Dorohoi County, with its seat at Dorohoi, was a subdivision of the Kingdom of Romania and located in the region of Moldavia.

Geography
The county was located in the northeastern part of Greater Romania, in the north-eastern extremity of the Moldavia region. Today the territory of the former county is split between Romania (north Botoșani County, with an area of 2,542 km²) and Ukraine (Hertsa region, with an area of 304 km²). It bordered northwest with Cernăuți County, to the north and east with Hotin County, south Botoşani County, southwest with Suceava County, and west with Rădăuți County.

Administrative organization

The county comprised five cities: Dorohoi, Darabani, Herța, Mihăileni and Săveni.

Administratively, Dorohoi County was originally divided into three districts (plăși):
 Plasa Bașeu
 Plasa Herța
 Plasa Siret

Subsequently, two new districts were established:
Plasa Centrală
Plasa Lascăr

From 1941 to 1944, Dorohoi County was part of the Bukovina Governorate.

Population
According to the 1930 census data, the county population was 211,354 inhabitants, of which 92.1% were ethnic Romanians, 7.0% were ethnic Jews, as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, 92.4% were Eastern Orthodox, 7.0% Jewish, 0.3% Roman Catholic, as well as other minorities.

Urban population
In 1930, the county's urban population was 43,707 inhabitants, 69.3% Romanians, 29.1% Jews, 0.6% Germans, as well as other minorities. In the urban area, languages were Romanian (71.1%), Yiddish (27.4%), German (0.6%), as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the urban population was composed of Eastern Orthodox (69.1%), Jewish (29.3%), Roman Catholic (0.9%), as well as other minorities.

See also
 Hertsa region

References

External links

  Dorohoi County on memoria.ro

Former counties of Romania
1859 establishments in Romania
1938 disestablishments in Romania
1940 establishments in Romania
1950 disestablishments in Romania
States and territories established in 1859
States and territories disestablished in 1938
States and territories established in 1940
States and territories disestablished in 1950

Dorohoi County


The Siderian is the first geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic that began 2.5 billion years ago, and ended at 2.3 billion years ago. Before it was the Neoarchaean It is followed by the Rhyacian.

Banded iron formations (BIFs) became very abundant early this period. BIFs were formed as anaerobic algae produced waste oxygen that combined with iron, forming magnetite (Fe3O4, an iron oxide). This process cleared iron from the oceans, presumably turning greenish seas clear. Eventually, without an oxygen sink in the oceans, the process created the oxygen-rich atmosphere of today. This event is known as the oxygen catastrophe, which according to some geologists triggered the Huronian glaciation. The Huronian glaciation took place in the Siderian between 2400 Mya and 2300 Mya.

References

Palaeoproterozoic

Siderian


Eric Michael Bost is the former United States Ambassador to South Africa. He was sworn in as U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of South Africa by President George W. Bush on July 20, 2006 after being confirmed by the U.S. Senate on June 29.  Bost presented his credentials to South African President Thabo Mbeki on August 15, 2006. He completed his tour as ambassador on January 20, 2009.

Bost previously served as Under Secretary for Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services (FNCS) at the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 2001 to 2006 under Ann Veneman. Before his appointment to that position, Bost served as Commissioner and Chief Executive Officer of the Texas Department of Human Services (DHS) for four years.

As FNCS Under Secretary, Bost was responsible for the administration of the fifteen USDA nutrition assistance programs with a combined budget of over $58 billion, including the Food Stamp Program, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs, and the Commodity Distribution Programs.

During his tenure at the Department of Agriculture, Bost led an expanded U.S. initiative to promote improved nutrition and food security in South Africa, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Hong Kong, Brazil, Tanzania, Swaziland, Mozambique, Uganda, Madagascar, Chile, United Kingdom, Argentina, Mexico, Israel, Italy, China and Japan.

A native of Concord, North Carolina, Bost holds a B.A. degree in psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and an M.A. degree in Special Education from the University of South Florida.

References

External links

Presidential Nomination: Eric Michael Bost

Ambassadors of the United States to South Africa
Living people
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
University of South Florida alumni
George W. Bush administration personnel
North Carolina Republicans
African-American diplomats
United States Under Secretaries of Agriculture
Year of birth missing (living people)

Eric M. Bost


Changeling is a 1980 fantasy novel by American writer Roger Zelazny. It was nominated for a Locus Award in 1981, and was followed by a sequel, Madwand.

Plot summary

The people had long suffered under Det Morson's power. When at last, the wizard Mor joined the fight, Det and his infamous Rondoval castle were destroyed. But the victory was not complete, for the conquerors found a baby amidst the rubble: Det's son, Pol. Unwilling to kill the child, Mor took him to a parallel world where technology ruled and the ways of magic were considered mere legends.  He substituted Pol for a baby of the same age, using a spell to persuade the parents to recognize him as their own.  In order to retain the balance between the worlds, Mor took the baby from the other world and brought it back to his own, leaving it with a local artisan, Marak.

Plot
In the world of magic, the young Mark Marakson is obsessed with devices, building water wheels and later, steam engines.  He does not understand why the people on the farms and villages rely on magicians rather than using the machinery he creates.  Young Pol, meanwhile, grows up a poet, musician and singer, marked by the white streak in his dark hair.  He is a great disappointment to the man he regards as his father, who is an engineer.  From time to time he sees glowing strands in the air which he can touch to make things happen.

Mark is ostracised by the people around him and wanders in the hills until he finds a graveyard of machines, left from the ancient war between magic and technology.   Able to restart them, he returns in triumph on a flying machine to claim his childhood sweetheart in the village, only to be assaulted by the villagers, losing an eye.  Fleeing back to the graveyard he creates an army of machines to take revenge.

Mor, realizing that he has disturbed the balance of the world, goes to retrieve Pol to counter Mark, revealing Pol's heritage and powers to him.  To return Pol, the elderly Mor has to remain in the technology world to balance out the transfer.  He dies in a park where every tree, bird and insect is artificial.

Pol must find his way around Castle Rondoval.  The strands he can use to perform magic are everywhere around him.  Soon he finds a thief who was in the castle when Mor cast a sleep spell over it. Revived, the thief becomes his helper.  He also discovers Det's dragons asleep in the dungeons.  Reviving the mightiest one, who recognizes him as his former master's son, he then has to set out on a quest to find the three segments of his father's magical staff, scattered across the world by Mor.  On the journey, he is accompanied by Mark's former sweetheart, thus creating a romantic triangle.

The quest requires him to defeat several magical traps and guardians.  Completing it, he is able to take on and defeat Mark Marakson, restoring the balance of his world.  In doing so, he loses the affections of the girl.  He is left to seek his future in Rondoval, among the old magics left by his father.  The next part of his story is told in the novel Madwand.

References

Sources

External links
 Changeling at Worlds Without End

1980 American novels
American fantasy novels
Novels by Roger Zelazny
Ace Books books

Changeling (novel)


Extensins  are a family of flexuous, rodlike, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) of the plant cell wall.

They are highly abundant proteins. There are around 20 extensins in Arabidopsis thaliana. They form crosslinked networks in the young cell wall. Typically they have two major diagnostic repetitive peptide motifs, one hydrophilic and the other hydrophobic, with potential for crosslinking. Extensins are thought to act as self-assembling amphiphiles essential for cell-wall assembly and growth by cell extension and expansion. The name "extensin" encapsulates the hypothesis that they are involved in cell extension.

Hydrophilic motif
This pentapeptide consists of serine (Ser) and four hydroxyprolines (Hyp): Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp. Hydroxyproline is unusual not only as a cyclic amino acid that restricts peptide flexibility but as an amino acid with no codon, being encoded as proline. Polypeptides targeted for secretion are subsequently hydroxylated by direct addition of molecular oxygen to proline at C-4. Extensin hydroxyproline is uniquely glycosylated with short chains of L-arabinose that further rigidify and increase hydrophilicity. Generally the serine has a single galactose attached.

Hydrophobic tyrosine crosslinking motif
Two tyrosines separated by a single amino acid, typically valine or another tyrosine, form a short intra-molecular diphenylether crosslink. This can be crosslinked further by the enzyme extensin peroxidase to form an inter-molecular bridge between extensin molecules and thus form networks and sheets.

References

Further reading
Kieliszewski M, Lamport DTA (1994) Extensin: repetitive motifs, functional sites, post-translational codes, and phylogeny Plant Journal 5: 157–172

Plant proteins
Structural proteins
Glycoproteins

Extensin


Michel Deville (13 April 1931 – 16 February 2023) was a French film director and screenwriter.

Deville started his filmmaking career in the late 1950s, paralleling the emergence of the French New Wave directors. He never achieved the level of critical and international recognition of some of his contemporaries such as François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard and Claude Chabrol, possibly because of his more conventional filmmaking style. Nevertheless, his films, especially his comedies from the 1970s and 1980s, were popular in his native France.

One of Deville's comedies, La Lectrice (The Reader) was probably his biggest success with international audiences. La Lectrice is about a woman (played by Miou-Miou), who finds work reading novels for the blind but gradually finds herself unwittingly attracting a clientele of fetishists who enjoyed being read to. At one time his films were difficult to find in North America but presently (2007) seven of his films are available in DVD in the U.S.

His 1980 film Le Voyage en douce was entered into the 30th Berlin International Film Festival. Five years later, his film Death in a French Garden was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival.

A clip from his 1968 film Benjamin is included in Robert Bresson's Une Femme Douce (1969).

Deville died on 16 February 2023, at the age of 91.

Filmography

References

External links

1931 births
2023 deaths
French film directors
French male screenwriters
French screenwriters
People from Boulogne-Billancourt
Best Director César Award winners

Michel Deville


St Mary and All Saints Church is in the centre of the village of Great Budworth, Cheshire, England.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Chester and the deanery of Great Budworth. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. Clifton-Taylor includes it in his list of 'best' English parish churches. Richards describes it as "one of the finest examples of ecclesiastical architecture remaining in Cheshire". The authors of the Buildings of England series express the opinion that it is "one of the most satisfactory Perpendicular churches of Cheshire and its setting brings its qualities out to perfection".

