Daniel Carroll (July 22, 1730May 7, 1796) was an American politician and plantation owner from Maryland and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He supported the American Revolution, served in the Confederation Congress, was a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 which penned the Constitution of the United States, and was a U.S. Representative in the First Congress. Carroll was one of five men to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. He was one of the few Roman Catholics among the Founders.

Early life

Carroll was born in Marlborough Town in the Province of Maryland on July 22, 1730. He was the son of wealthy planters Daniel Carroll (c.1696 - 1751) and Eleanor Darnall Carroll (1703 - 1796). His parents' home was Darnall's Chance, a plantation of 27,000 acres which his mother had inherited from her grandfather. Carroll was sent abroad for his education. Between 1742 and 1748 he studied under the Jesuits at the College of St. Omer in France, established for the education of English Catholics. Then, after a tour of Europe, he sailed home and soon married Eleanor Carroll, apparently a first cousin, whose grandparents were Daniel O'Caroll and Dorothy Kennedy from Ireland.

His younger brother John was the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States (as Bishop of Baltimore, 1790) and founder of Georgetown University; his cousin Charles Carroll of Carrollton signed the Declaration of Independence.

Career
In the 1770s, Carroll gradually joined the Patriot cause. As a slaveholder and large landholder, he was initially concerned that the Revolution might fail economically and bring about his family's financial ruin and mob rule.

At the time, Maryland, though Catholic-founded, had (like the rest of the Thirteen Colonies) issued laws excluding Roman Catholics from holding public office. When Maryland declared its independence from the Crown and enacted its first constitution, these laws were nullified. Carroll was elected to the Maryland Senate, serving 1777–1781. As a state senator, he helped raise troops and money for the American cause. His involvement in the Revolutionary War, like that of other Patriots in his extended family, was inspired by the family's motto: "Strong in Faith and War".

He led the effort to block the State Assembly from ratifying of the Articles of Confederation until the states that had western land claims (which Maryland did not) ceded those claims to Congress. Carroll dropped his opposition only after Virginia relinquished its claims on land north of the Ohio River to Congress, and on February 2, 1781, Maryland became the thirteenth and final state to ratify the Articles.

Constitutional Convention of 1787

In 1787, Carroll was named a Maryland delegate to the Philadelphia Convention, which convened to revise the Articles, and produced the Constitution. Like his good friend James Madison of Virginia, Carroll was convinced that a strong central government was needed to regulate commerce among the states and with other nations. He also spoke out repeatedly in opposition to the payment of members of the United States Congress by the states, reasoning that such compensation would sabotage the strength of the new government because "the dependence of both Houses on the state Legislatures would be complete ... The new government in this form is nothing more than a second edition of [the Continental] Congress in two volumes, instead of one, and perhaps with very few amendments."

When it was suggested that the president (executive branch) should be elected by the Congress (legislative branch), Carroll, seconded by James Wilson, moved that the words "by the legislature" be replaced with "by the people". He and Thomas Fitzsimons were the only Roman Catholics to sign the Constitution, but their presence was a sign of the continued advancement of religious freedom in America. Carroll played an essential role in formulating the limitation of the powers of the federal or central government. He was the author of the presumption—enshrined in the Constitution as a closing article – that powers not specifically delegated to the federal government were reserved to the states or to the people. Carroll spoke about 20 times during the summer of debates at the Constitutional Convention and served on the Committee on Postponed Matters. Returning to Maryland after the convention, he campaigned for ratification of the Constitution but was not a delegate to the Maryland state convention for ratification.

Political career
Following the convention, Carroll continued to be involved in state and national affairs. He was a key participant in the Maryland ratification struggle of 1787–1788. He defended the Constitution in the "Maryland Journal", most notably in his response to the arguments advanced by the well-known Anti-Federalist and Patriot delegate Samuel Chase.  After ratification was achieved in Maryland, Carroll was elected as a representative ("congressman") to the Sixth Congressional District of Maryland to the First Congress of 1789, meeting in New York City. Given his concern for economic and fiscal stability, he voted for the assumption of state debts accumulated during the war by the federal government to establish a new level of financial confidence of credible public debts as proposed by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton as part of a "grand bargain" with Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, for Northerners to support locating the new national capital in the upper South, along the Potomac River.

One of three commissioners appointed to survey the newly designated District of Columbia and acquire land for the new federal capital in the District, Carroll was related to two major landowners whose land was acquired by the government, his brother-in-law Notley Young and nephew Daniel Carroll of Duddington. The United States Capitol was built on a wooded hill owned by his nephew. As one of his first official acts as commissioner, on April 15, 1791, he and fellow commissioner David Stuart of Virginia laid the cornerstone for the beginning boundary line survey of the District at Jones Point, on the south bank of the Potomac near Alexandria, formerly in Virginia. He served as a commissioner until 1795, when he retired because of poor health.

He later was again elected to the Maryland Senate. He had many interests in his state and region, including the "Patowmack Company", which sought to build a Patowmack Canal to the West. This was a long-time project of George Washington since his western explorations and military campaigns against the French. This predated the survey and construction thirty years later of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal.

Carroll died May 7, 1796, at age 65, at his home near Rock Creek in the present neighborhood of Forest Glen, Maryland. Carroll's body was buried there in Saint John the Evangelist Catholic Church Cemetery.

Legacy
Carroll Street in Madison, Wisconsin, is named in his honor.

References

Secondary sources

External links

1730 births
1796 deaths
18th-century American politicians
18th-century Roman Catholics
American planters
Burials in Maryland
Daniel
Catholics from Maryland
Continental Congressmen from Maryland
Founding Fathers of the United States
Maryland state senators
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland
People educated at Stonyhurst College
People from Forest Glen, Maryland
People from Upper Marlboro, Maryland
People of Maryland in the American Revolution
Presidents of the Maryland Senate
Signers of the Articles of Confederation
Signers of the United States Constitution
Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves

Daniel Carroll


Fabianite is a borate mineral with the chemical formula CaB3O5(OH). It is colorless and leaves a white streak. Its crystals are monoclinic prismatic. It is transparent and fluorescent. It has vitreous luster. It is not radioactive. Fabianite is rated 6 on the Mohs Scale. It was named for Hans-Joachim Fabian, a German geologist.

See also

 List of minerals

References

Webmineral Entry
Mineral Handbook

Calcium minerals
Phylloborates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14

Fabianite


Romeo is the male protagonist in the play Romeo and Juliet.

Romeo may also refer to:

People and fictional characters
 Romeo (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
 Romeo (surname), a list of people
 nickname of Aditya Dev (1988–2012), Indian body builder, entertainer and dancer and the "world's smallest bodybuilder"
 Kid Romeo, American professional wrestler
 A term for a man who wants sexual relationships with many women

Places

United States
 Romeo, Colorado, a statutory town
 Romeo, Florida, an unincorporated community
 Romeo, Michigan, a village
 Romeo, Tennessee, an unincorporated community

Antarctica
 Romeo Island

Outer space
 Romeo (lunar crater), a lunar crater
 Romeo (crater on Oberon), a crater on Oberon

Music
 Romeo Records, an American jazz record label
 Romeo (English rapper) (born 1980), English rapper and MC
Romeo, stage name of Romeo Miller, an American rapper and actor
 Romeo (band), a South Korean boy band
 Romeo Z, a 1960s English club band
 Romeo (EP), a 2009 EP by Shinee

Songs
 "Romeo" (Basement Jaxx song), 2001
 "Romeo" (Dino song), 1990
 "Romeo" (Dolly Parton song), 1993
 "Romeo" (Ketil Stokkan song), 1986
 "Romeo" (Petula Clark song), 1961
 "Romeo" (Wipers song), 1981
 "Romeo", by Donna Summer from I'm a Rainbow
 "Romeo", by Hande Yene, from Nasıl Delirdim?
 "Romeo", by Jungle featuring Bas, 2021
 "Romeo", by Mr Big
 "Romeo", by Sublime from Second-hand Smoke
 "Romeo", by Bladee from Eversince

Film and television
 Romeo (1976 film), a Malayalam film
 Romeo (1990 film), a Dutch drama
 Romeo (2007 film), a Malayalam film
 Parugu or Romeo, a 2008 Telugu film
 Romeo (2011 film), a Bengali film
 Romeo (2012 film), a Kannada-language film
 Romeo (2014 film), a Telugu-language film
 Romeo!, a Nickelodeon television series starring Romeo Miller that aired from 2003 to 2006

Military
 Romeo class submarine, the NATO reporting name for a Soviet submarine type
 Operation Romeo, a French World War II commando operation
 Fokker C.V, a Dutch reconnaissance and light bomber biplane manufactured in Italy under licence as the Romeo Ro.1
 USS Romeo, a Union tinclad during the American Civil War

Other uses
 Romeo, the letter R in the ICAO spelling alphabet
 Alfa Romeo Romeo, a light van and pickup truck formerly produced by Alfa Romeo
 Romeo file system, an extension to the ISO 9660 file system for optical media
 RoMEO, Rights MEtadata for Open archiving
 Romeo (wolf) ( 2000–2009), Alaskan wolf notable for interactions with humans
 Romeo State Airport, a public airport near Romeo, Michigan
 The "Romeo" method is a form of victim grooming for the purposes of pimping; see Procuring (prostitution)#Grooming

See also
 Romeoo, a 2007 Malayalam film directed by Rafi Mecartin
 Roamio, the name of a series of TiVo digital video recorders

Romeo (disambiguation)


Crewe railway station serves the railway town of Crewe, in Cheshire, England. It opened in 1837 and is one of the most historically significant railway stations in the world.

