Captain America is the alter ego of Steve Rogers, a fictional superhero created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Multiple other characters have used the title of "Captain America" in Marvel's primary narrative continuity in addition to Steve Rogers. Additionally, alternate versions of Captain America exist in the parallel universes that compose the Marvel Comics Multiverse.

Primary continuity (Earth-616)

William Naslund

Jeffrey Mace

William Burnside

John Walker

Isaiah Bradley

The 2003 limited series Truth: Red, White & Black introduced Isaiah Bradley as an African-American man who was used as a test subject during World War II in American government experiments that attempted to re-create the Super-Soldier Serum. In defiance of the government, he traveled to Europe to fight in the war.

Bucky Barnes

Steve Rogers' longtime partner Bucky Barnes assumed the role of Captain America following Steve Rogers' death in the 2007 storyline "The Death of Captain America".

Sam Wilson

As part of Marvel's 2012 rebranding initiative Marvel Now!, Rogers' partner Sam Wilson (The Falcon) took over the mantle of Captain America. Series editor Tom Brevoort said, "While Sam shares many of Steve's beliefs in a general sense, he's also a very different person with a very different background. He didn't grow up in the 1930s, he's a modern day man in touch with the problems of the 21st Century. For most of his professional life, Sam has worked as a social worker, so he's seen the worst of urban society up close, and how crime, poverty, lack of social structure and opportunity can affect the community."

"The United States of Captain America"
The 2021 limited series The United States of Captain America introduced four costumed individuals who independently use the moniker of Captain America: Aaron Fischer, the "Captain America of the Railways" who is the first LGBT character to hold the title of Captain America; Nichelle Wright, the "Captain America of Harrisburg"; Joe Gomez, the "Captain America of the Kickapoo Tribe"; and Arielle Agbayani, the "Campus Captain America".

Alternative continuities

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse reality Steve Rogers was aparently only found during the second reign of Apocalypse. He was bonded to a symbiote and was put in the ranks of the Black Legion, mutated/engineered psychotic and merciless killers.

Age of Ultron
In the Age of Ultron story wherein Ultron takes over the world, Captain America is one of the few surviving heroes. He is a shattered hero whose spirit is gone and shield is broken. He and the remaining heroes are tasked with coming up with a plan to stop Ultron, which takes them to the Savage Land. Captain America travels to the future with Iron Man, Nick Fury, Red Hulk, Storm and Quicksilver in an attempt to stop Ultron with the use of Doctor Doom's time platform, but are ambushed by Ultron drones and Captain America is decapitated.

Age of X
In the Age of X reality, Rogers was the leader of the Avengers, here a strike team intended to hunt down mutants. Although he initially believed in his mission to contain the danger that mutants could pose to the world, an encounter with a mutant 'nursery' protecting young children forced Rogers to recognize that he was on the wrong side, he and his team subsequently sacrificing themselves to stop the psychotic Hulk from launching a bioweapon at the mutant stronghold. Rogers' memories were 'stored' by Legacy, a mutant who was able to convey his plan of using various mutants to generate force fields around the facility to cut it off from the outside world.

Amalgam Comics
In the Amalgam Comics universe, Captain America is combined with DC's Superman to create Super-Soldier. In this reality, Clark Kent is given a Super-Soldier serum created from DNA harvested from the body of a dead baby Kal-El. The serum gives him the powers of the main universe Superman. Frozen in ice after a battle with Ultra-Metallo at the end of World War II, Super-Soldier is revived decades later and continues his fight for justice.

Avataars
In Avataars: Covenant of the Shield, Earth's version of Captain America is Captain Avalon. He is the leader of the Champions of the Realm and the King of Avalon.

Bullet Points
The five-issue limited series Bullet Points, written by J. Michael Straczynski and illustrated by Tommy Lee Edwards, tells of an alternative reality in which Doctor Erskine is killed the day before implementing the Captain America program. Steve Rogers, still frail, volunteers for the 'Iron Man' program, which bonds him to a robotic weapons-suit. He uses this to achieve victories against the Axis. Years after the end of the war, Rogers is killed in a battle with Peter Parker, who is the Hulk of that reality.

Captain America Corps
A future incarnation of Captain America, known as Commander A, is a major character in the Captain America Corps limited series, and is stated to be of mixed Japanese, African-American, Latino, and Native American descent. He is also implied to be a descendant of Luke Cage. He wields two energy force-field shields, similar to the one that Steve Rogers used once when he temporarily lost his vibranium shield.

Captain Colonies
A member of the Captain Britain Corps, Captain Colonies (Stephen Rogers) appears in Excalibur #44. His name, combined with his membership in the Captain Britain Corps imply that in his universe, the Thirteen Colonies did not declare independence to form the United States as they did in our own universe (and most of the other Marvel universes) but instead remain part of Britain.

Cellblock Steve
In the pages of Avengers: Forever, a story called "Cellblock Steve" takes place in a cellblock containing different types of Steve Rogers. One Steve Rogers is a hippie and a persistent political prisoner who didn't want to take part in an illegal war. One Steve Rogers is a dog. One Steve Rogers was a hypochondriac taken from his room where he was hiding under his bed covers. One Steve Rogers was an artist working on an issue for Tales of Suspense when a car pulled up outside his window....on the 34th floor. One Steve Rogers is an older man named Weapon America who has Nuke's facepaint and Wolverine's claws. Any individual attempts to break out are met with unidentified resistance that lands them back in their cells. When they all work together get passed the different attacks, they are met by more Captain America variants (consisting of Captain Ape-Merica from Earth-8101, Captain America from Earth-71912, Cap-Wolf from Earth-666, Yeoman America from Earth-398, and a U.S. Agent variant of Steve Rogers) who states that they are fighting in a war that will need every Steve Rogers they can find for their war against the Multiversal Masters of Evil. This training was overseen by Ghost Rider, his Deathlok companion, and Ant-Man of Earth-818. While it was noted that they finally got Weapon America to pop his claws again, Ghost Rider and Deathlok states that it isn't enough. Deathlok stated that there is a Steve Rogers on Earth-4479 who never picked up a shield and became a drifter who was accidentally caught in a gamma bomb explosion. Ant-Man states that they should meet this Steve Rogers and tells Ghost Rider to fire up his Hell Charger as they "got an army to build".

This gathering of Steve Rogers variants were later referred to as the Howling Commandos.

When the Council of Red attack Avengers Tower in the God Quarry, Captain Carter leads the Howling Commandos in fighting them. When the surviving members of the Council of Red retreat upon their numbers being decimated by Wolverine (character)#Old Man Phoenix and the granddaughters of King Thor, the Howling Commandos fight the Doctor Doom variants loyal to Doom Supreme.

Civil War
The Battleworld domain of the Warzone seen in the 2015 series Secret Wars contains a world in which Civil War never ended where it did in the original comics and continued for six more years. Captain America now runs the west side of the United States called "the Blue" as General America operating on his own set of politics compared to Iron Man on his side, "The Iron."

DC vs. Marvel
Captain America appears in the Marvel/DC crossover DC vs. Marvel. He first appears fighting with HYDRA before being summoned to the DC Earth. He is later shown in a brawl with Bane, winning when he throws his shield so that it strikes Bane in the back of the head before Bane can break his back. He is then seen fighting with Batman in the sewers of Manhattan. After a pitched hand-to-hand standoff, they realize that neither one of them can gain an advantage over the other. Afterward, they team up with each other to stop the entities, the fundamental similarities between the two unique men who trained themselves to the peak of human development—and their lack of interest in 'proving' their superiority over their counterpart forcing the Brothers to halt their conflict.

Earth-398
In Morgan le Fay's reality of Earth-398, there is a version of Captain America called Yeoman America who operates as a knight. Yeoman America was among the Captain America variants recruited by Ghost Rider, his Deathlok companion, and Ant-Man of Earth-818 to help train the Steve Rogers variants in preparation for the war against the Multiversal Masters of Evil.

Earth-666
On Earth-666 which is inhabited by monsters like mummies, vampires, and werewolves, a version of Captain America is a werewolf that was similar to what happened to Earth-616's version of Captain America once. He goes by the name of Cap-Wolf and is a member of this world's version of the Avengers.

Cap-Wolf among the Captain America variants recruited by Ghost Rider, his Deathlok companion, and Ant-Man of Earth-818 to help train the Steve Rogers variants in preparation for the war against the Multiversal Masters of Evil.

Earth-61311
When Steve Rogers/Captain America was revealed to have been a double-agent of Hydra since his early youth, it is revealed to be the result of Kobik manipulated by the Red Skull that Hydra was good for the world and Kobik changed reality so that Rogers would believe Hydra to be good, permanently altering his memories so that Rogers believed that he had always been a member of Hydra. He covers Erik Selvig's death and pushes Jack Flag off from Baron Helmut Zemo's airplane. Additionally, it is revealed that his abusive father Joseph was actually killed by Hydra and that Hydra deceived him into thinking Joseph died of a heart attack. It is also revealed that Rogers witnessed his mother, Sarah, being killed by Sinclair's Hydra goons and kidnapped him which is the reason why he held a grudge towards Hydra's evilness and plans to kill the Red Skull's clone and restore Hydra's lost honor. As part of his long-term plans, Steve further compromised Sam Wilson's image as Captain America by using his familiarity with the shield to deliberately put Wilson in a position unable to save a senator from Flag-Smasher, with the final goal of demoralizing Sam to the point of returning the shield to Rogers, not wanting to kill Wilson and risk a martyr.

During the "Civil War II" storyline, the discovery of new Inhuman Ulysses Cain with the ability to "predict" the future by calculating complex patterns, to which Rogers has set out to prevent Ulysses from learning of his true plans and allegiance. Rogers does this by "forcing" certain predictions, such as anonymously providing Bruce Banner with new gamma research to provoke a vision that would drive the Avengers to kill, although this plan has apparently backfired with a recent vision showing the new Spider-Man standing over his dead body. Despite this revelation, Rogers presents himself as the voice of reason by allowing Spider-Man to flee with Thor, inspiring doubt in Tony Stark by suggesting acting against Carol Danvers due to not like being top dog. He then goes to Washington, D.C., resulting in further confusion.

Later, Rogers goes to Sokovia and joins forces with Black Widow to liberate freedom fighters to reclaim their country and goes to his base where Selvig expresses concern of his plan to kill the Red Skull, revealing that he has Zemo in a cell and plans to recruit. He eventually kills the Red Skull after Professor X's brain fragment is extracted, throwing the Red Skull out of a window over a cliff after Sin and Crossbones affirm allegiance to him as he refers to himself as the Hydra Supreme.

