Tower Mountain is a prominent non-volcanic mountain located on the boundary line of Okanogan and Skagit counties in Washington state. It is part of the Okanogan Range which is a sub-range of the North Cascades Range. Tower Mountain situated on land administered by the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest.

Climate
Tower Mountain is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades (Orographic lift). As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger.

Geology
The North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences. These climate differences lead to vegetation variety defining the ecoregions in this area.

The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted.  In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.

During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The "U"-shaped cross section of the river valleys are a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.

Gallery

References

North Cascades
Mountains of Washington (state)
Mountains of Okanogan County, Washington
Mountains of Skagit County, Washington

Tower Mountain (Washington)


Intelligent design is the idea that life, or the universe, cannot have arisen by chance and was designed and created by some intelligent entity. It believes that the universe is so complex that it must have been designed by a higher intelligent being. This theory is that life did not evolve by natural selection.

Intelligent design was developed by a group of American creationists to get around legal judgements like Edwards v. Aguillard, which said that creationism could not be taught in schools because of the First Amendment. The first use of the term in this form was in the creationist textbook Of Pandas and People, published in 1989.

Concepts
Intelligent design suggests that life is too complex to have evolved.  Scientists have discovered that even a single cell is complex.  The genes in a cell code have a huge amount of information.  Therefore that information, like computer programming, has to come from an intelligent source and cannot be made randomly.  This is thought to be because the properties of entropy say things cannot grow in complexity by randomness. Law professor Phillip E. Johnson was seen as the father of the intelligent design.

It is also argued that although an amino acid could be made randomly, a protein (a long, shaped string of amino acids) is such a precise sequence and structure that it would be impossible to make by chance.  Also, a protein or DNA would not be alive by itself; so a whole life form would have to be made all at once. This argument can be seen as a way of saying that natural selection could not have created life. It is argued whether that is a valid point.

A common example of this is a bacterial flagellum, which is essentially a microscopic animal version of a very efficient electric motor. The flagellum has lots of separate parts. It is argued that for the flagellum to form by evolution, every single one of the parts would have to be formed together at just the right time. However, scientists say this is not correct. There is evidence that the flagellum developed through evolution.

A religious philosopher, William Paley, said that life is more complicated than a machine (like as a watch.)  He said that just like a watch was made by a smart designer, so were animals. This is known as the watchmaker analogy.

Similarities and criticism of Intelligent Design
Many parts of different animals are very similar.  Intelligent design could show that a common creator used the same good design ideas for all of them. This could be evidence of evolution; but intelligent design suggests that every part of an animal is useful and there for a reason, showing how smart the designer was.

Evolution suggests that many parts of the same animal would not be useful or not good, because it happened by natural selection.  In the past, it was believed that some parts of the human body have no biological function, but later it was proved that some actually do important things.

If animals and persons have similar parts because they came from a common ancestor, then the genes that code for these parts should be similar too.  Sometimes this is true. But, other times similar structures are coded by entirely different genes, because of convergent evolution.  These examples of this kind of different results in data can be used to claim that evolution is either wrong or right, causing arguments.

Legal cases

In 2005, in the Dover trial, a United States judge ruled that Intelligent Design was a kind of creationism, so that it violated the First Amendment.

Notes

References

Other websites
 H. Allen Orr wrote an article for the New Yorker called  Devolution: Why intelligent design isn't. It explains why scientists do not believe intelligent design.
Explaining the Science of Intelligent Design

Intelligent design


Earth 2150, also known as Earth 2150: Escape from the Blue Planet, is a real-time strategy game, originally published in 2000 by SSI and Polish developer Reality Pump and a sequel to Earth 2140. 2150 was one of the first commercial full-3D games of its kind. A sequel to Earth 2150, Earth 2160, was published in August 2005. The game also has two stand-alone expansion packs: Earth 2150: The Moon Project, and Earth 2150: Lost Souls.

Story
It is the 22nd century, after years of war and famine of unfathomable level, the world is returning to normal. 12 states of the previous United States have joined to form the United Civilized States (UCS). While in Asia, a new empire was being created under the Iron Fist of the Khans, these Mongol descendants gave themselves a name meant to conjure up an association with a glorious former age: the Eurasian Dynasty (ED). The UCS now relied upon robots for all their needs, even their military is controlled by machines. GOLAN, the leader of the UCS military forces had recently been altered by order of the current President, leading to a number of glitches throughout the system. One of these caused it to underestimate the Eurasian Dynasty's defensive capacities, causing it to initiate the movement of a large force to occupy the British Isles. This mistake resulted in another violent war, lasting almost a decade. However, GOLAN managed to gain the upper hand against the battle-hardened Khans and so the ED resorted to the usage of advanced atomic weaponry. The ED attacked an encampment of UCS forces at the North Pole with a massive strike involving newly developed and untested atomic weaponry in an attempt to put a decisive end to the hostilities. The catastrophic resulting explosions pushed the Earth out of regular orbit and towards the Sun. Aware that the Earth's orbit has become unstable, a third faction living peacefully on the moon known as the Lunar Corporation (LC) joins the war in an attempt to defeat or reconcile both sides for the common good of humanity. The objective of the game is to collect enough resources to build an Evacuation Ship, allowing the player's people to journey to Mars and escape the looming apocalypse - foreshadowing Earth 2160.

Factions
Earth 2150 consists of 3 unique factions:

United Civilized States: This faction is a demarchy that controls North and South America. The name implies that the United States gradually expanded its borders to include all of the Americas. The United Civilized States (UCS) is a highly technologically based faction and have come to use robots to replace people in as many positions as possible.  The UCS scientists created, under the supervision of President Jonathan Swamp, NEO and GOLAN; a huge step in technological advances, GOLAN was essentially leader of the UCS military, while NEO was interested in politics. It was a machine capable of matching and potentially far surpassing any organic general. It controlled the entire UCS army including all the military robots. These bipedal robots, or mecha, are just as effective as a human-piloted vehicle. The UCS has a robotic theme to its structures and vehicles. They have exclusive access to powerful weapons such as grenade launchers, shadow generators, and plasma cannons. Other technologies include reverse-engineered anti-gravity propulsion systems from a crashed UFO, and modified 105 and 120mm cannons stolen from the ED. UCS vehicles include Tiger, Panther, Jaguar and Spider Mechs, Gargoyle, Bat and Dragon aircraft. UCS units are typically slow and expensive but durable and pack high firepower.

Eurasian Dynasty: Essentially a revitalized Mongol Empire based in Russia and Mongolia, the Eurasian Dynasty (ED) use primitive (by 22nd Century standards) technology such as tanks and helicopters. As such, the ED has the most basic methods of power generation and needlessly complicated resource-gathering. Basic ED units are armed with machine guns, 105 mm cannons, and rocket launchers, while more advanced vehicles can be equipped with laser & ion cannons (developed in response to the UCS' habit of AIs) as well as nuclear missiles. The ED has an industrial, Soviet-reminiscent theme to the design of its structures and vehicles. Some vehicles are the Pamir (reverse-engineered M1A2 Abrams tanks with a one-man crew), Kruszchev and Volga tanks, Ural "defense tanks" (actually, large, dual-hardpoint tanks), Cossack, Grozny, Thor and Khan helicopters, as well as the most powerful navy. ED units are typically individually weak but cheap and able to be produced in large numbers.

Lunar Corporation: The Lunar Corporation (LC) is a matriarchy faction of space colonists who colonized the Moon and cut themselves off from Earth soon after the 3rd World War. Normally a pacifist faction, the matriarchal LC are forced to head to Earth in order to secure minerals to build their Evacuation Ship (due to the Moon's general lack of accessible resources, in real life as well as in the game).  The Lunar Corporation is by far the most advanced of the three factions, utilizing solar power as well as antigravity vehicles (explained, in the game, as a result of researching extraterrestrial technologies). Because of this, they do not build trenches or dig tunnels like the UCS and ED. Also, instead of constructing buildings like the other two factions, the Lunar Corporation is able to transport them from orbit to the battlefield. In combat, they use exotic weapons such as electro-cannons and sonic weapons (originally a mining equipment). LC units are typically fast and technologically advanced, but fragile. In the single-player campaign, the forces of the LC are further bolstered by the solitary alien craft known as the Fang, a gift from the UCS in exchange for an alliance. Although losing this one-of-a-kind unit means instant failure, the Fang's weapon is capable of easily decimating any opponent it comes across—that is, until its ammo runs out.

Reception

The PC version received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

In the German market, the game debuted in 22nd place on Media Control's computer game sales rankings for November 1999. It took 25th and 23rd in the first and second halves of December, respectively, before dropping to 27th in January 2000 and 44th in February. The game's sales in the German region had surpassed 60,000 units by May, a performance that publisher Topware Interactive considered acceptable, according to PC Players Udo Hoffman. However, he noted that the game had been overshadowed by competitors Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun and Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings, and remarked that "in retrospect, the date of publication was poorly chosen". David Fioretti of the German retailer PC Fun cited the game's numerous bugs and Topware's reputation as a "cheap brand" as further reasons for its failure to achieve hit status.

The game was a commercial failure in the U.S. CNET Gamecenters Mark Asher reported in early September 2000 that the game had sold 23,163 units and earned revenues of $873,855 in the country. He felt that this performance "can't be classified as a hit", and with journalist Tom Chick explaining that it "didn't even hit PC Data's charts".

The game won the award for Best Multiplayer Game at the CNET Gamecenter Computer Game Awards for 2000.

References

External links
Official site
InsideEarth - Earth 21xx Community

2000 video games
MacOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Post-apocalyptic video games
Real-time strategy video games
Strategic Simulations games
TopWare Interactive games
Video games developed in Poland
Video games set in Africa
Video games set in Australia
Video games set in Brazil
Video games set in Canada
Video games set in Egypt
Video games set in India
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Madagascar
Video games set in Mozambique
Video games set in Peru
Video games set in Russia
Video games set in the 22nd century
Video games set in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Video games set in the United States
Windows games
World War III video games

Earth 2150


Tony Feather is a Missouri-based American political consultant for the Republican National Committee and Republican candidates and campaign who specializes in direct voter contact. Feather is a co-founder, with fellow Republican Jeff Larson of FLSConnect, the leading Republican direct voter contact company in America.

Feather has run campaigns for former U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft, and former Missouri attorney general, Bill Webster.

