A municipal bond, commonly known as a muni, is a bond issued by state or local governments, or entities they create such as authorities and special districts. In the United States, interest income received by holders of municipal bonds is often, but not always, exempt from federal and state income taxation. Typically, only investors in the highest tax brackets benefit from buying tax-exempt municipal bonds instead of taxable bonds. Taxable equivalent yield calculations are required to make fair comparisons between the two categories.

The U.S. municipal debt market is relatively small compared to the corporate market. Total municipal debt outstanding was $4 trillion as of the first quarter of 2021, compared to nearly $15 trillion in the corporate and foreign markets.

Local authorities in many other countries in the world issue similar bonds, sometimes called local authority bonds or other names.

History
Municipal debt predates corporate debt by several centuries—the early Renaissance Italian city-states borrowed money from major banking families. Borrowing by American cities dates to the nineteenth century, and records of U.S. municipal bonds indicate use around the early 1800s. Officially the first recorded municipal bond was a general obligation bond issued by the City of New York for a canal in 1812. During the 1840s, many U.S. cities were in debt, and by 1843 cities had roughly $25 million in outstanding debt. In the ensuing decades, rapid urban development demonstrated a correspondingly explosive growth in municipal debt. The debt was used to finance both urban improvements and a growing system of public education.

Years after the American Civil War, significant local debt was issued to build railroads. Railroads were private corporations, and these bonds were very similar to today's industrial revenue bonds. Construction costs in 1873 for one of the largest transcontinental railroads, the Northern Pacific, closed down access to new capital. Around the same time, the largest bank of the country of the time, which was owned by the same investor as that of Northern Pacific, collapsed. Smaller firms followed suit as well as the stock market. The 1873 panic and years of depression that followed put an abrupt but temporary halt to the rapid growth of municipal debt. Responding to widespread defaults that jolted the municipal bond market of the day, new state statutes were passed that restricted the issuance of local debt. Several states wrote these restrictions into their constitutions. Railroad bonds and their legality were widely challenged, and this gave rise to the market-wide demand that an opinion of qualified bond counsel accompany each new issue.

When the U.S. economy began to move forward once again, municipal debt continued its momentum, which was maintained well into the early part of the twentieth century. The Great Depression of the 1930s halted growth, although defaults were not as severe as in the 1870s. Leading up to World War II, many American resources were devoted to the military, and prewar municipal debt burst into a new period of rapid growth for an ever-increasing variety of uses. Today, in addition to the 50 states and their local governments (including cities, counties, villages and school districts), the District of Columbia and U.S. territories and possessions (American Samoa, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) can and do issue municipal bonds. Another important category of municipal bond issuers which includes authorities and special districts has also grown in number and variety in recent years. The two most prominent early authorities were the Port of New York Authority, formed in 1921 and renamed Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in 1972, and the Triborough Bridge Authority (now the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority), formed in 1933. The debt issues of these two authorities are exempt from federal, state and local governments taxes.

Types of municipal bonds
The basic types of municipal bonds are:
General obligation bonds: Principal and interest are secured by the full faith and credit of the issuer and usually supported by either the issuer's unlimited or limited taxing power. These bonds are usually considered the most secure type of municipal bond, and therefore carry the lowest interest rate. In many cases, general obligation bonds are voter approved. Bond financing is usually used to finance capital investments, not current operating expenditures.
Revenue bonds promise to repay principal and interest from a specified stream of future income, such as income generated by a water utility from payments by customers. Other public projects financed by revenue bonds include toll roads, bridges, airports, water and sewage treatment facilities, hospitals and subsidized housing.
Assessment bonds promise repayment based on property tax assessments of properties located within the issuer's boundaries.

Traditional issuance process
In some cases, the financing for a public project must first be approved by voters. Before a particular municipal bond is offered to the public, the issuer must publish an "official statement" disclosing material information about the offering. Key players in the issuance process include:
 Municipal advisor: serves as a fiduciary for the municipal issue, taking care of all of the assets and finances involved in the issuance process. The advisor is legally obligated to represent the interests of the issuer and serve as a source of financial advice.
 Bond counsel: verifies the legal aspects of the issuance and opines as to whether an issuance is exempt from state or federal taxes.
 Securities underwriter: manages the distribution of the bonds to investors through brokers.

Tax regulations generally require all money raised by a municipal bond sale to be spent on capital projects within three to five years of issuance.

Characteristics of municipal bonds

Taxability
In the United States, although not all municipal bonds are tax-exempt, most are. Tax-exempt securities represented about 80% of trading volume in U.S. municipal bonds in 2020. Interest income from most municipal bonds is excludable from gross income for federal income tax purposes, and may be exempt from state income tax as well, depending on the applicable state laws. Internal Revenue Code section 103(a) is the statutory provision that excludes interest on municipal bonds from federal income tax. , other rules, however, such as those pertaining to private activity bonds, are found in sections 141–150, 1394, 1400, 7871.

The state and local exemption was the subject of litigation in Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis.

Bonds issued for certain purposes are subject to the alternative minimum tax as an item of tax preference.

Coupon rates
Municipal bonds' coupon rates are generally lower than those of comparable corporate bonds, but higher than those of their FDIC-insured counterparts: CDs, savings accounts, money market accounts, and others.

Liquidity
Historically, municipal bonds have been one of the least liquid assets on the market. One indicator of this is their infrequent trading. Municipal bonds are actively traded in a "when issued" market, and also immediately after they are issued. Once the bonds find their way into retail and mutual fund portfolios, the volume of trade drops off dramatically. The MSRB reports that from March 1998 to May 1999, 71% of the outstanding issues did not trade at all. A 2005 study concluded that 4–6 months after issuance, less than 10% of the sampled bonds traded at all; the probability then rises
somewhat so that by four years from issuance, roughly 15% of the bonds in the sample traded at least once during a given month.
A 2007 study concluded that the average investment grade tax exempt 1-10 year municipal bond traded 21 times over its 11-year sample and 5.65% of issues only traded once.

Unlike corporate and Treasury bonds, which are more likely to be held by institutional investors, municipal bond owners are more diverse, and hence harder to locate, giving this market less liquidity. Compared to stocks, municipal bonds are much harder to maneuver. At the same time, the minimum investment amounts for stocks are typically <$500 and about $1000 for CDs and money markets; in comparison, municipal bonds typically have minimum denomination buy-ins of $5000 but smaller issuers may have buy-ins of $1000 to incentivize local or regional investors. An investor's overall principal cost may be lower than the $5000 minimum denomination by purchasing the bonds at a discount.

While minimum denominations contribute to illiquidity, another such reason is the total amount of municipal bonds outstanding. There are over 1,500,000 individual municipal CUSIPs representing over 50,000 issuers. To put this into context, there are ~4300 US domestically incorporated exchange-listed stocks and 10,500 stocks that trade over-the-counter.

Over the last decade, technology solutions have been applied to make the market more responsive to investors, more financially transparent and ultimately easier for issuers and buyers. The emergence of small denomination municipal bonds makes the muni market more accessible to middle-income buyers. It is believed that these initiatives will reduce lower debt issuance costs.

Default risk, credit ratings and insurance

Default risk is a measure of the possibility that the issuer will fail to make all interest and principal payments, on time and in full. It is among the risks evaluated by a rating agency, which assigns a credit rating to the bond. Credit ratings are generally the starting point buyers use when deciding how much to pay for a municipal bond.

Historical default rates have been lower in the municipal sector than in the corporate market. This may be due in part to the fact that some municipals are backed by state and local government power to tax, or revenue from public utilities.
However, sharp drops in property valuations (as in the 2009 mortgage crisis) can strain state and local finances, potentially creating municipal defaults. Harrisburg, PA, when faced with falling revenues, skipped several bond payments on a municipal waste to energy incinerator. The prospect of municipal bankruptcy was raised by the Controller of Harrisburg, although it was opposed by Harrisburg's mayor.

Default risk to the investor can be greatly reduced through municipal bond insurance, which promises to pay interest and principal if the issuer does not do so.

