Barbara Thompson (October 15, 1924 – September 23, 2010) was an educator and the Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin from 1973 to 1981.

Born in McFarland, Wisconsin and raised on a dairy and tobacco farm, the former Barbara Ruth Storck graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Platteville in 1956 and received her master's degree and doctorate from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Initially, Thompson started to teach in a one-room schoolhouse and was a school administrator. She campaigned for the State Superintendent office, while recovering from a broken arm in 1973, and was the first woman to be elected to the office. During her administration, the teachers in Hortonville, Wisconsin went on strike. Thompson also required teachers in Wisconsin to go through continuing education and to have their teachers licenses renewed once every five years. She died in Bradenton, Florida.

References

External links

American school administrators
Educators from Wisconsin
American women educators
People from McFarland, Wisconsin
People from Bradenton, Florida
University of Wisconsin–Platteville alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
1924 births
2010 deaths
Superintendents of Public Instruction of Wisconsin
Women in Wisconsin politics
21st-century American women

Barbara Thompson (politician)


Scott Thompson Baker (born September 15, 1960) is an American television actor, from Golden Valley, Minnesota. Some of his most notable roles are Colton Shore on General Hospital, Craig Lawson on All My Children, and Connor Davis on The Bold and the Beautiful.

Life and career
Baker was born in Golden Valley, Minnesota. He was educated at Oral Roberts University and the University of Minnesota. He was married to Leilani Baker on January 27, 1990; their marriage produced two children, Thane and Jaden. After he and Leilani divorced, he was married to Maria Baker on June 17, 2007.

Baker's professional acting career began at the Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis, where he starred in roles such as A Christmas Carol, Peer Gynt, Hamlet and The Sound of Music. In the 1980s, after winning Star Search in 1985, Baker took up the role of Colton Shore, on the soap opera General Hospital, which he held for three years. For a year, he played Craig Lawson on All My Children, and then for seven years played Connor Davis on The Bold and the Beautiful. He also starred in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "One Little Ship" as Kudak'Etan.

In 1989, Scott Thompson Baker won the Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Male Newcomer, for his role as Colton in General Hospital. He also received two nominations in 1990, for Outstanding Super Couple: Daytime (shared with Kristina Wagner) and Outstanding Hero: Daytime, for the same role. However, he lost to Doug Davidson, as Paul in The Young and the Restless, and A Martinez and Marcy Walker, for Cruz and Eden in Santa Barbara.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
People from Golden Valley, Minnesota
Oral Roberts University alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
20th-century American male actors

Scott Thompson Baker


Alayne Fleischmann is a lawyer formerly employed by JPMorgan Chase. She is known as the whistleblower who provided evidence resulting in a $9 billion settlement by JPMorgan Chase to the United States Federal Government. The case has been called one of the most significant white-collar crime cases in US history.

Early life
Fleischmann was born and raised in Terrace, British Columbia, Canada. After leaving Canada, she attended Cornell Law School and then began working on Wall Street. Prior to entering the financial sector she had worked in human rights.

Securities law
But, once working in securities law, she discovered she had a passion for it. She felt that, in those days, it was a "very respectable" field, and that there was "nothing shady about" it. In 2006, after working for a few years at a law firm, she was hired by Chase as a transaction manager—a sort of quality control officer. Her main function was to ensure that Chase did not purchase bad loans. After working there for a few months, a new manager was hired as head of the "diligence" group. This group's purpose was to review then clear loans.

Very quickly, Fleischmann encountered problems with the manager. She testified in a United States Department of Justice deposition that, this manager—within the organization, technically a superior—instructed her and others in the firm to stop any e-mail contact with him. Fleischmann said: "If you sent him an e-mail, he would actually come out and yell at you." "The whole point of having a compliance and diligence group is to have policies that are set out clearly in writing. So to have exactly the opposite of that – that was very worrisome."

Home loans
Late 2006, shortly after the manager started the "no e-mail" policy, the diligence group, including Fleischmann, were called upon to evaluate a $900 million packet of home loans. GreenPoint was named as the mortgage originator. Almost at once, Fleischmann and several of her colleagues who were also diligence managers found serious issues with this packet of loans. One problem was the "suspiciously" old dates on many of them. Ordinarily, banks wish to produce securities from loans as quickly as possible, ideally within two to three months. The loans from GreenPoint at the time were seven or eight months old. This indicated that the deal had been rejected by Chase or another bank earlier, or else  were  "early payment defaults" or EPDs (loans that had been previously sold to another institution and had been returned after the borrowers had defaulted on several payments).

A review of random loan samples by Fleischmann and her team discovered approximately 40% were based on incomes that were overstated. The normal tolerance level by Chase was 5%. After Fleischmann and others stated their objections to these bad loans, the number-crunchers, who once were concerned about the loans, started to alter their reports. The diligence team concluded that there would likely be a large number of defaults in the GreenPoint package loans. The report stating this was provided to several high-ranking executives. The GreenPoint package was eventually approved.

In February 2008, as part of a series of layoffs, Fleischmann was fired.

Canada
Fleischmann returned to Canada. In early 2012, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission contacted her as part of an investigation into Chase. She stated that she would tell them all she knew about Chase's systemic fraud, in particular, GreenPoint. However, the SEC was more concerned with Chase's dealings with a company called WMC.

In late 2012 and early 2013, civil litigators from the U.S. attorney's office in the Eastern District of California interviewed her. Fleischmann provided lead attorney Richard Elias and his team with complete information about the directive not to send e-mails, the sabotage of the diligence process, bullying by her superiors, and that written warnings were ignored. She assumed her statements would lead to prosecution. However, Eric Holder's expected September 24, 2013 announcement of civil-fraud charges against Chase were canceled.

Later news reports state that Jamie Dimon had called United States Associate Attorney General Tony West to ask that the case be settled out of court. According to The New York Times, Dimon had offered $3 billion to settle out of court, which was rejected, then offered more, which was also rejected. As a bargaining chip, Fleischmann's evidence was used by the Department of Justice to persuade Dimon to offer approximately $9 billion as a settlement.

From 2012 to 2013, she articled at a Calgary law firm. This is a prerequisite to practicing law in Canada.

References

External links
 Matt Taibbi, The $9 Billion Witness: Meet JPMorgan Chase's Worst Nightmare, November 6, 2014, Rolling Stone
 Matt Taibbi and Bank Whistleblower on How JPMorgan Chase Helped Wreck the Economy, Avoid Prosecution, November 7, 2014, Democracy Now!
JP Morgan Chase Whale Trades: A Case History of Derivatives Risks and Abuses: Hearing before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, March 15, 2013, Vol. 1 Vol. 2

Canadian women lawyers
Living people
Cornell Law School alumni
People from Vancouver
People from Terrace, British Columbia
JPMorgan Chase employees
Year of birth missing (living people)

Alayne Fleischmann


HMS Sherwood is a Royal Naval Reserve shore establishment in Nottinghamshire, England.  The first naval reserve unit was established in Nottingham in 1949.  It was commissioned as Sherwood in 1984, at which time the unit was based at Chalfont Drive, Beechdale.  A Royal Marines Reserve detachment was added to the unit in 2007.  In 2014 HMS Sherwood moved to Chetwynd Barracks, Chilwell, where it was co-located with an Army Reserve unit.  Sherwood was honoured by receiving the freedom of the city of Nottingham in 2018.

Previous units
The establishment shares its name with HMS Sherwood, the former USS Rodgers, a  transferred from the US Navy to the Royal Navy as part of the destroyers-for-bases deal in 1940.  During the Second World War Sherwood served on convoy escort duty, in the hunt for the German cruiser Admiral Scheer following the attack on convoy HX 84 and in the hunt for the battleship Bismarck.  She was scrapped in 1945.  The first naval reserve unit in Nottingham, a signals unit, was established in 1949 in the city centre; the unit relocated to Carrington Street in 1961.

Chalfont Drive
The Nottingham Royal Naval Reserve unit moved to Chalfont Drive, Beechdale, (also the site of a Civil Defence regional seat of government) in 1984 and was commissioned as HMS Sherwood.  Elements of Sherwood were mobilised to serve on active duty in Operation Herrick (Afghanistan 2002–2014) and Operation Telic (Iraq 2003–2011).  Members also served during the 2012 Olympic Games in London and with British Forces Gibraltar.  In 2007 a Royal Marines Reserve detachment was formed at Sherwood.  The Chalfont Road site was identified as one of three Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) sites surplus to requirements in 2013.

Chetwynd Barracks
HMS Sherwood relocated to Foresters House, Chilwell (part of Chetwynd Barracks) in 2014.   The barracks was one identified, in 2016, for closure by 2020.  In 2019 the proposals were put on hold until 2024.

HMS Sherwood remains active on the site, which is located more than  from the coast; it is the only RNR establishment in the East Midlands.   It is co-located, as a Reserve Training Centre, with a unit of the Army Reserve (a squadron of the 101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment).  In May 2018 HMS Sherwood was awarded the freedom of the city of Nottingham, becoming only the seventh RNR unit to receive such an honour.  To mark the honour the unit marched through the city in the traditional manner with drums beating, colours flying, and bayonets fixed on 2 June 2018.  They were accompanied by members of the Sea Cadets and veterans of the unit and its ship namesake.  On the same day a Nottingham City Transport bus was renamed "HMS Sherwood", at the suggestion of a member of the unit who worked in the company's operations centre.

References

Royal Navy bases in England
Royal Navy shore establishments
Buildings and structures in Nottinghamshire
1984 establishments in England
Military installations established in 1984
Military history of Nottinghamshire

HMS Sherwood (shore establishment)


César Gabriel de Choiseul, Duke of Praslin (, 15 August 1712 – 15 November 1785) was a French officer, diplomat and statesman.

Early life
Born into an illustrious House of Choiseul, he was the elder son of Hubert de Choiseul, Marquis de Choiseul, Count de La Rivière (d. 1727) and his wife, Henriette Louise de Beauvau (d. 1737).

Career
After having served in the Army, he was appointed in 1756 ambassador in Vienna to Emperor Francis I and Queen Maria Theresa of Hungary. In 1761, he was plenipotentiary to the Augsburg Convention.

From 13 October 1761 to 8 April 1766, he served as Secretary of State (minister) for Foreign Affairs, replacing in this office his cousin Étienne de Choiseul (who became in 1763 Secretary of State for War and for Navy). He was lieutenant general of the Armies.  In 1763, he was made duke of Praslin and peer of France. He negotiated the peace that ended the Seven Years' War and was Louis XV's plenipotentiary for the conclusion of the Treaty of Paris, which he signed, on 10 February 1763.

