Nasi lemak is a dish originating in Malay cuisine that consists of fragrant rice cooked in coconut milk and pandan leaf. It is commonly found in Malaysia, where it is considered as the national dish. It is also a native dish in neighbouring areas with significant ethnic Malay populations such as Singapore and Southern Thailand. In Indonesia it can be found in several parts of Sumatra, especially the Malay regions of Riau, Riau Islands and Medan. It is considered an essential dish for a typical Malay-style breakfast. Nasi lemak is featured as a national dish in most of the country's tourism brochures and promotional materials.

Nasi lemak can also be found in the Bangsamoro region of Mindanao, prepared by Filipino Moros, as well as Australia's external territories of Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

History
Nasi lemak was mentioned in a book The Circumstances of Malay Life, written by Sir Richard Olof Winstedt in 1909. With roots in Malay culture and Malay cuisine, its name in Malay literally means "fat rice", but is taken in this context to mean "rich" or "creamy". The name is derived from the cooking process whereby rice is soaked in coconut cream and then the mixture steamed. The rice is normally cooked with pandan leaves that gives its distinct flavour.

Traditionally, nasi lemak is wrapped and served in banana leaves, being served with a hot spicy sauce (sambal), and usually includes various garnishes, including fresh cucumber slices, small fried anchovies (ikan bilis), roasted peanuts, and hard-boiled or fried eggs.

As a more substantial meal, nasi lemak may also be served with an additional protein dish such as ayam goreng (fried chicken), sambal sotong (cuttlefish in chili), small fried fish, cockles, and rendang daging (beef stewed in coconut milk and spices). Other accompaniments include stir fried water convolvulus (kangkong), and spicy pickled vegetables salad acar. Traditionally most of these accompaniments are spicy in nature.

Nasi lemak is widely eaten in Malaysia and Singapore. More commonly consumed as breakfast in both countries, it is sold in hawker food centres and roadside stalls in Malaysia and Singapore. In Malaysia, nasi lemak can also be found in night markets pasar malam along with a variety of dishes.

In Indonesia, nasi lemak is a favourite local breakfast fare; especially in Eastern Sumatra (Riau Islands, Riau and coastal North Sumatra provinces).

In the Palembang and Jambi provinces, it is also a favourite local dish with the name nasi gemuk, since in Palembang Malay, gemuk is a synonym of lemak. This unique dish often comes wrapped in banana leaves, newspapers, or in some shops is served on a plate. However, owing to its popularity there are restaurants which serve it as a noon or evening meal, allowing it to be eaten any time of day.

On 31 January 2019, Google released a Google Doodle celebrating nasi lemak.

Variations

In Malaysia and Singapore, nasi lemak comes in many variations as they are prepared by different chefs from different cultures. The original nasi lemak in Malaysia is arguably a typical southern and central Peninsular Malaysia breakfast, and is considered of Malay origin. However, due to the popularity of the dish, it is regarded as a national dish. Nasi lemak kukus which means "steamed nasi lemak" is another name given to nasi lemak served as steamed rice.

In northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, nasi lemak dishes typically incorporate curry into their recipe. The sambal served with the dish varies in spiciness, ranging from being mild in flavour to being very spicy, with a subtle sweet underlying flavours. Hotels often feature nasi lemak on their menu with elaborate dishes, such as beef rendang and the addition of other seafood.

Hawker centres in Singapore and Malaysia usually wrap the dish in banana leaves to enhance its flavour. Roadside stalls sell them ready-packed, known as "nasi lemak bungkus", with minimal additions that cost between RM 1.50 – 6.00 per pack. Seafood outlets often serve nasi lemak to accompany barbecued seafood.

There are Malaysian Chinese and Malaysian Indian versions, as well as Singaporean Malay and Singaporean Chinese versions. Some people suggest that sambal is the most important part of a nasi lemak meal. If not prepared properly, it could ruin the entire dish.

Malaysia

Traditional Malaysian version
A traditional Malaysian nasi lemak calls for rice and a serving of sambal, ikan bilis (anchovies), peanuts and boiled egg. In addition, some nasi lemak stalls can be found serving them with fried egg, a variety of sambal, i.e. sambal kerang (blood cockles) and sambal ikan (fish), chicken or beef rendang,  or even fried squids, chicken or fish.

A special feature of this dish is the white rice used, although variations using brown rice may be preferred by health-conscious consumers. Cooked with fresh coconut milk, and pandanus leaves (screwpine) thrown in, the rice is served on naturally fragrant banana leaves. This traditional serving style has been inherited for many generations -from a little stall by the road to commercials, it serves as simple way to fulfil the craving for this dish in large cities.

Alor Setar variant

Also known as nasi lemak kuning (yellow nasi lemak) or nasi lemak royale, this version of nasi lemak is prevalent around parts of northern Kedah, especially in Alor Setar, as well as Perlis. It has a distinct taste, composition, form and texture in contrast to conventional nasi lemak. The rice is yellow in colour and commonly eaten with curries, although some stalls may offer sambals. The rendition of the dish in Alor Setar is closer to nasi kandar.

However, as both variations of nasi lemak are widely available in northern Kedah and Perlis, locals commonly refer to the traditional nasi lemak as nasi lemak daun pisang (banana leaf nasi lemak) to distinguish between the two interpretations of the meal.

Terengganu variant
In the east coast state of Terengganu, the nasi lemak is largely similar with the traditional version. However, ikan aye/aya/tongkol (mackerel tuna) is one of the unique complimentary side dishes found in the state. The fish is commonly cooked in a sambal sauce and eaten together with the nasi lemak. This regional version of nasi lemak is a highly popular breakfast option especially in Terengganu's coastal areas.

Malaccan variant
In Malacca, kangkung is usually served to accompany nasi lemak, a contrast from the cucumber that is commonly used in the standard version of the dish.

Malaysian Chinese variant
Although it is not common to see Chinese stalls and restaurants selling nasi lemak, there is a non-halal version that contains pork, sold in towns and cities such as Malacca, Penang, Perak and certain parts of Kuala Lumpur. Some Malaysian Chinese hawkers are known to make pork and wild boar curry, sambal and rendang. It is available in most non-halal restaurants and it is served in a variety of pork, such as luncheon meat, pork petai, pork sausage, braised pork, and grilled pork chop.

Malaysian Indian variant
The Malaysian Indian variation is similar to the original version. However, many Malaysian Indians are Hindus, and thus do not eat beef. Nasi lemak in the Malaysian Indian version is served with curry, such as chicken curry, fish curry or lamb curry. Moreover, Malaysian Indians also serve a rendition of the dish alongside their very own version of rendang.

Vegetarian variant

In certain parts of Malaysia and Singapore, hawkers and restaurants may offer vegetarian nasi lemak to cater for vegan clientele. In this vegan variant the dried anchovies and the shrimp paste for sambal are replaced with vegetarian substitutes. The vegetarian nasi lemak is served with stir fried vegetables and also plant-based imitation fish or meat substitution.

Strawberry variant
Usually regarded as a unique Cameron Highlands specialty where strawberries are commercially grown and harvested. This variation of nasi lemak saw a combination of the fruit in its sambal. The rice is also dark pink in colour, to highlight its distinct identity.

Indonesia
Right across the Malacca Strait, the Malay Indonesians of Sumatran east coast shares close kinship and common Malay cuisine heritage with their Malaysian counterpart. As the result, nasi lemak is also native cuisine to Riau Islands and Riau province, also several neighbouring provinces in Sumatra.

Riau Islands variant

In the Riau Archipelago, nasi lemak is considered a native Malay dish as well as a favourite breakfast fare among locals. Being an archipelagic region, seafood are usually used to accompany nasi lemak, such as ikan bilis (anchovy), ikan tamban (Sardinella longiceps), ikan selar kuning (Selaroides leptolepis), sotong or cumi-cumi (squid) or small prawns. Nasi lemak from the Riau Islands is quite similar to Malaysian version; it comes as a platter of coconut rice wrapped in banana leaf, with cucumber slices, small dried anchovies (ikan bilis), roasted peanuts, hard boiled egg, and hot spicy sauce (sambal).

The Riau Islands version however, comes with an addition of small fish locally known as ikan tamban, usually fried with sambal chili paste and very crispy, the whole fish is edible. Prawns and squids are also commonly stir-fried in chili paste as sambal udang or sambal cumi. In Indonesia, nasi lemak is often sprinkled with bawang goreng (crispy fried shallot granules).

Riau variant

In Pekanbaru city in Sumatran province of Riau however, locally caught freshwater river fishes are commonly used as lauk to accompany nasi lemak. The freshwater fishes includes ikan selais (Kryptopterus cryptopterus) and ikan patin (Pangasius). Other fish such as ikan lomek (Harpadon nehereus) is also commonly used. These fishes are usually cooked in Minang style lado ijo (green chili pepper), minced and fried as perkedel ikan, or just plainly fried.

In Pekanbaru, nasi lemak is also a popular breakfast fare. Just like other variants, the Riau nasi lemak is also rice cooked in rich coconut milk and pandan leaf to add aroma. Other than fried freshwater fish, Pekanbaru's nasi lemak might also served with fried anchovies, boiled egg, sambal, slices of cucumber, fried tempeh, beef cooked as gulai or rendang, and also stir fried long beans often cooked in spicy coconut milk.

Medan variant

The Medan Melayu Deli version of  nasi lemak is usually served with choice of side dishes either rendang (beef or chicken) or balado (egg or shrimp in chili sauce). A set of complete Medan's nasi lemak includes a sprinkle of crispy fried shallot, slices of omelette, kripik kentang balado (spicy potato chips), tempe orek (seasoned fried tempeh), perkedel (fried potato patties), sambal chili paste, slices of cucumber, and slightly bitter emping cracker. Some traditional restaurant chains have dedicated their business to serving nasi lemak Medan.

Next to rendang and balado, the vegetable dish sayur masak lemak (vegetables including long beans, cabbage, and long green chilies in coconut milk) is also offered. It is a popular street food in Medan sold in humble tarp tents warung, and usually sold together with Lontong Medan. Since Medan is located near the Aceh border, and there are numbers of Aceh people that reside in the city, the term nasi lemak and nasi gurih are often used interchangeably in the city, since the terms refer to a similar coconut rice dish.