Feather is a specialist in "microtargeting" voters by phone and other means of "direct voter contact" for Republican campaigns and issue-oriented clients.

Feather is a co-founder of the Republican 527 group Progress for America, a group that spent millions supporting Bush in 2004, and (with Chris LaCivita) of the American Issues Project (AIP), which has been airing ads in the 2008 presidential election raising questions about ties between Barack Obama and William Ayers. The American Issues Project is organized as a 501(c)(4) nonprofit, so that it can engage in limited amounts of civic campaigning, but cannot legally advocate for or against candidates.

Feather, from Sarcoxie, Mo., attended Missouri Southern State University in Joplin and was sports editor of the student newspaper The Chart in the early 1970s.

See also
 Opposition research
 American Issues Project

References

Living people
American political consultants
Missouri Republicans
Year of birth missing (living people)

Tony Feather


Janet Paschal (born October 18, 1956) is an inspirational gospel vocalist. She has released numerous albums in that genre and has received multiple fan awards and Grammy and Dove Award nominations. She is also a songwriter and published author. In May 2019, she was inducted into the Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame in Nashville, Tennessee. Paschal was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in October 2022.

Personal life

Paschal was born in Reidsville, North Carolina. Paschal grew up in a musically inclined Christian family; her father and his brothers played bluegrass instruments and sang in area churches as the Paschal Brothers. Paschal's grandfather was a minister who served as an inspiration in her life as she attended his church growing up. As a teenager she, her sister, Kay, and a cousin formed their own gospel singing group called The Gospel Classics. Paschal started her professional career as a vocalist after graduating from high school.

In 1998, Paschal met John Lanier, a commercial airline pilot. They married in 1999 in Reidsville.

Paschal was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005 and took a year off from touring to undergo chemotherapy and radiation treatments at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina.

In 2017, Paschal earned a master's degree with honors in Accounting from the University of North Carolina, Greensboro, as well as induction into the Beta Gamma Sigma international honor society for collegiate schools of business.

Career

At eighteen, Paschal was hired for her first professional singing job, as the featured soprano with The LeFevres, an Atlanta-based family singing group. After two years, the group changed its name to The Rex Nelon Singers. She sang with the group from 1974 to 1981.

In 1982, she was invited to perform as a soloist for televangelist Jimmy Swaggart's international crusades. During her five and a half years with Swaggart, Paschal appeared weekly before 100 million viewers and traveled the world singing at crusades. During this time, she performed for more people worldwide than any other female vocalist in any genre. Paschal also began her solo career, releasing her first album, titled I Give You Jesus, on Swaggart's ministry label, Shiloh Records, in 1984.

In 1987, Paschal began touring full-time as a soloist. She signed with Word Records and began composing songs such as "Another Soldier's Coming Home", "God Will Make A Way", "The Body and Blood", and "If I'd Had My Way". Shortly afterwards she was invited to tour with Bill and Gloria Gaither, and became a featured artist on the Gaither Homecoming Tour.

Paschal's self-titled debut album with Word was nominated for a Dove Award for "Inspirational Album of the Year" in 1990. Her Simple Trust album featured her No. 1 inspirational radio hit "Take These Burdens". Her single "Hide Me Sweet Rock of Ages" was No. 1 on The Singing News Top 80 Chart in August 2009. She has earned multiple Diamond Awards and numerous Grammy nominations, and she is consistently named among Gospel Music's favorite soloists by the genre's top trade magazines.

In 1998, Paschal performed her song "Another Soldier's Coming Home", written as a tribute to her grandfather, upon invitation for the National Memorial Service of First Lieutenant Michael Blassie, the first unknown soldier from the Vietnam War to be exhumed and positively identified.

In 2009, Paschal started a radio program focused on cancer awareness, Walking The Good Road, that aired on more than 30 stations in the U.S. and Canada. She also began the Annual Cancer Walk at Gospel Music's premier weeklong festival NQC.

In May 2019, Paschal was inducted into the Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame in Nashville, Tennessee. It is the association's highest award, recognizing trailblazers that have made a profound impact on Christian & gospel music.

In October 2022, Paschal was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in Kannapolis, North Carolina. The event recognizes the musical legacy of the state's greatest music makers.

Other work

Paschal served as the spokeswoman for an international Christian relief organization "Mission of Mercy", founded by missionaries Mark and Huldah Buntain.

Paschal has written two books:

 1997: The Good Road (Multnomah), a collection of her own writings and reflections on life, based on the biblical book of Jeremiah;
 2008: Treasures of the Snow (Maplesong), which chronicles her triumphant battle with cancer and stories from three decades in gospel music. The title of the book is from a passage in the book of Job in which God asks Job if he has seen "the treasures of the snow."

Paschal was a contributing writer to Homecoming Magazine with a monthly feature called "The Good Road".

Discography

Solo

 2015: Beginnings (Word)
 2008: Treasure (Vine)
 2007: Sounds Like Sunday (Vine)
 2007: The Best Of Janet Paschal (Gaither Music Group)
 2007: Greatest Hits of Janet Paschal (Spring Hill)
 2004: Home Again (Maplesong Music)
 2002: This is Janet (Spring Hill)
 2000: Songs for a Lifetime (Spring Hill)
 1999: Christmas (Spring Hill)
 1998: Sweet Life (Spring Hill)
 1997: The Good Road (Spring Hill)
 1994: Journey of Grace (Word)
 1991: Simple Trust (Word)
 1990: Language of the Heart (Word)
 1988: Janet Paschal (Word)
 1986: An Evening With Janet Paschal (Shiloh)
 1986: Janet Paschal Live! (Shiloh)
 1984: I Give You Jesus (Shiloh)

With The Rex Nelon Singers

 1994: Promised Reunion (The Nelons)
 1981: One Step Closer
 1980: Sing the Gospel
 1980: One More Song
 1980: Expressions Of Love
 1979: Feelings
 1978: Live
 1977: The Sun's Coming Up
 1977: I've Never Been This Homesick Before

With The LeFevres

 1977: Singing 'Till He Comes
 1977: Sing Your Request
 1976: Gospel Music U.S.A.
 1975: Experience The LeFevres

Guest appearances on other albums

 2009: Homecoming Tributes & Classics; "Daystar"
 2005: A Tribute To George Younce
 2003: Masterpiece; Anthony Burger "Over the Rainbow"
 2003: It's My Life; Mike Bowling (background vocals)
 2002: Homecoming Lullabies; "Between Here And Heaven"
 2000: Hands of Time; Anthony Burger "What a Savior Medley: What a Savior/He Came To Me/Oh, What a Savior"
 2000: Fields Of Grace duet with Kirk Talley on title song
 1999: Vestal & Friends duet with Vestal Goodman on "Friends"
 1998: Because He Lives; "It's Beginning To Rain", "Get All Excited"
 1998: Grateful Hearts; "We Say Thank You"
 1998: Make Us One; "God Will Make a Way" with Vestal Goodman
 1997: Lovin' God & Lovin' Each Other; "Tell Me" with Gaither Vocal Band
 1997: Big Band Hymns; Chris McDonald "Let Us Break Bread Together"
 1996: Tribute: The Songs of Andrae Crouch; (various artists) "My Tribute (To God Be the Glory)"
 1995: Sisters: The Story Goes On; "Godspeed" with Babbie Mason and Tanya Goodman-Sykes
 1993: One Special Christmas; David T. Clydesdale "Home for Christmas Medley: I'll Be Home for Christmas/White Christmas"
 1988: Called By Love; "I Will Forever Praise Your Name" with Kelly Nelon and Debra Talley

Gaither Homecoming Video solos

 2021: Glorious Church; "What Good Are Love Songs"
 2013: The Women of Homecoming, Volume Two; "Lord I'm Listening"
 2012: Gaither Homecoming Celebration; "Born Again"
 2011: The Old Rugged Cross; "Until Then"
 2011: Alaskan Homecoming; "I See a Crimson Stream" with Sheri Easter and Charlotte Ritchie
 2011: Majesty; "I Shall Wear a Crown"
 2011: Tent Revival; "Down to the River To Pray" with Charlotte Ritchie
 2009: Nashville Homecoming; "It Won't Rain Always"
 2007: How Great Thou Art; "Fairest Lord Jesus"
 2005: Jerusalem; "El Shaddai"
 2004: We Will Stand; "When I Survey the Wondrous Cross"
 2003: Going Home; "The Unclouded Day" with Kelly Nelon Clark and Karen Peck
 2003: Heaven; "It's Not About Now"
 2003: Australian Homecoming; "My Soul Is Anchored to the Rock", "I Will Never Leave You Alone"
 2002: God Bless America; "It's Lucky We Met", "It Won't Rain Always"
 2002: New Orleans Homecoming; "He'll Deliver Me"
 2001: Freedom Band; "If I'd Had My Way"
 2001: What A Time!; "God Will Make A Way"
 2000: Oh, My Glory!; "How Are Things at Home?"
 2000: Christmas in the Country; "Sitting by the Fire"
 2000: 50 Years: The Happy Goodman Family; "Friends"
 1999: Mountain Homecoming; "Take This Trial Trip Beside Me"
 1999: So Glad; "Born Again"
 1999: Kennedy Center Homecoming; "The Body and the Blood"
 1998: Hawaiian Homecoming; "Born Again", "God Will Make A Way"
 1998: Atlanta Homecoming; "Something Got A-Hold Of Me"
 1998: Marching To Zion; "Another Soldier's Coming Home"
 1998: Down by the Tabernacle; "Tell Me"
 1996: This is My Story; "You're Still Lord"
 1996: Homecoming Texas Style; "Written in Red"
 1996: Moments to Remember; "God Rides On Wings Of Love"
 1996: Ryman Gospel Reunion; "He'll Deliver Me"
 1996: Joy to the World; "What Did You Say Was the Baby's Name?"
 1996: Sunday Meetin' Time; "I've Never Seen The Righteous Forsaken"
 1994: Holy Ground; "Written in Red"
 1994: All Day Singin' and Dinner on the Ground; "Lead Me to the Rock", "I Am Not Ashamed"

References

External links
 Janet Paschal – Official site
 Janet Paschal blog - Walking the Good Road

People from Reidsville, North Carolina
1956 births
Living people
Crossroads Music
Southern gospel performers
American women singers
American performers of Christian music
Singers from North Carolina
21st-century American women

Janet Paschal


Maria Pavlovna (;  – ) was a grand duchess of Russia as the daughter of Paul I, Emperor of all the Russias, and later became the Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach by her marriage to Charles Frederick of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1783–1853).

