The St. Joseph North Pier Inner and Outer Lights are lighthouses in Michigan at the entrance to the St. Joseph River on Lake Michigan. The station was built in 1832 with the current lights built in 1906 and 1907; they were decommissioned in 2005.

History
St. Joseph was first platted in 1829, and the first lighthouse at the site, located on the shore, was built in 1832. Construction began on harbor piers in 1836, and by 1848 a beacon light had been established on the pier. The onshore lighthouse was replaced in 1859, and a new pierhead beacon was constructed on the south pier in 1870. In 1881, this beacon was transferred to the north pier. In 1897 a pole light was erected 400 feet shoreward to serve as a rear range light. In 1904, the pier was extended, and the range lights were moved lakeward. In 1906/07, the present set of range lights was constructed.

The 1859 lighthouse remained in use until 1919 when a tower was erected on the south pier. It was demolished in 1955. In 2008, the north pier inner and outer range lights were deemed excess. Ownership of the lights was transferred to the city of St. Joseph in 2013. A committee was formed in 2014 which raised $2 million in private donations to fully restore the pier range lights. The project to preserve the lighthouses was completed in 2016.

Postage stamp
On June 17, 1995, the United States Postal Service issued a stamp depicting the lights as part of its Great Lakes Lighthouses series.

Description
The front range tower is constructed of steel framing and covered with metal sheets. It is a conical tower that tapers from a diameter of eight feet, three inches at its base to seven feet, three inches at the top. It is topped by a nine-sided lantern room. The tower is equipped with a fifth-order Barbier and Benard lens that produced a fixed red light. The entire structure is 30 feet tall.

The rear tower is a square steel structure, 24 feet on a side, with a pyramidal roof. On top of the roof is an octagonal tower, rising two stories above the main structure. Atop the tower is a circular lantern room with helical bars, surrounded by a black iron parapet and walkway.  The tower was originally equipped with a fourth-order lens manufactured by Chance Brothers that produced a fixed red light. This lens was replaced at some point with a Fourth Order Fresnel lens manufactured by Sautter & Cie.  A catwalk extends from the second story of the lighthouse along the pier to the shoreline. A smokestack was removed from the tower in 1949 and another was added in 2016.

References

Gallery

Further reading

External links

 Geographic Names Information System:

Lighthouses completed in 1906
Lighthouses completed in 1907
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Berrien County, Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites
Transportation in Berrien County, Michigan
1906 establishments in Michigan
1907 establishments in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Berrien County, Michigan


The Wages of Fear () is a 1953 thriller film directed and co-written by Henri-Georges Clouzot, and starring Yves Montand, Charles Vanel, Peter van Eyck and Véra Clouzot. The film centers on a group of four down-their-luck European men who are hired by an American oil company to drive two trucks over mountain dirt roads, loaded with nitroglycerine needed to extinguish an oil well fire. It is adapted from a 1950 French novel by Georges Arnaud.

The film brought Clouzot international fame—winning both the Golden Bear and the Palme d'Or at the 1953 Berlin Film Festival and Cannes Film Festival, respectively—and enabled him to direct Les Diaboliques (1955). In France, it was the fourth highest-grossing film of the year with a total of nearly 7 million admissions.

Plot
Frenchmen Mario and Jo, German Bimba and Italian Luigi are stuck in the isolated town of Las Piedras. Surrounded by desert, the town is linked to the outside world only by an airstrip, but the airfare is beyond the means of the men. There is little opportunity for employment aside from the American corporation that dominates the town, Southern Oil Company (SOC), which operates the nearby oil fields and owns a walled compound within the town. SOC exploits local workers and takes the law into its own hands, but the townspeople depend on it and suffer in silence.

Mario is a sarcastic Corsican playboy who treats his devoted lover, Linda, with disdain. Jo is an aging ex-gangster who recently found himself stranded in the town. Bimba is an intense, quiet man whose father was murdered by the Nazis and who himself worked for three years in a salt mine. Luigi, Mario's roommate, is a jovial, hardworking man, who has just learned that he is dying from cement dust in his lungs. Mario befriends Jo due to their common background, having lived in Paris, but a rift develops between Jo and the other cantina regulars due to his combative, arrogant personality.

A massive fire erupts at one of the SOC oil fields. The only way to extinguish the flames and cap the well is an explosion produced by nitroglycerine. With short notice and lack of proper equipment, it must be transported within jerrycans placed in two large trucks from the SOC headquarters, 500 km (300 miles) away. Due to the poor condition of the roads and the highly volatile nature of nitroglycerine, the job is considered too dangerous for the unionized SOC employees.

The company foreman, Bill O'Brien, recruits truck drivers from the local community. Despite the dangers, many of the locals volunteer, lured by the high pay: US$2,000 per driver. This is a fortune to them, perhaps the only way out of their dead-end lives. The pool of applicants is narrowed down to four drivers: Mario, Bimba and Luigi are chosen, along with a German named Smerloff. Smerloff fails to appear on the appointed day, so Jo, who knows O' Brien from his bootlegging days, takes his place. The other drivers suspect that Jo intimidated Smerloff in some way to facilitate his own hiring.

Jo and Mario transport the nitroglycerin in one vehicle; Luigi and Bimba are in the other, with thirty minutes separating them in order to limit potential casualties. The drivers are forced to deal with a series of physical and mental obstacles, including a stretch of extremely rough road called "the washboard", a construction barricade that forces them to teeter around a rotten platform above a precipice, and a boulder blocking the road. Jo finds that his nerves are not what they used to be, and the others confront Jo about his increasing cowardice. Finally, Luigi and Bimba's truck explodes without warning, killing them both.

Mario and Jo arrive at the scene of the explosion only to find a large crater rapidly filling with oil from a pipeline ruptured in the blast. Jo exits the vehicle to help Mario navigate through the oil-filled crater. The truck, however, is in danger of becoming bogged down and, during their frantic attempts to prevent it from getting stuck, Mario runs over Jo. Although the vehicle is ultimately freed from the muck, Jo is mortally injured. On their arrival at the oil field, Mario and Jo are hailed as heroes, but Jo is dead and Mario collapses from exhaustion. Upon his recovery, he heads home in the same truck. He collects double the wages following his friends' deaths and refuses the chauffeur offered by SOC. Mario jubilantly drives down a mountain road as a party is being held at the cantina back in town, where Mario's friends eagerly await his arrival. He swerves recklessly and intentionally, having cheated death so many times on the same road. Linda, dancing in the cantina, faints. Mario takes a corner too fast and plunges through the guardrail to his death.

Cast

Reception and legacy
The Wages of Fear was critically hailed upon its original release. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote "The excitement derives entirely from the awareness of nitroglycerine and the gingerly, breathless handling of it. You sit there waiting for the theatre to explode." The film was also a hit with the public, selling 6,944,306 tickets in France where it was the fourth highest earning film of the year.

In 1982, Pauline Kael called it "an existential thriller—the most original and shocking French melodrama of the 50s. ... When you can be blown up at any moment only a fool believes that character determines fate. ... If this isn't a parable of man's position in the modern world, it's at least an illustration of it. ... The violence ... is used to force a vision of human existence." In 1992, Roger Ebert stated that "The film's extended suspense sequences deserve a place among the great stretches of cinema." Leonard Maltin awarded the film  out of 4 stars, calling it a "marvelously gritty and extremely suspenseful epic".
In 2010, the film was ranked No. 9 in Empires "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema." The website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 100% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 47 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.90/10. Its critics consensus reads: "An existential suspense classic, The Wages of Fear blends nonstop suspense with biting satire; its influence is still being felt on today's thrillers." Metacritic reports a score of 85 out of 100 based on 15 critic reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

The British-American filmmaker Christopher Nolan was strongly influenced by The Wages of Fear for his film Dunkirk.

Restoration and home video
One of the best known and most successful of Clouzot's films, The Wages of Fear has been widely released on every home video format. However, with the exception of a French DVD (TF1 Vidéo, 2001) featuring the original 153-minute French theatrical version, until recently most releases only contained a slightly edited 148-minute version. A comprehensive 4K restoration, based on the original negative and supervised by cinematographer Guillaume Schiffman, was completed in 2017. It has greatly improved audio and video quality, and has been released on Blu-ray, DVD and DCP in France, (TF1 Vidéo), the UK (BFI) and Japan (IVC).

The film was colorized in 1996 with the approval of Clouzot's daughter. It was subsequently broadcast on French television and released on French VHS.

Awards

Wins
 3rd Berlin International Film Festival – Golden Bear
 6th Cannes Film Festival – Palme d'Or
 8th British Academy Film Awards – Best Film

Remakes
Violent Road (aka Hell's Highway), directed by Howard W. Koch in 1958, and Sorcerer, directed by William Friedkin in 1977, are American remakes, although the former is not credited as such. Friedkin described the latter as an adaptation of the original novel.

The plot was adapted for an episode of the 1980s American TV series MacGyver, "Hellfire" (S01E08).

A third remake is currently in production by Netflix, due to be released in 2024. The new film is to be directed by Julien Leclercq and stars Franck Gastambide, Alban Lenoir, Ana Girardot and Sofiane Zermani.

References

External links

 The Wages of Fear: No Exit an essay by Dennis Lehane at the Criterion Collection

1953 films
1950s adventure drama films
1950s psychological drama films
1950s psychological thriller films
French black-and-white films
French adventure drama films
1950s French-language films
French adventure thriller films
Golden Bear winners
Italian adventure thriller films
Films scored by Georges Auric
Films about death
Films about friendship
Films based on French novels
Films based on thriller novels
Films directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot
Films produced by Raymond Borderie
Films set in South America
Palme d'Or winners
Trucker films
Best Film BAFTA Award winners
Italian road movies
Films with screenplays by Henri-Georges Clouzot
1953 drama films
French road movies
1950s Italian films
1950s French films

The Wages of Fear


Polarization is an important phenomenon in astronomy.

