(also referred to as Donkey Kong '94) is a 1994 platform video game developed by Nintendo and Pax Softnica and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy. Donkey Kong is loosely based on the 1981 arcade game of the same name and its sequel Donkey Kong Jr.

Like in the original arcade and NES version, the player takes control of Mario and must rescue Pauline from Donkey Kong (who are both given updated character designs for this game). Donkey Kong Jr. makes a guest appearance in the game on some levels, helping his father hinder Mario's progress.

This was the first Game Boy title designed with enhanced features when played on the Super Game Boy. It features gameplay elements from Donkey Kong, Donkey Kong Jr., and Super Mario Bros. 2.

Gameplay

Donkey Kong begins with the four levels found in the original arcade game, in which Mario must reach the top of the level and save Pauline. After these four initial stages are completed, the usual arcade ending begins, but after a few notes of the "victory theme" Donkey Kong revives, grabs Pauline again, and takes off with her, with Mario giving chase. The player is then presented with 97 additional stages spanning nine worlds, for a total of 101 stages with the very last one a fight against a mutated, larger Donkey Kong.

The subsequent levels follow a completely different game mechanic in which the player must guide Mario through each level to locate a key. He must pick it up and carry it to a locked door elsewhere in the stage. Every fourth level is a "battle level" in which the player must either try to reach Pauline, like in the original levels, or defeat Donkey Kong by using his own barrels against him. After the fourth level is cleared, a cutscene is shown depicting a player's abilities that may be needed for the upcoming levels, or to introduce new kinds of traps. At this point, players are allowed to save their progress, including their time for each level or for the total set. Extra lives can be earned via mini-games, unlocked by collecting three special items in each level, or at the end of each set based on the total unused time from that set.

The game features various gameplay enhancements from the original game. Mario is able to survive falling from certain distances, though will lose a life if he falls further. Mario will also lose a life if he hits an enemy or obstacle, though some instances allow Mario to withstand the hit, such as being hit while carrying an item. Similar to Super Mario Bros. 2, he is able to pick up and throw items or certain enemies, which he will need to use to carry the key over to the door. If the key is left alone for a certain amount of time, it will return to its original place. At any point, Mario can flip over onto his hands, which allows him to catch falling barrels, and can also perform higher jumps by timing his jumps from flipping, or by performing a jump while changing direction.

The classic mallet item can be thrown upwards and can be used again if Mario catches it, allowing him to bring it to different parts of the stage. There are also several blocks that allow the player to add bridges, ladders and springs anywhere on the screen for a short amount of time. Other abilities Mario can perform include swimming, climbing ropes in a similar fashion to Donkey Kong Jr. and spinning on wires to reach new heights.

Follow-ups
During its release, Nelsonic released a promotional LCD game wristwatch based on it. It is based on one of the early levels in the original game. Ten years later, an enhanced version of the Game Boy title for the Game Boy Advance was planned, titled Donkey Kong Plus. In addition to featuring enhanced graphics and backgrounds, the proposed remake also featured a level designer accessible through the GameCube. The game ultimately resurfaced as Mario vs. Donkey Kong, a completely new game with similar gameplay. It was followed by a sequel titled Mario vs. Donkey Kong 2: March of the Minis, which featured a level designer. The Game Boy title was re-released as a download for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console service in June 2011.

Reception

In the United Kingdom, it was the top-selling Game Boy game for two months in 1994, from October to November.

Since its release, reception of Donkey Kong has been positive, holding an average score of 84.93% at GameRankings based on nine reviews. GamePro described it as both a great killer app for the Super Game Boy and an excellent game in its own right. They particularly praised the nostalgia value of the arcade game levels, the intellectually challenging puzzles of the new levels, and the overall longevity of the game. Electronic Gaming Monthly gave it their "Game of the Month" award, similarly hailing it as an excellent killer app for the Super Game Boy and commenting that it brings back all the best aspects of the arcade, while introducing new concepts.

Nintendo Power praised the game as "challenging and fun" while noting that its control sheme is styled after the arcade games, not Super Mario Bros., and can be confusing at first. The review gave high marks for the games' play control, challenge and theme & fun.  AllGame gave the game a four and a half star out of five rating, praising the graphics, sound and challenging gameplay that requires a planning and strategy. The review also applauded Nintendo for not taking the "easy route by simply cranking out a remake of the original".

Accolades
Donkey Kong was awarded Best Game Boy Game of 1994 by Electronic Gaming Monthly. In 1997 Electronic Gaming Monthly ranked it number 67 on their "100 Best Games of All Time", lauding it for how it unexpectedly expanded on the gameplay of the original arcade game and offered a steady challenge through its many puzzle-oriented levels. Nintendo Power listed it as the eighth best Game Boy/Game Boy Color video game, praising it as the only true followup to the original Donkey Kong arcade game. Official Nintendo Magazine ranked Donkey Kong 89th on their list of the "100 Greatest Nintendo Games". Game Informers Ben Reeves called it the sixth best Game Boy game. In 2019, PC Magazine included the game in their "The 10 Best Game Boy Games".

Notes

References

External links

 Official Nintendo 3DS eshop minisite
 Official Nintendo 3DS minisite

1994 video games
Donkey Kong platform games
Game Boy games
Mario video games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Pax Softnica games
Video games about size change
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS
Single-player video games

Donkey Kong (1994 video game)


Jean-Jacques Goldman (; born 11 October 1951) is a French singer-songwriter and music record producer. He is hugely popular in the French-speaking world. Since the death of Johnny Hallyday in 2017 he has been the highest grossing living French pop rock act. Born in Paris and active in the music scene since 1975, he had a highly successful solo career in the 1980s, and was part of the trio Fredericks Goldman Jones, releasing another string of hits in the 1990s.

He also wrote successful albums and songs for many artists, including D'eux for Céline Dion, which is the most successful French language record to date. He was also part of the Les Enfoirés charity collective from 1986 to 2016, and got his most notable official recognition in the English-speaking world for winning a Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1997, as a co-author of three tracks on Céline Dion's Falling into You. Despite a voluntary retirement from the music scene in the early 2000s, he remains highly appreciated and influential in France.

Biography
Born in Paris to an immigrant Polish Jewish father, Alter Mojze Goldman (born in Lublin) and a German Jewish mother, Ruth Ambrunn (born in Munich), Jean-Jacques Goldman was the third of four children. As a child, he began his music studies on the violin, then the piano. In 1968, he abandoned his classical music studies for "American Rock & Roll" as well as folk music, listening to The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix or Aretha Franklin, and emphasizing the guitar. He also earned a business degree from the École des hautes études commerciales du Nord, commonly known as EDHEC, in Lille. In 1972, he met Catherine, his first wife, with whom he had three children. He first entered the French music scene as a member of a progressive rock group named Taï Phong ("great wind", "typhoon" in Vietnamese), which released its first album in 1975. Their first song to be a moderate hit was "Sister Jane". After three albums in English (on which he sang and played guitar as well as violin), Goldman was determined to write and sing in French, which led him to leave the band.

Marc Lumbroso saw his potential and managed to sign him a five-album contract with Epic Records. That same year he released his first album, which he wanted to call Démodé ("old-fashioned", "out of trend"), but the label refused so it was left untitled (although "Démodé" is now its unofficial title). "Il suffira d'un signe" was his first significant success. In 1982, he released a second album with no title – this time the intended title was Minoritaire, which was also refused as it was deemed un-commercial (and has likewise become its unofficial title). It featured several hits: "Quand la musique est bonne", "Comme toi" (inspired by a picture of a young Jewish girl who died in a concentration camp although the heartfelt lyrics never explicitly mention this specific historical context), "Au bout de mes rêves", and was his breakthrough album, with about 900.000 units sold. His third album in 1984, the first with an official title, Positif (chosen as an ironic response to the refusal of the intended "negative" titles of his first two), contained new hits such as "Encore un matin" and "Envole-moi", and performed even better with about 1.000.000 units sold. His fourth album, Non homologué ("not approved", which continued his trend of ironically self-depreciative titles) garnered the hit songs "Je marche seul", 'Je te donne" (a bilingual rock duet with Michael Jones with Jones singing the English verses and Goldman the French ones) and "Pas toi". He recorded a double album in 1987, Entre gris clair et gris foncé ("Between light grey and dark grey"), which launched a string of hits — "Elle a fait un bébé toute seule", "Puisque tu pars", "Là-bas" (a duet with Sirima), "Il changeait la vie" — and was a major success, with more than 2 million units sold.

Yet most critics were harsh, deriding his high-pitched voice, his style and demeanour (described as tame and innocuous) and his soft songs presumably marketed for teenage girls. In reaction, at the end of 1985, he purchased a full page in two major newspapers (Libération and France Soir), displaying excerpts from his harshest reviews, with an ironic message to his fans at the end, again demonstrating his taste for unassuming self-promotion: "Thanks for coming anyway..." ("Merci d'être venus quand même...").

From 1990 to 1995, he went on to perform in a trio called Fredericks / Goldman / Jones with Carole Fredericks (an American singer and chorist who had settled in France in the 1970s, the sister of Taj Mahal) and Michael Jones (a Welsh guitarist and singer who had settled in his mother's native France, whom Goldman knew from Taï Phong—actually he joined the band when Goldman decided to stop touring—and with whom he had a hit in 1985 with "Je te donne"). Together they recorded two studio albums, Fredericks / Goldman / Jones in 1990 and Rouge in 1993 (inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the USSR—the title song features the Red Army Choir), one live album, Du New Morning au Zénith, and released several successful singles, such as "Nuit", "À nos actes manqués", "Né en 17 à Leidenstadt" (another song about war and how it affects people's lives), "Juste après" (inspired by a scene in a TV documentary about the work of Médecins Sans Frontières in Congo showing a missionary sister's harrowing struggle to reanimate a newborn) and "Tu manques". Several of these songs were later re-recorded in English, but did not find much success in England or the United States.