Singapore

Singaporean Malay variant

For most of the Singaporean Malay variation, the sambal of the nasi lemak has more of a sweeter and less spicy taste when compared to other variations. As the sambal is a crucial portion of the nasi lemak, it is preferred to be less spicy so as not to overpower the taste of the coconut based rice and the other ingredients. The sides to this dish includes ikan bilis (anchovies), peanuts and an omelette or fried egg, which is rather similar to the Malaysian version, although the use of a boiled egg as with the Malaysian version is somewhat less common. Occasionally, a variant using the long grain basmati rice may also be found. The rice is sometimes artificially colored green to indicate that it has been flavored with green pandan leaves.

Singaporean Chinese variant
Retaining the familiar aroma of pandan leaves, the Singaporean Chinese variation comes with a variety of sides that includes deep fried drumstick, chicken franks, fish cake, curried vegetables and tongsan luncheon meat. There is also the traditional way of serving it with just the ikan bilis (anchovies), peanuts and fried egg similar to the classic Malay version. Sometimes the rice is also coloured emerald green with the use of pandan extract, that perfumes the rice with a nice fragrance when added to the rice with the coconut milk as well as giving it its bright green colour. The use of the colour may have arisen as a gimmick to entice customers.

Similar dishes

Nasi lemak's closest analogue is probably the Sumatran nasi gemuk (lit. "fatty rice"), commonly found in the Indonesian cities of Jambi and Palembang. It is arguably that the difference is only due to dialects variant, in which the term lemak in Johor and Riau Malay dialect is synonymous with gemuk in Jambi and Palembang Malay dialect.

The rice cooked in coconut milk is actually very common in Southeast Asia. This is the same process used to make similar rice dishes from neighbouring Indonesia, which are nasi uduk from Jakarta, nasi gurih from Aceh and Javanese nasi liwet. However, there are differences in taste because knotted leaves of pandan screwpine are steamed with the rice to impart flavour and fragrance. Less often other spices such as ginger and occasionally herbs like lemon grass may be added for additional fragrance.

Nasi lemak is not as popular as the indigenous nasi dagang, nasi berlauk, and nasi kerabu in the northeast parts of Malay peninsula, particularly the states of Kelantan and Terengganu. Nasi dagang is also sold in neighbouring region in Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat in Thailand and Natuna in Indonesia. Although both dishes are often served for breakfast, nasi lemak however, can be served in a variety of ways, it is often eaten throughout the day.

Nasi lemuni is a similar savoury rice dish traditionally found in northern Peninsular Malaysia. Its preparation is almost similar with nasi lemak, however the former differs by the combination of lemuni leaf (Vitex trifolia) in the coconut milk and rice admixture. The introduction of the herb influenced its taste, aroma and contributed to the dark grey and black colourings on the rice. It is also believed that this variant is a healthier alternative of nasi lemak. This meal is often paired together with the side dishes typically associated in a classic nasi lemak sambal, fried anchovies and boiled egg.

In Borneo, it is regarded as a speciality imported dish in Sabah and Sarawak. The dish is also different from nasi katok in Brunei Darussalam; the latter is distinguished with the usage of plain white rice, a contrast from the coconut milk base found in nasi lemak.

Health
In March 2016, nasi lemak was mentioned as one of the 10 healthy international breakfast foods by Time magazine. However, this opinion may be misleading as the writer might have been referring to the dish's "healthier" and smaller version, and comparing it to the larger American breakfast (fried bacon, eggs, pancakes/hash browns). A single, full size serving of nasi lemak with additional fried chicken, meat or fish, can be between 800 and well over 1,000 calories. The savoury coconut milk-infused rice also contains saturated fat, an ingredient connected to health problems, including diabetes. It is noticeable that although Malaysian main dishes have been related to high carbohydrate and protein contents, and lack of vegetables, a study done among 432 adults showed that Malaysian adults had a controllable consumption of local ready-to-eat cooked dishes as most of the dishes were consumed in low quantities.

See also

 Cuisine of Malaysia
 Cuisine of Singapore
 Cuisine of Indonesia
 Malay cuisine
 Mamak stall
 Nasi dagang
 Nasi uduk
 Nasi Kuning
 Nasi ulam
 Coconut rice
 List of steamed foods

References

Malay cuisine
Malaysian rice dishes
Indonesian rice dishes
Singaporean rice dishes
Philippine rice dishes
Bruneian cuisine
Thai rice dishes
National dishes
Malay words and phrases
Foods containing coconut
Steamed foods
Christmas Island cuisine
Cocossian cuisine

Nasi lemak


Hereford is an unincorporated community in Baker County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. Hereford lies along the Burnt River southwest of Baker. It is on Oregon Route 245 northeast of its intersection with U.S. Route 26 in Unity. Hereford is  above sea level.

Hereford once had a post office, but the area continues to use a ZIP code 97837. It is said that the community was named in the late 19th century for a Hereford bull. A post office was established here on March 7, 1887.

References

External links
Photos of Hereford by Richard Bauer

Unincorporated communities in Baker County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Hereford, Oregon


Nicholas Gardiner Macdonald (born October 22, 1944) is an American author and filmmaker (as Nick Macdonald) who made several independent films during the 1970s, including Break Out! (1971) and The Liberal War (1974). His book In Search of «La Grande Illusion»: a Critical Appreciation of Jean Renoir's Elusive Masterpiece was published in November 2013.

Macdonald's anti-Vietnam War film, The Liberal War, is set in a utopian, anarchist future, looking back critically on the John F. Kennedy administration's prosecution of the war in Vietnam. Contrary to the belief held by many that JFK intended to decrease American military involvement in Southeast Asia at the time of his assassination, The Liberal War argues that he had every intention of continuing his expansion of the conflict in Vietnam. The Liberal War was acquired for the Study Collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in 1976.

His films have been shown in New York City at Film Forum, Museum of Modern Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, Brooklyn Academy of Music and many independent forums and universities. In 2016, the first major retrospective of Macdonald's films outside of New York was held at the University of Chicago, sponsored by South Side Projections (which originated the screening) and the Chicago Underground Film Festival. The same program showed at UnionDocs in New York in April 2017.

Macdonald lives in Brooklyn, New York, and is the son of American writer and critic Dwight Macdonald.

References

American non-fiction writers
Living people
People from Brooklyn
American documentary filmmakers
American male screenwriters
1944 births
American male non-fiction writers
Screenwriters from New York (state)

Nicholas Macdonald


Gold Hill is an unincorporated community in far western Tooele County, Utah, located near the Nevada state line.

History
The town, located near the Deep Creek Mountains, was the center of a mining district that was active in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, producing gold, copper, arsenic, silver, lead and tungsten. Gold Hill was the southern terminus of the Deep Creek Railroad.

Although gold was first discovered at Gold Hill in 1858, settlement only began in 1871, when a smelter was built. The town itself was established in 1892. As other nearby mines started to fail, Gold Hill began to grow famous in the mining industry. Its ore was among the richest known at the time. After the rich copper and gold mines were worked out, the area enjoyed a resurgence when World War I created a demand for arsenic. A smaller period of growth occurred during World War II, after which mining was discontinued. Gold Hill is now nearly a ghost town, with only a few remaining residents.

Jack Dempsey mined there before beginning his boxing career. A United States post office operated at Gold Hill from 1911 to 1949.

The site is currently a ghost town with many structures still intact and available to explore.

Gold Hill Mine
Originally called the Western Utah Mine, Gold Hill Mine was created in the 1890s, and expanded with the arrival of the railroad in 1917. Mining ended in 1925, when the market for arsenic collapsed. The mine will likely be permanently closed in the near future. According to a United States Geological Survey (USGS) report published in 1935, the property was owned at the time by Western Utah Copper Company. The mine produced over half of the total of 33,960 tons of ore valued at $705,957 from the entire district.

See also

 List of ghost towns in Utah

References

External links

1871 establishments in Utah Territory
Ghost towns in Tooele County, Utah
Mining communities in Utah
Populated places established in 1871
Ghost towns in Utah

Gold Hill, Utah


The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introduction to the Constitution's purposes and guiding principles. It provides the Founding Fathers' intentions for creating the Constitution and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve. It was added to the Constitution as an afterthought and was not discussed on the floor of the Constitutional Convention nor was it voted on. Gouverneur Morris, one of the writers of the Constitution, wrote and added it at the last moment. The Preamble itself did not have any legal meaning. The Supreme Court upheld this view in Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905).

Text

We the People

"We the People" means all of the citizens of the United States.

The first few words of the Preamble  "We the People of the United States"  were very different than any treaty or law the United States had ever written before.  For example, the United States' first constitution, the Articles of Confederation, describes itself as "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the States," and then gives a list of all thirteen states.  The treaties the United States had signed were the same.  They were agreements between states, not people.

At the time, Gouverneur Morris chose to write "We the People" instead of saying "We the United States of..." and then listing all thirteen states.  First of all, Article Seven of the Constitution said that only nine states had to approve the Constitution for it to take effect.  At the time, nobody knew which states would ratify the Constitution and which would not.  Because of this, the Preamble could not list all thirteen states as if they had all already agreed.  Also, if other states joined the United States later, it would be impossible to add their names to the list.  For these reasons, the Preamble had to start with "We the People."

The words "We the People" turned into a strong statement that this new government was made by the people of the United States, to benefit the people of the United States.  When Virginia's delegates were debating the Constitution, Governor Edmund Randolph pointed out: "The government is for the people; and the [problem] was, that the people had no [power] in the government before."  If the people are going to have to follow the government, he said, should not the people be the ones to create that government?

In Order to form a more perfect Union
"In order to form a more perfect union" is a concept most likely based on Commentaries on the Laws of England by Sir William Blackstone. It was widely read at the time and many of the framers were students of his work. Blackstone stated the constitution of England was perfect, but steadily improving. The phrase "a more perfect union" simply meant a better one than any before the Constitution.

Before the government based on the Constitution, the United States was based on the Articles of Confederation.  However, had very little power as a federal government. They did not give the United States government enough power for the country to work and grow. Every state was for itself, instead of working cooperatively. Sometimes they acted like thirteen separate countries that would only come together if another country attacked them.