Return analysis
Projecting the yield to maturity on municipal bonds usually involves incorporating tax brackets.

Comparison to taxable bonds
Comparing the yield on a municipal bond to that of a corporate or U.S. Treasury bond can be misleading, because of differing tax treatment of the income from the two types of securities. For that reason, investors use the concept of taxable equivalent yield to compare municipal and corporate or Treasury bonds. The taxable equivalent yield on a municipal bond is calculated as follows. Where rm = interest rate of municipal bond, rc = interest rate of comparable corporate bond and t = investor's tax bracket (also known as marginal tax rate):

For example, assume an investor in the 38% tax bracket is offered a municipal bond that has a tax-exempt yield of 1.0%. Using the formula above, the municipal bond's taxable equivalent yield is 1.6% (0.01/(1-0.38) = 0.016) - a figure which can be fairly compared to yields on taxable investments such as corporate or U.S. Treasury bonds for decision making purposes.

Typically, investors in the highest tax brackets benefit from buying tax-exempt municipal bonds instead of taxable corporate bonds, but those in the lowest tax brackets may be better off buying corporate bonds and paying the taxes. Investors in higher tax brackets may arbitrage municipal bonds against corporate bonds using a strategy called municipal bond arbitrage.

Statutory regulation
The U.S. Supreme Court held in 1895 that the federal government had no power under the U.S. Constitution to tax interest on municipal bonds. But, in 1988, the Supreme Court stated the Congress could tax interest income on municipal bonds if it so desired on the basis that tax exemption of municipal bonds is not protected by the Constitution. In this case, the Supreme Court stated that the contrary decision of the Court 1895 in the case of Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. had been "effectively overruled by subsequent case law".

The Revenue Act of 1913 first codified exemption of interest on municipal bonds from federal income tax.

The Tax Reform Act of 1986 greatly reduced private activities that may be financed with tax-exempt bond proceeds.

In other countries
The United Kingdom's UK Municipal Bonds Agency (UK MBA) provides services for borrowing by municipalities. Canada has CIBC.

Municipal bonds agencies also known as Bond banks or Local government funding agencies exist in other countries, such as Sweden and Finland. In New Zealand, the Local Government Funding Agency (LGFA), is the second-biggest issuer of New Zealand-dollar debt behind the government.

Local governments in China were not permitted to issue bonds in the open market until 2015, and historically these governments relied on local government financing vehicles as a major source of debt finance. By the end of 2022 a total of  of bonds were outstanding. In India, the Bangalore City Corporation was the first municipal government to issue bonds in November 1997, followed by the Ahmedabad City Corporation in February 1998.

==See also==
S&P Municipal Bond Index
Build America Bonds

References

External links
 Electronic Municipal Market Access. Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board. Official source for municipal securities data and documents.
 The Bond Buyer. Daily national trade newspaper focused on the municipal bond industry.
Municipal Finance Journal

Government bonds
Local government in the United States
Local government finance

Municipal bond


Cynthia Rhodes (born November 21, 1956) is a retired American actress, singer and dancer. Her film roles include Tina Tech in Flashdance (1983), Jackie in Staying Alive (1983), officer Karen Thompson in Runaway (1984), and Penny in Dirty Dancing (1987).

Career
Born in Nashville, Tennessee, Rhodes began her show business career working at Opryland USA as a singer and dancer while attending Glencliff High School during the 1970s. Raised in a Baptist family, Rhodes tried to maintain a clean-cut image in her acting roles and in the media, turning down scripts that required nudity and refusing offers to pose for pictorials in Playboy magazine. Sylvester Stallone, the director of Staying Alive, stated that Rhodes "would sooner quit the business before doing anything to embarrass her parents."

Rhodes played a small role in the fantasy musical Xanadu (1980). In 1982 she appeared in a video production called "The Tubes Video" directed by Russell Mulcahy and choreographed by Kenny Ortega. This 52-minute long-form music video featured Rhodes as one of three backup dancers for the San Francisco-based rock band The Tubes and includes hits such as "Talk to You Later", "Sushi Girl", "Sports Fans" and "Mondo Bondage". Her next role was as Tina Tech in the musical film Flashdance. After Flashdance, Rhodes was cast opposite John Travolta in Sylvester Stallone's 1983 film Staying Alive, a sequel to the 1977 hit film Saturday Night Fever. Rhodes's character, Jackie, was an ensemble dancer, bar band singer, and sometime love interest of Travolta's character.  While poorly reviewed, the film was commercially successful.

Rhodes garnered her first non-dance related role in Michael Crichton's 1984 science fiction thriller Runaway with Tom Selleck, Kirstie Alley and Gene Simmons. Her most notable role was as dance instructor Penny Johnson in the hit 1987 motion picture Dirty Dancing with Jennifer Grey and Patrick Swayze. Rhodes's final motion picture role was the character of Vickie Phillips, playing opposite Jameson Parker, in the sleeper action-adventure movie Curse of the Crystal Eye.

Rhodes also appeared as a dancer in a number of music videos, including "Rosanna" by the band Toto, "The Woman in You" by the Bee Gees, and "Don't Mean Nothing" by Richard Marx. She was a dancer for the glam rock band The Tubes when they toured in the early 1980s. Rhodes later joined the pop group Animotion, replacing their lead singer Astrid Plane, for the recording of their third album of original material. Though the group's single "Room to Move" (from the film My Stepmother Is an Alien) rose to No. 9 on the Billboard charts, the album failed to match the group's earlier success, peaking at only No. 110 on the pop charts; shortly thereafter, the group disbanded. In 2002, Rhodes co-wrote the smooth jazz track "Perfect Day" with then-husband Richard Marx for December, trumpeter Chris Botti's holiday album.

Personal life
Rhodes was married to singer-songwriter Richard Marx. They met in 1983 while Marx was working on the motion picture soundtrack for Staying Alive. Rhodes, who was seven years older than Marx, thought Marx was much too young for her to date at the time. Marx and Rhodes did not start their relationship until two years later, when they were reacquainted at a party. After a four-year courtship, the couple married on January 8, 1989. After marrying Marx and giving birth to three boys, Rhodes retired from her performing career to raise her family. In an Us Weekly article dated April 4, 2014, Marx's representative confirmed that he and Rhodes were divorcing after 25 years of marriage.

Discography

with Animotion
 Animotion (1989)

Soundtrack appearances
 "Finding Out the Hard Way", "I'm Never Gonna Give You Up" with Frank Stallone (from Staying Alive) (1983)
 "Room to Move" with Animotion (from My Stepmother Is an Alien) (1988)

Music video appearances
 Rosanna (1982) - Toto
 Don't Mean Nothing (1988) - Richard Marx
 Christmas Spirit (2012) - Richard Marx

Filmography

References

External links

Cynthia Rhodes: Actress, Dancer, & Singer

1956 births
American women singers
American female dancers
Dancers from Tennessee
American film actresses
Living people
Actresses from Nashville, Tennessee
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American women

Cynthia Rhodes


In mathematics, a Borel isomorphism is a measurable bijective function between two standard Borel spaces. By  Souslin's theorem in standard Borel spaces (which says that a set that is both analytic and coanalytic is necessarily Borel), the inverse of any such measurable bijective function is also measurable. Borel isomorphisms are closed under composition and under taking of inverses. The set of Borel isomorphisms from a space to itself clearly forms a group under composition. Borel isomorphisms on standard Borel spaces are analogous to homeomorphisms on topological spaces: both are bijective and closed under composition, and a homeomorphism and its inverse are both continuous, instead of both being only Borel measurable.

Borel space
A measurable space that is Borel isomorphic to a measurable subset of the real numbers is called a Borel space.

See also
 Federer–Morse theorem

References
 Alexander S. Kechris (1995) Classical Descriptive Set Theory, Springer-Verlag.

