The  is a range of vans and pickup trucks designed and built by the Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors since 1968. It was originally based on a cabover van and pickup truck introduced the previous year, also called the Delica, its name a contraction of the English language phrase Delivery car. This pickup truck, and a commercial van derived from it has received many names in export markets, being sold as the L300 (later L400) in Europe, Jamaica (discontinued after the third generation) and New Zealand, Express and Starwagon in Australia, and plain Mitsubishi Van and Wagon in the United States. The passenger car versions were known as Delica Star Wagon from 1979 until the 1994 introduction of the Delica Space Gear, which became simply Space Gear in Europe at least. The most recent version (not available as a commercial vehicle) is called the Delica D:5. With the exception of the first, versions of all generations are still being sold in various international markets.

In Japan, the Delica Cargo and Delica D:3 nameplates were used on rebadged Mazda Bongo Brawny (between 1999 and 2010) and Nissan NV200 (between 2011 and 2019) respectively. Since 2011, the Delica D:2 nameplate has been applied to the rebadged Suzuki Solio. Starting 2023, the Delica Mini nameplate is also used as a kei car model based on the eK X Space.

First generation (1968)

The production of the Delica light commercial cab-over pickup began in July 1968. It received the chassis code T100, in line with the recently (January 1968) introduced "T90" Canter. Using a KE44 1,088 cc engine producing , its maximum payload was  and had a top end speed of . A year later, in line with consumer needs, a cargo van and a passenger van were added to the line-up. The passenger van, discontinued in 1976, was called the 'Delica Coach' and could seat nine people in three rows of seats. The engine was upgraded to  in 1969.

In March 1971, a slightly facelifted version, called the Delica 75, arrived. This (the T120) received a small grille rather than the naked metal front of the earliest Delicas, and a new 1.4-litre Neptune (4G41) engine rated at  was added to the line-up. The smaller 1.1-litre engine may have remained available in a  version of the truck but if so, it soon vanished entirely.

After a fall 1974 facelift, the Delica received a new nose with much plastic cladding and double headlights, now mounted beneath the swage line. It was now known only as the "Delica 1400", as this was the only engine with which it was available (mention of a Delica 1200 is most likely apocryphal, perhaps an issue of confusion arising from the "120" chassis code). A longer wheelbase (T121) one-ton truck was added in 1976.

In export markets, this car was usually called simply the Colt T100/T120. It became a massive success in Indonesia, where "Colt" became synonymous with minibus. Mitsubishi dominated the market and the T120 remained in production until 1982. The nametag was revived in February 1991 with a rebadged version of the Suzuki Carry Futura. Record, a Greek manufacturer of agricultural vehicles, plagiarized the Delica T120 design (even using the same windshield) for their fibreglass-bodied "GS2000" truck.

Second generation (1979)

The Delica series was replaced in June 1979 by an all new design, bringing overall width up to the maximum  dictated by Japanese regulations for "compact" vehicles. Suspended at the front by an independent wishbone construction and a leaf spring at the rear, the Delica also features sliding side doors and one-piece gas strut tailgate. The line-up was expanded to include ten model variations encompassing a wide variety of passenger (eight seats in a three/two/three configuration), cargo and recreational applications. A four-wheel drive option was made available in 1982, a first in the Japanese van market. Engines were all four-cylinders well known from MMC's passenger cars and included the 1,439 cc,  Saturn (4G33) and 1.6-litre Saturn (4G32) engines. A 1.8-litre Sirius (4G62) version producing  appeared in May 1980, and a 2.0-litre Sirius (4G63B) petrol version became optional in 4WD versions from November 1983. A 2.3-litre Astron (4D55) diesel appeared in October 1982 and was replaced by the larger 2.5-litre Astron (4D56) in 1986.

The four-wheel drive version of the Delica was first introduced to the Japanese market in October 1982. This versatile vehicle utilized a modified version of the Mitsubishi Pajero's chassis, albeit usually with smaller engines (originally only the 1.8-litre petrol). After the introduction of the third generation Delica, the truck (separate cab) version of the second generation continued to be built until 1994. Japanese consumers were liable for higher amounts of annual road tax due to the larger engines installed in higher trim level packages.

Markets

Australia
Chrysler Australia introduced the SA series Delica to the Australian market on 14 April 1980 under the name "Chrysler L300 Express" after debuting at the Adelaide Motor Show in 12 April. After acquiring control of the Chrysler Australia operations in the same month, Mitsubishi Motors renamed the firm Mitsubishi Motors Australia in October 1980. This resulted in the rebranding of the L300 Express as a Mitsubishi. Fitted with a 1.6-litre engine and four-speed manual, both van (three-seater commercial) and wagon (eight-seater) variants were offered, with the commercial (van) version available with or without side rear windows. The utility (pickup) version was not sold in Australia, as the L200 Express covered that segment of the market. In November 1981 the SB series was introduced, now fitted with radial ply tires on larger diameter wheels, thus increasing the payload capacity from . The following month, Mitsubishi introduced the high-roofed luxury "Deluxe" trim, fitted with electric sunroof and cloth upholstery. The next update to the SB series arrived in October 1982, resulting in the "Deluxe" trim being renamed "Starwagon" and gaining a larger 1.8-litre engine—offered with a five-speed overdrive manual or optional three-speed automatic. The "Star Wagon" (this was written either as one or as two words) moniker was also used on examples assembled by Todd Motors in New Zealand, albeit with the  1.6-litre engine. Mitsubishi extended the availability of the 1.8-litre engine to the lower-specification variants, albeit in automatic guise only. The 1.8 was also available in the long wheelbase, high roof, panel van version.

From May 1983, the L300 Express received rectangular headlights in chrome surrounds as part of the SC iteration. The SC also featured newly designed black resin bumpers and adjustments to the front suspension spring rate to improve ride and handling. The four-wheel drive version, badged "4WD", came in October 1983 as a 1.8-litre model with floor-mounted five-speed manual only, therefore becoming a seven-passenger model by losing the front-row center seat. After another facelift in October 1984, the car became the SD series, introducing better equipment and black headlight surrounds along with a black trim piece between the headlights on "Starwagon" and "4WD" trims. The SD revision also upgraded the "4WD" to a 2.0-litre engine, with the 1.8-litre standard issue in a new long-wheelbase commercial (van) model. A final minor update, the SE series appeared in 1986.

Asia
Philippines
This generation has been produced in the Philippines since 1987 as the "Mitsubishi L300 Versa Van" (discontinued in April 2012) as well as the Cab/Chassis variant where local coach builders assemble rear bodies for passenger and cargo hauling purposes. Variations such as the FB (family business), PET (personal and equipment transport), WT (water tight aluminum van) and DS (drop side) have been made to cater to those needs. In 2010, an extended rear body variant for the FB variant called the Exceed was added. In 2014, local truck body manufacturer Centro Manufacturing launched a minibus version of the L300 called the XV Mikrobus. It is built on the FB Exceed platform and is meant to be used as a public utility vehicle, a school bus, or an ambulance. It is also meant to revive the Versa Van and to be an alternative to the FB variant. In 2017, Mitsubishi Motors Philippines announced that the L300's diesel engine will be updated to comply with the Euro 4 standardization project of the DENR and the LTFRB. In April 2019, Mitsubishi Motors Philippines announced that the L300 would be fitted with the 4N14 CRDi engine complied with a Euro-4 Emission standards. From 1987 to 2009, the design of the front fascia has changed very little (although there were minor changes to the interior). The L300 received a facelift in 2010 and was sold until 2017. Mitsubishi updated the styling of the L300 for the 2019 model year, now featuring a new horizontal chrome grille similar to the "Dynamic Shield" design language found on other Mitsubishi models like the Mitsubishi Xpander and Mitsubishi Montero Sport to distinguish it from older L300s.

In 2020, the local production of the L300 reached 200,000 units. Exports began in April 2022 for Southeast Asian markets, particularly in Indonesia.

Indonesia
This generation is marketed in Indonesia as the Colt L300. The production started in November 1981 with a 1.4-litre 4G33 petrol engine. Minor facelift occurred in 1984, the round shape headlights were replaced with square unit. The engine was also replaced with a more powerful 1.6-litre 4G32 petrol engine and also a 2.3-litre 4D55 diesel engine option. The second facelift occurred in 1987, it received garnish grille with big "MITSUBISHI" badge. The short lived 2.3-litre diesel engine was replaced in 1988 with the larger 2.5-litre 4D56 unit. Due to lack of demand, the petrol engine was discontinued around October 1995. The third facelift occurred in 2007 with new grille model and power steering.

Since 2010, Isuzu Indonesia sold this second generation Delica as the Isuzu Bison with an Isuzu Panther-sourced 4JA1L 2.5-litre diesel engine with . The Bison costs higher than a corresponding L300 due to an agreement between the two countries. The production of the L300 was moved from the former PT Krama Yudha Ratu Motor (KRM) plant in Pulo Gadung, East Jakarta to the new Mitsubishi Motors Cikarang plant in Bekasi, West Java beginning in April 2018. In April 2018, the Isuzu Bison was discontinued due to lack of demand and later replaced by Isuzu's fully developed Traga.

Local production of the Colt L300 has been stopped temporarily since April 2022 due to the implementation of the Euro 4 emission standards. In the meantime, the vehicle is imported from the Philippines as the newer 4N14 engine from the Philippine-spec L300 met the standards and received its fourth facelift on 28 June 2022.

South Korea
In South Korea, Hyundai built the second generation Delica as the "Hyundai Porter", replacing an earlier model with the same name. South Korean production of this Porter continued alongside the third generation Delica, which was marketed by Hyundai as the "Grace". This Porter was replaced by an indigenously developed third generation Porter in March 1996.

India
From 1997 to 2000, the car was sold by Mahindra & Mahindra in India as the "Mahindra Voyager", but priced too high it was taken out of production after only a little over two years. The Voyager did meet with some success as an ambulance and as a cargo van, but this association only further prevented prospective private purchasers. Unique to the Mahindra Voyager is the fitment of PSA's 2.5-litre XD3P diesel engine, producing  DIN at 4000 rpm.

Third generation (1986)

In June 1986, the Delica underwent its third full model change. More aerodynamic than previous versions, its monocoque body and extensive safety features proved very popular in Japan's fast-growing recreational vehicle market segment. The more rounded design was referred to as "soft cube" styling by Mitsubishi. Passenger versions continued to be sold as Delica Star Wagon, which became just plain "Starwagon" in Australia. The commercial version is called the "Express" in Australia. Two wheelbases have been offered. In 1990, the Australian market received the naturally aspirated diesel engine as an option; this was the first Delica so equipped in that market.

