A neural network is a neural circuit of biological neurons, sometimes also called a biological neural network, or a network of artificial neurons or nodes in the case of an artificial neural network.

Artificial neural networks are used for solving artificial intelligence (AI) problems; they model connections of biological neurons as weights between nodes. A positive weight reflects an excitatory connection, while negative values mean inhibitory connections. All inputs are modified by a weight and summed. This activity is referred to as a linear combination. Finally, an activation function controls the amplitude of the output. For example, an acceptable range of output is usually between 0 and 1, or it could be −1 and 1.

These artificial networks may be used for predictive modeling, adaptive control and applications where they can be trained via a dataset. Self-learning resulting from experience can occur within networks, which can derive conclusions from a complex and seemingly unrelated set of information.

Overview
A biological neural network is composed of a group of chemically connected or functionally associated neurons. A single neuron may be connected to many other neurons and the total number of neurons and connections in a network may be extensive. Connections, called synapses, are usually formed from axons to dendrites, though dendrodendritic synapses and other connections are possible. Apart from electrical signalling, there are other forms of signalling that arise from neurotransmitter diffusion.

Artificial intelligence, cognitive modelling, and neural networks are information processing paradigms inspired by how biological neural systems process data. Artificial intelligence and cognitive modelling try to simulate some properties of biological neural networks. In the artificial intelligence field, artificial neural networks have been applied successfully to speech recognition, image analysis and adaptive control, in order to construct software agents (in computer and video games) or autonomous robots.

Historically, digital computers evolved from the von Neumann model, and operate via the execution of explicit instructions via access to memory by a number of processors. On the other hand, the origins of neural networks are based on efforts to model information processing in biological systems. Unlike the von Neumann model, neural network computing does not separate memory and processing.

Neural network theory has served to identify better how the neurons in the brain function and provide the basis for efforts to create artificial intelligence.

History
The preliminary theoretical base for contemporary neural networks was independently proposed by Alexander Bain (1873) and William James (1890). In their work, both thoughts and body activity resulted from interactions among neurons within the brain.

For Bain, every activity led to the firing of a certain set of neurons. When activities were repeated, the connections between those neurons strengthened. According to his theory, this repetition was what led to the formation of memory. The general scientific community at the time was skeptical of Bain's theory because it required what appeared to be an inordinate number of neural connections within the brain. It is now apparent that the brain is exceedingly complex and that the same brain "wiring" can handle multiple problems and inputs.

James' theory was similar to Bain's; however, he suggested that memories and actions resulted from electrical currents flowing among the neurons in the brain. His model, by focusing on the flow of electrical currents, did not require individual neural connections for each memory or action.

C. S. Sherrington (1898) conducted experiments to test James' theory. He ran electrical currents down the spinal cords of rats. However, instead of demonstrating an increase in electrical current as projected by James, Sherrington found that the electrical current strength decreased as the testing continued over time. Importantly, this work led to the discovery of the concept of habituation.

Wilhelm Lenz (1920) and Ernst Ising (1925) created and analyzed the Ising model which is essentially a non-learning artificial recurrent neural network (RNN) consisting of neuron-like threshold elements. In 1972, Shun'ichi Amari made this architecture adaptive. His learning RNN was popularised by John Hopfield in 1982.
McCulloch and Pitts  (1943) also created a computational model for neural networks based on mathematics and algorithms. They called this model threshold logic. These early models paved the way for neural network research to split into two distinct approaches. One approach focused on biological processes in the brain and the other focused on the application of neural networks to artificial intelligence.

In the late 1940s psychologist Donald Hebb  created a hypothesis of learning based on the mechanism of neural plasticity that is now known as Hebbian learning. Hebbian learning is considered to be a 'typical' unsupervised learning rule and its later variants were early models for long term potentiation. These ideas started being applied to computational models in 1948 with Turing's B-type machines.

Farley and Clark (1954) first used computational machines, then called calculators, to simulate a Hebbian network at MIT. Other neural network computational machines were created by Rochester, Holland, Habit, and Duda (1956).

Frank Rosenblatt (1958) created the perceptron, an algorithm for pattern recognition based on a two-layer learning computer network using simple addition and subtraction. With mathematical notation, Rosenblatt also described circuitry not in the basic perceptron, such as the exclusive-or circuit.

Some say that neural network research stagnated after the publication of machine learning research by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert (1969). They discovered two key issues with the computational machines that processed neural networks. The first issue was that single-layer neural networks were incapable of processing the exclusive-or circuit. The second significant issue was that computers were not sophisticated enough to effectively handle the long run time required by large neural networks. However, by the time this book came out, methods for training multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) were already known. The first deep learning MLP was published by Alexey Grigorevich Ivakhnenko and Valentin Lapa in 1965. The first deep learning MLP trained by stochastic gradient descent was published in 1967 by Shun'ichi Amari.
In computer experiments conducted by Amari's student Saito, a five layer MLP with two modifiable layers learned useful internal representations to classify non-linearily separable pattern classes.

Neural network research was boosted when computers achieved greater processing power. Also key in later advances was the backpropagation algorithm. It is an efficient application of the Leibniz chain rule (1673) to networks of differentiable nodes. It is also known as
the reverse mode of automatic differentiation or reverse accumulation, due to Seppo Linnainmaa (1970). The term "back-propagating errors" was introduced in 1962 by Frank Rosenblatt, but he did not have an implementation of this procedure, although Henry J. Kelley had a continuous precursor of backpropagation already in 1960 in the context of control theory. In 1982, Paul Werbos applied backpropagation to MLPs in the way that has become standard.

In the late 1970s to early 1980s, interest briefly emerged in theoretically investigating the Ising model by Wilhelm Lenz (1920) and Ernst Ising (1925)
in relation to . In 1981, the Ising model was solved exactly by Peter Barth for the general case of closed Cayley trees (with loops) with an arbitrary branching ratio and found to exhibit unusual phase transition behavior in its local-apex and long-range site-site correlations.

The parallel distributed processing of the mid-1980s became popular under the name connectionism. The text by Rumelhart and McClelland (1986) provided a full exposition on the use of connectionism in computers to simulate neural processes.

Neural networks, as used in artificial intelligence, have traditionally been viewed as simplified models of neural processing in the brain, even though the relation between this model and brain biological architecture is debated, as it is not clear to what degree artificial neural networks mirror brain function.

Artificial intelligence

A neural network (NN), in the case of artificial neurons called artificial neural network (ANN) or simulated neural network (SNN), is an interconnected group of natural or artificial neurons that uses a mathematical or computational model for information processing based on a connectionistic approach to computation. In most cases, an ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network.

In more practical terms, neural networks are non-linear statistical data modeling or decision making tools. They can be used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in data.

An artificial neural network involves a network of processing elements (artificial neurons) which can exhibit complex global behavior, determined by the connections between the processing elements and element parameters. Artificial neurons were first proposed in 1943 by Warren McCulloch, a neurophysiologist, and Walter Pitts, a logician, who first collaborated at the University of Chicago.

One classical type of artificial neural network is the recurrent Hopfield network.

The concept of a neural network appears to have first been proposed by Alan Turing in his 1948 paper Intelligent Machinery in which he called them "B-type unorganised machines".

The utility of artificial neural network models lies in the fact that they can be used to infer a function from observations and also to use it. Unsupervised neural networks can also be used to learn representations of the input that capture the salient characteristics of the input distribution, e.g., see the Boltzmann machine (1983), and more recently, deep learning algorithms, which can implicitly learn the distribution function of the observed data. Learning in neural networks is particularly useful in applications where the complexity of the data or task makes the design of such functions by hand impractical.

Applications
Neural networks can be used in different fields. The tasks to which artificial neural networks are applied tend to fall within the following broad categories:
Function approximation, or regression analysis, including time series prediction and modeling.
Classification, including pattern and sequence recognition, novelty detection and sequential decision making.
Data processing, including filtering, clustering, blind signal separation and compression.

Application areas of ANNs include nonlinear system identification and control (vehicle control, process control), game-playing and decision making (backgammon, chess, racing), pattern recognition (radar systems, face identification, object recognition), sequence recognition (gesture, speech, handwritten text recognition), medical diagnosis, financial applications, data mining (or knowledge discovery in databases, "KDD"), visualization and e-mail spam filtering. For example, it is possible to create a semantic profile of user's interests emerging from pictures trained for object recognition.

Neuroscience
Theoretical and computational neuroscience is the field concerned with the analysis and computational modeling of biological neural systems.
Since neural systems are intimately related to cognitive processes and behaviour, the field is closely related to cognitive and behavioural modeling.

The aim of the field is to create models of biological neural systems in order to understand how biological systems work. To gain this understanding, neuroscientists strive to make a link between observed biological processes (data), biologically plausible mechanisms for neural processing and learning (biological neural network models) and theory (statistical learning theory and information theory).

Types of models
Many models are used; defined at different levels of abstraction, and modeling different aspects of neural systems. They range from models of the short-term behaviour of individual neurons, through models of the dynamics of neural circuitry arising from interactions between individual neurons, to models of behaviour arising from abstract neural modules that represent complete subsystems. These include models of the long-term and short-term plasticity of neural systems and their relation to learning and memory, from the individual neuron to the system level.

Connectivity

In August 2020 scientists reported that bi-directional connections, or added appropriate feedback connections, can accelerate and improve communication between and in modular neural networks of the brain's cerebral cortex and lower the threshold for their successful communication. They showed that adding feedback connections between a resonance pair can support successful propagation of a single pulse packet throughout the entire network.

Criticism
Historically, a common criticism of neural networks, particularly in robotics, was that they require a large diversity of training samples for real-world operation (although if single dimension, only 8 samples required to get practically to low of 12% error). This is not surprising, since any learning machine needs sufficient representative examples in order to capture the underlying structure that allows it to generalize to new cases. Dean Pomerleau, in his research presented in the paper "Knowledge-based Training of Artificial Neural Networks for Autonomous Robot Driving," uses a neural network to train a robotic vehicle to drive on multiple types of roads (single lane, multi-lane, dirt, etc.). A large amount of his research is devoted to (1) extrapolating multiple training scenarios from a single training experience, and (2) preserving past training diversity so that the system does not become overtrained (if, for example, it is presented with a series of right turns—it should not learn to always turn right). These issues are common in neural networks that must decide from amongst a wide variety of responses, but can be dealt with in several ways, for example by randomly shuffling the training examples, by using a numerical optimization algorithm that does not take too large steps when changing the network connections following an example, or by grouping examples in so-called mini-batches.

