Aage Helgesen Vedel (1894-1981) was a Danish vice admiral and commander-in-chief of the Royal Danish Navy from 1941 until 1958.

Personal biography
Aage Helgesen Vedel was born to Helge Vedel and Charlotte Serene on 1 September 1894 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Helge Vedel was a lieutenant in the Danish Navy and Deputy Director of the Naval Dockyard.

On 18 December 1921, Vedel married Kirsten Lützen.

He died on 9 February 1981 and was buried at the Hørsholm Churchyard.

Military service
A. H. Vedel joined the Danish Navy as a cadet in 1912.

World War II
At the time of the German invasion of Denmark, Vedel was the Deputy Head of Marine Staff. The navy did not take part in the fighting, and was left in place by the Germans after the conflict. From 25 July 1941, Vedel served as acting Chief of Navy Command and Director General of the Ministry of Marine until both these positions were affirmed to him on 1 September, making him the commander-in-chief of the Royal Danish Navy.

Though initially peaceful, the occupation of Denmark began to turn more turbulent as the Danish Resistance increased its activities. With relations between Germany and Denmark breaking down, Admiral Vedel summoned high-ranking Danish naval officers to the Naval Ministry at 22:00 on 27 August 1943. He briefed them on the political situation and went through several plans of action for the Danish Navy, in the event it were attacked by the Germans. The next day the Danish Parliament responded to a demanding German ultimatum by resigning. With no government over the country, the Germans moved quickly to gain total control in Denmark. On 29 August, the Germans launched Operation Safari in an attempt to seize the Danish Navy and intern all Danish military personnel. Admiral Vedel ordered all ships to head to neutral Sweden or—if escape was not possible—be sunk at their moorings. Danish sailors managed to successfully scuttle the majority of the fleet before they were interned. Following the operation, the senior-most German naval officer in Denmark, Vizeadmiral Hans-Heinrich Wurmbach, told Vedel, "We have both done our duty." The Germans temporarily dissolved the Danish military.

With the Danish government and navy gone, Vedel established contact with the Danish Resistance and began supplying them intelligence. In early 1945 he began secret talks with the British Admiralty on post-war plans for the Danish Navy. On 5 May the German forces in Denmark capitulated to the British, and Admiral Vedel immediately began working with Royal Navy Vice Admiral Reginald Vesey Holt to supervise German disarmament and minesweeping work. The Germans, unwilling to recognize the Danes as victors, chose to only take orders from the British, outraging Vedel and his staff.

Later career

In January 1947, Vedel served as chair of the committee that oversaw Denmark's resumption of control over Greenland from the United States. Also that year the Danish government became increasingly worried that Cold War tensions could compromise the openness of the Danish Straits, so Admiral Vedel initiated conversation with Norway and Sweden about a potential defense pact. Vedel secretly traveled to the United Kingdom in May to discuss the ongoing talks.

In 1950, A. H. Vedel became Denmark's representing flag officer to NATO. In 1952 he commanded the royal yacht HDMY Dannebrog on a cruise to Greenland with King Frederick IX and Queen Consort Ingrid. Vedel retired from the navy on 31 May 1958.

References

General

Citations

1981 deaths
1894 births
Royal Danish Navy admirals
Military personnel from Copenhagen

A. H. Vedel


Luna E-1 No.1, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1958A, was a Soviet Luna E-1 spacecraft which was intended to impact the Moon. It did not accomplish this objective as it was lost in a launch failure. It was the first of four E-1 missions to be launched.

Luna E-1 No.1 was a  spacecraft which marked the first Soviet attempt to send a spacecraft to the Moon. It was also the first mission of the Luna programme. The spacecraft was intended to release  of sodium, in order to create a "comet" of the metal which could be observed from Earth, allowing the spacecraft to be tracked. Prior to the release of information about its mission, NASA correctly identified that it had been an attempted lunar impact mission.

Chief Designer Sergei Korolev's ambitious space plans were being continually frustrated by design changes to the R-7 missile, launch failures, and the fact that the ICBM program took priority. On 10 July 1958, a test version of the Luna booster was flown which had a dummy upper stage (live avionics, but no engine) in order to try out the modifications to the R-7, which included a stronger airframe to support the added weight of the upper stage and more powerful engines (these engines had first been tested on Sputnik 3's booster a few months earlier). At liftoff, the Blok D strap-on suffered an engine malfunction and broke off of the booster, impacting on the pad and exploding. The rest of the R-7 crashed a few hundred feet away. This accident, which caused considerable damage to Site 1/5, was traced to high-frequency vibrations in the combustion chamber of Blok D, something that would become a persistent problem on R-7 launches over the next two years. Since the first Luna probe was scheduled for launch in a month, repairs on the pad were done at breakneck speed.

As Korolev knew that the United States was planning to launch a lunar probe on 17 August 1958, he faced considerable pressure getting the Luna and its booster ready for launch. Despite a number of technical issues, the pad crews managed to get the booster ready on the 17 August 1958, but Korolev instead decided to let the US flight go first on the reasoning that the Luna probe had a shorter trajectory to travel and would reach the Moon first. After that launch ended in a booster explosion, he decided to postpone the flight until the glitches with the 8K72 and Luna could be worked out.

Luna E-1 No.1 was launched on 23 September 1958 at 07:40:23 GMT atop a Luna 8K72 carrier rocket, flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Ninety-two seconds after launch, longitudinal resonance within the rocket's strap-on booster rockets caused the vehicle to disintegrate.

References

Luna programme
Spacecraft launched in 1958

Luna E-1 No.1


Vincenzo Capirola (1474 – after 1548) was an Italian composer, lutenist and nobleman of the Renaissance.  His music is preserved in an illuminated manuscript called the Capirola Lutebook, which is considered to be one of the most important sources of lute music of the early 16th century.

Life and music

He was probably from Brescia, and is known to have lived in that city for several periods of his life, although he was in Venice in 1517 and for some time after that, the period during which the illuminated manuscript was prepared. It is possible that Capirola is the famous Brescian lutenist who visited the court of Henry VIII of England, although his name was not recorded (no other virtuoso lutenists of the period, from Brescia, who were also noblemen, are known).

The Lutebook contains the earliest known examples of legato and non-legato indications, as well as the earliest known dynamic indications. The pieces vary from simple studies suitable for beginners on the instrument, to immensely demanding virtuoso pieces. There are also 13 ricercars in the book, which alternate passages in brilliant toccata style with passages in three-part counterpoint similar to that of the vocal music of contemporary composers such as Jacob Obrecht.

In addition to music by Capirola (and others — Capirola evidently transcribed several pieces by other composers for the book), the Lutebook contains a preface which is one of the most important primary sources on early 16th century lute-playing. It includes information on how to play legato and tenuto, and how to perform ornaments of various types, how to choose the best fingering for passagework. It also includes very practical details such as how to string and tune the instrument.

Notes
 Reese, p. 521.

References and further reading
Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
Arthur J. Ness: "Vincenzo Capirola", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed October 27, 2005), (subscription access)
O. Gombosi, Compositione di Meser Vincenzo Capirola: Lute-book (circa 1517).  Neuilly-sur-Seine, 1955.

1474 births
16th-century deaths
Composers for lute
Italian lutenists
Renaissance composers
Male classical composers

Vincenzo Capirola


Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890) was a famous English explorer, writer, translator, ethnologist, spy and soldier.

He traveled a lot in Asia, Africa and the Americas. As a spy for the British government, he was also among the very few Western Christian people who secretly managed to visit the Islamic holy city of Mecca, in Arabia, at the time of the Hajj

He is also famous for his English language translation of the Arabic book, One Thousand and One Nights (also called The Arabian Nights).

References

1821 births
1890 deaths
English scientists
English writers
English explorers
British ethnologists

Richard Francis Burton


The Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg is an art museum in central Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, opened 1994. It presents modern and contemporary art and is financed by the Kunststiftung Volkswagen.

