The Gewehr 43 or Karabiner 43 (abbreviated G43, K43, Gew 43, Kar 43) is a 7.92×57mm Mauser caliber semi-automatic rifle developed by Germany during World War II. The design was based on that of the earlier G41(W) but incorporated an improved short-stroke piston gas system similar to that of the Soviet SVT-40. It was manufactured using innovative mass-production techniques.

History
Germany's quest for a semi-automatic infantry rifle resulted in two designs – the G41(M) and G41(W), from Mauser and Walther Arms respectively. The Mauser design was introduced in 1941 and at least 12,755 were made, but it proved unreliable in combat. The Walther design fared better in combat but still suffered from reliability problems. The problems with both designs stemmed from a demand made by the Army that the rifles would not use holes drilled into the barrel, known as gas ports, to run the automatic loading mechanism. Meeting this requirement meant the designs had to use uncommon mechanisms that were simply unreliable and highly prone to fouling.

The German invasion of the Soviet Union led to small numbers of the SVT-40 being captured and returned to Germany for examination. These used a simple gas mechanism powered from a port cut into the barrel about 1/3 of the way back from the end and replaced the conventional stripper reloads with a modern box magazine. It was clearly superior to the G41, and simpler as well.  In 1943, Walther combined a similar gas system with aspects of the G41(W) providing greatly improved performance. It was accepted and entered into service as the Gewehr 43, renamed Karabiner 43 in April 1944, with production amounting to just over 400,000 between 1943 and 1945.

Gewehr 43/Karabiner 43
In 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union as part of Operation Barbarossa. Just prior to the opening of hostilities the Soviet Red Army had started re-arming its infantry, complementing its older bolt-action rifles with the new semi-automatic SVT-38s and SVT-40s. This was a shock to the Germans, who ramped up their own semi-automatic rifle development efforts significantly.

The SVT series used a simpler gas-operated mechanism, which was soon emulated by Walther in its successor to the G41(W), producing the Gewehr 43 (or G43). The simpler, sturdier design and mechanism of the G43 made it lighter, easier to produce, more reliable, and also much tougher than the Gewehr 41; German mountain troops would use them as ladder rungs during climbing. The addition of a 10-round stamped-steel detachable box magazine was an improvement over the integral box magazine of the G41(W). The Gewehr 43 was intended, like the G41, to be loaded using 5-round stripper clips without removing the magazine. Soldiers armed with the weapon typically carried one standard stripper clip pouch and a Gewehr 43 pouch with two spare magazines. The G43 utilizes the same flapper-locked mechanism as its predecessor. The Gewehr 43 was put into production in October 1943 and followed in 1944 by the Karabiner 43 (K43), which was identical to the G43 in every way except for the letter stamped on the side. The name change from Gewehr to Karabiner (carbine) was due to the fact the barrel was actually two centimeters shorter than the standard Karabiner 98k and therefore the term Gewehr (meaning: rifle) was somewhat unfitting. The Wehrmacht intended to equip each grenadier (infantry) company in the army with 19 G43s, including 10 with scopes, for issue as the company commander saw fit. This issue was never completely achieved.
The iron sight line had a hooded pointed-post-type front sight and a tangent-type rear sight with a V-shaped rear notch. These standard sight lines consisted of somewhat coarse aiming elements, making it suitable for rough field handling, aiming at distant area fire targets, and low-light usage, but less suitable for precise aiming at distant or small point targets. It is graduated for 7.92×57mm Mauser s.S. Patrone cartridges loaded with 12.8 g (197 gr) s.S. (schweres Spitzgeschoss – "heavy pointed bullet") ball bullets from  in  increments.

Gewehr 43s were made by Berlin-Lübecker Maschinenfabrik in Lübeck (weapons coded "duv", and later "qve"), Walther (weapons coded "AC") and the Wilhelm Gustloff-Werke (weapons coded "bcd"). Walther used its satellite production facilities at Neuengamme concentration camp in addition to its main production facilities at Zella-Mehlis to make the rifles (It does not appear that complete weapons were assembled in the camps, similar to how Radom P35 pistols were assembled in occupied Radom, Poland without their barrels, which were built and installed by Steyr in Austria), Wilhelm Gustloff-Werke used some slave workers to augment its depleted staff from Buchenwald concentration camp. The total production by the end of the war is estimated to have been 402,713 of both models, including at least 53,435 sniper rifles: these G43/K43s were used as designated marksman/sniper weapons, fitted with the Zielfernrohr 43 (ZF 43/ZF 4) telescopic sight with 4× magnification. The weapon was originally designed for use with the Schießbecher rifle grenade launcher (standard on the Karabiner 98k as well) and the Schalldämpfer suppressor, however, these accessories were deemed unsuccessful in tests and were dropped even before the rifle made it to serial production.

The Gewehr 43 stayed in service with the Czechoslovak People's Army for several years after the war.  Likewise, the East German Border Troops and Volkspolizei were issued reworked G43 rifles, which are recognizable by a sunburst proof mark near the serial number and the serial number engraved by electro pencil on removable components.

Other details
There were many small variations introduced on the G43/K43 throughout its production cycle. The important consideration is that no changes were made to the rifle design specifically to coincide with the nomenclature change from Gewehr to Karabiner, with the exception of the letter stamped on the side. A careful study of actual pieces will show that many G-marked rifles had features found on K-marked rifles and vice versa. There is therefore no difference in weight or length between the G43 and the K43. Although G43s have threaded muzzles with removable nuts for a blank adapter, the K43 does not have this feature. Variations in barrel length did exist, but those were the product of machining tolerances, differences between factories, and/or experimental long-barreled rifles. An unknown number of late-war K43 rifles were chambered for the 7.92×33mm Kurz cartridge and modified to accept StG44 magazines.

Though most G43/K43s are equipped with a telescopic sight mounting rail, the vast majority of the rifles were issued in their standard infantry form without a scope. About 50,000 scoped variants of the G43/K43sG.43 were produced. When equipped with a scope, it was exclusively the ZF 4, a 4x magnification telescopic sight. The ZF4 was adjustable for elevation and windage using drums. The range drum on top featured bullet drop compensation in  increments for ranges from . No other known scope and scope mount combinations were installed by the German military on G43/K43's during World War II. Many strange variations have shown up after the war, but all have been proven to be the work of amateur gunsmiths. Rifles with broken-off butts are common, as German soldiers were instructed to render semi-automatic rifles useless when in danger of capture.

Gewehr-43-based Gerät 03 prototype

In June 1943 the Mauser Werke's Weapons Research Institute and Weapons Development Group decided to adopt the Gewehr 43 design to use a relatively cheap to produce roller locked action. The production pattern Gewehr 43 used a more expensive to produce and less sturdy Kjellman-style flapper locking system. These locking methods are similar in concept. By December 1943 Mauser Werke's Weapons Research Institute and Weapons Development Group had completed a roller-locked prototype rifle designated as the Gerät 03. Aside from the differing action, the Gerät 03 prototype resembled the Gewehr 43. Although the prototype rifle was machined it was designed with pressing and stamping steel components production methods in mind to simplify mass production and keep production costs low.
Only a few prototypes were built and the Gerät 03 never went into production, but the Gerät 03 was put through a 5,000-round endurance trial. The Gerät 03 semi-automatic rifle used a fully locked action design with a gas system, using a gas piston to unlock. During test firing, the development group noticed an undesirable tendency in the Gerät 03 action to exhibit bolt-bounce. It was possible to unintentionally fire the Gerät 03 during the bounce phase, at which the action was not fully locked. This opened the Gerät 03 action much faster and under much higher pressure than the gas system was supposed to allow. This observation of a harmonics problem in the roller/wedge system led to the idea and development of the intentionally never fully locked roller-delayed blowback action design, which does not require a gas system.

Shooters kits for historic rifles
The original gas system of the Gewehr 43 is copiously gassed and was designed for using World War II German service ammunition in the presence of heavy fouling or icing. Being ammunition specific, the gas system was not adjustable to various propellant and projectile-specific pressure behavior and so modern (higher pressure C.I.P. conform 7.92×57mm Mauser) ammunition can move the gas piston overly fast and hard against the bolt carrier which in turn hits the receiver harder. Especially on late war Gewehr 43's the steel quality of the sheet metal rear of the receiver could be poor and the heat treatment of the bolt carrier could be suboptimal. This can lead to increased wear and damage to guns and in worse scenarios possibly endanger shooters. For shooting historic Gewehr 43's commercial "shooters kits" have been developed that basically replace the gas cup and the gas plug with new ones, and the gas plug is threaded to accept different sized gas orifices so the gas system can be adjusted to cycle reliably with the specific pressure behavior of the ammunition used.

Users
: Local copy by IMBEL as the "M954 Mosquetão". Only a few units were made and it was never fully adopted.
: Used post-war.
: Used post-war.
: Used post-war in French Indochina

:Received a very small number from Nazi Germany
:Bought from Czechoslovakia before the 1954 coup
: Provisional Irish Republican Army
: Irish National Liberation Army

See also
 List of World War II firearms of Germany
 Mondragón rifle
 Type Hēi
 AG-42
 M1 Garand
 SVT-40
 MAS-49 rifle

References

External links

 Modern Firearms - Gewehr 43 / Gew.43 / Kar.43 semi-automatic rifle
 G43 / K43 Collectors Homepage
 Axis Ordnance Report, US intelligence report on the Kar 43 written in 1945.

7.92×57mm Mauser semi-automatic rifles
Rifles of Germany
Short stroke piston firearms
World War II infantry weapons of Germany
World War II semi-automatic rifles
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1943

Gewehr 43


Scott Bassett (born 9 October 1978) is a retired Australian rules footballer who played for the Port Adelaide Football Club and the Western Bulldogs in the Australian Football League, and Norwood in the South Australian National Football League.

Scott was one of the inaugural members of Port Adelaide's squad when they entered the AFL, as the team was allowed to select players from the SANFL for their starting team. He was drafted from the Norwood Football Club. He was drafted onto the rookie list for the club. He however did not play a match in the first two seasons on the Port Adelaide list, making his debut against Collingwood in Round 14, 1999, but did not play again in that year. At the end of the year, he was elevated off the rookie list, on to Port Adelaide's senior list. In the next 3 years on the Port Adelaide list, he played just the 14 games, spending much time in and out of the side.

He was delisted at the end of the 2002 AFL season, and nominated for the national AFL Draft, and was picked up by the Western Bulldogs at pick number 35 overall. He started the first seven games of the season in 2003, but was sidelined by a thigh injury, and later in the year returned to the VFL. He played a total of 15 games for the Bulldogs before returning to play for Norwood in the SANFL. He finished his AFL career playing a total of 30 games and scoring 3 goals.

