Ken Stern is President of Palisades Media Ventures and the author of With Charity for All and Republican Like Me: How I Left the Liberal Bubble and Learned to Love the Right. He is a former chief executive officer of National Public Radio.

Early life and education
A native of Washington, D.C., Stern grew up in South Korea and Germany where his father served in the United States Department of State.  He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Haverford College with a B.A. in political science. He also holds a J.D. from Yale Law School.

Career
Prior to entering broadcasting, Stern was an attorney specializing in litigation with Wilmer Cutler and Pickering (now Wilmer Hale) in Washington. He also served as chief counsel for the 53rd Presidential Inaugural Committee and deputy general counsel for the Clinton/Gore 1996 Campaign.

From 1997 to 1999, Stern served as senior advisor to the director of the International Broadcasting Bureau in Washington, D.C., the umbrella organization overseeing American worldwide broadcasting operations including Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Voice of America and Radio and TV Marti. He used to be legal and management consultant to Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, based in Munich and Prague.

National Public Radio
Stern served as NPR's executive vice president beginning in November 1999, and was named NPR CEO in September, 2007.  During his -year tenure, NPR strengthened its business management and operations. NPR's financial stability further improved after the organization received the largest gift in NPR history, $200 million from McDonald's heiress and philanthropist, Joan Kroc.  Stern's time as executive vice president also included the 2004 dismissal of Morning Edition founding host Bob Edwards in the months prior to Edward's 25th anniversary as host of the show.  Additionally, Stern oversaw the April 2006 launch of NPR Berlin, an FM channel in Germany that marked the organization's move into international broadcasting.

In 2007, the Wall Street Journal summarized NPR's competitive position soon after Stern became CEO: "In an era when commercial radio seems to be floundering, National Public Radio is hitting its stride. Some 25.5 million people tune into its programming each week, up from 13 million a decade ago. It has more than 800 member stations, up from 635 a decade ago. In some places, like Seattle, its Morning Edition is consistently the most popular morning drive show on any radio station. It is expanding foreign coverage, winning more underwriting dollars, and forging into the digital age with online streams and podcasts. Much of this growth has occurred under Ken Stern, NPR's chief executive, who joined as executive vice president in 1999."  One of Stern's final acts as NPR CEO was his March 5, 2008 announcement with Washington, D.C. Mayor Adrian Fenty that NPR would develop a new headquarters to be built a few blocks away from NPR's current location.  The next day, March 6, 2008, the NPR Board announced that Stern would be stepping down from his role as chief executive officer. NPR suggested that he was forced out due to clashes with local stations over NPR's increased streaming on digital platforms, which local stations claimed reduced their donations. Stern made $1,319,541 in 2008.

Writing
In 2013 Ken Stern's book  With Charity for All: Why Charities are Failing and a Better Way to Give was published by Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. His book discusses the problems in the not for profit charity sector, and appeals to donors for more evaluation and consideration in their decision making, in order to provide support for upcoming best of class charities, so that these organizations may survive and flourish in a sector controlled by large, traditional charities with less than optimal performance. He points out that although this sector accounts for a fast-growing ten percent of U.S. economic activity with over one trillion dollars in yearly donations, it has very little transparency, accountability, or oversight. He was interviewed with a focus on his book  by Ken Berger, CEO of Charity Navigator. The interview was televised on C-SPAN's BookTV series Afterwords in March, 2013.
Ken also wrote the book Republican Like Me: How I Left the Liberal Bubble and Learned to Love the Right. In the book he chronicles his journey interviewing conservatives from all backgrounds and ends up becoming an independent voter.

References

External links
 Biography from NPR

American political writers
NPR personalities
American radio executives
Haverford College alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Living people
American chief executives in the media industry
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ken Stern


Klumpfisken ('The Sunfish') is a 2014 Danish film directed by Søren Balle, and written by Balle and Lærke Sanderhoff and features actors Henrik Birch and Susanne Storm.

The film won a Bodil Award for Henrik Birch as "Best Leading Actor" and Susanne Storm as "Best Supporting Actress". And it won a 2015 Robert Award for best adapted screenplay for Søren Balle and Lærke Sanderhoff.

References

External links

2014 comedy films
Danish comedy films
2010s Danish-language films

Klumpfisken


Konstantin Zaivelevich Lerner  (; 28 February 1950, Odesa, Ukraine, former USSR – 24 September 2011, Herzlia, Israel) was a Ukrainian chess grandmaster (GM). In 1978 and 1982, he was Ukrainian Champion.

He played in several Soviet Union championships, and his best achievement was second place, behind Andrei Sokolov, at Lviv in 1984. In 1986, Lerner finished 2nd equal with 5 other players.

Lerner won or shared first place in many tournaments, among others at Polanica Zdrój 1985 and 1986 (Rubinstein Memorial), Tallinn 1986, Moscow 1986, Genova 1989, Copenhagen 1990, Gausdal 1992, Mykolaiv 1995 (zonal), Berlin 1997, Graz 1997, Recklinghausen 1999, Bad Wörishofen 2000, Tel Aviv 2001 and 2002, Rishon Le Zion 2004, Givatayim 2005 (Ettinger Memorial), and Herzlia 2005 (Arye Urieli Memorial).

In 2004, he tied for third-fourth at the Israeli open championships in Ramat Aviv. He won the bronze medal at the 2005 Maccabiah Games. He was awarded the GM title in 1986.  The website Chessmtrics.com, which estimates the strength of older players, indicates that he was ranked 7th in the world in 1986.

He arrived in Israel in 2001 and lived there for 10 years, playing for Kefar-Saba chess club, until his death in 2011. In his last days he suffered from several health problems due to being a life-long chain-smoker.  He died in Herzlia, Israel in 2011, aged 61.

See also
 List of Jewish chess players

References

External links

1950 births
2011 deaths
Israeli Jews
Chess grandmasters
Ukrainian chess players
Soviet chess players
Jewish chess players
Ukrainian Jews
Sportspeople from Odesa
Competitors at the 2005 Maccabiah Games
Maccabiah Games medalists in chess
Maccabiah Games bronze medalists for Ukraine

Konstantin Lerner


José Manuel Mota Matos (born March 16, 1965) is a Dominican baseball broadcaster. He currently covers the Los Angeles Dodgers on Spectrum SportsNet LA. He formerly covered the Los Angeles Angels with Bally Sports West from 2002 until his departure in 2022. He began on the Angels Spanish broadcast in 2002 and took on various roles on the English television broadcast starting in 2007. He worked alongside Amaury Pi-Gonzalez in the broadcast booth in Spanish and alongside Mark Gubicza in English. Fully bilingual, he conducts postgame interviews and often doubles as the translator for Spanish-speaking players. He served as a pre-and-postgame analyst on Angels Live and occasionally filled in as a backup play-by-play announcer for English broadcasts. He is the son of former baseball player and long-time Dodgers coach Manny Mota.

Playing career
Mota attended Cal State Fullerton in Orange County on a baseball scholarship. He was drafted in the second round of the 1985 amateur draft by the Chicago White Sox.  He spent time in the Texas Rangers and Los Angeles Dodgers organizations before being drafted by the Oakland Athletics in  with the rule 5 draft.  He was then sent to the San Diego Padres in  in a three-team trade and made his major league debut in  with the Padres.  He later signed with the Kansas City Royals as a free agent, but only appeared in two games in .

In 19 games, Mota had 8 hits in 38 at-bats, resulting in a .211 batting average. He scored four runs and drove in two more.

Broadcasting career
Following his playing career, Mota sought to work in baseball broadcasting. He was mentored by Stu Nahan, Jim Hill, and Fred Roggin, among others. Mota's first major broadcast job was a brief fill-in stint for Jaime Jarrín on the Los Angeles Dodgers Spanish broadcast.

Los Angeles Angels
Mota worked on the Angels' Spanish-language radio broadcasts beginning in 2002. With the team adding 50 games to their English-language television package in 2007, Mota added those games to his workload.

Mota has previous television experience as a sideline reporter, and he also filled in for Rex Hudler during his suspension in 2003. He also was a third announcer in the team's over-the-air television booth in 2004 and 2005.

Soon after the conclusion of the 2007 season, the Angels announced that Mota would no longer work as the play-by-play announcer for television games broadcast in English as he had done during that season. His place was taken by Rory Markas, who doubled as the radio play-by-play announcer for the Angels until Markas's death on January 4, 2010. Victor Rojas would take Markas's spot. Along with partner Mark Gubicza, he would cover roughly 75 games for the Angels.

During the first half of the 2021 season, Mota occasionally filled in as the English play-by-play announcer when the primary commentators, Matt Vasgersian and Daron Sutton, were unavailable due to other broadcast obligations. After Sutton was replaced mid-season by Rich Waltz, Patrick O'Neal took over Mota's de facto "third-string" play-by-play broadcasting role, filling in when Vasgersian was broadcasting with ESPN or MLB Network and when Waltz was broadcasting with CBS Sports. Mota returned to his more typical roles of Angels Live analysis and field-level reporting in the second half of the 2021 season.

On February 3, 2022, Mota announced on Instagram that he decided to depart Bally Sports West. He expressed his gratitude for the Angels organization and said he felt it was time for a "new chapter" but did not immediately announce his future plans.

Major League Baseball on FOX
Mota worked for FOX on their coverage of the 2006 Major League Baseball postseason after Steve Lyons was removed from the broadcast for perceived racially insensitive remarks.

Los Angeles Dodgers
In March 2022, it was announced that Mota would join the Spectrum SportsNet LA broadcast team to cover the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was among a group of newcomers to the network that included Jessica Mendoza, Adrián González, Eric Karros, and Dontrelle Willis.

