is a Japanese actor. He is probably best known for his roles as Eiji Kikumaru in The Prince of Tennis musical series, Tenimyu, and Tōshirō Hitsugaya in "Rock Musical Bleach". During his run in Tenimyu, he garnered the nickname "Nagayan", which he is still referred to by fans and friends. He made his television debut in 1998 with the drama Change.

Career

The Prince of Tennis Musicals

Nagayama's major stage debut was from 2003 to the beginning of 2005 for the role of the acrobatic Eiji Kikumaru in the Prince of Tennis musical series, Tenimyu, as part of the first generation Seigaku cast. When the series came out in 2003, former D-BOYS member Yamazaki Ichitaro played the role during the spring run of the first show, and Nagayama played the role during the summer run. Afterwards, Nagayama was set to carry on playing the role with the first cast, understudying the role of Shusuke Fuji as well, when Ichitaro left the series.

The end of 2003 brought tragedy to Tenimyu. Less than two weeks before the second show, Remarkable 1st Match Fudomine, Kotaro Yanagi - who was playing the lead role of Ryoma Echizen at the time - was hospitalized after being accidentally hit by a car. Because the musical's rehearsals were well underway and performance dates already set, several changes were made in the cast for the show: Nagayama was shifted over to Fuji due to J-pop singer Kimeru, who was playing the role of Fuji, having to step up as Echizen, and Ichitaro was brought back as Kikumaru. After Yuya Endo was brought in as the new Echizen, Nagayama and Kimeru went back to their roles as Kikumaru and Fuji respectively. Nagayama graduated from the series with his fellow castmates after the Side Fudomine musical; along with several graduated Tenimyu members, he got a cameo role in the Prince of Tennis live film adaptation.

Since Nagayama's graduation, the role of Kikumaru has been played by Osamu Adachi, Koji Seto, Kyousuke Hamao, Shouta Takasaki, and Yuta Koseki. Nagayama, along with Kimeru and Endo, went to see Yanagi graduate from Tenimyu at the final performance of Dream Live 3rd in 2006.

Nagayama returned to his role as Kikumaru and reunited with the 1st generation Seigaku cast to perform in Tenimyu's Dream Live 7th in 2010 to celebrate the end of the Tenimyu's first season.

Other work
After his graduation, Nagayama also starred as Tōshirō Hitsugaya in the Rock Musical Bleach series, which also stars some of his old Tenimyu cast mates.

He enjoyed his first starring role in a theatrical production with Switch wo Osu Toki, in July 2006. His line of designer clothing, Blossam, can be found at the Gain  shop in Tokyo. Nagayama has released several idol DVDs - Blossam in 2004, and two DVD/Photobook sets in 2007, entitled On and Off - as well as a single and two full-length albums. Since its formation in 2004, he has been very active with his Japanese fan club, and holds several members-only events each year. He maintains an active and popular blog, which he updates several times each week with photos. In his spare time, he enjoys sports, especially baseball, swimming, and karate, and remaking/designing clothing. Above all, Nagayama is earnest and serious about his work and his fans, and this has helped him build and maintain a loyal base of support worldwide.

Profile
Name: 永山たかし
Name (romaji): Nagayama Takashi
Real Name: 永山毅 (Nagayama Takashi)
Date of birth: 1978 November 16
Birthplace: Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan

Musical
TENIMYU: THE PRINCE OF TENNIS MUSICAL SERIES (as Eiji Kikumaru, Fuji u/s)
 The Prince of Tennis Musical - Eiji Kikumaru (summer of 2003)
 The Prince of Tennis Musical: Remarkable 1st Match Fudomine - Shusuke Fuji (In Winter 2003-2004)
 The Prince of Tennis Musical: Dream Live 1st - Eiji Kikumaru (2004)
 The Prince of Tennis Musical: More Than Limit St. Rudolph Gakuen - Eiji Kikumaru (2004)
 The Prince of Tennis Musical: Side Fudomine ~Special Match~ - Eiji Kikumaru (In Winter 2004-2005)
 The Prince of Tennis Musical: Dream Live 7th - Eiji Kikumaru (2010)

Rock Musical BLEACH (as Tōshirō Hitsugaya)
 Rock Musical BLEACH (2005)
 Rock Musical BLEACH Saien (2006)
 Rock Musical BLEACH The Dark of The Bleeding Moon (2006)
 Rock Musical BLEACH Live Bankai Show Code: 001 (2007)
 Rock Musical BLEACH No Clouds in the Blue Heavens (2007)
 Rock Musical BLEACH Live Bankai Show Code: 002 (2008)
 Rock Musical BLEACH The All (2008)
 Rock Musical BLEACH Live Bankai Show Code: 003 (2010)

Other musicals
 Rock'n Jam Musical (2004)
 Rock'n Jam Musical - Saien (2005)
 Flowers for Algernon Musical (2006)
 Rock'n Jam Musical II (2006)
 Rock'n Jam Musical II - Saien (2007)
 Rock'n Jam Live - Live (2007)

TV series
Change (ANB, 1998) as Jiro Yoneyama
Newscaster Kasumi Ryoko (ANB, 1999)
Abunai Houkago (ANB, 1999, Episode 2)
Norowareta Kagai Jugyou (KTV, 1999)
Kowai Douwa: Cinderella (TBS, 1999)
Shoushimin Kane (CX, 1999)
Another Heaven Eclipse (ANB, 2000, Episodes 6-8)
Gekka no Kishi (ANB, 2000) as Nishimura
Hanamura Daisuke (KTV, 2000, Episode 9)
Wakareru Futari no Jikenbo (ANB, 2000, Episode 7)
Seigi no Shichiya Momonori: Tomoko no Jikenbo (CX, 2000)
Koko Dake no Hanashi: Haigo no Onna (ANB, 2001)
G-Taste: Kyoushi Mizukoshi Sayaka (ANB, 2001)
Shin Omizu no Hanamichi (CX, 2001)
Love & Fight (TBS, 2001)
Morning Musume New Spring Love Stories: Toki o Kakeru (TBS, 2002) as Goro Asakura
Yo ni mo Kimyou na Monogatari '02 Haru Tokubetsu hen Mushi Geimu (CX, 2002)
Kamen Rider Ryuki (ANB, 2002, Episodes 22-23) as Yuichi Saito
Kaiki File 2: Senrozoi no Apartment (YTV, 2002)
Hot Man (TBS, 2003, Episodes 4-6) as Yoshimasa Tsukamoto
Team4 (CX, 2003)
Hikeshiya Komachi (NHK, 2004)
Fantasm: Noroi no Yado (NHK, 2004)
Chi Ato (TBS, 2004)
Chushingura (ANB, 2004, Episode 1)
Ōoku: Dai Isshou (CX, 2004, Episodes 7, 9 and Special)
Otōto (ANB, 2004)
F2-X (CX, 2004)
Yasashii Jikan (CX, 2005, Episode 6)
Astro Kyuudan (TV ASAHI, 2005) as Akechi Kyushichi "Astro 7"
Nihon no Rekishi (CX, 2005) as Ranmaru Mori
Ōoku: Dai Isshou Special (CX, 2005)
Shichinin no Onna Bengoshi (TV ASAHI, 2006, Episode 8)
Kekkon Dekinai Otoko (KTV, 2006, Episode 11)
Delicious Gakuin (TV TOKYO, 2007) as Okita Tsukasa
Ururun (TBS, 2007)
Sunshine Days (Kanagawa TV, 2007)
Tadashii Ouji no Tsukuri Kata (TV TOKYO, 2008) as Nanbara Takashi
Koi no Paradora (2008, Episode 8)
Dageki Tenshi Ruri (2008, Episode 3)
Shibatora (CX, 2009, Special)
Arienai! (MBS, 2010, Episode 8)
Tumbling (TBS, 2010, Episode 6) as Shinichi Hino

Movies
Usagi (1998)
Tennen Shōjo Mahn Next (1999) - Yuuya Narugi
Muscle Heat (2002) - Kazu
Yume Oikakete (2003)
Norio no Heya (2004)
Touch (2005)
Parazoku: Parapara ja nai ka! (2006)
The Prince of Tennis (2006)
Sakugoe (2007)
Bokura no Hōteishiki (2008)
Hana Guerilla (2009)
Nude (2010)
Dark Side of the Light (2016)

Plays
Oni to Hito to (2000)
Mother Courage and Her Children (2005)
Watashi wa Obasan ni Natte 'ru !? (2006)
Funny Bunny (2007)
Switch o Osu Toki: Kimi wa Naze Ikiteiru 'n da? (2006 & 2007) as Youhei Minami
Aru Hi, Bokura wa Yume no Naka de Deau (2007)
Jisoku 246 (2008)
Kuchuu Blanco (2008)
Every Little Thing (2008)
Hakase to Tarō no Ijō na Aijō (2008)
Shatō (2008)
Tokubetsuhō Dai 001 jō DUST (2009) as Akihiro
Maharaja Mode (2009) as Pasuputa
Magdala na Maria 2 (2009)
Shinsengumi (2010) as Toshiki Hijikata
Blood Prisoner (2010)
Shounen Hollywood (2011)
Michi wo Kakeru (2011)

Music
Kokoro ga (2005)
1. 心が… (My Heart...)
2. おくるうた (A Song for You)
3. 雨音 (The Sound of the Rain)
4. 心が…(Toscana version) (My Heart...)

 JAM (2005):
1.春に思い出し想う (I'll Be Thinking Of You In the Spring)
2.おくるうた (A Song for You)
3.言葉~ (One Word)
4.Sample
5.おもいでにデキなくて (I Can't Make You Into a Memory)
6.南口 (Southern Exit)
7.心が…(Romano version) (My Heart...)
8.雨音 (The Sound of the Rain)
9.Slow Jam
10.終着駅 (Terminal Station)
11. JAM/Bonus Track

 LOVE (2006):
1.バーガーショップ (Burger Shop)
2.僕の中 (Inside Of Me)
3.恋・愛 (Passion - Love)
4.恋の痛み (The Pain of Love)
5.kiss°C (Temperature of a Kiss)
6.去りしきみ (The You That's Gone)
7.あかり (Light)
8.叫べ! (Shout!)
9.唇 (Lips)
10.かたち (Shape)
11.LOVE/Bonus Track

I Feel Fine (featured on the DVD 'On', 2007)

External links
Takashi Nagayama's Official Homepage
Takashi Nagayama's Official Blog
Takashi Nagayama's Official Blog - 3/2006~11/2008
Strawberry Meet Takashi Nagayama's official fanclub
Gain Store (Blossam Clothing Line)

1978 births
Male actors from Kanagawa Prefecture
Living people
Japanese male actors

Takashi Nagayama


Lahmacun, also spelled Lahmajoon, is a Middle Eastern dish.

The name Lahmacun comes from Arabic (لحم بعجين "lahma bi'ajeen") meaning meat and dough. Lahmacun is often described as Turkish Pizza or Armenian Pizza but it is not a pizza because it doesn't have cheese on it.

Lahmacun is topped with minced meat with herbs and spices and cooked in a clay oven. It can be wrapped around like a burrito with salad inside or eaten as a flat bread.

References

Turkish food
Middle Eastern foods

Lahmacun


TarraWarra Museum of Art is an art museum in Tarrawarra, Victoria, 45 kilometres northeast of Melbourne. Founded by philanthropists and art collectors Eva and Marc Besen, it is the first museum of art in Australia supported by a significant private endowment.