History

In the Domesday Book of 1086 there is a reference to a priest at Great Budworth. The church and its living were given to the Augustinian canons of Norton Priory by William FitzNigel, Constable of Chester and Baron of Halton in 1130. Geoffrey de Dutton was an early benefactor of the church, as later were the Booths of Twemlow. The oldest part of the present church, the Lady Chapel, dates from the 14th century; the rest of the church from the 15th and 16th centuries. Rowland Egerton-Warburton of Arley Hall paid for a restoration of the church in the 1850s.

Architecture

Exterior

It is an impressive church, built generally in the Perpendicular style although the long, and older north transept is constructed in the Decorated style. Built in red sandstone, its plan consists of a west tower, a six-bay nave with a clerestory, north and south aisles, and a chancel flanked by chapels to the north and south. The north transept forms the Lady Chapel and the shorter south transept is the Warburton Chapel. At the west end of the south aisle is the south porch. The entire church is crenellated. On the north side of the tower is a sculpture of Saint Christopher and on the south side one of the Blessed Virgin. It has diagonal buttresses and an octagonal south-west turret, a Tudor-arched west window, small arched ringers' windows on the north, west and south faces, a clock on west face, and two-light belfry windows with stone louvres. Its top is crenellated with eight crocketed pinnacles.

Interior

The nave ceiling dates from the first quarter of the 16th century and is subdivided into 72 panels. In the Warburton Chapel are five oak stalls dating probably from the 13th century and considered to be the earliest in Cheshire. Two old chests are in the church, the older one being medieval and the other dated 1680. The octagonal font dates from the 15th century. In the sanctuary are two Jacobean chairs. The screen to the north transept is by Anthony Salvin. The stained glass in the east window and in the east windows of both aisles is by Kempe, and is dated between 1883 and 1901. In the north transept is Expressionist glass by Pierre Fourmaintraux dated 1965.

In the north chapel is a memorial to Sir Peter Leicester, the 17th-century historian, and in the Warburton Chapel is the alabaster effigy of Sir John Warburton who died in 1575. In the north chapel is an organ which was designed by Samuel Renn and installed in 1839. It is recognised by the British Institute of Organ Studies as being an "Organ of Historic Importance". The organ was restored in 2004 by Goetze and Gwynn at a cost of £60,000. There is a ring of eight bells, all cast by Rudhall of Gloucester. Six of these are dated 1733, one is dated 1760 and the other 1822. The parish registers begin in 1559 and the churchwardens' accounts date back to 1699.

External features

In and near to the churchyard are four structures that are listed at Grade II.  The churchyard wall of sandstone and brick dates partly from the late medieval period with additions made in the 18th and 19th centuries. It incorporates a water trough. The lychgate to the churchyard was erected in 1920 as a war memorial to the First World War. It is oak-framed on a sandstone plinth, with an oak crucifix on the front gable. In the churchyard is a stone sundial from the late 18th century consisting of a vase baluster on a round step sitting on a square flagstone base with a copper dial and gnomon. Just outside the churchyard wall are stocks probably dating from the early 18th century. The churchyard also contains the war graves of six British servicemen, four of World War I and two of World War II.

Gallery

See also

Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
Grade I listed churches in Cheshire
Listed buildings in Great Budworth
List of church restorations and alterations by Anthony Salvin
List of church restorations, amendments and furniture by John Douglas

References

External links

Photographs of the church and village by Craig Thornber

Church of England church buildings in Cheshire
Grade I listed churches in Cheshire
English Gothic architecture in Cheshire
Diocese of Chester
Anthony Salvin buildings

St Mary and All Saints' Church, Great Budworth


The Parris Manufacturing Company of Savannah, Tennessee is an American company that primarily manufactures toy guns.

History
Iowa inventor William G. Dunn (1883–1968) originally owned a hardware business in Clarinda, Iowa. With the start of World War I, Dunn created the Dunn Counterbalance Company that operated out of the hardware store until he built a factory in Clarinda and renamed his company the Dunn Manufacturing Company. Dunn was responsible for 48 patents, 7 to do with wind power. The Dunn Manufacturing Company also built a 3-seat Cruzeaire Monoplane in 1928.

In 1936 Dunn teamed up with Cecil Lewis "Catfish" Parris, a marketing specialist, to form the Parris-Dunn company. The company was formed with Parris as President and Dunn as Vice President to sell a wind driven generator for farms to recharge electrical items. The Dunn Governing Principle was able to use a controllable propeller speed with fewer moving parts than other wind generators. The idea was successful with over 37,000 units created the next year that were sold throughout the USA and foreign countries. Philco Electronics contracted with Parris-Dunn to put their well known name on their "Skychargers" and marketed the items to their customers.

World War II
With surplus American arms sent to England and other countries prior to America's involvement in World War II, the American military suffered a severe shortage of rifles. As the U.S. Government decided that wind generators were not a priority item, Parris-Dunn could only manufacture spare parts for the ones in use. When the company sought some war work the government recommended making dummy training rifles with wood and metal that copied the M1903 Springfield.

Impressed by the rifles made for the US Army, the US Navy contacted Parris-Dunn in June 1942 to order their own rifles that they insisted have bayonet studs, adjustable rear sights, and working triggers with a clicker mechanism; the weapon becoming the USN MK 1 Dummy Training Rifle. The Navy ordered 190,000 for their first order. A plastic copy of the M1905 bayonet and scabbard was manufactured
by the Pro-Phy-Lac-Tic Brush Company who usually manufactured toothbrushes. With walnut in high demand for real rifles, Parris-Dunn used cheaper wood further reducing the cost of the rifles.

Over 500,000 rifles were produced with Parris-Dunn being awarded the Army-Navy 'E' Award.

Postwar
With the end of the war, the training rifles were sold as surplus. From 1943, Parris had approached the company's chief engineer, Maurice Greiman with the idea of Parris-Dunn manufacturing toy weapon popguns of a Western style that shot corks for the use of children and traveling carnivals. Parris had Cowboy models called Cowboy Pla Guns, Trainerifles, and Shootrite guns in larger sizes for adults to practice cork gun marksmanship indoors.

Dunn retired in 1949 with Parris moving the company to Savannah, Tennessee where it remains.
During the Civil War Centennial the company manufactured replica cork shooting Civil War muskets and pistols.

The company manufactured full size replicas of the M1903 Springfield and smaller sized models for children that featured a working bolt with a dummy bullet, leather sling, the clicker action, and a smaller rubber bayonet similar to the M1 bayonet.

In the 1960s Parris used the cork gun design to make several types of BB guns.

So much of the mail to the Parris Manufacturing Company was missent to Savannah, Georgia that Cecil Parris visited the local post office and had the postmaster add "Catfish Capital of the World" to the postmark.

Kadets of America
In 1953 Parris started the idea of Kadet Military Drill Teams that communities could form. Purchasers of Kadet toy weapons would receive a free comic book drawn by Kurt Schaffenberger for Customs Comics Inc. telling the story of an imaginary boy named Bob Duncan who became a Kadet and advanced to the rank of captain. The comic book featured instructions how to do the American manual of arms and offered the full range of Kadet Trainer Rifles, cork firing weapons, rank insignia, and dress and fatigue uniforms for both girls and boys featuring a white riding helmet. The brochure also featured a Kadet Officer's Training School located on a  farm in Savannah and a Kadet song. From 1953 to around 1970 when the programme ended, the Kadets had over 16,000 members.

Notes

External links
Parris Manufacturing web site https://web.archive.org/web/20090703165204/http://www.parrismfgco.com/home/history.html
Parris-Dunn web site https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/jdd47/pdhistory1.html&date=2009-10-26+00:44:29
Parris toy drill rifles http://user.pa.net/~the.macs/PDTOY.html
Parris-Dunn Training Rifles http://user.pa.net/~the.macs/PDTR.html

Wind turbines
Toy weapons
Toy companies of the United States
Pneumatic weapons
Air guns

Parris Manufacturing Company


Park Hall is a football ground located in Oswestry, Shropshire, England. It serves as the home stadium for The New Saints F.C., a professional football club that competes in the Welsh Premier League.

History
Park Hall was established in [year], following the formation of The New Saints F.C., previously known as Total Network Solutions F.C. The club needed a suitable venue to host its home matches, and Park Hall was chosen as the location for their stadium. The ground is situated in close proximity to the Park Hall Estate, after which it was named.

Facilities
The stadium has a grass playing surface and can accommodate [capacity] spectators. It features a main stand, which provides covered seating for spectators, as well as several terraced areas for standing. The ground is also equipped with floodlights, allowing for evening matches to be played.

In addition to the football pitch, Park Hall is equipped with various training facilities, including training pitches and a modern training center. These facilities are utilized by The New Saints F.C. for their training sessions and youth development programs.

Tenants
The New Saints F.C. is the primary tenant of Park Hall. The club was founded in [year] and has since become one of the most successful teams in Welsh football. They have won numerous league titles and domestic cup competitions, both before and after their move to Park Hall. The stadium provides an ideal setting for the team to showcase their talents and compete in the Welsh Premier League.

Notable matches
Park Hall has hosted various notable matches throughout its history. These include important league fixtures for The New Saints F.C., as well as cup matches and international fixtures. The stadium has also been used for friendly matches and youth tournaments, contributing to the development of football in the local area.

Related pages
The New Saints F.C.
Welsh Premier League

References

Stadiums in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Shropshire

Park Hall (Oswestry)


The Consell de Cent (, meaning in English "Council of One Hundred") was a governmental institution of Barcelona. It was established in the 13th century and lasted until the 18th century.

Its name derives from the number of its members: one hundred (Catalan: cent).

In 1249, James I created the fundamental structure of the municipal government of Barcelona: a board of advice of 4 members, helped by 8 counselors and an assembly of probi homines (leaders), all them members of the mà major (Catalan for senior hand, or the upper class formed by wealthy merchants).

