The Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas () is a public university in Moscow, Russia. The university was founded in 1930 and is named after the geologist Ivan Gubkin. The university is colloquially known as Kerosinka (), meaning 'kerosene stove'.

During the Soviet period, the university, along with the Moscow State University of Railway Engineering, was known for admitting students of Jewish origin while other universities unofficially barred Jewish students.

Affiliates of the Gubkin institute exist in Orenburg and Tashkent (Uzbekistan).

History

In 1918, the Moscow Mining Academy was founded, which became a prominent institution for education and training in various fields related to oil. Initially, the Mining Faculty at the academy was responsible for providing education and training in oil and field specialties. However, in 1929, the rector of the academy, Ivan Gubkin, took a significant step by establishing the dedicated Oil Faculty. This new faculty served as the foundation for the subsequent establishment of the Oil Institute.

During the period of 1930 to 1935, the industrialization process in the USSR necessitated the education and development of a substantial number of engineering and technical experts, with a significant increase from 66,000 individuals in 1929 to approximately 435,000 specialists.

In the year 1930, the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy (VSNKh of the USSR) devised a comprehensive list of professional disciplines within the engineering and technical sectors specifically tailored for the oil industry. These specialized areas encompassed a diverse range of fields including petroleum geology, drilling techniques, effective field exploitation strategies, gas utilization methods, proficient oil and derivative pumping techniques, efficient oil distillation processes, advanced cracking and chemical refining methods, as well as the intricate economics and financial aspects relevant to the oil industry.

Moscow Petroleum Institute

On April 18, 1930, Ivan Gubkin issued order number 1 to establish the faculties of geology and oil exploration, field-mechanical, and oil refining at the Moscow Petroleum Institute. Nikolai Samostrelov was appointed Deputy Director, Sergei Fedorov became the Head of the Faculty of Geology and Oil Exploration, Joseph Gurevich became the Head of the Faculty of Oil Refining, and Nikolai Titkov became the Head of the Field and Mechanical Faculty.

In May, enrollment for all departments started, with 240 students being admitted for the first course. By May 17, the total number of students had risen to 600. In September 1930, another round of admissions took place. Two new specialties, "Oil Transportation and Storage" and "Oilfield Engineering," were established in 1933. In 1935, the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography was restructured into the Department of Petrography of Sedimentary Rocks.

In 1936, the Main Department of Higher and Secondary Technical Educational Institutions (called GLAVTUZ) of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry, made revisions to the educational programs. The Institute incorporated sections dedicated to highlighting the accomplishments of Stakhanovites in different areas of the oil industry across all 66 specialized subjects. The newly developed curricula were granted approval by the All-Union Committee for Higher Education (VKVSH) on May 28, 1938.

Since 1938, educational establishments have been mandated by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to dedicate a substantial amount of time, ranging from 520 to 690 hours, towards the study of social sciences. This allocation of hours exceeds the previous requirement set in 1935, which dictated a mere 272 hours for this subject matter. Moreover, a notable change has been introduced in the organizational structure, whereby a unified department encompassing the fundamentals of Marxism-Leninism has been established. This new department replaces the previously existing segregated departments that solely focused on Party history, Leninism, dialectical studies, and historical materialism.

By 1935, the Institute had established 16 laboratories in 40 rooms. It was also the first oil university in the country to have a laboratory dedicated to oilfield mechanics, led by mining engineer D.Z. Lozinsky and supervised by Professor Leonid Leibenson. Additionally, the Institute had 26 classrooms and a museum of mineralogy and petrography that was created with the help of Professor L.V. Pustovalov.

The educational process at that time was greatly supported by various workshops such as mechanical, carpentry, and glassblowing. Additionally, the library played a crucial role in providing resources for students and staff, ensuring a constant supply of new materials. In fact, in 1937, the library expanded its collection by incorporating the extensive department of foreign scientific literature on the oil industry from the former Glavneft. As a result, the library became even more valuable in terms of its educational offerings. By the time the Great Patriotic War began, the educational library boasted an impressive collection of 72,100 volumes, reflecting its dedication to promoting knowledge and learning.

As of November 1, 1933, a significant percentage of young specialists were employed in the oil industry enterprises. Specifically, 75% of these specialists were working in the oil industry, while 80% were employed in the oil refining sector. During the period from 1924 to 1930, the Moscow Mining Academy successfully graduated 40 individuals who specialized in the field of oil. Additionally, the Oil Institute played a crucial role in contributing to the nation's engineering workforce during the first five-year plan, as it produced a total of 289 engineers within a three-year span. It is worth mentioning that oil specialists were trained in three higher educational institutions located in Moscow, Grozny, and Baku, as well as in seven technical schools throughout the USSR.

In 1936, at the directive of director Alexander Nikishin, an expansive training derrick was constructed within the confines of the institute's courtyard. This impressive structure served as a fully functional classroom, catering to the educational needs of aspiring oilfield mechanics, apparatus technicians, and interpreters, among other disciplines. Furthermore, the institute boasted a state-of-the-art geophysical station, equipped with cutting-edge instruments for comprehensive well research. Remarkably, prior to the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the institute successfully completed the drilling of a pilot well, reaching a staggering depth of 800 meters.

In 1940, a total of 1619 engineers successfully completed their education at the institute. Among these graduates, there were 328 individuals who specialized in geological engineering, 243 who focused on field engineering, 526 who pursued process engineering, and 191 who specialized in economic engineering.

On October 1, 1941, there were a total of 819 students at the institute. Around 300 of them departed on October 16 in a foot column for evacuation. Additionally, approximately 150 students, who either weren't informed or couldn't leave on foot, opted for rail transportation. About 100 students chose to remain in Moscow for various reasons, while the remaining students primarily joined the front lines. Some were already engaged in practical work at enterprises and expeditions when the war began. Among the 117 professors and teachers, 48 chose to evacuate with the institute, 54 resigned, and 14 joined the people's militia.

The Institute in Ufa was established on August 15, 1942. In the second semester of the 1942-1943 academic year, new departments were created due to the increased workload and the introduction of new specialties. The Department of General Chemistry was divided into the Department of General and Analytical Chemistry and the Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, according to the VKVSH order issued on March 31, 1943. Associate Professor G. M. Panchenkov was assigned to oversee the latter department. Both Ufa and Moscow successfully concluded the second military academic year.

In 1956, the Institute embarked on a mission to establish a series of training and consulting centers in the primary oil and gas regions of the country. These regions included Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Turkmenistan, and Komi. The primary objective behind the establishment of these centers was to provide educational opportunities for individuals interested in the field of oil and gas. To cater to the needs of working professionals, the classes at these centers were conducted through a correspondence education program, allowing individuals to study at their own pace and convenience. As the demand for education in the oil and gas industry grew, the Institute took it a step further by opening evening faculties based on these centers, providing individuals with even more flexibility in pursuing their education while managing their professional commitments.

Moscow Institute of Petrochemical and Gas Industry

On July 25, 1958, a significant decision was made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In accordance with Decree number 795, an educational institution, known as the Moscow Order of the Red Banner of Labor Oil Institute, was granted a new and more encompassing identity. Henceforth, it would be recognized as the Moscow Order of the Red Banner of Labor Institute of Petrochemical and Gas Industry (MINKhIGP), paying tribute to the academician Ivan Gubkin. This renaming symbolized the institution's expanded focus on not only the oil industry but also the rapidly emerging and vital field of petrochemical and gas technology.

The Minister of Higher Education of the USSR issued an order on January 3, 1959, transforming the branch of the correspondence faculty of MINH and GP in Almetyevsk into the Tatar evening faculty. This new faculty was established in Almetyevneft with branches in Bugulma and Leninogorsk. Similar evening faculties were also established in Salavat, Omsk, Nebit-Dag, and Ukhta. The branch in Leninogorsk was later reorganized into a general technical faculty, offering evening and correspondence education. Additionally, an evening faculty was opened in Moscow.

In 1961, the institute's directorate became a rectorate, with Professor Kuzma Zhigach serving as the first rector. In August 1962, Associate Professor V. N. Vinogradov took over as the institute's rector.

The Department of Gas and Gas Condensate Fields Development of the Gas and Oil Production Faculty has pioneered a groundbreaking scientific field known as the industrial utilization of solid hydrocarbons. This novel research direction aims to explore the potential applications and benefits of solid hydrocarbons in various industries. With this innovative approach, the department seeks to revolutionize the way we utilize and harness the energy potential of solid hydrocarbons, opening up new possibilities for industrial development and sustainability.

In 1977, the Institute embarked on a groundbreaking initiative to establish an innovative model of organizing the educational process. This involved the creation of student educational and scientific research complexes, which integrated the realms of education, production, and science. These complexes aimed to fuse theoretical knowledge with practical application by allowing students to actively engage in research activities within factory workshops and laboratories. Furthermore, these research endeavors were conducted in collaboration with various plants and research institutes, utilizing cutting-edge production and scientific equipment. The outcomes of these research projects held significant value as they were extensively incorporated into the educational curriculum.

