The State Political Directorate (also translated as the State Political Administration) (GPU) was the intelligence service and secret police of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) from February 6, 1922, to December 29, 1922, and the Soviet Union from December 29, 1922, until November 15, 1923.

Name
The official designation in line to the native reference is:
Русский: = Государственное политическое управление (ГПУ) при Народном комиссариaте внутренних дел (НКВД) РСФСР
tr =Gosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenie (GPU) pri narodnom komissariate vnutrennikh del (NKVD) RSFSR – (GPU pri NKVD RSFSR)
English: = State Political Directorate (also State Political Administration) under the People's Commissariat of interior affairs of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RFSR)

Establishment
Formed from the Cheka, the original Russian state security organization, on February 6, 1922, it was initially known under the Russian abbreviation GPU—short for "State Political Directorate under the NKVD of the RSFSR" (Russian: Государственное политическое управление при НКВД РСФСР, Gosudarstvennoye politicheskoye upravlenie under the NKVD of the RSFSR"). Its first chief was the Cheka's former chairman, Felix Dzerzhinsky.

Mission

Internal security
On paper, the new agency was supposed to act with more restraint than the Cheka. For example, unlike the Cheka, it did not have the right to shoot suspected "counter-revolutionaries" at will. All those suspected of political crimes had to be brought before a judge in normal circumstances.

Foreign intelligence
The 'Foreign Department' of the GPU was headed by a former Bolshevik and party member, Mikhail Trilisser. The Foreign Department was placed in charge of intelligence activities overseas, including espionage and liquidation of 'enemies of the people'. Trilisser himself was later liquidated by Joseph Stalin during the Great Purge in 1940.

Disestablishment
With the creation of the USSR in December 1922, a unified organization was required to exercise control over state security throughout the new union. Thus, on November 15, 1923, the GPU left the Russian NKVD and was reorganized as the all-union Joint State Political Directorate, also translated as "All-Union State Political Administration". Its official name was "Joint State Political Directorate under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR" (Russian: Obyedinyonnoye gosudarstvennoye politicheskoye upravleniye under the SNK of the USSR, Объединённое государственное политическое управление при СНК СССР), or OGPU (ОГПУ).

Personnel

See also

 Commanders of the border troops USSR and RF
 Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies
 Eastern Bloc politics

References

Further reading

 Gerson, L. D. (1985). The Secret Police in Lenin"s Russia. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
 Nation, R. C. (2018). Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
 Ryan, James. (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge.

External links
 History of the MVD of Russia: 1917–1931

Law enforcement agencies of the Soviet Union
Soviet intelligence agencies
Defunct law enforcement agencies of Russia
Defunct intelligence agencies
Law enforcement in communist states
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Russian intelligence agencies
Secret police
1922 establishments in Russia
1923 disestablishments in Russia
1923 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Government agencies established in 1922
Government agencies disestablished in 1923

State Political Directorate


Julius Adler (September 23, 1906 – December 28, 1994) was a Jewish-American actor, writer, and director in Yiddish theater.

Career
He was born in Biłgoraj, Poland into an Orthodox Jewish family. When his father died six years later his mother emigrated to America leaving the children with grandparents. In 1920 the family was reunited in the United States and Julius began to work in theater. He played with Julius Natanson, Leon Blank, Boris Thomashevsky, Aaron Lebedeff, Samuel Goldenberg, Jennie Goldstein, and others. He originally trained as a hat maker; when his stepfather learned of his desire to become an actor, Adler was put out of the family home.  He got as far as the fire escape where he slept and where his mother gave him food. When Adler's stepfather learned about the amount of money his stepson was making in his acting career, he was invited to move back into the family apartment.

Later life and career
In 1935, he met Henrietta Jacobson while both were appearing with Herman Yablokoff (Hayim Yablonik) in McKinley Square Theater. She was a divorcee with a young son from a prior marriage.  Henrietta had deep roots in the Jewish theater community.  Her parents, Joseph and Bessie, were Yiddish theater stars at the beginning of the 20th century, and her brothers, Hymie and Irving, not only performed but owned several prominent Yiddish theaters in New York City. When her father died, Henrietta was just seven weeks old; Bessie continued to perform and brought her four children up as performers also. Julius and Henrietta formed a team and performed together for three years. When they had an offer to perform in Belgium, Julius proposed by remarking that they could save money on visas and other expenses as a married couple. Henrietta accepted and they were married in 1938.

Adler was accepted into the Hebrew Actors Union in 1938 and with his wife toured France, Lithuania, and Belgium. They then played in Chicago, then at the Hopkonson Theater and made a revue film. They played with Molly Picon and Jacob Kalich at the Second Avenue Theater in the Yiddish Theater District; in 1948 they played in London. In 1950 he became director of the National Theater and produced Yiddish vaudeville. The couple also wrote plays. Their son, Bruce Adler (Borekh Yosl, born 1944) played Yiddish theater when he was young. He also later worked on Broadway and was nominated for two Tony Awards. The Adler family played the London Palladium with Sophie Tucker in the 1950s.

Adler also did some work in films, beginning in 1926 with Broken Hearts. He had an uncredited role as the High Priest in the 1935 film, She. Adler was cast as Aleksei (the priest) for the film Tevya (1939). The musical Fiddler on the Roof was based on this film, though this early version of the story was non-musical. His last film role was as a comedian in the 1950 Catskill Honeymoon,

Adler and his wife were performing in non-Yiddish theater by the 1960s. In 1973, they were the stars of a St. Petersburg, Florida production of Come Blow Your Horn. Their son, Bruce, was also cast in the play as the younger brother.

Death
The couple is buried in the Yiddish Theatrical Alliance section (Block 67) of Mount Hebron Cemetery.  The section is reserved for those who were part of New York's Yiddish theater and is maintained by the Alliance.

