A Romantic Adventure (Italian: Una romantica avventura) is a 1940 Italian historical drama film directed by Mario Camerini and starring Assia Noris, Gino Cervi and Leonardo Cortese. It is inspired by the 1883 short story The Romantic Adventures Of A Milkmaid by Thomas Hardy. Produced when the two countries were at war, the setting was shifted from the English countryside of the late nineteenth century to Piedmont in the 1830s.

It was shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome and on location around Lake Orta. The film's sets were designed by the art director Gastone Medin. It was screened at the 1940 Venice Film Festival.

Cast
 Assia Noris as Angioletta/Anna/Annetta
 Gino Cervi as Luigi
 Leonardo Cortese as Il conte
 Olga Solbelli as La vedova Cavara
 Ernesto Almirante as Berni, il socio di Luigi
 Calisto Bertramo as Silvestro
 Massimo Girotti as Luciano
 Alfredo Martinelli as Il violonista dell'orchestra paesana
 Armando Migliari as Il padre di Annetta
 Giacomo Almirante as 	Il dottore
 Bianca Beltrami as Un'amica di Annetta
 Edoardo Borelli as 	Il farmacista
 Adelmo Cocco as Don Antonio, il prete
 Dhia Cristiani as 	Tonina, la cameriere
 Adele Mosso as 	La nonna di Annetta
 Amalia Pellegrini as La vecchia domestica
 Armando Rossini as Pinotto
 Edda Soligo as Un'amica di Annetta
 Lina Termini as La cantante
 Olga von Kollar as Un'amica di Annetta

References

Bibliography
 Aprà, Adriano. The Fabulous Thirties: Italian cinema 1929-1944. Electa International, 1979.

External links

1940 films
1940s Italian-language films
1940s historical drama films
Italian historical drama films
Films directed by Mario Camerini
Italian black-and-white films
Films shot at Cinecittà Studios
Films set in Piedmont
Films set in the 1830s
Films set in the 1850s
Films based on works by Thomas Hardy
1940s Italian films

A Romantic Adventure


Eolacertilia ("dawn lizards") is an extinct clade of lepidosauriform diapsid reptiles known from the Late Permian to the Late Triassic. It is uncertain as to whether they are a natural group and it has been suggested that they form a "waste basket" taxon. Currently, the only members of the group are Paliguana and Kuehneosauridae. Other genera were transferred to basal groups within Diapsida (such as Palaeagama and Saurosternon),  Archosauromorpha (Tanystropheus and Cteniogenys).

References

Prehistoric reptiles
Early Triassic first appearances
Late Triassic extinctions

Eolacertilia


Mesaba Co-op Park is a cooperative park located near Hibbing, Minnesota. It is one of the few remaining continuously operated cooperative parks in the country. A gathering place of the Finnish cooperative movement based on Finnish immigrants to the United States, the park served the ethnic political radicals who energized the Iron Range labor movement and Minnesota's Farmer–Labor Party. The member-owned park is open to the public.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019.

History
In late 1928, the Mesaba Range Co-operative Federation began securing land for a park to accommodate large Finnish gatherings. One hundred and sixty acres, including a fifty-two-acre lake not shown on lumber company maps, were purchased for $2000. Forty Finnish American organizations purchased membership shares. Volunteers cleared land for a road, grounds, and building sites.

The period of the park's founding was one of anti-Finnish sentiment. Signs across the Range read, "No Indians or Finns allowed." The Finns' prominent role in the 1907 and 1916 Mesaba Range strikes had led to blacklisting. The Finnish cooperative movement was, in part, a response to this discrimination. In June 1929, as work progressed, an article in the Finnish-language newspaper Työmies (The Workman) announced that local Finns would celebrate in Chisholm for the last time without a progressive venue of their own.

The park opened on September 22, 1929. In the spring of 1930, construction began on a caretaker's residence and a children's school. The park's centerpiece, a dance pavilion, was completed in June 1930. Early festivals featured plays, track and field events, swimming, and dances. In addition to sports, students at the North Star children's camp were given an introduction to working-class thought.

The park became a gathering place for members of the Farmer-Labor party, the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), and the Communist Party of America. As a boy, Iron Ranger Gus Hall, a four-time Communist Party candidate for president, helped his father and others build the dance pavilion.

Between eight and ten thousand people attended the park's 1936 summer festival. They heard speeches from Elmer Benson and John T. Bernard, Farmer-Labor candidates for governor and congressman, respectively. A dance that summer, featuring accordionist Viola Turpeinen, packed over one thousand people onto the dance floor in alternating shifts.

In 1938, the creation of the House Un-American Activities Committee initiated the era of communist "witch-hunts," blacklisting, and guilt-by-association persecution. During this period of fear, intimidation, and surveillance, whipped into a near-frenzy by the committees of Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s, it was difficult to belong to the park.

FBI agents stationed outside the park collected the license plate numbers of those who entered. The park was stigmatized as the "Commie Park," "the Happy Hippie Commie Camp," and the "Red Park." This "red-baiting" atmosphere, combined with the increasing Americanization of Finnish children and post-World War II patriotism, led to a decline in membership that seriously threatened the park's survival. Opening membership to individuals as well as groups in 1959 was a necessary response.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, young people spurred the park's revival. Many had no Finnish heritage and came from the anti-war, environmentalist, and feminist movements. Younger members affiliated with the respected Työmies newspaper, like Weikko Jarvi and Timo and Belinda Poropudas, helped bridge the generational, cultural, and trust gaps between the aging Finns and the diverse newcomers.

The original socialist and communist politics of Mesaba Co-op Park have largely faded, replaced by a general spirit of progressivism. Additional land was acquired, bringing the park's total size to 240 acres. The main annual event remains the Juhannes, or Midsummer, festival. It features folk dancing, guest speakers, music, a Maypole, late-night bonfire, Finnish American mojakka stew, and an arts camp for children.

The park also stands as a reminder of the many small Finn halls once dotting the Iron Range. As those halls closed, their contents, including lumber, chairs, a barrel stove, and stage drops and scenery, often found a new home at Mesaba Park.

References

Further reading
Alanen, Arnold. "A Remarkable Place, An Eventful Year: Politics and Recreation at Minnesota's Mesaba Co-op Park in 1936." Journal of Finnish Studies 8, no. 1 (August 2004): 67–86.
Alanen, Arnold. A Field Guide to the Architecture and Landscapes of Northeastern Minnesota. [Madison, WI]: Arnold Alanen, 2000.
Hudelson, Richard; Ross, Carl. By the Ore Docks: A Working People's History of Duluth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.
Mesaba Co-op Park, John De Graff, James M. Shields, et al. Tribute to John T. Bernard. United States: N.p., 1977.
Mesaba Co-op Park Collection, Iron Range Research Center, Chisholm; (Description: Materials documenting the founding and development of the Mesaba Co-op Park. See also accession numbers 1995.3518; 2005.0096; 2009.0021; and 2011.0012).
Mesaba Range Co-operative Park Association. 60 Years of Progressive Co-operation, 1929–1989. Superior, WI: Allied Printing, 1989.
Mesaba Range Co-operative Park Association. Mesaba Co-op Park 75th Anniversary, 1929–2004. Superior, WI: Allied Printing, 2004.
Poropudas, Belinda, ed. Mesaba Range Co-operative Park Association: 50 Years of Progressive Co-operation, 1929–1979. Superior, WI: Työmies Society, 1979.

External links
Official website
Video of Historic Mesaba Co-op Park, State Historic Preservation Office, Minnesota Historical Society

1929 establishments in Minnesota
Parks in Minnesota
Finnish-American history
National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis County, Minnesota
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Finnish-American culture in Minnesota

Mesaba Co-op Park


The Ocean Shore Railroad was a railroad built between San Francisco and Tunitas Glen, and Swanton and Santa Cruz that operated along the Pacific coastline from 1905 until 1921. The route was originally conceived to be a continuous line between San Francisco and Santa Cruz, but the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, financial difficulties, and the advent of the automobile caused the line to never reach its goals, and remain with a Northern and Southern division.

Early railroad attempts

The San Francisco, Santa Cruz & Watsonville Railroad Company
The first attempts to construct a railroad between San Francisco and Santa Cruz began as early as 1870, with the organization of the San Francisco, Santa Cruz, & Watsonville Railroad Company. The railroad was to be funded via public money, however, most records cut off around 1872 so it speculated that two other railroads had taken away the public interest.

San Francisco, San Mateo, & Santa Cruz Railroad
Incorporated in 1875, the railroad was funded by residents of San Mateo County in order to construct a line between San Francisco and Santa Cruz via the Spanish-town (now Half Moon Bay). The railroad hired a surveying team, who published a final report on March 1876 detailing the feasibility. However, it is assumed the railroad went under due to lack of finances, as no other paper traces are found.

San Francisco & Ocean Shore Railroad Company
Incorporated in September 1879, the San Francisco & Ocean Shore Railroad Company was conceived to be a narrow gauge railroad running between San Francisco and Santa Cruz. In Santa Cruz, the line would have connected with the Santa Cruz Railroad and allowed for the exchange of freight. The San Francisco County Board of Supervisors granted the railroad permission to construct trackage from Fulton and Larking Streets, and down away from the city, however construction was stalled after multiple business owners along the route launched lawsuits.

Said lawsuits took away time and money, as by 1881 the railroad had promised to construct a line to the border of San Mateo County, but in reality had not laid a single rail. Between 1880 and 1881 the railroad attempted to increase revenue by taking out mortgages and distributing stocks. In 1881, the Santa Cruz Railroad had gone bankrupt, which largely cut off a lot of funding for the San Francisco & Ocean Shore Railroad as some investors had put much of their fortune into the Santa Cruz Railroad too. Plans were redrawn to enter Santa Cruz.

In around January 1881, the railroad was reorganized to become a standard gauge line, and filed for incorporation to construct tracks through Half Moon Bay. Around May 1881, various rumors were circulating around San Francisco in relation to the San Francisco & Ocean Shore Railroad. These rumors included that the line was going to extend to Santa Barbara, and that it was secretly going to be a part of a new Aitchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Railroad transcontinental route along the coast.

After the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Aitchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Railroad had ended some bitter rivalries in December 1881, on Christmas Eve it was stated that the San Francisco & Ocean Shore Railroad's multi-state plan (involving the California Central Railway) was merely a ploy to scare the Southern Pacific Railroad into reducing the cost of freight switching at junctions with the Aitchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe. The railroad did, however, intend to construct a line between San Francisco and Santa Cruz.

