Dr. Friederich Eurich (1867–1945) was a German bacteriologist.

Early life and education
He was born in Chemnitz, Saxony of German Jewish descent, he came to England at the age of seven. His father moved to the branch of a German yarn firm in Little Germany, Bradford, where there was a substantial German community. Friederich was educated at Bradford Grammar School and trained at Edinburgh, graduating MD in 1897. He set up a general practice in Bradford in 1896 and held a Saturday morning surgery, free of charge, at Bradford Royal Infirmary.

Career
Cutaneous anthrax (wool sorter's disease) had become a serious problem in the woollen mills of Bradford, the use of alpaca and mohair from Central Asia was the source of the disease. To counter the problem, Bradford Council established a Pathological and Bacteriological Laboratory and Eurich was appointed bacteriologist.

The laboratory was originally located in the Technical College but in 1905 the Bradford Anthrax Investigation Board relocated the laboratory to Morley Street, where Eurich became the bacteriologist to the board. With Eurich's expertise in the field of bacteriology, and putting his own health at great risk while investigating the disease, the Board instituted other medical measures against anthrax and, in 1918, built a Wool Disinfecting Station in Liverpool.

The investigative nature of his work as a bacteriologist encouraged him to apply for the post of Professor of Forensic Medicine at Leeds Medical School in 1908. The year's work involved 40 lectures, all in the autumn term, and acting as internal examiner twice a year. For this he received an honorarium of £38 p.a. until he retired from the post in 1932. He was a popular teacher, achieved outstanding results, which he put down to the intrinsic allure of the subject - the glamour of the detective story.

Death and recognition
On Friederich Eurich's death in February 1945, the Yorkshire Observer recorded that he "did so much to conquer the disease of anthrax and his contributions in the cause of medicine were so outstanding."

References

External links

1867 births
1945 deaths
German bacteriologists
Anthrax
People from Chemnitz
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United Kingdom

Friederich Wilhelm Eurich


R++ is a rule-based programming language based on C++,  described as follows:
The R++ extension permits rules to be defined as members of C++ classes. The programming system of the invention takes the classes with rules defined using R++ and generates C++ code from them in which the machinery required for the rules is implemented completely as C++ data members and functions of the classes involved in the rules.

R++ was developed by Bell Labs in the 1990s, but due to the Bell System divestiture that split the legal rights to the work developed at the Laboratories between AT&T and Lucent, did not see immediate commercial development while the two companies disputed ownership.

References

External links
R++ current website in Bell Labs

C++ programming language family

R++


A windmill is an engine powered by the wind to produce energy, often contained in a large building as in traditional post mills, smock mills and tower mills.

Windmill may also refer to:

Windmill (company), a Japanese visual novel video game developer
Operation Windmill,  a U.S. Navy exploration and training mission to Antarctica in 1947-1948
Windmill Islands, an Antarctic group of rocky islands and rocks
Windmill restart, a maneuver that uses kinetic energy to restart a jet engine
Windmill (solitaire), a solitaire card game played with two decks of cards
Windmill Sessions EP, a 2005 EP produced, written, mixed, and mastered by Kevin Deal
Windmill (breakdance move), one of the most well-known power moves in breakdancing
"Windmills", a song by Blackmore's Night from their 2006 album The Village Lanterne
Windmill (chess), a combination of moves where a series of discovered checks result in winning of material
plants in the genus Allionia
"Windmill", a song on Helloween's Chameleon album.
The Windmill Theatre in London.
 The Windmill, Brisbane – the oldest surviving building in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 The Windmill, Brixton, Brixton, England
 The Windmill (play) – an English stage play
 Windmill Theatre Company, a non-professional musical theatre group in Victoria, Australia

Windmill (disambiguation)


The Cattle Baron's Ball in Dallas is a single-night fundraiser for cancer research benefiting the American Cancer Society.  The first Cattle Baron's Ball was held in 1974 at the Star Brand Ranch and raised $56,000.  In 2009, the Cattle Baron's Ball at South Fork Ranch raised $3.5 million.  As of 2019, the Cattle Baron's Ball has raised more than $81 million for cancer research. It's become the world's largest single-night fundraiser for the American Cancer Society.

Country music's most revered performers have entertained at the ball throughout its 35+ year history, including Tammy Wynette, Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, George Strait, Waylon Jennings, Brooks & Dunn, Clint Black, Dwight Yoakam, Big & Rich, Toby Keith, Sugarland and Brad Paisley, among many others.  More than $32 million of the money raised has been allocated to UT Southwestern Medical Center. The Ball typically holds a raffle featuring luxury items donated by sponsors and partners, which have included Park Place Porsche, Christie's, Winstar World Casino, and Eisemann Jewelers.

Given the size, time of year (autumn) and outdoor location of the event, in the past attendees and organizers often dealt with inclement weather and muddy roads on the night of the Ball.  The 2009 Cattle Baron's Ball was particularly plagued with limos and other vehicles that became entrenched in the mud; it was estimated that between 500 and 1000 vehicles required towing.

References

External links
 American Cancer Society's detailed listing of the Dallas Cattle Baron's Ball
 Cattle Baron's: The Great Mud Ball of 2009 | D Magazine's blog Sweet Charity
 Long Live The Cattle Baron's Ball 2009 | Society Stylist (blog)

Culture of Dallas
Cancer fundraisers
American Cancer Society

Cattle Baron's Ball


Anders Johan Ture Rangström (30 November 1884 – 11 May 1947) belonged to a new generation of Swedish composers who, in the first decade of the 20th century, introduced modernism to their compositions. In addition to composing, Rangström was also a musical critic and conductor.

Biography

Rangström was born in Stockholm, where in his late teens he started to write songs. His music teacher suggested that he should "vary the harmonies a bit more, make it a bit wilder!" He followed this advice and soon gained the nickname among his colleagues of "Sturm-und-Drangström". He travelled to Berlin where he studied under Hans Pfitzner for a while in 1905–6, and also studied singing with the Wagnerian Julius Hey, with whom he later went to Munich for further studies.  His compositions at this time were chiefly for voice and piano.

Between 1907 and 1922 he taught singing and from 1922 to 1925 he was principal conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra. He founded the Swedish Society of Composers in 1924, and he was employed to promote the works of the Royal Swedish Opera from 1931 to 1936. After this he worked freelance and spent the summers on the island of Törnsholmen which he had been given by the people of Sweden who raised the money to celebrate his fiftieth birthday.

Rangström died at his home in Stockholm after a long illness caused by a throat disease; his funeral was held at Stockholm's Maria Magdalena Church and he is buried in the churchyard at Gryt, Valdemarsvik Municipality, Östergötland County, southeast Sweden.  He was grandfather of a playwright, also named Ture Rangström (born in 1944) the artistic director of Strindbergs Intima Teater (since its re-opening in 2003), and uncle of author Lars Gyllensten.

Works
Many of his early works took the form of symphonic poems, including Dityramb (Dithyramb) (1909), Ett midsommarstycke (A midsummer piece) and En höstsång (An autumn song). Following the success of these poems, Rangström began work on his symphonies, of which there are four. The first, produced in 1914, is dedicated to the memory of Strindberg – August Strindberg in memoriam; the second, from 1919, is entitled Mitt land (My country); the third from 1929, Sång under stjärnorna (Song under the stars), and the fourth from 1936, Invocatio, for orchestra and organ.

He composed three operas, entitled Kronbruden (The Crown Bride), based on a play by Strindberg, which was first performed in 1915, Medeltida (Medieval), published in 1921, and Gilgamesj, based on the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, written during the last years of his life. The orchestration of Gilgamesj was completed by the composer John Fernström, and it was premièred in November 1952 at the Royal Swedish Opera with Erik Saedén in the title role and Herbert Sandberg conducting. Rangström also wrote almost 300 songs and orchestrated about 60 of them.

Orchestral
 Dithyramb, symphonic poem, 1909 (revised by Kurt Atterberg, 1948)
 Ett midsommarstycke, symphonic poem, 1910
 En höstsång, symphonic poem, 1911
 Havet sjunger, symphonic poem, 1913
 Symphony no. 1 in C-sharp minor, August Strindberg in memoriam, 1914
 Intermezzo drammatico, suite, 1916–18
 Divertimento elegiaco, suite for string orchestra, 1918
 Två melodier, clarinet and strings, 1919
 Symphony no. 2 in D minor, Mitt land, 1919
 Två svenska folkmelodier, 1928
 Symphony no. 3 in D flat Sång under stjärnorna, 1929
 Partita for violin and orchestra in B minor, 1933
 Symphony no. 4 in D minor Invocatio, 1935
 Ballade for piano and orchestra, 1937
 Vauxhall, suite 1937
 Staden spelar, divertissement, 1940

Chamber music
 String quartet in G minor, Ein Nachtstück in ETA Hoffmanns Manier, 1909 (rev. Edvin Kallstenius and Kurt Atterberg 1948)
 Suite in modo antico, violin and piano, 1912
 Suite in modo barocco, violin and piano, 1920–22

Piano
 Fyra preludier, 1910–13
 Mälarlegender, 1919
 Sommarskyar, 1916–20
 Improvisata, 1927
 Sonatin, 1937
 Spelmansvår, suite, 1943

References

External links

1884 births
1947 deaths
20th-century Swedish male musicians
20th-century Swedish composers
Male opera composers
Modernist composers
Musicians from Stockholm
Swedish classical composers
Swedish male classical composers
Swedish opera composers

Ture Rangström


Li Wei () is a British linguist, journal editor, and educator, of Manchu-Chinese heritage, who is currently the Director and Dean of the UCL Institute of Education, University College London. He is an elected Fellow of the British Academy , Member of Academia Europaea, Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (United Kingdom), and Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (RSA). Prior to his appointment as IOE's Director and Dean in March 2021, he held a Chair of Applied Linguistics, was Director of the Centre for Applied Linguistics at the UCL Institute of Education, and directed the ESRC UCL, Bloomsbury (Birkbeck, SOAS, LSHTM) and East London Doctoral Training Partnership. Until the end of 2014, he was Pro-Vice-Master of Birkbeck College, University of London, where he was Chair of Applied Linguistics and Director of the Birkeck Graduate Research School. His research interests are in bilingualism and multilingualism. He founded a number of journals in linguistics and education.

