The 25th century BC is a century which lasted from the year 2500 BCE to 2401 BCE.

Events

c. 2900 BCE – 2334 BCE: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period.
c. 2500 BCE: Rice was first introduced to Malaysia
c. 2500 BCE: Scribal schools do well throughout Sumer.
c. 2500 BCE: Cylinder seal from Sumer and its impression are made. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
c. 2500 BCE: Excavation and development of the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni at Paola, Malta, a subterranean temple complex subsequently used as a necropolis.
c. 2500 BCE: Valley Temple of Khafra, Giza, is built.
c. 2500 BCE: Khafra from Giza Valley, Temple of Khafra is made. Fourth dynasty of Egypt. Discovered by Auguste Mariette. It is now kept in Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
c. 2500 BCE: People in Peru rely on fish and mussels for food.
c. 2500 BCE – 2000 BCE: Mohenjo-Daro is about  in size and has a population of c. 20,000 to 50,000.
c. 2494 BCE: End of Fourth Dynasty, start of Fifth Dynasty in Egypt. Construction of the Pyramids begins.
c. 2494 BCE – 2345 BCE: "Sculptors at work", relief from Saqqara, Fifth Dynasty. It is now at Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt.
c. 2494 BCE – 2345 BCE: "Seated Scribe" from tomb of vizier, Saqqara, sculpture, Fifth dynasty of Egypt is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
2492 BCE: Traditional date for the legendary foundation of the Armenian nation (see Haik).
c. 2450 BCE: End of the Early Dynastic IIIa Period and beginning of the Early Dynastic IIIb Period in Sumer.
c. 2450 BCE: Kish is lost to Khamazi tribesmen of the Kurdistan mountains; Elamites from Awan occupy parts of Sumer.  (Roux 1980)
c. 2410 BCE: By this time, kings in Sumer have stopped to be automatically high priests of the city deity.  (Roux 1980) Semitic infiltration and conquest of Mesopotamia begins.  (1968 RD Almanac)
c. 2400–2200 BCE: Construction of Stonehenge
Megalithic Culture begins to spread through Europe and the western Mediterranean. (1968 RD Almanac)
Celts begin invading Europe from the east. (1968 RD Almanac)
Earliest signs of Battle Axe Culture from the Caucasus. (Encyc. Americana)
Southeastern Spain is settled from the Mediterranean, by people using Predynastic Egyptian-style pottery. (Encyc. Americana)
Amorites and Canaanites occupy Syria and Lebanon. (Encyc. Americana)

Significant persons
2492 BCE—Hayk founds Armenia
2491 BCE—Mythical Chinese Emperor Zhuanxu
2490 BCE—Menkaura is Pharaoh. (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2475 BCE—Shepseskaf is Pharaoh. (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2465 BCE—Fifth dynasty of Egypt; Userkaf is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2458 BCE—Sahure is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2446 BCE—Neferirkare Kakai is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2426 BCE—Shepseskare Isi is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
c. 2425 BCE—Death of Eannatum of Lagash; succeeded by his nephew, Entemena, whose ally, Lugal-kinishe-dudu, unites Uruk and Ur (Roux 1980)
2419 BCE—Ra'neferef is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2416 BCE—Nyuserre Ini is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)

Inventions, discoveries, introductions
 Harappan civilisation, at its peak, covered an area of around 480,000 km² (298 258.172 mi²). Its heartland lay in the Indus river valley in Pakistan, but settlements spread as far as the Makran coast, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, eastern Punjab, Kutch and Saurashtra. They included cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Kalibangan, Dholavira, ports like Lothal, Sutkagen-dor and Sotka-koh and many villages as well. They used irrigation to farm and built cities. The two main cities had sewage systems, bronze, trade tokens (early coins), and hieroglyphs. There were even baths at one of the villages, besides the great baths of brick in each city. Geometry of shrines and altars tends to identify these with the cities of the Yajur Veda: they might easily be a thousand years older than this conservative date.
Cycladic marble figures show the use of both the musical pipe and the kithara form of lyre. (Archaeology of the Olympics 1988)
Earliest surviving ski is left in a peat bog at Hoting, Sweden, about this time. (Encyc. Americana)
Sumerians use domestic asses on war chariots (Standard of Ur), not onagers as early interpreters claimed. (Clutton-Brock)
Agriculture at Prieta Huaca includes cotton and bottle-gourds. (Bailey 1973)

25th century BC

25th century BC


DRB-HICOM Berhad () is one of Malaysia's leading corporations, involved in the automotive manufacturing, assembly and distribution industry through its involvement in the passenger car and four wheel drive vehicle market segment, the national truck project and the national motorcycle project. DRB-HICOM is the majority shareholder of Malaysia's national car company, Proton, with China's Zhejiang Geely Holding Group the other shareholder since an equity sale in 2017. The Group also owns national motorcycle company Modenas, with Japanese two-wheeler giant Kawasaki as its partner. DRB-HICOM assembles cars in Malaysia for Tata Motors, Honda, Isuzu, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen, with plans for expansion. The Group also retails various brands such Audi (via Euromobil Sdn Bhd), Mitsubishi (via EON Auto Mart Sdn Bhd) and Volkswagen (via HICOM Auto Sdn Bhd).

Besides automotive concerns, DRB-HICOM's core business focuses are in the services (postal, banking, vehicle inspections) and property & infrastructure sectors. These are conducted via several companies such as Pos Malaysia, Bank Muamalat, and Puspakom. It is also the owner of two education institutions, namely DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia and Akademi Saga in Pekan, Pahang. The latter is a vocational training centre that produces trained mechanics.

The Group also has a significant presence in the defence industry. Through DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies, it designs, develops, manufactures and supplies armoured and logistics vehicles for military and homeland security use. It supplies mainly to the Government of Malaysia.

History
HICOM was incorporated on 11 March 1910 under The Companies Enactment 1897 as The New Serendah Rubber Company Limited. The name of the company was changed to The New Serendah Rubber Company Berhad on 15 April 1966. Subsequently, on 16 December 1993, it changed its name to HICOM Holdings Berhad pursuant to a restructuring exercise. It was incorporated in 1980 as the Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia Berhad (HICOM).

Diversified Resources Berhad (DRB) was incorporated in 1990 as Peerless Assets Sdn Bhd. It was changed to DRB in September 1991, and listed itself on Malaysia's main bourse in September the following year.

In 1996, both companies merged to form the biggest conglomerate in Malaysia. DRB-HICOM was listed on the Main Board of the KLSE on 4 September 1992 and assumed its present name on 11 May 2000.

Within the manufacturing capabilities of DRB-HICOM is CTRM, a specialist composites products manufacturer, and counts Airbus, Boeing and Learjet as their aviation customers. The plant in Melaka houses 12 autoclaves, the largest number of autoclaves in a facility in ASEAN.

On 8 March 2018, the Group announced a major shift in the direction of their property sector. In a cash plus land swap deal with companies owned by their majority shareholder, DRB-HICOM announced the sale of several plots of land and all its hospitality assets. This shift will see DRB-HICOM exiting the hospitality industry with the sale of Glenmarie Golf & Country Club, Holiday Inn Glenmarie KL and Vivanta by Taj at Rebak Island Marina. This transaction was completed on 31 December 2020.

Five months later, on 1 August 2018, DRB-HICOM announced the sale of their waste management company Alam Flora Sdn Bhd (AFSB) to Malakoff Corporation Berhad. Included in the deal valued at RM1.0b was DRB-HICOM Environmental Services Sdn Bhd (DHES), a unit of AFSB. After several extensions of time, the deal was finally completed on 5 December 2019.

Significant companies under DRB-HICOM

Subsidiaries
 PROTON Holdings Berhad – DRB-HICOM is a majority shareholder of PROTON, with Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Limited owning 49.9% equity in the national car company.
 Pos Malaysia Berhad – Malaysia's national post services provider. Pos Malaysia is listed on Bursa Malaysia.
 Bank Muamalat Malaysia - Bank Muamalat is an Islamic bank that offers a variety of products that are compliant with Shariah law.
 CTRM - a Batu Berendam, Melaka-based composites specialist that supplies to the global aviation industry.
 Motosikal Dan Enjin Nasional Sdn Bhd (Modenas)  equity of 81% – Motorcycle manufacture and related components.
 HICOM Automotive Manufacturers Malaysia Sdn Bhd (formerly known as Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd) - Assembly of Volkswagen passenger vehicles.
 Deftech – Defence vehicles manufacturer based in Pekan, Pahang.
 Edaran Otomobil Nasional (EON) - a multi-brand dealer of vehicles, covering PROTON, Audi (Euromobil Sdn Bhd), Volkswagen (HICOM Auto Sdn Bhd, Mitsubishi (EON Automart Sdn Bhd)
 Automotive Corporation Malaysia Sdn Bhd (ACM) () – Authorised dealer for Isuzu Malaysia Sdn Bhd.
 DRB-HICOM Auto Solutions Sdn Bhd
 HICOM Diecastings Sdn Bhd - Casting and Machining company incorporated in 1985.
 Puspakom Sdn Bhd – Vehicle inspection centre.
 DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia
 PHN Industry Sdn Bhd - An automotive component manufacturing group of companies which consist of PHN Industry Sdn Bhd and its subsidiaries Oriental Summit Industries (OSI) Sdn Bhd and DRB-HICOM Mechatronics Sdn Bhd (DHMSB).
 HICOM-TECK SEE Manufacturing (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd – Equity of 51%. Manufacturer of automotive plastics components.
 PHN Industry Sdn Bhd – Metal stamping company.
 Oriental Summit Industries Sdn Bhd – Equity 70%. Metal stamping company.