During the "Secret Empire" storyline, Rogers is the head of S.H.I.E.L.D, using a subsequent alien invasion and a mass supervillain assault to control the United States. He neutralizes the superheroes that might oppose him ranging from trapping the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Alpha Flight Space Program, and the Ultimates outside of Earth's orbit using the Planetary Defense Shield to having the Manhattan Defenders, Cloak and Dagger, Doctor Strange, Spider-Woman, and the Uncanny Avengers trapped in a Darkforce dome around Manhattan following their fight against the Army of Evil. Then he sought out the pieces of the Cosmic Cube to rewrite reality where Hydra won World War II with the reality being designated at Earth-61311. While Rick Jones uses the Cosmic Cube to help the remaining Avengers, the true Steve Rogers exist within the Cosmic Cube itself. Steve was informed of a shard of the Cosmic Cube that was found in Atlantis and later a fragment at Ultron/Hank Pym's lair in Alaska. At one point, he was nicknamed "Captain Octopushead" and "Hydra-Cap". He is able to mostly reassemble the Cosmic Cube, but Wilson and the Winter Soldier are able to use a fragment to restore his true counterpart to defeat his Hydra self, subsequently using the Cosmic Cube to undo most of Hydra's damage by manipulating reality even if the physical damage remains. He continues to exist as a separate entity and in a prison called Shadow Pillar where he is the only inmate.

Deadpool later infiltrated Shadow Pillar to visit Hydra Supreme for the things that he made him do and later left vowing that he will take something of his during each visit. At one point during this visit, Deadpool called him "Bizarro Steve Rogers" and "Stevil Rogers".

Baron Zemo and Hydra attempted to free Hydra Supreme from Shadow Pillar only for them to be thwarted by Punisher wearing a copy of the War Machine armor.

When Hydra Supreme received a pardon from the President of the United States on the Power Elite's suggestion, he was ambushed and melted by Selene when leaving Shadow Pillar as he quotes "Hail Hydra".

Earth X
In the 1999 Earth X series, in a post-apocalyptic alternative present, Captain America is a war-worn hero, with a bald head, a ragged United States flag for a top and an A-shaped scar on his face, but still holding on to his shield and well-built. In the Universe X: Cap one-shot comic, he sacrificed himself to save the reborn Captain Mar-Vell. He later transformed into an angel of sorts, with blue skin, a white star on his chest, an "A" shape on his face, a U.S. flag draped around him, and a blade of light from his right arm. It is during this series that Doctor Erskine is revealed to be a Nazi, using his work with the Americans as a cover to help the Nazis create an army of "super soldiers." The bullet that killed Dr. Erskine was meant for Steve Rogers.

Elseworlds
Captain America and his sidekick Bucky appear in Batman and Captain America, a 1996 title that is part of the DC Comics Elseworlds series. The story is set in an alternative World War II, with Captain America and Bucky meeting Batman and Robin in the course of a mission and working together as a result. The two heroes' principal archvillains, the Red Skull and the Joker, also work together to steal an American atomic bomb. When the Joker realizes that the Skull is actually a Nazi (saying "I may be a criminal lunatic but I'm an American criminal lunatic!"), he double-crosses him and causes the atomic bomb to be detonated prematurely, apparently killing the two villains. In an epilogue set approximately 20 years later, Dick Grayson, who is now the new Batman, with retired Bruce Wayne's son Bruce Wayne Jr. as Robin, discovers Captain America frozen in an iceberg. When thawed out by Batman and Robin, Captain America, though aggrieved by the death of Bucky in their final adventure (the same as in the main Marvel storyline), decides to again fight in the name of justice.

Exiles
In the Exiles arc "A World Apart", the Earth was conquered by the Skrulls in the nineteenth century.  Captain America has become a gladiator known as the Captain, fighting for the Skrulls against other superhumans in contents. He is defeated by Mimic, who, disgusted at Captain America having become nothing but a puppet to the Skrulls rather than the symbol he should be to others, uses Cyclops's optic blasts.

In "Forever Avengers", the Exiles visit a timeline where Captain America was turned into a vampire by Baron Blood.  He later turns the Avengers into vampires and becomes the new Vampire King. The now Cursed Avengers (composed of Hawkeye, Wasp, Giant-Man, Falcon and Polaris) plan to turn New York's population into zombies, but their plans are thwarted by the Exiles with the help of that Earth's Union Jack Kenneth Crichton. One of the Exiles, Sunfire, is bitten by a vampire. Before she can completely turn, Baron Crichton destroys Captain America and reveals himself to be the grandnephew of the original Baron Blood and a vampire as well, and becomes the newest King of the Vampire by blood right.

House of M
In the altered world of the House of M, Steve Rogers was not frozen in suspended animation and lived through World War II and the years afterward.  Rogers became an astronaut and was the first man to walk on the Moon in 1956. By the present time, Rogers is said as being nearly 100 years old.  His Earth-616 memories are not reactivated, to spare him from a severe mental shock. According to a Marvel editorial, the House of M is not an alternative reality, but a period of time in which everything in the 616 reality was profoundly altered by the Scarlet Witch.

JLA/Avengers
Captain America is the leader of the Avengers in the JLA/Avengers limited series, in which the two super teams travel to each other's universe.  His mind affected by subtle incompatibilities between the two universes, he sees the Justice League as overlords who demand praise and worship in return for heroic actions. He especially gets angry at Superman, who (likewise affected) sees the Avengers as heroes who do not do enough and have let their world down.  After Cap and Batman battle to a standstill, the two team up to solve the mystery of the game. Using an inter-dimensional vehicle that allows them to reach the Grandmaster's headquarters, they discover that the Avengers are fighting for Krona. Their intervention in the last battle, where Cap makes sure that Batman can get the cube so the JLA wins the game, causes the villain Krona to go mad and attack the Grandmaster. The Grandmaster causes the two universes to merge, imprisoning Krona between them. Cap, still subconsciously aware of the reality changes, attacks Superman, who is also subconsciously aware of the changes. This shatters the fixed reality, freeing Krona. Cap and Superman again argue, but are stopped by Wonder Woman. The two teams find the Grandmaster, who reveals their true realities. Despite seeing shocking revelations, the two teams decide to face Krona. Cap leads the teams as a battle tactician at Superman's suggestion, communicating orders through the Martian Manhunter's telepathy, and gives Superman his shield.  After the two teams defeat Krona and restore their universes, Cap and Superman salute each other as they are transported back to their own dimensions, saying that they fight on.

Last Avengers Story
The two-issue limited series The Last Avengers Story (November–December 1995) tells of a possible alternative future for Captain America and the Avengers. Appalled with the American government after the "Villain Massacre", Captain America leaves his life as a superhero and runs for president. His presidency is a large success, but he is shot and seemingly killed in his third term, causing the other heroes to lose faith. However, Cap is not dead, but placed in suspended animation in a secret location until the technology to heal him can be developed. Using a sophisticated series of computer monitors, Captain America watches his friends win their final battle and records it for historical purposes.

Little Marvel
Two younger versions of Captain America were created by writer/artist Skottie Young.  The first appears in the 2015 Secret Wars tie-in, Giant Size Little Marvel, written and illustrated by Young.  In the Battleworld town of Marville, the mainstream superheroes are all elementary school age children, using their superpowers to engage in very destructive roughhousing.  This Captain America is still the leader of the Avengers, though their headquarters are in a tree house instead of Avengers Mansion.  As in the mainstream "Avengers vs. X-Men" storyline, Captain America faces off against Cyclops and the X-Men, only this time in an attempt to get two new kids on the block to join their respective group.

An even younger version of Captain America appears in A-Babies vs X-Babies, a 2012 Skottie Young scripted story, illustrated by Gurihiru.  In this story, Captain America and his fellow superheroes are all babies, but still superpowered.  When baby Captain America's favorite stuffed bear Bucky goes missing, he assembles his baby Avengers and battles the baby X-Men for its return.  This issue and the four Giant Size Little Marvel issues were collected into the Giant Size Little Marvel 2016 trade edition (). This Captain America was among the Captain America variants recruited by Ghost Rider, his Deathlok companion, and Ant-Man of Earth-818 to help train the Steve Rogers variants in preparation for the war against the Multiversal Masters of Evil.

Marvel 1602
The Marvel 1602 limited series presents an alternative history, Earth-311, in which a Captain America from the late 21st century is transported to the year 1602 after the Purple Man takes over the world – his enemy wanting to dispose of Rogers in such a way that there is nothing left of him in the present to inspire others – where he assumes the identity of Rojhaz a white Native American who is presumed by the Europeans to be of Welsh ancestry. His arrival causes numerous alterations in reality, causing analogues of various Marvel Universe characters to appear in the 17th century instead, speculated by Uatu to be the result of the universe attempting to generate a means of repairing the damage caused to reality. Rogers refuses to return to the future because he wants to nurture a new United States free of prejudice from its very beginnings, but the 1602 version of Nick Fury forces him to return, accompanying him on the journey. Rogers noted that in his version of the late 21st century, he was the last true superhero and was left alone fighting his own country – the United States – which had fallen under the rule of a tyrannical life-term President.

Marvel 1872
1872 is a Marvel miniseries during the Secret Wars comics featuring characters in a Western-style adventure in the small boom town of Timely. A dam constructed for mining projects is diverting water away from nearby native territories, so Red Wolf attempts to blow it up. Sheriff Steve Rogers prevents the corrupt Mayor Fisk (Kingpin) from having him killed, in order to give him a fair trial. However, as Rogers goes to help his friend Tony Stark (Iron Man) from being attacked, Red Wolf is taken and Rogers kills more of Fisk's men, further angering the mayor. Red Wolf is denied a trial, and Fisk's team of assassins, including Elektra (Elektra), Grizzly (Grizzly), Bullseye (Bullseye) and Otto Octavius (Doctor Octopus), are sent to kill them both. Sheriff Rogers, having Bullseye at gunpoint, attempts to rally the people of Timely into taking back their government, but is distracted and then shot by Bullseye, thrown into a pig pen by Fisk to die.

Red Wolf, taking up the role of Sheriff, Widow Barnes (Black Widow), Doctor Banner (Hulk), Carol Danvers (Captain Marvel) and Tony Stark join to get rid of the dam, as well as avenge Steve Rogers, and they succeed in both with Banner sacrificing himself to blow up the dam, and Widow Barnes killing Fisk. The remaining characters become Sheriff Roger's Avengers, protecting the town of Timely.

Marvel 2099
In Marvel 2099 a man masquerading as the original Captain America became ruler of the U.S. after a successful coup deposed Doom 2099. The man was killed when Doom 2099 dropped nano-machines on the Red House. The real Captain America appears in 2099: Manifest Destiny and takes up the role of Thor before giving Mjolnir to Spider-Man 2099.