Other ventures
Mota has also handled several Spanish language assignments in both baseball and football for Fox Sports. Mota also did English language coverage of the 2009 Caribbean Series with Florida Marlins broadcaster Cookie Rojas, the father of eventual Angels broadcaster Victor Rojas, on MLB Network.

Mota made one film appearance, in the 1999 Kevin Costner film For Love of the Game as a Dominican shortstop.

Personal life
Mota's father, Manny, was an MLB player who also spent over three decades with the Dodgers as a coach. Because of his father's involvement with the Dodgers, Mota grew up around the team's clubhouse and served as a batboy. His brother, Andy, played for the Houston Astros and now works as a player agent. His cousin, José Báez, played for the Seattle Mariners.

See also
 List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

References

Sources

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim broadcasters

1965 births
Albuquerque Dukes players
American sports announcers
Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Huntsville Stars players
Kansas City Royals players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players

Living people
Los Angeles Angels announcers
Los Angeles Dodgers announcers
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball second basemen
National Football League announcers
Niagara Falls Sox players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Omaha Royals players
San Antonio Missions players
San Diego Padres players
Tulsa Drillers players
Wichita Wranglers players
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players

José Mota (baseball)


Luke Horace Guttridge (born 27 March 1982) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He previously played for Torquay United, Cambridge United, Southend United, Leyton Orient, Colchester United, Northampton Town, Aldershot Town, Luton Town and Dagenham & Redbridge. He amassed more than 400 appearances in the Football League.

Career

Torquay United
Born in Barnstaple, Devon, Guttridge began his career as a trainee with Torquay United after playing junior football for Paignton Pilgrims. He made his league debut whilst still a trainee as a late substitute, replacing Alex Watson in the 4–0 win against Mansfield Town on 10 April 2000. In May 2000, against the advice for a longer contract offer given by youth coaches Paul Compton and Richard Hancox, Guttridge was only offered a three-month professional contract by Torquay manager Wes Saunders, even though Cambridge United had offered him a one-year deal and the chance to play Second Division football.

Cambridge United
Unsurprisingly, Guttridge left for Cambridge, managed by Roy McFarland, on a free transfer. He had to wait until the following spring for his Cambridge league debut, after playing twice in the Football League Trophy, but when it came he scored within two minutes in a vital 2–0 home win against Oldham Athletic. In August 2001, McFarland, by now manager of Torquay, made a bid to bring Guttridge back to Plainmoor, but this was rejected and he remained at the Abbey Stadium. In April 2004, Guttridge went on trial with Premier League club Charlton Athletic and trained with them during this time. However, a move failed to materialise and he returned to Cambridge. Ahead of the 2004–05 season, Guttridge was selected as club captain.

Southend United
Guttridge signed a three-year contract with Southend United in March 2005 for an undisclosed fee plus add-ons. After a slow start, he firmly established himself in the first-team and was given the opportunity to move into the role of a central midfielder from his usual wide midfielder role following a meeting with manager Steve Tilson. This proved to be a turning point and Guttridge was a major factor in helping Southend secure the 2005–06 League One title after a 1–0 home win over Bristol City on the final day of the season.

Leyton Orient
Guttridge lost his place in the Southend first-team following their promotion and subsequently joined Leyton Orient on loan until 1 January 2007. He scored his first and what turned out to be only goal for the club in a 3–1 away win over Nottingham Forest on 16 December 2006. On 30 January 2007, Guttridge left Southend to sign a permanent contract at Leyton Orient for an undisclosed fee until the end of the 2006–07 season. After rejecting a new contract offer from Leyton Orient, he left the club in May 2007.

Colchester United
On 5 July 2007, Guttridge joined Championship club Colchester United on a free transfer. After playing in only 14 league games during the 2007–08 season, Guttridge was released by the club following their relegation to League One.

Northampton Town
Guttridge impressed during a trial period at Northampton Town, and on 4 August 2008, after two commanding performances in pre-season friendlies, he signed a two-year contract with the club until the summer of 2010. His first goal for the club came during a 4–0 win over Stockport County on 21 March 2009. He was released by the club on 12 May 2010 along with five other players.

Aldershot Town
In July 2010, Guttridge signed a two-year contract with Aldershot Town. He was voted Supporters Player of the Season after an impressive first year with the Shots. Having made 80 appearances for Aldershot in all competitions, scoring 14 goals, Guttridge was released in January 2012 after his contract was cancelled by mutual consent.

Return to Northampton
On 27 January 2012, Guttridge rejoined Northampton Town on an 18-month contract until the end of the 2012–13 season. "Luke is a very experienced player and is just the sort of character we need," said Northampton manager Aidy Boothroyd. Guttridge made 44 league appearances, but was not offered a new contract and left the club in June 2013.

Luton Town
Guttridge signed for Conference Premier club Luton Town on a two-year contract on 5 July 2013. He was played in an advanced creative midfielder role for much of the 2013–14 season, scoring 13 goals and assisting 9 others in 32 league games, making him one of the most effective performers as Luton won the Conference Premier title and with it promotion to League Two. Guttridge's performances led his teammates to name him as the Players' Player of the Year. Guttridge played in 30 games for Luton during the 2014–15 season upon his return to the Football League, scoring four goals, and triggered a contract extension to keep him at the club until the summer of 2016. Guttridge made 11 appearances, scoring two goals in 2015–16, but he was released by new manager Nathan Jones on 19 January 2016 after his contract was cancelled by mutual consent.

Dagenham & Redbridge
Guttridge signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with League Two club Dagenham & Redbridge two days after his release by Luton. He was restricted to just three appearances, scoring once in 2015–16 due to injury, as the club were relegated to the National League after finishing in 23rd place in League Two. Guttridge scored Dagenham's second goal on the opening day of 2016–17 in a 3–0 win at home to Southport. He was introduced as a half-time substitute in the second leg of the play-off semi-final defeat to Forest Green Rovers, losing 3–1 on aggregate, and finished the season with 30 appearances and eight goals. Guttridge was released by Dagenham & Redbridge when his contract expired at the end of 2016–17.

Career statistics

Honours
Cambridge United
Football League Trophy runner-up: 2001–02

Southend United
Football League One: 2005–06
Football League Two play-offs: 2004–05
Football League Trophy runner-up: 2004–05

Luton Town
Conference Premier: 2013–14

Individual
Conference Premier Team of the Year: 2013–14

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Barnstaple
Footballers from Devon
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Torquay United F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players

Luke Guttridge


A dark nebula or absorption nebula is a type of interstellar cloud, particularly molecular clouds, that is so dense that it obscures the visible wavelengths of light from objects behind it, such as background stars and emission or reflection nebulae. The extinction of the light is caused by interstellar dust grains located in the coldest, densest parts of molecular clouds. Clusters and large complexes of dark nebulae are associated with Giant Molecular Clouds. Isolated small dark nebulae are called Bok globules. Like other interstellar dust or material, things it obscures are only visible using radio waves in radio astronomy or infrared in infrared astronomy.

Dark clouds appear so because of sub-micrometre-sized dust particles, coated with frozen carbon monoxide and nitrogen, which effectively block the passage of light at visible wavelengths. Also present are molecular hydrogen, atomic helium, C18O (CO with oxygen as the 18O isotope), CS, NH3 (ammonia), H2CO (formaldehyde), c-C3H2 (cyclopropenylidene) and a molecular ion N2H+ (diazenylium), all of which are relatively transparent. These clouds are the spawning grounds of stars and planets, and understanding their development is essential to understanding star formation.

The form of such dark clouds is very irregular: they have no clearly defined outer boundaries and sometimes take on convoluted serpentine shapes. The largest dark nebulae are visible to the naked eye, appearing as dark patches against the brighter background of the Milky Way like the Coalsack Nebula and the Great Rift. These naked-eye objects are sometimes known as dark cloud constellations and take on a variety of names.

In the inner molecular regions of dark nebulae, important events take place, such as the formation of stars and masers.

Complexes and constellations
Along with molecular clouds, dark nebula make up molecular cloud complexes.

Dark nebula form in the night sky apparent dark cloud constellations.

See also
 List of dark nebulae
 Bok globule
 Dark Cloud (disambiguation)

References

Nebulae
Cosmic dust

Dark nebula


Matteo Professione (born 29 November 1993, in Milan), better known as Ernia, is an Italian rapper. Together with fellow hip hop artist Ghali, he founded the crew Troupe D'Elite, also including Maite and producer Fawzi. The group released the eponymous extended play in 2012 under label Tanta Roba, and the album Il mio giorno preferito in free download under Honiro Records label, in 2014.

After the group's dissolution, he moved to London. When he came back to Italy, he debuted as a solo artist in 2017, releasing the album Come uccidere un usignolo, named after a literal translation of the title of Harper Lee's novel To Kill a Mockingbird.
One year later, his second studio album, 68, debuted at number one on the FIMI Italian Albums Chart. In 2020, he increased his fame with the album Gemelli, which became his second number-one studio set in Italy, and spawned the chart-topping single "Superclassico", certified sextuple platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry.

Discography

Studio albums

External links

Notes

References

Living people
1993 births
Musicians from Milan
Italian rappers

Ernia


The Floppotron is a musical instrument. It was made by Polish engineer Paweł Zadrożniak. It is made of a set of computer hardware that plays music together. The latest version, the Floppotron 2.0, has 64 floppy drives, eight hard drives, and two flatbed scanners.

Development

First version
The first version of the Floppotron was made in 2011. It is made of two floppy drives and an ATMega microcontroller. The sound is made by the magnetic head being moved by its stepper motor. The floppy drive's heads have be moved at the correct speed to make the correct sound.

The instrument became well known thanks to a video of the instrument on YouTube playing the Imperial March, which has more than 6 million views.

