Michael David Warner (born 1958) is an American literary critic, social theorist, and Seymour H. Knox Professor of English Literature and American Studies at Yale University. He also writes for Artforum, The Nation, The Advocate, and The Village Voice. He is the author of Publics and Counterpublics, The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life, The English Literatures of America, 1500–1800, Fear of a Queer Planet, and The Letters of the Republic.  He edited The Portable Walt Whitman and American Sermons: The Pilgrims to Martin Luther King, Jr.

Biography
Born September 9, 1958, Warner received two Master of Arts degrees, from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Johns Hopkins University, in 1981 and 1983 respectively.  He received his Doctor of Philosophy degree in English from Johns Hopkins University in 1986. Warner assumed his position at Yale University in 2007, and became Seymour H. Knox Professor of English Literature and American studies in 2008. Prior to his work at Yale, he taught at Northwestern University (1985–1990) and Rutgers University (1990–2007).

Warner is highly influential in the fields of early American literature, social theory, and queer theory. His first book, The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century America, established him as a leading scholar in Early American literature, print culture, and public sphere theory. He later became a public figure in the gay community for his book The Trouble with Normal, in which Warner contended that queer theory and the ethics of a queer life serve as critiques of existing social and economic structures, not just as critique of heterosexuality and heterosexual society. In 2002, he published Publics and Counterpublics, which is a collection of essays on the politics of communication in advanced capitalistic societies, or Habermasian public sphere theory.

Warner then edited a book on the history of secularism in early America, from the early eighteenth century to the Civil War, culminating with the work of Walt Whitman, a writer on whom many of his interests converge.

Warner has been a permanent fellow of Rutger University's Center for Critical Analysis of Contemporary Culture since 2001, and was a director from 2006 to 2008.  He also sits on a number of Advisory Boards, including that of the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies (since 1999), the Society for the Humanities at Cornell University (since 2003), and the Library of America Colonial Writing Project (since 2005).

Warner is, along with Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Teresa de Lauretis, Lauren Berlant, and Judith Butler, considered one of the founders of queer theory.

Overview of major works

The Trouble With Normal

In The Trouble With Normal, Warner critiques same-sex marriage activism and other moves more generally by the gay rights movement toward equality in normalcy. The book has been described as a classic of the debates on normalcy as a goal for the gay rights movement, and as an important contribution to queer theory. Martha Nussbaum, writing in the New Republic, praised the book's moral opposition to "the domination of the 'normal'": "Warner is a deft and thoughtful writer who turns his own experience of the margins into a source of genuine understanding about America and its sexual politics...what Warner's book finally demands of us is...genuine reflection." First published in 1999 by The Free Press, an imprint of Simon and Schuster, it was re-published in 2000 in paperback by Harvard University Press. Warner argues that the right to marry is an inadequate and ultimately undesirable goal for gay rights activism. Chapter one, "The Ethics of Sexual Shame", argues that people with deviant sexualities have been shamed, as a result of American society's relegation of sex to the private domain, where it is not talked about. It provides a list of sexual hierarchies, as well as discussion of stigma, shame, moral panics, and queer life. Chapter two, "What's Wrong with Normal?", critiques the notion of normalcy. In this chapter, Warner looks at the arguments of Georges Canguilhem and Alfred Kinsey to discuss issues with the concept of norms and "The Normalized Movement" within gay rights activism. Chapter three, "Beyond Gay Marriage", takes the concepts from chapter two to argue against same-sex marriage, and marriage as an institution that reinforces privacy and diminishes the queer counterpublic. Chapter four, "Zoning Out Sex", discusses the zoning laws put in place by New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani. These laws were also critiqued in the article Warner co-wrote with Lauren Berlant in 1998, titled "Sex in Public". The conclusion "The Politics of Shame and HIV Prevention", discusses some of the health strategies of fighting HIV/AIDS, and how the cycle of shame increases the risk of spreading the disease. The book, according to Kirkus Reviews, argues "persuasively" against same-sex marriage.

Publics and Counterpublics

Publics and Counterpublics is a collection of essays based around the central question "what is a public?" Around half of the essays in the book have been published previously. Chapter one, "Public and Private", reviews the definitions of these terms, and traces the history of debates around public and private spheres, particularly around the women's liberation, and then the gay rights, movements. Chapter two, "Publics and Counterpublics", looks at redefining and expanding upon the term public, to introduce multiple publics. The chapter then introduces the concept of counterpublics, initially termed by Nancy Fraser to mean a public that is subordinate to a dominant public. Chapter three, "Styles of Intellectual Publics", considers the style of discourse in academic work and the impact this has on the type of public it creates. It suggests that Michel Foucault might have described intellectual work as a counterpublic, and discusses this possibility. Chapter four, "The Mass Public and the Mass Subject", responds to Jürgen Habermas' The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere introducing some of the concepts we now regard as queer theory. As the essay was originally published in 1989, it was written before the term queer theory had become widely used. Chapter five, "Sex in Public", was co-written with Lauren Berlant, and published previously in 1998. "Sex in Public" serves as a case study in the struggles over the mediation of publics, and is very similar, thematically, to The Trouble With Normal. Chapter six, "Something Queer About the Nation State", discusses queer politics and activism, and its relationship to the state. Chapter seven, "A Soliloquy 'Lately Spoken at the African Theatre': Race and the Public Sphere in New York City, 1821", considers an historical counterpublic and its context, and the texts that upheld it. Chapter eight, "Whitman Drunk" critiques Walt Whitman's work Franklin Evans and its reception in the context of temperance activism.

Publics and Counterpublics, argues fellow queer theorist Ken Plummer, extended the public/private debate and contributed to the development of queer theory.

Both of these major works discuss to some extent how queer straddles the public/private divide. The Trouble With Normal argues that the gay rights struggle for marriage equality is a struggle for normalcy, and privacy. This privacy, Warner argues, comes at the cost of those who do not marry, who choose to conduct themselves in public. Publics and Counterpublics considers the public sphere and its shortcomings, before considering how queer both exists in, and is subordinated by, publics. Warner calls the two books "mutually illustrative", with The Trouble With Normal critiquing the way gay rights movements have obscured queer counterpublics, one of the central concepts of Public and Counterpublics.

Works

Books

The Evangelical Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century America (University of Pennsylvania Press, under contract).
Publics and Counterpublics (Cambridge: Zone Books, 2002).
The Trouble with Normal (New York: The Free Press, 1999;  Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 2000).
The Letters of the Republic:  Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge:  Harvard University Press, 1990).

Edited volumes

Varieties of Secularism in a Secular Age (Harvard University Press, 2010) with Craig Calhoun and Jonathan VanAntwerpen
The Portable Walt Whitman, Edited by Michael Warner (New York:  Penguin, 2003).
American Sermons: The Pilgrims to Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York:  Library of America, 1999).
The English Literatures of America (Routledge, 1997) with Myra Jehlen.
Fear of a Queer Planet:  Queer Politics and Social Theory (Minneapolis:  University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
The Origins of Literary Studies in America: A Documentary Anthology (New York: Routledge, 1988) with Gerald Graff

