Manchester is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. As of the 2020 census, the town had a total population of 59,713. The urban center of the town is the Manchester census-designated place, with a population of 36,379 at the 2020 census. The town is named after Manchester, in England.

History

The area known as Manchester began its recorded history as the camping grounds of a small band of peaceful Native Americans known as the Podunk tribe. The area was settled by colonists around 1673, some 40 years after Thomas Hooker led a group of Puritans from Massachusetts Bay Colony to found Hartford.

At the time, it was known just as Orford Parish, a name that can still be found on the memorial to the Revolutionary soldiers from the town. The many rivers and brooks provided power for paper, lumber, and textile industries, and the town quickly evolved into an industrial center. The town of Hartford once included the land now occupied by the towns of Manchester, East Hartford, and West Hartford. In 1783, East Hartford became a separate town, which included Manchester in its city limits until 1823.

The Pitkin Glassworks operated from 1783 to 1830 as the first successful glassworks in Connecticut. The owner of the glassworks, Captain Richard Pitkin, was given a 25-year monopoly on glass as recompense for providing gunpowder to the Continental Army during the American Revolution. The Pitkin Glassworks Ruin has been preserved by the town's historical society.

In 1838, the Cheney family started what became the world's largest silk mill. Eventually, the Cheney family employed a quarter of residents and actively recruited immigrants to work in the mills. The manufacturing presence in the town made Manchester an ideal industrial community. The mills, houses of the owners, and homes of the workers are now part of the Cheney Brothers Historic District, a National Historic Landmark.

Also of note are the E.E. Hilliard Company Woolen Mills. Founded ca. 1780 by Aaron Buckland and later sold to the Hilliard family, the Hilliard Mills are the oldest woolen mill site in the country.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Manchester has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 1.00%, is water. The Manchester census-designated place consists of the urban center of the town and has a total area of , or about 23% of the town's total area.  of Manchester is land, and , or 0.56%, is water.

Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 54,740 people, 23,197 households, and 14,010 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 24,256 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 82.77% White, 8.42% African American, 0.20% Native American, 3.15% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 3.12% from other races, and 2.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.54% of the population.

There were 23,197 households, out of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.6% were non-families. Of all households, 31.1% were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $49,426, and the median income for a family was $58,769. Males had a median income of $41,893 versus $32,562 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,989. About 6.0% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Top employers
Top employers in Manchester according to the town's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report.

As home to the Cheney family silk fortune, Manchester was a center of the American silk industry from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, and was an integral component of not only the economy but success of the town. Today, the Cheney Brothers Historic District showcases mills refurbished as apartments and includes nearby museums.

Manchester posted a total revenue, as of 2017, of $202,901,000, with total expenditures of $199 million, including $133 million towards education. The median rent between 2013–2017 was $1,181, higher than both the county and state medians. The top employing industries are retail trade, health care and social assistance, manufacturing, and government; and the top employers are the Town of Manchester, the Board of Education, Eastern Connecticut Health Network, Inc., and Allied Printing.

The town is home to The Shoppes at Buckland Hills, as well as Shady Glen, a restaurant recognized by the James Beard Foundation in 2012 as an American classic, and has been featured on Food Network.

Arts and culture
Stemming from a heritage of historic culture, Manchester is home to the second-oldest operating pipe band in the United States, the Manchester Pipe Band, a grade 2 pipe band, which was founded in 1914. Cheney Hall is the home of The Little Theater of Manchester, a 60 year old community theater group. The city is also home to a nonprofit orchestra, the Manchester Symphony Orchestra and Chorale, which has been performing and educating youths in music in the community since 1960.

Manchester hosts four museums. The Fire Museum is housed in a restored 1901 firehouse building. The museum's firefighting equipment and memorabilia include leather fire buckets used in colonial times, a display showing the evolution of sprinkler systems, a horse-drawn hose wagon, a 1921 Ahrens-Fox fire pumper, and a  1911 water tower. The Lutz Children's Museum has participatory exhibits covering art, history, science, nature and ethnology. The museum's permanent collection includes small live animals. The Old Manchester Museum, focusing on local history, is operated by the Manchester Historical Society. Permanent exhibits include examples of Cheney silk, Pitkin glass, and Spencer Repeating Rifles; the museum also houses the Manchester Sports Hall of Fame. The Cheney Homestead Museum is an eighteenth-century house of the founders of the Cheney Brothers Silk Company. On exhibit are examples of period furniture and artwork. Also on site is the one-room Keeney Schoolhouse dating from 1751.

Wickham Park, a non-profit private foundation, is located on Manchester and East Hartford property. The  Oak Grove Nature Center is a nature preserve with rivers, ponds, and hiking trails and hosts educational nature classes aimed at children. Case Mountain Recreational Area, located in the less populated southeast corner of Manchester, is popular for hiking, mountain biking, and has a great view of the Hartford skyline to the west. Charter Oak Park, located in downtown, is popular for basketball, softball, and tennis, and includes four community soccer field. The park underwent a $2 million renovation in 2017 which improved existing infrastructure in addition to adding a musical garden, jogging tracks, bathrooms, and an upgraded playground.

The annual auto show Cruisin' on Main Street is held every August and is one of the largest shows of its kind in the northeast, showcasing over 14,000 vintage and rare vehicles and attracting over 400,000 visitors since its inception in 2001. The event has also endowed an annual scholarship for local area high school students pursuing further education.

Sports
Manchester Country Club opened in 1917 and was originally designed by Tom Bendelow and Deveroux Emmet. In 1935, it was redesigned in by A.W. Tillinghast. The golf course features a classical New England design and holds an annual open tournament.

Perhaps the most enduring sports legacy of the town is the Manchester Road Race, a 4.748 mile footrace which is held every Thanksgiving morning. It is the second most popular race in New England, behind the Boston Marathon. The event attracts over 10,000 participants, including Olympians, world record holders, and international athletes, in addition to thousands of spectators. The race was first run in 1927, and benefits muscular dystrophy research as well as over a dozen other charities.

The Manchester Silkworms, named for the town's storied past as a silk producer and the world's largest silk mill, were a collegiate summer baseball team founded in 2000. Several former players continued their career to the major leagues, including former Red Sox catcher and veteran Ryan Lavarnway. The team relocated to Laconia, New Hampshire after the 2009 season.

Government and politics

The town was governed in the old New England tradition of town meeting until 1907, when the town adopted a new charter, creating a more efficient method of governing, with a Board of Selectmen charged with the responsibility of running the town. In the mid-twentieth century, Manchester adopted a new charter constituting a council-manager government that is still in use today.

The legislative function is performed by a bipartisan Board of Directors consisting of nine board members, who are elected biennially for two year terms. The Board of Directors elects a Mayor from its membership for the two year term, and also appoints the General Manager.

Manchester is represented in the Connecticut General Assembly by State Representatives Jason Rojas (D-9), Jeffrey Currey (D-11), Geoff Luxenberg (D-12), and Jason Doucette (D-13), and by State Senator MD Rahman (D-4). At the federal level, Manchester is part of Connecticut's 1st congressional district and is represented in the House of Representatives by John Larson, in addition to being represented in the U.S. Senate by Richard Blumenthal and Chris Murphy.

Education

Public schools

Traditional district schools
 Manchester High School (grades 9–12)
 Howell Cheney Technical High School (grades 9–12)
 Bentley Alternative Education School (grades 9–12)
 Arthur H. Illing Middle School (grades 7–8)
 Manchester Middle Academy (grades 5–8)
 Elisabeth M. Bennet Academy (grades 5–6)
 William E. Buckley Elementary School (grades K–4)
 Bowers Elementary School (grades K–4)
 Highland Park Elementary School (grades K–4)
 Keeney Street Elementary School (grades K–4)
 Martin Elementary School (grades K–4)
 Verplanck Elementary School (grades K–4)
 Waddell Elementary School (grades K–4)
 Manchester Preschool Center (Pre-K)

Magnet schools

 Great Path Academy (grades 9–12)
 Discovery Academy (grades Pre-K–5)

Private schools

 Saint Bridget School (grades Pre-K–8)
 Saint James School (grades Pre-K–8)
 East Catholic High School (grades 9–12)
 The Cornerstone Christian School (grades Pre-K–12)
 Asamoah Society School (grades Pre-K–12)
 Pierre B. Arthur School (grades K–8)

Post-secondary education

 Manchester Community College, a two-year community college

Media

Newspaper

Manchester is home to a local newspaper, the Journal Inquirer, which serves all of Manchester and the surrounding areas. The Hartford Courant also has a facility in Manchester and can be delivered anywhere in town.

Emergency services

Fire department

Manchester Fire Department

The Manchester Fire Department was created when Manchester Fire Rescue EMS and the Eighth Utilities District merged following a vote of the taxpayers of the Eighth Utilities District.  The vote took place on February 1st, 2023 with an official merger date of July 1st, 2023. The Manchester Fire Department is a full-time career department that operates from 7 firehouses.  The department staffs 4 Engine Companies, 1 Rescue Engine Company, 2  Truck Companies, and a Battalion Chief with a minimum of 24 on-duty personnel (7 Lieutenants, 16 Firefighters, and 1 Battalion Chief).  The on-duty shift strength is supplemented by a volunteer Engine, Engine 8, when available. The department is an all hazards agency providing a range of services including fire suppression, fire prevention, vehicle extrication, high and low angle rope rescue, confined space rescue, hazardous materials response, and Advanced Life Support (paramedic level) medical care.

History

Manchester Fire Rescue EMS

The Town of Manchester Fire-Rescue-EMS Department was organized in 1897 after a fire destroyed the Weldon business block. It was a full-time career department that operated from five strategically located firehouses. The department staffed three engine companies, one rescue engine company, one truck company, and a shift commander vehicle with a minimum of 17 on-duty personnel (five Lieutenants, eleven Firefighters, and one Battalion Chief). The department was an all hazards agency providing a range of services including fire suppression, fire prevention, vehicle extrication, high and low angle rope rescue, confined space rescue, hazardous materials response, and Advanced Life Support (paramedic level) medical care.

Manchester Fire Department-Eighth Utilities District

The Manchester Fire Department-Eighth Utilities District was a combination (paid and volunteer) fire department, established in 1888 as a separate fire department within the northwest corner of the town. It was not affiliated with the Town of Manchester government and was instead governed by its own board of directors. The department had 4 Firefighters on duty 24/7 with coverage provided by full time career firefighters and part time paid firefighters. On the weekdays during the hours of 0800–1600 staffing increased with the addition of one full time career Assistant Chief and one full time career Firefighter/Mechanic.  Volunteers provided additional coverage whenever available. The department provided fire suppression, fire prevention, rescue, hazardous material response, and Basic Life Support (EMT level) medical care.

Police department

The Manchester Police Department was established in 1896. It is staffed by approximately 120 officers. The department is led by Chief William Darby.