TarraWarra Museum of Art Limited was registered in 2000. The museum was then formally launched by Prime Minister John Howard on 24 April 2002 in a temporary location in North Melbourne, awaiting completion of a purpose-built museum in the Yarra Valley. The Tarrawarra museum building, designed by Alan Powell from architecture firm Powell & Glenn, was opened in 2003. The museum engages with art, place and ideas.

Collection
Eva and Marc Besen began collecting art in the 1950s. When exhibited in the 1970s, their collection was considered "One of the country's finest collections of Modern Australian art." In addition to the initial gift from the Besen's collection, TarraWarra has continued to acquire works. Artworks from the Museum's collection are periodically featured in scheduled exhibitions.

The collection includes works by notable Australian artists, such as Arthur Boyd, John Brack, Russell Drysdale, Rosalie Gascoigne, Dale Hickey, Susan Norrie, John Olsen, Patricia Piccinini, Clifton Pugh, Jeffrey Smart, Brett Whiteley and Fred Williams.

TarraWarra Biennial
The TarraWarra Biennial was established in 2006 "to identify new developments in contemporary art practice". Vincent Namatjira's work, Endless circulation, which comprised a series of portraits of the seven Prime Ministers who had been in power in Australia during his lifetime until that point, was exhibited,  along with work by Vernon Ah Kee, Helen Johnson, Wukun Wanambi, Sarah crowEst and Agatha Gothe-Snape.

The third Biennial, in 2012, Sonic Spheres, was curated by the museum's director Victoria Lynn. It brought together 21 pieces using music, sound and voice, and included leading Australian sound artists as well as artists more known for their work in other media. Two examples of the latter were Angela Mesti's Some Dance to Remember, Some Dance to Forget and Christian Thompson's Dhagunyilangu – Brother, sung in the Bidjara language.

References

External links
 TarraWarra Museum of Art
 Powell & Glenn Architects - TarraWarra Museum of Art

Art museums and galleries in Victoria (state)
Art museums established in 2003
2003 establishments in Australia

TarraWarra Museum of Art


Jerry Martin Sherk (born July 7, 1948) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons between 1970 until 1981. He made the Pro Bowl lineup for four straight years from 1973 through 1976, and is widely considered to be among the best defensive players in Cleveland Browns history.

College career
Jerry Sherk was born in Grants Pass, Oregon. He attended Grants Pass High, where he joined the school's wrestling and football teams.

Sherk attended Grays Harbor College in Aberdeen, Washington and  Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma. During high school, he played on both the football and wrestling teams in both his junior and senior years. He was an All-Big Eight selection on the gridiron in 1969 and an All-American as a Cowboy grappler in 1969. He was inducted to the Oklahoma State Hall of Honor in 2000. He was the key to the Grays Harbor wrestling teams winning wrestling state titles two years in a row.  Individually, he also won back-to-back state titles and in 1968, he pinned every opponent he faced.

NFL career
Sherk was selected in the second round (47th overall) of the 1970 NFL draft by the Cleveland Browns. His first game was on September 21, 1970, the first regular edition of Monday Night Football. He became a starting player immediately, and soon became noted as having a knack for getting to the quarterback. Sherk was part of an AFC Central Division in which each team boasted All-Pro quality defensive tackles: the Pittsburgh Steelers' Joe Greene, the Cincinnati Bengals' Mike Reid, and the Houston Oilers' Curley Culp, with Greene and Culp earning enshrinement in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

He was part of a 1972 Browns team that went 10-4 and advanced to the playoffs, losing to the undefeated Miami Dolphins. Sherk led the Browns in sacks with 10½ sacks and led teams' defensive linemen in tackles with 91, after totaling three sacks and 83 tackles in 1970 and 84 tackles with 4 1/2 sacks in 1971. The following year Sherk played in his first Pro Bowl after sacking opposing quarterbacks 5½ times and making 100 tackles, most by any Browns defensive lineman that season. In 1974 Sherk made his second Pro Bowl and led the Browns with 10 sacks to go with his 94 tackles.

In 1975 Sherk made his third consecutive Pro Bowl and was named All-AFC. He is known for punching St. Louis Cardinals QB, Jim Hart, in they eye during the Pro Bowl game causing him to leave the game with six stitches above his eye.  According to Hart he did not apologize.  He matched his own career-high of 100 tackles and recorded six sacks. In 1976 Sherk recorded 12 sacks and 92 tackles and was voted the NFL Defensive Player of the Year by the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA). Sherk was a consensus All-Pro, making the AP, PFWA, NEA teams as well as being consensus All-AFC for the second consecutive year. November 14, 1976 he set club record with four sacks in one game. He capped the season off by playing in his fourth consecutive Pro Bowl.

At a September 1977 preseason match against the Green Bay
Packers, Sherk seriously injured his knee. Consequently, he was only able to play in seven games during the 1977 season. He came back in 1978 recording a new career-high in tackles with 105 but only dropped opposing quarterbacks 3 times.

During a November 4, 1979 game at Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia, an infected boil on Sherk's arm was scraped off. Bacteria from the field's Astroturf entered his body through the wound, triggering s staph infection that traveled to his knee and nearly killed him. Sherk missed the last six games of the 1979 season. His substitute on the field was Henry Bradley. The infection eventually proved to be more problematic than first imagined, and effectively sidelined him for the 1980 season, in which he played in only one game and recorded only one tackle. Sherk's absence prompted the Browns to go to the 3-4 defense in 1980, with Bradley at nose guard.

He spent his final season, 1981, as a designated pass rusher, coming in to play defensive tackle when the Browns switched from the 3-4 o a four down lineman nickel defense. In that limited role he recorded 12 tackles and three sacks. In all, Sherk totaled 864 career tackles and 69½ sacks. Along the way, blocked 6 kicks, intercepted three passes, and recovered ten fumbles.

Post NFL career

Photography
After leaving football, Sherk worked as a sports photographer for roughly ten years. His work was featured in Sports Illustrated, Pro! Magazine, and many newspapers. His photographs from this time period were featured in an exhibition titled Through the Eyes of a Defensive Lineman: The Cleveland Browns as Photographed by Jerry Sherk. The photo show was held December 14, 2010 at Baldwin Wallace College in Berea, Ohio, and was sponsored by the Cleveland Touchdown Club Charities.

Mentoring
In 1991 Sherk returned to college, earning a master's degree in counseling psychology. He began counseling various vulnerable populations, becoming especially interested in working with at-risk children. Along the way he created a school-based group mentoring program that uses sports to teach young people how to reach goals in academics and life.

Personal life
Sherk resides in Encinitas, California in San Diego county, with his wife Ann.

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Cleveland Browns players
Oklahoma State Cowboys football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Sportspeople from Grants Pass, Oregon
Players of American football from Oregon

Jerry Sherk


Andrea Buvina (also known as Andrija Buvina, or Andrea Guvina, Gavina or Gruvina) was a 13th-century medieval Croatian sculptor and painter. His work is commonly associated with the Romanesque period.

Works
The wooden door for the Cathedral of St. Duje in Split, made by Andrija Buvina c. 1214, is the best-known work of Romanesque sculpture in Croatia. The two wings of the Buvina wooden door, which is 530 cm in height, contain 28 scenes from the life of Jesus Christ, starting with the Annunciation and ending with the Ascension, separated by the grape vine, acanthus and interlace ornaments, with small human and animal figures among the vine leaves. Buvina was also the author of a painting of Saint Christopher, probably a fresco painting in the peristyle of Diocletian's Palace in Split.

References

Croatian architects
Croatian sculptors
Romanesque artists
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Croatian painters
13th-century Croatian people

Andrija Buvina


The history of photography in Japan begins in the 19th century and has continued to be a prominent art form into the present era.

19th-century

Importation of photography

In 1848 (Edo era), a camera for daguerréotype was imported by a Dutch ship to Japan (Nagasaki, 長崎).  It is said that this was the first camera in Japan.  During Edo era, the import and the export had been prohibited (sakoku, 鎖国) by the Edo Government (Edobakufu, 江戸幕府), except that only Dutch ships had been permitted to export and import various goods at Nagasaki Port.  Therefore, the first camera was introduced at Nagasaki.  This camera was imported by Ueno Toshinojō (1790–1851, 上野俊之丞) and in 1849 passed to Shimazu Nariakira (1809–1858, 島津斉彬), who later would become a feudal lord (daimyō, 大名) of Satsuma Domain (薩摩藩, now Kagoshima-ken).

In Satsuma Domain, detailed study with respect to photography had been done, but it took almost ten years from the acquisition of the first camera to taking the first photograph.  In 1857, Shimazu Nariakira's photograph was taken by Ichiki Shirō (1828–1903, 市来四郎) and Ujuku Hikoemon (宇宿彦右衛門) (daguerréotype).  This is said to be the first photograph taken by Japanese and still exist and can be seen at Shōko Shūseikan (尚古集成館, Kagoshima-city, Japan).

In 1854, Convention of Kanagawa (日米和親条約, Nichi-Bei Washin Jōyaku, "America-Japan Treaty of Amity and Friendship") was concluded between U.S. and Japan, Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (日英和親条約, Nichi-Ei Washin Jōyaku) was concluded between Britain and Japan, and Treaty of Shimoda (日露和親条約, Nichi-Ro Washin Jōyaku) was concluded between Russia and Japan.  The treaties opened the Japanese ports of Shimoda (in Shizuoka Prefecture), Hakodate (in Hokkaido Prefecture) and Nagasaki to the trade.  In 1858, Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States – Japan) (日米修好通商条約).was concluded between U.S. and Japan and opened the port of Kanagawa, but soon the port of Yokohama (横浜), which is close to Kanagawa, opened for the trade with foreign countries in exchange to the port of Kanagawa.  The trade based on these treaties began in 1858 at Yokohama, Nagasaki and Hakodate.  This is called Kaikoku (開国, to open the nation for foreign countries and trades) in Japanese language.  Thanks to Kaikoku, more and more cameras and other photography-related equipment and materials had been imported to Japan.  Further some foreign photographers, such as Felix Beato came to Japan and took many photographs of Japan.

In 1862, Ueno Hikoma (1838–1904, 上野彦馬) opened his photo studio in Nagasaki and Shimooka Renjo (1823–1914, 下岡蓮杖) opened his photo studio in Noge (野毛, soon later included within Yokohama), in the same year, but independently. The open of these two photo studios for portraits indicated the new era of Japanese photography.

Professional photographers in the Meiji era

After the opening of Ueno Studio and Shimooka Studio, around the turning point between Edo Era and Meiji Era (1868), several new photo studios were opened, such as that of Kuichi Uchida (1844–1875, 内田九一) in 1865 in Osaka and in 1866 moved to Yokohama, that of Yohei Hori (or HORI Masumi, 1826–1880, 堀与兵衛 (堀真澄)) in 1865 in Kyoto, that of Kōkichi Kizu (1830–1895, 木津幸吉) in 1866 in Hakodate, that of Rihei Tomishige (1837–1922, 冨重利平) in Yanagawa, Chikugo in 1866 and that of Yokoyama Matsusaburō (1838–1884, 横山松三郎).

Among these photographers (Shashin-shi, 写真師), Uchida Kuichi is most famous for his photographs of Meiji Emperor (明治天皇) in 1872 and 1873, which photographs have been called Goshin'ei (御真影) and were used as public portraits of Meiji Emperor.  "真(shin)" means "true" and "影(ei)" means "(photographic) image" or "portrait" and "御(go)" means honorific prefix for "真影".  In Meiji Era, only very limited persons, such as prime ministers, could meet Meiji Emperor in person and most Japanese people in Meiji Era had no chance to see Meiji Emperor.  But Meiji Emperor's image was necessary for him to govern Japan and Japanese nations.  Therefore, Meiji Government prepared "御真影" and used "御真影" for Emperor's governance and Meiji Government's governance.