Associated companies
 Honda (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd  – equity of 34%
 Mitsubishi Motors Malaysia Sdn Bhd – Equity of 48%.
 Isuzu HICOM Malaysia - Assembly of lights/heavy duty trucks, bus and passenger cars. Equity of 49%.
 Isuzu Malaysia Sdn Bhd – Equity of 49%.
 Suzuki Malaysia Automobile Sdn Bhd – Equity of 40%
 Suzuki Motorcycle Malaysia Sdn Bhd – Motorcycle engines & components
 HICOM-Yamaha Manufacturing (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd – Equity of 45%. Manufacturer of Yamaha motorcycle engines and components. Incorporated 1983.
 Pos Logistics Berhad – Logistics, Warehousing, Distribution, Automotive, Freight Forwarding & Haulage Services. Equity of 61.6%.

References

External links

DRB-HICOM – Google Finance

1996 establishments in Malaysia
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1996
Malaysian companies established in 1996
Companies based in Shah Alam
Auto dealerships
Companies listed on Bursa Malaysia
Government-owned companies of Malaysia

DRB-HICOM


The Soldier or Tropical Queen (Danaus eresimus) is a North American and South American butterfly.  It is in the family Nymphalidae.  Their flight is slow and they are easy to approach.  They will fly for some distance if approached too closely.

Description
The upper side of the wings is a dark reddish-brown color.  The fore wing (the top wing) sometimes has white spots along the edge.  The veins are lightly marked with black.  The male has a black patch on his hind wing (the bottom wing).  This spot releases scents to help the female find and mate with the male.  This spot is called an androconium (plural, androconia).  The underside of the wings is also a dark brown color.  There is a band made up of square shaped spots in the center of the hind wing.  The Soldier has a wingspan of 2½ to 3½ inches.

Similar species
Similar species in the Soldier's range include the Monarch (Danaus plexippus) and the Queen (Danaus gilippus).

The Monarch is more orange.  It has heavier black-lined veins.  The underside of the wings is a pale yellowish color.

The Queen has nearly no black-lined veins.  On the fore wing it has white spots on both surfaces of the wings.

Habitat
The Soldier may be found in a variety of open, subtropical habitats such as citrus groves, weedy water edges, and dry fields.

Flight period
This butterfly my be seen from February to December in southern Florida (it is most common in October to December).  In southern Texas, it is seen from August to January.

Life cycle
The eggs are bright orange. The black caterpillar is banded with white and yellow stripes.  It has a row of yellowish-tan spots near the top of the body.  There are six black, fleshy filaments.  The first pair is near the head.  The second pair is on the thorax.  The third pair is at the end of the abdomen.  The chrysalis is very similar to the Monarch's chrysalis.  It is very hard to tell the difference between them.  It has 3 or more broods per year.

Host plants
Here is a list of host plants that the Soldier caterpillar feeds on:

 Morrenia odorata - Strangler Vine
 Sarcostemma clausum - White Vine
 Spigelia anthelmia - West Indian Pinkroot

References

e

Danaus eresimus


A New Day Yesterday Live is the first live album by American blues rock musician Joe Bonamassa. Recorded in December 2001 during the promotional tour for Bonamassa's debut album A New Day Yesterday, it was released in 2002 by Premier Artists.

Reception

Music website AllMusic gave A New Day Yesterday Live 3.5 out of five stars, with reviewer Eduardo Rivadavia praising the album but noting it as an unnecessary release given the studio album came out only a few months earlier. Guitar Nine Records reports that Guitar Magazine Guitar World gave the album a four-star review, describing it as "one funky good time". Richard Verbrugge of the website Lords of Metal was equally positive about the album, claiming that it "shows [Bonamassa] belongs at the top of the blues rock genre".

Track listing

Personnel

Musical performers
Joe Bonamassa – guitar, vocals
Eric Czar – bass
Kenny Kramme – drums

Production personnel
David Brinker – production
David Fritz – production
Roy Weisman – production
Diane Gentile – production assistance

Additional personnel
Josh Engelhardt – engineering
Drew Lavyne – engineering
William Putt – engineering
Joe Blaney – mixing

References

2002 live albums
Joe Bonamassa albums

A New Day Yesterday Live


Salva Kiir Mayardit (born 13 September 1951), also known as Salva Kiir, is a South Sudanese politician who has been the President of South Sudan since its independence on 9 July 2011. Prior to independence, he was the President of the Government of Southern Sudan, as well as First Vice President of Sudan, from 2005 to 2011. He was named Commander-in-Chief of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in 2005, following the death of John Garang.

Early life
Kiir was born in 1951 into a pastoral Dinka family in the village of Akon in the Awan-Chan Dinka community in Gogrial County, South Sudan, as the eighth of nine children (six boys and three girls) in the family. His father, Kuethpiny Thiik Atem (d. 2007), was a cattle herder who belonged to Payum clan. Atem had three wives, Awiei Rou Wol, Adut Makuei Piol and Awien Akoon Deng, along with 16 children. Kiir's mother, Awiei Rou Wol Tong was a farmer, who belonged to the Payii clan.

Sudanese civil wars

In the late 1960s, Kiir joined the Anyanya battalion in the First Sudanese Civil War. By the time of the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement, he was a low-ranking officer. In 1983, when John Garang joined an army mutiny he had been sent to put down, Kiir and other Southern leaders joined the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) in the second civil war. Garang De Mabior had advanced military knowledge and experience from both the United States and Sudan, and Kiir served as his deputy. In 1997, Kiir commanded the SPLA troops that took part in Operation Thunderbolt, a very successful rebel offensive during which most of Western Equatoria was captured by the SPLA. Kiir eventually rose to head the SPLA, the SPLM's military wing when Dr. John Garang was killed in a helicopter crash. Rumours to remove Kiir from his post as SPLA Chief of Staff in 2004 nearly caused the organization to split.

South Sudanese politics
Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement formally ending the war in January 2005, Garang was sworn in as the Vice President of the Republic of Sudan. After the death of Garang in a helicopter crash on 30 July 2005, Kiir was chosen to succeed to the post of First Vice President of Sudan and President of Southern Sudan. Before independence, Kiir was popular among the military wing of the SPLA/M for his loyalty to the vision of the SPLA/M throughout the liberation struggle and among those who do not trust the successive governments that have come and gone in the Sudan.

Comments by Kiir in October 2009 that the forthcoming independence referendum was a choice between being "a second class in your own country" or "a free person in your independent state" were expected to further strain political tensions. Reports in January 2010 that Kiir would not contest April elections for Sudanese president, but would focus on re-election as president of Southern Sudan were interpreted to mean that the SPLM priority was independence.

Kiir was re-elected with 93% of the vote in the 2010 South Sudanese election. Although the vote on both the national and sub-national level was criticized by democratic activists and international observers, the overwhelming margin of Kiir's re-election was noted by some media as being "Step One" in the process of secession. Following his re-election, Omar al-Bashir reappointed Kiir as the First Vice President of Sudan in accordance with the interim constitution.

Presidency

South Sudanese voted overwhelmingly in favour of their independence from Sudan in January 2011, with 98.83% of voters reportedly preferring to split from the North. On 9 July 2011, South Sudan became an independent state, with Kiir as its first president. Kiir positioned himself as a reformer, using his inaugural address to call for the South Sudanese people "to forgive though we shall not forget" injustices imposed  at the hands of the northern Sudanese over the preceding decades and announce a general amnesty for South Sudanese groups that had warred against the SPLM in the past. A few weeks later, he publicly addressed members of the military and police to warn them that rape, torture, and other human rights violations carried out by armed personnel would be considered criminal acts and prosecuted aggressively by the Ministry of Justice. His presidency was characterized as a period of reconstruction, albeit one marred by internal and foreign disputes. Among these were the Heglig Crisis, which caused a border war with Sudan, and an internal political crisis in which attempts were made to overthrow him.

Domestic policy
On 18 June 2013, Kiir issued an order lifting the immunity of two ministers in the national government pending investigations into an alleged corruption case in which they appeared to be implicated. He also issued an order suspending Cabinet Affairs Minister Deng Alor Kuol and Finance Minister Kosti Manibe Ngai from their duties during the entire duration of the probe. In July 2013, Kiir sacked his entire cabinet, including his vice president, Riek Machar, ostensibly to reduce the size of government. However, Machar said that it was a step towards dictatorship and that he would challenge Kiir for the presidency. He also dismissed Taban Deng Gai as Governor of Unity State.

