Hanmer Springs Ski Area, located on Mount Saint Patrick, South Island, New Zealand is a club skifield 17km (about 35 minutes' drive) from the town of Hanmer Springs. It has New Zealands longest Poma lift at over 800m, a nutcracker rope tow and a new beginners fixed grip rope tow, giving access to trails rated as 10% beginner, 60% intermediate and 30% advanced. Elevation is 1769m at the top of the field with 52ha of ski terrain (310m vertical elevation).

The 1000 metre long Poma lift was installed in 1981. It was purchased second hand from Whakapapa Ski Field and installed by volunteers. All the holes for the towers were dug by hand.

The facilities are run by the Amuri Ski Club Inc, a volunteer non-profit sports club for locals and visitors, with all proceeds from receipts being put back into upgrading facilities each year. The ski field was established in 1957. A groomer is used throughout the season which usually runs from the end of June until about mid September each year. There is a natural terrain park used by both skiers and snowboarders.

The Hanmer Springs Ski Area was the first ski field to open in early June 2021 after a big snowfall brought snow to the field.

Services
Daily lessons are available and ski hire can be obtained from both the mountain and the village. A daily shuttle runs for those who are not confident on an alpine road, chains must be carried at all times and fitted when directed.

References

External links
Official website

Ski areas and resorts in Canterbury, New Zealand

Hanmer Springs Ski Area


The Sandy Glacier Caves are a system of glacier caves within the ice of Sandy Glacier on Mount Hood, Oregon. They are thought to be the largest glacier caves in the lower 48 states of the United States. Surveys done in 2011 and 2012 have measured the system at over 1 mile in length or about 7,000 feet. The caves formed from internal glacial melting at what are the headwaters of the Muddy Fork river. As melting continues, the caves grow larger with their entrances melting their way up the glacier's slope. Eventually it is predicted the caves will be completely gone within 7 to 10 years once the interior melting has reached the surface of the glacier.

During early summer, all three surveyed caves within the glacier are connected through perennial ice and are called the Snow Dragon Glacier Cave System. By late summer, the perennial ice melts away leaving only the disconnected glacier caves that have been individually named Snow Dragon, Pure Imagination, and Frozen Minotaur Caves. In 2013, a fourth glacier cave was discovered on the Sandy Glacier, but so far it has not been explored.

Exploration
The caves were first brought to the attention of Brent McGregor and Eddy Cartaya, both members of the Oregon High Desert Grotto, when a video was posted on YouTube showing individuals at the entrance to a new glacier cave. Being ill-equipped, no exploration was done until McGregor and Cartaya explored the cave shortly thereafter with Scott Linn, and then returning to survey the cave which they coined Snow Dragon. Return trips led to the discovery of Pure Imagination Cave and then Frozen Minotaur. In 2012, the Oregon High Desert Grotto and other NSS members surveyed the entire system. In 2013, after numerous trips to the cave, OPB's Oregon Field Guide lead their most complex shoot to document the caves being studied by the grotto and scientists. As of October 2013, McGregor and Cartaya spent more than 300 hours mapping more than a mile of caves within the glacier. In 2016 it was reported that since 2014, McGregor's team the Glacier Cave Explorers has completed three expeditions to the glacier to map, photograph, and record environmental data. Their work in the caves discovered fir tree seedlings, duck feathers, and extremophiles. The team has brought glaciologists with them including Andrew Fountain, Jason Gulley and Gunnar Johnson.

History and science
The Sandy Glacier has lost about 40%, or almost half, of its ice between 1907 and 2004. The expeditions led by Cartaya and McGregor included Andrew Fountain to determine how much ice the glacier was losing per year by placing stakes on the surface. Internal temperatures in Snow Dragon Cave were measured at above 40 degrees Fahrenheit. Andrew Fountain believed the melting of the glacier is a sign that it was dying and in 5 to 10 years the caves would be entirely gone. In 2015 it was observed that a major portion of Snow Dragon had collapsed. The collapse of the caves continued with the majority of the caves being reported as entirely gone in 2016. The initial reason for their demise was reported as climate change, however other factors seemed to be contributing such as geothermal activity.

References

External links
Behind the Scenes of Glacier Caves: Mt. Hood's Secret World
Glacier Cave Explorers
Sandy Glacier Caves: Realm of the Snow Dragon
Snow Dragon Project

Caves of Oregon
Glaciology
Glacial landforms
Mount Hood
Landforms of Clackamas County, Oregon

Sandy Glacier Caves


Edward Oliver Bowsfield (born January 10, 1935) is a Canadian former professional baseball player. A left-handed pitcher born in Vernon, British Columbia, and raised in Penticton, he appeared in 215 games pitched in Major League Baseball over seven seasons (1958–1964) for the Boston Red Sox, Cleveland Indians, Los Angeles Angels and Kansas City Athletics. He was listed as  tall and .

Professional career

In his seven-year big league career, Bowsfield went 37–39 with six saves and a 4.35 earned run average (ERA). Of his 215 career appearances, 86 were starts, 12 of which were complete games, including four shutouts.

Boston Red Sox
Bowsfield made his major-league debut with the Boston Red Sox on July 20, 1958. That season he went 4–2 with a 3.84 ERA in 16 games, 10 of which were starts. Three of Bowsfield's wins as a rookie came against the New York Yankees. Yankee Manager Casey Stengel described Bowsfield as "that fella that throws them ground balls."

Although he had some success in 1958, he struggled the following season by going 0–1 with a 15.00 ERA in five games, two of which were starts. In nine innings of work in 1959, Bowsfield yielded 15 earned runs on 16 hits and nine walks. Working primarily out of the bullpen, he rebounded a bit in 1960, going 1–2 with a 5.14 ERA in 17 games, including a pair of starts.

Cleveland Indians
Bowsfield's Red Sox career came to an end on June 13, 1960, when he and Marty Keough were traded to the Cleveland Indians for Russ Nixon and Carroll Hardy. Working out of the bullpen and in the starting rotation, Bowsfield went 3–4 with a 5.09 ERA in 11 outings, six of which were starts.

Los Angeles Angels
As the expansion Los Angeles Angels filled its roster through the 1961 MLB expansion draft, the new organization turned to the Indians' Bowfield as a key member of its pitching staff. At age 26, Bowsfield had the best season of his career in the Angels' inaugural season. He posted a record of 11–8 with a 3.73 ERA in 41 games, including 21 starts. Bowsfield put together another winning record in 1962, going 9–8 with a 4.40 ERA in 34 games, 25 of which were starts, for the Angels.

Kansas City Athletics
After the most successful seasons of his career, Bowsfield was sent to the Kansas City Athletics to complete a July 21 trade for Dan Osinski. In his two seasons with the A's, he worked primarily out of the bullpen, although he would make 20 starts during his time in Kansas City. Bowsfield went 5–7 with three saves and a 4.45 ERA in 41 games, 11 of which were starts, during the 1963 season. In 1964, he posted a 4–7 record with a 4.10 ERA in 50 games, including nine starts.

On May 11, 1963, during an away game against the Minnesota Twins, Bowsfield took a no-hitter through nine innings. Leading 5-0 into the bottom of the ninth, Vic Power singled to third registering the first hit of the game against Bowsfield.

Post-playing career
Bowsfield was briefly a member of the Angels' front office after his playing career came to an end.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball players from Canada

References

Further reading
 SABR Biography Project

External links

1935 births
Living people
Baseball people from British Columbia
Boston Red Sox players
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Cleveland Indians players
Indianapolis Indians players
Jacksonville Suns players
Kansas City Athletics players
Los Angeles Angels players
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Oklahoma City Indians players
Rapiños de Occidente players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
San Jose Red Sox players
Spokane Indians players
Sportspeople from Vernon, British Columbia
Vancouver Mounties players

Ted Bowsfield


Columbus is an unincorporated community located within Mansfield Township in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 08022. Most of Mansfield Township's governmental offices are located in and around Columbus. It is also the main business district in the township with many businesses lining the main roads in the area. It is located at the junction of County Route 543 (which passes east and west through the area) and U.S. Route 206 (US 206) which is a major highway that heads north and south. US 206 originally passed through the center of Columbus on Atlantic Avenue and New York Avenue until it was moved to a short four-lane bypass of downtown in the late 1950s/early 1960s. The old surface route became state-maintained New Jersey Route 170 but became a county-maintained road (Burlington CR 690) in 1986.

As of the 2010 United States Census, the population of ZIP Code Tabulation Area 08022 was 8,783.

History
The area had been settled in the 18th century and featured a tavern named Black Horse Tavern. The community was originally known as Black Horse after the tavern, a vote was held in 1795 to determine Burlington County's county seat which featured Black Horse as one of three top vote-getters. Black Horse and the City of Burlington narrowly lost to Mount Holly. The settlement was renamed Columbus around 1827 in honor of Christopher Columbus.

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Columbus include:
 Rosey Brown (1932-2004), offensive tackle who played in the NFL for the New York Giants and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
 Cedric Jackson (born 1986), professional basketball player.

The Columbus Farmer's Market

The Columbus Farmer's Market is located at 2919 Route 206 in Springfield township, New Jersey. The Columbus Farmer's Market is the largest and oldest farmer's market in the Delaware Valley. Opening in 1919, the market originally served as  an auction for farm animals such as cattle and horses. The original location of the Columbus Farmer's Market was in the center of Columbus. However, in 1929 the market relocated to its current location on Route 206. The market continued to grow at its new location, selling not only livestock but a variety of agricultural machinery and fresh eggs. In 1988 the Columbus Farmer's Market was sold to a new owner, who expanded the market to 200 acres. Under the new ownership, the Columbus Market introduced a new produce building, the outdoor flea market and a multitude of other developments. The Columbus Farmers Market now has expanded to four new buildings, which contain the Columbus Self Storage, The Columbus Antiques Mall and J&L Sheds and Furniture. In present day, the market serves the community in a multitude of ways, selling flowers, fresh produce and fish, baked good and other foods, clothing, jewelry and an assortment of other merchandise available at the outdoor and indoor markets.

