A designer is a person who plans the form or structure of something before it is made, by preparing drawings or plans.

In practice, anyone who creates tangible or intangible objects, products, processes, laws, games, graphics, services, or experiences can be referred to as a designer.

Overview
A Designer is someone who conceptualizes & creates new concepts / ideas / products for consumption by the general public. It is different from what an artist does who creates art which is for a select few to understand or appreciate. However both domains require some understanding of aesthetics. The design of clothing, furniture, and other common artifacts were left mostly to tradition or artisans specializing in hand making them.

With the increasing complexity in industrial design of today's society, and due to the needs of mass production where more time is usually associated with more cost, the production methods became more complex and with them, the way designs and their production are created. The classical areas are now subdivided into smaller and more specialized domains of design (landscape design, urban design, interior design, industrial design, furniture design, fashion design, and much more) according to the product designed or perhaps its means of production. Despite the variety of specializations within the design industry, all of them have similarities in terms of the approach, skills, and methods of working.

Using design methods and design thinking to resolve problems and create new solutions are the most important aspects of being a designer. Part of a designer's job is to get to know the audience they intend on serving.

In education, the methods of teaching or the program and theories followed vary according to schools and field of study. In industry, a design team for large projects is usually composed of a number of different types of designers and specialists. The relationships between team members will vary according to the proposed product, the processes of production or the research followed during the idea development, but normally they give an opportunity to everyone in the team to take a part in the creation process.

Design professions
Different types of designers include:
Animation
Architecture
Communication design
Costume design
Engineering design
Fashion design
Floral design
Furniture design
Game design
Graphic design
Industrial design
Interaction design
Interior design
Jewellery design
Landscape design
Instructional design
Logo design
Lighting design
Packaging design
Product design
Scenic design
Service design
Software design
Sound design
Strategic design
Systems design
Textile design
Urban design
User experience design
User interface design
Web design

See also
Architect
Design
Design engineer
Design firm
Design thinking
Visual arts

Footnotes

Design
Visual arts occupations
Design occupations

Designer


The 2012 Richmond Kickers season was the club's twentieth season of existence. It was the Kicker's sixth-consecutive year in the third-tier of American soccer, playing in the USL Professional Division for their second season.

After a slow start for the first two-thirds of the regular season, a four-match winning streak catapulted the Kickers into the top half of the table, thus qualifying them for the playoffs, making it the ninth consecutive season that the Kickers made the playoffs of any league they were participating in. In the first round of the playoffs, Richmond lost 3–2 by the Wilmington Hammerheads thus ending their postseason ambitions.

Richmond also reached the third round of the 2012 U.S. Open Cup, where in extra time, they lost to Major League Soccer side, D.C. United.

Background

The 2011 campaign marked the Kickers' debut in the newly created USL Pro League, which assumed the role as the third division of American soccer. During the regular season, Richmond finished third in their division and third in the overall table, making it the first time since 2005 that the Kickers did not finish the regular season either as the regular season champion or finalist. In the playoffs, the Kickers were eliminated by Commissioner's Cup winners and eventual USL Pro champions, Orlando City.

Outside of league play, Richmond made one of their deepest runs in the U.S. Open Cup, the domestic knockout cup competition. The Kickers reached the semifinals of the tournament after knocking out two Major League Soccer clubs, Columbus Crew and Sporting Kansas City in the third round and quarterfinals, respectively. The last time Richmond reached the semifinals of the Open Cup was in 1995, when the Kickers won their lone U.S. Open Cup title.

Off the field, the Kicker organization posted their fourth highest average attendance in club history.

Review

Offseason

On December 6, 2011, the Kickers signed Pittsburgh Riverhounds' Jason Yeisley on a free transfer.

From January 20–22, the Kickers hosted their fourteenth player combine and had open tryouts.

On January 30, 2012, the club announced their preseason schedule, which included fixtures against several local college soccer teams.

Preseason

The Kickers are expected to begin preseason training camp in February.

April

The Richmond Kickers opened the regular season with home and away fixtures against long-time rivals, Charleston Battery, and the defending USL Pro regular season and postseason champions, Orlando City, earning a win, a draw and two losses during the four-match span. Richmond's home opener was on April 7 against Charleston in front of a crowd of 5,009. The Kickers suffered a 2–1 home defeat to the Battery thanks to a pair of goals from Charleston's Jose Cuevas, who netted in the 41st and 67th minutes of the match. The Kickers lone goal came from Stanley Nyazamba, who tallied for the home side in the 65th minute. The following weekend, the Kickers traveled south to Charleston, South Carolina to play the Battery at their home venue, Blackbaud Stadium. In front of a sold-out crowd of 4,729, the Kickers earned a last-minute, 2–1 victory over the Battery thanks to a goal from longtime defender, Sascha Görres. The Kickers' other goal came from Nyazamba, who netted his second of the campaign.

On April 21, the Kickers returned home to take on the defending USL Pro champions, Orlando City, who had been hot off a 2–0–0 start. In front of a crowd of 3,169; the Kickers were shutout at home by Orlando, as they suffered a second-straight home defeat, losing 2–0 in the process. City's two goals both came in the second half off a 61st-minute strike from Luke Boden, and an 89th minute penalty kick from Anthony Pulis. The return leg was the following weekend, where Richmond ended Orlando's six-matching winning streak (including last season), where the Kickers drew City 0–0 at the Citrus Bowl in Orlando, Florida.

Competitions

Preseason

USL Pro regular season

Standings

Match reports

USL Pro Playoffs

U.S. Open Cup

Statistics

Appearances and goals

|}

Top scorers

Disciplinary record

Transfers

In

Out

Loan in

Loan out

See also
 2012 in American soccer
 2012 USL Pro season
 Richmond Kickers

References

2012 USL Pro season
2012
American soccer clubs 2012 season
2012 in sports in Virginia

2012 Richmond Kickers season


Manfred Stohl (born 7 July 1972, in Vienna) is an Austrian rally driver who debuted in the World Rally Championship in 1991. Stohl's co-driver is fellow Austrian Ilka Minor.

Career
Stohl ventured into rallying following the career path of his father Rudi Stohl. Stohl's first professional rally was the 1991 Rallye Côte d'Ivoire Bandama, driving an Audi 90 Quattro with Kay Gerlach as his co-driver. He took his first World Rally Championship points by finishing seventh in the same event the following year.

After several more privateer entries in the WRC, Stohl got a contract with Team Mitsubishi Ralliart Germany to compete in the FIA Cup for Drivers of Production Cars (now the Production World Rally Championship) driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. He finished third in the championship in 1997, second in 1998 and fourth in 1999, before winning the title in 2000 ahead of defending champion Gustavo Trelles.

Progressing from Group N production cars to World Rally Cars, Stohl took his first WRC points in ten years by driving his Peugeot 206 WRC to seventh place at the 2003 Wales Rally GB. In the 2004 season, driving mainly for the OMV World Rally Team, backed by Austrian oil company OMV, his best event result was sixth at the Acropolis Rally.

In 2005, Stohl continued with the OMV team now driving the Citroën Xsara WRC. He took his first podium finish with a surprise second place at the Cyprus Rally, behind Citroën Total factory driver Sébastien Loeb. In the season-ending Rally Australia, he took his second podium by finishing third. His results placed him ninth in the Drivers' World Championship.

In the 2006 season, with Henning Solberg as his team-mate, Stohl drove a Peugeot 307 WRC for the Bozian Racing-run OMV Peugeot Norway WRT. He took four podium places and finished a career-best fourth in the drivers' standings. He also became one of the few drivers to reach participation in 100 world rallies without winning one of them.

In 2007, Stohl returned to the wheel of a Xsara WRC for the OMV Kronos Citroën. After a disappointing season, in which he finished ninth in the championship and his best result was sixth place in both Mexico and Japan, OMV withdrew their support of Stohl. This left him without a full-time drive for the 2008 season. Stohl returned to WRC at 2012 Rally New Zealand, driving Ford Fiesta RS WRC for Brazil World Rally Team, replacing the regular driver Daniel Oliveira. He finished 10th in the rally.

Since disappearing from the WRC, Stohl has successfully run his own team, Stohl Racing. The team is currently responsible for developing and running Subaru Impreza WRX STi R4 cars in the Intercontinental Rally Challenge, with the crew of 2008 PWRC champion Andreas Aigner and Stohl's old partner, Ilka Minor. Meanwhile, Stohl -with a self-developed, petrol-powered Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX- is contesting the Austrian Rally Championship (ÖRM); in 2012, he finished third overall against strong opposition, and remained winless through the season.

Racing record

Complete WRC results

PWRC results

JWRC Results

Complete FIA World Rallycross Championship results

Supercar

References

External links

 RallyBase profile
 eWRC profile
 World Rally Archive profile

1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Vienna
Austrian rally drivers
World Rally Championship drivers
World Rallycross Championship drivers
Hyundai Motorsport drivers

Manfred Stohl


Richard Barone is an American rock musician who first gained attention as frontman for the Bongos. He works as a songwriter, arranger, author, director, and record producer, releases albums as a solo artist, tours, and has created concert events at Carnegie Hall, Hollywood Bowl, SXSW, and New York's Central Park. He teaches the course "Music + Revolution" at The New School's School of Jazz and Contemporary Music, has served on the Board of Governors of The Recording Academy (GRAMMYs), serves on the Advisory Board of Anthology Film Archives, and hosts the "Folk Radio" show on WBAI New York.

Biography
Richard Barone was born in Tampa, Florida, and began his music career at age seven on local top-40 radio station WALT (now known as WTIS) as the Littlest DJ. By age sixteen he was producing local bands and recorded the idiosyncratic performer Tiny Tim after the two met following a Tampa performance. It was Tiny Tim who first suggested to Barone that he should live in Greenwich Village, where Tim himself had gotten his start. Moving to New York, Barone lived briefly at the Hotel Chelsea, modeled, and landed small acting roles. Answering an advertisement in the Village Voice newspaper led him to meet the musicians with whom he would soon form the Bongos, a critically acclaimed new wave band that helped to create the 1980s Hoboken, New Jersey indie pop community.

The Bongos quickly gained favor at New York City music venues as well as at their home venue, Maxwell's in Hoboken. Signed to the British label Fetish Records, they were invited to perform at the Rainbow Theatre in London as part of a concert that included other bands on the New York scene and was recorded for the live album Start Swimming, released on Stiff Records. A European tour with the Bush Tetras followed. After a string of independent singles released in the U.K. on Fetish were compiled in the U.S. as Drums Along the Hudson (PVC), and a major U.S. tour with The B-52s, the group signed to RCA Records. With the advent of MTV, they made a commercial impact with the title song of their label debut, the Barone-penned "Numbers With Wings." The song's accompanying video earned the group a nomination at the first MTV Video Music Awards. Two more albums followed, one for RCA and one for Island Records, which was to remain unreleased until 2013.