It takes up aspects of the industrial city of Wolfsburg, which was only founded in 1938: modernity, urbanity, internationality and quality. The Kunstmuseum is located at the southern end of the pedestrian zone in the vicinity of the Alvar-Aalto-Kulturhaus, Theater, Planetarium and CongressPark.

The museum
The Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg opened in 1994 with a retrospective exhibition on the French artist Fernand Léger. The museum's founding director was the Dutchman Gijs van Tuyl, who remained in the position until 2004. He was followed by the Swiss art historian Markus Brüderlin, who was director from January 2006 until his death in March 2014. The museum has been headed since February 1, 2015 by Ralf Beil, from 2006 director of the Institut Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt. On April 1, 2019, he was succeeded by Andreas Beitin, previously director of the Aachen Ludwig Forum for International Art.

Architecture
The Hamburg architectural firm of Peter Schweger and Partners planned the building of the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg as a transparent urban loggia with an extensive overarching glass roof over the open Hollerplatz. The central exhibition hall is 16-meter high with a quadratic ground plan measuring 40 meters on each side. Its flexible possibilities allow for an individualized architecture conceived to meet the specific needs of each show. The hall is two-storied on three of its sides and enclosed by further exhibition spaces. The entire exhibition surface encompasses 3500 square meters. In conjunction with the 2007 Japan and the West exhibition, a Japan Garden was created in the inner courtyard of the building. The architect Kazuhisa Kawamura modeled it after the Zen garden of the Ryōan-ji temple in Kyōto and included elements from the architecture of Mies van der Rohe to symbolize the dialog between East and West.

Exhibitions
Since its opening, the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg has presented over 130 exhibitions on modern and contemporary art. Large-scale retrospectives from the field of classic modern art, for example Fernand Léger and Bart van der Leck, alternate with survey shows such as Full House, German Open, The Italian Metamorphosis 1943–1968 and Blast to Freeze. Monographic exhibitions devoted to contemporary artists include Carl Andre, Andy Warhol, Luc Tuymans, Olafur Eliasson, Frank Stella, James Turrell and Imi Knoebel. With the start of the new directorship in 2006, the exhibition program placed contentual accents in large-scale historical and thematic shows (ArchiSkulptur, Japan and the West, Interior/Exterior, The Art of Deceleration), solo exhibitions (James Turrell and Alberto Giacometti) as well as in mid-career retrospectives (including Douglas Gordon, Neo Rauch and Philip Taaffe) that took up the theme of modernism in the 21st century, illuminating it from various perspectives. Different exhibitions are shown in the hall and the gallery. With "Wolfsburg Unlimited. A City as World Laboratory," Ralf Beil presented his first major exhibition in which the city was reflected in the museum – and the museum in the city.

The collection
The Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg began collecting international contemporary art in 1994. The range included late modernism, Minimal Art, Conceptual Art and Arte Povera. Works by a younger generation of artists were subsequently added. Focus was placed on prominent major works, ensembles and work phases as well as the exemplary presentation of artistic developments. Instead of documenting "tendencies," the concentration was placed on artists and works representing central aspects of the wide field of contemporary art. Artists in the collection include Carl Andre, Christian Boltanski, Douglas Gordon, Andreas Gursky, Georg Herold, Anselm Kiefer, Mario Merz, Gerhard Merz, Bruce Nauman, Neo Rauch, Burhan Dogancay, Cindy Sherman, Philip Taaffe, Jeff Wall, Olafur Eliasson, Douglas Gordon, Thomas Schütte and Jeppe Hein. Works from the collection are integrated into the museum's exhibitions or highlighted in special temporary shows devoted to the collection.

Further facilities
The Kunstmuseum is sponsored and supported by the Freundeskreis Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg e. V., into which the "Junge Freunde" [Young Friends] are integrated as youthful sponsors. The Studio is a generously sized space that the museum uses for school projects, workshops and creative programs. The museum restaurant Awilon and an in-house museum shop are also parts of the museum's offers.

The foundation
The Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg is financed by the non-profit Kunststiftung Volkswagen. A large part of its funds derive from the foundation of Asta and Christian Holler, the former owners of the Volkswagen Versicherungsdienst GmbH (VVD). Christian Holler (1900–1969) and his wife Asta (1904–1989), decided early on to bequeath their entire estate to the common good. After Asta Holler's death in 1990, the Holler-Stiftung was accordingly established in Munich with the purpose of providing funds to benefit youth welfare, the care of the seriously ill as well as the promotion of science and art. Since 1991, the Kunstmuseum receives a large percentage of the disbursements of the Holler-Stiftung, which had already made the largest contribution to the museum's buildings costs.

Exhibitions (selection)
 1994/1995: Man Ray. 'Neues wie Vertrautes': Fotografien 1919–1942
 1995/1996: Nobuyoshi Araki – Tokyo Novelle
 1995/1996: Nam June Paik – High Tech Allergy
 1996: Carl Andre. Sculptor 1996
 1996: Jeff Wall – Landscapes and other Pictures
 1997: Pietro Donzelli. The Light of Solitude
 1998: Andreas Gursky – Photographs 1994–1998
 2000: Ed van der Elsken. Sweet Life
 2005/2006: Hussein Chalayan
 2006: Neo Rauch – New Rols
 2007: Between Darkness & Light. Douglas Gordon
 2009: Interieur/Exterieur: Living Art
 2009/2010: Undeiably me. 1309 Face.
 2009/2010: James Turrell. The Wolfsburg Project
 2010: Rudolf Steiner and Contemporary Art and Rudolf Steiner: Alchemy of the Everyday  (double exhibition)
 2010: Alberto Giacometti – The Origin of Space. A comprehensive retrospective of the artist's mature work
 2011: Art & Fashion. Between Skin and Clothing
 2011: Gerwald Rockenschaub. Multidial
 2011/2012: The Geometry of the Moment. Landscapes. Henri Cartier-Bresson
 2011/2012: The Art of Deceleration. Motion and Rest in Art from Caspar David Friedrich to Ai Wei Wei.
 2012: Frank Stella – The Retrospective. Works 1958–2012
 2012/2013: Ornament. Perspectives on Modernism. Ornamental Prints from Dürer to Piranesi
 2013: Christian Boltanski. Moved.
 2013: Slapstick! Alÿs, Bock, Chaplin, Hein, Laurel & Hardy, Keaton, Matta-Clark u. a.
 2013/2014: Art & Textiles – Fabric as Material and Concept in Modern Art from Klimt to the Present
 2014: Oskar Kokoschka. Humanist and Rebel
 2014: RealSurReal – Masterpieces of Avant-Garde Photography. Das Neue Sehen 1920 – 1950. Siegert Collection
 2015: Walk the Line. New Paths in Drawing
 2015: Erwin Wurm. Fichte
 2015/2016: Dark Mirror. Art from Latinamerica since 1968
 2015/2016: Jeppe Hein. This Way
 2016: Wolfsburg Unlimited. A City as world laboratory
 2016/17: In the Cage of Freedom
 2017: This Was Tomorrow. Pop Art in Great Britain
 2017: Pieter Hugo. Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea.
 2017: Hans Op de Beeck. Out of the Ordinary
 2017/2018: Never Ending Stories. The Loop in Art, Film, Architecture, Music, Literature and Cultural History
 2018: Robert Lebeck. 1968
 2018: Facing India
 2019: Now Is The Time. 25 years collection Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg
 2019/2020: Robin Rhode. Memory Is the Weapon
 2019/2020: Inside – Out. Construction of the Self
 2019/2020: Ryoji Ikeda. Data-verse
 2020: Barbara Kasten. Works
 2020: Ulrich Hensel. In-Between Worlds
 2020/2021: On Everyone's Lips. From Pieter Bruegel to Cindy Sherman
 2021: Mischa Kuball. ReferenzRäume
 2021/2022: Oil. Beauty and Horror in the Petrol Age
 2021/2022: Menschenbilder (Images of Humanity)
 2021/2022: True Pictures? LaToya Ruby Frazier
 2022: Power! Light!
 2022/2023: Empowerment

