The Editor is a 2014 Canadian black comedy giallo film by Astron-6 and starring Paz de la Huerta, Adam Brooks, Laurence R. Harvey, and Udo Kier. The film is an homage to and parody of giallo, a cinematic and literary subgenre originating in Italy and popularized through films like The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, Torso, Deep Red, and A Lizard in a Woman's Skin.

The film was shot on-location in Winnipeg, Manitoba and Kenora, Ontario, and premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. It was released on home video and VOD platforms on September 8, 2015, and received mixed-to-positive reviews.

Plot

Film editor Rey Ciso works on cutting director Francesco Mancini's latest giallo/poliziotteschi film Tarantola with his beautiful assistant Bella. Once an acclaimed, up-and-coming editor, Rey lost his right-hand fingers in a freak accident and is now handicapped by a prosthetic wooden hand. After hours, an unknown killer sneaks into the studio and kills lead actor Claudio Calvetti and his girlfriend Veronica while they view a workprint of the film. Actress Margarit Porfiry stumbles upon Veronica's hanging body and is stricken with hysterical blindness. Her husband, Police Inspector Peter Porfiry, interviews studio employees.

Claudio's co-star Cal Konitz has his dreams of a larger role in the film are dashed when Mancini introduces Cesare, a lookalike stand-in to replace Claudio. Meanwhile, Police Chief O'Connor pressures Porfiry into closing the case, since Margarit is his daughter. Porfiry begins suspecting Rey, since the victims' fingers were crudely severed in much the same manner as Rey's. Porfiry interviews Mancini, and learns that Rey was once instituted in an asylum.

Back at the studio, Cesare is murdered in the shower and his fingers are severed. With Cesare dead, Francesco instructs Rey to re-cut the film to make Cal the new star. Porfiry questions Rey about his time in the asylum, and Rey recounts how his start in the business as an editor for acclaimed art house director Umberto Fantori, Bella's father, whose debut film The Mirror and the Guillotine earned him critical acclaim and introduced him to his wife, star Josephine Jardin. When his wife was fired by Mancini on her next film, the pressures of editing Fantori's next project, the world's longest film, mounted and Rey accidentally cut off his own fingers in a fit of madness. What Rey doesn't tell him is that he's found what appears to be footage of the murders, taken by an unknown third party. The interview over, Rey returns to work in the editing suite with Bella, where she confesses her love for him, but Rey resists her because he is married. Porfiry, meanwhile, is introduced to Cal's girlfriend Jasmine, who reveals that the two were once lovers. Porfiry remains oblivious to the bladed instruments in Cal's car.

That night after another argument with his wife, Rey has a vision of a dark man with bright blue eyes stalking him from the shadows in his room. Porfiry, meanwhile, infiltrates the asylum where Rey was institutionalized, and meets the director Dr. Casini. Casini tells Porfiry that Rey attempted to kill his assistant Giuseppe, who is now a patient at the asylum himself, his head mysteriously wrapped in bandages. Casini explains to Porfiry Plato's Allegory of the Cave; of men who spend their entire lives believing shadows on the wall to be living, breathing beings.

Porfiry returns him to find that Margarit now has a seeing-eye German Shepherd named Rolfie. After the two make love, the killer breaks into their home and traps Porfiry outside of his room, separated from Margarit. Porfiry break the door down using an axe, but the killer throws Margarit in the way as a body shield, killing her. Porfiry stages the scene to exonerate himself, cutting off Margarit fingers and feeding them to Rolfie. Giancarlo arrives and holds Porfiry at gunpoint, but the Porfiry feeds him alcohol and confuses him into supporting Porfiry's narrative about the incident.

O'Connor berates Porfiry over Margarit's death, and the killer calls him at the station to taunt him. Porfiry convinces O'Connor into supporting a plan where Giancarlo goes undercover as the new editor on Tarantola. Rey meanwhile, has been suffering from blackouts and hallucinations, and finding a bloodied shirt in his editing suite, begins to suspect himself as the killer. Mancini fires him and replaces him with Giancarlo, Rey dejectedly returns home to find Josephine obsessively watching Cal's demo tape. Burning the bloodied shirt in the kitchen sink, Rey begins having strange, otherworldly visions involving Bella; glimpsing a Lovecraftian netherworld filled with massive film reels and boiling tar. Bella meanwhile, finds the footage of the murders. Watching it, she is murdered by the killer; an act echoed in Rey's vision. He rushes to the studio, but arrives too late.

Trying to complete the film without any prior filmmaking knowledge, Giancarlo is beset by venomous tarantulas in the editing suite and is disemboweled by the killer. Over-schedule and over-budget, Mancini rehires Rey to finish the film, Rey revealing that he'd already completed his assembly cut before being fired. Mancini is ecstatic and the film is saved. Porfiry, convinced Rey is the killer, confronts Father Clarke, who tries to tell him his conviction is misguided. He explains an old, Roman-era superstition that editors were believed to be bridges to the netherworld.

Cal, learning that Rey has cut him from the film completely, threatens to kill Rey with a chainsaw. Rey points out that Cal blinks incessantly whenever he tries acting, which lets Rey know that Cal's bluffing. Cal leaves in a huff, but vows to still have his revenge. He tells Porfiry that Rey is a madman, and Porfiry mentions his suspicion that Rey may have ties to the occult, telling Cal that the best way to get to Rey is through his wife. Rey returns home to a ransacked living room with only the television intact. Viewing Cal's demo reel, the Betamax tape suddenly comes to life and begins breathing. Cal kidnaps Rey and forces him to watch him rape Josephine despite Rey's pleas, but Josephine reveals that she's been having an affair with him and plans to leave Rey. That night, Jasmine and Cal are killed during sex by a chainsaw.

While researching the occult at the library, Porfiry is beset by tarantulas. Porfiry brings his findings to Father Clarke, insisting that Rey is the killer. Clarke retorts the Rey is a righteous man, who volunteered to fix the masonry in the broken church bell tower years ago, allowing the bell to keep ringing. Porfiry stumbles across Cal's dead body, and breaks into Rey's house in a fit of rage, only to find occult literature and a film reel filled with severed fingers. Taking this as confirmation of Rey's guilt, Porfiry sets out in search of Rey. Rey is struck by another vision, crawling out of his editing machine covered in tar with bright blue eyes, thus matching the appearance of the killer in his dreams. Porfiry chases Rey by car over a cliff. Rey flees on foot and makes his way to Mancini's mansion, but Porfiry catches up and holds him at gunpoint. Porfiry shoots Rey, but upon turning around is shocked to find Josephine performing an occult ritual; sacrificing Mancini and revealing herself as the true killer. Josephine proclaims herself an incarnation of Death, Porfiry tries to shoot her but she causes his gun to backfire, blowing off the fingers on his right hand. Rey lights his wooden hand on fire and grabs Josephine, setting her ablaze and killing her. In the aftermath, Porfiry reveals that Cal confessed to killing Cesare for a better part in the film, and the two go their separate ways on good terms.

The next day, Porfiry returns to work at police station, but quickly becomes confused by strange incongruities surrounding him. Dr. Casini is the staff psychiatrist and Jasmine is his nurse, Josephine and Rey were never together, Giancarlo is alive and a full Inspector who solved the case, and Porfiry's injuries are now only minor. Confused, Porfiry rushes to the church to speak to Father Clarke, who tells him that the belfry has remained damaged and the bell hasn't rung in over 100 years. Porfiry runs to the top of the tower, and digging through the damaged masonry finds a skull atop a stack of film reels. Examining the frames, he sees a reflection of himself repeating the same actions. Horrified, Porfiry screams, realizing that he is in another dimension, a camera pull-back revealing him to be in the studio editing machine.

In a post-credits scene, Rey returns home to his wife; in this reality Bella.

Cast

 Adam Brooks as Rey Ciso
 Matthew Kennedy as Inspector Peter Porfiry
 Paz de la Huerta as Josephine Jardin
 Conor Sweeney as Cal Konitz
 Samantha Hill as Bella
 Udo Kier as Dr. Alberto Casini
 Laurence R. Harvey as Father Clarke
 Kevin Anderson as Francesco Mancini
 Sheila Campbell as Margarit Porfiry
 Jerry Wasserman as Police Chief O'Connor
 Dan Bern as Umberto Fantori
 Brent Neale as Giancarlo
 Jasmine Mae as Jasmine Rain
 Brett Donahue as Claudio Berti
 Tristan Risk as Vernoica
 Lance Cartwright as Cesare
 William O'Donnell as Giuseppe

Reception
The Editor has a 58% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 12 reviews. Mark L. Miller of Ain't It Cool News ranked it the 25th best horror film released between October 1 of 2014 and 2015, deeming it Astron-6's "most successful and entertaining film to date".

References

External links

2014 black comedy films
2014 comedy horror films
2014 films
2010s Canadian films
2010s comedy mystery films
2010s comedy thriller films
2010s English-language films
2010s mystery horror films
2010s parody films
2010s slasher films
Canadian black comedy films
Canadian comedy horror films
Canadian comedy mystery films
Canadian mystery horror films
Canadian slasher films
Canadian splatter films
Comedy mystery films
English-language Canadian films
Films shot in Winnipeg
Giallo films
Metafictional works
Postmodern films
Slasher comedy films

The Editor


Shemini Atzeret ( – "the Eighth [day] of Assembly") is a Jewish holiday of the (Northern Hemisphere) autumn. In Israel, the date of the holiday is 22 Tishrei on the Hebrew calendar. Outside of Israel, it is two days long, on 22-23 Tishrei. On the Gregorian calendar, Shemini Atzeret comes in late September or early or middle October.

The holiday is best known for the celebration of Simchat Torah (שִׂמְחֵת תּוֹרָה), "Rejoicing of the Torah", when Jews finish the annual cycle of reading the whole Torah out loud in synagogue. Outside Israel, Simchat Torah is celebrated on the second day of the holiday. Most people outside Israel use the name Shemini Atzeret for the first day only. They call the second day Simchat Torah because of this celebration. In Israel, the one day of the holiday is called by both names.

In some ways, this holiday is part of the holiday of Sukkot. The shemini ("8th") is the 8th day of Sukkot. In other ways, this holiday is a separate holiday on its own, and not part of Sukkot.

Shemini Atzeret is an important Jewish holiday. Like on Shabbat and other important Jewish holidays, work is not allowed on Shemini Atzeret.