Articles

"Pleasures and Dangers of Shame," in David Halperin and Valerie Traub, eds., Gay Shame (University of Chicago Press, 2010).
"Is Liberalism a Religion?" in Hent de Vries, ed., Religion: Beyond a Concept (New York: Fordham Univ. Press, 2008), pp. 610–17.
"Secularism," in Bruce Burgett and Glenn Hendler, eds., Keywords: A Vocabulary of American Cultural Studies (New York Univ. Press, 2007), pp. 209–212.
"Uncritical Reading," in Jane Gallop, ed., Polemics (New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 13–38.
"What Like a Bullet Can Undeceive?" Public Culture, vol. 15, no. 1 (Winter 2003), pp. 41– 54.
"Publics and Counterpublics," Public Culture, vol. 14. no. 1 (Winter 2002), pp. 49–90.
"Styles of Intellectual Publics," in Jonathan Culler, ed., Just Being Difficult? Academic Writing in the Public Arena (Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 2003).
"A Soliloquy 'Lately Spoken at the African Theatre': Race and the Public Sphere in New York City, 1821," American Literature 73.1 (March 2001), pp. 1–46.
Awarded the Foerster Prize for best essay in American Literature, 2001.
"Irving's Posterity," ELH 67 (2000), pp. 773–799.
"Normal and Normaller: Beyond Gay Marriage," GLQ 5.2 (Winter 1999).
"Public and Private," in Catharine Stimpson and Gil Herdt, eds., Critical Terms for the Study of Gender and Sexuality (University of Chicago Press, forthcoming).
"Zones of Privacy," in Judith Butler, John Guillory, and Kendall Thomas, eds., What's Left of Theory? (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 75–113.
"What's Colonial About Colonial America?" in Robert St. George, ed., Possible Pasts: Becoming Colonial in Early America (Cornell Univ. Press, 2000), pp. 49–70.
with Lauren Berlant, "Sex in Public," Critical Inquiry 24.2 (Winter 1998), pp. 547–66.
"Whitman Drunk," in Betsy Erkkila and Jay Grossman, eds., Breaking Bounds (Oxford Univ. Press, 1996), pp. 30–43.
with Lauren Berlant, "What Does Queer Theory Teach Us About X?" PMLA 110.3 (May 1995), pp. 343–49.
with Lauren Berlant, "Introduction to 'Critical Multiculturalism,'" in David Theo Goldberg, ed., Multiculturalism: A Critical Reader (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994), pp. 107–113.
"No Special Rights," in Michael Bérubé and Cary Nelson, eds., Higher Education Under Fire (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 284–93.
"Something Queer About the Nation-State," in Alphabet City, December 1993.
"Savage Franklin," in Gianfranca Balestra and Luigi Sammpietro, eds., Benjamin Franklin: An American Genius,  (Rome: Bulzoni Editore, 1993).
"The Public Sphere and the Cultural Mediation of Print," in William S. Solomon and Robert W. McChesney, eds., Ruthless Criticism: New Perspectives in U. S. Communication History (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1993), pp. 7–37.
"Publication and the Public Sphere," in Carol Armbruster, eds., Publishing and Readership in Revolutionary France and America,  (Westport: Greenwood, 1993), pp. 167–74.
"Critical Multiculturalism," coauthored by the Chicago Cultural Studies Group, 18.3 (Spring 1992), pp. 530–55.
"New English Sodom," American Literature 64.1 (March 1992), pp. 19–47.
Awarded the Foerster Prize for the best essay in American Literature, 1992; awarded the Crompton-Noll Award for best essay in lesbian and gay studies, 1993.
"Thoreau's Bottom," Raritan 11.3 (Winter 1992), pp. 53–79.
"The Mass Public and the Mass Subject," in Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere  (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991), pp. 377–401.
"Fear of a Queer Planet," Social Text 29 (1991), pp 3–17.
"Walden's Erotic Economy," in Hortense Spillers, ed., Comparative American Identities: Race, Sex and Nationality in the Modern Text, (New York: Routledge, 1991), pp. 157–74.
"Homo-Narcissism; Or, Heterosexuality," in Joseph A. Boone and Michael Cadden, eds., Engendering Men  (New York: Routledge, 1990), pp. 190–206.
"The Res Publica of Letters," boundary 2 17.1 (Spring 1990), pp. 38–68.
"Textuality and Legitimacy in the Printed Constitution," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 97(1):59–84. 1987
"Franklin and the Letters of the Republic," Representations 16 (1986), pp. 110–30.
"Literary Studies and the History of the Book," The Book: Newsletter of the Program of the History of the Book in American Culture, 12 (July 1987), pp. 3–9.
"Professionalization and the Rewards of Literature: 1875-1900," Criticism 27 (Winter 1985), pp. 1–28.
"Value, Agency, and Stephen Crane's `The Monster,'" Nineteenth-Century Fiction 40 (June 1985), pp. 76–93.

Awards

2001: Foerster Prize for Best Essay in American Literature
1993: Crompton-Noll Award for Best Essay in Lesbian and Gay Studies
1992: Foerster Prize for Best Essay in American Literature
1988: Outstanding Teacher Award, Northwestern University

Notes

References

Footnotes

Works cited

External links

Faculty biography at Yale University

1958 births
21st-century American male writers
American academics of English literature
American gay writers
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People with HIV/AIDS
Queer theorists
Radical Faeries members
Yale University faculty

21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Gay academics

Michael Warner


TV4 is the state-owned public broadcaster serving the Mexican state of Guanajuato. It broadcasts on 30 total transmitters statewide and is operated by the Television Unit of Guanajuato (UTEG), which under its stated mission, provides educational programming, social and cultural television and healthy entertainment for children, youth and adults.

TV4 is available statewide, covering 98% of the territory of Guanajuato in addition to statewide cable television carriage and satellite distribution via Mexicanal and Canal Sur Mexico.

In some form, TV4 programming reaches more than 3 million viewers both in Mexico and abroad, including in the United States.

History
In December 1979, the state government and the Dirección General de Radio, Televisión y Cinematografía (RTC), then in charge of the Televisión Rural de México network, agreed that TRM programming and broadcasts would be regionalized to deliver information oriented specifically to address needs of the local population. The result was that in various states, TRM built regional opt-outs into its programming schedule.

Two years later, the first broadcasts through TRM's regional network provided local programming for one hour daily. This later increased as new infrastructure was constructed, with the first test broadcasts of channel 4 in 1983 and later supplemented by regional FM radio broadcasting (see XHJUA-FM).

In April 1983, Radio y Televisión de Guanajuato (Radio and Television of Guanajuato, RTG) was created as a state-supported organization to broadcast social, educational and cultural programming.

In 1999, the radio network was spun off and given to the University of Guanajuato. By then, it included stations in León, Guanajuato and San Miguel de Allende, all of which are now part of the university's radio network. The rest of the former RTG was then restructured, becoming in 2001 the Unidad de Televisión de Guanajuato (Guanajuato Television Unit or UTEG).

In the 2010s, TV4 transitioned to digital and high definition. The León transmitter was the first to convert to digital, receiving its authorization in September 2011. Others were authorized in the years leading up to the Mexican digital transition in 2015.

A reaward of all of TV4's concessions effective January 1, 2022, resulted in new call signs across the network.

Programming
TV4 produces around 48 percent of its program output, which includes kids' shows, educational programming, local sporting events, and newscasts covering Guanajuato. It fills the remainder of its broadcast day with Deutsche Welle programs, as well as productions from the other state networks. TV4 also offers coverage of local cultural events such as the Festival Internacional Cervantino.

Transmitters
TVCUATRO is available through a statewide network of repeaters located throughout Guanajuato. There are 27 main stations and a further three translators of XHCPDQ (formerly XHLEG), the León transmitter. TV4 uses virtual channel 4 in all areas.

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While all TV4 transmitters held authorizations at the time to broadcast in digital, and the León and Celaya transmitters were the first to broadcast as such, the León transmitter was the only one that shut off its analog signal on December 11, 2015.

In March 2018, in order to facilitate the repacking of TV services out of the 600 MHz band (channels 38-51), ten transmitters of TV4 were assigned new channels for continued digital operations. XHGCO, XHLEG, and XHGTA were assigned channel 25; XHGJI and XHGSC were assigned channel 30; and XHGAC, XHDLG, XHATO, XHGHU, and XHGJR were assigned channel 35.

TV4 programming is available to Guanajuatense audiences abroad via Mexicanal and Canal Sur México; in the US, broadcasts are also available from DirecTV and though multicasting.

Digital subchannels
All TV4 transmitters are multiplexed, carrying two subchannels with programming primarily consisting of TV4 repeats: TV4 Media on channel 4.2 and TV4 Expresa on channel 4.3.

References

Public television in Mexico
Television channels and stations established in 1979
Television stations in Guanajuato

TV4 (Guanajuato)


Wilt is a comedic novel by Tom Sharpe, first published by Secker and Warburg in 1976. Later editions were published by Pan Books, and Overlook TP. The novel was a bestseller. Its success led to the author writing several sequels. The descriptions of teaching in the novel are drawn from Sharpe's own experience as a lecturer at the Cambridge College of Arts and Technology.

Plot introduction
Henry Wilt is a demoralized and professionally under-rated assistant lecturer who teaches literature to uninterested construction apprentices at a community college in East Anglia. Years of henpecking and harassment by his physically powerful but emotionally immature wife Eva leave him with dreams of killing her in various gruesome ways. But a string of unfortunate events (including one involving an inflatable plastic female doll) start Henry on a farcical journey. Along the way he finds humiliation and chaos, which ultimately lead him to discover his own strengths and some level of dignity. All the while he is pursued by the tenacious police inspector Flint, whose plodding skills of detection and deduction interpret Wilt's often bizarre actions as heinous crimes.

Characters
 Henry Wilt
 Eva Wilt
 Inspector Flint
 Sergeant Yates
 Sally Pringsheim
 Gaskell Pringsheim
 Mr. Morris, Head of Liberal Studies
 Peter Braintree, lecturer in English
 Dr. Board
 Dr. Mayfield
 Reverend St. John Froude

Adaptations
 In 1989 the novel was adapted for the film Wilt (titled The Misadventures of Mr. Wilt in North America).
 The book was released in two audiobook formats: abridged by HarperCollins Audio Books and read by Andrew Sachs (), and unabridged by ISIS Audio Books and read by Nigel Graham ().

Sequels
Tom Sharpe wrote several sequels and additional works featuring Henry Wilt:

 The Wilt Alternative (1979)
 Wilt on High (1984)
 Wilt Omnibus (1996 collection of the first three Wilt novels)
 Wilt in Nowhere (2004)
 The Wilt Inheritance (2010)

References

1976 British novels
British comedy novels
British novels adapted into films
Novels by Tom Sharpe
Secker & Warburg books

Wilt (novel)


The Glock 18 is a selective-fire (which means it can fire either semi-automatic or full automatic mode), polymer-framed 9x19mm Parabellum pistol. It is based on the Glock 17, but unlike the Glock 17, it can fire in full automatic mode. It normally holds 33-round box magazines and it fires 1,200 rounds per minute. In other words, the gun fires so quickly that it is impossible to fire single shots when in full automatic mode. While it is light enough to fire with one hand, it is not a good idea because its fast rate of fire makes the gun kick back a lot.

