Saltus Grammar School, founded in 1880, is an independent school in Pembroke Parish, Bermuda. It was a boys' school until 1992, when it became co-educational. It has two campuses, one for the Lower Primary (Foundation - Year 2) and one for the Upper Primary, Middle School and Secondary.

The school is a member of the US-based National Association of Independent Schools and also the Canadian Accredited Independent Schools.

The schools motto, displayed on its crest, is "Labor omnia vincit" meaning "Work conquers all".

History

Samuel Saltus, after whom the school is named, was a descendant of Richard Norwood who first surveyed the Bermuda Islands in 1622. At his death in 1880 Saltus left a bequest in his will for the founding of a boys' school, but it was not until 6 February 1888 that Saltus Grammar School first opened its doors in the Pembroke Sunday School Building at the corner of North and Angle Streets in Hamilton, with thirty-five students enrolled.

In 1893, the School moved to "Woodlands," a historic house which still serves as the heart of the current main campus. The following decade saw modest improvements being made.
Classrooms were added in 1923 to accommodate the increase in students, the veranda was added to the main building in 1953 and, by the middle 1960s, enrolment had reached 170. Up until this time the School had been grant aided, but in 1971 the Trustees made the major decision to have Saltus become a completely independent, fee-paying school.

To handle the larger numbers and the increasingly diverse curriculum, major additions were made to the campus to the Laboratory and Science Block in 1969 and the Cavendish-Preparatory Department in 1972.

Saltus leased Cavendish Hall in 1972, thus establishing a second campus. Thanks to the generosity of the Cavendish Trustees, that school has now been incorporated into Saltus Grammar School.

Other major projects since then included: The Reiss Library (1975), The Haygarth Gymnasium (1979), and The Henry Hallett Art and Music Facility (1982). Also in 1982, land leased to the Bermuda Swimming Association enabled a 25-metre swimming pool to be constructed on the main campus with the School having use of the facility.

In 1990, the Trustees made the decision to extend co-education, previously only at Grade 12 level, throughout the School and, in September, 1991, eighty-nine girls joined 608 boys to commence a new era in the history of the School. At the same time, an extensive building programme was undertaken, adding a new block to Cavendish plus several additional classrooms at the main campus and including major reconstruction to the interior of "Woodlands."

Rebuilt in 1993, the new "Woodlands" centre now contains: administrative offices including the Headmaster's office, Upper Primary classrooms, an Art classroom and the Secondary Design Technology Department. This phase of construction was concluded in late 1993 when total enrolment stood at 780, including 156 girls. By this time, the teaching staff numbered 59, and the School was led by its 6th Headmaster in 106 years, Mr. James Keith McPhee.

In August 1995, Mr. R. Trevor Rowell joined the school as its next Headmaster and immediately launched a consultative School Development Plan with input from staff, parents, trustees and students.

In June, 1999, Mr. Nigel J. G. Kermode, then a twenty-two year veteran teacher at Saltus, became the School's 8th Headmaster. He sought to continue the pace of the School's advances whilst retaining both its high academic standards and its nurturing and caring atmosphere. During his tenure as Headmaster, Saltus developed a school-wide strategic plan that resulted in the development of a Foundation Year Programme at the Preparatory level, the establishing of a Centre for Learning and significant curricular developments and additions to the School's physical plant on both its campuses—the largest and most significant of these being The Francis "Goose" Gosling Centre on the main campus. Mr. Kermode retired in August 2009.

In summer 2009, Saltus recruited a new headmaster, Mr. E. G. Staunton from St. Andrew's College in Canada.

In July 2013 Mrs. Claire Charlemagne was appointed as Saltus' 10th Head of School and first female Head following an extensive international search. Having formerly served at Saltus as Head of Modern Languages, Director of Studies and Deputy Head (Academics) for a period of eleven years, Mrs. Charlemagne worked to establish the 'Saltus Teachers' Academy' with links to the National College for Teaching and Leadership (UK) and Nottingham Trent University, through which professional qualifications are offered to faculty both from Saltus and other island schools, fostering increased professional growth and collaboration.

In 2015, former Headmaster, Ted Staunton returned to Saltus to guide the board of trustees in selection of a next Head of School. This led to the appointment of Ms. Deryn Lavell, Bishop Strachan School in 2017.

Notable Alum
The following are the notable alumni of Saltus Grammar School:
 Nick Dill, Bishop of Bermuda
 Michael Dunkley, Former Premier of Bermuda
 John Waddington, colonial administrator

References

External links

Hamilton, Bermuda
Schools in Bermuda
Secondary schools in Bermuda
Educational institutions established in 1888
Boys' schools in British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies
1888 establishments in the British Empire

Saltus Grammar School


Robert Lecourt (19 September 1908 – 9 August 2004) was a French politician and lawyer, judge and the fourth President of the European Court of Justice. He was born in Pavilly and died in Boulogne-Billancourt.

Significantly, in his role as a judge at European Court of Justice, he gave the landmark decision in the case of Costa v ENEL, establishing the supremacy of EU law over the law of member states.

Biography
After studying at the Jean-Baptiste-de-La-Salle college in Rouen, he studied law at the University of Rouen and became a lawyer in Rouen and at the Court of Appeal of Paris in 1932.

He was president of the Youth People's Democratic Party in 1936, and a lieutenant at the Fort de Saint-Cyr in 1939, whereafter he became actively involved in the French Resistance and a member of the steering committee of the Resistance movement.

In 1958, he was elected in the first constituency of the Hautes-Alpes. A member of two national constituent assemblies, he was elected from the MRP in the Seine district, and retained his mandate during the three legislatures of the Fourth Republic. He chaired the MRP group in the French National Assembly, and was also a member of the Association of MRP until his death.

He served as judge on the European Court of Justice from 1962 to 1976, and as President of the Court from 1967 to 1976. In the fourteen years he spent in Luxembourg as a European judge, Lecourt had a major impact on the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities. In 1964, he was rapporteur in the famous Costa v. ENEL case, in which the Court of Justice ruled that European law had primacy over national law. Lecourt was convinced that this was a necessity for the Court of Justice, and that the European judges had an active role to play in the creation of an 'ever closer union among the peoples of Europe'. They did have to convince national courts to collaborate.

Soon after his election as president of the court, Lecourt developed a communication strategy to convince national judges of the benefits of the preliminary ruling mechanism, a procedure through which they could ask the European judges questions regarding the interpretation of the European Treaties.

After his retirement from the Court, Lecourt published "L'Europe des Juges" (Bruylant, 1976), an account of the major decisions and principles of European law, targeted at national lawyers and judges.

Government roles

 Minister of Justice of the government of André Marie (from July 26 to 5 September 1947)
 Minister of Justice of the government of Robert Schuman  (Popular Republican Movement, 5 to 11 September 1948)
 Vice-chairman, Minister of Justice of the government of Henri Queuille (13 February 1949 to 28 October 1949)
 Minister of Justice of the government of Felix Gaillard (6 November 1957 the 14 May 1958)
 Minister of Justice of the Government of Pierre Pflimlin (May 14 to 1 June 1958)
 With the special award of the constitutional reform
 Minister of State of the government of Michel Debré (January 8 to 27 March 1959)
 Minister of State, responsible for cooperation with African States and Madagascar, in the government of Michel Debré (27 March 1959 to 5 February 1960)
 Minister of State in charge of the Sahara, and Overseas Departments and Territories, in the government of Michel Debré (5 February 1960 to 24 August 1961)

See also
List of members of the European Court of Justice

References

Sources
 Former Members, European Court of Justice official website.

1908 births
2004 deaths
People from Seine-Maritime
Popular Democratic Party (France) politicians
Popular Republican Movement politicians
French Ministers of Justice
French Ministers of Overseas France
Members of the Provisional Consultative Assembly
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1945)
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946)
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Members of Parliament for Seine
Members of Parliament for Hautes-Alpes
Presidents of the European Court of Justice
French judges of international courts and tribunals
20th-century French judges
University of Rouen Normandy alumni
French military personnel of World War II
French Resistance members
French people of the First Indochina War
French people of the Algerian War
Commanders of the Legion of Honour

Robert Lecourt


Costas Panagopoulos is an American professor of political science at Northeastern University in Boston who studies political campaigns and elections.

He earned his undergraduate degree in government at Harvard in 1994, and then a masters followed by a PhD from New York University in politics in 2005.

In 1992 while he was a student at Harvard he ran as a Republican candidate for a seat in the Massachusetts State Legislature and lost.

After graduating from Harvard he worked as a research assistant at Harvard, then for the French Ministry of Social Affairs, then for a public relations firm, Burson-Marsteller, then as an editor for politics at Adweek, and started a consulting firm called XVOTE. In 2000 he took a position running the MA program in political campaigns at NYU, and earned his graduate degrees at NYU while doing that job.

While he was at NYU he worked for a year as an APSA Congressional Fellow for Senator Hillary Clinton.

After graduating from NYU in 2005 he took a position running the graduate program in elections and campaign management at Fordham and had an appointment as a visiting assistant professor; that same year he also took a one year job as a post doc at the Institution for Social and Policy Studies at Yale University, and then had an appointment there as a researcher for a year.  In 2007 he was appointed an assistant professor in political science at Fordham and was appointed to a tenure-track associate professorship there in 2011.  In 2008 he had founded and become director of the Center for Electoral Politics and Democracy at Fordham.  He was appointed professor of political science at Northeastern University in Boston in 2017.

He is the editor-in-chief of American Politics Research and has been a member of the decision desk team at NBC since 2006.

Selected books

Panagopoulos, C. (Ed.). (2012). Strategy, Money and Technology in the 2008 Presidential Election. Taylor and Francis. .
Panagopoulos, C. (Ed.). (2011). Public financing in American elections. Temple University Press. .
Panagopoulos, C. (Ed.). (2009). Politicking online: The transformation of election campaign communications. Rutgers University Press. .
Panagopoulos, C. (Ed.). (2007). Rewiring politics: presidential nominating conventions in the media age. LSU Press. .

Selected papers

References

American political scientists
Living people
Fordham University faculty
Harvard University alumni
New York University alumni
Academic journal editors
Year of birth missing (living people)

Costas Panagopoulos


User Account Control (UAC) is a feature in some Windows computers that helps protect a computer from harmful programs. It does this by asking for permission before letting a program do something that could change or damage the computer. For example, when installing a new game or changing some settings, a UAC window will pop up and ask you if you are sure you want to do that. This way, you can avoid accidentally letting a bad program mess up your computer.

