Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens  (born 18 January 1938) is an English sociologist who is known for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies. He is considered to be one of the most prominent modern sociologists and is the author of at least 34 books, published in at least 29 languages, issuing on average more than one book every year. In 2007, Giddens was listed as the fifth most-referenced author of books in the humanities. He has academic appointments in approximately twenty different universities throughout the world and has received numerous honorary degrees.

Four notable stages can be identified in his academic life. The first one involved outlining a new vision of what sociology is, presenting a theoretical and methodological understanding of that field based on a critical reinterpretation of the classics. His major publications of that era include Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971) and The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies (1973). In the second stage, Giddens developed the theory of structuration, an analysis of agency and structure in which primacy is granted to neither. His works of that period, such as New Rules of Sociological Method (1976), Central Problems in Social Theory (1979) and The Constitution of Society (1984), brought him international fame on the sociological arena. The third stage of Giddens's academic work was concerned with modernity, globalisation and politics, especially the impact of modernity on social and personal life. This stage is reflected by his critique of postmodernity and discussions of a new "utopian-realist" Third Way in politics which is visible in The Consequences of Modernity (1990), Modernity and Self-Identity (1991), The Transformation of Intimacy (1992), Beyond Left and Right (1994) and The Third Way (1998). Giddens' ambition was both to recast social theory and to re-examine our understanding of the development and trajectory of modernity.

In the most recent stage, Giddens has turned his attention to a more concrete range of problems relevant to the evolution of world society, namely environmental issues, focussing especially upon debates about climate change, analysed in successive editions of his book The Politics of Climate Change (2009); the role and nature of the European Union in Turbulent and Mighty Continent (2014); and in a series of lectures and speeches also the nature and consequences of the Digital Revolution.

Giddens served as Director of the London School of Economics from 1997 to 2003, where he is now Emeritus Professor at the Department of Sociology. He is a life fellow of King's College, Cambridge. According to the Open Syllabus Project, Giddens is the most frequently cited author on college syllabi for sociology courses.

Biography
Born on 18 January 1938, Giddens was born and raised in Edmonton, London, and grew up in a lower-middle-class family, son of a clerk with London Transport. He attended Minchenden Grammar School. He was the first member of his family to go to university. Giddens received his undergraduate academic degree in joint sociology and psychology at the University of Hull in 1959, followed by a master's degree at the London School of Economics supervised by David Lockwood and Asher Tropp. He later gained a PhD at King's College, Cambridge. In 1961, Giddens started working at the University of Leicester where he taught social psychology. At Leicester, considered to be one of the seedbeds of British sociology, he met Norbert Elias and began to work on his own theoretical position. In 1969, Giddens was appointed to a position at the University of Cambridge, where he later helped create the Social and Political Sciences Committee (SPS, now HSPS).

Giddens worked for many years at Cambridge as a fellow of King's College and was eventually promoted to a full professorship in 1987. He is cofounder of Polity Press (1985). From 1997 to 2003, he was Director of the London School of Economics and a member of the advisory council of the Institute for Public Policy Research. He was also an adviser to Tony Blair. It was Giddens' Third Way political approach that has been Blair's guiding political idea. He has been a vocal participant in British political debates, supporting the centre-left Labour Party with media appearances and articles (many of which are published in the New Statesman).

He was given a life peerage in June 2004 as Baron Giddens, of Southgate in the London Borough of Enfield and sits in the House of Lords for the Labour Party. He is the recipient of many academic honours.

Work

Overview
Giddens, the author of over 34 books and 200 articles, essays and reviews, has contributed and written about most notable developments in the area of social sciences, with the exception of research design and methods. He has written commentaries on most leading schools and figures and has used most sociological paradigms in both micro and macrosociology. His writings range from abstract, metatheoretical problems to very direct and 'down-to-earth' textbooks for students. His textbook, Sociology (9th edition, Polity), has sold over 1 million copies. Finally, he is also known for his interdisciplinary approach. Giddens has commented not only on the developments in sociology, but also in anthropology, archaeology, psychology, philosophy, history, linguistics, economics, social work and most recently political science. In view of his knowledge and works, one may view much of his life's work as a form of grand synthesis of sociological theory.

Nature of sociology
Before 1976, most of Giddens' writings offered critical commentary on a wide range of writers, schools and traditions. Giddens took a stance against the then-dominant structural functionalism (represented by Talcott Parsons) as well as criticising evolutionism and historical materialism. In Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971), he examined the work of Max Weber, Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx, arguing that despite their different approaches each was concerned with the link between capitalism and social life. Giddens emphasised the social constructs of power, modernity and institutions, defining sociology as such:  study of social institutions brought into being by the industrial transformation of the past two or three centuries."

In New Rules of Sociological Method (1976), the title of which alludes to Durkheim's Rules of the Sociological Method of 1895, Giddens attempted to explain how sociology should be done and addressed a long-standing divide between those theorists who prioritise macro-level studies of social life—looking at the big picture of society—and those who emphasise the micro level—what everyday life means to individuals. In New Rules, he noted that the functionalist approach invented by Durkheim treated society as a reality unto itself not reducible to individuals. He rejected Durkheim's sociological positivism paradigm which attempted to predict how societies operate, ignoring the meanings as understood by individuals. Giddens noted: "Society only has form, and that form only has effects on people, insofar as structure is produced and reproduced in what people do."

Giddens contrasted Durkheim with Weber's approach—interpretative sociology—focused on understanding agency and motives of individuals. Giddens is closer to Weber than Durkheim, but in his analysis he rejects both of those approaches, stating that while society is not a collective reality, nor should the individual be treated as the central unit of analysis. Rather, he uses the logic of hermeneutic tradition from interpretative sociology to argue for the importance of agency in sociological theory, claiming that human social actors are always to some degree knowledgeable about what they are doing. Social order is therefore a result of some pre-planned social actions, not automatic evolutionary response. Unlike natural scientists, sociologists have to interpret a social world which is already interpreted by the actors that inhabit it. According to Giddens, there is a duality of structure by which social practice, the principal unit of investigation, has both a structural and an agency-component. The structural environment constrains individual behaviour, but it also makes it possible. He also noted the existence of a specific form of a social cycle. Once sociological concepts are formed, they filter back into everyday world and change the way people think. Because social actors are reflexive and monitor the ongoing flow of activities and structural conditions, they adapt their actions to their evolving understandings. As a result, social scientific knowledge of society will actually change human activities. Giddens calls this two-tiered, interpretive and dialectical relationship between social scientific knowledge and human practices the double hermeneutic. Giddens also stressed the importance of power, which is means to ends, and hence is directly involved in the actions of every person. Power, the transformative capacity of people to change the social and material world, is closely shaped by knowledge and space-time. In New Rules, Giddens specifically wrote:
 Sociology is not about a pre-given universe of objects, the universe is being constituted—or produced by—the active doings of subjects.
 The production and reproduction of society thus has to be treated as a skilled performance on the part of its members.
 The realm of human agency is bounded. Individuals produce society, but they do so as historically located actors, and not under conditions of their own choosing.
 Structures must be conceptualised not only as constraints upon human agency, but as enablers as well.
 Processes of structuration involve an interplay of meanings, norms and power.
 The sociological observer cannot make social life available as phenomenon for observation independently of drawing upon his knowledge of it as a resource whereby he constitutes it as a topic for investigation.
 Immersion in a form of life is the necessary and only means whereby an observer is able to generate such characterisations.
 Sociological concepts thus obey a double hermeneutic.

In sum, the primary tasks of sociological analysis are the following:
 The hermeneutic explication and mediation of divergent forms of life within descriptive metalanguages of social science.
 Explication of the production and reproduction of society as the accomplished outcome of human agency.

Structuration

Giddens' theory of structuration explores the question of whether it is individuals or social forces that shape our social reality. He eschews extreme positions, arguing that although people are not entirely free to choose their own actions and their knowledge is limited, they nonetheless are the agency which reproduces the social structure and leads to social change. His ideas find an echo in the philosophy of the modernist poet Wallace Stevens, who suggests that we live in the tension between the shapes we take as the world acts upon us and the ideas of order that our imagination imposes upon the world. Giddens writes that the connection between structure and action is a fundamental element of social theory, structure and agency are a duality that cannot be conceived of apart from one another and his main argument is contained in his expression duality of structure. At a basic level, this means that people make society, but they are at the same time constrained by it. Action and structure cannot be analysed separately as structures are created, maintained and changed through actions while actions are given meaningful form only through the background of the structure. The line of causality runs in both directions making it impossible to determine what is changing what. In Giddens own words from New Rules, he states:  structures are both constituted by human agency, and yet at the same time are the very medium of this constitution."

In this regard, Giddens defines structures as consisting of rules and resources involving human action. Thus, the rules constrain the actions and the resources make it possible. He also differentiates between systems and structures. Systems display structural properties, but they are not structures themselves. He notes in his article Functionalism: après la lutte (1976) as follows: "To examine the structuration of a social system is to examine the modes whereby that system, through the application of generative rules and resources is produced and reproduced in social interaction."