Kiir told Radio Netherlands Worldwide that homosexuality is not in the "character" of Southern Sudanese people. "It is not even something that anybody can talk about here in southern Sudan in particular. It is not there and if anybody wants to import or to export it to South Sudan, it will not get the support and it will always be condemned by everybody," he said. He then went on to refer to homosexuality as a "mental disease" and a "bastion of Western immorality".
 In December 2011, 6,000 Lou Nuer armed child soldiers attacked Murle communities. According to investigations carried out by the UN, 800 people from both ethnic groups were killed between December 2011 and February 2012, while women and children were abducted and property was looted and destroyed. Unbeknownst to large numbers of or the entire child soldier population, Kiir planned and had decided to agree to warlike stipends from the Obama administration beginning in 2012, regardless of an American law prohibiting aid to nations utilizing child soldiers created and passed in 2008.
 A lack of accountability and justice pertaining to the investigation, arrest and prosecution of the individuals who carried out the violence against civilians of both the Nuer and Murle ethnic groups is widely believed to have contributed massively to, if not categorically, the  mass murders, as well as the continued perpetration of the ethnic violence. Kiir established a figurehead "Investigation Committee" with an ostentatious mandate to investigate those responsible for the mass murders and murders, but as of January 2013 no finances had been allocated to the "Investigation Committee" or any of its members sworn in to commence the investigation and bring those to justice.
 Throughout the Jonglei disarmament "Operation Restore Peace" which began in March 2012 and continued throughout the year, soldiers were ordered to and assumed the responsibility of extrajudicial killings, severe beatings, binding people with rope, and torture to extract "information" regarding the whereabouts of weapons.

Consolidation of power

After rumours about a planned coup surfaced in Juba in late 2012, Kiir began reorganizing the senior leadership of his government, party and military on an unprecedented scale. In January 2013, he replaced the inspector general of the national police service with a lieutenant from the army, and dismissed six deputy chiefs of staff and 29 major generals in the army. In February 2013 Kiir retired an additional 117 army generals but this was viewed
as troublesome in regards to a power grab by others. Kiir had also suggested that his rivals were trying to revive the rifts that had provoked infighting in the 1990s.

On 7 May 2013 Kiir dismissed legal advisor Justice Ajonye Perpetua and deputy Foreign Minister Elias Nyamlell Wako.
Kiir had announced that he would no longer tolerate criticism by members of his cabinet.
In July, Kiir sacked his entire cabinet, leading experts to warn of upcoming "a full-blown catastrophe". On December 2013, Kiir accused his vice President and other Party members of plotting Coup' leading him to arrest those politicians

Murder and torture of journalists
Moi Peter Julius, who was a political reporter for a South Sudanese newspaper The Corporate, was found murdered late on the night of 19 August 2015 in a residential area of Juba after being shot twice from behind. His murder was committed three days after Kiir publicly and officially threatened journalists, stating that "freedom of the press does not mean that you work against your country. If anybody does not know that this country will kill people, we will demonstrate on them." Earlier in 2015, five journalists by the names of Musa Mohamed (the director of the state-run radio station Raja FM), Adam Juma (reporter and presenter for Raja FM), Dalia Marko and Randa George (reporters for Raja FM), and Boutros Martin (a cameraman for the Western Bahr el Ghazal of South Sudan Television) had been murdered while traveling as part of a convoy, along with six other people. Tom Rhodes of the Committee to Protect Journalists stated after the murders that "The murder of five journalists is a devastating attack on South Sudan's already beleaguered press corps," and that "We urge Western Bahr el Ghazal authorities to do their utmost to identify the perpetrators and bring them to justice, and to ensure journalists are allowed to carry out their duties safely." At present, none of the parties responsible for ordering the murders or perpetrators of the crimes have been arrested, charged, or convicted.

Foreign policy

In mid-October 2011, Kiir announced South Sudan had applied for accession to the East African Community. He declared the EAC to be "at the centre of our hearts" due to its members' support of the South during the Sudanese civil wars.

On 20 December 2011, Kiir visited Israel to thank it for its support during the First Sudanese Civil War from 1956 to 1972, and met with Israeli president Shimon Peres to discuss establishing an embassy in Jerusalem, which would make South Sudan the first country to have one in that city.

After the outbreak of the South Sudanese civil war, Salva Kiir delivered a speech in January 2014 lashing out at the United Nations and "so-called humanitarian organizations," accusing them of supporting Riek Machar to try to overthrow him. He accused the UN of sheltering his enemies on their bases adding, "There is a problem with the international community, and it is something that people will have to thrash out with them."

In March 2014, Kiir's government organized a rally accusing the United Nations of colluding with anti-government forces. Protesters carried signs accusing the UN of arming anti-government forces.

Relations between Kiir's government and some erstwhile supporters deteriorated since the start of the civil war. He disclosed in an op-ed published in his name in the Washington Times in October 2015 that unnamed "international partners in peace" had threatened his government with sanctions, the withdrawal of aid support, and referrals to the International Criminal Court.

Heglig crisis and war with Sudan

On 26 March 2012, the South Sudanese army attacked the oilfield in the town of Heglig  (known also to the Dinka of the Unity state as Panthou), located between the border of the Sudanese state of South Kordofan and the South Sudanese state of Unity, triggering the Heglig Crisis. On 27 September, Kiir met Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir and signed eight agreements in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which led the way to resume important oil exports and create a  demilitarised zone along their border. The agreements allow for the return of  of South Sudanese oil to the world market. In addition, the agreements include an understanding of the parameters to follow in regards to demarcating their border, an economic cooperation agreement and a deal to protect each other's citizens. Certain issues remain unsolved and future talks are scheduled to resolve them.

On 25 November 2012, South Sudan launched a formal complaint to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) against Sudan in the wake of aerial bombings carried out by the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) in parts of South Sudan's northern Bahr el Ghazal state, killing at least eight people and injuring an equal number. South Sudan treated the attack as a gross violation of the cooperation agreement the two country's leaders signed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on 27 September.

Political crisis

In September 2013, an article appeared on the South Sudan News Agency website. The article was authored by a South Sudanese analyst by the name Duop Chak Wuol. In his writings, Duop criticized the ruling SPLM party and warned of widespread consequences if party doesn't fix its growing autocratic policies. Duop also predicted negative results the young nation would face if a civil war break out. Tensions rose between Kiir and his former vice president Riek Machar in December 2013 in the lead-up to a meeting of the National Liberation Council (NLC) of the ruling SPLM party. After two days of NLC meetings, on the night of 15 December 2013 shooting erupted within Salva Kiir's Presidential Guards. The next day, Kiir denounced Machar and other senior SPLM officials for staging a failed coup against his government, a claim later denied by Machar and others. These events marked the start of the South Sudanese Civil War. About 400,000 people were estimated to have been killed in the war by April 2018, including notable atrocities such as the 2014 Bentiu massacre.

Assassination plot
According to a Saudi Arabian diplomatic cable released by Wikileaks in June 2015, the Saudi Arabian embassy in Khartoum had previously alerted the Saudi Arabian government of an assassination plot against Kiir by members of the Egyptian and Sudanese intelligence agencies.

Business interests
Kiir is reported to be the part-owner of ABMC Thai-South Sudan Construction Company Limited.
With Garang Deng Aguer and Benjamin Bol Mel
According to a report by Radio Tamazuj, however, Kiir's shares are not held directly but may be concealed in the name of a close associate. Ties between Kiir and the company were denied by Kiir's spokesman Ateny Wek. The company was awarded at least $161 million in government roads contracts. The president's wife previously held shares in Yanyyom Mineral Water and Beverage Factory located in Juba. The factory took its name from Lake Yanyyom, located near the president's hometown Akon in Warrap State. Another owner of the factory was Garang Deng Aguer, a business magnate and former Governor of Northern Bahr el Ghazal State.

South Sudan famine

In the early months of 2017, parts of South Sudan experienced a famine following several years of instability in the country's food supply caused by civil war and drought. International humanitarian advocates stated the famine was manmade and pointed to the country's ongoing conflict for creating the famine conditions. More than 3 million people had been displaced by ongoing violence across the country, forcing families to abandon agricultural land and livestock, leaving them with few food resources to survive with. The worst fighting was in Unity State, where tens of thousands of people fled their homes due to a government offensive against opposition-held areas.

Days after the declaration of famine, the government raised the price of a business visa from $100 to $10,000, mostly aimed at aid workers, citing a need to increase government revenue. U.N. officials said that Kiir was blocking food deliveries to some areas.

Personal life

Stetson hat

In 2006, when visiting the White House, Kiir received a black stetson as a gift from U.S. President George W. Bush. He reportedly liked it so much that he purchased several. He now rarely makes public appearances without wearing one.

Marriage controversy
In a politically charged social issue, it has been claimed that Kiir secretly married the daughter of former comrade, the late  William Nyuon Bany, an ethnic Nuer and former leader of the SPLA. Allegedly, a traditional Dinka ceremony was conducted by his brothers. This led to strife between Kiir's eldest daughter and Aluel William Nyuon Bany. Kiir has not publicly commented on the allegation. According to media reports in Kenya, "Kiir's in-laws" have requested privacy.

Urinating incident
On 13 December 2022, Kiir appeared at the inauguration of a road project, and the television broadcast of the event captured footage of Kiir wetting himself and making a puddle on the ground, while he and others attending the event stood for the South Sudanese national anthem. The footage went viral internationally, and the incident was attributed to the possibility that Kiir was suffering from a urinary tract infection. On 18 December, it was reported that some of the journalists who had covered the incident were missing, and at least one was dead.  On 6 January 2023, six TV team members from South Sudan Broadcasting Corporation were detained based on suspicion of distribution of unauthorized footage.