2.0 version
In 2016, Paweł Zadrożniak made a better version of the Floppotron, which has 64 floppy drives, 8 hard drives, and two flatbed scanners. Every column of eight floppy drives is controlled by an ATMega16 microcontroller, and the hard drives are controlled by two SMD MOSFETs that push and pull. The flatbed scanner head are controlled by Arduino Uno boards.

How it works
Any device that has an electric motor can make sound. Scanners and floppy drives use stepper motors to move the head with sensors that scan an image, or read or write, onto a magnetic disk. The faster the motor, the higher the pitch of the sound the motor makes. Hard disks use a magnet and a coil to tilt the head. When voltage is supplied for long enough, the head speeds up and hits the bound, which makes the "drum hit" sound.

The Floppotron makes MIDI music files into commands that tell each device when to buzz, click, or be silent.

Song covers

As of April 2019, Paweł Zadrożniak's YouTube page shows more than one hundred songs played with the Floppotron. Some of those songs are Queen's "Bohemian Rapsody", Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit", White Stripes's "Seven Nation Army", Eurythmics' "Sweet Dreams" and Michael Jackson's "Thriller".

References

Other websites
 Inventor Paweł Zadrożniak home page

Musical instruments

Floppotron


Robert Perkinson is an American historian and Professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. He is the author of Texas Tough: The Rise of a Prison Empire (2010) which received the 2011 PEN/John Kenneth Galbraith Award.

Education and academic career
Perkinson attended Jackson Hole High School in Jackson, Wyoming and graduated with honors in 1987. Between 1985 and 1986, he participated in International Student Exchange at the Colegio Concepcion in Concepcion, Chile. At the University of Colorado at Boulder, Perkinson received his Bachelor of Arts with honors in History, with a minor in Ethnic Studies in 1994. He attended Yale University and earned his Master of Arts and Ph.D. in American Studies, where he also co-founded the Student Legal Action Movement. His dissertation is titled The Birth of the Texas Prison Empire, 1865-1915. He also served as a political columnist for the Boulder Weekly and editorial assistant for Critical Asian Studies in Boulder, Colorado.

Perkinson joined the American Studies department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in 2001. He teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in areas such as crime and punishment, Southern and Western history, race and class, and American empire.

His book, Texas Tough, addresses the history of American punishment, race, economy, and politics in the United States, with an emphasis on Texas—the most locked down state in the United States. The book was reviewed in many publications including The New York Times, The New Republic, Columbia Journalism Review, and Boston Globe.

In 2014, he was involved with the State of Hawai'i's and the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa's efforts to host the Obama Presidential Center in Honolulu.

Awards and honors
In 2011, his book Texas Tough was awarded the PEN/John Kenneth Galbraith Award for nonfiction.

November 11, 2011 was officially declared "Robert Perkinson day" in the state of Hawai'i by governor Neil Abercrombie and lieutenant governor Brian Schatz.

Recent Publications
"Rick Perry, Criminal Justice Reformer?" The New Republic. 17 September 2011
"Nightmares of My Grandfather." Huffington Post. 26 May 2010
"The 'Jim Crow' Injustice of Crack Cocaine Continues." The Root. 13 May 2010
"'Hell Exploded': Prisoner Music and Memoir and the Fall of Convict Leasing in Texas." Prison Journal. 89, no. 1, March 2009
"The Prison Dilemma: Getting Past the Punitive Turn." The Nation. 6 July 2009
"American Race Relations in the Age of Obama." Journal of English and American Studies (South Korea). 7, December 2008
"Guarded Hope: Lessons from the History of the Prison Boom." Boston Review. July/August 2008
"Angola and the Agony of Prison Reform." Radical Philosophy Review. 3, no. 1 (2000)
"'Between the Worst of the Past and the Worst of the Future': Reconsidering Convict Leasing in the South" (review) Radical History Review 71 (Spring 1998)
"Adjusting the World Bank." Critical Asian Studies (formerly, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars). 27, no. 3 (October–December 1995)
"Introduction to the Korean Nuclear Crisis." Critical Asian Studies. 26, nos. 1–2 (January–June 1994)

External links
Big Think interview
C-SPAN interview
Open Society Foundations interview
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Department of American Studies bio

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa faculty

Robert Perkinson


John Miller (26 October 1870 – 5 August 1934) was an Australian politician.

Born at Mount Rankin near Bathurst to grazier Alexander Miller and Florence Piper, he attended school in Bathurst before working for two years on a station. He subsequently trained as a solicitor and was licensed in 1892. Around 1895 he married Eleanor Frankland, with whom he had a daughter; later, around 1918, he married Sybella Stephen. After his licensing he became a surveyor in Bathurst, and was President of the Advance Bathurst League. In 1907 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Bathurst, representing the Liberal Party. In 1913 he signed the pledge of one of the predecessors of the Country Party, but he was defeated in that year's elections. Miller died in 1934 in Manly.

References

1870 births
1934 deaths
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Australian solicitors

John Miller (New South Wales politician)


Historically, cavalry have been soldiers who fought while riding horses. In modern times, "cavalry" means the branch of the military that fight in armored vehicles such as tanks. They differ from the infantry in that the Infantry fight on foot.

Soldiers have fought on horses ever since people have ridden horses. Before that, they fought in chariots pulled by horses. Because horses are strong, cavalry troops can wear more armor than infantry and carry heavier weapons. Because horses are fast, cavalry can ride into battle more quickly than infantry.

Army
Horse riding
Military animals

Cavalry


Sir Denis Arthur Hepworth Wright, GCMG (23 March 1911 – 18 May 2005) was a British diplomat. A long-serving ambassador to Iran, Wright's expertise and knowledge of Iran and Persian culture led him to write and edit several books on the region, as well as conduct a covert mission to inform the deposed Shah of Iran that he would not be granted asylum in Britain.

Early life and education
Wright was born in 1911 in Kingston upon Thames (then in the county of Surrey), at the house of his father's parents. His father, Arthur Edgar Wright, was assistant director of public works in Hong Kong, where Wright spent his childhood attending the Peak School. In 1921, he returned with his family to England, where he attended Brentwood School in Essex.

From 1930 to 1932, Wright studied at the University of Oxford, reading modern history at St Edmund Hall, in which he graduated with a second-class degree. At the Oxford University Labour Club, Wright met Iona Craig, and they became engaged in 1938.

Diplomatic career
Wright unsuccessfully applied for a cadetship with the Colonial Service, then worked for a time in advertising and for the Gallahers tobacco company. Whilst on holiday in Romania in 1939, he was recruited by the British consul in Constanța to undertake economic work for the embassy while Romania sat on the brink of war. His fiancée Iona joined him in Romania, and they were married at the consulate that year. In 1940, Wright was posted to the British embassy in Bucharest, then left Romania in 1941 when the country joined the Axis Powers and ended relations with Britain. Wright was then transferred to Turkey, where he served as vice-consul in Trabzon, earning a commendation from the embassy in Ankara, and in 1943, he was appointed acting consul in the port city of Mersin.

At the end of World War II, Wright returned to London where he worked for the Ottoman Bank, however he soon resigned and joined the British Foreign Service. His first posting was in Belgrade from 1946 to 1948, then as a trade consul in Chicago. In 1951, he returned to the UK to serve as the head of economic relations for the Foreign Office. In 1953, he was sent to Iran to re-open the British embassy there, after the overthrow of Mohammad Mosaddegh's government in a coup d'etat, which began his long association with the country.

Appointed CMG in 1954, Wright was granted his first ambassadorship in 1959, becoming the British Ambassador to Ethiopia. He returned to the Foreign Office briefly, and then returned to Iran as the British Ambassador in 1963. He was knighted KCMG in 1961, and elevated to GCMG on his retirement in 1971.

Post-retirement
After retiring from the Foreign Service, Wright used his expertise on Iran and Persia to author two books on the region: The English Amongst the Persians: During the Qajar Period 1787-1921 (1977) and The Persians Amongst the English: Episodes in Anglo-Persian History (1985). He also contributed to the 1969 book Persia by James Morris and Roger Wood. In 1972, he was made an Honorary Fellow of his old Oxford college, St Edmund Hall, and of St Antony's College in 1975. He was also a contributor to the Encyclopædia Iranica.

In May 1979, Wright was asked by Sir Anthony Parsons of the Foreign Office to carry out a covert mission due to his close relationship with the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who had just been deposed in the Iranian Revolution. The new British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, was concerned that she had given the Shah the impression (whilst Leader of the Opposition) that he would be granted asylum in the UK—unable to convince her Cabinet and the Foreign Office to grant such a request, Thatcher wished to inform the Shah of the news via a trusted emissary (Wright). Several sources, including newspaper obituaries of Wright, say that their meeting took place on Paradise Island in the Bahamas, with Wright travelling under the false identity of "Edward Wilson". However, in his memoir Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey, Wright's former colleague in Ankara, Sidney Nowill, asserted that these stories were "contradictory and unbelievable"—that the Shah was imprisoned in Tehran at the time (although the false identity part was true, as Wright was concerned about possible ramifications due to his directorship of the Shell Oil Company)—and were probably concocted for the press by the D-Notice Committee, although the BBC and The Guardian reported in 2009 that the release of official documents from The National Archives confirmed Wright's meeting with the Shah in the Bahamas.

Wright died from prostate cancer at his home in Haddenham, Buckinghamshire on 18 May 2005.