As other photographers, Kakoku Shima (1827–1870島霞谷) and Ryū Shima (1823–1899,  島隆) should be mentioned. They were a husband and a wife and began taking photography together around 1863 or 1864, and Ryū Shima was called the first woman professional photographer.

Further, around the 1860s and 1900, Yokohama-shashin (Yokohama Photo, Photographs selling or distributing in Yokohama, 横浜写真) was very popular.  Yokohama-shashin was a photograph of Japanese scenery, Japanese people (especially Japanese women) and Japanese cultures and a very widely used souvenir especially for foreign people.  Among photographers for Yokohama-shashin, Felix Beato and Kusakabe Kimbei (1841–1934, 日下部金兵衛) were very famous.

Because of Kaikoku, many foreign people came to Japan.  Further, after Meiji Ishin (Meiji Government was established in 1868), many Japanese were able to travel within Japan without breaking laws and began to travel within Japan.  Yokohama was a suitable place to visit both for foreign people and Japanese people, and Yokohama-shashin attracted such travellers very much.

Two main characteristics of Yokohama-shashin were;
a well-decorated album-style photographs, and
hand-colored photographs.

But towards the end of the 19th century, picture post cards, which were much cheaper than Yokohama-shashin, became very popular and were widely used in Japan, and many amateur photographers were emerging, who liked to take pictures by themselves than to buy expensive Yokohama-shashin.  These were the major reasons for Yokohama-shashin to decline.

In the 1880s, photographers in a new generation and new types began their activities.  Reiji Esaki (1845–1910, 江崎礼二), who took photographs of experimental torpedo explosion in Sumida river in 1883, and Kazuma Ogawa (1860–1929, 小川一眞), who not only took photographs but also was the managers of a printing factory, were particularly famous among them.

In the 1860s and 1870s, many photographs of Hokkaidō were taken, which photographs are called Hokkaidō Kaitaku Shashin (Photographs of Developments in Hokkaidō, 北海道開拓写真).  In the 1860s and 1870s, Hokkaidō was under the development by the Japanese Government.  The Government in Tokyo needed detailed reports of the development in writing, and they thought reports with photographs should be better and the Government requested some photographers to take photographs of the development in Hokkaidō.  Such photographers included Tamoto Kenzō (1832–1912, 田本研造), Kōkichi Ida (1846–1911, 井田侾吉), Raimund von Stillfried-Ratenicz (1839–1911), Seiichi Takebayashi (1842–1908, 武林盛一) and Sakuma Hanzō (1844–1897, 佐久間範造).

Emerging amateur photographers
Around the middle of the 1880s, photographers (写真師) began to use gelatin dry plates very widely.  Before the spread of gelatin dry plates, the wet collodion process (湿式コロジオン法) was ordinary process for photography in Japan and to use this process was very difficult in technical points and also it costs a considerable sum of money.  It means almost no amateur photographers can exist without gelatin dry plates.

Two famous examples of earliest amateur photographers in Japan were as follows;
Kamei Koreaki (1861–1896, 亀井茲明), who was a count and studied aesthetics in England and Germany, took photographs of the Sino-Japanese War (日清戦争) in 1895.
Kajima Seibei (1866–1924, 鹿島清兵衛) took many photographs in the 1890s, such as a life-size portrait of Manzaburō Umewaka (NO (能) actor) and a big-size photograph of Mt. Fuji.

Wide spread of gelatin dry plates and small-sized cameras led to the era of prominent amateur photographers in the 20th century in Japan.

Other major photographers
HASEGAWA Kichijirō (fl. 1870s, 長谷川吉次郎) who is included in "The History of Japanese Photography" (About this source, please refer to "Further reading" below)

20th century

Era of Geijutsushashin (Era of Pictorialism)
In 1904, Yūtsuzu-sha (ゆふつヾ社) was founded by Tetsusuke Akiyama, Seiichi Katō and other photographers.
In 1904, Naniwa Photography Club (Naniwa Shashin Club, 浪華写真倶楽部) was founded in Osaka.
In 1907, Tokyo Photographic Research Society (Tokyo Shashin Kenkyūkai, 東京写真研究会) was founded in Tokyo.
In 1912, Aiyū Photography Club (Aiyū Shashin Club, 愛友写真倶楽部) was founded in Nagoya and Chotaro Hidaka (1883–1926, 日高長太郎), Aitarō Masuko (1882–1968, 益子愛太郎) and Matsutaro Ohashi (1891–1941, 大橋松太郎) actively made photographs as a member of this Club.
In 1912, Yonin Kai was founded by Yasuzō Nojima (1889–1964, 野島康三) and other three photographers.
In 1921, Shashin Geijutsu Sha (写真芸術社) was founded and the first issue of Shashin Geijutsu (Photographic Art, 写真芸術) was published by Shinzō Fukuhara (1883–1948, 福原信三), Rosō Fukuhara (1892–1946, 福原路草) and other photographers.
In 1922, Japan Photographic Art Association (Nihon Kōga Geijutsu Kyōkai, 日本光画芸術協会) was founded by Hakuyō Fuchikami (1889–1960, 淵上白陽) and the first issue of Hakuyō (白陽) was published.
In 1922, the first issue of Geijutsu Shashin Kenkyū (Art Photography Studies, 芸術写真研究) was published.
In 1922, a photographic monograph Paris et la Seine, Paris and the Seine (Pari to Seinu, 巴里とセイヌ) and in 1923, another monograph, Light and its Euphony (Hikari to sone Kaichō, 光と其諧調) were published by Shinzō Fukuhara.
In the early 1920s, ves-tan school (ベス単派) was formed by Masataka Takayama (1895–1981, 高山正隆), Makihiko Yamamoto (1893–1985, 山本牧彦) and Jun Watanabe.

Era of Shinkōshashin (Era of New Photography)

In the early and mid-1920s, there appeared some photographic tendencies called constructivism school (構成派) within Nihon Kōga Geijutsu Kyōkai members, for example, in Hakuyō Fuchikami's works.
In 1923, the first issue of Asahi Graph (The Asahigraph Weekly, アサヒグラフ) was published.
In 1923, there occurred Kantō Great Earthquake (Kantō Daishinsai, 関東大震災).
In 1924, the first issue of Photo Times (フォトタイムス) was published.
In 1926, the first issue of Asahi Camera (アサヒカメラ) was published.
In 1927, Iwata Nakayama returned to Japan after several years in the U.S. and Europe,
In 1930, Tampei Photography Club (Tampei Shashin Club) (February 1930-c. 1941, Osaka) (丹平写真倶楽部) was founded by Bizan Ueda and other photographers and later Nakaji Yasui (1903–1942, 安井仲治) entered this Club.
In 1930, Ashiya Camera Club (芦屋カメラクラブ) was founded by Iwata Nakayama (1895–1949, 中山岩太), Kambei Hanaya (1903–1991, ハナヤ勘兵衛) and other photographers.
In 1930, New Photography Research Society (Shinko Shashin Kenkyūkai, 新興写真研究会) was founded and the first issue of Shinko Shashin Kenkyū (New Photography Studies, 新興写真研究) was published by Sen'ichi Kimura.
1931: German International Traveling Photography Exhibition (独逸国際移動写真展, Doitsu Kokusai Idō Shashin Ten; This was a traveling exhibition of "Film und Foto" in Stuttgart, Germany in 1929) was held in Tokyo [April] and Osaka [July].
In 1932, the first issue of Kōga (Photography, 光画) was published by Yasuzō Nojima, Iwata Nakayama and Ihee Kimura (or Ihei Kimura).
In 1932, Manchuria Photographic Artists Association (Manshū Shashin Sakka Kyōkai) (満洲写真作家協会) was founded and in 1933, Manshū Graph (Pictorial Manchuria, 満洲グラフ) was published by Hakuyō Fuchikami.
In 1932, a photographic monograph, Camera, Eye x Iron, Construction (Camera, Me x Tetsu Kōsei, カメラ・眼×鉄・構成) was published by Masao Horino (1907–1999, 堀野正雄).
In 1933, a photographic monograph, Early Summer Nerves (Shoka Shinkei, 初夏神経) was published by Kiyoshi Koishi (1908–1957, 小石清).
In 1936, a photographic monograph, the Reason for Sleep (Nemuri no Riyū, 眠りの理由) was published by Ei-Q.
In 1937, Avant-Garde Image Group (Avant-Garde Zōei Shūdan, アヴァンギャルド造影集団) was founded by Gingo Hanawa (1894–1957, 花和銀吾), Terushichi Hirai (1900–1970, 平井輝七) and other photographers.
In 1938, Avant-Garde Photography Association (Zen'ei Shashin Kyōkai, 前衛写真協会) was founded by Shūzo Takiguchi and some photographers.
In 1939, Nagoya Photo Avant-Garde (名古屋フォトアバンガルド) was founded by  Minoru Sakata (1902–1974, 坂田稔), Kansuke Yamamoto (1914–1987, 山本悍右) and other photographers.
In 1939, Société Irf (ソシエテ・イルフ) was founded in Fukuoka by Wataru Takahashi (1900–1944, 高橋渡) and other photographers.
In 1940, a photographic monograph, Mesembryanthemum ("Mesem Zoku", メセム属) was published by Yoshio Shimozato.
In 1940, a photographic monograph, Light ("Hikari", 光) was published by Tampei Shashin Club.
In 1942, Nakaji Yasui died.

Era of Hōdōshashin (Era of Photojournalism)
In 1932, Yōnosuke Natori returned to Japan from Germany as a correspondent photographer of Ullstein-Verlag.
In 1933, Nippon Kōbō (Japan Studio, 日本工房) was founded by Yōnosuke Natori, but in 1934 most of main members other than Natori has left Nippon Kobo and founded Chūō Kōbō (Metropolitan Studio, 中央工房). Then Natori reorganized Nippon Kōbō.
In 1934, the first issue of Nippon was published by Nippon Kōbō.
In 1938, the first issue of Shashin Shūhō (Photo Weekly, 写真週報) was published.
In 1941, Tōhōsha (Far East Company, 東方社) was founded.
In 1942, the first issue of Front was published by Tōhōsha.

After WWII, there appeared the era of Hōdōshashin (era of photojournalism) again, mainly led by Ken Domon (1909–1990, 土門拳), Ihee Kimura (Ihei Kimura, 1901–1974, 木村伊兵衛) and Yōnosuke Natori (1910–1962, 名取洋之助), all of three were very active even during WWII.  Avant-garde photography including surrealism and pictorialism photography had almost disappeared behind photojournalism after WWII because photography other than photojournalism which supported Japanese government and Japanese military powers was completely oppressed by the Japanese government during WWII. It took several years before avant-garde photography came back to the stage of the history of Japanese photography.

21st century

References

Further reading
The History of Japanese Photography, The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Yale University Press, 2003,
Modern Photography in Japan 1915–1940, 2001,

Photography
History of art in Japan

Photography in Japan


South Whidbey State Park is a public recreation area consisting of  of old-growth forest and tidelands with  of shoreline on Admiralty Inlet along the west shore of Whidbey Island in Island County, Washington. The state park contains many mature specimens of western red cedar, Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, and western hemlock, some of the largest on Whidbey island, including a giant cedar over 500 years old.