References

External links

1906 births
1994 deaths
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American writers
American male stage actors
American male film actors
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Polish emigrants to the United States
Yiddish theatre performers
Yiddish-language playwrights
Vaudeville performers
People from Biłgoraj
Burials at Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)
20th-century American Jews

Julius Adler (actor)


Detroit Beer Co. is a brewpub located on Broadway Street in downtown Detroit, Michigan, United States. Detroit Beer Co. opened in the fall of 2003 and is part of a trio of local breweries, including the Royal Oak Brewery (1995) and the Rochester Mills Beer Co. (1998). The Detroit Beer Co. was launched by Drew Ciora and Mike Pelsz, who purchased and renovated the historical Hartz building at a cost of $5.3 million. The Hartz Building was an early 20th-century surgical supply store and was renovated to accommodate a restaurant, brewery equipment, office space, and even a loft apartment. Within close proximity of both Comerica Park and Ford Field, is readily accessible for fans of those teams within the Motor City.

History
Significant to the development of Detroit Beer Co. is its location in Detroit, Michigan. The city of Detroit continues to work hard at its revival and renaissance begun in the 1990s and Detroit Beer Co. has become a part that revival, as well. Detroit Beer Co. is housed in the historic 100-year-old Hartz Building at 1529 Broadway Street; it is part of the Broadway Avenue Historic District located on a single block along Broadway Avenue between Gratiot and East Grand River. The Hartz building is in the center of a cultural and sporting spot in Detroit, with the Detroit Opera house standing across the street, and Comerica Park and Ford Field both short walks away. The six-story Hartz building was built in 1902; it was named after J. Frederick Hartz, who was Chairman of the Board of the J.F. Hartz Company, a medical and surgical supply company. Malcomson & Higginbotham, architects, 1902.  J. Frederick Hartz, the namesake of this building, was Chairman of the board of the J.F. Hartz Company, suppliers of medical supplies and surgical instruments for physicians, nurses, hospitals and sick rooms. Malcomson and Higginson, architects, were issued the building permit for the construction of the building for Hartz. It was to cost an estimated $15,000. Also located in the Hartz Building in 1907 were Silverman Bernd, cigar manufacturer; the Detroit Medical Journal
Company; E.C. Moore & son Company, dental specialties; Ideal Belt Company, Illustrated medical Journal Company, and J.H. Bishop Company, clothing manufacturers. The Hartz Building was originally built as a three-story brick building articulated as a single bay.
A fourth floor was added in 1926/27 (Alt. permit 7433-A, 11/30/1926) at a cost of $25,000. Stone quoins framed its front facade and bands of seven windows with transoms filled the single horizontal opening per floor above the store level. The first floor was remodeled in the early 1990s, and continued at that time to retain its recessed entrance...

The building was thriving in the early 1990s with the support and encouragement of Ray Parker of RFP Associates, Inc., (a commercial and residential real estate business founded in 1988) who inspired Detroit Businesses ~ Wanda's Interior Images, Moore African Art, Kente Kurtains & More, Detroit-Windsor Dance Academy, LaCouture, and Robert Lett to lease space in The Hartz Building. At that time, Ray Parker's passion for and love of architecture spoke volumes in relation to his commitment to rebuilding and revitalizing downtown Detroit.  With The Greystone Jazz Museum situated right next door to 1529 Broadway, all of the businesses collaborated by participating in the Greater Downtown Detroit Historic Association, The Fox Theatre Tours, Gallery Crawls, and the NAACP's support and promotion of African American Businesses in Downtown Detroit.  The momentum built, and many News Articles followed, sparking further interest and attention to the new businesses in The Hartz Building.  The Grand Opening of the three first floor businesses of The Hartz Building—Wanda's Interior Images, Moore African Art, and Kente Kurtains & More, had over 750 invited guests in attendance.  Including the Mayor of the City of Detroit, City Council Members, Judges, Members of the Board of Directors of Boysville of Michigan, NAACP Officials, and many Detroit Business Owners.  News Articles followed with write-ups in The Detroit News, The Detroit Free Press, Crain's Detroit Business, Metro Times, On Detroit, and many others.  The Detroit Opera House broke ground, restored, and reopened directly across the street (located at 1526 Broadway Street) shortly thereafter.  Architect Eric J. Hill participated in an extensive restoration of The Detroit Opera House which reopened in 1996.

In the early 2000s the Hartz building underwent a complete renovation by Kraemer Design Group with the Detroit Beer Co. in mind; the building also has mixed-use functions. The Kraemer Design Group planned a brewery and pub in the basement, first and second floor, loft offices on the third, fourth and fifth, and finally a loft apartment on the sixth floor. While the renovations updated the building to fit the current surrounding locale, the historic character of the building was preserved and it is being considered for a listing on the National Register of Historic places.

The Beer
Detroit Beer Co. has an extensive selection of award winning ales and lagers that are brewed on-site. The brewhouse was constructed to fit the space requirements of the historic Hartz building; the basement houses four fermentation tanks. The design of the brewhouse, along with the sophisticated beer delivery system, permits the brewery to offer up to 8 house beers on tap at any time. The brewmaster, Kevin Rodger, oversees the brewery operation.

Detroit Beer Co. has seven beers offered year round: Broadway Light, Detroit Lager, Detroit Red, Local 1529 IPA, and The Detroit Dwarf (named after the "Nain Rouge" dwarf who haunts the city and serves as a harbinger of doom), The People Mover Porter (named after Detroit's downtown public transportation system) and Steam Tunnel Stout.

Awards
The company's first award was won at the first annual Michigan Brewers Olympics in 2004.  It is still on display behind the bar, even though nobody knows what it is anymore (it's the one with the king, holding a scepter and flanked by roller skates).  Events included a race where contestants picked up a 55-pound bag of grain and ran 15 yards to a pallet and stacked it, 20 times, and then had to slam a can of Stroh's, a Keg toss, a quiz, and, finally, an obstacle course.

