The Treysa Meteorite, also known as the Rommershausen Meteorite (both Treysa and Rommershausen are districts of Schwalmstadt), is an astronomical relic found in a wooded area near the Rommershausen district of Schwalmstadt in northern Hesse, Germany. The meteorite made German astronomical history as one of the most significant confirmed meteorite collisions of recent history. It is classified as a medium octahedrite of the IIIB chemical class and shows Widmanstätten patterns.

History of recovery
On 3 April 1916 at 15:30, eyewitnesses reported a detonation like a clap of thunder and a cloud of smoke. This light-and-sound phenomenon was caused by a meteorite crashing onto the earth in a wooded area near Rommershausen.

Based on the eyewitness accounts, Alfred Wegener calculated the trajectory of the meteorite and its likely impact site. In recognition of its scientific relevance, 300 Reichsmark were offered as a reward to the finder, and it was indeed eventually discovered near the calculated site. The forester Hupmann managed to locate it on 5 March 1917 in a wooded area near Rommershausen; a one-and-one-half-meter-deep impact crater contained the ,  iron meteorite. It had been only slightly shattered by the impact and was almost completely preserved. The 23 slices and thin-ground sections cut from the meteorite have been studied by various geological and mineralogical research institutes.

Since 1986 a memorial stone placed at the site of impact by the Knüllgebirgsverein, a hiking and nature club named after the Knüllgebirge mountain range in Hesse, commemorates this cosmic event.

The meteorite is on display at the Mineralogischen Museum Marburg (Lahn), and there is a copy at the Museum der Schwalm in Ziegenhain. Directions to the meteorite impact location are posted on a path (Ringstrasse) in the Rommershausen forest.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

Literature
750 Jahre Rommershausen, Dorfchronik.
Alfred Wegener: Das detonierende Meteor vom 3. April 1916, 3 1/2 Uhr nachmittags in Kurhessen. 1917. Nachdruck: Elwert, Marburg 2001,

Meteorite falls
Meteorites found in Germany

Treysa (meteorite)


John Legere (born June 4, 1958) is an American businessman, former chief executive officer (CEO) and president of T-Mobile US. He previously worked for AT&T, Dell, and Global Crossing. He resigned as CEO following the approval of the merger of T-Mobile and Sprint.

Early life and education
A Massachusetts native, Legere graduated from St. Bernard's Central Catholic School in Fitchburg, Massachusetts and aspired to be a gym teacher, before he figured out he wanted a more lucrative career and decided to study business instead. He received an Accounting BBA from the Isenberg School of Management at the University of Massachusetts, an MS, as an Alfred P. Sloan fellow, at the MIT Sloan School of Management and an MBA from Fairleigh Dickinson University. He also completed Harvard Business School's Program for Management Development (PMD).

Career
Legere was appointed CEO of T-Mobile US in September 2012, and has since been noted for T-Mobile's "Un-carrier" approach to contract-free wireless networks.

He first worked in telecommunications at New England Telephone. Legere then spent nearly twenty years at AT&T, where he spent some time working under Daniel Hesse, formerly CEO of Sprint Corporation. He served as chief executive for AT&T Asia from April 1994 to November 1997, and also spent time as head of AT&T Global Strategy and Business Development. From 1997 to 1998, he served as President of the worldwide outsourcing subsidiary of AT&T, AT&T Solutions.

Legere then worked as senior vice president of Dell and president and chief operations officer for Dell's Operations in Europe, the Middle East and Africa and president, Asia-Pacific for Dell from 1998 to February 2000. Prior to joining T-Mobile US, he was CEO of Asia Global Crossing from February 2000 to January 2002, and CEO of Global Crossing from October 2001 to October 2011 where he led the organization through bankruptcy and eventually an acquisition by Level 3 Communications. His leadership at Global Crossing was controversial, which included large executive bonuses and filing for bankruptcy.

He serves on the CTIA board of directors, and has been a director of the CTIA wireless internet caucus, since October 2012. He was a director of Global Crossing, from October 2001 to December 2003, and Sanrise Group and Asia Global Crossing, from April 2000 to March 2002. He was a director of ON Semiconductor.

In November 2019, Legere announced via his Twitter account he would be stepping down as the CEO for T-Mobile US on April 30, 2020, when his current contract expires. Mike Sievert, who was chief operating officer at the time, was announced as Legere's replacement. The change was originally planned to become effective on May 1, 2020. Following the merger with Sprint being completed early, Legere officially resigned as CEO on April 1, 2020.

Personal life
Legere was a nationally competitive runner in college and post-college and still competes in events with fellow employees. In 2004, he completed the Boston Marathon as a member of the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute Marathon Challenge team. In May 2016 in support of competitive running, he purchased ad space on Nick Symmonds' shoulder for T-Mobile.

He has been a member of the corporate advisory board of the School of Business and Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and the government relations committee of the American Chamber of Commerce, Hong Kong.

Legere has been divorced twice and has two daughters.

Since 2016, he has pitched his ideas and asked people to sign up for T-Mobile service with a cooking show on Facebook Live, called "Slow Cooker Sunday" which, as its name suggests, runs every Sunday. In 2018, he wrote a cookbook featuring recipes he used in slow cooker Sunday broadcasts titled "#SlowCookerSunday – Leadership, Life and Slow Cooking with CEO and Chef, John Legere". The book includes a foreword from Martha Stewart, a friend of Legere's. The proceeds of the book go to the charity Feeding America.

References

MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Isenberg School of Management alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Deutsche Telekom
American technology chief executives
American business executives
Living people
1958 births
Fairleigh Dickinson University alumni

John Legere


Crew scheduling is the process of assigning crews to operate transportation systems, such as rail lines or airlines.

Complex
Most transportation systems use software to manage the crew scheduling process. Crew scheduling becomes more and more complex as you add variables to the problem. These variables can be as simple as 1 location, 1 skill requirement, 1 shift of work and 1 set roster of people.  In the Transportation industries, such as Rail or mainly Air Travel, these variables become very complex. In Air Travel for instance, there are numerous rules or "constraints" that are introduced.  These mainly deal with legalities relating to work shifts and time, and a crew members qualifications for working on a particular aircraft. Add numerous locations to the equation and Collective Bargaining and Federal labor laws and these become new considerations for the problem solving method.  Fuel is also a major consideration as aircraft and other vehicles require a lot of costly fuel to operate. Finding the most efficient route and staffing it with properly qualified personnel is a critical financial consideration. The same applies to rail travel.Crew scheduling involves assigning complementary crews for each scheduled trip based on the timetable for the next day or a short period. In rail transportation, crew scheduling involves generating crew duties for conductors and train operators.

The problem is computationally difficult and there are competing mathematical methods of solving the problem. Although not easy to describe in one sentence, the goal is the essentially same for any method of attacking the problem:
"Within a set of constraints and rules, move a set roster of people with certain qualifications, from place to place with the fewest personnel and aircraft or vehicles in the least amount of time." Lowest cost has traditionally been the major driver for any crew scheduling solution.

Four Parts
Although not a "rule", We can describe  at least four parts of the equation that are ingested by the computational process:
 People and their qualifications and abilities.
 Aircraft or vehicles and their "People" qualification requirements and their cost to operate over distance.
 Locations and the time and distance between each location.
 Work rules for the personnel, including Shift hours and seniority.

In crew scheduling the rules and constraints are typically a combination of:
 government regulations concerning flight time, duty time and required rest, designed to promote aviation safety and limit pilot fatigue,
 crew bid requests, vacations,
 labor agreements
  aircraft maintenance schedules
  crew member qualification and licensing
  other constraints related to training
  pairing experienced crew members with more junior crew members
  returning crew to their base at the end of their trip (called deadheading)

The first phase in crew planning is building the crew pairings (also known as trips, rotations, among other popular descriptions).  This process pairs a generic crew member with a flight so that at the end of this process all aircraft flights are covered and all trips (combination of flights starting at a crew base and returning to that crew base or co-terminal are crew legal.  The next step is the allocation of those trips to the individual crewmember.

For the US, Canada and Australia, seniority generally rules.  The two processes (which are completely different) are referred to as bid lines and preferential bidding.  In seniority order, pilots bid for either a line of time (bidline) or trips and days off (preferential bidding.  these are awarded based on seniority and modified only when their selections have already been taken by a more senior crew member (bidlines) or their trip and day off selections (preferential bidding) do not make up a complete line (hours, days off, etc. parameters agreed to by the company and the union).  The senior folks have more time off, better choice of time off and fly better trips than the junior crew members, generally speaking. In the US, this is considered fair.