Catalogues (selection)
 Pietro Donzelli. The Light of Solitude. Cantz, Ostfildern 1997, .
 Andreas Gursky – Photographs 1994–1998. Cantz, Ostfildern 1998, .
 Ed van der Elsken. Sweet Life 1949–2000. Wolfsburg 2000, .
 Neo Rauch – New Rols. DuMont, Köln 2006,
 James Turrell. The Wolfsburg Project.
 Gerwald Rockenschaub. Multidial. Kerber, Bielefeld 2011, .
 Art & Fashion. Between Skin and Clothing. Kerber, Bielefeld/ Leipzig/ Berlin, .
 The Art of Deceleration. Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2011,
 Frank Stella – Retrospective. Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2012,
 Art & Textiles. Fabric as Material and Concept in Modern Art from Klimt to the PresentHatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2013,
 Dark Mirror: Art from Latin America since 1968. Works from the Daros Latinamerica Collection. 2015,
 Julian Rosefeldt. Midwest. 2016, .
 This Was Tomorrow. Wienand Verlag, Köln 2016,
 Hans Op de Beeck. Works. Lannoo, Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, 2017, .
 Never Ending Stories. Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2017,
 Robert Lebeck 1968. Steidl, Göttingen 2018
 Facing India: India from a Female Point of View, Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern, 2020,
 Now Is The Time. Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2019,
 Robin Rhode. Memory Is The Weapon. Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2019,
 Barbara Kasten. Works. König, Walther, 2020,
 On Everyone's Lips. The Oral Cavity in Art and Culture – catalogue. Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern, 2020,
 Oil. Beauty and Horror in the Petrol Age. Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg. König, Walther, 2021,
 Power! Light! König, Walther, 2022,
 Checkpoint - Border Views from Korea/Grenzblicke aus Korea. 2022.
 Empowerment. Art and Feminisms, Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2022.

References

External links

Art museums and galleries in Germany
Museums in Lower Saxony
Buildings and structures in Wolfsburg

Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg


Lucera Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Italy. It was located 7.9 kilometers east of Lucera, in the Province of Foggia. The airfield was abandoned and dismantled after the end of the war in 1945.

History
Lucera Airfield a temporary wartime facility, built by the US Army Corps of Engineers. Construction was initiated shortly after Allied forces seized control of the Tavoliere plain around Foggia, Apulia, Italy.

The major tenant of the airfield was the 301st Bombardment Group, which arrived from either Torretta, San Giovanni, Giulia or Stornara Airfield in the Cerignola area of Italy on 1 February 1944. It was equipped with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers.

The 301st Bomb Group consisted of four squadrons:
 32d Bombardment Squadron
 352d Bombardment Squadron
 353d Bombardment Squadron
 419th Bombardment Squadron

The airfield had parallel, 6,000' x 100' asphalt runways laid over Pierced Steel Planking, oriented 13/31. There were two perimeter tracks, one on each side of the runways. There may have been some temporary hangars and buildings; however, it appears that personnel were quartered primarily in tents, and most aircraft maintenance took place in the open on hardstands. It also had a steel control tower.

With the end of the war in 1945, the 301st returned to the United States at the end of July, heading to Sioux Falls Army Air Field, South Dakota to become part of the new Strategic Air Command.  They were replaced by the Twelfth Air Force 100th and 301st Fighter Squadrons, part of the Tuskegee Airmen 332d Fighter Group moved to Lucera in July from their wartime base at Ramitelli Airfield, while awaiting demobilization orders. The Tuskegee Airmen remained at Lucera until the end of September when they departed for the United States and subsequent demobilization.

Sometime after that departure, the engineers moved in and dismantled the facility. Today Lucera Airfield has been returned to agriculture; however, extensive scarring of the landscape remains, showing various dispersal pads and taxiways and other features.

See also
 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress airfields in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations

References

External links

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Italy
Airfields of the Fifteenth Air Force during World War II
Airports established in 1943

Lucera Airfield


Childress Vineyards is a winery in Lexington, North Carolina owned by NASCAR Cup Series championship team owner Richard Childress. The connection between NASCAR and fine wine is reflected in the labeling of some of the wines produced by Childress, featuring a checkered flag motif.

History of wineries in North Carolina
In the mid-19th Century, there were some 25 wineries in North Carolina, with extensive independent vineyards, to the extent that North Carolina dominated the national market for American wines at the time. The Scuppernong grape was the primary source for North Carolina's 19th Century wine, as it had been for about two centuries. The Civil War ended that market dominance, through damage to the industry by loss of manpower and scarce capital, as well as through revocation of winemaking licenses due to regulatory retribution following the war. Wine production began to recover in the decades after the war through the early 20th Century. However, North Carolina voted to become a dry state in 1908 and that decision, coupled with the onset of Prohibition, ended winemaking in North Carolina. Repeal in 1933, followed by the passage by North Carolina's legislature in 1935 of laws permitting winemaking, began a rebirth, but it was several decades after World War II before North Carolina's wine industry would show significant growth.

Origins, Operations and Wine Varietals at Childress Vineyards
While racing at California tracks in the 1970s, Richard Childress spent some of his off-track time at small wineries. He later explored vineyards in the Finger Lakes region in New York, following NASCAR's expansion to Watkins Glen. As he made friends with vineyard owners and winemakers, Childress began to consider starting his own vineyard. By the 1990s, Childress had purchased land, planted vines and by the end of the 90s was having his grapes custom-crushed, making wine to give to friends.

Childress Vineyards broke ground in 2003 and the 35,000 square winery commenced operations in 2004. Located in the Yadkin Valley AVA, an American Viticultural Area, Childress' winemaker is Mark Friszolowski. Childress is part of a broader development of wine-grape growing and vineyards in North Carolina which has been gaining traction in the 21st Century, following a period of rapid growth beginning in the 1980s.

Grapes are grown locally on the vineyard grounds, at Childress' home estate, as well as purchased from local growers. Classic European varietals produced include Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Sauvignon Blanc and Viognier white wines and Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sangiovese and Syrah red wines, sparkling wines and dessert wines. In a nod to historic North American and North Carolina grape varieties, Childress also produces a line of muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) wines, including a Scuppernong varietal, produced from a type of muscadine grape. Wines produced from scuppernong harken back to the 17th Century beginning of North Carolina's winemaking tradition. By 2005, the winery was producing 30,000 cases per year and was third largest in terms of production in North Carolina.

The vineyards are located at the intersection of U.S. Route 52 and U.S. Route 64 in Lexington, North Carolina which is in the Piedmont Triad region of North Carolina and its tasting room is open daily. There is also an Italian style Bistro open for lunch.

Childress also holds special events including weddings and corporate functions, as well as free entertainment during the spring and fall.

See also
North Carolina wine
List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards
Richard Childress Racing
Yadkin Valley Wine Festival

References

External links

Tourist attractions in Davidson County, North Carolina
Wineries in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Davidson County, North Carolina

Childress Vineyards


Pan frying or pan-frying is a form of frying food characterized by the use of minimal cooking oil or fat (compared to shallow frying or deep frying), typically using just enough to lubricate the pan. In the case of a greasy food such as bacon, no oil or fats may need to be added. As a form of frying, the technique relies on oil or fat as the heat transfer medium, and on correct temperature and time to not overcook or burn the food. Pan frying can serve to retain the moisture in foods such as meat and seafood. The food is typically flipped at least once to ensure that both sides are cooked properly.

Specifics
Pan frying takes place at lower heat than sautéing. This is because the food to be pan fried – such as chicken breasts, steak, pork chops, or fish fillets – is not cut into small pieces before cooking. It requires a lower heat so that the exterior of the food does not overcook by the time the interior reaches the proper temperature, and to keep foods in a moister state. However, the oil should always be hot enough to ensure that the moisture in the food can escape in the form of steam; the force of the steam escaping keeps the oil from soaking into the food. The same amount of oil is used as for sautéing – just enough to glaze the pan.