Pistols

Glock 18


Aces: A Story of the First Air War (Les As du ciel - Chronique de la première guerre des airs for a French-language version) is a 92-minute 1993 Canadian historical drama film directed by Raoul Fox and produced by the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). The film chronicles the career of a fictional Canadian aviator during the First World War. From his commissioning in 1914, he becomes an observer and then wins his wings as a fighter pilot, and by 1918, is involved in the deadly air combat over the front lines.

Plot
Recalling the stories of his late grandfather, a young man deliberates over the sale of a homebuilt replica of a S.E.5 fighter aircraft they had built together. His grandfather's voice comes back to him, relating his experiences, beginning with his enlistment in 1914 as a soldier in Canada. After a time in the trenches on the Western Front as an officer in the infantry, he applies to become an aviator and is assigned to a balloon corps as an air observer.

Spotting for gunners is his first task, but the job is dangerous, as balloons draw the attention of anti-aircraft batteries (called "archie") and enemy aircraft. A parachute saves him when his balloon is shot down. His second transfer request to an aircraft squadron is quickly approved, mainly because there is a pressing need for replacements during the "Fokker Scourge" in 1915–1916, when Allied flyers were being shot down in large numbers by superior German Fokker aircraft.

Flying aerial reconnaissance missions in a B.E.2C reconnaissance/bomber aircraft is just as harrowing. Although the air observers are armed and able to fight back, the crews call themselves "Fokker fodder". With the development of more capable Allied fighters, air superiority is slowly won back. On the ground, armies are no longer able to move without being observed from the air, leading to a blood-stained stalemate.

In the air, German ascendency in fighters reasserts itself, leading to "Bloody April", 1917. Until new Allied designs appear, the skies over the Western Front are ruled by German aces such as Baron Manfred von Richthofen, the "Red Baron". After being wounded, a final application to become a pilot is approved. The air war is still considered the realm of "knights of the air" by not only Canadians but also Americans signing up, even before their country enters the war. At the completion of his training in 1918, despite his background as an air observer, grandfather is a neophyte assigned to a fighter squadron at the front. Flying the new S.E.5, he takes part in air combat against seasoned German aces.

With his prospects grim, he beats "the odds" when the Armistice ends the conflict. The Canadian contribution to the air war has been remarkable: 10,000 aviators, including "Billy" Bishop and Raymond Collishaw, among the top aces in the war.

His grandson resolves to keep the replica S.E.5 as a tribute to his grandfather and all the others who fought in the first air war.

Production

Aces: A Story of the First Air War is more of a docudrama than a traditional documentary, weaving a fictional story into a depiction of the air war on the Western Front. Canadian military aviation historians Philip Markham (technical coordinator and historical consultant) and Brereton Greenhous (historical consultant) provided historical context to the fictional account of a Canadian aviator. Group Captain (RCAF Ret'd) A.J. Bauer was the film's overall technical consultant.

The film utilized rarely seen archival footage from the National Archives of Canada, the Imperial War Museum, the Audiovisual Archives (The Hague) and the Fokker Aircraft Corporation (Amsterdam). Some aerial scenes were from the film Wings (1927). Footage was also shot of modern First World War replicas flown by owner-pilot Cole Palen at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome, in Red Hook, New York.

Reception
Aces: A Story of the First Air War was primarily made-for-television and after broadcast on a number of different Canadian networks in 1993 was released to the home market on June 4, 1997. The film was made available as a VHS video to schools, libraries, film libraries operated by university and provincial authorities and other interested parties.

Reviews were generally favourable, with the Video Rating Guide for Libraries noting: "High school students to adults will find [Aces] offers an excellent use of documentary technique to capture the mood of World War I. The video's recollection of World War I brings a vivid contrast to current military air technology." Alex Leites, in a review for the History Journal, called the film "... this hidden gem." Library Journal stated "The film's producers have done a superb job of applying modern standards to rare archival footage."

The New York Times reviewer said, "This video combines rare film footage with interviews to re-create aspects of the real-life battles confronted by America's<sic> World War I flying aces."

Awards
Aces: A Story of the First Air War received a number of awards:
 People's Choice Award at the International Aviation Film/Video Festival, August 3–6, 1995, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada.
 Silver CINDY Award (Itinerant) at the International CINDY Competition, May 1, 1995, Spring Valley, California, United States.
 Bronze Plaque Award (Category: Social Issues) at the International Film and Video Festival, October 25–28, 1994, Columbus, Ohio United States.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Dunnigan, James F. How to Make War: A Comprehensive Guide to Modern Warfare in the Twenty-first Century. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. .

External links

1993 films
Canadian aviation films
Canadian war drama films
English-language Canadian films
National Film Board of Canada films
World War I aviation films
Canadian docudrama films
1990s English-language films
Canadian World War I films
1990s Canadian films

Aces: A Story of the First Air War


Erling Sachs Wicklund (7 June 1944 – 8 August 2019) was a Norwegian jazz trombonist, composer, arranger and journalist, known for a series of jazz programs on NRK.

Career
Wicklund was born in Göteborg, Sweden, and studied musicology, art history and English at the University of Oslo, composition and arranging at "Dick Grove School of Music" in Los Angeles, and trombone at Musikkonservatoriet in Oslo. From the 1960s he played in "Veitvet Musikkskoles storband", "Universitetet i Oslos Storband", Filharmonisk Selskaps Orkester, orchestras at Chat Noir, Det Norske Teatret, Oslo Nye Teater, Nationaltheatret, "Thorleif Østerengs storband", "Radiostorbandet" as well as at Club 7, bands led by Arild Wikstrøm and Earl Wilson's "Band No Name". From 1968 he has been music producer and journalist at NRK. Radio host at NRK P2 and NRK Jazz. He is also the leader of his own bands "Storeslem", "Streetswingers", "Sixpack", "Take Five", "Trombone for Two". His newest band is the octet "Octopus".

While he led quintet "Oolyakoo" with Atle Hammer (trompet) from 1976. "Storeslem" was initiated in 1991, together with 16 professional musicians they released Wicklunds compositions in 2008.  His trio "Streetswingers" with Jan Berger (guitar) and Erik Amundsen (bass) released the album About time (2001), and has subsequently varied the lineup with guitarists Bjørn Vidar Solli, Staffan William-Olsson, Frode Kjekstad, Halvard Kausland, and the bassist Stig Hvalryg. The sextet "Sixpack" with Atle Hammer, Harald Bergersen, Staffan William-Olsson, Stig Hvalryg and Lars Erik Norum held a concert at "Oslo Jazzfestival" 2007, presenting the world premiere of twelve compositions by Wicklund. The quintet "Take Five" has among others cooperated with saxophonist Håvard Fossum and pianist Ove Alexander Billington. In the quintet "Trombone for two" he participates with trombonist Harald A. Halvorsen and they performed several concerts in 2008. The octet "Octopus" plays originals by Wicklund as well as classics by Bill Holman, Marty Paich and Lars Gullin.

As a music producer and journalist at NRK, Wicklund is most famous for the programs "Norske jazzprofiler" and "Åpent hus", with several unique recordings from the Norwegian jazz scene Club 7 in the 1970s. He has produced numerous jazz concerts, festival reports and portraits, and in 1991 a TV series "Ung norsk jazz" at NRK with the producer Jan Horne. In the 90s he was the producer for "Midt i musikken", later jazz reviewer in "Kulturnytt" at NRK P2. From 2008 he served on the editorial board for 24-hour DAB and online channel NRK Jazz.

Several Wicklund radio productions are released on CD, like Radka Toneff Fairytales (1982), The Norwegian Radio Big Band meets Bob Florence (1986), The Norwegian Radio Big Band meets Bill Holman (1989), Jens Wendelboe's Crazy Energy Jazz Quartet Get crazy (1998), Kjell Karlsen Big Band Big Band Bonanza (2001), Hallgeir Pedersen Trio West Coast Blues (2002), Nora Brockstedt As Time Goes By (2004), The NRK Sessions – Soul, Afro-Jazz and Latin from the Club 7 Scene (2007), Christian Reim Unreleased works 1969–1979 (2008), Carl Magnus Neumann Live at Kongsberg and other unreleased works (2008), Helge Hurum Spectre The unreleased works 1971–1982, Svein Finnerud Trio Preachers The unreleased works 1969–1980 (2007), and Svein Finnerud Trio The Complete Released Works 1968–1999 (2008). He was also the producer for the last recording The end of a tune by guitarist Thorgeir Stubø.

As a child actor Wicklund contributed to over 100 NRK radio play for "Radioteatret", "Skolekringkastinga" and "Barnetimen", in the 1950s. He also had child roles at "Det Norske Teatret" and was the character "Henriks sønn" in Arne Skouen's Oscar nominated film Ni liv (1957).

Honors
1974: Molderosen at Moldejazz
2014: Awarded the Norwegian King's Medal of Merit, Kongens Fortjenstmedalje

Discography
2001: About time (Hot Club Records), with Streetswingers
2008: Erling Wicklund's Storeslem – Live at Lancelot (Ponca Jazz Records), with his own compositions and main soloists Atle Hammer and Harald Bergersen.