References

External links

Regional map
Columbus Farmers Market

Mansfield Township, Burlington County, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in Burlington County, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in New Jersey

Columbus, New Jersey


New Zealand Standard Time (NZST) is a time zone that is used in New Zealand that is 12 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+12:00). New Zealand observes daylight saving time, called New Zealand Daylight Time (NZDT) which is 13 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+13:00). The Chatham Islands is at UTC+12:45 during standard time and UTC+13:45 during daylight saving time. The time zone there is called Chatham Island Standard Time (CHAST)during the non-daylight saving period and Chatham Island Daylight Time (CHADT)during the daylight saving period.

Daylight saving time starts at 02:00 on the last Sunday in September and ends at 03:00 on the first Sunday in April. The Chatham Islands switch at 02:45 and 03:45 on the same dates. The territory of Tokelau does not observe daylight saving time.

References

Time by country

Time in New Zealand


Dolorian  is a doom metal band from Oulu, Finland. Their recordings are viewed as ambient blackened doom metal.

The band was founded in mid-1997 as a duo consisting of A. Haapapuro and A. Kukkohovi. Their combination of varied songs, structures and melodies, several vocal styles, and obscure spiritual lyrics set the band apart from many others in their genre.

Dolorian recorded their first demos in autumn 1997 at Tico-Tico Studios with temporary keyboard player H. Riihinen. They were subsequently signed with Wounded Love Records. In April 1998 the band, along with their new keyboard player J. Ontero, recorded the debut album When All the Laughter Has Gone. The album was released in 1999. The following year, the band recorded their second album. Entitled simply Dolorian, it was a continuation of the black doom sound of their debut, although with much quieter vocals. The self-titled album, considering the raw black/doom sound of the first album, Dolorian, blurs the boundaries of clear classification by instilling a more psychedelic and ambient backdrop.

In 2002, Dolorian recorded songs for a split release with Shining, but record label problems delayed its release until 2004. In 2006, the band released their third album, Voidwards, which demonstrated a further shift in their sound and included the usage of dark ambient elements. Their latest album is a blend of sounds from their previous releases. On the one hand there are long passages of ambient, psychedelic rock, with heavy flange, and clean vocals: on the other hand, there are loud blackened doom metal passages to contrast the atmospheric stylations, with a blend of two harsh vocals (one high and raspy, the other deep and growly), heavy distortion, and blaring synthesizers.

The band has been on hold since 2006. All of its members are involved in dark ambient projects, which has likely shifted their concentration away from Dolorian.

Members
Anti Ittna Haapapuro – vocals, electric guitar (1997–present)
Ari Kukkohovi – bass guitar, drums, electric guitar (1997–present)
Jussi Ontero – keyboard (1998–present)

Discography
1999 – When All the Laughter Has Gone
2001 – Dolorian
2006 – Voidwards

References

External links
 Dolorian official website
 Dolorian on Encyclopaedia Metallum
 Dolorian on Last.fm (includes music samples)
 Helixes musical collective

Avant-garde metal musical groups
Finnish doom metal musical groups
Finnish musical trios
Musical groups established in 1997

Dolorian


The Academic Council on the United Nations System (ACUNS) is a professional association of scholars, practitioners, institutions, and individuals active in the work and study of the UN. ACUNS stimulates and supports dialogue and research about issues of global concern and international cooperation.

Purpose
ACUNS unites people engaged in research, writing, teaching, and policy practice related to the United Nations system, in order to better understand and address the most pressing global issues of our time. The United Nations was founded in 1945 to "save succeeding generations from the scourge of war." Today, in addition to war, climate change, pandemic disease, new weapons, displacement, inequality, bigotry and extremism that threaten global well-being. Because these challenges cross borders, no sovereign nation will succeed in countering them alone. Members of ACUNS contend that solutions to improve the human condition will be advanced through evidence-based analysis, international legal agreement, and multilateral action. As the only institution with worldwide membership, an effective United Nations is an existential imperative for the global good. ACUNS serves to foster well-studied action in the UN system.

History
ACUNS was established in 1987 by a group of concerned scholars at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. Since that time, it has been hosted by Brown University, Yale University, Wilfrid Laurier University, and Coventry University. In 2020, ACUNS became an independent nonprofit organization registered in the State of New York.

Actions
Through events, publications, and online networking opportunities, ACUNS fosters analysis and debate about major international challenges. ACUNS increases the accessibility of the UN system to scholars, and facilitates the development of new scholarship about the UN and international affairs. It recognizes exceptional scholarship on the UN system, while also striving to translate and disseminate academic knowledge into practical recommendations for policy advisers and policymakers. Through its work, ACUNS seeks to nurture the growth of excellent scholarship, legal instruments, and informed policy solutions to global challenges.

UN status
ACUNS holds General Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and United Nations Department of Public Information (DPI), Associate Status with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and observer status to United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA). It is possible for council members to be registered to attend meetings organized by UN specialized agencies, the UN Secretariat, and other UN bodies. ACUNS currently has over 650 individual and 42 institutional members in 55 countries.

Operations

 The ACUNS Annual Meeting draws approximately 300 scholars and practitioners each year for plenary sessions, roundtables, and workshop panels on a wide range of topics. Previous Meetings have been held in Brazil, Canada, Italy, Republic of Korea, South Africa, Trinidad, Turkey, United States of America, and as a global online event.
 The annual ACUNS Workshop brings early-career practitioners into conversation with junior academics on key aspects of international organization. The program draws together some 20 participants each year.
 The John W. Holmes Memorial Lecture, is delivered during the ACUNS Annual Meeting and subsequently published in Global Governance.
The ACUNS Dissertation Award recognizes qualifying graduate students with a US$1500 prize and invites winners to submit an article to the Global Governance journal.
The ACUNS Series on the UN System is an interdisciplinary book series with a broad focus on international organization, multilateralism, and global governance created in association with Edward Elgar Publishers.

Publications
Global Governance is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed journal published quarterly by Brill in association with ACUNS. The journal highlights research, opinion pieces, and book reviews of leading scholars on issues of peace and security, development, human rights, health, and the environment. The journal is currently hosted by Brigham Young University for a five-year term (2018–2023).
As of 2021, the ACUNS Quarterly Newsletter was replaced by the ACUNS Monthly Bulletin, which includes timely organizational, professional, and academic information and announcements.

Board of directors
ACUNS is led by an international Board of Directors, Officers, and Staff.

Board Members:

 Lise Morjé Howard (President and Director) - Professor of Government, Georgetown University
Charlotte Ku (Past President and Director) - Texas A&M University School of Law
Gabriel Amvane (Vice President and Director) - OFPRA
Franz Baumann (Vice President and Director) - Professor, New York University
Mónica Serrano (Member-at-Large and Director) - El Colegio de México
Cecilia Cannon (Director) - Graduate Institute of International & Development Studies
Sarmad Khan (Director) - Office of the UN Resident Coordinator
Kingsley Moghalu (Director) - Institute for Governance and Economic Transformation
Marie McAuliffe (Director) - International Organization for Migration
Heung-Soon Park (Director) - SunMoon University
Richard Ponzio (Director) - Stimson Center
Officers:

 Jean Krasno (Treasurer) - City College of New York
 Courtney B. Smith (Assistant Treasurer) - Seton Hall University
 Ai Kihara-Hunt (Secretary) - University of Tokyo

Staff:

Filip Savatic serves as Administrative Coordinator.

Liaison offices
ACUNS has a liaison office in Tokyo, Japan.

References

External links
acuns.org Website

1987 establishments in the United States
Dartmouth College
Educational organizations based in Ontario
United Nations organizations based in North America
Organizations established in 1987
Political research institutes
Wilfrid Laurier University
Canada and the United Nations


Oil shale is a sedimentary rock which can be squeezed to get oil out if it. The part which has oil in it is called kerogen. There's a great deal of it, and the oil is said to be "oil in place". It is planned as a source of oil after regular oil wells dry up.

So far only Estonia and China have got big oil shale industries, but other countries plan to develop it. The forests of ferns and trees which originally made the oil were very widespread on Earth, so in theory many other countries have oil-bearing land.

Alternatively, there are people who believe that hydrocarbons are not biogenic. They think hydrocarbons were formed in space and delivered to planets like Earth ready-formed. Although this might seem far-fetched, it has been suggested by some notable scientists, such as Thomas Gold.

References

Oils
Sedimentary rocks

Oil shale


The South China sika deer (Cervus nippon kopschi) is one of many subspecies of sika deer. Standing  tall at the shoulders, it is a small subspecies that is only a little larger than its Japanese counterpart. The back is brown with a long dark vertebral strip flanked from indistinct white spots, the belly is snowy white. It has previously ranged from Yangtze River Basin all the way east to the coast, going as far south as the border with Vietnam. Today its small population of 300 is widely scattered along its former range, in remote mountains isolated by heavily populated lowlands. About 30 exists in the Tianmu Mountains in northern Zhejiang, 70 to 100 in southern Anhui, and 150 in northern Jiangxi. The population size in southern Guangxi is unknown, and a tiny population might exist in northern Guangdong as well. The population continues to decline due to poaching, and inbreeding is a matter of concern for the quality of its future population.

References

Cervus
Mammals of Asia

South China sika deer


Michele Marie Leonhart (born February 27, 1956) is an American career law enforcement officer who served as Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) from 2010 to 2015, as well as in an acting capacity from 2007 to 2010.  After the resignation of Administrator Karen P. Tandy in the fall of 2007, Leonhart also served as Acting Administrator of the DEA. On February 2, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Leonhart for the position of DEA Administrator.

Leonhart's tenure as DEA Administrator was marked with controversy and scandals including a prostitution scandal; by the end of her service in April 2015, a bipartisan group of lawmakers declared that they had no confidence in her leadership. On April 21, she conveyed to Attorney General Eric Holder that she intended to resign the following month.