In Secret Wars, a new version of Captain America was created by Alchemax and resides in the Battleworld domain of 2099. Roberta Mendez was forcefully subjected to take the Super-Soldier Serum by her husband, Harry and became the leader of Alchemax's Avengers. Roberta and Captain America are two different personas of the same woman, with Roberta unknowing of her counterpart. She physically and mentally becomes Captain America if her trigger words, "Avengers Assemble", are said, and she reverts to Roberta if someone says "Dismissed". In the Secret Wars title, Captain America goes against Miguel Stone's orders to treat the Defenders as criminals and worked with the Defenders and Avengers to stop Baron Mordo and the Dweller-In-Darkness.

Following Secret Wars, Roberta is transported to the prime Marvel Universe with hallucinations of her past life. She was a supporting character in the All-New, All-Different Marvel Spider-Man 2099 comic, where she was an employee at Parker Industries with Miguel O'Hara as her boss. After Roberta's powers resurface again, she becomes a recurring ally for Spider-Man 2099. During the Civil War II storyline, Roberta goes back to 2099 to find her family, despite Miguel's warnings. The Public Eye attempt to arrest her, until she is rescued by Ravage 2099. In the present, Miguel receives a call from Peter Parker, who tells him of a vision the Inhuman Ulysses had of the future: the death of Roberta Mendez. He goes back to 2099. Roberta learns from Ravage about the Anti-Powers Act, a law outlawing superpowers. Roberta and Ravage are taken to the downtown area by Hawkeye 2099, where they meet the remaining heroes. Spider-Man convinces Doctor Strange 2099 to help him out in exchange for his help in eliminating the A.P.A. Meanwhile, the CEO of Alchemax calls on Power Pack to defeat the heroes. Upon finding Roberta, Strange takes Spider-Man downtown, while Roberta leaves to find her husband upon learning his location. Roberta finds her husband Harry, who claims that she died and that they do not have kids, and gets captured by Power Pack. After Strange reveals that the CEO of Alchemax is J. Jonah Jameson, Spider-Man rallies the heroes to launch an assault on S.H.I.E.L.D. HQ and rescue Roberta. In the process, they discover that "Jameson" and "Power Pack" are actually Skrull impostors. Spider-Man and Roberta then go back to 2016 to restore the timeline. In the book's ending, Roberta and Miguel's son save Miguel from death and return to 2099 on New Year's Eve. Thanks to Miguel's sacrifice, Roberta's family history is restored.

Marvel Apes
In the Marvel Apes Universe, a version of Captain America called Captain Ape-Merica leads the Ape-vengers (which contain a lot of reformed supervillains). Secretly, he is a vampire along with his version of the Invaders, and plots to enter the 616 universe for sustenance. To accomplish this, he has already killed his world's version of Mister. Fantastic. However, it is revealed that the vampire Captain Ape-Merica was really Baron Blood, who took on Cap's form and increased his strength through the Super-Soldier Serum inside him. The real Captain Ape-Merica was still frozen in ice up to the modern era, and helped the Gibbon, Wolverine, and Speedball fight off the vampire Namor. Afterwards, they stop Baron Blood. This version of Captain Ape-Merica turns out to be nearly as brutal as his impersonator; for example he is willing to kill Spider-Monkey for the 'crime' of helping innocent dimensional travelers.

Captain Ape-Merica is among the Captain America variants recruited by Ghost Rider, his Deathlok companion, and Ant-Man of Earth-818 to help train the Steve Rogers variants in preparation for the war against the Multiversal Masters of Evil.

Marvel Comics 2

In the alternative reality MC2 universe, Captain America leads the original Avengers on a mission to an alternative reality, which claims the majority of the team. He stays behind to aid the rebels in that reality, thus adding to the list of the dead / missing in action. The next iteration of MC2 Avengers aids him in A-Next #10-11, at the end of which he gives American Dream the shield that had belonged to that universe's Captain America. Captain America and Thunderstrike return to their home universe to aid in the fight against Seth

In the 2005 limited series Last Hero Standing, the MC2 Captain America is fatally injured leading a group of young heroes in battle against the Norse god Loki. Thor uses his power to transform Captain America into a new star. In the sequel, Last Planet Standing, Galactus states that this new star is the key to his escaping his world-devouring hunger.

Marvel Mangaverse
In the Marvel Mangaverse, Steve Rogers is both leader of the Avengers and the President of the United States. When he is killed by Doctor Doom, the mantle of Captain America is assumed by Carol Danvers.

Marvel Zombies
In the 2005–2006 miniseries Marvel Zombies, and the follow-up 2007 Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness, Captain America is known as Colonel America and once served as the President of the United States. He is among the superheroes infected, along with his other fellow Avengers, by the zombified Sentry. Colonel America is responsible for infecting Spider-Man in Marvel Zombies vs. The Army Of Darkness by biting him on the shoulder. He is apparently killed by a zombie Red Skull, who rips off his left arm and scoops his exposed brains out before he himself is decapitated by a zombified Spider-Man. Zombie Ant-Man then steps on the Red Skull. As his intellect was partly retained in the remaining portion of his brain, he was transplanted into Black Panther's son T'Channa's dead body, and given a mechanical left arm. The transplant is successful, but the resulting brain damage turns Colonel America into a battle-crazed zombie leader, manageable but unable to focus on anything that is not related to war, confrontation, and battle. Colonel America (Steve Rogers/T'Channa) also has a role in Marvel Zombies Return, where he was transported to Earth-Z.

Marvel Zombies 3 features a zombie version called "Captain Mexica", who comes from an alternate universe in which the Aztec Empire in Mexico never fell. He is killed after Machine Man cuts him in half.

Mutant X
In the Mutant X universe, a mutant succeeds Rogers as Captain America, joining Havok's team of superheroes, "The Six", in order to protect mutants from a deranged Nick Fury and S.H.I.E.L.D. He has powerful energy manipulating abilities which manifest when America is threatened. Using that power he manages to kill a platoon of Super Soldiers and the Avengers, which consist of Black Widow, Deathlok, Typhoid Mary, Hawkeye and Iron Giant Man (Tony Stark). He is defeated by Havok and is then drawn below the earth by The Beyonder who kills him after he finds out what he needs to know.

Old Man Logan
In Old Man Logan, all the Marvel Universe superheroes were killed when the supervillains combined forces. The villains then conquer and divide up control of the United States.  Captain America is shown in a flashback as having been killed by the Red Skull in the ruins of the U.S. Capitol. The Red Skull subsequently takes Cap's costume and wears it as President of America.

Revolutionary War Era
Captain Steven Rogers was the 18th century ancestor of Earth-616 Steve Rogers. He fought in the American Revolutionary War, wearing a colorful costume and carried a round cast iron shield.

Ruins
Warren Ellis's Ruins limited series explored a version of the Marvel Universe where "everything went wrong". In this continuity, Captain America himself makes no physical appearance in the series aside from the cover for issue #1 and in a dream sequence in issue #2. He was a member of the Avengers, a revolutionary cell formed by Tony Stark bent on liberating California from the corrupt rule of President Charles Xavier, but along with many other members of the team, he is killed aboard the Avengers Quinjet. His shield is recovered by soldiers who celebrate the deaths of the Avengers. A part of the Captain's war history is touched upon by the now-psychotic Nick Fury, who was ordered to destroy the Quinjet by the President: "...I'll give you an anecdote. Back in the war, it was America introduced me to eating human meat."

Spider-Gwen
Captain America is a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent on Earth-65, who apprehends Spider-Gwen during her battle with the Lizard (this reality's Peter Parker). This Captain America is an African American woman named Samantha Wilson a genderbent version of Sam Wilson/Falcon. During the 1940s, Samantha volunteered for Project: Rebirth after other test subjects were shot and killed or badly injured by Nazis. She became trapped in an alternate dimension after seemingly sacrificing herself to stop Arnim Zola, but later managed to return home to find that 75 years had passed. Steve Rogers would go on to become a famous comic creator, who writes stories of Samantha's dimensional journeys that he saw in his dreams, which Sam confirmed as being accurate.

Spider-Island
In a retelling of Spider-Island as part of the "Secret Wars" storyline, Captain America and the other heroes are mutated into monster spiders and he is still the Spider Queen's "Spider King" in the Battleworld domain of Spider-Island. However, Agent Venom gives Captain America the Godstone and turns him into a Man-Wolf (as an homage to the time when Captain America was a werewolf called Capwolf), releasing Steve from the Spider Queen's control. He uses his new form to fight for the resistance.

Spider-Man: Life Story
Spider-Man: Life Story takes place in an alternate continuity where characters naturally age after Peter Parker debuts as Spider-Man in 1962. In 1966, Captain America is pressured by the public to join the efforts in Vietnam and decides to go to see the conflict for himself. A year later, American soldiers label Steve as a traitor when he decides to protect a Vietnamese village. By 1974, he is on the run, having gone rogue from the US to save lives on both sides of the conflict, and is seen in 1984 fighting in the Secret Wars. Captain America also gets himself involved in the Superhuman Civil War in the 2000s. In the 2010s, it is unknown if he is dead or in hiding after Doctor Doom took over the planet.

U.S.Avengers
In U.S.Avengers, Danielle Cage operates as Captain America in an alternate future where New York City has been flooded. She uses the magnetic components Steve once used on the shield in order to better control it, and has the abilities of both her parents. She first appears in Ultron Forever, and returns to the present as a member of the U.S.Avengers.

Ultimate Marvel

In addition to the WWII era hero, a 1960s version of Captain America (a.k.a. "Captain America of the Vietnam War") exists as an Ultimate Marvel Universe parallel to the William Burnside/Captain America of the 1950s, who succeeded Rogers in the role after he is accidentally frozen. The 1960s Captain America is in fact Frank Simpson, better known in the Earth-616 Marvel Universe as Nuke. As scientists were unable to recreate the Super-Soldier Serum, they used cybernetics and steroids to enhance Simpson, which eventually eroded his sanity.

In an alternate future of the Ultimate Universe, Scott Summers assumes the mantle of Captain America after Steve Rogers dies and leads a small team of X-Men to fight for mutant justice.

What If?
Alternative versions of Steve Rogers are seen within several issues of the What If? series.