Equipment

Generally, a shallower cooking vessel is used for pan frying than for deep frying; however, using a deep pan with a small amount of oil, butter or bacon grease does reduce spatter. A denser cooking vessel is better than a less dense pan because the added mass will improve temperature regulation. An electric skillet can be used analogously to an electric deep fryer, and many of these devices have a thermostat to keep the liquid (in this case, oil) at the desired temperature.

Breading
Foods to be pan fried are sometimes covered with a batter or breading. Batters consist of dried ingredients such as flour or cornstarch in conjunction with liquids such as milk, water or other beverages. Breading can be as simple as dusting the food in flour or, more commonly, what is called the "standard breading procedure", which involves first dusting the food in flour (taking care to shake off the excess), then dipping it in beaten eggs, and finally putting it into bread crumbs (or some other form of outer coating). The food is seasoned with salt and pepper prior to applying any coating. Allowing the food to rest for 15–30 minutes before frying but after applying the breading enables the coating to stick to the food with greater tenacity.

See also

 Frying
 Deep frying
 Shallow frying
 Frying pan
 Sautéing

References

External links

Cooking techniques
Culinary terminology
Fried foods

Pan frying


The William Hayden House is a private residence located at 108 West Pottawatamie Street in the city of Tecumseh in northeast Lenawee County, Michigan.  It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site and added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1986.

History
This house is locally important as the former home of William Hayden. William Hayden was born in Otsego County, New York, and in 1851 moved to Jackson, Michigan and purchased a mill there. In 1856, he married Sara M. Hosner, and in 1857 the couple moved to Tecumseh and purchased the Globe Flour Mill. Under Hayden's ownership, the mill became one of Tecumseh's leading commercial businesses in the second half of the nineteenth century. In 1860, Hayden constructed this house.  In 1882 Hayden purchased a factory to manufacture his own barrels. William Hayden died in 1897.

Description
The house is a two-story, red brick villa built in Italianate architecture.   While his house was typical of other houses in the area at the time, the Hayden House is recognized for its elaborate detailing. It has a cubical main section, and a slightly recessed wing extending to the side. Both sections have low pitched hip roofs, with widely projecting eaves supported by brackets. The main facade is five bays wide with one- and two-over-two windows having arched and winged caps. The front porch is a large bracketed stoop, and a smaller porch extends to one west side.

References

Houses in Lenawee County, Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites
Italianate architecture in Michigan
Houses completed in 1862
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
1862 establishments in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Lenawee County, Michigan
Tecumseh, Michigan

William Hayden House (Tecumseh, Michigan)


Blockula (Blåkulla in modern Swedish, translated to "Blue Hill") was a legendary island where the Devil held his Earthly court during a witches' Sabbath. It was described as containing a massive meadow with no visible end, and a large house where the Devil would stay.

Referencing Blockula nights, witches described the Devil as appearing, "in a gray Coat, and red and blue Stockings: He had a red Beard, a high-crown'd Hat, with Linnen of divers Colours, wrapt about it, and long Garters upon his Stockings."

Blockula plays a major part in the witch-hunts described in Joseph Glanvill's 1682 work Sadducismus Triumphatus, which detailed the Mora witch trials in an Appendix entitled: "True Account of What Happen'd in the Kingdom of Sweden In the Years 1669, 1670, and upwards: In Relation to some Persons that were accused for Witches; and  and Executed By the King's Command."

Blockula is originally the same place as the island Blå Jungfrun, which was in old days called Blåkulla, and since medieval days rumored to be a place where the witches gathered. The perhaps first time Blockula was mentioned in a witch trial by an alleged witch was in 1597, but in reality, it was not until the Swedish witch mania of 1668-1676 that the place had any real importance in the persecution of witches.

Preparation and travel

Blockula could only be reached by magical flight, wherein witches and the taken children would ride fence-posts, spits, beasts (such as horses or goats) or even the bodies of sleeping men; one example claims that when room was lacking a spit would be placed into the back-side of a goat, to increase the riding area. Children would be convinced to perform the ride after being given "a Shirt, a Coat and a Doublet, which was either Red or Blew," and being asked if they wanted to attend a faraway feast; if they didn't accept the invitation they would be forcibly brought along, regardless.

Island structure and ceremonies
They unanimously confessed, that Blockula is situated in a delicate large Meadow, whereof you can see no end. The place or House they met at, had before it a Gate painted with divers colours ; through this Gate they went into a little Meadow distinct from the other, where the Beasts went, that they used to ride on : But the Men whom they made use of in their Journey, stood in the House by the Gate in a slumbering Posture, sleeping against the Wall.The events of the night were started by having each witch cut their finger to sign the Devil's book in blood, and undergoing a mock baptism in which they swear their soul to the Devil.In a huge large Room of this House they said, there stood a very long Table, at which the Witches did sit down : And that hard by this Room was another Chamber, where there were very lovely and delicate Beds.The Devil's most esteemed witches would sit closest to him, at the head of the table, whereas the children would stand by the door. Some children, however, are recorded as claiming the existence of "a white Angel" stationed near the door, reminding them to keep the Lord's Commandments and occasionally attempting to block children's entrance into the room.The Diet they did use to have there, was, they said, Broth with Colworts and Bacon in it, Oatmeal, Bread spread with Butter, Milk, and Cheese. And they added, that sometimes it tasted very well, and sometimes very ill.After the meal, festivities included dancing, but would commonly descend into cursing, fighting, and other vulgarities. Certain parts of the house and field, however, were devoted to more specific ceremonies.Those of Elfdale confessed, That the Devil used to play upon an Harp before them, and afterwards to go with them that he liked best, into a Chamber, where he committed Venerous Acts with them ; and this indeed all confessed, That he had carnal knowledge of them, and that the Devil had Sons and Daughters by them, which he did Marry together, and they did couple together, and brought forth Toads and Serpents.

If he hath a mind to be merry with them, he lets them all ride upon Spits before him ; takes afterwards the Spits and beats them black and blew, and then laughs at them. And he bids them believe, that the day of Judgment will come speedily, and therefore sets them on work to build a great House of Stone, promising, that in that House he will preserve them from God's fury, and cause them to enjoy the greatest delights and pleasures : But while they work exceeding hard at it, there falls a great part of the Wall down again, whereby some of the Witches are commonly hurt, which makes him laugh, but presently he cures them again.

They said, they had seen sometimes a very great Devil like a Dragon, with Fire found about him, and bound with an Iron Chain ; and the Devil that converses with them tells them, that if they confess any thing, he will let that great Devil loose upon them, whereby all Swedeland shall come into great danger.An island church is also mentioned, but with no other information about appearance or purpose.

Aftermath and effects
Blockula was written to be harmful and physically damaging to the children taken.After this usage the Children are exceeding weak ; and if any be carried over Night, they cannot recover themselves the next day; and they often fall into fits, the coming of which they know by an extraordinary paleness that seizes on the Children , and if a Fit comes upon them, they lean on their Mother's Arms, who sit up with them sometimes all Night ; and when they observe the Paleness coming, shake the Children, but to no purpose.

They observe farther, That their Childrens Breasts grow cold at such times ; and they take sometimes a burning Candle and stick it in their Hair, which yet is not burnt by it. They Swoon upon this paleness, which Swoon lasteth sometime half an Hour, sometimes an Hour, sometimes two Hours, and when the Children come to themselves again, they mourn and lament, and groan most miserably, and beg exceedingly to be eased.

Modern traditions

In Sweden and Swedish-speaking parts of Finland, to commemorate the travel of witches to Blåkulla, children dress as witches, old women and old men on Easter and go door-to-door for treats similar to the trick-or-treating tradition of halloween. The children sometimes present hand-made cards and other greetings.

See also
 Akelarre
 The Brocken
 Domen, Norway
 Kyöpelinvuori
 Märet Jonsdotter
 Mora witch trial
 Witches of Benevento
 Bald Mountain

References

 Giornale Nuovo, "A True Account of What Happen'd in the Kingdom of Sweden" (August 22, 2005)
 All quotes from Glanvill, Joseph "Saducismus Triumphatus" (1682)
 Alf Henrikson, "Häxorna", (In Swedish).
  Häxor i periferin:Trolldomsprocesser i Småland 1604-1619(In Swedish)
 Birgitta Lagerlöf-Genetay, De svenska häxprocesernas utbrottskede 1668-1676.

