Giovanni Matteo De Candia, also known as Mario (17 October 1810 – 11 December 1883), was an Italian opera singer. The most celebrated tenor of his era, he was lionized by audiences in Paris and London. He was the partner of the opera singer Giulia Grisi.

Early life
Mario was born in Cagliari, Sardinia on 17 October 1810 as Giovanni Matteo de Candia; his inherited titles were Cavaliere (Knight), Nobile (Nobleman) and Don (Sir) in the Kingdom of Sardinia and subsequently the Kingdom of Italy.
His family belonged to the Savoyard-Sardinian nobility and aristocracy, within the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the House of Savoy. His relatives and parents were members of the Royal Court of Turin, while his father don Stefano, Marquess de Candia, held the ranks of military general, and Royal Governor General of Nice under the Kingdom of Sardinia, and was aide-de-camp to King Charles Felix of Sardinia (house of Savoy).

In order to free himself from the burdensome ancestral traditions which he had inherited, and to mitigate his father's opposition to a member of the high-born De Candia family pursuing a 'lowly' musical career, the budding singer adopted the mononym Mario as his stage name when he made his debut on 30 November 1838. Sometimes, however, he is referred to in print by the fuller appellation of "Giovanni Mario", and he is also called "Mario de Candia".

Mario's decision to become a professional singer arose accidentally. He was 12 years old when he moved from Cagliari to Turin, where he studied at the Royal Military Academy. Among his fellow students at the academy was the future Prime Minister of Italy, Camillo Cavour. While serving as a second-lieutenant in the King of Sardinia's Royal Guards in Turin, he became interested in politics and held meetings to debate the unification of the Italian Peninsula. He spent his own money to support this unpopular political movement, and he found himself in financial trouble. His father, who opposed his youngest son's political view, refused to support or help Mario. On 24 November 1836, Mario was expelled from the army and escaped by sea with his comrades to the French coast.

Exiled in Paris
After fleeing Piedmont, he landed with his comrades at a fishermen's town on the French coast near Nice. There he stayed for a few weeks at the cottage of an English fisherman named Captain Davis, a friend of Lord Byron's. Then, disguised as a French fisherman, he travelled to San Lorenzo al Mare to meet one of his brothers-in-law, Lieutenant Roych. Roych had arranged for Mario to have a secret meeting with his mother, the Marchioness of Candia. The marchioness provided Mario with gold coins and clothing sufficient for him to escape to the French capital. He intended to return to Turin after a few months to resume his studies at the military academy as his father expected.

Soon after this, the young nobleman travelled as a fugitive disguised as a comedian. In Paris he was hosted at "l'hôtel particulier" of the Prince and Princess of Belgiojoso. Being also Italians in exile, they showed Count Giovanni M. de Candia kindness and hospitality and were instrumental in the launching his singing career. At the princess's parties, Giovanni Mario began to entertain with his singing while meeting many celebrities of the time, among them Lady Blessington, George Sand, Alfred de Musset, Honoré de Balzac, Alessandro Manzoni and Heinrich Heine.

Soon Mario was made welcome in Parisian salons and in the city's radical milieu. He was especially welcomed at the salon events of Princess Cristina Belgiojoso, where he was appreciated as an amateur tenor. For a time he earned his living by giving fencing and horseriding lessons. The Marquess of Brême (who was from a noble Piedmontese family and one of his father's old friends) became one of Mario's most helpful financial supporters. The marquess also served as mentor to Mario while he was making the transition to a musical career.

Operatic career and liaison with Grisi

While exiled in Paris, Mario became widely known for his exceptionally fine natural voice. The composer Giacomo Meyerbeer encouraged him to become a singer. He took singing lessons from two former tenors, now teachers, Frenchman Antoine Ponchard and Italian Marco Bordogni. Mario proved so gifted that he was swiftly offered an engagement with the Opéra.

At the same time he travelled to London by invitation of the Duke of Wellington, an acquaintance and frequent visitor at Mario's family home in Nice. During that trip, he sang in fashionable quartets at Bridgewater House with the British gentleman B. Mitford, father of Barty Mitford, Lord Redesdale. The young tenor made his opera debut there on 30 November 1838 as the hero of Meyerbeer's Robert le diable. Meyerbeer provided a new recitative and aria for him in the second act (the "Mario-Aria"). Mario's performance generated great excitement, and "a new star was born".

Despite achieving immediate success, he chose not to stay long at the Paris Opéra. With the splendid quality of his singing and his dashing stage presence, he hoped to perform in other places. In 1839 he first sang in London, achieving instant success in Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia.  There he met the famous Italian soprano Giulia Grisi. He then joined the Théâtre Italien, where Grisi and other illustrious singers including Maria Malibran, Henriette Sontag, Fanny Tacchinardi Persiani, Giovanni Battista Rubini, Antonio Tamburini, and Luigi Lablache regularly performed. His first appearance there was as Nemorino in Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore.

From 1841 Mario and Grisi lived together. The acclaim which Mario received in Italian opera surpassed the renown he had won in French opera, and he soon acquired a Europe-wide reputation for the beauty of his singing and the elegance of his bearing. He possessed a handsome face and a lithe figure; he liked to show off his legs in tights. His lyrical voice, though less dazzling than that of the older virtuoso tenor Giovanni Battista Rubini and not as powerful as that of his younger rival Enrico Tamberlik, was described as having grace and a beguiling, velvety softness that made it unique. The music critic and playwright George Bernard Shaw, who was born in 1856 and therefore could not have heard Mario in his prime, remarked that Mario's singing featured a marked vibrato.

Mario created few operatic parts, the most notable being that of Ernesto in Donizetti's Don Pasquale (1843). However, he sang in the première of Rossini's Stabat Mater, and Verdi wrote a new cabaletta for him to sing in the main tenor aria in I due Foscari for a production in Paris. In established roles, Mario's greatest performances were as the title character in Rossini's Otello, Gennaro in Lucrezia Borgia, Almaviva in Il Barbiere di Siviglia, Fernando in La favorite, the Duke in Rigoletto, Alfredo in La traviata, Manrico in Il trovatore, Lionel in Martha and many others. The Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London and the Théâtre Italien in Paris were the scenes of most of his stage triumphs. He sang in London from 1847 until 1867, and again during 1871.

Mario also made occasional appearances elsewhere in England in oratorio, for example at the Birmingham Festival of 1849 and at the Hereford Festival of 1855. He also undertook a string of concert tours around the United Kingdom. In about the year 1849, he acquired the "Villa Salviati" in Florence. At his salon, he received many distinguished cultural figures and members of the European nobility.

In 1854, he toured America with Giulia Grisi, earning both money and adulation during their trans-Atlantic jaunt. Mario could not marry Grisi because she was already married to Gérard de Melcy. Although Grisi and de Melcy were separated, divorce was not permitted by the Catholic Church in Italy nor in France. Eventually she married Mario in London, England. Before meeting Mario, Grisi had had a son by Lord Frederick Stewart, a nephew of the famous Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh. The child was acknowledged by Castlereagh with the name Frederick Ormsby. He was later recognized as an adoptive son through his mother's marriage to Mario; he was known as Frederick Ormsby de Candia, socially styled as Fredo de Candia.

Mario and Grisi had six daughters (three died as children):
 Rita de Candia, the eldest surviving daughter, never married and became a reporter.
 Cecilia Maria de Candia, married Godfrey Pearse, an Englishman, and became a writer, recounting her parents' careers in one of her books "The Romance of a Great Singer";
 Clelia de Candia, married Arthur Powys-Vaughan, a Welshman, and became a watercolour artist;

In 1869, Mario and Grisi were traveling from Paris to Saint Petersburg, for Mario to perform at the Italian Opera House at the Mariinsky Theater.  Grisi died during their mid-trip stop in Berlin, but Mario went on to sing for the Tsar at the St. Petersburg theatre. Following their mother's death, his daughters were put under the care of tutors appointed by their godmother, the Grand Duchess Maria of Russia and president of the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.