At the Great American Beer Festival, the Detroit Dwarf took the bronze in the category of "Beer with Yeast" in 2004 and gold in the category "Düsseldorf Alt" in 2008. The Detroit Lager won bronze for "Bohemian Pilsener" in 2007.

The Detroit Dwarf also took home the silver medal for "Düsseldorf Alt" at the World Beer Cup in 2010.

At the World Expo of Beer, Lager holds a gold medal once again for "Bohemian Pilsener".

A since discontinued brew, St. Brigid's Oatmeal Stout was awarded the gold for "Oatmeal Stout" at the Michigan Beer Cup in 2004.

Le Nain Rouge
The famed Detroit Dwarf actually has some historical significance. Its mascot, the Nain Rouge (French for "Red Dwarf") has been known as the mythical demon responsible for all of the hardships that have befallen the city of Detroit over the decades. The brew was given its namesake for the "devilish" hops flavor balanced by a red malty undertone, each characteristic of a German Alt-style beer.

References

External links

Beer brewing companies based in Michigan
Companies based in Detroit
2003 establishments in Michigan

Detroit Beer Company


Arnaud Guillaume (also Arnault Guilhem), Seigneur de Barbazan, (1360 – 1431) was a counsellor and butler to Charles VII of France and later a general during the Hundred Years' War who earned for himself the name of the Irreproachable Knight.

He was born in Barbazan-Dessus, Hautes-Pyrénées, and was one of the chief Armagnacs, a fervent partisan of Charles VII, and a sworn enemy of the Burgundians.  He defended Melun in 1420 against the English, who captured him and kept him as a prisoner of war until 1430.  Upon his release, he continued to fight against Burgundy and England, finally dying in combat in the Battle of Bulgnéville in the Vosges mountains near the villages of Bulgnéville and Vaudoncourt.

Because of his heroic service to France and to the king in the many battles he had participated in, Barbazan was buried at the Saint Denis Basilica next to the king himself, after a state funeral of a type usually reserved for kings.

External links
L'histoire d'Arnaud Guillaume, Seigneur de Barbazan In French.

People of the Hundred Years' War
French generals
1360 births
1431 deaths
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
French prisoners of war in the Hundred Years' War
Medieval French knights

Arnaud Guillaume de Barbazan


James the Great was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. According to the New Testament, he was the second of the apostles to die (after Judas Iscariot), and the first to be martyred. Saint James is the patron saint of Spain and, according to tradition, his remains are held in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia. He is also known as James, son of Zebedee, Saint James the Great, Saint James the Greater, Saint James the Elder, or Saint Jacob (Aramaic ܝܥܩܘܒ ܒܪ ܙܒܕܝ, Arabic يعقوب; Hebrew בן זבדי , Yaʿăqōb, Latin Iacobus Maior, Greek Ἰάκωβος τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου Iákōbos tû Zebedaíou; died AD 44).

In the New Testament
James was the son of Zebedee and Salome. Salome was a sister of Mary (mother of Jesus) which made James the Great cousin of Jesus. James is styled "the Greater" to distinguish him from the Apostle James "the Less," with "greater" meaning older or taller, rather than more important. James the Great was the brother of John the Apostle.

James is described as one of the first disciples to join Jesus. The Synoptic Gospels state that James and John were with their father by the seashore when Jesus called them to follow him.

James, along with his brother John and Peter, formed an informal triumvirate among the Twelve Apostles. Jesus allowed them to be the only apostles present at three particular occasions during his public ministry, the raising of Jairus' daughter, transfiguration of Jesus and agony in the Garden of Gethsemane. James and John (or, in another tradition, their mother) asked Jesus to grant them seats on his right and left in his glory. Jesus rebuked them, asking if they were ready to drink from the cup he was going to drink from and saying the honor was not even for him to grant. The other apostles were annoyed with them. James and his brother wanted to call down fire on a Samaritan town, but were rebuked by Jesus.

The Acts of the Apostles records that "Herod the king" (usually identified with Herod Agrippa) had James executed by the sword. Nixon suggests that this may have been caused by James's fiery temper, in which he and his brother earned the nickname Boanerges or "Sons of Thunder". F. F. Bruce contrasts this story to that of the Liberation of Saint Peter, and writes that the proposition that "James should die while Peter should escape" is a "mystery of divine providence".

Veneration

In the Catholic tradition, Saint James is the patron saint of Spain and, according to legend, his remains are held in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia. This name Santiago is the local evolution of Latin genitive Sancti Iacobi, "(church or sanctuary) of Saint James" (evolved into a personal name in Spanish, and also in Portuguese -Tiago-, with its derivatives Diego/Diogo). The traditional pilgrimage to the grave of the saint, known as the "Way of St. James", has been the most popular pilgrimage for Western European Catholics from the Early Middle Ages onwards, although its modern revival and popularity stem from Walter Starkie's 1957 book, The Road to Santiago. The Pilgrims of St. James. Officially, 327,378 pilgrims registered in 2018 as having completed the final  walk ( by bicycle) to Santiago to qualify for a Compostela. When 25 July falls on a Sunday, it is a "Holy Year" (an ) and a special east door is opened for entrance into Santiago Cathedral. Jubilee years follow a 6-5-6-11 pattern (except when the last year of a century is not a leap year, which can yield a gap of 7 or 12 years). In the 2004 Holy Year, 179,944 pilgrims were received at Compostela. In the 2010 Holy Year the number had risen to 272,412. The most recent such Holy Year was 2021; the next will be 2027.