This process of structures producing and re-producing systems is called structuration. Systems here mean to Giddens "the situated activities of human agents" (The Constitution of Society) and "the patterning of social relations across space-time" (ibid.). Structures are then "sets of rules and resources that individual actors draw upon in the practices that reproduce social systems" (Politics, Sociology and Social Theory) and "systems of generative rules and sets, implicated in the articulation of social systems" (The Constitution of Society), existing virtually "out of time and out of space" (New Rules). Structuration therefore means that relations that took shape in the structure can exist out of time and place. In other words, independent of the context in which they are created. An example is the relationship between a teacher and a student. When they come across each other in another context, say on the street, the hierarchy between them is still preserved.

Structure can act as a constraint on action, but it also enables action by providing common frames of meaning. Consider the example of language: structure of language is represented by the rules of syntax that rule out certain combinations of words. However, the structure also provides rules that allow new actions to occur, enabling us to create new, meaningful sentences. Structures should not be conceived as "simply placing constrains upon human agency, but as enabling" (New Rules). Giddens suggests that structures (traditions, institutions, moral codes and other sets of expectations—established ways of doing things) are generally quite stable, but they can be changed, especially through the unintended consequences of action when people start to ignore them, replace them, or reproduce them differently.

Actors or agents employ the social rules appropriate to their culture, ones that they have learned through socialisation and experience. These rules together with the resources at their disposal are used in social interactions. Rules and resources employed in this manner are not deterministic, but they are applied reflexively by knowledgeable actors, albeit that actors' awareness may be limited to the specifics of their activities at any given time. Thus, the outcome of action is not totally predictable.

Connections between micro and macro
Structuration is very useful in synthesising micro and macro issues. On a micro scale, one of individuals' internal sense of self and identity, consider the example of a family in which we are increasingly free to choose our own mates and how to relate with them which creates new opportunities yet also more work as the relationship becomes a reflexive project that has to be interpreted and maintained. At the same time, this micro-level change cannot be explained only by looking at the individual level as people did not spontaneously change their minds about how to live and neither can we assume they were directed to do so by social institutions and the state.

On a macro scale, one of the state and social organisations like multinational capitalist corporations, consider the example of globalisation which offers vast new opportunities for investment and development, but crises—like the Asian financial crisis—can affect the entire world, spreading far outside the local setting in which they first developed and last but not least directly influences individuals. A serious explanation of such issues must lie somewhere within the network of macro and micro forces. These levels should not be treated as unconnected and in fact they have significant relation to one another.

To illustrate this relationship, Giddens discusses changing attitudes towards marriage in developed countries. He claims that any effort to explain this phenomenon solely in terms of macro or micro level causes would result in a circular cause and consequence. Social relationships and visible sexuality (micro-level change) are related to the decline of religion and the rise of rationality (macro-level change), but with changes in the laws relating to marriage and sexuality (macro) as well, change caused by different practices and changing attitudes on the level of everyday lives (micro). Practices and attitudes in turn can be affected by social movements (for example, women's liberation and egalitarianism), a macro-scale phenomena. However, the movements usually grow out of everyday life grievances—a micro-scale phenomenon.

All of this is increasingly tied in with mass media, one of our main providers of information. The media do not merely reflect the social world yet also actively shape it, being central to modern reflexivity. In Media, Gender and Identity, David Gauntlett writes:

Another example explored by Giddens is the emergence of romantic love which Giddens (The Transformation of Intimacy) links with the rise of the narrative of the self type of self-identity, stating: "Romantic love introduced the idea of a narrative into an individual's life". Although the history of sex clearly demonstrates that passion and sex are not modern phenomena, the discourse of romantic love is said to have developed from the late 18th century. Romanticism, the 18th- and 19th-century European macro-level cultural movement, is responsible for the emergence of the novel—a relatively early form of mass media. The growing literacy and popularity of novels fed back into the mainstream lifestyle and the romance novel proliferated the stories of ideal romantic life narratives on a micro-level, giving the romantic love an important and recognized role in the marriage-type relationship.

Consider also the transformation of intimacy. Giddens asserts that intimate social relationships have become democratised so that the bond between partners—even within a marriage—has little to do with external laws, regulations or social expectations, but instead it is based on the internal understanding between two people—a trusting bond based on emotional communication. Where such a bond ceases to exist, modern society is generally happy for the relationship to be dissolved. Thus, we have "a democracy of the emotions in everyday life" (Runaway World, 1999).

A democracy of the emotions—the democratising of everyday life—is an ideal, more or less approximated to in the diverse contexts of everyday life. There are many societies, cultures and contexts in which it remains far from reality—where sexual oppression is an everyday phenomenon. In The Transformation of Intimacy, Giddens introduces the notion of plastic sexuality—sexuality freed from an intrinsic connection with reproduction and hence open to innovation and experimentation. What was once open only to elites becomes generalised with the advent of mass contraception as sexuality and identity become far more fluid than in the past. These changes are part and parcel of wider transformations affecting the self and self-identity.

Inevitably, Giddens concludes that all social change stems from a mixture of micro- and macro-level forces.

Self-identity
Giddens says that in the post-traditional order self-identity is reflexive. It is not a quality of a moment, but instead an account of a person's life. Giddens writes:

More than ever before, we have access to information that allows us to reflect on the causes and consequences of our actions. At the same time, we are faced with dangers related to unintended consequences of our actions and by our reliance on the knowledge of experts. We create, maintain and revise a set of biographical narratives, social roles and lifestyles—the story of who we are and how we came to be where we are now. We are increasingly free to choose what we want to do and who we want to be, although Giddens contends that wealth gives access to more options. However, increased choice can be both liberating and troubling. Liberating in the sense of increasing the likelihood of one's self-fulfilment and troubling in form of increased emotional stress and time needed to analyse the available choices and minimise risk of which we are increasingly aware, or what Giddens sums up as the manufacturing uncertainty. While in earlier, traditional societies we would be provided with that narrative and social role, in the post-traditional society we are usually forced to create one ourselves. As Giddens puts it: "What to do? How to act? Who to be? These are focal questions for everyone living in circumstances of late modernity—and ones which, on some level or another, all of us answer, either discursively or through day-to-day social behaviour."

Modernity
Giddens' recent work has been concerned with the question of what is characteristic about social institutions in various points of history. Giddens agrees that there are very specific changes that mark our current era. However, he argues that it is not a post-modern era, but instead it is just a "radicalised modernity era" (similar to Zygmunt Bauman's concept of liquid modernity), produced by the extension of the same social forces that shaped the previous age. Nonetheless, Giddens differentiates between pre-modern, modern and late or high modern societies and does not dispute that important changes have occurred but takes a neutral stance towards those changes, saying that it offers both unprecedented opportunities and unparalleled dangers. He also stresses that we have not really gone beyond modernity as it is just a developed, detraditionalised, radicalised late modernity. Thus, the phenomena that some have called postmodern are to Giddens nothing more than the most extreme instances of a developed modernity. Along with Ulrich Beck and Scott Lash, he endorses the term reflexive modernisation as a more accurate description of the processes associated with the second modernity since it opposes itself in its earlier version instead of opposing traditionalism, endangering the very institutions it created such as the national state, the political parties or the nuclear family.

Giddens concentrates on a contrast between traditional (pre-modern) culture and post-traditional (modern) culture. In traditional societies, individual actions need not be extensively thought about because available choices are already determined (by the customs, traditions and so on). In contrast, in post-traditional society people (actors or agents) are much less concerned with the precedents set by earlier generations and they have more choices, due to flexibility of law and public opinion. However, this means that individual actions now require more analysis and thought before they are taken. Society is more reflexive and aware, something Giddens is fascinated with, illustrating it with examples ranging from state governance to intimate relationships. Giddens examines three realms in particular, namely the experience of identity, connections of intimacy and political institutions.

According to Giddens, the most defining property of modernity is that we are disembedded from time and space. In pre-modern societies, space was the area in which one moved and time was the experience one had while moving. In modern societies, the social space is no longer confined by the boundaries set by the space in which one moves. One can now imagine what other spaces look like even if he has never been there. In this regard, Giddens talks about virtual space and virtual time. Another distinctive property of modernity lies in the field of knowledge.

In pre-modern societies, it was the elders who possessed the knowledge as they were definable in time and space. In modern societies, we must rely on expert systems. These are not present in time and space, but we must trust them. Even if we trust them, we know that something could go wrong as there is always a risk we have to take. Even the technologies which we use and which transform constraints into means hold risks. Consequently, there is always a heightened sense of uncertainty in contemporary societies. It is also in this regard that Giddens uses the image of a juggernaut as modernity is said to be like an unsteerable juggernaut travelling through space.

Humanity tries to steer it, but as long as the modern institutions with all their uncertainty endure, then we will never be able to influence its course. The uncertainty can be managed by reembedding the expert-systems into the structures which we are accustomed to.