Mario bade farewell to the stage at Covent Garden in 1871, but his last performances were concerts in a US tour with Carlotta Patti in 1872–73.

Retirement, death and legacy

He spent his last years in Rome, where he was a friend of Prince Odescalchi.  Financial difficulties beset him at times, due to his habitual extravagance. It is said that he used to smoke cigars habitually, even when taking a bath.  He continued to entertain the rich and famous at social gatherings.  He was a frequent guest at the Quirinal Palace where he could be found casually singing with Queen Margherita of Italy, herself an artist and a great lover of music.  After Mario's death, his legacy was kept alive by a fund for opera singing education in his honor and name.

A benefit concert was staged for Mario in London in 1878, and collections reached £4,000, which provided a pension for the singer. He died in Rome in 1883 and was buried in his home town, Cagliari, in 1884.

His fortune and the De Candia ancestral seat
During his singing career, Mario and Grisi both accumulated a significant fortune, particularly at their assignments at the Mariinsky Theatre where the Tsar used to pay them in gold coins.  During their extensive tours in France and England they were paid handsomely in the currency of the time.  They had also accumulated a great deal of jewelry—diamonds and other precious stones—as gifts from admiring kings and queens of Europe. Their joint fortune was estimated to be over 600 gold-bars, equivalent to 12 million US dollars in today's currency.  They owned a home near  L'Opéra in Paris, a mansion in Fulham, London, and the Villa Salviatino near Florence, as well as a cottage for Mario's mother in Cagliari.  Mario's finances were entrusted to the Rothschild & Cie Banque in Paris, France, and eventually transferred to N M Rothschild & Sons in London, England.

Unfortunately, by the end of his life, he had spent most of the funds in his daughters' dowries, and he had used the remaining funds to partially self-finance his last tour of the Americas.  Nevertheless, he maintained a large art collection that he had accumulated together with Grisi.  He put these works up in an estate sale in London before he relocated to Italy.  Most of his art collection and the other contents of the estate sale were acquired by the British family of the fiancé of his daughter Rita following her death.  Most of the paintings he acquired with Grisi remain in the private collection of Sir John Aird, Bart.

In 1847 Mario bought a house in Sardinia, where his mother lived with his brother Carlo until he got married. The property is situated in Cagliari Old Town (Castello), in Contrada S. Caterina 1 (now via Canelles).  After his death, the house passed down to his daughters.  This house is now a part of a nuns' convent.

The main family house, called Palazzo de Candia, is nearby.  It had been owned by his father don Stephano, Marquis of Candia.  According to the rules of Sardinian nobility, the highest rank (nobiliary title) and main residence pass to the oldest male in line; thus, the Palazzo de Candia passed on to Mario's older brother. Eventually, that property became the home of his brother Carlo and family.

It is located at the bottom of Via dei Genovesi, where until the 16th century the Pisan town walls stood, between the Elephant and the Lion Towers. The façade was designed in the neoclassical style, possibly by the architect Gaetano Cima, or possibly by Mario's brother Carlo himself.  Carlo had studied architecture in Turin together with Cima.  On the first floor, there are halls with some frescoes and a terrace with scenic views of the gulf of Cagliari.

See also

References
Notes

Cited sources
De Candia, Cecilia Pearse; Frank Hird (1910), The romance of a great singer; a memoir of Mario. London: Smith and Elder & Co., on the Internet Archive
 Forbes, Elizabeth (1992), "Mario, Giovanni Matteo" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) .
 Kühnhold, Wolfgang (1998). "Meyerbeer's Robert Le Diable: The First Singers of Robert and the 'Mario-Aria' at the Beginning of Act 2 (1998)", written for the Meyerbeer Fan Club, 15 May 1998. Reprinted, as revised by Robert Letellier on 28 July 2007, in Letellier 2007, pp. 534–542.
 Letellier, Robert Ignatius. Editor (2007). Giacomo Meyerbeer: A Reader. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. .
Pleasants, Henry (1966),The Great Singers: From the Dawn of Opera to Our Present Time. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Other sources
Beale, Thomas Willaert (1890), The Light of Other Days, London: Richard Bentley and Son.

Engel, Louis (1886), From Mozart to Mario, London: Richard Bentley and Son, 1886, pp. 332 and 336–337.
Floris, Francesco; Sergio Serra (1986), Storia della nobiltà in Sardegna, Cagliari, Ed. della Torre.
Todde, Felice (2012), Convenienze e inconvenienze tra Verdi e il tenore Mario", in Nuova Rivista Musicale Italiana, Rome Ed. RAI-ERI.
Todde, Felice (2016), Il tenore gentiluomo. La vera storia di Mario (Giovanni Matteo De Candia)'', Varese, Zecchini editore.

External links

 De Candia family tree (in Italian)

1810 births
1883 deaths
People from Cagliari
Italian operatic tenors
19th-century Italian male opera singers

Giovanni Matteo Mario


The 2003 FIM Sidecarcross World Championship, the 24th edition of the competition, started on 6 April and finished after thirteen race weekends on 7 September 2003.

The defending champions were the Latvian's Kristers Sergis and Artis Rasmanis who had won their fifth title in 2002. The 2003 championship was won by Dutch rider Daniël Willemsen and his Latvian passenger Kaspars Stupelis who finished 60 points ahead of the defending champion Sergis and his new passenger Sven Verbrugge in second place. It was the second title for Willemsen, having previously been crowned World Champions in 1999 and the first for Stupelis.

The Sidecarcross World Championship, first held in 1980 and organised by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme, is an annual competition. All races, manufacturers and the vast majority of riders in the competition being in and from Europe. Sidecarcross is similar to motocross except that the teams consist of two riders, a driver and a passenger. Races are held on the same tracks as solo motocross but the handling of the machines differs as sidecars don't lean. The majority of physical work in the sport is carried out by the passenger, who speeds up the sidecarcross in corners by leaning out. The coordination between the driver and the passenger are therefore of highest importance.

Overview
The thirteen races of the season were held in nine countries, Spain, France (twice), Netherlands (2x), Romania, Bulgaria, Latvia (2x), Estonia, Germany (2x) and Belgium. In comparison to the 2002 edition, the Grand Prix of Sweden and Czech Republic had been dropped off the calendar while the Spanish and Romanian GP were added.

Events typically consist of a qualifying competition, held in multiple stages on Saturdays of a race weekend while the two race events are typically held on Sundays. One exception to this rule is Easter weekends, when the races are held on Easter Monday. Race weekends can consist of additional motocross or quart support races as well, but the FIM stipulates that the World Championship races have priority. Riders have to be provided with at least one 30 minute free practice season, which will be timed. A race can consist of up to 30 starters and the qualifying modus is dependent on the number of entries. With up to 32 entries, it will be held in one group split into two sessions of 30 minutes each. Above 32 entries, the starter field will be sub-divided into two groups through ballot and the current standings. Each qualifying group can consist of up to 30 racers. Should there be more than 60 entries, a pre-qualifying has to be held. Of the riders in the two groups, the top twelve directly qualify for the races. The remaining teams then go to a second-chance qualifying, in which the best six advance. The riders placed seventh and eighth remain in reserve should one of the qualified teams not be able to participate.

The first twenty teams of each race score competition points. The point system for the season was as follows:

Calendar
The calendar for the 2003 season:

 The Sidecarcross des Nations is a non-championship event but part of the calendar and is denoted by a light blue background in the table above.
 Flags for passengers not shown.

Classification

Riders
The top ten teams in the final overall standings were:

 Equipment listed is motor and frame.