For European airlines and other airlines in the rest of the world, the allocation process is completely different.  The company builds the pilot schedules directly to meet their needs, not the pilot's needs.  Before assigning a single trip, the schedulers put all planned absences (vacation, training, etc.) onto the crew members' schedule.  Only then are trips assigned to the individual crew members.  As such, fairness means that the most senior captain and the most junior captain have the same amount of duty time, block hours, night time, time away from base, layovers, expense pay, etc. in a given schedule period.  Seniority is out and all work is completely homogenized.  For them, anything else is unfair, undemocratic. Slowly over the last thirty years, foreign airlines using the "no seniority" rostering system have allowed some measure of seniority to creep into the allocation process from pilots who may now ask for a specific day off or trip once a quarter or make multiple requests within a schedule period.  Although this may sound very much like preferential bidding, it is not.  The disparity between junior and senior crew members is still very limited and thus achievement of your choices is limited.

Disruptions
Additional unplanned disruptions in schedules due to weather, maintenance, and air traffic control delays can disrupt schedules, so crew scheduling software remains an area for ongoing research.

See also
 Automated planning and scheduling
 Column generation
 Driver scheduling problem
 Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool
 Fatigue (safety)
 Linear programming
 Preferential bidding system
 Tabu search

References

Further reading

Aviation safety
Flight planning
Optimization algorithms and methods
Transportation planning
Transport safety
Scheduling (transportation)

Crew scheduling


Major-General Sir Isaac Campbell Coffin  (bap. 24 August 1801 – 1 October 1872) was an officer of the East India Company's military service who served during the company's rule in India, the First Anglo-Burmese War and the Indian Mutiny. He rose to the rank of major-general after a long career in India.

Family and early life
Coffin was born c. 1801, the son of Admiral Francis Holmes Coffin and baptized on 24 August 1801 at St Mary the Virgin, Dover, Kent. His sister Emily was the mother of Francis Cunningham Scott.

After receiving his education, part of which took place in France, he joined the military arm of the East India Company on 3 June 1818, and sailed to India, arriving on 12 January 1819. In 1821 he was posted as lieutenant to the 21st Madras Pioneers, and from 4 June 1824 he served as adjutant to the 12th Madras Native Infantry. The company took part in the First Anglo-Burmese War, and Coffin was present at the attacks on Rangoon on 9 and 15 December 1824.

Promotions
A series of posts followed, Coffin was quartermaster, interpreter, and paymaster to the 12th Madras Native Infantry from  27 October 1826, and was advanced to captain on 26 July 1828.

Further posts and promotions saw Coffin appointed paymaster to the Nagpur subsidiary force on 30 June 1829, and paymaster in Mysore on 7 January 1834. Coffin was promoted to major on 24 July 1840, and then to lieutenant-colonel on 15 September 1845, being appointed to the 3rd (Palamcottah) regiment of the Madras native light infantry several weeks later on 7 October 1845.

He was raised to colonel on 20 June 1854, taking command of the Hyderabad subsidiary force from 6 November 1855 and commanding them with the rank of brigadier during the Indian Mutiny. Coffin was promoted to major-general on 29 May 1857, after the mutiny had been put down. He took command of a division of the Madras army from 28 March 1859 to 28 March 1864, and was finally promoted to lieutenant-general on 18 July 1869.

Family and later life
Coffin was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India in 1866. He married Marianne Harrington on 12 February 1824. She died on 13 February 1864. He married, secondly, on 23 October 1866 at the British Embassy in Berlin Catherine Eliza Shepherd. General Isaac Coffin died suddenly on 1 October 1872, at his home at 9 St John's Park South, Blackheath, London. He was survived by his wife and several children which included Clifford Coffin V.C.

Notes

Attribution

References

1800s births
1872 deaths
British East India Company Army generals
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
British military personnel of the First Anglo-Burmese War
British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857

Isaac Coffin


A sliding door is a door that opens horizontally, by sliding. Very often, such doors slide along a wall. Sliding doors are commonly used, for example in the bathroom, to separate the shower. They are also used for closets.

Doors

Sliding door


Pied Piper is a novel by Nevil Shute, first published in 1942.  The title is a reference to the traditional German folk tale, "The Pied Piper of Hamelin".

Plot summary
The story concerns a 70-year-old Englishman, John Sidney Howard, who goes on a fishing holiday in Jura, France partly to recover from grief at the loss of his son during the Battle of the Heligoland Bight. Although the
Second World War has begun, he does not expect the speed with which the Nazi German forces invade France. His urgent desire to return home is delayed by a request made by an English couple he meets at the hotel. They ask him to take their two young children to England and safety. While delayed in Dijon by the sudden illness of one of the children, he accepts a request by one of the hotel maids to also take her young niece to safety in England where the child's father is working. Along the way, Howard accepts two more children: a boy whose parents were killed on the road by German aircraft, and a Dutch boy who is being attacked by panicking French villagers who mistake him for a German. Along the way he is overtaken by events and turns for help to some acquaintances in Chartres whom he barely knows, but remembers from a skiing holiday he took with his son, some years before.

Eventually, Howard and the children reach Brittany, hoping to escape Nazi-occupied France on a fishing boat. However, when one of the children is overheard speaking in English, the Nazis discover that Howard is an enemy Englishman and arrest him. He is accused of being a spy and threatened with death by the Gestapo, but in a final plot twist, the German commandant secretly allows Howard and the children to sail to England on the condition that they take his niece with them and send her to her uncle in the United States. His niece is apparently orphaned and had a "non-Aryan" mother.

The boat trip from France to England is successful and, ultimately, all the children are repatriated to the USA where they are cared for by Howard's daughter.

The tale is told in the form of a flashback by Howard to an acquaintance he meets in a London club during the Blitz.

Adaptations
The story was filmed in 1942 and again in a 1989 made-for-television film The Pied Piper, shown  in 1990 by CBS in the US as Crossing to Freedom. Howard was played in the 1942 film by Monty Woolley and by Peter O'Toole in the 1989 film.

External links

1942 British novels
Novels by Nevil Shute
Novels set during World War II
Novels set in France
Fiction set in 1940
British novels adapted into films
British novels adapted into television shows

Pied Piper (novel)


A phaser is an electronic sound processor used to filter a signal by creating a series of peaks and troughs in the frequency spectrum. The position of the peaks and troughs of the waveform being affected is typically modulated by an internal low-frequency oscillator so that they vary over time, creating a sweeping effect.

Phasers are often used to give a "synthesized" or electronic effect to natural sounds, such as human speech.  The voice of C-3PO from Star Wars was created by taking the actor's voice and treating it with a phaser.

Process

The electronic phasing effect is created by splitting an audio signal into two paths. One path treats the signal with an all-pass filter, which preserves the amplitude of the original signal and alters the phase. The amount of change in phase depends on the frequency. When signals from the two paths are mixed, the frequencies that are out of phase will cancel each other out, creating the phaser's characteristic notches. Changing the mix ratio changes the depth of the notches; the deepest notches occur when the mix ratio is 50%.

The definition of phaser typically excludes such devices where the all-pass section is a delay line; such a device is called a flanger. Using a delay line creates an unlimited series of equally spaced notches and peaks. It is possible to cascade a delay line with another type of all-pass filter. This combines the unlimited number of notches from the flanger with the uneven spacing of the phaser.

Structure
Traditional electronic phasers use a series of variable all-pass phase-shift networks which alter the phases of the different frequency components in the signal. These networks pass all frequencies at equal volume, introducing only phase change to the signal. Human ears are not very responsive to phase differences, but this creates audible interferences when mixed back with the dry (unprocessed) signal, creating notches. The simplified structure of a mono phaser is shown below:

The number of all-pass filters (usually called stages) varies with different models, some analog phasers offer 4, 6, 8 or 12 stages. Digital phasers may offer up to 32 or even more. This determines the number of notches/peaks in the sound, affecting the general sound character. A phaser with n stages generally has n/2 notches in the spectrum, so a 4-stage phaser will have two notches.

Additionally, the output can be fed back to the input for a more intense effect, creating a resonant effect by emphasizing frequencies between notches. This involves feeding the output of the all-pass filter chain back to the input, as shown here:

The frequency response of an 8-stage phaser with or without feedback is shown. Note that the peaks between the notches are sharper when there's feedback, giving a distinct sound.

A stereo phaser is usually two identical phasers modulated by a quadrature signal; the output of the oscillators for the left and right channels are a quarter-wave out of phase.

Many modern phasers are implemented using digital signal processing, often emulating analog phasers. Phasers are mostly found as plugins for sound editing software, as a part of a monolithic rackmount sound effect unit, or as stompbox guitar effects.

