Pnina Werbner ( Gluckman/Gillon; 3 December 1944 – 17 January 2023) was a British social anthropologist. Her work focused on Sufi mysticism, diasporas, Muslim women and public sector unions in Botswana. She has written extensively about the Arab Spring. Werbner was married to anthropologist Richard Werbner, and was the niece of Max Gluckman.

On cultural hybridity Werbner has argued, with particular reference to the Satanic Verses affair and other global cultural conflicts, for the need to recognise the key distinction first coined by Bakhtin between intentional and organic hybridity, in order to understand the Muslim diasporic offence while avoiding futile debates about cultural reification.  In relation to the 'failure' of multiculturalism debate she advocates analysing multiculturalism from below, and not merely as a top-down policy.

From 2000, Werbner studied the women's movement and the Manual Workers Union in Botswana. Her ethnography, which won an Honorable Mention in 2015 in the Elliot P. Skinner Award from the AAA Association of Africanist Anthropology, analysed the legal mobilisation and struggle for dignity and a living wage of manual public sector workers, both men and women, and traces the evolution of a rooted, working class identity and culture in Botswana, which is both local and cosmopolitan, through cultural performance.

Her work highlighted the vernacular, situated cosmopolitanism of rights activists, trade unionists and feminists in the global south, transnational labour migrants and Sufis. She rejected, however, optimistic views of transnationalism as effacing national boundaries, and argued for the need to recognise the illusion of simultaneity, disguising the ruptures that transnational movement engenders.

On diaspora she argued that diasporas are internally heterogeneous, imaginatively constructed, transnational moral communities of co-responsibility. The materiality of diaspora is manifested both affectively and aesthetically, and its members are willing to mobilize politically and economically across borders in response to the sufferings of fellow diasporans or crises in the 'home' country.

Werbner was Professor Emerita at Keele University.

Werbner died of a pulmonary embolism on 17 January 2023, at the age of 78.

Bibliography
 Pilgrims of Love: The Anthropology of a Global Sufi Cult. Indiana University Press, 2003 (Ebook 2017)
 Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multicultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism. Zed Books, 2015
 Political Aesthetics of Global Protest. Edinburgh University Press, 2014
 The Making of an African Working Class: Politics, Law and Cultural Protest in the Manual Workers Union of Botswana. Pluto Press, 2014.
  Anthropology and the New Cosmopolitanism: Rooted, Feminist and Vernacular Perspectives. ASA Monograph No. 45. Bloomsbury, 2008.
 Imagined Diasporas Among Manchester Muslims: The Public Performance of Pakistani Transnational Identity Politics. James Currey, 2002.
 The Migration Process: Capital, Gifts and Offerings among Manchester Pakistanis. 2nd ed. Bloomsbury, 2002.
 Women, Citizenship and Difference. co-edited with Nira Yuval-Davis. Zed Books, 1999.
 Embodying Charisma: Modernity, Locality and the Performance of Emotion in Sufi Cults. Routledge, 1998.

References

External links
 The Political Aesthetics of Effervescence and Despair, IMMRC/MITRA Lecture Series 2016
 Goodreads Author page
 Cosmopolitanism - in Conversation with Stuart Hall
 Prof. Dr. Pnina Werbner (Keele): Towards a New Cosmopolitanism: Rooted, Feminist and Vernacular Perspectives
 Wenner-Gren Foundation
 "Counting the Anti-Semites"
 "New Arab citizenship and security factors post-Arab Spring"

1944 births
2023 deaths
Social anthropologists
Academics of Keele University
White South African people
British anthropologists
British women anthropologists

Pnina Werbner


The 2019 Southeast Asian Games, officially known as the 30th Southeast Asian Games or 2019 SEA Games and commonly known as Philippines 2019, will be the 30th edition of the Southeast Asian Games, a biennial regional multi-sport event which will be hosted by the Philippines from 30 November to 11 December 2019, with games from selected sports started as early as November 25.

In July 2015, the Philippines agreed to host the games after Brunei's withdrawal. However, the Philippines' hosting was left uncertain following the withdrawal of government support two years later as it planned to use the funds intended for the games for the rehabilitation of Marawi after being occupied by ISIS supporters. Thailand and Indonesia offered to host the games with the latter planning to reuse the venues used.

Sport in Asia

2019 Southeast Asian Games


Battery is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language crime thriller directed by Mani Bharathi and starring Senguttuvan, Ammu Abhirami and Deepak Shetty. Based on the subject of medical corruption, it was released across Tamil Nadu on 29 July 2022.

Cast

Production
The film began production in 2019, with filmmaker Mani Bharathi - a former journalist. Senguttuvan, who also produced the film, was cast in the lead role, alongside Ammu Abhirami. A song for the film was shot in Kullu Manali.

Actor Soori attended the audio release of the film after Mani Bharathi's friend, director N. Linguswamy, requested that the actor appear at the event as the chief guest.

Reception
The film was released on 29 July 2022. A critic from Dina Malar concluded that the film was "low on charge", criticising the script. A reviewer from Dina Thanthi gave the film a middling review.

References

2022 thriller films
2022 films
2020s Tamil-language films

Battery (film)


Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers were a Canadian soul band from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The group recorded for the Gordy Records division of Motown Records in 1968, where they had a top 30 hit single, "Does Your Mama Know About Me". As a producer and solo artist, Bobby Taylor contributed to several other soul recordings, both inside and outside of Motown. Taylor is most notable for discovering and mentoring The Jackson 5. Tommy Chong was a member of Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers before he became famous as a comedian.

Career
Bobby Taylor, born Robert Edward Taylor on February 18, 1934, in Washington, D.C., was raised in Washington. As a young man, he moved to New York City and sang in doo-wop groups with singers who later joined successful acts such as Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers and Little Anthony and the Imperials. In 1958 he began his music career as a member of The Four Pharaohs, who released a few locally-selling recordings in the Columbus, Ohio area.

In the early 1960s, while they were in San Francisco, Taylor met Little Daddy and the Bachelors, made up of vocalist Tommie Melton, guitarist Tommy Chong, bassist Wes Henderson, pianist Bernie Sneed, and drummer Floyd Sneed (later the drummer for Three Dog Night). While in Calgary they were known as the Calgary Shades. The word Shades in the group's name referenced the fact that the band was interracial. Chong (later famous as one-half of comedy duo Cheech and Chong) is half Chinese. The other members were Black, white, and Aboriginal. Taylor was of Black, Puerto Rican, and Native American heritage.

"Little Daddy & The Bachelors" recorded a single, "Too Much Monkey Business" / "Junior's Jerk". Melton and Chong performed a Vancouver dance hall in 1962 called the Blues Palace, a former movie theatre, opening for Ike & Tina Turner.

Although Little Daddy & The Bachelors built up a small following, things soured when they went with Chong's suggestion and had themselves billed as "Four Niggers and a Chink"—or, bowing to pressure, "Four N's and a C", before taking on the moniker Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers.

Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers join Motown
In 1965, Supremes members Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson heard the band—whose repertoire consisted primarily of Motown covers—at the Elegant Parlour in Vancouver, and alerted Motown CEO Berry Gordy Jr. Gordy brought the Vancouvers to Motown Records in Detroit, Michigan, and signed them to his Gordy Records imprint. By this time the evolving lineup consisted of Taylor, Henderson, and Chong along with guitarist Eddie Patterson, organist Robbie King, and drummer Duris Maxwell (aka Ted Lewis), the latter three having come as a package when the original Vancouvers merged with another local group, the Good Shepherds. Claims have been made that future star guitarist Jimi Hendrix played with them in those early days, but Chong has been quoted as saying that any such appearance is a product of Taylor's "imagination." Hendrix and Taylor knew each other from their early days in the Seattle-Tacoma area and Hendrix's summers with his grandmother in Vancouver. Hendrix later jammed onstage with the Vancouvers in Europe.

The group recorded its debut album, an eponymous release, and their debut single, the Tommy Chong co-composition "Does Your Mama Know About Me," peaked at number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100, and #44 in Canada.

For a July, 1968, engagement at the Regal Theater in Chicago, Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers had a local-area family band, The Jackson 5, as their opening act. Impressed with the group, Taylor personally brought them to Detroit and the Motown offices, arranging an audition for them with Motown executive Suzanne de Passe. De Passe and Berry Gordy were impressed with the Jacksons, and the group was signed to the label within a year.

They released two further singles, "I Am Your Man," (US #85, US R&B #40, Can. #80) produced by Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson, and the Smokey Robinson-written and produced "Malinda" (US #48, US R&B #16, Can. #59), which would appear on their 1968 studio album. The Vancouvers performed in support of Motown artist Chris Clark. However, Clark and Motown producer Johnny Bristol fired Chong and Henderson for missing a gig to apply for Green cards. The group broke up shortly afterwards, when Chong attempted to have the Vancouvers' contract halved, so that he, Taylor, and Henderson would constitute the group, while Robbie King, Eddie Patterson, and Ted Lewis would simply be regarded as sidemen and session artists. Taylor auditioned for the then-vacant lead singer position in The Temptations (following David Ruffin's expulsion from the group), but was turned down.

Taylor on his own

After the Jackson 5 signed to Motown in March 1969, Taylor became the group's first producer. He supervised the bulk of their first album, Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5, recording the Jacksons on a number of soul covers, including The Miracles' "Who's Lovin' You". Berry Gordy would later move the group to California and take personal control of their sound. Although Taylor would briefly join the Jacksons in California, he did not receive credit for working on the group's early singles such as "I Want You Back" and "ABC" alongside Gordy's team known as The Corporation. In addition to those, he produced most of their covers of older rhythm and blues songs.

As a solo artist, Taylor was shifted to Motown's V.I.P. label and continued as a solo artist. Although his "Oh, I've Been Blessed" later attained a cult following, Taylor's solo singles failed to sell well. By 1971, Taylor had departed Motown because of a financial dispute, recording sporadically into the mid-1970s.

Taylor later successfully sued Motown. Moving to the United Kingdom, Taylor started an offshoot group, Bobby Taylor & the New Vancouvers, and recorded an album for Ian Levine's Motorcity Records. By 1990, Taylor had left the music world, but he returned for a one-off performance and Q&A in 1998.

Later in life, Taylor suffered from throat cancer, which he had treated by various holistic doctors.

On July 22, 2017, Bobby Taylor died in Hong Kong, aged 83.

Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers discography
All items issued on Gordy Records unless otherwise noted.