Medical Transport

Ambulance Service of Manchester (ASM) is a private, for-profit company that operates out of a station on New State Road in Manchester, and provides basic life support-level transport service. ASM also provides intercept and transport paramedic service to a number of towns in Hartford, Tolland, and Windham counties. ASM will provide advanced life support when fire department paramedics are unavailable.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Roads

Manchester has parts of three interstate highways (I-84, I-384, and I-291) and Route 6 and Route 44 together constitute Manchester's principal east/west arterial. Connecticut Route 30 is an east/west arterial in the northern section of town. Connecticut Route 83 is Manchester's principal north/south arterial. Starting as South Main Street at the southern border with Glastonbury, Route 83 becomes Main Street through the center of town.

Public transportation

Manchester is served by the Hartford division of Connecticut Transit. Routes 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, and 121 connect Manchester directly to the city of Hartford.

Rail

No passenger service currently exists in town. Freight service from Hartford is provided by Connecticut Southern Railroad.

The closest passenger rail service is available at Hartford's Union Station, approximately 10 miles west.

Airports

Bradley International Airport, in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, is twenty minutes north of downtown Hartford. It features over 150 daily departures to over 30 destinations on nine airlines. Other airports serving the Hartford area include:

 Hartford–Brainard Airport, found in Hartford off I-91 and close to Wethersfield, serves charter flights and local flights.
 Westover Metropolitan Airport, located in Chicopee, Massachusetts, 27 miles (43 km) north of Hartford, serves commercial, local, charter, and military flights
 Tweed New Haven Airport, located in New Haven, Connecticut, is served by Avelo Airlines

Bicycling

Manchester has several on and off-road bicycle routes. The two most popular routes are the Charter Oak Greenway and the Hop River State Park Trail. Portions of each of those routes have been designated as parts of the East Coast Greenway.

Notable people

Nathan Agostinelli, mayor and State Comptroller
Astrid Allwyn, 1930s movie actress
Elizabeth S. Anderson, philosopher and MacArthur Fellow
Geno Auriemma, head coach of UConn women's basketball team, 2012 and 2016 U.S. women's national team
Dick Berggren, motorsport announcer and magazine editor
Daniel C. Burbank, NASA astronaut
Tim Cate, professional baseball player
Russell Cheney, American Impressionist
Sherwood Cheney, US Army brigadier general
Carol Lynn Curchoe, reproductive biologist
Seth DeValve, football tight end for the Carolina Panthers
Dr. Dot, massage therapist
David Efianayi (born 1995), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Addie C. Strong Engle (1845–1926), author, publisher
Mary Ann Handley, former Connecticut state senator
Jay Johnstone, former professional baseball player and commentator
Larry Lisciotti, pool player
Jean Marzollo, children's author and illustrator
 Bill Masse, US Olympian
Henry Molaison, noted memory disorder patient
Fred Norris, radio personality on The Howard Stern Show
James B. Olcott, turfgrass farmer and influential citizen
Frederick Walker Pitkin, governor of Colorado from 1879 to 1883
Richard Plepler, television executive
Alberto Salazar, former world-class long-distance runner and 4x winner of Boston and New York marathons, and coach until he was banned for life
John Shea Jr., politician, jurist, businessman
Kory Sheets, former NFL player
Christopher Spencer, inventor of Spencer repeating rifle
Dana White, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship

See also

 Hartford Distributors shooting
 Manchester Silkworms
 Truth Serum, an Eisner-nominated comic which takes place in Manchester

References

External links
 Town of Manchester official website
 Greater Manchester Chamber of Commerce

1672 establishments in Connecticut
Greater Hartford
Populated places established in 1672
Towns in Capitol Planning Region, Connecticut
Towns in Connecticut
Towns in Hartford County, Connecticut

Manchester, Connecticut


The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, and autodissociation of water, or simply dissociation of water) is an ionization reaction in pure water or in an aqueous solution, in which a water molecule, H2O, deprotonates (loses the nucleus of one of its hydrogen atoms) to become a hydroxide ion, OH−. The hydrogen nucleus, H+, immediately protonates another water molecule to form a hydronium cation, H3O+. It is an example of autoprotolysis, and exemplifies the amphoteric nature of water.

History and notation
The self-ionization of water was first proposed in 1884 by Svante Arrhenius as part of the theory of ionic dissociation which he proposed to explain the conductivity of electrolytes including water. Arrhenius wrote the self-ionization as H2O <=>  H+ + OH-. At that time, nothing was yet known of atomic structure or subatomic particles, so he had no reason to consider the formation of an H+ ion from a hydrogen atom on electrolysis as any less likely than, say, the formation of a Na+ ion from a sodium atom.

In 1923 Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Martin Lowry proposed that the self-ionization of water actually involves two water molecules: H2O + H2O <=>  H3O+ + OH-. By this time the electron and the nucleus had been discovered and Rutherford had shown that a nucleus is very much smaller than an atom. This would include a bare ion H+ which would correspond to a proton with zero electrons. Brønsted and Lowry proposed that this ion does not exist free in solution, but always attaches itself to a water (or other solvent) molecule to form the hydronium ion H3O+ (or other protonated solvent).

Later spectroscopic evidence has shown that many protons are actually hydrated by more than one water molecule. The most descriptive notation for the hydrated ion is H+(aq), where aq (for aqueous) indicates an indefinite or variable number of water molecules. However the notations H+ and H3O+ are still also used extensively because of their historical importance. This article mostly represents the hydrated proton as H3O+, corresponding to hydration by a single water molecule.

Equilibrium constant

Chemically pure water has an electrical conductivity of 0.055 μS/cm. According to the theories of Svante Arrhenius, this must be due to the presence of ions. The ions are produced by the water self-ionization reaction, which applies to pure water and any aqueous solution:

 H2O + H2O  H3O+ + OH−

Expressed with chemical activities , instead of concentrations, the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the water ionization reaction is:

which is numerically equal to the more traditional thermodynamic equilibrium constant written as:

under the assumption that the sum of the chemical potentials of H+ and H3O+ is formally equal to twice the chemical potential of H2O at the same temperature and pressure.

Because most acid–base solutions are typically very dilute, the activity of water is generally approximated as being equal to unity, which allows the ionic product of water to be expressed as:

In dilute aqueous solutions, the activities of solutes (dissolved species such as ions) are approximately equal to their concentrations. Thus, the ionization constant, dissociation constant, self-ionization constant, water ion-product constant or ionic product of water, symbolized by Kw, may be given by:

where [H3O+] is the molarity (molar concentration) of hydrogen cation or hydronium ion, and [OH−] is the concentration of hydroxide ion. When the equilibrium constant is written as a product of concentrations (as opposed to activities) it is necessary to make corrections to the value of  depending on ionic strength and other factors (see below).

At 24.87 °C and zero ionic strength, Kw is equal to . Note that as with all equilibrium constants, the result is dimensionless because the concentration is in fact a concentration relative to the standard state, which for H+ and OH− are both defined to be 1 molal (= 1 mol/kg) when molality is used or 1 molar (= 1 mol/L) when molar concentration is used. For many practical purposes, the molality (mol solute/kg water) and molar (mol solute/L solution) concentrations can be considered as nearly equal at ambient temperature and pressure if the solution density remains close to one (i.e., sufficiently diluted solutions and negligible effect of temperature changes). The main advantage of the molal concentration unit (mol/kg water) is to result in stable and robust concentration values which are independent of the solution density and volume changes (density depending on the water salinity (ionic strength), temperature and pressure); therefore, molality is the preferred unit used in thermodynamic calculations or in precise or less-usual conditions, e.g., for seawater with a density significantly different from that of pure water, or at elevated temperatures, like those prevailing in thermal power plants.

We can also define pKw  −log10 Kw (which is approximately 14 at 25 °C). This is analogous to the notations pH and pKa for an acid dissociation constant, where the symbol p denotes a cologarithm. The logarithmic form of the equilibrium constant equation is pKw = pH + pOH.

Dependence on temperature, pressure and ionic strength

The dependence of the water ionization on temperature and pressure has been investigated thoroughly. The value of pKw decreases as temperature increases from the melting point of ice to a minimum at c. 250 °C, after which it increases up to the critical point of water c. 374 °C. It decreases with increasing pressure.

With electrolyte solutions, the value of pKw is dependent on ionic strength of the electrolyte. Values for sodium chloride are typical for a 1:1 electrolyte. With 1:2 electrolytes, MX2, pKw decreases with increasing ionic strength.

The value of Kw is usually of interest in the liquid phase. Example values for superheated steam (gas) and supercritical water fluid are given in the table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Comparison of pKw values for liquid water, superheated steam, and supercritical water.
|-
! !! 350 °C !! 400 °C !! 450 °C !! 500 °C !! 600 °C !! 800 °C
|-
! scope="row" |0.1 MPa
||| 47.961b || 47.873b || 47.638b || 46.384b ||40.785b
|-
! scope="row" |17 MPa
|11.920 (liquid)a || || || || ||
|-
! scope="row" |25 MPa
|11.551 (liquid)c ||16.566||18.135||18.758||19.425||20.113
|-
! scope="row" |100 MPa
|10.600 (liquid)c ||10.744||11.005||11.381||12.296||13.544
|-
! scope="row" |1000 MPa
|8.311 (liquid)c ||8.178||8.084||8.019||7.952||7.957
|}
Notes to the table. The values are for supercritical fluid except those marked: a at saturation pressure corresponding to 350 °C. b superheated steam. c compressed or subcooled liquid.

Isotope effects
Heavy water, D2O, self-ionizes less than normal water, H2O;
D2O + D2O  D3O+ + OD−

This is due to the equilibrium isotope effect, a quantum mechanical effect attributed to oxygen forming a slightly stronger bond to deuterium because the larger mass of deuterium results in a lower zero-point energy.

Expressed with activities a, instead of concentrations, the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the heavy water ionization reaction is:

Assuming the activity of the D2O to be 1, and assuming that the activities of the D3O+ and OD− are closely approximated by their concentrations

The following table compares the values of pKw for H2O and D2O.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+pKw values for pure water
|-
! scope="row" |T/°C
|10||20|| 25||30|| 40 || 50
|-
! scope="row" |H2O
|14.535 || 14.167|| 13.997|| 13.830|| 13.535 ||13.262
|-
! scope="row" |D2O
|15.439||15.049||14.869||14.699||14.385|| 14.103
|}

Ionization equilibria in water–heavy water mixtures
In water–heavy water mixtures equilibria several species are involved: H2O, HDO, D2O, H3O+, D3O+, H2DO+, HD2O+, HO−, DO−.

