Sir Louis Mallet CB PC (14 March 1823 – 16 February 1890) was a British civil servant who was an advocate of free trade and served on the Council of India.

Career
Louis Mallet was born in Hampstead, grandson of Jacques Mallet du Pan and son of John Lewis Mallet who had been Secretary to the  Commissioners for Auditing the Public Accounts (predecessor of the National Audit Office) since 1806. He was educated privately and at the age of 16 his father found him a place as a clerk in his own office. He spent eight years in the Audit Office and in 1847 transferred to the Board of Trade where he soon became private secretary to the President of the Board, serving Henry Labouchere 1848–52 and Lord Stanley 1855–57.

In 1860 Mallet was appointed an assistant commissioner under Richard Cobden for drawing up detailed tariffs under the Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce (the Cobden–Chevalier Treaty) which had been signed in January 1860. Cobden was much impressed by Mallet and he by Cobden, and Mallet became a strong advocate of free trade, and a founder member of the Cobden Club after Cobden's death. In 1865 Mallet was sent to Vienna to take a leading part in organising an Anglo-Austrian commercial treaty, which was signed in December 1865, though Mallet remained in Vienna until 1867 for follow-up negotiations.

In 1872 the Duke of Argyll, then Secretary of State for India, nominated Mallet to the Council of India. In 1874 he was appointed Permanent Under-Secretary of State for India, a position left vacant by the death of his first cousin Herman Merivale.  He remained in that post until his retirement in 1883, touring India in 1875–76, which was facilitated by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Mallet served on a royal commission on the laws relating to copyright in 1876, and was a commissioner for the British representation at the Paris exhibition of 1878. In the same year he and Lord Reay represented India at a Monetary Conference in Paris, convened as a result of a fall in the price of silver relative to gold. Mallet retired in 1883 but was recalled in 1887 to serve for a short period on a Royal Commission on Precious Metals.

Family

In 1858 Mallet married Frances Helen Pellew (daughter of Rev. Edward William Pellew and Marianne Winthrop, and granddaughter of Admiral Sir Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth) and they had four sons, including Bernard Mallet, Louis du Pan Mallet and Eugene Hugo Mallett.

He is buried in Brookwood Cemetery.

Honours
Louis Mallet was appointed CB in 1866 and knighted in 1868. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1883.

Publications
The political opinions of Richard Cobden, Macmillan, London, 1869
The national income and taxation, Cassell, London, 1884
Free Exchange. Papers on political and economical subjects, including chapters on the law of value and unearned increment (ed. Bernard Mallet), Kegan Paul, London, 1891.
The Political Writings of Richard Cobden, Unwin, London, 1903
Cobden's work and opinions (with Lord Welby), Cobden Club, London, 1904

References
Mallet, Bernard, Sir Louis Mallet – A Record of Public Service and Political Ideals, James Nisbet & Co., London, 1905
Williams, Donovan, Mallet, Sir Louis (1823–1890), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 21 Sept 2012
Death Of Sir Louis Mallet (obituary), The Times, London, 18 February 1890, page 5

Notes

External links

1823 births
1890 deaths
Civil servants in the Audit Office (United Kingdom)
Civil servants in the Board of Trade
Private secretaries in the British Civil Service
Members of the Council of India
Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for India
Knights Bachelor
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
English people of French descent
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery

Louis Mallet


John Nanfan (1634–1716) was a Lieutenant Governor of the Province of New York from 1698 to 1702.  He served as acting governor for about a year between the death of the Earl of Bellomont and the arrival of Bellomont's successor, Lord Cornbury.  During the Glorious Revolution in 1688 he served as a captain in William of Orange's invasion army with Bellomont, who was his uncle by marriage.

Nanfan was born in Birtsmorton, Worcestershire, joined the British Army, rising to rank of captain.

While Nanfan was acting as governor of New York in 1701, he made a peace treaty with the Iroquois. According to the text, the Five Nations formally deeded what they considered to be their western lands, extending from present-day western New York to Chicago, Illinois, to King William of England. The Five Nations had conquered much of this area in the 1670s with firearms during the later Beaver Wars, although in fact by 1701, had already lost effective control of most of it again to Algonquian tribes assisted by the French, who then had the strongest actual military presence in the region.  Despite this Iroquois sale of all the lands they had recently lost, the English made no practical attempt to settle them, although the treaty was later used in conflicts with the French to assert British sovereignty in them.

Nanfan married a woman from Barbados.  Upon the arrival of Lord Cornbury in 1702, Nanfan's political enemies had him arrested for alleged malfeasance in office.  He was ordered released by the king after a year and a half in prison, after which he managed to again evade arrest and make his way to England by 1705 and died in Greenwich in 1716.

References

Manual of the corporation of the city of New York
Webb. Lord Churchill's Coup

Governors of the Province of New York
1634 births
1716 deaths

John Nanfan


Caledonia is a serif typeface designed by William Addison Dwiggins in 1938 for the Mergenthaler Linotype Company and commonly used in book design. As a transitional serif design, one inspired by the Scotch Roman typefaces of the early nineteenth century, Caledonia has a contrasting design of alternating thick and thin strokes, a design that stresses the vertical axis and sharp, regular serifs on ascenders and descenders.

Dwiggins chose the name Caledonia, the Roman name for Scotland, to express the face's basis on Scotch Roman typefaces. However, though Dwiggins began with the thought of copying the classical Scotch Romans, eventually he drew more inspiration from the Bulmer design of William Martin.  The G is open and the R has a curved tail. The t is unbracketed. Italic characters p and q have no foot serif. The character set, as drawn by Dwiggins was wide, including ranging (old style) figures, lining figures, and small capitals in the text and bold weights. A Greek version of the face is available. Historian of printing G. Willem Ovink describes Caledonia as "one of the most crisp and sprightly modern types".

Hot metal type

Machine composition
Caledonia was made initially for machine composition with foundry type only made later, and then only in Germany.  The following variants were designed by Dwiggins and released by Linotype:

  Caledonia + Italic (1938)
  Caledonia Bold + Bold Italic (1940)

Two versions of the typeface were commercially available: one, with longer descenders (preferred by the designer), was cast on larger type bodies than the nominal point size and required leading, while the other, with shorter descenders, was designed for use at size and could be set solid. The roman (paired with either bold or italic) and bold (paired with bold italic) were available in 6–12 and 14 point; the bold was also available in 16, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 and 36 point display sizes with short descenders only, and paired with an optional bold italic at 18 and 24 point. Linotype also made 36 point matrices for Caledonia Bold Condensed, but it is doubtful that Dwiggins had anything to do with their design.  The face was sold by Linotype in England under the same name, and in Germany as Cornelia.

Foundry type
Cornelia, as it was called there, proved so popular in Germany, that the Stempel Foundry cast it as foundry type.

Cold type
Caledonia's popularity as a text face continued right through the cold type era. Linotype offered Caledonia for its Linofilm system, making several modifications to the design, most noticeably an "f" that kerned now that it was no longer limited to the capabilities of the Linotype machine; these modifications have carried over to the digital version. Caledonia roman was also made available in display optical sizes.

Phototypesetting also made unauthorized copies easier than ever to produce, and knockoffs from other companies were sold under the following names:

 Caledonia — Monotype (the only authorized copy)
 Caledo — Alphatype
 Highland — Autologic, Dymo, Star/Photon, Varityper
 Balmoral — Autologic, Berthold, Harris, Varityper.
 California — Compugraphic
 CaledonStar — Star/Photon
 Edinburgh — Graphic Systems Inc.
 Laurel — Harris, MGD Graphic Systems
 Calderon — Scangraphic
 Gael — Information International Inc.

Digital copies
 A digital version, called New Caledonia, was designed by David Berlow and released in PostScript format by Adobe and Linotype in 1988. New Caledonia replaced an early digital Caledonia for Linotype's proprietary typesetting systems that, owing to the technical limitations of the time, was apparently infamous for obliterating most of the typeface's defining attributes. It is available in four weights: text, semibold, bold, and black, each with small capitals and both lining and old-style numerals. It is largely a direct tracing of one of the larger optical sizes for photocomposition, with its characteristic kerning lowercase "f", which was not possible on the Linotype machine. New Caledonia uses the longer descenders from the metal Caledonia.
 Bitstream digitized Caledonia as Transitional 511. It features only two weights, regular and bold, with accompanying italics, and has a much smaller character set than the Linotype/Adobe version, lacking both small capitals and old-style figures. The shorter descender lengths from the metal Caledonia are used.
 Time Caledonia, a proprietary version for Time magazine, was designed by Matthew Carter in 1994. It is more robust than other available digital versions, which suffer from the "emaciated" appearance of many early digitizations of existing fonts that make them less suited to running text, but it is not available for commercial licensing.