The announcement had dire consequences, and in early 1882 the San Francisco County Board of Supervisors voted to delay the acceptance of the franchise to allow the running of the railroad in the city itself. By November 1882, the San Francisco & Ocean Shore Railroad had indefinitely ceased development of the line, and after numerous economic crashes, the line was abandoned without a single track laid.

The railroad was in fact reorganized though into the San Francisco & Santa Cruz Railway, however, the railroad went bankrupt and had to shut down.

San Francisco & West Shore Railway Company
Incorporated in March 1892, the line intended to construct an electric interurban railway between San Francisco and Santa Cruz via a tunnel at San Pedro Point. The railroad was conceived to carry basically only freight of the coast-side villages. However, for unknown reasons, in November 1892 the Mayor of San Francisco rejected the proposal for the railroad to run its line on 25th Street and Potrero Avenue, which led the railway to frantically reorganize its plans.

The railroad tried to fight the opposition of the plans in San Francisco in the Supreme Court, but failed. In 1894 a government study on the feasibility of the railroad was released, but nothing more was heard, suggesting that the line lost revenue and funding.

It should be mentioned that the railroad was suspected of being owned by the Aitchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Railroad, and the San Francisco & South Coast Railroad Company was formed by the San Francisco County Board of Supervisors, and was backed by the Southern Pacific. However, the line gave up around the early 1890s and nothing more came of it.

West Shore Railway Company
Incorporated in April 1895 as the West Shore & Valley Railway, the line intended to construct a line between San Francisco and Tulare via Santa Cruz. The line would have crossed the Diablo Range, which would have been a monumental feat. In July 1895 however, the line was reorganized to form the West Shore Railway Company, whose goals were to build a standard gauge railway line between San Francisco and Santa Cruz. The new West Shore Railway was meant to haul freight and passenger service, at a time estimate of two hours and ten minutes between the two cities.

The acquisition of former right of ways and properties of the San Francisco & West Shore Railway was quick, and apparently had already begun construction of a right of way in April 1895. A passenger station would have been built at 25th & Potrero in San Francisco and was financed primarily through business-men in New York.

Due to the reluctance of property owners willing to hand over properties to the railway, construction was largely stalled as the construction costs kept rising. Between 1895 and 1898 there was no work actually done, which was unsetting to the financers. In March 1899, the railroad had stated that they wished to be sold to the Vanderbilt Company, in direct competition to the Southern Pacific. However, the Directors had rejected this last-minute, and the railroad had lost a lot of finances. In December 1899 the railroad's franchise in San Francisco expired, and subsequently, the line had given up all hopes of ever achieving a route and abandoned plans.

Bay & Coast Railway Company
Incorporated in June 1889 to construct a standard gauge line between San Francisco and Santa Cruz, the line was a private company and had unknown financers. Due to how the railway would have entered San Francisco on a major street, the San Francisco County Board of Supervisors required that the railway build track by September 1901, as all the other past railroads had failed to do this. The railroad failed to do this, and subsequently, the franchise expired and by February 1902, the line was shut down.

The San Francisco & Southern Railway Company
In September 1903, the San Francisco & Southern Railway was formed to construct a line between San Francisco and Santa Cruz, via the same route as its predecessors. Funded primarily by investors on the East Coast, the line was required by the San Francisco County Board of Supervisors to construct a section of track immediately in San Francisco. However, most paper-records dropped off around this time, so nothing more is heard about the railway.

Initial railroad plans

Originally incorporated as the Ocean Shore Railway Company on May 18, 1905, the plan was to run a 1500 Volt Alternating-Current double-tracked line between San Francisco and Santa Cruz, operating with interurbans and electric freight motors. Other plans that were originally considered, would have operated the railway under 3300 volts Alternating-Current, utilizing both third rail and overhead catenary wiring. The railway was backed primarily by a group of very successful and wealthy business-men of San Francisco, including future railroad president: J. Downey Harvey. Notable people include: J.A. Folger, and Horace D. Pillsbury.

The railroad would have followed the route of its predecessors along the San Mateo Coast, and would have had a large yard in the center of Santa Cruz. Construction began on September 17, 1905, with the grades being dug out at points in San Francisco and Santa Cruz.

Further plans called for subsidiaries such as the Ocean Shore & Eastern, which would have run a line between Santa Cruz to Watsonville where it would have connected with other Ocean Shore Railroad related schemes, such as the Fresno, Coalinga, & Monterey Railroad, which aimed to connect Fresno and Monterey via somewhere around the Pacheco Pass.

Real estate plans all along the coast were also envisioned, such as a massive boardwalk and amusement park at Granada, with cheap affordable housing being found at Montara. El Granada was one of the only towns developed by the Ocean Shore Railroad, with its circular street pattern design.

Ultimately, the ideal of a 1500 volt alternating current double-track line would not come to fruition, and neither would the railroad ever connect San Francisco and Santa Cruz. The plans for the Ocean Shore & Eastern and the other Ocean Shore Railroad subsidiary plans never came to be either due to lack of interest or the financial crash that occurred subsequently after the devastating 1906 Earthquake.

History
Construction began on the railroad in 1905 at both ends, but the line was never completed. The April 18, 1906, earthquake caused major damage and delayed completion of the railroad.  A major tunnel was built at Devil's Slide; another tunnel was built near Davenport.  There were numerous bridges and trestles along the route. The tracks from San Francisco were completed as far south as Tunitas Creek, south of Half Moon Bay. The tracks north from Santa Cruz were completed as far north as Swanton, north of Davenport. Trackage within the city of San Francisco was electrified, while the rest of the line was operated with steam locomotives, and later, with self-propelled railcars.  Despite significant passenger patronage, especially on weekends, the railroad never recovered from losses in the 1906 earthquake and failed to attract enough freight traffic to cover increasing deficits.

A never-built branch would have split from the mainline and run along what is now 19th Avenue, Eucalyptus Drive, 47th Avenue, Rivera Street, and 48th Avenue to Golden Gate Park.

Completion of the Pedro Mountain Road in 1913 provided additional competition to the railroad, particularly since many farmers began using trucks to transport their produce to San Francisco, instead of paying expensive freight charges.

Mainline service was abandoned in 1920. The line north from Santa Cruz was leased to the San Vicente Lumber Company, which continued to use the tracks until 1923. Electrified trackage within the city of San Francisco, which served major industries, was operated for many years, in part by the San Francisco Muni. A segment of the railroad in the southeast section of San Francisco was also operated by the Western Pacific Railroad. This section was in use until the mid-1980s and was the last part of the Ocean Shore in operation.

Following abandonment, the railroad company fought for decades over ownership of their right-of-way, large portions of which they had purchased wholesale rather than as easements. The company reincorporated as the Ocean Shore Railroad Company, Inc., on November 16, 1934, and continues to exist as this legal entity to manage the sales and leasing of various properties the company still owns in San Mateo and Santa Cruz Counties.

Remnants

Gorilla Barbeque in Pacifica uses a boxcar that was once part of the Ocean Shore Railroad.

Stations
The station at Montara still exists as a residence at 222 Second Street. Bricks laid out in the word "Montara" can be seen in the pavement in front of the front door.

The Salada Beach Station,(sometimes shortened to Salada), was located near where Paloma Avenue (formerly San Mateo Avenue) crosses Highway 1 in present-day Sharp Park. The station originally sat at the northeast corner of Francisco Way and San Mateo Avenue, until Highway 1 was rerouted along the former railroad right of way through Sharp Park. The station remained vacant until it was demolished in the early 1940s. A Flying A gas station was then built on the site, and it remained until the freeway was built in 1965.

Brighton Beach Station was located at the northwest corner of Francisco Boulevard and Lakeside Avenue. The station stood as a residence until the early 1980s. An apartment complex was built on its location in the early 2000s.

The Farallone City Station was built in 1903 where Seventh Street crosses the Railroad right-of-way (now Highway 1) in Montara. The structure was originally one story but now stands as a two-story residence. The post office stood across the street, but has since been demolished.

The North Granada Station was built in 1900, and stands vacant at 10151 Cabrillo Highway in El Granada. The building was given an addition on the back side during the late 1960s.

The Arleta Park Station was built in 1904 and stands at 920 Railroad Avenue in Half Moon Bay. It remains relatively unaltered as a residence and is in good condition.

The Kelly Street Station is now situated near the Johnston House on the south side of Higgins Canyon Road in Half Moon Bay.

Vallemar Station remains relatively unaltered and is situated at 2125 Coast Highway. It is a restaurant now, and has dioramas and photos of the Ocean Shore Railroad in its interior.

Rockaway Beach Station was located at the southeast corner of Rockaway Beach Avenue (formerly Hewitt Avenue) and Highway 1. The structure was demolished and its lumber was recycled to build part of the home at 635 Rockaway Beach Avenue. The site of the station was later used as the site for a small grocery store, which continued in operation until the structure was demolished to make room for Fassler Avenue in the early 1970s.

Tobin Station is located on San Pedro Point, at the corner of Danmann Avenue and Shelter Cove Road. The former outdoor shelter was enclosed many years ago and is now a private residence. The station went through many name changes including San Pedro Terrace, San Pedro Terrace By-The-Sea and finally Pedro Valley. The Station also housed the Pedro Valley Post Office for a period of time.

After the abandonment of the railroad, the Moss Beach Station stood vacant until the 1930s, when it was then used as a broom factory until its demolition in the late 1940s.

The Edgemar Station was once located at the intersection of Clifton and Waterford Streets in Pacifica, but has been demolished. The old Santa Cruz Depot, which was located at 213 Bay Street, suffered the same fate.

The Granada Station was moved a block from its original location to the corner of Ave Portola and The Alameda.

The Thornton Station was once located at the southwest corner of Skyline Boulevard & John Daly Boulevard on the outskirts of Daly City. The station and auxiliary buildings were demolished in the early 1950s.