References

External links
 The World Championship on Sidecarcross.com
 The John Davey Grand Prix Pages – Results of all GP's up until 2005
 Official FIM website – Sidecar Motocross World Championship

Sidecarcross world championship, 2003
Sidecarcross World Championship seasons

2003 Sidecarcross World Championship


Scott Werndorfer (born August 1, 1980) is the co-founder and head developer of Cerulean Studios, a company responsible for creating Trillian, a popular instant messaging client.

Werndorfer is a native of Brookfield, Connecticut.  He was a network security consultant at Integralis before founding Cerulean Studios.  He did not complete college, but instead, used US$ 10,000 of his savings to start Cerulean Studios together with fellow computer programmer Kevin Kurtz.  The two originally depended on donations from the freeware version of Trillian, which they first released on July 1, 2000.

As their product quickly garnered attention of the tech media, Werndorfer had become the spokesperson of his company, and he had been interviewed on several newspapers and magazines, and an appearance on TechTV.  He was also the spokesperson when Trillian was blocked by AOL and Yahoo!.

In 2003 his company released a commercial version of Trillian.  The earnings helped support the company and add more employees.

The offices of Cerulean Studios are located in Connecticut.

He was a speaker at the iX Conference in Singapore in June 2006.

References

American computer programmers
Living people
1980 births
People from Brookfield, Connecticut
Businesspeople from Connecticut
20th-century American engineers

Scott Werndorfer


The UCI World Championships are annual competitions promoted by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) to determine world champion cyclists. They are held in several different styles of racing, in a different country each year. Championship winners wear a white jersey with coloured bands around the chest for the following year. The similarity to the colours of a rainbow gives them the colloquial name of "the rainbow jersey." The first three individuals or teams in each championship win gold, silver and bronze medals. Former world champions are allowed to wear a trim to their collar and sleeves in the same pattern as the rainbow jersey.

Championships are held for men and for women in road cycling, track cycling, cyclo-cross, mountain biking, gravel, BMX, and indoor cycling. There are also championships for disabled competitors.

History
The first recognised world championships were promoted by the International Cycling Association, a body formed in November 1892 by cycling bodies from Britain, Canada, France, Holland, Italy, Germany and Belgium. The ICA was formed at the initiative of the National Cyclists' Union in Britain. Until then its own championships, open to riders from any country, were considered the unofficial championships of the world. It was because the sport needed world championships independent of any national body that Henry Sturmey of the magazine The Cyclist and later founder of the Sturmey-Archer gear company proposed an International Cyclists Association in 1892.

The first recognised world championship was held in Chicago in 1893, with track races at one mile, 10 kilometres, and a 100 km race in which riders were paced by tandems of up to six riders. An American, Arthur Augustus Zimmerman, won the mile and 10 km races and a South African, Mentjes, won the 100 km.

The 1894 championship in Antwerp were, like Chicago, for amateurs. Lehr, a German, won the mile, Jaap Eden of Holland won the 10 km and Henie of Norway the 100 km.

Professionals raced from 1895, in Cologne, when Jimmy Michael of Britain won the 100 km.

The definition of amateurs and professionals was important for the International Cycling Association, to which the National Cyclists Union would allow only national bodies which shared its own strict definition of amateurism. That definition excluded the main French body, the Union Vélocipèdique Française, which had been allowed to observe the founding meeting but not to vote. French discontent at that exclusion, and that the British insisted on separate votes for England, Wales, Ireland and its colonies, led France and other countries to set up a rival body before the 1900 races. The Union Cycliste Internationale became the world governing body and the International Cycling Association vanished.

In 2023, the various UCI World Championships were held in the same location for the first time, with 190 world titles awarded at the 2023 UCI Cycling World Championships in Glasgow, Scotland. This will be held every 4 years in future, with the 2027 edition to be held in Haute-Savoie, France.

Elite World Championships

Current championships
Events are organized in the following disciplines

UCI Road World Championships
UCI Track Cycling World Championships
UCI Mountain Bike World Championships
UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships
UCI Urban Cycling World Championships
UCI Trials World Championships
UCI Cycling Esports World Championships
UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships
UCI Gravel World Championships
UCI BMX World Championships
UCI Indoor Cycling World Championships
UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships
UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships

Defunct championships
 UCI B World Championships

Junior World Championships

Road cycling

1975–2004: part of UCI Road World Championships
2005–2009: part of UCI Juniors World Championships
2010: 2010 UCI Juniors Road World Championships
2011–current: part of UCI Road World Championships

Track cycling

2005–2009: part of UCI Juniors World Championships
2010–current: UCI Juniors Track World Championships

See also

UCI World Cup
World MTB Orienteering Championships
Asian Cycling Championships

References

External links
Union Cycliste Internationale

World Championships
 UCI

UCI World Championships


Innocence is a lack of guilt, with respect to any kind of crime, or wrongdoing. In a legal context, innocence is to the lack of legal guilt of an individual, with respect to a crime. In other contexts, it is a lack of experience.

In relation to knowledge
Innocence can imply lesser experience in either a relative view to social peers, or by an absolute comparison to a more common normative scale. In contrast to ignorance, it is generally viewed as a positive term, connoting an optimistic view of the world, in particular one where the lack of knowledge stems from a lack of wrongdoing, whereas greater knowledge comes from doing wrong. Subjects such as crime and sexuality may be especially considered. This connotation may be connected with a popular false etymology explaining "innocent" as meaning "not knowing" (Latin  — to know, learn). The actual etymology is from general negation prefix  and the Latin , "to harm".

People who lack the mental capacity to understand the nature of their acts may be regarded as innocent regardless of their behavior. From this meaning comes the usage of innocent as a noun to refer to a child under the age of reason, or a person, of any age, who is severely mentally disabled.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau described "childhood as a time of innocence" where children are "not-knowing" and must reach the age of reason to become competent people in society. However, as technology advances, children in the contemporary world have a platform where they are referred to as "digital natives", where they appear to be more knowledgeable in some areas than adults.

Pejorative meaning
"Innocence" can have a pejorative meaning, in cases where an assumed level of experience dictates common discourse or baseline qualifications for entry into another, different, social experience. Since experience is a prime factor in determining a person's point of view, innocence is often also used to imply naivety or lack of experience.

Symbolism

The lamb is a commonly used symbol of innocence. In Christianity, for example, Jesus is referred to as the "Lamb of God", thus emphasizing his sinless nature. Other symbols of innocence include children, virgins, acacia branches (especially in Freemasonry), non-sexual nudity, songbirds, and the color white (biblical paintings and Hollywood films depict Jesus wearing a white tunic).

Loss of innocence
A "loss of innocence" is a common theme in fiction, pop culture, and realism. It is often seen as an integral part of coming of age. It is usually thought of as an experience or period in a person's life that leads to a greater awareness of evil, pain, and/or suffering in the world around them. Examples of this theme include songs like "American Pie", poetry like William Blake's collection Songs of Innocence and of Experience, novels like To Kill a Mockingbird, The Catcher in the Rye, A Farewell to Arms, and Lord of the Flies, and films like Viridiana, The 400 Blows, and Stand By Me.

By contrast, the I Ching urges a recovery of innocence — the name given to Hexagram 25 — and "encourages you to actively practice innocence".

Innocence could also be viewed as a Westernized view of childhood, and the "loss" of innocence is simply a social construction or viewed as the dominant ideology. Thinkers such as Jean-Jaques Rousseau used the romanticism discourse as a way to separate children from adults. Ideas surrounding childhood and childhood innocence stem from this discourse.

In psychoanalysis
The psychoanalytic tradition is broadly divided between those (like Fairbairn and Winnicott) who saw the child as initially innocent, but liable to lose its innocence under the impact of stress or psychological trauma; and those (like Freud and Klein) who saw the child as developing innocence — maturing into it — as a result of surmounting the Oedipus complex and/or the depressive position.