Usage

The term was often used to refer to the original tape flanging effect heard on many psychedelic records of the late 1960s, notably "Itchycoo Park" (1967) by the Small Faces.  The Eventide Instant Phaser from 1971 was one of the first studio devices to emulate the tape flanging effect (with all-pass filters instead of delay, thus being one of the first to distinguish phasing from flanging). It was widely employed in the studio and in live settings by artists such as Led Zeppelin and Todd Rundgren. Phasing is a popular effect for electric guitar.  In 1968, Shin-ei's Uni-Vibe effects pedal, designed by audio engineer Fumio Mieda, incorporated phase shift, soon becoming favorite effects of guitarists such as Jimi Hendrix and Robin Trower.

By the early 1970s, phasing was available as a portable guitar effect, the first being the Maestro Phase Shifter PS-1 designed by Tom Oberheim.  Unlike other phase shifters to follow, the Maestro PS-1 had three buttons to control the speed: slow, medium, and fast speed. Notable users of the Maestro Phase Shifter were John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin, Alex Lifeson of Rush, and Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers.  Another notable early example was the MXR Phase 90 which featured a control knob for speed control.  From 1974, Steve Hackett of Genesis, in the Selling England by the Pound (1973) studio album and tour, used the MXR Phase 90 for his Les Pauls, and from The Lamb Lies Down On Broadway (1974) album and tour, used the phase filter section in his Electronic Music Studios Synthi Hi-Fli. In the late 1970s, Brian May used large amounts of phasing, in such songs as "Sheer Heart Attack". In the late 1970s and 1980s, Eddie Van Halen often used the MXR Phase 90 as part of his signal chain, for example in the instrumental "Eruption" and on the song "Atomic Punk".

Keyboard players also used phasing: in the 1970s, keyboard instruments like the Fender Rhodes electric piano, the Eminent 310 electronic organ, and the Clavinet were commonly treated with a phaser, especially in avant-garde jazz. Bill Evans, for instance, used a Maestro phaser on Intuition (1974). The phaser is also used to "sweeten" their sounds. Examples can be heard in Billy Joel's "Just The Way You Are", Styx's "Babe", and Jean Michel Jarre's Oxygène (1976) on which he used an EHX Small Stone phaser extensively. Tony Banks (Genesis) used an MXR Phase 100 on his RMI 368x Electra piano from 1974 (later he inserted this effect, as well as the fuzzbox, into the Electra's panel); from late 1977 he also used the phaser (along with a Boss CE-1) on his Hammond organ to replace the Leslie's rotating effect. Daft Punk helped to re-popularize the effect in the 21st century, utilizing it on a number of tracks on their Discovery album in 2001. Richard Tee also used a phase shifter hooked up to his Fender Rhodes.

In motion picture or television production, the effect created by a phaser is often used to imply that the sound is synthetically generated, like turning a natural human voice into a computer or robot voice.  The technique works because the frequency filtering produces sound commonly associated with mechanical sources, which only generate specific frequencies, rather than natural sources, which produce a range of frequencies. Vocoder and ring modulation are also used to create synthetic effects.

Similar effects
A specific type of phasing, flanging is a similar effect, in which the notches are linearly spaced. In a flanger effect, the notches are created by mixing the signal with a delayed version of itself. Flangers tend to sound more pronounced and natural, like the "jet plane whoosh" effect, whereas phasers tend to sound more subtle and otherworldly. For comparison of the two effects, check .

The Uni-Vibe is an early phase-shifting effect that uses photoresistors for modulation.

See also
 Chorus effect
 Shepard tone
 Wave interference

Notes

References

External links
 The technology of phase shifters and flangers
 How does a phaser work?, video by Empress Effects
 The PS 101 Instant Phaser

Audio effects

Phaser (effect)


The Fox Theatre (often marketed as the Fabulous Fox), a former movie palace, is a performing arts venue located at 660 Peachtree Street NE in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, and is the centerpiece of the Fox Theatre Historic District.

The theater was originally planned as part of a large Shrine Temple as evidenced by its Moorish design. The 4,665-seat auditorium was ultimately developed as a lavish movie theater in the Fox Theatres chain and opened in 1929. It hosts a variety of cultural and artistic events including the Atlanta Ballet, a summer film series, and performances by national touring companies of Broadway shows. The venue also hosts occasional concerts by popular artists.

Architectural features

When the Fox Theatre first opened, the local newspaper described it as having, "a picturesque and almost disturbing grandeur beyond imagination".  It remains a showplace that impresses theater-goers to this day.  The principal architect of the project was Olivier Vinour of the firm Marye, Alger and Vinour.

The original architecture and décor of the Fox can be roughly divided into two architectural styles: Islamic architecture (building exterior, auditorium, Grand Salon, mezzanine Gentlemen's Lounge and lower Ladies Lounge) and Egyptian architecture (Egyptian Ballroom, mezzanine Ladies Lounge and lower Gentlemen's Lounge).The 4,665-seat auditorium, which was designed for movies and live performances, replicates an Arabian courtyard, complete with 96 embedded crystal "stars" (a third of which flicker) in its ceiling and a projection of clouds that slowly drift across this "night sky." A longstanding rumor that one of the stars was a piece of a Coca-Cola bottle was confirmed in June 2010 when two members of the theater's restoration staff conducted a search from within the attic above the auditorium ceiling.

The Egyptian Ballroom is designed after a temple for Ramses II at Karnak while the mezzanine Ladies Lounge features a replica of the throne chair of King Tut and makeup tables that feature tiny Sphinxes.  The Islamic sections feature a number of ablution fountains, which are currently kept dry.

Throughout the Fox there is extensive use of trompe-l'œil; "wooden" beams are actually plaster, paint that appears gold leaf is not, areas are painted and lit to appear to receive outside lighting, ornate fireplaces were never designed to have working chimneys, and what appears to be a giant Bedouin canopy in the auditorium is plaster and steel rods designed to help funnel sound to the farthest balcony.

The Fox Theatre gives regular tours of the building's interior.

History
Originally designed as the Yaarab Shrine Temple, the headquarters for a 5,000-member Shriners organization, the $2.75 million project exceeded the Shriners' budget, so they leased the auditorium to movie mogul William Fox, who was building theaters around the country at the time. The theater opened on December 25, 1929, just two months after the stock market crash and the start of the Great Depression.  A week later, on New Year's Day, the Shriners inaugurated their new "mosque" in their part of the building, which contained executive offices, a large lounge, a ballroom/banquet hall, kitchen, practice hall, and locker-shower room. Under the terms of the lease, they remained as paying tenants until 1949.

According to the National Park Service, "the Fox Theatre closed only 125 weeks after it opened. Members of the Yaarab Temple could not meet their [mortgage payments], and by 1932, William Fox was bankrupt."  After the mortgage was foreclosed in December 1932, the entire complex was purchased jointly by Paramount Pictures and Lucas & Jenkins, a Georgia company that owned a hundred theatres.

In 1939, the movie most associated with Atlanta and the South, Gone with the Wind, premiered at the now-demolished Loew's Grand Theatre rather than the Fox. Although GWTW was produced by Selznick International, it was distributed by Loew's Incorporated as part of a deal with rival studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The parade down Peachtree Street for the movie's premier coincidentally started just outside the Fox because the movie's cast was staying across the street at the Georgian Terrace Hotel.

During the 1940s, the Fox acquired strong management and became one of the finest movie theaters in Atlanta.  It was also at this time that the Egyptian Ballroom became Atlanta's most popular public dance hall and hosted all the important big bands and country and western swing bands of the era.  It was notable at that time for being the only theater in Atlanta allowing both white and black patrons. However, there was a separate black box office, entrance, and seating; the segregation wall in the middle of the second dress seating still remains, and the "colored" box office window stands unused at the back entrance. These are left in place for educational and historical purposes. The theater was integrated in 1962.

During the 1970s, several elements collided to bring about the Fox's decline – white flight, the rise of suburban multiplex theaters, and changes in how films were distributed.  In 1974, Southern Bell, the regional arm of AT&T, approached the owners of the theater with an offer to buy and with the intent of tearing it down and building the parking deck for a new headquarters on the site.  A group was formed to save the theater and it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 1974.  The ensuing public outcry and massive campaign, including such entertainers as Liberace and Lynyrd Skynyrd (recording their first live album there and debuting guitarist Ed King's replacement, Steve Gaines, to the world), among other celebrities, resulted in the city refusing to issue a demolition permit. Ultimately, a complicated deal was brokered that prevented the Fox's demolition. The Southern Bell Building (now Tower Square) was built on land adjacent to the theater on the building's west side in conjunction with the construction of the North Avenue MARTA station, with its parking deck built on the north end of the property at the corner of West Peachtree and 3rd streets.  The U.S. Department of the Interior subsequently named the Fox a National Historic Landmark on May 26, 1976, citing its architectural uniqueness.