UAC can be set up to need an administrator's approval before letting a program do something that could change or damage the computer. An administrator is someone who has more power and control over the computer than a regular user. For example, your parents might be administrators on your computer, but you might not be. If UAC is configured to need admin approval, it will ask you to enter an administrator's password or click on an administrator's name before letting you proceed. This way, only people who have the right to make changes to your computer can do so.

Microsoft Windows software

User Account Control


Göran Färm is a PES Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Sweden. He was born on 17 October 1949 in Stockholm. His national party is the Swedish Social Democratic Party and sits on the Committee on Budgets. He is also part of the delegation for South East Europe.

Curriculum Vitae

Advanced school-leaving certificate (1968).
Diploma (Stockholm College of Journalism, 1971).
Journalist on various newspapers (1970–1973).
Editor-in-chief of SSU (Social-Democratic Youth of Sweden) newspaper 'Frihet' (1973–1976).
Head of advertising agency ARE Idé 2 (1976–1979).
Various posts with the Swedish Confederation of Trade Unions, including Head of the Economic Policy Unit (1979–1986).
Director of Information, Riksbyggen (1986–1987).
Editor-in-chief of Örebro-Kuriren (1987–1988).
Own consultancy (1989–1994 and 2004–2007).
Member of executive committee of the Social-Democratic Youth of Sweden (1978–1981).
Chairman of the Social-Democratic Party, Norrköping (1991–1994).
Member of Östergötland party district (1991–1994).
Vice-President, International Union of Socialist Youth (1979–1981).
Municipal Commissioner, Norrköping (1994–1999).
Member of Östsams regional council (2004–2007).
Chairman of Östsams international relations committee (1997–1999 and 2004–2006).
Member of the Committee on Regional Policy and its Transport Committee (1995–1999).
Member of the Board, Baltic Sea States Subregional Cooperation (1997–1999).
Special adviser to Commissioner Margot Wallström (2005–2007).
2004 Book (together with First Vice President of the European Commission Margot Wallström): THE PEOPLE' S EUROPE or Why is it so hard to love the EU? (Swedish: "FOLKENS EUROPA eller Varför är det så svårt att älska EU?" - )

External links
 Official webpage
 European Parliament biography

1949 births
Living people
Politicians from Stockholm
Swedish Social Democratic Party MEPs
MEPs for Sweden 1999–2004
MEPs for Sweden 2009–2014

Göran Färm


Albert Joseph Wallace (February 11, 1853 – February 23, 1939) was a member of the Los Angeles, California, City Council in 1907–09 and lieutenant governor of California in 1910–14.

Personal

Wallace was born on February 11, 1853 in Wellington County, Ontario, the son of Donald Wallace of Scotland and Harriet Lasby of England. He had nine siblings—John D., George, Francis S., Alexander H., Charles L., Frank S., Lavinia M., Matilda H. and Mary A. Albert Joseph was educated at Victoria University, Toronto. He moved to Pasadena, California, in 1886 and to Los Angeles in 1898.

Wallace was a University of Southern California regent in 1887 and received an honorary doctor of laws degree from that school in 1912. He was president of the California Anti-Saloon League and of the Los Angeles YMCA board of directors. He was identified with the development of the Methodist Church in Southern California. In 1907 Wallace was elected one of the four vice presidents of the International YMCA convention in Washington, D.C.

His first wife was Serena Healy, who died in childbirth on June 19, 1882. His second was Grace Alice Clark of Worcester, Massachusetts, whom Wallace met in Pasadena while she was vacationing there. They were married in Worcester about 1888, and after she moved to Los Angeles she became a charter member of the Ebell Club. They had four children, Kenneth Clark, Donald J., Helen Harriot and Katherine. She died on July 6, 1913. His third wife was Grace H. Wallace.

Wallace died at the age of 86 on February 23, 1939, in his home, 631 North McCadden Place in Hancock Park, Los Angeles. His survivors were identified in his Los Angeles Times obituary as his widow, Mrs. Grace H. Wallace; two sons, Kenneth C. Wallace of Los Angeles and Donald H. Wallace of Long Beach; two daughters, Mrs. Helen Davis of Brooklyn, New York, and Mrs. Katherine Shannon of Bedford, Pennsylvania, and a sister, Mrs. S.F. Johnson of Pasadena. A funeral service was conducted at the First Hollywood Methodist Church, with interment at with interment at Rosedale Cemetery.

Grace Hagar Wallace died on September 3, 1939.

Vocation

Wallace was a teacher between 1869 and 1872, and he was a Methodist minister from 1872 to 1878. He was later the president of the Kendon Petroleum Company. When he lived in Pasadena he and his brother, Frank S. Wallace, were "identified with the early real estate development of the city." After moving to Los Angeles in 1898 he organized "several oil companies." He was a partner in the Ontario Water Company, and he was a director of the Euclid Oil Company, which proposed to "own and develop oil, water and mining claims." Other oil companies he helped organize were the Marengo and the Traders. As a Los Angeles real estate investor, he acquired the Bumiller Building from Isabelle M. Anderson, 1935, in exchange for his two-story building at 425 South Broadway, occupied by the W. T. Grant Company.

Public service

Wallace was named a member of the board of trustees of the University of Southern California in 1895 and was board president from 1924 to 1927. On December 4, 1906, he was elected from the 5th Ward as a Republican and nonpartisan to a three-year term on the Los Angeles City Council by a vote of 2,453 for Wallace against 629 for Naelle, his Democratic opponent.

He was lieutenant governor of California from 1911 to 1915, during Hiram Johnson's first term. In 1921 Wallace was a candidate for the Republican nomination for U.S. senator, but he was defeated in that bid by Samuel Shortridge.

Notes and references

Lieutenant Governors of California
California Republicans
American temperance activists
1853 births
1939 deaths
Los Angeles City Council members
Activists from California
Burials at Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery
YMCA leaders

Albert Joseph Wallace


The AUM-N-2 Petrel, also known as Kingfisher C and AUM-2, was an air-to-surface missile produced as part of Project Kingfisher for the United States Navy. Intended to use against enemy surface ships and surfaced submarines giving aircraft the ability to deliver aerial torpedoes from outside the range of defensive armament, it saw brief operational service in the late 1950s. The project was never considered a high priority by the Navy however, as it was useless against submerged submarines, which were considered the greatest potential threat.

Following its withdrawal from operational usage, the Petrel was used as a target drone, receiving the designation AQM-41A shortly before being retired from service altogether.

Design and development
The development of the Petrel began in August 1944, when the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) began Project Kingfisher, intending to develop a series of standoff torpedo weapons. The "Kingfisher C", later designated AUM-2 and then as AUM-N-2 (for 'Air-to-Underwater Missile'), was designed as an air-launched jet-powered missile which carried a torpedo as its payload. Various different design options were considered for this missile; the final choice was a Mark 21 Mod 2 torpedo,  in diameter, with a Fairchild J44 turbojet engine providing  thrust, wooden fins and wings  in span, and a nose fairing housing guidance equipment. On launch the ,  missile dropped to  above the water and cruised at Mach 0.5 towards the target, using semi-active radar homing. Once the missile had reached a range of just under  from its target, the engine would be shut down and all wings and fins jettisoned. The torpedo dropped on a free trajectory into the water and began to home in on the target. The weapon was suitable for use against surface targets only—primarily ships and surfaced submarines, with the Navy considering the weapon effective against targets traveling at up to . The AUM-2 was usually carried by the Lockheed P2V Neptune, although the Grumman S2F Tracker was also considered as a potential carrier aircraft.

Operational history
Under the authority of the National Bureau of Standards, tests of the AUM-2 began in 1951; by this time, the Mark 41 torpedo had replaced the Mark 21 Mod 2 as its payload. Development was transferred to the Guided Missiles Division of Fairchild Aircraft in 1954, with the missile being declared operational in 1956; the Petrel project was publicly revealed by Fairchild in the company's annual report for that year. The weapons were produced at the Fairchild Guided Missiles Division factory at Wyandanch, Long Island, New York; production was completed by 1957.

The Petrel was never considered a very high priority by the U.S. Navy, which was far more concerned about the threat from submarines than surface ships. New submarine designs powered by nuclear reactors, which could remain submerged indefinitely, were beginning to appear in the mid-1950s. The prospects of catching an enemy submarine on the surface were therefore receding, and more emphasis was being placed on underwater engagements, for which Petrel's radar homing was useless; the use of semi-active radar guidance also required the launching aircraft to continue closing on the target throughout the missile's flight, exposing it to a far greater danger from enemy defenses.

In February 1956, the weapons test ship  participated in tests of the Petrel. Later in 1956 patrol squadrons VP(HM)-13 on the Atlantic coast and VP(HM)-10 on the Pacific coast began working up with P2V-6M Neptune carrier aircraft; however in 1957 responsibility for the Petrel was transferred to the United States Navy Reserve units, with VP-834 being assigned as the Petrel's operational squadron in the USNR. By the start of 1959 the phaseout of the Petrel had begun, and on 29 January 1959 the Petrel program was cancelled entirely, no longer being considered necessary in the changing strategic environment. The Neptunes that had been converted for carrying the missile were restored to their normal configuration and reassigned, with the remaining Petrels were converted to serve as air-launched target drones.

In 1962, the remaining Petrel drones were redesignated AQM-41A under the new Tri-Service designation system; they were finally retired from service shortly afterwards.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Anti-ship missiles of the United States
Target drones of the United States
AQM-41
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s

AUM-N-2 Petrel


Latho is a traditional solitaire game played by the Dorzé people of Ethiopia. The equipment needed to play the game is similar to that used for mancala games, i.e., a board with 2 rows of 6 "pits", and 30 counters ("seeds"). The game was first described by British academic Richard Pankhurst in 1971.

Rules
At game setup, the 30 seeds are placed in the 2x6 pits according to the following scheme:

2 3 1 3 2 4
2 3 1 3 2 4

Although the game is technically a solitaire, it requires a second person besides the player, who has the function of a "dealer". The dealer and player must first agree about the pit of the board from which to start. The player then closes his eyes (or is blindfolded) and must declare out loud the number of seeds in each of the pits of the board, counterclockwise from the starting pit. The traditional declarations used in Ethiopia are:

 oydo éka ("take from four")
 héza éka ("take from three")
 namo éka ("take from two")
 isimo éka ("take from one")
 afo éka ("don't take")

As long as the declaration is correct (i.e., the pit has that exact number of seeds), the dealer will remove one seed from the pit. The game will thus continue until the board is empty (in which case the player has succeeded) or the player fails to declare the correct number of seeds.

