Jerome Allen Seinfeld ( ; born April 29, 1954) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, and producer. From 1989 to 1998, he played a semi-fictionalized version of himself in the sitcom Seinfeld, which he created and wrote with Larry David. The show aired on NBC from 1989 until 1998, becoming one of the most acclaimed and popular sitcoms of all time. As a stand-up comedian, Seinfeld specializes in observational comedy. In 2004, Comedy Central named him the 12th-greatest stand-up comedian of all time.

Seinfeld co-produced, co-wrote, and starred in the 2007 film Bee Movie, which was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film. In 2010, he premiered a reality series called The Marriage Ref, which aired for two seasons on NBC. Seinfeld is the creator and host of the web series Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee (2012–2019). He is married to author and philanthropist Jessica Seinfeld, with whom he has three children. Seinfeld has received twenty Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his work on Seinfeld and Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee as well as four Grammy Award nominations for his comedy albums.

Early life and education
Seinfeld was born in Brooklyn, New York City. His father, Kálmán Seinfeld, a sign painter, was Jewish and collected jokes that he heard while serving in World War II. His mother, Betty (née Hosni) and her parents, Selim and Salha Hosni, were Jews from Aleppo, Syria. Their nationality was stated as Turkish when they immigrated in 1917, as Syria was under the Ottoman Empire. Seinfeld has an older sister, Carolyn. Salha's mother Garez Dayan, Seinfeld's great-grandmother, was a member of the Dayan rabbinic family, who claim ancestry back to the Medieval Exilarchs, and from the Exilarchs back to the Biblical King David. Seinfeld's second cousin is musician and actor Evan Seinfeld. Seinfeld grew up in Massapequa, New York, and attended Massapequa High School on Long Island. At 16, he spent time volunteering in Kibbutz Sa'ar in Israel. He attended the State University of New York at Oswego, and transferred after his second year to Queens College, City University of New York, from which he graduated in 1976 with a degree in communications and theater.

Career

1976–1987: Rise to prominence
Seinfeld developed an interest in stand-up comedy after brief stints in college productions. He appeared on open-mic nights at Budd Friedman's Improv Club while attending Queens College. After graduation in 1976, he tried out at an open-mic night at New York City's Catch a Rising Star, which led to an appearance in a Rodney Dangerfield HBO special. In 1980, he had a small recurring role on the sitcom Benson, playing Frankie, a mail-delivery boy who had comedy routines that no one wanted to hear. Seinfeld was abruptly fired from the show due to creative differences. Seinfeld said that he was not told he had been fired until he arrived for a read-through session and found that there was no script for him. In January 1981, he performed stand-up on An Evening at the Improv. In May, Seinfeld made an appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, impressing Carson and the audience, leading to frequent appearances on that show and others, including Late Night with David Letterman. On September 5, 1987, his first one-hour special Stand-Up Confidential aired live on HBO.

1988–1998: Seinfeld and stardom

Seinfeld created The Seinfeld Chronicles with Larry David in 1988 for NBC. It was renamed Seinfeld to avoid confusion with the short-lived teen sitcom The Marshall Chronicles. By its third season, Seinfeld had become the most watched sitcom on American television. The final episode aired in 1998, and the show has been a popular syndicated re-run ever since. Along with Seinfeld, the show starred Saturday Night Live alumna Julia Louis-Dreyfus and established actors Michael Richards and Jason Alexander. Alexander played George, a caricature of Larry David. Seinfeld is the only actor to appear in every episode.

1998–2010: Established career
After he ended his sitcom, Seinfeld moved back to New York City and returned to stand-up comedy instead of staying in Los Angeles and furthering his acting career. In 1998, he went on tour and recorded a comedy special, titled I'm Telling You for the Last Time. The process of developing and performing new material at clubs around the world was chronicled in a 2002 documentary, Comedian, which also featured fellow comic Orny Adams and was directed by Christian Charles. Seinfeld has written several books, mostly archives of past routines. In the late 1990s, Apple Computer came up with the advertising slogan "Think different" and produced a 60-second commercial to promote the slogan. This commercial showed people who were able to "think differently," such as Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and many others. It was later cut short to 30 seconds and altered such that Seinfeld was included at the end, although he had not been in the original cut. This shorter version of the commercial aired only once, during the series finale of Seinfeld.

In 2004, Seinfeld appeared in two commercial webisodes promoting American Express, titled The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman. In these, Seinfeld appeared with a cartoon rendering of Superman, to whom reference was made in numerous episodes of Seinfeld as Seinfeld's hero, voiced by Patrick Warburton (character David Puddy on Seinfeld). The webisodes were directed by Barry Levinson and aired briefly on television. Seinfeld and "Superman" were also interviewed by Matt Lauer in a specially recorded interview for the Today show. On November 18, 2004, Seinfeld appeared at the National Museum of American History to donate the "puffy shirt" he wore in the Seinfeld episode of the same name. He also gave a speech when presenting the "puffy shirt," saying humorously that "This is the most embarrassing moment of my life." On May 13, 2006, Seinfeld had a cameo appearance on Saturday Night Live as host Julia Louis-Dreyfus' assassin. Louis-Dreyfus in her opening monolog mentioned the "Seinfeld curse." While talking about how ridiculous the "curse" was, a stage light suddenly fell next to her. The camera moved to a catwalk above the stage where Seinfeld was standing, holding a large pair of bolt cutters. He angrily muttered, "Damn it!" upset that it did not hit her. Louis-Dreyfus continued to say that she is indeed not cursed.

On February 25, 2007, Seinfeld appeared at the 79th Academy Awards as the presenter for "Best Documentary." Before announcing the nominations, he did a monologue about the unspoken agreement between movie theater owners and movie patrons. On October 4, 2007, Seinfeld made a guest appearance as himself in the 30 Rock episode "SeinfeldVision." On February 24, 2008, at the 80th Academy Awards, Seinfeld appeared as the voice of his Bee Movie animated character Barry, presenting Best Animated Short Film. Before announcing the nominees, he showed a montage of film clips featuring bees, saying that they were some of his early work (as Barry).

On June 2, 2008, amidst his spring 2008 tour, Seinfeld performed in his hometown of New York City for a one-night-only show at the Hammerstein Ballroom to benefit Stand Up for a Cure, a charity aiding lung cancer research at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. In August 2008, the Associated Press reported that Jerry Seinfeld would be the pitchman for Windows Vista, as part of a $300-million advertising campaign by Microsoft. The ads, which were intended to create interest for Windows in support of the subsequent "I'm a PC" advertisements, began airing in mid-September 2008. They were cut from television after three installments; Microsoft opted to continue with the "I'm a PC" advertisements and run the Seinfeld ads on the Microsoft website as a series of longer advertisements. In March 2009, it was announced that Seinfeld and the entire cast of Seinfeld would be appearing for a reunion in Larry David's HBO series Curb Your Enthusiasm. The fictional reunion took place in the seventh season's finale and starred most of the original cast, including Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Jason Alexander, Michael Richards, in a multiple-episode arc. Seinfeld appeared on an episode of the Starz original series Head Case. As was the case in many of his previous guest appearances on sitcoms, he played himself.

In Australia, Seinfeld appeared on a series of advertisements for the Greater Building Society, a building society based in New South Wales and southeastern Queensland. His appearance in these ads was highly publicized and considered a coup for the society, being the third time Seinfeld had appeared in a television commercial. The advertisements were filmed in Cedarhurst, Long Island, with the street designed to emulate Beaumont Street in Hamilton, where the Greater's head offices are located. Seinfeld also wrote the scripts for the 15 advertisements that were filmed. The ads largely aired in the Northern New South Wales television market, where the society has most of its branches. Seinfeld was the first guest on Jay Leno's talk show The Jay Leno Show, which premiered on September 14, 2009. Seinfeld was featured on Saturday Night Lives Weekend Update sketch to do the "Really!?!" segment with Seth Meyers. He executive produced and regularly appeared as a panelist in The Marriage Ref. On August 30, 2010, Seinfeld made a surprise guest appearance on The Howard Stern Show, ending the feud the two had in the early 1990s.

Seinfeld toured the U.S. in 2011 and made his first stand-up appearance in the United Kingdom in 11 years. In July 2011, he was a surprise guest on The Daily Show, helping Jon Stewart to suppress his urge to tell "cheap" "Michele Bachmann's husband acts gay" jokes. Seinfeld also launched a personal archives website at JerrySeinfeld.com and appeared in the HBO special Talking Funny with fellow comedians Chris Rock, Louis C.K., and Ricky Gervais in the same year.

2011–present
Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee

In 2012, Seinfeld started a web series titled Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee, in which he would pick up a fellow comedian in a different car each episode and take them out for coffee and conversation. The show originally aired on the Crackle streaming service and then was bought by Netflix. The initial series consisted of ten episodes lasting from 7 to 25 minutes each. The show has continued to get high-profile guests such as Tina Fey, Dave Chappelle, Louis C.K., Eddie Murphy, Steve Martin, David Letterman, Chris Rock, John Mulaney, Mel Brooks, Don Rickles, Ellen DeGeneres, Howard Stern, and Jerry Lewis. The show has also hosted Seinfeld alums Larry David, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Jason Alexander, and Michael Richards. Season seven featured its most high-profile guest, then-President Barack Obama. In a farewell tribute video for the Obamas before the President left office, Seinfeld stated, "That knocking on the Oval Office window. That probably was the peak of my entire existence."