Moscow Institute of Oil and Gas

On the 18th of December in the year 1985, a significant change took place as the Institute underwent a transformation and was given a new identity, now known as the Moscow Institute of Oil and Gas (MING).

In the year 1989, the Institute took a significant step forward by establishing a cooperative research consulting center known as "Neftegazservice". This center played a crucial role in conducting various activities such as prospecting, research, development, design, implementation, commercialization, and intermediation related to the Institute's subjects. Simultaneously, the Institute also initiated the creation of a reference and information fund, commonly referred to as RIF, which focused on addressing issues concerning higher education. This fund was organized in a microfiche format, providing a comprehensive collection of relevant materials and resources.

The State Academy of Oil and Gas

The Institute underwent a significant change on May 7, 1991, when it was rebranded as the State Academy of Oil and Gas, commonly referred to as GANG.

As a result of the overall decline in the state of Russian higher education in 1992, the Academy found itself in a precarious position with regards to the continuation of important scientific research. Over the course of 1992-1993, a significant number of 109 teachers decided to leave the university, citing a range of factors contributing to their departure. It is worth noting that 72 of these individuals were of a relatively young age, indicating a potential loss of promising talent. Additionally, the Academy experienced a substantial decrease in the number of researchers, with nearly 500 individuals leaving their positions during this time period. Unfortunately, the specific source for this information could not be identified, but it serves as a stark reminder of the challenging circumstances faced by the institution.

Given these circumstances, the rectorate has gone to great lengths to maintain and safeguard the integrity of scientific and pedagogical institutions, ensuring that the educational process and research endeavors of faculty members are supported with the essential resources, including teaching materials, laboratory facilities, and technical equipment.

In 1997, a new role known as the Vice-Rector for Information Technologies was introduced. This position was filled by V.V. Sidorov, who at the time was the Head of the Department of Informatics and an Associate Professor. Later on, Professor A.S. Lopatin took over the responsibilities of leading this area of work. Alongside this development, the Center for Information Technologies and Distance Education, also known as CIT&EDO, was established during the same period. The center was headed by Associate Professor A.P. Pozdnyakov and A.Yu. Khodychkin. Within the center, various departments and sectors were formed, including the Department of Information Technologies, the sectors dedicated to distance education and the development of training programs and complexes, and the laboratory specifically focused on computer technologies in the field of education.

Russian State University of Oil and Gas

In August 1998, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation issued an order to change the name of the Academy to Russian State University of Oil and Gas (RSUOG). At this point in time, the University boasted an impressive 59 departments and employed a total of 930 teachers.

In 2008, Professor Viktor Martynov was chosen as the rector of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas. This appointment marked a significant milestone in his career, as he assumed the leadership role of a renowned institution dedicated to the study and advancement of oil and gas exploration and production. With his impressive credentials and extensive experience in the field, Professor Martynov was deemed the ideal candidate to guide the university towards new heights of excellence and innovation in the ever-evolving energy sector. The university's extensive collection of scientific and pedagogical knowledge, which has been built up over a significant period of time, enabled it to attain the esteemed title of "national research university". This prestigious recognition was granted to the university by the decree of the Russian Federation's Government on the 20th of May, 2010.

In 2011, a monument was unveiled near the university to celebrate Gubkin's 140th birthday.

Three years later, in 2014, the Expert RA agency awarded the university a "C" rating for the quality of education and training it provides to its graduates. This recognition demonstrates the university's commitment to offering a high-quality academic experience and ensuring that students are well-prepared for their future careers. The "C" rating acknowledges the university's efforts to create an ideal learning environment and produce graduates with a strong foundation in their chosen fields. This prestigious rating establishes the university as a respected institution that attracts ambitious students who value their personal growth and success.

The University offers various educational programs at the bachelor's, master's, and postgraduate levels. They provide specific admission directions and offer preparatory courses, postgraduate studies, doctoral studies, and over 250 additional programs for professional education. Students can choose from 19 bachelor's, 11 master's, and 3 specialty programs. The University also offers 17 postgraduate programs for training scientific and pedagogical staff. Additionally, they have 6 collaborative master's degree programs with foreign universities.

The University has 12 faculties and a military training center. It also has a campus with 5 multi-storey buildings that can accommodate 4176 students. In addition, the University has 2 branches in Orenburg and Tashkent. It also has 2 recreation centers in the Tver region and the Crimea. The teaching staff consists of 810 people. In 2015, the staff published 1315 articles that were indexed by Russian and foreign databases. The University has developed 3 educational standards. Since 2008, the rector of the University has been Viktor Georgievich Martynov, who is a Doctor of Economics and a Professor.

There are over 10,000 students in total, with about 60% of them being funded by the federal budget. The University also has around 1300 foreign students from 56 different countries, such as China, Vietnam, Venezuela, Bolivia, Nigeria, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.

According to the Expert RA rating, the University is recognized as one of the leading institutions in terms of demand for Russian university graduates among employers. It also holds the fifth position among Russian universities and 256th place overall in the Global World Communicator (GWC) annual international ranking of the 500 best universities in the world. The university is also acknowledged in the Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) University Rankings: BRICS, being among the top 30 Russian universities listed in the overall BRICS countries' university list. In The Three University Missions Ranking of 2022, it secured a position between 701st and 800th, and in the RAEX rating, it ranked 26th among Russian universities.

Academics

Faculties and schools

Petroleum geology and geophysics
The work of geologists and geophysicists is complex and multifaceted. Only detailed study of the structure of the Earth's deposits with the use of modern geophysical instruments and computer technologies can confidently identify oil and gas deposits at the depth of several kilometers. The Faculty trains geologists and geophysicists in a variety of areas and specializations of geoscience to meet the industry's needs.

Training is provided by a team of highly qualified and renowned researchers. Among them are Russian State Prize Laureates, Honored Scientists of the Russian Federation, Honored Geologists and Geophysicists.  The Faculty offers Bachelor, Master and Ph.D.  programs.

Departments
 Theory of Prospecting and Exploration of Oil and Gas
 Petroleum Field Geology
 Geology
 Geophysical Information Systems
 Exploration Geophysics and Computer Systems
 lithology and System Research of Lithosphere
 Geology of Hydrocarbon Systems

Aleksandr V. Lobusev is author of more than 90 scientific papers. He is also the holder of the patent: "Method of developing oil and gas fields".  He is member of many renowned public organizations: the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE); Chairman of the Committee on Science of Gubkin University Academic Council, Public Council  of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, full member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Russia.

Reservoir engineering
Hydrocarbons are produced in Siberian blistering cold and in violent African heat, deep under the sea and in the desert. It is the reservoir engineer who plays the major role in this process of development and exploitation of oil and gas deposits.  The Faculty of Reservoir Engineering prepares professionals in drilling, well completion and simulation, development and exploitation of on- and offshore oil, gas and gas condensate fields, research in physics and hydraulics. Students of the Faculty receive in-depth knowledge in geology, economics, engineering mechanics, oil field chemicals and computer systems.

The Faculty offers a variety of Bachelor, Master and Ph.D. programs.

Departments
 Oil and Gas Wells Drilling
 Petroleum Reservoir Engineering
 Gas and Gas-Condensate Reservoir Engineering
 Offshore Petroleum Reservoir Engineering
 Physics
 Petroleum and Subsurface Fluid Mechanics
 Gas Technologies and Underground Gas Storage
 Institute of Hydrocarbon Reservoir Engineering
 R&D Institute for Drilling Technologies
 Institute of Arctic Petroleum Technologies

Professor Bondarenko teaches the course on "Physics of oil and gas reservoir." He has published more than 40 scientific works. Professor Bovanenko is the Laureate of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of Science and Technology, Honorary Person of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation.

Pipeline engineering, construction and operation
Pipeline transport is the most important part of the fuel and energy complex. Often oil and gas fields are located in remote areas. Therefore, the effectiveness of the oil and gas industry is largely dependent on the reliable and safe operation of pipeline systems. The Faculty provides training in a wide range of subjects and programs related to pipeline engineering and operation.

The Faculty includes 75 professors giving lectures to the students on the fundamentals and cutting-edge developments in pipeline engineering.

The Faculty offers Bachelor, Master and Ph.D. programs.

Departments
 Gas and Oil Pipelines Engineering and Operation
 Gas and Oil Pipelines and Storage Facilities Construction and Repair
 Oil Products and Gas Supplies
 Thermodynamics and Heat Engines
 Welding and Monitoring of Oil and Gas Facilities

Professor Korolenok is author of over 110 scientific papers and textbooks for students, including 3 monographs and 12 scientific and technical reviews. He is Member of the Scientific and Technical Council of OAO "Gazprom". The research results of professor Korolenok were used to develop a number of industry practices and regulations, which were introduced into the practice of gas transportation companies such as "Gazprom", "Transneft", Rosneftegazstroy and others.