History
When the park was created in 1974 it consisted of approximately 87 acres of shoreline along Puget Sound. In 1977 local citizens filed a lawsuit against the Washington Department of Natural Resources, which managed the park, when they learned that the state agency planned to grant logging contracts on an adjacent 267 acre parcel of land known as "Classic U," which contained one of the few remaining stands of old-growth conifers on the island. Activists pursued legal solutions to prevent logging of the parcel, forming a nonprofit foundation called Save the Trees and seeking a temporary injunction on logging from the state government. Many also practiced civil disobedience—laying down in front of bulldozers to prevent the destruction of ancient trees.

After many years of negotiation and litigation, 255 acres of the Classic U parcel were officially added to the state park system by action of the legislature. In 1992, the parcel was officially purchased from the DNR and added to South Whidbey State Park.

In 2006 an additional 7.3 acre parcel was added to South Whidbey State Park, bringing the total acreage to 347. This land, known as the "Ryan addition" in honor of local conservationists Al and Maureen Ryan, who were instrumental in the battle to preserve the Classic U groves from logging, was purchased with funds contributed by the state Parks and Recreation Commission, the Island County Commission, and private donors in an effort organized by the non-profit Whidbey Camano Land Trust.

In 2015 the campground and overnight use of the park closed indefinitely due to dangerous conditions from "advanced levels of heart rot in the stems of large old-growth trees."

Amenities
Park activities include picnicking, hiking on  of trails, camping, crabbing, clamming, fishing, swimming, beachcombing, birdwatching, and wildlife viewing.

References

External links

South Whidbey State Park Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission

State parks of Washington (state)
Parks in Island County, Washington
Protected areas established in 1963
Old-growth forests

South Whidbey State Park


Mark Innes (born 27 September 1978) is a Scottish former footballer who played as a defender.

He spent the entirety of his nine-year professional career in the third tier of English football, making 177 league and 26 cup appearances. His career began with Oldham Athletic in 1997, and continued with Chesterfield between 2001 and 2005. He spent the final two years of his career playing for Port Vale, before a serious injury he sustained on trial at St Mirren ended his professional playing career. After becoming a qualified tiler he turned out for non-League side Hyde United between 2007 and 2009, before moving on to New Mills for a two-year spell. In 2011, he signed with Mossley, but after just two months of the 2011–12 season, he was to return to New Mills.

Career
Innes started his career with Second Division side Oldham Athletic, signing professional forms at the start of the 1997–98 season. He first established himself in the first team in the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 campaigns, making 24 and 38 appearances over all competitions respectively.

Out of favour at the start of the 2001–02 season, he was loaned out to Chesterfield in December 2001 in a one-month spell. He scored on his club debut, in a 2–2 draw with Brighton & Hove Albion on 21 December. He moved permanently to Saltergate at the end of his spell, and finished the season with two goals and 23 appearances to his name. After he picked up a calf injury in September 2002, Innes was limited him to just ten games in 2002–03. However his performances over 23 games in the 2003–04 campaign saw him rewarded him with a new one-year contract. Following 22 appearances the following season, he was released by the club in March 2005.

He signed with Port Vale days after his release from Chesterfield, and signed a twelve-month contract in June 2005. He was a first team feature at Vale Park until February 2006, at which point he fell out of the first team picture and was released when his contract was up at the end of the 2006–07 season. Back in his native Scotland he went on trial at St Mirren, where an Achilles injury ended his professional career, also leaving him with a lengthy rehabilitation period.

He returned to England and joined Conference North club Hyde United in 2007 whilst also working as a tiler – he had come into the tiling profession after the PFA helped him onto a training course. Enjoying regular first team football with 67 performances over two seasons, he was not offered a new contract in summer 2009.

Upon his release from Hyde, Innes dropped several divisions to join New Mills in the North West Counties Football League. Following a second-place finish in 2009–10, New Mills won promotion out of the Premier Division in the 2010–11 season, finishing as champions with 102 points. They were rewarded with a place in the Northern Premier League Division One South. In June 2011 he joined Mossley in the Northern Premier League Division One North. The "Lilywhites" finished in 14th place in 2011–12. However, Innes was to play little part in the season as he rejoined New Mills at the end of September 2011 and made his second debut for the club in the 2–2 away draw at Shepshed Dynamo on 1 October 2011. The club finished in ninth place in 2011–12.

Career statistics

Honours
New Mills
North West Counties Football League Premier Division: 2010–11

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Bellshill
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Hyde United F.C. players
New Mills A.F.C. players
Mossley A.F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players

Mark Innes


Sir Thomas Fludd (about 1530 – 1607), the son of Welsh parents, became a landowner in Kent, where he held several public offices. His youngest son was the scientist Robert Fludd.

Origins
His father was John Fludd, the surname an English form of the Welsh Llwyd, from the village of St Martin's in Shropshire, who married Agnes from the neighbouring village of Weston Rhyn. Her father was Meredith Bonner, whose surname is probably an English form of the Welsh ap Ynyr. A brother, Richard Fludd, settled in Ireland, where the surname is spelled Flood, while two of his sisters married Kent landowners.

Career
After an unknown education, around 1560 Thomas acquired Milgate House at Thurnham in Kent and became active first in local and then in national affairs.

In 1568 he secured the post of Surveyor of Crown Lands for the county of Kent and the cities of Rochester and Canterbury. In 1572 he had a grant of arms, his shield being Vert, a chevron between three wolves heads, erased, argent, and around 1579 became a Justice of the Peace for Kent. In 1582 he was appointed to the Exchequer as Receiver of Revenue for the counties of Kent, Surrey and Sussex. At the request of the inhabitants, he was in 1588 put on a special commission to examine the affairs of the town of New Romney. The next year he was knighted and appointed a paymaster to the English forces fighting in France under Lord Willoughby, a post changed after much bureaucratic in-fighting to Treasurer at War in 1597. In 1591 he was commissioned to supervise the renovation of Dover Harbour, being treasurer of the project in 1603.

In 1593 he was elected MP for the borough of Maidstone and was one of the Kent gentlemen selected by the county to compound with the Commissioners for Purveyance. In the House of Commons, he sat on the Subsidy Committee and the Committee on Kerseys. Re-elected as Maidstone's MP in 1597, he was admitted to Gray's Inn in 1601 and was elected for the third and final time to the Commons in 1601, where he sat on a committee to consider the abolition of gavelkind.

Family
He first married Elizabeth, the daughter of Philip Andrews who lived at Wellington in Somerset and his wife Elizabeth, the daughter of Henry Parker and his wife Dorothy Shelley. She died on 25 January 1591 and was buried at Holy Cross Church in Bearsted. He later married Barbara, widow of Sir Henry Cutts, who survived him and married William Covert.
Children are:
Edward, who married Jane, daughter of Sir Michael Sands of Throwley and his wife Mary Finch, and had a daughter Mary. He died before 1607 and Jane married Sir Thomas May.
Thomas, the eldest surviving son and heir, married Catherine, daughter of Levin Bufkin of Otham and his wife Anne Guilford. They had three children, including Thomas his heir.
Joan married Sir Nicholas Gilborne of Charing at Bearsted on 7 April 1583 and had nine children.
John, baptised at Bearsted on 10 August 1572, married Mary Purefoy and had a son Robert.
Robert Fludd baptised at Bearsted 17 Jan 1573/4
Catherine, baptised at Bearsted on 5 December 1579, married Thomas Lunsford and had seven children, including Sir Thomas Lunsford who went to Virginia.
Sarah, baptised at Bearsted on 12 March 1581, married Henry Bufkin, brother of Catherine above, and had five children.

Death and legacy
Making his will on 18 February 1607, he died on 30 May and was buried at Bearsted. In his will, proved on 11 June, he left small bequests to household servants, to the village church, to the poor in surrounding parishes and to the prisoners in Maidstone gaol. Legacies also went to his sister Catherine and brother Hugh. Most of his extensive real estate and personal effects were divided among his three surviving sons Thomas, John and Robert, with Robert also getting cash of 600 pounds (worth at least 120,000 pounds in 2015). To his three surviving daughters, Joan, Catherine and Sarah, bequests were minor, presumably because they already had portions on marrying. His wife Barbara kept her own goods and lands that she had brought to the marriage, with Thomas asked to let her live on at Milgate. In addition to his London house in Old Bailey, the landholdings mentioned in his will are predominantly in Kent but extend to Surrey, Sussex and his native Shropshire.

References

16th-century births
1607 deaths
People from Shropshire
English landowners
English MPs 1593
English MPs 1597–1598
English MPs 1601
English people of Welsh descent
People from Kent

Thomas Fludd


Natalya Korzhova (born 8 April 1958) is a former Minister of Finance in the Government of Kazakhstan.

Gambling restrictions
The Security Council of Kazakhstan ruled on 13 November 2006 to restrict organized gambling in Kazakhstan to Kapchagai and Shchuchinsk after 1 January 2007. Minister Korzhova said the Parliament of Kazakhstan is considering banning casinos outside of those two cities and regional governors will offer other economic opportunities to casino owners in return for shutting down their businesses. President Nursultan Nazarbayev signed a law on 12 January 2007 establishing the "legal foundations for organizing the gambling business in Kazakhstan" restricting gambling to the Shchuchinsko-Borovskaya resort area and on the right bank of the Kapshagai water reservoir after 1 April 2007. The law mandates that all casinos must have video surveillance systems with footage kept seven days after taping. Every casino must have a gambling license and at least 20 green cloths and 50 slot machines.

Trip to China
She traveled with Deputy Prime Minister Karim Masimov, Transport and Communications Minister Serik Akhmetov, and Energy and Mineral Resources Minister Baktykozha Izmukhambetov to Beijing, China from 16–17 November 2006 in an effort to boost bilateral relations.

Eurasian Development Bank
The Majilis ratified an agreement with the Eurasian Development Bank on 21 December 2006. Korzhova praised the deal for securing the EDB's "status as an international institution." Russian President Vladimir Putin and Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev created the EDB in January 2006, funded with donations from Russia amounting to USD $1 billion and Kazakh donations amounting to USD 500 million.

References

1958 births
Living people
Labor and social affairs ministers of Kazakhstan
Ministers of Finance (Kazakhstan)
Women government ministers of Kazakhstan
21st-century Kazakhstani women politicians
21st-century Kazakhstani politicians
Female finance ministers

Natalya Korzhova


Hanby is a hamlet in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England.  It is situated  between Lenton and Ropsley Heath, on the line of the Roman Road King Street. The nearest large town is Grantham  to the north-west. Hanby  is part of the civil parish of Lenton, Keisby and Osgodby .

Lost settlement
The hamlet is the location of a lost village of Hanby: English Heritage Archive number TF03SW15; location TF02703159. Past observers have concluded that there were house platforms with building materials, including stone roof tiles, scattered around. Local finds include  a flint scraper, Anglo-Saxon pot sherds and medieval sherds. Aerial photographs show no shapes because the area has been ploughed over, but cropmarks show "two conjoined ditched enclosures . . . interpreted as possible crofts, with a small ditched enclosure". There was a ridge and furrow field to the north, but that was ploughed level too; however the farmer found Anglo-Saxon and medieval pottery in these fields. There is another lost settlement called Hanby at Welton le Marsh, or Hanby Hall, in the north of the county.