Sources in the Torah
The holiday of Shemini Atzeret is in the Torah (Pentateuch) twice, at  and at . The Torah does not say much about the holiday, though.
It does not directly give the date of the holiday. Instead, it sets the date of the holiday as "the eighth day" (Hebrew: yom hashemini), meaning the eighth day of Sukkot.
It describes the holiday as atzeret, a holiday of assembly, conclusion or stopping.
It states that work is not permitted on this holiday.
It lists sacrifices that are to be brought to the Temple in Jerusalem on the holiday.

Shemini Atzeret and Sukkot
The Torah says that this holiday falls on the eighth day of Sukkot. However, in the same paragraph, the celebrations of Sukkot are described as lasting seven days, not eight. The Talmud writes about this apparent(def. 2) problem. At the end of the section, the Talmud says that at the same time,
"Shemini Atzeret is a separate holiday on its own," and
"Shemini Atzeret is the final holiday of Sukkot."
The laws and customs of Shemini Atzeret show both pieces of the holiday.

How Shemini Atzeret is a separate holiday
In prayers, the holiday is described as "Shemini Atzeret", not "Sukkot".
The blessing said when a new holiday begins is said on Shemini Atzeret.
Ritual objects used during the seven days of Sukkot, including the sukkah, the lulav and the etrog, are not used on Shemini Atzeret.

How Shemini Atzeret is part of Sukkot
The name includes the word shemini, "eighth", meaning the eighth day of Sukkot
Shemini Atzeret is included with Sukkot in the season called z'man simchatenu, "Time of our Joy"
Shemini Atzeret is considered part of the "Three Pilgrimage Festivals". Those festivals are Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot. Shemini Atzeret is part of Sukkot for this purpose.
The requirement for Jews to be happy on Sukkot goes all the way through Shemini Atzeret.

How Shemini Atzeret is celebrated

Some Jewish holidays have special rituals, like the Seder of Passover or the sukkah, lulav and etrog of Sukkot. In the Torah, there are no rituals like that for Shemini Atzeret. But starting at the time of the Talmud, Shemini Atzeret became the holiday for finishing the annual reading of the Torah in the synagogue. The celebration of that—called Simchat Torah— has become the main feature(def. n2) of the holiday.

Simchat Torah
In synagogues, one section of the Torah is read on every Shabbat of the year. The last section, from Deuteronomy, is read on the holiday of Shemini Atzeret. Over the last 1000 years, the reading of the last section has become a big celebration called Simchat Torah, or "Rejoicing of the Torah". This celebration is so important that the whole day of the celebration is called Simchat Torah. In Israel, this celebration happens on the single day of the holiday, 22 Tishrei. Outside of Israel, it happens on the second of the two days, 23 Tishrei.

History
The name Simchat Torah does not appear in the Torah or the Talmud. The Talmud says that the final section of the Torah is read on Shemini Atzeret. But it does not use the name Simchat Torah, and it does not describe a special celebration. The first reference to any kind of celebration comes from the perioddef. n1 of the Geonim (7th-11th centuries CE). That source mentioned the custom of dancing with the Torah, which is still a custom today.

In the 9th century CE, the custom of reading the first chapter of the Prophets () appeared.
By the 14th century, the name Simchat Torah is used. The custom of beginning the new yearly cycle of Torah reading with  immediately after finishing the old cycle began by then.
By the 16th century, most of the current practices of Simchat Torah were in place.  This includes the custom of hakafot ("circuits")—marching with the Torah around the synagogue seven times.

In modern times, Simchat Torah has become a day to show Jewish pride in public.
In the Soviet Union, there was danger if Jews celebrated Judaism in public during most of the year. But on Simchat Torah, there were large public celebrations.
In the United States, people take the Torahs out to the street to dance on Simchat Torah.
In Israel, Simchat Torah is celebrated on 22 Tishrei. But on the night of 23 Tishrei, many Israeli Jews dance with the Torah a second time. This way, they dance on the same night as Jews around the world.

Simchat Torah evening
Simchat Torah evening is a wikt:festive and child-friendly holiday. After the regular holiday evening prayers, all the Torahs are taken from the wikt:ark. Members of the synagogue march or dance around the synagogue seven times with the Torahs. Each time around the synagogue, the people pray "Save us! Answer us on the day we call!" Sometimes the dancing moves from the synagogue to the street outside. Sometimes the dancing can go late into the evening, with extra songs and prayers added. One very common custom is for people—especially children—to march or dance with flags, sometimes with candles or apples on top. At the end of the dancing in most synagogues, a piece of the last Torah portion in Deuteronomy is read in public. In Orthodox and Conservative synagogues, the very end of Deuteronomy is not read at night. But in Reform synagogues, it sometimes is.

Simchat Torah morning
After the regular holiday morning prayers, the dancing and marching of the previous night are repeated. After that, every wikt:eligible adult member of the synagogue is called to the Torah for an aliyah (honor), says blessings, and has several verses of the Torah read. Depending on the size of the synagogue, this can take a long time. Different synagogues have different ways to do this:
Some synagogues do not add to the five aliyot (honors) that are normal for a holiday. Instead, they call members to the Torah in groups. Each eligible adult is included in one of the groups.
Some synagogues repeat the reading many times until every eligible adult is honored.
Some synagogues take out extra Torahs and read them in parallel in different rooms until every eligible adult is called.
Once all eligible adults have received an honor, the celebration comes to its highest point. The last three honors go to distinguished members of the synagogue:
Kol HaNearim ("All the Youth"): All the children in the synagogue go up with one adult for a group honor. It is customary to say the following verse from the Torah after this honor:
May the angel who saves me from all evil bless the children, and may my name be declared among them, and the names of my fathers Abraham and Isaac, and may they increase in number like fish within the land.
Ḥatan Torah ("Bridegroom of the Torah"): This person's aliyah (honor) is the reading of the last verses of the Torah.
Ḥatan Bereshit ("Bridegroom of Genesis"): This person's aliyah is the reading of the first verses of the Torah.
For all of these honors, the person honored stands under a tallit (prayer ) held open like the ḥuppa, or , in a Jewish wedding.

Hakafot Shniyot
In Israel, it has become common to add an extra night of celebration to Simchat Torah. This is called Hakafot Shniyot (Second Circuits). It happens on 23 Tishrei, the same night as Jews in the rest of the world celebrate Simchat Torah. This is a way for Jews around the world to show Jewish pride together. Because the holiday of Shemini Atzeret is over after one day in Israel, holiday restrictions do not apply. So Hakafot Shniyot can include things not normally allowed on Shabbat and Jewish holidays (like bands and photography).

Practices from Sukkot
The Torah states that it is a requirement for Jews to be happy on Sukkot. The Talmud writes that this requirement lasts for eight days—the seven days of Sukkot and Shemini Atzeret. As part of this, Hallel is said in synagogue during the morning prayers of Shemini Atzeret.

In Israel, this is the only practice from Sukkot that continues into Shemini Atzeret. In every other way Shemini Atzeret is a separate holiday with separate practices.

Outside Israel, this is complicated by the Jewish law of adding an extra day to every Biblical Jewish holiday except Yom Kippur. The holiday of Sukkot, which lasts seven days in Israel lasts eight days outside Israel. But the eighth day is also the first day of the separate holiday of Shemini Atzeret. Sometimes the rules for the two holidays conflict. Figuring out the conflicts can be complicated. But the general rule is that
If the rules for the two holidays conflict, Shemini Atzeret rules win.
If the rules do not conflict, Sukkot rules can be included on Shemini Atzeret.
In practice, what happens only outside of Israel is that
The Four Species (lulav and etrog) are not used on Shemini Atzeret.
Most people (but not all) eat meals in the sukkah on Shemini Atzeret. But they do not say the blessing for eating in the sukkah. And they do not sleep in the sukkah.
Psalm 27 in recited in synagogue.
If Shemini Atzeret is Shabbat, Kohelet (Ecclesiastes) is read in Ashkenazi synagogues.
None of this happens on the second day of Shemini Atzeret (Simchat Torah), because it is no longer an extra day of Sukkot.

Notes

References

Jewish festivals and holidays

Shemini Atzeret


Mugica or Múgica (in Basque Muxika) is a Basque surname. Variations: Mujica, Mújica, Mújico, Mujika, Mugika and Mojica.

Antonio Mugica (born 1974), Venezuelan businessman
Carlos Mugica (1930–1974), Argentine Roman Catholic priest and activist
Francisco Múgica (born 1907), Argentine film director, film editor and cinematographer
René Mugica (1909–1998), Argentine actor, film director and screenwriter
Also:
 Mugica brand of Llama-Gabilondo y Cia SA firearms

Mugica


On vehicles
Underseal (often called undercoating in the U.S.) is a thick resilient coating applied to the underbody or chassis of an automobile to protect against impact damage from small stones, which would rapidly chip ordinary paint, allowing rusting to begin.

Historically, a bitumen-based compound was used, but after approximately a decade, this becomes brittle and water can become trapped between the underseal and body metal, counterproductively creating a more favourable environment for rust than if no underseal was applied at all.  Wax-based underseals do not have this disadvantage, but can be eroded and eventually washed off by enthusiastic use of a hot pressure washer.  Rubber-based underseals are also sometimes used.

Vehicles for sale in some territories are not undersealed, because the climate is not sufficiently aggressive to warrant it.  If such a vehicle is subsequently imported into a country with high rainfall, cold winters, and where salting of the roads is common, application of underseal is strongly recommended to ensure the vehicle has a long life.

On roads
When concrete on streets, parking lots, or warehouse floors begins to degrade, there are a few methods of repair available. Concrete undersealing is a process by which hot asphalt is pumped underneath the concrete slab so it flows into patches that were hollow and eroded. After concrete undersealing, the concrete is more stable and can be overlaid with a thin layer of asphalt to repair cracks, saving the expense and time of replacing the entire surface.

Automotive technologies
Corrosion prevention

Underseal


Akiane Kramarik (; born July 9, 1994) is an American poet and painter. She began drawing at the age of four. Kramarik's best-known painting is Prince of Peace, which she completed at the age of eight.

Early life

Akiane Kramarik was born on July 9, 1994, in Mount Morris, Illinois, to a Lithuanian mother and a non-practicing Catholic American father. Kramarik professed she saw the face of Jesus Christ in her visions. Her education began at a parochial  school, but she was later homeschooled. Regarding her influences and motivation, she states:

Paintings
Kramarik is a self-taught painter and says that Jesus spoke to her when she was four years old, encouraging her to draw and paint her visions. She began to draw at the age of four, was painting at six, and began to write poetry at seven. At the age of 8 years old, Akiane painted Jesus. Her first completed self-portrait sold for US$10,000.