Breaking out as a solo artist, Barone's albums have included chamber pop, orchestral, folk, and narrative singer-songwriter material. He has been called a "gifted pop-rock tunesmith" by The New York Times.

Barone released his first solo album, Cool Blue Halo (recorded live at The Bottom Line in New York) in 1987, prior to the Bongos' amicable breakup. Anthony DeCurtis, writing in Rolling Stone, praised Barone's "spare, elegant arrangements" and credited him with fashioning "a kind of rock chamber music."  While Trouser Press described the record as "intimate but confused," NPR's Tom Moon, in a more recent assessment, called the album "a plaintive masterpiece," adding "Cool Blue Halo feels timeless, and maybe even exotic." Moon also credited Barone's version of David Bowie's "The Man Who Sold the World" with influencing Nirvana's own cover of the song on their 1994 album MTV Unplugged in New York.

Two studio albums followed: the rock-dominated Primal Dream (MCA Records) in 1990, and the more acoustic-based Clouds Over Eden (Rhino Records), dedicated to his late friend, rock journalist Nicholas Schaffner, in 1994. Trouser Press championed the "fine set of yearning love songs" on Primal Dream, while calling their production and arrangements as a "step backwards" from his debut album.  But David Browne, writing in Rolling Stone, gave the album four stars and commented that "Barone is fast moving beyond the limited vocabulary of twelve strings and wimp-pop vocals."  Billy Altman, in The New York Times, called his next album, Clouds Over Eden "unquestionably the most fully realized effort of Barone's career," while Trouser Press described the album as "wrenching and thoroughly worthwhile" and "the great album fans always imagined [Barone] making."

In the mid-1990s, Barone performed and recorded with experimental guitarist Gary Lucas and his group Gods and Monsters, in which Barone handled lead vocals and played Mellotron. In 1995 he recorded Harry Nilsson's "I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City," with Lucas on guitar, for the album For the Love of Harry: Everybody Sings Nilsson (BMG Records) and produced B-52's frontman Fred Schneider's version of "Coconut" for the same project. He performed the song with Schneider on Late Night With Conan O'Brien.

In 1996, he partnered with Phil Ramone and Larry Rosen's N2K Records label to become one of the first five artists, each representing a different genre, to make their music available as purchasable digital downloads on the pioneering Music Boulevard retail site. Amidst the music industry's growing fear of the then-new technology of digital distribution, Barone appeared on The Wall Street Journal Report television show and other programs to explain and promote legal music downloading as a legitimate method of distribution.

In 1997, Barone released Between Heaven and Cello, a live album recorded primarily at NYC's intimate Fez nightclub during a series of "Guitar & Cello" shows. In November he performed in Bryter Later: The Music of Nick Drake at St. Ann's Warehouse in Brooklyn, N.Y., performing Drake's "Cello Song" and "Northern Sky." In that year, he also performed with David Johansen on Buster's Spanish Rocketship, the fourth album by Johansen's alter-ego Buster Poindexter, released on Island Records. Barone sang backing vocals on the album, credited as "Richard Barone and the Beautiful Bustiers." Also in 1997, Barone partnered with songwriter Jules Shear to co-host "Writers in the Round - Bluebird Style," a monthly series at The Bottom Line that featured Rosanne Cash, Ron Sexsmith, Susan Cowsill, and other singer/songwriters.

Toward the end of the 90s, Barone began collaborating with producer Tony Visconti. Nine of the songs they wrote and recorded together over the next few years were released on the album Glow in 2010. Also during this period, he was invited to sing on sessions Visconti was producing for David Bowie, including the song "Mother," which would be released in 2021. "Yet Another Midnight," a Barone/Visconti composition from this period, appears on the 2023 retrospective box set Produced by Tony Visconti on Demon Records.

In 1999 he provided musical direction and orchestrations for the off-Broadway musical Bright Lights, Big City at the New York Theatre Workshop, working with Rent director Michael Greif. From 1999 to 2004, Barone directed and performed in The Downtown Messiah, a unique, multi-genre interpretation of Handel's baroque oratorio that was broadcast annually in December on over 200 public radio stations nationwide, and combined elements of pop, folk, blues, and jazz.

A boxed set of Barone's first three studio albums was released in Europe in 2000 as The Big Three by Line Records, Germany. In 2001, he contributed the track "Showdown"  to Lynne Me Your Ears - A Tribute to Jeff Lynne, a 32-track collection that included performances by Ringo Starr, Brian Wilson, Stevie Nicks and others. He also sang backing vocals for Tony Visconti's version of "Mr. Blue Sky" on the album, along with Kristeen Young.

As a concert producer/director, he began to create large-scale concert events, including three all-star tributes to Peggy Lee at Carnegie Hall, the Hollywood Bowl, and Chicago's Ravinia Festival in 2003 and 2004 in partnership with legendary concert impresario George Wein. The fully-orchestrated concerts spanned Lee's entire career and were staged as a musical biography. Performers included Bea Arthur, Nancy Sinatra, Rita Moreno, Debbie Harry, and Shirley Horn. For New York's Central Park SummerStage he created The Not-so Great American Songbook, a lovingly irreverent look at the guilty-pleasure hits of the 1970s, featuring an eclectic cast that included Justin Vivian Bond.

In 2004, Barone interviewed Quincy Jones for the PBS documentary Fever: The Music of Peggy Lee. That year also saw the first release on his own RBM Special Editions label, an anthology entitled Collection: An Embarrassment of Richard, composed of highlights from his back catalogue. The cover was photographed by Mick Rock, the first of many collaborations. In June, he performed in The Blood on the Tracks Project at Merkin Hall, a multi-artist tribute to Bob Dylan's landmark 1974 album on its thirtieth anniversary. He was accompanied by Tony Visconti on bass, Vernon Reid on guitar, and Buddy Cage, who had performed on the original album, on pedal steel.

Also that year, Barone joined 1960s folk-rock icon Donovan for a series of the latter's Beat Café concert events, including nine performances at New York's Joe's Pub, singing and reading excerpts from Allen Ginsberg's Howl.

Barone increasingly turned his attention to producing, including a duet between Liza Minnelli and pianist/vocalist Johnny Rodgers; a children's album for Jolie Jones (daughter of Quincy Jones); Fred Schneider for his solo album Just Fred; and others. During this time, he also collaborated with Schneider on songs for British pop sensation Sophie Ellis-Bextor.

Other projects during this time included executive-producing The Nomi Song DVD (Palm Pictures, 2005), which includes his remix of operatic New Wave countertenor Klaus Nomi's "Total Eclipse."  His songs and collaborations, including several written with singer-songwriter Jill Sobule, were heard on the TV shows The West Wing, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, and South of Nowhere.

In 2006, the original three Bongos reunited in the studio with Moby to create a re-make and music video of "The Bulrushes," an early Bongos single, for the re-issue of the group's debut album, released by Cooking Vinyl Records in June 2007. Several Bongos reunion concerts were held, culminating with an outdoor performance at the Hoboken Arts and Music Festival, during which the band was honored with a Mayoral Proclamation and the keys to the city.

In September 2007, Barone's memoir, Frontman: Surviving the Rock Star Myth, with cover and interior photos of the author by Mick Rock, was published by Backbeat/Hal Leonard Books. In late 2007, he began staging a series of musical readings of Frontman with excerpts of the book read by television actress Joyce DeWitt and radio personality Vin Scelsa, among others. On his birthday, October 1, 2008, he brought Frontman: A Musical Reading to the stage at Carnegie Hall in New York City, with "Special Guests and Legendary Friends," including Moby, Lou Reed, the Band's Garth Hudson, Marshall Crenshaw, Terre and Suzzy Roche, Randy Brecker, Carlos Alomar, DeWitt and others as a benefit for public radio station WFUV.

In July 2009, Barone entered the recording studio to complete production work on the album he began at age 16 for performer Tiny Tim. The album, I've Never Seen a Straight Banana - Rare Moments: Volume 1, was released in October 2009 on Collector's Choice Records.

In May 2010, Barone produced a concert to benefit Anthology Film Archives and to honor avant-garde filmmaker/author Kenneth Anger. Anger performed, along with Lou Reed, Sonic Youth, Jonas Mekas, Moby, actors Ben Foster and Philip Seymour Hoffman and others.

In July, Barone collaborated with Pete Seeger (then 91 years old), producing and performing in "Reclaim the Coast: Gulf Coast Oil Spill Benefit" at City Winery in New York. The next month, he and co-producer Matthew Billy recorded Seeger performing a new song that had been debuted publicly at the show. The song and video, "God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You," recorded while sailing aboard the Sloop Clearwater, were released on Election Day, November 6, 2012.

Glow, Barone's fifth solo album, helmed by producer Tony Visconti, was released in September 2010 on Bar/None Records.  A majority of the album was also co-written with Visconti. Also working on the project were producers Steve Rosenthal and Steve Addabbo, songwriter Paul Williams, chief engineer Leslie Ann Jones at George Lucas's Skywalker Ranch, photographer Mick Rock, and others. A portrait of Barone from the Glow photo sessions appeared in Rock's career retrospective book Exposed: The Faces of Rock n' Roll. A tour of the U.S. and the U.K. followed in early 2011.

In August, Barone was named to the Board of Advisors of Anthology Film Archives by Jonas Mekas, where he worked closely with Mekas and produced live fundraising events for the organization.

In Fall 2011, Richard made a cameo appearance and performed a song in the film Mr. Bricks: A Heavy Metal Murder Musical.

On September 11, 2011, the tenth anniversary of 9/11, Barone released a re-write of the 1894 song "The Sidewalks of New York" with updated lyrics that referenced the World Trade Center attack, co-written and produced by collaborator Matthew Billy.

In December 2011, Barone was appointed as a professor at the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music at New York University where he began teaching "Stage Presence: The Art of Performance."

A second Barone anthology released that month, Collection 2: Before & Afterglow, mined his back catalogue to his pre-Bongos days in Tampa and included recent work such as the Sidewalks of New York single.

On May 4, 2012, for the 25th anniversary of his Cool Blue Halo album, a reunion concert of all the original musicians was held at City Winery in New York. The concert was filmed and recorded as part of a multi-disc box set released by DigSin Records. In September 2012, he released the first single from the project, "I Belong To Me." In December, I Belong To Me: The 'Cool Blue Halo' Story premiered at Anthology Film Archives, followed by a performance by Barone and musicians from the album. On the occasion of the box set's release, Donovan wrote: "Well-deserved appreciation to Richard on this 25th anniversary release of his album 'Cool Blue Halo.' He displayed the stance early, like the minstrel/actor/playwright of Renaissance London. We met and have shared many a stage together... I have always loved Ricardo's 'Bar-oque and Roll' music. Shine On Ricardo, Shine!"