References

Further reading
Sir Denis Wright, GCMG, British Diplomatic Oral History Programme, Churchill Archive Centre, University of Cambridge
 (Memoirs of Denis Wright's wife, Iona Wright)

External links
Bromide print of Sir Denis Wright in the National Portrait Gallery

1911 births
2005 deaths
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Ethiopia
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Iran
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
English civil servants
Iranologists
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
People educated at Brentwood School, Essex
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in England
20th-century British diplomats

Denis Wright


Ramón Ernesto Cruz Uclés (4 January 1903 – 6 August 1985) was the President of Honduras from 7 June 1971 to 4 December 1972.

Biography
Cruz was born in San Juan de Flores in Honduras. His Father was Carlos Alberto Cruz and his mother Elisa Ucles Rosales. He was the eldest son, his brothers were: Herlinda, Carlos, Raul, Rene and Marta. In 1917 he attended the Escuela Normal for teachers where he graduated as primary school teacher. Later he went to Guatemala City where he obtained the title of Bachiller en Ciencias y Letras. He graduated in Science and Law from the National Autonomous University of Honduras (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras) in 1928(UCM).

He was Ambassador to El Salvador from 1946 to 1948.

He was a member of the Supreme Court from 1949 to 1964. He was also a member of the International Court of Justice in The Hague.

He was the National Party of Honduras (PN) candidate for president in 1963 but instead General Oswaldo López took power. However, López allowed further elections in April 1971 which Cruz won. After serving for 18 months he was removed from power in a military coup, again headed by López.

Ramón Ernesto Cruz died on 6 August 1985 at the age of 82 in Tegucigalpa.

References

1903 births
1985 deaths
Presidents of Honduras
National Party of Honduras politicians
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras alumni
Leaders ousted by a coup
Honduran Roman Catholics
People from Francisco Morazán Department
Ambassadors of Honduras to El Salvador

Ramón Ernesto Cruz Uclés


María Luisa Legarra Urquides (December 8, 1908 – June 16, 1994) was an American educator and proponent of bilingual education. She spent her life in the US state of Arizona, but influenced national educational policies. Urquides served in local and federal roles, and received numerous awards and recognitions for her educational leadership and community work. She has been referred to as the "Mother of Bilingual Education" in the United States. She was inducted into the Arizona Women's Hall of Fame in 2002.

Early life and education
Urquides was born in the Barrio Libre district of Tucson, Arizona, United States. She was the youngest of five surviving children of her parents, Mariana Legara and Hilario Urquides. Three of her siblings died at an early age. Both of her parents came from Tucson families of Mexican descent.

Her father, Hilario, was adopted into an Irish American home after his parents died. Hilario was a founding member of the Alianza Hispano-Americana, established in 1894 to protect Mexicans against disempowerment by White American settlers. At one point, he ran a saloon and owned the Occidental Hotel (previously the Palace Hotel). He later co-founded the Club Demócrato Hispano-Americano (English: Hispanic American Democratic Club) and became involved in local politics. In the early 1900s, he filled multiple city roles, being named constable, deputy sheriff, and town jailer. In 1911, the Tucson mayor assigned Hilario to the last job he would hold, serving for almost three decades as the superintendent of city streets and parks.

During Urquides' early schooling years in Tucson, English was the required language. Students would be punished if caught speaking other languages, as part of a larger Americanization program. While she was at Tucson High School, she earned lead roles in theater productions and operettas. Because of her interests in theater and choir, which were traditionally viewed as Mexican American interests, some of her Mexican classmates labeled her as a "gringacita." During most of her school life she was not allowed to visit her white friends' homes, both because of domestic restrictions on Mexican girls and because she would not be welcomed by white families. While at college, Urquides experienced occupational discrimination, being given jobs cleaning the student residence bathrooms until she could secure work singing at a popular local restaurant, La Casa Vieja.

She earned a teacher's certificate in 1928 at Tempe State Teachers College, which existed from 1925 to 1929 (now Arizona State University), graduating as valedictorian. Urquides credited a high school teacher, Mary Balch, for encouraging her to attend college and become a teacher. She later earned bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Arizona. Urquides took some additional graduate courses at the University of New Mexico and at the University of California, Berkeley, seeking to enhance her course development skills.

Teaching career and community work
Urquides worked at three different schools during her forty-six-year career as an educator. She taught for the first twenty years at Davis Elementary, a segregated school serving Mexican American and Yaqui children. While she made efforts to enhance student learning and to improve the school grounds, her efforts were largely dismissed or directly rejected. In 1948 she was transferred to Sam Hughes Elementary which served mostly White and economically privileged students. At her new position, she began to directly observe and question the social and economic differences between schools and the corresponding decisions making about educational practices.

Beyond her work in education, Urquides organized local women to improve their community. Organizing with local women, she cleared and improved an unused plot of land to create Oury Park in the Barrio Anita neighborhood (renamed David G. Herrera and Ramon Quiroz Park in 2001). They successfully secured Works Progress Administration funding in order to add a community swimming pool. Several Mexican American women then came together more formally to start a social improvement group, Club Adelante. She led this group to work on projects, including constructing a local library. In 1960, she added her name to a short list of community leaders stumping for Senator John F. Kennedy in the local Spanish newspaper.

Bilingual education leadership
In 1955, Urquides was intentionally recruited to work at the newly established Pueblo High School, where she taught English and worked as a school counselor. At the high school, she was struck by the irony of teaching students Spanish as a foreign language, after years of punishing Mexican and Spanish-speaking students for using a language other than English. She became particularly interested in helping students who spoke Spanish fluently, but were unable to read or write in Spanish. In trying to enhance the use and improvement of both Spanish and English among her students, she worked with Adalberto Guerrero, Rosita Cota, and Henry Oyama to introduce new curriculum ideas including instruction about Mexican American people and culture, a Spanish for Spanish-speakers program, and honors level Spanish courses. In 1965, Pueblo High School was awarded the "Pacemaker Award" for their efforts by the National Education Association's in collaboration with Parade magazine.

While at Pueblo, Urquides became active in broader bilingual curriculum design efforts, as well as national policy development. Following the National Education Association (NEA) support of educational improvements for Black students, Urquides approached Monroe Sweetland (who served as a NEA advisor) to request funding for a study of successful educational and bicultural pedagogies for Mexican American students. Urquides' request was funded and she was appointed to chair the resulting NEA-Tucson Survey Committee. The Pueblo teachers had participated in an Institute for Bilingual Education, and thus were already aware of several effective programs across the southwestern US which used Spanish as an educational asset rather than treating it as a deficit. The committee officially visited fifty-eight schools across the southwest (Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas) in order to study bilingual education curriculum models. In 1966, they published a widely influential report on bilingual education, The Invisible Minority – Pero No Vencibles. The study outlined the problems facing Spanish-speaking students, and highlighted successful programs in Laredo and El Paso (Texas), Albuquerque and Pecos (New Mexico), Merced, (California), Pueblo (Colorado), and Phoenix (Arizona), as well as their own model in Tucson.

The survey team was making regular trips to the capitol to give testimony in Congress about bilingual education. They also worked with Sweetland to hold an NEA symposium on bilingual education in Tucson. They hosted "The Spanish-Speaking Child in the Schools of the Southwest" at the old Pioneer Hotel after the University of Arizona dismissed its importance and refused hosting. The symposium and The Invisible Minority report helped quickly push federal action, including the introduction and passage of the 1967 Bilingual Education Act. Language educational leaders Herschel T. Manuel and Theodore Anderson attended. Several political leaders attended, including Senator Joseph Montoya (New Mexico), representative Edward Roybal (California), Representative Morris K. Udall (Arizona), and Texas Representative Henry B. González, Senator Ralph Yarborough (Texas). Yarborough and González quickly went on to introduce the national legislation.

Urquides' leadership continues to exert influence on national bilingual education programs. Today, the Tucson model is frequently described as the "cradle" of bilingual education (in Arizona), and Urquides is referred to as the "Mother of Bilingual Education" in the United States. In an 1985 interview, fellow Tucson education leader Adalberto Guerrero recalled that Urquides led all of these efforts, and thus rightly earned her title. In an interview, he reflected, "And who led us by the hand to the meeting with these men from Washington? It had been Maria. And who had been responsible for the symposium to take place here in Tucson? It was Maria. Therefore, we gave her that nickname because it was she who moved and fought in order that bilingual education could become a reality in the United States".

Urquides officially retired from teaching in 1978. She continued to work with numerous organizations until her death in 1994. Urquides was buried at the Holy Hope Catholic Cemetery & Mausoleum.

Selected service and recognitions
Several US presidents appointed Urquides to educational roles. In 1950, Harry S. Truman appointed Urquides to the White House Conference on Children and Youth, and a decade later Dwight D. Eisenhower reappointed Urquides. In 1970, Richard M. Nixon asked her to once again serve on that committee. In 1966, President John F. Kennedy appointed her to the State Advisory Committee to the Civil Rights Commission. At the request of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration, Urquides joined the National Advisory Committee to the Commissioner of Education on Mexican-American Education.

In recognition of her service, Urquides received awards and recognitions from her community, national and regional organizations, and state universities. In 1977, a local elementary school designed to serve disabled students was named in honor of Urquides. She was the first Mexican American woman to have a school named after her in the state of Arizona. University of Arizona Education awards the Maria Urquides Laureate Award each year to faculty committed to bilingual education. The Mexican American Student Association at the University of Arizona provides annual scholarships in her name.

Her personal and family story was published in the book This Land, These Voices. That same story was reprinted in Arizona Memories, which shared memoirs from prominent Arizonans. Urquides appeared in a profile feature within the textbook The Story of the Mexican Americans, written by renowned Mexican American historian Rudy Acuña.