Mechanical engineering
The question "What do the graduates of the Department of Mechanical Engineering do?" can be answered briefly: they create machinery and installations for the oil and gas industry, and "teach" these how to work. They design and operate equipment, certify petroleum products and technologies, ensure the security of workers life, manage risks  related to industrial production, insure industrial objects and people - our graduates can do all this and many other things.

The Faculty offers Bachelor, Master and Ph.D. programs.

Departments
 Machines and Equipment for Oil and Gas  Industry
 Equipment for Oil Refining and Gas Processing
 Tribology and Repair Technology of Oil and Gas Equipment
 Welding and Monitoring of Oil and Gas Facilities
 Standardization, Certification and Quality Management of Oil and Gas Equipment Manufacturing
 Wear Resistance of Machines and Equipment & Structural Materials Engineering
 Industrial Safety and Environment Protection
 Computer Aided Design of Oil and Gas Industry Facilities
 Theoretical Mechanics
 Technical Mechanics
 Metal Science and Nonmetallic Materials

Other Units
 National Oil and Gas Institute
 International Training and Research Center «Anticor»
 Institute for Safety and Risk Analysis in Oil and Gas Sector
 Center for Integrated Analytical Studies
 Center for Advanced Manufacturing and Refurbishing Processes in Gas Sector Equipment

Professor Prygaev is author of more than 60 scientific papers, co-author of international translator and guide "Electrodes for manual arc welding" (2000). In 2012 the International Society for Engineering Education awarded professor Prygaev the title of "International Lecturer in Engineering". In 2010 professor was awarded the title of the "Honored Person of Higher Education of the Russian Federation".

Chemical and environmental engineering
The areas of training offered by the Faculty are extremely diverse. For example, students at the Department of Oil Processing Technologies learn about the technology and processes for the production of petroleum products, explore indicators of quality for oil products  and raw materials, develop innovative solutions to improve the energy efficiency of processing plants. The Department of Gas Chemistry looks into the methods for obtaining substances and materials from hydrocarbon gases applying physical and chemical processes. The Department of Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants students master production technologies of motor oils, lubricants and fluids.

The Department of Technology of Chemicals for the Oil and Gas Industry does research in the field of development of drilling fluids, technologies for enhanced oil recovery and oil production intensification. The Department of Organic and Petroleum Chemistry trains specialists in the fields of hydrocarbon chemistry, heteroatomic and high-molecular compounds of petroleum, as well as their thermal and thermo-catalytic transformations. The Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry students explore chemical phenomena using theoretical and experimental methods of physics. And finally the Department of Industrial Ecology students can master the environmental protection, waste utilization and other green technologies.

The Faculty offers Bachelor, Master and Ph.D. programs.

Departments
 Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants
 Organic and Petroleum Chemistry
 Gas Chemistry
 Oil Processing Technologies
 General and Inorganic Chemistry
 Physical and Colloid Chemistry
 Technology of Chemicals for Oil and Gas Industry
 Industrial Ecology
 R&D Institute of Field Production Chemistry

Professor Tonkonogov is corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences (2007), author of over 100 scientific works and inventions. Professor Tonkonogov gives lectures on the theory of chemical and technological processes of basic organic and petrochemical synthesis; theoretical foundations of chemical engineering of fuel energy and carbon materials; technology of production.

Automation and computer engineering
The Faculty of Automation and Computer Engineering prepares specialists in the field of mathematical and computer modeling, design and effective use of computer technology, information-measuring and electrical systems and facilities, tools, automation and control systems. All educational programs of the Faculty are closely related with the tasks of oil and gas industry. The Faculty students receive in-depth training in physics and mathematics, studying information technology, mathematical methods of modeling and analysis of complex systems, acquire knowledge on the technology of designing and programming of modern information-measuring, computing and control systems.

The Faculty offers Bachelor, Master and Ph.D. programs.

Departments
 Advanced Mathematics
 Computer Science
 Automation of Technological Processes
 Automated Control Systems
 Theoretical Electrical Engineering and Electrification of Oil and Gas Industry
 Information and  Measuring Systems
 Applied Mathematics and Computer Simulation

Professor Khrabrov is engaged in scientific research in the field of information-measuring systems for measurement and control of multiphase flow production of oil, gas and gas condensate wells. He conducted research in the Urengoy and Orenburg gas condensate fields. He is author of 22 scientific and educational works and holds 2 patents.

Economics and management
Graduates of the Faculty are able to successfully address challenges of the oil and gas industry. They work in governmental bodies, oil and gas companies, research and development organizations as economists, managers, financiers, marketers related to the oil and gas industry.

The Faculty of Economics and Management maintains close ties with universities in China, Germany, France, UK, USA, Holland, Norway, Sweden and other countries as well as with the international oil and gas majors such as Gazprom, Rosneft, BP, Statoil and others.

All educational programs in the Faculty are closely related with the tasks of oil and gas industry.

The Faculty offers Bachelor, Master and Ph.D. programs.

Departments
 Economic Theory
 Economics of Oil and Gas Industry
 Industrial Management
 Personnel and Labor Management
 Financial Management
 Economics of Regional Energy and Energy Efficiency
 Energy Markets Research

International oil and gas business
In line with the globalization process the petroleum business is becoming more and more international. To manage the business in international oil and gas companies the enrolment of professionals with specific knowledge of doing petroleum business internationally is required.

Therefore, becoming a top manager of oil and gas companies requires comprehensive education. The Faculty of International Oil and Gas Business offers Bachelor, Master and Ph.D. programs in the areas of Petroleum Economics and Management, Energy Trading, Energy Logistics, World Economy, Geopolitics and Strategic Resource Management.

Departments
 Oil and gas business
 Strategic management of energy
 World economy and energy policy
 Energy trading and logistics
 Innovative management
 International school of business

Professor Telegina is an expert in the Global Energy Security and World Energy Economics. In 1997- 1999 Dr. Telegina was Deputy Minister of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation and was responsible for international cooperation and investment in the energy sector of Russia. She worked as Deputy Chairman of the International Conference of the European Energy Charter. For many years Dr. Telegina has been member of the Council of Russian Oil Exporters Union.

School of law
The study at the Gubkin School of Law gives students general and specific knowledge in the field of jurisprudence. Along with the general legal studies much attention is paid to the specificity of legal activities of enterprises and organizations in the oil and gas industry. The industry professionals from major oil and gas companies such as Gazprom, BP, Shell, TOTAL, and Governmental bodies (Supreme Court, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and others) as well as the experts of law and consulting firms (DLA Piper, Noland Consulting, Bureau of labor law) give the lectures in the School.

The Faculty offers Bachelor, Master and Ph.D. programs.

Departments
 Theory and History of State and Law
 Civil and Labor Law
 Civil Practice and Social branches of Law
 Natural Resource and Environmental Law
 Financial and Administrative Law
 Criminal Law and Criminology

School of humanities
In addition to training students the School provides the Russian Language training course for international students in the framework of one year Preparatory course.

The School's main task is to develop in students' patriotism, civic responsibility and team spirit, as well as their capability to maintain and contribute to the University and the national oil and gas sector traditions. The School includes the Museum of History of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas.

Departments
 Philosophy and Social and Political Technologies
 History
 Physical Education
 Russian Language
 Modern Languages
 Engineering Pedagogy

International school of business
International School of Business offers business education aimed at improving management skills and development of leadership qualities, according to the global standards of training managers for oil, gas and energy business.
The knowledge and skills obtained in the School effectively address the challenges faced by senior managers of the international petroleum companies.

The School offers the Master (MBA) and Doctoral (DBA) Degrees in Business Administration.

Professor Telegina is an expert in the Global Energy Security and World Energy Economics. In 1997- 1999 Dr. Telegina was Deputy Minister of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation and was responsible for international cooperation and investment in the energy sector of Russia. She worked as Deputy Chairman of the International Conference of the European Energy Charter. For many years Dr. Telegina has been member of the Council of Russian Oil Exporters Union.

Degrees and programs

Bachelors
Gubkin offers a wide range of Bachelor (4 years of study) programs related to various fields in the petroleum industry such as geology and petroleum engineering, mining law, petroleum economics and management, law and others.
All Bachelor Programs are Russian taught.

To learn the Russian Language in Gubkin, please refer to the one-year PREPARATORY COURSE Program.

Master programs
Gubkin offers more than 50 Master Programs in all possible areas of Petroleum Industry. The duration of Master Programs is 2 years (4 semesters).

These include regular Gubkin programs which are all Russian taught as well as Joint Master Programs which are English taught.