Early life

Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna Romanova of Russia was born on 16 February 1786 in Saint Petersburg as the fifth child and third daughter of Tsesarevich Paul Petrovich of Russia and his second wife, Tsesarevna Maria Feodorovna (1754–1801), born Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg (1759–1828). She was named after her mother.

Maria Pavlovna spent her childhood in the Pavlovsk Palace and the Great Gatchina Palace. As a child, she was not considered pretty as her face had been disfigured as a result of being variolated. She was a talented pianist, for which her paternal grandmother, Catherine the Great (1729–1796) admired her, even though she thought that Maria Pavlovna would have been better off had she been born a boy. Her music instructor was Giuseppe Sarti, an Italian composer and the kapellmeister of the Russian court. From 1798, she was taught music by Ludwig-Wilhelm Tepper de Ferguson.

Life in Weimar
On 3 August 1804, Maria Pavlovna married Charles Frederick, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1783–1853). The couple stayed in Saint Petersburg for nine months before departing for Weimar. There, Maria Pavlovna was greeted with festivities as described by Christoph Martin Wieland: "The most festive part of all the magnificence of balls, fireworks, promenades, comedies, illuminations was the widespread and genuine joy at the arrival of our new princess".

As grand duchess, she took care of the poor of the country. She last visited Russia at the occasion of the coronation of her nephew, Alexander II of Russia in 1855.

Patronage of arts and sciences

Maria Pavlovna was interested in both art and science. She maintained a lifelong correspondence with Vasily Zhukovsky, and Friedrich Schiller dedicated one of his last poems to her.  Schiller praised her "talents in music and painting and genuine love of reading", while Johann Wolfgang von Goethe hailed her as one of the worthiest women of his time.

Most famously, she held "literary evenings" ("Literarische Abende") where scholars both from and outside of the neighbouring University of Jena were invited to give lectures on various topics. The grand duchess herself attended ten courses at the university, some delivered by Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859). Several collections of the institution benefitted of her patronage, among them the Grandducal Oriental Coin Cabinet founded in 1840 by the orientalist Johann Gustav Stickel (1805–1896). She also played an instrumental role in establishing the Falk Institute in Weimar.

In her later years, Maria Pavlovna invited Franz Liszt to her court and appointed him "Kapellmeister extraordinaire" in 1842. In 1850, Richard Wagner's opera Lohengrin premiered in Weimar, but her growing deafness prevented the grand duchess from enjoying it.

Issue
Maria Pavlovna had four children by her husband, Charles Frederick of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1783–1853), three of whom survived to adulthood:
Paul Alexander Karl Constantin Frederick August of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (25 September 1805 – 10 April 1806)
Maria Louisa Alexandrina of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (3 February 1808  – 18 January 1877), who married Prince Charles of Prussia (1801 –1883) and had issue.
Augusta Louisa Catherine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (30 September 1811 – 7 January 1890), who became German Empress after marrying William I, German Emperor (1797–1888) and had issue.
Charles Alexander Augustus John, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (24 June 1818 – 5 January 1901), who inherited his father's throne, married Princess Sophie of the Netherlands (1824–1897) and had issue.

Letters
Maria Pavlovna's letters to her maternal grandfather, Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg written between 1795 and 1797 are preserved in the State Archive of Stuttgart. Her letters from between 1800 and 1859 are preserved in the "Maria Paulowna letters" collection of the Hoover Institution Library and Archives of Stanford University.

Ancestry

References

 Jena, Detlef, Maria Pawlowna. Großherzogin an Weimars Musenhof, Regensburg 1999.
 Ihre Kaiserliche Hoheit. Maria Pawlowna. Zarentochter am Weimarer Hof, ed. Stiftung Weimarer Klassik und Kunstsammlungen, Weimar, Weimar 2004.
 Jeanne Huc-Mazelet, Je suis moi, ils sont eux. Lettres et journal d'une gouvernante à la cour de Russie, 1790-1804, :fr:Ethno-Doc, 2018, 256 p. (). (Jeanne Huc-Mazelet was at Maria Pavlovna's service).

External links

|-

1786 births
1859 deaths
Grand duchesses of Russia
Grand Duchesses of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Hereditary Grand Duchesses of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Princesses of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
18th-century women from the Russian Empire
19th-century women from the Russian Empire
Daughters of Russian emperors
Children of Paul I of Russia
Mothers of monarchs

Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach


Hasti Dal Shah or Hastidal Shah was an ancient warrior at Anglo-Nepalese war from the family of Shah Dynasty of Gorkha. He was called upon as an able commander in the Almora Front during the Anglo-Nepalese war. His death caused the ultimate fall of Gorkha forces in Almora.

Background
He was born to Birbaha Shah. He was grandson of Sri Sri Sri Maharaj Adhirajkumar  Chandrarup Shah, 4th son of King Prithvipati Shah of Gorkha. His three brothers were Governor Bam Shah, Dilip Shah, and Rudra Bir Shah.

Life and Death
At Anglo-Nepalese war, his brother Bam Shah was the governor of Kumaun. He arrived Almoda with a small body of reinforcements. Furthermore four companies were sent from Kathmandu to aid beleaguered defences of Kumaun which were delayed. Hastidal and 500 Nepalese Army men moved from Almoda to secure Almoda's Northern Line of communications with Kathmandu. This party was intercepted. Hastidal, the ablest commander was killed at the first moments of the attack.

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
People of the Anglo-Nepalese War
Nepalese military personnel
Nepalese military personnel killed in action
Shah dynasty

Hasti Dal Shah


Shlomo ben Avraham ibn Aderet ( or Solomon son of Abraham son of Aderet) (1235 – 1310) was a medieval rabbi, halakhist, and Talmudist. He is widely known as the Rashba (Hebrew: ), the Hebrew acronym of his title and name: Rabbi Shlomo ben Avraham.

Aderet was born in Barcelona, Crown of Aragon, in 1235. He became a successful banker and leader of Spanish Jewry of his time. As a rabbinical authority his fame was such that he was designated as El Rab d'España ("The Rabbi of Spain"). He served as rabbi of the Main Synagogue of Barcelona for 50 years.  He died in 1310.

Biography
Aderet's teachers were Nahmanides and Yonah Gerondi. He was a master in the study of the Talmud, and was not opposed to the Kabbala. Aderet was very active as a rabbi and as an author. Under his auspices and through his recommendation, part of the commentary on the Mishnah by Maimonides was translated from the Arabic into Hebrew. His Talmudic lectures were attended by throngs of disciples, many of whom came from distant places. Questions in great number, dealing with ritual, with the most varied topics of the Halakah, and with religious philosophy, were addressed to him from Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Germany, and even from Asia Minor. His responsa show evidence of wide reading, keen intelligence, and systematic thought. They also afford a clear insight into the communal life of the time, portraying Aderet's contemporaries, and are of value for the study not only of rabbinical procedure but also of the intellectual development of the age in which he lived. Only half of these responsa have been published, as they number three thousand.

Among his numerous students were Yom Tov Asevilli and Bahya ben Asher.

A manuscript purporting to be a certificate of indebtedness, dated 1262, in favor of a certain Solomon Adret, Jew of Barcelona, and a passport for the same Adret, dated 1269, are still extant.

Defense of Judaism
Aderet had to contend with the external enemies of Judaism, as well as with religious dissensions and excesses within its own ranks. He wrote a refutation of the charges of Raymond Martini, a Dominican friar of Barcelona, who, in his work, "Pugio Fidei," had collected passages from the Talmud and the Midrash and interpreted them in a manner hostile to Judaism. These charges also induced Aderet to write a commentary on the Haggadot, of which only a fragment is now extant. He refuted also the attacks of a Muslim who asserted that the priests had falsified the Bible. M. Schreiner has shown that this Muslim was Aḥmad ibn Ḥazm, and the book referred to was "Al-Milal wal-Niḥal" (Religions and Sects).

Aderet opposed also the increasing extravagances of the Kabbalists, who made great headway in Spain and were represented by Nissim ben Abraham of Avila, a pretended worker of miracles, and by Abraham Abulafia, the kabbalistic visionary. He combated these with vigor, but displayed no less animosity toward the philosophic-rationalistic conception of Judaism then prevailing, particularly in France, which was represented by Levi ben Abraham ben Ḥayyim, who treated most important religious questions with the utmost freedom, and who was joined by the Spaniard Isaac Albalag and others.

Aderet and Abba Mari
Opposed to these was another tendency, the chief object of which was the preservation of the pure faith of Judaism. At the head of this movement stood Abba Mari ben Moses ha-Yarḥi. He appealed to Aderet for assistance. An extensive correspondence ensued between the authorities of southern France and northern Spain, Aderet taking a most important part. Afterward this correspondence was collected and published by Abba Mari, in a separate work, entitled "Minḥat Ḳenaot".

Aderet, whose disposition was peaceable, at first endeavored to conciliate the opposing spirits. Ultimately he was called upon to decide the affair, and on July 26, 1305, together with his colleagues of the rabbinate of Barcelona, he pronounced the ban of excommunication (ḥerem) over all who studied physics or metaphysics before the completion of their thirtieth year. A protest against this ban may be found in a poem in which Philosophy "calls out in a loud voice against . . . Solomon ben Adret and against all the rabbis of France . . . who have placed under the ban all people who approach her". Those who desired to study medicine as a profession were exempted from the ban. A special ban was pronounced against the rationalistic Bible exegetes and the philosophic Haggadah commentators, their writings and their adherents. The enforcing of these bans caused Aderet much trouble and embittered the closing years of his life. He left three sons, Isaac, Judah, and Astruc Solomon, all of whom were learned in the Talmud.

Maimonidean controversy
Aderet defended Maimonides during contemporary debates over his works, and he authorized the translation of Rambam's commentary on the Mishnah from Arabic to Hebrew.

Nevertheless, Aderet was opposed to the philosophic-rationalistic approach to Judaism often associated with Rambam, and he was part of the beth din (rabbinical court) in Barcelona that forbade men younger than 25 from studying secular philosophy or natural science, although an exception was made for those who studied medicine. On July 26, 1305, the Rashba wrote:

"In that city [Barcelona] are those who write iniquity about the Torah and if there would be a heretic writing books, they should be burnt as if they were the book of sorcerers."