Although the subsequent L400 Delica and Delica Space Gear were introduced in 1994, production of the Delica vans and wagons continued for the Japanese market until 1998. The lineup was actually expanded, as a truck version was introduced in May 1994, finally replacing the long running second generation truck. The Delica truck was available in a short or a long wheelbase, with the LWB version receiving the twin rectangular headlights as previously used on the Delica Star Wagon. The L300/Delica van versions also remained in production for export markets. These export markets received a facelift in 1999, released in September of that year in Australia. In Japan the commercial Delica range was replaced by a badge-engineered Mazda Bongo under an OEM deal which began in November 1999.

In May 2013, Mitsubishi discontinued the commercial version of the third generation Delica in Australia—badged as the Mitsubishi Express—due to its inferior safety. The Express was the last new car to be sold in Australia with a one-star ANCAP rating. The Express had changed little since it received a minor model change in 2003.

A large range of engines were available, from a 1.4-litre up to a 2.4-litre petrol, and also a 2.5-litre diesel and turbodiesel, plus a 2.6-litre naturally aspirated diesel. Rear- or four-wheel drive, several bodystyles and two different wheelbases made for a particularly extensive line-up. The four-wheel drive chassis was based on that of the contemporary Mitsubishi Pajero, although parts are seldom interchangeable. Late general export market versions received a carburetted 16-valve version of the 2.0-litre 4G63 four-cylinder, with  at 6,000 rpm.

Markets

Asia
Cargo versions are built by the China Motor Corporation in Taiwan. This generation Delica was also built under license by Hyundai of South Korea, where it was called the "Hyundai Grace" or "Hyundai H-100" in some Eurasian markets. Launched in December 1986, this version originally received the twin headlights as used in the US market versions, but after a front-end facelift the new more aerodynamic version received thinner and more rounded headlights. This version was called the "New Grace". Both the 2.4-litre petrol and 2.5-litre turbo-diesel inline-four engines were available, both Mitsubishi designs. Hyundai terminology resulted in the 4D56 diesel engine being renamed D4BX / D4BA. It takes two more minor changes at each 1996 and 2002, production ended in end of 2003. In 1996, the Delica was also rebadged under the Soueast brand, which occurred through 2013. In the Philippines, this generation of the Delica was called the "L300 Exceed" to differentiate itself to the ageing second generation L300 Versa Van which was still being sold there at that time, and was introduced starting from 1997. Although prior to that, Hyundai has already been selling it's pre-facelift rebadged sibling, the Hyundai Grace since the start of the 1990s.

North America
From 1987 until 1990, Mitsubishi sold this model in small numbers in the United States as the "Wagon" for passenger versions and "Van" for windowless cargo versions. The US versions all received a  version of the 2.4-litre 4G64 engine. For model years 1990 and 1991 an LS version of the Wagon was added. Taiwanese-produced CMC Delica vans are sold in Mexico as the Dodge 1000 as of July 2007. The Mitsubishi Expo LRV replaced the Van/Wagon in 1992.

Once the fifteen-year minimum age threshold was reached, enthusiasts began importing Japanese domestic market Delicas to Canada. The 4WD turbo diesel van is also a common choice for Canadian postal workers who require a right-hand drive vehicle. The United States has a 25-year threshold for importing cars, and recently Japanese domestic market Delicas have begun to gain a following there as well.

Since 2007, the Cargo versions built by the China Motor Corporation in Taiwan are being exported to Mexico wearing Dodge badges.

From 2021, the Maine Bureau of Motor Vehicles (BMV) began actively de-registering Delicas imported into the United States that were previously registered in Maine under the 25-year federal import rule, by classifying it as an off-road all-terrain vehicle.

Europe

Introduced for 1987, the British market received the L300 with either the 1.6- petrol or 2.5-litre diesel engine. Both wheelbases were available. In continental Europe the car was also sold as the L300, with engine options depending on local taxation and market conditions.

Fourth generation (1994)

1994–1997
Released on 12 May 1994, the newest Delica received considerably more aerodynamic bodywork. No truck model was available of this generation, and passenger models were now called Delica Space Gear in the Japanese domestic market. Body specifications of the Space Gear in Japan ranged from XR, XG, Exceed, Super Exceed and Royal Exceed, and both long and short-wheelbase versions were available.

The fourth generation Delica shares its engine and transmission with the Mitsubishi Pajero, but unlike the Pajero of its time it is of monocoque construction and lacks a separate chassis. The Delica 4WD still offers ample off-road capabilities, with four-wheel drive, high and low ratio gears and differential locking. It has engine variations from 2.5-litre through to a 2.8-litre intercooled turbo-diesel. 2.4-litre and 3.0-litre V6 petrol engines with 12 or 24 valves are also offered. Apart from the 2.8-litre diesel model all are available as two- or four-wheel drive version.

In many export markets, the cargo versions of the fourth generation were called the Mitsubishi L400 while the passenger versions were called Mitsubishi Space Gear – without using the Delica nameplate at all.

In South Korea, Hyundai used the Mitsubishi Delica as the base vehicle for the Hyundai Starex (A1) manufactured between 1997 and 2007.

In Australia, this generation, known as the WA series was available in both cargo (Mitsubishi Express) and passenger (Mitsubishi Starwagon) versions. The Starwagon was available between September 1994 and 2003. The Express launched at the same time, but continued on until 2005. To differentiate the semi-bonneted WA Express from the cheaper, previous generation SJ series that sold alongside it, the WA models were disambiguated with the "Walk-Thru" designation.

The Australian Starwagons were made available in four levels of specification: GL, GLX, GLS and 4WD. Mitsubishi fitted the GL with a 2.0-litre carburetored inline-four, with the GLX gaining a fuel-injected 2.4-litre inline-four, and the GLS a 3.0-litre V6. Both four-cyliner engines were fitted standard with a five-speed manual transmission with optional four-speed column-shift automatic. The 3.0-litre GLS offered a four-speed floor-mounted automatic as its sole transmission option. The facelift model, released in 1996 saw the range rationalised with only the base GL and mid-range GLX models retained.

1997–2007
In 1997, the Delica was upgraded with a facelift model. The upgrade is mostly cosmetic with changes to the lighting clusters and front body panel, with the integration of a moulded bumper in place of the original three section bullbar. The engine was upgraded with an electronic control type distribution type jet pump and an electronic sidestep was made standard on the higher specification versions.

A final facelift was released in Japan in August 2002.

2003–2008 Taiwanese facelift
In Taiwan, the third generation Delica continued to be produced and sold while the fourth generation Delica was simply named the Mitsubishi Space Gear, and was positioned above the third generation model. Initial versions of the Space Gear produced and sold in Taiwan was identical to the Series 2 Japanese facelift. However, in 2005 a final facelift was conducted exclusively in Taiwan with minor changes done to the grilles, front and rear bumpers, and front and rear light units.

China
The Dongfeng Fengxing Lingzhi is a range of MPVs produced by Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor under the Dongfeng Fengxing sub-brand. At launch, the Fengxing Lingzhi was essentially a rebadged third generation Mitsubishi Delica or the Mitsubishi Delica Space Gear. The Delica platform was acquired from Taiwan's China Motor Corporation, a partner of Mitsubishi Motors. Therefore, the initial facelifts from Dongfeng Liuzhou were identical to the Taiwanese China Motor Corporation built Mitsubishi Space Gear. After the China Motor Corporation built Mitsubishi Space Gears were discontinued in Taiwan, Dongfeng Liuzhou continued the production in China and conducted their own facelifts and development of the model.

Three trim levels were developed after the facelift by Dongfeng Liuzhou was conducted, including the Lingzhi M5, M3, and V3, which targets different groups of consumers and were priced differently. The M5 is the premium version, featuring a restyled front DRG and restyled tail lamps with prices ranging from 77,900 yuan to 98,900 yuan. The M3 being the basic passenger version sharing the same front DRG design and same tail lamps with the V3 but with clear DLO with prices ranging from 55,900 yuan to 71,900 yuan. The V3 is the utility cargo version with a sealed cargo area and being the most affordable of the three trim levels with prices ranging from 55,900 yuan to 66,900 yuan. Each trim is available with a long wheelbase version called the Lingzhi M5L, M3L, and V3L respectively all sharing the same tail lamp design.

Fifth generation (2007)

On the day of 30 October 2006, had the brand claimed the 2007 Delica would be internally designated D:5, the brand had announced 31 January 2007 that the Delica would make its official launch in the Japanese market. Bodily configured as a 5-door monobox minivan, petrol Delica models had arrived in 2007, while diesel models had started production in late 2012 as 2013 models.  Available in front- or all-wheel drive configurations, all-wheel drive models which use the Mitsubishi's AWC system,  the Delica is available in both seven- or eight-seating layouts.

The basis of the D:5 is the Mitsubishi GS platform which it shares with the Xpander as well as the second and third generation of the Outlander. Unveiled on 21 November 2018 was the Delica D:5's facelift for the 2019 model year. It made its debut to the public at the 2019 Tokyo Auto Salon and was released in Japan on 15 February 2019.

Development and launch
On 30 October 2006, Mitsubishi Motors announced that the next generation of its monobox (one-box) minivan would be called the Delica D:5, based on the Concept D-5 prototype first exhibited at the 39th Tokyo Motor Show in 2005. It is an eight-seater, that features Mitsubishi's AWC four-wheel drive system and an INVECS-III continuously variable transmission, coupled to a 4B12 2.4 L MIVEC inline-four engine. Based on a new global GS platform, the new Delica features Mitsubishi's next-generation RISE safety body. A 2.0-litre version of this engine is also available. It was released in Japan on 31 January 2007.

Available for January 2013 is the clean diesel variant of the D:5, which comes with Mitsubishi's brand new 2.2 L 4-cylinder turbo-diesel engine (4N14) that produces 148 PS of power and 360 Nm of torque. Mitsubishi claims that this new 4N14 diesel engine is reliable at low revs and smooth acceleration until high revs. With reduced pressure and temperature in the cylinder, it achieves a low compression ratio of 14.9. The Mitsubishi Delica D:5 with Clean Diesel engine has a fuel consumption of 13.6 km/L based on JC08 Mode cycle.