References

External links

 Aerial photograph of Hanby
 Old maps of Hanby: 1888, 1891 and 1905
 Modern map of Hanby

Villages in Lincolnshire
South Kesteven District
Deserted medieval villages in Lincolnshire
Archaeological sites in Lincolnshire

Hanby, Lincolnshire


Natalie Osborne is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, Hollyoaks, played by Tiffany Mulheron. She made her first appearance during an episode broadcast in July 2003 and left in 2004.

Casting
Mulheron originally auditioned for the role of Roxy, a guest character, who was later murdered by serial killer Toby Mills (Henry Luxemburg). Mulheron commented, "I don't think I was suitable, which was lucky for me. It was a good part but she didn't live for very long."

Mulheron decided to leave at the end of her contract in October 2004, so she could pursue different film and television roles.

Development
Natalie had several love interests during her time in the show, and Mulheron thought her character was "quite tarty". Natalie often wore revealing clothing, which she used to "show off her body to snare men." Mulheron said viewers would be surprised to meet her in real life, as she was always covered up. She also said that she and Natalie were very dissimilar. Mulheron called Natalie "a very bad girl" and explained that she loved playing her, as she was "a bitch." She added that before Natalie's scenes, she would stop and think of all the "bitchy things" she could.

Storylines
Natalie was Jack's Scottish niece who came to stay with her uncle after refusing to go back to the small village she came from. She was blonde and attractive and she knew it. She annoyed Jack's lodger Izzy Davies (Elize du Toit) by stealing her clothes and make-up, and flirting outrageously with her boyfriend Ben Davies (Marcus Patric). She also proved to be work-shy and, along with her cousin Darren Osborne (Ashley Taylor Dawson), a trouble maker. She made no friends during her time in the village as she was extremely bitchy and was always trying to steal someone else's boyfriend.

Her love life was also unpredictable as she shared a brief love affair with Darren, but rejected his later advances, until he began dating Debbie Dean (Jodi Albert). Natalie and Darren begin an affair. Debbie's jealousy led to a ketchup fight between the girls in the pub before Debbie broke up with Darren. By this time Natalie did not want him and managed to seduce Craig Dean (Guy Burnett) and he lost his virginity to her. Her treatment of Craig was mean, and she was taught a lesson by Craig's sisters Debbie and Steph Dean (Carley Stenson) who had both had an intense dislike of Natalie since she arrived. She was horrified when her little sister Rachel Osborne (Lucy Evans) arrived and vowed to get rid of her as soon as possible. After weeks of fighting and squabbling, the final straw came when Jack found out about her failing her exams due to the lack of work and also her second pregnancy but not knowing who the father was. Despite using her charms, Jack told Rachel and Natalie that they were being sent home. Rachel was delighted and Natalie flounced off back to Scotland.

Reception
At the 2004 British Soap Awards, Mulheron was nominated in the category of Sexiest Female for her portrayal of Natalie. Virgin Media profiled some of Hollyoaks''' "hottest females" in their opinion, of Natalie they stated: "The claws were out when Jack Osborne's niece, Natalie, landed in Hollyoaks. The sexy madam charmed the pants off many a man during her brief stay but she was unceremoniously sent back to Scotland after getting pregnant." James Hastings of the Daily Mirror'' branded the character a "man-eater" and a "spoilt temptress".

References

Hollyoaks characters
Television characters introduced in 2003
Scottish female characters in television
Osborne family (Hollyoaks)

Natalie Osborne


William I Longsword ( – 17 December 942) was the second "Duke of Normandy". William added to his father's territories. He also began to expand Norman influence in West Francia (France).

Early career

William  was born to the Viking Rollo and his Christian wife Poppa of Bayeux. He was born overseas probably in England.
 His mother was from a Frankish noble family. William was baptized a Christian probably at the same time as his father, William's nickname Longsword was probably earned during the fighting in 924–925 around Beauvais, Ponthieu and Amiens.

Duke of Normandy

William succeeded his father as leader in 927 Early in his reign he faced a rebellion from by other Normans who did not think he was fit to lead them. The leader of this rebellion was Riouf of Évreux. At this same time William sent his wife Sprota to Fécamp where their son Richard was born.

In 933, William I Longsword swore loyalty to Raoul as King of Western Francia. In turn Raoul gave him lordship over much of the lands of the Bretons including Avranches and the Cotentin. But the Bretons fought to keep these lands. They were led by Alan II, Duke of Brittany and Count Berenger of Rennes. It ended shortly with Alan fleeing to England and Beranger seeking to be on friendly terms with the Normans. In 935, William arranged a marriage between his sister Adela and William, count of Poitou with the approval of Hugh the Great. At the same time William married Luitgarde, daughter of count Herbert II of Vermandois. Her dowry gave William the lands of Longueville, Coudres and Illiers l'Eveque.

William Longsword attacked Flanders in 939 and Arnulf I, Count of Flanders, and Louis IV, King of France, attacked Normandy because of this. Arnulf captured the castle of Montreuil-sur-Mer defeating Herluin, Count of Ponthieu. Herluin helped William Longsword to take back the castle. William was excommunicated for attacking and destroying lands belonging to Arnulf. William pledged his loyalty to King Louis IV when they met in 940. In return for this he was confirmed in lands that had been given to his father, Rollo. Almost three years later, on 17 December 942 at Picquigny on the Somme, William Longsword was attacked and killed by followers of Arnulf while at a peace conference to settle their differences.

Family

William had one son with Sprota.

 Richard the Fearless, who succeeded his father.

William married secondly Luitgarde, daughter of Herbert II, Count of Vermandois. They had no children.

Notes

References

890 births
940s deaths
Dukes and duchesses of Normandy

William Longsword


Forced suicide is a method of execution where the victim is coerced into committing suicide to avoid facing an alternative option they perceive as much worse, such as suffering torture, public humiliation, or having friends or family members imprisoned, tortured or killed.

In ancient Greece and Rome

Forced suicide was a common means of execution in ancient Greece and Rome. As a mark of respect it was generally reserved for aristocrats sentenced to death; the victims would either drink hemlock or fall on their swords. Economic motivations prompted some suicides in ancient Rome. A person who was condemned to death would forfeit property to the government. People could evade that provision and let the property pass to their heirs by committing suicide prior to arrest.

One of the most well-known forced suicides is that of the philosopher Socrates, who drank hemlock after his trial for allegedly corrupting the youth of Athens. The Stoic philosopher Seneca also killed himself in response to an order by his pupil, the Roman Emperor Nero, who himself was forced to commit suicide at a later date. Other famous forced suicides include those of Brutus, Mark Antony, Emperor Otho, and the Roman generals Varus and Corbulo.

In Asia

The Hindu practice of sati, in which a recently widowed woman would immolate herself on her husband's funeral pyre, is not generally considered a type of honor killing. However, the extent up to which Sati was a purely voluntary act or one that was coerced is actively debated. There have been some incidents in recent times, such as the Roop Kanwar case, in which forced sati was suspected. Additional cases are under investigation, though no evidence of forced suicide has yet been found.

Some instances of Japanese seppuku fall into this category. The culture practiced by the samurai expected them to ritually kill themselves if found disloyal, sparing a daimyō or shōgun the indignity of executing a follower. This was especially the case in the Edo period, and Asano Naganori was a clear example.

In Europe
Erwin Rommel, a German military leader during World War II, was implicated in a plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler in 1944.  On Hitler's orders, two generals went to Rommel's home and offered him a choice of either going through a public trial (which would inevitably lead to his execution and the punishment of his family) or taking his own life by swallowing cyanide (in which case he would receive a hero's funeral and his family would be spared imprisonment).  Rommel opted for suicide on 14 October 1944; details of his fate were confirmed by his widow and son after the end of the war.

As a substitute for honor killings
A forced suicide may be a substitute for an honor killing when a woman violates the namus in conservative Middle Eastern societies. In 2006, the United Nations investigated reports of forced suicides of women in southeastern Turkey.

References

Execution methods

Forced suicide


Ptychadena chrysogaster is a species of frog in the family Ptychadenidae. It is found in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kivu), Burundi, Rwanda, and southwestern Uganda, with an isolated record from Serengeti, Tanzania. Common names yellow-bellied ridged frog, golden-bellied rocket frog, and Rwanda grassland frog have been coined for it.

Ptychadena chrysogaster is a forest species associated with swampy areas on the forest edge at elevations of  above sea level. It can also occur in disturbed habitats, including roadside ditches. Breeding takes place in streams. It is a common and adaptable species that is not facing major threats. Furthermore, it occurs in several national parks: Kibale and Bwindi National Parks in Uganda, and Serengeti National Park in Tanzania.

References

chrysogaster
Frogs of Africa
Amphibians of Burundi
Amphibians of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Amphibians of Rwanda
Amphibians of Tanzania
Amphibians of Uganda
Taxa named by Raymond Laurent
Amphibians described in 1954
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Ptychadena chrysogaster


Seeds of Yesterday is a television film released on April 12, 2015 produced by Lifetime based on the 1984 novel of the same name.

Plot
Thirteen years after If There Be Thorns, Cathy and Chris arrive at Foxworth Hall, which has been re-built by Bart, for his 25th birthday party. Bart has remained obsessed with Malcolm and has an estranged relationship with his mother and uncle/stepfather due to their incestuous relationship. He has even changed his last name to Foxworth in order to emphasize his distance from them. His anger and hatred is particularly aimed towards Chris, though still showing a deep love for his mother. Jory and his wife, Melodie, arrive to announce she is pregnant with twins. Everyone but Bart is excited about the news and Bart is jealous of his brother because he secretly lusts after Melodie.

The next day, Cindy arrives and Bart welcomes her with contempt, not even wanting to acknowledge her as his sister due to her merely being adopted. At the birthday party, Jory and Cindy perform a ballet for the guests, but Jory has an accident that leaves him paralyzed from the waist down and ends his dance career. Melodie is distraught since she is unable to live with a husband who cannot dance, nor make love to her again. Cindy suspects that Bart was responsible for the incident since he had updated his insurance policy the day before the accident. When confronted with this suspicion, Bart denies this to Cathy and Chris, but they do not fully believe him.

As months pass with Jory hospitalized and Melodie becoming more depressed, Bart takes advantage of her vulnerable state and seduces her. When Jory comes home, Corrine's will is read and Bart is enraged to learn that he will inherit the Foxworth estate only on his 35th birthday, leaving Chris as the guardian of his money until then. Cathy discovers Bart and Melodie's affair when walking in on them having sex. Bart tells Cathy that Melodie loves him and points out that Malcolm was obsessed with his own mother until she abandoned him and how much he hates seeing his own mother with Chris. Cathy then confronts Melodie and threatens to ruin her life if she does not start supporting her husband Jory. Jory however soon attempts suicide by drowning himself in the pool, but is saved by Chris. Following this, Melodie promises Jory that she will be more attentive to him, but she soon tries to continue her affair with Bart, who having had her, now rejects her. Cindy brings home a new boyfriend, Lance, to meet the family during dinner. However, Bart beats him after catching the two having sex. Despite his hatred towards her, Bart nevertheless starts to lust for Cindy.

On Christmas Day, Bart deliberately confesses his affair with Melodie to Jory, and the shock causes her to go into premature labour. She gives birth to a boy and girl named Darren and Deirdre. However, she shows no interest in them as well as Jory and abruptly abandons them. Bart follows Cindy meeting with another boyfriend at a bar and confronts her on her way home through the woods and, in the heat of the moment, has sex with her. Cindy is interested in having a relationship with Bart and admits that she has genuine feelings for him, even revealing she knows about Cathy and Chris' secret, but he rejects her, having sated his lust. Devastated, Cindy returns to school in New York.