Singles
 1968: "Does Your Mama Know About Me" (US #29, US R&B #5)
 1968: "I Am Your Man" (US #85, US R&B 40)
 1968: "Malinda" (US #48, US R&B #16)

Albums
 1968: Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers
 1990: Find My Way Back (Motorcity Records)

Bobby Taylor solo discography
1969: "Oh, I've Been Bless'd" (V.I.P. Records)
1969: "My Girl Has Gone" (Gordy Records)
1970: "Blackmail" (V.I.P. Records, promo-only)
1971: "Hey Lordy" (Mowest Records)
1972: "There Are Roses Somewhere In The World" (Sunflower Records)
1973: "I Can't Quit Your Love" (Tommy Zs7 Records)
1973: "Why Play Games" (Playboy Records) (US R&B #83)
1973: "I Can't Quit Your Love" (Philadelphia International, by "BT & TB"—Bobby Taylor and Thom Bell).

Albums
1969: Taylor-Made Soul (Gordy Records)
2006: Motown Anthology (Hip-O/Select)

References

External links

1963 establishments in British Columbia
Canadian soul music groups
Motown artists
Playboy Records artists
Musical groups established in 1963
Musical groups established in 1969
Musical groups from Vancouver
Musical groups from North Carolina

Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers


Argyraspodes is a butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. It is monotypic containing only the species Argyraspodes argyraspis, the warrior silver-spotted copper, which is found in South Africa, in the Western and Eastern Cape, Free State and Northern Cape.

The wingspan is 32–38 mm for males and 35–45 mm females. Adults are on wing from August to March and sometimes from July to April.

References

Aphnaeinae
Monotypic butterfly genera
Lycaenidae genera

Argyraspodes


Leaves of Grass is a 2009 American black comedy film written and directed by Tim Blake Nelson. It stars Edward Norton as twin brothers, alongside Richard Dreyfuss, Nelson, Susan Sarandon, Melanie Lynskey and Keri Russell.

Set in Nelson's home state of Oklahoma, most of the film was actually filmed in northwestern Louisiana, which was selected for its generous film production incentives. A few scenes were filmed in Tulsa.

Leaves of Grass was featured at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival, and had a limited domestic release by First Look Studios on just six screen April 2, 2010. It failed to impress at the domestic box office, earning a meager  in ticket sales against a production budget of . Critical reception was slightly positive, but mixed. The film fared much better internationally, earning .

Plot
Bill Kincaid is lecturing his class at Brown University about Plato's Socratic dialogues. Meanwhile, Bill's identical twin brother Brady Kincaid is living in Oklahoma, growing and selling hydroponic cannabis. Brady is under pressure from local drug lord Pug Rothbaum to expand his sales. Despite needing money to repay a debt to Rothbaum, Brady refuses.

After a phone call from Brady's partner Bolger telling him that Brady has died from a crossbow arrow, Bill flies to Tulsa, meeting a Jewish orthodontist on the plane. In Tulsa, Bill is mistaken for Brady and is beaten up and knocked unconscious by rival marijuana dealers angry that Brady has taken half their territory. When Bill wakes, he finds that Brady is alive and has tricked him into travelling to Tulsa. Brady asks Bill to pretend to be Brady while he goes up state to "take care" of Rothbaum. Bill initially refuses, but later agrees, after meeting local poet Janet as he wants to stay and get to know her better.

While Bill (pretending to be Brady) visits their mother, thus giving Brady an alibi, Bolger and Brady go to a synagogue in Tulsa, where Rothbaum is listening to a sermon. Also present is Ken Feinman, the orthodontist Bill met on the plane. He sees Brady and mistakes him for Bill. Brady and Bolger leave with Rothbaum, and Rothbaum demands the money Brady owes him. When Rothbaum threatens to kill them if they don't pay up, Bolger shoots Rothbaum's thugs, and Brady stabs Rothbaum, killing him.

In Tulsa, Ken Feinman hears of Rothbaum's murder and figures everything out. He purchases a gun and sets off for Brady's house, where he encounters Bill and Brady and threatens to shoot them. Bill takes the gun from him but Ken panics and uses Bolger's rifle to shoot Brady, after which Bill shoots Ken in retaliation. Before dying, Brady tells Bill to place the gun in his hand, which Bill does.

After an abortive attempt to sell Brady's dope-growing system to one of Brady's former rivals, Bill is shot through the chest by a crossbow. Bolger frantically drives him to hospital, saving Bill's life, and thereby repaying his debt to Brady (who had saved his life in prison). Bill is forced to stay in Tulsa for a long recuperation after his injury, allowing him time to heal his relationship with his mother and develop his romance with Janet.

Cast

Soundtrack
The film featured the following songs:

 "Stand Up" by Doug Bossi
 "Illegal Smile" by John Prine
 "My Wildest Dreams Grow Wilder Every Day" by The Flatlanders
 "Faithful and True" by Richard Myhill
 "Fat Man In The Bathtub" by Little Feat
 "Rex's Blues" by Townes Van Zandt
 "Sailin' Shoes" by Little Feat
 "Sweet Revenge" by John Prine
 "I Shall Be Released" by The Band
 "Lonely Are The Free" by Steve Earle
 "Boys From Oklahoma" by Cross Canadian Ragweed

Release
The film premiered at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival. Film critic Roger Ebert stated that he considered it his favorite of the festival. The film was not picked up for distribution at TIFF, so producer Avi Lerner planned to release it on April 2, 2010 through his own First Look Studios. This plan was abandoned on April 1 when Telepathic Studios gave Lerner enough funds to give the film a wider Summer 2010 release, due to positive reception at South by Southwest. For unknown reasons, this plan was also scrapped; ultimately, Leaves of Grass debuted theatrically on just six screens, grossing a little over $1 million worldwide.

DVD and Blu-ray versions of the film were released on October 12, 2010, and an extended edition is sold exclusively on Blu-ray with an additional 46 minutes of content.

Critical response
Leaves of Grass received mixed reviews from film critics, with praise being given to Norton's dual performance. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 61% of 38 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 5.66/10. The website's critical consensus states that "Edward Norton delivers one of his finest performances in Leaves of Grass, but he's overpowered by the movie's many jarring tonal shifts." Metacritic, assigned the film a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on reviews from 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

"Leaves of Grass has the structure and the elements of a classical Greek drama: There's treachery, mistaken identity, deadly plots, and ambition; that it takes place in the middle of Oklahoma is almost irrelevant", said Paul Constant. Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, and stated that "Tim Blake Nelson's Leaves of Grass is some kind of sweet, wacky masterpiece. It takes all sorts of risks, including a dual role with Edward Norton playing twin brothers, and it pulls them off." He closed his review with "Here's a quote for the video box: 'One of the year's best!' No, Tim Blake Nelson...thank you." Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times also gave a positive review, particularly praising that "Edward Norton turns in not just one but two terrific performances in "Leaves of Grass," an offbeat thriller that is deepened — rather than derailed — by its tricky shift from darkly funny to just plain dark." He also praised Richard Dreyfuss, Susan Sarandon, and Josh Pais for their performances. Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times gave it an "NYT Critics' Pick", and particular praised the actors, saying "Mr. Norton is a pleasure to watch, and so is everyone else." He also approved of how the "film keeps you deliciously off-balance: it's funny and unnerving at the same time." Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly stated that "the movie bubbles with intellectual curiosity and narrative ambition. And for that I dig it, even if Leaves of Grass has the habit of swerving and sometimes lurching from tone to tone." She praised the acting of Norton and Keri Russell. On an A to F scale, she gave the film a B+.

The film was not without its detractors. Dennis Harvey of Variety stated that "Nelson's script isn't blackly comic or deep enough to successfully accommodate the introduction of jarring violence," and criticized the subplot of Pais' character, Dreyfuss' performance, and the "perfunctory" romance between Norton and Russell. He strongly praised Norton's acting, stating that his dual-role "is very much the main attraction, and reward, of 'Leaves of Grass.'", and also praised Nelson's acting, stating that "Nelson himself provides the most valuable support in the colorful if variable cast." Rex Reed of New York Observer was extremely critical, particularly of Nelson, saying "It's just another oblique backfire from Tim Blake Nelson, whose work as a writer-director in general wallows in a bog of mediocrity" and that "Nelson, a cornball actor at best, is over the top as a larcenous Pa Kettle of a redneck sidekick." He finished his review stating that "The mirror-has-two-faces-idea is nothing new. From Bette Davis in Dead Ringer to Sam Rockwell in Moon, dozens of seasoned actors have lit each other's cigarettes while the audience thinks it's seeing double, and they've done it in much better pictures than this one. In Leaves of Grass, it seems irrelevant and recycled—essentially nothing more than a gimmick that wears out fast." He gave the film a rating of two out of four.

References

External links

2009 films
2009 black comedy films
2009 independent films
2000s crime comedy-drama films
American black comedy films
American crime comedy-drama films
Films about drugs
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about educators
Films about twin brothers
Films directed by Tim Blake Nelson
Films scored by Jeff Danna
Films set in Oklahoma
Films set in Rhode Island
Films shot in Louisiana
2009 comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Leaves of Grass (film)


The Old World silversides are a family, the Atherinidae, of marine and freshwater fish belonging to the order Atheriniformes. Atherinidae are abundant and considered bony fish (teleosts) that are widespread globally, living in rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters.

They occur worldwide in tropical and temperate waters. About two-thirds of the species are marine, and the others live in fresh water. There are 74 species in 13 genera.

The genus Craterocephalus is the most diverse with 25 species. Four genera are monotypic.

Size of Atherinidae
Silversides are relatively small with most being less than 20 cm (7.9 in) in length, with several not attaining lengths of more than 5 cm (2.0 in). The body is generally elongated. Distinctive characters include two dorsal fins widely separated, with the first consisting of flexible spines and the second having one spine followed by soft rays, while the anal fin has one spine on the leading edge followed by soft rays. The pectoral fins tend to be high, and there is no lateral line. On the flanks is a broad, silvery band. The scales are relatively large. Some species, such as the hardyhead silverside, Atherinomorus lacunosus, are commercially fished.

The family Atherinopsidae (Neotropical silversides) is closely related, while the genus Atherion has been given family status in the Atherionidae by some authorities.

Subfamily Atherininae

Origin of Atherininae
The separation between the ancestors of Craterocephalinae and Atherininae caused Atherininae lineage to form in Southern Australia, which has cooler habitats than Northern Australia.

The subfamily Atherininae has five genera. One is Atherina, which is found near the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean oceans; however, the remaining four are restricted to Australia's southern coastal waters.

Since Atherina's biogeographic location is significantly different, it is likely that Atherina and the four genera are not monophyletic or do not descend from a common ancestor. Instead, Atherina is hypothesized to have a sister lineage with the ancestors of Atherininae and the Craterocephalinae.