More eclectically, Eric Berne saw the Child ego state, and its vocabulary, as reflecting three different possibilities: the clichés of conformity; the obscenities of revolt; and "the sweet phrases of charming innocence". Christopher Bollas used the term "Violent Innocence" to describe a fixed and obdurate refusal to acknowledge the existence of an alternative viewpoint — something akin to what he calls "the fascist construction, the outcome is to empty the mind of all opposition".

Literary sidelights
 In Doris Lessing's The Golden Notebook, a woman looks back in laughing envy at the innocence that had previously allowed her to submerge herself in the position of the "woman-in-love".
 Ivy Compton-Burnett had one character conclude dourly of another two that "you are both of you innocent though it is an innocence rooted in your wishes for your own lives".

See also

References

Religious belief and doctrine
Legal terminology
Psychoanalytic theory

Innocence


The Parish of All Saints, Ashmont, is a church of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts located at 209 Ashmont Street in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.  Built 1892-1929 for a congregation founded in 1867, it was the first major commission of architect Ralph Adams Cram, a major influence in the development of early 20th-century Gothic church and secular architecture.  The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and is protected by a preservation easement held by Historic New England.

Architecture
All Saints is located in southern Dorchester, a short walk from the Ashmont station of the MBTA Red Line.  It occupies a parcel bounded on three sides by Ashmont, Bushnell, and Lombard Streets.  The main body of the church is essentially a long rectangle, with several small projection the sides, and a larger eastern projection at the southern end, joining it to the parish house.  At the northern end is a large square tower with buttressed corners and a parapeted top.  The front of the tower has a large stained glass window, below which an extended entrance vestibule projects forward.  The church is built out of rough-face Quincy granite, with trim that is a light colored sandstone from Nova Scotia.   The interior is richly decorated with Gothic features, and includes wood carvings of Johannes Kirchmayer, stone carvings by John Evans (a noted Welsh sculptor who worked on later Cram projects), and stained glass by Charles Jay Connick, another Cram friend and collaborator.

Douglass Shand Tucci said of the church: "Architect Ralph Adams Cram's first church, designed in partnership with Bertram Goodhue, was All Saints — Ashmont. A significant landmark in American architectural history, All Saints is, of its type, Cram and Goodhue's masterpiece, and a model for American parish church architecture for the first half of the 20th century."

History
The parish began in 1867 as a mission of nearby St. Mary's Church.  The cornerstone for current structure was laid in November 1892, and the congregation held its first services in the new edifice December 27, 1893.  Construction was financed largely through the generosity of Colonel Oliver Peabody, one of the founders of Kidder, Peabody & Co., but was not substantially completed until 1929, when the side chapels were added.

See also

Grieg Taber
National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Boston, Massachusetts

References

External links
All Saints Ashmont web site

Episcopal church buildings in Massachusetts
Episcopal churches in Boston
Churches completed in 1892
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Bertram Goodhue church buildings
Gothic Revival church buildings in Massachusetts
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Towers in Massachusetts
Religious organizations established in 1867
Ralph Adams Cram church buildings
Stone churches in Massachusetts
1867 establishments in Massachusetts
Dorchester, Boston
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Boston

Parish of All Saints Ashmont


Kim So-eun (born September 6, 1989) is a South Korean actress. She rose to fame in 2009 in the popular television drama Boys Over Flowers. She has since starred in Happiness in the Wind (2010), A Thousand Kisses (2011–12), Liar Game (2014), Scholar Who Walks the Night (2015), Our Gap-soon (2016–17), and Evergreen (2018).

Career

2004–2009: First films and rising popularity
Kim So-eun made her acting debut with a bit part in the 2004 film Two Guys, when she was in junior high school. She then appeared in minor roles on TV and film, including Sisters of the Sea and The Show Must Go On (where she played Song Kang-ho's daughter).

Kim rose to fame in 2009 with her supporting role as the heroine's best friend in the hit drama Boys Over Flowers. The same year, Kim gained praise for her versatility since for her portrayal of Chae Shi-ra's childhood counterpart Hwangbo Soo in the period epic Empress Cheonchu, for which she learned how to ride a horse and shoot with a bow and arrow. Kim then portrayed an older mid 20s woman in the romantic comedy series He Who Can't Marry, a remake of Japanese drama Kekkon Dekinai Otoko.

2010–2012: Transition leading roles
Kim landed her first leading role in the 2010 daily drama Happiness in the Wind (also known as Happiness in the Wind), which further raised her Korean Wave profile. She then starred in weekend drama A Thousand Kisses (2011-2012), which explored age differences in relationships.

In 2012, she starred in the ten-episode Chinese drama Secret Angel (Chinese: 秘密天使), which aired on the portal website Sohu.com. She returned to Korean television in the cable drama Happy Ending. That same year, she also appeared in Music and Lyrics, a reality show in which an actress and a male musician are paired together to collaborate, as lyricist and composer respectively, in creating a song. Kim and Lee Junho (from boyband 2PM) composed the song "Love is Sad," which Lee also recorded; it was released as a single and featured on the soundtrack of Feast of the Gods.

After playing Princess Sukhwi in the period epic Horse Doctor (also known as The King's Doctor, 2012–2013), Kim starred in After School: Lucky or Not (in the Korean title, bokbulbok refers to a game of chance, literally meaning "Luck, No Luck"), opposite the 5 members of actor-idol group 5urprise, which was distributed via SK Telecom's online and mobile portals.

She and Victoria Song (member of girl group f(x)) were also chosen to host Glitter, a variety show on the lives of trendy twenty-somethings.

2014–present: Return to screen television
In 2014, Kim starred in the horror film Mourning Grave, playing a ghost girl who forms a friendship with a ghost-seeing high school boy Kang Ha-neul. This was followed by a leading role in Liar Game, a Korean drama adaptation of the titular Japanese manga by Shinobu Kaitani. Kim also joined the fourth season of reality show We Got Married, where she was paired with Song Jae-rim in a "virtual" marriage; it boosted their popularity as a couple and as individual celebrities.

In 2015, Kim starred in the webtoon adaptation Scholar Who Walks the Night, playing dual roles as a nobleman's daughter and a vampire's past love. She was set to launch her activities in China through the romance film Sky Lantern (also known as Lover of Days Past), a Korean-Chinese co-production film in which she stars opposite Taiwanese singer-actor Aaron Yan. The same year, she starred in the web drama Falling for Challenge alongside Xiumin.

In 2016, Kim signed with new management agency Will Entertainment. From 2016 to 2017, she starred in the family drama Our Gap-soon as the title character.

In 2017, Kim starred in the KBS Drama Special You're Closer than I Think together with actor Lee Sang-yeob. The same year, Kim confirmed her return to the silver screen with romance fantasy film Are you in love? opposite Sung Hoon.

In 2018, Kim starred in the romance comedy series That Man Oh Soo with CNBLUE's Lee Jong-hyun.

In August 2021, Kim signed with new agency Ascendio Reserve.

Other activities
As a child, Kim trained professionally as a national athletic skier. Her training was put on indefinite hold after being scouted as a professional model in a 2003 junior advanced skiing and snowboarding competition in Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do. She retained her interest in the sport, appearing in 2012 instructional videos for Hongcheon's Vivaldi ski resort.

Kim has endorsed various products, and has appeared in magazines. such as Allure Korea, High Cut, Vogue Korea, InStyle Korea, Elle Girl Korea, Harper's Bazaar, CeCi, L'Officiel, Esquire Korea, and Nylon Korea.

A regular advocate of art films, youth activism, and eco-living, she served as the goodwill ambassador for the 2009 Korea International Youth Film Festival, the 2009 University Fashion Week, the 2011 Jeonju International Film Festival, the Golden Cinema Festival in 2013 and 2014, and the 2014 Green Film Festival.