 In "What If Captain America and Bucky Had Both Survived World War Two?", Steve is able to hold onto the drone plane and deactivate the bomb, allowing both men to survive. Baron Zemo is shot by the Red Skull for failing to kill Captain America and Bucky, but it is later revealed that the Skull shot him with a weapon which put him to sleep for 20 years. Bucky and Cap continue to fight in the 1950s and 1960s against Communists, though tragically Nick Fury is killed in the Korean War.  In the mid-1960s, Bucky goes his own way. Contacted by President Lyndon Johnson, the aged Steve is offered the job as the head of the newly created S.H.I.E.L.D., but Steve declines and suggests Barnes instead.  S.H.I.E.L.D. and Barnes battle HYDRA, but fail to capture the Supreme Hydra. Joining Steve on one of his missions, the pair run into the Hulk and Rick Jones. Steve is knocked out, forcing Bucky to use Cap's shield and rescue Rick from the Hulk's rampage. Bucky decides to take on the role of Captain America, to which Steve agrees. Overhearing the conversation, Rick light-heartedly blackmails the two for the chance to be the new Bucky. Steve becomes the new leader of S.H.I.E.L.D..  Tracking the final group of HYDRA to an uncharted island, Steve and S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Sharon Carter team up with the new Cap and Bucky. The group infiltrate the island's volcano, which turns out to be fake and created as a hideaway for HYDRA forces.  The four are captured, and the Supreme Hydra is revealed to be Baron Zemo, who has not aged for 20 years due to the Red Skull's weapon. Believing that Captain America is still Rogers, he prepares to kill Bucky, but Steve escapes his cuffs and frees the others. A fierce battle ensues, resulting in Zemo's death, but not before a shot from Zemo's gun hits and kills Bucky. The story ends with a distraught Steve mourning the loss of his friend, and the possibility of Rick Jones becoming the new Captain America.
 "What If...Captain America Fought in the Civil War?" features a continuum where Captain America lived during the American Civil War. In this universe, Steve Rogers is a corporal attached to a Northern regiment called the Redlegs, led by Colonel Buck "Bucky" Barnes. Rogers's first mission turns out to be an attack on a group of civilians, and he refuses to follow Barnes' orders.  Barnes shoots Rogers, but only wounds him after Barnes is attacked by an eagle.  Rogers passes out while trying to escape, and has visions of We-pi-ahk the Eagle-Chief.  Waking, he is greeted by a black man, Private Wilson, who brought him back to an Indian reserve. Wilson believes Steve's vision of We-pi-ahk means he is destined to be the one that will bring union to all people. Wilson begins a mystical ceremony that he says will make Rogers "as you are on the inside, so shall you become on the outside."  Barnes breaks into the hut as the ceremony is underway.  Rogers is mystically given superhuman strength and a magical shield that can transform into an eagle, while Barnes' head is turned into a fleshless skull.  Barnes orders his men to open fire and kill everyone in the camp, and Wilson is fatally shot.  Before the troops can escape, Rogers appears as Captain America, and captures Barnes and his men.  Thanks to Captain America's involvement, the Civil War ends earlier than in our history, and Abraham Lincoln is never assassinated.  Rogers helps the South rebuild after the war, and suppresses the rise of the K.K.K. As a representative of the Indian people, he is able to prevent the Indian wars of 1870. Unfortunately Barnes, now known as the White Skull, forms a group even more dangerous than the K.K.K. The descendants of both men continue fighting each other up to the present in this alternative universe.
 In the 2006 What If Age of Apocalypse one shot, Captain America is the leader of the Defenders (this reality's version of the Avengers), alongside Logan (not bonded with any adamantium), Captain Britain (who uses Iron Man's armor), Brother Voodoo (this reality's Sorcerer Supreme, after Dr. Strange's death), Colossus, the Thing (who has a prosthetic arm), the Molecule Man, Sauron, and Nate Summers. Captain America no longer wears a mask, and wields Thor's hammer, Mjolnir, along with his shield.

Film, television, and games

Marvel Cinematic Universe

Captain Carter

Civil Warrior
The 2014 mobile game Marvel: Contest of Champions includes an exclusive version of Captain America named Civil Warrior. This version of Steve Rogers, set in Earth-TRN634, killed Tony Stark during the Civil War. Rogers then incorporated Stark's armor into his uniform, and uses a modified shield containing a version of the ARC reactor.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Articles about multiple fictional characters
Fictional characters from parallel universes

Alternative versions of Captain America


Leonid Alekseyevich Filatov (; 24 December 1946 – 26 October 2003) was a Soviet and Russian actor, director, poet, pamphleteer, who shot to fame while a member of the troupe of the Taganka Theatre under director Yury Lyubimov. Despite severe illness that haunted him in the 1990s, he received many awards, including the Russian Federation State Prize and People's Artist of Russia in 1996.

Biography
Filatov was born on 24 December 1946, in Kazan. His father was Aleksey Yeremeyevich Filatov (1910 - 1980s), his mother - Klavdia Nikolaevna Filatova (b. 1924). The family frequently moved around, because his father was a radio operator and spent much time in field expeditions. When Leonid was seven years old his parents divorced, and Leonid moved along with his mother to Ashkhabad to join his mother's relatives. While a schoolboy, he had his first publications in the Ashkhabad press.

After finishing school he arrived in Moscow in 1965, and tried to become a film director, but failed the entrance exam at the State Institute of Cinematography - VGIK . However, Filatov was persistent, and on the advice of a classmate he took the entrance exams to the actor's department of the Shchukin Theatrical School. In 1965 he was admitted to the course of B.K. Lvova and L.N. Shikhmatov, and graduated from Shchukin Theatrical School as an actor in 1969.

In 1969 Filatov became an actor with the troupe of the Moscow Taganka Theatre. His first main role was the lead in the stage version of What Is to Be Done? His career developed with roles in The Master and Margarita, The Cherry Orchard, The House on the Embankment, Fasten Your Seatbelts, Pugachev, Antiworlds, Comrade, Believe, the role of Horatio in Hamlet, Kul'chitskiy in The Fallen and Living, Federzoni in Life of Galileo, and Players-21 (a work with (Sergey Yursky's creative association of artists).

From 1985 through 1987, while the Taganka Theatre was under Anatoly Efros, Leonid Filatov worked at the Sovremennik Theatre, then later returned to the Taganka. In 1993 Filatov joined Nikolai Gubenko, Natalya Sayko, Nina Shatskaya and other actors in founding a creative association named Fellowship of Actors of the Taganka (Russian: "Содружествo актеров Таганки").

He was the author of several plays, such as An Artist from Sherwood Forest and Sons of Bitches, among other works.

From 1970 Filatov worked in cinema. His most important roles were in such films as City of First Love, Air Crew, The Voice, Women Joke in Earnest, Rooks, Success, Chicherin, Forgotten Melody for a Flute, Zerograd, and Charity Ball.

In 1990 he directed the film Sons of Bitches, based on his own scenario, and also played a supporting role. It was entered into the 17th Moscow International Film Festival.

Since 1970 Filatov was writing songs in the co-authorship with Vladimir Kachan.

Leonid Filatov was married to the actress of the Fellowship of Actors of the Taganka Nina Shatskaya. The couple had a son and granddaughters.

Books
Oranges of a Beige Color
The Tale of Fedot the Strelets

Selected filmography
1980 —  Air Crew as Igor Skvortsov
1981 —  Could One Imagine? as Mikhail Slavin
1982 —  The Voice as Mister B.K.
1982 —  The Chosen One as film director
1984 —  Success as Gennadi Fetisov
1986 —  Wild Pigeon as Ivan Naydyonov (voice-over)
1987 —  Forgotten Melody for a Flute as Leonid Filimonov
1988 —  A Step as Gusev
1989 —  Zerograd as Alexei Varakin
1990 —  Sons of Bitches as Yuri Mikhailovich

References

Bibliography
 .

External links

 Leonid Filatov's Tale of Soldier Fedot the Daring Fellow in English (translated from the Russian by Alec Vagapov):
Leonid Filatov's Tale of Soldier Fedot, the Daring Fellow. Bilingual Version (Russian-English).

1946 births
2003 deaths
Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery
Mass media people from Kazan
Russian male actors
Soviet film directors
Russian male poets
Soviet male film actors
20th-century Russian poets
20th-century Russian male writers
Writers from Kazan
Actors from Kazan

Leonid Filatov


José Gomes de Abreu, better known as Zequinha de Abreu (September 19, 1880 – January 22, 1935), was a Brazilian musician and composer.

Abreu was born in Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo state.  He is best known for the famous choro tune "Tico-Tico no Fubá" (1917), whose original title was "Tico-Tico no Farelo". Other well-known tunes he wrote were "Branca" and "Tardes em Lindóia."

Tico-Tico is played in various melodic versions all over the world.  Abreu died in São Paulo, aged 54.

External links

 Website Zequinha de Abreu

References

1880 births
1935 deaths
People from Santa Rita do Passa Quatro
Brazilian composers

Zequinha de Abreu


Ann Tsukamoto was born in California on July 6, 1952. She is well known now as an Asian American stem cell researcher and inventor. During her career, she co-patented a process that allowed the human stem cell to be isolated, and the patent was granted in 1991. Tsukamoto's research and contributions in the medical field have led to groundbreaking advancements of stem cell research as it pertains to cancer patients. She is a pioneer in her field, yet is underrepresented for her discoveries.

Life summary
Ann Tsukamoto earned her Ph.D in immunology and microbiology at the University of California Los Angeles. However, Ann did most of her postdoctoral work at the University of California, San Francisco. Here, she worked on the wnt-1 gene and "developed a transgenic model for breast cancer." [6]. Tsukamoto's intelligence, determination, and hard work lead her to become one of the most prominent scientists researching and studying stem cells. Ann Tsukamoto's highly-renowned innovations  began in the late twentieth century and she is currently directing further research to discover new findings to advance stem cell research even more.

Ann's Innovation & Pain point addressed
Tsukamoto first patented her research on how to isolate stem cells in 1991. Stem cells research and discovery is imperative not only in scientific communities, but also in the medical field. Ann's work opened the study of stem cells to dive deeper and allowed for a more definitive understanding of the circulatory systems of cancer patients. What Tsukamoto came to find is the importance of stem cells  in the search to find a cure for cancer and many other human illnesses. In 1998, she worked for StemCells Incorporated to continue her research that continued in the isolation of liver and neural stem cells as they affect various diseases. Tsukamoto leads the search for better understanding stem cells and its relation to finding a cure to cancer as well as many other fatal ailments. The cure for cancer and similar illnesses seemed to have no potential cure, which is the pain point that drove Ann to research and study stem cells in a way that would solve this problem and ultimately find a potential cure.

Tsukamoto's innovation, despite being incredibly important, did not make her a household name because of how women were so poorly represented in the scientific and medical field at the time. In addition, when Ann published her discoveries, other scientists did not understand how crucial stem cell research was in how it could be used towards a cure, thus her findings were not considered nearly as transformational as they should have been. Now, stem cells are known to be very important to both medical advancement and science.