Mechanism
The rate of reaction for the ionization reaction
2 H2O → H3O+ + OH−
depends on the activation energy, ΔE‡. According to the Boltzmann distribution the proportion of water molecules that have sufficient energy, due to thermal population, is given by

where k is the Boltzmann constant. Thus some dissociation can occur because sufficient thermal energy is available. The following sequence of events has been proposed on the basis of electric field fluctuations in liquid water. Random fluctuations in molecular motions occasionally (about once every 10 hours per water molecule) produce an electric field strong enough to break an oxygen–hydrogen bond, resulting in a hydroxide (OH−) and hydronium ion (H3O+); the hydrogen nucleus of the hydronium ion travels along water molecules by the Grotthuss mechanism and a change in the hydrogen bond network in the solvent isolates the two ions, which are stabilized by solvation. Within 1 picosecond, however, a second reorganization of the hydrogen bond network allows rapid proton transfer down the electric potential difference and subsequent recombination of the ions. This timescale is consistent with the time it takes for hydrogen bonds to reorientate themselves in water.

The inverse recombination reaction
H3O+ + OH− → 2 H2O
is among the fastest chemical reactions known, with a reaction rate constant of  at room temperature. Such a rapid rate is characteristic of a diffusion-controlled reaction, in which the rate is limited by the speed of molecular diffusion.

Relationship with the neutral point of water
Water molecules dissociate into equal amounts of H3O+ and OH−, so their concentrations are almost exactly  at 25 °C and 0.1 MPa. A solution in which the H3O+ and OH− concentrations equal each other is considered a neutral solution. In general, the pH of the neutral point is numerically equal to pKw.

Pure water is neutral, but most water samples contain impurities. If an impurity is an acid or base, this will affect the concentrations of hydronium ion and hydroxide ion. Water samples that are exposed to air will absorb some carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) and the concentration of H3O+ will increase due to the reaction H2CO3 + H2O = HCO3− + H3O+. The concentration of OH− will decrease in such a way that the product [H3O+][OH−] remains constant for fixed temperature and pressure. Thus these water samples will be slightly acidic.  If a pH of exactly 7.0 is required, it must be maintained with an appropriate buffer solution.

See also

Acid–base reaction
Chemical equilibrium
Molecular autoionization (of various solvents)
Standard hydrogen electrode

References

External links
General Chemistry – Autoionization of Water

Ionization
Water chemistry
Equilibrium chemistry
Water

de:Protolyse#Autoprotolyse

Self-ionization of water


Robert Cuckson (born 1942, UK) is an American composer and pianist. He emigrated to Australia in 1949, studied at the NSW State Conservatorium of Music, and gained a Diploma in piano in 1960. Cuckson followed this with private studies in piano, composition and theory, in the UK and the US, his teachers including Ilona Kabos and Carlo Zecchi (piano), Georg Tintner and Peter Racine Fricker (composition), and Allen Forte (theory). In 1968 he returned to the formal study of music and worked towards a B.S. in composition at the Mannes College of Music in New York. He followed this with three degrees in composition from Yale University: M.M. (1971), M.M.A. (1974), and D.M.A. (1979). A resident of the United States since 1974, Robert Cuckson took US citizenship in 1983.

Cuckson has held various positions at the Mannes College The New School for Music in New York City since 1971. These have included administrative positions, such as Dean of the Faculties (1979–84) and Vice-President for Academic Affairs (1984–87), and teaching positions in the Techniques of Music Faculty (of which he became co-Chair in 1994), the Composition Faculty, and the Keyboard Studies Program. Since 1991 he has also taught in the Theory of Music Faculty and the Keyboard Studies Program at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia.

Cuckson has completed two operas, The Blind Men and Adrian and Jusemina, based on plays by Michel de Ghelderode (translated and adapted by the composer), and has written numerous other works for a variety of media: orchestral pieces, chamber works, piano solos and songs. His music has been performed by such ensembles as the Brisbane Symphony Orchestra, the Janáček String Quartet, the Czech Philharmonic Wind Quintet, and the Yale Collegium Orchestra. As a pianist, he has given solo recitals in London, Amsterdam, Oslo, Stockholm, Berlin, San Francisco, Pittsburgh and Sydney, and has appeared as soloist in concerto performances with the Sydney and Melbourne Symphony Orchestras.

References

1942 births
American emigrants to Australia
American male composers
20th-century American composers
American classical pianists
American male classical pianists
Sydney Conservatorium of Music alumni
Living people
Mannes College The New School for Music faculty
20th-century American pianists
21st-century classical pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists

Robert Cuckson


The Western baseball club of Keokuk, Iowa, or Keokuk Westerns in modern nomenclature, was a professional baseball team in the National Association in 1875, the last season of that first professional league. It is considered a major league team by those who count the NA as a major league. It was geographically the farthest west that major league baseball had progressed up to that time.

In 1875, the NA entry fee was $20 for one championship season. The Westerns won one of 13 games (1–12 record) before going out of business. On June 14, 1875, the Western club played their last game and dropped out of the league two days later. For 1876, stronger clubs in bigger cities, led by the Chicago White Stockings, organized the National League on a different basis, chiefly in order to exclude weaker clubs from smaller cities such as Keokuk.

The Westerns were managed by Joe Simmons and played their home games at Perry Park, which was located in a field located beyond Rand Park. Their top hitter was catcher Paddy Quinn, who went 14-for-43 for a batting average of .326.

See also
1875 Keokuk Westerns season

References

External links
 Keokuk Westerns Index

Defunct National Association of Professional Base Ball Players teams
Defunct baseball teams in Iowa
Baseball teams disestablished in 1875
Baseball teams established in 1875

Keokuk Westerns


A photoelectric sensor  is a device used to determine the distance, absence, or presence of an object by using a light transmitter, often infrared, and a photoelectric receiver. They are largely used in industrial manufacturing. There are three different useful types: opposed (through-beam), retro-reflective, and proximity-sensing (diffused).

Types

A self-contained photoelectric sensor contains the optics, along with the electronics. It requires only a power source. The sensor performs its own modulation, demodulation, amplification, and output switching. Some self-contained sensors provide such options as built-in control timers or counters. Because of technological progress, self-contained photoelectric sensors have become increasingly smaller.

Remote photoelectric sensors used for remote sensing contain only the optical components of a sensor. The circuitry for power input, amplification, and output switching is located elsewhere, typically in a control panel. This allows the sensor, itself, to be very small. Also, the controls for the sensor are more accessible, since they may be bigger.

When space is restricted or the environment too hostile even for remote sensors, fibre optics may be used. Fibre optics are passive mechanical sensing components. They may be used with either remote or self-contained sensors. They have no electrical circuitry and no moving parts, and can safely pipe light into and out of hostile environments.

Sensing modes

A through-beam arrangement consists of a receiver located within the line-of-sight of the transmitter.  In this mode, an object is detected when the light beam is blocked from getting to the receiver from the transmitter.

A retroreflective arrangement places the transmitter and receiver at the same location and uses a reflector to bounce the inverted light beam back from the transmitter to the receiver.  An object is sensed when the beam is interrupted and fails to reach the receiver.

A proximity-sensing (diffused) arrangement is one in which the transmitted radiation must reflect off the object in order to reach the receiver.  In this mode, an object is detected when the receiver sees the transmitted source rather than when it fails to see it. As in retro-reflective sensors, diffuse sensor emitters and receivers are located in the same housing. But the target acts as the reflector so that detection of light is reflected off the disturbance object. The emitter sends out a beam of light (most often a pulsed infrared, visible red, or laser) that diffuses in all directions, filling a detection area. The target then enters the area and deflects part of the beam back to the receiver. Detection occurs and output is turned on or off when sufficient light falls on the receiver.

Some photo-eyes have two different operational types, light operate and dark operate.  The light operates photo eyes become operational when the receiver "receives" the transmitter signal.  Dark operate photo eyes become operational when the receiver "does not receive" the transmitter signal.

The detecting range of a photoelectric sensor is its "field of view", or the maximum distance from which the sensor can retrieve information, minus the minimum distance. A minimum detectable object is the smallest object the sensor can detect. More accurate sensors can often have minimum detectable objects of minuscule size.

Difference between modes

See also
 List of sensors
 Photodetector
 Sensor
 Electric eye

References

External links

Guide to Sensing, 2002, Banner Engineering Corporation, P/N 120236
Guide to sensing

Sensors

Photoelectric sensor


Quinton Bernard Smith (born January 14, 1984) is a former American football running back. He was signed by the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Rice, where he earned second team C-USA All-Conference honors.

Smith was also a member of the New York Giants, New Orleans Saints, and Oakland Raiders.

Early years
Smith attended Cedar Park High School in Cedar Park, Texas. He finished his career with school records of 57 touchdowns, 4,445 rushing yards, and 4,975 yards of total offense.

References

External links
 New England Patriots bio

1984 births
Living people
American football running backs
Rice Owls football players
New England Patriots players
New York Giants players
New Orleans Saints players
Oakland Raiders players
Players of American football from Tyler, Texas

Quinton Smith


Zarin v. Commissioner, 916 F.2d 110 (3rd Cir. 1990) is a United States Third Circuit Court of Appeals decision concerning the cancellation of debt and the tax consequences for the borrower for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Background
Resorts International Hotel & Casino ("Resorts"), a casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, granted David Zarin ("Zarin"), a housing developer and (it would later prove) gambling addict, a credit line of $10,000 in June, 1978.  Pursuant to this arrangement, Zarin could write a check ("marker") and in return receive chips in order to gamble at the casino's tables; Zarin would almost invariably play craps. Over time Resorts regularly increased his credit line, and by November, 1979, Zarin's permanent line of credit had reached $200,000.  The New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement filed with the New Jersey Casino Control Commission a complaint against Resorts in response to allegations of credit abuse. Subsequently, a Casino Control Commissioner issued an Emergency Order which made further credit extensions to Zarin illegal. Nevertheless, Resorts continued to extend Zarin's credit limit. In April, 1980, Zarin delivered personal checks and counterchecks to Resorts which were returned as having been drawn against insufficient funds. Those dishonored checks totaled $3,435,000. In response, Resorts cut off Zarin's credit and filed action in New Jersey state court. Resorts and Zarin settled their dispute for a total of $500,000.

The Commissioner subsequently determined deficiencies in Zarin's federal income taxes, arguing that Zarin had recognized $2,935,000 of income in 1981 from the cancellation of indebtedness which resulted from the settlement with Resorts. The Tax Court agreed with the Commissioner.

Issues
The sole issue before the Court was whether the Tax Court correctly held that Zarin had income from the discharge of his indebtedness.

Holding
Zarin realized no income from the settlement for two reasons.  First, the Federal Income Tax Code provisions covering discharge of debt were inapplicable since the situation failed to meet the definitional requirements of section 108(d)(1).  Second, the settlement of Zarin's gambling debts constituted a "contested liability."

Court's reasoning
The court concluded that section 61(a)(12) and section 108 of the Internal Revenue Code set forth the general rule that gross income includes income from the discharge of indebtedness.  However, the court held that neither of those sections applied to the case at hand.  Section 108(d)(1), which repeats and further elaborates the rule set forth in section 61(a)(12), defines the term indebtedness as any indebtedness "(A) for which the taxpayer is liable, or (B) subject to which the taxpayer holds property." The court held that neither prong of section 108(d)(1) was satisfied in the case, and, as a result, Zarin could not have income from the discharge of his debt.