Another characteristic is enhanced reflexivity, both at the level of individuals and at the level of institutions. The latter requires an explanation as in modern institutions there is always a component which studies the institutions themselves for the purpose of enhancing its effectiveness. This enhanced reflexivity was enabled as language became increasingly abstract with the transition from pre-modern to modern societies, becoming institutionalised into universities. It is also in this regard that Giddens talks about double hermeneutica as every action has two interpretations. One is from the actor himself, the other of the investigator who tries to give meaning to the action he is observing. However, the actor who performs the action can get to know the interpretation of the investigator and therefore change his own interpretation, or his further line of action.

According to Giddens, this is the reason that positive science is never possible in the social sciences as every time an investigator tries to identify causal sequences of action, the actors can change their further line of action. However, the problem is that conflicting viewpoints in social science result in a disinterest of the people. For example, when scientists do not agree about the greenhouse effect, people would withdraw from that arena and deny that there is a problem. Therefore, the more the sciences expand, the more uncertainty there is in the modern society. In this regard, the juggernaut gets even more steerless as Giddens states:

In A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Giddens concludes:
 There exists no necessary overall mechanism of social change, no universal motor of history such as class conflict.
 There are no universal stages, or periodisation, of social development, these being ruled out by intersocietal systems and "time-space edges" (the ever-presence of exogenous variables) as well as by human agency and the inherent historicity of societies.
 Societies do not have needs other than those of individuals, therefore notions such as adaptation cannot properly be applied to them.
 Pre-capitalist societies are class-divided, but only with capitalism there are class societies in which there is endemic class conflict, the separation of the political and economic spheres, property freely alienable as capital and "free" labour and labour markets.
 While class conflict is integral to capitalist society, there is no teleology that guarantees the emergence of the working class as the universal class and no ontology that justifies denial of the multiple bases of modern society represented by capitalism, industrialism, bureaucratisation, surveillance and industrialisation of warfare.
 Sociology, as a subject pre-eminently with modernity, addresses a reflexive reality.

Third Way

In the age of late and reflexive modernity and post-scarcity economy, the political science is being transformed. Giddens notes that there is a possibility that "life politics" (the politics of self-actualisation) may become more visible than "emancipatory politics" (the politics of inequality); that new social movements may lead to more social change than political parties; and that the reflexive project of the self and changes in gender and sexual relations may lead the way via the "democratisation of democracy" to a new era of Habermasian "dialogic democracy" in which differences are settled and practices ordered through discourse rather than violence or the commands of authority.

Relying on his past familiar themes of reflexivity and system integration which places people into new relations of trust and dependency with each other and their governments, Giddens argues that the political concepts of left and right are now breaking down as a result of many factors, most centrally the absence of a clear alternative to capitalism and the eclipse of political opportunities based on the social class in favour of those based on lifestyle choices.

Giddens moves away from explaining how things are to the more demanding attempt of advocacy about how they ought to be. In Beyond Left and Right (1994), Giddens criticises market socialism and constructs a six-point framework for a reconstituted radical politics:
 Repair damaged solidarities.
 Recognise the centrality of life politics.
 Accept that active trust implies generative politics.
 Embrace dialogic democracy.
 Rethink the welfare state.
 Confront violence.

The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (1998) provides the framework within which the Third Way, also termed by Giddens as the radical centre, is justified. In addition, The Third Way supplies a broad range of policy proposals aimed at what Giddens calls the "progressive centre-left" in British politics. According to Giddens: " overall aim of third way politics should be to help citizens pilot their way through the major revolutions of our time: globalisation, transformations in personal life and our relationship to nature." Giddens remains fairly optimistic about the future of humanity: "There is no single agent, group or movement that, as Marx's proletariat was supposed to do, can carry the hopes of humanity, but there are many points of political engagement which offer good cause for optimism."

Giddens discards the possibility of a single, comprehensive, all-connecting ideology or political programme without a duality of structure. Instead, he advocates going after the small pictures, ones people can directly affect at their home, workplace or local community. To Giddens, this is a difference between pointless utopianism and useful utopian realism which he defines as envisaging "alternative futures whose very propagation might help them be realised" (The Consequences of Modernity). By utopian, he means that this is something new and extraordinary, and by realistic he stresses that this idea is rooted in the existing social processes and can be viewed as their simple extrapolation. Such a future has at its centre a more socialised, demilitarised and planetary-caring global world order variously articulated within green, women's and peace movements and within the wider democratic movement.

The Third Way was not just a work of abstract theory as it influenced a range of centre-left political parties across the world—in Europe, Latin America and Australasia. Although close to New Labour in the United Kingdom, Giddens dissociated himself from many of the interpretations of the Third Way made in the sphere of day-to-day politics. For him, it was not a succumbing to neoliberalism or the dominance of capitalist markets. The point was to get beyond both market fundamentalism and traditional top-down socialism to make the values of the centre-left count in a globalising world. He argued that "the regulation of financial markets is the single most pressing issue in the world economy" and that "global commitment to free trade depends upon effective regulation rather than dispenses with the need for it".

In 1999, Giddens delivered the BBC Reith Lectures on the subject of runaway world, subsequently published as a book of that title. The aim was to introduce the concept and implications of globalisation to a lay audience. He was the first Reith Lecturer to deliver the lectures in different places around the world and the first to respond directly to e-mails that came in while he was speaking. The lectures were delivered in London, Washington, New Delhi and Hong Kong and responded to by local audiences. Giddens received the Asturias Prize for the social sciences in 2002. The award has been labelled the Spanish Nobel Prize, but it stretches well beyond the sphere of science. Other recipients of the prize that year included Woody Allen, the inventor of the World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee and conductor Daniel Barenboim.

Outside consultancies

On two visits to Libya in 2006 and 2007, organised by the Boston-based consultancy firm Monitor Group, Giddens met with Muammar Gaddafi. Giddens has declined to comment on the financial compensation he received. The Guardian reported in March 2011 that Libya's government engaged Monitor Group as advisor on matters of public relations. Monitor Group allegedly received 2 million pounds in return for undertaking a "cleansing campaign" to improve Libya's image. In a letter to Abdullah Senussi, a high-ranking Libyan official in July 2006, Monitor Group reported as follows:
We will create a network map to identify significant figures engaged or interested in Libya today. ... We will identify and encourage journalists, academics and contemporary thinkers who will have interest in publishing papers and articles on Libya. ... We are delighted that after a number of conversations, Lord Giddens has now accepted our invitation to visit Libya in July.

Giddens' first visit to Libya resulted in articles in the New Statesman, El País and La Repubblica, where he argued that the country had been dramatically transformed. In the New Statesman, he wrote: "Gaddafi's 'conversion' may have been driven partly by the wish to escape sanctions, but I get the strong sense it is authentic and there is a lot of motive power behind it. Saif Gaddafi is a driving force behind the rehabilitation and potential modernisation of Libya. Gaddafi Sr, however, is authorising these processes". During the second visit, Monitor Group organised a panel of three thinkers (Giddens, Gaddafi, and Benjamin Barber, author of Jihad vs. McWorld) chaired by Sir David Frost.

Giddens remarked of his meetings with Gaddafi as such: "You usually get about half an hour with a political leader". He also recalls the following: "My conversation lasts for more than three. Gaddafi is relaxed and clearly enjoys intellectual conversation. He likes the term 'third way' because his own political philosophy is a version of this idea. He makes many intelligent and perceptive points. I leave enlivened and encouraged".

Theory of reflexivity
Giddens introduces reflexivity and in information societies information gathering is considered as a routinised process for the greater protection of the nation. Information gathering is known as the concept of individuation. Individuality comes as a result of individuation as people are given more informed choices. The more information the government has about a person, the more entitlements are given to the citizens. The process of information gathering helps government to identify enemies of the state, singling out individuals that are suspected of plotting activities against the state. The advent of technology has brought national security to a completely new level. Historically, the military relied on armed force to deal with threats. With the development of ICT, biometric scans, language translation, real time programs and other related intelligent programs have made the identification of terrorist activities much easier compared to the past. The analysing of algorithm patterns in biometric databases have given government new leads. Data about citizens can be collected through identification and credential verification companies. Hence, surveillance and ICT goes hand-in-hand with information gathering. In other words, the collection of information is necessary as stringent safeguards for the protection of the nation, preventing it from imminent attacks.

Living in a high opportunity, high risk society
Giddens has vigorously pursued the theme of globalisation in recent years. He sees the growing interdependence of world society as driven not only by the increasing integration of the world economy, but above all by massive advances in communications. As he has noted when he delivered the BBC Reith Lectures just before the turn of the century, the Internet was in its infancy. However, now it has expanded in a wholly unprecedented way, linking people and organizations across the world on an everyday level as well as intruding deeply into everyday life. Billions of people have access to it and the numbers are growing every day. An increasingly interconnected and wired-up world offers many advantages and benefits, yet it carries new risks too, some themselves of global proportions. In the 21st century, work opportunity and risk combine as never before. Giddens refers to the emergence on a global level of a "high opportunity, high risk society". Both on the level of opportunity and risk we are in terrain human beings have never explored before. We do not know in advance what the balance is likely to be because many of the opportunities and risks are quite new as we cannot draw on past history to assess them.

Climate change is one of those new risks. No other civilization before the advent of modern industrialism was able to intervene into nature to even a fraction of the extent to which we do on an everyday basis.