References

Further reading
 Chris Hunter: Ocean Shore Railroad (Images of Rail). Arcadia Publishing, 2006,

External links

 Car 1409 Reconstruction Project, in Pacifica, California
 Mysterious Ramparts on Santa Cruz County's North Coast, via Central Coast Secrets
 Ocean Shore Railroad, via Half Moon Bay Memories
 Ocean Shore Railroad: Reaches the Beaches, by The Western Railroader
 Railroads of the Monterey Bay Area, via Santa Cruz Trains
 Santa Cruz Trains: Railroads of the Santa Cruz Mountains, via Google Maps

Defunct California railroads
History of Santa Cruz County, California
History of San Mateo County, California
History of San Francisco
Transportation in San Francisco
Transportation in San Mateo County, California
Transportation in Santa Cruz County, California
Interurban railways in California
Half Moon Bay, California
Pacifica, California
Santa Cruz, California
1906 San Francisco earthquake
1905 establishments in California
1920 disestablishments in California

Ocean Shore Railroad


CUGBP Elav-like family member 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CELF6 gene.

Function

Members of the CELF/BRUNOL protein family contain two N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains, one C-terminal RRM domain, and a divergent segment of 160-230 aa between the second and third RRM domains. Members of this protein family regulate pre-mRNA alternative splicing and may also be involved in mRNA editing, and translation. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified in this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010].

References

Further reading

Cugbp elav-like family member 6


George Keith Batchelor FRS (8 March 1920 – 30 March 2000) was an Australian applied mathematician and fluid dynamicist.

He was for many years a Professor of Applied Mathematics in the University of Cambridge, and was founding head of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). In 1956 he founded the influential Journal of Fluid Mechanics which he edited for some forty years. Prior to Cambridge he studied at Melbourne High School and University of Melbourne.

As an applied mathematician (and for some years at Cambridge a co-worker with Sir Geoffrey Taylor in the field of turbulent flow), he was a keen advocate of the need for physical understanding and sound experimental basis.

His An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics (CUP, 1967) is still considered a classic of the subject, and has been re-issued in the Cambridge Mathematical Library series, following strong current demand. Unusual for an 'elementary' textbook of that era, it presented a treatment in which the properties of a real viscous fluid were fully emphasised. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1959.

The Batchelor Prize award, is named in his honour and is awarded every four years at the meeting of the International Congress on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.

References

External links

 An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics by G. K. Batchelor at Cambridge Mathematical Library.
 Obituaries for George Batchelor (with portraits)  at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) of the University of Cambridge website
 Obituary  by Julian Hunt
 Video recording of the K. Moffatt's lecture on life and work of George Batchelor

1920 births
2000 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
20th-century Australian mathematicians
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Fluid dynamicists
Cambridge mathematicians
People educated at Melbourne High School
Royal Medal winners
Australian textbook writers
Mathematicians from Melbourne
Journal of Fluid Mechanics editors

George Batchelor


China FAW Group Corp., Ltd. (First Automobile Works) is a Chinese state-owned automobile manufacturer headquartered in Changchun, Jilin. Founded the 15th July 1953, it is currently the second largest of the "Big Four" state-owned car manufacturers of China, together with SAIC Motor, Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Changan Automobile.

The company produces and sells vehicles under its own branding, such as Hongqi, Bestune (Benteng) as well as under foreign-branded joint ventures such as FAW-Toyota and FAW-Volkswagen (Volkswagen, Audi).

Its principal products are automobiles, buses, light, medium and heavy-duty trucks, and auto parts. FAW became China's first automobile manufacturer when it unveiled the nation's first domestically produced passenger car, the Hongqi, in 1958.

As a state-owned enterprise of China, FAW Group is controlled and managed by SASAC, which under Chinese law performs the functions of an investor.

The company has three publicly traded subsidiaries: FAW Car Co., Ltd. (), Tianjin FAW Xiali Automobile Co., Ltd. (), and Changchun FAWAY Automobile Components Co., Ltd. ().

History

First Automobile Works broke ground on its first factory in 1953 (the first year of the first five-year plan), and produced its first product, the Jiefang CA-10 truck (based on the Soviet ZIS-150) in 1956.

Soviet Russia lent assistance during these early years providing technical support, tooling, and production machinery. Before the first factory opened, 39 Chinese FAW employees traveled to the Stalin Truck Factory for instruction in truck production. Operations were conducted under Soviet direction, and the USSR is even credited with choosing Changchun as the location for the first FAW facility.

First Automobile Works initially made only commercial trucks, but started producing passenger cars in 1958. These vehicles, Hongqi luxury sedans, were the first domestically produced Chinese automobiles. Made primarily for the party elite, the design changed little over their thirty-year production run. Following this, FAW's Audi products are the traditionally favoured choice for ranking Chinese state officials.

The First Automobile Works "winged 1" badge is derived from the Chinese 一汽 ("一" meaning "one" and "汽", from "汽车" meaning "automotive") and depicts a hawk spreading its wings, 一 (1). The logo was introduced in 1964.

During the Third Front campaign to develop strategic industries in China's rugged interior to prepare for potential invasion from the United States or the Soviet Union, the First Automobile Works transferred a third of its workforce to develop the Second Automobile Works.

In 1992, the name First Automobile Works was changed to FAW Group Corporation.

Though FAW was the fourth Chinese automaker to take on Western partners, its early joint venture with Volkswagen in 1990 saw it become the second Chinese auto company to develop a strong cooperative relationship with a foreign counterpart. SAIC was the first, in 1984 and also with VW.

Volkswagen was the first foreign partner for FAW, but others soon followed. The company acquired 50% ownership of Tianjin Automotive Xiali in September, 2002, and renamed the brand FAW Tianjin. As a result, FAW ended up with Toyota as a foreign joint venture partner. FAW established a joint venture with General Motors in 2009 and has joint ventures with a handful of other foreign companies as well.

The company produced more than 1.5 million vehicles in 2008, and in 2009 it was the largest machinery corporation and the second largest auto manufacturer in China. In 2010, the 2.56 million units sold made it the third most-productive vehicle maker in China that year, and one of its offerings, the FAW Xiali, was the 7th most-purchased car in China in 2010. It produced 2.6 million vehicles in 2011, the third-largest output of any China-based company. While it retained its third place rank, the number of whole vehicles produced in 2012 slowed to 2.3 million. Passenger cars made up a relatively scant 64% of total production that year.

In July 2021, FAW transferred 49% of the shares of FAW Haima to Hainan Development Holdings Co., Ltd. (Hainan Holdings) at no charge. Haima Automobile holds 51% of the shares in FAW Haima, while Hainan Holdings hold 49% of the shares.

Brands and products
FAW sold products under at least ten different brands including its own, but most of its brands has been discontinued or consolidated into Hongqi, Bestune, and Jiefang brand currently.

Hongqi

Hongqi is a Chinese luxury car marque owned by the automaker FAW Car Company, itself a subsidiary of FAW Group. Hongqi was launched in 1959, making it the oldest Chinese passenger car marque. In Chinese, hongqi means "red flag."

Jiefang

Jiefang is the medium and heavy trucks brand of FAW Group. The first truck rolled off of the lines in 1956, which was the first ever-built truck by the People's Republic of China.

Jiefang became a subsidiary on 18 January 2003 with two subsidiaries of its own, Qingdao Truck Division and FAW Trading Company, it is one make of Jiefang branded trucks.

Bestune (formerly Besturn)
Bestune was established on August 18, 2006, It may also be known as Ben Teng. It serves as the passenger car brand in FAW Group.

FAW discontinued brands

 FAW Haima (divested), founded in January 1992 as Hainan Mazda Motor, a joint venture between the Hainan provincial government and Mazda to produce Mazda models for sale in China. In 2006, Mazda's share of Hainan Mazda was acquired by FAW Group, and the company became a subsidiary of FAW. In July 2021, FAW transferred 49% of the shares of FAW Haima to Hainan Development Holdings Co., Ltd. (Hainan Holdings) at no charge.
 FAW Tianjin (discontinued), Junpai, Huali, Xiali (discontinued), Jiaxing (discontinued)
 FAW Jilin (discontinued), a maker of mini-vehicles, small trucks and vans under the Senia and Jiabao brands.
 Oley (discontinued),  a newer brand that was targeting young buyers. Defunct in 2015.
SiTech (discontinued), a brand that focuses on electric vehicles. Established in 2018 with the first car called SiTech DEV1 launched.
 Pengxiang
 Shenli
 Yuan Zheng
 FAC (marque), FAW Lingyuan
 Baolong

Joint ventures

FAW-Toyota

Created in 2003, FAW operates this joint venture with Japanese automaker Toyota through Tianjin FAW. Key subsidiaries include:

Guangzhou Toyota Motor Co
Operates a passenger car production base in the Nansha Economic Development District of Guangzhou, Guangdong province.
Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor Co
Operates a passenger car production base in the Chenghua District of Sichuan province and another in Changchun, Jilin province. As of 2008, its 10,000 units/year capacity production base in Changchun makes the Toyota Prius and the Toyota Land Cruiser. The other production base it controls may make buses.

Tianjin FAW Toyota Engine Co Ltd
This equally owned joint venture with Toyota makes engines at its production bases in the Xiqing District of Tianjin and at the Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone. Combined, both bases can produce 440,000 units annually.

FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co Ltd
Making engines at a 130,000 units/year capacity production base in the Changchun Economic and Technology Development Zone, this equally owned joint venture was established in 2004.

FAW-Volkswagen Automobile Co Ltd

Established in 1991, this large-scale automobile manufacturer is a joint venture between FAW Group and Volkswagen AG which, as of 2003, have ownership stakes of 60% and 40%, respectively. It manufactures Audi and Volkswagen-branded automobiles for sale in China.

Chengdu FAW Co Ltd
This subsidiary of FAW's joint venture with VW controls production bases in Chengdu, Sichuan province.

FAW-GM

A joint venture with General Motors that mainly produces Jiefang light-duty trucks, this JV includes the Harbin Light Vehicle and FAW Hongta Yunnan factories.

FAW-GM Light Duty Commercial Vehicle Co Ltd
This joint venture with General Motors mainly produces Jiefang light-duty trucks.

Silk-FAW Automotive

This joint venture with US based design firm Silk EV produces high end luxury hybrid sports cars.

Subsidiaries and divisions

FAW has at least 28 wholly owned subsidiaries and controlling shares in 18 partially owned subsidiaries. These include the wholly owned subsidiaries FAW Jiefang Truck Co Ltd and FAW Bus and Coach Co Ltd, and the publicly traded FAW Car Co Ltd, Tianjin FAW Xiali Automobile Co Ltd, and Changchun FAWAY Automobile Components Co Ltd.