Filmography
1957: Nine Lives - Henriks sønn

References

External links
MIC Bransjeregister
Glimt fra gamle dager: Se unike fotos fra NRK-jazzens gullalder on NRK Jazz

Norwegian music journalists
University of Oslo alumni
20th-century Norwegian trombonists
21st-century Norwegian trombonists
Norwegian jazz trombonists
Male trombonists
Norwegian jazz composers
Ponca Jazz Records artists
Musicians from Gothenburg
2019 deaths
1944 births
21st-century trombonists
Male jazz composers
20th-century Swedish male musicians
20th-century Swedish musicians
21st-century Swedish male musicians

Erling Wicklund


A factor is a type of trader who receives and sells goods on commission, called factorage. A factor is a mercantile fiduciary transacting business that operates in their own name and does not disclose their principal. A factor differs from a commission merchant in that a factor takes possession of goods (or documents of title representing goods, such as a bill of lading) on consignment, but a commission merchant sells goods not in their possession on the basis of samples.

Most modern factor business is in the textile field, but factors are also used to a great extent in the shoe, furniture, hardware, and other industries. The number of trade areas in which factors operate have increased. In the United Kingdom, most factors fall within the definition of a mercantile agent under the Factors Act 1889 and therefore have the powers of such. A factor has a possessory lien over the consigned goods that covers any claims against the principal arising out of the factor's activity. A debt factor, whether a person or firm (factoring company), accepts as assignee book debts (accounts receivable) as security for short-term loans; this is known as factoring.

The term derives from the Latin for "doer, maker", from facit, "he/she/it does/makes".  Historically, a factor had their seat at a sort of trading post known as a factory.

History
Before the 20th century, factors were mercantile intermediaries whose main functions were warehousing and selling consigned goods, accounting to principals for the proceeds, guaranteeing buyers' credit, and sometimes making cash advances to principals prior to the sale of the goods. Their services were of particular value in foreign trade, and factors became important figures in the great period of colonial exploration and development.

Mercantile factors

A relatively large mercantile company could have a hierarchy including several grades of factor. The British East India Company hierarchy ranked "factors" between "writers" (junior clerks) and "junior merchants".

In North America the Hudson's Bay Company, as restructured after merging with the North West Company in 1821, had commissioned officers who included the ranks of chief trader and chief factor. They all shared the profits of the company during its  monopoly years. In the deed poll under which the HBC was governed, there were 25 chief factors and 28 chief traders. Chief factors usually held high administrative positions.

The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company based factors at trading posts in numerous sites all over Asia. In 18th- and early 19th-century China and Japan, however, the governments limited European traders to small, defined areas: the Dutch Factory was allowed to operate on Dejima, an island off Nagasaki, before the opening of trade with Japan; and in China the British were limited to Thirteen Factories and Shamian Island areas of Canton.

Colonial factors
In territories without any other regular authorities, especially if in need of defence, the company could mandate its factor to perform the functions of a governor, theoretically under authority of a higher echelon, including command of a small garrison. For example, Banten, on the Indonesian island of Java, was from 1603 to 1682 a trading post established by the East India Company and run by a series of chief factors.

The term and its compounds are also used to render equivalent positions in other languages, such as:
Chief factor for the Dutch oppercommies, for instance of the Dutch West India Company on the Slave Coast of West Africa.
Chief factor for the Dutch opperhoofd (literally 'supreme head'; but also used for a Tribal Chief, as a Sachem of American Indians), e.g. in the Dutch factory on Dejima, mentioned above.

Judicial factor
In Scottish law, a judicial factor is a kind of trustee appointed by the Court of Session to administer an estate, for a ward (called a pupil) until a guardian (called a tutor) can be appointed (factor loco tutoris), for a person who is incapax, or for a partnership that is unable to function.

Notable factors
 Alexander Grant Dallas (1816-07-25 – 1882-01-03) was a Chief Factor who became superintendent of the west-of-the-Rockies portion of the Hudson's Bay Company and the Governor of Rupert's Land in North America, areas now in the United States and Canada.

See also
 Beaver Club
 Cotton factor, a broker or commission merchant
 Moose Factory
 York Factory
 Comprador

References

External links
 WorldStatesmen, for Vietnam; see also under other countries

Gubernatorial titles
Hudson's Bay Company
Fur trade
Agency law
History of international trade
Sales occupations

Factor (agent)


Buckeystown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Frederick County, Maryland, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 1,019. Buckeystown Historic District and Buckingham House and Industrial School Complex were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Carrollton Manor was listed in 1997.
Former Congressman Roscoe Bartlett lives on a farm in the town.

History
In 1731, Meridith Davis received a patent for a tract of land called "Good Luck" on which the future village of Buckeystown developed. The fertile, mostly flat land and Monocacy River were enticing to European immigrants and settlers moving west into the newly opened Monocacy Hundred territory. Among these earliest settlers in the region were Henry Ballenger and Josiah Ballenger Sr., Quakers who moved into the Province of Maryland from the Colony of New Jersey. Members of the Ballenger family as well as the Davis Family who were also Quakers organized a Society of Friends at "Monoquesey" [Monocacy] and Meridith Davis donated land from his "Good Luck" tract on which to build a meetinghouse in 1739. Though the meeting at Monocacy was short-lived, with many of its early members moving into the Colony of Virginia to join larger Quaker communities there, the Society of Friends near Buckeystown was among the first religious organizations effected within present-day Frederick County and western Maryland. During the Revolutionary War period, brothers John and George Buckey settled on the old "Good Luck" tract and initiated commercial and industrial establishments which led to the formation of the village. Much of the town's growth in the 19th century was supported by the Baker family who purchased the Buckey tannery in 1832 and later founded the town's cannery, Methodist Church, and an industrial school for boys.

Geography
Buckeytown is located in southern Frederick County along Maryland Route 85, which leads north  to Frederick, the county seat, and south  to Maryland Route 28 near the Potomac River. The CDP extends east as far as the Monocacy River. Maryland Route 80 leads east from Buckeystown  to Urbana.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Buckeystown CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.55%, is water.

Demographics

Churches
Two United Methodist churches, a Roman Catholic parish (St. Joseph's), and an Anglican church (St. Michael the Archangel Anglican Catholic Church) are located in Buckeystown.

References

Census-designated places in Frederick County, Maryland
Census-designated places in Maryland

Buckeystown, Maryland


Saint Gervadius (Garnat, Garnet, Gerardin, Gerardine, Gernard, Gernardius, Gervardius, Gervat) (d. ~934 AD) was an Irish saint.  His feast day is celebrated on 8 November. He was an Irishman who established himself as a hermit in Scotland, near Kenedor (present day Kinneddar, Lossiemouth, Moray).

He may have emigrated to escape Viking raids in his native land.  It is possible he may have been part of a Gaelic religious community that was present in Kinneddar in the 10th century, and who placed his cell in a cave in a rocky promontory to the east.

The early maps give reference to his having been there by naming the area Holyman's Head near Elgin.  His cave became a place of pilgrimage right up to the Reformation and survived into the 19th century before being quarried out.

Legends
A legend states that he lit flaming torches at night to warn ships away from the dangerous rocks. Another states that once, when Gervadius needed wood to complete the construction of a church, he was miraculously assisted by a river, which washed timber down to where he was working.  An alternate version states that the river brought him food.  The Life of Gervadius states that he met with Anglo-Saxon soldiers sent by Athelstan in 934.

References

External links
 Saints.SQPN.com: Gervardius
  Saints Celtes

Scottish hermits
Irish hermits
Medieval Scottish saints
10th-century Christian saints
Medieval Irish saints
10th-century Irish people
Irish expatriates in Scotland
10th-century Scottish people

Gervadius


Dave Smith (born August 19, 1949 in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England) is an English composer, arranger and musical performer. Since 1971 he has been associated with the English school of experimental music.

Life and career
After attending Solihull School, he read music at Magdalene College, Cambridge. In the 1970s, Smith was a member of the Scratch Orchestra and a participant in several composer/performer ensembles. The first of these was a keyboard duo with John Lewis which played minimalist and systemic works by British and American composers (notably including early works by Philip Glass) as well as by themselves. Several concerts with Michael Parsons and Howard Skempton featured at this time, as did a short-lived five-piano group (with Lewis, Michael Nyman, Orlando Gough and Benedict Mason) and an involvement with the People's Liberation Music group of Laurie Scott Baker, Cornelius Cardew and others. From 1977 he played in John White's Garden Furniture Music Ensemble alongside Mason and Gavin Bryars: his close association with the music of White, Bryars and Cardew has continued ever since. In the 1980s he was a founder-member of the English Gamelan Orchestra and Liria, the first British groups to specialise in, respectively, Javanese classical and Albanian folk musics.