Chris decides to look for a new house for Cathy, Jory, the twins, and himself to give Bart his own space. They hire a nanny, Toni, to take care of the twins. Bart starts pursuing her, which troubles Cathy since she was hoping Toni would end up with Jory instead. Bart soon accuses Toni of being with him merely for his money and breaks up with her. He then forces the family to attend a baptism at the Foxworth chapel for the twins and almost drowns Deirdre in the font, causing Cathy and Chris to decide to leave Foxworth Hall with Jory, Toni, and the twins to get away from sociopathic Bart. Bart has a mental breakdown and accuses Cathy of abandoning him for Chris, and blames her for ruining the family. He is about to kill her with a dagger before he is stopped by Jory. Finally seeing that it is hopeless to help him, Cathy decides to leave Bart for good. As he returns home after finding them a new house, Chris pulls over to help a stranded motorist and is struck by a passing truck, which kills him instantly.

Several hours pass before the police arrive to inform the family of Chris' accident and death. This causes Bart to realize his wrongdoings and how he has pushed people away. He realizes his love for Cindy and confesses to her when she comes home for Chris' funeral. Bart remorsefully gives a moving eulogy at Chris' funeral and is thankful to Chris for raising him when he did not need to. In the end, Cathy reveals that Jory  finished  his recovery, has married Toni, and they are raising the twins and expecting a child together. Bart becomes a televangelist and marries Cindy. However, Cathy chooses to remain at Foxworth Hall as she continues to mourn the loss of her beloved Chris. One day, she goes up to the attic, sits by a window and, as she envisions yellow paper flowers, there is an implication that she had died of a broken heart.

Cast
 Rachael Carpani as Catherine Dollanganger
 James Maslow as Bart Foxworth
 Jason Lewis as Christopher Dollanganger
 Sammi Hanratty as Cindy Sheffield
 Anthony Konechny as Jory Marquet
 Leah Gibson as Melodie Marquet
 Nikohl Boosheri as Toni
 Andrew Herr as Lance

References

External links

Lifetime Is Developing Three More V.C. Andrews Novels

2015 television films
2015 films
Incest in film
Lifetime (TV network) films
Films based on American novels
Films scored by Douglas Pipes
Films directed by Shawn Ku
Films set in the 1990s
Films set in 1997
Films set in the 2000s
Films set in 2001

Seeds of Yesterday (film)


Maharaja Karni Singh ji  (21 April 1924 – 6 September 1988), also known as Dr Karni Singh, was from 1950 the last Maharaja of Bikaner State to hold the title of Maharaja of Bikaner, officially, until 1971, when the privy purse and all the royal titles were abolished by the Republic of India. He was also a politician, serving as a member of the Lok Sabha for twenty-five years, from 1952 to 1977, and an international clay pigeon and skeet champion.

Early life and education

Born as Prince Karni Singh on 21 April 1924 in the princely state of Bikaner, Singh's first schooling was there, after which he attended St Stephen's College, Delhi, and St Xavier's College, Bombay, where he graduated BA with Honours in History and Politics.

Career
He saw active service in the Second World War, serving in the Middle East with his grandfather, General Sir Ganga Singh, the 23rd Maharaja of Bikaner. Prince Karni succeeded his father, Lieutenant-General Maharaja Sir Sadul Singh, in 1950.

In 1952, the young Maharaja Karni Singh was elected Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha (Lower House) of India from Bikaner constituency as an independent candidate, serving on several consultative committees of different ministries and holding his seat until 1977.

In 1964 he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Bombay University, for his thesis The relationship of the Bikaner royal family with central authority (1465–1949).

He was an ardent supporter of the Rajasthani language and argued for its inclusion in the 14th schedule of the Indian Constitution.

As well as many sports, his interests included photography and painting.

Maharaja Karni Singh attended his last Olympic Games in 1980, and he died on 4 September 1988.

Family
He was the elder son of Maharaja Sadul Singh, and his name was chosen after their (kul devi) deity's name Karni mata. Singh was married to princess Sushila Kumari of Dungarpur on 25 February 1944 and they had one son and two daughters: Narendra Singh, Rajyashree Kumari, and Madhulika Kumari.

His daughter Princess Rajyashree Kumari was also a first class shooting sportswoman who received the Arjuna Award in 1968.

He was succeeded by his son Narendra Singh, who has 3 daughters: Daksha Kumari, Siddhi Kumari, and Mahima Kumari. Princess Siddhi Kumari is active in today's politics, currently MLA from Bikaner East (Rajasthan).

Sporting career
Singh won the National Championship in Clay Pigeon Trap and Skeet seventeen times and represented India at all levels of international competition. He was the first Indian to compete at five Olympic Games, which he did from 1960 to 1980, missing the Games of 1976, representing India at clay pigeon shooting at the Summer Olympics in Rome, 1960, Tokyo, 1964 (Captain), Mexico, 1968, Munich, 1972, and Moscow, 1980. His best positions in competition were eighth in 1960 and tenth in 1968.

He represented his country in the World Shooting Championships at Oslo in 1961, and the next year won a silver medal at the 38th World Shooting Championships in Cairo, after tie for 1st place, captaining the Indian team. He also competed in the World Shooting Championships at Wiesbaden in 1966, again captaining the team, and at Bologna in 1967 and San Sebastian in 1969. He competed in the Asian Shooting Championships at Tokyo in 1967 and at Seoul in 1971, where he won a gold medal. He won a silver medal at the Asian Games in Tehran, 1974, and another in the Asian Games at Kuala Lumpur in 1975.

In 1981 he won the Welsh Grand Prix for clay pigeon shooting, the North Wales Cup and the North West of England Cup.

In 1961 he was given the Arjuna award, becoming the first person from the world of shooting to be rewarded with that national honour. He documented his shooting experiences in a book of memoirs called From Rome to Moscow.

Singh was also a keen player of tennis, golf, and cricket, and held a private pilot's licence.

Memberships
Singh was a member of the Asiatic Society of India, the National Sports Club of India, the Cricket Club of India, the Western India Automobile Association, the Bombay Natural History Society, the Bombay Flying Club, the Bombay Presidency Golf Club, the Delhi Golf Club, the Clay Pigeon Shooting Association (of which he was an honorary life vice-president), the Willingdon Sports Club, and the Royal Wimbledon Golf Club.

Legacy
Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range situated near the historic Tughlaqabad Fort in Delhi was named after him. It was first constructed for the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi, and later rebuilt for the 2010 Commonwealth Games.

See also
 List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games

References

External links

 Dr. Karni Singh's multi-faceted achievements - Quiz question

1924 births
1988 deaths
Indian male sport shooters
Skeet shooters
Maharajas of Bikaner
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Sport shooters from Rajasthan
Rajasthani people
Trap and double trap shooters
People from Bikaner
Indian sportsperson-politicians
India MPs 1952–1957
India MPs 1957–1962
India MPs 1962–1967
India MPs 1967–1970
India MPs 1971–1977
Indian Army personnel
Olympic shooters for India
Shooters at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Asian Games medalists in shooting
Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan
Shooters at the 1974 Asian Games
Shooters at the 1982 Asian Games
Indian royalty
Independent politicians in India
Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for India
Asian Games bronze medalists for India

Karni Singh


The VSS, also called the Vintorez, is a sniper rifle featuring a built-in suppressor (similar to that of the AS-Val) the weapon is loaded with heavy subsonic 9×39mm SP5 cartridges and armor-piercing SP6 cartridges. It was manufactured (created) by the Soviet company TsNIITochMash during the late 1980s. It is issued primarily to Spetsnaz units for secretive operations, a role made evident by its ability to be broken down for transport in a specially fitted case.

Design
The way the gun operates and the silencer system used on the VSS are based from the AS assault rifle. The VSS is a gas-operated select-fire rifle. It has a long-stroke gas piston operating rod in a gas cylinder above the barrel. The weapon catch is held in its place thanks to a rotating bolt who attach themselves to the appropriate socket when needed. The VSS is striker fired. It features a cross-bolt type fire selector switch located behind the trigger, inside the trigger guard; the safety lever and the charging handle resemble those used in Kalashnikov weapons.

The skeletonized wooden stock is a more rounded version of that provided on the SVD rifle; it has a rubber shoulder pad and can be removed when the rifle is dismantled for compact storage. The forward handguard is made from a high-impact polymer. If needed, the weapon can be used in fully automatic mode using either its original 10-round magazine or the 20-round magazines from the AS rifle.

Rifles
Soviet Union
Russia

VSS Vintorez


Quercus montana, the chestnut oak, is a species of oak in the white oak group, Quercus sect. Quercus. It is native to the eastern United States, where it is one of the most important ridgetop trees from southern Maine southwest to central Mississippi, with an outlying northwestern population in southern Michigan. It is also sometimes called rock oak because of its presence in montane and other rocky habitats.

Description
As a consequence of its dry habitat and ridgetop exposure, Quercus montana is not usually a large tree, typically growing to  tall; specimens growing in better conditions can grow up to  tall. They tend to have a similar spread of . A 10-year-old sapling grown in full sun will stand about  tall. This species is often an important canopy species in an oak-heath forest.

It is readily identified by its massively-ridged dark gray-brown bark, the thickest of any eastern North American oak. The leaves are  long and  broad, shallowly lobed with 10–15 rounded lobes on each margin; they are virtually identical to the leaves of swamp chestnut oak and chinkapin oak, but the trees can readily be distinguished by the bark, that of the chinkapin oak being a light ash-gray and somewhat peeling like that of the white oak and that of swamp chestnut oak being paler ash-gray and scaly. The chinkapin oak also has much smaller acorns than the chestnut oak. The chestnut oak is easily distinguished from the swamp white oak because that tree has whitened undersides on the leaves. Another important distinction between the chestnut oak and the swamp chestnut oak is by the habitat; if it grows on a ridge, it is chestnut oak, and if it grows in wet bottomlands, it is probably the more massive swamp chestnut oak; however, this is not fully reliable.

Characteristics include:
 Bark: Dark, fissured into broad ridges, scaly. Branchlets stout, at first bronze green, later they become reddish brown, finally dark gray or brown. Heavily charged with tannic acid.
 Wood: Dark brown, sapwood lighter; heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, durable in contact with the soil. Specific gravity 0.7499; weight of cubic foot, .
 Winter buds: Light chestnut brown, ovate, acute, one-fourth to one-half of an inch long.
 Leaves: Alternate,  long,  wide, obovate to oblong-lanceolate, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, coarsely crenately toothed, teeth rounded or acute, apex rounded or acute. They come out of the bud convolute, yellow green or bronze, shining above, very pubescent below. When full grown are thick, firm, dark yellow green, somewhat shining above, pale green and pubescent below; midribs stout, yellow, primary veins conspicuous. In autumn they turn a dull yellow soon changing to a yellow brown. Petioles stout or slender, short. Stipules linear to lanceolate, caducous.
 Flowers: May, when leaves are one-third grown. Staminate flowers are borne in hairy catkins (aments) two to three inches long; calyx pale yellow, hairy, deeply seven to nine-lobed; stamens 7 to 9; anthers bright yellow. Pistillate flowers in short spikes; peduncles green, stout, hairy; involucral scales hairy; stigmas short, bright red.
 Acorns: Annual, singly or in pairs; nut oval, rounded or acute at apex, bright chestnut brown, shining, one and a quarter to one and one-half inches in length; cup, cup-shaped or turbinate, usually enclosing one-half or one-third of the nut, thin, light brown and downy within, reddish brown and rough outside, tuberculate near the base. Scales small, much crowded toward the rim sometimes making a fringe. Kernel white, sweetish.

