Edmond Henri Fischer (April 6, 1920 – August 27, 2021) was a Swiss-American biochemist. He and his collaborator Edwin G. Krebs were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for describing how reversible phosphorylation works as a switch to activate proteins and regulate various cellular processes.  From 2007 until 2014, he was the Honorary President of the World Cultural Council. At the time of his death at age 101 in 2021, he was the oldest living Nobel Prize laureate.

Early life
Fischer was born on April 6, 1920, in the Shanghai International Settlement, China. His mother, Renée Tapernoux, was born in France, and his father, Oscar Fischer, was born in Austria. His father practiced as a lawyer in Shanghai before the various consular courts in the city and is Jewish. Fischer's maternal grandfather founded the Courrier de Chine in Shanghai, which is the first newspaper published in French in China; he also helped to establish L'Ecole Municipale Française in Shanghai, where Fischer attended primary school.

At age seven, Fischer and his two elder brothers, Raoul and George, were sent to the Swiss boarding school La Châtaigneraie, near his mother's hometown in Vevey. He picked up mountain climbing and skiing during his time at the school. At high school he made a pact with a childhood friend, one of them would become a doctor and the other a scientist and then they could cure the ills of the world. While at high school Fischer was admitted to the Geneva Conservatory of Music as a pianist and he also considered becoming a professional musician.

At the completion of high school, Fischer wanted to study microbiology inspired by the works of French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur and partly driven by his father's death from tuberculosis; however, he was advised to study chemistry. He studied at the University of Geneva during World War II, he enjoyed organic chemistry and also studied biology. He completed a PhD in organic chemistry under the supervision of Kurt Heinrich Meyer, who worked on the structure of polysaccharides, and the enzymes needed for their synthesis and breakdown. Fischer worked on α-amylase.

Career and research
After his PhD, Fischer went to the United States in 1950 for postdoctoral research. He was supposed to take up a position at Caltech, but he was also, unexpectedly, offered a position at the University of Washington in Seattle. Seattle reminded Fischer and his wife of Switzerland so they chose to settle there.

Protein phosphorylation/hydrolysis cycle
Six months after his arrival in Seattle, Fischer learnt of fellow biochemist from the same university, Edwin G. Krebs, who was also trying to answer a similar question on where muscles received the energy that they needed to contract. Fischer began collaborating with Krebs, and the duo began their investigations on glycogen phosphorylase, an enzyme that had been discovered by the husband and wife pair of Gerty Cori and Carl Ferdinand Cori who had won the Nobel Prize for the discovery in 1947. Krebs had earlier studied the enzyme in the muscle tissue, while Fischer had studied the enzyme in a potato. The duo realized a discrepancy in that the enzyme in the muscle required an additional chemical to function, while the potato did not require that additional chemical. Krebs and Fischer defined a series of reactions leading to the activation/inactivation of this enzyme as triggered by hormones and calcium, and in the process discovering the cycle of protein phosphorylation and hydrolysis.

Explained simply, the cycle works like this: a protein kinase moves a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a protein, converting it to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The shape and the function of this protein is thus altered enabling it to take part in converting glycogen into glucose which is used for fuel for muscular contractions. When the protein has completed its role a different enzyme, phosphatase, catalyses hydrolysis of the phosphorylated protein, which reverts to its original state. This cycle takes place to control many metabolic processes.

While the importance of the discovery was not fully recognised in 1955, the discovery became core to explaining one of the fundamental mechanisms  that cells use to communicate with one another. Phosphorylation determines how a cell grows, divides, differentiates and eventually dies. The reaction also regulates hormones and proliferation of cancerous cells. The regulation of phosphorylation was determined to be key to understanding diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Many modern drugs build on the work done by Fischer and Krebs including attempting to manipulate the process. For the discovery of the cycle of phosphorylation and hydrolysis Fischer and Krebs were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1992, for explaining how the reaction acted as a switch to activate proteins and regulate various biochemical cellular processes.

Throughout his career, Fischer's research continued to look at the role of similar cycling in a variety of cellular processes.

Personal life
Fischer married his first wife, Nelly Gagnaux, in 1948 and they remained married until her death in 1961. He married Beverly Bullock in 1963 who died in 2006. Fischer played the piano and often performed sonatas by Beethoven and Mozart for his friends. He also held a private pilots license and enjoyed flying.

Fischer died on August 27, 2021, in Seattle, Washington. He was aged 101.

Awards and honors
Fischer won numerous awards including the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992. He was elected a  Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2010. He was awarded the Werner Prize from the Swiss Chemical Society, the Lederle Medical Faculty Award, the Prix Jaubert from the University of Geneva, the Senior Passano Award and the Steven C. Beering Award from Indiana University. He received Doctorates Honoris Causa from the University of Montpellier, France and the University of Basel, Switzerland. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1972 and a Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1973. Fischer was a member of the St. George's University-based Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation (WINDREF) Scientific Advisory Board from 1994 to 2021.

See also

 List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References

External links

1920 births
2021 deaths
Alumni of the Conservatoire de Musique de Genève
American biochemists
American centenarians
American Nobel laureates
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
American people of French descent
American people of Swiss-Jewish descent
Shanghai Nobel laureates
Swiss emigrants to the United States
Swiss people of Austrian descent
Swiss people of French descent
Swiss Nobel laureates
Jewish American scientists
Men centenarians
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
University of Washington faculty
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Swiss expatriates in China

Edmond H. Fischer


Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon is a 1970 American comedy-drama film directed and produced by Otto Preminger. The film is based on the 1968 novel of the same name by Marjorie Kellogg.

Plot
Junie Moon is a girl whose face was scarred in a vicious battery acid attack by her boyfriend Jesse. In an institution, she meets Arthur, who lives with epilepsy, and Warren, a gay paraplegic who uses a wheelchair. The trio are disabled but not down, and they decide to live together in an older, rented house, determined to help one another and to prove themselves.

Cast

 Liza Minnelli as Junie Moon
 Ken Howard as Arthur
 Robert Moore as Warren
 James Coco as Mario
 Kay Thompson as Gregory
 Fred Williamson as Beach Boy
 Ben Piazza as Jesse
 Leonard Frey as Guiles
 Anne Revere as Miss Farber
 Julie Bovasso as Ramona
 Clarice Taylor as Minnie
 Angelique Pettyjohn as Melissa
 Wayne Tippit as Dr. Miller
 Nancy Marchand as Nurse Oxford
 Ric O'Barry as Joebee (credited as Ric O'Feldman)
 Lynn Milgrim as Nurse Holt

Musicians
 Pete Seeger ("Old Devil Time")
 Pacific Gas & Electric ("The Rake", "Work Your Show", "Elvira")

Production
Preminger acquired the screen rights to the Marjorie Kellogg novel in September 1968 prior to its October release and hired her to write a screenplay. In the book, Junie's whole face was scarred but this was changed to only one side for the film. Rehearsals for the film took place in June 1969, during which time Minnelli's mother, Judy Garland, died. Filming started in July 1969 at the Salem Hospital in Salem, Massachusetts. Filming continued until September 1969 in Massachusetts, including Hammond museum, also Naples, Florida and the following California locations: Sequoia National Park, Santa Monica Pier and the Kona Kai Club on Shelter Island, San Diego.

The scene in the cemetery where Minnelli appeared nude was filmed at the Blue Hills Cemetery in Braintree, Massachusetts and resulted in a misdemeanor complaint from family members of those buried there. A "Liza Minnelli Bill" was introduced in Massachusetts the following year with a six month prison sentence and $1,000 fine for anyone shooting in cemeteries without permission.

The film was the debut of Ken Howard and Robert Moore and the first credited role for Wayne Tippit.

Release
The film premiered at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival on May 10, 1970. The film opened at the Beekman Theatre in New York City on July 1, 1970.

Home media
Olive Films announced that it would release Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon on DVD and Blu-ray for the first time on August 16, 2016.

Reception and legacy
Unlike Minnelli's previous film, 1969's The Sterile Cuckoo, which was successful artistically and financially, as well as netting Minnelli an Oscar nomination as Best Actress, Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon was a disappointment to most critics and a financial failure at the box office. Roger Ebert was one of the few critics who did not dislike the film and particularly praised the performances of Minnelli, Coco and Moore.

Ebert summed up his review:The ending is not convincing, alas; we're never quite sure what happened to the Howard character, or why. And surely in 1970 people don't make tender speeches and then die on cue in their lover's arms. But, on balance, the movie works and tells us something about three or four good people who are trying to cope. That's enough.

Awards
Otto Preminger was nominated for the Golden Palm at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival.

See also
 List of American films of 1970

References

External links

1970 films
1970 comedy-drama films
1970 LGBT-related films
American comedy-drama films
American LGBT-related films
Films about paraplegics or quadriplegics
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Otto Preminger
Films scored by Philip Springer
Films set in Massachusetts
Films shot in Massachusetts
Paramount Pictures films
LGBT-related comedy-drama films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films

Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon


John school is a form of educational intervention aimed at clients of prostitutes, who are colloquially known as 'johns' in North America. Societal norms deemed the behavior of clients and their engagement in sex work as atypical so John Schools worked to address this. John schools originated in San Francisco due to community frustrations about the great occurrence of street prostitution in their areas and the lack of effective policies to combat the sex industry. Schools similar to the San Francisco one were established throughout the country and in multiple nations. John schools are usually a diversion program for people - almost exclusively men - arrested for soliciting the services of a prostitute, or another related offense. This often acts as an alternative to criminal prosecutions. However, in some jurisdictions, courts may sentence men to attend a john school program as a condition of probation. John schools often last a few months and usually have weekly sessions. Their focus is often on the experiences and harms of prostitution, such as the violence associated with prostitution, the sexually transmitted disease risks of prostitution, and the effects of prostitution on families and communities. Whether the John school is a diversion program or a sentencing condition, the client will often pay a fee to enroll. The fee frequently covers the cost of the program and sometimes contributes to programs to aid prostitutes, or community projects within red light districts. Generally speaking, there is no definitive answer as to if John schools have been able to reduce the number of clients engaging in the sex industry.