Filmography

Film

Television series

Web series

Television show

Music video

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Kim So-eun fan cafe at Daum

1989 births
Living people
People from Namyangju
South Korean child actresses
South Korean television actresses
South Korean film actresses
South Korean web series actresses
21st-century South Korean actresses

Kim So-eun


Leighton Marissa Meester (; born April 9, 1986) is an American actress. She is known for her starring role as scheming socialite Blair Waldorf on Gossip Girl, which ran between 2007 and 2012 on The CW. She has also appeared in films such as Killer Movie (2008), Country Strong (2010), The Roommate (2011), Monte Carlo (2011), The Oranges (2011), The Judge (2014) and The Weekend Away (2022). She portrayed Angie D'Amato on the ABC sitcom Single Parents (2018–2020). Meester made her Broadway debut in Of Mice and Men (2014).

In addition to acting, Meester has ventured into music. In 2009, she was featured on the Cobra Starship single "Good Girls Go Bad", which charted in the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100. She released solo singles "Somebody to Love" (2009) and "Your Love's a Drug" (2010) on the Universal Republic label. Meester has also recorded songs for various soundtracks. Her debut album, Heartstrings, was independently released in 2014. She has also modeled, having been the face of the Jimmy Choo, Herbal Essences, and Vera Wang brands.

Early life
Meester was born April 9, 1986 in Fort Worth, Texas, to Douglas Jay Meester and Constance Lynn (née Haas). Her father is a real estate broker; her mother is a writer. She has an older brother, Douglas Logan Meester (born 1983), and a younger brother, Alexander "Lex" Meester (born 1994). At the time of her birth, Meester's parents were serving time in a federal prison for their involvement in a drug ring that smuggled marijuana from Jamaica to the United States. Constance was able to give birth to Leighton in a hospital and nurse her for three months in a halfway house, before returning to prison to complete her sentence. Her paternal grandparents cared for Meester during this period. She has maintained that her parents gave her a normal upbringing and, despite their criminal past, has stated, "It made me realize that you can't judge anyone—especially your parents—for what they've done in their past, because people change." She grew up in Marco Island, Florida, where she participated in productions at a local playhouse. Her parents separated in 1992.

When she was 11 years old, Meester and her siblings moved with their mother to New York City. She attended the Professional Children's School and began working as a model with Wilhelmina, booking a Ralph Lauren campaign shot by Bruce Weber, and working with then-photographer Sofia Coppola. Meester also booked commercials for Tamagotchi and Clearasil, and modeled for Limited Too alongside Amanda Seyfried. At age 14, she relocated to Los Angeles and attended Hollywood and Beverly Hills High Schools. Meester then transferred to a small private school and graduated a year earlier than usual.

Career

1999–2007: Career beginnings
Meester made her acting debut in 1999 as a murder victim's friend, Alyssa Turner, on an episode of Law & Order. Following this, she made her film debut in Hangman's Curse (2003), based on the bestselling book by Frank Peretti. She had a series regular role in Tarzan, which aired for only eight episodes. A recurring role in Entourage as Justine Chapin and Veronica Mars as Carrie Bishop followed in 2004 and 2005. Meester booked guest roles in the series Crossing Jordan, 8 Simple Rules, 7th Heaven and 24. She was cast as series regular in Surface as Savannah Barnett.

In 2006, Meester appeared in two films, Flourish and Inside. She also guest starred in an episode of Numbers and appeared in two episodes of House as Ali Johnson, a teenager who has a crush on Gregory House. She then had guest roles on CSI: Miami and Shark, and portrayed the female lead in the horror film Drive-Thru, for which she recorded the song "Inside the Black". Meester was cast as identical twin sisters Kayla and Kelly Rhodes in the ABC crime-drama series Secrets of a Small Town, but the network decided not to forward the series.

2007–2012: Gossip Girl and music ventures

In 2007, Meester was cast in The CW's teen drama series Gossip Girl as Blair Waldorf, based on the book series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar. She first auditioned for the role of Serena van der Woodsen, but told the producers that she could better play Blair. However, it was important that Serena was blonde and Blair was brunette, so Meester dyed her hair brown for the role. Her performance was the most critically acclaimed of the show, with Blair being cited as the series' breakout character. She also garnered media attention for her wardrobe on the show. The series ended after six seasons and 120 episodes. Meester later starred in the television film The Haunting of Sorority Row, and had a role in the ensemble comedy-drama film Remember the Daze. In 2008, she appeared in the horror-thriller film Killer Movie and reprised her role in Entourage singing with Tony Bennett in the episode.

Early in 2009, Meester partnered with Reebok to model their new Top Down sneakers. Apart from Gossip Girl, Meester worked with co-star Ed Westwick in a Nikon Coolpix series camera advertisement, and both were the faces of the Korean clothing line ASK Enquired. In April 2009, she released the song "Birthday" featuring duo Awesome New Republic. A version without her vocals was included on their Rational Geographic Vol. I album. Later that month, Meester signed a recording contract with Universal Republic. Meester provided vocals on Cobra Starship's song "Good Girls Go Bad", which peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100. In July, "Body Control" surfaced on the internet. Meester's first official single, "Somebody to Love", featuring R&B singer Robin Thicke, was released for airplay on October 13, 2009, and became available for digital download the following day. She recorded a cover of the song "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" for the compilation album A Very Special Christmas 7.

Her second single, "Your Love's a Drug", was digitally released on March 30, 2010, and she is also featured on Stephen Jerzak's song "She Said". Meester did a duet with DJ Clinton Sparks on "Front Cut", which appeared on the internet in February 2011. Lil Wayne worked with her on an unreleased song titled "Make It Rain" and Jesse McCartney wrote another song. The album was produced by Polow Da Don, Harvey Mason Jr., and Spencer Nezey. Meester began working on it in March 2009 and the album was initially projected to be released in the fall of 2009, but was later delayed to early 2010. It was pushed back again to late 2010, and was ultimately shelved.

Meester had small roles in the comedies Date Night and Going the Distance. She then starred with Gwyneth Paltrow and Garrett Hedlund in the country music drama Country Strong. Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe described Meester as the best part of the film, writing, "She's just doing Reese Witherspoon's June Carter Cash in Walk the Line with dabs of Miley Cyrus and Kellie Pickler. But it's not an impersonation; it's a performance with its own comedy and sweetness." Claudia Puig of USA Today was also positive, stating "Meester shows she can do more than play one of Gossip Girl privileged Manhattan socialites." For the film, Meester recorded a cover of the song "Words I Couldn't Say" by Rascal Flatts as well as "A Little Bit Stronger" by Sara Evans featured on the film's soundtrack; a promotional single titled "Summer Girl"; and a duet with Garrett Hedlund titled "Give In To Me". After wrapping, she received a guitar from Tim McGraw and decided to learn how to play it. In October 2010, Meester said she had been working with a band called Check in the Dark and had been writing for the last six months after being inspired by Country Strong. She revealed her influences, "I love Neil Young and Joni Mitchell, that style of music, and as far as songwriting I think that's where my heart is."

In 2010, Meester signed on to be the spokesperson for Herbal Essences hair products. In the same year, she took part in Bulgari's humanitarian efforts for the Save the Children organization with Isabella Rossellini and Maribel Verdú. She next fronted a beauty campaign for Korean brand eSpoir. Vera Wang selected her to be the face of the fragrance Lovestruck in 2011, stating that Meester's "beauty, talent and spirit will inspire all the young women that I hope will enjoy this passionate, new young fragrance." The next year, Meester shot a campaign for the follow-up fragrance, Lovestruck Floral Rush. Italian fashion house Missoni named Meester the face of their spring/summer 2011 campaign.