From 10 April 1766 to 24 December 1770, he served as Secretary of State for the Navy (his cousin Étienne then taking back the department of Foreign Affairs in addition to that of War). During his term in office, he restored the strength of the Navy, which had been severely damaged during the Seven Years' War.  After the death, in 1764, of Madame de Pompadour, who had been their protector, the position of César Gabriel  and his cousin Étienne was undermined. He fell from grace in Louis XV's court and withdrew from public affairs in 1770, at the height of the Falkland Crisis involving Britain and Spain. He was replaced at the Navy by abbé Terray.

His titles included marquis of Choiseul, count of Chevigny and of La Rivière, viscount of Melun and of Vaux, baron of La Flèche and of Giry, lord of Chassy. He was made a knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit on 1 January 1762.  He was made an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences on 15 December 1769.

Praslin Island, one of the Seychelles, was named after him.
The villages of Choiseul and Praslin in Saint Lucia are also named after him.

Personal life
On 30 April 1732, he married Anne Marie de Champagne (1714-1783). They had a son and a daughter:
Renaud César de Choiseul, Duke of Praslin (1735-1791); married in 1754 Guyonne Marguerite de Durfort (1739-1806) and had issue
Elisabeth Céleste Adélaide de Choiseul (1737-1768); married in 1752 Florent Alexandre Melchior de La Baume, Count of Montrevel (d. 1794); they divorced in 1760 without issue

1712 births
1785 deaths
Ambassadors of France to Austria
Dukes of Choiseul
18th-century French diplomats
Peers created by Louis XV
Secretaries of State of Ancien Régime France
Secretaries of State of the Navy (France)
French people of the Seven Years' War
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Choiseul family


In taxonomy, a segregate, or a segregate taxon is created when a taxon is split off from another taxon. This other taxon will be better known, usually bigger, and will continue to exist, even after the segregate taxon has been split off. A segregate will be either new or ephemeral: there is a tendency for taxonomists to disagree on segregates, and later workers often reunite a segregate with the 'mother' taxon.

If a segregate is generally accepted as a 'good' taxon it ceases to be a segregate. Thus, this is a way of indicating change in the taxonomic status.  It should not be confused with, for example, the subdivision of a genus into subgenera.

For example, the genus Alsobia is a segregate from the genus Episcia; The genera Filipendula and Aruncus are segregates from the genus Spiraea.

External links
 A more detailed explanation, with multiple examples on mushrooms.

Botanical nomenclature
Plant taxonomy
Taxonomy (biology)

Segregate (taxonomy)


The artichoke or globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family. They first came from Southern Europe around the Mediterranean and have been cultivated for food for over 2,000 years.
The thick scales and bottom parts of the young flower heads can be eaten. They are a culinary delicacy. The bottom part of the young flower head is called a heart.

The artichoke plant has a tall, spiky stalk with large, spiky leaves and a large flower head. The edible portion of the artichoke is the flower bud, which is picked before it has a chance to fully bloom. They are often served boiled or grilled, and the leaves can be pulled off and the soft, fleshy part at the base of the leaf can be eaten. The heart of the artichoke, which is the center of the flower bud, is considered the most desirable part and is often stuffed or served with a dip.

Artichokes are a good source of fiber, vitamins C and K, and minerals such as magnesium and potassium. They also contain antioxidants and have been shown to have potential health benefits such as improving digestion and liver function and reducing cholesterol levels.

Artichokes can be enjoyed in a variety of dishes, both savory and sweet. They are a popular ingredient in appetizers, salads, pasta dishes, and dips. They can also be pickled, preserved in oil, or used to make artichoke hearts, a common ingredient in antipasto platters. In addition to being eaten as a vegetable, artichokes are also used to flavor liqueurs such as Cynar and Fernet-Branca.

Artichokes are grown in Mediterranean countries, as well as in the United States. They are usually grown in warm, dry climates and are harvested in the spring and early summer.

Description
It grows to  to  tall, with arching, deeply lobed, silvery glaucous-green leaves 50–82 cm long. The flowers develop in a large head from an edible bud about 8–15 cm diameter with numerous triangular scales; the individual florets are purple. It is a source of vitamins.

Jerusalem artichokes are a different plant.

References

Asteraceae

Artichoke


John Paul Poloni (born February 28, 1954) is a left-handed former Major League Baseball pitcher who appeared in two games for the Texas Rangers in 1977.

Career
Poloni was originally drafted out of Lutheran West High School in Detroit, Michigan by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the third round of the 1972 amateur draft; however he opted not to sign. He was then drafted by the Rangers in the sixth round of the 1975 amateur draft out of Arizona State University, signing.

Poloni spent three seasons in the minor leagues until making his big league debut on September 16, 1977. Pitching against the Minnesota Twins in his first match, Poloni pitched two innings, allowing one earned run while allowing two hits and striking out two batters. The first batter he faced was Butch Wynegar.

He started his second game on October 2 against the Oakland Athletics. He pitched five innings, allowing six hits and four earned runs, while striking out three batters and walking one, earning the win. He was relieved by Roger Moret, who earned the save.

In total, Poloni went 1-0 with a 6.43 ERA in seven innings. He allowed eight hits and one walk while striking out five batters.

He then pitched in the minor leagues in 1978, 1980, 1983 and from 1985 to 1986. In eight seasons on the farm, he went 45-44 with a 4.24 ERA in 120 games (95 starts).

References

External links

Living people
1957 births
Cincinnati Reds scouts
Gulf Coast Rangers players
Knoxville Blue Jays players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers scouts
New York Mets scouts
Oakland Athletics scouts
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Sportspeople from Dearborn, Michigan
Baseball players from Wayne County, Michigan
Pittsfield Rangers players
Salinas Spurs players
San Antonio Brewers players
Texas Rangers players
Texas Rangers scouts
Tucson Toros players
Wausau Timbers players

John Poloni


The Music of Apulia has had some glorious history as well as some very hard times. Located along the southern Adriatic, the area was part of Magna Grecia and certainly one of the centers of Ancient Greek music. And 1,000 years ago, Bari, on the coast, was a privileged sanctuary for pilgrims and Crusaders on their way to the Holy Land. Yet, the only musical relic that remains from the period is the Excultet, a representation from the 11th century of two angels playing trumpets that is preserved in the Basilica of San Nicola in Bari. Later, as part of the Kingdom of Naples, Apulia produced many memorable names in music, but like elsewhere in the south, many of them gravitated to Naples, the capital of the kingdom.

Further, economic hardships in the south following the unification of Italy through much of the 20th century resulted in massive emigration, a phenomenon hardly conducive to emphasis on music and the arts. Yet, modern Apulia has shown itself to be remarkably resilient and has an active, if still struggling, musical life.

Folk music
Apulia was home to the well-known folk song revivalist Matteo Salvatore.

The healing tarantolati ritual is an important part of Apulian folk culture. The ritual is centered on Saint Paul and women (tarantolati) who are said to have been bitten by a tarantula. The poison from the bite is said to be healed by dancing, sometimes for hours or even days. The dances include the tarantella and tarantata, and is accompanied by tamburelli and either violin, organetto or guitar.

Brass bands
Apulia is known for its brass band tradition, which includes the Bando Ruvo di Puglia, led by Pino Minafra. In recent music, this brass band tradition has involved many of the region's jazz performers.

Music venues

The Petruzzelli Operatic and Symphonic Foundation of Bari is the organization around which much of the cultural life of the city revolves. It is named for the famous Teatro Petruzzelli, the center of music life in the city and province, but which fell victim to a disastrous fire in 1991 and reopened just in 2009. Taking up that slack, however, are other venues: the Basilica of San Nicola, the premises of the Piccinni Conservatory, and the Teatro Piccinni (now closed). The city of Bari also hosts the interesting Kismet Theater, a permanent theatrical and musical workshop, open to the public 6 days a week, the aim of which is to encourage those activities among the youth.

Brindisi's new Verdi Theater had its first concert in 2002. The theater is an impressive hyper modern structure that seats 1200 and was built near the presumed place where the poet Virgil is said to have died. The area contains significant Roman archaeology, which caused delays in the completion of the new concert hall.

The city and province of Foggia are noted as the birthplace of composer Umberto Giordano and much musical activity recalls that fact. The main venue for opera was built in 1828 and was renamed the Giordano Theater in 1928. The city has a secondary theater, named for Giuseppe Verdi.

Lecce was the birthplace of the great tenor, Tito Schipa. It also hosts a music conservatory and is the home of the Salento Chamber ensemble. The Teatro Comunale is named for Giovanni Paisiello, one of the great names in 18th century Neapolitan comic opera.

The "city on two seas", Taranto, recalls its connection to ancient Greece in the names of musical organizations such as the Magna Grecia Orchestra, the Ionian Art Orchestra and the Magna Grecia Choir. The area hosts the Association for the Music of Paisiello (born here), sponsors the annual Nicolosi Song Competition, and is the site of the internationally known Valle d'Itria Festival. It takes place in July and August, during which time the entire city of Taranto becomes a collection of venues for music of various sorts. It is considered one of the most important cultural manifestations in southern Italy.

References
Guide Cultura, i luoghi della music (2003) ed. Touring Club Italiano.
Surian, Alessio. "Tenores and Tarantellas". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp. 189 - 201

External links
Petruzzelli Foundation, Bari
Piccinni Conservatory, Bari
Valle d'Itria Festival
Concerts today in Apulia

Apulia
Apulia

Music of Apulia


A scapular (from Latin scapulae, "shoulders") is a Western Christian garment suspended from the shoulders. There are two types of scapulars, the monastic and  devotional scapular; both forms may simply be referred to as "scapular". As an object of popular piety, a scapular serves to remind wearers of their  commitment to live a Christian life.

The "monastic scapular" appeared first, perhaps as early as the 7th century CE in the Order of Saint Benedict. It is a length of cloth suspended both front and back from the shoulders of the wearer, often reaching to the knees. It may vary in shape, color, size and style. Monastic scapulars originated as aprons worn by medieval monks, and later became part of the  habits for members of religious organizations,  orders or confraternities. Monastic scapulars now form part of the religious habit of monks and nuns in many religious orders.

The "devotional scapular" is a much smaller item and evolved from the monastic scapular. Devotional scapulars may be worn by individuals who are not members of a monastic order. The devotional scapular typically consists of two small (usually rectangular) pieces of cloth, wood or laminated paper, a few inches in size, which may bear religious images or text. These are joined by two bands of cloth. The wearer places one square on the chest, rests the bands one on each shoulder and lets the second square drop down the back.

In many cases, both forms of the scapular come with a set of promises made by or to the faithful who wear them. Some of the promises are rooted in tradition.

History

The scapular may have emerged from an apron-like piece of cloth worn by monks. Item 55 of the Rule of Saint Benedict, dating to the 7th century, refers to the use of the scapular. In the Catholic Church the key elements of a monk's habit eventually became the tunic, the cincture, the scapular and the hood. A nun's clothing included the tunic, the scapular and the head veil. Some authors interpret the scapular as a symbolic apron based on the fact that monks and nuns, when engaged on some manual labor, tend to cover it with a protective apron or carefully tuck it up or throw the front length back over their shoulder to prevent it from getting in the way.