The following is an incomplete list.

Vehicle-producing Divisions

Chengdu FAW Automobile Co Ltd
Chengdu FAW produces Huaxi brand light and medium buses based on the Toyota Coaster. Originally the Sichuan Bus Company, it became a partially-owned subsidiary in 2002 after acquisition by FAW.

FAW Car Co Ltd
 Created in 1997 from the merger of Changchun Gear Factory, the FAW No. 2 Engine Factory, the FAW No. 2 Car Factory, and the former FAW No. 1 Car Factory, this publicly listed subsidiary produces cars, transmissions, and engines. It has a production base in western Changchun, Jilin province.

FAW Bus and Coach
Founded in 1959, it produces buses sold under the Taihu brand.

FAW Hongta Yunnan Automobile Co Ltd
Created in 1997 when FAW purchased a controlling interest in Hongta Yunnan Automobile Co Ltd, this subsidiary company, as of 2003, produces 1/2-3 ton pickups and light trucks as well as license-built Daihatsu models. This factory was included in the FAW-GM Light Duty Commercial Vehicle joint venture.

FAW Jilin Automobile Co Ltd

Founded in 1980, this company became a wholly owned subsidiary of FAW Group in either 1987 or March 1991. It manufactures compact trucks and buses originally based on Suzukis. More recently, Jilin participated in a five-year-long joint venture with Daihatsu.

FAW Passenger Vehicle Co
As of 2012, this company has two factories and some of the products it produces carry the Oley brand.

FAW Sichuan Automotive Co Ltd
Established in 1997, this part-owned subsidiary designs, produces, and markets medium and heavy truck bodies, wheels, and components for both FAW and other manufacturers.

The Harbin Light Vehicle Factory
Established in 1965, this FAW Group subsidiary made military vehicles until partnering with FAW in the 1990s. It has since produced pickups, Jiefang trucks, and mini-vehicles (small trucks and vans that see commercial use). This factory was included in the FAW-GM Light Duty Commercial Vehicle joint venture.

Other divisions

 The 9th Industrial Machinery Design and Research Institute -  Wholly owned subsidiary since 1958, responsible for production base design.
 FAW Forging Co Ltd - Producing die and hand-forged auto parts, this subsidiary was established on 31 May 2000.
 FAW Foundry Co Ltd - This wholly owned subsidiary produces cast auto parts including engine blocks.
 FAW Jiaxin Heat Treatment and Electroplate Technology Co Ltd - This wholly owned subsidiary designs and manufactures complete heat treatment and electroplating systems.
 FAW Qiming Information Technology Co Ltd - Established in 2000, this subsidiary company is responsible for GPS research and development, business development, sales and marketing, after sales support, and system integration. A vehicle-monitoring division of its GPS research & development arm used a system purchased from Avaya to, "monitor over 3,000 vehicles throughout China".
 FAW Tool Co Ltd - This wholly owned subsidiary specializes in development and production of non-standard tools for automotive manufacture.
 FAW Tool and Die Co Ltd - Manufacturing automotive dies is the main responsibility of this wholly owned subsidiary.
 Dalian Diesel Engine Co - Produces engines for commercial trucks, construction equipment, and agricultural machinery. In 1986, 35 years after its inception, this company became a wholly owned subsidiary of FAW.
 FAW Import and Export Corporation (FAWIE) - Established as a subsidiary in 1984, FAWIE is the international sales and marketing division of FAW Group. Overseas joint ventures and technical cooperation with foreign countries are also within its remit. This subsidiary has established overseas production facilities in Pakistan, South Africa, Tanzania, Ukraine, Vietnam, and Russia.

Minor joint ventures

 Chengdu Araco Automobile Trim Part Co Ltd - This joint venture with Japan's ARACO produces interior trim parts.
 FAWER Automotive Component Co Ltd - Operated with American auto-parts maker Visteon, produces air-conditioning units at a facility in the Changchun Automotive Development Zone
 FAW Bharat Forging Co Ltd - A joint venture with India's Bharat Forge Ltd, it manufactures forged automotive components for passenger cars, buses, and commercial vehicles as well as forged products for the railway, mining, steel, and petroleum industries.
 FAW Huali (Tianjin) Automobile Co Ltd - A joint venture with Tianjin Automotive Industry (Group) Co Ltd that, since 2003, has manufactured Daihatsu models sold under the brand name Dario. As of 2008, it continues to produce Daihatsu models, has a 10,000 units per year production capacity, and is majority owned by FAW with a 75% ownership stake.
 Wuhu FAW Yangzi Automobile Co Ltd - This joint venture with Yangzi Group and Wuhu Automotive Industry Company manufactures trucks, custom bus chassis, and medium-size buses.
 Changchun Fawer-Johnson - A joint venture between FAW Sichuan and Johnson Controls, it produces a wide range of interior components including automotive seats and trim.

Production bases and facilities
FAW has production bases located in 14 provinces throughout China including the provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, and Yunnan. Non-provincial locales include Pudong and Tianjin.

Changchun

FAW headquarters are located in Changchun, Jilin province, and operations here include an R&D and test center. Additionally, FAW has two production bases here—one produces for the FAW-Volkswagen joint venture and the other makes self-branded autos.

Chengdu
An unfinished production base in the Longquan Economic Development Zone in Chengdu, Sichuan province, replaces an older Sichuan base and will produce passenger cars for a FAW-Toyota joint venture, Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co Ltd, when it is completed in 2010.

FAW Jiefang Truck Co Ltd also has a production base here.

Another site in Chengdu produces cars for FAW-Volkswagen, and a second VW production base is, as of 2009, scheduled to be built in the city.

Dalian

The Dalian division of FAW Bus and Coach Co Ltd manufactures Jiefang and Yuan Zheng brand medium and large-size buses in a production base in Dalian, Liaoning province. An unfinished bus production base in at the Dalian Economic & Technological Development Zone is expected to be complete in mid-2010 and will produce hybrid buses.

Another Dalian base produces engines for commercial trucks, construction equipment, and agricultural machinery.

Foshan
As of 2010, 150,000 units/year production capacity FAW-VW production base will soon be built in this Guangdong province city.

Hainan
Located in the sunny, southern vacation spot of Hainan island and built in 1958, Hainan Island Test Grounds is an auto testing site that includes a test track. FAW Hainan Automobile Co Ltd operates FAW's southernmost production facility here.

A production base on the island manufactures license-built Mazdas.

Harbin
A planned production base at the Aviation & Automobile Development Zone (Pingfang Development Zone) in the city of Harbin, Heilongjiang province, will see completion in December 2010 and produce light trucks.

Shanghai
FAW Jiefang Truck Co Ltd has a production base in Pudong New Area in Shanghai.

Tianjin
Plants No. 1, 2, and 3 in the city of Tianjin produce automobiles for the FAW-Toyota joint venture Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co Ltd. Plant No. 1 is in Yangliuqing Town, Xiqing District, and plants No. 2 and 3 are located in the Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone and began production in 2007. Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co Ltd also has an engine plant in Tianjin.

Qingdao
A FAW Jiefang Truck Co Ltd medium, heavy, and severe-duty truck production base is located in Qingdao, Shandong province.

Export and oversea sales

While primarily manufacturing products for sale in its home market, FAW began exports to foreign countries in 1957 with the sale of three commercial trucks to a businessperson in Jordan. FAW has shipped its products to more than eighty nations, including Egypt, Iraq, Kenya, Mexico, Myanmar, Pakistan, Russia, South Africa, Iran, Zimbabwe and Uruguay.

NAZ-Nakhchivan Automobile Plant has assembled FAW cars in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan, since 2020.

See also

List of automobile manufacturers of China
Automotive industry in China

References

External links

50th anniversary commemorative brochure

Truck manufacturers of China
Bus manufacturers of China
Auto parts suppliers of China
Multinational companies headquartered in China
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1953
Companies based in Changchun
Chinese brands
Chinese companies established in 1953
Government-owned companies of China

FAW Group


Di sma undar jordi, or simply di sma, are legendary vættir-like creatures found in folklore from the island of Gotland, Sweden. The name can roughly be translated as "the small ones underground". Di sma are said to take care of farms and the people and animals that live there, as long as one does not anger them. The most classical example of doing so is to mindlessly scald them when disposing hot water outdoors. According to Gotlandic tales, di sma can only be seen by looking through a hole in a sheet of paper.

The Swedish rauk'n'roll band Di sma undar jårdi, active in the 1980s, was named after these creatures.

See also
Tomte

References

Gotland
Scandinavian legendary creatures
Scandinavian folklore
Household deities
Earth spirits

Di sma undar jordi


James Simonds (December 10, 1735 – February 20, 1831) was a merchant, judge and political figure in New Brunswick. He represented Sunbury County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1773 to 1782 and Saint John City and County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1796 to 1802.

He was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, the son of Nathan Simonds and Sarah Hazen, and moved to the mouth of the Saint John River, then part of Nova Scotia, in 1762. With partners including William Hazen, Simonds began trading in fish, furs, lime and lumber products with Massachusetts. In 1767, he married Hannah Peabody. Simonds served as magistrate, probate judge, registrar of deeds and deputy customs collector for Sunbury County. The business encountered problems during the American Revolution and Simonds tried to sell his share of the business but his partners were not prepared to buy him out. In 1816, fourteen years after he retired from politics, he was named magistrate.

His sons Charles and Richard both served in the legislative assembly.

References

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1735 births
1831 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs
Colony of New Brunswick judges
Canadian magistrates

James Simonds


西格尔零点、西格尔零()、兰道-西格尔零点()、異常零点(),是以德国数学家愛德蒙·蘭道和卡爾·西格爾命名的一種对廣義黎曼假設潛在反例的解析數論猜想,是關於與二次域相關的狄利克雷L函數的零點。粗略說,這些可能的零點在可量化的意義上可以非常接近。

動機和定義

狄利克雷L函數有與黎曼ζ函數相似的無零點區域。

The way in which Siegel zeros appear in the theory of Dirichlet L-functions is as potential exceptions to the , which can only occur when the L-function is associated to a real Dirichlet character.

Real primitive Dirichlet characters

For an integer , a Dirichlet character modulo  is an   satisfying the following properties:
 ()  for every , ;
 (Periodic)  for every ;
 (Support)  if .
That is,  is the lifting of a  .