Swedish folklore
Christian mythology
Social history of Sweden
17th century in Sweden
Witchcraft in folklore and mythology
Witchcraft in Sweden
Fiction about the Devil
Fictional islands

Blockula


Charles V (21 January 1338 — 16 September 1380), called the Wise (French: le Sage) was the King of France from 1364 until his death in 1380. He was a member of the House of Valois and was the third french king to rule under the dynasty. He was born in Vincennes, the son of the future King John II of France (then known as Dauphin John) and Bonne of Luxembourg. Charles was 11 years old when his mother Bonne of Luxembourg died. A year later when Charles was 12, his grandfather, King Philip VI died. John then became the King of France and Charles became the Dauphin. Also, his father got remarried to Joan I, Countess of Auvergne. After his father was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, Charles acted as the Regent of France until his father's death in 1364.

His reign marked a high point for France during the Hundred Years' War. His armies recovered large parts of the territory from King Edward III of England that had been given to England under the reign of his predecessors at the Treaty of Brétigny. He and his armies also defeated Edward III's fleet and kicked the English troops out of France.

Charles died on 16 September 1380 at the age of 42 in Beauté-sur-Marne near Vincennes and was succeeded by his 12 year old son, Charles VI. He was buried in Saint Denis Basilica.

Charles was a successful king. He was very capable and was also very intelligent. He was very popular around France and was undoubtedly one of France's greatest kings. These reasons eventually gave him the nickname, "the Wise". He also improved the economy of France and stabilized and centralized the country and left a stable throne and a stable country for his son and successor, Charles VI. However, under the reign of Charles VI, the country lad lost lands allowing the English to regain it and that the country became destabilized and decentralized.

1338 births
1380 deaths
House of Valois
Kings and Queens of France
Vincennes
People from Val-de-Marne

Charles V of France


Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW) is an American independent professional wrestling promotion owned by Rob Zicari and operated by Extreme Gifts. The promotion is known for its deathmatch style. From 2000 to 2002, XPW held an annual death match tournament called Baptized in Blood, also known as the King of the Deathmatch Tournament.

Zicari originally ran the promotion out of Los Angeles from 1999 to 2002. He appeared on shows as the on-camera owner under the ring name Rob Black alongside his then-wife Lizzy Borden. The promotion focused on hardcore wrestling and had connections to the Los Angeles porn industry, as Zicari was the real life owner of the Extreme Associates pornographic film production company.

In 2002, Shane Douglas, who previously wrestled for the promotion, returned to XPW as its booker and moved the "All-New XPW" to his home state of Pennsylvania. Credited to the promotional efforts of Douglas and Cody Michaels, XPW's East Coast move was initially successful in cities like Philadelphia and Pittsburgh before, ultimately, being deemed a failure and contributing to the promotion's closure in 2003. After the promotion became defunct, Big Vision Entertainment held two XPW reunion shows, Cold Day In Hell in May 2008 and XPW X in August 2009. Perros del Mal Producciones held a third XPW reunion show, Perros del Mal vs. XPW: Xtremo y Sangriento, in August 2011.

In 2021, after XPW was featured on Vice's Dark Side of the Ring series, Zicari relaunched the promotion, basing it out of Rochester, New York.

History

Early years (1999–2002)
Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW) was founded in summer 1999 on the West Coast, based primarily in Los Angeles, California. The promotion based its style on hardcore wrestling, featuring many dangerous matches. In addition, XPW kept a major focus on the soap opera aspect of wrestling, as the storylines involved porn stars, alternative lifestyles, profanity, and sadistic violence. The first XPW event was held on July 31, 1999 at the Reseda Country Club. The initial announce team for XPW consisted of Kris Kloss and Larry Rivera, with Kloss doing the play-by-play and Rivera taking on the role as a heel color commentator. Kloss's trademark was screaming expletives or shrieking a high pitched scream when something shocking occurred in a match. Rivera often sided with owner Rob Black, calling him the "Donald Trump of the pro wrestling business", and his trademark announcing consisted of referring to Kloss as "chico", using "chico" in nearly all of his sentences, and occasional wandering into Spanish announcing. In this period, the promotion's main stars were homegrown wrestlers, but many former stars of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) passed through XPW following the fall of that promotion.

In 2000, Rob Black purchased six front row tickets for ECW's Heat Wave pay-per-view. The tickets for the show were given to a cadre of XPW talent, as their mission was to make it clear that ECW was on enemy turf. At the beginning of the main event, the XPW contingent (The Messiah, Kid Kaos, Supreme, Kristi Myst, Homeless Jimmy, and Kris Kloss) donned shirts emblazoned with the logo of their home promotion, gaining the attention of security and Tommy Dreamer. Security ejected the XPW group and a brawl in the parking lot broke out between the XPW ring crew and the ECW wrestlers, though the XPW wrestlers were not involved. In the parking lot, several of the ECW wrestlers brutalized the XPW ring crew until several of the ring crew members were left bloodied. It was initially reported that Kristi Myst touched Francine and that prompted the incident, but Francine, herself, has since stated that she was never grabbed or touched by any of the XPW contingent, and other eyewitnesses supported the story that Francine was never touched. Although fans did throw up the XPW arm signature, XPW was not officially acknowledged on the telecast. On-screen, Joey Styles, ECW's color commentator, stated during the incident "apparently The Sandman has shared a few too many beers with the fans at ringside" and "apparently a drunken fan at ringside put his hands on Francine."

Shortly after the ECW incident, XPW had their first-anniversary event, Go Funk Yourself, at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena on July 22, 2000. The main event saw XPW World Heavyweight Champion Sabu defeat Terry Funk. The event was considered by many as a high point for XPW; though it was four more months until XPW put on another event. During the hiatus, an attempt to bring in Atsushi Onita, a pioneer of Japanese deathmatch wrestling, for an exploding ring match failed.

One of the main storylines for most of 2001 concerned the heel stable known as the Black Army. The Black Army was headed by Rob Black, assisted by his wife Lizzy Borden and XPW's top star The Messiah, and feuded with Sabu. Also, throughout most of 2001, another heel stable called the Enterprise emerged and would eventually feud with the Black Army the following year. Originally consisting of former Black Army henchmen Steve Rizzono, motivational speaker TJ Rush, porn star Veronica Caine, and G. Q. Money, the stable became fully formed at the Damage Inc. event when Kid Kaos won the newly created XPW Television Championship and turned his back on his uncle Supreme, aligning himself with the Enterprise. After this surprise heel turn, Kid Kaos dropped the "Kid" from his name and nicknamed himself "The Rock Superstar" Kaos.

For a year, from April 2001 to April 2002, XPW ran events at Los Angeles' Grand Olympic Auditorium. Notable events during this period, included Genocide, which featured a double-ringed WarGames-style cage match and Free Fall, which included the infamous 40-foot scaffold match between Vic Grimes and New Jack. Many big names debuted in XPW during these events, such as The Sandman, Vampiro, Konnan, the Insane Clown Posse, and Psicosis.

At XPW's third-anniversary event, Night of Champions in July 2002, Shane Douglas made his return to XPW as the mystery opponent of Johnny Webb, winning the XPW World title. The event also saw the XPW's third King of the Deathmatch Tournament, matches from which got released on home video as Baptized In Blood III. Douglas would work as both an in-ring performer and booker for the promotion; under Douglas' influence, the promotion would move its operations from the West Coast to the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, basing itself at the former ECW Arena.

East Coast invasion and closure (2002–2003)
XPW debuted at the former ECW Arena on August 31, 2002, at the Hostile Takeover event, and Shane Douglas became the promotion's focal point for the rest of the year. Controversy arose when XPW signed an exclusive lease with the ECW Arena, preventing other independent promotions from holding events at the venue. As XPW continued to run on the East Coast, the risqué storylines were quickly phased out, and a majority of XPW's West Coast employees were not a part of the East Coast-based "All-New XPW." The relocation to the East Coast also resulted in more former ECW stars passing through XPW, whether it be on a regular basis or one-night appearances.

