William (Bill) Laing (born 1944) is a Scottish/Canadian artist based in Calgary, Alberta.  He is known for his printmaking and sculpture.

Early life and education
Laing was born in Glasgow, Scotland and immigrated to Canada in 1960. He studied at the Vancouver School of Art from 1967 - 1971 graduating with an honours diploma in Photography and Printmaking. He studied printmaking at the Brighton Polytechnic in England, and received his master's degree from the Royal College of Art in London, England in 1974.  He then took teacher training at the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology in Calgary, Alberta. During his education he taught art classes part-time at several institutions.

Career
Laing participated in his first art exhibition in 1970, British Columbia's Young Contemporary Exhibition, and was presented with the Canada Packers Award for Printmaking. His work was included in three graphics and print shows in 1971, including one in New York. During the next three years, before graduating from college, he participated in more than thirty group exhibitions in England, Canada, the United States, Sweden, Poland and Switzerland.  His first solo exhibition was at the Vancouver Community Arts Council Gallery, and in 1973 he exhibited at the Die Treppe Gallery in Lahr, West Germany.

Laing taught printmaking, photography and design at the Alberta College of Art and Design from 1974 until 1977, when he was hired to teach at the University of Calgary. He taught there for 39 years, becoming a professor in 1989 and retiring at the end of 2015. During that time he was a visiting artist and lecturer at a number of colleges and art institutions throughout Canada, acted as a juror at art shows and a panelist at several conferences. He was awarded the University of Calgary Student Union Teaching Excellence Award in 2006, 2011, 2012 and 2013 and was also the University of Calgary Student Union Teaching Excellence "Hall of Fame Award" in 2013.

Laing has exhibited in over 500 group shows and 50 solo shows across Canada and around the world. In 1997 a retrospective of his work, William Laing, a Journey, was exhibited in Kelowna, BC.

 As of 2016, his most recent group exhibitions have been the 8th Douro Biennial in Alijo, Portugal and the Kyoto Hanga in Japan. Since 2010 he has mounted five solo exhibitions in the Edge Gallery, Canmore and the Herringer Kiss Gallery in Calgary, Alberta.

Throughout his career Laing has been the recipient of many travel, project and research grants, including several from the Canada Council for the Arts and the Alberta Foundation for the Arts. His artwork is included in the collections of more than one hundred public and private institutions, including the National Gallery of Canada, the University of Alberta, the Museum of Art in Strasbourg, France, the Saidye Bronfman Centre in Montreal, the National Gallery of Australia, the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Los Angeles County Museum, the Kyoto Museum of Art in Japan, the Guangdong Museum of Art in Shanghai, China and the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England.

Laing has been commissioned to create steel sculptures in Vancouver, British Columbia, for the Wilkinson Steel Company of Canada, the Pacific National Exhibition, and Wallace Neon.  He has also been commissioned to design prints for Steel Case Canada, a wine label for J. Webb Wine Store, a one dollar stamp for Canada Post illustrating Canada's National Parks, a mural for the Arts 17 Society in Calgary, Alberta, and a C.D. cover for the "Verismo" Jazz Group.

Associations
Laing was an executive member of the British Printmakers Council and the Print and Drawing Council of Canada. He was an associate of the Royal College of Art in London, England. He was a past chairman of the Calgary Review Committee of Alberta Art Foundation and a director of the Alberta Printmakers Society.  He was appointed to the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts and was elected an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Painters and Printmakers and a member of the Order of The University of Calgary.

Publications
Bill Laing' by Bradford Collins, Vie Des Arts, September 1974 (Montreal, Quebec)
Current Energies' by Geoffrey James, Arts Canada, June 1975 (Ottawa, Ontario)
Recent Drawings, Bill Laing and Dennis Evans at Glenbow' by Andrew Oko, Catalogue April 1977 (Calgary, Alberta)
Bill Laing at the Mendal' by George Moppett, Catalogue, Mendal Art Gallery, March 1977 (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan)
About Line and Face: Recent Work by Bill Laing' by Elizabeth Kidd, Catalogue Essay Museum of the Canadian Rockies
Tables Turned' Catalogue Essay by Franklyn Heisler, Guest Curator, White Museum of Canadian Rockies, Banff, Alberta
Victoria's Sense of Place', Arts B.C., Spring 87, Vol. II, Number 2
Alberta Printmakers ' Society Exhibition', Muttart Gallery Newsletter, 1990 Volume III, Issue10.
Still Lives", by Richard Whyte, Muttart Gallery Magazine, 1992, Volume 4, Issue 7, 1992.
La Sugerentey Doble Mirada', de Bill Laing by. Derek Besant, Lo Epoco 26 January 1995, Santiago, Chile.
Grabado a Dos Tiempos', en el Instituto Cultural de Providencia, 18 January 1995, Santiago, Chile.
Artistas Canadienses Exponen En Providencia, Santiago, Chile, 22 January 19 95.
"Wandering" by Paul Woodrow, Catalogue Essay, "William Laing: A Journey", 1996.
"The Journey" by Tim Mara, Catalogue Essay.  "William Laing: A Journey" 1996.
"Millennium Portfolio" by Ann Severenson for F.F.W.D. Calgary, Alberta, September 23, 1999
"34 at 54" by Mark Walton for F.F.W.D. Calgary, Alberta September 2, 1999
Catalogue Essay for Exhibition "Out of Print: the New Wave of Printmaking in Alberta" by Deborah Herringer, Triangle Art Gallery of Visual Arts, Calgary, Alberta
Catalogue Essay for exhibition "Troi Sieme Biennale de la Gravure d'lle de France" by Frank Borota presented by Orangerie due Domaine de Madame Elizabeth, Versailles, France June 1, 2001
Catalogue essay for exhibition "Extension Maxi Graphica" by Hideki Kimura, presented by Kyoto Municipal Museum, November 22, 2001, Japan

References

Current Energies' by Geoffrey James, Arts Canada, June 1975 (Ottawa, Ontario)
Intriguing World of Fleeting Moments' by Art Perry, Vancouver Province, November 1975(Vancouver, B.C.)
Bill Laing at Equinox Gallery' by Steve Cummings, Arts Canada, October 1975 (Ottawa, Ontario)
Bill Laing Drawings and Prints' by Carlos Mendez, Pacific Time, November 1975(Vancouver, B.C.)
Imagination and Creativity' by Bente Roe Cochran, Edmonton Journal, April 1979
Alberta Artists at Artcore' by Andrew Scott, Vanguard Magazine, August 1979
Technique With Taste' by Wayne Edmon Stone, Vancouver Province
Print Portfolio Nationally Known' by Leonard Marcoe, Winnipeg Free Press, June 1980
Pair Rarifies Gallery Air' by Leonard Marcoe, Winnipeg Free Press, September 1980
Artist Cross Generation Gap' by Art Perry, Vancouver Province, April 1980
Olsen and Laing, the Portrait Conceptualized' by Derek Besan, Arts Magazine
Laing's Landscape are Unusual' by Pilar Moreno, The Leader Post, March 1982 (Regina, Saskatchewan)
Present Tense' by Jean Richards, Edmonton Journal, October 1983
Recent Drawings and Prints by Bill Laing' by Bente Roe Cochran, Edmonton Journal 1983
Bill Laing New Work' by Nancy Tousley, Calgary Herald, March 1985
'Bill Laing at Paul Kuhn Fine Arts' by Mary Beth Laviolette.  Vanguard Magazine September1985
'New Work' by Ann Souk, Western Living Magazine
'Victoria's Sense of Place', Arts B.C., Spring 87, Vol. II, Number 2
Inter Action: Canadian Printmaking in Australia', Visual Arts Newsletter, Issue 43
'Gallery Applies Art to Home Furnishings' by Nancy Tousley, Calgary Herald, May 1987
'Experimental Art at New Gallery', Calgary Herald, January 1989
'Domestic Life Inspires Laing's Art' by Nancy Tousley, Calgary Herald, June 1990
'New Constructions in Alberta Art' by Patricia Lee, Glenbow Magazine, Spring Issue 1990
'New Work by Gallery Artists' by Nancy Tousley, Calgary Herald, June 1990
'The Fine Art of Living Together', by Beth Duthi, Glenbow Magazine, Summer Issue, 1992, Volume 12, Number 2.
Time/Memory, by Cathy Lipset, The Cairn Magazine, Whyte Museum of Canadian Rockies, Summer Issue, 1992, Volume XVI, No. 3.
"Still Lives Near & Far", Staff Writer, North Shore News, West Vancouver, BC, April 16, 1992.
 'Art', by Nancy Tousley, Calgary Herald, March 19, 1994
La Sugerentey Doble Mirada', de Bill Laing by. Derek Besant, Lo Epoco 26 January 1995, Santiago, Chile.
Grabado a Dos Tiempos', en el Instituto Cultural de Providencia, 18 January 1995, Santiago, Chile.
Artistas Canadienses Exponen En Providencia, Santiago, Chile, 22 January 1995.
"Transformed by Light" for Society of Northern Alberta Print Artists Newsletter
"Millennium Portfolio" by Ann Severenson for F.F.W.D. Calgary, Alberta, September 23, 1999
"34 at 54" by Mark Walton for F.F.W.D. Calgary, Alberta September 2, 1999

External links
Herringer Kiss Gallery
Snap Artists
University of Calgary
Collections
Canadian Art

1944 births
Living people
Artists from Glasgow
Scottish emigrants to Canada
21st-century Canadian sculptors
Canadian male sculptors
21st-century Canadian male artists
Canadian printmakers
Artists from Calgary

William Laing (artist)


Jonathan Fergus Bell  (born 5 March 1970) is a former Unionist politician from Northern Ireland representing the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).

He previously served as a  Member of the Legislative Assembly for  Strangford in the Northern Ireland Assembly, following the resignation of Iris Robinson, which he represented from 2010 to 2017.

He served as a Junior Minister in the Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister from May 2011 until May 2015, before he served as Minister of Enterprise, Trade and Investment from May 2015 until May 2016.