Establish Justice
"Establish justice" meant to establish the rule of law. It meant that everyone was equal before the law with no distinction between the status or wealth of a person. With their new government, the Founding Fathers wanted to establish (create) justice and fairness.  When the British Empire governed the American colonies, the colonists did not think the government was fair.  For example, Parliament would decide that the colonists had to pay taxes on items like stamps and things that were made in other countries.  The colonists did not have any say in this.

Even after the United States became independent, many of the Founding Fathers thought that the states had too much power under the Articles of Confederation.  They thought the states had taken away people's rights.

For example, during the Shays' Rebellion in Springfield, Massachusetts, the state of Massachusetts:
 Took away the right to habeas corpus (so they could keep people in jail without a trial)p. 84
 Took away people's right to say bad things about the governmentp. 84
 Took over an armory (a building where weapons are kept), even though it was the property of the United States government, and they did not have permission to take it over

Insure domestic Tranquility

Shays' Rebellion was still fresh in the minds of the framers. It cause many to fear the spirit of the American Revolutionary War might be getting out of hand. There was a need to keep peace in the new country

Just five years after the Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781, many Americans were unhappy with the Articles.  Many of the Founding Fathers thought that the Articles had made the United States government too weak. Shays' Rebellion made it very clear that the national government under the Articles of Confederation was not strong enough. Daniel Shays, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, led the rebel farmers trying to overthrow the Massachusetts government. The farmers had formed an entire army, which neither the state or federal governments had enough soldiers or money to fight. In desperation Massachusetts offered to pay for a private army to fight the rebellion.  Finally, in 1787, that private army defeated the rebels.pp. 84–86

John Jay, one of the Founding Fathers, said that after the United States government could not pay for soldiers to defend against any armed rebellion: "the inefficiency of the Federal government [became] more and more [obvious]."  Another Founding Father, Henry Knox, said that Shays' Rebellion convinced many people that the United States needed a stronger federal government.p. 127  The Rebellion made it clear that the states were not protected, and if they were attacked, they would be on their own.

Provide for the common defense

"Provide for the common defense" meant the framers were well aware that independence from Great Britain did not mean they were secure. British Canada to the north was still full of angry loyalists. To the west were unknown numbers of hostile Native American tribes. Farther west was the vast Louisiana territory held by France. To the south the Spanish held Florida. Worse, these powers were fighting a series of wars in Europe that affected much of North America. The framers knew America needed to protect itself. Providing for the common defence meant the new government would make sure all of the states were protected and defended if attacked.

Promote the general Welfare
"Promote the general welfare" is the basic goal of all governments. It was the main reason for having a constitution.

In general, this part of the Preamble means that one of the new government's jobs would be to make things better for the whole country.  Specifically, this part of the Preamble has to do with the government's powers to tax people and spend money.  It means that the new government will only have the power to tax and spend on things that are good for the entire country. The government will not be allowed to spend money on things that will be good for only a part of the country, or only some people in the country.

For example, Article One, Section 8 of the Constitution gives Congress the power to tax people and spend money on creating Post Offices and building roads for mail carriers to use.  Congress can do this because Post Offices will "promote the general Welfare"—everybody in the country will benefit from being able to send and get mail.

Secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity
"Secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity" was important since many had come to America from places with little political or religious freedom. This phrase demonstrates the intent of the new government to protect the newly-won freedoms and protect against a tyrannical government.

However, the Articles of Confederation were all about the states' rights.  At that time, many people were afraid of having a federal government that was too strong.  These people were called anti-federalists.  They included some of the Founding Fathers, like Patrick Henry and James Monroe.  The anti-federalists worried that a strong federal government could become tyrannical and take away the rights of individual states, like they thought the British colonial government had done.  They also worried that a government ruled by a President might turn into a monarchy, where the President would become a King and have total power. Because of these worries, the Articles of Confederation talked all about states' rights, and not about individual people's rights. The framers wanted to establish these rights for the people of the United States and their "posterity" meaning all the generations of Americans who would follow.

Do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America
"Do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America" is perhaps the strongest statement in the Preamble. It says in effect that the people made the Constitution and it is the people who give it power.
The Preamble to the United States Constitution, is the beginning of the Constitution.  It is not a law.  Instead, it talks about the Founding Fathers' reasons for writing the Constitution, and what they hope the Constitution will do.

Notes

References

Other websites
 The Preamble (Simple English)
 The Preamble Song (for children)  from School House Rock

United States Constitution


Karatholuvu Chandrasekaran Sivasankaran (also known as KC Sivasankaran, Artist Sankar), (19 July 1924 – 29 September 2020) was a Padma Shri recipient Indian mythological artist who primarily contributed to the Indian Language magazine, Chandamama (also known as Ambulimama). Sankar was the artist behind the signature painting of the Vikram and Vetala series, featured in Chandamama. He was the last surviving member of the original Chandamama design team. The iconic painting, along with his trade-mark signature that he was recognized by, was drawn in the 1960s. It is one of the thousands he created for Chandamama. For decades, its illustrators defined the looks of the magazine. They used line drawings with style influenced by Indian, Oriental, Middle eastern and European artistic traditions.

Early life
Sankar was born in a village near Erode in Tamil Nadu, India. His father was a teacher in the local school, and his mother was a homemaker. He has 4 brothers. His ancestors hail from the village of Karatholuvu near Dharapuram, Tamil Nadu. In 1934, when a close relative living in Chennai, Tamil Nadu died, Sankar's family moved to Chennai to live with the family of the deceased.

Sankar developed passion towards art from his childhood. On his history exams, he would create sketches of famous historical characters. However, his family could not afford the costs of his hobby, and so Sankar would help his drawing teacher fix other students' drawings on the weekends in exchange for free drawing materials.

Education and career
After completing his grade 12 qualifying exam in 1941, he joined the Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai on the advice of his drawing teacher, who saw his potential to succeed in the field of art. There, he would go on to impress his professors with his unique brush techniques and ability to improvise even while using cheaper quality materials.

Though Chandamama would be his ultimate launching pad, his first job was with another then-prominent magazine, Kalaimagal, which he began in 1946, soon after his graduation from the College of Arts.

In November 2021, he was posthumously awarded the title of Padma Shri by the Government of India.

Personal life
Sankar lived in Chennai with his wife, Girija, his daughter and her family. Sankar is survived by his wife, 5 children (4 sons and 1 daughter), and 6 grandchildren. His oldest son and family live in Canada, while his third son and wife live in Australia. He died of natural causes in September 2020 at the age of 96.

References

1924 births
2020 deaths
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
People from Erode district
Indian male artists
Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai alumni
Artists from Tamil Nadu
Indian illustrators

KC Sivasankaran


The drink green tea () is a "true" tea. It comes from the plant species Camellia sinensis. Green tea is a tea that has undergone little oxidation while it was processed. Green tea is popular in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, and the Middle East. Recently it has been drunk more widely in the West, where usually black tea is consumed.

History
In the Kamakura period, a Buddhist monk, Eisai (1141–1215), and his follower, Dogen, first brought tea (maccha) to Japan. He had learned about tea on a visit to China. Eisai taught people to grow the tea plants, and how to prepare the tea leaves. People drank tea for its benefit as a medicine rather than as a refreshment. Tea-drinking gradually spread as part of Zen Buddhism. The tea ceremony was part of the training for mental discipline. Green tea kept the mind pure and relaxed, an effect caused by the caffeine in the tea. The custom of drinking tea gradually spread throughout Japan.

In the Muromachi period, tea tasting competitions were popular. People also gambled on these competitions. Zen Buddhist master, Juko Murata (1422–1502) stopped these competitions. He broke with the grand tradition, and developed a small ceremony performed around the tatami mat. The tea ceremony was perfected afterward in the Azuchimomoyama era by Jou Takeno and Sen no Rikyu (1522–1591). They removed all extra movements and unnecessary decoration and objects from the tea room. The idea, based on Zen, was to concentrate your attention on the wealth inside your mind.

In the Edo period, the tea ceremony spread out to the public, and it became an artistic accomplishment. Therefore, "to draw out the beauty from inside the person's heart" which was its original purpose came to be emphasized. The words 和敬清寂 (Wa Kei Sei Jaku) meaning harmony, respect, purity and tranquility, are the basis of the tea ceremony. Wa, harmony, is shown by sharing the tea between the host and the guest. Kei, respect, is shown by accepting and sharing with others. Sei, purity, is treating yourself and others openly. Jaku, tranquility, is the feeling of stillness in the ceremony. Modern tea ceremonies, which last for four hours, are still based on these ideas.

In the Meiji period, the tea ceremony died out for while. They were restarted when it was added in a kind of education for girls. The ceremony also changed to being beautiful and gorgeous.

Nowadays, green tea is spreading all over the world, but it seems to be drunk with sugar in some countries because it tastes bitter.

Effects on health
Green tea seems to lower heart disease expectancy.

The different substances contained in green tea also seem to help against cancer, low bone density, cognitive function and kidney stones.

Green tea contains ascorbic acid, and different minerals, such as chromium, manganese, selenium or zinc. It is a better antioxidant than black tea. Black tea contains certain substances which cannot be found in common green tea, such as theaflavin.

Studies done on animals have shown that it can reduce cholesterol. Trials done on humans have not confirmed this effect, however. In 2003 a randomized clinical trial found that a green tea extract with added theaflavin from black tea could reduce cholesterol.

In a study performed at Birmingham (UK) University, it was shown that average fat oxidation rates were 17% higher after drinking of green tea extract than after a placebo was used.

In a recent study of the eating habits of 2,018 women, consumption of mushrooms and green tea was linked to a 90% lower occurrence of breast cancer.

Gallery

References

Tea

Green tea


Push-Over is a puzzle-platform game developed by Red Rat Software and published by Ocean Software in 1992 for the Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS, and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The game was sponsored by Smiths' British snack Quavers (now owned by Walkers), and the plot revolves around the then Quavers mascot Colin Curly losing his Quavers packets down a giant ant hill. The player is tasked with controlling G.I. Ant, a large soldier ant, to recover the Quavers by solving a series of puzzles. The Super NES version lacks the Quavers branding, and instead the aim is to recover bundles of cash dropped down the ant hill by Captain Rat.