Derivatives
 Whitman, designed by Kent Lew at Font Bureau and released in 2003, combines the basic structure of Caledonia in the roman with elements of Eric Gill's Joanna, and has an italic in between the two extremes. Lew would later contribute the hand-lettering for the spine of W.A. Dwiggins: A Life in Design, Bruce Kennett's 2018 Dwiggins biography.
 Déréon, designed by Jean François Porchez in 2005 for Beyoncé Knowles's "House of Déréon" fashion line, is based on Caledonia but incorporates influences from a number of different time periods and type styles, reflecting the eclectic influences on Beyoncé's music. It is not currently commercially available.

References
Blackwell, Lewis. 20th Century Type. Yale University Press: 2004. .
Bringhurst, Robert. The Elements of Typographic Style. Hartley & Marks: 1992. .
Fiedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History. Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. .
Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. .

External links

Essay on Dwiggins' typefaces

Linotype typefaces
Transitional serif typefaces
Letterpress typefaces
Photocomposition typefaces
Digital typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1938
Typefaces designed by William Addison Dwiggins

Caledonia (typeface)


Parliamentary elections were held in Cameroon on 29 May 1983. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Cameroonian National Union as the sole legal party. 2,600 candidates ran for a place on the CNU list, with 120 eventually winning a place on it, equal to the number seats available in the National Assembly. The party won all seats with a 99.19% turnout.

Results

References

Cameroon
Parliamentary election
Elections in Cameroon
One-party elections
Single-candidate elections
Cameroonian parliamentary election

1983 Cameroonian parliamentary election


Owen J. Quinn (born 1941 in the Bronx, New York) is an American man who was the first person to successfully parachute off one of the World Trade Center towers, on July 22, 1975.

Early life
In an interview with C. J. Sullivan of the New York Press, Quinn claims that his first memories were of "how it all got bad very quick". His mother grew sick and was hospitalized for a long stretch of time and finances for the family were low, so his father had to place him and his sister in an orphanage for six years. Later on, when his mother got well, the family moved to Highbridge together. Even though things were looking up, they were still tough. Quinn got into trouble running the streets of Highbridge and hated school, so he began working at 15.

After traveling the world (twice), getting married in 1962, and a tour of duty with the Merchant Navy in Vietnam in 1966, Quinn decided to settle down after his first child was born, and went into construction. He soon got a job with the dock builders' union, working at the World Trade Center (WTC). He claims to have been inspired after seeing a model of the WTC, not paying much attention to the grandness of such an architectural achievement, but the great BASE jumping opportunity that it offered. By that time, Quinn had extensive experience with parachuting; he stated in an interview that "When I did it I loved it. I thought, when I die this is what I want to be doing."

The jump
On July 22, 1975, with his friend Mike Sergio, Quinn disguised himself as a construction worker and hid his parachute in a duffel bag (covered with tools) and made his way up the North Tower of the World Trade Center. They were met by a security guard, and while Sergio distracted him, Quinn continued toward the roof and got into his parachute. Quinn says he "stepped back about 15 feet and ran fast right to the end". Sergio shot a picture and called it "The Point of No Return". Quinn wore a blue football jersey with the biblical verse, Matthew 19:26: "But Jesus beheld them and said unto them, with men this is impossible, but with God all things are possible".

When he landed, he was arrested by Port Authority Police and taken for psychiatric exams at two different hospitals, Elmhurst Hospital and St. Vincent's. While he was in the hospital, he told reporters that he jumped to draw attention the plight of the poor. "If people decided not to eat once a month and to send the money to the needy poor, then it would help the situation," he said. When it was concluded that he was in fact sane, he was booked and charged with trespassing, disorderly conduct, and reckless endangerment. Within the course of a year, Quinn made 19 appearances in court, but the case was eventually dropped.

On June 22, 1977, Quinn appeared on the game show To Tell The Truth.

See also
BASE jumping
Harry Gardiner
Dan Goodwin
Ivan Kristoff
Philippe Petit
Alain Robert
George Willig

References

Gillespie, Angus K. "Twin Towers: the Life of New York City's World Trade Center." Rutgers University Press 1999.

1941 births
Living people
People from the Bronx
Parachuting
American skydivers

Owen J. Quinn


Marcelo Antonio Rodríguez Laprea (born July 22, 1969) is a Venezuelan actor and professional wrestling announcer currently working for the international Spanish versions of WWE shows Raw, SmackDown, NXT, and pay-per-view (PPV) events alongside Jerry Soto as color commentator.

Rodríguez started working for WWE by the end of 1998 as the host of Los Super Astros and appeared only occasionally at that time, filling in for Cabrera or former color commentator Hugo Savinovich. He commentated in every international version of RAW and SmackDown, while both Cabrera and Savinovich alternately broadcast alongside him. In October 2011, Savinovich left WWE and Rodríguez became a full-time Spanish commentator for all programs and  PPV events. In October 2011, Rodríguez and Cabrera were at ringside for the tapings of Raw and SmackDown in Mexico City, Mexico.

Rodríguez was also frequent substitute co-host of WWE en Español until October 2011, when he became permanent co-host with Carlos Cabrera following the departure of Hugo Savinovich from the company. He had not made any appearance on PPV since working for WWE until SummerSlam 2011. Rodríguez hosted WWE Experience for Latin America introducing clips and recaps from the previous week's episodes of Raw, SmackDown and NXT, until its cancellation in 2021.

In his spare time, Rodriguez enjoys following the NHL's New Jersey Devils and the NFL's Dallas Cowboys.

Rodríguez graduated from the Central University of Venezuela with a degree in journalism and has worked as an actor, singer, dancer, playwright and director. Some of his theater credits in leading roles include: "Don Juan Tenorio" (Don Juan); "Mozart, the Angel Amadeus" (Amadeus); "The Tempest" (Fernand); "A Widow for Four" (Arlequin); "Spring Awakening" (Melchor Gabor); "Yerma" (Juan); "Absalom's Tresses" (Amon); "Wounded Buffalo" (Don); "Lorca in a Green Dress" (Lorca ensangrentado), and the musicals "Panteleón and the Visitors" (Sinchi), "La Verdadera Historia de Pedro Navaja" (El Lince) and "¿Quién mató a Hector Lavoe?," (Announcer) the longest running Spanish-language show in the history of Broadway. He has worked internationally with theater companies such as Rajatabla, the Compañía Nacional de Teatro de Venezuela (inaugural cast), the Compañía Nacional de Teatro de España, Repertorio Español (in more than two dozens of plays) and Teatro Círculo of New York and has enjoyed the privilege of being onstage in every continent.

He has been honored with several acting recognitions such as Premio Nacional del Artista and Premio Municipal (Venezuela), the Critic's Circle Award (in Puerto Rico), and HOLA, ACE and Premios Sin Límite (in New York). Some of his film credits in leading roles include "Atraco en el Aeropuerto" and "Tacagua". Rodríguez has recorded three albums with WEA International, Sonorodven and Sonografica. He played the leading role for the VPG infomercial show "Caminos al Jaguar", which was filmed in six countries. Some of his television credits include soap operas as Cara Sucia, Cristal, La Revancha, for Venevisión-Univisión.

In 2006, Rodríguez also became the winner of the Nuestras Voces National Playwriting Competition with his play "Cartas a una Madre" (originally "Bestalia") which was produced with a great success at Repertorio Español, company that he also belongs as a current cast member. "Cartas a una madre" was published by the end of 2012. In 2009 and 2010, he also placed among the finalist of Nuevas Voces with his plays "La Papaya Dulce" and "Los Súper Héroes del Abuelo".

In 2017, Rodriguez was invited by Amazon Sports Nutrition to be the Spanish host at the Mister Olympia Competition. Also in 2017, after many years without recording another full album, Marcelo Rodriguez launched his fourth musical project: "Verde", whose profits are used for the Yolanda Laprea Foundation and its activities in aid of the elderly.

External links
 Official website
 Marcelo Rodríguez`s profile at WWE.com

References

1969 births
Living people
People from Caracas
Professional wrestling announcers
Central University of Venezuela alumni
Venezuelan male actors

Marcelo Rodríguez


Herbert Marshall McLuhan, CC (July 21, 1911 – December 31, 1980) was a Canadian Professor of English literature who turned his attention to media. He was interested in the ways different media affected society.

His work was a cornerstone of media studies, and had some practical applications in the advertising and television industries. His best-known work was Understanding Media:The Extensions of Man.

McLuhan is known for coining the expressions the medium is the message and the global village.
Although he was a fixture in media discourse in the late 1960s, his influence began to wane in the early 1970s. In the years after his death, he continued to be a controversial figure in academic circles. With the arrival of the internet, however, there was renewed interest in his work and perspective.

The Gutenberg Galaxy
McLuhan's The Gutenberg Galaxy: the making of typographic man (1962) was a history of print, and its effect on society.