Impact on Society
Ann's work of stem cell research and its relation to cancer patients saved countless lives and this number is growing exponentially with continued research and treatment. Before Ann's research and discoveries in the stem cell field, there was considered to be no cure for cancer and other illnesses of the same caliber. This is a revolutionary discovery that could change how fatal cancer and similar illnesses are considered in the medical field. As Tsukamoto continues to study stem cells, her contributions and previous legacy remains seen and increasingly more relevant to current research in the field of cancer and stem cells. The innovation is still used today, though it continues to advance as more and more research is conducted.

References

"10 female inventors you should definitely know about." (2020, February 17). ONE: Girls and Women. Last Retrieved April 19, 2022, from https://www.one.org/international/blog/10-female-inventors-you-should-definitely-know-about/

Ashlock, Sarah. (2020, May 3). Ann Tsukamoto: The Truth about Stem Cells. On The Dot Women. Last Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://onthedotwoman.com/woman/ann-tsukamoto

"Profiles of Women Working In STEM: Ann Tsukamoto." (2021). Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media. Last Retrieved April 19, 2022, from https://seejane.org/profile/ann-tsukamoto/

"Stem Cells Fast Facts." (2021, May 28). CNN Health. Last Retrieved April 19, 2022, from https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/05/health/stem-cells-fast-facts/index.html

Living people
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists
1952 births
Stem cell researchers
20th-century American biologists
21st-century American biologists
American women biologists
University of California, San Diego alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of California, San Francisco alumni
21st-century American inventors
Women inventors

Ann Tsukamoto


The Saint Dominic Parish Church (), also known as Abucay Church, is a 17th-century Baroque Roman Catholic church located at Brgy. Laon, Abucay, Bataan, Philippines. The parish church, established in 1587 and administered by the Dominican Missionary Friars in 1588, is dedicated to Saint Dominic of Guzman. The parish is under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Balanga. Since June 5, 2023, its parish priest is Fr. Milver R. Cruz.

The church housed one of the earliest printing presses in the Philippines, established in 1608 by Father Francisco Blancas de San Jose, O.P. and Tomas Pinpin who used the facility to print books in Spanish and Tagalog. The church was also a witness to the massacre of hundreds of Filipinos and Spaniards by the Dutch Invaders on June 23, 1647. These pieces of the church's history were inscribed on a historical marker installed by the National Historical Committee (now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines) in 1939.

History

Parish church history

The church structure was erected by Father Geronimo de Belen in the early 1600s after the establishment of the Dominican mission in Abucay on June 10, 1588. On June 23, 1647, the Dutch Naval Forces who invaded Manila and its neighboring provinces massacred hundreds of Kapampangans and Spanish officials and priests in the church complex, while others were taken to Batavia, a former Dutch colony. The current church was significantly damaged by an earthquake on September 16, 1852. Major changes were made into the structure before the Second World War, as stated in a medallion placed on top of the church's main portal with the inscription "Mayo de 1925 ".

Abucay Printing Press
The Spanish religious missionaries to the Philippines did not bring with them equipment for mass production of books and manuscripts. Instead, they employed the knowledge of the Chinese in the country to construct the first printing press. This first printing press used xylography, a type of relief printing technique with letters or characters etched on blocks of wood. One of the first books printed in the country using the technique is the Doctrina Christiana, a catechetical book meant to educate the local population on the Roman catholic religion, with hymns and prayers written in the local language (Tagalog) and script (Baybayin). Texts produced with the press from 1593 to 1610 used the local language and writing system but by 1604, the Spanish started printing using movable type with Roman letters. Father Francisco Blancas de San Jose, a Dominican Friar was a key figure in this shift from local to Romanized text. By 1608, the printing press which used to be in Manila, was transferred to Abucay in Bataan province. Filipinos replaced the Chinese men as workers in the printing press. Tomas Pinpin, a local of Abucay, is recognized as the first Filipino printer. Among Pinpin's publications was a manual teaching Tagalog speakers the Spanish language. This manual was printed by Diego Talaghay (believed to be his assistant) when Pinpin was appointed as shop manager.

Architecture

The two-level facade of the church is described as of Renaissance style. Its expanse is divided vertically by single or coupled Doric columns. The two saints' niches flanking the main portal, three fenestrations on the second level, and the saint's niche on the center of the pediment are all topped by triangular pediments, each with a pair of decorative brackets to support it. Four urn-like finials top the second-level cornice. The triangular pediment, with its top lined with balusters, undulates down to its base. To the right of the church rises the five-tiered bell tower, with each of its storey defined by decorative balusters and ornamented with semicircular arched windows.

See also
 Education in the Philippines during Spanish rule
 Roman Catholicism in the Philippines
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Balanga
 Balanga Cathedral

References

External links

Roman Catholic churches in Bataan
Spanish Colonial architecture in the Philippines
Baroque architecture in the Philippines
1588 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Balanga

Abucay Church


The Battle of Maserfield () was fought on 5 August 642. It was mainly between the armies of the Christian king Oswald of Northumbria and the pagan King Penda of Mercia. The battle ended in Oswald's death and his army's defeat. The site of the battle is reported to be at Oswestry in Shropshire.

Background

King Oswald's uncle, King Edwin of Northumbria, was killed at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633 by Penda and his ally Cadwallon ap Cadfan. After the battle Cadwallon and Penda began slaughtering the people of Northumbria. This included men, women and children. Northumbria fell apart and was divided into its two former kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. Oswald defeated and killed Cadwallon ap Cadfan at the Battle of Heavenfield in 634. After that Oswald reunited Northumbria into a single kingdom. Oswald was considered a bretwalda by Bede, the fourth such overlord over the other Anglo-Saxon kings. Penda remained a constant threat but was kept busy fighting the East Angles and making new alliances with the Welsh. Oswald also created several similar alliances in an effort to contain Penda. About 638 he won a battle against Owen Map Bili, the king of Strathclyde near Edinburgh. In 640 Oswald recovered the kingdom of Lindsey from Penda.

The battle

There is no record of what led to this battle or why this place. As a pagan, Penda would not have been happy over Oswald bringing monks from Iona to Lindisfarne, further expanding Christianity in the north. The conquest of the Gododdin at  Din Eidyn  (Edinburgh) in 638 removed the last stronghold of the Britons in the north. Domnall Brecc, King of Dal Riata defeated them and was a close ally of Oswald. Northumbrians may have been there also. It would have angered the Welsh, Britons themselves, against Oswald. In 642 the armies of Northumbria and Mercia (with his Welsh allies) met at a place called  Maserfield (probably in Shropshire). Oswald was killed in the battle. For a year after the battle his head and hands were fastened to stakes. Oswald's brother Oswiu finally recovered Oswald's body. Oswiu succeeded Oswald as king of Northumbria.

Outcome

The battle of Maserfield left Penda "the most formidable king in England." Following the battle, Deira, in the southern part of Northumbria, chose a king of its own, Oswine. Bernicia in the north was ruled by Oswald's brother Oswiu. The immediate effect of the battle was to weaken and divide Northumbria. The long term effect was that Oswiu restored Northumbrian power over the next 13 years. He finally defeated and killed Penda at the Battle of Winwaed in 655.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Kings of Northumbria
 Who was St. Oswald?

Maserfield
Maserfield
Anglo-Saxons
642
August events

Battle of Maserfield


Bus Stop  is a 1955 play by American playwright William Inge. Produced on Broadway, it was nominated for four Tony awards in 1956. It received major revivals in the United States and United Kingdom in 2010 and 2011.

Bus Stop was adapted as a 1956 film of the same name, directed by Joshua Logan and starring Marilyn Monroe and Don Murray. (None of the original Broadway cast repeated their roles for the film.) It was adapted as a 26-episode TV series, 1961-1962, produced on ABC. A special theater production broadcast from the Claremont Theater in California was aired in 1982 on HBO.

Characters
Bus Stop is a drama, with romantic and some comedic elements. It is set in a diner in rural Kansas, about 25 miles west of Kansas City, Missouri, during a snowstorm. The bus passengers had to take shelter here.

The characters are:
 Grace Hoylard – Owner of the diner. She is 40ish, and pretty in a fading, hard-bitten way. She has a passionate side to her nature, loving a good fight and the attentions of a good man.
 Elma Duckworth – An intelligent, but naive and impressionable high school girl working as a waitress at the diner.
 Will Masters – The local sheriff. Brusque in manner, but goodhearted and described as a "deacon of his church". A highly "moral" man in the general sense of the word.
 Dr. Gerald Lyman – A college philosophy professor who is articulate and charming but cannot hold a position, partially due to his resistance to any kind of authority, and partially due to his taste for young women.  He also has a drinking problem.
 Cherie – A pretty young woman who comes from a difficult "hill folk" background. She is an aspiring nightclub singer, but has never worked above the level of "cheap dive".
 Bo Decker – A brash young cowboy with boorish manners that hide a naivete almost as profound as Elma's. He believes that Cherie will be his bride, although she wants nothing to do with him.
 Virgil Blessing – An older, wiser cowboy who has become a father figure to Bo (who was orphaned at the age of 10) and serves as his head ranch hand.
 Carl – The bus driver, who has an ongoing "just passing through" relationship with Grace. This is purely sexual in nature.

Synopsis
The play is set in a diner about 25 miles west of Kansas City in early March 1955. A freak snowstorm has halted the bus, and the eight characters (five on the bus) have a weather-enforced layover in the diner from approximately 1 am to 5 am. Romantic or quasi-romantic relationships include Grace and Carl, Professor Lyman and Elma, and Cherie and Bo. Virgil and Will are the older authority figures outside the relationships.

Broadway
Bus Stop opened on March 2, 1955 and closed on April 21, 1956, running for a total of 478 performances. The opening night starred Albert Salmi as Bo and Kim Stanley as Cherie, and the play was directed by Harold Clurman.

The play was nominated for four Tony Awards in 1956: Best Play (written by William Inge; produced by Robert Whitehead and Roger L. Stevens); Best Featured Actress in a Play (Elaine Stritch); Best Scenic Design (Boris Aronson); and Best Director (Harold Clurman).

In 1996, there was a short-lived revival of the play that ran for 29 performances.

Revivals
A major regional revival of Bus Stop was held at the Huntington Theatre in Boston in September and October 2010.

In 2010 and 2011 Bus Stop received three productions in Great Britain, including an acclaimed production directed by James Dacre that played at the New Vic and Stephen Joseph Theatres. The Guardian wrote of this production that "there is something beguiling about this forlorn slice of Americana, which mediates on the distances between towns and the distances between people, like an Edward Hopper painting with dialogue."

Film and musical
In 1956, Joshua Logan directed a film adaptation of the play by the same name, starring Marilyn Monroe as Cheri and Don Murray as Bo. In this version, it was "opened up" to include scenes on the bus and in places away from the diner.