Doctoral programs
Gubkin offers the opportunity to receive the degree of Candidate of Science (Ph.D.) in 17 scientific areas related to the petroleum industry, such as development, exploration, production, transportation, economics and others. In this scientific framework the University offers 44 programs/majors to do the Ph.D. research in.

International cooperation

Academic cooperation
Gubkin University has cooperation agreements with many leading institutes and universities around the world. The main fields of cooperation lie in the educational and research dimensions.

Cooperation in the field of education made it possible to offer Gubkin students the following options:
 English taught Joint Master programs between Gubkin and other universities
 Exchange programs for bachelor's and master's degree students
 Visiting programs for researchers and lecturers from Gubkin and other universities from Europe, America, etc.

University partners
The list of Gubkin University partners includes more than 120 universities around the world.

Among them are:
In N. America
 Colorado School of Mines
 Texas A&M University
 University of Calgary in Canada

In Asia-Pacific Region
 China University of Petroleum,
 AJOY University in South Korea and many other well established education centers worldwide.

In Europe
 French Petroleum Institute (IFP, Paris)
 Imperial College (UK)
 Cambridge University (UK)
 Freiberg Mining Academy (Germany)
 Clausthal University of Technology (Germany)
 University of Stavanger (Norway)
 Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden)
 Mining University of Leoben (Austria)
 University of Groningen (Netherlands)

History
There was a task in the USSR – to prepare 435,000 engineers and technicians in 5 years (1930-1935) during the USSR industrialization period, while their number in 1929 was 66,000.

In 1930 the Moscow Mining Academy was divided into six independent institutes by the order of Supreme Soviet of the National Economy. The Petroleum Engineering Department of the Moscow Mining Academy became the base for the new Moscow Petroleum Institute. The Institute was named in honor of Academician Ivan Gubkin, "who contributed greatly to the foundation of higher education aimed at (of training engineers, needed urgently for the socialist industry". At this time the young Soviet state was in want of fuel and energy for industrial development. The petroleum industry faced new challenges such as the development of new fields, application of advanced methods of operation, introduction of new production technologies, further development of oil refining technologies and construction of new plants, electrification of the oil industry, as well as the planning, organization and improving the safety of petroleum production. None of these problems could be solved without significant increase in the number of petroleum engineers and Gubkin Institute became the main base for preparing such specialists.

At the beginning there were only three faculties at the University, namely: Geology and Oil Exploration, Petroleum Engineering and Refining. The first Rector of the University and the founders of its educational and research schools was its namesake Ivan M. Gubkin.

From 1941 to 1943, during World War II, the University was evacuated to Ufa.

Nowadays there are more than ten teaching faculties at Gubkin preparing specialists in almost every field of the petroleum industry: from petroleum geology and engineering to energy economics and trading. Since the University's establishment more than 85,000 students have been graduated from Gubkin.

Notable alumni

Roman Abramovich – Russian-Israeli billionaire businessman, investor, and politician. Owner of the private investment company Millhouse LLC and former owner of Chelsea Football Club.
Teki Biçoku – Albanian geologist
Sergey Donskoy – politician
Vladimir Entov – applied mathematician and physicist
Pavel Etingof - Russian-American mathematician
Edward Frenkel – Russian-American mathematician
Alexander Givental – Russian-American mathematician
Vladimir Gusinsky - media tycoon
Vladislav Ignatov – businessman and politician
Yury Luzhkov – politician who was the Mayor of Moscow and one of the founders of the ruling United Russia party
Mikhail Men - statesman, entrepreneur, musician, composer, producer
Aliya Mustafina – gymnast
Leonid Nevzlin – Russian-born Israeli former executive at Yukos, also owns 20% of Haaretz
Vasiliy Podshibyakin – discoverer of Urengoy gas field the world's second largest natural gas field
Urban Rusnák – Slovak diplomat and the current general-secretary of the Energy Charter Secretariat
Fazila Samadova - academic, chemical engineer technologist
Eugene Shvidler – Russian-American oil businessman
Vladimir Sorokin – writer and dramatist
Arkady Volozh – Israeli founder and CEO of Yandex

See also
 List of Russian geologists

References

External links
 Official Homepage
 Alumni community on Live Journal

Universities and colleges established in 1930
Universities in Moscow
Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Petroleum engineering schools
Technical universities and colleges in Russia
Fossil fuels in the Soviet Union
1930 establishments in Russia
National research universities in Russia


Ernst Albert Gäumann (6 October 1893 – 5 December 1963) was a Swiss botanist and mycologist. Born in Lyss, Canton of Bern, he obtained his early education in Biel, where he experienced both German and French languages and cultures. Studying with Eduard Fischer at the University of Bern, Gäumann received his PhD in 1917 for his research on Peronospora, a genus of water molds. After travels and study in Sweden, the United States, and the East Indies, Gäumann worked as a plant pathologist in Buitenzorg, Java, from 1919 to 1922, and then as a botanist in Zurich for several years. He held a position at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology from 1927 until his death.

Gäumann had diverse research interests, including plant pathology, soil algae, rust fungi, and fungal evolution. When he was 33, he published his work Vergleichende Morphologie der Pilze, the English translation of which became a standard textbook for mycology. In 1946 Gaumann published PJlanzliche In Jektionslehre, the first modern book on plant pathology.
Other works that were well-received included his 1952 The Fungi–A Description of their Morphological Features and Evolutionary Development and his 1959 monograph Die Rostpilze Mitteleuropas (Rust Fungi of Middle Europe). Gäumann published over 200 scientific papers, and described at least 25 new species. He worked as an editor for the scientific journals Plant and Soil, Sydowia, and Phytopathologische Zeitschrift.

References

Swiss mycologists
1893 births
1963 deaths
University of Bern alumni
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
People from Lyss

Ernst Albert Gäumann


High Powered is a 1945 American adventure film directed by William Berke starring Robert Lowery and Phyllis Brooks. It is also known as High Man.

Plot

Marian Blair and Cassie McQuade are running a small lunch establishment in their trailer. When they move the trailer from Los Angeles to the building site outside San Francisco, they pick up a hitchhiker along the road. His name is Tim Scott, and he is on his way to a job picking grapes at the vineyards.

At one point, Tim takes the wheel, and accidentally drives into the curb, unhinging the trailer, sending it down the road and crashing into the sheriff's car. All three get arrested and sent to a local jail. Tim gets to share cells with a man named Spike Kenny. When Spike's boss Farrell comes to bail him out, he recognizes Tim from a high riser construction site and bails him out too.

Tim is offered a job at the new plant being built at the construction site, and Tim accepts the offer, but only to impress Marian, whom he has taken a liking to. Spike has taken an interest in Cassie.

Tim starts working as a chipper - a metal worker - and meets his work mate Bill Madden, a man who blames Tim for his brother's death. Bill's brother fell down from construction in a high rise, and pulled Tim with him in the fall. Tim only survived because he landed on top of Bill's brother.

Marian and Cassie are quite successful with their lunch trailer, and both women are invited to the Boilerman's Ball, by Rod and Spike respectively. Marian dares Tim to go up in one of the plant towers, fully aware he has trouble with heights, and Rod has to escort him down again. When Tim explains how he obtained his vertigo, Marian warms up to him.

One day there is a gas leak at the plant and Tim manages to save Jeff's life when the gas is ignited by a spark from his car. Tim still gets the blame for the leak, but Marian stands up for him and takes him out on a date. They take a liking to each other and when Tim asks her to the ball she accepts.

During the ball, Bill happens to overhear Marian when she explains she is only dating Tim out of pity. To get back at Tim, Bill tells him what he heard. Tim is furious and picks a fight with Bill, and the fighting spreads among the rest of the workers. Soon the sheriff arrives and arrests all of the people involved in the fighting.

This time Rod is reluctant to bail the other workers out of jail, but continues the work with a handful of workers left. He changes his mind and decides to bail out Tim when he hears that Bill was the one responsible for the fight. However, both Tim and Spike has escaped jail already and are on their way to get work somewhere else.

There is an accident at the construction site, in which Rod is trapped under a heavy metal cap, by a cable that has snapped from the weight. Tim sees Rod in trouble, overcomes his fear of heights, climbs up the tower and saves Rod. Rod decides to bail out everyone else from jail, Tim and Marian get married and go away on a honeymoon together.

Cast
 Robert Lowery as Tim Scott
 Phyllis Brooks as Marian Blair
 Mary Treen as Cassie McQuade
 Joe Sawyer as Spike Kenny
 Roger Pryor as Rod Farrell
 Ralph Sanford as Sheriff
 Billy Nelson as Worker
 Edward Gargan as Boss
 Vince Barnett as Worker

Production
The film was originally known as high Man. It was intended to star William Gargan but he was assigned to Crime on Out Hands. Instead the lead role went to Robert Lowery, the first under a new three-picture deal he signed with the studio. In September 1944 Phyllis Brooks, who had made Dangerous Passage for Pine Thomas, signed to co star.