In January 2017, Bell spoke publicly on the BBC Nolan Show, bringing to light the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal, which ultimately led to a Public Inquiry that same month. He was suspended from the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). He sat as an Independent Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly until losing his seat in the 2017 Assembly Elections.

Early life
Bell was the youngest of three children of Fergus Bell, a minister in the Free Methodist Church, and his wife Nora, a secretary. At three months old he survived a bout of whooping cough.

Political career
He sat on Craigavon Borough Council from 1997 until 2005, where he served as both deputy mayor and mayor. Bell was originally elected for the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) but dissatisfied with the leadership of David Trimble, quit the party in March 2000. In 1999 he was the organiser and spokesperson of a demonstration in favour of Protestant/Unionist rights called "The Long March".

By the time of the 2001 local elections he had joined the DUP. When he was appointed as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), he was a councillor for the DUP in Ards. On accepting the invitation to replace Robinson as an MLA he resigned his position as a member of the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, as the Northern Ireland Act 1998 stipulated that membership of the Commission was incompatible with Assembly membership. Bell had, with UUP member Daphne Trimble, been one of two Commissioners to publicly oppose the Commission's stance on a Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland.

Following his election to the Assembly in May 2011, and his appointment shortly thereafter as a junior minister, Bell worked alongside his Sinn Féin counterpart Martina Anderson to support the diarchy operated by the First Minister and deputy First Minister.

In May 2015, Bell was appointed Minister of Enterprise, Trade and Investment in a re-shuffle of offices held by DUP MLAs which saw Arlene Foster, the previous DETI minister, move to Finance and Personnel. Following the Northern Ireland Assembly election on 5 May 2016, when Bell was elected as MLA for Strangford, DETI was renamed the Department for the Economy. Simon Hamilton became its minister, and Bell left the Executive.

Controversy
In May 2012, Bell attacked golf clubs in Northern Ireland for being a haven for sectarian attitudes, although he later apologised. He claims his attack was "a clumsy use of language".

RHI scandal

In November 2016, a whistleblower revealed that the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment had wasted £400m (which later turned out to be £490m) on a botched energy scheme known as the Renewable Heat Incentive scheme. The scheme was devised under Arlene Foster, Bell's predecessor, who later went on to become First Minister. Bell came under fire as it was claimed that he postponed the closure of the scheme. In the period when Bell was supposed to have postponed the scheme, it transpired that there was a spike in applications and the bill for the scheme had increased massively. Foster also came under fire.

On 16 December 2016, Bell gave an emotional interview with Stephen Nolan for BBC Northern Ireland about his and Foster's involvement with the scandal-hit Renewable Heat Incentive scandal.

He alleged that Foster had ordered the postponement of the closure of the scheme and that her department tried to cover up her involvement in the scheme. Two days later, he was suspended from the party.

The fallout from the RHI scandal led to the opposition parties in the Northern Ireland Assembly to table an exclusion motion to remove Arlene Foster from her position as First Minister. The motion failed on a cross-community vote. In January 2017, Martin McGuinness resigned as deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland in protest at the scheme, prompting the fall of the Executive Office of Northern Ireland.

In February 2017, Bell announced that he would contest the March 2017 Assembly Election as an Independent. He said: "I shone a light on the cash for ash scandal and as a result my party suspended me. Everywhere I have gone not a single person has told me I was wrong, in fact people have told me I was not wrong. It's time for the people to pass their verdict."

Personal life
Bell graduated from Queen's University Belfast, with a degree in psychology, and obtained a postgraduate diploma and a master's degree in social work. He worked until 2010 in child care social work. His wife, Lisa Bell, is a nurse. The couple have two children and live in Conlig, County Down.

References

1970 births
Living people
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Ulster Unionist Party MLAs
Mayors of Craigavon
Members of Craigavon Borough Council
Ministers of the Northern Ireland Executive (since 1999)
Junior ministers of the Northern Ireland Assembly (since 1999)
Democratic Unionist Party MLAs
Northern Ireland MLAs 2007–2011
Northern Ireland MLAs 2011–2016
Northern Ireland MLAs 2016–2017

Jonathan Bell (politician)


"Tan Feliz" (English: So Happy) is a song by American artist Pee Wee. The first version of the song was released on September 6, 2009, as a second promotional single from his debut studio album Yo Soy. The song was covered by Pee Wee featuring Brazilian pop singer Kelly Key from his second studio album, Déjate Querer, on February 4, 2011.

Music video
A short music video was made exclusively for telenovela Camaleones in Colegio San Bartolomé that appears on the story, Sherlyn (Solange) and Ferdinando Valencia (Patricio) also appears on the video.

Single version

"Tan Feliz" is a song by American artist Pee Wee release on February 4, 2011. The song, featuring Brazilian pop singer Kelly Key, was written by Pee Wee, Francisco Saldaña, Norgie Noriega and Víctor Delgado from her second studio album, Déjate Querer.

Background
On February 25, 2010, Kelly announced the negotiations with Pee Wee's agents for a featuring in her album. On April 13, the singer said on Twitter that she would record the song. On September 9, Kelly said he would embark for Mexico to record the song, a new version of Tan Feliz. The song will be released on January, 2011.

Music video
The music video would be filmed on December, 2010 in Miami, but was canceled.

References

External links
Pee Wee official website
"Tan Feliz" Music Video at YouTube

2009 singles
Pee Wee (singer) songs
Songs written by Pee Wee (singer)
Pop ballads
Songs written by Noriega (producer)
Song recordings produced by Luny Tunes
Songs written by Francisco Saldaña
2009 songs
Interscope Records singles

Tan Feliz


The National Archives of Armenia () are the national archives of Armenia. The agency was officially founded in 1923. The headquarters are located in Yerevan, with regional branches in other cities.

Overview
This non-commercial state organization carries out scientific and cultural activities under the direction of the Ministry of Territorial Administration of Armenia, which searches, registers, preserves and uses the collection of archives of Armenia in accordance with the legislation of Armenia. The National Archives also provides services in local areas, acting on behalf of the state.

At present, there are 11 regional branches and 29 regional representations under the auspices of the Government of Armenia. As of 1 January 2013, 5,759 funds have been fully concentrated with 3,419,353 storage units. All documents stored in the archive are available to users, except documents that spread information about personal and family secrets and are not sufficiently protected.

Amatuni Virabyan was director of the National Archives from 2003 until his removal in September 2020.

International cooperation
Armenia is a member of the International Council on Archives.

See also

 Archives by country
 Armenian National Cinematheque
 List of archives
 List of national archives
 National Library of Armenia

External links
  National Archives of Armenia

Armenia
Culture of Armenia
Archives in Armenia

National Archives of Armenia


Philip Warwick (1640–1683) was a British diplomat.

He was the only son of Sir Philip Warwick (1609–1683), the English writer and politician.

The younger Philip was probably admitted to the Inner Temple in 1656.  In 1680, he was appointed as British envoy extraordinary to Sweden (to represent the subjects of all three British kingdoms), arriving in 1680.  His diplomatic business was mainly concerned with trade, the possible renewal of a commercial treaty, and problems encountered by individual merchants.

In January 1683, he obtained leave to return to England to deal with family affairs, leaving his secretary Dr John Robinson as Chargé d'Affaires.  However, he died in March at Newmarket with the result that Robinson succeeded as envoy.

References
A. N. L. Grosjean, 'Warwick, Philip (bap. 1640, d. 1683)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 18 April 2009.

1640 births
1683 deaths
Members of the Inner Temple
Ambassadors of England to Sweden
17th-century English diplomats

Philip Warwick (diplomat)


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Cultural Geography is the study of cultures, customs, foods, clothing, music, architecture, traditions, religions and languages of the world  - and how and why these cultures are spread across the world.

An example would be the Arab World, there are many nations inhabited by Arabic people, from Morocco in the north-west of Africa and lies near to Spain, to Syria which borders Turkey - and Yemen which is near to Ethiopia.

Branches of geography

Cultural geography


Viscount Melville, of Melville in the County of Edinburgh, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Origins

The title was created on 24 December 1802 for the notable lawyer and politician Henry Dundas. He was created Baron Dunira, of Dunira in the County of Perth, at the same time, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Dundas, who was the fourth son of Robert Dundas, of Arniston, the elder, declined an earldom in 1809.

He was succeeded by his son, the second Viscount, who was also a noted politician. He assumed for himself the additional surname of Saunders, which was that of his father-in-law. His son, the third Viscount, was a General in the British Army. The latter was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Viscount, who in his turn was succeeded by his nephew, the fifth Viscount, the eldest son of Reverend the Honourable Charles Dundas, Rector of Epworth, Lincolnshire, fourth son of the second Viscount. The fifth Viscount was succeeded by his younger brother, the sixth Viscount, a minor diplomat. The titles descended from father to son until the death of the sixth Viscount's grandson, the eighth Viscount, in 1971. The latter was succeeded by his nephew, the ninth Viscount, the eldest son of the Honourable Robert Maldred St John Melville Dundas, second son of the seventh Viscount.  the titles are held by the ninth Viscount's eldest son, the tenth Viscount, who succeeded in 2011.

The family seat is Melville Castle between Dalkeith and Lasswade. The first five viscounts (including Henry Dundas) are buried in a simple vault (gated but unlocked) in Old Lasswade Kirkyard. The 6th Viscount Melville, Charles Saunders Dundas, lies opposite his wife, Mary Hamilton Dundas, in the small north cemetery in Lasswade, adjacent to the old kirkyard. Their son, the 7th Viscount merely appears as a footnote on the monument.