After the Fox was saved from demolition, a lengthy and expensive restoration process began. Much of the original décor had survived and new pieces were created with the help of old photographs.  Today, the Fox appears much as it did when it opened, with some additions that were in the original plans but had to be scrapped in the 1920s due to financial constraints. Other changes have been made to bring the building up to current safety codes.

The Fox is now the only remaining movie palace in Atlanta. The Loew's Grand, Martin Cinerama, Georgia Cinerama, Paramount Theater, and the Roxy Theater, all once-famous Atlanta movie palaces, are gone, and others that opened in the 1960s have since been converted to multiplexes.  The Fox Theatre, now run under the non-profit Atlanta Landmarks, Inc., hosts a multitude of cultural and artistic events, including the Atlanta Ballet's annual Nutcracker performances, a summer film series, and performances for various national touring companies of Broadway shows.  Because of its origins as a movie house, the Fox has a shallow stage by theatrical standards and is unable—without extensive but temporary alterations—to accommodate some of the set pieces required by modern large scale shows such as The Lion King and Miss Saigon.

In June 2006, the theater installed a $130,000 digital cinema video projection system, which debuted with a showing of The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe on June 26, part of the Summer Film Festival.  The sing-alongs that precede each feature are still shown by the Brenograph Movie projector which was installed in 1929.

The Egyptian Ballroom and the Grand Salon are rented regularly for corporate and private functions, including banquets, fundraisers, weddings, trade shows and conventions.  They are also both popular spots for proms for many area high schools. Notably, Oxford College of Emory University hosts its annual Fall Formal in the Egyptian Ballroom.

Every year since Atlanta Landmarks assumed management in 1975, the Fox has generated an operating surplus. An estimated 750,000 people visit the Fox every year. The venue was the site of Prince's final performance, held one week before his death on April 21, 2016. In May 2017, Aquarium Rescue Unit frontman Col. Bruce Hampton died after collapsing onstage at the Fox during a concert celebrating his 70th birthday.

On February 2, 2019, the Fox hosted the NFL Honors ahead of Super Bowl LIII at Mercedes-Benz Stadium.

Elvis Presley played at the Fox Theatre in 1956, Bruce Springsteen played it in 1976, 1978 and 1996, Bob Marley and the Wailers performed there on December 12, 1979, in support of his Survival Tour and Pearl Jam played there in 1994.  Georgia musicians the Allman Brothers played at the Fox Theatre in 1980, Ray Charles in 1983, James Brown in 1985, R.E.M. in 1989, the B-52's in 1989 and 2022, the Black Crowes in 1992, Alan Jackson in 1992, Widespread Panic in 1993, Collective Soul in 1996, Jeff Foxworthy in '01, Outkast in 2001, Indigo Girls in '04, Zac Brown Band in 2009 (released on the live album Pass the Jar), Monica in 2010, Mastodon in 2017, Manchester Orchestra in 2018, Drivin' N' Cryin' with Drive-By Truckers in '19, Blackberry Smoke in '19, Travis Tritt in '19, and The Georgia Satellites in 2022.

The Mighty Mo
The Fox features a four manual (or keyboard) 42-rank pipe organ nicknamed the "Mighty Mo". It was custom built for the Fox by M. P. Möller, Inc. in 1929 in Hagerstown, Maryland.  With 3,622 pipes, it is the second-largest theater organ in the country, behind the Wurlitzer at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and was the largest theater instrument built by Möller.

As a true theater organ, as opposed to a church organ, Mighty Mo boasts pipes that range in size from 32 feet (nearly 10 meters) tall to the size of a small ballpoint pen, and is designed to imitate the sounds of a full orchestra.  Besides the pipes, it also contains a marimba, xylophone, glockenspiel, drums, sleigh bells, a gong, and even a six-foot (1.8m) grand piano (originally from the Kilgen organ in Chicago's Piccadilly Theatre); plus a large variety of silent movie sound effects (such as various car horns, thunder and rain effects, bird whistles, etc.).  The organ is remarkable for a theater organ because it also includes 12 ranks of pipes for a church organ, known as the "Ethereal" division.  Thus the organ can be played as a church organ as well as a theater organ.  It is noteworthy that the Mighty Mo is among the shrinking list of instruments which remain installed in the theaters for which they were designed.

Larry Douglas Embury was the theater's permanent Organist in Residence from 2002 until his death in February 2016. In that capacity he presided over the Mighty Mo in performances during the Fox's summer film festival and the Atlanta Ballet's annual production of The Nutcracker. In September 2002, he hosted "Fox at the Fox," a concert commemorating the twenty-second anniversary of the death of the great concert organist, Virgil Fox. Fox had played a famous series of "Fox at the Fox" concerts on the Mighty Mo at the Fox Theatre in the 1970s.

Private residence
The Fox also contains a  apartment that served as the private residence of Joe Patten, who served as technical director from 1974 to 2004. Patten, who was born in 1927, and died on April 7, 2016, was granted a lifetime rent-free lease to the apartment.  Patten first became involved with the Fox when he volunteered to restore the theater's Moller pipe organ. He later was instrumental in the movement to save the Fox from demolition.  The apartment occupies space previously used as an office by the Shriners, who had built the Fox as a meeting hall. The apartment's walls are 2 to  thick, and a passageway leads from the bedroom to a former spotlight platform at the top of the auditorium. A separate entrance provides direct access to the street outside the theater.

Patten's presence is credited with having saved the Fox from a fast-moving fire in April 1996. The pre-dawn blaze, which broke out in the attic wiring, caused $2 million in damage. Damage likely would have been greater if Patten had not been on site to call the fire department, said Alan Thomas, president of Atlanta Landmarks, the nonprofit agency that owns the Fox.

Atlanta Landmarks had no definite plan on how the apartment will be used after Patten's death. "We could use it for dressing space, rehearsal halls," Thomas told the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. "It's unlikely that we'd let anyone else live there."

On August 30, 2010, local news outlets reported a dispute between Patten and the non-profit Atlanta Landmarks which owns the theater. Patten reported that he was being evicted from his apartment by the group which he helped to found. Meanwhile, the Atlanta Landmarks board in a statement to the public indicated their intent to draw a new lease which addressed Patten's health needs. They stated he remained welcome to live in the apartment.

Gallery

See also
Fox Theatre Historic District
Fox Theatre for a list of other Fox Theatres, past and present, in U.S. cities
List of National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
National Register of Historic Places listings in Fulton County, Georgia
Detailed backstage visit and equipments

References

External links

History of the Fox, The New Georgia Encyclopedia
Fox Theatre history, National Park Service
Encore Atlanta, the official show program of the Fox Theatre
Fox fact blogspot with complete floor plans as of 1929
Joe Patten's Fox Theater apartment - includes floor plans of the apartment and the building complex
Photos of the Fox Theatre: #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, #6, #7, #8, Atlanta Time Machine

Movie palaces
Theatres in Atlanta
Performing arts centers in Georgia (U.S. state)
Cinemas and movie theaters in Georgia (U.S. state)
Midtown Atlanta
Concert halls in the United States
Music venues in Georgia (U.S. state)
City of Atlanta-designated historic sites
National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
1929 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Moorish Revival architecture in Georgia (U.S. state)
Egyptian Revival architecture in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Atlanta
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)

Fox Theatre (Atlanta)


A yarder is piece of logging equipment that uses a system of cables to pull or fly logs from the stump to a collection point.  It generally consists of an engine, drums, and spar, but has a range of configurations and variations, such as the swing yarder.

Early Yarders

The early yarders were steam powered.  They traveled on railroads, known as "dummylines", and felled trees were dragged or "skidded" to the railroad where they were loaded onto rail cars. Popular brands included Willamette, Skagit, Washington, Tyee, or Lidgerwood and Clyde, built by Clyde Ironworks in Duluth, Minnesota. Although these machines appear to be large and cumbersome, they were highly productive.  The Clyde was capable of retrieving logs from four different points at the same time.  Each cable, or lead, was approximately 1000 feet in length.  Once the logs were attached and a clearance signal was sent for retrieval, the logs could be skidded at a speed of 1000 feet per minute, which is around 10 mph (1MPH = 88 fpm = 26.8 meter per minute).  Working conditions around these machines were very dangerous.

Modern Cable Logging

Cable logging, used primarily on the North American west coast, uses a yarder, loaders and grapple yarders.

See also
Cable logging
Swing yarder
Steam donkey – a similar, smaller logging machine
Washington Iron Works Skidder

References

External links
 Cable Logging
 Yarders on the Ritchiewiki

Logging
Log transport
Forestry equipment

Yarder


Eric John Hosmer (born October 24, 1989) is an American professional baseball first baseman who is a free agent. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals, San Diego Padres, Boston Red Sox, and Chicago Cubs.