According to the court, the debt was unenforceable as a matter of New Jersey law because of the Emergency Order issued by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission.  As a result, the credit line was clearly not debt "for which the taxpayer is liable." Furthermore, the Court held that the gambling chips were not property but "merely an accounting mechanism to evidence debt."  Zarin could not do with the chips as he pleased, nor did the chips have any independent economic value beyond the casino.  Additionally, since Zarin's debt at all times equaled or exceeded the number of chips he possessed, redemption would have left Zarin with no chips or cash. The court concluded that Zarin's indebtedness was not subject to property held by the taxpayer.

The court further held that the proper approach to the case was to view it as disputed debt or "contested liability."  Under the contested liability doctrine, if a taxpayer, in good faith, disputed the amount of debt, a subsequent settlement would be treated as the amount of debt cognizable for tax purposes.  "The excess of the original debt over the amount determined to have been due is disregarded for both loss and debt accounting purposes."  Following this doctrine, the court concluded that the $500,000 settlement fixed the amount of loss and debt cognizable for tax purposes.

Dissent
The dissent argued that Zarin held property in the gambling chips issued by Resorts.  According to the dissent, Zarin wished to purchase what Resorts was offering in the marketplace, and Resorts provided Zarin with chips instead of cash to entitle him to gamble in Resorts' casino.  "Zarin received either $3.4 million in cash or an entitlement for which others would have had to pay $3.4 million." Therefore, with the settlement Resorts surrendered its claim to the repayment of the remaining $2.9 million owed by Zarin, and Zarin's assets were freed of that amount and he recognized gross income.

Impact
Under federal income tax, a loan is not gross income to the borrower because the borrower has an obligation to repay the amount received and there is no accession to wealth.  Along those same lines, the lender may not deduct the amount of the loan because the loan merely converts one asset (cash) into another asset (a promise of repayment). Furthermore, if the lender forgives or cancels the debt there may be income tax consequences for the borrower.

These general axioms directly affect many taxpayers because millions of individuals across the United States deal with loans and indebtedness.  As a result, the principles discussed and analyzed in Zarin v. Commissioner are relevant to any taxpayer concerned with those issues.  According to the decision, a cancellation of debt through settlement proceedings, no matter the amount of pre-settlement indebtedness, releases the taxpayer from the debt obligation without creating taxable income.  "The excess of the original debt over the amount determined to have been due is disregarded for both loss and debt accounting purposes."

Critique
The Tenth Circuit criticized the Zarin decision in Preslar v. Commissioner, suggesting that the Third Circuit had erred in treating liquidated and unliquidated debts alike.

The problem with the Third Circuit's holding is it treats liquidated and unliquidated debts alike. The whole theory behind requiring that the amount of a debt be disputed before the contested liability exception can be triggered is that only in the context of disputed debts is the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) unaware of the exact consideration initially exchanged in a transaction ... The mere fact that a taxpayer challenges the enforceability of a debt in good faith does not necessarily mean he or she is shielded from discharge-of-indebtedness income upon resolution of the dispute. To implicate the contested liability doctrine, the original amount of the debt must be unliquidated. A total denial of liability is not a dispute touching upon the amount of the underlying debt.

References

External links

United States taxation and revenue case law
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit cases
1990 in United States case law
History of Atlantic City, New Jersey
Gambling in New Jersey

Zarin v. Commissioner


Lamium purpureum, known as red dead-nettle, purple dead-nettle, or purple archangel, is an annual herbaceous flowering plant native to Europe and Asia.

Varieties:
 Lamium purpureum var. hybridum (Vill.) Vill. (synonym: Lamium hybridum Vill.)

Description
Lamium purpureum grows with square stems to 5–20 cm
(rarely 30 cm) in height. The leaves have fine hairs, are green at the bottom and shade to purplish at the top; they are 2–4 cm long and broad, with a 1–2 cm petiole (leaf stalk), and wavy to serrated margins.

The zygomorphic flowers are bright red-purple, with a top hood-like petal, two lower lip petal lobes and minute fang-like lobes between. The corolla shows a line of hairs near the base of the tube. They may be produced throughout the year, including mild weather in winter. This allows bees to gather its nectar for food when few other nectar sources are available.  It is also a prominent source of pollen for bees in March/April (in UK), when bees need the pollen as protein to build up their nest.

It is often found alongside Henbit Dead-nettle (Lamium amplexicaule), which is easily mistaken for it since they both have similar looking leaves and similar bright purple flowers; they can be distinguished by the stalked leaves of Red Dead-nettle on the flower stem, compared to the unstalked leaves of Henbit Dead-nettle.

Though superficially similar to species of Urtica (true nettles) in appearance, it is not related and does not sting, hence the name "dead-nettle".

Uses
Young plants have edible tops and leaves, used in salads or in stir-fry as a spring vegetable. If finely chopped it can also be used in sauces.

Undyed, the pollen itself is a red colour and is very noticeable on the heads of bees that frequent its flowers.

Folk herbalists use purple dead nettle in many herbal remedies. One of these is purple dead nettle salve that can be used on irritated, itchy, or sore skin.

Habitat
Frequent in meadows, forest edges, roadsides and gardens.

Distribution
Lamium purpureum is a common weed in the western and eastern United States, Canada, Ireland, and the British Isles.

Biochemistry
The essential oil is characterized by its high contents of germacrene D. The seed oil contains 16% of an acid characterized as (−)-octadeca-5,6-trans-16-trienoic acid (trivial name `lamenallenic acid'). Other unsaturated esters identified by their cleavage products are oleate, linoleate and linolenate.

The plant contains phenylethanoid glycosides named lamiusides A, B, C, D and E. It possesses a flavonol 3-O-glucoside-6″-O-malonyltransferase.

Gallery

References

External links

 Jepson Manual Treatment
 USDA Plants Profile
 Photo gallery
 Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland information for Lamium purpureum L.

purpureum
Flora of Europe
Flora of Asia
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Lamium purpureum


The Rush River is a  tributary of the Mississippi River in western Wisconsin in the United States.  It rises just north of Interstate 94 in St. Croix County near Baldwin and flows generally southwardly through Pierce County.  It ends in Lake Pepin of the Mississippi River, about  west of the village of Maiden Rock in Pierce County.  The largest tributary is Lost Creek.

Three small communities are located on the river: Centerville, Martell, and El Paso. While the land near the source is relatively flat, the river soon falls into a steep valley typical of the Driftless Area, with outcrops of sandstone and limestone.

The Rush River is locally known as an excellent trout stream.  It does not hold as many trout as the nearby Kinnickinnic River, but they are larger in size.  This is because it is more of a free-stone stream than the upper Kinnickinnic, with slightly warmer water, which produces larger food sources for the trout. The warmer water of some stretches also affects the fish species found in the river. Immediately upstream from the bridge on the south side of Martell, it is predominantly trout.  Immediately south of the bridge, it is predominantly suckers.  The last few miles of the stream holds an increasing proportion of medium-temperature riverine species, such as smallmouth bass.

The delta of the Rush River is a State Natural Area, designated in 1986. The heavily wooded floodplain provides an ideal location for waterfowl.

References

See also
List of Wisconsin rivers

Protected areas of Pierce County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Wisconsin
Protected areas of St. Croix County, Wisconsin
Tributaries of the Mississippi River
Rivers of Pierce County, Wisconsin
Rivers of St. Croix County, Wisconsin

Rush River (Wisconsin)


A crown gear is a gear where the teeth of the gear are not flat, but at an angle. The most common such angle is a right angle (90 degrees). The name crown gear comes from the facr that these gears look like crowns. Crown gears were widely used in antiquity and the Middle Ages. In modern times they were replaced by bevel gear. This is mainly because with bevel gear, the calculations are easier.

Mechanics
Engineering

Crown gear


Achiase District be one of de thirty-three districts wey dey Eastern Region for Ghana insyd. Na ebe originally den formerly part of de den-larger den first Birim South District (wey Akim Oda be ein capital town) for 1988 inyd, wey dem create am from de former Birim District Council, till dem split off de southern part of de district wey dem create de Birim South District for 29 February 2008 insyd; dat be say dem rename de remaining part as Birim Central Municipal District, wey Akim Oda be ein capital town. However for 15 March 2018 insyd, till dem split off de eastern part of de district wey dem create Achiase District; dat be say dem rename de remaining part as Birim South District. De district assembly dey de southwest part of Eastern Region wey Achiase be ein capital town.

Dema background
Oda towns wey dey de district insyd dey include Aperade, Akenkasu, Osorase, Akim Anyinam den Anamase among odas. Achiase District be relatively sam new district wey dey hia infrastructural development across all dema sectors. Akim Achiase be de main commercial Centre plus two major market days for every week insyd for every Tuesdays den Fridays. For such days top, de district capital dey get busy plus heavy trading primarily from traders wey dey across towns den villages for de district insyd den from nearby districts lyk Birim South, Birim Central den Asikuma-Odoben-Brakwa. De district currently get two senior high schools namely Achiase Senior High den Aperade Senior High. De district san get railway coverage from Achiase thru dey go Aperade but currently edey require investment secof de lines make idle for ova sam decade. De Ghana Armed Forces san get Jungle Warfare Training School for Achiase insyd wey dem dey bell am Seth Anthony Barracks as dem name am afta Major Seth Anthony, de first black African Soldier wey turn officer for de British Army insyd.

Make you see dis one too

 Achiase (District, Ghana) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map ...
 BusinessGhanaAchiaseDistrict Assembly highlightsachievements2020
 AllAfrica.comGhana: Newly Created Achiase District Inaugurated Feb 22, 2019]

References
Districts for Eastern Region (Ghana) insyd
Ghana
Districts insyd Ghana
Pages plus maps

Achiase District


Sir Thomas Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley, titular King of Mann, KG (c. 1405 – 11 or 20 February 1459), of Lathom and Knowsley, Lancashire, was a Privy Councillor, Comptroller of the Royal Household, Lieutenant-Governor of Ireland (1431–36), Chief Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster, Knight of the Shire for Lancashire, Constable & Justice of Chester, Chamberlain of North Wales, Lord Chamberlain (1455), and from 15 January 1456 was summoned by Writ to Parliament as Lord Stanley.

Life
Stanley was the son of Sir John Stanley, of Liverpool, Lathom, and Knowsley (in Huyton), Lancashire, by his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Nicholas Harington (or Haverington) of Farleton (in Melling), Lancashire. He represented Lancashire in the House of Commons in 1427, 1433, 1439, 1442, 1447, 1449, 1450, 1453, 1455.

In 1424 he was attacked in his father's tower at Liverpool by Sir Richard Molyneaux, who was arrested. His family had long associations with the governance of Ireland, his grandfather Sir John Stanley, K.G., having been both Justiciar and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (and who died there), and in 1429 he was sent to Ireland and called a Parliament in that Kingdom in 1432.

