The 1904–1905 Welsh revival was the largest Christian revival in Wales during the 20th century. It was one of the most dramatic in terms of its effect on the population, and triggered revivals in several other countries. The movement kept the churches of Wales filled for many years to come, seats being placed in the aisles in Mount Pleasant Baptist Church in Swansea for twenty years or so, for example. Meanwhile, the Awakening swept the rest of Britain, Scandinavia, parts of Europe, North America, the mission fields of India and the Orient, Africa and Latin America. The Welsh revival has been traced as the root of the megachurches in the present era.

Background
The last revival in Wales was in 1859, but this followed other developments. From 1850 onwards Christianity in Wales was markedly less Calvinistic in form. A generation of powerful biblical preachers ended, as leaders such as Christmas Evans (1766–1838), John Elias (1744–1841) and Henry Rees (1798–1869) died.

Between 1859 and 1904, there were local revivals in Cwmafan (1866), Rhondda (1879), Carmarthen and Blaenau Ffestiniog (1887), Dowlais (1890) and Pontnewydd (1892).

Revival begins

New Quay and Blaenannerch
A prominent leader of the Revival was the Methodist preacher of New Quay, Joseph Jenkins, who arranged a conference in New Quay in 1903 with the theme to deepen loyalty to Christ. During a meeting in February 1904, Florrie Evans is quoted as having said, "I love Jesus Christ with all my heart," a statement which is recognized as having made an impression on the attendees. This event supposedly initiated the revival. The regular Sunday meetings, as well as the newly founded midweek meetings, became lively. Members of Joseph Jenkins' church, led by Jenkins, traveled to other nearby towns and villages.

In September, a conference was held at Blaenannerch. It was reported that 'massive blessing' was upon this conference and the news quickly spread throughout the area and beyond. The South Wales Daily News picked up on the events and reported that "the third great revival was afoot through the nation!". The other two noted revivals were the Welsh Methodist revival and the 1859 Methodist revival.

Ammanford

In November 1904, Jenkins was invited to be a guest preacher at meetings in Bethany, Ammanford, the church of Nantlais Williams. When the appointment was arranged, there was no news yet of the conversions in New Quay and Blaenannerch, but an extra meeting was hastily arranged on the Sunday afternoon so that Joseph Jenkins could tell about the events. Williams is recorded to have said that he was worried that there would be no interest in such a meeting and he was skeptical what the turnout would be. However, when he arrived, he could only just squeeze into the chapel to hear Jenkins.

It had been arranged that Jenkins was to preach on the Monday night before his return to New Quay. The church was again full with people professing their faith in Jesus. Perhaps the most dramatic turn was when one of the crowd members announced, "Another meeting like this will be held here tomorrow night…" That meeting was also well attended and went on until the early hours of the next morning. Despite already having been ordained as a minister, on that weekend in November 1904, Williams had a conversion experience, on the Saturday night prior to Jenkins' arrival.

North Wales
In December 1904, Joseph Jenkins embarked on three months of preaching and professing in areas of North Wales. Many meetings were held in Amlwch, Llangefni, Llanerchymedd, Talysarn, Llanllyfni, Llanrwst, Denbigh, and Dinorwig, and some students at the University of Wales Bangor were converted. But perhaps the most conversions were seen in Bethesda; another leader of the revival, J. T. Job, described the meeting held in Jerusalem, Bethesda on 22 December, 1904 as "a hurricane".

Evan Roberts and Loughor
Evan Roberts was a young man influenced by the stories and experiences that were happening in New Quay and Blaenannerch. He decided to go to Newcastle Emlyn for ministerial training, and arrived in the revival in south Ceredigion. The news of the mass conversions in New Quay and Blaenannerch had already spread to Newcastle Emlyn and were a distraction for a man who had been sent there to study. Seth Joshua, another prominent leader of the revival, came to the area to hold meetings, which Roberts attended eagerly.

After his three months training at Newcastle Emlyn he was to return to Loughor to start his ministry. He claimed to have direct visions from the Holy Spirit: very specific visions, such as the number 100,000 representing the souls God intended to use him to save. As the revival unfolded Roberts is said to have depended increasingly upon what he considered the guidance of the Holy Spirit.

Response to Roberts' ministry was initially slow, but soon the crowds turned out and the meetings were carried on until the early hours of the morning. After the meeting at Loughor, Roberts assembled a team and went on a tour of the South Wales valleys to spread the revival.

Roberts did not take well the decline of the revival, and the frustration of great expectations of a worldwide revival that had arisen in his team, and afterwards fell into depression. He was then housed by a friend in England at Leicester, and co-wrote a book with his friend's wife Jessie Penn-Lewis, War on the Saints, believed by some to be heretical because of its use of the term "possession" to describe demonic spirits' potential effect on believers, from which he dissociated himself after he recovered from depression and the book was severely criticised. In 1913, when Roberts's mother was dying, his brother Dan tried to see him to ask him to visit his mother. Roberts refused contact. Eventually "Awstin", the reporter of the revival, gained access. There were rumours that Roberts was being held prisoner by the Penn-Lewises. Roberts spoke freely about how God was preparing him for his next great work, and sent, via "Awstin", "God's message to the churches of south Wales". Because of Roberts's treatment of his mother the message was ignored.

Aberdare
Aberdare became a major centre of the revival and the first area that Evan Roberts visited following his initial meetings at Loughor. In the Aberdare area, the revival aroused alarm among ministers for the revolutionary, even anarchistic, impact it had upon chapel congregations and denominational organization. In particular, it was seen as drawing attention away from pulpit preaching and the role of the minister. The local newspaper, the Aberdare Leader, regarded the revival with suspicion from the outset, objecting to the 'abnormal heat' which it engendered. Trecynon was particularly affected by the revival, and the meetings held there were said to have aroused more emotion and excitement than the more restrained meetings in Aberdare itself. The impact of the revival was significant in the short term, but in the longer term was fairly transient.

Role of newspapers
For the first time, the newspapers had a role in this revival. The Western Mail and the South Wales Daily News, Wales' daily newspapers, spread news of conversions and generated an air of excitement that helped to fuel the revival. The Western Mail in particular gave extensive coverage to Roberts' meetings in Loughor. The articles were gathered together and published as a series of seven pamphlets, including copies of picture postcards of the revivalists that were published at the time. The contents of the final pamphlet are credited by some as killing the revival. Peter Price, a minister from Dowlais, wrote a letter that was very critical of Evan Roberts. Price wanted to distinguish between the genuine revival that he believed was going on and a sham revival he associated with Evan Roberts. The pamphlet contains many letters in support of Evan Roberts (the majority), and a few supporting Price. Vyrynwy Morgan gives further letters supporting Price.

Interpretations
The Welsh revival has been described not as an isolated religious movement, but as very much a part of Britain's modernisation. The revival began in late 1904 under the leadership of Evan Roberts (1878–1951), a 26-year-old former collier and minister in training. The revival lasted less than a year, but in that time 100,000 people were converted. Begun as an effort to kindle non-denominational, non-sectarian spirituality, the Welsh revival of 1904–05 coincided with the rise of the labour movement, socialism, and a general disaffection with religion among the working class and youths. Placed in context, the short-lived revival appears as both a climax for Nonconformism and a flashpoint of change in Welsh religious life. The movement spread to Scotland and England, with estimates that a million people were converted in Britain. Missionaries subsequently carried the movement abroad; it was especially influential on the Pentecostal movement emerging in California.

Unlike earlier religious revivals based on powerful preaching, the revival of 1904–05 relied primarily on music and on alleged supernatural phenomena as exemplified by the visions of Evan Roberts. The intellectual emphasis of the earlier revivals had left a dearth of religious imagery that the visions supplied. The visions also challenged the denial of the spiritual and miraculous element of Scripture by opponents of the revival, who held liberal and critical theological positions. The structure and content of the visions not only repeated those of Scripture and earlier Christian mystical tradition but also illuminated the personal and social tensions that the revival addressed by juxtaposing Biblical images with scenes familiar to contemporary Welsh believers.

The after-effects of the revival were considered by Vyrynwy Morgan in the final chapter of his book, which gives the figures for convictions for drunkenness in the county of Glamorgan for the years 1902 to 1907, supplied by the police. There is a near 50% reduction after the revival.

In popular culture
 The novels Queen of the Rushes (1906) by Allen Raine, and The Withered Root (1927) by Rhys Davies were inspired by the 1904–1905 Welsh revival.
 In 2004, the BBC's Bread of Heaven series featured a programme on the 1904 Welsh revival, which was presented by Huw Edwards.
 In 2005 a musical was made about the 1904–1905 Welsh revival. The music and lyrics were written by Mal Pope and the book is by Frank Vickery. Its first tour began at the Grand Theatre, Swansea, Wales and was directed by Michael Bogdanov with the Wales Theatre Company and included an appearance from Peter Karrie.

See also
 Christian revival

Notes

References
Evans, Eifion: "Diwygiad 04-05" : 2002
Gibbard, Noel: "Nefol Dan – Agweddau ar ddiwygiad 1904–1905" : 2004
Davies, Gwyn: "A Light in the Land – Christianity in Wales 200–2000" : 2002
"Awstin" and other special correspondents of the Western Mail: "The Religious Revival in Wales" 2004
J. Vyrnwy Morgan: "The Welsh Religious Revival 1904–05: A Restrospect and Critique" : 2004

Further reading
 Clark, Dudley Charles. "Revolt and revival in the valleys: the influence of religion and revivalism on the politics and labour relations of the Taff Vale Railway, south Wales, 1878–1914." (PhD Dissertation. University of Leeds, 2012)
 Eifion Evans, The Welsh Revival of 1904, third ed. (Bridgend, 1987)
 Philip Eveson (ed.), When God Came To North Wales: an account of how the 1904–05 religious revival affected Bethesda and Rhosllanerchrugog (Weston Rhyn: Quinta Press, 2010)
 Noel Gibbard, Fire on the Altar: A History and Evaluation of the 1904–05 Revival in Wales (Bridgend, 2005).
 Noel Gibbard, On the Wings of the Dove: The International Effects of the 1904–05 Revival (Bridgend, 2002).
 Edward J. Gitre, "The 1904–05 Welsh Revival: Modernization, Technologies, and Techniques of the Self." Church history 73#4 (2004): 792–827.
 Brynmor P. Jones, Voices from the Welsh Revival (Bridgend, 1995).
 R. Tudur Jones, Faith and the Crisis of a Nation: Wales 1890–1914, trans. Sylvia Prys Jones ed. Robert Pope (Cardiff, 2004).
 Digby L. James (ed.), The Religious Revival in Wales: Contemporaneous Newspaper Accounts of the Welsh Revival of 1904–05 Published by the Western Mail (Weston Rhyn: Quinta Press, 2004)
 Harvey, John. "Spiritual Emblems: The Visions of the 1904-5 Welsh Revival," Llafur: Journal of Welsh Labour History/Cylchgrawn Hanes Llafur Cymru, 1993, Vol. 6 Issue 2, pp 75–93
 Jones, J. Gwynfor. "Reflections on the Religious Revival in Wales 1904–05," Journal of the United Reformed Church History Society, Oct 2005, Vol. 7 Issue 7, pp 427–445
 Morgan, J. Vyrnwy. The Welsh Religious Revival: A Restrospect and Critique (Weston Rhyn:Quinta Press, 2004).
 Stead, W. T. and G. Campbell Morgan. The Welsh Revival 1905. The Pilgrim Press.
 War on The Saints, Jessie Penn-Lewis & Evan Roberts Diggory Press, ; The Full Text, Unabridged Edition Thomas E. Lowe, Ltd.,
 The Awakening in Wales & Some of the Hidden Springs (republished as Fuel for Revival), Diggory Press,
 I Saw The Welsh Revival, David Matthews Pioneer Books,
 The World Aflame, Rick Joyner, Whitaker House, 1995,

External links
 Welsh Revival – History
 Welsh Revival – BBC – History
 The Welsh Revival Library

History of Christianity in Wales
Christian revivals
1904 in Wales
1905 in Wales
1904 in Christianity
1905 in Christianity

1904–1905 Welsh revival


The Carnabeats (ザ・カーナビーツ, Za kānabītsu) is a Group Sound band formed in 1967. Their hit single was a Japanese version of "I Love You" (a song cover from The Zombies), debut on June 1, 1967. The group would later dissolved on September 1969.