Stars
The polarization of starlight was first observed by the astronomers William Hiltner and John S. Hall in 1949. Subsequently, Jesse Greenstein and Leverett Davis, Jr. developed theories allowing the use of polarization data to trace interstellar magnetic fields.
Though the integrated thermal radiation of stars is not usually appreciably polarized at source, scattering by interstellar dust can impose polarization on starlight over long distances. Net polarization at the source can occur if the photosphere itself is asymmetric, due to limb polarization. Plane polarization of starlight generated at the star itself is observed for Ap stars (peculiar A type stars).

Sun
Both circular and linear polarization of sunlight has been measured. Circular polarization is mainly due to transmission and absorption effects in strongly magnetic regions of the Sun's surface. Another mechanism that gives rise to circular polarization is the so-called "alignment-to-orientation mechanism". Continuum light is linearly polarized at different locations across the face of the Sun (limb polarization) though taken as a whole, this polarization cancels. Linear polarization in spectral lines is usually created by anisotropic scattering of photons on atoms and ions which can themselves be polarized by this interaction. The linearly polarized spectrum of the Sun is often called the second solar spectrum. Atomic polarization can be modified in weak magnetic fields by the Hanle effect. As a result, polarization of the scattered photons is also modified providing a diagnostics tool for understanding stellar magnetic fields.

Other sources

Polarization is also present in radiation from coherent astronomical sources due to the Zeeman effect (e.g. hydroxyl or methanol masers).

The large radio lobes in active galaxies and pulsar radio radiation (which may, it is speculated, sometimes be coherent) also show polarization.

Apart from providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization also probes the interstellar magnetic field in our galaxy as well as in radio galaxies via Faraday rotation. In some cases it can be difficult to determine how much of the Faraday rotation is in the external source and how much is local to our own galaxy, but in many cases it is possible to find another distant source nearby in the sky; thus by comparing the candidate source and the reference source, the results can be untangled.

Cosmic microwave background
The polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is also being used to study the physics of the very early universe. CMB exhibits 2 components of polarization: B-mode (divergence-free like magnetic field) and E-mode (curl-free gradient-only like electric field) polarization. The BICEP2 telescope located at the South Pole helped in the detection of B-mode polarization in the CMB. The polarization modes of the CMB may provide more information about the influence of gravitational waves on the development of the early universe.

It has been suggested that astronomical sources of polarised light caused the chirality found in biological molecules on Earth.

See also

 Chandrasekhar polarization

References

External links
Discovery by Hiltner and Hall, analysis by Greenstein

Astrophysics
Polarization (waves)
Articles containing video clips

Polarization in astronomy


A bottle is a narrow-necked container made of an impermeable material (such as glass, plastic or aluminium) in various shapes and sizes that stores and transports liquids. Its mouth, at the bottling line, can be sealed with an internal stopper, an external bottle cap, a closure, or induction sealing.

Etymology
First attested in 14th century. From the English word bottle derives from an Old French word boteille, from vulgar Latin butticula, from late Latin buttis ("cask"), a latinisation of the Greek βοῦττις (bouttis) ("vessel").

Types

Glass

Wine

The glass bottle represented an important development in the history of wine, because, when combined with a high-quality stopper such as a cork, it allowed long-term aging of wine. Glass has all the qualities required for long-term storage. It eventually gave rise to "château bottling", the practice where an estate's wine is put in a bottle at the source, rather than by a merchant. Prior to this, wine used to be sold by the barrel (and before that, the amphora) and put into bottles only at the merchant's shop, if at all. This left large and often abused opportunities for fraud and adulteration, as consumers had to trust the merchant as to the contents. It is thought that most wine consumed outside of wine-producing regions had been tampered with in some way. Also, not all merchants were careful to avoid oxidation or contamination while bottling, leading to large bottle variation. Particularly in the case of port, certain conscientious merchants' bottling of old ports fetch higher prices even today. To avoid these problems, most fine wine is bottled at the place of production (including all port, since 1974).

There are many sizes and shapes of bottles used for wine. Some of the known shapes:
 "Bordeaux": This bottle is roughly straight sided with a curved "shoulder" that is useful for catching sediment and is also the easiest to stack. Traditionally used in Bordeaux but now worldwide, this is probably the most common type.
 "Burgundy": Traditionally used in Burgundy, this has sides that taper down about 2/3 of the height to a short cylindrical section, and does not have a shoulder.
 "Champagne": Traditionally used for Champagne, it is similar to a Burgundy bottle, but with a wider base and heavier construction to withstand the pressure from the carbonation of the sparkling wine.

Codd-neck

In 1872, British soft drink makers Hiram Codd of Camberwell, London, designed and patented a bottle designed specifically for carbonated drinks. The Codd-neck bottle was designed and manufactured to enclose a marble and a rubber washer/gasket in the neck. The bottles were filled upside down, and pressure of the gas in the bottle forced the marble against the washer, sealing in the carbonation. The bottle was pinched into a special shape, as can be seen in the photo to the left, to provide a chamber into which the marble was pushed to open the bottle. This prevented the marble from blocking the neck as the drink was poured.

Soon after its introduction, the bottle became extremely popular with the soft drink and brewing industries, mainly in Europe, Asia and Australasia, though some alcohol drinkers disdained the use of the bottle. One etymology of the term codswallop originates from beer sold in Codd bottles, though this is generally dismissed as a folk etymology.

The bottles were regularly produced for many decades, but gradually declined in usage. Since children smashed the bottles to retrieve the marbles, they are relatively scarce and have become collector items; particularly in the UK. A cobalt-coloured Codd bottle today fetches hundreds of British pounds at auction. The Codd-neck design is still used for the Japanese soft drink Ramune and in the Indian drink called Banta.

Plastic

The plastic is strain oriented in the stretch blow molding manufacturing process. Plastic bottles are typically used to store liquids such as water, soft drinks, motor oil, cooking oil, medicine, shampoo, milk, and ink. The size ranges from very small sample bottles to very large carboys. The main advantages of plastic bottles over glass are their superior resistance to breakage, in both production and transportation, as well as their light weight and low cost of production. Disadvantages include widespread plastic pollution.

Aluminium

An aluminium bottle is a bottle made of aluminium (or aluminum, outside of British English). In some countries, it is also called a "bottlecan". It usually holds beer, soft drinks or wine.

Hot water

A hot water bottle is a bottle filled with hot water used to provide warmth. It can be made from various materials, most commonly rubber, but has historically been made from harder materials such as metal, glass, earthenware, or wood.

Gallery

Miscellany
Bottles are often recycled according to the SPI recycling code for the material.

See also

 Beer bottle
 Bottle sling
 Bottle wall
 Bottling company
 Bottling (concert abuse)
 Butylka - The largest building in the world in the shape of a bottle
 Carinate
 Glass production
 Helmholtz resonance
Klein bottle
 List of bottle types, brands and companies
 List of bottling companies
 Reuse of bottles
 Speyer wine bottle

Notes

References
 Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002,
 Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,

External links

Food storage containers
Liquid containers
Packaging
Food packaging

Bottle


Ryan Lee Rohlinger (; born October 7, 1983) is an American former professional baseball infielder. He played in Major League Baseball for the San Francisco Giants from 2008 through 2011.

Amateur career

High school
Rohlinger graduated from West Bend East High School in West Bend, Wisconsin in 2002, where he played baseball, football, basketball, and tennis. Rohlinger was an all-state pick in all four sports he participated in his senior season, an accomplishment that had never occurred in Wisconsin Prep History. He was also named the 2001–2002 State Scholar Athlete of the year by the WIAA.

Rohlinger was an accomplished football player in high school earning all-state honors as a wide receiver as a sophomore and as a quarterback as a junior and senior. Named back of the year his junior and senior seasons, Rohlinger holds over 40 school football records.  Rohlinger has the 3rd highest receiving yardage game in Wisconsin prep history, 11 catches for 292 yards and 3 touchdowns in 1999.  Rohlinger also holds the 3rd highest yardage game as a quarterback, 28 of 50 for 474 yards and 2 touchdowns in 2001.

As a basketball player, Rohlinger was an all-state point guard, both as a junior and senior.

In Rohlinger's two years playing tennis, he made the state tournament and was named all-state despite not playing tennis prior to that season.

Rohlinger was a 4-year starter at the then powerhouse West Bend East team that was coached by state coaching legend, Doug Gonring. As a baseball player, Rohlinger was named the Wisconsin state player of the year in 2002. He was an all-state second baseman as a freshman and sophomore and an all-state selection at shortstop as a junior and senior. Rohlinger was a part of two state championships at West Bend East, 1999 and 2002 with the team compiling a 110–21 record during his prep career. Rohlinger holds state records in doubles and total bases.

Rohlinger was also a member of the Midwest Blazers, a scout team located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.  During Rohlinger's time with the Blazers, he was named the tournament Most Valuable Player three times and hit over .400 in two years as the Blazers Shortstop.

On December 23, 2008, Rohlinger's baseball number 17 was retired in a halftime ceremony at a West Bend East vs. West Bend West Basketball game.  His old jersey and number are hanging in the West Bend Gymnasium and baseball fields.

College
Rohlinger attended Clarendon Junior College in Texas in 2002–2003 becoming a Junior College All American. As a result, Rohlinger transferred to the University of Oklahoma in Norman, Oklahoma. Rohlinger was the starting third baseman for the Sooners and got a reputation right away at Oklahoma for being Mr. Clutch, as he had several game winning home runs and hits, including a game-winning home run against then number 1 University of Texas. Rohlinger was a team captain in  for the University of Oklahoma. In the summer of , Rohlinger was named the Most Valuable Player in the Cape Cod Baseball League Championship series, as he helped the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox to the league crown.

Professional career

San Francisco Giants
Rohlinger was selected in the  2005 Major League Baseball Draft in the 21st round by the St. Louis Cardinals, but returned to University of Oklahoma for his senior season. Rohlinger was then selected in the 6th round of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft by the San Francisco Giants.