From 1997 to 2003 he returned to performing as a solo act, releasing two albums, En passant in 1997 and Chansons pour les pieds in 2001, as well as two live albums, Tournée 98 En passant and Un tour ensemble, with new hit songs like "On ira", "Quand tu danses", "Sache que je", "Bonne idée", "Tournent les violons", "Ensemble", "Les choses", "Et l'on n'y peut rien". After a last concert in 2004, he suddenly stopped performing and recording, saying he wanted to spend more time with his family (he had remarried in 2001, to a young fan who was then studying mathematics and later got a PhD in pure mathematics). In 2011, to shut down rumors about a possible comeback, he published a short text denying any plan of a new album or tour in the foreseeable future, and remains elusive, largely absent from the media.

He continued to compose and produce a few songs for other artists, though, sometimes lending his voice as part of a collaboration. For example, he recorded "4 Mots sur un piano" with Patrick Fiori and Christine Ricol in 2007; it was a significant hit.

Jean-Jacques Goldman also had a prominent role in French charity acts from the middle of the 1980s, when in 1985 famous comedian Coluche asked him to write a song to promote the initiative he just created, Les restos du coeur, meant to provide food to poor people during the winter months; Goldman crafted and produced the eponymous song (reportedly written/composed in three days), then with Coluche they brought in other French celebrities (actors Yves Montand, Catherine Deneuve and Nathalie Baye, soccer player Michel Platini, TV host Michel Drucker) to perform it as an extended troupe (akin to "We are the world", each singing a verse, or rather reciting, as none of them were trained singers), called Les Enfoirés (originally a very crude and offensive word, literally translatable as "covered in diarrhea", commonly meaning "the bastards" or "the assholes", which was a gimmick of Coluche in his shows and has been somewhat watered down over the years, akin to "motherfucker"). After Coluche's death in 1986, he took over and became the main organizer of the annual charity concert and record, a role he kept fulfilling until 2016, when he decided to quit, after a song he wrote for that year's charity album, "Toute la vie", sparked controversy for its lyrics, which were deemed "reactionary", with an unfair portrayal of current youth and a pointless opposition between "young" and "old" generations.

Throughout his career, Goldman has frequently composed for other singers (sometimes using pseudonyms), most notably Johnny Hallyday (the whole Gang album in 1985, among his most successful) and Céline Dion. He wrote and produced two whole albums for her: D'eux in 1995 (released in the US as The French Album), which is still the best selling French album in history with 10 million copies sold worldwide, and S'il suffisait d'aimer in 1998. He also worked with her on the album 1 fille & 4 types along with Gildas Arzel, Jacques Veneruso and Erick Benzi. The songs "If That's What It Takes", "I Don't Know" and "Fly" from her album Falling into You are English adaptations of songs Goldman wrote for Céline. Also, her song "Let's Talk About Love" from the album of the same name is an English adaptation of Goldman's 1987 solo song "Puisque tu pars". He has also collaborated with Patricia Kaas, Garou, Marc Lavoine, Gérald De Palmas, Patrick Fiori, Khaled ("Aïcha"), Lorie and Florent Pagny, as well as jazzman Chet Baker, Supertramp's saxophonist John Helliwell, Joe Cocker ("On my way home" from the album No Ordinary World is an adaptation from "Là-bas"), "king of soul" Ray Charles and North American songwriter Diane Warren.

On 19 November 2012, Génération Goldman, a tribute album to Goldman, was released on the MyMajorCompany France and M6 Music labels, with a number of artists interpreting Goldman's songs. A second volume followed in 2013.

Personal life
From 1975 to 1997, Goldman was married with Catherine Morlet, a psychologist. He remarried in 2001 with Nathalie Thu Hong-Lagier, a mathematician. He is a father of six: Caroline (b. 1975), Michaël (b. 1979) and Nina (b. 1985) he had with Morlet, and Maya (b. 2004), Kimi (b. 2005) and Rose (b. 2007) he had with Thu Hong-Lagier. His son, Michaël Goldman, is one of the co-founders of My Major Company France, a major fan-funded music label.

His younger brother Robert Goldman is also a songwriter (often known as J. Kapler).

His half-brother Pierre Goldman, a left-wing intellectual and convicted (though later acquitted) robber, was murdered in mysterious circumstances in 1979 in Paris.

Philanthropy
Goldman was the leader of the Les Enfoirés charity ensemble from 1986 to 2016.

Discography

Solo
 Jean-Jacques Goldman (a.k.a. Démodé) (1981)
 Jean-Jacques Goldman (a.k.a. Minoritaire) (1982)
 Positif (1984)
 Non homologué (1985)
 Entre gris clair et gris foncé (1987)
 En passant (1997)
 Chansons pour les pieds (2001)

Taï Phong
 Taï Phong (1975)
 Windows (1976)
 Last Flight (1979)

Fredericks Goldman Jones
 Fredericks Goldman Jones (1990)
 Rouge (1993)

References

External links

  Jean-Jacques Goldman clip/vidéo/live
  Là-bas
 Biography of Jean-Jacques Goldman, from Radio France Internationale
  JJG famille
  Parler d'sa vie
  Autre Part : L'univers des frères Goldman

1951 births
Living people
French people of Polish-Jewish descent
Writers from Paris
20th-century French Jews
Jewish songwriters
Jewish singers
French pop singers
French expatriates in the United Kingdom
Grammy Award winners
20th-century French male singers
21st-century French male singers
French male singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters

Jean-Jacques Goldman


Air traffic controller (abbreviated to AC) is a  United States Navy occupational rating.

General description
Navy air traffic controllers perform duties similar to civilian air traffic controllers and play a key role in the effective use of naval airpower throughout the world in operational and training environments. Navy ACs are responsible for safely and effectively directing aircraft operating from airfields or the decks of aircraft carriers. They also control the movement of aircraft and vehicles on airfield taxiways and issue flight instructions to pilots by radio. Air traffic controllers provide air traffic control services in air traffic control towers, radar air traffic control facilities, fleet area control and surveillance facilities, and air operations offices ashore and afloat. They also operate radio communication systems and light signals, direct aircraft under visual flight rules and instrument flight rules conditions, and operate surveillance radar, precision radar, data link approach systems and secondary surveillance radar (IFF) equipment. Other tasks include operation of ground and shipboard controlled approach systems, response to emergency air traffic situations, maintenance of current flight planning information and reference material, assistance of pilots in preparation and processing flight plans and clearances.  Standards for entry into the AC field are high, but once accepted into the field, Navy ACs enjoy a demanding and highly rewarding career. It is a five-year enlistment program.

Duties

Specific duties include:

 Controlling and directing air traffic at airfields and on aircraft carriers using radio, radar, and other signaling devices.
 Providing aircraft with critical information on other air traffic, navigation systems, and airfield conditions essential to safe operations.
 Operating and adjusting computer-based ground/carrier-controlled navigation and radar approach systems.
 Interpreting data shown on radar screens and plotting aircraft positions.
 Maintaining aeronautical charts and maps.

Working environment

ACs usually work in clean, office-like environments at naval air stations and on board aircraft carriers. They work closely with others, are closely supervised, and do mostly mental work.

References

 Manual of the Medical Department (MANMED), NAVMED P-117, Chapter 15
 Manual of the Medical Department (MANMED), NAVMED P-117, Chapter 15 (Update)

See also
List of United States Navy ratings

United States Navy ratings
Air traffic control in the United States

Air traffic controller (United States Navy)


La Opinión was an Argentine newspaper, founded by the journalist Jacobo Timerman in 1971. Its ideology was broadly centrist, inspired partly by the Paris daily Le Monde.

History
Timerman, an Argentine Jewish immigrant from Ukraine, had previously launched numerous successful news publications in Argentina, notably Primera Plana and Confirmado news magazines. Billed as "the news daily for the great minority" in an initial publicity campaign written by a friend of Timerman, author Pedro Orgambide, La Opinión adopted an editorial line described by Timerman as "rightist economically, centrist politically and leftist culturally."
The newspaper was created by a team led by Jacobo Timerman (editor), Julio Algañaraz, Horacio Verbitsky and Juan Carlos Algañaraz, as managing editors. Editors: Tomás Eloy Martínez, Jose Maria Pasquini Durán, Felisa Pinto, Roberto Cossa and Julio Nudler.

Its editorial board was led by Timerman, Julio Algañaraz, Horacio Verbitsky and Juan Carlos Algañaraz. Its pages would subsequently include bylines by Juan Gelman, Miguel Bonasso, Carlos Ulanovsky, Tomás Eloy Martínez, Ernesto Sábato, Pompeyo Camps, Osvaldo Soriano, Ricardo Halac, Enrique Raab, Roberto Cossa, Victoria Walsh, María Esther Giglio, Raúl Vera Ocampo, Pablo Urbanyi, Gerardo Fernández, José Agustín Mahieu, Hugo Gambini, Luis Aubele, Bernardo Verbitsky and other noted figures in Argentine journalism and the arts. Instead of photos, the paper illustrated articles with caricatures by Hermenegildo Sábat. La Opinión grew rapidly, and by 1974, averaged a daily circulation of 150,000, becoming Buenos Aires' fourth-largest news daily.