He continued playing for Norwood in the SANFL. He is now the senior assistant coach for the Norwood Football Club.

References

External links
Western Bulldogs Past Player Profile
Port Adelaide Past Players List List of all PAFC past players, including games played and jumper number of Scott Bassett.

Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Norwood Football Club players
Port Adelaide Football Club players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
Western Bulldogs players
Living people
1978 births

Scott Bassett


The Sower (), created in 1907, is an oil on canvas painting by the Slovene Impressionist painter and musician Ivan Grohar. It is an image of a peasant sowing seeds on a ploughed field in an early and foggy morning. A hayrack, typical of the Slovene landscape, stands in the back, and even farther, the rocks of the small hill Kamnitnik near Škofja Loka. It has been a metaphor for the 19th-century myth of Slovenes as a vigorous nation in front of an unclear destiny, a symbol for the Slovene nation that sows in order that it could harvest, and a depiction of human interrelatedness with the nature. It is also a reflection of the context of Slovene transition from a rural to an urban culture. It has become one of the most characteristic and established Slovene creations in visual arts. It has been used by the IRWIN art group as well as the Semenarna Ljubljana seed company, and is depicted on the Slovenian 5 cent euro coin.

References

Slovenian impressionist paintings
1907 paintings
Paintings of people
Paintings in Slovenia
Farming in art

The Sower (Grohar)


Petro Bolbochan (October 5, 1883, Yarivka village, Chernivtsi Oblast - June 28, 1919, Balyn village, Khmelnytskyi Oblast) is Ukrainian military figure, colonel of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. From November 1918 to January 1919, Bolbochan was the Defense of Northeastern Ukraine. During the First World War he was an officer of the 38th Tobolsk Regiment.

Ukrainian military people
1883 births
1919 deaths

Petro Bolbochan


Copiula is a genus of microhylid frogs endemic to New Guinea. The common name Mehely frogs has been coined for them. They are leaf-litter inhabitants.

Taxonomy
Copiula is probably not monophyletic. Some former Austrochaperina species have already been transferred to this genus, and further ones might follow when more data became available.

Species
There are at present 14 species in this genus:

The AmphibiaWeb reports fewer species, with species that Peloso and colleagues moved in 2016 from Austrochaperina and Oxydactyla missing.

References

Microhylidae
Amphibians of Oceania
Amphibians of New Guinea
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Lajos Méhelÿ
Endemic fauna of New Guinea

Copiula


Nikolai Alekseevich Klyuev (; 22 October 1884 – 23/25 October 1937), was a notable Russian poet. He was influenced by the symbolist movement, intense nationalism, and a love of Russian folklore.

Born in the village of Koshtugi in Olonets Governorate (now Vologda Oblast) near the town of Vytegra, Kluyev rose to prominence in the early twentieth century as the leader of the so-called "peasant poets". Kluyev was a close friend and mentor of Sergei Yesenin. Arrested in 1933 for contradicting Soviet ideology, he was shot in 1937 and rehabilitated posthumously in 1957.

Homosexuality

Klyuev was homosexual and had love affairs in Vytegra in the immediate post-revolutionary years, and before settling in Saint Petersburg in the 1920s. Nevertheless, by the 1920s the evidence of active homosexual relationships become more evident in the account of his life, as well as his poetry. In 1928 he met his great love, Anatoly Kravchenko, a young artist. The two lived as companions in Leningrad until Kravchenko's marriage in 1933, which came as a blow to Klyuev.

Homo-eroticism can be found in Klyuev's poetry from as early as the late 1910s. By the 1930s a more romanticized form of homosexual love is found addressed in the poems to Kravchenko.

However, documentary evidence remains scarce; as some suggest, one of the reasons is that scholars in Russia working on archival material have tended to treat issues of sexuality with some caution ; and homosexuality remains a taboo subject for Russian readers and students.

Religious views
Kluyev, whose work is thoroughly inspired by the spirit of the Old Believers, was the first in Russian literature who began to praise the innocence of the body. In his view, Christ had been homosexual. And his own homosexuality Kluyev explained (referring to Paul the Apostle) was that "love justifies a multitude of sins, and love is mighty". Kluyev was also close to the sect of khlysts proclaiming the Dionysian approach to knowledge of Christ, specifically: knowledge not through spirit, but through the flesh.

Notes

References

Bibliography

 John MacKay, Inscription and Modernity: From Wordsworth to Mandelstam (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006)

1884 births
1937 deaths
People from Vologda Oblast
People from Vytegorsky Uyezd
20th-century Russian poets
Russian male poets
LGBT Christians
Gay poets
Russian gay writers
Russian LGBT poets
Soviet dissidents
Great Purge victims from Russia
Russian people executed by the Soviet Union
Soviet rehabilitations

Nikolai Klyuev


Moses (Mūsā) ben Aaron ben Sheʾerit Shīrvānī was a Jewish writer who authored a Hebrew/Aramaic–Persian dictionary in 1459 in Shirvan (present-day Republic of Azerbaijan). The dictionary's title, Agron, is Hebrew, and means "glossary, lexicon".  According to Vera B. Moreen in the Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, the title of Shirvani's work is "undoubtedly derived" from the more famous eponymous work written by Saadia Gaon (died 942).  Shirvani wrote the Agron as a helping hand in the study of the Bible, and also incorporated vocabulary from the Bible. Moreen notes that the work is mostly organized "according to Hebrew roots and nouns".  The Agron has survived only through manuscripts, none of which are complete.

References

Medieval Jewish writers
Hebrew-language writers
Aramaic languages
15th-century Persian-language writers
15th-century Jews

Moses Shirvani


The title Baron Verulam was created in two separate and unrelated instances:

First as Baron Verulam, of Verulam, in the Peerage of England. It was firstly created for the English philosopher and statesman Sir Francis Bacon (who was also later created Viscount St Albans).
Secondly as Baron Verulam, of Gorhambury in the County of Hertford in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created for James Grimston, 3rd Viscount Grimston (whose viscountcy was in the Peerage of Ireland).

Barons Verulam, first creation (1618)
 Francis Bacon, 1st Baron Verulam (1561–1626) (became Viscount St Albans in 1621)

Barons Verulam, second creation (1790)
 William Grimston, 1st Viscount Grimston (c. 1683–1756)
 James Grimston, 2nd Viscount Grimston (1711–1773)
 James Bucknall Grimston, 3rd Viscount Grimston (1747–1808) (created Baron Verulam in 1790)
 James Walter Grimston, 4th Viscount Grimston (1775–1845) (created Earl of Verulam in 1815)

See Earl of Verulam for further holders.

References

1618 establishments in England
Noble titles created in 1618
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1790
Baronies in the Peerage of Great Britain

Baron Verulam


Hans Albrecht von Barfus (1635 – 27 December 1704) was a field marshal in the service of Brandenburg and Prussia, serving briefly as prime minister under King Frederick I.

Military career
Barfus was born in 1635 to a cuirassier captain and his wife.  He served alongside the Swedes in 1656 during the Second Northern War (as a lieutenant), and, now serving the Elector of Brandenburg, quickly rose through the ranks, eventually being granted a colonelcy.  By the time of the battle of Vienna he was a major-general, and served under King John of Poland during that campaign.

When the Elector died, Frederick III took the position.  During the Nine Years War, Barfus commanded Brandenburg troops serving with the Dutch against France.  In 1690, Barfus violently quarreled with a fellow Electoral officer, General von Schoning.  The argument resulted in both men drawing their swords, but they were, with some difficulty, separated before either was injured.  The Elector ordered the arrest of both men, and Schoning was dismissed from the army.

Despite the slight damage to his reputation caused by the incident, Barfus was given command of a Brandenburg contingent assigned to an Austrian army invading Ottoman Turk territory.  Despite suffering heavy losses, the German forces defeated the Turks, and Barfus was promoted to field marshal.

Prime minister
Barfus held several commands during the later part of the decade, including leading a detachment sent to secure the borders with Poland in the aftermath of the death of that nation's king.  In 1699, with the fall from grace of his political ally Eberhard von Danckelmann, he was first made Governor of Berlin and then de facto prime minister, with authority over military, political, and financial affairs.

Barfus, considered to be incorruptible, enjoyed the premiership for only a brief time, as the Graf von Wartenburg rose to power later that year.  However, when the Elector was crowned King of Prussia, Barfus traveled with him as the army representative.  He was, also, in 1701 granted the Black Eagle, the highest Prussian military award at the time.

References

1635 births
1704 deaths
Field marshals of Prussia
People from the Kingdom of Prussia
Brandenburgian nobility

Hans Albrecht von Barfus


Frans Thomas Koppelaar (born April 23, 1943) is a Dutch painter, who was born in The Hague, Netherlands.

From 1963 to 1969, he attended the Royal Academy of Visual Arts at The Hague. He moved to Amsterdam in 1968.

His landscapes and Amsterdam cityscapes are painted in a style that recalls the classical tradition of the Hague School and the Amsterdam Impressionists.

Koppelaar's work is congenial to a figurative movement in Dutch contemporary painting that evolved during the 1990s in a reaction to the pared-down conceptual art and the too pompous art-theories of that period. Through the years his style evolved into a simpler, straightforward approach. By 1984, he no longer identified himself with any art movement.

Koppelaar is also known as a portraitist.

Bibliography
Brunt, Ineke & Eisema, Joan (2004), "Gegrepen door het moment - Amsterdam in olieverf" ("Grasped by the moment - Amsterdam in oils"), Stichting de Heeren Keyser
"Amsterdam Urban Landscapes from the Meentwijck Collection" (2003), Auction House Christie's, Amsterdam
Denninger, Carole (2008), "Amsterdam 365 Stadsgezichten", THOTH, Bussum NL

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Dutch landscape painters
Dutch portrait painters
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague alumni
Cityscape artists
Painters from The Hague

Frans Koppelaar


Unraveled is a 2011 American documentary film about lawyer Marc Dreier, who was arrested for orchestrating a fraud scheme that netted 750 million dollars from hedge funds and clients. Set during his house arrest, the film recounts Drier's struggle to prepare for the possibility of life imprisonment with first-person flashbacks of his actions.

The film also shows Drier's attempts to grasp his unraveling. The film was  produced and directed by Marc H. Simon of Stick Figure Productions. Other producers include Matthew Makar, Steven Cantor, and Miranda Bailey. The band Red Wanting Blue was commissioned to write an original song for the film about Dreier's experiences. The song is titled "Magic Man" and plays in its entirety in the documentary.

