Anthony Henry is an American professional wrestler, currently performing for All Elite Wrestling (AEW), Ring of Honor (ROH), and the independent circuit, including Deadlock Pro-Wrestling (DPW), where he is the one-half of the current DPW Worlds Tag Team Champion - with JD Drake.

He is known for his work in independent promotions including Evolve, World Wrestling Network (WWN), Full Impact Pro (FIP), Premiere Wrestling Xperience (PWX), NWA territories and Atlanta Wrestling Entertainment (AWE) promotions, where he is a three-time NWA/APW (Alternative Pro Wrestling) North Georgia Champion, one-time Evolve Tag Team Champion, one-time FIP World Heavyweight Champion, and one-time PWX Heavyweight Champion. He also worked for WWE under the ring name Asher Hale.

Professional wrestling career

Premiere Wrestling Xperience (2012–2018)
Henry debuted on May 5, 2012 at Premiere Wrestling Xperience's PWX Queen City Chaos, losing a singles match against Drew Myers. He returned two years later on February 15, 2014 at Rise Of A Champion IX, where he competed in a Three-Way No. 1 Contendership match for the PWX Innovative Television Championship, but lost to Lance Lude. On March 15 at Enemy Territory: Dawn Of A New Day, Henry teamed with Billy Brash to challenge reigning champions team Los Ben Dejos for the PWX Tag Team Championship but did not succeed in winning the titles. He did not receive any further title opportunities in PWX during the course of 2014 and 2015. On June 18 at Xpect Everything, Henry competed in a Four-Way Elimination match won by John Skyler against Henry, Corey Hollis and the reigning champion Sami Callihan for the PWX Heavyweight Champion. During a two-night event first held on November 19, Henry competed in the 2016 X 16 Tournament. He would go on to defeat Martin Stone, Trevor Lee, Zack Sabre Jr., and Ethan Case to become the winner of the 2016 X 16 Tournament. During his return the following year on February 19, 2017, Henry wrestled at Rise Of A Champion XII, defeating the reigning champion Jake Manning to become the new PWX Heavyweight Champion, marking his first title reign. He successfully retained the title for the course of the time he remained in PWX, wrestling his final match of the year on October 21 at PWX Unsanctioned, defeating his challenger Fred Yehi. The following year on March 25, 2018 at Rise Of A Champion XIII, Henry competed in a Three-Way match during which he lost the Heavyweight Championship against JD Drake and Ethan Case. On July 22, Henry formed a team with JD Drake and entered the 2018 Crockett Cup Tag Team Tournament held by PWX  which they went on to win.

Atlanta Wrestling Entertainment (2016–2018)
Henry debuted on August 7, 2016 at AWE The Summer Of George event, defeating Jimmy Rave. The following year on July 30, 2017 at the Season 3 Finale event, Henry and JD Drake reunited, rebranding their team name as The WorkHorsemen. They competed in a Tag Team Title Four-Way match for the AWE Tag Team Championship against Evan Gelistico and Gary Jay) defeat The Gym Nasty Boyz: (Timmy Lou Retton & White Mike) and Kerry Awful and Nick Iggy. The following year on June 8, 2018 at Red Wedding, The WorkHorsemen defeated the reigning champions Gelistico and Jay to win the AWE Tag Team Championship for the first time. Their final AWE match was on July 29 at HomeGrown '18 successfully defending the GWC Tag Team Titles in a tag match against  Awful and Iggy.

Evolve (2016–2020)
After signing with the World Wrestling Network, Henry made his first match appearance on October 15, 2016 at Evolve 70, where he lost to Darby Allin. On July 28, 2017 at Evolve 88, Henry and Drake defeated team Catch Point (Chris Dickinson and Jaka) to win the Evolve Tag Team Championship for the first time. Two months later on September 22 at Evolve 92, Henry & Drake lost the Tag Team titles to A. C. H. and Ethan Page. Three months later on December 9 at Evolve 96, Henry and Drake challenged team Catch Point (Jaka and Tracy Williams) for the Evolve Tag Team Championship but did not succeed in winning the titles. The following night at Evolve 97, Henry and Drake ended their year defeating KTB and Shane Mercer

Henry & Drake's next Tag Team title opportunity was held on April 5, 2018 at Evolve 102, where they competed in a Four-Way Tag Team Scramble match. On May 20 at Evolve 105, Henry & Drake returned to their team name The WorkHorsemen, challenging the reigning Evolve Tag Team Champions team Catch Point, but did not succeed in winning the titles. On October 28 at Evolve 114, Henry competed in a Six-Way Ladder Match for the WWN Championship, ending with his tag team partner JD Drake winning the match. On November 9 at Evolve 115, The WorkHorsemen had the rare opportunity to compete against WWE talent, as they wrestled the guest tag team from WWE NXT and reigning champions the Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins & Montez Ford) for the Evolve Tag Team Championship, but did not succeed in winning the Tag Team titles. Henry finished the year at Evolve 118, losing a singles match against WWE NXT guest wrestler Kassius Ohno.

Returning on January 18, 2019 at Evolve 119, Henry defeated Curt Stallion.

Full Impact Pro (2017–2021)
Henry first appeared on January 8, 2017 at FIP Everything Burns 2017 in a Contract Prize match, eventually won by Teddy Stigma. He finished his debut year on June 17 at FIP In Full Force 2017, defeating Maxwell Jacob Friedman. Returning on May 25, 2018 at FIP Ascension 2018, Henry challenged reigning champion Austin Theory for the FIP World Heavyweight Championship but did not succeed in winning the title. Four months later on September 30 at FIP Accelerate 2018, Henry defeated Theory in a title rematch to win the FIP World Heavyweight Championship for the first time.  He successfully defended the title on November 30 at FIP Full Force 2018, defeating A. R. Fox. On February 21, 2020, Henry lost the FIP World Heavyweight Championship to Jon Davis at Everything Burns 2020.

WWE (2021)
On January 19, 2021, it was reported that he had signed a contract with WWE and would be reporting to the WWE Performance Center. On the May 4 episode of NXT, Henry made his TV debut under the new ring name of Asher Hale, in a losing effort to Cameron Grimes. Hale also made his 205 Live debut on the May 14 episode, defeating Ariya Daivari. The following week, he lost against Ari Sterling. The week after, he upset veteran Tony Nese, making him tap out. Hale continued to wrestle through the months on 205 Live, making his last appearance on the July 30 episode in a losing effort to Drake Maverick. On August 6, Hale was released from his WWE contract.

All Elite Wrestling (2021-present)
During the September 11 tapings of AEW Dark, Henry made his debut for All Elite Wrestling, facing Eddie Kingston in a losing effort. Henry faced Miro on the July 1, 2023 edition of AEW Collision, losing by submission.

Championships and accomplishments
Alternative Pro Wrestling
APW North Georgia Championship (3 times)
APW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Brandon Parker
Atlanta Wrestling Entertainment
AWE Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with JD Drake
GWC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with JD Drake
Deadlock Pro-Wrestling
DPW Worlds Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with JD Drake
Tag Festival Tournament (2023) – with JD Drake
DPW Awards (1 time)
Tag Team of the Year (2022) -
Evolve
Evolve Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with JD Drake
Full Impact Pro
FIP World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Freelance Wrestling
Freelance Wrestling Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with JD Drake
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA Anarchy Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dustin Knight
NWA Anarchy Young Lions Championship (5 times)
NWA North Georgia Championship (2 times)
NWA Southern States Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 153 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2019
Premiere Wrestling Xperience
PWX World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
X 16 Tournament (2016)
Crockett Cup Tag Team Tournament (2018) – with JD Drake
Xtreme Wrestling Alliance
XWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
XWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with JD Drake

References

External links

Living people
1984 births
American male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Georgia (U.S. state)
FIP World Heavyweight Champions
All Elite Wrestling personnel

Anthony Henry (wrestler)


The Mountain House is a historic Gothic Revival house in western Chillicothe, Ohio, United States.  It was built by German immigrant Oscar Janssen in 1852, sitting atop a bluff above the Scioto River and the rest of the city of Chillicothe; its location and architectural style were intended to resemble that of castles overlooking the Rhine in his homeland.  Janssen surrounded his house with vineyards, a winery, and a beer garden; because of the house's location on the edge of a steep hillside, he terraced the hillside before developing it.  After Janssen's lifetime, the Mountain House passed into the hands of designer and papermaker Dard Hunter.  Purchasing the house in 1919, Hunter converted it into a production center for his handmade paper and hand-carven type.  Here he produced a wide range of books, publishing them under the banner of the Mountain House Press, and gradually he built a worldwide reputation.

The two-story Mountain House mixes various architectural styles and materials.  Although it is primarily a Gothic Revival structure, with details such as Gothic arches for windows and doors, it also includes a significant number of Romanesque Revival elements.  Its brick walls rest on a stone foundation, and the interior may be accessed through large wooden doors.

In 1978, the Mountain House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  It qualified for this distinction both because of its well-preserved historic architecture and because of its connection to Hunter, who was seen as a significant person in local history.  Today, the house remains in use as the offices of the Mountain House Press.

References

External links
Dard Hunter Studios

Houses completed in 1852
Buildings and structures in Chillicothe, Ohio
Former houses in Ohio
Gothic Revival architecture in Ohio
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Romanesque Revival architecture in Ohio
Houses in Ross County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Ross County, Ohio
1852 establishments in Ohio

Mountain House (Chillicothe, Ohio)


John Colarusso is a linguist specializing in Caucasian languages. Since 1976, he has taught at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.

Colarusso has published more than sixty-five articles on linguistics, myths, politics, and the Caucasus; he has also authored three books, edited one, and is finishing two further books.

Among other works, he has published grammar books of the Kabardian language.

Selected publications

 Colarusso, John (1997). "Phyletic Links between Proto-Indo-European and Proto–Northwest Caucasian". The Journal of Indo-European Studies (Chicago Linguistic Society) 25 (1–2): 119–151.

 Colarusso, John (2003). "Further Etymologies between Indo-European and Northwest Caucasian". In Holisky, Dee Ann; Tuite, Kevin. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 41–60. .
 Colarusso, John (2014). The Northwest Caucasian Languages (RLE Linguistics F: World Linguistics): A Phonological Survey (Routledge Library Editions: Linguistics) Kindle Edition

Footnotes

Linguists from Canada
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of McMaster University
Indo-Europeanists
Linguists of Indo-European languages
Linguists of Caucasian languages
Linguists of Northwest Caucasian languages
Kabardian language
Paleolinguists
Historical linguists

John Colarusso


Wired Equivalent Privacy (also known as WEP) is a standard to use encryption in Wireless LANs. It was introduced in 1999.

