"Hello Kitty" is a song by the Canadian singer Avril Lavigne. It is from her fifth studio album Avril Lavigne (2013).

It was written by Lavigne, Chad Kroeger, David Hodges and Martin Johnson, while the song was produced by Kroeer, Hodges, and additional production by Brandon Paddock and Kyle Moorman. Musically, "Hello Kitty" is a bubblegum pop song heavily influenced by hard rock and pop punk, while featuring a dubstep-influenced drop. The song stands out as Lavigne's first electronic experimental track in her career to date. The song is about an "aggressive" love affair with the fictional character, where it includes Lavigne commenting on sleepovers, having fun and eating. The song was influenced with her obsession with all things kitty like

Reviews
Upon its flagship release with the album, "Hello Kitty" received polarizing reviews from contemporary music critics. Many found it interesting and compared the experimental production. But some dismissed this and criticized the lyrical content and felt that it failed to make a positive impression. The song charted at number 84 on the South Korean Gaon Chart. An official lyric video was released on Lavigne's YouTube account on January 19.

Background and composition
Three months after the release of Goodbye Lullaby, Lavigne announced that she had already begun on her fifth studio album, with eight songs written so far. Lavigne stated that musically the album would be the opposite of Goodbye Lullaby, with a rumoured released date of sometime in 2012. Lavigne explained, "Goodbye Lullaby was more mellow, [but] the next one will be pop and more fun again. I already have a song that I know is going to be a single, I just need to re-record it!" It was written by Lavigne, Chad Kroeger, David Hodges and Martin Johnson, while the song was produced by Kroeer, Hodges and additional production by Brandon Paddock and Kyle Moorman. The song was engineered by John Hanes, musical mixed by Serban Ghenea and additional programming was held by Paddick and Moorman.

Musically, "Hello Kitty" is known to be Lavigne's most experimental track to date, as its musical influences are inspired by bubblegum pop, pop punk and dubstep. In an interview, Lavigne said about her collaboration with Kroeger; "I have a song called [Hello Kitty], which I wrote about [Hello Kitty] because I'm obsessed, and it's a really fun thing that I've never done before. It kind of has a kind of glitchy, electronic feel to it and it's... the only one on the record that sounds like that. It's really different and a lot of my friends I've played it for really like it. I'm having a lot of fun with that one." Lyrically, Lavigne told Digital Spy; "'Hello Kitty' was such an interesting topic and subject [...] It was really exciting for me. I didn't want it to sound like anything I'd done before. I wanted it to sound over the top so I ended up hiring a new producer to help me with it." She was later asked about the double meaning abut the song, to which she responded "Obviously it's flirtatious and somewhat sexual, but it's genuinely about my love for Hello Kitty as well." Additonally, she said at MuchMusic "It's really fun [and] it's about a slumber party and loving the kitty."

Entertainment Weekly's Nick Catucci exclaimed "Hello Kitty," a dubstep track that seems to acknowledge its own tokenism by adopting a "J-Pop American Funtime Now!" sheem (and whose title may or may not enclose a double entendre that in any case I'd rather not entertain) [...]" Craig Manning from AbsoultePunk said "The biggest leap of faith is made on "Hello Kitty," a trippy patchwork of EDM and pop that pays loving tribute to Lavigne's sizable Japanese following." Muumuse's Bradley Stern had discussed the song in a lengthy review and explained; "Hello Kitty" is an offbeat EDM-infused stomper. Conjuring Gwen Stefani's lively Japanese-minded Love.Angel.Music.Baby (plus a Fashionable Dubstep Breakdown for good measure!), Avril lets her love affair for the beloved Japanese mascot go wild across pulsing beats and sputtering electronica as she shouts outs hilarious commands: "Like a fat kid on a pack of smarties / Someone chuck a cupcake at me!" He also referred Lavigne's nature towards the song as "insane".

References

Avril Lavigne songs
2013 songs

Hello Kitty (song)


August Raimond Bogusch (5 August 1890 – 24 January 1948) was an SS-Scharführer and member of staff at Auschwitz concentration camp. He was prosecuted at the Auschwitz Trial, sentenced to death and hanged.

Life
Bogusch was born in Lubliniec, Upper Silesia. He joined the Nazi Party in October 1932 and the SS in April 1933 (number 51922). On 21 August 1939 he was drafted into the SS-Totenkopfverbände and was posted to Buchenwald concentration camp.
He was at Auschwitz from 27 January 1941 to 18 January 1945, where he was - among other things - a Schutzhaftlagerführer (protective custody) guard and a Blockführer (block leader). After the evacuation of Auschwitz he was sent to Mysen concentration camp near Oslo, and in February 1945, was transferred back to Buchenwald. He was also deployed to Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp.

In the summer of 1943, Bogusch participated in the extermination process, where he selected Jews from arriving transports to the gas chambers. During the occupation of Poland, the Polish underground declared on London radio that he would be punished by death.

After the war
Bogusch was captured by the Allies and released to the Polish authorities. He was tried by the Supreme National Tribunal in Kraków and sentenced to death. His sentence was carried out by hanging in Montelupich Prison, Kraków.

Bibliography
Cyprian T., Sawicki J., Siedem wyroków Najwyższego Trybunału Narodowego, Poznań 1962

1890 births
1948 deaths
Auschwitz trial executions
Buchenwald concentration camp personnel
Executed German mass murderers
Executed people from Silesian Voivodeship
German people convicted of crimes against humanity
Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
Mauthausen concentration camp personnel
People from Lubliniec
People from the Province of Silesia
SS non-commissioned officers

August Bogusch


Hildale is a city in Washington County, Utah, United States. The population was 1,127 at the 2020 census.

Hildale is located on the border of Utah and Arizona.

History
Hildale, formerly known as Short Creek Community, was founded in 1913 by members of the Council of Friends, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

During a flash flood on 14 September 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of 16 March 2021. The flooding resulted from the moisture from Hurricane Linda.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hildale has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,895 people, 232 households, and 215 families residing in the city. The population density was 644.2 per square mile (248.9/km2). There were 243 housing units at an average density of 82.6 per square mile (31.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.41% White, 0.21% African American, 0.47% Native American, 0.63% Asian, 0.63% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.00% of the population.

There were 232 households, out of which 76.7% had children under 18 living with them, 82.3% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 6.9% were non-families. 6.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 8.17, and the average family size was 8.10.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 63.6% under 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 18.4% from 25 to 44, 6.3% from 45 to 64, and 2.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 13 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 75.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,679, and the median income for a family was $31,750. Males had a median income of $25,170 versus $16,071 for females. The per capita income for the city was $4,782. About 37.0% of families and 41.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42.0% of those under age 18 and 31.8% of those aged 65 or over.

Government

In January 2018, the city's first female mayor, Donia Jessop, was sworn in along with a new city council. This also marked the first time positions in city government have been held by people who are not members of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. About a month afterward, 11 city employees resigned, at least one of whom said that his religion prevented him from "following a woman, and from serving on a board with apostates."

Education
Hildale is within the Washington County School District. Water Canyon School, a K-12 school, is in the city.

Around 1998, the city's elementary-age students attended the Phelps School in Hildale while many older students attended school in Colorado City Unified School District in Arizona.

In 2014 Washington County School District purchased the old Phelps Elementary Building and a building next to it. After a quick remodel, the old Phelps Elementary School was reopened as Water Canyon School. Two years later, the building next to Phelps was completed and opened as Water Canyon High School.

See also

 List of cities and towns in Utah

References

External links

Cities in Washington County, Utah
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Latter Day Saint movement in Utah
Populated places established in 1963
1963 establishments in Utah
Cities in Utah

Hildale, Utah


Edward Doty (c. 1599 – August 23, 1655 in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony).<ref name="plimoth.org">A genealogical profile of Edward Doty,  (a collaboration of Plimoth Plantation and New England Historic Genealogical Society accessed 2013) [http://www.plimoth.org/media/pdf/doty_edward.pdf] </ref>

Edward Doty was a passenger on the historic 1620 voyage of the Mayflower.  He was a servant to Stephen Hopkins.  Hopkins was making his second journey to the New World having travelled for ten years under Capt. John Smith at Jamestown in Virginia Colony.Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691, (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), pp. 84,283, 308

 Early life
Doty was born in England.  It is thought he was from East Halton in Lincolnshire.  According to author Charles Banks, Doty lived in London at some point and traveled with another Londoner, Stephen Hopkins, as his servant.

 Mayflower Voyage

Edward Doty left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower spotted land. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.George Ernest Bowman,  The Mayflower Compact and its signers,  (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1920). Photocopies of the 1622, 1646 and 1669 versions of the document pp. 7–19. The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land 21 November at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.Stratton, 20.Eugene Aubrey Stratton, Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691, (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), pp. 411-413

Doty was one of two indentured servants of Stephen Hopkins.  The other servant was Edward Leister.  They travelled with Hopkins and his family.