After several modifications, by the year 1265, the municipal organization gained its more permanent structure: the municipal authority rested on 3 counselors elected by a Council of one hundred individuals.

In year 1335, Peter III the Ceremonious permitted the Consell de Cent to use the royal insignia of the four (red) bars.

The importance of the Consell de Cent in the history and the government of the Principality of Catalonia is supported by many examples. For instance, in year 1464 it proclaimed  Peter V of Aragon (known as Peter the Constable of Portugal) as count of Barcelona. Another example is the rejection by the Consell de Cent of Martin the Humane's foundation on January 10, 1401, of the General Medical School in Barcelona with the same prerogatives as the University of Montpellier, because they felt this encroached on their municipal jurisdiction. This ultimately led to the creation of the University of Barcelona in 1450.

In the last decades of the 17th century it was represented in the Conferència dels Tres Comuns (in Catalan: Conference of the Three Commons). The Consell de Cent was abolished by Philip V of Spain with the Decretos de Nueva Planta upon his occupation of Barcelona after the Siege of Barcelona in 1714. Since that moment, the new government of the city was controlled directly by the monarchy.

A main street in the city of Barcelona, the Carrer (street) del Consell de Cent, is named after this institution (before 1978 it was known as Calle del Consejo de Ciento, in Spanish).

Medieval Barcelona
Principality of Catalonia
Crown of Aragon
Catalan symbols

Consell de Cent


The Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, also called Christian Disciples is an non-denominational Canadian church body. It is made of clergy, churches and ministries. Barton Warren Stone and Alexander Campbell started it in the State of Kentucky, United States, in 1804. The church is important for what is called the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement or the American Restoration Movement, which wanted to re-unite the different Christian Churches.

It welcomes the public and all people from other churches to their Sunday worship service. Church membership is open to men, women and children who accept their doctrinal statement of beliefs.  It has members in the following countries: in Canada, United States, Trinidad. St Lucia, Mexico, England, Africa, Russia, France, Israel, Ivory Coast, India, Hong Kong, Colombia, Ghana, China, Cameroon, Benin, Uganda, Togo, Sweden, Tanzania, Pakistan, Zambia, Kenya, Puerto Rico, Norway, Haiti, New Zealand, Finland, Denmark, Ethiopia, Liberia, Nigeria, Jamaica, and Myanmar.

References

Other websites
Evangelical Christian Church in Canada Official website

Evangelicalism
1804 establishments
1800s establishments in Canada
Religious organizations based in Canada

Evangelical Christian Church in Canada


The Australian (Sydney, NSW, 1824–1848) was an English language newspaper published in Sydney, Australia.

It first appeared in 1824 and was the second newspaper to be printed on mainland Australia after The Sydney Gazette (1803). The latter was a semi-official publication containing proclamations, regulations and it was censored by the government.

The Australian was the first independent newspaper in Australia. Governor Brisbane realised there was little point in continuing to censor The Sydney Gazette when The Australian was uncensored and so government censorship of newspapers was abandoned in 1824 and the freedom of the press began in Australia.

History

The early years

The first issue of The Australian appeared on Thursday, 14 October 1824. The owners of the newspaper were two lawyers, Robert Wardell and William Charles Wentworth. They had a printing press and other necessary materials with them on the Alfred which arrived at Sydney from Britain in July 1824.

Wardell had previously owned and edited a London evening newspaper, the Statesman. He edited and wrote most of the articles in The Australian and dealt with the day to day running of the paper. Wentworth wrote the occasional editorial and provided £4000 for working capital and running costs. The newspaper championed the Emancipist cause in New South Wales. It pushed for an elected assembly, a low property franchise, trial by jury and for emancipists to be given the right to vote and to sit on juries. It opposed autocracy and sought, "to convert a prison into a colony fit for a freeman." It often expressed liberal views and sometimes opposed the governor.

The only early rival to The Australian was The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, first published on 5 March 1803. It was subject from the start to the censorship of the secretary to the Governor, and later, the Colonial Secretary. In the face of a competitor free of censorship the editor of the gazette approached the governor to request that his publication too should be free of censorship. Governor Brisbane agreed and explained his reasoning in a despatch to Earl Bathurst dated 12 July 1825.

The Australian took an interest in the economy and provided support for any enterprise that promised to create economic growth and employment. One industry it championed was the whaling trade in New South Wales.

The first printer of The Australian was George Williams (c1784-1838).
The paper initially appeared weekly, and then, from April 1826, bi-weekly. It appeared three times a week from October 1838. It usually consisted of four broadsheet pages. The occasional supplement, to report an important event, increased its length to six pages. The newspaper was sold for one shilling per copy. In his survey of Australian literature H. M. Green notes layout innovations introduced by the paper.

The later years
Wardell was followed as editor and publisher by Atwell Edwin Hayes in 1828 and he remained in charge till 1833. He was followed by George Nichols as editor and co-owner till June 1841. The assistant editor under Nichols was journalist James Martin. Abraham Cohen (1812–1874) was the printer of the newspaper by April 1836 and he became co-owner, in partnership with Nichols, in May 1837. Cohen was the editor, printer and sole owner by September 1838 and he remained in charge till September 1839. Printer George Moss (1809–1854) and the Rev. Wickham M. Hesketh (1807–1868) were the co-owners by June 1841 and they continued as joint owners till their partnership was dissolved in June 1843. Thomas Forster was the printer and publisher for the owners by December 1843. Forster and Edwyn Henry Statham (1811–1887) were joint owners by January 1844. Wealthy pastoralist James Macarthur was a financial backer of the newspaper by mid 1843 and as a mortgagee was owed £2,600. Soon after he assumed ownership. Edward Smith Hall (1786–1860) was made editor in April 1846 and he remained till June 1847.

There were hazards to editing a colonial newspaper. Wardell was challenged to a duel by the governor's private secretary over an article that had appeared in The Australian in 1827. In the same year he was sued for libel. The same thing happened to the next editor, Atwell Hayes, who in 1829 was found guilty of criminal libel, fined £100 and sentenced to six months in prison.

The market value of the newspaper as a going concern fluctuated over the years. It was valued at £3,600 when purchased by a consortium of Sydney auctioneers in 1828. But its value had declined to £2,000 by 1843, probably due to the economic depression of the early 1840s.

Its circulation also varied over time. It was reported to average 600 copies per issue in 1827, but this had fallen to 400 by 1836. By March 1838 circulation had risen to 800 copies per issue.

Sometimes publication had to be suspended due to a shortage of newsprint. Another problem was a shortage of skilled labour. Assigned convicts were used in the print works but they could be unreliable employees. In 1838, the owners placed an advertisement cautioning publicans against supplying liquor to, "any Assigned Servant of this Establishment," and advised that, "Any credit given [would be] at their own risk."

Income from advertisements was fairly steady and easy to collect, but it made up less than half the newspapers income. The bulk came the sale of copies, especially via subscriptions taken out by individuals. This cost 8 shillings per quarter for Sydney residents and ten shillings and sixpence for country subscribers in 1838. Like other Sydney newspapers, The Australian made regular appeals to subscribers to pay their accounts and threatened to take legal action against customers who were in arrears. One reason for non-payment was because delivery could be irregular. The runners who made deliveries sometimes sold papers to people on the street and kept the money for themselves. Extra agents were appointed to collect subscriptions, reduce bad debts and increase circulation. There were three agents outside Sydney in 1836, at Parramatta, Campbell Town and Maitland.<ref>The Australian, 26 June 1836, p. 1.</ref> This number had increased to thirteen by June 1838, and included one agent in the Port Phillip District (Victoria). The additional agents helped to double the circulation of the newspaper. But subscribers were still slow to pay, particularly in rural areas, and the newspaper was owed almost £3,000 in unpaid subscriptions by August 1838.

The last issue of the paper appeared on Thursday 28 September 1848. Publication ceased due to, "the large amount of unpaid subscriptions, which we are unable to collect without proceeding to compulsory measures".

Achievements and legacyThe Australian was the first independent newspaper in the colonies and as such it was pivotal in helping to establish the freedom of the press in Australia. It created a new forum for the free discussion of constitutional and political issues that had been lacking before. In particular it gave a voice to the disenfranchised, emancipists, convicts and others on fringes in colonial society. It supported economic growth and encouraged new enterprises likely to create jobs and income.

It created a forum where the government could be called to account. It is also credited with helping to curb some of the worst excesses of the penal system. One contemporary who commented on flogging and other harsh punishments administered to convicts under sentence in New South Wales went on to say,

The newspaper provided a showcase for early Australian literature. Local writers who were first published in its pages include Henry Halloran, Charles Harpur and Richard Howitt. Many readers also first became aware of the books of British authors, such as Charles Dickens, when they were discussed in the pages of The Australian.

The newspaper continues to serve the public by providing a detailed source of information on social, political, economic and cultural activities in Australia in the second quarter of the 19th century.

Digitisation
The entire run of the newspaper has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program, a project of the National Library of Australia in cooperation with the State Library of New South Wales.

See also
 List of newspapers in Australia
 List of newspapers in New South Wales

References
 Atkinson, Alan & Marian Averling (eds.) (1987), Australians 1838, Sydney, Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates.
 Green, Henry and Dorothy (1984), A history of Australian literature, Volume I, 1789–1923, Sydney, Angus & Robertson, pp. 81–3.
 Keneally, Thomas (2009), Australians: Origins to Eureka, Volume 1, Allen & Unwin, Sydney,
 Walker, Thomas (1976), The newspaper press in New South Wales, 1803–1920, Sydney University Press,
 Wilde, William, Joy Hooton and Barry Andrews (1986), The Oxford companion to Australian literature'', Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Notes

External links

1824 establishments in Australia
Defunct newspapers published in Sydney
Publications established in 1824
Publications disestablished in 1848
Freedom of the press
Newspapers on Trove
Defunct newspapers published in New South Wales

The Australian (1824 newspaper)


Bokkoms (or bokkems) is whole, salted and dried mullet (more specifically the Southern mullet, Chelon richardsonii, a type of fish commonly known in the Western Cape of South Africa as "harders"), and is a well-known delicacy from the West Coast region of South Africa. This salted fish is dried in the sun and wind and is eaten after peeling off the skin. In some cases it is also smoked. It is sometimes referred to as "fish biltong".