In 2001, mathematicians showed that WEP is not very strong. A WEP connection could be decoded, with software that can be easily found, within minutes.  Because of this finding, IEEE created a new 802.11i group to fix the problems. By 2003, the Wi-Fi Alliance announced that Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) would replace WEP, which was a subset of then upcoming 802.11i amendment.  Finally in 2004, they made it official and said that it would go ahead.  It was part of the full 802.11i standard (also known as WPA2), the IEEE declared that both WEP-40 and WEP-104 are not recommended because they are not secure enough.

Even though it only offers low security, WEP is still widely in use. WEP is often the first security choice presented to users by router configuration tools even. Today, WEP provides a level of security that deters only accidental use.  As a result, people can invade and enter the network.

People sometimes call it Wireless Encryption Protocol, which is wrong.

References

Computer networking

Wired Equivalent Privacy


Volney Rogers (December 1, 1846 – December 3, 1919) was a lawyer in Youngstown, Ohio, United States, who is known for his role in transforming Mill Creek "hollow" into one of the nation's most celebrated metropolitan parks. Rogers, a seminal figure in the history of America's state park system, served as counsel for the American Civic Association, a group dedicated to the preservation of Niagara Falls.

Early life
Rogers was born and raised in the farming community of East Palestine, in Columbiana County. After finishing school, he taught for one term and then studied telegraphy. Rogers took a position as an operator in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, and later served on a construction crew that strung a wire along the old National Pike from Pittsburgh to Baltimore. While employed as a telegrapher for the Pennsylvania legislature in Harrisburg, Rogers decided to study law. He was admitted to the bar in 1871, and formed a partnership with his brother, Disney Rogers. The business partners set up an office in downtown Youngstown.

Birth of Mill Creek Park

An avid horseback rider, Rogers encountered Mill Creek Gorge during a jaunt through Youngstown Township in 1890. He was so impressed with its natural beauty that he took steps to preserve the gorge, which was then becoming a locus of timber production and the site of numerous stone quarries. An account published after Rogers' death describes the scene as follows: "Already, the sound of sawmill buzz saws could be heard in the distance, and Volney Rogers resolved to secure Mill Creek for a park for Youngstown for then, for now, and for the evercoming future".

Rogers secured options on much of the land and was able to purchase large tracts of it. This was no small task given that he was compelled to deal with more than 90 landowners. Once the land was secured, Rogers framed and promoted what he called the "Township Park Improvement Law". Upon the law's passage, Rogers turned over all of the land he had secured for park purposes. Rogers enlisted the help of his brother Bruce, who had studied landscape architecture; and Bruce Rogers became the first Mill Creek Park superintendent. The project also benefited from the contributions of well-known landscape architect Charles Eliot, and the park is considered one of his notable works.

The Mahoning County commissioners issued bonds to pay for the parkland, and Rogers purchased $25,000 of them, with the understanding that they would be the last ones paid. Ironically, the financial panic of 1893 facilitated the park's development. As a later newspaper account observed: "Unemployed men found work there. A second bond issue paid for their wages. The men cut trails, established drives, restored Pioneer Pavilion (a renovated factory building that was the oldest structure in the park) and built Lake Cohasset Dam".

Challenges
Yet, Rogers' struggle to preserve the Mill Creek gorge was hardly over. He battled continuous efforts by various interest groups to employ the park for purposes other than those he intended. In one instance, the Rogers brothers successfully rolled back a push by local water works trustees to use Mill Creek as a source of water supply. According to one account, this was achieved "by going through the park and nailing boards on the trees showing where the water level would be if dams were built to provide the water".

Not all of Rogers' efforts on behalf of the park were successful. In 1913, a public sewer was run through Mill Creek Park, contaminating the water and leaving Rogers demoralized. The consequences were very much as Rogers had predicted, and swimming was soon inadvisable in many of the parks once pristine lakes. In the wake of this reversal, Rogers became interested in traveling. In 1919, he embarked on what he envisioned as a world tour. While exploring Colorado's Royal Gorge, Rogers caught a cold that eventually progressed into pneumonia.

Death and legacy
Rogers died in Cañon City, Colorado. On November 26, 1919, about a week before his passing, he wrote matter-of-factly of his impending death to brother Bruce: "Unless there is some change, you will have a brother to bury. Better go to Orr's undertaking establishment and learn what should be done at this end of the line.... This is a sad message, but I have thought it best you know everything. I don't want any of you to worry about me. We all have to go sometime".

In 1920, less than a year after Volney Rogers' death, Youngstown Mayor Fred J. Warnock presided over the public unveiling of a massive bronze likeness of Rogers that was designed to honor his achievements. Rogers had been alerted to plans for the tribute before his death and was deeply moved. The Volney Rogers Memorial still stands near the main entrance of Mill Creek Park. At the time of its unveiling, Warnock captured the sentiments of many community residents when he stated: "We do not erect monuments to selfishness.... We erect monuments to those who live for the community and whose high ideal is the welfare of the many. That is why we are honoring Volney Rogers today". In 2000, Volney Rogers was inducted into Ohio's Natural Resources Hall of Fame for his principal role in establishing Ohio's park districts.

A middle school in the Youngstown City School District is named for Volney Rogers.

References

1846 births
1919 deaths
Ohio lawyers
American naturalists
Lawyers from Youngstown, Ohio
People from East Palestine, Ohio
19th-century American lawyers

Volney Rogers


Gerald Giampa (March 4, 1950 – June 24, 2009) was a printer, typographer and author.

Biography

When Gerald Giampa was born on 4 March 1950, his parents lived in a tent in Duncan, British Columbia. His interest in printing books came from his grandfather, who liked to read. Giampa studied letterpress printing and typography under Wil Hudson and Nick Schwabe in Vancouver.

From 1975 to 1981 Giampa's Cobblestone Press in Vancouver published not only jobbing printing but also works by Ezra Pound, Robin Blaser and George Bowering among others. During this time he chiefly used Caslon type.

Later Giampa expanded his company, renaming it the Northland Letterpress Company, and in 1983 he bought the US Lanston Monotype Machine Company of Philadelphia from M & H typefounders in San Francisco. With the Lanston Monotype Company's stock he acquired much of Frederic Goudy's materials. He and Jim Rimmer adapted these for digital form; and from 1988 to 2004 ran the digital foundry, Lanston Type Company.

In 1994 Giampa moved to Prince Edward Island, but a few years later his stock was destroyed in a storm. The name of his firm, together with its fonts, were bought in 2004 by the digital foundry P22, of Buffalo, NY.

Giampa designed the Bodoni 26 font, which was named in the top 100 Types in a survey conducted by the Type Directors Club.

He died on 20 June 2009 in Vancouver.

Further reading
 Robert Bringhurst, 'Lives Lived - Gerald Giampa 1950-2009', in Parenthesis; 17 (2009 Autumn), p. 12

References

1950 births
2009 deaths
Canadian printers
Canadian typographers and type designers

Gerald Giampa


Air Charter is a board game previously published by Waddingtons. The game is named after the concept of air charter, the commercial use of aircraft on non-established flight routes.

The game is set in Australasia and Southeast Asia. The scenario involves a number of small companies competing for air freight business where the transportation is between the lesser known airfields.

There are 2 games, the short game designed more for younger players and as an introduction to the basic flying rules of the game. The more complex full game involves more by way of trading strategy.

History

The history of Air Charter can be traced back to 1970. It was made around the same time as a similar game called The Business Game which was originally known as Mine a Million by John Waddington Ltd (aka Waddingtons).

Equipment

Each player is represented by a small plastic aircraft with a peg for carrying the freight tokens. There are four aircraft differentiated by colour. The aircraft are moved around the flight paths between airfields making use of a single die.

The games also includes the playing board representing a map of Australasia and Southeast Asia, four fuel gauges, freight cards, incident cards, paper money and several plastic pyramid shapes representing freight of three types, special foodstuffs (white), basic foodstuffs (white) and machinery (coloured).

The board is marked up with airfields which are connected by air lanes. Airfields have runways, some with two at right angles to each other some with just one. Every airfield has a Control Area where the planes circle before landing. Four of the airfields, Manila, Makassar, Derby and the Palau Islands act as home airfields for the four players. Finally the airfield has a warehouse where the foodstuffs and machinery tokens (pyramids) are stored.

The fuel gauges are marked off in fuel units and freight units. Each fuel unit represents 70 gallons of aviation fuel. The more fuel a plane carries the less freight it can carry.

References

External links

Board games introduced in 1970

Air Charter (game)


Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard (before 1400 – between 11 February 1421 and 4 October 1423) was Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard and Lord of Neubrandenburg, Lordship of Stargard, Strelitz and Wesenberg from 1417 until his death.

Life
He was the eldest son of Ulrich I and his wife Margeret, the daughter of the Swantibor III of Pomerania-Stettin.

Albert II was probably born before 1400 and ruled. When his father died in 1417, he and his younger brother Henry inherited the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Stargard. Since they were minors, they stood under guardianship.

Albert is last mentioned as alive in a document dated 11 February 1421. In a document dated 4 October 1423, his younger brother is the sole Duke.

Albert was not married and probably had no children.

External links
 Genealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg (size: 15,641 bytes)

House of Mecklenburg
Dukes of Mecklenburg-Stargard
14th-century births
Year of birth unknown
1420s deaths
Year of death unknown
15th-century German people

Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard


Abel Pifre (1852–1928), was a French engineer who developed the first solar power printing press. He was initially an assistant to Augustin Bernard Mouchot who developed the first solar engine, but later developed solar technologies independently of his mentor.

Pifre demonstrated his press at a meeting of the Union Francaise de la Jeunesse at the Jardin des Tuileries in Paris on 6 August 1882.

The device consisted of a concave mirror 3.5 meters in diameter centering on a cylindrical steam boiler, which powered a small vertical engine of 2/5 horse power, and then driving a Marioni type printing-press.

Even under semi-overcast conditions, the press operated continuously from 1:00 pm to 5:30 pm, producing approximately five hundred copies per hour of a journal which was produced specifically for the event with the appropriate name "Soleil-Journal".

References
 La Nature Journal Gaston Tissandier, 26 August 1882, p 193

Tissandier G.  Utilization de la Chaleur du Soleil—Imprimerie Solaire.  La Nature Journal 1882 Aug 26; No. 482, pg.193
http://cnum.cnam.fr/PDF/cnum_4KY28.19.pdf  Note: scroll to page 198 of the CNUM PDF.

External links
 Metal Type - Solar Powered Printing Press
 The Beautiful Possibility Paul Collins, 2002
 Énergie solaire (in French)

French engineers
1852 births
1928 deaths
People associated with solar power

Abel Pifre


Peter McLaren (born 1948) is a Canadian scholar who serves as a Distinguished Professor in Critical Studies at Attallah College of Educational Studies, Chapman University, where he is Co-Director of the Paulo Freire Democratic Project and International Ambassador for Global Ethics and Social Justice. He is also Emeritus Professor of Urban Education, University of California, Los Angeles, and Emeritus Professor of Educational Leadership, Miami University of Ohio. He is also the Honorary Director of the Center for Critical Studies in Education at Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China. According to Stanford University's database, McLaren belongs to the top 2% of the world's most influential scientists.