Meester next starred in the thriller film The Roommate as Rebecca Evans, an obsessive, bipolar woman. Though the film received mainly negative reviews, Meester's portrayal was praised. Entertainment Weekly found she was the only one to bring "the slightest trace of something fascinating to her role," while Los Angeles Times wrote, "[Meester's] performance often has the feeling of a sports car in neutral. When she punches it for quick changes of tone from manic to wounded or around the bend, she shows how much more she is capable of." In the teen comedy film Monte Carlo, Meester portrayed Meg Kelly, Selena Gomez's stepsister and Katie Cassidy's friend. Movieline noted, "As in Country Strong, Meester's crack timing and irresistible poignancy illuminate a part that would leave other actresses simpering themselves off the screen." Her final film of the year, The Oranges, opposite Hugh Laurie and Adam Brody, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. Meester's performance was again met with positive reviews, with the San Francisco Chronicle writing that she "succeeds in embodying all that is alluring and alarming about a 24-year-old woman."

In April 2012, Meester announced via Twitter a five-city tour with Check in the Dark, which started on May 29 and ended on June 4, 2012. Reflecting on her past pop collaborations, she said she "loved" them, but that folk music was "a lot closer to [her] heart." In May 2012, she endorsed the Philippine clothing brand Penshoppe's campaign All Stars. In June, Meester said she and the band had recorded all the songs for an album that served as a demo.

She next starred in the comedy film That's My Boy, alongside Adam Sandler, Andy Samberg, and Milo Ventimiglia, which was released in June 2012. The film received mainly negative reviews, was nominated for eight Golden Raspberry Awards, and was a box office failure, grossing less than $58 million, failing to recoup its production budget of $70 million. In August 2012, Meester, Wilmer Valderrama and Vanessa Curry appeared in house music group The Nomads' music video for "Addicted to Love". She was unavailable to reprise her role as Carrie Bishop in the film Veronica Mars due to scheduling issues, and was replaced by singer Andrea Estella of the band Twin Sister. In October 2013, Biotherm, a French luxury skincare company, announced Meester as its new global ambassador.

2014–present: Broadway debut and Heartstrings
In April 2014, her comedy film Life Partners premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival. It follows the friendship between a lesbian (Meester) and a straight woman (Gillian Jacobs) who begin a new relationship. Meester made her Broadway debut in the stage adaptation of John Steinbeck's novel Of Mice and Men, starring opposite James Franco and Chris O'Dowd. The production filmed and broadcast in cinemas for one night through National Theatre Live, the first Broadway production to be selected by the program. She then appeared opposite Robert Downey, Jr., Robert Duvall, and Vera Farmiga in the David Dobkin-directed comedy-drama film The Judge, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and released in October 2014. Meester next appeared in Like Sunday, Like Rain directed by Frank Whaley, playing the girlfriend of Green Day's singer Billie Joe Armstrong, and By the Gun, alongside Ben Barnes. She won the Best Actress Award for Like Sunday, Like Rain at the 2014 Williamsburg Independent Film Festival. She was the face of French brand Naf Naf's autumn/winter 2014 collection.

On September 9, 2014, it was announced her debut album, Heartstrings, would be released independently through her own label, Hotly Wanting, on October 28. With its style compared to ethereal singer-songwriters such as Tori Amos and Joni Mitchell, the nine-song LP was written by Meester and produced by Jeff Trott. The music video for the eponymous title track "Heartstrings" was released on October 29.

In 2015, Meester embarked on a tour to support the album, which began on January 6 in Los Angeles, California and ended on March 2 in San Francisco, California. Later that year, she appeared in advertisements for the Malaysian fashion brand Jimmy Choo. Meester was one of the 100 celebrity narrators featured in the documentary Unity, which had a limited theatrical release. In March 2016, she was cast in Fox's comedy series Making History as Deborah Revere, a colonial woman from 1775 and the daughter of American artisan Paul Revere. The series was cancelled after one season of nine episodes. Meester had a guest role on The Last Man on Earth.

In January 2018, Meester joined the cast of Semper Fi, starring alongside Jai Courtney, Nat Wolff and Finn Wittrock, which was released in October 2019. Meester starred in ABC's Single Parents alongside Taran Killam, which premiered in September 2018 and was cancelled after two seasons. In 2019, Meester was a guest star in an episode of The Orville titled "Lasting Impressions" as Laura Huggins. In 2022, she appeared in a recurring role of Meredith in How I Met Your Father, starred in the thriller film The Weekend Away and voiced a role in the animated film My Father's Dragon.

Philanthropy

Meester has participated in several charitable campaigns. In 2008, she was a spokesperson for Sunsilk's "Life Can't Wait" campaign, which aimed at motivating women to pursue their dreams. She also collaborated with Safe Horizon in 2009 to raise awareness about domestic violence. In 2015, Meester auctioned off fashion and accessories in a charity auction on eBay. The proceeds benefited Many Hopes, a charity organization that builds schools and homes for children in Kenya.

Meester has been volunteering with the non-profit organization Feeding America since 2017. During her first two years working with Feeding America, she has volunteered at Los Angeles' Downtown Women's Center and assisted with relief efforts in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria in 2017. Meester and Adam Brody also worked with children at Para Los Niños Charter School in Los Angeles, where they helped the organization serve lunches to children. In January 2019, she participated in Feeding America's campaign with Subway and Shamrock Farms. For every child's meal with milk purchased on January 11, 2019, at Subway, $1 will be donated to Feeding America to fight hunger and homelessness.

In May 2019, Meester worked together with Feeding America and Los Angeles Food Bank to help families in need. "Together, we helped fill grocery baskets for families who lined up to receive important staples, like fruit, rice and cereal," Meester wrote in an Instagram post.

In 2021, to encourage donations to help people with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome, Leighton Meester started promoting meetings on the Omaze network ("Win a Coffee Date with Leighton Meester").

Public image
Meester has been included in magazine lists of the world's most beautiful women. Meester was named one of People magazine's "100 Most Beautiful" in 2008. She was ranked No. 48 on Maxim magazine's "Hot 100 of 2008" list and #12 on "Hot 100 of 2009" list. FHM magazine's ranked her #1 on their list of "Fall TV's Hottest Stars" in 2008. Meester has been included on The Independent Critics' list of "100 Most Beautiful Famous Faces". She ranked No. 21 in 2008, #14 in 2009, #4 in 2010, #36 in 2011, and #76 in 2012.

Meester has graced the cover of numerous international fashion magazines, including US' Lucky, Flaunt, Shape, Nylon, Allure, Teen Vogue, Harper's Bazaar and Rolling Stone; Indonesia's Elle, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan and CosmoGirl; UK's Company and InStyle; Morocco's L'Officiel; Australia's Cleo; Mexico's GQ and Seventeen; Russia's Elle Girl and Joy and Italy's Glamour. She has appeared in commercials and print ads throughout her career. She has appeared in print ads for Missoni, Reebok, Herbal Essences, Vera Wang and Jimmy Choo. In 2013, she worked as a global brand ambassador for skin care company Biotherm. In 2022 she became the face for the luxury fashion retail platform
Farfetch.

Meester is popular on social media and endorses products such as beauty and wellness products on Instagram. She has 6.2 million followers on Instagram, and 1.6 million followers on Twitter as of November 2020. She has partnered with several brands, including Shamrock Farms, Nexxus New York Salon and Sunglass Hut.

Personal life

Legal
In July 2011, Meester and her mother, Constance, filed lawsuits against each other over Meester's financial support of her younger brother, Alexander, who has multiple health problems. Meester's suit claimed that her mother used the money she sent for "cosmetic procedures", such as botox and hair extensions. Her mother's suit made a counterclaim alleging breach of contract and physical abuse. Constance claimed that a verbal contract was in place where Meester had promised US$10,000 a month, instead of the US$7,500 she received. Her mother also claimed that she was due a larger sum in return for "sacrificing her own happiness" when she moved Meester to Los Angeles as a child to pursue acting.