During her lifetime, Urquides served on vast number of community service and educational organizations, including:

 American Red Cross
 Arizona Association of Mexican American Educators
 Arizona Congress of Parents and Teachers
 Arizona Council for Civil Unity
 Arizona State Board of Public Welfare (as chair)
 La Frontera Center
 National Association for Advancement of Colored People
 National Council of Christians and Jews
 Pima Community College Board of Governors (as founding chair)
 Tucson Education Association
 Tucson League for the Public Schools
 Tucson League of Mexican American Women
 YWCA

Selected awards
 Arizona Women's Hall of Fame in 2002.
 Distinguished Citizen Award (1972), University of Arizona Alumni Association
 Distinguished Service Award (1970), National Education Association
 Hall of Fame Award, Profiles of Success Hispanic Leadership, State of Arizona (2000)
 Honorary law degree (1983), University of Arizona
 Human Relations award  (1968), National Education Association
 Las Doñas de Los Descendientes del Presidio de Tucson, League of Women Voters of Greater Tucson
 "Maria Urquides Center," chosen for the multi-purpose room at the La Frontera Center's Tucson Clinic
 Medallion of Excellence, Arizona State University
 Medallion of Merit (1984), University of Arizona
 Pioneer Award (1990), National Association for Bilingual Education
 Woman of the Year (1965), League of Mexican American Women (Los Angeles)
 Woman of the Year in Education (1965), Tucson Daily Star
 YWCA Lifetime Achievement (1989)

Notes

References

External links
 Women in the Classroom: The Life of Maria Urquides, lecture by Jan Cleere, for the Arizona Historical Society.
 Video: Mexican-Americans: The Invisible Minority (1969).
 Tucson High School Badger Foundation (Alumni group)

American activists
American women activists
20th-century American women educators
Hispanic and Latino American educators
People from Tucson, Arizona
American people of Mexican descent
1908 births
1994 deaths
Arizona State University alumni
University of Arizona alumni

María Urquides


The International League of Dermatological Societies (ILDS) is a non-governmental organization that works closely with the World Health Organization. It was founded in 1935, but because of World War II no congresses were held until 1952. It is governed by the International Committee of Dermatology.

The ILDS is the parent organization of the International Foundation for Dermatology, founded in 1987.

After the publication of ICD-10, the ILDS produced a series of compatible extensions for use in dermatology.

References

External links
 Official site
  History
 International Foundation for Dermatology
 Application to Dermatology of International Classification of Disease (ICD-11)

Organizations established in 1935
Dermatology organizations
International medical and health organizations


The Andrew McCarron Three-Decker is a historic triple-decker house in Worcester, Massachusetts.  Built c. 1918, it is a well-preserved example of a Colonial Revival triple-decker, and rare for its relatively large size and proportioning.  It follows a standard side hall plan, but is four bays wide instead of the more usual three, and has no side jogs (protruding bays on the side elevation).  It has a three-story porch structure that projects significantly from the front facade. It is supported by fluted square columns and is topped by a pedimented gable.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in southwestern Worcester, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts

References

Apartment buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Colonial Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1918
Apartment buildings in Worcester, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Worcester, Massachusetts

Andrew McCarron Three-Decker


Echinocystis is a monotypic genus in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. The sole species is E. lobata, commonly called wild cucumber, prickly cucumber or bur cucumber. It is an annual, sprawling plant that is native to North America.

Description
Echinocystis lobata is an annual vine that produces stems that can be as long as  and which climb, with the help of coiling, branched tendrils, over shrubs and fences or trail across the ground. The stems are angular and furrowed. The leaves are alternate with long petioles, five palmate lobes and no stipules. The plants are monoecious, with separate male and female blooms on the same plant. The male flowers are in long-stemmed, upright panicles. Each flower has a white, or greenish-yellow, corolla with six slender lobes. The male flower has a single central stamen with a yellow anther. The female flower has a single stigma and is borne on a short stalk at the base of the flower panicle, with the spiky globular inferior ovary being immediately beneath. The fruit is a prickly, inflated capsule up to  long with two pores and four seeds. It resembles a tiny spiny water melon, or cucumber, but is inedible (hence the name "bur cucumber"). It persists all winter and then opens at the bottom, liberating the seeds. This species can be distinguished from the oneseed bur cucumber (Sicyos angulatus) by the six-lobed corolla and the lack of the clustered fruits that that plant bears. It also appears similar to Marah macrocarpa (also known as wild cucumber) which has a six-lobed corolla as well and is found in Southern California chaparral where E. lobata is not.

Distribution
The native range across North America includes forty U.S. states (excluding Nevada, Hawaii, Alaska, and most of the far Southeastern states); and nine Canadian provinces.  It has also been reported as an uncommon invasive species in the Örség Landscape Protection Area of Hungary near the Austrian-Slovenian border.  Similarly it is reported as an adventive alien species that grew in wetland, grassland and human-affected areas of the Carei Plain natural protected area, western Romania.

Insect interactions
This vine has been reported as a food source and host plant for the leaf-footed bug Anasa repetita, which feeds along the entire length of the stem and at the developing roots.  Specimens collected in September 2006 from a E. lobata in Grant County, Wisconsin were the first recording of the bug in that state.  Additionally, the pentatomid species Euschistus servus euschistoides is recorded as feeding on developing E. lobata fruit.  Robertson in 1928 reported that 2 different species of parasitoid hymenopterans had been collected from E. lobata flowers in central Illinois. Both the scoliid wasp Scolia bicincta and the tiphid wasp Myzinum quinquecinctum nectared on the flowers, along with a number of other flower species.  The beetle species Chauliognathus pensylvanicus is listed as visiting the wild flowers growing in Wisconsin.

Bacterial infection
E. lobata has been shown to be susceptible to bacterial wilt, a disease caused by infection of the plants with the bacterium Erwinia tracheiphila. Bacteria are transmitted between plants by the Striped cucumber beetle Acalymma vittatum. As the adult beetles feed they also drop frass on fresh areas of feeding which results in infection of the plant.  The susceptibility of E. lobata, Cucurbita foetidissima, Cucurbita californica  and Sicyos angulatus to bacterial wilt was identified via experiments by E. M. Smith in 1911.

Uses
The plant has been used medicinally by native Americans. The Taos Pueblo of New Mexico used it to treat rheumatism, while the Menominee of Wisconsin made a bitter extract from the roots for use as a love potion and as an analgesic. The powdered root has been used to prepare a poultice to relieve headaches and the seeds have been used as beads.

References

External links

 USDA Species Information
 Profile: Wild Cucumber (Echinocystis lobata) Photos, Drawings, Text. (Wild Plants of Winnipeg from Nature Manitoba)
 Ontario Wildflowers

Monotypic Cucurbitaceae genera
Cucurbitoideae
Flora of Canada
Flora of the United States
Crops originating from Canada
Crops originating from the United States
Plants used in Native American cuisine

Echinocystis


The Kingdom of God, or Kingdom of Heaven  is an important religious idea. It is found in Judaism, Christianity and Islam
God has a 'Kingdom' of His own. The Parables of Jesus talk about the Kingdom. Life here is seen as a test for us and if we follow the orders of God and do good deeds then we shall be rewarded in an Afterlife, where 'good' people alone will enter the heaven with all its joys.

Those who do evil will not get to heaven.

Related pages
 Heaven
 Hell

References

Theology

Kingdom of God


Khutbah (, khuṭbah; , khotbeh; ) serves as the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition.

Such sermons occur regularly, as prescribed by the teachings of all legal schools. The Islamic tradition can be formally observed at the Dhuhr (noon) congregation prayer on Friday. In addition, similar sermons are called for on the two festival days and after Solar and Lunar Eclipse prayer.

Origins and definition
Religious narration (including sermons) may be pronounced in a variety of settings and at various times. The khutbah, however, refers to khutbah al-jum'a, usually meaning the address delivered in the mosque at weekly (usually Friday) and annual rituals. Other religious oratory and occasions of preaching are described as dars (a lesson) or waz (an admonition), and their formats differ accordingly.

The khutbah originates from the practice of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, who used to deliver words of exhortation, instruction, or command at gatherings for worship in the mosque, which consisted of the courtyard of his house in Medina.

After the conquest of Mecca, Muhammad presented himself as a khatib to the city in AD 630. The first four caliphs, and the Ummayads caliphs and provincial governors all delivered sermons. There were not necessarily exhortatory, but addressed practical questions of government and sometimes even included direct orders. Under the Abbasids, the caliph himself no longer preached but assigned the task to the religious judges. The Abbasids insisted they were clearing Islam of the secularism of the Umayyads, and this probably helped in strengthening the religious aspect of the sermon.

Delivery
At the beginning of the service the adhan is given, during which the khatib (the individual who delivers the khutbah) remains sitting. The iqama is given when the khatib descends. The sermon is delivered in two parts. Both parts are delivered while khatib is standing and punctuated by a pause in between them when the khatib sits down. During the sermon itself, it is obligatory to pronounce the following:
the hamdala, or an expression to praise God and show gratitude towards him; saying al-hamdu li'llāh "Praise belongs to Allāh" at the beginning of the sermon is usually sufficient,
the salawaat, or invocations of peace and blessings on Muhammad,
recitation of a part of the Qur'an in the first part of the sermon or, according to some doctrines, in both,
admonitions to piety in both parts of the sermon,
and dua (prayer) on behalf of the faithful.

The khatib must be in a state of ritual purity; his dress must be in accord with the prescriptions. It is commendable for the khatib  to be on a pulpit or an elevated place; to salute the congregation when directing himself towards them; to sit down until the adhan is pronounced by the muezzin; and to direct himself straightway to his audience. Finally the khatib should make the sermon short.