In the book, McLuhan showed how alphabetic writing, the printing press and later media, affect thought, which in turn affects social organization:
"If a new technology extends one or more of our senses outside us into the social world, then new ratios among all of our senses will occur in that particular culture. It is comparable to what happens when a new note is added to a melody. And when the sense ratios alter in any culture then what had appeared lucid before may suddenly become opaque, and what had been vague or opaque will become translucent".

A typical idea:
 The new electronic interdependence recreates the world in the image of a global village. Remember, this was written before anyone had any idea of the world wide web.

His sayings range from the amusing:
 Nobody ever made a grammatical error in a non-literate society.

to the mysterious:
 Typography cracked the voices of silence.

Understanding Media
Understanding Media: the extensions of Man was a pioneering study of the effects of media. The book suggests that media affect their content in important ways. It is an attempt to understand how different media have affected society. McLuhan suggests that media play a role, not by the content delivered, but by the characteristics of the medium itself.

McLuhan pointed to the light bulb as an example. A light bulb does not have content in the way that a newspaper has articles or a television has programs, but it is a medium that has a social effect. The light bulb lets people do things at nightime which would be impossible in darkness. He describes the light bulb as a medium without any content. McLuhan states that "a light bulb creates an environment by its mere presence". He then goes on to compare the effects of radio, television and film (movis).

The book is the source of the well-known phrase "The medium is the message". This is the idea that a medium like television actually affects the way information is seen and understood.

The Medium is the Message
The Medium is the Message: an inventory of effects (1967) was a spin-off from his previous book. It was compiled by Quentin Fiore from writings of McLuhan with many photos and graphics selected by the compiler. The text is based on published McLuhan works, but the sources are not listed. It was a huge best-seller. "eventually selling nearly a million copies worldwide".

Related pages
 Eric McLuhan

References

1911 births
1980 deaths
Writers from Alberta
Canadian Roman Catholics
Academics of the University of Toronto

Marshall McLuhan


Shani Bloch, also known as Shani Bloch-Davidov (; born 6 March 1979) is an Israeli racing cyclist.

Bloch is the first Israeli road cyclist to compete in the Grande Boucle Féminine Internationale, Giro d'Italia Femminile, and Road World Championships, and the first Israeli road cyclist to compete in the Olympic Games since 1960.  After taking off a decade to raise a family, at the age of 37 she represented Israel at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the 141 kilometer (87.6 mile) Women's Road Race in Rio de Janeiro.

Personal life
Bloch is from Kiryat Bialik in the Haifa District in Israel. She served as a combat fitness instructor for Sayeret Matkal in the Israel Defense Forces.  She then studied and obtained a B.A. at the Wingate Institute.

Bloch and her husband, project manager and university professor Shai Davidov, have three daughters, Noga and twins Rotem and Amit.

Bicycle racing career

Early years
Bloch is the first Israeli road cyclist to compete in the Grande Boucle Féminine Internationale, Giro d'Italia Femminile, and UCI Road World Championships, and the first Israeli road cyclist to compete in the Olympic Games since 1960. She is a four-time Israeli Road Champion.

Bloch began riding with the Israeli Megiddo Regional Council team, with Yair Ben-Ami as her trainer. Her coaches in 2016 were Zahi Boignon and Ilan Ulman.

She was the Israeli cross-country high school champion in 1994–96.

She placed high in the under-23 category of the 2000 Giro d'Italia Femminile stage race in Italy, and competed in it again in 2001 and 2003.

In 2002, she came in 63rd in the 128k World Championships Women's Road Race in Hasselt-Zolder, Belgium. That same year, Bloch finished in 18th place (3rd place in the under-25s) in the Grande Boucle Féminine Internationale (the women's Tour de France), riding for the Italian team Michela Fanini. She was the first Israeli woman to ride in the competition.  In 2003, she came in 39th in the 124k World Championships Women's Road Race in Hamilton, Canada. The following year she rode with the team Equipe Cycliste Rona.

Comeback
Bloch retired in 2004 to start a family. She competed in the 2013 Maccabiah Games, winning a silver medal in the women's triathlon. She began competing again in cycling in 2014, after suddenly feeling a desire to return to the competition and adrenaline that attends cycling.

In 2014, she won silver medals in both the Israel National Championships Women's Road Race and in the Israel National Championships Time Trials, both behind Israeli Paz Bash. She rode at the 2014 UCI Road World Championships, in and around Ponferrada, Spain. She did not finish, along with dozens of other riders who fell victim to a series of crashes, including a mass crash.

In March 2016 Bloch won the Masada-Arad race in 52:01, came in second in the Dead Sea-Scorpion Pass race, eight seconds behind the 2:30:05 winning time of Antri Christoforou of Cyprus, and came in third in the Arad-Dimona-Arad race, behind Christoforou and Bash.  In April 2016 she won the Crit on The Campus criterium around Stirling University in Stirling, Scotland, ahead of Charline Joiner of Scotland. In June 2016 she finished second at the Scottish Road Race Championship (behind British National Circuit Race Champion Eileen Roe of Scotland), second at the Israeli Championships Women's Time Trial, and fourth at the Israeli Championships Women's Road Race.

In the summer of 2016, she was ranked 88th in the world in the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) world rankings, which qualified her to compete in the 2016 Olympics.

Bloch represented Israel at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the Women's Road Race in Rio de Janeiro, two years after returning to competition. At the age of 37, she was the oldest member among the 47 athletes on Team Israel. She finished the 141 kilometer (87.6 mile) road race in a time of 4:02.59, in 48th place among 68 riders.  She was the first Israeli of either gender to compete as a cyclist at the Olympic Games since Henry Ohayon and Itzhak Ben David in 1960 in Rome.

References

External links

 Shani Bloch at Eurosport

1979 births
Living people
Israeli female cyclists
Israeli female triathletes
Place of birth missing (living people)
Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Israel
People from Kiryat Bialik
Maccabiah Games silver medalists for Israel
Competitors at the 2013 Maccabiah Games

Shani Bloch


The Sculpture in the Parklands is a  land and environmental sculpture park located in Lough Boora, County Offaly, Ireland. The park is open to the public 365 days of the year and admission is free.
Sculpture in the Parklands was founded by sculptor Kevin O'Dwyer in partnership with Bord na Mona, Lough Boora Parklands Group, Offaly County Council and the Arts Council.

Site
In the wetlands and wildlife wilderness of Lough Boora, inspired by the rich natural and industrial legacy of the boglands, the artists have created a series of large-scale sculptures that are now part of the Parklands' permanent collection. Sculpture in the Parklands began as an international sculpture symposium in 2002 when seven Irish and international artist created works of art over a three-week residency. The success of the symposium led to the formation of Sculpture in the Parklands and eight site-specific sculptures created during the symposium form the nucleus of the project. Currently there are 20 site specific sculptures in the Parklands.

Mission

Inviting artists to create significant site-specific works of art during the artist in residency programme each year, the mission of Sculpture in the Parklands is to inspire artists to create artworks in response to the unique landscape and industrial heritage of the cut away bogland and to build awareness of the arts within the community through public participation and interaction. In addition to permanent sculpture and time-based work, the project has a commitment to commissioning video artists, composers, choreographers, and performance artists to interpret and document this unique landscape, folklore and industrial history.

Directions
Lough Boora Parklands is centrally located to all the main attractions of County Offaly and the Irish midlands.

From Tullamore: Leave Tullamore on N52 for Birr. At Blueball turn right onto R357 for Cloghan / Shannonbridge. The Parklands commence within 7 km of Blueball.

From Birr: Take N52 towards Tullamore, exit for N62 to Athlone. Continue to Cloghan, turning right off roundabout onto R357. The Parklands commence within 2 km.

Access
Wheelchair access and disabled parking are available at the sculpture park. The Offaly Way passes through the park and bikes are available for rent.

External links
 Irish Times Slideshow
 Sculpture in the Parklands Official Website
 Lough Boora Parklands Website
 Offaly County Council
 Sculpture Park Ireland
 Culture in the cutaway

Gallery

References

Sculpture gardens, trails and parks in Europe
Irish sculpture
Tourist attractions in County Offaly
Art museums established in 2002
2002 establishments in Ireland
Protected areas of County Offaly
Art museums and galleries in Ireland
Buildings and structures in County Offaly

Sculpture in the Parklands


William Duff (6 February 1935 – 30 August 2004) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Born in Winchburgh, West Lothian, Duff grew up in western Edinburgh, attending Corstorphine Primary School and Boroughmuir High School. He originally played as a left-back while with juvenile side Slateford Athletic but deputised in goal on one occasion when the side's regular custodian didn't turn up and retained the role afterwards. He caught the attention of Easthouses Lily with his performances in his new position and worked as a joiner while playing for them in the East of Scotland League.