References

External links

Documentary films about lawyers
2011 films
2011 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about crime in the United States
Fraud in the United States
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Unraveled (film)


Jewel Forde is a television producer and presenter with the Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation in Barbados. She has hosted "Monitor" and worked as an announcer on CBC 900 AM radio. She is also joint public relations officer for the Barbados Association of Journalists.

Forde has a Diploma in Mass Communications from University of the West Indies, Mona in Jamaica and a master's degree in Journalism Studies from the University of Cardiff.

References

Barbadian television presenters
Women television presenters
Barbadian radio presenters
Barbadian women radio presenters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation

Jewel Forde


The Black Hussar () is a 1932 German historical drama film directed by Gerhard Lamprecht and starring Bernhard Goetzke, Conrad Veidt, Mady Christians, and Wolf Albach-Retty. It premièred at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo on 12 October 1932, part of a whole string of 'patriotic' movies released in the late days of the Weimar Republic.

The film's sets were designed by the art directors Robert Herlth and Walter Röhrig. It was short at the Babelsberg Studios and on location around Schwedt in Brandenburg.

Plot
In 1812, during the French period, large parts of Germany are occupied by the troops of Napoleon. Several paramilitary Freikorps units battle the French forces, among them the Black Brunswickers led by the 'Black Duke' Frederick William of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. After the War of the Fifth Coalition, the Black Hussars are pursued by Napoleon throughout the country, but frequently take refuge with the noble-minded German people.

While the Duke has taken a passage to the Isle of Wight, his cavalry officer (Rittmeister) Hansgeorg von Hochberg and his friend Lieutenant Aribert von Blome hide away in an inn with two young women. They hear of the plans evolved by the French governor Darmont to abduct Duke Frederick William's bride, Princess Marie of Baden, to marry her to the Polish prince Potovski.

Main cast
Conrad Veidt as Rittmeister Hansgeorg von Hochberg
Mady Christians as Marie Luise
Wolf Albach-Retty as Leutnant Aribert von Blome
Ursula Grabley as Brigitte
Otto Wallburg as Governor Darmont
Bernhard Goetzke as Duke Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig
Günther Hadank as Captain Fachon, adjutant
Gregori Chmara as Prince Potovski
Fritz Greiner as Corporal

References

External links

1930s historical drama films
Films of the Weimar Republic
German historical drama films
Films directed by Gerhard Lamprecht
Napoleonic Wars films
German black-and-white films
Films set in 1812
Films shot in Germany
UFA GmbH films
Films shot at Babelsberg Studios
1930s German-language films
Films scored by Eduard Künneke
1930s German films

The Black Hussar (1932 film)


Leona Roberts Helmsley (born Lena Mindy Rosenthal; July 4, 1920 – August 20, 2007) was an American businesswoman. Her flamboyant personality and reputation for tyrannical behavior earned her the nickname Queen of Mean.

After allegations of non-payment were made by contractors hired to improve Helmsley's Connecticut home, she was investigated and convicted of federal income tax evasion and other crimes in 1989. Although having initially received a sentence of sixteen years, she was required to serve only nineteen months in prison and two months under house arrest. During the trial, a former housekeeper testified that she had heard Helmsley say: "We don't pay taxes; only the little people pay taxes", a quote which was identified with her for the rest of her life.

Early life
Leona Helmsley was born Lena Mindy Rosenthal in Marbletown, New York, to Polish-Jewish immigrants, Ida (née Popkin), a homemaker, and Morris Rosenthal, a hatmaker. Her family moved to Brooklyn while she was still a girl, and moved six more times before settling in Manhattan. After dropping out of Abraham Lincoln High School to seek her fortune, she changed her name several times over a short periodfrom Lee Roberts, Mindy Roberts, and Leni Robertsbefore finally going by Leona Mindy Roberts and having her surname legally changed to Roberts.

Roberts' first husband was attorney Leo Panzirer, whom she divorced in 1952. Their only son was Jay (1940–1982), who had four children with his wife, Mimi. Jay died of heart failure at age 42. Leona was twice married to and divorced from her second husband, garment industry executive Joseph Lubin. After a brief period at a sewing factory, she joined a New York real estate firm, where she eventually became vice-president.

Roberts was a chain smoker, consuming several packs a day. She would later claim that she appeared in billboard ads for Chesterfield cigarettes, but her claim remains unsubstantiated.

Career as a hotelier
In 1968, while Roberts was working as a condominium broker, she met and began her involvement with the then-married real estate entrepreneur Harry Helmsley. Two years later, she joined one of Harry's brokerage firms—Brown Harris Stevens—as a senior vice-president. At that time, she was already a millionaire in her own right. Harry divorced his wife of 33 years and married Roberts on April 8, 1972. The marriage may well have saved her career, as several of her tenants had sued her the year before for forcing them to buy condominiums. They won, and she was forced not only to compensate the tenants but to give them three-year leases. Her real estate license was also suspended, so she focused on running Harry's growing hotel empire.

Supposedly under her influence, Harry began a program of conversion of apartment buildings into condos. He later concentrated on the hotel industry, building the Helmsley Palace Hotel on Madison Avenue. Together, the Helmsleys built a New York real estate empire that included 230 Park Avenue, the Empire State Building, and the Tudor City apartment complex on the East Side, as well as Helmsley-Spear Inc., their management and leasing business. The couple also developed properties that included the Helmsley Palace Hotel, the New York Helmsley Hotel, the Park Lane Hotel, and hotels in Florida and other states. By the beginning of 1989, twenty-three hotels in the chain were directly controlled by Leona Helmsley.

Helmsley was featured in an advertising campaign portraying her as a demanding "queen" who wanted nothing but the best for her guests. The slightest mistake was usually grounds for firing, and Helmsley was known to shout insults and obscenities at targeted employees just before they were fired.

On March 31, 1982, Helmsley's only child, Jay Panzirer, died of a heart attack resulting from arrhythmia. Her son's widow, who lived in a property that Helmsley owned, received an eviction notice shortly after his funeral. Helmsley successfully sued her son's estate for money and property that she claimed he had borrowed, and she was ultimately awarded $146,092.

Tax-evasion conviction
Despite the Helmsleys' net worth totalling over $1 billion, they were known for disputing payments to contractors and vendors. In 1983, the Helmsleys bought Dunnellen Hall, a 21-room mansion in Greenwich, Connecticut, to use as a weekend retreat. The property cost $11 million but the Helmsleys wanted to make it even more luxurious. The work included a $1 million dance floor, a silver clock and a mahogany card table. The remodeling bills came to $8 million, which the Helmsleys were loath to pay. A group of contractors sued the Helmsleys for non-payment and the Helmsleys eventually paid off most of the debt owed to the contractors.

In 1985, during court proceedings in relation to the lawsuit, the contractors revealed that most of their work was being illegally billed to the Helmsleys' hotels as business expenses. The contractors sent a stack of the falsified invoices to the New York Post to prove that the Helmsleys were trying to avoid tax liabilities. The resulting Post story led to a federal criminal investigation.

Jeremiah McCarthy, the Helmsleys' executive engineer, also alleged that Leona repeatedly demanded that he sign invoices to bill personal expenses to the Helmsley-Spear and, when McCarthy declined to do so, exploded with tyrannical outbursts, shouting, "You're not my fucking partner! You'll sign what I tell you to sign." In 1988, then-U.S. Attorney Rudy Giuliani indicted the Helmsleys and two of their associates on several tax-related charges, as well as extortion.

The trial was delayed until the summer of 1989 due to numerous motions by the Helmsleys' attorneys, most of them related to Harry's health. He had begun to appear feeble shortly after the beginning of his relationship with Leona years before and had recently suffered a stroke on top of a pre-existing heart condition. Ultimately, he was ruled mentally and physically unfit to stand trial and Leona would face the charges alone.

At trial, a former Helmsley-Spear executive, Paul Ruffino, said that he refused to sign phony invoices billing the company for work done on the Connecticut mansion. Ruffino, originally employed to assist Harry through the Hospitality Management Services arm, said that Leona fired him on several occasions for refusing to sign the bills, only for Harry to usually tell him to ignore her and come back to work.

Another one of the key witnesses was a former housekeeper at the Helmsley home, Elizabeth Baum, who recounted Leona telling her, "We don't pay taxes. Only the little people pay taxes." Leona denied saying this. By then, however, the trial was already highlighting her abusive and micromanaging behavior towards family members, employees, contractors and even senior executives. Former employees testified at trial "about how they feared her, with one recalling how she casually fired him while she was being fitted for a dress". Most legal observers felt that Helmsley's hostile personality, arrogance, and "naked greed" alienated the jurors.

On August 30, Helmsley was convicted of one count of conspiracy to defraud the United States, three counts of tax evasion, three counts of filing false personal tax returns, sixteen counts of assisting in the filing of false corporate and partnership tax returns, and ten counts of mail fraud. She was, however, acquitted of extortion—a charge that could have sent her to prison for the rest of her life. Helmsley was instead sentenced to sixteen years in prison, which was eventually reduced when all but eight of the convictions were dropped. Nonetheless, when it was clear that she was going to prison, Helmsley collapsed outside the courthouse. She was later diagnosed with a heart irregularity and hypertension.

Helmsley's new lawyer, retained to appeal the judgment, was Alan Dershowitz. Following the appeal, which resulted in a reduced sentence, she was ordered to report to prison on tax day, April 15, 1992. She was released from custody on January 26, 1994, after serving twenty-one months.

After prison
Helmsley's later years were apparently spent in isolation, especially after Harry died in 1997. He left her his entire fortune, including the Helmsley hotels, the Helmsley Palace and the Empire State Building, estimated to be worth well in excess of $5 billion. Her few friends included Patrick Ward and Kathy and Rick Hilton. A 2001 Chicago Sun-Times article depicted her as estranged from her grandchildren and with few friends, living alone in a lavish apartment with her dog. Helmsley was forced to give up control of her hotel empire, since most of her hotels had bars and New York does not allow convicted felons to hold alcohol licenses. She spent her final years at her penthouse atop the Park Lane Hotel.

In 2002, Helmsley was sued by Charles Bell, a former employee who alleged that he was discharged solely for being gay. A jury agreed and ordered Mrs. Helmsley to pay Bell $11,200,000 in damages. A judge subsequently reduced this amount to $554,000.