History
In January 1967, 16 year old high school student Ai Takano left the Freelancers (フリーランサーズ, Furīransāzu), a vocal group he had belonged to, and immediately invited former Swing West rhythm guitarist Jiro Kitamura and his fellow member of Freelancers Hiroshi Koshikawa to form a new band. Koshikawa was in Nagoya. Keikichi Usui, who has been an ally since the jazz cafe "Grand Canyon" era, and Tadao Oka, who was also a member of the Sounds West in Nagoya, were welcomed and they were patronizing the restaurant in Kamata, Ota-ku. With the full backing of former bandman Masahiro Miike, who is the owner of "80", he started his career under the name of Robin Hood (ロビンフッド, Robin fuddo).

Eventually, the group passed the audition held at JVC, the publisher of Philips Records. The original single "I Love You" (released in 1965) by the British band The Zombies played at this time was successfully arranged by them, and producer Kazushi Honjo immediately translated the English-American pop songs. They asked Kenji Sazanami, a songwriter and lyricist, to translate it into Japanese, and their first debut single "Sukisa Sukisa Sukisa" (好きさ好きさ好きさ, I Love You I Love I Love You) became a popular hit.

At the time of their first music debut, they changed their name to The Carnabeats by Rumiko Hoshika, the editor-in-chief of Music Life, and the agency will be Robin's Plan, which would later be launched for them. In June 1967, The Carnabeats made another album with The Jaguars, who belongs to the same recording company as an idol of the catchphrase, The Carnabeat's Sound Age. In their first debut single "Sukisa Sukisa Sukisa" Takano, who sings very passionately, sticks out his drumsticks and screams "All of you", which captivates female fans and immediately the song became a massive success.

With the popularity of other electric bands such as The Spiders, The Tigers, The Blue Comets, and The Jaguars, who had already debuted their albums, the song blockbuster was one of the catalysts for the GS boom. Takano's singing voice grabbed the hearts of the fans and the group had release another hit single "Let's Love Jenny", released in September 1967.  In addition, Usui, who was in charge of Japanese translation from the recommendation of Rumiko Hoshika, sings energeticly in "You Are Crazy About You" on side B. The groups's third single released in October is "Okay!", which is a cover song of Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich, and Paul Anka's hit song "Crazy Love" on the B side. By using the fuzz audio, it is finished in an arrangement like The Carnabeats did so. The band produced many rock-like sound with Kitamura and all the members feeling close to Western rock'n roll music.

They showed a different look with a another song, "Don't Cry", released in February 1968. This album is a ballad by the combination of two songwriters Jun Hashimoto and Koichi Sugiyama, and it is a song that mixes the sadly singing Takano and the chorus members. Ten days later, they released "Cutie Morning Moon," which was recorded with British musician Gary Walker, a drummer of The Walker Brothers (UK), who was as popular as The Beatles in Japan. This song was written by Scott Walker, and the performance and chorus were recorded from the night of January 9, when the recording was made, to the dawn. The song title was decided to change from "The Shadow Of The Moon That Remains Faintly In The Sky" to "Cutie Morning Moon", and the composition was composed by producer Honjo, the composer of "Let's love Jenny". It was also put in charge under the name of Rinji Motoo.

Their sixth single "Love In Search", released in May was the first solo for Usui on side A, and was written by Kōhan Kawauchi, who is known as the original creator of "Moonlight Mask", and this song was written by The Spiders. They brought it to Victor Records, but it went to The Carnabeats, which belongs to the same music distributor, Philips Records. This year, the band participated in the Nikkei Western Carnival in as guest performances, appeared in multiple movies and tv shows, released the LP "The Carnabeats First Album", acted as an image character for Fujiya and Pepsi Cola commercials, and their tour from June in Tokyo and Osaka. Their strong performance such as holding a one-man show continued, and their single "Um Um Um" was released in August.

However, the GS boom peaked in 1968 and began to died down with upcoming rhythm and blues, hard and soft rock, funk, and disco during the early 1970s. The next single "My Baby" was released in October, and even with Takano's singing reminiscent of the early singles, it did not become a hit. On March 1969, the Beatles' "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da", which is famous for its marmalade rhythm, was released with the translation of Kenji Sazanami for the first time. However, in April, vocalist Usui left the group, and Paul Okada, who was in another GS, joined them. The song they released was "Teltel Heaven".

In contrast to the A-side, which is a cover song, the B-side, with the Latin song "Midnight Lovers" composed by Takashi Miki, tried to revive with a sound that was ahead of the trend, but the decline of the GS boom could not be stopped anymore, and the same year. Kitamura and Oka left the group in September, and Kyoichi Saiga and Rie joined, but they eventually disbanded. After the band ended, Ai Takano joined The Golden Cups as a drummer in January 1970.

Members

 Ai Takano (vocals, drums), (January 12, 1951 - April 1, 2006),  Nickname: Mocchi (もっちん, Motchin), Chongcho (チョンチョ, Choncho).
 Keikichi Usui (vocal, moderator, tambourine, maracas), (January 2, 1946 -), Born in Kokurakita Ward, Withdrew from the band in April 1969, He made his solo debut in the early 1970s under the names of Kei Aoyama and Masami Aoyama, Nickname: Ponta (ポンタ, Ponta).
 Hiroshi Koshikawa (guitar, leader), (April 22, 1946 -), Nickname: Hiro-chan (ヒロちゃん, Hirochan), Frog (カエル, Kaeru).
 Tadao Oka (bass), (April 1, 1948 -), Born in Fukushima Prefecture, Nickname: Dende (デンデ, Dende), Goldfish (金魚, Kingyo), Real name: Tadao Takahashi, His older brother Norio Oka worked at the Jukebox,  Although he left the band one month before the dissolution, Oka participated in the dissolution concert for one day only, His son is Yūta Takahashi, an actor from the JUNON Super Boy Contest.
 Jiro Kitamura (guitar), (February 18, 1946 -), Nickname: Jiro (ジロー, Jirō), Golden Bat (黄金バット, kogane batto), Left the band one month before the dissolution, but participates in the dissolution concert for one day only, After the dissolution, he formed the new rock band "Life".
 Paul Okada (vocal), (August 13, 1947 -), Real name: Kazuhiko Nagaoka, Joined in April 1969 as a successor to Usui who left the band, After the dissolution, he made his solo debut in November 1970. Debuted as "Pysis" in March 1975, and released "Don't Come With Your Lover" written and composed by Yumi Arai in April 1976.
 Kyoichi Saiga (bass), (January 2, 1949 -), Joined as a successor to Oka in September 1969, just before the dissolution.
 Rie (keyboard) (1950 -), Joined in September 1969, just before the dissolution.

Discography
Singles

 I Love You, I Love You, I Love You, (好きさ好きさ好きさ, Sukisa sukisa sukisa) / I Was Kaiser Bill's Batman (口笛天国, Kuchibue tengoku);(1967.06.01)
 Let's Fall In Love Jenny (恋をしようよジェニー, Koiwoshiyōyo jenī) /  I'm Crazy About You (お前に夢中さ, Omae ni muchū-sa); (1967.09.20)
 Okay! (オーケイ!, Ōkei!)  /  (クレイジー・ラブ, Kureijī rabu);(1967.10.25)
 Don't Cry (泣かずにいてね, Nakazu ni ite ne) / Chu! Chu! Chu! (チュッ!チュッ!チュッ!, chu~tsu! Chu~tsu! Chu~tsu!);(1968.02.15)
 Morning Sunrise Of Love (恋の朝焼け, Koi no asayake)  / Hello Gary (ハロー・ゲイリー, Harō geirī); (1968.02.25)
 Looking For Love (愛を探して, Ai o sagashite) / Go Go Stop (ゴー・ゴー・ストップ, Gō gō sutoppu); (1968.05.25)
 Umm Umm Um (ウム・ウム・ウム, Umu umu umu) / Monnie Monnie (モニー・モニー, Monī monī); (1968.08.05)
 My Baby (マイ・ベイビー, Mai beibī) / Love Memories Box (恋の想い出箱, Koi no omoide-bako);  (1968.10.25)
 Ob-La-Di Ob Lada (オブラディ・オブラダ, Oburadi oburada) / Because It's A Request (お願いだから, Onegaidakara); (1969.03.10)
 Teltel Heaven (テルテル天国, Teruteru tengoku) / Midnight Lovers (真夜中の恋人たち, Mayonaka no koibito-tachi); (1969.06.25)

Appearances
Televisions:
April 1967; (Fuji TV); "Let's Sing With Youth!"; * Guest appearance
July 1967; (TBS TV); "Young 720"; * Semi-regular appearance
October 1967; NET TV (currently TV Asahi); "Uneven Montage Battle"; * Regular appearance
September 1968; (TV TOKYO Corporation); "R&B Heaven"; * Guest appearance
October 1968; (Nippon TV); "Bakusho Young Pops"; * Guest appearance
October 1968; (Fuji TV); "Let's Go! Young Sounds"; * Guest appearance

Movies
February 1, 1968 - (Distributed by: Nikkatsu Nikkatsu) - The Puppy-love Singers - starring Hidekazu Nagai and directed by Kenjiro Morinaga
March 1, 1968 - (Distributed by: Shochiku Shochiku)- Man in the Storm - starring Nana Ozaki (actress) Nana Ozaki and directed by Kazuo Hase
July 27, 1968 - (Distributed by: Daiei) - Pregnancy - starring Tamotsu Hayakawa, Masako Mizuki, The Rangers (performance) and directed by Tarô Yuge
September 15, 1968 - (Distributed by: Shochiku) - First Love Declaration - starring Kaoru Yumi, Etsuko Nami, Le Girls (performence) and directed by Meijirō Umetsu (also wrote the screenplay)

Musical groups established in 1967

The Carnabeats


Theodore Gorman Lewis (November 19, 1890December 5, 1934) was an American lawyer and politician from Wisconsin.  He was a justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court for the last 20 days of his life.