McLaren is the author and editor of over forty-five books and hundreds of scholarly articles and chapters. His writings have been translated into over 20 languages. He is married to Yan Wang from Northeast China. They currently live in Orange, California. He has a son and daughter from previous marriages.

McLaren is known as one of the leading architects of critical pedagogy, and for his scholarly writings on critical literacy, the sociology of education, cultural studies, critical ethnography, and Marxist theory. Paulo Freire, a founding figure of critical pedagogy, stated: "Peter McLaren is one among the many outstanding 'intellectual relatives' I 'discovered' and by whom I in turn was 'discovered.' I read Peter McLaren long before I ever came to know him personally. ... Once I finished reading the first texts by McLaren that were made available to me, I was almost certain that we belonged to an identical 'intellectual family'."

During a keynote address at Chapman University on October 25, 2014, Nita Freire, eminent educational scholar and widow of Paulo Freire, remarked: "It is ... a huge thrill for me to see Peter McLaren and Donaldo Macedo, who ever since through discussions and dialogue became old friends of work and friendship, partners of ideological and theoretical ideas of Paulo. They along with Henry Giroux formulated the critical pedagogy as we know of today." McLaren is also the recipient of the 2023 Paulo Freire SIG Legacy Award.

McLaren has worked with Abahlali baseMjondolo, in South Africa; the landless workers' movement, Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra – MST, in Brasil, the Zapatistas in Mexico, and members of the Bolivarian revolution in Venezuela, and with the left education workers union in Turkey where amid a demonstration he was teargassed and hurled to the ground by a police's riot shield.

McLaren is a faculty member at the Institute of Critical Pedagogy at The Global Center for Advanced Studies and lectures worldwide on education's politics. In Finland, he gave an Opening Lecture at Paulo Freire Center–Finland on November 20, 2007. La Escuela Normal Superior de Neiva in Colombia has named one of its buildings after Peter McLaren.

, McLaren is ranked in the top 15 percent of all social science and humanities scholars in the world, based on his D-index (Discipline H-index); he is ranked 217 in the United States and 428 in the world.

Life
Peter McLaren was born in Toronto, Ontario, on August 2, 1948, and raised in Toronto and also, for four years, in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He is the only child of Frances Teresa Bernadette McLaren and Lawrence Omand McLaren, from Canada. McLaren's early family life was working-class until his father, a Second World War war veteran with the Royal Canadian Engineers, returned from battle in Europe and began work as a television salesman, eventually rising to the rank of General Manager of Phillips Electronics, Eastern Canada. McLaren's mother was a homemaker before working as a telephone operator.

McLaren used to read voraciously in literature, philosophy, poetry, social theory, and literary and art criticism, was making creative 35 mm movies at 16, and dreamt of being an artist or film director. McLaren's father had one sister, Bonnie, who married Terry Goddard, a Second World War Royal Navy pilot credited with helping sink the German battleship Bismark. McLaren's mother had four sisters and two brothers. McLaren compensated for being an only child by spending time with his many cousins and engaging in creative writing. McLaren's first writing award was during middle school, where he won top writing honours by producing a science fiction story.

During summer breaks from high school, McLaren worked as an orderly at the Hospital for Sick Children, as a groundskeeper at Sunnybrook Hospital, as a copyboy at CANADIAN PRESS under Gillis Purcell, and at the North York Public Library. At 19, McLaren hitchhiked throughout the US, met with Black Panthers in Oakland, lived in San Francisco and Los Angeles, where he participated in anti–Vietnam War protests, met with Timothy Leary and Allen Ginsberg, and began writing poetry and short stories. His first commercial publication was about his great Aunt, Irma Wright, who won the world's fastest typist competition in 1928.

He earned a Bachelor of Arts in English literature at University of Waterloo in 1973 (specializing in Elizabethan drama), attended Toronto Teachers College, and went on to earn a Bachelor of Education at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Education, a Masters of Education at Brock University's College of Education, and a Ph.D. at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, the University of Toronto (where he worked with the late Richard Courtney, a leading international authority in children's drama).

McLaren taught elementary and middle school from 1974-1979. Most of that time was spent teaching in Canada's largest public housing complex in Toronto's Jane-Finch Corridor. Cries from the Corridor, McLaren's book about his teaching experiences, made the Canadian bestseller list and was one of top ten bestselling books in Canada in 1980 (Maclean's magazine, the Toronto Star), initiating a country-wide debate on inner-city schools. (Later, McLaren would harshly criticize this book and go on to transform it into the highly acclaimed pedagogical text, Life in Schools.)

After earning his doctorate in 1983, he served as Special Lecturer in Education at Brock University, where, as a one-year sabbatical replacement, he specialized in inner-city education and language arts. After the Dean did not follow through on his promised extension of McLaren's contract, McLaren decided to pursue an academic appointment in the United States. However, he remains on good terms with the faculty at Brock University, with whom he remains in a relationship of solidarity and friendship.

McLaren left Canada in 1985 to teach at Miami University's School of Education and Allied Professions, where he spent eight years working with colleague Henry Giroux during a time when the epistemology known as critical pedagogy was gaining traction in North American schools of education. McLaren also served as Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies and held the title of Renowned Scholar-in-Residence at Miami University before being recruited by the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, in 1993.

In 2013, McLaren was appointed Distinguished Fellow in Critical Studies at Chapman University, Orange, California.

In 2019, The Griffith Journal of Law and Human Dignity, affiliated with the top-ranked law school in Australia, published an extensive interview with McLaren. And the same year the OC Weekly featured commentary on two articles featured by McLaren on the fight against fascism in the United States, and McLaren published a graphic novel of his life with an artist Miles Wilson.

Career

First phase, 1980–1993
The theoretical orientations of the first ten years of McLaren's research and writing can be traced to his early undergraduate work in Elizabethan drama, theater arts, and from there to his graduate studies in symbolic anthropology, critical ethnography and social semiotics. As a young man, McLaren had always admired the life and work of William Morris author, poet, artist and craftsman, printer and calligrapher, formidable socialist and activist, businessman and private individual. At the time that he enrolled in doctoral studies at the University of Toronto's Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (Institut d'Etudes Pedagogiques de L'Ontario), Victor Turner, the world-renowned symbolic anthropologist, was conducting path breaking transdisciplinary work at the University of Virginia, bringing dramaturgical theory and anthropology into close collaboration, particularly as this applied to the study of ritual. McLaren soon became a scholar of Turner's work. After auditing a course at the Toronto Semiotics Institute taught by philosopher Michel Foucault, and another by Umberto Eco, McLaren began to develop a transdisciplinary approach to the study of ritual.  He found a rich transdisciplinary milieu in which to conduct his studies at Massey College, University of Toronto. Modeled after Balliol College, Oxford University, England, Massey College facilitates interdisciplinary collaboration among high achieving graduate students from various departments on campus. Looking back at his educational experiences at Massey, it is not surprising that the work of performance theorists, political economists, anthropologists, dramaturgical theorists, literary critics, and symbolic interactionists informed the theoretical basis of his first major scholarly publication, Schooling as a Ritual Performance Towards a Political Economy of Educational Symbols and Gestures (first edition, Routledge, 1986; revised editions, 1994, 1997) which was based on his PhD dissertation.

McLaren's early work from 1984 to 1994 spanned diverse intellectual and empirical terrains.  He remained steadfast in his interest in the contemporary themes of the Frankfurt School: social psychology in the context of a lack of revolutionary social protest in Europe and the United States; a critique of positivism and science; developing a critical theory of art and representation; an interrogation of the mass media and mass culture; investigating the production of desire and identity; and the globalization of capitalism and forms of integration in neoliberal societies. In other words, when viewed against the major themes of the Frankfurt School, there was a fundamental coherence to his work as a whole.

Further, each of McLaren's scholarly projects attempted to explore the construction of identity in school contexts within a neo-liberal society. This meant engaging in numerous critical projects: exploring the debilitating effects of logical positivism in the social sciences and the assault on critical theory and critical ethnography; exploring the increasing colonization of the lifeworld by the mass media and developing a critical pedagogy of media literacy and a political aesthetics of pedagogical experience; analyzing the decline of critical rationality in postmodern societies and the development of critical literacies; advancing in specific pedagogical terms the struggle to redefine the meaning of liberation and empowerment in an age of despair and cynicism; investigating the politics of post-liberal societies with specific reference to the practices of cultural racism and sexism, and developing an analysis of the production, distribution, consumption, and exchange of cultural objects in schools and larger social sites with an emphasis on the social construction of subjectivity.

In this early period, McLaren's research emphasized the development of a critical emancipatory consciousness, self-conscious reason, and the centrality of nonidentity thinking towards a non essentialist view of revolutionary consciousness grounded in a theory of intersubjective understanding through language. Practically, his work attempted to create an oppositional cultural politics that enabled teachers and students to analyze how the dominant and negotiated meanings that inform classroom texts were produced and to uncover the ideological and political meanings that circulated within them. McLaren attempted through critical reading strategies to illuminate the dominant pedagogical codes of teachers as well as the normative codes within classroom cultures of students. His purpose was to create alternative readings as well as new pedagogical practices. In this sense, critical pedagogy, as McLaren was formulating it, attempted to re engage a social world that operates under the assumption of its collective autonomy and so remains resistant to human intervention.

In his early work, McLaren engaged four main strands in educational theory and studies: critical ethnography, critical pedagogy, curriculum studies and critical multiculturalism.

Second phase, 1994–present

McLaren work during the past several decades is not so much a break from his early work, as an extension of it.  A discernible shift occurred in the sense that he now focuses more on a critique of political economy.  But his early work also included a critique of capitalism, except during that time McLaren operated from primarily a Weberian understanding of class and was concerned at that time with the politics of consumption and lifestyle/identity. McLaren's new turn saw him focus on the social relations of production and its relation to the production of subjectivity and protagonist agency. Between 1994 up to the present, McLaren's work is less directed at the classroom per se, and more focused on issues such as a critique of political economy, cultural contact and racial identity, anti-racist/multicultural education, the politics of white supremacy, resistance and popular culture; the formation of subjectivity, the coloniality of power and decolonial education; revolutionary critical pedagogy informed by a Marxist humanist analysis and liberation theology.