Feast

The feast day of St. James is celebrated on 25 July on the liturgical calendars of the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran and certain other Protestant churches. He is commemorated on 30 April in the Orthodox Christian liturgical calendar (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, 30 April currently falls on 13 May of the modern Gregorian Calendar) and on 30 June (Synaxis of the Apostles). The National Day of Galicia is also celebrated on 25 July: St James is its patron saint.

James the Apostle is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 25 July.

Jerusalem
The site of martyrdom is located within the Armenian Apostolic Cathedral of St. James in the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem. The Chapel of St. James the Great, located to the left of the sanctuary, is the traditional place where he was martyred, when King Agrippa ordered him to be beheaded (Acts 12:1–2). His head is believed to be buried under the altar, marked by a piece of red marble and surrounded by six votive lamps.

Spain

Mission in Spain and burial at Compostela

The 12th century Historia Compostelana commissioned by Diego Gelmírez provides a summary of the legend of St. James, as it was believed at Compostela at that time. Two propositions are central to the legend: first, that James preached the gospel in Hispania as well as in the Holy Land; second, that after his martyrdom at the hands of Herod Agrippa, his followers carried his body by sea to Hispania, where they landed at Padrón on the coast of Galicia, then carried it over land for burial at Santiago de Compostela.

According to ancient local tradition, on 2 January AD 40, the Virgin Mary appeared to James on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta, while he was preaching the Gospel in Hispania. She appeared upon a pillar, and that pillar is conserved and venerated within the present Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, in Zaragoza, Spain. Following that apparition, St. James returned to Judaea, where he was beheaded by Herod Agrippa I in AD 44.

The translation of his relics from Judaea to Galicia in the northwest of Hispania was, in legend, accomplished by a series of miraculous events: his decapitated body was taken up by angels and sailed in a rudderless, unattended boat to Iria Flavia in Hispania, where a massive rock closed around his body.  has it that when the disciples of the James, Theodore and Athanasius, arrived in Iria Flavia, they approached Queen Lupa about giving them a place to bury his body. Lupa appears in the Codex Calixtinus which further relates that she decides to trick the disciples and sends them to the governor of  with the intent of having them killed. Sensing a trap, they escape the governor and return to the queen. Once again Lupa tries to deceive them and sends them to Pico Sacro (the Sacred Peak) to collect two of her oxen to carry the necessary material to build the tomb. She does not tell them that the mountain has a cave which is the entrance to hell and is guarded by a dragon. However the presence of the holy cross protects the disciples from harm and tames the bulls. Upon witnessing the miraculous events, Lupa converts to Christianity and helps build the apostle's tomb in Libredon.

The tradition at Compostela placed the discovery of the relics of the saint in the 9th century, by Pelayo in the Libredon forest in the time of Bishop Theodemir and king Alfonso II. These traditions were the basis for the pilgrimage route that began to be established in the 9th century, and the shrine dedicated to James at Santiago de Compostela became a famous pilgrimage site within the Christian world. The Way of St. James is a network of routes that cross Western Europe and arrive at Santiago de Compostela through northern Spain.

Medieval "Santiago Matamoros" legend

An even later tradition states that he miraculously appeared to fight for the Christian army during the legendary battle of Clavijo, and was henceforth called Santiago Matamoros (Saint James the Moor-slayer). ¡Santiago, y cierra, España! ("St. James and strike for Spain") was the traditional battle cry of medieval Spanish (Christian) armies. Miguel de Cervantes has Don Quixote explaining that "the great knight of the russet cross was given by God to Spain as patron and protector".

Emblem

James' emblem was the scallop shell (or "cockle shell"), and pilgrims to his shrine often wore that symbol on their hats or clothes. The French term for a scallop is coquille St. Jacques, which means "cockle (or mollusc) of [St.] Jacob". The German word for a scallop is Jakobsmuschel, which means "Jacob's mussel (or clam)"; the Dutch word is Jacobsschelp, meaning "Jacob's shell". In Danish and with the same meaning as in Dutch, the word is Ibskal – Ib being a Danish version of the name "Jakob" and skal meaning "shell".

Military Order of Santiago
The military Order of Santiago, named after Saint Tiago or Saint James, was founded in Spain in the 12th century to fight the Moors. Later, as in other orders of chivalry, the membership became a mark of honor.

Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that in 1829 the Apostles James, Peter and John appeared as heavenly messengers to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery and conferred upon them the Melchizedek priesthood authority of apostolic succession, and thus exclusively on earth to their organization.

According to the teaching, this occurred some time after May 15th, 1829 when John the Baptist similarly appeared to Smith and Cowdery and conferred upon them the Aaronic, or lesser, priesthood, stating that he was doing so under the direction of James, Peter and John.

In Islam
The Quranic account of the disciples of Jesus does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim exegesis, however, more or less agrees with the New Testament list and says that the disciples included Peter, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, Andrew, James, Jude, John and Simon the Zealot.

See also
 James the Minor
 James the Just
 Apocryphon of James (also known as the Secret Book of James)
 Camino de Santiago
 Cathedral of St. James
 Hand of St James the Apostle
 Military Order of Saint James of the Sword
 Peter of Rates
 Saint James, son of Zebedee, patron saint archive
 James Matamoros
 St. James' Church

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 "St. James the Great, Apostle", Butler's Lives of the Saints
 The Life, Miracles and Martyrdom of St. James the Great: Apostle and Martyr of the Christian Church
 The Way of St. James Guide for the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela following St. James's footsteps.
 Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian Orthodox icon and synaxarion
 History
 St. James the Greater, Apostle at the Christian Iconography web site
 St. James the Greater from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend
 The patron saint of Spain, celebrated in Santiago in July
 Translations of the given name James in the world's languages

Year of birth unknown
44 deaths
1st-century Christian martyrs
Ancient Jewish fishers
Angelic visionaries
Anglican saints
Christian martyrs executed by decapitation
Christian missionaries in Spain
Christian saints from the New Testament
Marian visionaries
People from Bethsaida
Saints from the Holy Land
Twelve Apostles

James the Great


Thomas Ludwig Herbst (27 July 1848, in Hamburg – 19 January 1915, in Hamburg) was a German Impressionist painter; known mostly for landscapes and animal portraits.