In 1437, he succeeded to the title of King of Mann upon the death of his father, John Stanley.

During the Parliament at Westminster in 1450-1 the House of Commons demanded his removal from the Royal presence with others of the Duke of Suffolk's party.

Marriage and issue
He married Joan Goushill (1401–1466), eldest daughter and co-heiress of Sir Robert Goushill, of Hoveringham in Nottinghamshire, by his wife Elizabeth Fitzalan, Duchess of Norfolk, a daughter of Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel. By his wife he had four sons and three daughters:
Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby (1435–1504), KG, eldest son and heir, who in 1485 was created Earl of Derby by King Henry VII following his decisive assistance in the Battle of Bosworth. He married twice, firstly to Eleanor de Neville, secondly to Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of King Henry VII.

William Stanley (c.1435–1495), KG, 2nd son, invested as a Knight of the Garter in 1487 by King Henry VII, but executed by that king in 1495 for treason for his alleged part in the Perkin Warbeck conspiracy.
Sir John Stanley, ancestor of the Barons Stanley of Alderley;
James Stanley, Archdeacon of Chester;
Elizabeth Stanley, wife successively of Sir Richard Molyneux (d.1459), killed in the Battle of Blore Heath, and Thomas Strange;
Margaret Stanley, wife successively of Sir William Troubeck (d.1459), killed in the Battle of Blore Heath; Sir John Boteler, and Henry Grey, 4th (7th) Baron Grey of Codnor, her grandson was Sir William Griffith of Penrhyn Castle, Chamberlain of North Wales;
Katherine Stanley, wife of Sir John Savage, of Clifton, Cheshire. Of their many sons, the eldest, Sir John Savage, KG, was the commander of the left wing of Henry Tudor's army at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485; another, Sir Christopher Savage of Aston-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, fell at the Battle of Flodden, and another, Thomas Savage, was Archbishop of York.

Death and burial
He died on 11 February 1459 and was buried in Burscough Priory, near his home at Lathom, Lancashire, where his wife was later buried also.

|-

References

 Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

1400s births
1459 deaths
15th-century English nobility
Barons Stanley
Knights of the Garter
Thomas
Year of birth uncertain
Monarchs of the Isle of Man
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Lancashire
English knights
Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
English MPs 1427
English MPs 1433
English MPs 1439
English MPs 1442
English MPs 1447
English MPs February 1449
English MPs November 1449
English MPs 1450
English MPs 1453
English MPs 1455

Thomas Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley


Nicolas Chalon du Blé, marquis d'Uxelles and Cormatin (24 January 1652 – 10 April 1730) was a French general and Foreign Minister.  He was also created a knight and Marshal of France by Louis XIV, and was a diplomat for Louis XIV and Philippe II, Duke of Orléans.

Biography

Early years
du Blé was born at Chalon-sur-Saône.

His appearance was described as tall and ruddy, with a huge wig and a hat pulled down over his eyes.  He tended to hide his military orders and decorations under a plain, tightly buttoned coat.

Second son of Louis Chalon du Blé, marquis of Uxelles (who died in 1658 at the siege of Gravelines), and of Marie Le Bailleul (1626–1712), Nicolas Chalon du Blé became marquis d'Uxelles on the death of his elder brother in 1669. He was a protégé of Camille le Tellier de Louvois.

Military career

He was granted military leadership in 1688, during the Nine Years' War; he served as lieutenant general at the siege of Philippsburg, and was charged with holding the Place de Mayence fortress in Mainz, when the French army was forced to retreat.

He initially defended during the Siege of Mainz against the Grand Alliance, from 1 June to 8 September 1689, but had to surrender, and was publicly booed upon his return to Paris. He retained the favor of François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois and Louis XIV of France, and was rewarded with the fief of Rougemont-le-Château (1696), and he received the baton of Marshal, in 1703.

Diplomatic career
He took part as a diplomat at the preliminary conferences of Geertruidenberg on 9 March 1710, but the peace negotiations were broken by Louis XIV at the end of the following June.  Chalon du Blé again represented the king during the negotiation for the Peace of Utrecht in 1713.

He was one of the aristocratic architects of the polysynody system of government, and obtained the first presidency of the Council of Foreign Affairs, (1715–1718) when the regency of Philippe II began.  This appointment was made against the better judgement of the Regent, who held different foreign policy aims than Blé, and who had been the target of scorn from Blé's social circle.  The Regent made the decision primarily to keep his enemy in plain view rather than in subterfuge against the government.

As president of the Council of Foreign Affairs, Blé tended to the popular, traditional French view of favoring Catholic Spain over Protestant Great Britain.  This was in contradiction to the Regent, who admired Britain's parliamentary system and open economy.  When the Cellamare Conspiracy came to light in 1718, however, Blé gave up antagonizing the Regent and "became polite, agreeable, and ate from his hand" in the words of Saint-Simon.  According to one source, the Regent even made Blé kiss the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, which allied France with Britain and the Dutch Republic against Spain.

Nicolas Chalon du Blé was one of the most notable homosexuals of his age, known for his attraction to young valets as well as aspiring officers whom he "domesticated". He died in Paris in 1730.

References

1652 births
1730 deaths
People from Chalon-sur-Saône
Marshals of France
18th-century French people
17th-century French people
17th-century LGBT people
18th-century LGBT people
People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans
People of the Ancien Régime
Marquesses of Uxelles
Marquesses of Cormatin
French military personnel of the Nine Years' War
French military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession
18th-century French diplomats
LGBT nobility

Nicolas Chalon du Blé


Illipe butter is a vegetable fat from the nut (known as the "false illipe nut") of the Shorea stenoptera tree, sometimes used  as a butter substitute. Borneo tallow nut oil is extracted from this species. The word Illipe is derived from the Tamil word for the tree Iluppai (இலுப்பை). The true illipe nut is from the species Madhuca latifolia; it is used for producing biodiesel, and Mowrah Butter is from Madhuca longifolia, Family Sapotaceae.

References

Cooking oils

Illipe


SIDI (stylized as SiDI) is an Italian company founded in 1960 by its current president Dino Signori. The company takes its name from his initials. It specializes in protective wear for sports such as motorcycling and cycling.

SIDI is one of the most well known brands of cycling shoes. Its non-MTB shoes have been used by many famous professional cyclists to win many important races, including world championships. Originally, shoes were made with leather uppers and leather soles. Sidi was one of the first, if not the first cycling shoe company to offer adjustable position cleats. Previous cleats needed to be mounted with tacks by a cobbler or the owner. The first Sidi shoe in 1973 was called the Sidi Titanium, and featured a large rectangular titanium plate that covered the area of the sole in contact with the pedal surface. Since the late 1970s plastics and other man-made materials, including Lorica and carbon fibre have been used (in models such as Sidi Ergo 1 and Sidi Ergo 2).

Traditionally the shape of the shoes suited feet with a less broad toe area although there is now a "mega" size which is wider. SIDI also produces some other cycling clothing, such as socks.

SIDI sponsors many well known MotoGP riders such as Alex Barros, Anthony West, Chris Vermeulen, Colin Edwards, Loris Capirossi and Lukas Pesek.

In December 2022, it was announced SIDI had been acquired by the Milan-based investment holding company, Italmobiliare S.p.A.

See also

Sportswear (activewear)

References

External links
Company homepage
Motorcycle Gear Guide

Sporting goods manufacturers of Italy
Clothing companies established in 1960
Italian companies established in 1960
Shoe companies of Italy
Motorcycle safety gear manufacturers
Italian brands
Shoe brands
Companies based in Veneto

SIDI


Hauskyjza (Silesian: home cheese from the German Hauskäse) is a foodstuff made of cottage cheese, carum and other ingredients, which are mixed, put aside for a few days to acquire the characteristic sharp flavor, scent and tacky consistency, and then warmed and fried. Often baking soda is used to condition the cottage cheese. Hauskyjza or Ser Smazony (fried cheese)  or Ser Zgliwiały (rottened cheese) is a traditional product in the regions of Greater Poland, Pomerania, Kuyavia and Silesia. Before refrigerators were widely available, it was valued because of its high fastness.

Haukyjza has an exceptionally strong scent and flavor, pleasurable to many aficionados, but found offensive by some people. (In numerous Silesian jokes, the flavor is compared to that of long-unwashed socks.)  Most traditionally, it is served with dark bread and carway or with "music," chopped onions soaked in vinegar and oil. Some people prefer it freshly made as a type of fondue.

Hauskyjza has been traditionally made at home, hence the name. Currently, it is also produced commercially.

In 2005, it was registered on a List of Traditional Products (pol. Lista Produktów Tradycyjnych) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development as Ser domowy smażony z kminkiem, z czosnkiem, bez przypraw (home-made fried cheese with carum, with garlic, without spices).

References

Polish cuisine
Cheese dishes

Hauskyjza


Cleander or Kleandros may refer to:

Marcus Aurelius Cleander  (fl. 2nd century), Roman freedman from Phrygia, favourite and praetorian prefect of Emperor Commodus
Cleander of Gela (fl. 5th century BC), tyrant
Cleander of Sparta (fl. 5th to 4th century BC), harmost
Cleander of Macedon (fl. 4th century), general
Cleander of Aegina (fl. 5th century BC), son of Telesarchus pankratiast, winner in Isthmia
Cleander of Phigalea (fl.5th-6th century BC) soothsayer from Phigalea who urged the population of Tyrins to war against the Argives

Cleander


A milestone is a marker of distance along roads.