XPW would eventually return to their former home of Los Angeles for a few events in early 2003. On March 8, 2003, the promotion held an event in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which had 1,500 people in attendance, mainly due to Pittsburgh being Shane Douglas's hometown. This would be XPW's very last event; there was event scheduled for April 2003 but it was cancelled. Tickets for the April 2003 event were reported to be selling very poorly prior to the event, leading to the event being cancelled, though XPW announced they were canceling the event due to a large storm.

In April 2003, Rob Black and Lizzy Borden were indicted on obscenity charges due to pornographic material produced by XPW's parent company, Extreme Associates. Federal agents in Pittsburgh had purchased the offending material, which depicted scenes of rape, urination, and murder. The trial took a financial toll on Black and Borden, and the two could no longer financially subsidize XPW, with the promotion going out of business. Xtreme Entertainment Group (which would later split into two companies, XEG and Big Vision Entertainment), the company of which former XPW employee Kevin Kleinrock would later become Executive Vice President of XEG, purchased the rights to use the XPW name under licence in 2004, through bankruptcy proceedings. Black later stated "If I never got indicted I would have definitely kept the wrestling thing going."

In the summer of 2003, the only pay-per-view (PPV) of the original XPW, The Best of XPW, aired. The PPV featured a compilation of highlights from XPW's past events.

Reunions

Cold Day in Hell (2008)

An XPW reunion show called Cold Day in Hell took place on May 24, 2008, at Aviation Park in Redondo Beach, California. The event was originally going to be called "Hell Freezes Over", but was changed to Cold Day in Hell.

In June 2007, Big Vision Entertainment, the owners of XPW, worked on MTV's Wrestling Society X which featured many XPW alumni. While working on the project, the company came up with the idea to hold an XPW reunion show. The event was produced by Kevin Kleinrock, Mike Hartsfield, and Kris Kloss. Vic Grimes was originally scheduled to be part of the event but had to drop out due to an injury.

Big Vision Entertainment released Cold Day in Hell on DVD and Blu-ray in January 2009, which included the entire event and its 45-minute pre-show.

Preliminary matches
The reunion show started with the first ever "Dynamite D Tribute Battle Royal". Carnage eventually lit the tape on his hand on fire and eliminated the final remaining competitors with a flaming clothesline. Carnage, after receiving the D Cup, gave it to Dynamite D's mother.

Prior to the second match, XPW held the Miss Extreme Competition, which was hosted by Joey Ryan. The participating women competed in competitions like lap dances and beer chugging. During a competition that involved being spanked with a barbed wire covered glove, Nicky "The New York Knockout" beat up the other contestants and no official winner was declared.

Kaos and Vampiro wrestled in the second match, which included Kaos being slammed onto a fluorescent light tube. Kaos ultimately won the match, with both wrestlers' backs cut and bleeding from the glass.

Prior to "The Hardcore Homo" Angel's match, he was presented with a birthday cake and presents for his 19th birthday. G. Q. Money was hiding among the gifts, attacking Angel with the help of Bo Cooper. At the conclusion of the match, Money shot a fireball at Angel to pick up the victory.

Following the Angel/Money match, J-Love forced Leroy the Ring Crew Guy to clean up the remaining glass from the Kaos/Vampiro match. Pogo The Clown came out with a shovel and beat up both Leroy and J. Love, before being stopped by a Singapore cane wielding Sandman, who then faced Pogo in a match. Sandman eventually picked up the victory after J-Love hit Pogo with a Singapore cane.

Terry Funk, the special referee for the Johnny Webb and Raven vs. Homeless Jimmy and Sabu match, announced that Sabu could not compete due to a broken vertebra in his neck and would be replaced by Concussion. Sabu, however, came to the ring during the match and, although he was removed by security, distracted Funk enough that Funk got knocked out by the wrestlers in the match. Raven and Webb ultimately picked up the victory after Webb gave Jimmy a DDT on top of a chair.

Next was the Team Rev Pro vs. Team XPW match which saw Ron Rivera, Disco Machine, and Joey Ryan of Rev Pro face Jardi Frantz, Vinnie Massaro, and X-Pac of XPW. Team XPW ultimately lost the match when Disco pinned Franz. Following the match, X-Pac hit the Bronco Buster on both Mr. McPhenom and CW Anderson.

This was followed by a three-way match which saw Luke Hawx defeat Jack Evans and Scorpio Sky.

Main event matches
In the first match of a double main event, The Gangstas (New Jack and Mustafa) were scheduled to face The Westside NGZ (Chronic and B.G. Rott). B.C. Killer and Mr. California came out instead of The Gangstas and began beating up The Westside NGZ. The Gangstas eventually came out and attacked both teams before ultimately winning the match. Following the match, New Jack announced his retirement.

The final match of the event saw Necro Butcher face Supreme for the XPW King of the Deathmatch Championship. Supreme won the match and the championship after delivering a back body drop onto a fluorescent light tube.

Results

Ten Year Anniversary Spectacular (2009)

A second XPW reunion show called Ten Year Anniversary Spectacular, nicknamed XPW X, took place on August 22, 2009, at the Arena Night Club in Los Angeles. The event took place on the same weekend as SummerSlam, which was also taking place in Los Angeles. The main event of the show was a XPW King of the Deathmatch Championship match in which Supreme beat "The Hardcore Homo" Angel.

Pre-show
During the first match on the event's pre-show, Joey Dynamite, Ray Rosas, and Oso Loco defeated Clay Motley, The Rookie 88, and Lucha Machine in a six-man tag team match. This was followed by a six-way match where Marcus Riot defeated Damien Arsenick, Willie Mack, LTP, Famous B, and Chimera.

Just prior to the start of the event's main card, Stepfather and The Red-Headed Stepchild called out and attacked Sexy Chino, who was then saved by Tool.

Preliminary matches
At the beginning of the event, Damien Steele was announced as the organization's new commissioner. Steele then announced a tournament to crown a new XPW World Heavyweight Champion. While Steele was announcing the tournament matches, he was interrupted by Homeless Jimmy who demanded to be involved in the tournament. Babi Slymm attacked Jimmy from behind and a tournament match was made between the two. Jimmy defeated Slymm to advance in the tournament. The rest of the tournament would not occur and the championship remained vacant until XPW's relaunch in 2021.

Next was an eight-person mixed tag match that saw Team SPW (Dante, Timothy Thatcher, El Chupacabra, Dante and Christina Von Eerie) defeat Team XPW (Matt Classic, Johhny Webb, Cast Iron Cothern, and The Fabulous Thunderkitty).

Mr. McPhenom then announced his intentions to purchase XPW. McPhenom stated that he would make XPW more family friendly and sports entertainment-based. G. Q. Money, McPhenom's financial adviser, was order to "bring the green" that would be used to complete the purchase. However, when McPhenom realized what G. Q. brought wasn't money but was marijuana, McPhenom attacked G.Q. and a match was made between the two for later in the evening.

Following the McPhenom/Money segment, Monica and Vinnie Massaro defeated Joey Ryan and J-Love in a 10-minute iron man strip match where the wrestler who was pinned the most times had to remove an article of clothing. As part of the stipulation, J-Love was supposed to take off her bra but refused and instead brought out a body double, who removed her bra to reveal both breasts covered with a black x. After this match, G. Q. Money defeated Mr. McPhenom.

Scorpio Sky and M-Dogg 20 wrestled to a time limit draw. After the match, Luke Hawx came to the ring and challenged M-Dogg 20, who was one-half of the final XPW World Tag Team Champions, and Sky to a tag title match. After M-Dogg 20 accepted, Hawx revealed his partner to be Sky, who turned on M-Dogg 20 and attacked him. Tool then entered the ring and was deemed Cross' new partner. The two teams wrestled with Hawx and Sky winning the match and the championship. After the match, Leroy the Ring Crew Guy was attacked by Pogo The Clown.