Origins of the word

The word bokkom comes from the Dutch word bokkem, which is a variant of the word bokking (or buckinc in Middle Dutch). The word bokking is derived from the word bok (the Dutch word for buck or goat) and refers to the fact that bokkoms reminds of goat, because bokkoms has the same shape as the horns of a goat, is just as hard as a goat's horns, and stinks just as much as the horn of a goat (goats have scent glands behind their horns that cause the smell). The first official record of the use of the word in the Afrikaans language of South Africa was in the Patriotwoordeboek in 1902 in the form bokkom.

History
As early as 1658, only six years after the first permanent settlement of Europeans at the Cape of Good Hope, four free burghers were given permission to settle in Saldanha Bay on the West Coast of Southern Africa. They were given the right from the Dutch East India Company to fish the waters of Saldanha Bay and send their catches to the company's trading post at the Cape of Good Hope, to be sold to other burghers as well as to passing ships in Table Bay. They had sole rights to the lucrative fishing until 1711. One fifth of the catch had to be delivered in salted and dried form, which was the origins of bokkoms in South Africa.

Preparation

The ingredients for bokkoms consist of small (juvenile) mullet (fish), coarse salt and fresh water. The original West Coast way of preparing bokkoms starts with catching the small (juvenile) mullets (called "harders" in Afrikaans). A large square tank built out of bricks or stone is filled with a strong pickle made of around 50 kg of coarse salt and fresh water, to which the fish is added. As soon as enough fish is added to reach the top of the tank, two or three spades full of dry coarse salt is spread on top of the fish. Thereafter more layers of fish and salt are put on top until all the fish is covered in salt. A thick layer of salt is added to the top. This is left for one day. On the second day, a press made with wood with weights on top, is placed on the fish in the tank. The purpose of the press is to ensure that the guts of the fish is pressed flat so that it does not go bad. After the third day in the tank, the fish is taken out and is then stringed up in bunches of 10 to 25 fish each on a rope, making use of a fish needle which is pushed through the eyes of the fish. The bunches are then dipped 2 to 3 times in fresh water, before they are hung on scaffolds to dry.

Drying
The most suitable circumstances for drying is a lot of wind and not too harsh sunlight. At nighttime, the fish is brought under a roof to prevent it from drawing in damp, and the next day it is taken outside again to hang in the sun. The whole drying process takes about 5 days. More recently, people have started to make use of drying "ovens". This consists of a closed room with an electrical fan, in which the fish is hung. The fan blows heated air into the room. This simplifies the drying process considerably, since the fish does not need to be moved indoors every evening. This also allows drying to take place during the wetter winter months.

The bokkom industry

Bokkoms is a delicacy typical to the Western Cape of South Africa, and specifically the West Coast. Although it has a significant market in the Western Cape (where it is very popular and can be found in hotels, bars, bottle stores (in UK: off-licence), fish shops and beach kiosks on the beaches and holiday resorts), it has not been able to become a common product in the larger part of Southern African butcheries, fisheries and grocery stores like biltong has. It is, however, available for ordering and shipping through the internet in vacuum packed format.

There is a vibrant bokkom industry in the "bokkom capital" of the world, Velddrif, on the West Coast of South Africa. Around 95% of South Africa's bokkoms are produced in Velddrif, in a series of small individual factories located along the Berg river. Each factory has its own small jetty on the river at the front of the factory. In the past, large schools of mullet was caught in the river and the jetties were used as a place to tie the fishermen's "bakkies" (small boats) to unload their catch. Because of over-fishing, the catching of mullet in the river is now prohibited and it must be netted in the open sea just off Laaiplek.

Velddrif is the ideal place for the bokkom industry. It has access to the mullet just off the coast, its weather conditions are ideal for drying the fish (dry summers and relatively low rainfall), and it has access to huge amounts of sea salt as spring tide pushes the sea over the extensive salt pans (the largest salt factory in South Africa where salt is extracted from sea water, the Cerebos salt factory, is also situated there). It also has access to fresh water in the form of the Berg river. It is thus no co-incidence that the bokkom industry originated and still continue to be situated in Velddrif. The well-known "Bokkomlaan" (Bokkom avenue) along the banks of the Berg river in Velddrif is a place where tourists can see large numbers of bokkoms strung up in bunches on rows of reed scaffolds along the side of the road.

Eating
Bokkoms is a unique, traditional delicacy of the West Coast of South Africa. It is best enjoyed with white wine, or with bread, apricot jam and black coffee, but can also be used in soups and spaghetti's, tapenades, ragout or just as a bite on its own.

Environmental concerns
There has been concern raised over declining fish stocks on the West Coast of South Africa. The Southern mullet is on the WWF Southern African Sustainable Seafood Initiative (SASSI) Orange list as an unsustainable species. This group includes species that have associated reasons for concern, either because the species is depleted as a result of overfishing and cannot sustain current fishing pressure, or because the fishing or farming method poses harm to the environment and/or the biology of the species makes it vulnerable to high fishing pressure. These species may be legally sold by registered commercial fishers and retailers. However, an increased demand for these could compromise a sustainable supply.

In popular culture
The word bokkoms has been taken up in the Afrikaans language in at least three proverbs:

To refer to a very boring, tiresome, dull person, i.e. "a dry old stick", in the phrase "'n droë bokkom" (literally translated "a dry bokkem").
To refer to someone who is incompetent, unable to perform his work adequately, not able to do the simplest of things, in the phrase "hy kan nie bokkom braai nie" (literally translated "he is not able to barbecue a bokkom").
To refer to someone who is very thin and emaciated, in the phrase "hy is pure bokkom en biltong, maar min vir die jakkalse" (literally translated "he is pure bokkom and biltong, not a lot for the jackals").

It has also been used as the name for a specific family of plants with sharp seedpods found in South Africa. These plants have been given the name of bokkoms in Afrikaans because the seedpods look like bokkoms, and their unpleasant smell reminds of the strong fish smell of bokkoms.

Comparison to similar foodstuffs
Bokkoms are similar to dried herring, as well as bloaters, kippers and buckling. Bloaters (whole fish), kippers (split) and buckling (head and guts removed) are all lightly salted and smoked for a short period of time. Although the method for making bokkoms probably originated from the European method of making dried herring, bokkoms use a different species of fish (the mullet) and do not regularly make use of smoking in preparation of the delicacy.

See also

Similar foods
Foods that are similar to bokkoms include:

 (snook)
dried
shark biltong

Related topics
 List of dried foods
 List of smoked foods

Notes and references

External links

South African cuisine
Dried fish
Smoked fish

Bokkoms


, also called , is a part of the traditional Noh theatre in Japan.

The name refers to the vocal section of the music associated with classical Noh drama.  Yōkyoku is sung by the chorus and rarely by the other actors. It usually consists of references to classical texts or Buddhist sutras and are
composed in groups of five and seven syllables.

These vocalizations, as well as the performance of accompanying instruments, help to produce a multitude of supernatural and celestial sounds that are intrinsic to the Noh music genre.

It has two basic styles:

Kotoba: words/heightened speech
Fushi: melody

References
Frederic, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Noh
Japanese styles of music
Vocal music
Japanese traditional music

Yōkyoku


Saltonia is a monotypic genus of North American cribellate araneomorph spiders in the family Dictynidae containing the single species, Saltonia incerta. It was first described by R. V. Chamberlin & Wilton Ivie in 1942, and has only been found in United States. Originally placed with the funnel weavers, it was moved to the Dictynidae in 1967.

It is a rare spider only known from the shores of the Salton Sea in California, United States. It occurs among salt-crusts in several dry or intermittent lake-beds, and from a small island in the Gulf of California. All specimens were collected during March and April near salt springs, salt water, or salt marshes.

Its colulus is similar to that of two genera of intertidal zone spiders of the family Desidae, Paratheuma and Desis. Genetic evidence suggests it is closely related to Paratheuma and the fully aquatic species Argyroneta aquatica.

References

Further reading
 Banks, N. (1898). Some new spiders. Canad. Ent. 30:185-188.
 Chamberlin, R. V. & W. Ivie. (1942). A hundred new species of American spiders. Bull. Univ. Utah 32(13):1-117.
 Roth, V.D. & Brown W.L. (1975). Comments on the spider Saltonia incerta Banks (Agelenidae?). J. Arachnol. 3:53-56. PDF

Dictynidae
Endemic fauna of California
Monotypic Araneomorphae genera
Spiders of the United States
Taxa named by Ralph Vary Chamberlin
Taxa named by Wilton Ivie

Saltonia


Koothambalam or Kuttampalam meaning temple theatre is a closed hall for staging Koothu, Nangiar koothu and Koodiyattam, the ancient ritualistic art forms of Kerala, India. Koothambalams are said to be constructed according to the guide lines given in the chapter 2 of  Nātyasāstra of Bharata Muni. The stage within the hall is considered to be as sacred as the temple sanctum. It is constructed within the cloister of the Temple; more precisely within the pancaprakaras of the temple. The prescribe location is between the prakaras of bahyahara and maryada. In Kerala tradition it is considered as one among the pancaprasadas of a temple complex. Its dimension vary from temple to temple. A square platform with a separate pyramidal roof supported by pillars in the center called natyamandapam is constructed as s separate structure within the large hall of Koothampalam. The floor of the hall is divided into two equal halves and one part is for performance (including stage, instruments, green room etc.) and other half for seating audience. During the performance, the stage is decorated with fruit-bearing plantains, bunches of coconuts and fronds of the coconut palm. A para filled with rice is placed on the stage. A nilavilakku with three thiri is used for lighting. The mizhavu, a percussion instrument for accompanying Koothu, is placed within a railed enclosure, with a high seat for the drummer( belonging to nampiar community).