Career
Leonhart graduated from Bemidji State University in 1978 with a degree in criminal justice, and began her career in law enforcement as a patrol officer in Baltimore, Maryland before entering the DEA in late 1980 as a Special Agent. She became DEA's first female Special Agent in Charge in 1997. President George W. Bush announced his intention to nominate Leonhart as Deputy Administrator on July 31, 2003, and submitted her nomination to the United States Senate on October 3, 2003. The Senate confirmed her nomination on March 8, 2004. On April 15, 2008, the White House announced that President Bush intended to nominate Leonhart to succeed Tandy as the next Administrator of DEA. Leonhart's nomination was received by the Senate the same day and referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee. However, the committee did not hold any hearings on Leonhart's nomination, and on January 2, 2009, the nomination was returned to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate pursuant to sine die adjournment at the end of the 110th Congress.

She is currently Chair of the D.A.R.E. Board of Directors.

DEA Administrator
During Leonhart's testimony before the Judiciary Committee, she was questioned by a member of the Committee on Aging, Senator Herb Kohl (D-WI), about her policy for nurses prescribing painkillers for patients in nursing homes.  The problem of DEA interference during Leonhart's acting administratorship with the prescription of painkillers by nurses in nursing homes had come before the Committee on Aging.  Unsatisfied with her responses to his questions, Senator Kohl threatened to put a hold on Leonhart's nomination that could have postponed the vote on her confirmation indefinitely.  In correspondence between the Committee on Aging and the DEA,  Senator Kohl received assurances that patients suffering intractable pain could receive painkillers prescribed by nurses.  On December 22, 2010, the Senate confirmed Leonhart's nomination unanimously by voice vote.

Administrator Leonhart faced a large increase in prescription drug overdoses due to the opioid crisis.  Regardless, drug diversion enforcement actions against pharmaceutical companies declined sharply under her leadership, dropping from 131 in 2011 to 40 in 2014.  In 2013, DEA's chief administrative law judge John J. Mulrooney II reported that for the first time on record no charging documents had been filed for a whole month, finding that each case was now costing $11 million and one enforcement action was being taken for every 625 deaths.  In 2014, Mulrooney began allowing his judges to begin hearing cases from other agencies because the DEA's caseload was so low.

In April 2015, a bipartisan group of congressmen declared they had no confidence in Leonhart's leadership as DEA administrator. Days later, it was reported that Leonhart was expected to resign her position.

Controversy
In 2011, the Washington Post reported that "994 people younger than 18 were killed in drug-related violence between late 2006 and late 2010" and that "[i]n 2009, the last year for which there is data, 1,180 children were killed, half in shootings." In response to these statistics, Leonhart declared that while it "may seem contradictory, the unfortunate level of violence is a sign of success in the fight against drugs."

In 2014, Leonhart openly criticized President Barack Obama's stance on cannabis at a meeting of the National Sheriffs' Association. Marijuana activists and two congressmen called for her resignation due to her stance on cannabis while some law enforcement leaders defended her position. She also argued that dog owners should oppose marijuana legalization due to edible products' toxicity to animals. However, one study that examined 125 Colorado dogs who had contracted marijuana toxicosis between 2005 and 2010 found that only two dogs died as a result of ingesting marijuana edibles, and in both cases it was unclear whether death was caused by THC or by other ingredients toxic to canines, such as chocolate and caffeine.

In March 2015, it was revealed DEA agents were participating in drug cartel-funded sex parties with prostitutes. Agents were given expensive gifts, weapons and money. Surrounding the scandal, Leonhart announced her retirement. In April 2015, twenty-two members of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee said in a joint statement they had lost confidence in Leonhart's leadership.

References

External links
Inside the DEA - DEA Leadership - Michele Leonhart
Results.gov - The President and His Leadership Team - Biography of Michele Leonhart

Living people
1956 births
American women police officers
Baltimore Police Department officers
Bemidji State University alumni
Drug Enforcement Administration Administrators
People from Minnesota
21st-century American women

Michele Leonhart


Old Stone Row is a collection of three stone buildings flanking the original campus green of Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont.  Painter Hall, built 1812-16, is the oldest surviving collegiate academic building in the state, with Old Chapel (1834–36) and Starr Hall (1865) as stylistic accompaniments, all based on vernacular mill construction styles of the period.  The buildings and green were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

Description and history

Old Stone Row is situated on the east side of the Middlebury College campus, and consists of three buildings standing atop a low ridge on the east side of Old Chapel Road, a north-south road that forms part of the campus circulation pattern.  The campus's modern main quadrangle lies just to the west, while the buildings are actually oriented facing east, across, facing the original campus green and the village center of Middlebury.  The three buildings are all stone structures, built of locally quarried limestone laid in irregular courses.  Architecturally, their massing is somewhat typical of mill buildings of the period, although the Old Chapel, at the center of the group, is distinguished by a prominent three-stage belltower, and the orientation of its long axis (and main roofline) perpendicular to the others.

Painter Hall, the northernmost of the buildings, was constructed in 1812-16 as part of a building campaign organized in part due to competition with the University of Vermont at Burlington, which had built a substantial brick edifice in 1807.  It was built and used mainly as a dormitory, although it has seen other uses in its history.  Its design, virtually devoid of ornamentation, is reminiscent of a stone mill (no longer standing) built in Middlebury in 1811.  Old Chapel was built in 1834-36, originally providing a chapel and instructional spaces, as well as a prominent visual focus for the campus.  Starr Hall, south of the chapel, followed in the 1860s, built as the result of increased enrollment in the late 1850s.  Its design is a clear reference to Painter Hall, although it is architecturally distinguished by projecting gabled bays with the entrances at their bases.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Addison County, Vermont

References

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Addison County, Vermont
Georgian Revival architecture in Vermont
Buildings and structures completed in 1812
Buildings and structures in Middlebury, Vermont
Middlebury College

Old Stone Row


The Friday Rock Show was a radio show in the United Kingdom that was broadcast on BBC Radio 1 from 10pm to midnight on Friday nights, from 17 November 1978 until 2 April 1993. For most of its existence, it was hosted by Tommy Vance.

Vance also hosted a television version for satellite channel VH1 in the 1990s. This series was axed in March 2002.

History
Throughout most of its run, the show was hosted by Tommy Vance. Ostensibly for the genre of rock in general, it was most closely associated with heavy metal. In the early 1980s it was the only nationally available outlet for this genre of music, and Vance's enthusiasm for showcasing new bands and his rapport with fans made the show essential listening for rockers.

The show played a significant role in the rise of the new wave of British heavy metal, which came to dominate the show by the early 1980s. Initially the show had been intended as a continuation of Alan Freeman's 1973–78 Saturday afternoon show, and included elements of post-punk and new wave music. The show had the additional good fortune of being able to "borrow" the 88–91 MHz FM transmitters of BBC Radio 2, allowing listeners to enjoy the music in the best available quality for the time, before Radio 1 finally acquired its own FM frequency in 1988.

Before this happened, the show was temporarily given an extra hour from 21:00 to 22:00, probably because Alan Freeman's Capital London's Monday rock show had been moved to Friday nights starting at 21:00. This was heard on medium wave only, except in London and parts of the south east, where it was relayed by BBC Radio London's FM transmitter. After Radio 1's move to 24-hour FM broadcasting, the show's time slot was put back half an hour from 22:30 to 00:30, but only for a brief period and after returning to its original slot, the show eventually moved to run from 21:00 to 23:00.

By 1993, the introduction into Britain of a much wider choice of television and radio channels had made heavy metal more accessible and the show less important, and Tommy Vance left Radio 1 to join the original line-up of Virgin Radio.

Features
The show generally included a studio session or live performance each week. Many of these studio sessions were engineered, mixed and produced by Dave Dade, BBC Senior Studio Manager, who worked closely with show producer Tony Wilson. Also featured were recordings from the BBC radio archives, both live and studio-sessions, from as far back as the late 1960s. This material included bands such as Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple, Jethro Tull, Uriah Heep, The Nice, Rush and Genesis, among others. At the time the majority of this material was not available on general release and even today, in the current era of the deluxe edition CD album featuring bonus tracks, some remains unavailable to the general public, mainly because Tony Wilson took the tapes with him when he left the BBC in 1995.

Other features included "The Friday Night Connection", a quiz in which listeners had to identify three pieces of music and the connection or theme between them. From the beginning of 1985, this was replaced by "Lie Back And Enjoy It". Listeners would send in a list of tracks that would last for about 20 minutes, but did not have to have a connection. The person whose selection was chosen would still receive the record voucher and Van der Graaf's "Theme One" was still used to introduce the feature.  In the late 80s, Vance introduced "Rock War" (later renamed "Rock Challenge" during the 1991 Gulf War), in which listeners were asked to vote for the best of three demo tapes sent in by aspiring bands. Another feature was the listeners' all-time chart, which took place once a year on the show's anniversary/birthday (Now We Are 1, Now We Are 2, etc.), during which were played the most popular rock tracks, as voted for by the listeners. (This invariably finished with Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven" at No. 1.)

For most of its run, its intro and closing theme tune was the Dixie Dregs instrumental "Take it Off the Top", and the quiz used the Van der Graaf Generator track "Theme One" (a cover of the theme tune originally written for Radio 1 by George Martin in 1967); other jingles were written and performed by Samson (with Nicky Moore on vocals), Rose Tattoo and Vow Wow. The show replaced John Peel on Friday nights, but Peel's show had previously featured more mainstream styles of rock music than he personally favoured as "part of a review function"; after the Friday Rock Show began, Peel was able to concentrate on the post-punk styles he was most enthused by at this point.

Bands
Incidental music was used whilst Vance was chatting between playing discs. Examples are "Red lady Too", George Harrison from his 1968 Apple LP Wonderwall Music; and "The Stumble", John Mayall with Peter Green. Decca 1967. Also "Open Invitation" by Santana from their 1978 LP Inner Secrets, spliced together by producer Tony Wilson from two guitar passages when the pace of the song accelerated.