Crewe station is a major junction on the West Coast Main Line and serves as a rail gateway for North West England. It is 158 miles north of London Euston and 243 miles south of Glasgow Central. It is located at the point where the lines to Manchester Piccadilly and North Wales diverge from this route, and is the last major station before the branch to Liverpool Lime Street diverges. It is also served by lines to Stoke-on-Trent and Shrewsbury.

Crewe railway station has twelve platforms and a modern passenger entrance containing a bookshop and ticket office. Passengers access the platforms via a footbridge, stairs and lifts. The platform buildings, which date from the 19th century, contain two bookshops, bars, buffets and waiting rooms. The last major expenditure on the station took place in 1984-1985 when the track layout was remodelled and the station facilities were updated.

History

Early years
Crewe's location was chosen after Winsford, seven miles to the north, had rejected an earlier proposal, as had local landowners in neighbouring Nantwich, four miles away.

Crewe station was the first station to have its own adjacent railway hotel: the Crewe Arms Hotel, built in 1838, and still in use. It was the first to be completely rebuilt owing to the need for expansion. It was the also first to have completely independent rail lines built around it to ease traffic congestion.

The station opened on 4 July 1837 on the Grand Junction Railway. The purpose was to link the four largest cities of England by joining the existing Liverpool and Manchester Railway with the projected London & Birmingham Railway. The first long-distance railway in the world, it ran from Curzon Street railway station in Birmingham to Dallam in Warrington, Cheshire, where it made an end-on junction with the Warrington and Newton Railway, a branch of the L&M.

The station was built in the township of Crewe, which formed part of the ancient parish of Barthomley. The township later became a civil parish in its own right, and, later still, was renamed Crewe Green to avoid confusion with the town of Crewe, which was adjacent to it. The station was at the point where the line crossed the turnpike road linking the Trent and Mersey and the Shropshire Union Canals. Since the land was bought from the Earl of Crewe, whose mansion stood nearby, and it was located in the township of Crewe, the station was called Crewe. The railway station gave its name to the town of Crewe that was actually situated in the ancient parish of Coppenhall. In 1936, the railway station was transferred from the civil parish of Crewe to the then municipal borough of Crewe.

As soon as the station opened the Chester and Crewe Railway was formed to build a branch line to Chester and this company was absorbed by the GJR shortly before it opened to traffic in 1840. A locomotive depot was built to serve the Chester line, and to provide banking engines to assist trains southwards from Crewe up the Madeley Incline, a modest gradient which was a challenge to the small engines of the day.

By 1841, the Chester line was seen as a starting point for a new trunk line to the port of Holyhead, to provide the fastest route to Ireland, and the importance of Crewe as a junction station began to be established. This was given further endorsement when the Manchester and Birmingham Railway, a separate undertaking which had hoped to build a wholly independent line linking the two cities, shorter than the GJR, decided that it would be uneconomical to compete with that line over the greater part of its length, and decided to divert its own line to meet the GJR at Crewe. Teething squabbles between the companies delayed the running of through services for a while, and the M&B had to build a temporary station of their own, part of which survives today as an isolated platform next to the North Junction, at the start of the line to Manchester.

In 1842 the GJR decided to move its locomotive works from Edge Hill in Liverpool to Crewe, siting the works to the north of the junction between the Warrington and Chester lines. To house the workforce and company management the town of Crewe was built by the company to the north of the works.

London & North Western Railway
In 1846 the GJR merged with the London and Birmingham to form the London and North Western Railway Company, which until its demise in 1923 was the largest company in the world. The new company extended the existing lines to Holyhead, the Warrington line to Lancaster and Carlisle, the Manchester line to Leeds, and built the new Crewe and Shrewsbury Railway to Shrewsbury to join the joint GWR owned Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway, which provided connections to South Wales. The North Staffordshire Railway built a line from Stoke-on-Trent, joining the LNWR from the South East. Crewe was the centre of a wide-ranging railway network, and freight-handling facilities grew up to the south of the station.

To cope with the increase of traffic, the station was rebuilt in 1867 (according to WH Chaloner), the buildings facing each other on the present platforms 5 and 6 dating from this time, and built under the supervision of William Baker. The listing by English Heritage describes them as: mirrored design with bowed projections for the platform inspectors' offices, the 'greybeard' keystones and vivid polychromy ... one of the best pieces of mid-C19 platform architecture designed anywhere on the LNWR network, and as rare surviving examples nationally of buildings of a major junction station of this period.

At the same time the works was redeveloped and enlarged and the town also enlarged under the leadership of John Ramsbottom, a Todmorden man who had become Locomotive Superintendent. Locomotive construction, hitherto divided with Wolverton (on the London and Birmingham Railway) was concentrated at Crewe. Ramsbottom also built a steelworks, the first in the world to make large-scale use of the Bessemer process, as only the LNWR required enough steel to keep a Bessemer plant continuously occupied. He also introduced mass-production techniques, whereby as many parts as possible were identical between one engine and another.

Ramsbottom retired in 1871 and was succeeded by the legendary Frank Webb, a colourful and controversial figure who was known as 'The Uncrowned King of Crewe'.

By the 1890s a survey revealed 1,000 trains passing within a 24-hour period. Half of these were freight trains which did not need to call at the station, so the company decided to build a separate four-track railway line passing to the west of the station, joining the existing lines beyond the north and south junctions, burrowing beneath them and avoiding them completely. Plans for the "independent lines" were approved in 1895 and construction lasted from 1896 to 1901. Over 1,000 labourers were employed on what was known as the "big dig" at a cost about £500,000 (). This undertaking also included a marshalling yard to the south of the station at Basford Hall, a revolutionary 'tranship shed' which allowed fast transfer of freight from wagons to road vehicles under cover. The station was enlarged between 1903 and 1907, by providing eight through platforms each a quarter of a mile long. The cost of the improvements was £1,000,000 ().

London, Midland and Scottish Railway

In 1923 the LNWR became part of the London, Midland & Scottish Railway group. Crewe remained the major centre for locomotive construction. In 1938-39 the signal boxes at North and South Junctions were completely reconstructed as massive concrete structures to withstand air raids, and remained in use until the resignalling project in 1985. The North Junction signal box can now be visited as part of the Crewe Heritage Centre. Although the railway station is virtually synonymous with the town of Crewe, it was not actually incorporated within the borders of the borough of Crewe until the late 1930s, as it lies about 1 mile to the south east of the actual town centre.

With the exception of two new signal boxes and associated greatly improved colour light signalling, track circuiting and electrically operated track points, train operation at Crewe changed little in over fifty years. The trains did become longer and heavier and were hauled by larger engines, which required increased supplies of water to be taken on board before departure, but the number of passenger trains using Crewe Station and the method of operation did not vary greatly despite the passage of two world wars. Trains continued to divide at Crewe with the front portion for Manchester and the rear for Liverpool. The station pilot engine always had a pair of restaurant cars in a bay platform ready to attach to a morning service to London. Always there were extra coaches waiting to be attached to overcrowded trains. In addition to passengers there were vast quantities of mail, parcels and even live animals and birds of all descriptions transported in specially designed transit crates. When necessary the station staff had to feed and water these special passengers, which travelled in copious luggage vans.

British Railways

In 1948 the LMS was nationalised as British Railways, London Midland Region. Nationalisation greatly facilitated the modernisation of British Railways and, after a false start developing new improved steam engines, electrification came, along with diesel power and fixed-formation air-braked trains. These changes had a significant effect on Crewe station. Notably, the variation in station use caused firstly by the electrification in stages of the West Coast Main Line between 1959 and 1974 and secondly by the general end of steam traction on Britain's railways. Following the completion of electrification in 1974, trains did not need to change locomotives at Crewe, except for the London to Chester and Holyhead service. Many locomotive hauled trains were replaced by electric or diesel multiple unit trains, with much faster turn-round times. Additionally, two local branch lines had closed, which resulted in fewer trains terminating at Crewe. However, compensating for the decline of local passenger traffic, the reduction in mail and parcels traffic and the total elimination of livestock carriage, came the great increase in inter-city passenger traffic and the need for even faster, smoother and more efficient handling of passenger trains.

In 1963 the architects to the London Midland Region of British Railways provided a Porte-cochère at the passenger entrance on Nantwich Road. It was constructed of eight laminated wood Hyperbolic paraboloid shells. This was replaced between 1983 and 1985 with the current steel structure.