A highly touted prospect coming out of American Heritage High School in Florida, Hosmer was described as a "left-handed hitter with raw power" by scouts. The Royals selected him with third overall pick in the 2008 MLB draft, and he received a $6 million signing bonus. He advanced in Minor League Baseball before debuting in MLB during the 2011 season. He finished third in the Rookie of the Year balloting after the 2011 season after hitting .293 with 19 home runs in 128 games. Hosmer won consecutive Gold Glove Awards from 2013 through 2015 and again in 2017, when he also won the Silver Slugger Award. He was the MVP of the 2016 MLB All-Star Game, and was a member of the 2015 World Series champion Royals.

After the 2017 season, Hosmer became a free agent, and signed an eight-year contract with the Padres. During the 2022 season, the Padres traded him to the Red Sox. The Red Sox released him after the season, and he signed with the Cubs.

Early life
Hosmer's father, Mike, is a retired firefighter, and his mother, Ileana, is a nurse. His mother was born in Cuba and came to the United States at the age of seven with her family to escape Fidel Castro's regime, growing up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His parents met in 1979 when Mike was assigned to duty at Coral Gables Hospital in Coral Gables, Florida, where Ileana worked. They married four years later. Their first son Mike Jr. was born in 1985, and Eric was born four years later in Miami.

Growing up in Cooper City, Hosmer credited his family for helping him succeed as a baseball player. He began playing baseball at an early age, using a Tony Gwynn teeball hitter to take practice swings. His father volunteered to work 48-hour shifts in a firehouse in Liberty City to focus on his son's baseball games, which he usually coached. The Hosmers traveled all over the state, and as far as Cooperstown, New York, home of the Baseball Hall of Fame, to play in baseball tournaments. At home, Hosmer watched Florida Marlins games to study the hitting techniques of the team's players in order to improve his skills. His father helped him with batting practice after finishing long shifts at work, while his mother helped with his homework and recorded every baseball game to evaluate Hosmer's baseball ability and further hone his skills. By the time Hosmer reached high school, he worked out "close to seven hours a day" and mainly ate protein, which helped form his muscular build. Hosmer's family hired Bladimir Marrero, a highly regarded hitting instructor, to help with their son's skills.  His brother Mike also played baseball, receiving a scholarship to Florida State University. He was never interested in becoming a professional baseball player, however, and is a stock broker in Miami.

Hosmer grew up a New York Yankees fan.

High school career
By the time Hosmer was a teenager, he was a member of several Little League baseball squads that won a couple of state championships. He attended American Heritage School in Plantation, Florida. His parents selected American Heritage because of its rich baseball program, which was considered to be one of the best in the United States, despite the expensive tuition. By Hosmer's sophomore year, he grew eight inches in size, becoming a powerful prep prospect. In his senior year, Hosmer hit .470 with 11 home runs, as the team was in the top 10 in USA Todays Super 25 rankings for most of the year and won a state championship. He attracted twenty or more MLB and college scouts who evaluated Hosmer's every move. Several of his amateur home runs had popularity in YouTube, which caught the attention of sports agent Scott Boras. He received many achievements while in high school including being named as Florida's Baseball Player of the Year twice by the Miami Herald, a member of the Rawlings High School Gold Glove team and the American Amateur Baseball Congress Connie Mack MVP award. Hosmer was offered a baseball scholarship to Arizona State University. Hosmer planned to attend Arizona State if negotiations with an MLB team did not go through.

He was named as one of the top five prep baseball players in the country by several scouting agencies by the time he graduated in 2008, including number two by Rivals.com and third by both RISE Magazine and Sports Illustrated. As "one of high school baseball top power hitters" by scouts, and a consensus top 10 pick, Hosmer was chosen by the Kansas City Royals in the first round (third overall selection) of the 2008 MLB draft. Hosmer remained unsigned for most of the summer while the Royals general manager Dayton Moore and Boras, operating as Hosmer's agent, negotiated a deal. During negotiations, Hosmer helped lead his team, based in Cincinnati, to a second-place finish at the American Amateur Baseball Congress Connie Mack World Series. The two sides agreed to a contract ten minutes before the signing deadline for drafted players on August 15, 2008. Hosmer received a $6 million signing bonus, the largest given to a draft pick in Royals history.

Professional career

Minor leagues (2008–2011)
Soon after signing his contract, the Royals assigned Hosmer to Minor League Baseball with the Idaho Falls Chukars of the rookie level Pioneer League. Before reporting to the Chukars, Royals general manager Moore told reporters that Hosmer would not be "rushed" to reach the Majors, stating that he needed to advance though the Minor League hierarchy in his "own natural pace". Hosmer played a handful of games with the Chukars before a contract dispute with another Boras client, Pittsburgh Pirates second overall pick Pedro Álvarez, delayed Hosmer from playing with the team. Boras had claimed that Álvarez signed his contract after the August 15 deadline had passed; thus, he would not report to the Pirates. The Major League Baseball Players Association filed a grievance stating that Hosmer's contract was also signed past the deadline and that Major League Baseball extended the August 15 deadline without the association's permission. Both sides settled the claim a month later, allowing Hosmer and Álvarez to join their respective teams. Hosmer never disputed his original contract. Instead of heading back to the Chukars, Hosmer was sent to the Arizona Fall League to train.

In Hosmer's first full season in the minor leagues, he was assigned to the Burlington Bees in the Class A Midwest League. At Burlington, Hosmer struggled at the plate. By June 1, he had hit only one home run in 31 games while leading the team in strikeouts. He missed some time with a left pinkie finger injury. At the end of the season, Hosmer hit .241 with six home runs. He later referred to the 2009 season as "a tough year". In 2010, Hosmer was named the seventh best first base prospect by Scout.com. He started the season with the Royals' Class A-Advanced affiliate, the Wilmington Blue Rocks of the Carolina League. where his struggles continued. He was soon diagnosed with astigmatism, an eye condition, and had laser surgery to correct the problem. Hosmer returned to the Blue Rocks a week later; with the eye issue addressed, his hitting immediately improved. By May 23 he was hitting .388 with a .571 slugging percentage. He played in the 2010 All-Star Futures Game, and had four hits and two RBI in a 9–1 victory. For his efforts, Hosmer was promoted to the Northwest Arkansas Naturals of the Class AA Texas League on July 17, where he homered in his first at-bat. During the playoffs Hosmer hit six home runs, the second highest total by a player in a single Texas League playoff series. The team went on to win the Texas League championship.

The Royals' farm system was ranked number one in baseball entering the 2011 season, led by Hosmer and another top prospect, third baseman Mike Moustakas. Most baseball critics agreed that the Royals, a team known for mediocrity the past two decades, would be a contender within a couple of years; they had nine prospects in Baseball Americas top 100, a record for the publication. Hosmer was ranked as the best prospect among first baseman in Major League Baseball prior to the 2011 season. He was also rated the eighth best overall prospect by Baseball America, and the top Royals prospect overall. With the Royals receiving attention for their bright future, the team's general manager Dayton Moore traded their best player, Cy Young Award winner Zack Greinke, to the Milwaukee Brewers in exchange for four top prospects, putting even more emphasis on the team's future. Hosmer began the season with the Royals Class AAA affiliate, the Omaha Storm Chasers of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). When the Royals purchased Hosmer's contract on May 5, 2011, he was leading the minor leagues with a .439 batting average, and the PCL with 43 hits and a .525 on-base percentage.

Kansas City Royals (2011–2017)

2011

The Royals recalled Hosmer on May 5, 2011. Veteran catcher Jason Kendall was moved to the 60-day disabled list to make space for Hosmer on the 40-man roster.  He made his MLB debut at first base the following day against Oakland Athletics starter Gio González, replacing Kila Ka'aihue. Prior to his debut, Hosmer was being touted by journalists as a "super-prospect" and the "most-hyped" rookie to debut for the Royals since Bo Jackson. The Royals promoted Hosmer before a mid-June deadline in which the Royals could have avoided salary arbitration for an extra year. Hosmer went hitless in two at-bats, striking out twice. He also walked twice and stole a base in a 3–2 loss as the Royals had the second biggest crowd of the season.

On May 11 at Yankee Stadium, Hosmer started as the cleanup hitter for the Royals; he hit his first MLB home run off Yankees pitcher A. J. Burnett. In his first month with the Royals, he hit .283 with five home runs, and was named the Royals Player of the Month. His batting average fell 14 points by the end of June, with manager Ned Yost citing "impatience at the plate". He hit a game-winning two-run home run against closer Matt Capps of the Minnesota Twins on July 16. The home run led the Twins to replace Capps with Joe Nathan as its closer the next day.  In the month of July, Hosmer was named the American League (AL) Rookie of the Month. He had five hits, including a three-run home run against Brad Penny in a 10–2 win against the Detroit Tigers on September 20. The next day, sportswriter Ian Casselberry of MLive.com called Hosmer a "Tiger killer" because of his statistics against the Tigers, which included a .346 batting average with four home runs that season. He led all rookies in most major batting categories for September, earning him a second Rookie of the Month award.