"Jas'Moon" by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band is another backing track, as is Stanley Clarke's "Silly Putty" (from the album Journey To Love). "Chasin' the Voodoo" by Al Di Meola is another (Album: Casino). The only Mahavishnu Orchestra 45 RPM record "Can't Stand Your Funk" from the 1974 record Visions of the Emerald Beyond was another musical bed for Tommy to talk over.

The tracks used as incidental music changed during the years the show was broadcast and towards the late 1980s no background music was used. A complete list of the tracks used as incidental music is as follows;

 "12 Bars From Mars",    Lenny White,    Streamline
 "The Stumble",    John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers,    A Hard Road
 "Chasin' the Voodoo",    Al Di Meola,    Casino
 "Red Lady Too",    George Harrison,    Wonderwall Music
 "Can't Stand Your Funk",    Mahavishnu Orchestra,    Visions of the Emerald Beyond
 "Tightrope (For Folon)",    Steve Khan,    Tightrope
 "Bullet Train",    Lee Ritenour,    Friendship and the Captain's Journey
 "The Big Ones",    Steve Khan,    Tightrope
 "Tighten Up",    Lee Ritenour,    Friendship and the Captain's Journey
 "Where Shadows Meet",    Steve Khan,    Tightrope
 "Country Boy",    Heads Hands & Feet,    Heads Hands & Feet
 "Silly Putty",    Stanley Clarke,    Journey to Love
 "Open Invitation",    Santana,    Inner Secrets
 "Reggae Groove",    The In Crowd,    His Majesty is Coming
 "Curly",    John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers,    Thru The Years
 "Some Down Time",    Steve Khan,   The Blue Man
 "Jas Moon",   Nitty Gritty Dirt Band,   American Dream

"Top Ten" feature
The first top 10 from 1979 called "Now We Are One" was as follows:

 10. "Shine on You Crazy Diamond" - Pink Floyd - from Wish You Were Here (side one)
 9. "Starship Trooper" - Yes - Live version from the triple live set Yessongs was played.
 8. "Supper's Ready" - Genesis - from Foxtrot
 7. "Stargazer" - Rainbow - from Rainbow Rising
 6. "Smoke on the Water" - Deep Purple - Live version from Made in Japan was played.
 5. "Xanadu" - Rush - from Farewell to Kings
 4. "Layla" - Derek and the Dominoes - from Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs
 3. "Freebird" - Lynyrd Skynyrd - Live version from One More for the Road played.
 2. "Child in Time" - Deep Purple - Live version from Made in Japan was played.
 1. "Stairway to Heaven" - Led Zeppelin - Live version from the soundtrack to The Song Remains the Same played.

The second top 10, "Two's Up - The Listeners' Top Ten" was broadcast on 14 November 1980.
 10. (-) "Awaken" - Yes - from Going For the One
 9. (-) "2112" - Rush - Live version from All the World's a Stage was played.
 8. (6) "Smoke on the Water" - Deep Purple - from Machine Head
 7. (5) "Xanadu" - Rush - from Farewell to Kings
 6. (7) "Stargazer" - Rainbow - from Rainbow Rising.
 5. (10) "Shine on You Crazy Diamond" - Pink Floyd - from Wish You Were Here
 4. (2) "Child in Time" - Deep Purple - from Deep Purple in Rock
 3. (3) "Freebird" - Lynyrd Skynyrd - Live version from One More for the Road played.
 2. (8) "Supper's Ready" - Genesis - from Foxtrot
 1. (1) "Stairway to Heaven" - Led Zeppelin - Live version from the soundtrack to The Song Remains the Same played.

The third top 10, was broadcast on 13 November 1981.
 10. (5) "Shine on You Crazy Diamond" - Pink Floyd - from copy of quadrophonic master mixed to stereo
 9. (8) "Smoke on the Water" - Deep Purple - from Machine Head
 8 (10) "Awaken" - Yes - from Going For the One
 7. (4) "Child in Time" - Deep Purple - from Deep Purple in Rock
 6. (9) "2112" - Rush - from 2112
 5. (7) "Xanadu" - Rush - from Farewell to Kings
 4. (6) "Stargazer" - Rainbow - from Rainbow Rising.
 3. (3) "Freebird" - Lynyrd Skynyrd - from Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd
 2. (2) "Supper's Ready" - Genesis - from Foxtrot
 1. (1) "Stairway to Heaven" - Led Zeppelin from Led Zeppelin IV

Legacy
The show was taken over by Claire Sturgess, who had been Radio 1 DJ Simon Bates' secretary prior to her appointment, but it went on a temporary break for a while.  It was moved to Sunday afternoons when Matthew Bannister became controller in October 1993, and then to Sunday evenings in May 1994.  For its last year, 1995–6, it was broadcast from Glasgow and presented by John Cavanagh.  The format of the programme fundamentally changed when Sturgess took over, firmly setting out its stall in the 'contemporary thrash' genre.

Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maiden fronted a new Friday Rock Show on BBC Radio 6 Music between 9 pm and twelve midnight. The show ran for eight years until 28 May 2010.

During 2016, Vintage TV began broadcasting a programme entitled 'The Friday Night Rock Show'. Hosted by Nicky Horne, who hosted similar shows on Capital Radio during the Friday Rock Show's peak period, the show's title was chosen with the intention of paying tribute to the legacies of Tommy Vance and Alan Freeman.

NWOBHM band Saxon paid tribute to the Friday Rock Show in their song "Denim and Leather".

A number of recordings, made when Tommy Vance fronted the Friday Rock Show, were issued on an independent record label Raw Fruit Records in the early 1990s.

See also
TotalRock

References

BBC Radio 1 programmes
British rock music
1978 radio programme debuts
1993 radio programme endings

Friday Rock Show


London Buses route 152 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between New Malden and Pollards Hill, it is operated by London General.

History

Route 152 originally operated from Mitcham Cricket Green to Kingston via Colliers Wood, South Wimbledon, Raynes Park, New Malden, Tolworth, Hook, and Surbiton. On 27 May 1936, it was diverted at Hook to Hampton Court station via Hinchley Wood. On 27 June 1951, route 152 was extended to Feltham station via Teddington, with Kingston garage gaining an allocation in addition to the existing Merton garage allocation. The route reverted to sole operation by Merton garage from 9 May 1962. It continued to run to Mitcham, running every 20 minutes.

The route reverted to sole operation by Merton garage from 9 May 1962. On 24 January 1970, it was diverted at Scilly Isles to Esher in lieu of Feltham. From the same date, the service was converted from AEC Regent III RT operation to one-man operation using single-deck AEC Merlins. From 18 May 1974, the service reverted to double-deck operation using Daimler Fleetlines. From 27 September 1980, the route was diverted at Tolworth to Surbiton station instead of Hampton Court, leaving the section of route to Hampton Court unserved except for some school journeys renumbered 152A. Under the major service cuts of 4 September 1982, single-deck operation returned to the route using Leyland Nationals.

On 27 June 1987, route 152 was withdrawn between Surbiton and New Malden, diverting instead via route 131 to Kingston. On 26 November 1988, operation transferred to Sutton garage as part of the 'Sutton Bus' local tender unit, but operation gradually moved back to Merton garage. On 30 November 1991 Merton garage resumed full control, and the route was converted to single-deck midibus operation using Optare MetroRiders. This change was made in order to facilitate an extension of the route to Pollards Hill via Eastfields Estate, an area long-deprived of a bus service and beyond the remit of larger vehicles due to roadwidth restrictions, one of the factors in earlier proposals such as the re-routing of route 118 being shelved.

On 30 November 1996, the route was converted to low floor operation with Dennis Darts. Upon being re-tendered, the route passed to Mitcham Belle on 1 December 2001. Route 152 was included in the 27 August 2004 sale of Mitcham Belle's Transport for London bus contracts to Centra.

Upon being re-tendered in 2006, route 152 passed to Travel London. Route 152 was included in the 21 May 2009 sale of Travel London to Abellio London who were awarded a further contract in May 2011.

In November 2014, a bus on the route caught fire, becoming the third bus to do so in a week. Abellio was accused of 'shocking maintenance'. The fire was believed to have been caused by the engine overheating.

When next re-tendered the route was awarded to London General who commenced operating it from Merton garage on 3 December 2016.

Current route
Route 152 operates via these primary locations:
New Malden
Raynes Park station
Wimbledon Chase station
Merton Park tram stop
South Wimbledon station
Colliers Wood station
Mitcham Eastfields station
Pollards Hill

References

External links

Bus routes in London
Transport in the London Borough of Merton
Transport in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames

London Buses route 152


Dan Peder Clemens Ekborg  (born 23 November 1955) is a Swedish actor. He is the son of actor Lars Ekborg and older brother of actor Anders Ekborg.

He has starred in many of the Swedish Jönssonligan films. He is also the Swedish voice for Hades in Disney's Hercules  and the Swedish voice for Genie in Disney's Aladdin.
He participated as a celebrity dance in Let's Dance 2019, which is broadcast on TV4

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
Swedish male film actors
Swedish male stage actors
Swedish male voice actors
Litteris et Artibus recipients

Dan Ekborg


Michael George O'Brien (born 25 September 1979) is an English former professional footballer. He represented England as a schoolboy.

O'Brien, a left-sided midfielder, began his career as a trainee with Everton, turning professional in October 1997. At Everton he had captained the FA Youth Cup winning side in 1998, but his progress was hampered by injury and he was released at the end of the 1998–99 season.

He joined Torquay United in August 1999 and later that month, on the opening day of the season, scored on his league debut against Shrewsbury Town at Gay Meadow. After a first season in and out of the starting line-up, but with some notable moments, including as a goal from a 30-yard free kick at Loftus Road in the FA Cup third round tie against Queens Park Rangers in December 1999, O'Brien fell out of favour with manager Wes Saunders. He was loaned to Conference side Southport in January 2001, returning in March with Torquay struggling at the foot of the Football League. With Saunders sacked, O'Brien returned to the first team squad under new manager Colin Lee, playing four times as a substitute before the end of the season. The last of these games, on the final day of the season, saw O'Brien come on early in the first half for Jason Rees as Torquay won 3–2 away to Barnet to avoid relegation and send Barnet down instead.