Biography
Li Wei was born in Beijing, China, of Manchu-Chinese parents and was initially trained as an English language teacher at the end of Mao's Cultural Revolution. He worked as an English teacher for two and a half years before studying for a BA in English language and literature at Beijing Normal University. He went to Newcastle University to teach Chinese in 1986. He has an MA in English Language Studies and a PhD in Speech Sciences from Newcastle. His PhD supervisor was the sociolinguist Lesley Milroy with whom he worked on a number of research projects.

He became Professor of Applied Linguistics at Newcastle University in 1998, the first Chinese to achieve full professorial rank in linguistics in a UK university, and was Director of the Centre for Research in Linguistics between 1999 and 2002 and founding Head of the School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences between 2002 and the end of 2006. He joined Birkbeck, University of London in January 2007 as Chair of Applied Linguistics. In January 2015, he took up the Chair of Applied Linguistics at University College London's Institute of Education.

Publications
Amongst Li Wei's publications are the best selling The Bilingualism Reader, The Routledge Applied Linguistics Reader, Applied Linguistics, Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education (with Ofelia Garcia, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) which won the 2015 BAAL Book Prize, and The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism which won the 2009 British Association for Applied Linguistics Book Prize. He is editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Taylor & Francis), and Applied Linguistics Review (De Gruyter). He founded several other leading journals in linguistics and education, including the International Journal of Bilingualism (Sage),, Global Chinese (De Gruyter), Chinese Language and Discourse, Language, Culture and Society (Benjamins), Educational Linguistics (De Gruyter), and Research Methods in Applied Linguistics (Elsevier). He is editor of the Wiley-Blackwell book series Research Methods in Language & Linguistics and Bloomsbury Studies in Linguistics.

Personal
Li is his surname, but he follows the Eastern Name Order and is known as Li Wei in his professional work and research publications. He is married to the linguist and intercultural communication scholar and educator Professor Zhu Hua, with whom he has two sons. In his Who's Who entry, he lists travel, music, non-fiction, and food and drink as his recreations.

References

External links
 University College London research profile

Living people
Academics of University College London
Academics of the UCL Institute of Education
Educators from Beijing
Year of birth missing (living people)
Chinese emigrants to England
Writers from Beijing
Linguists from China
Scientists from Beijing

Li Wei (linguist)


Angelo Maria Durini (29 May 1725 – 28 April 1796) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman-Catholic Church.

Durini was born in Milan. After studying in Rome and receiving the grade of a doctor, he worked in the papal nunciature in Paris. He was part of the Roman Curia and nuncio in Poland. From 1774 to 1776, Durini lived in Avignon. On 20 May 1776, Pope Pius VI made him Cardinal.

As Cardinal Durini was an important patron of the arts, his villa Balbianello on lake Como became a frequent venue for the most exclusive intellectual and social gatherings of the time.

On one famous occasion, the Cardinal served the first coffee in Italy, which was called "thé nero francese" (French black tea).

He died in his villa on Lake Como (the Villa Balbianello) in 1796. The villa passed to his nephew, Luigi Porro Lambertenghi.

Villa Balbianello

The villa was built in 1787 on the site of a Franciscan monastery for the Cardinal Angelo Maria Durini. The two towers which can be seen in the picture are the campanili of the convent church.

A number of feature films have used the villa for location shooting, including A Month by the Lake (1995), Casino Royale (2006). The villa was also used for the lake retreat scenes in Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones (2002); however, CGI was used in place of the building's true exterior.

References

External links
 Biography of Angelo Durini

1725 births
1796 deaths
Clergy from Milan
18th-century Italian cardinals
Apostolic Nuncios to Poland
Cardinals created by Pope Pius VI
Inquisitors of Malta

Angelo Maria Durini


Hirschholm Palace, also known as Hørsholm Palace, was a royal palace located in present-day Hørsholm municipality just north of Copenhagen, Denmark. It was rebuilt in the Baroque style in the 1740s and, one of the finest buildings of its time, it became known as the "Versailles of the North".

It developed a notorious reputation in connection with its role in the affair between Johann Friedrich Struensee and Queen Caroline Mathilda in the 1770s. After that it fell into disrepair and was demolished in 1809–1813.

The palace was designed by Lauritz de Thurah for King Christian VI and his consort Queen Sophie Magdalene, and was intended as their summer residence.

History

Early history
Hirschholm Palace was built on a site that had been used since the Middle Ages. From around 1100 there was a fortification at site known as Hørningsholm. In 1391 the estate became crown land when Queen Margrete I took possession of the property. At the end of the 16th century Frederik II and Christian IV built a royal hunting castle lodge on the site. The estate, which covered a large area (the present-day municipalities of Hørsholm, Karlebo, Birkerød and a part of Allerød) was called the Noble Estate of Hørsholm (adelsgodset Hørsholm), and was endowed to various noblemen and members of the royal court.

By the middle of the 17th century a royal tradition had developed whereby the ruling king bestowed Hørsholm Palace to his consort, and it was used as a summer residence. The estate was now being managed directly by the royal house, and income went to the Queen.

Frederick IV's consort Queen Louise owned Hørsholm Palace between 1700 and 1721. She had it modernised and added a number of farm buildings to the estate.

The Baroque palace

Immediately after he became king in 1730, King Christian VI donated Hirschholm to his queen consort, Sophie Magdalene, as a life estate. Thus began a new phase in the history of the site. The queen decided that the old castle should be converted into a decent summer residence for the king and queen. Until the takeover, conditions at the place had been modest, in fact it was a medieval facility where only a few modernizations had been made. The de Thurah-designed baroque palace was completed in 1744 and was one of the most impressive building works of that period. It was referred to as "The Versailles of the North". When the king died in 1746 it became Sophie Magdalene's residence as Queen Dowager. She carried out a number of changes on the estate that pointed towards the agricultural reforms that would come to play a big role in the country during the coming decades.

Thurah's drawings of the palace were published in Den Danske Vitruvius in 1746–1749.

The Dowager Queen Sophie Magdalene died in 1770, and the palace was taken over by King Christian VII who used it as a summer residence for his family and court. On 17 June 1771 the royal family and court took summer residence at the palace, and on 7 July Queen Caroline Mathilde gave birth to her second child, Princess Louise Augusta, whose father was almost certainly Johann Friedrich Struensee. That summer has come to be referred to as the "Hirschholm Summer" in Danish history.

Neglect and demolition

After that summer, and after the arrest of Struensee and the Queen on 17 January 1772, and the subsequent execution of Struensee, and the banishment and imprisonment of the Queen, the palace stood empty until 1810. At that time Frederik VI had the now dilapidated palace torn down for use as build materials for the rebuilding of Christiansborg Palace, which had burned to the ground in the fire of 1794.

The site today

In 1822-23 a small church designed by architect Christian Frederik Hansen was built on the grounds of the demolished palace. The park surrounding the church, which is located on a small island in a lake, still bears some evidence of the original palace garden. A number of the farm buildings Louise had built in the early 18th century still exist. Some of them formerly housed the Danish Museum of Hunting and Forestry.

The Hørsholm Local History Museum has a permanent exhibit about the palace, the royal affair and its consequences.

See also
 List of castles and palaces in Denmark
 List of Baroque residences

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Hørsholm Local Museum (Danish language only)
 Images
 Source

Palaces in Denmark
Royal residences in Denmark
Houses in Hørsholm Municipality
Former buildings and structures in Denmark
Baroque architecture in Denmark
Houses completed in 1744
Buildings and structures in Hørsholm Municipality
1744 establishments in Denmark
Buildings and structures demolished in 1813
1813 disestablishments in Denmark
Demolished buildings and structures in Denmark
Caroline Matilda of Great Britain
Lauritz de Thurah buildings
Christian VI of Denmark

Hirschholm Palace


Lohn-Ammannsegg is a municipality in the district of Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. The municipality was formed in 1993 when Lohn and Ammannsegg united.

History
Lohn is first mentioned in 1260 as Lon.  Ammannsegg is first mentioned in 1261 as Amalzeich.

The Einwohnergemeinden of Lohn and Ammannsegg merged in 1993 to form the new political municipality Lohn-Ammannsegg.  However, the Bürgergemeinden of the two former municipalities have remained separate.

Geography
Lohn-Ammannsegg has an area, , of .  Of this area,  or 47.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 29.7% is forested.   Of the rest of the land,  or 22.9% is settled (buildings or roads),  or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 15.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 5.2%.  Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests.  Of the agricultural land, 35.3% is used for growing crops and 11.0% is pastures, while 1.3% is used for orchards or vine crops.  All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Wasseramt district, on the northeasternmost outlet of the Bucheggberg.  It consists of the haufendorf village (an irregular, unplanned and quite closely packed village, built around a central square) of Lohn and the village of Ammannsegg.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Gules an Oak eradicated Argent and of the last a Hook of the first.