A. K. Dewdney, a former Scientific American columnist, wrote in 1997, "Although neural nets do solve a few toy problems, their powers of computation are so limited that I am surprised anyone takes them seriously as a general problem-solving tool."

Arguments for Dewdney's position are that to implement large and effective software neural networks, much processing and storage resources need to be committed. While the brain has hardware tailored to the task of processing signals through a graph of neurons, simulating even a most simplified form on Von Neumann technology may compel a neural network designer to fill many millions of database rows for its connections—which can consume vast amounts of computer memory and data storage capacity. Furthermore, the designer of neural network systems will often need to simulate the transmission of signals through many of these connections and their associated neurons—which must often be matched with incredible amounts of CPU processing power and time. While neural networks often yield effective programs, they too often do so at the cost of efficiency (they tend to consume considerable amounts of time and money).

Arguments against Dewdney's position are that neural nets have been successfully used to solve many complex and diverse tasks, such as autonomously flying aircraft.

Technology writer Roger Bridgman commented on Dewdney's statements about neural nets:
Neural networks, for instance, are in the dock not only because they have been hyped to high heaven, (what hasn't?) but also because you could create a successful net without understanding how it worked: the bunch of numbers that captures its behaviour would in all probability be "an opaque, unreadable table...valueless as a scientific resource".

In spite of his emphatic declaration that science is not technology, Dewdney seems here to pillory neural nets as bad science when most of those devising them are just trying to be good engineers. An unreadable table that a useful machine could read would still be well worth having.
Although it is true that analyzing what has been learned by an artificial neural network is difficult, it is much easier to do so than to analyze what has been learned by a biological neural network. Moreover, recent emphasis on the explainability of AI has contributed towards the development of methods, notably those based on attention mechanisms, for visualizing and explaining learned neural networks. Furthermore, researchers involved in exploring learning algorithms for neural networks are gradually uncovering generic principles that allow a learning machine to be successful. For example, Bengio and LeCun (2007) wrote an article regarding local vs non-local learning, as well as shallow vs deep architecture.

Some other criticisms came from believers of hybrid models (combining neural networks and symbolic approaches). They advocate the intermix of these two approaches and believe that hybrid models can better capture the mechanisms of the human mind (Sun and Bookman, 1990).

Recent improvements
While initially research had been concerned mostly with the electrical characteristics of neurons, a particularly important part of the investigation in recent years has been the exploration of the role of neuromodulators such as dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin on behaviour and learning.

Biophysical models, such as BCM theory, have been important in understanding mechanisms for synaptic plasticity, and have had applications in both computer science and neuroscience. Research is ongoing in understanding the computational algorithms used in the brain, with some recent biological evidence for radial basis networks and neural backpropagation as mechanisms for processing data.

Computational devices have been created in CMOS for both biophysical simulation and neuromorphic computing. More recent efforts show promise for creating nanodevices for very large scale principal components analyses and convolution. If successful, these efforts could usher in a new era of neural computing that is a step beyond digital computing, because it depends on learning rather than programming and because it is fundamentally analog rather than digital even though the first instantiations may in fact be with CMOS digital devices.

Between 2009 and 2012, the recurrent neural networks and deep feedforward neural networks developed in the research group of Jürgen Schmidhuber at the Swiss AI Lab IDSIA have won eight international competitions in pattern recognition and machine learning. For example, multi-dimensional long short term memory (LSTM) won three competitions in connected handwriting recognition at the 2009 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), without any prior knowledge about the three different languages to be learned.

Variants of the back-propagation algorithm, as well as unsupervised methods by Geoff Hinton and colleagues at the University of Toronto, can be used to train deep, highly nonlinear neural architectures, similar to the 1980 Neocognitron by Kunihiko Fukushima, and the "standard architecture of vision", inspired by the simple and complex cells identified by David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel in the primary visual cortex.

Radial basis function and wavelet networks have also been introduced. These can be shown to offer best approximation properties and have been applied in nonlinear system identification and classification applications.

Deep learning feedforward networks alternate convolutional layers and max-pooling layers, topped by several pure classification layers. Fast GPU-based implementations of this approach have won several pattern recognition contests, including the IJCNN 2011 Traffic Sign Recognition Competition and the  ISBI 2012 Segmentation of Neuronal Structures in Electron Microscopy Stacks challenge. Such neural networks also were the first artificial pattern recognizers to achieve human-competitive or even superhuman performance on benchmarks such as traffic sign recognition (IJCNN 2012), or the MNIST handwritten digits problem of Yann LeCun and colleagues at NYU.

Analytical and computational techniques derived from statistical physics of disordered systems, can be extended to large-scale problems, including machine learning, e.g., to analyze the weight space of deep neural networks.

See also

References

External links

 A Brief Introduction to Neural Networks (D. Kriesel) - Illustrated, bilingual manuscript about artificial neural networks; Topics so far: Perceptrons, Backpropagation, Radial Basis Functions, Recurrent Neural Networks, Self Organizing Maps, Hopfield Networks.
Review of Neural Networks in Materials Science
Artificial Neural Networks Tutorial in three languages (Univ. Politécnica de Madrid)
Another introduction to ANN
Next Generation of Neural Networks - Google Tech Talks
Performance of Neural Networks
Neural Networks and Information

Computational neuroscience
Network architecture
Networks
Econometrics
Emerging technologies

Neural network


The Carter–Terry–Call House is a historic residence in Orem, Utah, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

Description

The house is located at 815 East 800 South and is believed to have been built in 1899.

According to its NRHP nomination, the house reflects the evolution of Orem during 1899 to 1941. The person of greatest significance associated with the house is Otis Terry, Jr., who was a religious leader and a civic leader. He was the "second Bishop of the Timpanogos Ward (parish) which then embodied almost the entire Provo Bench. The size and style of the house exemplify the importance of the bishop....".

The house is believed to have been built by Richard Carter, who owned the property for about 10 years. It was then a home of Otis Terry, Jr., for his third wife. Terry actually had served part of a nine-month prison sentence during 1889-1890 for polygamy, relating to his having been married to two previous wives; but his first wife died in 1899 and it is believed that the second had left him, leaving him with 13 children to raise, before he married the third in 1900, and moved to Orem and purchased this house in 1901. Terry became bishop in 1903. The house was bought by Orvis J. Call in 1917.

It was listed on the NRHP June 11, 1998.

See also

 National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah County, Utah

References

External links

Houses completed in 1899
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Houses in Orem, Utah
Victorian architecture in Utah
National Register of Historic Places in Orem, Utah

Carter–Terry–Call House


Imre Makovecz (November 20, 1935 – September 27, 2011) was a Hungarian architect active in Europe from the late 1950s onward.

Makovecz was born and died in Budapest. He attended the Technical University of Budapest. He was founder and "eternal and executive president" of the Hungarian Academy of Arts. He was an award-winning architect, having won Ybl Prize, Kossuth Prize, Steindl Imre Prize and Prima Primissima Award among many others.

Makovecz was one of the most prominent proponents of organic architecture.  As such, his buildings attempt to work with the natural surroundings rather than triumph over them. Frank Lloyd Wright and Rudolf Steiner are both strong influences, as is traditional Hungarian art.

His work began as a critique of communist ideology and the brutal uniformity of system building, but after the fall of the Communist regime in 1989, it became a comment on the nature of globalisation and corporate culture.  In its attempts to refer to and build on Hungarian national archetypes, Makovecz was continuing the work and ideas of the architects of Hungarian Art Nouveau and National Romanticism.  The first English language monograph on his work, Imre Makovecz: T.e Wings of the Soul, by Edwin Heathcote, was published in 1997. More recently, his work has been examined in the broader context of Hungarian culture to which also belongs organic cinema.

Makovecz was a devout Roman Catholic.

Makovecz's key works

 Cultural Center, Sárospatak  (completed in 1982)
 Sports Hall, Visegrád  (1985)
 Town Hall and Commercial Center of Dunajská Streda
 Community Center, Kakasd  (1996)
 His group designed the buildings of the Piliscsaba campus of Pázmány Péter Catholic University.
 Hungarian pavilion at the Seville Expo '92 in Seville, Spain
 House, Recsk

Other important works

 Restaurant, Berhida (1964)
 Shark Restaurant, Velence (1965)
 Fisherman's Inn, Szekszárd (1965)
 Cottages, Balatonszepezd (1965)
 Inn, Tatabánya (1966)
 Restaurant, Gyulavár (1969)
 Cultural Centre, Sárospatak (1972)
 Restaurant, Szentendre (1973)
 Funeral Chapel, Farkasréti Cemetery (1975)
 Tourist Lodges, Visegrád (1977)
 Camping Complex and Recreation Centre, Visegrád, Mogyoró Hill (1978)
 Ski-lift House, Dobogókő (1979)
 Farm and Restaurant, Visegrád (1980)
 Cultural Centre, Jászapáti (1983)
 Community Centre, Bak (1985)
 Cultural Centre, Szigetvár (1985)
 Church, Siófok (1986)
 Holy Spirit Church, Paks (1987)
Secondary School, Sárospatak (1988)
 Ecological Centre, Überlingen, Germany (1989)
 Hungarian Pavilion, Universal Exposition Sevilla 1992, Sevilla, Spain (1992)
 Theatre and Hungarian Community Center, Lendava, Slovenia (1991–2004)
 Stephaneum, Piliscsaba (1995)
 Church, Százhalombatta (1995)
 OnionHouse Theatre, Makó (1995)
 Funeral Chapel, Sfântu Gheorghe Romania (1996)
 Swimming Pool, Eger (2000)
 Roman Catholic Church, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania (2001)
 Reformed church on Donath street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (2008)
 His group also oversaw the Eco-Shelter on the Trust for Urban Ecology site in Stave Hill Park, Rotherhithe, London, 1992. In association with the Prince's Trust
 Pancho Arena, Felcsút (2014)
 New Millennium Reformed Center, Timișoara, Romania (2019)

Gallery

References

External links

 Gallery from Danish architecture site
 Photos of buildings designed by Imre Makovecz in Hungary

1935 births
2011 deaths
Architects from Budapest
Ecclesiastical architects
Hungarian Roman Catholics
Organic architecture
20th-century Hungarian architects
21st-century Hungarian architects
Burials at Farkasréti Cemetery

Imre Makovecz


The violet crow (Corvus violaceus) is a species of the crow family, Corvidae, native to Seram, an island in Indonesia. It was long considered a subspecies of the slender-billed crow but has been shown to be divergent genetically. Violet crows have a dark black head and slightly blue black body and have a slightly shorter bill than most other crow species.