During this time McLaren began spending time in Latin America – working with Chavistas in Venezuela and with labor and union leaders in Mexico and Colombia and becoming more interested in Marxist critique of political economy. McLaren came to believe  that postmodern theory could be quite a reactionary approach in so far as it failed to challenge with the verve and sustained effort that is demanded of the times the social relations of capitalist production and reproduction. While McLaren adopted the term, critical postmodernism, or resistance postmodernism, to describe his work up until the late 1990s, he recognized that he needed to engage the work of Karl Marx and Marxist thinkers.

The more McLaren began engaging in the work of Marx, and meeting social activists driven by Marxist anti-imperialist projects throughout the Americas, he no longer believed that the work on "radical democracy" convincingly demonstrated that it was superior to the Marxist problematic. It appeared to McLaren that, in the main, such work had despairingly capitulated to the inevitability of the rule of capital and the regime of the commodity. That work, along with much of the work in post-colonialist criticism, appeared to McLaren as too detached from historical specificities and basic determinations. McLaren believed that Marxist critique more adequately addressed the differentiated totalities of contemporary society and their historical imbrications in the world system of global capitalism. Rather than employ the term critical pedagogy, McLaren now uses the term that the British educator Paula Allman has christened revolutionary critical pedagogy. McLaren describes his current work as Marxist humanist, a term developed by Raya Dunayevskaya, who once served as Trotsky's secretary in Mexico and who developed the tradition of Marxist humanism in the US. McLaren's work constitutes counterpoint to the way social justice is used in progressive education by inviting students to examine critically the epistemological and axiological dimensions of democracy in the light of a Marxist critique of political economy and the coloniality of power (a term developed by Anibal Quijano). McLaren's work today comprises poetry, reflections on his activist work in Venezuela, Mexico, and other countries, contributions to critical theory, and Marxist analysis as applied to current educational policy and reform initiatives.

Although McLaren's theoretical work has developed in these stages, the preface to the most recent compilation of his oeuvre argues that these phases aren't distinguished by theoretical breaks but by political "maturation." This latest interpretation argues that there are two continuities throughout his phases. The first is his effort to create new temporalities, spatialities, subjectivities, and modes of production that don't entail exploitation and oppression. The second is that this pursuit has always been "rooted not in the transcendence of the ideal, but in the immanence of corporeal reality."

McLaren's critical pedagogy
McLaren's work has broken new ground in education. He is considered one of the architects of critical pedagogy, having been influenced early in his career by Paulo Freire and Henry Giroux. He also has been credited with laying the groundwork for performance studies in education with the publication of his book, Schooling as a Ritual Performance. The Peter McLaren Upstander Lecture was recently announced as part of the Annual International Critical Research in Applied Theater Symposium, Auckland, New Zealand.  The lecture is to  be presented each year by a graduate student in education from the School of Critical Studies in Education at the University of Auckland. Currently McLaren is known as one of the leading exponents of revolutionary critical pedagogy, an approach to everyday life influenced by Marxist humanist philosophy, also known as a "philosophy of praxis".  McLaren's work is controversial for its uncompromising politics of class struggle. McLaren is also a gifted orator and social activist, and his academic writing has been both praised and criticized for its unique blend of poetry and literary tropes and cutting-edge theoretical analysis. At least one documentary is in the planning about McLaren's life.

McLaren approaches critical pedagogy as a praxiological effort to develop a politics of everyday life in a number of ways. First, it situates its critical analyses within the realms of popular culture. Secondly, it pays close theoretical attention to the ways in which everyday discourses and social practices both constitute and reinforce relations of power as well as serve as sites for struggle, resistance, and transformation. Thirdly, critical pedagogy as developed by McLaren attempts to seize opportunities to make links between new social movements and the networks of power associated with "school life". It does this by attempting to link the micropolitical (everyday lives of teachers and students) with the macropolitical (larger economic, cultural, social, and institutional structures).

Critical pedagogy, as McLaren develops it, seeks to analyze the possibilities for the resistance and transformation of social life, both individual and collective, personal and macropolitical. It engages in such an analysis by attempting to understand how wider relations of power are played out in the agential spaces of classroom and community life but also by attempting to investigate how wider structures of mediation at the level of the economy are able to "take root" in the everyday lives of students and teachers who operate at the level of common sense actions. This means constantly reflecting on the cultural construction of the identities of teachers, students, researchers and also connecting such critical reflection to a wider terrain of political action and class struggle. McLaren takes critical pedagogy beyond a discursive politics that sees politics as merely a text to be deconstructed and interpreted. Instead, McLaren approaches cultural politics as a terrain that operationalizes the textuality of political life by linking textuality to materiality. That is, McLaren seeks to make connections between the texts that we read (cultural artifacts) and those that read us (the realm of language and discursive structures in general) in light of current modes and social relations of production and the political consequences that these connections bring about in our pedagogies, curricula, and policies.

Since 1994, McLaren revised and extended some of his earlier insights in Schooling as a Ritual Performance, and Life in Schools, and other works, through an engagement with Marx and leading Marxist philosophers and theorists.

While anti-capitalist struggle and Marxist analysis has an indistinct and relatively undigested place in the field of educational theory, there is some movement towards Marx in the social sciences here in North America. Marx is being revisited by social scientists of all disciplinary shapes and sizes – even, and perhaps most especially and urgently today, when capitalism is in a state of severe crisis. While hardly on their way to becoming entrenched and pervasive, Marx's ideas are taking their significance most strikingly from the particular and varied contexts in which his ideas are being engaged.  Thank to McLaren's work, Marx's ideas are gaining traction in education.

In McLaren's post-1994 phase, Marxist theory has provided McLaren with an approach to praxis that is fundamentally necessary to better contextualize changes in the socio-political and economic sphere as it relates to education. Through McLaren's current reengagement with Marx, and the tradition of historical materialism, McLaren supports the work of  colleagues whose work is paving the way for new generations of educationalists to encounter Marx. Marx is being reevaluated on numerous fronts today: sociology, political science, philosophy, economics, ethics, history, and the like.

Bibliography
McLaren is the author, co-author, editor, and co-editor of approximately forty books and monographs. Several hundred of his articles, chapters, interviews, reviews, commentaries, and columns have appeared in dozens of scholarly journals and professional magazines worldwide.

His most recent books include:
 McLaren, P. (2020). He walks Among Us: Christian Fascism Ushering in the End of Days. DIO Press.
 McLaren, P. & Jandric, P. (2020). Postdigital Dialogues on Critical Pedagogy, Liberation Theology and Information Technology. Bloomsbury Academic.
 McLaren, P. & Wilson, M. (2019). Breaking Free: The Life and Times of Peter McLaren, Radical Educator. Myers Education Press.
 McLaren, P. (2016). Pedagogy of Insurrection: From Resurrection to Revolution. Peter Lang.
 McLaren, P., Macrine, S., and Hill, D, (Eds). (2010). Revolutionizing Pedagogy: Educating for Social Justice Within and Beyond Global Neo-liberalism. Palgrave Macmillan.
 Nocella, A., Best, S., & McLaren, P. (Eds.) (2010). Academic Repression: Reflections from the Academic Industrial Complex. AK Press.
 Martin, G., Houston, D., McLaren, P. & Suoranta, J. (Eds.) (2010) Havoc of Capitalism. Educating for Social and Environmental Justice. Sense Publishers.
 Sandlin, J.A. & McLaren, P. (Eds.). (2009). Critical Pedagogies of Consumption: Living and Learning in the Shadow of the "Shopocalypse". Routledge.
 McLaren, P. & Jaramillo, N. (2007). Pedagogy and Praxis in the Age of Empire. Sense Publishers.
 McLaren, P. (2006). Rage + Hope. Peter Lang.
 McLaren, P. (2005). Capitalists and Conquerors. Rowman and Littlefield.
 McLaren, P. & Farahmandpur,'R. (2005) Teaching Against Global Capitalism and the New Imperialism. Rowman and Littlefield.
 McLaren, P. (2005). Red Seminars: Radical Excursions into Educational Theory, Cultural Politics, and Pedagogy. Hampton Press.
 McLaren, P., D. Hill, M. Cole, & G. Rikowski (2002). Marxism  Against Postmodernism in Educational Theory. Lexington Books.
 McLaren, P. (2000). Che Guevara, Paulo Freire, and the Pedagogy of Revolution. Rowman and Littlefield.
 McLaren, P. (1997). Revolutionary Multiculturalism: Pedagogies of Dissent for the New Millennium. Westview Press.
 McLaren, P., H. Giroux, C. Lankshear & M. Peters (1997). Counternarratives. Routledge.
 McLaren, P. (1995). Critical Pedagogy and Predatory Culture. Routledge.

He is also author of Life in Schools: An Introduction to Critical Pedagogy in the Foundations of Education (Allyn & Bacon) which is in its fifth edition (2006).  Life in Schools has been named one of the 12 most significant writings worldwide in the field of educational theory, policy and practice] by an international panel of experts assembled by the Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences; other writers named by the panel include Paulo Freire, Ivan Illich, and Pierre Bourdieu. In 2011, Instituto Peter McLaren was established in Ensenada, Mexico. Peter McLaren's book, Pedagogy of Insurrection, has been honored by the international academic publisher, Peter Lang, who has added McLaren's book to its list of "classic" works to be reissued to academics around the globe.

McLaren's work has been the subject of three recent books: Teaching Peter McLaren: Paths of Dissent, edited by Marc Pruyn and Luis M. Huerta-Charles (Peter Lang, 2005) [translated into Spanish as De La Pedagogia Critica a la pedagogia de la Revolucion: Ensayos Para Comprender a Peter McLaren, Mexico City, Siglo Veintiuno Editores], Peter McLaren, Education, and the Struggle for Liberation, edited by Mustafa Eryaman (Hampton Press, 2008), and Crisis of Commonwealth: Marcuse, Marx, McLaren, edited by Charles Reitz (Lexington Books, 2013).

McLaren has also recently debuted as a poet with his poem "The Despoiling of the American Mind" in MRZine. His works have been praised, among others, by Slavoj Žižek and Paula Allman. Žižek comments McLaren's book Che Guevara, Paulo Freire and the Pedagogy of Revolution as follows: "Che Guevara is usually perceived as a Romantic model whom we should admire, while pursuing our daily business as usual – the most perverse defense against what Che stood for. What McLaren's fascinating book demonstrates is that, on the contrary, Che is a model for our times, a figure we should imitate in our struggle against neoliberal global capitalism." Allman notes that the book is "brilliant blend of passion, commitment, and critical analysis and insight. ... It is also one of the most important books on critical education, and thus also education and social justice, to have been written in the twentieth century."

Recent developments

Honorary doctorates
Peter McLaren was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Lapland, Finland, in 2004, by Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2010, by the Universidad Nacional de Chilecito in La Rioja, Argentina, and the Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos de Educación Inclusiva (CELEI), Chile, in 2021. He also received the Amigo Honorifica de la Comunidad Universitaria de esta Institucion by La Universidad Pedagogica Nacional, Unidad 141, Guadalajara, Mexico.