External links
 S. K. Berberian (1988) Borel Spaces from University of Texas
 Richard M. Dudley (2002) Real Analysis and Probability, 2nd edition, page 487.
 Sashi Mohan Srivastava (1998) A Course on Borel Sets

Measure theory

Borel isomorphism


Isotropic formulations are thermodynamically stable microemulsions possessing lyotropic liquid crystal properties. They inhabit a state of matter and physical behaviour somewhere between conventional liquids and that of solid crystals. Isotropic formulations are amphiphillic, exhibiting selective synchronicity with both the water and lipid phases of the substrate to which they are applied. Most recently, isotropic formulations have been used extensively in dermatology for drug delivery.

Uses

While it is well established that the skin provides an ideal site for the administration of local and systemic drugs, it presents a formidable barrier to the permeation of most substances. Isotropic formulations have been used to deliver drugs locally and systemically via the skin appendages, intercellular and transcellular routes.

References

Phases of matter
Routes of administration

Isotropic formulations


Tom Jones may refer to:

Arts and entertainment
Tom Jones (singer) (born 1940), Welsh singer
Tom Jones (writer) (1928–2023), American librettist and lyricist
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, a novel by Henry Fielding published in 1749, often known simply as Tom Jones
Tom Jones (Philidor), a 1765 opera by Philidor based on Fielding's novel
Tom Jones (Edward German), a 1907 British comic opera by Edward German based on Fielding's novel
Tom Jones (1917 film), a British comedy film based on Fielding's novel
Tom Jones (1963 film), an Academy Award-winning film based on Fielding's novel
The History of Tom Jones: a Foundling (TV series), a 1997 BBC miniseries adaptation of Fielding's novel
Tom Jones (miniseries), a 2023 miniseries adaptation of Fielding's novel
Tom Jones (TV program), a 1980–1981 television series starring the singer

Politicians
Tom Jones (Australian politician) (1924–2014), Australian politician
Tom Jones (South Dakota politician) (born 1940), member of the South Dakota Senate

Sports

American football
Tom Jones (end) (c. 1909–?), American college football player
Potsy Jones (Thomas Clinton Jones, 1909–1990), American football player
Tom Jones (coach) (c. 1924–2014), American football coach and college athletics administrator
Tom Jones (gridiron football) (1931–1978), American and Canadian football player

Association football (soccer)
Tom Jones (footballer, born 1899) (1899–1978), Welsh footballer
Tom Jones (footballer, born 1916), English footballer, played for Little Hulton, Accrington Stanley, Oldham Athletic and Rochdale (Wartime)
Tom Jones (footballer, born 1964), English footballer

Australian rules football
Tom Jones (footballer, born 1904) (1904–1944), Australian rules footballer
Carlyle Jones (a.k.a. Tom Jones, 1904–1951), Australian rules footballer
Tom Jones (footballer, born 1930), Australian rules footballer

Other sports
Tom Jones (baseball) (1874–1923), American baseball player
Tom Jones (cricketer) (1901–1935), Welsh cricketer
Tom Jones (athlete) (1916–1984), American Olympic runner
Tom Jones (racing driver) (1943–2015), American racing driver
Tom Jones (volleyball) (born 1956), Canadian volleyball player
Tom Jones (wrestler) (born 1982), British wrestler better known as "The UK Kid"

Other people
Tom Jones (bishop) (1903–1972), Australian bishop
Tom Jones (trade unionist) (1822–1916), British trade union activist
Tom Jones Jr. (1925–2014), American Navajo code talker
Tom Parry Jones (1935–2013), Welsh scientist, inventor and entrepreneur

See also

Thom Jones (1945–2016), American writer
"The Ballad of Tom Jones", a 1998 song by Space and Cerys Matthews about the singer
Thomas Jones (disambiguation)
Tommy Jones (disambiguation)
Tom Jonas, Australian-rules footballer

Tom Jones


15 Years After is a box set by the musical project Enigma. It was released by Virgin Germany on 9 December 2005. The box set contains eight discs, five of them original studio albums created from 1990 to 2003, two DVDs, and a bonus CD of Enigma's songs covered by Rollo Armstrong.

As the title suggests, the box set celebrates the fifteen years since the release of Enigma's first single, "Sadeness (Part I)". The album cover was taken from Lady with an Ermine, a 1490 painting by Leonardo da Vinci. The box set packaging and photography was done by Dirk Rudolph, while artwork direction and original designs were created by Johann Zambryski, a long-time designer of Enigma artworks.

Originally, the box set was sold at €128, and this raised a stir with fans of the project, since the discs were not remastered, unlike the compilation album Love Sensuality Devotion: The Greatest Hits but were instead fitted with Copy Control. A new single, "Hello and Welcome" (from the unreleased sixth album A Posteriori) and The Dusted Variations disc also received mixed responses from the fans, who questioned the release of the album.

Additionally, the music video for "Out from the Deep", which was dropped from the Remember the Future DVD without an apparent reason, was still absent in this re-release, and despite the box set being 12-inch vinyl-sized, there was little information about the history of the project within the booklet, apart from credits and a press release inside.

Later on, the price of the box set dropped to €92.99 and on 30 November 2005, the producer and creator of Enigma, Michael Cretu personally visited the EMI factory in Uden, Netherlands to sign a thousand copies of the box set. The thousand signed copies had Cretu's initials ("MC") signed with a silver marker. While signed copies of Enigma's albums are extremely rare, the autographed version of the box set was still available for purchase at Amazon.de half a year after its release. Also within the box set was a code that enabled owners to download the music videos for "Voyageur" and "Boum-Boum" by typing it in a special section within Enigma's official website.

Contents
Albums
 MCMXC a.D. (1990)
 The Cross of Changes (1993)
 Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi! (1996)
 The Screen Behind the Mirror (2000)
 Voyageur (2003)

Bonus CD
 "Hello and Welcome" and The Dusted Variations

DVDs
 Remember the Future (2001)
 MCMXC a.D.: The Complete Video Album (2003)

References

External links
 Enigma official website

2005 compilation albums
Enigma (German band) compilation albums
Virgin Schallplatten compilation albums
Virgin Schallplatten video albums
2005 video albums
Enigma (German band) video albums

15 Years After


Cordelia Fine (born 1975) is a Canadian-born British academic psychologist and writer. She is a professor of gender studies, moral psychology and neuroethics at Melbourne Business School, Australia. Her first book, Delusions of Gender, was published in 2010.

Fine was born to the children's writer Anne Fine and professor Kit Fine in Toronto.

1975 births
Living people
British psychologists

Cordelia Fine


Sir Henry de Bodrugan (c.1263–1308) was a Cornish landowner, knight and politician.

Family
Bodrugan was the son and heir of Sir Roger de Bodrugan (d. 1277) by Isolda de Pyn, (d.1311), daughter of Symon de Pyn and later the wife of Sir Henry de Pomeroy (d. 1281), and Sir Walter de Aylesbury.  Isolda's great uncle was the Seneschal and High Sheriff of Cornwall, Sir Stephen Haym, one of the founding canons of Glasney College.

When his father died Henry was still under aged and his wardship went to Sir William de Alneto. On 19 May 1277 Henry's wardship was purchased by his uncle, William Bodrugan, later Provost of Glasney, and Archdeacon of Cornwall. Henry became the heir of both his uncle, William, and his great uncle, Reginald.

In 1287 he married Sybil de Mandeville (29 September 1264–c.1307) daughter of an unknown Mandeville and his wife Alice Giffard. Sybil's grandparents were Hugh Giffard and Sibyl, daughter and co-heiress of Walter de Cormeilles. From 1239 until his death in 1246 Hugh was responsible for raising the young prince, later King, Edward I. Sybil's maternal uncles were the Lord Chancellors of England, Walter Giffard, Archbishop of York, and Godfrey Giffard, Bishop of Worcester. Her aunt Mabel was the Abbess of Shaftesbury Abbey. Sybil was the widow of Peter le Poer (d. 4 April 1283), likely related to Eustace le Poer who, together with Thomas de Mandeville, brought an army from Ireland to Scotland to fight for Edward I of England. Sybil was lady of the Queen's chamber to Eleanor of Castile and her children were still with the Queen's children in 1289–90. She was buried in Glasney College and her son Sir Otto paid for the Bodrugan Chantry to be built there in his parents' honour.