In 1985 in a £14.3 million scheme, the track layout was modernised and simplified, eliminating many points and crossings and allowing  running over the North Junction. At the same time all but one of the six 1902 extension platforms were taken out of use. Four Class 40 locomotives were reallocated to this work in 1985, and were renumbered as 97405–97408 for the engineering duties.

Present day

In 2007 Network Rail published a proposal to replace the existing Crewe station with a new station located approximately 1 mile to the south. A "Crewe Town" station was also proposed nearer the town centre on the Chester line, with a shuttle service to the new main station. In 2009 the station was identified as one of the ten worst category B interchange stations for mystery shopper assessment of fabric and environment.

The proposal to move the station was abandoned in 2010 and instead the current building was renovated. Cheshire East Council implemented a regeneration master plan for Crewe, which included the station.

In 2011 Cheshire East Council purchased the former Royal Mail depot and Weston House for £2.75 million. The council demolished the two buildings and created a new entrance to the station, as well as a 244 space car park, at a cost of £7 million. The construction work was undertaken by Balfour Beatty. The new entrance has step-free access & connects passengers to the station through an underground walkway. There is a ticket vending machine at this entrance, as well as unmanned ticket barriers.

In August 2016 the station buildings of 1867 were added to the National Heritage List for England as a Grade II listed building.  The structures included in the listing comprise two station buildings on separate platforms, and two screen walls, one to the east and the other to the west of the station.

With seven train companies calling, Crewe is tied with Doncaster for the highest number of companies calling at a UK station.

Accidents and incidents
On 7 November 1980 two freight trains collided at Crewe railway station.

Future

In January 2013, it was announced that the existing Crewe station would be a stop on the western branch of the planned HS2 high-speed rail route.
A new platform will be built on the Manchester independent lines to the west of the station, meaning that services will not have to cross the West Coast Main Line from Manchester Piccadilly or the Marches Line to South Wales.

Following the Crewe Hub consultation, which ran from July to October 2017, it is planned that up to 5 to 7 trains per hour will stop at Crewe; plans for a new service to Manchester via Stafford, Stoke-on-Trent and Macclesfield are also proposed. This will be made possible by extending the existing platform 5 to 400 metres, allowing services to split and serve these additional destinations. It is also planned that a new transfer deck will be built; this will allow passengers to change between the proposed new Manchester independent lines platform and the existing Crewe station.

However on 4 October 2023, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced the cancellation of this Phase 2a of the HS2 development at the Conservative Party Conference.

Schematic layout

Current services
During the day, there are 16 trains passing through every hour (with additional less frequent services). As a summary, in trains per hour (tph):

Avanti West Coast
 2 tph fast to , of which one calls at  and one calls at , with additional calls at peak times
 1 tph to London Euston via  and
 1 tph to , calling at  and
 1 tph to , calling at
 1 tph to , continuing to  or  alternately, and 3 tpd continuing to  instead
 10 tpd to , of which six continue to  and one continues to

London Northwestern Railway
 1 tph to London Euston, calling at all stations (except Polesworth) to  and Milton Keynes Central
 2 tph to Birmingham New Street, of which one goes via
 1 tph to Liverpool Lime Street

Northern
 2 tph to Manchester Piccadilly — one via  and one via

Transport for Wales
 1 tph to Manchester Piccadilly, calling at Wilmslow and Stockport
 1 tph to Chester
 2 tpd to Holyhead and 1 tpd to
 1 tph to , some of which extend to
 1 train per 2 hours to , stopping
 1 tpd to  via the Heart of Wales line

East Midlands Railway
 1 tph to  via  and

Caledonian Sleeper
 1 tpd to //, dividing at
 1 tpd to London Euston, which is set-down only at Crewe, and not for boarding passengers

CrossCountry also operate 1 train per day between Manchester Piccadilly and —most of these trains instead go via .

Platform Use
Platform 1 - Northern Trains stopping services to and from Manchester Piccadilly and occasionally Avanti West Coast northbound services to Manchester Piccadilly and Avanti West Coast southbound services to London Euston.
Platform 2 - Extra capacity.
Platform 3 - East Midlands Railway services to and from Derby.
Platform 4 - West Midlands Trains (London Northwestern) services to and from London Euston.
Platform 5 - Avanti West Coast northbound services to Manchester Piccadilly and southbound to Birmingham New Street and London Euston, West Midlands Trains services to Birmingham New Street, Transport for Wales services to Cardiff, CrossCountry services to Bournemouth and Bristol Temple Meads.
Platform 6 - Transport for Wales services northbound to Manchester Piccadilly and southbound to Cardiff and beyond. Some Avanti West Coast northbound services to Preston and Glasgow Central and southbound to London Euston also use this platform along with a CrossCountry service to Manchester Piccadilly.
Platform 7 - West Midlands Trains (London Northwestern) services to London Euston via Rugeley Trent Valley
Platform 8 - Transport for Wales stopping services to and from Shrewsbury.
Platform 9 - Transport for Wales services to Chester and Holyhead.
Platform 10 - Extra capacity.
Platform 11 - Avanti West Coast northbound services to Blackpool, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Chester and North Wales. West Midlands Trains (London Northwestern) northbound services to Liverpool Lime Street.
Platform 12 - Extra capacity and usually used for railtours.

See also

Listed buildings in Crewe

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Railway stations in Cheshire
DfT Category B stations
Former London and North Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1837
Railway stations served by Caledonian Sleeper
Railway stations served by CrossCountry
Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway
Northern franchise railway stations
Railway stations served by Transport for Wales Rail
Railway stations served by Avanti West Coast
Railway stations served by West Midlands Trains
Buildings and structures in Crewe
John Cunningham railway stations
Grade II listed buildings in Cheshire
Stations on the West Coast Main Line

Crewe railway station


Rami Bar-Niv (; born December 1, 1945 in Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine) is an Israeli pianist, composer, author, and instructor of master classes.

Bar-Niv is a graduate of the Rubin Academy of Music in Tel Aviv, where he studied piano with Karol Klein and composition with Paul Ben-Haim, Alexander Boskovitch, and Ödön Pártos. He won a grant from the America-Israel Cultural Foundation in 1966 to continue his studies at Mannes College of Music in the United States, where he studied with Nadia Reisenberg and with the theorist Carl Schachter. During the summer of 1968, Bar-Niv studied with duo pianists Vronsky & Babin. In 1970, William Gunther asked Rami Bar-Niv to replace him in the First Piano Quartet.

Bar-Niv has performed in concerts worldwide. In 1974, he performed Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 23 with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Paul Paray. He presented a series of violin and piano recitals with Shlomo Mintz in Israel, and has performed extensively with various chamber ensembles in Israel and abroad.

He was the first Israeli musician to perform in Egypt after the 1979 peace treaty with Israel, and in 1989, received the annual "Best Performer Award" from the Israeli government.

Bar-Niv's compositions have been published by the Israel Music Institute, Israel Music Publications, AndreA, and Or-Tav Publication.

In 2012, Bar-Niv published his first book The Art of Piano Fingering – Traditional, Advanced, and Innovative.

Tim Page of the New York Times described Bar-Niv's New York City performance of Shostakovich's first piano concerto as "flamboyant and effective".  He has recorded a number of records for CBS and other labels, both as soloist and as a chamber player. One of them is the only piano recording of the complete "Little Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach".

References

External links

1945 births
Living people
Israeli classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Israeli composers
Israel Prize in music recipients
Jewish classical composers
Male classical composers
Male classical pianists
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century male musicians

Rami Bar-Niv


Cytochromes are haemoproteins (or proteins containing haem groups). They make ATP by electron transport.

They are found either as single (monomeric) proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) or as part of bigger enzyme complexes which catalyze redox reactions.

The haem group does the redox reactions. These include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed. In general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons.

History
Cytochromes were described in 1884 as respiratory pigments. They include (haemoglobin, myoglobin, haemocyanin, haemoerythrin and  chlorocruorin. In the 1920s, Keilin rediscovered these respiratory pigments. He called them the cytochromes, or "cellular pigments", and classified them as haem proteins.

Types
Several kinds of cytochrome exist and can be distinguished by spectroscopy. Three types of cytochrome are distinguished by their prosthetic groups.
In mitochondria and chloroplasts, these cytochromes are often combined in electron transport and related metabolic pathways.

References

Iron compounds
Organometallic chemistry

Cytochrome


Something to Talk About is a 1995 American romantic comedy-drama movie. Julia Roberts plays Grace. Dennis Quaid plays her husband Eddie, who is having an affair with another woman. Robert Duvall plays her father Wyly. Kyra Sedgwick plays Emma. Gena Rowlands plays Georgia.

The movie got mixed reviews from the critics. The title comes from a Bonnie Raitt song of the same name.