Demographics
Lohn-Ammannsegg has a population () of .  , 7.3% of the population are resident foreign nationals.  Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 9.1%.  It has changed at a rate of 6.4% due to migration and at a rate of -0.3% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population () speaks German (2,223 or 95.0%), with Italian being second most common (42 or 1.8%) and French being third (19 or 0.8%).  There is 1 person who speaks Romansh.

, the gender distribution of the population was 49.8% male and 50.2% female.  The population was made up of 1,178 Swiss men (45.7% of the population) and 107 (4.1%) non-Swiss men.  There were 1,200 Swiss women (46.5%) and 95 (3.7%) non-Swiss women.  Of the population in the municipality 474 or about 20.3% were born in Lohn-Ammannsegg and lived there in 2000.  There were 824 or 35.2% who were born in the same canton, while 762 or 32.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 214 or 9.1% were born outside of Switzerland.

In  there were 9 live births to Swiss citizens and were 14 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death.  Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 5 while the foreign population decreased by 1.  There were 4 Swiss men and 3 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland.  At the same time, there were 10 non-Swiss men and 3 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland.  The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 61 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 4 people.  This represents a population growth rate of 2.2%.

The age distribution, , in Lohn-Ammannsegg is; 179 children or 7.7% of the population are between 0 and 6 years old and 375 teenagers or 16.0% are between 7 and 19.  Of the adult population, 104 people or 4.4% of the population are between 20 and 24 years old.  646 people or 27.6% are between 25 and 44, and 666 people or 28.5% are between 45 and 64.  The senior population distribution is 272 people or 11.6% of the population are between 65 and 79 years old and there are 97 people or 4.1% who are over 80.

, there were 896 people who were single and never married in the municipality.  There were 1,217 married individuals, 137 widows or widowers and 89 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 902 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household.  There were 190 households that consist of only one person and 61 households with five or more people.  Out of a total of 912 households that answered this question, 20.8% were households made up of just one person and there were 8 adults who lived with their parents.  Of the rest of the households, there are 324 married couples without children, 333 married couples with children  There were 35 single parents with a child or children.  There were 12 households that were made up of unrelated people and 10 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

 there were 519 single family homes (or 76.8% of the total) out of a total of 676 inhabited buildings.  There were 91 multi-family buildings (13.5%), along with 38 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (5.6%) and 28 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (4.1%).  Of the single family homes 11 were built before 1919, while 93 were built between 1990 and 2000.  The greatest number of single family homes (120) were built between 1981 and 1990.

 there were 922 apartments in the municipality.  The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 292.  There were 21 single room apartments and 499 apartments with five or more rooms.  Of these apartments, a total of 870 apartments (94.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 38 apartments (4.1%) were seasonally occupied and 14 apartments (1.5%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 2 new units per 1000 residents.  The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.03%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 32.59% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the SVP (21.82%), the SP (20.99%) and the CVP (12.82%).  In the federal election, a total of 1,089 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 57.0%.

Economy
, Lohn-Ammannsegg had an unemployment rate of 2.5%.  , there were 20 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector.  295 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 32 businesses in this sector.  450 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 75 businesses in this sector.  There were 1,220 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.0% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 639.  The number of jobs in the primary sector was 15, all of which were in agriculture.  The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 273 of which 139 or (50.9%) were in manufacturing and 131 (48.0%) were in construction.  The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 351.  In the tertiary sector; 115 or 32.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 11 or 3.1% were in the movement and storage of goods, 20 or 5.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 41 or 11.7% were in the information industry, 2 or 0.6% were the insurance or financial industry, 17 or 4.8% were technical professionals or scientists, 18 or 5.1% were in education and 87 or 24.8% were in health care.

, there were 491 workers who commuted into the municipality and 952 workers who commuted away.  The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.9 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.  Of the working population, 17.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 62.3% used a private car.

Religion
From the , 763 or 32.6% were Roman Catholic, while 1,105 or 47.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.  Of the rest of the population, there were 19 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.81% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.21% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 26 individuals (or about 1.11% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.  There were 13 (or about 0.56% of the population) who were Islamic.  There was 1 person who was Buddhist, 2 individuals who were Hindu and 3 individuals who belonged to another church.  350 (or about 14.96% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 52 individuals (or about 2.22% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Lohn-Ammannsegg about 969 or (41.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 429 or (18.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).  Of the 429 who completed tertiary schooling, 74.6% were Swiss men, 20.0% were Swiss women, 3.5% were non-Swiss men and 1.9% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2010–2011 school year there were a total of 212 students in the Lohn-Ammannsegg school system.  The education system in the Canton of Solothurn allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten.  During that school year, there were 35 children in kindergarten.  The canton's school system requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes.  In the municipality there were 169 students in primary school and 8 students in the special, smaller classes.  The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools.  All the lower secondary students from Lohn-Ammannsegg attend their school in a neighboring municipality.

, there were 14 students in Lohn-Ammannsegg who came from another municipality, while 186 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

References

External links

 Official website

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn

Lohn-Ammannsegg


Persian, also called Farsi, is a Western Iranian language. It is the official language of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It is also spoken by many people in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and other neighbouring countries and by immigrants from Central Asia in Russia. Persian was also taught as a second language in schools in Pakistan until 2006. In the past, many of those places were parts of the Persian Empire.

Persian has many dialects and is officially called Farsi in Iran, Dari and Farsi in Afghanistan and Tajiki in Tajikistan. The literary language of each country is a little different, but people from each country can understand one another when they have a conversation. It has words from French in Iran and many from Russian Tajikistan.

Alphabet
The Persian alphabet has the following letters:
ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن و ه ی
The Persian alphabet used in Iran and Afghanistan is similar to the Arabic alphabet, but since Persian in a different family from Arabic, their vocabulary and grammar are very different. Since the 1930s, in the countries that were in the Soviet Union, like Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, Persian has been written in the Cyrillic alphabet, like Russian. All Persian-speakers used to use the Arabic alphabet.

History
Persian is a very old language, and linguists use names for three different versions of Persian that were used in three different times. Old Persian was spoken in the first Persian Empire, under the Achaemenid kings, including Cyrus and Darius the Great. The empire existed from the 6th century BC to the conquest of Alexander the Great. The second Persian empire was ruled by the Sassanian kings from the 2nd century AD until the Muslim conquest of Iran by the Arabs in the 7th century and spoke Middle Persian, or Pahlavi.

New or Modern Persian is spoken today and was first written down in the 9th century, during the Samanid Empire, which was the first Muslim Persian kingdom and was based in Central Asia. The earliest writers of New Persian included poets like Rudaki, and Ferdowsi, who wrote an epic, a very long poem, called the Shahname, translated as the Book of Kings in English. It has myths and historical stories from before the Arabs conquered Persia.

Many other famous writers in Persian language were poets too, a few being Saadi, Hafez, Rumi. The Persian language has been very important one for literature. After Arabic, it was the second most common written language in Muslim countries, especially in the East.

Sample

Related pages
 Dari (Eastern Persian)
 Tajik language
Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments

References

Modern Persian

Persian language


The Warsaw subdialect ( ), or Warsaw dialect (), is a regional subdialect of the Masovian dialect of the Polish language, centered on the city of Warsaw. It evolved as late as the 18th century, under notable influence of several languages spoken in the city. After the destruction of Warsaw in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 the subdialect has been in decline. It is estimated that in modern times it is almost extinct as the native language and is preserved mostly in literary works.

Classification
The Warsaw dialect is composed mostly of the Polish language substratum, with notable (mostly lexical) influences from the Masovian dialect of Polish, as well as Russian, German, Yiddish and other languages.

The dialect was composed of a variety of different class dialects: the language of the suburbs differed from the language of the city centre and each professional group used its own version of the dialect, slightly different from the others. It is therefore difficult to state the exact classification.

Geographic distribution
The dialect was originally spoken in and around Warsaw, Poland. After 1944 it became dispersed as most of the inhabitants of Warsaw were either killed in the Warsaw Uprising or resettled in other parts of Poland. Currently it is almost completely extinct as a primary language and is mostly used by authors and artists for stylisation in literature, poetry and songwriting.

History
The Warsaw dialect became a separate dialect of the Polish language some time in the 18th century, when the Polish substratum was enriched with many borrowed words from the Masovian dialect. The mixture was then heavily influenced by the languages spoken by the burghers of Warsaw and the royal court of Poland. These included the Italian, Yiddish, French, Latin and English. In the 19th century during the Partitions of Poland the dialect incorporated a great number of borrowed words from German and then Russian.

Until World War II the language spoken by different classes and professions of Warsaw evolved independently, although were eventually mixed and interlinked. After the Warsaw Uprising, when the majority of its speakers were either killed or expelled and resettled in other parts of the world, the dialect became separated from its geographical roots and its users dispersed. After the war only a small number of pre-war Varsavians returned there while the vast majority of the inhabitants of the city came from other parts of Poland. Because of that, the language spoken in Warsaw became heavily influenced by other dialects of the Polish language. The only boroughs of Warsaw where the dialect was preserved to some extent were Praga and Wola.

Since the 1960s the uniformisation of the language spoken throughout Poland under the influence of the mass media (such as the television and radio) lead to a rapid decline in speakers of all the dialects of Polish, the Warsaw dialect included.

Among the notable artists who used the Warsaw dialect in their books, songs and poems are Hanka Bielicka, Wiktor Gomulicki, Stanisław Grzesiuk, Alina Janowska, Irena Kwiatkowska, Zygmunt Staszczyk, Stanisław Staszewski, Jarema Stępowski, Stefan Wiechecki and Stasiek Wielanek. The most extensive studies of the Warsaw dialect were carried out by Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz in his book Gwara warszawska wczoraj i dziś (The Warsaw Dialect Yesterday and Today).