Biography

Born in McFarland, Wisconsin, Lewis graduated from the University of Wisconsin and received his law degree from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1915. He served in the United States Army during World War I, was wounded at Château-Thierry, and was awarded the Purple Heart. Lewis was district attorney of Dane County, Wisconsin from 1921 to 1925. He also served as city attorney of Madison, Wisconsin from 1930 to 1933. Lewis was also executive secretary to the governor of Wisconsin. On November 15, 1934, Lewis was appointed to the Wisconsin Supreme Court only to die of pneumonia twenty days later on December 5, 1934, before he could hear a case.

References

External links

People from McFarland, Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
University of Wisconsin Law School alumni
Justices of the Wisconsin Supreme Court
1890 births
1934 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in Wisconsin
20th-century American judges

Theodore G. Lewis


A girandole (; from French, in turn from Italian girandola) is an ornamental branched candlestick or light fixture consisting of several lights, often resembling a small chandelier. Girandoles came into use about the second half of the 17th century, and were commonly made and used in pairs.

A girandole has always been, comparatively speaking, a luxurious appliance for lighting, and in the great 18th-century period of French house decoration, the famous ciseleurs designed some exceedingly beautiful examples. A great variety of metals have been used for the purpose. Sometimes, as in the case of candlesticks, girandoles have been made in hardwoods. Gilded bronze has been a very frequent medium, but for table use silver is still the favorite material.

Girandoles, or lighting devices, have also been attached to looking glasses and furniture. Some popular mirrors, especially the convex style, and some large dressing glasses of the 19th century were known as "girandoles" because of the lighting devices mounted to their sides.

The word Girandole (pl. żyrandol) is also used in Poland to describe a traditional folk art. Poland's "Traditional decorative forms included spider girandoles.",
which are decorative objects hung from the ceiling. Various materials are used to make them, including tissue paper cut, wrapped or manipulated into flowers or garland. "It was probably this enormous variety of form of spider girandoles that caused them to occur practically universally throughout Poland."  "The most recent version of spider girandoles were festoons and garlands of tissue which were stretched starwise at the ceiling."

References

Light fixtures
Candles
Furniture
Antiques
Chandeliers

Girandole


Millfield is a residential area of the city of Peterborough, in the ceremonial county of Cambridgeshire, England. For electoral purposes it comprises the main part of Peterborough Central ward. A multicultural area, the Faidhan-e-Madina Mosque opened in nearby New England in 2003. The area has at times seen high racial tensions and disturbances, most notably in September 2001 when teenager Ross Parker was murdered by a gang of Muslims of Pakistani origin, in an unprovoked racially motivated attack.

Gladstone and The Beeches County Primary and Queens Drive Infant schools are located in the area; following the closure of nearby Deacon's School in July 2007, secondary pupils attend the flagship Thomas Deacon Academy which opened in September 2007.

The area falls within the ecclesiastical parish of Saint Mark (Lincoln Road) with Saint Barnabas (Taverners Road). The former Italian Catholic mission church of Saint Joseph (San Giuseppe) was run by the Scalabrini Fathers for many years and the adjacent nursery, which opened in 1977, was originally run by the missionary sisters.

References

Suburbs of Peterborough

Millfield, Peterborough


Sanna Kannasto (née Kallio; 1878–1968) was a Finnish Canadian labour activist and feminist. With A.T. Hill and Aku Päiviö she was one of the key figures in the Finnish Canadian socialist movement of the early 1900s. Authorities considered Kannasto as one of the most dangerous agitators in Canada. She was also active in the Canadian suffragette movement.

Life
Kannasto was born in Ylihärmä, Grand Duchy of Finland. She emigrated to United States in 1899 and studied at the Suomi College in Hancock, Michigan. In 1905 Kannasto joined the Socialist Party of America working as a writer and speaker. Two years later she moved to Port Arthur, Ontario with her spouse J.V. Kannasto. Although Kannasto used the surname of her spouse, they were never married. Living together without marriage was a common habit among radical Finns in North America.

In 1908 Kannasto became the first paid organizer in the Finnish-Canadian socialist movement. Her job was to recruit Finnish workers to join the Socialist Party and later the Social Democratic Party. Kannasto helped establishing the Finnish Organization of Canada (FOC) in 1911. It was first associated with the Social Democratic Party and later with the Communist Party of Canada. In three years FOC had more than 3,000 members in 64 locals across the country, some 500 of them were women. Kannasto travelled across the country at least five times and made a large number of shorter journeys. She spoke to the Finns in the remote mining towns, rural areas, and lumber camps. Kannasto held also additional meetings for women guiding them on women's role in the labour movement and even discussed about more intimate issues such as marriage life and birth control. She was respected by both men and women as well as among English-speaking socialists, although she didn't speak much English.

Canadian authorities viewed Kannasto as one of the country's most dangerous agitators and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police wanted to deport her. They started to follow Kannasto and finally she was arrested in early 1920 on her way to Manyberries, Alberta. After her release Kannasto continued her work. She was later arrested at least once, in May 1925 in the United States while she was speaking in Hibbing, Minnesota. Kannasto was accused of illegal entry. She was forced to leave her political activities in the early 1930s due to the continuous harassment by the Canadian authorities. Kannasto died in Canada in 1968.

Film
A Canadian-Finnish documentary drama Under the Red Star was released in 2011. It is a story about union organizers and Finnish refugees who fled to Canada after the 1918 Civil War. Sanna Kannasto is played by Finnish actress Elena Leeve.

Sources
Varpu Lindström-Best: "Defiant Sisters – A Social History of Finnish Immigrant Women in Canada", p. 149–152 Multicultural Canada

References

1878 births
1968 deaths
Canadian feminists
Canadian suffragists
Finlandia University alumni
Emigrants from the Russian Empire
Finnish emigrants to Canada
People from Vaasa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
People from Ylihärmä
Socialist Party of Canada politicians
Finnish socialist feminists
Canadian socialist feminists

Sanna Kannasto


are a set of pictograms once used in the Yaeyama Islands of southwestern Japan. The word kaidā was taken from Yonaguni, and most studies on the pictographs focused on Yonaguni Island. However, there is evidence for their use in Yaeyama's other islands, most notably on Taketomi Island. They were used primarily for tax notices, thus were closely associated with the poll tax imposed on Yaeyama by Ryūkyū on Okinawa Island, which was in turn dominated by Satsuma Domain on Southern Kyushu.

Etymology
Sudō (1944) hypothesized that the etymology of kaidā was , which meant "government office" in Satsuma Domain. This term was borrowed by Ryūkyū on Okinawa and also by the bureaucrats of Yaeyama (karja: in Modern Ishigaki). Standard Japanese /j/ regularly corresponds to /d/ in Yonaguni, and /r/ is often dropped when surrounded by vowels. This theory is in line with the primary impetus for Kaidā glyphs, taxation.

History
Immediately after conquering Ryūkyū, Satsuma conducted a land survey in Okinawa in 1609 and in Yaeyama in 1611. By doing so, Satsuma decided the amount of tribute to be paid annually by Ryūkyū. Following that, Ryūkyū imposed a poll tax on Yaeyama in 1640. A fixed quota was allocated to each island and then was broken up into each community. Finally, quotas were set for the individual islanders, adjusted only by age and gender. Community leaders were notified of quotas in the government office on Ishigaki. They checked the calculation using warazan (barazan in Yaeyama), a straw-based method of calculation and recording numerals that was reminiscent of Incan Quipu. After that, the quota for each household was written on a wooden plate called . That was where Kaidā glyphs were used. Although sōrō-style Written Japanese had the status of administrative language, the remote islands had to rely on pictograms to notify illiterate peasants. According to a 19th-century document cited by the Yaeyama rekishi (1954), an official named Ōhama Seiki designed "perfect ideographs" for itafuda in the early 19th century although it suggests the existence of earlier, "imperfect" ideographs. Sudō (1944) recorded an oral history on Yonaguni: 9 generations ago, an ancestor of the Kedagusuku lineage named Mase taught Kaidā glyphs and warazan to the public. Sudō dated the event to the second half of the 17th century.

According to Ikema (1959), Kaidā glyphs and warazan were evidently accurate enough to make corrections to official announcements. The poll tax was finally abolished in 1903. They were used until the introduction of the nationwide primary education system rapidly lowered the illiteracy rate during the Meiji period. They are currently used on Yonaguni and Taketomi for folk art, T-shirts, and other products, more for their artistic value than as a record-keeping system.

Repertoire
Kaidā glyphs consist of
references to animals, plants and their byproducts such as rice, millet, bean, bull, sheep, goat, fish and textile, and
numerals, or basic units such as a bag of rice (俵), a bag of millet, a dipper of rice (斗), a box of rice (升), half a bag of rice, and
household symbols called dāhan.
As for numerals, similar systems called sūchūma can be found in Okinawa and Miyako and appear to have their roots in the Suzhou numerals.

Research history
The first non-Yaeyama author to comment on kaidā glyphs was Gisuke Sasamori, who left copies of many short kaidā texts in his Nantō Tanken (南島探検, Exploration of the Southern Islands), a record of his 1893 visit to Okinawa Prefecture which also mentions the hard labor imposed on the islanders by the regime. Yasusada Tashiro collected various numeral systems found in Okinawa and Miyako and donated them to the Tokyo National Museum in 1887. A paper on sūchūma by British Japanologist Basil Chamberlain (1898) appears to have been based on Tashiro's collection.

In 1915 the mathematics teacher Kiichi Yamuro (矢袋喜一) included many more examples of kaidā glyphs, barazan knotted counting ropes, and local number words (along with a reproduction of Sasamori's records) in his book on Old Ryukyuan Mathematics (琉球古来の数学). Although Yamuro did not visit Yonaguni by himself, his records suggest that kaidā glyphs were still in daily use in the 1880s. Anthropologist Tadao Kawamura, who made his anthropological study of the islands in the 1930s, noted "they were in use until recently." He showed how kaidā glyphs were used in sending packages. Sudō (1944) showed how business transactions were recorded on leaves using kaidā glyphs. He also proposed an etymology for kaidā.