1995 comedy-drama movies
1995 romantic comedy movies
1995 romantic drama movies
Adultery in movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Ecuadorian movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies directed by Lasse Hallström
Movies about families
Warner Bros. movies

Something to Talk About (movie)


Sonnet 42 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is a part of the Fair Youth section of the sonnets addressed to an unnamed young man.

Paraphrase
It is not my main ground of complaint that you have her, even though I loved her dearly; that she has you is my chief regret, a loss that touches me more closely. Loving offenders, I excuse you both thus: you love her, because you know I love her; similarly, she abuses me for my sake, in allowing my friend to have her. If I lose you, my loss is a gain to my love; and losing her, my friend picks up that loss. Both find each other, I lose both, and both lay this cross on me for my sake. But there is one consolation in this thought: my friend and I are one; therefore she loves me alone.

Structure
Sonnet 42 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet. This type of sonnet consists of three quatrains followed by a final rhyming couplet. It follows the form's typical rhyme scheme, ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, and is written in a type of poetic metre called iambic pentameter based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. Line 10 exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter:

×    / ×    /    ×   /     ×    /      ×   /
And losing her, my friend hath found that loss; (42.10)

The first three lines may be scanned:

  ×    /   ×    /  ×  ×   /  /    ×   /
That thou hast her it is not all my grief,

×    /  ×   /   ×  /   ×  /     ×   /  (×)
And yet it may be said I loved her dearly;

  ×    /  ×     /  ×  /   ×  /  ×     /
That she hath thee is of my wailing chief, (42.1-3)
/ = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus. (×) = extrametrical syllable.

In the first and third lines, Shakespeare emphasizes pronouns by putting them in metrically strong positions, encouraging the reader to place contrastive accent on them, thereby emphasizing the antithetical relationships plaguing the Speaker. This technique is common in the Sonnets, and continues through this sonnet. The second line has a final extrametrical syllable or feminine ending (one of six in this sonnet).

Analyses and criticism
Some of the sonnets discuss a love triangle between the speaker, his mistress and a young man. In sonnet 42, this young man is presented as the speaker's 'friend'. The primary objective of this sonnet is to define the speaker's role in the complex relationship between the youth and the mistress.

Sonnet 42 is the final set of three sonnets known as the betrayal sonnets (40, 41, 42)  that address the fair youth's transgression against the poet: stealing his mistress. This offense was referred to in Sonnets 33–35, most obviously in Sonnet 35, in which the fair youth is called a "sweet thief." This same imagery is used again in Sonnet 40, when the speaker says, "I do forgive thy robbery, gentle thief." Sonnet 41 implies that it is easy for the speaker to forgive the fair youth his betrayal, since it is the mistress that "woos," tempted by the fair youth's beauty just as the speaker admires it.  This affair is discussed later in sonnet 144-a poem which further suggests that the young man and the dark lady are lovers; "…my female evil tempteth my better angel from my side".

In Helen Vendler's The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets, it is noted — "By inserting himself somehow as cause or agent of the relation between the young man and the mistress, the speaker preserves a connection with the young man which [...] is the overriding motive of this poem". The idea that the fair youth and the poet are "one" is common in the sonnets; for example, it was also asserted in Sonnets 36, 39, and 40. A closer look at Sonnet 36 illustrates this point further, "In our two loves there is but one respect".  A possible reason the speaker emphasizes the oneness between himself and the youth is to align himself with the youth as opposed to his mistress.

Sonnet 42 uses feminine rhymes at the end of the lines: especially in the second quatrain as a poetic device, similar to sonnet 40. "The poem is essentially a sad one…it's sadness heightened by the feminine endings, six in all [out of seven]". Many critics seem to agree with this reading of the feminine endings, and note that additionally, the author uses two words to imply the emotionality tied up in his sonnet. The word "loss" is repeated throughout this poem, appearing six times. The repetition of this word emphasizes how strongly the speaker feels that he has been deprived of the two most important relationships in his life: the fair youth and the mistress. The word "loss" is balanced by the word "love," which also appears six times. They appear together in line 4, "A loss in love that touches me more nearly," referring to the poet's loss of the fair youth to his former mistress. Again in line 9, the two words are woven into the same line, "If I lose thee, my loss is my love's gain." These perfectly balanced words emphasize the main point of the sonnet as being about loss of love.

The use of the term "loving offenders" in line 5 can have two meanings: that the offenders (the fair youth and the mistress) are in love; but it can also mean that they seem to enjoy their offense. This line, along with line 12, "And both for my sake lay on me this cross," hearken back to Sonnet 34, in which the speaker declares, "The offender's sorrow lends but weak relief / To him that bears the strong offence's cross." The biblical allusion of the cross ties the poet himself to Jesus in his suffering so that others might be happy, relieved of their sins. Hammond writes that he feels the author was projecting himself as a martyr, a Christ like figure bearing the cross. Hammond reads line 5, "loving offenders" to mean equally as a vocative or self description; saying, 'it is my nature to love those who offend against me'.  It appears that most critics agree that the author himself is accepting the 'cross' in this poem.

The exaltation "Sweet flattery!" at the end of the sonnet indicates sarcasm, since "flattery" usually indicates dishonest beauty. The speaker makes the argument that since he and the youth are one, they must then share the same woman. Because the mistress and the youth are having an affair, the speaker comes to the logical conclusion that he and the youth are that much closer. Atkins illustrates this, "…we are meant to understand…that the flattery exists nowhere outside the poet's imagination".

Notes

References
 Rowse, A.L. Shakespeare's Sonnets, the Problems Solved. pp. 86–87 2nd Ed. Harper Row Publishers. New York, New York. 1965.
 Hammond, Gerald. The Reader and Shakespeare's Young Man Sonnets. Pgs 58–69. Barnes and Noble Books. New Jersey 1981.
 Shakespeare, William. Sonnet 42. The Norton Shakespeare. Edited by Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997.

External links
Analysis

British poems
Sonnets by William Shakespeare

Sonnet 42


Bodrum is a tourist resort in Turkey. It is in Muğla Province, along the Aegean Sea. Thousands of tourists come every year for sun and beach tourism. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Famous singer Zeki Müren died in Bodrum. Herodotus, an Ancient Greek Historian, lived in Bodrum. Turgut Reis was a Bodrumer who was an Ottoman admiral.

Further reading
Bodream, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme Ed., 2010, ()

Cities in Muğla Province

Bodrum


Phillip James Elliot (October 8, 1927 – January 8, 1956) was a Christian missionary to Ecuador, where he was killed by Huaorani Indians.

Quotes
"He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain what he cannot lose." (an entry in Jim Elliot's journal)

"Wherever you are, be all there. Live to the hilt every situation you believe to be the will of God."

Jim Elliot


Treklyano (, ; also transliterated Trekljano or Trekliano) is a village in southwestern Bulgaria, part of Kyustendil Province. It is the administrative centre of Treklyano Municipality, which lies in the northwestern part of Kyustendil Province. The village is located in the Kraishte area, very close to the Serbian border and not far from the North Macedonia border. It is situated 40 kilometres north of the provincial capital of Kyustendil, 39 kilometres south of Tran and 100 kilometres west of the capital Sofia.

Treklyano lies in an isolated valley at the foot of the 1,733-metre Milevets peak in the border mountain of Milevska Planina. The Treklyano River, which runs through the village, flows into the Struma River at Zemen. The first reference to the village is in an early 15th-century Bulgarian text: ѠТ СЄЛО ТРИКЛИНО. It was also mentioned in Ottoman tax registers of 1570-1572 as Predoshnitsa or Preglino and a few years later, in 1576–1577, it was listed as Terklyane. According to popular etymology, the old village name was Tri Klena ("Three maple trees"), as there was an area near the village where three maple trees were located. Linguists suggest a derivation from *traklo, itself from trak ("tie, belt") or from Greek τρί-κλινος, "three-bedded", referring to stream beds. There is an area near the village where two rivers merge to make up a third one, i.e. forming three beds.

During the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria, the village has been abandoned and reestablished several times. There was an influx of settlers during the First Serbian Uprising of 1804, the Second Serbian Uprising of 1815-1817 and after the newly liberated Principality of Serbia included some then-Bulgarian-populated areas in 1831–1833.

The first school in the village was a monastery school founded in 1853, while a secular school was opened 10 years later. A new Bulgarian Orthodox church dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos was built in 1860 at the place of an older church. After the Liberation of Bulgaria, Treklyano grew rapidly: at its peak it had up to 800 houses and a population of around 4,000. A community centre (chitalishte) was established in 1901.

Municipality
Treklyano municipality includes the following 19 places:

In the municipality, 1,111 people were registered in 2007, in the town there was 370 people.

Honour
Treklyano Island off Robert Island, South Shetland Islands is named after Treklyano.

References

Villages in Kyustendil Province

Treklyano


Rafi Pitts (, born 1967) is an Iranian film director.