Seinfeld signed a deal with Netflix in January 2017 that included placing Seinfeld and Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee on their streaming service as well as two new Seinfeld stand-up specials and the development of scripted and non-scripted comedy programming. As part of the deal, all episodes of Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee were made available on the streaming service, in addition to a new 24-episode season.

In June 2013, Seinfeld appeared on rapper Wale's album The Gifted, on the song "Outro About Nothing." In 2013, Seinfeld was offered $110 million by television executive Warren Littlefield to make another season of Seinfeld. He turned it down because he felt the timing to continue was not right. Seinfeld received coverage for his speech at the 2014 Clio Awards ceremony, where he received an honorary award, as media reporters said that he "mocked" and "ripped apart" the advertising industry; his statement that "I love advertising because I love lying" received particular attention.

In 2014, Seinfeld hosted the special Don Rickles: One Night Only at the Apollo Theatre. The event celebrated Don Rickles and his career, but also served as a roast among friends. Those who participated in the event included Jon Stewart, David Letterman, Tina Fey, Amy Poehler, Nathan Lane, Regis Philbin, Robert De Niro, and Martin Scorsese. On February 15, 2015, Seinfeld made a guest appearance on the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special, where he hosted the "Questions from the Audience" segment, which included cameos from Michael Douglas, John Goodman, James Franco, Larry David, Ellen Cleghorne, Dakota Johnson, Tim Meadows, Bob Odenkirk, and Sarah Palin (who Seinfeld initially mistook for Tina Fey). On May 20, 2015, Seinfeld made a guest appearance on David Letterman's final Late Show episode. Seinfeld joined other friends of the show to pay tribute to Letterman. The other guests included Alec Baldwin, Barbara Walters, Steve Martin, Jim Carrey, Chris Rock, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Peyton Manning, Tina Fey, and Bill Murray who all participated in The Top Ten List segment, "Things I've Always Wanted to Say to Dave."

In January 2017, Seinfeld went on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon and joined Dave Chappelle and Jimmy Fallon in honoring outgoing First Lady Michelle Obama, and played a game of Catchphrase, which Obama and Fallon won to Seinfeld's dismay. On September 19, 2017, Netflix released the stand-up comedy special Jerry Before Seinfeld. It follows Seinfeld as he returns for a stand-up routine at the New York City comedy club, Comic Strip Live, which started his career. It is intercut with documentary clips and his stand-up special. It was later released as an LP, CD and download album, and was nominated for a 2018 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.

In 2020, it was announced that Netflix would be releasing Seinfeld's first original stand-up special in 22 years, 23 Hours to Kill. The special premiered on May 5. In October 2020, Seinfeld joined Steve Martin in a discussion about comedy at The New Yorker Festival. They discussed subjects ranging from the creative process, Netflix, and The Oscars, to their comedy backgrounds, and the future of comedy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Books
Seinfeld wrote the book SeinLanguage, released in 1993. Written as his television show was first rising in popularity, it is primarily an adaptation of his stand-up material. The title comes from an article in Entertainment Weekly listing the numerous catchphrases for which the show was responsible. In 2002, he wrote the children's book Halloween. The book was illustrated by James Bennett. Seinfeld wrote the forewords to Ted L. Nancy's Letters from a Nut series of books and Ed Broth's Stories from a Moron. Seinfeld also wrote the foreword to the Peanut Butter & Co. Cookbook. In October 2020, Seinfeld released his new book Is This Anything?. The book chronicles Seinfeld's 45 years working in comedy and contains many of his best bits that span from various decades.

Influences
Seinfeld has stated, "On the Mount Rushmore of stand-up comedy, there are four faces, in my opinion: Richard Pryor, George Carlin, Bill Cosby, and Don Rickles." Seinfeld has also cited as his influences Jean Shepherd, Mad Magazine, Jonathan Winters, Jerry Lewis, Robert Klein, and Abbott and Costello. He stated, "Monty Python was a gigantic influence on me. They were just about silly, funny things that meant nothing, and that's the stuff I love. There's a wonderful childlike freedom in those kinds of things."

In the Netflix comedy special, Jerry Before Seinfeld, he displayed his personal comedy albums collection from when he was a teenager. These albums included:

Lenny Bruce – Thank You Masked Man (1972)
George Carlin – Class Clown (1972)
Steve Martin – Let's Get Small (1977)
Bob Newhart – The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart (1960)
Mike Nichols and Elaine May – Improvisations to Music (1958)
Mel Brooks and Carl Reiner – 2000 and One Years with Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks (1961)

In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Seinfeld stated his five favorite films are The Heartbreak Kid (1972), The Graduate (1967), The In-Laws (1979), A Night at the Opera (1935), and Glengarry Glen Ross (1992).

Those influenced by Seinfeld include John Mulaney, Jim Gaffigan, Judd Apatow, Ellen DeGeneres, and Issa Rae.

Personal life
Seinfeld is a fan of the New York Mets, and periodically calls Steve Somers' show on WFAN-AM, a sports talk radio station, as "Jerry from Queens." Seinfeld called four innings of a Mets game on SportsNet New York on June 23, 2010, reuniting with analyst Keith Hernandez, who appeared in the Seinfeld two-part episode entitled "The Boyfriend." According to Seinfeld, he thinks about baseball "all day" and has said "when I think of retirement, all I would think of is going to a baseball game every day."

Seinfeld is left-handed and the first joke he ever wrote was about the topic. In a 2014 interview with NBC News, he made statements suggesting that he believed he was on the autism spectrum. However, following criticism for his alleged self-diagnosis, he later clarified that he is not autistic and had been commenting on a play about the condition that he "related to [...] on some level."

Seinfeld has made several political contributions, including to George W. Bush's and Al Gore's presidential campaigns in 2000, and subsequently to four Democratic Party primary candidates in 2000 and 2004.

Relationships and marriage
Years before Seinfeld was created, Seinfeld dated Carol Leifer. She was a fellow comedian, and one of the inspirations for the Seinfeld character Elaine Benes. On national television with sex therapist and talk show host Dr. Ruth Westheimer, he mentioned that he was engaged in 1984 but called it off.

In May 1993, then 38-year-old Seinfeld met 17-year-old Shoshanna Lonstein in Central Park. After a brief conversation, he got her phone number. Lonstein was still a senior in high school and would turn 18 on May 29, 1993. Seinfeld and Lonstein dated for approximately four years, from 1993 to 1997. She transferred from George Washington University to UCLA, in part to be with him, and cited missing New York City and constant press coverage as reasons for the relationship ending.

The age difference led to intense media scrutiny. While Seinfeld was a guest on Howard Stern's talk show, Stern said, "so, you sit in Central Park and have a candy bar on a string and pull it when the girls come?" at which point Seinfeld replied, "she's not 17, definitely not." A few months later, in his second Howard Stern interview, Seinfeld insisted, "I didn't realize she was so young. This is the only girl I ever went out with who was that young. I wasn't dating her. We just went to a restaurant, and that was it." Early in their relationship, Spy Magazine referred to Lonstein as "a legal voter", mocking her young age.

In an October 1993 Playboy interview, Seinfeld described the reactions to the relationship as ranging "from horrified to just busting buttons with pride that they know me", noting that his female acquaintances had overall reacted more negatively than his male ones. He said that his assistant "was so mad" she punched him, whereas his mother was "thrilled". He concluded, "if she's 18, if she's intelligent, that's fine". In March 1994, Seinfeld again defended their age difference in an interview with People, stating that "Shoshanna is a person, not an age." Julia Louis-Dreyfus said in a 1998 New York interview that she was in favor of the relationship, as "it was a happy one for him", and added that she did not believe there was anything wrong with it.

In August 1998, while at a Reebok Sports Club, Seinfeld met Jessica Sklar, a public relations executive for Tommy Hilfiger who had just returned from a three-week honeymoon in Italy with then-husband Eric Nederlander, a theatrical producer and scion of a theater-owning family. Unaware of Sklar's marital status, Seinfeld invited her out. When Sklar eventually told Seinfeld about her relationship situation, she said, "I told him I didn't think this was the right time for me to be involved with anybody." Two months later, Sklar filed for divorce and continued dating Seinfeld. The pair married on December 25, 1999. Comedian George Wallace was the best man at the wedding. After the nuptials, Jerry and Jessica Seinfeld bought Billy Joel's house in Amagansett, Long Island, for US$32 million after news of the couple's interest in the property became public in 2000. The Seinfelds have a daughter and two sons.

Religion
Seinfeld is Jewish and has incorporated elements of his Jewish identity in his work.

Seinfeld stated that he took a Scientology course when he was in his 20s; he said that he found it interesting but that he did not pursue it any further.