The trivial character is the character modulo 1, and the principal character modulo , denoted , is the lifting of the trivial homomorphism .

A character  is called imprimitive if there exists some integer  with  such that the induced homomorphism  factors as

for some character ; otherwise,  is called primitive.

A character  is real (or quadratic) if it equals its   (defined as ), or equivalently if . The real primitive Dirichlet characters are in one-to-one correspondence with the 克罗内克符号s  for  a  (i.e., the discriminant of a ). One way to define  is as the completely multiplicative arithmetic function determined by (for  prime):

It is thus common to write , which are real primitive characters modulo .

Classical zero-free regions

The Dirichlet L-function associated to a character  is defined as the  of the 狄利克雷级数  defined for , where s is a . For  non-principal, this continuation is ; otherwise it has a  of   at  as its only singularity. For , Dirichlet L-functions can be expanded into an 欧拉乘积 , from where it follows that  has no zeros in this region. The  is equivalent (in a certain sense) to  (). Moreover, via the , we can reflect these regions through  to conclude that, with the exception of negative integers of same parity as , all the other zeros of  must lie inside . This region is called the critical strip, and zeros in this region are called non-trivial zeros.

The classical theorem on zero-free regions (Grönwall, Landau, Titchmarsh) states that there exists a(n) (effectively computable) real number  such that, writing  for the complex variable, the function  has no zeros in the region

if  is non-real. If  is real, then there is at most one zero in this region, which must necessarily be real and simple. This possible zero is the so-called Siegel zero.

The  (GRH) claims that for every , all the non-trivial zeros of  lie on the line .

定義「西格爾零點」

The definition of Siegel zeros as presented ties it to the constant  in the zero-free region. This often makes it tricky to deal with these objects, since in many situations the particular value of the constant  is of little concern. Hence, it is usual to work with more definite statements, either asserting or denying, the existence of an infinite family of such zeros, such as in:
 Conjecture ("no Siegel zeros"): If  denotes the largest real zero of , then

The possibility of existence or non-existence of Siegel zeros has a large impact in closely related subjects of number theory, with the "no Siegel zeros" conjecture serving as a weaker (although powerful, and sometimes fully sufficient) substitute for GRH (see below for an example involving Siegel–Tatuzawa's Theorem and the  problem). An equivalent formulation of "no Siegel zeros" that does not reference zeros explicitly is the statement:

The equivalence can be deduced for example by using the zero-free regions and classical estimates for the number of non-trivial zeros of  up to a certain height.

Landau–Siegel estimates

The first breakthrough in dealing with these zeros came from Landau, who showed that there exists an effectively computable constant  such that, for any  and  real primitive characters to distinct moduli, if  are real zeros of  respectively, then

This is saying that, if Siegel zeros exist, then they cannot be too numerous. The way this is proved is via a 'twisting' argument, which lifts the problem to the  of the  . This technique is still largely applied in modern works.

This 'repelling effect' (see ), after more careful analysis, led Landau to his 1936 theorem, which states that for every , there is  such that, if  is a real zero of , then . However, in the same year, in the same issue of the same journal, Siegel directly improved this estimate to

Both Landau's and Siegel's proofs provide no explicit way to calculate , thus being instances of an .

Siegel–Tatuzawa 定理
In 1951,  proved an 'almost' effective version of Siegel's theorem, showing that for any fixed , if  then

with the possible exception of at most one fundamental discriminant. Using the 'almost effectivity' of this result,  (1973) showed that Euler's list of 65  is complete except for at most one element.

Relation to quadratic fields
Siegel zeros often appear as more than an artificial issue in the argument for deducing zero-free regions, since zero-free region estimates enjoy deep connections to the arithmetic of quadratic fields. For instance, the identity  can be interpreted as an analytic formulation of  (see ). The precise relation between the distribution of zeros near  and arithmetic comes from :

where:
  is the  of ;
  is the number of  in  ();
  is the  of  ().
This way, estimates for the largest real zero of  can be translated into estimates for  (via, for example, the fact that  for ), which in turn become estimates for . Classical works in the subject treat these three quantities essentially interchangeably, although the case  brings additional complications related to the fundamental unit.

Siegel zeros as 'quadratic phenomena'
There is a sense in which the difficulty associated to the phenomenon of Siegel zeros in general is entirely restricted to quadratic extensions. It is a consequence of the , for example, that the   of an   can be written as a product of Dirichlet L-functions. Thus, if  has a Siegel zero, there must be some subfield  with  such that  has a Siegel zero.

While for the non-abelian case  can only be factored into more complicated s, the same is true:

 Theorem (, 1974). Let  be a number field of degree . There is a constant  ( if  is normal,  otherwise) such that, if there is a real  in the range

with , then there is a quadratic subfield  such that . Here,  is the  of the extension .

"No Siegel zeros" for D < 0
When dealing with quadratic fields, the case  tends to be elusive due to the behaviour of the fundamental unit. Thus, it is common to treat the cases  and  separately. Much more is known for the negative discriminant case:

Lower bounds for h(D)
In 1918,  showed that "no Siegel zeros" for  implies that  (see  for comparison). This can be extended to an equivalence, as it is a consequence of Theorem 3 in – (2000):

where the summation runs over the    of discriminant . Using this, Granville and Stark showed that a certain uniform formulation of the  for number fields implies "no Siegel zeros" for negative discriminants.

In 1976,  proved the following unconditional, effective lower bound for :

Complex multiplication
Another equivalence for "no Siegel zeros" for  can be given in terms of  for  of :

where:
  is the absolute  for number fields;
  is the ;
 .
The number  generates the  of , which is its maximal unramified abelian extension. This equivalence is a direct consequence of the results in Granville–Stark (2000), and can be seen in C. Táfula (2019).

A precise relation between heights and values of L-functions was obtained by  (1993, 1998), who showed that, for an elliptic curve  with  by , we have

where  denotes the . Using the identities  and , Colmez' theorem also provides a proof for the equivalence above.

Consequences of Siegel zeros existing
Although the  is expected to be true, since the "no Siegel zeros" conjecture remains open, it is interesting to study what consequences such severe counterexamples to the GRH would imply. Another reason to study this possibility is that the proof of certain unconditional theorems require the division into two cases: first a proof assuming no Siegel zeros exist, then another assuming Siegel zeros do exist. A classical theorem of this type is 林尼克定理 on the smallest .

The following are some examples of facts that follow from the existence of Siegel zeros.

Infinitude of twin primes

A striking result in this direction is 's 1983 result which, following , can be stated as follows:
 Theorem (Heath-Brown, 1983). At least one of the following is true: (1) There are no Siegel zeros. (2) There are infinitely many .

Parity problem

The parity problem in  roughly refers to the fact that sieving arguments are, generally speaking, unable to tell if an integer has an even or odd number of prime divisors. This leads to many upper bounds in sieve estimates, such as the one from the  being off by a factor of 2 from the expected value. In 2020,  showed that under the assumption of the existence of Siegel zeros, the general upper bounds for the problem of sieving intervals are optimal, meaning that the extra factor of 2 coming from the parity phenomenon would thus not be an artificial limitation of the method.

另見
 广义黎曼猜想

參考

西格尔零点


Ivan Pavlovich Aboimov (; 6 November 1936, in Liepāja – 24 August 2022) was a retired career Russian diplomat and ambassador.

Life
Aboimov graduated from the Liepāja State Teacher Training College in 1959. From 1962–1963, Aboimov was the executive secretary of the Komsomol branch of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic and assistant manager of the Department of Propaganda of the Central Committee of the Komsomol in Latvia. Between 1963–1967 he was an instructor in the ideological department.

From 1967–1969 Aboimov was the divisional manager of foreign communications of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Latvia. In 1972, he graduated from the Higher Diplomatic School of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, went on to work in various diplomatic posts in the central offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and abroad.

His first ambassadorial appointment came in 1990, when he was appointed Ambassador of the Soviet Union to Hungary. After the dissolution of the USSR, he continued as Ambassador of Russia to Hungary until 15 November 1996. He was then appointed by Boris Yeltsin as Ambassador of Russia to Finland, a post he held until 6 August 1999 when he was appointed Ambassador of Russia to Ukraine. Aboimov retired from diplomatic life on 21 May 2001 when his ambassadorial post in Ukraine came to a conclusion, being replaced in Kiev by Viktor Chernomyrdin.

Aboimov spoke Russian, English, German, Hungarian and Latvian.

References

1936 births
2022 deaths
People from Liepāja
Ambassadors of Russia to Finland
Ambassadors of Russia to Hungary
Ambassadors of Russia to Ukraine
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Hungary
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation alumni
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour

Ivan Aboimov


Lake Powell is a reservoir on the Colorado River. It is mainly in southeastern Utah, with a small part in northeastern Arizona in the United States. About  long, it is made by the Glen Canyon Dam, built in Glen Canyon in the 1960s. The lake is a popular area for boating and fishing, with over 2 million visitors each year; but it has flooded many important natural and archaeological sites. Other than the Colorado River, the Escalante River and San Juan River also flow into the reservoir.

In March 2023 it was only 23% full.

Marinas
Lake Powell has five active marinas. The main role of the marinas at Lake Powell is to allow an entry point for boaters to launch and retrieve their watercraft. Each marina has rare services, such as boat refueling, short term docking, food services and boat rentals.
 Antelope Point Marina
 Bullfrog Marina
 Dangling Rope Marina
 Halls Crossing Marina
 Wahweap Marina

Other websites

References

Lakes of the United States

Lake Powell


In nuclear physics, the chiral model, introduced by Feza Gürsey in 1960, is a phenomenological model describing effective interactions of mesons in the chiral limit (where the masses of the quarks go to zero), but without necessarily mentioning quarks at all. It is a nonlinear sigma model with the principal homogeneous space of a Lie group  as its target manifold. When the model was originally introduced, this Lie group was the SU(N) , where N is the number of quark flavors. The Riemannian metric of the target manifold is given by a positive constant multiplied by the Killing form acting upon the Maurer–Cartan form of SU(N).

The internal global symmetry of this model is , the left and right copies, respectively; where the left copy acts as the left action upon the target space, and the right copy acts as the right action. Phenomenologically, the left copy represents flavor rotations among the left-handed quarks, while the right copy describes rotations among the right-handed quarks, while these, L and R, are completely independent of each other. The axial pieces of these symmetries are spontaneously broken so that the corresponding scalar fields are the requisite Nambu−Goldstone bosons.