History

Origin
Before the origin of John schools, officials were mainly concerned with finding and arresting the sex workers themselves. This strategy was inefficient in diminishing the occurrence of prostitution as when workers would get arrested, they would often have to pay a fine which would force them to turn to prostitution to pay for it. Also, a conviction would appear on their record which would make it difficult to find work outside of the sex trade, forcing them to resort back to it for a living. Realizing that their practices weren't working, officials decided to focus on targeting the buyers of sex work. By decreasing the demand of the sex trade, sex workers would be left with no business and forced to turn to something else for work. One of the steps in this new plan was the creation of John schools. By educating buyers about the dangers and harms of prostitution, they would turn away from engaging in the trade. Officials believed these buyers, also known as Johns, would be very receptive to the education as they were normal people and not the typical criminal.

An additional cause for the creation of John schools was community concerns about the influx and visibility of street prostitution in their areas. The occurrence of the sex trade led to increased drugs and violence, more traffic and trash, such as used condoms, needles, and alcoholic bottles, littering the streets. Communities complained that prostitution was harming the business of local companies and the quality of life of residents of the area. With families making up a large proportion of residents in these areas, one of the biggest concerns heard was the fact that they had to raise their children around so much crime and violence. With sights of pimps beating prostitutes and people engaging in oral sex out in plain sight during all hours of the day, parents urged the police to clean up the streets. In response, police increased the number of officers in these communities and prohibited offenders of sex-related crimes from being presented in prostitution-filled areas. These actions did little to improve these areas so John schools were created as an alternative.

First Offender Prostitution Program (FOPP)
The first comprehensive John school program was started in San Francisco in 1995 by the San Francisco District Attorney's Office and Norma Hotaling and was known as the First Offender Prostitution Program. The San Francisco District Attorney's Office collaborated with the San Francisco police department and the non-profit, Standing Against Global Exploitation in the creation of the FOPP. These organizations shared the beliefs that the practices of the sex trade were harmful to society and that the policies put in place to address and fight the crime of prostitution weren't effective.

The First Offender Prostitution Program featured a curriculum that was divided into six sections: "Prostitution Law and Street Facts, Health Education, Effect of Prostitution on Prostitutes, Dynamics of Pimping, Recruiting, and Trafficking, Effect of Prostitution on the Community and Sexual Addiction". The program met once a week for sessions for up to ten sessions. Participants of FOPP were required to pay a fee to enroll which partially went to the running of the school and partially went to nearby programs that assisted survivors of sex work.

Prevalence
John schools have been established across the United States, in Canada, South Korea and in the United Kingdom. More than 15 John schools have emerged in the United Kingdom since the first British john school in Leeds which was led by Julie Bindel and opened in 1998. As the term 'john' is rarely used in the United Kingdom, John schools are referred to by several different names including kerb-crawling rehabilitation schemes or kerb-crawling awareness schemes. The proceeds from a john school in Toronto, Ontario, Canada finance an eight-week life skills-based course for prostitutes run through Streetlight Support Services.

In the US, as of 2012 around 58 John Schools had been established in cities dealing with problems of high rates of prostitution. The earliest cities to have followed the footsteps of San Francisco were Grand Rapids, Minneapolis, Rochester, and West Palm Beach. These newly established schools modeled their curriculum after the First Offender Prostitution Program of San Francisco, simplifying altering parts to fit their specific locations such as the specific laws and policies taught to participants.

John schools all had the same objective of fighting prostitution by educating buyers but their layouts slightly differed from each other. Some schools acted as diversion programs, dismissing the criminal charges of participants upon completion while others were assigned to arrested buyers as part of their sentencing. Programs also varied in the number of sessions required for completion and how often sessions were as some schools met weekly or monthly or bi-monthly. Fee requirements for schools ranged from about $0 to $1,500. Some schools had larger fees in order to allocate a portion of the money to programs that helped sex workers get out of the trade while others just collected enough money in fees to simply run their program.

Curriculum
First time male offenders who volunteer for the program are required to attend an eight-hour seminar on the negative consequences of prostitution of all types on neighborhoods, the Criminal Justice System, and the prostitutes themselves, and face the possibility of a jail sentence if they refuse. In the first 12 years of the still ongoing program, now called the First Offender Prostitution Program, the recidivism rate amongst offenders was reduced from 8% to less than 5%. Between 1981 and 2007, 48 john schools had opened in the United States.

Negative societal views on prostitution labeled those engaged in the trade as "problematic behaviour". The purchasing of sexual services was seen as abnormal as typically love and sex went hand in hand. The experience of mental disorders was used by society as an explanation for the unusual behaviors of buyers of sex work. John schools often brought in psychologists to discuss mental health and former sex addicts to share their struggles and journeys with participants.

One of the objectives of John schools was to clean up the streets, mainly focusing on reducing the occurrence of visible acts of sex work. Schools had sessions on the negative impact street prostitution had on communities and their members. There was little attention given to more private forms of sex work, such as brothels, escorts, pornography, and massage parlors. These practices took place in hidden areas that were out of sight of the public making them not a concern for the community.

John schools wanted to educate buyers of the realities of the sex trade and get rid of their ignorance and denial of the harms. One lesson taught was that sex workers were victims as they did not choose this work but instead were being forced into it. Former sex workers were invited to sessions to speak to participants about their negative experiences in the industry. Buyers were convinced to believe that by purchasing sex, they were contributing to the "abusive and exploitative cycle that sex workers endure". In sessions, schools depicted pimps as violent criminals that often beat up and robbed buyers. Sex workers were described as dangerous and deceitful as they didn't actually care or have feelings for their clients. John schools claimed that sex workers only fake their affection and likeness for clients in order to get their money.

Evaluations of John Schools
A 2009 audit of the first john school in San Francisco conducted by the City's budget analysis, faults the program with ill-defined goals and no way to determine its effectiveness. Despite being touted as a national model that comes at no cost to taxpayers, the audit said the program didn't cover its expenses in each of the last five years, leading to a $270,000 shortfall.

Some critics question how John school curricula socially construct sex work, while others do note the influence of contradictory perspectives of both sex work advocates and critics. For example, an academic policy evaluation of the First Offender Prostitution Program in San Francisco found that the program "both replicates and contests competing and often contradictory gender ideologies and patterns of power. Specifically, the program's enrollment practices and most of its content imply that men who purchase sexual services are rational sexual agents, while women who sell these services are (mainly) victims. ... The program thus illustrates the contested and contradictory ideological dynamics of gender-sensitive institutional reforms."

There is no clear evidence whether the establishment of John school programs have led to a decline in re-arrest rates of offenders of prostitution-related crimes. In an analysis of the First Offender Prostitution Program, it was found that shortly after the program was introduced re-arrest rates declined in San Francisco but so did rate in the entirety of California. Seven years after the program was implemented, re-arrest rates seemed to increase in San Francisco while rates in the rest of the state decreased. Other studies conducted have found that John schools have reduced rates in areas implemented. Experts have labeled these results as inconclusive of the effectiveness of schools as first-offenders could've just relocated to other areas to engage in prostitution or began to use more private forms of sex work.

References

External links

 Prostitution: From Wolfenden to John Schools - Research on John Schools in North America and the UK by Ian R. Cook (Northumbria University)
 "Final Report on the Evaluation of the First Offender Prostitution Program: Report Summary" by Michael Shively, Sarah Kuck Jalbert, Ryan Kling, William Rhodes, Peter Finn, Chris Flygare, Laura Tierney, Dana Hunt, David Squires, Christina Dyous, Kristin Wheeler. National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.
 "Recidivism Among the Customers of Female Street Prostitutes: Do Intervention Programs Help?" by Martin A. Monto and Steve Garcia. Western Criminology Review 3(2), June 2002.
 Reports on School for Johns, BAYSWAN (website). – index of reports critical of john school programs.
 "John school takes a bite out of prostitution" by Justin Berton. "San Francisco Chronicle," April 14, 2008.

Penology
Prostitution
Prostitution in the United States

John school


Brooke Nichole Adams (born December 4, 1984) is an American model and professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Brooke Tessmacher.

She is best known for her time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where she is a three–time TNA Knockouts Champion, and a one–time TNA Knockouts Tag Team Champion with Tara, known collectively as TnT. She previously worked for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) between 2006 and 2007, appearing with Kelly Kelly and Layla in the dance troupe Extreme Exposé, on the company's ECW brand.

Early life

Brooke Nichole Adams was born on December 4, 1984 in St. Louis, Missouri, and moved to Houston, Texas at the age of 7. For a time, Adams and her family lived out of her mother's Daytona hatchback until they had enough money to afford an apartment. She attended Spring High School, and was active in basketball, volleyball, track and rugby.

Modeling career
Prior to becoming a wrestler, Adams competed in bikini pageants such as Miss Hawaiian Tropic, Miss Swimsuit USA and Miss Hooters. Her agent told her "You're way too ripped to keep modeling. You need to go to the fitness side, or gain some weight and get softer and be a model."

After her release from WWE, Adams returned to fitness modeling and went on to place in the Hawaiian Tropic, Planet Beach, Darque Tan, and Bikini USA model search contests. At the 2006 Grand Prix of Houston, she won the local round for the Face of Champ Car beauty contest (with her duties later taken over by 1st Runner Up Angela Rutledge). Adams was crowned Miss Hawaiian Tropic Texas 2008 on November 8, 2008. In late 2010 she took part in the Hooters Texas Swimsuit Pageant Finals to determine seven Hooters girls who would go on to the 2010 International Hooters Swimsuit Pageant competition. In August 2011, Adams announced that she was the winner of the Hooters' Viewers' Choice $10,000 award as advertised on the Hooters Swimsuit Pageant competition.