Climate change was referred to in several of Giddens's books from the mid-1990s onwards, but it was not discussed at length until the publication of his work The Politics of Climate Change in 2009. Giddens says climate change constitutes a fundamental threat to the future of industrial civilisation as it spreads across the globe. Given that is the case, he asks why are countries around the world doing so little to counter its advance. Many reasons are involved, but the prime one is the historical novelty of humanly induced climate change itself. No previous civilisation intervened into nature on a level remotely similar to that which we do on an everyday level today. We have no previous experience of dealing with such an issue and especially one of such global scope, or of the dangers it poses. Those dangers hence appear as abstract and located at some indefinite point in the future. Giddens's paradox consists of the following theorem. We are likely put off responding adequately to climate change until major catastrophes unequivocally connected to it occur, but by then by definition it would be too late, for we have no way of reversing the build-up of greenhouses gases that is driving the transformation of the world's climate. Some such gases would be in the atmosphere for centuries.

Within 'The Politics of Climate Change' Giddens places attention on global environmental conferences such as the 1997 Kyoto summit, whereby an agreement was drawn up so that developed countries would cut their emissions by an average of 5.2 per cent. The Kyoto protocol was to become a part of international law, and the developed countries who accounted for at least 55 per cent of total emissions from the industrial states, would have to sign up.

In his latest work, Giddens has returned to the subject of the European Union, discussed in 2007 in his book Europe in the Global Age and in a diversity of articles. In Turbulent and Mighty Continent: What Future for Europe?, he discusses the likely future of the European Union in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Giddens writes as a committed pro-European, but he accepts that fundamental reforms must be made if the European Union is to avoid stagnation or worse. The coming of the euro introduced economic federalism among the eurozone countries and therefore to the European Union as a whole. Some version of political federalism must follow, even if limited in nature. Reforms must confer qualities absent from much of the European Union's history, but which are now required for its future such as flexible and quick-acting leadership, coupled to the greater democratic involvement of citizens. However, he also emphasised that European Union "could still founder, even disintegrate, the result of a chain reaction of circumstances that member states were unable to control". In December 2014, Turbulent and Mighty Continent was awarded the European Book Prize, awarded by a selection jury featuring members from many different countries.

In recent years, while continuing to pursue some of the core themes of his earlier works he has become preoccupied with the impact of the Digital Revolution on world society and on everyday life. That revolution, he argues, must not be identified solely with the advent of the internet, extraordinary although that is. Rather, the Digital Revolution is a massive wave of change washing across the world, driven by the interrelation between the Internet, robotics and supercomputers. It is huge algorithmic power—available to the billions of people who already possess smartphones—that connects the other two.

Giddens sees the pace and global scope of such revolution as unprecedented in human history and we are probably only in its early stages. Many see the Digital Revolution as primarily producing endless diversity and as acting to dissolve pre-existing institutions and modes of life. Giddens emphasises that from its beginnings it has been bound up with power and large-scale structures too. It is deeply bound up with American global power and has physical form, depending as it does upon global satellite systems and systems, underground cables and concentrations of supercomputers. GPS has its origins in super-power rivalry between the United States and what was then the Soviet Union. The digital universe is also funded by mass advertising and expresses the dominance of large corporations in the world economy.

The Digital Revolution forms an important part of Giddens's recent preoccupation with the emergence of the high opportunity, high risk society. For example, the advent of such revolution promises fundamental advances in core areas of medicine. New threats and problems abound, both in our everyday lives and in the larger institutions of our societies. Scientists can communicate with one-another in a direct way across the world. The overlap of supercomputers and genetics means that genetic structures can be decoded instantaneously, promising huge advances in conquering major diseases. Medical practice is likely to be transformed through remote monitoring and other digital innovations. At the same time, the overlap of the Digital Revolution with criminality, violence and war is pervasive and dangerous. Military drones are just one example of the continuing involvement of the Digital Revolution with war.

Emerging developments in artificial intelligence look likely to propel these changes into a new phase of social transformation, whose outlines at present remain hazy, but which look certain to be quite profound. Supercomputers are becoming more and more powerful in terms of their capacity to handle immense amounts of data while quantum computers, with even greater processing capacity, loom on the horizon. At the same time, deep learning—artificial neural networks capable of innovative thinking—is fast advancing. A world-wide debate is going on about how far artificial intelligence can match, or even surpass, human intellectual capabilities. Artificial intelligence and geopolitics, Giddens says, are converging all over again "as the circle of change comes back to its point of origin". In the meantime, China is pouring resources into the further development of artificial intelligence and currently possesses the world's most advanced supercomputer.

Giddens was a member of the House of Lords Select Committee on artificial intelligence which reported in April 2018. The committee put forward a variety of suggested reforms to apply not only in the United Kingdom, but potentially much more widely as well. These should take place within a common ethical framework to guide intervention on the part of government and of the digital corporations themselves. The power of the digital mega-corporations must be curtailed and subjected to democratic governance, challenging and problematic though such an endeavour is. Artificial intelligence should be developed for the common good. It should follow principles of transparency and fairness and never be allocated the autonomous capability to harm human actors. The major nations and transnational agencies should work towards ensuring that such principles are incorporated into their own codes and practices and applied on a transnational level. The worry is that an artificial intelligence arms race would develop as countries jostle to take the lead both in artificial intelligence generally and in its application to weaponry of diverse sorts. In a much-publicised speech given in 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin observed of advances in artificial intelligence that "whoever becomes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world". If there is a jostling for advantage among the major powers, concerns of ethics and safety may fall by the wayside in the scramble for advantage, adding to the stresses and strains already visible in the international order.

Honours
Giddens was appointed to a life peerage on 16 June 2004 as Baron Giddens, of Southgate in the London Borough of Enfield and sits in the House of Lords for the Labour Party.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1993. He is also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

In 1999, he was made a Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry the Navigator by the Portuguese government.

Giddens received the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences in 2002.

In June 2020 it was announced that Giddens had been awarded the Arne Naess Chair and Prize at the University of Oslo, Norway, in recognition of his contributions to the study of environmental issues and climate change. Previous holders of the chair include James Lovelock, David Sloan Wilson and Eva Joly.

He also holds over 15 honorary degrees from various universities, including recently honorary degrees from Jagiellonian University (2015), the University of South Australia (2016), Goldsmiths, University of London (2016) and Lingnan University (2017).

Select bibliography
Giddens is the author of over 34 books and 200 articles. This is a selection of some of the most important of his works:

 Giddens, Anthony (1971) Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Giddens, Anthony (1973) The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies. London: Hutchinson.
 Giddens, Anthony (1976) Functionalism: apres la lutte, Social Research, 43, 325–366.
 Giddens, Anthony (1976) New Rules of Sociological Method: a Positive Critique of interpretative Sociologies. London: Hutchinson.
 Giddens, Anthony (1977) Studies in Social and Political Theory. London: Hutchinson.
 Giddens, Anthony (1978) Durkheim. London: Fontana Modern Masters.
 Giddens, Anthony (1979) Central problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis. London: Macmillan.
 Giddens, Anthony (1981) A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Vol. 1. Power, Property and the State. London: Macmillan.
 Giddens, Anthony (1982) Sociology: A Brief but Critical Introduction. London: Macmillan.
 Giddens, Anthony (1982) Profiles and Critiques in Social Theory. London: Macmillan.
 Giddens, Anthony; Mackenzie, Gavin (eds.) (1982) Social Class and the Division of Labour: Essays in Honour of Ilya Neustadt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Giddens, Anthony (1984) The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (1985) A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Vol. 2. The Nation-State and Violence. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (1992) The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity.
 Beck, Ulrich; Giddens, Anthony; Lash, Scott (1994) Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (1994) Beyond Left and Right — the Future of Radical Politics. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (1995) Politics, Sociology and Social Theory: Encounters with Classical and Contemporary Social Thought. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (1996) In Defence of Sociology. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (1996) Durkheim on Politics and the State. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (1998) The Third Way. The Renewal of Social Democracy. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (1999) Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives. London: Profile.
 Hutton, Will; Giddens, Anthony (eds.) (2000) On The Edge: Living with Global Capitalism. London: Vintage.
 Giddens, Anthony (2000) The Third Way and Its Critics. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (2000) Runaway World. London: Routledge.
 Giddens, Anthony (ed.) (2001) The Global Third Way Debate. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (2002) Where Now for New Labour? Cambridge: Polity (publisher).
 Giddens, Anthony (ed.) (2003) The Progressive Manifesto. New Ideas for the Centre-Left. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (ed.) (2005) The New Egalitarianism Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony; Sutton, Philip W. (2021) Sociology (9th Edition). Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (2007) Europe In The Global Age. Cambridge: Polity
 Giddens, Anthony (2007) Over to You, Mr Brown - How Labour Can Win Again. Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony (2009) The Politics of Climate Change. Cambridge: Polity
 Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2009) Introduction to Sociology (Seventh Edition). Cambridge: Polity.
 Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2011) Introduction to Sociology (Eighth Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
 Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2013) Introduction to Sociology (Ninth Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
 Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2016) Introduction to Sociology (Tenth Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
 Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2018) Introduction to Sociology (Eleventh Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
 Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2021) Introduction to Sociology (Twelfth Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

See also
 Modalities (sociology)
 Risk society

References

Further reading
 Bryant, Christopher G. A.; Jary, David (2001). The Contemporary Giddens: Social Theory in a Globalizing Age. Palgrave Macmillan. .
 Held, David; Thompson, John B. (1989). Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and His Critics. Cambridge University Press. .
 Kaspersen, Lars Bo (2000). Anthony Giddens: An Introduction to a Social Theorist. Blackwell.
 Giddens, Anthony; Pierson, Christopher (1999). Conversations with Anthony Giddens. Stanford University Press. . A starting-point in which Giddens explains his work and the sociological principles which underpin it in clear, elegant language.