Rohlinger played for the Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League in 2006 that won the Northwest League Championship.  Rohlinger batted .252 with 3 home runs and 28 runs batted in.

Rohlinger played for the Augusta GreenJackets of the South Atlantic League in 2007.  Rohlinger led the team in home runs with 18.  He also batted .235 with 78 runs batted in.

In , Rohlinger was added to the San Francisco Giants spring training roster and competed for the 2008 third baseman position. After making it to the final day of spring training, Rohlinger was sent to the High-A San Jose Giants in San Jose, California. During the first 3 months Rohlinger posted a .285 average with 7 home runs and 46 runs batted in.  Rohlinger was promoted June 21, 2008, to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders in Norwich, Connecticut.  Rohlinger hit .296 with 6 home runs and 19 runs batted in.

He was called up the San Francisco Giants on August 13, 2008. Rohlinger, along with Pablo Sandoval, started the season in Single-A and ultimately ended up on the major league roster, something that does not happen frequently.

Rohlinger started the 2009 season in Triple A Fresno where he batted .281 with 16 home runs and 78 runs batted in.  On August 25, 2009, Rohlinger was recalled to the San Francisco Giants and remained with the Giants for the remainder of the season.

He started the 2010 season in Triple A Fresno, but on May 7, 2010, he was recalled to the San Francisco Giants which started a season where he would go back and forth several times.  Rohlinger batted .311 with 8 home runs and 48 runs batted in for Fresno.  He remained with the Giants through their World Series run which ended in a championship.

Rohlinger will start the 2011 season in Triple A Fresno.  Rohlinger was called up to the San Francisco Giants and appeared in one game. The Giants designated him for assignment on May 26.

Colorado Rockies
He was claimed off waivers by the Colorado Rockies on June 2. On November 20, he was released by Colorado.

Cleveland Indians

Rohlinger was signed by the Cleveland Indians to a minor league contract for the 2012 season and spent the 2012 season at Double A Akron and Triple A Columbus.

Rohlinger was re-signed by the Cleveland Indians to a minor league contract for the 2013 season and started the 2013 season at Triple A Columbus.

In November 2013, Rohlinger was re-signed by the Cleveland Indians to a minor league contract with an invite to Major League camp for the 2014 season.

Personal
Rohlinger comes from an athletic family. Rohlinger has two older brothers, Matt and Adam, and a younger sister Bria. Uncle Willie Mueller was a Major League Baseball pitcher with the Milwaukee Brewers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Mueller also played the role of the Duke in the movie Major League. Cousin Mike Mueller was a minor league pitcher with the Atlanta Braves organization. Brother Adam Rohlinger was a Division 3 All-American baseball player at Concordia University Wisconsin in Mequon, Wisconsin.  Ryan and Adam hold most offensive records at West Bend East High School.

Rohlinger is married to former Northwestern University and West Bend East High School standout volleyball player Christie Gardner and they have a daughter and son.

References

External links

Venezuelan Professional Baseball League statistics

1983 births
Living people
Baseball players from Wisconsin
Major League Baseball third basemen
San Francisco Giants players
Salem-Keizer Volcanoes players
Augusta GreenJackets players
San Jose Giants players
Connecticut Defenders players
Scottsdale Scorpions players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Arizona League Giants players
Bravos de Margarita players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Akron Aeros players
Columbus Clippers players
Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox players
People from West Bend, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Washington County, Wisconsin
Oklahoma Sooners baseball players

Ryan Rohlinger


Ten of Wands is a Minor Arcana Tarot card of the Suit of Wands.

Tarot cards are used throughout much of Europe to play tarot card games.

In English-speaking countries, where the games are largely unknown, Tarot cards came to be utilized primarily for divinatory purposes.

Divination usage

Most often, the Ten of Wands card carries the meaning of overload and burdening situations where too much responsibility has been taken on by the subject.

Rider–Waite symbolism

 A person overburdened by his enterprise, is nevertheless active and on the move, but not seeing past his wands (or obligations).
 A city can be observed in the background. He may be headed there, perhaps with the goal of ridding himself of this load.

References

Suit of Wands
Articles with short description

Ten of Wands


Michael David Danby (born 16 February 1955) is an Australian politician who was an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1998 until 2019, representing the Division of Melbourne Ports, Victoria. Danby was briefly Parliamentary Secretary for the Arts, from March to September 2013.

Early life and experience

Danby was born in Melbourne and lives in Elwood. Danby attended Mount Scopus Memorial College and then enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts at Melbourne University but left without completing the degree. He was President of the Melbourne University Student Union as well as President of the Australasian Union of Jewish Students. From 1980 to 1983 he was an Australian Army Reserve officer cadet with Officer Cadet Training Unit, 3 Training Group, based at Albert Park Reserve and Puckapunyal.

From 1979 to 1983 Danby was manager of Halmaag Art Galleries in Malvern. He was Assistant Private Secretary to Barry Cohen, a minister in the Hawke government 1983–84, and Editor of the Australia-Israel Review (published by the Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council) from 1986 to 1993. In 1985 he was senior vice-president of the International Youth Conference in Kingston, Jamaica. He was a ministerial adviser to Alan Griffiths, the Industry Minister in the Keating government, 1993–94. He was an industrial officer with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association 1994–96.

Federal politics
In 1990 Danby ran as the Labor candidate for the safe Liberal seat of Goldstein against Dr David Kemp. In 1997 he won a hotly disputed Labor Party preselection battle for the right to contest Melbourne Ports, where the sitting member, Clyde Holding, was retiring, defeating Tim Pallas, who would later become the Victorian State Treasurer. He was elected in 1998 with 55 percent of the vote, and was reelected with slightly reduced majorities in 2001 and 2004. In 2007 he gained a 3% two-candidate-preferred (TCP) swing to Labor and in 2010 secured a further 1% TCP swing. Danby was outspoken in his criticism of the Labor Party's handling of the 2010 election, attacking the heavily-Western Sydney focus of the campaign.

Electoral Matters Committee activities

Danby was a member of the Parliament's Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters from 1998 until 2010, and was Deputy Chair in 2006. He used this position to run a campaign against the Howard Government's changes to Australian electoral law, which he argued restricted the ability of voters, particularly new voters, to enrol and vote. In an article in 2005, he wrote: "For 150 years Australia has been a world leader in progressive electoral reform... As a result Australia has one of the most open and accessible electoral systems in the world, and also a system with the highest reputation for integrity and transparency. Now, for the first time in living memory, an Australian government is going to wind the process back, for no good reason other than its own partisan advantage. They are going to make it more difficult for Australians to enrol and to vote." Soon after the 2010 Federal Election Danby drew attention to the fact that for various reasons 1.4 million eligible Australians had not voted, and criticised the Government for not having acted during its previous term to ensure greater voter turn-out.

Other parliamentary activities
From 2008 to 2010 Danby was Chair of the Parliament's Joint Standing Committee on Migration. He was Chair of the Foreign Affairs Sub-Committee of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade throughout the 42nd Parliament, and was again chosen for this position in the 43rd parliament. He was also Chair of the Parliamentary Friendship Group for the United States, and the Parliamentary Group for Tibet.

In 2008 and 2009 the Migration Committee completed three major reports. These reports made numerous recommendations in relation to Australia's immigration detention system, several of which of were adopted by the Australian Government, including the recommendation that 'detention debt' should be abolished. Danby gained some media attention in late 2009 following his criticism of Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's use of the term 'illegal immigrants' rather than 'asylum seekers'. Regarding use of the term 'illegal immigrants' he stated "I don't find these sort of populist expressions helpful in this debate."

In July 2009 in his role as Chair of the Parliamentary Group for Tibet, Danby led the first-ever delegation of Australian MPs and Senators to Dharamshala, India, the base of the Central Tibetan Administration. The group met with Dalai Lama, and other senior lamas, as well as numerous government Ministers. Danby also gave a speech at the celebrations for the Dalai Lama's 74th birthday entitled 'Let freedom reign in Tibet'. The Chinese Government reacted angrily to the delegation's visit, saying the visit constituted interference in China's internal affairs.

From July 2011 to March 2013 Danby was Chairman of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, a role which saw him represent the Prime Minister at the inauguration of the new nation of South Sudan in 2011.

Jewish representation
Danby was the only Jewish member of the Australian Parliament from 1998 to 2007, when Mark Dreyfus, also from the Labor Party, was elected. This was followed in 2010 with the election of Josh Frydenberg who is a Liberal. He has frequently spoken in support of Israel. Danby supports a two-state solution to the Israel-Palestine question. In May 2011 he said: "I am a strong supporter of Israel. Obviously also a strong supporter of a peace process there and a two-state solution, and I have that dialogue with a friends from Israel when I get the opportunity to.

In 2005 Danby was critical of a book by a Sydney Jewish atheist journalist, Antony Loewenstein, about the Australian Jewish community and its attitudes to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In a letter to the Australian Jewish News, Danby called on the book's publisher, Melbourne University Press, to "drop this whole disgusting project." He also called on the Jewish community to boycott the book. "I urge the Australian Jewish community, and particularly the Australian Jewish News, to treat it with dignified silence," he said.

Other activities
Danby was an outspoken supporter of the Australian National Academy of Music, opposing Arts Minister Peter Garrett's decision to cut funding for the institution, which is in his electorate, in October 2008. Following a wide outcry the Government changed its decision to close the Academy and announced an additional $500,000 for the elite classical training centre.

Danby helped organise the visit of the Uyghur leader Rebiya Kadeer, to Australia for the Melbourne International Film Festival in August 2009. The visit drew condemnation from the Chinese Government, but Danby criticised the Chinese Government for describing Kadeer as a terrorist, and argued that she was "a paradigm of non-violence".