Professional wrestling career

World Wrestling Entertainment (2006–2007)
Adams first became involved in professional wrestling by trying out for the 2006 WWE Diva Search, for which she failed to make the top 8. Despite not making the cut, Adams was chosen to observe workouts in WWE's then-developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), along with Maryse Ouellet, after which she was offered a developmental contract.

Adams was assigned to Deep South Wrestling (DSW) to train, beginning as the valet for Daniel Rodimer. When Rodimer was called up to WWE's main roster, Adams became focused on becoming a full-time wrestler. She made her in-ring debut in a loss to Angel Williams, at a DSW TV taping in December 2006. In February 2007, she was, in storyline, promoted to the position of Personal Assistant to DSW General Manager Krissy Vaine, with her main job being to protect Vaine from Angel Williams. This eventually led to another match between Adams and Williams, as ordered by Vaine. On March 15, Adams was fired from her position, as a result of Vaine and Williams forming an alliance together.

On January 23, 2007, Adams debuted on WWE's main roster on the ECW brand, joining the returning Kelly Kelly and the newly drafted Layla in Extreme Exposé. When Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) opened in the summer of 2007, Adams was transferred to the developmental facility for more training, as well as continuing her role on ECW. Extreme Exposé performed a weekly dance segment on ECW for the next several months, as a successor to the former Kelly's Exposé segment of a similar nature, until The Miz was placed on the ECW brand in the annual WWE Draft Lottery, at which point all three women began actively pursuing him. Later, Kelly shifted her attentions to Balls Mahoney, to the amusement of Miz and her Exposé sisters, who had been spending their time mocking his appearance, which resulted in Brooke and Layla transitioning into villainous characters. Brooke, along with the other ECW Divas, as well as the SmackDown and Raw Divas, competed in a number one contender's battle royal, where the winner would face Candice Michelle for the WWE Women's Championship at SummerSlam. However, Brooke was eliminated early first by Beth Phoenix, with Kelly Kelly as the last ECW Diva standing. Brooke's last match with WWE was a tri-brand Divas Halloween battle royal on the October 29, 2007 episode of Raw; although Brooke was eliminated early, Kelly would eliminate Torrie Wilson and Victoria to get the win for ECW. On November 1, 2007, Adams was released from her WWE contract, and Extreme Exposé dissolved as a group.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

Knockouts Division Commissioner (2010–2011)

Adams made her debut for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) on the March 29, 2010, episode of TNA Impact!, in a backstage segment portraying as Eric Bischoff's assistant, under the name Ms. Tessmacher, named after Lex Luthor's girlfriend and assistant in the first two Superman movies. On the September 30 episode of TNA Impact!, Tessmacher was put in charge of the TNA Knockouts division, as their new Knockout's Law but the position quickly went to her head, and she began being verbally abusive towards the Knockouts. On the October 14 episode of TNA Impact, Bischoff fired Tessmacher from her position as his assistant and Knockout's Law, after she had leaked information about his plans for Kevin Nash and "The Pope" D'Angelo Dinero, stating that she needed to become a wrestler herself if she was to remain in TNA. On the October 21 episode of TNA Impact!, Tessmacher begged The Beautiful People to teach her how to wrestle, but they refused, due to the treatment they received from her when she was in control of the Knockouts Division. The following week, it was announced that Lacey Von Erich, of The Beautiful People, agreed to train Tessmacher to wrestle but she left the promotion on November 11, ending the angle abruptly.

On the December 16 episode of TNA Impact!, Tessmacher made her in–ring debut as Bischoff's hand picked partner for Mickie James in the first round match of a tournament for the vacant TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship, in which they were defeated by Madison Rayne and Tara. On December 25, Adams suffered a broken jaw in an out–of–the–ring accident and had wires and metal plates put in her jaw as a result. Tessmacher returned on the April 21, 2011 episode of TNA Impact!, stating that during her time away, she had been training to become the next TNA Women's Knockout Champion and received her first shot at the title, in her return match, two weeks later, where she was defeated by champion Mickie James. On the June 16 episode of Impact Wrestling, Tessmacher and Velvet Sky challenged Mexican America (Rosita and Sarita) for the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship, but were defeated after outside interference from Sky's rival, ODB.

Championship reigns (2011–2013)

On the July 21 episode of Impact Wrestling, Tessmacher and Tara, collectively known as TnT, defeated Rosita and Sarita to win the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship, which would be Adams' first professional wrestling championship. Tessmacher earned her first singles victory by defeating Madison Rayne on the August 4 episode of Impact Wrestling!. The following week, Adams' ring name was changed to Brooke Tessmacher. TnT went on to successfully retain the titles against Rosita and Sarita at Hardcore Justice in a rematch and against Angelina Love and Winter on October 20 before losing them to Gail Kim and Madison Rayne on the November 3 episode of Impact Wrestling. Two weeks later, both Tessmacher and Tara competed in a number one contender's gauntlet match but were both eliminated.

After pinning Gail Kim on three occasions, Tessmacher was named the number one contender for her TNA Women's Knockout Championship and receiver her title match on May 13, at the Sacrifice pay–per–view, which Kim won with her feet on the ropes. Tessmacher received another title shot on the May 17 episode of Impact Wrestling, but was again defeated by Kim in a three–way match, which also included Velvet Sky. On the June 7 episode of Impact Wrestling, a week after Brooke Hogan's debut, Adams' ring name was changed to Miss Tessmacher and she then went on to defeat Mickie James, Tara and Velvet Sky in a fatal four–way match to earn another shot at Kim's championship.

Three days later at the Slammiversary pay–per–view, Tessmacher defeated Kim to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the first time. Tessmacher retained her championship against Mickie James in June and against Gail Kim in July before losing it to Madison Rayne, on August 12 at Hardcore Justice, who had referee Earl Hebner on her side, ending her reign at 63 days. Four days later, on Impact Wrestling, Tessmacher regained the title from Rayne in a match refereed by the debúting Taryn Terrell. After winning the title, Brooke was defeated by her TnT partner, Tara, in a non–title match which led to a title match between the two on September 9, at No Surrender, where Tessmacher successfully defended the title. On the September 13 episode of Impact Wrestling, Tara turned on Tessmacher and officially disbanded TnT. On October 14 at the Bound for Glory pay–per–view, Tessmacher lost the championship to Tara, ending her second reign at 59 days. Tessmacher received a rematch for the title on the October 25 episode of Impact Wrestling, but was again defeated by Tara after an interference from her boyfriend Jesse.

On January 13, 2013, at Genesis, Tessmacher competed in a five–woman gauntlet match to determine the number one contender to the TNA Women's Knockout Championship, but was eliminated by Gail Kim. On the February 7 episode of Impact Wrestling, Tessmacher defeated Tara in a non–title match and earned another shot at the championship which she received during a fatal four–way elimination match two weeks later, but was eliminated by Velvet Sky. In April, Brooke was defeated by Mickie James in a number one contender's match.

Aces & Eights (2013–2014)

After a four–month absence, Tessmacher returned as a heel on the August 22 episode of Impact Wrestling, revealing herself as  s  girlfriend, joining the villainous stable. Tessmacher, now billed simply as Brooke, wrestled her return match on the October 3 episode of Impact Wrestling, defeating Velvet Sky in a number one contender's match for the TNA Women's Knockout Championship. On October 20, at the Bound for Glory pay–per–view, Brooke competed in a three–way match against ODB and Gail Kim for the championship, in which, Lei'D Tapa attacked both Brooke and ODB, helping Kim to win the championship. On the November 21 episode of Impact Wrestling, Brooke managed Bully Ray, who faced Mr. Anderson in a no disqualifications match, which Anderson won, and as a pre–stipulation of the match,  were forced to disband. On the December 26 episode of Impact Wrestling, in a backstage segment, Bully Ray ended his relationship with Brooke.

On May 10, 2014, after a six–month hiatus, Brooke returned at the tapings for the Knockouts Knockdown 2 pay–per–view (which aired on tape delay on November 7, 2014), defeating Deonna, while still working as a heel, but was eliminated from the gauntlet match later that night. Brooke made her televised return on the June 12 episode of Impact Wrestling, as a fan favorite, in an in–ring segment with Ethan Carter III and Rockstar Spud, where the two would attempt to get her to reveal Bully Ray's secrets, but she refused. Ray would come out and hug Brooke afterwards. Brooke was then sidelined with a torn ACL and after fully recovering, she took more time off to participate in The Amazing Race alongside Robbie E.

Final feuds and departure (2015)
On January 7, 2015, during Impact Wrestling's debút on Destination America, Brooke returned to TNA and attacked her former boyfriend Robbie E, who insulted her upon his return. On the January 16 episode of Impact Wrestling, in her in–ring return, Brooke and Taryn Terrell lost to The Beautiful People (Angelina Love and Velvet Sky) in a tag team match, after Robbie caused a distraction. The feud between Brooke and Robbie continued throughout February and officially ended on the March 13 episode of Impact Wrestling, when Brooke defeated Robbie in an intergender match dubbed as the "Battle of the Exes", despite interference from Angelina Love and Jessie Godderz.

On the TKO: Night of Knockouts edition of Impact Wrestling on April 24, Brooke became the number one contender to Taryn Terrell's TNA Women's Knockout Championship after defeating Angelina Love, Gail Kim and Madison Rayne in a fatal four–way match. Brooke then unsuccessfully challenged Terrell for the championship on the Hardcore Justice edition of Impact Wrestling on May 1 and, on July 1, in a three–way match, which also involved Awesome Kong. In June, Brooke and Kong formed an alliance to compete against Terrell and The Dollhouse (Jade and Marti Bell), defeating them in a tag team and three–on–two handicap match at Slammiversary XIII. On June 25, during the tapings of Impact Wrestling, which aired on July 15, Brooke defeated Terrell and won the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for a third time, after interference from the returning Gail Kim. In her first title defence, Brooke retained the championship against Marti Bell, two weeks later. Brooke was scheduled to face Velvet Sky in a title match on the August 26 episode of Impact Wrestling, but the match, however, ended in a no–contest after interference from Jade and Marti Bell. In September, Brooke once again retained her title, this time via disqualification, after Lei'D Tapa interfered in her match against Kim and attacked Brooke. However, on the September 16 episode of Impact Wrestling, Brooke lost the championship to Kim in a fatal four–way match, which also involved Tapa and Awesome Kong. During October and November (taped in July), Brooke participated in the TNA World Title Series as part of Group Knockouts, along with Madison Rayne, Gail Kim and Awesome Kong; she scored 3 points and tied with Rayne, thus failing to advance to the finals.