Works
Of the works of Solomon ben Aderet there have appeared in print:
 A manual on kashrut (dietary laws) and other religious laws that are observed at home, Torat haBayit haArokh (The Long Law of the House), published at Venice in 1607, at Berlin in 1762, at Vienna in 1811, etc.
 The shorter manual, Torat haBayit haKatzar (The Short Law of the House), published at Cremona in 1565, and at Berlin in 1871. A number of his commentaries and novellae on Talmudic treatises have been printed.
 Mishmeret HaBayit, a defense against Aharon HaLevi's critique of Torat HaBayit.
 Sha'ar HaMayim, a work focusing on the laws of a mikveh (ritual bath).
 Piskei Ḥallah (Decisions on Ḥallah), published at Constantinople in 1518, and at Jerusalem in 1876.
 Avodat haKodesh (The Holy Service), on the laws of Sabbath and festivals, published at Venice in 1602.
 His polemical work against Islam was edited by Perles, as an appendix to the latter's monograph on Aderet.

Talmud commentaries
His commentaries upon seven Talmudic treatises published at Constantinople in 1720, and at Berlin in 1756. Similar disquisitions upon five treatises were published at Venice in 1523 and at Amsterdam in 1715. He wrote besides a number of disquisitions upon single treatises. His Talmud commentaries are now known as Hiddushei HaRashba.

Not all commentaries traditionally attributed to Rashba were actually composed by him. Elchonon Wasserman stated that the commentary on Sukkah attributed to Rashba was actually written by Yom Tov Asevilli, the commentary on Ketubot was actually written by Nachmanides, and the commentary on Menachot was written by an unknown author other than Rashba. Yisrael Meir Kagan suggested that the commentary on Menachot was by Isaiah di Trani, while Israel Joshua Trunk argued that the author was Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier.

Responsa
Aderet was considered an outstanding rabbinic authority, and more than 3,000 of his responsa are known to be extant. Questions were addressed to him from Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Germany, and even from Asia Minor. His responsa, which cover the entire gamut of Jewish life, are concise and widely quoted by halakhic authorities.

Aderet's responsa also illustrate his opposition to messianism and prophetic pretensions as a general phenomenon, with examples against Nissim ben Abraham and Abraham Abulafia.

His responsa were printed in Bologna (1539), Venice (1545), Hanau (1610), and other places. The second part of his responsa appeared under the title "Toledot Adam" (The Generations of Man) at Leghorn in 1657, the third part at the same place in 1778, the fourth part at Salonica in 1803, and the fifth part at Leghorn in 1825.

According to Elchonon Wasserman, some responsa attributed to Rashba were actually written by other authors, notably Meir of Rothenburg.

Academic genealogy

See also
 History of the Jews in Spain

Notes

References

External links

 Video Lecture on Rabbi Shlomo ben Aderet by Dr. Henry Abramson

1235 births
1310 deaths
13th-century Catalan rabbis
14th-century Catalan rabbis
Talmudists
Rabbis from Barcelona
Authors of works on the Talmud
Hebrew-language writers
Authors of books on Jewish law

Shlomo ibn Aderet


A split-rail fence, log fence, or buck-and-rail fence (also historically known as a zigzag, worm, snake or snake-rail fence due to its meandering layout) is a type of fence constructed in the United States and Canada, and is made out of timber logs, usually split lengthwise into rails and typically used for agricultural or decorative fencing.  Such fences require much more timber than other types of fences, and so are generally only common in areas where wood is abundant.

They are simple in their construction, and can be assembled with few tools even on hard or rocky ground. They also can be built without using any nails or other hardware; such hardware was often scarce in frontier areas. They are popular in very rocky areas where post hole digging is difficult. They can be partially or wholly disassembled if the fence needs to be moved or the wood becomes more useful for other purposes.

Material
Split rail fences were made of easy to split, rot-resistant wood.  Traditionally American chestnut was the timber of choice until chestnut blight eliminated this tree.  Currently, most split rails are made from cedar.

Construction
Logs are typically cut to a length of  and split down the length of the log. Each half is then split into quarters, then eighths, and so on until the rails were of a usable size.  A log may produce from four rails from an  log to over a dozen from larger logs.  The rails are stacked on top of one another.  Most split rail fences have the rails stacked in an interlocking zig-zag fashion that is self-supporting, easy to create, easy to repair, and easy to disassemble.

Some timber fences have the rails stacked directly on top of each other and secured with double fence posts (one on either side of the rails). This made a more permanent and compact fence but remained easy to repair.

The distance between either the zigs or the zags is generally  or one rod. The area of a field can therefore be calculated by counting zigs or zags along the side and end of the field: 160 square rods is .

Buck-and-rail fence
A buck-and-rail (also called buck-and-post) fence is a timber rail fence in a three-dimensional A-frame shape. Each section of fencing consists of two standing vertical A-frames, between which are four to seven horizontal rails or poles, the number depending on the height of fencing wanted. In modern fences, the length of the rails is about . Except at the end of the fence, each A-frame is used by two horizontal sections, one to the right, and one to the left. For the enclosure of livestock such as cows and sheep, a four-foot (1.2 m) high fence using four rails is sufficient. Taller fences of 6–7 feet (1.8–2.1 m) are required for big game such as deer and elk, as the three-dimensional structure of the fence discourages jumping over it; a 9–10 foot (2.7–3.0 m) wire fence would be needed for the same purpose.

Buck-and-rail fencing was ubiquitous in battlefields in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War, because of the proximity of forested land and their ease of construction. These split rail fences were a major source of firewood for both the Union and Confederate armies.

Buck-and-rail fences can keep larger animals in or out, while smaller wildlife can pass through them easily, and they can be readily climbed over by people.

Mortised fence
In the United Kingdom (and increasingly in suburban America) a different style of split-rail fence is used.  This is not free-standing but consists of vertical posts placed in the ground, having holes (mortises) in each side into which the roughly pointed ends of split rails (usually of sweet chestnut) are placed.  No zig-zagging is necessary.  This style is commonly used as decorative fencing, or for horse-keeping. Such fences are a specific type of a more general form, called post-and-rail fences.

Patent cedar fence
In Canada an attempt was made to patent several cedar fence designs.  These styles became known as Patent Cedar Fences, also called Patent Fences or Patent Rail Fences.  The use of two rails to form a cross, having a top rail, bench rails and lower heavier rails, allowed it to be free standing, withstand heavy winds and take up less fence bottom than the zigzag or snake fence.

See also
 Roundpole fence

References

External links

Fences

Split-rail fence


The National Resistance Army (NRA), the military wing of the National Resistance Movement (NRM), was a rebel army that waged a guerrilla war, commonly referred to as the Ugandan Bush War or Luwero War, against the government of Milton Obote, and later that of Tito Okello. NRA was supported by Muammar Gaddafi.

NRA was formed in 1981 when Yoweri Museveni's Popular Resistance Army (PRA) merged with ex-president Yusuf Lule's group, the Uganda Freedom Fighters (UFF). Museveni, then leader of the Uganda Patriotic Movement party, alleged electoral fraud and declared an armed rebellion, following the victory of Uganda Peoples Congress in the bitterly disputed 1980 general election.

Museveni, who had guerrilla war experience with the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO) in Mozambique, and his own Front for National Salvation (FRONASA) formed in Tanzania to fight Idi Amin, led the NRA to victory against Ugandan government troops (UNLA) in 1986. By the time that the victorious NRA entered Kampala in 1986, about a quarter of its 16,000 combatants were Banyarwanda, while Fred Rwigema was its deputy commander. The NRA then became the national army.

Shortly afterwards the UNLA carried out a number of attacks against civilians in the north of Uganda. The attacks largely targeted the Acholi people and were in part seen as a form of revenge for Operation Bonanza, the scorched-earth operation there that had been ordered by Milton Obote during his presidency.

From 1986 to 1990, the Museveni regime tried to end various insurgencies and to establish control over the army. Despite repeated government claims that the NRA had defeated the UNLA and other rebel groups, insurgent activity continued, especially in the northern, eastern, and western regions. In April 1988, 3,000 former Uganda People's Army (UPA) fighters and members of several other small rebel groups accepted a government amnesty by surrendering and declaring their support for Museveni's regime. In June 1988, the president concluded a peace agreement with Uganda People's Democratic Army (UPDA) commander Lieutenant Colonel John Angelo Okello. Although the NRA subsequently integrated many UPA and UPDA personnel into its ranks, thousands of others rejected the peace accord and continued to fight against the NRA.

After the 1995 Ugandan constitution was enacted, the NRA was renamed the Uganda People's Defence Force.

References

External links
 The Anguish of Northern Uganda by the United States Agency for International Development

Guerrilla organizations
Rebel groups in Uganda
National Resistance Movement
Military wings of political parties

National Resistance Army


The All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Agriculture and Food for Development is a cross-party group in the UK Parliament, co-chaired by Heidi Alexander, a Labour Member of Parliament and Lord Cameron of Dillington, a cross-bench Peer. The APPG is composed of over 70 MPs and Peers from across the political spectrum and is based in London.

Established

The APPG was established in October 2008 in response to growing concerns over the heightened Food Crisis and a steady decline in the importance given to agricultural development and food security at both bilateral and multilateral levels. In January 2010 it published the results of its intensive first Parliamentary Inquiry Why no Thought for Food?.

Aims

The Group seeks to bring together Parliamentarians concerned with agriculture, nutrition and wider food security in the developing world. This cross-party group aims to raise awareness on these issues and engender progressive and informed debate within Westminster and beyond by bridging the gap between policy makers and practitioners in the field whilst also giving a voice to the 700 million smallhold farmers worldwide.

Activities

The APPG is one of the more active in the UK Parliament, undertaking inquiries, holding meetings, tabling debates and asking questions of the Government, among other things. In September 2010 it held a field trip for new MPs to Kenya, during which time 4 MPs and 1 Lord learnt about the issues facing smallholder agriculture and food security in East Africa.

APPGs for Development

Following the high turn-over of MPs at the last election 25 APPGs have begun working together as part of an informal broad alliance to help maintain International Development on the UK agenda. In July 2010 the APPGs hosted their first joint meeting for new MPs with Bill Gates, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Alan Duncan, Minister of State for DFID; Douglas Alexander, then Shadow Secretary of State for International Development; Harriet Lamb, Executive Director of The Fairtrade Foundation and; Aaron Oxley, Executive Director of RESULTS UK. The Groups are currently in the planning stage of their next meeting.