Through his work with Pete Seeger, Barone was asked to contribute a song to the Occupy This Album project on Razor & Tie, to benefit the Occupy Wall Street Movement. The four-disc set, subtitled "99 Songs for the 99%", was released on May 15, 2012. Co-written with Matthew Billy, "Hey, Can I Sleep On Your Futon?" was a new song with contemporary references that was inspired by "Brother, Can You Spare A Dime?", a popular song from the Great Depression. Both the track and music video, produced by film students from NYU, were included on the original album download. Barone also performed at a series of concerts with other artists on the Occupy album including Michael Moore, David Amram, and Tom Chapin.

That same month, the feature documentary about Anna Nicole Smith, Addicted to Fame, was released, along with Barone's single "(She's A Real) Live Wire" from the film. He also served as music supervisor for the feature documentary, directed by David Giancola.

In June 2013, Barone joined forces with Beach Boys co-founder Al Jardine and friends to record a version of Pete Seeger's folk anthem "If I Had A Hammer (The Hammer Song)" for the ONE Campaign, produced by Steve Addabbo at Shelter Island Sound studios in New York. The video was released as ONE Campaign's worldwide protest song project.

On July 31, 2013, The Bongos performed the final concert at their home club, Maxwell's, where the original members had also performed the venue's first show. From the stage Richard announced that the group's long-lost album Phantom Train, recorded in Compass Point, Bahamas in 1986, would finally be released on October 1, 2013 on the re-launched JEM Records.

Also in 2013, Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs recorded Barone's song "The Bulrushes" on their album Under the Covers, Vol. 3.

Barone partnered with Alejandro Escovedo on March 14, 2014 to produce and co-host the first major tribute to the late Lou Reed at the Paramount Theatre in Austin, Texas, as part of the SXSW Music Festival. The three-hour concert included over twenty-four acts including Suzanne Vega, Lucinda Williams, Sean Lennon, and Spandau Ballet. The house band included members of Blondie, the Patti Smith Group, and the Voidoids. Barone also released a recording of Reed's "All Tomorrow's Parties" produced by Chris Seefried with a video by Jonas Mekas assembled from footage of the early Velvet Underground at Andy Warhol's Factory.

In October 2014 Barone launched "A Circle of Songs," a short-lived, live, monthly musical talk show series at SubCulture below the Lynn Redgrave Theater in Greenwich Village. Guests included Eric Andersen, Nellie McKay, Holly Near, and Captain Kirk Douglas of the Roots.

As 2015 began, Barone co-produced, with Tony Visconti, a retrospective concert of Visconti's most familiar work at New York's City Winery entitled "The TV Show." He also began work on a new album Sorrows & Promises: Greenwich Village in the 1960s, composed of songs that emerged from the early days of the Greenwich Village singer-songwriter scene. The album was curated by music writer/Columbia Records executive Mitchell Cohen, with sessions produced by Steve Addabbo and featuring guest appearances from Dion, John Sebastian and David Amram. A series of musical panel discussions chronicling the music on Sorrows & Promises, hosted by the New York Public Library at the historic Jefferson Market Library branch in Greenwich Village preceded the album's October 14, 2016 release. In March 2017, Barone brought the Sorrows & Promises project to the SXSW Music Festival in Austin, Texas where he hosted a five-and-a-half-hour showcase based on the album.

Back in the studio, Barone produced an album for jazz singer Hilary Kole of songs made famous by Judy Garland and a various-artists holiday album for the Miranda Music label on which he appears, as well as a second album of recordings made by Tiny Tim, entitled Tiny Tim's America, released in summer 2016. In addition, he served as executive producer of the musical Tiny, based on the life of Tiny Tim, and produced a songbook album for composer Tracy Stark featuring performances by Lesley Gore, actress Karen Black, and Nona Hendryx, released in October 2016. Barone then contributed liner notes to the vinyl re-issue of The Holy Mackerel, the debut of the 1960s band featuring songwriter Paul Williams. Later, in 2018, he would contribute liner notes for Williams' 1970 solo debut Someday Man.

In April 2017, Barone was elected to the board of governors of the New York Chapter of The Recording Academy (The Grammys). He would be re-elected for a second term in 2019.

In December 2017, he entered the studio to begin producing a tribute for Dean Martin's Centennial, performed by NJ-based group Remember Jones and featuring a duet with Martin's daughter Deana Martin. In June 2018, Barone would be invited by Martin to perform at the Friars Club as she was honored with the Trobairitz title.

On March 29, 2018, Barone performed in The Bowie Songbook, a reinterpretation of David Bowie's catalogue with Burnt Sugar Arkestra, as part of Brooklyn Museum's David Bowie Is installation.

Also in March, he began a new monthly Village Nights salon series at the historic Washington Square Hotel in New York City.

In April it was announced that Barone would host and curate Music + Revolution: Greenwich Village in the 1960s at City Parks Foundation's SummerStage in Central Park  on August 12, 2018. Performers included Jesse Colin Young, Melanie, José Feliciano, Maria Muldaur, John Sebastian, and others. The next week it was announced that Richard had joined the faculty of The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music and was set to teach a 15-week music history course on 1960s Greenwich Village, with the same title as the Central Park concert.

Barone represented the New York Chapter of the Recording Academy for Grammys on the Hill in Washington D.C., meeting with Congress in support of the Music Modernization Act (MMA), an omnibus bill supporting the rights of music creators. He met with Senator Patrick Leahy, Congressman David Cicilline, Representative Joseph Crowley, Representative Nancy Pelosi, and the office of Senator Sheldon Whitehouse. Barone also met with New York Representative Jerrold Nadler, key supporter of the Music Modernization Act. The bill passed unanimously by both houses of Congress and was signed into law on October 11, 2018.

In January 2019, Barone accompanied Donovan in Jamaica to record a tribute album to Harry Belafonte. Barone also photographed Donovan for the cover of the album's first single. A second project with Donovan that year, a tribute to Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, was recorded and filmed in Jones' hometown of Cheltenham, England on the fiftieth anniversary of his passing. Barone was the musical director of the project, which celebrated the American blues music that inspired the early Stones.

In fall 2019, a new guitar effect pedal "The Mambo Sun," a collaboration between Barone and boutique pedal manufacturer Left Coast Workshop, was launched for sale. It was designed to replicate Barone's distinctive double-tracked guitar tone.

Joining forces with Glenn Mercer, guitarist/frontman of The Feelies, Barone began performing a series of concerts entitled Hazy Cosmic Jive, a tribute to the mid-1970s experimentation of David Bowie, Brian Eno, Roxy Music, Marc Bolan and others.

In 2020 Barone made a cameo acting appearance, playing himself, in the indie film The Incoherents directed by Jared Barel. He also appeared in the documentaries Tiny Tim: King for a Day  and You Don't Know Ivan Julian.

Barone performed "Streets of New York" on Willie Nile Uncovered, a tribute to the singer-songwriter, released in August 2020.

He also sang on four tracks on Angelheaded Hipster: The Songs of Marc Bolan & T.Rex produced by Hal Willner, contributing backing vocals to tracks by Todd Rundgren, Lucinda Williams, Kesha, and Helga Davis. The album was released on September 4, 2020 by BMG Records.

Barone performed a medley of "Revolution" and "Power to the People" for JEM Records Celebrates John Lennon, released on the 80th anniversary of Lennon's birth, October 9, 2020. He also contributed an essay about Pylon for the book included in the comprehensive Pylon Box vinyl box set released on November 6, 2020, by New West Records.

On January 8, 2021 David Bowie's cover of John Lennon's song "Mother," for which Barone had sung harmony vocals with producer Tony Visconti at the original session in 1998, was released on limited edition vinyl and digital streaming on Parlophone Records. The single was released to commemorate Bowie's seventy-fourth birthday. In July, The Bongos' Beat Hotel - Expanded Edition was released by RCA Records. Later that month, Barone contributed two tracks to JEM Records Celebrates Brian Wilson.

On January 20, 2022, he began hosting the Folk Radio show on WBAI Radio, New York. The program is broadcast live on Thursdays at 10 p.m. ET on 99.5 FM, and streamed live on WBAI.org. Barone's new book, Music + Revolution: Greenwich Village in the 1960s, was published by Rowman & Littlefield on September 15, 2022. A major launch event was held at the Museum of the City of New York on October 13, 2022. Performers included Carolyn Hester, Suzanne Vega, and David Amram.

In April 2023, Barone announced on his social media and website that he will be returning to Carnegie Hall to present a concert based on his book Music + Revolution: Greenwich Village in the 1960s on November 19, 2023. The concert is to be a benefit for MusiCares and the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation. Also that month, Barone announced he would be producing Mazzoni Center Honors Stephen Schwartz, an all-star gala to be held at the Kimmel Center in Philadelphia, on November 13, 2023. He performed at the Marc Bolan 45th Anniversary Celebration Concert in London at O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire on September 15, 2023.

Selected discography

 Nuts and Bolts (1983), with James Mastro; produced by Barone, Mastro, and Mitch Easter (Passport Records)
 Cool Blue Halo (1987), recorded live at The Bottom Line, New York City (Passport Records); Deluxe Edition (2012, DigSin/RBM Special Editions)
 Primal Dream (1990), produced by Richard Gottehrer and Don Dixon (MCA Records)
 Primal Cuts (1991), remixes by Ben Grosse and live tracks (Line Records, Germany)
 Clouds over Eden (1993), produced by Hugh Jones (MESA/Bluemoon/Atlantic Records)
 Between Heaven and Cello (1997), recorded live (Line Records, Germany)
 The Big Three (2000), box set (Line Records, Germany)
 Collection: An Embarrassment of Richard (2004), compilation (RBM Special Editions)
 Glow (2010), produced by Tony Visconti. Additional tracks produced by Steve Addabbo, and Steve Rosenthal (Bar/None Records); Deluxe Edition (2019)
 Collection 2: Before & Afterglow (2011), compilation (RBM Special Editions/Billy Barone Productions)
 Cool Blue Halo: 25th Anniversary Concert (2012), Deluxe live album/concert movie, CD/DVD, produced by Matthew Billy (DigSin/RBM Special Editions)
 Sorrows & Promises: Greenwich Village in the 1960s (2016), produced by Steve Addabbo (RBM Special Editions/The Orchard; Ship To Shore PhonoCo)