Although Helmsley had a reputation as the "Queen of Mean", some considered her generous in her charitable contributions after her prison term. After the 9/11 attacks, Helmsley donated $5 million to help the families of New York City firefighters and police. Other contributions included $25 million to New York–Presbyterian Hospital for medical research in 2006 through a charitable trust fund, the donations eventually grew to $65 million to establish the Center for Advanced Digestive Care at the hospital in 2009.

Death
Leona Helmsley died of congestive heart failure at the age of 87, on August 20, 2007, at Dunnellen Hall, her summer home in Greenwich, Connecticut. Cardiovascular disease ran in her family, claiming the lives of her father, son and a sister. After a week at the Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel, she was entombed next to Harry Helmsley in a mausoleum constructed for $1.4 million and set on ¾-acres in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Westchester County, New York. Among the few distinctive features of the mausoleum are three wall-embedded stained-glass windows, in the style of Louis Comfort Tiffany, showing the skyline of Manhattan.  Leona Helmsley was known for not liking dirt, and left $3 million for the 1,300-square-foot family mausoleum to be "washed or steam-cleaned at least once a year".

Helmsley left the bulk of her estate—estimated at more than $4 billion—to the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. In addition to providing directly for her own dog in her will, she left separate instructions that the trust, now valued at $5 billion, be used to benefit dogs. The courts have ruled that the trust is not legally bound to wishes separate from the trust documents.

The will left her Maltese dog, Trouble, a $12 million trust fund. This sum was subsequently reduced to $2 million as excessive to fulfill its purpose. Her choice was branded 3rd in Fortune magazine's "101 Dumbest Moments in Business" of 2007.

Trouble lived in Florida with Carl Lekic, the general manager of the Helmsley Sandcastle Hotel, with several death threats having been received. Lekic, Trouble's caretaker, stated that $2 million would pay for the dog's maintenance for more than 10 years—the annual $100,000 for full-time security, $8,000 for grooming and $1,200 for food. Lekic was paid a $60,000 annual guardianship fee. Trouble died at age twelve in December 2010, at which time the remainder of the funds reverted to the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. Although Helmsley's wishes were to have the dog interred with her in the mausoleum, New York state law prohibits interment of pets in human cemeteries and the dog was subsequently cremated.

Helmsley had four grandchildren. Two of them each received $5 million in trust and $5 million in cash, under the condition that they visit their father's grave site once each calendar year. Their signing a registration book would prove that they had visited the grave.  Her other two grandchildren, Craig and Meegan Panzirer, received nothing.

In a 2008 judgment, Manhattan Surrogate Court Judge Renee Roth ruled that Helmsley was mentally unfit when she executed her will. Roth reduced the $12 million trust fund for the pet Trouble to $2 million. Of the $10 million originally bequeathed to Trouble, $4 million was awarded to the charitable trust, and $6 million was awarded to Craig and Meegan Panzirer, who had been disinherited in the will. The ruling requires the Panzirers to keep silent about their dispute with their grandmother and deliver to the court any documents they have about her.

She left $15 million for her brother Alvin Rosenthal. Helmsley also left $100,000 to her chauffeur, Nicholas Celea.

The "Queen of Mean"
Helmsley acquired the moniker "The Queen of Mean", reportedly inspired after an advertising campaign promoting her as the "Queen of the Palace" of the Helmsley Palace Hotel. Helmsley became known by this nickname in the mainstream press.

Helmsley was known for "tyrannizing her employees". Alan Dershowitz, while having breakfast with her at one of the Helmsley hotels, received a cup of tea with a tiny bit of water spilled on the saucer. Helmsley grabbed the cup from the waiter and smashed it on the floor, then told him to beg for his job. In another account of Helmsley's behavior, she had a barbecue pit constructed for her home. The work was performed by Eugene Brennan, a personal friend of Jeremiah McCarthy, the chief engineer of Helmsley-Spear. When the final bill came to $13,000, she refused to pay, citing shoddy workmanship. When McCarthy pleaded with her to honor the bill, citing the favor done on his behalf and informing her that Brennan had six children to support, Helmsley replied, "Why didn't he keep his pants on? Then he wouldn't need the money."

In 1989, an unauthorized biography titled The Queen of Mean: The Unauthorized Biography of Leona Helmsley was published by Bantam Books.

In popular culture
The 1990 TV film Leona Helmsley: The Queen of Mean starred Suzanne Pleshette as Leona and Lloyd Bridges as Harry Helmsley. Pleshette was nominated for an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award for the portrayal.

References

Further reading

 Author Steve Peacock was former Helmsley Palace house detective

External links

New York Times articles related to Leona Helmsley

1920 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesswomen
20th-century American criminals
American female criminals
Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn) alumni
American hoteliers
American people convicted of fraud
American people convicted of tax crimes
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American real estate businesspeople
Criminals from New York (state)
Businesspeople from Brooklyn
Businesspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut
People from Marbletown, New York
Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
American billionaires
Female billionaires
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women

Leona Helmsley


Victor J. Vitanza is a Professor of English at Clemson University (South Carolina). He is the former Director of the interdisciplinary-transdisciplinary Ph.D. program in Rhetorics, Communication, and Information Design, which is situated in the College of Architecture, Arts, and Humanities.

Formerly at University of Texas at Arlington (1982–2005), Vitanza works in Media and Communication Philosophy, but that work also finds him teaching summer seminars at the European Graduate School (EGS) in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, where he holds the Jean-Francois Lyotard Chair. Previously, he earned his second PhD at EGS under the title "Chaste Rape: Sexual Violence, Canon Formation, and Rhetorical Cultures" (director, Wolfgang Schirmacher; readers, Alain Badiou and Giorgio Agamben).

In 1978-1979, Vitanza received a National Endowment for Humanities Fellowship-in-Residence to work with Richard Emerson Young at Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh) on the topic of "Rhetorical Invention". Other participants included Sharon Bassett, James A. Berlin, Lisa Ede, David Fractenberg, Robert P. Inkster, Charles Kneupper, Sam Watson, Jr., Vickie Winkler, and William Nelson. Other participating colleagues included Peter Becker, Linda Flower, and Janice Lauer, all important figures in the field of Rhetoric and Composition.

Vitanza went on to found and publish the quarterly journal PRE/TEXT (1980–present). Along with Cynthia Haynes, Vitanza started the E-journal, Pre/Text: Electra(Lite), and created an on-line forum called Re/Inter/View listserv that currently has over 500 members. The month-long archived discussions hosted a range of figures from rhetoric and composition and elsewhere including Noam Chomsky, Jane Gallop, Sharon Crowley, and Geoffrey Sirc.

Work

Vitanza's work concentrates on histories of rhetorics and specifically on a "third sophistic" as well as the "excluded middle". His efforts extend the implications of Gregory Ulmer's electracy to the field of rhetorical historiographies, or what Vitanza calls "hysteriography" (and later "schizography"). Vitanza's efforts are to reread and rewrite questions and concepts raised by such theorists and historians as Gilles Deleuze, Samuel Ijsseling, Giorgio Agamben, and Jean-François Lyotard. Vitanza deploys these figures to consider and disrupt the role of negation and subjectivity in "the" history of rhetoric.

Negation, Subjectivity, and The History of Rhetoric (1997) is the title of Vitanza's first book. His efforts are large-scale re-assessments of the sense of negation that Kenneth Burke helps define. Vitanza's efforts extend to a reconsideration of other figures important to rhetorical historiography such as Susan Jarrett, Edward Schiappa, and John Poulakos. Through it all, Vitanza seeks a movement from (negative) possibilities and probabilities to (denegated) incompossibilities (counter-factual, co-extensive possibilities).

In Vitanza's recent work, he challenges Leibniz's foundational example of using Sextus's rape of Lucretia to ground a conception of "the best of all possible worlds". Extending Deleuze's re-reading of Leibniz in The Fold and Agamben's sense of "decreation", Vitanza seeks after all the denegated incompossibilities that result when "what happened and what did not happen are returned to their originary unity" (Agamben's Potentialities 270).

Vitanza's long-term project, according to a description on his website, is entitled Design as Dasein, and it "will examine how philosophical and architectural attitudes are represented under the signs of negativity and death".

Vitanza's most recent scholarly texts have been in the area of film (Chaste Cinematics 2015).

Bibliography

Chaste Cinematics. (Punctum Books 2015).
Sexual Violence in Western Thought and Writing: Chaste Rape (Palgrave Macmillan 2011).
Negation, Subjectivity, and The History of Rhetoric.  (SUNY P 1997).
Writing Histories of Rhetoric  (SIUP, 1993).
PRE/TEXT: The First Decade (U of Pittsburgh P, 1993).
CyberReader (Longman/Pearson. 1st, 2nd, and abridged editions).
"Love, Lust, Rhetorics (from Double Binds to Intensities)." Living Rhetoric and Composition: Stories of the Discipline. Ed. Duane Roen, Stewart Brown, and Theresa Enos. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998. 143-58.
"The Hermeneutics of Abandonment." Parallax 4.4 (1998): 123–39.
"From Heuristic to Aleatory Procedures; or, Towards 'Writing the Accident'." Inventing a Discipline: Rhetoric Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Young, Ed. Maureen Daly Goggin. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 2000. 185-206.
"Abandoned to Writing: Notes Toward Several Provocations ." Enculturation 5.1 (Fall 2003): https://web.archive.org/web/20060518101353/http://enculturation.gmu.edu/5_1/vitanza.html (A continuation of "The Hermeneutics of Abandonment")
"Favorinus." In Classical Rhetorics and Rhetoricians: Critical Studies and Sources. West Port, Conn, and London: Praeger, 2005. 148–52.
"Adieu Derrida," in Poiesis 7 (Toronto, EGS Press, 2005): 64-65.

Notes

External links
 Victor Vitanza Faculty page at European Graduate School with biography, bibliography, articles and photos

Living people
American academics of English literature
Academic staff of European Graduate School
Year of birth missing (living people)

Victor Vitanza


The Devils River minnow (Dionda diaboli) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. The minnow coexists with other closely related species and other cyprinids in the range of northern Mexico and southern Texas.

Habitat
The minnow lives in freshwater, spring fed streams and tributaries that have fast flowing water over particular gravel cobble substrate that are associated with aquatic macrophytes. The minnows may also inhabit spring runs and rivers.

Distribution
The Devils River minnow is present in the Devils River in southern Texas, the San Felipe Creek, Sycamore Creek, Pinto Creek and Las Moras Creek in Val Verde County and Kinney County in southern Texas. There are also records in Coahuila, Mexico, the Río San Carlos, and Río Salado drainages in the 1970s. Though the minnow's current status in northern Mexico remains unknown, the abundance is thought to be rare.