Main event matches
In the first match of a double main event, Carnage faced Youth Suicide in a Burned in Hell Death match. Weapons used during the match included a barbed wire covered bat, light bulbs, a glass shower door, and a staple gun. Vic Grimes, who accompanied Youth Suicide at ringside, lit a pizza cutter on fire and attacked Carnage with it but he would eventually recover and win the match after throwing lit flash paper at Youth Suicide.

In the final match of the event, Supreme successfully defended the XPW King of the Deathmatch Championship against "The Hardcore Homo" Angel in a Death match. Supreme dedicated the match to his father, who had died earlier that week.

Results

Perros del Mal vs. XPW (2011)

On August 20, 2011, XPW held their third reunion show, Perros del Mal vs. XPW: Xtremo y Sangriento, a co-promoted event with Perros del Mal in Tultitlan, Mexico. The event took place at Central de Refacciones, a local junk yard.

In the semi-main event match, Lolita defeated Sexy Star in a 2-out-of-3 falls stripping match. The loser of each fall had to remove an article of clothing; Lolita won 2 falls to 1, forcing Sexy Star to remove her bra, although she tried to cover herself up.

During the final match of the event, Damián 666, Bestia 666, Halloween, and X-Fly defeated Carnage, Johnny Webb, Kaos, and Supreme in an eight-man tag team extreme match. Damián earned the victory for his team after powerbombing Supreme onto light tubes. After the match, Damián announced his intentions to retire but asked for one last match against Supreme, in an electrified cage where the XPW King of the Deathmatch Championship would be on the line.

Revival (2021–present)
During the summer of 2021, Zicari announced on Instagram and Twitter his plans to relaunch XPW.

The first event of the revived XPW, Rebirth, streamed on FITE TV pay-per-view from the Main Street Armory in Rochester, New York on November 7, 2021. Eight wrestlers competed during the event in a traditional single-elimination tournament for the then-vacated XPW World Heavyweight Championship, which was won by Brian Cage.

XPW's Killifornia event took place at the Derby Room in Pomona, California on April 9, 2022. During the event, sixteen wrestlers competed in Baptized in Blood, XPW's signature deathmatch tournament, for the XPW King of the Deathmatch Championship. The tournament was won by Shlak. Beautiful Disaster took place on June 25 and featured an eight-woman tournament to determine the first holder of the XPW Women's Championship. In the tournament final, Taya Valkyrie defeated Kamille Brickhouse, Ludark Shaitan, and Sage Sin Supreme in a ladder match to win the title.

TV series (2000–2003, 2021–present)
From April 2000 until March 2003, XPW ran a locally televised TV show, simply known as XPW TV. The show original aired on KDOC-TV in Los Angeles, California, but later switched to WBGN-TV in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, when the promotion relocated to that city. Following the relocation to Philadelphia, XPW TV would be referred to as XPW Monday Nightmare, with the television series airing on Mondays instead of its original Saturday night timeslot.

In November 2002, Kris Kloss was removed from XPW TVs announcing booth and replaced with former ECW commentator Joey Styles. Styles, however, left the company in December 2002, only spending about one month in the promotion.

In 2009, the first three seasons of XPW TV were released on DVD by Big Vision Entertainment. XPW TV matches have also been extras on several other Big Vision wrestling DVDs, including the DVD releases of Forever Hardcore and Hardcore Homecoming.

The series was revived in 2021 with weekly episodes airing on FITE TV. Following the end of the XPW-FITE partnership in 2022, XPW TV moved to Stream XPW, XPW's own streaming service.

Championships

Current champions
As of  ,

Retired championships
 XPW World Tag Team Championship (2002–2003, 2009)
 XPW Television Championship (2001–2003)
 XPW European Championship (2003–2005)

Notes

References

External links
 Official website

Independent professional wrestling promotions based in California
American independent professional wrestling promotions based in Pennsylvania
Entertainment companies established in 1999
1999 establishments in the United States

Xtreme Pro Wrestling


In computing, the Common Public License (CPL) is a free software / open-source software license published by IBM. The Free Software Foundation and Open Source Initiative have approved the license terms of the CPL.

Definition
The CPL has the stated aims of supporting and encouraging collaborative open-source development while still retaining the ability to use the CPL'd content with software licensed under other licenses, including many proprietary licenses. The Eclipse Public License (EPL) consists of a slightly modified version of the CPL.

The CPL has some terms that resemble those of the GNU General Public License (GPL), but some key differences exist. A similarity relates to distribution of a modified computer program: under either license (CPL or GPL), one must make the source code of a modified program available to others.

CPL, like the GNU Lesser General Public License, allows non-CPL-licensed software to link to a library under CPL without requiring the linked source code to be made available to the licensee.

CPL lacks compatibility with both versions of the GPL because it has a "choice of law" section in section 7, which restricts legal disputes to a certain court.  Another source of incompatibility is the differing copyleft requirements.

To reduce the number of open source licenses, IBM and Eclipse Foundation agreed upon using solely the Eclipse Public License in the future. Open Source Initiative therefore lists the Common Public License as deprecated and superseded by EPL.

Projects using the Common Public License
 Microsoft has released its Windows Installer XML (WiX) developer tool, Windows Template Library (WTL) and the FlexWiki engine under the CPL as SourceForge projects.
 Some projects of the COIN-OR Foundation use the CPL.

See also

 Software license
 Software using the CPL (category)

References

External links
 Open Source Initiative The CPL License
 The CPL License from IBM
 The COIN-OR web page

IBM
Free and open-source software licenses
Copyleft software licenses

de:Eclipse Public License

Common Public License


20 Hrs. 40 Min.: Our Flight in the Friendship is a book written by pioneering aviator Amelia Earhart. It was first published in 1928 by G. P. Putnam's Sons, but has continued to be reprinted in periodic new editions. A special "Author's Autograph Edition" of 150 signed and numbered copies was also produced in 1928. Wilmer Stultz was the pilot. Each copy of this special edition contained a miniature silk American flag carried by Earhart in her flight on the Friendship from Boston to Wales.

In this book, Earhart writes about her experiences as a passenger in the Friendship, which made her the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air in 1928 (she later accomplished the feat in a solo flight). Earhart combines actual log entries made during the flight with recollections of her childhood and how she first became interested in aviation.

Towards the end of the book, Earhart has a chapter entitled "Women in Aviation." In this chapter she writes, Possibly the feature of aviation which may appeal most to thoughtful women is its potentiality for peace. The term is not merely an airy phrase.
Isolation breeds distrust and differences of outlook. Anything which tends to annihilate distance destroys isolation, and brings the world and its peoples closer together. I think aviation has a chance to increase intimacy, understanding, and far-flung friendships thus.20 Hrs. 40 Min. was the first of two books Earhart would write in her lifetime; the other being 1932's The Fun of It. A third book credited to her, Last Flight, was published posthumously and consisted of diary entries from her ill-fated 1937 flight around the world.

National Geographic republished the work in 2003 under its National Geographic Adventure Classics imprint.

References

1928 non-fiction books
American autobiographies
American travel books
Books by Amelia Earhart

20 Hrs., 40 Min.


Edgar Neville Romrée, Count of Berlanga de Duero (28 December 1899 – 23 April 1967) was a Spanish playwright and film director, a member of the Generation of '27.

Biography
Neville was born in Madrid but lived in Hollywood in the 1930s, in the period of the dubbed Spanish versions of the studios' English-language films. He wrote dialogue for MGM's Spanish language films, and won acclaim for his script adapted from George Hill's The Big House (1930). During the Spanish Civil War, Neville made a few short propaganda films for the Nationalist side. He also made three movies in Rome. The films he directed in the 1940s and 1950s mixed realism and romanticism, but did not perform particularly well at the box-office.  He was captain of the Spain men's national ice hockey team at the 1924 Ice Hockey European Championship and also played at the 1926 Ice Hockey European Championship.