Contributions
 For the Love of Harry: Everybody Sings Nilsson (1995), MusicMasters Records/BMG - "I Guess The Lord Must Be in New York City"
 Refuge: A Benefit for the People of Kosova (1999), ARC/The Orchard - "A Call To Prayer"
 Our Favorite Texan: Bobby Fuller Four-ever! (1999), #9 Records, Japan - "Nancy Jean"
 Lynne Me Your Ears – A Tribute to the Music of Jeff Lynne (2001), Not Lame Recordings - "Showdown"
 Simply Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad About The Loser's Lounge (2001), Zilcho Records - "Everybody's Talking"
 The Nomi Song Remixes (2005), Palm Pictures - "Total Eclipse: The Atomic Party Mix"
 October Project Uncovered: The Songs of Emil Adler & Julie Flanders (2006), October Project Recordings - "One Dream"
 Occupy This Album (2012), Razor & Tie - "Hey, Can I Sleep On Your Futon?"
 A New York Holiday (2015), Miranda Music - "I've Got My Love To Keep Me Warm"
 Joolz Juke: Blues Tribute to Brian Jones by his Grandson Joolz Jones (2019), Donovan Discs - "Who Do You Love?", "Not Fade Away"
 Willie Nile: Uncovered (2020), Paradiddle Records - "Streets of New York"
 AngelHeaded Hipster - The Songs Of Marc Bolan And T. Rex (2020), BMG Records - Backing vocals on several tracks.
 Jem Records Celebrates John Lennon (2020), Jem Records - "Revolution/Power to the People"
 Jem Records Celebrates Brian Wilson (2021), Jem Records - "In My Room", "I Get Around"
 Jem Records Celebrates Pete Townshend (2022), Jem Records - "Let's See Action"
 We All Shine On: A Tribute to the Year 1970 (2022), SpyderPop Records - "Riki Tiki Tavi" (Donovan)
 Tribute to a Songpoet: Songs of Eric Andersen (2022), Y&T Music - "Close the Door Lightly"
 Produced by Tony Visconti (2023), Demon Records/BBC Studios - "Yet Another Midnight" (Barone/Visconti)
 The Feelies - Some Kinda Love (2023), Bar None Records - "Oh, Sweet Nothing" (live)

Concert productions
 "The Downtown Messiah" - Various Artists - The Bottom Line; Winter Garden Atrium at World Financial Center NYC, Broadcast via Public Radio International, 1999–2004. POP REVIEW; Let the Good Tidings Roll With Rockin' and Stompin'
 "There'll Be Another Spring: A Tribute to Miss Peggy Lee" - Various Artists - Carnegie Hall NYC, Broadcast via NPR, 2003. There'll Be Another Spring – A Tribute to Miss Peggy Lee
 "There'll Be Another Spring: A Tribute to Miss Peggy Lee" - Various Artists - Hollywood Bowl, Los Angeles, CA THE HOLLYWOOD BOWL KICKS OFF 25th YEAR OF "JAZZ AT THE BOWL" WITH TRIBUTE TO JAZZ LEGEND PEGGY LEE; Ravinia Festival, Chicago, 2004. RAVINIA FEST 2004 - Windy City Times News
 "The (Not So) Great American Songbook" - Various Artists - SummerStage in Central Park NYC, 2004.
 "Frontman: A Musical Reading" - Various Artists - Carnegie Hall NYC, 2008.
 "Reclaim the Coast: Benefit for the BP Oil Spill Cleanup" - Pete Seeger and Various Artists - City Winery NYC, 2010.
 "Return to the Pleasuredome: Benefit for Anthology Film Archives" - Various Artists including Lou Reed, Sonic Youth, and Kenneth Anger - Hiro Ballroom NYC, 2010.
 "2011 Film Preservation Honors & 40th Anniversary Benefit Concert" - Marina Abramović, Ólöf Arnalds, Albert Maysles, Jonas Mekas, more. - City Winery NYC, 2011.
 "The SXSW Tribute to Lou Reed" (Co-produced with Alejandro Escovedo) - Various Artists - Paramount Theater, Austin Texas, 2014. Lou Reed Tribute: An Epic, Weird Night at SXSW for 'One Motherf—er of a Songwriter'
 "The TV Show: Tony Visconti & Friends" (Co-produced with Tony Visconti) - Various Artists - City Winery NYC, 2015.
 "Sorrows & Promises SXSW: Greenwich Village in the 1960s" - Various Artists including Jesse Colin Young, Robyn Hitchcock - SXSW, Driskill Hotel, Austin Texas, 2017. SXSW Music Live: Richard Barone Presents Greenwich Village in the Sixties
 "Music + Revolution: Greenwich Village in the 1960s, hosted by Richard Barone" - Various Artists - SummerStage in Central Park, NYC, August 12, 2018. Greenwich Village in the '60s: Concert ReviewA once-in-a-lifetime tribute to the music of '60s Greenwich Village (REVIEW, SETLIST, VIDEOS)
 "Remembering Jonas: A Tribute to Jonas Mekas" - Various Artists including Patti Smith, John Zorn, Jim Jarmusch, Steve Buscemi, Lee Ranaldo, others. - City Winery NYC, February 21, 2019.
 "Mazzoni Center Honors Stephen Schwartz" - Various Artists - Verizon Hall, Kimmel Center, Philadelphia PA, November 2023.
 "Music + Revolution at Carnegie Hall" - Various Artists - Carnegie Hall NYC, November 2023.

Filmography
 Next Year in Jerusalem (1997), directed by David Nahmod; Mr. Sobule
 Mr. Bricks: A Heavy Metal Murder Musical (2011), directed by Travis Campbell; Self
 The Incoherents (2019), directed by Jared Barel; Self
  You Don't Know Ivan: Ivan Julian (2020), directed by Geoffray Barbier; Self
 Tiny Tim: King for a Day (2020), directed by Johan von Sydow; Self
 Angelheaded Hipster: The Songs of Marc Bolan & T.Rex (2022), directed by Ethan Silverman; Self
 Ghosts of the Chelsea Hotel (And Other Rock & Roll Stories) (2023), directed by Danny Garcia; Self

Bibliography
Frontman: Surviving the Rock Star Myth, Backbeat/Hal Leonard Books, 2007. ,
The White Label Promo Preservation Society: 100 Flop Albums You Ought to Know, HoZac Books, 2021. Essay on T.Rex.
 Music + Revolution: Greenwich Village in the 1960s, Backbeat Books/Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.
 The White Label Promo Preservation Society: Volume 2, HoZac Books, 2023. Essay on Tiny Tim.
 Tape Op Magazine, regular contributor
 Magnet Magazine, regular contributor

See also
 Tony Visconti
 Mick Rock
 The Bongos

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American composers
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
Record producers from New York (state)
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Florida
Singers from New York City
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
Musicians from Greenwich Village
20th-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Florida
Guitarists from New York City
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
The New School faculty
Gods and Monsters (band) members

Richard Barone


The British Gendarmerie was a British paramilitary police field force created by Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill in April 1922 to police Mandatory Palestine.

Concerned with the high cost of British Army units acting as police forces in Palestine, Churchill decided that an elite police force similar to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or South African Constabulary would be created for Mandatory Palestine. The unit was intended more for riot control rather than crime solving.

The 43 officers and 700 other ranks force were mostly recruited from the recently disbanded Royal Irish Constabulary and its Auxiliary Division who had themselves been recruited from ex-officers of the Great War.  Many of its original formations had been intended to be horse mounted but these plans were dropped in an economy measure.

The force was disbanded in June 1926 with its duties taken over by the Transjordan Frontier Force.

See also
 Palestine Police Force
 Arab Legion
 United States Zone Constabulary (Similar body in some respects, based in the US occupation zone of Germany in the immediate post-World War II period.)

Notes

External links
Black and Tans in Palestine  http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/ViewArticle.aspx?id=305
The Formation, Composition and Conduct of the British Section of the Palestine Gendarmerie http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9059656&fileId=S0018246X13000253

History of the British Empire
Mandatory Palestine
Defunct law enforcement agencies of Mandatory Palestine
Auxiliary military units
Auxiliary police units
1922 establishments in Mandatory Palestine

British Gendarmerie


The Shakhty Trial () was the first important Soviet show trial since the case of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1922. Fifty-three engineers and managers from the North Caucasus town of Shakhty were arrested in 1928 after being accused of conspiring to sabotage the Soviet economy with the former owners of the coal mines. The trial was conducted on May 18, 1928 in House of Trade Unions, Moscow.

The Trial

In 1928, the local OGPU arrested a group of engineers, including Peter Palchinsky, Nikolai von Meck and A. F. Velichko, in the North Caucasus town of Shakhty, accusing them of conspiring with former owners of coal mines, who were living abroad and barred from the Soviet Union since the Revolution, to sabotage the Soviet economy. The group was charged with a multitude of crimes, including planning the explosions in the mines, buying equipment from foreign companies that was not needed, incorrectly administering labor laws and safety protocols, and failing to properly set up new mines.  The architect of these arrests and interrogations was Yefim Yevdokimov. Although he retired from the OGPU in 1931, he later led a secret police team within the NKVD itself. Among those accused in similar trials and executed was Nikolai Karlovich von Meck, Tchaikovsky's nephew by marriage, who was accused of "wrecking" the state railway system. The trial marked the beginning of "wrecking" as a crime within the Soviet Union, as found in  Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code).

Implications of The Trial
The Shakhty trials marked the beginning of a long series of accusations against class enemies within the Soviet Union, and were to become a hallmark of the Great Purge of the 1930s.  In the 1920s under the leadership of Joseph Stalin the Soviet Union began to move away from the policies of the New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced by Vladimir Lenin, introducing a series of Five-Year Plans with an emphasis on rapid industrialization. By the end of the 1920s, Soviet industry suffered from a high rate of industrial accidents caused by the forceful execution of unrealistic production plans and low management skills of the politically appointed directors. Stalin, however, saw this as an opportunity to clean up the management of "the old specialists", professionals whose skills were critical to the industry but were not sufficiently engaged with communism politically. In his 1923-1925 speeches, he frequently expressed hostility to this group, and inspired public resentment against them, for example, based on their relatively high earnings. Accusing them of "sabotage" was a convenient way of replacing "the old specialists" with people with more appropriate political views.

The trials constituted a shift in policy toward the intelligentsia, the "bourgeois specialists" that had previously been tolerated and protected due to their needed skills, to then be replaced by the "young proletarian communist specialist". This marked the use of the concept of class warfare to motivate changes in soviet culture.

In a series of articles in 1928, the newspaper Pravda  used the arrests to announce that the bourgeoisie were using sabotage as a method of class struggle. Stalin mentioned  later that the Shakhty arrests proved that class struggle was intensifying as the Soviet Union moved closer to socialism.