Kramarik's paintings are often allegorical as well as spiritual, involving likenesses of Jesus, children, and animals, as well as self-portraits. She often draws inspiration from magazine pictures. However, according to Kramarik, her main inspiration comes from her visions of Heaven and her religious experiences. By age 12, she had completed sixty large paintings. Some of her works have been purchased by the US Embassy in Singapore. She has completed over 200 artworks and 800 literary works and has published two best-selling books.

At the age of 10, Kramarik appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show. At the age of 12, she appeared on CNN. She appeared in the 68th episode of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson in 2005 and the 21st episode of Katie in 2012.

Prince of Peace

Kramarik has said Prince of Peace is her "favorite portrait" and one of her most memorable paintings. At age eight she had long been seeking the right face to help her paint an image from her dreams and visions when a family friend brought to her a carpenter as a possible subject. The man's face closely resembled what Kramarik remembered as the face of Jesus. She completed the portrait in 40 hours of intensive work. Not long after, it was shipped to her agent for exhibition, who then stole it and sold it without permission. For sixteen years the original painting was held locked in a bank vault, with the then-owner unwilling either to show or to sell it. In December 2019, Prince of Peace was recovered by the artist's family and sold to a private collector for $850,000. After twenty years, the original is now available for public viewing at Beloved Gallery in Marble Falls, Texas.

At the age of four, Colton Burpo, whose story was featured in the best-selling book Heaven Is for Real and the film adaptation of the same name, underwent a critical operation after his appendix burst.  Although it was not a near-death experience (his heart never stopped), he did say he had an experience of visiting Heaven and had visions of Jesus. Years later, when he saw Kramarik's Prince of Peace on TV, he told his father "Dad, that one's right."

Bibliography

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Child artists
American child writers
 American people of Lithuanian descent
 American women poets
 Painters from Illinois
 People from Mount Morris, Illinois
Visionary artists
21st-century American poets
21st-century American women painters
21st-century American painters

Akiane


In topology and related branches of mathematics, a normal space is a topological space X that satisfies Axiom T4: every two disjoint closed sets of X have disjoint open neighborhoods. A normal Hausdorff space is also called a T4 space. These conditions are examples of separation axioms and their further strengthenings define completely normal Hausdorff spaces, or T5 spaces, and perfectly normal Hausdorff spaces, or T6 spaces.

Definitions

A topological space X is a normal space if, given any disjoint closed sets E and F, there are neighbourhoods U of E and V of F that are also disjoint. More intuitively, this condition says that E and F can be separated by neighbourhoods.

A T4 space is a T1 space X that is normal; this is equivalent to X being normal and Hausdorff.

A completely normal space, or , is a topological space X such that every subspace of X is a normal space. It turns out that X is completely normal if and only if every two separated sets can be separated by neighbourhoods.  Also, X is completely normal if and only if every open subset of X is normal with the subspace topology.

A T5 space, or completely T4 space, is a completely normal T1 space X, which implies that X is Hausdorff; equivalently, every subspace of X must be a T4 space.

A perfectly normal space is a topological space  in which every two disjoint closed sets  and  can be precisely separated by a function, in the sense that there is a continuous function  from  to the interval  such that  and . This is a stronger separation property than normality, as by Urysohn's lemma disjoint closed sets in a normal space can be separated by a function, in the sense of  and , but not precisely separated in general. It turns out that X is perfectly normal if and only if X is normal and every closed set is a Gδ set. Equivalently, X is perfectly normal if and only if every closed set is the zero set of a continuous function. The equivalence between these three characterizations is called Vedenissoff's theorem. Every perfectly normal space is completely normal, because perfect normality is a hereditary property.

A T6 space, or perfectly T4 space, is a perfectly normal Hausdorff space.

Note that the terms "normal space" and "T4" and derived concepts occasionally have a different meaning. (Nonetheless, "T5" always means the same as "completely T4", whatever that may be.) The definitions given here are the ones usually used today. For more on this issue, see History of the separation axioms.

Terms like "normal regular space" and "normal Hausdorff space" also turn up in the literature—they simply mean that the space both is normal and satisfies the other condition mentioned. In particular, a normal Hausdorff space is the same thing as a T4 space. Given the historical confusion of the meaning of the terms, verbal descriptions when applicable are helpful, that is, "normal Hausdorff" instead of "T4", or "completely normal Hausdorff" instead of "T5".

Fully normal spaces and fully T4 spaces are discussed elsewhere; they are related to paracompactness.

A locally normal space is a topological space where every point has an open neighbourhood that is normal. Every normal space is locally normal, but the converse is not true. A classical example of a completely regular locally normal space that is not normal is the Nemytskii plane.

Examples of normal spaces
Most spaces encountered in mathematical analysis are normal Hausdorff spaces, or at least normal regular spaces:
 All metric spaces (and hence all metrizable spaces) are perfectly normal Hausdorff;
 All pseudometric spaces (and hence all pseudometrisable spaces) are perfectly normal regular, although not in general Hausdorff;
 All compact Hausdorff spaces are normal;
 In particular, the Stone–Čech compactification of a Tychonoff space is normal Hausdorff;
 Generalizing the above examples, all paracompact Hausdorff spaces are normal, and all paracompact regular spaces are normal;
 All paracompact topological manifolds are perfectly normal Hausdorff. However, there exist non-paracompact manifolds that are not even normal.
 All order topologies on totally ordered sets are hereditarily normal and Hausdorff.
 Every regular second-countable space is completely normal, and every regular Lindelöf space is normal.

Also, all fully normal spaces are normal (even if not regular). Sierpiński space is an example of a normal space that is not regular.

Examples of non-normal spaces
An important example of a non-normal topology is given by the Zariski topology on an algebraic variety or on the spectrum of a ring, which is used in algebraic geometry.

A non-normal space of some relevance to analysis is the topological vector space of all functions from the real line R to itself, with the topology of pointwise convergence.
More generally, a theorem of Arthur Harold Stone states that the product of uncountably many non-compact metric spaces is never normal.

Properties
Every closed subset of a normal space is normal. The continuous and closed image of a normal space is normal.

The main significance of normal spaces lies in the fact that they admit "enough" continuous real-valued functions, as expressed by the following theorems valid for any normal space X.

Urysohn's lemma:
If A and B are two disjoint closed subsets of X, then there exists a continuous function f from X to the real line R such that f(x) = 0 for all x in A and f(x) = 1 for all x in B.
In fact, we can take the values of f to be entirely within the unit interval [0,1]. In fancier terms, disjoint closed sets are not only separated by neighbourhoods, but also separated by a function.

More generally, the Tietze extension theorem:
If A is a closed subset of X and f is a continuous function from A to R, then there exists a continuous function F: X → R that extends f in the sense that F(x) = f(x) for all x in A.

The map  has the lifting property with respect to a map from a certain finite topological space with five points (two open and three closed) to the space with one open and two closed points.

If U is a locally finite open cover of a normal space X, then there is a partition of unity precisely subordinate to U. This shows the relationship of normal spaces to paracompactness.

In fact, any space that satisfies any one of these three conditions must be normal.

A product of normal spaces is not necessarily normal.  This fact was first proved by Robert Sorgenfrey. An example of this phenomenon is the Sorgenfrey plane. In fact, since there exist spaces which are Dowker, a product of a normal space and [0, 1] need not to be normal.  Also, a subset of a normal space need not be normal (i.e. not every normal Hausdorff space is a completely normal Hausdorff space), since every Tychonoff space is a subset of its Stone–Čech compactification (which is normal Hausdorff).  A more explicit example is the Tychonoff plank. The only large class of product spaces of normal spaces known to be normal are the products of compact Hausdorff spaces, since both compactness (Tychonoff's theorem) and the T2 axiom are preserved under arbitrary products.

Relationships to other separation axioms
If a normal space is R0, then it is in fact completely regular.
Thus, anything from "normal R0" to "normal completely regular" is the same as what we usually call normal regular.
Taking Kolmogorov quotients, we see that all normal T1 spaces are Tychonoff.
These are what we usually call normal Hausdorff spaces.

A topological space is said to be pseudonormal if given two disjoint closed sets in it, one of which is countable, there are disjoint open sets containing them. Every normal space is pseudonormal, but not vice versa.

Counterexamples to some variations on these statements can be found in the lists above.
Specifically, Sierpiński space is normal but not regular, while the space of functions from R to itself is Tychonoff but not normal.

See also

Citations

References

Engelking, Ryszard, General Topology, Heldermann Verlag Berlin, 1989.

Properties of topological spaces
Separation axioms

Normal space


Galilee is a fishing village on Point Judith within the town of Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA, and is notable for being home to the largest fishing fleet in Rhode Island and for being the site of the Block Island Ferry. The village is directly across the harbor from Jerusalem, Rhode Island. Galilee, Rhode Island is named after the Biblical Galilee, which was the original home region of Jesus Christ, who grew up in Nazareth, a village in the Galilee region of Israel on the Sea of Galilee. Four of Jesus' disciples, Andrew, Peter, James and John, were fishermen from Galilee.

Today, the port of Galilee is responsible for transporting over 16 million pounds of seafood and shellfish each year. Part of the town of Narragansett, RI (population 15,868 in 2010), Galilee experiences significant seasonal population fluctuation and has been known to double in size in the summer months. As summer brings warmer weather, tourists come from all over to visit various state beaches, relax at private beach clubs, take the ferry to Block Island, and charter boats to go fishing or whale watching.

History
The village received its name "[i]n 1902, the story goes, Thomas Mann a fisherman from Nova Scotia who had settled here, felt the village that had sprung up with its fishing shacks should be called Galilee, after the fishing village of biblical times. One day, an old timer sat on the docks repairing his nets when a stranger called out to him, "Where am I". The answer was "Galilee". "And what is that?" the stranger asked pointing to the other side of the channel. The old timer thought for a minute, nodded his head and replied, "must be Jerusalem". And so the name of Galilee and Jerusalem have been used since to denote a most picturesque part of Rhode Island."

In the nineteenth-century the area had developed as a fishing village, and in the early twentieth century, the State dredged the breachway and constructed stone jetties. Later the Army Corps of Engineers constructed three mile long breakwaters to provide a safe harbor of refuge for ships traveling between New York and Boston if they encountered bad weather.