Gameplay
The game consists of 100 levels of increasing complexity over nine different themed worlds. Each level features several interconnected platforms holding a number of "dominoes". The aim is to rearrange the dominoes, such that with a single push, all of the dominoes are toppled, thus opening the exit to the next level. There are 11 different types of domino, identified by red and yellow patterns, each with different actions. The player controls G.I. Ant, who can move certain dominoes by carrying them one at a time.

Various factors can result in failure to complete a level. As well as toppling all of the dominoes, the player must be able to access the exit door once the dominoes have fallen. For instance, the player will be unable to reach the exit if a ledge leading to the exit has been destroyed, or if a gap leading to the exit has not been bridged, or if a line of dominoes lie across the exit. G.I. Ant may die by falling from a large height, by falling off the bottom of the screen, or by being crushed under a falling domino. The player is then greeted with the message "You Failed, You Died" and has to restart the level. Also, the level will be failed if any dominoes are destroyed by landing one domino on top of another.

Each level has a time limit during which it must be completed. However, if the time runs out the player is still able to continue with the puzzle if they wish. By pausing the game once the time has run out, a small hint will be displayed, giving advice on how to complete the level. As a side note, the hint for level 98 informs the player that the game's designer cannot remember how to complete the level without trickery ("Use a drop! There is a way to make it work with a push, but I can't find it!").

The themed worlds, in order, are an industrial complex, an Aztec world, a space station, an electronic world, a Greek temple, a Medieval castle, a Meccano-inspired world, a dungeon and a Japanese temple. Each world has 11 levels, making a total of 99 regular levels. A packet of Colin's Quavers is retrieved after each world, with nine packets in all to be collected. Many of the early levels are tutorials demonstrating how each type of domino will act. Often there is only a single solution to each level, though some levels have multiple solutions. The final level, level 100, must be completed using dominoes with hidden markings.

A password system allows the player to continue an earlier game, without having to restart from the first level. Additionally, upon completing a level the player gains a token, which once a level has been failed, allows the player to return to the point before the domino push, rather than having to return to the initial state of the level.

Development
Creative differences between RedRat Software and Ocean Software around branding and graphical changes overshadowed this title and a breakdown between both parties occurred once legal action was taken by RedRat to regain creative control/claim a breach of contract. The legal battle led to the downfall of RedRat Software, who were unable to fund continual legal costs vs the much deeper pockets of Ocean Software.

Reception

The game was reviewed in 1993 in Dragon #193 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in the "Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars.

Entertainment Weekly gave the game a B- and wrote that "The theme of Pushover (Ocean of America, for Super NES) is ingenious — players have to line up 10 kinds of dominoes, then get them all to fall with a single push — but the static execution will have small kids dozing off way before their bedtime."

Reviews
Amiga User International (Nov, 1992)
ST Format (Oct, 1992)
Amiga Action (Jul, 1992)
ST Action (Mar, 1993)
Amiga Format (Sep, 1992)
The One Amiga (Jun, 1992)
Power Play (Aug, 1992)
Zero (Jul, 1992)
Amiga Power (Jun, 1992)
Amiga Joker (Sep, 1992)
ST Format (Jan, 1994)

References

External links

Pushover at Amiga Hall of Light

1992 video games
Advergames
Amiga games
Atari ST games
DOS games
Ocean Software games
Piko Interactive games
Puzzle-platform games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games about insects
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Single-player video games
Red Rat Software games

Push-Over (video game)


Anders Hovden (April 6, 1860 – November 26, 1943) was a Norwegian Lutheran clergyman, hymnwriter poet and author.

Education and career
Anders  Karlsen Hovden was born at Ørsta in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. His parents were Karl Rasmussen Hovden and Johanne Andersdatter Velle. His father died when he was 16, but fellow Ørsta native Ivar Aasen helped him get an education: first the teachers' training college in Volda, then examen artium at the University of Oslo.  Hovden became cand.theol. in 1886 and then worked some years as a teacher. From 1891 he was a Lutheran minister in Lista, Son, Sande, Vanse, Krødsherad, Melhus and Østre Toten.

Hymnwriter
Hovden was the author of over 250 hymns. He debuted in the mid-1890s with a couple of poetry collections, however, it was in 1897 with his third collection, Tungalda that he received popular acclaim in wider circles. His breakthrough came in 1901 with the poetry cycle Bonden. He was also on the revision board for Landstads kirkesalmebog which  was the main hymnal for the Church of Norway prior to 1926. From 1928,  he was co-editor the Norwegian hymnal, Nynorsk salmebok, which contained 23 original hymns by Anders Hovden and 16 translations from nynorsk. Most notable among his compositions was the Norwegian national hymn Fagert er landet ("Fair is the country"). He retired from his ministry in 1931.

Author
Hovden also wrote a number of books, of which his autobiography Attersyn (1926) is best known. He also wrote Per Sivle – ei livssoge (1905), the first biography of Norwegian poet and novelist, Per Sivle. Published one year after his death, it contributed to the then obscure Sivle's increasing national popularity.

Bibliography
 Sunnmøringen (1894)
 Sviv (1895)
 Heimhug (1896)
 Tungalda (1897)
 Bonden (1901)
Per Sivle – ei livssoge (1905)
 Gate og grend (1905)
 Stormfugl (1906)
 Solhov (1907)
 Liv og lagmand (1908)
 Attersyn (1926)

Personal life
Anders Hovden was married twice and was the father of ten children. His first wife Lina Marie Devold  (1865–1895), died after only four years of marriage and the birth of two children. Two years later Hovden married with Kari Huglen (1879–1963). They had eight children together.

References

External links
Digitized books by Hovden in the National Library of Norway

1860 births
1943 deaths
People from Ørsta
20th-century Norwegian Lutheran clergy
Norwegian autobiographers
Norwegian writers
Norwegian Lutheran hymnwriters
Norwegian songwriters
University of Oslo alumni
19th-century Norwegian Lutheran clergy

Anders Hovden


Friedrich Schröder Sonnenstern (born Friedrich Schröder; 11 September 1892 – 10 May 1982), was a German artist and painter. He is considered one of the most important representatives of Art Brut or Outsider Art.

Early life
Schröder-Sonnenstern was born in Tilsit, East Prussia (now Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia), one of thirteen children, all of whom apart from one other died shortly after birth. He was sent to a number of reform schools due to accusations of theft and violent behaviour and then to an asylum due to suspected Dementia praecox. His experiences as a child contributed to his lifelong hatred of authority.

He spent time in the army and in a circus before arriving in Berlin in 1919 where he occupied himself with occultism, divination and healing magnetism. He founded a sect and distributed its income in the form of bread rolls to poor children, earning him the title "Schrippenfürst of Schöneberg".

He created the name Sonnenstern (English: Sun Star) for himself while working as a con-artist, posing as a Quack doctor in "natural health", calling himself Professor Dr. Eliot Gnass von Sonnenstern.

Career as an artist
In 1933 in Schleswig-Holstein he met the artist Hans Ralf, who first encouraged him to draw, but it was not until 1942, following spells in prison and a labour camp during World War II that his career as an artist really started. At the Surrealist exposition in Paris in 1959, he was celebrated as one of the most impressive artists of the 20th century and was recognised by Jean Dubuffet among others.

His success was short-lived, and his works became less frequent and eventually, he resorted to employing other people to produce his work for him. He became increasingly dependent on alcohol following the death, in 1964, of his long-time companion, Martha Möller whom he called Aunt Martha. The difference between genius and schizophrenic has been highlighted by extensive research on this enigmatic person by professional psychologist Alfred Bader.

Style
Schröder Sonnenstern's paintings depict erotic and often disturbing figures that are part human and part monster, with distorted body parts such as breasts and genitalia. He used coloured pencil over a thin wash of paint to give depth to his line drawings. Notable works include the demonic Zynus Theory (1953), Vitanovaseturine (1951-2) and several works on the theme of the Fall of man, including Uschastelynore (1951) and The Snake Seduction (1955).

References

See also
Wikiart page: Friedrich Schroder-Sonnenstern
Robin Pape, Burkhart Brückner: Biography of Friedrich Emil Schröder Sonnenstern in: Biographical Archive of Psychiatry (BIAPSY).

1892 births
1982 deaths
People from Tilsit
Artists from East Prussia
German male painters
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
Schroder Sonnenstern, Friedrich

Friedrich Schröder Sonnenstern


The Ringling brothers (originally Rüngling) were five American siblings who transformed their small touring company of performers into one of the largest circuses in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Four brothers were born in McGregor, Iowa: Alfred T., Charles, John and Henry William, and the family lived in McGregor for twelve years, from 1860 until 1872. The Ringling family then moved to Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, and finally settled in Baraboo, Wisconsin, in 1875. They were of German and French descent, the children of harness maker Heinrich Friedrich August Ringling (1826–1898) of Hanover, and Marie Salome Juliar (1833–1907) of Ostheim, in Alsace. While there were seven Ringling brothers, Alfred, Charles, John, Al and Otto Ringling were the main brothers in charge of the circus shows. All of the brothers were Freemasons. In 1919, they merged their Ringling Brothers Circus with America's other leading circus troupe, Barnum and Bailey, ultimately creating the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, which operated for 98 years, until 2017.

Siblings
Albert Carl "Al" Ringling (1852–1916). Albert divorced his wife in 1914 and died of Bright's disease at the age of 63 in Wisconsin.
Augustus "Gus" Ringling (1854 – ). A founder of the circus, Augustus was largely self-educated. He died at age 55 from complications of various diseases at a sanatorium in New Orleans, where he had arrived two weeks earlier hoping the warmer climate would help his condition.
Otto Ringling (1858–1911). Otto died at the home of his younger brother John, who lived on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. He was in New York at the time to see a show at Madison Square Garden.
Alfred Theodore "Alf" Ringling (1861–1919). Alfred was a juggler. He had a son, Richard T. Ringling, and a daughter, Marjorie Joan Ringling, who was married to future United States Senator Jacob K. Javits from 1933 to 1936. His granddaughter, Mabel Ringling, married Richard Durant, an elephant trainer. In 1916, Alfred took up residence in Petersburg, New Jersey, now known as Oak Ridge, where he was responsible for the creation of Lake Swannanoa, the body of water that would later become the center point of the Lake Swannanoa lake community. The property was also used as the winter quarters for his son Richard's circus, the R.T. Richards Circus. Alfred died in his 28-room New Jersey manor, three years after its completion, on October 21, 1919.
Charles Edward Ringling (1863–December 3, 1926).
John Nicholas Ringling (1866–1936). John was a singer and a professional clown.
 Henry William George Ringling (1869–1918). Henry was the youngest of the brothers, and died October 10, 1918, of a heart disorder and other internal organ disorders.
Ida Loraina Wilhelmina Ringling (1874–1950). Ida married Harry Whitestone North (1858–1921) in 1902. Their sons were John Ringling North and Henry Ringling North.