In September and October 2010 Danby wrote a number of articles critical of Australian National University academic Hugh White's Quarterly Essay entitled "Power Shift: Australia's Future between Washington and Beijing'". In an article published in The Wall Street Journal Asia, Danby was highly critical of White's contention that Australia should support US military evacuation of the South China Sea, and other possible zones of conflict with China. In another article in The Australian (co-authored with foreign affairs experts Carl Ungerer and Peter Khalil), Danby warned against a 'Munich Moment' which would result if Australia followed White's advice and decided that the price of China's growing power was to cease "lecturing China about dissidents, Tibet or religious freedom". White responded to these articles in both The Australian and the Australian Financial Review. However it seems Danby had the last word in the debate, publishing another article in the Australian Financial Review, which attacked White's thesis as advocating "unprincipled appeasement". Danby also accused White of holding 'cold-blooded, Kissingerian views', 'treating China and the United States as if they were no more than a pair of traditional great-power rivals competing for territory or markets, like the Habsburg and Ottoman empires'. In a parliamentary speech in October 2010 Danby pointed to calls for reform from within the highest echelons of the Chinese Communist Party as reason not to follow White's approach.

During his time in Parliament, Danby was a member of the World Movement for Democracy's Steering Committee.

Retirement
On 5 July 2018, Danby announced he would not contest the seat of Macnamara, which would replace Melbourne Ports at the 2019 federal election, thus ending a 20-year career in federal politics. Danby was replaced by Josh Burns, a Labor staffer, who went on to win the seat.

Controversies

Preferencing tactics

During the mid 2010s, Melbourne Ports saw an increase in the Greens vote. Danby has long been critical of the Greens due to their stance on Israel, which he characterised as "extreme."

In the 2016 federal election campaign, Danby criticised Greens candidate Steph Hodgins-May for pulling out of a local debate after discovering it was co-hosted by Zionism Victoria; Hodgins-May was critical of the organisation's political views, specifically its dismissive attitude of the United Nations, her former employer. In response Danby called her an "obnoxious bigot" and called on Greens leader Richard Di Natale to sack her. The debate ultimately went ahead between Danby and Liberal candidate Owen Guest, with Hodgins-May represented by an empty chair.

During the campaign Danby was discovered distributing how-to-vote cards which preferenced the Greens below the Liberals, in contravention of official Labor Party cards, which preferenced the Liberals below the Greens. The Greens unequivocally preferenced Labor.

Danby previously drew criticism in the 2013 federal election for distributing how-to-vote cards which placed the Australian Sex Party last when distributed to Jewish Orthodox voters, in contravention of official Labor Party cards which placed Family First last.

Advertisements regarding an ABC journalist
In October 2017 Danby ran attack ads in the Australian Jewish News against Sophie McNeill, the ABC's Walkley Award-winning Jerusalem correspondent. Danby accused McNeill of pro-Palestinian bias and double standards, alleging that she filed "extensive coverage" on the September 2017 eviction of the Shamasneh family from East Jerusalem, while falsely claiming she provided "no report" on the July 2017 Halamish stabbing attack. The ABC strongly rejected the allegation, calling the ads "part of a pattern of inaccurate and highly inappropriate personal attacks on Ms McNeill by Mr Danby," and complaining directly to Labor leader Bill Shorten. Danby stood by his claims, asserting that McNeill gave the Shamasneh family's eviction undue prominence over the Halamish attack. Danby faced further criticism when it emerged the ads had been paid for with taxpayer money, amounting to $4,574.

Labor leader Bill Shorten was reported to be "deeply unimpressed" by Danby's actions, and former Labor New South Wales Premier and foreign minister Bob Carr called the ad "wild, nasty and tinged by mania." The incident further stoked a push by factions within the Labor Party to pressure Danby into retirement ahead of the next election, with sources saying Danby was "too divisive to resist the Liberals and the Greens."

Israeli conference appearance
Shortly after the controversy surrounding his attack ad, it was revealed Danby had attended a conference on "global jihad" and the "terrorist threat posed to Israel and other democratic countries" hosted by the conservative International Institute for Counter-Terrorism along with other meetings in Tel Aviv, Israel while the House of Representatives was sitting, after having presented a medical certificate and obtaining sick leave. Labor factional ally and former New South Wales Premier and foreign minister Bob Carr again criticised Danby, writing on Twitter "pre-selectors and voters in Melbourne Ports [are] itching to give Michael Danby what he sought: a long break to look after his health." Catherine King, a fellow Labor MP suggested it was a matter for Danby "to address and explain himself".

Farewell party expenses
Following Danby's retirement, mayor of the City of Port Phillip Dick Gross alleged Danby's staffers never paid invoices of several thousand dollars for the rental of St Kilda Town Hall. Danby claimed the use of the venue was a gift due to his "wide local community support."

Electoral history
Danby has run in two seats through his career, both for federal parliament, across eight elections.

Personal life
In February 2008 he and his longtime partner, barrister Amanda Mendes da Costa, were married at Parliament House, Canberra, the first Jewish wedding held in the building.

References

External links

Michael Danby's homepage

National Security Must Come Before Politics (Australian Financial Review) (pdf)
The battle for Melbourne Ports – Australian Jewish News
The Young Lib, the green T-shirt and the how-to-vote card – The Age

1955 births
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Right politicians
Living people
Australian people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish Australian politicians
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Melbourne Ports
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians
People educated at Mount Scopus Memorial College

Michael Danby


Melvin Mayfield (March 24, 1919 – June 19, 1990) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Mayfield's actions, on July 29, 1945, were the last to earn a Medal of Honor prior to the August 15, 1945, end of hostilities in World War II—though some honorees may have been cited for their Medal after Mayfield's recognition on May 31, 1946.

Biography
Mayfield joined the Army from Nashport, Ohio in February 1941, and by July 29, 1945, was serving as a corporal in Company D, 20th Infantry Regiment, 6th Infantry Division. On that day, in the Cordillera Mountains, Luzon, the Philippines, he single-handedly attacked four enemy positions. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor ten months later, on May 31, 1946.

Mayfield left the Army while still a corporal. He died at age 71 and was buried in Frazeysburg Cemetery, Frazeysburg, Ohio.

Medal of Honor citation
Corporal Mayfield's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
He displayed conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty while fighting in the Cordillera Mountains of Luzon, Philippine Islands. When 2 Filipino companies were pinned down under a torrent of enemy fire that converged on them from a circular ridge commanding their position, Cpl. Mayfield, in a gallant single-handed effort to aid them, rushed from shell hole to shell hole until he reached 4 enemy caves atop the barren fire-swept hill. With grenades and his carbine, he assaulted each of the caves while enemy fire pounded about him. However, before he annihilated the last hostile redoubt, a machinegun bullet destroyed his weapon and slashed his left hand. Disregarding his wound, he secured more grenades and dauntlessly charged again into the face of pointblank fire to help destroy a hostile observation post. By his gallant determination and heroic leadership, Cpl. Mayfield inspired the men to eliminate all remaining pockets of resistance in the area and to press the advance against the enemy.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

1919 births
1990 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Muskingum County, Ohio
United States Army soldiers
People from Salem, West Virginia
Military personnel from West Virginia
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor

Melvin Mayfield


Humorism, or humoralism, was a system of medicine about the makeup and workings of the human body. It was a belief that too much or too little of any of four distinct body fluids in a person directly influenced their temperament and health. The humoralist system of medicine is highly individualistic. Each individual patient was made up of their own unique combination of humors.

It resembled an early holistic approach to medicine linking mental and physical processes. From Hippocrates onward, the humoral theory was adopted by Greek, Roman and Persian physicians. It became the most commonly held view of the human body among early physicians until the coming of modern medical research in the nineteenth century. It has not been used in medicine since then.

References

History of medicine

Humorism


Freddy Monnickendam is a businessman and executive producer of the animated television series The Smurfs (1981), Snorks (1984), and Foofur (1986).

Biography
Freddy Monnickendam came into contact with comics when he negotiated the rights to The Smurfs for Father Abraham. Afterwards, he became the head of SEPP International S.A. (SEPP stands for "La Société d'Edition, de Presse et de Publicité"), the company branch of Dupuis (the editor of The Smurfs) that was responsible for the merchandising of the comic heroes. He negotiated the contract between Dupuis, Peyo, NBC and Hanna-Barbera, for the creation of a series of Smurf cartoons, and became the first executive producer of the series. Peyo wanted the Smurf cartoons to be as faithful as possible to the world he had created in his comics, but Monnickendam preferred to make the cartoons more accessible, and more mainstream. This led to the fast deterioration of relations between the two men, ending in court cases about the division of the rights and the money involved. Annoyed by these discussions and problems, he decided to start a new series of cartoons called Snorks, which were created and designed by Nicolas Broca. Monnickendam later acquired all the rights, hoping to equal the success of The Smurfs, but the success of the Snorks was limited and the series soon ended production. Having bypassed Dupuis, the collaboration between the publisher and Monnickendam ended, and as a result, SEPP International S.A. was disbanded. Monnickendam continued to work with Hanna-Barbera on such shows as Foofur (created by Phil Mendez), The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley (based on the Martin Short character), and other shows (including Tom and Jerry Kids), but he was never able to replicate the success he had with The Smurfs.

Filmography

 The Smurfs (1981–1987)
 Snorks (1984–1989)
 Seabert (1985–1986)
 Foofur (1986–1988)
 CBS Schoolbreak Special (1987–1988: Season 5 episode entitled "Home Sweet Homeless")
 Ed Grimley (1988)

Note: Due to the disbandment of his company SEPP International S.A., the last two seasons of The Smurfs, from 1988 to 1990, were produced by Hanna-Barbera but with the new Belgian company Lafig S.A.

Notes

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Hanna-Barbera people

Freddy Monnickendam


Francis Connor (1857 – 24 August 1916) was an Australian businessman, pastoralist, and politician who served in both houses of the Parliament of Western Australia, as a member of the Legislative Assembly from 1893 to 1905 and as a member of the Legislative Council from 1906 until his death.