The model was later studied in the two-dimensional case as an integrable system, in particular an integrable field theory. Its integrability was shown by Faddeev and Reshetikhin in 1982 through the quantum inverse scattering method. The two-dimensional principal chiral model exhibits signatures of integrability such as a Lax pair/zero-curvature formulation, an infinite number of symmetries, and an underlying quantum group symmetry (in this case, Yangian symmetry).

This model admits topological solitons called skyrmions.

Departures from exact chiral symmetry are dealt with in chiral perturbation theory.

Mathematical formulation
On a manifold (considered as the spacetime)   and a choice of compact Lie group  , the field content is a function . This defines a related field , a -valued vector field (really, covector field) which is the Maurer–Cartan form. The principal chiral model is defined by the Lagrangian density

where  is a dimensionless coupling. In differential-geometric language, the field  is a section of a principal bundle  with fibres isomorphic to the principal homogeneous space for  (hence why this defines the principal chiral model).

Phenomenology

An outline of the original, 2-flavor model
The chiral model of Gürsey (1960; also see Gell-Mann and Lévy) is now appreciated to be an effective theory of QCD with two light quarks, u, and d. The QCD Lagrangian is approximately invariant under independent global flavor rotations of the left- and right-handed quark fields,

where τ denote the Pauli matrices in the flavor space and θL, θR are the corresponding rotation angles.

The corresponding symmetry group  is the chiral group, controlled by the six conserved currents

which can equally well be expressed in terms of the vector and axial-vector currents

The corresponding conserved charges generate the algebra of the chiral group,

with I=L,R, or, equivalently,

Application of these commutation relations to hadronic reactions dominated current algebra calculations in the early seventies of the last century.

At the level of hadrons, pseudoscalar mesons, the ambit of the chiral model, the chiral  group is spontaneously broken down to , by the QCD vacuum. That is, it is realized nonlinearly, in the Nambu–Goldstone mode: The QV annihilate the vacuum, but the QA do not! This is visualized nicely through a geometrical argument based on the fact that the Lie algebra of  is isomorphic to that of SO(4). The unbroken subgroup, realized in the linear Wigner–Weyl mode, is  which is locally isomorphic to SU(2) (V: isospin).

To construct a non-linear realization of SO(4), the representation describing four-dimensional rotations of a vector

for an infinitesimal rotation parametrized by six angles

is given by

where

The four real quantities  define the smallest nontrivial chiral multiplet and represent the field content of the linear sigma model.

To switch from the above linear realization of SO(4) to the nonlinear one, we observe that, in fact, only three of the four components of  are independent with respect to four-dimensional rotations. These three independent components
correspond to coordinates on a hypersphere S3, where  and  are subjected to the constraint

with F a (pion decay) constant of dimension mass.

Utilizing this to eliminate   yields the following transformation properties of   under SO(4),

The nonlinear terms (shifting  ) on the right-hand side of the second equation underlie the nonlinear realization of SO(4). The chiral group  is realized nonlinearly on the triplet of pions— which, however, still transform linearly under isospin  rotations parametrized through the angles   By contrast, the   represent the nonlinear "shifts" (spontaneous breaking).

Through the spinor map, these four-dimensional rotations of   can also be conveniently written using 2×2 matrix notation by introducing the unitary matrix

and requiring the transformation properties of U under chiral rotations to be

where

The transition to the nonlinear realization follows,

where  denotes the trace in the flavor space. This is a non-linear sigma model.

Terms involving  or  are not independent and can be brought to this form through partial integration.
The constant F2/4 is chosen in such a way that the Lagrangian matches the usual free term for massless scalar fields when written in terms of the pions,

Alternate Parametrization

An alternative, equivalent (Gürsey, 1960), parameterization

yields a simpler expression for U,

Note the reparameterized  transform under

so, then, manifestly identically to the above under isorotations, ; and similarly to the above, as

under the broken symmetries, , the shifts. This simpler expression generalizes readily (Cronin, 1967) to  light quarks, so

Integrability

Integrable chiral model
Introduced by Richard S. Ward, the integrable chiral model or Ward model is described in terms of a matrix-valued field  and is given by the partial differential equation

It has a Lagrangian formulation with the expected kinetic term together with a term which resembles a Wess–Zumino–Witten term. It also has a formulation which is formally identical to the Bogomolny equations but with Lorentz signature. The relation between these formulations can be found in .

Many exact solutions are known.

Two-dimensional principal chiral model
Here the underlying manifold  is taken to be a Riemann surface, in particular the cylinder  or plane , conventionally given real coordinates , where on the cylinder  is a periodic coordinate. For application to string theory, this cylinder is the world sheet swept out by the closed string.

Global symmetries
The global symmetries act as internal symmetries on the group-valued field  as  and . The corresponding conserved currents from Noether's theorem are

The equations of motion turn out to be equivalent to conservation of the currents,

The currents additionally satisfy the flatness condition,

and therefore the equations of motion can be formulated entirely in terms of the currents.

Lax formulation
Consider the worldsheet in light-cone coordinates . The components of the appropriate Lax matrix are

The requirement that the zero-curvature condition on  for all  is equivalent to the conservation of current and flatness of the current , that is, the equations of motion from the principal chiral model (PCM).

See also
 Sigma model
 Chirality (physics)

References

;
Georgi, H. (1984, 2009). Weak Interactions and Modern Particle Theory (Dover Books on Physics)  online .

Quantum field theory
Quantum chromodynamics
Nuclear physics

Chiral model


WKLB-FM (102.5 MHz, "Country 102.5") is a country radio station licensed to Waltham, Massachusetts, and serving Greater Boston. WKLB's studios are located in Waltham. The transmitter is located in Needham, on a tower shared with WBUR-FM and several TV stations serving Boston and beyond.

Past WKLB frequencies

Prior to its current location, the WKLB calls and format were located on 99.5, 96.9, and 105.7. 99.5 started out in 1947 as WLLH-FM, the FM counterpart to WLLH, programming a full-service format to the Merrimack Valley.

During the 1970s, 99.5 became WSSH (for "Wish 99.5"), which programmed a format of chiefly soft instrumental renditions of pop tunes with a few vocalists an hour, consisting of soft AC and standards cuts. In 1982, WSSH evolved to a soft AC format, gradually eliminating the instrumental renditions and became home to popular nighttime radio personality Delilah Rene (before she became nationally syndicated). Ratings were very high through the '80s and WSSH often led other AC stations. By then, the station was separated from WLLH, but it later gained a sister station on 1510 (now WMEX).

However, in the early 1990s, ratings went from excellent to mediocre; part of the reason was the perception that WSSH was still an elevator music station. During this time period, the station modified their soft AC format by 1991, adding current product and some up tempo AC tunes, evolving to a mainstream AC format. WSSH became the third place adult contemporary radio station, below WMJX and WVBF. On December 13, 1995, the owner of WSSH, Granum Communications, changed the format to smooth jazz, under the branding of WOAZ ("99.5 The Oasis"), mirroring Granum's KOAI in Dallas.

Meanwhile, 96.9 was a beautiful music station under the WJIB call sign, and later a smooth jazz station as WCDJ (which began in 1990). In 1993, Greater Media purchased this station and converted it to country under the WBCS call sign; however, in February of that year, 105.7 had dropped the AC format and WVBF calls to become another country station, WCLB, shortly beforehand, effectively giving Boston two country stations. Confusion with other radio stations, including WCRB, and a TV station lead to WCLB changing its calls to WKLB-FM in 1995. 105.7 was sold by then-owners Evergreen Media in early 1996 to Greater Media, who combined the two country stations on 96.9 under the WKLB call sign. (105.7 became WROR-FM at that time).

Then, in 1997, CBS (which had just merged with Infinity Broadcasting, which itself had purchased Granum) sold WOAZ and WBOS (along with WMMR in Philadelphia) to Greater Media in exchange for KLSX in Los Angeles. On August 22, 1997, Greater Media swapped WOAZ and WKLB's formats in a move where the format and personalities of WOAZ moved to 96.9 (but adopting the call sign WSJZ, the station is now WBQT), while WKLB moved to 99.5, where it stayed until December 1, 2006. Greater Media noted that the move was made as the 99.5 signal is stronger than 96.9 in Essex County, home to many country music listeners.

In early 2006, WKLB launched its HD2 digital sidechannel with a classic country format, playing country music from the 1960s through the '90s, with core artists including Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Loretta Lynn, Reba McEntire and others.

In November 2006, the 99.5 frequency was spun off to Nassau Broadcasting Partners as a consequence of a deal where Greater Media acquired WCRB's frequency, with 102.5 adopting the WKLB format and call sign, and Nassau acquiring WCRB's call letters and programming. Nassau already owned WBACH, a network of four classical-formatted stations in Maine affiliated with WCRB's satellite-delivered World Classical Network service. The two stations switched frequencies at Noon on December 1, 2006. The final song on "99.5 WKLB" was the United States National Anthem sung by Ricochet, while the first song played by "102.5 WKLB" was "Life Is A Highway" by Rascal Flatts.

For nearly 20 years, WKLB broadcast "Sunday Morning Country Oldies", hosted by Michael Burns and Stu Fink. The show was abruptly canceled on June 23, 2014, after iHeartMedia's WEDX switched to country as WBWL and began a direct challenge to WKLB, including promos deriding it as 'your parent's (country station)' to court young listeners. WKLB quickly responded by adding newer songs to their playlist and reducing spins of older music. A similar program hosted by Burns and Fink, "Boston Country Oldies", now airs on WCAP, WWSF, and WCRN.

On July 19, 2016, Beasley Media Group announced it would acquire Greater Media and its 21 stations (including WKLB) for $240 million. The FCC approved the sale on October 6, 2016, and the sale closed on November 1, 2016.

On May 26, 2017, WKLB-FM dropped the "Country" branding, and rebranded as "The New 102.5"; with the rebranding, the station also changed its logo and slogan from "Boston's #1 for New Hit Country" to "Boston's Hottest Country". The station returned to the "Country 102.5" branding a few days later, but kept the "Boston's Hottest Country" slogan.