References

Further reading
 Apps, Jerry. "Ringlingville USA: The Stupendous Story of Seven Siblings and Their Stunning Circus Success". Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 88, no. 4 (Summer 2005): 12-17.
 Schlicher, J. J. "On the Trail of the Ringlings". Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 26, no. 1 (September 1942): 8-22.

External links
Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus – Official website
 Ringling Brothers Poster from the Wisconsin Historical Society

Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus people
Circus owners
Sibling performing groups
Circus families
American people of German descent
American people of French descent
American Freemasons

Ringling brothers


USS Starling (AM-64) was an  acquired by the United States Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.

Starling was named after the starling, which is any passerine bird of the genus Sturnus or of the family, Sturnidae.

The second Starling to be so named by the Navy, AM-64 was laid down on 1 July 1941 by the General Engineering and Drydock Co., Alameda, California; launched on 11 April 1942; and commissioned on 21 December 1942.

World War II Pacific operations
After fitting out and a short shakedown period, Starling sortied from San Francisco, California, on 22 January 1943 with a convoy bound for Hawaii and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 1 February. On 16 April, she sailed for the South Pacific. From 25 April to early July, the minesweeper shuttled between Fiji, Samoa, New Zealand, the New Hebrides, and New Caledonia. She escorted a convoy from Noumea to Guadalcanal on 2 July and, from the 5th to the 16th, patrolled in the Solomon Islands between Lunga and Tulagi. She then resumed inter-island convoy duty which occupied her until mid-October.

Starling, with  and , swept the Ferguson Passage off Kolombangara from 23 to 27 October, and they destroyed 135 mines. From, 29 October to 1 November, they cleared the minefield in Kula Gulf and then swept Vella Gulf from 3 to 6 November. Starling next sailed for New Zealand and arrived at Auckland on 30 November 1943.

Starling resumed convoy duty until 10 May 1944, when she was assigned to assist in transporting the V Amphibious Corps from the Guadalcanal staging area. This was the Southern Attack Force for the amphibious assault against Guam. Later in the month, the force held practice landings off Cape Esperance and finally departed on 4 June for the Marshall Islands. The minesweeper left Kwajalein on 17 July with Task Group (TG) 53.9, the Minesweeping and Hydrographic Unit, for Guam. She performed antisubmarine and patrol duty and remained in the Marianas until sailing for Eniwetok on 19 September.

Starling steamed from Eniwetok to Hawaii and departed Pearl Harbor on 7 October for the U.S. West Coast and a yard overhaul. She arrived at San Francisco, California on 14 October 1944 and remained on the west coast until 1 February 1945 when she sailed, via Pearl Harbor, for the Marshall Islands. The minesweeper arrived in the Marshall Islands on 28 February and was assigned to Minesweeper Group I, TG 52.4, for the invasion of the Ryukyus. She operated off Okinawa from 6 April to 4 May and then sailed for the Philippines. From Leyte, the ship moved to Iwo Jima and back to Okinawa which she reached on 18 August, three days after hostilities ended.

Starling swept mines in the Chu Shan archipelago, off the China coast, from 7 September to 30 October before calling at Shanghai. She sailed from that port on 17 November for Japan and arrived at Sasebo, Japan, two days later. The ship operated in Japanese waters until 28 December 1945 when she steamed for the U.S. west coast via Saipan, Eniwetok, Johnston Island, and Pearl Harbor. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 5 February 1946 and at San Diego, California, nine days later.

Decommissioning

Starling was placed in reserve, out of commission, on 15 May 1946. In October 1948, she was towed to a berthing area at Long Beach, California. On 7 February 1955, the ship was reclassified MSF-64. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 July 1972 and sold to the government of Mexico on 16 February 1973, renamed ARM Valentín Gómez Farías (C79). Her pennant number was later changed to G11, and changed again in 1993 to P110. , Valentín Gómez Farías was in active service with the Mexican Navy.

Awards
Starling received three battle stars for World War II service.

Notes

References

External links
 Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940-1945 AM-64 USS Starling

 DECK LOG BOOK & WAR DIARY

Auk-class minesweepers of the United States Navy
Ships built in Alameda, California
1942 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Valle-class patrol vessels
Patrol vessels of Mexico

USS Starling


El Azteca is one of the oldest and most intact residential neighborhoods in Laredo, Texas, with buildings dating from the 1870s representing nearly every major architectural type and style that has appeared on the border since that time.

Location
Neighborhood east of Downtown Laredo, Roughly bounded by Interstate 35, Matamoros Street (U.S. Highway 83), Zacate Creek, and the Rio Grande.

History
El Azteca's earliest inhabitants were descendants of Spanish colonists who began settlement efforts along the lower Rio Grande in the mid-18th century. Later, immigrants from the Mexico contributed to the growth of the community and provided much of the labor for the newly arrived international railroad in 1881. By the turn of the 20th century, El Azteca was a thriving community of homes and small businesses populated almost exclusively by Mexican and Mexican-American residents.

El Azteca is significant as a diverse, multi-layered cultural landscape. The neighborhood took its name from El Azteca Theatre which opened in 1922 as the Teatro Nacional, a venue for theatrical and vaudeville performances. In the 1930s, when moving pictures supplanted live theater in popularity, it became known as El Azteca movie house and showed Spanish language films. A second theater, the Iturbide Theater, operated nearby and it was known as the "Home of Spanish Vaudeville." The neighborhood was also the home of noted residents of Mexican origin who migrated escaping the Mexican Revolution.

Recognition
Designated as a National Register Historic District in 2003,  El Azteca is distinctive for its setting, layout and landscape features. The neighborhood is situated on a high bluff overlooking the Rio Grande which not only forms its southern boundary, but designates the international boundary between the United States and Mexico. Zacate Creek, a steep-walled creek that, in earlier times, provided fresh water to its inhabitants and livestock, defines its eastern boundary. Zacate Creek was the site for one of the last battles of the Civil War, the Battle of Laredo, in 1865. The first electric streetcar line built west of the Mississippi River passed through the neighborhood and crossed Zacate Creek via the Iturbide Street Bridge. The bridge and streetcar connected both the neighborhood and city of Laredo to the newly developing commercial and residential sections of the city that began growing to the east of the creek.

Cut off from the historic center of Laredo by Interstate 35 in the late 1970s, Barrio Azteca has retained much of its historic fabric. The neighborhood maintains a sufficient concentration of historic properties, some of which are rare, even extraordinary, examples of domestic and commercial vernacular architecture found only in the borderlands region of South Texas.

See also

Downtown Laredo
National Register of Historic Places listings in Webb County, Texas

References

External links

Neighborhoods in Laredo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places in Webb County, Texas

Barrio Azteca Historic District


Gregory Vajda (born Gergely Vajda; August 13, 1973) is a Hungarian clarinetist, composer and conductor.

Early life and education
He was born in Budapest in 1973 to bassoonist József Vajda (1947-2016) and operatic soprano Veronika Kincses. Vajda studied conducting at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music under Professor Ervin Lukács. He was also a conducting and composition pupil of well-known composer and conductor, Péter Eötvös.

Career

Conducting
Hailed as a "young titan" by the Montreal Gazette after conducting the Montreal Symphony in Bartok's Bluebeard's Castle and Schoenberg's Erwartung, Gregory Vajda has fast become one of the most sought-after conductors on the international scene. Reflecting his growing presence and demand in North America, he has been appointed in 2011 the sixth music director of the Huntsville Symphony. After concluding his 3-year tenure as Principal Conductor he was named Principal Guest Conductor of the Hungarian Radio Symphony (MR Symphony) in 2014. Mr. Vajda is also the Artistic Director of the International Armel Opera Festival.

In addition to his duties with these organizations, upcoming guest-conducting engagements during 2015-16 season include the Danubia Symphony, the Hungarian State Opera, the Pannon Philharmonic, the Szeged Symphony, the Launaudiere Festival and the Portland Festival Symphony among others.

In 2014/15 Vajda was engaged by the Hamilton Philharmonic, the Omaha Symphony and Symphony Silicon Valley, the Rochester Philharmonic; in 2013/14 by the Phoenix Symphony, Symphony Silicon Valley, Calgary Philharmonic and the Columbus Symphony. In 2012/13 he led the Edmonton Symphony, Kalamazoo Symphony and Santa Barbara Symphony. In Hungary he conducted the Pannon Philharmonic in a semi-staged version of Ligeti's opera Le Grand Macabre, and lead two performances of Lohengrin as part of the Budapest Wagner Days with the Hungarian National Opera Orchestra. In July he concluded his Artistic Director and Conductor position with Music in the Mountains, CA – a position held since 2009.

The 2011/12 season combined he returned to the Seattle Symphony and Edmonton Symphony with his debut leading the Toledo Symphony, while highlights of 2010/11 included a subscription series with the Oregon Symphony featuring the US premiere of his work "Duevoe," a return to Atlanta Opera conducting La bohème, and re-engagements to the Baltimore Symphony, Edmonton Symphony, Symphony Silicon Valley and Round Top Festival. Debuts with the Louisiana Philharmonic and Huntsville Symphony rounded out the season.

Vajda's 2009/10 season began with a stint at the Hungarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, followed by his first return to the Hungarian State Opera since emigrating to the US. In his adopted country he led subscription concerts with the Oregon Symphony, debuts with the Seattle, Grand Rapids and Memphis symphonies, and returned to the San Antonio Symphony and Symphony Silicon Valley.