See also
There are several other solitaires based on mancala boards, for example:
 El Arnab (Sudan)
 Tagega (Konso people, Ethiopia)

Footnotes

References
 J. U. Egharevba (1949). Benin Games.
 H. J. R. Murray (1951). A History of Board-Games other than Chess. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 180.
 Richard Pankhurst (1971). Gabata and Related Board Games of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. In Ethiopia Observer 14 (3), pp. 154–206.

Traditional mancala games
Ethiopian culture

Latho


The Ali-Sadr Cave (), originally called Ali Saadr or Ali Sard (meaning cold), is the world's largest water cave which attracts thousands of visitors every year. It is located in Ali Sadr Kabudarahang County about 100 kilometers north of Hamadan, western Iran (more accurately at 48°18'E 35°18'N). Because of the cave's proximity to large cities such as Hamadan, it is a highly recommended destination for tourists from all corners of the world. Tours of the cave are available by pedalos. The Ali-Sadr cave was rediscovered by a shepherd from Ali-Sadr village in which the cave is located.

Description

Ali-Sadr is the world's largest water cave, where you sit in a boat and watch the view.
This cave is located at 48°18'E 35°18'N, in the southern part of Ali Sadr village. The cave is entered at the side of a hill called Sari Ghiyeh which also includes two other caves called Sarab and Soubashi, each 7 and 11 kilometers from Ali-Sadr Cave. Apparently, the water in Ali-Sadr cave stems from a spring in Sarab.

In the summer of 2001, a German/British expedition surveyed the cave, finding to be 11 kilometers long. The main chamber of the cave is 100 meters by 50 meters and 40 meters high.

The cave walls can extend up to 40 meters high, and it contains several large, deep lakes. The cave has a river flowing through it and most travel through the cave system is done by boat. More than 11 kilometers of the cave's water canals have been discovered so far. Some routes are 10 to 11 kilometers long and all lead to "The Island", a centrally located large atrium.

Early occupation
Excavations and archeological studies of the cave have led to the discovery of ancient artworks, jugs and pitchers dating back to 12,000 years ago. Animals, hunting scenes and bows and arrows are depicted on the walls and passages of the exit section. These images suggest mesolithic man used the cave as their abode. The cave was known during the reign of Darius I (521-485 BC) which can be verified by an old inscription at the entrance of the tunnel. However, the knowledge of the existence of the cave was lost and it was only rediscovered in 1963 by Iranian mountaineers.

Gallery

See also
 List of caves in Iran

References

External links

 Ghar Ali Sadr
 Publications of the Speläoclub Berlin (SCB)
 Das Iran Projekt "Ghar Alisadr"
 List of caves in Iran in Persian
 Alisadr Tourism Co. (The Official Website of Alisadr Cave)

Caves of Iran
Show caves in Iran
Landforms of Hamadan Province
Tourist attractions in Hamadan Province
Archaeological sites in Iran

Ali-Sadr Cave


Laws (Ancient Greek Νόμοι Nómoi ['nɔmɔɪ̯] is a work Plato wrote, as an old man. Like most of his other works, it is in  the form of a dialogue. It is Plato's biggest work. It is about the question what an ideal state should look like. Three people discuss during a hiking trip. Many questions are discussed. Among them are:

 Divine revelation, divine law and law-giving
 The role of intelligence in law-giving
 The relations of philosophy, religion, and politics
 The role of music, exercise and dance in education
 Natural law and natural right
Classical Greek literature
4th-century BC books

Laws (Plato)


Bartolomeu Dias(or Bartholomew Dias, 1450 - May 29, 1500) was a Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail past the Cape of Good Hope now Cape Town.

Voyage to Africa
In 1487, King John II of Portugal asked  Dias to find a new route for the spice trade and to find a legendary Christian king named Prester John in the east. In 1488 Bartholomew and his sailors sailed along the western coast of Africa. They got caught in a storm and landed at a cape in southern Africa and they could not sail beyond that point. They named it "Cape of Storms" and later returned to Portugal. The king of Portugal considered it as a victory gained by the Portuguese adventurers and named it as "Cape of Good Hope".  Because Prester John did not really exist, they did not find his country but the route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean leading to Asia turned out to be valuable.

Death and legacy
Commanding a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral's later expedition to Brazil and India, he died at sea in 1500 during a storm.  There was a statue made for him later in Cape Town, South Africa.

References

1450 births
1500 deaths
Portuguese explorers

Bartolomeu Dias


Too Pure – The Peel Sessions is a compilation CD and 10" vinyl LP released by Strange Fruit by arrangement with the indie label Too Pure in 1992, and featuring their three most up-and-coming bands at the time. It contains some of the earliest commercially released work by PJ Harvey.

The sessions on the album were recorded for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show between March and October 1991.

The 10" vinyl was a limited, numbered edition of 3499 copies. A section of the cover was left white; this was then painted over by hand so that each of the LPs featured a different artwork.

Track listing
 Th' Faith Healers recorded 24 March 1991
"Coffee Commercial Couples" (Hopkin)
 "Bobby Kopper" (Cullinan)
 "Jesus Freak" (Cullinan)

 Stereolab recorded 30 July 1991
 "Super-Electric" (Gane/Sadier)
 "Changer" (Gane/Sadier)
 "Doubt" (Gane/Sadier)
 "Difficult Fourth Title" (Gane/Sadier)

 PJ Harvey recorded 29 October 1991
 "Oh My Lover" (Harvey)
 "Victory" (Harvey)
 "Sheela-Na-Gig" (Harvey)
 "Water" (Harvey)

References

Peel Sessions recordings
PJ Harvey albums
1992 live albums
1992 compilation albums
Th' Faith Healers albums
Split albums
Stereolab live albums

Too Pure – The Peel Sessions


Ostlandkreuz (German for "Eastern Lands Cross") or Kreuz des deutschen Ostens ("Cross of the German East") is the name of memorial crosses in Germany remembering the large-scale Ethnic cleansing of Central and Eastern Europe of its German-speaking population. After border shifts and population transfers agreed at the Potsdam Conference, German-speakers were  expelled from the former Sudetenland areas of Czechoslovakia, from the Former eastern territories of Germany annexed by Poland and the Soviet part of the former Province of East Prussia. While most of these crosses stand in cemeteries, some are erected as landmarks on mountains.

Locations
In Germany there are several hundred Ostlandkreuze, most of which are located in cemeteries. The following list is restricted to the most prominent Ostlandkreuze erected on exposed locations.

Bad Harzburg

On 24 June 1950 a , wooden cross, the Kreuz des Deutschen Ostens, was dedicated on the Uhlenklippen crags near Bad Harzburg in the presence of Ernst Reuter. This cross stood for over 47 years before being blown down on 4 March 1998 during a hurricane.
On 30 September 2000 a new  and , partly wooden-clad, steel cross was dedicated on the same spot. The construction cost came to 180,000 DM.  Around the cross in a wide arc is a footpath on the outside of which are small rough-hewn stone monuments facing the cross; each one with a shield representing one of the former German provinces in Central Europe, east to its modern border. The cross is checkpoint no. 122 on the Harzer Wandernadel hiking network.

Geislingen
The Geislingen Ostlandkreuz is a memorial cross built in 1950 south of Geislingen, on the Schildwacht mountain. It remembers specifically the expulsions from the South Moravian Region in and around the towns of Znojmo, Mikulov, Nová Bystřice and Slavonice.

It is a steel framework construction covered with copper plates. Its height is 22.7m/74.5ft and it weighs 8.5 tons. The span of its arms is 7.5m/24.5ft. A landmark of Geislingen, the cross was renovated in 1992, further refurbished in 2003 and received a light installation for illumination at night.

Coordinates:

Nordstemmen
The wooden "Cross of the German East" (Kreuz des deutschen Ostens) was erected in 1961 on the Bocksberg near the village of Heyersum. After being destroyed it was newly consecrated in 1990 and 2006.

Winterbach
The cross and an altar, both made of concrete, are located on the Hungerberg, a slope on the northern edge of the Rems valley between Winterbach and Schorndorf.

Once a year around 5:30 am on Easter morning there is a service at this Ostlandkreuz.

Coordinates:

Dülken
In the town of Dülken (Viersen district) a cross in memory of the war and German refugees was erected at the cemetery in 1951. It was restored in 2005.

See also
Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918-1938)
Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)

External links
http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b46003

Monuments and memorials in Germany
Memorial crosses
Outdoor sculptures in Germany

Ostlandkreuz


Brunkerville is a rural locality in the Hunter Region, New South Wales, Australia. Brunkerville is a part of Cessnock City area, and has the East Maitland postcode, 2323.
Geographically, Brunkerville consists of rolling country hills and is flanked by the Watagan and Sugarloaf Mountain Ranges.

There is a two part series explaining what life was like in Brunkerville in 1893 with multiple local people, covering the topics, including convicts, noble families and education.

References

Suburbs of City of Cessnock

Brunkerville, New South Wales


Kenneth Scott Koplove (born August 2, 1993) is an American right-handed professional baseball pitcher who has played internationally with the Israel national baseball team and is currently a free agent.

In high school, as a senior Koplove was named the 2012 Gatorade Pennsylvania Player of the Year. As a junior at Duke University in 2015, he struck out 37 batters in 25.1 innings, while setting the school's single-season record with 11 saves.

He was selected in the 17th round of the 2015 Major League Baseball Draft by the Philadelphia Phillies. Koplove was on the roster of Team Israel at the 2017 World Baseball Classic.

Early life
Koplove was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and grew up in South Philadelphia. He is the son of Steve (an attorney) and Joni Koplove, and is Jewish. He is the younger brother of former major league pitcher Mike Koplove, who is 17 years older. He also has two older sisters; named Andrea and Erica.

High school
Koplove played high school baseball for William Penn Charter School. He was named 2009 Southeastern Pennsylvania Rookie of the Year by the Philadelphia Inquirer, and the Inter-Academic League (Inter-Ac High School League) Most Valuable Player. He was then named the 2011 Southeastern Pennsylvania Top Junior Pitcher by the Pennsylvania Inquirer.