References
http://www.hbw.com/species/violet-crow-corvus-violaceus

Corvus
Birds described in 1850
Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte

Violet crow


Barnbougle Castle is a historic tower house on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth, between Cramond and Queensferry, and within the parish of Dalmeny. It lies within the Earl of Rosebery's estate, just north-west of Dalmeny House. Although its history goes back to the 13th century, the present castle is the result of rebuilding in 1881 by the 5th Earl of Rosebery, who served as Prime Minister from 1894 to 1895.

Etymology
Older forms of the name include Barnbughall, Barbogle, Parnbogalle, and Pronbugele. This comes from the British brinn bugel, meaning 'shepherd's hill', or bar an bugel, 'shepherd's hill top', or alternatively pren bugel, 'shepherd's tree'. All these names likely refer to the high ground which rises immediately behind the shore, which overlook the grazings around the mouth of the Cockle Burn.

History

The first building at Barnbougle was a thirteenth-century tower house, constructed by the Mowbrays, a Norman family who were also lords of Dalmeny and Inverkeithing. Sir John Mowbray of Barnbougle, Laird of Dalmeny, was knighted by Sir Thomas Erskine at the battle of Homildon Hill in 1402.

The laird of Barnbougle in 1586, John Mowbray, was a supporter of Mary, Queen of Scots, his wife was a sister of William Kirkcaldy of Grange and two of their daughters served Mary in England. Gillis was betrothed to her apothecary, and Barbara married Gilbert Curll, the queen's secretary. It is thought that Mary gave Gillis Mowbray the jewellery now known as the "Penicuik Jewels".

The Links of Barnbougle was the scene of a judicial combat on 15 March 1597. James Carmichael had killed Stephen Bruntfield, Captain of Tantallon, in a duel on 22 December 1596. He was made to fight Adam Bruntfield in single combat at Barnbougle. The judges were the Duke of Lennox, the Laird of Buccleuch, and Sir James Sandilands. They wore lightweight clothes of satin and taffeta, one in blue, and one in red. Bruntfield killed Carmichael, according to some accounts in front of 5,000 spectators.

In 1615 the Mowbrays sold Barnbougle to Sir Thomas Hamilton, afterwards Earl of Haddington. It was sold again in 1662, by Sir Thomas' grandson, to Sir Archibald Primrose of Carrington, a senior judge who became Lord Justice General of Scotland in 1676. Sir Archibald's eldest son by his second marriage, also Archibald Primrose, was created Earl of Rosebery in 1703, and Barnbougle became the family seat. At some point during the 17th century, the original tower house was rebuilt or replaced.

In 1774, a plan for rebuilding the castle was drawn up by the architect Robert Adam. This proposal was for a triangular building, with the original tower at its seaward corner, but it was never executed. By the early 19th century, the castle had become dilapidated, and a wave supposedly washed into the dining room during supper. The 4th Earl of Rosebery had Dalmeny House constructed on the estate, and the family moved in on completion in 1817. Barnbougle was used to store explosives, and after being damaged in an accidental explosion, it was subsequently left as a ruin.

In 1881 the castle was entirely reconstructed and extended according to plans by James Maitland Wardrop, of Wardrop & Reid, in the Scots Baronial style. The older fabric of the north side was incorporated into the new building. It was primarily built to house the private library of Archibald, 5th Earl of Rosebery (1847–1929), who became Prime Minister in 1894. The collection specialised in Napoleonica  as  Rosebery was the author of Napoleon: The Last Phase. Lord Rosebery practised his speeches here, in a purpose-built gallery hall. Barnbougle remains a part of the Dalmeny Estate, and is still the property of the Rosebery family. It is a category A listed building.

Description
The castle is built on a projecting rock terrace.  It incorporates some of the fabric of the original castle on the north and east sides, but is mainly a late-nineteenth-century construction.  There are three storeys and an attic; the building is rubble, dressed with ashlar sandstone. Features include crow-stepped gables, bartizans (small turrets) with water spouts on the two western corners and a crenellated parapet.  A panel on the east wall is inscribed "Remove Not The Ancient Landmark Which Thy Fathers Have Set. Proverbs XXII.28". A  high obelisk sundial stands in the castle garden, having been moved there in 1890.

Traditions
The antiquary William Wallace Fyfe recorded, in 1851, a legend associated with Barnbougle and nearby Hound Point. He relates that "whenever the death of any of its [Barnbougle's] lords is about to occur, the unwonted apparition of a black man, accompanied by a hound, appears upon the point, and winds from his bugle the death note of the baron. Hence the origin of the ancient name of Bar'n-bugle." Fyfe took the story as inspiration for a poem relating the adventures of "Sir Roger Mowbray" and his faithful dog on Crusade in the Holy Land, culminating in Sir Roger's death and closing with the words:
And ever when Barnbougle's lords
Are parting this scene below
Come hound and ghost to this haunted coast
With death notes winding slow.

A number of variations on this legend have been recorded, including versions where the baying of a hound, rather than a trumpet, precedes a death.

References

External links

Rosebery Venues web site

13th-century fortifications
1881 establishments in Scotland
Residential buildings completed in 1881
Castles in Edinburgh
Category A listed buildings in Edinburgh
Listed castles in Scotland
Reportedly haunted locations in Edinburgh
Prime ministerial homes in the United Kingdom
Triangular buildings
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery
Scottish baronial architecture

Barnbougle Castle


La Cucaracha (Spanish for The Cockroach) is a nationally syndicated daily comic strip by Lalo Alcaraz. First published in the LA Weekly in 1992, La Cucaracha's satirical themes reflect U.S./Mexican, and Latino culture and politics. Lalo's characters are symbolic of Latino culture in the United States, particularly from Southern California, where Alcaraz is from. Recurring characters include Eddie, Cuco, and Vero.

It is syndicated by Andrews McMeel Syndication, and is printed in over 60 newspapers. It began daily publication in November 2002. It is the only 'political' Latino-themed syndicated daily comic strip in the U.S.

It is one of several politically themed comic strips in mainstream papers. It is similar, in that manner, to Doonesbury, Candorville, The Boondocks and Prickly City (although the latter is of an opposite political persuasion). Some see a distinct influence of Mexican artist Rius.

The strip is considered one of the most controversial in the history of American comic strips, labeled "anti-white" and "divisive" by its detractors and defended as "truthful" and "progressive" by its supporters.  It was dropped by four papers after a deluge of reader complaints.  Alcaraz satirized his hate-mailers by drawing a letter-writer pleading, "Please drop 'La Cucaracha' and bring back my favorite comic strip, 'Whitesville USA' by Aryan McCracker." In regard to this response, Alcaraz said, "I'm sorry, but I'm just not polite about this stuff."

Universal Press Syndicate considered La Cucaracha an unqualified success, and signed Alcaraz to a ten-year contract.

See also
 Baldo

References

External links

1992 comics debuts
American comic strips
Gag-a-day comics
Satirical comics
Comics about politics
Race-related controversies in comics
Comics set in the United States
Comics set in Mexico

La Cucaracha (comic strip)


Evil Eyes is a 2004 direct-to-DVD horror film produced by The Asylum, directed by Mark Atkins, and starring Adam Baldwin.

Plot
The film centres on Jeff Stenn (Adam Baldwin), a successful writer who is happily married to his wife, Tree (Jennifer Gates). Jeff, due to a shortage of money, accepts a job to write a screenplay about a real-life homicide that happened 35 years earlier.  A seemingly psychotic director (Udo Kier) who believed that creativity had unleashed dark forces, killed his pregnant wife and in-laws for no apparent reason before committing suicide.

As Jeff continues to work on the screenplay, several accidents occur around him that directly mirror events in his script. Jeff begins to think that his writing has the power to affect reality, and must question whether finishing the script will bring about the death of his own family.

Main cast
Adam Baldwin - Jeff Stenn
Jennifer Gates - Tree Stenn
Udo Kier - George
Mark Sheppard - Peter
Kristin Lorenz - Nina
Peta Johnson - Marilyn
Eric Casselton - Gramm
Lanre Idewu - Bryce
Lee Anne Moore - Mrs. Marsh
Ronald Rezac - Tree's father
Julie Dickens - Claudia
Jason David - Greg
Byron James- Bob
Elizabeth Uhl - Judy
Mirjam Novak - Camille

References

External links
Evil Eyes at The Asylum

2004 horror films
2004 films
2004 independent films
2004 psychological thriller films
American supernatural horror films
The Asylum films
Direct-to-video horror films
American independent films
Films about screenwriters
American serial killer films
Films directed by Mark Atkins
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Evil Eyes


Hacı Halil Pasha (Turkish: Hacı Halil Paşa) was an Ottoman Grand vizier. His ephitet Hacı means "pilgrim".

Early years
Hacı Halil Pasha was born in Kemaliye (then known as Eğin) and rose through the Bostancı corps. In 1694, he resigned and went to Baghdad (now in Iraq) as the subordinate of the Baghdad governor. In 1711 he was promoted to the overall command of the Bostancı corps (Bostancıbaşı) and in 1716 to the post of beylerbey the Erzurum Eyalet. However he didn't serve in Erzurum due to the outbreak of the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18, being reassigned to serve in Belgrade (now in Serbia).