Historically, sermons were delivered in classical Arabic. This linguistic requirement required substantial training on the part of the khatib and this contributed to the growth of a literary genre consisting of model sermons, such as those by the renowned Ibn Nubata (d. 984). The Sahabah, even after migrating to foreign lands, always kept the khutbah in classical Arabic but would instead conduct a longer lecture before the khutbah in the local language. According to the four accepted Sunni schools of jurisprudence, it is a requirement for the khutbah to be delivered completely in classical Arabic. In the modern era however, preaching in vernacular languages, while often retaining certain Arabic expressions, has become common in contemporary and non-traditional circles.

Friday

One of the conditions for the validity of the Friday service is that it must be preceded by two sermons. The sermons are delivered when the number of auditors required for a valid j̲umu'a are present.

Traditionally, as instructed in classical Islamic legal treatises, Friday congregational prayers in which sermons were delivered were restricted to urban centers and normally to one major mosque in each city. Such a mosque is referred to as a masjid jami', that is, a "Friday Mosque" (or a "cathedral mosque"). These mosques were distinguished by their central location, large dimensions, monumental architecture, symbolic furnishings indicative of its exalted stature, and, the most demonstrative of all, the minbar (ritual pulpit).

In contemporary times, Friday congregational prayers with sermons are common in mosques of all sizes and conditions, and not just restricted to a few central locations. Sermons are also dispensed through newspapers and broadcast on radio and television.

Special occasions

Sermons on special occasions generally contain features that are relevant to the celebrations (e.g. Eid) or the natural phenomena for which they are delivered (e.g. Kusuf and Khusuf). For instance, on Eid al-Fitr, the preacher has a duty to instruct the faithful congregation concerning the zakat, or almsgiving. On Eid al-Adha the preacher includes remarks specifying the rules for the sacrifice.

There is a slight difference in the sermon delivered on Eid ul-Fitr. The sermon's first part must open with nine takbirs, the second part with seven. The sermon may also be pronounced while sitting. Regarding the sermons delivered during an eclipse or excessive drought, classical texts advise that such sermons must admonish the audience and ask God's forgiveness. Usually the verse 9 of Sūra At-Tahrim (Quran 66:09) is also recited and a special prayer called "Muḥammad's du'a"ʾ is said.

Sovereign's name
In the pre-modern Middle East, the mention of a ruler's name in the sermon was one of the two prerogatives of sovereignty (the other being the right to mint coins). Mentioning meant accepting the sovereignty and suzerainty of a ruler, and it was considered the principal criterion of sovereignty for an Islamic ruler. Omitting the name of a ruler from the sermon was like publicly declaring independence. This prerogative of sovereignty was introduced by Islam. It was not present in the pre-Islamic era. In addition, the sermon, a major vehicle of communication, also announced the deposition of a ruler, the accession of a ruler, nomination of an heir, and the beginning and end of a war.

The sovereign's name was also declared in khutbas during the Mughal rule; Babur was styled 'Zahir-ud-Din Bábar Muhammad' during Friday khutbas. Sher Khan, an adversary of the Mughal emperor Humayun, was content if Bengal was given to him in return of the emperor retaining his right to mint coins and proclaim the khutba in the emperor's name, and thereby becoming the "emperor's vassal".

Currently, some Muslim monarchies practise this in their state-regulated sermon like in Brunei and Malaysia.

Khutbah and the Ministries of Islamic Affairs in modern states

In a number of countries like Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt, there is a central religious authority supervised by the government which issues a weekly sermon to be read in all mosques under its jurisdiction. In Turkey the sermons are prepared by the Diyanet, in Saudi Arabia by the Ministry for Islamic Affairs. In Egypt a similar proposal is currently being discussed.

Related concept
Abu-al-Faraj ibn Al-Jawzi writes in his Ru'ūs al-Qawārīr of a similar concept also called khutbah. Also referred to by the same name as the sermon, this concept was different. Its primary purpose was not to admonish, instruct or reprove, but rather to exalt and praise God. It invited others to worship and celebrate God's greatness. Ibn al-Jawzi employed a variety of metaphors and alluded to nature frequently.

See also

Nahj al Balagha
Qur'an reading
Sermon, Christian analogue
The sermon for Necessities- a popular sermon in the Islamic world, particularly as the introduction to a khutbah during Jumu'ah.
Islamic advice literature
Hidayah

Notes

References
Gaffney, Patrick D. "Khutba." Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Edited by Martin, Richard C. Macmillan Reference, 2004. vol. 1 p. 394. 20 April 2008
Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu. Student's Britannica India. Popular Prakashan, 2000.
Hovannisian, Richard G; Sabagh, Georges. Religion and Culture in Medieval Islam. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
 Jones, Linda, Preaching and Sermons, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. II, pp. 478–482.
Lewis, Bernard. From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting the Middle East. Oxford University Press, 2004.
Wensinck, A.J. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 20 April 2008
Contemporary Fataawa, Idara-e-Islamiyat, 2001

External links

Arabic words and phrases
Salah
Islamic sermons
Salah terminology

Khutbah


"So Over You" is a song by Australian recording artist Paulini, taken from her second studio album, Superwoman (2006). It was written by Nigel Butler, Paulini, Ray Hedges, Andy Love and Jarrad Rogers, while the production was handled by Hedges. "So Over You" was released as a CD single and Digital EP on 13 May 2006, as the second single from the album. The song peaked at number 49 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The accompanying music video was directed by Jonathan and Josh Baker, and features scenes of Paulini at an outdoor basketball court.

Track listing
CD single / Digital EP
 "So Over You" (Cutfather & Joe Remix Edit) – 2:53
 "So Over You" (Breathe Remix) – 2:49
 "So Over You" (Mrtimothy's Radio Remix) – 3:08
 "Shake It Up" featuring Nate Wadé – 3:17

Charts
"So Over You" debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 50 on 22 May 2006. The following week, the song peaked at number 49.

References

2006 songs
2006 singles
Paulini songs
Songs written by Ray Hedges
Songs written by Jarrad Rogers
Song recordings produced by Ray Hedges
Sony Music Australia singles
Songs written by Nigel Butler

So Over You


In physics, Albert Einstein derived the theory of special relativity in 1905 from principle now called the postulates of special relativity. Einstein's formulation is said to only require two postulates, though his derivation implies a few more assumptions.

The idea that special relativity depended only on two postulates, both of which seemed to be follow from the theory and experiment of the day, was one of the most compelling arguments for the correctness of the theory (Einstein 1912: "This theory is correct to the extent to which the two principles upon which it is based are correct. Since these seem to be correct to a great extent, ...")

Postulates of special relativity

1. First postulate (principle of relativity)
 The laws of physics take the same form in all inertial frames of reference.

2. Second postulate (invariance of c)
 As measured in any inertial frame of reference, light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocity c that is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body.  Or: the speed of light in free space has the same value c in all inertial frames of reference.

The two-postulate basis for special relativity is the one historically used by Einstein, and it is sometimes the starting point today. As Einstein himself later acknowledged, the derivation  of the Lorentz transformation tacitly makes use of some additional assumptions, including spatial homogeneity, isotropy, and memorylessness. Also Hermann Minkowski implicitly used both postulates when he introduced the Minkowski space formulation, even though he showed that  c can be seen as a space-time constant, and the identification with the speed of light is derived from optics.

Alternative derivations of special relativity

Historically, Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré (1892–1905) derived the Lorentz transformation from Maxwell's equations, which served to explain the negative result of all aether drift measurements. By that the luminiferous aether becomes undetectable in agreement with what Poincaré called the principle of relativity (see History of Lorentz transformations and Lorentz ether theory). A more modern example of deriving the Lorentz transformation from electrodynamics (without using the historical aether concept at all), was given by Richard Feynman.

George Francis FitzGerald already made an argument similar to Einstein's in 1889, in response to the Michelson-Morley experiment seeming to show both postulates to be true. He wrote that a length contraction is "almost the only hypothesis that can reconcile" the apparent contradictions. Lorentz independently came to similar conclusions, and later wrote "the chief difference being that Einstein simply postulates what we have deduced".

Following these derivations, many alternative derivations have been proposed, based on various sets of assumptions. It has often been argued (such as by Vladimir Ignatowski in 1910,
or Philipp Frank and Hermann Rothe in 1911,
and many others in subsequent years)
that a formula equivalent to the Lorentz transformation, up to a nonnegative free parameter, follows from just the relativity postulate itself, without first postulating the universal light speed. These formulations rely on the aforementioned various assumptions such as isotropy. The numerical value of the parameter in these transformations can then be determined by experiment, just as the numerical values of the parameter pair c and the Vacuum permittivity are left to be determined by experiment even when using Einstein's original postulates. Experiment rules out the validity of the Galilean transformations. When the numerical values in both Einstein's and other approaches have been found then these different approaches result in the same theory.

Insufficiency of the two standard postulates
Einstein's 1905 derivation is not complete. A break in Einstein's logic occurs where, after having established "the law of the constancy of the speed of light" for empty space, he invokes the law in situations where space is no longer empty. For the derivation to apply to physical objects requires an additional postulate or "bridging hypothesis", that the geometry derived for empty space also applies when a space is populated. This would be equivalent to stating that we know that the introduction of matter into a region, and its relative motion, have no effect on lightbeam geometry.

Such a statement would be problematic, as Einstein rejected the notion that a process such as light-propagation could be immune to other factors (1914: "There can be no doubt that this principle is of far-reaching significance; and yet, I cannot believe in its exact validity. It seems to me unbelievable that the course of any process (e.g., that of the propagation of light in a vacuum) could be conceived of as independent of all other events in the world.")

Including this "bridge" as an explicit third postulate might also have damaged the theory's credibility, as refractive index and the Fizeau effect would have suggested that the presence and behaviour of matter does seem to influence light-propagation, contra the theory. If this bridging hypothesis had been stated as a third postulate, it could have been claimed that the third postulate (and therefore the theory) were falsified by the experimental evidence.