Biography
He took his first lessons in 1865 with Jakob Becker at the Städelsches Kunstinstitut in Frankfurt. The following year, he transferred to the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin, where he worked with Carl Steffeck. In 1868, he transferred again, this time to the Weimar Saxon Grand Ducal Art School, where he took advanced studies with Charles Verlat.

From 1873 to 1876, he lived in Düsseldorf and took several trips to the Netherlands. He then spent a year in Paris with his friend, Max Liebermann, before moving to Munich, where he came into contact with the Munich Secession and Wilhelm Leibl.

In 1884, he returned to Hamburg and became a drawing teacher at the "Vocational School for Women". More training followed in 1890, with the landscape painter, Carl Rodeck. In 1897, he became one of the founding members of the  but, according to Arthur Siebelist, resigned in 1903 because he did not like their "cultural standards".

In 1906, he went on an extended study trip to Holstein with Friedrich Ahlers-Hestermann. In later years, he acquired the nickname "Kuhherbst" (Kuh means Cow), in reference to one of his favorite subjects.

In 2015, on the centennial of his death, the Jenisch House in Hamburg held a major retrospective of his works.

References

Further reading
 Carsten Meyer-Tönnesmann: Der Hamburgische Künstlerclub von 1897. Atelier im Bauernhaus, Fischerhude 1997, .
 Hans-Jörg Czech, Carsten Meyer-Tönnesmann, Nicole Tiedemann-Bischop (Eds.): Thomas Herbst. 1848–1915. Liebermanns Freund, Lichtwarks Hoffnung. (exhibition catalog, Hamburg Historical Museum Foundation), Atelier im Bauernhaus, 2015

External links

 ArtNet: More works by Herbst.

1848 births
1915 deaths
Artists from Hamburg
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German Impressionist painters
Prussian Academy of Arts alumni

Thomas Herbst (painter)


Alexander MacKay ( 1770 – 15 June 1811) (also spelled McKay in some records) was a Canadian fur trader and explorer who worked for the North West Company and the Pacific Fur Company.  He co-founded Fort Astoria near the mouth of the Columbia River on the Pacific coast.

Early life
MacKay was probably born in the Mohawk Valley area of central New York, where his father Donald MacKay had brought the family after the Seven Years' War. Loyalists during the American Revolutionary War, the family departed the area and first lived in the Trois Rivières area of Lower Canada.  They settled in the Glengarry region of Upper Canada about 1792.

Alexander MacKay married Marguerite Waddens  or Wadin
and had one son, Thomas McKay, and three daughters: Annie Nancy McKay, Catherine McKay and Marie Wadin McKay. His natural son Alexander Ross MacKay was born by another woman.

North West Company career
MacKay was working for the North West Company (NWC) sometime before 1791. In 1792 he was transferred to Fort Fork (Peace River, Alberta) on the request of Alexander Mackenzie.  MacKay accompanied Mackenzie on his 1793 overland journey to the Pacific Ocean, the first such journey north of Mexico.

From 1793 to 1800 MacKay was probably a clerk in the NWC's Upper English River (now called Churchill River) fur district near Lac La Loche, present-day Saskatchewan.  In 1800 he was made a NWC partner and worked in the English River district until 1804.  In 1808 MacKay resigned from the NWC and returned to the East to retire wealthy at age 38 in Montreal.  This was an indication of the scale of income which partners received in the fur trade.

Pacific Fur Company career
In 1810 Mackay, along with several other retired NWC personnel, such as Donald McKenzie and Duncan McDougall, signed a preliminary agreement with the American businessman John Jacob Astor.  Astor intended to establish a new fur trading company to operate in the Columbia River region.  MacKay, McKenzie, and McDougall recruited additional workers in Montreal for Astor's company, the Pacific Fur Company.

MacKay enlisted a number of people, including Gabriel Franchère, David Stuart, Robert Stuart, and MacKay's own son Thomas, who was 13 at the time.  All of these people joined MacKay in his 1811 sea voyage to the mouth of the Columbia River on the Tonquin. During the voyage, enmity developed between MacKay and Jonathan Thorn, captain of the Tonquin. Thorn tried to maroon MacKay and others at the Falkland Islands.

Along with Alexander Ross, MacKay was instrumental in founding Fort Astoria in early 1811.  MacKay led a trading and exploring party up the Columbia River in May 1811.  Then in June 1811 he sailed as supercargo on the Tonquin, and led an expedition that attempted to acquire furs from natives along the coast to the north.  In a conflict in 1811 with the indigenous people of Clayoquot Sound, the Tonquin was attacked and blown up.  Nearly everyone on board, including Alexander MacKay, was killed.

As MacKay's son Thomas had stayed at Fort Astoria, he survived.  MacKay's wife Marguerite Waddens MacKay had not journeyed to the west with the expedition.  As a widow, she later married John McLoughlin and came to the Columbia River region.  McLoughlin cared for Thomas MacKay as his stepson.

References

Oregon Country
1770 births
1811 deaths
North West Company people
Canadian fur traders
Pre-Confederation British Columbia people

Alexander MacKay (fur trader)


Speed Demon (James Sanders) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Roy Thomas and Sal Buscema, the character made his first appearance in The Avengers #69 (Oct. 1969) as a member of the Squadron Sinister known as the Whizzer.

Publication history
James Sanders first appears as the Whizzer in the final panel of The Avengers #69 (Oct. 1969), the first chapter of a three-issue storyline by writer Roy Thomas and penciller Sal Buscema. The story arc introduced the supervillain team the Squadron Sinister, whose four members were loosely based on heroes in DC Comics' Justice League of America, with the Whizzer based on the Flash.