Viscounts Melville (1802)

Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (1742–1811)
Robert Saunders–Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville (1771–1851) and son of 1st Viscount
Henry Dundas, 3rd Viscount Melville (1801–1876) son of 2nd Viscount
Robert Dundas, 4th Viscount Melville (1803–1886) son of 2nd Viscount and brother of the 3rd
Robert Dundas, 5th Viscount Melville (1835–1904) nephew of 2nd Viscount
Charles Saunders Dundas, 6th Viscount Melville (1843–1926) brother of 5th Viscount
Henry Charles Clement Dundas, 7th Viscount Melville (1873–1935) son of 6th Viscount
Henry Charles Patric Brouncker Dundas, 8th Viscount Melville (1909–1971) and son of 7th Viscount
Robert David Ross Dundas, 9th Viscount Melville (1937–2011) and nephew of 8th Viscount
Robert Henry Kirkpatrick Dundas, 10th Viscount Melville (b. 1984) and son of 9th Viscount

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Max David Henry Dundas (b. 2018)

See also
 Dunira, Perthshire

References

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

External links

Viscountcies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1802
Noble titles created for UK MPs
Dundas family

Viscount Melville


The Sahara Pump Theory attempts to explain how plants and animals from Africa moved into the Middle East and then Europe and Asia.

At the time, Africa was rainier than it is today, and the Sahara was wetter, with bigger lakes and more rivers.

African rainy periods are associated with a "wet Sahara" phase, during which larger lakes and more rivers exist.  This causes changes in the type of animals found in the area.

Regardless of the aridity of the greater Sahara, migration along the river corridor was halted when, during a desert phase 1.8-0.8 million years ago, the Nile ceased to flow completely and possibly flowed only temporarily in other periods due to Nubian Swell uplift.

During the periods of a wet Sahara, the Sahara and Arabia become a savanna grassland and African flora and fauna become common. During the following dry period, the Sahara reverts to desert conditions usually as a result of the retreat of the West African Monsoon southwards. Evaporation exceeds precipitation, the level of water in lakes like Lake Chad falls, and rivers become dry wadis.

Flora and fauna previously widespread retreat northwards to the Atlas Mountains, southwards into West Africa, or eastwards into the Nile Valley and thence either south-east to the Ethiopian Highlands and Kenya or north-east across the Sinai into Asia. This separates populations of some of the species in areas with different climates, forcing them to adapt, possibly giving rise to speciation (species splitting).

The Saharan pump has been used to date four waves of human emigration from Africa, namely:

 Homo erectus (ssp. ergaster) into Southeast and East Asia
 Homo heidelbergensis into the Middle East and Western Europe
 Homo sapiens sapiens Out of Africa theory
 The spread of Afro-Asiatic languages.

References

Geography
Evolutionary biology
Prehistoric Africa

Sahara pump theory


Vincent Joseph Riendeau (born April 20, 1966) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. During his time in the National Hockey League, which lasted from 1987 to 1995, Riendeau played for the Montreal Canadiens, St. Louis Blues, Detroit Red Wings, and the Boston Bruins. Riendeau was the first Canadian and former NHL player to sign with a professional hockey team in the Russian Superleague. As of January 2019) he has been the director of goalie development for the Canadiens.

Playing career

Amateur career
Riendeau was born in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec. As a youth, he played in the 1978 and 1979 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Drummondville.

He played junior ice hockey with the Verdun Juniors in the QMJHL during the 1983–84 season, posting a 22-13-2 record with 2 shutouts and a 4.14 goals against average. He also played 15 games for the Des Moines Buccaneers of the USHL during the same season.

The following season, Riendeau left the junior leagues to play Canadian college hockey for Sherbrooke College of the CEGEP.

Riendeau returned to the juniors for the 1985–86 season, suiting up for the Drummondville Voltigeurs of the QMJHL. With a record of 33-20-3, Riendeau was able to sign as an undrafted free agent with the Montreal Canadiens before his season ended in the juniors.

Career with Montreal
Riendeau would spend the 1986–87 and 1987–88 seasons playing for Montreal's minor league affiliate, the Sherbrooke Canadiens of the AHL. In his first professional season, Riendeau was awarded the Harry "Hap" Holmes Trophy for allowing the fewest goals-against in the AHL. Despite posting winning records in the minors, Riendeau suffered in his only appearance for Montreal during the 1987–88 season, in which he allowed 5 goals in 36 minutes. With Montreal already having excellent goaltending from Patrick Roy and Brian Hayward, Riendeau was traded to St. Louis on 9 August 1988 with Sergio Momesso for Jocelyn Lemieux, Darrell May and St. Louis's 2nd choice (which became Patrice Brisebois) in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft.

Career with St. Louis
Riendeau was excited for his debut with the St. Louis Blues during the 1988–89 season. His first game was set to be on the road in Hartford, a game in which his parents traveled from his native Quebec to watch their son's opening night. However, teammate Dave Lowry hit Riendeau's shoulder with a hard shot during the pre-game warm-up, putting him out of action for the night. Despite this, Riendeau was able to establish himself as a solid member of the Blues, backing up Greg Millen for that season without seeing any time in the playoffs.

Riendeau would establish himself as the starting goaltender for the 1989–90 season, in which he would be supported by Millen and Curtis Joseph. He was able to make his first playoff appearance with the Blues that season as well. While Joseph was the goaltender who led St. Louis in the opening round of the playoffs, Riendeau took over during the second round, in which they were eliminated by the Chicago Blackhawks.

Riendeau's most successful season in the NHL was the 1990–91 season, in which he posted a 29-9-6 record in 44 games, with Joseph serving as his backup. Riendeau would once again lead St. Louis into the playoffs. While they eliminated Detroit in the opening round, they lost to the Minnesota North Stars in the next round. In the playoffs, Bob Probert punched Riendeau after Riendeau pointed Probert's actions out to a referee in an unsuccessful attempt to draw a penalty.

Career with Detroit
For the start of the 1991–92 season, St. Louis opted to go with Joseph as their starting goaltender and prospects Guy Hebert and Pat Jablonski in the backup role. On 18 October 1991, Riendeau was traded to Detroit for Rick Zombo. Riendeau would make his first appearance for Detroit on 25 October 1991 against the Toronto Maple Leafs, in which he would suffer a knee injury 27 minutes into the game, during a shared shutout with Tim Cheveldae, and sideline him for most of the season. When Riendeau recovered, he went on to backup Cheveldae for the remainder of the season and into the playoffs, where they were eliminated by Chicago in the second round.

Riendeau continued to support Cheveldae during the 1992–93 season, appearing in 22 regular season games. Riendeau did not appear in any playoff games that season, where Detroit was eliminated in the opening round by the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Career with Boston
By the time the 1993–94 season came around, Detroit gave the starting goaltender position to Chris Osgood and designated Cheveldae as his back up.  Riendeau had now become Detroit's third goaltender. After appearing in 8 games for Detroit and 10 games for their minor league affiliate, the Adirondack Red Wings of the AHL, Riendeau was traded to Boston on 17 January 1994 for a conditional 5th round draft choice in 1995 Entry Draft, which became Chad Wilchynski. Boston was able to send John Blue to the minors so that Riendeau could support Jon Casey. The duo led Boston into the playoffs, where they lost in the second round to the New Jersey Devils.

Riendeau continued his role as a backup during the 1994–95 season, supporting Blaine Lacher. Riendeau did not fare well during the regular season, posting a 3-6-1 record, leaving Boston to rely on Lacher in the playoffs, where Boston was eliminated in the opening round by New Jersey, who were the eventual Stanley Cup Champions. Riendeau did participate in one playoff game for the minor league affiliate Providence Bruins of the AHL that season. On 21 August 1995, Riendeau was released by Boston.

Career after the NHL
Riendeau spent the 1995–96 season with SC Riessersee Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Germany, where he appeared in 47 games.

Riendeau would return to North America for the 1996–97 season, where he would play for the Manitoba Moose of the IHL. Despite having a prolific previous season, Riendeau would post a 10-18-5 record at a minor league level.

Riendeau began to believe that his playing career was over when he received an offer from the German club ECR Revier Lowen Ratingen during the summer prior to the 1997–98 season. After appearing in 14 games, the club began to suffer financial difficulties, causing Riendeau to sign on with HC Lugano of the Swiss Nationalliga A, where he would appear in one game.

Riendeau found himself with the Ayr Scottish Eagles of the British Ice Hockey Superleague for the start of the 1998–99. Riendeau would play both regular season games and in tournaments, where he would come to play against members of the Russian Superleague. Riendeau admired the Russians work ethic and sought to join the Russian Superleague. After playing in 32 games and tournament appearances, a clause in Riendeau's contract came into effect in January 1999 that the club had to renegotiate his contract. Riendeau was able to negotiate a deal to be released by Ayr and join HC Lada Togliatti of the Russian Superleague. Riendeau would go on to appear in 5 regular season contests and 7 playoff contests. Riendeau would continue to play for Lada Togliatti for the 1999–00 season, appearing in 16 regular season games and one playoff game.

Riendeau would return to North America for the 2000–01 season and play his final professional season with the Anchorage Aces of the WCHL. Riendeau posted an 8-10-2 record backing up Dan McIntyre.

Post-playing career
Following his retirement, Riendeau would become a goaltending consultant for the Toronto Maple Leafs, a move that allowed him to work with Joseph again.  Riendeau would then spend the 2004–05 season as the goaltender coach for the Cape Breton Screaming Eagles of the QMJHL. He is the leader of the Winter Hawks NAHA-Riendeau Goalie Camp. Riendeau worked as Goalkeeper Coach with Hamburg Freezers in Germany.

In 2012, Riendeau joined the Canadiens organization as a goaltending consultant to their AHL affiliate, the Hamilton Bulldogs. In 2014, he was named as an assistant general manager of the Bulldogs, a role he continued after the Canadiens AHL affiliate relocated to Newfoundland and Labrador and took control of the IceCaps in 2015.