La Fundacion McLaren de Pedagogía Critica
In 2005, a group of scholars and activists in Northern Mexico established La Fundacion McLaren de Pedagogía Critica to develop a knowledge of McLaren's work throughout Mexico and to promote projects in critical pedagogy and popular education. On September 15, 2006 the Catedra Peter McLaren was inaugurated at the Bolivarian University of Venezuela.

See also

 Critical consciousness
 Ecopedagogy
 Frantz Fanon
 Liberation psychology
 Post-structuralism
 Praxis intervention
 Praxis school
 Queer pedagogy
 Radical Teacher
 Structuralism
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

Footnotes

Works cited

External links
Peter McLaren's webpages and CV

 Peter McLaren's testimony in the "Cold War Truth Commission" on Sunday, March 21, 2021

Peter McLaren's text
 Toward a Red Theory of Love, Sexuality and the Family by Peter McLaren and Lilia D. Monzo, Iberoamérica Social, December 2014 Issue
 Brothers and Sisters in the Struggle to Rebuild the World by Peter McLaren, Iberoamérica Social, November 2014 Issue
 Austerity/Immiseration Capitalism: What Can We Learn From Venezuelan Socialism? by Peter McLaren and Mike Cole, Iberoamérica Social, May 2014 Issue
 An American Scene by Peter McLaren, Iberoamérica Social, December 2013 Issue
 Living in the Nightwatchman State: A Riposte to Despair by Peter McLaren, Iberoamérica Social, September 2013 Issue
 Rage and Hope by Peter McLaren, Iberoamérica Social, August 2013 Issue
 Che Guevara, Paulo Freire, and the Politics of Hope: Reclaiming Critical Pedagogy - pdf
 George Bush, Apocalypse Sometime Soon, and the American Imperium - pdf
 The Dialectics of Terrorism: A Marxist Response to September 11 - part 1 & part 2
 The Pedagogy of Oppression: A Brief Look at 'No Child Left Behind' by Peter McLaren, Monthly Review, July–August 2006 Issue
Peter McLaren Responds to Bill Ayers: Bad Faith Solidarity January 22, 2007
 Peter McLaren on Paulo Freire in Jacobin magazine

Texts on Peter McLaren
 Peter McLaren Reflects on the Crisis of Academic Freedom by Samuel Day Fassbinder, Monthly Review, April 6, 2006
Educating for Equality by Michael Viola, Monthly Review, November 16, 2006
 Pedagogy and Praxis in the Age of Empire by Samantha Cohen, The Humanities Review, Fall 2007 issue
 Education Professor Peter McLaren Honored with Chair and Foundation by the University of California Newsroom

Interviews
 From liberation to salvation: Revolutionary critical pedagogy meets liberation theology by Petar Jandrić, Policy Futures in Education, 15(5): 620-652, 2017
 Critical Revolutionary Pedagogy is Made by Walking: In a World Where Many Worlds Coexist by Petar Jandrić, Policy Futures in Education, 12(6): 805-831, 2014
 Critical Pedagogy Against Capitalist Schooling: Towards a Socialist Alternative
 A Radical Educator's Views on Media
 Capitalism, Critical Pedagogy, and Urban Science Education
 Educating for Social Justice and Liberation
 Peter McLaren and the Pedagogy of Liberation by Ravi Kumar, Radical Notes, February 19, 2009
 The Role of Critical Pedagogy in the Globalization Era and the Aftermath of September 11
 Towards a Critical Revolutionary Pedagogy December 9, 2003
Revolutionary Critical Pedagogy and the Struggle against Capital Today by Derek R. Ford
 George Yancy interviewed McLaren on his mentor, Paulo Freire, September 27, 2021

1948 births
Living people
Brock University alumni
Canadian activists
Canadian educational theorists
Canadian expatriate academics in the United States
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Marxist humanists
Marxist theorists
Marxist writers
Miami University faculty
Writers from Toronto
UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies faculty
University of Toronto alumni
University of Waterloo alumni
Critical pedagogy

Peter McLaren


The Solar Physics Division of the American Astronomical Society (AAS/SPD) or (AAS-SPD), often referred to as simply the "Solar Physics Division" (SPD), is the primary trade organization of solar physicists in the U.S. It exists for the advancement of the study of the Sun and to coordinate of such research with other branches of science.  SPD organizes meetings and certain solar-physics-specific prizes, occasionally advocates for solar physics in the political arena, and promotes outreach via formal and informal educational projects.

The SPD awards the George Ellery Hale Prize for outstanding contributions over an extended period of time to solar astronomy, and the Karen Harvey Prize for a significant contribution to the study of the Sun early in a scientist's professional career. The SPD also gives popular writing awards, and holds a student poster contest at its meetings. Contestants are judged on readability, flow, quality of appearance and proportion of independent work done by the student. Judges also take into account the oral presentation by the student, how well the conclusions line up with the aim or purpose and the overall quality of the work.

References

External links
AAS/SPD official website

Physics organizations

Solar Physics Division


Alice Cooper and Friends was a live music television special starring Alice Cooper. Broadcast in the United States in September 1977, it was released on VHS in 1978. This rare video has a running time of 52 minutes, of which 25 minutes feature Cooper. It also features live footage of The Tubes, Nazareth and Sha Na Na.

Alice Cooper and Friends was filmed in concert on 19 June 1977 at the Anaheim Stadium in California. This was the first night of Cooper's "King of the Silver Screen" tour, in support of his album Lace and Whiskey. The special captured a very drunken and lethargic performance by Cooper, which he himself has dismissed as his worst performance. The video does include the infamous Chickens with Machine Guns sequence during the song "Lace and Whiskey". This special was the only commercially released video footage from that tour.

The video of the special has been discontinued since its original release, and has not been issued on DVD. Used copies regularly appear for sale online.

Alice Cooper songs performed
"School's Out"
"Is It My Body?" (excerpt)
"Under My Wheels" (excerpt)
"Billion Dollar Babies" (excerpt)
"You and Me"
"Only Women Bleed" (excerpt)
"Lace and Whiskey"
"I Love the Dead"

References

External links

Alice Cooper
Music television specials

Alice Cooper and Friends


The Federation of Archaeological Managers and Employers (FAME) is a professional archaeological body in the United Kingdom.

It represents around 50 archaeological businesses throughout the UK, including commercial consultancies, universities, local authorities and charitable trusts.

FAME is the distinctive voice of those archaeological businesses who provide specialist services to commercial clients and developers, and represents the interests of archaeological business to government, the public, the profession and the wider business world.

Together, its members employ around 2,000 specialist staff engaged in the recording, analysis, research and publication of archaeological evidence in England, Scotland and Wales.

History
Originally formed in 1975 as the Standing Conference of Unit Managers (SCUM), it later became the Standing Conference of Archaeological Unit Managers (SCAUM), and changed its name to FAME in 2008.

It is governed by a Chair and a Committee elected annually from its member organisations, with a Chief Executive responsible for day-to-day business.

Services
Its services include

•	Voicing issues of concern to its members

•	Providing advice, support and information

•	Contributing to national forums, committees and alliances

•	Responding to national policy consultations

•	Liaising regularly with key partners such as ALGAO, CBA and the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA)

•	Collating market data in partnership with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists

•	Contributing to the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Standards and Guidance

•	Promoting training and professional development

•	Publishing a Health and Safety Manual and safety updates

•	Collating national health and safety data

•	Hosting annual networking events

•	Publishing regular newsletters and employment updates

Issues

FAME expresses its views on national and local issues directly affecting its members. Recent examples have included the publication of government guidance on planning and archaeology, job losses in archaeology, the Fenland debate, the findings of the Southport Group, and the growing crisis of undeposited archaeological archives held by member organisations.

External links
The FAME website is hosted by Wessex Archaeology.

Archaeological organizations
Archaeological professional associations
Archaeology of the United Kingdom
Archaeological Managers and Employers
1975 establishments in the United Kingdom
Federations
Organizations established in 1975


Vesta was the virgin goddess of the hearth, home, and family in Roman mythology. She rarely appeared in art, as her presence was symbolized by the sacred fire that burned at her temple. The temple was forbidden to all except her priestesses, the Vestal Virgins. The Roman equivalent of the Greek Hestia, Vesta was seen to protect everything that was most important to people's survival. She was not a central figure of many myths. The lack of an easy source of fire in the early Roman community placed a special premium on the ever-burning hearth fire, both publicly and privately maintained; thus, from the earliest times Vesta was assured of a prominent place in both family and state worship. Her worship was observed in every household along with that of the Penates and the Lares, and her image was sometimes encountered in the household shrine.(1)

The state worship of Vesta was much more elaborate. Her sanctuary was traditionally a circular building, in imitation of the early Italian round hut and symbolic of the public hearth. The Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum was of great antiquity and underwent many restorations and rebuildings in both republican and imperial times. There burned the perpetual fire of the public hearth attended by the Vestal Virgins. This fire was officially extinguished and renewed annually on March 1 (originally the Roman new year), and its extinction at any other time, either accidentally or not, was regarded as a portent of disaster to Rome.(2)

The asteroid 4 Vesta is named for her.

Other websites

Roman gods and goddesses
Virgin goddesses

References(sorry...on my cell, someone else will have to tidy up....
For (1) & (2) Britannica.com

Vesta (mythology)


August Wilmanns (25 March 1833, Vegesack – 27 October 1917, Berlin) was a German classical philologist and librarian.

He studied classical philology at the Universities of Bonn and Tübingen, receiving his doctorate in 1863 with a dissertation on the Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro. In 1870 he began work as a librarian at the Universitätsbibliothek in Freiburg, followed by professorships at the Universities of Innsbruck (1871) and Kiel (1873). In 1874 he was named Oberbibliothekar (head librarian) at the University of Königsberg, shortly afterwards, given the same title at the Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek in Göttingen (1875).

From 1886 to 1914 he was general director of the Königliche Bibliothek (Royal Library) in Berlin, where he was successor to Karl Richard Lepsius. During his tenure at Berlin, he was credited with conducting a comprehensive reorganization of the library. In 1895 he established a Gesamtkatalog (centralized catalog), initially for Prussia, later being extended to include research libraries in all German-speaking countries.

Selected published works
 "De M. Terentii Varronis libris delingua latina", 1863 (dissertation thesis).
 "De M. Terenti Varronis libris grammaticis", 1864.
 Placidus, Papias und andere lateinische Glossare, 1869 (with Hermann Usener).
 Verzeichniss der von der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin erworbenen Meermann-Handschriften des Sir Thomas Phillipps, 1892 – Directory of the Royal Library in Berlin in regards to the acquired Meerman manuscripts of Sir Thomas Phillipps.
 Beiträge zur Bücherkunde und Philologie, 1903 – Contribution to library science and philology.