The Delica D:5 was officially sold in Indonesia between 2014 and 2019, where it was imported from Japan. It was launched on 18 September 2014 at the 22nd Indonesia International Motor Show, marketed as the "Delica". It is only available in FWD petrol engine variant based on 2.0 G Power Package 2WD trim with seven-seater seating configuration. The variant called Royal was added later and it was based on G-Premium package with same engine. It was also introduced in Thailand in March 2015 as the "Delica Space Wagon".

Body and exterior
The exterior features a large bar grille which connects the headlights, as well as the rear which incorporates a tailgate garnish, which runs the full-width of the rear side. The D:5 features front and rear bumpers that include skid plate styling and use a functional sectional design that facilitates repair work for a small amount of damage. Retaining its basic dimensions from the previous model, the D:5's overall height has decreased by about , while its interior height has increased also by about . It also has  higher ground clearance. Fourteen distinct body colours are available; seven monotone colours, while seven two-tone colours are available. Sized as a large MPV / minivan, the Delica is placed in the M-segment in British size classification. The Delica's estimated drag coefficient is
0.42 Cd, which is relatively high in comparison to its competitors such as the Toyota Alphard AH30 at only 0.33.

The Delica also features the "rib-bone frame" design uses closed-section joins to link the pillars, roof bows and underfloor cross-members in rings positioned at the pillars and the tailgate opening, which improves body rigidity and durability as well as to help prevent crashworthiness. The vehicle uses more rust-resistant steel on the floor structure than the Delica Space Gear, which was a fourth generation model. The D:5 also utilizes body corrosion resistance,  which has been improved significantly due to extensive use of underfloor sealing and with the application of more undercoat. Fender panels, which are made of plastic resin are used on the D:5, and are able to bend and recover shape easily. This switch of material reduces weight by .

Power sliding rear doors and an electric tailgate are now standard. An available exterior feature is a "Triple Panorama Sunroof", which offers a trio of sunroofs, where two tilt and one power slides.

Equipment
Standard equipment includes Xenon HID headlights, 3x SRS airbags for the passenger, driver, the and driver's knee, anti-lock braking system (ABS), electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD), Active Stability Control, which is a Mitsubishi's variant of electronic stability control, dual-way air conditioning, headlining that removes the smell of odors, UV-cut glass, interior illumination with adjustable LED lamp system, and start-stop system for the turbo diesel. Available features are either single or dual power sliding side doors, parking cameras, power folding side step, Rockford Fosgate Premium sound system with an 860W amplifier, 12 speakers with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound, airbags for all three rows of seats, luxury driver seats, smart key, cruise control, and a steering wheel with optionally mounted phone and buttons.

Standard on G-Premium and G-Navi package, is a 30-gigabyte hard disk drive on-board navigation system as well as 7-inch liquid-crystal display. A 9-inch wide display with a built-in DVD/CD player and infrared headphones are mounted on the rear cabin ceiling as a optional luxury on the G-Premium and G-Navi models.

All models except the M trim are equipped with 225/55R18 tires on light and stiff 7-spoke alloy road wheels. The M trim features 215/70R16 tires on steel wheels with full wheel covers. The Delica D:5 features the MacPherson strut suspension at the front, while at the rear is a multi-link suspension setup.

2019 facelift
The 2019 facelift Delica D:5 was unveiled in Japan on 21 November 2018 with "Dynamic Shield" design language, having a 10.1-inch infotainment system and e-Assist.

Other models using the name

Mitsubishi Delica Truck/Van/Cargo (rebadged Mazda Bongo Truck/Van/Brawny)

Between November 1999 and October 2011 (the Delica Cargo was discontinued in August 2010), Mitsubishi Motors retailed a badge engineered version of the Mazda Bongo as the Delica Truck/Van (short wheelbase) and the Delica Cargo (extended wheelbase) in Japan, replacing the cargo versions of the fourth generation Delica in that market.

Mitsubishi Delica D:3/Delica Van (rebadged Nissan NV200)

In October 2011, Mitsubishi Motors replaced the Mazda Bongo-based models with a badge engineered version of the Nissan NV200, sold as the Delica D:3 (wagon models) and Delica Van (van models). The Delica D:3 and Delica Van were discontinued in April 2019.

Mitsubishi Delica D:2 (rebadged Suzuki Solio)

To complement the larger Delica D:5 minivan, a smaller Delica D:2 mini MPV appeared in March 2011. Equipped with a  four-cylinder Suzuki K12B engine and a continuously variable transmission (CVT), it is a rebadged Suzuki Solio provided under an original equipment manufacturer deal.

Mitsubishi Delica Mini (B34A/B35A/B37A/B38A)

The Delica Mini is a kei variation of the Delica series. Replacing the eK X Space while still being based on it, it went on sale in May 2023. It will be offered in G, G Premium, T and T Premium grade levels.

Production

(Sources: Facts & Figures 2000, Facts & Figures 2005, Facts & Figures 2008, Facts & Figures 2010 Mitsubishi Motors website)

Indonesia (Colt L300)

References

External links

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A Union Council is a body of elected or appointed representatives who represent students who are members of a students' union. Union Council's often have the power to hold the Union's Officers to account and to create new Union policies.  The Council is usually not responsible for implementing Union policy.  A policy passed by such a body usually has less authority than one passed by a general meeting of students or a referendum of all students in the Union.

See also
 Union council (disambiguation)

Students' unions

Union Council (students' union)


Bernd Kaiser (born 11 April 1951) is a German coxswain. He was the cox of the East German eight that became world champion in 1978.

The 1.68 m tall and 51 kg heavy Kaiser started for SC Dynamo Berlin and won his first GDR national championship with the eight in 1972; however, that year the Olympic team did not take part in the championship. Kaiser won his second GDR championship title in 1978. For the 1978 World Rowing Championships on Lake Karapiro in New Zealand, an East German team was formed to which rowers from the winning and vice-champion boats of the GDR championships belonged. Matthias Schumann, Ulrich Karnatz, Gerd Sredzki, Andreas Ebert, Friedrich-Wilhelm Ulrich, Harald Jährling, Uwe Dühring, Bernd Höing and coxswain Kaiser were victorious in New Zealand, with West Germany and New Zealand winning the other medals.

At the GDR championships in 1981 and 1982, Kaiser coxed the third-placed eight. In 1983 he won his third GDR championship title in this boat class. Hendrik Reiher, however, replaced Kaiser at the 1983 World Rowing Championships. In 1983 and 1984, Kaiser won two further national titles with the coxed four.

References

External links

1951 births
East German male rowers
World Rowing Championships medalists for East Germany
Coxswains (rowing)
Living people

Bernd Kaiser


Jeb Sharp is an American radio journalist. She is an editor and correspondent for Public Radio International's program The World. She won the Lowell Thomas Award from the Overseas Press Club for best radio news or interpretation of international affairs in 2003 and in 2008. Other honors include the Sigma Delta Chi Award from the Society of Professional Journalists and the Dart Award for Excellence in Coverage of Trauma in 2009. Sharp was a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University in 2006 and she was awarded a residency at Hedgebrook, a retreat for women writers, in 1995. She attended the Graduate School of Journalism at U.C. Berkeley and began her career at KCAW-FM in Sitka, Alaska. She has also worked at WBUR, a public radio station, in Boston, Massachusetts.

References

External links
Staff page at The World

American bloggers
American radio journalists
American radio reporters and correspondents
BBC World Service people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Nieman Fellows
Public Radio International personalities
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American women radio journalists
American women bloggers
21st-century American women writers

Jeb Sharp


The Hundred Days, is the period between Napoleon Bonaparte's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 111 days). This period is also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition, and includes the Waterloo Campaign and the Neapolitan War.

References
 Baines, Edward, History of the Wars of the French Revolution, from the breaking out of the wars in 1792, to, the restoration of general peace in 1815, volume II (of II), Longman, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1818

1815
1810s in France

Hundred Days


Edwin Sherbon Hills  (31 August 1906 – 2 May 1986) was an Australian geologist, a Foundation fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and at the time of his death was regarded as one of Australia's "most eminent scientists and most accomplished geologists".

Hills grew in the Melbourne suburb Carlton. He was dux of Carlton Primary School and received a scholarship to attend University High School. Hills graduated from high school in 1924 and with classmate Harrie Massey received a scholarship to attend the University of Melbourne. Hills had chosen his undergraduate courses with the idea of becoming a chemist and took geology as a suitable ancillary, however his studies led him to become a geologist and physiographer. Hills undertook his MSc at the University of Melbourne under E. W. Skeats, his graduate field work was based at Cathedral Range just outside Melbourne and he studied fossil fishes, acid vulcanism and physiography in the area.

With Skeats' support Hills was awarded a 1851 Exhibition scholarship to travel to the United Kingdom and attend the Royal College of Science (now the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine). He began his PhD studies there in mid-1929 and continued to research fossil fishes and on the petrology and mineralogy of igneous rocks. During the course of his studies he was elected to the Geological Society of London. At the completion of his studies Hills was offered a position in the William George Fearnsides at the British Museum, however Skeats had gone to some effort to secure an academic position for Hills at the University of Melbourne; so Hills returned to Melbourne and began lecturing at the university in 1932. In the same year he married Claire Doris Fox whom he had met in London and they had three children together.

Hills lectured at the university from 1932 to 1943 climbing the academic ranks from lecturer, senior lecturer to associate professor; he became a full professor and the Chair of the geology department in 1944, he held this position until 1971. He also involved in the university administration serving as Deputy Vice-Chancellor from 1962 to 1971. While at Melbourne his fields of research were broad encompassing Australian fossil fishes of the Upper Devonian and Cainozoic, physiography, hydrology, petrology and mineralogy of Victoria and economic geology. In addition to scientific papers and monographs, Hills produced three geology textbooks; Outlines of Structural Geology (first published in 1940), The Physiography of Victoria: an Introduction to Geomorphology (first published in 1940), Elements of Structural Geology (first published in 1963), each was reprinted into multiple editions.

Hills was the founding chair of the Geological Society of Australia in 1951 and in the same year received the Bigsby Medal from Geological Society of London. In 1954 he was elected to the Royal Society and was a founding fellow of Australia's learned science organisation, the Australian Academy of Science. He served as a member of the UNESCO International Advisory Committee on Arid Zone Research and on numerous other advisory boards. For his contributions he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1971.