On November 15, Adams announced her departure from the promotion, later revealed to be due to her pregnancy, which she did not publicly disclose until February 2016.

Family Wrestling Entertainment (2012)
On February 25, 2012, Tessmacher made her debut for Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE), losing to fellow TNA Knockout Winter in the first round to determine the inaugural FWE Women's Champion. Later that night, Tessmacher and TnT partner Tara helped Maria defeat Winter in the finals of the tournament, making this her last independent circuit appearance.

Return to TNA / Impact Wrestling (2017)
On January 7, 2017, during the tapings of the January 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Brooke returned to TNA, defeating Deonna Purrazzo and after the match, was attacked by Sienna, which led to a match between the two, where Sienna defeated Brooke after interference from Maria. This led to a rematch between the two, on the February 16 episode of Impact Wrestling, where Brooke scored a victory over Sienna. In a live Facebook video chat on June 8, 2017, Brooke announced that she was no longer under contract with Impact Wrestling.

Other media
In April 2007, Adams, along with Ashley, Kelly Kelly, Layla El, Torrie Wilson, and Maryse, appeared in Timbaland's music video "Throw It On Me" featuring The Hives, which premiered on Raw on May 20. In August 2007, Adams, along with Extreme Exposé, appeared on FHMOnline.com. In June 2011, Adams was featured in a music video for Dorrough titled "Bounce Dat". On November 10, 2012, Adams, along with several other TNA workers, was featured in an episode of MTV's Made.

In 2014, Adams and fellow TNA wrestler Robert Strauss, better known as Robbie E, participated in the 25th season of The Amazing Race. They survived until the middle part of the final leg of the race, where they were the eighth team to be eliminated and placed fourth. In 2017, Brooke appeared on the TLC show Rattled, which chronicled the birth of her son Jace.

Personal life
Adams has a fraternal twin sister, Brittaney Adams, who is eight minutes younger than Brooke.

Adams is engaged to model and personal trainer Weston Wayne Piper. Their first child, a boy named Jace, was born on September 3, 2016. She gave birth to a baby girl, whom she named Phoenix Presley-Lee Piper, on October 31, 2018.

Championships and accomplishments
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 7 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2012
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA Knockouts Championship (3 times)
TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tara
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Gimmick (2013) Aces & Eights

References

External links

 Official Website
 Archived TNA Website
 Brooke Adams Photos

1984 births
Actresses from Houston
Actresses from St. Louis
American female professional wrestlers
Living people
Aces & Eights members
Miss Hawaiian Tropic delegates
Professional wrestlers from Missouri
Professional wrestling dancers
Professional wrestling managers and valets
WWE Diva Search contestants
21st-century female professional wrestlers
TNA/Impact Knockouts World Champions
TNA/Impact Knockouts World Tag Team Champions
Participants in American reality television series

Brooke Tessmacher


The New York Americans, colloquially known as the Amerks, were a professional ice hockey team based in New York City from 1925 to 1942. They were the third expansion team in the history of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the second to play in the United States. The team never won the Stanley Cup, but reached the semifinals twice. While it was the first team in New York City, it was eclipsed by the second, the New York Rangers, which arrived in 1926 under the ownership of the Amerks' landlord, Madison Square Garden. The team operated as the Brooklyn Americans during the 1941–42 season before suspending operations in 1942 due to World War II and long-standing financial difficulties. The demise of the club marked the beginning of the NHL's Original Six era from 1942 to 1967, though the Amerks' franchise was not formally canceled until 1946.

The team's overall regular season record was 255–402–127.

Franchise history

Formation

In 1923, Canadian sports promoter Thomas Duggan received options on three NHL franchises for the United States. He sold one to Boston grocery magnate Charles Adams, which became the Boston Bruins in 1924. Duggan then arranged with Tex Rickard to have a team in Madison Square Garden. Rickard agreed, but play was delayed until the new Garden was built in 1925. In April of that year, Duggan and Bill Dwyer, New York City's most-celebrated prohibition bootlegger, were awarded the franchise for New York. Somewhat fortuitously given the shortage of players, the Hamilton Tigers, who had finished first the season before, had been suspended from the league after they struck for higher pay. However, the suspensions were quietly lifted in the off-season. Soon afterward, Dwyer duly bought the collective rights to the Tiger players for $75,000. He gave the players healthy raises—in some cases, double their 1924–25 season's salaries. Just before the season, Dwyer announced the team would be known as the New York Americans. Their original jerseys were covered with stars and stripes, patterned after the American flag. Although he acquired the Tigers' players, Dwyer did not acquire the franchise; it was expelled from the league. As a result, the NHL does not consider the Americans to be a continuation of the Tigers—or for that matter, of the Tigers' predecessors, the Quebec Bulldogs. The Americans entered the league in the 1925–26 season along with the Pittsburgh Pirates. The Americans and Pirates became the second and third American-based teams in the NHL, following Adams' Boston Bruins, who had begun play the previous season.

NHL years

The Americans played their first home game at the Garden, losing 3–1 to the Montreal Canadiens in front of 17,000 people. However, success did not come easily for the Americans. Despite icing essentially the same team that finished first the previous year, they finished fifth overall in their first season with a record of 12–22–4. However, they were a success at the box office; so much so that the following season Garden management landed a team of its own, the New York Rangers. A clause in the Amerks' lease with the Garden required them to support any bid for the Garden to acquire an NHL franchise. The Garden had promised Dwyer that it would never exercise that option, and that the Amerks would be the only team in the arena. However, when the Garden opted to seek its own team after all, the Amerks had little choice but to agree.

The 1926–27 season saw the Americans continue to struggle, finishing 17–25–2. Part of the problem was that they were placed in the Canadian Division in defiance of all geographic reality, resulting in a larger number of train trips to Montreal, Toronto and Ottawa. Meanwhile, the Rangers won the American Division title. The next season saw the Americans fall even further by finishing last in their division (ninth overall) with a record of 11–27–6, while the Rangers captured the Stanley Cup in only their second year of existence. The Americans were thus doomed to a long history as New York City's second team.

The 1928–29 NHL season saw the Amerks sign star goaltender Roy Worters from the Pittsburgh Pirates. He led the team to a 19–13–12 record in that season, good enough for second in the Canadian Division (fourth overall). Worters had a 1.21 goals against average (GAA), becoming the first goaltender to win the Hart Trophy as the most valuable player in the league. Standing on Worters' shoulders, the Americans made the playoffs for the first time, but were unable to beat the Rangers in a total goals series. The Rangers had extreme difficulty scoring against Worters, but the futile Americans were equally unable to score against the Rangers. The Rangers ended up winning the series in the second game, 1–0 in overtime.

The following season saw the Americans plunge to fifth place in the division (ninth overall) with a 14–25–5 record. Worters followed up his stellar 1928–29 season with an atrocious 3.75 goals against average. Worters rebounded the next season, with a 1.68 goals against average. That was good enough to give the Americans a winning record. However, they missed out on a playoff berth since the Montreal Maroons had two more wins, which was the NHL's first tiebreaker for playoff seeding.

The 1931–32 season saw some developments that changed the way the hockey was played. In a game against the Bruins, the Americans iced the puck 61 times. At that time, there was no rule against icing. Adams was so angry that he pressed, to no avail, for the NHL to make a rule against icing, so the next time the two teams met, the Bruins iced the puck 87 times in a scoreless game. It was not until a few years later that the NHL made a rule prohibiting icing, but those two games were the catalyst for change.

The Americans' lackluster on-ice performance was not the only problem for the franchise. With the end of Prohibition, Dwyer was finding it difficult to make ends meet. After the 1933–34 NHL season, having missed the playoffs for the fifth straight year, the Americans attempted a merger with the equally strapped Senators, only to be turned down by the NHL Board of Governors. During the 1935–36 season, Dwyer decided to sell the team. As fortunes had it, the Americans made the playoffs for the first time in six years under player-coach Red Dutton, but bowed out in the second round against the Maple Leafs. Even with this rebound, no buyers came forward, prompting Dwyer to abandon the team. The league announced a takeover of the team for the next season. Dwyer sued the NHL, saying it had no authority to seize his team. A settlement was reached whereby Dwyer could resume control provided he could pay off his debts by the end of the season. However, Dwyer could not do so, and the NHL took full control of the franchise. Despite the presence of Dutton, who had retired as a player to become coach and general manager, the team fared no better under the league's operation than before, finishing last with a record of 15–29–4. The only bright spot was Sweeney Schriner, who led the league in scoring that year.

The league asked Dutton to become operating head of the franchise for the 1937–38 season. The Americans signed veterans Ching Johnson and Hap Day and acquired goalie Earl Robertson. These new acquisitions greatly helped the team as they finished the season with a 19–18–11 record and made the playoffs. In the playoffs, they beat the Rangers in three games, but lost to the Chicago Black Hawks in three.

The Americans made the playoffs again in 1938–39 and 1939–40 seasons, but were bounced in the first round each time. Canada entered World War II in September 1939, and some of the team's Canadian players left for military service. An even larger number of players entered the military in 1940–41. With a decimated roster, the Americans missed the playoffs with a record of 8–29–11, the worst in franchise history. While the league's other teams were similarly hard-hit, Dutton was still bogged down by lingering debt from the Dwyer era. This debt, combined with the depletion of talent and wartime travel restrictions, forced Dutton to sell off his best players for cash. The Amerks were clearly living on borrowed time; it was only a matter of when, not if, they would fold.