In 1952, Hearts' manager Tommy Walker paid £200 for Duff's signature and he moved to Tynecastle as back-up for Jimmy Watters. After two years playing reserve football, Duff earned his chance in the first team in the 1954–55 season. He made his debut in a League Cup tie against Dundee and retained his position in the side as Hearts went on to lift the trophy, their first in 48 years, by defeating Motherwell 4–2 in the final. The following year, he added a Scottish Cup winners medal to his collection as Hearts beat Celtic 3–1 in the final. Celtic's goal was the only one Duff conceded in the entire cup run, encompassing games against Forfar, Stirling Albion, Rangers and Raith Rovers (twice), while his display in the final was "brilliant", in the opinion of teammate and Scotland internationalist Dave Mackay.

During the 1950s, all British men were obliged to fulfil a period of national service and in the latter part of 1956, Duff received call-up papers to the army's Royal Horse Artillery, based in Surrey. Rather than commute back to Edinburgh from his southern barracks for weekend games, he guested for London side Charlton Athletic, then in the lower reaches of the English First Division. The Addicks had struggled to replace their legendary goalkeeper Sam Bartram since his retirement earlier that year but Duff quickly established the Charlton goalkeeper's position as his own with a string of accomplished performances, which led to his selection in the Army's representative side. He signed permanently for Charlton when his national service was over, for a fee of £6,500, and made over 200 appearances in seven years at The Valley.

Duff joined Peterborough United in 1963 and after several seasons with the Posh returned to Scotland with Dunfermline Athletic. He enjoyed an Indian Summer to his career with the Pars, helping the side reach the 1968–69 Cup Winners' Cup semi-final. He retired after leaving Dunfermline but made a number of brief comebacks to cover for injuries, assisting Raith Rovers, East Stirlingshire and Albion Rovers in this manner.

After his final retirement, Duff established a joinery business in Edinburgh. He emigrated to the US, where his son Bill is domiciled in Washington, D.C., in the 1980s but returned to Edinburgh in 2003. He died suddenly on 30 August 2004, whilst playing bowls with friends.

References

External links
 Appearances at londonhearts.com

1935 births
2004 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players
Raith Rovers F.C. players
East Stirlingshire F.C. players
Albion Rovers F.C. players
People educated at Boroughmuir High School
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League representative players
Scotland men's under-23 international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
People from Winchburgh
Footballers from West Lothian

Willie Duff


Lasana is a small village located  northeast of the city of Calama in the Calama province of Chile's northern Antofagasta Region. It sits along the banks of the Loa River.

Pukará de Lasana, (Quechua pukara fortress), a pre-Columbian fortress built in the 12th century, is the main architectural attraction of the village. It is located  north of San Francisco de Chiu Chiu and was declared a national monument in 1982.

Petroglyphs can also be found in the area.

References

External links
 Sernatur - Lasana

Archaeological sites in Chile
Populated places in El Loa Province

Lasana


"You Are Not Alone" is a song sung by Michael Jackson. R. Kelly wrote it. The video was directed by Wayne Isham. Lisa Marie Presley, who was Jackson's wife at the time, is in the video. It is the first song to go straight to number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also number one in the United Kingdom, Wallonia, France, New Zealand, Spain and Switzerland.

Cover versions
Diana Ross sung a cover version of the song on her 1996 album Voice of Love.

On November 15, 2009, the last twelve acts from the sixth series of the British talent show The X Factor released a cover of the song.

References

1995 songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Michael Jackson songs

You Are Not Alone


An air data computer (ADC) or central air data computer (CADC) computes altitude, vertical speed, air speed, and Mach number from pressure and temperature inputs. It is an essential avionics component found in modern aircraft. This computer, rather than individual instruments, can determine the calibrated airspeed, Mach number, altitude, and altitude trend data from an aircraft's pitot-static system. In some very high-speed aircraft such as the Space Shuttle, equivalent airspeed is calculated instead of calibrated airspeed.

Air data computers usually also have an input of total air temperature. This enables computation of static air temperature and true airspeed.

In Airbus aircraft the air data computer is combined with attitude, heading and navigation sources in a single unit known as the Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) this has now been replaced by the Global Navigation Air Data Inertial Reference System (GNADIRS).

On the Embraer Embraer E-Jet family the concept has been refined further by splitting air data acquisition and measuring – performed by combined pitot/static "air data smart probes" with integrated sensors – and computation of parameters performed by "air data applications" (ADA) executed on non-dedicated processing units. As all information from the sensors is transmitted electrically, routing of pitot and static pressure lines through the aircraft and associated maintenance tasks can be avoided.

In simpler aircraft and helicopters the Air Data Computers, generally two in number, and smaller, lighter and simpler than an ADIRU, may be called Air Data Units, although their internal computational power is still significant. They commonly have the pitot and static pressure inputs, as well as outside air temperature from a platinum resistance thermometer and may control heating of the pitot tube and static vent to prevent blockage due to ice. As on simpler aircraft, there is usually not a fly-by-wire system, the outputs are typically to the cockpit altimeters or display system, flight data recorder and autopilot system. Output interfaces typically are ARINC 429, Gillham or even IEEE 1394 (Firewire). The data provided may be true airspeed, pressure altitude, density altitude and Outside Air Temperature (OAT), but with no involvement in aircraft attitude or heading, as there are no gyroscopes or accelerometers fitted internally. These devices are usually autonomous and do not require pilot input, merely sending continuously updated data to the recipient systems while the aircraft is powered up. Some, like the Enhanced Software Configurable Air Data Unit (ESCADU) are software configurable to suit many different aircraft applications.

Apart from commercial ADCs implementation, there are available do-it-yourself, and Open implementations.

History

Electrical-mechanical air data computers were developed in the early 1950s to provide a central source of airspeed, altitude, and other signals to avionic systems that needed this data. A central air data computer avoided duplication of sensing equipment and could be more sophisticated and accurate. The first air data computer was built by Kollsman Instruments for the B-52 bomber. Bendix started producing a central air data computer in 1956 for use on US Air Force jet fighters.  Garrett AiResearch developed early central air data computer systems that integrated pneumatic, electrical, and electronic components.

From the late 1980s much of the USAF and USN aircraft fleets were retrofitted with the GEC Avionics Rochester developed Standard Central Air Data Computer (SCADC). Aircraft fitted included the A-4 Skyhawk, A-6 Intruder, A-7 Corsair, C-5A/B Galaxy, EA-6B Prowler, F-111 Aardvark, F-4 Phantom, S-3 Viking, C-141 Starlifter, C-135 Stratolifter, C-2 Greyhound, and E-2 Hawkeye, for which the company received the Queens Award for Technological Achievement.

See also
 Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
 F-14 Central Air Data Computer, used on the F-14

References

External links
 https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/

Avionics
Aircraft instruments
Glass cockpit

Air data computer


Lev Shulimovich Shekhtman (; born March 10, 1951) is a Russian-American theatre director and actor.

Life and career
Lev Shekhtman received his earliest theatrical education at the local children's theater in his native city of Chernivtsi (Ukraine), under the supervision of the Merited Artist of Ukraine V. V. Bespoletova (В.В. Бесполётова). In 1969, he enrolled in a directing/acting class at the St. Petersburg State Academy for Theatre Arts (then Leningrad State Institute of Theater, Music and Cinematography), in the class of Professor A. A. Muzil (А.А. Музиль). Upon graduation, he spent three years working as a Master level Director at Vologda State Drama Theater.

In 1978, he immigrated to the United States. His American directorial debut came in July 1979 with Nikolai Gogol's "Marriage" (Н.Гоголь «Женитьба») at the Lexington Conservatory Theatre (Lexington, New York), starring Michael J. Hume, Susan Smyth, Patricia Charbonneau and Lynne Charnay. It was praised for "inspired performances" and "brilliant direction" by Shekhtman. The same year he began teaching acting and directing at  Sonya Moore's Stanislavski Studio of the Theatre in New York City.  His New York   directorial debut was a 1980 Playwrights Horizons production of "Heat of Re-Entry" by Abraham Tetenbaum. The same year, Shekhtman and his former students opened Theater in Action, based in Manhattan, which he ran and managed up until 1990. The theater contained two spaces. One functioned as a main stage, and the other as a theater school, where Shekhtman taught acting and directing. The company's repertoire included works by Anton Chekhov, Tennessee Williams, Albert Camus,   Jack London, Nikolai Gogol, Berthold Brecht, modern American playwright Michael McGuire, and   Russian playwright Grigory Gorin. His Western Hemisphere premier of Gorin's "The House That Swift Built" opened with the presence of the author in 1986.

Shekhtman in the course of his career also collaborated with several famous theater companies (Manhattan Theater Club, The Public Theater, The American Place Theater and McArthur Theater in Princeton, NJ).