The play was adapted as a musical Cherry (1972), with Logan directing.

Television
The play was adapted as a a 26-episode, American TV drama series. It aired on ABC from October 1, 1961 until March 25, 1962.

In August 1982, Bus Stop was presented on HBO, as a special filmed performance of the play at the Claremont Theater in California, directed by Peter Hunt. It starred Tim Matheson as Bo Decker and Margot Kidder as Cherie.

References

External links
Bus Stop, Boston University Theatre, review at ArtsEditor

1955 plays
Broadway plays
American plays adapted into films
Plays by William Inge
Plays set in Kansas

Bus Stop (William Inge play)


is a manga created by Ayun Tachibana. It is a mixture of romantic fantasy which also fits into the kemonomimi genre. It is about Kogane Mikasa, a kitsunemimi (fox-girl), who is half-human and half-demon. She enters the human world via a shrine run by her aunt and uncle, and dedicated to her father. When she arrives into the human world, she encounters a trainee priest and heir to the shrine Jin Mikasa. Kogane forms a friendship with Jin after she kisses him. When they kiss, Kogane is able to achieve her ambition of turning into a human, albeit temporarily.

The series published five volumes published by Studio DNA in Japanese between November 26, 2002, and March 3, 2005. The work has been published in English, with the first volume released by Tokyopop on May 1, 2008, and the second in July 2010.

Plot
Jin Mikasa is the heir to the Mikasa shrine, currently seen over by his father and dedicated to Doukan-San. One day, a mysterious fox-girl called Kogane Mikasa appears at the shrine, who claims to be half-human and half-demon. She first stays with Jin and Sogo Aoyagi, a childhood friend of Jin's who is self-centered at times. Worried about Doukan-San discovering her, Jin and Kogane hide in Sogo's wardrobe, where they accidentally kiss. The kiss causes her to lose her fox-like appearances and turn into a human, something she has always wanted. However, the change is only temporarily and she needs to be kissed repeatedly to remain human. Also, she cannot use magic when she is human.  Her fate is determined by who she marries, and she wants to marry a human, specifically Jin, and be human.

Doukan-San discovers where Kogane is hiding, but Jin is surprised to learn that she is Doukan-San's daughter, with him being a demon and his wife being a human.  Jin is also surprised to learn that Kogane's mother is his aunt and that Kogane is his cousin. Kogane stays in the human world and learns to adapt to it. She eventually goes to Jin's school, where she meets Kanoto Okubo, another of Jin's school friends, and occult club member Sachi Usui, who brings Izume-Chan, a weasel-girl who was Kogane's long-time friend [currently angry at Kogane], to the human world.

Reception
Foxy Lady has had mixed reviews. Leroy Douresseaux from comicbookbin.com praised the art, but went onto say that, "For the most part, Foxy Lady is a comic fantasy romp, although there are many romantic moments.  The narrative feels awkward when Tachibana tries to force this to be a fantasy romance and the pace becomes clunky with too many dry spots – more stops than starts.  In the second half of this volume, the stories focus on fantasy scenarios with comic implications, rather than romantic one; then, Foxy Lady really starts to come to life.  It will be interesting to see where this goes."

Nadia Oxford of mania.com was more critical saying, "Foxy Lady isn't terrible; it's just manga at its most typical. The jokes are stale, as are the character designs. With dozens of quality titles out there, there's simply no reason to pick it up. Thinking about it though, creating a mediocre title is worse than creating a bad one: bad books, movies and manga are acknowledged through word of mouth. Mediocre works just fade into obscurity and then fall into the bargain bin, which is the next dimension Foxy Lady is destined for."

Holly Ellingwood from activeanime.com was more positive about Foxy Lady, stating that, "Foxy Lady has a rich and glossy style that is imminently attractive. Being a romantic comedy, bordering on harem, it has excellent and gorgeous female character designs. But the artist doesn't shirk on the male characters either, giving them appealing detail and style as well. The illustrations are competent and confident enough that it makes the manga easily imagined as an anime due to its fluidity and high quality imagery."

References

External links

Fantasy anime and manga
Ichijinsha manga
Kemonomimi
Romance anime and manga
Tokyopop titles

Foxy Lady (manga)


Sergey Mikhailovich Bogdanchikov (in , born August 10, 1957, in Severny District, Orenburg Oblast, Soviet Union) is a Russian manager.

He received a degree from Buguruslansky Gas Technicum in 1976.  In 1981, Bogdanchikov earned a PhD (Kandidat Nauk) from Ufa Gas Institute.

Since October 16, 1998 he has been the President of Rosneft. Since November 1, 2004, after Gazprom bought oligarch's Abramovich oil company Sibneft which was renamed to Gazprom Neft, he has been the Director General of the latter.

Bogdanchikov's son, Yevgeny, married Viktor Khristenko's daughter, Yulia in the Spring of 2004.

Honours and awards
 Order of Merit for the Fatherland:
3rd class (10 August 2007) - for outstanding contribution to the development of oil and gas industry, labour achievements and many years of diligent work
4th class (30 August 2002) - for outstanding contribution to the development of fuel-energy complex
 Medal of Honour (18 September 1995) - for active participation in the aftermath of the 1995 Neftegorsk earthquake and displaying courage, dedication and professionalism
 Honoured Oil and Gas Industry of the Russian Federation (11 September 1998) - for outstanding contribution to the development of oil and gas industry in the Sakhalin region and years of diligent work in joint-stock company "Rosneft-Sakhalinmorneftegaz"
 Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology (2005) - for the development and implementation of effective high-tech equipment for repair and maintenance of oil and gas wells up to 6,000 metres
 Honorary Oilman
 Order of St. Seraphim of Sarov, 2nd class (Russian Orthodox Church, 2010)

External links
 Bogdanchikov's Official Biography from Rosneft
 Biography

1957 births
Living people
People from Severny District, Orenburg Oblast
Russian businesspeople in the oil industry
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Rosneft

Sergey Bogdanchikov


100 Greatest Britons is a television series that was broadcast by the BBC in 2002. It was based on a television poll conducted to determine who the British people at that time considered the greatest Britons in history. The series included individual programmes featuring the top ten, with viewers having further opportunity to vote after each programme. It concluded with a debate and final determination of the ranking of the top ten. Although many living people were included among the top 100, all of the top ten were deceased.

Poll
The poll resulted in nominees including Guy Fawkes, who was executed because of his role in the plot to blow up the Parliament of England; Oliver Cromwell, who created a republican British state (the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland); Richard III, suspected of murdering his nephews; James Connolly, an Irish nationalist and socialist who was executed by the Crown due to his part in the 1916 Easter Rising; Thomas Paine, who wrote against the British crown before and during the American Revolution; John Lydon, the lead vocalist of the Sex Pistols; Enoch Powell, a conservative politician; and a surprisingly high ranking of 17th for actor and singer Michael Crawford, the second-highest-ranked entertainer, after John Lennon. Diana, Princess of Wales, was judged to be a greater historical figure than Isaac Newton, William Shakespeare, and Charles Darwin by BBC respondents to the survey.

One of the more controversial figures to be included on the list was the occultist Aleister Crowley. His works had a direct influence on the rise in popular occultism and some forms of Neopaganism in the 20th century. In addition to the Britons, some notable non-British entrants were listed, including two Irish nationals, the philanthropic musicians Bono and Bob Geldof. Of the top 20 entries 16 were people of English origin. Elizabeth I was part of a Welsh royal house, Sir Ernest Shackleton and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, were both Irish (Wellington being Anglo-Irish) in what is now the Republic of Ireland when all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, and Alexander Fleming in 20th place was Scottish.

Sixty had lived in the 20th century. The highest-ranked living person was Margaret Thatcher, placed 16th. Ringo Starr was the only member of the Beatles not on the list. Isambard Kingdom Brunel occupied the top spot in the polls for some time thanks largely to "students from Brunel University who have been campaigning vigorously for the engineer for weeks." However, a late surge in the final week of voting put Churchill into first place.

Reaction of black Britons

There were no black Britons voted on the list, prompting consternation from members of the black British community that their contribution and history in the United Kingdom were not being sufficiently recognised. A separate three-month survey was conducted among the public, resulting in the publication of 100 Great Black Britons, a list of the 100 greatest black Britons as judged by the British public. In 2004, two years after the 100 Greatest Britons list was voted on, social campaigner Patrick Vernon created a similar poll exclusively voted upon by members of the black British community, with Mary Seacole being named the greatest black Briton for her actions during the Crimean War with Russia.

The inclusion of Queen Philippa of Hainault on the list was criticised, as historians dispute that she was "black" in any modern sense. She was of predominantly European ancestry, with remote Armenian ancestry on her father's side, and Cuman (Turkic/Asian) ancestry on her mother's side. A report written by Bishop Walter Stapledon in about 1319 describes either Philippa (then a child) or one of her sisters as "brown of skin all over", with hair "betwixt blue-black and brown"; but, aside from the confusion over who is being described, it is unclear precisely what these terms imply. All known portraits appear to show Philippa as white. Historian Kathryn Warner concludes that she was "a European woman and emphatically not of African ancestry".

The list
Although the BBC's original ranked list has been removed from their web server and what remains is only an alphabetical list of the Top 100, several other sources have preserved the original ranked list.

There was some question as to whether the Richard Burton listed at No. 96 was the actor or the explorer. A BBC press release makes clear that the actor was intended.

Top 10

See also
Greatest Britons spin-offs
Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
100 Great Black Britons

References

External links

 Churchill memorial press release
 BBC Great Britons press release
 BBC Great Britons book and links at National Portrait Gallery
 The Top 100 Great Britons – places 11 to 100 by rank — BBC (via web archive)
 All known clips from the Broadcast

2002 British television series debuts
2002 British television series endings
BBC television documentaries about history
Britain
Documentaries about historical events

100 Greatest Britons


Kororofa (Kwararafa in Hausa) was a multiethnic state and/or confederacy centered along the Benue River valley in what is today central Nigeria. It was southwest of the Bornu Empire and south of the Hausa States. They rose to prominence before 1500, were in conflict with their more powerful neighbours in the 17th century, and reduced to a small tribute state by the 18th century. It is believed that Kwararafa was either a confederacy conquest state, led by the modern Jukun people or perhaps a collective name given by their Muslim foes for a number of pagan peoples to their south.

Regardless, a spiritually important pagan Jukun priest-kingship at Wukari appears to have been the centre of Kwararafa power, but in the 17th century, that may have spread much farther. Leo Africanus records a Bornu raid into Kwararafa territory at the end of the 15th century and the resistance of Kwararafa horsemen. They practiced a bureaucratic state of rule and was headed by the Aku whose powers were greatly limited.