Recently on Saturday, July 11, 2015 a mysterious explosion at Galilee's Salty Brine State Beach injured two people. This explosion was suspected to be caused by a reaction between an abandoned copper cable located under the sand and an unusually large quantity of hydrogen in that location. Local residents described the sound as similar to the explosion of a grenade. One individual was thrown over 10 feet away by the blast, resulting in two fractured ribs among other lesser injuries.

On Tuesday, March 14, 2017, a 100-foot tall wind turbine located in Galilee Rhode Island was toppled over by an intense winter storm. Strong winds snapped the turbines supporting metal structure in half. Along with the snow, strong winds, and toppled wind turbine, many of the households in Galilee suffered from a loss of power due to this storm. The turbine was reported to have toppled around 11:00 am. Shortly after, around noon, the town's loss of power followed.

Attractions
Today Galilee remains home to the largest fishing fleet in Rhode Island with commercial fishermen and lobstermen as well as deep sea fish cruises. Due to the high volume of fishermen, it is often easy to find fresh lobster and fish to purchase off the dock directly from boats, as well as in shops and restaurants. There are over 10 seafood restaurants in the village of Galilee and there is also access to the Salty Brine State Beach. This beach, along with Roger Wheeler State Beach and Scarborough State Beach, span the coast of Galilee and are divided up by private beaches, beach clubs, and fishing docks. Kayaking, fishing, and sight-seeing are some of the most common activities to do at the beaches in Galilee, with not only whales but gray seals, harp seals, and hooded seals frequently spotted around the area. Other popular places in the port of Galilee to visit include the 100-foot tall wind turbine, the Point Judith lighthouse and Fisherman's Memorial State Park.

The Block Island Ferry operates out of Galilee, going back and forth over 13 miles between Block Island and Galilee in under an hour.

References

External links
Narragansett, RI: Port of Galilee

Villages in Washington County, Rhode Island
Villages in Rhode Island
Narragansett, Rhode Island

Galilee, Rhode Island


Lombe's Mill was the first successful silk throwing mill in England. It was built in an island on the River Derwent in Derby. John Lombe visited Piedmont in 1717 and studied details of the Italian silk throwing machines- the filatoio, and the torcitoio. Then, he returned to England with some Italian craftsmen, and built the mill. George Sorocold designed the building.

Location
Lombe's Mill was built next to Thomas Cotchett's 1704 mill on the west bank of the River Derwent in Derby. At this point a weir had been constructed across the river and the mill was built on an island downstream, which separated the river from the tail race of three corn mills. Derby was an important place, because the river had a fast flow and A6 road (from London to Carlisle) crossed the river here.

History

This mill is significant as it was the first successful silk throwing mill in England, and probably the first fully mechanized factory in the world.

Thomas Cotchett built the first mill in Derby in 1704, but it was unsuccessful. So John Lombe visited Piedmont in 1716 to see the successful silk throwing mill there. This was an early example of industrial spying. He returned to Derby with the knowledge and a group of Italians. He and his half brother Thomas Lombe (born 1685) instructed George Sorocold to build a mill to his design and fitted it with the new machines. It was built to the south of Cotchetts Mill. Thomas Lombe was given a 14 year patent to protect the design of the throwing machines he used. This displeased the King of Sardinia, and he stopped exporting suitable raw silk. It is speculated that he was responsible for John Lombes mysterious death six years later in 1722. His elder brother, Thomas Lombe took over the business. When the patents lost effect in 1732, other mills were built in Stockport and Macclesfield. To the north of the powered Italian Works an unpowered Doubling Shop was built- this happened before 1739. The mill was sold in 1739 to Thomas Wilson, and an inventory of this time is  still exists.

The mill- the Italian Works
Most of the building was rebuilt in after years, and little of the original mill remain. It is known from written sources that it was five storeys high rectangular in plan. It was 17m high, 33.5m long, and 12m wide. The roof was slightly sloped. It was built of brick in Flemish bond, on a series of stone arches that allowed the waters of the River Derwent to flow through. The throwing machines were two storeys high, and fastened on the first floor. The winding machines were placed on the top three floors. All the machines were powered by Sorocolds external undershot water wheel. It was 7m in diameter and 2m in width. Its stem entered the mill through a hole at first floor level. It drove a vertical shaft which was 0.45m square. This drove a line shaft (horizontal shaft or lay shaft) that ran the length of the mill. The torcitoios and filatoios took their power from this shaft. The vertical shaft was extended to a further vertical shaft that reached the top 3 floors to drive the winding machines. The mill needed to be heated in order to process the silk and this was explained in the 1718 patent. It was reported in 1732 that Lombe used a fire engine (steam engine) to pump hot air round the mill. The stair column was 19.5m high, but its layout is unknown. There is no information on how materials were carried up and down between the floors.

The mill- the Doubling Shop
The main range was three storeys high, 42.4m by 5.5m. Each floor was used for doubling- and there were 306 doubling machines.

The silk throwing process
In 1700, the Italians were the most technologically advanced in silk throwing in Europe, and they had developed two machines capable of winding the silk onto bobbins while putting a twist in the thread. They called the throwing machine, a filatoio, and the doubler, a torcitoio. There is an illustration (drawn in 1487) of a circular handpowered throwing machine with 32 spindles. The first evidence of a externally powered filatoio comes from the thirteenth century, and the earliest illustration from around 1500. Filatorios and torcitoios contained parallel circular frames that revolved round each other on a central axis. The speed of the relative rotation determined the twist. Silk would only cooperate in the process if the temperature and humidity were high, in Italy the temperature was elevated by sunlight but in Derby the mill had to be heated, and the heat evenly distributed.

The Silk Mill today

The mill then passed through several hands and has been rebuilt several times, but the modified structure still exists and has been restored to house the Derby Industrial Museum. A Bas relief sculpture of John Lombe may be found at the nearby Exeter Bridge.

Related pages

Silk

References
Notes

Bibliography

Other websites

Manufacturing buildings
Buildings and structures in Derbyshire

Lombe's Mill


The West Virginia Governor's Mansion (or West Virginia Executive Mansion) is a historic residence located next to the Kanawha River in Charleston, West Virginia and is the official residence of the governor of West Virginia.

The Colonial Revival (Georgian Revival) building was completed in 1925 by Charleston architect Walter F. Martens and is part of the West Virginia Capitol Complex, which also includes the West Virginia State Capitol. The building itself has a red brick exterior, with a columned portico at the entrance. The foyer was inspired by the White House, with checkered black-and-white marble flooring and dual staircases. The first floor of the mansion includes the drawing room, ballroom, state dining room, library, and a sitting room. The second floor houses the governor's own rooms, as well as those of his family, while additional bedrooms are on the third floor. In all, the structure has 30 rooms. The mansion also features walled gardens, a separate garage, and servant quarters.

The total cost of the mansion, including land, construction, and furnishings, was approximately $203,000 at the time of its construction.

History
The first Governor's Mansion was bought by the state in 1893 from a private company, using $22,000 appropriated by the state with the help of outgoing governor Aretas B. Fleming. The first governor to live in this mansion was William MacCorkle, who succeeded Fleming. The building, a large, wooden, white, two-story structure in the Queen Anne style, was built originally as a private residence for local merchants. It served eight different governors, from 1893 to 1925. Prior to its purchase, governors of West Virginia were responsible for their own housing. A fire on January 3, 1921, resulted in the destruction of the old state capitol building in Charleston. As a result, a 1921 session of the West Virginia Legislature created a seven-member "Capitol Building Commission". On July 23 of that year, Cass Gilbert was chosen to direct construction for the new complex, which was to include a capitol building as well as an executive mansion. The location for the complex was chosen on December 20, 1921. Groundbreaking for the complex occurred on January 7, 1924, and the entire state capitol building was completed in 1932. Three parcels of land for the actual mansion were acquired on July 7, 1921, at a cost of $64,270, and construction began in 1924 and ended in 1925. The work was overseen by local architect Walter F. Martens, but he was not greatly involved in the design of the neighboring capitol building. Compared to Gilbert, who was already an accomplished architect, Martens had less experience and had never worked on a project of this size. However, Martens had traveled to New York City to talk with Gilbert about designs for the project, and both had similar ideas for the building's Georgian style. Martens also traveled to see the White House, which was to be a model for the new mansion. His visit allowed him to learn how to create a floor plan able to accommodate heavy traffic of guests, as many as 2,000 visitors at once.

The building's first occupant, Ephraim F. Morgan, who had first proposed to the state the construction of a new residence, only lived in the new mansion for one week because his term expired during 1925. In 1926, servant's quarters were added atop a garage, along with private gardens. Since its completion, the mansion has had several redecorations, including one in 1937 and one in 1958. The original building plans for the mansion included a third story, but one was not added until much later, in 1946. Before this addition, the second floor had been covered with a roof composed of tin, but it was replaced by one made of slate.

From 1965 to 1969, during the term of Hulett C. Smith, the mansion underwent a thorough renovation process, with a total of $300,000 spent in both structural improvements and historic preservation efforts. In 1985, during Governor Arch Moore's third term, First Lady Shelley Moore established the West Virginia Mansion Preservation Foundation, which raised funds for the maintenance of the mansion's interior and furnishings. Later, in 2005, Governor Joe Manchin cited structural defects as a reason for repairing and remodeling the mansion. Their efforts, which cost an estimated $1.2 million, used both leftover campaign money as well as private funds. In 2006, the addition of a large banquet hall was proposed. The hall, which would be able to hold 335 guests, would be connected to the mansion and also have barracks for the governor's security personnel in its basement. Later that year, in July, it was announced that the total cost of renovations to the building had exceeded $3 million, excluding furnishings.

References

External links

 Official site

1925 establishments in West Virginia
Colonial Revival architecture in West Virginia
Gardens in West Virginia
Georgian Revival architecture in West Virginia
Government buildings in West Virginia
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Governors' mansions in the United States
Historic district contributing properties in West Virginia
Historic house museums in West Virginia
Houses completed in 1925
Houses in Charleston, West Virginia
Museums in Charleston, West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, West Virginia

West Virginia Governor's Mansion


Donnchad mac Crinain (; anglicised as Duncan I, and nicknamed An t-Ilgarach, "the Diseased" or "the Sick";  – 14 August 1040) was king of Scotland (Alba) from 1034 to 1040. He is the historical basis of the "King Duncan" in Shakespeare's play Macbeth.