References

Works cited

External links

 Salva Kiir Speaks at the International Peace Institute, 22 September 2010
 Kiir's Speech on First Visit to Washington, at Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 4 November 2005
 Address by President Salva Kiir to the 66th session of the United Nations General Assembly, 23 September 2011 (video; summary and transcript)
 Profile: Salva Kiir - South Sudan's Commander-in-chief - image vs reality, 13 October 2014

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1951 births
Dinka people
Living people
People from Bahr el Ghazal
People of the South Sudanese Civil War
Presidents of South Sudan
SPLM/SPLA Political-Military High Command
South Sudanese Roman Catholics
Sudan People's Liberation Movement politicians
Vice presidents of Sudan
21st-century South Sudanese politicians
Recipients of the Collar of Honour

Salva Kiir Mayardit


Newport Barracks was a military barracks on the Ohio River, across from Cincinnati, Ohio in Newport, Kentucky. It was operational from 1803 until 1894.

History
In 1803, James Taylor Jr. solicited the help of his cousin, James Madison, who was then U.S. secretary of state, to persuade the federal government to relocate Fort Washington in Cincinnati, Ohio across the Ohio River to Newport, Kentucky. The post was  in the original tract, purchased from old Colonel Taylor estate for $1. In 1806, two additional acres were bought for $47.  Taylor was hired as the superintendent of the construction of the barracks.  He was to erect three buildings.  John Metcalf of Fleming County and Dan Mayo of Newport contracted for the brick and stone work at $7 per thousand bricks and 75 cents per perch of stone.  Stephen Lyon did most of the carpentry and Amos B. Watson of New York was the joiner.

Colonel William Boyd arrived in Newport in March 1811 with 600 men who pitched their tents in the fields adjacent to the Barracks.  Newport was an infantry recruiting center for Ohio and Kentucky and furnished equipment and soldiers for the newly acquired Louisiana Territory. During the War of 1812, the post furnished soldiers to go to the front in the second war with Great Britain. Gen. James Taylor Jr. was Quartermaster General and paymaster of the Northwestern Army during this war, thus Newport was an important army supply depot. British prisoners were also brought to Newport.

One of the two Schools of Practice (School of Practice for U.S.A. Field Musicians) were established at Newport in the 1830s. The two schools, the other being located at Fort Columbus, Governors Island, in New York Harbor, were the United States Army's institute for musical training before and during the American Civil War. At these schools, they trained drummer boys the techniques needed to drum. Little more is known about the school at Newport Barracks, as there are few surviving records, but Dan Emmett, the creator of The Drummer's and Fifer's Guide, the leading textbook used to teach field musicians during the Civil War, references the school in his forward.

In 1842 Taylor asked the government for $20,000 to make improvements at the Barracks.  After 35 years of use they were in need of repair.  Not only was it approved but Captain J R Irwin of the Quartermaster Department who was sent to Newport to hasten the undertakings, requested money to purchase some additional land, erect officers and laundress quarters and build a hospital.  On 7 January 1845 Irwin informed General Thomas Sidney Jesup that the new hospital was ready for patients, the enlisted men were in their barracks and two sets of officers quarters needed only a stockade to finish them.

In 1848 the city of Newport gave to the government all the land lying between the barracks and the Ohio and Licking Rivers. These waterfronts included several acres and were given free to the government, with the stipulation that in case the barracks was ever abandoned the property would revert to the city.

Newport Barracks became a depot of the Eastern Department of the Recruiting Service until 16 July 1859 when it was made an independent department. During the Civil War, although Kentucky was a slave state and a politically divided border state, it remained in the Union. Wounded and dying from the war were brought to Newport as well as Confederate prisoners. It is also said that Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee and Union General Ulysses S. Grant did tours of duty at the Newport Barracks.

After the Civil War ended, the Barracks lost their usefulness as one company posts were giving way to larger installations.  Its location at the confluence of the Licking and Ohio Rivers subjected it to frequent flooding, especially during the floods of 1882, 1883 and 1884. In light of that factor, the Secretary of War purchased  on a hill above the Ohio River three miles (5 km) east of Newport which became Fort Thomas.  By November 1894 all personnel and equipment was transferred to the new army post and on January 2, 1895, Colonel Cochran formerly transferred Newport Barracks to the City of Newport.  The city eventually built General James Taylor Park on the grounds.

Notes

References
Newport Barracks from the Kentucky Post, 1894
A Short History of the Newport Barracks

External links
Historical Images and Texts of Newport Barracks
Climate Fact Sheet: Newport Barracks
Our Army at Cincinnati
Newport Barracks 1851
Flood 1884

American Civil War army posts
Buildings and structures in Campbell County, Kentucky
Forts in Kentucky
Kentucky in the War of 1812
Kentucky in the American Civil War
War of 1812 forts
Newport, Kentucky
American Civil War hospitals
1803 establishments in Kentucky

Newport Barracks


ATV Liegnitz was a German association football club from what was then the city of Liegnitz, Lower Silesia in Germany, but is today Legnica, Poland. The origins of the club were in the establishment of the gymnastics club Alter Turnverein Liegnitz in 1852, which formed a football department in July 1896.

History
The footballers played in the Südostdeutscher Fußballverband (Southeast German Football Association) and made regular appearances in the playoffs into the early 1920s. They were unable to advance past the semifinals in three tries from 1907 to 1909 and were quickly eliminated in the early qualification round in each of the following two seasons.

ATV enjoyed its greatest success in 1912 when they beat Preußen Görlitz 2:0 in qualifying and then advanced on a bye to the Südost final where they defeated Germania Breslau 5:1. That title win put the team into the national playoffs where they were eliminated in the quarterfinals by SpVgg Leipzig (2:3). In the two seasons of play remaining before the outbreak of World War I Liegnitz was put out of the playoffs in the early going.

Football competition in many parts of Germany was interrupted between 1914 and 1918 by the war. Play in the SOFV was greatly reduced, but was resumed with the 1919–20 season. ATV continued to field competitive sides following the conflict and they appeared in league playoffs in 1920–21 and 1923 before the performance of the club began to slip. In 1924 the footballers left to form the independent club Sportvereinigung 1896 Liegnitz which made only a single playoff appearance in 1926 before slipping into lower-tier play.

In 1933, German football was reorganized under the Third Reich into 16 top-flight regional leagues, including the Gauliga Schlesien. In the 1939–40 season this league was expanded from 10 to 16 clubs and split into two divisions, the Staffel Oberschlesien and the Staffel Mittel- und Niederschlesien. SV joined the latter division and finished in second place.

The invasion of Poland that began World War II led to play in the SOFV again being disrupted. SV briefly disappeared from first-division competition before being reunited with parent club ATV to become Nationalsozialistiche Turn- und Sportgemeinschaft Liegnitz. The combined side NTSG Liegnitz, or commonly TuSpo Liegnitz, rejoined what was now the Gauliga Niederschlesien (I) for the 1941–42 season and the club earned indifferent results over two campaigns. As the war turned against Germany, travel became increasing difficult and play became more local in character. The Gauliga broke up into four divisions that played shortened schedule followed by a round robin final that NTSG failed to qualify for. By 1944 the Gauliga Niederschlesien collapsed and ATV Liegnitz disappeared in 1945 with the end of the war as the city became part of Poland.

Honours
 South Eastern German champions: 1912

Stadium
The club played it home matches at one of two stadiums; 96er Kampfbahn am Kreiskrankenhaus or Jahnsportplatz an Schützenhaus.

References

 Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Defunct football clubs in Germany
Association football clubs established in 1896
Defunct football clubs in former German territories
Association football clubs disestablished in 1945

ATV Liegnitz


Ennichi (, "related day") is a day believed to have a special relation (en) with a particular Japanese deity. Often, it is a day when a deity is believed to have been born or left the world. In Shinto, this day is encouraged to be embraced as it is in the "four affirmations" of their religious code.  Japanese people generally think that visiting a temple or a shrine on these holy days related to Kami and/or Buddha will bring greater fortunes than on regular days. Therefore, temples and shrines often hold festivals.  At such events, there are generally a large number of food stalls selling Japanese food, such as takoyaki, okonomiyaki, grilled corn, and cotton candy.

Festivals in Japan
Buddhist holidays
Buddhist festivals in Japan

Ennichi


Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (pronounced  ) or CJD is a neurological disease.  It is degenerative (it gets worse over time); it cannot be cured, and it always causes death. CJD is sometimes called a human form of "mad cow disease" (bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE).  BSE is actually a cause of one rare type of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease; the two are not the same disease.

CJD is caused by an infectious agent called a prion.  Prions are proteins that are folded wrong.  Prions make copies of themselves by changing correctly folded proteins into misfolded shapes.  CJD causes brain tissue to become unhealthy very quickly.  As the disease destroys the brain, the brain develops holes.  The brain's texture changes and becomes like a kitchen sponge.

Types and causes of CJD
Types of CJD include:
variant (vCJD):
This type of CJD may be caused by eating food that has prions in it, like meat from cows that have BSE ("mad cow disease").  However, this is a very uncommon cause of CJD.

 sporadic (sCJD):
This is the most common type of CJD.  85% of cases of CJD are sporadic CJD.  Nobody knows what causes sCJD; it seems to happen randomly.

 familial (fCJD):
Most of the other 15% of cases of CJD are familial CJD.  This is a form of CJD runs in families.

 iatrogenic:
This form of CJD is usually caused by a medical procedure where a person gets blood or tissue from someone with CJD.  For example, if a person can get iatrogenic CJD if they get a blood transfusion or a cornea transplant from someone who has CJD.