Grand Vizier
During the decisive Battle of Petrovaradin on 5 August 1716, the grand vizier Silahdar Ali Pasha was killed. Upon the suggestion of the commanders, the sultan appointed Halil Pasha as the new grand vizier. Next year he campaigned to aid Belgrade, which was being besieged by the Austrian army. However Eugene of Savoy of Austria defeated Halil Pasha and captured Belgrade.  After this defeat he was dismissed from the post on 26 August 1717.

Later years
Although he was sentenced to death, he hid himself in İstanbul. On 7 June 1720 he was discovered, but with the help of his partisans he was pardoned. In 1727, he became the governor of the Sanjak of Eğriboz in central Greece, and in the next year he was appointed to the governorship of Crete, where he died in 1733.

See also
List of Ottoman grand viziers

References

1733 deaths
18th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
17th-century births
Ottoman governors of Crete
Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
People from Elbasan

Hacı Halil Pasha


Sékou Kouréissy Condé (born 1954) is a Guinean politician and academic.

Condé was born in Kouroussa. After the death of his father, he lived with his uncle, El Hadj Sorry. He received a grant to study in the Czech Republic specifically at Charles University in Prague. In 1985 he received a doctorate in criminology and moved to Germany where he worked as an assistant specialising in African affairs for the Christian Democratic Union (CDU/CSU).

After some years of exile, he returned to Guinea in 1993 and founded his own political party, ARENA. In 1997, President Lansana Conté appointed him as Minister of Security. At the end of his service, he went into exile in the United States, together with another former minister, Kassory Fofana.

Condé is currently teaching at Columbia University and New York University's Institute of African-American Affairs and the Africana Studies Program, and President and co-founded of the American Council on Africa.

References
American Council on Africa: http://www.americancouncilonafrica.org/index1.htm

1954 births
Living people
Government ministers of Guinea
BP people

Sékou Kouréissy Condé


The Infographics Show is an American-Slovenian YouTube channel and video content farm that features animated videos about educational topics. Common themes include history, current events, true crime, as well as pseudoscientific topics like Ufology. They also create fictional scenarios narrated from the 1st-person point of view, like surviving nuclear war, surviving the plague, surviving World War III, and surviving an alien invasion. New videos are uploaded daily. Slovenian-American designer Andrej Preston is the Motion Graphics Designer & Producer for the show. The show began in the United States.

The creators use Adobe After Effects to animate the videos, as well as premade assets and templates from Envato Elements.

They also have two branch channels, named SCP Explained — Story & Animation, which exclusively covers animated stories and tales about the SCP Foundation, and Backrooms Explained, which does the same for The Backrooms, the former of which, in turn, are part of a collaborative channel named ODDity which, as well as covering SCP content, also makes videos of various creepypastas and cryptids.

References

External links
 The Infographics Show on IMDb

SCP Foundation
Education-related YouTube channels
YouTube channels launched in 2011
English-language YouTube channels
Content farms

The Infographics Show


Calcot Manor is a historic building in Calcot, three and a half miles west of Tetbury on A 4135 in Gloucestershire, England, near the junction of roads A46 and A4135 (National Grid Reference ST 841180 94891). The original building was established in approximately 1300 AD by Henry of Kingswood as a tithe barn annex of Kingswood Abbey. The estate was expanded to include a 16th-century manor house and other buildings.  Structures added from the Late Middle Ages to the mid-17th century include a chapel, granary, stables and other buildings.  The buildings are all constructed from limestone; which are locally quarried stones that are typically flat and easily stacked for drystone wall purposes.

Roman period

It is known that there was a Roman presence at the site as early as the 5th century AD based upon the archeological finds of carved stones, Roman coins and other discoveries.

Many Roman artefacts have been discovered at Calcot, some of which are displayed at the Gloucester City Museum and the Stroud Museum.  One of the principal finds is a curved, ornate limestone bas-relief.  This stone had originally been embedded in the wall of the tithe barn.  This stone is now in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.

The bas-relief is classified as a tombstone, on which a Roman officer is shown on horseback carrying a shield. Behind the officer is the standard bearer with his insignia. As of Baddeley's publication in 1925, the stone was still embedded within the inner barn wall.

Middle Ages

The original datestone can be seen in the porch of  the tithe barn and reads: "ANNOGRE MCCC HENRICI ABBATIS XXIX FAI DOM H EDIFICATA", verifying founding by Abbot Henry in the year 1300 during the reign of King Edward I. The barn is a Grade II listed building, and has so-called arrow slits in the end walls.

The remains of a medieval rabbit warren were unearthed in 2004. when the groundworks for a new spa extension to the hotel were being excavated.  A tunnel was found extending  at least 100 metres beneath the main manor house garden terrace.  The tunnel is intact as of 2004, but has not yet been fully explored.  Earth bore tunnels of this type are sometimes associated with High Middle Ages abbeys, palaces, and castles as secret escape routes if the site were under siege.

The hamlet of Calcot  was listed in Domesday Book (1086 AD), as being in the Hundred of Berkeley. Although named a barn, its earliest origins and uses remain obscure due to architectural features that are not consistent with a barn or granary. For example, the upper level arrow slits situated  on the west side is somewhat difficult to define as to early use, although somewhat wider arrow slits are known to have been used in 17th-century times as granary vents.  According to Lumina Technologies: "The Calcot arrow slits for ventilation are typically at least ten centimetres wide to ensure that owls could freely enter and prey upon any mice that could harm the grain stocks".

Middle ages to 18th century

When the English abbeys were dissolved in the early to middle 16th century, the Calcot property became property of the King of England, who in turn granted Calcot to Nicholas Poyntz.  In 1559 Calcot was sold to Thomas Parry.  Then in 1598 ownership of Calcot passed to Sir Thomas Estcourt, who was accumulating many other properties in the parishes of Newington Bagpath.  The tithe barn was struck by lightning in 1728, and restoration was completed a year later, with the datestone embedded in the porch interior wall. The entire Calcot property remained in the possession of the Estcourt Family until the early 19th century.

A 1790 drawing of the tithe barn reveals the presence of an array of seven and possibly eight arrow slits across the front face of the structure.  The slits were situated somewhat higher than the front-facing windows. These arrow slits are no longer present in the restored tithe barn.

The Sites and Monuments Record, SMR 2931/2, indicates that a small chapel previously existed on site, but was demolished most likely in the early 19th century.  An ink drawing  by Grimm of the chapel in 1790 shows the medieval arches of the early chapel.

20th century to the present

In 1928, Mary Emery bought the ruined Calcot Tithe Barn roof and had it shipped  to Mariemont, Ohio as individual roofing tiles.  The tiles were used to build the roof of the Mariemont town church.  Moss and lichens remained on the tiles, adding to the antique appearance wanted by Mariemont designers. Mariemont was created in imitation of the architecture of a medieval European town.

In 1970 the farm elements were relocated nearby, leaving all the old stone buildings surplus to farm requirements.  The Ball family bought the Calcot estate in the early 1980s and began to convert the buildings for use as a hotel, the work continuing through the next decade.  Louisa and Michael Stone, previously frequent guests, bought  Calcot in early 1992 and restored the tithe barn in the early 2000s. By 2006 Calcot Manor had become an upmarket hotel and tourist destination in the Cotswolds.

See also

Beverston Castle

References

External links
Calcot Manor Hotel
Calcot Manor selected history information

Buildings and structures completed in 1300
Hotel spas
Houses completed in the 13th century
Country houses in Gloucestershire

Calcot Manor


Colonel William McConnachie (10 March 1848 – 27 January 1932) was a Scottish businessman, and politician

He was born on 10 March 1848 in Dufftown, Scotland. After leaving school in 1864 he worked in wholesale and retail business, then started his own business in 1870 as shipbrokers and herring merchants, on Quarry Road, Fraserburgh, which grew to be one of the largest herring exporters in Scotland.

From 1874 he served in a number of positions on the town council, leading to his election as provost of Fraserburgh in July 1898, following the death of Provost Dickson. William also represented Fraserburgh on Aberdeenshire County Council and in 1890 became a justice of the peace for Aberdeenshire and a junior baillie, and from 1896 a senior baillie. Politically he was a Unionist.

In 1884 he also took command of H Company of the local rifle volunteers.

He was involved in the improvements to Fraserburgh harbour and in the successful petitioning to have Fraserburgh made a port of registry, separate from Peterhead. From 1899 he resided at Knowsie House, Lonmay.

He died at Knowsie House, Lonmay, in 1932 aged 84 years.

References
 Aberdeen Weekly Journal, 18 January 1899, page 7

1848 births
1932 deaths
Unionist Party (Scotland) councillors
Scottish businesspeople
Provosts in Scotland
People from Dufftown
People from Fraserburgh
People from Lonmay

William McConnachie


The Pillar of the Boatmen () is a monumental Roman column erected in Lutetia (modern Paris) in honour of Jupiter by the guild of boatmen in the 1st century AD. It is the oldest monument in Paris and is one of the earliest pieces of representational Gallo-Roman art to carry a written inscription .

The Roman name for the monument is Nautae Parisiaci (the sailors of the Parisii, who were a tribe of Gauls). It was found re-used in the 4th century city wall on the Île de la Cité and is now displayed in the frigidarium of the Thermes de Cluny.

Description

The pillar is made of a type of limestone called "pierre de Saint-Leu-d'Esserent", from Saint-Leu, Oise, France. The original pillar would have been 5.24m high, 91 cm wide at the base and 74 cm wide at the top (Saragoza 2003). It is likely to have been formed in four tiers and although the order from top to bottom is reasonably certain from the relative sizes of the blocks, we do not know the rotational order in which the blocks were arranged; there are 64 possibilities. However, there is no proof that they were stacked and could also have been two pairs of altars.

The guild was for relatively wealthy shipowners or traders. An indication of the power of the guild is shown by one of the sculptures of the pillar where they parade in arms with shields and spears, a privilege granted by the Romans, which is exceptional in less than half a century after the conquest of Gaul. The guild was also the first known society of Paris.

Inscription

Written in Latin with some Gaulish language features, the inscription mingles Roman deities with gods that are distinctly Gallic. The pillar is dated by a dedication to Tiberius Caesar Augustus, that is Tiberius who became emperor in 14 AD. It was set up publicly (publice posierunt) by the guild of sailors of Lutetia, from the civitas of the Parisii (nautae Parisiaci). These sailors would have been merchants who travelled along the Seine.