External links

 Current LSE profile
 Giddens archived LSE page
 Social Democracy Observatory
 Selection of Giddens quotes

Selected interviews
  (1 May 2007).
 BBC Interview with Giddens. 1999 BBC Reith Lectures interview with Giddens on the topic of "The Runaway World" and reflections on globalisation.
 "The Second Globalization Debate: A Talk With Anthony Giddens". A video is also available.
 Giddens in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show The Forum (audio). "On Climate Change" (audio).

Videos
 "The Great Debate: What is radical politics today?". December 2008 discussion with Will Hutton and Jonathan Pugh.

1938 births
Living people
People from Edmonton, London
English sociologists
Medical sociologists
Anthony (Baron) Giddens
Radical centrist writers
Alumni of the University of Hull
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Leicester
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Academics of the London School of Economics
Scholars of nationalism
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Writers about globalization
Modernity
Critics of postmodernism
Liberalism in the United Kingdom
Honorary Fellows of the London School of Economics
Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Anthony Giddens


My Little Pony Crystal Princess: The Runaway Rainbow is a 2006 direct-to-video animated musical fantasy adventure film  produced by SD Entertainment and distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment in association with Hasbro. The film is the third feature in the third incarnation of the My Little Pony series and the second film to promote the Crystal Princess line. Unlike The Princess Promenade, the film has been criticized. The DVD also features two more animated features, Greetings from Unicornia and Friends are Never Far Away, which was originally released on video in 2005.

The Runaway Rainbow was made available on hubworld.com (a successor of Hasbro's MonkeyBarTV website), alongside My Little Pony: A Very Minty Christmas and My Little Pony: The Princess Promenade. But they were removed from the site later. The movie has been reissued in the 2-disc DVD collection My Little Pony: Classic Movie Collection, alongside The Princess Promenade, Dancing in the Clouds and Friends are Never Far Away.

Alongside The Princess Promenade and Twinkle Wish Adventure, the film premiered on August 8, 2014 on the Hub Network after its "My Little Pony Mega Mare-athon". According to Broadway World, the "Mega Mare-athon" itself drew in 5.4 million viewers and has earned significant delivery growth on every demographic: Kids 2-11 (+134%), Girls 2-11 (+179%), Kids 6-11 (+169%), Girls 6-11 (+216%), Adults 18-49 (+111%), Women 18-49 (+146%), Adults 25-54 (+74%), Women 25-54 (+76%), Persons 2+ (+124%) and Households (+98%).

Plot
The Rainbow Celebration is near as everyone in Ponyville prepares and awaits the first rainbow of the season. Meanwhile, at the magical city of Unicornia, Cheerilee is teaching a young unicorn pony named Rarity about being a Rainbow Princess and her duties to make the First Rainbow of the Season using the magic wand. Rarity is still young and she accidentally uses the wand, which in turn teleports her into the middle of Breezie Blossom. Cheerilee, Brights Brightly and Whistle Wishes venture outside Unicornia in search of her. Rarity befriends the Breezies and they visit Ponyville and later Rarity feels homesick. Pinkie Pie, Minty, Rainbow Dash, Spike and the Breezies help her get home, just in time for the first rainbow of the season.

Songs
"Wherever There's a Rainbow"
"I Just Wanna Have Fun"
"Far Apart"
"Here in Unicornia"

Characters

Major characters

Rarity
Voiced by: Cathy Weseluck
A unicorn pony with a light hot pink body, sunshine yellow, tangerine and hot pink mane and kiwi green, sky blue and violet tail. Her cutie mark was a heart with multiple-colored swirls surrounding it. She is a young unicorn, chosen to be one of the Rainbow Princesses. Rarity is very cheerful, energetic, full of mischief and sometimes values fun than her duties. She also can feel sad and lonely after she misses her hometown and wanting to come back. As one of the Rainbow Princesses alongside Brights Brightly, Cheerilee and Whistle Wishes, she was in charge on bringing in the first rainbow of the season and also using the Magic Wand. The Magic Wand allows her to control the colors to bring in the first rainbow of the season and lets her summon the Crystal Carriage. When it's not in use, she stores it inside her mane.

Pinkie Pie
Voiced by: Janyse Jaud
An earth pony with a hot pink body and a light hot pink mane and tail. Her cutie mark is three balloons. Pinkie Pie is imaginative, friendly and fun-loving, sometimes taking the lead in some situations. She also loves planning big parties and anything pink, hence her name. Other than that, she also display some sarcastic streak over some things and likes to hang out with Minty, despite her being a klutz.

Rainbow Dash
Voiced by: Venus Terzo
An earth pony with a sky blue body and a multicolored mane and tail. She has a rainbow on the clouds as her cutie mark. Being the most mature of all the ponies, Rainbow Dash is stylish, and also caring. She herself sometimes care about her friends more than her outside appearance, thought she can freak out on some occasions. She usually speaks with a British accent and always adds the word "darling" into her speeches.

Minty
Voiced by: Tabitha St. Germain
An earth pony with a spring green body and a hot pink mane and tail. Her cutie mark is three swirled mint candies. Minty is described to be a green machine, who likes anything green. She also loves collecting socks, standing on her head and playing checkers with Sweetberry. She is also a complete klutz, always tripping into some things, crashing into some obstacles and ending up breaking things. Minty also has a big case of OCD.

Zipzee
Voiced by: Andrea Libman
A Breezy with a sunshine yellow body, a sunshine yellow antennae and an amber mane and tail with a sunshine yellow streak. Her cutie mark is two orange and white flowers. She is always seen with Tiddlywink and Tra La La, living in Breezy Blossom. Unlike the other two, she has an allergy to pollen and flowers, ending up sneezing continuously when she's near one. When together with Tiddly Wink and Tra La La, they decide together on where to go or what to do.

Tiddly Wink
Voiced by: Chantal Strand
A Breezy with a violet body, a bright pink antenna and a amethyst purple mane and tail with a bright pink streak. Her cutie mark is a purple flower. She is always seen with Zipzee and Tra La La, living in Breezy Blossom. When together with Tiddly Wink and Tra La La, they decide together on where to go or what to do.

Tra La La
Voiced by: Britt McKillip
A Breezy with a light hot pink body, a light hot pink antenna and a hot pink mane and tail. Her cutie mark is a pink flower. She is always seen with Zipzee and Tiddly Wink, living in Breezy Blossom. When together with Tiddly Wink and Tra La La, they decide together on where to go or what to do.

Spike
Voiced by: Brian Drummond
An indigo dragon with amber scales. Awakened after 1000 years during the events of The Princess Promenade after Wysteria touched the flower he held in his tail and became Princess Wysteria, Spike now resides in the Celebration Castle in Ponyville. He is shown to be knowledgeable on things and gives the ponies some advice.

Minor characters

Sweetberry
Voiced by Kathleen Barr
An earth pony with a red-violet body and a violet, spring green and white mane and tail. Her cutie mark is Two strawberries and a white flower. Sweetberry is the owner of the Sweetberry Sweet Shoppe and alongside Cotton Candy, works at the Cotton Candy Cafe. She likes to help others out and also likes to make several sweet treats for her friends. Sweetberry is sometimes busy but very reliable.

Cotton Candy
Voiced by Kelly Sheridan
An earth pony with a bright pink body and a sky blue, light hot pink and white mane and tail. Her cutie mark is a Cotton candy on a Stick. The owner of the Cotton Candy Cafe, where she serves ice cream and sundaes to her friends. She is also a storyteller, enjoying conversation.

Sparkleworks
Voiced by Venus Terzo
An earth pony with an tangerine body and a bright pink mane and tail. Her cutie Mark is a Yellow, red, blue and white fireworks. Sparkleworks is a Glitzy pony, who has a big imagination and can make each and every day an adventure. She is also found of glittery stuff and Razaroo explained that she coated Ponyville with glitter during her birthday.

Sunny Daze
Voiced by Adrienne Carter
An earth pony with a white body and a sunshine yellow, bright pink, tangerine and violet mane and tail. Her cutie Mark is an Orange and pink smiling sun surrounded by purple clouds. Sunny Daze is a brave athletic pony, who usually loves outdoor activities and things with bright colors.