Starting in 1986, and for the following seven years L. Shekhtman worked as an actor in various films produced by the   Polish film and television director and Oscar winner Zbigniew Rybczyński. Among them was the 1990 Emmy award winning television film "Orchestra", in which Lev plays one of the main roles. He also played the leading role in Jennifer Montgomery's film "Troika" in the  role of the Russian politician Vladimir Zhirinovsky. His other film appearances include: the role of Vladimir in "Indocumentados", and KGB-1 in the film "The Life Experience". He was also featured in the Russian TV show "Citizen Boss-2." («Гражданин начальник-2»)

From 1995 to 2000, Shekhtman worked as a news writer and host for several Russian-language television and radio programs.

In 2006, he made his debut at St. Petersburg State Molodyozhny Theatre on Fontanka (Russia) directing "Blue Roses", («Синие розы») based on   by Tennessee Williams's "The Glass Menagerie". In 2008, at the same theatre he directed and adapted for stage a novel "Job" («Иов») by the Austrian writer Joseph Roth.

In 2012,  Shekhtman staged at The St. Petersburg State Molodyozhny Theatre on Fontanka his third production, his own adaptation based on a cycle of short stories by Sergei Dovlatov, "Ours" («Наши»), entitled "Abanamat!" («АБАНАМАТ!»).

In 2014, Shekhtman staged a production of Jean Anouilh's "Antigone" at the Vladimir Regional Academical Drama Theatre in Vladimir, Russia. In 2017, the theater premiered Eugene O'Neill's "Desire Under the Elms", under Shekhtman's direction.

In 2017, Shekhtman co-founded the Theater of Russian Actors (TRACT) in New York City, along with producer Mikhail Galkin. In 2017, under Shekhtman's direction, the theater showed the world premiere of "Raskolnikov and the Pawnbroker. A Love Story", by Edward Reznik -- a satire based on Crime and Punishment by F. Dostoevsky, and in 2018, Equation with Two Variables (Unknowns), after Jean Cocteau and August Strindberg.

References

External links

 Official website

1951 births
Living people
American theatre directors
Soviet theatre directors
American male actors
American television hosts
American talk radio hosts
People from New York (state)
Actors from Chernivtsi
Jewish theatre directors
Jewish American male actors
Jewish theatre people
Ukrainian SSR emigrants to the United States

Lev Shekhtman


The  is a Japanese summer festival that takes place in Aomori, Aomori Prefecture, Japan in early August. The festival attracts the most tourists of any of the country's nebuta festivals, and is counted among the three largest festivals in the Tōhoku region. It was designated an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property in 1980, and as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan by the Ministry of the Environment in 1996.

"Nebuta" refers to the float of a brave warrior-figure which is carried through the center of the city, while dancers wearing a unique type of costume called  dance around in time with the chant  (shortened dialectal version of "irasshai", calling visitors and customers to watch or join). In the local dialect, participation in the festival is inquired using the verb , which was derived from the Japanese spelling of the haneto costume and the verb .

Origin and history

The most widely known explanation is that the festival originated from the flutes and taiko future shōgun Sakanoue no Tamuramaro used to attract the attention of the enemy during a battle in Mutsu Province. The Tamuramaro Shō (Tamuramaro Prize) was created around this explanation in 1962 to be awarded to the festival's best group participant (later renamed to the Nebuta Taishō). However, it is unlikely that Tamuramaro actually conducted military expeditions in what is currently Aomori Prefecture, so this explanation is considered to be a legend. The festival most likely evolved out of traditional Shinto ceremonies like Tanabata.

Another explanation involves the etymology of the word . , a general from the Tōhoku region, united the Emishi people who had been chased out of their native territory and defeated Ki no Kosami's army of 50,000 at Kitakami River to advance all the way to Fuji, Shizuoka. This army battled Sakanoue no Tamuramaro's forces for over 12 years, but was ultimately defeated. Aterui was captured and taken to Osaka Prefecture, where he was granted an audience with the ruler before being beheaded. Aterui's severed head was shown off to the public, and his family and followers still remaining in the Tōhoku region were forced to dig large holes where they were buried alive. Dirt was thrown over these graves, and those who surrendered to the Japanese forces and became slaves were instructed to stomp over the dirt. This event is said to be the origin of Nebuta (written "根蓋" in kanji), as Aterui's followers were sent back to their roots or to the world of the dead (根) with the dirt as a covering (蓋). According to this episode, the dancers stomp the ground while carrying the float of Sakanoue No Tamuramaro on their shoulders.

During the Edo period and Meiji period, the act of carrying a large lantern float like the Nebuta was often banned by the government due to the potential fire hazard it posed to the surroundings. This ban was also put into place during World War II, but was lifted in 1944 as an effort to boost morale during the waning years of the war. Corporations began to sponsor the creation of the floats in the post-war period, and a strong emphasis was placed in expanding local tourism through the festival. The light source within the float was originally a candle, but was eventually changed to incandescent or fluorescent light bulbs powered by portable generators and rechargeable batteries. The frame of the floats also changed from bamboo to wire, lowering the risk of fire considerably. Nebuta floats also grew larger with time, but urban obstacles such as footbridges, power lines, and traffic lights only allowed their width to increase significantly. The floats often feature images of kabuki actors, various types of gods, and historical or mythical figures from Japanese or Chinese culture, but modern Nebuta floats may also feature famous regional personalities or characters from television shows (especially the annual historical "Taiga drama" aired by NHK).

A museum dedicated to the Nebuta Festival, Nebuta Museum Wa Rasse, opened in 2011, providing an experience of the festival all year round for those who cannot come to the festival in August.

Organization

The festival is held every year from August 2 to August 7, where the float is carried through the city during the evening from August 2 to August 6, and during the daytime on August 7. A fireworks show is held on the evening of the final day while the float is carried into the sea.

Processional route
The float is carried through the area surrounded by National Route 4, Shinmachi Street, Kenchō Street, and Aomori Heiwa Park. In the past, the floats started off one at a time from the intersection between National Route 4 and Kenchō street, and continued along the course in the clockwise direction. However, this caused the narrow Shinmachi Street to become overcrowded with festival participants, and the floats became unable to progress during the busiest parts of the festival. The route was changed to round the area in a counter-clockwise direction in order to solve this problem. The starting point was shifted to the intersection between Shinmachi Street and Yanagimachi Street when the building housing the floats changed locations.

Despite all of these changes, the finishing point of the route continued to be overcrowded with participants, preventing the festival itself from coming to a close. Two of the main streets in Aomori City are blocked off during the Aomori Nebuta, creating significant inconveniences for citizens if the procession does not finish on time. An increased number of karasu-zoku (see below) added to this problem, as these vandals tended to gather at the tail-end of the procession to cause disruption. Therefore, in 2001, all of the floats were pre-placed around the city and began their procession all at once and ended all at once at the signal of fireworks. The route was also changed back to the clock-wise direction. This caused there to be no beginning or tail-end to the procession, allowing the procession to flow more smoothly. This method also led to a decreased number of karasu-zoku and other vandals. However, the procession is always held in its original format on the final day of the festival.

Participation

Each processional group individually organizes the basic elements of the nebuta, such as processional order, creation of floats, and marching-band musicians. Other important factors include the children who pull the floats with ropes (in most cases, the floats are carried along by other means, and the children are just there for show), and the haneto dancers. Anyone, including tourists, can participate in any of the processions as a haneto as long as they are wearing the proper costume. The costumes are sold in supermarkets and department stores all across the prefecture, and a full set (excluding the flower hat) can be purchased for around 5000 yen. Costumes can also be rented at some places along the processional route.

The best processional group is awarded the Heisei (heisei year) where the year number is placed after "Heisei". This award was first created as the Tamuramaro Award in 1962, but was changed to its current name in 1995 because people thought it odd to have Sakanoue no Tamuramaro's name in the award (Tamuramaro is perceived as a ruthless conqueror by the Tōhoku people).

Karasu-zoku issue
 refers to groups of vagrant participants who try to disrupt the festival. They enter the festival wearing black costumes instead of the formal haneto costumes, leading to the nickname "crow gang" or simply, "crows." The group may also be called "crow haneto," but their appearance and actions are not fitting of the name haneto, and the regional media does not include the word in their descriptions. They are classified as a type of foot-borne bōsōzoku.

The karasu-zoku first appeared at the festival in 1986. Initially, they were not viewed as a serious problem, but their actions became more malicious as bōsōzoku members began to join their ranks. The Japanese media picked up on the group in order to raise awareness, but this tactic backfired as new gang members started to join from all around the country.

Aomori City quickly took steps to ensure the safety of their festival, as it was an important resource to the city as a popular tourist attraction. In 1996, the organizers forcefully grouped the karasu-zoku together into a single area in order to monitor their actions more effectively. However, this only led to an increased level of hysteria among the gang members and was not an effective method of containing their behavior. The gang increased their numbers to over 10,000 by 2000, and their actions escalated to violence against different gang members or even against tourists and the police force, completely destroying the initial aura of the festival.