Lee left at the end of the season and was replaced by Roy McFarland. O'Brien was one of a number of players on short-term contracts, giving McFarland a chance to assess the squad. He appeared as a late substitute for Tony Bedeau on 11 August 2001, as Torquay lost 1–0 away to Bristol Rovers, but was released at the end of that month.

He joined Droylsden in September 2001, moving to Chester City the following month and appearing in their Conference side. He was released by Chester at the end of the 2002–03 season, having not played in their first team that season.

He returned to Droylsden in August 2003, playing seven times up to early October.

He returned to the Droylden side in October 2005, playing his final game for them that season on 12 December as Droylsden lost at home to Workington.

He also became kit man to the Everton youth team, also taking some of the coaching and by April 2008 was one of Everton's Academy coaches.

References

External links

Living people
1979 births
English men's footballers
Everton F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Southport F.C. players
Droylsden F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Footballers from Liverpool
English Football League players
Men's association football midfielders

Mick O'Brien (footballer, born 1979)


Diego de Noboa y Arteta (15 April 1789, in Guayaquil – 3 November 1870) was President of Ecuador from 8 December 1850 to 26 February 1851 (interim) and 26 February 1851 to 17 July 1851. He was President of the Senate in 1839 and 1848.

In 1832, Noboa served as the Ecuadorian Minister Plenipotentiary and was a leading figure in the conclusion of a treaty of friendship with Peru.

By 1845, Noboa was cited, along with two Ecuadorian businessmen José Joaquín de Olmedo and Vicente Ramón Roca, as the founder of the Marcista (March) movement, which drew from the U.S. Declaration of Independence to launch a rebellion. Roca, who became president from 1845 to 1849, engaged in another power struggle with Noboa.

From 1849 to 1851, Noboa's political rivalry with two other figures, Manuel de Ascásubi and Antonio Elizalde resulted in a civil strife. Noboa and Elizalde were described as republicans who supported democracy and liberty while Ascazubi favored more authoritarian policies. This conflict led to the rise of General José María Urvina, who in 1851 dominated the Ecuadorian politics through his presidency (1852-1860) and his influence on the presidency of General Francisco Robles.

Noboa was the great-great-grandfather of Gustavo Noboa Bejarano, who also became Ecuador's president (2000) and vice president under Jamil Mahuad's administration.

References

External links

 DIEGO NOBOA ARTETA . diccionariobiograficoecuador.com

1789 births
1870 deaths
People from Guayaquil
Presidents of Ecuador
Presidents of the Senate of Ecuador
19th-century Ecuadorian people

Diego Noboa


Agniya Lvovna Barto (;  – 1 April 1981) was a Russian Soviet poet and children's writer of Belarusian Jewish origin.

Biography
Agniya was born Gitel Leybovna Volova in Moscow to a Belarusian Jewish family. Her father, Lev Nikolayevich Volov, was a veterinarian, and her mother, Maria (née Blokh), was from Kovno, Lithuania. Agniya studied at a ballet school. She liked poetry and soon started to write her own, trying to imitate Anna Akhmatova and Vladimir Mayakovsky. She read her poetry at the graduation ceremony from the ballet school. Among the guests was the Minister of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky who remarked that instead of becoming a ballerina she should be a professional poet. According to legend, despite the fact that all of Barto's poetry at that time was about love and revolution, Lunacharsky predicted that she would become a famous children's poet.

Agniya married ornithologist and poet Pavel Barto, grandson of an English-born merchant Richard Barto. Some of her children's poems were published under two names: Agniya Barto and Pavel Barto. In 1925 she published her first books: Chinese boy Wang-Li (Китайчонок Ван-Ли) and Mishka the Petty Thief (Мишка-Воришка). Subsequently, she published The First of May (Первое мая), 1926 and Brothers (Братишки), 1928 which received a positive review from Korney Chukovsky. After publishing a book of poetic miniatures for toddlers entitled Toys (Игрушки) in 1936, she suddenly became one of the most popular children's authors, with millions of published copies.

During World War II, she wrote patriotic anti-Nazi poetry, often directly addressed to the leader of the Soviet people, Joseph Stalin. She also worked as a Western Front correspondent for the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda. In 1949, she was awarded the Stalin Prize for her book Poetry for Children.

During the 1960s, Barto worked in an orphanage that inspired her to write the poem Zvenigorod (Звенигород, written in 1947, first published in 1966). For nine years, Barto was the anchor of the radio program Find a Person (Найти человека), which helped people find family members lost during World War II. During that time she helped to reunite no fewer than a thousand families. She wrote a book about it in 1966. In 1977, she published Translations from the Children's Language (Переводы с детского) composed of her translations of poetry written by children of different countries. She died in Moscow in 1981.

Script author
She was the author of the script for the children's films Foundling (Подкидыш, 1940), An Elephant and a Rope (Слон и верёвочка) 1945, Alyosha Ptitsyn builds his character (Алёша Птицын вырабатывает характер), 1953, 10,000 Boys (10 000 мальчиков), 1962, Find a Person (Найти человека), 1973.

Awards and other recognition
Order of Lenin
Order of the October Revolution
Two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour
Order of the Badge of Honour
Medal "For the Salvation of the Drowning"
Order of the Smile (Poland)
1950: Stalin Prize
1972: Lenin Prize
1976: Hans Christian Andersen Award.
Barto crater on Venus was named after her in 1985.
A minor planet 2279 Barto discovered in 1968 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh was also named in her honor.

References

External links
  AgniyaBarto.Ru - «Agniya Barto. Poetry for Children» - Last and best collection of verses for children under edition of the author. Humour and satire in Agniya Barto creativity.
Agniya Barto poetry at Stihipoeta.ru
 Agniya Barto. Poems
Biography

Illustrations to Barto's book Grievance by Marina Uspenskaya

1901 births
1981 deaths
Writers from Moscow
People from Moskovsky Uyezd
Russian Jews
Soviet Jews
Russian children's writers
Russian women poets
Soviet women poets
Soviet poets
Soviet children's writers
Children's poets
Russian women children's writers
20th-century Russian women writers
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Soviet journalists

Agniya Barto


Wilberforce University is a private historically black university in Wilberforce, Ohio.  Affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), it was the first college to be owned and operated by African Americans.  It participates in the United Negro College Fund.

Central State University, also in Wilberforce, Ohio, began as a department of Wilberforce University where Ohio state legislators could sponsor scholarship students.

The college was founded in 1856 by a unique collaboration between the Cincinnati, Ohio, Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) to provide classical education and teacher training for black youth. It was named after William Wilberforce. The first board members were leaders both black and white.

The outbreak of the American Civil War (1861–65) resulted in a decline in students from the South, who were the majority, and the college closed in 1862 because of financial losses. The AME Church purchased the institution in 1863 to ensure its survival, making it the first black-owned and operated college in the nation. AME Bishop Daniel Payne was one of the university's original founders and became its first president after re-opening; he was the first African American to become a college president in the United States.  After an arson fire in 1865, the college was aided by donations from prominent white supporters and a grant from the US Congress to support rebuilding. Later it received support from the state legislature.

During the 1890s, scholar W. E. B. Du Bois taught at the university. In the late 19th century, it enlarged its mission to include black students from South Africa.

History
Wilberforce College was founded to educate African-American students. Twenty years earlier, a similar plan in New Haven, Connecticut, was met with a near-riot (New Haven Excitement), and was quickly abandoned. (See Simeon Jocelyn.) Discrimination against Blacks was legal, and the white colleges that would accept Black students could be counted on one hand (Grinnell College, Iowa, (1879, first Graduate) Hillsdale College Michigan, the Oneida Institute, the Oberlin Collegiate Institute (later Oberlin College), and New-York Central College).

Located three miles (5 km) from the county seat of Xenia, Ohio in the southwestern part of the state, what developed as Wilberforce University was founded as a collaboration among leaders of the Cincinnati Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME  Church).  They planned to promote classical education and teacher training for black youth.  Among the first 24 members of the tri-racial board of trustees in 1855 were Bishop Daniel A. Payne, Rev. Lewis Woodson, and Messrs. Ishmael Keith and Alfred Anderson, all of the AME Church.  Also on the Board were Salmon P. Chase, then Governor of Ohio and a strong supporter of abolition; a member of the Ohio State Legislature, and other Methodist leaders from the white community.  They named the college after the British abolitionist and statesman William Wilberforce. Rev Campbell Maxwell later became a trustee in 1896.

As a base for the college, the Cincinnati Conference bought a hotel, cottages and  of a former resort property near Xenia. It was named Tawawa House after the springs in the area, a word derived from a Shawnee term for "clear or golden water". This color was associated with the natural springs nearby because of its high iron content.  White people had founded the health resort in 1851 because of the springs, which they also called Yellow Springs. The waters had long been reputed to have health benefits.

Because of its location, this resort area had attracted summer people from both Cincinnati and the South, particularly after completion of the Little Miami Railroad in 1846. Some people in this area of abolitionist sentiment were shocked when wealthy white Southern planters patronized the resort with their entourages of enslaved African-American mistresses and mixed-race "natural" children.

Given migration patterns, this was also an area where numerous free people of color settled, many having moved across the Ohio River from the South to find better work and living conditions. Some were pushed from Southern states, which often required newly manumitted individuals to leave within a certain time period. Xenia had quite a large free black population, as did other towns in southern Ohio, such as Chillicothe, Yellow Springs and Zanesville. Free blacks and anti-slavery white supporters used houses in Xenia as stations on the Underground Railroad in the years before the Civil War. Wilberforce College also supported freedom-seeking slaves. Many of these free people of color were also had Native ancestry, Daniel Payne himself being of Catawba descent.

The college opened for classes in 1856, and by 1858 its trustees selected Rev. Richard S. Rust as the first president. Overriding some protest by men, in the 1850s the college hired Frances E. W. Harper, an abolitionist poet, as the first woman to teach at the school. In 1859 Sarah Jane Woodson began to teach at Wilberforce. She was a 1856 graduate of Oberlin College. She was the youngest sister of one of the original trustees, Rev. Lewis Woodson. She was the first black American to teach at a historically black college or university. She returned to Wilberforce in 1866 after it reopened in a position of greater responsibility.