Early life
Connor was born in Newry, County Armagh, Ireland. He arrived in Sydney, Australia, in 1885, and from there went to Wyndham, a small town in Western Australia's Kimberley region. In Wyndham, Connor went into partnership with a schoolmate from Ireland, Denis Doherty, who eventually also entered parliament. Their firm initially supplied goods to the Kimberley goldfields. They later went into the live cattle trade, acquiring two pastoral leases in the Northern Territory (Newry Station and Auvergne Station). In 1897, Connor and Doherty merged their business with that of Michael Durack, forming Connor, Doherty & Durack.

Politics
In 1893, Connor was elected to parliament at a by-election for the seat of East Kimberley, caused by the death of the sitting member, William Baker. He held East Kimberley until it was abolished at the 1904 state election, and thereafter transferred to the seat of Kimberley. Later in 1904, Connor was one of four independents to announce their support for the Labor Party, allowing Henry Daglish to form a minority government (and become the first Premier of Western Australia from the Labor Party). The Labor government fell after just over a year, and Connor was defeated in his seat at the 1905 state election by Arthur Male. He re-entered parliament in June 1906, winning election to the Legislative Council's North Province, and was re-elected to a second six-year term in 1912.

Death
Connor died in office in August 1916 (aged 59). The circumstances of his death were highly unusual, and prompted a coronial inquest. While at his property in Benger, Connor organised to go on a kangaroo hunt with his wife and a friend (a Catholic priest). While loading a gun in his office, the weapon went off, shattering Connor's skull and killing him instantaneously. It was thought that his wife (the only witness) had startled him by opening the office door, and the death was found to be purely accidental. His wife was the sole beneficiary of his will.

See also
 Independent politicians in Australia

References

1857 births
1916 deaths
Accidental deaths in Western Australia
Australian pastoralists
Deaths by firearm in Western Australia
Independent members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Irish emigrants to colonial Australia
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
People from Newry
19th-century Australian businesspeople
Hunting accident deaths
Firearm accident victims
Colony of Western Australia people

Francis Connor


(Spanish: 'The Brothers of the Pious Fraternity of Our Father Jesus the Nazarene'), also known as Los Penitentes, Los Hermanos, the Brotherhood of our Father Jesus of Nazareth and the Penitente Brotherhood, is a lay confraternity of Spanish-American Catholic men active in Northern and Central New Mexico and southern Colorado. They maintain religious meeting buildings, which are not formal churches, called .

Membership
Although there is great variability regarding candidacy for Brotherhood membership, usually novices come from Penitente families and ideally, only those of known background and conviction are chosen to undergo the initiation. New candidates express their desire for novitiate status by application to the Hermano Mayor, the secretary, or some other official of the  of intention.  After a thorough investigation of the petitioner's life and motives, he receives elaborate instruction in the Brotherhood's regulations and rituals.  If he passes an examination on this material, he is allowed to present himself, together with a sponsor, at the  door for the actual rite of initiation.  Aspirants might apply for admission to the Brotherhood after mature thought, as a matter of course, or as the result of a vow or  (religious promise). It is also thought that the eldest son of a Penitente father "automatically" joined the Brotherhood at the age of eighteen to honor and obey his parents.

History

The Brotherhood began in the early 19th century.  Following Mexican independence from Spain in 1821, Church authorities in Mexico withdrew the Franciscan, Dominican and Jesuit missionaries from its provinces, replacing them with secular priests.  They failed, however, to replace the missionaries with an equal number of priests, depriving many secluded communities of a resident clergyman.  Accordingly, many of those small communities could expect only a once-yearly visit from a parish priest.

The men in those communities eventually came together in the absence of a priest and dedicated themselves to the purpose of providing mutual aid, community charity and to memorialize the spirit of the penance and the Passion of Christ.  They gathered in meeting houses known as . Los Penitentes were perhaps best known for their songs of worship, called , and for their ascetic practices, which included self-flagellation in private ceremonies during Lent, and processions during Holy Week which ended with the reenactment of Christ's crucifixion on Good Friday.

Archbishop Jean Baptiste Lamy and his successor, Jean Baptiste Salpointe, unsuccessfully attempted to suppress the brotherhood in the latter part of the 19th century as a part of the "Americanization" of the Church in New Mexico, driving its membership underground, with some seeking refuge in Penitente Canyon. For this reason, Los Penitentes are sometimes described as a "secret society."

The modern embodiment of the Brotherhood began in the middle of the 20th century with the reconciliation between the Brotherhood and the Church.  In June 1946, Miguel Archibeque began his first term as the Brotherhood's first Hermano Supremo Arzobispal (Archiepiscopal Supreme Brother).  His first term lasted 7 years and it was during this term in January 1947 that the Brotherhood was officially recognized and sanctioned as an organization by Archbishop Edwin V. Byrne.  By this time, membership had declined markedly since the turn of the century, but the Brotherhood continued to perform a modified form of religious rituals and to pursue its commitment to acts of community charity. In June 1953, Miguel Archibeque was replaced by Roman Aranda of Las Vegas, New Mexico.  Aranda served for one year and was replaced by Archibeque in June 1954.  Archibeque served the Brotherhood until 1960 when he was replaced by the third Hermano Supremo Arzobispal, M. Santos Melendez, of Mora, New Mexico, who continues to serve in this capacity.

Culture
Willa Cather's 1927 novel Death Comes for the Archbishop included references and scenes of the Penitentes and their ritual.

In the novel Brave New World, the Penitentes are shown in a video at a school, which causes the class to laugh at their rituals. They are also compared to savages in the 1946 foreword by Aldous Huxley.

The 1936 roadshow exploitation film Lash of the Penitentes combines old footage of the Penitente's ritual flagellation with new footage about a murder.

The novel Dayspring (1945) by Harry Sylvester depicts an anthropologist who studies the Penitentes and eventually joins them.

Fray Angelico Chavez titled his book on New Mexico My Penitente Land.

Percival Everett's novel The Body of Martin Aguilera (1997) features Penitente characters and rituals as part of a murder mystery set in northern New Mexico. Everett also utilizes Penitente characters for his short story "Warm and Nicely Buried" from his collection Damned If I Do (2004).

Kirstin Valdez Quade's novel  The Five Wounds (2022) takes place in New Mexico and heavily features Penitente characters and rituals.

In the 1968 Richard Bradford (novelist)) novel Red Sky at Morning set during World War II, he describes a morada: "...little wooden building with a cross on the roof. It looked very old and weathered, with no windows and a chain and padlock on the door." This makes the protagonist question whether the owner is a Penitente, whom he describes thus:
"The Penitentes were a sort of outlaw branch of the Catholics who took everything very seriously, especially Good Friday. They'd pick a member of the church to play Jesus every year. He'd carry a cross while his friends all whipped him with rawhide and cactus and then they'd crucify him. In recent years they just tied him to a cross and left him all day in the sun. A hundred years ago they did the job right, with nails."

See also
 Flagellant confraternities
Order of Penitents
La Morada de Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe, Taos, New Mexico

References

Further reading
 De Aragon, Ray John. The Penitentes of New Mexico (Sunstone Press, 2006).
 Aranda, Charles (1974) The Penitente Papers.
 Carroll, Michael P. The Penitente Brotherhood: Patriarchy and Hispano-Catholicism in New Mexico (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).
 Chavez, Fray Angelico. "The Penitentes of New Mexico." New Mexico Historical Review 29.2 (1954): 97.
 Espinosa, J. Manuel. "The origin of the penitentes of New Mexico: separating fact from fiction." Catholic historical review 79#3 (1993): 454-477. in JSTOR
 Weigle, Marta. Brothers of Light, Brothers of Blood (2007).

External links
Los Hermanos Penitentes at the Catholic Encyclopedia

Catholic lay organisations
Confraternities
History of Catholicism in the United States
Mexican-American organizations
New Mexico culture
Secret societies in the United States
Spanish-American culture in Colorado
Spanish-American culture in New Mexico

Penitentes (New Mexico)


The Be 3/5 11201 was one of four test locomotives ordered by the Schweizerischen Bundesbahnen (Swiss Federal Railways) (SBB) in June 1917.
Intended to provide experience with electric traction, the locomotive was intended, along with Be 4/6 12301, Be 4/6 12302 and Ce 6/8I14201, to be used on services on the Gotthardbahn (Gotthard railway). The Be 3/5 was something of a stopgap offered by Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon (MFO) because they felt that the requirements required for the Gotthard Railway could not be fulfilled at the time. As the MFO did not feel that it could produce a freight locomotive with six drive-axles, a smaller version of the BLS Be 5/7 was offered.  This meant that the locomotive did not fulfil the SBB specifications for the Gotthard line; it was too weak and, compared with the A 3/5 steam locomotives, too slow. However, due to a lack of available stock, the railway still took delivery of the locomotive, a decision later proved correct by the long operational life and reliability of the Be 3/5.

History
In November 1913 the executive board of the Schweizerischen Bundesbahnen (Swiss Federal Railways) (SBB) decided to electrify the Gotthardbahn (Gotthard railway) from Erstfeld to Biasca, but this was not effected immediately. The main impetus was the coal shortage caused by World War One.  Due to a lack of fuel, the SBB had to reduce schedules more and more and, by autumn 1918, on Sundays only milk trains were running.  Following the conflict, the SBB electrified, along with other important lines, the Gotthard railway line, completing this in 1920. To serve those lines the SBB urgently needed passenger and freight locomotives.

Requirement specifications
The SBB required locomotives from the industry which complied with these requirements:
 A weight per running meter of at most 7 t/m
 A maximum axle load of , and later – after the infrastructure had been adapted –
 Haulage of towed load of  at a gradient of 26 ‰ (2.6%) with
 Reliable run-up with this load at a gradient of 26 ‰ (2.6%) and acceleration to  within 4 minutes
 Two outward and return journeys Arth-Goldau – Chiasso within 28 hours ()
 Electrical brake to decelerate the locomotive on slopes
 Overload of 20% during 15 minutes without damages

Commissioning and proposal
Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon (MFO) was commissioned to design and construct a freight locomotive that met these requirements and was given great freedom in their design.  At it transpired, the locomotive from MFO did not comply with the requirements specifications at all. Nevertheless, the SBB took over the locomotive.