As a senior in 2012, Koplove was 9–1 with a 2.06 ERA, and 80 strikeouts in 48.0 innings, and batted .347, and was named the 2012 Gatorade/ESPN Pennsylvania Player of the Year, as well as 2012 Rawlings Baseball First Team All-Atlantic Region. He was three-time First-Team All-State and First-Team All Inter-Ac League. His fastball reached 94 miles per hour.

College

Koplove played shortstop and pitched in college for Duke University for the Blue Devils. As a freshman in 2013, he started 45 games at shortstop, and pitched in three games. He played for the Chatham Anglers of the Cape Cod League over the summer, batting .296 and making one relief appearance. As a sophomore in 2014 he started 55 games at shortstop. As a junior in 2015 he was the team's starting shortstop, starting 43 games, and primary closer, pitching 21 times in relief with a 2.13 ERA while striking out 37 batters in 25.1 innings, and setting the school's single-season record with 11 saves.

Minor leagues

Philadelphia Phillies
Koplove was selected in the 17th round of the 2015 Major League Baseball Draft by the Philadelphia Phillies, and signed for a $75,000 signing bonus.

In 2015, he pitched for the Williamsport Crosscutters of the Class A (short-season) New York-Penn League, and in 23 games in relief went 2–3 with a 4.50 ERA. In 2016 Koplove split the season between the Crosscutters, for whom in 16 games in relief he had a 3.76 ERA, and the Lakewood BlueClaws of the Class A South Atlantic League, for whom in 11.2 innings he had a 15.43 ERA.

Miami Marlins
In May 2017, Koplove was released by the Phillies, and the following month he was signed by the Miami Marlins organization. For the season, he played for the Lakewood BlueClaws and the Batavia Muckdogs of the Class A- New York-Penn League, and pitched a combined 3–2 with one save and a 7.84 ERA in 20.2 innings, in which he struck out 26 batters. Koplove had elbow surgery in November 2017, and was released by the Marlins organization on March 31, 2018.

Sussex County Miners
On April 11, 2018, Koplove signed with the Sussex County Miners of the independent Can-Am League. Pitching for them in 2018 he was 7–4 with 2 saves and a 2.61 ERA (3rd in the league) over 31 games, 9 of which were starts, limiting opposing batters to a .201 batting average.  In the playoffs in 2018, he was 2–0 with a save and a  1.68 ERA over 3 games.

Colorado Rockies
In November 2018, the Miners sold Koplove's contract to the Colorado Rockies. He spent the majority of the 2019 season with the Class-A Advanced Lancaster JetHawks, pitching to a 2–1 record with a 3.60 ERA, with 16 strikeouts in 15 innings, as well as one scoreless three-inning appearance in which he struck out five batters with the Class AAA Albuquerque Isotopes of the Pacific Coast League, before he was released on June 7, 2019.

Kansas City T-Bones
On June 19, 2019, Koplove signed with the Kansas City T-Bones of the independent American Association, with whom he was 2–3 with a 6.37 ERA in 29.2 innings over six starts. He was released by the club on December 19, 2019.

Team Israel; World Baseball Classic
Koplove was on the roster of Team Israel at the 2017 World Baseball Classic.

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Baseball players from Philadelphia
Chatham Anglers players
Duke Blue Devils baseball players
Jewish American baseball players
Kansas City T-Bones players
Lakewood BlueClaws players
Lancaster JetHawks players
Sussex County Miners players
William Penn Charter School alumni
Williamsport Crosscutters players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
21st-century American Jews

Kenny Koplove


Lana Chapel is the daughter of songwriter and country and rock & roll singer Jean Chapel aka Mattie O'Neil, and her husband, western swing artist and songwriter/musician/comedian, Salty Holmes, of the Prairie Ramblers.

Some of Chapel's song credits are: "Sweet Marilyn" by Eddy Arnold, "On Second Thought" by Tompall Glaser, "The Hemphill Kentucky Consolidated Coal Mines" & "Plastic People" by Henson Cargill Peters, "Kentucky Ridgerunner" by Lester Flatt, and "It's For My Dad" by Nancy Sinatra.

She was a staff writer for several major music publishing companies in Nashville including: Owen Bradley of Decca Records, Tree Music, Frank and Nancy Music, Frank Sinatra, Tammy Wynette's company, First Lady Music and Resaca Music, Kris Kristofferson, President.

Lana was the youngest published songwriter in Nashville at age 11, and the youngest songwriter to be signed with Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI), in 1967.

Lana has had records released on these record labels: Monument Records, Dot Records, Mega Records, and MetroCountry Records. She sings, writes, plays guitar, Native American flute, bass guitar, harmonica, keyboards, mandolin, banjo, percussion and hand drum] on her recordings. She has also produced herself as an Indie artist, and produced an Indie CD on Donna Chapel, her cousin.

External links
 Lana Chapel Video: Bones

References
 http://www.rockabilly.nl/artists/jchapel.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234935/http://www.lpdiscography.com/_lyrics/s-lyrics.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070804000455/http://web.inter.nl.net/users/wilkens/Lh03.html
 http://www.answers.com/topic/salty-holmes?cat=entertainment
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071113185047/http://cdbaby.com/cd/donlloydchapel
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070807143904/http://shs.starkville.k12.ms.us/mswm/MSWritersAndMusicians/musicians/Wynette.html

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
American folk singers
21st-century American women

Lana Chapel


Under the Ancien Régime, the Kingdom of France was subdivided in multiple different ways (judicial, military, ecclesiastical, etc.) into several administrative units, until the National Constituent Assembly adopted a more uniform division into departments (départements) and districts in late 1789. The provinces continued to exist administratively until 21 September 1791.

The country was subdivided ecclesiastically into dioceses, judicially into généralités, militarily into general governments. None of these entities was called "province" by their contemporaries. However, later interpretations confused the term of "general government" (a military division) with that of a cultural province, since the general governments often used the names and borders of a province. It was not always the case, which causes confusion as to the borders of some provinces.

Today, the term "province" is used to name the resulting regional areas, which retain a cultural and linguistic identity.

Borrowed from the institutions of the Roman Empire, the word first appeared in the 15th century and has continued to spread, both in official documents and in popular or common usage. Whatever the century or dictionary consulted, the definition of the word often remains vague, due to the coexistence of several territorial division systems under the Ancien Régime. Some geographers, even some of the most famous, such as Onésime Reclus, have widely criticised the idea of provinces and provincial identity, sometimes denying that the word covers any tangible reality. In fact, the many lists and maps showing the provinces of France are neither perfectly superimposable nor exactly comparable. The fact remains, however, that the names of many of the territorial subdivisions of the Ancien Régime refer to Gallic civitates.

Before the French Revolution, France was made up of territorial divisions resulting from history, geography and settlement, which differed according to the different powers that were exercised there, with different categories such as metropolises, dioceses, duchies, baronies, governments, states, elections, generalities, intendances, parliaments, countries, bailliages, seneschaussées, etc. Each of these categories took the name of a province, without covering the same geographical area. For example, the jurisdiction of the parlement d'Artois did not correspond to the same territory as the gouvernement d'Artois or the intendance d'Artois.

The Constituent Assembly of 1789, having abolished all the rights and customs specific to the different regions (also known as privileges, such as those of the classes, nobility and clergy) during the night of 4 August, decided to establish a uniform division of the territory, the départements, and that this division would be the same for the different functions of the State: military, religious, fiscal, administrative, university, judicial, etc. The town chosen as the capital of each department would have to be the seat of each of these functions, and at the same time have a prefecture, a court, a university, a military post, a bishopric, a stock exchange, a fair, a hospital, etc. The protests of the towns which had always fulfilled one of these functions and which were thus deprived of their court of appeal, their arsenal, their university or their fair, prevented this plan from being completely implemented.

In some cases, modern regions share names with the historic provinces; their borders may cover roughly the same territory.

History and preceding divisions

Gallish civitates

Gaul was occupied by fifty-four main peoples and more than a hundred individual peoples (300 according to Flavius Josephus), some with very different customs. Julius Caesar called each of these independent states civitas (city, without the word in this case referring to the idea of town or village), some of which were subdivided into pagi. Many of the smaller Gallic peoples were clients of their neighbors, and therefore dependent on them, sometimes paying them tribute. These confederations, the best-known of which are those of the Arverni, Aedui and Armoricans, formed a kind of province before Roman reorganization.

The Gallic cities, with their territory and the name given to their chief town, became dioceses under the Lower Empire; their status as "mainmorte", having escaped the division of patrimonial domains, explains why they remained almost intact until the end of the Ancien Régime. These divisions were subsequently taken over and partly regrouped to form the generalités, then the départements, but replacing their former ethnic names (e.g. Poitou for the country of Pictons, Auvergne for the country of Arverni, Rouergue for the country of Ruteni, Périgord for country of Pétrocores, etc.) with a physical geographic name (giving respectively the départements of Vienne, Puy-de-Dôme, Aveyron, Dordogne, etc.).

Roman provinces
The Latin etymology of the term provincia gives us an idea of its original meaning: pro vincere, conquered in advance. Each of Gaul's Roman provinces had a precise legal definition, clearly defined boundaries and codified administrative structures. The number of provinces, their organization and boundaries varied widely over the course of five centuries, and each was headed by a proconsul or propraetor. In addition to Provincia (Provence), which was already Roman, Caesar divided Gaul into three provinces: Aquitanica, Celtica and Belgica. Over the course of four centuries of Roman control, the number of provinces increased from three to eleven, due to both the expansion of the empire and the reduction in size of the original provinces: 1st and 2nd Germania, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Lugdunensis, 1st and 2nd Aquitanica, 1st and 2nd Belgica, 1st and 2nd Narbonensis, Novempopulanie, Sequanorum, Viennensis, Alpes Cottiarum, Alpes Maritimae, Alpes Graiae et Poeninae. These provinces were subdivided into cities (civitas or civitates in the plural), the number of which rose from 33 to 113.

Ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses

Metropolises are territories under the jurisdiction of a metropolitan archbishop, also known as provinces because they originate from the Roman provinces administered by the first bishops after the fall of the Roman Empire.

They are made up of the dioceses which, by the same process, succeeded the ancient civitas or romanized Gallic cities, and which almost always retained the name of an ancient Gallic people, also given to the diocesan capital. Dioceses were made up of parishes, groups of inhabitants who could gather in the same church, whose names and boundaries have been preserved in the 36,000 French communes.