References

1833 births
1917 deaths
Writers from Bremen (city)
Academic staff of the University of Kiel
Academic staff of the University of Innsbruck
Academic staff of the University of Königsberg
University of Bonn alumni
University of Tübingen alumni
German classical philologists
German librarians

August Wilmanns


The Atlanta Thoroughbreds were an indoor football team.  They were a 2007 expansion member of the National Indoor Football League (NIFL).  They were scheduled to play their home games at the John H. Lewis Gymnasium in Atlanta, Georgia, but failed to play any home games.  Of the 2007 league-owned expansion teams, the Thoroughbreds were the only team that was competitive, losing both games (before the league collapsed) by 14 points or less.  After the league collapsed, the team became a primarily fill-in team and many players left. The head coach was John Mannino. The offense was led by QB, J.R. Revere and defense by S, Brad Shea.

Season-By-Season

|-
|2007 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 5th Atlantic || --

External links
Official Website

National Indoor Football League teams
Sports clubs and teams in Atlanta

Atlanta Thoroughbreds


Mine is a novel written by American author Robert R. McCammon. It won the 1990 Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel.

Plot summary
The novel tells the story of Laura Clayborne, a successful journalist, the wife of a stockbroker and mother-to-be. With her life seemingly falling apart, Laura hopes that her newborn son, David, will make her life everything it ought to be.

Mary Terrell, aka Mary Terror, is a survivor of the radical 1960s and once a member of the fanatical Storm Front Brigade. Mary lives in a hallucinatory world of memories, guns, and above all, murderous rage. After viewing an ad placed in a popular magazine, she becomes convinced that the former leader of the Brigade, Lord Jack, is commanding her to bring him the child she was carrying when her life was suddenly turned upside down.

Mary steals Laura's baby and the manhunt is on.  With no help at all Laura sets out on a cross-country trip to reclaim that which is hers.  But soon Laura realizes that in order to get back her son and her life she may have to become as savage as the woman she's hunting.

References

1990 American novels
Bram Stoker Award for Novel winners

Mine (novel)


Shirley Corlett (born 20 July 1940) is a writer of fiction for children and adults. She lives in Masterton, New Zealand.

Biography
Shirley Corlett was born on 20 July 1940 in Wellington.

Her first book, The Hanging Sky, a historical saga, was followed by a number of books for children. Several of these have been named as Storylines Notable Books. The Weather-makers was shortlisted for the Junior Fiction section of the New Zealand Post Children's Book Awards in 2002, and You've Got Guts, Kenny Melrose was shortlisted in the same category for the same awards in 2005. Two of her books are part of the popular My Story series.

She also works as a mentor for new writers.

She is married and lives in Masterton.

Awards and Prizes
Shirley Corlett's first children's novel, The Stolen, won the Tom Fitzgibbon Award in 1999.

In 2005, she was the joint recipient of the University of Otago College of Education Writer in Residence with Margaret Beames.

Bibliography
The Hanging Sky (Mallinson Rendel, 1990)

The Stolen (Scholastic, 2000)

Abandon Ship! The Diary of Debbie Atherton, Wellington, 1968 [My Story series] (Scholastic, 2003) (republished as The Wahine Disaster: Wellington, 1968 in 2013)

The Weather-Makers (Scholastic, 2001)

You've Got Guts, Kenny Melrose (Scholastic, 2004)

Fire in the Sky: The Diary of James Collier, Tarawera, 1886 [My Story series] (Scholastic, 2005)

Through Thick and Thin (Scholastic, 2005)

In the Spotlight (Gilt Edge, 2008)

Addie Accident (Scholastic, 2010)

A Catastrophe of Gigantic Proportions (The Copy Press, 2018)

External links

 Profile of Shirley Corlett on Read NZ Te Pou Muramura website
 Profile of Shirley Corlett on Storylines website

References

Living people
New Zealand children's writers
New Zealand women children's writers
1940 births

Shirley Corlett


The Temescal Butterfield stage station is the site where the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach stopped to deliver mail and get fresh horses in what is now Riverside County, California. The Temescal Butterfield stage station was designated a California Historic Landmark (No.188) on June 20, 1935. The site of the Temescal Butterfield stage station is currently near the City of Corona along Temescal Canyon Road. The first stagecoach with mail and passengers departed Tipton, Missouri on September 15, 1858. The stagecoach stopped at the Temescal Butterfield stage station and arrived at the Butterfield Overland Mail Company Los Angeles Building on October 7, 1858. The Butterfield Overland Mail Company closed in 1861.

The Temescal Butterfield stage station was built  north of the Temescal Hot Springs,  north of Rancho La Laguna station and  south of the Chino Rancho station.  The Temescal Butterfield stage station was "at the foot of the Temescal hills, a splendid place to camp, wood and water plenty, and protected from the winds." Temescal had its own post office from February 12, 1861, to November 12, 1861. Around this location, the settlement of Temescal grew over the next few decades.  By 1860, Greenwade's Place at Temescal,  north of the stage station, was a polling place for southwestern San Bernardino County. Voting irregularities there that year resulted in a court case between the candidates for a California State Assembly seat. The trial was so contentious it included the shooting of Bethel Coopwood, one of the opposing lawyers by the other in court, before the results could be determined.

Marker
Marker on the site, 20730 Temescal Canyon Road, Corona, reads:
NO. 188 BUTTERFIELD STAGE STATION - Site of Butterfield Stage Station where mail was delivered and horses changed. The first stage carrying overland mail left Tipton, Missouri on September 15, 1858 and, passing through Temescal, arrived in Los Angeles October 7, 1858.

See also
California Historical Landmarks in Riverside County, California
List of California Ranchos

References

California Historical Landmarks
Landmarks of Riverside County, California
1858 establishments in California

Temescal Butterfield stage station


Olivier Libaux (5 May 1964 – 29 September 2021) was a French record producer, songwriter, and guitarist. A founding member of the band Les Objets, he was also the founder of the musical projects Nouvelle Vague and Uncovered Queens of the Stone Age.

Career

Les Objets
After playing in several bands, Olivier Libaux founded Les Objets with Jérôme Rousseaux in 1989. They released two albums, La Normalité in 1989 and Qui Est Qui in 1994, on Columbia Records/Sony Music. Video clips for the songs La Normalité and Sarah were directed by Michel Gondry.

While in Les Objets, Olivier Libaux started a number of collaborations as a musician and guitarist. He has played with artists Carla Bruni, Alex Gopher, Dominique Dalcan, Jean-François Coen, Helena Noguerra, Le tone, and the band Prudence.

Solo projects
In 2003, Libaux released his first solo album a musical comedy entitled L'Héroïne au bain, featuring the voices of Helena Noguerra, Philippe Katerine, Lio, Doriand, Ludovic Triaire, Dominique Dalcan and Michael von Der Heide. The album was a critical success – an article in Les Cahiers Du Cinéma praised its 'cinematic' qualities – but it failed to achieve significant sales.

His second album Imbécile, came out in 2007 on the label Discograph. The songs on this "scripted" album tell the story of four characters at a dinner party. The interpreters are Philippe Katerine, Helena Noguerra, J. P. Nataf and Barbara Carlotti. On stage Katerine and Noguerra were replaced by Bertrand Belin and Armelle Pioline out of the group Holden. The show based on the record, produced for the stage by Olivier Martinaud at Café de La Danse, mixed concert and theatre performance. The album was a critical and commercial success, particularly the song Le Petit Succès, sung by Barbara Carlotti.

Nouvelle Vague
In 2004, Olivier Libaux created the musical project Nouvelle Vague with Marc Collin. They covered songs from the punk and new-wave eras but arranged in bossa nova style. The songs were sung by young female singers most of whom did not know the original versions. Their first album, entitled Nouvelle Vague, released on the Peacefrog label sold 500,000 copies worldwide and gave them the opportunity to tour in many countries. The audience of Nouvelle Vague comprises veterans and nostalgics of the new-wave era as well as younger people who are discovering the songs.

Uncovered Queens of the Stone Age
In May 2011, Olivier asked Josh Homme (Queens of the Stone Age) for his authorization to cover some Queens of the Stone Age songs in a "personal" way, in order to create an "unusual tribute album", with the help of many talented female singers. Josh Homme answers "Fantastic Idea. Go for it and let me hear the album when you're finished".
Olivier produced Uncovered Queens Of The Stone Age, a 12-track album on his own label "Music For Music Lovers", featuring Emiliana Torrini, Alela Diane, Skye (Morcheeba), Clare Manchon (Clare and the Reasons), Susan Dillane (Woodbine, Death in Vegas), Gaby Moreno, Ambrosia Parsley (Shivaree), Inara George, Rosemary Standley (Moriarty), Youn Sun Nah, and Katharine Whalen (Squirrel Nut Zippers).
The album was released in July 2013, warmly welcomed by Josh Homme, Queens Of The Stone Age, and many of their fans.

Music style and influences
Les Objets, the group founded by Olivier Libaux and Jérôme Rousseaux in the early 1990s was influenced by British indie pop, especially by bands The Smiths and The Monochrome Set, although their songs were in French.
Olivier Libaux defines his album Imbécile released in 2007 as "a kind of farewell to English pop."

Discography

Albums

Les Objets
 1991 : La Normalité (Columbia/Sony Music)
 1994 : Qui est qui (Columbia/Sony Music)

Olivier Libaux
 2003 : L'Héroïne au bain (Naïve Records)
 2007 : Imbécile (Discograph)
 2013 : Uncovered: Queens of the Stone Age (Music for Music Lovers)
 2016 : La Guitare Dans La Vitrine (Actes Sud Junior)

Nouvelle Vague
 2004 : Nouvelle Vague (Peacefrog)
 2006 : Bande à Part
 2009 : 3 (Nouvelle Vague Album)
 2010 : Couleurs sur Paris
 2011 : The Singers
 2016 : I Could Be Happy
 2019 : Rarities & Curiosities

References

External Links

1964 births
2021 deaths
French composers
French male composers
People from Boulogne-sur-Mer
French guitarists
French male guitarists
French male songwriters
French songwriters
Male songwriters
French record producers

Olivier Libaux


Rhinatrematidae is the family of neotropical tailed caecilians or beaked caecilians. They are found in the equatorial countries of South America.

They are usually said to be the most primitive of the caecilian families.  They have many features other groups do not. For example, they still have a tail, and the mouth is not to the back on the underside of the head. They lay their eggs in small holes in the soil. The larvae have external gills.  They live in seepages until they change into adults. The adults live in moist soil and leaf litter.

Taxonomy
There are nine species in two genera.