When they landed the men went to find a place where they could live and grow crops.  One of the first exploration missions included William Bradford, John Carver, Myles Standish , Edward Winslow, John Howland, Richard Warren, Stephen Hopkins and Edward Doty.  According to William Bradford, they left in a small board in below freezing weather.  Many of the men were already ill.  Bradford wrote that when they set sail the salt spray froze on their coats, as if they had been glazed. Of this group Hopkins was the most experienced, having seen Native Americans during his time at Jamestown. During this trip the Mayflower men came upon some Native Americans who appeared to be cutting up a large whale.  The Natives ran when they saw the men.  The men camped while trying to protect themselves and stay warm.

In late 1620, Doty went with Stephen Hopkins and others on other explorations of the Cape Cod area.

 In Plymouth Colony

Doty was one of the Mayflower passengers that has left a record of his personality. He had a quick temper that sometimes caused him trouble.  Some said he was an unfair businessman. People who made trouble were often banished from Plymouth. Isaac Allerton was forced out. Doty must have changed for the better because he lived in Plymouth his whole life.

Edward Doty became a rich land owner with servants himself.  At times, he could be disagreeable with others. This caused him to be in the Plymouth court many times.

Doty's first problem with the law came after the Pilgrims had begun building their settlement. In June of 1621 Doty fought a duel (with a sword and dagger) with Edward Leister. Edward Leister was the other servant of Stephen Hopkins.  The result was that one man was wounded in the hand and one in the thigh. Their punishment was to be tied head and feet together for one day without food or drink. But soon their master Stephen Hopkins felt sorry for them and asked to end their punishment.  He promised they would change their behavior.  The Governor let them free.Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691 (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), pp. 283-284

In the 1623 Division of Land, Doty received 1 acre of land.  After that he received 20 acres more. He also purchased much land and became quite wealthy. Some of his land in Plymouth is where the Mayflower Society House now stands.

Doty received some cattle in the 1627 Division of the Cattle. At that time he had finished his term of service to Stephen Hopkins. His name as "Edward Dolton", is listed with the family of John Howland and wife Elizabeth.  In Plymouth Colony records, Doty's name was also spelled variously as Doten (Mayflower Compact), Dotey (1626 Purchasers and 1643 bear arms lists), Dolton (1627 Division of the Cattle), and Dowty (1633/34 tax lists).

The 1632 records of the Plymouth Court has twenty-three cases that mentions Edward Doty. There were complaints that he cheated people, said bad things about people which were not true, fought with people, and stole. Doty was never punished except for paying small fines. This means that most of the cases were found to be untrue or very minor cases.  Except for the duel in 1621, he never had any physical punishment.  Physical punishment could have been whipping, branding, banishment, prison and public punishment.Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691, (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), pp. 284-285

Except for his occasional court cases, Doty lived a normal life as a freeman, paying his taxes and all his debts. He received some special property rights and benefits from being classed as a "first comer" or Mayflower'' passenger.

The joined with other members of the community in a town meeting of February 10, 1643.  He was assigned with George Clark, John Shaw, Francis Billington and others to build a wolf trap in the town of Plain Dealing."

Doty's name appears on the August 1643 Able to Bear Arms (ATBA) List.  It is spelled "Edward Dotey".  This was for the protection of the colony against unfriendly Indians or other enemies.

Edward Doty married Faith Clarke. They had nine children.

The parents of Faith Clarke on January 9, 1635 were Thurston (Tristram) and Faith Clarke.  They arrived in Plymouth Colony on the  ship "Francis" in 1634. Many of Doty's court cases involved Thurston and George Clarke.  He had many disagreements, including fights with the family of his wife. Bradford wrote that Doty by a second wife has seven children, and all are living. They had two more children after he wrote that.

The children were named Edward, Thomas, John, Samuel, Desire, Isaac, Elizabeth, Joseph,  Mary.

Edward Doty made out his will on May 20, 1655. Doty said that he was sick but still had a good memory.  His will was witnessed by John Howland, John Cooke, James Hurst, and William Hoskins. Doty signed his will with a mark because he never learned to write.

Edward Doty died on August 23, 1655 in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony and was buried at Burial Hill Cemetery where there is a memorial stone for him.

References

Additional reading
 The Pilgrim Edward Doty Society
 Edward Dotey in the 17th Century Records

Mayflower passengers
1590s births
1655 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Edward Doty


Metro is the debut studio album by English rock band Metro. Recorded in 1976, it was released in 1977 through Transatlantic and Sire Records. It is the band's only album to feature both of the core members, Peter Godwin and Duncan Browne, due to the latter's departure in 1978.

The album spawned the single "Criminal World" in 1977. The song was banned from BBC playlist due to its sexual content, which resulted in the record's commercial failure. It was later covered by David Bowie in his 1983 album Let's Dance, renewing interest in Metro's early work.

Critical reception

AllMusic critic Dave Thompson praised the record, describing it as "an album of velvet-layered secrets and satin-sheeted mysteries, where lovers wear lace and have hearts carved from jade and the string section swells to save your ego the bother." Hailing the band as "original orchestral maneuvers in the dark, with only Bryan Ferry on hand to drive the survivors home," Thompson further wrote that Metro "remains a dirty secret, a secret sin, a sinful pleasure, and glam rock's final gleaming. How unlike it to leave the best till last."

Track listing
All tracks are written by Duncan Browne, Peter Godwin and Sean Lyons, except where noted.

 "Criminal World" – 5:22
 "Precious" (Browne, Godwin) – 2:59
 "Overture to Flame" – 1:54
 "Flame" (Godwin) – 6:32
 "Mono Messiah" (Browne, Godwin) – 3:57
 "Black Lace Shoulder" (Browne, Godwin) – 4:25
 "Paris" – 3:16
 "One-Way Night" (Browne, Godwin) – 5:48
 "Jade" – 4:41

Personnel
Album personnel as adapted from album liner notes.

 Peter Godwin – lead vocals, harmony vocals, backup vocals, choir, synthesizer, vocal arrangements
 Duncan Browne – harmony vocals, backup vocals, choir, guitar, 12-string guitar, Spanish guitar, keyboards, synthesizer, vibraphone, tambourine, handclaps, string arrangements, vocal arrangements; bass guitar (1)
 Sean Lyons – guitar, 12-string guitar, effects, string arrangements
 John Giblin – bass guitar
 Simon Phillips – drums, percussion, congas
Graham Preskett - violin on "Black Lace Shoulder"
Barry Husband - vocals on "Mono Messiah"
Technical
 Peter Sames – production
 Metro – art direction, arrangements, production
 Dave Grinsted – engineering
 Sanders – photography
 Bob Franks – art direction
 Paul Chave – design

References

External links

1977 debut albums
Metro (British band) albums
Transatlantic Records albums
Sire Records albums

Metro (album)


Marsala is a fortified wine, dry or sweet, produced in the region surrounding the Italian city of Marsala in Sicily. Marsala first received Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC) status in 1969.
The European Union grants Protected designation of origin (PDO) status to Marsala and most other countries limit the use of the term Marsala to products from the Marsala area.

While unfortified wine is also produced in the Marsala region, it does not qualify for the Marsala DOC.

History
Marsala fortified wine was probably first popularized outside Sicily by the English trader John Woodhouse. In 1773, he landed at the port of Marsala and discovered the local wine produced in the region, which was aged in wooden casks and tasted similar to Spanish and Portuguese fortified wines then popular in England. Fortified Marsala was, and is, made using a process called in perpetuum, which is similar to the solera system used to produce Sherry in Jerez, Spain.

Woodhouse recognized that the in perpetuum process raised the alcohol level and alcoholic taste of this wine while also preserving these characteristics during long-distance sea travel. Woodhouse further believed that fortified Marsala would be popular in England. Marsala indeed proved so successful that Woodhouse returned to Sicily and, in 1796, began its mass production and commercialization. In 1806, it was Benjamin Ingham (1784–1861), arriving in Sicily from Leeds, who opened new markets for Marsala in Europe and the Americas. Founded by Benjamin Ingham and later run by Joseph Whitaker and William Ingham Whitaker. Joseph and his brother William Ingham Whitaker inherited vast vineyards and his great grandfather Ingham's banking empire.

In 1833, the entrepreneur Vincenzo Florio, a Calabrese by birth and Palermitano by adoption, bought up great swathes of land between the two largest established Marsala producers and set to making his own vintage with even more exclusive range of grape.

Florio purchased Woodhouse's firm, among others, in the late nineteenth century and consolidated the Marsala wine industry. Florio and Pellegrino remain the leading producers of Marsala today.

Characteristics and types

Marsala is produced using the Grillo, Inzolia, Catarratto and Damaschino white grape varietals, among others.