Ecclesiastical districts, by virtue of their mainmortal status, are the oldest and most stable territorial circumscriptions, from late antiquity to the general reorganization of 1802. Today, these 130 or so districts are grouped into the 90 départements and their capital cities, although their ethnonyms have been replaced by names related to physical geography: rivers, mountains, coasts.

Judicial provinces: parliaments, bailiwicks, and seneschalties

Depending on their laws, customs and languages, the territory of the kingdom is divided into countries of written law (roughly south of a line from La Rochelle to Geneva) and countries of customary law (north of the same line).

Each of these groups includes several parliaments, which are appeal courts whose jurisdictions form as many judicial provinces, and to which belong all the royal jurisdictions, baillages (bailiwicks) and seneschaussées (seneschalties). They are made up of several countries, each corresponding to a general custom, or even a particular custom corresponding to former vici that have retained local customs. For example, the seneschalty of Quercy is made up of five secondary bailiwicks, corresponding to five former vigueries.

Fiscal provinces: generalities

Some authors attempt to equate the concept of province with that of generality. The concepts do occasionally coincide, when the extent of a generality more or less overlaps that of an older territorial entity, but they are not synonymous.

Military provinces: general governments
These are the fiefs that depend directly on the crown (duchies, counties and marches) and owe it military aid.

In addition to the Duchy of France, which became part of the royal domain, the first six major fiefs have the title of peerage:

 The three duchies of Aquitaine or Guyenne, Burgundy and Normandy,
 The three counties of Toulouse, Flanders and Champagne (circa 1212).

Their holders were considered electors of the King of France, along with six other ecclesiastical peers:

 The three bishop-dukes of Reims, Laon and Langres,

 The three bishop-counts of Beauvais, Châlons and Noyon (of Merovingian origin).

The number of grand fiefs varies with history (inheritances, confiscations, conquests, losses, treaties) and increases with the definitive attachment of the County of Provence, the Duchy of Anjou, the Duchy of Burgundy, the Duchy of Brittany, the Duchy of Lorraine, and so on. Some of these provinces were simply the return to the crown of a former fiefdom, such as the Duchy of Burgundy, which had been held by Hugues Capet's brother. Others, such as the Duchy of Savoy, Corsica, Comtat-Vénessin and the County of Nice, were acquired from the Empire or the Holy See.

Unlike the ecclesiastical provinces, their extent varies over the course of history according to the possessions of their holders, or to political reorganizations. For example, the Duchy of Gascony disappeared in the 11th century, and the Duchy of Normandy was divided into two military governments.

In modern times, the "thirty-six governments" corresponded to the provinces on which all the fiefs and arrière-fiefs depended, providing territorial districts for defense and marshaling, the raising of men-at-arms, the construction of squares, arsenals and castles, judges-at-arms, and therefore also all questions of nobility, armorial bearings, etc.

At the end of the Ancien Régime, not counting overseas territories such as the French islands of America, Pondicherry, Mauritius or New France (a province from 1663 to 1763, when it was ceded to Great Britain and Spain), there were thirty-six regions with a governor in charge of defense, called governments. Each had its own nobility.

Together with the regions attached to France since 1791, these thirty-six governments correspond to what are usually known today as the "former provinces of France".

List of former general governments of France
The list below shows the major provinces of France at the time of their dissolution during the French Revolution. Capital cities are shown in parentheses. Bold indicates a city that was also the seat of a judicial and quasi-legislative body called either a parlement (not to be confused with a parliament) or a conseil souverain (sovereign council). In some cases, this body met in a different city from the capital.

 Île-de-France (Paris)
 Berry (Bourges)
 Orléanais (Orléans)
 Normandy (Rouen)
 Languedoc (Toulouse)
 Lyonnais (Lyon)
 Dauphiné (Grenoble)
 Champagne (Troyes)
 Aunis (La Rochelle)
 Saintonge (Saintes)
 Poitou (Poitiers)
 Guyenne and Gascony (Bordeaux)
 Burgundy (Dijon)
 Picardy (Amiens)
 Anjou (Angers)
 Provence (Aix-en-Provence)
 Angoumois (Angoulême)
 Bourbonnais (Moulins)
 Marche (Guéret)
 Brittany (Rennes)
 Maine (Le Mans)
 Touraine (Tours)
 Limousin (Limoges)
 Foix (Foix)
 Auvergne (Clermont-Ferrand)
 Béarn (Pau)
 Alsace (Strasbourg, conseils souverains in Colmar)
 Artois (Arras)
 Roussillon (Perpignan)
 Flanders and Hainaut (Lille, conseils souverains in Douai)
 Franche-Comté (Besançon)
 Lorraine and Barrois (Nancy); Trois-Évêchés (Three Bishoprics within Lorraine): Metz, Toul and Verdun
 Corsica (Ajaccio, conseils souverains in Bastia)
 Nivernais (Nevers)

Areas that were not part of the Kingdom of France, though they are currently parts of Metropolitan France:

Arms

Partial display of historical provincial arms:

References

Further reading
 Les Provinces de la France by le Vicomte Olivier de Romanet, la Nouvelle Librairie Nationale, 1913.
 Les Provinces au XVIIIe et leur division en départements de la France by Charles Berlet, Bloud, second edition, 1913.

See also
 Ancien Régime
 Gallery of French coats of arms
 Coat of arms
 Heraldry
 Royal Almanac

Subdivisions of France

Provinces of France


Robert Oxton Bolt  (15 August 1924 – 20 February 1995) was an English playwright and a two-time Oscar-winning screenwriter, known for writing the screenplays for Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago, and A Man for All Seasons, the latter two of which won him the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

Career
He was born in Sale, Cheshire, to Methodist parents; his father owned a small furniture shop. At Manchester Grammar School his affinity for Sir Thomas More first developed. After leaving school aged sixteen, he worked in an insurance office, which he disliked; after studying in the evening for five weeks he passed three A-levels and went on to attend the University of Manchester, from which, after a year, he undertook wartime service, initially as a pilot officer candidate in the RAF (air-sickness preventing him from continuing past training) from 1943 to 1946. He then served as an Army officer in West Africa until 1947, when he returned to the University of Manchester and spent three years completing his honours degree in history. Following this, he took a teaching diploma from the University of Exeter. For many years he taught English and history at Millfield School and only became a full-time writer at the age of 33 when his play The Flowering Cherry was staged in London in 1958, with Celia Johnson and Ralph Richardson.

He first earned notice for his original play A Man for All Seasons – a depiction of Sir Thomas More's clash with King Henry VIII over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon – which won awards on the stage and in its film version, though subsequently most of his writing was screenplays for films or television.

Bolt's writing included primarily dramatic works that placed their protagonists in tension with the prevailing society. He won praise for A Man for All Seasons, his first iteration of this theme, but he developed it in his existential script for Lawrence of Arabia (1962). In Lawrence, he succeeded where several before him had failed at turning T. E. Lawrence's Seven Pillars of Wisdom into a cogent screenplay by transforming the entire book into a search for the identity of its author, presenting Lawrence as a misfit both in English and Arab society.

It was at this time that Bolt himself fell foul of the law, and as part of the Committee of 100 he was arrested and imprisoned for protesting against nuclear proliferation. He refused to be "bound over" (i.e., to sign a declaration that he would not engage in such activities again) and was sentenced to one month in prison because of this. Sam Spiegel, the producer of Lawrence, persuaded Bolt to sign after he had served only two weeks. Bolt later regretted his actions and did not speak to Spiegel again after the film was completed.

Later in Doctor Zhivago, Bolt invested Boris Pasternak's novel with his own characteristic sense of narrative and dialogue – human, short and telling. The Bounty was Bolt's first project after a stroke, which affected not only his movement but also his speech. In it, Fletcher Christian takes the "Lawrence" role of a man in tension with his society who in the process loses touch with his own identity. The Mission was Bolt's final film project, and it once again represented his thematic preoccupations, this time with 18th-century Jesuits in South America.

Bolt's final produced script was Political Animal, later made into the TV movie Without Warning: The James Brady Story (1991), about the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan and the struggles of his press secretary James Brady to recover from a near-fatal gunshot injury he received in the process. Bolt was initially reluctant to make the film, but after meeting Brady he felt he could relate to Brady's struggles with a head injury, and many of his own experiences recovering from his stroke found their way into the script.

Personal life
Bolt was married four times, twice to British actress Sarah Miles. His first wife was Celia Ann "Jo" Roberts, by whom he had three children:  Sally (died 1982), Ben, and Joanna. They divorced in 1963. He was married to Miles from 1967 until 1976; Bolt had his fourth child, Thomas, with Miles. In the early 1980s, he had a third marriage, to the actress Ann Queensberry (former wife of David Douglas, 12th Marquess of Queensberry), before remarrying Sarah Miles in 1988, with whom he remained until his death in 1995.

After the war, Bolt joined the Communist Party of Great Britain, but he left it in the late 1960s after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.

Death
Bolt suffered a heart attack and a stroke that left him paralysed in 1979. He died aged 70 in 1995, in Petersfield, Hampshire, England, following a long illness.

Honours
Robert Bolt was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1972.

Works

Plays
Bolt wrote several plays for BBC Radio in the 1950s, as well as several unproduced plays. Many of his early radio plays were for children, with few adapted for the stage.