As of 2019 he is the director of goalie development for the Canadiens.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

Coaching clubs

Goalkeeper coach
 Toronto Maple Leafs (2001)
 Adler Mannheim (2005–2007)
 HC Fribourg-Gottéron (2007)
 Kassel Huskies (2008–2009)
 Hamburg Freezers (2010–2014)

References

External links

Official site

1966 births
Living people
Adirondack Red Wings players
Anchorage Aces players
Ayr Scottish Eagles players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Scotland
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Des Moines Buccaneers players
Detroit Red Wings players
Drummondville Voltigeurs players
French Quebecers
HC Lada Togliatti players
HC Lugano players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Ice Hockey Superleague players
Manitoba Moose (IHL) players
Montreal Canadiens coaches
Montreal Canadiens players
Montreal Canadiens scouts
Providence Bruins players
Revier Löwen players
St. Louis Blues players
SC Riessersee players
Sherbrooke Canadiens players
Sportspeople from Saint-Hyacinthe
Toronto Maple Leafs coaches
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Verdun Juniors players

Vincent Riendeau


The Vezina Trophy ( ) is awarded annually to the National Hockey League's (NHL) goaltender who is "adjudged to be the best at this position". At the end of each season, the thirty-two NHL general managers vote to determine the winner. It is named in honour of Georges Vezina, goaltender of the Montreal Canadiens from 1910 until 1925, who died in 1926 of tuberculosis. The trophy was first awarded after the 1926–27 NHL season and was awarded to the top goaltender. From  to , the trophy went to the goaltender(s) of the team allowing the fewest goals during the regular season; now, the William M. Jennings Trophy is awarded for this.

The most recent winner is Linus Ullmark of the Boston Bruins in the 2022–23 season.

History
The Vezina Trophy was named in honor of Georges Vézina, an exceptional goaltender with the Montreal Canadiens. Vézina collapsed during a game in 1925 and was diagnosed as having tuberculosis, of which he died in 1926. Upon Vézina's death, the trophy was donated to the League by the Canadiens' owners, Leo Dandurand, Louis Letourneau and Joe Cattarinich to honour Vézina permanently. It was first awarded at the end of the 1926–27 NHL season to George Hainsworth who had come to Montreal to succeed Vézina.

The trophy was accepted by the league at its May 15, 1927, meeting in Montreal. The criteria for winning was variously reported. The Montreal Gazette and The Globe and Mail reported that it was 'to be awarded each year to the goaltender in the National Hockey League having the best (goals against) average,' while the Toronto Star reported that the trophy went to the 'most valuable' goaltender in the league. When Hainsworth won his third Vezina at the end of the 1928–29 NHL season, the trophy was reported to be for the 'most outstanding' goaltender in the league. However, later reports state that the trophy was based on the lowest goals against average (GAA).

The Vezina Trophy was quite prestigious, as it was one of the three major personal awards given out by the National Hockey League at the time, along with the Hart Trophy and the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy. The hockey media closely follow a tight "Vezina Trophy race," such as in , when Frank Brimsek, Turk Broda, and Johnny Mowers were separated by only three goals entering the final weekend of the season.

1946 to 1981
In February 1946, the NHL stated that the trophy was to go to the team that allowed the fewest goals during the regular season. The goaltender playing the most games for that team would be awarded the trophy. Manager Tommy Gorman of the Montreal Canadiens stated that if the trophy was awarded to his team, management would decide which of the Habs' two goaltenders (Paul Bibeault and Bill Durnan) would receive the trophy. However, at a banquet that October, NHL President Clarence Campbell indicated that while the league was considering changing the voting methods of the Calder, Hart, and Lady Byng Trophies, the criteria for the Vezina were not changing.

Since it was common for goaltenders to start every game before 1950, the Vezina usually went to the goaltender with the lowest personal goals against average in the league; however, there were two notable exceptions. George Hainsworth was awarded the inaugural trophy, while Clint Benedict had the lowest GAA in . Hainsworth's Canadiens allowed fewer goals as a team than Benedict's Maroons. Wilf Cude had the lowest GAA in  in 30 games split between the Detroit Red Wings and Canadiens, but the Vezina was awarded to Charlie Gardiner, who started all 48 games for the Chicago Black Hawks, the team that allowed the fewest goals.

The National Hockey League lengthened the schedule to 70 games starting in . Before then, it was very common for a goaltender to play every minute of his team's season, and only two Vezina winners — Frank Brimsek in both  (43 of 48 games) and  (47 of 48 games) and Bill Durnan in  (40 of 50 games) — failed to start every game for their respective clubs.

As teams started to use more than one goaltender in a season regularly, it became increasingly common for the goaltender with the lowest GAA not to be a member of the team that allowed the fewest goals. The Vezina continued to be awarded to the goaltender who started the most games for the team that allowed the fewest goals, but the Vezina winners of , ,  and  did not have the lowest GAAs.

The National Hockey League began allowing teammates to split the Vezina Trophy following the 1964–65 NHL season. The Toronto Maple Leafs allowed 173 goals against (0 empty net goals), barely beating out Detroit's 175 goals against (3 empty net goals), and Chicago's 176 goals against (3 empty net goals).  Toronto Terry Sawchuk played 36 games for the Leafs with a GAA of 2.56, while his teammate Johnny Bower played 34 games with a league-leading GAA of 2.38, but Sawchuk was to be the sole winner under the old criteria. During the season, the two agreed to split the $1000 prize money that came with the trophy if either of them won. At the end of the season, Sawchuk publicly stated that he would refuse the trophy if Bower would not also have his name inscribed. The NHL subsequently changed the rule to allow any goaltender on the team who allowed the fewest goals against to qualify for the Vezina if he played at least 25 games, and applied this rule retroactively to Sawchuk and Bower. Under this criterion, Turk Broda would have shared the Vezina that Al Rollins won in . This criterion was in place until .

The Vezina criteria had the trophy going to the goaltender(s) of the team that was best at preventing goals, not necessarily the best individual goaltender of the year. The best goaltender, as voted by the media, was the NHL first team All-Star. These often differed, such as in  when Don Edwards and Bob Sauve shared the Vezina while Tony Esposito was named to the First Team. During the 1973–74 NHL season, the Chicago Black Hawks and Philadelphia Flyers finished tied for the fewest goals against; therefore their respective goaltenders, Tony Esposito and Bernie Parent, were both awarded the trophy, the only time that it would be shared between two players from different teams. For 1973–74 the media voted Parent a First Team All-Star and Esposito a Second Team All-Star.  Glenn Hall, who played for Detroit, Chicago and St. Louis during his career, was voted the First Team All-Star goaltender the most times of any goaltender, seven times, but only won the Vezina Trophy as the goaltender on the team allowing the fewest goals against three times.  By contrast, Jacques Plante, was awarded the Vezina Trophy seven times, six of those when with the very dominant Montreal Canadiens of the 1950s and 1960s, but was voted as the First Team All-Star only three times.  Plante's seventh Vezina Trophy was shared with Hall as they shared goaltending duties for the St. Louis Blues in 1968–69 when that team allowed the fewest goals in the league; Hall was voted as the First Team All-Star that year.

1981 to the present
As of the 1981–82 NHL season, the Vezina Trophy has been given to the most outstanding goaltender as voted by the general managers of the NHL teams. Billy Smith of the New York Islanders was the first winner of the Vezina under the current system. The William M. Jennings Trophy, given to the goaltender(s) who play(s) a minimum of 25 games for the team that allows the fewest goals, serves the function of the old Vezina.

The voting is conducted at the end of the regular season by the 32 general managers of the teams in the National Hockey League, with all individual voters ranking their top three candidates on a 5–3–1 points system. Three finalists are named and the trophy is awarded at the NHL Awards ceremony after the playoffs.

Records and distinctions
Jacques Plante holds the record for winning the most Vezinas with seven, followed by Bill Durnan and Dominik Hasek, who have won six each. Hasek has won the most awards under the current criterion of voting for the best individual goalie. Players for the Montreal Canadiens have won the Vezina 29 times.

Only four players have won both the Vezina and Hart Memorial Trophy for the same season: Jacques Plante for ; Dominik Hasek twice, for  and ; Jose Theodore for ; and Carey Price for . Two other goaltenders have won the Vezina and Hart trophies in separate seasons: Roy Worters (Hart , Vezina ) and Al Rollins (Vezina , Hart ). Chuck Rayner is the only goaltender who has won the Hart Memorial Trophy (which he did in ) but never won the Vezina Trophy.

Winners

1927–81

When introduced, the Vezina Trophy was awarded to the top goaltender in the league. Several winners, including Hainsworth in 1927 and Gardiner in 1934, did not have the lowest goals-against average. In 1946, the NHL Governors further clarified the criteria for winning. It was to go to the team with the fewest goals scored against it during the season. The goalie playing the most games for the team was awarded the trophy. In 1965, the NHL Governors began allowing teammates to share the Vezina Trophy. From 1965 to 1981, the Vezina was awarded to any goaltenders who played 25 or more games for the team allowing the fewest goals against.

1981–present
The NHL adopted the current criteria for the Vezina Trophy beginning in 1981–82. The William M. Jennings Trophy was created as a new award for the goaltender(s) playing 25 or more games for the team allowing the fewest goals against.

See also
 List of National Hockey League awards
 List of NHL players
 List of NHL statistical leaders
 William M. Jennings Trophy

References

General
Vezina Trophy history at Legends of Hockey.net
Vezina Trophy at NHL.com
Vezina Trophy voting history at The Goaltender Home Page - complete voting history from 1981 to 1982 (when the award switched to a voting criterion) to present.
Specific

National Hockey League trophies and awards
Awards established in 1926

Vezina Trophy


Press Gang Publishing was a feminist printing and publishing collective active in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, between the early 1970s and 2002.

Early history
The organization started off as a loose counter-cultural printing collective of six women and men, but "tensions arose" between the members about the goals of the press and in 1974 it was reestablished as a women-only feminist and anti-capitalist collective.
The press was incorporated in Vancouver, British Columbia, under the BC Companies Act as Press Gang Publishers Ltd. The collective operated a printshop (offset lithography, bindery) that served many progressive political, cultural, advocacy, and self-help organizations, as well as cooperative businesses in Vancouver. In 1975 Press Gang published its first title: Women Look at Psychiatry, an anthology edited by Dorothy E. Smith and Sara David.