Marsala contains about 15–20% alcohol by volume. Different Marsala wines are classified according to their color, sweetness, and duration of their ageing. The three levels of sweetness are secco (with a maximum of 40 grams of residual sugar per liter), semisecco (41–100 g/L), and sweet (over 100 g/L). The color and ageing classifications are as follows:
 Ambra has an amber colour. The coloring comes from the mosto cotto sweetener added to the wine
 Fine is aged at least one year
 Oro has a golden colour
 Rubino has a ruby colour, made from red grape varieties such as Perricone, Nero d'Avola and Nerello Mascalese
 Superiore is aged at least two years
 Superiore Riserva is aged at least four years
 Vergine and/or Soleras is aged at least five years
 Vergine and/or Soleras Stravecchio and Vergine and/or  Soleras Riserva is aged at least ten years

Marsala wine was traditionally served as an aperitif between the first and second courses of a meal. Contemporary diners will serve its drier versions chilled with Parmesan (stravecchio), Gorgonzola, Roquefort, and other spicy cheeses, with fruits or pastries, and the sweeter at room temperature as a dessert wine. Marsala is sometimes discussed with another Sicilian wine, Passito di Pantelleria (Pantelleria Island's raisin wine).

In cooking
Marsala wine is frequently used in cooking, and is especially prevalent in dishes served in Italian restaurants in the United States.

Dry Marsala wine is used in savory cooking.  A typical savory Marsala sauce, for example, involves reducing the wine almost to a syrup with onions or shallots, then adding mushrooms and herbs. One of the most popular Marsala recipes is chicken marsala, in which flour-coated pounded chicken breast halves are braised in a mixture of Marsala, butter, olive oil, mushrooms, and spices. Marsala is also used in some risotto recipes.

Sweet Marsala wine is used to produce rich Italian desserts such as zabaione and shortcake.

References

Fortified wine
Italian DOC
Marsala
Cuisine of Sicily
Florio family
Wines of Sicily

Marsala wine


Repaglinide is an antidiabetic drug in the class of medications known as meglitinides, and was invented in 1983. Repaglinide is a medication used in addition to diet and exercise for blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes. The mechanism of action of repaglinide involves promoting insulin release from β-islet cells of the pancreas; like other antidiabetic drugs, a main side effect concern is hypoglycemia. It is sold by Novo Nordisk under the name of Prandin in the United States, Gluconorm in Canada, Surepost in Japan, Repaglinide in Egypt, and Novonorm elsewhere.  In Japan it is produced by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma.

Medical uses
Repaglinide is an oral medication used in addition to diet and exercise for blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes.

Contraindications
Repaglinide is contraindicated in people with:
 Diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma
 Type 1 diabetes
 Co-administration with gemfibrozil
 Known hypersensitivity to drug or inactive ingredients

Adverse events
Common adverse events include:

Metabolic
 Hypoglycemia (31%)
Respiratory
 Upper respiratory infection (16%)
 Sinusitis (6%)
 Rhinitis (3%)
Gastrointestinal
 Nausea (5%)
 Diarrhea (5%)
 Constipation (3%)
 Vomiting (3%)
Musculoskeletal
 Arthralgia (6%)
 Back Pain (5%)
Other
 Headache (11%)
 Paresthesia (3%)

Serious adverse events include:
 Cardiac ischemia (2%)
 Angina (1.8%)
 Deaths due to cardiovascular events (0.5%)

Special populations
Pregnancy category C: safety in pregnant women has not been established. Data is limited, and there is only one case report that notes no complications with the use of repaglinide during pregnancy.

Caution should be taken in people with liver disease and decreased kidney function when using this medication.

Drug interactions
Repaglinide is a major substrate of CYP3A4 and should not be administered concomitantly with gemfibrozil, clarithromycin or azole antifungals such as itraconazole or ketoconazole. Administration of both repaglinide and one or more of these drugs results in an increase in plasma concentration of repaglinide and may lead to hypoglycemia. Co-administration of repaglinide and clopidogrel (a CYP2C8 inhibitor) may lead to a significant decrease in blood glucose levels due to a drug-drug interaction. In fact, using these drugs together for even one day can cause repaglinide levels to increase over 5-fold...and may lead to significant hypoglycemia.
Repaglinide should not be combined with sulfonylurea, because they have the same mechanism of action.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action
Repaglinide lowers blood glucose by stimulating the release of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas. It achieves this by closing ATP-dependent potassium channels in the membrane of the beta cells. This depolarizes the beta cells, opening the cells' calcium channels, and the resulting calcium influx induces insulin secretion.

Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: repaglinide has a 56% bioavailability when absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Bioavailability is reduced when taken with food; the maximum concentration decreases by 20%.

Distribution: The protein binding of repalglinide to albumin is greater than 98%.

Metabolism: repaglinide is primarily metabolized by the liver - specifically CYP450 2C8 and 3A4 - and to a lesser extent via glucuronidation. Metabolites of repaglinide are inactive and do not display glucose-lowering effects.

Excretion: repaglinide is 90% excreted in the feces and 8% in the urine. 0.1% is cleared unchanged in the urine. Less than 2% is unchanged in the feces.

History
Precursor drugs to repaglinide were invented in late 1983 by scientists at Dr Karl Thomae GmbH, a German drug manufacturer located at Biberach an der Riß in southern Germany which was acquired by Boehringer Ingelheim in 1990. The drug that became repaglinide was later licensed by Boehringer to Novo Nordisk, which filed an Investigational New Drug application for the compound with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in April 1992. Novo Nordisk filed its New Drug Application (NDA) for Prandin in July 1997 and it was quickly approved, gaining FDA approval in December 1997. The drug was the first of the meglitinide class. It was branded Prandin because its quick onset and short duration of action concentrates its effect around meal time (the prandium was the Roman meal which is comparable to the modern lunch).

Intellectual property
After several attempts to file for U.S. patent protection, a filing was made in March 1990 which eventually became U.S. Patents 5,216,167 (June 1993), 5,312,924 (May 1994) and 6,143,769 (November 2000). After filing its NDA for repaglinide in 1997, Novo Nordisk applied for patent extension under the Hatch-Waxman Act. This process, called patent term restoration, allows drug patents to be extended based on the time that a drug spent in clinical trials and in the approval process. Previously it had been decided by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office that the expiration date of U.S. Patents 5,216,167 and 5,312,924 would be 5 September 2006. In February 2001 Prandin's patent life was extended to 14 March 2009 in response to Novo Nordisk's patent term restoration application, with U.S. Patent 5,216,167 having been reissued as RE37035.

Prior to the end of repaglinide's patent term, Novo Nordisk obtained a new patent, U.S. Patent 6,677,358 (January 2004), covering the combination therapy of repaglinide together with the generic anti-diabetic drug metformin.  This new patent was due to expire June 2018.  In January 2011, a federal court ruled Novo Nordisk's new patent invalid on the grounds of obviousness, and unenforceable on the grounds of inequitable conduct on the part of Novo Nordisk's patent attorneys.

References

External links

Potassium channel blockers
Meglitinides
1-Piperidinyl compounds
Phenol ethers
Acetamides
Benzoic acids
Ethoxy compounds

Repaglinide


Hanging Rock is a natural sandstone rock formation overhanging the Wabash River in Wabash County, Illinois, in the United States. The rock formation is north of the town of Mount Carmel, Illinois, and located on land originally purchased by Thomas S. Hinde.  The formation was formed while the glaciers melted and carved the landscapes of North America.  The Native Americans were the first group of people to settle around Hanging Rock.  Later the Hinde family purchased the property and used it for tourism and business.

History
Before European settlers populated North America, Native Americans used Hanging Rock and the surrounding area as a campground where they built a series of mounds.  These original Native Americans eventually abandoned the area.  After being uninhabited for a number of years the Piankashaw Indians settled in the area after the arrival of the French.  One source states that Hanging Rock at one time had substantial Indian relics and ancient Indian mound sites.  Another source, states that there once existed a village of about 40 wigwams of the Oujatanons at Hanging Rock.

After the treaties signed between the Indians and William Henry Harrison were concluded, Thomas S. Hinde purchased Hanging Rock and the surrounding land.  Hinde proposed to the United States Congress that a dam be built at Hanging Rock in 1842.  Even though the proposed dam was rejected, Hinde wanted the dam to be a "wing dam half way across the Wabash at Hanging Rock, formed of hewed timber cribs, filled with stone eight or ten feet high, curving at the further end, would give an additional head of five or six feet of water; making a fall of 15 or 16 feet below White River ripple."

In the early to mid-1800s the area around Hanging Rock was a loading dock for steamboats on the Wabash River.  Hinde's grandson Frederick Hinde Zimmerman used Hanging Rock as a tourist attraction for a hotel he built named the Grand Rapids Hotel, which was located a short distance downstream near the Grand Rapids Dam.

In 1875, A. H. Worthen named the sandstone located around the area "Hanging Rock" sandstone.  He described the sandstone as, "steel-gray, passing into black, and weathering to an olive branch, and filled with crushed shells of small size, among which Rhynchonella Osagensis seemed to be most conspicuous."

In the late 1880s Mount Carmel native Robert Ridgway enjoyed hiking and hunting turkeys with his father around Hanging Rock and in later years published an article that briefly discussed one hunting trip.

Location
Hanging Rock is located on the Wabash River in the state of Illinois about three miles northeast of Mount Carmel, Illinois.  Hanging Rock has been described as a "semicircular rock wall which, in the center, rears its huge pinnacle over a hundred feet above the water and projects over the river many feet."  The Grand Rapids Dam was located a short distance downstream from Hanging Rock until it was abandoned by the Federal Government in 1931.