In 2001, the organizers introduced a system where all of the floats would begin and end their procession at the same time (see Processional route). The same year, the prefecture enacted a law that allowed the police force to act against the vandals before the violence began. As a result, the festivities became more contained, but the number of crow gang members decreased drastically (though some contend that they simply moved off to other locations). However, some participants feel that the increased police surveillance has diminished the festive atmosphere. Regardless, the safety of the Aomori Nebuta has improved considerably due to the efforts of the city, police force, and volunteer workers.

In recent years, some female participants enter the festival without wearing the tasuki (a white cloth strip which ties the kimono sleeves and keeps them out of the way) that is a required part of the haneto costume. These participants are called  because their furisode-like appearance resembles that of clionidae.

Nebuta in other cities

The floats from the Aomori Nebuta were taken to the Hakodate Ika Odori festival in 2007. This was done as part of a friendship agreement between the two cities, and the Ika Odori led the float procession on the final day of the festival during the previous year's festival (August 7, 2006). The floats have also been invited every year to Shibuya, Tokyo, where the festival has taken place annually in September since 2005.

Other nebuta festivals take place in over 30 other villages and cities across Aomori Prefecture. The largest of these are the festivals in Hirosaki, Goshogawara, Kuroishi, and Mutsu. There are also many instances across Japan where the nebuta floats are included as part of a larger festival. The nebuta also made its way to Seoul, South Korea for the first time in September, 2005, and to the United States in August, 2007, 2009 and 2010, as part of Nisei Week in Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, California.

See also
 List of festivals in Aomori Prefecture
 100 Soundscapes of Japan

References

External links

Official website
Official website
An organization preserving floats used during the festival
2005 Aomori Nebuta Matsuri Photo Gallery
 Aomori Nebuta Matsuri at Google Cultural Institute

Japanese folk art
Festivals in Japan
Festivals in Aomori Prefecture
Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties
Aomori (city)
Articles containing video clips

Aomori Nebuta Matsuri


The 1985 North Dakota State football team represented North Dakota State University during the 1985 NCAA Division II football season, and completed the 89th season of Bison football. The Bison played their home games at Dacotah Field in Fargo, North Dakota. The 1985 team came off an 11–2 record from the previous season. The 1985 team was led by coach Earle Solomonson. The team finished the regular season with an 8–2–1 record and made the NCAA Division II playoffs. The Bison defeated the North Alabama Lions 35–7 in the National Championship Game en route to the program's second NCAA Division II Football Championship.

Schedule

References

North Dakota State
North Dakota State Bison football seasons
NCAA Division II Football Champions
North Central Conference football champion seasons
North Dakota State Bison football

1985 North Dakota State Bison football team


Lodalskåpa is the highest nunatak on the Norwegian glacier Jostedalsbreen.  It is located on the border between the municipalities of Stryn and Luster in Vestland county, Norway, within Jostedalsbreen National Park.

The  tall Lodalskåpa is located  north of Brenibba and  northeast of Høgste Breakulen mountain.  The lakes Austdalsvatnet and Styggevatnet lie about  to the east.

The first ascent may have happened in 1820 by Gottfried Bohr.  The easiest route to climb Lodalskåpa starts in the village of Bødalen in Stryn, then going up Brattebakken mountain to the Bohr glacier (). Around the southern summit to the col, then scrambling to the main summit, approximately one rope length.

Name
The first element is the genitive case of the name of the valley Lodalen, the last element is the finite form of kåpe which means "coat" (here used metaphorically about the glacier surrounding the top–see also Snøhetta). The name of the valley is a compound of lo which means "meadow" and the finite form of dal which means "dale" or "valley".

Media gallery

References

Mountains of Vestland
Luster, Norway
Stryn
Nunataks

Lodalskåpa


Deirdre Duke (born 9 June 1992) is an Ireland women's field hockey international. She was a member of the Ireland team that played in 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup final. Duke has also won Irish Senior Cup and Women's Irish Hockey League titles with UCD. She has also captained the UCD team. Duke also won an All-Ireland Under-14 Ladies' Football Championship with Dublin and represented the Republic of Ireland women's national under-17 football team.

Early years and education
Duke is the daughter of Gretta Duke, née Carroll, who is originally from Ballycanew, County Wexford. She was educated at Alexandra College, Northeastern University and University College Dublin. Duke graduated from the UCD Sutherland School of Law in September 2017 with a BCL with Social Justice degree. In addition to playing women's field hockey, Duke also played both Ladies' Gaelic football and women's association football in her youth. She played Gaelic football for Kilmacud Crokes and was also a member the Dublin team that won the 2005 All-Ireland Under-14 Ladies' Football Championship, defeating Donegal 5–8 to 4–7 in the final. Duke also played association football for Alexandra College, where her teammates included Emily Beatty, and represented the Republic of Ireland women's national football team at schoolgirl level. Her international teammates included Ciara Grant, Naomi Carroll and Dora Gorman.

Clubs

Early years
Duke played field hockey with Alexandra College. In 2011, along with Emily Beatty, she was a member of the Alexandra College team that won the Leinster Schoolgirls' Senior Cup. In the final they defeated a St. Andrew's College team that included Gillian Pinder. Duke also played for both Three Rock Rovers and Hermes.

UCD
Duke started playing for UCD in 2011–12. On 13 May 2012, together with Dora Gorman, Chloe Watkins and Anna O'Flanagan, Duke was a member of the UCD team that won the Irish Senior Cup, defeating Loreto 3–2 in the final. Duke was also in the squad when UCD won the Irish Senior Cup in 2014.  In 2013–14, together with Katie Mullan, Gillian Pinder, Nicola Evans, Anna O'Flanagan and Emily Beatty, Duke was a member of the UCD team that won their first Women's Irish Hockey League title. On 2 April 2017 Duke scored the winner in the 2017 Irish Senior Cup final as UCD defeated Cork Harlequins in the final. She was also captain of the UCD team. She  captained the UCD team again when they defeated Pegasus 4–0 to retain the cup in 2018. Duke also captained UCD to further Irish Hockey League titles in 2016–17 and 2017–18. In 2017 UCD completed a treble when they also won the EY Champions Trophy after defeating Hermes-Monkstown in a penalty shoot-out. Duke also helped UCD win five Chilean Cup titles  and played for UCD in the 2015 and 2018 EuroHockey Club Champions Cups.

Northeastern Huskies
The 2012–13 season saw Duke attend Northeastern University, where she played for Northeastern Huskies. While in Boston, Duke was watching the 2013 marathon when the event was interrupted by a terrorist attack. She was standing close to the spot where the second bomb went off but had left the area just half an hour before the explosions.

Düsseldorfer Hockey Club
Following her performance with Ireland at the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup, Duke announced she would be joining  Düsseldorfer Hockey Club for the 2018–19 season.

Ireland international
Duke represented Ireland at Under-16, Under-18 and Under-21 levels  before making her senior debut against Scotland in June 2013. Duke was a member of the Ireland team that won the 2015 Women's EuroHockey Championship II, defeating the Czech Republic 5–0 in the final.

Duke also represented Ireland at the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup and was a prominent member of the team that won the silver medal. On 21 July 2018 she scored twice against the United States as Ireland won their opening pool stage game 3–1. She also featured in further pool games against India and England, in the quarter-final against India, in the semi-final against Spain and in the final against the Netherlands.

Occupation
Together with Lizzie Colvin, Nicola Evans, Anna O'Flanagan and Gillian Pinder,  Duke was one of five lawyers in the Ireland squad at the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup. Duke is a trainee solicitor with A&L Goodbody.

Honours

Field hockey
Ireland
Women's Hockey World Cup
Runners Up: 2018
Women's EuroHockey Championship II
Winners: 2015
Women's FIH Hockey Series
Runners Up: 2019 Banbridge
UCD
Women's Irish Hockey League
Winners: 2013–14, 2016–17, 2017–18
Irish Senior Cup
Winners: 2011–12, 2013–14, 2016–17, 2017–18
EY Champions Trophy
Winners: 2017
Chilean Cup
Winners: 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017
Alexandra College
Leinster Schoolgirls' Senior Cup
Winners: 2011

Gaelic football
Dublin
All-Ireland Under-14 Ladies' Football Championship
Winners: 2005

References

External links

 Deirdre Duke at Hockey Ireland

1992 births
Living people
Irish female field hockey players
Place of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Alexandra College
Northeastern Huskies field hockey players
Alumni of University College Dublin
Dublin ladies' Gaelic footballers
Kilmacud Crokes Gaelic footballers
Republic of Ireland women's association footballers
Field hockey players from County Dublin
Association footballers from County Dublin
Female field hockey forwards
Ireland international women's field hockey players
UCD Ladies' Hockey Club players
Women's association football players not categorized by position
Irish women lawyers
21st-century Irish lawyers
Women's Irish Hockey League players
Three Rock Rovers Hockey Club players
Irish expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Feldhockey Bundesliga (Women's field hockey) players
Ladies' Gaelic footballers who switched code
Field hockey players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic field hockey players for Ireland
Republic of Ireland women's youth international footballers
21st-century Irish women lawyers

Deirdre Duke


In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a group is said to be critical if it is not in the variety generated by all its proper subquotients, which includes all its subgroups and all its quotients.