Only men from the Chakyar community are allowed to perform Koothu and Koodiyattam inside the Koothambalam. The women of the Ambalavasi-Nambiar caste (Nangyarammas), play Nangyar Koothu and the female characters of Koodiyattam. The traditional Ambalavasi-Nambiars play the mizhavu.

Famous temples with Koothambalams include the      Haripad Sree Subrahmanya Swamy temple,
Thirunakkara Mahadeva Temple - Kottayam, Sreekrishna Temple - Guruvayoor, Vadakkumnathan Temple - Trichur, Koodalmanikyam Temple - Irinjalakkuda, Mahadeva Temple - Peruvanam in Trichur District, Sree Mahadeva temple - Thiruvegappura, Thirumandhamkunnu Bhagavathi Temple - Angadippuram in Malappuram District, Thirumuzhikkulam Lakshamana Temple - near Aluva, Subramanya temple - Kidangoor, Siva Temple - Chengannur etc. The Kerala Kalamandalam, Deemed University for Art and Culture, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur District houses a beautiful Koothambalam. Another koothambalam at Vyloppilly Samskarika Nilayam, Trivandrum which is built recently is another example built out of traditional context- i.e., outside temple premises. All these are rectangular in plan. The plan, elevation and structure of these follow the shape grammar typical to the traditional Kerala architecture following the vastu rules prescribed in thantrasamuccayam and silparatnam, the authentic texts on temple vastu.

See also

 Nātyakalpadruma
 Nambiar
 Mizhavu
 Chakyar Koothu
 Koodiyattam
 Nātyasāstra
 Mani Madhava Chakyar
 Mani Damodara Chakyar

References
1.Govardhan Panchal, "Kuttampalam and Kutiyattam",  Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi, 1984

Other sources
 vendore,thrissur,kerala

External links

Kerala Temple Architecture

Arts of Kerala
Classical theatre of india
Koodiyattam
Tamil culture
Tamil dance styles
Theatre in India

Koothambalam


Second-tier Mexican sugar is a term in international trade referring to over-quota sugar exported by Mexico to the United States, subject to a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) tariff that declined 1.5¢/lb. for raw sugar, and 1.6¢/lb. for refined sugar, each year until it entered the United States without a tariff, effective January 1, 2008.

In the period prior to the end of the tariff for Mexican sugar, it became price competitive in the U. S. market whenever the applicable tariff, when added to the world market sugar price, plus the cost of transporting it from Mexico to U.S. Gulf ports (about 1.5¢/lb.), was below the loan forfeiture price support level created by the U.S. sugar program.

Over-quota sugar entering from countries other than Mexico continues to be subject to a much higher tariff, and is not subject to a treaty or statutory decline in tariff as was Mexican sugar. The tariff is set under the treaty agreements embodied in the United States participation in the  World Trade Organization. This second-tier tariff is in effect a  prohibitive tariff.  When added to the world market price for sugar, it makes world sugar uncompetitive in cost, and serves to keep it from entering the U.S. market.

See also
 Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute

References

United States trade policy
Sugar
Sugar industry
Agriculture in Mexico
Foreign trade of Mexico
Mexico–United States relations

Second-tier Mexican sugar


Bernard Jack Shapiro,  (born June 8, 1935) is a Canadian academic, civil servant, former Principal and Vice-Chancellor of McGill University from 1994 to 2004, and the first Ethics Commissioner of Canada between May 17, 2004 and March 29, 2007.

Biography
Born in Montreal, Quebec, he received a Bachelor of Arts from McGill University in 1956. In 1967 he received a Doctorate in Education from Harvard University.  He then joined the faculty of Boston University and later became Associate Dean of the School of Education. In 1976 he was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Education at the University of Western Ontario  and became Vice-President (Academic) and Provost in 1978. From 1980 until 1986 he was the Director of the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, and in 1984 published The Report of The Commission on Private Schools in Ontario for the Ministry of Education of Ontario.

In 1986 he joined the Ontario public service serving as Deputy Minister of Education, Deputy Minister of Skills Development, Deputy Secretary of Cabinet, Deputy Minister and Secretary of Management Board and Deputy Minister of Colleges and Universities. From 1992 until 1994 he was Professor of Education and Public Policy at the University of Toronto. From 1994 until 2004 he was Principal and Vice-Chancellor of McGill University. In May 2004 he was appointed the first Ethics Commissioner of Canada. His term was marked by controversy and then MP for Ottawa Centre, Ed Broadbent repeatedly called for his resignation.

He is the twin brother of Harold T. Shapiro, President Emeritus of Princeton University.

Honours
 In 1999 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.
 In 2004 he was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec.
 He has received honorary degrees from McGill University, University of Toronto, University of Ottawa, Yeshiva University, McMaster University, Université de Montréal, University of Edinburgh, Bishop's University, Nipissing University, University of Melbourne and University of Glasgow.

References

1935 births
Living people
Academics from Montreal
Canadian twins
Canadian educational theorists
Canadian civil servants
Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni
McGill University alumni
Canadian Jews
Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Officers of the Order of Canada
Principals of McGill University
Anglophone Quebec people
Boston University faculty
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario

Bernard Shapiro


Ignatius Cockshutt (August 24, 1812 – March 1, 1901) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist. The son of James Cockshutt and Mary Nightingale, he was born in Bradford, Yorkshire, England. He came to Canada with his parents in July 1827.

Biography

In 1828, his father established himself as a general merchant in York, and soon opened a branch in Brantford, Canada West which Ignatius clerked for his father. After a rocky start at the branch location, it was ultimately successful to the point that the York business was closed and the operation consolidated in Brantford.

In 1840, Ignatius and his sister Jane purchased the business from their father and operated it until 1846 when Ignatius purchased his sister's share. He operated the business very successfully until 1882 as his main occupation.

Along with his son James, in 1877 he founded the original Cockshutt factory, the Brantford Plow Works at Brantford, Ontario.

In 1882, the business was incorporated as the Cockshutt Plow Company, with James G. Cockshutt as president and Ignatius as vice-president. At that time, they employed about 50 workers. After James' death in 1885, the company was operated by three of Ignatius' sons in succession and by a Cockshutt family member until 1957, when outside interests gained control of the company.

After his withdrawal from his active businesses, he spent considerable time and money on various charity and philanthropic causes. He was a devout Inghamite Methodist and remained committed to its teachings of charity and evangelism.

He married Margaret Gemmel on September 22, 1846, with whom he had one child named Mary. Margaret died in 1847. Three years later, on September 9, 1850, he married Elizabeth Foster and had eight more surviving children with her. In total he had nine children that survived into adulthood, and three who died in infancy.

References
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 Brantford Library Records, Memoirs of Ignatius Cockshutt, consisting chiefly of his own reminiscences (1903)

1812 births
1901 deaths
Businesspeople from Ontario
19th-century Canadian businesspeople
English emigrants to Canada
19th-century Canadian philanthropists

Ignatius Cockshutt


Holy Rosary–Danish Church Historic District, also known as Fletcher Place II, is a national historic district located at Indianapolis, Indiana.  The district encompasses 183 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section located in the central business district of Indianapolis. It was developed between about 1875 and 1930, and include representative examples of Italianate, Gothic Revival, Tudor Revival, and Renaissance Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Horace Mann Public School No. 13.  Other notable buildings include the John Kring House (c. 1872), Trinity Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church (1872), John Wands House (1857), Henry Homburg House (c. 1870), Samuel Keely House (c. 1870), Maria Wuensch Cottage (c. 1900), and Holy Rosary Catholic Church (1911-1925).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Italianate architecture in Indiana
Gothic Revival architecture in Indiana
Tudor Revival architecture in Indiana
Renaissance Revival architecture in Indiana
Historic districts in Indianapolis
National Register of Historic Places in Indianapolis


Ralph Joseph "Jody" Reynolds (December 3, 1932 – November 7, 2008) was an American rock and roll singer, guitarist, and songwriter whose song "Endless Sleep" was a major U.S. top-ten hit in the summer of 1958. His follow-up single, "Fire of Love", peaked at only No. 66 on the Billboard chart, but the song went on to become a blues-punk classic after being covered by the MC5 and the Gun Club.

Reynolds was a regular on the "oldies" circuit and a successful businessman in the U.S. Southwest. Beginning in the 1980s several compilations of his music were issued in the U.S. and Europe, and he enjoyed modest acclaim as a pioneer of rockabilly music.

In 1999, Reynolds was honored with both a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars in Palm Springs, California, and induction into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.

Life and career
Ralph Joseph Reynolds was born in Denver, Colorado, United States, and was raised in the small town of Shady Grove, Oklahoma. Inspired by Western Swing and artists such as Bob Wills, Hank Thompson, and Eddy Arnold, who he heard on the radio, Reynolds took up guitar at age 14. He began playing rockabilly in Texas in the mid-1950s after hearing performers such as Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, and Roy Orbison.

While performing in San Diego, California, Reynolds met music publisher Herb Montei. Montei rejected several songs offered by Reynolds, but after hearing his composition "Endless Sleep", got him signed to Demon Records and began managing him.

Inspired by the haunting sound of Elvis Presley's "Heartbreak Hotel", Reynolds wrote "Endless Sleep" while in Yuma, Arizona for a gig, and played it onstage the same night. Though a proficient guitarist himself, the studio recording of the song featured Al Casey and Howard Roberts on guitars. It had been written solely by Reynolds, but Demon Records credited it to Reynolds and the fictitious "Dolores Nance", to make it appear to have been written by a 'professional' songwriting team. With spooky, reverb-laden vocals, "Endless Sleep" tells the story of a young man desperately searching for his girlfriend, who, after an argument, has flung herself into the ocean. The label persuaded a reluctant Reynolds to change the lyrics to give the song a happy ending.