References

External links

Review at Variety

1945 films
1940s adventure drama films
1940s English-language films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by William A. Berke
Films set in California
American adventure drama films
1945 drama films
1940s American films
English-language adventure drama films

High Powered


Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is a frequency-division multiple access scheme. Originally known as Carrier Interferometry, it is also called linearly precoded OFDMA (LP-OFDMA). Like other multiple access schemes (TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, OFDMA), it deals with the assignment of multiple users to a shared communication resource. SC-FDMA can be interpreted as a linearly precoded OFDMA scheme, in the sense that it has an additional DFT processing step preceding the conventional OFDMA processing.

SC-FDMA has drawn great attention as an attractive alternative to OFDMA, especially in the uplink communications where lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) greatly benefits the mobile terminal in terms of transmit power efficiency and reduced cost of the power amplifier. It has been adopted as the uplink multiple access scheme in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), or Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA).

The performance of SC-FDMA in relation to OFDMA has been the subject of various studies. Although the performance gap is small, SC-FDMA's advantage of low PAPR makes it desirable for uplink wireless transmission in mobile communication systems, where transmitter power efficiency is of paramount importance.

Transmitter and receiver structure

The transmission processing of SC-FDMA is very similar to that of OFDMA. For each user, the sequence of bits transmitted is mapped to a complex constellation of symbols (BPSK, QPSK, or M-QAM). Then different transmitters (users) are assigned different Fourier coefficients. This assignment is carried out in the mapping and demapping blocks. The receiver side includes one demapping block, one IDFT block, and one detection block for each user signal to be received. Just like in OFDM, guard intervals (called cyclic prefixes) with cyclic repetition are introduced between blocks of symbols in view to efficiently eliminate inter-symbol interference from time spreading (caused by multi-path propagation) among the blocks.

In SC-FDMA, multiple access among users is made possible by assigning different users different sets of non-overlapping Fourier coefficients (sub-carriers). This is achieved at the transmitter by inserting (prior to IDFT) silent Fourier coefficients (at positions assigned to other users), and removing them on the receiver side after the DFT.

The distinguishing feature of SC-FDMA is that it leads to a single-carrier transmit signal, in contrast to OFDMA which is a multi-carrier transmission scheme. Subcarrier mapping can be classified into two types: localized mapping and distributed mapping.  In localized mapping, the DFT outputs are mapped to a subset of consecutive subcarriers, thereby confining them to only a fraction of the system bandwidth. In distributed mapping, the DFT outputs of the input data are assigned to subcarriers over the entire bandwidth non-continuously, resulting in zero amplitude for the remaining subcarriers. A special case of distributed SC-FDMA is called interleaved SC-FDMA (IFDMA), where the occupied subcarriers are equally spaced over the entire bandwidth.

Owing to its inherent single carrier structure, a prominent advantage of SC-FDMA over OFDM and OFDMA is that its transmit signal has a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), resulting in relaxed design parameters in the transmit path of a subscriber unit. Intuitively, the reason lies in the fact that where OFDM transmit symbols directly modulate multiple sub-carriers, SC-FDMA transmit symbols are first processed by an N-point DFT block.

In OFDM, as well as SC-FDMA, equalization is achieved on the receiver side, after the DFT calculation, by multiplying each Fourier coefficient by a complex number. Thus, frequency-selective fading and phase distortion can be easily counteracted. The advantage is that frequency domain equalization using FFTs requires less computation than conventional time-domain equalization, which require multi-tap FIR or IIR-filters. Less computations result in less compounded round-off error, which can be viewed as numerical noise.

A related concept is the combination of a single carrier transmission with the single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) scheme. The single carrier transmission, unlike SC-FDMA and OFDM, employs no IDFT or DFT at the transmitter, but introduces the cyclic prefix to transform the linear channel convolution into a circular one.  After removing the cyclic prefix at the receiver, a DFT is applied to arrive in the frequency domain, where a simple single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) scheme can be employed, followed by the IDFT operation.

 DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform
 IDFT: Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
 CP: Cyclic Prefix
 PS: Pulse Shaping
 DAC: Digital-to-analog converter
 RF: Radio Frequency signal
 ADC: Analog-to-digital converter
 LP-OFDMA: Linearly precoded OFDMA

Useful properties
 Low PAPR (crest factor)
 Low sensitivity to carrier frequency offset
 Less sensitive to non-linear distortion and hence, it allows the use of low-cost power amplifiers
 Greater robustness against spectral nulls

See also
 Carrier interferometry
 3GPP Long Term Evolution
 OFDMA
 Time-division multiple access

References

Channel access methods

Single-carrier FDMA


Dom Famularo (August 26, 1953 – September 27, 2023) was an American drummer, drum teacher, author, clinician, and motivational speaker.

Biography
Famularo was born on Long Island, New York. He started playing the drums when he was 11 and became a professional at the age of 12. He began his career as a performing jazz drummer. He studied under some of the greatest drummers of the 20th century, including Jim Chapin and Joe Morello. With a passion for jazz and inspiring others, he began a successful drum teaching career, becoming one of the most sought-after clinicians of his time. Some of the most successful jazz and rock drummers had instruction from him.

Famularo was called Drumming's Global Ambassador due to the many places he visited and vast number of people that heard him speak each year.

He was known for his open handed playing style. He was the first western drummer to perform clinics in China.

Famularo presented masterclasses and clinics around the globe in United States, Canada, Colombia, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Peru, England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Austria, Switzerland, Portugal, Spain, Norway, Sweden, Poland, Serbia, Greece, Italy, Hungary, Costa Rica, Honduras, Puerto Rico, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Turkey, Israel, Canary Islands, South Africa, Ukraine, Latvia and Botswana.

Famularo directed and emceed major drumming expos around the world, and was one of drumming's most sought-after private instructors for over 40 years. He taught many of today's leading drummers, and students regularly flew in from around the globe for intensive study with him. He acted as Education Director and consultant for several leading drum companies.

Famularo used Mapex drums and Sabian cymbals. He shared the stage with many famous musicians—some include Steve Gadd, Terry Bozzio, B.B. King, Thomas Lang, Tommy Igoe, Will Calhoun and Chad Smith. He was also a motivational speaker and the author of "Cycle of Self-Empowerment."

Famularo was voted Best Clinician by the readers of Modern Drummer magazine in 2005 and 2006, and by the readers of DRUM! in 2006. He was the author of It's Your Move and The Cycle of Self-Empowerment, and co-author of The Weaker Side and Drumset Duets (with Stephane Chamberland), Open-Handed Playing (with Claus Hessler), Eighth-Note Rock and Beyond (with Glenn Ceglia), Pedal Control (with Joe Bergamini and Stephane Chamberland) and Groove Facility (with Rob Hirons).

On December 21, 2012, Famularo appeared on the national Fox TV show The Real Winning Edge.
Famularo was involved in developing online teaching methods using websites, including Drumeo, and SABIAN Educators Network (SEN). He resided on Long Island with his wife and three sons. He died of pancreatic cancer on September 27, 2023, at the age of 70.

Famularo created the first Wizdom Drumshed School in the world on Long Island (NY) many years ago ("Wizdom" being a mix of the words wizard and Dom). These schools took place across the globe in collaboration with Famularo; in Quebec City, Canada run by Stephane Chamberland, in Marseille, France run by Rob Hirons, in Paris run by Frederick Rimbert and in Italy run by Massimo Russo.

References

External links
 Dom's Website

1953 births
2023 deaths
20th-century American drummers
20th-century American male musicians
American male drummers
People from Long Island
Musicians from New York (state)
21st-century American drummers
21st-century American male musicians

Dom Famularo


Cotton Street runs along the south side of Downtown Shreveport. One of the oldest gay bars in Louisiana, the Korner Lounge, has been continuously operating since the late 1930s at the corner of Cotton and Louisiana Avenue. On Marshall Street near the terminus of Cotton Street is the largest of Shreveport's gay and lesbian bars, Central Station. This club is located in the Central Railroad Station of Shreveport, built in 1909, and features a country and western bar, a dance club, a video bar, and a drag queen showroom upstairs.

External links
Shreveport Philadelphia Center - HIV/GLBT Center
P.A.C.E. - Shreveport (Political Action Council for Equality)
Gay & Lesbian Outreach at Centenary College
Robinson Film Center (features GLBT movies)

Gay villages in the United States
Geography of Shreveport, Louisiana

Cotton Street, Shreveport, Louisiana


KHQA-TV (channel 7) is a television station licensed to Hannibal, Missouri, United States, serving the Quincy, Illinois–Hannibal, Missouri–Keokuk, Iowa market as an affiliate of CBS and ABC. The station is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group, and maintains studios on South 36th Street in Quincy; its transmitter is located northeast of the city on Cannonball Road near I-172.