Classification

 Kingdom: Animalia
 Phylum: Chordata
 Class: Actinopterygii
 Order: Atheriniformes
 Family: Atherinidae

Related pages
 Amakusaichthys

References

 Allen, G.R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
 Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015). "Atherinidae" in FishBase. February 2015 version.

Teleosts

Old World silverside


Arkaba or Arkaba Station is a part-perpetual lease, part-freehold property located about  north east of Hawker and  south of Blinman in the Flinders Ranges in the state of South Australia,

The station occupies an area of  and was formerly used for grazing sheep, but is now used for tourism.

The property is composed of sandstone bluffs, open plains and creek beds studded with river red gums. The natural amphitheatre of Wilpena Pound lies at the northern boundary of the property.

The word 'arkaba' is said to mean hidden waters in the local Adnyamathanha language.

History
The station was initially leased by William James Browne and his brother John Harris Browne in 1851. The brothers had previously run other properties including Lyndoch, Moorak, Buckland Park, and Booborowie. The men stocked the property with 6,000 sheep which cut about  of wool.

Put up for auction in 1863 by the managers, Messrs George and Frank Marchant, the station was stocked with approximately 27,000 sheep and was described as occupying an area of  consisting of lightly timbered country, permanently watered and assessed to carry nearly 35,000 sheep. The reserve price was not met and the property was withdrawn for private sale.

An employee drowned at Arkaba in 1872 when he tried to save some camp appliances from Mundy Creek that was flooded at the time. The man, George Hocart, was moving sheep in the area with several other men when the accident happened.

An inquest into a suicide at the station was held in 1873 when the postmaster and storekeeper, George Thompson, took an overdose of laudanum. His body was found by his daughter, and the station manager, George Parkins, attempted to resuscitate him with no effect. The inquest ruled that Thompson had taken his own life under a fit of temporary insanity.

The station also produced wheat in addition to grazing sheep. Through 1889 to 1893 the property was averaging over 12 bushels per acre despite a rainfall of less than  per year.

A swagman was found dead in a hut at Arkaba in 1897, but no inquest was held.

A South Australian shearing record was set at Arkaba with the shearer H. R. Cutter shearing 277 sheep in 8 hours. The previous record was set in 1912 by a shearer from Wooltana Station completing 274. At this time the property was owned by Mr. O. G. Bartholomaeun.

The area experienced torrential rain for three days in the summer of 2007 which inundated much of the Flinders Ranges. Arkaba received  over the three days, which is about three times the monthly average. The then owner, Dean Rasheed, said it was the largest flood in his lifetime and probably the largest since European settlement. The nearby creek was swollen to a width of  and  deep, where it had previously been completely dry. The homestead was not damaged but much of the family cemetery was swept away.

The property was sold in 2009 by the Rasheed family for $2.5 million to tourism operator, Wild Bush Luxury, which also own properties at Ningaloo in Western Australia and Bamurru Plains in the Northern Territory. After a $1 million refurbishment, the homestead was opened in November of the same year. Abercrombie & Kent listed the station in its top ten semi-adventure travel destinations in 2010. Nicole Kidman is listed among those who have stayed at Arkaba. The property was placed on the market again in 2012 for over 4 million. The property was taken off the market in 2014 and then completely destocked of sheep the same year.

The property presently operates as a tourism resort and as a private wildlife conservancy.

See also
List of ranches and stations

References

Stations in South Australia
Flinders Ranges
1851 establishments in Australia
Far North (South Australia)

Arkaba Station


A Bailey bridge is a factory made truss bridge. It was made in small sections that could be easily moved and put together on site. It was developed by the British during World War II for military use.

A Bailey bridge did not need special tools or heavy equipment to put into place. The wood and steel bridge parts were small and light enough to be carried in trucks and lifted into place by hand. The bridges were strong enough to carry tanks.  Bailey bridges continue to be used in building projects and to provide temporary crossings for people and vehicles.

It was designed by a British engineer, Donald Bailey. The British army tested different bridge designs in 1941–1942, including a suspension bridge and a stepped arch bridge. The flat truss bridge was the most successful. An early test model of the Bailey flat truss bridge is still in place over Mother Siller's Channel in Dorset. The Bailey bridge was first used by the army in Tobruk in 1942. The US Army built many of the bridges for use after the D-Day landings in France.

Parts of the bridge

The basic Bailey bridge is made up of three main parts, the floor, the stringers and the side panels. The floor of the bridge is made up of a number of  that run across the bridge. Across the bottom of these, forming a square, are . The bridge's strength is provided by the panels on the sides. The panels are , , cross-braced rectangles. Each weighs , and can be lifted by six men.

The transoms rest on the lower part of the panels, and are held together by clamps. The stringers are placed on top of the completed structural frame, and large pieces of wood are placed on top of the stringers to provide a roadbed. Ribands bolt the planking to the stringers. Later in the war, the wood was covered by steel plates, to protect it from the damage caused by tank tracks.

Each unit built in this way is a single  section of bridge, with a  roadbed. After one section is complete it is pushed forward over rollers on the bridgehead, and another section built behind it. The two are then connected together with pins pounded into holes in the corners of the panels.

Modern Bailey bridges

Bailey bridges are in regular use throughout the world. Some examples include:
 The longest Bailey bridge was built in October 1975. This , two–lane bridge crossed the Derwent River at Hobart, Australia. It was opened around a year after the Tasman Bridge disaster destroyed the only river crossing, dividing the city in two. The Bailey bridge was in use until the Tasman Bridge was re-opened on 8 October 1977.
 A Bailey bridge between the Suru River and Dras River in Ladakh, India is the highest bridge in the world at an altitude of 5,602 meters (18,379 ft) above sea level. It was built in 1982 by the Indian Army.
 In the mid-1950s Lime Rock Park, an auto racing track in Lakeville, Connecticut, bought a Bailey bridge left over from WWII. The bridge meant vehicles could enter the center of the track while races were taking place. The bridge has been in continuous use since. It was moved to new, raised supports in the spring of 2008. This may be the only WWII Bailey bridge in regular daily public service in the U.S.
 An footbridge being built at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, one of the main venues for 2010 Commonwealth Games collapsed on September 21, 2010, a few weeks before the opening ceremony, injuring 27 people. The Indian Army built a Bailey bridge to replace it in four days, at a fraction of the cost.

Other uses
The Skylark launch tower at Woomera was built up of Bailey bridge parts.

References

Other websites

 "Push Over Bridges...", October 1944, Popular Science detailed article about the WW2 Baily Bridge
 Homepage about Bailey bridges (many photos, information, links, ...)
 Bailey Bridges in New Zealand
 Animated build of a modern Mabey Compact 200 Bridge (similar to the original Bailey Bridge)

Bridge types

Bailey bridge


Air Marshal Sir Edward "Tap" Gordon Jones,  (31 August 1914 – 20 February 2007) was an officer in the Royal Air Force for 34 years, from 1935 to 1969. He commanded a squadron of obsolescent biplane Gladiator fighters during the Greek Campaign in the Second World War, where he shot down five Italian Fiat CR.42 fighters. He served in mainly operational posts in Europe until he retired. Unusually, he never served a post in the Air Ministry or the UK Ministry of Defence.

Early life
Jones was born in Widnes, Lancashire (now Cheshire), the third of four sons of Lieutenant Colonel Albert Jones. His father was the borough medical officer. Jones spent time in India as a child, where his brothers nicknamed him "Doolally Tap" (meaning "slightly mad"). He retained the nickname "Tap" for the rest of his life.

After grammar school, he studied medicine at Liverpool University, where he met his future wife. His three brothers all became doctors, like their father, but Jones soon switched to veterinary science. He was a keen sportsman, representing the university and Lancashire at rugby union. He also enjoyed shooting and the outdoor life, but he showed little interest in his studies.

Royal Air Force
Edward joined the RAF in 1935. He trained as a pilot at Netheravon and joined "B" Flight of No. 17 Squadron in Kenley, flying Gauntlet fighters. In March 1937 the flight was detached to form No. 80 Squadron which flew the Gladiator, the RAF's last biplane fighter. As a pilot officer, he was its adjutant from May 1937. He also played rugby for the RAF.

Promoted to flying officer, his squadron deployed to Egypt in April 1938. He became commander of "A" Flight of No. 80 Squadron in March 1940, while he was based in Amriya in Egypt.

Second World War
After Italy declared war on the United Kingdom and France on 10 June 1940, Jones took charge of a flight armed with modern Hurricane fighters. He took charge of a flight of Gladiator when it moved to Trikala in central Greece in November 1940. He was in action within days, engaging a formation of more modern Fiat CR.42 fighters, also biplanes, of the Italian Regia Aeronautica to the north of Ioannina. He shot down one on 27 November, then two more the next day over Delvinakion, but was injured in the dogfight and spent a month recovering from a bullet wound in his neck. He returned to duty on 21 December, and took command of No. 80 Squadron on 27 December, after its commander, Squadron Leader Bill Hickey, was killed in action.

Jones shot down two further Fiats on 28 February 1941, and was awarded an immediate Distinguished Flying Cross. He also received a Flying Cross from the Greek government.

After leave in Egypt, Jones returned to No. 80 Squadron. It had been re-equipped with modern Hurricane fighters shortly before Germany invaded Greece on 6 April 1941. His battered squadron withdrew to Crete, then back to Egypt. Finally, it moved to RAF Aqir in Palestine to regroup, where it fought against the Vichy French in Syria. He left No. 80 Squadron in 1942, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.

He spent a year with the Rhodesian Air Training Group, then took command of the RAF Hawkinge in Kent. After qualifying at the Army Staff College he was promoted to Acting Group Captain in May 1943, and joined the staff preparing tactical fighter operations for D-Day. His group, No. 83 Group, transferred to France shortly after D-Day, and moved eastwards with the front line. He stayed with the Group during the whole campaign in Northwest Europe as Group Captain Operations and being appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in December 1944, when he returned to operational duties, taking command of No. 121 Wing with its four squadrons of Typhoon fighters, based at Volkel in the Netherlands. He was appointed a Commander of the Dutch Order of Orange-Nassau in 1945.

Post-war career
Jones had a succession of mainly operational appointments in Europe after the War. Unusually, he never served a post in the Air Ministry or the Ministry of Defence.

He served at the School of Land/Air Warfare and commanded No. 2 Wing, No. 1 Initial Training School at RAF Jurby following which he commanded No. 202 Advanced Flying School at RAF Valley, Anglesey. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1956. He served at the Headquarters of the Second Tactical Air Force and with the Air Task Force during the Suez Crisis. He took command of RAF Wyton in 1957, the home base of the RAF's strategic reconnaissance forces.