The Kano Chronicles among other Hausa sources record successful invasions of Hausaland by the Kwararafa, specifically against Kano around 1600, again in the middle of the century, and another in 1671. In the 1670s the Kwararafa assaulted Katsina, sacked Zaria and launched an invasion of Bornu. Bornu sources recount Kwararafa striking towards the capital of Ngasargamu and being turned aside in a great battle by Mai Ali bin Umar. Katsina chronicler Dan Marina recounts the Mai Ali killing, wounding and capturing many Kwararafa and sending three captives back to their leader, with their ears severed and hung around their necks.

Regardless of the brutality of the relations, there seems to have been a long period of respect between states.  During the 18th century, communities of each apparently lived in the cities of the other, and a tradition of Muslim emissaries served the Kwararafa.

Hausa communities too were found in the Kwararafa territory. Still, the state apparently was resolutely pagan and remained so past its decline in the 18th century. By the end of that century, Kwararafa paid tribute to Bornu. By the 19th century they were reduced to small towns, resisting, for a period, the Fulani Jihad of the Sokoto Caliphate.

The successor state, the Wukari Federation, was established around 1840 and remains as a Nigerian traditional state.

References

The Times Atlas of World History. (Maplewood: Hammond, 1989) p. 137
The DK Atlas of World History. Map of "African Trade and the Spread of Islam, 500-1500 AD". (Dorling Kindersley Publishing Book, 2000) p. 162

History of Nigeria
Countries in precolonial Africa
Former countries in Africa
15th-century establishments in Nigeria
1840s disestablishments in Nigeria

Kwararafa


Penelope Jane Leach  (née Balchin; born 19 November 1937) is a British psychologist who researches and writes extensively on parenting issues from a child development perspective.

Leach is best known for her book Your Baby and Child: From Birth to Age Five, published in 1977, which has sold over two million copies to date and won the BMA award for "best medical book for general audiences" in 1998. Leach notes in the introduction to that book: "Whatever you are doing, however you are coping, if you listen to your child and to your own feelings, there will be something you can actually do to put things right or make the best of those that are wrong."

Early life and education
Born in Hampstead, London, on 19 November 1937, Penelope Jane Leach née Balchin is the daughter of the novelists Nigel Balchin and his first wife, Elisabeth. She graduated from Newnham College, Cambridge, with honours in 1959. After Cambridge, she attended the London School of Economics, where she received her PhD in psychology (1964) and lectured on child development.

Career
Her first research positions included a year in the Home Office Research Unit studying juvenile crime and six years at the Medical Research Council Developmental Research Unit. Leach is a fellow of the British Psychological Society (1988), was vice-president of the Health Visitors' Association (1988–1999), and president of the National Childminding Association (1999–2006). She was a founding member of AIMH (The Association of Infant Mental Health) (1998–2002) and is now an adviser. She also worked for the Pre-school Parents' Association and with organisations concerned with children's rights, including the NSPCC  (Trustee, 1996–1999) and its sister organisations in Ireland, the US, and Canada, and the Children's Rights Development Unit (1996–2001). As a founder and parent educator of EPOCH (End Physical Punishment of Children) (1988–2004), now CAU (Children are Unbeatable), she has written pamphlets and booklets campaigning against physical punishment and in favor of positive discipline. Since 2009 she has been a Director of the Mindful Policy group which seeks to link psychological research and political policy. Recently she has contributed to work on the Early Years Foundation Stage curriculum, writing the lead chapter to the book Too Much Too Soon?: Early Learning and the erosion of childhood, Hawthorne Press 2011. Between 1997 and 2005, Leach co-directed the largest ever English study of childcare.

Her current research, writing and teaching focuses on contemporary infant neuroscience which in some areas is producing evidence where formerly there were only ideas and opinions. In 2013 she published a chapter entitled "Infant Rearing in the Context of Contemporary Neuroscience" in the Handbook of Child Wellbeing, eds. Korbin and Asher, published by Springer. She is a senior research fellow of the Institute for the Study of Children, Families and Social Issues, Birkbeck, University of London, and of the Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust (1997–). She is a visiting professor at the Faculty of Education, University of Winchester (2013–).

Leach was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to education.

Books and media

Your Baby and Child
Leach's most popular work is Your Baby and Child, which appeared in extensively revised versions in 1988, 1997, 2003 and 2010. The book is divided into five major sections, covering newborns, "settled babies", "older babies", "toddlers" and "young children." Each section includes information on expected developmental milestones and patterns in the areas of sleep, eating, "crying and comforting", speech, and physical growth.  The book's central thesis is to illuminate "the successive tasks of development with which [children] are involved, the kinds of thought of which they are capable and the extremes of emotion that carry them along" because "the happier you can make your baby, the more you will enjoy being with her, and the more you enjoy her, the happier she will be".

The popularity of Your Baby and Child led to a television series of the same name on the American cable TV channel Lifetime, which Leach wrote and hosted. The show won a CableACE Award and was nominated for an Emmy.

Other works
 Babyhood (1974, rev. 1983) – a treatment of academic research on child development from birth to two years, presented for a lay audience
 Parents' A-Z (1983) Penguin Books (UK);  US edition The Child Care Encyclopedia (1983); new and revised edition published as Your Growing Child (1986) Alfred A. Knopf – a reference book for parents of social emotional and physical development and problems, from birth to adolescence
 The First Six Months: Getting Together With Your Baby (1986) Collins, Fontana (UK); (1987), Alfred A. Knopf (US) – a photo essay on developing attachment in the first six months of life
 Children First: What Society Must Do – And Is Not Doing – For Children Today (1994) Random House, Vintage –  a call to action spelling out the policies society should adopt, in favour of children and the grown-ups who care for them; a polemic suggesting large-scale social initiatives to end child poverty and homelessness and to enable parents better to balance paid work and family
 Child Care Today, Getting it right for everyone (2009) Alfred A. Knopf  – who is caring for today's children, what does care cost and who is paying for it? Followed five years as co-director of the Families and Children and Childcare study (familieschildrenchildcare.org)
 The Essential First Year (2010) Dorling Kindersley – a modern guide to pregnancy and parenting in the first year, calling on new research from neuroscience
 Family Breakdown: helping children hang on to both their parents (2014), published in the United States as When Parents Part, Alfred A. Knopf – a guide to minimising the impact of parental separation and divorce on children.

Leach has also produced several home videos sponsored by Barnardo's (Becoming a Family, Baby to Toddler, and Toddler to Child 1987–1988) as well as collaborating on a play, Snap Happy, that toured schools between 1986 and 1991 to teach conflict resolution to preschool and school-aged children.

Reception

Leach has been criticised for her view that young children require one-on-one attention, ideally provided by mothers or family members
and which cannot be provided in day-care. Criticism has chiefly been directed towards Leach's purported idolising of mothers and difficulty giving fathers equal importance, and the lack of scientific evidence to support Leach's opposition to child care where the ratio of adults to infants is too low for individualised care.

However, The Essential First Year, published in 2010, has a chapter called "Thinking about working outside your home" which says "Your baby will flourish without you while you are at work as long as he passes seamlessly from your loving care to someone elses and back again on your return...."

After the release of her book Family Breakdown, Leach asserted that there was "undisputed evidence" that sleepovers with a divorced father, who is not the child's primary caregiver, can cause 'emotional damage' to a baby or toddler. Leach's claim has been broadly disputed by other psychologists.

Family
In 1963 she married the science journalist Gerald A. Leach (1933–2004). She has a son, Matthew, and a daughter, Melissa Leach.

References

External links
Interview with Penelope Leach

1937 births
Living people
20th-century English women writers
20th-century English writers
21st-century English women writers
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Child psychologists
English psychologists
Fellows of the British Psychological Society
National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children people
People from Hampstead
British women psychologists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Penelope

Penelope Leach


Hanan Alattar is an American operatic soprano who has had an active international career in concerts and in operas since the early 2000s. She has performed with many leading opera companies and orchestras in the United States and Europe, collaborating with such notable conductors as Plácido Domingo, James Conlon and Miguel Harth-Bedoya.

Early life and education
Alattar was born in Houston, Texas. She first became interested in opera while a student at Saint Agnes Academy in her native city. She studied vocal performance at the University of Texas at Austin and with Marlena Malas and Diane Richardson at the Juilliard School in New York City. While at Juilliard she portrayed roles in several productions, including Tatyana in Eugene Onegin, Lady Billows in Britten's Albert Herring, and the title role in Igor Stravinsky's The Nightingale (2004). In The New York Times review of the latter performance, Allan Kozinn wrote that "[Alattar] sang the Nightingale's music with beauty, suppleness and the right measure of flighty virtuosity."

Alattar was the New Horizon Scholar at the Aspen Music Festival from 2000–2002, and was notably the winner of the Aspen Concerto Competition in 2002. While at Aspen she performed the roles of Blanche in Edward Berkeley's production of Poulenc's Les dialogues des Carmélites under the baton of James Conlon, sang Giorgetta in Puccini's Il tabarro with conductor Julius Rudel, and performed the title role in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. In 2002–2003 she was a member of the Young Artist Program at the Opera Theatre of Saint Louis. She was a finalist in Houston Grand Opera's Eleanor McCollum Competition and in 2004 received the Sullivan Foundation Award.

Career
Alattar made her professional opera debut in 2004 with the Opera Theatre of Saint Louis (OTSL) as Sacagawea in the world premiere of Stephen Mager's Dream of the Pacific. Later that year she made her debut with the New York City Opera (NYCO) as the First Maid in Richard Strauss' Daphne. She has since returned to the NYCO as The Water in Rachel Portman's The Little Prince (2005) and as Zerlina in Mozart's Don Giovanni (2006).

In 2005 Alattar made her debut with the Gotham Chamber Opera (GCO) in New York City as Alceste in Handel's Arianna in Creta. That same year she performed the role of the Beggar Woman in Stephen Sondheim's Sweeney Todd with the Wolf Trap Opera Company and Bubikopf in Viktor Ullmann's Der Kaiser von Atlantis with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at the Ravinia Festival. In 2006 she made her debut with the Los Angeles Opera as Amore in L'incoronazione di Poppea and returned to the LAO later that year to create the role of Dragonette in the world premiere of Elliot Goldenthal's Grendel and portray the Celestial Voice in Don Carlo. In 2007 she portrayed Ghita in Alexander von Zemlinsky's Der Zwerg with the American Symphony Orchestra at the Bard Music Festival.