References

See also
Writing in the Ryukyu Kingdom

Japanese writing system
Mathematical notation
Pictograms
Yaeyama culture

Kaidā glyphs


Digestive system surgery, or gastrointestinal surgery, can be divided into upper GI surgery and lower GI surgery.

Subtypes

Upper gastrointestinal
Upper gastrointestinal surgery, often referred to as upper GI surgery, refers to a practise of surgery that focuses on the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. There are many operations relevant to the upper gastrointestinal tract that are best done only by those who keep constant practise, owing to their complexity. Consequently, a general surgeon may specialise in 'upper GI' by attempting to maintain currency in those skills.

Upper GI surgeons would have an interest in, and may exclusively perform, the following operations:

 Pancreaticoduodenectomy
 Esophagectomy
 Liver resection

'''Surgery on the digestive system's organs is referred to as digestive system surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, or gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. Nutrients from the food we eat are processed and absorbed by the digestive system. Surgery could be required to remedy or treat certain problems or diseases that affect the digestive tract.

There are many different types of digestive system operations, some of the more popular ones being:
1. Appendectomy: The surgical removal of the appendix, typically as a result of acute appendicitis, an appendix inflammation.
2. Gastric bypass: A weight-loss procedure that includes separating the stomach into an upper pouch that is smaller and a lower pouch that is bigger. Then, a section of the stomach and small intestine are skipped in favor of rearranging the small intestine to link to both pouches. As a result, the stomach can contain less food and nutrients are not as well absorbed, which causes weight loss.
3. Cholecystectomy: Surgically removing the gallbladder, frequently as a result of painful gallstones or other problems.
4. Colectomy: The removal of the colon (large intestine) whole or in part. This procedure is typically done to address problems including colorectal cancer, diverticular disease, or inflammatory bowel disease.
5. Resection of the liver in part: This procedure is frequently carried out to treat liver tumors or to remove damaged liver tissue.
6. Esophagectomy: Removal of the esophagus in whole or in part, usually to treat esophageal cancer.
7. Pancreatic Surgery: procedures involving the pancreas, such as the Whipple surgery (pancreaticoduodenectomy), which is used to treat some forms of pancreatic cancer and other serious pancreatic diseases.
8. Hernia Repair: A hernia, which is the protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, is treated surgically.

These operations can be carried out using conventional open surgical procedures or minimally invasive techniques like laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery, which require smaller incisions and result in quicker recoveries. Surgery of the digestive system is a complicated topic that calls for specialized education and experience. To make educated decisions regarding their healthcare, individuals must speak with a trained surgeon about their unique situation, treatment options, and potential hazards.

My father was operated on by  Dr. Suddhasattwa Sen. My father was found to have a hernia and  gallstones. You can tell where you stand and what to do next based on his exceptional care, curiosity, investigative intellect, and ability to connect. My father is currently making a full recovery following surgery.

Dr. Suddhasattwa Sen completed his MBBS from R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata in 1999, MS (General Surgery) from IPGMER in 2005, DNB (General Surgery) from National Board of Examinations in 2006, MRCS from UK in 2006, DNB (Surgical Gastroenterology) from CMRI Hospital, Kolkata in 2010. He has also completed his MNAMS from the National Academy of Medical Sciences in 2007, Fellowship in AMASI in 2007, Fellowship in Hepato - Biliary - Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation from Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi in 2007, FICS in 2012, and Certification in Endohernia Surgery & Solid Organ Endo-surgery in 2008.

References

General surgery

Digestive system surgery


The James River is a  river in southern Missouri. Its source is near the town of Diggins in Webster County. It begins on a northwesterly course, then turns southwest near Northview. It passes down the east side of Springfield where a dam creates Lake Springfield. From Springfield, it flows west and then south to Galena. Shortly after Galena it enters Table Rock Lake. Before the dam that created Table Rock Lake, the James River emptied into the White River.

Large sections of the James River are used by canoes or kayaks. A solid 3-day float from the spillway below Lake Springfield to Galena is possible when the levels are high enough. There are several access points along the river. These offer a variety of amenities including fishing and boat rentals.

The James River is not a water source for the city of Springfield. However, Springfield Lake is a primary source of water for the cooling system at the Southeast Power Plant which sits by the dam. James River Freeway on the city's south side is named after the river. The river's unusual green stain is from copper-fixing bacteria present in the waters.

Location

Mouth Table Rock Lake, Stone County, Missouri:

References

Rivers of Missouri
Ozarks

James River (Missouri)


Minna Lederman Daniel (3 March 189629 October 1995) was a music writer and editor of the magazine Modern Music for more than 20 years.

Life
Lederman was born in Manhattan and studied music, dance and drama as a child. She graduated from Barnard College in 1917 and married painter Mell Daniel, who died in 1975.

In 1923, Lederman helped found the League of Composers in New York City, and saw the need for a music review magazine. The first issue was published in February 1924, originally called The League of Composers' Review. In 1925, the name was changed to Modern Music, and publication continued until 1946. It featured and reviewed dance, concert music, musical theater, jazz, film and radio music performances in Europe, Latin America and the United States, but concentrated on serious coverage of new American music.

A number of composers wrote for the magazine, including Aaron Copland, Virgil Thomson, Elliott Carter, Leonard Bernstein, John Cage, Marc Blitzstein and Roger Sessions. European composers were also featured, including Alban Berg, Arnold Schoenberg and Béla Bartók. Music critic Edwin Denby was also a regular contributor.

Because of the importance of the magazine, Lederman maintained considerable influence in shaping pre-World War II American music, perhaps more than any single composer. After the magazine closed, Lederman continued to write on dance and music. She edited the Stravinsky in the Theater anthology published in 1947 and contributed to magazines including Saturday Review, The American Mercury, The Nation and others.

In 1974, she was instrumental in establishing the Archives of Modern Music in the Library of Congress, and in 1983, she edited The Life and Death of a Small Magazine published by the Institute for Studies in American Music, a compilation of articles written for Modern Music united by Lederman's commentary. In 1984, the compilation won the ASCAP Deems Taylor Award for distinguished music criticism.

Lederman died in Manhattan at age 99.

References

1896 births
1995 deaths
American music journalists
Writers from New York (state)
American women music critics
American music critics
American magazine editors
Barnard College alumni
Writers from Manhattan
American women journalists
Women writers about music
Journalists from New York City
Women magazine editors
20th-century American women

Minna Lederman


Eugene Allen Kurtz (December 27, 1923 – July 7, 2006) was an American composer of contemporary classical music.

He received an M.A. in music from the Eastman School of Music in 1949. His instructors included Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, and Max Deutsch. He served as a guest professor of composition at the University of Michigan, the Eastman School of Music, and several other universities. His notable students include John Burke, Roger Briggs, John S. Hilliard, and Robert Morris.

His best-known composition is The Last Contrabass in Las Vegas (1974), for double bass and female narrator, which was composed for Bertram Turetzky and his wife Nancy Turetzky, who have performed it frequently. He was also commissioned by Radio France.

Kurtz was born in Atlanta and served in the U.S. Army during World War II; he first arrived in France in 1944. He settled in Paris in 1952, living there until his death there of a lung infection at the age of 82.

References

External links
Eugene Kurtz entry from International Who's Who in Music
Eugene Kurtz biography
Obituary (French)
Eugene Kurtz remembrance
Audio sample of The Last Contrabass in Las Vegas

1923 births
2006 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Musicians from Atlanta
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American expatriates in France
Eastman School of Music alumni
Pupils of Darius Milhaud
University of Michigan faculty
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians

Eugene Kurtz


Stickpile Tunnel, also known as Greenridge Tunnel, is an abandoned railroad tunnel in Allegany County, Maryland, located about  southwest of Little Orleans. It was built by the Western Maryland Railway (WM) in 1906. It was constructed with concrete arch portals and the roof has wood planking.

The tunnel was part of a major WM project to extend its rail system from Hagerstown west to Cumberland. The difficult route followed the Potomac River valley and involved construction of four additional tunnels and 23 bridges. The new rail line opened for traffic in 1906. Trains ran through the tunnel until 1975 and the rail line was abandoned that same year.

Green Ridge, West Virginia, an abandoned railroad town, was located near the western portal of the tunnel, across the Potomac River.

The National Park Service acquired the tunnel and adjacent portions of the WM right of way in 1980. The site is part of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park.

See also
 Indigo Tunnel
 Kessler Tunnel
 Western Maryland Railroad Right-of-Way, Milepost 126 to Milepost 160

References

 Western Maryland Railway Co., Baltimore, MD (1954). "Track Chart: Cumberland to Hagerstown."

Tunnels in Allegany County, Maryland
Railroad tunnels in Maryland
Western Maryland Railway tunnels
Tunnels completed in 1906
1906 establishments in Maryland

Stickpile Tunnel


Randy J. Walker (May 29, 1954 – June 29, 2006) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Miami University from 1990 to 1998 and at Northwestern University from 1999 to 2005, compiling a career head coaching record of 96–81–5. Walker won 59 games at Miami, more than noted coaches who preceded him such as Sid Gillman, Woody Hayes, Bo Schembechler, Bill Mallory, and Ara Parseghian.

Playing career
Walker had a standout season his last year in high school for the Troy Trojans in Troy, Ohio. He received recruiting offers from Big Ten schools like Northwestern University and Ohio State University, but choose instead to follow his high school sweetheart, Tammy, to Miami University (Tammy was a year older and already there).

He played three seasons at fullback for the Miami Redskins in Oxford under head coaches Bill Mallory and Dick Crum. His teammates included former Illinois coach Ron Zook and NFL standouts Rob Carpenter and Sherman Smith.

In his three years the team went 32–1–1 and was ranked #15 in 1973, #10 in 1974 and #12 in 1975. Miami won the Mid-American Conference in all three years. Miami also went to the Tangerine Bowl (presently the Capital One Bowl) where they beat Florida in 1973, Georgia in 1974 and South Carolina in 1975. In his senior year Walker was named the team's most valuable player. For his career he ran for 1757 yards.

He was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals (1976; 13th round), but chose to become an assistant coach instead.

Coaching career
Walker was an assistant coach for the Miami Redskins (1976–1977; running backs), then the University of North Carolina Tar Heels (running backs coach 1978–1981; quarterbacks coach 1982–1985; offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach 1985–1987), and finally the Northwestern Wildcats (1988–1989; running backs).

Miami
Walker became Miami's 30th head coach, succeeding Tim Rose whose contract was not renewed. In his first year the Redskins posted a 5–5–1 record, which was a vast improvement for a team that had only won two games in the two previous years. Walker made steady improvement in his nine years, culminating with a 10–1 record in his last year with the RedHawks. This team was led by record-breaking running back Travis Prentice. Walker finished with 59–35–5 record including several victories over ranked opponents from major conference such as #25 Northwestern in 1995, #12 Virginia Tech in 1997 and #12 North Carolina in 1998. However, he never won the Mid-American Conference Championship.