The main dedication is to Jupiter in the form of Iovis Optimus Maximus ("Jove Best and Greatest"). The names of the emperor and the supreme deity appear in the dative case as the recipients of the dedication. The remaining theonyms are nominative legends that accompany individual depictions of the gods. These are (in the order they appear below) Jove, Tarvos Trigaranos (the Bull with three Cranes), Volcanus (Vulcan), Esus, Cernunnos, Castor, Smertrios, and Fortuna.

The dedication (; RIG L2-1) is as follows:
Tib(erio) Caesare /
Aug(usto) Ioui Optum[o] /
Maxsumo /
nautae Parisiaci /
publice posierunt //
Eurises // Senan[t] U[s]e[t]lo[n] [-] //
Iouis // Taruos Trigaranus //
Volcanus // Esus //
[C]ernunnos // Castor // [---] //
Smer[---] //
Fort[una] // [--]TVS[--] // D[--]

The pillar provides the only undisputed instance of the divine name Cernunnos . The Gaulish theonyms are presented as deity names in their own right, and not as epithets for Roman gods (by contrast, see the many Celtic gods syncretized with Mars). Other figures appear on the pillar without legible inscriptions, including the Roman gods Mars and Mercury, who can be identified by their conventional iconography, and other unidentified figures, mainly female.

Deities

The top tier, of which only the top half remains,  depicts Cernunnos, Smertrios, and Castor and Pollux. Cernunnos has stag's antlers from which hang two torcs. From the amount of the body in the top half, Cernunnos is assumed to have been depicted in a cross-legged seated position as is typical of other Cernunnos depictions ; there is insufficient room for him to be seated on a chair or standing . Smertrios is shown kneeling, brandishing a club and attacking a snake. Castor and Pollux are shown standing beside their horses, each holding a spear .

The second tier, which is complete, shows Jupiter, Esus, Tarvos Trigaranos and Vulcan. Jupiter is shown standing, holding a spear and a thunderbolt. Esus is shown standing beside a willow tree, which he is cutting down with an axe.  Tarvos Trigaranus is depicted as a large, heavy-set bull standing in front of a willow tree. Two cranes stand on his back and a third on his head. Vulcan is shown standing, with hammer and tongs .

Block of dedication

The third tier, the top half of which survives, bears the main dedicatory inscription on one face. Since this has a border and appears complete, the content of the bottom half of this face is unknown. The other sides show a group of three young men with shields and spears; a group of three older, bearded men with spears and shields, bearing the inscription Iurises; and a group of three figures, at least one of which is female. They are unarmed, dressed in flowing gowns, and have an inscription Senani U[s]eiloni .

The fourth, lowest tier is slightly wider than the upper three. Only the top half remains, and the inscriptions are badly damaged. Each face shows a pair of standing figures. Mars, with spear and sword, is accompanied by a female deity with large round ear-rings and a flowing garment which is held over one arm. Mercury, identifiable by his caduceus, is depicted with a goddess who may be Rosmerta, his frequent companion in Gallic art. Fortuna is accompanied by another female deity, perhaps Juno. Two other unidentified female deities are on the fourth face, the one to the left is naked to the waist and holds a large cloak behind her with upraised arms; the other is clothed and has large round ear-rings .

History of the Pillar

Some time in the 3rd century, the stone blocks that formed the pillar were broken into two and used to reinforce the foundations of the walls along the riverbank. Over time, the island grew slightly so that the 3rd-century wharfs are now a dozen metres from the banks of the modern river .

The Cathedral of Saint Etienne  was founded by Childebert in 528 AD on the site of the Gallo-Roman temple; Notre-Dame de Paris was in turn built over this in 1163 AD.

The pillar was found on 6 March 1710 during the construction of a crypt under the nave of Notre-Dame de Paris and first published by Baudelot de Dairval in 1712 . Not all of the pieces were recovered; for three of the tiers we have only the top half.

After discovery, the stone blocks were taken to the Hôtel de Cluny, a medieval ecclesiastical building constructed over the remains of a 2nd-century Roman bath house. This became the Musée de Cluny and then, the Musée national du Moyen Age.

In 2001, the blocks were restored, removing the black patina of grime that had accumulated on the surface of the stone over the three centuries since discovery . The restored stones are once again on display in the museum.

See also
 Gallo-Roman culture

References

Bibliography

  Entry on Notre-Dame, includes detailed photos and line drawings, plus a reconstruction of the block ordering.

 Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL), XIII Inscriptiones trium Galliarum et Germaniarum Latinae

 Lejeune, Michel (1988) Recueil des inscriptions gauloises, volume 2-1 Textes gallo-étrusques. Textes gallo-latins sur pierre. Paris, Editions du CNRS. pp. 166–169.
 Saragoza, F.; Pariselle, C.; Meyohmas, M.-E. et al. (2003) "Le Pilier des nautes retrouvé". Archéologia 398, March 2003.
 Harl,Ortolf, "Kaiser Tiberius und die nautae Parisiaci: Das Pfeilermonument aus Notre-Dame de Paris und seine Stellung in Religion, Kunst und Wirtschaft Nordgalliens", Introduction by Henri Lavagne: "Le pilier des Nautes, hier et aujourd'hui" (Monuments Piot, 99, 2019, p. 71-225.

External links

 French language site with more images of the pillar
 Dutch language site with pillar photos and relations to other objects

1st-century inscriptions
Roman Paris
Gallo-Roman religion
Gallo-Roman art
Gaulish inscriptions
Latin inscriptions

Pillar of the Boatmen


Yu Xi (虞喜;  307–345 AD), courtesy name Zhongning (仲寧), was a Chinese astronomer and writer of the Jin dynasty (266–420 AD). He is best known for his discovery of the precession of the equinoxes, independently of the earlier ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus. He also postulated that the Earth could be spherical in shape instead of being flat and square, long before the idea became widely accepted in Chinese science with the advances in circumnavigation by Europeans from the 16th-20th centuries, especially with their arrival into the capital's imperial court in the 17th century.

Background and official career

The life and works of Yu Xi are described in his biography found in the Book of Jin, the official history of the Jin dynasty. He was born in Yuyao, Guiji (modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China). His father Yu Cha (虞察) was a military commander and his younger brother Yu Yu (虞預; fl. 307–329 AD) was likewise a scholar and writer. During the reign of Emperor Min of Jin (r. 313–317 AD) he obtained a low-level position in the administration of the governor of Guiji commandery. He declined a series of nominations and promotions thereafter, including a teaching position at the imperial university in 325 AD, an appointment at the imperial court in 333 AD, and the post of cavalier attendant-in-ordinary in 335 AD.

Works

In 336 AD Yu Xi wrote the An Tian Lun (安天論; Discussion of Whether the Heavens Are At Rest or Disquisition on the Conformation of the Heavens). In it he described the precession of the equinoxes (i.e. axial precession). He observed that the position of the sun during the winter solstice had drifted roughly one degree over the course of fifty years relative to the position of the stars. This was the same discovery made earlier by the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus (c. 190–120 BC), who found that the measurements for either the sun's path around the ecliptic to the vernal equinox or the sun's relative position to the stars were not equal in length.

Yu Xi wrote a critical analysis of the huntian (渾天) theory of the celestial sphere, arguing that the heavens surrounding the earth were infinite and motionless. He advanced the idea that the shape of the earth was either square or round, but that it had to correspond to the shape of the heavens enveloping it. The huntian theory, as mentioned by Western Han dynasty astronomer Luoxia Hong (fl. 140–104 BC) and fully described by the Eastern Han dynasty polymath scientist and statesman Zhang Heng (78–139 AD), insisted that the heavens were spherical and that the earth was like an egg yolk at its center. Yu Xi's ideas about the infinity of outer space seem to echo Zhang's ideas of endless space even beyond the celestial sphere. Although mainstream Chinese science before European influence in the 17th century surmised that the Earth was flat and square-shaped, some scholars, such as Song dynasty mathematician Li Ye (1192–1279 AD), proposed the idea that it was spherical like the heavens. The acceptance of a spherical earth can be seen in the astronomical and geographical treatise Gezhicao (格致草) written in 1648 by Xiong Mingyu (熊明遇). It rejects the square-earth theory and, with clear European influence, explains that ships are capable of circumnavigating the globe. However, it explained this using classical Chinese phrases, such as the earth being as round as a crossbow bullet, a phrase Zhang Heng had previously used to describe the shape of both the sun and moon. Ultimately, though, it was the European Jesuits in China of the 17th century that dispelled the Chinese theory of a flat earth, convincing the Chinese to adopt the spherical earth theory established by the ancient Greeks Anaxagoras (c. 500–428 BC), Philolaus (c. 470–385), Aristotle (384–322 BC), and Eratosthenes (c. 276–195 BC).

Yu Xi is known to have written commentaries on the various Chinese classics. His commentaries and notes were mostly lost before the Tang dynasty, but the fragments preserved in other texts were collected in a single compendium by Qing-dynasty scholar Ma Guohan (1794–1857).

See also
 History of science and technology in China
 Kunyu Wanguo Quantu, Chinese world map published in 1602 by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci and Ming-Chinese colleagues, based on European discoveries
 Shanhai Yudi Quantu, Chinese world map published in 1609

Citations

References

 Cullen, Christopher. (1993). "Appendix A: A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: a Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huainanzi", in Major, John. S. (ed), Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters Three, Four, and Five of the Huananzi. Albany: State University of New York Press. .
 Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping. (2014). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: a Reference Guide, vol 3. Leiden: Brill. .
 Needham, Joseph; Wang, Ling. (1995) [1959]. Science and Civilization in China: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth, vol. 3, reprint edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Song, Zhenghai; Chen, Chuankang. (1996). "Why did Zheng He's Sea Voyage Fail to Lead the Chinese to Make the 'Great Geographic Discovery'?" in Fan, Dainian; Cohen, Robert S. (eds), Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, translated by Kathleen Dugan and Jiang Mingshan, pp 303-314. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. .
 Sun, Kwok. (2017). Our Place in the Universe: Understanding Fundamental Astronomy from Ancient Discoveries, second edition. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. .