Notes

International Development
2008 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 2008
Agricultural organisations based in the United Kingdom

APPG on Agriculture and Food for Development


Danijel Korica (Serbian Cyrillic: Данијел Корица, born 10 June 1945), better known by his nickname Dane in his home country, is a Serbian retired long-distance runner who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1972 Summer Olympics. He is regarded as one of the greatest ever distance-runners from the areas of former Yugoslavia.

Early life
Korica was born in Kutina to a family of six children. At the age of thirteen he suffered a serious leg injury from a freak accident for which he was immediately sent to the hospital. After his condition deteriorated, there was a possibility that he would have to spend the rest of his life in a wheel chair. After being sent to another emergency care center near Opatija, he began to recover. Korica was recommended by his doctors not to pursue a career in athletics. His idol growing up was Franjo Mihalić.

Korica's village had no track on which he could practice, so Korica often ran in the forest, many times barefoot. At the time, long-distance running was not a well-known occupation in Yugoslavia, and the villagers often looked at Korica as though he was crazy. One neighbor, assuming that Korica spent more time running than helping his parents, allegedly threatened if he ran on his property "with those nails on his shoes" (a reference to track spikes), that he would attack Korica with a hoe.

Running career
Korica began training formally with AK Moslavina. He would go on to have a brilliant distance-running career in Europe before making it to the 1972 Summer Olympics. Korica won Politika's cross-country race on five occasions. Korica ran the men's 10,000 metre race at the 1972 Summer Olympics. In the preliminary round he ran in the third heat, finishing fourth, just four seconds behind first-place finisher Miruts Yifter. In the final round of the 10,000-meter, Korica finished 7th of 15 runners, running a time of 28:15.18. At the 1973 Summer Universiade, Korica won the gold for the 10,000 metres race.

Notes
 Korica, although officially of Serbian nationality, competed solely for SFR Yugoslavia (dissolved in 1991) during his career. Korica's results are contemporarily referred to as Serbian athletic results.

References

1945 births
Living people
People from Kutina
Sportspeople from Sisak-Moslavina County
Olympic athletes for Yugoslavia
Serbs of Croatia
Serbian male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Yugoslavia
Medalists at the 1973 Summer Universiade

Dane Korica


George A. Birmingham was the pen name of James Owen Hannay (16 July 1865 – 2 February 1950), Irish clergyman and prolific novelist. He was active in the Gaelic League, but strained his relations with Irish nationalists by supporting Robert Lindsay Crawford in his opposition to clerical control of education.

Protestant Churchman and Gaelic Leaguer
Hannay was born in Belfast and educated at Methodist College Belfast from 1883 to 1884 before attending Trinity College, Dublin. He was ordained in 1889 as a Church of Ireland (Anglican) minister and from 1904 served as rector of Holy Trinity Church, Westport in County Mayo.

Participation in language revival activities in Mayo and defence of the Gaelic League in the Church of Ireland Gazette led to Hannay being co-opted onto the League's national executive body in December 1904. His personal network of Irish Irelanders included Gaelic League President Douglas Hyde and the principal ideologue of the emergent Sinn Féin movement, United Irishman editor Arthur Griffith. They were sympathetic to Hannay desire for a "union of the two Irish democracies", Catholic in the south and Protestant in the north. In the north, in Ulster, he saw a potential ally in Lindsay Crawford, Grand Master of the new Independent Orange Order. He regarded the breakaway Order, like the Gaelic League as "profoundly democratic in spirit" and independent of "the rich and the patronage of the great".

Hannay's defence of Crawford's opposition to the clerical control of education in Ireland, however, strained his relations with Irish nationalists, and it was a position that had little support in their own church. The Church of Ireland Gazette dubbed Crawford "the solitary champion of secularism in the Synod". Hannay withdrew from the Gaelic League in the wake of ongoing protests about the tour of his successful play General John Regan.

Later career
Hannay became rector of Kildare parish from 1918 to 1920, and after serving as chaplain to the Viceroy of Ireland, he joined the British ambassadorial team in Budapest in 1922. He returned to officiate at Mells, Somerset from 1924 to 1934, after which he was appointed vicar of Holy Trinity Church in the London suburb of Kensington where he served from 1934 to his death in 1950.

Sailing
James Hannay enjoyed sailing, and was taught the rudiments by his father and grandfather in Belfast.
When he was based in Westport, his financial success of his writing enabled him to purchase a boat.
He bought a Dublin Bay Water Wag.
In recognition of Hannay, the Water Wag Club of Dun Laoghaire returned to Westport and Clew Bay in 2016.

In the frontispiece of his book The Inviolable Sanctuary George A. Birmingham includes a picture of the Water Wag.

Publications
The Seething Pot (1905)
Hyacinth (1906)
Benedict Kavanagh (1907)
The Northern Iron (1907)
The Bad Times (1908)
Spanish Gold (1908)
The Search Party (1909)
Lalage's Lovers (1911)
The Major's Niece (1911)
The Simpkins Plot (1911)
The Inviolable Sanctuary (1911)
Priscilla's Spies; The Red Hand of Ulster (1912)
Do (1913)
General John Regan: A Play in Three Acts (1913)
The Adventures of Dr. Whitty (1913)
Connaught to Chicago  (1914) [also printed as From Dublin to Chicago]
The Lost Tribes (1914)
Gossamer (1915)
Minnie's Bishop and Other Stories (1915)
The Island Mystery (1918)
Our Casualty (1919)
Up the Rebels! (1919)
Inisheeny (1920)
Good Conduct (1920)
Lady Bountiful (1921)
The Lost Lawyer (1921)
The Great-Grandmother (1922)
A Public Scandal (1922)
Fed Up (1923)
Found Money (1923)
King Tommy (1923)
Send for Dr Grady (1923)
The Grand Duchess (1924)
Bindon Parva (1925)
The Gun-Runners (1925)
Goodly Pearls (1926)
The Smuggler's Cave (1926)
Lady of the Abbey (1926)
Now You Tell One: Stories of Irish Wit & Humour (1927)
Fidgets (1927)
Ships and Sealing Wax (1927)
Elizabeth and the Archdeacon (1928)
The Runaways (1928)
The Major's Candlesticks (1929)
Murder Most Foul! (1929)
The Hymn Tune Mystery (1930)
Wild Justice (1930)
The Silver-Gilt Standard (1932)
Angel's Adventure (1933)
Two Fools (1934)
Love or Money (1935)
Millicent's Corner (1935)
Daphne's Fishing (1937)
Mrs. Miller's Aunt (1937)
Magilligan Strand (1938)
Appeasement (1939)
Miss Maitland's Spy (1940)
The Search for Susie (1941)
Over the Border (1942)
Poor Sir Edward (1943)
Lieutenant Commander (1944)
Good Intentions (1945)
The Piccadilly Lady (1946)
Golden Apple (1947)
A Sea Battle (1948)
Laura's Bishop (1949)
Two Scamps (1950)

Other works
The Spirit and Origin of Christian Monasticism (1903) from his Donnellan Lectures
The Wisdom of the Desert (1904)
Irishmen All (1913)
The Lighter Side of Irish Life (1911)
Golden Sayings from George A. Birmingham (1915)
Recollections of Sir Jonah Barrington (1918)
A Padre in France (1918)
An Irishman Looks at His World (1918)
A Wayfarer in Hungary (1925)
Spillikins: Essays (1926)
Can You Answer This? A Question Book  (1927)
Do you Know Your History? A History Questions Book (1928)
Pleasant Places (1934)

References

External links

1865 births
1950 deaths
Irish language activists
20th-century Irish novelists
20th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights
Irish male dramatists and playwrights
People from Westport, County Mayo
Writers from Belfast
20th-century Irish Anglican priests
Irish male novelists
People educated at Methodist College Belfast
Christian clergy from Belfast

George A. Birmingham


The Ahukawakawa Swamp is an area of sphagnum bog in Egmont National Park in the Taranaki Region of New Zealand.
It was formed approximately 3,500 years ago and is of particular interest to botanists. Over 260 species of higher plant have been recorded there. The area of the swamp is approximately 1 km2.

Geomorphology
The swamp sits at an altitude of 920 metres and lies between the main cone of Mount Taranaki and the Pouakai Range to the northwest, which reaches 1,400 metres. It was formed about 3,500 years ago when a lava extrusion and a later debris flow blocked the Stony River. This extrusion, which reaches 1,052 metres, lies to the west of the swamp and is known as The Dome. The outlet from the swamp forms the  Bells Falls.

The area is still subject to geomorphological change. The Stony River was considered Taranaki's best trout fishery until severe erosion and land instability in the river's headwaters from 1997 onwards caused high sediment loads.

Vegetation

This alpine wetland is of  interest to botanists because "its wide range of plants have adapted to acidic soils at very low temperatures." Sedges, herbs, grasses and mosses make up the ground cover on the floor of the wetland and the divaricating shrub Melicytus drucei is endemic to the area. The large red tussocks that form in the cool environment and medium fertility wet soils are a feature of the natural environment.

Over 260 species of higher plant have been recorded in the swamp and Margaret Bayfield identified several different assemblages within it. The southern margin comprises scrub and shrub/tussockland and is dominated by inaka (var. filifolium) although other shrubs such as Veronica odora and leatherwood are also common. In the "mire proper" red tussock is dominant and found along with various sedges including Carex coriacea and star sedge. There are abundant mosses, especially Dicranoloma robustum and sphagnum. Small bodies of open water towards the east end of the swamp contain the pond weed Potamogeton suboblongus and the New Zealand sub-species of the milfoil Myriophyllum pedunculatum.

Tourism
The Pouakai Circuit, a 2–3 day 25 km tramp that has two overnight huts available, passes through "the unique Ahukawakawa Swamp" via a boardwalk.

See also
 Tussock grasslands of New Zealand
 Wetlands of New Zealand

Citations

References
 Clarkson, B. D. (1986) Vegetation of Egmont National Park New Zealand. National Parks Scientific Series Number 5. Science Information Publishing Centre. Wellington.

Protected areas of Taranaki
Wetlands of New Zealand
Landforms of Taranaki

Ahukawakawa Swamp


Nu Shooz are an R&B group based in Portland, Oregon.They formed in 1979. They released many records in the 1980s. However, they did not hit the mainstream until after their 1986 album Poolside was released. The song I Can't Wait was among their many hit songs. In 1988 the band broke up. In 2007 they got back together.