Henry and Sybil had two children:
Otto, married Margaret Champernowne (d. 1360).
Joan (b. 1285), married Sir Henry Champernowne.
These children and their spouses feature heavily in the novel The House on the Strand by Daphne du Maurier.

Landowner
His principal residence appears to have been at Bodrugan, near Goran, with others at Pendrym and Tregrehan. At his death he owned the manors of Bodrugan, Pendrym, Trethem, Tretheak, Treworrick, Tremodret, Trevellion, Tregrehan, Trethew and Lantyan Parva. The large manor of Restronguet was held by his mother, who did not die until 1311. Henry had already given away the manor of Trelawne to his daughter on her marriage. The manor of Markwell, which belonged to his uncle William, was given to William's illegitimate daughter, but eventually returned to Henry's son Otto. In addition to these manors he held other lands and tenements across Cornwall.

He held some property in Ireland through his wife who was named heir to her brother Walter in 1288. The Mandevilles were important sub-tenants of the earldom of Ulster and, between 1300 and 1304, Edward I issued numerous letters of nomination for Henry's attorneys in Ireland (his brothers John and Peter, and John le Fugheler). In 1305 John le Poer, baron of Doneyl in Waterford, and Sibyl's son by her first marriage, was found owing Henry £200. The sheriff of Waterford was commanded by the king to levy £50 of the lands and chattels of John le Poer of the £200. Through her brother he also came to hold 1/6 of the manor of Luton, Bedfordshire which Walter had exchanged for portions of the manors of Eltham, Woolwich and Mottingham. When Sybil died these Mandeville estates passed to her son by her first marriage.

Political career
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Cornwall in 1307. In 1284 he was one of the Justices of Assize for Cornwall, and in 1302 he was a juror at the assizes. In 1309, months after his death, he was summoned to parliament as a baron. As he could not sit in that parliament his descendants were unable to claim the title of baron.

Military career
In 1286 Henry joined Edward I on an expedition to Gascony. In April he was given permission to go "beyond the seas" for one year with Robert Burnell, Bishop of Bath and Wells, Edmund Crouchback and others. After sailing to northern France in mid-May they reached Gascony by August. Henry was knighted by 1289, perhaps as a result of his participation in the expedition. As there is no record of him serving in Wales, he was probably part of the 1294 expedition to Gascony with John of Brittany and William Latymer. From 1300 Henry became involved in Edward's Scottish wars, his coat of arms is features as No. 227 in the Galloway Roll. In September 1302 the king issued a pardon to Henry's retinue, his younger brothers Peter and John, Adam de Markwell (married to Henry's uncle's illegitimate daughter), Serlo Wyse and John le Fugheler for crimes they had committed "in consideration of their service in Gascony and Scotland". The crimes were the retaliatory measures the men had taken after Henry was attacked by Thomas Lercedekne and Ralph de Bloyou at the house of William Bloyou at Glasney.

References

 Whetter, Dr James, The Bodrugans, A Study of a Cornish Medieval Knightly Family, Lyfrow Trelyspen, 1995

13th-century births
14th-century deaths
Politicians from Cornwall
Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall
13th-century English people
English MPs 1307
13th-century soldiers
Henry

Henry Bodrugan


Gowalkot is a small fort located on the southern bank of Vashishti River, about  from Chiplun in Maharashtra, India. This fort is guarded by the river on three sides and a trench on the fourth side. Its population which includes Hindus, Muslims, and Buddhists. According to old natives of Gowalkot, the history of Gowalkot goes back to a King, who was Hindu and finally was converted in Muslim, his surname was "Chougle", and most of the land in Gowalkot is owned by the Chougle family. All other owner of land in Gowalkot must have either received the land as gift [or bought] from Chougle family must have lost in "kul kaida" a rule by the government.

History
Famous for its ancient fort build by Siddi Habshi of Janjira in 1690. The Gowalkot Fort covers an area of around two acres. In 1660, Shivaji Maharaj won this fort and renamed as Govindgad. Sambhaji Maharaj lost this fort to Siddi. In 1736, Chimaji Appa won this fort by killing Siddi Sat in battle. In this battle Siddhi Sat lost 1300 soldiers and Maratha army lost 800 soldiers. Tulaji Angre/Sarkhel Tulaji, in 1745, captured it from. Later in 1755, Tulaji Angre lost it to the Peshwa and eventually in 1818 East India Company took control from the Peshwa. Portuguese ships attacked this fort during the Siege of Dabhol.

Description
The fort is dilapidated at present. This fort is spread over 2 acres of land. There is a temple of goddess Karanjeshwari at the foothills of the fort. However, from within the fort, there are trees, buildings and dwellings and a dry well which is approximately  deep. From the top of the small hill on the fort, the most beautiful and stunning glimpse of the smoothly flowing Vashishti River and the undulating valley is visible. It takes about 1 hour to reach the fort and view all places in the fort. There were about 22 cannons around the fort. The 10 cannons were shifted from the port area to the fort on 29 May 2017 by archeologist from Pune and Chiplun. The longest cannon is 7.5 feet in length. These cannons are British made but, supposed to be used by Maratha army.

See also

 Anjanvel Fort
 Kalusta
 List of forts in India
 Kanhoji Angre
 Murud-Janjira
 List of forts in Maharashtra
 Marathi People
 Maratha Navy
 List of Maratha dynasties and states
 Battles involving the Maratha Empire
 Maratha Army
 Maratha titles
 Military history of India
 List of people involved in the Maratha Empire

References

Islands of Maharashtra
Forts in Maharashtra
River islands of India
Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire
16th-century forts in India
Former populated places in India
Hiking trails in India
Islands of India
Uninhabited islands of India

Gowalkot


The Veterans Agency was an Executive Agency of the UK government's Ministry of Defence (MoD). It was amalgamated into the Service Personnel and Veterans Agency (SPVA) on 2 April 2007 under the brand Veterans-UK.

It was formerly known as the "War Pensions Agency" and was part of the Department of Social Security.  When, in 2001, the latter was reorganised into the Department for Work and Pensions, the War Pensions Agency became an Executive Agency of the Ministry of Defence and, in 2003, changed its name to the Veterans Agency.

It was the single point of contact within the MoD for providing information, help and advice on issues of concern to veterans and their families.  It did this through its free Helpline, welfare service and website .

The term 'veteran' is used to mean all those who have served in HM Armed Forces (whether Regular or Reserve).  This group has been commonly known as ex-Service personnel.  The term veteran also includes their widows/widowers and their dependants as part of the veterans' community.  As well as all members of the Armed Forces the term veteran also, exceptionally, includes those members of the Merchant Navy who played a vital role in legally defined military operations.  The veterans' community is therefore a wide and disparate population, estimated to be over 10 million people in the United Kingdom.

The Agency provided advice on a wide range of subjects including benefits and welfare issues, pensions and compensation, Service records and medals etc.

The Veterans Agency Vision
Service excellence for veterans and Serving personnel.

Core functions
To administer the War Pensions Scheme which provides financial support to approximately 250,000 war pensioners and war widow(er)s living in over 100 countries throughout the world, although most are resident in the UK.

The Agency also administered the Armed Forces Compensation Scheme.  This was mainly applicable to Serving personnel.

In addition, the Agency managed the War Pensioners' Welfare Service (WPWS) which in turn manages Ilford Park Polish Home (IPPH).

The War Pensioners' Welfare Service gives support to existing War Pensioners, war widow(er)s and veterans who are in the process of making a claim for a war disablement pension.  WPWS will arrange home visits as required to discuss any particular issues that may be affecting individuals.  Welfare managers often liaise with colleagues in other Government departments or ex-Service organisations to ensure the best help and advice is supplied where needed.

Ilford Park Polish Home provides residential and nursing care to people who qualify for admission under the 1947 Polish Resettlement Act.