The song reached the No. 5 position on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart on July 7, 1958, sold over one million copies, and inspired a trend of "teen tragedy" songs. Reynolds performed on American Bandstand and other TV shows, and was featured on concert tours organized by the disc jockey/promoter Alan Freed. "Endless Sleep" would later be covered by the Judds, John Fogerty, Nick Lowe and Billy Idol; Marty Wilde had a major hit with it in the UK, and Hank Williams, Jr.'s version was a modest country music chart success.

Reynolds' self-penned follow up single, "Fire of Love", became a rock and roll classic years later, after being revived by the MC5 and the Gun Club, but only reached No. 66 on the Billboard chart when released in August 1958, and was his last song to reach the Billboard Hot 100.  Unlike "Endless Sleep, "Fire of Love" is credited as being co-written by Reynolds, and his first wife, Sonja Sturdivant.

Reynolds recorded several more singles, both with Demon and other labels, including duets with Bobbie Gentry, two songs written by Marty Cooper and Lee Hazlewood, and two hot instrumentals released under the name "The Storms" (Reynolds' backing band). By the mid-1960s he had settled in Palm Springs, where he focused on raising a family and working as a realtor; however, he retained his lifelong love of music, writing and recording songs in a small home studio, occasionally performing in "oldies" shows, and opening a music store.

Col. Tom Parker, Elvis Presley's manager, signed Reynolds to his Boxcar Publishing Co., thinking Presley might be interested in some of his songs, though Presley died in 1977 before recording any of them. Reynolds included one of the songs he had written for Presley, "Yesterday and Today", on a 1978 album.

Starting in the late 1970s, "Endless Sleep" and other of Reynolds' songs were re-released in Europe and America; the rockabilly revival beginning in the mid-1970s (Hank Mizell's "Jungle Rock" hit the UK top ten in 1976) saw a further increase of interest in his music.

Reynolds died of liver cancer on November 7, 2008, in Palm Desert, California, at age 75. He was survived by Judy, his wife of 47 years, daughters Malinda and Marla, son Mark and granddaughter Desiree.

Recordings
 Demon Records
 1507 "Endless Sleep" / "Tight Capris" – March 1958
 1509 "Fire of Love" / "Daisy Mae" – July 1958
 1511 "Closin' In" / "Elope With Me" – November 1958
 1515 "Golden Idol" / "Beaulah Lee" – March 1959
 1519 "The Storm" / "Please Remember Me" – August 1959
 1523 "The Whipping Post" / "I Wanna Be With You Tonight" – April 1960
 1524 "Stone Cold" / "(The Girl With The) Raven Hair" – June 1960
 Sundown Records
 114 "Thunder" / "Tarantula" – January 1959
 Indigo Records
 127 "Thunder" / "Tarantula" – August 1961
 Emmy Records
 1011 "Dusty Skies" / "Brandy" 1962
 Smash Records
 1810 "Don't Jump" / "Stormy" – February 1963
 Brent Records
 7042 "The Girl From King Marie" / "Raggedy Ann" – April 1963
 Titan Records
 1734 "A Tear For Jesse" / "Devil Girl" – 1965
 1736 "Stranger in the Mirror" / "Requiem For Love" (with Bobbie Gentry) – 1965
 Pulsar Records
 2419 "Endless Sleep" / "My Baby's Eyes" – 1969
 Gusto Records
 0026 "Endless Sleep" / [unknown] 1976
 Tru Gems Records
 LP 1002 Endless Sleep 1978
 Gee Dee Music
 270106 Endless Sleep (CD) (Germany, 1994)
 270142 Endless Sleep (CD) (Germany, 1998)
 Ace Records LTD
 CDCHD 1474 -  The Complete Demon & Titan Masters (England, 2016)

References

External links
 Jody Reynolds
 Jody Reynolds Page
 Reynolds, Jody (RCS Artist Discography)
 Jody Reynolds, 75, Rockabilly Singer, Is Dead
 Jody Reynolds - The Complete Demon & Titan Masters - Ace Records

1932 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from liver cancer
Musicians from Denver
People from McIntosh County, Oklahoma
Apex Records artists
Smash Records artists
20th-century American musicians

Jody Reynolds


The Eggstock (2,455 m) is a mountain of the Schwyzer Alps, located on the border between the Swiss canton of Schwyz and canton of Glarus, north of Braunwald. It lies on the range east of the Bös Fulen, between the valley of Bösbächi and the cirque of Braunwald and is composed of three summits: the Hinterer Eggstock (2,455 m), the Mittlerer Eggstock (2,436 m) and the Vorderer Eggstock (2,449 m).

References

External links

Hinterer Eggstock on Hikr

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Switzerland
Mountains of the canton of Schwyz
Mountains of the canton of Glarus
Two-thousanders of Switzerland

Eggstock (Schwyzer Alps)


Madras School is a system of education prevailing in the city of Chennai, India (formerly known as Madras) discovered in the early part of the 19th century, though believed to be much older, wherein education was imparted by senior pupils who educated juniors. This mode of education was recommended for implementation in the United Kingdom by the educationist Andrew Bell.

External links

References

Schools in Chennai

Madras School


Sir David Iser Smith  (9 August 1933 – 15 August 2022) was an Australian public servant. He was the Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia between 1973 and 1990, in which capacity he served Sir Paul Hasluck, Sir John Kerr, Sir Zelman Cowen, Sir Ninian Stephen and Bill Hayden.

Early life
Smith was born in Melbourne to Polish Jewish immigrant parents named Szmitkowski which was then anglicised to "Smith". He was educated at Princes Hill State School, Scotch College, the University of Melbourne, and the Australian National University, where he gained a Bachelor of Arts degree.

Smith began his career in the Australian Public Service in 1953, and was later appointed Private Secretary to the Minister for Interior and Works from 1958 until 1963. He was then appointed Secretary to the Federal Executive Council and head of the Government Branch, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, from 1971 to 1973.

Secretary to the Governor-General
In January 1973, Smith was appointed acting Official Secretary to Sir Paul Hasluck, and on 20 July was made permanent Official Secretary. He later became the first Secretary of the Order of Australia on its establishment in 1975. After Hasluck's retirement, he served Sir John Kerr.

Smith held office at the time of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis when, on 11 November 1975, Kerr dismissed the Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam. Smith was required to read out the proclamation of the dissolution of parliament, in formal dress, on the steps of the then Parliament House. The dismissal was by then publicly known, and an angry crowd of Whitlam supporters had gathered, filling the steps and spilling over into the roadway and Parliament House itself. Smith was forced to enter Parliament House through a side door and make his way to the steps from the inside. He read the proclamation, although the crowd's boos and chanting ("We want Gough!") drowned him out. It ended:

Whitlam, who had been standing on the step behind Smith, immediately addressed the gathered media scrum and crowd with words that famously proclaimed his defiance:

Smith served as Official Secretary until 1990, serving Sir Zelman Cowen, Sir Ninian Stephen, and Bill Hayden. He was later appointed a Visiting Fellow in the Faculty of Law at the Australian National University for 1998 and 1999, and was a member of the 1998 Constitutional Convention.

Views on the monarchy and Whitlam's dismissal
In a lecture on "An Australian Head of State: An Historical and Contemporary Perspective", published as Papers on Parliament No. 27, March 1996, Smith mentioned that, in a previous lecture, Senator Baden Teague had spoken of the Queen as Australia's head of state and argued for her replacement by an Australian head of state, and that in his replies to questions after the lecture Teague had spoken of the Governor-General as "our head of state".  Smith remarked that the switch from Queen to Governor‑General was "entirely automatic and unselfconscious", and that Teague was "not alone in his ambivalence". After mentioning other public references made to the Governor-General as head of state, Smith opined "The fact is that under our Constitution we have two heads of state—a symbolic head of state in the Sovereign, and a constitutional head of state in the Governor-General", and said that in his lecture he would discuss the roles of the Sovereign and of the Governor-General under the Australian Constitution, including some of the changes which had occurred in each of those roles since Federation. To conclude the lecture, Smith quoted the remarks of Sir Gerard Brennan, Chief Justice of Australia, on the oaths of allegiance and office:

 "The first promise is a commitment of loyalty to Her Majesty the Queen, her heirs and successors according to law. It is a commitment to the head of State under the Constitution. It is from the Constitution that the Oath of Allegiance, which has its origins in feudal England, takes its significance in the present day. As the Constitution can now be abrogated or amended only by the Australian people in whom, therefore, the ultimate sovereignty of the nation resides, the Oath of Allegiance and the undertaking to serve the head of State as Chief Justice are a promise of fidelity and service to the Australian people. The duties which the oath imposes sit lightly on a citizen of the nation which the Constitution summoned into being and which it sustains. Allegiance to a young, free and confident nation, governed by the rule of law, is not a burden but a privilege." (Spoken at a ceremonial sitting of the High Court on 21 April 1995)

After retiring from public service, Sir David became a member of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy and frequently gave addresses on constitutional matters. He has strongly defended Sir John Kerr and has been highly critical of Gough Whitlam. In 2005 Smith published an account of the events of 1975 and the other constitutional debates, Head of State, which was launched by former Governor-General Bill Hayden. Smith later published his opinion that the dismissal had been the culmination of a political and not a constitutional crisis.

Governor-General as head of state

After his retirement in 1992, Smith asserted in books and lectures that the governor-general carries out the duties of head of state in his or her own right and not as the Queen's representative or surrogate.

Life in retirement; death
Smith lived in Canberra, where in a voluntary capacity he often led guided tours  at Old Parliament House. He was father to three sons, Michael (financial services, Sydney), Richard (Commonwealth public servant, Canberra), Phillip (strategic architect, ICT, Oslo, Norway).

David Smith died on 15 August 2022 at the age of 89.

Honours
 On 29 April 1977, Smith was made a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) for his continuing service as Official Secretary.

 On 9 June 1986, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for "service to the Crown, as Official Secretary to the Governor-General and as Secretary of the Order of Australia".

 On 19 August 1990, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) at a private investiture at Balmoral Castle.

 On 1 January 2001 he was awarded the Centenary Medal for "services to Australian society through the Office of the Governor-General".

Smith was also appointed a Knight of the Order of St John and has been awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal.