The acorns of the chestnut oak are  long and  broad, among the largest of Native American oaks, surpassed in size only by the bur oak and possibly swamp chestnut oak.

Taxonomy and nomenclature
Extensive confusion between the chestnut oak (Quercus montana) and the swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii) has occurred, and some botanists have considered them to be the same species in the past.

The name Quercus prinus was long used by many botanists and foresters for either the chestnut oak or the swamp chestnut oak, with the former otherwise called Q. montana or the latter otherwise called Q. michauxii. The application of the name Q. montana to the chestnut oak is now accepted, since Q. prinus is of uncertain position, unassignable to either species.

The Latin specific epithet montana refers to mountains or coming from mountains which probably refers to the tree's habitat and its ability to grow on rocks.

Ecology

This species is a predominant ridge-top tree in eastern North American hardwood forests. Young chestnut oaks are easily capable of reproducing from stump sprouts if cut. A significant amount of chestnut oaks in the Appalachians are trees that regrew from stump sprouts after being logged. It is a long-lived tree, with high-quality timber when well-formed. The acorns of the chestnut oak are a valuable wildlife food.

Uses
Chestnut oak trees are generally not the best timber trees because they are usually branched low and not very straight, but when they grow in better conditions, they are valuable for timber, which is marketed as 'mixed white oak'. The bark of chestnut oak has a high tannin content and prior to the 20th century was heavily used in the leather tanning industry, but the wood was usually discarded since it was considered inferior to that of Q. alba. By the late 19th century, as the population of mature white oaks in the eastern US was dwindling, loggers began exploiting chestnut oak wood more heavily. It serves many of the same applications as white oak wood and as it is fairly rot-proof, has also been used for fencing, railroad ties, and other uses where the wood comes into contact with soil. Due to a relatively high density ( per cu. ft), chestnut oak makes excellent firewood.

The acorns can be eaten by humans but, if bitter, may need to have the tannins leached.

See also
 Central Appalachian dry oak–pine forest

References

External links

montanus
Hardwood forest plants
Trees of the Eastern United States
Trees of Eastern Canada
Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Quercus montana


Skyroot Aerospace Private Limited is an Indian private aerospace manufacturer and commercial launch service provider headquartered in Hyderabad, Telangana. The company was founded by former engineers and scientists from ISRO. It aims to develop and launch its own series of expandable small-lift launch vehicles especially crafted for the small satellite market.

Incubated in T-Hub and supported by T-Works, Skyroot Aerospace is India's first rocket launching private company.

History

Skyroot Aerospace was formed in July 2018 by former ISRO scientists Pawan Kumar Chandana, Naga Bharath Daka through the support of Vasudevan Gnanagandhi as well as a small group of entrepreneurs including CureFit founders Mukesh Bansal and Ankit Nagor. Skyroot has initially raised  million, including from space and defence contractor Solar Industries.
The company has been developing its first launch vehicle, the 'Vikram 1', which is on track for its initial launch around the end of 2022.

On 6 October 2020, the National Startup Awards 2020 were declared by the Union minister of commerce and industry Piyush Goyal, where Skyroot Aerospace emerged as the winner. The National Startup Awards are given in recognition of startups across several categories that offer novel solutions for complex problems in the country, and creating businesses that are scalable and sustainable.

On 20 November 2020, Skyroot Aerospace entered into a memorandum of understanding with Dhruva Space, an Indian private satellite manufacturer.

On 2 February 2021, ISRO and Skyroot Aerospace signed a non-disclosure agreement (NDA). The NDA will allow Skyroot Aerospace to access the facilities and technical expertise in ISRO centers to develop their launch vehicles.

On 8 February 2021, Skyroot Aerospace announced that they partnered with Bellatrix Aerospace to use the Orbital Transfer Vehicle of Bellatrix Aerospace with their Vikram series of Launch Vehicles.

In March 2021, Skyroot Aerospace team won the Aegis Graham Bell Award for Jury choice award under innovation category for the year 2020.

On 20 May 2021, Skyroot Aerospace had raised $11 million in Series A funding round led by promoters of renewable energy firm Greenko Group (Anil Chalamalasetty and Mahesh Kolli), with participation of investors including Solar Industries and former WhatsApp Chief Business Office (CBO) Neeraj Arora, Mukesh Bansal founder of Myntra & Curefit, Worldquant Ventures, Graph Ventures, Sutton Capital, Vedanshu Investments and few other angels. Skyroot Aerospace will be deploying these funds to grow its team and complete the full development and testing of all subsystems of 'Vikram 1' launch vehicle.

Skyroot has already started bookings for launches starting end 2022 and are actively engaging global customers

The Department of Space has signed an agreement with Skyroot Aerospace for providing it access to ISRO's facilities and expertise towards testing of sub-systems and systems of launch vehicles. Skyroot Aerospace has, therefore, become the first Indian startup to formally enter into an agreement with ISRO for using its assets since the announcement of the new policy decision of the Government of India in May 2020, when finance minister opened up the space sector and ISRO's facilities for private players. Finally on 11 September 2021, ISRO's scientific secretary and chairman of interim IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre) committee R Umamaheswaran, who represented Department of Space, Skyroot Aerospace CEO Pawan Kumar Chandana and COO Naga Bharath Daka signed this framework MoU.

On 22 September 2021, the list of "The 2021 LinkedIn Top Startups" was revealed with 25 young, emerging companies where India wants to work. Skyroot Aerospace was ranked 7th on this LinkedIn's 2021 Top Startups List in India.

On 27 January 2022, Skyroot Aerospace raised of $4.5 million in a bridge round to Series B funding led by Google's founding board member Ram Shriram's Sherpalo Ventures. The bridge round also witnessed participation by Wami Capital, existing investors – former WhatsApp chief business officer Neeraj Arora and ex-Google executive Amit Singhal. Skyroot plans to use the fund to build the infrastructure required to launch space vehicles. This round aids Skyroot to build critical infrastructure early on and helps accelerate towards their launch of 'Vikram 1' in 2022. This fresh investment round brought up the total capital raised by the startup to around $17 million, which was the largest raised by an Indian space start-up as of January 2022.

On 10 May 2022, Skyroot Aerospace announced their new identity reflecting their ambition to reach the stars with a goal of 'Opening Space for all'. Their logo subtly crystallizes the acronym 'SR' of SKYROOT into a rocket-plane, while the sharp edges represent their "cutting-edge tech."

On the 11th May 2022, Skyroot Aerospace was recognized with a National Award at the National Technology Day 2022. The Technology Startup Award was won by Skyroot Aerospace for Cryogenic, Liquid and Solid Propulsion Technologies catering to the needs of small satellite launch vehicle market. Jitendra Singh, Union Minister of State, Science and Technology Minister, has given this award.

On 18 November 2022 Skyroot Aerospace performed the maiden launch of its 'Vikram S' suborbital rocket, becoming the first Indian private company to reach outer space (apogee was 89.5 km).

Earth-storable rocket engine

Raman-1
In August 2020, Skyroot first came into the limelight when it test-fired the Raman-I (named after C. V. Raman) hypergolic-fuel upper stage engine. This liquid-fuel upper stage is a component of Vikram-I and Skyroot was the first Indian private entity to test such an engine.

Solid rocket motor

Kalam-5
On 22 December 2020, Skyroot tested the solid-fuel rocket engine Kalam-5 (named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam), the first of five planned carbon-composite Kalam rocket motors which are expected to power its launch vehicles. The test happened in Nagpur at a private test facility owned by Solar Industries, which is also an investor in Skyroot. In the name "Kalam-5", the 5 refers to the peak sea level thrust of 5.3 kN. The final engine in the series will be four times the size of Kalam-5.

Kalam-100
 On 19 May 2022, Skyroot announced the successful completion of a full duration test-firing of its 'Vikram-1' rocket stage, representing a major milestone for the company. Named 'Kalam-100' after former president and the renowned Indian rocket scientist A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the third stage of 'Vikram-1' produces a peak vacuum thrust of 100 kN (or ~10 Tons) and has a burn time of 108 sec. The rocket stage has been built with high-strength carbon fiber structure, solid fuel, novel thermal protection system, and carbon ablative nozzle. This testing will help Skyroot in development of orbital vehicle Vikram-1 and gives great confidence for the other rocket stages planned to be tested soon. This is largest rocket stage ever designed, manufactured, and tested completely in the private sector. There was a good match of test results with the design predictions in the very first attempt, which is a testimony to the team's capabilities. The state-of-the-art technology like carbon composite case, high propellant volumetric loading up to 94%, lighter EPDM based thermal protection system, and submerged nozzle have been validated through the successful static test. The video of the firing

Cryogenic rocket engine

Dhawan-1
On 25 September 2020, Skyroot Aerospace unveiled the Dhawan-1 (named after Satish Dhawan) upper stage cryogenic engine that will power heavier-lift systems such as Vikram-II. This is the first cryogenic engine in India that will use liquefied natural gas (LNG) as fuel; this fuel has the advantages of being clean, renewable and suited for long duration space missions. Dhawan-1 is 3D printed and designed with a regenerative cooling configuration.

Skyroot successfully test fired India's first privately developed small cryogenic engine called Dhawan-1 running on liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquid oxygen (LOX) with pressure-fed engine cycle on 25 November 2021. It was a technology demonstration experiment for the upper stage of Vikram-2 rocket that is under active development. Solar Industries provided the test site. The engine made by 3D printing process and using super alloys.

Launch vehicles

Skyroot Aerospace has been working on its Vikram series of expendable small-lift launchers. Rockets are designed for very quick assemblies. They also have plans to develop a fully reusable vehicle.

On November 18, Skyroot Aerospace successfully completed the first launch of a private developed rocket from Indian soil.

Skyroot rockets model

See also

 Space industry of India
 Indian Space Research Organisation
 New Space India Limited
 IN–SPACe
 Indian Space Association
 AgniKul Cosmos
 Bellatrix Aerospace
 Pixxel
 Satellize
 List of private spaceflight companies
 Vikram 1
 Agnibaan
 Kalam-series engines

References

External links

Aerospace companies
Rockets and missiles
Indian private spaceflight companies
Private spaceflight companies
Rocket engine manufacturers of India
Commercial launch service providers
Spacecraft manufacturers
Indian companies established in 2018
Manufacturing companies based in Hyderabad, India
Indian brands
Space programme of India
2018 establishments in Telangana

Skyroot Aerospace


A sports governing body is a sports organization that has a "regulatory" or "sanctioning" function. This normally means it manages a sport, sets the rules, helps clubs and runs competitions.

Sports governing bodies come in lots of forms and can have different jobs. This can include setting the rules for the sport that they govern, and giving punishments for breaking the rules. Some governing bodies manage lots of sports at an international level, such as the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee, or only one sport at a national level, such as the Rugby Football League. National bodies will normally work with the international bodies for the same sport.

Types of sports governing bodies

International sports federations
International sports federations manage a sport (or a set of similar sports) at the highest level. These federations work to set common rules and run international competitions. They help run the events at the Olympic Games.

About 30 international sport federations are based in Switzerland, with about 20 in the Lausanne area, where the International Olympic Committee is based.

National governing bodies
National governing bodies do the same work as an international federation, but within one country. They support local clubs and pick national teams.

Related pages
 Regulation of sport
 List of international sports federations

References

Sports governing body


Benjamin Coccio (born August 2, 1975) is an American filmmaker from Niskayuna, New York.  He is best known for his feature film work, directing Zero Day and co-writing The Place Beyond The Pines.

