has a triangular form with each face being about 30  cm x 30  cm and coloured white and orange. Most national governing bodies, and related sports use the same design. The earlier specification used white and red.

The location of control points is kept secret from the competitors until the start of the competition when they receive the map. The map may be pre-printed with the control points, or the competitor may be required to copy control points onto the map from a master map. Control points are selected and prepared anew for each competition.  Permanent courses, with their permanent control points, are used primarily for training and recreation, but rarely for competition.

History

In the early days, control points were staffed. Often the competitors were given at the outset only the location of the first control point and were given the next location by the control point staff, who also stamped the control cards.

The first public orienteering competition, in Norway in 1897, had three controls, at the farms Finnerud, Bjørnholt and Slakteren, while start and finish were on the farm Grøttum (see map in ref). The first Swedish public orienteering competition, near Stockholm in 1901, used two churches (Bromma and Spånga Church) and two large farms as control points.

Control description sheet

In orienteering competitions the locations of the control points are described on a control description sheet (or clue sheet). It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as a "Course Description Sheet". For beginners, and the younger competitors, the description is written in a simple text format, but for advanced orienteers the descriptions use symbols (pictorial), in accordance with the IOF Control descriptions. These symbols eliminate any language-based confusion, vital for international competition. The control descriptions are fixed to or printed on the map, and separate control description sheets may be available at the prestart. Some competitors wear the extra control description sheet in a holder strapped onto their forearm, so that they can read it while running.

Control card and punching
Each competitor is required to carry a control card, and to present it at the Start and hand it in at the Finish.  The control card is marked by some means at each control point to show that the competitor has completed the course correctly.

In both trail orienteering and North American style mounted orienteering, it may not be feasible, safe, or permitted for the competitor to go to the control point itself.  Instead, the competitor views the control point from a short distance and marks the control card with a pen.  Several marking schemes are in use, including a pre-printed multiple choice form, and a "secret word" posted at the control point that the competitor must copy down.

In foot orienteering, the oldest form of orienteering, the first control cards were card stock with a perforated stub, the stub to be handed in at the Start as a safety check.  At each control, originally, the control staff or the competitor rubber stamped the control card using a rubber stamp and inkpad kept at that control.  Rubber stamps soon were replaced with ticket punches, usually with a different punch shape (circular, square, diamond, star, etc.) at each control.  Card stock control cards are in limited use today, having been mostly replaced by weatherproof stock such as Tyvek.    Ticket punches have been replaced by needle punches that punch a pattern of small holes in the control card (similar to a perfin).

Weatherproof stock and needle punches are being replaced with electronic punch systems. The orienteer carries a small electronic control card that is a memory card encased in plastic and provided with a strap to attach to the finger.  At each control point, and at the Start and Finish too, the orienteer inserts the card into a battery-operated station. There are two principal types of these, SPORTIdent and EMIT although newer technologies are starting to emerge using RFID wristbands timing or QR barcode timing such as iOrienteering. The SPORTIdent control card is a small plastic stick ("e-card" or "e-punch', also "dibber" and "fingerstick").  The EMIT control card is a larger, card-shaped stick with a built-in backup feature:  a small paper card inside the control card is pierced by a pin in a specific location at each station.

In both electronic punch systems, the control code (number) and punch time at each control point are recorded on the card.  At the finish, data on the card are copied to a computer and a receipt is printed to confirm or deny that the course has been completed correctly.  A system has been developed to report these data by amateur radio.  When a control card is punched, the reporting transmitter sends its own identifier and the orienteer's identifier and punch time.  This is received at a base station, often located at the Finish, where the orienteer's progress on the course can be monitored and displayed to spectators.

The RFID and iOrienteering systems work differently. The RFID bands do not store any information but are simply used to record the runner 'dibbing' at the control box, the data being transmitted via the mobile phone data system back to the finish. it allows for instant/active viewing of positions and timings- but mobile reception is needed and this reduces it usability in some areas.

iOrienteering works but using the runners smart phone camera to record control points as they are passed. The information is stored on the phone and uploaded at the end of the run. It is more suitable to permanent courses or simple low key orienteering or navigation events, but can be used widely at low cost for almost any navigation event or challenge

Exceptions
Notable exceptions to the above control point features occur in several orienteering sports.

 In amateur radio direction finding, the competitor uses a hand-held receiver to locate radio beacons at up to five control points that are not marked on the map.  The Start, Finish, and optional drinking water stations are marked.
 In trail orienteering, the control point is marked on the map and up to five control kites are placed in that vicinity. The kites do not have a control code. From an observation point the competitor records which is the correct kite. In elite competition, "none" is a valid answer.
 In NACMO (North American) style mounted orienteering and fox Oring only the general vicinity of the control point is marked on the map.  In both sports, the first objective is to navigate to the vicinity of the control point.  Once there, the subsequent objectives are to find clues and take bearings, triangulate the location of the control point, then go directly to the control point.  In mounted orienteering, once in the vicinity, the competitor searches for clues (called landmarks) on a description sheet.  The description sheet gives bearings from each clue to the control point.  In fox Oring, once in the vicinity, the competitor searches for a low power beacon at the control point.
 In TREC (European) style mounted orienteering, which permits no route choice, there are no control points for competitors but officials observe the competitors at specific points on the prescribed course.