Cheerilee
Voiced by: Tracey Moore
A unicorn pony with a mauve body and a carnation pink mane & tail. Her cutie mark is three pink flowers. As a Rainbow Princess, she acts as Rarity's teacher and adviser, sometimes being strict with her. She is very caring to Rarity and worries about her safety and well being, knowing her responsibilities as a Rainbow Princess to bring in the first rainbow of the season. Alongside Brights Brightly, Whistle Wishes and Rarity, she is in charge of bringing in the first rainbow of the season... until Rarity disappears. She, alongside Brights Brightly and Whistle Wishes, ventures outside Unicornia to search for her.

Brights Brightly
Voiced by: Maryke Hendrikse
A unicorn pony with a sunshine yellow body and an tangerine and a bright pink mane and tail. Her cutie mark is a rising sun over stylized water, with three pink hearts flying over the sun. She is one of Cheerilee's friends and also a Rainbow Princess who, alongside Cheerilee, Whistle Wishes and Rarity, is in charge of bringing in the first rainbow of the season... until Rarity disappears.

Whistle Wishes
Voiced by: Brittney Wilson
A unicorn pony with a sky blue body and a multicolored mane and tail composing of bright pink, sunshine yellow and kiwi green. Her cutie mark is rainbow stars and a cloud. Also one of Cheerilee's friends and also a Rainbow Princess who, alongside Cheerilee, Brights Brightly and Rarity, is in charge of bringing in the first rainbow of the season... until Rarity disappears.

Bonus Episodes

Friends are Never Far Away
The DVD also includes an animated feature titled Friends are Never Far Away, which is first released in 2005 on DVD packaged alongside the Pegasus pony named Hidden Treasure. It's the sequel of the last feature Dancing in the Clouds, as it explains how Star Catcher and Skywishes help the Pegasus Ponies to make friends with the residents of Ponyville.

Greetings from Unicornia
The DVD also has a second animated short titled Greetings from Unicornia, which is made exclusively for the film. The story is set after Crystal Princess: The Runaway Rainbow, explaining Rainbow Dash's experiences on her stay in Unicornia to her friends.

The special edition of the DVD included a third mini-episode under the "Bonus" section advertisements.  It was a plot scheme written by Tash Smith for the original series which did not reach the acceptance of his 407 colleagues necessary for it to be incorporated as a full episode.

Media

Books
A storybook adaptation of the film was created by Nora Pelizzari and was published by HarperFestival on August 15, 2006. A comic adaption is also published by Tokyopop in 2006.

Video game

A video game adaptation of the movie, titled My Little Pony Crystal Princess: The Runaway Rainbow was developed by Webfoot Technologies under the leadership of Jim Grant, Lead of Game Scripting, Design, and Art, and published by THQ under license from Hasbro. The game was released for Microsoft Windows and Game Boy Advance on September 13, 2006 in North America only.

Reception
The special received mixed reviews from critics, with Internet Movie Database giving it the score of 5/10. Mike Long of DVDtalk give a very mixed review on the movie, saying "Again, just because I was disappointed by My Little Pony: The Runaway Rainbow doesn't mean that die-hard "My Little Pony" fans will be. But, here's my own personal litmus test: My kids usually love this stuff and watch the DVDs over and over. However, since their initial viewing of The Runaway Rainbow, the only other time that they've watched it was with me. Otherwise, it's sat on the shelf."

References

External links

2006 animated films
My Little Pony serials
2000s American animated films
2006 direct-to-video films
American children's animated fantasy films
American direct-to-video films
Canadian animated feature films
Canadian direct-to-video films
Canadian animated fantasy films
Canadian children's fantasy films
Paramount Pictures direct-to-video films
Paramount Pictures animated films
Films scored by Mark Watters
Films about unicorns
English-language Canadian films
2000s children's animated films
Animated films about dragons
2006 films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films


Lepidium campestre, the field pepperwort or field pepperweed or field cress, is usually a biennial with some form of annual plant in the Brassicaceae or mustard family, native to Europe, but commonly found in North America as an invasive weed. The most notable characteristic of field pepperweed is the raceme of flowers which forks off of the stem.  These racemes are made up of first small white flowers and later green, flat and oval seedpods each about 6 mm long and 4 mm wide. Each seedpod contains two brown, 2.5 mm long seeds.

The stem of field pepperweed comes out of a basal rosette of toothed leaves. The stem is covered in leaves, which are sessile, alternate and arrow-shaped. The entire plant is generally between 20 and 60 cm tall and covered in small hairs.

Cultivation and uses
Field pepperweed grows in disturbed land, crops, and waste places. It can tolerate most soils.

The plant is edible. The young leaves can be eaten as greens, added raw to salads or boiled for ten minutes.  The young fruits and seeds can be used as a spice, with a taste between black pepper and mustard. The leaves contain protein, vitamin A and vitamin C.

Domestication
Field cress has been targeted for domestication at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), because it holds high agronomic promise as a biennial/perennial oilseed crop as it has many good characteristics of a high-yielding winter-hardy crop. Unlike any other oilseed crop, field cress can be highly productive in the northern parts of temperate regions and has been successfully grown in Umeå, Sweden (40 km south of the Arctic circle) where it can yield correspondingly 3.3 tons/ha. In addition, field cress provides important ecosystem services as it functions as a cover crop during winter and can be undersown a spring cereal. The oil of field cress is suitable for different industrial applications such as production of hydrotreated vegetable oil diesel (HVO). The researchers at SLU have identified and mapped several genes in field cress that are known to be important for domestication related traits such as flowering time, pod shattering and seed dormancy.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

campestre
Edible plants
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Lepidium campestre


Charibert de Haspengau (555–636) was a Frankish nobleman, possibly a comes. The identity of his parents is uncertain, though he is believed by some to be the son of King Charibert I of Paris. Charibert is described as Charibert nobilis in Neustria.  No other information is available other than descriptions of his grandchildren (e.g., Lambertus, Bishop of Lyon), who are described as having "high rank and worthy of significant positions" within the palace.

Charibert married Wulfgurd of Hesbaye of unknown parentage. They had four children:
 Robert I, Bishop of Tours
 Aldebert, a monk, possibly at Fontenelle Abbey
 Erlebert, Seigneur de Quernes
 An unnamed daughter.

Sources

Gregory of Tours, The History of the Franks, Penguin Books, London 1974
Settipani, Christian, Les Ancêtres de Charlemagne, 2e édition revue et corrigée, éd. P & G, Prosopographia et Genealogica, 2015
Settipani, Christian. Addenda aux Ancêtres de Charlemagne, 1990
Europäische Stammtafeln (available on-line)

555 births
636 deaths
6th-century Frankish nobility
7th-century Frankish nobility
Sons of kings

Charibert of Hesbaye


David Adedeji Adeleke (na for November 21 1992 dem bon am) wey pipul no wel wel as Davido na Naijá-Amerika singa, song raita an rekod produsa.Davido popula wel well wen e rilis di muzik "Dami Duro" di sekod muzik wet dey e fest muzik albom "Omo baba Olowo" (2012).Fat sem year 2012 for Headies awod, Davido  win di Next Rated Award. Insaid 2013 go rish 2015, Davido rilis plenti muzik wey popula wel wel. For January 2016, e go sign rekod diee wit Sony Music. Na Davido fom di rekod lebel kol Davido Music Worldwide (DMW) an musizishian laik Dremo, Mayorkun, Peruzzi an liya dey onda dis record label.
For July 2016, Davido sign anoda rekod diee wit "Sony's RCA Records". For October 2016, Davido rilis anoda five trak Ep "son of mercy" wey bi sey e sopot am wit songs laik "Gbagbo Oshi", "How long" an "Coolest kids in Africa"  for April 2017, bikos of di trobul for kreativ kontrol said, Davido go bak go tok abaut im kontrat wit Sony an dat sem year e rilis  anoda five singles wey  "If" and "Fall" dey amog di singu. Di song "If" kova di worldwide soshial media Hativiti an "Fall" kom bikom di Longest charting Nigerian Pop song for Billboard history.For di wold of muzic dem dey kol am King of our taim Afrobeats. For November 2019, Davido rilis e sekod studio albom "A Good Time" Davido                                     sopot am wit Muzik laik  "Blow My Mind".For insaid New African Magazine for 2019, Davido dey amog di 100 top strong  pipul wey dey kontrol Afrikans. On Friday 13 November 2020, Davido rilis e nomba three studio albom "A Better Time".As at August 2021, Davido bi di sekod person wey pipul dey folo pass for Afrika soshial media app Instagram.

Tori of e life
Dem bon David Adedeji Adeleke for November 21 1992 inside Atlanta Georgia wey dey Amerika.E papa Adedeji Adeleke na bizinessman an e mama Vero Adeleke na leshura for Univasiti.Na Davido smol pass for di five pikin-dem an na e bi di sekod boi of e papa. Davido go skul for British International School for Lagos in Naijá an as e rish 16 years old e go rid Business Administration for Oakwood University for Alabama.