Fictional character biography
The Squadron Sinister are created by the cosmic entity the Grandmaster to battle the champions of the time-traveling Kang – the superhero team the Avengers. The Whizzer battles Avenger Goliath, but the fight is interrupted by the Black Knight. The Avengers eventually defeat the Squadron and they in turn are abandoned by the Grandmaster. The Squadron reappear in the title Defenders, reunited by the alien Nebulon. The villains receive greater power in exchange for the planet Earth, and create a giant laser cannon in the Arctic to melt the polar ice caps, thereby covering the entirety of the Earth's surface in water. The superhero team the Defenders prevent the scheme and defeat the villains (and Nebulon), with Namor the Sub-Mariner humiliating the Whizzer.

After this defeat the Whizzer and his teammates are teleported off-world by Nebulon, returning with an energy-draining weapon. The Squadron Sinister plan to threaten the Earth again but are defeated once more by the Defenders and the Avenger Yellowjacket. The character has another brief encounter with several members of the Avengers, who seek a way to separate the power prism of Doctor Spectrum from fellow Avenger the Wasp. The Whizzer disassociates himself from the Squadron Sinister and adopts a new costume and alias, Speed Demon.

Writer Bill Mantlo and penciller Bob Hall revamped the character in the title The Amazing Spider-Man, with Sanders returning to crime with a new costume and the alias Speed Demon. The character makes a number of appearances in titles, including Marvel Team-Up against Spider-Man and Fantastic Four member the Human Torch, in The Amazing Spider-Man as a member of the criminal group the Sinister Syndicate, Marvel Tales, Quasar, and in the graphic novel Avengers: Deathtrap – The Vault (1991).

Speed Demon makes another abortive attempt to kill Spider-Man in the limited series The Deadly Foes of Spider-Man; battles the mutant Wolverine; features in Web of Spider-Man; encounters Spider-Man and the New Warriors in Spectacular Spider-Man Annual #12, Web of Spider-Man Annual #8, and The New Warriors Annual #2 (all 1992); and in the title Captain America briefly skirmishes with the hero at an A.I.M. weapons expo. After an appearance in the limited series Spider-Man: The Power of Terror, Speed Demon is employed by crime boss Justin Hammer to battle the superhero team the Thunderbolts.

Speed Demon is recruited to join the New Thunderbolts but is eventually ejected from the team by heroine Songbird for stealing money to fund the team (including from the company of former teammate Kyle Richmond, who tracks the character as Nighthawk). After a confrontation and unexpected skirmish with an apparently resurrected Hyperion and a new Doctor Spectrum (Alice Nugent, former lab assistant of Henry Pym), Speed Demon defects to join the reformed Squadron Sinister.

Courtesy of a phenomenon known as the Wellspring of Power, an interdimensional source of superhuman abilities, the Grandmaster – guiding force behind the return of the Squadron Sinister – has been increasing the Squadron Sinister's powers. He directs Speed Demon and the Squadron (now joined by Nighthawk, who wishes to stop New Thunderbolts team leader Baron Zemo) to find the main source of the Wellspring. For a time the character, deprived of the use of the Wellspring, is powerless and has his legs broken in a battle with New Thunderbolts member Joystick. Empowered in the final battle against the New Thunderbolts, Speed Demon takes advantage of the chaos caused when Zemo defeats the Grandmaster to viciously beat Joystick in retaliation for his injuries. Speed Demon and the members of the Squadron scatter and escape.

Speed Demon appeared in Brand New Day as one of the villains in the bar. He later joined the Hood's gang, and attacks Mister Negative.

As part of the Marvel NOW! event, Speed Demon appears as a member of the latest incarnation of the Sinister Six. Speed Demon features as one of the main characters in Superior Foes of Spider-Man.

Speed Demon later appears robbing a pawn shop with Man Mountain Marko when they are caught by Rage. After a brief fight, they escape while Rage gets arrested by the Americops. He is later captured by Sam Wilson, as the former Captain America, who forced him to confess of his and Marko's involvement in the pawn shop robbery.

Powers and abilities

As a result of mutagenic chemicals concocted under the Grandmaster's mental guidance, Speed Demon possesses superhuman speed, stamina, and reflexes. The character can create cyclones (by running in circles) and run up walls and across water. Speed Demon's superhumanly fast thought processes and reflexes enable him to perceive his surroundings while moving at high speeds, pick up objects, and execute complex acrobatic maneuvers.

James Sanders possesses a master's degree in chemistry.

Reception
 In 2018, CBR.com ranked Speed Demon 12th in their "25 Fastest Characters In The Marvel Universe" list.
 In 2020, CBR.com ranked Speed Demon 5th in their "10 Most Powerful Members of the Sinister Syndicate" list.
 In 2022, CBR.com ranked Speed Demon 10th in their "Marvel: The 20 Fastest Speedsters" list.

Other versions

House of M
In the House of M reality, Jim Sanders, along with Abner Jenkins, works as a biochemist for Major Josten and General Dugan. He was given a Kree blood sample in hopes of creating a bio-weapon to use against the Kree to stop their alliance with the mutants.

Marvel Zombies
In Marvel Zombies, he becomes an agent for the zombified Kingpin. He is sent with Quicksilver and the Whizzer to pursue Machine Man, who is opposing the zombie efforts. The Whizzer is flattened and the other two are shredded by a taut-wire trap.

In other media
 An original incarnation of Speed Demon appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Jason Spisak. This version is an unnamed alien and member of the Squadron Supreme who joined them in destroying their home planet and uses a speed belt to achieve his powers. He and the Squadron battle the Avengers until they are eventually defeated and incarcerated in the Vault.
 Speed Demon will appear in Spider-Man: Freshman Year.