History of the 102.5 license
The 102.5 license started in 1954 as WCRB-FM, the FM sister station of WCRB (AM) (now WRCA), bringing its classical music format to parts of the Boston area which did not get good reception of WCRB (AM)'s directional signal as well as improved audio quality. In 1961, WCRB-FM was the first Boston-area FM station to broadcast in multiplex stereo; for a few years prior to that, WCRB had broadcast some of its programming in stereo by broadcasting one channel on AM, the other on FM. Although Charles River Broadcasting acquired other radio stations in the last 10 years, WCRB remained the company's flagship station.

In 1975, WCRB ended simulcasting of WCRB-FM, changing call letters to WHET, and its format to big-band/adult standards. In 1978, Charles River sold off WHET, but retained WCRB, which became increasingly successful over the years as a 24/7 classical music station.

WCRB was under a long term commitment by Charles River Broadcasting to continue to air classical music for the foreseeable future, and it carries no non-classical music programs. However, the decision to interpret the commitment as a request rather than a demand resulted in the announced sale of the station to Greater Media on December 19, 2005. However, as Greater Media already owned five FM stations in the Boston market - the maximum allowed - one of Greater Media's Boston stations would have to be sold before the company could acquire WCRB.  The station that was sold was the 99.5 frequency, which was sold to Nassau Broadcasting, who also purchased WCRB's intellectual property.  WCRB's transition from 102.5 to 99.5 was completed on December 1, 2006 at noon local time. The first selection broadcast on the new frequency was the Hallelujah Chorus from Handel's Messiah. All of the WCRB announcers including Laura Carlo, Don Spencer, Ray Brown, Mark Calder and Dave MacNeill were expected to stay on with the station. Programs including Kid's Classical Hour and the live Boston Symphony Orchestra broadcasts were also expected to continue.

References

External links

Listen Now

KLB
KLB
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1954
Waltham, Massachusetts
Mass media in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
1954 establishments in Massachusetts

WKLB-FM


Church of St. John the Evangelist was a historic Episcopal church on Chittenden Road (a.k.a. Route 25) in Stockport, Columbia County, New York. It was completed in August, 1846 at a cost of $12,000 and consecrated by Bishop Heathcote Delancey of the Diocese of Western New York on July 3, 1847. Earlier, the Reverend Henry Townsend of the Diocese of Connecticut rode on horseback over the Berkshire Mountains to attend the original incorporation meeting on Sept. 20, 1845. St. John's was the first Episcopal church built in Columbia County, NY and its grounds bear one of two original lychgates in the county, the second being at St. Mark's Church in Philmont.  St. John's was a one-story, rectangular, wood-frame building in the board-and-batten Carpenter Gothic style painted deep brown, hence its affectionate local moniker, "The Little Brown Church.". It featured a projecting center entrance tower holding a cast iron church bell, double entry doors, stained glass window and upper double vents. The main entrance, flanked by iron boot scrapers, opens to reveal a simple vestibule bearing the bell rope and a framed plaque in memory of Joseph Marshall, builder of the church, whose remains are interred beneath where the north transept was. Marshall was born in Huddersfield, England in 1773, emigrated to America in 1827, built St. John's in 1846 and died in 1848. Steep gable roofs protected the horizontal main structure containing the organ loft, nave, chancel and sanctuary. The north and south walls of the nave each contained four beautiful stained glass windows. At the building's northwest corner at right angles to the main nave was a former sacristy, which used to form the organ chamber. At the southwest corner stood the sacristy.  The adjacent cemetery contains approximately 2,200 burials from 1821 to the present.

On April 13, 1972, following two years of research by historic preservationist Helen M. Ofield, the Church of St. John the Evangelist at Stockport, NY was officially designated a national historic site on the National Register of Historic Places. This event paid tribute not only to the architectural beauty and uniqueness of St. John's, but to its historical meaning as an American country church. The Town of Stockport and the church literally grew up together. The builders, communicants, and financial supporters were originally either owners of textile mills in Stockport and environs, or employees of those mills.

St. John's perfectly complemented Stockport, a quiet place dominated by pre-Civil War houses. To the south of the church stand three houses originally built by Joseph Marshall, builder of St. John's. Opposite stands the 1853 Italianate Revival home, "Maple Lawn," built by inventor Rensselaer Reynolds, who designed, built and operated the first electrically powered textile loom, and whose family helped to sustain the church. A son, Robert Burns Reynolds, built a charming Victorian home ("The Grove") in 1888 on land adjacent to the south side of the church cemetery. All of these homes thrive today in private ownership. Also opposite the church is the 1816 brick federal house built by Captain Seth Macy, the third Yankee clipper captain to sail to China. Macy sold the house to Joseph Marshall in 1828. This noble old house is in disastrous condition in 2017.

The history of Stockport is tied to the economic history of Western Europe. The 19th century was barely underway when fresh economic disasters struck the  thriving textile town of Stockport, Cheshire, England. These periodic depressions altered destinies, spurred migrations and uprooted families. The scion of one such family, James Wild, 20, left Stockport for the New World, where he hoped to invest the remains of the Wild family fortune in textile manufacture. He landed in New York State in 1806 and did just that. About 1808 he settled on a site at the junction of two tributaries of the Hudson River, the Claverack and Columbiaville Creeks, and began to build up the area. He named his new-born town Stockport.

The church was demolished during the past year and a half. The diocese hired an antiques dealer to remove it.

References

Episcopal church buildings in New York (state)
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Carpenter Gothic church buildings in New York (state)
Churches completed in 1845
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Churches in Columbia County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, New York

Church of St. John the Evangelist (Stockport, New York)


Reality Check was a 1995 television show starring Ryan Seacrest as Jack Craft, a 19-year-old inventor who gets stuck in his computer mainframe project on June 8, 1995. The two Bonner siblings (Samantha and Nicholas) reactivate the computer on September 17, 1995, attempting to get Jack Craft out of the mainframe, while also encountering additional members of the project.

The show was broadcast under syndication with each episode running for 15 minutes including commercials. It was produced in association with S & S Productions and ran for fourteen episodes before ending.

Characters
 Abigail Gustafson - Samantha Bonner
 John Aaron Bennett - Nicholas Bonner
 Ryan Seacrest - Jack Craft
 Tom Greer - Will
 Maria Cabini - Isis
 Blake Heron - Bud McNeight
 Yasmine Seyfi - Yasmine Shanna
 Marsha Crenshaw - DEV the computer, and additional voices
 Mike Dyche - Glitch and voices

Episodes
 "Note Of A Different Color" - Samantha composes an Earth Day song with the help of animated computer program Mr. Re.
 "The Great Escape"
 "The Ole Ballgame" - Nicholas learns about swinging strategies with the help of Jack and guest star Terry Pendleton.
 ? - This episode travelled through time for what had happened in the 1960s, 1970s (featuring Jack Craft), 1980s (featuring Isis), and 1990s.

External links

1995 American television series debuts
1990s American children's television series
Mainframe computers

Reality Check (American TV series)


María Dueñas Fernández (born Granada, 4 December 2002) is a Spanish violinist and composer. In 2021 she won the first prize in the Yehudi Menuhin Competition, in the senior category. She is considered the Spanish violinist with the greatest international profile, and one of the most promising musicians of her generation. In 2022 she signed an exclusive contract with Deutsche Grammophon.

Biography
María Dueñas Fernández was born in 2002 in Granada, in a family where there are no professional musicians, but who encouraged her musical training, as she attended concerts from an early age.

Musical education
She enrolled at the Ángel Barrios Conservatory in her native Granada when she was seven. At the age of 11, she won a scholarship from the Juventudes Musicales de Madrid, allowing her to study at the Carl Maria von Weber College of Music in Dresden.
She then moved to Vienna to study with Boris Kuschnir, and enrolled at the University of Music and Dramatic Art in Vienna and at the University of Graz.

Musical career
Dueñas has been a soloist with European and American orchestras, such as the San Francisco Symphony, the Luxembourg Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Spanish National Orchestra. In September 2019, Dueñas was designated as the New Artist of the Month by the magazine Musical America, which is the oldest American magazine on classical music.

She won the 1st prize at the 2021 Getting to Carnegie Hall competition, for which each participant performed the world premiere of one movement of Julian Gargiulo's new sonata for violin and piano. In 2021, at the age of 18, Dueñas won the 1st prize at the Menuhin Competition, and she won the Audience Prize as well. For the competition, Dueñas played Witold Lutosławski's Subito, Mozart's Violin Concerto No. 4 in D Major, and Lalo's Symphonie Espagnole in D minor. The award includes $20,000 and a 2-year loan of a golden period Stradivarius violin. In 2023 she won the Luitpold Prize of the festival Kissinger Sommer.

Composing career
Dueñas is also a composer and the founder of the Hamamelis Quartett. She composed the piece Farewell when she was 13, which was awarded the Robert Schumann International Piano Competition award in 2016. Her piece was later produced as a music video.

Discography
 , Track 2: Ravel - Tzigane. María Dueñas (violín) & Kiveli Dörken (piano).
 Gabril Fauré, Après un Rêve, María Dueñas (violin) & Itamar Golan (piano), 2022.

References

Sources

2002 births
21st-century Spanish musicians
21st-century classical violinists
Living people
21st-century women musicians
Deutsche Grammophon artists
People from Granada
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni
University of Graz alumni

María Dueñas (violinist)


is a Japanese architect. He was born in 1971 in Kawasaki, Kanagawa and lives and practices in Tokyo.

Biography
Narukawa graduated in 1994 from the Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo National University of Fine Arts with a master's degree in 1996, and the Berlage Institute in Rotterdam with a master's degree in 1999. In 1994 his "Golden Gai Theater" won the Gold Medal in the Japan Institute of Architects competition for newly graduated architects. In the same year he began his research on geometrical theory. In 1996 his "Tensegrity Modeling Manual" was awarded the Salon de Printemps Prize.

Narukawa founded AuthaGraph Co., Ltd in 2009, after working at the Arnhem Academy of Architecture, and Sasaki Structural Consultants.
Since 2015, he is an associate professor at Keio University, Tokyo in the Environment and Information department.