Silent partner
Planning to purchase a larger printing plant, Timerman sold a 45% stake in 1974 to David Graiver. Graiver, a real estate developer, became the investment banker for the Montoneros guerrilla group. He reportedly laundered us$17 million in funds obtained by the Montoneros from their frequent kidnappings in a variety of interests in both Argentina and overseas, including La Opinión. Graiver died in an aviation crash on August 7, 1976.

La Opinión devoted extensive coverage to Third World issues, as well as to the ongoing Arab–Israeli conflict. Timerman and other La Opinión staff had already suffered death threats by the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance as early as 1973. The paper was supportive of the Marxist government of President Salvador Allende in neighboring Chile, and was labeled "Enemy Number One" by the subsequent Chilean dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet. The publication was, however, generally supportive of the March 1976 coup that toppled President Isabel Perón in Argentina, describing the nation (referring to left-wing violence) as "helpless before the slaughter."

Suppression
The paper gradually distanced itself from the dictatorship as mounting evidence of the Dirty War appeared. A number of its staff would be abducted by the regime throughout 1976, and Timerman responded to these events (as well as to death threats) with critical editorials. The paper also published correspondence between Timerman and Congressman Donald M. Fraser of Minnesota in which the publisher offered to testify in the United States Congress regarding the Dirty War. The daily's opposition to the dictatorship intensified, and on January 30, 1977, its circulation was confiscated, as well as the corresponding color magazine insert, on the charge of "offending the Argentine government and military."

The technical manager of La Opinión, Edgardo Sajón, was abducted on April 1, and La Opinión placed under Federal intervention. Urged to leave the country by friends and family, Timerman refused, and on April 15, he was abducted by a paramilitary group under the orders of Buenos Aires Province Police Chief Ramón Camps; the publishing house was expropriated in November. Timerman was kept in detention for a period of two and a half years, and was subjected to torture during the early days of his detention; he was ultimately released in September 1979, and sought exile in Israel. La Opinión remained in print under military ownership until its last remaining assets were sold at auction in December 1980.

He returned to Argentina in January 1984, and edited La Razón until 1987. Timerman died in 1999.

A controversy revisited
The long-defunct La Opinión became one of numerous points of contention during a series of political controversies between Clarín and Kirchnerism from 2008 onward. David Graiver's widow, Lidia Papaleo, testified in 2010 to having been intimidated by Clarín Group executive Héctor Magnetto, and subsequently tortured by the police, to forfeit further payment in 1977 for her inherited shares in La Opinión and the nation's leading newsprint maker, Papel Prensa. She later recanted her testimony, affirming simply that she had been pressured to sell her shares, though never under duress.

References

1971 establishments in Argentina
1980 disestablishments in Argentina
Defunct newspapers published in Argentina
Mass media in Buenos Aires
Newspapers established in 1971
Publications disestablished in 1980
Spanish-language newspapers
Daily newspapers published in Argentina

La Opinión (Argentina)


Joseph Pehrson (August 14, 1950 – April 4, 2020) was an American composer and pianist.

Life
Pehrson comes from Detroit, Michigan. He studied at the University of Michigan and Eastman School of Music. (D.M.A. 1981). His teachers include Leslie Bassett, Joseph Schwantner, Otto Luening and Elie Siegmeister. From 1992 to 1993 he was composer-in-residence at the University of Akron. Since 1983 he served as co-director of the Composers Concordance in New York City. He mostly wrote pieces for orchestral and chamber music. His compositions have been performed at Merkin Concert Hall, Carnegie Hall and Symphony Space. Concerts were held in  Eastern Europe and Russia. Recently, he was working with the German Ensemble Sortisatio.

Further reading
 Europa Publications (2003). International Who's Who in Classical Music 2003. London: Routledge. . pp. 602.

References

External links
 Joseph Pehrson official site

1950 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American classical pianists
Male classical pianists
American male pianists
University of Michigan alumni
Eastman School of Music alumni
Musicians from Detroit
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American pianists
Classical musicians from Michigan
21st-century classical pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists

Joseph Pehrson


ម៉ានីល ( ; , ) គឺជារដ្ឋធានី និងជាទីក្រុងធំទី២នៃប្រទេសហ្វីលីពីន។ It is one of the sixteen cities (along with the municipality of Pateros) that make up the National Capital Region called Metro Manila which has a population of 12 million.

The City of Manila is located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is bordered by the cities of Navotas and Caloocan to the north; Quezon City to the northeast; San Juan to the northeast; Mandaluyong to the east; Makati to the southeast, and Pasay to the south.

Manila has a total population of 1,652,171 according to the 2010 census and is the second most populous city in the Philippines, behind Quezon City. The populace inhabit an area of only 38.55 square kilometers, making Manila the most densely populated city in the world.

The city is divided into six legislative districts and consists of sixteen areas: Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros, Malate, Paco, Pandacan, Port Area, Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Andres, San Miguel, San Nicolas, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz, Santa Mesa and Tondo. Bustling commerce and some of the most historically and culturally significant iconic landmarks in the country, as well as the seat of the executive and judicial branches of the government are found in the city. Manila is also home to many scientific and educational institutions, numerous sport facilities, and other culturally and historically significant venues.

Listed as a global city, Manila has its strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport making it the historical, cultural, political, economic and educational center of the Philippines.

The earliest written account of the city is the 10th-century Laguna Copperplate Inscription which describes a context of an Indianised kingdom maintaining diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Medang. The city was invaded by Brunei's Sultan Bolkiah and was already Islamized by the 15th century when the Spanish Conquistadors first arrived. Manila eventually became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade route linking Latin America and Asia. The city would eventually be given the moniker of the "Pearl of the Orient", as a result of its central location in the vital Pacific sea trade routes. Several Chinese insurrections, local revolts, a British Occupation and a Sepoy mutiny also occurred shortly thereafter. Manila also saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution which was followed by the arrival of the Americans who made contributions to the city's urban planning and development only to have most of those improvements lost in the devastation of World War II. Since then the city has been rebuilt.

ម៉ានីល


Charles Gunter Gallagher (September 21, 1925 – June 20, 2007) was a farmer and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Carleton County and then Carleton North in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as a Progressive Conservative member from 1970 to 1987.

He was born in Centreville, New Brunswick, the son of James Isaac Gallagher and May Irene Gunter. Gallagher was educated at the Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Macdonald College and McGill University. In 1948, he married Kathleen Frances Olmstead. Gallagher was speaker for the provincial assembly from 1985 to 1987. He served in the province's Executive Council as Minister of Education from 1976 to 1982 and Minister of Health from 1982 to 1985. Gallagher was defeated by Fred Harvey when he ran for reelection in 1987. From 1991 to 1993, he was a member of a Commission examining Rural Land Use and Environmental Concerns in the province. In 2007, he died at Saint John.

References
 Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1987, PG Normandin

1925 births
2007 deaths
Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick MLAs
Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
McGill University Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences alumni

Charles Gallagher


Ole Johnson (February 23, 1838 - November 4, 1886) was a Norwegian-American soldier in the American Civil War who served with the Scandinavian Regiment.

Background
Ole Johnson was born on the Skipnes Farm, (Skibsnes), near Nordsjø, in Helgen Parish, Telemark, Norway. He came to the United States with his parents and four siblings, arriving in New York on board the Salvator, on July 6, 1844. The family went to Whitewater, Walworth County, Wisconsin. In 1852, they moved to Koshkonong, Wisconsin. Johnson studied law at Beloit College. He became a school teacher in Stoughton.

Civil War
When the Civil War broke out, Johnson joined the Scandinavian Regiment (15th Wisconsin Volunteer Regiment) and was appointed captain of Company B. After the battle at Perryville, Johnson was promoted to the rank of major. He took part in the battle of Murfreesboro and reached the rank of lieutenant colonel in March 1863. The Scandavian Regiment was heavily mauled at the battle of Chickamauga with approximately 63% killed, wounded or captured. Colonel Hans Christian Heg who had commanded the Regiment since its formation was killed and Johnson was captured.

Johnson was held in Libby Prison in Virginia before it was decided in May 1864 to move him to another prison. At Chesterville, Johnson and two others escaped from the railroad car they were being transported in. After a month, the men were able to rejoin the Union Army at Strawberry Plains, Tennessee. Johnson was promoted to colonel and took command of the Scandinavian Regiment on July 24, 1864, remaining with the regiment until the end of the war.

Post Civil War
After the war Johnson went into business and settled in Beloit, Rock County, Wisconsin, becoming active in the Republican Party and was elected mayor of Beloit. Johnson was appointed Immigration Commissioner of the state of Wisconsin. Later he became president of the Watertown Bank.

Johnson married on January 3, 1867 to Caroline Freie Bödtker. They had one child, a son, named Wilfor Chickamauga Shipness. In his later years, Johnson had adopted the last name "Skipnes", the name of his family farm in Norway. Ole Johnson died in Beloit, Wisconsin.