In court, the judge dismissed this claim. Constance accused her daughter of calling social services and fabricating a claim that she was abusing Alexander; investigators interviewed Meester and found no merit in the complaint. In November 2011, Constance dropped the US$3 million claim for damages against her daughter. Meester said that she would be willing to pay for her brother's medical expenses as well as his school tuition, but denied that she agreed to pay US$10,000 each month, which she stated was a "ridiculous" claim. Meester obtained a default judgment on December 7, 2011. In June 2012, Meester won the lawsuit, with the judge rejecting the claims in her mother's counter-suit.

Residence and family
Meester resides in Los Angeles. In November 2013, she became engaged to actor Adam Brody, whom she met while filming The Oranges in March 2010. The couple were married in a private ceremony on February 15, 2014. Their first child, a daughter, was born on August 4, 2015. In April 2020, it was revealed that the couple were expecting their second child. In September 2020, Brody confirmed their second child, a son, was born.

Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

Discography

Tours
 Leighton Meester + Check in the Dark Summer Tour (2012)
 Heartstrings Tour (2015)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1986 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singers
Actresses from Florida
Actresses from Texas
American child actresses
American child models
Female models from Texas
American women pop singers
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Beverly Hills High School alumni
Female models from Florida
Hollywood High School alumni
Living people
People from Marco Island, Florida
People from Fort Worth, Texas
Songwriters from Florida
Songwriters from Texas
21st-century American women singers
Vagrant Records artists

Leighton Meester


Hemp oil (also known as hemp seed oil) is a oil that comes from pressing hemp seeds. It is known to have a grassy and nutty flavor if not refined. It is a clear oil. Its omega-6 to omega-3 ratio is 3:1.

Hemp seed oil is got from varieties of Cannabis sativa that do not have much tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive element in the cannabis plant. It is often used in body-care products.

References

Cooking oils

Hemp oil


Timothy Rhys White (March 25, 1954 – June 19, 2022) was an American professional wrestling referee. He worked with the World Wrestling Entertainment as a producer on the SmackDown! brand. During the 1980s and 1990s, White worked as André the Giant's assistant in addition to his referee duties.

Professional wrestling career

Referee
White started as a part-time referee in 1985 while working as André the Giant's agent. In 1993 shortly after Andre's death, White became a full-time referee appearing more frequently on pay-per-views and WWF television tapings. Bret Hart has reported that by 1995, White was providing similar services for Shawn Michaels as he had for André.

On June 28, 1998, White was the referee for the legendary Hell in a Cell match between Mankind and The Undertaker at King of the Ring. After Mankind fell through the top of the cell and landed hard in the ring, White, fearful that Mick Foley was seriously injured and needed immediate medical attention, came close to declaring the match over at that point, but Foley begged him not to. The match continued and is now remembered as one of the most legendary matches in wrestling history.

In 2002, White suffered a shoulder injury during a Hell in a Cell match between Triple H and Chris Jericho at Judgment Day. At WrestleMania XX in 2004, White returned to referee the match between Chris Jericho and Christian; he re-injured his shoulder during the final three count of the match, forcing him to end his referee career.

Lunchtime Suicide
On December 18, 2005, White made a controversial on-screen appearance at the Armageddon pay-per-view. In a segment, a "despondent" White was interviewed by SmackDown! reporter Josh Mathews inside the bar he owned, the Friendly Tap in Cumberland, Rhode Island. He was depicted drinking large amounts of alcohol, claiming that the aforementioned Hell in a Cell match "ruined his life." He then proceeded to take a shotgun out from under the bar and, off-screen, fired the gun, apparently intending to kill himself. This sketch was considered distasteful, in part due to the death of Eddie Guerrero a month earlier.

On January 6, 2006, it was revealed that White had shot his foot accidentally during the "ordeal". But when asked by Mathews about his new year's resolutions, he proceeded to scarf down a box full of rat poison, and subsequently fell over in his chair. This segment was leaked onto the internet several days earlier and included was the uncut footage of the post-segment which included the producers as well as White goofing around using some mildly foul language. On January 15, 2006, White was interviewed by Mathews again, but this time he tried to hang himself; the rope broke. For weeks afterward, WWE's official website uploaded a new video showing Mathews trying to interview White who is about to die by suicide each week in a different way. This became a regular segment on WWE's website and was given the name of Lunchtime Suicide, uploaded every Thursday at lunchtime. Over a dozen sketches were aired, and the segments were widely derided as insensitive and of poor taste.

On April 6, 2006, WWE.com uploaded a video where White did not attempt to die by suicide. In fact, he invited Mathews to a party at the Friendly Tap to take place the following week. The next week, Mathews attended the party, and ended up getting shot by White.

Post-WWE
White was released from WWE on January 9, 2009, ending his 24-year tenure with the company. White provided security for WWE superstars during appearances and autograph signings. On April 10, 2018 White appeared in numerous interviews in the HBO documentary André the Giant. He also appeared on WWE's Most Wanted Treasures in June 2021. On March 29, 2023, it was announced he will be the 2023 recipient of the Warrior Award and, as such, will be the first referee inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame.

Death
On June 19, 2022, White died from health issues at the age of 68.

Awards and accomplishments
New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame
"New England Icon" Award (2010)
WWE
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2023 - Warrior Award)

References

External links

1954 births
2022 deaths
People from Cumberland, Rhode Island
Professional wrestling referees
WWE Warrior Award recipients

Tim White (referee)


Patricia Wallace Ingraham is founding dean of the College of Community and Public Affairs at Binghamton University and a former Distinguished Professor of Public Administration at the Maxwell School, Syracuse University.

Education
She received her B.A. from Macalester College, an M.A. from Michigan State University, and her Ph.D. from Binghamton University.

Awards
In 2001, she received ASPA's Dwight Waldo Award.  In 2004, she received the American Political Science Association's John Gaus Award.

Publications

In 1990 Ingraham was elected as a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration.
Government Performance: Why Management Matters, with Philip Joyce and Amy Kneedler Donahue (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, in press).
Transforming Government: Lessons from the Federal Reinvention Laboratories, co-edited with James Thompson and Ronald Sanders (San Francisco: Jossey-Boss, 1997).
Civil Service Reform: Building a Government That Works with Donald Kettl, Ronald Sanders, and Constance Horner (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1996).
The Foundation of Merit (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
New Paradigms for Government: Issues for the Changing Public Service co-edited with Barbara Romzek (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994).
Readings in Contemporary Administration co-edited with David Rosenbloom (New York: McGraw Hill, 1994).
The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform co-edited with David Rosenbloom (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992).
An Agenda For Excellence: The American Public Service co-edited with Donald Kettl (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1992).
Legislating Bureaucratic Change: The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, co-edited with Carolyn Ban, (Albany: SUNY Press, 1984).
Building Government's Capacity to Perform: The Role of Management, Johns Hopkins
Review of Public Personnel Administration, The Journal of Public Human Resource Management
Ingraham, Patricia W., Yilin Hou, and Donald Moynihan. "Capacity, Management, and Performance: Exploring the Links." August, 2001. Paper presented at the American Political Science Conference, San Francisco, CA, August 30-September 2, 2001.
Kneedler, Amy, and Patricia W. Ingraham. "Dissecting the Black Box Revisited: A Refined Model of Government Management Performance and the Application of Criteria-based Assessment." April, 1999. Paper presented at the Workshop on Models and Methods for Empirical Study of Governance and Public Management, Tucson, AZ, April 29 – May 1, 1999.
Kneedler, Amy, and Patricia W. Ingraham. "Dissecting the Black Box: Toward a Model and Measures of Government Management Performance." October, 1997. Paper presented at the 4th National Public Management Research Conference, Athens, GA, October 30 –November 1, 1997.
Selden, Sally Coleman, Patricia W. Ingraham, and Willow Jacobson. "Human Resource Practices in State Governments: Findings from a National Survey." April, 1999. Paper presented at the 60th National Conference of the American Society for Public Administration, Orlando, FL, 10–14 April 1999.
Selden, Sally Coleman, Amy Kneedler, and Patricia W. Ingraham. "Measuring Government Management Capacity: A Comparative Analysis of City Human Resources Management Systems." December, 1999. Paper presented at the 5th National Public Management Conference, College Station, TX, December 1999.
Kneedler, Amy, Sally Coleman Selden, and Patricia W. Ingraham. "Measuring Government Management Performance: A Comparative Analysis of Human Resources Management Systems." December, 1999. Presented at the 5th National Public Management Research Conference, College Station, TX, 3–4 December 1999.