1980s American music groups
American R&B bands
Musical groups from Oregon
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
Musical groups established in 1979
1979 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Oregon
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
1988 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 2007
2007 establishments in the United States

Nu Shooz


Reverse logistics encompasses all operations related to the upstream movement of products and materials. It is "the process of moving goods from their typical final destination for the purpose of capturing value, or proper disposal. Remanufacturing and refurbishing activities also may be included in the definition of reverse logistics." Growing green concerns and advancement of green supply chain management concepts and practices make it all the more relevant.  The number of publications on the topic of reverse logistics have increased significantly over the past two decades.  The first use of the term "reverse logistics" in a publication was by James R. Stock in a White Paper titled "Reverse Logistics," published by the Council of Logistics Management in 1992.  The concept was further refined in subsequent publications by Stock (1998) in another Council of Logistics Management book, titled Development and Implementation of Reverse Logistics Programs, and by Rogers and Tibben-Lembke (1999) in a book published by the Reverse Logistics Association titled Going Backwards:  Reverse Logistics Trends and Practices.  The reverse logistics process includes the management and the sale of surplus as well as returned equipment and machines from the hardware leasing business. Normally, logistics deal with events that bring the product towards the customer. In the case of reverse logistics, the resource goes at least one step back in the supply chain. For instance, goods move from the customer to the distributor or to the manufacturer.

Today, the global reverse logistics supply chain is valued at $415.20 billion and it is projected to reach over $600 billion by 2025. As of 2023, the global reverse logistics market is estimated to be worth approximately $993.28 billion. This value is projected to increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.34% from 2023 to 2032.

Business implications
In today's marketplace, many retailers treat merchandise returns as individual, disjointed transactions. "The challenge for retailers and vendors is to process returns at a proficiency level that allows quick, efficient and cost-effective collection and return of merchandise. Customer requirements facilitate demand for a high standard of service that includes accuracy and timeliness. It's the logistic company's responsibility to shorten the link from return origination to the time of resell." By following returns management best practices, retailers can achieve a returns process that addresses both the operational and customer retention issues associated with merchandise returns. Further, because of the connection between reverse logistics and customer retention, it has become a key component within Service Lifecycle Management (SLM), a business strategy aimed at retaining customers by bundling even more coordination of a company's services data together to achieve greater efficiency in its operations.

Reverse logistics is more than just returns management, it is "activities related to returns avoidance, gatekeeping, disposal and all other after-market supply chain issues". Returns management—increasingly being recognized as affecting competitive positioning—provides an important link between marketing and logistics. The broad nature of its cross-functional impact suggests that firms would benefit by improving internal integration efforts. In particular, a firm's ability to react to and plan for the influence of external factors on the returns management process is improved by such internal integration. In a firm's planning for returns, a primary factor is the remaining value of the material returning and how to recover that value. "Returned goods, or elements of the product, could even be returned to suppliers and supply chain partners for them to re-manufacture".

Third-party logistics providers see that up to 7% of an enterprise's gross sales are captured by return costs. Almost all reverse logistics contracts are customized to fit the size and type of company contracting. The 3PL's themselves realize 12% to 15% profits on this business.

An average of 8-10% of brick and mortar retail purchases are returned, compared to 20% of E-commerce purchases. In the USA alone, it is estimated that return deliveries will cost $550 billion in 2020. December is traditionally the busiest month for reverse logistics in the United States, with UPS processing over 1 million returned packages daily through Christmas.

Reverse logistics research has also found that 84.6 percent of companies in the United States use secondary market and 70 percent see the secondary market as a "competitive advantage."

A Taiwanese research paper suggests three influential factors that drive the need for Reverse Logistics in businesses: Economic needs, Environmental needs, and Social needs. The study, who polled 12 environmental management expert from Taiwanese electronic firms, found that Economic needs are most important with an importance weight of 0.4842, followed by Environmental needs with an importance weight of 0.3728, while Social needs are relatively unimportant with a importance weight of 0.1430.

While the Economic need is caused by a company's desire to profit off of the recovery value such as in the US, the Taiwanese study reasons that the importance of Environmental needs is due to the concern for waste management shared by the developed countries such as the countries of the EU, Japan, and the US. For example, in the EU, there exists the "Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) directive" which makes EU producers responsible for collection, treatment, recycling, and recovery of all WEEE, "Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substance in Electrical and Electronic Equipment directive" which restricts the use of toxic materials in electronics, and "Eco-design Requirements for Energy-using Products directive" which encourage the recycling of electronic products.

Return of unsold goods
In certain industries, goods are distributed to downstream members in the supply chain with the understanding that the goods may be returned for credit if they are not sold e.g., newspapers and magazines. This acts as an incentive for downstream members to carry more stock, because the risk of obsolescence is borne by the upstream supply chain members. However, there is also a distinct risk attached to this logistics concept. The downstream member in the supply chain might exploit the situation by ordering more stock than is required and returning large volumes. In this way, the downstream partner is able to offer high level of service without carrying the risks associated with large inventories. The supplier effectively finances the inventory for the downstream member. It is therefore important to analyze customers' accounts for hidden costs.

Reusable packaging

Reusable packaging systems require a closed-loop logistics system.  Examples include reusable pallets, bulk boxes such as Euro containers, reusable bottles for milk, soda, and  beer, compressed gas cylinders, beer kegs, etc.

Refusal of the products in the cash on delivery (COD)
In case of e-commerce business, many websites offer the flexibility of cash on delivery (COD) to their customers. Sometimes customers refuse the product at the time of delivery, as there is no commitment to take the product. Then the logistics service provider follows the process of reverse logistics on the refused cargo. It is also known as Return to Origin (RTO). In this process, the e-commerce company adds the refused cargo to its inventory stock again, after proper quality checks per the company's rules.

References

External links
Glossary of the Reverse Logistics Executive Council

Supply chain management
Recycling
Waste management concepts

Reverse logistics


Passion Fish is a 1992 drama movie. Angela Bassett plays the characters Rhonda and Dawn. The movie is about a soap opera star who becomes paralyzed because of a taxi accident. Nurses on whom she comes to rely are forced to leave their nursing career. This movie was released December 11, 1992 in the United States.

1990s drama movies
1992 movies
English-language movies
American independent movies

Passion Fish


Atalaya and Brookgreen Gardens is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing two formerly-united properties associated with sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington (1876-1973) on the coast of Georgetown County, South Carolina.  The district includes Atalaya Castle, now part of Huntington Beach State Park, and the sculpture garden of Brookgreen Gardens, both properties part of a large estate developed by Anna and Archer M. Huntington in the 1930s.  It includes the nation's first formal sculpture garden, and one of the studios at which Huntington did her most productive work.  The district was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1992.

Atalaya

Atalaya is a large Spanish Revival building, built in 1931–33, without architectural drawings, but with clear design ideas imparted by Archer Huntington, who was (among other pursuits) a scholar of Spanish arts.  Its styling is reminiscent of Moorish architecture found in coastal Spain.  Roughly square in shape, it has about thirty rooms, most notably a large studio space in the southeast that was one of Anna Huntington's workspaces.  The property was used by the Huntingtons as their winter quarters until about 1947, and was leased by Anna to the state in 1960 for use as a state park.

Brookgreen Gardens sculpture garden

Brookgreen Gardens is a large (more than ) nature preserve, established by the Huntingtons in 1931 as a place to showcase not just Anna's art, but that of other contemporary sculptors.  The sculpture garden takes up about  of the property, and is the only portion included in the landmark designation.  It was the first public sculpture garden established in the United States, and is probably its largest.  Its permanent collection includes numerous pieces by Huntington, and contemporaries who were working between about 1890 and 1940.  The buildings of the garden include a studio in which Anna Huntington worked.

Significance
Atalaya and Brookgreen Gardens are the only major site reflective of the full range of Anna Hyatt Huntington's work and philanthropy.  Although she had other studio spaces where she worked (notably at their summer estate in Connecticut, where the house no longer stands), those at Brookgreen and Atalaya are the only ones that survive.  Anna Hyatt Huntington began selling sculptures in partnership with her sister in 1895, and had received numerous national and international awards for her work by the time she married industrialist and philanthropist Archer Huntington in 1923.  Her work, mainly realistic depictions of animals, was in marked contrast to contemporary female sculptors, who tended to produce human representations.  She came down with tuberculosis in the 1920s, and the South Carolina estate was developed as a natural retreat.  Anna's contributions to the construction of Atalaya and Brookgreen include the fabrication of wrought iron hardware, include Brookgreen's gates.  She was responsible for laying out and directing the landscaping of the sculpture garden.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places listings in Georgetown County, South Carolina
Collis P. Huntington State Park, Anna Hyatt Huntington's studio in Connecticut

References

National Historic Landmarks in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Georgetown County, South Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Georgetown County, South Carolina
Huntington family

Atalaya and Brookgreen Gardens


Mostafa Azizi (Persian: مصطفی عزیزی) (born September 20, 1962) is an Iranian Television producer and screenwriter.

Biography
Azizi was born in Arak. A graduate of theoretical economics from Tehran University, he started his professional life as a writer and editor of educational and scientific programs in the Iranian National Radio in 1986. In 1990, he moved to television and became the director of Computer Animation Unit (CAU). In 1994, he left the IRIB as an employee to open up the "Kelk-e-Khial" as a private film-producing company.

In 2010, a collection of short stories authored by him in the Persian language were published in Iran under the title of I am Raymond Carver. Carver, an American author of the 1960s, is said to be a major influence on his work.
Since 2010, Azizi resides in Toronto where he is the director of Alternate Dream Productions Inc.

Arrest
Azizi returned to Tehran to visit his relatives in January 2015. On February 1, he was arrested reportedly charged with "insulting Iran's supreme leader," Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and also "spreading propaganda" against the Islamic establishment. The charges apparently stem from some of Azizi's social media posts, although it's not clear which.

On June 1, 2015, Branch 15 of the Islamic Revolutionary Court of Tehran sentenced Azizi to 8 years in prison. Abolqasem Salavati was the presiding judge of his court. As of June 29, Azizi is being kept in Section 8 of the Evin Prison waiting for the final decision of the court. He got released on April 9, 2016.