Milestone may also refer to:

Measurements
Milestone (project management), metaphorically, markers of reaching an identifiable stage in any task or the project
Software release life cycle state, see Pre-alpha
Developmental milestones, tasks most children can perform at certain ages

Geography
Milestone (Arlington, Massachusetts), a historic milestone in Arlington, Massachusetts
Milestone (electoral district), a former provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada
Milestone, County Tipperary, a village in Ireland
Milestone, Saskatchewan, Canada
Milestone, Virginia, United States

Literature
Milestones (play), a 1912 play by Arnold Bennett and Edward Knoblock
 Milestones (book), a 1964 book by Egyptian Islamist Sayyid Qutb
Milestones I (1983) and Milestones II (1985), by Jack Chambers
Milestones (magazine), a Christadelphian magazine

Film and TV
Milestones (1916 film), British silent drama film based on the Arnold Bennett play
Milestones (1920 film), American silent drama film based on the Arnold Bennett play
Milestones (1975 film), by Robert Kramer and John Douglas

Music
Milestone Records, a jazz record label

Bands
Milestones (Austrian band), a 1970s Austrian band
The Milestones, a 1990s Pakistani band
Milestones (British band), a British pop rock band

Albums
Stan Kenton's Milestones, by Stan Kenton, 1950
Milestones (Miles Davis album), 1958
Milestones (Rolling Stones album), 1972
Milestones (Roy Orbison album), 1973
Milestones (Great Jazz Trio album), 1978
Milestone (The Temptations album), 1991
Milestone (Gideon album), 2012
Milestones (Riff Regan album), 2015
Milestone (Chrisette Michele album), 2016
Milestone (Lead album), 2018

Songs
"Milestones", a 1947 John Lewis composition credited to Miles Davis
"Milestones" (instrumental composition), by Miles Davis from the 1958 album of the same name
"Milestone" (song), by BoA

Brands and enterprises
Milestone (herbicide), a Dow AgroSciences brand name for aminopyralid
Milestone Films, an American film distributor
MileStone Inc., a Japanese arcade video game developer
Milestone Media, an American comic book publisher
Milestone (Italian company), an Italian video game developer
Milestones Grill and Bar, a Canadian restaurant chain
Motorola Milestone, a GSM version of the Android-based smartphone
Motorola Milestone 2, a GSM version of the Android-based smartphone
Milestones (video game), a 1981 video game

People with the surname
Lewis Milestone (1895–1980), Russian-American film director

Milestone (disambiguation)


Sergey Alekseyevich Subbotin (born 15 August 1955, Yushkovskaya village, Arkhangelsk Oblast, USSR) is a Russian politician who the former mayor of Murmansk. He won a surprise victory in March 2009 over United Russia candidate and incumbent mayor Mikhail Savchenko, though he had to resign under pressure of the city deputies in June 2010.

Career
Year 1978, he graduated from Kuyibishev aviation institute specialising in pressurized metal processing, and qualified there as a metallurgist engineer. Later on in 1987 Mr. Subbotin graduated from Krasnoznamenny Institute under the KGB USSR where he specialized in the sphere of international relations and was qualified as an international economy specialist. Year 2002, he took an advanced education at Murmansk Institute of Economy and Law with the specialization in finances and crediting.

1980-1995, Sergey Alexeyevich worked at national security service. 1995-2002, he was a director general of the Audit Service group (auditing and consulting).

Since 2002 Mr. Subbotin has been at the position of a vice-governor of the Murmansk region, a head of the department in charge of information support and work with administrative authorities. He is a member of the Government of the Murmansk region. Mr. Subbotin is also the leader of inter-departmental council on counteraction against corruption and criminalization of the economy.

Subbotin Sergey Alexeyevich lives in Murmansk and is a citizen of the Russian Federation. Married. Self-elected on the basis of election deposit.

Mr. Subbotin holds 100% shares in Audit Service (management company of audit/consultancy agencies), 76% in AKF Audit Service (association of consulting companies) and 100% in BDO Unikon Murmansk (audit and consulting).

Mr. Subbotin is a member of no party yet allegedly loyal to the mainstream "United Russia".

39.97% of Murmansk citizens took part in the elections on the second run Sunday, 15 of March. Mr. Subbotin was supported by 60.75% of the voters.

June 3, 2010 Sergey Subbotin was pushed to resign by the City Council on the grounds of improper fulfilment of his duties at the mayor's office.

References

1955 births
Mayors of places in Russia
Living people

Sergey Subbotin


Mabel Elizabeth Emily Wotton (1863-1927) was an English writer.

Life
Mabel E. Wotton was born in London to Frances Emily and John Stirling Wilmot Wotton, a civil servant. (Note that her Times death notice gives her father's name as Henry Stirling Wotton.) Her older brother Thomas wrote plays, and her younger sister Edith was a publisher's reader.

In 1895, through the actress Irene Vanbrugh, Wotton met Israel Zangwill. Zangwill introduced Wotton's work to the publisher John Lane, who accepted Day-Books for his controversial Keynotes series. Wotton and Zangwill kept up a friendship and correspondence until at least 1920. Zangwill based the character Margaret Engelborne in The Mantle of Elijah on Wotton. Her correspondence with Zangwill shows her connections to London's literary world. She knew George Egerton and Dion Boucicault, and dedicated her story collection Day-Books to Alice Meynell in "gratitute for tenderness". She never married.

Wotton is best known for her New Woman fiction. As well as her adult novels and short stories, Wotton wrote several books for children. She also contributed non-fiction to the Cornhill Magazine, and wrote an appreciation of the actor H. B. Irving.

She died in London on 3 March 1927.

Works
 Word Portraits of Famous Writers. London: R. Bentley & Son, 1887.
 A Pretty Radical and Other Stories. London: D. Stott, 1890.
 A Girl Diplomatist. London: Chapman and Hall, 1892.
 A Nursery Idyll. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1892.
 A Mannerless Monkey. London: A. D. Innes & Co., 1893. Illustrated by Edith Ellison.
 Day-Books. London: John Lane, 1896.
 On Music's Wings. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1898.
 The Little Browns. London : Blackie & Son, Ltd., 1900. Illustrated by H. M. Brock.
 H. B. Irving: An Appreciation. London: Cassell, 1911.

References

1863 births
1927 deaths
English novelists
English short story writers
English children's writers

Mabel E. Wotton


A protostar is a very young star that is still gathering mass from its parent molecular cloud. This is the earliest phase in the process of stellar evolution. For a low-mass star (i.e. that of the Sun or lower), it lasts about 500,000 years. The phase begins when a molecular cloud fragment first collapses under the force of self-gravity and an opaque, pressure supported core forms inside the collapsing fragment. It ends when the infalling gas is depleted, leaving a pre-main-sequence star, which contracts to later become a main-sequence star at the onset of hydrogen fusion producing helium.

History
The modern picture of protostars, summarized above, was first suggested by Chushiro Hayashi in 1966. In the first models, the size of protostars was greatly overestimated. Subsequent numerical calculations clarified the issue, and showed that protostars are only modestly larger than main-sequence stars of the same mass. This basic theoretical result has been confirmed by observations, which find that the largest pre-main-sequence stars are also of modest size.

Protostellar evolution

Star formation begins in relatively small molecular clouds called dense cores. Each dense core is initially in balance between self-gravity, which tends to compress the object, and both gas pressure and magnetic pressure, which tend to inflate it. As the dense core accrues mass from its larger, surrounding cloud, self-gravity begins to overwhelm pressure, and collapse begins. Theoretical modeling of an idealized spherical cloud initially supported only by gas pressure indicates that the collapse process spreads from the inside toward the outside. Spectroscopic observations of dense cores that do not yet contain stars indicate that contraction indeed occurs. So far, however, the predicted outward spread of the collapse region has not been observed.

The gas that collapses toward the center of the dense core first builds up a low-mass protostar, and then a protoplanetary disk orbiting the object. As the collapse continues, an increasing amount of gas impacts the disk rather than the star, a consequence of angular momentum conservation. Exactly how material in the disk spirals inward onto the protostar is not yet understood, despite a great deal of theoretical effort. This problem is illustrative of the larger issue of accretion disk theory, which plays a role in much of astrophysics.

Regardless of the details, the outer surface of a protostar consists at least partially of shocked gas that has fallen from the inner edge of the disk. The surface is thus very different from the relatively quiescent photosphere of a pre-main sequence or main-sequence star. Within its deep interior, the protostar has lower temperature than an ordinary star. At its center, hydrogen-1 is not yet fusing with itself. Theory predicts, however, that the hydrogen isotope deuterium (hydrogen-2) fuses with hydrogen-1, creating helium-3. The heat from this fusion reaction tends to inflate the protostar, and thereby helps determine the size of the youngest observed pre-main-sequence stars.

The energy generated from ordinary stars comes from the nuclear fusion occurring at their centers. Protostars also generate energy, but it comes from the radiation liberated at the shocks on its surface and on the surface of its surrounding disk. The radiation thus created must traverse the interstellar dust in the surrounding dense core. The dust absorbs all impinging photons and reradiates them at longer wavelengths. Consequently, a protostar is not detectable at optical wavelengths, and cannot be placed in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, unlike the more evolved pre-main-sequence stars.

The actual radiation emanating from a protostar is predicted to be in the infrared and millimeter regimes. Point-like sources of such long-wavelength radiation are commonly seen in regions that are obscured by molecular clouds. It is commonly believed that those conventionally labeled as Class 0 or Class I sources are protostars. However, there is still no definitive evidence for this identification.

Observed classes of young stars

Gallery

See also

 Stellar birthline
 Pre-main-sequence star
 Protoplanetary disk
 Quasi-star
 Star formation
 Stellar evolution

Notes

References

External links
 Planet-Forming Disks Might Put Brakes On Stars (SpaceDaily) July 25, 2006
 Planets could put the brakes on young stars Lucy Sherriff (The Register) Thursday 27 July 2006 13:02 GMT
 Why Fast-Spinning Young Stars Don't Fly Apart (SPACE.com) 24 July 2006 03:10 pm ET

Star formation
Star types

Articles containing video clips

Protostar


June Moon is a play by George S. Kaufman and Ring Lardner. Based on the Lardner short story "Some Like Them Cold," about a love affair that loses steam before it ever gets started, it includes songs with words and music by Lardner but is not considered a musical.

Synopsis
At the center of June Moon is Fred Stevens, a young aspiring lyricist who journeys from Schenectady to New York City, where he hopes to make a name for himself in the world of song publishing and night clubs. On the train, he meets dental assistant Edna Baker, and the two embark upon a friendship that evolves into love for her and fondness for him. While struggling to become a Tin Pan Alley notable, Fred takes a shine to his composer partner Paul's glamorous, gold-digging sister-in-law Eileen. The two men sell a song to a music publisher and it develops into a hit. Ultimately, revelations about Eileen's true character help return Fred to his senses and Edna, whom he realizes he truly loves.

Productions
The original Broadway production opened at the Broadhurst Theatre on October 9, 1929, and ran for 273 performances. It was directed by Kaufman, and the cast included Norman Foster as Fred, Linda Watkins as Edna, Frank Otto as Paul, and Lee Patrick as Eileen.

A preview production was presented at the Belasco Theatre in Washington, D.C., on September 23, 1929.

Revivals
Milano Tilden and Carl Hunt directed a revival that opened at the Ambassador Theatre on May 15, 1933, and ran for 49 performances. The cast included Thomas Gillen as Fred, Emily Lowry as Edna, Fred Irving Lewis as Paul, and Lee Patrick reprising the role of Eileen.

Mark Nelson directed an off-Broadway revival that had a short run at the Ohio Theater in January 1997. Writing in the New York Times, Ben Brantley observed "There is indeed a discernible streak of anxiety in the comedy. It may have been written as fluff, but it's flavored with a subliminal sadness that belies its own happy ending." The production won the Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Revival and was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play. Actor Albert Macklin, who portrayed sardonic accompanyist Maxie, received a Best Actor Obie Award. On January 15, 1998, it reopened at the Variety Arts Theatre and ran for 101 performances. The cast included Geoffrey Nauffts as Fred, Robert Joy as Paul, and Cynthia Nixon as Eileen. Albert Macklin reprised his Obie-winning role as Maxie. Other notable actors in the cast included Billy Crudup, Hope Davis, Peter Frechette, K. Todd Freeman, Peter Gallagher, Justin Kirk, John Cameron Mitchell, Sarah Jessica Parker, Mary Beth Peil, and J. Smith-Cameron.