The 1905 system as "null theory"
Without a "bridging hypothesis" as a third postulate, the 1905 derivation is open to the criticism that its derived relationships may only apply in vacuo, that is, in the absence of matter.

The controversial suggestion that the 1905 theory, derived by assuming empty space, might only apply to empty space, appears in Edwin F. Taylor and John Archibald Wheeler's book "Spacetime Physics" (Box 3-1: "The Principle of Relativity Rests on Emptiness").

A similar suggestion that the reduction of GR geometry to SR's flat spacetime over small regions may be "unphysical" (because flat pointlike regions cannot contain matter capable of acting as physical observers) was acknowledged but rejected by Einstein in 1914 ("The equations of the new theory of relativity reduce to those of the original theory in the special case where the gμν can be considered constant ... the sole objection that can be raised against the theory is that the equations we have set up might, perhaps, be void of any physical content. But no one is likely to think in earnest that this objection is justified in the present case").

Einstein revisited the problem in 1919 ("It is by no means settled a priori that a limiting transition of this kind has any possible meaning. For if gravitational fields do play an essential part in the structure of the particles of matter, the transition to the limiting case of constant gμν would, for them, lose its justification, for indeed, with constant gμν there could not be any particles of matter.")

A further argument for unphysicality can be gleaned from Einstein's solution to the "hole problem" under general relativity, in which Einstein rejects the physicality of coordinate-system relationships in truly empty space.

Alternative relativistic models
Einstein's special theory is not the only theory that combines a form of lightspeed constancy with the relativity principle. A theory along the lines of that proposed by Heinrich Hertz (in 1890)  allows for light to be fully dragged by all objects, giving local c-constancy for all physical observers. The logical possibility of a Hertzian theory shows that Einstein's two standard postulates (without the bridging hypothesis) are not sufficient to allow us to arrive uniquely at the solution of special relativity (although special relativity might be considered the most minimalist solution).

Einstein agreed that the Hertz theory was logically consistent ("It is on the basis of this hypothesis that Hertz developed an electrodynamics of moving bodies that is free of contradictions."), but dismissed it on the grounds of a poor agreement with the Fizeau result, leaving special relativity as the only remaining option. Given that SR was similarly unable to reproduce the Fizeau result without introducing additional auxiliary rules (to address the different behaviour of light in a particulate medium), this was perhaps not a fair comparison.

Mathematical formulation of the postulates

In the rigorous mathematical formulation of special relativity, we suppose that the universe exists on a four-dimensional spacetime M.  Individual points in spacetime are known as events; physical objects in spacetime are described by worldlines (if the object is a point particle) or worldsheets (if the object is larger than a point).  The worldline or worldsheet only describes the motion of the object; the object may also have several other physical characteristics such as energy-momentum, mass, charge, etc.

In addition to events and physical objects, there are a class of inertial frames of reference.  Each inertial frame of reference provides a coordinate system  for events in the spacetime M.  Furthermore, this frame of reference also gives coordinates to all other physical characteristics of objects in the spacetime; for instance, it will provide coordinates  for the momentum and energy of an object, coordinates  for an electromagnetic field, and so forth.

We assume that given any two inertial frames of reference, there exists a coordinate transformation that converts the coordinates from one frame of reference to the coordinates in another frame of reference.  This transformation not only provides a conversion for spacetime coordinates , but will also provide a conversion for all other physical coordinates, such as a conversion law for momentum and energy , etc.  (In practice, these conversion laws can be efficiently handled using the mathematics of tensors.)

We also assume that the universe obeys a number of physical laws.  Mathematically, each physical law can be expressed with respect to the coordinates given by an inertial frame of reference by a mathematical equation (for instance, a differential equation) which relates the various coordinates of the various objects in the spacetime.  A typical example is Maxwell's equations.  Another is Newton's first law.

1. First Postulate (Principle of relativity)
 Under transitions between inertial reference frames, the equations of all fundamental laws of physics stay form-invariant, while all the numerical constants entering these equations preserve their values. Thus, if a fundamental physical law is expressed with a mathematical equation in one inertial frame, it must be expressed by an identical equation in any other inertial frame, provided both frames are parameterised with charts of the same type. (The caveat on charts is relaxed, if we employ connections to write the law in a covariant form.)

2. Second Postulate (Invariance of c)
 There exists an absolute constant  with the following property.  If A, B are two events which have coordinates  and  in one inertial frame , and have coordinates  and  in another inertial frame , then
  if and only if .

Informally, the Second Postulate asserts that objects travelling at speed c in one reference frame will necessarily travel at speed c in all reference frames. This postulate is a subset of the postulates that underlie Maxwell's equations in the interpretation given to them in the context of special relativity. However, Maxwell's equations rely on several other postulates, some of which are now known to be false (e.g., Maxwell's equations cannot account for the quantum attributes of electromagnetic radiation).

The second postulate can be used to imply a stronger version of itself, namely that the spacetime interval is invariant under changes of inertial reference frame.  In the above notation, this means that

for any two events A, B.  This can in turn be used to deduce the transformation laws between reference frames; see Lorentz transformation.

The postulates of special relativity can be expressed very succinctly using the mathematical language of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds.  The second postulate is then an assertion that the four-dimensional spacetime M is a pseudo-Riemannian manifold equipped with a metric g of signature (1,3), which is given by the Minkowski metric when measured in each inertial reference frame.  This metric is viewed as one of the physical quantities of the theory; thus it transforms in a certain manner when the frame of reference is changed, and it can be legitimately used in describing the laws of physics.  The first postulate is an assertion that the laws of physics are invariant when represented in any frame of reference for which g is given by the Minkowski metric.  One advantage of this formulation is that it is now easy to compare special relativity with general relativity, in which the same two postulates hold but the assumption that the metric is required to be Minkowski is dropped.

The theory of Galilean relativity is the limiting case of special relativity in the limit  (which is sometimes referred to as the non-relativistic limit).  In this theory, the first postulate remains unchanged, but the second postulate is modified to:

 If A, B are two events which have coordinates  and  in one inertial frame , and have coordinates  and  in another inertial frame , then .  Furthermore, if , then

.

The physical theory given by classical mechanics, and Newtonian gravity is consistent with Galilean relativity, but not special relativity.  Conversely, Maxwell's equations are not consistent with Galilean relativity unless one postulates the existence of a physical aether.   In a surprising number of cases, the laws of physics in special relativity (such as the famous equation ) can be deduced by combining the postulates of special relativity with the hypothesis that the laws of special relativity approach the laws of classical mechanics in the non-relativistic limit.

Notes

Postulates of special relativity


The Allenstown Meeting House (also known as Old Allenstown Meeting House; Church of Christ; Christian Church) is a historic meeting house on Deerfield Road in Allenstown, New Hampshire.  Built in 1815, it is New Hampshire's only surviving Federal-style single-story meeting house to serve both religious and civic functions.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in December 2004, and the New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places in July 2004. It is presently owned and maintained by the town.

Description and history
The Allenstown Meeting House stands in a rural setting on the north side of the town, on the north side of Deerfield Road west of New Rye Road.  Although it is within the boundaries of Bear Brook State Park, it is currently owned and maintained by the town.  It is a single-story wood-frame structure with a gable roof, resting on a granite foundation.  It has a heavy timber frame and is sheathed in wooden clapboards.  The main facade faces the road to the south, and is five bays wide, with a central door flanked by two windows on either side.  The interior has retained its original box pews and pulpit.  The northwest corner of the building was damaged by arson fire in 1985, but has been sensitively restored.  Interior features include a slightly sloping wooden floor, to improve visibility by people sitting in the rear of the hall.

The meeting house was built in 1815 on land donated by Judge Hall Burgin, originally intended as a church.  The church proprietors were financially unable to complete the building, so the town stepped in to finance its completion.  It served as the town's main civic and religious building from then until 1876, when it was abandoned for civic purposes, and the small Protestant congregation dispersed to other area churches. In 1908 the town deeded its ownership share to a local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), which oversaw its maintenance. After an arsonist attempted to burn it down in 1985, the DAR chapter offered it to the state, which undertook some restoration in 1993–94. The town acquired it from the state in 2004. It is the only surviving single-story meeting house of the period in New Hampshire.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Merrimack County, New Hampshire
New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 193: Old Allenstown Meeting House / Meeting House Burying Ground

References

External links
Official website of town committee

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Federal architecture in New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1815
Churches in Merrimack County, New Hampshire
New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places
Former churches in New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Merrimack County, New Hampshire
Allenstown, New Hampshire
City and town halls in New Hampshire

Allenstown Meeting House


A hero is a real person or fictional character who, in the face of danger, combats adversity through feats of ingenuity, courage, or strength.

In Greek mythology, a hero is a demigod, a half-god/half-human being. Herakles, for example, was the son of the god Zeus and the mortal woman Alkmene. Heroes performed extraordinary feats and were worshipped in hero cults.

The word hero comes from the Greek ἥρως (hērōs), "hero" (literally "protector" or "defender"), particularly one such as Heracles with divine ancestry or later given divine honors.

In the modern world, hero has lost its ancient meaning.  It now means someone who is courageous ("The firefighter who saved my baby is a hero.").  Heroes are "heroic", they have "heroism". They help in saving people or a society from bad people, villains, or natural disasters.  A hero can also be someone who is helpful, polite, or helping people who need it.  The word is used in the sports world to mean an extraordinary player or athlete ("football hero", "Olympic hero", etc.).  The female equivalent of the male hero is the "heroine".

Sometimes, the protagonist (or main character) of a story is called the "hero" of the story.  Some fictional characters are superheroes.

The opposite of a hero is a villain. A female hero like Joan of Arc is called a heroine.