In 1974, the organization was located at 821 East Hastings Street. The press moved in 1978 to 603 Powell Street in the Downtown Eastside neighbourhood of Vancouver. Members of the Press Gang collective trained themselves in the use of printing equipment and graphic design. They also participated in campaigns and community-based movements for social change: feminist, anti-capitalist, and anti-imperialist.

Policies
Press Gang had a policy of rejecting sexist or racist material for publication. For clients, it drew largely from local feminist, radicalist, activist and community groups. The organization took financial chances, and often printed material that mainstream publishers would not. As a feminist publisher, throughout its history Press Gang published books primarily, but not exclusively, by Canadian women authors and artists. Their nonfiction titles addressed social issues including racism, labour activism, lesbian identity, lesbophobia, censorship, and women in conflict with the mental health and criminal justice systems.

Printing/publishing split
By 1982, Press Gang paid six full-time salaries. The printing part of the operation helped underwrite the activities of the publishing section.

In 1989, the organization formally and amicably split into two collectives, Press Gang Printers Ltd. (a unionized collective) and Press Gang Publishers Feminist Cooperative.

The end of Press Gang
In the later 1980s, facing changes in technology, the advent of the Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the United States, and increasing competition from larger corporate printshops created insurmountable financial difficulties for the printing collective, and in 1993 Press Gang Printers was forced to cease operations.

Press Gang Publishers continued activity, yet were also squeezed by structural changes to the Canadian publishing industry and an increasing harsh economic climate for Canadian book publishers in the later 1990s. In 2000, Press Gang Publishers formed an alliance with Polestar Publishers of Victoria, British Columbia. Soon after this, Polestar was bought by Raincoast Books. In 2002 Press Gang Publishers were pushed to declare bankruptcy. Most of their titles remain unavailable.

Selected authors

 Joanne Arnott
 Shani Mootoo
 Sheila Baxter
 Persimmon Blackbridge
 Chrystos
 Ivan Coyote
 Lynnette (Dueck) D'anna
 Elana Dykewomon
 Karlene Faith
 Sky Lee
 Lee Maracle
 Daphne Marlatt
 Nancy Richler
 Cathy Stonehouse
 Aren X. Tulchinsky
 Betsy Warland
 Rita Wong

References

External links
 Collections Canada
 Press Gang Publishers fonds 1975 – 2002 (archived at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC)
MemoryBC: The British Columbia Archival Information Network: Press Gang Publishers

Anti-racist organizations in Canada
Defunct publishing companies of Canada
Book publishing companies of Canada
Feminism in British Columbia
Feminist book publishing companies
Feminist collectives
Feminist organizations in Canada
Lesbian culture in Canada
Lesbian feminism
LGBT history in Canada
Political book publishing companies
Publishing collectives
Publishing companies established in 1970

Press Gang Publishers


Legal Services NYC (LSNYC) is a non-profit organization that provides free civil legal assistance to low-income people in New York City. The community-based organization serves more than 100,000 clients annually. It is the nation's largest organization exclusively devoted to providing free civil services to the poor, with programs located in low-income neighborhoods throughout New York City.

History
In 1967, a group of federally funded legal services offices united to become Community Action for Legal Services (CALS), which later changed to Legal Services for New York City. After adopting a new logo and brand, the organization changed its name in 2007, on its 40th anniversary, to Legal Services NYC (LSNYC). The first landmark win for LSNYC came in 1970 with Goldberg v. Kelly, where the US Supreme Court laid down the due process standards for the termination of government benefits.

Structure
The organization's structure serves New York City's low-income community on the local level. Some of the local units are run from the central office, while others are independent organizations with their own local board of directors. Each borough has its own program:  Manhattan Legal Services, Queens Legal Services, Staten Island Legal Services, Bronx Legal Services, and Brooklyn Legal Services.  There is also a citywide Central Office and a Legal Support Unit.

Services
The organization represents clients in courts and administrative proceedings. It also provides advice or referral information if unable to provide representation. Assistance is provided through legal education and community workshops, help lines and written materials. The organization also provides training to poverty law attorneys and advocates through its Legal Support Unit.

Governance
LSNYC is governed by a board of directors; the members are appointed by Bar Associations, community groups, and other entities. The board of directors is led by the executive committee, composed of the Chair, Vice Chair, Treasurer and Secretary, and three additional non-officer members of the board.

See also

 Legal Services Corporation
 Pro bono

References

External links

 Goldberg v. Kelly 397 U.S. 254 (1970) text on Justia.com
 Goldberg v. Kelly 397 U.S. 254 (1970) text on findlaw.com

Legal aid in the United States
Legal organizations based in the United States
1967 establishments in New York City
Organizations established in 1967

Legal Services NYC


Felix Kwasi Owusu-Adjapong (13 February 1944 – 4 October 2023) was a Ghanaian politician who was a member of the Parliament of Ghana as a New Patriotic Party (NPP) representative for Akyem Swedru  of the eastern region of Ghana. He also served as Minister for Energy.

Early life and education
Felix Owusu-Adjapong studied Land Economy at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Kumasi. He also studied Housing, Planning and Building at the Bouwcentrum Institute in Rotterdam, Urban Land Appraisal at the University of Reading in England, and law at the Ghana School of Law.

Political career
Owusu-Adjapong was a member of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Parliaments of the 4th republic of Ghana. He was first elected Member of Parliament  for Akyem Swedru in the 1996 Ghanaian general elections with a total of 15,824 making 45.30% of the total valid votes cast that year. He was re-elected in the 2000 Ghanaian general elections with a majority of 14,614  making 56.80% of the votes cast. In February 2001 he was appointed Minister for Transport and Communications, and in April 2003 Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.

In the 2004 Ghanaian general elections,he was elected again as Member of Parliament with a majority vote of 21,048 making 66.94% of the total votes polled that year. In 2007 he resigned his ministerial position to make an unsuccessful bid for the presidential nomination of the NPP. He did not contest his parliamentary constituency at the 2008 Ghanaian General Elections, and Joseph Ampomah Bosompem won it for the NPP with a majority of 8,469. In June 2008 he was appointed Minister of Energy, holding the post until the end of Kufuor's government in January 2009.

Death
Felix Owusu-Adjapong died on 4 October 2023, at the age of 79.

See also
 New Patriotic Party
 Kufuor government

References

1944 births
2023 deaths
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni
Ghanaian MPs 1997–2001
Ghanaian MPs 2001–2005
Ghanaian MPs 2005–2009
Communications ministers of Ghana
Energy ministers of Ghana
Transport ministers of Ghana
New Patriotic Party politicians
People associated with the University of Reading
Government ministers of Ghana
Politicians from Eastern Region (Ghana)
Ghana School of Law alumni
21st-century Ghanaian politicians

Felix Owusu-Adjapong


Archermus () was a sculptor of Chios working in the middle of the 6th century BC. His father, Micciades, and his sons, Bupalus and Athenis, were sculptors of marble.

A scholium on Aristophanes' Birds, credits Archermus with having been the first to represent Nike and Eros with wings.  A running archaic Nike figure that was found at Delos in 1877 (Tarbell), was at first too hopefully connected with a separate base found nearby, which recorded the execution of a statue by Archermus and Micciades; at first it was  dubbed the "Nike of Archermus". Unfortunately it is the base, which probably supported a sphinx, that alone is by Archermus and his father.

The Museum of Classical Archaeology, Cambridge, classify their cast of the Nike as:

Notes

References
Tarbell, F. B. A History Of Greek Art. Chapter V, fig. 85 (the Nike "of Archermus").

Attribution

6th-century BC Greek sculptors
Ancient Chians

Archermus


Rostanh or Rostaing Berenguier de Marselha was an early fourteenth-century troubadour and Hospitaller from Marseille. He was a friend of the Grand Master Folco del Vilaret. The earliest biographical notice we have about Rostanh is the brief but unreliable biography in Jean de Nostredame. He is one of only three known troubadours to compose estampidas, the others being Raimbaut de Vaqueiras (who composed the first one, Kalenda maia) and Cerverí de Girona (who composed four). Rostanh composed only one: La dousa paria. His songs are preserved in the manuscript called "Giraud", where the first one is a long canso in honour of his patron Folco.

Notes

References
Frank M. Chambers (1985), An Introduction to Old Provençal Versification (Diane Publishing).
W. D. Paden and F. F. Paden (2007), Troubadour Poems from the South of France (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer).

14th-century troubadours
Knights Hospitaller
Troubadours from Marseille

Rostaing Berenguier


The kilogramme (cutty form kg) is a metric unit that descrives mass. The offeecial kilogramme equals the mass o a parteecular piece o platinum-iridium metal hauden in Paris. It is the anely SI unit left that is defined sic that it needs tae be evened wi some object. There nou attempts for tae define the kilogramme in a different wey, for ensaumple by specifyin a nummer o atoms o a certain substance (at a certain temperature).

Ae kilogramme is a bit mair nor 2.2 poond. Ae tonne is ae thoosand kilogramme.

Ae litre o watter weighs aboot ae kilogramme.

SI base units
Units o mass

Kilogramme


Referential transparency is a feature of parts of computer programs. A part of a program is called "referentially transparent" if it can be replaced with the value it gives back without changing the program's behavior. A referentially transparent function must be pure—it must always give the same output if it takes the same input, and it must not have any side effects—parts of the program that perform an action other than giving a value back. The opposite of referential transparency is referential opacity.

In mathematics, all functions are referentially transparent, because a mathematical function can only take values in and spit a value out. In programming, this is not always true—a function might also find out what day of the year it is, or print a message to the screen. Because of this difference, some people use other names for functions in programming, like procedures.

Referential transparency lets programmers and compilers to think of code as a rewrite system—something that takes an expression and replaces it with something else. This can help with several tasks, such as:

 Proving that the program or code is correct—that it does exactly what it's supposed to, no matter what.
 Making an algorithm more simple.
 Making it easier to change the code while still being sure that it does what it's supposed to.
 Making the code run faster or in a way that uses up less memory.