Physical appearance

The Devils River minnow has its dorsal and dorsal lateral scales darkly outlined, double dashes along the lateral line, and a long dark lateral stripe through its snout and eye. It can also be characterized by a black spot on its wedge shaped caudal fin and a cross hatched appearance on its body. The eye shape is round during its larval stage and can be compared to other minnow species larvae that have more of an oval shape. Adults can range from sizes of 25 to 55 millimeters, or approximately one to two inches. The distinct shape of the intestines also distinguishes it from other herbivore minnows. The intestines of the Devil's River minnow are more multi-looped and convoluted in the larval and juvenile stages compared to the same structures in minnows that eat insects, which are generally straight and turn into an s-shape during the larval and juvenile stages.

Life history
The life expectancy based on similar minnows can be estimated in a range of one to two years. It has been reported that the offspring eggs are slightly yellow and transparent in color. The Devils River minnow mating is likely to produce non-adhesive and demersal eggs in the spring, which is similar to traits of Dionda serena and Dionda episcopa. Breeding males develop a blue-green coloration on their body with yellow on the fins when ready to mate. The species' spawning season occurs during springtime. Not much else is known on the Devils River minnow's life history, reproduction rate or habits at this time.

Diet
Based on the examinations of the long coiled intestinal tract of the fish, the minnow feeds on various types of algae. Little else is known about the diet and food habits of the minnow; more experimentation or observation of captive fish should be done.

Species status
The Devils River minnow is classified as endangered by the IUCN Red List. This species was first registered as vulnerable in 1999, although many activists pushed for it to be included as early as 1978. Many conservationists also insist that vulnerable is too weak of a categorization, as no formal habitat protections are included. Even the current recovery plan approved by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2005 only involves voluntary conservation efforts.

Anthropogenic effects
The fragile status of this species is due to the culmination of many factors. Human activity has caused a large amount of habitat loss and/or degradation. The Devils River minnow depends on clean, constantly flowing spring waters in order to survive. However, due to both the construction and agricultural industries, the supply of these waters has been dramatically reduced. Agricultural runoff is responsible for most of the pollutants in the minnows' habitat, many of which they cannot tolerate at even slightly increased levels. Dam construction, particularly that of the Amistad Dam, has greatly contributed to spring inundation.  Spring flow has also been reduced due to well pumping and overgrazed soil, which lowers the amount of water that can normally be found in natural aquifers. The reduction of these springs has caused the overall quantity and length of the Devils River to dramatically decline. The exact extent of this decline is not known, however, according to United States Geological Survey (USGS) data from the Paffords Crossing gauging station on the Devils River, the daily mean discharge has "generally decreased between 1978 and 1992."  Once established populations of the species have now been decimated, primarily in Texas where droughts reduce the supply of groundwater even further.  Anthropogenic sources, while some of the major contributors to the Dionda diaboli's decline, are not entirely responsible for its current circumstances.

Effects of invasive species
An additional factor contributing to the status of the Devils River minnow is the introduction of foreign species. Some introduced tropical and game species now compete with the Devils River minnow for food and spatial resources.  Several nonnative species of catfish, cichlids, and bass have begun to reduce the minnow species' numbers by feeding on both the minnows themselves and their main diet of algae and microorganisms. Loricariid catfish in particular have established large populations in the Texan habitats of the Devils River Minnow and are steadily consuming most of the available food.  Largemouth bass also prey on the species' juveniles during winter months, therefore reducing the amount of reproductively mature individuals. With the number of breeding individuals dwindling, the population is unable to replenish every season, leading to an even more rapid decline. The abundance of the Devils River minnow tends to fluctuate in accordance with the populations of their competitive and predator species
The Devils River minnow population is visibly diminishing, but conservation efforts are being implemented in order to curtail this decline.

Conservation
When the Devils River minnows were first classified as threatened in 1999, a group of organizations including the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, the City of Del Rio, Texas, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are involved in a Conservation Agreement to assist the minnows' recovery to the point that it is no longer a threatened species. A Devils River minnow Conservation Team was formed as a result of the agreement to enact its provisions.   Fortunately, important portions of the species' habitat is owned by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and the Nature Conservancy of Texas, but a substantial amount lies on privately owned land, 10.  To assist these landowners, the Agreement sought to provide technical assistance to landowners on riparian protection and management, which has been utilized by the City of Del Rio and the San Felipe Country Club for golf course management; the course instituted a 10 to 15 foot zone of no-mowing to improve the San Felipe Creek's water quality.

The main objective of the Conservation Agreement is maintenance of spring flows, as this is the central factor in long-term population growth.  Also, a review of live bait harvest and selling practices in the Devils River area was conducted to assess restriction of introduction of other exotic species.  As a result, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department amended its regulations to allow only endemic species as bait.  Further research was encouraged to increase knowledge and possible courses of action for conservation of the Devil's River Minnow10.

In 2005, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service devised and implemented a long-term recovery plan with the goal of delisting the species.  This plan addresses the habitat and exotic species issues and also institutes a life history survey of the Devil's River minnow including an in situ study of smallmouth bass and Devils River minnow predator/prey interaction.  Furthermore, a captive, genetically representative population is being maintained for study at TPWD Heart of the Hills Research Station and to reintroduce into wild habitats.  The nearby city of Del Rio agreed to reduce water consumption by 10-20% and is limiting population density in the areas surrounding San Felipe Creek.  Pollutant reduction from point and non-point sources is being assessed by water-quality controls.  Though the plan is detailed and clearly laid out, as of April 2011, only seven out of thirty-five steps are listed as ongoing despite nearly six years since implementation.

As per the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designated 26.5-stream-kilometers critical habitat for the Devils River minnow in 2008.  This range lies in the Val Verde and Kinney Counties, Texas and encompasses Devils River, San Felipe, Pinto, Sycamore, and Las Moras Creeks.  The Dionda diaboli continue to be monitored for the effects of the various conservation actions.

References

External links

Devils River minnow
Freshwater fish of Mexico
Freshwater fish of the United States
Fish of the Western United States
Fauna of the Chihuahuan Desert
Fauna of the Rio Grande valleys
Endemic fauna of Texas
Devils River minnow
Devils River minnow
Devils River minnow
Devils River minnow
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
ESA threatened species

Devils River minnow


LunaNet is envisioned as a network of cooperating networks (network of networks, akin to the terrestrial Internet) upon which providers can deliver communications, navigation, and other services for users on and around the Moon. LunaNet is based on a framework of mutually agreed-upon standards, protocols, and interface specifications that enable interoperability. LunaNet is intended to allow many lunar mission users to engage the services of diverse commercial and government service providers in an open and evolvable architecture. LunaNet Service Providers (LNSPs) can include communications, messaging, data transmission and distribution of position, navigation, timing, and situational awareness information.

LunaNet can be implemented by LNSPs as part of the earliest missions and accommodate expansion as new users and service providers come online. Many nations, agencies, and private companies can contribute
to and participate in the establishment and operation of LunaNet-compatible services. Just as the terrestrial Internet has public and private networks, LunaNet will have public and private networks. Private networks may be separated out by a combination of physical connectivity and/or policy and security implementations.

Moonlight is an ESA project intending to adopt the specifications.

See also
 Deep Space Network, NASA spacecraft communications
 Artemis program, NASA's return to the Moon
Laser communication in space

References

External links
 LunaNet Interoperability Specification Documents
 NASA's Lunar Communications Relay and Navigation Systems (LCRNS)

NASA
Spacecraft communication

LunaNet


The Journal of Medicinal Chemistry is a biweekly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in medicinal chemistry. It is published by the American Chemical Society. It was established in 1959 as the Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and obtained its current name in 1963. Philip S. Portoghese served as editor-in-chief from 1972 to 2011. In 2012, Gunda Georg (University of Minnesota) and Shaomeng Wang (University of Michigan) succeeded Portoghese (University of Minnesota). In 2021, Craig W. Lindsley (Vanderbilt University) became editor-in-chief. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 8.039, ranking it 1st out of 61 journals in the category "Chemistry, Medicinal".

See also
ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters

References

External links

American Chemical Society academic journals
Medicinal chemistry journals
Biweekly journals
Academic journals established in 1959
English-language journals

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry


South East Queensland (SEQ) is a bio-geographical, metropolitan, political and administrative region of the state of Queensland in Australia, with a population of approximately 3.8 million people out of the state's population of 5.1 million. The area covered by South East Queensland varies, depending on the definition of the region, though it tends to include Queensland's three largest cities: the capital city Brisbane; the Gold Coast; and the Sunshine Coast. Its most common use is for political purposes, and covers  and incorporates 11 local government areas, extending  from Noosa in the north to the Gold Coast and New South Wales border in the south (some sources include Tweed Heads, New South Wales which is contiguous as an urban area with Brisbane/Gold Coast), and  west to Toowoomba (which is simultaneously considered part of the Darling Downs region).

South East Queensland was the first part of Queensland to be settled and explored by Europeans. Settlements initially arose in the Brisbane and Ipswich areas with activity by European immigrants spreading in all directions from there.  Various industries such as timber cutting and agriculture quickly developed at locations around the region from the 1840s onwards.  Transport links have been shaped by the range of terrain found in South East Queensland.

The economy of South East Queensland supports and relies on a wide diversity of agricultural manufacturing industries, commerce and tourism. The region has an integrated public transport system, Translink. The gross domestic product is $170 billion.

Definitions
The term South East Queensland has no equivalent political representation. The area covers many lower house seats at the federal and state levels. As Queensland has no upper house, there are no Legislative Council provinces or regions to bear the name either.

South Eastern Queensland, as an interim Australian bioregion, comprises  and includes the Moreton Basin, South Burnett, and the Scenic Rim along with ten other biogeographic subregions. It extends as far north as Gladstone, and south into north-eastern New South Wales.

History

South East Queensland was home to around 20,000 Aboriginals prior to British occupation.  The local tribes of the area were the Yugarapul of the Central Brisbane area; the Yugambeh people whose traditional lands ranged from South of the Logan River, down to the Tweed River and west to the McPherson Ranges; the Quandamooka people whose traditional lands encompassed the Moreton Bay Islands to the mouth of the Brisbane River to Tingalpa and south to the Logan River; and the Gubbi Gubbi people whose traditional lands were known to exist north of the Pine River, to Burrum River in the north, and west to the Conondale ranges.  According to history researchers the Aboriginal population declined to around 10,000 over the next 60 years.