A production was performed at UC San Diego from February 24 to March 3, 2012, directed by Jonathan Silverstein and featuring Jack Mikesell as Fred and Vi Flaten as Edna.

Jessica Stone directed a Williamstown Theatre Festival production in July 2014.

Adaptations

Film
Vincent Lawrence, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, and Keene Thompson adapted the play for a 1931 movie directed by A. Edward Sutherland. The cast included Jack Oakie as Fred, Frances Dee as Edna, Ernest Wood as Paul, and June MacCloy as Eileen.

Paramount Pictures produced a 1937 version titled Blonde Trouble.

Radio
June Moon was adapted for the CBS Radio series The Campbell Playhouse on March 24, 1940. The cast included Orson Welles (Candy Butcher), Jack Benny (Fred Stevens), Benny Rubin (Maxie Schwartz), Gus Schilling (Paul Sears), Bea Benaderet (Lucille Sears) and Virginia Gordon (Edna Baker). Lee Patrick reprised her Broadway role as Eileen.

June Moon was presented on Philip Morris Playhouse October 3, 1941. Eddie Cantor starred in the 30-minute adaptation.

Television
On June 2, 1949, CBS Television broadcast an hour-long adaptation of June Moon on the live anthology show Studio One. The production was directed by Walter Hart, adapted by Gerald Goode, and featured Jack Lemmon as Fred Stevens, Eva Marie Saint as Edna, Edward Andrews as Paul, and Jean Carson as Eileen.

Kirk Browning and Burt Shevelove staged the play for Great Performances, airing on January 30, 1974. The cast included Tom Fitzsimmons as Fred, Barbara Dana as Edna, Jack Cassidy as Paul, Beatrice Colen as Goldie and Susan Sarandon as Eileen, with Kevin McCarthy, Lee Meredith, Estelle Parsons, Austin Pendleton, and Stephen Sondheim in supporting roles. A DVD of this production was released by Kultur Video on April 16, 2002.

References

External links

 "June Moon" (March 24, 1940) on The Campbell Playhouse, with Orson Welles and Jack Benny (Indiana University Bloomington)

1929 plays
Broadway plays
Plays by George S. Kaufman
1974 films
American television films
Films directed by A. Edward Sutherland
Plays set in New York City
American plays adapted into films
Plays based on short fiction

June Moon


David or Dave Hunt may refer to:

Sports
 David Hunt (footballer, born 1982), English football defender (Oxford United)
 David Hunt (footballer, born 1959), English football midfielder (Notts County)
 David Hunt (footballer, born 1980), English football defender (Darlington)
 David Hunt (racing driver) (1960–2015), English racing driver
 David Hunt (sailor) (born 1934), English sailor
 David Hunt (rower) (born 1991), South African rower
 David Hunt (badminton) (born 1945), English badminton player

Others
 David Hunt (actor) (born 1953), English actor
 David Hunt, Baron Hunt of Wirral (born 1942), British Conservative politician
 David Hunt (botanist) (1938–2019), English botanist and taxonomist
 David Hunt (diplomat) (1913–1998), Mastermind winner and former British ambassador to Brazil
 David Hunt (gangster) (born 1961), English organised crime boss
 David Hunt (judge) (1935–2019), Australian judge
 David Hunt (ornithologist) (1934–1985), English ornithologist and birdwatcher
 David Hunt (planter) (1779–1861), American plantation owner
 David Hunt (video game streamer), known online as GrandPooBear, a video game streamer, speedrunner, and creator of Kaizo Mario levels
 Dave Hunt (Christian apologist) (1926–2013), American theologian
 Dave Hunt (musician), English heavy metal singer
 Dave Hunt (Oregon politician) (born 1967), member of Oregon's State House of Representatives and former Speaker of the House
 Dave Hunt (artist) (1942–2017), American comic book artist

David Hunt


The 41st Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24, 1999, at Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1998. Lauryn Hill received the most nominations with 10, setting a record for the most nominations for female artist in one night. During the ceremony, Hill became the first woman to receive 5 Grammy Awards in a single night, and the first woman rapper to take home Best New Artist. Her album The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill became the first hip hop album to win the award for Album of the Year. Hill's Grammys sweep is widely considered as one of the biggest moments in hip hop history.

Songwriters James Horner and Will Jennings won Song of the Year for Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On". Dion herself took home Record of the Year for the latter song. The ceremony was known as the "Grammy Year of Women", because every artist nominated for Album of the Year was female (including Garbage, with Shirley Manson as the lead singer).

Madonna won three awards and opened the show with her performance of "Nothing Really Matters". While musicians the Dixie Chicks, Vince Gill, Alanis Morissette, Stevie Wonder and Shania Twain won two apiece.
It is widely remembered for Ricky Martin's performance of "La Copa De La Vida"/ "The Cup of Life".

Performers
 Celine Dion & Andrea Bocelli - The Prayer
 Madonna - Nothing Really Matters
 Shania Twain - Man! I Feel Like A Woman
 Eric Clapton & B. B. King - Rock Me Baby
 Sheryl Crow - There Goes The Neighborhood
 Aerosmith - I Don't Want To Miss A Thing
 Vince Gill - If You Ever Have Forever In Mind
 Alanis Morissette - Uninvited
 Luciano Pavarotti - Nessun Dorma
 Kirk Franklin with Bono, Mary J. Blige, Gerald Levert & Crystal Lewis - Lean On Me
 Ricky Martin - La Copa de la Vida/The Cup of Life
 Lauryn Hill & Carlos Santana - To Zion

Presenters
 Jennifer Lopez & Jerry Seinfeld - Best Pop Vocal Album
 Foxy Brown, Chris Tucker & Missy Elliot - Best Rap Solo Performance
 Eric Clapton & B.B. King - Best New Artist
 Backstreet Boys & Martina McBride - Best Country Album
 Brandy & Monica - Best Spoken Comedy Album
 Shirley Manson & Billy Corgan - Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
 Dixie Chicks & Brian Setzer - Best Male Country Vocal Performance
 Faith Hill & Clint Black - Best Rock Album
 Jimmy Smits & Gloria Estefan - Best Latin Pop Performance
 Will Smith & Jada Pinkett-Smith - Song of the Year
 Puff Daddy, Beck & Sarah McLachlan - Record of the Year
 Sting & Whitney Houston - Album of the Year

Award winners

General
Record of the Year
 "My Heart Will Go On" – Celine Dion
 Walter Afanasieff, Simon Franglen & James Horner, producers; Simon Franglen, Humberto Gatica & David Gleeson, engineers/mixers
 "The Boy Is Mine" – Brandy & Monica
 Dallas Austin, Brandy & Rodney Jerkins, producers; Leslie Brathwalte, Ben Garrison, Rodney Jerkins & Dexter Simmons, engineers/mixers
 "Iris" – Goo Goo Dolls
 Rob Cavallo & Goo Goo Dolls, producers; Jack Joseph Puig & Allen Sides, engineers/mixers
 "Ray Of Light" – Madonna
 Madonna & William Orbit, producers; Pat McCarthy, engineer/mixer
 "You're Still The One" – Shania Twain
 Robert John "Mutt" Lange, producer; Jeff Balding & Mike Shipley, engineers/mixers

Album of the Year
 The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill – Lauryn Hill
 Lauryn Hill, producer; Commissioner Gordon, Matt Howe, Storm Jefferson, Ken Johnston, Tony Prendatt, Warren Riker, Chris Theis & Johnny Wyndrx, engineers/mixers
 The Globe Sessions – Sheryl Crow
 Sheryl Crow, producer; Tchad Blake, Trina Shoemaker & Andy Wallace, engineers/mixers
 Version 2.0 – Garbage
 Garbage, producers; Billy Bush, engineer/mixer
 Ray Of Light – Madonna
 Marius De Vries, Patrick Leonard, Madonna & William Orbit, producers; Jon Englesby, Pat McCarthy & David Reitzas, engineers/mixers
 Come On Over – Shania Twain
 Robert John "Mutt" Lange, producer; Jeff Balding & Mike Shipley, engineers/mixers

Song of the Year
 "My Heart Will Go On"
 James Horner and Will Jennings, songwriters (Celine Dion)
 "I Don't Want To Miss A Thing"
 Diane Warren, songwriter (Aerosmith)
 "Iris"
 John Rzeznik, songwriter (Goo Goo Dolls)
 "Lean On Me"
 Kirk Franklin, songwriter (Kirk Franklin with Mary J. Blige, R. Kelly, Bono, Crystal Lewis & The Family)
 "You're Still The One"
 Robert John "Mutt" Lange & Shania Twain, songwriters (Shania Twain)

Best New Artist
Lauryn Hill
 Backstreet Boys
 Andrea Bocelli
 Dixie Chicks
 Natalie Imbruglia

Alternative
Best Alternative Music Performance
 Hello Nasty – Beastie Boys
 From the Choirgirl Hotel – Tori Amos
 Is This Desire? – PJ Harvey
 Airbag / How Am I Driving? – Radiohead
 Adore – The Smashing Pumpkins

Blues
 Best Traditional Blues Album
 Otis Rush for Any Place I'm Going
 Best Contemporary Blues Album
 Keb' Mo' for Slow Down

Children's
 Best Musical Album for Children
 John Boylan (producer) for Elmopalooza! performed by the Sesame Street cast with various artists
 Best Spoken Word Album for Children
 Dan Musselman and Stefan Rudnicki (producers) for The Children's Shakespeare performed by various artists

Comedy
From 1994 through 2003, see "Best Spoken Comedy Album" under the "Spoken" field, below.