Life and career
Pitts was born in Mashad, Iran. Rafi spent his childhood in Tehran, where he lived in a basement flat underneath a post-production studio. He came to England (his father is English) in 1981 during the Iran Iraq war.  He graduated in 1991 from the Polytechnic of Central London with a BA (Hons) degree in Film and Photography.  His first short film, In Exile (1991) was presented the same year at the London International Film Festival. In the 90's Pitts moved to Paris and worked on films by Leos Carax, Jacques Doillon and Jean-Luc Godard.

Educated in France and England, Rafi Pitts belongs to the new wave of Iranian cinema, which received numerous prestigious prizes in the international festival circuit.

In 1996 he had the opportunity to film in Iran and he was the first film director (in exile) to do so since the Revolution in 1979. His first feature Season Five (1997) was the first Franco-Iranian coproduction since the Revolution.

In 2006, he was nominated for Golden Bear award of Berlin Film Festival for his film, It's Winter. His 2010 film The Hunter was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival.
His 2016 Film Soy Nero won the best film award at the 12th Bucharest International Film festival, in April 2016

Representative awards and honors
 Golden Bear, nominated, Berlin Film Festival, 2006.
 Grand Prix, Paris Film Festival, 2001.
 Golden Moon of Valencia, Cinema Jove - Valencia International Film Festival, 2001.
 Golden Wheel, Vesoul Asian Film Festival- France, 2001.
 OCIC Grand Prix, Amiens International Film Festival, 1997.
 Special Jury Prize, Mannheim-Heidelberg International Filmfestival, 1997 & 2000.

Filmography
 2016 Soy Nero
 2011 60 Seconds of Solitude in Year Zero
 2010 The Hunter (Shekarchi)
 2006 It's Winter (Zemestan)
 2003 Abel Ferrara: Not Guilty (documentary from the series "Cinema de Notre Temps)
 2000 Sanam
 1997 Season Five (Fasl-e-Panjom)
 2023 Eureka

References

1967 births
Alumni of the University of Westminster
Iranian film directors
Living people
People from Mashhad
Persian-language film directors
Iranian people of English descent

Rafi Pitts


MAD TV (also known as MAD) is a Greek television network that broadcasts music related programming including video clips, music news, and interviews as well as concert footage. It was the first music station in Greece, launched on June 6, 1996, and is run by Andreas Kouris.

History
In May 2000, MAD TV launched the first Greek music portal, which provides its users with the most up to date worldwide music information along with brand new Internet services.

MAD TV also offers a wide range of Retail and B2B services to the public: Go MAD (interactive service) and MAD Music (5 music-interactive audio channels) available on Nova (DTH satellite platform in Greece), MAD Shop (online CD shop) through their website, Nova and i-mode mobile telephony, MAD Scanner (mobile service for acoustic fingerprint) through Vodafone Greece, Real-time video streaming of MAD TV's program for 2G and 3G mobile phones, mobile content (ring-tones, logos and MMS) to all the top mobile telephony companies in Greece, music content to internet sites and portals (news, events, artists' CVs, charts, photos and wallpapers, audio and video streaming, polyphonic audio ring-tones, etc.), and many more.

Since June 26, 2004, MAD TV organizes each year the MAD Video Music Awards, a unique Greek music production and awards ceremony, which allows the public to vote for their favorite artists and video clip. On May 26 and 27 of 2005, MAD TV held the 1st conference for the music industry in Greece, Athens Music Forum, which focuses on bringing together representatives from all professional fields that are directly and indirectly related to the music industry. MAD also organizes Secret Concerts, a series of famous artist's live appearances in front of a small audience in a private and secret place, which gives the opportunity to artists to present a special performance with a different repertoire.

From 2013-2015, MAD produced the Greek selection to the Eurovision Song Contest, called Eurosong – A MAD Show.

MAD TV's target group ranges from 15 to 24 years old. 90% of its daily program includes all the latest pop, electronic, rock, hip hop, rhythm and blues releases and 30 live shows per week. All shows deal with different subjects, ranging from worldwide music news, artist news, Internet, video games, cinema, clubbing, concerts, interviews and documentaries, concerning the majority of the Greek and International artist community.

Programs
OK!
Loca Report
Cooler Lists
Insta News
30 Best Videos
All Hits Non-Stop
All New Mixer
Breakfast
Mixer
Zone M

MAD World and Blue
In December 2005, MAD established, in cooperation with UBI World TV, the first international Greek music channel MAD World which targets Greeks abroad. MAD World is on air 24 hours a day, broadcasting all genres of Greek Music with special daily shows, rockumentaries dedicated to famous Greek artists, and special shows that keep the audience informed about the events that take place in Greece. In July 2006, MAD partnered up with ANT1 to launch Blue, a channel similar to MAD World but available only to audiences in North America. The channel was available with select international packages from satellite providers Dish Network in North America. However, Blue was not available from any North American cable television providers.

MADWalk - The Fashion Music Project
MadWalk is a project by MAD TV that Famous and newcomers Greek fashion designers coexist with the greatest Greek performers in a unique event that combines dynamic Live Performances with subversive Fashion Shows.

Mistresses of the first Fashion Music Project, in 2011, was the fashion icons Vicky Kaya and Tamta. For the second year, Mad TV decided that the MAD presenter Mairi Synatsaki would be ideal for the Fashion Music Project, so Vicky Kaya and herself presented the event together for the two following years (2012-2013). In 2014, Mairi Synatsaki was the hostess for the show by herself.

See also
MAD TV Cyprus
MAD Greekz
MAD World
Music of Greece

External links
Official Site

Television channels in Greece
Music television channels
Greek-language television stations
Television channels and stations established in 1996
MAD TV (Greece)
Music organizations based in Greece

MAD TV (TV channel)


In statistics, a random effects model, also called a variance components model, is a statistical model where the model parameters are random variables. It is a kind of hierarchical linear model, which assumes that the data being analysed are drawn from a hierarchy of different populations whose differences relate to that hierarchy. A random effects model is a special case of a mixed model.

Contrast this to the biostatistics definitions, as biostatisticians use "fixed" and "random" effects to respectively refer to the population-average and subject-specific effects (and where the latter are generally assumed to be unknown, latent variables).

Qualitative description
Random effect models assist in controlling for unobserved heterogeneity when the heterogeneity is constant over time and not correlated with independent variables. This constant can be removed from longitudinal data through differencing, since taking a first difference will remove any time invariant components of the model.

Two common assumptions can be made about the individual specific effect: the random effects assumption and the fixed effects assumption. The random effects assumption is that the individual unobserved heterogeneity is uncorrelated with the independent variables. The fixed effect assumption is that the individual specific effect is correlated with the independent variables.

If the random effects assumption holds, the random effects estimator is more efficient than the fixed effects model.

Simple example
Suppose m large elementary schools are chosen randomly from among thousands in a large country. Suppose also that n pupils of the same age are chosen randomly at each selected school. Their scores on a standard aptitude test are ascertained. Let Yij be the score of the jth pupil at the ith school. A simple way to model this variable is

where μ is the average test score for the entire population. In this model Ui is the school-specific random effect: it measures the difference between the average score at school i and the average score in the entire country. The term Wij is the individual-specific random effect, i.e., it's the deviation of the j-th pupil's score from the average for the i-th school.

The model can be augmented by including additional explanatory variables, which would capture differences in scores among different groups. For example:

where Sexij is the dummy variable for boys/girls and ParentsEducij records, say, the average education level of a child's parents. This is a mixed model, not a purely random effects model, as it introduces fixed-effects terms for Sex and Parents' Education.

Variance components
The variance of Yij is the sum of the variances τ2 and σ2 of Ui and Wij respectively.

Let

be the average, not of all scores at the ith school, but of those at the ith school that are included in the random sample.  Let

be the grand average.

Let

be respectively the sum of squares due to differences within groups and the sum of squares due to difference between groups.  Then it can be shown  that

and

These "expected mean squares" can be used as the basis for estimation of the "variance components" σ2 and τ2.

The σ2 parameter is also called the intraclass correlation coefficient.

Applications
Random effects models used in practice include the Bühlmann model of insurance contracts and the Fay-Herriot model used for small area estimation.

See also
Bühlmann model
Hierarchical linear modeling
Fixed effects
MINQUE
Covariance estimation
Conditional variance

Further reading

References

External links
Fixed and random effects models
How to Conduct a Meta-Analysis: Fixed and Random Effect Models

Regression models
Analysis of variance

Random effects model


Anthropological criminology (sometimes referred to as criminal anthropology, literally a combination of the study of the human species and the study of criminals) is a field of offender profiling, based on perceived links between the nature of a crime and the personality or physical appearance of the offender. Although similar to physiognomy and phrenology, the term "criminal anthropology" is generally reserved for the works of the Italian school of criminology of the late 19th century (Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Raffaele Garofalo and Lorenzo Tenchini). Lombroso thought that criminals were born with detectable inferior physiological differences. He popularized the notion of "born criminal" and thought that criminality was a case of atavism or hereditary disposition. His central idea was to locate crime completely within the individual and divorce it from surrounding social conditions and structures. A founder of the Positivist school of criminology, Lombroso opposed the social positivism developed by the Chicago school and environmental criminology.