There are several ways of doing the last task—the most well-known are memoization (saving answers after the first time), common subexpression elimination (figuring out if it is worth it to combine two parts of the code that are the same) , lazy evaluation (not finding the answer until the code really needs it), and parallelization (working on multiple problems at the same time).

References

Computer programming

Referential transparency


Stanford Olsen (born 1960) is an American tenor who has had an active international career in operas and concerts since 1983. He has sung with several of the world's leading opera companies, including the Deutsche Oper Berlin, La Scala and the Royal Opera, London. He was a regular performer at the Metropolitan Opera from 1986 until 1997 where he gave more than 160 performances. A specialist in light lyric tenor roles, he excelled in the operas of Mozart, Bellini, Donizetti, and Gioachino Rossini. After retiring from full-time performance in the late 1990s he became a faculty member at the Florida State University's College of Music, where he was Professor of Voice and Lucille P. and Elbert B. Shelfer Eminent Scholar.   He joined the faculty at the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance in 2012. In 2015 he was appointed Director of the Castleton Festival's Artist Training Seminar. He continues to perform on the concert platform in addition to his teaching and coaching.

Life and career
Olsen was born and raised in Utah. His family are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and he grew up in that faith. Prior to college he served a two-year LDS Mission in Vienna, Austria. He earned a Bachelor of Music degree from the University of Utah in 1984 where he was a voice student of Naomi Farr. While a student at the U. of U. he married Jennifer Jensen, a piano major at the university, in 1983. He then pursued further voice studies at the University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music. In 1986 he won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions which led to his admittance into the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program at the Metropolitan Opera. In 1989 he won the prestigious Naumburg Award.

Olsen made his professional singing debut in 1983, performing in concerts with the Utah Symphony Orchestra. He made his professional opera debut at the Met on December 18, 1986, as Arturo in Vincenzo Bellini's I puritani with Joan Sutherland as Elvira as a replacement in the final act for an ailing Rockwell Blake. He spent the next three seasons at the Met appearing in supporting roles like Borsa in Rigoletto, Gastone in La traviata, Arturo in Lucia di Lammermoor, and the Song Seller in Il tabarro. He did, however, sing the lead role of Nemorino in Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore to the Adina of Ruth Ann Swenson in the Met's touring production in July 1988. His first leading role on the mainstage of the Met was as Count Almaviva in Rossini's The Barber of Seville in October 1989. He sang several more large roles at the Met over the next eight years, including Alfred in Die Fledermaus, Fenton in Falstaff, Idreno in Semiramide, the Italian Tenor in Der Rosenkavalier, and Tonio in La fille du régiment, Argirio in Tancrediin 1994 at the Poissy Theater France,. His final appearance at the Met was as Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni in 1997.

In 1987 Olsen performed Count Almaviva in The Barber of Seville with the Wolf Trap Opera Company. Engagements with important opera companies, both in the United States and abroad, soon followed; including the Miami Opera (debut 1988 as Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni), the Salzburg Festival, the Royal Opera, London, and the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos. In 2004 he performed the roles of the Governor/Vanderdendur/Ragotski in a concert version of Leonard Bernstein's Candide with Kristin Chenoweth, Patti LuPone, and the New York Philharmonic; a performance which was nationally broadcast on PBS' Great Performances.

Roles performed at the Metropolitan Opera

References

1960 births
Living people
University of Utah alumni
University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music alumni
American operatic tenors
Florida State University faculty
Voice teachers
American Latter Day Saints
University of Michigan faculty

Stanford Olsen


Stegen () is a village in the commune of "Aerenzdallgemeng", in eastern Luxembourg.  The village has a population of .

The Saint Bartholomew church of Stegen was classified as a national monument in 2021.

The stream Tirelbaach is flowing through the eastern part of Stegen.

Stegen is home to the goat farm Bio Baltes in Um Suewel. It produces goat cheese for a large number of supermarkets throughout Luxembourg.

References

Diekirch (canton)
Towns in Luxembourg

Stegen, Luxembourg


Nicolás Remigio Aurelio Avellaneda Silva (3 October 1837 – 24 November 1885) was an Argentine politician and journalist, and President of Argentina from 1874 to 1880. Avellaneda's main projects while in office were banking and education reform, leading to Argentina's economic growth. The most important events of his government were the Conquest of the Desert and the transformation of the Buenos Aires into a federal district.

His grandson was José Domingo Molina Gómez, who took presidency when Juan Perón was captured.

Biography
Born in San Miguel de Tucumán, his mother moved with him to Bolivia after the death of his father, Marco Avellaneda, during a revolt against Juan Manuel de Rosas. He studied law at Córdoba, without graduating. Back at Tucumán he founded El Eco del Norte, and moved to Buenos Aires in 1857, becoming director of the El Nacional and editor of El Comercio de la Plata. He finished his studies at Buenos Aires, meeting Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. Sarmiento helped him to become teacher of economy at the University of Buenos Aires. He wrote "Estudio sobre las leyes de tierras públicas" (), proposing to give the lands to producers that make production from them. This system, similar to the one employed at the United States, suggested to reduce bureaucracy and pointed that this would allow stable populations and population growth.

He was a member of the house of representatives in 1859 and Minister of Government of Adolfo Alsina in the Buenos Aires province in 1866. During Domingo Faustino Sarmiento's presidency, he was Minister of Justice and Education. He implemented the educational reform that was defining of his government.

Avellaneda attained the presidency in 1874 but had its legitimacy contested by Bartolomé Mitre and supported by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. Mitre deployed the army against Avellaneda but was defeated by Julio Argentino Roca. Mitre was held prisoner and judged by military justice, but Avellaneda indulged him in order to promote pacification. He also included Rufino de Elizalde and José María Gutiérrez, supporters of Mitre, as members of his cabinet.

In line with people like Alberdi or Sarmiento, who thought that European immigration was crucial to the Argentine development, he promoted the "Avellaneda law" that allowed European farmers ease to get terrains. The immigration numbers were doubled in a few years.

Having won the revolution and bringing peace to the country, Avellaneda faced a serious economic crisis, centering his efforts on the control of the land with the Conquest of the Desert and expanding the railroads, the cereal and meat exports, and the European immigration, specially to Patagonia. During his presidency, the economy of Argentina was seriously affected by the European crisis putting the country on the edge of debt default. Deciding to take Argentina from its debts, he said that "[...]there are two million Argentines who would economize even to their hunger and thirst to fulfill the promises of our public commitments in the foreign markets". He reduced the budget and applied a weak protectionism. The crisis was eventually fixed with the growing exports of refrigerated meat to Europe, a new developing industrial method of the time.

A prolific writer, his works have been published in 12 volumes.

Aged 37, he was the youngest Argentine president ever elected. He had served in the Argentine Senate for five months in 1874 and returned to the Senate in 1883 until his death. He died at the age of 48 on a ship returning from medical treatment in France.  He is the shortest-lived President of Argentina.

Bibliography

References

External links

1837 births
1885 deaths
Presidents of Argentina
National University of Córdoba alumni
19th-century Argentine lawyers
19th-century Argentine novelists
People from San Miguel de Tucumán
Members of the Argentine Senate for Tucumán
Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Tucumán
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
National Autonomist Party politicians
People who died at sea

Nicolás Avellaneda


The Official Irish Republican Army or Official IRA (OIRA; ) was an Irish republican paramilitary group whose goal was to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and create a "workers' republic" encompassing all of Ireland. It emerged in December 1969, shortly after the beginning of the Troubles, when the Irish Republican Army (IRA) split into two factions. The other was the Provisional IRA. Each continued to call itself simply "the IRA" and rejected the other's legitimacy.

Unlike the "Provisionals", the "Officials" did not think that Ireland could be unified until the Protestant majority and Catholic minority of Northern Ireland were at peace. The Officials were Marxist-Leninists and worked to form a united front with other Irish communist groups, named the Irish National Liberation Front (NLF). The Officials were called the NLF by the Provisionals and "stickies" by nationalists in Belfast (apparently in reference to members who would glue Easter lilies to their uniforms), and were sometimes nicknamed the "Red IRA" by others.

It waged a limited campaign against the British Army, mainly involving shooting and bombing attacks on troops in urban working-class neighbourhoods. Most notably, it was involved in the 1970 Falls Curfew and carried out the 1972 Aldershot bombing. In May 1972, it declared a ceasefire and vowed to limit its actions to defence and retaliation. By this time, the Provisional IRA had become the larger and more active faction. Following the ceasefire, the OIRA began to be referred to as "Group B" within the Official movement. It became involved in feuds with the Provisional IRA and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), an OIRA splinter group formed in 1974. It has also been involved in organized crime and vigilantism.

The Official IRA was linked to the political party Official Sinn Féin, later renamed Sinn Féin The Workers Party and then the Workers' Party.

Split in the Republican movement, 1969–1970

Shift to the left
The split in the Irish Republican Army, soon followed by a parallel split in Sinn Féin, was the result of the dissatisfaction of more traditional and militant republicans at the political direction taken by the leadership. The particular object of their discontent was Sinn Féin's ending of its policy of abstentionism in the Republic of Ireland. This issue is a key one in republican ideology, as traditional republicans regarded the Irish state as illegitimate and maintained that their loyalty was due only to the Irish Republic declared in 1916 and in their view, represented by the IRA Army Council.

During the 1960s, the republican movement under the leadership of Cathal Goulding radically re-assessed their ideology and tactics after the dismal failure of the IRA's Border Campaign in the years 1956–62. They were heavily influenced by popular front ideology and drew close to communist thinking. A key intermediary body was the Communist Party of Great Britain's organisation for Irish exiles, the Connolly Association. The Marxist analysis was that the conflict in Northern Ireland was a "bourgeois nationalist" one between the Ulster Protestant and Irish Catholic working classes, fomented and continued by the ruling class. Its effect was to depress wages, since worker could be set against worker. They concluded that the first step on the road to a 32-county socialist republic in Ireland was the "democratisation" of Northern Ireland (i.e., the removal of discrimination against Catholics) and radicalisation of the southern working class. This would allow "class politics" to develop, eventually resulting in a challenge to the hegemony of both what they termed "British imperialism" and the respective unionist and Irish nationalist establishments north and south of the Irish border.