References

External links
Edwin Sherbon Hills Guide to Records

1906 births
1986 deaths
20th-century Australian geologists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Fellows of the Royal Society
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Geologists from Melbourne

Edwin Sherbon Hills


A haemal arch also known as a chevron, is a bony arch on the ventral side of a tail vertebra of a vertebrate. The canal formed by the space between the arch and the vertebral body is the haemal canal. A spinous ventral process emerging from the haemal arch is referred to as the haemal spine.

Blood vessels to and from the tail run through the arch. In reptiles, the caudofemoralis longus muscle, one of the main muscles involved in locomotion, attaches to the lateral sides of the haemal arches.

In 1956, Alfred Sherwood Romer hypothesized that the position of the first haemal arch was sexually dimorphic in crocodilians and dinosaurs. However, subsequent research established that the size and position of the first haemal arch was not sexually dimorphic in crocodilians and found no evidence of significant variation in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs, indicating that haemal arches could not be used to distinguish between sexes after all.

Haemal arches play an important role in the taxonomy of sauropod dinosaurs, as sauropods exhibit a wide range of morphologies of the haemal arches. In 1878, Othniel Marsh named the sauropod Diplodocus after the distinctive shape of its haemal arches, which were forked to have both an anterior and posterior process. Though once thought to be a specialized characteristic of Diplodocus and its close relatives, forked chevrons are now known to have been widespread among sauropod dinosaurs, although titanosauriform sauropods returned to the unforked condition.

References

Vertebrate anatomy

Haemal arch


Blue Dolphin Energy Company is a publicly traded Delaware corporation, headquartered in Houston, primarily engaged in the refining and marketing of petroleum products to be used as jet fuel, or as "a light sweet crude."

The company also provides tolling and storage terminaling services.  60 acres of assets, which are located in Nixon, Wilson County, Texas primarily include a  crude distillation tower and more than 1.0 million barrels of petroleum storage tanks (collectively the "Nixon Facility"). Pipeline transportation and oil and gas operations are no longer active.

Since 2006 through 2014, according to the chief executive regarding this facility, in-kind with his other similar facility at the time, "...there were some issues with the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) that we were not made aware of, and those issues have yet to be resolved."

As of 2014, 45 workers were employed at this facility.

References

Oil pipeline companies
Natural gas pipeline companies
Companies based in Houston
Companies traded over-the-counter in the United States

Blue Dolphin Energy Company


Daniel Caine Lyon (born June 8, 1980), better known by his ring name Super Dragon, is an American professional wrestler. Beginning his career in 1997, he has worked for companies such as All Pro Wrestling, Chikara, Combat Zone Wrestling, Ring of Honor, World Championship Wrestling, Pro Wrestling Guerilla (PWG) and Xtreme Pro Wrestling.

Super Dragon is one of six founders of the Southern California-based promotion Pro Wrestling Guerrilla. He is a former PWG World Champion and a record six-time PWG World Tag Team Champion, having held the title twice with B-Boy and Davey Richards, and once with Excalibur and Kevin Steen.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1996–1999)
Super Dragon started training in 1996 in World Power Wrestling's wrestling school, where he was trained under owner Martin Marin. He had his first match in 1997 against Tiger Joe. Super Dragon became friends with Blitzkrieg, who during a tour of Mexico caught the eye of local wrestlers, such as Psicosis and Juventud Guerrera, who were also performing for World Championship Wrestling (WCW). Afterwards Blitzkrieg and Super Dragon were granted a dark match for WCW with the help of American Wild Child, who was friends with Konnan.

Revolution Pro Wrestling (1999–2004)
Super Dragon joined Revolution Pro Wrestling in 1999 and was part of the New Generation that hit Rev-Pro along with Disco Machine, TARO, Excalibur and Shogun. However, it was not long after that when Dragon tore his ACL and was forced to go for a reconstructive surgery in July 2000. Dragon made his return in January 2001 and reached his first real peak on September 28, 2001, when he defeated B-Boy in the finals of a sixteen-man tournament to win the Revolution J Tournament. During this time Dragon, along with other Rev-Pro stars were featured on a few Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW) shows. On October 25, 2002, at Pride of the Mask II, Super Dragon and Shogun defeated TARO and El Gallinero Tres in a tag team match, with the stipulation being that the two winners would later face each other in a Mask vs. Mask match. Super Dragon beat Shogun and claimed his mask. Throughout his Rev-Pro run, Dragon changed his wrestling style from high flying to brawling and his attire from various bright colors to darker colors. His feud with TARO was especially a heated one. After nearly a five-year battle in both Revolution Pro Wrestling and All Pro Wrestling the feud culminated in a Mask vs. Mask match at Rev-Pro's fourth anniversary show on November 11, 2003. Dragon defeated TARO, who after the match unmasked, announced his retirement and embraced Super Dragon. On May 12, 2004, at Revolution Pro's final show, Super Dragon was defeated by Mr. Excitement.

Combat Zone Wrestling (2002–2006)
Super Dragon started wrestling for Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) in 2002 at Best of the Best 2 against longtime rival B-Boy. When he returned in 2004, he wrestled many tag team matches with partner Excalibur, and challenged Chris Hero for the Iron Man championship. In 2005, he was involved in a feud against BLKOUT. At Cage of Death 7, Dragon beat Ruckus for the CZW World Heavyweight Championship. This win made Super Dragon the first masked wrestler to hold the title. During the match, he gave BLKOUT manager Robbie Merino, who had already been injured previously by Super Dragon, a Curb Stomp onto the stage. At the next show, An Afternoon of Main Events, Dragon teamed with the Kings of Wrestling (who were also feuding with BLKOUT) in a six-man tag team match against BLKOUT, which they lost. Super Dragon lost the title back to Ruckus in February 2006 in a match also involving Kevin Steen.

Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (2003–present)
In May 2003 Super Dragon along with Disco Machine, Excalibur, Joey Ryan, Scott Lost and Top Gun Talwar, collectively known as the "PWG Six", founded Pro Wrestling Guerrilla, SoCal's largest wrestling promotion. At PWG's debut show on July 26, 2003, he defeated M-Dogg 20. The next two PWG shows featured the Badass Mother 3000 tournament to determine the first PWG Champion. Super Dragon got to the semifinals, but was then eliminated by Joey Ryan.

In PWG Super Dragon re-formed the faction known in Revolution Pro as Team Chismo with Excalibur and Disco Machine, under the new name S.B.S. At PWG...The Musical, held on April 17, 2004, Dragon and Excalibur won the PWG tag team titles from Chris Bosh and Quicksilver. They became the first team to successfully defend the titles, but later lost them to the X Foundation of Joey Ryan and Scott Lost. On November 13, 2004, at Free Admission (Just Kidding), Super Dragon beat Frankie Kazarian to win the PWG Championship. He defended the title against Homicide, Samoa Joe, Kevin Steen and others, before finally losing it to A.J. Styles on April 2, 2005, at All Star Weekend - Night Two.

On December 18, 2004, at Uncanny X-Mas after Dragon's match with Jonny Storm, a second Super Dragon came to the ring and attacked the real Super Dragon by delivering him some of his signature moves. This man attacked again on February 12, 2005, at All Nude Review, and on May 13, 2005, at Jason Takes PWG Excalibur turned on Dragon, revealed himself as the mastermind of the attacks and then defeated him in a Guerrilla Warfare match with help from Kevin Steen, who revealed himself as the second Super Dragon. This began a feud between Steen and Dragon. On June 11, 2005, at Guitarmageddon Super Dragon teamed up with his S.B.S. partner Disco Machine to take on the team of Kevin Steen and Excalibur. However, in the end Disco Machine also turned on Dragon and aligned himself with Steen and Excalibur as the new S.B.S. During his feud with the S.B.S. on October 1, 2005, Super Dragon was forced to team with Davey Richards to challenge for the tag team titles against El Generico and Human Tornado, known as the "2 Skinny Black Guys", at After School Special. Working well together as a team, Dragon and Richards managed to win the titles. On December 3, 2005, at Chanukah Chaos (The C's Are Silent), after Dragon had gotten a small measure of revenge on Excalibur and Disco Machine by defeating them in a tag team title match, he attacked the PWG Champion Kevin Steen during his title match with Joey Ryan and gave him two Psycho Drivers, causing him to lose the title. The feud ended on December 16, 2005, at Astonishing X-Mas in a Guerrilla Warfare match, in which Super Dragon came out victorious.

Super Dragon and Davey Richards continued their tag title reign defeating teams such as Cape Fear (El Generico and Quicksilver), Los Luchas (Zokre and Phoenix Star), The Kings of Wrestling (Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli), Roderick Strong and Jack Evans, and A.J. Styles and Christopher Daniels. During their reign, Dragon and Richards also turned the titles into World Tag Team Titles, by defending them in Germany and England. On May 20, 2006, however, Arrogance, the team of Scott Lost and Chris Bosh, defeated them for the titles at Enchantment Under The Sea.

Super Dragon returned to PWG on September 2 as a participant in the 2006 Battle of Los Angeles tournament. On the second night, he defeated Necro Butcher, and on the third, he defeated Frankie Kazarian and Jack Evans to advance to the finals, but was unable to compete due to injuries he sustained the previous night. Davey Richards would go on to win the tournament, but instead of wanting a World title shot, he wanted a rematch for the tag titles. The match was set to take place on October 6 at Self-Titled, but a conflict prevented Richards from being at the show. Instead of waiting for Richards to return, Super Dragon chose B-Boy as his partner and they went on to defeat Chris Bosh and Scott Lost for the championship. On November 17, 2006, Richards won the PWG World Tag Team Championship for a second time, teaming up with Roderick Strong to defeat the champions, B-Boy and Super Dragon. The next night, in the main event of the show, the duo lost the belts back to the men they had won them from in a 4-way match which also included the Kings of Wrestling, as well as the team of Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin. Dragon won the match for his team by pinning Richards after a Psycho Driver. Less than a month later on December 2, 2006, at Passive Hostility Dragon and B-Boy lost the tag team titles to Cape Fear, and split afterwards as a tag team.

Since then, Dragon suffered defeats at the hands of newcomer Ronin in a singles match, and a pinfall by Los Luchas in a tag team match. Soon after that Dragon broke his ankle and eventually made his return on April 8, 2007, at All Star Weekend V - Night Two during a match between Arrogance and Roderick Strong and Jack Evans when he and Davey Richards came out and attacked everyone and announced that Super Dragon would be Richards' partner for the upcoming Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament. On May 20, 2007, however, the first night of the tournament, the reuniting Super Dragon and Davey Richards lost in the first round to the makeshift team of Roderick Strong and PAC, who would go on to win the whole tournament.