Life
The ancestry of King Duncan is not certain. In modern texts he is the son of Crínán, hereditary lay abbot of Dunkeld, and Bethóc, daughter of King Malcolm II. However, in the late 17th century the historian Frederic Van Bossen, after collecting historical accounts throughout Europe, identified King Duncan as the first son of Abonarhl ap crinan (the grandson of Crinan) and Princess Beatrice, the eldest daughter to King Malcom, the 2nd, and Gunora who was the daughter of the "2nd Duke of Normandy".

Unlike the "King Duncan" of Shakespeare's Macbeth, the historical Duncan appears to have been a young man. He followed his grandfather Malcolm as king after the latter's death on 25 November 1034, without apparent opposition. He may have been Malcolm's acknowledged successor or Tànaiste as the succession appears to have been uneventful. Earlier histories, following John of Fordun, supposed that Duncan had been king of Strathclyde in his grandfather's lifetime, between 1018 and 1034, ruling the former Kingdom of Strathclyde as an appanage. Modern historians discount this idea, although it is supported by the ODNB.

An earlier source, a variant of the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba (CK-I), gives Duncan's wife the Gaelic name Suthen, and John of Fordun suggests that she may have been a relative of Siward, Earl of Northumbria. This differs from the review by Frederic van Bossen who wrote in 1688 that King Duncan was twice married. His first wife being Wonfrida (Unfrida) the daughter of Gigurt (Earl Siward?) the Earl of Northumberland and Huntingtoun and "By them was espoused two sons Malcome and Donald". Then, after her decease, he married Astrida the daughter of "Sigfrid, the "King of Dubline".

Whatever his wife's name and family connections may have been, Duncan had at least two sons. The eldest, Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) was king from 1058 to 1093 after assassinating and usurping Lulach, Macbeth's stepson. The second son Donald III (Domnall Bán, or "Donalbane") was king afterwards. Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl is a possible third son of Duncan, although this is uncertain.

The early period of Duncan's reign was apparently uneventful, perhaps a consequence of his youth. Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findláich) is recorded as having been his dux, today rendered as "duke" and meaning nothing more than the rank between prince and marquess, but then still having the Roman meaning of "war leader". In context—"dukes of Francia" had half a century before replaced the Carolingian kings of the Franks and in England the over-mighty Godwin of Wessex was called a dux—this suggests that Macbeth may have been the power behind the throne.

In 1039, Duncan led a large Scots army south to besiege Durham, but the expedition ended in disaster. Duncan survived, but the following year he led an army north into Moray, Macbeth's domain, apparently on a punitive expedition against Moray. There he was killed in action, at the battle of Bothnagowan, now Pitgaveny, near Elgin, by the men of Moray led by Macbeth, probably on 14 August 1040. He is thought to have been buried at Elgin before later relocation to the island of Iona.

Family

The 14th-century chronicler John of Fordun would write that Duncan's wife was a kinswoman of the Anglo-Danish Siward, Earl of Northumbria, who would help restore her son Malcolm to the throne. However, this is seemingly belied by a kings list that gives Malcolm's mother the Gaelic name Suthen. Duncan had three sons:

Malcolm III of Scotland, also known as Máel Coluim mac Donnchada and Malcolm Canmore, died 1093
Donald III of Scotland, also known as Domnall mac Donnchada and Donalbain, died 1099
Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl, also known as Melmare

Depictions in fiction

Duncan is depicted as an elderly king in the play Macbeth (1606) by William Shakespeare. He is killed in his sleep by the protagonist, Macbeth.

In the historical novel Macbeth the King (1978) by Nigel Tranter, Duncan is portrayed as a schemer who is fearful of Macbeth as a possible rival for the throne. He tries to assassinate Macbeth by poisoning and then when this fails, attacks his home with an army. In self-defence Macbeth meets him in battle and wounds him, and he dies of bleeding, for he is bad-blooded, or haemophiliac.

In the animated television series Gargoyles he is depicted as a weak and conniving king who assassinates those who he believes threaten his rule. He even tries to assassinate Macbeth, forcing Demona to ally with the Moray nobleman, with Duncan's resulting death coming from attempting to strike an enchanted orb of energy that one of the Weird Sisters gave to Macbeth to take Duncan down.

Notes

References
 Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History AD 500 to 1286, volume one. Republished with corrections, Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990.
 Broun, Dauvit, "Duncan I (d. 1040)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 15 May 2007
 Duncan, A. A. M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002.
 Oram, Richard, David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Tempus, Stroud, 2004.

External links
 Duncan I at the official website of the British monarchy

Monarchs killed in action
House of Dunkeld
1000s births
1040 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
11th-century Scottish monarchs
Burials at Iona Abbey
Scottish pre-union military personnel killed in action
Gaelic monarchs in Scotland

Duncan I of Scotland


Phineas Lyman Tracy (December 25, 1786 – December 22, 1876) was a U.S. Representative from New York, brother of Albert Haller Tracy.

Born in Norwich, Connecticut, Tracy graduated from Yale College in 1806.
He engaged in teaching for two years.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1811 and commenced practice in the village of Madison, New York.
He moved to Batavia, Genesee County, about 1815 and continued the practice of law.

Tracy was elected to the Twentieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of David E. Evans.
He was reelected as an Anti-Masonic candidate to the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Congresses and served from November 5, 1827, to March 3, 1833.

He was a presidential elector on the Whig ticket in 1840, voting for William Henry Harrison and John Tyler.

He was appointed presiding judge of Genesee County Court in 1841, and continued in that office until 1846, when he retired from public life.
He died in Batavia, New York, December 22, 1876.
He was interred in Batavia Cemetery.

See also
Fellows v. Blacksmith

References

1786 births
1876 deaths
Politicians from Norwich, Connecticut
Anti-Masonic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
New York (state) National Republicans
National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
New York (state) Whigs
1840 United States presidential electors
People from Genesee County, New York
Yale College alumni
19th-century American politicians

Phineas L. Tracy


Sir Richard Young, 1st Baronet (c. 1580–1651) was an English courtier and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1605 and 1624.

Young was born to a Welsh family and educated at Lincoln's Inn, in London. Circa 1603 he became secretary to Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche, the recently appointed Council of Wales and the Marches. With the creation of the new parliamentary seat of Bewdley in Worcestershire, Zouche nominated Young for the seat, which he held from 1605 until 1610. As an MP, he was active in defence of his employer's activities, but Zouche losing office meant that he had no sponsor to re-enter parliament; he did not stand for re-election in 1614.

Young remained working for Zouche until 1617, when he moved to work as an additional secretary for Francis Bacon, the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. Bacon was a major figure in court politics, and Young benefited greatly; he was knighted in 1618, and received a number of profitable sinecures, and shares in the East India Company. The same year, he married Lady Martha Hayes, widow of Sir Thomas Hayes, a wealthy merchant and former Lord Mayor of London.

In 1620, through the influence of Zouche (now the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports), he was nominated and elected as the MP for Dover. He was a moderately active member, but was caught up in the scandal surrounding Bacon's impeachment for corruption in 1621; however, he gave damning evidence against Bacon and confessed to some minor crimes of his own, and was able to escape with his career intact and with increased royal favour; he was made a gentleman of the privy chamber later that year, and cemented King James's opinion of him by rescuing him from an icy New River in January 1622.

Young was again elected in 1624, again with Zouche's support, but the election was voided following a lawsuit by Sir Henry Mainwaring. Mainwaring had been the other member for Dover in the 1620 election, but had fallen out with Zouche, who insisted to his successor as Lord Warden that he not be nominated in 1624. After further legal manoeuvring, Young was re-elected without significant opposition. However, Zouche's departure meant that he no longer had a patron, and he did not stand for re-election in 1625.

After standing down, he was created a baronet in 1628; bought (and quickly resold) a country estate at Shalden; and became a founding partner of the Guinea Company, which held a monopoly on the West African gold trade, and also traded for ivory and slaves. By 1635, he was wealthy enough to make a loan of £2,000 to the King. However, Young's final years were embroiled in a lawsuit with George Mynne, whose position as clerk of the Hanaper had been assigned to Young in 1634. The case stretched on into the early years of the Civil War, and while Young did retain the office, the majority of his assets were impounded or seized by the Parliamentarian Committee for the Advance of Money. By 1647 he still retained sufficient assets to pay a fine of £47, but in 1649 he was recorded as defaulting on a mortgage; in the following years he was committed to the Fleet Prison for debt, where he died intestate in 1651.

References

Year of birth uncertain
1651 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
English MPs 1604–1611
English MPs 1621–1622
English MPs 1624–1625
Members of Gray's Inn
Members of the Parliament of England for Dover
People imprisoned for debt

Sir Richard Young, 1st Baronet


David Gans (born October 29, 1953) is an American musician, songwriter, and music journalist.  He is a guitarist, and is known for incisive, literate songwriting. He is also noted for his music loop work, often creating spontaneous compositions in performance.  He is the co-author of the book Playing in the Band: An Oral and Visual Portrait of the Grateful Dead, and the host of the weekly syndicated radio show The Grateful Dead Hour. He currently co-hosts a radio show with Gary Lambert on Sirius XM's The Grateful Dead Channel called Tales from the Golden Road, a call-in show about the Grateful Dead.

Biography

Journalism
Born in Los Angeles, California, Gans started out as a musician in 1970, playing guitar and writing songs and performing both as a soloist and as a member of various bands around the San Francisco Bay Area. Then, in an unusual career change, he became a music journalist. Gans' journalism career was quite successful, writing for BAM, a free San Francisco-based magazine, and Jann Wenner's Record from its beginning to its end, and working as music editor of Mix magazine for a while. He wrote articles for prominent magazines such as Relix and Rolling Stone. He commented, "Writing for music magazines gave me access to musicians and producers and record company publicists. I got a million-dollar education from interviewing Leo Fender, Randy Newman, Fleetwood Mac, Steve Goodman, T Bone Burnett, Warren Zevon, Ted Templeman, and people like that. I spent time in recording studios, learned how the music business operates, rode in limos with the Doobie Brothers, got lots of records for free, and got paid for all of it."

In 1985, his first book, Playing in the Band: an Oral and Visual Portrait of the Grateful Dead (co-authored with Peter Simon) about his long-time favorites, the Grateful Dead, was published to critical acclaim. Nicholas Meriweather noted that "Playing in the Band introduced thousands of fans to the deeper history of the band and scene, at a time when good books on the band were a rarity"

Four of Gans' photos appear in the book Eyes of the World (Jay Blakesberg-Josh Baron), published in 2017.