Early explorers in the area including Matthew Flinders, Allan Cunningham, John Oxley and Patrick Logan. Around 1839, European settlers were able to move into the region. Logging was the first industry to develop.  The first railway built in Queensland linked Grandchester to Ipswich in 1865 along a narrow 1067 mm gauge.

Major floods were experienced in 1893, 1974, 2011 and 2022. In 2005, the region suffered its worst drought in recorded history.

Geography

Queensland's fifth highest peak, Mount Superbus, is located in the south of the region. The Cunningham Highway passes southwest to the Darling Downs via Cunninghams Gap. Several highways including the Bruce Highway, Warrego Highway and the Pacific Motorway link to the adjoining regions.

The region is mountainous. McPherson Range, Teviot Range, D'Aguilar Range, Little Liverpool Range, Blackall Range as well as the Springbrook Plateau and Tamborine Mountain Plateau.  Isolated volcanic peaks are found at Moogerah Peaks and the Glass House Mountains.  Along the coast are several large islands including Bribie Island, Moreton Island and North Stradbroke Island with many smaller islands in Moreton Bay.  Several major water supply and flood mitigation dams have been constructed here. The Western Corridor Recycled Water Scheme and Gold Coast Desalination Plant were built to counter the effects of drought in South East Queensland. Just over half the land is used for grazing.  South East Queensland is flood-prone.

Local government areas

South East Queensland includes 12 adjoining local government areas (LGAs). Generally, the agglomeration/region consists of the metropolis of Brisbane (2.5 million inhabitants) and the Gold Coast (0.6 million inhabitants), Sunshine Coast (0.33 million inhabitants), Toowoomba (0.13 million inhabitants) and the Shire of Noosa (0.06 million inhabitants):

The Tweed Shire is actually within NSW but is often included in planning processes for SEQ. While not officially part of the Translink public transport network, Surfside Buses run a seamless service across the border that appears to passengers as though it is integrated.

A highly effective integrated ticketing system for public transport has averted transport gridlock in the region.

Major cities
The region is a complex, regional hybrid linking the Brisbane metropolitan area with several surrounding cities.  South East Queensland includes the following cities:
 Brisbane, Queensland's capital and largest city. Brisbane's metropolitan area includes the following local government areas:
City of Brisbane, the most populous local government area in the nation
City of Ipswich, home to Queensland's oldest provincial city and industrial centre, in the south-west
City of Logan, a largely residential and light industrial area in the south-east
City of Moreton Bay, a largely residential area to the north, which includes the Redcliffe Peninsula
Redland City, a residential and acreage area in the coastal south-east
 Gold Coast, Queensland's premier tourist destination and surfing mecca to the south of Brisbane.
 Sunshine Coast, another major tourist area to the north of Brisbane.
 Toowoomba, nicknamed 'The Garden City', the most populous inland city in the country after the national capital, Canberra.

New developments are currently underway at Springfield, Ecco Ripley, Yarrabilba and Flagstone. Some geographers suggest several more master-planned communities will be needed to cater for the expected population growth rates.

Airports
 Brisbane Airport – The major international gateway to the region offering services direct to California, Asia, Oceania and the Middle East.
 Gold Coast Airport – The second major gateway is one of Australia's fastest growing airport offering services to Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and Indonesia.
 Sunshine Coast Airport – An airport offering services to Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide, with international flights to New Zealand during the peak summer season.
 Toowoomba Wellcamp Airport – The first privately funded major airport in the country. Services the Toowoomba and surrounding Darling Downs region, with a view to becoming a major international freight hub.
 Archerfield Airport – a general aviation airport located approximately 11 km south of the Brisbane CBD.
 Redcliffe Airport – a general aviation airport located on the Redcliffe Peninsula approximately 28 km from the Brisbane CBD.
 RAAF Base Amberley – the largest operational base of the air force in Australia located in south-western Ipswich approximately 50 km from the Brisbane CBD.

Industry

The region exports a number of crop products including broccoli, onion, Chinese cabbage, sweet corn and celery.  A sizeable vegetable industry is established in the Lockyer Valley. Timber cutting, mining and a range of agricultural pursuits including dairying were once prominent in South East Queensland.  Tourism, in part due to Brisbane serving as major transport and export hub and destinations such as the Gold Coast and the availability of land for industry, has grown in recent decades together with specialised skills in professional services and manufacturing.

Car dependency has a risen when the location of jobs in areas such as health and education are at distance from where the majority live.  Road transport in Brisbane relies on the car as the dominant form of transport.

Demographics
As of 2014, the population of South East Queensland is estimated to be approximately 3.4 million, meaning that between one in six and one in seven Australians call the region home. The regional population is heavily urbanised and concentrated along the coast. The three largest population centres of Brisbane, Gold Coast and the Sunshine Coast account for 90 per cent of the region's population. In the year to June 2020, the City of Ipswich was the fastest growing local government area in Queensland.

Immigration and population growth
South East Queensland is one of the fastest-growing regions in Australia. Growth in the state is fueled principally by migration from the southern states and overseas.  In 2010, South East Queensland's population grew by an average of about 1,200 new residents each week.

Between 1991 and 2016 the population rose from 1.9 million residents to 3.3 million. South East Queensland is expected to be home to 4.4 million by 2031. A 2010 report concluded that the region will reach 5.5 million people by 2051.

The population growth rate in SEQ was more than twice the rate of the rest of Queensland over the past 2 decades. More than 80% of population growth in the state between 1999-2019 occurred in SEQ.

Population growth was putting pressure on schools and hospitals in the region in 2021.

Regional planning

South East Queensland's future development will be heavily based on the South East Queensland Regional Plan, released by the Queensland state government in 2005. The regional plan covers the period from 2009–2031 and focuses on slowing development along the coast, in order to prevent creating a 200 km city, and instead aim for growth in the west, in particular around Springfield and Beaudesert.  Infrastructure planning in South East Queensland is almost exclusively designed to facilitate trans-metropolitan travel and reduce traffic congestion.

The region's big picture planning document was updated for the third time in 2017 with the release of South East Queensland Regional Plan, Shaping SEQ. Shaping SEQ was reviewed in 2023 because of rapid population growth in South East Queensland.

Environment

Predominantly rural landscapes lie to the west of the urbanised coastal centres. The Lockyer Valley, a major agricultural area referred to as "South East Queensland's Salad Bowl", lies outside Brisbane. Many World Heritage listed rainforests are located along the region's southern border ranges, an area known as the Scenic Rim, such as Lamington National Park and Main Range National Park.

Within the region, the koala is listed as vulnerable.  In South East Queensland the koala is threatened by habitat loss, disease such as chlamydiosis and increased mortality due to domestic animals and motor vehicles.  The Australian Koala Foundation says the animal is threatened by mining and land development. Numbers in Redland City have seen a dramatic decline in recent years. The state government launched the Koala Conservation Plan in 2006. The plan involved the rehabilitation of cleared areas, domestic dogs containment and koala signage. Another initiative was launched in 2010 to protect and rehabilitate koala habitats by tree planting and the construction of koala friendly fencing.

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change SEQ is one of Australia's regions most vulnerable to climate change.  After many years of water restrictions due to severe drought, the Government of Queensland lifted restrictions across the whole of South East Queensland on 1 January 2013.

A fire ant outbreak is underway in South East Queensland. In 2022, 60 new suburbs around Brisbane, Moreton Bay, and the Scenic Rim were added to the biosecurity zone as part of a national fire ant eradication program.

See also

 Australian rules football in South East Queensland
 Daylight Saving for South East Queensland
 Rail transport in South East Queensland
 Shopping Centres in South East Queensland

References

External links

 South East Queensland Wikibook
South East Queensland Council of Mayors
Shaping SEQ: South East Queensland Regional Plan 2017, Queensland Government
Peter Fischmann photographs of Brisbane and South-East Queensland, State Library of Queensland

Biogeography of Queensland

South East Queensland


Sir Charles Mackerras, (born 17 November 1925; died 14 July 2010) was an Australian conductor. He was very famous for his conducting of operas, especially the operas of Janáček and Mozart, and the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan.

Mackerras was born in Schenectady, New York, and was brought up in Sydney, Australia. He went to the New South Wales Conservatory to study oboe, piano and composing. He became an oboe player with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra during World War II, and was made the principal oboist in 1946. He conducted the orchestra at the opening of the Sydney Opera House in 1973. Five years later he was the first Australian conductor to be the orchestra's principal conductor.

Mackerras received many honours, including Companion of the Order of Australia, Order of the Companions of Honour, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1979).

He died from cancer in London, where he lived for many years.

Discography
Studio albums
 Gilbert & Sullivan: The Pirates of Penzance (1993)
 Mozart: Don Giovanni (1996)

References

1925 births
2010 deaths
People from Schenectady, New York
Australian conductors
Grammy Award winners
Oboists
Order of Australia
Gilbert and Sullivan

Charles Mackerras


Pan Pingge (; 1610–1677), was a notable Chinese philosopher during the late-Ming and early-Qing period.

Biography
Pan was born in Cixi City, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province in late Ming Dynasty in 1610. His courtesy name was Yongwei (用微).

During the Shunzhi Era, Pan lived in Shanying (Traditional/Simplified Chinese: 山陰/山阴; current Shaoxing), Zhejiang Province for ten years. Later Pan became a lecturer in Kunshan (昆山; current Suzhou), Jiangsu Province.

Philosophy
Pan chronologically studied and inspected the philosophies of Cheng-Zhu, Lu-Wang, and Buddhist philosophy (especially the Zen buddhism). Pan discovered some subtle conflicts between these philosophical schools, and thought the Neo-confucianism developed in Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties were quite derivatives from the original thoughts or principles of Confucius and Mencius.

Pan criticized that Neo-confucianism mixed too much Zen buddhism, thus called those confucian scholars the "Monks of the Confucian Temple".

Pan considered that Cheng-Zhu School philosophically debated with Lu-Wang School is a kind of using Taoism to attack Buddhism (以老攻佛), and vice versa (以佛攻老).

Pan's philosophy was searching for the humanity (求仁), and he emphasized to search truth or true knowledge from daily living and practice. Pan proposed the theories of one integrated mass (渾然一體/浑然一体) and the sight from the true mind (見在真心/见在真心).