He was promoted to acting air commodore in January 1959, and took command of the Central Reconnaissance Establishment. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1960. He commanded RAF forces in Germany from 1961 to 1963, then spent two years as Senior RAF Officer at the Imperial Defence College. He took command of air forces in Malta as Deputy Commander-in-Chief (Air) of Allied Forces in the Mediterranean in 1965.

He was promoted to air marshal in November 1966, and took up the position of Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Near East Air Force (including responsibility for British Forces Cyprus and Administration of the Sovereign Base Areas). He was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1967, and retired from the RAF in August 1969.

He continued to enjoy sport in his retirement.

Family
He married Margery Thurston Hatfield in 1938. His wife died in 2002. He was survived by their two sons.

References

External links
Obituary, The Times, 27 February 2007
Biography

1914 births
2007 deaths
Royal Air Force air marshals
British World War II flying aces
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Academics of the Royal College of Defence Studies
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
People from Widnes
Military personnel from Lancashire

Tap Jones


Paul Ellison (born October 17, 1941) is co-principal bass at the Grand Teton Festivals, and is Professor of Double Bass at Rice University's Shepherd School of Music.  He was also on the faculty of The Colburn School Conservatory of Music in Los Angeles, California.

Mr. Ellison enjoyed 23 years as principal bass of the Houston Symphony Orchestra, several years as principal double bass of the Santa Fe Opera, and seven years as chair of strings at the University of Southern California.  His college degrees include a B.M.E. (1965) Eastern New Mexico University and an M.M. (1966) Northwestern University.  He also makes annual appearances at the Royal College of Music, London, the Yehudi Menuhin School of Music and Caroline Emery's annual Bass Club Summer School, where students have the benefit of his experience to help them achieve a pathway to the musical profession.

With former students holding prominent positions in orchestras and schools worldwide, Ellison holds the first Diploma and Teaching Certificate awarded by the Institute Rabbath in Paris and is past president of the International Society of Bassists.  Paul Ellison continues to be a great influence in the realm of string pedagogy as he influences young players internationally travelling to Australia, England, France, and throughout the United States. See the Australian String Academy for an example.

Notable students and associates
 Sébastien Dubé
 Hal Robinson

External links
 Paul Ellison bass workshop in Australia
 http://www.music.rice.edu/facultybios/ellison.shtml
 http://doublebassblog.org/2007/06/advice-from-paul-ellison-professor-of-double-bass-rice-university.html

Classical double-bassists
Texas classical music
Musicians from Santa Fe, New Mexico
Eastern New Mexico University alumni
Bienen School of Music alumni
USC Thornton School of Music faculty
Rice University faculty
Living people
1941 births
21st-century double-bassists

Paul Ellison


The Sasanian dynasty (also known as the Sassanids or the House of Sasan) was the house that founded the Sasanian Empire of Iran, ruling this empire from 224 to 651 AD. It began with Ardashir I, who named the dynasty in honour of his predecessor, Sasan.

The Shahanshah was the sole regent, head of state and head of government of the empire. At times, power shifted de facto to other officials, namely the spahbed. Upon the empire's conquest by the Islamic caliphate in 651, members of the imperial family fled in exile to China following the death of Yazdegerd III, where they would become accepted as members of the imperial court by Emperor Gaozong of Tang. Although there would be numerous attempts to invade Islamic Persia with Chinese support, this branch of Sasanids would remain in China indefinitely. Narsieh, grandson of Yazdegerd and last recorded Sasanid in China, would adopt the surname Li (李) in honor of the Chinese imperial family.

The Sasanian monarchs claimed descent from the Kayanids, a legendary Persian dynasty mentioned in the Avesta, the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, which is commonly thought to be based upon the late Achaemenid dynasty. As such, Dara II, the Kayanid king Sasan supposedly traced his lineage to, was most likely based upon Darius III, whose empire was conquered by Alexander the Great just like Dara's. Another differing account exists in Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan, in which Ardashir is presented as the son of Sasan, a descendant of Darius III, and an unnamed daughter of Pabag, a feudal ruler in Persis. However, these conflicting accounts led some historians, like Touraj Daryaee, to believe that Ardashir simply claimed descent from anyone who was most convenient for him. Relating Ardashir to the legendary Kayanians with the nickname Kay, besides connecting himself to Sasan, a guardian deity, and also to Dara, which is possibly a combination of Darius I and Darius III the Achaemenid, hints at a possible attempt to claim lineage from the Achaemenids. Additionally, the name "Sasan" was thought to be composed of the epigraphic form "Ssn" on wares and other documents, implying that Sasan was based on a Zoroastrian deity, though he is not mentioned in the Avesta or any other Iranian texts. Martin Schwartz has recently shown that the deity shown on the pottery wares is not related to Sasan, but shows Ssn, an old Semitic goddess that was worshiped in Ugarit in the second millennium BC. The word "Sasa" is written on coins found in Taxila; it is probably related to "Sasan", since the symbols on the coins are similar to the coins of Shapur I, son of Ardashir. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh remarks that Sasan's Oriental lineage might imply that his house had come from the Orient, presumably India. With all this in mind, it can be assumed that Ardashir claimed his lineage to be divine and the Sasanians may have raised Sasan's rank to that of a god's.

See also
 List of shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire
 Sasanian family tree
 Sasanian architecture

References

Sources

Iranian noble families

Sasanian dynasty


Han Xianchu (; 1913–1986) was a general of the Chinese Communist Party. Han participated in many military campaigns and battles such as Battle of Pingxingguan, Liaoshen Campaign, Pingjin Campaign, Hainan Campaign, and the Korean War. In 1955 he was among the first group of military leaders to be awarded the Shang Jiang (Senior General) rank.

Early life
Han was born in a farming village in Huang'an County (黄安), modern day Hong'an County (红安), Hubei Province in February, 1913 (Hong An is known for being the hometown of many Military Generals). He stopped schooling and joined the People's Liberation Army when he was 17 and fought his way through countless battles and military campaigns. Han's early military background and tough childhood offered him a revolutionary mindset and a brave character. He had a nickname of "Tornado Commander", indicating his ever-changing tactics in the battlefield and the quick moves like the storm. He was also known as the "Best Field Commander" of PLA.

Early Involvements with the Chinese Communist Party

Joining the party
Following Kuomintang's (Chinese Nationalist Party) purge of Communists in April 1927, peasant revolts broke out throughout China in the Chinese Civil War. Han joined his local Peasant's Committee and participated in the Huangma Uprising (黄麻起义). The following year, he joined the Grand Union of Anti-Imperialism (反帝大同盟) and in the year after, he joined a Communist youth group. In 1930, Han joined Communist guerrillas in Xiaogan area and officially joined the Chinese Communist Party in October of the same year.

Soaring through the ranks
In 1931, Han led a squad and operated guerrilla warfare in Hubei. Han showed bravery and perseverance in numerous fights defending the local Communist powers, and proved to be an ardent supporter of the revolution. Han was assigned to the Red Army 25th Army, 75th Division, 225th Regiment, 2nd Battalion, 5th Company as a platoon commander in 1933. In November 1934, the Red 25th Army began a strategic retreat, known as the Long March to avoid annihilation by the Kuomintang. Han performed outstandingly against the pursuers and by the time his regiment arrived in Shaanxi, the destination of the Long March, Han was already promoted to commanding a battalion in the 15th Corps (rename the 25th Army). Soon after arriving in Shaanxi, Han led his battalion in the Laoshan Campaign (劳山战役). His forces ambushed Nationalist forces and won. After the campaign in October 1935, Han was promoted to Colonel of the 78th Division, 223rd Regiment for efforts in the campaign. He was only 22 years old.

East and West March
In February, 1936, Han was transferred to the newly established Red 75th Division, 224th Regiment as Colonel, and participated in Mao Zedong's East March (东征). The purpose is to establish a Communist position in Shanxi (山西). In April, Han became Deputy Division Dommander of the 75th Division and one month later, the Division Commander. Soon after returning to Shanbei, Shaanxi, Han joined the West March (西征). Han's forces attacked and occupied Dingbian County (定边县) (disobeying Peng Dehuai, Marshall of the Army at the time, who ordered Han to march around Dingbian City), and Yanchi County (盐池县), destroying the Nationalist's 2 cavalry battalions and 1 security regiment. Over 700 horses and a large quantity of supplies were gained for the Communist war effort.

Shanchengbao Campaign (山城堡战役)

Not only did Chiang Kai-shek refuse the Communist's plea to unite against the Japanese, he sent the Nationalist 1st, 3rd, 37th, Northeast 67th Armies, including a cavalry Army to destroy the new Communist base in Shaanxi. During the campaign, Han's 15th Corps was assigned to lure the Nationalist's 87th Division to the Shanchengbao area. The Nationalist 87th Division took the bait, and was attacked from 3 sides by Red 15th Corps led by Han and several other corps on November 21, 1936. The battle continued until noon the next day when the Communists successfully destroyed over 1 brigade. Other Nationalist forces were in retreat as well. Shaanxi was successfully defended, and became the heartland of future Communist activities. The Nationalist's failures also promoted the 'Second United Front' against Japan. After the campaign in early 1937, Han went to the military academy in Yan'an to learn strategies against the Japanese Imperial Army.

Second Sino-Japanese War
Following the full-scale war between the two countries, and according to terms of the 'Second United Front', the 15th Corps was renamed to the National Revolutionary Army's 8th Route Army, 115th Division, 344th Brigade. Han was assigned the 344th Brigade's 688th Regiment's Deputy Colonel.

Battle of Pingxingguan

In September 1937, Japanese 5th Division, under the command of Itagaki Seishiro, was advancing through Pingxingguan (平型关). Lin Biao's 115th Division, including Han, laid an ambush and defeated the Japanese. The battle resulted in a minor, morale-boosting victory in which the Communists were able to capture a cache of weapons and annihilate a Japanese brigade. After the battle, Han remained stationed at Pingxingguan to halt further Japanese advances.

Hainan Campaign
Because the disaster of the Battle of Kuningtou, Chinese communist commanders were wary of Island Campaigns, Mao Zedong issued a stand down to frontline commanders like Su Yu, Lin Biao and Chen Yi, to halt all military operations until the Soviet aid arrives. Han, however convinced Lin Biao to give him a chance to attack Hainan Island and the Hainan Campaign was a success. Hainan island was the last location taken over by Mao's forces during the civil war and the nationalists had to give it up and retreat to Taiwan Island with no other choices.