Notes

References

Landforms of Wabash County, Illinois
Wabash River
Landforms of Illinois
Rock formations of the United States

Hanging Rock (Wabash River)


The Iron Mountains are a subrange of the Blue Ridge Mountains. These mountains are located around the common meeting point of Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina.

A portion of the Appalachian Trail runs the crest of the Iron Mountains above Watauga Lake and the Watauga River near Elizabethton, Tennessee, and then runs northeasterly by Shady Valley, Tennessee, finally ascending Holston Mountain and into Virginia. In addition, the historic Virginia Creeper Trail traverses the Iron Mountains between Damascus and Whitetop, Virginia.

See also
 Mountain City, Tennessee
 Johnson County, Tennessee
 Whitetop, Virginia
 Grayson County, Virginia
 Washington County, Virginia
 Elizabethton, Tennessee
 Carter County, Tennessee
 Roan Mountain, Tennessee

Blue Ridge Mountains
Mountain ranges of Virginia
Mountain ranges of Tennessee
Mountain ranges of North Carolina
Subranges of the Appalachian Mountains
Mountains of Ashe County, North Carolina
Landforms of Carter County, Tennessee
Landforms of Johnson County, Tennessee
Landforms of Sullivan County, Tennessee
Landforms of Grayson County, Virginia
Landforms of Washington County, Virginia
Landforms of Watauga County, North Carolina

Iron Mountains


Wellington's Victory, or the Battle of Vitoria (also called the Battle Symphony; in German: Wellingtons Sieg oder die Schlacht bei Vittoria), Op. 91, is a 15-minute-long orchestral work composed by Ludwig van Beethoven to commemorate the Marquess (later Duke) of Wellington's victory over Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria in Spain on 21 June 1813 and the German campaign of 1813 in Germany thus ending the rule of Bonaparte's Confederation of the Rhine and the birth of the German Confederation. It is known sometimes as "The Battle Symphony" or "The Battle of Vitoria", and was dedicated to the Prince Regent, later King George IV. Composition stretched from August to first week of October 1813, and the piece proved to be a substantial moneymaker for Beethoven.

The autograph manuscript of the work is preserved in the Berlin State Library.

Composition, premiere and reception

After the Battle of Vitoria, Beethoven's friend Johann Nepomuk Maelzel talked him into writing a composition commemorating this battle that he could notate on his 'mechanical orchestra', the panharmonicon, a contraption that was able to play many of the military band instruments of the day. However, Beethoven wrote a composition for large band (100 musicians), so large that Maelzel could not build a machine large enough to perform the music. As an alternative, Beethoven rewrote the Siegessinfonie for orchestra, added a first part and renamed the work Wellington's Victory.

The piece was first performed in Vienna on 8 December 1813 at a concert to benefit Austrian and Bavarian soldiers wounded at the Battle of Hanau, with Beethoven conducting. It was immediately popular with concertgoers. Also on the programme were the premiere of his Symphony No. 7 and a work performed by Maelzel's mechanical trumpeter.

This performance, which featured 100 musicians, has been noted as being particularly loud. Corinna da Fonseca-Wollheim described it as a "sonic assault on the listener" and the "beginning of a musical arms race for ever louder... symphonic performance", quoting an unnamed attendee as remarking that the performance was "seemingly designed to make the listener as deaf as its composer". Musicologist Frédéric Döhl described performances of this work as "not like an evening at the Berlin Philharmonie, but rather like a modern-day rock concert".

Orchestration
Wellington's Victory is something of a musical novelty. The full orchestration calls for two flutes, a piccolo, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, six trumpets, three trombones, timpani, a large percussion battery (including muskets and other artillery sound effects), and a usual string section of violins I and II, violas, cellos, and double basses.

In the orchestral percussion section one player plays the timpani, the other three play the cymbals, bass drum and triangle. On stage there are two 'sides', British and French, both playing the same instruments: two side drums (englisches/französisches Trommeln in the score), two bass drums (Kanone in the score), two (four) ratchets, played by eight to ten instrumentalists.

Structure

The work has two parts: the Battle () and the Victory Symphony (). The first part is programme music describing two approaching opposing armies and contains extended passages depicting scenes of battle. It uses "Rule Britannia" for the British side and "Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre" ("Marlborough has left for the war", also popularized today as "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow") for the French side. Beethoven may have elected to not use "La Marseillaise" to represent the French forces, as Tchaikovsky later did in the 1812 Overture, perhaps because playing "La Marseillaise" was considered treasonous in Vienna at the time.

If this first part is pictorial music, the second is far from vulgar and exhibits some typical Beethoven composing techniques. It can be considered as a sonata form that, stripped of the development section, features an extended coda. The first theme is a fanfare in D major, which switches to the distant key of B-flat major for the second theme. This is "God Save the King", the British national anthem:

However, the final cadence (bars marked E in the score above) is not played. Instead, motif D is repeated so as to switch back to D major and to the re-exposition of the fanfare theme. This is followed by the re-exposition of "God Save the King", now in the main key (D major) and adopting the pace of a "Tempo di menuetto moderato". Again the final cadence (E) is avoided and replaced by successive repetition of motif D, this time leading to a coda in imitative style. This fugal section ("Allegro") starts as a string octet (later joined by the full orchestra) with the phrase

stemming from phrase A of the "God Save the King" tune. Later a second phrase joins in, still in imitative style,

derived from the anthem's phrase B, thus building up a little double fugue. It all ends with a section based on motif

(which reworks motifs C+D of the original theme) and at last by a final derivative of phrase A:

The panharmonicon
The first version of "Wellington's Victory" was not written for an orchestra. Mälzel, known today primarily for patenting the metronome, convinced Beethoven to write a short piece commemorating Wellington's victory for his invention, the panharmonicon. It never caught on as anything more than a curiosity. Nonetheless, Mälzel toured Europe showing off Beethoven's work on the mechanical trumpeter and the enthusiasm for the music convinced Beethoven to turn it into a full-blown "victory overture".

The manuscript of the second part of this version was discovered by Willy Hess in a revised copy by the author (Hess 108).

The composition today
The novelty of the work has waned, and "Wellington's Victory" is not performed often today. Many critics lump it into a category of so-called "battle pieces", along with Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture and Liszt's Hunnenschlacht (Battle of the Huns): Charles Rosen wrote that "Beethoven's contribution lacks the serious pretentiousness or the incorporation of ideology of Felix Mendelssohn's Reformation Symphony, or of Hector Berlioz's [[Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale|Symphonie funèbre et triomphale]], but it is only the less interesting for its modesty."

In their book Men of Music'', Wallace Brockway and Herbert Weinstock termed the piece an "atrocious potboiler".

Beethoven was well aware of the triviality of the work and responded to similar criticism in his own time: "What I shit is better than anything you could ever think up!"

References

External links

 Wellington's Victory or the Battle of Vittoria, Op. 91, composer's autograph manuscript, Berlin State Library
 Wellington's Victory or the Battle of Vittoria, Op. 91, copyist's manuscript, Berlin State Library
 Wellington's Victory or the Battle of Vittoria, Op. 91, Beethoven House

Compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven
1813 in Germany
Napoleonic Wars
War art
1813 compositions

Wellington's Victory


This is a list of countries by household final consumption expenditure per capita, that is, the market value of all goods and services, including durable products (such as cars, washing machines, and home computers), purchased by households during one year, divided by the country's average (or mid-year) population for the same year. It excludes purchases of dwellings but includes imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings. It also includes payments and fees to governments to obtain permits and licenses. Here, household consumption expenditure includes the expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households, even when reported separately by the country. The latest figures for each country and territory are shown.

See also
Gross domestic product

References

Household Final Consumption
Household Final Consumption
Household Final Consumption

List of countries by household final consumption expenditure per capita


Wulagasaurus (meaning "Wulaga lizard", in reference to the discovery locality) is a genus of saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Heilongjiang, China.

Discovery

Its remains were found in a bonebed in the middle Maastrichtian-age Yuliangze Formation, dated to 69 million years ago. This bonebed is otherwise dominated by fossils of the lambeosaurine hadrosaurid (hollow-crested duckbill) Sahaliyania.  Wulagasaurus was named by Pascal Godefroit and colleagues in 2008. Only partial remains are known at this time. It is one of several hadrosaurids from the Amur River region named since 2000. The type and only species to date is W. dongi, named in honor of Chinese paleontologist Dong Zhiming.

Wulagasaurus is based on GMH W184, a partial dentary (toothbearing bone of the lower jaw). Godefroit and colleagues assigned additional remains from the bonebed to their new genus, including three braincases, a cheekbone, two maxillae (the toothbearing bone of the upper jaw), another dentary, two shoulder blades, two sternal elements, two upper arm bones, and an ischium. It can be distinguished from other hadrosaurids by its slender dentary and the unique form of its upper arm, which had distinctive articulations and placements for muscle attachments.  Godefroit and colleagues performed a phylogenetic analysis that suggests Wulagasaurus was the most basal saurolophine known (which would result in a long ghost lineage), and interpreted this as evidence that saurolophines and hadrosaurids in general originated in Asia, which has been supported by other finds since.