Varieties

Monastic scapular

Today, the monastic scapular is part of the garb, the habit, of many Christian religious orders, of both monks and nuns. It is an outer garment about the width of the chest, from shoulder to shoulder. It hangs down in the front and back almost to the feet, but is open on the sides (it was originally joined by straps at the waist). It is related to the analavos worn in the Eastern tradition.

Historically, the monastic scapular was at times referred to as scutum (i.e. shield), as it was laid over the head, which it originally covered and protected with one portion (from which the hood afterwards developed). A specific aspect of the use of the monastic scapular from its earliest days was obedience and the term jugum Christi, i.e. "yoke of Christ", was used to refer to it. The term "yoke of Christ" signified obedience and removing a scapular was like removing the yoke of Christ, i.e. rebelling against authority. For instance, the Carmelite constitution of 1281 prescribed that the scapular should be worn to bed under penalty of serious fault, and the constitution of 1369 included automatic excommunication for a Carmelite saying Mass without a scapular.

Over the centuries the religious orders adapted the basic scapular as they considered appropriate for themselves, as a result of which there are now several distinct designs, colors, shapes and lengths in use. The Carthusians and others attached a hood to their scapular, rather than keeping the former a separate item of their habit, while some, like the Dominican Order or Carmelites, wear it beneath another layer, like a shoulder cape or capuce (that is, the "hood"). The color selection could change over time; for instance, prior to 1255, the Augustinian scapulars for novices were black and those of the lay brethren were white, but thereafter all scapulars but those of the lay brethren had to be white.

In some cases the monastic scapular was used to distinguish the rank or level of the wearer within a religious order. In some Byzantine monastic practices, two levels of fully professed monk or nun exist: those of the "little habit" and those other of the "great habit", these being more senior and not having to do manual labor. In these cases, the "great habit" was simply distinguished from the "little habit" by the addition of a scapular decorated with the instruments of the Passion.

Just as the stole is the vestment that came to mark the office of a priest, the monastic scapular became the equivalent for those in the monastic life and even today, a long scapular identifies its wearer as a member of a religious order. It is a symbol of the confraternal way, combining in itself the principle of ora et labora (prayer and work), and so the form was later adopted by pious laity who wished to have an open sign of their devotion.

Non-monastic reduced scapular
Some authors suggest that the tradition of wearing a reduced form of a non-monastic scapular started in the 11th century with Saint Peter Damian and the monastic scapular was gradually transformed from an item of clothing that was part of the habit of monks and nuns to a smaller item that expressed devotion by individuals, called oblates, who lived in the world, but wished to be affiliated with a monastery.

In the Middle Ages, it became common for Christian faithful to share in the spirituality of the new mendicant orders in an auxiliary sense, sometimes called Third Orders because they were founded after the initial orders of the friars and nuns. Although these people (called Tertiaries) were permitted to wear the "tertiary habit", because they had not taken religious vows they were not usually permitted to wear the full habit of the order. With time, it was considered a high honor and great privilege to be granted a small cloth attached by bands which would be worn over the torso in the same manner as the full monastic scapular. Confraternities came to be formed in which people would be granted the wearing of this item as a mark of their sharing in the good works of a particular order. Among Franciscans, they were known as Cordbearers, due to their also wearing a small cord around the waist in imitation of the one worn by the friar.

After the disruptions of religious life during the period of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic invasions of France and Italy, wearing of the tertiary habit became prohibited. Thus it eventually became common that a smaller form of an order's scapular would be bestowed upon the non-monastic. Rather than a full length of cloth, it consisted of two rectangles (several inches wide, and much larger than a modern devotional scapular) of wool joined by bands in some fashion. These are still worn today by the "Third Order" members of the Franciscans, Carmelites, and Dominicans. In order to gain the benefits of the order, the members must wear these scapulae constantly. However, in 1883 in his "Constitution On the Law of the Franciscan Third Order" called Misericors Dei Filius, Pope Leo XIII declared that wearing either these medium-sized scapulae of the "Third Order" or the miniature forms of the smaller devotional scapular entitled the wearer equally to gain the indulgences associated with the order.
Some religious orders still give a short version (sometimes called the "reduced scapular", but this usage is archaic) of their large scapular to non-monastics that are spiritually affiliated with them. Such short scapulars are designed to be unobtrusive and can be worn under regular clothing at home and at work.

Devotional scapular
Devotional scapulars are objects of popular piety, primarily worn by Roman Catholics, as well as some Anglicans and Lutherans, designed to show the wearer's pledge to a confraternity, a saint, or a way of life, as well as reminding the wearer of that promise. Some devotional scapulars bear images, or verses from scripture.
Devotional scapulars typically consist of two rectangular pieces of cloth, wool or other fabric that are connected by bands. One rectangle hangs over the chest of the wearer, while the other rests on the back, with the bands running over the shoulders. Some scapulars have extra bands running under the arms and connecting the rectangles to prevent them from getting dislodged underneath the wearer's top layer of clothes.

The roots of devotional scapulars can be traced to the gathering of laity into confraternities for spiritual direction, whereby the faithful would be assigned some badge or token of affiliation and devotion. The image or message on the scapular usually reflects the order's focus, tradition or favored devotion. Devotional scapulars and the indulgences attached to them grew along with the growth of Catholic confraternities during the 17th and 18th centuries.
The fact that specific promises and indulgences were attached to the wearing of scapulars helped increase their following, as was seen with the early example of the Brown Scapular, habit of the Carmelites. This promise was based on the Carmelite tradition that the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared to St. Simon Stock at Cambridge, England, in 1251 in answer to his appeal for help for his oppressed order and recommended the Brown Scapular of the Our Lady of Mount Carmel to him and promised salvation for the faithful who wore it piously. Regardless of the scholarly debates regarding the exact origin of the Brown Scapular, it is clear that it has been a part of the Carmelite habit since the late 13th century.

The Blue Scapular of the Immaculate Conception that dates to 1617 was eventually granted a significant number of indulgences, and many graces were promised to those who would honor the Immaculate Conception by wearing the Blue Scapular and live chastely according to their state in life. In 1885 Pope Leo XIII approved the Scapular of the Holy Face (also known as The Veronica), and elevated the Priests of the Holy Face to an archconfraternity. He also approved the Scapular of Our Lady of Good Counsel and the Scapular of St. Joseph, both in 1893, and the Scapular of the Sacred Heart in 1900. In 1611, the Servite Order's confraternity and their Black Scapular of the Seven Sorrows of Mary received indulgences from Pope Paul V.

During the 19th century, a number of other Scapulars were approved. The green Scapular of the Immaculate Heart of Mary was approved by Pope Pius IX in 1877 and the white Scapular of Our Lady of Good Counsel received the approval of Leo XIII in 1893 for the purpose of invoking Mary's guidance upon its wearer. The black Scapular of Our Lady Help of the Sick, (for the Confraternity founded by St. Camillus de Lellis) was approved by Pius IX in 1860. In 1863 he also approved the Green Scapular, which is not from a Confraternity but an image inspired by a vision of the Blessed Mother experienced by Sr. Justine Bisqueyburu from the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul.

By the early 20th century the devotional scapular had gained such a strong following among Catholics worldwide that Joseph Hilgers, in the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1912 stated: "Like the rosary, [the Brown Scapular] has become the badge of the devout Catholic". In the 1917 reported apparitions of Our Lady of Fátima the Virgin Mary is said to have appeared "with a Rosary in one hand and a scapular in the other". Sister Lúcia (one of the three Fátima children visionaries) stated that the Virgin Mary told her: "The Rosary and the Scapular are inseparable". In the United States "Scapular Magazine" helped enroll one million Americans to pray the Rosary based on the Fatima messages.

While a number of scapulars (e.g. the Scapular of the Holy Face, also known as The Veronica) are entirely Christocentric, the most widespread scapulars (including the Brown Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and the Blue Scapular of the Immaculate Conception) relate to Marian devotions and consecrations. John Paul II stated that he received his first Brown Scapular of Mount Carmel at age ten when his Marian devotion was taking shape and he continued to wear it into his papacy.

The Catholic Encyclopedia lists 18 small scapulars approved by the Roman Catholic church:

 The White Scapular of the Most Blessed Trinity (1193)
 The White Scapular of Our Lady of Ransom (1218)
 The Brown Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (1250)
 The Black Scapular of the Seven Sorrows of Mary (1255)
 The Blue Scapular of the Immaculate Conception
 The Red Scapular of the Most Precious Blood
 The Black Scapular of the Passion (1720)
 The Red Scapular of the Passion (1846)
 The Black Scapular of Help of the Sick (1860)
 The White Scapular of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (1877)
 The Blue and Black Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel (1880)
 The Scapular of St. Benedict (1882)
 The Scapular of the Holy Face (1885)
 The White Scapular of the Our Lady of Good Counsel (1893)
 The White Scapular of St. Joseph (1898)
 The White Scapular of The Most Sacred Heart of Jesus (1900)
 The Scapular of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (1901)
 The White Scapular of St. Dominic (1903)

Of all the types recognized by the Roman Catholic Church the best-known, and perhaps the most popular, is the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, sometimes referred to as the Brown Scapular from the color of its bands. The wearing of a devotional scapular has been viewed as a constant meditation by Bishop Leo De Goesbriand: "Wherever I am, whatever I am doing, Mary never sees me without seeing upon my body an evidence of my devotion to her." This scapular, with its history in Britain, along with the Scapular of Our Lady of Walsingham are also popular devotions in the Anglican Church. The Green Scapular, "instituted for the conversion of those without faith" is another popular scapular among the Christian community.

In Protestant churches
Scapular wearing is sometimes found in Protestant churches including Anglican,  Lutheran, Methodist, and Presbyterian Churches. Instructions are provided in United Methodist Church allowing scapular to be worn over the alb by anyone lay or clergy, not as a pastoral stole or chasuble, either colored for the Church season or not.

Some Anglican churches use the scapular to designate the difference of vestments between choristers boys and girls, a tradition that continues in Church of South India for women and men.

Lutheran churches sometimes use scapulars as vestments for both men and women servers over cassocks which are regarded as clerical clothing not vestments. Scapulars in Protestant churches do not necessarily have the same meaning as in Catholic church.

Choirs may wear scapular over alb in Lutheran colleges.

Investment, blessing and rules
Though each scapular has its own particular qualifications and usage, the Roman Catholic Church has set down certain rules that pertain to all its types, be they monastic or devotional. A scapular associated with a confraternity must be invested by an ordained representative of that group. A scapular associated with a mystery or devotion may simply be blessed by a priest and given to the wearer. To receive the benefits or indulgences granted the scapular generally must be worn constantly. It may be placed aside for a time but, during that period, the wearer does not receive the scapular's benefits. Should the wearer take up the wearing of it again, the benefits are again conferred.