Season 2008/09 marked the conductor's introduction to the Salzburg Festival as assistant conductor to Peter Eötvös. He conducted the final performance of Bartok'sBluebeard's Castle with the Vienna Philharmonic and Vienna State Opera Chorus, before returning to the Atlanta Opera to lead La Cenerentola. On the orchestra stage, he conducted the Toronto, Edmonton, San Antonio, and Silicon Valley symphonies. He also helped inaugurate the widely talked-about EMPAC at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (NY) with a performance of Grabstein für Stephan by György Kurtag.

While assistant conductor with the Milwaukee Symphony, a position he relinquished in 2005, Gregory Vajda led several regional tours and had opportunities to conduct the Canadian Brass, Maureen McGovern, the KingSingers, as well as the Milwaukee Symphony in a yearlyclassical subscription series. In past seasons, Vajda appeared with St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, the Milwaukee Chamber Orchestra, the Calgary Philharmonic, the Winnipeg, Louisville, Charlotte and Omaha symphonies, the National Arts Centre Orchestra in Ottawa, Ensemble Intercontemporain, led the Klangforum Vienna in performances of Péter Eötvös' As I Crossed a Bridge of Dreams and Three Sisters (as part of the Wiener Festwochen), gave the premiere of his chamber opera The Giantbaby at the New Theatre in Budapest, and the premiere of Hungarian composer György Ránki's opera King Pomade's New Clothes at the Hungarian State Opera. He has also conducted at the festivals of Avignon and Strasbourg, at the Woodstock Mozart Festival, Grant Park Festival and the Mostly Mozart Festival in Lincoln Center.

Vajda has been resident conductor of the Oregon Symphony, based in Portland, Oregon, since 2005; the 2012–2013 season marks his last with the orchestra.

In 2009, Vajda began serving as artistic and music director of Music in the Mountains, based in California. More recently, Vajda was named music director and conductor of the Huntsville Symphony Orchestra in Huntsville, Alabama.

Composing
In addition to conducting, Vajda is also a gifted clarinetist and composer. He conducted his own composition for the silent film The Crowd at the Auditorium of the Louvre, with American pianist Jay Gottlieb. He has also recorded his piece Duevoe with the Hungarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. He was honored with the Zoltán Kodály State Scholarship for composers for the year 2000, and the Annie Fischer State Scholarship for music performers in the year 1999.

References

External links

 Official site

1973 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century conductors (music)
21st-century classical composers
21st-century American composers
21st-century conductors (music)
Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni
Hungarian classical composers
Hungarian male classical composers
Hungarian male conductors (music)
Oregon Symphony

Gregory Vajda


A sleeper agent, also called sleeper cell, is a spy who is placed in a target country or organization not to undertake an immediate mission, but instead to act as a potential asset if activated. Even if not activated, the "sleeper agent" is still an asset and can still play an active role in sedition, espionage, or possibly treason by virtue of agreeing to act if activated. Sleeper agents may also work in groups of a clandestine cell system with other agents.

In espionage

In espionage, a sleeper agent is one who has infiltrated the target country and has "gone to sleep", sometimes for many years. The agent does nothing to communicate with the sponsor or any existing agents or to obtain information beyond what is in public sources.

The agent acquires jobs and identities, ideally ones that will prove useful in the future, and attempts to blend into everyday life as a normal citizen. Counterespionage agencies in the target country cannot, in practice, closely watch all those who may possibly have been recruited some time before.

In a sense, the best sleeper agents are those who do not need to be paid by the sponsor, as they are able to earn enough money to finance themselves, averting any possibly traceable payments from abroad. In such cases, the sleeper agent may be successful enough to become what is sometimes termed an "agent of influence".

Sleeper agents who have been discovered have often been natives of the target country who moved elsewhere in early life and were co-opted (perhaps for ideological or ethnic reasons) before returning to the target country. That is valuable to the sponsor, as the sleeper's language and other skills can be those of a native, thus less likely to trigger domestic suspicion.

Choosing and inserting sleeper agents has often been difficult, as whether the target will be appropriate some years in the future is uncertain. If the sponsor government and its policies change after the sleeper has been inserted, the sleeper may be found to have been planted in the wrong target.

Notable examples
 Jack Barsky was planted as a sleeper agent in the United States by the Soviet KGB. He was an active sleeper agent between 1978 and 1988. He was located by US authorities in 1994 and then arrested in 1997. Barsky quickly confessed after being arrested and became a useful source of information about spy techniques.
 The Illegals Program is a network of sleeper spies planted in the US by the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service. An ongoing, multiyear investigation culminated in June 2010 with the filing of charges and the arrest of 10 suspects in the US and another in Cyprus. The Russian General Directorate for special programs, or GUSP in Russian transliteration (Главное управление специальных программ, ГУСП), still recruits candidates among students and talented scientists to use them as sleeper agents or as legal employees in police and intelligence bodies in Russia.

In fiction
Sleeper agents are popular plot devices in fiction, particularly in espionage fiction and science fiction. This common use is directly related to and results from repeated instances of real-life "sleeper agents" participating in spying, espionage, sedition, treason, and assassinations.

In fictional portrayals, sleeper agents are sometimes unaware that they are sleepers. They are brainwashed, hypnotized, or otherwise conditioned to be unaware of their secret mission until activated.

Examples of such stories are:
 In The Manchurian Candidate (the novel and its film adaptations), some Americans are captured by Soviet intelligence forces, given posthypnotic commands, and returned to their lives in the U.S.
 In the 1977 film Telefon, Russian agents believe they are ordinary Americans until their memories are unlocked with a special activation phrase.
 The 1978 book Eye of the Needle by Ken Follett and 1981 film of the same name both show how a sleeper agent, Henry Faber (Donald Sutherland), operates in his target country.
 The 1997 book Captain Underpants has elementary schoolers George and Harold hypnotize their school's principal, so when he hears anybody snap their fingers, he takes on the persona of the titular Captain Underpants.
 In the British comedy-drama Sleepers (TV series), two Russian agents have integrated so well into their lives as British citizens, that when receive their activation signal, they go on the run.
 In the 2010 film Salt, a CIA officer goes on the run when accused of being a sleeper agent by a Russian defector.
 The film Killers, also released in 2010, has an assassin trying to leave his life as a government operative behind by getting married and living a domestic life, but he is then followed by many killers, who are near the end revealed to be sleeper agents working for his father-in-law, himself a former assassin.
 The main character of the 2010 video game Call of Duty: Black Ops is brainwashed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War, along with others to be sleeper agents and detonate a deadly gas across the US when activated.
 The first season of the 2011–2020 series Homeland involves a recovered hostage who is accused of being a terrorist sleeper agent.
 In the 2012 film Thuppakki and its 2014 remake Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty, the sleeper cells attack the city of Mumbai.
 The 2013 film Viswaroopam has an unravelling plot where the sleeper agents are scraping cesium from oncological equipment to build and trigger a dirty bomb in New York City. The main character, Wisam Ahmed Kashmiri, is also a sleeper agent against Al-Qaeda for RAW, posing as a Hindu Kathak teacher, Viswanathan in New York City.
 The 2013–2018 television series The Americans features a pair of KGB agents posing as an average American family. It is set during the Cold War in the 1980s.
 In a season one episode of the modern-day Sherlock Holmes adaptation, Elementary, a murder victim and her husband are unmasked as Russian sleeper agents by the main character.
 In the 2015 film American Ultra, small-town stoner Mike Howell spends most of his time getting high and writing graphic novels. What Mike does not know is that he was trained by the CIA to be a lethal killing machine. When the agency targets him for termination, his former handler activates his latent skills, turning the mild-mannered slacker into a deadly weapon.
 The 2021 film Black Widow involves a large connection of Russian sleeper cells in the United States during the Cold War, with the goal of raising and brainwashing adopted girls, eventually bringing them to Russia, where they are trained into Black Widow operatives.
 In the 2021 film Girl Next, a woman is abducted, drugged, and brainwashed to become an obedient, living sex doll. Later, she is shown to be an assassin programmed to destroy the traffickers.

See also

 Double agent
 Mole (espionage)
 Resident spy
 Silent majority

Notes

References

Spies by role

fr:Agent dormant

Sleeper agent


61 Queen Charlotte Street  is an historic house situated on Queen Charlotte Street in Bristol, England.

It dates from the early eighteenth century and is similar in design to houses of c. 1710 in nearby Queen Square. 6 King Street is a nearby house with a similar frontage.

It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building.

References

Georgian architecture in Bristol
Grade II* listed buildings in Bristol
Grade II* listed houses
Houses in Bristol

61 Queen Charlotte Street, Bristol


Wing Commander John Robert Baldwin,  (16 July 1918 – missing in action 15 March 1952) was a Royal Air Force fighter pilot and the top scoring fighter ace flying the Hawker Typhoon exclusively during the Second World War. He went missing during secondment service with the United States Air Force in the Korean War and was presumed killed.

Career
The only son of Chambré Baldwin (1884–1969) and Grace Baldwin, John Baldwin was born in Bath. Beginning as ground crew with the RAFVR at the start of the Second World War, he served in France during 1940 and spent the 'Blitz' period on bomb disposal duties. Baldwin volunteered for aircrew in 1941 and trained as a pilot. Commissioned as a pilot officer in March 1942, he joined No. 609 Squadron RAF on 17 November 1942, flying the Hawker Typhoon.

His first success was damaging a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 in December 1942. On 20 January 1943 fighter-bombers from Jagdgeschwader 26 (JG 26) (fighter wing), supported by JG 2 attacked London in daylight with some 90 Messerschmitt Bf 109s and Fw 190s in three waves. No. 609 Squadron intercepted the second wave and claimed four Bf 109-Gs from 6 squadrons of JG 26. Three of these successes were by Baldwin. Postwar research indicates that these may have included  Leutnant Wenzel, reported as missing, and Unteroffiziere Marquardt and Budde, who were both captured. Baldwin met the two captured pilots a few days later.

On 25 March he was shot down over the English Channel by a Fw 190. On 4 October 1943 he claimed two Bf 109's of JG 2. On 16 October 1943, six Typhoons from 609 Squadron encountered several Ju 88s, three being claimed, with a half-share to Baldwin. From mid-October 1942 to June 1943 the squadron claimed some 27 of the 47 air victories claimed by Typhoons, making it the most successful Typhoon squadron.