Signs and symptoms
The first symptom of CJD is dementia, which gets worse very quickly. dementia causes memory loss, personality changes, and hallucinations.

Other common mental symptoms include:
 Anxiety
 Depression
 Paranoia
 Obsessive-compulsive symptoms
 Psychosis

Physical symptoms of CJD often include:
 Trouble speaking (aphasia)
 Jerky movements (myoclonus)
 Trouble with balance (ataxia)
 Trouble walking
 Shaking or being stiff
 Vision problems
 Trouble swallowing, which can make eating difficult or impossible
 Trouble coughing, which can cause aspiration pneumonia
 Movements that the patient cannot control (dyskinesia)

Most people with CJD die within six months after their first symptoms appeared.  Often, they die of pneumonia caused by trouble coughing. This is called aspiration pneumonia.  About 15% of patients survive for two or more years.  Some patients have lived 4–5 years with mostly mental symptoms until the disease gets worse and causes more physical symptoms.  Once this happens, people usually die within a year.

The symptoms of CJD are caused by the death of more and more of the brain's nerve cells.  When scientists look at brain tissue from a CJD patient under a microscope, they can see many tiny holes where whole areas of nerve cells have died.

Diagnosis
Doctors may suspect CJD when a person has certain symptoms.  For example, dementia usually gets worse slowly.  Dementia that gets worse very quickly is unusual.  Along with symptoms like jerky movements, these symptoms may point to possible CJD.

Tests can then be done to show whether the person has CJD.  These tests include:
 Electroencephalography (EEG): This test shows the electrical activity in the brain.  A doctor will often be able to see changes in the EEG that are common in people with CJD.  The type of changes that show on the EEG will depend on the type of CJD the patient has, and how far along their disease is.
 Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): This test makes it possible to study cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord), looking for a specific protein ("14-3-3 protein")
 MRI of the brain: A test that uses a very strong magnet to take pictures of the brain
 Biopsy: To do a biopsy, a doctor uses a needle to take a small piece of tissue from the body, so doctors can look at it under a microscope.  vCJD can be diagnosed with a biopsy of the tonsils.  For all of the other types of CJD, a biopsy of the brain is the only way to tell for sure if a person has CJD.  However, since a biopsy of the brain can cause brain damage, a brain biopsy is usually not done if other tests have already shown that a person probably has CJD.

Treatment
As of 2016, there is no treatment that cures CJD or even slows down its effects.  Many experiments are being done to try to find treatments.

Today, the only treatments for CJD are medicines that treat the disease's symptoms and help patients be more comfortable. These treatments do not provide a cure. For example, patients who have seizures may be given anticonvulsant medications.  Benzodiazepines can make muscle jerks happen less often.

Patients may also choose to have medical procedures to help with bad symptoms.  For example, CJD may cause so much trouble swallowing that a person cannot eat.  Some people with CJD choose to have a feeding tube put in when they can no longer eat.  This is a tube that goes into the stomach, so that special liquid can be given right into the stomach to give the person hydration and nutrition.

Related pages
 Prion
 Prion disease
 Terminal illness

References

Diseases and disorders of the brain
Infectious diseases

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease


The Central Court Historic District is a historic district and neighborhood of the city of Indianapolis in northern Center Township, Marion County, Indiana, United States.  Built around Central Court near the intersection of 36th Street and Central Avenue, the neighborhood consists of seventy-five buildings over an area of .

Central Court was platted in 1916 by Oscar A. Jose and Peter J. Balz, local real estate developers who also created such neighborhoods as Meridian Park to the southwest and the neighborhood lining Fall Creek Parkway between Thirty-eighth and Thirtieth Streets.  They employed a range of architectural styles for the houses in the neighborhood, including American Craftsman, Colonial Revival, Dutch Colonial Revival, and Prairie School.  Many designs were used multiple times in the neighborhood, which has been recognized as one of the area's better examples of early twentieth-century residential architecture.  They built forty-seven houses around the U-shaped Central Court and along Thirty-sixth Street and Central Avenue; seven face Central Avenue, ten face Thirty-sixth Street, and thirty face Central Court.

In 2004, Central Court was designated a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  It is by far the smallest historic district in its portion of the city, being dwarfed by areas such as Meridian Park a short distance to the southwest.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Colonial Revival architecture in Indiana
Bungalow architecture in Indiana
Historic districts in Indianapolis
National Register of Historic Places in Indianapolis

Central Court Historic District


An appraiser (from Latin appretiare, "to value") is a person that develops an opinion of the market value or other value of a product, most notably real estate.

The current definition of "appraiser" according to the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) is:  "One who is expected to perform valuation services competently and in a manner that is independent, impartial and objective."    USPAP further comments on this definition:  "Such expectation occurs when individuals, either by choice or by requirement  placed upon them or upon the service they provide by law, regulation, or agreement with the client or intended users, represent that they comply."

To be a real property appraiser in the United States, an individual must be licensed as an appraiser by the state in which they practice.  This real property appraisal license is based on a background investigation, an understanding of USPAP and compliance of all associated state laws and regulations. Appraisers of other assets, such as personal property appraisers or business appraisers, have no state licensing requirements.

The actual valuation service provided by appraisers typically involves development of an opinion of value based on one or more of three common methods for arriving at value:

 sales comparison approach (SCA)
 cost approach (CA)
 income approach (IA)

Usage
In the United States, the most common usage relates to real estate and personal property appraisals, while the term is often used to describe a person specially appointed by a judicial or quasi-judicial authority to put a valuation on property, e.g. on the items of an inventory of the Tangible Property of an Estate (IRS law) of a deceased person or on land taken for public purposes by the right of eminent domain. Appraisers of imported goods and boards of general appraisers have extensive functions in administering the customs laws of the United States. Merchant appraisers are sometimes appointed temporarily under the revenue laws to value where there is no resident appraiser without holding the office of appraiser (U.S. Rev. Stats. § 2609).

See also
Auction
Valuation (finance)

References

Real estate valuation
Government occupations
Business occupations
Visual arts occupations
Home inspection
Valuation professionals

Appraiser


Lobolo or lobola in Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Silozi, Shona and northern and southern Ndebele (mahadi in Sesotho, magadi in Setswana, lovola in Xitsonga), and mamalo in Tshivenda language, sometimes referred to as "bride wealth" or "bride price" is a property in livestock or kind, which a prospective husband, or head of his family, undertakes to give to the head of a prospective wife's family in gratitude of letting the husband marry their daughter.

Lobolo and the Law
In South Africa, where the custom of lobolo is widely practiced, the union was previously concluded in terms of customary law, but is now governed under the Recognition of Customary Marriages, 1998 (Act 120 of 1998) (RCMA) and has the following prerequisites in order for a marriage to qualify under customary law:
 Consensus – Historically, the consensus was sought between the families of the prospective bride and groom. Since 2008, the RCMA states that consensus is required only between the individuals, and not their families.
 Age requirements – According to customary law, no specific age requirement exists; however, the RCMA includes a minimum age requirement of 18.
 Lobolo – A customary marriage, under the RCMA, is valid on the agreement to pay lobolo and does not require the payment of lobolo.
 Transfer of the bride – The transfer of a bride is another requirement for the validity of a customary marriage. The RCMA does not specifically regulate this custom and it is dealt with on an ad-hoc basis.
 Absence of common-law marriage – Two parties in a monogamous customary marriage can enter into a common law marriage, but not vice versa
 Prohibited degrees of relationship – In the past, each community had its own rules about prohibited relationships. These rules have evolved over the years. The RCMA states that these prohibited relationships are regulated by customary rules.

South African law recognizes customary marriages through the Recognition of Customary Marriages, 1998 (Act 120 of 1998). The purpose of the Act was to address gender inequality and the diminished rights of women in customary marriages. The Act was passed in order to improve the position of women by using measures that brought customary law in line with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, as well as South Africa's international human rights commitments.

A key requirement for a customary marriage to be recognized as valid is that it must be negotiated, entered into, or celebrated in accordance with customary law. Furthermore, the prospective spouses must be at least 18 years old and both prospective spouses must consent to the marriage. Until the recent Johannesburg High Court judgement in Sengadi v Tsambo 3 November 2018, there has been contention and confusion as to what constitutes a valid customary marriage. In the case involving the widow of renowned hip hop musician, Jabulani Tsambo, also known as HHP, it was her status as the legally recognized customary wife that was in question. In this case the family of the deceased refused to acknowledge Lerato Sengadi as the customary wife on the basis that there had not been a customary 'handover ceremony' of the bride to the family of the groom, which would meet the requirements of a ''celebration'' in accordance with customary law, and therefore no customary law marriage was concluded or came into existence between the deceased and Sengadi. On examination of the evidence, the judge concluded that in fact, there had been a tacit waiver of this custom because a ''symbolic'' handing over of the applicant to the Tsambo family occurred after the conclusion of the customary law marriage. As the judge put it:

In what can be described as a landmark case, the judge ruled against the family and declared Sengadi as the lawful spouse of the deceased.