 Any finite monolithic A-group is critical. This result is due to Kovacs and Newman.
 The variety generated by a finite group has a finite number of nonisomorphic critical groups.

External links
 Definition of critical group

Properties of groups

Critical group


The 1968 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1968, and lasted until November 30, 1968. These dates are conventionally the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin.

Three storms formed in June, making it one of the most active Junes on record. The early part of the season had the most activity, and the season ended quietly compared to the beginning. There were eight named storms, and no major hurricanes. This shows that early season activity has no indication on the entire season. Hurricane Gladys was the costliest storm of the season, causing more than $6 million (1968 USD) in damage as it moved northward through Florida, Cuba, and North Carolina.

Storm names
The following names were used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1968.

The list is mostly the same as the 1964 season, save for Candy, Dolly, Edna, Frances, Hannah, and Ingrid, which replaced Cleo, Dora, Ethel, Florence, Hilda, and Isbell (although Ethel, Florence, and Isbell were not retired). A storm was named Candy for the first time in 1968. Names that were not assigned are marked in .

Retirement

No names were retired this season.  However, the name Edna was later retroactively retired because of the Hurricane Edna of the 1954 season, and has not been used since.

Related pages
 List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
 1968 Pacific hurricane season

Other websites
 Monthly Weather Review

1968
Atlantic hurricane season
1960s in weather

1968 Atlantic hurricane season


Laternelaufen  ('Walking with Lanterns') is a German tradition for the time around St. Martin's Day. On 11 November (or later/earlier for reasons of appointment) children (usually in kindergarten and elementary school age) walk along the streets holding colourful, often self-made lanterns while singing traditional songs (Laternenumzug, 'Lantern Pageant'). Laternelaufen is slightly competing with Halloween, but they are different enough to coexist.

Memorial to St. Martin
Legend has it that St. Martin, a soldier, gave a beggar the half of his soldier's coat to protect the man from freezing to death. Afterwards St. Martin became a bishop in order to help poor people. While this story is commonly known among German children and told in connection with this tradition, it does not explain the custom of promenading along the streets with lanterns. Several reasons why it is done this way can be found (s. Origin of the Tradition).

While Laternelaufen is a memorial to St. Martin and therefore usually takes place on 11 November, in some regions of Germany (that are rather Protestant) it may take place already on 10 November, because it is mixed up with the celebration of Martin Luther's birthday (Martinisingen). In some regions there is no fixed day. Depending on the needs of the particular organizers celebrations can often take place on different days in the same city. In Catholic regions Laternelaufen is also called Sankt Martinsumzug ('Saint Martin's Pageant') focusing on the aspect of sharing. In Austria, the same tradition is called Laternenfest.

During Laternelaufen children often sing Martinslieder/ Martinilieder ('Martin songs') that glorify St. Martin's act of sharing or songs about their lanterns.

Origin
It is not quite clear why the stories concerning St. Martin led to the custom of Laternelaufen. Maybe just like Advent wreaths Laternelaufen is a symbolic act of 'bringing light into the world'. It is also possible that one tradition got conflated with another or that the lanterns are remains of a necessary custom due to the lack of daylight in autumn and winter. Festivals of light (a category Laternelaufen could be classified into) can be found all over the world and in many cultures / traditions (e.g. Diwali, Chanukka, Saint Lucy's Day and Loi Krathong)

Organization
Contemporary Laternelaufen is usually organized (privately) by parents or (publicly) by kindergartens and schools, parishes or even political parties. The ways often lead through forests (if any available in the neighbourhood) since there the streets are not continuously lit so that the lanterns are the only sources of light. The procession is accompanied by parents, group leaders etc., for official pageants the organizers often also hire somebody to play St. Martin, who is displayed as a bearded man in a medieval soldier's uniform wearing a long red cape or cloak, often riding on a horse in front of the children.

Comparison to Halloween
Laternelaufen and Halloween cannot be compared although their celebration dates are around the same days (31 October and 11 November). Their origin is different and Laternelaufen does not contain any kind of masquerades, trick-or-treating or similar aspects that are commonly associated with Halloween.

External links

 Popular songs sung by children while walking with lanterns
 Laterne, Laterne ('Lantern, Lantern')
 Ich geh mit meiner Laterne ('I'm Walking with My Lantern')
 Durch die Straßen ('Through the Streets')

References
 germany.info, website of the German Embassy in the USA, on Laternelaufen: The Celebration of St. Martin

German traditions
Autumn traditions
Autumn events in Germany

Laternelaufen


A mass movement denotes a political party or movement which is supported by large segments of a population. Political movements that typically advocate the creation of a mass movement include the ideologies of communism, fascism, and liberalism. Both communists and fascists typically support the creation of mass movements as a means to overthrow a government and create their own government, the mass movement then being used afterwards to protect the government from being overthrown itself; whereas liberals seek mass participation in the system of representative democracy.

The social scientific study of mass movements focuses on such elements as charisma, leadership, active minorities, cults and sects, followers, mass man and mass society, alienation, brainwashing and indoctrination,  authoritarianism and totalitarianism. The field emerged from crowd or mass psychology (Le Bon, Tarde a.o.), which had gradually widened its scope from mobs to social movements and opinion currents, and then to mass and media society.
One influential early text was the double essay on the herd instinct (1908) by British surgeon Wilfred Trotter. It also influenced the key concepts of the superego and identification in Massenpsychologie (1921) by Sigmund Freud, misleadingly translated as Group psychology. They are linked to ideas on sexual repression leading to rigid personalities, in the original Mass psychology of fascism (1933) by Freudo-Marxist Wilhelm Reich (not to be confused with its totally revised 1946 American version). This then rejoined ideas formulated by the Frankfurt School and Theodor Adorno, ultimately leading to a major American study of the authoritarian personality (1950), as a basis for xenophobia and anti-Semitism.
Another early theme was the relationship between masses and elites, both outside and within such movements (Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Robert Michels, Moisey Ostrogorski).

See also

Bibliography

Hoffer, Eric, The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements, New York, NY: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2002.
Marx, Gary, T. & McAdam, Douglas, Collective behavior and social movements, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.
Van Ginneken, Jaap, Mass movements – In Darwinist, Freudian and Marxist perspective, Apeldoorn (Neth.): Spinhuis. 2007.
Wilson, John, Introduction to social movements, New York: Basic, 1973.

Political movements

Mass movement (politics)


The Arado Ar 198 was a prototype reconnaissance aircraft, developed by Arado Flugzeugwerke, with backing from the Luftwaffe, who initially preferred it over the Blohm & Voss BV 141 and the Focke-Wulf Fw 189. However, when flight tests were carried out the aircraft performed poorly and did not impress the Luftwaffe. One aircraft was completed in 1938.

Design and development

In 1936, the RLM issued a specification for a new aircraft that would specialize in short-range reconnaissance, with special emphasis placed on ground vision. Arado, Blohm & Voss (Hamburger Flugzeugbau Division), Focke- Wulf, and Henschel all had experience with this specific type of aircraft and started work immediately.

The Ar 198 was to be built around a three-man crew, consisting of a  pilot, gunner/radio operator, and observer. Both the pilot and gunner/radio operator positions were above the wing, while the observer's area was below the wing, in a well-laid-out fuselage that offered good communication between the crew members.

Built using a shoulder wing configuration, giving the pilot unrestricted forward visibility, the Ar 198 was of steel tube construction for the forward fuselage structure with all-metal monocoque construction of the tail boom.

An air-cooled radial BMW 132 engine was initially chosen, but due to availability concerns, the first prototype was fitted with the slightly lower-powered Bramo 323 A-1 of the Brandenburgische Motorenwerke.

Operational history

In early March 1938, the Ar 198 made its first flight from the factory airfield at Warnemünde. Following flights proved generally satisfactory, except for instability in all axes during low-speed flight. Automatic slats were fitted with noticeable improvement, but It was still a difficult craft to handle.

Basic poor performance and concerns about insufficient production capacity led the Technical Office to terminate the development of the Arado Ar 198 in the latter months of 1938.

Specifications

References

 Green, William. Warplanes of the Third Reich. New York:Doubleday, 1972. .
 Wagner, Ray and Nowarra, Heinz. German Combat Planes: A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945. New York: Doubleday, 1971.

Ar 198
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
1930s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938

Arado Ar 198


John H. Collins (November 14, 1902 – January 8, 1981) was an American classical scholar.