Goulding and those close to him argued that, in the context of sectarian division in Northern Ireland, a military campaign against the British presence would be counter-productive, since it would delay the day when the workers would unite to address social and economic issues.

The sense that the IRA seemed to be drifting away from its conventional republican roots into Marxism angered more traditional republicans. The radicals viewed Ulster Protestants with unionist views as "fellow Irishmen deluded by bourgeois loyalties, who needed to be engaged in dialectical debate". As a result, they were reluctant to use force to defend Catholic areas of Belfast when they came under attack from Ulster loyalists—a role the IRA had performed since the 1920s. Since the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association marches began in 1968, there had been many cases of street violence. The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) had been shown on television in undisciplined baton charges, and had already killed five non-combatant civilians, three of whom were children. The Orange Order's "marching season" during the summer of 1969 had been characterised by violence on both sides, which culminated in the three-day "Battle of the Bogside" in Derry.

August 1969 riots

The critical moment came in August 1969 when there was a major outbreak of intercommunal violence in Belfast and Derry, with eight deaths, six of them Catholics, and whole streets ablaze. On 14–15 August loyalists burned out several Catholic streets in Belfast in the Northern Ireland riots of August 1969. IRA units offered resistance, however very few weapons were available for the defence of Catholic areas. Many local IRA figures, and ex-IRA members such as Joe Cahill and Billy McKee, were incensed by what they saw as the leadership's decision not to take sides and in September, they announced that they would no longer be taking orders from the Goulding leadership.

Discontent was not confined to the northern IRA units. In the south also, such figures as Ruairí Ó Brádaigh and Sean MacStiofain opposed both the leadership's proposed recognition of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. This increasing political divergence led to a formal split at the 1969 IRA Convention, held in December. when a group led by Ó Brádaigh and MacStiofán walked out. The split resulted from a vote at the first IRA Convention where a two-thirds majority voted that republicans should take their seats if elected to the British, Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland Parliaments. At a second convention, a group consisting of Mac Stiofáin, Dáithí Ó Conaill, Ó Brádaigh, Joe Cahill, Paddy Mulcahy, Leo Martin, and Sean Tracey, were elected as the "Provisional" Army Council. Their supporters included Seamus Twomey.

Accounts at that time suggest that the IRA members split roughly in half, with those loyal to the Goulding-led "Official" IRA prominent in some areas while the Provisional IRA were prominent in others. A strong area for the Official IRA in Belfast was the Lower Falls and Markets district, which were under the command of Billy McMillen. Other OIRA units were located in Derry, Newry, Strabane, Dublin, Wicklow and other parts of Belfast. However, the Provisionals would rapidly become the dominant faction, both as a result of intensive recruitment in response to the sectarian violence and because some Official IRA units (such as the Strabane company) later defected to them.

There was a similar ideological split in Sinn Féin after a contentious 1970 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis. The leadership of Sinn Féin passed a motion to recognise the Parliaments in London, Dublin and Stormont but failed to attain the prerequisite two-thirds majority necessary to change Sinn Féin's constitutional opposition to partitionist assemblies. Those defeated in the motion walked out. This resulted in a split into two groups with the Sinn Féin name. Those supportive of Seán Mac Stiofáin's "Provisional Army Council", were referred to in the media as Provisional Sinn Féin, or Sinn Féin Kevin Street, and contested elections as Sinn Féin. The other group, under the leadership of Tomás Mac Giolla, was to contest elections first as Official Sinn Féín, then Sinn Féin The Workers' Party, and aligned itself with the Official IRA, as the Marxist faction had come to be known. The party retained the historic Sinn Féin headquarters of Gardiner Street, thus giving legitimacy to its claim, in the eyes of some, to be the legitimate successor of that party. It was briefly known popularly as Sinn Féin Gardiner Place.

The Officials were known as the "Stickies" because they sold stick-on lilies to commemorate the Easter Rising. The Provisionals, by contrast, were known as "Pinnies" (pejoratively "Pinheads") because they produced pinned-on lilies. The term "Stickies" persisted for the Officials, although Pinnies (and Pinheads) disappeared, in favour of the nickname "Provos" and for a time, "Provies" for the Provisional IRA. (The paper-and-pin Easter Lily of the IRA was the traditional commemorative badge of the Easter Rising, whereas the self-adhesive Easter Lily of the Officials was a novel invention, symbolic of the divergence of opinion between them).

Impact of the split
Initially there was much confusion among republicans on the ground; Martin McGuinness for example, joined the Official IRA in 1970, unaware that there had been a split and only later joined the Provisionals. The Provisionals eventually extended their armed campaign from defence of Catholic areas. Despite the reluctance of Cathal Goulding and the OIRA leadership, their volunteers on the ground were inevitably drawn into the violence. The Official IRA's first major confrontation with the British Army came in the Falls Curfew of July 1970, when over 3,000 British soldiers raided the Lower Falls area for arms, leading to three days of gun battles. The Official IRA lost a large amount of weaponry, and their members on the ground blamed the Provisionals for starting the firing and then leaving them alone to face the British. The bad feeling left by this and other incidents led to a feud between the two IRAs in 1970, with several shootings carried out by either side. The two IRA factions arranged a truce between them after the OIRA killing of Provisional activist, and Belfast brigade D-Company commander, Charlie Hughes (a cousin of the well-known Provisional Brendan Hughes).

Soviet defector Vasili Mitrokhin alleged in the 1990s that the Goulding leadership sought, in 1969, a small quantity of arms (roughly 70 rifles, along with some hand guns and explosives) from the KGB. The request was approved and the weapons reportedly arrived in Ireland in 1972, although this has not been independently verified. On the whole, the OIRA had a more restricted level of activity than the Provisionals. Unlike the Provisionals, it did not establish de facto control over large Catholic areas of Belfast and Derry and its use of force was more defensive. However it retained a strong presence in certain localities, notably the Lower Falls Road, Andersonstown, Turf Lodge and the Markets areas of Belfast, along with a strong presence in Derry (particularly Free Derry in the Bogside area) as well as Newry and South County Down.

Paramilitary campaign

While the OIRA occasionally fought the British Army and the RUC throughout 1970 (as well as the Provisional IRA during a 1970 feud), they did not have a strong paramilitary presence until early 1971. In August 1971, after the introduction of internment without trial, OIRA units fought numerous gun battles with British troops who were deployed to arrest suspected republicans. The Official IRA company in the Markets area of Belfast, led by Joe McCann, held off an incursion into the area by over 600 British troops. In December 1971, the Official IRA killed Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) Senator John Barnhill at his home in Strabane. This was the first murder of a politician in Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland since the assassination of Free State Minister for Justice Kevin O'Higgins in 1927. In February 1972, the organisation also made an attempt on the life of UUP politician John Taylor.

On Bloody Sunday (30 January 1972), an OIRA man in Derry is believed by the Saville Inquiry to have fired a shot with a revolver at British troops, after they had shot dead 13 civil rights demonstrators  the only republican shots fired on the day and contrary to his orders. The anger caused by Bloody Sunday among Irish people was such that the Official IRA announced that it would launch an "offensive" against British forces.

However, the OIRA declared a ceasefire later in the same year. The ceasefire, on 30 May, followed a number of armed actions which had been politically damaging. The organisation bombed the Aldershot headquarters of the Parachute Regiment (the main perpetrators of Bloody Sunday), but killed only six civilians and a Roman Catholic army chaplain. After the killing of William Best, a Catholic British soldier home on leave in Derry, the OIRA declared a ceasefire. In addition, the death of several militant OIRA figures such as Joe McCann in confrontations with British soldiers, enabled the Goulding leadership to call off their armed campaign, which it had never supported wholeheartedly.

After 1972

Although formally on ceasefire (except for "defensive actions") since 1972, the Official IRA continued some attacks on British forces up until at least 1976, killing seven British soldiers in what it termed "retaliatory attacks". In addition, the OIRA's weapons were used intermittently in the ongoing feud with the Provisionals. This flared up into violence on several occasions, notably in October 1975. 11 republicans on either side were killed in the feud and a nine-year-old girl was shot dead by the Provisionals when they tried to shoot her father.

In 1974, radical elements within the organisation who objected to the ceasefire, led by Seamus Costello, established the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA). Another feud ensued in the first half of 1975, during which three INLA and five OIRA members were killed. The dead included prominent members of both organisations including Costello and the OIRA O/C, Billy McMillen. However, from the mid-1970s onwards, the Official republican movement became increasingly focused on achieving its aims through left-wing constitutional politics. This did not stop sporadic paramilitary activity from the OIRA, who on 8 September 1979 killed Hugh O'Halloran in a punishment beating in the Ballymurphy area of Belfast. O' Halloran was beaten to death with a hurley stick and a pickaxe handle. Two men, one of them who admitted to OIRA membership, were imprisoned for his manslaughter. The OIRA lost a number of members who gradually drifted away from the ceasefire up to shortly after the 1981 Hunger Strike, many either joining the Provisional IRA or the INLA or some simply dropping out.

From 1981 on, Sinn Féin the Workers Party, renamed the Workers' Party the following year, had some success in the Republic of Ireland, but little in Northern Ireland.

Throughout the 1980s, allegations that the Official IRA remained in existence and was engaged in criminal activity appeared in the Irish press. In June 1982 the feud with the INLA flared again after OIRA member James Flynn, the alleged assassin of Seamus Costello, was shot dead by the INLA in Dublin. In December 1985 five men, including Anthony McDonagh, pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy to defraud the Inland Revenue in Northern Ireland—McDonagh was described in court as an Official IRA commander. In February 1992 a British Spotlight programme alleged that the Official IRA was still active and involved in widespread racketeering and armed robberies.