Sub-dialects
As mentioned above, the Warsaw dialect was further divided onto several sub-dialects. Those included:
 Sub-dialects of different boroughs – for instance the language of Praga, Wola, Powiśle
 Professional sub-dialects – for instance the language of cabmen, shopkeepers, printers or policemen
 Sub-dialects of criminals – a regional version of grypsera
 Jewish sub-dialect – a regional version of the Yiddish language, largely influenced by the Polish language

All of the above sub-dialects were constantly mixing with each other and the lexical basis of most of them was similar.

Derived dialects
Due to the large number of prisons in Warsaw, the influence of the Warsaw dialect on the evolution of grypsera was immense and to some extent the shape of the latter language is a distant relative of the former.

Phonology
The basic phonology of the Warsaw dialect was that of the standard Polish language, with several notable differences.

The most important differences between literary Polish and the Warsaw dialect are the following:

Vocabulary
The Warsaw dialect has much of its lexicon borrowed from a variety of languages.

Writing system
The Warsaw dialect did not develop a literary form. It has been used by several authors in Polish literature and written with a standard set of Polish letters with different sounds denoted by approximation.

References

External links
 Polish-Warsaw dictionary

History of Warsaw
Dialects by location
Languages of Poland
Culture in Warsaw
City colloquials
Polish dialects

Warsaw subdialect


A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand. Essentially, webcasting is "broadcasting" over the Internet.

The largest "webcasters" include existing radio and TV stations, who "simulcast" their output through online TV or online radio streaming, as well as a multitude of Internet-only "stations". Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific "webcasting licenses" to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material.

Overview
Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations (such as annual general meetings), in e-learning (to transmit seminars), and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, which is designed for many-to-many interaction.

The ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish.  There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online. Often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular and many new shows are added regularly.

Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet.

The term "webcast" had previously been used to describe the distribution of Web or Internet content using conventional broadcast technologies such as those intended for digital video (Digital Video Broadcasting) and audio (Digital Audio Broadcasting), and in some cases even leveraging analogue broadcasting techniques traditionally used by Teletext services to deliver a limited "Best of the Web" selection of content to audiences. Overnight broadcasts of data via analogue television signals were claimed by WebTV representatives to be able to offer "a fresh gigabyte of data every day... while you sleep". Typically, webcasting referred to a form of datacasting involving higher bandwidth broadcast technologies delivering Web content, multimedia files in particular, and with any interactivity supported by lower bandwidth return channels such as dial-up Internet access over the public telephone network or communication over mobile telephone networks. Such return channels conveyed each user's requests for the delivery of specific content over the broadcast medium. Eventually, DVB satellite operators were to offer a higher bandwidth return channel using DVB-RCS, raising the prospect of "point-to-point connections with users' satellite dishes". Webcasting had been regarded as a way of providing higher bandwidth Internet access to home computer users as well as enabling television-based Internet access, driving the development of smart television products.

History
The earliest graphically oriented web broadcasts were not streaming video, but were in fact still frames which were photographed with a web camera every few minutes while they were being broadcast live over the Internet. One of the earliest instances of sequential live image broadcasting was in 1991 when a camera was set up next to the Trojan Room in the computer laboratory of the University of Cambridge. It provided a live picture every few minutes of the office coffee pot to all desktop computers on that office's network. A couple of years later its broadcasts went to the Internet, became known as the Trojan Room Coffee Pot webcam, and gained international notoriety as a feature of the fledgling World Wide Web.

Later in 1996 an American college student and conceptual artist, Jenny Ringley, set up a web camera similar to the Trojan Room Coffee Pot's webcam in her dorm room. That webcam photographed her every few minutes while it broadcast those images live over the Internet upon a site called JenniCam. Ringley wanted to portray all aspects of her lifestyle and the camera captured her doing almost everything – brushing her teeth, doing her laundry, and even having sex with her boyfriend. Her website generated millions of hits upon the Internet, became a pay site in 1998, and spawned hundreds of female imitators who would then use streaming video to create a new billion dollar industry called camming, and brand themselves as camgirls or webcam models.

One of the earliest webcast equivalent of an online concert and one of the earliest examples of webcasting itself was by Apple Computer's Webcasting Group in partnership with the entrepreneurs Michael Dorf and Andrew Rasiej. Together with David B. Pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22, 1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City. Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10, 1996, live from Slim's in San Francisco.

In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history.

On October 31, 1996, UK rock band Caduseus broadcast their one-hour concert from 11pm to 12midnight (UT) at Celtica in Machynlleth, Wales, UK – the first live streamed audio and simultaneous live streamed video multicast – around the globe to more than twenty direct "mirrors" in more than twenty countries.

In September 1997, Nebraska Public Television started webcasting Big Red Wrap Up from Lincoln, Nebraska which combined highlights from every Cornhusker football game, coverage of the coaches' weekly press conferences, analysis with Nebraska sportswriters, appearances by special guests and questions and answers with viewers.

On August 8, 1997, the American jam band Phish webcasted one of their concerts for the first time.

On October 22, 1998, the first Billy Graham Crusade was broadcast live to a worldwide audience from the Raymond James Stadium in Tampa Florida courtesy of Dale Ficken and the WebcastCenter in Pennsylvania. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website.

On February 6, 1999, a 21-minute Victoria's Secret fashion show featuring supermodel Tyra Banks aired exclusively on Broadcast.com. The webcast was promoted by a 30-second television spot during Super Bowl XXXIII and drew an estimated 1.5 million viewers. Broadcast.com servers were reportedly overwhelmed by the spike in traffic, locking out many potential viewers.

Virtually all major broadcasters now have a webcast of their output, from the BBC to CNN to Al Jazeera to UNTV in television to Radio China,  Vatican Radio, United Nations Radio and the World Service in radio.

On November 4, 1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7, 1994, WXYC, the college radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet.

Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language.

Wedcast
A webcast of a wedding may be called a wedcast; it allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in real time on the Internet. It is sometimes used for weddings in exotic locations, where it would be expensive or difficult for people to travel to see the wedding in person.

On August 13, 1998, the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan K'necht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada.

The first webcast teleconference wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31, 1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, and were married by Jerry Falwell while he sat in his office in Lynchburg, Virginia.

Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by some funeral homes. Although it has been around since at least 2005, cheaper broadband access, the financial strain of travel, and deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan have all led to increased use of the technology.

See also

 Internet radio
 Live streaming
 Media clip
 Streaming media
 Video blog
 Webisode
 Webinar

References

Streaming television
Internet radio
Streaming
Broadcasting
Online services

Webcast


Liang Mao () ( 190s – 210s), courtesy name Bofang, was a scholar and official serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

Early life and career
Liang Mao was born in Changyi County (), Shanyang Commandery (), which is located northwest of present-day Jinxiang County, Shandong sometime in the late Eastern Han dynasty. Studious since childhood, he was known for being well-versed in Confucian classics as he often quoted lines from the classics to support his points during debates.

Sometime between 196 and 208, when the warlord Cao Cao held the appointment of Minister of Works () in the Han imperial court, he recruited Liang Mao to serve as an assistant in his office. Later, he nominated Liang Mao as a gaodi (高第; an outstanding civil servant) and promoted him to the position of an Imperial Clerk (). At the time, as bandits were rampant in Taishan Commandery (泰山郡; around present-day Tai'an, Shandong), the Han central government appointed Liang Mao as the Administrator () of Taishan Commandery. Within a month after he assumed office, thousands of families – many with young children – moved into Taishan Commandery and settled there.

Life in Liaodong Commandery
The Han central government later reassigned Liang Mao to be the Administrator of Lelang Commandery (樂浪郡; around present-day Pyongyang, North Korea). At the time, the warlord Gongsun Du controlled the nearby Liaodong Commandery (遼東郡; around present-day Liaoyang, Liaoning). While Liang Mao passed by Liaodong en route to Lelang, Gongsun Du detained him in Liaodong and refused to let him go to Lelang. Liang Mao was unfazed by Gongsun Du's bold and illegal action.

Sometime in the mid 200s, Gongsun Du gathered all his subordinates and asked them, "I heard that Lord Cao is away on a campaign. Ye (around present-day Handan, Hebei) is unguarded. If I lead 30,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry to attack Ye, can anyone stop me?" All of them agreed that Gongsun Du would succeed if he did so. After Gongsun Du sought his opinion, Liang Mao replied, "The Han Empire is in a state of chaos and on the brink of collapse. General, you command thousands of troops, yet you sit here and watch others attack and destroy each other. As a subject of the Han Empire, is this what you should be doing? Lord Cao is concerned about the Han Empire's future and the people's welfare, which is why he leads an army of righteousness to eliminate tyrants and villains. He has made immense contributions and his virtues are well-known. There is none other like him in the Han Empire. As peace and stability has just recently been restored, it is only a matter of time before everyone starts pointing fingers at you, General, for not doing anything to save the Han Empire. Now, General, you want to lead your forces west to attack Ye? All it takes is one morning to find out the result of this test of survival and destruction. General, I hope you know what is good for you." Gongsun Du's subordinates were shocked when they heard what Liang Mao said. After a long pause, Gongsun Du said, "What Administrator Liang said is correct."