Transcendental Meditation
In December 2012, Seinfeld said that he had been practicing Transcendental Meditation (TM) for 40 years. He promoted the use of the technique in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder with Bob Roth of the David Lynch Foundation in December 2012 on Good Morning America, and also appeared at a 2009 David Lynch Foundation benefit for TM, at which Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr appeared. On November 5, 2015, the David Lynch Foundation organized a benefit concert at New York City's Carnegie Hall called "Change Begins Within" to promote transcendental meditation for stress control. "It's been the greatest companion technique of living that I've ever come across, and I'm thrilled to be part of this movement that seems to have really been reinvigorated by Bob [Roth] and David Lynch," Seinfeld said. "I would do anything that I could to promote it in the world, because I think it's the greatest thing as a life tool, as a work tool and just making things make sense."

Charity
In 1999, Seinfeld auctioned a Breitling Chronomat watch as part of the "Famous Faces, Watch Auction For Charity" event in New York City. This watch sold for $11,000.

In 2001, Jerry and Jessica Seinfeld created the charitable organization The Good+Foundation after their first child was born. Good+Foundation grants donations of products and services to programs that have demonstrated a capacity to address family poverty in three focus areas: supporting new mothers, investing in early childhood, and engaging fathers. GOOD+ Foundation has donated over $42M worth of items through its partner network across the United States.

Seinfeld has also participated in Jon Stewart's charity event, Night of Too Many Stars.

Wealth
According to Forbes magazine, Seinfeld's cumulative earnings from Seinfeld as of 2004 was $267 million, placing him at the top of the celebrity earnings list that year. He turned down $5 million per episode, for 22 episodes, to continue the show for a 10th season. Seinfeld earned $100 million from syndication deals and stand-up performances in 2004, and $60 million in 2006. He also earned $10 million for appearing with Bill Gates in Microsoft's 2008 advertisements for Windows. Between June 2008 and June 2009, Seinfeld earned $85 million, making him the world's highest-paid comedian during those 12 months. In 2013, Forbes documented Seinfeld's annual income as $32 million. In mid-2013, Seinfeld disputed Forbes claims regarding his income and net worth on The Howard Stern Show. Seinfeld was ranked by Forbes the highest-paid comedian for 2015, the second-highest-paid in 2016, and the highest-paid again in 2017. Seinfeld's income between June 2016 and June 2017 was $69 million.

Automobiles

Seinfeld is an automobile enthusiast and collector, and he owns a collection of about 150 cars, including a large Porsche collection. He rented a hangar at the Santa Monica Airport in Santa Monica, California, for an extended period during the 1990s for storage of some of the vehicles in the collection. In 2002, Seinfeld purchased property on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City where he built a $1.4 million two-story garage to store part of his Porsche collection on the East Coast. One tally has Seinfeld owning 43 Porsches. Paul Bannister has written that Seinfeld's collection includes Porsche 911s from various years, 10 Porsche Boxsters each painted a different color, and the 1955 Porsche 550 Spyder, the same model and pearl-grey color that actor James Dean had been driving before he crashed that car and subsequently died.

The Discovery Channel television show Chasing Classic Cars claimed that Seinfeld owns the first and last produced air-cooled Porsche 911s. The centerpiece is a $700,000 Porsche 959, one of only 337 built. He was originally not allowed to drive it, because the car was "not street legal." U.S. emissions and crash tests had not been performed for the model because Porsche refused to donate four Porsche 959s for destruction tests. Seinfeld imported the car "for exhibition purposes," on the stipulation that it may never be driven on U.S. roads. The car was made U.S. street legal in 1999 under the "Show or Display" federal law. Seinfeld wrote an article for the February 2004 issue of Automobile, reviewing the Porsche Carrera GT.

In 2008, Seinfeld was involved in a car accident when the brakes on his 1967 Fiat 500 failed and, to avoid an intersection, he pulled the emergency brake while turning sharply, ultimately causing the car to flip onto its side. No one was hurt.

Espresso machines
A coffee and espresso machine aficionado, Seinfeld owns multiple espresso machines, including the $17,000 Elektra Belle Epoque and two machines manufactured by Slayer and Breville. Seinfeld described his single-group Slayer machine, which costs upwards of $8,500, as a "beautiful machine." When NPR asked him about the influence of coffee culture in the U.S., Seinfeld responded in 2013:I never liked [coffee] and I didn't understand it and I used to do a lot of stuff in my stand-up set in the '80s and '90s about how I don't 'get' coffee. And then something happened about five years ago. I started touring a lot, and we would have these great big, fun breakfasts in the hotel and [coffee] just seemed to go really well [with breakfast]. [Now], I've just started this espresso thing.

Filmography

Film

Television

Stand-up specials

References

Video games

Discography

Directing

Written works
SeinLanguage (1993)
Halloween (2002)
Is This Anything? (2020)

Writing credits for Seinfeld

The list below only includes episodes mainly written by Seinfeld, as he (and Larry David in Seasons 1 through 7) rewrote the drafts for each episode.

Awards and nominations

Primetime Emmy Awards

Grammy Awards

Golden Globe Awards

Screen Actors Guild Award

Other awards
American Comedy Award for Funniest Male Performer in a TV Series (1992)
American Comedy Award for Funniest Male Performer in a TV Series (1993)
Nominated – American Comedy Award for Funniest Male Performer in a TV Series (1996)
Nominated – American Comedy Award for Funniest Male Performer in a TV Series (1999)

References

External links

1954 births
Living people
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American car collectors
American film producers
American male comedians
American male comedy actors
American male non-fiction writers
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American male television writers
American male voice actors
American memoirists
American philanthropists
American stand-up comedians
American television producers
American television writers
American Zionists
Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (television) winners
Comedians from New York City
Film producers from New York (state)
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American film producers
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American male comedians
Jewish American screenwriters
Jewish American television producers
Jewish American writers
Jewish male actors
Jewish male comedians
Jews and Judaism in New York City
Las Vegas shows
Male actors from Brooklyn
Male actors from New York (state)
Massapequa High School alumni
People from Amagansett, New York
People from Massapequa, New York
People from the Upper West Side
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Showrunners
State University of New York at Oswego alumni
Television producers from New York City
Television producers from New York (state)
Writers from Brooklyn

Jerry Seinfeld


In mathematics, a multivalued function is a set-valued function with additional properties depending on context. The terms multifunction and many-valued function  are sometimes also used.

A multivalued function of sets f : X → Y is a subset

Write f(x) for the set of those y ∈ Y with (x,y) ∈ Γf. If f is an ordinary function, it is a multivalued function by taking its graph

They are called single-valued functions to distinguish them.

Motivation
The term multivalued function originated in complex analysis, from analytic continuation. It often occurs that one knows the value of a complex analytic function  in some neighbourhood of a point . This is the case for functions defined by the implicit function theorem or by a Taylor series around . In such a situation, one may extend the domain of the single-valued function  along curves in the complex plane starting at . In doing so, one finds that the value of the extended function at a point  depends on the chosen curve from  to ; since none of the new values is more natural than the others, all of them are incorporated into a multivalued function.

For example, let  be the usual square root function on positive real numbers. One may extend its domain to a neighbourhood of  in the complex plane, and then further along curves starting at , so that the values along a given curve vary continuously from . Extending to negative real numbers, one gets two opposite values for the square root—for example  for —depending on whether the domain has been extended through the upper or the lower half of the complex plane. This phenomenon is very frequent, occurring for th roots, logarithms, and inverse trigonometric functions.

To define a single-valued function from a complex multivalued function, one may distinguish one of the multiple values as the principal value, producing a single-valued function on the whole plane which is discontinuous along certain boundary curves. Alternatively, dealing with the multivalued function allows having something that is everywhere continuous, at the cost of possible value changes when one follows a closed path (monodromy). These problems are resolved in the theory of Riemann surfaces: to consider a multivalued function  as an ordinary function without discarding any values, one multiplies the domain into a many-layered covering space, a manifold which is the Riemann surface associated to .

Inverses of functions

If f : X → Y is an ordinary function, then its inverse the multivalued function

defined as Γf, viewed as a subset of X × Y. When f is a differentiable function between manifolds, the inverse function theorem gives conditions for this to be single-valued locally in X.

For example, the complex logarithm log(z) is the multivalued inverse of the exponential function ez : C → C×, with graph

It is not single valued, given a single w with w = log(z), we have

Given any holomorphic function on an open subset of the complex plane C, its analytic continuation is always a multivalued function.

Concrete examples
Every real number greater than zero has two real square roots, so that square root may be considered a multivalued function. For example, we may write ; although zero has only one square root, .
Each nonzero complex number has two square roots, three cube roots, and in general n nth roots. The only nth root of 0 is 0.
The complex logarithm function is multiple-valued. The values assumed by  for real numbers  and  are  for all integers .
Inverse trigonometric functions are multiple-valued because trigonometric functions are periodic. We have  As a consequence, arctan(1) is intuitively related to several values: /4, 5/4, −3/4, and so on. We can treat arctan as a single-valued function by restricting the domain of tan x to  – a domain over which tan x is monotonically increasing. Thus, the range of arctan(x) becomes . These values from a restricted domain are called principal values.
 The antiderivative can be considered as a multivalued function. The antiderivative of a function is the set of functions whose derivative is that function. The constant of integration follows from the fact that the derivative of a constant function is 0.
Inverse hyperbolic functions over the complex domain are multiple-valued because hyperbolic functions are periodic along the imaginary axis. Over the reals, they are single-valued, except for arcosh and arsech.