The Agency contributed to a greater awareness of veterans and their concerns, undertaking a programme of PR activity.

Also
The Agency also:
co-ordinated, managed and delivered services to the veterans community as directed by United Kingdom Government;
administered the ex-gratia payment scheme for former prisoners of the Japanese in World War II in accordance with Government policy; and
contributed to advice given to the Department and Ministers on war pensions policy matters.

Additional functions
In addition to the above core functions, the Agency:
provided administrative support to the Central Advisory Committee (CAC) on war pensions and War Pensions Committees (WPC);
administered the nomination of Government appointees to certain charitable bodies
co-ordinated nominations for non-State honours from ex-Service organisations representing war pensioners, war widow(er)s and WPC's; and
contributed to the management of Leopardstown Park Hospital, Dublin.

External links
Veterans Protest Issues
Veterans Campaign for a National Defence Service Medal

Defunct executive agencies of the United Kingdom government
Defence agencies of the United Kingdom
History of veterans' affairs in the United Kingdom
Veterans' affairs ministries

Veterans Agency


Huang Kuo-chang (, born ) is a Taiwanese politician, activist, legal scholar, researcher and writer. He is one of the lead figures of the Sunflower Student Movement and joined the New Power Party shortly afterwards. He served as leader of the party from 2015 to 2019, and represented New Taipei City of Xizhi District in the Legislative Yuan on behalf of the NPP between 2016 and 2020.

Early life
Huang Kuo-chang was born into a traditional farming family in Xizhi Township, Taipei County. He graduated from National Taiwan University in 1995, and he continued his education at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York for a master's degree and a doctorate.

Political career
One of the lead figures of the Sunflower Student Movement, Huang joined the New Power Party in May 2015, and was named acting chairperson in July. That same month, Huang announced that he would enter the legislative election in 2016 as a New Power Party candidate for the 12th constituency of New Taipei City. The constituency, which includes Xizhi, Ruifang, Jinshan, Wanli, Pingxi, Shuangxi and Gongliao, was represented by incumbent Kuomintang legislator Lee Ching-hua. In September, the NPP announced that Huang would serve on a seven-member committee of party leaders, which included Freddy Lim and Neil Peng. As the Democratic Progressive Party did not fill in candidates in the constituency, in order to support Huang. In the elections held on 16 January 2016, Huang beat the incumbent Lee and won the seat in the legislature. After taking office, Huang was assigned to the Finance Committee.

Court proceedings against 21 protesters began in June 2016. First to be charged with various offenses included Chen Wei-ting, Huang Kuo-chang, and Lin Fei-fan. In a March 2017 Taipei District Court decision, Chen, Huang and Lin were acquitted of incitement charges.

On 16 December 2017, a recall election was  over his support for same-sex marriage. Votes in favor of the recall outnumbered those against, but fell short of the required threshold, one-fourth of the district's total electorate. Huang stepped down as chairman of the New Power Party in January 2019. In June 2019, Huang stated that he would leave the New Power Party if it became a "sidekick" of the Democratic Progressive Party, but he denied that he was forming a new political party. Huang stated in August 2019 that he would support the 2020 legislative campaign of Lai Chia-lun, who sought to succeed Huang as the legislator representing New Taipei 12. Huang was offered a position on the New Power proportional representation party list. Though the party backed his return to the Legislative Yuan, it later explored drafting Huang to contest the 2020 Taiwan presidential election. Huang refused to stand in the election, and the New Power Party later announced that it would not nominate a presidential candidate. Huang was ranked fourth on the New Power Party list of at-large legislative candidates. The NPP won over seven percent of the party list vote, allowing only three at-large legislative candidates to take office.

Publications
Journal Articles
Kuo-Chang Huang, Kong-Pin Chen, Chang-Ching Lin, 2015, "Party Capability versus Court Preference: Why do the "Haves" Come Out Ahead?-An Empirical Lesson from the Taiwan Supreme Court", JOURNAL OF LAW ECONOMICS & ORGANIZATION, 31(1), 93–126. (SSCI) (IF: 1.036; SSCI ranking: 37.7%,30.5%)
Kuo-Chang Huang, Chang-Ching Lin, & Kong-Pin Chen, 2014, "Do Rich and Poor Behave Similarly in Seeking Legal Advice? Lessons from Taiwan in Comparative Perspective", LAW & SOCIETY REVIEW, 48(1), 193–223. (SSCI) (IF: 1.31; SSCI ranking: 22.1%,21.2%)
Kuo-Chang Huang & Chang-Ching Lin, 2014, "Mock Jury Trials in Taiwan—Paving theGround for Introducing Lay Participation", LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR, 38(4), 367–377. (SSCI) (IF: 2.153; SSCI ranking: 7.6%,16.7%)
Book Chapters
Kuo-Chang Huang, accepted, "The Effect of Stakes on Settlement—An Empirical Lesson from Taiwan", editor(s): THEODORE EISENBERG, GIOVANNI BATTISTA RAMELLO EDS, RESEARCH HANDBOOKS IN COMPARATIVE LAW AND ECONOMICS, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Kuo-Chang Huang, accepted, "Using Associations as a Vehicle for Class Action—The Case of Taiwan", editor(s): Deborah Hensler, CHRIST HODGE EDS, CLASS ACTION IN CONTEXT, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing
Conference Papers
Kuo-Chang Huang, 2014, "The Impacts of Judicial Reform in Taiwan", paper presented at 4th Brazilian Jurimetrics Conference, Brazil: Brazilian Jurimetrics Association, 2014-05-12 ~ 2014-05-16.

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Taiwanese activists
Politicians of the Republic of China on Taiwan from New Taipei
National Taiwan University alumni
Cornell University alumni
Academic staff of the National Chengchi University
Academic staff of the National Taiwan University
New Power Party Members of the Legislative Yuan
Members of the 9th Legislative Yuan
Formosa Alliance
New Power Party chairpersons
Taiwanese legal scholars
Fulbright alumni

Huang Kuo-chang


Beatriz "Bia" Haddad Maia (; born 30 May 1996) is a Brazilian professional tennis player. On 12 June 2023, she reached a career-high in the WTA rankings at world No. 10 in singles on 12 June 2023 and in doubles on 8 May 2023 becoming the first Brazilian woman to enter the top 10 in singles since the rankings were introduced. Haddad Maia has won three singles and six doubles titles on the WTA Tour, one singles and doubles title each on the WTA Challenger Tour, as well as 17 singles and nine doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.

Playing for Brazil Fed Cup team, Haddad Maia has a win–loss record of 26–11 as of June 2023.

Early life and background
Born in São Paulo, to her parents Ayrton Elias Maia Filho and Lais Scaff Haddad, Haddad Maia started playing tennis at the age of five. She comes from a tennis family of Lebanese descent.  Both her mother Lais Scaff Haddad and her grandmother Arlette Scaff Haddad were successful tennis players in Brazil.

She is also the niece of the famous Brazilian actor, singer-songwriter, writer and TV presenter Rolando Boldrin (1936–2022).

Career
Haddad Maia peaked at No. 15 in the ITF junior rankings. She won her first professional doubles title at the $10k tournament in Mogi das Cruzes in September 2010 aged 14 playing, alongside Flávia Guimarães Bueno and her first professional singles title at the $10k tournament in Goiânia in 2011 aged 15.

Her best achievement as a junior player was being doubles runner-up at the French Open twice in 2012 and 2013 partnering with Paraguayan Montserrat González and Ecuadorian Doménica González respectively. She was also a doubles semifinalist at the Wimbledon Championships in 2011 playing alongside Mayya Katsitadze from Russia.

She turned professional in 2014, and in December 2014, she was Brazil's second highest ranked female tennis player.