Description

In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated its size at 9 meters (30 ft) and 3 tonnes (3.3 short tons). As a hadrosaurid, Wulagasaurus would have been an herbivore.

Classification
In a 2012 conducted by researchers from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), along with others from Chinese Academy of Science, American Museum of Natural History, and Geological Museum of Heilongjiang Provinces, re-evaluated and re-described Wulagasaurus dongi. Based on both original and assigned specimens, they concluded that Wulagasaurus shared many morphological similarities with North American taxon's Brachylophosaurus and Maiasaura, possibly forming a clade-structure within the already existing clade Brachylophosaurini. This hypothesis has been demonstrated by another phylogenetic 2014 analysis.

See also

 Timeline of hadrosaur research

References

Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Saurolophines
Fossil taxa described in 2008
Ornithischian genera

Wulagasaurus


Ćorluka () is a Croatian and Serbian family name.

In the 17th century, a Ćorluka family fled Vid when the Ottomans destroyed it, and this family dispersed to Klobuk, Grude and Mamići.  On June 26/27, 1941, Ustaše drove away 130 Croats of the families of Šakota, Šotra, Ćorluka and Krulj from the villages of Trijebanj and Kozice. Ethnic Serbs of the family were killed in the Prebilovci massacre.

It may refer to:

Josip Ćorluka (born 1995), Bosnian footballer
Slavko Ćorluka, army commander
Vedran Ćorluka (born 1986), Croatian footballer
Verica Ćorluka, writer
Ćorluke, a village

References

Surnames of Croatian origin
Surnames of Serbian origin

Ćorluka


Justo Jorge Padrón (1 October 1943 – 11 April 2021) was a Spanish poet, essayist, and translator. His work has been described as confirming "[t]he strength of modern Canarian poetry".

Biography
He was born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1943. After studying law, philosophy, and literature at the University of Barcelona, he returned in 1967 to his native city, where for seven years he practiced law. During this time he published his first poems and entered into contact with other young Spanish poets. In 1968 he was included by José Agustín Goytisolo in his anthology New Spanish Poetry. In 1974 he abandoned the law to devote himself entirely to poetry. Two years later he was selected by the foreign ministry and the Institute of Hispanic Culture to tour Latin America as a representative of the new generation of Spanish poetry. In 1979 he represented Spain at the fourth World Congress of Poets in South Korea and at the first Festival of European Poetry in Leuven. Jorge Padrón's work has been translated into more than thirty languages, and he was himself a translator who specialized in Scandinavian languages.

He died in Madrid from COVID-19 on 11 April 2021 at the age of 77 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

Awards
During his life, he received numerous literary prizes including the Premio Adonais (1971), the International Prize of the Swedish Academy (1972), the Premio Boscán (1973), the Fastenrath Prize of the Royal Spanish Academy (1976), the European Prize for Literature (1986), the Premio Orfeo (1992), the Premio Canarias (1997), and the Senghor Poetry Prize (2003). In the 1990s he was nominated for a seat in the Royal Spanish Academy, but was unsuccessful in securing one.

Works

Poetry
 Trazos de un paréntesis (1965)
 Escrito en el agua (1966)
 Los oscuros fuegos (1971)
 Mar de la noche (1973)
 Los círculos del infierno (1976)
 El abedul en llamas (1978)
 Otesnita (1979)
 La visita del mar (1984)
 Los dones de la tierra (1988)
 Antología poética, 1971-1988 (1988)
 Sólo muere la mano que te escribe (1989)
 Los rostros escuchados (1989)
 Resplandor del odio (1993)
 Manantial de las presencias (1994)
 Oasis de un cosmos (1994)
 Ascuas del nadir (1995)
 El fuego en el diamante. Sonetos (1995–1998)
 El bosque de Nemi (1995–1999)
 Rumor de la agonía (1996)
 Lumbre de hogar (1996–2000)
 Escalofrío (1999)
 Cien poemas de amor (2000)
 Memoria del fuego. Poesía completa, 1965-2000 (2000)
 Hespérida. Canto universal de las Islas Canarias (2005)
 Hespérida II. La gesta colombina (2008)
 Hespérida III (2010)

Essays
 La nueva poesía sueca (1972)
 La poesía contemporánea noruega (1973)
 El modernismo en la poesía sueca (1973)
 Panorama de la narrativa islandesa contemporánea (1974)
 La poesía nórdica de la posguerra (1974)
 La poesía española desde la posguerra (1980)

References

 8 April 2008 Es voceado a Premio Nobel de Literatura noticiastrujillo.com

1943 births
2021 deaths
Spanish essayists
20th-century Spanish poets
20th-century Spanish male writers
People from Las Palmas
Writers from the Canary Islands
Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath laureates
Spanish male poets
Male essayists
21st-century Spanish poets
20th-century essayists
21st-century essayists
21st-century Spanish male writers
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain

Justo Jorge Padrón


Zeta potential titration is a titration of heterogeneous systems, for example  colloids and emulsions. Solids in such systems have very high surface area. This type of titration is used to study the zeta potential of these surfaces under different conditions. Details of zeta potential definition and measuring techniques can be found in the International Standard.

Iso-electric Point

The iso-electric point is one such property. The iso-electric point is the pH value at which the zeta potential is approximately zero. At a pH near the iso-electric point (± 2 pH units), colloids are usually unstable; the particles tend to coagulate or flocculate. Such titrations use acids or bases as titration reagents. Tables of iso-electric points for different materials are available. The attached figure illustrates results of such titrations for concentrated dispersions of alumina (4% v/v) and rutile (7% v/v). It is seen that iso-electric point of alumina is around pH 9.3, whereas for rutile it is around pH 4. Alumina is unstable in the pH range from 7 to 11. Rutile is unstable in the pH range from 2 to 6.

Surfactants and Stabilization
Another purpose of this titration is determination of the optimum dose of surfactant for achieving stabilization or flocculation of a heterogeneous system.

Measurement
In a zeta-potential titration, the Zeta potential is the indicator. Measurement of the zeta potential can be performed using microelectrophoresis, or electrophoretic light scattering, or electroacoustic phenomena. The last method makes possible to perform titrations in concentrated systems, with no dilution.

References

Further reading

 Kosmulski M. (2009). Surface Charging and Points of Zero Charge. CRC Press; 1st edition (Hardcover).

Category

Chemical mixtures
Colloidal chemistry
Condensed matter physics
Soft matter
Titration

Zeta potential titration


Pullen Pullen Reserve is a 56,000 hectare property in western Queensland, Australia, designated specifically for the purpose of protecting the endangered night parrot. The exact location has not been released. While the sanctuary was meant only to aid the night parrot, other endangered species residing in the area include the plains wanderer, painted honeyeater, grey falcon, and kowari.

References

Nature reserves in Queensland
Bush Heritage Australia reserves

Pullen Pullen Reserve


In finance, volatility clustering refers to the observation, first noted by Mandelbrot (1963), that "large changes tend to be followed by large changes, of either sign, and small changes tend to be followed by small changes." A quantitative manifestation of this fact is that, while returns themselves are uncorrelated, absolute returns  or their squares display a positive, significant and slowly decaying autocorrelation function: corr(|r|, |r |) > 0 for τ ranging from a few minutes to several weeks. This empirical property has been documented in the 90's by Granger and Ding (1993)  and Ding and Granger (1996) among others; see also. Some studies point further to long-range dependence in volatility time series, see Ding, Granger and Engle (1993) and Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard.

Observations of this type in financial time series go against simple random walk models and have led to the use of GARCH models and mean-reverting stochastic volatility models in financial forecasting and derivatives pricing. The ARCH (Engle, 1982) and GARCH (Bollerslev, 1986) models aim to more accurately describe the phenomenon of volatility clustering and related effects such as kurtosis. The main idea behind these two models is that volatility is dependent upon past realizations of the asset process and related volatility process. This is a more precise formulation of the intuition that asset volatility tends to revert to some mean rather than remaining constant or moving in monotonic fashion over time.

See also
GARCH
Stochastic volatility

References

Derivatives (finance)
Technical analysis

Volatility clustering


Moturata, also called Taieri Island, is an island in the mouth of the Taieri River in southern New Zealand. It is connected to the mainland by a sandy causeway at low tide.

The island is a nature reserve, and is home to many protected seabirds, notably yellow-eyed penguins. It was the site of a whaling station, primarily targeting southern right whales and secondly humpbacks and others in the 1830s and 40s. Many shore-whaling stations were operating all around New Zealand's coastline in this time, causing whale numbers to deplete to almost extinction. Today, whales are making a comeback slowly, occasionally being seen in this area in their migrating season. In June 2006, a pod of four southern right whales were seen frolicking off Taieri Mouth. The group was composed of 3 males and 1 female, thought to be a mating group, which had not been observed in the waters of New Zealand for long period.