Family Rhinatrematidae
 Genus Epicrionops - Beaked Caecilians
 Epicrionops bicolor - Two-coloured Caecilian (Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Colombia).
 Epicrionops columbianus - El Tambo Caecilian (Colombia).
 Epicrionops lativittatus - Eastern Peru Caecilian (Peru).
 Epicrionops marmoratus - Marbled Caecilian (Ecuador).
 Epicrionops niger - Black Caecilian (Guyana, Venezuela, and possibly Brazil).
 Epicrionops parkeri - Parker's Caecilian (Colombia).
 Epicrionops peruvianus - Marcapata Valley Caecilian (Peru).
 Epicrionops petersi - Peters' Caecilian (Ecuador, Peru, and possibly Brazil and Colombia).
 Genus Rhinatrema
 Rhinatrema bivittatum - Two-lined Caecilian (Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, and Suriname).
 Rhinatrema shiv - Shiv's Rhinatrema (Guyana).

References

 Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Mark Wilkinson (1989). "On the Classification and Phylogeny of Caecilians." Herpetological Monographs, (3), 1-42

 Frost, Darrel R. 2004. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 3.0 (22 August, 2004). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
 AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2004. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. Retrieved 26 August 2004

Caecilians

Rhinatrematidae


Thomas Rosenkranz is a contemporary American pianist, noted for performances of modern and international music.

Studies
Rosenkranz, born in 1977, studied with Robert Shannon at the Oberlin Conservatory and with Nelita True at the Eastman School of Music where he received a Doctoral degree in Performance and was awarded the Performer's Certificate. He also studied privately with Yvonne Loriod-Messiaen in Paris.

Awards and concert appearances
Rosenkranz was the National Winner of the MTNA Collegiate Piano Competition in 1999 and was awarded the Classical Fellowship from the American Pianists Association in 2003. His recital activities have taken him throughout the world with performances at the Lincoln Center (New York), Kennedy Center (D.C.), 92nd Street Y (New York), Hilbert Circle Theatre (Indianapolis), Poly Theatre (Beijing), National Concert Hall (Shanghai), L'Acropolium (Carthage), Théâtre de la Ville (Tunis), Shanghai Contemporary Festival (Shanghai), International House of Tokyo (Tokyo), and Poly Theatre (Beijing). He has appeared as soloist with the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, the National Orchestra of Beirut, Northwest Chamber Orchestra and was the featured soloist for the Oberlin Orchestra's 2006 Tour of China. He has also worked directly with many notable contemporary composers including George Crumb, Frederic Rzewski, John Adams (composer), and Steve Reich.

Artistic Ambassador
As an Artistic Ambassador sponsored by the United States Department of State, Rosenkranz has traveled to Tunisia more than a dozen times to perform with local Tunisian musicians at such notable venues as the Roman Amphitheatre of Carthage and the Tabarka Jazz Festival. In the summer of 2009 he returned as a cultural specialist in a unique collaboration with the American Embassy of Tunisia where he presented a recital and a week-long master class for the region's most promising pianists. His 2008 solo tour of China and Inner Mongolia included stops in Dalian, Shenyang, and in Dashiqiao where he presented the first public piano recital in the history of the city. He continues to travel to Taiwan each year to give concerts and master classes at Tunghai University and the National Hualien School of Education.

Educator
In addition to his concert engagements, the education of musicians plays an important role in his musical activities. He has been presented in master class at such notable institutions as the Shanghai Conservatory, Shenyang Conservatory, and Northwestern University. He has been Artist-in-Residence at the Institutes of Music of Beirut and Tunis and each summer teaches courses on contemporary music and improvisation at the SoundScape Festival in Italy. He was the founder of the Hawaii Institute for Contemporary Music and has served as a jury member at the Oberlin International Piano Competition and Festival. A former faculty member at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and Bowling Green State University, he is currently on the faculty at the Conservatory of Music and Dance at the University of Missouri-Kansas City.

Recordings
Steve Reich - Triple Quartet (Nonesuch, 2001), with the ensemble Alarm Will Sound.
Steve Reich - Tehillim / The Desert Music (Cantaloupe Music, 2002), with the ensemble Alarm Will Sound.
Mark Applebaum - Catfish (Tzadik, 2003), premiere recording of "Omnibus Etude" for solo piano.
Le Minaret et la Tour (Cristal Records France, 2005), works of Riadh Fehri.
The Oberlin Orchestra in China (Oberlin Records, 2007), soloist for Rhapsody in Blue by George Gershwin.
Brian Hulse - Pseudosynthesis (Albany Records, 2009), premiere recording of "For Rumi" with flutist Lisa Cella.

References
 (2005-02-01); Salmon, John; "Fellows of the American Pianists Association.(2005 MTNA National Conference Artists)"; American Music Teacher.
 (2005-12-21); Lacheva, Elena; "Oberlin College: Oberlin College orchestra to travel to China"; The America's Intelligence Wire
(2007-03-09) Toth, Catherine E; "All-star concert today at UH"; The Honolulu Advertiser.
 (2003-03); "A Year of Adventures on the High Keys for Conservatory Keyboard Students and Graduates"'; Oberlin Online
 (2008-09-07); "An American Pianist opens the Medina Festival"; Embassy of the United States News

Living people
1977 births
American male pianists
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American male musicians
Bowling Green State University faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
Oberlin Conservatory of Music alumni
Eastman School of Music alumni

Thomas Rosenkranz


International Male was a mail-order clothing brand and, at one point in the brand's history, carried brick-and-mortar stores of the same name. The company that created and owns the brand, originally Brawn of California, started in 1974–1975, has since been sold in its entirety in 1987 to Hanover Direct, based in New Jersey.

International Male was a vendor of men's casual, office-casual, and some gallant clothing items which were generally geared to the dandy. Brawn of California, and all brands in its portfolio, is now owned by New Jersey-based group Hanover Direct, which purchased the company in 1987 when founder Gene Burkard retired. Burkard died on December 11, 2020.

The catalog originally carried a wide variety of men's underwear, but this was once spun off into a separate catalog, Undergear, which focused exclusively on men's underwear, swimwear, and some casual wear. The last mailed catalog of International Male was published in 2007. The brands are both available via their own websites, but the International Male site is now defunct and redirects to the Undergear site.

As of 2009, Hanover Direct consolidated these two product platforms under the Undergear label. Undergear is now the sole catalog and web site and incorporates the non-underwear items that would earlier have been in the International Male catalog-website.  The selection of non-underwear clothing is quite limited in comparison to the former years (when International Male was its own separate catalog and website containing many items of clothing besides underwear and swimwear). Over the years, many famous models and actors have posed for the catalog, such as Shemar Moore, Cameron Mathison, Charles Dera, Christian Boeving, David Chokachi, Gregg Avedon, Reichen Lehmkuhl, Rusty Joiner, Brandon Marcel and Scott King.

At one point, Brawn of California partnered with World Financial Network Bank (WFNNB) to offer their customers a credit card. The card is no longer available.

References

 https://web.archive.org/web/20050614234957/http://www.internationalmale.com/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060402202453/http://internationalmale.com/
 http://articles.latimes.com/1986-08-05/business/fi-1550_1_international-male

External links

A History of International Male
Brawn of California - International Male wins appeal

Mail-order retailers
Online clothing retailers of the United States
Companies based in New Jersey

International Male


Cydia  is a graphical user interface of APT (Advanced Package Tool) for iOS. It enables a user to find and install software not authorized by Apple on jailbroken iPhones, iPads and iPod Touch devices. It also refers to digital distribution platform for software on iOS accessed through Cydia software. Most of the software packages available through Cydia are free of charge, although some require purchasing.

Cydia is developed by Jay Freeman (named "saurik") and his company, SaurikIT. The name "Cydia" is a reference to the moth genus Cydia, notably the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella), which eats fruits such as apples and pears.

Purpose and function
Cydia provides a graphical user interface (GUI) to jailbroken users using Advanced Packaging Tool (a package manager) repositories to install software unavailable on the App Store. Cydia is based on APT, ported to iOS as part of Jay Freeman's Telesphoreo project.

Packages are downloaded through a list of repositories. Packages are installed through the list of repositories a user has installed. Apps are installed in the same location as Apple's own applications, in the /Applications directory. Jailbroken devices can also still buy and download apps normally from the official App Store. Some jailbreaking tools install Cydia automatically, while others may not.

Software availability
Some of the packages available through Cydia are standard applications, while most packages are extensions and modifications for the iOS interface and for apps in the iOS ecosystem. Some Cydia repositories host open source packages as well as paid modifications for jailbroken devices. These modifications are based on a framework called Cydia Substrate (formally MobileSubstrate).

Many ports of existing POSIX-compliant command line tools are available on Cydia as well, including bash, coreutils and OpenSSH, meaning the device could potentially be used as a full-fledged BSD workstation, although missing some development tools.

Cydia Store
In March 2009, the now-defunct blog TUAW (The Unofficial Apple Weblog) announced that the Cydia Store, the in-app software purchasing system for Cydia, had opened for sales. The announcement also mentioned that Amazon payments was the only option available, but that PayPal would be added in the future. PayPal later became a payment option as well. Cydia stopped accepting Amazon Payments in 2015, leaving PayPal as the sole payment option. After a bug related to PayPal's digital token authorization was discovered via TechCrunch, Freeman decided to shut down the Cydia Store on December 16, 2018.

Security
The risks in jailbreaking are mixed. Advocates offer that developer tools installed from Cydia can help add extra security. However, being able to install untrusted third-party software can cause data loss and malware. Cydia Substrate, the code injection library usually installed alongside Cydia, will detect if an installed package causes SpringBoard to crash, and will reboot it with all third-party packages temporarily disabled.

History
Freeman first released Cydia in February 2008 as an open-source alternative to Installer.app on iPhone OS 1.1.

In August 2009, Wired reported that Freeman claimed about 4 million, or 10 percent of the 40 million iPhone and iPod Touch owners to date, have installed Cydia.

In September 2010, SaurikIT, LLC, announced that it had acquired Rock Your Phone, Inc. (makers of Rock.app). SaurikIT and Rock Your Phone were the two largest providers of third-party apps at the time.

On December 15, 2010, SaurikIT filed a dispute with World Intellectual Property Organization against Cykon Technology Limited of Kowloon, Hong Kong over the rights to the domain name "Cydia.com", which was registered in 2002. SaurikIT contended that Cykon registered the domain name in bad faith and the domain name incorporates SaurikIT's trademark. SaurikIT initially attempted to purchase the domain, then demanded Cykon to forfeit the domain at cost asserting trademark rights followed by bringing a WIPO proceeding. The complaint was denied by WIPO.

As of April 2011, Cydia had a $10 million in annual revenue and 4.5 million weekly users and according to Freeman's $250,000 net annual profit.