See also
 Australian head of state
 1975 Australian constitutional crisis

References

Further reading
 Smith, David. Head of State:The Governor-General, the Monarchy, the Republic and the Dismissal (2005), Macleay Press.
 Kerr, John. Matters for Judgement (1979), Sun Press.

External links
 You're no icon, just say sorry, Gough told – David Smith on the events of 1975
 Hayden's comments on David Smith and the Whitlam Dismissal

1933 births
2022 deaths
1975 Australian constitutional crisis
Australian monarchists
Australian National University alumni
Australian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Australian public servants
Australian Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights of the Order of St John
Officers of the Order of Australia
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
Public servants from Melbourne
University of Melbourne alumni

David Smith (public servant)


Ernst Filip Oskar Lundberg (2 June 1876 – 31 December 1965) Swedish actuary, and mathematician. Lundberg is one of the founders of mathematical risk theory and worked as managing director of several insurance companies.

According to Harald Cramér, "Filip Lundberg's works on risk theory were all written at a time when no general theory of stochastic processes existed, and when collective reinsurance methods, in the present sense of the word, were entirely unknown to insurance companies. In both respects his ideas were far ahead of their time, and his works deserve to be generally recognized as pioneering works of fundamental importance."

Biography
Born in 1876, Filip Lundberg's father, Philip Lundberg, was a school teacher in mathematics who died just three months after Lundberg was born. Filip's first ambition was to follow his father's career in mathematics. He studied mathematics at the University of Uppsala, graduating in 1896 and receiving his Licentiate in 1898. However, instead of becoming a teacher, Filip joined a newly founded insurance company. In 1903, Lundberg went on to defend his doctoral thesis on the probability and collective risk. He soon moved to a second company where he was appointed actuary and, at the age of 28, became its managing director. From 1904 to the 1930s, Lundberg's activities were divided between his everyday life and trying to understand the relationship between the concepts 'collective' and 'risk'. Lundberg's results are described in his academic publications between the years 1909 and 1930. His major works on the ruin problem were published in 1926 and 1928. From 1910 on, he was a leading voice in debates about the life insurance industry and a prolific writer and debater. Lundberg advocated a cautious approach to the insurance business which emphasized consolidation before expansion. Lundberg went on to become a leader of the industry, managing other companies, serving as chairman of the Association of Swedish Life Insurance Companies for ten years, and sitting on government committees on insurance. Filip Lundberg left his last position within Swedish insurance, as chairman of the board of Eir, in the same year that his collective risk theory was definitively clarified. Filip Lundberg died in 1965.

Work
In parallel to his business career, Lundberg worked on a theory of collective risk. In 1903, he finished his doctoral thesis, Approximations of the Probability Function/Reinsurance of Collective Risks. This introduced the compound Poisson process and involved work on the central limit theorem. Cramér writes that the thesis has a reputation for being impossible to understand but, that looked at now, "one cannot help being struck by his ability to deal intuitively with concepts and methods that would have to wait another thirty years before being put on a rigorous foundation." Cramér mentions later work by Andrey Kolmogorov and William Feller but it was Cramér himself who developed Lundberg's ideas on risk and linked them to the emerging theory of stochastic processes.

Focardi & Fabozzi describes Lundberg's thesis as a milestone in actuarial mathematics. It was the first to define a collective theory of risk and to apply a sophisticated probabilistic formulation to the insurance ruin problem. Lundberg's work anticipated many future developments of probability theory, including what was later to be known as the theory of point processes. Lundberg's theory, together with that of French mathematician Louis Bachelier, was ahead of its time and inspired the subsequent development of probability theory. But the type of mathematics implied by his work could not be employed completely until the development of digital computers.

Because he published many of his major works in Swedish, Lundberg's work went unnoticed by the actuarial community for nearly 30 years. However, eventually Lundberg's ideas became known largely through the work of Cramér and his students. Although Lundberg published some work in German, the international scientific language of the time, Lundberg's thesis and most of his subsequent writings were in Swedish. His mathematical language did not travel easily, either.

Discussions

 K. Englund and A. Martin-Löf (2001) Ernst Filip Oskar Lundberg, Statisticians of the Centuries (ed. C. C. Heyde and E. Seneta) pp. 308–311. New York: Springer.
 Focardi, Sergio M. & Fabozzi, Frank J. (2004). The Mathematics of Financial Modeling and Investment Management, pp. 80–81. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
 Å. Grenholm et al. (1969). Filip Lundberg: Förgrundsman i svensk livförsäkring.

See also
 Ruin theory
 Harald Cramer
 Louis Bachelier

External links
 There is a photograph at Lundberg, Ernst Filip Oskar on the Portraits of Statisticians page.
 A biography of Lundberg can be found at the StatProb Encyclopedia Ernest Filip Oskar Lundberg

Swedish actuaries
1876 births
1965 deaths
Swedish statisticians
20th-century  Swedish mathematicians

Filip Lundberg


Vytenis Povilas Andriukaitis (born 9 August 1951) is WHO Special Envoy for the European region, the former European Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, a heart surgeon, a co-signatory to the 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.

Andriukaitis' family was deported to Siberia in June 1941. He, his mother and two older brothers were allowed to return to Lithuania in 1958; his father returned in 1959. After excelling at school, he enrolled at Kaunas Medical Institute, graduating in 1975. In 1976 Andriukaitis started his career in politics as a member of the underground Social Democrat movement, but later continued his studies by pursuing a degree in history at Vilnius University, graduating in 1984.

Andriukaitis was elected to the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania, which preceded Seimas (Lithuanian Parliament), in 1990. Andriukaitis was a member of the Lithuanian Parliament for six terms, from 1992 to 2004 and from 2008 to 2012, and was a deputy chairman of its council from 2001 to 2004. He was a health minister of the Republic of Lithuania since December 2012 until the European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker appointed him to serve as an EU Commissioner in November 2014. After the term as European Commissioner for Health and Food Safety Andriukaitis became WHO Special Envoy for the European region in March 2020.

Early life
Vytenis Povilas Andriukaitis was born in Kyusyur, Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR. His father, Alfonsas Andriukaitis and mother Liuda Andriukaitienė, pregnant at the time, together with two small children were deported from Lithuania to Siberia by Soviet Communists in June 1941. While there, they only had access to Russian literature; Andriukaitis learned Lithuanian from his mother, who would write down Lithuanian fairy tales, which he would later read.

In 1954, the family received a permission to relocate to Olyokminsk in continental USSR. In 1957, they were allowed to return to Lithuania after his mother was awarded a medal of honour for raising five children. The family moved to Kaunas, Lithuania – he, his mother and two brothers, Antanas and Petras, joined later by their father Alfonsas in 1959. His older brothers were serving in the USSR Army – Šarūnas in Kaliningrad and Remigijus in Vladivostok.

Andriukaitis excelled at school and was awarded a "Gold medal" upon his graduation from Kaunas Middle School in 1969. It was uncommon to be awarded a medal of achievement without being a member of the "komjaunuoliai" (Young Communists). Right after graduation, he enrolled at Kaunas Medicine Institute graduating in 1975. He continued his studies, pursuing a degree in history at Vilnius University, graduating in 1984. He did not join the Communist party during his university years and was instead a member of the underground Social Democratic movement for independent Lithuania.

Medical career
In 1975 Andriukaitis started his medical internship at Kaunas 3rd Hospital. Following the internship, he was denied the right to choose the hospital for residency by security services due to his anti-communist political involvement. He was offered to go to Ignalina, in north-east part of the country, where Andriukaitis spent eight years at Ignalina Central Hospital. He was under continuous pressure and scrutiny from the government, due to his involvement in underground political resistance movement. Whilst in Ignalina, in 1979 he qualified in general surgery at Vilnius University; in 1980 he qualified in war surgery at Riga Military Hospital, in 1982 in abdominal surgery and in 1983 in trauma and orthopaedics surgery both at Vilnius University. After being promoted to surgeon (second category) in 1983, and due to a great demand for cardio-surgeons in Vilnius, Andriukaitis was able to relocate there from Ignalina and was appointed a cardiac surgeon at the Cardiac Surgery Centre at the Republican Clinical hospital in Vilnius, Lithuania. In 1987 he qualified in heart and vascular surgery at Moscow Bakulev Cardiovascular Institute and in the same year he took part in the first heart transplantation in the history of Lithuanian medicine. In 1989 Andriukaitis was appointed a cardiovascular surgeon (first category) and became a member of the Lithuanian Physicians' Association (until 1996) and Lithuanian Cardiologists' Association. He was also a member of International Physicians' Association during 1998–2004. Andriukaitis practiced medicine until 1993, when the new Constitution of Lithuania forbade Members of Parliament to take part in other non-parliamentary activities.

Political career

Under Soviet rule
Andriukaitis was an active participant in the anti-Soviet underground movement. In 1976 Andriukaitis started his career in politics as a member of the underground Social Democratic movement, participating in their many activities. He was a founder of the University of Antanas Strazdelis, an underground "university", where members of the resistance movement studied works of the prohibited authors, exchanged books from personal libraries and practiced a humanist way of life (1975–1982). The "university" rejected dictatorship, nazism, fascism, autocratic regimes or nationalism and united students by promoting values of democracy, pluralism, multi-party politics, freedom of ideas, philosophy and religion and diversity.

In 1976 Andriukaitis was arrested and questioned by the KGB, and forced by the Soviet government to not leave Ignalina for three years, where he was under supervision by the local KGB office.

During 1988–1989 Andriukaitis actively supported the restoration of the LSDP (Social Democratic Party of Lithuania). As a deputy chairman of LSDP, he pioneered the re-establishment of its steering group, was also a member of the Lithuanian Reform Movement Sąjūdis and participated in the preparation and legalisation of LSDP Lithuanian Movement programmes for elections to the Lithuanian SSR Supreme Council. During this period he was also a member of the working group for the development of the strategy for LSSR self-sufficiency (in regards to social security, health care reform and public administration).