These are all examples of multivalued functions that come about from non-injective functions. Since the original functions do not preserve all the information of their inputs, they are not reversible. Often, the restriction of a multivalued function is a partial inverse of the original function.

Branch points

Multivalued functions of a complex variable have branch points. For example, for the nth root and logarithm functions, 0 is a branch point; for the arctangent function, the imaginary units i and −i are branch points. Using the branch points, these functions may be redefined to be single-valued functions, by restricting the range. A suitable interval may be found through use of a branch cut, a kind of curve that connects pairs of branch points, thus reducing the multilayered Riemann surface of the function to a single layer. As in the case with real functions, the restricted range may be called the principal branch of the function.

Applications

In physics, multivalued functions play an increasingly important role. They form the mathematical basis for Dirac's magnetic monopoles, for the theory of defects in crystals and the resulting plasticity of materials, for vortices in superfluids and superconductors, and for phase transitions in these systems, for instance melting and quark confinement. They are the origin of gauge field structures in many branches of physics.

Further reading
 H. Kleinert, Multivalued Fields in Condensed Matter, Electrodynamics, and Gravitation,  World Scientific (Singapore, 2008) (also available online)
 H. Kleinert, Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter, Vol. I: Superflow and Vortex Lines, 1–742, Vol. II: Stresses and Defects, 743–1456, World Scientific, Singapore, 1989 (also available online: Vol. I and Vol. II)

Functions and mappings

Multivalued function


GameCrazy was a video game retailer based in Wilsonville, Oregon. It was a subsidiary of Movie Gallery. The stores were often, but not always, located adjacent to Hollywood Video rental stores.

GameCrazy and its parent company, Movie Gallery, filed for bankruptcy in May 2010.

History

In 1999, to compete in a growing video game market, Hollywood Entertainment launched a store-within-a-store concept called GameCrazy. It featured the ability to buy, sell, and trade video games, systems, and accessories inside of Hollywood Video stores. Each respective location offered video games for all "next generation" platforms in both new and used conditions. Select locations offered products for older systems such as the NES and Sega Genesis. GameCrazy enabled customers to play a particular title, new or used, prior to purchase. This "try before you buy" option was a staple GameCrazy policy.

Movie Gallery launched a similar store-within-a-store initiative called Game Zone. These stores were developed and implemented for use within Movie Gallery locations while GameCrazy was generally used within Hollywood Video stores. While many locations operated these areas as completely separate brands (i.e. Both Game Zone / GameCrazy operated with segregated staff and management), others operated using a single unified staff. While the majority of GameCrazy stores were located within their respective rental partner, the company did expand their chain to include standalone GameCrazy stores.

As of December 31, 2006, there were 634 GameCrazy locations which were generally located within the same building as Hollywood Video.  The construction of standalone "concept stores" were ongoing at the time of the chain's closure, the most recent being opened in Las Vegas, Nevada. GameCrazy contributed 13% to Movie Gallery's revenue for 2006, with 70% of its revenue coming from new and used software and 30% from new and used hardware products. GameCrazy competed with both other specialty retail video game stores, such as GameStop and the fast-growing video game franchise, Play N Trade, as well as big box retailers such as Target, Walmart, and Best Buy.

Downfall

The company began having financial difficulties despite its major efforts to respond to business challenges. In October 2007, Movie Gallery filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy code. Because of these troubles, the stock price fell below $1 per share and was no longer listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange in November 2007.

On September 28, 2009, Wilsonville, Oregon based Movie Gallery, which owned GameCrazy, announced it would close 200 of its 680 stores by the end of October 2009 due to financial problems brought on from the failing video stores.

Movie Gallery's stock price fell from $1.25 at close in October 2009 to $.05 at close in December 2009, and many locations fell behind on rent. As a result, the company hired restructuring firm Moelis & Company, giving it a 60-day grace period to negotiate with lenders and landlords. But it was forced into bankruptcy a second time in February 2010.

During a company-wide conference call on April 30, 2010, it was announced that all U.S. Hollywood Video, Movie Gallery, and GameCrazy stores would file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in May 2010 and wind down business. Analysts generally believe that Movie Gallery & Hollywood Video's unprofitability, caused by competition from Blockbuster Inc. and online retailers such as Netflix and Redbox, was one of the major factors in the company's decision to close the retail chain.

As of December 15, 2011, the GameCrazy.com site has been relaunched as a gaming blog, but has ceased to update since late October 2014.

Store information

As a video game specialty store, GameCrazy dealt primarily in new and used video game related products such as consoles, accessories, and games. Remuneration for video game and accessory trade-ins was provided in the form of cash or store credit. Consoles were provided with a credit value as cash was not given for previously used video game systems. Noteworthy was the GameCrazy price matching policy whereby the retailer would generally exceed the trade-in value offered by a physical retailer and/or competitor by 5%.

Midnight launches for highly anticipated titles were common but not compulsory.

GameCrazy instituted a "Wishlist" and "Special Order" feature which allowed the gamer the ability to procure elusive video game related product. The wish list notified the staff once a desired product had been traded in by flagging that particular item in the Point of Sale (POS) System. For immediate action, a special order could be placed where the desired item was shipped from the nearest GameCrazy to the consumer's local store.

The Most Valuable Player (MVP) was a service offered by GameCrazy which provided customers with a 10% discount on used games and accessories as well as a 10% increase in video game trade-in value. Most recently, GameCrazy launched an upgraded discount card called MVP Plus. This not only provided the 10% discount on used games and accessories, but also could be used at other businesses. It also provided a 5% cash back incentive to a member, through the MVP Plus login website, where a form was printed out, and relevant purchase receipts were mailed off. The card member then received a check in the mail for the 5% cash back. There was a yearly fee to carry this card.

Competitors with a similar business model include GameStop and their subsidiary EB Games, which also specialize in new and used video games. In addition to customer trade-ins, the store sold used games once offered for rental in Hollywood Video stores.

See also
 List of companies based in Oregon

References

External links
Game Crazy Official Site
List of Game Crazy stores shutting down

Defunct retail companies of the United States
Video rental services
Companies based in Wilsonville, Oregon
American companies established in 1998
Retail companies established in 1998
Retail companies disestablished in 2010
Video game retailers of the United States
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2010
Companies that filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2010
Companies that have filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy
1998 establishments in Oregon

GameCrazy


Tellef Dahll Schweigaard (7 August 1806 – 27 May 1886) was a Norwegian politician.

Personal life
Schweigaard was born in Kragerø as the oldest son and second child of merchant Jørgen Fredrich Schweigaard (1771–1818) and his wife Johanne Marie Dahll (1785–1818). His paternal grandfather had immigrated to Norway from Holstein. He had one older sister and two younger brothers, one of whom was Anton Martin Schweigaard, a professor and ten-term member of the Norwegian Parliament. As their parents died early, the four Schweigaard children were raised by relatives.

Schweigaard married fellow Kragerø citizen Marie Margrethe Rømer (1814–1889). The couple had four children. Their only daughter Marie Magdalene married jurist and politician Lars Anton Nicolai Larsen-Naur. Their son Johan Elias married a daughter of Niels Anker Stang, became a senior physician, and was the grandfather of judge and politician Elisabeth Schweigaard Selmer. Through his brother Anton Martin, Tellef was also the uncle of later Prime Minister Christian Homann Schweigaard.

Career
Tellef Dahll Schweigaard worked as a wholesaler and timber merchant.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Kragerø in 1880, and served one term. He had been mayor of Kragerø during the 1840s.

He died in 1886 in his hometown.

References

1806 births
1886 deaths
Members of the Storting
Politicians from Telemark
People from Kragerø
Norwegian businesspeople
Norwegian people of German descent

Tellef Dahll Schweigaard


Jesu may refer to:

Jesus (c. 4 BC – c. AD 30/33), Jewish religious leader and central figure of Christianity
Jesu (name), vocative and poetic form of Jesus' name

Music
Jesu (band), a British experimental band formed by Justin Broadrick
Jesu (album), a 2004 album by the band Jesu
"Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring", final movement of Johann Sebastian Bach's Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, BWV 147
Jesu, der du meine Seele, BWV 78, cantata by Bach
"Jesu, meine Freude", hymn by Johann Franck
Jesu, nun sei gepreiset, BWV 41, cantata by Bach
Jesu, meine Freude, BWV 227, motet by Bach

See also

Jesus (disambiguation)

Jesu


Zamora (formerly, Black's, Blacks, Black's Station, Blacks Station, and Prairie) is an unincorporated community in rural Yolo County, California, U.S., on Interstate 5 due west of Knights Landing. Its ZIP code is 95698 and its area code 530. It is in the northern part of the county. "Zamora District is bordered by County Road 10 to the north and County Road 16 to the south, County Road 85 on the west and Highway 113 on the east. In 1879, Zamora District included the areas of West Grafton, the eastern portion of Fairview, and a small strip of East Grafton. The Zamora District encompasses Oat Valley, along Oat Creek in the northwestern part of the district and Hungry Hollow which is in an area along the foothills west of Zamora."