Hosmer finished third in AL Rookie of the Year voting behind Mark Trumbo of the Los Angeles Angels and winner Jeremy Hellickson of the Tampa Bay Rays. He hit .293 with 19 home runs and 78 runs batted in (RBIs) in 128 games. Yost praised Hosmer, and another rookie, catcher Salvador Pérez, calling them "future perennial All-Star players".

2012–2013
On February 18, 2012, the Royals announced they had signed Hosmer to a one-year contract for the 2012 season. No financial terms of the deal were released. During spring training, Hosmer led all players with 29 RBIs and had a slugging percentage of .714. Discussing Hosmer's spring training, Royals Hall of Famer George Brett said, "He's a baseball player... He acts like a baseball player. And boy, he's going to be a damn good one, too." By opening day, the Kansas City media was hyping Hosmer as the "face of the franchise", and the city's " next future sports star". He started at first base on opening day against the L.A. Angels, going 0-for-4. He hit a home run in a 6–3 victory the next day but later struggled, hitting below .200 for the first couple of weeks of the season as the Royals endured an 11-game losing streak entering April 24. He ended the season with a .232/.304/.359 slash line to go along with 14 home runs and 60 RBIs.

In 2013, Hosmer's defense earned him his first Gold Glove Award. He finished the year with a .302 batting average, 17 home runs, and 79 RBI.

2014
On July 20, 2014, in a game against the Boston Red Sox, Hosmer was hit in the hand by a pitch from Jon Lester.  At first, he was only day-to-day with a bruised hand.  However, on July 31, in a game against the Minnesota Twins, he aggravated the injury on a checked swing in the fourth inning.  X-rays revealed a displaced fracture of the third finger on his right hand.  Hosmer missed four weeks due to the injury. He finished the season batting .270 with nine home runs and 58 RBIs.

In the 2014 postseason, Hosmer helped lead the Royals to a record-setting run, winning three consecutive extra-inning games. After getting on base five times in the wildcard game against the Oakland A's, Hosmer also slammed a game-winning, two-run homer in Game 2 of the ALDS against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. In doing so, he became the first player in MLB history to hit both a triple and a home run during extra innings in one year's postseason.

In the early morning hours of October 6, after the Royals had completed their sweep of the Angels, Hosmer posted on Twitter, inviting Kansas City fans to come out and celebrate with him at a downtown bar, the Power and Light District. Eventually, it was reported, "...(h)ordes showed up, and many of the fans ended up with free drinks as Hosmer...decided to help pay for an open bar for an hour. With several teammates, he also sprayed some champagne into the crowd."

2015
On February 18, 2015, Hosmer and the Royals agreed to a $13.9 million, two-year contract. He would earn $5.65 million during the 2015 season and $8.25 million during the 2016 season, and would be eligible for arbitration again in 2017. During the 2015 season, Hosmer had his best year to that point, with a .297 batting average, 18 home runs and 93 RBIs. Hosmer also recorded the final putout of the AL Central and the American League Championship Series clinching games. On October 23, Hosmer tied George Brett for the most RBIs in the postseason (23) in Royals' franchise history when he singled Lorenzo Cain home from first base representing the go-ahead run in Game 6 of the ALCS. In Game 1 of the 2015 World Series, Hosmer overtook Brett's record for the most RBIs in the postseason with a walk-off sacrifice fly to bring in Alcides Escobar in the 14th inning, representing Hosmer's 25th postseason RBI and helping atone for an eighth-inning error that helped the Mets take a one-run lead. Hosmer starred again in Game 2 with two hits, a run scored, and two RBIs to help the Royals take a 7–1 win and a 2–0 series lead. On November 1 in Game 5, Hosmer took advantage of a scouting report on the Mets' Lucas Duda to score the tying run in the ninth inning: on a groundout to first, Hosmer broke from third to the plate and beat a throw which was offline. This eventually led to the Royals' win to clinch the Series.

Hosmer won his third consecutive Gold Glove Award for the 2015 season.

2016–2017
Hosmer was named the 2016 MLB All-Star Game MVP, played in San Diego on July 12. In the second inning of the All-Star Game, he hit a game-tying home run off of former teammate Johnny Cueto. In 158 games of 2016, Hosmer finished with a .266 batting average, a career-high 25 home runs, and 104 RBI.

In 2017, Hosmer played all 162 regular season games, finishing with a career-high .318 batting average while tying his personal best 25 home runs. He added 94 RBI along with a career-best .385 on-base percentage. He won his fourth career Gold Glove Award. After the season, Hosmer became a free agent for the first time of his career.

San Diego Padres (2018–2022)

On February 19, 2018, Hosmer signed an eight-year, $144 million contract with the San Diego Padres, the largest contract in Padres franchise history at the time. Hosmer changed his jersey to No. 30 in honor of former Royals teammate Yordano Ventura, who had died a year earlier. Hosmer's previous No. 35 was already retired by the Padres for Randy Jones. In his first season as a Padre, Hosmer hit .253 with 18 home runs and 69 RBIs. In 2019, Hosmer slashed .265/.310/.425 with 22 home runs and 99 RBI as the primary cleanup hitter for the Padres. He led all NL first basemen in errors, with 14.

On August 20, 2020, Hosmer hit a grand slam against the Texas Rangers, making the Padres the first team in MLB history to hit a grand slam in four consecutive games, following grand slams by Fernando Tatís Jr., Wil Myers and Manny Machado. Hosmer finished the shortened 2020 season slashing .287/.333/.517 with nine home runs and 36 RBIs in 38 games.

During the 2021 season, Hosmer played in 151 games for the Padres, posting a .269/.337/.395 slash line with 12 home runs and 65 RBIs. In 2022, he appeared in 90 games for San Diego through the start of August, batting .272 with eight home runs and 40 RBIs.

Boston Red Sox (2022)
On August 2, 2022, Hosmer and two minor-league players (Max Ferguson and Corey Rosier) plus cash considerations were traded to the Boston Red Sox in exchange for minor-league pitcher Jay Groome. Hosmer was originally slated to be included in a blockbuster trade to the Washington Nationals for Juan Soto; however, Hosmer exercised his no-trade clause against the deal. Upon joining the Red Sox, Hosmer played as the team's primary first baseman. He was placed on the injured list on August 23, due to low back inflammation, and reactivated on October 3 for the final series of the season.

In 14 games for Boston, Hosmer batted .244/.320/.311 with four RBIs. On December 16, he was designated for assignment by the Red Sox following the acquisition of Wyatt Mills. Hosmer was released on December 22.

Chicago Cubs (2023)
On January 13, 2023, Hosmer signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Cubs. He played in 31 games for the Cubs, with a .234 batting average, two home runs and 14 RBI before he was designated for assignment on May 19. Hosmer was released by the Cubs on May 25.

International career
Hosmer played for Team USA in the 2017 World Baseball Classic. He hit the go-ahead home run in a second-round comeback win over the team from Venezuela. Following the conclusion of the tournament, he was named to the 2017 All-World Baseball Classic team.

Personal
In October 2020, Hosmer became engaged to Fox News sports host Kacie McDonnell. The two married on December 31, 2021. They announced in April 2022 that they were expecting their first child later that year.

Hosmer resides in Florida.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
American Heritage School (Florida) alumni
American League All-Stars
American sportspeople of Cuban descent
Boston Red Sox players
Burlington Bees players
Chicago Cubs players
Gold Glove Award winners
Idaho Falls Chukars players
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball All-Star Game MVPs
Major League Baseball first basemen
Northwest Arkansas Naturals players
Omaha Storm Chasers players
People from Cooper City, Florida
San Diego Padres players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Baseball players from Broward County, Florida
Surprise Rafters players
Wilmington Blue Rocks players
World Baseball Classic players of the United States
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2017 World Baseball Classic players

Eric Hosmer


The Ward brothers were four members of one family who rowed, sometimes forming four and two-man crews and sometimes individually. They were declared World Champions after a four-oared race in 1871.

Ward family
The four brothers were part of a large family; nine sons and five daughters were born to Isaac and Winifred Ward. The children were born at Middle Hope, New York. Isaac Ward was a proprietor of fishing vessels, sloops, and schooners along the Hudson River. He taught his sons watercraft skills and four of them became particularly adept at rowing.
These were;

William Henry, b 1827, known as 'Hank',

Charles, b 1831

Joshua, b 1838, known as 'Josh',

Gilbert, b 1841,

Additionally another son, Ellis Ward, b 1846, sometimes shared the honours if one of the others was unavailable. Later he went on to coach rowing for some forty years at the University of Pennsylvania.