"Brooklyn" Americans
At wit's end, Dutton changed the team's name for the 1941–42 NHL season to the Brooklyn Americans. He intended to move the team to Brooklyn, but there was no arena in that borough suitable enough even for temporary use. As result, they continued to play their home games in Manhattan at Madison Square Garden while practicing in Brooklyn. They barely survived the season, finishing dead last for the second year in a row with a record of 16–29–3. After the season, the Amerks suspended operations for the war's duration. In 1945, a group emerged willing to build a new arena in Brooklyn. However, in 1946, the NHL reneged on previous promises to reinstate the Amerks and canceled the franchise. Although Dutton had every intention of returning the Amerks to the ice after World War II, NHL records list the Amerks as having "retired" from the league in 1942.

Legacy
The NHL did not expand beyond its remaining six teams until the 1967–68 season. Dutton blamed the owners of Madison Square Garden (who also owned the Rangers) for pressuring the NHL to not reinstate the Americans. Dutton was so bitter that he purportedly swore the Rangers would never win a Stanley Cup again in his lifetime. This "curse" became reality; the Rangers did not win another Cup until 1994, seven years after his death.

The last active New York Americans player was Pat Egan, who retired in 1951 but played minor ice hockey until 1959 with Victoria Cougars of the Western Hockey League. Egan returned to ice hockey in 1966 playing for the Jacksonville Rockets of the Eastern Hockey League playing only 20 games as player/head coach. The last active Brooklyn Americans player was Ken Mosdell, who retired in 1959.

The 1926–27 Americans team was the first team in professional sports history to have their surnames on the back of their uniform sweaters, along with numbers.

The New York metropolitan area did not have a second NHL team again until the establishment of the New York Islanders in nearby Uniondale, on Long Island, for the 1972–73 season. While the Americans attempted to relocate to Brooklyn in their final years, the Islanders did so, playing at the Barclays Center from 2015 to 2020, although unlike the Americans they continued to be known as the New York Islanders.

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Team personnel

Hall of Famers
Billy Burch
Charlie Conacher
Lionel Conacher
Red Dutton
Busher Jackson
Ching Johnson
Harry Oliver
Chuck Rayner
Sweeney Schriner
Eddie Shore
Bullet Joe Simpson
Hooley Smith
Nels Stewart
Roy Worters

Team captains
Billy Burch, 1925–1932
Red Dutton, 1932–1936
Sweeney Schriner, 1936–1939
Charlie Conacher, 1939–1941
Tommy Anderson, 1941–1942

Coaches

Head coaches for the New York Americans:
 Tommy Gorman, 1925–1926, 1928–1929
 Newsy Lalonde, 1926–1927
 Shorty Green, 1927–1928
 Lionel Conacher, 1929–1930
 Eddie Gerard, 1930–1932
 Bullet Joe Simpson, 1932–1935
 Rosie Helmer, 1935–1936
 Red Dutton, 1935–1940
 Art Chapman, 1940–1942

Broadcasters
The Americans' radio situation mirrored that of the New York Rangers: same stations, same broadcasters, same announcers; home games only, joined-in-progress. Jack Filman was the principal radio announcer for the Americans on and off until their demise.

A few Americans and Rangers games were on experimental TV stations in 1940-41 and 1941-42; then public television broadcasting closed down until 1945-46.

See also

List of New York Americans players
List of NHL seasons
List of NHL players
List of defunct NHL teams
Curse of 1940

References
Notes

Sources

Further reading

External links

 New York Americans

Americans
1925 establishments in New York (state)
1946 disestablishments in New York (state)
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States
Defunct National Hockey League teams
Defunct sports clubs and teams in New York City
Ice hockey clubs established in 1925
Ice hockey teams in the New York metropolitan area
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1946

New York Americans


Many countries have created legislation or have passed laws about the use of computers and data.

Scope
These laws are usually concerned
 Protecting data about people;
 Hacking computer systems;
 Protecting copyright and patents.
 Censorship of the internet
 Health and safety

Legislation and laws in various countries

Australia
 Privacy Act 1988 - concerns data about people
 Copyright Act 1968
 Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act 2000

Canada
 Criminal Code of Canada

Germany
 Bundesdatenschutzgesetz BDSG (Federal Data Protection Act) - concerns data about people
 202(c) - anti hacking legislation

United States
 FISMA (Federal Information Security Management Act) - describes how government organisations should handle data about people
 GLBA (Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act) - describes how financial organisations should handle data about people
 HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) - describes how medical insurance organisations should handle data about people
 Data Security Act 2007
 Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998
 USA PATRIOT Act 2002
 Identity Theft Enforcement and Restitution Act
 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

United Kingdom
 The Data Protection Act 1998 - will prevent people's information getting spread around the world, preventing the likeliness of crimes toward said person.
 The Computer Misuse Act 1990 - covers hacking with amendments that were added later.
 The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 - covers copyright.
 The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 - covers central and local government looking at workers' email security etc.
 The Communications Act 2003 is often used when people send offensive emails etc.
 The Digital Economy Act 2010 - covers software piracy.
 The Malicious Communication Act 1988 - Covers sending mail, physical or electronic, with the intent of causing distress or anxiety.
IT law

IT law


Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder derived from trauma, as all cluster B disorders are. It comes from extreme neglect and criticization in their childhoods, leading them to adapt to a certain survival instinct, and to shut down their emotions completely. People with NPD find it difficult to show empathy to others because of the lack of empathy they've been shown as children. They may have a sense of self-righteousness, and may defend themselves if they are in the wrong as a defense mechanism to past criticization.

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) categorizes NPD as Cluster B personality disorder, with antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder.

Cluster B personality disorders are also known as "dramatic" personality disorders. Common to these is very emotional behavior which creates problems in relationships. Studies have found that up to 6.3% of the general population suffers from narcissistic personality disorder and it is more prevalent in men than it is in women.

History
Before the introduction of narcissistic personality disorder, the term narcissism was used to explain a person's extreme self-love and self-admiration. The word narcissism comes from Greek mythology. A handsome young man named Narcissus saw his own reflection in a pool of water and fell in love with himself. Narcissus' love could not be returned back and therefore he became a flower, which was named after him.

In 1925 Robert Waelder introduced the term narcissistic personality and by 1968 the term narcissistic personality disorder was used by Heinz Kohut.

Signs and traits
In order to be diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder, The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 says that a person must show at least five of the following problematic behaviors:

 Having a heightened sense of self-importance in order to isolate themselves to protect their mental well-being. People with NPD feel a lot of the time as though everyone is against them, and therefore feel like they're the only one they can truly trust.
 Have a deep-rooted belief that others are out to get them, and will selectively choose people who are on their side in order to feel safer around others. This is called an "equal". They consider these equals as on the same level as them, and trust & respect them.
 May require frequent admiration and affirmation in order to fill the lack of it in their childhoods.
 Have a strong sense of justice, and will often become aggressive if what they believe to be true or right in their eyes is gone against.
 May act in a manipulative manner unknowingly to persuade others, that is how they've been taught as children to get what they want.
 Struggles with empathizing with others.
 Envies anyone who they fear might be better than them.

It is important to note that there is a difference between narcissistic personality disorder and narcissistic traits. People with narcissistic personality traits show some of the behavior discussed above, but to a lesser degree than those with full-blown NPD.

Psychopathology

People with NPD act very confident as a façade. A lot of people with NPD have deep-rooted self esteem issues, due to the criticization they received in their childhoods. They often need admiration and support from others in order to feel confident in themselves, and they tend to rely on other people to give them confidence. They may be obsessed with fantasies of power in order to make up for the lack of control they had during their abuse in childhood. They consider themselves to be in the right a lot of the time, because they feel they cannot trust anyone else, and are very wary about who they let into their life. They do strive for connection with others, and bonding. They are not inherently manipulative people, unless they're significantly unhealed or do not realize some of their behaviors can be abusive. In reality, these people can be very loving and attentive to their partners, as they don't want them to leave and strive to bond and make genuine connections with others, however, they tend to struggle with showing or expressing empathy to others, which makes it hard to connect. They may also struggle to maintain healthy relationships due to abandonment issues, and they become wary as the relationship goes on, insecurities fill their head, and they struggle to communicate their emotions with romantic partners. This can lead to misunderstandings, arguments, and problems during relationships. Due to a lot of the demonization on the internet and from therapists and community, a lot of people with NPD struggle asking for help, as a lot of the time they can be so deep into a mindset of survival they feel they do not need help, and that if they healed, or in their eyes, "became weaker", they may not be able to survive in the world. Listening to people with NPD can help demolish this stigma that they are manipulative, so that more people with this trauma disorder can reach out for help, and not feel afraid.

According to the DSM-5 narcissistic characteristics are often seen in successful people, but an individual can be diagnosed with NPD only when these traits affect their every day life by making it harder.

People with NPD often also have additional psychological disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder and substance abuse, as well as other disorders from the second cluster of personality disorders.

Types of NPD
Narcissistic personality disorder can take many forms. These are the three general categories and their descriptions:

-       Overt narcissism: likely to be outgoing, arrogant, competitive, and struggle with empathy.

-       Covert narcissism: likely to express low self esteem, introversion, avoidance, and a tendency to victimize themselves.

-       Antagonistic narcissism: likely to try to assert power, disagreeability or proneness to arguing, and tendency to compete with others

source : https://psychcentral.com/health/types-of-narcissism

Causes
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is the result of a mix of genetic and environmental factors. Studies have suggested that there is 45-80% heritability, meaning that these traits are passed on from a parent to a child, supporting the genetic cause of the disorder. However it is important to remember that what is inherited is not the disorder per se, but a genetic predisposition (genotype) to developing this or any other type of mental disorder. This is where nurture comes in, because it is the environment that the person is living in that activates (or does not activate) the genotype.