External links
 "Yu Xi 虞喜 (fl. 307–46) (Zhongning 仲寧) - Astronome et érudit érémitique des Jin de l'Est" Archives-Ouvertes (French)

4th-century Chinese writers
4th-century Chinese astronomers
Jin dynasty (266–420) people
Jin dynasty (266–420) science writers
Equinoxes
4th-century Confucianists

Yu Xi


Oxytheca perfoliata is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common names round-leaf puncturebract and roundleaf oxytheca. It is native to the southwestern United States, where it is a common plant of the deserts and some woodland and valley areas. It is an annual herb producing a leafless stem up to about 20 centimeters in maximum height in the spring; during the winter the plant is a small rosette of oblong or spoon-shaped leaves a few centimeters wide. The plant is red-veined green, or often brown to maroon or magenta in color. The inflorescence atop the stem is punctuated by nodes at which the bracts are fused to form a cup or band up to about 2.5 centimeters wide. At the end of each branching of the stem is a similar cup of bracts partially fused around a cluster of flowers. The bracts are tipped in spinelike awns. The flowers are white to yellow-green and hairy in texture.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Flora of North America
Photo gallery

Polygonaceae

Oxytheca perfoliata


Sonology is a neologism used to describe the study of sound in a variety of disciplines.

In medicine, the term is used in the field of [imaging] to describe the practice of medical ultrasonography. According to some scholars, sonology may represent a more advanced application of clinical sonography, chiefly due to the requirement for the use of critical application of both cognitive and radiographic skills in making the diagnostic determination at the time of bedside application of focused ultrasound.

The term is also used to describe interdisciplinary research in the field of electronic music and computer music, drawing upon disciplines such as acoustics, electronics, informatics, composition and psychoacoustics. This sense of the term is widely associated with the Institute of Sonology, which was established by composer Gottfried Michael Koenig at the University of Utrecht in 1967 and later moved to the Royal Conservatory of The Hague in 1986. The term has also been adopted to describe the study of electronic music at other institutions, including the Center for Computational Sonology (now "Sound and Music Computing") at the University of Padua, Kunitachi College of Music in Tokyo, at the Catalonia College of Music in Barcelona and the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil.

References

Sound
Electronic music
Neologisms

Sonology


Peter W. Douris (born February 19, 1966) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger who played in the National Hockey League from 1985 to 1998.

Biography
Douris was born in Toronto, Ontario. As a youth, he played in the 1979 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Don Mills.

He was drafted in the second round, 30th overall by the Winnipeg Jets in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft after his freshman season at the University of New Hampshire. He left college hockey after his sophomore year to join the Canadian National Team in 1985-86.

In Douris's first season he only played 11 games and did not acquire any points. In his second season, he showed impressive actions in the American Hockey League for the Sherbrooke Canadiens by notching 14 goals and 28 assists for 42 points in 62 games. But in the Jets he was only dressed in 6 games.

After spending 3 seasons with the Jets he was traded to the St. Louis Blues for defenseman Kent Carlson and a fourth round draft pick. Peter spent the season playing for the Blues International Hockey League affiliate Peoria Rivermen. Douris signed with Boston Bruins for the 1989-90 season as an unrestricted free agent. In his first season in Boston colours, he played 36 games and notched 5 goals and 6 assists along with 15 penalty minutes.

In the 1992 playoffs with the Bruins, Douris scored the game-winner in Game Two at the Forum against Montreal en route to a four-game series sweep. It was the first time Boston had won an overtime playoff game at the Forum since 1943. "That was definitely a huge thrill," Douris says years later. "I remember coming off the ice, [and the scratches were] waiting by the dressing room... The look on their faces were like, 'Holy smokes!... You just got an overtime goal at the Forum. You were just eating hotdogs in the stands with us [in the last game]!"

After spending three seasons with Boston, the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim acquired him as a free agent for their inaugural season in 1993. He was at the Mighty Ducks for three seasons before moving to the Dallas Stars in 1998 where he only play just one game and that was his last season with the NHL.

Douris then headed to Germany's Deutsche Eishockey Liga where he spent four seasons, one with Landshut EV and three with the Munich Barons after relocating from Landshut. Douris retired in 2002, in 11 NHL seasons he scored 54 goals and 67 assists for 121 points in 321 games, picking up 80 penalty minutes. Douris spent the 2013-2014 season as head coach of Vojens IK. He is now retired from hockey and lives in Maine where he works in real estate.

Douris' niece, Raina Douris is the host of NPR's World Cafe.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1966 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Dallas Stars players
EV Landshut players
Kalamazoo Wings (1974–2000) players
Living people
Maine Mariners (AHL) players
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players
Milwaukee Admirals (IHL) players
Moncton Hawks players
München Barons players
New Hampshire Wildcats men's ice hockey players
Peoria Rivermen (IHL) players
Providence Bruins players
Sherbrooke Canadiens players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) draft picks
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players

Peter Douris


Viktor Oliva (24 April 1861 – 5 April 1928) was a Czech painter and illustrator.

His most famous painting, Absinthe Drinker (), is owned by Zlata Husa Gallery Prague and hangs there.

Life and work
Viktor Oliva was a master of drawing, illustration, and painting born in Nové Strašecí, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary 24 April 1861. His main style was Art Nouveau. At the age of 17 he attended the Academy of Fine Arts, Prague and studied under František Sequens, who respected his work greatly. He continued his studies at the Munich Academy.

In 1888 he was drawn to the Montmartre area of Paris to be part of the ever rapidly expanding artistic community there. He lived there for some years and became good friends with other "Bohemian Parisiens" such as Luděk Marold, Mikoláš Aleš, Jakub Arbes, and Karel Vítězslav Mašek. This group of actual Bohemians (from Bohemia) were right in the heart of the "Bohemian Revolution".

His art greatly improved in such a richly artistic environment. Paris is where he discovered the joy of absinthe. He also greatly loved the exhilaration of ballooning. This group all held very true to the ideals that the Artistic Bohemians believed in. They all lived and worked there for several years before returning to their home in true Bohemia.

In 1897 he was given the job of Images Editor at the popular Czech language magazine Zlatá Praha (Golden Prague). He held this job for 19 years. Shortly after he started work there, he married a girl named Anna Adamcová who was enamored with his talent. Not long after that, she gave birth to his son Viktor Oliva Jr. (who also was an aspiring artist). The marriage didn't last long, as Anna ran away with a singer named Mařák. Oliva was still able to spend some time with his son, which brought him much joy.

Over the next quarter century, Oliva was very prolific in his work. He spent a lot of time with his worldly best friend Josef Kořenský (a true world traveler at a time when this was difficult). Oliva was commissioned to create many dramatic works including the ceilings of several buildings in Bohemia. He also had several works hanging in his favorite cafe, Café Slavia (which still has his most famous work Piják absintu (Absinthe Drinker) hanging inside).

He was profiled in Český Svět magazine in 1926, two years before his death. Here is a translation of the text:

"Anniversary of the life (65th birthday) of such a kind and likable artist sets our memories well back – to the end of the 1880s – when the very young artist Oliva began to help with artistic decoration of Czech books with such an elegance and charm, that he soon became one of the most famous Czech illustrators up there with Luděk Marold, for example.

Oliva did illustrations for several books of Svatopluk Čech, Jan Neruda, Karel Václav Rais, Václav Beneš Třebízský, Kronbauer – those were published for almost two decades with his illustrations.

As a landscape and figure artist, huge canvases of Oliva hang in Café Slavia, the walls of buildings on Slavia Island, and Měšťanská Beseda in Plzeň.

He died on 5 April 1928 in Prague and was buried in Olšany Cemetery in an area for famous artists.

Opinions from the art world of the early 21st century
According to an annotation from what is most likely the Troja Castle gallery in Prague:
 "The youngest artist at Troja is Viktor Oliva. He was primarily a graphic artist. His dust covers, book bindings and posters are among the best examples of Czech applied graphic art of the 1890s. In addition, however, he painted several ceilings and decorations for a number of Prague cafes. The entire work bespeaks the influence of French fin de siecle art, which is also a characteristic of Oliva's portraits."

According to the catalog of Czech art auction house Meissner-Neumann:
 "Czech painter and illustrator, he studied under F. Sequens at the Academy of Art in Prague, then in Munich and Paris. He was influenced by the work of his friend L. Marold. He created chiefly portraits and large-scale paintings following the historicizing stream in art. His portraits and large number of illustrations for books by Czech and European authors as well as his poster designs testify to the contemporary life style based on the Art Nouveau style."

Notable friends
Mikoláš Aleš, artist
Jakub Arbes. artist
Josef Kořenský, world traveler for whom Oliva illustrated books
Luděk Marold, artist
Karel Vítězslav Mašek, artist

References

External links

1861 births
1928 deaths
People from Rakovník District
Czech painters
Czech male painters
Czech illustrators
Art Nouveau painters
Art Nouveau illustrators
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
19th-century Czech artists
20th-century Czech artists
Painters from Austria-Hungary

Viktor Oliva


Agnar Helgason (born 31 July 1968 in Reykjavík) is an Icelandic scientist working with genetic anthropology. PhD in Biological Anthropology, University of Oxford, 2001. He is best known for his research on the origin of Icelandic population. He is a brother of Ásgeir Helgason, the son of Helgi Valdimarsson and a brother-in-law of Tim Moore (writer).

Sources and links

Agnar Helgason
1968 births
Living people
Agnar Helgason

Agnar Helgason


The Suzuki Palette is a kei caur produced bi Suzuki since Januar 2008. The Suzuki Palette haes twin slidin rear doors, an competes directly wi the Daihatsu Tanto. Durin 2009 the hichter spec Suzuki Palette S models wur replaced bi the Suzuki Palette SW, whose revised frontal design is positioned tae better compete wi the Daihatsu Tanto Custom. Since the addition o the SW, the Suzuki Palette range haes generally performed well in the sales chairts.