A devotional scapular must be in good repair with both bands intact. Multiple scapulae may be worn on the same bands, but the bands must be the color of those prescribed by the scapular with the most preeminence, and that scapular must be foremost with the others behind in order of precedence. If a scapular becomes damaged to the point where it cannot be in good repair, it must be replaced. However, it is not necessary for the wearer to be reinvested as it is the devotion of the wearer, not the object itself, that confers the benefit of the scapular.

See also

 Carmelites (Habit and Scapular)
 Green Scapular - approved 1863 and again in 1870
 Our Lady of Good Counsel (White Scapular)
 Rosary and scapular
 Sanbenito
 Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Brown Scapular)
 Tabard - a modern scapular worn as an apron, or ceremonially
 The Fivefold Scapular

Notes

References

Sources
 Rule of St Benedict, ch. 55 (Latin)
 Rule of St Benedict, ch. 55 (English translation)
 John Cassian, Institutes, "On the Dress of the Monks"

External links
Articles

 The Brown Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
 A Catechesis on the Brown Scapular
 University of Dayton – Guide to the Marian devotional scapular collection

Carmelite spirituality
Catholic devotions
Catholic religious clothing
Robes and cloaks
Shawls and wraps
Sacramentals

Scapular


Pteris platyzomopsis, synonym Platyzoma microphyllum, is a fern in the family Pteridaceae. When placed in the genus Platyzoma, it was the only species; the genus was sometimes placed in its own family, Platyzomaceae. The species is native to northern Australia, occurring in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, in the Northern Territory and Queensland, and in northern New South Wales, where it is considered endangered. Vernacular names include braid fern.

Characteristics
Pteris platyzomopsis is unusual among ferns in that it may display incipient heterospory.

Microsporangia produce 32 microspores, each 71-101μm in diameter. Megasporangia produce 16 megaspores, each 163-183μm in diameter. Microspores produce a filamentous microgametophyte, which lacks rhizoids and gives rise only to antheridia. Megaspores produce spatulate megagametophytes with rhizoids, which produce archegonia. Megagametophytes may later produce antheridia, making them functionally bisexual. Development of gametophytes is not endosporic.

Taxonomy
Pteris platyzomopsis has been known by the synonym Platyzoma microphyllum. The genus Platyzoma has been placed as the only species in family Platyzomataceae. Tryon has speculated that the species, with its incipient heterospory, unusual chromosome number (2n=78) and other features, may represent a stage transitional to the heterosporous aquatic ferns.

In 1827 Nicaise Auguste Desvaux included in Platyzoma additional species, such as Gleichenia alpina, Gleichenia dicarpa and Gleichenia rupestris, which are currently regarded by most scholars as part of the genus Gleichenia.

In 2011, Christenhusz et al. placed Platyzoma within the genus Pteris and transferred the  to , as the name Pteris microphylla was already in use. The transfer is accepted by the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World and Plants of the World Online''.

References

platyzomopsis
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of Western Australia
Ferns of Australia

Pteris platyzomopsis


Craig Claiborne (September 4, 1920 January 22, 2000) was an American restaurant critic, food journalist and book author.  A long-time food editor and restaurant critic for The New York Times, he was also the author of numerous cookbooks and an autobiography. Over the course of his career, he made many contributions to gastronomy and food writing in the United States.

Early life
Born in Sunflower, Mississippi, Claiborne was raised on the region's distinctive cuisine in the kitchen of his mother's boarding house in Indianola, Mississippi.

He essayed in premedical studies at the Mississippi State College from 1937 to 1939. Finding it to be unsuitable, he then transferred to the University of Missouri, where he majored in journalism and got his B.A. degree.

Claiborne served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and the Korean War. After deciding that his true passion lay in cooking, he used his G.I. Bill benefits to attend the École hôtelière de Lausanne (Lausanne Hotel School), located in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Career

Returning to the U.S. from Europe, he worked his way up in the food-publishing business in New York City, New York, as a contributor to Gourmet magazine and a food-product publicist, finally becoming the food editor of The New York Times in 1957 following the Times' first food editor, Jane Nickerson. Journalism historian Kimberly Wilmot Voss said Nickerson had laid the foundation for modern professional food writing and that while Claiborne has been credited with modernizing the profession, Nickerson had started down that path years before he was hired as her replacement. According to Voss, Nickerson "discovered" both Claiborne and James Beard.

Claiborne was the first man to supervise the food page at a major American newspaper and is credited with broadening The New York Times'''s coverage of new restaurants and innovative chefs. A typical food section of a newspaper in the 1950s was largely targeted to a female readership and limited to columns on entertaining and cooking for the upscale homemaker. Claiborne brought his knowledge of cuisine and own passion for food to the pages, transforming it into an important cultural and social bellwether for New York City and the nation at large.

Claiborne's columns, reviews and cookbooks introduced a generation of Americans to a variety of ethnic cuisines particularly Asian and Mexican cuisines at a time when average Americans had conservative tastes in food, and what little gourmet cooking was available in cities like New York was exclusively French (and, Claiborne observed, not terribly high quality). Looking to hold restaurants accountable for what they served and help the public make informed choices about where to spend their dining dollars, he created the four-star system of rating restaurants still used by The New York Times and which has been widely imitated. Claiborne's reviews were exacting and uncompromising, but he also approached his task as a critic with an open mind and eye for cooking that was different, creative and likely to appeal to his readers.

Inspired by food writers including M. F. K. Fisher, Claiborne also enjoyed documenting his own eating experiences and the discovery of new talent and new culinary trends across the country and across the world. Among the many then-unknown chefs he brought to the public's attention was the New Orleans, Louisiana, chef and restaurateur Paul Prudhomme. At the time, few people outside America's Deep South had any awareness of Louisiana's Cajun culture or its unique culinary traditions.

Along with chef, author and television personality Julia Child, Claiborne has been credited with making the often intimidating world of French and other ethnic cuisine accessible to an American audience and American tastes. Claiborne authored or edited over twenty cookbooks on a wide range of foods and culinary styles, including some of the first best-selling cookbooks dedicated to healthy, low-sodium and low-cholesterol diets. He had a long-time professional relationship and collaborated on many books and projects with the French-born New York City chef, author and television personality Pierre Franey. Claiborne was an advocate of a fad diet known as the Gourmet Diet. With Franey, he worked out two hundred low-sodium, low-cholesterol recipes for this diet.

The $4,000 meal
In 1975, he placed a $300 winning bid at a charity auction for a no-price-limit dinner for two at any restaurant of the winner's choice, sponsored by American Express. Selecting Franey as his dining companion, the two settled on Chez Denis, a noted restaurant located in Paris, France, where they racked up a $4,000 tab on a five-hour, thirty-one-course meal of foie gras, truffles, lobster, caviar and rare wines. When Claiborne later wrote about the experience in his New York Times column, the newspaper received a deluge of reader mail expressing outrage at such an extravagance at a time when so many in the world went without. Even the Vatican and Pope Paul VI criticized it, calling it "scandalous."  It was also noted that he and Franey ordered nearly every dish on the menu, but they took only a few bites of each one.  Despite its scale and expense, Claiborne gave the meal a mixed review, noting that several dishes fell short in terms of conception, presentation or quality.

Death and legacy
Claiborne, who suffered from a variety of health problems in his later years, died at age 79 at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York. No cause of death was given.  In his will, he bequeathed his estate to The Culinary Institute of America, located in Hyde Park, New York.

BibliographyThe New York Times Cookbook (1961) Harper & RowThe New York Times Menu Cook Book (1966) Harper & Row The New York Times International Cookbook (1971) Harper & Row Craig Claiborne's Favorites from The New York Times Vol. 1 (1975) Times Books Craig Claiborne's Favorites from the New York Times Vol. 2 (1976) Times Books Craig Claiborne's Favorites from the New York Times Vol. 3 (1977) Times Books Craig Claiborne's Favorites from the New York Times Vol. 4 (1978) Random House Trade Cooking with Herbs and Spices (1977) Bantam Books Veal Cookery (1978) (with Pierre Franey) Harper-Collins Classic French Cooking (1978) Time-Life Foods of the World Craig Claiborne's The New New York Times Cookbook (1980) with Pierre Franey, New York Times Books, A Feast Made for Laughter (1982) autobiography, Doubleday  The Master Cooking Course  (1982) (with Pierre Franey), Putnam Pub. Group Cooking with Craig Claiborne and Pierre Franey (1985) Ballantine Books Craig Claiborne's Memorable Meals Menus, Memories and Recipes from over Twenty Years of Entertaining (1985) E P Dutton Craig Claiborne's The New York Times Food Encyclopedia (1985) Crown Books Craig Claiborne's Gourmet Diet (1985) (with Pierre Franey), Ballantine Books Craig Claiborne's Southern Cooking (1987) New York Times Books Elements of Etiquette: A Guide to Table Manners in an Imperfect World (1992) William Morrow & Co The Chinese Cookbook (1992) (with Virginia Lee) Craig Claiborne's Kitchen Primer (1993) Random House The Best of Craig Claiborne: 1,000 Recipes from His New York Times Food Columns and Four of His Classic Cookbooks (1999) Times Books

(story on $4000 meal is anthologized in) American Food Writing: An Anthology with Classic Recipes, ed. Molly O'Neill (Library of America, 2007)

Quotes
"Cooking is at once child's play and adult joy. And cooking done with care is an act of love."
"I am simply of the opinion that you cannot be taught to write. You have to spend a lifetime in love with words." (A Feast for Laughter, p. 150)

See also

 List of American print journalists
 List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people
 List of people from Mississippi
 List of people from New York City

References

External links

 Miller, Bryan (January 24, 2000).  "Craig Claiborne, 79, Times Food Editor And Critic, Is Dead".  The New York Times''.  Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  Obituary at the London South Bank University.

1920 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American autobiographers
American cookbook writers
American expatriates in Switzerland
American LGBT military personnel
Gay military personnel
American magazine writers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy personnel of the Korean War
American public relations people
American restaurant critics
Diet food advocates
American gay writers
LGBT people from Mississippi
People from East Hampton (town), New York
People from Lausanne
People from Sunflower, Mississippi
Place of death missing
The New York Times columnists
The New York Times editors
Writers from Mississippi
Writers from New York City
Critics employed by The New York Times
20th-century American male writers
James Beard Foundation Award winners
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American LGBT people

Craig Claiborne


"Please Don't Leave Me" is a song from American singer Pink and the third single taken from her fifth studio album Funhouse. It was released on February 16, 2009. The song received strong airplay in Australia and New Zealand, as well as being added to the BBC Radio 1 A-List playlist in the UK. The music video for "Please Don't Leave Me" was directed by Dave Meyers and was leaked online, along with the single's cover art, before the song's official announcement as a single. In the United States, the song managed to reach the Top 20, peaking at 17. The song was featured in Suburgatory.