Northwestern
Walker had a 37–46 career record at Northwestern. In 2000, Walker overhauled the offense and introduced the spread formation. Unlike most other spread offenses, Walker's featured a very strong running game. His run game was so strong, in fact, that only one season in Walker's entire time at Northwestern did he fail to coach a 1000-yard rusher. This offense helped the Wildcats share the Big Ten title in his second year. He is third behind Pappy Waldorf in career victories. Walker also was the first Wildcat coach to lead three different teams to bowl games. In addition, he became the first Wildcat coach ever to guide three straight teams to four or more Big Ten wins.

Death
On June 29, 2006, Walker, who was only 52, died suddenly of an apparent heart attack, leaving the Northwestern community shocked and saddened. He had battled a viral heart infection in the fall of 2004. On July 7, 2006 Pat Fitzgerald was named to replace him as head coach of the Wildcats.

Personal life
Born to Jim Walker, an accountant with Hobart Corporation, and Ruth Ann Walker, he grew up in Troy, Ohio and graduated from Troy High School, where he played fullback and defensive back on the 1971 team that was picked by the Dayton Daily News as the area's best team over the past 50 years. As a student, he sang the lead in school musicals (including Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof), played the violin, and was active in student government. He graduated from Miami University in 1976 with a B.A. in social studies education and, in 1981, earned his master's degree in education administration.

He is survived by his wife and high-school sweetheart, Tammy (aka "Tamara"; née Weikert), and two children, daughter Abbey and son Jamie.

He met Tammy when he was on student council his junior year in high school. They were both put on a committee to plan a Thanksgiving dance in 1970. She was a senior and after she chose to attend Miami University he followed her there. They were married in 1975.

In an interview in 2000, Walker told Skip Myslenski of the Chicago Tribune that the defining moment in his life came in 1969. On a high school team that was rebuilding and led by undersized sophomores like himself, they were having a terrible season (they went 2–7–1). On the last play of the last game of the season, with the game tied 22–22 against powerful rival Dayton Wayne, the pass went to the 165-pound Walker. He was tackled 18 inches from the end zone. After the game his coach, James "Jim" Conard, made the entire team walk around with a piece of cloth that was 18 inches long, until the start of the 1970 season.

Walker gave up his first love, baseball, joined the track team for speed and stamina, and started lifting weights, gaining 30 pounds. Reporting to fall practice at 195 pounds, Walker's teams would not lose another game the remaining two seasons, going 20–0.

Head coaching record

References

1954 births
2006 deaths
American football fullbacks
Miami RedHawks football coaches
Miami RedHawks football players
North Carolina Tar Heels football coaches
Northwestern Wildcats football coaches
People from Troy, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio

Randy Walker (American football coach)


Interlac is a fictional language used by characters of the United Planets in stories set in the 30th century of the DC Comics universe, especially stories about the Legion of Super-Heroes. Although the characters are said to be conversing in this language, dialog is presented to the reader in English (or whatever local language the comic has been translated to). Interlac text is sometimes depicted visually using the Interlac alphabet as a simple one-to-one substitution cipher for the 26 letters of the English alphabet and 10 numerals.

It is also the name of a similarly-used language in the TV series Babylon 5.

DC Universe
The first reference to Interlac as the "intergalactic universal language of the 30th century" was in Adventure Comics #379 published in March 1969. It was also frequently referred to in the Super Friends comic book series to explain how the Super Friends could understand the language of visiting and/or invading extraterrestrials. The Interlac alphabet was codified years later by writer Paul Levitz and artist Keith Giffen in Legion of Super-Heroes (vol. 2) #312 (June 1984).

Interlac is also shown to be the language in which the Guardians of the Universe write the Book of Oa.

Interlac is also spoken by Lobo in Young Justice: Outsiders.

Babylon 5
In the universe of the TV series Babylon 5, Interlac is a universal language most often used in first contact situations because it is based on pure mathematics and therefore easily translated. In this context, it is normally used only in first contact situations until such a time as a more common understanding between two new species becomes available.

See also
 Legion of Super-Heroes
 DC Comics
 Babylon 5

References

External links
 INTERLAC - Interlac, the Intergalactic Language

Alphabets
Artistic languages
DC Comics
Fictional languages
Legion of Super-Heroes
Babylon 5

Interlac


Ron Link (born in Columbus, Ohio in 1940 – June 7, 1999) was an American theatre director.

Link directed off-off-Broadway theatre, working primarily at Caffe Cino and La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in the Lower East Side of Manhattan. He directed a young Robert De Niro in Glamour, Glory and Gold and a young Sylvester Stallone in Somerset Maugham's Rain. He also directed Divine in Tom Eyen's Women Behind Bars at La MaMa and at the Astor Place Theater in 1974, and in The Neon Woman at Hurrah in 1978.

After moving to Los Angeles, he directed Stand-Up Tragedy and Bouncers.

References

External links

1940 births
1999 deaths
American theatre directors

Ron Link (director)


Arnulf of Flanders (–964), called the Great, was a French nobleman and the third count of Flanders. He ruled from 918 until his death. He ruled an expanded County of Flanders, an area that is now northwestern Belgium and southwestern Netherlands.

Career
Arnulf, born , was the son of count Baldwin II, Count of Flanders and Ælfthryth of Wessex. She was a daughter of Alfred the Great. Through his mother he was a descendant of the Anglo-Saxon kings of England. Through his father he was a descendant of Charlemagne. Arnulf was named after Saint Arnulf of Metz, a progenitor of the Carolingian dynasty.

At the death of their father in 918 Arnulf became Count of Flanders. His brother Adelolf succeeded to the County of Boulogne. When Adeloft died in 933 Arnulf took control of Boulogne and Ternois. His nephews were still young so it was probably as their guardian. Later he gave the countship of Boulogne to his nephew, Arnulf II.

Arnulf I greatly expanded Flemish rule to the south. He took over all or part of Artois, Ponthieu, Amiens, and Ostrevent. Arnulf exploited the conflicts between Charles the Simple and Robert I of France, and later those between Louis IV and his barons. In his southern expansion Arnulf had conflict with the Normans. They were trying to secure their northern frontier. This led to the 942 murder of the Duke of Normandy, William Longsword, at the hands of Arnulf's men. The Vikings became less of a threat during the later years of Arnulf's life. He worked on reforming his county government.

Arnulf's son, Baldwin III died in 962 leaving Arnold a crisis of succession. Baldwin's son Arnulf II 'the Young' was still a child and his succession was disputed. Arnulf offered the king, Lothair of France, Artois, Ponthieu, and Ostrevant in exchange for the king's protection of Arnulf II. His grandson inherited a weakened county of Flanders when he came of age. Arnold died on 27 March 964.

Family
The name of Arnulf's first wife is unknown but he had at least one daughter by her:

 Name unknown; married Isaac of Cambrai. Their son Arnulf succeeded his father as Count of Cambrai.

In 934 he married Adele of Vermandois, daughter of Herbert II of Vermandois. Their children were:

 Hildegarde, born c. 934, died 990; she married Dirk II, Count of Holland. It is uncertain whether she is his daughter by his first or second wife.
 Liutgard (935–962) married Wichmann IV, Count of Hamaland.
 Egbert, died 953.
 Baldwin III, Count of Flanders (c. 940 – 962), married Mathilde of Saxony († 1008). His son Arnulf II succeeded his grandfather, Arnulf I.
 Elftrude; married Siegfried, Count of Guînes.

Notes

References

890s births
964 deaths
Counts and countesses of Flanders

Arnulf I, Count of Flanders


Henry Snapp (June 30, 1822 – November 26, 1895) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. He was the father of Howard Malcolm Snapp, also a U.S. Representative.

Biography
Henry Snapp was born in Livonia, New York on June 30, 1822. When he was three years old, Snapp moved with his parents to Rochester, New York. He attended the public schools of Rochester. He removed with his family to Homer Township, Will County, Illinois, in 1833, where he completed his public education and helped on the family farm. When Snapp reached adulthood, he moved to Joliet and studied law under E. C. fellows & S. W. Randall. He was admitted to the bar in 1843, though he did not practice for another seven years. Snapp was elected city attorney in 1854.

Snapp was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1868 and served one two-year term. There, he lobbied to have the Illinois State Capitol constructed with Joliet limestone. He was re-elected to this position, but resigned from office so that he could be nominated as the Republican candidate to the United States House of Representatives. Snapp was elected to the Forty-second Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Burton C. Cook. He served from December 4, 1871, to March 3, 1873. Snapp declined to be a candidate for renomination to the House in 1872. He resumed his law practice in Joliet, where he died on November 26, 1895. He was interred in Oakwood Cemetery.

Snapp married Adeline Broadie in Joliet in January 1847. They had five children: Sarah, Dorrance Dibell, Elizabsth, Henry D., Howard M., and Charles D. Howard would follow in his father's footsteps and be elected as a Republican to the House of Representatives in 1903.

References

1822 births
1895 deaths
Illinois lawyers
Republican Party Illinois state senators
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois
People from Joliet, Illinois
19th-century American politicians
People from Livonia, New York
19th-century American lawyers

Henry Snapp


Jamie Christopher Hewlett (born 3 April 1968) is an English comic book creator, illustrator, music video director, and songwriter. He is the co-creator of the comic book Tank Girl with Alan Martin and co-creator of the virtual band Gorillaz, alongside Blur frontman Damon Albarn.

Biography

Early life
Brought up in Horsham, West Sussex, Jamie Hewlett was a pupil at Tanbridge House School, a local co-educational source comprehensive for pupils aged 11–16 years. In 1983 he worked in the Wardour Street studios of Oscar Award-winning animator Bob Godfrey. Hewlett created the original artwork for a pilot animated cartoon series for Thames Television directed by Bob Godfrey with voiceovers by Peter Hawkins, the voice of Bill & Ben.

While studying at Northbrook College Worthing, Hewlett, Alan Martin and fellow student Philip Bond created a fanzine called Atomtan. This brought him to the attention of Brett Ewins. After leaving college Hewlett and Martin were invited by Ewins to create material for a new magazine he was setting up with Steve Dillon in 1988.

Early career
A magazine called Deadline featured a mixture of comic strips produced by English creators like Hewlett and articles on music and culture. Martin and Hewlett created Tank Girl, an anarchic strip about a teenage punk girl who drove a tank and had a mutant kangaroo for a boyfriend. The strip proved instantly popular and quickly became the most talked-about part of Deadline. Hewlett's eccentric style proved popular and he started to work with bands Senseless Things and Cud providing covers for record releases; he also contributed artwork sporadically to Commodore User magazine.