The historian Pei Songzhi points out a discrepancy between the biographies of Liang Mao and Gongsun Du in the Records of the Three Kingdoms. According to Liang Mao's biography, the conversation between him and Gongsun Du took place when Cao Cao was "away on a campaign", which Pei Songzhi assumed to be referring to the Battle of White Wolf Mountain in 207. However, Gongsun Du's biography mentions that Gongsun Du died in 204, so this conversation could not have taken place if there is no error with Gongsun Du's year of death. Kenneth H. J. Gardiner dismisses the story as Wei propaganda while Rafe de Crespigny suggests the advice may have been given to Gongsun Kang instead.

Later life and career
Liang Mao later left Liaodong Commandery and after that he consecutively served as the Administrator of Wei Commandery (魏郡; around present-day Ci County, Hebei) and then as the Chancellor () of Ganling State (甘陵國; around present-day Linqing, Shandong). He gained quite a reputation for his achievements during his tenures.

In 211, after Cao Cao's son Cao Pi was appointed as General of the Household for All Purposes () in the Han central government, Liang Mao first served as his Chief Clerk () and later as his Left Military Adviser (). In 213, when Emperor Xian, the figurehead Han emperor, wanted to enfeoff Cao Cao as the Duke of Wei (), Cao Cao initially declined but relented after Liang Mao, listed third on the memorial, and several others urged him to accept. Liang Mao served as Supervisor of the Masters of Writing () and later as zhongwei fengchang () in Cao Cao's dukedom. In 216, Emperor Xian elevated Cao Cao from the status of a duke to a vassal king under the title "King of Wei" (). A year later, after Cao Cao designated Cao Pi as the heir apparent to his vassal kingdom, he appointed Liang Mao as the Crown Prince's Grand Tutor (). Cao Pi treated Liang Mao respectfully and courteously. Liang Mao died in office in an unknown year, but certainly before 220.

Post-mortem events
In 220, some months after Cao Cao's death, Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty, and established the Cao Wei state with himself as the new emperor. After his coronation, he appointed one of Liang Mao's sons or grandsons as a Gentleman Cadet in recognition of Liang Mao's past service.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).

 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
 Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.

Year of birth unknown
3rd-century deaths
Government officials under Cao Cao
Politicians from Jining

Liang Mao


Compressed air is air stored under a pressure that is greater than atmospheric pressure. It is generally produced by an air compressor.

Uses
Compressed air may be used for transfer of energy in industrial processes. Compressed air is used to power pneumatic tools. Compressed air is used to spray paint, to operate air cylinders for automation, and to propel vehicles. Railway brakes applied by compressed air make train travel safer. Compressed air brakes are also found on large road vehicles, such as trucks and buses.
Mechanics

Compressed air


Preview is the built-in image viewer and PDF viewer of the macOS operating system. In addition to viewing and printing digital images and Portable Document Format (PDF) files, it can also edit these media types. It employs the Aqua graphical user interface, the Quartz graphics layer, and the ImageIO and Core Image frameworks.

History
Like macOS, Preview originated in the NeXTSTEP operating system by NeXT, where it was part of every release since 1989. Between 2003 and 2005, Apple claimed Preview was the "fastest PDF viewer on the planet."

Supported file types
Preview can open the following file types.

 AI – Adobe Illustrator artwork files (if PDF content included in file)
 BMP – Windows bitmap files
 CR2 – Raw image file used by Canon cameras
 DAE – Collada 3D files
 DNG – Digital negative files
 FAX – Faxes
 FPX – FlashPix files
 GIF – Graphics Interchange Format files
 HDR – High-dynamic-range image files
 ICNS – Apple Icon Image files
 ICO – Windows icon files
 JPEG – Joint Photographic Experts Group files
 JPEG 2000 – JPEG 2000 files
 OBJ – Wavefront 3D file
 OpenEXR – OpenEXR files
 PDF – Portable Document Format version 1.5 + some additional features
 PICT – QuickDraw image files
 PNG – Portable Network Graphics files
 PPM – Netpbm Color Image files
 PNTG – MacPaint Bitmap Graphic files
 PPT – PowerPoint files
 PSD – Adobe Photoshop files
 QTIF – QuickTime image files
 RAD – Radiance 3D Scene Description files
 RAW – Raw image files
 SGI – Silicon Graphics Image files
 STL – STereoLithography 3D format
 TGA – TARGA image files
 TIF (TIFF) – Tagged Image File Format files
 XBM – X BitMap files

In macOS Monterey and earlier, Preview supported the display of EPS and PostScript documents using on-the-fly conversion to PDF format. However, this functionality was removed in macOS Ventura, although users can continue to print  and  files by dragging them into the printer queue.

The version of Preview included with OS X 10.3 (Panther) could play animated GIF images, for which an optional button could be added to the toolbar. As of OS X 10.4 (Tiger), Preview lost playback functionality and animated GIF files are displayed as individual frames in a numbered sequence.

Features

Editing PDF documents

Preview can encrypt PDF documents, and restrict their use; for example, it is possible to save an encrypted PDF so that a password is required to copy data from the document, or to print it. However, encrypted PDFs cannot be edited further, so the original author should always keep an unencrypted version. A new "edit button" where the picture can be edited is introduced in Version 7. The "edit button" allows options to insert shapes, lines, do cropping, and among other things.

Some features which are otherwise only available in professional PDF editing software are provided by Preview: It is possible to extract single pages out of multi-page documents (e.g. PDF files), sort pages, and drag & drop single or multiple pages between several opened multi-page documents, or into other applications, such as attaching to an opened email message.

Editing images
Preview offers basic image correction tools using Core Image processing technology implemented in macOS, and other features like shape extraction, color extraction, cropping, and rotation tools. When annotating images, Preview uses vector shapes and text until the image is rasterized to JPEG, PNG or another bitmap format. PDF and image documents can also be supplied with keywords, and are then automatically indexed using macOS's system-wide Spotlight search engine.

Import and export
Preview can directly access image scanners supported by macOS and import images from the scanner. Preview can convert between image formats; it can export to BMP, JP2, JPEG, PDF, PICT, PNG, SGI, TGA, and TIFF. Using macOS's print engine (based on CUPS) it is also possible to "print into" a Postscript file, a PDF-X file or directly save the file in iPhoto, for example scanned photos.

Beginning with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, Preview restricts the Format option popup menu in the Save As dialog to commonly used types.  It is possible to access the full format list by holding down the Option key when clicking the Format popup menu. (GIF, ICNS, JPEG, JPEG-2000, Microsoft BMP, Microsoft Icon, OpenEXR, PDF, Photoshop, PNG, SGI, TGA, TIFF.)

See also
 List of PDF software

References

External links
'Mac Basics: Preview app views and edits images and PDFs'
AppleInsider review from 2003
MacProNews article: PDF and Panther: The Hidden Role of PDF in Mac OS X 10.3 from July 2004
Sams Publishing sample chapter on Preview from Mac OS X Panther Applications and Utilities.  Includes some instructions for use, with screenshots.

Image viewers
PDF readers
MacOS

Preview (macOS)


Evolutionary suicide is not a standard term in evolutionary biology. It is not used in any standard textbook on evolution.

It is the incorrect idea that the adaptation of an individual animal works in such a way that an entire species dies out. The idea is that evolution makes plants and animals pass on their genes to the next generation more efficiently, but it does not guarantee the survival of the population or the species. Obviously, that is true, and extinction occurs often. Evolution cannot foresee the future. This is, however, nothing at all to do with suicide.

A candidate for a future evolutionary suicide might be cod. Cod is caught as fish by humans. The fish do not weigh as much as they used to, mostly because they do not survive long enough. They do, however, mature earlier. Although this means the number of eggs per female fish is reduced, its effect depends rather on the extent of overfishing. Data suggests that when fishing is controlled, cod numbers return to their former level. This was the lesson of World War II, when cod fishing in many areas was greatly reduced, and pre-war cod numbers recovered.

References

Evolutionary biology

Evolutionary suicide


BC150 is the name given by the government of the Province of British Columbia, Canada, to a programme of events and celebrations that were held in 2008.  The motive for the commemoration, as cited by the provincial government, is the founding of the British Crown Colony of British Columbia 150 years earlier, in 1858.

A government hosted website — www.BC150.ca — was launched on January 31, 2008, but discontinued about April 2009.

Events

Event commemorated
The colony founded in 1858 consisted of the Hudson's Bay Company's territory of New Caledonia, which covered most of the mainland of today's province of British Columbia.

That mainland colony was one of three precursors to the present-day province of British Columbia, and the province's roots as a British colony date back to the founding of the Crown Colony of Vancouver Island in 1849. The mainland colony as established in 1858 existed only until 1866, when it was amalgamated with the older Vancouver Island colony, with Victoria designated to be the capital of the merged colony, much to the chagrin of New Westminster, which had been the mainland's capital. The "new" Colony of British Columbia thereby created entered the Canadian confederation in 1871 as the Province of British Columbia.
Thus, today's province of British Columbia was assembled, with its present boundaries and with its capital at Victoria, out of three separate British colonies:
the Crown Colony of Vancouver Island, established in 1849 and having its capital at Victoria;
the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands, established in 1853 and administered by the Governor of the Crown Colony of Vancouver Island; and
the Crown Colony of British Columbia, established in 1858 and having its capital at New Westminster.

The three colonies were intertwined from their beginnings, as it was the Governor of the Crown Colony of Vancouver Island, Sir James Douglas, who urged Britain to create the mainland colony in 1858 and was then named its first governor who unilaterally declared the mainland colony to prevent American takeover, forcing London's hand in formalizing British possession of the mainland. From the creation of the mainland colony in 1858 until his retirement in 1864, he administered both from Victoria.  He also served as sole administrator of the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands during its entire existence, from 1853 to 1863, when it was annexed to the Crown Colony of British Columbia.