Background
"Please Don't Leave Me" was co-written by Pink and Max Martin, who handled the production as well, for the track. It is one of four songs from the album produced by Max Martin, along with the number-one single "So What". The song is a mid-tempo track that details a love-hate relationship. Pink sings of someone having a bad effect on her, yet not being able to let go of the person. She insists during the chorus, "I always say how I don't need you, but it's always gonna come right back to this, please don't leave me."  The song was one of the first three to be heard and performed from Funhouse, being performed along with "So What" and second single, "Sober", live on Much Music, prior to the album's release.

Reception

Critical reception
Digital Spy gave the song a positive review: "A really good video can make you realise a song's better than you originally thought — a case in point being the new Pink single. Within the context of her Funhouse album, 'Please Don't Leave Me' seemed like a quite good angsty break-up song — one of many quite good angsty break-up songs on there — but after watching the Misery-inspired promo it becomes something far more memorable. "I can be so mean when I wanna be, I am capable of really anything," sings Pink here, one of several lines that resonate harder once you've seen her brandishing a golf club, chucking her invalid boyfriend out of his wheelchair and chasing him round the house with an axe. Still, entertaining as the video is, it's Pink's bruised vocals — which convey the combination of bitterness and regret in her lyrics perfectly — that leave the biggest impression."

Chart performance
"Please Don't Leave Me" made a #46 debut on the Australian ARIA Charts the chart week of 19 January 2010. On the Official Australian Airplay chart, the song debuted at #8, making it the second-highest debut song ever on the chart behind Delta Goodrem's, "In This Life" which debuted at #6 in September, 2007. In its third week on the Airplay Chart it managed to peak at #1, making it Pink's third consecutive single to do so, and making it the first song to peak at #1 in that many weeks. In the UK it debuted at 162 on 2 November 2008 due to the downloads of the song from its parent album (Funhouse), which was newly released that week. In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 28 on February 23, 2009, and has peaked at number 19. The song peaked at number one in Poland. In the United Kingdom the song re-entered the chart on 15 March 2009 at 171 due to digital sales from 'Funhouse' and reached a new peak of number #12, making it her 17th top twenty hit in the UK. "Please Don't Leave Me" climbed relatively slowly after its release in the United States. But after weeks of release spent on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Chart, the song debuted on #66 on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at #17, giving Pink her third top 20 hit from Funhouse, as well as her sixth consecutive top 20 on the chart. The song sold well digitally, entering the Hot Digital Songs chart at #70 and rising 26 spots to #44 the following week.

Music video

Background
The music video for "Please Don't Leave Me" was shot in late 2008, leaked to the internet on January 23, 2009, and officially premiered on Pink's YouTube channel on January 27, 2009. It was directed by Dave Meyers. The video draws influences from the 1990 Stephen King based film Misery, as well as other similar thrillers, including Cujo, The Shining and What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?. It utilizes both the horror/thriller genre, while also being interpretable as a dark comedy. In the week beginning February 27 the video was named Channel V's 'Ripe' clip of the week. The male lead in the video was portrayed by actor Eric Lively. Brian Christensen served as stunt coordinator, Nikki Hester as stunt double for Pink, and Justin Sundquist as stunt double for Eric Lively. The music video first aired on UK television on 4Music on March 8, 2009 at 10:45pm. It showed the full video, uncensored.

Synopsis
The video begins inside Pink's house, where after a fight with her boyfriend, she is shown trying to stop him from packing up in preparation to leave. He exits the bedroom with his bags, and as he reaches the stairway Pink pleads with him to stay. He refuses and turns to leave. As he does so, he slips on some marbles on the floor and endures a rough fall down the stairs. He sees Pink coming towards him down the stairs, with an innocent expression on her face, and blacks out. He awakens, bruised and swollen in bed with Pink dressed in a nursing type of uniform, stitching up one of his wounds. She dances suggestively for him, while he tries to grasp for the telephone at the bedside, only to have Pink smash his kneecaps with a golf club (a direct imitation of one of the scenes from the aforementioned movie Misery).

Pink is then shown in the kitchen preparing a salad, rapidly and angrily chopping the vegetables with a large knife. Her boyfriend awakens in bed, and attempts to sneak out through the door, but Pink catches him at the doorway. She gives him a bewildered look while holding the bowl of salad, as he debates whether or not he can escape. He opens the door, only to be instantly attacked by one of Pink's dogs. He is next shown opening his eyes to Pink's face yet again, as she paints his face with clownish makeup, while he sits in a wheelchair. She is wearing another lavish outfit. His hands are tied, and he is bruised and battered almost beyond recognition. Pink grabs his wheelchair, spins it around a few times and pushes it off a high step, seeming to enjoy herself in the process. He flies out of the chair, into a room filled with carnival themed objects such as horses used in a merry go round and various dolls. Pink lies on top of him, acting completely innocent, and kissing his cheek.

He manages to crawl out from under and begins to attempt another escape. Pink chases him into the garage, where she grabs an axe and continues to stalk him through the house. He reaches the upstairs bathroom, and shuts the door just in time to block Pink charging psychotically down the hallway with the axe. The axe breaks through the wood, leaving a hole in the door. Pink looks in through the hole (a direct imitation from the Stephen King-based film The Shining), as the man grabs a spray can, spraying her in the eyes. Blinded, she flails backwards, and slips on the marbles from the beginning of the video, falling over the upstairs railing. The final scene shows the paramedics taking the man out on a stretcher, and Pink lying on the floor with her leg broken and the axe beside her. As a police officer prepares to arrest her, she gives her boyfriend one final look of desperation not to leave as he is wheeled out, before blowing a kiss to the camera with a comically psychotic look on her face.

Censored version
Because of the video's violent and disturbing imagery of physical abuse, an edited ("censored") version has been released, which cuts roughly 11 seconds of footage, but includes some footage not previously used. The censored version does not focus on Pink's boyfriend falling down the stairs, but instead shows Pink at the top of the stairs with her mouth open, as though in shock. When he is in the bed the sewn stitches on his arm don't appear. The scene of Pink hitting his leg with the golf club is removed. Afterward, it cuts to Pink chopping vegetables a few seconds earlier than the original and the scene is prolonged a few seconds longer. When the boyfriend tries to escape through the front door and the dog jumps on him, his cuts and blood are censored. Also, the dog isn't shown attacking him. When the boyfriend is in the wheelchair, the scene of Pink punching his right arm is cut. Instead, only her face is displayed. Pink twirls him in his wheelchair instead of pushing him. Pink isn't seen holding the axe as she chases him. Instead, the camera focuses on the boyfriend going through the house, looking back and trying to get away from her. In the bathroom scene, Pink chopping a hole in the door with the axe is cut.  We see Pink through the hole in the door, but she isn't shown sprayed with the aerosol. Next, Pink slips on marbles, flips over the railings and lands on her back on the floor, as shown in the unedited version.

The Funhouse Freakshow Edition
With the release of P!nk's compilation album Greatest Hits... So Far!!!, videos for "Please Don't Leave Me," "Funhouse," and "Leave Me Alone (I'm Lonely)" were released. The videos are a part of Funhouse Freakshow and were first played on Funhouse Summer Carnival Tour. The video for "Please Don't Leave Me" directed by Cole Walliser features P!nk's husband Carey Hart and just like the other two videos, it is shot in black and white and the setting is a circus. P!nk plays the role of a beautiful woman who is searching for a man. Men line up outside the circus tent to see her and try to gain her love. The last man in the line is as short as a child and is laughed at by the other guys. It is revealed later in the video that Carey plays the role of this man, who eventually gains P!nk's love. He proposes to her, offers her a ring and she accepts it. The couple is shown on a date, then they play in the park and the video ends with P!nk and Carey, as a little man, walking away together.

Track listing
 UK CD single
 "Please Don't Leave Me" - 3:51
 "Please Don't Leave Me" (Junior Vasquez Tribal Dub) - 8:08

 German CD single
 "Please Don't Leave Me" - 3:51
 "Please Don't Leave Me" (Junior Vasquez Tribal Dub) - 8:08
 "Please Don't Leave Me" (Digital Dog Club Mix) - 6:33
 "Please Don't Leave Me" (Music Video) - 4:03

Release history

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2009 singles
Pink (singer) songs
Music videos directed by Dave Meyers (director)
Song recordings produced by Max Martin
Songs written by Max Martin
Songs written by Pink (singer)
2008 songs
LaFace Records singles
Sony Music singles

Please Don't Leave Me


Francis Mairs Huntington Wilson (December 15, 1875-December 31, 1946) was a United States diplomat and author who served as United States Assistant Secretary of State from 1909 to 1913.

Biography

Huntington Wilson was born in Chicago, the son of Benjamin Mairs Wilson and Frances (Huntington) Wilson.  Wilson was educated at Yale University, receiving an A.B. in 1897.

After college, Wilson joined the United States Consular and Diplomatic Service, becoming a Second Secretary at the United States Legation in Tokyo. He was promoted to First Secretary in 1900 and then to Chargé d'Affaires in 1901. He married Lucy Wortham James in 1904.  The couple would divorce in 1915.

Wilson returned to the United States in 1906, becoming Third Assistant Secretary of State in Washington, D.C., and the Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Consular and Diplomatic Service.

With the outbreak of the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt named Wilson Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Ottoman Empire. He was also sent on a mission to Argentina.

Returning to the U.S. again in 1909, Wilson became the United States Assistant Secretary of State during the Taft administration, which at the time was the second-ranking position in the State Department, after Secretary of State Philander C. Knox. Knox, in addition to being ignorant of foreign affairs, was very lax about his official duties, and Wilson was, in his own words, "frequently left in charge of the Department for months at a time." In this capacity, Wilson was responsible for drawing up and implementing a reorganization of the United States Department of State. Wilson attempted to retire due to factors inside the State Department but was persuaded to remain for another two years.

Wilson retired from government service in 1913 and settled in Philadelphia. There, he wrote for the Public Ledger and the Evening Bulletin. He also began writing books at this time, with his published titles including Stultitia (1914), The Peril of Hifalutin (1918), Money and the Price Level (1932), and Memoirs of an Ex-Diplomat (1945). He became an hereditary member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati in 1908.

He worked briefly for the National City Bank in New York City, before becoming president of a Waterbury, Connecticut, company that made signaling devices. He then returned to Philadelphia, serving as director of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum from 1928 to 1932. Wilson married his third wife, Hope Butler of New York City, in 1925.

Wilson died in New Haven, Connecticut, on December 31, 1946.