He designed decor for a nightclub called The Factory in Chatsworth Road, Worthing. The decor featured red and green stripes, a wall of blown-up panels from Tank Girl set against 1970s wallpaper, a Ford Escort hung from the ceiling, and toilets pasted with pages from old comic book annuals. The Factory has since been refurbished and renamed several times.

By 1992, Hewlett had become a major creator in the comics industry, and one of the few to break into mainstream media. He had worked with writer Peter Milligan on Hewligan's Haircut in 2000 AD issues 700 to 707. The series was later compiled into a trade paperback. He was involved in providing covers and art for Shade, the Changing Man, also written by Milligan, for DC Comics.

Tank Girl was optioned to be made into a film by MGM after being considered by, among others, Steven Spielberg. The film was released in 1995 and featured Lori Petty as Tank Girl. It was a commercial and critical failure and was criticized by fans who said it failed to capture the essence of the original strip. Hewlett had very little involvement with the film.

Hewlett drew a Tank Girl mini-series for the Vertigo imprint of DC Comics written by Peter Milligan.

He opened a secondhand clothing store, 49. The shop, at 49 Rowlands Road, Worthing, was managed by girlfriend Jane Oliver, originally a member of Elastica, but this was a short-lived venture and closed within a year.

Hewlett was still involved with English bands of the mid-1990s, including illustrating a comic strip version of Pulp's song "Common People".

Deadline was eventually cancelled in 1996 due to falling sales in a changed market and Hewlett concentrated on working in advertising and designs for television, most notably the children's series SMTV Live, featuring Ant & Dec. He also created the strip Get the Freebies, which was published monthly in English fashion magazine The Face. The stories, all set in London, followed the exploits of Terry Phoo, a gay, Buddhist kung-fu law enforcement officer and his sidekick Whitey Action, an enigmatic young anarchist with a bad attitude, as they tackle their primary adversaries The Freebies Gang. The dynamic between the two heroes was much like that of Tank Girl and her mutant kangaroo boyfriend Booga, with the episodes from the female protagonist's point of view. The strip's primary function was for Hewlett to vent his spleen against the media idols and trends of the day, the story often taking second place to the jokes.

21st century
At this time, he had moved into a flat with Blur's Damon Albarn after Hewlett split with Oliver, and it was while sharing the flat that the pair came up with the idea of Gorillaz, a virtual band. Albarn would work on the music, while Hewlett would come up with character designs, and both came up with ideas for the members of the band. The first Gorillaz EP was released in 2000 followed by the first album, Gorillaz in 2001. In 2005, their second full studio album, Demon Days was released.

In January 2006, Hewlett's artwork for Gorillaz was shortlisted for the Design Museum's Designer of the Year award. In May 2006, he was named the Designer of the Year 2006. On 25 May 2006, Hewlett and Albarn won the joint award for Songwriters of the Year at the Ivor Novello Awards.

In 2007, Hewlett and Albarn premiered their first major work since Gorillaz, entitled Monkey: Journey to the West, a re-working of the ancient Chinese legend Journey to the West. Albarn wrote the score whilst Hewlett designed the set, animations and costumes. Written and adapted by Chen Shi-zheng, the show featured 45 Chinese circus acrobats, Shaolin monks and Chinese vocalists. It premiered at the Palace Theatre, Manchester as part of the Manchester International Festival, on 28 June 2007.

His Get the Freebies strip was adapted by BBC Three for a pilot entitled Phoo Action, broadcast in February 2008.

Hewlett and Albarn created the animation sequence the BBC used to introduce coverage of the Beijing 2008 Olympics. The sequence titled Journey to the East uses the Monkey character from Monkey: Journey to the West.

He married French presenter and actress Emma de Caunes at Saint-Paul-de-Vence on 10 September 2011.

A 2014 Kickstarter campaign successfully raised the capital for a new Tank Girl book called  21st Century Tank Girl featuring co-creators Hewlett and Martin, as well as other artists, including Brett Parson, Warwick Johnson-Cadwell, Philip Bond, Jim Mahfood, Craig Knowles, and Jonathan Edwards.

In November 2015, Hewlett debuted his first art exhibition called The Suggestionists at the Saatchi Gallery in London. The exhibition then made its American debut at the Woodward Gallery in Manhattan in May 2016.

Influences
In a 2013 interview with Consequence of Sound, Hewlett stated that his primary influences were the works of cartoonists such as Mort Drucker, Carl Giles, Jack Davis, and "Ronald" (sic) Lowe.

In a 2012 interview for Absolut Vodka, Hewlett also listed Harvey Kurtzman's American satirical magazine MAD Magazine as a leading influence of his art.
Hewlett has mentioned that he is largely influenced by the works of American animator Chuck Jones of Looney Tunes, and cites the works of British comic book artists Ronald Searle and Mike McMahon as influences on his artwork. In fact, Hewlett has even stated that the entirety of Chuck Jones' filmography and Mad Magazine as a whole are the biggest overall influences on his work.

Hewlett was influenced by not only the works of Chuck Jones, but also various UPA cartoons. Hewlett's Absolut London web profile also revealed that along with Chuck Jones, American filmmaker Stanley Kubrick and American author Hunter S. Thompson were big influences on his artwork as well. Hewlett has also admitted to being heavily inspired by the likes of artists such as Robert Crumb, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Martin Kippenberger, and Richard Caton Woodville.

During a 2012 Interview with Alfred Dunhill, he also lists the first film of the Star Wars series as another main influence on his artwork.

Hewlett has admitted to being a big fan of Brendan McCarthy's works, more specifically his work on his comic book Strange Days. Hewlett has said that French comic book artist Moebius is a big influence on his art, calling him 'unbelievably inspiring' and saying that he considers him to be 'one of the greatest'. In addition to Moebius, Hewlett has been heavily influenced by the works of artists Tony Hart and Tanino Liberatore. In an interview with The Telegraph, Hewlett also mentioned being a fan of American animator Brad Bird and his work on Family Dog, as well as American cartoonist Charles Schulz' Peanuts comic strips.

In a conversation with Mark Kermode, Hewlett said that the 1973 French animated film Fantastic Planet was the very first animated film that showed him animation is also a medium for adults.

Works

Comics
Interior comics work includes:
 Tank Girl (art, with Alan Martin, in Deadline, 1988–1995)
Judge Dredd: "Spock's Mock Chocs" (art, with writer Alan Grant and shared art duties with Brendan McCarthy, in 2000 AD #614, 1989, collected in Judge Dredd: The Complete Case Files Volume 12, October 2008)
 Sooner or Later: "Swifty's Return" (art, with writer Peter Milligan, in 2000 AD #614–617, 1989)
 King Pant (writer, with art by Philip Bond, in A1 #2, Atomeka Press, 1989, )
 Hellcity (art, with writer Alan Martin, in A1 #4, Atomeka Press, 1990, )
 Hell City II (art, with writer Alan Martin, in A1 True Life Bikini Confidential, Atomeka Press, 1990, )
 Hewligan's Haircut (with writer Peter Milligan, in 2000 AD #700–707, 1990, collected in Hewligan's Haircut hardcover, August 2003)
 Doom Patrol #50 (with Grant Morrison, Vertigo, December 1991, collected in Doom Patrol Volume 4: Musclebound, August 2006)
 Tank Girl: She's Fucking Great (writer & art, in A1 #6, Atomeka Press, 1992)
 King Leon (art, with writer Peter Milligan, in A1 #2–4, Epic Comics, 1992)
 Tank Girl: The Odyssey (art, with writer Peter Milligan, 4-issue mini-series, Vertigo, 1995)
 Get the Freebies (writer & art, in The Face Vol. 2 #94 - Vol. 3 #5, 1996-1997)

Covers
Comics covers include:
Shade, the Changing Man #14–22 (DC Comics, August 1991 – April 1992)
Doom Patrol #52, 60 (with Grant Morrison, Vertigo, 1 February 1992, and 1 October 1992 collected in Doom Patrol Volume 5: Magic Bus, 2007 and Doom Patrol Volume 6: Planet Love, 2008)

Music
Musical projects include:
Gorillaz
Monkey: Journey to the West
 The front and back cover, as well as additional booklet art, of the second Mindless Self Indulgence album, Frankenstein Girls Will Seem Strangely Sexy
 The back cover of The Good, the Bad & the Queen by The Good, the Bad & the Queen
Guitar Man logo for the annual Royal Albert Hall week of concerts for Teenage Cancer Trust

Art
Artistic projects include:
Under Water Colours – Old Truman Brewery – East London, 17–31 October 2009

References

External links
 Official Website (Tank Girl)
  (Gorillaz)

Interviews
 Video interview with Jamie Hewlett about Monkey, Journey to the West
 Interview with Hewlett on public radio program The Sound of Young America (1/07)
 Hewlett discusses Gorillaz at mtv.com
 An interview with Neil Gaiman and Gorillaz

English cartoonists
English graphic designers
English comics artists
British surrealist artists
English animators
Grammy Award winners
Ivor Novello Award winners
People from Horsham
1968 births
Living people
Gorillaz members

Jamie Hewlett


The Spanish alphabet is a Latin alphabet of 27 letters used to write the Spanish language. It has the same letters as the ISO Basic Latin Alphabet with the additional letter Ñ, which is named "Eñe" (pronounced EN-yay). In addition to letters, the alphabet also uses accent marks to mark stressed syllables. The Spanish alphabet is fairly phonemic, which means words are usually spelled the way the sound. While different accents exist in Spanish like with any living language, pronunciation is usually fits well with spelling.

The letter combinations "CH", "LL" and "RR" used to be included as letters of the Spanish alphabet and sorted by themselves in dictionaries (but not "RR," since no Spanish words begin with "RR"), and thus the Spanish alphabet used to contain 30 letters until they were removed. They are no longer letters of the Spanish alphabet and are now just letter combinations with their own sounds. The letter K is limited in Spanish and mostly only occurs in foreign words borrowed from other languages. There are, however, some native Spanish words that do begin with the letter K (e.g. Kilo, Kilogramo, Kilómetro, etc.), and the letter W does not appear in original Spanish words, only in foreign words borrowed from other languages, and thus is hardly almost ever used in Spanish.
Latin alphabet

Spanish alphabet


A water shoe is a type of footwear that is typically used for activities where the feet are likely to become wet, such as kayaking. Water shoes are usually made of mesh and have a hard sole used to prevent cuts and abrasions when walking in wet, rocky environments. They may often have tiny holes on the bottom or sides of the sole to allow for quick water drainage, which helps the wearer's feet dry faster, keeps the shoe light, and prolongs the lifespan of the material. Additionally, most people do not wear socks with water shoes.

Types
There are several types of water shoes based on the needs of the wearer, ranging from something that resembles a sock to footwear that can function as a sneaker or even a boot.

 Water socks-Maintains the feeling of being barefoot when engaging in water activities. Ideal for swimming and can sometimes be worn inside scuba gear.
 Water shoe-The most common type and can be worn casually in and out of water because it functions as a normal shoe. They can be designed to be able to handle light hiking.