See also
 List of governors of Vancouver Island and British Columbia

Footnotes

Culture of British Columbia

BC150


Ernie Wyre Nevel (August 17, 1918 – July 10, 1988) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher who played in  and  with the New York Yankees and in  with the Cincinnati Redlegs. Born in Charleston, Missouri, he batted and threw right-handed, stood  tall and weighed .

Nevel had a 0–1 record, with a 6.10 ERA, in 14 games pitched as a big leaguer. In  innings pitched, he allowed 27 hits and eight bases on balls, with nine strikeouts to his credit. Of his 14 appearances, one came as a starting pitcher. With the Yankees having already clinched the 1950 American League pennant, Nevel started the final game of the regular season on Sunday, October 1, against the third-place Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park.  He allowed four hits and four earned runs in three innings of work, and took the loss, his only decision in Major League Baseball.  On August 28, 1952, while he was on the roster of the Triple-A Kansas City Blues, he was one of four players (and $35,000 in cash) shipped to Cincinnati for former star hurler Ewell Blackwell, acquired by the Yankees for the pennant drive.

Twenty-six years old when he first broke into professional baseball, Nevel concluded a nine-year pro career in 1954.  He died in Springfield, Missouri, at the age of 69.

References

External links

1918 births
1988 deaths
Augusta Tigers players
Baseball players from Missouri
Beaumont Exporters players
Beaumont Roughnecks players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Cincinnati Redlegs players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Miami Tourists players
New York Yankees players
People from Charleston, Missouri
Quincy Gems players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players

Ernie Nevel


Vernon Nkadimeng (25 June 1958 in Alexandra – 21 May 1985 in Gaborone, Botswana) was a member of the African National Congress who was killed while in exile in Botswana by the apartheid secret police.

Life
He fled South Africa following the 1976 Soweto uprising at the age of 18. He entered the Umkhonto We Sizwe (MK) in Angola, the armed wing of the ANC and soon rose up through the military structures of the MK. He traveled to Czechoslovakia with the MK, where he received specialist military training. On 21 May 1985, Nkadimeng was killed by a car bomb placed by the apartheid police.

References

1958 births
1984 deaths
People from Alexandra, Gauteng
Assassinated South African activists
Assassinated South African people
South African people murdered abroad
People murdered in Botswana
Members of the African National Congress
Deaths by car bomb
Assassinated South African politicians
South African exiles
South African expatriates in Botswana
1980s murders in Botswana
1984 crimes in Botswana
1984 murders in Africa
1980s assassinated politicians

Vernon Nkadimeng


Flynt is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname
Althea Flynt (1953–1987), fourth wife of Larry Flynt, co-publisher the magazine Hustler
Henry Flynt (born 1940), philosopher, avant-garde musician, anti-art activist and exhibited artist
Jimmy Flynt (born 1948), of Larry Flynt Publications (LFP) produces adult videos and magazines, most notably Hustler
John James Flynt, Jr. (1914–2007), United States Representative from Georgia.
Josiah Flynt (1869–1907), American sociologist and author, born at Appleton, Wisc
Larry Flynt (1942–2021), American publisher and the head of Larry Flynt Publications (LFP)
Mike Flynt, linebacker for Division III Sul Ross State University in Alpine, Texas
Wayne Flynt, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History at Auburn University

Given name
Flynt Leverett (born 1958), professor at the Pennsylvania State University School of International Affairs
William Flynt Nichols (1918–1988), Democratic member of United States House of Representatives from Alabama

See also

Flint (disambiguation)

Flynt


Edward Knott, real name Matthew Wilson  (1582–1656) was an English Jesuit controversialist, twice provincial of the Society of Jesus in England.

Life
He was born at Catchburn in the parish of Morpeth, Northumberland, After studying humanities in the college of the English Jesuits at St. Omer. he was on 10 October 1602 admitted an alumnus of the English College at Rome, under the assumed same of Edward Knott, which he retained through life. He was ordained priest on 27 March 1606. He entered the Society of Jesus on 2 October the same year, and upon the expiration of his novitiate in 1608 he was appointed penitentiary in Rome. For some time he was prefect of studies in the English College. He was raised to the rank of a professed father of the Society of Jesus on 30 September 1618.

During 1626 he was a missioner in the Suffolk district. He was apprehended in 1629, and was committed to the Clink prison in Southwark, but at the instance of queen Henrietta Maria's mother, Marie de' Medici, he was released and banished in January 1632 (ODNB). In 1633 he served in the London district, acting as vice-provincial to Richard Blount; in 1636 he was, in the same district, vice-provincial to Henry More, whom he succeeded as provincial of the English province in 1643. In that capacity he assisted at the eighth general congregation of the Society of Jesus, held in November 1645. Soon afterwards he returned to the English mission, and thenceforward resided for the most part in London. He was reappointed provincial on 23 March 1653, in succession to Father Francis Foster. He died in London on 4 January (O.S.) 1655–6, and was buried the next day in St. Pancras Church.

Works
His works are:
 A Modest Briefe Discussion of some points taught by M. Doctour Kellison, in his Treatise of the Ecclesiasticall Hierarchy, Rouen, 1630. It appeared in Latin, Antwerp, 1631. This work against Matthew Kellison, which relates to the disputes between the secular and regular clergy, was published under the pseudonym of Nicholas Smith, and was composed by Knott in the Clink prison. Another reply to Kellison was published by Father John Floyd, and both these works were censured by the archbishop of Paris 30 January 1631, and by the Sorbonne 15 February 1631. Knott was attacked by an anonymous writer in a work entitled A Reply to M. Nicholas Smith, his Discussion of some pointes of M. Doctour Kellison his Treatise of the Hierarchie. By a Divine, Douay, 1630. A.B. justified Knott in A Defence of N. Smith against a Reply to his Discussion, &c., 1630. On 9 May 1631 Pope Urban VIII issued the brief Britannia, in which he lamented the divisions sown among the English Catholics, and commanded them to cease. But the controversy continued until the issue of Urban VIII's brief dated 19 March 1633.
 Charity Mistaken, with the want whereof Catholickes are unjustlv charged, for affirming as they do with grief, that Protestancy unrepented destroyes Salvation [London], 1630. This was answered by Christopher Potter in his Want of Charity justly charged, Oxford, 1633; 2nd edit. 1634.
 Mercy and Truth, or Charity maintayned by Catholykes, a reply to Potter [St. Omer], 1634. William Chillingworth subsequently replied to the first part of this work in The Religion of Protestants, 1638.
 A Direction to be observed by N. N. [William Chillingworth] if hee means to proceeds in answering the booke entitled "Mercy and Truth, London, 1636. Knott, who had heard of Chillingworth's intention to reply to Mercy and Truth, here sought to put his adversary out of court by accusing him of Socinianism.
 Christianity Maintained; or, A Discouery of sundry Doctrines tending to the Ouerthrowe of Christian Religion: Contained in the Answere to a Booke entituled, "Mercy and Truth" [St. Omer], 1638, (anon.) The dedication to Charles I is signed I. H.
 Infidelity Unmasked, or the Confutation of Chillingworth's "Religion of Protestants," Ghent, 1652. Thomas Smith (translator and controversialist) replied to this in The Judgment of an University-man concerning Mr. Knot's last book against Mr. Chillingworth (a preface to his translation of Jean Daillé's Apologia for the Reformed Churches, Cambridge, 1653), described by Knott himself as a "witty, erudite, and solid work".
 Protestancy Condemned by the expressed verdict and sentence of Protestants (anon.), Douay, 1664.
 Monita utilissima pro patribus Missionis Anglicanae. Never printed.

Notes

References

1582 births
1656 deaths
17th-century English Jesuits
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
People from Morpeth, Northumberland

Edward Knott


William J. Guilfoile (November 5, 1931 – July 9, 2016) was an American professional baseball public relations executive, who served 18 years in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum from 1979 through 1996.

Born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, Guilfoile graduated from Fond du Lac High School. He then attended the University of Notre Dame, where he graduated Magna Cum Laude and was president of his senior class. In addition, Guilfoile was elected to Who's Who in American Colleges and Universities and received Notre Dame's Dome Award, which is presented annually to four seniors selected as the outstanding members of their class.

Following his graduation, Guilfoile served as a naval officer for over three years, and received honorable discharge from the Navy in 1958. He then returned to Fond du Lac, where he began his public relations activities for the AC Nielsen Company.

In 1960, Guilfoile joined the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball, working as assistant public relations director for the club during 10 years. He later became director of public relations for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1970 and remained in that role through 1978, being blessed to collaborate on World Series Championship teams with both the Yankees in 1961 and 1962 and the Pirates in 1971.

In 1978, Guilfoile was named vice-president of public relations and assistant to the president for the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, where he served the last 18 years of his baseball career.

During his 37-year tenure in baseball, Guilfoile witnessed and was part of many memorable moments in Major League's history, such as the 1961 Roger Maris/Mickey Mantle home run chase, the 3,000th hit of Roberto Clemente in 1972, and the Hall of Fame's 50th anniversary in 1989.

After his retirement in 1996, Guilfoile received the Robert O. Fishel Award, the Major League Baseball's highest honor given to the single person who best exemplifies public relations excellence.

In 1957, Guilfoile married Loretta White in Brooklyn, New York. They became the parents of four children, Ann, Pete, Tom and Kevin, and also enjoyed 10 grandchildren. His son Kevin Guilfoile is a writer who has authored several books, including A Drive Into the Gap, which delves into the mystery surrounding the bat that Clemente used for his 3,000th career hit, along with his father's vastly blessed history with baseball and his battle with Alzheimer's disease.