References

External links
 Speed Demon at Marvel.com
 The Squadron Supreme at Don Markstein's Toonopedia

 Speed Demon at Spiderfan.org

Characters created by Roy Thomas
Characters created by Sal Buscema
Comics characters introduced in 1969
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics mutates
Marvel Comics superheroes
Marvel Comics supervillains
Spider-Man characters

Speed Demon (character)


The Virginia Quadricentennial tartan is an official state tartan of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Originally named "Measure plc", it was designed in 2003 by David McGill of International Tartans for the marketing of several products, including the now defunct Kinmount Scotch Whisky. In 2005, during preparations for Jamestown 2007, which celebrated the 400th anniversary of the founding of the Colony of Virginia, it was selected as Virginia's tartan because the colors reflected those of the American dogwood, the Virginia state flower and tree. It was renamed "Virginia" in 2005, and in 2007 it was made official by Governor Tim Kaine and given its current name.

Thread count: /VLY2 RM8 VLY2 RM4 VLY10 K3 VLY2 K3 VLY20 LT6 VLY10 LT3 VLY40/
Palette: VLY=#FAFA96 yellow; RM=#960032 red; K=#101010 black; LT=#BE7832 brown

References
"Virginia Quadricentennial" at Scottish Register of Tartans

United States state tartans
Scottish-American culture in Virginia
Tartan
2003 introductions
Virginia historical anniversaries

Virginia Quadricentennial tartan


Janie Porter Barrett (née Porter; August 9, 1865 – August 27, 1948) was an American social reformer, educator and welfare worker. She established the Virginia Industrial School for Colored Girls, a pioneering rehabilitation center for African-American female "delinquents". She was also the founder of the Virginia State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs.

Early life
Barrett was born in Athens, Georgia, on August 9, 1865. Her mother Julia was a former slave. Barrett's father's name is unknown; however, he is thought to have been Caucasian because of Barrett's fair skin.

The Skinners, a Caucasian family, hired Barrett's mother as a live-in housekeeper and seamstress. The Skinners pampered Barrett and educated her along with their own children. As well as receiving an education in literature and mathematics, Barrett was exposed to privileged and refined people. Her childhood was atypical of the African-American community of the time.

Barrett's mother married a railway worker and lived with him while still working for the Skinners, but Barrett continued to live with the Skinners. Mrs. Skinner wanted to become her legal guardian so that she could send Barrett to a school in the northern U.S.A. where Barrett could live as a white person. Julia vetoed this plan and sent Barrett to the Hampton Institute in Hampton, Virginia, where she would live as a black person in a black environment.

Barrett had never lived among African-Americans before attending Hampton Institute. She also had to do manual labor for the first time at the Institute. Hampton emphasized vocational education, and women were trained in morality and housekeeping in preparation for careers as wives or domestics. Barrett gradually adapted to the system at the Institute and she was especially influenced by a novel about a cultured and advantaged woman similar to herself who devoted her life to social service. While at Hampton, she began to volunteer for community projects that helped people. Barrett trained as an elementary school teacher at the Institute. The Institute taught her lessons "in love of race, love of fellow-men, and love of country", inculcating her with altruistic and patriotic values, and a sense of duty towards her race.

Career
Barrett graduated from the Hampton Institute in 1885. She worked as a teacher in a rural school in Dawson, Georgia, and then at Lucy Craft Laney's Haines Normal and Industrial Institute in Augusta, Georgia. She taught night school classes in the Hampton Institute from 1886 to 1889. In 1889 she married Harris Barrett, the Institute's cashier and bookkeeper. They had four children.

Locust Street Social Settlement
Soon after she married, Barrett began holding an informal day care and sewing class at her home in Hampton. The class grew rapidly into a club that tried to improve both home and community life. It was formally organized as the Locust Street Social Settlement in October 1890. It was the first settlement organization for African Americans in the USA.

In 1902 the Barretts built a separate structure on their property to house the Settlement's numerous activities, which included clubs, recreation, and classes in domestic skills. They received assistance from Hampton Institute students and faculty, who also found several philanthropists — who were mostly from the northern U.S.A. — to fund the settlement. By 1909 the settlement had clubs for children, women, and senior citizens. Committees supervised these clubs and Barrett concentrated her efforts on large-scale annual events.

Virginia Industrial School for Colored Girls

In 1908 Barrett helped to organize, and was the first president of, the Virginia State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs. The Federation engaged in a wide range of social services. It helped in the provision of environments that were appropriate for children, rather than their being placed in institutions like jails and almshouses.

For several years after 1911, the Federation gradually raised money for the establishment of a residential industrial school for the large number of young African-American girls that were being sent to jail. They planned to pay in full for land after five years of fundraising. However, in 1914, Barrett read in a newspaper that an eight-year-old girl had been sentenced to six months in jail and she immediately appealed to the judge in Newport News, Virginia, to send the girl to the Weaver Orphan Home in Hampton, where Barrett was living at the time. The judge reluctantly released the child into her care. The Federation quickly raised $5,300 and bought a  farm in Hanover County, Virginia, and chartered their center.

The center was a rehabilitation center for African-American female juvenile delinquents and was called the Industrial Home for Wayward Girls.  It opened in January 1915 with 28 students. After several name changes the center became known as the Virginia Industrial School for Colored Girls. With advice from many prominent social workers and especially from the Russell Sage Foundation, the school developed a program that stressed self-reliance and self-discipline. The school had academic and vocational instruction, visible rewards, "big-sister" guidance, and close attention to individual needs.

In 1915 and 1916 the Virginia Assembly appropriated more funds for the school, and Barrett was named secretary of the board of trustees. Harris Barrett died at about this time. Barrett also turned down a job offer as dean of women at Tuskegee Institute. She became superintendent at the Industrial School. One of her fellow trustees at the school was suffragist and activist Mary-Cooke Branch Munford, who had assisted in its creation.