History
Taieri Island may have been the "Isle of Wight" where The Brothers, a Sydney sealer chartered by Robert Campbell and commanded by Robert Mason landed eight of a gang of eleven men in November 1809. William Tucker, to Māori "Taka" and "Wioree" who settled in 1815 at Whareakeake (Murdering Beach) near the Otago Heads, was in the gang. Alternatively the "Isle of Wight" may be Green Island a few kilometres along the coast to the north.

In 1839 the Weller brothers of the Otago station on Otago Harbour established an outstation at Taieri Island, which they operated for three years. Edward Shortland recorded that it caught 70 tuns of oil in 1839, 15 in 1840 and 8 in 1841. The station operated under Mr. Cureton. In the evening of 9 June 1839 the schooner Dublin Packet, under the command of Captain Wells, was wrecked while attempting to pick up oil from the island station. She lost the second mate, the steward and a mentally ill man named "Dole" or "Cole" who was being sent from the Wellers' Otago station to Sydney.

In 1844, Johnny Jones of Waikouaiti briefly revived whaling on the island where Tommy Chaseland (who was of Australian aboriginal descent), with his wife Puna, Te Matenga Taiaroa's sister, presided over the gang. According to the visiting Frederick Tuckett, "nowhere, perhaps, do twenty Englishmen reside on a spot so comfortless as this naked inaccessible isle".

See also

 List of islands of New Zealand
 List of islands
 Desert island

References

Uninhabited islands of New Zealand
Islands of Otago
Whaling stations in New Zealand
Taieri River

Taieri Island / Moturata


Norman Parker (born 1944-2019) was a British author and convicted murderer. He attended St Clement Danes Grammar School in West London. After serving a six-year sentence for manslaughter, he was convicted of murder in 1970 and sentenced to life imprisonment. He served 24 years in prisons including Parkhurst. His involvement in riots, hunger strikes and escapes saw him moved from prison to prison, often spending long periods in solitary confinement.

In the later years of his sentence, Parker gained an honours degree from the Open University and began writing about his prison experiences. On release, his first book Parkhurst Tales, was published, a memoir of his time in Parkhurst and other prisons, and his fellow convicts including the Kray twins and "Mad" Frankie Fraser. He has since written several more books including, "Life After Life" published in 2006 and has made regular appearances in the media, commenting on criminal justice issues. He appeared in the Sky TV Documentary 'Mad Frank' Directed by Liam Galvin. In 2003 Parker gained a master's degree in criminology from the University of Surrey.

External links
 Norman Parker Blog

References

1944 births
Alumni of the University of Surrey
English male journalists
English people convicted of manslaughter
English people convicted of murder
English prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Living people
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
People paroled from life sentence
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by England and Wales

Norman Parker (author)


John West (November 1778–21 December 1845) was the first Anglican priest in Western Canada and a teacher, reformer and author. A missionary of the Church Missionary Society and a chaplain for the Hudson's Bay Company, the chapel he founded in Winnipeg became St John's Cathedral. Among his converts was Henry Budd, the first Native American ordained an Anglican priest.

Early career
West was born in Farnham in Surrey in 1778, the son of George West, an Anglican clergyman, and Ann (née Knowles). West became a deacon on 13 December 1804 and was ordained a priest on 21 September 1806. On 2 October 1807 he married Harriet Atkinson (1789-1839) in Wethersfield in Essex, and they had 12 children. He graduated from St Edmund Hall, Oxford with an MA on 8 June 1809. After his ordination West was appointed to various appointments in Essex where a mentor was the Rev. Henry Budd and in 1818 at the Church of St Michael the Archangel in Aldershot in Hampshire but West did not receive his first permanent office until early 1820 when he was appointed Rector at Chettle in Dorset. However, he did not take up this appointment as he had already applied to the Church Missionary Society (CMS) to become a missionary, and West became the first chaplain to the Hudson's Bay Company in 1819 and was awaiting his first mission.

Mission to Canada

The Hudson's Bay Company desired that all who came under its influence, including  those HBC retirees who wished to remain in the country, orphaned mixed-race children and others associated with the Protestant community in the west would have their spiritual needs met by a chaplain in the company's employ. West's placement in Western Canada was also due to the Company's belief that a number of missionary societies would provide financial support if the missions included Indian children from the Red River region; to this aim West established the Red River Academy. West sailed to Rupert's Land in May 1820 with George Harbidge, a school teacher. The first Protestant missionary to visit that area, West travelled without his pregnant wife and small children, intending to fetch them once a mission was set up. At the Red River Settlement West located his mission three miles north of Fort Douglas; here he constructed a chapel, a school and residences for himself and his Indian pupils. The chapel would eventually come to be known as 'The Upper Church' and later as St John's Cathedral.

West decided that his best chance of spreading Christianity among the locals was through converting the children. In 1820 the CMS provided financial assistance to West for the education of local Native American children, including James Settee and a youth called Sakachuwescam of the Cree nation. After baptising the latter in 1822 West renamed him Henry Budd after his own mentor from his curacy in Essex. Budd attended the Church Missionary Society school which West had established in what was then known as the Red River Colony in what is now the province of Manitoba. Budd would become the first North American Indian to be ordained to the ministry, in 1850. In 1822 the CMS appointed West to head the mission in the Red River Colony.

Attendance at West's services was encouraging but he alienated many in his congregation such as the Presbyterian Scots by his exclusive use of Anglican liturgy and rites. He was opposed to the liquor and fur trades, core businesses of the Hudson's Bay Company, and to marriage 'à la façon du pays', shaming some members of his congregation into going through an Anglican marriage ceremony with their female native partners. In addition, the Hudson's Bay Company director Nicholas Garry wrote that "West is not a good Preacher; he unfortunately attempts to preach extempore from Notes, for which he has not the Capacity, his discourses being unconnected and ill-delivered. He likewise Mistakes his Point, fancying that by touching severely and pointedly on the Weaknesses of People he will produce Repentance."<ref>Nicholas Garry, Diary of Nicholas Garry, Deputy-Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company from 1822–1835: A Detailed Narrative of His Travels in the Northwest Territories of British North America in 1821 . . . ," ed. F. N. A. Garry, RSC Trans., 2nd ser., 6 (1900), sect.ii: 139–40, 157</ref> He offended all by refusing to baptise an illegitimate child. To reach out to his Native Indian parishioners West began to learn a local Indian language. He did not encroach on the activities of the Roman Catholic missionaries even though he distributed Bibles in French and said he intended to learn French - but these activities lead to nothing.

Rather that concentrating his efforts on the Red River settlement only West determined to work throughout the whole of Rupert's Land. With this in mind he travelled to York Factory during the summer months of 1821, 1822 and 1823 and set up an auxiliary Bible society there in 1821 with the assistance of Nicholas Garry. In 1822 West was delighted by the news that the Church Missionary Society would be supporting his efforts by sending Elizabeth Bowden, a schoolmistress and the fiancée of George Harbidge, West's earlier companion to Canada, to teach the Indian girls the Red River settlement. While in York Factory in 1822 West met the expedition of Captain John Franklin, who had been exploring the Arctic in search of the Northwest Passage since 1819. Franklin persuaded West to work among the Inuit at Fort Churchill at Churchill, Manitoba, and West set off to do so in the summer of 1823, walking from York Factory to Fort Churchill and back, a distance of approximately 400 kilometres (240 miles).

Return to England
In June 1823 West sailed for England on what was intended as a temporary visit, returning to Aldershot where he assisted in services and ceremonies, but his contract as a missionary was cancelled by the Church Missionary Society early in 1824 owing in part to his lack of flexibility over his use of Anglican liturgy in Rupert's Land, by the reluctance of the Hudson's Bay Company to finance permanent missions, and because he had failed to win the support of the new Governor, George Simpson, who believed that West was spending too much time catering to the needs of the Indians to the neglect of the needs of the Hudson's Bay Company retirees, who also began to view him in disfavour. However, through his efforts West had laid the foundations that would successfully be built on by his successors. West's book The Substance of a Journal During a Residence at the Red River Colony, British North America; and Frequent Excursions Among the North-West American Indians, in the years 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823'' (London, 1824) detailed his experiences as a missionary. The second edition of 1827 included an account of West's trip in 1825–26 to New York, Boston, and the Kennebecasis River in New Brunswick among other locations on behalf of the British and Foreign Bible Society and the New England Company. This trip revealed the committed Roman Catholic faith of the Indians he encountered and in 1826 led the two societies to cancel their operations in the areas visited by him.

Later years

West settled down as Rector of Chettle in Dorset and to his responsibilities was added the parish of Farnham in Dorset in 1834, in the same year being appointed a domestic chaplain to Baron Duncannon, one of the authors of the Reform Act of 1832. He continued to show great interest in the missionary work being done in Canada and he returned in 1828 to help revive interest in the British and Foreign Bible Society's work there. He was involved in assisting agricultural workers emigrating to New South Wales (Australia) and in establishing a National School in England.

John West died on 21 December 1845 at Chettle in Dorset and was survived by four sons and two daughters, his wife having died in 1839. In the Canadian Calendar of Holy Persons West's Commemoration Day is 31 December. He has a commemorative stained-glass windows at his former church at Chettle, where he is buried. St John's Cathedral in Winnipeg which he founded has the John West Hall.