On 1 December 2009 the Nissan Roox wis released, an OEM version o the Suzuki Palette that wis first shown at the 2009 Tokyo Motor Show. The Nissan Roox Highway Star is a rebadged Suzuki Palette SW.

Palette
Kei caurs

Suzuki Palette


"Rock and Roll Queen" is the ninth episode of the American period drama television series Vinyl. The episode was written by Debora Cahn and directed by Carl Franklin. It originally aired on HBO on April 10, 2016.

The series is set in New York City in the 1970s. It focuses on Richie Finestra, American Century Records founder and president, whose passion for music and discovering talent has gone by the wayside. With his American Century Records on the verge of being sold, a life-altering event rekindles Finestra's professional fire, but it may leave his personal life in ruins. In the episode, Richie is pressured by the police in taking a deal, while Jamie is evicted from her house.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.753 million household viewers and gained a 0.24 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received positive reviews from critics, with critics praising Richie's new character development and focused narrative.

Plot
Richie (Bobby Cannavale) is released from jail with his lawyer's help, but the detectives state that Richie could be heading to trial for Buck Rogers' murder. They offer him a chance to avoid a lengthy sentence by incriminating Galasso (Armen Garo) and plead guilty to another charge.

Maury Gold (Paul Ben-Victor) attends a meeting with American Century, where he pitches a 50s compilation LP, unimpressing the executives, while Zak (Ray Romano) states he plans to sign Gary (Douglas Smith) as a new talent. When Andi (Annie Parisse) says she intends to get Hannibal back at AC, Cece (Susan Heyward) storms off crying. Andi then discovers that Cece is pregnant with Hannibal's child and scolds her. Lester (Ato Essandoh) drops by the conference room and angrily leaves upon seeing Maury.

Jamie (Juno Temple) is evicted from her townhouse by her aunt, and she decides to move in with Kip (James Jagger). She helps him in arranging a photoshoot for Nasty Bits, although she is not convinced of the photographer's idea for their album cover. She manages to change the style, as well as flirting with Kip's bandmate, Alex. Back at the apartment, Jamie, Kip and Alex have a threesome.

Richie visits Devon (Olivia Wilde) at the Chelsea Hotel, finding that she is now in a relationship with Billy McVicar (Richard Short). Richie asks to see their kids, which Devon allows with the presence of Ingrid (Birgitte Hjort Sørensen). He then goes back to the office, where Zak punches Richie for lying about the events at Las Vegas; he received a phone call from the casino hotel, where he found that the money was gambled at their table, realizing Richie actually gave away their money. Richie later meets with Devon, confessing that he killed Buck Rogers when he attacked him, shocking her. He then calls his lawyer, Harlan Reed (Jim Bracchitta), intending to help in taking Galasso down.

Production

Development
In March 2016, HBO announced that the ninth episode of the series would be titled "Rock and Roll Queen", and that it would be written by Debora Cahn, and directed by Carl Franklin. This was Cahn's third writing credit, and Franklin's first directing credit.

Reception

Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "Rock and Roll Queen" was seen by an estimated 0.753 million household viewers with a 0.24 in the 18–49 demographics. This means that 0.24 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 32% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.567 million household viewers with a 0.20 in the 18-49 demographics.

Critical reviews
"Rock and Roll Queen" received generally positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "good" 7.6 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, "Richie's crazed guilty feelings over Buck Rogers, and close calls with the cops, have never been my favorite part of Vinyl. Naturally though, it's what we're focusing on as we head into the season finale. The actual crime elements of the show. That's not to say that the music, and the attempt to launch a sub-label, have been short-sheeted, but this episode ended with a large focus on the mob/murder pieces."

Dan Caffrey of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B+" grade and wrote, "When Zak beats the shit out of Richie in an elevator at the end of 'Rock And Roll Queen,' he may as well be a stand-in for the audience. For almost an entire season, we've watched Richie lie, cheat, steal, and kill in a way that, in TV Land, hasn't made him a unique asshole as much as just a plain old asshole. Is there anyone watching at this point who doesn't want to throw a few good punches at him?"

Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Lie down with dogs, wake up with roaches. After a sleepless, vermin-infested weekend in lockup, Richie is finally released, but he looks rougher than he has coming off the most epic my-dead-German-friend-is-alive bender. Now he's looking at a laundry list of charges: manslaughter, obstruction of justice, aiding and abetting, destruction of evidence." Noel Murray of Vulture gave the episode a 3 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "Once again, Vinyl is all the better for focusing on the business side of Richie's life. This episode is a step down from last week's 'E.A.B.,' though. It's more blatantly a piece-mover, setting the stage for next week's season finale. [...] That's all necessary plot advancement, but it's made more interesting for where it may lead next week than for how it's played out onscreen in 'Rock and Roll Queen.' With a couple of exceptions, that is. It was pretty satisfying to see Zak finally beat the crap out of Richie. It's also nice to see a Vinyl episode that finally focuses on female characters without making them arbitrarily awful."

Gavin Edwards of The New York Times wrote, "Vinyl is gaining confidence in its storytelling as the series progresses. While the show still has plenty of over-the-top moments where it tries to funnel emotions through a Marshall stack, it now lets many of its scenes, like the silent staring contest between Richie and Billy, play on a human scale." Dan Martin of The Guardian wrote, "This penultimate hour proved another case in point. Events come home to roost, and the show is pulled in as many different directions as Richie Finestra. The murder rap turns out to be a red herring. The police are using what they know about Buck's death to make Richie rat on Galasso – which is a death sentence anyway. So without much resolution, Richie's back to work, and a sequence of unrelated events bring about some kind of event horizon."

Tony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "At heart Richie is a record guy, and record guys make deals. The deals they make usually work out for them much better than they do for the artist, so I'm sure the Alibi records president figures he can recoup his losses in the fine print. If not, he just might be dumped into the East River along with all the other cut-out records." Robert Ham of Paste wrote, "I'd like to imagine that the roach we see crawling around the jail cell at the beginning of this week's episode of Vinyl is something like the rat that pops up at the very end of The Departed: a not-so-subtle reminder that we're in the company of some pretty despicable people. Alas, I think this show reveres these knotheads just a little too much. Particularly the ones that are making the songs that made you cry and the songs that saved your life. Even if that song is some silly disco pastiche that clears a dancefloor."

References

External links
 "Rock and Roll Queen" at HBO

2016 American television episodes
Vinyl (TV series) episodes
Television episodes directed by Carl Franklin

Rock and Roll Queen (Vinyl)


Dankiyo (from ancient Greek: To angeion (Τὸ ἀγγεῖον)), is an ancient word from the text of Evliya Çelebi (17th century, Ottoman Era "The Laz's of Trebizond invented a bagpipe called a dankiyo..." describing the Pontian tulum, a type of bagpipe which the ancient Greeks called an askaulos (ἀσκός askos – wine-skin, αὐλός aulos – flute). It consists of a lamb skin, a blow pipe, and the double reed chanter.

The dankiyo is played in small villages near Trabzon and Rize. A similar type of bagpipe possessing fewer holes can be found on the islands of Greece. Its use is also widespread in the region of Macedonia in Northern Greece amongst Pontian Greek populations. What differentiates the dankiyo from other bagpipes is that the dankiyo does not use a separate pipe for the drone. Instead, the sound is created by two reeds in the chanter.

Etymology
Ancient Greek: To angeion (Τὸ ἀγγεῖον) "the vessel". Can also be interpreted as "the container".

Parts of the instrument
The Pontian Touloum is made up of these parts:
Aulos - flute : Wood & Reeds (ancient Greek instrument}
Post - Skin (bag) : Animal Skin
Fisaktir - blowpipe : Wood or Bone
Kalame - Reeds: Reeds

Notes

References
Özhan Öztürk (2005). Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. İstanbul.

Bagpipes
Musical instruments of Georgia (country)
Pontus (region)
Trabzon
Turkish musical instruments

Laz musical instruments
Pontic Greek musical instruments

Dankiyo


Horace "Lefty" Gwynne (October 5, 1912 – April 16, 2001) was a bantamweight professional boxer from Canada, who competed in the 1930s and won the gold medal at the 1932 Summer Olympics.  He was still an amateur when he won the gold medal.

Born in Toronto, Gwynne left school after grade 8, weighing only 65 lb (29.5 kg). When he started to grow, he began working out in Stokley's Gym in Toronto to lose weight in order to become a jockey.

Amateur career
At age nineteen he won the Canadian amateur flyweight championship in London, Ontario.  He entered the 1932 Olympic trials as a bantamweight, a class permitting up to 118 lb (53.5 kg); he weighed 116.

Gwynne won the Canadian amateur bantamweight title, which sent him to the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, despite his having fought only fifteen bouts before the Games.  He won the Olympic gold medal match against the German Hans Ziglarski, knocking him down in the second round and winning on points.  It took 56 years for another Canadian, Lennox Lewis in 1988, to win an Olympic boxing gold medal.

1932 Olympic results
Below is a list of Horace Gwynne's bouts from the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics:

 Quarterfinal: Defeated Vito Melis (Italy) PTS
 Semifinal Defeated José Villanueva (Philippines) PTS
 Final: Defeated Hans Ziglarski (Germany) PTS (won gold medal)

Pro career
Immediately after the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics, Gwynne turned professional.  He won the Canadian professional bantamweight title in 1939 and retired after two more bouts without defending the title. Gwynne's professional record was 40 wins (6 KO), eight losses (1 KO), and two draws. .

Honors
Gwynne has been inducted into the Canadian Boxing Hall of Fame and the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame. He died in Toronto.

References

External links

1912 births
2001 deaths
Bantamweight boxers
Boxers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Boxers from Toronto
Olympic medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Canadian male boxers

Horace Gwynne


"Bein' Green" (also known as "It's Not Easy Bein' Green") is a song written by Joe Raposo, originally performed by Jim Henson as Kermit the Frog on both Sesame Street and The Muppet Show (in the episodes "Peter Ustinov" and "Peter Sellers"). It later was covered by Ray Charles, Frank Sinatra, and other performers. Bein' Green is considered the signature song of Kermit the Frog.