Zamora "was once a thriving little town with a hotel, two stores, a jail, blacksmith shops, a barbershop, a butcher shop, a medical office, a railroad depot, telegraph office, town hall, IOOF building, post office and six warehouses. There were schools and churches there, too. In 1949 and 1969 modern highways rolled through cutting the heart from the town. What was left was a town with 'no services', only a rebuilt IOOF building, a rebuilt town hall, the planing mill and St Agnes Catholic Church, the school building plus a few houses. But the pulse of the community does not stop with the removal of its heart."

For many years, children of Zamora and its farm families attended kindergarten at Cacheville School in Yolo and first through eighth grades at Zamora Union School. This school had two classrooms, one for first through fourth grades, the other for fifth through eighth grades. Most teachers came to teach for one year only.  Children now attend schools to the south in Woodland, California; older children attend Woodland High School.

In 2010, Zamora 4-H Club celebrated the 80th anniversary of its charter. Zamora 4-H has maintained the cohesiveness of the community since the loss of a community school.

Yolo County officials estimated its 2005 population at 61 and predicted it would have a population of 99 by 2025. Zamora is served by its own post office, a volunteer fire department and St Agnes Catholic church. It lies at an elevation of 52 feet (16 m).

Economy

Like the rest of Yolo County, Zamora is primarily agricultural. As of 1994, the following families had owned land or lived in Zamora District for three or more generations: Abele, Anderson, Barnes, Bemmerly, Black, Burger, Campbell, Cassilis, Clark, Clausen, Crites, Croll, Curtis, Cutler, Dission, Dill, Fitzgerald, Flournoy, Foster, Gable, Gaddis, Giguiere, Glascock, Hanneman, Harley, Hatcher, Heard, Hermle, Hershey, Hiatt, Horgan, Houx, Huber, Hulbert, Jacobs, Kergel, LaDue, Long, March, Mast, Mezger, Morgan, Morris, Pockman, Quinn, Rahm, Reusch, Richter, Robinson, Rollins, Rominger, Root, Sandrock, Schlieman, Schlosser, Schneegas, Sharpnack, Slaven, Stabel, Stuhlmuller, Taylro, Vickroy, Walker, Weiss, Weyand, Wild, and Wohlfrom.

Bill and Joan Slaven raise sheep and world-renowned border collies. Michael and Bridget Slaven, from County Tyrone, Ireland settled in Zamora's rolling hills in the late 1800s. Their rolling hills pasture-land is home to Slaven's annual Zamora Hills Sheep Dog Trials. "The range ewes are set out on a ridge maybe 700 yards distant, and the sheepdog won't be able to see them as he walks with his handler to the post. The dog -- a working border collie -- will run more than half a mile to reach the top."
 These trials are one of the best known sheep dog trials in North America.

Willow Spring Farms is owned by Jack Mast, fourth generation Yolo county farmer, and his wife Charlotte. Great-grandparents, Gottlob and Mary (Summ) Mast and Fredrick and Catherine (Claus) Mezger from Wurttemberg Germany set up farming operations in Zamora. Gottlob and Mary settled in Hungry Hollow in 1868. When the grain came up high on Gottlob's leg while riding his horse, he knew this was where he wanted to bring his family.

Farmers Grain Elevator was established in 1937 by Thomas Mezger. His great-grandparents Fredrick and Catherine (Claus) Mezger, originally from Wurttemberg Germany, moved in 1870 to a 160-acre homestead approximately 3 miles southwest of Black's Station.  Originally serving as a scale house, Farmers Grain Elevator eventually became a storage facility and grain purchasing center for local growers. As customer demands grew, Farmers Grain Elevator saw the need to provide quality transportation services for the grower's harvested crop and in 1971 established Mezger Trucking, Inc. For over 70 years, Farmers Grain Elevator has specialized in the carriage and distribution to market of wheat, corn, barley, safflower and various other agricultural products. Since its inception Farmers Grain Elevator has remained a family business. It is currently co-owned and operated by Dan and Mark Mezger.

The Bariani Olive Oil Co. built a processing plant west of Zamora, and of this the Sacramento Business Journal reported on October 2, 2004: The  parcel in Yolo County is big enough for 18,000 olive trees and a  building.

History
The first known inhabitants were Native Americans of the Patwin (or Southern Wintun) tribe. Using bows and arrows, spears or snares, Patwins stalked the abundant turtles, deer, tule elk, antelope and the occasional bear, mountain lion or wild cat that came down from the foothills and Coast Range. Using bow and arrow or nets they hunted ducks, geese and swans as they came into the tule marshlands during migrations.
Spanish explorers explored the area in the early 1800s and, as a result, thousands of Patwins died from ill-treatment or previously unknown diseases. Patwins were also rounded up and taken as slaves to build Mission churches and work the mission ranches.
Between 1829 and 1846, hunters and fur trappers from Santa Fe, New Mexico and from Hudson's Bay Company in Fort Vancouver sometimes traded with Patwin resulting in heavy losses of life for the trappers and hunters and for Patwin.
The 1849 California gold rush miners brought more violence and disease.

The first wave of European settlers included: in 1852 John and Michael Bemmerly, Elias Harley, Edmund Burger; in 1853 Elias Harley and Martin Rahm, they ran out previous settlers who were there 3 years earlier they went by Ramirez and Zamora; in 1854 Silas Barnes and Henry Gaddis; in the late 1850s David Hershey, Theodore Weyand, Cary LeDue, Fred Schlieman and John Wolfrom; in the 1860s James J Black, Ephraim Crites, Gustave Anderson, John Huber, Thomas W Long, James Root, John Walker. Many gained their property through 1862 Homestead act which promised 160-acre tract of public land to the head of a family after the land had been cleared, improved and occupied for 5 years.
Some of the Zamora Districtwas once part of Rancho de Hardy-Rio de Jesus Maria Rancho, granted to Thomas Hardy by Governor Micheltorena on October 23, 1843. In 1870, Circuit Court decided in favor of "Landowner's League upon the Hardy Grant", an organization of local landholders.

Many towns sprang up in Yolo County between 1868 and 1888, including Zamora, which was previously known as Black's. Black's was on the railroad and was the pioneer home of J. J. Black, who located there in 1865. In 1875, the Northern Railway Company began extending the railroad from Woodland to Red Bluff. When it reached Black's farm he donated a strip of land 100 feet wide by 3150 feet long acres for depot and grounds and the station was the result. Rights of way were sold for $10 to the railroad company by Silas Barnes, Henry Hoffman, Jacob Cunningham, Albion T. Robinson, Henry M. Cassilis and H.O. Dresser. .
Four blocks were laid out with 16 lots of 30x120 feet per block. On September 18, 1875, C. H. Smart purchased 3 lots from Mr Black for $200 and became the first resident thereof, constructing for his use a dwelling house and a blacksmith shop at the corner of First and Main Streets. William Dorgan purchased 3 lots on March 9. 1876. Gustav Anderson bought 4 lots on April 15, 1876. Robert Huston and his brother Edward bought one lot and established the first store in 1876. The plan for the town of Black's Station (10.8 acres) was filed in 1877.  A. C. Turner started the first hotel, and Thomas and Hunt erected the first grain warehouse. Among other builders were D. N. Hershey, Ed Huston, George Glascock and John Wolff. Black's Station from the first was an important shipping station, the great farms in the vicinity sending in their harvests to this point for transportation to market. The coming of the Yolo County Consolidated Water Company's system in 1903 to Black's added much to the importance of the place and stimulated business. The new packing plant was finished that year, making the station a fruit center.  In 1906 the name was changed to Zamora. According to a 1920 Yolo County map, Zamora was in the Black's District.

A post office opened in Prairie in 1857, changed its name to Black's Station in 1876, and to Zamora in 1915. Prairie Post office was opened on March 19, 1857, at Weyand's Corner where a rural hotel, general store and stage stop were run at the ranch of Theodore Weyand, located at County Road 97 and County Road 13. Mr. Weyand was the first postmaster. Mail was delivered by stagecoach from Sacramento. Mr John Wolfrom served 8 years as postmaster when the post office was at his home just north of Weyand's which also served as rural hotel, general store and stage stop. Prairie Post Office alternated between Weyand's and Wolfrom's, serving the area until establishment of Black's Station Post Office in 1876.
Robert M Huston was appointed postmaster December 4, 1876; Edward S Howard in 1882; William B. Black in 1888; Mason C. Gorton in 1898; Silas P. Cutler in 1903. The post office was located in the residence or business establishment of the postmaster until it was moved to a new hotel. On March 8, 1915, it became Zamora Post Office. Charles E Thomas was appointed postmaster in 1922. The hotel burned and Zamora post office moved to the IOOF building where Carey L Croll became postmistress in 1924. It moved to the home of Minnie Croll in 1932 when she was appointed Postmistress. In 1957, Zamora Post Office returned to the IOOF building with Ruth Anderson as postmistress. in 1969, the post office moved to a new IOOF building. Janice Croll became postmistress in 1978.

Zamora soils

The town lends its name to a type of soil which is classified by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as "a member of the fine-silty, mixed, thermic family of Mollic Haploxeralfs. Typically, Zamora soils have grayish brown, slightly acid loam A horizons; brown silty clay loam, neutral Bt horizons; and yellowish brown C horizons." They are found "Along the west side of the Sacramento Valley in central California and other parts of California" and are "used for growing orchards, row, field, and truck crops. Native vegetation is annual grasses and forbs and widely spaced oaks."