History
Canvas shoes reinforced with rope know as bathing shoes were part of Victorian women's bathing costumes. They were held in place with ribbons.

Water shoes are also used to protect people's feet in waters with sharp-rocked floors or zebra mussels, in which case their primary purpose is not to keep the wearer's feet dry. In some areas such as the Finger Lakes, wearing water shoes has become essential due to the infestation of sharp-edged mussels.

References

 Sports footwear

Water shoe


The Brahminy kite (Haliastur indus), is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors, such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. They are found in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Australasia. They are found mainly on the coast and in inland wetlands, where they feed on dead fish and other prey. Adults have a reddish-brown body plumage contrasting with their white head and breast which make them easy to distinguish from other birds of prey. The Indian Air Force is its symbol.

In culture

Known as elang bondol in Indonesia, the brahminy kite is the official mascot of Jakarta. In Hinduism, it is considered as the contemporary representation of Garuda, the sacred bird of Vishnu. In Malaysia, the island of Langkawi is named after the bird (kawi denoting an ochre-like stone used to decorate pottery, and a reference to the bird's primary plumage colour).

For the Ibans of the Upper Rajang, Sarawak, Borneo, a brahminy kite is believed to be the manifestation of Singalang Burung when he comes down to earth. Singalang Burung is the ultimate deity of incomparable qualities and superior abilities in every dimension. He is also known as the god of war.

References

National symbols of India
Birds of Asia
Accipitriformes

Haliastur indus


The Oxfordshire Museum (also known as Oxfordshire County Museum) is in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England, located in Fletcher's House, Park Street, opposite the Bear Hotel. It is a regional museum covering the county of Oxfordshire. The museum is located on the edge of the Cotswolds.

The museum features collections of local history, art, archaeology, the landscape and wildlife relating to the county of Oxfordshire, and to the town of Woodstock in particular. The museum is run by Oxfordshire County Council and is located in a large historic house, Fletcher's House, in the centre of Woodstock. The museum has 11 galleries. There is also a coffee shop and a large garden behind the museum, which includes a Dinosaur Garden, displaying megalosaur footprints found in a limestone quarry near Ardley .

Admission is free.

In 2014, the Soldiers of Oxfordshire Museum (SOFO) was opened in the grounds of the museum. In 2021, SOFO launched a crowdfunding campaign for seven weeks to build a life-size WW2 Anderson Shelter.

See also
 List of museums in Oxfordshire
 Museum of Oxford
 Ashmolean Museum

References

External links
 The Oxfordshire Museum website from Oxfordshire County Council

Museums with year of establishment missing
Museums in Oxfordshire
Houses in Oxfordshire
Woodstock, Oxfordshire
Local museums in Oxfordshire
Art museums and galleries in Oxfordshire

The Oxfordshire Museum


Diwaliben Punjabhai Bhil (2 June 1943 – 19 May 2016), also known as Diwaliben Punjabhai Ladhia, was an Indian folk singer and playback singer from Gujarat. Her talent was discovered late; she then sang on radio and in Gujarati films and was awarded the Padma Shri in 1990.

Biography
Diwaliben Bhil was born on 2 June 1943 in Dalkhania village (now in Dhari Taluka, Amreli district, Gujarat) to Punjabhai and Monghiben in a tribal family. Her original surname was Ladhiya. Inspired by her mother, she started singing traditional garba songs at an early age. She was a primary-school dropout, but had taught herself folk singing. She moved to Junagadh at the age of nine, when her father found a job on the Junagadh State Railway. She was married in Rajkot at the age of nine, but her marriage was declared null and void after only two days due to disagreements; she never married again. Around the age of twenty, she got a job in a hospital and worked there for ten years. Later, she worked as a domestic helper in the nurses' quarters of the Junagadh Public Hospital. She moved to Junagadh and lived with her brother in the Ghanghiram area.

In 1964, Gujarati folk singer Hemu Gadhavi spotted her talent and arranged her first recording for the All India Radio-Rajkot for a payment of five Rupees. Social worker Ratubhai Adani took her to Delhi, where she won the first prize in the Folk Music Festival. Musician Kalyanji heard her during her stage performance in Mumbai, and invited her to sing as a playback singer in Gujarati films. Jesal Toral (1971) was her first film and her song "Paap Taru Parkash Jadeja.." from the film become very popular. She travelled across India and abroad for performances. She conducted several stage performances with Pranlal Vyas. She worked in a primary school of Gomta village near Gondal.

She died on 19 May 2016 of natural causes, after a long period of illness.

Works
Diwaliben was a self-taught singer, and did not receive any formal education in music.

Diwaliben sang large numbers of folk songs, garbas, bhajans and Gujarati film songs, and recorded and released cassettes of them. She received recognition for her folk song "Aiwa Aiwa" from the album Mann ke Manjeere (2001). The folk song was from the Kharwa community of Saurashtra. Some of her notable songs are  "Marey Todle Betho Mor", "Sona Vatkdi Re Kesar Gholya", "Vage Che Re", "Ram Na Ban Vagya", "Hari Na Ban Vagya Re", "Halo Ne Kathiyavadi Re", "Kokilkanthi", "Hoon To Kagalaiyan Lakhi Lakhi Thaki", "Varse Varse Ashadhi Kere Megh" and "Chelaiya Khama Khamare" from the Gujarati film, Halo Gamde Jaiye.
She had worked with several musicians and singers such as  Hemu Gadhvi, Lakhabhai Gadhvi, Ismail Valera, Veljibhai Gajjar, Karsan Sagathiya, Praful Dave, Bhikhudan Gadhvi, Usha Mangeshkar, Damyanti Bardai, Murli Meghani and Anandkumar.

Recognition
Bhil was felicitated by the Gujarati Society in London during her visit. She was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian award from the Government of India, in 1990. The Government of Gujarat awarded her the Gujarat Gaurav Puraskar. She was the recipient of 2011 Kavi Kag Award.

Selected filmography

References

External links

Indian folk singers
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
1943 births
2016 deaths
Indian women playback singers
Gujarati playback singers
People from Amreli district
People from Junagadh
Singers from Gujarat
20th-century Indian women singers
20th-century Indian singers

Diwaliben Bhil


On Grace and Dignity (Über Anmut und Würde) is an influential philosophical essay published by Friedrich Schiller in the journal Neue Thalia in mid June 1793. It is his first major support for the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, critically assessing the treatments of ethics and aesthetics in Kant's Critique of Judgment.

In it, in view of man's dual nature as a rational and emotional being, Schiller explained human beauty in terms of Grace (Anmut) and Dignity (Würde). His emphatic answer to this was a Kantian dualism reconciling the physical and spiritual-rational nature in man, in a synthesis seen in  'beautiful souls' (Schöne Seelen) in which duty and nature harmonised. It thus paved the way for Schiller's philosophical and aesthetic masterwork On the Aesthetic Education of Man.

References

Philosophy essays
Works by Friedrich Schiller
Works originally published in German magazines
Works originally published in literary magazines
1793 documents

On Grace and Dignity


På minuten (English lit.: On the minute meaning "within the confines of a minute") is a Swedish radio panel game similar to the BBC's Just a Minute. Recorded before a live audience, it is broadcast on Sveriges Radio P1 on Saturdays at 16.03, with a repeat the following day at 18.00. The recordings are made at Sveriges Radio, or sometimes at Stockholm City Theatre's Soppteater (café-theatre).

History
På minuten was first broadcast on 18 February 1969. It was the Swedish version of the BBC's Just a Minute that had started two years earlier. It was first broadcast from Malmö with Herbert Söderström as host and Ulla Akselson, Agneta Prytz, Lasse Holmqvist, and Per-Henry Richter as panelists.

On 15 April 1969, production was moved to Stockholm, Ursula Richter was made producer, and Lennart Swahn took over as host. The panel originally consisted of Catrin Westerlund, Moltas Eriksson, Stig Järrel, and Olle Pahlin but it soon switched to the classic group of Margaretha Krook, Catrin Westerlund, Moltas Eriksson, and Stig Järrel. Some of the reserve panelists were Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt, Åke Strömmer, and Hasse Alfredson. Hasse Alfredson was later made a regular member of the panel after Catrin Westerlund died in 1982.

Between 5 April and 14 June 1975 six programs were made for television, as a part of the program Nöjeshallen.

After a six-year gap from 1988, the program was brought back by Erik Blix in 1994 with the title 60 sekunder (English: 60 seconds), before Ingvar Storm took over as the host in 1995 and changed the name back to På minuten. His first panel was made up of Maja Aase, Fredrik Lindström, Carina Lidbom, and Ulf Larsson. At the start, Ingvar Storm was also the producer of the show, but after some time Conny Sandberg took over that role.

The program
The program takes the form of a competition where the panel members, in turn, try to talk about a certain subject for a whole minute without breaking certain rules (detailed below). If the opponents think they have heard something that goes against the rules they interrupt with an audible signal. The host then determines if the challenge will be accepted or rejected. If the challenge is rejected, the interrupted contestant gets one point and carries on. If the challenge is accepted the one who interrupted gets one point and the chance to speak for the rest of the minute. If there is uncertainty about whether or not one of the rules has been broken, the host can refer the matter to "the People's Court", i.e. the audience. First the host asks if the challenger should get the point, and after that asks the same thing regarding the interrupted contestant. The audience members answer by shouting "Yea!" when the host names the contestant that they agree with. The panelist who receives the strongest acclamation gets the chance to speak for the rest of the minute.

At the end of the program the panelist with the highest score is announced as the winner. The prize is often something edible.

Rules
There are three ground rules which the contestants must obey:
No hesitation.
No repetition.
No deviation.

Removed rule:
No factual errors.

Rules that have been added later:
No leaving the premises. (Jokingly added by Lennart Swahn)
No stealing anyone's approach to the subject.
No snickering or laughing on your turn.

A combination of hesitation and deviation was introduced by Moltas Eriksson as "homoeopathic dilution": a term originally from the field of homeopathy but used here to signify a long, meaningless string of words – what Hans Rosenfeldt usually refers to as "a stacking of words without any meaning within itself".

Scoring
1 point is given if a contestant challenges another contestant successfully or if a contestant is incorrectly challenged.
2 points are given if a contestant manages to end the minute.
3 points are given if a contestant manages to speak for the whole minute without being interrupted.

Notarius Publicus
The functions of the "Notarius Publicus" are scorekeeping, timekeeping, banging the gong when the minute is up, and announcing the winner. Helge Skoog has performed this role since early 2012. His predecessor was the producer Bibi Rödöö who had held the role from 2004. The scorekeeper's title was changed from "Chief Justice" (Överdomaren) when Skoog took over from Rödöö. The title Notarius Publicus is the Latin for Notary public; however, the similarities, if any, are slim in this program.