By 1860 the private university had more than 200 students.  It is notable that most were from the South, the "natural" mixed-race sons and daughters of wealthy white planters and their enslaved African-American mistresses. The fathers paid for the educations that were denied their children in the South. They were among the fathers who did not abandon their mixed-race children but provided them with the social capital of education and sometimes property.

The outbreak of the Civil War threatened the college's finances. The Southern planters withdrew their children, and no more paying students came from the South. The Methodist church said it had to divert its resources to support the war. The college closed temporarily in 1862 when the Cincinnati Methodist Church was unable to fund it fully.

Led by Bishop Daniel A. Payne, in 1863 the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) decided to buy the college to ensure its survival; they paid the cost of its debt. They sold another property to raise the money. Founders were Bishop Payne, who was selected as its president; James A. Shorter, pastor of the AME Church in Zanesville, Ohio and a future bishop; and Dr. John G. Mitchell, principal of the Eastern District Public School of Cincinnati. Payne was the first African American to become a college president in the United States.

When an arson fire damaged some of the buildings in 1865, Payne went to his network to appeal for aid in rebuilding the college. Salmon P. Chase, then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and Dr. Charles Avery from Pittsburgh each contributed $10,000 to rebuild the college. Mary E. Monroe, another white supporter, contributed $4200. In addition, the US Congress approved a $25,000 grant for the college, which raised additional monies privately from a wide range of donors.

In 1888 the AME Church came to an agreement with the Republican Party-dominated state legislature that brought considerable financial support and political patronage to the college. It negotiated contemporary pressures to emphasize industrial education for many black youth by accommodating both that and the classical education.

As an act of political patronage, the state legislature established a commercial, normal and industrial (CNI) department at Wilberforce College.  While this created complications for administration and questions about the mission of the college, in the near term it brought tens of thousands of dollars annually in state aid to the campus.  Each state legislator could award an annual scholarship to the CNI department at Wilberforce, enabling hundreds of African-American students to attend classes. The state-funded students could complete liberal arts at the college, and students at Wilberforce could also take "industrial" classes.

By the mid-1890s, the college also admitted students from South Africa, as part of the AME Church's mission to Africa. The church helped support such students with scholarships, as well as arranging board with local families. An 1898 report published by the AME Church listed the university as having 20 faculty, 334 students, and 246 graduates.

The college became a center of black cultural and intellectual life in southwestern Ohio.  Because the area did not receive many European immigrants, blacks had more opportunities at diverse work. Xenia and nearby towns developed a professional black elite.

Generations of leaders: teachers, ministers, doctors, politicians and college administrators, and later men and women of all occupations, have been educated at the university. In the 19th century, Bishop Payne established his dream, a theological seminary, which was named in his honor.  Top-ranking scholars taught at the college, including W.E.B. Du Bois, the philologist William S. Scarborough, Edward Clarke, and John G. Mitchell, dean of the seminary. In 1894 Lieutenant Charles Young, the third black graduate of West Point and at the time the only African-American commissioned officer in the US Army, led the newly established military science department.

Additional leading scholars taught at the college in the early 20th century, such as Theophilus Gould Steward, a politician, theologian and missionary; and the sociologist Richard R. Wright, Jr., the first African American to earn a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania. He was a future AME bishop and became president of Wilberforce. These men were also prominent in the American Negro Academy, founded in 1897 to support the work of scholars, writers and other intellectuals. In 1969 the organization was revived as the Black Academy of Arts and Letters.

In 1941, the normal/industrial department was expanded by development of a four-year curriculum. In 1947, this section was split from the university and given independent status. It was renamed as Central State College in 1951. With further development of programs and departments, in 1965 it achieved university status as Central State University.

Growth of Wilberforce University after the mid-20th century led to construction of a new campus in 1967, located one mile (1.6 km) away. In 1974, the area was devastated by an F5 tornado that was part of the 1974 Super Outbreak, which destroyed much of the city of Xenia and the old campus of Wilberforce.

Older campus buildings still in use include the Carnegie Library, built in 1909 with matching funds from the Carnegie Foundation, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places; Shorter Hall, built in 1922; and the Charles Leander Hill Gymnasium, built in 1958. The former residence of Charles Young near Wilberforce was designated as a National Historic Landmark by the US Department of Interior, in recognition of his significant and groundbreaking career in the US Army.

In the 1970s, the university established the National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center, to provide exhibits and outreach to the region. It is now operated by the Ohio Historical Society. The university also supports the national Association of African American Museums, to provide support and professional guidance especially to smaller museums across the country.

In 2021 the university announced it was cutting tuition by 15% for Ohio residents.

2008 Financial aid audit
In 2008 the US Department of Education, Office of the Inspector General (OIG) completed an audit of financial management, specifically the university's management of Title IV funds, which related to its work-study program. For the two-year audit period (2004–2005, 2005–2006) the audit found numerous faults. In summary, the OIG found that the university did not comply with Title IV, HEA requirements because of administrative problems, including staff turnover, insufficient financial aid staff, failure to have written procedures, and lack of communication with other offices. The university worked with auditors to set up appropriate staff and procedures.

Presidents
 Richard Rust, 1858–1862 (under the joint board of trustees representing the Methodist Episcopal and African Methodist Episcopal churches)
 Daniel A. Payne, 1863–1876, first president of the college under AME operation
 Benjamin F. Lee, 1876–1884
 Samuel T. Mitchell, 1884–1900
 Joshua H. Jones, 1900–1908
 William S. Scarborough, 1908–1920
 John A. Gregg, 1920–1924
 Gilbert H. Jones, 1924–1932
 Richard R. Wright, Jr., 1932–1936, 1941–1942
 D. Ormonde Walker, 1936–1941
 Charles H. Wesley, 1942–1947
 Charles Leander Hill, 1947–1956
 Rembert E. Stokes, 1956–1976
 Charles E. Taylor, 1976–1984
 Yvonne Walker Taylor,  1984–1988
 John L. Henderson, 1988–2002
 Floyd Flake, 2002–2008
 Patricia Hardaway, 2009–2013,
 Wilma Mishoe, interim
 Algeania Marie Warren Freeman, 2014–2016
 Herman J. Felton, Jr., 2016–2018
 Elfred Anthony Pinkard, 2018–2023
 Vann R. Newkirk, Sr., 2023–present

Academics

Cooperative education
Wilberforce requires all students to participate in cooperative education to meet graduation requirements. The cooperative program places students in internships that provide practical work experience in addition to academic training. It has been a required part of the curriculum at Wilberforce since 1966.

NASA SEMAA project
In October 2006, Wilberforce held the grand opening and dedication for the NASA Science, Engineering, Mathematics and Aerospace Academy (SEMAA) and the associated Aerospace Education Laboratory (AEL). It was attended by Dr. Bernice G. Alston, deputy assistant administrator of NASA's office of Education, and the Dave Hobson, U.S. Representative from Ohio's 7th congressional district. NASA's program was designed to provide training in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to underprivileged students to support NASA's future needs. There were 17 NASA SEMAA project sites through the United States. Through this partnership, Wilberforce offered training sessions for students in grades K-12 during the academic year and during the summer. The AEL is computerized classroom that provided technology to students in grades 7–12 that supported the SEMAA training sessions.

Student activities

NPHC organizations
All nine of the National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations currently have chapters at Wilberforce University.

Athletics
The Wilberforce athletic teams are called the Bulldogs. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing as an NAIA Independent within the Continental Athletic Conference since the 2023–24 academic year; which they were a member on a previous stint from 2012–13 to 2021–22. The Bulldogs previously competed in the Mid-South Conference (MSC) during the 2022–23 school year, and in the defunct American Mideast Conference from 1999–2000 to 2011–12.

Wilberforce competes in 11 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country, golf and track & field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, spirit teams and track & field (indoor and outdoor).

Intramurals
Students also participate in the following intramural sports: basketball, softball, volleyball, flag football, and tennis.

Notable alumni

See also
 Historically black colleges and universities

Representation in other media
 Dolen Perkins-Valdez's novel Wench (2010) explores the lives of several enslaved women of color brought to the Tawawa House resort during the summers by their Southern white masters. They were among the visitors in the years before the property was bought for use as the college.

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website
 Horace Talbert, The Sons of Allen: Together with a Sketch of the Rise and Progress of Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio, 1906, Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina

Historically black universities and colleges in the United States
Private universities and colleges in Ohio
Universities and colleges affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church
Education in Greene County, Ohio
Educational institutions established in 1856
Buildings and structures in Greene County, Ohio
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church
Antebellum educational institutions that admitted African Americans
1856 establishments in Ohio

Wilberforce University


Henriette Theodora Markovitch (22 November 1907 – 16 July 1997), known as Dora Maar, was a French photographer, painter, and poet. A romantic partner of Pablo Picasso, Maar was depicted in a number of Picasso's paintings, including his Portrait of Dora Maar and Dora Maar au Chat.

Biography
Henriette Theodora Markovitch was the only daughter of Josip Marković (aka Joseph Markovitch) (1874–1969), a Croatian architect who studied in Zagreb, Vienna, and then Paris where he settled in 1896, and of his spouse, Catholic-raised Louise-Julie Voisin (1877–1942), originally from Cognac.

In 1910, the family left for Buenos Aires where the father obtained several commissions including for the embassy of Austria-Hungary. His achievements earned him the honor of being decorated by Emperor Francis Joseph I, even though he was "the only architect who did not make a fortune in Buenos Aires".

In 1926, the family returned to Paris. Dora Maar, a pseudonym she chose, took courses at the Central Union of Decorative Arts and the School of Photography. She also enrolled at the École des Beaux-Arts and the Académie Julian which had the advantage of offering the same instruction to women as to men. Maar frequented André Lhote's workshop where she met Henri Cartier-Bresson.