A lot depends on the dynamics within the family. If the child is neglected or constantly criticized, they may develop narcissistic personality disorder as a way of compensating for the lack of love and attention. In all cases the child has suffered damage to their psyche that is called a narcissistic injury.

Finally, from a neurological view, studies have found that NPD is connected to a change in the brain, making it hard to express and control emotions such as empathy.

Treatment
There is no strong evidence of treatment or managing options that work. However, as with many personality disorders, the most common and used option is psychotherapy and psychodynamic methods.These options seem to be the ones most likely to control narcissism. Mental conditions that often come with narcissistic personality disorder, such as depression or anxiety disorder can be treated, but there is no evidence that medicine can treat narcissistic symptoms.

References

Cluster B personality disorders
Narcissism

Narcissistic personality disorder


William John Janklow (September 13, 1939January 12, 2012) was an American lawyer and politician and member of the Republican Party who holds the record for the longest tenure as Governor of South Dakota: sixteen years in office. Janklow had the third-longest gubernatorial tenure in post-Constitutional U.S. history at 5,851 days.

Janklow served as the 25th Attorney General of South Dakota from 1975 to 1979 before serving as the state's 27th Governor from 1979 to 1987 and then the 30th Governor from 1995 to 2003. Janklow was then elected to the United States House of Representatives, where he served for a little more than a year. He resigned in 2004 after being convicted of manslaughter for his culpability in a fatal automobile crash.

Early life, education, and military service
Janklow was born in Chicago, Illinois. When Janklow was 10 years old his father died of a heart attack while working as a prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials in Germany. His mother moved the family back to the United States, and in 1954 when Janklow was 15, they settled in her home town of Flandreau, South Dakota.

In 1955, Janklow's repeated acts of juvenile delinquency landed him in court. A judge gave him two options—reform school or the military. Janklow dropped out of high school and joined the U.S. Marine Corps in 1956. He attended basic training at Camp Pendleton, California. He was then trained as a personnel clerk and assigned to the 3rd Marine Division at Camp Kinser, Okinawa. He was part of the Marine contingent that participated in the U.S. response to the 1958 Quemoy-Matsu international crisis. Janklow was shot in the leg while he was part of a detachment that was delivering cannons to Taiwanese troops, and received an honorable discharge as a private first class in 1959. In 1999, the government of Taiwan presented Janklow the 823 Badge of Honor, an award created to commemorate the Quemoy-Matsu conflict, which began on August 23, 1958.

After leaving the Marines, Janklow began attendance at the University of South Dakota. When administrators discovered  he lacked a high school diploma, Janklow convinced them to let him remain at the university if he maintained good grades. He graduated in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration.

Legal career
Janklow went on to earn a J.D. at the University of South Dakota School of Law in 1966. He then worked as Legal Services lawyer for six years on the Rosebud Indian Reservation, advancing to direct the program there. In 1973, he was appointed chief prosecutor and chief of litigation in the South Dakota Attorney General's Office, where he "quickly earned a reputation as a top trial lawyer".

Attorney General of South Dakota
In 1974, Janklow was the successful Republican nominee for attorney general, and he served from 1975 to 1979.  Among the highlights of his term were two cases he argued before the United States Supreme Court, South Dakota v. Opperman and Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. Kneip.  In Opperman, Janklow argued successfully (5 Justices to 4) that a warrantless search of a vehicle that had been impounded for a parking violation was permissible.  (The South Dakota Supreme Court later suppressed the search on state constitutional grounds.)  In Rosebud, Janklow successfully argued (6 Justices to 3) the legality of federal statutes which had reduced the size of the Rosebud Indian Reservation without regard to the provisions of existing treaties between the tribe and the federal government.

First period as Governor of South Dakota

Janklow was first elected governor in 1978.  He was easily reelected in 1982 with 70.9 percent of the vote, the highest percentage won by a gubernatorial candidate in the state's history. The legislature had repealed the personal property tax the year before he took office, but did not provide a replacement revenue source. Since the personal property tax funded local governments, the legislature mandated that the state government replace the revenue. Once in office, Janklow worked with the legislature to make up the lost tax income by enacting a contractor's excise tax and reforming the franchise tax on banks.  An improved economy also helped in the state's effort to make up the lost revenue.

In 1979 Janklow signed into law a bill reinstating capital punishment in South Dakota. Another initiative that year was to abolish the state's Department of Environmental Protection, allegedly because of its role in efforts by the Sioux to block resource development in the Black Hills. Janklow supported passage of legislation to remove South Dakota's limit on interest rates. This attracted banks: for instance, Citibank opened a credit card center in Sioux Falls. Several states had similar laws, overturning previous policies against high rates. Under the federal banking rules a state had to formally invite a bank into their state, and South Dakota invited Citibank before other states.

Reeves v. Stake

In 1980, Janklow argued Reeves, Inc. v. Stake before the U.S. Supreme Court.  The case had been initiated while he was attorney general, and Janklow argued it because he was the attorney in South Dakota's government who was most familiar with the details.  In arguing Reeves, Janklow became the first sitting governor to argue before the Supreme Court on behalf of his state.  Janklow was successful (5 to 4) in his argument that the state-owned cement plant could legally discriminate against out-of-state buyers in its pricing, which created the "market participant exception" to the U.S. Constitution's Dormant Commerce Clause.

Railroad revitalization
When the Milwaukee Railroad went into bankruptcy, Janklow called a special session of the legislature on the issue. The state purchased the main line of the defunct railroad. The state leased its property to the Burlington Northern, thereby preserving critical railway shipping of commodities for much of the state. Janklow increased accessibility for the disabled to public and private facilities in state.

U.S. Senate challenge
Barred by state law from running again in 1986, Janklow challenged the incumbent U.S. Senator James Abdnor in the Republican primary. Janklow lost, with Abdnor winning by a 55 percent to 45 percent margin. The primary battle was considered to weaken Abdnor, contributing to the latter's loss in the general election to Democrat Tom Daschle, then South Dakota's lone member of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Second period as Governor of South Dakota
Janklow returned to politics in 1994, when he defeated incumbent Walter Dale Miller in the Republican gubernatorial primary. He was handily elected that year and was reelected in 1998. In his second two terms, he cut property taxes for homeowners and farmers by 30 percent, but was able to make up the revenue loss caused by the voters' repealing the inheritance tax. Janklow is the longest-serving governor in South Dakota history. He was at the time the only person in the state's history to serve eight full years as governor, which he did twice. Since then, his record has been equaled by Mike Rounds, who served two full terms as governor from 2003 to 2011, and Dennis Daugaard, who served from 2011 to 2019.

Pardons
The Associated Press, in conjunction with the Sioux Falls newspaper Argus Leader, filed a request to obtain information on pardons granted by Janklow between 1995 and 2002 per state law that requires the release of records classified as public by the legislature when requested by an entity. Reporters found that the pardons did not follow the statutory process, which requires pardons to be reviewed by an independent commission. Among Janklow's pardons was one for his son-in-law for convictions for drunk driving and marijuana possession.

U.S. House of Representatives

In 2002, Janklow ran for the Republican nomination for South Dakota's only House seat. He defeated the Democratic candidate, Stephanie Herseth, an attorney, by a vote of 180,023 to 153,656.

Vehicular manslaughter

On August 16, 2003, Janklow was involved in a fatal traffic collision while driving his car, when he failed to stop at an intersection near Trent, South Dakota. Janklow ran through a stop sign, and collided with motorcyclist Randy Scott. Scott, a 55-year-old Minnesotan, was thrown from his motorcycle and killed instantly. Janklow's vehicle traveled 300 feet beyond the point of impact and hit a sign in a field.  He suffered a broken hand and bleeding on the brain. In the ensuing investigation, officials determined Janklow was driving at least 70 miles per hour in a 55 mph zone and that he ran a stop sign at the intersection where the crash occurred.

Janklow was arraigned on August 29, and said he "couldn't be sorrier" for the crash. His trial began on December 1. In his defense, his lawyer said that he suffered a bout of hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, and was "confused" and "mixed up". Janklow testified that he had taken an insulin shot the morning of the crash and had not eaten anything throughout the day. Medical witnesses said this could result in low blood sugar, which might cause disorientation.

Robert O'Shea, an accident reconstruction expert, testified that he estimated the Congressman's speed to be 63 or 64 miles per hour at the time of impact, judging from details from the electronic data recorder of the Cadillac and "his own analysis". The State Highway Patrol investigator had said in testimony that he estimated Janklow's speed as "at least 70 mph".  From his analysis, O'Shea said Scott's motorcycle's speed may have been as much as 65 mph; this was in contrast to the Highway Patrol's estimate of 59.

Most of Janklow's previous driving record was suppressed at the trial, but the superintendent of the state highway patrol reported publicly that Janklow had 16 traffic stops during his last term as governor for which he was not ticketed, out of both "respect for his authority" and a "fear of retribution". From 1990 to 1994, Janklow had 12 speeding tickets, with fines totaling $1000.  Two troopers were allowed to testify that they had stopped Janklow for speed in excess of 80 miles per hour while driving on rural roads, but had opted to issue him written warnings rather than traffic citations.

On December 8, 2003, Janklow was convicted by a Moody County jury of second-degree manslaughter, a felony, as well as the misdemeanors of speeding, running a stop sign, and reckless driving. A month later, he resigned his seat in Congress effective January 20, 2004. On January 22, Janklow was sentenced to spend 100 days in jail. After 30 days, he was able to leave the jail for several hours each day in order to perform community service. He was released on May 17, 2004.

Scott's family sued Janklow for damages, but the court ruled that because Janklow was on official business at the time, he was protected from any monetary claims by the Federal Tort Claims Act, which ascribes liability to the government as opposed to the individual who is acting in a governmental capacity. In July 2006, Scott's family filed a $25 million wrongful death suit against the U.S. government. The lawsuit was settled for $1 million on May 14, 2008.