General Population Response to the Trial
The trial caused the worker population to turn on engineers, factory administrators and technicians. The worker population already had issues with the companies they worked for due to low wages and poor working conditions. The trial contributed to their distrust and resentment towards them. This also caused a trend of support for the government. The Soviet government used the resentment the low level workers had to gain their support of the government. During and after the trial there was an increase of government industrial loan bond purchases by low level workers. The trial also created a fear that Germans and revolutionaries were threatening the country.

German Secretary of the state Karl von Shubert felt that the Soviet Union handling of the Shakty trials was wrong. He felt Russia should have informed them of these crimes. If the crimes fit the bill then the Germans could have been deported from Russia but that wasn't the case.

Aftermath

The trial resulted in eleven of the fifty-three accused engineers being sentenced to death. Thirty-four were sent to prison, four were acquitted and four were given suspended sentences. Six of the death sentences were commuted as reward for their confessions. Peter Palchinsky was executed in 1929 for his political positions, as well as Nikolai Karlovich von Meck, Tchaikovsky's nephew by marriage, who was accused of "wrecking" the state railway system. The trial marked the beginning of "wrecking" as a crime within the Soviet Union, as found in Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code).

Following the Shakhty Trials came a flood of social expulsion, primarily in secondary schools. Any children who were part of an illegal social organization, such as religious groups or the Boy Scouts, would be expelled. With the rise of the academic basis, many universities began implementing social discrimination in enrollment as political and social criteria took over. The Central Committee stated that more communists should be enrolled into the universities and that control over the technical faculties and schools should be transferred over to the Vesenkha. This helped lead to the creation of a new group of intelligentsia elites of "cultured and educated workers" that included later soviet leaders Khrushchev and Brezhnev.

Nikolai Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, and Mikhail Tomsky opposed Stalin's new policy on repression from within the Politburo, but Stalin insisted that international capital was trying to "weaken our economic power by means of invisible economic intervention, not always obvious but fairly serious, organizing sabotage, planning all kinds of 'crises' in one branch of industry or another, and thus facilitating the possibility of future military intervention". He said: "We have internal enemies.  We have external enemies.  We cannot forget this for a moment." Bukharin and Rykov  were tried and convicted of treason in 1937 in one of the Moscow Show Trials, similar to the Shakhty Trial. These show trials were used as a means of presenting to the soviet people what was perceived as major threats to the Soviet Union. This played an important part in creating the cultural atmosphere leading to the Great Purge in the 1930s.

See also
 Dekulakization
 Industrial Party Trial of 1930
 Metro-Vickers Affair of 1933
 Political repression in the Soviet Union
 The Ghost of the Executed Engineer
 Jack Littlepage (1894-1948) American mining engineer who helped the Soviet gold industry (1929-1937).
 Alexander Pavlovitch Serebrovsky (1884-1938) Soviet petroleum and mining engineer executed during the Great Purge.

References

Footnotes

Further reading
 Walter Duranty, The Curious Lottery: And Other Tales of Russian Justice. New York: Coward-McCann, 1929.
 Eugene Lyons, Assignment in Utopia. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1937.
 Kurt Rosenbaum, "The German Involvement in the Shakhty Trial", The Russian Review XIII, (July,1962)
 Kurt Rosenbaum. "Community of Fate: German-Soviet Relations 1922-1928. Syracuse University Press, 1965.
 Adam Ulam. "Stalin The Man and His Era". New York: The Viking Press, 1973.

External links

Soviet show trials
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Political and cultural purges
1928 in case law
1928 in the Soviet Union
History of Rostov Oblast
Donbas

Shakhty Trial


HelenOS is an operating system based on a multiserver microkernel design. The source code of HelenOS is written in C and published under the BSD-3-Clause license.

The system is described as a "research development open-source operating system".

Technical overview
The microkernel handles multitasking, memory management and inter-process communication. It also provides kernel-based threads and supports symmetric multiprocessing.

Typical to microkernel design, file systems, networking, device drivers and graphical user interface are isolated from each other into a collection of user space components that communicate via a message bus.

Each process (called task) can contain several threads (preemptively scheduled by the kernel) which, in turn, can contain several fibers scheduled cooperatively in user space. Device and file-system drivers, as well as other system services, are implemented by a collection of user-space tasks (servers), creating thus the multiserver nature of HelenOS.

Tasks communicate via HelenOS IPC, which is connection oriented and asynchronous. It can be used to send small fixed-size messages, blocks of bytes or to negotiate sharing of memory. Messages can be forwarded without copying bulk data or mapping memory to the address space of middle-men tasks.

Development
HelenOS development is community-driven. The developer community consists of a small core team, mainly staff and former and contemporary students of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in Prague, and a number of contributors around the world. In 2011, 2012 and 2014, HelenOS participated in the Google Summer of Code as a mentoring organization. In 2013, the project was a mentoring organization in the ESA Summer of Code in Space 2013 program.

The source code of HelenOS is published under the BSD-3-Clause license, while some third-party components are available under the GNU General Public License. Both of these licences are free software licenses, making HelenOS free software.

Hardware support
HelenOS runs on several different CPU architectures including ARM, x86-64, IA-32, IA-64 (Itanium), MIPS, PowerPC (32-bit only),  SPARC V9 and RISC-V. At some point in time, various versions of HelenOS ran on real hardware from each architecture (as opposed to running only in a simulator of that architecture).

HelenOS supports PATA, SATA, USB mass storage, USB HID, an Atheros USB WiFi dongle, several Ethernet network cards, SoundBlaster 16 and Intel HDA audio devices, serial ports, keyboards, mice and framebuffers.

Research and academic use
HelenOS is being used for research in the area of software components and verification by the Department of Distributed and Dependable Systems, Charles University, Prague. Besides that, HelenOS has been used by students as a platform for software projects and master theses.

References

External links

 HelenOS home page
 HelenOS theses, papers and documentation.
 HelenOS on GitHub

Free software operating systems
Microkernel-based operating systems
MIPS operating systems
X86 operating systems
Microkernels
Software using the BSD license
Hobbyist operating systems

HelenOS


Rock climbing is a sport where someone uses their hands and feet to climb up a rock or an artificial climbing wall. Rock climbing is a very difficult sport because you need to have a lot of strength. Rock climbers must know how to use ropes, carabiners and harnesses for their own safety.

Different ways of rock climbing
Because of many different kinds of rocks around the world, many different kinds of climbing started.

 Solo climbing is where the climber's own physical strength and skill are relied on to do the climb. Anchors, ropes and protection are used to back up the climber, but are only there in case of a fall and are not actively used to help the person do the climb.
 Bouldering is climbing on short, low routes. Because people do not climb very high, they do not need to use safety equipment. Sometimes there are used special pads to cushion a drop.
 Free solo climbing is when a climber climbs alone, without somebody belaying them. Free soloing is climbing alone without the use of any rope or protection system whatsoever.
 Lead climbing is used when the rope is not on top yet. The person must tie the rope to their harness and then climb up the wall. On the way the climber puts the rope through a carabiner every few metres. Here the person at the bottom must use a belay device, and feed rope up to the climber. This is unlike top roping, where the belayer instead takes up rope using a belay device.
 Top roping is when the rope is already anchored at the top of the route. Safety equipment is needed here but many people say this kind is the safest. The belayer must only keep the rope tight by using a knot or a belay device, like a Grigri or Atc.

References

Other websites

Rock climbing


Robert Dixon Young (July 24, 1867 – June 12, 1962) was a leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Young was born in Kirkintilloch, Dunbartonshire, Scotland. In 1872, he immigrated to the United States with his parents, who as Latter-day Saints wanted to join with the body of church members.  They lived in Salt Lake City for about a year and then moved to Richfield, Utah. In 1891, Young was ordained a seventy by Francis M. Lyman. That same year, Young married Mary S. Parker. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Australia from 1901 to 1904.

In 1910, Young became president of the Sevier Stake, which was at that point coterminous with Sevier County, Utah. In 1921, the stake was divided into three, and Young continued as president of the Sevier Stake, which was reduced to having only Richfield and such neighboring towns as Glenwood and Venice.

Young and his wife Mary were the parents of eight children. For several years, Young was connected with the operations of the Otter Creek Reservoir Company.

Young was released as president of the Sevier Stake in 1933 when he was called to serve as president of the Manti Temple. He served in this position until 1943. Young served as president of the Salt Lake Temple from 1949 to 1953.

Sources
N. B. Lundwall. Temples of the Most High. (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1968) p. 113, 133.
 page 744
Conference Report, April 1963.

External links
 and also here (gives birthyear 1869)

1867 births
1962 deaths
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
British Latter Day Saints
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Mormon missionaries in Australia
People from Kirkintilloch
People from Richfield, Utah
Scottish Latter Day Saints
Scottish Mormon missionaries
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Scottish leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Temple presidents and matrons (LDS Church)

Robert D. Young (LDS Church leader)


Pringle is an unorganized geographic township in Parry Sound District, Ontario, Canada. It is topographically part of the Almaguin Highlands region, and is part of the census subdivision of Unorganized Centre Parry Sound District. The township includes the communities of Bear Valley, Carr, Farleys Corners and Golden Valley. Although not an incorporated municipality, the township is served by two local services boards: Bear Valley and Golden Valley are served by the LSB of Loring, Port Loring and District, while Carr and Farleys Corners are served by the LSB of Restoule.

The township is served by provincial highways 522, 524 and 534.

The Little Pickerel River flows from east to west through the township, and empties into the Pickerel River, which flows via the French River to Georgian Bay on Lake Huron. The southern part of Commanda Lake is on the northern border of the township; it is the source of the Restoule River, which also flows to the French River.

Etymology
This township in Parry Sound District was named in 1879 for Robert Roderick Pringle, a Toronto lawyer and close friend of Timothy B. Pardee, Ontario commissioner of crown lands, who named the township.

See also
List of townships in Ontario

References

Communities in Parry Sound District
Geographic townships in Ontario

Pringle Township


Svatopluk Pluskal (28 October 1930 – 29 May 2005) was a Czechoslovak footballer and holder of a silver medal from the World Cup in Chile in 1962.

Early life
Svatopluk Pluskal started playing football in his home town, where he played for several clubs. With (Baťa Zlín – Svit Gottwaldov) he achieved promotion to the top league. He achieved individual success when he was selected for the junior international team. He was able to play in most positions, but in Zlín he played mainly as a striker.

Club career
In 1951 he moved to Prague where he became an important player for a newly founded army football club (ATK, later called ÚDA and Dukla Prague), for whom he played mainly as a defensive midfielder. In almost 16 years with this club, he was 8-time champion of the league but he achieved his most important successes at the club level in the United States. Dukla Praha with Pluskal in its line-up won the "American Cup" (a tournament of teams from football-developed countries) three times in a row in the first half of the 1960s. In 1962 Pluskal scored the winning goal in the final against Brazilian team FC America.