Korean War
Han was the Commander of 40th Army under 15th Army Group during the Korean War. After the Hainan Campaign in May 1950, 40th Army was assigned as one of the four strategic armies deployed at Henan Province. Soon after the Korean War broke off, 40th Army was sent to Korea as one of the four armies firstly entering Korea. Han was promoted as the Vice Commander in chief of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army. On October 25, 1950, 40th Army fired the first shot of Sino-US military conflict in Korea. China claimed it was the first day of its involvement in Korean War. 40th Army participated 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Phase Offensives. It was the campaign at the West Front that Han was in charge of by heading a small commanding headquarters. For most of the time, his commanding headquarters consisted of only three people and always on the road. Under his command, 116th Division of the 40th Army was the first to capture Seoul on January 6, 1951.

Post-war

Han served as the first Military Chief of Staff of People's Liberation Army, Deputy Chief of Staff and commander of Military Region, Fuzhou, party first secretary, first secretary of the CPC Fujian Provincial Committee, Lanzhou military commander in chief and party's second secretary of the CPC Central Military Commission members and is on the Standing Committee.

In 1955, Han was awarded the rank of General, an independent Medal of Freedom, a Liberation Medal. He was elected to be on the first session of the CPPCC National Committee and the Fourth National People's Congress, he was on the first, second and third National Defense Commission. In 1958, on the eighth Session of the CPC, Han was the first to be elected to be the alternate member. In February 1967, Han chaired the committee of Fujian front-line troops, the CPC Central Military Commission. In 1983, Han was elected as the Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee, the Chinese Communists ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth session of the Central Committee.
On October 3, 1986, General Han died in Beijing. Marshal Xu Xiangqian complimented General Han as "a heroic warrior." The first President Li Xiannian praised General Han as "a candor, straightforward, righteousness leader." On May 18, 1987, the city Hongan held a grand ceremony for him, and placed his ashes in Hungan military memorial cemetery.

Summary

Han Xianchu (February 1913 – 1986 10.03), Hubei Province, Huangan (now Hongan) County. In 1929, he joined the Chinese Communist Youth League, in 1930 joined the Communist Party of China. During Agrarian Revolutionary War, he served as the Red Army troops-two hundred twenty-five twenty-fifth mission's squad leader, platoon leader, company commander, battalion commander, Red Army fifth regiment, twenty-four, seventy-eighth army commander. He also participated in the Long March. During the Anti-Japanese War, he served as the Deputy Head of Division, at 689 Regiment, Deputy Brigade Commander at 344 Brigade; the Brigade Commander at the 3rd Brigade and Chairman of the new Shandong and Henan Military commander of the Third Military Region of the China People's Anti-Japanese Military. During the Liberation War, he served as the deputy commander of the fourth column at the Northeast Democratic coalition, third column commander of twelve and forty-second of the Fourth Field Army Corps; Deputy commander of the Thirteenth Corps; Deputy commander in chief of the Chinese People's Volunteers Troops, Nineteenth Corps's Commander, Chief of Staff of People's Liberation Army Southeast Military Region, Fuzhou; Deputy Chief of Staff and chief military commander of People's Liberation Army Central Military Region, Lanzhou; he also served as Standing Committee of the CPC Central Military Commission. In 1955, he was awarded the rank of General, a Military Honorable Medal, Medal of Independence and Freedom, Medal of Liberation; he was also on the Standing Committee  serving as Vice Chairman for the Chinese Communist Party National Congress, and was on behalf of the Seventh, Eighth Standing Committee of the Central Committee, ninth, tenth, XI, XII session of the Central Committee.

 List of officers of the People's Liberation Army
 Ranks of the People's Liberation Army
 Chinese Civil War

References

 胆大包天韩先楚
 开国上将韩先楚
 将军本色韩先楚
 军事家,上将韩先楚
 生平文件韩先楚

1913 births
1986 deaths
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hubei
Chinese military personnel of the Korean War
Chinese people of World War II
Chinese revolutionaries
Delegates to the 7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
Governors of Fujian
People's Liberation Army generals from Hubei
People's Republic of China politicians from Hubei
Politicians from Huanggang
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress

Han Xianchu


A resistor ladder is an electrical circuit made from repeating units of resistors, in specific configurations.

An R–2R ladder configuration is a simple and inexpensive way to perform digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), using repetitive arrangements of precise resistor networks in a ladder-like configuration. A string resistor ladder configuration implements the non-repetitive reference network.

History
A 1953 paper "Coding by Feedback Methods" describes "decoding networks" that convert numbers (in any base) represented by voltage sources or current sources connected to resistor networks in a "shunt resistor decoding network" (which in base 2 corresponds to the binary-weighted configuration) or in a "ladder resistor decoding network" (which in base 2 corresponds to R–2R configuration) into a single voltage output. The paper gives an advantage of R–2R that impedances seen by the sources are more equal.

Another historic description is in US Patent 3108266, filed in 1955, "Signal Conversion Apparatus".

String resistor ladder network
A string of many resistors connected between two reference voltages is called a "resistor string". The resistors act as voltage dividers between the referenced voltages. A Kelvin divider or string DAC is a string of equal valued resistors.

Analog-to-digital conversion
Each tap of the string generates a different voltage, which can be compared with another voltage: this is the basic principle of a flash ADC (analog-to-digital converter). Often a voltage is converted to a current, enabling the possibility to use an R–2R ladder network.

 Disadvantage: for an n-bit ADC, the number of resistors grows exponentially, as  resistors are required, while the R–2R resistor ladder only increases linearly with the number of bits, as it needs only  resistors.
 Advantage: higher impedance values can be reached using the same number of components.

Digital-to-analog conversion
A string resistor can function as a DAC by having the bits of the binary number control electronic switches connected to each tap.

Binary weighted
The binary weighted configuration uses power of two multiples of a base resistor value. However as the ratios of resistor values increases, the ability to trim the resistors to accurate ratio tolerances becomes diminished. More accurate ratios can be obtained by using similar values, as is used in R–2R ladder. Hence R–2R provides more accurate digital-to-analog conversion.

R–2R resistor ladder network (digital to analog conversion)

Voltage Mode
A voltage mode R–2R resistor ladder network is shown in Figure 1. Bit an−1 (most significant bit, MSB) through bit a0 (least significant bit, LSB) are driven from digital logic gates. Ideally, the bit inputs are switched between V = 0 (logic 0) and V = Vref (logic 1). The R–2R network causes these digital bits to be weighted in their contribution to the output voltage Vout.  Depending on which bits are set to 1 and which to 0, the output voltage (Vout) will have a corresponding stepped value between 0 and Vref minus the value of the minimal step, corresponding to bit 0. The actual value of Vref (and the voltage of logic 0) will depend on the type of technology used to generate the digital signals.

For a digital value VAL, of a R–2R DAC with N bits and 0 V/Vref logic levels, the output voltage Vout is:

For example, if N = 5 (hence 2N = 32) and Vref = 3.3 V (typical CMOS logic 1 voltage), then Vout will vary between 0 volts (VAL = 0 = 000002) and the maximum (VAL = 31 = 111112):

with steps (corresponding to VAL = 1 = 000012)

The R–2R ladder is inexpensive and relatively easy to manufacture, since only two resistor values are required (or even one, if R is made by placing a pair of 2R in parallel, or if 2R is made by placing a pair of R in series). It is fast and has fixed output impedance R. The R–2R ladder operates as a string of current dividers, whose output accuracy is solely dependent on how well each resistor is matched to the others. Small inaccuracies in the MSB resistors can entirely overwhelm the contribution of the LSB resistors. This may result in non-monotonic behavior at major crossings, such as from 011112 to 100002.

Depending on the type of logic gates used and design of the logic circuits, there may be transitional voltage spikes at such major crossings even with perfect resistor values. These can be filtered with capacitance at the output node (the consequent reduction in bandwidth may be significant in some applications).  Finally, the 2R resistance is in series with the digital-output impedance. High-output-impedance gates (e.g., LVDS) may be unsuitable in some cases. For all of the above reasons (and doubtless others), this type of DAC tends to be restricted to a relatively small number of bits; although integrated circuits may push the number of bits to 14 or even more, 8 bits or fewer is more typical.

The R–2R DAC described above directly outputs a voltage and so is called voltage mode (or sometimes normal mode).

Current Mode
Since the output impedance is independent of digital code, the analog output may equally-well be taken as a current into a virtual ground, a configuration called current mode (or sometimes inverted mode). Using current mode, the gain of the DAC may be adjusted with a series resistor at the reference voltage terminal. The current for all bits pass through an equivalent resistance of 2R to ground. The less significant the bit, the more resistors its signal must pass through. At each node each bit's current is divided by two.

Accuracy of R–2R resistor ladders
Resistors used with the more significant bits must be proportionally more accurate than those used with the less significant bits; for example, in the R–2R network discussed above, inaccuracies in the bit-4 (MSB) resistors must be insignificant compared to  (~3.1%) of R. Further, to avoid problems at the 100002-to-011112 transition, the sum of the inaccuracies in the lower bits must also be significantly less than that. The required accuracy doubles with each additional bit: for 8 bits, the accuracy required will be better than  (~0.4%).

However, variances for resistances when manufactured in a single component tend to be much lower than variances between components or between batches of manufacturing, and hence a resistor network can be purchased as a single component. And within integrated circuits, high-accuracy R–2R networks may be printed directly onto a single substrate using thin-film technology, ensuring the resistors share similar electrical characteristics. Even so, they must often be laser-trimmed to achieve the required precision. Such on-chip resistor ladders for digital-to-analog converters achieving 16-bit accuracy have been demonstrated.

Resistor ladder with unequal rungs

It is not necessary that each "rung" of the R–2R ladder use the same resistor values. It is only necessary that the "2R" value matches the sum of the "R" value plus the Thévenin-equivalent resistance of the lower-significance rungs. Figure 2 shows a linear 4-bit DAC with unequal resistors.

This allows a reasonably accurate DAC to be created from a heterogeneous collection of resistors by forming the DAC one bit at a time. At each stage, resistors for the "rung" and "leg" are chosen so that the rung value matches the leg value plus the equivalent resistance of the previous rungs. The rung and leg resistors can be formed by pairing other resistors in series or parallel in order to increase the number of available combinations. This process can be automated.