While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, Maar met fellow female surrealist Jacqueline Lamba. About her, Maar said, "I was closely linked with Jacqueline. She asked me, "where are those famous surrealists?" and I told her about Cafe de la Place Blanche." Lamba then began to frequent the cafe where she would eventually meet André Breton, whom she would later marry.

When the workshop ceased its activities, Maar left Paris, alone, for Barcelona and then London, where she photographed the effects of the economic depression following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 in the United States. On her return, and with the help of her father, she opened another workshop at 29 Rue d'Astorg in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.

In 1935, Maar was introduced to Pablo Picasso and became his companion and muse. She took pictures in his studio at the Grands Augustins and tracked the latter stages of his epic work, Guernica. She later acted as a model for his piece titled Monument à Apollinaire, a tribute to the late poet Guillaume Apollinaire.

Dora Maar the photographer
Maar's earliest surviving photographs were taken in the early 1920s  while on a cargo ship going to the Cape Verde Islands.

At the beginning of 1930, she set up a photography studio on rue Campagne-Première (14th arrondissement of Paris) with Pierre Kéfer, photographer, and decorator for Jean Epstein's 1928 film, The Fall of the House of Usher. In the studio, Maar and Kefer worked together mostly on commercial photography for advertisements and fashion magazines. Her father assisted with her finances in this period of her life as she was establishing herself while trying to earn a living. The studio displayed fashion, advertising and nudes, and it became very successful.

She met the photographer Brassaï with whom she shared the darkroom in the studio. Brassai once said that she had "bright eyes and an attentive gaze, a disturbing stare at times".

During this time working in advertising and fashion photography, the influence of Surrealism could be seen in her work through her heavy use of mirrors and contrasting shadows . She felt that art should represent the content of reality through links with intuitions or ideas, rather than visually reproduce the natural. Maar also met Louis-Victor Emmanuel Sougez, a photographer working for advertising, archeology and artistic director of the newspaper L'Illustration, whom she considered a mentor.

In 1932, she had an affair with the filmmaker Louis Chavance.

Maar frequented the "October group", formed around Jacques Prévert and Max Morise after their break from surrealism.

She had her first publication in the magazine Art et Métiers Graphiques in 1932.

Her first solo exhibition was held at the Galerie Vanderberg in Paris.

It is the gelatin silver works of the surrealist period that remain the most sought after by admirers: Portrait of Ubu (1936), 29 rue d'Astorg, black and white, collages, photomontages or superimpositions. The photograph represents the central character in a popular series of plays by Alfred Jarry called Ubu Roi. The work was first shown at the Exposition Surréaliste d'objets at the Galerie Charles Ratton in Paris and at the International Surrealist Exhibition in London in 1936. She also participated in Participates in Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism, at the MoMA in New York the same year.

Surrealist concepts and interests often aligned with the ideas of the political left of the time and so Maar became very politically active at this point in her life. After the fascist demonstrations of 6 February 1934, in Paris along with René Lefeuvre, Jacques Soustelle, supported by Simone Weil and Georges Bataille, she signed the tract "Appeal to the Struggle" written at the initiative of André Breton. Much of her work is highly influenced by leftist politics of the time, often depicting those who had been thrown into poverty by the Depression. She was part of an ultra-leftist association called "Masses", where she first met Georges Bataille, an anti-fascist organization called the Union of Intellectuals Against Fascism, and a radical collective of left-wing actors and writers called October.

She also was involved in many Surrealist groups and often participated in demonstrations, convocations, and cafe conversations. She signed many manifestos, including one titled "When Surrealists were Right" in August 1935 which concerned the Congress of Paris, which had been held in March of that year.

In 1935, she took a photo of fashion illustrator and designer Christian Berard that was described by writer and critic Michael Kimmelman as "wry and mischievous with only his head perceived above the fountain as if he were John the Baptist on a silver platter".

In the 1980s, she made a number of photograms.

Relationship with Pablo Picasso
Maar first saw Pablo Picasso at the end of 1935 when she was taking promotional shots on the set of the Jean Renoir film The Crime of Monsieur Lange. She was captivated by him, but they did not formally meet. Maar was introduced to Picasso a few days later by their mutual friend Paul Eluard at Cafe des Deux Magots. The story of their first encounter was told by the writer Jean-Paul Crespelle, "the young woman serious face, lit up by pale blue eyes which looked all the paler because of her thick eyebrows; a sensitive uneasy face, with light and shade passing alternately over it. She kept driving a small pointed pen-knife between her fingers into the wood of the table. Sometimes she missed and a drop of blood appeared between the roses embroidered on her black gloves... Picasso would ask Dora to give him the gloves and would lock them up in the showcase he kept for his mementos."

Picasso was intrigued by Maar's seductive and masochistic behaviour, which served as inspiration for many of his works throughout their relationship. Their liaison would last nearly nine years, during which time Picasso did not end his relationship with Marie-Thérèse Walter, mother of his daughter Maya.

Maar photographed the successive stages of the creation of Guernica, painted by Picasso in his studio in the rue des Grands-Augustins from May to June 1937; Picasso used these photographs in his creative process. She was Picasso's principal model, and he often represented her in tears. Maar boosted Picasso's understanding of politics and taught him skills in photography. Maar also introduced Picasso to the method of combining photography and printmaking, also known as the cliché verre technique.

Dora Maar as The Weeping Woman

Maar is very well known for her role as Picasso's lover, subject, and muse. As such, he painted many portraits of her. In the majority of these paintings, Maar was represented as a tortured, anguished woman. The most well known of these portraits is The Weeping Woman. Picasso was very inspired by the tragedies of the Spanish Civil War, and he thought of Maar as a living depiction of the pain and suffering that people experienced during this time. Maar did not appreciate Picasso's depiction of her in this way. When asked about his portraits of her, she said "all portraits of me are lies. They're Picassos. Not one is Dora Maar".

Her liaison with Picasso, who physically abused her and made her fight Marie-Therese Walter for his love, ended in 1943, although they met again episodically until 1946. Thus, on 19 March 1944, she played the role of Fat Anguish in the reading, at the home of Michel Leiris, of Picasso' first play, Desire Caught by the Tail, led by Albert Camus. In 1944, through the intermediary of Paul Éluard, Maar met Jacques Lacan, who took care of her nervous breakdown through years of analysis, in which her mental health began to improve. Picasso bought her a house in Ménerbes, Vaucluse, where she retired and lived alone. She turned to the Catholic religion, met the painter Nicolas de Staël (who lived in the same village), and turned to abstract painting.

Dora Maar the painter
The painted works of Maar remained unrecognized until their posthumous sale, organized in 1999, which made the public and professionals discover a very personal production that had never left her studio.

Maar abandoned photography for painting alongside leaving Picasso and his influence, or rather the crushing presence of the painter, who had imposed on her a cubistic style. Pushed by Picasso to express herself in this style, one can wonder about Picasso's desire to remove his lover from the domain where she excelled, and to constrain her in a style of painting which he had long mastered.

It was from the painful separation of Picasso that Maar truly became a painter. Tragic figurative works, such as the Portrait of Eluard, or Self-Portrait to The Child of 1946, translate, in dark tones, the pain of post-war years.

After years of struggling with depression, Maar confined herself within her own memories. It is between the 1960s and 70s that there was the beginning of a respite when she experimented with abstract formats in shimmering colors. It was in the 1980s, though that the painter expressed herself fully in her many paintings of the Luberon region. Paintings of the landscapes around her house in Ménerbes, showed locations dominated by wind and clouds, strongly revealing the struggle of an artist with the ghosts of her past.

Death

Maar spent her last years in her apartment in Rue de Savoie, in the Left Bank of Paris. She died on 16 July 1997, at 89 years old. She was buried in the Bois-Tardieu cemetery in Clamart. Her experiments with photograms and dark-room photography were only found posthumously.

Legacy
Although Maar is mostly remembered as one of Picasso's lovers, there have been many recent exhibits presenting her as an artist in her own right, including exhibitions at the Haus der Kunst, Munich, 13 October 2001 – 6 January 2002; the Centre de la Vieille Charité, Marseille, 20 January – 4 May 2002; the Centre Cultural Tecla Sala, Barcelona, 15 May – 15 July 2002; the Centre Pompidou, Paris, 5 June 2019 – 29 July 2019; and the Tate Modern, London, 20 November 2019 – 15 March 2020.

Maar was played by Samantha Colley in the 2018 season of Genius, which focuses on the life and art of Picasso.

References

Further reading
 Louise Baring: Dora Maar: Paris in the Time of Man Ray, Jean Cocteau, and Picasso, Rizzoli, 2017
Brigitte Benkemoun, Finding Dora Maar: An Artist, an Address Book, a Life.. Trans. Jody Gladding. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2020.
 Mary Ann Caws: Dora Maar With And Without Picasso: A Biography, Thames & Hudson
 Mary Ann Caws, Les vies de Dora Maar : Bataille, Picasso et les surréalistes, Paris, Thames & Hudson, 2000, 224 p. ()
 Georgiana Colvile, Scandaleusement d'elles : trente-quatre femmes surréalistes, Paris, J.-M. Place, 1999 (), p. 179 à 185
 James Lord, Picasso and Dora : a personal memoir, 1993
 Judi Freeman: Picasso and the weeping women : the years of Marie-Thérèse Walter & Dora Maar
 Anne Baldassari: Picasso : love and war, 1935–1945
 Zoé Valdés : The weeping woman : a novel, 2013
 Alicia Dujovne Ortiz: Dora Maar prisonnière du regard, Le Livre de Poche, 2005.
 Olivia Lahs-Gonzales: Defining eye : women photographers of the 20th century : selections from the Helen Kornblum collection

Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at :fr:Dora Maar; see its history for attribution.