International career
He played in the Czechoslovak international team from 1952 (starting as a defender) and played in three World Cups. In 1954 he took part in the record 0–5 defeat by Austria in Switzerland. Four years later, at the 1958 world cup finals, Pluskal played in more games. Losing 1–0 to Northern Ireland, drawing 2–2 with West Germany, and scoring a remarkable 6–1 victory over Argentina, under modern rules they would have gone through. Under the rules of the time, having equal points, a play-off had to decide, and Northern Ireland beat them for the second time, this time 2–1 after extra time.

In the 1962 World Cup in Chile, Pluskal was a member of the line-up. With his teammate from Dukla, Josef Masopust, he formed the key midfield of the 4–2–4 formation. Thanks to Pluskal, the team that had had to qualify for the Championships in a playoff with Scotland had got to the World Cup final. There it was beaten by Brazil. In 1965, Pluskal played in the unsuccessful qualification campaign for the World Cup in England, but with this his international career ended. He played 56 matches in Czechoslovak colours and scored one goal.

Thanks to his important contribution to the success in Chile, Pluskal received recognition on the international stage. On 23 October 1963, he was a member of the "Rest of the World" team that took on England at Wembley in front of 100,000 fans, to celebrate 100 years of English football.  A year later, he played for the "Europe" team in Belgrade against Yugoslavia, and appeared for Europe again in 1965 against Great Britain.

Pluskal's career was ended by a knee injury in 1967. In the league he played 282 matches and scored 37 goals. He was a universal footballer, a good header of the ball, and he was famous for his slide tackles, with which he cleanly took the ball from his opponents. Although players often protested against this style of play, referees usually considered it to be within the rules. During his football career, this tireless fighter became an impenetrable shield, able to concentrate on what was needed. Off the field, he helped the team with his easy humour.

Late life
As with many other former players, Pluskal became a coach. He did this job for Plzeň clubs Škoda and Slovan, later on for FC Bohemians Praha and for a few years in Enosis Neon Paralimni of Cyprus. He helped Bohemians with their promotion to the First Division.

After a brain stroke Pluskal was confined to bed. He died at the age of 74.

References

External links

 Svatopluk Pluskal at FK Dukla Praha

Czech men's footballers
1930 births
2005 deaths
1954 FIFA World Cup players
1958 FIFA World Cup players
1960 European Nations' Cup players
1962 FIFA World Cup players
Czechoslovak men's footballers
Czechoslovakia men's international footballers
Dukla Prague footballers
FK Jablonec players
Enosis Neon Paralimni FC managers
Expatriate football managers in Cyprus
Footballers from Zlín
Czech football managers
Czechoslovak football managers
FC Viktoria Plzeň managers
Men's association football midfielders

Svatopluk Pluskal


The U.S. Poultry & Egg Association is an American industry trade group located in Tucker, Georgia that "represents its poultry and egg members through research, education, communications and technical services."

Founded in 1947, it is the world's largest and most active poultry organization. Billed as an "All Feather" association, membership includes producers and processors of broilers, turkeys, ducks, eggs, and breeding stock, as well as allied companies.

It currently has affiliations in 26 states and member companies worldwide. They also sponsor the International Poultry Expo.

The group posts position papers on topics related to poultry and egg production, including controversial and timely topics such as factory farming, genetically modified organisms, induced molting for egg-laying chickens, regulatory efforts, and avian influenza.

External links
U.S. Poultry & Egg Association
International Poultry Expo

Food technology organizations
Food industry trade groups
Egg organizations
Poultry organizations
Companies based in Tucker, Georgia
Tucker, Georgia

U.S. Poultry & Egg Association


Hegewisch (pronounced  "heg-wish" by the locals) is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago, Illinois, located on the city's far south side. It is bordered by the neighborhoods of Riverdale and South Deering to the west, the East Side to the north, the village of Burnham to the south and the city of Hammond, Indiana to the east. The community area is named for Adolph Hegewisch, the president of U.S. Rolling Stock Company who hoped to establish "an ideal workingman's community" when he laid out the town along a rail line in 1883, six years before Chicago annexed the town.

History
In 1837, Hegewisch, along with the area that now composes most of the South Side of Chicago, was incorporated as part of Hyde Park Township.

In 1883, Adolph Hegewisch, president of U.S. Rolling Stock Company, selected the area to build a company town. He announced his ambition to build two canals. The first would have shortened the Calumet River; the second would connect Wolf Lake with Lake Michigan. His plans were never realized due to a lack of capital. In 1889, Hyde Park Township voted to be annexed into the City of Chicago. A few years after the area was annexed, Adolph Hegewisch died and his company was absorbed into the Pressed Steel Car Company.

In the early 20th century, the area became home to a large number of steel mills. A large number of Polish immigrants came to Hegewisch to work in the steel mills. In the 1930s, the Steel Workers Organizing Committee became active in the area. Eventually, they were able to have Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company recognize the union. Emboldened, the union organized a strike against smaller steel companies. When workers attempted to march on Republic Steel, they were shot at by the Chicago Police Department. Ten unarmed workers died and hundreds were injured.

Starting in the 1970s, employment in the steel industry began trending downward hurting areas that relied on steel mills. In 1980, Wisconsin Steel closed its South Deering mill, leading to high unemployment in the area. Further closures compounded this effect.

During this decline, a variety of economic development projects were proposed. In 1990, Mayor Richard M. Daley proposed the Lake Calumet Airport, which would have resulted in the demolition of all of Hegewisch, along with portions of nearby Burnham and Calumet City. The airport faced staunch opposition from Hegewisch residents. After facing opposition from Illinois Senate president Pate Philip and concerns over the cost of the airport, Daley declared the airport proposal "dead" and focused on plans to expand O'Hare International Airport.

Though Hegewisch suffered from the decline of heavy industry, the neighborhood did not witness the extreme devastation that other neighborhoods like South Chicago or Pullman did. Today, Hegewisch is a stable middle and working-class neighborhood, with roughly average levels of household income, and below-average crime and poverty (relative to the city of Chicago as a whole). A large number of city police and firefighters live in the neighborhood.

Geography
The northern border of Hegewisch is 128th St. Its eastern border is the Illinois-Indiana state line. Its southern border is 138th street (Brainard Avenue) and its western border is (at various points) W Burley Ave, Torrence Ave, Bishop Ford Freeway.

Hegewisch has more undeveloped land than anywhere else in Chicago with 475 acres of open space and 536 acres of vacant space. The developed land consists of 375 acres of single family residential housing, 34 acres of multifamily residential housing, 47 acres of commercial development, 308 acres of industrial development, 17 acres of institutional and 7 acres of mixed use development. There are 1,551 acres that can be defined as transportation and other.

Wolf Lake is located in Hegewisch and is part of the William W. Powers State Recreation Area. Other natural amenities in the community include Mann Park and Powderhorn Prairie Marsh Nature Preserve.

Neighborhoods

Hegewisch has three distinct areas within the neighborhood: Arizona, Avalon Trails, and Old Hegewisch.

The oldest neighborhood is Old Hegewisch, the original area settled by Adolph Hegewisch in the nineteenth century. It includes the area north of 138th St, south of 130th St., east of Torrence Avenue, and west of Avenue O. Arizona, named because of the sandy nature of the original soil and presence of the native cactus, is east of Avenue O and north of 138th St. It is synonymous with "the Avenues". The Avenues receives its name from the unique street naming convention of alphabetically named streets (e.g. Avenue F, Avenue G, etc.). The newest neighborhood is Avalon Trails, built primarily in the 1960s. It is north of 130th Street, east of Torrence Avenue and west of Baltimore Avenue.

Hegewisch also contains Chicago's only trailer park. Harbor Point Estates, located east of Avenue F. The trailer park is built on the former site of a landfill. As of 2014, it contains 190 manufactured houses and 50 recreational vehicles. The area has been the site of multiple redevelopment attempts including a 2008 attempt at converting the trailer park into a 900+ unit subdivision and a 2014 at an expansion of the park. The former was cancelled after the subprime mortgage crisis and, as of 2017, the latter has yet to come to fruition.

Demographics

Originally a Polish American community, the area saw new groups arrive starting in the 1960s; Greek, Jordanian and Mexican immigrants began to settle in the area. In the 2000s, the community saw an influx of Latinos move in. The community went from have a population of 2,820 Latino residents in 2000 to a Latino-majority community with population of 4,887 Latino residents in 2014.

According to a 2016 analysis by the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning, there were 9,371 people and 3,558 households in Hegewisch. The racial makeup of the area was 42.5% White, 4.4% African American, 0.2% Asian, 0.6% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52.4% of the population. In the area, the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 19, 18.6% from 20 to 34, 17.8% from 35 to 49, 21.5% from 50 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years.

The median household income was $50,000 compared to a median income of $47,831 for Chicago at-large. The area had an Income distribution in which 26.6% of households earned less than $25,000 annually; 23.4% of households earned between $25,000 and $49,999; 17.2% of households earned between $50,000 and $74,999; 13.5% of households earned between $75,000 and $99,999; 11% of households earned between $100,000 and $149,999 and 8.2% of households earned more than $150,000. This is compared to a distribution of 28.8%, 22.8%, 16.1%, 10.7%, 11.3% and 10.3% for Chicago at large.

Economy
There are approximately 2,550 jobs in the Hegewisch community area. The top employing industry sector in Hegewisch is manufacturing (47.5%). The Torrence Avenue Assembly Plant, the oldest continually-operated plant of the Ford Motor Company, is located at 12600 S Torrence Ave on its border with South Deering. Flex-N-Gate, which provides bumpers to the "Big Three," will begin production near the Torrence Avenue Assembly Plant in 2019. In March 2017, it was announced that CRRC Sifang America would be manufacturing the new 7000 series cars for the Chicago "L" in Hegewisch. The union hall for  UAW Local 551 is headquartered on Torrence Avenue. It is also home to Calumet Harbor Lumber Company, the last surviving saw mill within the Chicago city limits, a distinction it has held for over a quarter century.

Manufacturing is followed by wholesale trade (19.7%), retail trade (11.1%), accommodation and food (5.2%) and finance (3.9%). Almost two thirds of the workers in these fields reside outside of Chicago. The top 5 employing industry sectors of community residents are manufacturing (12%), public administration (10.9%), education (10.8%), healthcare (10.6%) and retail trade (8.5%). Nearly half of the workers in these fields reside outside of Chicago.

KCBX Terminals, a petcoke processing facility owned by the Koch brothers is located in Hegewisch.