Negotiations
In South African law, certain requirements must be complied with; in order to conclude a valid customary marriage (including the negotiation of the lobolo). This negotiation is a crucial step towards a valid customary marriage, in law and in culture. A distinction is made between 'lobolo' or 'lobola', the tangible form of asset that constitutes an agreed-upon dowry, and the lobolo negotiations, the set of legal customary processes that constitutes the fundamental dialogues between the two families and is necessary to establish the lobolo and the conclusion of the negotiation. The latter always precedes the former.

The process of lobolo negotiations can be culturally varied, long, and complex, and involves many members from both the bride and the groom's extended families; normally, this would just be the uncles of the marrying parties, as well as the fathers, where custom allows. The groom is not allowed to participate directly in the actual negotiations. In some cultures, women may be present in the negotiations, while some households hold on to a tradition of not allowing women to actively take part in the negotiations.

Ivulamlomo is a key process to the negotiation as negotiations cannot begin until this traditional act has been observed. Often, to dispel any tensions between the families, in modern times a bottle of brandy is placed on the table; however, this is not required nor is the vulamlomo limited to brandy, and it can be traditional sorghum beer or cash. This is usually not drunk; it is simply a gesture to welcome the guest family and make everyone feel more relaxed, and it is known as ivulamlomo, which, literally translated, is isiXhosa for mouth opener (Sotho pulamolomo) i.e. price for opening your mouth (to speak) to express the purpose of your visit. It is up to the potential wife's delegation to decide whether to make use of the alcohol or keep it closed.

Lobolo cannot be paid in full in one go, the groom's delegation will need to come again after the first negotiations to finish paying for their bride-to-be. Once the lobolo has been paid in full then the next step follows which is called izibizo, which can happen on the day when lobolo negotiations are concluded. This step involves the groom's delegation giving the bride's family according to the list that was issued presents, which may include blankets, pinafores, doeks, shawls, and three-foot pots or grass mats for women and coats, walking sticks, hats, beer pots for men. There is then a celebration to mark the occasion.

Amount
It is generally accepted that cows, at a minimum, are required in a lobolo within the Zulu and Xhosa cultures. While differing customs within various regions may contribute to determining the amount of the cash value of each cow, it also depends on the negotiation prowess of the representatives or oonozakuzaku. In modern times, there has been growing controversy around the amount demanded in certain families deemed by spectators as unreasonably excessive. Today, negotiations involve setting a price for a single cow and then multiplying the agreed price by the number of cows the new bride is deemed to be worth. The amount due is affected by many different factors including, but not limited to, the education level of the prospective bride, the financial means of the prospective spouses, and whether the prospective bride (or groom) already has children. Semanya (2014) claims that even high-profile figures such as Nelson Mandela practiced the custom, by paying a lobolo of 60 cows for his wife, Graça Machel.

Northern Ndebele culture
A man marrying a woman from the Ndebele culture has to observe lobola. A man is seen to love his partner when he strives to save and pay for lobola. In the Ndebele culture in Zimbabwe, Lobola takes place in a number of stages. At each stage of the ceremony, there are traditions to observe and small amounts to pay. Lobola is not paid at once but is a culmination of many different amounts. The amount paid is determined during negotiations and is dependent on various factors. If the groom has been saving up in preparation for the marriage, after hints from his beloved of what the lobola might be, the process can be concluded in two short stages - the first stage, the mouth opener stage or "isivulamlomo", where the groom is given a chance to state his intentions to marry his beloved after putting money in a woven basket, and the bride's family tells the grooms family what they want as lobolo. A date is then set, agreeable to both parties, to meet again. At the time of writing, a cow in Zimbabwe in equivalent rate is given to the bride's family, the family can ask for a cash equivalent of the number of cows they want. This is convenient to most families because keeping cattle can be time and labour-intensive. This cow is called "ukangaziwe" which is the bride's mother's cow.  In the second stage, where the groom's family presents themselves on the agreed date, money is again placed in a woven basket to be allowed to speak and fulfills the bride's family requests by presenting all of the lobola.

Negative effects
Lobolo may have some unintended negative effects. It may create a financial barrier for some young men looking to take a bride. It is common for a couple that is emotionally ready to commit to each other to stay unmarried if the man does not have the financial resources to satisfy the impeding traditional ritual, and in some cases, the bride-to-be who has the financial resources secretly pays her own lobolo by giving the money to the man who in turn hands it over to the bride's family. For those who do have the financial means, the issue can be lobolo's opportunity cost. Young men who are in the wealth-creation stage of life may feel that their future is better secured if they invest their money elsewhere to receive significant financial returns.

Lobolo is seen by some as an extravagance that has little relevance in a society where young Africans are trying to lift themselves out of poverty. However, the tradition is still adhered to as strongly as ever, and in families where tradition and intention override greed, lobolo is perceived to be an effective way of showing commitment between families, not just between the bride and groom. Lobolo is also seen by some rural South African women as a sign of respect in that it symbolizes their worth and reinforces their dignity. Many traditional marriages utilize a cash-based lobolo; this can be then followed by a European-style wedding ceremony, where the lobolo funds are used to pay for expenses. In this way, any outlaid costs are returned to the payer in another form, preserving tradition, honour, and finances.

Recently, the meaning of lobolo has been abused. The bride's family is demanding huge amounts of money from the groom's family and in turn, lobolo is now more of a money-generating scheme for most families. Instead of simple gifts for lobolo payment as it was in the 20th century and beyond, fathers are demanding outrageous amounts for their daughters. This has given some men in African society the 'right' to abuse and ill-treat their wives because they feel that they bought them. There is no gender equality because (in some views) the system  "promotes male superiority" where the voices of women do not matter nor their importance acknowledged.

Dissolution
The dissolution of a customary marriage occurs on the death of the husband or wife. However, the marriage could continue if the woman is transferred to a brother of the deceased to sire an heir. In the event that the woman returns to her father's house as a result of alleged abuse, the husband may have to pay a fine to the father, prior to fetching (phutuma) her. If the husband does not fetch her within a reasonable time, then it would be assumed that he had intended to dissolve the marriage. If the wife refuses to return to the husband, then the husband may make a claim to a portion of the lobolo. If the husband wishes to end the marriage, he could send her back to her father's house. Should the wife initiate the divorce, the father will have to repay some of the lobolo.

See also
 Umtsimba – Swazi marriage ceremony

References

External links
 Lobola, AIDS and Africa
 Man hangs at in-laws home after lobola dispute
 Lobola: Its Implications for Women's Reproductive Rights

Xhosa culture
Zulu culture
Engagement

Lobolo


Morrisania Hospital was a four-structure full service hospital with an 11-story main building that was built in 1926 and closed in 1976.

History

Morrisania Hospital was planned in the 1920s when the western Bronx was rapidly urbanizing with the opening of the new subway lines.

In 1933 the Jerome Avenue division of the Lexington Avenue line, running as an elevated train above River Avenue, was joined by the Concourse division of the Sixth Avenue line, planned in the 1920s. The few blocks between the two subway lines was speedily filled with five- and six story apartment houses, making that district the most densely populated in the borough. Dr. Isidore Goldberger and J. Lewis Amster successfully campaigned for a new city hospital to be built in that area.

The city appropriated funds for the new facility in 1922, and Mayor Jimmy Walker laid the cornerstone in 1926. Charles B. Meyers designed a complex that stretched across an entire city block from 167th Street to 168th Street on the hill between Walton and Gerard Avenues. Throughout the decade Meyers had designed a number of new city structures, including several city hospitals. The complex was opened on July 1, 1929.

Meyers placed four major buildings on the site.  The main building has its entrance on 168th Street and is in a T configuration. It contained a ten-story 400-bed hospital with galleries of sun parlors that face the south. Flanking the site along Walton and Gerard Avenues were two additional parallel six-story rectangular residence facilities for nurses and employees. At the southern end, along busy commercial 167th Street, was a low-lying powerhouse and laundry with its lower floors below grade to let light into the center courtyard. Near the western end of this building was a massive, tall, tapering, cylindrical brick chimney to allow smoke to rise over the roofs of the nearby apartment houses and the hospital.

Unusually, the brick for all the structures is basically tawny colored, ranging from a light beige to a deep orange. The buildings are decorated with terra cotta bearing various patterns, the main entrance on 168th Street being the most elaborate. A muted red tile tops the roof. The whole exudes the air of a Renaissance Italian palace.

In 1976, in the face of a fiscal crisis, the city closed Morrisania Hospital. It remained vacant for more than two decades. In the 1990s, plans were made to remodel the hospital interior as a residence facility and classrooms for practical home economics and skills.

The powerhouse and laundry building (with its distinctive chimney) was destroyed and replaced with a modern bilingual school. In homage to the older structures on the site, the new school is made of bright orange brick with a bright red tile roof. The former residence on the Gerard Avenue side now houses a medical clinic, a reminder of the site's original purpose and a resumption of some of the services the hospital had provided.

The hospital, which had a separate structure for laundry, opened in 1929 as a 400-bed facility, three years after it was built. By the time it closed, Morrisania was described as a 311-bed facility.

"After more than 20 years of sitting empty" the hospital's structure was converted to an apartment building.

References

Defunct hospitals in the Bronx
History of the Bronx

Morrisania Hospital


Gettysburg is a 2011 American Civil War television documentary film directed by Adrian Moat that was first aired on May 30, 2011 (Memorial Day) on History. This two-hour documentary film, narrated by actor Sam Rockwell, commenced a week of programming by the History channel honoring and commemorating the 150th Anniversary of the American Civil War. Gettysburg showcases the horror of the pivotal 1863 Battle of Gettysburg by following the stories of eight men as they put their lives on the line to fight for what they believed in.