References

Binghamton University alumni
Syracuse University faculty
Michigan State University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics
Macalester College alumni
Binghamton University faculty
21st-century American women

Patricia Ingraham


Atticus Finch is a fictional (not real) character in Harper Lee's book To Kill a Mockingbird. Atticus is an American lawyer who lives in Alabama. He is the father of Jeremy Atticus "Jem" Finch and Jean Louise "Scout" Finch. Atticus is an important character in the book.

In To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus is shown as a good character, trying to live in the way he thinks a lawyer and human being should. He is very honest, thoughtful, and helps good causes (even when he knows that they will fail). He tries hard to teach his children to be kind, fair, and giving. His children later find out that he was an expert at shooting, but had not told them because he did not want them to think he was violent. He is described in the book as a tall, middle-aged man with glasses and hair that is going a little gray.

Alice Petry said that Atticus has "become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person." Examples of Atticus Finch's impact on the legal profession are plentiful. Morris Dees says that Atticus Finch was the reason he became a lawyer, and Richard Matsch said that Atticus influenced him greatly. Some people, however, criticize Atticus, saying that he does not use his legal skills to change the racism in his town.

References

Fictional American people
To Kill a Mockingbird

Atticus Finch


Stanislaw Tołpa (3 November 1901, Ruda Łańcucka - 11 October 1996, Wrocław) was a Polish professor of botany. He has developed a method of  peat preparation called by his name.

Tołpa, born into a poor peasant family in eastern Poland, graduated theologian, then studied mathematics and natural sciences at Lwów University where he completed a doctorate on peatlands in Chornohora. He worked as a biology teacher in a high school in Kalisz until 1939.

In 1945 he went to Wrocław. Initially, he was dean of the Faculty of Agriculture at Wroclaw University and Wroclaw University of Technology. Later he created a separate College of Agriculture and became its rector. He habilitated and received the title of professor.

His entire research career was devoted to peat. Under his leadership, marshes and peat bogs have been studied in the Biebrza Valley, Hawaii, and in the Lublin region. He has developed a classification of European peats. Over time, his interests shifted from the history and morphology of the peat to chemical and biological properties of its components. He detected compounds with specific biological activity. Johnson and Johnson eventually bought his life work. His only child inherited his wealth. She currently resides in Poland.

Based on his research in the 1960 a peat preparation made him famous, used in patients with multiple sclerosis. He was one of the founders of the Wroclaw branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences. His research also contributed to the protection of peat deposits in Poland.

After his retirement in 1971, he continued research within his laboratory of Biology and Biochemistry of Peat at Agricultural University in Wrocław.
Patent for the manufacture of the preparation was ceded to the university. He died at the age of 95.

References

Multiple sclerosis
20th-century Polish botanists
People from Leżajsk County
Scientists from Wrocław
1901 births
1996 deaths
Polish people of World War II

Stanisław Tołpa


Slaves of the Mastery is the second book in the Wind On Fire trilogy by William Nicholson. It picks up the story of twins Kestrel and Bowman five years on from the closing chapter of The Wind Singer. It was first published in 2001.

Plot summary

At the beginning of the book, the city of Aramanth is greatly changed since events in The Wind Singer. The walls have been torn down, and the poorer districts abandoned. No longer is it run by the strict system of exams; in fact, everyone is pleasant and docile. The change occurred because the city had been released from the grip of an evil force known as the Morah.

This new freedom, however, has also severely weakened the city. News of this reaches as far as a distant country known as the Mastery. The country sends an army of a thousand, commanded by young Marius Semeon Ortiz, to destroy the city and take its entire population as slaves. They do so, killing many of the city's residents, enslaving yet more, and leaving no survivors, except for Kestrel Hath. She vows to have revenge on the unknown Mastery, and on Ortiz himself, and begins to follow the trail led by the returning army.

The Manth people are brought to the Mastery, a beautiful country built up entirely on slave labor. They are branded and given jobs. Though some of the people begin to actually enjoy work, as they discover that every single person in the Mastery is a slave (except for the Master, ruler of the land, himself). Hanno Hath, father of Kestrel, signs up to be a librarian, while his son Bowman decides to become a night watchman, in order to listen for his approaching sister.

Kestrel, meanwhile, faints with exhaustion on her journey. She is rescued by the beautiful Sirharasi (Sisi), Johdila of Gang. As one of the few people who has seen Sisi unveiled, Kestrel becomes her servant and mutual friend. She discovers that Sisi is also travelling to the Mastery to marry Ortiz, the man who led the attack on Aramanth. Kestrel decides to try to use the considerable might of Gang's army, the Johjan Guards, to overthrow the Mastery, and she convinces Zohon, the Guards' conceited leader, that Sisi loves him, and that she will give him a sign to show this.

While on a night watch, Bowman is approached by an ancient, one-eyed hermit known as "Dogface", who tells Bowman that, as the son of the prophet (Bowman's mother, Ira Hath, is descended from the ancient prophet, Ira Manth), he has great powers that belong to the Singer people. Bowman tests these new powers by speaking with a cow, moving a stick without touching it, and later speaking to a cat, Mist, that Dogface leaves behind. Mist's ambition is to learn how to fly, but as Bowman's powers are initially limited and untested, he doesn't and can't teach Mist.

Meanwhile, Mumpo, another Manth slave, joins the Manaxa.  The Manaxa is a fight where two competitors attempt to stab each other with spiked armor until either one dies or is driven out of the arena, and is considered a great honor to compete in the Mastery.  He shows considerable talent at this and at the wedding kills the reigning champion and heavy favorite.

At the wedding Sisi and Ortiz both fall for people other than those intended, Sisi for Bowman and Ortiz for Kestrel, and chaos ensues. Zohon, believing he is rescuing Sisi from the Mastery, instigates a battle against Ortiz and his men; however the entire population of the Mastery, bound by the Master's will, attacks and outnumbers Zohon's army. Mumpo begins searching for Kestrel to try to save her in the chaos, killing anyone he encounters whether they be Mastery Citizens or in the Johjan Guards. Bowman, using his mind powers, engages in a mind duel with the Master. Kestrel and Ortiz come in.  Bowman is temporarily distracted and the Master exploits this and commands Ortiz to kill Kestrel. Despite his love for her, he is unable to resist the Master's will and obeys.  With the sword centimeters from her heart, Bowman kills the Master and Ortiz is released from his will.  Mumpo enters the room and sees Ortiz with his arms around Kestrel, and gets the wrong idea.  Mumpo smashes Ortiz's head and breaks his neck. Released from his power, the Master's army dissipates and sets about destroying the city in a frenzy, and Zohon seizes control.

Finally free to leave, Ira Hath asserts that they must seek out the homeland, as "the wind is rising". Though many of the Manth people choose to stay behind and make a life for themselves where they are, a small group resolve to trust in Ira's prophecy, and together along with Sisi and her servant Lunki, they set out in search of the homeland.

References

External links

Nicholson's Official Website

2001 British novels
2001 children's books
British fantasy novels
Children's fantasy novels
British children's novels
Novels by William Nicholson
Egmont Books books

Slaves of the Mastery