On October 27, 2007, Night 2 of PWG's European Vacation II Dragon and Davey Richards were able to defeat Kevin Steen and El Generico for the PWG World Tag Team Championships giving Richards his third and Dragon his fifth reign, with this being their second reign as a team. On the first weekend of January 2008 PWG held its sixth All Star Weekend, during which Dragon was scheduled to take on Susumu Yokosuka on the first night and TARO on the second night in a special "Return Grudge Match". Dragon, who had gained massive amounts of weight, took himself out of the Yokosuka match and replaced himself with CIMA and the next night defeated TARO in a lackluster match. On January 27, 2008, at Pearl Habra Dragon and Richards were stripped of their tag team titles after Richards no-showed the event.

After taking two months off Super Dragon returned to PWG on March 21, 2008, at 1.21 Gigawatts by attacking Jade Chung and giving her a Psycho Driver during a tag team match between the Dynasty (Joey Ryan and Scott Lost) and Kevin Steen and El Generico. On April 5, 2008, at It's a Gift...and a Curse Super Dragon continued his feud with the Dynasty by first attacking Scott Lost after his match with Claudio Castagnoli and then by brawling with Joey Ryan all over the building culminating in him giving Ryan a Psycho Driver off the stage through a table.

On May 17, 2008, Dragon and Richards teamed up once more for the 2008 Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament, where they were defeated by the team of Kevin Steen and El Generico in the first round in a tag team title match. During the match, Dragon received yet another concussion, which led to him taking a hiatus from in-ring competition, still maintaining his backstage role with the company.

Super Dragon made his return on October 22, 2011, by saving former rival Kevin Steen from The Young Bucks after the two had cost him the PWG World Championship and challenged him to a handicap Guerrilla Warfare match. Steen then named Dragon his partner for the match on December 10. On December 10, Dragon and Steen, known collectively as "Appetite for Destruction", defeated The Young Bucks in a Guerrilla Warfare match to win the PWG World Tag Team Championship, Dragon's record-breaking sixth reign with the title. After being sidelined in early 2012 with a heel fracture, Dragon and Steen vacated the PWG World Tag Team Championship on May 25.

On June 26, 2015, Super Dragon made a surprise return to PWG, turning heel and forming a new version of the Mount Rushmore stable with PWG World Champion Roderick Strong and PWG World Tag Team Champions The Young Bucks. Dragon wrestled his first match in three and a half years on August 29, when he and The Young Bucks defeated Andrew Everett, Biff Busick and Trevor Lee in a Guerrilla Warfare main event.

Ring of Honor (2004, 2006)
The first time Super Dragon appeared in Ring of Honor (ROH) was at Do or Die II on March 13, 2004, when he defeated Excalibur in a try-out match. He would reappear two years later in 2006 as a part of CZW, during the ROH/CZW feud. Dragon made his return to the company on March 11, 2006, at Arena Warfare by attacking B. J. Whitmer during his match with Necro Butcher. The show ended with the CZW wrestlers taking over the ring and attacking Whitmer and other ROH wrestlers. On April 22, 2006, at The 100th Show, Dragon was a part of Team CZW along with Chris Hero and Necro Butcher as they defeated Team ROH of Samoa Joe, Whitmer, and Adam Pearce, when Claudio Castagnoli turned on his ROH teammates. This match saw Dragon hit a Psycho Driver on Whitmer from the apron to the floor through a table. On April 29, 2006, at Weekend of Champions: Night Two Whitmer gained revenge on Dragon and defeated him after giving him an exploder superplex through a table on the floor, to win their feud. After the match Adam Pearce and Ace Steel carried Dragon out of the arena and he has not returned to the company since.

Championships and accomplishments
All Pro Wrestling
APW Worldwide Internet Championship (2 times)
Combat Zone Wrestling
CZW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Jersey Championship Wrestling
Jersey J-Cup (2004)
Pro Wrestling Guerrilla
PWG Championship (1 time)
PWG World Tag Team Championship (6 times) – B-Boy (2), Excalibur (1), Davey Richards (2) and Kevin Steen (1)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #213 of the top 500 wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2006
Revolution Pro Wrestling
Rev-Pro Mexican Lucha Libre Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Rev-Pro Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Rev-Pro Pride of the Mask Championship (2 times)
Revolution J Tournament (2001)
Match of the Year (2000) vs. Ultra Taro Jr., July 7
SoCal Uncensored
Southern California Pro-Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 2010)
SoCal Wrestler of the Year (2001, 2003, 2004)
Match of the Year (2001) vs. B-Boy, November 3, Midwest Pro Wrestling
Match of the Year (2002) vs. Bobby Quance, December 14, Goldenstate Championship Wrestling
Match of the Year (2003) with B-Boy vs. Jardi Frantz and Bobby Quance, March 29, Goldenstate Championship Wrestling
Match of the Year (2004) vs. Joey Ryan, October 23, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla
Match of the Year (2006) with Davey Richards vs. Roderick Strong and Jack Evans, March 4, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla
Match of the Year (2011) with Kevin Steen vs. The Young Bucks, December 10, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla
Westside Xtreme Wrestling
Cruiserweight Tournament (2005)

Luchas de Apuestas record

Notes

References

External links
Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

1980 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Orange County, California
Masked wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from California
Professional wrestling trainers
Professional wrestling executives
PWG World Champions
PWG World Tag Team Champions

Super Dragon


Alan Dickens (born 2 April 1976 in Knowsley) is an English rugby union coach and retired professional player who last played at scrum half for Northampton Saints, having previously represented Saracens, Sale Sharks and Leeds Carnegie after experience in the national leagues with Manchester Rugby Club and Stourbridge R.F.C. He also spent a period during his Saracens career, coaching boys from Merchant Taylors School. Dickens is currently the attacking coach at Leicester Tigers, he previously coached at Northampton, where he filled in as the  head coach at the Saints following Jim Mallinder's departure, and for .

Early life
Dickens was born4 Feb 1976 in Knowsley, Merseyside. He trained to be a teacher, teaching at Chellaston Foundation School and Technology College and West Park Community School, Spondon after graduating from University College Worcester. He first experienced rugby in England's national leagues playing for Stourbridge R.F.C. and then Manchester Rugby Club in National Division Two, for whom he appeared in all but one game in his final season with the club. In 2001 he faced the choice between pursuing a teaching career and one in professional rugby, opting for the latter and joining Guinness Premiership side Sale Sharks.

Playing career

Sale Sharks 2001–02
Dickens played for a single season at Sale Sharks in the 2001–02 season. He largely filled the role of understudy to Scottish international Bryan Redpath but still accumulated 18 first team appearances, including 10 starting berths. Many of these were in cup fixtures, but did include 3 Zurich Premiership starts, and a further 8 from the replacements bench.

Leeds Tykes 2002–05
Dickens joined the then Leeds Carnegie in August 2002, initially as short term cover for an injury crisis that was afflicting the club at the time, making his début against Leicester Tigers on 31 August 2002. His progress was so rapid though that he was soon making regular first team appearances and in his second and third seasons with the club became the first choice for the number 9 shirt.

He made 72 first team appearances for the Tykes in his three years with the club and culminated with a Powergen Cup winners medal having played in the Tykes victory over Bath at Twickenham in the 2005 final.

The cup win was to be a rare high point for Leeds though as at the end of that season they were relegated from the Premiership and Dickens left the club to seek further top flight competition at Saracens.

Saracens 2005–2008
Dickens made a rapid return to Twickenham for his début appearance for Saracens in the season opening London Double Header game against London Wasps on 3 September 2005.

In his time at Saracens he saw strong competition for first team spots from the likes of Fijian International Mosese Rauluni and first England's Kyran Bracken and then former Springbok Neil de Kock on the former's retirement, but he maintained his form to bring a large number of appearances both from the bench and in starting line ups in his first two full seasons with the club.

Northampton 2008–2010
Dickens signed for Northampton in April 2008 even though Saints had just recruited two new scrum halves in Lee Dickson and Ben Foden. Dickens is working alongside the two younger players and acting as a back-up but now with limited first team playing opportunities.

Dickens retired from playing in 2010 to take up a new role as the Saints' Academy manager.

Coaching
Dickens coached at Northampton until 2019 where he joined England under 20s. On 29 May 2023 Dickens was announced as the new attack coach for Leicester Tigers.

Honours
Powergen Cup/Anglo-Welsh Cup titles: 1
2005

References

External links
 Saracens profile
 Leeds profile
 Guinness Premiership profile

1976 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Worcester
English rugby union players
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley
Rugby union players from Merseyside
Rugby union scrum-halves
Saracens F.C. players
Stourbridge R.F.C. players
Leicester Tigers coaches

Alan Dickens (rugby union)


An occupational fatality is a death that occurs while a person is at work or performing work related tasks. Occupational fatalities are also commonly called "occupational deaths" or "work-related deaths/fatalities" and can occur in any industry or occupation.

Common causes
Common causes of occupational fatalities include falls, machine-related incidents, motor vehicle accidents, exposure to harmful substances or environment, homicides, suicides, fires, and explosions. In 2021, 3.6 of every 100,000 full-time workers experienced a fatal workplace injury.  Oftentimes, occupational fatalities can be prevented.

In the United States in 2021, there were 5,190 workplace fatalities across all sectors.  Of these 5,190 fatalities 42% of occupational fatalities occurred as a result of roadway incidents, 16% occurred following a slip, trip, or fall in the workplace, 9% were the result of a homicide.  Logging workers have the highest fatality rate with 82.2 of every 100,000 full-time workers experiencing a fatal workplace injury, followed by fishing and hunting workers with 75.2 of every 100,000 full-time workers experiencing a fatal workplace injury.

Incidence
Data on the number of occupational fatalities per 100,000 workers is available from the International Labor Organization for various countries; the ILO says for most countries the rate is less than ten per 100,000 each year. However, a 1999 paper says the ILO figures are underestimates—for example the agricultural sector, which has a higher than average fatality rate, is not reported by many countries.  The paper estimates that the number of fatal occupational accidents in the world in 1994 was 335,000, or 14 per 100,000 workers.  The paper also estimated there were 158,000 fatalities commuting  between work and home; and 325,000 fatal occupational diseases; for a total of 818,000 fatalities.