Characters

 Lieutenant Colonel Rufus Dawes voiced by André Sogliuzzo
 Sergeant Amos Humiston voiced by Tyrel Meyer
 Colonel James Wallace voiced by actor Joshua Artis
 Brigadier General William Barksdale
 Brigadier General Joseph R. Davis
 Assistant Surgeon LeGrand Wilson
 Private Joseph C. Lloyd voiced by actor Johnny Ray Meeks
 Private D. Ridgely Howard

Civil War Week
On February 9, 2011, President and General Manager of History channel, Nancy Dubuc, announced the channel's partnership with the Civil War Trust and the National Park Foundation for GIVE 150, a massive educational and fund-raising initiative to enhance Civil War education nationwide, and to protect and preserve battlefields and other key sites from this pivotal period in American history. Dedicated to highlighting the 150th anniversary of the American Civil War an entire week of programming will be set aside featuring various new and old episodes of shows showcasing the war. In 2011 Civil War Week will commence on Memorial Day Monday with war themed episodes of Pawn Stars followed by the television premiere of Gettysburg. Throughout the week there will be new episodes of American Pickers, reruns of Brad Meltzer's Decoded, Modern Marvels and other various shows, along with the premiere of Lee & Grant a television documentary film directed by John Ealer.

Production
The production was filmed in Western Cape, South Africa.

Marketing campaign
Companies which signed on to sponsor the title and the Civil War Week project include Geico, Ram, and Bank of America.

Wanting to entice young and middle aged men to watch the Memorial Day special, senior director of consumer marketing at History Ann Marie Granite, went back to Microsoft's Xbox 360 to help promote the film. Features allow users to compete for prizes by downloading free market content from the Xbox Live store, other features include an interactive map of Gettysburg that provides historical background on each day of battle and campaigning videos that showcase the movie.

See also
 Battle of Gettysburg

References

External links

 Takepart.com/Give150

2011 television films
2011 films
American Civil War films
American documentary television films
History (American TV channel) original programming
American independent films
Battle of Gettysburg
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Gettysburg (2011 film)


"A Private Little War" is the nineteenth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by Gene Roddenberry, based on a story by Don Ingalls (under the pseudonym Jud Crucis), and directed by Marc Daniels, it was first broadcast on February 2, 1968.

In the episode, the crew of the Enterprise discovers Klingon interference in the development of a formerly peaceful planet and joins them in what becomes an arms race.

Plot
The Federation starship USS Enterprise orbits the planet Neural, a primitive world that Captain Kirk has visited before. On the planet, Kirk and First Officer Spock notice a group of villagers apparently preparing an ambush. Kirk is surprised to see them with firearms, and their quarry seems to be a group of Hill People, one of whom, Tyree, Kirk recognizes. Forbidden to use phasers, Kirk throws a rock toward the villagers, causing one of their guns to go off. A chase ensues and Spock is shot.

Once back aboard the Enterprise, Spock is taken to sickbay. Sensors detect a Klingon vessel in orbit around the planet, and Kirk suspects the Klingons of having supplied the firearms to the villagers.

Kirk returns with McCoy, both in native dress, to investigate. The two are attacked by an indigenous creature called a Mugato, which bites Kirk with its venomous fangs before McCoy can kill it with his phaser. McCoy is unable to call for help, as the Enterprise has left orbit to avoid detection by the Klingons.

A friendly group of Hill People arrive and take Kirk and McCoy to their camp, where Kirk discovers that his friend Tyree is now their leader. Tyree is married to Nona, a Kahn-ut-tu woman who can cure the mugato bite. Nona has been urging Tyree to acquire firearms for their tribe.

On hearing of Kirk's arrival, Nona enters the cave and spies McCoy using his phaser to heat rocks. Nona is intrigued and quizzes Tyree about the mysterious guests. She then proceeds to treat Kirk, pressing a mahko root into his injury with her hand which was cut with a knife just before the ritual began. At the conclusion of the ritual she claims that Kirk is now hers, and Tyree explains that, according to legend, he will be unable to refuse her anything as a result of the treatment. The injuries to Kirk and her hand are shown to be completely healed.

When Kirk recovers, he asks Tyree about the villagers' weapons. Tyree says he saw them for the first time a year ago and believed the villagers were making them. Kirk and McCoy decide to reconnoiter the village that night. Once there, they locate a forge in which they find a chrome steel drill and virtually carbon-free iron, evidence of outsiders' involvement. Soon a Klingon appears with the village leader, who discuss the manufacture of improved weapons. Kirk and McCoy surprise and overpower them, taking a flintlock weapon and escaping with Tyree's help.

The next day, Kirk shows the Hill People how to use the weapon, but Tyree refuses to handle it. McCoy protests, but Kirk counters that both warring parties must be put on an equal footing if both are to survive.

Nona tries to seduce Kirk with the help of local herbs. A mugato attacks Nona and Kirk disintegrates it with his phaser. Nona then knocks Kirk unconscious, flees with the phaser, and coming upon a group of villagers, offers them the weapon. Not believing her story, they assault her. When Kirk, McCoy, and Tyree appear, the villagers believe she has led them into a trap, and kill her. The two groups fight and the villagers run away.

Tyree now demands more "fire stick" weapons to avenge his wife's death. Kirk reluctantly orders Scott to manufacture and beam down a hundred flintlocks for the tribesmen. Scott questions the unusual order, and Kirk answers, "A hundred ... Serpents for the Garden of Eden."

Production and reception
This episode has been analyzed as an allegory for the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War, in both the 1997 book, Inside Star Trek: The Real Story, and a 2016 The New Yorker article.

Don Ingalls' first draft of the script had specific references to the Vietnam War, such as Mongolian-type clothes and a character described as a "Ho Chi Minh" type. Other early ideas included Kirk's friendship with Tyree developing completely during Kirk's second visit to the planet and a personal conflict between Kirk and Krell the Klingon. Eugene Myers and Torie Atkinson of Tor.com argue that the episode is sexist in its presentation of Nona, and that the episode, in trying too hard to be an allegory for the war in Vietnam, fails to find a peaceful, Star Trek, solution to the problem.

The episode credit title shows "Gumato" as this was the creature's original name.

In 2017, Den of Geek ranked Mugato the 43rd best aliens of the Star Trek franchise.

In 2017, Inverse recommended "A Private Little War" as "essential watching" for Star Trek: Discovery.

In 2018, Collider ranked this episode the 14th best original series episode.

In September 2021 the Mugato is featured in 'Mugato, Gumato', the fourth episode of the second season of Star Trek: Lower Decks.

Notes

References

External links

"A Private Little War" Review of the Remastered version at TrekMovie.com

Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2) episodes
1968 American television episodes
Television episodes written by Gene Roddenberry
Television episodes directed by Marc Daniels

A Private Little War


Today's Zaman (Zaman is Turkish for 'time' or 'age') was an English-language daily newspaper based in Turkey. Established on 17 January 2007, it was the English-language edition of the Turkish daily Zaman. Today's Zaman included domestic and international coverage, and regularly published topical supplements. Its contributors included cartoonist Cem Kızıltuğ.

On 4 March 2016, a state administrator was appointed to run Zaman as well as Today's Zaman. Since a series of corruption investigations went public on 17 December 2013 which targeted high ranking government officials, the Turkish government has been putting pressure on media organizations that are critical of it.

, the website of Today's Zaman had not been updated since 5 March, while all archived articles prior to March 2016 were removed.

On July 20, 2016, five days after the military coup attempt, Today's Zaman was shut down after an executive decree by President Recep Tayyip Erdogan; arrest warrants were issued for 47 former staff. Zaman was described by an official as the "flagship media organization" of the Gülen-led movement. CNBC described the newspaper as "what used to be Turkey's number one English daily" before its shutdown.

References

External links

 Archive version of the site, with March 2016 content

Newspapers published in Istanbul
English-language newspapers published in Turkey
Defunct newspapers published in Turkey
2007 establishments in Turkey
Newspapers established in 2007
Mass media shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges
2016 disestablishments in Turkey
Publications disestablished in 2016
Daily newspapers published in Turkey
Banned newspapers

Today's Zaman


WeatherBug is a brand based in New York City, that provides location-based advertising to businesses. WeatherBug consists of a mobile app reporting live and forecast data on hyperlocal weather to consumer users.

History
Originally owned by Automated Weather Source, the WeatherBug brand was founded by Bob Marshall and other partners in 1993. It started in the education market by selling weather tracking stations and educational software to public and private schools and then used the data from the stations on their website. Later, the company began partnering with TV stations so that broadcasters could use WeatherBug's local data and camera shots in their weather reports.

In 2000, the WeatherBug desktop application and website were launched. Later, the company launched WeatherBug and WeatherBug Elite as smartphone apps for iOS and Android, which won an APPY app design award in 2013. The company also sells a lightning tracking safety system that is used by schools and parks in southern Florida and elsewhere.

The company used lightning detection sensors throughout Guinea in Africa to track storms as they develop and has more than 50 lightning detection sensors in Brazil. Earth Networks received The Award for Outstanding Services to Meteorology by a Corporation in 2014 from the American Meteorological Society for "developing innovative lightning detection data products that improve severe-storm monitoring and warnings."