Up to 1977 his music was largely minimalist (process music or systems music).  His style quickly developed into a highly eclectic pool of ideas ranging musically from the abstract to the markedly referential and which on occasion is informed by a commitment reminiscent of the later Cardew. His acknowledged "influences" range from Alkan, Ives and Szymanowski to Albanian folk music, Duke Ellington, Tom Dissevelt and those with whom he has worked. The range of ideas is most clearly chronicled in a series of recital-length solo Piano Concerts, works which encompass an entire concert with varieties of styles. Many of his piano works have been encouraged and performed by John Tilbury.

Smith has taught at Finchley Catholic High School (1971–73), Kingsway-Princeton College (1973–84), De Montfort University (1980–97) and the University of Hertfordshire (1997–2021). His work with students has resulted in a large number of arrangements,  particularly for tuned percussion groups, as well as performing versions of Grainger's Random Round, Reich's Music for 18 Musicians and several works by Carla Bley. Other arrangements include a solo piano version of Holst's The Planets and reductions for violin and piano of a number of Albanian works for violin and orchestra. He is a member of CoMA (Contemporary Music-making for All) for whom he has composed works for large, flexible ensembles such as Murdoch or Fred West – which is best? Reconsidered (2000), and Whiskies of Islay (2006).

Selected works
 Continuum (with John Lewis) for at least two pianos (1970)
 Swings for two pianos (1974)
 Diabolus maximus for five pianos (1976)
 Diabolus apocalypsis for 2 electric organs, piano and electric piano (1976)
 Moderation in nothing for sopranino recorder/electric piano, ocarina/guitar, wine glasses/bell/voice and electric organ/cymbals (1976)
 Albanian summer for alto saxophone and piano (1980)
 Aragonesca for soprano/alto saxophone, bass clarinet, violin and cello (1987)
 Kaivopuisto for cello or bass clarinet and piano (1996)
 Alban lament for eight instruments and eight voices (1996/8)
 Murdoch or Fred West – which is best? Reconsidered for large flexible ensemble (2000)
 A propos de rien (arranged by Rhodri Davies) for solo harp (1999/2004)
 Whiskies of Islay: eight movements for varied flexible ensembles (2006)
 Natural selections (String quartet no. 2) (2009/10)
 Cuban quartet (String quartet no.1) (1990/2014)
 African mosaic (String quartet no.3) (2014)
 Around and about for string quartet and piano (2014)
 The myth of Sisyphus (String quartet no.6) (2014/8)
 Off-peak octet for 8 bass clarinets (2018)
 Hunter of stories for speaker and piano (texts by Eduardo Galeano) (2018–9)

Piano concerts
 1st piano concert – "24 sonatas in all the keys" (1985–6)
 2nd piano concert – "Ireland one and Ireland free" (1984–93): includes Ireland one and Ireland free, I fought a monster today (spoken text by Bobby Sands), Michael Collins amongst the mapmakers (spoken text by John Mackie) and The Armagh women (spoken text by Margaretta D'Arcy)
 3rd piano concert (1983–92): includes Toccantella, Al contrario and Guaracha
 4th piano concert (1988–98): includes African mosaic
 5th piano concert – "Alla reminiscenza" (1993–4): 1 movement
 6th piano concert (1994–7): includes Ogives 1, 2 + 3 and Beyond the park
 7th piano concert (1999–2004): includes Inter alia, Zytnia and Number seven's done a runner
 8th piano concert (2002– ): includes ABC, Nails and Frivolous and vexatious
 9th piano concert (2003–4): 3 movements – On the virtues of flowers, On the virtues of forests and On the virtues of wild birds
 10th piano concert – "75 one-minute pieces" (2005–12)
 11th piano concert (2002– ): includes ... and with thy daring folly burn the world, Being born in Gaza is not a crime,  In support of the Intifada and 3 Kerala song arrangements
 12th piano concert (2014– ): includes The myth of Sisyphus

Publications
Smith, Dave,  "Following a straight line: La Monte Young", Contact, 18, winter 1977–8; republished in the Journal of Experimental Music Studies at:
Smith, Dave, "The Piano Sonatas of John White", Contact, 21, autumn 1980; republished in the Journal of Experimental Music Studies at:
Smith, Dave, "Albus Liber: Exploits and Opinions of John White, Composer Volume I" (Journal of the London Institute of 'Pataphysics), Atlas Press, 2014.

Further reading
Sarah Walker (music broadcaster). 2001.  "The New English Keyboard School: A Second "Golden Age". Leonardo Music Journal, Vol 11, 17–23.
Jonathan Powell (musician). 2014. "Charles-Valentin Alkan and British piano music of the 20th century. Alkan Society Bulletin, no.19 (January 2014), 10-24. http://www.alkansociety.org/Publications/Society-Bulletins/society-bulletins.html
Experimental Music Catalogue. Dave Smith: Works list
Pykë-Presje (Prizren, Kosova). 2022. "From Scratch - Albanian Summer Picaresque". "Rab-Rab Press, Helsinki.

Recordings online
from 1st Piano concert (1985–6)
Ramble on themes from Gershwin's Porgy and Bess'' –
Nocturne –
Bossa Nova –
Biguine –
Afterhours –

from Whiskies of Islay (2006)
Caol Ila –
Lagavulin –

from Aragonesca (1987)
1 - Tempo di Son -

on Experimental Music Catalogue
Diabolus apocalypsis (1976)
Moderation in nothing (1976)
Frivolous and vexatious (2002/14) from 8th Piano concert

See also: Dave Smith (composer) on Soundcloud

1949 births
20th-century classical composers
English classical composers
Experimental composers
English experimental musicians
21st-century classical composers
Academics of De Montfort University
Academics of the University of Hertfordshire
Living people
Gamelan musicians
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
English male classical composers
20th-century English composers
21st-century English composers
20th-century British male musicians
21st-century British male musicians

Dave Smith (composer)


Jennie Maria Drinkwater Conklin (, Drinkwater; pen name, Mrs. Nathaniel Conklin; April 14, 1841 – April 28, 1900) was a 19th-century American author and social activist. While still in her teens, she became known for her stories for children. She wrote books for girls as well as for the religious press. Conklin was the originator of the organization known as the Shut-in Society, which was a bureau of correspondence for disabled women and girls.

Early life and education
Jennie Maria Drinkwater was born in Portland, Maine, April 14, 1841. Her father was Levi Drinkwater, a retired sea captain. She was educated in the public schools there and at the Institution for Young Ladies on Brooklyn Heights, also known as the Greenleaf Female Institute.

Career
Drinkwater began writing as a child, and was a constant contributor to leading papers. Always fond of reading, at the age of 12, she became inspired with the thought of writing a book herself. At odd moments, she made her first attempt at story-writing, story-telling she had begun before, gathering about her the younger children to listen to the adventures of some small heroine. Her earliest recollection of books were the Bible and The Pilgrim's Progress. Later, she looked back and saw how the thread of those early influences wove her stories. Having had from her earliest reading an absorbing interest in biography, one of her first inspirations in bookmaking was the thought of biography—to write lives of people as she found them, using their weaknesses, hardships, evil or noble conduct to point truth to others. For this reason, Conklin's stories always possessed a moral as well as an absorbing interest.

In 1874, when she was disabled, she became interested in girls and women shut in from the outside world, and the thought of a society for mutual comfort occurred to her. She sought other disabled women in similar circumstances, and wrote an account of her Shut-In Society. By 1896, the Shut-In Society had more than 2,000 members, with members in every state, and in many other parts of the world. It was an organized society, with an advisory board, and it published monthly a magazine call the Open Window. Her book, Tessa Wadsworth's Discipline, gives a sketch of its earliest members.

Under her maiden name, she wrote a number of books, among the better known being Tessa Wadsworth's Discipline, Bek's First Corner, Marigold, Dolly French's Household, Miss Prudence, and Fifteen. Other popular books included Other Folk, Rue's Helps, The Story of Hannah, Isabel's Between Times, Rizpah's Heritage, From Flax to Linen, Three Women, Three and Twenty, Paul French's Way, Electa, Uncle Justice Seth's Will, The Fairfax Girls, Second Best, Set Free, Fourfold, Marigold, Other Folk, Miss Prudence Cromwell, The Story of Hannah, Looking Seaward, Dorothy's Islands, Goldenrod Farm, Shar Burbank. Her books were financially successful; several editions of 30,000 each were sold. Her books were classified as "Sunday-school Juveniles" for the young, but more especially for girls.

Personal life
She married Rev. Nathaniel Conklin, March 17, 1880. He was for many years pastor of the Presbyterian Church of New Vernon, New Jersey. He died in 1892. Since her husband's death, she resided in Newark, New Jersey. She died in New Vernon, April 28, 1900. Interment was made in Hillside Cemetery.