As Davido dey Oakwood, e get muzikal tins an e stat to dey mek beats wit e kosin B-Red an Sina Rambo wey dem kom fom dia  muzik akt KB International. Davido no finish Oakwood University as e put all e mind for muzik. E go lif for London an na dia e tek wok on e voesi.Afta e kom bak to Naijá for 2011, Davido stop smol for e muzik karia an go bak to skul to mek im papa happi as e enta Babcock University for July 2015. Davido get digree for Muzik Babcock University.Later, e Papa pay di Univasiti to stat muzik dipatment for di niu class of one student.

How e tek wok
Fom 2011 go rish 2012, Davido stat to dey wok on im fest rekod "Omo Baba Olowo".Di albom muzik na miss of Afrika beats an hiphop. Davido wok wit Jay Sleek, Maleek berry, GospelOnDeBeatz Spellz  Dokta, Franz, Mr Chidoo, Theory Soundz an Shizzi to produs di albom. Omo Baba Olowo Albom get meni muzishian laik  Neato-C, Sina Rambo, B-Red, Kayswitch, Ice prince an 2 Face Baba.Pipu no too laik di albom bikos of di wey dey tek rait di Muzik dem bot di Albom stil win diBest R&B/Pop of di year.For The Headies, di Albom dey amog albom of di year. Di sem Albom dey for di best album of di year for 2013 in Nigeria Entertainment Awards.
Di trak wey Naecto-C hep am wit wey bi "Back When" na im bi di lidin singu for di Albom for May 7, 2011. Na Davido produs am an pipu laik am wel wel as redio stashion plai am wel wel. Davido tok for Television channel Factory 78 sey  na im rekod "Back When" for London.  Na Clarence Peters daret di muzik vidio for "Back When" an dem put  am for YouTube on May 9 2011. Di albom sekod singu na  "Dami Duro" wey dem rilis for October 30, 2011 an na Davido an Shizzi produs am. For one intaviwu wey dem post for NotJustOk websait, Davido tok sey e rekod di song for August of dat year. Di song liki three mont afta e send am to e frend. Oda sopot Muzik vidio for "Dami Duro" dem rilis am for January 8 2012 dorin di Occupy Nigeria protests.
Di nomba three singu albom "Ekuro" na for Miami dem rekod an daret am  an na Antwan Smith du di wok.
Naijá singa Aramide rilis di soulful rendition of di song. The nomba four singu Albom "OverSeas" wey e rilis for May 6 2012 di unfinished version for  di song liki bifor di main rilis. Di GospelOnDeBeatz produs trak "All Of You" an dis na di nomba five singu albom wey dem rilis for September 28 2012. Davido tok for Factory 78 TV sey e rekod dis  song wit GospelOnDeBeatz afta dem mit am for Mall.

2013 - 2016
Standalone, The Baddest an Son Mercy.
On February 25 2013, Davido rilis di shizzi produs trak "Gobe" an dem rank am sekod for Premium Times for Top 10 songs for 2013. For one review for insaid Vanguard Newspaper, Charles Mgbolu sey di song "na fun fom stat to finish". Di muzik vidio for " Gobe" na im dey du for South Africa by Godfather productions. Davido tok for Twitter sey di song  "One of a kind" wey dem rilis for May 13 2013, na shizzi produs am bot na Tebza of Godfather productions du di vidio of di song.Di song tok of Africa wey bi laik one wit plenti kulture an muzik.
August 13 2013, Davido rilis "Skelewu" wey Premium Times rank as nomba 5  for di Top 10 songs of 2013. Davido promot skelewu for 18 August 2013 as e upload am for instructional dans vidio wey Jassy Generation daret to YouTube.Di skelewu dans kompetishion  folo dey di vidio wey dem rilis.
Skelewu get sopot wit two muzik vidio. Sedan daret di fest muzik vidio wey dem rilis for October 15 2013.Dem upload am put for YouTube tru Parody Account.Afta somtaims dey rilis vidio. Davido tok sey sombodi bitira am as dem rilis di vidio an for dis rison Davido go do anoda vidio wit Moe Musa na UK base muzik vidio dareto. Bikos  of wetin di tim tok sesan talk say Davido dey satisfy with di contributions to di music video. Sesan stil tok sey e go dey immature mek Davido an im manejiment inakurate statement to skata im brand. Di main Skelewu Vidio wey dem daret an rekod for London by Moe Musa an e rilis am for October 2013. Davido rilis di T-Spize-produs song "Aye" for February 1 2014. Di vidio for di song na Clarence Peter daret am an na for February 7 2014 dem rilis di vidio. For insaid di vidio Davido plai di poor fama wey dey love one king pikin wannabe waif. Davido du kolabo wit South Afrikan duo Mafikizolo title "Tchelete(Good life)" dem rilis am for April 30 2014. Na Oskido an Shizzi produs am while MTN plai an callertunez platforms distribute am. Bifor dem du di rekodin of Tchelete(Good life)". Davido Network wit Mafikizolo at MTN Nigeria Elite Night event for December 2013. Di muzik vidio for "Tchelete (Good life)" na Twenty Twenty media record an daret Oskido an Uhuru sho smol for di vidio. For June 2014, Davido du smol kolabo with Mi Case, Lola Rae, Sarkodie, Diamond Platnumz an Tiwa Savage for "Africa Rising" na song wey dem yuz for DSTV Eponymous Campaign to Ginger Afrikan mek dem patek for kommuniti-based social investment projects. Di folorin muzik vidio for Africa Rising " di south African production house callback Dreams record and direct di video. Di artist performed di song fodi Africa Rising launch ceremony for Mauritius for June 2015 Davido rilis di Meek Mill assisted trap song"Fans Mi" E yeye fans wit di audio an behind di scene fotogirafa of di vidio bifor e rilis am.
Davido 20 trak albom di Baddest na June 2015 e plan to rilis am bot leta  rilis am for October 10 dat sem year. Two days bifor dat date to di albom dem delay am bikos of di korporation interest for distribution no get nem. Davido don rilis di album kova akt an trackway dem tok earlier dat year di Baddest feature production fom Shizzi, DelB, Spellz, Jfem, P square, Don jazzy, Runtown, Uhuru, DJ Buckz, Akin, Meek mill, Wale an TreySongz. For January 2016, Davido announce for Twitter say E don sign record deal with Sony music Davido announcement go with mixed reaction di record label make press release am make pipu know di deal Davido record deal with Sony im go need to release two two albums and allow am make e retain di right to im music and performance Davido na im get di record label wey be Davido Music Worldwide (DMW) e create am few months after e sign with Sony. Dremo, Mayorkun, yonda and Peruzzi dem currently sign under di label. For July 2016 Davido sign record deal with RCA records.Davido record deal with Sony music affect di plans to release The Baddest according to pulse Nigeria. Davido agreement with Sony na say di album must meet international standard for am to go global distribution. For October 2016 e release di 5 track "EP son of mercy" wey support from di singles "Gbagbe Oshi" "How long" and "Coolest kid in Africa". The EP feature musicians like Simi,Tinashe, and Nacty C
For 2017 to 2018 "If", "Fall", " Fia", and "Assurance" Davido win Best African Act for 2017 MOBO Award. E release "If" for  February 17 2017 na tekno produce am may while ghost write di track for Davido. Di song certified diamond for di recording industry of south Africa and di shop shipment na 200000 units. "If" win Best pop single and song of di year for The Headies 2018. As dem review am for OkayAfrica Sabo kpada describe di song as "slow burner" with di "unfussy beat wey sound hollow out and no clutter with instrument" Di music video of "If" dem release am for London wey Director Q do di directing while Tunde Babalola produce am. Davido team up with menswear designer Orange culture to release Capsule collection Ginger by "If"
Davido release "Fall"for June Africa e sample one line from kojo funds track "Dun Talking""Fall" na platinum certified wey be recording industry of south Africa dem be one of di top100 most Shazam searched singles in America in January 2019 and e dey for 10top record for Shazam for New York.For February 2019 e become di longest
Charting Nigerian pop song for Billboard history. Fall" dem rate am as 163 for Pitchfork list for di 200 Best songs of di year 2010.Di accompany music video for "Fall" na one born- Nigerian British video Director Daps direct di video. For December 2018di video get more dan 100 million viewers wey make am be di most viewed video for Nigerian artist for YouTube.
Davido release "Fia"for November 10 2017.The song describe neon highlife track and na fresh VDM produce am.For do second verse Davido address Im arrest and do role Caroline danjuma play fueling di rumors say e dey involve for di death of Tagbo Umenike Onemanager for native manager praise Davido songwriting and say di songs dey reflect some of im recent struggle but im dey put am in a way wey be say di sensitive details no go come out direct. One review for music Africa kayode faniyi say " Fia" give "existential conflict" and say"undoubtedly di songs of Davido career at least till e outdoes imself". Daniel Orubo of konbini channels describe "Fia" as "Coherent" track wey Davido use "Croaky voice"" Fia" dey among di songs wey dem nominate for Best pop single and song of di year for The Headies 2018. Di music video wey follow for "Fia" na Clarence peter direct am di assist remix of "Fia" na stefflon Don't do am and dem release am for March 30 2018. Dis remix carry many lyrics from di original recording but incorporate patois tinged flow. Davido win di Best Africa Act and na one of di Best Worldwide Act recipient for 2017 MTV Europe music Awards.
Davido release "Assurance" April 30 2018 .E dedicate di track to im girlfriend and release di song for di girl 23rd birthday.
Reviewing di native magazine Toys Sokunbi say di song talk plenty but for di importance of clarity for age of emojis,validation from ourlove ones and put love first against all odds. Davido win Best international Act for di 2018 BET Award wey make am di first African artist to collect Award for main stage and for Davido acceptance speech e advice dem make dem visit Africa and eat Africa food.
For September 2018 Davido sing with Meek mill, post Malone and Fat joe, for di made in American Festival. Before di Festival Davido go sing for House of Blues for Boston as part of im "The locked up Tour" wey e continue for August and end am for September.Dat same month Davido face accusations wey be say member of di Black Axe confraternity or Aye cult Group and of making cult gang gestures for im music and personal video. For September 5 2018 Daily post report say person wey Nigeria police catch as Aye cult member confess say e join because dem tell say if e be Aye e go meet music star Davido. On September 15 2018 for Davido chart with vanguard Davido country manager ASA Asika deny say e no know whether Davido dey any secret cult group. On August 10 2019 information Nigeria report make trouble for no dey Davido share video for Im  insta-story to reassure di Aye cult group say e dey loyal o!
For 2019=Present: 02 Arena Concert "Blow MY MIND"" RISKY" "A GOOD TIME" and "A Better Time".For January 2019 Davido sell all the 02 Arena for London wey come become do first solo African artist to do am after wizkid headline concert for 2018.Idris Elba introduce Davido for stage and Davido perform many of im hit singles wey di life band The Compozer back am up. Caroline Sullivan of di Guardian give di concert four star out of five dey call Davido di " alpha"and say "many of di behavior wey Davido dey dis play e learn am from American rappers and some of dem wey e don work with E.g: Young Thug and Swea Lee.
Di Chris Brown assist track " Blow My Mind" e release am for July 26 2019 and Shizzi produce am "Blow My Mind" na im dem be wan release as di leading single album. "Blow my mind" carry lyrics wey talk of one sweet girl wey dey bounce Davido dada!
For di Edgar Esteves direct visuals for "Blow My mind" Davido and Chris Brown spend good time for di motel with deir lovers.Di video catch one million views for 11hours did wan pass wizkid Fever and come closer wey make am become di Nigeria music video wey achieve di most quickly. E still be di Nigeria music video to gain di most views for only 24hours for di time wey dem release di album. For October 23 2019 e release "Risky" e feature guest vocals from Jamaican singer Popcaan wey tell Davido make show for im 2018 single "Dun Rich" Di music video for "Risky" na meji Alabi direct am and e pay homage to di crime drama Television series TopBoy.For di video one female member of Davido and Popcaan crew inform upon dem to police.
"A Good Time" wey be Davido second studio albums e release am for November 22 2019. Di album features di before release single like "If" "Fall" "Assurance" "Blow My Mind" and "Risky". Davido record A Good Time for Atlanta. E tell Vibe magazine e go like record for new environment. Davido describe do album as body of work for everybody and say e go get mouth for afrobeats for years but go incorporate elements of oder genres.Davido tell pipu di title of di album during wan event for Lagos for September 2019 and say e go  release am for di following month. E again open excerpts of four songs from di album during di event As Davido dey perform for power house 2019 e talk with Power105.1 DJ seif e say di album go feature collaboration artists wey include Summer Walker,Gunna, A Boogie and Chris Brown. One of di track for di album "A Good Time" na platformproducer do am Di album cover art feature Davido papa and picture of im mama. A Good Time currently di most streams for African album of all time. For streaming platform Davido na di first to cross one billion streams.
For May2020 Davido announce im third studio album wey e title  A Better Time and e include 11tracks wey go feature musicians like Nicki Minaj and Tiwa Savage. For July e perform for Tonight show starring Jimmy Fallon and pipu see am for studio with one rapper Nas. For August 31 2020.Davido go back to social media after e take three months break make e chat with di Grammy museum for Instagram live about di rise of Afrobeats and oder issues wey concern di industry. During di live session Davido talk say e don finish work for A Better Time. For 10 September 2020 Davido return with di single FEM" with di music video wey Dammy Twitch produce. Davido single FEM video hit 1.8 million YouTube view forless dan 24hours e break e own record for d fastest Nigeria music video wey hit 1million views for YouTube di record wey dey top before na still Davido song Blow My Mind wey e feature Chris Brown Na di song be number one for di Nigeria turntable top 50 chart for im second week of eligibility dethroning WizKids Ginger. Di album dem release for 13 November 2020. Di album feature pipu like Lil Baby, Nicki Minaj,Nas, Chris Brown and Young Thug among oders. For December 14 2020 Davido announce im 3rd studio album A Bitter Time don achieve over 213.2 million streams for one month