References

External links
15th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment
Wisconsin Board of Immigration
Norske Gaardnavne (v.7, p. 174 Bratsberg Amt by O. Rygh with A. Kjær. 1914)

1838 births
1886 deaths
People from Telemark
Mayors of places in Wisconsin
People from Beloit, Wisconsin
United States Army officers
People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
Beloit College alumni
Union Army colonels
19th-century American politicians
People from Koshkonong, Wisconsin
American Civil War prisoners of war held by the Confederate States of America

Ole C. Johnson


Picasa
Picasa is a software application for organizing and editing photos. It was first created by Idealab. The name "Picasa" is a blend of the last name of Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, the phrase mi casa for "my house" and "pic" for pictures. In July 2004, Google purchased Picasa and began offering it as a free download.

There was a version for Windows XP and Windows Vista, as well as a version for Linux. For Windows 98 and Windows Me, only an older version was available. There was also an iPhoto plugin or program for uploading photos available for Mac OS X 10.4 and later.

On February 12, 2016, Google announced it was "Moving on from Picasa" and the Picasa desktop application would be discontinued on March 15, 2016. Google stated that the primary reason for retiring Picasa was that it wanted to focus its efforts "entirely on a single photos service" the cross-platform, web-based Google Photos.

Other Picasa applications

Picasa Web Albums
Picasa Web Albums (PWA) was a photo-sharing web application created by Google and was similar to websites such as Flickr and Zooomr. Picasa Web Albums was first announced on June 6, 2006. When introduced, it came with 250 MB free space. On March 7, 2007, it was upgraded to 1GB.

Users with accounts at Google could store and share 1GB of photos for free. Users were able to purchase more storage space with these plans:

Users could upload pictures and videos by using either a web interface, through Picasa 2.5.0 or later on Microsoft Windows, using the Exporter for iPhoto, the Aperture to Picasa Web Albums plug-in, or Uploader on Mac OS X, or F-Spot on Linux.

No ads were shown on Picasa Web Albums in either the free or paid accounts. The Terms of Service allowed Google to use the uploaded photos and videos to display on the website or via RSS feeds, and also for promoting Google services without needing to pay the users.

On February 12, 2016, Google announced they would retire Picasa Web Albums (also called Picasaweb) so they could focus entirely on a single photo service called Google Photos. The retirement of Picasa Web Albums was effective on August 1, 2016. All photos and videos formerly in Picasa Web Albums were moved by Google to an archived platform called Album Archive.

Version history

Windows
There are no versions of Picasa for Windows 95 or NT.  The latest version offered for Windows 98/ME is 2.0.0 Build 18.84. The latest version for Windows 2000/XP/Vista/Windows 7 is 3.9 Build 141.259.
 1.618 Build 5.35 July 2004 – free download version offered since Google's acquisition of Picasa.
 2.0.0 Build 18.77 January 18, 2005 – many features including improved search functions, an automated photo collage maker, massively enhanced photo editing functions and further integration with Picasa's Hello and Google's Blogger services.
 2.0.0 Build 18.84 June 8, 2005 – bug fix release, latest release for Windows 98/ME. This version does not suffer from the "picasa2\runtime\hlpsys.dll is not a valid windows image. Check installation disk." error, which some users have experienced.
 2.1.0 Build 27.60 September 19, 2005 – new features including international language support, one-click photo blogging, CD cover printing, improved RAW handling and improved support for external drives.
 2.2.0 Build 28.20 January 30, 2006 – 25 additional languages are supported, new network drive support, and bug fixes for IE7 support and CD Burning.
 2.5.0 Build 32.01 June 12 2006 – Beta versions including Picasa Web Albums support – last version (build 32.97) started rollout on November 14 2006.
 2.6 Build 35.94.0 December 7, 2006 – new autoupdate behavior for Windows Vista support, new CD/DVD-burning engine, improved upload reliability to Picasa Web Albums, and added support for 18 new languages.
 2.7 Build 36.37.0 April 24, 2007 – new RAW processing engine, new color engine for "tuning" fixes, added support for Google Photos Screensaver, and improved BlogThis! reliability.
 2.7 Build 36.40 May 3, 2007 – support for more cameras, updated version number for international installs.
 2.7 Build 36.60 26 June 2007 – added support for geotag, supposedly fixed problems with showing up some video files.
 2.7 Build 37.23 21 August 2007 – support for more languages, fixes several bugs.
 2.7 Build 37.29 13 September 2007 – Added support for RAW pictures from the Canon 40D, fixes several bugs.
 2.7 Build 37.32 2 October 2007 – Fixed a case where corrupted AVI files could cause a crash. Fixed a case that would result in a "This account is not enabled for Picasa Web Albums" error.
 2.7 Build 37.36 30 October 2007 – Added support for 11 additional languages: Bulgarian, Catalan, Filipino, Indonesian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Thai, Vietnamese.
 2.7 Build 37.49 7 March 2008 - Improved performance for new Intel chips. Translation fixes for Hungarian and Chinese. Fixed a case that would result in an error when capturing images from webcams.
 2.7 Build 37.64 21 August 2008 -
3.9.137 Build114; Mac: 184.108.40.206 March 7, 2014 - Changed Picasa from Maps v2 API to v3 API (this affected the Geo Panel in one-up mode). Bug fixes. Google+ auto backup (on Windows: 220.127.116.11, on Mac: 126.96.36.199) improvements
3.9.137 Build 118; Mac: 3.9.137? March 10, 2014 - Bug fixes
Google+ auto backup for desktop March 31, 2014 - Improvements in preserving RAW files in Auto Backup from Picasa
3.9 Build 137.141; Mac: 184.108.40.206 June 9, 2014 - Allowed upload of full size non-JPEG images without converting to JPEG. Bug fix in album sync. Google+ auto backup for desktop (on Windows: 220.127.116.11, on Mac: 18.104.22.168) improvements and bug fixes
3.9 Build 138.150; Mac: 184.108.40.206 August 12, 2014 - Numerous bug fixes. Google+ auto backup for desktop (on Windows: 184.108.40.206, on Mac: 220.127.116.11), improvements and bug fixes
3.9 Build 138.151; Mac 22.214.171.124 August 13, 2014 - When a video was uploaded to G+ Photos, the video file extension in G+ Photos became .JPG instead of the original extension
3.9 Build 139.161; Mac: 22.214.171.124 February 17, 2015 - Bug fixes of several potential security flaws in handling TIFF files
3.9 Build 140.239; Mac: 18.104.22.1687 July 17, 2015 - Picasaweb.google.com no longer redirects to G+ Photos, text changes in popup for uploading and/or sharing, upload and sync of face tags from Picasa was disabled
3.9 Build 140.248; Mac: 3.9.140? September 3, 2015 - Security patches, Network fixes for OS X that affected Google Photos Backup and Picasa, Shop button and order prints function not functional
3.9 Build 141.255; Mac: 3.9.141? October 9, 2015 - Google Photos Backup v.1.1.1. Added patches for image handling, fixed various reported crashes, support for new Apple Photos library
3.9 Build 141.259 February 9, 2016 - Final version of Picasa for Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7. Google ended support on March 15, 2016. The Picasa program continued to work on later versions of Windows but all online functions were disabled.
See also version 2 release notes and version 3 release notes

Linux
 Around June 2006, Linux versions (2.2.2820-5) became available as free downloads for most distributions of the Linux operating system. It was not a native Linux program but an adapted Windows version that used the Wine libraries.
 A Release Candidate of Picasa for Linux 2.7 (Build 37.3607,0) was released on 21 November 2007.
 Google added Picasa for Linux 2.7 (Build 37.3615, 0) to its Linux repository on 16 April 2008.

Mac OS X
Picasa for Mac was launched in 2008. A plugin was available for iPhoto to upload to the Picasa Web Albums hosting service. There was also a standalone Picasa Web Albums uploading tools for OS X 10.4 or later. Using Darwine or similar compatibility layers, however, Picasa can run on Mac OS X.

Notes and references

P

Google Picasa


Scion (from English - "escape, offspring, heir") was a brand of Japanese carmaker Toyota Motor Corporation, represented in the American market. The brand was founded in 2003 and is positioned for youth.

In early February 2016, it became known that Toyota has decided to close the brand in August that year. Since the 2017 model year, the FR-S, iA and iM models have been sold under the Toyota brand and are called 86, Yaris iA and Corolla iM respectively.

Automobile brands

Scion


The code of ethics in media was created by a suggestion from the 1947 Hutchins Commission. They suggested that newspapers, broadcasters and journalists had started to become more responsible for journalism and thought they should be held accountable.

Original guidelines
The guidelines were set up around two important ideas. The first guideline is that "whoever enjoys a special measure of freedom, like a professional journalist, has an obligation to society to use their freedoms and powers responsibly." This guideline is useful so that people in power are able to be held liable in case their actions are not professional. People that have high media attention should not abuse the power. The second guideline that was established is "society's welfare is paramount, more important than individual careers or even individual rights." Again, may cause a manipulation to the truth of a story holding people responsible for their actions and stating that society is more important due to the vast number of people that could be affected by poor behavior.

The Hutchins Commission added another five guidelines specifically for the press.

  "Present meaningful news, accurate and separated from opinion."
  "Serve as a forum for the exchange of comment and criticism and to expand access to diverse points of view."
  "Project a representative picture of the constituent groups in society by avoiding stereotypes by including minority groups."
  "Clarify the goals and values of society; implicit was an appeal to avoid pandering to the lowest common denominator."
  "Give broad coverage of what was known about society."

All of these guidelines are important because the press is needed to maintain a neutral viewpoint, providing the basic facts and allowing for readers to come up with their own opinions from the news that they report.

These guidelines provide the frame work and inspiration for the Fourth Estate's Journalism Code of Practice  and the Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics .

Fourth Estate: Journalism Code of Practice
The Fourth Estate offers a clear and detailed Code of Practice for anyone seeking to create ethical, principled journalism, regardless of their background, employment status, or means of delivery. This code is equally relevant for professional journalists and for those outside the profession who are seeking to report honestly and fairly on the events and issues relevant to their community.

Accuracy
Accuracy is the overriding value of journalism.

 Ensure that all the facts in your work are accurate.
 Do not omit facts that are material to an understanding of what you are reporting on.
 Context is often critical to accurate reporting. Ensure that adequate context is provided.
 Clearly distinguish between fact and assertion or opinion.

Independence
Independence from state control, business interests, market forces, or any other vested interest or outside pressure is a hallmark of dispassionate, critical, and reliable journalism. It bolsters legitimacy and credibility in the eyes of the public.

 Make your own editorial judgments based solely on careful consideration of all the facts.
 Do not allow yourself to be influenced by political, sectional, or commercial interests.
 Declare and manage any conflicts of interest, including gifts, funding, advertising relationships, and free or discounted travel or services.

Impartiality
Impartiality means not being prejudiced towards or against any particular ideology, idea, or preconception. Impartiality requires fairness and balance that follows the weight of evidence: it allows the journalist to make sense of events through dispassionate analysis of all relevant facts and perspectives.

 Treat all facts the same, making editorial judgments and delivering analysis based only on the weight of evidence.
 Do not allow your own views, preferences, biases, or prejudgments to affect your work. Set them aside.
 Do not simply recite lists of facts or engage in false balance: weigh the evidence and reflect that weight of evidence in your work.
 Aim to include an appropriate diversity of views, and accord those views the space warranted by their prominence and significance.

Integrity
Integrity in journalism ensures that people and organizations uphold the values of journalism, always strive to do the right thing in all situations, even to their personal or organizational detriment, and put their obligations to the public first.

 Treat those you deal with in your work with respect and courtesy.
 Always identify yourself as a journalist, unless withholding disclosure is essential to uncovering the truth in a matter of public importance.
 As far as possible, look for opportunities to "show your workings", sharing with the public the underlying information you have gathered.
 The use of any form of secret information gathering (hidden cameras, secret recording devices, etc.) may be justifiable if it is essential to uncovering the truth in a matter of public importance.
 Provide anyone accused of misbehavior a reasonable opportunity to respond.
 Attribute information to its source unless that source needs to be protected to ensure the truth can be uncovered in a matter of public importance. Where a source needs anonymity, provide it.
 Do not plagiarize.

Harm minimization
Journalists must always remember that they are dealing with human lives. The potential for public good must sufficiently outweigh the potential for harm that may come from the activity of journalism.

 Be mindful that your work may contain content that causes harm. Carefully consider how you proceed to ensure that undue harm is not caused.
 Avoid the gratuitous use of offensive, confronting, or harm-inducing sounds, imagery, or words.
 Respect people's reasonable rights to privacy unless they are outweighed by the need to report on a matter of public importance.
 Show sensitivity when dealing with children, victims of crime, or people who are especially vulnerable due, for example, to trauma, injury, illness, or other factors.

Engagement
Engagement with the public ensures that journalism remains open, accessible, collaborative, and participatory while keeping the journalist accountable to the highest standards of accuracy, independence, impartiality, and integrity.

 Your decisions on what work to do should be based on what is relevant and newsworthy to the community you serve.
 Establish and maintain open communications with the community.
 Seek input and ideas from the community before, during, and after completing your work.

Accountability
Accountability is essential to the ethical practice of journalism and the maintenance of the public trust. Being accountable for news-gathering practices and reporting means making firm commitments and taking responsibility for your journalism and the journalism of your peers.

 Seek and carefully consider the feedback you receive from the community about your work.
 Respond constructively to any complaints, particularly those related to matters raised in relation to these standards.
 Where errors or potentially incomplete or misleading information is found, corrections or clarifications should be made promptly, prominently, and transparently.
 Where no errors or incomplete or misleading information is found, your work should not be altered or removed in any material way in response to pressure from outside interests.

Society of Professional Journalists' version
The Society of Professional Journalists first created its own code of ethics in 1973, which has been revised four times, most recently in 2014. The SPJ code features four principles of ethical journalism:

Seek Truth and Report It "Journalists should be honest, fair, and courageous in gathering, reporting, and interpreting information. Journalists should:

 Take responsibility for the accuracy of their work. Verify information before releasing it. Use original sources whenever possible.
 Remember that neither speed nor format excuses inaccuracy.
 Provide context. Take special care not to misrepresent or oversimplify in promoting, previewing or summarizing a story.
 Gather, update and correct information throughout the life of a news story.
 Be cautious when making promises, but keep the promises they make.
 Identify sources clearly. The public is entitled to as much information as possible to judge the reliability and motivations of sources.
 Consider sources' motives before promising anonymity. Reserve anonymity for sources who may face danger, retribution or other harm, and have information that cannot be obtained elsewhere. Explain why anonymity was granted.
 Diligently seek subjects of news coverage to allow them to respond to criticism or allegations of wrongdoing.
 Avoid undercover or other surreptitious methods of gathering information unless traditional, open methods will not yield information vital to the public.
 Be vigilant and courageous about holding those with power accountable. Give voice to the voiceless.
 Support the open and civil exchange of views, even views they find repugnant.
 Recognize a special obligation to serve as watchdogs over public affairs and government. Seek to ensure that the public's business is conducted in the open, and that public records are open to all.
 Provide access to source material when it is relevant and appropriate.
 Boldly tell the story of the diversity and magnitude of the human experience. Seek sources whose voices we seldom hear.
 Avoid stereotyping. Journalists should examine the ways their values and experiences may shape their reporting.
 Label advocacy and commentary.
 Never deliberately distort facts or context, including visual information. Clearly label illustrations and re-enactments.
 Never plagiarize. Always attribute."

 Minimize Harm "Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects, and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect. Journalists should:

 Balance the public's need for information against potential harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance or undue intrusiveness.
 Show compassion for those who may be affected by news coverage. Use heightened sensitivity when dealing with juveniles, victims of sex crimes, and sources or subjects who are inexperienced or unable to give consent. Consider cultural differences in approach and treatment.
 Recognize that legal access to information differs from an ethical justification to publish or broadcast.
 Realize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than public figures and others who seek power, influence or attention. Weigh the consequences of publishing or broadcasting personal information.
 Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity, even if others do.
 Balance a suspect's right to a fair trial with the public's right to know. Consider the implications of identifying criminal suspects before they face legal charges.
 Consider the long-term implications of the extended reach and permanence of publication. Provide updated and more complete information as appropriate."

Act Independently "Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other than the public's right to know. Journalists should:

 Avoid conflicts of interest, real or perceived. Disclose unavoidable conflicts.
 Refuse gifts, favors, fees, free travel and special treatment, and avoid political and other outside activities that may compromise integrity or impartiality, or may damage credibility.
 Be wary of sources offering information for favors or money; do not pay for access to news. Identify content provided by outside sources, whether paid or not.
 Deny favored treatment to advertisers, donors or any other special interests, and resist internal and external pressure to influence coverage.
 Distinguish news from advertising and shun hybrids that blur the lines between the two. Prominently label sponsored content."

 Be Accountable "Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners, viewers, and each other. Journalists should:

 Explain ethical choices and processes to audiences. Encourage a civil dialogue with the public about journalistic practices, coverage and news content.
 Respond quickly to questions about accuracy, clarity and fairness.
 Acknowledge mistakes and correct them promptly and prominently. Explain corrections and clarifications carefully and clearly.
 Expose unethical conduct in journalism, including within their organizations.
 Abide by the same high standards they expect of others."

See also
 Journalism ethics and standards
 Journalism ethics and standards#Codes of practice
 International Council for Press and Broadcasting
 International Council for Press and Broadcasting#Media Ethics Code

References
Sources
Straubhaar, Joseph D., Robert LaRose, and Lucinda Davenport. Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.

Citations

External links
 http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp
 https://www.fourthestate.org/journalism-code-of-practice

Journalism ethics

Code of ethics in media


William Forster Lanchester  (1875–1953) was a British zoologist.

Life
He was born in Croydon on 14 March 1875 to Dr Henry Thomas Lanchester MD and his wife Catherine Forster. He was one of eight children, but the only son. In 1893 he was admitted to Cambridge University. He studied Science and graduated BA in 1897 and gained an MA in 1900. He went on to work as a Demonstrator in Zoology at University College, Dundee.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1907. His proposers were John Graham Kerr, Edward J. Bles, Malcolm Laurie and Ramsay Heatley Traquair. He resigned in 1910 when he returned to England.

In 1910 he was living at 19 Fernshaw Road in Chelsea, London, a fashionable three storey Victorian mid-terraced villa.

At the outbreak of the First World War he was in the Royal Navy Reserve so was immediately called up. However, he moved to the Royal Army Medical Corps and  rose to the rank of captain.

He returned to Cambridge in later life, living at 10 St Andrews Hill in 1945.

Academic work
In 1899 he and his friend from King's College, Francis Perch Bedford, had collected some crustaceans in Singapore and Malacca. He studied them and then published on gephyreans and crustaceans during the first years of the 20th century.

He is honoured in the sipunculan name Thysanocardia lanchesteri and also in the stomatopod name Gonodactylellus lanchesteri.

Family
He married Grace Margaret Ainslie in 1900. They had four children.