She made her WTA Tour-level debut at the 2013 Brasil Tennis Cup in Florianópolis as a wildcard. She scored her first WTA Tour main-draw win against Hsu Chieh-yu in the first round before losing to Melinda Czink in the second round. At the same tournament, Haddad Maia made her WTA Tour-level doubles main-draw debut with partner Carla Forte. They defeated Mailen Auroux and María Irigoyen in the first round before losing in the quarterfinals to Kristina Barrois and Tatjana Maria.

In 2014, she was handed a wildcard at both the Rio Open and Brasil Tennis Cup main draws, losing in the first round of singles and doubles of both tournaments.

In February 2015, aged 18 and ranked 234th, she reached the quarterfinals of the Rio Open as a wildcard, defeating two higher ranked opponents, María Irigoyen and top 100 Polona Hercog. In the quarterfinals against 16th ranked and first seed Sara Errani, she had three match points, but eventually retired in the third set due to injury. Playing alongside Teliana Pereira, she reached the semifinals in the doubles competition but was forced to withdraw due to the injury sustained in the singles competition. Haddad Maia played qualifying tournaments at Charleston and Bogotá during the clay season, reaching the main draw of Bogotá where she ultimately lost in the second round.

At Bogotá, Haddad Maia won her first WTA Tour doubles title, alongside compatriot Paula Cristina Gonçalves, defeating Irina Falconi and Shelby Rogers in the final. She played the qualifying tournament at the 2015 French Open but was knocked out by Olivia Rogowska after winning her first two matches. During the grass-court season, she played the qualifying tournaments of Nottingham and Wimbledon, but failed to reach the main draw of both.

In July 2015, she suffered a shoulder injury at the Pan American Games in Toronto, resulting in season-ending surgery.

In 2016, Haddad Maia was awarded wildcards at the Rio Open (where she also played doubles, losing in the first round), Miami Open, making her debut at a Premier tournament, and Brasil Tennis Cup losing in the first round in all three tournaments. She also played qualifying tournaments at the French Open and US Open losing in the second and first round of qualifying, respectively.

Having fallen to the 367th position in the rankings by July 18, 2016, Haddad Maia recovered almost 200 spots during the second half of 2016, finishing the year with two consecutive $50k titles in Scottsdale and Waco, finishing the year ranked 170th in the world.

2017: Top 100, first singles final

Haddad Maia started her 2017 season in Australia, playing two tournaments in Perth before winning the $25k event in Clare, South Australia in both singles and doubles with partner Genevieve Lorbergs. She received a wildcard for the Miami Open, defeating Lesia Tsurenko in the first round, before losing to Venus Williams in her second match. She played the qualifying at Monterrey, but lost to Kristie Ahn, after winning her first two matches.

At Bogotá, she once again played the qualifying tournament and won an entry to the main draw. She lost in the first round to Verónica Cepede Royg. In the doubles tournament, she won her second title at the event. Playing alongside Argentinian Nadia Podoroska, she defeated Cepede Royg and Magda Linette in the final.

During the European clay season, she entered the qualifying tournament at Stuttgart, but lost in her opening match. At the Prague Open, she defeated two top 100 players, Ekaterina Alexandrova and Donna Vekić, in the qualifying to enter the main draw, in which she subsequently defeated Christina McHale (ranked 45th) and Samantha Stosur (19th), recording her first career wins over top 50 and top 20 players, respectively, before falling to Kristýna Plíšková in the quarterfinals. She left Prague ranked 115th in the world. Her win over Stosur was the first win for a Brazilian over a top-20 player since Niege Dias defeated Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in the 1987 US Open.

The following week, Haddad Maia had the best performance of her career at the $100k Open de Cagnes-sur-Mer, where she won the title without dropping a set, defeating Jil Teichmann in the final. As a result, Haddad Maia made her debut in the top 100 of the WTA rankings.

As the third seed at the French Open's qualifying tournament, Haddad Maia won all three of her qualifying matches, earning a spot in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time in her career. In the first round, she faced the 14th seed Elena Vesnina and was defeated in three sets. Also on clay, she reached the semifinals of the Bol Open, a WTA 125 event, before losing to eventual champion Aleksandra Krunić. As a result, she climbed to the 94th place in the rankings on June 12.

During the grass-court season, she played the qualifying of Mallorca and reached the main draw, losing to Shelby Rogers in the first round. In Eastbourne, she lost in the first round of qualifying to Mona Barthel. Haddad Maia received her first direct acceptance at a Grand Slam main draw at Wimbledon, where she beat Laura Robson in the first round. Her victory marked the first time a Brazilian woman won a Wimbledon main-draw match since Gisele Miró in 1989. Haddad Maia lost in the second round to second seed Simona Halep. In the doubles competition, after defeating the sixth seeds Abigail Spears and Katarina Srebotnik in the first round, she reached the third round with Croatian partner Ana Konjuh, where the team lost to ninth seeds Chan Hao-ching and Monica Niculescu.

During the hardcourt season, she passed the Premier 5 Cincinnati Open qualifying and defeated Lauren Davis in the first round, before losing to fourth seed and eventual champion Garbiñe Muguruza in the second round. She entered the New Haven qualifying, but lost in the first round to Christina McHale. At the US Open, Haddad Maia lost in the first round to Donna Vekić. Playing once again alongside Ana Konjuh, she lost in the first round of the doubles competition to 13th seeds Kristina Mladenovic and Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova.

She gained her first direct acceptance at a WTA Tour-level tournament at the Korean Open. Haddad Maia reached her maiden tour-level singles final at the tournament, losing to first seed and French Open champion Jeļena Ostapenko. In the process, Haddad Maia became the first Brazilian to reach a non-clay-court final since Cláudia Monteiro in the 1983 Pittsburgh Open and secured her debut in the top 60 of the world rankings.

Haddad Maia was seeded second in the qualifying round of the last Premier Mandatory of the year in Beijing but she lost her opening match against Andrea Petkovic. At the Tianjin Open, she defeated fourth seed Donna Vekić in the first round, but lost to qualifier Sara Errani in the following match.

Haddad Maia finished her 2017 season at the Luxembourg Open, where she was seeded at a WTA Tour-level tournament for the first time in her career. She lost in the second round to Johanna Larsson, and in the quarterfinals of the doubles tournament playing alongside Cepede Royg to Varvara Lepchenko and Fanny Stollár.

2018: Injury and hiatus
Haddad Maia started her 2018 season playing two WTA International tournaments. In Auckland, she was defeated in the first round by fourth seed Agnieszka Radwańska and in Hobart, she scored her first win of the season against wildcard Lizette Cabrera, but ultimately lost to second seed and eventual champion, Elise Mertens, in the second round. At the Australian Open, she once again defeated Cabrera in the first round, but was eliminated in the following match by sixth seed Karolína Plíšková. Haddad Maia's victory in the first round marked the first time a Brazilian woman won an Australian Open main-draw match in the Open Era and the first time since Maria Esther Bueno reached the final in 1965. At the doubles tournament, Haddad Maia played alongside Sorana Cîrstea and reached the third round, defeating 15th seeds Alicja Rosolska and Abigail Spears en route, before being eliminated by fourth seeds Lucie Šafářová and Barbora Strýcová.

After the Australian Open, she played for Brazil at the American Fed Cup Zone six rubbers between both singles and doubles and won five of them. At the Mexican Open in Acapulco, she defeated Heather Watson in the first round but ultimately lost to second seed Kristina Mladenovic in the following match. She played alongside Cepede Royg in the doubles competition, but lost to fourth seeds Lara Arruabarrena and Arantxa Parra Santonja in the opening round.

Haddad Maia was eliminated by Monica Puig in the opening round of the Indian Wells Open, the first Premier Mandatory of the year. In Miami, she defeated Heather Watson and 31st seed Zhang Shuai to score her first back-to-back tour matches wins since her campaign to the 2017 Korea Open final before losing to sixth seed Jeļena Ostapenko in the third round.