References

External links

Biography of Revd. John West - John West And His Red River Mission (1920)
Reverend John West's Artifact Collection -  The Manitoba Historical Society

1778 births
1845 deaths
People from Farnham
People from Aldershot
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
19th-century English Anglican priests
Canadian Anglican priests
Anglican missionaries in Canada
Anglican saints
Church Mission Society missionaries

John West (missionary)


Sir Keith Arthur Murdoch (12 August 1885 – 4 October 1952) was an Australian journalist and newspaper proprietor who was the founder of the Murdoch media empire. He amassed significant media holdings in Australia which after his death were expanded globally by his son Rupert.

Murdoch was born in Melbourne, the son of a Presbyterian minister. He began his journalism career with The Age in 1903, eventually becoming a parliamentary reporter. In 1915, he moved to England as editor of Hugh Denison's overseas cable service, where he rose to prominence as a war correspondent during World War I. Murdoch's attacks on the British military's conduct of the Gallipoli Campaign brought him to the attention of British politicians and press figures, including Lord Northcliffe who served as a mentor. He also became a confidant of Australian prime minister Billy Hughes, although they fell out by the end of the war.

In 1921, Murdoch returned to Melbourne as chief editor of The Herald, beginning a long association with its holding company The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd (HWT). He would become managing director in 1928 and chairman in 1942, overseeing a significant expansion of the company into interstate newspaper markets and commercial radio. Murdoch established a monopoly in the Adelaide newspaper market in 1931 and in 1933 established The Courier-Mail as Brisbane's daily newspaper; he also controlled The West Australian for several years. Murdoch co-founded the Australian Associated Press (AAP) in 1935 and was the inaugural chairman of Australian Newsprint Mills. During World War II he briefly served as Director-General of Information.

Outside of his business activities Murdoch was an art collector, serving as chairman of the National Gallery of Victoria and endowing a chair of fine arts at the University of Melbourne. He had four children with his wife Elisabeth, a prominent philanthropist. He retired in 1949, dying of cancer in 1952. In his final years he sold out of HWT and invested heavily in The News, an Adelaide tabloid. Its holding company News Limited formed the basis for his only son Rupert's global media empire.

Early life
Murdoch was born in Melbourne in 1885, the son of Annie (née Brown) and the Rev. Patrick John Murdoch, who had married in 1882 and migrated from Cruden, Scotland, to Victoria, Australia, with his family in 1884. His paternal grandfather was a minister with the Free Church of Scotland, and his maternal grandfather was a Presbyterian minister.

The family moved from West Melbourne to the affluent suburb of Camberwell in 1887. Keith was educated at his uncle Walter's short-lived school, then at Camberwell Grammar School, where he became dux in 1903, despite extreme shyness and stammering. He decided not to go straight to university but to try a career in journalism, so family friend David Syme of The Age agreed to employ him as district correspondent for nearby Malvern. Over the next four years, he managed to create a significant increase in The Age's local circulation, to earn promotion, and to save enough money for a ticket to England, where he hoped to gain further experience and find ways to manage his stammer.

Education and career
From 1908 to 1909, in London, he took speech therapy with Lionel Logue, studied part-time at the London School of Economics, and tried to find employment as a journalist, with the help of recommendations from more family friends, including Australia's Prime Minister Alfred Deakin. His stammer became manageable, but shortly after it cost him a job with the Pall Mall Gazette. In September 1909 Murdoch returned home to resume work for The Age, now as parliamentary reporter, in which capacity he strengthened the family's relationships with politicians such as Andrew Fisher, in some cases entertaining them at his aunt's country guest house.

First World War

In 1912, he became Melbourne political correspondent for The Sun of Sydney. Losing out to the more experienced Charles Bean for the position of official Australian correspondent covering World War I, he was appointed managing editor of the London cable service run by the Sun and the Melbourne Herald in 1915. Murdoch travelled to New Zealand in January 1915 with Prime Minister Andrew Fisher, and two other MPs, the Hon. J. Boyd and the Hon. D. Hall, covering war talks between Fisher and the New Zealand Prime Minister, William Massey, just before the engagement of Australian and New Zealand troops in the Gallipoli campaign. They travelled from Wellington aboard the Ulimaroa, arriving in Sydney on 2 February 1915. Andrew Fisher and Defence Minister George Pearce then asked him to take time on his journey to London, to check on some matters of concern relating to supplies and mail for Australian troops in the conflict, so he stopped off in Egypt. While there in August, he was able to secure the permission of Sir Ian Hamilton, commander of the Dardanelles campaign in Turkey, to visit Australian troops in Gallipoli and write his impressions for the newspapers, subject to the usual military censorship. The agreement he signed specified that he was "not to attempt to correspond by any other route or by any other means than that officially sanctioned" and during the war he must not "impart to anyone military information of a confidential nature.... unless first submitted to the Chief Field Censor."

Murdoch visited Anzac Cove at the beginning of September, then moved to the headquarters on the island of Imbros. Discussing the situation with other journalists, he was befriended by the Daily Telegraph correspondent Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett, who was deeply concerned that censorship was being used to suppress criticism of the Dardanelles campaign, which, as Murdoch had seen for himself, had serious problems. Murdoch agreed to carry a letter from Ashmead-Bartlett to the British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith in London, written on 8 September, presenting his uncensored report of the situation. Hamilton quickly learned about the existence of this letter (another British reporter, Henry Nevinson, has been blamed for this but his biography points to an official Royal Navy war photographer). Reaching France on his route to London, Murdoch was arrested by Military Police in Marseille and the letter was confiscated. Arriving in London on 21 September, he spent some time at the Australian High Commission composing his own letter to his Prime Minister, Andrew Fisher, in a similar vein to the Ashmead-Bartlett letter and particularly critical of the British general and administrative staff:

After sending the letter to Australia, he supplied two copies to the British Munitions Minister David Lloyd George, with his letter of introduction from Andrew Fisher. Very quickly, Murdoch's letter reached Asquith and was circulated to senior ministers of the British government. Ashmead-Bartlett, expelled from the Dardanelles, reached London about this time and soon, thanks to the influence of Lord Northcliffe, proprietor of The Times, The Daily Mirror and other national newspapers, his version of events began to be published. Murdoch, initially alarmed that Northcliffe's staff had obtained a copy of his private letter, soon became a friend of the newspaper tycoon. Although his letter, written from memory, contained many mistakes and exaggerations, the main points were supported by other evidence and Hamilton was relieved of command, the subsequent operation to evacuate the troops from Gallipoli in December being accomplished with perfect effectiveness.

In 1917, while visiting the Western Front as an unofficial war correspondent, Murdoch attempted to conduct negotiations with Field Marshal Douglas Haig in support of the Australian government's policy of the Australian Imperial Force (A.I.F.) divisions to be brought together into a united Australian Corps. Although Murdoch pushed for the appointment of Major General Brudenell White as the new corps commander while denigrating Major General John Monash (who was of Jewish German ancestry), the latter was given command when the Australian Corps was formed in 1918. Along with official war correspondent Charles Bean, Murdoch continued to lobby for Monash's demotion by appealing directly to Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes and misleading him into the belief that the A.I.F.'s senior officers were strongly opposed to Monash. When Hughes visited the front just before the Battle of Hamel intending to replace Monash, he first consulted the same senior officers and discovered that their support for their commander was strongly positive and that Monash's powers of planning and execution were excellent. The subsequent outcome of the Hamel assault closed the question of Monash's suitability but later in the same year Murdoch attempted again to convince Hughes that Monash should not control the repatriation of Australian troops.

Melbourne Herald
Murdoch remained in London, expanding the cable service, writing influential journalism—and helping his friend Billy Hughes on visits to England—until he was offered the post of chief editor at the Melbourne Herald, which he took in January 1921. Arranging for the paper's general manager to be demoted, he began applying Lord Northcliffe's principles, with frequent advice from Northcliffe himself. As he had in London, he focused on political controversy, but he also made the Herald influential in other ways, through such devices as improved arts coverage, and celebrity contributions. When Hugh Denison, proprietor of the Sydney Sun, tried to break into the Melbourne market with the Sun News-Pictorial in 1922, Murdoch fought a long campaign which eventually resulted in the Herald, its own circulation up by 50%, taking over the new tabloid in 1925. He acquired the nickname "Lord Southcliffe" and in 1928 became managing director of the company, by which time the Sun was on its way to becoming Australia's highest-selling newspaper.

In 1927 he saw a photograph of an attractive 18-year-old débutante, Elisabeth Joy Greene, in Table Talk magazine, and arranged for a friend to introduce him. She became Mrs Elisabeth Murdoch in June 1928, honeymooning on his Cruden Farm estate at Langwarrin. They had children Helen (later Mrs Geoff Handbury), Rupert Murdoch, Anne (later Mrs Milan Kantor) and Janet (now Mrs John Calvert-Jones).  In the early years of World War I he had been engaged for a time to Isabel Law, daughter of the British Chancellor of the Exchequer and future Prime Minister Bonar Law.