History

Italian school

Mugshot and fingerprinting

On the other hand, Alphonse Bertillon (1853–1914) created a mugshot identification system for criminals prior to the invention of fingerprinting. Hans Gross (1847–1915), leading worker in the field of criminology was also involved in the development of the theory.<ref name="here">Anthropological Criminology, North Carolina Wesleyan College, retrieved from here on March 10, 2007 </ref>

 Social Darwinism
The theory of anthropological criminology was influenced heavily by the ideas of Charles Darwin (1809–1882). However, the influences came mainly from philosophy derived from Darwin's theory of evolution, specifically that some species were morally superior to others. This idea was in fact spawned by social Darwinism but nevertheless formed a critical part of anthropological criminology. The work of Cesare Lombroso was continued by social Darwinists in the United States between 1881 and 1911.

Theory
In the 19th century, Cesare Lombroso and his followers performed autopsies on criminals and declared that they had discovered similarities between the physiologies of the bodies and those of "primitive humans" such as monkeys and apes. Most of these similarities involved receding foreheads, height, head shape, and size; Lombroso postulated the theory of the born criminal based on these physical characteristics. Moreover, he also declared that the female offender was worse than the male, as they had distinct masculine characteristics.

Lombroso outlined 14 physiognomic characteristics which he and his followers believed to be common in all criminals, some of which were (but are not limited to): unusually short or tall height; small head, but large face; fleshy lips, but thin upper lip; protuberances (bumps) on head, in back of head and around ear; wrinkles on forehead and face; large sinus cavities or bumpy face; tattoos on body; receding hairline; bumps on head, particularly above left ear; large incisors; bushy eyebrows, tending to meet across nose; large eye sockets, but deep-set eyes; beaked or flat nose; strong jaw line; small and sloping forehead; small or weak chin; thin neck; sloping shoulders, but large chest; large, protruding ears; long arms; high cheek bones; pointy or snubbed fingers or toes.

Lombroso published several works regarding his work, L'Uomo Delinquente, L'Homme Criminel (The Criminal Man), The Female Offender (original titled Criminal Woman, the Prostitute, and the Normal Woman) and Criminal Man, According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso.

Rejection

During Lombroso's life, British scientist Charles Buckman Goring (1870–1919) was also working in the same area, and concluded that there were no noticeable physiological differences between law-abiding people and criminals. Maurice Parmelee, seen as the founder of modern criminology in America, also began to reject the theory of anthropological criminology in 1911, which led to its eventual withdrawal from the field of accepted criminological research. (Source?)

Modern times

Despite general rejection of Lombroso's theories, anthropological criminology still finds a place of sort in modern criminal profiling. Historically (particularly in the 1930s) criminal anthropology had been associated somewhat with eugenics as the idea of a physiological flaw in the human race was often associated with plans to remove such flaws. This was found particularly in America, with the American Eugenics Movement between 1907 and 1939, and the Anti-miscegenation laws, and also in Germany during the Third Reich where 250,000 mentally disabled Germans were killed.

Criminal anthropology, and the closely related study of Physiognomy, have also found their way into studies of social psychology and forensic psychology. Studies into the nature of twins also combines aspects of criminal anthropology, as some studies reveal that identical twins share a likelihood of criminal activities more so than non-identical twins. Lombroso's theories are also found in studies of Galvanic skin response and XYY chromosome syndrome.

See also

 Biosocial criminology
 Criminal psychology
 Criminology
 Pathognomy
 Personology
 Phrenology
 Physiognomy
 Racial bias in criminal news
 Scientific racism

References

Bibliography

 Garbarino, M. Sociocultural Theory in Anthropology'', (1977).
 Black, E. War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, (2003).

Anthropology
Criminology

Anthropological criminology


Bionicle (also known as Bionicle: The Game) is a 2003 platform video game developed by Argonaut Games and published by Electronic Arts and Lego Interactive for GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows. A port was released for Mac OS X, and a version was also developed for the Game Boy Advance. In the home console version, the player controls the Toa, elementally-powered warriors, as they traverse through levels; some levels are 3D platformers, while others utilize mechanics like snowboarding or lava surfing. The game's story, which takes creative liberties with the official Bionicle story, follows the Toa as they defend the island of Mata Nui from the return of the evil Makuta and his minions.

Bionicle received mixed to negative reviews from critics, who disliked its short length and camera angles. Some gameplay elements, like the elemental absorption mechanic, were viewed more favorably. Bionicle sold poorly upon its release, resulting in Argonaut not receiving any licensing royalties; the company would dissolve in August 2006. A tech demo for a sequel, tentatively titled Bionicle: City of Legends, was leaked online in 2012.

Gameplay and plot

Bionicle is a 3D platform game. The game's levels vary between normal platforming levels and levels that use mechanics like snowboarding or lava surfing. Lightstones are scattered throughout each level, and collecting them unlocks bonus content. Captive Matoran characters are located in some levels, and finding them is necessary to solve puzzles. Each Toa character can attack using elemental energy; the attacks automatically target enemies. By timing attacks correctly, the player can launch a multi-bolt attack. Elemental energy depletes after each use. In order to replenish their supply, the player can shield and absorb attacks from enemies or draw in energy directly from the environment. When drawing from the environment, the player is vulnerable to attack. Elemental energy can also be resupplied by finding masks – called Kanohi – of elemental energy.

Bionicle is set on the fictional island of Mata Nui, which is divided into six elementally-themed regions, or Wahi: the aquatic region of Ga-Wahi, the jungle region of Le-Wahi, the icy and mountainous region of Ko-Wahi, the subterranean region of Onu-Wahi, the desert region of Po-Wahi, and the volcanic region of Ta-Wahi. Each of the regions contains a village, known as a koro, and each koro is led by a Turaga, the village elder. A great temple, Kini-Nui, lies near the center of the island. Each village is protected by a Toa, a warrior with elemental powers. According to Bionicle story team member Greg Farshtey, the game took creative liberties with the official Bionicle story, although some aspects, like the Kanohi of elemental energy, were later adopted into the official lore. All six Toa are playable in the game – some as normal Toa, and others as upgraded Toa Nuva – as well as the new seventh Toa, Takanuva, the Toa of light. The story follows the Toa as they defend Mata Nui against the return of Makuta – the spirit of darkness – and his minions, culminating with a battle between Takanuva and Makuta.

The Game Boy Advance version of Bionicle, an isometric platformer, adopts a different gameplay structure. In an interview with Bionicle fan site BZPower, the game developers noted it told the same story and offered a greater variety of playable characters but lacked the variety of the other versions. All six regions are in the game, and all six Toa are playable characters, along with Takanuva.

Development and release
In an interview with Bionicle fan site BZPower, the game's producers said that development on the home console version of Bionicle began in October 2001. Argonaut Games and Electronic Arts were brought onboard in late 2001 and early 2002, respectively. The Game Boy Advance version was developed by a separate team, Möbius Entertainment, and published by THQ; it began development in 2003, and the first screenshots were shown that June.

For the console and computer versions of the game, the developers could not get access to the voice actors for Bionicle: Mask of Light, they instead chose "sound-alike" actors for the game's cutscenes. Sarah Marshall, the marketing manager of Bionicle, said that they did not want the game to feature "hack and slash" combat, because Bionicle is about being a "bit smarter than that", so the decision was made to rely entirely on elementally-powered combat instead.

The game was officially announced in March 2003. A total of 13 playable Toa (all six Toa and Toa Nuva, as well as Takanuva) were said to be available. According to Brad Shoemaker of GameSpot, players would help the Toa "evolve" into the Toa Nuva and discover the "seventh and final Toa". The game was previewed at E3 2003; early trailers, including the E3 trailer, showcased a level featuring Lewa – one of the Toa – that was ultimately absent from the game. Bionicle was showcased that July at EA's "Camp EA" event; IGN praised this version's gameplay as "fast and furious" and said that "the level of detail and care put into Bionicle was really surprising, and it gives the impression that LEGO Interactive is committed to delivering a quality kid friendly title". They also noted that each level required collecting a certain number of lightstones to complete and cited the game as being an "eight to ten hour adventure".

The Game Boy Advance version of Bionicle was released on September 10, 2003. The home console version of Bionicle was released in the following month on October 20. A PC version was released on October 28, featuring additional lighting effects the console versions did not have. A version for Mac OS X, ported by Zonic and published by Feral Interactive, was released via Feral Interactive's online store on January 22, 2005. In 2009, Feral included Bionicle's OS X port in its Family Fun Pack 3 collection.

Reception

Critical

According to review aggregator Metacritic, the PC and PS2 versions of Bionicle received "mixed to average" reviews from critics while the GameCube and Xbox versions received "generally unfavorable reviews". The game's extremely short length was sharply criticized, as were its camera controls. The elemental absorption mechanic was received favorably, although some felt it was ultimately underutilized. Critics felt the game might be appropriate for Bionicle fans or young gamers.