 The Last of the Wine (1955) – A play showcasing the reactions of ordinary Englishmen to the advent of nuclear armageddon, one of Bolt's pet political issues. One of Bolt's radio plays which Bolt tried to adapt to the stage. However, the play was either never performed or performed a few times and then cancelled. Wine has never been published or performed since. First broadcast late March or early April 1955 on the BBC Third Programme.
 Flowering Cherry (1958) – concerns a middle-aged man, an insurance salesman dissatisfied with his life who retreats into his fantasies of owning a cherry orchard. His erratic behaviour alienates family and friends and threatens his financial ruin. Ran on the West End starring Ralph Richardson and Celia Johnson (succeeded by Wendy Hiller) to success but mixed reviews. Many critics felt it too closely resembled Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, and had a brief but unsuccessful run on Broadway starring Hiller and Eric Portman.
 The Tiger and the Horse (1960) – is the first of Bolt's plays to develop his themes of individualism, society, authority, and politics. It concerns an ageing college professor, John Dean, who is running for Vice-Chancellor of a prestigious university, but finds his election undermined by his daughter's love affair, a political petition, and his wife's deteriorating mental state. The play starred Michael and Vanessa Redgrave, among others, and was directed by Frith Banbury.
 A Man for All Seasons (1960) – involves Sir Thomas More's conflict with Henry VIII over the latter's break with the Catholic Church. Adapted from a radio play Bolt had written in 1954, it is generally regarded as Bolt's finest work – and certainly his most successful. The BBC production was reviewed in the Listener on 5 August 1954. The play develops in full his themes of individuality versus society and authority as corrupt. The strain of Brechtianism which would pervade many of his later works is first present here, in the character of the 'Common Man', who both narrates and takes part in the action as various minor characters. The original run starred Paul Scofield as Thomas More, as well as Keith Baxter as Henry VIII, George Rose as the Common Man, Leo McKern as the Common Man in the West End production and Thomas Cromwell in the Broadway show (a role originated in London by Andrew Keir and later taken over by Thomas Gomez), and Albert Dekker as the Duke of Norfolk. It was a huge critical and commercial success on both sides of the Atlantic, has had several revivals, and was made into an equally acclaimed film in 1966.
 Vivat! Vivat Regina! (1971) – Bolt's most successful show after A Man for All Seasons, a historical account of the reigns of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Elizabeth I of England, comparing and contrasting the personalities and reigns of the two female rulers. Highly successful, it ran for several months on Broadway, earning several Tony nominations. The original cast included Eileen Atkins as Elizabeth and Bolt's wife Sarah Miles as Mary. The play has experienced several revivals, most notably a 1985 Off-Broadway production starring Geraldine Page as Elizabeth.
 State of Revolution (1977) – An in-depth political depiction of the Russian Revolution of 1917, focusing on Vladimir Lenin as "a great man possessed by a terrible idea", and the struggles of Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin to gain power under him. It is told from the point of view of Lunacharsky, Lenin's Minister of Education. The original cast included Michael Bryant as Lenin, Terence Rigby as Stalin, Brian Blessed as Maxim Gorky and Michael Kitchen as Trotsky. Though meticulously researched, the play received mixed reviews. Bolt himself felt that he had not written the play as well as he might have done.

Screenplays
Bolt may be best remembered for his work on film and television screenplays. His work for director David Lean garnered him particular acclaim and recognition, and Bolt tried his hand at directing with the unsuccessful Lady Caroline Lamb (1972). While some criticised Bolt for focusing more on the personal aspects of his protagonists than the broader political context (particularly with Lawrence of Arabia and A Man for All Seasons), most critics and audiences alike praised his screenplays. Bolt won two Oscars, two BAFTA Awards and won or was nominated for several others.

 Lawrence of Arabia (with Michael Wilson) (1962) – despite disputes between Wilson and Bolt over who contributed what to the script, Bolt provided most of the film's dialogue and the interpretation of the characters while Wilson provided the characters and scenes in an initial draft screenplay. Wilson was uncredited at the time of the film's release, and Bolt alone was nominated for, but did not win, an Academy Award. Bolt and Lean refused to recognise Wilson's contribution to the film, and Wilson was not credited until 1995.
 Doctor Zhivago (1965) – Bolt won an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay
 A Man for All Seasons (1966) – Bolt won the Oscar again, adapting his own play to the screen.
 The Red Tent (1969) (uncredited additional dialogue)
 Ryan's Daughter (1970)
 Lady Caroline Lamb (1972) (also directed)
 The Bounty (1984)
 The Mission (1986) (originally published as a novel)
 A Man for All Seasons (1988)
 A Dry White Season (1989) (uncredited revisions of screenplay)
 Without Warning: The James Brady Story (1991) (TV)

Bolt also had several unrealised projects, including a TV miniseries adaptation of Gore Vidal's novel Burr; a film adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's novel A Wrinkle in Time for Norman Lear; a script inspired by the Patty Heart kidnapping called The Cover-Up with Oliver Stone; a script about Irish patriot Michael Collins called Blest Souls with Michael Cimino; as well as an original screenplay about Galileo Galilei, and one about the Antarctic explorers Scott and Amundsen. Additionally, Bolt was briefly attached as writer for Gandhi and David Lean's unmade film version of Joseph Conrad's Nostromo, before he was replaced on both.

After being paid $US400,000 plus ten per cent of profits for his Ryan's Daughter screenplay, Bolt became, for a time, the highest-paid screenwriter in Hollywood.

Awards

Tony Awards

Screenplay awards

Filmography
Lawrence of Arabia (1962) - Officer with Pipe Gazing at Lawrence (uncredited)

Bibliography
 Prüfer, Sabine. The Individual at the Crossroads: The Works of Robert Bolt, Novelist, Dramatist, Screenwriter. Frankfurt am Main; New York: Peter Lang, 1998
 Turner, Adrian. Robert Bolt: Scenes from Two Lives. London: Hutchinson, 1998. .

References

External links

 Obituary in The Independent
 Correction to obituary in The Independent

 The Making of Lawrence of Arabia, Digitised BAFTA Journal, Winter 1962–63, including article by Robert Bolt

1924 births
1995 deaths
Best British Screenplay BAFTA Award winners
Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English agnostics
English male screenwriters
People from Sale, Greater Manchester
People from Petersfield
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
Booker authors' division
Best Screenplay Golden Globe winners
20th-century English dramatists and playwrights
British male dramatists and playwrights
Communist Party of Great Britain members
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
20th-century English male writers
Royal Air Force officers
British Army officers
20th-century English screenwriters

Robert Bolt


Ducktales:Treasure of the Golden Suns is the pilot of the series DuckTales.

Plot

Part 1: Don't Give up the ship
The shows opens at Duckburg. After Donald Duck enlists in the navy, Uncle Scrooge has to take care of grand-nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie. Uncle Scrooge brings the boys to the McDuck's mansion where they are presented to Duckworth, the butler. The nephews are forced to sleep in the attic. Days later, Donald sends a letter to the nephews that tells of his experiences in the Navy. The nephews try to follow Uncle Scrooge but they are held by Duckworth in the Hall. After breaking out of the room, the kids leave the mansion and follow Uncle Scrooge to Money Bin, where the boys find a model boat at the museum. Meanwhile, an evil man named El Capitan hires the Beagle Boys (named Bigtime, Bankjob and Burger) to steal a boat model from Scrooge. In the mansion, the nephews hear Scrooge speak ill of them and they run away.

They see the Beagles entering the Money Bin and decide to stop him. The Beagles have a map of the building, but when they find the nephews, Bigtime orders the other Beagles to catch them. Unfortunately, the Beagles manage to escape with the boat model. The nephews return to the mansion with the map, but Scrooge holds them responsible for the disappearance of the boat and closes them again in the attic. The nephews build a glider with the help of a Junior Woodchucks manual and flee the mansion of Uncle Scrooge. In the theater, El Capitan explains that the boat is really a map that leads to a treasure. The nephews get the boat back and flee to the McDuck candy factory. The Beagles are covered with chocolate and Scrooge apologizes to his nephews for not believing them.

Part 2: Wronguay at Ronguay
Back at the mansion, the nephews decipher the code written on the map, but refuse to tell Uncle Scrooge unless he lets them participate in the treasure hunt. At that point, Glomgold, a millionaire rival, comes to pay $2,000,000 for Scrooge's candy factory. Glomgold bets that he can make more money in two weeks or he will eat Scrooge's hat. Uncle Scrooge and his nephews rent a cheap plane to go to South America to a place named Ronguay. When they arrive, the people who live there try to run away in the plane because Monsopies are coming, which Uncle Scrooge believes is a festival.

The ducks get a llama to carry their baggage and supplies to build a camp.

Huey reads in the manual of Junior Woodchucks what Monsopies is. It is not a festival. It is a flood that occurs every 100 years and covers the whole country with water. When the Monsopies begins, the provisions flow away in the mud. The ducks sleep in a cave, but the villains block the exit with a stone. Fortunately the ducks find another exit and also a wrecked boat full of gold. After repairing the boat, they use the flooding waters to navigate out of Ronguay to escape.

On the sea, El Capitan and Glomgold snap up the boat and leave the heroes in a life-boat. Glomgold tosses one of the golden coins to Scrooge. The boat with all the gold ship sinks and wrecks. Since Uncle Scrooge now has a golden coin from the treasure, he has earned the most money. Glomgold has lost his bet.

DuckTales

Ducktales: Treasure of the Golden Suns


Brandoa  () is a former civil parish, located in the municipality of Amadora, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Encosta do Sol. It is situated in the outskirts of Lisbon, with 2,39 km² of area and 15,647 inhabitants (2001).

Former parishes of Amadora

Brandoa


The western spotted frog (Heleioporus albopunctatus) is a species of frog in the family Limnodynastidae.
It is endemic to Western Australia.
Its natural habitats are temperate forests, temperate shrubland, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, rocky areas, granite outcrops, arable land, pastureland, open excavations, and canals and ditches.
It is threatened by habitat loss and salinity.

Breeding

Heleioporus albopunctatus has terrestrial egg deposition. Males excavate burrows up to 1 m deep in sandy substrates surrounding ephemeral waterbodies, and commence calling in autumn (March/April).  Amplexus (mating) occurs in the burrow and females deposit a clutch of eggs embedded in foam, in a chamber at the base of the burrow. Eggs develop to mid-stage tadpoles within the eggs, but final development is dependent on winter rains filling the waterbody and flooding burrows. Tadpoles then hatch and complete development in the pond.

Some clutches of eggs have been found to be infested by the larvae of a dipteran fly Aphiura breviceps and females of this fly may reside in the burrows of this frog where they are presumed to feed on the outer capsules of the eggs. In one study, around 7% of burrows were found to have eggs infested with maggots from this phorid fly and the mean egg clutch size was 391, and on average, only 2.8% of clutches were found to experience some form of egg mortality.

Population

Genetic studies have shown that there is good dispersal across the range of this species, however high levels of inbreeding were detected between some populations in the central wheatbelt region of WA, indicating that habitat fragmentation and salinity may be restricting gene flow. A comprehensive study of populations in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia used mark-recapture studies and found low levels of recapture (0.05 to 0.45) between years and estimated an overall survival rate ranging from 0.34-1. This study concluded that survival rates were generally high and the species was persisting in highly modified landscapes. A further population viability analysis study of 24 populations across a gradient from forest to cleared land, found that frog populations connected by dispersal (metapopulations) were less likely to become extinct than isolated populations. That study also found that the survival rates of juvenile frogs was the most important factor in the persistence of populations and that populations may survive well even under a drying climate, if breeding ponds can be managed to not dry out too quickly.