She started her clay-court season in Charleston, but was forced to retire in her first-round match against Lara Arruabarrena due to a left wrist injury. She then withdrew from Bogotá and Istanbul due to that injury. At the Prague Open, she was eliminated in the first round by the seventh seed and eventual runner-up, Mihaela Buzărnescu. She entered the qualifying tournament in Madrid as the fifth seed, but was defeated by Sara Errani. Haddad Maia was forced to withdraw from the remaining of the clay-court season and the grass-court season due to a lower back injury and a subsequent surgery.

2019–20: Doping suspension and return

Haddad Maia qualified for the Australian Open, reaching the second round of the main draw. She also reached the quarterfinals, as a qualifier, at the WTA Tour event in Acapulco in late February, before losing to eventual champion Wang Yafan.

Again out of the qualifying, Haddad Maia reached the semifinals at the Copa Colsanitas, losing to eventual champion Amanda Anisimova.

After retiring due to injury in the first round of qualifying at the French Open, she played a WTA Challenger event in Bol, Croatia during the second week of the French Open. It was there, following a first-round loss to Sara Sorribes Tormo that she reportedly failed the urine test.
On 23 July 2019, it was announced by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) that Haddad Maia had been issued an immediate provisional suspension, pending determination of the charge against her at a full hearing, after a positive test for metabolites of two Selective androgen receptor modulator substances.
The ITF's announcement stated that Haddad Maia waived the right to an immediate appeal. A full hearing to determine the charge against her was scheduled to be held at a later date.

In February 2020, the ITF issued the verdict that the supplement ingested was contaminated. It defined the suspension for ten months, considering the time she was away. The federation's report didn't release her from responsibilities, citing the case of fellow Brazilian tennis players Marcelo Demoliner, Thomaz Bellucci and Igor Marcondes, who had found themselves in a similar situation. The ITF removed the bigger sentence, which could have gone from two to four years. Haddad Maia was free to return on May 22, the eve of the Roland Garros tournament. However, without ranking, having dropped to 1342nd during the suspension, she could not compete in French Grand Slam event, having to start in small tournaments again.

After widespread cancellation of tournaments due to the COVID-19 pandemic, she returned to play in September 2020 at the ITF tournament of Montemor-o-Novo in Portugal. Haddad won the title and three more on Portuguese soil in the next month, until a hand injury led to an enchondroma diagnosis, forcing her to go through a season-ending surgery.

2021: Indian Wells fourth round, back to top 100
In October, at the rescheduled Indian Wells Open, Haddad Maia lost in qualifying to Usue Maitane Arconada but was awarded a spot in the main draw as a lucky loser following the withdrawal of 29th seed Nadia Podoroska. She defeated Mayar Sherif in the second round, and then upset top seed and world No. 3, Karolína Plíšková, to advance to the fourth round. While Haddad then lost to Anett Kontaveit, the performance was enough to return to the top 100.

2022: Major doubles & WTA 1000 singles finals, top 15 in singles & doubles, WTA Finals

Haddad Maia would have played at Melbourne with Podoroska, until the Argentinian withdrew with an abdomen injury. Having to get a partner among the world's top 70, Haddad first contacted former partner Ana Konjuh, who did not respond, and then started checking the WTA doubles ranking, coming down to Anna Danilina, who she met a decade prior in a junior tournament. Danilina accepted the invitation, even if she was playing in Tunisia and thus unsure of when she could get to Australia. Haddad said that if possible, she could arrive a week earlier so they could play the warm-up event Sydney International. The players only got together the same day they would play the first game, yet went all the way to the title, the first time either player won a WTA 500 event. She reached the semifinals for the first time at a Grand Slam championship, and became the first Brazilian woman to go so far in Australia in the Open Era, with the previous best result being Maria Esther Bueno's semifinal in 1965. She went one step further into the final with a straight victory by upsetting Japanese No. 2 seeds, Shuko Aoyama and Ena Shibahara, making Haddad only the third Brazilian woman in a final of a Grand Slam tournament, after Maria Bueno and Cláudia Monteiro. While Haddad and Danilina won the first set against top seeds Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková, the Czechs won in a comeback. Thanks to the accumulated points in the two tournaments, Haddad Maia rose from No. 483 in the WTA doubles rankings all the way to No. 40.

She then decided to play more doubles tournaments with Danilina, even if her singles career would take precedence. After missing the Dubai Open due to testing positive for COVID-19, Haddad resumed playing at the Qatar Ladies Open. Her best performance after the Australian Open was in the Monterrey Open, reaching the semifinals, where she lost to eventual champion Leylah Fernandez. Haddad also managed another upset over a top-5 player at the Miami Open, beating world No. 3, Maria Sakkari, to reach the third round on a WTA 1000 level for the third time in her career.

In May, she won her first WTA 125 tournament, the Open de Saint-Malo, defeating Russian Anna Blinkova in the final, and afterwards won the doubles at the Trophee Lagardère in Paris alongside Mladenovic, while also being runner-up in the singles to Claire Liu. As a result, Haddad Maia surpassed her previous career-high of 57 in the WTA singles rankings with No. 49, becoming the first Brazilian in the top 50 since Teliana Pereira in 2015.

After the French Open where she fell in the second round of singles and doubles, and the mixed doubles quarterfinals, Haddad won her biggest singles title at the WTA 250 Nottingham Open, while also winning the doubles tournament alongside Zhang Shuai. The results boosted her to the top 40 in the singles and top 30 in doubles rankings. She followed up this victory by facing Zhang in the final of the Birmingham Classic, where Haddad won her second singles title after the Chinese retired in the first set. The title propelled her into the top 30 in singles for the first time in her career. She joined Ons Jabeur, who won in Berlin less than an hour earlier, and Iga Świątek as players to win multiple WTA Tour titles in the season. She was also the first Brazilian to win in the tournament 40-year history. Gisele Miró had the best previous result by a player from Brazil, reaching the second round in 1989. When Haddad lost her Eastbourne International semifinal match to Petra Kvitová, she had twelve wins and a walkover, the longest winning streak on grass courts since Serena Williams a decade prior. Despite impressive form in the warm-up grass-court tournaments, she lost in the first round of Wimbledon to Kaja Juvan. In doubles, partnering with Magdalena Fręch, the pair lost to tenth seeds Nicole Melichar/Ellen Perez in the third round. She reached the top 25 in doubles and in singles, on July 11 and August 8, respectively.

Ranked No. 24 in singles at the start of the Canadian Open, she defeated Martina Trevisan, 13th seed Leylah Fernandez, and world No. 1, Iga Świątek, her fifth top-5 win to advance to the quarterfinals for the first time in her career at a WTA 1000 level. Next, she reached semifinals defeating the Olympic champion Belinda Bencic. As a result, she reached the top 20 in the singles rankings, on 15 August 2022. Haddad Maia then breezed past former number one, Karolína Plíšková, to become the first Brazilian woman ever to reach a WTA 1000 final. She lost the final against Simona Halep, in three sets. In the Cincinnati Open, Haddad Maia lost in the first round to Jeļena Ostapenko while reaching the third in doubles alongside Danilina. Afterwards, she reached the top 15 in the rankings, on 22 August 2022.

Seeded No. 15 at the US Open, she lost in the second round to Bianca Andreescu, in straight sets. Haddad Maia had five break points, but failed to convert any. Partnering Danilina, she lost again in the third round of the doubles tournament to tenth seeded pair Melichar/Perez.

At the WTA 1000 Guadajalara Open, Haddad and Danilina reached the final by defeating the world's No. 1 duo Krejčíková/Siniaková in a rematch. With that, she became the first Brazilian woman in history to qualify for the WTA Finals. Thanks to this result, she also entered the world's top 15 in doubles for the first time. In an unprecedented Brazilian final at the WTA 1000 level against Luisa Stefani, a former world top 10, and Storm Sanders, they ended runners-up in a tight result, with a score of 7–6, 6–7 and [10–8] in favor of Stefani/Sanders. Haddad Maia finished the season being awarded by the WTA as Most Improved Player of 2022.