IGN reviewer Mary Jane Irwin said that Bionicle could "hardly be called a game". She sharply criticized the "horrid" camera system, "hodgepodge" of gameplay styles, "thin" storyline, and short length. Brett Todd of GameSpot said that "all the wonder of the Bionicle universe has been bled dry by a vapid design and an atrocious camera system" and questioned whether even kids could remain engaged throughout the game's short length; he noted the game could be completed in less time than it takes to watch Bionicle: Mask of Light. PC Gamer likewise criticized camera angles "which shift at inopportune times" and the game's controls, calling it "a terribly frustrating experience". Nintendo Power praised variety of playable characters in the Game Boy Advance version as "a welcome addition to the genre" but stated there was "little else" upon which to recommend the game.

Byron Wilkinson of Cube claimed that readers would "have more fun buying a bucket of Lego and building a toilet" than they would playing Bionicle and called it a "sad" indictment of the video game industry's treatment of licensed properties. Frank O'Connor of Official Xbox Magazine unfavorably compared Bionicle to a PlayStation title, citing the "blocky textures", "primitive camera angles", and "garish color palette". He also criticized the auto-target ability and felt the game would be only appropriate for only "serious Bionicle fans", as it "follows the bizarrely melodramatic plot to a tee". Macworld pointed to lack of challenge for experienced players, short length, "absolutely wretched" camera controls, and higher price point than the console version as reasons why the OS X version is "one to avoid" except for "a Bionicle fan... who hasn't already played this on a console", instead recommending Rayman 3.

Some critics viewed Bionicle more favorably. Adam Biessener of Game Informer called it "quite solid" and said it lacked any "glaring problems". However, he felt it was too generic to be a "competitive effort" and would be safe to skip for anyone other than "kids with an affection for Legos that borders on obsession". Xbox Nation reviewer Paul Theobald felt the game had "plenty of promise" and praised the game energy absorption mechanic as a "welcome element of complexity", but criticized its "extremely short length" and generic level design. While GameZone reviewer The Whiz was critical of the short length and camera, he praised Bionicle for its mission variety, boss battles, and environments as well as its difficulty and felt it would appeal to "both beginners and veterans to the platformer series". Reviewing the GameCube version, Nintendo Power called the difficulty too high for novices but recommended the game for "experienced platformer fans" who would "enjoy the challenge". MacAddict called the OS X version "impressive" and "enjoyable—if not engrossing—from beginning to end", praising the game's graphics, sound, map design, and game modes, as well as criticizing the storyline as "enjoyable" but cliché, the camera as "adequate but not intuitive", and the default control setup as "awkward".

Commercial
Bionicle (along with Argonaut's other Christmas titles SWAT: Global Strike Team and I-Ninja) reportedly sold poorly and failed to generate any licensing royalties for the studio. The company was placed into administration in October 2004, and all of its employees were laid off one month later. Argonaut Games was officially dissolved on August 12, 2006. Footage of a tech demo for a planned sequel to Bionicle, titled Bionicle: City of Legends, was later leaked online and builds of the demo purported to date from December 2003 to January 2004 were later leaked to the BioMediaProject, a fan website that preserves Bionicle-related content.

References

External links
 BIONICLESector01 Wiki page

2003 video games
3D platform games
Action-adventure games
Argonaut Games games
Bionicle video games
Feral Interactive games
Game Boy Advance games
GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set on fictional islands
Windows games
Xbox games
Zonic games

Bionicle (video game)


Paul E. Watson (died September 18, 1943) was a pioneer researcher in the development of radar. Born in Bangor, Maine, Watson was a civilian engineer employed by the U.S. Army Signal Corps from the late 1920s.  In 1936, he was named Chief Engineer of a Signal Corps research group at Camp Evans in Fort Monmouth, New Jersey tasked with developing a workable long-range radar for coast defense.  By 1937 Watson's team had developed a proto-type "Search Light Control Radar" (SCR-270) apparatus and successfully demonstrated it to the Secretary of War at Fort Monmouth.  Watson's team then became the "Radio Position Finding Section", and worked with the Westinghouse Corporation over the following year to develop an Early Warning Radar, which was successfully deployed at Highlands, New Jersey in August, 1938, and was capable of detecting incoming bombers at a range of 78 miles.  A second system was deployed in Meriden, Connecticut in June, 1939, with an operational range of 138 miles.

Watson's prototypes were adopted by the Army in 1940 and Westinghouse delivered 112 sets prior to the American entry into World War II.  This was the first radar system to be deployed by the United States military.  Six of these sets were made operational in Hawaii by December 1941, and one, at Opana Point, detected the incoming Japanese air assault on Pearl Harbor on the morning of December 7.

Watson was made a U.S. Army major with the outbreak of the war in 1941, and had risen to the rank of colonel by his death of a cerebral hemorrhage on September 18, 1943, at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey.  His laboratory at Camp Evans was named "Watson Laboratories" after his death, and continued to be the chief Army electronics lab until absorbed by the new U.S. Air Force into the current Rome Laboratory.

Ironically, in the 1990s the U.S. Air Force would control the world's most powerful radar, designed to cover the entire Atlantic Ocean from Europe to Africa, from a headquarters in Watson's home town of Bangor, Maine.

Notes

Year of birth missing
1943 deaths
People from Bangor, Maine
American inventors
American electrical engineers
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army colonels

Paul E. Watson


Gabriel Cusson (2 April 1903, Roxton Pond, Quebec - 18 Apr 1972, Montreal) was a Canadian composer and music educator. As a composer, his music was heavily influenced by the style of early 20th-century French composers. Most of his work remains unpublished, although a few of his compositions have been recorded including his Sérénade for orchestra and one of his suites by the Orchestre Métropolitain. The Canadian publishing company La Bonne Chanson has printed a number of his folksong arrangements. His other unpublished works include several motets, the cantata À la gloire de Jeanne Mance (1942), and incidental music for Antigone and the biblical dramas Jonathas and Tobie.

Training
Cusson was trained at the Institut Nazareth, a music conservatory in Montreal that awarded degrees through the University of Montreal. While there he studied the cello with Gustave Labelle, singing with Alfred Lamoureux, piano and organ with Arthur Letondal, and music theory with both Achille Fortier and Romain Pelletier. He graduated from the school in 1924 with a Bachelor of Music and that same year won the Prix d'Europe for cello performance. That competition win enabled him to study at the École Normale de Musique de Paris in France from 1924 to 1930 with such teachers as Diran Alexanian (cello), Nadia Boulanger (composition), and Charles Panzéra (voice).

Career
In 1931 Cusson returned to Montreal and became active as both a composer and teacher in that city. As a teacher he first worked as a private tutor in counterpoint, with Jean Papineau-Couture being one of his notable students during the 1930s. In 1943 he joined the music faculty of the newly established Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal (CMQM) at the invitation of Wilfrid Pelletier. He taught at the CMQM through 1971, where his notable students included Gaston Arel, Raymond Daveluy, Kenneth Gilbert, Bernard Lagacé, Aline Letendre, Lucienne L'Heureux-Arel, and Michel Perrault. A recital hall at the conservatoire bears his name. He also served as the president of the Académie de musique du Québec from 1952 to 1953 and again from 1956 to 1959.

Cusson also published works on the teaching of music, including Quelques souvenirs des années and 30 et sur un sujet bien actuel (Vie musicale, December 1970). He also wrote four volumes of ear training music methods and exercises which remain unpublished. Manuscripts of these works and several of his unpublished scores are currently part of the collection at the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.

References

1903 births
1972 deaths
Canadian male composers
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal
École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni
Canadian music educators
Université de Montréal alumni
20th-century Canadian composers
20th-century Canadian male musicians

Gabriel Cusson


Dovid Bornsztain (1876 – 17 November 1942), also spelled Borenstein, Bornstein and Bernstein, known as the Chasdei Dovid, was the third Rebbe of the Sochatchov Hasidic dynasty. He succeeded his father, Rabbi Shmuel Bornsztain, as Rebbe upon the latter's death in 1926.

Early life
Bornsztain was born in the Hebrew month of Elul 5636 in Nasielsk, Poland. He was the eldest son of Rabbi Shmuel Bornsztain (the Shem MiShmuel) and his wife Yuta Leah. He had a younger brother, Chanoch Henoch, and at least one sister. At the time of his birth, his grandfather, Rabbi Avrohom Bornsztain, later known as the Avnei Nezer, was serving as Rav of Nasielsk. In 1883, when the Avnei Nezer moved to the city of Sochatchov to serve as that city's Rav, his son Rabbi Shmuel and his family accompanied him and lived in a separate house in the same town.

Young Dovid was taught privately by Rabbi Yitzchak Shlomo Lieberman of Ozorkow, but his primary teacher during his childhood was his grandfather, the Avnei Nezer. From him he learned both the revealed and hidden Torah, along with the Avnei Nezer's unique methodology for understanding the commentary of the Jewish sages, which formed the Hasidut of Sochatchov. Later he learned in his grandfather's yeshiva with students who were much older than he.