Family

Parents
His father was Edward Neville Riddlesdale, an English engineer who was director of his family's engine company in Spain (Julius G. Neville & Co, Liverpool, later the Anglo-Spanish Motor Company). His mother was Mary Romrée y Palacios, daughter of Count and Countess de Berlanga de Duero, a title he would later inherit.

Marriage
Edgar Neville married Ángeles Rubio Argüelles y Alessandri. Their son, Raphael Neville, Count of Berlanga de Duero (11 August 1926 – December 1996) was a painter who, in 1958, created a seaside resort in Sardinia, called "Porto Rafael", where his birthday is still celebrated every year on 11 August. Upon his return to Spain, Neville directed La señorita de Trevélez, and it was hailed one of the best films of its time.

Filmography
El presidio (The Jail, 1930)
 Take Me to Hollywood (1931)
Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si, o La vida privada de un tenor (1934)
 The Wicked Carabel (1935)
 The Lady from Trévelez (1936)
Juventudes de España (1938)
 Bound for Cairo (1935)
La ciudad universitaria (1938)
Vivan los hombres libres (1939)
Carmen fra i rossi/Frente de Madrid (1939)
Santa Rogelia (1939)
Madrid Carnival (1941)
Sancta Maria (1942)
La parrala (1942)
Correo de Indias (1942)
Café de París (1943)
The Tower of the Seven Hunchbacks (1944)
Carnival Sunday (1945)
Life on a Thread (1945)
The Crime of Bordadores Street (1946)
 The Bullfighter's Suit (1947)
Nada (1947)
El marqués de Salamanca (1948)
El señor Esteve (1948)
The Last Horse (1950)
Cuento de hadas (1951)
 Devil's Roundup (1952)
Flamenco (1952)
La ironía del dinero (1955)
The Dance  (1959)
My Street (1960)

Novels, plays and other writings
Don Clorato de Potasa (1929)
Margarita y los hombres (1934)
El baile (1952)
La niña de la calle del Arenal (prologue by actor Jesús García de Dueñas, 1953)
Torito bravo (novella, 1955)
Mi España particular (travel book, 1957)
La piedrecita (play in three acts, 1957)
Alta fidelidad (comic play in two acts, 1960)
Flamenco y cante jondo (1963)
Las terceras de ABC (ABC articles compendium, published posthumously by Editorial Prensa Española in 1976)

References

Bibliography

External links

 Página oficial de Edgar Neville

 Edgar Neville filmography, New York Times; accessed 29 October 2014.

1899 births
1967 deaths
Film directors from Madrid
Spanish male dramatists and playwrights
Spanish film producers
20th-century Spanish painters
20th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male painters
Counts of Spain
Generation of '27
Writers from Madrid
Male screenwriters
20th-century Spanish dramatists and playwrights
Spanish people of English descent
20th-century Spanish male writers
20th-century Spanish screenwriters
Spanish ice hockey players

Edgar Neville


The Wainwright Tomb is a mausoleum located in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri. Originally constructed for Charlotte Dickson Wainwright in 1892, the tomb also contains the remains of her husband, Ellis Wainwright. The mausoleum was designed by noted Chicago school architect Louis Sullivan, who also designed the Wainwright Building for Ellis Wainwright.

History
Shortly after the construction of the Wainwright Building in Downtown St. Louis (itself now a National Historic Landmark), the "young and beautiful" wife of wealthy St. Louis brewery owner Ellis Wainwright died. Wainwright commissioned Louis Sullivan to design a tomb for his wife and himself, which was completed in 1892. In 1901, Wainwright fled the United States after being indicted for bribery, but he later returned and died in St. Louis in 1924, then was entombed with his wife. After his death, an endowment was established that provided for the reconstruction or renovation of the tomb in case of earthquake or vandalism. The tomb was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 15, 1970 and became a St. Louis Landmark in 1971.

Architecture and significance
The tomb is a domed cubic building with walls of concrete covered in limestone on the exterior. On the northeast (front) side of the tomb is the entrance with a double-leafed bronze grill and double-doors. The sides of the tomb each have windows, also covered in bronze grills. The limestone walls are carved with floral patterns that do not repeat. The interior of the tomb has two burial slabs and a mosaic floor and ceiling. The Wainwright Tomb has significance as a work of Louis Sullivan, and it has been described as "the most sensitive and the most graceful of Sullivan's tombs" and as "one of Sullivan's masterpieces."

See also
Getty Tomb
Ryerson Tomb

Notes

References

External links

Architectural detail drawings of the Wainwright Tomb
Bellefontaine Cemetery Wainwright Tomb site
Photographs of restored mosaics in the tomb

Buildings and structures completed in 1892
Landmarks of St. Louis
Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis
Cubic buildings
Buildings and structures in St. Louis
Tourist attractions in St. Louis
Art Nouveau architecture in Missouri
Art Nouveau sculptures and memorials
1892 establishments in Missouri
Chicago school architecture in Missouri
Mausoleums on the National Register of Historic Places
Death in Missouri

Wainwright Tomb


Pańska Dolina no longer exists. The village was liquidated during the Polish population transfers after World War II, when the Kresy macroregion was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union (as agreed at the Potsdam Conference of 1945). Pańska Dolina used to be located in Gmina Młynów, Powiat Dubno (county), of the Wołyń Voivodeship, before the Nazi German and Soviet invasions of Poland in September 1939. Its former location can be found near Mlyniv in Dubno Raion of present-day Ukraine.

World War II history

The village was one of several points of Polish defence against the OUN-UPA murderous raids during the wave of massacres of Poles in Volhynia between 1942 and 1945. The Polish self-defence unit represented mostly by Armia Krajowa managed to hold their position there till the arrival of the Red Army in 1944. The village offered protection to Polish and Jewish escapees from the area, provided food and shelter, and organised counter-attacks against the UPA attackers.

The list of Polish villages from the area that managed to defend themselves against the genocide being committed by the Ukrainian nationalists include: Pańska Dolina, Zaturce, Huta Stara, Zasmyki, Dąbrowa, Dederkały, Rybcza, Jagodzin-Rymacze, Przebraże (see Przebraże Defence), Rożyszcze, Antonówka Szepelska, Bielm-Spaszczyzna, Witoldówka, Ostróg; as well as Młynów, Kurdybań Warkowicki (no longer existing, similar to many of the aforementioned settlements), Lubomirka, Klewań, Rokitno, Budki Snowidowickie, and Osty. Many Polish villages were liquidated during the Polish population transfers.

References

  Leonard Urbanowicz,  Miejscowości powiatu DUBIEŃSKIEGO w województwie wołyńskim
 Leszek Ubowski,  Organizacja i funkcjonowanie okręgu Okręg Wołyń, Wrocław 2007

History of Volyn Oblast
Former populated places in Ukraine
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
War crimes committed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army

Pańska Dolina


Beulah Melvin Allen (born July 19, 1937) was a Diné physician. In 1952, at the age of 23, she was the first Miss Navajo Nation.

Life
Beulah Margaret Melvin was born in Eureka, California on July 19, 1937, moving with her family at 18 months old to Fort Defiance, Arizona on the Navajo Reservation. Her mother was a nurse at the Fort Defiance Indian Hospital. In 7th grade, she moved to California and stayed there until she finished high school. In 1952, Melvin was selected as Miss Navajo at the annual Navajo Nation Fair. At the time, the competition was determined by whichever contestant received the largest applause.

Starting in 1954, she attended Barnard College, planning to study there for two years. In 1955, she attended Arizona State College, and in 1956, she spent her junior year at the University of Oregon.

She attended Cornell Medical College in 1958 and 1959, receiving a Navajo Tribal scholarship to attend both years. In 1961, she graduated from The University of Arizona with a bachelor's degree in anthropology.

On November 14, 1969, Beulah married Richard N. Allen in Contra Costa, California.

She received a fellowship to attend the University of Arizona College of Medicine, graduating around the early 1980s.

In 1981, she won the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Merit Award.

References

Living people
1937 births
20th-century American women physicians
20th-century American physicians
Native American physicians
Navajo people
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans
20th-century Native American women
21st-century Native American women

Beulah Melvin Allen