Prizes
Until Bibi Röddö joined in 2004, prizes had not been a part of På Minuten. The first prizes were tin cans containing exotic food. Some of them were so exotic that contestants did their utmost to let someone else win. After Bibi Rödöö had gone through most of what Stockholm had to offer in tin cans she started to bring home prices from her travels. After this the audience started to bring prizes of their own. These usually included local specialities like truffles from Gotland, chanterelles from Ludvika, or fruitloaf with homemade marmalade. Later listeners abroad started sending in prizes such as avocado crème from Israel, grasshopper lollipops from the United States, Arctic char from Canada, and a meal for two from a Japanese arctic research station.

Foods are not the only prizes offered. Sometimes there are musical teachers who offer their services under the motto "Learn how to play an instrument under an hour". Contestants are not allowed to choose which instrument they will learn to play, as this is decided before recording of the show begins. The winner usually plays or attempts to play a small musical piece with the aforementioned instrument at the beginning of the following edition of the program.

Differences from Just a Minute
The Swedish program has a slightly different interpretation of the rules compared to the British version.
In Just a Minute contestants are allowed to repeat words included in the subject. If the subject includes, say, the word "apple", then contestants can say "apple" as many times as they wish. In På minuten a contestant is allowed to say a word only once before he or she is interrupted or finishes the minute, regardless of whether or not the word is in the subject.
In Just a Minute contestants are not allowed to repeat a word at any time during the whole minute, whereas in På minuten they are allowed to use a word one more time following an interruption.
In Just a Minute the rule on deviation from the subject is interpreted more strictly than in På minuten. Just a Minute often does not allow deviation from the truth, logic, or grammar.
 The rule "No stealing anyone's approach to the subject" does not exist in Just a Minute.

References

Swedish radio programs
Comedy radio programs
1969 radio programme debuts

På minuten


This is a list of trade unions in Canada, broken down by affiliation.

Canadian Labour Congress

National Affiliates
Air Canada Pilots Association
Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists
British Columbia Teachers' Federation
Canadian Federation of Nurses Unions
Canadian Office and Professional Employees Union
Canadian Postmasters and Assistants Association
Canadian Union of Postal Workers
Canadian Union of Public Employees
Directors Guild of Canada
Elementary Teachers' Federation of Ontario
National Union of Public and General Employees
National Union of the Canadian Association of University Teachers
Ontario English Catholic Teachers' Association
Ontario Secondary School Teachers' Federation
Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada
Public Service Alliance of Canada

International Affiliates
Air Line Pilots Association, International
Amalgamated Transit Union
American Federation of Musicians
Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union
Communications Workers of America
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees
International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers
International Association of Fire Fighters
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers
International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers
International Longshore and Warehouse Union
International Longshoremen's Association
International Plate Printers, Die Stampers and Engravers' Union of North America
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
International Union of Operating Engineers
International Union of Painters and Allied Trades
Laborers' International Union of North America
Office and Professional Employees International Union
Seafarers' International Union of North America
Service Employees International Union
UNITE HERE!
United Association
United Auto Workers
United Food and Commercial Workers
United Mine Workers of America
United Steelworkers

Independent Unions/Other Affiliations

Alberta Union of Provincial Employees
Alliance des professeures et professeurs de Montréal
Association des enseignantes et des enseignants franco-ontariens
Canadian Actors' Equity Association
Canadian Football League Players' Association
Canadian Teachers' Federation
Centrale des syndicats du Québec
Christian Labour Association of Canada
Confédération des syndicats nationaux
Congress of Democratic Trade Unions
Confederation of Canadian Unions
Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec
Industrial Workers of the World
International Union of Elevator Constructors
Major League Baseball Players Association
Major League Soccer Players Association
National Basketball Players Association
National Hockey League Players' Association
National Police Federation
Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
Professional Association of Foreign Service Officers
Teaching Support Staff Union
International Brotherhood of Teamsters
Teamsters Canada
Writers Guild of Canada
Unifor
United Brotherhood of Carpenters

See also
Global list of trade unions
List of trade unions in the United States
List of unions affiliated with the AFL-CIO
Canadian labour law
Canadian Labour Code
Labour movement

References

External links
"Highlights in Canadian labour history" CBC News (2009)
"Labour Organization". The Canadian Encyclopedia (2014)

Canada
Trade unions

List of trade unions in Canada


The Coburger Hütte is a mountain refuge in Tyrol, Austria. It is in the Mieminger Chain in Tyrol. It is a few meters above the Drachensee and 200 meters from Seebensee. Tourist accommodation is usually open from June to early October. A winter room is available. Its altitude is 1917 meters. From there, mountain climbers can make a few other climbs (including Sonnenspizte, Taja-Kopf, Hinterer).

Tyrol (state)

Coburger Hütte


Vaccinium pallidum is a species of flowering plant in the heath family known by the common names hillside blueberry, Blue Ridge blueberry, late lowbush blueberry, and early lowbush blueberry. It is native to central Canada (Ontario) and the central and eastern United States (from Maine west to Wisconsin and south as far as Georgia and Louisiana) plus the Ozarks of Missouri, Arkansas, southeastern Kansas and eastern Oklahoma.

Description
Vaccinium pallidum is a deciduous shrub, erect in stature but variable in height. It generally grows  tall, but depending on environmental conditions it ranges from 8 centimeters (3.2 inches) to one full meter (40 inches) in height. It is colonial, sprouting from its rhizome to form colonies of clones. The shrub has greenish brown to red bark on its stems, and the smaller twigs may be green, reddish, yellowish, or gray. The alternately arranged leaves are also variable. They are generally roughly oval and measure 2 to 6 centimeters (0.8–2.4 inches) long. They are green to yellowish or bluish in color, turning red in the fall. The flowers are cylindrical, bell-shaped, or urn-shaped and are borne in racemes of up to 11. They are white to pinkish or greenish in color, or "greenish white with pink striping", and about half a centimeter to one centimeter long. They are pollinated by bees such as bumblebees and Andrena carlini. The fruit is a berry up to 1.2 centimeters long. It is waxy blue to shiny black in color, or rarely pure white. It contains several seeds, a few of which are generally not viable. The plant reproduces sexually via seed and vegetatively by sprouting from the rhizome.

Distribution and habitat
Vaccinium pallidum is native to central Canada (Ontario) and the central and eastern United States. It grows in many types of habitat, including oak and chestnut woodlands, maple-dominated swamps, pine barrens, pine savanna, and a variety of forest types. It grows in the understory of trees such as red oak, black oak, white oak, post oak, chestnut oak, blackjack oak, Virginia pine, shortleaf pine, pitch pine, loblolly pine, longleaf pine, jack pine, eastern hemlock, red maple, and black cherry.

Vaccinium pallidum is common on disturbed sites such as roadsides and abandoned fields. It also grows at climax in old-growth oak stands in the South Carolina piedmont. It can grow on dry, rocky soils, sandy and gravelly soils, and heavy clay. The climate is generally humid.

Uses
The wild fruits are food for many types of bird and other animals. Each individual fruit has approximately eight calories. For humans the taste is "sweet to bland" and the fruit can be eaten fresh, in pies, or as jelly. The fruit is harvested and sold commercially in some areas, such as northeastern Alabama and northwestern Georgia. The plant is also grown as an ornamental.

References

External links

United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
The Nature Conservancy
photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Missouri in 1991

pallidum
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Blueberries
Plants described in 1789
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora of the North-Central United States
Flora of Ontario

Vaccinium pallidum


Nicholas Scott "Nick" Lachey ( ; born November 9, 1973) is an American singer-songwriter, actor, producer, and television personality. He was best known as the lead singer of the multi-platinum selling boy band 98 Degrees.

Lachey was born in Harlan, Kentucky and was raised in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was married to singer Jessica Simpson from 2002 to 2006. He married model Vanessa Minnillo in 2011. Their son, Camden John Lachey, was born on September 12, 2012.

Lachey and his wife are hosts of the 2020 Netflix reality dating series, Love Is Blind.

References

Other websites

1973 births
Actors from Cincinnati
Actors from Kentucky
American Christians
American movie actors
American pop musicians
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
American record producers
Singers from Kentucky
Singers from Cincinnati
Television personalities from Kentucky
Television personalities from Ohio
American tenors
Living people
Writers from Cincinnati

Nick Lachey


Electric Sheep is a volunteer computing project for animating and evolving fractal flames, which are in turn distributed to the networked computers, which display them as a screensaver.

Process
The process is transparent to the casual user, who can simply install the software as a screensaver.  Alternatively, the user may become more involved with the project, manually creating a fractal flame file for upload to the server where it is rendered into a video file of the animated fractal flame.  As the screensaver entertains the user, their computer is also used for rendering commercial projects, sales of which keep the servers and developers running.

There are about 500,000 active users (monthly uniques).

According to Mitchell Whitelaw in his Metacreation: Art and Artificial Life, "On the screen they are luminous, twisting, elastic shapes, abstract tangles and loops of glowing filaments."

The name "Electric Sheep" is taken from the title of Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?.  The title mirrors the nature of the project: computers (androids) who have started running the screensaver begin rendering (dreaming) the fractal movies (sheep).

The sheep motif is carried over into other aspects of the project: the 100 or so sheep stored on the server at any time is referred to as 'the flock'; creating a new fractal by interpolating or combining the sheep's fractal code with that of another sheep is called mating/breeding; changes to the code are called mutations, etc.

The parameters that generate these movies (sheep) can be created in a few ways: they can be created and submitted by members of the electricsheep mailing list, members of the mailing list can download the parameters of existing sheep and tweak them, or sheep can be mated together automatically by the server or manually by server admins (nicknamed shepherds).

Users may vote on sheep that they like or dislike, and this voting is used for the genetic algorithm which generates new sheep. Each movie is a fractal flame with several of its parameters animated. The individual frames of which these movies consist are rendered using 'spare' processing cycles from idle computers on the distributed network of those running the screensaver application, and finished sheep (in the form of .avi files) are distributed to the network.

The computer-generated sheep parameters and movies are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial (CC-BY-NC) license; user-generated sheep parameters are under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license. Both are automatically downloaded by the screen saver. The underlying copyright issues raised by generative, distributed digital art projects involve novel legal issues that the current copyright system can not understand or handle.

The screensaver was created and released as free software by Scott Draves in 1999 and continues to be developed by him and a team of about five engineers.

The 2.7.x series differs from the old versions. It has a new logo, higher quality sheep and other features. It has switched to a freemium model in which the server software is not available and much of the computed data is not available under a free license, which led to its removal from Debian.

See also

 Evolutionary art
 List of volunteer computing projects
 Software art

Notes

References

 —Technical paper about the project.

External links

Computer art
Volunteer computing projects
Screensavers
Fractal software
Software using the GPL license

Electric Sheep