Controversies

Jancita Eagle Deer
In 1974, a month before the election for state attorney general for which Janklow was a candidate, Jancita Eagle Deer filed a petition through her attorney Larry Leventhal and tribal advocate Dennis Banks to disbar Janklow to keep him from practicing in tribal court. According to Banks, in early 1967, Eagle Deer, then a 15-year-old Lakota schoolgirl at the Rosebud Boarding School on the Rosebud Indian Reservation, reported to her school principal that Janklow, her legal guardian and for whom she was working as a babysitter, had raped her on January 13.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), then responsible for law enforcement on the reservation, allegedly sent the police investigation case file of the rape (for which it had custody) to its Aberdeen, South Dakota office to keep it away from the Rosebud Sioux Tribal Court.

Judge Mario Gonzalez of the Rosebud Indian Reservation tribal court granted Eagle Deer's petition to disbar Janklow from practicing law on the Rosebud Reservation. At the request of Eagle Deer's attorneys, the tribal court "issued a misdemeanor arrest warrant for Janklow based on sworn testimony on Eagle Deer's behalf (since it was generally believed at the time that tribal courts had jurisdiction over non-Indians)", but no arrest was made. Janklow denied all allegations connected with the rape case, and no criminal charges were filed.

In 1975, Janklow was investigated by the FBI before being nominated as a candidate for appointment to the board of the Legal Services Corporation. The White House Counsel under President Gerald Ford forwarded its recommendation to the Senate Judiciary Committee, saying its investigation of the rape case concluded there was insufficient evidence. Ford's appointment of Janklow, to LSC's board as its first president was later confirmed by the Senate.

In April 1975, Jancita Eagle Deer was killed at night in a hit-and-run collision in southern Nebraska. After her death, Jancita's step-mother, Delphine Eagle Deer, sister of Leonard Crow Dog, advocated on the young woman's behalf. Delphine Eagle Deer was murdered in an as yet unsolved case about nine months later in 1976.

Libel suits
In the 1980s, Janklow filed libel suits against the author Peter Matthiessen and Viking Press for a statement included in the book In the Spirit of Crazy Horse (1983), and another suit against Newsweek magazine for its coverage of the alleged rape. The publications had included statements of Dennis Banks, founder and leader of the American Indian Movement (AIM). In each case, the courts upheld the freedom of speech principle for the authors and publishers under the First Amendment.

Matthiessen included a statement by Banks about the rape accusation, as well as allegations that during the same period, Janklow had been arrested on the Rosebud reservation for driving drunk and shooting pet dogs. Janklow, by then serving as governor, sued both the author and publisher Viking Press for libel, which delayed publication of the paperback version of the book until 1992. Janklow's complaint, referring to the statement by Banks about rape, "cited a 1975 letter from Philip Buchen, head of the Office of Counsel to the President of the United States, to the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, saying that three Federal investigations found the allegations against him 'simply unfounded.' The Senate committee was considering Mr. Janklow's nomination as a director of the Legal Services Corporation..."

Janklow's suits were dismissed based on First Amendment protection of free speech. He filed a libel suit against Newsweek based on an article in the weekly's February 21, 1983, issue that included the disputed passage by Dennis Banks. Janklow v. Newsweek Inc. (1986), was brought before the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit en banc appealing the decision of the Hon. John B. Jones, United States District Judge for the District of South Dakota, that Newsweek magazine had not defamed Janklow. The lower court's decision was affirmed by the appeals court, with BOWMAN, Circuit Judge, joined by ROSS and FAGG, Circuit Judges, dissenting.

Post-political career
After January 5, 2006 (effective February 2006), when the South Dakota Supreme Court granted his petition for early reinstatement of his license to practice law, Janklow worked as an attorney. In spring 2006, the Mayo Clinic retained him to lobby against the DM&E Railroad expansion. He also represented landowners who were seeking reimbursement from the railroad for the taking of their property.

Death and legacy
On November 4, 2011, Janklow announced during a press conference that he had terminal brain cancer. He died at a hospice care facility in Sioux Falls on January 12, 2012, aged 72. Governor Dennis Daugaard ordered that flags across the state be flown at half staff. Janklow was buried at Sturgis, South Dakota's Black Hills National Cemetery, Section I, Site 127.

See also

List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes
List of federal political scandals in the United States

References

External links

 Retrieved on 2008-04-02

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1939 births
2000 United States presidential electors
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20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Lutherans
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American politicians
American lobbyists
American Lutherans
American people convicted of manslaughter
Candidates in the 1986 United States elections
Deaths from cancer in South Dakota
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Bill Janklow


Isoa Coalala Neivua (born 7 June 1978 in Mosimosi, Sigatoka, Fiji) is a Fijian  rugby union player. He plays as a wing or centre.

Career
Playing in Fiji, he moved from Navosa to Nadroga in 2003 to get more chance of being spotted by for the national team. A great showing in the Colonial Cup saw Neivua dubbed as the next Rupeni Caucau, but injury ruled  him out of the Pacific Tri-Nations tournament. His return to the Nadroga jersey came just in time for the knock-out stages of the Telecom Fiji Cup where he was instrumental in Nadro's semi-final win over Naitasiri. He also scored a powerful try in the final. On his unofficial Fiji debut against the NZ Divisional XV in 2004, he scored a try just six minutes after coming  on as a substitute in the second half. He made his debut in the Pacific Nations Cup loss against Samoa in Apia in 2007. Neivua was chosen as one of the 3 wingers for the 2007 Rugby World Cup ahead of star wingers Rupeni Caucau and Sireli Bobo. He most recently played for Viadana in Italy. He now plays for Nadroga back in Fiji.
Neivua got to start for  the BarbariansRFC against the Springboks later in 2007

External links
 Fiji profile
 Scrum profile

1978 births
Living people
Fijian rugby union players
Rugby union wings
Fiji international rugby union players
Fijian expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in New Zealand
Fijian expatriate sportspeople in New Zealand
Rugby Viadana players
Expatriate rugby union players in Italy
Fijian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
People from Sigatoka
Rugby union players from Nadroga-Navosa Province
I-Taukei Fijian people
2007 Rugby World Cup players

Isoa Neivua


Indian Mound Reserve is a public country park near the village of Cedarville, Ohio, United States.  Named for two different earthworks within its bounds — the Williamson Mound and the Pollock Works — the park straddles Massies Creek as it flows through a small canyon.

Park

Both forks of Massies Creek flow through Cedarville Township from the east to their confluence in the township's center, whence the creek flows westward toward the Little Miami River.  For the first  below the confluence of the forks, the creek utilizes a shallow but sheer canyon that reaches as deep as  below the surface of the surrounding terrain.  Nathaniel Massie is reputed to have battled a Shawnee band under Tecumseh and forced them over the stream at the canyon.  By the early twentieth century, local residents had known the vicinity of the "Cliffs" as a picnicking ground for the past hundred years, and calls were being made for its conversion into a park.  In 1929, owners D.S. Williamson and a Xenia bank donated the Williamson Mound to the Ohio Historical Society.  Today, Indian Mound Reserve is operated as a unit of the Greene County Parks, which uses it to host events such as children's camps.  Hiking trails, picnic grounds, a log cabin, Cedar Cliff Falls, and the ancient earthworks are among the attractions within the park, which lies along U.S. Route 42.  The earthworks are located on opposite sides of the creek: the Pollock Works on the southern side, and the Williamson Mound approximately 100 rods (1650 feet, or 500 meters) away on the northern side.

Williamson Mound

The Williamson Mound is a large mound in a field near Massies Creek.  In 1881, it was described as being "about forty feet high and one hundred and fifty [twelve and forty-two meters] in circumference.  It is perfectly oval in form, and has on its surface trees of a century's growth, denoting that the mound is very old.  From its summit can be seen a distance of several miles in every direction."  Its construction was attributed to the mysterious Mound Builders of old, who surely constructed it as a watchtower from which to observe enemies from afar.

Local residents are believed to have dug around the mound around the turn of the twentieth century, but little damage appears to have been done.  In the early 1970s, its dimensions were reported as being  in diameter by  in height; its decrease in height may have been the result of differing measurements, as in 1848, the Greene County surveyor had reported its measurements as .  More recent archaeological studies of the site have concluded that it was constructed as a burial mound by people of the Adena culture in the final centuries before Christ.  While the mound has never been scientifically excavated, its great size suggests that its construction took place over an extended period of time, leading archaeologists to conclude that it may contain evidence of multiple stages of Adena society as well as in the mortuary traditions practiced on those buried in the mound.

Pollock Works

The Pollock Works occupy a high promontory above the southern side of Massies Creek: both the northern and southern sides are the steep limestone walls, here averaging  in height, from which the name of "Cliffs" was derived.  Although occasional fissures pierce the cliff, permitting access through the old creek channel on the promontory's southern side, only via an isthmus on the western side is the promontory easily accessible, due to its gentle slope.  The area of the promontory is approximately .  Across the isthmus are the remnants of small crescent-shaped earthworks and an artificial wall, which in the 1840s measured  thick at the base and  high; it is pierced by three small gateways, at each of which was originally located a stone mound.  Due to its comparatively inaccessible location, Squier and Davis proposed in their Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley that the site was a fortification at which a simple palisade could render the promontory impregnable.

The works were discovered soon after Greene County was settled in the early nineteenth century and first made known to outsiders by Squier and Davis.  In the 1910s, they were believed to have been the work of the Fort Ancient people, who were "totally different from the higher culture [Hopewell] of the Scioto valley", and who would in times of danger retreat to the isolated Fort Ancient site.  It was one of eighty-four archaeological sites observed in 1914 by William C. Mills' countywide archaeological survey, which deemed the Pollock Works the county's premier site. Scientific excavations under a Wright State University archaeologist have demonstrated that the Pollock Works were built by the Hopewell in a five-stage process that started in the first century after Christ.  It appears that Squier and Davis correctly ascertained the defensive capabilities of the site; at some point in its history, a palisade stretched across the isthmus, although it was destroyed by fire and later buried by a fresh layer of earth.  Although the site was seemingly employed as a hill fort for part of its history, it appears to have been a religious location and one of numerous Hopewell hilltop ceremonial sites.