See also
 Logarithmic resistor ladder
 Digital-to-analog converter
 Covox Speech Thing
 Voltage ladder

References

External links

 ECE209: DAC Lecture Notes - Ohio State University
 EE247: D/A Converters - Berkeley University of California
 Simplified DAC/ADC Lecture Notes - University of Michigan
 Tutorial MT-014: String DACs and Fully-Decoded DACs - Analog Devices
 Tutorial MT-015: Binary DACs - Analog Devices
 Tutorial MT-016: Segmented DACs - Analog Devices
 Tutorial MT-018: Intentionally Nonlinear DACs - Analog Devices
 R2R Resistor Ladder Networks - BI Technologies
 R/2R Ladder Networks Application Note - TT Electronics

Analog circuits

Resistor ladder


Irina-Camelia Begu (born 26 August 1990) is a Romanian professional tennis player. She reached a career-high singles ranking of No. 22 in the world, in August 2016. Two years later, she reached her highest WTA doubles ranking, also No. 22. Begu has won five singles titles and nine doubles titles on the WTA Tour. She also has won two singles titles on the WTA Challenger Tour, with 12 singles and 19 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.

As a junior, she reached semifinal at the 2007 Wimbledon Championships, partnering with Oksana Kalashnikova. Later, as a senior, she continued with Grand Slam doubles success. She reached the semifinal at the 2018 Australian Open and quarterfinals of the 2017 French Open and 2018 Wimbledon Championships. In singles, she has the round of 16 as her best Grand Slam result at the 2015 Australian Open, 2016 French Open and 2022 French Open.

In singles, she reached one Premier final, at the 2014 Kremlin Cup, but lost to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. Her other significant results in singles include two quarterfinals of the Premier Mandatory-level Madrid Open in 2015 and 2016 and semifinal of the Premier 5 Italian Open in 2016. In doubles, she has never won higher level tournament than International, but reached the final of the Premier-5 Wuhan Open in 2015, as well as, two Premier-level finals at the Kremlin Cup in 2015 and Eastbourne International in 2018.

Early life and background
Begu was born on 26 August 1990 in Bucharest. Her mother Steluţa is a civil servant, while her father Paul is an electrician. She has an older brother, Andrei. She started playing tennis when she was three-and-a-half years old as her aunt, former tennis player Aurelia Gheorghe, introduced her to the sport. At junior ages, she also did gymnastics and played handball. At the age of 14, Irina took part in a one-month tour promoted by the ITF with seven other girls and eight boys, joining the likes of Grigor Dimitrov and Ricardas Berankis. Her idol growing up was Martina Hingis.

Junior career

Begu is a former junior world No. 14. She achieved this ranking on 27 August 2007, day after she turned 17. She made her singles ITF Junior Circuit debut at the Grade-4 Wilson ITF Junior Classic in Salzburg in January 2005. In March 2005, she made her doubles debut at the Grade-3 Trofeul D Sturdza in Moldova. She won one singles and three doubles title in total on the ITF junior tour.

She won her first singles junior title at the Grade-2 Raquette D'Or in Mohammedia in June 2006. The following week, she reached another Grade-2 final, but this time in Casablanca, where she lost. In December 2006, she made her debut at the Orange Bowl, where she reached third round in singles and first round in doubles. She followed this with semifinal of the Grade-1 Yucatán World Cup in singles, but there won the title in doubles. She then finished season of 2006 with quarterfinal of the Grade-A International Casablanca Junior Cup in Tlalnepantla.

She started the 2007 season with the quarterfinal of the Grade-1 Coffee Bowl in San José. Nearly after that, she reached semifinal of the Grade-1 Czech International Junior Indoor Championships in Přerov. In April 2007, she won Grade-1 Perin Memorial in doubles in Umag. In May 2007, she reached semifinal of the Grade-1 International Junior Tournament "Citta' Di Santa Croce". The following week, she played at the Trofeo Bonfiglio and reached quarterfinal, losing there to Anastasia Pivovarova. At the 2007 French Open, she made her major debut, but lost in the first round to Ksenia Lykina. She lost in the first round of the doubles draw, as well. She then reached singles final of the Grade-1 International Junior Tournament of Offenbach, but won the title in doubles.

At Wimbledon in 2007, she lost in the first round to Arantxa Rus; in doubles, she reached semifinal alongside Oksana Kalashnikova. They lost to Misaki Doi and Kurumi Nara. The 2008 French Open was her last junior tournament, she lost in the first round in both singles and doubles.

Professional career

2005–10: early years

Singles
Begu made her ITF Women's Circuit debut at a $10k event at Bucharest in May 2005. In September 2006, she reached her first ITF final at Bucharest, but lost to Alexandra Cadanțu. Year later, she won her first ITF title at Brașov, defeating Andreea Mitu in the final. In October 2008, she won her first major ITF title at the $50k event in Jounieh, defeating Anastasiya Yakimova in the final. During the season of 2008, she was climbing more and more on the rankings, getting from top 800 to top 250 at the end of the year. At the 2009 French Open, she had her first major attempt to participate in the main draw, but failed in the final stage of the qualifications. In July 2009, she made her WTA Tour debut at the Hungarian Open, but lost to Shahar Pe'er in the first round.

Doubles
She made her ITF Circuit doubles debut at a $10k event in Câmpina in September 2005. In July 2006, she won her first ITF title at Galați. In May 2009, she won her first major ITF title at the $100k Bucharest, alongside Simona Halep. At the 2009 Palermo Ladies Open, she made her WTA Tour doubles debut. In August 2010, she won the $75k Bucharest, alongside Elena Bogdan. Later that year, she won three $25k titles and finished runner-up at the $50k event in Madrid and the $75k Toyota World Challenge.

2011–12: first WTA title

Singles
Begu continued to progress at the ITF Circuit, winning her first $100K title at the Copa Bionaire in Cali in February, after defeating Laura Pous Tió, in straight sets in the final. In April, as a qualifier, she reached her first WTA final at the Andalucia Tennis Experience. On her way to the final, she defeated top 40 Klára Koukalová and top 20 Svetlana Kuznetsova, before she lost to Victoria Azarenka in the final. At the French Open, she made her Grand Slam main-draw debut and recorded her first Grand Slam win. She lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the second round. In June, she returned to the ITF Circuit, where she reached the final of the $100k Open de Marseille, being defeated by Pauline Parmentier. Then, she returned to the WTA Tour and reached another WTA final at the Hungarian Open, but lost to Roberta Vinci. After that, she won the $100k Bucharest event, defeating Laura Pous Tió in the final. She reached the semifinals of the Texas Open, where she lost to Sabine Lisicki. During the year, she progressed at the rankings, debuting in the top 100 in April and later in the top 50 in July.

Begu continued to progress on the WTA Tour. In March, she reached the semifinal of the Mexican Open in Acapulco, but lost to Flavia Pennetta. In April, she reached the quarterfinals of the Morocco Open, where she also defeated former world No. 2, Svetlana Kuznetsova. In July, she reached another WTA semifinal at the Palermo Ladies Open, losing to Sara Errani in straight sets. Despite falling early at the US Open, she made her first top-10 win, defeating world No. 9, Caroline Wozniacki, in the first round. In the following round, she lost to Sílvia Soler Espinosa. She did even better in September, when she won her first WTA Tour title, defeating Donna Vekić in the final. There, she also defeated top-50 players Alizé Cornet and Urszula Radwańska. She followed this with semifinal of the Linz Open, where Victoria Azarenka defeated her.

Doubles
Begu started year of 2011 well, winning title at the $100k Cali, as her first doubles tournament of the year. In June 2011, she won another $100k title in Marseille. At the 2011 Wimbledon Championships, she made her Grand Slam doubles debut, but lost in the first round. In July 2011, she won her year-third $100k title in Bucharest. She started year of 2012 with the title at the Hobart International, that was her first WTA doubles title. There she partnered with Monica Niculescu. She followed this with quarterfinal of the Australian Open, again with Niculescu. Then, in April, she reached final of the Morocco Open, but finished runner-up with Alexandra Cadanțu. In July, she won $100k Bucharest for the second year in-a-row. She finished year with final at the Luxembourg Open. During these two seasons, Begu was climbing at the rankings. First, she debuted in the top 100 in February 2011, then in the top 50 in late January 2012.

2013–14: from fall to improvement

Singles

Unlike previous years, Begu did not made any progress during the season of 2013. She started year with first round loss at the Hobart International. After that, she reached only first or second round at every tournaments with the exception of the one quarterfinal at the Korea Open in September. There she defeated top 50 Julia Görges, but later lost to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. Weak results caused her dropping on the rankings and falling out the top 100 in the September.

Things got changed in the season of 2014. At the Australian Open, she was forced to play in the qualifications. She succeed to qualify, but then lost to Galina Voskoboeva. At her following participation, she reached quarterfinal of the Rio Open, losing there to Teliana Pereira. She then was successful at the ITF Women's Circuit. She won two $25k events and reached final of the $50k Medellín. Nearly after that, in May, she reached semifinal of the Portugal Open in Oeiras, defeating top 30 Kaia Kanepi and top 50 Kurumi Nara, before she lost to top 20 player Carla Suárez Navarro. In July, she won $100k Contrexéville Open, after defeating seed No. 1 Kaia Kanepi. She finished year with the final of Premier-level Kremlin Cup, but then lost to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. All these results, helped her to climbed from outside the top 120 to the top 50, at the end of the year.

Doubles: three WTA Tour titles
Just like in singles, Begu did not show her best in doubles, during these two seasons. At the 2013 Australian Open, she reached third round, alongside Niculescu, failing to repeat previous year quarterfinal result. In June, she won title at the Rosmalen Championships, alongside Anabel Medina Garrigues. That was her first grass title. In February 2014, she won title at the Rio Open, alongside María Irigoyen. Soon after that, she returned at the ITF Women's Circuit, where she first win $25k event in São Paulo and then the $50k Medellín Open. When she returned to the WTA Tour, she did not do well, but later reached third round of the French Open. In July, she reached final of the $100k Contrexéville Open. In September, she reached semifinals at the Tashkent Open, followed with title at the Korea Open. Despite her inconsistent, she remained in the top 100 through whole 2013 and 2014 seasons.

2015–17: three WTA titles, top 30

Singles
Begu made big progress at the 2015 Australian Open. Until then, she had second round as her best Grand Slam result, but then she reached her first third round, and later round of 16. In the first round, she defeated top 10 Angelique Kerber, but later failed to reach her first Grand Slam quarterfinal, losing to world No. 7, Eugenie Bouchard. A month later, she reached the semifinal of the Rio Open, but lost to Anna Karolína Schmiedlová. She started well clay-season with quarterfinal of the Premier-level Charleston Open, where she was defeated by Angelique Kerber. At the Madrid Open, she reached her first Premier Mandatory quarterfinal, losing there to world No. 4 Petra Kvitová. She then reached third rounds at the Italian Open, French Open and Wimbledon. In September, she won WTA title at the Korea Open, defeating qualifier Aliaksandra Sasnovich in the final. In May, she debuted in the top 30 and later reached place of 25 as her then-highest ranking.