References

1875 births
1953 deaths
People from Croydon
British zoologists
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Dundee
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

William Forster Lanchester


William Wilfred Campbell (1 June c. 1860 – 1 January 1918) was a Canadian poet. He is often classed as one of the country's Confederation Poets, a group that included fellow Canadians Charles G.D. Roberts, Bliss Carman, Archibald Lampman, and Duncan Campbell Scott; he was a colleague of Lampman and Scott. By the end of the 19th century, he was considered the "unofficial poet laureate of Canada." Although not as well known as the other Confederation poets today, Campbell was a "versatile, interesting writer" who was influenced by Robert Burns, the English Romantics, Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Thomas Carlyle, and Alfred Tennyson. Inspired by these writers, Campbell expressed his own religious idealism in traditional forms and genres.

Life
William Wilfred Campbell was born around 1 June circa 1860 in Berlin, Canada West, now Kitchener, Ontario. His father, Rev. Thomas Swainston Campbell, was an Anglican clergyman who had been assigned the task of setting up several frontier parishes in "Canada West", as Ontario was then called. Consequently, the family moved frequently.

The Campbell family settled in Wiarton, Ontario in 1871, where Wilfred grew up, attending high school (which was later renamed the Owen Sound Collegiate and Vocational Institute) in nearby Owen Sound. At that time he also conducted a choir. Campbell would look back on his childhood with fondness:

Campbell taught in Wiarton before enrolling in the University of Toronto's University College in 1880, Wycliffe College in 1882, and at the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1883.

Campbell married Mary DeBelle (née Dibble) in 1884. They had four children, Margery, Faith, Basil, and Dorothy. In 1885 Campbell was ordained to the Episcopal priesthood, and was soon appointed to a New England parish. In 1888 he returned to Canada and became rector of St. Stephen, New Brunswick. In 1891, after suffering a crisis of faith, Campbell resigned from the ministry and took a civil service position in Ottawa. He received a permanent position in the Department of Militia and Defence two years later.

Living in Ottawa, Campbell became acquainted with Archibald Lampman—his next door neighbor at one time—and through him with Duncan Campbell Scott. In February 1892, Campbell, Lampman, and Scott began writing a column of literary essays and criticism called "At the Mermaid Inn" for the Toronto Globe. As Lampman wrote to a friend:

The column ran only until July 1893. Lampman and Scott found it difficult to "keep a rein on Campbell's frank expression of his heterodox opinions." Readers of the Toronto Globe reacted negatively when Campbell presented the history of the cross as a mythic symbol. His apology for "overestimating their intellectual capacities" did little to resolve the controversy.

In the 20th century, Campbell became a strong advocate of British imperialism, for example telling Toronto's Empire Club in 1904 that Canada's only choice lay "between two different imperialisms, that of Britain and that of the Imperial Commonwealth to the south." It was the principles of Imperialist that guided his work in Poems of loyalty by British and Canadian authors (London, 1913) and for The Oxford Book of Canadian Verse (Toronto, 1913).

As editor of The Oxford book of Canadian Verse, Campbell devoted more pages to his own poetry than to others'. But by choosing mostly from his longer work—including an excerpt from Mordred (one of his verse dramas)—he did not choose his best work. In contrast, the poems he selected from his fellow Confederation Poets reflected some of their best work.

Campbell was transferred to the Dominion Archives in 1909. In 1915 he moved his family to an old stone farmhouse on the outskirts of Ottawa, which he named "Kilmorie". He died of pneumonia on New Year's morning, 1918. He was buried in Ottawa's Beechwood Cemetery.

The William Wilfred Campbell Poetry Festival was held in Wiarton, Ontario in his honour from 2014 to 2019.

Writing
Campbell's first chapbook, Poems!, "seems to have been printed at a newspaper office sometime around 1879 or 1880." He placed poetry in the University of Toronto Varsity in 1881.

As a theology student in Massachusetts, Campbell met Oliver Wendell Holmes, who recommended his poetry to Atlantic Monthly editor Thomas Bailey Aldrich. Aldrich published Campbell's "Canadian Folk Song" in the January 1885 issue, launching his career in the American magazines.

In 1888 Snowflakes and Sunbeams was printed at Campbell's expense in St. Stephen, New Brunswick. The book "was favourably reviewed in Canada and the United States for its lovely nature lyrics, one of which, 'Indian summer' (it starts with 'Along the line of smoky hills / The crimson forest stands'), remains among the most beloved of Canadian poems." The entire volume, including "Indian Summer," was incorporated into Lake Lyrics, published the following year. "The poems in Lake lyrics and other poems (1889), with their intense rhythms, dramatic imagery, and ardent spirituality, express Campbell's devotion to nature as the revelation of God's presence; this book established his reputation as 'laureate of the lakes.'" Notable new poems in the book included "Vapor and Blue" and "The Winter Lakes".

Campbell's poem "The Mother" was printed in Harper's New Monthly in April 1891; a traditional ballad, the poem tells of a dead mother who rises from the grave to claim her still-living baby. It "created a sensation in the literary press and was reprinted in newspapers such as the Week and the Globe in Toronto. In September 1891, the House of Commons (and, in 1892, the Senate) debated whether Campbell should receive a permanent civil service position in recognition of his literary abilities. The proposal was defeated, ostensibly for practical reasons, and the decision established a precedent for withholding patronage from artists. Nevertheless, in 1893 he was quietly given a permanent position in the Department of Militia and Defence, and he would remain a civil servant until his death."

Campbell's third book of poetry, The Dread Voyage Poems (1893), was darker than the earlier two. "In this volume, his poetry began to show the preoccupation with harmonizing religion, science, and social theory that had started while he was still a clergyman and would continue through his middle age." The book contains some of Campbell's best-known poems, such as "How One Winter Came in the Lake Region" and the 'surprise ending' sonnet, "Morning on the Shore."

"In 1895 he published two versified tragedies, Mordred and Hildebrand, and these were included, with two others, Daulac and Morning, in a volume entitled Poetical tragedies (1908)." Also in 1895, Campbell sparked a literary controversy by accusing Bliss Carman of plagiarism, an incident documented in Alexandra Hurst's 1994 book, The War Among the Poets (Canadian Poetry Press).

Campbell published a new book of lyrics, Beyond the Hills of Dream, in 1899. "Included in the book was his jubilee ode 'Victoria,' written for the Queen's diamond jubilee in 1897. Eleven of its thirty-five other poems were reprinted from The Dread Voyage, thus perpetuating the dark tone of the earlier volume. Sombre also was "Bereavement of the Fields," one of the better new poems, written in memory of Archibald Lampman, who died on 10 February 1899."

"The early years of the twentieth century saw a prolific outpouring of prose from Campbell. In addition to numerous pamphlets, he wrote five historical novels and three works of non-fiction. Only two of his novels ever appeared in book form: Ian of the Orcades (1906) ... and A Beautiful Rebel (1909). Another novel was never re-printed after its appearance in The Christian Guardian, and two novels still remain only in manuscript form. Two of his works of non-fiction were labours of love: a book about the Great Lakes (1910, reprinted and enlarged 1914), and an account of the Scottish settlements in Eastern Canada (1911). The title of the former is quite a mouthful: The Beauty, History, Romance, and Mystery of the Canadian Lake Region. Campbell intersperses these descriptive sketches, which appeared originally in The Westminster magazine, with selections of his lake lyrics to give the reader a very personal tour of the region. Subjective, also, is the bias of The Scotsman in Canada, which credits Scots with laying the foundation of nearly everything that is admirable in Canada."

In 1914, with war threatening, Campbell published a book of imperialistic verse, Sagas of a Vaster Britain. "Many of its seventy poems were recycled from previous collections, patriotic effusions like "England" ("Over the freedom and peace of the world/ Is the flag of England flung"), and some of his best work like "How One Winter Came to the Lake Region". The new poems, like "Life's Ocean" and "The Dream Divine," have the old weaknesses of displeasing sound ("large-mooned waters") and awkward structure ("And of all love's far, dim dawnings of hope unborn/ God's latest are best")." "Sagas ... was his last book, but each New Year's from 1915 to 1918 he distributed pamphlets of poems relating to World War I."

When Campbell died in 1918, his "popularity died with him. Technically, his work is usually conservative, and his ideas have become unfashionable. His poetry has been compared with the more polished works" of the four major Confederation poets. "In fact," though, as the DCB sums up his career, "Campbell worked hard to achieve naturalness, sincerity, and simplicity of expression, rather than polish; he tried to convey universal truths in order to inspire his readers to strive toward their noblest ideals. Within this framework, the artistic merit of many of his poems becomes evident."

Campbell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1894. He was declared a Person of National Historic Significance in 1938.

Bibliography
PoetryPoems! (1879-1880?)The poems of Wilfred Campbell. Toronto: William Briggs, 1905

Fiction

Non-fiction
Canada. text to Illustrations in Canada by Thomas Mower Martin. Toronto: Macmillan, 1907. (London, 1907)At the Mermaid Inn: Wilfred Campbell, Archibald Lampman, Duncan Campbell Scott in the Globe 1892–3, ed. Barrie Davies (Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1979

Edited works

In popular culture
His poem "England" is given in an old-fashioned, bombastic style at a charity concert in the comedy TV series Jeeves and Wooster, series 1, episode 2, title:"Bertie is in Love".