Works by Huntington Wilson
Stultitia: A Nightmare and an Awakening - In Four Discussions (1914)
 The Peril of Hifalutin (1918)
Money and the Price Level (1932)
Memoirs of an Ex-Diplomat (1945)

References

 "F.M.H. Wilson Dies; Former Diplomat", New York Times, Jan. 1, 1947

1875 births
1947 deaths
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
Yale University alumni
Ambassadors of the United States to Argentina
20th-century American diplomats

Huntington Wilson


Montgomery Dent Corse (March 14, 1816 – February 11, 1895) was an American banker, gold prospector, and soldier who served as a general in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War. He commanded the 17th Virginia Infantry and then Corse's Brigade of Pickett's Division in the Army of Northern Virginia, and served in several of that army's most important battles.

Early life and career
Montgomery D. Corse was born in Alexandria, Virginia in 1816, the eldest son of John and Julia Corse. He attended Major Bradley Lowe's military school at Colross and Benjamin Hallowell's school on Washington Street. As a young boy he witnessed Lafayette's 1825 visit to Alexandria and participated in the inauguration of President Andrew Jackson in 1829.

He worked in business with his father and was then a captain in the 1st Virginia Regiment during the Mexican–American War. He sailed for California in 1849 and participated in the Gold Rush. He returned permanently to Alexandria in 1856 and entered the banking business with his brothers, J. D. and William Corse. Three years later became the first lieutenant of the Alexandria Home Guard. In 1860, he organized a militia company known as the Old Dominion Rifles and became its captain.

Civil War service
In early 1861 he was given an appointment as the major of the 6th Virginia Infantry Battalion and soon after that he received the colonelcy of the 17th Virginia Infantry. He commanded the 17th at Blackburn's Ford during the First Battle of Manassas, as well during the 1862 Peninsula Campaign. He saw action at the battles of Yorktown, Williamsburg, Seven Pines, and throughout the Seven Days Battles. During the subsequent Northern Virginia Campaign, Corse commanded Kemper's Brigade during the Second Battle of Manassas until he was wounded. He was healthy enough to participate in the Maryland Campaign and was wounded at both South Mountain and Antietam at the head of his regiment. A new brigade was created for him, and he was promoted to brigadier general on November 1. His brigade was placed in a division commanded by General George E. Pickett and was only lightly engaged at Fredericksburg.

Corse married Elizabeth Beverley (1825–1894) on November 22, 1862. They had four children.

In early 1863 he accompanied Lt. Gen. James Longstreet on an expedition to southeastern Virginia, resulting of the absence of Corse and his brigade from the rest of the army during the Battle of Chancellorsville. During the Gettysburg Campaign, Corse's Brigade was detached from Pickett's Division to guard Hanover Junction, north of Richmond. Because of this, the brigade did not participate in the battle nor the disastrous assault known as Pickett's Charge.

Pickett's Division was detached from Longstreet's Corps when they were transferred to Georgia and Tennessee in late 1863, operating in western Virginia. In January 1864, Corse and his brigade participated in Pickett's operations against New Bern, North Carolina. After seeing action at Drewry's Bluff against Benjamin Butler's Bermuda Hundred operation, the brigade finally rejoined the Army of Northern Virginia and fought at Cold Harbor and through the Siege of Petersburg. Following the disaster at the Battle of Five Forks, they began the retreat which would eventually end at Appomattox Court House. Corse himself was captured at the Battle of Sayler's Creek on April 6, 1865.

After his surrender, General Corse was conveyed to Fort Warren near Boston, Massachusetts, on the day that Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, and he and the fourteen generals accompanying him narrowly escaped the violence of a mob at a town in Pennsylvania on the next morning. They were only saved by the determination of their small guard of Union soldiers and officers.

Postbellum career
Following the war, he took the Oath of Allegiance to the United States of America on July 24, 1865, and was released from Fort Warren. He subsequently returned to his banking profession in Alexandria, Virginia, with his brothers. He was a charter member of the R.E. Lee Camp of the United Confederate Veterans. In 1870, he was seriously injured when part of the Virginia State Capitol building in Richmond collapsed. He suffered partial blindness for several years thereafter. On May 24, 1880, Corse was a distinguished guest along with Governor Fitzhugh Lee and General Joseph E. Johnston at the dedication of the Confederate monument at Washington and Prince Streets in Alexandria.

M. D. Corse died at his home in Alexandria on February 11, 1895, following a brief illness. He and his wife are buried in the town's Episcopal Cemetery. His personal and wartime papers are in the special collections of the Alexandria Library.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Alexandria Library website
 M. D. Corse biography, Alexandria Library
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Evans, Clement A., ed. Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History. 12 vols. Vol. 3 Hotchkiss, Jed; Virginia. Atlanta: Confederate Publishing Company, 1899. . Retrieved January 20, 2011.
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Confederacy
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .

External links

 Corse's Official Report for the Battle of Antietam
 Prisoner-of-war letters written from Fort Warren

1816 births
1895 deaths
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
American Civil War prisoners of war held by the United States
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
United States Army officers
Military personnel from Alexandria, Virginia

Montgomery Dent Corse


Topaz Energy was a fuel supplier in Ireland, until it was rebranded in 2018.

History
Topaz Energy came to be in 2008 after the rebrand of all Statoil gas stations in Ireland.

In 2008, an advertisement that showed a car driving on an island, shaped in the Topaz logo, and also the car looking like the Topaz logo, was made. In 2013, Denis O'Brien took over Topaz. Topaz Energy was sold to Couche-Tard in 2015.

Circle K
In April to July 2018, all Topaz stations became Circle K, some stations, such as the Dundrum outlet, would rebrand at a later stage.

Play or Park
Topaz launched a brand new loyalty game in February 2013 called Play or Park. The customer can register via the Topaz app, the website or in-store with a game tag. The customer can earn points by filling up at Topaz, and they may win a chance of a lifetime. If not, they win items in-store. Play or Park did not change, even with the rebrand of Topaz to Circle K in 2018.
2018 disestablishments
Companies of Ireland

Topaz Energy


This is a list of Confederate government Civil War military units, not raised by any state.

Infantry
 1st Confederate Infantry (1st Confederate Regiment, Georgia Volunteers)
 2nd Confederate Infantry
 3rd Confederate Infantry (Marmaduke's 18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, and additional Tennessee units)
 4th Confederate Infantry (1st Regiment, Alabama, Tennessee, and Mississippi Infantry)
 9th Confederate Infantry (5th Confederate Infantry; 5th Confederate Regiment, Tennessee Infantry)
 23rd Confederate Infantry (Alabama Volunteers)
 Bailey's Consolidated Regiment of Infantry
 Tucker's Confederate Regiment (also known as "1st Foreign Battalion"; "1st Foreign Legion":former Union prisoners of war)
 1st Battalion, Confederate Infantry (Forney's Regiment)
 8th Confederate Battalion (also known as "2nd Foreign Battalion"; "2nd Foreign Legion": former Union POWs)
 Brooks' Battalion, Confederate Regular Infantry (also known as "Brooks Foreign Battalion": former Union POWs)
 Haskell's Company, Infantry

Cavalry
 1st Confederate Cavalry
 1st Confederate Regular Cavalry
 3rd Confederate Cavalry
 7th Confederate Cavalry (Claiborne's Regiment, Partisan Rangers; 7th Regiment, Confederate Partisan Rangers)
 8th (Dearing's) Confederate Cavalry
 8th (Wade's) Confederate Cavalry (2nd Regiment, Mississippi and Alabama Cavalry)
 10th Confederate Cavalry
 14th Confederate Cavalry
 15th Confederate Cavalry (1st Regiment, Alabama and Florida Cavalry)
 16th Confederate Cavalry (12th Regiment Mississippi Cavalry, Armistead's Cavalry, Spence's Cavalry)
 20th Confederate Cavalry (Lay's Regiment, Confederate Cavalry)
 Powers' Regiment, Confederate Cavalry
 Wood's Regiment, Confederate Cavalry
 1st Battalion, Trans-Mississippi Confederate Cavalry (1st Battalion, Arkansas and Louisiana Cavalry)
 6th Battalion, Confederate Cavalry
 7th Battalion, Confederate Cavalry (Prentice's Battalion, Confederate Cavalry)
 Baxter's Battalion, Confederate Cavalry
 Cutshaw's Battalion, Confederate Artillery
 Clarkson's Battalion, Confederate Cavalry, Independent Rangers
 Murchison's Battalion, Cavalry
 Raum's Company, Confederate Cavalry (Warren Dragoons)

Indian cavalry
 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles (1st Arkansas Cherokee Mounted Rifles)
 1st Cherokee Mounted Volunteers (Watie's Regiment, Cherokee Mounted Volunteers; 2nd Regiment, Cherokee Mounted Rifles, Arkansas; 1st Regiment, Cherokee Mounted Rifles or Riflemen)
 Cherokee Regiment (Special Service)
 1st Squadron, Cherokee Mounted Volunteers (Holt's Squadron, Cherokee Mounted Volunteers)
 2nd Cherokee Mounted Volunteers (2nd Regiment Cherokee Mounted Rifles or Riflemen)
 1st Chickasaw Infantry (Hunter's Regiment, Indian Volunteers)
 Shecoe's Chickasaw Battalion, Mounted Volunteers
 1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles
 1st Choctaw Mounted Rifles
 Deneale's Regiment, Choctaw Warriors (Deneale's Confederate Volunteers)
 Wilkins' (Captain) Company, Choctaw Infantry
 1st Creek Mounted Volunteers (1st Regiment, Creek Mounted Rifles or Riflemen; Creek Regiment, Mounted Indian Volunteers; 2nd Regiment, Arkansas Creeks)
 2nd Creek Mounted Volunteers
 1st Osage Battalion, C.S.A.
 1st Seminole Mounted Volunteers
 Washington's Squadron of Indians, C.S.A. (Reserve Squadron of Cavalry)

Artillery
 Toni Braxton's Battalion, Confederate Artillery (Battalion C, 2d Corps, Army of Northern Virginia)
 Cunningham's Battalion, Confederate Artillery
 Courtney's Battalion, Confederate Artillery
 Haskell's Battalion, Confederate Artillery
 Huger's Battalion, Confederate Artillery
 Lewis' Battalion, Confederate Artillery
 Martin's Battalion, Confederate Reserve Artillery
 McLaughlin's Battalion, Confederate Artillery
 McIntosh's Battalion, Confederate Artillery (Battalion C,
 Nelson's Battalion, Confederate Artillery (31st Battalion, Virginia Light Artillery; 3rd Battalion Reserve, Light Artillery)
 Page's Battalion, Confederate Artillery (Carter's Battalion of Artillery; Braxton's Battalion of Artillery)
 Palmer's Battalion, Confederate Artillery (Robertson's Battalion of Artillery)
 Poague's Battalion, Artillery