References

Further reading
 Lee, A. K. 1967. Studies in Australian amphibia II: Taxonomy, ecology and evolution of the genus Heleioporus Gray (Anura:Leptodactylidae). Australian Journal of Zoology. 15:367–439.

Heleioporus
Amphibians of Western Australia
Amphibians described in 1941
Endemic fauna of Australia
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Frogs of Australia

Western spotted frog


In natural language processing, semantic role labeling (also called shallow semantic parsing or slot-filling) is the process that assigns labels to words or phrases in a sentence that indicates their semantic role in the sentence, such as that of an agent, goal, or result.

It serves to find the meaning of the sentence. To do this, it detects the arguments associated with the predicate or verb of a sentence and how they are classified into their specific roles. A common example is the sentence "Mary sold the book to John." The agent is "Mary," the predicate is "sold" (or rather, "to sell,") the theme is "the book," and the recipient is "John." Another example is how "the book belongs to me" would need two labels such as "possessed" and "possessor" and "the book was sold to John" would need two other labels such as theme and recipient, despite these two clauses being similar to "subject" and "object" functions.

History

In 1968, the first idea for semantic role labeling was proposed by Charles J. Fillmore. His proposal led to the FrameNet project which produced the first major computational lexicon that systematically described many predicates and their corresponding roles. Daniel Gildea (Currently at University of Rochester, previously University of California, Berkeley / International Computer Science Institute) and Daniel Jurafsky (currently teaching at Stanford University, but previously working at University of Colorado and UC Berkeley) developed the first automatic semantic role labeling system based on FrameNet. The PropBank corpus added manually created semantic role annotations to the Penn Treebank corpus of Wall Street Journal texts. Many automatic semantic role labeling systems have used PropBank as a training dataset to learn how to annotate new sentences automatically.

Uses
Semantic role labeling is mostly used for machines to understand the roles of words within sentences. This benefits applications similar to Natural Language Processing programs that need to understand not just the words of languages, but how they can be used in varying sentences. A better understanding of semantic role labeling could lead to advancements in question answering, information extraction, automatic text summarization, text data mining, and speech recognition.

See also
 Named entity recognition
 Lexical semantics
 Semantic parsing
Syntax tree
Annotation

References

External links
 CoNLL-2005 Shared Task: Semantic Role Labeling
 Illinois Semantic Role Labeler state of the art semantic role labeling system Demo
 Preposition SRL: Identifies semantic relations expressed by prepositions
 Shalmaneser is another state of the art system for assigning semantic predicates and roles.

Grammar
Computational linguistics
Tasks of natural language processing

Semantic role labeling


Kukatja is an ethno-linguistic group of the Western Desert people in central Australia. The people who speak the Kukatja language live in the Tanami and Great Sandy Deserts in Western Australia. Their lands are south of Halls Creek, around Balgo and Lake Gregory. They neighbour the Pintupi and Ngarti (east), the Yulparitja and Walmatjarri (west), and the Jaru (north). In the 1996 census, about 580 people spoke the language.

References

Australian Aboriginal groups

Kukatja


The CNN Center was a center in Atlanta, Georgia, near the College Football Hall of Fame, World of Coke, and the Georgia Aquarium. It was host to the headquarters of CNN. You were able to take a tour around the center, experiencing how CNN filmed their news channel. Standard tours ran every 20 minutes from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily and cost $15 for adults; $14 for seniors, students and teens ages 13 to 18; and $12 for children ages 4 to 12. Kids 3 and younger also could get in for free. The CNN Center was a popular tourist attraction, one reason being that it held the tallest free-standing escalator in Atlanta, but it was announced on June 29, 2020, that the place was going to be sold. Today, the front of the building, hosting a large CNN sign, is a popular place for photography.

CNN

CNN Center


Pilotis, or piers, are supports such as columns, pillars, or stilts that lift a building above ground or water. They are traditionally found in stilt and pole dwellings such as fishermen's huts in Asia and Scandinavia using wood, and in elevated houses such as Old Queenslanders in Australia's tropical Northern state, where they are called "stumps". Pilotis are a fixture of modern architecture, and were recommended by the modern architect Le Corbusier in his manifesto, the Five Points of Architecture.

Function
In modern architecture, pilotis are ground-level supporting columns. A prime example is Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye in Poissy, France. Another is Patrick Gwynne's The Homewood in Surrey, England.

Beyond their support function, the pilotis (or piers) raise the architectural volume, lighten it and free a space for circulation under the construction. They refine a building's connectivity with the land by allowing for parking, garden or driveway below while allowing a sense of floating and lightness in the architecture itself.  In hurricane-prone areas, pilotis may be used to raise the inhabited space of a building above typical storm surge levels.

Le Corbusier used them in a variety of forms from slender posts to the massive Brutalist look of the Marseilles Housing Unit (1945–1952) with a range of bases, inclusions and surfaces. This was part of Le Corbusier's idea of machine-like efficiency where land, people and buildings would work together optimally.

Notes

References

Article: "Pilote, die" in: Pevsner, Honour, Fleming: Lexikon der Weltarchitektur, München 1987
 Primer on architecture of the Musée Picardie, accessed 2009-06-20
 "pilotis", The Urban Conservation Glossary, University of Dundee, , online version accessed 2009-06-20

Architectural elements

Piloti


Fridge Wars is a Canadian reality television series, which premiered February 27, 2020 on CBC Television. Hosted by Emma Hunter, the series features professional chefs competing to create restaurant-quality meals using only the contents found in a real Canadian family's refrigerator, which are then judged by the families whose fridges were raided to determine the winner.

The series is produced by The Gurin Company and the CBC.

Format
Each episode of Fridge Wars features two chefs cooking two meals (separated by two rounds) for two different families, with the sole ingredients they find in each family's fridge. They are given 45 minutes to prepare each meal and are given clues to help them make a meal that the family they are cooking for might enjoy. After each round, the families are allowed to taste the meal, without knowing which of the two chefs cooked it. They are then given devices to rate the food on 3 categories: Look, Taste, and Originality. These scores are later averaged, and the chef with the highest score wins the episode and is awarded a trophy.

What the Fridge Challenge
During round two, the chefs are given a challenge that increases the difficulty in the meals they are preparing.
In the premiere episode, the chefs were told that their original meal for six was to be increased into a meal for ten.
In episode 2, the chefs were forced to blindly pick a "sauce" (from 3 options) to use in their meals.
In episode 3, the chefs were forced to add bitter melon and Vietnamese basil to their meals.
In episode 6, the chefs had to switch the dishes that they were cooking with each other.

Episodes
The winners of each episode are listed in bold.

International broadcast
The series premiered in the US on August 2, 2020, as part of The CW's Summer 2020 programming lineup.

In April 2022 the German spin-off Kühlschrank öffne dich! (en: Fridge open!) was aired on Sat.1 and is based on the Canadian original Fridge Wars.

Reception

Critical reception
Joel Keller, writing for Decider, lauded the series, stating that "[I] didn't think that Fridge Wars was going to be as fun as it was; [I] thought that it would be a standard-grade cooking competition and that's that. But executive producers Phil Gurin and Tracie Tighe have hit on a formula that takes the Chopped-style format and brings it down to earth." Meanwhile, Rob Owen, writing for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,  criticized the series, saying that it felt too long. Rob writes: "As with plenty of reality competitions, one wonders if Fridge Wars might be stronger with one family at a half-hour rather than the one-hour running time, but for the most part Fridge Wars doesn't feel padded."

References

External links

2020 Canadian television series debuts
2020s Canadian cooking television series
2020s Canadian reality television series
CBC Television original programming
Cooking competitions in Canada
Reality cooking competition television series

Fridge Wars


Matthias Mann (born 10 October 1959) is a scientist in the area of mass spectrometry and proteomics.

Early life and education
Born in Germany he studied mathematics and physics at the University of Göttingen. He received his Ph.D. in 1988 at Yale University where he worked in the group of John Fenn, who was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Career
After a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense Mann became group leader at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg. Later he went back to Odense as a professor of bioinformatics. Since 2005 he has been a director at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Munich. In addition, he became a principal investigator at the newly founded "Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research" in Copenhagen.

From his research group in Munich originated in 2016 PreOmics – a company commercializing sample prep sets, and EVOSEP – a company commercializing protein analysis equipment.

His work has impact in various fields of mass spectrometry-based proteomics:

 The peptide sequence tag approach developed at the EMBL was one of the first methods for the identification of peptides based on mass spectra and genome data.
 Nano-electrospray (an electrospray technique with very low flow rates) was the first method that allowed femtomole sequencing of proteins from polyacrylamide gels.
 A recently developed metabolic labeling technique called SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture) is widely used in quantitative proteomics.

Other activities
 PharmaFluidics, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2019)

Awards and honors

1991: Malcom Award by the journal Organic Mass Spectrometry
1996: Mattauch Herzog Prize in Mass Spectrometry
1997: Hewlett-Packard Prize for Strategic Research in Automation of Sample Preparation
1998: Edman Prize by the "Methods in Protein Structure Analysis" Society
1999: Bieman Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Mass Spectrometry (American Society for Mass Spectrometry)
1999: Named second most cited scientist in chemistry in the years 1994 to 1996 by the Institute of Scientific Information
1999: Elected visiting professor Harvard Medical School
1999: Elected to the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)
2000: Meyenburg Prize
2001: Bernhard and Matha Rasmussens Memorial award in Cancer Research
2001: Meyenburg Cancer Research Award given by the German Cancer Research Center
2001: Fresenius Prize and Medal for Analytical Chemistry given by the German Chemical Society
2004: Honorary Doctorate, University of Utrecht, Netherlands
2004: Lundbeck Prize
2004: Novo-Nordisk Prize
2005: Anfinsen Award of the Protein Society
2006: "Biochemical Analysis" prize by the German Society for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
2008: HUPO Distinguished Achievement Award in Proteomic Science
2008: Bijvoet Medal of the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research of Utrecht University
2010: Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling-Prize by the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
2012: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize by German Research Foundation
2012: Feodor Lynen Medal
2012: Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
2012: Ernst Schering Prize
 2015: Theodor Bücher Lecture and Medal
 2015: Danish Order of Dannebrog Knights Cross
 2015: Barry L. Karger Medal in Bioanalytical Chemistry
 2017: Lennart Philipson Award

References

External links
 Homepage of the Mann department at the MPI of Biochemistry
 Nature article about the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research Denmark launches big push for protein power

German biochemists
Living people
20th-century German biologists
1959 births
Bijvoet Medal recipients
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
Mass spectrometrists
21st-century German biologists
Max Planck Society people
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Max Planck Institute directors

Matthias Mann


On the Razzle is a play by Tom Stoppard which premiered at the Royal National Theatre, London in 1981. It is an adaptation of the 1842 Viennese play Einen Jux will er sich machen by Johann Nestroy, which had been adapted twice by Thornton Wilder. The first Wilder version, 1938, entitled The Merchant of Yonkers, was faithful to the original material, but the second Wilder version, 1955, renamed The Matchmaker, expanded the previously secondary role of Dolly Gallagher Levi, who later became the heroine of the Jerry Herman musical hit, Hello, Dolly!. Stoppard's adaptation eliminates the Dolly character.