On August 18, 2011, SaurikIT filed a lawsuit against Hong Kong owner of Cydia.com regarding the same domain name.

In early 2013, Saurik announced that all of the SHSH data that Cydia had saved for users with devices on iOS 6.0 through iOS 6.1.2 had been corrupted; iOS 6.1.3 SHSH data were unaffected. The TSS Center within Cydia had a notice titled, Where is my "iOS 6.0–6.1.2"?  (with a sad face emoji at the end). There was no TSS Center before this incident.

On December 24, 2013, Cydia was updated to run on iOS 7 and iOS 7.1.

On October 22, 2014, the Chinese jailbreaking team, Pangu Team, released a jailbreak for iOS 8.0 - 8.1. In response, Saurik quickly updated Cydia to 1.1.13, which added support for iOS 8 and pushed the update to apt.saurik.com for manual download.

On February 26, 2018, CoolStar launched the initial release of Electra, giving access to Cydia from iOS versions 11.0-11.1.2. Alongside Electra for iOS 11, CoolStar released several patches for Cydia, creating a Cydia version compatible with the Electra jailbreak, as Electra had been released while Saurik was still working on updates for Cydia. Saurik eventually released the update, and pushed the update to iOS devices running iOS 11 with Cydia at the time. CoolStar's patched version of Cydia turned out to be incompatible with Saurik's new update.

See also
 Linux on Apple devices

References

External links

Unix package management-related software
Dpkg
Homebrew software
IOS jailbreaking
Mobile software distribution platforms
Free application software

Cydia


Andrea Stuart (born 1962) is a Barbadian-British historian and writer, who was raised in the Caribbean and the UK and now lives in the UK. Her biography of Josephine Bonaparte, entitled The Rose of Martinique, won the Enid McLeod Literary Prize in 2004. Although her three published books so far have been non-fiction, she has spoken of working on a novel set in the 18th century.

Early years
Born in Jamaica, of Barbadian parents, Andrea Stuart spent many of her early years there, where her father was Dean of the medical school at the University College of the West Indies. She moved to England with her family when she was 14, in 1976. She studied English at the University of East Anglia and French at the Sorbonne. She began working as a journalist, then branched into publishing and television documentary production.

Writing
Stuart's first book was Showgirls (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996), a collective biography of showgirls through history to the present day, from Colette, to Marlene Dietrich, to Josephine Baker, to Madonna. It was adapted into a two-part documentary for the Discovery Channel in 1998, and since then has inspired a stage show, a dance piece and a number of burlesque performances.

In 2003 Stuart's second book, The Rose of Martinique: A Biography of Napoleon's Josephine, was published. Described by Kirkus Reviews as "unfailingly interesting", and by The Washington Post as "a comprehensive and truly empathetic biography", it won the Enid McLeod Literary Prize in 2004 and has been translated into several languages.

Stuart's most recent book, Sugar in the Blood: A Family's Story of Slavery and Empire, was published by Portobello Books in 2012, to much acclaim. It tells the story of slavery and colonialism in the Caribbean from the perspective of what Stuart learned about her own family's experience through seven generations from the 17th century. Amy Wilentz wrote in The New York Times: "In this multigenerational, minutely researched history, Stuart teases out these connections. She sets out to understand her family's genealogy, hoping to explain the mysteries that often surround Caribbean family histories and to elucidate more important cultural and historic themes and events: the psychological aftereffects of slavery and the long relationship between sugar — 'white gold' — and forced labor.... Much of the fiery magic of this book arises from Stuart's ability to knit together her imaginative speculations with family research, secondary sources and the work of historians of the region, including C. L. R. James and Adam Hochschild....There is not a single boring page in this book." Publishers Weekly referred to Stuart "Brilliantly weaving together threads of family history, political history, social history, and agricultural history into a vivid quilt covering the evolution of sugar—"white gold"—and slavery and sugar's impact on the development of Barbados as well as on her own family." Valerie Grove in The Times said: "A riveting story of family, slavery and the sugar trade…[Stuart belongs] in the canon of fine post-colonial writers." The Guardian′s reviewer described the book as "a diligently researched hybrid of family memoir and history ... absorbing". Margaret Busby in The Independent referred to it as "a magisterial work of history".

Stuart's work has appeared in numerous newspapers, magazines, and anthologies (including 2019's New Daughters of Africa, edited by Margaret Busby), and she has been co-editor of Black Film Bulletin and fiction editor of Critical Quarterly.

Awards and recognition
In 2004, Stuart won the Enid McLeod Literary Prize from the Franco-British Society for The Rose of Martinique: A Biography of Napoleon's Josephine.

Sugar in the Blood was shortlisted for the 2013 OCM Bocas Prize in the non-fiction category and for the Spear's Book Award, and was The Boston Globe′s non-fiction book of 2013.

In June 2014, Stuart was named by Ebony magazine as one of "six Caribbean writers you should take some time to discover" (alongside Mervyn Morris, Beverley East, Ann-Margaret Lim, Roland Watson-Grant, and Tiphanie Yanique, who were attending the Calabash Literary Festival in Jamaica).

Teaching and lecturing
Stuart has taught at Kingston University, as a Writer-in-Residence since 2011, and on the Biography course at the Arvon Foundation. She was also a writing tutor with the Faber Academy, directing the "Writing Family History" course, and has been associate lecturer in cultural studies at the University of the Arts London, visiting lecturer in creative writing at City University London, and in cultural studies at Central Saint Martins.

Publications

Books
 Showgirls. London: Jonathan Cape, 1996 ()
 The Rose of Martinique: A Biography of Napoleon's Josephine. Macmillan (1st edition), 2003 (). Reprint Grove Press / Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005 ()
 Sugar in the Blood: A Family's Story of Slavery and Empire. London: Portobello Books, 2012. USA: Knopf Publishing Group, 2013.

Selected articles

 "The Pirate's Daughter, by Margaret Cezair-Thompson", The Independent, 23 November 2007.
 "Strange Music, by Laura Fish – The poet, the plantation and history's lost lines", The Independent, 8 August 2008.
 "A Mercy, By Toni Morrison", The Independent, 7 November 2008.
  "The Dead Yard, By Ian Thomson; From Harvey River, By Lorna Goodison", The Independent, 22 May 2009.
 "Sugar: a bittersweet history, by Elizabeth Abbott", The Independent, 1 January 2010.
 "The Long Song, By Andrea Levy", The Independent, 5 February 2010.
 "The Sugar Barons: Family, Corruption, Empire and War, By Matthew Parker", The Independent, 6 May 2011.
 "Book of a Lifetime: Collected Poems, by Derek Walcott", The Independent, 30 June 2012.
 "Britain Needs to Confront its Past" , The Big Issue, 18 July 2012.
 "A bitter-sweet heritage", The Guardian, 1 September 2012.
 "Book review: Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation, By Judith Mackrell"], The Independent, 26 July 2013.
 "Black History Month can only be declared a success once it's redundant", The Guardian, 31 October 2013.
 "Belle shows that at last, cinema is catching up with black history", Comment is free, The Guardian, 12 June 2014.
 "Britain's wealth was built on black backs. Windrush is a scandal of forgetting", The Guardian, 22 May 2018.

See also

 Caribbean poetry
 Caribbean literature
 Postcolonial literature

References

External links
 "Sugar In The Blood: Andrea Stuart's Barbadian Legacy", Public Radio International, 6 June 2012. Audio interview from The World.
 "A Barbados Family Tree With 'Sugar In The Blood, NPR, 4 February 2013. Audio interview on Fresh Air.
 "Interview with Andrea Stuart", Black Book News, 29 September 2012.
 Rosebery Goring, "Andrea Stuart doesn't sugar the pill about slavery's role", The Herald (Scotland), 13 April 2013.
 Eric Herschthal, "The Original Slave Colony: Barbados and Andrea Stuart's 'Sugar in the Blood, The Daily Beast, 23 January 2013.
 Jane Garvey talks to Andrea Stuart about the impact of discovering she was descended from both a slave owner and a slave, BBC, Woman's Hour, 11 June 2012.
 "Evening with Barbadian Andrea Stuart the author of Sugar in the Blood". YouTube. 9 November 2013.
 "Podcast 52: Interview with Andrea Stuart". , Friday, 14 February 2014. Interviewer: Karen Sanderson-Cole. University of the West Indies at St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
 Celeste Headlee, "A Family Tree That Includes Slaves — And Slave Owners" (interview), NPR, 15 August 2013.

1962 births
Living people
20th-century Barbadian women writers
20th-century British biographers
20th-century British women writers
21st-century Barbadian women writers
21st-century British biographers
21st-century British women writers
21st-century historians
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Barbadian historians
Barbadian women journalists
Black British women writers
British biographers
British people of Barbadian descent
British women biographers
British women journalists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Historians of slavery
Place of birth missing (living people)

Andrea Stuart


Glyn Raymond Berry (June 14, 1946 – January 15, 2006) was a Canadian diplomat killed by a suicide car bombing attack in Afghanistan. He was the first Canadian diplomat to be killed while on duty in Afghanistan. Two other civilians were killed in the incident and ten people were wounded, including three Canadian soldiers, Master Corporal Paul Franklin, Private William Edward Salikin and Corporal Jeffrey Bailey.

Early life and education
Born in Wales, Berry graduated from the University of Wales, Swansea with a BA in political science. He then graduated from McMaster University with a Masters in Political Science, and continued his studies at Dalhousie University, where he graduated with a PhD in political science in 1981.

Career
He joined Canada's Foreign Affairs Department in 1977 and had served in Oslo, Washington, Havana, London, Islamabad and at the United Nations in New York City. He was sent to Rwanda as part of an inquiry on Canada's role in the country and filed a report in 2004.

He had volunteered for duty in Afghanistan and was appointed as Political Director for the Department of Foreign Affairs (Canada) to the Provincial Reconstruction Team.

Berry's body was flown by a Canadian Forces C-130 Hercules transport and was buried in his birthplace of Wales.

Dalhousie University set up the Glyn R. Berry Memorial Scholarship.  It is awarded annually, starting in 2008, to a PhD student in political science who "will specialize in an aspect of Canadian foreign policy, defence and security policy, development assistance policy or another area of study addressing Canada's role in international affairs" .

References

Terry Galvin - Glyn Berry 1946-2006
Ceremony honours Canadian diplomat killed in Afghanistan
Photos of the Ramp Ceremony in Afghanistan
Glyn R. Berry Memorial Scholarship

1946 births
2006 deaths
Alumni of Swansea University
McMaster University alumni
Dalhousie University alumni
Canadian diplomats
Welsh emigrants to Canada
Deaths by car bomb in Afghanistan
Canadian terrorism victims
Terrorism deaths in Afghanistan

Glyn Berry