Broadcast
While promoting his first book on the Grateful Dead, Playing in the Band, Gans found himself in the studios of KFOG radio in San Francisco. He soon found himself producing pieces for the station, which led to his being offered the opportunity to host "The Grateful Dead Hour.", originally titled "The Deadhead Hour". The program was syndicated on dozens of stations across the United States. Gans has added Tales from the Golden Road on Sirius/XM Satellite Radio with co-host Gary Lambert, editor of The Grateful Dead Almanac; and the local weekly show, Dead to the World, on Berkeley's KPFA to his oeuvre of media work.

Gans is credited by many for encouraging Grateful Dead bassist Phil Lesh to emerge from retirement. Lesh played several shows with David Gans and the Broken Angels in late 1997 and early 1998. Gans assembled interesting combinations of musicians for Lesh to jam with in a series of benefits for Lesh's Unbroken Chain Foundation, culminating with a sold-out show at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco on January 31, 1998. Shortly after that event, Lesh began assembling ensembles of his own and touring as Phil Lesh and Friends.

Music
Gans describes his career in musical journalism as "getting 'sidetracked' from his first love: actually making music. In the mid-1990s, with the death of Jerry Garcia and the Grateful Dead's subsequent extended hiatus, Gans decided to set journalism on the back-burner and focus on music again.

In 1997, he released a duet album of himself playing with Berkeley singer-songwriter Eric Rawlins, Home By Morning, backing it up by performing around the Bay Area. This was followed the next year by a topical single, "Monica Lewinsky," that got a lot of airplay and publicity and enabled Gans to expand his touring base. After more than twenty years of performing in the  Bay Area as a solo singer-songwriter and with various bands (The Reptiles, Crazy Fingers, David Gans and the Broken Angels), Gans began touring nationally, which he continues to do today. He performs at many festivals including the Gathering of the Vibes, the High Sierra Music Festival, MagnoliaFest and the Suwannee SpringFest (both held annually at the Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park), Grateful Fest (in Nelson Ledges Quarry Park, Ohio), the Master Musicians Festival (in Somerset, Kentucky); the Terrapin Hill Music Festival (in Harrodsburg, Kentucky), Hookahville (in Ohio), the Sunshine Daydream Music Festival (in Terra Alta, West Virginia), the Berkeley (California) Free Folk Festival, and others. He has appeared in concert all over the country, from Seattle to Atlanta, Burlington to Phoenix.

In 2002, Gans became one of the first independent musicians to release a DVD. Live at the Powerhouse documents an outdoor afternoon performance at a northern California brewpub, demonstrating his work multi-tracking himself live, using a Boss RC-20 Loop Station.

He has performed onstage with members of the Grateful Dead, The Schwag, JGB, the New Riders of the Purple Sage, Donna the Buffalo, Peter Rowan, Ollabelle, The Waybacks, Blueground Undergrass, Dark Star Orchestra, Keller Williams, moe., Hot Buttered Rum, the Rowan Brothers, and Henry Kaiser.

From 2012 to 2015, Gans led Sycamore Slough String Band, an acoustic band playing the music of the Grateful Dead. The band featured a variety of special guest from the Grateful Dead family of musicians including Mark Karan, Jason Crosby, Henry Kaiser, James Nash and Sunshine Becker. The band performed live throughout Northern California and toured the East Coast.

Discography

Musician
 Home By Morning, David Gans and Eric Rawlins. Perfectible Recordings, 1997.
 "Monica Lewinsky", David Gans and the Broken Angels (CD single). Perfectible Recordings, 1998.
 Solo Acoustic, David Gans. Perfectible Recordings, 2001.
 Live at the Powerhouse, David Gans. PowerVision DVD, 2003.
 Solo Electric, David Gans.  Perfectible Recordings, 2003.
 Twisted Love Songs, David Gans.  Perfectible Recordings, 2007.
 The Ones That Look The Weirdest Taste The Best, David Gans. Perfectible Recordings, 2008.
 Life Is a Jam, David Gans. Perfectible Recordings, 2010
 First Rehearsals, Sycamore Slough String Band. Perfectible Recordings, 2012.
 It's a Hand-Me-Down, David Gans. Perfectible Recordings, 2015.
 You Are Here, David Gans. Perfectible Recordings, 2015.
 Just Watching The Show, Joe Burke & The Watery Parts. Perfectible Recordings, 2017.
 Chocolate Coffee Pot, David Gans. Perfectible Recordings, 2016
 Drop the Bone, David Gans. Perfectible Recordings, 2017.
 Drop The Bone (Bonus Disc), David Gans. Perfectible Recordings, 2017

Producer
 Various artists, The Music Never Stopped: Roots of the Grateful Dead. Co-produced with Henry Kaiser. Shanachie Records, 1995.
 Grateful Dead, So Many Roads (1965–1995) (5-CD boxed set). Co-produced with Steve Silberman and Blair Jackson;  Arista, 1999. RIAA certified gold
 The Persuasions, Might as Well: The Persuasions Sing Grateful Dead. Co-produced with Jerry Lawson. Grateful Dead/Arista Records, 1999.
 Various artists, Stolen Roses: Songs of the Grateful Dead. Grateful Dead/Arista Records, 1999.
 Grateful Dead, Postcards of the Hanging: Grateful Dead perform the songs of Bob Dylan. Grateful Dead/Arista Records, 2002.
 Grateful Dead, Best of the Grateful Dead Hour. Grateful Dead Records, 1998.
 Jerry Garcia, All Good Things: Jerry Garcia Studio Sessions. Co-produced with Blair Jackson.  Rhino Records, 2004
 Joe Burke & The Watery Parts "Just Watching The Show" Perfectible Recordings, 2017

Liner notes
 David Murray Octet: Dark Star: Music of the Grateful Dead. Astor Place Records.
 Grateful Dead, American Beauty.  Individually and as part of the boxed set of The Golden Road (1965-1973). Rhino Records, 2002
 Grateful Dead, Terrapin Station. Part of the Beyond Description (1973–1989) boxed set. Rhino Records, 2004.
 Jerry Garcia Band, "Let It Rock" aka The Jerry Garcia Collection, Vol. 2: Jerry Garcia Band, Keystone Berkeley '75. Jerry Garcia Family LLC, 2009.
 Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia: Keystone Companions: The Complete 1973 Fantasy Recordings. Fantasy Records, 2012.

Consultant
 Anthem to Beauty DVD

Bibliography
 Playing in the Band: An Oral and Visual Portrait of the Grateful Dead by David Gans and Peter Simon. St Martin's Press, 1985; revised edition published by St. Martin's Press 1996.
 Talking Heads: The Band and Their Music. Avon Books, 1985. Out of print.
 Not Fade Away: The Online World Remembers Jerry Garcia. David Gans, editor. Thunder's Mouth Press, 1995.
 Conversations with the Dead: The Grateful Dead Interview Book. Citadel Underground, 1991. Expanded edition published by Da Capo Press 2002.
 This Is All a Dream We Dreamed: An Oral History of the Grateful Dead. Flatiron Books, 2015.

Notes

References

 [ David Gans on Allmusic]
 Robins, Cynthia. "Hail from the Chief (Deadhead)", San Francisco Examiner, July 8, 1998
 "A Conversation with David Gans" interview in The Well, June 2006
 "Sovereign Soul: David Gans" interview in JamBase, 2004
 "Might as Well" interview in The Music Box, December 2000
 Twisted Love Songs album review, The Music Box, September 2007
 David Gans biography on his official website
 "Rubber Souldiers picks up where Beatles left off," Regan McMahon, SF Chronicle, May 24, 2009
 Grateful Dead Documenting The Dead: David Gans Collection
 Tales From David Gans: Profiling The Musician And Grateful Dead Expert

External links
 David Gans official website
 Grateful Dead Hour official website
 David Gans collection - Internet Archive live music archive
 the grateful dead hour
David sits down with Ira Haberman of The Sound Podcast for a feature interview

American music journalists
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
Living people
1953 births
Rock music photographers
20th-century American guitarists
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American male musicians

David Gans (musician)


The World Tag Team Championship was the original professional wrestling world tag team championship in the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) promotion, and the promotion's third tag team championship overall. Originally established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) on June 3, 1971 (renamed World Wrestling Federation in 1979), it served as the only title for tag teams in the promotion until the then-World Wrestling Federation (WWF) bought World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in March 2001, which added their tag team championship. Both titles were unified in November 2001, retiring WCW's championship and continuing WWF's.

In 2002, the company was renamed WWE. Following the introduction of the WWE brand extension, where wrestlers and championships became exclusive to a WWE brand, the World Tag Team Championship became exclusive to the Raw brand, while a second WWE Tag Team Championship was established for the SmackDown brand. Both titles were unified in 2009 into the "Unified WWE Tag Team Championship", but remained independently active until the World Tag Team Championship was decommissioned in 2010 in favor of continuing the newer championship.

The championship was contested in professional wrestling matches. Bouts for the title headlined WWF events including In Your House 3, Fully Loaded: In Your House, and 2001's Backlash. The inaugural champions were the team of Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler, and the final champions were The Hart Dynasty.

History
When the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) formed in 1963, their first tag team championship was the WWWF United States Tag Team Championship, which was originally an NWA championship established in 1958 and used by the WWWF's predecessor, Capitol Wrestling Corporation. After then-WWWF World Heavyweight Champion Bruno Sammartino and his tag team partner Spiros Arion won the titles in 1967, the WWWF United States Tag Team Championship was abandoned and deactivated due to Sammartino being the world champion. Two years later, The Rising Suns (Toru Tanaka and Mitsu Arakawa) arrived in the WWWF with the WWWF International Tag Team Championship, which they claimed to have won in a tournament in Tokyo in June of that year. This became the WWWF's tag team title until 1971 when The Rising Suns left the WWWF and took the titles with them.

The WWWF then established their own original world tag team championship, the "WWWF World Tag Team Championship" in 1971. Following the title's introduction, Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler became the inaugural champions on June 3. In 1979, the title became known as the "WWF Tag Team Championship" when the promotion was renamed World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was subsequently renamed "WWF World Tag Team Championship" in 1983, but was often referred to as the "WWF Tag Team Championship" for short.