Despite having a slow start at the season of 2016, Begu reached round of 16 at the Miami Open. There she defeated top 40 Sabine Lisicki, before she later lost to Madison Keys. She followed this with quarterfinal of the Premier-level Charleston Open, losing to Angelique Kerber. She then made her second consecutive Madrid Open quarterfinal. She defeated world No. 4 Garbiñe Muguruza in the second round, but later lost to her compatriot, Simona Halep. She then reached her first Premier 5 semifinal at the Italian Open. There she made another top 10 win over Victoria Azarenka, but later lost to Serena Williams. At the French Open, she reached round of 16, after defeating two top 50 players, CoCo Vandeweghe and Annika Beck, but later lost to Shelby Rogers. In August, she won title at the Brasil Tennis Cup, after defeating Tímea Babos in the final. There she also defeated top 50 Monica Puig. Soon after that, also in August, she reached her career-highest singles ranking of place 22.

Until April 2017, Begu did not made any significant results since the start of the season. She then reached quarterfinal of the Premier-level Charleston Open, including win over top 20 Samantha Stosur, right before she later lost to Daria Kasatkina. She followed this with semifinal of the Istanbul Cup, but then lost to Elise Mertens. At the Madrid Open, she reached third round and also defeated top 20 Elena Vesnina in the first round. In July, she reached final of the $100k Southsea Trophy, but then lost to Tatjana Maria. Nearly after that, she won title at the Bucharest Open, defeating top 50 Julia Görges in the final and not losing a single set in the entire tournament. In the semifinal, she defeated top 40 Carla Suárez Navarro. She then did not do well, but in October, she reached semifinal of the Premier-level Kremlin Cup, where she was defeated by Daria Kasatkina. Previously, in the second round, she defeated top 30 Anastasija Sevastova. Through whole of the year, she stayed in the top 70.

Doubles
In February 2015, Begu finished as runner-up at the Rio Open, alongside Maria Irigoyen. At the Madrid Open, she reached her first Premier Mandatory quarterfinal. At the 2015 Canadian Open, she reached first Premier 5 quarterfinal, and then at the 2015 Wuhan Open, alongside Monica Niculescu, she reached her first final from that level. They lost to Martina Hingis and Sania Mirza. She finished season with the final of the Premier-level Kremlin Cup. Right after that, she debuted in the top 30. The following year, she continued with significant performances at the Premier 5-level, reaching semifinal at the 2016 Italian Open. However, her other results during the season of 2016 was not such significant. She started year inside top 30, then start dropping at the rankings and finished year outside the top 150. In 2017, she first got recognised at the Madrid Open, where she reached semifinal alongside Simona Halep. She followed this with her first 2017 French Open quarterfinal alongside Zheng Saisai, where they lost to Ashleigh Barty and Casey Dellacqua. In July 2017, alongside Raluca Olaru, she won Bucharest Open, defeating Elise Mertens and Demi Schuurs in the final. Then, again with Olaru, she reached quarterfinal of the Cincinnati Open. At the 2017 Tianjin Open, she won title alongside Sara Errani. Unlike in 2016, she start climbing in the rankings and returned to the top 40 in October.

2018–20

Singles

Begu had variable results during these three seasons. She started season of 2018 with semifinal of the Shenzhen Open, but then lost to world No. 1 Simona Halep. She then start reaching only first or second rounds, before she reached quarterfinal of the Premier-level Charleston Open in April. There she lost to Daria Kasatkina. Nearly after that she reached semifinal of the Istanbul Cup. At the Madrid Open, she defeated world No. 5 Jeļena Ostapenko in the first round, but then lost to Maria Sharapova. At the French Open, she reached third round, after defeating top 30 Zhang Shuai. In the third-round match, she was defeated by world No. 7, Caroline Garcia. She then start not doing well, but reached quarterfinals of the Korea Open in September by defeating Agnieszka Radwańska.

In the early 2019, she reached quarterfinals of the Hobart International, but then lost to Anna Karolína Schmiedlová. A month later, she reached another quarterfinal at the Hungarian Open, losing there to Markéta Vondroušová. In May, she fall out the top 100 for the first time since April 2014. Later she reached quarterfinals at the Bucharest Open, where Laura Siegemund defeated her. Her last tournament of year was the $100k Kiskút Open, where she finished a runner-up, after losing to Danka Kovinić.

Begu won the $100k Cairo Open in February 2020, after defeating Lesia Tsurenko in the final. This bring her back to top 100. She continued her good form in March and won a title on a tournament of the WTA 125 series, the Indian Wells Challenger. She did not lose a set in the entire tournament and defeated Misaki Doi in the final. In August, she reached semifinal of the Prague Open, but then lost to her compatriot, Simona Halep. In the first round, she defeating top 50 Anastasija Sevastova.

Doubles
Begu started season of 2018 with a title at the Shenzhen Open, alongside Simona Halep. She done even better at the Australian Open, where she reached her first Grand Slam semifinal, playing along Monica Niculescu. They lost to Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina. In late June, she reached final of the Eastbourne International, but failed to win the title. At Wimbledon, she reached quarterfinal alongside Mihaela Buzărnescu, where Nicole Melichar and Květa Peschke defeated them. She followed this up winning the title at the Bucharest Open with Andreea Mitu. In September 2018, she reached final of the Tashkent Open with Raluca Olaru, but they lost to Olga Danilović and Tamara Zidanšek. In October 2018, she reached her career-highest doubles ranking of place 22. In February 2019, she and Niculescu won the title at the Thailand Open, beating Anna Blinkova and Wang Yafan in the final. Later, she start producing modest results, that resulted her new dropping on the ranking. She continued to struggle with results and dropped out the top 100 in late January 2020. During the season of 2020, Begu won only one match, that was at the Linz Open.

2021: major doubles semifinal

Singles

Doubles
She reached the semifinals with local favorite Sara Errani as a wildcard pair at the Italian Open, where they were defeated by Markéta Vondroušová and Kristina Mladenovic.

At the French Open, Begu reached the semifinals in doubles, partnering with Argentinian Nadia Podoroska for the second time in her career. They lost to Iga Świątek and Bethanie Mattek-Sands.

2022: major fourth round, first title since 2017
She played at the Melbourne Summer Set 2 in January. In the first round, she defeated Jessica Pegula, the top seed of the tournament. She lost in straight sets to Amanda Anisimova in the quarterfinals. Then she lost in the second round to Elise Mertens at the Australian Open.

The next tournament was in Saint Petersburg, where she defeated Zhang Shuai, sixth seed Petra Kvitová and Tereza Martincová in straight sets, but she lost to the top seed Maria Sakkari in the semifinals, after a three-hour match. She then lost her opening round matches in Dubai Tennis Championships, Qatar Ladies Open, and Indian Wells Open. At the Miami Open, she defeated Hailey Baptiste in three sets and then went on to defeat top seed Aryna Sabalenka, in straight sets, before losing to Aliaksandra Sasnovich in the third round.

During the clay-court season, she reached the round of 16 in Charleston and qualified for the main draw in Madrid where she lost to Belinda Bencic. At the French Open, she defeated 30th seed Ekaterina Alexandrova in the second round and wildcard Léolia Jeanjean in the third to enter the second week of a Grand Slam event for the first time since the 2016 French Open, where she lost to Jessica Pegula. Begu was fined $10,000 for an unsportsmanlike conduct, after she threw her racket in her third-round match against Ekaterina Alexandrova. At Wimbledon, Begu lost in the third round to Jeļena Ostapenko, in three sets.

At the Palermo Ladies Open, Begu beat qualifier Marina Bassols Ribera, along with Océane Dodin, Diane Parry, Sara Sorribes Tormo, and Lucia Bronzetti, to win her first title in five years.

2023: first WTA 1000 quarterfinal since 2016, Romanian No. 1
At the Miami Open, she reached the second round saving five set points against Alexandra Eala.

Seeded 31st at the Madrid Open, she reached the quarterfinals for the third time at this tournament, defeating Karolína Muchová, 33rd seed Shelby Rogers and 14th seed Liudmila Samsonova. As a result, she became the Romanian No. 1 female player ahead of Simona Halep.

National representation

Olympics
Begu competed at the London Olympics in the women's singles, but lost in the first round to Victoria Azarenka. At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, she competed in the women's singles (losing in the first round to Nao Hibino), the women's doubles (with Monica Niculescu, they lost in the first round) and the mixed doubles (with Horia Tecău, reaching the quarterfinals).

Career statistics

Grand Slam performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

Awards
2011
 WTA Newcomer of the Year

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Tennis players from Bucharest
Romanian female tennis players
Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players for Romania

Irina-Camelia Begu


Horse Head Island (, old spelling: Agpalersalik) is an uninhabited island in Avannaata municipality in northwestern Greenland.

Geography
Horse Head Island is an outlying island in Tasiusaq Bay, an indentation of Baffin Bay in the north-central part of Upernavik Archipelago. The closest island is Tuttorqortooq Island in the east.

References

Uninhabited islands of Greenland
Tasiusaq Bay
Islands of the Upernavik Archipelago

Horse Head Island


The Mandobass is an instrument similar to the double bass. It is in related to the mandolin, and like the mandolin (and the lute), it is usually plucked. The most common version has four strings, which are usually tuned to  E1–A1–D2–G2.  Another version exists, which is tuned to G1–D2–A2–E3; this is two octaves lower than the mandolin.

Other instruments in the family are the mandola, the octave mandolin and the mandocello.

These instruments have been in use since the 17th century.

Plucked string instruments

Mandobass


Eldon Chase Miller (born January 28, 1987) is an American former stock car racing driver, who last competed in the NASCAR Nationwide Series (now the Xfinity Series) in 2013. He currently works for Front Row Motorsports as a mechanic.

Racing career

2005–2008: Dodge development driver
Miller joined the ARCA Re/Max Series in 2005 at age 18 as a driver in Dodge's driver development program, He made his debut at Nashville driving the Bobby Jones Racing No. 88 car, where he ran in the top-five for a part of the race before running out of gas. Then, at Gateway, Miller led multiple laps before falling out due to transmission trouble. In 2006, Miller was tapped by Dodge to drive for the larger Cunningham Motorsports team in their No. 4 in six ARCA races that year. After an 11th-place finish at Nashville, Miller charged to the win at Pocono. He set the record as the youngest driver to ever win an ARCA race at Pocono to that point. He then backed up his win with a dominating performance at the second annual ARCA Pocono event before a cylinder failure took him from the lead, with only eight laps remaining, and forced him to a fifth-place finish. He also qualified on the pole at Gateway and was leading the race when more mechanical problems plagued him. His outstanding performance won him the opportunity to compete in the Craftsman Truck Series with the Dodge Development Team.