Works
Books:
 Searching for Humanity (《求仁录》)
 Summary of Pan's Searching for Humanity (《潘子求仁录辑要》), 10 volumes, by his students
 Innovations of the Four Classics (《四书发明》) (The four classics stand for the Four Books of Confucianism, namely the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Analects of Confucius, and the Mencius)
 The Critique of Two Schools (《辨二氏之学》) (Two schools are two main Neo-confucian schools, the Cheng-Zhu School and the Lu-Wang School)

Main references
 Biography of Pan Pingge, from Ningbo civic archive of Qing Dynasty
 Brief Biography of Pan Pingge, from Huaxia.com

Papers:
 Religious Dimension of the Xiaojing Discourse in the Late Ming, by Miaw-fen Lu
 On Pan Pingge's Practical Ideology, by Pan Qizao

1610 births
1677 deaths
Ming dynasty philosophers
Writers from Ningbo
Qing dynasty philosophers
Ming dynasty essayists
Qing dynasty essayists
Philosophers from Zhejiang
17th-century Chinese philosophers

Pan Pingge


Aventuras En El Tiempo En Vivo is a second soundtrack for the Mexican television series Aventuras En El Tiempo ("Adventures In Time"), it was released in Mexico by Fonovisa. This was the second material recorded thanks to the same telenovela, the which contains themes different at previous, and something similar but in different versions, the sales were spectacular in the same way the big final of closing of the telenovela in the Fundidora Park in Monterrey. The CD contains the music in live from the serie performed for the cast, including Belinda, Christopher, Maribel Guardia, Ernesto D'alesio.

Track listing

Television soundtracks
2001 soundtrack albums

Aventuras en el tiempo en vivo


The year 1813 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings and structures

Buildings

 The Theatre Royal, Plymouth, England, designed by John Foulston, is opened.
 3 Abbey Road, London (later a recording studio)
 Executive Mansion, Richmond, Virginia, official residence of the governor of Virginia in the United States, designed by Alexander Parris, is completed
 Palacio de Mineria in Mexico City, designed by Manuel Tolsá, is completed.
 Façade of Milan Cathedral, designed by Pellicani, is completed.

Awards
 Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Auguste Caristie

Births
 January 6 – Charles Lanyon, English architect associated with Belfast (died 1889)
 February 23 – Ferdinand Stadler, Swiss architect (died 1870)
 July 21 – Jakub Bursa, Czech architect, folk artist and builder (died 1884)
 December 6 – August Sicard von Sicardsburg, Austrian architect (died 1868)
 date unknown – John Skipton Mulvany, Irish architect (died 1870)

Deaths
 June 6
 Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, French architect (born 1739)
 Antonio Cachia, Maltese architect, civil and military engineer and archaeologist (born 1739)
 date unknown – Michael Searles, English Regency commercial architect (born 1750)

Architecture
Years in architecture
19th-century architecture

1813 in architecture


Nikolai Vladimirovich Skoblin (; 9 June 1892 – 1938?) was a general in the White Russian army, a senior operative in the émigré expatriate Russian All-Military Union (ROVS) and a recruited Soviet spy, who acted as an intermediary between the NKVD and the Gestapo in the Tukhachevsky affair and was instrumental in the abduction of the ROVS chairman Gen Yevgeny Miller in Paris in 1937. He was married to the Russian singer Nadezhda Plevitskaya. A number of important details about his cooperation with the USSR′s intelligence agencies as well as exact circumstances of his death have remained controversial and contested.

Early life and Russian Civil War
Skoblin was a cavalry officer in Lavr Kornilov′s Division of the White Russian Army during the Russian Civil War, 1918–1920.

It is believed that he met his wife, Nadezhda Plevitskaya, during the war. Plevitskaya was a committed Bolshevik considered to be a great beauty, who had been traveling the front singing and entertaining Red Army troops.

On 26 March 1920, aged 26, as the commander of the Kornilov Division within the Russian Army (under the command of Gen Pyotr Wrangel) he became Major General. After Wrangel's army defeat in November 1920, he evacuated to the Gallipoli, later moved to Bulgaria.

In exile

When in Bulgaria, in 1923, he was relieved of the position of commander of the Kornilov regiment (formed in the Gallipoli on the basis of the Kornilov Division's evacuees). Skoblin and his wife moved to Paris, where in 1929 he was reinstated as commander of Kornilov regiment by Gen Alexander Kutepov, chairman of the Russian All-Military Union (ROVS).

Nikolai Skoblin and his wife were recruited to the OGPU by his former regimental comrade in Paris in September 1930 and received code name Farmer. Skoblin was meanwhile gaining importance in the ROVS′ ranks and in 1935 he headed up the ROVS′ counter-intelligence branch, the Inner Line.

Nikolai Skoblin played a key role in the joint operation by Germany and NKVD against Soviet Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky, who, along with other senior Red Army commanders, was tried and executed on orders from Joseph Stalin in 1937. Skoblin contacted Reinhard Heydrich who manufactured documents about Tukhachevsky being a German spy, which were transferred to the Soviet top leadership by Skoblin. This story was originally uncovered by Soviet intelligence defector Walter Krivitsky in his 1939 book In Stalin's Secret Service; Walter Schellenberg in his memoirs published in 1956 wrote about Germany's intentional denunciation of Tukhachevsky, with Edvard Beneš being used a channel of this disinformation passed to Stalin.

On 22 September 1937, Skoblin, operating under the direction of deputy chief of Soviet foreign intelligence Sergey Spigelglas, lured the ROVS chairman Yevgeny Miller into an NKVD safe apartment for a meeting with two supposedly German officers. In reality, they were Soviet intelligence officers, Shpigelglas and NKVD Paris rezident Kislov. Miller was drugged and smuggled aboard a Soviet ship in Le Havre to Moscow, where he was tortured and finally executed on 11 May 1939. (Copies of letters written by Miller, while he was imprisoned in Moscow, are in the Dmitri Volkogonov papers at the Library of Congress.)

However, the NKVD's plan to have Skoblin promoted to presidency of the ROVS was thwarted, as Miller had been suspicious about Skoblin and the meeting, therefore he left behind a note with details of the meeting to be opened if he failed to return.

Death
There is no reliable information about the circumstances Skoblin's death.

According to Pavel Sudoplatov, Skoblin, aided by Soviet intelligence officer Leiba Feldbin (Orlov), escaped to Spain and died in Republican-held Barcelona during a bombing raid.

Plevitskaya was put on trial and convicted by the French authorities as an accomplice to the kidnapping and presumed murder of Miller. She died in French prison in 1940.

In the media
Skoblin's and Plevitskaya's story was fictionalized by Vladimir Nabokov, who had known Plevitskaya in Berlin, in his first English language story, "The Assistant Producer", in January 1943. It was also the basis of the French movie Triple Agent (2004) directed by Éric Rohmer. The Miller abduction and Skoblin's relationship with Max Eitingon was the subject of a rancorous squabble between Stephen Schwartz and Theodore Draper in the pages of the New York Review of Books in April 1988.

In addition, the kidnapping of General Miller is also fictionalized in Nikita Mikhalkov's award-winning film Burnt by the Sun. In the film the character known as "Mitya" (Oleg Menshikov) is a former White Army officer turned NKVD agent. Posing as a pianist in Paris, Mitya is described as having delivered eight White Generals to the NKVD. All are described as having been kidnapped, returned to Moscow and shot without trial. One of the generals is given the name "Weiner."

Notes and citations

References

Books

Victor Alexandrov, The Tukhachevsky Affair, Prentice-Hall, 1963. ASIN B0006D5JSY
John Costello and Oleg Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, Crown, 1993
Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front, Frederick A. Praeger, 1954 ASIN B0007EFR8Y ; Enigma Books (September 1, 2003)
Igor Lukes, Czechoslovakia Between Stalin and Hitler, Oxford University Press, 1996
Walter Krivitsky, In Stalin's Secret Service, Enigma Books, 2000
Alexander Orlov, The March of Time, St. Ermins Press, 2004.
Walter Schellenberg, The Labyrinth, Harper and Bros, 1956.
Pavel Sudoplatov, Special Tasks, Little, Brown and Company, 1994.
Ally Hauptmann-Gurski, La Plevitskaya, Author's Publication, 2011 edition  (2006  out of print)

External links
НИКОЛАЙ СКОБЛИН (1893–1937) // 100 великих разведчиков by Igor Damaskin.

1892 births
1938 deaths
Russian generals
Russian people of World War I
White movement generals
Russian All-Military Union members
Soviet spies
NKVD officers
People killed in the Spanish Civil War
Deaths by airstrike

Nikolai Skoblin


The International Express (; ) is an express train between Bangkok, Thailand and Padang Besar, Malaysia. The train formerly traveled to Butterworth, Penang.

This train's passenger cars include 2nd-class air conditioned sleepers, and an air conditioned dining car. Diesel electric locomotives such as HID (Hitachi - 2500 HP) and GEA (General Electric - 2500 HP) are used to Haul this express between Padang Besar and Hat Yai.

History
The original name of this train was Southern Express. It was introduced on 2 January 1922 with sleeping cars, double-headed by two E-class locomotives, and ran every Monday (increased to twice a week, Wednesday and Saturday, by 1930) from Bangkok Noi railway station (now Thon Buri railway station). The terminus has changed from Bangkok Noi to Bangkok after the opening of Rama VI Bridge on 1 January 1927. It was a reduced Wednesday-only service from 1940 to 1945.

The service was temporarily suspended from 15 March 1950 to 2 January 1954 due to war damage on the Southern line by bombs from Allied Forces during WWII as well as the insurgencies in southern Thailand and northern Malaya. The destruction of the Rama VI Bridge had compelled State Railway of Thailand (SRT) (replaced Royal State Railways (RSR) from 16 August 1939 to 1945) to use Thon Buri (Bangkok Noi) as the terminal for the International Express and the Hat Yai Express from 2 January 1944.

The Hat Yai Express (Bangkok - Hat Yai) was substituted during the reduction of international service as well as during the suspension of international services even though it was introduced on 3 April 1939 (every Friday) to meet increasing demand from those who lived in southern provinces. The Hat Yai Express was extended to Su-ngai Kolok in January 1942. It was back to Hat Yai after 1945.

The international service was resumed on the old schedule on 2 January 1954 after concluding a cross border treaty between SRT and the Federated Malay States Railways (FMSR).

Once there were enough diesel locomotives, the International Express ran daily. From 1966 to 1978 the service ran three times a week between Bangkok and Prai via Padang Besar (extended to Butterworth in 1967), and four times a week between Bangkok and Tumpat via Sungai Golok.  After 1978, the International Express ran between Bangkok and Butterworth via Padang Besar only. The substitute the service to Tumpat is the Bangkok - Su-ngai Kolok express (see Thaksin Express).

Timetable
Since 2016, following the opening of the Electric Train Service on the Malaysian side, the International Express is truncated at Padang Besar railway station on the Malaysia–Thailand border; Thai trains no longer travel to Butterworth since then. Passengers are hence required to switch from the Thai diesel trains to the Malayan Railways electric trains, and vice versa at Padang Besar station.