References
Notes

Citations

Further reading
Malloch, Faith L. An Intimate Picture of Wilfred Campbell''. Canadian Poetry Press

External links

 Wilfred Campbell entry in the digital library
 Wilfred Campbell at Canadian Poetry

19th-century births
1918 deaths
19th-century Canadian male writers
19th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian poets
Burials at Beechwood Cemetery (Ottawa)
Canadian Anglicans
Canadian male poets
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian World War I poets
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
People from Newmarket, Ontario
People from Owen Sound
University of Toronto alumni

William Wilfred Campbell


39 Aurigae is a single star in the constellation of Auriga. The designation is from the star catalogue of English astronomer John Flamsteed, first published in 1712. The star is just barely visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.90. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 20.11 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 112 light years away. 5 Andromedae is moving further from the Sun with a radial velocity of +34 km/s. It has a relatively high proper motion, advancing across the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.151 arc seconds per year.

This is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F1 V. It is an estimated 603 million years old with a relatively high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of around 88 km/s. The star has 1.45 times the mass of the Sun and it is radiating 9.36 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 7,161 K.

References

F-type main-sequence stars
Auriga (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
Aurigae, 39
041074
028823
2132

39 Aurigae


The Avenue Mohammed VI, formerly Avenue de France, is the major city thoroughfare of Marrakesh, Morocco. It is named after the King, Mohammed VI of Morocco. It has seen rapid development of residential complexes and many luxury hotels. Avenue Mohammed VI contains what is claimed to be the largest nightclub of Africa, Pacha Marrakech, a trendy club attracting young people and clubbers, featuring house and electro music. It also has two large cinema complexes, Le Colisée à Gueliz and Cinéma Rif, and the new shopping precinct, Al Mazar.

References

Streets in Marrakesh

Avenue Mohammed VI, Marrakesh


York University is a private college affiliated with the Churches of Christ and located in York, Nebraska. It was founded in 1890.

History
York University was founded in 1890 by the United Brethren Church as York College. In 1946 the merger of the United Brethren Church and the Evangelical Church (see Evangelical Association) transferred control of the school to the Evangelical United Brethren Church. In 1956 the church transferred control to members of the Churches of Christ. The university has more than 7,500 alumni. Average enrollment is around 650 students.

In 2021, it was announced that York College would become York University, which it did so on July 1, 2022.

Campus
The university's campus is situated on fifty acres of land and includes seventeen major buildings.

Facilities include the Bartholomew Performing Arts Center (built in 2015) that serves as home for the music and theater departments; the Campbell Activity Center (built in 2012) which provides a home for chapel, intramurals and other student events; the Holthus Field House (built in 2003), a 35,000 square-foot indoor athletics practice facility; and the Kiplinger Apartments and Gibbs Hall (both built in 2006), apartment-style residence halls for upper classmen. The Mackey Center (built in 1998), with its readily identifiable clock tower, houses the admissions office, cafeteria and the Clayton Museum of Ancient History featuring the Stanback Collection. Along with newer facilities, the campus also includes several classic university structures built in the early 20th century. Though not originally part of campus, the Prayer Chapel (built in 1901) was moved from its original site in 1999, restored, and is now a focal point for the university and the York community. A well-developed park-like setting unifies the campus, providing a great atmosphere for campus activities and learning.

Academics
The university provides both residential, traditional undergraduate education and online, non-traditional programs. Baccalaureate degrees offered include the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Music, and Bachelor of Science. York University also offers the Master of Arts through York University Online.

York University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The institution's teacher education program is accredited by the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP).

Students and faculty
York's student-to-faculty ratio is 13:1. On-campus student enrollment is typically around 450 in the fall semester with a typical class size of 22. About 200 students are enrolled in the university's online program. The on-campus student population includes students from 30 states and 10 countries.

Student life
Co-curricular activities include 14 athletic teams, Christian outreach and service groups, performance ensembles, social clubs, literary publications, honor societies and a wide range of intramural sports.

Athletics
The York athletic teams are called the Panthers. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference since the 2016–17 academic year. They were also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the Central Region of the Division I level. The Eagles previously competed in the defunct Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference (MCAC) from 1994–95 to 2014–15 (when the conference dissolved); as well as an NAIA Independent within the Association of Independent Institutions (AII) during the 2015–16 school year.

York competes in 20 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track & field (indoor and outdoor), volleyball and wrestling; and co-ed sports include cheerleading, dance and eSports.

eSports
York added a co-ed varsity eSports team in the fall 2021 semester (2021–22 school year). The Panthers will compete in the National Association of Collegiate eSports (NACE).

References

External links

 York College Athletics website

1890 establishments in Nebraska
Buildings and structures in York County, Nebraska
Council for Christian Colleges and Universities
Educational institutions established in 1890

York University (Nebraska)


The bagh nakh, vagh nakh, or vagh nakhya (, , , , lit. tiger claw) is a "fist-load, claw-like" dagger, originating from the Indian subcontinent, designed to fit over the knuckles or be concealed under and against the palm. It consists of four or five curved blades affixed to a crossbar or glove, and is designed to slash through skin and muscle. It is believed to have been inspired by the armament of big cats, and the term bagh nakh itself means tiger's claw in Hindi.

History
There are conflicting reports of the time period in which the bagh nakh first appeared. Poisoned bagh nakh had been used by the Rajput clans for assassinations. The most well-known usage of the weapon was by the first Maratha leader Shivaji who used a bichuwa and bagh nakh to kill the Bijapur general Afzal Khan.

It is a popular weapon among the Nihang Sikhs who wear it in their turbans and often hold one in their left hand while wielding a larger weapon such as a sword in the right hand. It is recommended that Nihang women carry a bagh nakh when going alone to dangerous areas. The Nihangs also have a number of traditional weapons one of them being the Sher-Panja (literally - lion's paw) which is inspired by the bagh nakh. Instead of going in between the gaps in the fingers the Sher panja goes over the wrist and fingers and has claws coming out.

While often associated with thieves and assassins, the bagh nakh was also used by wrestlers in a form of fighting called naki ka kusti or "claw wrestling" which persisted even under British colonial rule. M. Rousselete, who visited Baroda in 1864, described "naki-ka-kausti" as one of the raja's favourite forms of entertainment.

The weapons, fitted into a kind of handle, were fastened by thongs to the closed right hand. The men, drunk with bhang or Indian hemp, rushed upon each other and tore like tigers at face and body; forehead-skins would hang like shreds; necks and ribs were laid open, and not infrequently one or both would bleed to death. The ruler's excitement on these occasions often grew to such a pitch that he could scarcely restrain himself from imitating the movements of the duellists.

After the Direct Action Day riots, the Bengali Hindu girls, in order to defend themselves, began to wear a kind of sharp weapon resembling bagh nakh while going to school.

In the Walt Disney movie, Aladdin and the King of Thieves, the main movie's antagonist, Sa'luk, wields this kind of weapon, made of gold.

After centuries, it is set to return to its homeland(India) from the United Kingdom, where it has been housed in London's Victoria and Albert Museum.

Variant construction
Several variations of bagh nakh exist, including one in which the single crossbar is replaced by two plates hinged together; with an additional loop and claw for the thumb. Earliest bagh nakh did not utilize loops for the fingers, rather round holes were punched through the central plate. Many bagh nakh also incorporated a spike or blade on one end of the crossbar. This form was known as a bichuwa bagh nakh because the blade was based on that of the bichuwa (scorpion dagger).

See also

 Similar weapons
Brass knuckles
Karambit
Vajra-mushti
 Other Indian weapons
Aruval
Chakram
Urumi

References
 Baki (Netflix season) Episode 7

Further reading
"Weapons" by David Harding and "Weapons a Visual History of Arms and Armour" Doris Kindersley editions.
 BIGGEST REPLICA OF TIGER CLAWS (WAGH NAKH) WORLD RECORD

Blade weapons
Fist-load weapons
Indian melee weapons
Metallic objects
Weapons of India

Bagh nakh


Åkers IF, abbreviated ÅIF, is a Swedish sports club founded in 1918 and based in Åkers styckebruk. As of 2013, the club has sections competing in association football, gymnastics, orienteering, and skiing.

As of 2006, the club also ran sections for athletics, basketball, floorball, handball, and ice hockey. The club has also run sections for bandy and cross country running. The ice hockey section merged with Strängnäs HC in 2012 to become its own club, Åker/Strängnäs HC. That club currently plays in the modern Hockeyettan, the third tier of Swedish hockey, . Before the merger, the ice hockey section had played two seasons in Division I when it was the top tier of Swedish hockey (1946–47 and 1953–54).

References

External links
 Official website

Sport in Södermanland County
Multi-sport clubs in Sweden
Football clubs in Södermanland County
Gymnastics clubs in Sweden
Orienteering clubs in Sweden
Ski clubs in Sweden
1918 establishments in Sweden
Sports clubs and teams established in 1918
Association football clubs established in 1918
Bandy clubs established in 1918
Defunct bandy clubs in Sweden
Defunct basketball teams in Sweden
Defunct ice hockey teams in Sweden

Åkers IF


Colonel Sir Malcolm Stoddart-Scott OBE MC TD (23 September 1901 Pontefract– 15 June 1973) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.

He attended Elmfield College and was then a master there. He qualified as a doctor from the University of Leeds and was commissioned Lieutenant in the Territorial Army Royal Army Medical Corps in 1927, eventually reaching the rank of colonel.

He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Pudsey and Otley from 1945 to 1950, and after that constituency was abolished in boundary changes for the 1950 general election, he was MP for Ripon from 1950 until his death in 1973.