Filmography
Pendulum, feature film, Toronto, Canada, (2018)
Gavsandough, TV series, (2008)
Rahe Bipayan, TV series, (2007)
Talash, Game show, (1996-2000)
Mosafer, TV series, (2000)

Bibliography
I am Raymond Carver, Ofogh (2010)
Shirin's Fortune (Rozegare Shirin), Elm (2016)

References

External links

1962 births
People from Arak, Iran
Iranian screenwriters
Iranian film producers
Living people

Mostafa Azizi


Alienware is an American company, and, computer hardware manufacturer. The main product they create is gaming computers. They are a subsidiary of Dell. Alienware is mainly engaged in assembling personal computers (including laptops) from component third-party manufacturers. The company's products are used for graphically heavy applications, such as video and audio editing, modeling.

History
The company was founded in 1996 Nelson Gonzalez and Alex Agila.

Alienware was the first one who brought a number of new technologies to the market:

 First Gamer's Laptop.
 First laptop with dual graphics.
 Liquid cooling for all desktops as standard.
Until 2006, the company was independent. It was a small firm that served only six countries (USA, Canada and four countries in Western Europe) and worked with all four languages. In 2006, it was bought by Dell, and from that time Alienware plans to be presented worldwide.

In modern portfolio, these are some Alienware products: two desktop gaming stations, three models of game laptops, two classes "replacement desktop" and one mobile, as well as a line of accessories.

Other websites
 Alienware website

American technology companies
1996 establishments in the United States

Alienware


Josephine Humphreys (born February 2, 1945) is an American novelist.

Early life
Josephine Humphreys grew up in Charleston, South Carolina with her mother, father and two sisters (Vinh). Her father worked as the director of the Charleston development board. Her mother worked for the Charleston Museum (Josephine Humphreys full-length interview for Envision SC). Humphreys was encouraged to write by her grandmother Neta, and later by her mother. All the books she read were inherited from her grandparents or came from the public library (Vinh). The all-girl school she attended had an excellent writing program and a literary magazine, according to Humphreys. After graduating from high school, she attended Duke University because her father believed it was a "southern college" and he was against her attending any "northern school." What her father did not realize, though, was that Duke was anything but the "southern school" he imagined (Josephine Humphreys full-length interview for Envision SC).  Her class was the first racially integrated undergraduate class. For four years this didn't seem to be an issue, until their graduation day, when there was a bomb threat from the Ku Klux Klan, resulting in Humphreys' class canceling its graduation ceremony.

Career
A native of Charleston, South Carolina, which is also the setting of her novels Dreams of Sleep, Rich in Love and The Fireman's Fair, Humphreys was educated at Ashley Hall (Class of 1963), studied creative writing with Reynolds Price at Duke University (A.B., 1967), and went on to attend Yale University (M.A., 1968) and the University of Texas. She held fellowships from the Woodrow Wilson Foundation and the Danforth Foundation.  From 1970 to 1977, before beginning her writing career, she taught English in Charleston.

While her first three novels are mainly about contemporary family life in the South, her fourth, Nowhere Else on Earth, is a departure in that it is an historical novel based on the true story of Rhoda Strong and Henry Berry Lowrie from the American Civil War era.  It won the Southern Book Award in 2001.

Rich in Love, probably her best-known novel, was made into a 1992 film of the same title directed by Bruce Beresford, from a screenplay by Alfred Uhry, starring Albert Finney and Jill Clayburgh.

Humphreys was the winner of the 1984 Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award for Dreams of Sleep, and the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Lyndhurst Prize, and the American Academy of Arts and Letters Award in Literature.

Novel Inspiration
Many of Humphreys' novels have been inspired not only by the landscape of Charleston but also from her own life. Many of her characters represent a personal metaphor(Vinh). Most books represent a form of family and community because that was important to Humphreys. Most importantly they reflect Charleston and how its changed from when she was a child to now. One book in particular, Fireman's Fair was rewritten in three months because of the hurricane and its significant impact on the landscape(Magee).

Novels
Dreams of Sleep (1984)
Rich in Love (1987)
The Fireman's Fair (1991)
Nowhere Else on Earth (2000)

See also
Southern literature
Fellowship of Southern Writers

References

  Josephine Humphreys Full Length Interview for Envision SC. 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yr7rF3qsdcQ.
Magee, Rosemary M. "Continuity and Separation: An Interview with Josephine Humphreys." The Southern Review, vol. 27, no. 4, 1991 Autumn 1991, pp. 792–802. mzh.
Vinh, Alphonse. "Talking with Josephine Humphreys." The Southern Quarterly: A Journal of the Arts in the South, vol. 32, no. 4, 1994 Summer 1994, pp. 131–40. mzh.

20th-century American novelists
Writers from Charleston, South Carolina
Angier B. Duke Scholars
Duke University alumni
Yale University alumni
1945 births
Living people
Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award winners
American women novelists
20th-century American women writers
Writers of American Southern literature
Novelists from South Carolina
21st-century American women

Josephine Humphreys


Roberto Scandiuzzi (born 14 July 1958) is an Italian opera singer noted for his powerful, sonorous bass voice and stage presence.

Scandiuzzi was born in Maserada sul Piave in the Province of Treviso and studied at the conservatory in Treviso. He made his operatic debut in 1981 at the Cantiere Internazionale d'Arte, where he created the role of King Bass, The Sorcerer in Lorenzo Ferrero's La figlia del mago. The following year he made his La Scala debut as Bartolo in Le nozze di Figaro and thereafter sang throughout Italy and in the major opera houses of Europe and the United States in leading bass roles, primarily in the Italian repertoire. Among his many recordings are Verdi's Don Carlos for Philips (as King Philip II), Simon Boccanegra for Decca (as Jacopo Fiesco), Jérusalem for Philips (as Roger), and Aroldo for Philips (as Briano).

Scandiuzzi's daughter Diletta Rizzo Marin is also an opera singer.

Videography
 James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09

References

External links

Italian opera singers
Operatic basses
1958 births
People from the Province of Treviso
Living people

Roberto Scandiuzzi


Bennett's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus bennettianus) is a large tree-kangaroo. Males can weigh from 11.5 kg up to almost 14 kg (25 to 31 lbs),  and female about 8 to 10.6 kg (17.6 to 23 lbs). They are very agile and are able to leap 9 metres (30 ft) down to another branch. They have been known to drop as far as 18 metres (59 ft) to the ground without injury.

Habitat
This very elusive (cryptic) tree-kangaroo is found in both mountain and lowland tropical rain forests south of Cooktown, Queensland to just north of the Daintree River. It is  occasionally found in sclerophyll woodlands. It lives on the leaves of rainforest trees, notably Schefflera actinophylla (the umbrella tree), vines, ferns and various wild fruits.

Diet
The Bennett's tree-kangaroo is a herbivore. It eats leaves from 33 different plant species.

Now that it is rarely hunted by Aborigines, its main predators are pythons and the dingo. It is thought to be the closest tree-kangaroo to the ancestral form.

Physical description

Like other tree-kangaroos it has longer forelimbs and shorter hindlimbs than terrestrial kangaroos and a long bushy tail. It is mostly dark brown above and lighter fawn on chin, throat and lower abdomen. The forehead and muzzle are greyish. The feet and hands are black. The tail has a black patch at the base and a light patch on the upper part. The ears are short and rounded.

References

Macropods

Bennett's tree-kangaroo


Francesco Scavullo (January 16, 1921 – January 6, 2004) was an American fashion photographer best known for his work on the covers of Cosmopolitan and his celebrity portraits.

Biography
Scavullo was born January 16, 1921, on Staten Island, New York City. He used his father's camera to photograph his sisters, who would model for him. He began working  for a studio that produced fashion catalogs and soon moved to Vogue. Scavullo spent three years as Horst P. Horst's assistant, studying Horst's techniques. He created a cover for Seventeen in 1948 that won him a contract with the magazine. Scavullo soon opened his own studio in Manhattan, and was married to model Carol McCallson from 1952 to 1955.

Scavullo's 1969 photograph of singer Janis Joplin with a cigarette in her hand was exhibited at the Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth, Texas. The museum poster refers to Joplin, who died in 1970, as having a "free-spirited fervor of the counterculture revolution."

Some of Scavullo's more controversial work included a Cosmospolitan centerfold of a nude Burt Reynolds and photographs of a young Brooke Shields that some considered overly sexual. He also befriended a young teenager from Philadelphia, future supermodel Gia Carangi, whose career he was largely responsible for launching. When Carangi's heroin addiction made it impossible for her to find work later, Scavullo continued to employ and support her until her eventual death from complications of AIDS. Scavullo himself was diagnosed as manic-depressive.

Scavullo created shots for various movie posters, album covers and Broadway shows, including one for A Star is Born (featuring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson), Judy Collins' Hard Times for Lovers, a portrait of Julie Andrews for Blake Edwards' Victor Victoria,  the cover and poster photos of KISS' 1979 album Dynasty, photos of Donna Summer for her Once Upon A Time and Live and More double albums and later Summer: The Donna Summer Musical. In 1981, Scavullo was commissioned by Mikhail Baryshnikov to photograph the dancers of the American Ballet Theatre, which formed the basis of an exhibition that was later shown in a nationwide tour. In addition, he photographed the underground Warhol super star Tally Brown for his book Francesco Scavullo 1948-1984.

Scavullo photographed Duran Duran in the 1980s, with his work featured on various releases including the cover of "The Wild Boys" single. He appeared in the band's tour documentary Sing Blue Silver.

Scavullo's work has been used on the covers of Seventeen, Cosmopolitan, Harper's Bazaar, Interview, Newsweek and Rolling Stone. He published several books, from Scavullo on Beauty (1976) to Scavullo Nudes (2000).

Death
Scavullo died on January 6, 2004 of heart failure at the age of 82 while on his way to a New York photo shoot with a then up-and-coming CNN news anchor, Anderson Cooper. Scavullo was survived by his partner in life and art, Sean Byrnes.

Publications
 Scavullo on Beauty. Edited by Sean Byrnes. New York: Random House, 1976.
 Scavullo on Men. With Sean Byrnes and Bob Colacello. New York: Random House, 1977.
 Scavullo Women. With Sean Byrnes. New York: Harper and Row, 1982.
 Scavullo: Francesco Scavullo Photographs 1948–1984. Edited by Sean Byrnes. New York: Harper and Row, 1984.
 Scavullo: Photographs 50 Years. Introduction by Enid Nemy. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1997.
 Scavullo Nudes. Introduction by David Leddick. Edited by Ruth A. Peltason and Judith Hudson. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2000.
 Scavullo: Nudes. München: Knesebeck, 2000.
 Scavullo: Les Nus. Paris: La Martinière, 2000.