Technical details

The mechanical part

Running gear
The running gear consisted of three drive-axles mounted in the locomotive frame. The center drive-axle had a side-play of 2× . The two idle-axles were mounted in Bissel trucks which were fixed to the frame. Those axles had a side-play of 2× .

Transmission of tractive force
The tractive force was transmitted from the drive-axles to the frame. From there the force was carried over to the towing hook and the buffers.

Drive
The two motors were mounted in half height in the locomotive frame. Those two motors drove big cogwheels over sprockets spring-loaded on both sides. Each of those big cogwheels drove a jackshaft. The two jackshafts drove a shared slit coupling rod which drove – over a vertical crosshead – the crank pin of the center drive-axle. Side rods connected to the slit coupling rod transmitted the force to the outer drive-wheels.

This drive concept was later used at the Ae 3/6 II.

Locomotive body
The locomotive body consisted of a frame built up with  thick steel plates. On this frame the body was mounted with a cab at each end. The towing hook and the buffers were fixed to an abutment beam which was mounted to the frame.

The electrical part

Primary circuit
The electrical part was – in its arrangement – taken over from the Be 5/7 of the BLS. It consisted of a diamond-shaped pantograph, a circuit breaker for isolating the respective pantograph, lightning protection inductor and one more circuit breaker for isolating one half of the locomotive. All those components were mounted on the roof.  The oil operated main switch was located in the locomotive body. The locomotive driver operated the switch via electric valves located in both cabs. It was also possible to operate the switch mechanically using a rod system. Finally it was possible to operate the main switch directly by using a wrench.

The two transformers were – unusually for the SBB – air ventilated. The design was the same as the Be 5/7 of the BLS. The switches were fixed to the transformers. The connection to the respective voltage steps was executed with contact camshafts. The switching process was started with special spark-extinguishing camshafts. The step switch used compressed air and had 12 steps. Since the two switches were operated alternatively, this meant that 23 steps were required which meant that the switching time was very slow.  To operate the step switches, the locomotive driver had to turn a vertical crank handle once for each step. It was possible to shut off power by running down both step switches with a special handle.

The electropneumatical reverse switches were attached on the motors.  A group switch was mounted by them which had to execute the following actions in case of a failure:
 Separation of one transformer with its respective motor → Full speed, but only half tractive force
 Separation of one transformer and feeding the two motors from the other one → Only half speed, but full tractive force

In 1929 the delicate step switches were replaced by two hopper switches. The old controllers were at the same time exchanged to normal controllers with horizontal hand wheels.

Auxiliary systems
The locomotive consisted of the following 100 V operated auxiliary systems:
 two compressors
 three fan groups (two for the transformers and one for the engine rooming)
 Motor-generator for charging the batteries for control power and lighting
 cab heating

The two old compressors were upgraded later to a modern MFO-compressor, which ran with the later auxiliary systems voltage of 220 V.

The train heating system was fed over a separate oil propulsed main switch with 1000 V.  This installation was later replaced by a separate heating transformer. The oil powered main switch was replaced by a heating hopper.

Electrical brake
The SBB requirement requested an electrical brake. This brake was shown in the blueprints but only in dashed lines and therefore not mounted in the locomotive. This brake was never upgraded because this "stopgap" locomotive was never used for services on the Gotthard railway line.

Multiple-unit control
The locomotive was equipped with multiple-unit control. The idea behind this was to lead a 425 t-train on the adjacent lines with low gradient using a Be 4/6 and then boosting it up for the steep gradients at the gotthard railway line using a Be 3/5. The idea of operating the train with one locomotive driver on the leading locomotive was definitely plausible. But the problem was, that for driving back the locomotive to the starting point another locomotive driver was needed. It is unknown if the multiple-unit control ever was tested.

Service

Delivery date
The locomotive was delivered at 16 April 1919.  She was assigned – as were all the test locomotives – to the Bern depot. From Bern the machine pulled trains of all types up to Spiez. In the year of delivery, it travelled a remarkable 65,000 km.  But that was a performance the Be 3/5 never achieved again.

By 1923 the locomotive was assigned to the Zürich depot, pulling commuter trains and travelling approximately 10,000–20,000 km per year.  In March 1928 she was relocated to the Luzern depot. There she replaced the Be 2/5 11001 operating from Zug in the triangle Zug – Lucerne – Arth-Goldau with any kind of trains.

Up to 1934 the maintenance shop of Zurich was responsible for the care of the locomotive. Later the responsibility went over to the maintenance shop of Yverdon. This shop warned the Traction and Maintenance Department of the SBB in Bern 1942 that the commutators of the motors were almost fully worn. In the same time Yverdon remarked that a replacement of the winding of the transformers was necessary. Since the locomotive did not require a very extensive maintenance effort compared with other locomotives the Lucerne depot did not consider the call as dramatic.

In September 1950 the commutators had to be replaced in a very costly repair during which a screw fell into the gear which led to such damage that the Yverdon shops requested the locomotive be retired in 1957. Bern, however, again ordered the locomotive repaired, which it was, although it needed more repair when a transformer burned in 1958.

Even after a collision at 13th August 1959  in Rotkreuz the Be 3/5 was not discarded. The locomotive was then equipped as heating locomotive to heat up coaches before their use and retired from line and switching services.

From 1963 the Be 3/5 was used as an auxiliary car locomotive, heating locomotive, depot transformer and compressed-air donor. In 1968 it was equipped with cross-ties and was used as a dummy-object for the rerailing crew of the Lausanne depot. In November 1973 the locomotive was scrapped in Yverdon.

References

 Sources

Electric locomotives of Switzerland
Be 3 5
15 kV AC locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Switzerland
Railway locomotives introduced in 1919

SBB-CFF-FFS Be 3/5


Kiji is a small island off the coast of The Banc d'Arguin National Park, Mauritania. The island is uninhabited. Its area is 13,5 km²; its length is 7.8 km and its width is 2.2 km.

The isle is located west of the main island of Tidra; the smaller islet of Touffat lies to the south.

External links

 Kijiji India

Islands of Mauritania
Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region

Kijji


Data reduction is the transformation of numerical or alphabetical digital information derived empirically or experimentally into a corrected, ordered, and simplified form. The purpose of data reduction can be two-fold: reduce the number of data records by eliminating invalid data or produce summary data and statistics at different aggregation levels for various applications. Data reduction does not necessarily mean loss of information. For example, the body mass index reduces two dimensions (body and mass) into a single measure, without any information being lost in the process.

When information is derived from instrument readings there may also be a transformation from analog to digital form. When the data are already in digital form the 'reduction' of the data typically involves some editing, scaling, encoding, sorting, collating, and producing tabular summaries. When the observations are discrete but the underlying phenomenon is continuous then smoothing and interpolation are often needed. The data reduction is often undertaken in the presence of reading or measurement errors. Some idea of the nature of these errors is needed before the most likely value may be determined.

An example in astronomy is the data reduction in the Kepler satellite. This satellite records 95-megapixel images once every six seconds, generating dozens of megabytes of data per second, which is orders-of-magnitudes more than the downlink bandwidth of 550 kB/s. The on-board data reduction encompasses co-adding the raw frames for thirty minutes, reducing the bandwidth by a factor of 300. Furthermore, interesting targets are pre-selected and only the relevant pixels are processed, which is 6% of the total. This reduced data is then sent to Earth where it is processed further.

Research has also been carried out on the use of data reduction in wearable (wireless) devices for health monitoring and diagnosis applications. For example, in the context of epilepsy diagnosis, data reduction has been used to increase the battery lifetime of a wearable EEG device by selecting and only transmitting EEG data that is relevant for diagnosis and discarding background activity.

Types of Data Reduction

Dimensionality Reduction
When dimensionality increases, data becomes increasingly sparse while density and distance between points, critical to clustering and outlier analysis, becomes less meaningful. Dimensionality reduction helps reduce noise in the data and allows for easier visualization, such as the example below where 3-dimensional data is transformed into 2 dimensions to show hidden parts. One method of dimensionality reduction is wavelet transform, in which data is transformed to preserve relative distance between objects at different levels of resolution, and is often used for image compression.

Numerosity Reduction
This method of data reduction reduces the data volume by choosing alternate, smaller forms of data representation. Numerosity reduction can be split into 2 groups: parametric and non-parametric methods. Parametric methods (regression, for example) assume the data fits some model, estimate model parameters, store only the parameters, and discard the data. One example of this is in the image below, where the volume of data to be processed is reduced based on more specific criteria. Another example would be a log-linear model, obtaining a value at a point in m-D space as the product on appropriate marginal subspaces. Non-parametric methods do not assume models, some examples being histograms, clustering, sampling, etc.

Statistical modelling
Data reduction can be obtained by assuming a statistical model for the data. Classical principles of data reduction include sufficiency, likelihood, conditionality and equivariance.

See also
Data cleansing
Data editing
Data pre-processing
Data wrangling

References

Further reading

Data reduction


Al-Ṭufayl ibn ʿAmr al-Dawsī (Arabic: الطفيل بن عمرو الدوسي) (died 633) was the chief of the Banu Daws tribe from Tihama in pre-Islamic times.

Career
He accepted Islam around four years before the hijra in 622 CE and helped spread Islam among his fellow tribesmen. During the Ridda wars, he led a contingent of his people against the impostor Mosailima. In the Battle of Yamama, Tufayl ibn Amr fell as a martyr.