1907 births
1997 deaths
20th-century French painters
20th-century French women artists
French women painters
French women photographers
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
Académie Julian alumni
French artists' models
French surrealist artists
Muses
Analysands of Jacques Lacan
French people of Croatian descent
French expatriates in Croatia
French expatriates in Austria
French Roman Catholics
Artists from Paris
Women surrealist artists
20th-century women photographers
Pablo Picasso

Dora Maar


Céa's lemma is a lemma in mathematics. Introduced by Jean Céa in his Ph.D. dissertation, it is an important tool for proving error estimates for the finite element method applied to elliptic partial differential equations.

Lemma statement
Let  be a real Hilbert space with the norm  Let  be a bilinear form with the  properties

  for some constant   and all  in  (continuity)
  for some constant  and all  in  (coercivity or -ellipticity).

Let  be a bounded linear operator. Consider the problem of finding an element  in  such that

  for all  in

Consider the same problem on a finite-dimensional subspace  of  so,  in  satisfies

  for all  in

By the Lax–Milgram theorem, each of these problems has exactly one solution. Céa's lemma states that

   for all  in

That is to say, the subspace solution  is "the best" approximation of   in  up to the constant

The proof is straightforward
   for all  in
We used the -orthogonality of  and

which follows directly from
  for all  in .

Note: Céa's lemma holds on complex Hilbert spaces also, one then uses a  sesquilinear form  instead of a bilinear one. The coercivity assumption then becomes  for all  in  (notice the absolute value sign around ).

Error estimate in the energy norm

In many applications, the bilinear form  is symmetric, so

  for all  in

This, together with the above properties of this form, implies that   is an inner product on  The resulting norm

is called the energy norm, since it corresponds to a physical energy in many problems. This norm is equivalent to the original norm

Using the -orthogonality of  and  and the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality
  for all  in .

Hence, in the energy norm, the inequality in Céa's lemma becomes

   for all  in

(notice that the constant  on the right-hand side is no longer present).

This states that the subspace solution  is the best approximation to the full-space solution  in respect to the energy norm. Geometrically, this means that  is the projection of the solution  onto the subspace  in respect to the inner product  (see the adjacent picture).

Using this result, one can also derive a sharper estimate in the norm . Since
   for all  in ,
it follows that
   for all  in .

An application of Céa's lemma
We will apply Céa's lemma to estimate the error of calculating the solution to an elliptic differential equation by the finite element method.

Consider the problem of finding a function  satisfying the conditions

where  is a given continuous function.

Physically, the solution  to this two-point boundary value problem represents the shape taken by a string under the influence of a force such that at every point   between  and  the force density is  (where   is a unit vector pointing vertically, while the endpoints of the string are on a horizontal line, see the adjacent picture). For example, that force may be the gravity, when  is a constant function (since the gravitational force is the same at all points).

Let the Hilbert space  be the Sobolev space  which is the space of all square-integrable functions  defined on  that have a weak derivative on  with  also being square integrable, and  satisfies the conditions  The inner product on this space is

  for all  and  in

After multiplying the original boundary value problem by  in this space and performing an integration by parts, one obtains the equivalent problem

  for all  in ,

with

 ,

and

It can be shown that the bilinear form  and the operator  satisfy the assumptions of Céa's lemma.

In order to determine a finite-dimensional subspace  of  consider a partition

of the interval  and let  be the space of all continuous functions that are affine on each subinterval in the partition (such functions are called piecewise-linear). In addition, assume that any function in  takes the value 0 at the endpoints of  It follows that  is a vector subspace of  whose dimension is  (the number of points in the partition that are not endpoints).

Let  be the solution to the subspace problem

  for all  in

so one can think of  as of a piecewise-linear approximation to the exact solution  By Céa's lemma, there exists a constant  dependent only on the bilinear form  such that

   for all  in

To explicitly calculate the error between  and  consider the function  in  that has the same values as  at the nodes of the partition (so  is obtained by linear interpolation on each interval  from the values of  at interval's endpoints). It can be shown using Taylor's theorem that there exists a constant  that depends only on the endpoints  and  such that

for all  in  where  is the largest length of the subintervals  in the partition, and the norm on the right-hand side is the L2 norm.

This inequality then yields an estimate for the error

Then, by substituting  in Céa's lemma it follows that

where  is a different constant from the above (it depends only on the bilinear form, which implicitly depends on the interval ).

This result is of a fundamental importance, as it states that the finite element method can be used to approximately calculate the solution of our problem, and that the error in the computed solution decreases proportionately to the partition size   Céa's lemma can be applied along the same lines to derive error estimates for finite element problems in higher dimensions (here the domain of  was in one dimension), and while using higher order polynomials for the subspace

References

 (Original work from J. Céa)

Numerical differential equations
Hilbert spaces
Lemmas in analysis

Céa's lemma


Marie Anne Blondin, SSA (18 April 1809 – 2 January 1890), was a Canadian teacher who became the foundress of the Sisters of Saint Anne, established in 1850 and dedicated to educating the rural population of the Province of Canada. She has been beatified by the Catholic Church.

Life

Early life
She was born Esther Blondin on 18 April 1809 in Terrebonne, Lower Canada, to Jean-Baptiste Blondin and Marie-Rose Limoges, simple farmers who lived on a country road called Côte Terrebonne on the edge of the Mille Îsles River. At the age of 20, she became a domestic servant to a local merchant to help support her parents. Shortly after that, she was hired to work for the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal, who staffed the parochial school of the town. Having grown up illiterate, she learned how to read and write from the Sisters of the convent. In 1833 Blondin was accepted into the novitiate of the Congregation, but had to leave soon after her admission for health reasons.

Later that same year, Blondin accepted the invitation from another former novice of the Congregation, who was running a parochial school in Vaudreuil, to join her in teaching there. Within a few years, she had become the principal of the school, then known as the Académie Blondin.

Foundress

Foundation
Over the years, Blondin found out that one of the causes of the widespread illiteracy in the French-speaking community was a certain church ruling that forbade that children be taught by members of the opposite sex. Unable to finance two schools, many parish priests chose to have none. In 1848 Esther presented to the Bishop of Montreal, Ignace Bourget, a plan to found a religious congregation "for the education of poor country children, both girls and boys in the same schools". Despite the novelty of the suggestion, and possible violation of church rules, since the Canadian government was in favor of such schools, he authorized the experiment. She obtained the commitment of several young women for this endeavor and a novitiate was opened to form members for the proposed new congregation on 13 September 1848. Due to the death of Emilie Forté on 1 August 1849, only a few days after her admission, the first postulants of the congregation numbered nine, when they received the religious habit of the new Congregation of the Daughters of Saint Anne, as it was originally named, on 15 August 1849. This group included Blondin, who received the religious name of Sister Marie Anne.

Of this group, Blondin and four other Sisters made their profession of religious vows on 8 September 1850. One barrier to this, however, was a community debt of about £1,500. This debt was paid by the local pastor, the Abbé Paul-Loub Archambault, clearing the way to their establishment under canon law. Blondin was named the Superior of the community, becoming referred to as Mother Marie Anne. The congregation quickly grew to such an extant that a new community was established the following year in Sainte-Geneviève. On 22 August 1853, to accommodate their growing numbers, the Sisters were moved by the bishop from Vaudreuil to Saint-Jacques de l'Achigan.

Persecution

At that time, Bourget appointed the Abbé Louis-Adolphe Maréchal as chaplain to the community. This priest began to exercise a dictatorial control of the community, determining on his own the school fees, and pressuring the Sisters not to exercise their right to go to a confessor of their choice, but solely to him.

As a result of this conflict, the bishop instructed Blondin to resign as Superior of the community as of 18 August 1854, calling for new elections. He further instructed her to refuse any position of authority in the congregation, even if she were to be elected to one by the Sisters. That following November she was moved to Sainte-Geneviève, where she was named the director of the school.

Under the influence of Maréchal, criticism of Blondin continued in her new post from the new leaders of the congregation. Finally, under accusation of mismanagement, in October 1858 she was recalled to the motherhouse, and was transferred to Lachine when it became the motherhouse in 1864. She was to spend the rest of her life there, assigned to domestic chores, and kept from any position of authority in the congregation. Nevertheless, to show their respect for her judgement, she was elected as General Assistant in the General Chapters of the congregation in 1872 and again in 1878. She was barred, however, from attending their meetings by the General Council. She accepted this treatment as the will of God and lived in total obscurity for the rest of her life, initially not even being listed in the directory of Sisters.

Blondin developed severe bronchitis in the autumn of 1889 and died on 2 January 1890. Before her death, she once again asked for pardon from Maréchal. Her funeral was held on 7 January, the first in the newly built Shrine of St. Anne attached to the motherhouse of the congregation.

Veneration
Blondin remained ignored by the congregation she had founded for almost another generation, due to long-held prejudices about her character. It was only in 1917, after a chaplain at the motherhouse had come to know the details of her life and gave a series of talks about her to the community, that enthusiasm arose among the Sisters for honoring her.

After the then-mandatory waiting period of 50 years to open a cause for canonization, the Sisters began to collect the information necessary for having Mother Marie Anne canonized. Her skeletal remains were exhumed at the community cemetery at the motherhouse, and certified and sealed on May 16, 1945. On August 19, 1950, Paul Emile Leger, the Archbishop of Montreal, gave permission to introduce the cause of Mother Marie Anne in Rome. The official opening of the diocesan information process took place at the cardinal's residence in Montreal on March 16, 1955. Her first complete biography was published in 1956, written by Eugène Nadeau, entitled Martyre du silence.

The Holy See accepted the petition, and the Sacred Congregation of Rites approved the writings of Mother Marie Anne on December 15, 1964. Pope John Paul II granted her the title of Venerable in 1991. After the certification of a miracle having taken place through her intercession, she was beatified by that same pope on April 29, 2001.

References

Further reading
 Nadeau, Eugene. "SUREAU, Blondin, ESTHER, Mother Marie-Anne", Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 11, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed August 19, 2015

1809 births
1890 deaths
People from Terrebonne, Quebec
Canadian schoolteachers
Canadian educators
Canadian women educators
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Canadian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Deaths from bronchitis
Burials in Quebec
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Canadian beatified people
19th-century venerated Christians
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II

Marie Anne Blondin