Born in Anaconda, Montana, he attended the University of Illinois and Cornell University, and in 1952 received his doctorate in classical history from Goethe University in Frankfurt-am-Main where he studied under Professor Matthias Gelzer, then a leading authority on Roman history, and prepared his doctoral dissertation on "Psychology and Propaganda in Caesar's Writings." He was a frequent contributor to Historia, The Classical Journal, and Gnomon, and achieved world recognition as an expert on Julius Caesar. In 1958 he edited with Dero A. Saunders a noted edition of Theodor Mommsen's History of Rome.

Fluent in six languages, Collins taught at the overseas division of the University of Maryland, the University of California, Berkeley, and Northern Illinois University at DeKalb where, in 1967, he received the NIU Excellence in Teaching award. In 1971, he received an Illinois mandatory retirement notice.  Not ready to retire, he sought the aid of a former student, and protégé W.R.S., who was in a position to discuss the matter with then Illinois Governor Richard Ogilvie.  Mr. S. explained to the Governor that such an eminent Professor as John H. Collins was too highly respected in both American and European intellectual circles to fall victim to the state's arbitrary mandatory retirement system.  Moreover, such an arbitrary decision pursuant to these select intellectual circles would bode ill for the State of Illinois' university system.  Subsequently, the decision was made to retain Dr. Collins on a different contract.

Upon Collins' retirement in 1978, a Northern Illinois University lecture hall was dedicated in his honor.  He remained active in scholarly pursuits until his death in 1981.

References
 , p. 46

1902 births
1981 deaths
American classical scholars
Cornell University alumni
Northern Illinois University faculty
Classical scholars of the University of California, Berkeley
Historians of ancient Rome
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
People from Anaconda, Montana
American male non-fiction writers
Historians from California
University of Illinois College of Liberal Arts and Sciences alumni

John H. Collins (academic)


Crotaphatrema bornmuelleri is a species of caecilian in the family Scolecomorphidae. It is endemic to Cameroon. The specific name bornmuelleri honours Joseph Friedrich Nicolaus Bornmüller, a German botanist. Common names Bornmuller's caecilian and Bornmüller's caecilian have been coined for it.

Like most species of its genus, it may be found at high elevations including Mount Cameroon. It was collected by Werner in 1893 and the holotype was collected by a local in an unknown location but its natural habitats may be subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forests. No exact threats are known but if the species relies on soil moisture and temperature maintained by vegetation, it may be threatened by habitat disturbance and agricultural activities including herbicides and pesticides. There has been habitat loss in its range but may be adaptable.

References

bornmuelleri
Amphibians of Cameroon
Endemic fauna of Cameroon
Amphibians described in 1899
Taxa named by Franz Werner
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Crotaphatrema bornmuelleri


Wendy May Carter Clarkson (née Wendy Carter; born March 11, 1956, Glasgow, Scotland) is a Canadian badminton champion who was ranked third in the world in 1978 and also medalled or ranked at Canadian Open, national, Commonwealth Games and Pan Am Games.

Career
Clarkson won her first single Canadian title in the women's singles in 1976, having been a junior champion the year before. That year, she also won the Canadian Open. In 1977, she competed in the quarter-finals of All England. As a high school athlete in Edmonton, Alberta, at Strathcona Composite High School, she was recognized for her prowess in badminton as Athlete of the Year. In the 1960s, she took up badminton. She won the 1975 Canadian junior badminton singles title. With Tracey Vanwassenhove, she won the junior girls' doubles competition. With Cam Dalgleish, she won the mixed doubles in the Open National Badminton Championships.

In 1976, she won the Canadian Ladies' Singles title. The next year, she won the Badminton Pan Am Championship. During the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton, Alberta, she won silver in the team competition and bronze in the ladies' singles. That year, she was ranked as 3rd-best female badminton player in the world. In 1979, and 1980, she won top ladies' singles at the nationals and, with Claire Backhouse, she won top Doubles and, with Greg Carter, top mixed doubles. In 1981, she won gold in Ladies' Doubles with Sandra Skillings.  In 1982, she earned top Doubles with Bob MacDougal and top ladies doubles with Sandra Skillings.

Education
She earned a Bachelor of Education from the University of Calgary in 1989. In 2001, she was inducted into the University of Alberta's Sports Hall of Fame. Today she is a coach in Seattle, Washington.

Achievements
Notes

References

1956 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Glasgow
Canadian female badminton players
University of Calgary alumni
Commonwealth Games medallists in badminton
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Canada
Badminton players at the 1978 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1978 Commonwealth Games

Wendy Clarkson


John Cottingham (born 1943) is an English philosopher. The focus of his research has been early-modern philosophy (especially Descartes), the philosophy of religion and moral philosophy. He is a Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Reading, Professorial Research Fellow at Heythrop College, University of London, and Honorary Fellow of St John's College, Oxford. He is also a current Visiting Professor to the Philosophy Department at King's College, London.

Cottingham has served as editor of the journal Ratio, president of the Aristotelian Society, of the British Society for the Philosophy of Religion, of the Mind Association and as Chairman of the British Society for the History of Philosophy. A Festschrift with responses by Cottingham, The Moral Life, was published by Palgrave in 2008.

Cottingham was educated at Merchant Taylors' School near London, and St John's College, Oxford.

Research

Descartes
Cottingham introduced trialism as an alternative interpretation of the mind–body dualism of Descartes. Although composed of two substances, mind and body, the human being possesses distinctive attributes in its own right (including sensations, passions, emotions), and these form a third category, that cannot be reduced to thought or extension. Cottingham has also argued that Descartes's view of animals as 'machines' does not have the reductionistic implications commonly supposed. Finally, Cottingham has explored the importance of Descartes as  a moral philosopher, with a comprehensive picture of the good life that draws both on his scientific work (in physiology and psychology) and also on the theistic outlook that informs all his philosophy. Cottingham is co-editor and translator of the three-volume Cambridge edition of The Philosophical Writings of Descartes.

Moral philosophy and philosophy of religion
Cottingham criticizes a putative psychological impoverishment of contemporary moral  philosophy, and argues that any plausible theory of a good and integrated life for human beings needs to draw on the insights available from a broadly psychoanalytic perspective.  His work on partiality defends the importance of self-concern as a central ingredient in virtue. In On the Meaning of Life, he addresses the relationship between moral, aesthetic and religious modes of awareness in constituting a meaningful life. Cottingham's more recent work in the philosophy of religion argues for the primacy of the moral and spiritual aspects of religious allegiance over theoretical and doctrinal components.

Selected works
 (2020) In Search of the Soul, Princeton University Press.
 (2015) How to Believe, Bloomsbury.
 (2009) Why Believe? Continuum
 (2008) Cartesian Reflections, Oxford University Press
 (2007) Western Philosophy, Blackwell
 (2005) The Spiritual Dimension, Cambridge University Press
 (2003) On the Meaning of Life, Routledge
 (1998) Philosophy and the good life: reason and the passions in Greek, Cartesian and psychoanalytic ethics, Cambridge University Press
 (1997) Descartes's Philosophy of Mind, Orion
 (1988) The Rationalists, Oxford University Press
 (1986) Descartes, Blackwell

References

External links
 Personal webpage
 John Cottingham extended interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series.

English philosophers
Catholic philosophers
People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Fellows of St John's College, Oxford
Descartes scholars
Living people
Presidents of the Aristotelian Society
1943 births
English male non-fiction writers

John Cottingham


The Saskatchewan Marijuana Party was an organization based in Saskatchewan, Canada.

History
The Saskatchewan Marijuana Party was officially registered as a political party in Saskatchewan, Canada, on June 7, 2006. Since that time, the party has arranged numerous events and raised awareness of cannabis issues in the province of Saskatchewan.  On January 13, 2007, the Saskatchewan Marijuana Party hosted its first and founding convention. The Saskatchewan Marijuana Party Founding Constitution was adopted, the leadership and executive council voted on and ratified by the membership, and a handful of policy resolutions were adopted.

A highlight of the convention was the leadership race with Ken Sailor challenging Nathan Holowaty, but Nathan was able to beat the opposition and received a confident majority of the members. The Saskatchewan Marijuana Party ran its first candidate for election during a by-election for the vacant constituency of Martensville on March 5, 2007.  Party leader Nathan Holowaty received 38 votes, finishing 6th out of 7 candidates. The SKMP ran in its first campaign on November 7, 2007. They fielded five candidates who collected 509 votes (0.12%) running just behind the Western Independence Party who ran 8 candidates. In the riding where the SKMP fielded candidates all received around 1.0%.

Party leaders
Nathan Holowaty 2006-2007

See also
Politics of Saskatchewan
List of Saskatchewan political parties

External links
Party website

Provincial political parties in Saskatchewan
Cannabis political parties of Canada
Political parties established in 2006
2006 establishments in Saskatchewan
Political parties disestablished in 2010
Defunct political parties in Canada
2006 in cannabis
Cannabis in Saskatchewan
2010 disestablishments in Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan Marijuana Party