International differences
According to statistics from the International Labour Organization occupational fatalities per 100,000 workers ranges from 0.1 to 25, with a worldwide average of 4.0 per every 100,000 workers.  Panama and El Salvador have the lowest occupational fatality rates at 0.2 and 0.1 per 100,000 respectively.  The country of the highest occupational fatality rate is Cuba at 25 per every 100,000 workers.  Followed by Burudi and Egypt at 13.8 and 10.7 per 100,000 respectively.  The World Health Organization and International Labour Organization estimate that over 1.9 million people died as a result of work-related injures and diseases in 2016.  81% of these deaths are contributed to a variety of non-communicable diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, and ischemic heart disease accounting for 1.2 million deaths.  Over the course of 16 years (2000–2016) international workplace deaths fell by 14%.  During the same period heart disease related deaths associated with long working hours increased by 41%.

Gender differences
According to Bureau of Labor Statistics men made up 91.4 percent of all workplace fatalities and 85.5 percent of intentional injuries by a person in 2021. In European Union men made up 92.5 percent of all workplace fatalities in 2020 and 66.5 percent of all injuries that required 4 or more days of absence.

Diseases & illnesses
According to the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000-2016: Global Monitoring Report, the majority of work-related deaths were due to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. We may not realize it but there are many workplaces in the world that are full of harmful products for people to inhale them. When this occurs, it leads to various diseases and illnesses that are fatal to humans.

According to the World Health Organization, they found that diseases that are non-communicable accounted for the majority of occupational fatalities. The actual percentage is said to be 81 percent. Some of the largest causes of death are things like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that accounted for 450,00 deaths. Strokes accounted for 400,000 deaths and ischaemic heart disease was 350,000 deaths. The remaining 19 percent of deaths were related to occupational injuries that tallied to 360,000 deaths. The WHO did many studies and realized that there are many factors and reasons for these illnesses to be so prevalent. Most of them strictly come from being exposed in the workplace to things such as carcinogens, air pollution, asthmagens, and many more. Many of these deaths come from being exposed for long periods of time due to long work days.

Prevention

Occupational fatalities are preventable. Prevention of occupational fatalities depends on the understanding that worker safety is not only the responsibility of the worker, but is the primary responsibility of the employer.  Employers must train all employees in the appropriate safety procedures and maintain a safe working environment so that fatalities are less likely to occur. An occupational fatality is not just the fault of the deceased worker; instead, it is the combination of unsafe work environments, insufficient safety training, and negligible employee supervision that contribute fatal incidents. As a result, it is imperative that an employer address all the potential [risk] factors at the workplace and educate all employees in safe work practices and risk awareness.

In order to perform adequate risk assessment of injuries that occur in the workplace, health and safety professionals use resources such as the Haddon Matrix.  This model assesses the risks leading up to, during, and after a death in order to prevent future incidents of a similar nature. Employers and employees can learn how to identify risk factors in their work environment in order to avoid incidents that may result in death.

Research, regulation, reporting and recommendations

United States
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that all employers maintain a record of occupational injuries, illnesses and fatalities.  Occupational fatalities must be reported to OSHA within eight hours of the incident.  Failure to do so can result in legal action against the employer including citations and fines.  Employers are responsible for staying current on OSHA standards and enforcing them in their own workplace. State OSHA organizations exist in twenty-eight states and are required to have the same or more rigorous standards than the federal OSHA standards.  In these states, employers must abide by their state's regulations. It is not the responsibility of the employee to stay current on the OSHA standards.

In addition to OSHA, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) analyzes workplace injury and illness data from all fifty states as well as provides support for state-based projects in occupational health and safety.  Under NIOSH, the Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program tracks and investigates occupational fatalities in order to provide recommendations for prevention.  A voluntary program for individual states created in 1989, FACE is active in California, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, and Washington. The primary responsibilities of the state FACE programs are to track occupational fatalities in their state, investigate select fatalities, and provide recommendations for prevention.   As part of the prevention efforts, FACE programs also produce extensive prevention education materials that are disseminated to employees, employers, unions, and state organizations.

The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), within the U.S. Department of Labor, compiles national fatality statistics and is the key, comprehensive system in the surveillance of occupational fatalities in the United States.

Many other non-governmental organizations also work to prevent occupational fatalities.  Trade associations and unions play an active role in protecting workers and disseminating prevention information.  The National Safety Council also works to prevent occupational fatalities as well as provide resources to employers and employees.

References

External links
 World Health Organization Occupational Health Programmes
 International Labour Organization
 British Health and Safety Executive
 Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
 Australian Safety and Compensation Council
 USA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
 USA National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
 USA Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program
 Washington State Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (WA FACE) Program
 USA Census of Fatal Occupational Injury (CFOI)
 National Safety Council
 AFL-CIO
 California Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (CA FACE)

Occupational safety and health
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Construction safety

Occupational fatality


Devotio Moderna (Latin; lit.,  Modern Devotion) was a movement for religious reform, calling for apostolic renewal through the rediscovery of genuine pious practices such as humility, obedience, simplicity of life, and integration into the community. It began in the late 14th century, largely through the work of Gerard Groote, and flourished in the Low Countries and Germany in the 15th century, but came to an end with the Protestant Reformation. It is most known today through its influence on Thomas à Kempis, the author of The Imitation of Christ, a book which has proved highly influential for centuries.

This movement largely believed in austerity for Christians at every level, from clergy to layman, and many followers of Devotio Moderna frowned upon such things as church-led celebrations of certain events.

Origins

1300s
The origins of the movement likely stem from the Congregation of Windesheim, though it has so far proved elusive to locate the precise origin of the movement. Broadly, it may be seen to rise out of widespread dissatisfaction with the Church (both in terms of the structure of the church and the personal lives of the clergy) in 14th-century Europe. Geert Groote (1340–1384) was among many in being highly dissatisfied with the state of the Church and what he perceived as the gradual loss of monastic traditions and the lack of moral values among the clergy. He sought to rediscover certain pious practices.

Devotio Moderna began as a lay movement; around 1374, Groote turned his parental house in Deventer into a hostel for poor women who wished to serve God. Though similar to beguine houses, this hostel, and later communities of what came to be called the "Sisters of the Common Life", were freer in structure than the beguines and kept no private property. The women who lived in these houses remained, also, under the jurisdiction of city authorities and parish priests. Their way of life therefore sat somewhere between ordinary Christian existence 'in the world', and the formation of an ecclesiastically recognised religious order.

From this point, several different loose forms of community emerged. On the one hand, various types of life for the female Devout were formed. Especially from the 1390s under the leadership of John Brinckerinck, one of Grote's early converts, the Sisters of the Common Life spread across the Netherlands and into Germany (with eventually about 25 houses in the former and about 60 houses in the latter). There were also many homes (mostly small and needy) inspired by the movement that were never formally attached to the Sisters of the Common Life, and may eventually have become Third Order Franciscans or Augustinian nuns.

Among male followers, the movement was given impetus after Groote's death in 1384 by Florens Radewyns (who had become a priest based on Groote's advice). He gathered like-minded laity and clergy into houses of communal living, eventually known as the Brethren of the Common Life, which numbered 41 by the early 16th century. The majority of members in these communities were priests or candidates for the priesthood (clerics); the few lay brothers, the familiares, usually carried out the menial tasks of cooking, cleaning and tailoring. These communities did not take vows, but led an austere life of penance, prayer, spiritual reading and work, most often the copying of manuscripts. In addition, the Brethren provided pastoral care and spiritual counsel to the sister houses, and at least some of the Brethren engaged in preaching.

Groote's message of reform had also been aimed at clerics and priests, some of whom had joined the Brethren. In addition, though, under the leadership of Radewyns, in 1387 some members of the Deventer house set up a new community at Windesheim, near Zwolle, and adopted the habit and rule of St Augustine. Although living a cloistered life under vows, the new community kept many of the practices and spiritual values of the teaching of Groote and Radewyns.

1400s
From 1395, a monastic union was set up around Windesheim; this new confederation grew quickly, and was joined both by older Augustinian communities (including, famously, Groenendaal in 1413), as well as new foundations, and sometimes the conversion of some of the houses of Brothers to this new form of religious life. By the end of the 15th century, there were almost 100 houses (84 of them male) in the Chapter of Windesheim.

The movement faced opposition from clergy and laity at times, both during its early years under Groote's leadership and under Radewyns' later expansion. Much of this suspicion was similar to that directed at other new forms of religious devotion developed in the period, such as beguine and beghard movements.

Also, the strong resemblance to the monastic life of the daily routine among the Brethren provoked accusations from the mendicant orders that the Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life were starting a new mendicant order, in violation of the Fourth Lateran Council's prohibition of new orders in 1215, and without taking vows. The simplicity and devotion of the Devotio Moderna, though, seems to have lessened the force of many of these criticisms.

The movement was especially prominent in cities in the Low Countries during the 14th and 15th centuries. Alongside its immediate impact, however, it was the writings of authors associated with the movement (who were most commonly based in the monasteries associated with Windesheim), that gave the Devotio Moderna its wider European influence at the time, and its great subsequent influence.

Decline
In the early 15th century, even before the Protestant Revolution, Devotio Moderna was fading due to many Christians wanting more "pomp and ceremony in processions".

In the wake of the Protestant Reformation, the institutions of the Devotio Moderna declined rapidly.

In Protestant territories, both the brother houses and the monasteries were dissolved. Most of the houses of the Brethren, including the founding homes of Deventer and Zwolle, had disappeared by 1600. In Roman Catholic areas, some of the brother houses and houses of the Windesheim Congregation survived until they fell victim to the secularisations of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The most important members of the Windesheim Congregation in Germany, St. Marienwolde in Frenswegen, held out until 1809 when the state officially dissolved it. The last canon, Gerhard Tobbe, left Frenswegen in 1815.

Teachings
Four cornerstones of the Brethren of the Common Life and its associated devotio moderna were:

 contempt of the world and of self (),
 imitation of the lowly life of Christ (),
 good-will (), and
 the grace of devoutness (.)

Contempt of the world and of self
There was a widely followed movement within the Devotio Moderna traditions that frowned upon pilgrimages.