References

Virtues
Greek mythology

Hero


The Frederick Douglass National Historic Site, administered by the National Park Service, is located at 1411 W Street, SE, in Anacostia, a neighborhood east of the Anacostia River in Southeast Washington, D.C. United States. Established in 1988 as a National Historic Site, the site preserves the home and estate of Frederick Douglass, one of the most prominent African Americans of the 19th century. Douglass lived in this house, which he named Cedar Hill, from 1877–1878 until his death in 1895. Perched on a hilltop, the site offers a sweeping view of the U.S. Capitol and the Washington, D.C., skyline.

In 2017 the site was used to represent Washington, D.C., on its America the Beautiful quarter.

History

The site of the Frederick Douglass home originally was purchased by John Van Hook in about 1855. Van Hook built the main portion of the present house soon after taking possession of the property. For a portion of 1877, the house was owned by the Freedom Savings and Trust Company. Later that year, Douglass purchased the home and expanded its 14 rooms to 21, including two-story library and kitchen wings. The house has an L shape, and its plan is reminiscent of the design of Andrew Jackson Downing.

With the election of President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, Douglass hoped for a political appointment, likely postmaster for Rochester, New York, or ambassador to Haiti. Instead, he was appointed marshal for the District of Columbia, a role which he accepted. His appointment to this highly visible position marked the first time a black man successfully received a federal appointment requiring Senate approval. Douglass, however, was not asked to fill many of the roles expected of a marshal. Typically, the marshal would attend formal White House gatherings and directly introduce guests to the President. Douglass, excused from this role, later complained that he should have resigned because of the slight. Still, the job brought him financial stability, and in 1877, with a $6,000 (~$ in ) loan from his black friend and former abolitionist Robert Purvis, he purchased the 14-room Victorian home on  and named it named Cedar Hill. He bought an additional  around the property the following year.

In the home, Douglass became a cultivated member of high society. He and his grandson Joseph played the music of Franz Schubert in the west parlor, which served as the music room.

Works

After moving to his new house, Frederick Douglass read and also wrote his books in the studio that is located in the yard of the house, one of them was his last autobiographical book, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, first published in 1881 and reissued 10 years later. His wife Anna had a stroke in 1882 which left her partially paralyzed; she died on August 4 and Douglass became depressed. "The main pillar of my house has fallen", he wrote to a friend.

In 1886, Douglass published the book Three Addresses on the Relations Subsisting between the White and Colored People of the United States, and in 1895 completed his book  Why is the Negro lynched?

Marriage with Helen Pitts Douglass

In January 1884, Douglass applied for a marriage license at District of Columbia City Hall before heading to the home of Reverend Francis James Grimké and Charlotte Forten Grimké, where he married a white woman named Helen Pitts. The marriage, held January 2, was not approved by most members of either family. Helen's father, an abolitionist who was previously proud to know Douglass personally, never offered his blessing and refused to visit Washington unless he knew his daughter and her husband were out of town. Douglass had hired Pitts as a clerk in 1882. She was a graduate of Mount Holyoke College and had been a teacher of freed blacks in Virginia and Indiana. Interviewed about her marriage, she responded, "Love came to me and I was not afraid to marry the man I loved because of his color." One newspaper article noted, "Goodbye, black blood in that family. We have no further use for him. His picture hangs in our parlor, we will hang it in the stables."

Frederick Douglass death

On February 20, 1895, Douglass attended a women's rights rally in Washington and was escorted to the platform by Anna Howard Shaw and Susan B. Anthony. He returned to Cedar Hill for an early supper and intended to attend a neighborhood black church. As he was telling his second wife Helen about one of the day's speakers, he suddenly collapsed.

Later history
After Douglass's death, his widow, Helen Pitts Douglass, founded the Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association in 1900. In 1916, the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs joined with the association. In the 1920s, Black architect William Augustus Hazel was commissioned to restore the house. The restoration was completed in 1922, and is believed to have been the first historic architectural preservation project by a Black architect in the United States.

These two groups owned the house until 1962, when the federal government took the deed to the house through the National Park Service, with the intent of restoring and preserving it. Also on site are an interpretive visitor center and a reconstruction of Douglass's "Growlery", a small stone building in which he secluded himself while writing and studying. In 2017, the site was featured on the 37th quarter in the America the Beautiful Quarters series.

The Frederick Douglass National Historic Site is located about a 10-minute walk from the Anacostia Metro station.

See also
 National Museum of African American History and Culture
 National Museum of African Art
 Alexandria Black History Museum
 Anacostia Community Museum
 List of museums focused on African Americans

References

External links

 Frederick Douglass National Historic Site official web site
 Frederick Douglass.org
 "Writings of Frederick Douglass", broadcast from the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site, C-SPAN, American Writers, May 28, 2001.

African-American museums in Washington, D.C.
Buildings of the United States government in Washington, D.C.
National Historic Sites in Washington, D.C.
National Historic Site
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
National Capital Parks-East
Douglass, Frederick National Historic Site
Houses in Washington, D.C.
Historic house museums in Washington, D.C.


Kennedy Approach is an air traffic control simulation computer game released by MicroProse for the Atari 8-bit family and Commodore 64 in 1985. It was designed by Andy Hollis. Ports for the Amiga and Atari ST were published in 1988.

Gameplay

The player assumes the role of a controller in a Terminal Radar Approach Control, giving instructions to aircraft so that they can safely land, as well as take off and enter their correct flight corridors. The purpose of the game is to manage the flights that are presented to the player without the flights being delayed or exiting/landing in the wrong location. The aircraft either come flying in on the screen and have preset exit or landing points or show up as wanting to take off with an exit point. It is the player's job to determine the route each aircraft flies and when they may land or take off.

The aircraft cannot be too close to each other, so the player needs to make sure that they are passing each other on different flight levels or with sufficient distance (three grid dots north/south or east/west) between them.  If an aircraft crashes, collides in midair with another aircraft, or exits at the wrong location or altitude, the system will inform the air traffic controller, and the game will end at the end of the shift.  Aircraft do not change course/altitude unless the player tells them to. Incoming aircraft not given clearance to land, however, will go into a holding pattern and wait until given clearance.  When necessary, the player can also give holding instructions to aircraft, as long as their course takes them over a VOR tower which is used as the holding fix.

To start with, there are few flights at the same time, but at higher GS levels, there are many flights that need management at the same time.  Also storms which the aircraft can not pass through show up and some aircraft have very little fuel and have to land fast or they will crash.

There are five airspaces in the game:
 Atlanta
 Dallas/Fort Worth - Map includes an inaccuracy in that Love Field is portrayed as northeast of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport when in fact it lies to the southeast.
 Denver - Includes the Rocky Mountains to the west, over which planes cannot fly below a certain level.
 Washington, D.C. - Includes the No-fly zone over the U.S. Capitol through which planes may not fly at all.
 New York City

Three types of aircraft are presented in the game:
 Cessna light planes - Referred to as "November" flights, a reference to their aircraft registration numbers which all start with N in the United States.
 Boeing 747 - Flies twice as fast as a Cessna light plane.
 Concorde - Flies twice as fast as a 747.

Four airlines are depicted in the game:
 American Airlines
 Delta Air Lines
 United Airlines
 Air France - Operates the Concordes

In both the Atari and C64 versions, the conversations between the controller and the aircraft are read out on the TV loudspeaker.  Although they are quite ritualized and formal, and the blocks of words which make up the orders are clearly distinguishable, synthesized speech was an impressive feat for home computers that averaged fewer than 64 kilobytes of available RAM.

Reception
Compute! stated that "the sweat on your palms when you play Kennedy Approach is quite real", and approved of the documentation. It concluded that the game "is a fascinating, well-designed simulation for someone who wants to get a taste of what air traffic controllers do all day (and night) ... Kennedy Approach gets a clammy hands rating of 9 out of a possible 10".

References

External links
Kennedy Approach for the Atari 8-bit family at Atari Mania

Kennedy Approach for the Atari ST at Atari Mania
Kennedy Approach at the Amiga Hall of Light

1985 video games
Air traffic control simulators
Amiga games
Atari 8-bit family games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
MicroProse games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the United States

Kennedy Approach


Mercy Medical Center Merced (previously Merced Community Medical Center and Sutter Merced Medical Center) is a hospital in Merced, California. Dignity Health operates the facility.

History
In the 1980s, Lia Lee, the subject of the book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, was treated at this hospital.

In 2001, the State of California informed hospitals in the state that acute health care facilities would have to comply with new regulations on earthquake protection when they go into effect in 2008. The hospital administration decided to build a new hospital facility, even though some hospitals received extensions on the deadline for the requirement due to needing to retrofit their older hospital buildings. The new hospital was scheduled to open in August 2010. In November 2009 the Mercy Medical Center Foundation set up a fundraising goal of $5 million to buy medical equipment for the new hospital.

In 2010, the magazine Consumer Reports said that in terms of hospitals across the United States, the patient rating of Mercy Medical Center Merced was 49 out of 100. The hospital responded, saying that its patient satisfaction was higher than the magazine stated.

Facility
The current hospital, located on North G Street in northern Merced, was scheduled to open in August 2010. The first phase, built for $262 million, has a capacity of 186. The hospital administration planned to eventually have space for 435 patients within a 20-year period. The new hospital has 27 examination rooms, and most of the rooms in the current hospital are private.

The previous hospital, with a capacity of 174 patients, was located on 13th Street. As of 2009 the facility was over 50 years old. The previous hospital had 17 examination rooms and few private rooms.

References

External links

 Mercy Medical Center Merced

Hospital buildings completed in 2010
Buildings and structures in Merced, California
Hospitals in California

Mercy Medical Center Merced