Selected works

 Tessa Wadsworth's Discipline
 Other Folk, Rue's Helps
 Bek's First Corner
 Miss Prudence
 The Story of Hannah
 Isabel's Between Times
 Rizpah's Heritage
 From Flax to Linen
 Marigold
 Three Women
 Three and Twenty
 Paul French's Way
 Electa
 Fifteen
 Uncle Justice Seth's Will
 The Fairfax Girls
 Second Best
 Set Free
 Fourfold
 Marigold
 Other Folk
 Miss Prudence Cromwell
 The Story of Hannah
 Looking Seaward
 Dorothy's Islands
 Goldenrod Farm
 Shar Burbank
 Dolly French's Household

References

Attribution

1841 births
1900 deaths
19th-century American writers
19th-century American women writers
Writers from Portland, Maine
American social activists
American women children's writers
American children's writers
American letter writers
American writers with disabilities
American activists with disabilities
19th-century pseudonymous writers
Pseudonymous women writers
Organization founders
Women founders

Jennie Maria Drinkwater Conklin


The Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge is a  wetlands and lowlands sanctuary in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Oregon. Established in 1992 and opened to the public in 2006, it is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.  Located in southeastern Washington County,  southwest of Portland, the refuge is bordered by Sherwood, Tualatin and Tigard. A newer area, extending into northern Yamhill County, is located further west near the city of Gaston surrounding the former Wapato Lake.

Part of the network of National Wildlife Refuges (NWR), the Tualatin River refuge is one of only ten urban refuges in the United States. Habitats in the refuge include forested areas, wetlands, oak and pine grassland, and meadows, with mixed deciduous and coniferous forests common to Western Oregon. The refuge was established as an urban refuge to provide wetland, riparian, and upland habitats for a variety of migratory birds, threatened and endangered species, fish and other resident wildlife. The refuge is home to nearly 200 bird species and more than 70 other animal species.

A visitor center with exhibits and information about the refuge was opened in 2008 off of Oregon Route 99W near Sherwood in the Portland metropolitan area.  Next to the center is the refuge's headquarters and an observation deck overlooking seasonal ponds. The refuge has nearly five miles of wildlife interpretive trails open to the public. Up to 50,000 waterfowl can be seen at the refuge during the winter months when officials flood portions of the refuge.

History

The creation of a national wildlife refuge in the Sherwood area was conceptualized and proposed by Sherwood resident Jim Claus to the Sherwood City Council in 1989 under the working concept "The Rock Creek National Wildlife Refuge." Claus, who had a long history of working with government agencies such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on wildlife conservation initiatives and projects, began building agency and citizen coalitions at the local, state, and national levels to initiate the Rock Creek refuge.  In 1991, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service began looking at creating a national wildlife refuge along the Tualatin River near Sherwood at Rock Creek. The original plans called for a  refuge near Sherwood and Oregon Route 99W and then grew to a  proposal that would have unconnected parts, with the additional wetlands near Scholls to the west. To press for the creation of the proposed Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge, Claus, along with local officials and citizens groups, lobbied Congress for funding, which included a video narrated by actor Robert Wagner done at the request of his friend Jim Claus. Initial estimates for the completion of the project were up to 30 years at a cost of $10 million for land acquisitions.

In late 1992, area residents Tom Stibolt and Lisa Brenner donated the first  to the project, with the Fish and Wildlife Service then accepting the donation to officially create the refuge. They had purchased the  of woodland which adjoined their own property and donated it to the refuge. Sherwood donated the second parcel to the refuge,  in 1993. Congress approved $2 million for the project to purchase more land in November 1993. In January 1994, the Department of the Interior granted the Fish and Wildlife Service the authority to spend the money in order to begin buying land for the refuge. Congress gave the project an additional $2.5 million in 1995.

In the early years, the facility was only open to the public for a songbird festival in May and National Wildlife Refuge Week in October. A program to restore the habitat to its original state began in 1997.  During that year, twenty water flow systems and dikes were added at the refuge to allow managers to flood parts of the land.  The refuge grew from what was once a former dairy farm that spanned  to more than  by September 1998.  In the spring of 1999, the $1.1 million system for flooding parts of the refuge was completed.  In total, the refuge grew to  in 1999, and increased the number of bird species from 18 to 146. The facility was further enlarged to   in 2003, and received nearly $750,000 to build a new safe entrance to the planned visitor's area.

In November 2004, Congress appropriated $700,000 for the NWR to cover the costs of designing a public visitor center. By 2005 construction had progressed on public facilities at the site that included trails, observations decks, parking, and an entrance from Oregon Route 99W with plans for permanently opening to the public in 2006. In July 2005, the refuge received $3.9 million from the federal government to complete a visitor center and new headquarters for the facility. In February 2006, construction began on the main observation deck at the visitor's plaza, with plans to open the refuge to the public in June.

Regular public access began on June 3, 2006, when roughly  of more than  of the refuge was opened on a permanent basis; Construction on the visitor center began later that month. In March 2007, the Wapato Lake Unit was created to the west near Gaston.  In the same month, the refuge received the 2007 Sunset Magazine Environmental Award, with the magazine honoring the refuge as a "preserved paradise". The number of annual visitors to the refuge totaled 40,000 in 2007.

The Wildlife Center at the refuge was finally completed and opened in January 2008.  A dedication ceremony was held at the Wildlife Center on March 29, 2008; 500 people attended the event including Congressman David Wu and author Richard Louv.  In 2008, the refuge had attracted 50,000 birds in a single day, with 20,000 birds wintering in the refuge. As of December 2008, the federal government had spent $10.4 million on the refuge and it had grown to . The refuge submitted a proposal to start collecting user fees in February 2009, with a planned start date of August 2009. In December 2013, the Wapato Lake National Wildlife Refuge was split out from TRNWF.

Natural environment

Before becoming a protected area, much of the land in the Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge was agricultural, with hog and dairy farms, and crops such as corn and onions.  Today, the refuge spreads out over ten miles (16 km) along the Tualatin River, Rock Creek, and Chicken Creek, and is managed in five main sections (units): Rock Creek, Onion Flats, Riverboat, Tualatin River, and Atfálat´i.

The refuge also includes the Tonquin scablands created by the Missoula Floods to the southeast of the river. These scablands were scoured of the top layers of soil, leaving a marsh-filled valley. There is also the Wapato Lake Unit approximately  to the west. Located along the Pacific Flyway for migratory birds, this habitat includes seasonal wetlands, streams, forested wetlands, savanna, riparian zones, forested uplands, and the Tualatin River and portions of its floodplain.

The refuge is home to almost 200 species of birds, more than 50 mammal species, and 25 species of reptiles and amphibians. Tree species include red alder, aspen, maple, oak, Oregon white ash, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, Pacific yew, and cedar.  A pair of 350-year-old oak trees can be found at the visitor center. Plant species in the refuge include bulrushes, wapato, water plantain, as Oregon grape, wild trillium, camas, iris, snowberry, cattails, wild millet, wild rose, thimbleberry, and others. Wildflowers include blue chicory, Douglas spirea, and purple crocuses.

Waterfowl at the refuge include Canada Geese, Wood Ducks, swans, Northern Pintails, Green Herons, teal, mergansers, Belted Kingfishers, and American Wigeon among others. Birds that spend time there include, Great Blue Herons, Sandhill Cranes, Oregon Juncos, wrens, European Starlings, blackbirds, nuthatches, Pacific-slope Flycatchers, Red-tailed Hawks, American Goldfinches, Peregrine Falcons, Yellow Warblers, Western Flycatchers, Killdeer, Northern Harriers, Ospreys, egrets, quail, pheasants, Golden-crowned Kinglets, owls, and Black-headed Grosbeaks to name a few. There is also a pair of Bald Eagles. The year it was created officials counted 24 different bird species. By 2008 there were 185 birds species represented at the refuge.

River otter, beaver, nutria, mink, weasel, red fox, deer, elk, coyotes, raccoons, and rabbits make up a portion of the terrestrial animals. Other wildlife includes painted turtles, frogs, salamanders, crawfish, fish, and alligator lizards. The refuge is one of only ten national wildlife refuges in the United States located in an urban area. Groups have suggested that the refuge be expanded all the way to the Willamette River to provide a greenway through a heavily populated area. The Tualatin's floodplain is the largest of any of the Willamette River's tributaries.

Amenities

Within the refuge only  of the Atfalat'i Unit is open to the public. This section includes the visitor center with the Wildlife Center and refuge headquarters. The Wildlife Center includes classrooms, a student lab, a gift shop, and informational displays, and is next to a grove of oak trees estimated to be 350 years old. Inside the center are murals, dioramas, and hands-on exhibits, plus the classroom contains skins and skulls of wildlife that live in the refuge. From inside the center, visitors can view the scenery using a viewing scope through a large window overlooking the pond.

The  Wildlife Center was designed to give basic information and encourage visitors to then explore the wildlife in their natural habitats. The building is sienna in color and was built with a flat roof that has gravel on top to provide nesting habitat for birds, one of the features designed to be environmentally friendly. Built at a cost of $4.6 million, the Wildlife Center also has a large arced skylight and atrium in the center to provide much natural light. Builders used local wood in the Wildlife Center, which has large, exposed beams. The center and headquarters are adjacent to each other off Oregon Route 99W on a knoll above a seasonal pond.

Original plans called for a $5 million headquarters and wildlife visitor center. Refuge headquarters were previously in old farm buildings to the west on Roy Rogers Road. The new building was awarded honorable mention by the Department of the Interior in its 2008 Environmental Achievement Awards. It was designed to meet Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design standards at the silver level, but did not receive certification from the United States Green Building Council. The administration building and visitor structures were constructed by Wade Perrow Construction.