The Imitation of Christ

The Imitation of Christ (c. 1418), often attributed to Thomas à Kempis (d. 1471), a Brother of the Common Life, outlines the concepts of Modern Devotion, based on personal connection to God and the active showing of love towards Him (e.g., in the Blessed Sacrament of the altar or during mass). It influenced a number of Saints such as Thérèse of Lisieux and Ignatius of Loyola. Though the members of Devotio Moderna also wrote in their native language, which was IJssellands, a written language which stood in between Middle Dutch and Middle Low German, The Imitation of Christ is written in Latin.

By the late 15th century the advent of the printing press increased the reach of the movement; The Imitation of Christ was printed in several languages by the end of the century.

Techniques for prayer
The spiritual life of the Devotio Moderna followers was marked by focus on inner devotions and frequent short periods of meditation, especially before each new activity.

The writings of the Devotio Moderna followers such as Gerard of Zutphen and Jan Mombaer, as well as Groote introduced the tradition of "methodical prayer" which arranged exercises day by day and week by week. Groote's On four Kinds of Matter for Meditation included mental imagery, as well as methodical approaches as an element of meditation.

Centuries earlier, Hugh of Saint Victor and Guigo II had produced structured methods for Christian meditation, but their approaches were less systematic. The methodical approach of Devotio Moderna towards prayer and meditation found significant following within the Catholic Church, as well as later Reformed communities. The manuals for methodical prayer and meditation by Florens Radewyns and Zutphen had significant influence within Europe for over a century.

The concept of immersing and projecting oneself into a Biblical scene about the life of Jesus was developed by Ludolph of Saxony in his Vita Christi in 1374 and became popular among the Devotio Moderna community. The methods of methodical prayer as taught by the Devotio Moderna entered Spain and were known in the early 16th century, and influenced the approaches to Christian meditation.

Garcias de Cisneros the abbot of the abbey of Montserrat was influenced by the Devotio Moderna and his book Ejercitatorio de la vida spiritual, i.e. "exercises for the spiritual life"  became one of the primary sources for the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola. Ignatius used both of these techniques in his Spiritual exercises: a methodical format, as well as self-projection into a Biblical scene, e.g. starting a conversation with Christ in Calvary. Also influenced by the Devotio Moderna were Ludovico Barbo, Lawrence Giustiniani and the Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga.

However, the methods of "methodical prayer" taught by the Devotio Moderna and the techniques used for "self projection" into the imagery of a Biblical scene (to participate in the life of Jesus), significantly influenced the approaches to Christian meditation in the 16th century and thereafter. These methods persist in meditations such as the Spiritual Exercises, which the Jesuits continue to practice.

Influence
Devotio Moderna arose at the same time as Christian Humanism, a meshing of Renaissance Humanism and Christianity, and is related to German mysticism and other movements which promoted an intense personal relationship with God. Practitioners of the Devotio Moderna emphasized the individual's inner life and promoted meditation according to certain strictures. With the ideals of Christian Humanism, Devotio Moderna recommended a more individual attitude towards belief and religion. It is regarded sometimes as a contributing factor for Lutheranism and Calvinism. It was also a significant influence upon Erasmus, who was brought up in this tradition.

See also
 Brothers of the Common Life
 Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga
 Christian Humanism
 Christian meditation
 Hendrik Mande
 Imitation of Christ (ideal)
 The Imitation of Christ (book)

References

Sources

Further reading
 Spirituality renewed: Studies on significant representatives of the Modern Devotion. Edited by Hein Blommestijn, Charles Caspers and Rijcklof Hofman (Leuven: Peeters, 2003)
 Elias H. Füllenbach, Devotio Moderna (I. Christianity), in: Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception (EBR), vol. 6 (2013), col. 716–717
 Van Engen, John, Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life: The Devotio Moderna and the World of the Later Middle Ages, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008)

Christian terminology
15th-century Catholicism
Catholic Church in the Netherlands
History of Christianity in the Netherlands
History of Deventer

Devotio Moderna


Zhang Tingyu (, October 29, 1672 – May 19, 1755) was a Han Chinese politician and historian who lived in the Qing dynasty.

Biography

Zhang Tingyu was born in Tongcheng in Anhui province. In 1700, he obtained a jinshi position in the imperial examination and shortly afterwards he was appointed to the Hanlin Academy. He subsequently rose through the ranks in the Qing civil service and served under the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors. Zhang Tingyu was especially trusted by the Yongzheng Emperor, who made him one of the first members of the Grand Council, an informal state organ which would, in due course, develop into the emperor's own privy council. His colleagues included renowned figures like Maci.

Zhang was an upstanding civil service officer and highly praised for both his upright character and principled background. Having considerable skill in literature, he compiled the History of Ming in 1739. There is some confusion as to whether he or another trusted officer Longkodo was the principal announcer of the will of Kangxi. Zhang was the only official to survive the battles of succession from Kangxi to Yongzheng to Qianlong, and was trusted by all three emperors. His Manchu rival, Ortai, was an official who served Yongzheng and Qianlong. However, his relationship with the Qianlong Emperor deteriorated during his final years.

In 1749, Zhang requested for retirement, his second request in two years. In his letter, Zhang further requested the Qianlong Emperor to honor the Yongzheng Emperor's wish to allow his plaque to be placed at the Imperial Ancestral Temple. The Qianlong Emperor was displeased, but granted Zhang's request. The next day, Zhang did not visit the emperor to thank him in person, instead sending his son Ruocheng. The Qianlong Emperor was greatly angered by this, and issued an edict to rebuke Zhang. Wang Youdun, one of Zhang's students, sought clemency on Zhang's behalf, and informed Zhang of the emperor's anger. However, Zhang made the mistake of seeking an audience with the emperor even before the edict rebuking him had reached his residence. The Qianlong emperor then knew that Wang had leaked the news of his anger to Zhang. The emperor then relieved Wang of his official post (Wang had been in said position for less than a month), and Zhang of his nobility title. In the second lunar month of 1750, Zhang again requested to return to his hometown. As the emperor's eldest son Yonghuang had just died, the emperor was again incensed. He then sent Zhang a list of past officials who had their plaques enshrined in imperial ancestral temples, and ordered Zhang to reflect on whether he was worthy of the honour. Zhang then requested the emperor to revoke the honor and to punish him; the Qianlong emperor agreed to the revocation, but did not punish Zhang further. In the seventh lunar month of the same year, Zhang Ruocheng's father-in-law Zhu Quan was implicated in a case, which then implicated Zhang Tingyu. The emperor then decided to punish Zhang by revoking all rewards which had been bestowed upon Zhang by himself, his father and grandfather.

Zhang died of illness in 1755, and was granted a plaque at the Imperial Ancestral Temple according to the wishes of the Yongzheng Emperor and the Qianlong Emperor, who had decided to reverse the revocation decision. He was the only Han Chinese official during the Qing Dynasty to be bestowed such a posthumous honor.

References

 Luo, Ming. "Zhang Tingyu". Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.
 Draft History of Qing, volume 288.

See also
Twenty-Four Histories

1672 births
1755 deaths
18th-century Chinese historians
Politicians from Anqing
Qing dynasty historians
Grand Councillors of the Qing dynasty
Grand Secretaries of the Qing dynasty
Assistant Grand Secretaries
Historians from Anhui

Zhang Tingyu


Kenneth Dewayne Wright (born September 14, 1977) is a former American football cornerback. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the fourth round of the 1999 NFL Draft. He played college football at Northwestern State.

Wright also played for the Houston Texans, Jacksonville Jaguars, Washington Redskins and Cleveland Browns.

Early years
Wright was born in Ruston, Louisiana and attended Ruston High School.

College career
Wright attended and played college football for three years at Northwestern State University after transferring from the University of Arkansas.  He majored in Physical education.

Professional career

Minnesota Vikings
Wright was drafted in the fourth round (120th overall) in the 1999 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings.  In his rookie season he played in all 16 games with 11 starts and finished the campaign with 80 tackles including a career-high 11 tackles at the New York Giants on December 26.  In his second season with the Vikings, he again played in all 16 games and posted 47 tackles.  In 2001, his final year for Minnesota, he played in 15 games and finished the season with 45 tackles.

Houston Texans
Wright began the year with the Vikings, but was waived on July 31, 2002.  He was signed by the Houston Texans off waivers on August 1, 2002.  In his first season with the Texans he played in all 16 games and finished the year with 34 tackles and one sack.  In 2003, he played in 15 games and totaled 53 tackles and a career-high three interceptions.  His third season with the Texans was less productive and he finished with only eight tackles.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Wright was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an unrestricted free agent on March 31, 2005.  He started in all 16 games and finished the season with 78 tackles and two interceptions.

Washington Redskins
Wright was signed by the Washington Redskins as an unrestricted free agent on April 3, 2006.  He played in 16 games including nine starts, recording 43 tackles and one interception.

Cleveland Browns
The Cleveland Browns signed Wright as an unrestricted free agent on March 4, 2007 to a three-year deal.  He was released on May 15, 2008.

2008 Arrests
On April 3, 2008, Kenny was arrested after a foot chase in Pearland, Texas.  1.875 ounces of marijuana was found in his car.  It was later revealed that Wright was also arrested on March 1, 2008 for marijuana possession following a traffic stop.  Additionally, Wright was suspended for one year by the NCAA while at Northwestern State for testing positive for marijuana during a random drug test.  Subsequently, he declared for the 1999 NFL draft with one year of college eligibility remaining.

References

External links
 Cleveland Browns bio

1977 births
Living people
Players of American football from Ruston, Louisiana
American football cornerbacks
Arkansas Razorbacks football players
Northwestern State Demons football players
Minnesota Vikings players
Houston Texans players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Washington Redskins players
Cleveland Browns players
Ruston High School alumni

Kenny Wright


is a Japanese architect.

Born in Hokkaido in 1971, he graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1994, and established his own office, Sou Fujimoto Architects, in 2000. Noted for delicate light structures and permeable enclosures, Fujimoto designed several houses, and in 2013, was selected to design the temporary Serpentine Gallery pavilion in London. In 2021, Fujimoto received the master's degree from l'École Spéciale d'Architecture in Paris.

Fujimoto published a book in 2008 called Sou Fujimoto: Primitive Future. It contains an overview of his projects up to that date, and it explains his concept of primitive future and how he uses it in his work.

Career
After establishing Sou Fujimoto Architects in 2000, Fujimoto went on to design buildings across Japan and Europe. Many of his designs are built around his idea that the function of a building is decided by human behavior. In 2019, Fujimoto was selected as one of 23 architects to "reinvent" Paris. His contributions to this project include a redesign of a plot in the 17th arrondissement of Paris.