After baseball, Guilfoile taught a course in public relations at Marian College in his hometown of Fond du Lac for five years. He retired in 2008 and moved with his wife to Notre Dame, Indiana, where he died in 2016 at the age of 84.

Sources

1931 births
2016 deaths
Military personnel from Wisconsin
American public relations people
Neurological disease deaths in Indiana
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Major League Baseball executives
Marian University (Wisconsin) faculty
National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
New York Yankees executives
People from Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
People from South Bend, Indiana
Pittsburgh Pirates executives
University of Notre Dame alumni

Bill Guilfoile


Mangelos (born Dimitrije Bašičević; 21 April 1921 – 18 December 1987) was a Yugoslavian artist, curator and art critic whose artistic production included handmade books, sculptures and paintings. His work and research contributed greatly to the development of abstract art in Croatia.

Life and work
Dimitrije Bašičević, later to assume the pseudonym Mangelos in his artistic practice, was born into a farming family in Šid, Serbia on 21 April 1921. His father was the Serbian artist, Ilja Bašičević, known as a practitioner of Naive Art or Outsider Art. Bašičević studied art history and philosophy in Vienna (1942–44) and Zagreb (1945–49). In 1957 he completed a PhD on the topic of the work of artist Sava Šumanović. He worked for a time as a curator and assistant in the Yugoslavian academy of art and science. In 1952, he founded the Peasant Art Gallery, which he would develop into the Gallery of Primitive Art and act as curator for until 1964. This institution endures today as the Croatian Museum of Naive Art. In 1971, Bašičević became the chairman of the Center for Film Photography and Television, part of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb. He organized numerous exhibitions both within and outside Croatia which contributed to the growth of abstract art in eastern Europe. His writings on photography and art were frequently published. In 1982, he went into retirement and died on 18 December 1987.

As early as primary school Mangelos authored short prose pieces and poems, and began producing his first artistic works in 1941. He adopted the pseudonym Mangelos is 1959; it derives from the name of a small city near where he was born. He was a founding member of the avant-garde Gorgona Group and from 1975 became involved in the Group of Six Artists. Mangelos kept his artistic practice private, releasing works sometimes through the group-authorship of Gorgona or not at all. His first exhibition took place in 1968 in Belgrade, motivated as he was by the new generation of conceptual artists and critics. His theoretical and artistic practice engaged with the use of language, letters and texts. Originating from a desire to create Anti-Art, he used words and letter-forms as elements in paintings, in an attempt to negate the irrationality of the act of painting through the rational act of writing. Conversely, his painted text-works, which often combined languages and ripped letters or words from their life-giving context, negated the rationality of writing through the conversion of text to pure shape and form.

"negating a picture creating it from words,
negating a word by painting it
to make its meaning different from the one when it was written;
I was convinced
that the meaning of the word
or the painting
elapses…"

– Mangelos
Is his manifestos he discussed the possibility of progress within society during a simultaneous standstill in art. He argues that the ancient, while ingenious, mind cannot follow the rapid development of the 'Machine Civilization'. In his 1978 manifesto, 'Shid Theory' he develops the 'psycho-biological' hypothesis that as the human organism, and therefore also the personality, renews itself every seven years, his life can be subdivided into the existence of 9 1/2 Mangelos'. In addition to spiritual tendencies, Mangelos' work is characterized by irony, intermediality, expressionistic nihilism and his unique experiment of "No-Art".

He died in Zagreb, Croatia, aged 66.  His works are held in the collection of the Tate.

Solo exhibitions (selection)

1981: Zagreb, Galerija PM, "Mangelos no.1-9 – Retrospektiva"
1997: Berlin, Galerie Rainer Bürgermeister, "a b c"
1998: New York, A/D Gallery
1998: London, Anthony d'Offay Gallery
2001: Berlin, The Drawing Room, "Les paysages des mots"
2003: Kassel, Kunsthalle Fridericianum, "nos. 1 – 91⁄2"
2011: London, Frieze Art Fair, Regent's Park
2014: New York, Galerie St. Etienne, "LIJA/MANGELOS: Father & Son, Inside & Out"
2014: Berlin, Aanant & Zoo, "Mangelos-documenta?"

Group exhibitions (selection)

1959–1966: Zagreb, Kroatien; Performances als Mitglied der Gorgona Group
2008: Berlin, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Transmediale 08, "Conspire"
2010: Paris, Centre Georges Pompidou, "Les Promesses du passé"
2011: New York, MoMA, "I Am Still Alive: Politics and Everyday Life in Contemporary Drawing"
2012: Wien, Belvedere, "Gold"
2013: Estonia, Kumu Art Museum, Art Museum of Estonia, "Critique and Crises. Art in Europe Since 1945"

References

External links
 http://www.mbasicevic.net

Yugoslav painters
Yugoslav art critics
European art curators
1921 births
1987 deaths
Croatian painters

Dimitrije Bašičević


Mary Lawrence (Tonetti) (1868–1945) was an American sculptor. She designed the Christopher Columbus sculpture at the World's Columbian Exposition.

Life
Lawrence was born in New York City into a prominent New York family whose ancestors included John Lawrence, mayor of New York City from 1673 to 1675 and 1691–1692, and the War of 1812 patriot, Captain James Lawrence who died after uttering the words, "Tell the men to fire faster! Don't give up the ship!"

While in Chicago preparing for the World's Columbian Exposition, sculptor Augustus St. Gaudens recommended Lawrence, who had been his pupil at the Art Students League of New York for the previous five years, for the creation of the monumental statue of Christopher Columbus to be placed at the entrance of the Administration Building. Like many of the buildings at the Exposition, the statue was made of staff, a temporary building material, and no longer exists. Although some critics claimed that St. Gaudens, or his brother Louis, had in fact modelled the work, St. Gaudens himself debunked this by stating in his Reminiscences that Lawrence, "modeled and executed it and to her goes all the credit for the vitality and breadth of treatment which it revealed."

St Gaudens biographer Bruce Wilkens relates that Millet objected to the prominent placement of the statue and arranged to have it moved to a spot near the train station. The architect Charles Follen McKim, a founding member of the prestigious architectural firm McKim, Mead and White and a widower, who had fallen in love with Lawrence in New York, had enough sway in Chicago to get the statue of Columbus returned to its former place. Lawrence never forgave Millet and is quoted as saying, "I could stamp on his face and grind it into the gravel until it bled."

Following the end of the Exposition Lawrence served as an assistant to St Gaudens, helping him in the creation of the General John A. Logan monument that was bound for Grant Park in Chicago. Thereafter, she moved to Paris where she studied at the Académie Julian. There, in 1893, she met a young assistant to Frederick William Macmonnies, Francois ML Tonetti. They were married in 1900 in New York City. Saint Gaudens, when he heard about the wedding "broke down and wept" and bemoaned the loss of her artistic ability to a much less talented sculptor, saying that she would likely have "lots of festive children," but would produce no more significant art.  Her first child, a son named Oliver, died at the age of thirteen days.

Lawrence did produce a few more works after her marriage, such as two fountains she created with her husband for the Pan-American Exposition held in Buffalo, New York in 1901. In 1907, she contributed two statues, Venice and Spain - again in collaboration with her husband - to the parade of statues on the cornice of Cass Gilbert's US Customs House.

Lawrence Tonetti was one of the founders of New York's Cosmopolitan Club.  As a supporter of the arts, she helped form an artists' colony at her ancestral home of Sneden's Landing, New York, now called  Palisades, New York.

References

Sources

 Opitz, Glenn B., Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers, Apollo Books, Poughkeepsie, NY 1986
 Rubinstein, Charlotte Streifer, American Women Sculptors. G.K.Hall & CO., Boston 1990
 Saint-Gaudens, Homer, editor, The Reminiscences of Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Published by The Century, New York 1913
 New York Times. "MRS. MARY L. TONETTI; Sculptor, Ex-Aide to St. Gaudens, Made Statue for Fair of '93," March 15, 1945, Section, p. 23.

External links
Jeanne Rejaunier (granddaughter of Mary Lawrence Tonetti)

1868 births
1945 deaths
People from Palisades, New York
19th-century American sculptors
20th-century American sculptors
Académie Julian alumni
Art Students League of New York alumni
Sculptors from New York City
20th-century American women artists
Sculptors from New York (state)
20th-century American women sculptors
19th-century American women sculptors

Mary Lawrence (sculptor)


Millan Baçi (born 3 November 1955, in Albania) is a former Albanian football player.

Club career
He spent his entire career with 17 Nëntori Tirana. His main position was wing back, with the right wing as his favourite.

International career
Baçi made his debut for Albania in a November 1976 friendly match against Algeria and has earned a total of 7 caps, scoring 1 goal. He has represented his country in 5 FIFA World Cup qualification matches.

His final international was an October 1981 World Cup qualification match against Bulgaria.

Retirement
Now, he works in the youth department of the Albanian Football Association (F.SH.F). He is a notable personality in the football world and a football critic as well.

Honours
Albanian Superliga: 2
 1982, 1985

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
Footballers from Tirana
Albanian men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Men's association football midfielders
Albania men's international footballers
KF Tirana players
Albanian football managers
KF Tirana managers

Millan Baçi


Llewelyn Rockwell is an American anarcho-capitalist and friend of Murray Rothbard. He supported the Black Panther Party and co-created paleolibertarianism with Rothbard.

Works
In the 1990s, Rockwell worked as the editor of Ron Paul's newsletters. This became a controversy when it turned out that they said things like "No doubt the blacks would have privatized the welfare state through continued looting but they were paid off and the violence subsided" and other similar statements. In 2011, Rockwell worked as Paul's chief of staff. Rockwell is known for opposing American military intervention.