In 1990 the OIRA and Provisional IRA came to the brink of a feud twice, following clashes in which members of the two organisations were injured. Allegedly, mediators attempting to defuse the situation said the OIRA were at fault in both incidents.

British security forces were aware of the continued existence of the OIRA; in 1991 a senior RUC source was quoted on a BBC Spotlight programme as saying that the Worker's Party couldn't survive without funding from OIRA criminal activity and the protection the OIRA gave the party against the Provisional IRA. Despite this the Northern Ireland Office continued to receive Workers Party delegations. Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) politician Brian Feeney alleged that the OIRA weren't interfered with in working-class Nationalist areas of Belfast to keep the Provisional IRA in check.

These eventually proved a considerable political embarrassment to the Workers' Party, and in 1992 the leadership proposed amendments to the party constitution which would, inter alia, effectively allow it to purge members suspected of involvement in the Official IRA. This proposal failed to obtain the required two-thirds support at the party conference that year, and as a result the leadership, including six of the party's seven members of Dáil Éireann, left to establish a new party, later named Democratic Left.

In 1995, some former Official IRA members in the Newry area launched a "re-founded" Official Republican Movement (ORM). This group was believed to have engaged in attacks on drug dealers in the Newry area in the late 1990s. In 1997 violence erupted between the ORM and the IRA; two ORM members and two Sinn Féin supporters were injured in separate gun attacks.

There have been allegations of criminality against former senior Official IRA figure Seán Garland, who was accused in 2005 by the United States of helping to produce and circulate counterfeit US dollars allegedly printed in North Korea.

Timeline of attacks and actions

Decommissioning
In October 2009, after a long period of inactivity, the Official IRA began talks with a view to decommissioning its stockpile of weapons, and in February 2010 the Newry-based Official Republican Movement announced that it had decommissioned its weapons. The process was confirmed to be completed by the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning on 8 February 2010, coming in the last 24 hours of the commission's existence. The decommissioning was completed at the same time as that of the republican INLA and the loyalist UDA South East Antrim Brigade. The step was described by British Prime Minister Gordon Brown as a "central part of moving Northern Ireland from violence to peace".

In 2015, it was reported that up to 5,000 Official IRA weapons may still be hidden in secret bunkers. The weapons were supplied to the OIRA in the 1980s by the Soviet Union's KGB and North Korea. The report said that the weapons were to be used to defend Catholic areas if there was an outbreak of major sectarian conflict, and that the plan was known only to a few high-ranking members of the organisation.

Support

The Official IRA had relations with the Soviet Union during the Troubles. One Irish diplomat in Moscow once wrote that Ireland provided the Soviets with a "convenient stick with which to beat the West." Assistance from the Soviet Union first occurred in late 1972 when Yuri Andropov who was then the head of the KGB (later to become General Secretary of the Soviet Union) authorized weapons shipments. On 21 August 1972, Andropov had presented a plan known as SPLASH to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It was entitled "Plan for the Operation of a Shipment of Weapons to the Irish Friends". Two machine guns, 70 automatic rifles, 10 Walther pistols and 41,600 cartridges were sent. The pistols were lubricated with West German oil and the packaging was taken from several countries around the world by KGB agents so that the weapons could not be traced back to the Soviet Union. The weapons were brought to Ireland using the ship known as the Reduktor. Official IRA members also travelled to the Soviet Union for training. North Korea also sent arms to the Officials and taught them with assassination techniques and bomb-making skills. Throughout the 1980s, at least 5,000 weapons were supplied by Soviet and North Korean officials to the OIRA.

In July 1973, Irish Garda discovered eight cases of 17 rifles, 29,000 rounds of ammunition and about 60 pounds of gunpowder in Dublin sent to the OIRA by Canadian citizen John Patrick Murphy. While the Officials tried to gather help from supporters in America, there was little to no evidence such a thing happening.

Deaths as a result of activity
According to Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland, part of the Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN), the OIRA was responsible for at least 50 killings during the Troubles. According to the book Lost Lives (2006 edition), it was responsible for 57 killings.

Of those killed by the OIRA:
22 (≈44%) were civilians, including 4 civilian political activists
19 (≈38%) were members or former members of the British security forces, including:
15 British soldiers and 1 former soldier
3 RUC officers
8 (≈16%) were members or former members of Republican paramilitaries
1 was a UDA member

The CAIN database says there were 27 OIRA members killed during the conflict, while Lost Lives says there were 35 killed.

See also
Timeline of Official Irish Republican Army actions
Official IRA Belfast Brigade
Eoghan Harris
Henry McDonald (writer)

References

Further reading
"Official IRA declares ceasefire". BBC News, 30 May 1972.

Provisional Irish Republican Army
Irish republican militant groups
Military wings of political parties
Proscribed paramilitary organisations in Northern Ireland
Proscribed paramilitary organisations in the Republic of Ireland
Irish Marxists

Official Irish Republican Army


The Iriondo Department (in Spanish, Departamento Iriondo) is an administrative subdivision (departamento) of the . It is located in the south of the province. It limits with the departments of San Jerónimo in the north, San Lorenzo in the east, Caseros in the south, and Belgrano in the west. It is one of only three departments in Santa Fe that do not border another province.

The department has a population of over 65,000 inhabitants. Its head town and most populated urban center is Cañada de Gómez (population 30,000). Other cities and towns are Bustinza, Carrizales, Classon, Correa, Lucio V. López, Oliveros, Pueblo Andino, Salto Grande, Serodino, Totoras, and Villa Eloísa.

References
 Inforama - Municipalities of the Iriondo Department.

Departments of Santa Fe Province

Iriondo Department


Dominic Charles Robert Grieve (born 24 Mey 1956) is an Inglis politeecian, an a umwhile member o the Unitit Kinrick pairlament at Wastmeinster, representin the Conservative Pairty. He representit the Beaconsfield consteetuency in the Hoose o Commons.

1956 births
Alumni o Magdalen College, Oxford
Conservative Pairty (UK) MPs
Inglis Anglicans
Livin fowk
Members o the Privy Cooncil o the Unitit Kinrick
Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies
Fowk eddicatit at Westminster School, Lunnon
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019

Dominic Grieve


For the Love of Nancy is a 1994 American made-for-television drama film directed by Paul Schneider. The film, based on a true story, deals with anorexia nervosa. Lead actress Tracey Gold was actually recovering from the disease while making the movie and used her own life experience for the portrayal of Nancy.

Plot

Nancy Walsh is a high school graduate who is apprehensive about the future. After losing weight after having her wisdom teeth removed, she notices changes in her body and becomes obsessed with her physical appearance. When she begins college, she becomes withdrawn and remains conscious about her weight. She embarks upon a regimented exercising routine, hardly eats and rarely interacts with anybody. At college, she spends most of her time in her room, where she obsesses about keeping her living space in meticulous order.

Although most of her friends, neighbors and brother Tommy notice that she is losing a lot of weight, her mother ignores the changes in Nancy. Her brother Patrick is the first one to confront her about it and at a Christmas party, everyone is shocked by how thin she looks. They confront her and she promises them that everything is going to be okay. Her mother, Sally believes her, but her uncle convinces her that if they remain complacent, Nancy could die.

Soon, Nancy admits to being anorexic, revealing that she does not know how to stop the disorder. She is reluctant to be taken to the hospital, but Sally is keen for her to get help to ultimately recover. She enters a group session, but feels she doesn't belong there. Nevertheless, she refuses to eat and even goes as far as hiding food, to fake her progress.

She is soon caught, and the doctor decides to connect her to a feeding tube. After a while, she makes progress, gaining six pounds. This upsets her, and because she is over eighteen, she is able to sign herself out of the hospital. Upon her return home, she continues starving herself, much to the distress of her mother. When she finds plates with food under her bed, she confronts her and realizes that Nancy is lying.

Nancy resists any attempts at help and doesn't even respond when she is forced to eat. Her mother asks her in tears why she is doing it, but she doesn't explain. Tommy is afraid that she will soon die. Meanwhile, she becomes extremely sick from malnutrition, and is eventually hospitalized because of a kidney disease. Her parents feel that they can't do anything but watch her die.

Desperate, Sally decides to go to Dr. Partana to ask how their family can help Nancy. The doctor informs Sally that Nancy needs to have someone become her medical guardian. Tom, Nancy's father, decides to go to court against Nancy for the guardianship.  Realizing that her parents are only trying to help her, Nancy gives in and lets her father become her guardian. Tom sends Nancy back to the hospital, where Nancy admits having anorexia nervosa and in the end gains weight and starts to regain a normal life. She now feels open to talk about her anorexia.

Cast
Tracey Gold as Nancy Walsh
Jill Clayburgh as Sally Walsh
Cameron Bancroft as Patrick Walsh
Mark-Paul Gosselaar as Tommy Walsh
Deanna Milligan as Debbie
Michael MacRae as Uncle Tommy
William Devane as Tom Walsh
Garwin Sanford as Dr. Partana
Michael Buie as Mike

References

External links

1994 films
1994 television films
1994 drama films
American drama television films
Films about eating disorders
Films about psychiatry
Body image in popular culture
ABC Motion Pictures films
Films directed by Paul Schneider (director)
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
English-language drama films

For the Love of Nancy


Horns are part of the body of some animals. They grow on the animal's head. They are projections (things that stick out) made of hard skin. The horn has a lot of keratin in it, the same protein that is in human hair and nails.

Normally horned animals will have two horns, but the rhinoceros has just one horn in the middle of its head.

Animals often use their horns for fighting one another.

Thousands of years ago people used the horns of dead animals for musical instruments (see horn (postal horn)). In later times, they were used for carrying gunpowder.

Related pages
Antlers, structures similar to horns

Animal anatomy

Horn (anatomy)


Neoplatonism is a thought form rooted in the philosophy of Plato (c. 428-347 B.C.E.), but extending beyond or transforming it in many respects. Neoplatonism developed as a school of thought in the Roman Empire from the third to the fifth century of the common era (C.E.).

Philosophical movements and positions

Neoplatonism