It is narrated in the books of hadiths that when he traveled to Makkah for HAJJ, as usual, he was warned by Makkans not to approach or listen to Mohammad. They told him Mohammad is a magician. Tufail was so worried that he put cotton wools in his ears in order to avoid hearing Mohammad Tufail was doing tawaf when he saw Mohammad reciting a part of Quran. Tufail was curious and thought that he is the head of his tribe, a smart man and therefore how a magician will take over him so he removed the cotton wools and came close to Mohammad and listened to the Quran.

References

Companions of the Prophet
633 deaths
Medieval Arabs killed in battle
Year of birth unknown

Tufayl ibn Amr


Computer engineering (CoE or CpE) is a branch of electronic engineering and computer science that integrates several fields of computer science and electronic engineering required to develop computer hardware and software.
Computer engineering is referred to as computer science and engineering at some universities.

Computer engineers require training in electronic engineering, computer science,  hardware-software integration, software design, and software engineering. It uses the techniques and principles of electrical engineering and computer science, and can encompass areas such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, computer networks, computer architecture and operating systems. Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing, from the design of individual microcontrollers, microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work, but also on how to integrate them into the larger picture. Robotics are one of the applications of computer engineering.

Computer engineering usually deals with areas including writing software and firmware for embedded microcontrollers, designing VLSI chips, designing analog sensors, designing mixed signal circuit boards, and designing operating systems. Computer engineers are also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors.

In many institutions of higher learning, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in-depth study in their junior and senior year because the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is beyond the scope of an undergraduate degree. Other institutions may require engineering students to complete one or two years of general engineering before declaring computer engineering as their primary focus.

History

Computer engineering began in 1939 when John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry began developing the world's first electronic digital computer through physics, mathematics, and electrical engineering. John Vincent Atanasoff was once a physics and mathematics teacher for Iowa State University and Clifford Berry a former graduate under electrical engineering and physics. Together, they created the Atanasoff-Berry computer, also known as the ABC which took five years to complete.
While the original ABC was dismantled and discarded in the 1940s a tribute was made to the late inventors, a replica of the ABC was made in 1997 where it took a team of researchers and engineers four years and $350,000 to build.

The modern personal computer emerged in the 1970s, after several breakthroughs in semiconductor technology. These include the first working transistor by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, planar process by Jean Hoerni, the monolithic integrated circuit chip by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959, the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, or MOS transistor) by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, and the single-chip microprocessor (Intel 4004) by Federico Faggin, Marcian Hoff, Masatoshi Shima and Stanley Mazor at Intel in 1971.

History of computer engineering education
The first computer engineering degree program in the United States was established in 1971 at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. , there were 250 ABET-accredited computer engineering programs in the U.S. In Europe, accreditation of computer engineering schools is done by a variety of agencies part of the EQANIE network. Due to increasing job requirements for engineers who can concurrently design hardware, software, firmware, and manage all forms of computer systems used in industry, some tertiary institutions around the world offer a bachelor's degree generally called computer engineering. Both computer engineering and electronic engineering programs include analog and digital circuit design in their curriculum. As with most engineering disciplines, having a sound knowledge of mathematics and science is necessary for computer engineers.

Education
Computer engineering is referred to as computer science and engineering at some universities. Most entry-level computer engineering jobs require at least a bachelor's degree in computer engineering, electrical engineering or computer science. Typically one must learn an array of mathematics such as calculus, algebra and trigonometry and some computer science classes. Degrees in electronic or electric engineering also suffice due to the similarity of the two fields. Because hardware engineers commonly work with computer software systems, a strong background in computer programming is necessary. According to BLS, "a computer engineering major is similar to electrical engineering but with some computer science courses added to the curriculum". Some large firms or specialized jobs require a master's degree.

It is also important for computer engineers to keep up with rapid advances in technology. Therefore, many continue learning throughout their careers. This can be helpful, especially when it comes to learning new skills or improving existing ones. For example, as the relative cost of fixing a bug increases the further along it is in the software development cycle, there can be greater cost savings attributed to developing and testing for quality code as soon as possible in the process,  particularly before release.

Computer engineering has an impact on student academic achievement by developing more efficient, reliable, and secure computer hardware and software systems. Recent advancements in computer engineering, such as online learning and virtual reality (VR), have changed education, providing students with flexible learning opportunities and immersive experiences. Computer engineering encompasses various aspects, including hardware and software design, electrical engineering principles, and collaboration with software engineers, making it an evolving field with the potential to further change education. Muya and Medallon's study assessed the needs of manufacturing industries in CALABARZON for Computer Engineering graduates, involving a sample of 147 manufacturing companies and collecting data from HR managers/supervisors and computer engineers. The results indicated a demand for degree holders who exhibit specific competencies such as network security, professional ethics, troubleshooting, and problem-solving, along with values like confidentiality and professional behavior. Additionally, the study highlighted the importance of both general and professional courses in preparing students for the workforce.

Skills needed
Andrew Nassif discusses the field of Computer Engineering and IT professions, emphasizing the broad range of competencies and skills required in these fields. It includes an interview with a senior software engineer, and references from other professionals in the industry. The paper touches on the importance of formal and organized writing in engineering, referencing specific examples and documents in the field to highlight the significance of following standard terminology, procedures, and ethics in engineering writing. Some of the main skills that will help With becoming a Engineer, include: Up to date technical knowledge, Communication Skills, Leadership Skills, Interpersonal Skills, Critical Thinking Skills. Being Creative, Innovative, Enthusiastic, and Resilient. Finally having a good attention to detail.

Professions

A person with a profession in computer engineering is called a computer engineer.

Applications and practice

There are two major focuses in computer engineering: hardware and software.

Computer hardware engineering

According to the BLS, Job Outlook employment for computer hardware engineers, the expected ten-year growth from 2019 to 2029 for computer hardware engineering was an estimated 2% and a total of 71,100 jobs. ("Slower than average" in their own words when compared to other occupations)". This is a decrease from the 2014 to 2024 BLS computer hardware engineering estimate of 3% and  a total of 77,700 jobs. " and is down from 7% for the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate and is further down from 9% in the BLS 2010 to 2020 estimate." Today, computer hardware is somehow equal to electronic and computer engineering (ECE) and has been divided into many subcategories; the most significant is embedded system design.

Computer software engineering
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), "computer applications software engineers and computer systems software engineers are projected to be among the faster than average growing occupations" The expected ten-year growth  for computer software engineering was an estimated seventeen percent and there was a total of 1,114,000 jobs that same year. This is down from the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate of 22% for software developers. And, further down from the 30% 2010 to 2020 BLS estimate. In addition, growing concerns over cybersecurity add up to put computer software engineering high above the average rate of increase for all fields. However, some of the work will be outsourced in foreign countries. Due to this, job growth will not be as fast as during the last decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead go to computer software engineers in countries such as India. In addition, the BLS Job Outlook for Computer Programmers, 2014–24 has an −8% (a decline, in their words), a Job Outlook, 2019-29 a -9% (Decline), and a 10% decline for 2021-2031 for those who program computers (i.e. embedded systems) who are not computer application developers. Furthermore, women in software fields has been declining over the years even faster than other engineering fields.

Computer engineering licensing and practice
Computer engineering is generally practiced within larger product development firms, and such practice may not be subject to licensing.  However, independent consultants who advertise computer engineering, just like any form of engineering, may be subject to state laws which restrict professional engineer practice to only those who have received the appropriate License.  National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) first offered a Principles and Practice of Engineering Examination for computer engineering in 2003.

Specialty areas
There are many specialty areas in the field of computer engineering.

Processor design

Processor design process involves choosing an instruction set and a certain execution paradigm (e.g. VLIW or RISC) and results in a microarchitecture, which might be described in e.g. VHDL or Verilog. CPU design is divided into design of the following components: datapaths (such as ALUs and pipelines), control unit: logic which controls the datapaths, memory components such as register files, caches, clock circuitry such as clock drivers, PLLs, clock distribution networks, pad transceiver circuitry, logic gate cell library which is used to implement the logic.

Coding, cryptography, and information protection

Computer engineers work in coding, cryptography, and information protection to develop new methods for protecting various information, such as digital images and music, fragmentation, copyright infringement and other forms of tampering. Examples include work on wireless communications, multi-antenna systems, optical transmission, and digital watermarking.

Communications and wireless networks

Those focusing on communications and wireless networks, work advancements in telecommunications systems and networks (especially wireless networks), modulation and error-control coding, and information theory. High-speed network design, interference suppression and modulation, design, and analysis of fault-tolerant system, and storage and transmission schemes are all a part of this specialty.

Compilers and operating systems

This specialty focuses on compilers and operating systems design and development. Engineers in this field develop new operating system architecture, program analysis techniques, and new techniques to assure quality. Examples of work in this field include post-link-time code transformation algorithm development and new operating system development.

Computational science and engineering

Computational science and engineering is a relatively new discipline. According to the Sloan Career Cornerstone Center, individuals working in this area, "computational methods are applied to formulate and solve complex mathematical problems in engineering and the physical and the social sciences. Examples include aircraft design, the plasma processing of nanometer features on semiconductor wafers, VLSI circuit design, radar detection systems, ion transport through biological channels, and much more".

Computer networks, mobile computing, and distributed systems

In this specialty, engineers build integrated environments for computing, communications, and information access. Examples include shared-channel wireless networks, adaptive resource management in various systems, and improving the quality of service in mobile and ATM environments. Some other examples include work on wireless network systems and fast Ethernet cluster wired systems.

Computer systems: architecture, parallel processing, and dependability

Engineers working in computer systems work on research projects that allow for reliable, secure, and high-performance computer systems. Projects such as designing processors for multi-threading and parallel processing are included in this field. Other examples of work in this field include the development of new theories, algorithms, and other tools that add performance to computer systems.

Computer architecture includes CPU design, cache hierarchy layout, memory organization, and load balancing.

Computer vision and robotics

In this specialty, computer engineers focus on developing visual sensing technology to sense an environment, representation of an environment, and manipulation of the environment. The gathered three-dimensional information is then implemented to perform a variety of tasks. These include improved human modeling, image communication, and human-computer interfaces, as well as devices such as special-purpose cameras with versatile vision sensors.