In 1891 Bornsztain was engaged to Rachel, the daughter of Rabbi Chaim Yisrael Morgenstern, the Pilover Rebbe. Rachel died that same year, before the wedding took place. Two years later, Bornsztain married Esther Weingut, the daughter of Rabbi Mottel Weingut, a Ger Hasid from Wola Zadybska. Although the custom was for married men to live in or near the home of their father-in-law, Bornstzain and his wife lived in his grandfather's house, where he continued to learn from him.

Entering the rabbinate
Around 1906, (some date this event as late as 1910, after the death of the Avnei Nezer), Bornsztain accepted the rabbinate of Vishgorod. During his time in Vishgorod, he established a yeshiva patterned after the learning style of Sochatchover Hasidut, where hundreds of young men studied.

With the outbreak of World War I, Bornsztain was forced to move to Łódź. At war's end, he decided not to return to Vishgorod, but accepted the rabbinate of Tomaszów Mazowiecki. He was rabbi in Tomaszów in years 1918-1926. Upon his father's death in January 1926, Bornsztain was appointed third Sochatchover Rebbe by his father's Hasidim. This appointment occurred during the funeral itself on 24 Tevet 5686 (1926).

Third Sochatchover Rebbe
The new Rebbe established his court in Pabianice, near Łódź. He also founded a network of yeshivas under the name Beis Avraham (the name of the Avnei Nezer) in Łódź, Warsaw, and other Polish cities. In addition to his duties as Rebbe and rosh yeshiva, he was an active member of Agudath Israel and the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah. He became known as one of the generation's leading Rebbes.

He often spoke of the idea of settling the Land of Israel and encouraged his Hasidim to emigrate there. He was quoted as saying that he himself would have emigrated there, were it not for the thousands of Hasidim in Poland who depended on his leadership. He himself visited Palestine in 1924 and 1925. On his first trip, which he took with his brother Chanoch Henoch, he put a down payment on a plot of land south of Ramle with the intention of starting a Hasidic settlement. When he returned to Poland to raise the rest of the money, his plan was thwarted by an economic depression that hit Poland shortly after his return. He eventually lost his rights to the land, as well as the money he had invested in it.

World War II
On Rosh Hashana 1939 the Nazis invaded Łódź — then home to the second-largest Jewish community in Europe — and proceeded to snatch men off the streets for forced labor. They found the Rebbe in his home and beat him, cutting off some of his beard. Then they forced him to clean the streets. After this episode, his Hasidim obtained forged documents for him and smuggled him into the Warsaw Ghetto, where he lived incognito. However, his home became a center for Torah study and gatherings of rabbis and activists, and he continued to conduct his tish every Shabbat. He also supervised the education of several hundred Sochatchover yeshiva students in the ghetto and provided solace and encouragement to many.

Before Rosh Hashanah 1940, the Rebbe sent out a letter encouraging his Hasidim and inspiring them to repentance. He was also the first to warn the residents of the ghetto that their lives were in danger. He convened a meeting of rabbis in Tammuz (summer) 1942 to warn them, but many did not believe that the danger was so great.

The Rebbe worked in several factories, the last of which was a shoe factory run by a man named Schultz, who employed other Hasidic Rebbes and prominent rabbis. Out of fear that the Nazis were pursuing him, he moved from place to place constantly. When the deportations began, the Rebbe hid in a shop on 67 Gensha (Gęsia) Street. He died there of heart failure on 17 November 1942 (8 Kislev 5703).

He was the last person to be buried in the Gensha (Gęsia) Street cemetery in Warsaw, and 500 Jews attended his funeral. The day after the funeral, the Nazis closed off the cemetery.

Legacy and successor
The Rebbe's wife, sons, daughters, sons-in-law and grandchildren were all murdered by the Nazis in the spring of 1943. Additionally, almost all of the Rebbe's many manuscripts were destroyed, save for a few pages containing chidushim (new Torah thoughts) on the Passover Haggadah. These pages were later published as Chasdei Dovid together with the ninth volume of Shem Mishmuel, his father's work, which deals with the Haggadah.

The mantle of leadership of the Sochatchover Hasidim passed to his brother, Rabbi Chanoch Henoch, who had established a beth midrash in Bayit Vegan, Israel.

Quotes
 "We humans chase over the world to find things: We climb high mountains; we descend to the depths of the sea; we trek to the wilderness and the desert. There is one place where we neglect to search — our heart. But it is there we will find God".

Notable Hasidim
 Rabbi Yehoshua Moshe Aronsohn, rabbi of Petach Tikva
 Rabbi Aryeh Tzvi Frumer
 Rabbi Shlomo Zev Zweigenhaft

Rebbes of Sochatchov
 Avrohom Bornsztain, the Avnei Nezer (1838–1910)
 Shmuel Bornsztain, the Shem Mishmuel (1856–1926)
 Dovid Bornsztain (1876–1942)
 Chanoch Henoch Bornsztain (d. 1965)
 Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain (1934–1969)
 Shmuel Bornsztain (b. 1961)

References

Bibliography
 M. Galas, Bornstein Dawida z Sochaczewa, [in:] Z. Borzymowska, R. Żebrowski (ed.), Polski słownik judaistyczny. Dzieje – kultura – religia – ludzie, vol. 1, Warsaw 2003, p. 220 (in Polish).
 Andrzej Kempa, Marek Szukalak, The Biographical Dictionary of the Jews from Lodz, Łódź 2006, p. 34.
 Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak, Słownik biograficzny Żydów tomaszowskich Biographical Dictionary of the Jews from Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Łódź - Tomaszów Mazowiecki 2010, . p. 64 (D. Bornstein's biographical note; in Polish).

Rebbes of Sochatchov
Polish Hasidic rabbis
20th-century Polish rabbis
People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto
People from Nasielsk
People from Tomaszów Mazowiecki
Polish civilians killed in World War II
1876 births
1942 deaths

Dovid Bornsztain


The history of Iraq, also known as Iraqi history, is an aspect of world history that is based in the Middle East, focusing around the country of Iraq.

Prehistory
One of the first known sites in prehistoric Iraq is the Shanidar Cave. The region of Mesopotamia was a major part of the Neolithic revolution in around 10,000 BCE.

History of Iraq


Thomas Walkington (died 1621) was an English cleric and author.

Life
Walkington was a native of Lincoln. He was educated at Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1596–1597 and M.A. in 1600. He was elected to a fellowship at St. John's College, Cambridge, on 26 March 1603. He was incorporated B.D. of Oxford on 14 July 1611, and proceeded D.D. of Cambridge in 1613. He was presented to the vicarage of Raunds, Northamptonshire, in 1608, and to the rectory of Wadingham St. Mary, Lincolnshire, in 1610, and the vicarage of Fulham, Middlesex, on 25 May 1615. He died in 1621, the administration of his goods being granted on 29 October of that year.

Works
Walkington was author of a book that anticipated Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. It was entitled The Optick Glasse of Humors, or the Touchstone of a Golden Temperature, or the Philosophers Stone to make a Golden Temper. Wherein the Four Complections, Sanguine, Cholericke, Phligmaticke, Melancholicke are Succinctly Painted forth […] by T. W., Master of Arts. The first edition seems to be that which is stated on the title-page to have been printed by John Windet for Martin Clerke in London in 1607. This was dedicated to Sir Justinian Lewin from "my study in St. Johns, Camb. 10 Kal. March. T. W.". An undated edition, which cannot be dated earlier than 1631, was printed by W[illiam] T[urner] at Oxford. This issue, which has the same dedication as its predecessor, has an elaborately engraved title-page on steel, in which two graduates in cap and gown, representing respectively the universities of Cambridge and Oxford, hold between them an optic class or touchstone (, Early Oxford Press, pp. 160–161). William Carew Hazlitt describes a fragment of an edition printed at Oxford with a different dedication addressed to the author's "friend, M. Carye" (Collections, 1st ser.). Later editions, with the engraved title-page, appeared in London in 1630 and 1663. Richard Farmer, in his Essay on the Learning of Shakespeare, credited "T. Wombwell" with the authorship of Walkington's treatise on the Optick Glasse, and referred to a passage (traceable to Scaliger) by way of illustrating Shylock's remarks on irrational antipathies (Merchant of Venice, iv.i.49).

Walkington was also the author of An Exposition of the two first verses of the sixth chapter to the Hebrews, in form of a Dialogue, by T. W., Minister of the Word, London, 1609; of Theologicall Rules to guide us in the Understanding and Practice of Holy Scriptures […] also Enigmata Sacra, Holy Riddles […] by T. W., Preacher of the Word, 2 pts. London, 1615; of Rabboni, Mary Magdalen's Teares of Sorrow […] London, 1620; and, according to Anthony Wood, of a sermon on Ecclesiastes xii.10.

References

Attribution

1621 deaths
16th-century births
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century English Anglican priests
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
People from Lincoln, England

Thomas Walkington