In general trains depart Bangkok (Southbound Train 45) and Padang Besar (Northbound Train 46) daily. The journey takes roughly 18 hours. Between Bangkok and Hat Yai, the Train is Coupled at the South End of Special Express No. 37 and No. 38 on the Return Journey. No. 45 is separated from No. 37 at Hat Yai, to head for their different Destinations, and No. 46 is Reconnected to No. 38 at Hat Yai, to head for their same Destinations, Bangkok. However, Train No. 45 and No. 46's Timetable does not appear on Google Maps.

Route

The train passes cities and towns along the eastern gulf coast of southern Thailand on the upper Malay peninsula. These include Nakhon Pathom, Hua Hin, Surat Thani, Hat Yai. The train crosses the Thai-Malaysian border and stop at Padang Besar.

References

Schedule for International Special Express 35
Schedule for International Special Express 36
KTMB Schedule for North & South Line, includes International Express 35 and 36

International named passenger trains
Passenger rail transport in Malaysia
Night trains

International Express


László Nagy (born 3 March 1981) is a former Hungarian handball player who played for Telekom Veszprém, FC Barcelona, Pick Szeged and the Hungarian national team.

Among his achievements at club level are several Spanish championships and cup titles and he also won the EHF Champions League, the top continental competition in Europe two times (2005, 2011). With the Hungarian national team, Nagy's best results are two fourth places from the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics

Nagy was voted by the readers of the handball journal Handball Planet as the world's best male player in 2011.

On 10 May 2019 after 22 years of professional career, Laszló announced his retirement  and took over as the sports director of Telekom Veszprém from the summer of 2019.

Career

Club
He was born in Székesfehérvár and moved with his family to Szeged when he was a year old. His father was a professional basketball player, and Nagy began with basketball too.

He first played handball in elementary school; he was then a Hungarian international in both sports for his age group. When he was sixteen, he was given the option to move to the United States to become a professional basketball player, however, he decided to stay and pursue his handball career. His first professional club was Pick Szeged, where he came through the ranks quickly and made his senior debut in 1997.

His performances attracted the attention of many clubs, including FC Barcelona Handbol. Their head coach, Valero Rivera travelled to Hungary to meet with Nagy personally in 2000. The two agreed to an eight-year contract, and the right back switched to Barcelona officially in August 2000. With the Spanish team he developed into a quality player, known for his creative play, excellent passing skills and powerful shots. He played for the club for over ten years and has won almost all possible titles with them, both on the domestic and continental level, including the EHF Champions League trophy in 2005 and 2011.

International
He has represented Hungary from the youngest age group onward. He won a bronze medal in the Youth European Championship in 1997 and in the Junior European Championship 1998, and was crowned champion in the Youth European Championship in 1999. He made his full international debut in 1999 and participated in the 1999 World Championship. He played in a further six World Championships (2003, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2017, 2019) and four European Championships (2004, 2006, 2008, 2016). His greatest success at the international level is his fourth place at both the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens and 2012 Olympic Games in London. He captained the national team between 2004 and 2009, and at the 2016 European and the 2017 World Championship.

Although, having announced his retirement from the national squad on 9 October 2017, he represented Hungary two more times against Slovenia during the play-off of the European qualification for the 2019 World Men's Handball Championship as it was widely believed that the outcome of the play-off would significantly determine the forthcoming years of Hungarian men's handball. Despite being the underdog, Hungary managed to qualify and finished 10th at the tournament.

In 2005, he was picked for the World Selection team, that played against Spain in Madrid. Nagy was selected in the starting line-up and scored three goals in the match, which was won by Spain by 42 to 30. Nagy was also part of the team in 2017.

National team controversy

After 21 June 2009, Nagy refused to play for the Hungarian national team, claiming several reasons for this, which severely disappointed the fans. At the time it was rumoured that he might gain Spanish citizenship and represent Spain in later competitions, but Nagy refuted this allegation many times.

Finally, on 2 November 2010, he shared his thoughts and motives in an open letter. He explained that he found the conditions were far from ideal and the insurance issue also needed to be solved. He also said he had had talks with Hungarian Handball Federation chairman László Sinka, in late 2009, and was told that things were going to change. However, they did not, and Nagy stated that as long as the attitude stayed the same, he would not play for Hungary.

The talks continued after the 2011 World Championship and a final deadline was set on 15 February, for the sides to reach an agreement. Nagy did not wait until then but made it public on 10 February, that he had no desire to represent Hungary again.

In the summer of 2012, after the necessary three years without a single international appearance passed, Nagy became eligible to play for Spain. Subsequently he was made an offer to take Spanish citizenship and participate at the coming Olympic Games. However, at the same time, Nagy received a contract offer from Hungarian powerhouse MKB Veszprém KC, which he accepted, claiming he planned his future in Hungary. Given the situation, Nagy eventually refused the Spanish citizenship and decided to play for Hungary. Nagy made his international return on 10 June 2012 in a 27–21 World Championship qualifier victory over Norway, contributing with six goals to the success. He then played for the Hungarian team at the 2012 Summer Olympics. The team finished in fourth position.

Personal life
His brother, Levente Nagy is also a professional handball player; he plays for Hungarian First Division side Kecskeméti SE. He has also been selected, as goalkeeper, for the Hungarian national team.

He is married with a fitness model, Szilvia Sónyák.

His former wife, Erika, gave birth to his child, Debora, on 20 June 2007.

Achievements
Nemzeti Bajnokság I:
Winner: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019
Bronze Medallist: 1998, 1999, 2000
Magyar Kupa:
Winner: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
SEHA League:
Winner: 2015, 2016
Liga ASOBAL:
Winner: 2003, 2006, 2011, 2012
Silver Medallist: 2001, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010
Copa del Rey:
Winner: 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010
Silver Medallist: 2002, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2011
Copa ASOBAL:
Winner: 2001, 2002, 2010, 2012
Silver Medallist: 2003, 2004, 2009, 2011
Supercopa ASOBAL:
Winner: 2003, 2006, 2008, 2009
Silver Medallist: 2004, 2009, 2010, 2011
EHF Champions League:
Winner: 2005, 2011
Finalist: 2001, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2019
Semi-finalist: 2008, 2014, 2017
EHF Cup:
Winner: 2003
Finalist: 2002
EHF Champions Trophy:
Winner: 2003
Youth European Championship:
Winner: 1999
Bronze Medallist: 1997
Junior European Championship:
Bronze Medallist: 1998

Individual awards
Hungarian Handballer of the Year: 2009, 2013, 2015, 2016
 Golden Cross of the Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2012)
All-Star Team Right Back of the World Championship (2013)
All-Star Right Back of the EHF Champions League: 2013
 Hungarian Best Defensive Player Of The Year: 2017

References

External links

Official Website of László Nagy
Profile on FC Barcelona website

1981 births
Living people
Hungarian male handball players
Olympic handball players for Hungary
Handball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
FC Barcelona Handbol players
Liga ASOBAL players
Sportspeople from Székesfehérvár
Expatriate handball players
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Veszprém KC players
SC Pick Szeged players

László Nagy (handballer)


The Capt. John Clark House is a historic house on the east side of Connecticut Route 169, south of Canterbury, Connecticut.  This c, 1800 enlargement of an older house is a finely crafted example of a locally distinctive style known as the "Canterbury style".  The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

Description and history
The Captain John Clark House is located in a rural setting of southern Canterbury, on the east side of Connecticut 169 south of its junction with Phinney Lane.  It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a clapboarded exterior.  It is distinguished by a hip roof with a balustraded center, and entrances on two facades (in this case the south and street-facing west facades) both of which are framed by elegant woodwork.  The building corners are pilastered, its cornice and rake line are modillioned, and its western entry is sheltered by a portico supported by Doric columns, and capped by a gable at the roof line.

One historian, RIchard Dana, dates construction of this house to 1790, while others ascribe it to the early years of the 19th century.  What is known is that in 1801, Captain John Clark, a ship's captain, purchased a house standing here from someone named Dyer.  Either Clark or Dyer was responsible for bringing the house, an older 18th century construction, to its present appearance; the balance of historical opinion seeming to favor Clark, who is also generally credited with construction of the nearby Prudence Crandall House.  The hip roof, Palladian window, and gable over the entry are all characteristics of the "Canterbury style" of Federal architecture, of which this house is a particularly good example.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Windham County, Connecticut

References

Houses completed in 1790
Canterbury, Connecticut
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Georgian architecture in Connecticut
Houses in Windham County, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Windham County, Connecticut

Capt. John Clark House


Wilgie Mia, also called Thuwarri Thaa ('red ochre hole') is an ochre mine in the Weld Range of Western Australia. It has been in use for 27,000-40,000 years, during which an estimated  of ochre and rock was mined. This has led to suggestions that Wilgie Mia is the world's oldest continuing mining operation.

The Mine
Wilgie Mia is the largest and deepest historic Aboriginal ochre mine in Australia. It is located in a hillside of the Weld Range, near the northwest town of Cue. Worked to a depth of 20 metres, scaffolds had lined the seam face beyond an opening 30 metres across. Archaeological excavations have recovered tools and equipment used in the exploitation of the resource.

Wilgie Mia and its surrounding area are of major and ongoing cultural significance and sacredness to the Wajarri Yamatji people and their neighbours. The local creation story tells that the red ochre at Wilgie Mia was formed by the blood of a red kangaroo who died there.

Use of Ochre from Wilgie Mia
Ochre has been an important commodity in the history of Australia, and Wilgie Mia produced large amounts of both red and yellow pigments. A range of colours and high durability are found in the constituent clays of the ochre mined at Wilgie Mia. These are residual to a geological process involving haematite (Fe2O3) and other iron rich compounds.

Scientific analysis of ochre reveals the extensive use of Wilgie Mia ochre throughout Western Australia. Wilgie Mia ochre has been used in the production of rock art and other painting practices throughout many regions of Australia.

Recent History
Between the 1940s and the 1970s, Aboriginal miners were temporarily dispersed by miners of European heritage. The mine continues to export ochre as a commercial pigment. Aboriginal miners also continue to extract ochre for use in ceremonies, art and healing practices.

Wilgie Mia was added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2011. In 2018 the Wajarri Yamatji people obtained exclusive possession native title of the site.

References

Iron ore mines in Western Australia
Australian Aboriginal art
Underground mines in Australia
Mid West (Western Australia)
Australian National Heritage List

Wilgie Mia