A variety of people-oriented amenities are spread outdoors across the part of the refuge open to the public. One feature is an outdoor deck overhanging an embank that overlooks ponds at the refuge. This  long concrete deck is of a cantilevered design that extends  over the embankment. Other amenities include footbridges, education sites, and walking trails. There are nearly five miles (8.0 km) of trails, but they are closed in the fall and winter. Centennial and River are two of the viewing areas along the trails, each offering a place to view wildlife. Photographers have access to blinds which allow them to take pictures without disturbing the wildlife.

Wapato Lake Unit

Wapato Lake Unit is located about  to the west of the main refuge, near the city of Gaston along Oregon Route 47 in Washington and Yamhill counties.  The area was once the site of Wapato Lake, whose soil held an organic-rich peat that sustained a shrub swamp ecosystem.  The wapato plant (Sagittaria latifolia) grew in the upper marsh of the Wapato Lake Basin and was harvested by Native Americans.  In 1892, attempts began to drain the  lake to increase farmland, with the Wapato Improvement District completing the effort in the 1930s. Valley forests, prairies, and wetlands encompass the region today, including two small streams, Ayers and Wapato creeks.

The government had hoped to add land in the Gaston area to the main refuge, but initially met resistance from local residents. Some residents later asked the government to buy their land for the refuge in 2000. By 2002, up to  were being studied in that area for inclusion into the wildlife refuge as part of the then uncreated unit. At that time the Fish and Wildlife Service owned  in the area, with plans to restore the lake if the unit was established. In March 2007, the Service approved the creation of the Wapato Lake Unit with a boundary encompassing . In June 2008, the Wapato Lake Unit purchased its first sets of properties. Totaling  from three properties, the Fish and Wildlife Service paid $631,000 for the land using a grant from the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission. An additional  were added in September. Plans called for restoring the farmland back to its natural state and acquiring all land by 2011.

References

External links

National Wildlife Refuges in Oregon
Protected areas of Washington County, Oregon
Protected areas of Yamhill County, Oregon
Wetlands of Oregon
Tualatin River
Sherwood, Oregon
Protected areas established in 1992
Nature centers in Oregon
1992 establishments in Oregon
Landforms of Washington County, Oregon
Landforms of Yamhill County, Oregon

Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge


CIMN-FM was a Canadian campus radio station at the University of Prince Edward Island in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

The station began as a "very low power broadcast station", known as Radio UPEI and operated from the top floor of the administrative building in 1970. The transmitters were home-made and of solid state design. In 1972, the UPEI Student Union funded upgrades to a carrier current system operating on 700 kHz using the callsign CSUR. This conflicted with international callsign allocations (the ITU prefix CS is assigned to Portugal, not Canada), so a new application was made for the callsign CIMN (Campus Information Music & News).

A series of transmitters, using the electrical wiring of buildings as the antenna system, were located in the various residences. A set of control rooms and production studios located on the 4th floor of Main Building remained in operation for a number of years. At that time, the station had a station manager, and a news director, paid for by the Student Union.  The station also began to simulcast audio via the local cable television system into homes in the area.

In 1982, the studios were moved to the Barn, which housed student union offices and student activity areas on campus.

The station received a full FM license in 1995 to broadcast at 90.3 FM, and at this point, legal problems began. CIMN became the first Canadian station without a full-time staff person to be granted a broadcast licence by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).

The licence expired in August 2000 and was not renewed.

References

External links

Imn
Imn
University of Prince Edward Island
Radio stations established in 1970
1970 establishments in Prince Edward Island
Radio stations disestablished in 2000
2000 disestablishments in Prince Edward Island
IMM-FM

CIMN-FM


The First Casualty (2005) is a historical crime novel by English author Ben Elton, set during the First World War.

Synopsis
In June 1917, whilst recovering from shell shock inside a military hospital, beloved war poet and dedicated soldier Viscount Abercrombie is inexplicably shot dead. Meanwhile, Douglas Kingsley, a liberal Inspector for Scotland Yard, has refused national service because he considers the war to be an affront to his highly prized sense of logic. As a result, he's hauled before a judge, branded a coward by those who love him - including his wife Agnes - and thrown into prison, where his fellow inmates routinely assault him, taking revenge for him putting them behind bars in the first place. However, the Home Office gives the disgraced copper a chance for redemption when it abducts him from his cell, fakes his death and orders him to investigate the Viscount's death behind the lines at Flanders.

As he begins his reluctant inquiries, encumbered by the presence of his psychopathic minder Captain Shannon, Kingsley discovers that not only was Abercrombie a homosexual, but that he had also become disillusioned with the war and was composing poetry to this effect before his untimely death.

Reception
The novel was generally very well received by critics, although questions were raised regarding the historical accuracy of some details. The Daily Telegraph described it as a "work of formidable imaginative scope... the writing is so good, the language so surprisingly subtle and the characters so beautifully delineated."

Characters
Inspector Kingsley - A vaguely arrogant, but nevertheless kind and morally upstanding, intellectual, whose intricate sense of logic is frequently given superiority over self-preservation, a trait which proves his undoing. His brother Robert was killed in battle and he must now face the prospect of losing his wife, Agnes, and young son George. Despite his objection to the war, he is also a talented soldier, as proven when he wades into the middle of no man's land during a fray in order to obtain information.
Captain Shannon - An unbalanced, sadistic psychopath whose warped mentality has clearly been exacerbated by his experiences of war. He is deeply misogynistic, but has no trouble attracting women because of his handsome face and surface charm. Kingsley narrowly prevents him from raping a teenage girl, and throughout the story Shannon displays a cold disregard for women, civilians, conscientious objectors and victims of shell shock.
Nurse Murray - A staunch feminist and former suffragette, who abandoned her cause following the outbreak of war so she could lend her support to the military. She has a brief but passionate affair with Kingsley, who is both enamoured of and horrified by her unashamed vulgarity.
Agnes Kingsley
Viscount Abercrombie - The character of the Viscount Abercrombie may be based, at least in part, upon Siegfried Sassoon, a British soldier and poet who became disillusioned with the War and became an outspoken anti-war activist.
Stamford

References

2005 British novels
Novels set during World War I
Novels by Ben Elton
Fiction set in 1917
Bantam Press books

The First Casualty


is an airport located in the city of Toyama, Toyama Prefecture, Japan. The airport services are primarily domestic flights and international flights to China and Taiwan: however, seasonal international charter flights also service Toyama from April to June.

Located approximately 7 kilometers south of central Toyama, the airport is part of the Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route and is the closest international airport to UNESCO World Heritage Site of Gokayama. As the airport has convenient access to downtown Toyama and various highways, the airport also serves a wide area of the Jōetsu region of Niigata Prefecture and Hida region of Gifu Prefecture.

The airport opened on August 20, 1963, with regularly scheduled flights by All Nippon Airways to Tokyo Haneda Airport using a Fokker F-27. This was replaced by a NAMC YS-11 in 1970. In 1984, the runway was lengthened from 1200 to 2000 meters to accommodate jet operations and a new terminal building was completed. An international terminal was completed in March 1993, Asiana becoming the first international airline to schedule service to the airport.

It is the only airport built on a riverbed in Japan, and the runways and aprons are located on the riverbed on the right bank of the Jinzū River. The terminal building is outside the river, and the boarding bridge built across the levee is Japan's longest. Because of the location of the riverbed, it was not possible to completely install the instrument landing system, which restricts operations in poor visibility due to heavy snow in winter. In addition, physical restrictions are severe, as there is little space on the site and taxiways can not be made to both ends of the runway (there is no parallel taxiway, and planes must made takes a U-turn on a turning pad at the end of the runway for takeoff. The number of departure and arrival flights is limited to 15 per day according to the local agreement. Although plans to relocate the airport, possibly to an offshore location, were discussed, traffic to the airport has decreased dramatically with the opening of  the Hokuriku Shinkansen in March 2015.

Airlines and destinations

Statistics

References

External links

 Official website

Airports in Japan
Transport in Toyama Prefecture
Buildings and structures in Toyama Prefecture
Toyama (city)
1963 establishments in Japan
Airports established in 1963

Toyama Airport


Geoff C. Tootill (4 March 1922 – 26 October 2017) was an electronic engineer and computer scientist who worked in the Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Manchester with Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn developing the Manchester Baby, "the world's first wholly electronic stored-program computer".

Education
Tootill attended King Edward's School, Birmingham on a Classics scholarship and in 1940 gained an entrance exhibition to study Mathematics at Christ's College, Cambridge. He was forced to do the course in two years (missing Part One of the Mathematics Tripos) as his studies were cut short by World War II. After the successful operation of the Manchester Baby computer, he was awarded an MSc by the Victoria University of Manchester for his thesis on "Universal High-Speed Digital Computers: A Small-Scale Experimental Machine".

Career
On leaving Cambridge in 1942, Tootill managed to get assigned to work on airborne radar at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) in Malvern. Here, he went out to airfields to troubleshoot problems with the operation of radar in night fighters, designed modifications and oversaw their implementation. He later said that this was the most responsible job that he had in his life.