Miller joined up with Bobby Hamilton Racing to drive their No. 4 truck near the end of the 2006 season, also as a part of the Dodge driver development program. In only his fourth start, Miller scored a top ten at Martinsville Speedway. He earned the ride for the full season in 2007. However, after five races, Miller and BHR parted ways. He was soon hired by Ray Evernham to drive a part-time schedule in his Busch Series team's No. 9 car. In only his second career start, Miller scored a second-place qualifying effort at Kentucky Speedway, and a best finish of fifteenth at Gateway. In 2008, he ran twelve races in the No. 9 car once again, with sponsorship from Unilever and Verizon Wireless, as well as two additional races in the No. 19 car for Evernham. He had two top-ten finishes and finished 38th in points in a part-time schedule.

2009–2013: Start and park career
Gillett Evernham closed their Nationwide Series team at the end of the year after the team's merger with Petty Enterprises, and Miller spent the first few months of the 2009 season without a ride, before he drove most of the second half of the season, going back and forth between the No. 91 MSRP Motorsports Chevrolet and the JTG Daugherty Racing No. 47 Toyota. He also ran one race at Memphis in Derrike Cope's No. 73. For 2010, Miller filled in for David Gilliland in the standalone races in the No. 91 for D'Hondt-Humphrey Motorsports (formerly MSRP). He also drove a few races for other teams that year as well, which were Specialty Racing in the No. 61 and MacDonald Motorsports in the No. 82. All three rides were start and park entries.

After running one race for Fleur-de-lis Motorsports in their No. 68, Miller found a solid ride about a third of the way into the 2011 season, driving the start-and-park No. 46 for Key Motorsports. He entered every race for the rest of the year starting at Iowa in May. He moved to two of Key's other cars for two races, with him in the No. 40 for Nashville and in the No. 42 for Montreal. In 2012, Miller drove for The Motorsports Group in the No. 46, start-and-parking for most of the season. At the start of 2013, he returned to start-and-park the TMG No. 46 for select races, but then left for TriStar Motorsports during the year, starting-and-parking in the team's No. 10 and No. 91 cars as well as in the No. 15 car for Rick Ware Racing.

2014–present: Crew member career
2013 was the last time that Miller was a driver. However, he remained employed at TriStar as a car chief for their No. 14 car of Eric McClure and Cale Conley and later a mechanic and crew chief for the team. According to his LinkedIn profile, in May 2015, he became TriStar's shop foreman, and after TriStar's Nationwide/Xfinity team was shut down in 2017, Miller joined Front Row Motorsports, where he currently works as a wiring mechanic.

Personal life
Chase graduated from Sequoyah High School.. Also according to his LinkedIn, he is a graduate of Mitchell Community College.

Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

Nationwide Series

 Season still in progress
 Ineligible for series points

Craftsman Truck Series

K&N Pro Series West

ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Canton, Georgia
Sportspeople from Cherokee County, Georgia
Racing drivers from Georgia (U.S. state)
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
CARS Tour drivers
Evernham Motorsports drivers

Chase Miller


Captain John Gerald Manuel  (29 March 1893 – 10 June 1918) was a Canadian First World War flying ace, officially credited with 13 victories. He was the son of George Morton and Edith Juliet Paget Manuel (née Imlach).

Manuel originally began service with the Canadian Field Artillery after enlisting on 27 November 1914. His attestation papers offer a few details about him. He was unmarried, a civil engineer, and belonged to a militia unit, the Alberta Dragoons. His next of kin was George M. Manuel, relationship unnoted. Medical records show him with dark hair, gray eyes, medium complexion, and standing five feet six inches tall. Neither his weight nor his build was given.

Manuel switched to the Royal Naval Air Service in March 1917. After training, he spent a short period in 12 Naval Squadron. On 12 August 1917, he was posted to 10 Naval Squadron as a Sopwith Camel pilot. Nine days later, he drove a German Albatros D.V down out of control, and destroyed another five minutes later.
A month later, on 21 September, Manuel destroyed a German reconnaissance two-seater. Another D.V fell under his guns on 15 November 1917. He then received the Distinguished Service Cross on 19 December to close out his year.

Manuel scored his fifth victory on 18 February, destroying another D.V to become an ace. He drove another down out of control the next day. He would continue to score until his final two wins on 9 June 1918. Not even a hand wound caused by an exploding Very pistol during a patrol on 9 May 1918 seemed to phase him, as he quickly returned from hospital to fly combat.

On 10 June 1918, the day after his final victories, Manuel fatally collided with rookie pilot F. C. Dodd. His final tally was ten enemy airplanes destroyed (including one shared with William Stanley Jenkins), and three driven down out of control.

Text of citations
Distinguished Service Cross
Flt. Sub-Lieut. John Gerald Manuel, R.N.A.S.
For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in air fights and bombing raids, particularly on 26 September 1917, when he attacked alone the Abeele Aerodrome, dropping his bombs from about 1,500 feet with good results. A machine gun then opened fire on him, but he dived down low and silenced it by firing fifty rounds from his machine gun.

Distinguished Flying Cross

Mentioned in Despatches 1 January 1919

References

1893 births
1918 deaths
Canadian military personnel killed in World War I
Canadian World War I flying aces
Canadian military personnel from Manitoba
Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery personnel
Canadian recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)

John G. Manuel


The Fédération Indochinoise des Associations du Scoutisme (FIAS, Indochinese Federation of Scouting Associations; Vietnamese Liên Hội Hướng Đạo Đông Dương) was the earliest Scouting governing body in French Indochina, encompassing several smaller Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese Scout associations, open without bias of faith or political viewpoint, from 1930 to 1954. The federation spawned, then later devolved into, the Scouts Lao, the Hội Hướng Đạo Việt Nam and the Angkar Khemarak Kayarith.

In 1930, Scouting appeared in Indochina and began to develop around schools and colleges in Hanoi and Saigon. André Lefèvre, chief of the Eclaireurs de France, set up a training camp for 60 Scoutmasters from all over French Indochina in 1935 at Đà Lạt. At the end of 1937, French Scouting sent Scoutmaster Raymond Schlemmer to Indochina to oversee the setting up of Scouting in all three regions, creating FIAS.

From 1939 through 1945, the political situation affected Scouting activities all across the country, as World War II engendered independence movements. The French began to lose control and were finally overthrown by Japanese intervention. This ceased the French Scouts' activity in Indochina.

Japanese military authorities did not consistently encourage the Scouting movement in occupied territories. Where local conditions were favorable, authorities would permit local Scouting or introduce Japanese-style Scouting, or Shōnendan, and sometimes even made this compulsory. On the other hand, where conditions were not favorable, and anti-Japanese sentiments were likely to be nurtured through Scouting, the authorities would prohibit it entirely. In French Indochina, Vietnamese Scouting was permitted. After the coup in March, 1945, Bao Dai was installed as the puppet ruler, and Vietnam was nominally independent. The Japanese prohibited French Scouting, but would use Vietnamese Scouts to control the French population in Saigon.

In 1946, the National Scoutmaster Conference unified the Scouting movements in the three regions of Vietnam, and the General Committee was established.  The First Indochina War erupted at the end of 1946, and the Scouting movement in Vietnam was on hiatus until 1950.

During the war, many members of the Scouting movement were separated into different sides.  While all members of the General Committee established in 1946 followed Hoàng Ðạo Thúy into hiding, some Scoutmasters and Scout members in the cities began to restore the movement from 1950, especially in Hanoi.

After the Geneva World Scout Conference in 1954, Scouting returned to Indochina. The Scout Association of North Vietnam was abolished as North Vietnam was under communist rule, and as a result, the Scouts lost their former training ground, but soon established a new one near Đà Lạt.

The symbolism in the emblem of Fédération Indochinoise des Associations du Scoutisme incorporates the red lotus, and can be seen in the modern emblems of the Scouts Lao and the Hội Hướng Đạo Việt Nam.

Publications
L'Appel Scout, (The Scout Call) bulletin of the Canon Cornette troop, Saïgon, 1938-1939(?).
Bulletin de liaison des aumôniers et des chefs catholiques de la Fédération indochinoise des associations de Scoutisme, (Newsletter for chaplains and Catholic leaders of FIAS), monthly publication aligned with the spiritual view of the Scouts de France, Hanoï, 1942.
Chef, (Chief), official organ of the leaders of FIAS, 500 copies printed monthly 1937-1939 (?). Published in Hanoi and Saigon.
Hướng Đạo (Les Scouts, The Scouts), official organ of the leadership of Scouts de Cochinchine (Scouts of Cochin China), Hanoï, 1935–1940. Preceded by Hướng Đạo Thang Tien (Les Scouts en avant, Forward Scouts) and absorbs Thang Tien (En avant, Forward, 1935–1936) in 1937.
Montjoie, organ of the Scouts de France d'Hanoï (Scouts de France of Hanoi), the Catholic Scout body of FIAS, Hanoï, 1932–1940.
Rayonner (Getting Around), organ of the Scouts-routiers de Cochinchine (Rover Scouts of Cochin China), 1936-1940 (?), 150 copies in 1939, published in Saigon.
Servir (To Serve), monthly publication of the Association cambodgienne de Scoutisme (Cambodian Association of Scouting), Phnom Penh, 1944.

References

External links
http://formation.conseil.free.fr/1907/annexes3.htm
http://www.hdvn.de/aa/HDTU/hdvn.html
http://diendanlequydon.com/viewtopic.php?t=22591&sid=4ec745d0e8648bd88e1f0d10c0466800
http://eglasie.mepasie.org/depuis-plusieurs-annees-le-Scoutisme-a-repris-dans-la-discretion-ses-activites-traditionnelles-et-souhaite-une-reconnaissance-officielle.fr-fr.91.6063.eda_article.htm
http://eglasie.mepasie.org/discrete-reprise-des-activites-du-Scoutisme.fr-fr.91.2252.eda_article.htm
http://riaumont.net/Scoutisme/labo/etudes/lexique_Scout/d_a_l_html

Scouting and Guiding in France
Disbanded Scouting organizations
Scouting and Guiding in Cambodia
Scouting and Guiding in Vietnam
Youth organizations established in 1930
Organizations disestablished in 1954

Fédération indochinoise des associations du scoutisme