2023: Maiden WTA 1000 doubles title & Major singles semifinal, historic top 10 in singles and doubles

At the WTA 500 in Abu Dhabi, she reached the quarterfinals after more than a three hour battle with qualifier Yulia Putintseva in a three-set match with two tiebreaks. Next, she reached the semifinals, defeating another Kazakhstani player, third seed and top-10 player Elena Rybakina, and recording a six-match winning streak against top-10 players. She lost the semifinal match to Belinda Bencic in straight sets. As a result, she moved to a career-high ranking of No. 12 on 13 February 2023. Haddad could not repeat her 2022 success at the Australian Open, falling in the first round in spite of being a seeded player, and the second round in doubles alongside Zhang Shuai missing nine match points.

Playing with Laura Siegemund, Haddad reached her second WTA 1000 doubles final in Indian Wells, losing to top seeds Krejčíková and Siniaková.

She won her maiden WTA 1000 doubles title at Madrid with Victoria Azarenka, defeating top seeds Jessica Pegula and Coco Gauff in a final that was followed by controversy as none of the participating players were allowed to make a speech on the podium during the awards ceremony. The organizers subsequently apologized for the mistake. As a result, she reached the top 10 in the doubles rankings on 8 May 2023.

In the following WTA 1000, the Italian Open, Haddad Maia and Azarenka started well and reached the third round in doubles, after having a "bye" in the first round but Azarenka suffered a bruise on her right leg and was forced to withdraw from the tournament. Haddad's better result was in singles where she defeated Elena-Gabriela Ruse, the 17th seed Magda Linette and Camila Osorio to reach the quarterfinals at a WTA 1000 level for the second time, her best result of the year so far. Haddad Maia was close to qualifying for the semifinals, but in an extremely long match lasting 3 hours and 41 minutes, the longest of the season, she ended up being eliminated by Anhelina Kalinina. Still in the first set, Haddad felt an injury to her left leg, which ended up limiting her movement in decisive moments of the game.

At the French Open, she reached the third round for the first time at a major defeating Tatjana Maria and Diana Shnaider. Next, she defeated Ekaterina Alexandrova to reach the fourth round and becoming the first Brazilian to reach the last 16 since Patricia Medrado at the 1979 Roland Garros. She reached the quarterfinals for the first time at a major, becoming the first Brazilian to do so since Maria Bueno in 1968, with a win over Sara Sorribes Tormo in the longest match of the season lasting 3 hours and 51 minutes. Next, she defeated seventh seed Ons Jabeur in three sets to become the first Brazilian woman to reach the semifinals at Roland Garros in the Open Era and the first since Maria Bueno in 1966. Haddad lost the semifinal to top seed and world No. 1, Iga Świątek. She entered the top 10 in singles on 12 June 2023, becoming the first Brazilian woman to reach this milestone since the creation of the WTA rankings.

Haddad Maia played on the grass courts of the Nottingham Open, immediately after Roland Garros. However, in the first-round match, she slipped and felt a strong pain in the back of her knee that limited her movement, leaving her with edema in the region. She lost the match and had to withdraw from the following week's tournament in Birmingham. In the third week of the grass-court season, at the Eastbourne International, she won the first match but was forced to retire from her second-round match against Petra Martić, still due to her knee injury with the score at 4–6, 2–3. Bia made up for these losses by having the best campaign of her career at Wimbledon. She won the first three matches and reached the fourth round, during which she was forced to retire due to a lower back injury.

During the North American part of the WTA Tour, Haddad Maia lost in the second round of Montreal and the first of Cincinnati, after which she announced to skip Cleveland in order to prepare for the US Open. During the Grand Slam, Haddad Maia lost in the singles second round to Taylor Townsend, but performed better alongside Azarenka in the doubles, going all the way to the quarterfinals, losing in a close match to former champions Laura Siegemund and Vera Zvonareva. Afterwards, Haddad was forced to withdraw from the 2023 Guadalajara Open Akron the same day she would debut due to hand injuries caused by a shattered shower door.

Following reaching the singles final without dropping a set at the 2023 WTA Elite Trophy where she defeated Daria Kasatkina in the semifinals in straight sets, she reached back world No. 16 in the singles rankings on 30 October 2023. At the same tournament she also reached the final in doubles, without dropping a set, with Veronika Kudermetova.

Career statistics

Grand Slam performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

Significant finals

Grand Slam tournaments

Doubles: 1 (runner-up)

WTA 1000 tournaments

Singles: 1 (runner-up)

Doubles: 3 (1 title, 2 runner-ups)

Notes

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
Tennis players from São Paulo
Brazilian female tennis players
Brazilian people of Lebanese descent
Tennis players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Doping cases in tennis
Pan American Games competitors for Brazil
Sportspeople of Lebanese descent

Beatriz Haddad Maia


Per Ciljan Skjelbred (born 16 June 1987) is a Norwegian footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Rosenborg. He has previously played for Hertha Berlin and Hamburger SV, and has been capped 43 times playing for Norway, but as of 2017, retired from international football.

Club career

Skjelbred was born in Trondheim and started his career at local football club Trygg/Lade. He made an impression, and was selected to compete in a football talent competition entitled Proffdrømmen ("Pro player dreams") on Norwegian TV3. Skjelbred won this competition and as first prize, he got a week's training with Liverpool. The English club offered him a contract for their youth team, but he declined.

Instead, he went to hometown club Rosenborg, where he soon came into first-team reckoning. Skjelbred made his senior debut in the Tippeligaen against Bodø/Glimt in 2004, and aged 16 years and 358 days became the second-youngest player to play for Rosenborg.

After scoring a goal in the first match of the 2005 Champions League against Olympiacos, he was tackled in the return match at Lerkendal on 23 November by Ieroklis Stoltidis; both bones in Skjelbred's lower leg snapped just above the ankle. Although he went in with both legs and had no chance of getting the ball, Stoltidis said he had not meant to harm Skjelbred. Skjelbred returned to football on 10 March 2006 in Rosenborg BK's match against Aalesunds FK, playing the first half of the match which Rosenborg won 5–1.

Skjelbred joined the German side Hamburger SV in August 2011. After playing 268 minutes for the club in the Bundesliga, Skjelbred's transfer was called a "mistake" (Bisher Fehlgriff) by Kicker in November 2011, and in November 2012 Skjelbred was named one of five players that HSV stated they would sell when the transfer window opened in January 2013.

However, after the 2013 January transfer window closed, Skjelbred remained a Hamburg player. In the summer of 2013, he was loaned for one season to Hertha BSC, who in turn loaned Pierre-Michel Lasogga to Hamburg.

After a very successful loan spell at Hertha (he was also voted Bundesliga Norwegian Player of the Season during this time), Skjelbred finally moved to Berlin permanently during the 2014 Summer transfer window.

In February 2020, Skjelbred confirmed he would return to Rosenborg beginning from the summer 2020 after his contract with Hertha Berlin expires.

International career
Skjelbred was first called up for the Norwegian under-21 team in September 2005, at the age of 18. He made his debut for senior team against Malta on 28 March 2007.

On 3 September 2014 Skjelbred captained the Norwegian national side for the first time against England at Wembley.
England won the match 1-0 thanks to a Wayne Rooney penalty. Per was handed the captain's armband after previous captain, Brede Hangeland retired from international football.

On 22 February 2017 Skjelbred retired from the national team.

International goals
Score and Result lists Norway's goals first

Personal life
Skjelbred married Kristina Jørgensen in October 2012. Together they have two children Eline Sofie and Jonathan.

Career statistics
Statistics accurate as of 29 October 2023

Continental competition includes UEFA Intertoto Cup, UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League, and UEFA Champions League matches, as well as qualification matches.

Honours

Rosenborg
Tippeligaen: 2006, 2009, 2010
Superfinalen: 2010
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2008

Notes

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Trondheim
Men's association football midfielders
Norwegian men's footballers
Norway men's international footballers
Norwegian expatriate men's footballers
Rosenborg BK players
Hamburger SV players
Eliteserien players
Bundesliga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Hertha BSC players

Per Ciljan Skjelbred


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Slumber


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Terraced house