Biography
Coccio attended the Rhode Island School of Design, graduating in 1997 with a BFA Film/Animation/Video.

Coccio's first directorial effort was the short film 5:45am, released in 2000 by IFC. His next project was Zero Day, a fictionalized account of two high-school teens who plan and then execute a violent attack on their peers inside their high school. The film was admittedly a study of the Columbine High School massacre, and the two characters bear much resemblance to the perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold.

In 2003, Coccio received the award for Best Director at Slamdunk Film Festival, was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award, and was named one of MovieMakers upcoming directors to watch for.

In 2005 he was awarded a Connecticut State Commission on Culture and Tourism Artist Fellowship Award in the category of Film and Video.

Coccio co-wrote The Place Beyond the Pines with director Derek Cianfrance, setting the story in his hometown of Schenectady, New York.

In 2015 Coccio narrated Part 5 of the Civilization V Battle Royale Mk. II - an event hosted by the Reddit community for the Civilization V Video Game.

Filmography
5:45 AM (2000)
Zero Day (2003)

The Place Beyond the Pines (2013) (writer, story by)

References

External links
 "The Zero Day Diaries" Coccio's article on the making of Zero Day in Moviemaker Magazine Issue #51 (Summer 2003)
 "Interview with Ben Coccio" An interview with Coccio on BigSPEEGS Movie Review

 Professor Bright Films
 Trailer for The Beginner
 July 2012 Interview with Coccio - The Oculus Online

1975 births
Living people
People from Niskayuna, New York
Film directors from New York (state)

Ben Coccio


Below is a list of the 18 states of Sudan (Arabic names are in parentheses). Before 9 July 2011, Sudan had 25 states. The ten southern states now form the independent country of South Sudan. Two more states were created in 2012 within the Darfur region, and one in 2013 in Kordofan, bringing the total to 18. Transliterations from Arabic to English may vary; in particular, the article "al" is sometimes transliterated as "el".  Numbers correspond to those of the map at right.

 Khartoum (ولاية خرطوم Wilāyat Kharṭūm)
 North Kordofan (ولاية شمال كردفان Wilāyat Shamāl Kurdufān)
 Northern (ولاية الشمالية Wilāyat ash-Shamāliyyah)
 Kassala (ولاية كسّلا Wilāyat Kassalā)
 Blue Nile (ولاية النيل الأزرق Wilāyat an-Nīl al-Azraq)
 North Darfur (ولاية شمال دارفور Wilāyat Shamāl Dārfūr)
 South Darfur (ولاية جنوب دارفور Wilāyat Janūb Dārfūr)
 South Kordofan (ولاية جنوب كردفان Wilāyat Janūb Kurdufān)
 Gezira (ولاية الجزيرة Wilāyat al-Jazīrah)
 White Nile (ولاية النيل الأبيض Wilāyat an-Nīl al-Abyaḍ)
 River Nile (ولاية نهر النيل Wilāyat Nahr an-Nīl)
 Red Sea (ولاية البحر الأحمر Wilāyat al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar)
 Al Qadarif (ولاية القضارف Wilāyat al-Qaḍārif)
 Sennar (ولاية سنّار Wilāyat Sinnār)
 West Darfur (ولاية غرب دارفور Wilāyat Gharb Dārfūr)
 Central Darfur (ولاية وسط دارفور Wilāyat Wasṭ Dārfūr)
 East Darfur (ولاية شرق دارفور Wilāyat Sharq Dārfūr)
 West Kordofan (ولاية غرب كردفان Wilāyat Gharb Kurdufān)

Special administrative areas
 The Abyei Area, located on the border between South Sudan and the Republic of the Sudan, currently has a special administrative status and is governed by an Abyei Area Administration. It was due to hold a referendum in 2011 on whether to be part of South Sudan or part of the Republic of Sudan.

Regional bodies
In addition to the states, there are also regional administrative bodies established by peace agreements between the central government and rebel groups:
 The three Darfur states are coordinated by the Darfur Regional Government.
 The three eastern states are coordinated by the Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council. This council was established during the peace agreement between the Sudanese Government and the rebel Eastern Front.

History
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan had eight mudiriyat, or provinces, which were ambiguous when created but became well defined by the beginning of the Second World War.  The eight provinces were: Blue Nile, Darfur, Equatoria, Kassala, Khartoum, Kurdufan, Northern, and Upper Nile.  In 1948 Bahr al Ghazal split from Equatoria.

There were numerous new provinces created on 1 July 1973.  North and South Darfur were created from Darfur, while Kurdufan divided into North and South Kurdufan.  Al Jazirah and White Nile were split off from Blue Nile.  River Nile split off from Northern.  Red Sea was split off from Kassala.

A further fracturing of provinces occurred in 1976.  Lakes split from Bahr al Ghazal, and Jonglei split off from Upper Nile.  Equatoria divided into East and West Equatoria.  There were thus eighteen provinces.  In 1991, the government reorganized the administrative regions into nine federal states, matching the nine provinces that had existed from 1948 to 1973.  On 14 February 1994, the government reorganized yet again, creating twenty-six wilayat (states).  The majority of the wilayat were either the old provinces or administrative subregions of a province.  As part of the new government structure in South Sudan in 2005, Bahr al Jabal was renamed Central Equatoria. In 2006, West Kurdufan was split and merged with North Kurdufan and South Kurdufan.

In 2011, the ten southern states became the independent Republic of South Sudan.

States of Sudan


The Kanak Socialist Liberation (, LKS) is a Kanak pro-independence and socialist political party in New Caledonia.

History
The LKS was founded by a split in the Party of Kanak Liberation (Palika) in 1981. The most radical members of Palika, which had been the base of the party since its creation, walked out criticizing the Palika's increasing moderation and increasing links with the metropolitan French Socialist Party (PS). Led by Nidoïsh Naisseline, a Marxist, it also refused to support Rock Pidjot of the Caledonian Union in the 1981 elections. However, the LKS moderated and it did not participate in the FLNKS-led electoral boycotts in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the party even started co-operating with the anti-independence Rally for Caledonia in the Republic (RPCR) in the Loyalty Islands. Thanks to this alliance, Nidoïsh Naisseline was president of the islands between 1995 and 1999. During this time, the LKS adopted a platform in favour of independence-association and started early negotiations with the loyalists while the FLNKS refused talks until a mining dispute in the North had been settled. The alliance with the RPCR ended in 2004, but the LKS has remained close to anti-independence parties, notably Future Together. In fact, Christiane Gambey, a member of Future Together, is also a member of the LKS.

Platform
The LKS supports the Nouméa Accord but wishes to renegotiate certain parts of it, such as replacing the collegial government (which is in practice a perpetual grand coalition between loyalists and nationalists) by a fixed government pulling its support from a fixed majority in Congress.

Electoral results
In the latest legislative elections of 9 May 2009, it won 1.92% of the popular vote, and 1 out of 54 seats in the Congress of New Caledonia. It has two seats in the Loyalty Islands.

References

Political parties in New Caledonia
Secessionist organizations
Separatism in France
Socialist parties in New Caledonia
Melanesian socialism

Kanak Socialist Liberation


Just Faaland (January 25, 1922 – February 17, 2017 ) was a Norwegian political economist. He started as an economist with OEEC in 1949. Later he worked for a number of international institutions including the World Bank, ILO, IFAD, FAO, WFP, UNDP, and the Asian Development Bank. Faaland was based as a development researcher at the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) from 1952 to 2017. With the political scientist Stein Rokkan he  initiated and developed broader research programmes and employed more people in the 1950s and in 1961 they defined research programs in international economics and comparative politics. In 1965, the Development Action and Research Programme (DERAP), a development economics project on growth problems in developing countries was formally established. In the early 1980s, Faaland established a human rights programme which soon grew to become the other main focus of CMI's social science research.

Faaland was one of the individuals responsible for the formulation of the Malaysian New Economic Policy. He was also the director general of the International Food Policy Research Institute. and chairman of the UN Committee for Development Planning (1999-2000). Faaland formally retired in 1988.

Faaland was a Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, was awarded the Malaysian honorary title Tan Sri and held honorary doctorates from the University of Bergen and University of Malaya.

He died on February 17, 2017, at the age of 95.

Honour

Foreign honour
  : Honorary Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (P.S.M.) (2002)

References

1922 births
2017 deaths
Norwegian economists
Honorary Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia

Just Faaland


2001: A Space Odyssey is an oversized American comic book adaptation of the 1968 film of the same name as well as a ten-issue monthly series which expanded upon the concepts presented in the Stanley Kubrick film and the novel by Arthur C. Clarke.  Jack Kirby wrote and pencilled both the adaptation and the series, which were published by Marvel Comics beginning in 1976. The adaptation was part of the agreement of Kirby's return to Marvel.

Treasury edition

Marvel published the adaptation in its then-common treasury edition format featuring tabloid-sized pages of roughly twice the size of a standard American comic book. The story is a close adaptation of the events of the film, but differs in the fact that Kirby incorporated additional dialog from two other sources: the Clarke/Kubrick novel and a copy of an earlier draft script of the film that included the more colloquial-sounding version of HAL 9000, as originally voiced by actor Martin Balsam before Douglas Rain took over. In addition, the comic narrative captions describe the characters' thoughts and feelings, a significantly different approach from that taken by the film.

The treasury edition also contained a 10-page article entitled "2001: A Space Legacy" written by David Anthony Kraft.

Monthly series

Shortly after the publication of the treasury edition, Kirby continued to explore the concepts of 2001 in a monthly comic book series of the same name, the first issue of which was cover dated December 1976. In this issue, Kirby followed the pattern established in the film.  Once again the reader encounters a prehistoric man ("Beast-Killer") who gains new insight upon encountering a Monolith as did Moon-Watcher in the film.  The scene then shifts, where a descendant of Beast-Killer is part of a space mission to explore yet another Monolith.  When he finds it, this Monolith begins to transform the astronaut into a Star Child, called in the comic a "New Seed".

Issues #1–6 of the series replay the same idea with different characters in different situations, both prehistoric and futuristic. In #7 (June 1977), the comic opens with the birth of a New Seed who then travels the galaxy witnessing the suffering that men cause each other. While the New Seed is unable or unwilling to prevent this devastation, he takes the essence of two doomed lovers and uses it to seed another planet with the potential for human life.

In issue #8 (July 1977), Kirby introduces Mister Machine, who is later renamed Machine Man. Mister Machine is an advanced robot designated X-51. All the other robots in the X series go on a rampage as they achieve sentience and are destroyed.  X-51, supported by both the love of his creator Dr. Abel Stack and an encounter with a Monolith, transcends the malfunction that destroyed his siblings. After the death of Dr. Stack, X-51 takes the name Aaron Stack and begins to blend into humanity. Issues #9 and 10, the final issues of the series, continue the story of X-51 as he flees destruction at the hands of the Army.

In other media
Allusions are made to the series in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 3 episode "4,722 Hours".

See also
 List of comics based on films
 Marvel Treasury Edition

References

Further reading
 Marvel Comics: The Untold Story by Sean Howe. New York City: Harper, 2012. 485 pp. .

External links

1976 comics debuts
1977 comics endings
Adaptations of works by Arthur C. Clarke
American comics
Comics based on films
Comics based on novels
Comics by Jack Kirby
Comics set in the 21st century
Defunct American comics
Space Odyssey

2001: A Space Odyssey (comics)