Embedded systems

Individuals working in this area design technology for enhancing the speed, reliability, and performance of systems. Embedded systems are found in many devices from a small FM radio to the space shuttle. According to the Sloan Cornerstone Career Center, ongoing developments in embedded systems include "automated vehicles and equipment to conduct search and rescue, automated transportation systems, and human-robot coordination to repair equipment in space." , computer embedded systems specializations include system-on-chip design, architecture of edge computing and the Internet of things.

Integrated circuits, VLSI design, testing and CAD

This specialty of computer engineering requires adequate knowledge of electronics and electrical systems. Engineers working in this area work on enhancing the speed, reliability, and energy efficiency of next-generation very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits and microsystems. An example of this specialty is work done on reducing the power consumption of VLSI algorithms and architecture.

Signal, image and speech processing

Computer engineers in this area develop improvements in human-computer interaction, including speech recognition and synthesis, medical and scientific imaging, or communications systems. Other work in this area includes computer vision development such as recognition of human facial features.

Quantum computing
This area integrates the quantum behaviour of small particles such as superposition, interference and entanglement, with classical computers to solve complex problems and formulate algorithms much more efficiently. Individuals focus on fields like Quantum cryptography, physical simulations and quantum algorithms.

Benefits of Engineering in Society
An accessible avenue for obtaining information and opportunities in technology, especially for young students, is through digital platforms, enabling learning, exploration, and potential income generation at minimal cost and in regional languages and none of this would be possible without engineers. Computer engineering is so important in the changes involved in industry 4.0, with engineers responsible for designing and optimizing the technology that surrounds our lives, from big data to AI. Their work not only facilitates global connections and knowledge access but also plays a pivotal role in shaping our future as technology continues to evolve rapidly, leading to a growing demand for skilled computer engineers. Engineering contributes to improving society by creating devices and structures, impacting various aspects of our lives, from technology to infrastructure. Engineers also address challenges, such as environmental protection and sustainable development, while developing medical treatments. As of 2016, the median annual wage across all BLS engineering categories was over $91,000. Some were much higher, with engineers working for petroleum companies at the top (over $128,000). Other top jobs include: Computer Hardware Engineer – $115,080, Aerospace Engineer – $109,650, Nuclear Engineer – $102,220.

See also

Related fields

Associations

 IEEE Computer Society
 Association for Computing Machinery

References

External links

Electrical and computer engineering
Engineering disciplines

Computer engineering


John Jackson Miller (born January 12, 1968) is an American science-fiction author, comic book writer, and commentator, known for his work on the Star Wars franchise and his research into comic book circulation history, as presented in the Standard Catalog of Comic Books series and the Comichron website.

Early life
Miller attended high school with Nerdist founder and entertainer Chris Hardwick.

Career
A collector of comics and publisher of mini-comics since childhood, Miller began as editor of the trade magazine Comics Retailer in 1993. Following the introduction of Magic: The Gathering, he added games to its coverage, changing the title to Comics & Games Retailer in 2001. In 1998, Miller was appointed managing editor of Comics Buyer's Guide.

His first professional comics work appeared in 2003 in Crimson Dynamo for Marvel Comics, which led to a run on Iron Man (#73/418 – 85/430). He writes a regular column called Longbox Manifesto for regular comics magazine Comics Buyer's Guide. In 2007, he launched Comichron, a website devoted to comic-book circulation history and research. Miller was hired as a writer for the video game Sword of the New World. In early 2008, he launched a fantasy webcomic with artist Chuck Fiala called Sword & Sarcasm.

In 2008, he wrote the Dark Horse comic-book adaptation of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. In 2009, he was announced as the scripter for Mass Effect: Redemption, the first comic-book series based on the video game Mass Effect, launching in January 2010.

In 2013 he wrote his first novel in a non-licensed universe, Overdraft: The Orion Offensive, for 47North. The work was originally released over several weeks as a Kindle Serial.

Star Wars work
In 2005, Miller wrote a one-shot issue of Star Wars: Empire for Dark Horse Comics, featuring Darth Vader as the main character. Next year, as part of Dark Horse relaunching their Star Wars comic line, Miller started writing the ongoing Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic comic series,  a spin-off prequel of the video game of the same name. The series proved a major success among fans and lasted for 50 issues, before coming to a conclusion in 2010. In August 2008, Wizards of the Coast released a Knights of the Old Republic guidebook for its Star Wars Roleplaying Game, which Miller co-wrote.

In 2010 Miller began writing the Star Wars: Knight Errant comic series. Following Dark Horse changing the format of their series, it is not ongoing, but instead published as independent story arcs, separated from each other by several months. A Knight Errant novel was released in early 2011 by Del Rey, taking place between the first and second arcs of the comic series – this was Miller's first professional novel.

In October 2012, Del Rey announced that Miller would write Star Wars: Kenobi, a novel about Obi-Wan Kenobi's life on Tatooine. The book was released on August 27, 2013 in hardcover, and debuted at #12 on the New York Times hardcover bestseller list. Miller subsequently wrote Star Wars: A New Dawn, which was published in 2014, a prequel to the animated television series Star Wars Rebels, which premiered on Disney XD in fall the same year. It was the first novel of the new canon that replaced what is now known as Star Wars Legends. Miller also wrote the short story "The Ride", part of the short story collection Canto Bight that was released in December 2017 as part of a marketing program for the movie Star Wars: The Last Jedi. In September 2023, Del Rey revealed that Miller would write Star Wars: The Living Force, a novel focusing on the Jedi Council in the year before Star Wars: The Phantom Menace. The book is set to be released on April 9, 2024.

Partial bibliography

Star Wars

Novels
 Star Wars: Knight Errant (2011)
 Star Wars: Lost Tribe of the Sith: The Collected Stories (2012)
 Lost Tribe of the Sith: Precipice
 Lost Tribe of the Sith: Skyborn
 Lost Tribe of the Sith: Paragon
 Lost Tribe of the Sith: Savior
 Lost Tribe of the Sith: Purgatory
 Lost Tribe of the Sith: Sentinel
 Lost Tribe of the Sith: Pantheon
 Lost Tribe of the Sith: Secrets
 Lost Tribe of the Sith: Pandemonium
 Star Wars: Kenobi (2013)
 Star Wars: A New Dawn (2014)
 Star Wars: The Living Force (2024)

Comics
 Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic #0-50
 Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic: War #1-5
 Star Wars: Knight Errant: Aflame #1-5
 Star Wars: Knight Errant: Deluge #1-5
 Star Wars: Knight Errant: Escape #1-5
 Star Wars: Lost Tribe of the Sith—Spiral #1-5

Star Trek
Star Trek: Titan: Absent Enemies (2014)
Star Trek: The Next Generation: Takedown (2015)
Star Trek: Prey: Hell's Heart (2016)
Star Trek: Prey: The Jackal's Trick (2016)
Star Trek: Prey: The Hall of Heroes (2016)
Star Trek: Discovery: The Enterprise War (2019)
Star Trek: Discovery: Die Standing (2020)
Star Trek: Picard: Rogue Elements (2021)
Star Trek: Strange New Worlds: The High Country (2023)

References

External links

 Miller's Star Wars blog
 Comichron
 Standard Catalog of Comic Books
 Scrye magazine
 Interview with John Jackson Miller with The Legion of Dudes about Knights of the Old Republic

1968 births
comics critics
living people
place of birth missing (living people)

John Jackson Miller


A domestic airport is an airport that handles only domestic flights within the same country. Domestic airports do not have customs and immigration facilities and so cannot handle flights to or from a foreign airport.

These airports often have short runways sufficient to handle short or medium haul aircraft and regional air traffic. Security check/metal detectors are used in most countries, but in many cases they were installed decades after security checks for international flights had become commonplace.

Most municipal airports in Canada and the United States are of this classification. At international airports in Canada, there are domestic terminals that handle flights within Canada (flying from one Canadian city to another).

Additionally, some airports that are named "international" are essentially domestic airports that handles international traffic on an irregular basis. A notable example of this is Osaka International Airport (Itami Airport) in the outskirts of Osaka, Japan. Most of these airports are located in the United States.

In the United Kingdom, an example of a domestic airport is Wick Airport, which operates frequent flights to other Scottish airports.

Some small countries or regions do not have any public domestic airports, or even public domestic flights, due to its size or political reasons, or due to having alternatives to domestic flights such as high-speed rail (e.g. Belgium, Kuwait, Hungary, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, and the United Arab Emirates).

Regional airport
A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a relatively small or lightly populated geographical area.  A regional airport usually does not have customs and immigration facilities to process traffic between countries.  In Canada regional airports usually service connections within Canada and some flights to the United States.  A few U.S. regional airports, some of which actually call themselves international airports, may have customs and immigration facilities staffed on an as-needed basis, but the vast majority serve domestic traffic only.

Aircraft using these airports tend to be smaller business jets, private aircraft and regional airliners of both turboprop propelled or regional jetliner varieties.  These flights usually go a shorter distance to a larger regional hub. These airports usually have shorter runways, which exclude heavy planes with much fuel.

Europe
In European countries, regional airports are often classed as airports that do not serve the country's capital/most major city.  Examples of larger regional airports include Barcelona El Prat Airport, Spain and Manchester Airport, England, which are both among Europe's busiest airports and are used by both large and small planes.  In countries like France, Germany, and Sweden, a regional airport is an airport for small planes, even though they go to the national hub, just like flights from larger airports.  Examples of small regional airports include Coventry Airport and Worship Airport.
In northern Norway, a country with long distances and many short-runway airports, regional airports are those with flights to a regional hub, not to the capital.

See also

Domestic flight
International airport
International flight
Civil enclave

References

Airports by type

de:Regionalflughafen
es:Aeropuerto regional
pt:Aeroporto regional
sv:Regional flygplats

Domestic airport