History
KHQA went on-the-air September 23, 1953. The station was originally owned by Lee Enterprises of Davenport, Iowa, along with the Hannibal Courier-Post and WTAD radio (AM 930 and FM 99.5, now WCOY). Despite the common ownership, Lee was unable to use the WTAD-TV calls because Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules of the time did not allow stations to share common base callsigns if they were licensed in different cities. While licensed to Hannibal (hence accounting for the "H" in its callsign, as well as its callsign beginning with a "K"), its studios have long been located across the Mississippi River in Quincy; the station signed on after the FCC allowed a station to base its main studio outside its city of license.

Channel 7 received its DuMont transmitters on July 27, 1953. They arrived on the same truck as the transmitters for future rival WGEM-TV (channel 10). The two stations' crews raced to be the first television station in the Tri-State. Ultimately, WGEM-TV won the race, signing on September 4, more than two weeks before channel 7.

KHQA has always been a primary CBS affiliate, although it had a secondary affiliation with DuMont between 1953 and 1956. The station shared a secondary ABC affiliation with WGEM-TV in the 1960s. KHQA also aired a number of UPN programs during late-night hours between 1995 and 2006.  Lee sold the Courier-Post in 1969, but held onto its Quincy broadcasting cluster until December 1986 when the company sold KHQA to A. Richard Benedek, whose television holdings eventually became Benedek Broadcasting. The radio stations were sold to Eastern Broadcasting. At the time of the sale, KHQA was the smallest station in Lee's TV portfolio.

Benedek declared bankruptcy and sold most of its stations to Gray Television in 2002, but KHQA was sold to Chelsey Broadcasting; Gray would ultimately acquire Quincy Media, parent company of WGEM AM–FM–TV, in 2021. KHQA, WHOI in Peoria, and WEYI-TV in Saginaw, Michigan, became the first three stations owned by the newly formed Barrington Broadcasting in April 2004. In early 1998, KHQA left its longtime home in the Western Catholic Union building in downtown Quincy. The station moved into a new state-of-the-art facility located on South 36th Street. On August 28, 2007, KHQA announced that a new second digital subchannel would begin carrying ABC for the Tri-States, replacing sister station KTVO (which had been ABC's affiliate of record in the Quincy market). This was launched on September 30.

On February 28, 2013, Barrington announced that it would exit from broadcasting and sell off its entire group, including KHQA-TV, to Sinclair Broadcast Group. The sale was completed on November 25.

On February 26, 2020, it was revealed that KHQA would undergo the same transition as Sinclair sister stations WNWO-TV in Toledo, Ohio, and WOLF-TV in Scranton, Pennsylvania, having their newscasts hubbed by another station. News management, production, and anchors would be moved to WICD in Champaign, Illinois. Weather and some reporters would be allowed to stay local, with an unspecified number of other employees allowed to move to Champaign. These changes went into effect later in the year.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Before KHQA-DT2 started, sister station KTVO in Kirksville, Missouri had served as the default analog ABC affiliate for the area. KTVO launched a CBS-affiliated second digital subchannel on May 15, 2010 effectively marking the network's return to that station after a 36-year absence. KHQA-DT1 was eventually upgraded from 720p into 1080i.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KHQA-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 29 to VHF channel 7.

References

External links

CBS network affiliates
ABC network affiliates
Comet (TV network) affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1953
1953 establishments in Missouri
Television stations in the Quincy–Hannibal area
Sinclair Broadcast Group

KHQA-TV


Youm7 (meaning The Seventh Day) is an Egyptian privately owned daily newspaper. It was first published as a weekly paper in October 2008 and has been published daily since May 2011. It is published in Arabic. The paper was twice selected by Forbes Middle East as having the most effective news website in the Middle East. Youm7 reportedly has the most-visited website of any Egyptian newspaper. On 6 October 2013 it launched an English news website called The Cairo Post.

History

Founding and profile
Youm7 was first published as a weekly paper in October 2008 and has been published daily since 31 May 2011. It's board of directors is headed by Walid Mostafa and its editor Khaled Salah who said shortly after the paper's expansion to daily publication that Youm7 "supports the popular need for a civil state and will strive to present facts to readers without political bias and with credible representation of diverse views."

Youm7 English Edition
On 8 August 2011, managing director Sallie Pisch announced the launch of Youm7 English Edition, stating that the English-language paper aimed to fill the gap in "quality, understandable news coverage coming out of Egypt in English." Youm7 English Edition also managed an Egypt Wiki that "aims to provide background info on Egyptian politicians, public figures and organizations in one location." As of 2 May 2012, the Youm7 English Edition appears to no longer be functioning, as the link to the English Edition homepage redirects to the Youm7 Arabic site. On 13 December 2012, the English Edition Twitter profile tweeted "Dear followers, we are currently having a problem with our website. We hope to get it figured out and back online soon!" As of 2 May  2012, the Youm7 English Edition Twitter profile's last tweet was published on 21 December 2012.

Criticism

Racism
In Aug, 2014, Youm7 published a page with the headline: "Black Terror Gangs in Cairo" including a picture of black skinned people holding guns and the word "Niggers" on it, it drew criticism from Egyptian activists and international media, calling the newspaper hateful and racist.

References

Other websites
Official website

Newspapers in Asia
2008 establishments in Africa
Newspapers in Africa
Organizations based in Egypt

Youm7


The Beans and Bacon mine is a disused lead mine on Bonsall Moor near the village of Bonsall, Derbyshire, United Kingdom.  The nearest large town is Matlock.  The mine was in operation from 1920 to 1925, but workings around the mine date back to at least 1740 and some are thought to be medieval, making it of some archaeological importance. No reason has been given for the mine's unusual name, but other mines in the area are called Mule Spinner, Frogs Hole, Cackle Mackle and Wanton Legs, so this mine's name is not atypical.

The mine is one of a group in the area scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as an ancient monument of national importance.  The Beans and Bacon mine site includes five coes (stone sheds), one of which contains the founder shaft in one compartment, and the workings descend more than .  The site is one of only two that show numerous different methods of rock breakage on such a small site.  These methods include plug and feather, gad and wedge, and gunpowder blasting.

In September 2014 a cow was rescued from the Beans and Bacon mine after falling  down a shaft.  Rescuers enlarged another entrance and coaxed the animal out.

References

History of Derbyshire
Mining in Derbyshire
Peak District
History of mining in the United Kingdom
Archaeological sites in Derbyshire
Lead mines in England
Former mines in England
Underground mines in England

Beans and Bacon mine


The International Bear Brotherhood Flag, also known as the bear flag, is a pride flag designed to represent the bear subculture within the LGBTQIA+ community. The colors of the flag—dark brown, orange/rust, golden yellow, tan, white, gray, and black—are meant to include the colors of the furs of animal bears throughout the world. Though not necessarily referring to human skin color or hair color, the flag was designed with inclusion in mind. The bear culture celebrates secondary sex characteristics such as growth of body hair and facial hair, traits associated with bears.

Background
Craig Byrnes created the bear flag in Washington, D.C. in 1995. Byrnes' undergraduate degree in psychology involved designing a senior project about the bear culture that has exploded since the early 1980s, of which he had first-hand experience. He thought it might be fitting to design a flag that would best represent the bear community and include it with the results of his research. To do this, he received help from another influential member of the bear cultural community. Four variations were sewing machine-constructed and Byrnes won approval to display the four  prototype flags at the Chesapeake Bay "Bears of Summer" events in July 1995.

The winning design (a version created by Paul Witzkoske) is a field of simple horizontal stripes with a paw print in the upper left corner — a layout similar to the Leather pride flag. The colors represent the fur colors and nationalities of bears throughout the world and the flag was designed with inclusivity in mind. It is trademarked.

Gallery

See also

 LGBT symbols
 Leather pride flag
 Rainbow flag

Further reading

References

Flag
LGBT flags
Flags introduced in 1995
Sexuality flags

Bear flag (gay culture)


German Grigoryevich Okunev (; 12 June 1931, in Leningrad – 12 June 1973, in Leningrad) was a Soviet Russian composer, pianist and teacher.

Life
Okunev's father was an engineer; his mother was a dressmaker. From the age of 8 he attended a musical school in Leningrad. He graduated from the Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory in Leningrad, where he studied with O. Yevlakov and Boris Klyuzner, in 1956.

From 1957 to 1960 Okunev taught music at Frunze, (now Bishkek), in Kirghiz SSR. In 1964 he returned to the  Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory to study with Dmitri Shostakovich as a post-graduate pupil. Shostakovich had a high opinion of Okunev and later assisted him in obtaining performances for his works.