Education
Hegewisch is part of City of Chicago School District #299 and City Colleges of Chicago District #508. Virgil I. Grissom and Henry Clay Elementary Schools serve Hegewisch students. George Washington High School in East Side serves Hegewisch students as well as students in nearby South Deering. The nearest City Colleges campus was Olive–Harvey College in Pullman. A high school diploma had been earned by 82% of Hegewisch residents and a bachelor's degree had been earned by 18.2% of residents.

Transportation

The South Shore Line, an electric-powered interurban commuter rail line, stops at Hegewisch station. The train goes as far westbound as Millennium Station in the Chicago Loop and as far eastbound as South Bend Regional Airport in South Bend, Indiana. Hegewisch station is the Illinois stop closest to the Illinois-Indiana border.

The area is also served by bus routes operated by both the Chicago Transit Authority and Pace Suburban Bus.  These routes are 30 South Chicago, 355 Wentworth Limited, 358 Torrence and 364 159th Street. 355 Wentworth Limited is only available for weekday rush hour service only and 364 159th Street is only available for weekend service.

As part of the Chicago "L"'s Red Line extension, the proposed 130th Street terminal would be near the Altgeld Gardens Homes, a public housing project in the Riverdale neighborhood near Hegewisch.

The below average availability of public transit leads to its regular use by only 16% of Hegewisch outbound commuters. 80.80% of commuters drive either alone or in a carpool.

Politics
Hegewisch has been part of Chicago's 10th ward since at least the 1960s. For much of the latter half of the twentieth century, it was dominated by Ed Vrdolyak, who served as the Democratic Ward Committeeman from 1968 to 1987 and Alderman from 1971 to 1987. The Hispanic Democratic Organization, a pro-Daley political action committee had a strong presence in the ward until its demise after the Hired Trucks scandal.

The current alderman is Susan Sadlowski Garza, who has served since defeating John Pope in the 2015 runoff election.

In the 2016 presidential election, Hegewisch cast 1,962 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 1,135 votes for Donald Trump. In the 2012 presidential election, Hegewisch cast 1,944 votes for Barack Obama and 1,015 votes for Mitt Romney.

Local media
Hegewisch is currently served by Our Neighborhood Times, a bimonthly newspaper headquarters in Hegewisch and widely distributed throughout the neighborhood. Between 1997 and 2012, Hegewisch was also served by the South Chicago-based Southeast Chicago Observer. The paper was distributed in Hegewisch, albeit to a lesser extent. Both papers come out on even-numbered weeks.

Notable people

 Eric Anderson, professional basketball player.
 Glenn Dawson, Democratic member of the Illinois General Assembly. He served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1979 to 1981 and the Illinois Senate from 1981 to 1987. He lived in Hegewisch during his legislative tenure.
 Carmel Bernon Harvey, Jr., Specialist in the United States Army and recipient of the Medal of Honor. He is a namesake of nearby Olive–Harvey College.
 Eugene Izzi, Chicago author.
 John Mallee, Major League Baseball hitting coach currently with the Philadelphia Phillies. Mallee was with the Chicago Cubs from 2014 to 2017. He was raised in the Hegewisch neighborhood.
 Battling Nelson, born Oskar Matthæus Nielsen, boxer who held the world lightweight championship on two separate occasions.
 Samuel Panayotovich, member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1983 until 1989. He lived in Hegewisch during his time in office.
 John Pope, Alderman from Chicago's 10th ward from 1999 to 2015.
 Edward Sadlowski, labor activist and a past director of the United Steelworkers of America.
 Susie Sadlowski Garza, Alderman from Chicago's 10th ward from 2015 to 2019.
 Peter Chico, Alderman from Chicago's 10th ward since 2023.
 Edward Vrdolyak, Alderman from Chicago's 10th ward from 1971 to 1987. He resided in East Side, but was a dominant political figure in Hegewisch.
 Edward Joseph Winceniak, Baseball (born April 16, 1929) is a retired American professional baseball player and scout. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, and resided in Hegewisch, Illinois. An infielder, he appeared in 32 games played over parts of two seasons (1956–57) in Major League Baseball for the Chicago Cubs.

References

External links
 Official City of Chicago Hegewisch Community Map
 Hegewisch.Net
 City of Chicago Website

Community areas of Chicago
South Side, Chicago
Company towns in Illinois

Hegewisch, Chicago


Circuit courts are court systems in several common law jurisdictions. It may refer to:

 Courts that literally sit 'on circuit', i.e., judges move around a region or country to different towns or cities where they will hear cases;
 Courts that sit within a judicial circuit, i.e., an administrative division of a country's judiciary; or
 A higher-level trial court, e.g., for felony or indictment offences.

History

Origin in England
The term "circuit court" is derived from the English custom of itinerant courts whose judges periodically travelled on pre-set paths - or circuits - to hear cases from different areas.

Establishment
The first formal circuits were defined in 1293, when a statute was enacted which established four assize circuits.

It was long assumed that these circuits originated with the eyre in common pleas during the reign of Henry II, but during the late 1950s, legal historians such as Ralph Pugh recognized that the eyre's "connection with later circuit justices is rather collateral than lineal", and the eyre was merely one of a number of experiments in "systematized itinerant justice" undertaken by the English crown during the late 12th century and the 13th century.

The development of the assize circuits was interrupted in 1305 by the appointment of justices of trailbaston by King Edward I. Under King Edward III, two statutes were enacted in 1328 and 1330 which restored the assize circuits and reorganized the counties of England into six circuits where assizes were supposed to be held thrice yearly (but were more often held twice each year).

First circuits as seen today
By 1337, the six assize circuits had stabilized as follows:

During the 1500s, two major changes occurred.  Middlesex was removed from the Home Circuit and grouped with the adjacent City of London (which was never part of the circuits), and Oxfordshire and Berkshire were transferred from the Western Circuit to the Oxford Circuit.  The Welsh county of Monmouthshire was also transferred into the Oxford Circuit.

After that, the circuits of England remained largely static for almost four centuries, until they were again reorganized during the 19th century.  Twice each year, judges "literally rode each circuit," meaning that a pair of common law judges assigned to a circuit rode on horseback through all the county towns and several other important towns in each circuit and heard cases.

Origin in North America
On the American frontier, a judge often travelled on horseback along with a group of lawyers. Abraham Lincoln was one such attorney who regularly rode the circuit in Illinois. In more settled areas, a stagecoach would be used. Eventually, the legal caseload in a county would become great enough to warrant the establishment of a local judiciary.

Most of these local judicial circuits (that is, in terms of the actual routes travelled by judges) have been thus replaced by judges regularly stationed at local courthouses, but in many areas, the legacy term remains in use.

England and Wales

England and Wales is divided into six circuits for the purposes of the administration of justice: the Midland Circuit, North Eastern Circuit, Northern Circuit, South Eastern Circuit, Western Circuit, and the Wales and Chester Circuit.

The system is overseen by the Lord Chancellor. The membership consists of High Court Judges, Circuit Judges, District Judges, law practitioners and academic lawyers. The Circuits also form the basis for administration of the Bar in England and Wales except for Cheshire.

Until 2007 for court administration purposes it formed part of the Wales and Chester Circuit. When in 2007 it became part of the Northern Circuit for court administrative purposes post devolution, the "Wales and Chester Circuit" continued to be the Circuit Bar.

The Circuit Bars are represented on the Bar Council through the Circuit Leaders.

Republic of Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland the Circuit Court is part of the Courts of First Instance, senior to the District Court but junior to the High Court (Ireland). It was first established as the Circuit Court of Justice under the Courts of Justice Act 1924 and replaced the County Court on the civil side, and quarter sessions and recorder's courts on the criminal side, as well as some of the jurisdiction of the assizes. These are heard by a judge sitting alone. It also has jurisdiction to hear appeals from the District Court. Appeals from the court lie to the High Court on the civil side and the Court of Criminal Appeal on the criminal side.

The Circuit Court is so-called because of the circuits on which its judges travel, namely Dublin, Cork, Northern, Western, Eastern, South Western, South Eastern, and Midland, each of which are composed of a number of counties. The court consist of a President and thirty-seven judges. Although there is strictly speaking just one Circuit Court, a sitting of the Circuit Court in any particular location is referred to as name of town Circuit Court, e.g. Trim Circuit Court.

The High Court also sits "on circuit" twice yearly, though this is called the High Court on Circuit rather than a circuit court. In this case, "on circuit" means sitting in a location other than Dublin.

United States

Federal courts of appeals
In the United States, circuit courts were first established in the Thirteen British Colonies. In 1789, the United States circuit courts were United States federal courts established in each federal judicial district. These circuit courts exercised both original (first instance) and appellate jurisdiction. They existed until 1912. The original jurisdiction formerly exercised by the United States circuit courts is now exercised by the United States district courts. Their appellate jurisdiction is now exercised by the United States courts of appeals, which were known as the United States circuit courts of appeals from their establishment in 1894 until 1947.

The federal courts of appeals sit permanently in 13 appellate circuits (11 regional circuits as well as a DC Circuit and the Federal Circuit). Note that there are several other federal courts that bear the phrase "Court of Appeals" in their names, but they are not Article III courts and are not considered to sit in appellate circuits.

The federal courts of appeals are intermediate courts, between the district courts (the federal trial courts) and the Supreme Court. Smaller circuits, such as the Second Circuit and Third Circuit, are based at a single federal courthouse, while others, such as the large Ninth Circuit, are spread across many courthouses. Since three-judge federal appellate panels are randomly selected from all sitting circuit judges, Ninth Circuit judges must often "ride the circuit," though this duty has become much easier to carry out since the development of modern air travel.

Supreme Court of the United States
Under the original Judiciary Act of 1789 and subsequent acts, the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States in Washington, D.C. had the responsibility of "riding circuit" and personally hearing both appeals and trials in the circuit courts, in addition to their caseload back in the capital. This duty was reasonable when the United States consisted of the original Thirteen Colonies along the East Coast of the United States, but became increasingly onerous and impractical with the country's rapid westward expansion during the 19th century, and was repealed by Congress with the enacting of the Judiciary Act of 1891. The U.S. Supreme Court justices still retain vestiges of the days of riding circuit; each justice is designated to hear certain interlocutory appeals from specific circuits and can unilaterally decide them or refer them to the entire court. The court's customary summer recess originated as the time during which the justices would leave Washington and ride circuit (since dirt roads were more passable in the summer).

State courts
Many U.S. states have state courts called "circuit courts." Most are trial courts of general, original jurisdiction.