Baldwin moved from No. 609 Squadron to command No. 198 Squadron RAF in November 1943. On 1 December he destroyed a Fw 190 and on 4 December a Dornier Do 217 bomber, his ninth victory. He was awarded a Bar to his DFC and destroyed three Fw 190s and a Caudron Goeland (utility passenger aircraft) during January 1944. His tour ended in April 1944, and he served with No 2 Group Operations staff. In June 1944 he was appointed to command No. 146 Wing RAF. On 29 June 1944, flying with 193 Squadron, he shot down two Bf 109's, and two weeks later on 3 July, flying with 197 Squadron, he destroyed another.

During operations following the invasion of north-west Europe, Baldwin was involved in a "friendly fire" incident. On 27 August 1944, his wing was requested by the Royal Navy to attack enemy vessels off Le Havre. Typhoons of No. 263 Squadron RAF and No. 266 Squadron RAF attacked the ships. Baldwin requested clarification, as the ships did not appear to be enemy, but he was told to press on. The ships turned out to be the Royal Navy's 1st Minesweeping Flotilla. In the course of the attack,  and  were sunk, while  had her stern blown off. The attacks cost 117 sailors killed and 153 wounded. The subsequent court of enquiry identified the fault as lying entirely with the Navy; the officer arranging the minesweeping had not informed others of the area of operations.

In February 1945 he assumed command of No. 123 Wing RAF. During the last days of the war in Europe, he was commanding the Wing in operations against enemy shipping in the Baltic Sea.

On 3 May 1945 squadrons of 83 Group were attacking enemy shipping, and No. 198, No. 184, No. 193, No. 263, and No. 197 squadrons attacked the passenger liners  and  and the freighter , which were believed to be used by the Germans to escape. The ships had actually been used by the Germans to house prisoners, many from the concentration camp at Neuengamme. As a result of the attack over 7,000 died.

He was credited with 15 and 1 shared aerial victories destroyed, 4 damaged, and 5 damaged on the ground as well as many ground vehicles.

He was awarded a permanent commission in the RAF in October 1946. He then led a team of four pilots from the RAF Central Fighter Establishment on attachment to the USAF in Korea. He flew operationally with the 16th Fighter Interceptor Squadron of the 51st Fighter Interceptor Wing. He was posted missing, presumed killed, in March 1952 during the Korean War flying a North American F-86 Sabre.

He was profiled on the Nova programme Missing in MiG Alley.

Honours and awards
23 February 1943 – Flying Officer John Robert Baldwin (122337) Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, No. 609 Squadron is awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross:

14 January 1944 – Bar to DFC;
10 March 1944 – Acting Squadron Leader John Robert Baldwin, DFC (12233), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, No. 198 Squadron is awarded the Distinguished Service Order in recognition of gallantry displayed in flying operations against the enemy:

29 December 1944 – Acting Wing Commander John Robert Baldwin, DSO, DFC (122337) is awarded a bar to the Distinguished Service Order.
24 January 1947 – Wing Commander John Robert Baldwin, DSO, DFC (122337), Royal Air Force is allowed to wear the Croix de Guerre 1940 with Palm conferred by the Belgian Government in recognition of valuable services rendered in connection with the war.
31 October 1947 – Wing Commander John Robert Baldwin, DSO, DFC (122337), Royal Air Force is allowed to wear the decoration of a Grand Officer of the Order of Orange Nassau conferred by the Queen of the Netherlands in recognition of valuable services rendered in connection with the war.
1 January 1948 – Acting Wing Commander John Robert Baldwin, DSO, DFC (122337) is awarded the Air Force Cross
30 October 1953 – Squadron Leader John Robert Baldwin, DSO, DFC, AFC (122337) Royal Air Force (missing) is allowed to wear the Distinguished Flying Cross conferred by the President of the United States in recognition of valuable services rendered during operations in Korea.

See also
List of people who disappeared

References

1918 births
1952 deaths
British military personnel killed in the Korean War
British Korean War pilots
Military personnel from Somerset
British World War II flying aces
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Military personnel missing in action
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Air Force personnel of the Korean War
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
Royal Air Force wing commanders

John Robert Baldwin


Nenad Gajić (born August 30, 1983 in Burnaby, British Columbia) is a lacrosse player for the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League and the New Westminster Salmonbellies of the Western Lacrosse Association.

Lacrosse career
Gajić was the number 39 pick in the 2004 NLL draft by the San Jose Stealth. He then became a free agent and sat out for two seasons to pursue a hockey career at University of Nebraska-Omaha. Prior to the 2007 season, Gajic signed on with the Colorado Mammoth, where he scored 37 points, was named Transition Player of the Week in week 8, Rookie of the Month for February, and was named to the All-Rookie team.

In the summer, Gajić is the captain of the New Westminster Salmonbellies lacrosse club in the Western Lacrosse Association. Gajic missed the entire 2009 Mann Cup finalist campaign due to injury.

Family
Nenad's brothers Ilija and Alex also play for the Mammoth. Both were drafted in the 2009 NLL entry draft - Ilija was chosen second overall by the Rochester Knighthawks, while Alex was chosen fifth overall by Colorado. In October 2009, Ilija was acquired by the Mammoth in a trade with Rochester in exchange for forward Gavin Prout. A fourth brother, Milan, is a professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Victoria Salmon Kings of the ECHL.

External links
 Colorado Mammoth Bio Page
 New Westminster Salmonbellies Bio Page

References

1983 births
Canadian lacrosse players
Canadian people of Serbian descent
Colorado Mammoth players
Living people
Sportspeople from Burnaby
University of Nebraska Omaha alumni

Nenad Gajic


, Tajimaru  (多治丸) in his childhood, was a kugyō or Japanese court noble of the Edo period (1603–1868). He held a regent position kampaku from 1690 to 1703.

Early life
He was a son of regent Konoe Hisatsugu and a concubine. Motohiro was not considered a legitimate member at first, but his father Hisatsugu and his wife, Princess Shoshi, a daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo, had no child and Hisatsu died in Motohiro's childhood. Thus by an imperial order from Go-Mizunoo, Motohiro was installed in the Konoe lineage, and grew up under imperial protection.

In 1654 he performed his genpuku ceremony and entered adulthood and therefore courtier life. In 1664 he married Princess Joshi, another daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo and his consort. With her he had a son, Iehiro, and a daughter, Hiroko, who was a consort of Tokugawa Ienobu, the 6th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Family
Parents
Father: Konoe Hisatsugu (近衛 尚嗣, 1622 – 1653)
Mother: Lady Yorin-in (瑤林院), a court lady
Consorts and issues:
Wife: Imperial Princess Tsuneko (常子内親王; 8 April 1642 – 17 September 1702), daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo
Konoe Hiroko (30 April 1666 – 13 April 1741), Wife of Tokugawa Ienobu, first daughter
Konoe Iehiro (近衛 家熈, 24 July 1667 – 5 November 1736), first son
Ōinomika Nobuname (大炊御門信名,  26 Mai 1669 –  20 November 1684), second son
Unknown concubine
Konoe Kanmori (近衛寛守, 1713 –1730), third son
Konoe Shūsi (近衞脩子), Wife of  Prince Kan'in-no-miya Naohito (閑院宮直仁親王), second daughter

Political career
After his entrance to the court, he served three emperors: Emperor Go-Mizunoo, Emperor Reigen and Emperor Higashiyama. Go-Mizunoo was his protector since his childhood, so his early career was prospective along with his noble lineage. But Emperor Reigen did not get along with the Tokugawa shogunate, and considered Motohiro sympathetic to the Shogunate, hence his career in Reigen's court was not as splendid. Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the shogun at that time, was not warm to Ienobu at all, one of the candidates for his successor, hence also Motohiro, as the father-in-law of Ienobu.

In Higashiyama's court, Motohiro however gained power again. He served as kampaku, the most powerful courtier from 1690 to 1703. After he quit, he had his supporters, including his own son, succeed the kampaku position respectively, and kept his influence. In 1704 the Tokugawa shogunate designated Ienobu, Motohiro's son-in-law, the successor of Tsunayoshi, hence the future shogun. His relation to the shogunate was therefore strengthened. Motohiro visited Edo twice, and was even welcomed to give political opinions, however it made the terms between ex-Emperor Reigen and him worse. Emperor Reigen even cursed him at Shimogamo Shrine, and accused him of being a "bad subject who privatizes and bends laws and justice" (私曲邪佞の悪臣) in his cursing prayer. However Motohiro was not always a supporter of Shogunate politics, and publicly objected to the Shogunate over some of their pressure on the imperial court.

In 1722 he became a monk and was named Yuzan (悠山).  He died in this year and was buried at Daitoku-ji.

He wrote a diary from 1655 until his death, later titled Diary of Lord Motohiro (基熈公記).

References

1648 births
1722 deaths
Fujiwara clan
Konoe family

Konoe Motohiro


James Samuel Pilafian (October 25, 1949 – April 5, 2019) was an American tuba player and educator.

Biography
Pilafian participated in the National Music Camp in Interlochen, MI and was the second tuba player to win the concerto competition. Via his performance at Interlochen, he was awarded scholarships to study at both Dartmouth College and the Tanglewood Music Center. Leonard Bernstein chose Pilafian to perform in the world premier of Bernstein's Mass at the opening of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. He earned his bachelor's degree in music at the University of Miami in 1972.

Since then, Pilafian performed numerous times in international concerts and recordings. He founded the Empire Brass and performed in the Broadway Musicals Doctor Jazz and Much Ado About Nothing. He also played with Boston Brass from 2013–2019

Pilafian was also active in the jazz scene, having played with the Duke Ellington Orchestra and, since 1991, in the duo Travelin' Light with guitarist Frank Vignola. With the saxophonist Scott Zimmer, Pilafian also played the music of Maurice Ravel, Béla Bartók, Thelonious Monk, Ornette Coleman, and Captain Beefheart. Pilafian also participated in a Pink Floyd recording.

In 1985 Pilafian was on the Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood television show Episode 1549, where he demonstrated the tuba and Fred Rogers attempted to buzz a note.  Dave Ohanian, Rolf Smedvig, Charles Lewis Jr., and Scott Hartman, all members of the Empire Brass at the time, also make appearances in this episode.