Oda tins wey im achieve
For April 6 2012 Nigerian Entertainment Today report say Davido don sign 30 million Naira endorsement deal with MTN. Di deal include say Davido go be Face of MTN pulse and di marketing campaign  dey aim at Nigerian youth. For October 24th 2013 Pulse Nigeria report say Davido sign endorsement deal with Guinness Nigerial and  part of di deal na say Davido go perform for di Guinness World of more concert with artist like P.square, D'banj, WizKids, Ice Prince, Burna Boy, Olamide, Phyno,Chidima, Waje and Tiwa Savage.
For May 9 2018 Guardian Life report say Davido don sign endorsement deal with Infinix Mobile wey be say na Hong Kong dem manufacture di smartphones. For May 2021 News carry say Davido now na brand ambassador of di popular sports betting Brand 1×Bets. For June 11 Martell(cognac) talk say Davido don be im new ambassador.

Im personal life
Davido get three children. E engage chioma di mother of im third pikin.

Discography

Studio album
 2012. Omo Baba Olowo
 2019. A Good Time
 2020. A Better Time

EPs
 2016. Son of mercy

Tour wey im go
A Good Time North American Tour (2019-2020)

Tori About Pipu Life

Davido Adeleke


John Norman Breedon (29 December 1907 – 12 December 1967) was an English footballer and manager. He played as a goalkeeper. Breedon was born in South Hiendley in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and played for Barnsley, Sheffield Wednesday, Manchester United and Burnley. He also appeared as a wartime guest for Bolton Wanderers, Manchester City, and Rochdale during the Second World War. After retiring from playing in 1946, Breedon had spells as manager at both Halifax Town and Bradford Park Avenue).

Playing career
Breedon worked as a miner while playing amateur football for his village club in South Hiendley before turning professional when he signed for Football League Second Division side Barnsley in September 1928. After making eight league appearances in just over two seasons at Oakwell, he transferred to First Division outfit Sheffield Wednesday in November 1930. Breedon never established himself as first-choice goalkeeper during his time with the Hillsborough club and was predominantly a backup to England international Jack Brown. In total, he played 45 league matches for Wednesday in five seasons before moving to Manchester United in the summer of 1935.

Breedon made his debut for Manchester United in the 1–3 defeat away at Plymouth Argyle on the opening day of the 1935–36 campaign. He was dropped for the following match in favour of Jack Hall, who went on to keep his place for most of the remaining season as the team were crowned Second Division champions. Following the departure of Hall in 1936, Breedon was unable to capitalise as new signing Tommy Breen was installed as first-choice goalkeeper. Breedon made 13 league appearances in total during his first three years at Old Trafford, but became more involved in the first team during the 1938–39 season as United achieved a 14th-place finish in the First Division. He had retained his place in the side for the beginning of the following campaign, appearing in the opening three games, but the season was abandoned following the outbreak of the Second World War and the records were expunged.

During the war Breedon assisted several teams as a wartime guest player, including Rochdale, Manchester City and Bolton Wanderers. He also played regularly for Manchester United in wartime competitions, but left the club in October 1945 following the emergence of young goalkeeper Jack Crompton. He subsequently signed for Burnley and made his debut for the Turf Moor side in the 2–1 FA Cup win over Stoke City on 7 January 1946. However, it proved to be his only appearance for Burnley as he was unable to dislodge fellow new signing Jimmy Strong from the starting line-up. Strong went on to become first-choice for the next eight years, playing more than 280 matches for the club. Breedon was released by Burnley in May 1946 and retired from professional football aged 38.

Coaching career
Following his retirement from playing, Breedon was offered the manager's job at New Brighton but declined the position. In August 1947, he was appointed manager of Third Division North club Halifax Town to replace James Thompson. He spent three years in charge of the Yorkshire side; during this time the team never finished higher than 19th in the division. After leaving Halifax in 1950, Breedon worked as a scout for Bradford City for several years. He was appointed manager of rivals Bradford Park Avenue in January 1955 but his tenure was brief and he left the club nine months later. This proved to be Breedon's last managerial post as he ended his career with a spell as a scout for Leeds United.

References

1907 births
1967 deaths
People from Hemsworth
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Barnsley F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. wartime guest players
Manchester City F.C. wartime guest players
English Football League players
English football managers
Halifax Town A.F.C. managers
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Footballers from Yorkshire

Jack Breedon