Alabama – Alabama Circuit Courts
Arkansas – Arkansas Circuit Courts
Connecticut – Connecticut Circuit Courts
Florida – Florida circuit courts
Hawaii – Hawaii State Circuit Courts
Illinois – Illinois circuit courts
Indiana – Indiana Circuit Courts
Kentucky – Kentucky Circuit Courts
Maryland – Maryland Circuit Courts
Michigan – Michigan Circuit Courts
Mississippi – Mississippi Circuit Courts
Missouri – Missouri Circuit Courts
New Hampshire – New Hampshire Circuit Courts
Oregon – Oregon circuit courts
South Carolina – South Carolina Circuit Court
South Dakota – South Dakota Circuit Courts
Tennessee – Tennessee Circuit Courts
Virginia – Virginia Circuit Court – court of record that has appellate jurisdiction over a county's general district court and juvenile and domestic relations court and original jurisdiction over major civil cases and all the county's felony cases. A circuit court has the power to issue death sentences and impanel grand juries. The court's decisions become legal precedents.
West Virginia – West Virginia Circuit Courts
Wisconsin – Wisconsin circuit courts

In Louisiana, the intermediate appellate courts are called the Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal. There are five separate judicial circuits.

In many states, such as Missouri, a judicial circuit can encompass one or more counties (see Missouri Circuit Courts). Each circuit court can have several divisions, including circuit, associate, small claims, probate, family, or drug court. Each division hears cases within its particular area of subject-matter jurisdiction, and jurisdiction is based on the size or type of a civil claim or the severity or type of a criminal charge. Drug court, for example, hears only drug-related criminal cases.

Several U.S. states have state supreme courts that traditionally "ride the circuit" in the sense of hearing oral arguments at multiple locations throughout their jurisdictions each year. Among the states with circuit-riding supreme courts are Alaska, California, Idaho, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Washington.

Canada

Courts serving certain areas particularly in Northern Canada, such as the Nunavut Court of Justice and courts serving northern Quebec, travel as circuit courts to hear cases in remote communities.

Australia

Courts serving remote areas in the Northern Territory are known as circuit courts, sometimes referred to as "bush courts".

See also
 Assizes
 Circuit riding

References

Courts by type
Judicial districts

pt:Circuito (distrito judicial)

Circuit court


Peter Charles Hubbard-Miles  (9 May 1927 – 1 October 2005) was a British Conservative Party politician.

Early career
Hubbard-Miles was educated at Lewis School in Pengam. From 1967 onwards, he was a member at various times of Glamorgan County Council, Porthcawl Urban District Council, Mid Glamorgan County Council and Ogwr Borough Council. In the February 1974 general election, he stood unsuccessfully in the Labour stronghold of Aberavon.

MP for Bridgend
Hubbard-Miles was elected Member of Parliament for the newly created seat of Bridgend in the 1983 Conservative landslide. He was a member of the Select Committee on Welsh Affairs from 1983 to 1985, and was parliamentary private secretary to Nicholas Edwards the Secretary of State for Wales from 1985 to 1987.

In July 1983, he introduced a private member's bill for the licensing of caravan and tent sites.

At the 1987 general election, Hubbard-Miles lost the Bridgend seat to Labour Party candidate Win Griffiths.

As is traditional, the incoming MP paid tribute to his predecessor in his maiden speech. Win Griffiths said:

"At the outset of my speech, I pay tribute to my predecessor in the Bridgend constituency, Mr. Peter Hubbard-Miles. He was the first Conservative to represent any constituency in the county of Mid-Glamorgan. Tribute must be paid to him for that signal achievement, which of course I hope will be the last. He showed his independence and fighting spirit during the selection process before the 1983 election, when he successfully took his local Conservative and Unionist Association to court and managed to stop the foisting on the constituency of a person who was rumoured to be a friend of the right hon. Member for Chingford (Mr. Tebbit), the present Conservative party chairman. In 1985, at Westminster, his talents were recognised when the then Secretary of State for Wales, Mr. Nicholas Edwards, who has left this place, appointed him as his parliamentary private secretary. Although he no longer represents the Bridgend constituency, he still has an interest in it. He represents a part of it—Porthcawl—on the council of the county of Mid-Glamorgan. Once again, he had the signal achievement of being the only Conservative on the council—a solitary role that he manages to play with some success for the people in Porthcawl."

Later life
Peter Hubbard-Miles stood for the Conservatives in the Porthcawl Town Council elections in 2003; and as an Independent candidate for the same council in 2004.

On his death in 2005, he left his wife Pam and children Penny, Piers, Philippa, Pamela and Peter.

References
 The Times Guide to the House of Commons, Times Newspapers Ltd, 1987

1927 births
2005 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
UK MPs 1983–1987
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Lewis School, Pengam
Members of Glamorgan County Council
Members of Mid Glamorgan County Council

Peter Hubbard-Miles


Luís Vaz de Torres was a Spanish explorer. Sometimes his name is spelled Luis Váez de Torres. He was born around the year 1565, and died in 1607. Today, he is noted for the first recorded European navigation of the strait which separates the continent of Australia from the island of New Guinea. The strait is now named after him (Torres Strait).

Origins and early life
Captain Luis Váez de Torres undertook a voyage from 1606 to 1607. In this voyage, the crew called him a "Breton" in reports. One of the reports points to an origin in the northwest province of Spain, that is Galicia. Historians accept this as evidence of his origins. The year and exact place of his birth are unknown but he was likely born around 1565.

Torres has been presented as Portuguese, without any evidence other than his name. He is never called a Portuguese in the records but they note remarks made by crew members of the Portuguese origins of Pedro Fernandes de Queirós.

Torres entered the navy of the Spanish Crown and found his way to its South American colonies. By late 1605 he first entered the historical record as the nominated commander of the second ship in an expedition to the Pacific. The Portuguese born navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós proposed him for the position.

References

1560s births
1600s deaths
Galician people
Spanish explorers

Luís Vaz de Torres


Tristram E. Speaker (April 4, 1888 - December 8, 1958), was an American baseball player. He was one of the greatest center fielders in baseball history, both on offense and defense. He had a .345 career batting average (fourth all-time), and the record for most career doubles, with 792. He played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball, with the Boston Americans/Red Sox, Cleveland Indians, Washington Senators, and Philadelphia Athletics. He also was the manager of the Indians from 1916 to 1926. Speaker was born in Hubbard, Texas on April 4, 1888.

Hall of Fame
Speaker, who retired from baseball in 1928, was chosen for the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. His induction ceremony was held in 1939.

Death
Speaker died of a heart attack in Lake Whitney, Texas on December 8, 1958. He was on a fishing trip with a friend when he died.

References

1888 births
1958 deaths
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Texas
Boston Red Sox players
Baseball coaches
National Baseball Hall of Fame members

Tris Speaker


Monopoly: The Card Game is loosely based on the board game Monopoly. The idea is to draw, trade and organize cards into "color-groups" along with bonus cards. Players take turns drawing and discarding cards until one completes a hand. The value of each player's hand is then counted and they receive the amount of Monopoly money they have earned. The first person to collect $10,000 wins.

The game was produced and sold by Winning Moves Games under license from Hasbro. It is no longer in production.

Deck
The deck contains 60 cards. The 28 property cards are the same as those in the standard Monopoly game. Each of these cards (except the railroads and utilities) have a distinct color band on the top and bottom, representing the "color-group" to which it belongs. The card also displays the property name, the number of cards in its "color-group," and the value of the complete group and of each house attached.

15 are house cards and 2 hotel cards. Players may add these cards onto any complete color-group. Players do not need to have all 4 houses and a hotel to go out, but any houses must be built in sequence (house 2 cannot be used without first having house 1). Houses cannot be built on railroads and utilities. Each house is worth the same amount as the completed color-group upon which it is built. Hotels are worth $500 regardless of where they are built.

6 are token cards. Each token card pays off the value of one colour group (as stated on the cards).

The 6 bonus cards each double the value of a player's hand. The 4 "GO" cards are each worth $200. Four Mr. Monopoly cards are included; whoever has the most of these cards at the end of the hand gets $1000. 2 Chance cards may represent any card in the deck needed to complete a set; however, these cards are only useful to the person who goes out at the end of the hand. If a player has a Chance card and someone else goes out, his or her entire hand is worth nothing and scores $0 for that round.

The score is kept with the pad of money notepad enclosed inside the box. Each player is dealt their amount of money after each round.

Rules per number of players

4-Player Rules
Each player is dealt 10 cards (face down, clockwise) by the dealer. The dealer then places another card in front of each player, face up. These are the players' discard piles. Cards in the discard piles are fanned so each player can see all the cards. The deck is then placed in the middle of the playing area; this is the draw pile. The dealer passes clockwise.

Players must always have a total of 10 cards in their hand after their turn is over.

The person to the left of the dealer goes first, and they may choose to do one of the following:
 Draw from the draw pile - If a player chooses to draw, they take the top card from the draw pile and end their turn by discarding a card.
 Trade for a card in another player's discard pile - A player may trade any number of cards from their discard pile for the same number of cards in another's pile. The player may discard from their hand first to get the cards of another player. The player takes the number of cards to trade and puts them in the hand of the trading player (they must discard extra cards from their hand on their next turn). The player then takes the desired cards from the top of that person's discard pile. The turn ends by discarding excess cards.
 Discard to go out - If a player has a full "color-group" with houses (if any) in order and no unmatched property or house cards — the player may go out. On the next turn, excess cards are discarded and the player announces that they are going out. This round is now over.

The player who goes out gets the reward of the top 5 cards from the draw pile, and they may use these cards if they help their hand. Before scoring, move all excess cards away. To score, count the values of each person's hand. Remember that any person with a Chance card, other than the person who went out, scores $0 for the round. The deal now passes to the left and the new dealer shuffles and re-deals the cards. Play stops when someone gets $10,000.

Three players
For a 3-player game, the play is mostly the same, except that a 4th discard pile is created where the 4th player would be. This way, players still have a variety of choices for trading. In a 3-player game, valid moves are:

 Exchange the top card on another player's discard pile for the top card of the "4th player's" discard pile, or
 Take the top cards of both the "4th player's" discard pile and the draw pile and replace them with the top two cards of the player's pile.

Two players
Similar to the 3-player game, the only difference is that two additional/extra discard piles are created instead of only having one.

Five or six players
For 5-10 player games, the game is slightly different. The whole deck is dealt out with no draw pile.

 For 5-player games, 12 cards are dealt with each player.
 For 6-player games, 10 cards are dealt with each player.

A trading card is also dealt to each player face up.

Each player must trade cards with another player, and both players put the cards into their hands. Both players must then discard one card. After all, players have gone once, each player passes one card to their left and puts it in their hand after each time around.

Going out occurs on one of two occasions:
 After completing a turn, or
 Before players would normally pass a card left.

The reward for going out is the trade cards on the table. The winner is the first to $7,000.

References

External links

Card games introduced in 2000
Monopoly (game)
Dedicated deck card games

Monopoly: The Card Game