The play's title is a euphemism, often used by the British press, to describe the actions of a celebrity who has drunk, or is about to drink, a considerable amount of alcohol.

Plot
Stoppard's farce consists of two hours of slapstick shenanigans, mistaken identities, misdirected orders, malapropisms, double entendres, and romantic complications.

Herr Zangler, the twisted-tongued proprietor of an upscale grocery store in a small Austrian village, plans to marry Mme. Knorr, the proprietor of a women's clothing shop in Vienna. In preparation for his new life in the big city, he orders a new wardrobe and hires the fast-talking Melchior as a personal assistant. He arranges to send his niece Marie to his sister-in-law in Vienna, Miss Blumenblatt, to protect her from the penniless Sonders who is courting her. As he departs for Vienna, Zangler entrusts the operation of his business to his garrulous head clerk, Weinberl, and his naive apprentice, Christopher, but they decide to go "on the razzle" to Vienna.

Almost immediately, Weinberl and Christopher catch sight of Zangler and disguise themselves as mannequins in the window of Mme. Knorr's House of Fashion. Circumstances propel the two into a fancy restaurant in the company of Mme. Knorr and her customer, Frau Fischer who has been roped into pretending she is Weinberl's new wife, the same restaurant to which Zangler intends to take Mme. Knorr. Several sprinting waiters, a sexually obsessed coachman, and a carefully positioned Chinese screen come into play, and things finally seem to be settling down when the eloping Sonders and Marie enter the scene, and the chaos starts anew. The various characters flee to Miss Blumenblatt's, who mistakes Weinberl and the disguised Christopher as Sonders and Marie. Eventually, all is sorted out, Christopher and Weinberl make it back to the store in time to prevent Zangler from ever knowing they were gone. Everything solves itself: Sonders comes into an inheritance and is allowed to marry Marie, Weinberl and Frau Fischer discover they have been romantic pen pals all along, Christopher is promoted, Zangler and Mme. Knorr finalize their engagement, and life returns to normal after one night "on the razzle."

Production history
On the Razzle opened on September 18, 1981 at the Royal National Theatre in London, with Felicity Kendal switching genders to star as Christopher.

Other cast members included Dinsdale Landen as Herr Zangler, Michael Kitchen as Melchior, Ciaran Madden as Mme. Knorr, Meg Wynne Owen as Frau Fischer, and Alfred Lynch as Weinberl. Peter Wood won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Director.

The production later was filmed by Terence Donovan in association with Channel 4. The film was released in 1983 and once again starred Kendal as Christopher. It eventually aired on PBS' Great Performances in the United States in January 1986.

The American premiere featured Yeardley Smith and was directed by Douglas C. Wager. It opened at Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. in September 1982. An off-Broadway production was mounted at the Bouwerie Lane Theatre in Greenwich Village in 1999.

Scottish composer Robin Orr created an opera based on the play in 1988.

On the Razzle is being performed as part of the Shaw Festival's 2023 summer lineup.

References

1981 plays
Comedy plays
Plays by Tom Stoppard
Plays based on other plays
Plays set in Vienna
A Day Well Spent

On the Razzle (play)


Argus Press was a British publishing company. It was acquired by British Electric Traction (BET) in 1966, and became the publishing arm of that company. It was the subject of one of the most hotly contested management buyouts of the 1980s when a management team led by Kimble Earl, George Fowkes, and Scott Smith secured financing of £207m from forty national and international banks to acquire the UK and US businesses from BET. The acquisition was of particular note as the publisher Robert Maxwell was among the rival bidders, and widely considered as capable of out-witting the management team. Only an eleventh-hour intervention by Earl – exposing members of Maxwell's secret consortium as rival newspaper publishers which meant Maxwell would fall foul of the Monopolies Commission – brought success for the management team. The new company traded under the name of Team Argus. Its portfolio of businesses included the largest group of paid-for and free weekly newspapers in the UK, an extensive range of business titles in the UK and the USA, and a group of specialist hobby-interest magazines in the UK. Team Argus businesses were sold off to various buyers during the early 1990s.

Argus Newspapers
The newspaper division of the company, Argus Newspapers, was built up into the UK's largest group of weekly paid and free newspapers during the 1970s and 1980s by chairman Norman Richards and his successor Kimble Earl. Their philosophy was to act under the radar, shunning publicity whilst they acquired and launched throughout London and Southern England. They were renowned for cutting unnecessary costs whilst insisting on competent editorial coverage, believing it to be the only reason the public would continue buying or reading. At its peak, the group published and printed over a million copies per week. Argus Newspapers were pioneers in the joint-publishing of paid and free newspapers in the same town. Among the titles were Reading Chronicle, Surrey Mirror, Sutton Herald, Walthamstow Guardian, South London Press and The Crawley News.

Argus Newspapers was purchased by Trinity International Holdings (later Trinity Mirror) in 1993, who immediately sold a number of titles to other provincial press publishers.

Argus Specialist Publications

The hobby magazine division of the company was Argus Specialist Publications. Among its titles were several devoted to model engineering, photography, woodworking, and other hobbies and interests. It published several computer magazines for popular Home computers including Commodore Disk User (November 1987 - October 1991), Your Commodore (October 1984 - October 1991), Computer Gamer (April 1985 - June 1987) and ZX Computing (1982 - 1987).

The business was based in Hemel Hempstead, and following the management buyout from BET in 1988 was run by chairman Kimble Earl and MD Terry Pattison. The operation included a book publisher and an exhibition business which staged hobby-related shows of national importance at venues including Alexandra Palace, Sandown Park and Olympia. Argus Press Group sold the business to Nexus in 1994.

Argus Consumer Publications

Argus Press Group ran a significant portfolio of consumer magazines from premises adjacent to London's Leicester Square. These included Mother & Baby, Mother, Slimming and True Story. The business was run by chairman Kimble Earl and MD Gill Butler from the Argus Press management buyout in 1988 until being sold to EMAP in 1991. The division also owned a chain of slimming clubs and a retail magazine distribution business SMD.

Argus Business Publications

This business was a major player in business-to-business publications in both the UK and the USA, with publishing centres in Redhill, Surrey, and in Atlanta, Denver, Clarksdale, Mississippi and others. Titles served a wide range of commercial sectors including mining, duty-free trading, electronics, and agriculture. The chief executive of the division was George Fowkes, who looked after the UK business publications with Scott Smith reporting to him for the US division. All titles were sold during 1994-1995.

Argus Press Software
The software division, Argus Press Software, was active in the 1980s, producing games for several home computer systems of the time. It acquired Quicksilva and Starcade in 1984, Bug-Byte in 1985, and also published titles by the wargame company MC Lothlorien. In 1987, Argus Press Software was purchased by its managing director, Stephen Hall, and renamed Grandslam Entertainment.

References

External links

Magazine publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Newspaper companies of the United Kingdom

Argus Press


Stein Castle ( or Ruine Stein) is a castle ruin above the municipality of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.  It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

History
The castle was built on a rocky promontory above Baden gorge some time before 1000.  In the late 11th century the castle came to the Lenzburg family.  By the early 12th century, the cadet line that lived in the castle called themselves the Counts of Baden.  In 1172, the castle was inherited by the Kyburg family.  When that family died out in 1263, the castle was inherited by the Habsburgs in 1264.  The castle was occupied by a bailiff and was the seat of the Austrian administration for Vorderösterreich (Further Austria) and housed the archive.  The castle was besieged and destroyed in 1415 by the Swiss Confederation.  It was rebuilt in 1658-70 but was demolished in 1712.  It remains in ruins since that time.

References

Castles in Aargau
Cultural property of national significance in Aargau
Baden, Switzerland
Ruined castles in Switzerland

Stein Castle, Aargau


Where Are Your Keys? (WAYK) is an interactive technique for learning languages directly from native speakers. It is a game-based approach that uses gesture and sign language to facilitate immediate communication in the target language. The game is based on repeated questions and answers, with a set of gestures. Initially, the student makes gestures for specific, concrete objects, such as keys or a rock, and then moves on to adjectives. The student always responds in full sentences. The language gestures used are based on American Sign Language. Because the focus is creating an interactive game between the native speaker and the learner, it may be preferable to select a native speaker without language-teaching experience. The game trains speakers in language fluency.

The technique has been used in instruction of Alutiiq, Chinuk Wawa, Konkow, Kutenai, Mohawk,  Navajo, O'odham, Squamish, Unangax, French, Latin, Irish, Korean, Turkish, and at a Chickasaw language immersion camp for families. Users report that the Where Are Your Keys? technique can be used with any language for which a willing fluent speaker is available.

According to creator Evan Gardner, Where Are Your Keys? is partially based on the Total Physical Response technique.

Where Are Your Keys? language acquisition workshops have been held at the American Indian Language Development Institute of the University of Arizona, at Stanford University, at Northwest Indian College, at the 2010 "Save Your Language" Conference in Vancouver, British Columbia, at the Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, and at the  2012 Maryland Foreign Language Association Fall Conference, held at Notre Dame of Maryland University.

As of 2012, a Where Are Your Keys? podcast and wiki are available, as well as online videos and an official website.

See also
Total physical response (TPR)
Fluency
Hand game

References

External links
 Where Are Your Keys? official site
 Description of WAYK technique
 Where Are Your Keys? Wiki

Native American language revitalization
Hand games
Language-teaching methodology

Where Are Your Keys?