In 2008 Alattar returned to the Ravinia Festival in Chicago to portray Konstanze in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail and made her debut with Palm Beach Opera as Gilda in Verdi's Rigoletto. In 2009 she returned to the OTSL to portray Rosina in John Corigliano's The Ghosts of Versailles and made her debut with the Boston Lyric Opera as Micaëla in Carmen. In 2010 she performed the role of Clarice in the GCO's production of Haydn's Il mondo della luna at the Hayden Planetarium in New York City. In 2011 she made her debut with the Seattle Opera as Pamina in The Magic Flute.

In 2007 Alattar made her European debut as Pousette in Massenet's Manon at the Berlin State Opera under conductor Daniel Barenboim. In 2009 she made her UK debut as Musetta in Jonathan Miller's production of La bohème at the English National Opera. She returned to the ENO in 2010 to play the lead role, Leila, in Georges Bizet's early opera The Pearl Fishers, in an updated production directed by British film-maker Penny Woolcock.

References

External links
Official Site

Amarillo Opera presents Lucia di Lammermoor starring Hanan Alattar as Lucia

Living people
American operatic sopranos
American people of Palestinian descent
American people of Iraqi descent
Aspen Music Festival and School alumni
Juilliard School alumni
Musicians from Houston
University of Texas at Austin College of Fine Arts alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
Classical musicians from Texas
Singers from Texas

Hanan Alattar


The purpose of Pspell (Portable Spell Checker Interface Library) was to provide a generic interface to the system spelling checking libraries.  It was, and sometimes still is, used in computer programming such as C, and is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License.

Pspell has not been updated since 2001, but is still available on SourceForge at its project page.  It has been replaced by GNU Aspell. PHP's Pspell extension, while retaining its current name, now uses the Aspell library.

See also

 GNU Aspell
 Hunspell
 Ispell
 MySpell
Virastyar

External links
SourceForge.net Project Info
GNU Aspell SourceForge.net Project Info

Free spelling checking programs
Language software for Linux

Pspell


HMNZS Rotoiti (F625) was a  of the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN), which had formerly served in the British Royal Navy as  at the end of World War II.

Service history

World War II
Built by Henry Robb of Leith, the ship was launched on 21 August 1944 and commissioned as Loch Katrine in December 1944. She served as an escort for the Gibraltar convoys until the end of World War II, and then in the Indian Ocean with the Eastern Fleet. The ship was decommissioned in May 1946 and laid-up in reserve.

Sale to New Zealand
In 1948 Loch Katrine was sold to New Zealand for £234,150. After refitting at HMNB Portsmouth she was commissioned into the Royal New Zealand Navy on 7 May 1949, and renamed Rotoiti on 16 May by Mrs Bill Jordan, wife of the New Zealand High Commissioner. In June Rotoiti exercised with the Mediterranean Fleet and in July took passage with  to Auckland, via Aden and Singapore, arriving in August to join the 11th Frigate Squadron for patrols and visits in the South-Western Pacific.

1st Korean tour, 1950–1951
On 29 June 1950, in response to an appeal from the United Nations, New Zealand made two frigates available for UN service in Korea. On 7 October Rotoiti sailed from Auckland to Sasebo, calling at Darwin and Hong Kong, and arriving in Japan on 5 November to relieve . She then sailed to Inchon for convoy escort, harbour control, and patrol duties. In December she embarked senior UN officers and a US news correspondent during a visit to the Han River. Rotoitis deployment off the west coast of Korea continued into the next year with maintenance and leave periods spent at Kure, Japan.

On 17 July 1951 during a patrol in the approaches of Chinnampo harbour she carried out an attack on an enemy gun position at Sogon-Ni Point. An assault party of 14 men, supported by gunfire from the ship, landed and took two enemy soldiers prisoner. On 25 August she carried out second raid on gun positions at Sogon-Ni. The shore party, which included Royal Marines from  landed, but came under fire and 19-year-old Able Seaman Robert Edward Marchioni was killed. He was the only RNZN casualty of the Korean War. Patrol and support bombardment duties off west coast of Korea continued into September and Rotoiti completed her first tour of duty with the United Nations in October.

On 25 October while en route from Kure to Hong Kong she received a distress message from the British merchant ship SS Hupeh which had been boarded by pirates in the Yangtze River estuary. The pirates threatened reprisals if Hupeh were boarded, but agreed to leave the ship if they were granted safe passage to a nearby island. To avoid bloodshed this was accepted. After calling at Hong Kong, the frigate returned to Auckland, via Borneo and Brisbane, arriving in November for service in the 11th Frigate Flotilla.

In May 1952 awards were made to the ship's company for their Korean service. These included the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) to the Captain, Lieutenant-Commander B.E. Turner, who was later awarded the United States' Legion of Merit – the only RNZN officer to be awarded this distinction. The DSC was also awarded to two other officers, and also two Distinguished Service Medals. A Mention in Despatches was awarded to the Telegraphist, Petty Officer J.A. Boyland, and Able Seaman Marchioni was awarded a Posthumous Mention in Despatches.

2nd Korean tour, 1952–1953
On 7 January 1952 Rotoiti sailed for her second Korean tour of duty, relieving  at Sasebo on 2 February. Deployed for patrol and support duties, on 22 February, while anchored in the Han River estuary to provide gunfire support during a planned raid on enemy positions, she came under heavy fire from three shore batteries and withdrew without casualties. In October while at Kure she was visited by the First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Rhoderick McGrigor. Her final patrol off the west coast of Korea was in February 1953, before returning to Auckland on 19 March. Three awards of Mention in Despatches were made, one to an officer and two to ratings. After a refit and modernisation the ship was reduced to Reserve status in 1954 and was laid-up at Auckland.

Operation Grapple, 1957
In February 1957 Rotoiti was recommissioned to support the "Operation Grapple" nuclear weapon trials at Christmas Island, arriving there on 31 March. Nuclear trials monitoring occupied the rest of the year in rotation with Pukaki.

Eastern Fleet, 1958–1961
In 1958 the frigate was deployed for squadron duties at Auckland. In May, after refitting, she sailed to Singapore to join the 3rd Frigate Squadron, Far East Fleet as part of the Commonwealth Strategic Reserve. Deployed with the Squadron for exercises and visits, she carried out joint exercises with the United States Navy off Japan, and anti-piracy patrols off North Borneo. In March 1959 she escorted the Royal Yacht  during a Royal visit to Tarawa in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, and was visited by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh before returning to Auckland in April.

An extended refit took place from August, to the same standard as the modernised Royal Navy Loch-class frigates, including updated UHF radio and electronic warfare equipment. Accommodation was improved and two Bofors 40 mm mountings were fitted in place of the obsolescent 2-pounder pom-pom.

In March 1960, after sea trials and joint exercises off Sydney with the Royal Australian Navy, Rotoiti returned to the 3rd Frigate Squadron at Singapore for an extensive programme of Fleet and joint exercises and visits, calling at Bangkok, Port Swettenham and Pangkor, and then Tokyo and Manila. She returned to Auckland in March 1961 to rejoin the 11th Frigate Squadron.

11th Frigate Squadron, 1961–1965
Rotoiti was deployed with the Squadron for exercises and visits until June 1962, then was refitted for deployment as part of "Operation Deep Freeze" in the Antarctic. She arrived at Expedition Headquarters at Lyttelton on 8 October, then sailed into the Southern Ocean with 31 trainee seamen ratings aboard, to carry out meteorological and oceanographic studies, finally returning to Auckland on 12 December.

From January to September 1963 she carried out Flotilla duties in New Zealand waters and Pacific Islands patrols. In October and November Rotoiti was again detached for meteorological reporting and Air-Sea Rescue duty in "Operation Deep Freeze". On 3 February 1964 Rotoiti sailed to Fiji to escort the Royal Yacht Britannia during a Royal Visit to Fiji and New Zealand by The Queen Mother. Joining the Royal Yacht at Lautoka on the 10th, she escorted the yacht during visits to Wellington, Timaru, Bluff, and Dunedin. From March 1964 Rotoiti served as a training ship for New Entry Seamen ratings, until August 1965 when she was decommissioned and put into Reserve at Auckland.

Disposal
Rotoiti was placed on the Disposal List in 1966, and sold for scrapping to the Hong Kong Rolling Mills. On 18 January 1967 Rotoiti was paired with sister ship  and towed by the tug Daisy to Hong Kong for breaking up.

See also
 Frigates of the Royal New Zealand Navy

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War II : HMS Loch Katrine
 McDougall, R J  (1989) New Zealand Naval Vessels. Page 37–41. Government Printing Office.

External links
 HMNZS Rotoiti (F625) photo

1944 ships
Loch-class frigates of the Royal New Zealand Navy
Military units and formations of New Zealand in the Korean War

HMNZS Rotoiti (F625)


Benjamin Roberts-Smith is a retired Australian soldier who won a medal called the Victoria Cross for Australia in 2011, which is the highest award that any Australian military soldier can receive. He has been described as Australia's most decorated soldier.

Defamation

Several Australian newspapers, including The Age, the Sydney Morning Herald and The Canberra Times, claimed that Roberts-Smith had committed different war crimes. In August 2018 Roberts-Smith sued these newspapers for defamation, saying that he didn't commit the war crimes. In June 2023, Roberts-Smith lost his law suit, as he was unable to prove that defamation had occurred.

Biography articles of living people
Victoria Cross winners

Ben Roberts-Smith


The Parliament of Ceylon was the legislative body of British Ceylon & Dominion of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) established in 1947 by the Soulbury Constitution, prior to independence on 4 February 1948. Parliament replaced the State Council of Ceylon.

Parliament was based on the Westminster model with an upper house, the Senate, whose members were indirectly elected or appointed, and a lower house, the House of Representatives, whose members were directly elected or appointed. The House of Representatives consisted of 101 members, of whom 95 were elected and six appointed by the Governor-General (increased to 157 in 1960, 151 elected and six appointed). The Senate consisted of 30 Members, of whom 15 were elected by the House of Representatives and 15 appointed by the Governor-General.

The Senate was abolished on 2 October 1971 by the eighth amendment to the Soulbury Constitution. The new Republican Constitution of Sri Lanka, adopted on 22 May 1972, replaced the House of Representatives (and Parliament) with the unicameral National State Assembly. The members elected in 1970, continued to hold their seats in the new National State Assembly. The ruling coalition decided early with its majority in parliament that the legislative term after adoption of the new constitution was extended by two years so that the National State Assembly had five years until 1977 when the first general elections under the new constitution were held.

See also
 Legislative Council of Ceylon
 Parliament of Sri Lanka
 State Council of Ceylon

References

External links
Parliamentary of Sri Lanka

1947 establishments in Ceylon
1972 disestablishments in Sri Lanka
Government of Sri Lanka
Ceylon

Parliament of Ceylon