References

External links

Commercial photographers
Fashion photographers
1921 births
2004 deaths
American gay artists
American LGBT photographers
Photographers from New York (state)
American people of Italian descent
People from Staten Island
20th-century American photographers
People with bipolar disorder
20th-century American LGBT people

Francesco Scavullo


Mark Carl Diesen (September 16, 1957 in Buffalo, New York – December 9, 2008 in Conroe, Texas) was an American chess player.  He earned the International Master title in 1976 by winning the World Junior Championship at Groningen, ahead of such noted players as Ľubomír Ftáčnik and Oleg Romanishin. It was the first time an American had won the World Junior since William Lombardy in 1957. Other achievements included being Louisiana State Champion in 1986, 1987 and 1988.

His father, Carl Diesen, was a tournament chess player as early as the mid-1940s, which resulted in strong family support for Mark's chess career. He grew up in Potomac, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C., which afforded him numerous opportunities to play. It also allowed Mark to become a student of Grandmaster Lubosh Kavalek, who was one of the strongest players in the world. While Kavalek was noted as a tactician, Diesen was a player with a positional style that made him a difficult opponent for even the most experienced IMs and GMs. Among the top players he defeated in his short career were Larry Evans, Borislav Ivkov, John Nunn, and Eugenio Torre. Diesen played in the 1980 U.S. Championship—his only appearance in the Closed Championship—but had to withdraw after three rounds after injuring himself in a fall.

A graduate of the University of Tennessee, Diesen had a degree in chemical engineering. After dropping out of chess, he worked as a reservoir engineer for Shell Oil, Pennzoil and Noble Energy. He continued to influence and inspire through IM with Mark Diesen and coaching in the Conroe-Houston area.

Diesen was married with three daughters (Gina, Amy, and Sarah).

References

Further reading
 Chess Life, March 2009, p. 10
 USCF: The Games of Mark Diesen, part 1
 USCF: The Games of Mark Diesen, part 2

External links
 Mark C Diesen rating card at FIDE

1957 births
2008 deaths
American chess players
Chess International Masters
World Junior Chess Champions
20th-century chess players

Mark Diesen


Cyber Weapon Z  () is a manhua series adapted into a 3D-CG Chinese animation TV series in Hong Kong.

Background
In 1990 Andy Seto joined the Freeman publication label, where he took on drawing manhua and other comics.  In 1993 he started the 10 volume Cyber Weapon Z manhua series with writer Chris Lau in Hong Kong.  The story also ran as a 3D animation series in 1995.  Though much of the success did not begin until a French comic company, Tonkam, republished the comic in Europe where it became more popular.  Andy's style is heavily influenced by Yoshikazu Yasuhiko, who animated Venus Wars.

Story
For 1000 years, the men have understood the importance of the capacity and the economic stakes. Now, they live quietly thanks to an almost perfect social structure, and it is because of this way of life that physical faculties of the man do not evolve. They begin to deteriorate little by little.
Park Iro and Anling are two newcomers with Southern Shaolin, one of the sections of martial arts of the most famous school of combat: the Monastery of Shaolin. The purpose of this school is to give rise to a new human race by developing to the maximum physical capacities of the students. As of the night of their arrival, an unknown force attacks the temple and awake Molitofu, a demon locked up 10 years before by the Luba general.

References

Hong Kong comics titles
Martial arts comics
Science fiction comics
1993 comics debuts
Computer-animated television series
Hong Kong animated television series

Cyber Weapon Z


Dachau concentration camp (, ) was the first World War II Nazi concentration camp. It was built in 1933 by Heinrich Himmler. The original purpose was to hold political prisoners. Dachau camp was located on the grounds of an old munitions factory. It was southeast of the medieval town of Dachau, about  northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany.

The camp's purpose was enlarged to include forced labor and housed ordinary German and Austrian criminals. Eventually foreign nationals from countries that Germany occupied or invaded were sent here. It became a death camp for Jews. Countless thousands of Jews died were executed or died of starvation, disease or overwork. The Dachau camp system grew to include nearly 100 sub-camps. These were mostly work camps or Arbeitskommandos, and were located throughout southern Germany and Austria. The camps were liberated by U.S. forces in the spring of 1945.

Camp statistics
Estimates of the number of people who died here vary widely. Complete records of how many died at Dachau do not exist. Three weeks before the United States Army reached the camp, most of the important records were removed or burned. A few days before the Americans arrived, Germans began evacuating prisoners. But poor organization prevented all from being removed. Prisoners from the Buchenwald concentration camp had been sent to Dachau. When the last train was found, 2,000 of the 4,000 prisoners on it were dead. Between 1933 and the liberation by Americans in 1945, about 228,930 prisoners had been sent to Dachau. This includes about 7,000 who had just arrived from Buchenwald. This number is close to that given by a US Seventh Army report of 229,000. Dachau used high altitude medical experiments on prisoners.

References

Buildings and structures in Bavaria
Nazi concentration camps in Germany

Dachau concentration camp


Etalocib is a drug candidate that was under development for the treatment of various types of cancer. It acts as a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist and a PPARγ agonist.

Clinical trials were conducted measuring efficacy for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer and the inflammatory conditions asthma, psoriasis, and ulcerative colitis, but were suspended due to lack of efficacy.

References

Leukotriene antagonists
Salicylic acids
Phenol ethers
Fluoroarenes
Abandoned drugs
Biphenyls

Etalocib


Castello di Compiano is a castle at the top of Compiano's hill, in the province of Parma, northern Italy.

History
It is believed to have been built in the early Middle Ages by the Lombards, on the road which links the neighbouring Emilia and Liguria. It first belonged to the Malaspina family, then to the Commune of Piacenza and, finally, to the Landi family which ruled the area for 425 consecutive years, eventually forming a small independent principality, the Landi State.

Between the 16th and the 17th centuries, Compiano was in its prime, and minted its own currency, opened state schools and started a pawn system. In the 18th century Compiano passed from the Farnese to the Borbone family, and was then annexed to the realm of Maria Luigia of Austria, then Duchess of Parma, who used the castle as a State prison for Carbonari captives in 1821.

Before World War II it was used as a girls' orphanage.  After the war ended, the school was closed down and the castle was bought by Marchioness Lina Raimondi Gambarotta who, after her death in 1987, left it to the Compiano municipality.

Built on a rocky spur which dominates the river Taro, the castle is similar to a projection from the surrounding fortified walls.

Compiano Masonic Museum
Since July 2002, the castle hosts the International Masonic Museum Orizzonti Massonici, the only museum of this kind in Italy. The three rooms dedicated to this museum contain precious relics, such as medallions, paintings, and honours belonging to the British Masonic symbolism used in the 18th and 19th Century; one of the rooms, called room 33, holds various Italian relics and objects displayed by the Italian Masonic association Grande Oriente d'Italia - Palazzo Giustiniani.

References

Compiano
Buildings and structures in the Province of Parma
Lombard architecture
Museums in Emilia-Romagna
Masonic museums
Bardi, Emilia-Romagna

Castello of Compiano


Dante Alighieri, is a public artwork by Italian artist Ettore Ximenes, located at Meridian Hill Park in Washington, D.C., United States. Dante Alighieri was originally surveyed as part of the Smithsonian Institution's Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey in 1994. The monument is a tribute to Italian poet Dante Alighieri.

Description

The statue depicts Dante standing wearing a robe and a laurel wreath upon his head. At his proper right side he holds a copy of The Divine Comedy in his hands. The statue rests on a granite base (6 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 10 in.). The proper right side of the bronze is signed by Ximenes and the rear of the figure is stamped with the founders mark for Roman Bronze Works.

The front of the base features the inscription: DANTE

And on the back of the base is inscribed:

DANTE ALIGHIERI
PRESENTED TO THE
CITY OF WASHINGTON
IN BEHALF OF THE
ITALIANS IN THE
UNITED STATES BY
COMM CARLO BARSOTTI

Acquisition and dedication

Dante is a casting of a statue located at Dante Park in New York City. The founder of Dante Park and editor of Il Progresso Italiano-Americano, Carlo Barsotti, donated the replica in 1921 as a tribute to Italian Americans. The total cost of the statue reached upwards of $20,000 and weighs at least 3,000 pounds.

The statue was dedicated on December 1, 1921, as a "gift of the Italians of the United States." Barsotti, also head of the Dante Memorial Commission of New York, gave a speech, as well as M. Rene Viviani on behalf of the French people, and Italian ambassador Vittorio Rolandi Ricci. President Warren G. Harding and his wife also attended the dedication.

Dante was covered in Italian and American flags and was unveiled by Clarence Caldwell and Minne Elizabeth Sherrill, the children of the Commissioner of Public Buildings and Grounds at the time. Other notables who attended the event included the French Ambassador of the time and his wife, the President of the Italian Delegation Carlo Schanzer, the High Commissioner of Italy, Signor Quattrone, and numerous military and Italian community members. Music was played, celebrating Italian and American heritage and contemporary culture of the time.

Italian poet and scholar Giovanni Pascoli believed that this was the best figure of Dante ever sculpted after viewing a version of the work in Ximenes' studio. When influenced by art critic Florence Brooks about the sculpture and the public reception of it Ximenes was quoted as saying "That is not for me or you to say but for the public, for posterity. Every work performed by an artist is a page in history."

The sculpture was founded by Roman Bronze Works in New York City.

Donor
Carlo Barsotti was born in Pisa, Italy in 1850. In 1880 he founded the Progresso Italo-Americano newspaper in New York City. King Umberto I of Italy rewarded him the distinction of the title Chevalier in 1888.  With numerous awards from the country of Venezuela and the Italian Red Cross, he was quite the Italian figure in late 19th century America.

Condition
This sculpture was surveyed in 1994 for its condition and was described as "well maintained."

References

External links
Dante statue listed on dcMemorials
"How did a twelve-foot bronze statue of Dante Alighieri end up in Washington's Meridian Hill Park?" from the Italian Cultural Society of Washington, D.C.

1921 sculptures
Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service
Presidency of Warren G. Harding
Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Cultural depictions of Dante Alighieri
Meridian Hill/Malcolm X Park
Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.
Statues of writers
Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Dante Alighieri (Ximenes)