From 1926 onward, he had led a campaign to take over newspapers elsewhere in Australia, with varying success. In Adelaide, for example, the Herald publisher took over the feeble The Register in 1928, and turned it into a Sun-style picture tabloid. Within months, the previously dominant Adelaide Advertiser accepted a takeover bid, and The Register was quietly closed down in 1931, after the Herald acquired the evening Adelaide News, securing a local monopoly. Murdoch had also been investing in newspapers on his own account, notably in Brisbane, where he bought shares in the Daily Mail and which was subsequently merged with the rival Courier. He kept pace with new technology, and by 1935 the Herald was involved with eleven radio stations (while Murdoch campaigned to prevent the official Australian Broadcasting Commission from establishing its own news service). He also led both the merger of rival cable services to form Australian Associated Press Ltd in 1935, and a project to build a paper-mill in Tasmania.

1930s and after
In the Depression of the early 1930s, Murdoch's papers campaigned against the Labor Party government of James Scullin, and gave full support to the breakaway ex-Labor politician Joseph Lyons in his successful 1931 campaign to become Prime Minister. He received a knighthood in July 1933, and being an art connoisseur with an appreciation of modern work, became a trustee of Victoria's museums and galleries. He later had some regrets about his support for the strong-willed Lyons, stating in 1936, "I put him there and I'll put him out". Meanwhile, others were expressing deep concern about the dangers of concentrating so much press power in the hands of one person. This came to a head after Australia became involved in the Second World War. In June 1940 Murdoch was appointed to a newly created Australian Government post, Director-General of Information, and on 18 July he obtained authorisation to compel all news media to publish Government statements as and when necessary. Comparisons were made with Goebbels, press co-operation was swiftly withdrawn, politicians protested, and despite agreements to modify the regulation, in November he was obliged to resign the post.

Returning to the newspapers (from which he had agreed to distance himself while serving the Government) he spent the rest of the war encouraging a patriotic spirit, and attacking the Labor Prime Minister, John Curtin (who led a minority government in 1941, and was re-elected with a dramatic majority in 1943). In 1942 he became chairman of the Herald group, and in 1944, maintaining his connection with the art world, he established the Herald Chair of Fine Arts at the University of Melbourne. The following year he became chairman of the trustees of the National Gallery of Victoria. Becoming increasingly ill with cancer, he retired from most of his work except the Herald in 1949, and made a deal with the Herald board to buy control of the Adelaide newspapers, in return for first option in any future sale of his Brisbane newspaper shares.

Death and legacy
Murdoch died at the family property, Cruden Farm, Langwarrin, Victoria, in the night of 4–5 October 1952 and the funeral service was held at Toorak Presbyterian Church. Much of his estate, valued at £410,004, was disposed of to pay off mortgages, death duties etc. (the Herald exercised its option to buy the Brisbane newspaper shares), but his family was still left with full control of News Limited, proprietors of the Adelaide News.

Sir Keith Murdoch Award for Excellence in Journalism has been awarded to a News Corp Australia journalist each year.

In popular culture

 In the 1985 mini series ANZACS, Murdoch was portrayed by Australian actor David Bradshaw.
 In 2015 mini series Gallipoli, Murdoch was portrayed by Australian actor Damon Gameau.
 In the 2015 television docudrama Australia: The Story of Us, he was portrayed by Australian actor Matt Boesenberg.
 In the 2015 television mini series Deadline Gallipoli, made for the Foxtel network, he was portrayed by Australian actor Ewen Leslie.
In the 2015 television docudrama Gallipoli: When Murdoch Went to War, Murdoch was portrayed by actor Simon Harrison.

See also
The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd
The Herald (Melbourne)
The Sun News-Pictorial

Principal sources

General
Australian Dictionary of Biography Murdoch, Sir Keith Arthur (1885–1952) published by Australian National University,
Tom D C Roberts Before Rupert: Keith Murdoch and the Birth of a Dynasty University of Queensland Press, 2015,

Early life and First World War
 Patriots Three ABC Australia documentary script

Additional references

External links

 National Library of Australia
 Keith Murdoch Collection on Research Data Australia
 File 40: Herald & Weekly Times Limited, 1934-1953, these manuscript documents originated in the offices of Associated Newspapers. It contains memos and correspondence between Associated and the HWT -Sir John Butters-Sir Hugh Denison - Sir Keith Murdoch on a wide range of matters relevant to both companies, State Library of New South Wales MLMSS 9894/Box 1230.
File 214: Herald and Weekly Times. Murdoch, Fink etc, 1931-1936, correspondence between Keith Murdoch, and Thorold Fink with Chairman of Directors of Associated Newspapers on different issues, State Library of New South Wales MLMSS 9894/Box 933.

1885 births
1952 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Australian Knights Bachelor
Australian mass media company founders
Australian newspaper chain founders
Australian people of Scottish descent
Journalists from Melbourne
Keith
People educated at Camberwell Grammar School
Australian war correspondents
Australian Presbyterians
Australian newspaper editors
News agency founders
The Herald (Melbourne) people
People from Camberwell, Victoria

Keith Murdoch


Al-Quds Brigades (AQB; , Saraya al-Quds meaning Jerusalem Brigades) is the armed wing of the Palestinian Islamist organization Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), which is the second largest group in the Gaza Strip, after Hamas. AQB's leader is Ziyad al-Nakhalah, based in Damascus, Syria. The head of AQB in the Gaza Strip was Baha Abu al-Ata until he was killed in November 2019.

AQB's parent organization, PIJ, is devoted to the establishment of an Islamic state, and the settlement of Palestinians in what it considers their rightful homeland within the geographic borders of the pre-1948 British-mandated Palestine. It refuses to participate in political processes or negotiations about a swap of Israeli and Palestinian settlements. The PIJ is majority funded by Iran and Syria.

History
Al-Quds Brigades was founded in 1981 by Fathi Shaqaqi and Abd Al Aziz Awda in Gaza, and has been active in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, especially in the town of Jenin. Awda was designated a "Specially Designated Terrorist" by United States on 23 January 1995, and Shiqaqi was assassinated in Malta on 26 October 1995.

The group undertook numerous attacks on Israeli civilians, including suicide bombings; and has suffered extensive operations against its infrastructure carried out by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), which resulted in severe losses to the group, and it appeared significantly weakened by 2004.

On 1 March 2006, Abu al-Walid al-Dahdouh, an AQB commander, was targeted and killed by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City as he drove past the Palestinian finance ministry. On 30 August 2006, the AQB West Bank leader, Hussam Jaradat, was shot and killed by undercover IDF in Jenin on 30 August 2006.

In the Gaza Strip, al-Quds Brigades continued its militant activities, including the indiscriminate firing of al-Quds rocket attacks out of populated civilian areas. Al-Quds Brigades promotes the military destruction of Israel, including the indiscriminate firing of rocket, mortar fire and suicide bombings.

In March 2014, over 100 rockets were launched into southern Israel by PIJ and other Islamist groups. On 14 March, Ramadan Shalah, the then leader of PIJ, announced that the attack was coordinated with Hamas.

Baha Abu al-Ata, the head of AQB in the Gaza Strip, was killed in a targeted killing in Gaza City on 12 November 2019, allegedly after having given orders for the launching of rockets into Israel. At the same time, Syrian media reported that another senior PIJ commander, Akram al-Ajouri, survived an airstrike in Damascus, but his son and daughter were killed. The next day, AQB launched more than 220 rockets into southern and central Israel, and on the next day the IDF struck several PIJ targets in the Gaza Strip killing two Palestinians, identified as 38-year-old Khaled Moawad Faraj,  AQB's field commander, and 32-year-old Alaa Ashtyawu. Later that day, three more AQB members were killed in an Israeli Air Force airstrike while attempting to launch rockets into Israel. A ceasefire was agreed for 14 November, by which time AQB had launched over 400 rockets into Israel and a total of 36 Palestinians had been killed, including 25 members of PIJ or other factions in the Strip. This time, Hamas made no effort to stand with or assist PIJ.

Jihad Shaker al-Ghannam (secretary of the al-Quds Brigades' Military Council), Khalil Salah al-Bahtini (commander of its Northern Region), and Tariq Mohammed Ezzedine (one of the heads of military action) were killed by an Israeli airstrike in May 2023.

References

External links

سرايا القدس (Saraya al-Quds)

Jihadist groups
Military wings of political parties
Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine
Palestinian militant groups
Military units and formations established in 1981
1981 establishments in the Israeli Military Governorate

Al-Quds Brigades


The Lesotho Amateur Radio Society (LARS) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Lesotho.  LARS operates a QSL bureau for those members who regularly communicate with amateur radio operators in other countries, and offers radio equipment to its members for their use.  LARS represents the interests of Lesotho amateur radio operators and shortwave listeners before Lesotho and international telecommunications regulatory authorities.  LARS is the national member society representing Lesotho in the International Amateur Radio Union.

See also
International Amateur Radio Union

References

Lesotho
Organisations based in Lesotho
Radio in Lesotho
Organisations based in Maseru

Lesotho Amateur Radio Society