In March 2001, the WWF purchased World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and its championships were now also defended on WWF programming. Soon after, "The Invasion" took place in which the WCW/ECW Alliance was ultimately dismantled. The title was temporarily unified for the first time at SummerSlam when WCW Tag Team Champions Kane and The Undertaker defeated Chris Kanyon and Diamond Dallas Page for the WWF Tag Team Championship in a title-for-title steel cage match. Both titles remained independently active during this reign. At Survivor Series, the title was unified again with the WCW Tag Team Championship in a steel cage match when WCW Tag Team Champions The Dudley Boyz defeated WWF Tag Team Champions The Hardy Boyz. This time, the WCW Tag Team Championship was deactivated with The Dudley Boyz recognized as the final champions and they reigned as the new WWF Tag Team Champions.

After the WWF/WWE name change in 2002, the championship was subsequently renamed "WWE Tag Team Championship". During the initial WWE brand extension, the WWE Tag Team Championship was assigned to the SmackDown! brand as the reigning champions at the time of the initial expansion, Billy and Chuck, were both drafted to SmackDown! together. In July of that year, shortly after defeating Hollywood Hulk Hogan and Edge for the titles, the reigning champion team of Lance Storm and Christian (The Un-Americans) left SmackDown! for Raw, leaving SmackDown! without a tag team title. As a result, then-SmackDown! General Manager Stephanie McMahon commissioned a new tag team title, also called the WWE Tag Team Championship, to be the exclusive tag team titles for the SmackDown! brand. With the introduction of the World Heavyweight Championship on the Raw brand after the WWE Championship became exclusive to SmackDown!, the WWE Tag Team Championship on Raw was renamed "World Tag Team Championship". This was done so that the names of both tag team titles would mirror the names of the top championships on their respective brands. When the WWE Championship and World Heavyweight Championship switched brands during the 2005 WWE draft lottery, however, neither of the tag team titles were renamed.

In late 2008 through early 2009, WWE Tag Team Champions The Colóns (Carlito and Primo) engaged in rivalry with World Tag Team Champions John Morrison and The Miz, with the two teams exchanging victories in non-title matches and retaining their respective titles against each other. On the March 17 episode of ECW on Syfy, it was announced that at WrestleMania 25, both teams would defend their titles against each other and the winning team would hold both titles. The Colóns defeated Morrison and Miz, and thus unified the titles into the "Unified WWE Tag Team Championship", although both championships remained independently active.

As the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship, the champions could appear and defend the titles on any WWE brand, regardless of the brand that the holders belonged to. On August 16, 2010, the World Tag Team Championship was decommissioned in favor of continuing the lineage of the WWE Tag Team Championship (which dropped the "unified" moniker) with Bret Hart presenting new championship belts to the final World Tag Team Champions, The Hart Dynasty (David Hart Smith and Tyson Kidd).

Brand designation history
Following the events of the WWE brand extension, an annual WWE draft was established, in which select members of the WWE roster were reassigned to a different brand. After the World Tag Team Championship was unified with the WWE Tag Team Championship as the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship, the champions could appear and defend the titles on any WWE brand.

Reigns

The inaugural champions were Crazy Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler, who defeated Dick the Bruiser and The Sheik on June 3, 1971. The record for longest reign was held by Demolition, whose first reign lasted 478 days. Three teams tied for a record with shortest reigns. Jules Strongbow and Chief Jay Strongbow had their titles taken away shortly after winning them on June 28, 1982 when it was determined that Mr. Fuji, one half of the reigning champions with Mr. Saito, was pinned with a foot on the ropes. Owen Hart and Yokozuna lost their titles on September 25, 1995, to the Smoking Gunns shortly after having the titles returned to them. On March 19, 2001, Edge and Christian defeated The Hardy Boyz to win the titles only to lose them later that night to The Dudley Boyz.

The Dudley Boyz held the record for most reigns as a team with eight. Edge held the record for overall reigns as an individual with 12, seven with Christian. He also won the titles with Hulk Hogan, Chris Benoit, Randy Orton, and Chris Jericho (after the titles were unified).

The final champions were The Hart Dynasty (David Hart Smith and Tyson Kidd), who won the titles from ShoMiz (Big Show and The Miz) on the April 26, 2010 episode of Raw. After the World Tag Team Championship was deactivated, the duo continued to serve as the WWE Tag Team Champions until their loss at Night of Champions on September 19, 2010, to Drew McIntyre and Cody Rhodes.

References
 General

 Specific

External links
 WWE Unified World Tag Team Championship History at The Wrestling Archive

WWE tag team championships

World Tag Team Championship (WWE)


WOHL-CD (channel 35) is a low-power, Class A television station in Lima, Ohio, United States, affiliated with ABC and CBS. Owned by Block Communications, it is sister to full-powered dual NBC/Fox affiliate WLIO (channel 8). The two stations (and two repeaters)—which all operate under the collective banner of "Your Hometown Stations"—share studios on Rice Avenue northwest of downtown; WOHL-CD's transmitter is located on Saint Clair Avenue north of downtown.

History
The station signed on January 26, 1989, with the calls W67CA. It aired an analog signal on UHF channel 67 from a transmitter west of Cridersville in Auglaize County. The low-powered outlet was initially an independent but joined Fox on October 9. In 1995, the station changed frequencies to UHF channel 25 while adopting the call sign WOHL-LP.

W18BP launched on May 28, 1996, as a full-time repeater of this station. This was followed by another translator, W65DP, on September 22, 1998. W18BP broke off from the simulcast in 1999 and became low-powered UPN affiliate WLQP-LP (that station eventually joined ABC when UPN closed in 2006). W65DP would follow suit in 2002, becoming CBS affiliate WLMO-LP. Also that year, channel 25 upgraded to Class A status with the call sign WOHL-CA. All three stations maintained facilities on South Central Avenue in Downtown Lima.

On September 5, 2006, WOHL added MyNetworkTV as a secondary affiliate. It aired programming from the network Monday through Saturday nights from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m. Eventually, Saturday shows were dropped.

Despite being a low-power station, WOHL would, by 2007, outrate long-dominant WLIO in the primetime ratings. This did not stop Fox from, later that year, entering into talks to move the network's programming to a WLIO subchannel, as despite WOHL's high ratings the network sought the increased reach of being on a full-power station. The talks led to WOHL suing in 2008 to block the talks; in a court testimony, WOHL owner Greg Phipps stated that "We won't be able to survive" if the station were stripped of its affiliation. The dispute was settled on November 29, when Phipps' company, Metro Video Productions, announced it would sell its stations (WOHL, WLQP, and WLMO) to West Central Ohio Broadcasting, a subsidiary of WLIO owner Block Communications. While Block assumed operational control of all three after the sale's completion, it was initially stated there would be no consolidation of newscasts or facilities with WLIO. It was then stated some consolidation would take place with WOHL, WLQP, and WLMO being integrated into WLIO's studios on Rice Avenue.

On June 12, 2009, a construction permit allowed WOHL to perform a "flash-cut" to digital and adopt the current calls WOHL-CD. It first operated its high definition digital signal on UHF channel 25, but due to possible interference with WRTV in Indianapolis, the station moved to channel 35 for its digital operations. The allotment previously served as WLIO's analog signal and virtual channel display through Program and System Information Protocol.

Soon after on September 28, WLQP-LP (now WPNM-LD) and WLMO-LP (now WAMS-LD) terminated analog operations. Programming was shifted to WOHL with CBS on a new second digital subchannel and began to be offered in high definition for the first time. Block Communications then turned WPNM and WAMS into repeaters for WOHL (with all stations under the "ABC Lima" banner on 35.1 and the "CBS Lima" banner on 35.2) expanding its reach across the West Ohio TV market.  Programming from Fox and MyNetworkTV had moved that July to WLIO 8.2.

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Newscasts
WLIO's one-hour weekday morning show at 6 a.m. is simulcast on 35.1, while WLIO's 6 p.m. and 11 p.m. weeknight newscasts are simulcast on both 35.1 and 35.2—all under the "Your News Now" banner.  WOHL does not carry any weekend newscasts (on either 35.1 or 35.2) outside of network national news.

See also
Channel 15 digital TV stations in the United States
Channel 15 low-power TV stations in the United States
Channel 35 virtual TV stations in the United States

References

External links

Television channels and stations established in 1989
1989 establishments in Ohio
OHL-CD
OHL-CD
ABC network affiliates

WOHL-CD


The Hawai'i Academy of Recording Arts (HARA) was established in 1978 to stimulate interest in the local recording industry and the music of Hawaii. HARA became a nonprofit organization in 1981. A voluntary, 13 member-elected Board governs the Academy. Each year the academy selects nominees through member ballot, and presents the Nā Hōkū Hanohano Awards ("Stars of Distinction") typically in May (however, due to COVID-19 it will be held September 10, 2020 at the Hawai'i  Convention Center. Both the Academy and the Nā Hōkū Hanohano Awards trace their origins to 1978 and KCCN-AM Radio (now KCCN-FM), then the world's only all-Hawaiian music radio station.

Membership

The Academy offers three different types of memberships.

Regular Membership is open to all professionals in the Hawai'i recording industry.  Included are resident recording artists, singers, musicians, studio technicians, engineers, producers, songwriters, graphic artists, liner note annotators, and editors (or text editors) with at least one verifiable recording credit. All recordings must have been commercially released in Hawai'i.  Commercially released recordings are defined as being released through distribution companies/outlets and retail Internet distribution outlets located within the State of Hawai'i. Resident recording artists, producers and other professionals with digital download–only releases which are for sale exclusively through established online retailers such as iTunes, Rhapsody, Amazon.com, eMusic and CD Baby are also eligible or regular membership. Artists and other professionals whose recordings are distributed solely via personal sales at performances and/or non-retail Internet Web sites are not eligible for regular membership. Regular members may nominate, vote for and sit on the Board of Governors of HARA, chair committees; vote for all Nā Hōkū Hanohano ballot categories, including the technical categories and are entitled to receive the newsletter.

Associate Membership is open to all members of related industries, including but not limited to: radio, television, retail record outlets, record distributors, record companies, arts and entertainment writers, other members of the media and professional musicians without a recording credit. Associate members may vote for all ballot categories except technical categories; sit on HARA committees; and are entitled to receive the newsletter.

Friend of the Academy Membership is open to anyone who wishes to support HARA and its initiatives. Friends of the Academy are entitled to receive the newsletter. Designed for the non-professional who wishes to support the efforts of HARA.

Educational mission and scholarships

HARA also directs programs to promote quality and growth in the recording and music industries in Hawai'i. In conjunction with Tropical Music, Inc., Hawai'i state universities and colleges, the Hawai'i Academy of Recording Arts awards two scholarships annually to students with a demonstrable interest in the study of Hawaiian music.