In 1947, he was recruited by Frederic Calland Williams to join another ex-TRE colleague, Tom Kilburn, at Manchester University developing the world's first wholly electronic stored-program computer. In the UK, three projects were then underway to develop a stored program computer (in Cambridge, the NPL and Manchester) and the main technical hurdle was the memory technology. In order to test the cathode ray tube memory designed by FC Williams when it was constructed, Kilburn and Tootill designed an elementary computer, known as the "Manchester Baby". The computer could store 32 instructions or numbers using a single Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). On 21 June 1948, after months of patient work constructing and testing the Baby piece by piece, coping with the unreliable electronic components of the day, the machine finally ran a routine written by Kilburn (they didn't use the word "program" then) to find the highest proper factor of a number. In Tootill's words "And we saw the thing had done a computation". A day or two later, the Baby ran successfully for 52 minutes to find the highest proper factor of 218, which required c. 3.5m arithmetic operations.

After the Baby's first operation in June 1948, Alan Turing moved to Manchester so he could use the Baby for a project that he was working on at the National Physical Laboratory, where they had also been working on developing a computer. Tootill instructed Alan Turing on use of the Manchester Baby and debugged a program Turing had written to run on the Baby.

In 1949, Tootill joined Ferranti where he developed the logic design of the first commercial computer (which was based on the Baby). He stayed at Ferranti only briefly and later the same year, he joined the Royal Military College of Science at Shrivenham as a Senior Lecturer on a considerably higher salary, lecturing and leading lab studies on digital computing.

In 1956, Tootill joined the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), Farnborough, researching issues for air traffic control systems. Here he wrote, with Stuart Hollingdale, "Electronic Computers", Penguin 1965, which ran through eight printings and was translated into Spanish and Japanese. Tootill was also a founding member of the British Computer Society in 1956.

In 1963, Tootill joined the newly formed European Space Research Organisation (ESRO, now the European Space Agency). He set up and directed the Control Centre of ESRO, with its ground stations. In 1969, he was assigned to a bureaucratic post in London, which he did not enjoy. In 1973, he joined the National Physical Laboratory at Teddington, where he developed communications standards for the European Informatics Network, an experimental computer network.

Tootill retired in 1982, but remained active in computing.

In 1997, drawing on his linguistics background (notably Latin, Greek, French and German), he designed a phonetic algorithm for encoding English names (to recognise that e.g. Deighton and Dayton, Shore and Shaw sound the same) which garnered over 2,000 corporate users as part of a data matching package developed by his son Steve.

In 1998, the Computer Conservation Society (in a project led by Christopher P Burton) unveiled a replica of the Baby (which is now in the Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester)) to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the running of the first electronically stored program, based in large part on Tootill's notes and recollections. A page from his June 1948 notebook details the code of the first ever software program, written by Tom Kilburn.

Personal life
As a boy, Tootill was interested in electronics, and built a radio set. He met Pamela Watson while in Malvern during World War II, where they were both members of the "Flying Rockets Concert Party". He and Pam were married in 1947 and had three sons, Peter, Colin and Stephen and two grandchildren, Mia and Duncan.

His first wife Pam died in 1979, and in 1981, Tootill married Joyce Turnbull, who survived him.

Books

References

1922 births
2017 deaths
People from Chadderton
People educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
English computer scientists
English electrical engineers
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Members of the British Computer Society
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
People associated with the Victoria University of Manchester
People associated with the Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester
European Space Agency personnel
Deaths from pneumonia in the United Kingdom

Geoff Tootill


The Manama incident on August 26, 2010 involved the arrest in the Seef shopping mall in Manama, Bahrain, of Fakhria al-Singace, the sister of Dr Abdul Jalil Al-Singace, human-rights spokesperson for the Bahrain opposition Haq Movement. According to The New York Times, three women wearing the niqāb and abaya entered the mall and unfurled a banner reading, "It is forbidden to arbitrarily arrest and detain people". More than a dozen plainclothes and uniformed police officers surrounded them, and Fakhria al-Singace was handcuffed and arrested after being pinned spread-eagled to a cafe table. She was released the next day.

The women were protesting against the arrests of several human rights activists, including Abdul Jalil al-Singace, who was detained on August 13 at Bahrain International Airport after returning from a conference in London, where he had offered evidence about the human rights situation in Bahrain. The government has accused him of involvement in terrorism. The arrests are part of a crackdown on political opposition in Bahrain that saw 159 arrests in two weeks in August 2011, with many activists reportedly held without charge or access to lawyers or family members.

Amnesty International has asked the government to reveal the whereabouts of eight of the detainees, who include a number of Shia clerics. Local websites describing the situation have been blocked by the government.

The Sunni governing family is concerned about upcoming parliamentary elections on October 23 that could see it lose to the country's Shiite majority. Bahrain's close relationship with the United States — it hosts an American naval base — and its Shiite citizens' relationships with Iran, have added to the tension.

Arrest of Abdul Jalil al-Singace
The country's opposition spokesman on human rights, Singace was arrested at Bahrain International Airport on August 13, when he returned with his family from a trip to London. He and another activist, Abd-al Ghani al-Khanjar, had attended a conference at the House of Lords on August 5, held to discuss human rights issues in Bahrain. Al-Khanjar was also arrested along with two others on August 15. On August 3, the Bahrain News Agency, a government press agency, quoted a National Security Agency source who said the arrests were related to a network seeking to undermine national security. The source said al-Singace had led "sabotage cells," and provided funds to the cells to carry out acts of terrorism. Because he is accused of having tried to overthrow the government, al-Singace could potentially face the death penalty, according to a Bahrain lawyer, Mohammad Al Tajer.

Singace, who uses a wheelchair as a result of partial paralysis from polio, was arraigned on August 27, and complained that he had been kept in solitary confinement, deprived of sleep, regular access to the bathroom and that his wheelchair and crutches were removed. He said he had been forced to sign documents without having a chance to review them.

Other arrests
As of August 19, 2010 the United Arab Emirates-based Gulf News reported that eight activists and clerics had been arrested. By August 20, the number had risen to 12, according to Emirates247.com, citing the Gulf News. According to Bahrainian sheikh Rasheed Bin Abdullah Al Khalifa the arrests were due to "acts of incitement and sabotage ... risks and dangers to people's lives and their social and economic status as well as the country's domestic and international reputation." The deputy chief of public security announced that two rioters had been injured and twenty-five arson attacks had been carried out by August 22, as reported by the Khaleej Times. "

The number arrested increased dramatically after the incident at Seef Mall. On August 26, the Times reported that the number of detainees had risen to 159, and that it included young men not known as activists. The next day, the Gulf Daily News reported that Muhannad Abu Zeitoun, who works for the Arabic-language publication Al Watan, had been attacked by two masked men; the victim suggested that he had not been directly singled out for attack but rather that his newspaper had been for speaking out against violence and terrorism. Bahraini police and other democratic organizations condemned the assault, according to the Gulf Daily News report.

Government crackdown
On September 6, the Gulf News reported a sweeping crackdown on the part of the Bahraini government. The country's National Security Agency (NSA) reported that it had "dismantled a terrorist network" including the arrest of at least ten leaders in charge of planning and raising funds and at least thirteen heads of cells overseeing "acts of sabotage" in various parts of the country. The NSA suggested the "terrorist networks" may have aimed to overthrow the government. No non-governmental sources were cited to corroborate the account.

On the same day, the Gulf News reported that the government of Bahrain intended to "check misuse of religion." Prince Khalifa Bin Salman Al Khalifa, Bahrain's Prime Minister, is reported to have sent a letter to the country's king, Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa, urging that they regain "the pulpits to avoid them being hijacked by incompetent politicians or preachers who have moved away from the nation's interests and asserting the nation's mandate is the starting point in our efforts to achieve a sound religious orientation."

A third report quoted rights groups who suggested that "more than 250 people have been detained [and that the] backlash spilled onto the streets with gangs and police clashing on opposite sides of barricades of burning tires." The preceding day, state media were reported to have released the photographs of 23 opposition figures ranging from professors to taxi drivers. No details of the alleged coup plot have been made public.

References

2010 in Bahrain
Incident
Human rights abuses in Bahrain
August 2010 events in Asia

Manama incident


Benger is a locality just north of Brunswick Junction in the South West of Western Australia.

The South Western Highway runs through the region. It is also a crossing loop on the south-west railway between Armadale and Bunbury.

History
Before European settlement, the region was inhabited by the Pindjarup people, in whose language "Benger" may have meant "swamp" according to some sources (the word Pijar was also used). The explorers Thomas Peel and Stephen Henty travelled through the district in 1835. The area was known as the "flats of Mornington", and some years later, Mornington Siding was established with a hall, school and shop/post office. Sandalwood from the area was used in the Swan River Colony. In 1887, John Partridge founded a dairy in the area, which is still open today as the White Rocks Museum and Dairy. The town was renamed from Mornington to Benger in 1902, although many geographic names in the area (including the creek near the school) bear the original name.

A bushfire broke out in the Benger swamp near the town in January 2013, burning out  of farmland.

References

Towns in Western Australia
Shire of Harvey

Benger, Western Australia