Native plants included Valley Oaks whose ground acorns provided flour for the Patwin, wild oats, sunflower, clover, manzanita, blackberries, wild grapes.

Historically, grain crops were the only source of crop. Farmers in Zamora have had to cope with unpredictable years of drought and years of heavy rains. In the 1930s, the development of turbine pumps resulted in the ability of farmers to pump enough water for irrigation. This resulted in the ability for more diversified crops, including row crops, orchards, grapes, alfalfa and others.

References

External links

Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Yolo County, California
Unincorporated communities in the Sacramento metropolitan area

Zamora, California


Maverick Hunter was the codename for a cancelled first-person shooter video game in the Mega Man franchise that would have been developed by Armature Studio and published by Capcom. It was intended to be a darker entry in the Mega Man X series. Mega Man artist and producer Keiji Inafune was responsible for establishing the western-designed game and Adi Granov was responsible for X's new design. It was intended to be the first of a trilogy of games, where players controlled its protagonist X in the first two games and then as Zero for the third. The game would have had similar platform elements found in earlier Mega Man X titles.

It had a lifespan of about six months in 2010 before it was ultimately cancelled, due to internal disagreements around the same time Inafune departed from Capcom, during which other Mega Man titles were also scrapped.

Concept and development

Maverick Hunter was in development by Armature Studio and was to be published by Capcom for the Mega Man X series. The collaboration was established by Keiji Inafune, who had previously worked on the Mega Man series as an artist and producer. He had since rose in the ranks at Capcom to become a producer. The goal was to attract a new audience to the Mega Man series. Its development would have been overseen by former Capcom producer Ben Judd. The redesign for the Mega Man character was to be done by Adi Granov (the concept artist responsible for the Iron Man redesign found in the 2008 film of the same name). An initial concept design showed X with a red glowing 'X' on his face.

Unlike other Mega Man X titles, Maverick Hunter was a first-person shooter. The genre was chosen in response to the rising interest in first-person shooter games in the west. The gameplay would have adhered to core Mega Man X concepts; the ability to take and utilize the powers of enemies, his dash, and his X-Buster were all to be redesigned. His weapon designs were made to be more realistic than earlier Mega Man X titles. Instead of his arm transforming into a cannon, his armor transforms to create a gun. Additionally, his charged attack would launch a missile instead of launching a larger energy blast. Melee attacks would cause the game to switch to a third-person perspective for the attack. X's ability to steal abilities from others would have been expanded to allow the combination of abilities and the use of temporary weapons, such as bombs or tank turrets, from fallen enemies. The stolen abilities could also be used to exploit weaknesses in certain enemies. Platform elements such as his wall jump from the Mega Man X games would have been "re-imagined in new ways." The game was also planned to have branching paths and upgrades to find throughout.

Maverick Hunter was going to build upon the mythology and feature characters from the original Mega Man X titles. Capcom Japan was responsible for the design of key story points and twists while the overall plot would be handled by Armature Studio. A source familiar with the game stated that the game would "be like taking an 8-bit game that doesn't have a very deep story to it, and then building around it and keeping some of the key pieces intact." Both X and Zero would be featured alongside a new human sidekick who is a "Bruce Willis-like police officer." The inclusion of the human sidekick was part of the game's "man versus machine contrast." It was to be the first of a trilogy of games; players would control X in the first two games while they would switch to Zero in the third game, who must destroy X (who had become "incredibly powerful and infinitely intelligent over the course of two games").

Cancellation
It was ultimately cancelled before it was revealed to the public as one of several recent cancellations in the Mega Man series (including Mega Man Legends 3, Mega Man Universe, and Mega Man Online). Its lifespan lasted for about six months in 2010, and was prototyped and playable. Despite positive internal reception, Capcom deemed it a "significant gamble" and cancelled it. Its cancellation coincided with Inafune's departure from Capcom. The playable version of the game was intended to be a proof of concept more so than a real game. Capcom senior vice president Christian Svensson noted that the game was the subject of "very polarized opinions internally." Granov expressed disappointment over the cancellation and stated that he was "very happy" with his design work. Inafune collaborated again with Armature on the 2016 game ReCore.

Reception
The response from critics and fans alike has been mixed. Despite the mixed fan reaction, a fan-led Facebook group and Change.org petition intended to revive the project was created called "Operation Maverick Hunter". Michael McWhertor and Wes Fenlon felt that - with the information available - the game seemed like a "formula for success." They compared the direction to that of Metroid Prime by developer Retro Studios (which Armature Studio spun off from). Thomas Whitehead was also positive about it; he stated that it could have been a "bold, exciting new direction for the franchise."

Joystiq's JC Fletcher noted that while Mega Man X didn't need a "gritty" reboot, it is a better alternative than to have no Mega Man games. Tony Ponce compared the redesign of X to that of Bomberman in Bomberman: Act Zero. He also stated that it was a Mega Man X game "in the very loosest sense." He felt that the cancellation was for the best and that a "cold, gritty first-person shooter" was not the ideal direction for the series. He compared it to Metroid Primes design by noting that the art style did not change much while X's redesign was "virtually unrecognizable." He later commented that an early concept design by Adi Granov was "not that bad" if it had no relation to the Mega Man X series. Chris Carter felt that while he didn't think the series needed a "gritty reboot", he would have enjoyed it if it was good. Clint Mize wrote an article for MTV.com's gaming section detailing why Maverick Hunter was a terrible idea. He felt that it could have turned off "core fans" of the Mega Man X series and that X required a "solid core title to reintroduce the character" rather than a "dark reimagining". He added that the decision to make it a first-person shooter made it feel like it was the product of an "out of touch executive". He also criticized it due to the risk involved in competing with big FPS games such as Call of Duty, Halo, and Battlefield. He noted that the perspective introduces other problems, such as reduced emphasis on platform segments. Its art design and gameplay have been compared to the video game Vanquish.

References

Cancelled video games
Mega Man X games

Maverick Hunter


The J18 Region (Elit until-2020) is the highest level of under-18 ice hockey in Sweden. The league was first played in the 1980 season. Färjestad BK has won the most league titles, with seven.

The league is divided into four divisions, Norra (North), Södra (South), Västra (West), and Östra (East). These divisions are played from September to December during the year. The five best teams from each division qualify for the Winter series known as J18 Allsvenskan, divided into Norra and Södra, while the remaining teams have to play in a continuation series during Winter for their specific division. These "Winter" series are played between January and March of the following year.

J18 Region was expected to become the second highest under-18 league as J18 Allsvenskan would have become a new division in the 2012–13 season to be played for the entire season; however, this league restructuring has been postponed until the 2013–14 season, and J18 Allsvenskan continues to be a Winter series and part of J18 Region for at least the 2012–13 season.

2011/12 teams

Norra

Asplöven HC
IF Björklöven
Clemensnäs HC
Kramfors-Alliansen
Luleå HF
Modo Hockey
Skellefteå AIK
IF Sundsvall Hockey
Tegs SK
Timrå IK
Örnsköldsviks HF
Östersunds IK

Södra
Borås HC
Frölunda HC
HV71
Linköpings HC
Malmö Redhawks
Mariestad BoIS HC
Nässjö HC
Rögle BK
Skövde IK
Tingsryds AIF
IF Troja/Ljungby
Växjö Lakers HC

Västra
IFK Arboga IK
Bofors IK
Brynäs IF
Falu IF
Färjestad BK
Grums IK Hockey
Leksands IF
Mora IK
Sunne IK
Valbo HC
VIK Västerås HK
Örebro HK

Östra
AIK
Almtuna IS
Djurgårdens IF
Enköpings SK
Flemingsbergs IK
Huddinge IK
Lidingö Vikings HC
Nacka HK
Nyköpings HK
Nynäshamns IF
SDE Hockey
Södertälje SK

References
Swedenhockey.se

8
Junior ice hockey in Sweden

J18 Elit


Pterostylis macrosepala is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to the central-west slopes of New South Wales. As with similar greenhoods, plants in flower differ from those that are not flowering. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves flat on the ground, but those that are flowering have up to eight translucent green flowers with narrow, dark green stripes and up to ten stem leaves.

Description
Pterostylis macrosepala, is a terrestrial,  perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of between three and five, egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves, each leaf  long and  wide with a petiole up to  long. Plants that are flowering lack a rosette but have up to eight flowers on a flowering spike  high with between five and ten linear to lance-shaped stem leaves that are  long and  wide. The flowers are  long,  wide and the dorsal sepal and petals are joined to form a hood called the "galea" over the column. The galea is translucent green with dark green stripes. The lateral sepals turn downwards and are  long,  wide and joined for more than half their length. The labellum is  long, about  wide and pale green with a blackish stripe along its mid-line. Flowering occurs from July to September.

Taxonomy and naming
Pterostylis macrosepala was first formally described in 2006 by David Jones and given the name Bunochilus macrosepalus. The description was published in Australian Orchid Research from a specimen collected in the Conimbla National Park. In 2010, Gary Backhouse changed the name to Pterostylis macrosepala. The specific epithet (macrosepala) is derived from the Ancient Greek word makros meaning "long" and the Neo-Latin word sepalum meaning "sepal", referring to the large fused sepals.