He served as chairman, British group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1951–59 and as a member of the Church Assembly. Farmer and director of family wool business, B Parkinson & Co.

The by-election following his death was won by the Liberal Party candidate, David Austick.

References

External links

1901 births
1973 deaths
People educated at Ashville College
Royal Army Medical Corps officers
20th-century English medical doctors
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Military Cross
Knights Bachelor
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
Alumni of the University of Leeds

Malcolm Stoddart-Scott


A destroyer is a fast, small, and maneuverable warship. Destroyers escort larger warships. Destroyers were first used in the late 1800s to defend against torpedo boats. Destroyers were used extensively during World War I and World War II. Today, most naval warships are destroyers. Only three nations use cruisers. Modern destroyers use cruise missiles, automated turrets, and torpedos. Some can launch nuclear missiles. Modern destroyers usually support carrier groups and amphibious landings.

References

Warships

Destroyer


Copyright abolition is a movement to abolish copyright and all subsequent laws made in its support. The notion of anti-copyright combines a group of ideas and ideologies that advocate changing the current copyright law. It often focuses on the negative philosophical, economic, or social consequences of copyright, and that it has never been a benefit to society, but instead serves to enrich a few at the expense of creativity. Some groups may question the logic of copyright on economic and cultural grounds. The members of this movement are in favor of a full or partial change or repeal of the current copyright law. Copyright and patents are widely rejected among anarchists, communists, socialists, free market libertarians, crypto-anarchists, info-anarchists, and the former Situationist International.

Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine, economists at Washington University in St. Louis, have suggested that copyrights and patents are a net loss for the economy because of the way they reduce competition in the free market. They refer to copyrights and patents as intellectual monopolies, akin to industrial monopolies, and they advocate phasing out and eventually abolishing them.

The classic argument in defense of copyright is the view that giving the developers a temporary monopoly over their works encourages further development and creativity, giving the developer a source of income, and thus encourages them to continue their creative work; usually copyright is secured under the Berne Convention, established by Victor Hugo and first adopted in 1886. Every country in the world has copyright laws and private information ownership has not been repealed anywhere officially. Numerous international agreements on copyright have been concluded since then, but copyright law still varies from country to country.

Copyright is also massively rejected by those partaking in online piracy and other participants of peer-to-peer networks, who put copyrighted materials into public access. In addition, in the context of the Internet, Web 2.0, and other newer technologies, it has been argued that copyright laws need to be adapted to modern information technology.

See also

 Copyright alternatives
 Copyright misuse
 Copyfraud
 Cory Doctorow
 Creative Commons
 Criticism of copyright
 Culture vs. Copyright
 Cyber-utopianism
 Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)
 Fair use
 File sharing
 Free-culture movement
 Freedom of information
 Information wants to be free

 Patent troll
 Permissive software licence
 Pirate Party
 Public domain
 Steal This Film

References

Free software culture and documents
Political movements
Criticism of intellectual property
Copyright law

Copyright abolition


Eucalyptus bancroftii, commonly known as Bancroft's red gum or orange gum, is a species of tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds usually arranged in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped, conical or hemispherical fruit.

Description
Eucalyptus bancroftii is a tree growing to  high, with smooth bark which is a patchy grey, salmon and orange, which sheds in large plates. The juvenile leaves are ovate, and a dull grey-green, with the dull, green, concolorous adult leaves being lanceolate or broad-lanceolate,  long,  wide.

The flowers are in groups of seven on a stem of length  with four angles. Each flower is on a terete stem (pedicel) of length . The buds are cylindrical or conical, and  long and  in diameter, and have a scar.

The fruit is hemispherical or conical, and  long and  in diameter with a raised disc and exserted valves.

Taxonomy and naming
Bancroft's red gum was first formally described in 1904 by Joseph Maiden who gave it the name Eucalyptus tereticornis var. bancroftii and published the description in his book The Forest Flora of New South Wales. In 1917, Maiden raised the variety to species status as E. bancroftii, publishing the change in A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus. Maiden noted that he collected the type specimen "from Honeysuckle Flat, about 9 miles south of Port Macquarie, N.S.W., on serpentine country bearing stunted vegetation" in July, 1895. The specific epithet (bancroftii) honours "Dr. Thomas Lane Bancroft" for his assistance to Maiden.

Distribution and habitat
Eucalyptus bancroftii occurs from Maitland and Port Macquarie in New South Wales north to the Tin Can Bay - Boonooroo area in Queensland. It is mainly found in coastal areas but extends to the adjacent tablelands and grows in open forest and woodland, sometimes in low swampy sites but also on rock outcrops on the tablelands.

References

bancroftii
Myrtales of Australia
Trees of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Taxa named by Joseph Maiden
Plants described in 1904

Eucalyptus bancroftii


The 1953 EMI recording of Giacomo Puccini's Tosca conducted by Victor de Sabata, with Maria Callas, Giuseppe Di Stefano and Tito Gobbi, is considered by many opera critics to be one of the most notable opera recordings of the 1950s. It was recorded in August 1953 by the EMI subsidiary Columbia Records and released to critical acclaim. It was a commercial success from the start and continues to be one of the best-selling opera recordings.

An anecdote regarding the recording sessions relates that de Sabata, who was generally pleased with Callas's performance, was not satisfied with her reading of the line "". Producer Walter Legge wrote that de Sabata put Callas through the "grinding mill" for half an hour to get it just right, though in Legge's view it was time well spent.

The work of all three lead singers, Callas as Tosca, Tito Gobbi as Scarpia and Giuseppe Di Stefano as Cavaradossi has been nearly universally praised, as has the "spaciously lyrical" conducting of de Sabata. Walter Legge's production and "superbly balanced" mono recording have also been noted as aspects that have made this Tosca one of the most celebrated of classical recordings. Soprano Leontyne Price and justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg named Callas' Tosca as their favourite recording. When Herbert von Karajan was making his own recording of Tosca in 1962, he would often ask his producer John Culshaw to play selections from the de Sabata/Callas recording to him. Culshaw reports that "One exceptionally tricky passage for the conductor is the entry of Tosca in act 3, where Puccini's tempo directions can best be described as elastic. Karajan listened to de Sabata several times over during that passage and then said, 'No, he's right but I can't do that. That's his secret.'"

In 2020, the recording was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

References

1950s classical albums
Opera recordings
Operas by Giacomo Puccini
1953 albums
United States National Recording Registry recordings
United States National Recording Registry albums

Tosca (1953 EMI recording)


Shadow of the Colossus is a Japanese-made action-adventure video game made and sold by Sony Computer Entertainment (SCEI) for the PlayStation 2. The game was sold in North America and Japan in October 2005, and was then sold in Europe and Oceania in February 2006. The game was made by SCEI's International Production Studio 1, the same video game makers that made the game Ico.

The game is about a person called Wander, a young man who must travel across a large area on a horse and destroy sixteen giant creatures called the colossi to bring back the life of a dead girl. The game is not a normal action-adventure type of game because there are no towns or dungeons to explore, no characters to talk to, and no enemies to destroy other than the colossi. Shadow of the Colossus has been described as a puzzle game, because each colossus has a weakness which must be found and somehow used to defeat the colossi.

Remake
A remake game title Shadow of the Colossus (2018) released for PlayStation 4.

2005 video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video games developed in Japan

Shadow of the Colossus


Agile construction is an integrated system of principles and methods, and a philosophy of doing business adapted to jobsites and overall project delivery in the construction industry. It is born from agile manufacturing and project management, which is mostly used in manufacturing production, automotive and software developing teams. It is the application of the Toyota Production System to the construction industry, with two parallel paths: Measuring (ASTM E2691) and improving productivity, as well as segregating and externalizing work through prefabrication and supply chain management.

Like the Toyota Production System, agile construction principles form a system that relies on input from the source of the work information, both up front for planning the project, as well as throughout the life of a project for real-time feedback. The real-time input produces real-time measurements of productivity and allows for improved responsiveness to changes on the jobsite. Iterative and incremental agile construction methods help manage the design and build of efficient, low-risk processes and activities. This means that each time a process is repeated some changes are made to improve the process. Changes for the better are kept and for the worse are discarded.

The eight agile construction principles are:

 Agile construction project management
 Agile construction labor productivity measurement and labor productivity improvement
 Agile construction job scheduling and planning
 Agile construction procurement and material management
 Agile construction externalizing work, through prefabrication (components or parts pre-assembled off-site by suppliers or in a prefab shop, to reduce time, risk, and complexity)
 Agile construction labor management and labor composite rate reduction (the average cost of a job crew member to the company per unit of time)
 Agile construction estimation accuracy and improvement
 Agile construction project financial management

Agile construction principles help contractor's to make processes visible, measurable and manageable to improve the ability to rapidly adapt to job site changes, by minimizing the time between when a risk is detected and when it gets corrected. This requires a better mechanism to predict and capture these changes accompanied with a better infrastructure for addressing them. Agile Construction project management can also make gains in pre-design and design phases of construction projects. Accompanied with a well-trained and highly motivated workforce, companies using agile construction operations are able to increase responsiveness and productivity, to reduce cost and to deliver a better customer value.

See also
Electrical contractor
Procurement
Productivity
Agile management

References

Additional References
Daneshgari, Perry, and Heather Moore. Prefabrication Handbook for the Construction Industry: Agile Construction Application through Externalizing Work , 2019.

Construction management
Project management

Agile construction