Preservation
Indian Mound Reserve is actively managed by the Greene County Parks, which promotes the beauty of the creek canyon and the history of the earthworks.  The archaeological importance of the reserve forms the basis for programs educating elementary-school children about archaeology.  Williamson Mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in December 1971 — becoming Greene County's first site on the Register aside from Huffman Prairie, where the Wright brothers learned to fly — and the Pollock Works followed two months later.

References

Adena culture
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Ohio Hopewell
National Register of Historic Places in Greene County, Ohio
Parks in Ohio
U.S. Route 42
Mounds in Ohio

Indian Mound Reserve


Spider-Man (Pavitr Prabhakar) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics in collaboration with Gotham Entertainment. He is an alternate version of Spider-Man who lives in Mumbai, India.

In the Marvel Comics universe, Spider-Man lives on Earth-50101. His secret identity is Pavitr Prabhakar, a shy high school student, who lives with his Aunt Maya and Uncle Bhim in Mumbai. He has many supporting characters in the books such as Meera Jain, Flash Thompson, Nalin Oberoi, and Doctor Octopus. He came to Mumbai from a small village. Although he and his uncle struggled with financial difficulties, his uncle wanted Pavitr to receive a high-quality education at the Heritage International School, one of the top schools in Mumbai.

Parvitr was often bullied and mocked in school due to coming from a small village and wearing a dhoti. A Yogi gives Pavitr the magical powers of a spider, which he uses to fight against Nalin Oberoi, an evil businessman who is searching for a powerful, magical amulet. In his search, Oberoi destroys Pavitr's village, killing everyone. As Spider-Man, Pavitr defeats Oberoi and hands him over to the police.

Pavitr "Pav" Prabhakar / Spider-Man India made his cinematic debut in the 2023 animated feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, voiced by Karan Soni in English and Shubman Gill in Hindi and Punjabi, depicted as a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society. He will reappear in the film's sequel.

Publishing history
Pavitr Prabhakar first appeared in Spider-Man: India #1 (January 2005). Marvel created the Indian version in collaboration with Gotham Entertainment Group. Debdatta Das co-created this Indian version.

Fictional character biography
Pavitr Prabhakar, an Indian boy from a remote village, moves to Mumbai with the encouragement of his Aunt Maya and Uncle Bhim after receiving a partial scholarship to go to the Heritage International School, a prestigious academy. At school, he is frequently bullied for his rural background. His uncle encourages him to endure it and stay at the school because he has strong potential. A popular girl at the school, Meera Jain, befriends him after connecting over their shared history of moving to the city from a small village.

Meanwhile, a local crime lord named Nalin Oberoi uses an amulet to perform an ancient ritual in which he is possessed by a demon committed to opening a gate for other demons to invade Earth. While being chased by bullies, Pavitr encounters an ancient yogi who grants him the powers of a spider to fight the evil that threatens the world. Pavitr obtains the iconic Spider-Man costume and tests out his new abilities to create webs and stick to walls. While discovering his powers, Pavitr sees a woman being attacked by several men, but brushes it off, saying that the police would handle it. Unbeknownst to Pavitr, his uncle was in the area and attempts to help the woman, becoming fatally injured in the process. Pavitr hears his uncle cry out and rushes over, but by the time he gets there, it's too late. He finds the men who murdered his uncle, beating them before coming to his senses. Pavitr then understands that with great power comes great responsibility, and swears to use his powers for the good of others.

Nalin Oberoi briefly becomes human again and transforms a mild-mannered doctor into a demon with four magical tentacles (the Indian version of Doctor Octopus) and sends him to kill Spider-Man, as instructed by the demon voices. "Doc Ock" fails, and Spider-Man makes his public debut as a hero. The newspapers, however, label him as a threat.

Oberoi kidnaps Pavitr's aunt, taking her to a refinery outside Mumbai. There he betrays Doctor Octopus, blasting him into the ocean. Spider-Man arrives and fights Oberoi, who has also kidnapped Meera. He drops both Maya and Meera from the top of the refinery. Spider-Man dives for his aunt, but fails to rescue Meera, who is saved by Doctor Octopus. Pavitr reveals his identity to Meera and asks her to take his aunt to safety.

Oberoi gets rid of Doctor Octopus for good and touches Spider-Man with the amulet. A Venom-like creature emerges from the amulet and tries to lure Spider-Man to the dark side. Pavitr remembers his uncle's saying about responsibility and rejects the evil, shattering the link between the demons and Oberoi, and making Oberoi human again. Spider-Man throws the amulet into the ocean and Oberoi is sent to a mental institution.

Peace is eventually restored to Mumbai. Pavitr Prabhakar begins a romance with Meera and is shown celebrating the festival of Diwali with his aunt. The story ends with a quote from the Bhagavad Gita, showing the Venom-Demon still alive.

Spider-Verse
During the Spider-Verse storyline, which featured Spider-Men from various alternate realities, Pavitr Prabhakar fought a mysterious new villain named Karn, whom he mistook for a demon. The Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Peter Parker's body) managed to save him and recruited him into his army of Spiders. In the second volume of Spider-Verse set during the Secret Wars event, Pavitr Prabhakar found himself in the domain of the Battleworld called Arachnia, where he teamed up with Spider-Gwen, Spider-Ham, Spider-Man Noir, Spider-UK, and Anya Corazon, though none of them remembered their previous encounter during the original Spider-Verse.

Following the conclusion of Secret Wars, the team of six Spiders that formed during the event will rename itself and feature in a new ongoing series called Web Warriors, a name coined by Peter Parker from the Ultimate Spider-Man TV series during the original Spider-Verse.

Spider-Geddon
During the Spider-Geddon storyline, Pavitr has been keeping surveillance on Earth-3145 with the help of Spider-Girl, Spider-Punk, Spider-UK, and Master Weaver. They find out that the Inheritors have become malnourished since they were last seen.

In other media

Film
 Pavitr "Pav" Prabhakar / Spider-Man India appears in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), and is voiced by Karan Soni in English and Shubman Gill in Hindi and Punjabi. This version of Spider-Man is a member of Miguel O'Hara's Spider Society and a friend of Spider-Punk and Spider-Woman. Pav lives in Mumbattan, an Indian city based in Mumbai and Manhattan and is dating Inspector Singh's daughter Gayatri.
 Pav is set to return in the upcoming sequel Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse.

Video games

 Pavitr Prabhakar appears as an unlockable playable character in Spider-Man Unlimited.

Reception
James Whitbrook of io9 placed Pavitr as number fourteen as the greatest alternate take of Spider-Man, explaining that he "shares much in common with the general Spider-Man legacy, but he's probably the best example of a foreign Spider-Man Marvel's ever attempted." Ryan Linch of Screen Rant placed Pavitr as number ten, saying that the character "has some really clever deviations from his American counterparts, but still retains everything that makes Spider-Man great."

References

Alternative versions of Spider-Man
Comics characters introduced in 2004
Fictional characters with precognition
Hindu superheroes
Indian superheroes
Marvel Comics characters with spider powers
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics male superheroes
Marvel Comics mutates
Spider-Man characters

Spider-Man (Pavitr Prabhakar)


Toypurina (1760-1799) was a Tongva medicine woman and leader. She planned an attack against the Spanish colonists and missionaries who were taking over her people's land.

1785 rebellion
Toypurina's people were very angry at the Spanish for treating them bad.

Toypurina and some other people involved in the attack were tried. She said that she hated the priests and white men for taking over her people's land.

Later life
Toypurina was forced to be baptized at Mission San Gabriel. Later on, she married a Spanish soldier named Mañuel Montero and had three kids with him. However, history experts are not sure whether she married because she accepted the Spanish way of living or as a way of protecting herself from mission life. She died at age 39.

Art
Toypurina is famous because she represents Native American female resistance to European rule. There are many murals of her in the Los Angeles region.

1760 births
1799 deaths
History of Los Angeles
Native American people
People from California

Toypurina


Prince Krzysztof Zbaraski (, , 1580 – 6 March 1627) was a Polish–Lithuanian member of the gentry social class (szlachta). During his life he was a Master of the Stables of the Crown (or koniuszy koronny), a member of special committee for Cossacks and tariffs, a skilled diplomat, and a politician of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was Starost of Kremenets, Wiślica, Hrubieszów and Bolesławiec.

Zbaraski served as Commonwealth ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1622 to 1624. His diplomatic mission's entry to Constantinople was famous for its display of wealth. Zbaraski paid most of the mission's costs. For 30,000 talars, the mission ransomed prisoners from battle of Cecora, including Stanisław Koniecpolski. The mission was described in 1633 in the diary of the mission's secretary, Samuel Twardowski Przewazna legacja JO Ksiazecia Krzysztofa Zbaraskiego (The Important Mission of His Grace Duke Krzysztof Zbaraski).

Krzysztof Zbaraski was buried in Cracow.

Zbaraski was the brother of Jerzy Zbaraski (who died in 1631 as last of the Zbaraski family). He sponsored the Jesuit collegium in Vinnytsia.

External links
 Zbaraski in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 5 (1993).
  Herb i rodowód Zbaraskich
  Kasper Niesiecki'', Korona polska przy złotej wolności starożytnymi wszystkich katedr, prowincji i rycerstwa klejnotami… — Lwów, 1743. — Т. IV. — S. 708–709
  Książęta Czetwertyńscy (01)

1580 births
1627 deaths
Ruthenian nobility of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Ambassadors of Poland to the Ottoman Empire
Krzysztof

Krzysztof Zbaraski