In 1968 Okunev narrowly escaped from drowning in an accident on Lake Ladoga. On 27 May 1973 Okunev and his wife were involved in a serious traffic accident from which Okunev died 17 days later, on his 42nd birthday.

After his death, an asteroid was named for him ('10990 Okunev') by its discoverer, N. S. Chernykh.

Music
Okunev developed an individual style which became strongly, if indirectly, influenced by the music he became acquainted with in Kirghizia. His early three-act ballet 'Kuiruchuk' (1961) is based on Kirghiz themes.

His compositions include two symphonies, a variety of chamber music, concertos for the oboe and for two pianos, a trumpet sonatina and music written for children, including the suite 'Raduga' ('Rainbow'). An adagio and scherzo for trombone and piano have been recorded in Western Europe: other recordings of his music made during the Soviet period are not currently available.

Okunev's First Symphony (1962–1964) was written whilst studying with Shostakovich. It received its first performance in April 1966 in Irkutsk. His Second Symphony, a concise but effective and carefully crafted work, perhaps his greatest, was first performed in 1972 in Leningrad. Its second performance came only after his death, in 1974 in Yaroslavl.

At the time of his death Okunev was working on a ballet based on The Overcoat by Gogol; this was completed and orchestrated after his death by V. Sapozhnikov.

Notes

References
Sergei Sigitov (ed.), German Okunev, Liki Tvorchestva i Vremeni, St. Petersburg 2006

1931 births
1973 deaths
Soviet composers
Soviet male composers
Road incident deaths in Russia
Composers from Saint Petersburg
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century Russian male musicians

German Okunev


Ramotholo Rafael Sefako (born 1971) is a South African astrophysicist. He is one of the first three black astro-physicists in South Africa.

Biography
Sefako matriculated with distinction from Khukhune High School in Botha-Bothe-Lesotho and obtained his BSc degree at the University of Lesotho.

He received his doctorate in astronomy from the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education (abbreviated PU for CHE).

In 2005, he joined South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) as a post-doctoral fellow, and later a Southern African Large Telescope(SALT) astronomer. Currently, he is the head of the Telescope Operations (TOPS) Division at SAAO.

Astronomy Research

Dr Ramotholo Sefako's research interests include multi-wavelength studies of blazars and pulsar-driven nebulae to unravel how these objects produce high energies, up to gamma rays. Moreover, he has published various journals collaboration with other physicists around the world.

Notes

1971 births
Living people
South African astronomers
North-West University alumni
National University of Lesotho alumni

Ramotholo Sefako


Seletar Bus Depot, formerly named Sungei Seletar Bus Depot, is the third bus depot to be built by the Land Transport Authority in Singapore. It is located off Yio Chu Kang Road and houses 29 services under the Seletar Bus Package.

Completed in 2017, the new bus depot is able to accommodate about 500 buses and be equipped with facilities for daily bus operations, bus maintenance and a rest area for bus drivers. An access road (Yio Chu Kang Crescent) was built to serve the depot. The depot was officially opened by Minister for Transport Khaw Boon Wan on 27 January 2018.

History
On 7 June 2016, the Land Transport Authority called for tenders to operate 26 routes based at Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange, Yio Chu Kang Bus Interchange, and Yishun Bus Interchange out of the new depot as part of its new contracting model. The bus services will be operated by the successful tenderer for a service term of five years, with a possible two-year extension based on good performance. On 19 April 2017, the Land Transport Authority awarded the bus package to SBS Transit. SBS Transit took over the services in the bus package in three tranches in March 2018, as SBS Transit was already operating about half of the bus services.

References

Bus garages
Bus stations in Singapore
2018 establishments in Singapore

Seletar Bus Depot


IC 1101 is a supergiant lenticular galaxy  at the center of the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster. It, along with its cluster is 1.07 billion light years away in the constellation of Virgo. It has a diameter of 400,000 to 550,000 light-years.

Size
The galaxy has a diameter of about 400,000 to 550,000 light-years, as measured using the D25 isophote and the 2MASS survey. It is the central galaxy of a huge galaxy cluster called Abell 2029 which has a mass (mostly dark matter) of roughly 100 trillion times that of the Sun. IC 1101 is also known as A2029-BCG, as it is the brightest member of the aforementioned cluster Abell 2029 . IC 1101 is more than seven times the size of the Milky Way. If it were in place of our galaxy, it would swallow up the Milky Way and some neighboring satellite galaxies, including the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. It also has the largest core of any galaxy, at a core diameter of around 13,000 light-years, bigger than the previous largest core of any galaxy which is at 10,000 light-years, in the elliptical galaxy A2261-BCG .

Related pages
List of galaxies
Abell 2029-The galaxy cluster in which IC 1101 is located.
Virgo (constellation)

References

Other websites

The scale of the Universe (Astronomy Picture of the Day March 12, 2012)

Elliptical galaxies

IC 1101


Due its geography and geology, the Falkland Islands has no particularly large rivers. Those of some length tend to be sluggish, often ending in one of the frequent fjords or large inlets surrounding the Islands (such as San Carlos Water or Byron Sound) as creeks. However, as the Islands receive high precipitation, there are many small streams to be found on them.

East Falkland
 Malo River/Arroyo Malo
 Moody Brook
 Mullet Creek
 Murrell River
 San Carlos River

West Falkland
 Blackburn River
 Chartres River
 Warrah River
 Green Hills/Green Hill Stream.

See also
 Geology of the Falkland Islands

Falkland

List of rivers of the Falkland Islands


Tafoni (singular: tafone) are cavities that develop in granular rock.

Although various definitions can be found in the scientific literature, tafoni are commonly defined as small (less than ) to large (greater than ) cavity features that develop in either natural or manmade, vertical to steeply sloping, exposures of granular rock (i.e., granite, sandstone) with smooth concave walls, and often round rims and openings. Recognized subcategories of tafoni include honeycomb, stonelace, alveolar (less than ), sidewall, basal, nested, and relic tafoni. It is also commonly synonymous with nido d'ape roccioso in Italian.

The etymology of the word tafoni is unclear. Tafoni may come from the Greek word taphos, tomb, or it may stem from a Corsican or Sicilian word for holes, taffoni, or from tafonare meaning to perforate. The earliest known publication of the term tafoni was in 1882.

Distribution
Tafoni often occur in groups that can riddle a hillside, cliff, or other rock formation. They typically develop in siliceous, either coarse-grained (sandstone) or coarsely crystalline (granite), rock types. They also have been observed in lacustrine silts, tuffs, and conglomerates. They can be found in all climate types, but are most prolific in salt-rich environments, such as deserts and coastal zones. They have been found across the Earth, with dramatic forms found in the Jodhpur-Ajmer section of India's Thar Desert, Petra, Jordan, Coastal California and Australia, and even in the Arctic regions, and Antarctica. The common factors in the environments in which they are found are high salt concentrations and frequent or occasional desiccating conditions.

Origin
Many explanations have been proposed for the origin of tafoni. They include marine abrasion; wind corrosion; mechanical weathering resulting from short-term temperature variations; chemical weathering of the interior of the rock (core-softening) under a protective crust (case-hardening) followed by mechanical removal of the softened material; biogeochemical weathering by lichens; temperature variations acting on salt efflorescence in coastal regions; and salt weathering. Starting in the 1970s, most workers have advocated salt weathering as the primary explanation for the formation of tafoni. Currently, tafoni are considered to be polygenetic in origin being the result of complex interaction of physical and chemical weathering processes, which include salt weathering and cyclic wetting and drying.

See also
, a similar weathering landform

References

External links
www.tafoni.com Comprehensive explanation of tafoni, explanations of how they form, images, references
Gallery of tafoni along California's Central Coast

Rock formations
Weathering landforms

Tafoni


Abingdon Historic District is a national historic district located at Abingdon, Washington County, Virginia. The district encompasses 145 contributing buildings, 2 contributing site, and 13 contributing structures in the town of Abingdon.  It includes a variety of residential, commercial, and institutional buildings dating from the late-18th century to the mid-20th century.  Notable contributing resources include Sinking Spring Cemetery, William King High School (1913), General Francis Preston House (1832), Martha Washington Inn, Barter Theatre, the Virginia House, Alexander Findlay House (1827), Gabriel Stickley House (c. 1830), Ann Berry House (c. 1830), Washington County Courthouse (1868), Rev. Charles Cummings House (c. 1773), and James Fields House (1857).  Located in the district and separately listed are the Abingdon Bank and Dr. William H. Pitts House.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, with a boundary increase in 1986.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Buildings and structures in Washington County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Virginia

Abingdon Historic District


Melton Andrew Hawkins (born January 21, 1960) is an American former professional baseball pitcher and coach. Hawkins spent most of his Major League Baseball (MLB) career with the San Diego Padres, and also played for the New York Yankees and briefly for the Oakland Athletics.