Joshua was proficient at the single sculls and after a number of early races he was good enough to win the American Sculling Championship in 1859 and 1863. He won numerous other races and his backers hoped he would row Robert Chambers (oarsman) the then Champion of England. However the race never happened.

Rowing records
1857: JULY 4 Newburgh N. Y., Regatta. Josh Ward (age 19) and Hank Ward (29) row "Fanny Fern", winning 	double scull race by a stroke or two.

1858: SEPT. 15 Newburgh Regatta. Josh Ward wins his first single scull match, rowing against John Hancon: 2 miles, in 16 minutes 7 seconds (16:7), won by two lengths.

1859: OCT. 4 Staten Island Regatta. Josh becomes Champion Single Sculler of America, winning Tiffany solid silver championship belt:
5 mile race with a turn halfway, in 35:10.

1860: JULY 25 Citizens' Regatta at Worcester, Mass.  Josh wins single scull race. 2 miles, in 15:37. He also won in six oared race, rowing in "Banker" with George Shaw,
R. Marvel, W. Tuttle, C. Shaw, P. Hunt: 3 miles, in 1837  the best time ever made by six oared crew on 3 mile 	course.

1861: SEPT. 2  At Cornwall, N. Y. Josh. wins first prize, defeating Radford (England), Grady (N. Y.), McKiel (Cold Spring), Hancon and Stevens.

1861: SEPT. 20 AT Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Josh wins single scull race: 5 miles, in 40:00.

1865: AUG., At Cornwall, N. Y. Josh defeats Hancon, Biglin, Grady, Radford (England), McKiel, Bergen and June.

1865 SEPT 25 Ward v Biglin
The Biglin Brothers were challenged to a race on a five-mile course at Sing Sing by Josh Ward, who had organized four man team from his brothers, Gil, Charles, and Hank. The Wards beat the Biglin brothers for the professional four-oared championship of America.

1866: SEPT. 20 at Springfield, Mass. Josh wins single scull race against Walter Brown, Doyle and McKiel: 2 miles, in 15:59.

1867: SEPT. On Connecticut River at Springfield. Ward brothers Josh, Gilbert, Hank and Charles defeat Canadian crew from Saint John, New Brunswick: 3 miles to stake boat & return (6 miles), in 39:28. See also the Paris Crew.

1868: JULY 4, On Charles River at Boston. Ward brothers win six oared race, defeating the Saint John crew again and Harvard University crew.

1868: JULY, On Lake Quinsigamond at Worcester. Josh, Charles, Hank, Gilbert and Ellis Ward with Jere L. Raymond (Ossining) defeat Harvard crew again: 3 mile turning course (1.5 + 1.5), in 17:40   the fastest time ever made by a six oared crew over 3 mile turning course.

1871: SEPT. 11 International Regatta at Saratoga Lake, N.Y.  Josh, Ellis, Hank and Gilbert Ward gain the world championship by defeating five other four oared crews: 2 miles & turn (4 miles), in 24:40   the fastest time ever made by a four oared crew over 4 miles.

References
 Ward Brothers, Champions of the World, Irene Ward Norsen, published 1958
 New York Times 12 Sept 1871

External links

American male rowers
Sibling quartets
Rowing crews

Ward brothers (rowers)


Nicola Mary McLean (born 18 September 1981) is an English glamour model, and television and media personality. She was a contestant in I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! in 2008, and Celebrity Big Brother in 2012 and again in the show's  19th series in 2017, which was an All-Star vs. New Star season. McLean returned as an All-Star and left the house on the final night in fifth place, beating her original season's position of seventh place.

Early life
McLean's parents are Scottish: her father is from Keith and her mother is from Port Glasgow.  She was born in London and has one sister. Before becoming a model, McLean was an Army cadet.

Modelling
McLean modelled for Page 3 of The Sun between September 1999 and July 2004; and Page 3 of the Daily Star from 2000 until 2006. One of the UK's most successful glamour models, she appeared on Page 3 in The Sun and Daily Star almost every week for around five years - notching up almost 300 appearances in total.

After having breast implant surgery to increase the size of her bust from 32C to 32E in 2004, McLean left The Sun and continued doing Page 3 for Daily Star, until she became pregnant in 2006. In November 2007, she underwent her second breast enlargement, which took her up to a 32G.

In addition to Page 3, McLean also appeared on the covers of lads' mags including Zoo, Nuts, Front, loaded and Ice.

Television
During her time as a glamour model, McLean often featured on tabloid showbiz gossip pages and latterly as a guest on television shows including The Weakest Link (Page 3 special), Richard & Judy, The Big Breakfast, Test The Nation (WAGs Special) and The Sexiest Girls In Britain.

McLean retired from modelling in 2006 after giving birth. She decided to return to modelling, TV work and acting in early 2008, after being asked to feature as a main subject in the Channel Five TV documentary Help! I've Got a High Maintenance Wife. Since then, she starred in the TV show WAGS' World… With Nicola McLean on Wedding TV and Channel Five's Generation Sex. She returned to glamour modelling assignments in February 2008 with the Daily Star, and she has also appeared on more lads' mags covers. McLean was a contestant in the November 2008 edition of ITV reality TV show I'm A Celebrity, Get Me Out Of Here!. She clashed with fellow camp mate David Van Day during the series. On Day 18 McLean become the seventh celebrity to be eliminated and finished in sixth place.

On 22 November 2008, McLean was chosen by lingerie brand Ultimo to model.

On 5 January 2012, McLean became a housemate on Channel 5's Celebrity Big Brother. She clashed with cast member Denise Welch in a now-infamous row dubbed Pantsgate by the press and viewers and controversially shredded her fellow housemates' letters from home in order to gain her own, shouting "Shred Shred Shred!" as she did so. She was nominated on Day 7 of the series, but survived this eviction on Day 9. She was nominated again on Day 14, but survived this eviction on Day 16. McLean was the sixth housemate to be evicted, on Day 21 of the series, finishing in seventh place overall.

After her popular and controversial stint in Celebrity Big Brother, McLean become a regular fixture on the side show Big Brother's Bit on the Side and in the episode aired on 18 September 2015, had a significant row with reality television star Farrah Abraham.

McLean entered the Celebrity Big Brother house for the second time in January 2017 as an All Star housemate. She was nominated for eviction on Day 20 of the series, but survived this eviction on Day 22. On Day 25, she was nominated for eviction but survived this eviction once again on Day 27. On Day 29, after surviving the final public vote of the series, McLean become one of the show's finalists. During the final on Day 32, McLean finished in fifth place. She returned for Big Brother 18 as a special guest during a shopping task, along with fellow ex-celebrity housemates Marnie Simpson and Gemma Collins. The trio stayed for three days before departing during a live show, during which Nicola gave immunity to Raph Korine. McLean stayed in the Big Brother house for a total of 56 days, one of the longest tenures of any celebrity in the show's history.

Charity work
McLean is a supporter of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. In May 2009, she was spotted at a protest in London holding a sign that read "Unhappy Birthday Selfridges! Drop Cruel Foie Gras".

Personal life
McLean married footballer Tom Williams on 13 June 2009. The couple have two sons, Rocky and Striker Williams.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Anglo-Scots
Army Cadet Force
English female models
English people of Scottish descent
Wives and girlfriends of association football players
English television personalities
Models from London
Glamour models
Page 3 girls

Nicola McLean


Rumiana Ruseva Jeleva (; born 18 April 1969) was Bulgaria's minister of foreign affairs (July 2009 – January 2010), the third woman to hold this office after Irina Bokova and Nadezhda Mihailova. Jeleva was a key figure in the "GERB" political party which won the 2009 parliamentary elections. From 2007 to 2009 she served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and headed the Bulgarian delegation in the EPP Group. She was nominated by Prime Minister Boyko Borisov as Commissioner in the "Barroso II Commission" and was affiliated with the European People's Party (EPP). However, an article in the German newspaper Die Welt accused her husband of links with the Russian mafia.

Jeleva holds a B.A. in sociology from the University of Sofia (1995) and a PhD in sociology from Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg (2003).

Pronunciation
The Bulgarian pronunciation of the name Jeleva is , with the -sound of English pleasure (voiced palato-alveolar fricative). According to the current official standards for the Romanization of Bulgarian, her name should be transliterated as "Zheleva". Because of this confusion, some people erroneously pronounce the name with a y-sound, .