Work
Narukawa is the inventor of AuthaGraph, a unique world map projection, that is loosely based on Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion map. Narukawa had designed a simplified tensegrity modeling manual which he presented in his master thesis 'Tensegrity Modeling Manual' in 1996. The manual enables the construction of tensegrity structural models without complicated calculations or difficult fabrication techniques by a single person. A summary of the manual is publicly available for download.
The AuthaGraph projection method can convert an omnidirectional view and a full spherical image, such as a globe, on a rectangular flat display without gaps and overlaps.
In 2011 the AuthaGraph mapping projection was selected by the Japanese National Museum of Emerging Science and innovation (Miraikan) as its official mapping tool.

Narukawa has received several patents for the AuthaGraph projection method.

Awards
Gold Medal in the Japan Institute of Architects competition for newly graduated architects for "Golden Gai Theater" (1994)
Salon de Printemps Prize (1996) for "Tensegrity Modeling Manual"

References

External links
AuthaGraph Co., Ltd.'s  website

Japanese architects
Artists from Tokyo
People from Kawasaki, Kanagawa
Tokyo University of the Arts alumni
Academic staff of Keio University
1971 births
Living people

Hajime Narukawa


The River Taw is one of two major rivers in north Devon. It rises at Taw Head, a spring on the central northern flanks of Dartmoor. Then it crosses north Devon and runs close to the sea at the town of Barnstaple, formerly a significant port. Then it empties into Bideford Bay in the Bristol Channel. It has a large estuary of wide meanders which is joined by the estuary of the Torridge.

Taw
Taw

River Taw


David Dephy (, born June 21, 1968), also known as David Dephy Gogibedashvili, is a Georgian / American poet, novelist, essayist, performer, multimedia artist, painter, the founder of Poetry Orchestra and the poetic order Samcaully. He is the author of eight novels and seventeen collections of verse and three poetry bilingual audio albums with orchestra and electronic bands. Named as Literature Luminary by Bowery Poetry, Stellar Poet by Voices of Poetry, Incomparable Poet by Statorec, Brilliant Grace by Headline Poetry & Press and Extremely Unique Poetic Voice by Cultural Daily. He lives and works in New York City, USA.

Biography

David Dephy was born in Tbilisi. He earned his undergraduate degree in 1992 from the Faculty of Architecture at the Tbilisi State Academy of Fine Arts. He began his career working in print media, radio, and television, where he created the program მზეRA (Mze-Ra) for the Georgian television station Meore Archi. From 1995 to 2000 he worked in cinema, collaborating with internationally famous film directors Otar Ioseliani and Nana Jorjadze, among others.

He was a leader of Disobedience Committee during the Rose Revolution in 2003 and during the Russian invasion of Georgia in 2008, he joined the army of volunteers and set up a Headquarters of Civil Solidarity under his famous slogan "Stop Russia."

In 2010-2011 Dephy was an artist-in-residence at the writers' society Ledig House in Ghent, New York. In 2011 his short story "Before the End" was selected for inclusion in Dalkey Archive Press's Best European Fiction series, as well as in Dalkey's anthology Contemporary Georgian Fiction, edited and translated by Elizabeth Heighway. That same year Dephy was invited to participate in the PEN World Voices Festival in New York City, where he presented a live poetry event entitled "The Second Skin" with Laurie Anderson, Yusef Komunyakaa and Salman Rushdie at 92nd Street Y

His short story "Before The End" was chosen for inclusion in the anthology Best European Fiction 2012, edited by  Aleksandar Hemon and prefaced by Nicole Krauss, and published in the U.S. by Dalkey Archive Press

Dephy's works have been published and anthologized in the U.S., UK, Mexico, Germany, Brazil. India, Ukraine, Georgia, New Zealand, Colombia by the many literary magazines, journals, and publishing houses. From 2015-2017 he served as the Creative Consultant for Poetry & Prose at the University of Georgia. In 2017 he was chosen as an Ambassador of Poetry by Julius Meinl, and his live performance of The Poet King – The Easter Verses at the Peace Cathedral of Georgia and the Evangelical-Baptist Church of Georgia led to his poetry officially being included in the Divine Liturgies. Dephy was collaborating with Georgian rock bands Lady Heroin, The Sanda and Homospouses on a bilingual English/Georgian multimedia projects.

David Dephy was exiled from his native county of Georgia in 2017 and was granted political asylum in USA, immediately and indefinitely. USCIS Artistic Freedom Initiative

David Dephy is an author of seventeen books of poetry, eight novels and three audio albums of poetry in Georgian and English languages. His first book-length work in English, a poetry Eastern Star, has been published in USA on October 28, 2020 from Adelaide Books New York, also his book-length work in English, a poetry - written with Joshua Corwin - A Double Meaning, has been published on August 14, 2022 by Adelaide Books New York as well.

He is a founder of poetic multimedia project Poetry Orchestra, which is named as "A Triumphant", "A Revolutionary" and "An Innovation in the World of Poetry" by Cultural Daily Los Angeles. An active collaborator with Saphileaum and Irakli Gabriel.

He is a Featured Poet and Stipend Recipient at Walt Whitman Birthplace Association 2023 Huntington Station, New York. His poetry work A Sense of Purpose is going to the Moon by The Lunar Codex, NASA, SpaceX,  Polaris Trilogy and Poetry on Brick Street in 2024.

He lives and works in New York City.

Prizes won:

The Nelson Mandela Premium Award 2022. On the occasion of Nelson Mandela International Day, July 18 - "In recognition of the valuable contribution to the promotion of Peace and Equality through Literature, especially in support of Ukraine during this unfortunate war." The International Forum for Creativity and Humanity Kingdom of Morocco.

The full-length poetry work A Double Meaning with co-author Joshua Corwin named as a Finalist of the American Book Fest 2023 / International Book Awards in the category of Poetry: Narrative

The Pushcart Prize Nomination for the poetry work Time Is Heart published by Brownstone Poets Anthology, 2023. New York, USA.

The 1st Place Winner of The Artists Forum Poetry Award, 2021. New York, USA.

The Finalist and Shortlist Winner Nominee of the Adelaide Literary Awards New York for the category of Best Poem. 2020/2021. USA.

A Winner of the Finalist Award in the 2020 Best Book Award National Contest by American Book Fest. USA.

A Winner of the 2019 Spillwords Press Poetry American Award as June's Publication of the Month. Spillwords Press. New York, USA.

The Favorite Poem, 2020 by Dissonance Magazine. Kent, UK.

The Finalist of the Adelaide Literary Award Anthology, 2019 for the category of Best Poem. Adelaide Books/Adelaide Magazine. New York, USA.

The Editor's Choice Poem 2019 by Vita Brevis Magazine. New York, USA.

Has been nominated as an Author of The Year/Month by Spilwords Press, four-time in a row, 2019/2020. New York, USA.

Best European Fiction 2012, edited by Aleksandar Hemon and prefaced by Nicole Krauss, Dalkey Archive Press. Chicago, USA.

By decree #11-16-04 of November 16, 2013 of the President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili, David Dephy had been awarded The Order of Honour (certificate #081887 The Order of Honour #1737)

Named as Literature Luminary by Bowery Poetry, Stellar Poet by Voices of Poetry, Incomparable Poet by Statorec, Brilliant Grace by Headline Poetry & Press and Extremely Unique Poetic Voice by Cultural Daily.

Poetry & Prose Major Publications
1994: Dead Time, essays
1995: The Grotesque, stories
1996: Stories and Conceptions, stories & essays
2003: The December Talisman, a novel
2003: Expecting Miracles At Dawn, a novel
2003: Emerald and Sapphire, poems
2003: Words Words Words, dialogues
2003: Let My Twin Find Me, a novel
2004: The Ravage Trilogy: And, There, and Heaven, poems
2007: Samkauly, poems
2008: Demna Gedevanischvili, a novel
2009: Shinings, poems
2010: Da Iq Tsa, poems
2010: DNA Symphony, poems
2010:The Gardens and the Pandemonium, a novel
2011: Sevdya, poems
2012: Before the End, Contemporary Georgian Fiction and Best European Fiction 2012; English language translation by Elizabeth Heighway
2012: Demna, a novel
2012: We Will All Get Out Of Here Alive, poems
2014: All the World's Mysteries, a novel
2014: The Society of the End and the Beginning, a novel
2014: God Is Among You, poems
2015: The Easter Verses, poems
2015: Absolute New York, poems
2016: The Poet King, a poem
2016: Crowned, a novel
2018: The Same Fable, poems
2020: Eastern Star, poems
2022: A Double Meaning, a poem

2023: The Songs of the American Prophets, a concept audio album by Poetry Orchestra

Video Art & Multi-Media Projects
1992-1994: მზე-RA  | Director David Dephy
1997: Carlos Castaneda's Separate Reality | Director David Dephy
1998-2002: Open Door Night | Director David Dephy
1999-2002: Hero | Director David Dephy
2017 - ongoing: Poetry Orchestra by David Dephy

Filmography
1993: Mandalla | Director Mamuka Berika
1996: Winner of the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival
1996: Brigands, Chapitre VII | Director Otar Ioseliani
2000: 27 Missing Kisses | Director: Nana Jorjadze
2002: Drongo | Director: Zinovi Roizman
2004: Delirium | Director: Tornike Bziava

References

 The New York Times about Polaris Trilogy - The Poems for the Moon by Poetry on Brick Street, The Lunar Codex / NASA
 Open Door Poetry Magazine New York / London, a review about David Dephy's Poetry Orchestra and the album The Songs of the American Prophets
 Artistic Freedom Initiative - New York City
 Poetry Orchestra - Poetic Experience Perfected - 5 star review about David Dephy's project Poetry Orchestra by John Dennis in Cultural Daily Magazine, California, USA
 Poets on Craft by Cultural Daily - David Dephy and Wayne Miller
 Shine On Eastern Star - 5 star review about Eastern Star by Linda Galbraith in Cultural Daily Magazine, California, USA
 American poets about David Dephy
 Adelaide Magazine USA New York David Dephy

External links

 The University of Pittsburgh USA
 Eastern Star by David Dephy
 A Double Meaning by Joshua Corwin & David Dephy
 American Book Fest / International Book Awards / Finalist - A Double Meaning by Joshua Corwin & David Dephy
 Adelaide Books USA New York David Dephy
 Stanford University USA California David Dephy
 Columbia University USA New York David Dephy
 Artistic Freedom Initiative USA New York David Dephy
 The Independent UK About David Dephy's The Chair

1968 births
Living people
American poets
Tbilisi State Academy of Arts alumni
American male poets
21st-century male writers
American writers

David Dephy