Baseball career

San Diego Padres
He is known for being the only San Diego Padres pitcher to win a World Series game.  Hawkins earned a victory pitching in relief in Game 2 of the 1984 World Series, which the Padres lost to Detroit in five games, though he was the losing pitcher in the fifth and final game. His best season was 1985, when he threw a career-high 228 innings, compiled an 18–8 record (winning his first 11 starts), and finished with a 3.15 ERA. Hawkins is the first pitcher to win his first ten starts since the advent of divisional play in Major League Baseball which started in 1969. His 18 no decisions in 1986 were the most among MLB starting pitchers for that season.

New York Yankees
After six seasons in San Diego, Hawkins became a free agent after the 1988 season and signed a three-year contract with the New York Yankees in December 1988. This created big expectations for him, heightened when Yankee manager Dallas Green pronounced Hawkins the staff "anchor". Hawkins was the Yankees' most consistent starter in 1989, compiling a 15–15 record, a 4.80 ERA and an American League-leading 111 earned runs surrendered in 208 innings pitched. Tommy John thought Hawkins "would have been much better coming in not as a savior but simply as just another starting pitcher."

In the following year, Hawkins struggled for a very poor Yankees team.  On May 8, with just one win and an ERA of 8.56, Hawkins was offered his outright release, which he accepted, although an injury that night to pitcher Mike Witt changed his mind. Hawkins pitched much better in his next three starts, although he still had only a 1–4 record three months into the season.

Hawkins allowed no hits while pitching a complete game but lost a 4–0 decision to the Chicago White Sox in the Yankees' final appearance at Comiskey Park on July 1, 1990. He retired both Ron Karkovice and Scott Fletcher on infield pop-outs to second baseman Steve Sax to start the eighth inning before Sammy Sosa reached first base safely on a fielding error by third baseman Mike Blowers. After Hawkins walked Ozzie Guillén and Lance Johnson to load the bases, the White Sox scored three unearned runs when a wind-aided ball hit by Robin Ventura glanced off left fielder Jim Leyritz's glove for a two-base error. The last run of the inning resulted from right fielder Jesse Barfield misplaying a ball hit by Iván Calderón by losing it in the sun and dropping it for another two-base error.

Major League Baseball does not consider this effort an official no-hitter, because Hawkins only completed eight innings pitched. On September 4, 1991, the Committee for Statistical Accuracy, appointed by commissioner Fay Vincent, changed the definition of a no-hitter to require that a pitcher must throw at least nine full innings and a complete game for the no-hitter to be official. Since Hawkins played for the visiting team, the White Sox never batted in the ninth inning, meaning Hawkins lost credit for a no-hitter. The game was also notable for being a double no-hitter into the sixth inning (and a double perfect game into the fifth), as White Sox starter Greg Hibbard retired the first 16 batters he faced before Bob Geren reached base on an infield single in the sixth.

In his next appearance on July 6, he faced the Minnesota Twins at Yankee Stadium in the opening game of a doubleheader. Hawkins pitched a shutout into the twelfth inning but wound up losing 2–0. Since then, no starting pitcher has pitched in an MLB game into the twelfth inning or later.

In his following appearance on July 12 in the Bronx, the Yankees lost a six-inning no-hitter to Mélido Pérez and the White Sox. Likewise, that game is not considered an official no-hitter, as the game was shortened to seven innings due to rain; Hawkins was still on the mound when the game was delayed, and then called off. Hawkins's worst month of his career was capped off with his worst start of the season, at home on July 17 against the Kansas City Royals. Hawkins labored through 4 innings and surrendered eight runs on the strength of four homeruns, including three by Bo Jackson, and took the loss in a 10-7 Kansas City victory. Hawkins finished 1990 with a 5–12 record and a 5.37 ERA in 157 innings pitched.

Hawkins started off the 1991 season poorly as well, appearing in four games and going 0–2 before being taken out of the rotation, giving up 14 earned runs in 12 innings. The Yankees released Hawkins on May 9, two days after he lasted only 2 innings and surrendered four earned runs and five hits (including two homeruns) to the California Angels on May 7 in Anaheim. He signed with the Oakland Athletics more than a week later; he compiled a 4–4 record with a 4.79 ERA in 77 innings before the Athletics released him in mid-August. In what would be his final major league appearance on August 4 against the Twins in Oakland Hawkins faced only one batter, striking out Scott Leius swinging.

In his three seasons in the American League, Hawkins also struggled mightily while pitching in Fenway Park. In three career starts there against the Boston Red Sox, Hawkins managed a total of just one inning, giving up 18 earned runs.

Coaching
Hawkins was the bullpen coach of the Texas Rangers, having served as the interim pitching coach following the firing of previous pitching coach Mark Connor during the 2008 season.  Before being promoted as the interim coach, Hawkins was the pitching coach for the Oklahoma RedHawks. At the end of the 2015 season Hawkins left the Rangers.  In 2016 Hawkins was hired on as the pitching coach for the Kansas City Royals AAA team, the Omaha Storm Chasers.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Amarillo Gold Sox players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball coaches from Texas
Baseball players from Texas
Calgary Cannons players
Hawaii Islanders players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Minor league baseball coaches
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
Reno Silver Sox players
San Diego Padres players
Sportspeople from Waco, Texas
Texas Rangers coaches
Walla Walla Padres players

Andy Hawkins


Pedro Tamesis Orata (27 February 1899 – 13 July 1989) was a Filipino educator known as the Father of Barrio High Schools. He is also the founder of the Urdaneta Community College (now Urdaneta City University), the country's first community college, and a recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1971.

Early life and education
Orata was born on February 27, 1899, in Barrio Bactad, Urdaneta, Pangasinan to Candido Orata and Numeriana Tamesis.

In 1920, he finished his high school studies in Lingayen as the class valedictorian and, through his sister Victoriana's savings, went to the United States to pursue higher education. He supported his studies by working on a railroad gang, washing dishes, and through a partial pensionado support from the Philippine Government. He finished the bachelor's degree in education at the University of Illinois and the master's and doctor's degrees at the Ohio State University.

Career
After obtaining his doctor's degree in 1927, he returned to the Philippines and joined the Bureau of Public Schools. He was first assigned at Bayambang Normal School (now a campus of Pangasinan State University) but was sent to the Philippine Normal School (now Philippine Normal University) in Manila. He was also appointed as Division Superintendent of schools in Isabela in 1928 and in Sorsogon in 1931.

He returned to the United States in 1934 and taught at his alma mater, Ohio State University, until 1936. In 1937, he was appointed as principal of a school for Sioux native Americans at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota where he developed his ideas of a community school. He submitted a detailed report and his ideas to the National Office of Education of Education in Washington D.C. (now the Department of Education and was appointed as a supervisor for Home Economics and later Specialist in Guidance and Vocational Information. In 1941, he returned to the Philippines and served the Philippine National Council of Education. After a year of government service during World War II, he went back to Pangasinan.

After the liberation of the Philippines in 1945, Orata was appointed as "Director of Education" in Urdaneta with the task of reopening the schools. He gathered doctors, lawyers, engineers, pharmacists, and other professionals to establish a school in a roofless church divided into four sections by lines drawn on the floor. It became known as the Pangasinan East Provincial High School (now Urdaneta City National High School), the first public high school in the Philippines outside a provincial capital.

In 1948, Orata was appointed as a staff member of the UNESCO in Paris and in 1960 was designated as the first Dean of the Graduate School and then director of curriculum development at the Philippine Normal College. He retired in 1964.

Later life and legacy
After his retirement, Orata organized barrio high schools and community colleges. From the start of four schools, 16 more schools were established in Pangasinan, Camarines Norte, and Albay after tests revealed that barrio high school students performed better than their regular high school counterparts. It ushered in a national program for barrio high schools which received support from national and international agencies. In 1969, Republic Act No. 6054 or the Barrio High School Charter was enacted. The barrio high school program reached 43 provinces and six cities.

He also founded the Urdaneta Community College (now Urdaneta City University) in 1966 with the support of the municipal government using the proceeds from the town's fiesta celebration. The school was patterned after the community colleges of the United States and offered a two-year general education course as well as short-term courses in agriculture and retail business for adults. It started with an enrollment of 144 students who came from rural areas.

Awards and recognition
In 1971, Orata received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service in recognition of his "44 years of creative work in education, particularly his conception and promotion of barrio high schools for rural Filipino youth."

Barangay Bactad Proper and Bactad Proper National High School, in Urdaneta City, Pangasinan, were renamed Barangay Dr. Pedro T. Orata and Pedro T. Orata National High School respectively.

References

External links
Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation
Urdaneta City University

1899 births
1989 deaths
Urdaneta, Pangasinan
Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
People from Urdaneta, Pangasinan
University of Illinois alumni
Ohio State University alumni

Pedro Orata