Distribution and habitat
This greenhood is only known from the Conimbla Range where it grows in open forest.

References

macrosepala
Orchids of New South Wales
Plants described in 2006

Pterostylis macrosepala


Ludwigskirche in Old Saarbrücken, Germany, is a Lutheran Baroque-style church. It is the symbol of the city and is considered to be one of the most important Protestant churches in Germany, along with the Dresden Frauenkirche and the St. Michael's Church, Hamburg.

History

Ludwigskirche and the surrounding Ludwigsplatz (Ludwig's Square) were designed as a "complete work of art", in the sense of a baroque place royale, by Friedrich Joachim Stengel on the commission of Prince William Henry. Construction was begun in 1762. After the death of William Henry in 1768, work on it was stopped due to lack of funds. The church was finally completed in 1775 by his son, Louis, and it was also named after him. The consecration of the church took place on August 25, 1775, with a church service and a cantata composed especially for the occasion.

In 1885-1887 and in 1906-1911, the church underwent restoration. During the Second World War, Ludwigskirche was almost completely destroyed. After a bombing on October 5, 1944, only the surrounding walls remained. Rebuilding began in 1949, but it has still not been completed. The main reason for this long delay was the fierce dispute, which lasted from the 1950s into the 1970s, about whether the baroque interior, which had been completely lost, should also be reconstructed according to the original plans. At first, it had been agreed to restore the exterior, with a modern interior, but this plan was finally abandoned. After the reconstruction of the "Fürstenstuhl" (i.e., the princely seating in the gallery across from the organ) in 2009, the interior is more or less complete, but more than half of the balustrade figures on the outside are still lacking as well as the exterior finish (c.f. the reconstruction models).

Design
The ground plan is shaped somewhat like a Greek cross; the arms are 38.5 m and 34.2 m long and are each 17 m wide. There are niches on the outside which contain statues of the four Evangelists by Francuß Bingh. The stone balustrades were decorated with 28 figures, also by Bingh, depicting the apostles, prophets and other Biblical people.

The interior of the church is decorated with ornamental stucco (cartouches, rocaille). Each of the four arms of the cross has a gallery supported by two to four caryatids. The floor is made of sandstone.

Special features of the interior are the arrangement of the church by and large along the width of the church, on the one hand, and the placement of the altar, pulpit and organ over each other (a so-called "pulpit-altar"), on the other.  The arrangement with the altar, pulpit and organ was rather usual for a Lutheran church built in the 1700s, and it had already been used by Stengel in some of his earlier buildings.

Stengel designed not only the overall plan of the church and the surrounding palaces, from the handles for the doors to the overall grounds, but he also fitted the church and the square into the two main viewing axes of the city's layout. One of these axes, from the "Alten Kirche" (Old Church) in the city district of St. Johann, through the Wilhelm-Heinrich-Straße of today and the main entrance, up to the altar, is still visible today. The other axis points over the exit, which faces the Saarland state chancellery today, toward the former royal summer residences on Ludwigsberg, the so-called Ludwigspark.

The restoration of the original white paint on the exterior is still currently being disputed. Whether it was already lost during the 19th century or during the air raid 1945 is not clear, but it would be important for fitting the church into the surrounding buildings of the square. It has, however, become quite a strange idea to many local residents in the past decades.

Ludwigsplatz

The square surrounding the church, Ludwigsplatz, was an integral part of Stengel's concept from the beginning. The original plan provided for a long, rectangular square, with four differently designed types of noble city palaces along the long sides and two large public buildings on the ends. Even during construction, this concept was changed, so that the building on the east (in which the Ludwigsgymnasium was housed) was split in two, in favor of a view toward St. Johann (the "Stengel axis", today marked by Wilhelm-Heinrich-Straße). Only the western building was kept (the orphanage at that time, today the seat of the Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Saar, Saar College of Fine Arts). The remains of the Gymnasium, which was severely damaged by the great bombing in 1944, was torn down in 1945. It stood approximately where the upper plateau of the stairs is today. In the lines of palaces planned for the long sides of the square, the four smallest buildings on the corners of the square were never erected – which made it possible to have a street running between the orphanage and the church, which detracts from the impression of the square as much as the trees currently there. In contrast to that is the place that Stengel intentionally left open for the view toward Ludwigsberg, which is today occupied by the state chancellery.

Organ
Until 1944 there was an organ of the company Stumm with 37 stops. The modern organ case is a reconstruction of the historical case. The current organ was built in 1982 by Rudolf von Beckerath / Hamburg. It has 47 stops and three keyboards. The tracker action and the couplers are mechanical. The organ has the following stoplist:

 Couplers: II/I, III/I, III/II, I/P, II/P, III/P
 Plenum, Tutti, 10-fache Setzeranlage

Other
In 1965, Ludwigskirche was depicted on the series of stamps, Hauptstädte der Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Capital cities of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany).

As the symbol of the Saarland state capital of Saarbrücken, Ludwigskirche is shown on the German 2 euro commemorative coin in 2009.

Foreign language guidebooks often describe Ludwigskirche as "église St. Louis" or "St. Louis church". However, it is not (in contrast to the Catholic church, St. Ludwig in Saarlouis) dedicated to Saint Louis, but named after Louis, Prince of Nassau-Saarbrücken, who completed its construction. The Lutheran congregation of Ludwigskirche forms part of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland, comprising Lutheran, Reformed and United Protestant congregations.

Literature
Georg Dehio: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland. Deutscher Kunstverlag. Munich 1984. pp. 889–892. . in German
Dieter Heinz: Ludwigskirche zu Saarbrücken. 2nd edition. Saarbrücken 1979.  in German
 Horst Heydt: Ludwigskirche und Ludwigsplatz zu Alt-Saarbrücken. Saarbrücken 1991, . in German
 Horst Heydt (Hrsg.): Die Ludwigskirche zu Saarbrücken. Merziger Druckerei & Verlag, Merzig 2008, 229 S. in German
Alfred Werner Maurer: Der künstlerische u. stilgeschichtliche Einfluss der architekturtheoretischen Schriften von Nicolaus Goldmann und Leonhard Christoph Sturm auf die Bauwerke F.J. Stengel. Philologus Verlag, Basel (CH) 2006.  in German
 Alfred Werner Maurer: Friedrich Joachim Stengel, seine Bauwerke und das Verhältnis zur Architekturtheorie, Philologus-Dokumente Basel (CH) 2009. in German

References

External links
 Local office of the Ev. Kirchengemeinde Alt-Saarbrücken: Ludwigskirche in German
 Vereinigung für Musik in der Ludwigskirche e. V.: Die Ludwigskirche in German
 fotocommunity: Panoramic photograph Ludwigskirche in German

Churches in Saarland
Buildings and structures in Saarbrücken
Saarbrucken Louis

Ludwigskirche


Hripsime Khurshudyan (, born July 27, 1987, in Kasakh, Armenian SSR) is an Armenian weightlifter.

Early life
Hripsime was born in the village Kasakh in the Nairi region of Armenian SSR.

She has been training in weightlifting since she was 15 under the honored coach of Armenia, Sarmen Yesayan.

Career
Khurshudyan won a silver medal at the 2006 European Weightlifting Championships. She became the first woman weightlifter from the independent Republic of Armenia to win a medal at the European Weightlifting Championships. The following year, she and Meline Daluzyan became the first Armenian female weightlifters to become European Champions at the 2007 European Weightlifting Championships. Khurshudyan also became a Junior World Champion in 2007.

Khurshudyan competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 75 kg weight class, finishing in 11th place. She was a late substitute for Meline Daluzyan, who suffered from an acute attack of pancreatitis and was forced to withdraw from the Olympics. Since she was not prepared to take part in this competition, Khurshudyan could not perform to the best of her ability.

In 2010, Khurshudyan was unable to fit within the weight category of 75 kg and was forced to move up in weight class.

She participated in the women's +75 kg weight class at the 2012 Olympic Games in London, though weighing in at only 76 kg. She originally won the bronze medal, finishing behind Tatiana Kashirina and Zhou Lulu. She snatched 128 kg and jerked an additional 166 kg for a total of 294 kg. Khurshudyan originally became not only the first Armenian woman to win an Olympic medal in weightlifting, but also the first Armenian woman to win an Olympic medal.

In 2016, the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) revealed that she was one of 11 weightlifters who failed a doping test. Actual retests of her samples from 2008 revealed the presence of stanozolol, and she was officially disqualified. Actual retests of her samples from 2012 revealed the presence of dehydrochlormethyltestosterone and stanozolol. In November 2016, she was stripped of the Olympic medal.

Personal life
Following the 2012 Olympics, Khurshudyan got married and took some time off from the sport of weightlifting.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Olympic weightlifters for Armenia
Weightlifters at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Armenian female weightlifters
Doping cases in weightlifting
Armenian sportspeople in doping cases
Competitors stripped of Summer Olympics medals
European Weightlifting Championships medalists
World Weightlifting Championships medalists
Ethnic Armenian sportspeople

Hripsime Khurshudyan


Marfan Syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes defective connective tissue. This can effect the skeleton, heart blood vessels, eyes and lungs. Normally, the interstitial space of body tissue is full of microfibrils. This is strong rope like structure that provide tissue integrity and common connective tissue.