WeatherBug announced in 2004 it had been certified to display the  TRUSTe privacy seal on its website. In 2005, Microsoft AntiSpyware flagged the application as a low-risk spyware threat. According to the company, the desktop application is not spyware because it is incapable of tracking users' overall Web use or deciphering anything on their hard drive.

In early 2011, AWS Convergence Technologies, Inc. (formerly Automated Weather Source) changed its name to Earth Networks, Inc.

In April 2013, WeatherBug was the second most popular weather information service on the Internet, behind only The Weather Channel's Web site, and ahead of the sites run by Weather Underground and AccuWeather.

In November 2016, it was announced that xAd acquired WeatherBug from Earth Networks.

Mobile application
The company developed WeatherBug, a mobile application of their service for Android, iOS and Windows Phone platforms. Spark is a component of the WeatherBug app that reports where the nearest lightning strike is to the user based on data from the Total Lightning Network (run by WeatherBug's former owner, Earth Networks) and your phone's GPS location.

WeatherBug is a mobile application created by WeatherBug for Android and iOS platforms. An iPhone version was available in October 2007, and the Android version was released in November 2008 and 2009.

References

Meteorological data and networks
Meteorological companies
Companies based in New York City
Consulting firms established in 1993
Business services companies established in 1993
Internet properties established in 2000
Educational software for macOS
Educational software for Windows
Educational software for Linux
Android (operating system) software
IOS software
Mobile software
2016 mergers and acquisitions

WeatherBug


Reliable Man (foaled 27 March 2008) is a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. Initially trained in France, he won two minor races in the spring of 2011 before defeating a strong field to win the Prix du Jockey Club. After losing his unbeaten record in the Grand Prix de Paris he won the Prix Niel before running poorly in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. As a four-year-old he failed to win in six races but ran well to finish a close fourth in the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes. In 2013 he was sent to Australia where he won the Queen Elizabeth Stakes (ATC), sustaining a career-ending injury in the process.

Background
Reliable Man is a grey horse bred in the United Kingdom by Sven Hanson's N P Bloodstock. His sire, Dalakhani, from whom he inherited his grey colour, was an outstanding racehorse who won eight of his nine races including the Critérium International, Prix Lupin, Prix du Jockey Club and the 2003 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe At stud, Dalakhani's other offspring have included Conduit Duncan (Irish St Leger) Moonstone (Irish Oaks) Chinese White (Pretty Polly Stakes) and Integral.

Reliable Man's dam On Fair Stage was a daughter of Hanson's Epsom Oaks winner Fair Salinia. As a descendant of the broodmare Judy O'Grady, Fair Salinia came from the same branch of Thoroughbred family 16-c which also produced Green Dancer, Solemia, Authorized, Dream Well and Makfi. On Fair Stage also produced the successful National Hunt performer French Opera whose wins included the Game Spirit Chase and the Celebration Chase.

Hanson owned the horse in a variety of partnerships throughout his racing career. Reliable man was initially sent into training in France with Alain de Royer-Dupré.

Racing career

2011: three-year-old season
Reliable Man did not race as a two-year-old, beginning his racing career in a maiden race over 2000 metres at Saint-Cloud Racecourse on 12 April 2011 in which he was ridden, as in all his races that season, by Gerald Mosse. Starting at odds of 7.3/1, he raced just behind the leaders before taking the lead 400 metres from the finish. He accelerated clear of his fourteen opponents and won by three lengths despite being eased down by Mosse in the final strides. Four weeks later, the colt started 7/10 favourite in a field of five for the Prix du Mont Pagnotte over the same distance at Chantilly Racecourse. Mosse restrained the colt at the back of the field before moving forward in the straight, taking the lead in the last 100 metres and winning by three quarters of a length from Veter.

On 5 June, Reliable Man was moved up sharply in class for 174th running of the Prix du Jockey Club over 2100 metres at Chantilly and started a 16/1 outsider. His fifteen opponents were headed by the Aga Khan's Baraan, winner of the Prix La Force and the Irish 2000 Guineas winner Roderic O'Connor who started the 9/2 joint favourites. The other contenders included Tin Horse (winner of Poule d'Essai des Poulains), Crackerjack King (Derby Italiano), Casamento (Racing Post Trophy), Prairie Star (Prix Hocquart), Grand Vent (Prix Noailles) and Bubble Chic (runner-up to The Derby winner Pour Moi in the Prix Greffulhe). Reliable Man raced towards the rear of the field before making progress in the straight and switching to the outside to make his challenge 300 metres out. He overtook the leader Bubble Chic 100 metres out and won by three-quarters of length, with a gap of two lengths back to Baraan who took third place just ahead of Colombian and Tin Horse. After the race Alain de Royer-Dupré said "He's a horse of great quality. We decided on coming here after he won his first race at Saint-Cloud. He's got a lot of class, but it's all still very new to him".

In the Grand Prix de Paris over 2400 metres at Longchamp Racecourse on 14 July Reliable Man started 2/1 favourite. He was again opposed by Bubble Chic, but his main danger appeared to come from the Aidan O'Brien-trained Treasure Beach who had been narrowly beaten by Pour Moi in the Epsom Derby before winning the Irish Derby from his stablemate Seville (also in the Longchamp field). After racing in fourth place, the favourite made steady progress in the straight but never looked likely to win and finished third behind the André Fabre-trained Meandre. After a two-month break, Reliable Man faced a rematch with Meandre in the Prix Niel at Longchamp in September. In a slowly-run race (the time was 5.8 seconds slower than that for the Grand Prix) Reliable Man settled in third behind the leaders King of Armor and Colombian before moving up on the outside to take the lead 300 metres from the finish. He went clear of the field before being eased down by Mosse to win by two lengths from Meandre, who finished strongly but never looked likely to threaten the winner. Explaining the colt's improvement from his previous run, Royer-Dupre said "The ground was too firm for him in the Grand Prix de Paris and he didn't come down the hill well. He came with a good run here and has the action of a top horse". In October, Reliable Man started the 12/1 sixth choice in the betting for France's most prestigious race, the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe but ran very poorly, finishing fifteenth of the sixteen runners behind Danedream.

2012: four-year-old season
As a four-year-old, Reliable Man failed to win in six races. In the spring he finished third behind Cirrus des Aigles in the Prix Ganay and fourth behind Golden Lilac in the Prix d'Ispahan. He was then sent overseas for the first time to contest the Prince of Wales's Stakes over ten furlongs at Royal Ascot and finished fourth behind So You Think, Carlton House and Farhh. Maxime Guyon took over the ride from Mosse when the colt returned to Ascot for the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes a month later. He started a 20/1 outsider but produced his best performance of the season to finish fourth behind Danedream, Nathaniel and St Nicholas Abbey, beaten less than two lengths by the winner and finishing ahead of Dunaden, Sea Moon and Masked Marvel. In September, Reliable Man was dropped in class and started odds-on favourite for the Group Three Coupe de Maisons-Laffitte but was beaten one and a half lengths by the Jonathan Pease-trained Maxios. On his final appearance of the season, the colt was sent to Canada to contest the Canadian International Stakes at Woodbine Racetrack in which he finished eighth of the ten runners behind Joshua Tree.

2013: five-year-old season
For the following season, Reliable Man was sent to race in Australia where he was trained by Chris Waller. The horse made his Australian debut on 6 April in the George Ryder Stakes over 1500 metres (500 metres less than any race he had contested in Europe) at Rosehill Gardens Racecourse in which he was ridden by Corey Brown. Starting a 50/1 outsider, he finished sixth of the twelve runners, beaten less than two lengths by the winner Pierro. Three weeks later, Reliable Man was ridden by Hugh Bowman when he contested the Queen Elizabeth Stakes over 2000 metres at Randwick Racecourse. He started at odds of 11/1 behind the odds-on favourite Dundeel (to whom he was conceding eight pounds) with the other contenders including the New Zealand Derby-winning mare Silent Achiever. After tracking the leaders, Reliable Man moved to the outside, accelerated 300 metres from the finish, took the lead went clear to win by two and a half lengths from Dundeel, with the Emirates Stakes winner Happy Trails taking third ahead of Silent Achiever. Reliable Man had faltered in his stride 50 metres from the finish and as he slowed to a trot after the finishing line it became clear that he was badly lame. He had taken from the course in horse ambulance and subsequent veterinary examinations revealed that he had sustained a serious tendon injury to his right foreleg. Bowman, who raised his whip to salute the crowd in the final strides, commented "I didn't realise what had happened until after the line, otherwise I wouldn't have been carrying on like a pork chop". Chris Waller, who had been cleared of a doping charge on the previous day, said "Welcome to A grade – this horse is a serious horse... Thankfully we've delivered because he's already done it in Europe and now he's done it in Australia".

Despite that hopes that he would return later in 2013, Reliable Man did not recover from his injury and was retired from racing.

Stud record
After his retirement from racing became a breeding stallion at the Westbury Stud in New Zealand and being shuttled to stand at the Gestut Röttgen in Germany for the Northern Hemisphere breeding season.

His stud fee in 2021 was $17,500 (GST exclusive).

Notable stock

c = colt, f = filly, g = gelding

Pedigree

References

2008 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in France
Racehorses trained in Australia
Thoroughbred family 16-c

Reliable Man