Light Artillery
 1st Regular Battery, Confederate Light Artillery (Semmes' Battery; Barnes' Battery)
 Davis' Company, Confederate Light Artillery
 Dent's Battery, Confederate Light Artillery
 Richardson's Battalion, Confederate Light Artillery (Battalion A. 1st Corps Artillery, Army of Northern Virginia)
 Stark's Battalion, Confederate Light Artillery (Battalion B. 1st Corps Artillery, Army of Northern Virginia)
Cobb's Battery 1st Kentucky Light Artillery (1st Kentucky Orphans Brigade, Army of Tennessee)

Heavy Artillery
 De Gournay's Battalion, Heavy Artillery (12th Battalion, Louisiana Heavy Artillery)
 Montague's Battalion, Confederate Heavy Artillery (4th Battalion, Confederate Heavy Artillery)
 Smith's Battalion, Confederate Heavy Artillery

Horse Artillery
 Marshall's Company, Confederate Artillery (Brown Horse Artillery)
 Stuart's Horse Artillery
 White's (Captain) Battery, Horse Artillery

Engineer
 1st Regiment, Confederate Engineer Troops
 2nd Regiment, Confederate Engineer Troops
 3rd Regiment, Confederate Engineer Troops
 4th Regiment, Confederate Engineer Troops

Misc
 Bands, C.S.A.
 Bell's Battalion, C.S.A.
 Brush Battalion, C.S.A.
 Burrough's Battalion, Partisan Rangers (Princess Anne Partisan Rangers)
 Click's Company, Ordnance Scouts and Guards, C.S.A.
 Confederate Infantry
 Cunningham's Ordnance Detachment (Cuyler's Ordnance Detachment)
 Davis' Company of Guides, C.S.A.
 Engineers, C.S.A.
 Exchanged Battalion, C.S.A. (Trans-Mississippi Battalion; Western Battalion)
 Gillum's Regiment (Henry Gillum's Regiment; Gillum's Regiment, Mounted Infantry; Gillum's Regiment, Mounted Riflemen)
 Infantry School of Practice
 Invalid Corps
 Jackson's Company, C.S.A.
 Lyon's Escort, Forrest's Cavalry, C.S.A.
 Madison's Company, Mounted Spies and Guides (Phillips' Mtd. Spies and Guides)
 Martin's Escort, C.S.A.
 McDaniel's (Captain) Company, Secret Service
 Mead's Confederate Cavalry (Mead's Regiment of Partisan Rangers)
 Miscellaneous Indian Records
 Nitre and Mining Bureau, War Department, C.S.A.,
 Ochiltree's Detachment of Recruits (Detachment of Regulars)
 President's Guard, C.S.A.
 Reserve Corps Artillery, Army of Northern Virginia)
 Sappers and Miners
 Signal Corps, C.S.A.
 Stirman's Regiment, Sharp Shooters
 Young's (5th) Company, Retributors

Scouts
 Blake's Scouts, C.S.A.
 Bradford's Corps, Scouts and Guards (Bradford's Battalion)
 Forrest's Scouts, C.S.A.
 Fort's Scouts, C.S.A.
 Lillard's Company, Independent Scouts and Rangers (Nelson Rangers and Scouts)
 Wheeler's Scouts, C.S.A. (Hawkins' Scouts, C.S.A.; Carter's Scouts, C.S.A.; 1st Tennessee Mounted Scouts)

See also
List of American Civil War units by state

References

Military units and formations of the Confederate States Army
Lists of military units and formations of the American Civil War

Confederate Government Civil War units


Chehel Minbari is a special tradition practiced in Iran's western Lorestān Province, in which thousands of women commemorate the martyrdom anniversary of Imam Hussein.

Women from cities and towns across Lorestān Province cover their faces completely with black cloth and walk in silence as they knock on the doors of 40 houses and light candles in 40 spots as mourners beat their chests in their grief over the suffering and martyrdom of Imam Hussein along with 72 of his loyal companions in Karbala in southern Iraq, in 680 CE.

The Chehel Minbari tradition is upheld every year on Tasu'a (which is on the 9th of Muharram), as a show of solidarity with the sister of Imam Hussein, Hazrat Zainab. Shia mourners throughout the world gather on Tasu'a to commemorate the martyrdom anniversary of Imam Hussein.

The Chehel Minbari ritual starts after participants have said their dawn prayers and ends at dusk prayers.

See also
Mourning of Muharram
Day of Ashura

References

Lorestan Province
Islam in Iran
Shia Islam
Mourning of Muharram
Iranian culture
Islamic terminology

Chehel Minbari


The backshore area of a beach extends from the limit of high water foam lines to dunes or extreme inland limit of the beach. It is only affected by waves during exceptional high tides or severe storms.

Sediments in this area are well-sorted and well-rounded. Its grain sizes are mainly coarse sand and medium sand, which are larger than that in littoral barrier dune. The sedimentary structures include parallel bedding and low-angle cross-bedding.

References

Coastal geography

Backshore


Craig Revel Horwood (born 4 January 1965) is an Australian-British author, dancer, choreographer, conductor, theatre director, and former drag queen in the United Kingdom. He is also a patron of the Royal Osteoporosis Society.

Horwood is best known as a judge on the popular BBC dancing series Strictly Come Dancing, and until 13 November 2021, as he tested positive for COVID-19 and missed the following week's show, had been the only judge to have appeared in every edition since its inception. He is often seen performing ballroom and Latin routines including, in 2019, a performance themed around Hello, Dolly!.

Horwood has a waxwork in Madame Tussauds Blackpool which has been on display since July 2018.

On 20 July 2021, Horwood was given an Honorary Doctor of Arts by the University of Winchester at Winchester Cathedral.

Early life and family
Horwood was born in Ballarat in Victoria, Australia on 4 January 1965. His father Phil was a former Royal Australian Navy Lieutenant whose alcoholism had "torn their family apart". He started his career as a dancer in Melbourne, then moved to London to take advantage of the greater opportunities available there and to dance competitively. In 1989, he moved to the UK from Australia, and on 20 August 2011, he became a British citizen.

Revel is Horwood's middle name; it is not double-barrelled. In his autobiography, Horwood reveals that at the age of 17, he made money by appearing as a drag queen in bars and clubs and that his relationship with an unnamed celebrity was akin to prostitution.

Career

Theatre

West End and UK
Horwood's West End credits include Spend Spend Spend and My One and Only, both of which gained Laurence Olivier Award nominations for Best Choreography. He was associate director and choreographer of West Side Story, assisted Bob Avian with Martin Guerre and was resident director of Miss Saigon. He choreographed Hard Times – The Musical, Calamity Jane, Tommy Cooper – Jus' Like That and the play Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks, starring Claire Bloom and Billy Zane at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket. He also directed and choreographed Beautiful and Damned. He directed the Welsh Première Concert Production of My Land's Shore for the Gate Theatre in Cardiff. During the summer of 2008, he directed a new production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Sunset Boulevard at the Watermill Theatre, which transferred to London's West End at the Comedy Theatre.

Horwood directed and choreographed the 2010–11 UK and Canadian tour of Chess, a revival of the 1986 musical conceived and written by Tim Rice, with music by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus (of ABBA). He has directed the UK Tour of Strictly Come Dancing since 2012. He then starred as Miss Hannigan in the UK touring production of Annie in 2015, 2019, 2023 and also the West End (in 2017) at the Piccadilly Theatre.

Regional theatre choreography credits include Pal Joey, Arcadia, On the Razzle and My One and Only at the Chichester Festival Theatre, Guys and Dolls in Sheffield, Anything Goes and South Pacific for Grange Park Opera and Hot Mikado at the Watermill Theatre in Newbury.

Horwood directed and choreographed the UK tour of musical Sister Act from 2016 to 2017; and in 2017 he directed and choreographed the UK tour of Son of a Preacher Man, a new musical featuring the music of Dusty Springfield. He directed Strictly Ballroom the Musical which was due to tour the UK from September 2020, but got pushed back to September 2022 due to COVID-19.

Special Events

Horwood directed the opening ceremonies of the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and staged Once Upon a Time – The Life of Hans Christian Andersen, a live concert in Copenhagen to mark the author's bicentenary.

Pantomime
In December 2009, Horwood played the part of the Queen in Snow White and the Seven Dwarves at Venue Cymru in Llandudno, North Wales, a role he reprised in December 2010 at the Hawth in Crawley, and at the Orchard Theatre in Dartford, Kent, alongside Ann Widdecombe in 2011. Then in December 2012, he played the same role at the Swan Theatre in High Wycombe, again alongside Widdecombe and also in December 2013 at the Cliffs Pavilion, Southend. In 2014, 2015 and 2016, Horwood played Captain Hook in Peter Pan at The Orchard Theatre, Dartford, Wycombe Swan, High Wycombe and Churchill Theatre, Bromley.

In December 2017, he played the Wicked Queen in Snow White and the Seven Dwarves at the Mayflower Theatre, Southampton; and in December 2018, he played the Wicked Stepmother in Cinderella at the New Victoria Theatre, Woking. In December 2019, Horwood reprised his role as the Wicked Queen in Snow White and the Seven Dwarves at the Manchester Opera House, Manchester. In December 2021, he  once again played the Wicked Stepmother in Cinderella at the Mayflower Theatre, Southampton alongside Debbie McGee. In December 2022, he played the Wicked Stepmother in Cinderella at the Bristol Hippodrome, Bristol.

Solo Tour
Horwood embarked on his first solo tour around England, The All Balls and Glitter Tour, talking about his life and performing some of the music that has been the soundtrack to his career. This was due to be during Spring 2020, but due to COVID-19 it was rescheduled for Spring 2022.

Television

Strictly Come Dancing
Horwood has been a member of the judging panel on the BBC's Strictly Come Dancing since its inception in 2004. He has a reputation for being the harshest of the judges and is often the recipient of jeering and booing from the studio audience; he also received criticism for his apparent bias towards Emma Bunton in the fourth series of the competition. Horwood is known for stringently applying rules, as for example when marking down for an 'illegal lift' in some dances if the lady's foot leaves the floor.

Horwood has given a score of "1" more times than any other judge, including as part of the lowest-ever total score of 8 for Quentin Willson, dancing a Cha-cha-cha, in 2004. The routine was also the only ever single-digit score and the only time more than one member of the panel has given a score of "1".

Horwood has become known and imitated for his locutions, which often include exaggeratedly lengthened vowels, including: 'It was a complete dahnce di-sah-ster, dahling' and "Chah-Chah-Chah". These are available as ringtones through Horwood's website, with profits going to the National Osteoporosis Society. Another common utterance is 'Three words: Fab-u-lous!', with the syllables of the word articulated as three separate words. Horwood similarly breaks up the syllables and throws the stress forward to the final syllable for 'A-ma-zing!' To appreciate erotically charged routines, Horwood will declaim 'absolute filth', often immediately followed by '...and I loved it!' Passing judgment on Kimberley Walsh in 2012, Horwood said the dance was 'indecent, improper, absolute filth', and added: 'I loved it.'