Failure in EC hearings and end of political career
Jeleva was Bulgaria's nominee for European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response. During her January 2010 confirmation hearing, she repeatedly failed to answer questions regarding allegations over her financial interests. She also failed to demonstrate sufficient competence in the areas she was to oversee. Her defensive and seemingly arrogant attitude and her poor language skills further jeopardized her candidacy. Facing a storm of disapproval at home, on 19 January 2010, Jeleva sent a letter of resignation to Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov, stepping down as both commissioner-designate and Minister of Foreign Affairs, and putting an end to her political career. She was replaced as commissioner-designate by Kristalina Georgieva and as Minister of Foreign Affairs by Nickolay Mladenov.

See also
List of foreign ministers in 2010
 Foreign relations of Bulgaria
List of Bulgarians

References

External links

1969 births
21st-century Bulgarian women politicians
21st-century Bulgarian politicians
Female foreign ministers
Women MEPs for Bulgaria
Foreign ministers of Bulgaria
GERB MEPs
GERB politicians
Living people
MEPs for Bulgaria 2007–2009
MEPs for Bulgaria 2009–2014
Women government ministers of Bulgaria
Bulgarian women diplomats

Rumiana Jeleva


Louise Jones Gopher is the second Seminole (after Billy Cypress) and the first woman from the Seminole tribe of Florida to earn a bachelor's degree. Gopher, a former director of education for the Seminole Tribe of Florida, was the first female Seminole to earn a bachelor's degree when she graduated from Florida Atlantic University in 1970. Born May 25, 1945, in a chickee at a tribal camp in Fort Pierce, Jones spoke no English when she entered school at age 6. Because they were considered neither black nor white, none of the segregated schools of the day would willingly take her as a student, but at the pleading of her father (who neither spoke, read, or wrote any English), Lucie County Schools Superintendent Ben L. Bryan chose to allow her to enroll in the Fairlawn School. In 2014, she was granted an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Florida State University. She is the third Seminole to receive an honorary degree from FSU, after Betty Mae Tiger Jumper (Doctorate of Humane Letters) and Jim Shore (Doctor of Laws). The Palm Beach Post named her one of the most 100 influential people in Florida in the 20th century.

As Director of Education, Gopher was behind the development of the tribe's first charter school, "Pemayetv Emahakv" or "Our Way", which opened in 2007. Gopher has put great effort into preserving Seminole culture. The Seminoles' native languages, Creek or Mikasuki, are spoken only by older tribe members, so she transcribes Mikasuki teachings for posterity. In 2014 governor Rick Scott appointed her to the Florida Women's Hall of Fame. Gopher encouraged young Seminoles to attend college, and her daughter, Carla Gopher, became the first Seminole to graduate from Florida State University, in 1996.

Louise's grandfather was Desoto Tiger, the son of Cow Creek chief Tom Tiger, who was murdered by John Ashley, also known as The King of the Everglades in 1910. In 2007, Jones received the exceedingly rare Westcott Award from Florida State University.

References

1945 births
Living people
People from Okeechobee County, Florida
People from Fort Pierce, Florida
Florida Atlantic University alumni
Seminole Tribe of Florida people
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans
Florida Women's Hall of Fame Inductees

Louise Gopher


Argentine Antarctica is a part of Antarctica claimed by Argentina as part of its national territory.  This claim overlaps with British and Chilean claims in Antarctica. Argentine Antarctica is a department of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands.

The Argentine exploration to the continent started early in the 20th century. José María Sobral was the first Argentine to set foot on Antarctica in 1901. He spent 2 seasons with the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of Doctor Otto Nordenskiöld. In 1904, the Orcadas Base was fully working. Years later other bases were made. The first Argentine expedition to reach the South Pole was the 1965 Operación 90.

Argentine actions in Antarctica are coordinated by the Instituto Antartico Argentino

According the last Argentine national census, on October 2010 (winter) there were 230 people in the six permament bases.

Geography
The geography of Argentine Antarctica has some features of the Patagonia. The highest peaks are at the south of the Antarctic Peninsula. The land is under an ice sheet.

The region has a polar climate, with strong winds, snow and thick clouds.

References

Antarctic territorial claims
Geography of Argentina
1901 establishments
Establishments in Antarctica
1900s establishments in Argentina
Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina

Argentine Antarctica


Geography (from Greek: , geographia, literally "earth description") is the study of earth and its people. Its features are things like continents, seas, rivers and mountains. Its inhabitants are all the people and animals that live on it. Its phenomena are the things that happen like tides, winds, and earthquakes.

A person who is an expert in geography is a geographer. A geographer tries to understand the world and the things that are in it, how they started and how they have changed.

Geography is divided into two main parts called physical geography and human geography. Physical geography studies the natural environment and human geography studies the human environment. The human environmental studies would include things such as the population in a country, how a country's economy is doing, and more. There is also environmental geography.

Maps are a main tool of geography, so geographers spend much time making and studying them. Making maps is called cartography, and people who specialize in making maps are cartographers.

Branches

Physical geography

Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere).

Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including:

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| Biogeography || Climatology & Meteorology || Coastal geography || Environmental management
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| Geodesy || Geomorphology || Glaciology || Hydrology & Hydrography
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| Landscape ecology || Oceanography || Pedology || Palaeogeography
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| Quaternary science
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Human geography

Human geography is the social science that covers the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies and their interaction with the environment. Geographers studying the human environment may look at:
 Population
 Countries of the world
 Land use
 Agriculture
 City
 Industry
 Energy
 Pollution

History
The oldest known world map dates back to ancient Babylon from the 9th century BC. The best known Babylonian world map is the Imago Mundi of 600 BC. Star charts (maps of the sky) are of similar age.

During the Middle Ages, people in Europe made fewer maps. People in the eastern countries made more. Abū Zayd al-Balkhī created the "Balkhī school" of mapping in Baghdad.

Western Europe became known as the leader of geographic thought during the European Renaissance and The Age of Exploration (1400–1600). The printing press made maps and information about the world available to everyone.

This caused more interest in how the world worked.

In the 1700s and 1800s scientists started to study the relationship between the environment and its people

Related pages
 Geographer
 Geographical renaming
 Geopolitics
 International Geographical Union
 Landform
 Map
 Navigator

References

Other websites
 Geography Trainer 1.3 - Educational game aimed at school children
 www.geoknow.net - Geography resources at your fingertips!
 PopulationData.net
 PopulationMondiale.com
 Using Literature To Teach Geography in High Schools. ERIC Digest.
 Teaching Geography at School and Home. ERIC Digest.
 The National Geography Content Standards. ERIC Digest.

Geography


Nabucco is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi. Verdi composed it in 1841. It was first perfomed at La Scala, in Milan in 1842. It has two main themes, the Jews wanting to escape from Babylonian servitude, and Nebuchadnezzar II, called Nabucco, overestimating his power, and wanting to become a god. Nabucco goes insane while trying, and only when he becomes the God of the jews, is he cured from his insanity.
The opera has four acts, and performances last about 2hrs 15 minutes. Nabucco was Verdi's first successful opera.

1840s operas
Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi

Nabucco


Sir Francis Fox (29 June 1844 – 7 January 1927) was an English civil engineer, who was responsible for  the bridges over the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi and Sydney Harbour, the Mersey Railway Tunnel and the Liverpool Overhead Railway, and extending the London Underground. He was awarded a Knighthood by the King on 25 July 1912.

Biography
Born in Derby, England, he was one of three sons of the noted engineer and contractor Sir Charles Fox.

Educated at Highgate School, Brighton College and Tonbridge School, he entered into business with his father and his brother Charles Douglas in 1857. In 1860 the three formed a partnership, the firm being known as Sir Charles Fox and Sons. In 1871 he designed the Telescopic Bridge in Bridgwater.  Fox was also a consultant for the Simplon Tunnel and in 1878 constructed the replacement train shed at Bristol Temple Meads railway station. He became an engineer for the Great Central Railway and, in 1889, collaborated with his brother Douglas and H.W. Braddock in the construction of Marylebone station, London. He also assisted his brother in the construction of the Liverpool Overhead Railway, which was opened in 1893.

Fox also assisted in the shoring-up of several great cathedrals including St Paul's Cathedral and Winchester Cathedral in 1905, where he employed tie-rods and grouting to bind the walls together.

He married twice, in 1869 to Selena Wright who died in 1900, he then married Agnes Horne in 1901. Fox had a son and three daughters from his first marriage. In 1902, his daughter, Frances Emily married Reverend Walter Weston, the English clergyman and Anglican missionary who helped popularise recreational mountaineering in Japan. She accompanied Weston on many of his expeditions in the Japanese Alps.

References

Notes

External links
Francis Fox, How the Swiss Built the Greatest Tunnel in the World, 1905

1844 births
1927 deaths
Engineers from Derby
People educated at Highgate School
English engineers
British bridge engineers

Francis Fox (civil engineer)