Classical
Best Orchestral Performance
Pierre Boulez (conductor) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Mahler: Symphony No. 9
Best Classical Vocal Performance
Jeffrey Tate (conductor), Renée Fleming & the English Chamber Orchestra for The Beautiful Voice (Works of Charpentier, Gounod etc.)
Best Opera Recording
Pierre Boulez (conductor), Jessye Norman, László Polgár & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Bartók: Bluebeard's Castle
Best Choral Performance
Robert Shaw (conductor) & the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra & Chorus for Barber: Prayers of Kierkegaard/Vaughan Williams: Dona Nobis Pacem/Bartók: Cantata Profana
Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra)
Krzysztof Penderecki (conductor), Anne-Sophie Mutter & the London Symphony Orchestra for Penderecki: Violin Concerto No. 2, Metamorphosen
Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra)
Murray Perahia for Bach: English Suites Nos. 1, 3 And 6
Best Small Ensemble Performance (with or without conductor)
Steve Reich (conductor) for Reich: Music for 18 Musicians performed by Steve Reich and Musicians
Best Chamber Music Performance
André Previn & Gil Shaham for American Scenes (Works of Copland, Previn, Barber, Gershwin)
Best Classical Contemporary Composition
Krzysztof Penderecki (composer & conductor), Anne-Sophie Mutter & the London Symphony Orchestra for Penderecki: Violin Concerto No. 2, Metamorphosen
Best Classical Album
James Mallinson (producer), Robert Shaw (conductor) & the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra & Chorus for Barber: Prayers of Kierkegaard/Vaughan Williams: Dona Nobis Pacem/Bartók: Cantata Profana
Best Classical Crossover Album
Jorge Calandrelli (conductor) & Yo-Yo Ma for Soul of the Tango - The Music of Ástor Piazzolla

Composing and arranging
Best Instrumental Composition
Future Man & Victor Lemonte Wooten (composers) for "Almost 12" performed by Bela Fleck & the Flecktones
Best Song Written for a Motion Picture or for Television
James Horner & Will Jennings (songwriters) for "My Heart Will Go On" (from Titanic) performed by Céline Dion
Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television
John Williams (composer) for Saving Private Ryan
Best Instrumental Arrangement
Don Sebesky (arranger) for "Waltz for Debby"
Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s)
Herbie Hancock, Robert Sadin & Stevie Wonder (arrangers) for "St. Louis Blues" performed by Herbie Hancock

Country
Best Female Country Vocal Performance
Shania Twain for "You're Still the One"
Best Male Country Vocal Performance
Vince Gill for "If You Ever Have Forever in Mind"
Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
Dixie Chicks for "There's Your Trouble"
Best Country Collaboration with Vocals
Clint Black, Joe Diffie, Merle Haggard, Emmylou Harris, Alison Krauss, Patty Loveless, Earl Scruggs, Ricky Skaggs, Marty Stuart, Pam Tillis, Randy Travis, Travis Tritt & Dwight Yoakam for "Same Old Train"
Best Country Instrumental Performance
Vince Gill & Randy Scruggs for "A Soldier's Joy"
Best Country Song
Robert John "Mutt" Lange & Shania Twain (songwriters) for "You're Still the One" performed by Shania Twain
Best Country Album
Blake Chancey, Paul Worley (producers), John Guess (engineer/mixer) & Dixie Chicks for Wide Open Spaces
Best Bluegrass Album
Ricky Skaggs & Kentucky Thunder for Bluegrass Rules!

Folk
Best Traditional Folk Album
The Chieftains for Long Journey Home
Best Contemporary Folk Album
Lucinda Williams for Car Wheels on a Gravel Road

Gospel
Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album
Deniece Williams for This Is My Song
Best Rock Gospel Album
Ashley Cleveland for You Are There
Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album
Cissy Houston for He Leadeth Me
Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album
Kirk Franklin for The Nu Nation Project
Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album
Peter Afterman, John Huie & Ken Levitan (producers) for The Apostle - Music From and Inspired by the Motion Picture performed by various artists
Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album
O'landa Draper (choir director) for Reflections performed by O'Landa Draper & The Associates Choir

Historical
Best Historical Album
Colin Escott, Kira Florita, Kyle Young (producers), Joseph M. Palmaccio & Tom Ruff (engineers) for The Complete Hank Williams

Jazz
Best Jazz Instrumental Solo
Gary Burton & Chick Corea for "Rhumbata"
Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group
Herbie Hancock for Gershwin's World
Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance
Grover Mitchell (director) for Count Plays Duke performed by the Count Basie Orchestra
Best Jazz Vocal Performance
Shirley Horn for I Remember Miles
Best Contemporary Jazz Performance
Pat Metheny Group for Imaginary Day
Best Latin Jazz Performance
Arturo Sandoval for Hot House

Latin
 Best Latin Pop Performance
 Ricky Martin for Vuelve
 Best Tropical Latin Performance
 Marc Anthony for Contra La Corriente
 Best Mexican-American Music Performance
 Los Super Seven for Los Super Seven
 Best Latin Rock/Alternative Performance
 Maná for Sueños Líquidos
 Best Tejano Music Performance
 Flaco Jiménez for Said and Done

Musical show
Best Musical Show Album
Mark Mancina (producer) & the original Broadway cast for The Lion King

Music video
Best Short Form Music Video
Jonas Åkerlund (video director) & Madonna for "Ray of Light"
Best Long Form Music Video
Susan Lacy, Tamar Hacker (video producers), Timothy Greenfield-Sanders (video producer & director) & Lou Reed for American Masters - Lou Reed: Rock and Roll Heart

New Age
Best New Age Album
Clannad for Landmarks

Packaging and notes
Best Recording Package
Kevin Reagan (art director) for Ray of Light performed by Madonna
Best Boxed Recording Package
Jim Kemp & Virginia Team (art director) for The Complete Hank Williams performed by Hank Williams
Best Album Notes
Bob Belden, Michael Cuscuna & Todd Coolman (notes writers) for Miles Davis Quintet 1965-1968 performed by the Miles Davis Quintet

Polka
Best Polka Album
Jimmy Sturr for Dance With Me performed by Jimmy Sturr & His Orchestra

Pop
Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
Celine Dion for "My Heart Will Go On"
Best Male Pop Vocal Performance
Eric Clapton for "My Father's Eyes"
Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
The Brian Setzer Orchestra for "Jump Jive an' Wail"
Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals
Burt Bacharach & Elvis Costello for "I Still Have That Other Girl"
Best Pop Instrumental Performance
The Brian Setzer Orchestra for "Sleepwalk"
Best Dance Recording
Pat McCarthy (mixer), William Orbit (producer) & Madonna (producer & artist) for "Ray of Light"
Best Pop Album
David Reitzas, Jon Ingoldsby & Pat McCarthy (engineers/mixers), William Orbit (producer) & Madonna (producer & artist) for Ray of Light

Production and engineering
Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
Andy Wallace, Tchad Blake & Trina Shoemaker (engineers) for The Globe Sessions performed by Sheryl Crow
Best Engineered Album, Classical
Jack Renner (engineer), Robert Shaw (conductor) & the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra & Chorus for Barber:Prayers of Kierkegaard/Vaughan Williams: Dona Nobis Pacem/Bartók: Cantata Profana
Producer of the Year, Non-Classical
Rob Cavallo
Producer of the Year, Classical
Steven Epstein
Remixer of the Year, Non-Classical
David Morales

R&B
Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
 "Doo Wop (That Thing)" – Lauryn Hill
 "Are You That Somebody?" – Aaliyah
 "Tyrone" – Erykah Badu
 "A Rose Is Still a Rose" – Aretha Franklin
 "I Get Lonely" – Janet Jackson

Best Male R&B Vocal Performance
 "St. Louis Blues" – Stevie Wonder in Herbie Hancock's Gershwin's World
 "Matrimony: Maybe You" – Maxwell
 "The Only One for Me" – Brian McKnight
 "My Way" – Usher
 "I Know" – Luther Vandross

Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 "The Boy Is Mine" – Brandy & Monica
 "Lean on Me" – Kirk Franklin with Mary J. Blige, R. Kelly, Bono, Crystal Lewis & The Family
 "Nothing Even Matters" – Lauryn Hill & D'Angelo
 "All My Life" – K-Ci & JoJo
 "Stay" – The Temptations

Best R&B Song
 "Doo Wop (That Thing)"
 Lauryn Hill, songwriter (Lauryn Hill)
 "All My Life"
 Rory Bennett & JoJo Hailey, songwriters (K-Ci & JoJo)
 "The Boy Is Mine"
 Brandy, LaShawn Daniels, Fred Jerkins III, Rodney Jerkins & Japhe Tejeda, songwriters (Brandy & Monica)
 "Lean on Me"
 Kirk Franklin, songwriter (Kirk Franklin with Mary J. Blige, R. Kelly, Bono, Crystal Lewis & The Family)
 "A Rose Is Still a Rose"
 Lauryn Hill, songwriter (Aretha Franklin)

Best R&B Album
 The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill – Lauryn Hill; Lauryn Hill, producer; Commissioner Gordon & Tony Prendatt, engineers/mixers
 Live – Erykah Badu; Erykah Badu & Norman "Keys" Hurt, producers; Norman "Keys" Hurt, Gordon Mack & Kenny Ortiz, engineers/mixers
 Never Say Never – Brandy; Rodney Jerkins, producer; Brad Gilderman & Rodney Jerkins, engineers/mixers
 A Rose Is Still a Rose – Aretha Franklin
 Embrya – Maxwell; Musze, producer; Musze & Mike Pela, engineers/mixers

Best Traditional R&B Vocal Album
 Live! One Night Only – Patti LaBelle
 Believe in Me – Regina Belle
 To Make Me Who I Am – Aaron Neville
 Phoenix Rising – The Temptations
 I Know – Luther Vandross

Rap
Best Rap Solo Performance
 "Gettin' Jiggy Wit It" – Will Smith
 "Dangerous" – Busta Rhymes
 "Lost Ones" – Lauryn Hill
 "Hard Knock Life" – Jay-Z
 "Gone Till November" – Wyclef Jean

Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
 "Intergalactic" – Beastie Boys
 "Money Ain't A Thang" – Jermaine Dupri featuring Jay-Z
 "Deja Vu (Uptown Baby)" – Lord Tariq & Peter Gunz
 "Rosa Parks" – OutKast
 "Ghetto Supastar" – Pras Michel featuring Ol' Dirty Bastard and Mýa

Best Rap Album
 Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life – Jay-Z
 Capital Punishment – Big Punisher
 Life In 1472 - The Original Soundtrack – Jermaine Dupri
 Harlem World – Mase
 The Love Movement – A Tribe Called Quest

Reggae
Best Reggae Album
Sly and Robbie for Friends

Rock
Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
Alanis Morissette for "Uninvited"
Best Male Rock Vocal Performance
Lenny Kravitz for "Fly Away"
Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
Aerosmith for "Pink"
Best Rock Instrumental Performance
Pat Metheny Group for "The Roots of Coincidence"
Best Hard Rock Performance
Jimmy Page & Robert Plant for "Most High"
Best Metal Performance
Metallica for "Better Than You"
Best Rock Song
Alanis Morissette (songwriter) for "Uninvited"
Best Rock Album
Tchad Blake, Trina Shoemaker (engineers/mixers) & Sheryl Crow (producer & artist) for The Globe Sessions

Spoken
Best Spoken Word Album
Christopher Reeve for Still Me
Best Spoken Comedy Album
Mel Brooks & Carl Reiner for The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000

Traditional pop
Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance
Patti Page for Live at Carnegie Hall: The 50th Anniversary Concert

World
 Best World Music Album
 Gilberto Gil for Quanta Live

Special merit awards

MusiCares Person of the Year
Stevie Wonder

Grammy Legend Award
Elton John

References

 041
1999 in California
1999 music awards
1999 in Los Angeles
1999 in American music
February 1999 events in the United States
1999 awards in the United States

41st Annual Grammy Awards