Selected works
 Final Wooden House, Kumamoto, 2005–08
Children's Centre for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Hokkaido, Japan, 2006
T House, Gunma, Japan, 2006-2010
 N House, Oita, 2008
 House before House, Utsunomiya, 2009
 Tokyo Apartment, Tabashi-ku, Tokyo, 2006-10
Musashino Art University Museum and Library, Tokyo, Japan, 2010
Toilet in Nature, Chiba, Japan, 2012
 House K, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan, 2011-2013
 Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, London, 2013
 Bus Stop in Krumbach, Austria, 2014
 Naoshima Pavilion, Naoshima, Kagawa, Japan, 2016
 L'Arbre Blanc, Montpellier, France, 2017 (est.)
House of Hungarian Music, Budapest, Hungary, 2022
Mille Arbres (A Thousand Trees), Paris, France, 2016-2023 (est.)

Awards
 JIA New Face Award, 2004
 International Design Competition for the Environment Art Forum, 1st Prize, 2004
 Wooden House Competition, Kumamoto, 1st Prize, 2005
 Architectural Review Award Grand Prize, 2006

 Kenneth F. Brown Architecture Design Award, 2007
 Japanese Institute of Architecture Grand Prize, 2008
 Wallpaper Design Award, 2009
 Taiwan Tower International Competition: First Prize, 2011
 Marcus Prize for Architecture, 2013

References

External links

Japanese architects
1971 births
Living people
People from Hokkaido
University of Tokyo alumni

Sou Fujimoto


Knight of the shire () was the formal title for a member of parliament (MP) representing a county constituency in the British House of Commons,  from its origins in the medieval Parliament of England until the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 ended the practice of each county (or shire) forming a single constituency. The corresponding titles for other MPs were burgess in a borough constituency  (or citizen if the borough had city status) and baron for a Cinque Ports constituency. Knights of the shire had more prestige than burgesses, and sitting burgesses often stood for election for the shire in the hope of increasing their standing in Parliament.

The name "knight of the shire" originally implied that the representative had to be a knight, and the writ of election referred to a belted knight until the 19th century; but by the 14th century men who were not knights were commonly elected. An act of Henry VI (23 Hen. 6. c. 14) stipulated that those eligible for election were knights and "such notable esquires and gentlemen as have estates sufficient to be knights, and by no means of the degree of yeoman".

From  Simon de Montfort's Parliament in 1265, each shire sent two knights, and the number was standard until 1826 when Yorkshire gained two additional knights after the disfranchisement of Grampound borough. Under the Representation of the People Act 1832 counties with larger populations sent more knights than smaller ones. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 split each multiple-seat shire into multiple single-seat divisions. This change, together with the concomitant standardisation of the franchise, means that county and borough constituencies now differ only slightly, as to election expenses and their type of returning officer.

The term  "knight of the shire" has been used more recently in a tongue-in-cheek manner for senior  Conservative Party backbenchers representing rural constituencies in England and Wales.

Middle Ages
The precursor to the English parliamentary system was a Magnum Concilium or great council, an advice chamber to the king consisting of peers, ecclesiastics, and knights of the shire (with the king summoning two of these from each county). In 1264, this council evolved to include representatives from the boroughs (burgesses), requiring that all members be elected (Montfort's Parliament). The parliament gained legislative powers in 1295 (the Model Parliament). In the following century, in 1341, Edward III split Parliament into its current bicameral structure, which includes the House of Commons and the House of Lords. It opted in 1376 to appoint Sir Peter de la Mare to convey to the Lords complaints about heavy taxes, demands for an accounting of the royal expenditures, and criticism of the king's management of the military. Although de la Mare was imprisoned for his actions, many recognised the value of a single representative voice for the Commons. Accordingly, an office of Speaker of the House of Commons was created. Mare was soon released after the death of Edward III and became the Speaker of the House again in 1377.

Before 1430, the franchise (electorate) for elections of knights of the shire was not restricted to forty-shilling freeholders. Discussing the original county franchise, historian Charles Seymour suggested, "It is probable that all free inhabitant householders voted and that the parliamentary qualification was, like that which compelled attendance in the county court, merely a 'resiance' or residence qualification." He goes on to explain why Parliament decided to legislate about the county franchise. "The Act of 1430," he said, "after declaring that elections had been crowded by many persons of low estate, and that confusion had thereby resulted, accordingly enacted that the suffrage should be limited to persons qualified by a freehold of 40s".

The Parliament of England legislated the new uniform county franchise, in the Electors of Knights of the Shires Act 1429 (8 Hen. 6. c. 7). It was included as a recital in the Electors of Knights of the Shire Act 1432 (10 Hen. 6. c. 2), which amended and re-enacted the 1430 law to make clear that the resident of a county had to have a forty-shilling freehold in that county in order to be a voter there.

Over the course of time, authorities began to consider a great number of different types of property as forty-shilling freeholds. Subsequently, the residence requirement disappeared.

Reform
Until the Representation of the People Act 1832, each county continued to send two knights (apart from Yorkshire, which had its number of knights increased to four in 1826). How these knights were chosen varied from one county to the next and evolved over time. The 1832 Act increased the number of knights sent by some populous counties to as many as six.

Modern usage
The term became obsolete due to the final destruction of counties mentioned by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 and widened structure of electorate in the Reform Act of 1884 (the Third Great Reform Act), and in the Representation of the People Act 1918. The term rapidly died out during the 20th century in reference to Members of Parliament who represent county constituencies; for they no longer represented a whole county.

The term occasionally features as journalese to describe elderly Members of Parliament, usually any Conservative backbenchers with long service who possess a knighthood.

See also
House of Commons of England
Parliament of Scotland
Knights of Buckinghamshire

References

Citations

Sources

The text of the 1832 Reform Act
 Chronological Table of the Statutes: Part 1 1235-1962 (The Stationery Office Ltd 1999)
 Electoral Reform in England and Wales, by Charles Seymour (David & Charles Reprints 1970)
 The Statutes: Revised Edition, Vol. I Henry III to James II (printed by authority in 1876)
 The Statutes: Second Revised Edition, Vol. XVI 1884-1886 (printed by authority in 1900)

Political history of the United Kingdom
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707)

Knight of the shire


PJ's Smoothies was a brand of smoothies produced by parent company Copella, who produce fruit juices. In turn, Copella is owned by PepsiCo.

History

PJ's Smoothies was established in 1994 by founders Harry Cragoe and Patrick Folkes. PJ's Smoothies was the original UK smoothie. In 1994, PJ's Smoothies was originally marketed as "Pete & Johnny's", but there was never anyone actually called Pete or Johnny. This seems to be contradicted by the following article from the evening standard suggesting that Peter Dubens was the Pete...https://www.standard.co.uk/business/lowprofile-entrepreneur-all-the-highrollers-know-6463917.html

In 2003, it became the first to launch a kids' smoothie, 'Frooties', and in the same year made its television debut (the first smoothie brand to appear on UK TV) as the sponsor of reality game show, Survivor.

Purchase by PepsiCo and Discontinuation

PepsiCo bought the PJ's Smoothies brand in 2005 for £20 million.

In 2007, PJ's Smoothies had lost its dominance in the marketplace to Innocent Smoothies who now has an 80% market share. In 2007, Landor Associates redesigned PJ's Smoothies logo and packaging. Landor also handled PJ's first rebranding in 2006.

At the beginning of 2008, PepsiCo announced that it was cutting the cost of PJ's Smoothies by 30% and reducing the size of the range by half to attract new customers to the smoothie market. Later on in 2008, PepsiCo announced that it was scrapping the PJ's Smoothies brand to focus more on the Tropicana brand.

Products

PJ's Smoothies were available in seven flavours; Orange, Mandarin & Guava, Strawberry, Apple & Rhubarb, Apple, Kiwi and Limes and Strawberry & Banana. PJ's Smoothies came in 250ml bottles and 1 litre bottles.

References

Drink brands

PJ's Smoothies


United Nations Security Council resolution 1554, adopted unanimously on 29 July 2004, after reaffirming all resolutions on Abkhazia and Georgia, particularly Resolution 1524 (2004), the council extended the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until 31 January 2005.

Resolution

Observations
In the preamble of the resolution, the Security Council stressed that the lack of progress on a settlement between the two parties was unacceptable. It condemned the shooting down of an UNOMIG helicopter in October 2001 which resulted in nine deaths and deplored that the perpetrators of the attack had not been identified. The contributions of UNOMIG and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping forces in the region were welcomed, in addition to the United Nations-led peace process.

Acts
The Security Council welcomed political efforts to resolve the situation, in particular the "Basic Principles for the Distribution of Competences between Tbilisi and Sukhumi" to facilitate negotiations between Georgia and Abkhazia. It regretted the lack of progress on political status negotiations and the refusal of Abkhazia to discuss the document, further calling on both sides to overcome their mutual mistrust. All violations of the 1994 Agreement on a Cease-fire and Separation of Forces were condemned. The council also welcomed the calm in the Kodori Valley and the signing of a protocol by both parties on 2 April 2002. Concerns of the civilian population were noted and the Georgian side was asked to guarantee the safety of UNOMIG and CIS troops in the valley.

The resolution urged the two parties to revitalise the peace process, including greater participation on issues relating to refugees, internally displaced persons, economic co-operation and political and security matters. It also reaffirmed the unacceptability of demographic changes resulting from the conflict. Abkhazia in particular was called upon to improve law enforcement, address the lack of instruction to ethnic Georgians in their first language and ensure the safety of returning refugees. The police component of UNOMIG was in the process of being deployed, however there was concern that it had not deployed to the Gali region.

The Council called again on both parties to take measures to identify those responsible for the shooting down of an UNOMIG helicopter in October 2001. Both parties were also asked to dissociate themselves from military rhetoric and demonstrations in support of illegal armed groups, and ensure the safety of United Nations personnel. Furthermore, there were concerns about the security of UNOMIG personnel, with repeated killings and abductions of UNOMIG and CIS peacekeeping personnel, which the council condemned.

See also
 Georgian–Abkhazian conflict
 List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1501 to 1600 (2003–2005)
 United Nations resolutions on Abkhazia

References

External links

Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

 1554
Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
2004 in Georgia (country)
2004 in Abkhazia
 1554
 1554
July 2004 events

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1554