Dancing with the Stars
Horwood was a judge on Dancing with the Stars in New Zealand, along with Brendan Cole. He was also a judge on the Australian version of Dancing with the Stars for seasons 16 and 17, since its 2019 'revival', along with Sharna Burgess and Tristan MacManus.

Comic Relief Does Fame Academy
Horwood became a judge on Comic Relief Does Fame Academy in 2005, along with Lesley Garrett and Richard Park. He and Garrett replaced vocal coaches David Grant and Carrie Grant on the panel; however, the pair still appeared as voice coaches on the series. He returned as a judge for the third series of the Comic Relief edition in 2007.

Other television appearances
Horwood appeared in Episode 5 of Series 2 of Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends, during which Theroux investigated the trials and tribulations of struggling New York City actors. In May and June 2007, Horwood appeared as a contestant on Celebrity MasterChef, reaching the final alongside Nadia Sawalha and Midge Ure.

On 15 April 2010, Horwood was the celebrity guest judge on Daily Cooks Challenge. On 13 August that year, he appeared on Would I Lie to You?. During 2011, he guested on Celebrity Juice and Ask Rhod Gilbert. In January 2012, he appeared on BBC television series The Magicians; and for the week beginning 3 September that year, he appeared as a panellist on The Wright Stuff on Channel 5, followed on 22 October by an appearance on ITV's Loose Women. Horwood also appeared on CBBC's television programme 12 Again, talking about his life when he was 12 years old; on 22 February 2013, he appeared on Room 101.

Horwood won the reworked version of the 2008 BBC series Maestro, called Maestro at the Opera; he competed against Josie Lawrence, Marcus du Sautoy and Trevor Nelson. Also appearing were Mark Elder, Danielle de Niese, Alfie Boe and Kiri te Kanawa. The series was partly filmed at London's Royal Opera House, where Horwood, as eventual winner, conducted Act II of La Bohème in late 2012.

Horwood lent his vocals to a single released by other celebrities under tutorage of choirmaster Gareth Malone for the Children in Need charity single of 2014; the choir performed a version of Avicii's "Wake Me Up". On 15 January 2016, he appeared as a panellist on a special edition of ITV's Loose Women (titled "Loose Women and Men") alongside series regulars Andrea McLean and Nadia Sawalha and fellow special hosts Peter Andre and Chris Kamara. He also starred in an edition of Who Do You Think You Are?, broadcast on 13 July 2017, in which he learned about his ancestry and family history.

Horwood also voiced the snake Cornelius in animated series Sadie Sparks, which airs on Disney Channel; and was woken up by Michael McIntyre in the Christmas Midnight Gameshow on Michael McIntyre's Big Christmas Show which aired on Christmas Day 2019.

In 2021, Horwood appeared on The Masked Dancer, masked as Knickerbocker Glory in the Semi-Final; he was the seventh celebrity to be unmasked. In June that same year, it was announced that Craig would be seen joining fellow dancer, judge, presenter and choreographer Bruno Tonioli in Craig and Bruno's Great British Roadtrip; in the series of six half-hour episodes, made by RDF Television for ITV, the pair showcased routes and sights around Britain whilst indulging shared passions for fun, food, dance and classic cars.

Film
Horwood choreographed the final scene in Paddington 2 (2017); and made his screen acting debut as Emmanuel Cavendish in Nativity Rocks! (2018).

Music
In 2021, Horwood released the single a Christmas single "It's Christmas, Merry Christmas!'" with Rietta Austin, charted at 21 on British iTunes. Horwood announced a duets album with Austin, scheduled for release in 2023.

Publications
Horwood has published three autobiographies with Michael O'Mara Books. All Balls and Glitter: My Life in 2008,  Tales from the Dance Floor in 2013 and In Strictest Confidence in 2018.

In October 2020, Horwood released his first novel with Michael O'Mara Books, entitled  Dances and Dreams on Diamond Street; the paperback edition was published in June 2021.

Personal life

Horwood was married to Jane Horwood from 1990 to 1992. In December 2014, Horwood informed a reporter from OK! magazine that 'I was bisexual for a long time. I flitted between men and women quite a lot between the ages of 17 and 26. My wife Jane left me for another man. Then I fell in love with a bloke. I have been gay ever since.' His former partner Damon Scott had been a runner up on Britain's Got Talent.

Since early 2018, Horwood has been in a relationship with horticulturist Jonathan Myring. In April 2020 Horwood and Myring announced their engagement. The pair, who met on Tinder, became engaged while in Tasmania.

Horwood became a patron of the Royal Osteoporosis Society in 2009. In this, he has found common ground with Queen Camilla, the Society's Royal patron (whose mother, like his, had bone disease). The two of them danced the cha-cha-cha together, on a school visit to mark National Osteoporosis Day in 2009.

In January 2015, Horwood revealed on ITV's Loose Women that he suffered from anorexia and body dysmorphia as a teenager and young dancer, as a result of trying to make himself look like other young men, and other dancers in particular.

The 14th British series of Who Do You Think You Are? featured Horwood's ancestry in the second episode; in this, his family history research took him home to Australia, where he discovered that his family tree traces to Gloucestershire, Lancashire and Essex in England. Horwood found out that he is not the first dancer in his family, and that he is descended from gold prospectors who went bankrupt before becoming rich on finding a  gold nugget. He also learned further that his great-great-grandfather, Moses Horwood, who is revealed in the programme to have been a petty criminal from England, was convicted at the Gloucestershire assizes and transported to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in 1841. Criminal records identified by TheGenealogist include a transportation document for Moses Horwood, showing he departed England on 1 December 1841 on board a ship called the John Brewer.

In late 2021, Horwood moved to a seven-bedroom property dating back to 1867 in the Northamptonshire village of King's Cliffe. Horwood and Myring plan to marry, in August 2025, at St Matthew's Church, Normanton, at Rutland Water.

References

External links
 Official Website

 Craig Revel Horwood talks about his production of Hot Mikado on The Interview Online

1965 births
Living people
Australian choreographers
Australian male dancers
Australian emigrants to England
Australian theatre directors
Bisexual male writers
Bisexual dancers
Australian bisexual people
British bisexual people
Australian LGBT writers
LGBT choreographers
Australian LGBT dancers
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Ballarat
Australian LGBT broadcasters
British choreographers
British male dancers
British theatre directors
20th-century Australian LGBT people
20th-century British LGBT people
21st-century Australian LGBT people
21st-century British LGBT people
Australian autobiographers
People associated with the University of Winchester

Craig Revel Horwood


Kaluzhskaya () is a station on the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. It is named after the Russian town of Kaluga. Kaluzhskaya  opened on 12 August 1974, replacing a temporary station of the same name (located in a service bay of the nearby Kaluzhskoe Depot) that had been operating since 1964. The new station was built to the column tri-span design with tapered octagonal columns in place of the usual square ones. Also the step of the columns was extended from 4 metres to 6.5, and the height of the ceiling raised. The columns are faced with pink Baikal marble, the walls are tiled with white ceramic and decorated with metallic artworks (works of A. Leonteva and M. Shmakova); the floor is laid with grey granite. The architects of the station were N. Demchinskiy and Yuliya Kolesnikova.

Passengers can transfer to Vorontsovskaya station of the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line.

The entrances to the station are spread out along Profsoyuznaya Street north of Obruchev street as well as onto the Academicial Keldysh square. Its daily passenger traffic is 131,000.

References

Moscow Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1974
Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line
Railway stations located underground in Russia

Kaluzhskaya (Moscow Metro)


Louis Auguste Bertrand (January 8, 1808 – March 21, 1875), born John Francis Elias Flandin, was an early leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in France.

Bertrand was born near Marseilles, France. He early went into trade and traveled abroad. In 1848, he was in Paris and a member of the Revolutionary Committee of 1848. He was then sent into prison for three months.  At this time he changed his name to protect his wife and child.

After the revolution Bertrand edited Le Populaire.  In 1850, he met John Taylor and shortly thereafter was baptized a member of the LDS Church. He then worked on the translation of the Book of Mormon into French.

Bertrand was involved in the publication of the church periodical L'Etoile du Deseret.  In 1853, he was serving as a missionary in Jersey. While there he taught Victor Hugo, but in Bertrand's assessment Hugo was "too full of revolution to think much about the gospel of Jesus Christ". Despite earnest efforts, the work began to decline after 1855 under the pressure of continual political turmoil. Laws under Louis Napoleon hampered publication and limited the size of public gatherings; police were instructed to be especially vigilant in routing Mormon meetings. Louis Bertrand wrote an appeal for tolerance to the emperor, but, as Bertrand reported later, "His majesty read my address, laughed at it and tore it to pieces." Not many French were receptive to the gospel message, and the few converts there were mostly resident aliens.

In 1855 Bertrand emigrated to Utah Territory. In 1859, he returned to France as the LDS Church mission president. In 1863, Bertrand wrote Brigham Young that the French were "every one spiritually dead," and although he stayed for another year to "prepare the ground" for a time when better conditions would favor missionary work, he left in 1864 for Utah. With his departure the mission was officially closed for forty-eight years. His wife did not join the LDS Church and remained in France. Bertrand died in the Salt Lake City Insane Asylum on March 21, 1875. Deseret News, March 24, 1875, "Local and Other Matters."

Notes

References
McClellan, Richard D., "Louis A. Bertrand : one of the most singular and romantic figures of the age", (Provo, Utah: Honors Thesis, 2000). Complete biography located in Special Collections at Harold B. Lee Library and Church Archives
McClellan, Richard D., "Bertrand, Louis A." in Garr, Arnold K., Donald Q. Cannon and Richard O. Cowan ed., Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History, (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book, 2000) pp. 99–100
McClellan, Richard D., "Not your average French communist Mormon: a short history of Louis A. Bertrand" in Mormon Historical Studies, Fall 2000, (Utah: Mormon Historic Sites Foundation, 2000) pp. 3–24
McClellan, Richard D., "President Louis Bertrand and the Closure of the French Mission, 1859-1864" in Donald Q. Cannon and Brent L. Top Regional Studies in Latter-day Saint Church History, Europe, (Provo, Utah: BYU, 2003) pp. 23–46
 Wilson, Laurie J. "The Saints in France." Ensign, Jan. 1976, 77.

1808 births
1875 deaths
Converts to Mormonism
French emigrants to the United States
French Mormon missionaries
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Mormon missionaries in France
Mormon pioneers
Clergy from Marseille
19th-century Mormon missionaries
Mormon missionaries in Jersey
French leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Translators of the Book of Mormon
19th-century French translators
Missionary linguists

Louis A. Bertrand