The Academy has conducted seminars and panel sessions on the music and recording business with The Recording Academy and the Hawai'i Island Economic Development Board. In conjunction with the State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) and Hawai'i book, fashion and food groups, it participates in events and projects promoting Hawai'i product.

Lifetime Achievement Awards

A separate ceremony for the prestigious Lifetime Achievement Awards honors Hawai'i recording industry pioneers and veterans, who are also acknowledged during the Nā Hōkū Hanohano Awards live broadcast.

Board of Governors

Nominations and elections for the Board of Governors are held in the fall of each year, with terms beginning at the Academy's general membership meeting, usually held during the second week of November each year. Governors are elected or appointed to three year terms.

References

External links
Official website

Organizations based in Hawaii
Hawaiian music
1978 establishments in Hawaii
Music organizations based in the United States
Companies based in Hawaii
Companies based in Honolulu
Na Hoku Hanohano Awards

Hawaiʻi Academy of Recording Arts


, more commonly called simply Napple Tale, is a 2.5D platform game for the Sega Dreamcast, released on October 19, 2000 in Japan. It is notable for cultivating a "feminine sensibility" in its design by employing primarily women for its creative staff. An unofficial English translation patch was released in 2019.

Story
While enjoying the once-per-year Summer Festival, the heroine Poach Arsia is accidentally brought to Napple World due to a mistake made by Straynap, a novice Spirit Guide who leads souls into the afterlife. Napple World, known as the land of daydreams, lies between the Real World and the Deep Dream, where souls go to rest. The concept of time in Napple World is unlike the real world: the seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter exist separately from each other as distinct locations. When Poach arrives in Napple World, six fairy-like beings called Petals leave her body and escape into the seasons, and she must retrieve them in order to go home again. To make up for his mistake, Straynap becomes Poach's guide and instructs her throughout the game, explaining the often contradictory nature of Napple World to her.

Gameplay
The gameplay of Napple Tale takes place in two distinct sections. Similar to Sonic Adventure, there is a fully 3D hub where Poach can interact with the townspeople. The citizens of Napple Town have an assortment of problems (approximately seventy) with which Poach must help them.  Tasks range from building a house to helping two friends stop fighting with each other.

The levels extend from the Napple Town hub level, and correspond to the seasons. They contain a fixed path with a boss at the end. The enemies encountered along the way sometimes drop recipe pieces or random items. The recipes show four items which, if combined, will create a Paffet. Poach wields a racket-like weapon which she swings to battle foes. She can double-jump and attack to perform a spinning attack. Health is designated with petals and by finding certain items you can increase your maximum health. Each time Poach falls into a hole or gets attacked she loses half of a petal.

Characters
Arsia Poach - The protagonist. Straynap brings her to Napple World by mistake after confusing her with his actual target, a cat named Pochi. She defeats enemies using a key-shaped weapon. Her goal is to return to the real world.

Straynap - Nicknamed "SN" by Poach. A novice Spirit Guide who also runs an ice cream shop called 13 Ice. He advises Poach and teaches her about the dreamworld.

Piero - A jester and self-proclaimed hedonist who oversees an initial gameplay tutorial for Poach. He has many secrets.

Frogcar - Frogcar is the mayor of Napple Town. He is half frog and half car (hence the name). He has a large house, where he holds meetings to discuss all sorts of problems in Napple Town.

Lewis - Lewis lives in the Summer side of Napple Town and is best friends with Oliver until he is seduced by a sea spirit.

Murray - Murray owns the Hatena store in the Winter side of Napple Town. Poach has a crush on him, and he is very friendly to everybody, as shown by how he likes to give gifts to Poach and others.

Oliver - Oliver lives in the Winter side of Napple Town and is best friends with Lewis.

Paffets
There are two types of Paffets. Some Paffets go to the Paffet Collection Room below 13 Ice and others go to various places in town. The Paffets that go to random places in Napple Town are usually structures or appliances (street lamps, balconies, stoves, etc.). The Paffets that go to the Paffet Room are mostly animal- or plant-based. A maximum of five can be carried at any one time and they have limited numbers of uses before they return to the Paffet Room. Items dropped by some enemies will raise the number of uses if it is below the starting value. The Paffets that can be carried perform useful functions in Napple Town or in stages such as becoming trampolines or unleashing powerful attacks. There are 71 Paffets total: 28 that go to the Paffet Room and 43 that go to random places in the town.

Music
One of the most noted aspects of the game is the music written by well-known game and anime composer, Yoko Kanno. In addition, the vocal tracks were performed by her frequent collaborator, Maaya Sakamoto, with lyrics for one of the songs by Chris Mosdell.

Little Black Book (Track #21) by Yoko Kanno was also included in the soundtrack of the German movie Cherry Blossoms - Hanami from 2008 (as Track #3).

References

2000 video games
Dreamcast-only games
Japan-exclusive video games
Platformers
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games with 2.5D graphics
Dreamcast games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Yoko Kanno
Single-player video games
Sega video games

Napple Tale: Arsia in Daydream


Rag, Tag and Bobtail is a BBC children's television programme that ran from 1953 to 1965 as the Thursday programme in the weekly cycle of Watch With Mother. The scripts were written by Louise Cochrane, and the series was produced by Freda Lingstrom and David Boisseau. Narration was by Charles E. Stidwell, David Enders, and James Urquhart.

The three main characters are Rag, a hedgehog; Tag, a mouse; and Bobtail, a rabbit; five baby rabbits also appeared occasionally. All the characters are glove puppets, created and operated by Sam and Elizabeth Williams. The stories were simple and there were no catch-phrases as there were in other programmes in the cycle, but the series is still remembered with affection. Twenty-six 12-minute episodes were made, two of which were never broadcast, each shot in a single take.

The repeat showings came to an end in December 1965, replaced by Tales of the Riverbank (moved from its normal Monday slot by Camberwick Green).

In 1987, a Watch With Mother video was released by the BBC. The episode of Rag, Tag and Bobtail featured a scene in which Bobtail discovered that the baby rabbits had been playing in a muddy pool and had turned black.  He was unable to clean them, but in the end the mud was washed off.

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Video clip

1950s British children's television series
1960s British children's television series
1953 British television series debuts
1965 British television series endings
British television shows featuring puppetry
BBC children's television shows
Television series about hedgehogs
Television series about mice and rats
Television series about rabbits and hares

Rag, Tag and Bobtail


The Whole Story and Other Stories is a short story collection by Scottish Booker-shortlisted author Ali Smith, first published in 2003 by Hamish Hamilton.

It contains twelve stories :-
"The Universal Story" : A man buys up every copy of The Great Gatsby in a second-hand bookshop. The narrative focus switches between the proprietor, a 1974 Penguin edition of the book, a fly landing on it, and the man, who it transpires is buying every copy of the book he can find for his sister, who is constructing a boat out of them financed by an Arts Council grant...
"Gothic" : Gives an insight into the life of a bookshop clerk and the eccentricities of the customers and how she deals with them.
"Being Quick" : A traveller returning home sees Death on the concourse of King's Cross station; later, a fatality on the line delays the train and the traveller decides to walk the remainder of the journey but cannot phone home as her mobile phone has died...
"May": A woman falls hopelessly in love with a neighbour's tree...
"Paradise" : Follows the live of three Scottish sisters; one a shift manager in a fast-food restaurant (who single-handedly foils an armed raid); the second is a hostess on a boat taking day-trips on Loch Ness and the third is drunk in a cemetery vandalising angels.
"Erosive" : An Apple tree is infested with aphids, the owner falls in love...
"The Book Club" :A young girl borrows books from a bookseller, reading them carefully so they can still be sold; later her mother joins a book club...
"Believe Me" :A woman admits to her female lover that she is married and spends her days with her husband. Her lover then admits she is also having an affair with him...
"Scottish Love Songs" : An elderly lady is haunted by a Pipe Band who continually march through her house playing, rendering her all but deaf...
"The Shortlist Season" : A young woman believes herself to be allergic to modern art...
"The Heat of the Story" : Three drunk women stagger into Midnight Mass...
"The Start of Things" : A lover is locked out on a cold winter night...

External links
Interview from The Scotsman
The real and the arch, Review from The Guardian by Rachel Cusk

2003 short story collections
Scottish short story collections
Hamish Hamilton books

The Whole Story and Other Stories


Johann von Dumreicher, full name Johann Heinrich Georg Freiherr Dumreicher von Österreicher (13 January 1815, Trieste – 16 November 1880, Januševec, near Zagreb), was an Austrian surgeon. He was the father of Armand von Dumreicher (1845–1908), a politician known for educational reforms.

He studied medicine at the University of Vienna, earning his doctorate in 1838. In 1844 he was habilitated as lecturer at Vienna, and in 1846 became primary physician of the surgical department at the Allgemeines Krankenhaus.  In 1849 he was appointed professor of surgery, as well as head of the surgical clinic.

Known for his work in orthopedic medicine, his students and assistants included surgeons Eduard Albert (1841–1900) and Wenzel von Linhart (1821–1877), gynecologists Rudolf Kaltenbach (1842–1893) and Friedrich Schauta (1849–1919), obstetrician Ludwig Bandl (1842–1892) and surgeon Carl Nicoladoni (1847–1902).

Dumreicher distinguished himself in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, and in 1869 was put in charge of a commission tasked with reform and reorganization of Austrian military medicine. One of his better-known publications was an 1878 treatise titled Über die Notwendigkeit von Reformen des Unterrichts an den medizinischen Fakultäten Österreichs, which dealt with the need of teaching reforms at Austrian medical faculties.

Dumreicher had professional differences regarding medical philosophy and methodology with surgeon Theodor Billroth (1829–1894), which resulted in a long-standing feud between the two doctors. Billroth became further angered when Dumreicher, just prior to his death in 1880, recommended Eduard Albert to be his successor as head of the First Department of Surgery at the University of Vienna. It was Billroth's contention that it was Vincenz Czerny (1845–1916), rather than Albert, who deserved the promotion.

His burial site is located at the Hetzendorfer cemetery in Vienna. Since 1953, in Donaustadt (22nd District, Vienna), the Dumreichergasse has been named in his honor.

References
  translated biography Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
 Pub Med Central The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal, Vienna Heritage of Orthopedics

19th-century Austrian people
People from Austria-Hungary
Austrian surgeons
Barons of Austria
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Physicians from Trieste
People from Austrian Littoral
1815 births
1880 deaths

Johann von Dumreicher