Background
In the Muppets version, Kermit begins by lamenting his green coloration, expressing that green "blends in with so many ordinary things" and wishing to be some other color. But by the end of the song, Kermit recalls positive associations with the color green, and concludes by accepting and embracing his greenness.

Cover recordings
 Jim Henson as Kermit the Frog, various Muppet productions, starting with The Sesame Street Book & Record in 1970, until 1990 following Henson's death
 Steve Whitmire as Kermit the Frog, various Muppet productions (1990–2016)
 Thurl Ravenscroft, 1970 album Rubber Duckie and Other Songs From Sesame Street
 Frank Sinatra, 1971 album Sinatra & Company, this recording would later be used on Sesame Street in an animated insert by Étienne Delessert.
 Lena Horne, 1971 album Nature's Baby
 Urbie Green, 1972 album Bein' Green
 Buddy Rich, 1972 album Stick It
 Van Morrison, 1973 album Hard Nose the Highway
 Stan Kenton, 1973 7.5 on the Richter Scale, titled "It's Not Easy Bein' Green"
 Della Reese, 1973 album Let Me in Your Life
 John Leyton, 1973 eponymous album
 Diana Ross, 1974 album Live at Caesars Palace
 Ray Charles, 1975 album Renaissance; this version gained popularity because of an episode of The Cosby Show, and Charles then sang a duet with Kermit on Sesame Street and The Cher Show as well as sang the song on the 1989 special Sesame Street... 20 Years & Still Counting
 Jackie McLean, 1978 album New Wine in Old Bottles
 Mary O'Hara, 1981 album Colours
 Keith Harris and Orville the Duck, 1983 single
 William Roy, 1986 single "When I Sing Alone"
 Wilford Brimley, 1989 MDA Labor Day Telethon
 Mandy Patinkin, 1990 album Dress Casual
 Rowlf the Dog, 1993 album Ol' Brown Ears is Back
 Jill O'Hara, 1993 album Jill O'Hara, titled "Green"
 Shirley Horn, 1993 album Light Out of Darkness (A Tribute to Ray Charles)
 Don Henley with Kermit, 1994 album Kermit Unpigged
 Mike Campbell, 1994 Easy Chair Jazz
 Vanessa Rubin, 1995 album Vanessa Rubin Sings
 Boston Pops Orchestra, 1996 album Wish Upon a Star/All-Time Children's Favorites
 Johnny Lytle, 1997 album Easy Easy, completely instrumental
 Tony Bennett, 1998 album The Playground
 Bob McGrath, 1998 album Bob's Favorite Street Songs
 Manfred Krug, 2000 album Schlafstörung, titled "Frosches Lied (Bein' Green)" with German lyrics
 Andy Hallett, as Lorne in TV series Angel episode "The House Always Wins", and on the 2004 soundtrack album, Angel: Live Fast, Die Never
 Mark Murphy, 2005 album Once to Every Heart
 Caroll Spinney as Oscar the Grouch, 2005 season of Sesame Street
 Till Brönner, German jazz bugler, 2004 album That Summer (vocal version) and 1994 album Generations of Jazz (instrumental version)
 Audra McDonald, 2006 album Build a Bridge
 Sophie Milman, 2007 album Make Someone Happy
 Matthew White, Music and Sweet Poetry Agree
 Take 6, 2008 album The Standard
 Andrew Bird, 2011 tribute/cover album Muppets: The Green Album
 Damian McGinty, 2011 episode "Pot O' Gold" Glee
 Cee Lo Green and Kermit, 2012 episode The Voice
 Brenna Whitaker, 2015 album We Love Disney
 Imelda May and the RTÉ Concert Orchestra at a televised live event to mark the centenary of the 1916 Easter Rising
 Matt Vogel as Kermit the Frog and Elvis Costello, 2019 TV special Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration
 Folk Metal Jacket, 2019 album Our War Has Begun (folk metal version)

Memorial
The song was sung by Big Bird (Caroll Spinney) at the two memorial services for Jim Henson in 1990.

In politics
UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson used the song as an example for his environmental policy, saying that Kermit was wrong and it is easy to be green.

See also
 "Rainbow Connection"

References

External links

1970 songs
1970 singles
1970s ballads
Kermit the Frog
The Muppets songs
Ray Charles songs
Sesame Street songs
Songs about amphibians
Songs from television series
Songs written by Joe Raposo
Tony Bennett songs
Van Morrison songs
Frank Sinatra songs
Songs about race and ethnicity

Bein' Green


Svend Aggesen (or "Sven"; also known as Aggessøn, Aggesøn or Aagesen, in Latin Sveno Aggonis; born around 1140 to 1150, death unknown) is the author of Brevis historia regum Dacie, one of the first attempts to write a coherent history of Denmark covering the period 300AD-1185AD. Only the  may precede Aggesen's efforts.

Family
Sven Aggesen was born into a magnate family which had several well-known members.

The earliest known family member that we know of with some certainty is Sven's great-grandfather, Thrugot, who was married to Thorgunna, daughter of Vagn Aggesøn, a grandson of the legendary Palne Toke. Thrugot and Thorgunna had two sons, Sven and Vagn.

Sven Thrugotsøn (or Thorgunnasøn) had four sons. One, probably the eldest, Asser, was the first Archbishop of Lund (1104–1137) and also the first Archbishop of Scandinavia. Another, probably the youngest, Sven, was a canon in Lund, later in Viborg and even later (1132), bishop in Viborg. The third, Eskil, according to Eric Christiansen Eskil, and the last Christiern Svensøn, is Svend Aagesen's grandfather.

Christiern Svensøn and his son Agge, who was Svend Aggesen's father, fought during the civil war following Knud Lavard's murder, on King Erik II Emune's side and Svend writes in Historia brevis regum Dacie, about their participating in these battles.

Life and education

It is likely that Sven was educated at a monastery in Denmark, but given the knowledge of classical antiquity that he portrays through his writings, there is little doubt he received a more comprehensive education elsewhere, probably in one of the big Church-schools in France. Notable in the preface of Historia brevis regum Dacie, he mentions that reading the works of Latin historians was something that took up much of his time. On that note he writes, with sadness, that similar works did not exist for Danish kings, notable persons and events.

Like his forefathers, he joined King Valdemar I's housecarls, known as Thinglid – who, it is said, had originated with King Canute the Great's corps. As a Thinglid, he was with King Valdemar I and later with King Canute VI during their numerous war expeditions, of which he mentions a few personal details in Historia brevis regum Dacie.

Because of his comment about Valdemar I's Queen, Sophia, it seems that he might have been close to the King's court. Whether that was because of personal status or because of his forefathers' status, is unknown.

Writing

His service with the King does not seem to have diminished his desire to write.

Witherlogh (Lex Castrensis)

The first work we know he wrote is a retelling of Witherlogh (known today in Danish as Lejrloven or Krigerloven or in English as  Lejrlaw or Warriorlaw). It is also called Lex Castrensis, which is an old punishment and compensation law mostly applied to soldiers in the King's service.

This work was probably written in 1181–1182, and we read in the preface of this little work that Aggesen was already considering much bigger projects, because he mentioned his desire to write a list of the Kings of Denmark. It is thought that he did do this work, a necessary work in writing the history of Denmark, because a 13th-century writer used this list, called Genealogia Regum Daniae. Today the original list exists only as fragments.

Brevis Historia Regum Dacie

However his most famous work is Brevis Historia Regum Dacie, entitled Compendiosa regum Daniæ historia in one manuscript, thought to have been finished in 1186 or 1187 (the last event is described in 1185), a work covering Danish history beginning with the legendary King Skjold from around 300 to 1185.

Relationship between Svend Aagesen and Saxo Grammaticus
Whether Svend knew Saxo Grammaticus by more than name, is an often discussed subject. Some comments in Brevis Historia Regum Daniae can be interpreted to support this view. Some researchers go as far as to say that they might have gone to school in France together, they both served various Kings of Denmark simultaneously, went on those Kings' many war expeditions and, as such, some of their writings are firsthand accounts. That is likely to be the case for Sven, but there is very little evidence to back this connection up for Saxo. There exists no direct evidence that they knew each other than by name.

Notes

References
 Paul Læssøe Muller, Sven Aggesøn: Kortfattet historie om Danmarks Konger. Copenhagen: Det Berlingske Bogtrykkeri, 1944.
 M.CL. Gertz, Sven Aggesøns Historiske Skrifter. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger, 1967 (Re-print).
 M.CL. Gertz, Scriptores Minores Historiæ Danice. G.E.C. Gad> Kristiana, 1917–1918.

12th-century Danish historians
12th-century births
Year of death unknown
12th-century writers in Latin

Sven Aggesen


Adrian Harewood is a Canadian television and radio journalist, and the anchor of CBOT's CBC News: Ottawa at 5/5:30/6 and CBC News: Late Night in Ottawa.

An Ottawa native, Harewood attended Ashbury College, a private school in Rockcliffe, where he was headboy. Harewood volunteered for CKCU-FM and CHUO-FM before moving to Montreal, earning a degree from McGill University in political science and becoming a programmer and station manager for CKUT-FM. At CKUT, he hosted a weekly program, Soul Perspective, about Black Canadian issues. Notably, he devoted several episodes of the program to the issue of homophobia in the black community after a performance poetry night at which poet Judge Dread Mathematik performed a work which some audience members felt was homophobic.

He later joined CBC Radio, becoming a journalist and substitute host on CBLA-FM in Toronto, before being named the permanent host of CBO-FM's All in a Day in 2006. He remained in that role until September 2009, when he joined CBC News: Late Night. Some of the national programs he has hosted on CBC Radio and CBC Television include As it Happens, Sounds Like Canada, The Current and CounterSpin as well as Toronto shows Metro Morning, Ontario Morning, and Here and Now. He was also the host of The Actors, The Directors and Literati as seen on BRAVO and PBS.

References

Canadian radio journalists
Canadian talk radio hosts
Canadian television news anchors
Journalists from Ontario
Mass media people from Ottawa
Black Canadian broadcasters
Living people
CBC Radio hosts
McGill University alumni
Canadian male journalists
Canadian Screen Award winning journalists
21st-century Canadian journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Black Canadian journalists

Adrian Harewood