The main component of microfibrils is a glycoprotein called fibrillin.

Genetic disorders

Marfan Syndrome


Shirley Lynn Phelps-Roper ( Phelps; born October 31, 1957) is an American lawyer and political activist. She was the lead spokesperson of the Westboro Baptist Church of Topeka, Kansas, an organization that protests against homosexuality conducted under the slogan "God Hates Fags" until a power struggle within the organization reduced her status.

Early life
Shirley Phelps was born October 31, 1957, in Topeka, Kansas. She is the daughter of Margie Marie (Simms) and pastor Fred Phelps, minister of the Westboro Baptist Church, an independent church characterized as a hate group by the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center.

Career
Phelps-Roper practices law for Phelps-Chartered Co., the Phelps family's law firm established by her father in 1964. According to her firm's web page, she has been licensed to practice in Kansas and federal courts.

Besides her father Fred, Shirley Phelps-Roper was the most active spokesperson of the Westboro Baptist Church and answered many of the e-mails sent to the church in a column called "Dear Shirley". She and other family members have become known for picketing at funerals of AIDS victims with signs such as "God hates fags" and at funeral processions for American soldiers killed in combat.

In 2006, in the aftermath of the West Nickel Mines School shooting, Phelps-Roper was invited to Hannity & Colmes on Fox News. During the interview, Alan Colmes questioned Phelps-Roper as to whether the five Amish girls deserved to die, to which she responded that they did, prompting condemnation by Colmes and co-host Sean Hannity who called her sick and evil. In February 2008, Phelps-Roper traveled to the community of DeKalb, Illinois, to picket memorials for the victims of the Northern Illinois University shooting. Phelps-Roper said that "God [had] sent the shooter" because they "don't love Christ". Her plans, however, to picket other university memorials were blocked.

By 2014, Phelps-Roper's duties as spokesperson for the Westboro Church had been reduced after a power struggle within the church, and her authority transferred to an all-male board of elders.

Legal issues
Phelps-Roper was arrested on June 5, 2007, on suspicion of contributing to the delinquency of a minor. Police alleged that she allowed her son to trample an American flag while protesting the funeral of a soldier in Bellevue, Nebraska, which is a misdemeanor in the state. Phelps-Roper announced her intent to challenge the constitutionality of the Nebraska statute. The charges against her were dropped when she agreed to dismiss pending lawsuits filed against Sarpy County in state and federal court.

Phelps-Roper was named a defendant in the Supreme Court case Snyder v. Phelps. She has been placed on the list of individuals banned from entering the United Kingdom for "fostering extremism or hatred".

Personal life

Phelps-Roper is married to Brent D. Roper and they have 11 children. Five of her children, notably Megan Phelps-Roper, have left the church.

In a 2007 Channel 4 documentary featuring Welsh personality Keith Allen, Phelps-Roper said on camera that her oldest son Samuel was born out of wedlock. When asked if she would go to hell for her actions, Phelps-Roper explained that "I know better" and had "put away" such behavior.

References

External links

God Hates Fags
"Anonymous Hacks Westboro Baptist Church Website LIVE ". The David Pakman Show. YouTube. February 24, 2011
Pavlo, Walter (December 18, 2012). "Anonymous' Hackers Target Westboro Baptist Church After Protest Plans". Forbes.

1957 births
Living people
Christian fundamentalists
Baptists from Kansas
Kansas lawyers
People from Topeka, Kansas
Washburn University alumni
Westboro Baptist Church
Activists from Kansas
21st-century American lawyers
Anti-Americanism
21st-century American women lawyers
Washburn University School of Law alumni

Shirley Phelps-Roper


Alan Berkman (September 4, 1945 – June 5, 2009) was an American physician and activist in the Students for a Democratic Society and Weather Underground who went to prison for his involvement in a number of robberies staged by the organizations and their offshoots. Released after eight years in prison for armed robbery and explosives possession, Berkman provided medical care to the homeless and founded Health GAP to help provide AIDS pharmaceuticals to some of the world's poorest nations.

Biography
Berkman was born in Brooklyn and moved with his family to Middletown, Orange County, New York. He was an Eagle Scout who graduated as the salutatorian of his high school class. He earned his undergraduate degree at Cornell University, graduating as an honor student in 1967. Berkman received his medical training at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, which he completed in 1971.

His politics and practice of medicine often overlapped, including his treatment of prisoners after the September 1971 Attica riots. He and his wife evaded the cordon established by the United States Marshals Service during the Wounded Knee incident in 1973.

Brinks robbery and life on the run
The Black Liberation Army and May 19th Communist Movement had organized the October 20, 1981, Brinks robbery in Nanuet, New York, in which $1.6 million was taken from a Brink's armored car. An armored car guard was killed during the robbery. In a shootout shortly after the heist, two police officers were killed. A witness told a grand jury that Berkman had treated one of the holdup group's members for a gunshot wound. Berkman refused to talk and spent almost a year in jail for civil contempt. Indicted as an accessory after the fact, Berkman jumped bail and went underground. Berkman's lawyers claimed that he was the only U.S. doctor to be charged for treating a fugitive since Dr. Samuel Mudd was charged and later convicted for his medical treatment of John Wilkes Booth in 1865 after the Abraham Lincoln assassination.

On the run, Berkman was involved in the gunpoint robbery of a Connecticut supermarket that netted more than $20,000. Berkman and Elizabeth Ann Duke were arrested on May 23, 1985, near Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Their car was found to have a pistol and shotgun, as well as the key to a storage site that held 100 pounds of dynamite. During his years on the run in the 1980s, court papers alleged, he was involved with groups that had staged seven bombings of military and other government facilities, though charges related to the bombings were later dismissed. He was charged as part of the Resistance Conspiracy and convicted for his participation in the supermarket robbery, the proceeds of which, prosecutors alleged, had been used to buy the dynamite. Berkman served eight years of a 10-year sentence.

Post-prison
As a parolee after his release from prison, Berkman worked as a doctor at a South Bronx drug addiction clinic for other parolees. In 1995, Berkman returned to Columbia University as a postdoctoral research fellow and worked at a clinic assisting homeless victims of AIDS with mental illness.

Upon his return to New York, after performing research in South Africa in the late 1990s, Berkman became one of the founders of Health GAP, an organization dedicated to expanding affordable access to AIDS medications such as antiretroviral drugs in the poorest parts of the world. Through such efforts as lobbying to allow foreign governments to impose compulsory licenses to allow local manufacture of medications without the imposition of U.S. trade tariffs, costs for a regimen of AIDS medications that had cost $15,000 annually in the late 1990s had been cut to $150 per year by the time of his death.

Personal life and death
A resident of Manhattan, Berkman died there, aged 63, from lymphoma on June 5, 2009. He was survived by his wife, Dr. Barbara Zeller, as well as two daughters and a grandson.

References

External links
Obituary per Health GAP press release re Dr. Berkman's death

1945 births
2009 deaths
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
Cornell University alumni
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from lymphoma
Fugitives wanted by the United States
Members of the Weather Underground
Physicians from Brooklyn
Activists from Brooklyn
Activists from Manhattan
Physicians from Manhattan
People from Middletown, Orange County, New York

Alan Berkman


Rubus largus is a rare North American species of brambles in the rose family. It has been found in the State of New Jersey in the northeastern United States.

The genetics of Rubus is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy.

References

largus
Plants described in 1941
Flora of New Jersey
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Rubus largus


The Philadelphia Spirit was a United States Basketball League team that played from 1991 to 1992 at Holy Family University in Northeast Philadelphia.

In 1991, they finished first in the league, with a 15–5 record. They beat the Miami Tropics in the league's finals, winning the championship. The team was coached by Bill Lange, a New Jersey high school coach, who was named USBL Coach of the Year. In 1992, they again finished first in the league, with a 21–5 record. They played in that year's league finals as well. However, they lost by two points  to archrival, the Miami Tropics. They disbanded following that season.

Notable players are Michael Anderson, Tim Legler and Marques Bragg.

References

United States Basketball League teams
Defunct basketball teams in Pennsylvania

Philadelphia Spirit


A normal play convention in a game is the method of determining the winner that is generally regarded as standard. For example:
Preventing the other player from being able to move
Being the first player to achieve a target
Holding the highest value hand
Taking the most card tricks

In combinatorial game theory, the normal play convention of an impartial game is that the last player able to move is the winner.

By contrast "misère games" involve upsetting the convention and declaring a winner the individual who would normally be considered the loser.

Gaming

Normal play convention


The 1931 Stanley Cup finals was between the Chicago Blackhawks and the Montreal Canadiens. In the first game the Canadiens beat the Black hawks 2-1. In game two it was a 1-1 tie when in a second over time but then Johnny Gottselig scored for the Black hawks and won it 2-1. In game three in Montreal it was 2-2 until the 3rd overtime when Wentworth scored and the Blackhawks had a 2-1 series lead. In game four the Canadiens beat Chicago 4-2 and tied the series 2-2. Then the Canadieans beat the Black hawks 2-0 and won the series would take the Stanley Cup.

Sports competitions
Stanley Cup Finals
1931 in sports
1930s in the United States
1930s in Canada
Montreal Canadiens
Chicago Blackhawks
20th century in Chicago

1931 Stanley Cup Finals