References

External links

 Orienteering clue symbols
 Download Clue

Orienteering

Control point (orienteering)


Ditto (; lit. "Sympathy" or "The same feeling") is a 2000 South Korean science-fiction romance film directed by Kim Jung-kwon. Two students in the same school, one in 1979, the other in 2000, are somehow able to talk to each other using amateur radio.

Plot
The film begins with Yoon So-eun (Kim Ha-neul), a student at Silla University eagerly awaiting a certain student Dong-hee (Park Yong-woo) returning to school after serving in the army. She meets him outside the amateur radio club room, where she tells him HAM radio is her hobby, and he thanks her for all the letters she wrote him during the war. Visiting her friend Heo Sun-mi who is recuperating from a broken leg in the hospital, So-eun tells her she is in love with Dong-hee.

At home, one night, she is awakened by a call on her radio, from another radio enthusiast, Ji-in (Yoo Ji-tae). They discover that they attend the same university and plan to meet in front of the school clock tower, where Ji-in offers to lend So-eun a book for amateur HAM radio operators. At the set time, both wait for the other, So-eun in front of an unfinished clock tower in the heat and dust, and Ji-in in front of a completed one, in heavy rain. Later at night, they argue about why the other person did not show up, and about the weather, and Ji-in is suddenly shocked to discover he is speaking over a radio with a disconnected power plug. Further, Ji-in, is then jolted with the information which So-eun reveals: she is a Junior in 1979, he is a sophomore in 2000. At first he begins to doubt So-eun's words, but is slowly convinced despite the improbability of what is happening to him.

Meanwhile, So-eun's relationship with Dong-hee is progressing well, and they end up dating. So-eun talks about her new-found relationship with Sun-mi at the hospital, but is not able to spend as much time with her now. Ji-in is close to a girl at school, Seo Hyeon-ji (Ha Ji-won), whom he takes for granted as she is always hanging around him, but for whom he comes to care for deeply. So-eun is increasingly irritated with the conversations she has with Ji-in over the radio, thinking he is lying about living in the year 2000. He then offers her some snippets from her future and his past, which finally make her believe that Ji In has been speaking the truth. So-eun then excitedly asks him about the future, and they also start to confide in each other about their personal lives, Ji-in telling So-eun to think of him as a sort of diary that talks. She begins talking about being in love, and Dong-hee.

During some student demonstrations, Dong-hee is injured and So-eun goes to visit him tearfully, and signs her name on the plaster cast on his arm. She also visits Sun-mi who is at the same hospital. That night, she talks to Ji-in about signing her name on Dong-hee, and how that gave her the feeling that he belongs to her. Ji-in suddenly mentions that his parents went to Silla University at the same time as her, and that she might know them, and reveals their names as Sun-mi and Dong-hee. This breaks So-eun's world apart, and she runs to the hospital to see the sleeping Dong-hee with Sun-mi's name now signed on his plaster cast. She goes about in a daze, remembering Sun-mi and Dong-hee bonding while they were at the hospital, avoiding Sun-mi, who has returned to school from the hospital, and feeling a strange sense of unknown guilt as she dreams about Dong-hee. She has another conversation with Ji-in, where he talks about finding out one's true destination, and breaks up with Dong-hee the next day.

Ji-in, on a visit to his parents' country home, sees pictures of his parents from school, the plaster cast his father's arm had been in once, the names signed on it and sees So-eun's name on there. He probes through the school yearbook of 1979 and is startled with the revelation that the lady he has been speaking with every night, was in love with his own father. The realization strangely disturbs and affects him. He wonders what would happen to him if So-eun chose to be with his father, and sets out to find out how So-eun is faring in his time, the year 2000. He finds her as a professor of English at another university and is touched to see her still single, but beautiful and happy, while So-eun smiles at him with vague recognition as she passes by. He leaves to tell So-eun over the radio that he saw her that day.

However, the radio does not seem to work now, and it is the end of the strange companionship across the barriers of time. Ji-in goes back to his world, accepting his girlfriend Hyeon-ji, and So-eun gets on with her life, having realized Dong-hee was not meant to be her destination.

Cast
From 1979:
 Kim Ha-neul as Yoon So-eun
 Park Yong-woo as Dong-hee
 Kim Min-joo as Hur Sun-mi
From 2000:
 Yoo Ji-tae as Ji In
 Shin Cheol-jin as Security Guard
 Ha Ji-won as Seo Hyeon-ji

Awards and nominations

Remake

A remake of the movie directed by Seo Eun-young, starring Yeo Jin-goo, Cho Yi-hyun, Kim Hye-yoon, and Na In-woo was released in November 2022.

References

External links

2000 films
Films set in Seoul
2000s Korean-language films
2000 science fiction films
Films set in 1979
Films set in 2000
Films directed by Kim Jung-kwon
South Korean romantic drama films
Films about time travel
Science fiction romance films
2000s South Korean films

Ditto (2000 film)