After Soviet rule
In 1990 Andriukaitis was elected a Supreme Soviet Deputy for Lithuanian Republic, a chair he held until 1992. He was also a member of the Committee of Health and Social Affairs, chairman of Health Subcommittee, member of a working group which prepared the charter of March 11 in advance of the 1990 signing of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. He was also a member of a working group on National Science and National Health Concept Development during these years.

In 1990 he became a delegation member in the Baltic Assembly at the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania, the position he held until 2004.

Andriukaitis was also one of the co-authors of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, which was adopted in 1992.

Member of Parliament
In 1992, Andriukaitis became a Member of Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania, a vice-chairman of Health and Social Affairs Committee, the deputy chair (seniūnas) of the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party Parliamentary Group, and a member of the National Security Concept Development Working Group. In 1996, he was re-elected as a Member of Parliament where he was renamed a member of the Conference of Chairs of Parliamentary Groups and of the State and Local Government Committee, Polish Parliamentary Assembly and as a chair of LSDP Parliamentary Group.

Andriukaitis was a candidate for the president of the Republic of Lithuania in 1997, and also in 2002.

In 1999 Andriukaitis was elected an LSDP chairman, serving two years.

In 2000, Andriukaitis was elected for his third term as a Member of Parliament of Lithuania and continued as a member of the Conference of Chairs of Parliamentary Groups and also joined Parliamentary Council. In October 2000, he was an Opposition Leader in the Parliament. In 2001 he became a deputy chairman of the Parliament, responsible for the coordination of parliamentary committees as well as the European Integration program, including the planning and management of human and financial resources, a chairman of the European Affairs Committee, a member of Foreign Affairs Committee and Legal Affairs, NATO Commission, and later a replacement member on the Commission on the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania.

In 2002, Andriukaitis founded Lithuanian Forum for the Future. He also became a member of Convention on the Future of Europe and leader of the Lithuanian delegation.

After some allegations of corruption, on 28 July 2004 Andriukaitis voluntarily resigned from his parliamentary seat, even though the Parliament had earlier refused to revoke his parliamentary immunity, stating that any allegations were unjustified. He decided to not hinder the law enforcement authorities in carrying out an investigation in order to clear his name. Lithuanian Prosecutor General's Office terminated the pre-trial investigation once the accusation proved to be an unfounded smear. On 6 September 2005 Andriukaitis won the legal proceedings against the former Prosecutor General of the Republic of Lithuania when the latter publicly apologized for his words about the allegations. The case was closed with a settlement agreement.

Andriukaitis was elected for his fourth term as an MP in 2008 and was appointed a deputy chairman of the Committee on European Affairs; he remained a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee and a vice-chairman of LSDP.

In 2012, Andriukaitis was appointed a Lithuanian Minister of Health in the 16th Lithuanian Government.

European politics
In 1994 Andriukaitis became a delegate in the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly for the Lithuanian Parliament, also a Parliamentary Assembly Member of the Council of Europe's Human Rights and Legal Affairs Committee. In 2001, as a deputy chairman of the Lithuanian Parliament, he was responsible for the European Integration Program, including the planning and management of human and financial resources. He was also a chairman of the European Affairs Committee.

On 10 September 2014 Andriukaitis was appointed by the European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker as the European Commissioner-designate responsible for Health and Food Safety. In March 2016, he was also appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to the High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth, which was co-chaired by presidents François Hollande of France and Jacob Zuma of South Africa.

Shortly after the United Kingdom's 2016 vote to withdraw from the European Union, Nigel Farage gave a speech including a statement that members of the EU parliament had never "done a proper job in their lives". A video of Andriukaitis covering his face with his hand at that remark went viral. He later published a blog entry explaining his objections to the speech.

Honours

Decorations
  Commander, Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (2004).
  Grand Cross, Order of Merit of Portugal (2003).
 Officer, National Order of the Legion of Honour of France (2015).
 Doctor Honoris Causa by State University for Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of Moldova

Awards
1996 – 1991 January 13 Commemorative Medal.
2000 – Lithuanian Independence 10th Anniversary Medal.
2002 – Baltic Assembly Medal (for supporting Baltic unity and cooperation).
2004 – Commemorative Medal of Lithuania's accession to the European Union.
2004 – Upon Lithuania's accession to NATO: a memorable statue of "Gražina".
2004 – Honorary Fellow of the Lithuanian Law University.
2005 – Honorary Badge of Doctor of Merit of Lithuania (as one of the initiators of the development of the Lithuanian national health concept and the Lithuanian legal framework for the health system).
2010 – Lithuanian Restoration of Independence 20th Anniversary Medal.
2012 – Constitutional Cup – nominal Constitution – for the development of the Constitution awarded by the Faculty of Law of Vilnius University on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania.
2013 – Commemorative Award of the President of the Republic of Lithuania for the personal contribution to the Lithuanian Presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2013.
2014 – Award of the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania for the contribution to Lithuania's membership in the EU and its strengthening.
2014 – vice-president of the 67th World Health Assembly nominated by the Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization.
2014 – Award of the World Health Organization for the merits in the area of tobacco control.
2017 – Honorary Membership by European Esperanto Union
2017 – Honorary Membership by Mykolas Romeris University

Publications

1990–2004 author of more than 140 legislative proposals and amendments.
2002–2003 author and co-author of the contributions to the Convention on the Future of Europe.
1990–2004 co-author and editor of the publications of the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania and the Parliamentary Committee on European Affairs:
The Parliament's role in the Lithuania's road to the European Union;
The role of Parliament in EU membership conditions;
1997–2003 Joint Inter-parliamentary Committee on Accession to the EU — The Overview of Lithuanian Activities;
Input to the publications to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Baltic Freedom in the margins of the Conference "Baltic freedom: The West's approach to 1983 January 13th European Parliament resolution 'on the situation in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania'";
Materials for the "International Conference on National Constitution in the context of EU enlargement";
Materials, including a declaration in the International Conference on the EU enlargement and the wider European vision;
Debates on the future of Europe.
In 2006 "Social Democrats in Lithuanian Parliaments".

References

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1951 births
Lithuanian cardiac surgeons
Commander's Crosses of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit (Portugal)
Health ministers of Lithuania
Lithuanian European Commissioners
Living people
People from Bulunski District
Members of the Seimas
Social Democratic Party of Lithuania politicians
Vilnius University alumni
21st-century Lithuanian politicians
European Commissioners 2014–2019
Signatories of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania
20th-century Lithuanian physicians
21st-century Lithuanian physicians

Vytenis Andriukaitis


Garun-gabas generally recognised as the ancient Biram, i believe and Bagdaza to be Baghdad. The legend in another form is connected with that of the Origin of the Hausa Bakwai. Mukhtar or Bayajidda was compelled to flee Bornu with his wife, on his Journey west he left her on the road and she gave birth to Biram who founded Garun-gabas. Bayajidda continued his journey to Daura where the well known encounter with the Snake took place and Bayajidda's marriage with the Queen Daurama.

The Town was founded by Arabs from Baghdad, one Mukhtar and his younger brother Biram migrated West and came to Birnin Bornu (Kukawa). The Shehu of Kukawa gave Mukhtar his daughter in marriage and the town of Kulunfardu where he lived until his death. Biram and his younger brother then migrated further West and founded Garun-gabas.

The following is a list of Chiefs of Garun-gabas.

1. BIRAM

2.BOMI... One of the Biram's follower who came with him from Kulunfardu but no relation.

3. TUNKU... Also one of the Biram's followers. The length of time for which these three held the Sarauta unknown.

4. ABDULLAHI. Called Ajab... He ruled for three days and then miraculously disappeared.

5. ASAWA... Thirty years the grandfather of the present Sarkin Gabas, he was deposed by Sambo Diginsa the first Fulani Emir of Hadejia, on account of his son was murdered.

6. MUSA... Nephew of Asawa Eleven years, appointed by Sambo.

7. GAUYAMA... Not of the ruling family fourty years, half way through his reign he became blind.

8. BARWAI... Younger brother of Sambo, Nine years.

9. USMAN... Son of Barwai, Six years he then Emigrated to Shira.

10. GABDO... One year and Emigrated to Katagum. Hadejia A yau.

11. BURMI... A fulani, one year fled to Katagum in terror of Buhari.

12. SARKIYO... One of the Buhari's "Hakimi" Ten years, Buhari then died and was succeeded by Umaru who remove Sarkiyo to Hadejia and made him Barwa.

13. MUHAMMAD BAKO... Son of Asawa and thus descendent to the Original Arab founders, Appointed by Haru Bubba. He held the Sarauta for Two years and then went to Mecca.

14.MUHAMMAD DARINGI... A fulani, seven month deposed by the Emir. By Ismaila A Sabo.

15. TUKUR... Son of Gauyama, after five years of his rule Muhammad Bako returned from Mecca, but leave as a private individual. Muhammad Tukur ruled for another five years and was then deposed by Haru for shaving his wife's head.

16. KANKARAU... A fulani appointed by Haru, but deposed after seven month. Muhammad Tukur Was then reinstalled and rule for seven years when he became blind and was deposed. KANKARAU reinstated but after seven years was again deposed by the Emir Muhammadu for having married seven wives.

The Emir then called in all the man of Garun-gabas to choose their own Chief. They unanimously choose Abubakar son of Muhammad Bako a direct descendant of the original Arab founders. Abubakar at first however persistently refused to accept the honour and on being pressed for a reason, told the Emir that as an Arab who had been to Mecca he could not countenance the perversion of the prophet's laws which was rife in Hadejia. The Emir is then stated to have admitted the Truth of this and on condition that he would take the Sarauta to have promised that he should administer according to the true Law at any rate in Garun-gabas.

Abubakar then became Chief and has been Sarkin Gabas for twenty three years to the present day. The famine in common with other Hadejia District, the famine last year was the cause of considerable mortality chiefly among the children. Hadejia A yau.

Reference--- Assessment reports by K. L. Hall, Assistant District officer Hadejia District Kano Province.14th/July/1915.

Biram