Living people

Lew Rockwell


Madame Zodiac is a fictional character, a comic book witch published by DC Comics. She debuted in Batman Family #17 (April 1978), and was created by Bob Rozakis and Don Heck.

Publication history
Madame Zodiac first appears in Batman Family #17 (April 1978) and later returned in issue #18. She returned four years later in World's Finest Comics #285 (November 1982) in a four issue story ending in issue #288. The character is resurrected twenty-seven years later by Kurt Busiek, Fabian Nicieza, and Mike Norton in issue #12 of the fifty-two issue Trinity maxi-series (August 20, 2008), and has cameos in issues #15 (September 10, 2008), and #49 (May 9, 2009) with an offpanel mention on the third page of issue #52 (May 27, 2009). Madame Zodiac returns in Batgirls #13 (February 2023).

Fictional character biography

Batman Family

Madame Zodiac is first introduced as a "crime broker" for two Gotham City criminals in Batman Family #17; in the story she sells her services to Poison Ivy and Catwoman, in a role similar to that of the Calculator (Noah Kuttler). Madame Zodiac promises both the criminals that they will come into conflict with the Earth-Two Huntress (Helena Wayne), Batwoman (Kathy Kane), and Batgirl (Barbara Gordon), while in the commission of their crimes, but they would succeed. At the end of the story Poison Ivy and Catwoman are defeated but Madame Zodiac evades capture after stealing a powerful mystical artifact; this apparently had been her plan all along.

She later returned in Batman Family #18. She masterminds an assault on the Pentagon, in order to take advantage of the mystical energy generated by a foreseen planetary conjunction. She is able to tap into the energies by focusing them within the largest man-made pentagram on earth, the Pentagon. She uses her new powers to subdue the United States Pentagon Police detail tasked with defending the facility. She is outwitted by Batgirl, who tricks her into destroying the walls of the pentagon courtyard thereby cutting off the source of her power, and enabling Batgirl to capture her.

World's Finest Comics

In issue #285, Batman begins to experience strange blackouts, and Superman experiences a prophetic dream in which he witnesses Batman lying on an altar beneath the Zodiac Idol of Doctor Zodiac. Superman briefs Batman on his vision, but when he uses his X-ray vision to check on Doctor Zodiac he notices that the criminal is still in prison. The issue reintroduces Madame Zodiac and reveals her first name to be Marissa, while also reintroducing Doctor Zodiac (Theodore Carrigan). Madame Zodiac reveals to Doctor Zodiac that she has begun testing Batman, and that she believes that Bruce Wayne is Batman. Superman and Batman consult with Zatanna and give her a couple of Doctor Zodiac's mystical Zodiac Coins hoping that she can use them to track down the Zodiac Idol. Zatanna loses control the moment she touches the coins, and mentions a "dark cloud" before eventually lapsing into a coma.

In issue #286, Wonder Woman takes Zatanna away to Paradise Island for medical treatment, and Madame Zodiac reveals that she freed Doctor Zodiac from prison and left a mystical illusion in his place. She freed him because she had his Zodiac Idol, but wanted access to the Zodiac Coins that provide its power. She uses Doctor Zodiac's mystical connection to the twelve Atlantean coins to steal them from the coin collectors who currently own them. Now possessing all twelve coins she is able to activate the Zodiac Idol. It is also revealed that Theo (Doctor Zodiac) and Marissa (Madame Zodiac) are now romantically involved. Theo discovers that she has used the Zodiac Idol to contact an ancient other-dimensional evil she refers to as her "master". Meanwhile, a dark cloud begins appearing all over the United States in various cities including Metropolis and Gotham City. Everywhere the cloud appears it inspires hate crimes, including the defilement of a Jewish synagogue, and the near lynching of Lucius Fox. Meanwhile, Theo (Doctor Zodiac) is becoming concerned as Madame Zodiac's shadowy master grows in power. Elsewhere, Green Arrow (Oliver Queen) confronts a werewolf, and Hawkman (Katar Hol) defeats what appears to be a vampire. An unstoppable phalanx of zombies attack a GCPD barricade in Gotham City, but are stopped by Superman. At the end of the issue, Madame Zodiac states that her master is now powerful enough to possess his chosen host's body.

In issue #287, the shadowy force of Madame Zodiac's master attempts to dominate and possess Batman's mind and body. Doctor Zodiac begins looking for a way out of his predicament; he decides against releasing a mysterious prisoner being held at their location, a prisoner whom Madame Zodiac fears. He relents out of fears for his own safety. Superman checks in with Wonder Woman and she reports that Zatanna is responding well to Purple Healing Ray treatments and is recovering from her coma. In Gotham City, shadow minions sent by Madame Zodiac are able to capture Batman while her master attacks his mind; he is brought through a portal to her hidden location.

Finally in issue #288, on Paradise Island in the Bermuda Triangle, Zatanna reveals that touching the Zodiac Coins transported her astrally to the dark cloud's location where the other-dimensional demon nearly killed her. Meanwhile, the being whom Madame Zodiac refers to as the "Adored One", a shadowy cloud in a crystal sphere floating above Batman's body, releases tendrils that enter Batman's nose and mouth. Doctor Zodiac runs away after witnessing this tableau, finally determined to release the mysterious prisoner, but is unable to do so due to his total lack of magical ability. Meanwhile, Batman is possessed and magical duplicates of him are created for when the Adored One burns out his host body. Superman is teleported to their location after chasing one of the Adored One's werewolf minions through a portal. The possessed Batman briefly spars with Superman who uses his X-ray vision to discover that Batman's body is dying. Superman uses Super-Hypnosis to free Batman's mind, causing him to expel the "shadow demon" from his nose and mouth. Madame Zodiac is subdued by Superman, and Doctor Zodiac tells him about the mysterious prisoner. Superman shatters the walls of the magically sealed cell, revealing the real Madame Zodiac chained to a wall. The Madame Zodiac that Doctor Zodiac had fallen in love with was a magical clone. Madame Zodiac reveals that she was attacked and possessed by the shadow demon while astrally exploring other dimensions; the creature used the Gemini aspect of the Zodiac Idol to create her evil duplicate. Madame Zodiac, Doctor Zodiac, and Superman confront the duplicate and its master. Madame Zodiac's body is apparently utterly destroyed by her evil duplicate, and both the duplicate and Doctor Zodiac are slain by the duplicate's nameless master. The master then has its superpowered Batman clones attack Superman and Batman. Superman discovers that the clones will self-destruct after extreme physical exertion, and Batman uses the Zodiac Idol to destroy the master's containment sphere, apparently dispersing it. The story ends with the duo leaving for a cup of coffee.

Trinity

A woman claiming to be the original Madame Zodiac reappears in Trinity #12 (August 2008). The story has the Riddler (Edward Nigma) consulting with Madame Zodiac in order to uncover the secret behind a pattern of mysterious thefts; while there an antique gargoyle from Castle Branek (home of Morgaine le Fey) comes to life and attempts to kill him. Madame Zodiac destroys the statue and adds its cost to her fee. She has two more minor appearances in issues 15 and 49, and a final off-panel mention in issue #52 where it is revealed that she "works both sides of the street too often to socialize with either one".

Newspaper strip
In the Batman newspaper strip in 1967, an earlier Madame Zodiac was introduced in the story "Cheap gunman" where Pretty Boy Floy employs his sister Flo to impersonate Madame Zodiac, the personal astrologer to a billionaire industrialist Tyrone Koom, in order to convince the businessman to turn his company over to Pretty Boy.

References

External links
Batman Family Index
Robot9: The Annotated Trinity
Wizarduniverse: Kurt Busiek Talks 'Trinity' (January 18, 2009)
io9: Our Interview With Trinity Creator Kurt Busiek (May 31, 2009)

Characters created by Don Heck
Comics characters introduced in 1978
DC Comics characters who use magic
DC Comics female superheroes
DC Comics female supervillains
DC Comics witches

Madame Zodiac


The Mouvement normand (Norman Movement) is a regionalist political organisation from Normandy, in Northern France.

Unlike many regionalist groupings, they are open to the view that people of Normandy are one of the constituent nationalities that made up the French nation. They also see the people of Normandy as direct inheritors of authentic Normans and also the results of their overseas exploits, including the Norman conquest of England.

History
The Mouvement normand has its origins in the far-right French movement of the 1960s. In 1969, Rouen branch of the right-wing students' union Fédération nationale des étudiants de France merged with l'Union pour la Région Normande in Lisieux to form Mouvement de la Jeunesse de Normandie, renamed Mouvement normand in 1971. It is led by prominent right-wing activist Didier Patte, who is also a member of Groupement de recherche et d'études sur la culture européenne (GRECE, the Research and Study Group on European Culture).

The Mouvement normand had always recruited its supporters from the French far-right, especially Front National. However, in recent years, there is a significant attraction for the members of centre-right parties such as Union for French Democracy (UDF).

 Major goals
 The unification of Haute-Normandie and Basse-Normandie into a single région'' of "Normandie". The merging of the two regions was decided by the French Parliament in 2014 and became effective on January 1, 2016
 More authority for the regional government of Normandy
 The recognition and preservation of the "unique" cultural character of Normandy, formed with elements from the Scandinavian culture as well as Gallic culture

See also
French nationalism
Regionalism (politics)

References

External links
 Official website
 TVNormanChannel Mouvement Normand's WebTelevision of current events and history on Normandy

Organizations based in Normandy
Far-right politics in France
Regionalism (politics)
Regionalist parties in France

Mouvement Normand