In the early 2000's, Pilafian teamed up with Patrick Sheridan to develop and publish The Breathing Gym, a book/DVD resource that teaches stretching and breathing exercises to promote free breathing and efficient use of air. The Breathing Gym method is deeply rooted in Pilafian and Sheridan's experience with Arnold Jacobs.

Pilafian started teaching at Arizona State University in 1994 and later at University of Miami in 2012 and North Dakota State University in 2017. Among his notable students is Marcus Rojas.

Pilafian died on April 5, 2019, from complications related to colon cancer

Discography
 Travelling Light, Telarc, 1991
 Making Whoopee, 1993
 Meltdown, 1998
 Perception, 1998 mit Eugene Anderson, Timothy Russell, Timothy Morrison und dem Arizona State University Symphony Orchestra
 Rewired, 2015, Boston Brass
 Reminiscing, 2016, Boston Brass
 Simple Gifts, 2018. Boston Brass

References

External links

American tubists
Musicians from Miami
Dartmouth College alumni
Arizona State University faculty
North Dakota State University faculty
University of Miami Frost School of Music alumni
1949 births
2019 deaths
American people of Armenian descent
20th-century tubists
21st-century tubists
University of Miami faculty

Samuel Pilafian


A wave is a kind of oscillation (disturbance) that travels through space and matter. Wave motions transfer energy from one place to another.

Waves play an important role in our daily life.  This is because waves are a carrier of energy and information over large distances. Waves require some oscillating or vibrating source. Ocean surface waves were the first known waves. Later, other kinds were discovered.

Types of waves
In physics and technology, a wave (physics) carries energy that creates visible light, sound, and many other things. There are two categories of waves.
 Mechanical waves
 Electromagnetic waves

Mechanical waves

Waves which require any medium for their propagation are called mechanical waves.

One example of a mechanical wave is sound.

Sound can travel through air, water, or solids, but it can't travel through a vacuum. It needs the medium to help it travel.

Other examples include water waves, seismic waves, and waves traveling through a spring.
Earthquakes produce seismic waves
A wave in the water, such as an ocean surface wave, is a disturbance on the surface (top) of water,

Electromagnetic waves
Waves which do not require any medium for their propagation are called electromagnetic waves.

For example:
Radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation carry one type of energy.  X-rays, heat and light waves are some examples of electromagnetic waves.

Related pages
 Radiation

Basic English 850 words

Wave


Race & Class is a peer-reviewed academic journal on contemporary racism and imperialism. It is published quarterly by SAGE Publications on behalf of the Institute of Race Relations and is interdisciplinary, publishing material across the humanities and social sciences.

History
The journal was established in 1959 as Race, before obtaining its current title in 1974 (when it was subtitled Journal for Black and Third World Liberation). The new editor, Ambalavaner Sivanandan, rejected what he saw as the arid scholarship of its predecessor, calling out instead to the "Third World intelligentsia, its radicals and political activists, its refugees and exiles".

Race & Class covered events that shaped the 1970s, specifically the period's widespread and rapid social and political changes, liberation struggles and the installation of popular governments in some of the newly independent countries of the Third World, the phenomenon of Black Power, and the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. The journal was opened to radical scholars and activists, three of whom were so closely involved in the liberation movements they wrote of – Orlando Letelier, Malcolm Caldwell and Walter Rodney – they were killed in the pursuit of their realization.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed by EBSCO databases, Current Contents/Social and Behavioral Sciences, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, MLA International Bibliography, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports in 2011, Race & Class had an impact factor of 0.302, ranking it 59 out of 81 in the category "Anthropology", 11 out of 14 in "Ethnic Studies", 28 out of 38 in "Social Issues", 66 out of 89 in "Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary", and 107 out of 138 in "Sociology".

References

External links

 Journal page at Institute of Race Relations website

Anthropology journals
English-language journals
Ethnic studies journals
Political science journals
Academic journals established in 1959
Quarterly journals
SAGE Publishing academic journals
Sociology journals

Race & Class


is a cape in the southern part of Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture, and is a specially designated region by Setonaikai National Park.

Background
Saikazaki, also known as "Oku-Wakaura," is a part of the Wakaura region that lies in the south-west part of Wakayama City.
The Wakaura region, which has been known for its beauty since ancient times, and was even rated number one in the New Japanese Tourist Spot Top 100 Contest of 1950, has lost much of its natural allure due to development beginning in the 1970s. The Saikazaki area is home to the only natural coastline remaining in the region.

During the Sengoku period, Saikazaki was known as the headquarters of the Saiga Ikki, led by Suzuki Magoichi, better known as Saiga Magoichi. Lying on the bank of the Kii Channel, an important trade route, it is possible to see Tomogashima, Awaji Island, and Shikoku from the Saikazaki Lighthouse resting on the top of a bluff known as the "Hawk's Nest."
During the Edo period, a small peninsula called Bandoko no Hana, or the nose of Bandoko, served as a lookout post for the Kishu Domain.

Geography and Landmarks
Saikazaki Lighthouse - A lighthouse resting on top of a bluff known as the "Hawk's Nest". The lighthouse has good view of Kii Channel, Bandoko no Hana, Oojima Island, Nakanoshima Island, and the Futagojima Islands.
Bandoko Garden - A Japanese garden on the Bandoko no Hana Peninsula

See also
Saikazaki Castle

Port settlements in Japan
Populated coastal places in Japan
Landforms of Wakayama Prefecture
Headlands of Japan

Saikazaki


Alex Ibru (1 March 1945 – 20 November 2011) was a Nigerian Billionaire businessman, founder and publisher of The Guardian (Nigeria) newspaper, who was minister of internal affairs from 1993 to 1995 during the military regime of General Sani Abacha.

Background
Ibru was a son of Chief Janet Omotogor Ibru and brother of Chief Michael Ibru, founder of the Ibru Organization.
Ibru was born on 1 March 1945 in Agbhara-Otor, in today's Delta State. He attended the Yaba Methodist Primary School (1951–1957), Ibadan Grammar School (1958–1960), Igbobi College, Lagos (1960–1963) and Trent Polytechnic in the United Kingdom (1967–1970), where he studied business economics.

Business career
Ibru was chairman of Rutam Motors. In 1983, he met with the newspapermen Stanley Mecebuh of Daily Times of Nigeria, Patrick Dele-Cole also formerly of that paper and Olusegun Osoba, formerly of Nigerian Herald. With 55% funding from the Ibrus, they launched The Guardian in 1983, with Alex Ibru as chairman.

The Guardian had various pro-left academics on its board, with a clear bias towards Obafemi Awolowo's Unity Party of Nigeria, and the first editor Lade Bonuola was held to strongly support the UPN. On the other hand, Ibru was from a Billionaire business family and Stanley Macebuh was right wing in his views, so the paper tried to maintain a balance. The stated goal of the paper were to provide an independent and balanced view.

The success of The Guardian made it clear that there was an appetite for high quality journalism in Nigeria and it was followed by news magazines such as Newswatch.

The military regime did not appreciate the paper's independence and it was persecuted under military ruler General Muhammadu Buhari (January 1984 – August 1985).

Ibru provided funding to the Civil Liberties Organization (CLO), established during the military regime of Buhari's successor, General Ibrahim Babangida.

Ibru was minister of internal affairs from 1993 to 1995 in the Sani Abacha government. His appointment by Abacha was seen as a gesture of appeasement to the press.

In December 1993, there were violent clashes between the Ogoni and Okrika people in the slums of Port Harcourt in Rivers State. Ibru led a committee to tour Ogoniland and investigate the causes of unrest. Other members were Don Etiebet, minister of petroleum reserves, and Melford Okilo, minister of tourism.The military administrator of the state, Dauda Musa Komo, escorted the group. Embarrassingly for the military regime, during the trip a large crowd demonstrated in Bori blaming Shell Oil pollution for their problems.

Ibru had told his staff on The Guardian that he would not get involved in partisan politics. Despite this, the newspaper was highly critical of the Abacha regime. On 14 August 1994, The Guardian offices were raided and shut down by the government, although Ibru retained his post. The newspapers were only allowed to reopen in October 1994 following an apology by Ibru for any offensive comments that may have appeared.

On 2 February 1996, his car was sprayed with machine gun fire from unidentified men who had trailed him in a deep-blue Peugeot. Both Ibru and the editor-in-chief Femi Kusa were flown to England for treatment of their injuries.

After Abacha's death in 1998, his chief security officer, Hamza Al-Mustapha, and others were charged with the assassination attempt.

Alex Ibru died on 20 November 2011, aged 66.

References

Sources

1945 births
2011 deaths
Alumni of Nottingham Trent University
Nigerian newspaper founders
20th-century Nigerian businesspeople
Ibadan Grammar School alumni
Shooting survivors
Igbobi College alumni
Alex

Alex Ibru


China Iron and Steel Association (CISA, ) is a national, non-profit organization founded in 1999 on the basis of China Metallurgical Enterprise Management Association. CISA members consist of China's steel enterprises, institutions, societies and individuals in the iron and steel industry, which participate the organization voluntarily according to certain regulations. CISA now has over 119 group members. CISA is made up of 7 administrative bodies with 30 staff and 7 working committees.

CISA's responsibility is to link Chinese iron & steel industry with the government, to provide "two-way services" to Chinese steelmakers and institutions, as well as to explore cooperation opportunities with overseas companies and organizations.

References

External links

 www.chinaesteel.com

Trade associations based in China
Steel industry of China

China Iron and Steel Association


Hydrometalation (hydrometallation) is a type of chemical reaction in organometallic chemistry in which a chemical compound with a hydrogen to metal bond (M-H, metal hydride) adds to compounds with an unsaturated bond like an alkene (RC=CR) forming a new compound with a carbon to metal bond (RHC-CRM). The metal is less electronegative than hydrogen, the reverse reaction is beta-hydride elimination. The reaction is structurally related to carbometalation. When the substrate is an alkyne the reaction product is a vinylorganometallic.

Examples are hydroboration, hydroalumination, hydrosilylation and hydrozirconation.

References

Organometallic chemistry

Hydrometalation