Barrett was deeply involved in every aspect of the Industrial School's program. She personally managed the parole system by which girls who demonstrated sufficient responsibility were placed in carefully selected foster homes. These girls also were given jobs and were supported by follow-up services such as ministerial guidance, a newsletter called The Booster and personal letters. The school operated on an honor system and did not use corporal punishment. A special feature of Barrett's work was that each resident had their own bank account, so that upon discharge each resident had some money to take with them.

Barrett excelled in her role at the school. Her childhood had equipped her to deal with the socially important white women who controlled the trustee board and who were able to influence state legislators to appropriate funds for the school. She said: "You know we cannot do the best social welfare work unless, as in this school, the two races undertake it together." She was held in such a high regard that she could demand that the future Caucasian employers of her students treated them humanely.

While the Industrial School was under Barrett's supervision in the early 1920s, the Russell Sage Foundation rated it as one of the five best schools of its kind in the USA. At the time its enrolment was about 100. The school became a model of its type, with many successful rehabilitations of young women who were able to find employment and get married after being released. The school was known especially for its cultivation of character and morals.

In 1920 the state of Virginia assumed financial responsibility for the school. The state and the Federation shared the supervision of the school until 1942, when it became supervised by the Virginia Department of Welfare and Institutions alone.

Further achievements
In 1929 Barrett received the William E. Harmon Award for Distinguished Achievement among Negroes. In 1930 she took part in the White House Conference on Child Health and Protection. She served as the president of the Virginia State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs for twenty-five years. She chaired the executive board of the National Association of Colored Women for four years.

Barrett retired in 1940. She died in Hampton on August 27, 1948.

In 1950 Barrett's training school was renamed the Janie Porter Barrett School for Girls. It became racially integrated in 1965. The Virginia Industrial School existed as the Barrett Learning Center until 2005.

References

External links
 Janie Porter Barrett at the Virginia Historical Society.

1865 births
1948 deaths
20th-century African-American academics
20th-century American academics
African-American suffragists
Suffragists from Virginia
Schoolteachers from Georgia (U.S. state)
American social workers
People from Athens, Georgia
People from Hampton, Virginia
Educators from Virginia
19th-century American women educators
19th-century American educators
20th-century American educators
20th-century American women educators
20th-century African-American women

Janie Porter Barrett


Carlos Alberto Bulgheroni (March 9, 1945 – September 3, 2016) was an Argentine businessman prominent in the nation's energy sector, and the country's richest man at the time of his death.

Early life
Carlos Bulgheroni was born in Rufino, Santa Fe Province, to a Spanish mother and an Italian father. He enrolled at the University of Buenos Aires, and earned a juris doctor in 1970. Bulgheroni developed lymphoma at age 24, but recovered.

Career
He joined his father Alejandro in Bridas Corporation, founded by the Bulgheroni family in 1948 and by the 1970s one of the largest private firms in the Argentine energy sector. The senior Bulgheroni died in 1985 and left a controlling stake in the firm to Carlos and his elder brother, Alejandro. Carlos Bulgheroni became the firm's chief political point man, establishing good working relationships with the various administrations in power since 1983. He was named president and chairman in 1993; president of the BP-controlled PanAmerican Energy in 1997; of Allis-Chalmers's energy unit in 2006; and of EDIC, a company specializing in the exploration and production of oil and natural gas in the North African, Russian, Central Asian, and Middle and Far Eastern markets.

Bulgheroni obtained, in 1992, some of the first gas exploration concessions granted in Turkmenistan to a foreign energy company. He was further involved during 1997 in negotiations between Bridas and the ruling Taliban faction in Afghanistan to build the Trans-Afghanistan Gas Pipeline from Turkmenistan to Pakistan. These negotiations were in competition with those undertaken by Unocal, and although an agreement with Unocal-led corporation CentGas was reached, the deal was forfeited in January 1998 in favor of one with Bridas.  Instability in Afghanistan delayed construction of the pipeline, however, and following the United States Invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001, the Bridas contract was rescinded in favor of the former one with Unocal. In 2006, Bulgheroni indicated interest in Bridas' involvement with the Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline project, which continued to be hampered by the ongoing chaos in the Central Asian nation.

Bulgheroni is a co-founder of the Colón Theatre Foundation (1978) and of the Federal District Police Foundation (1989); the latter helps maintain the Churruca Police Officers Hospital, in Buenos Aires. He is also a member of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange, the Foundation for Latin American Economic Research (FIEL), the Peres Center for Peace, the Argentine Russian Business Council, and the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). At CSIS, in addition to acting as a trustee, he also serves as an international councillor and a senior adviser to the Space Exploration Initiative.

He served as co-chairman of the International Committee at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. He is the founder and current partner of the U.S. & Argentine Caucus. He was named Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. Previously, Bulgheroni served as president of the Argentine Business Council, as a member of the Business Advisory Board of the World Trade Organization in Geneva, as president and representative for Mercosur from 1990 to 2002 for the Mercosur European Business Forum, and as a member of the Executive Board of the ICC in Paris. The Bulgheroni brothers sold a 50% stake in Bridas to Chinese oil giant CNOOC in 2010 for US$3.1 billion. They retained a 20% stake in PanAmerican Energy (whose operations in Argentina had grown to become the nation's second-largest) through Bridas.

Death
Bulgheroni died in Washington DC, on 3 September 2016.

References

1945 births
2016 deaths
People from General López Department
Argentine people of Italian descent
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Argentine businesspeople
Argentine chief executives
Argentine philanthropists
Argentine billionaires
Grand Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
20th-century philanthropists

Carlos Bulgheroni


Commodore VIC-20 was a home computer released in 1980. It was made by Commodore Business Machines. It was the first computer that sold over one million units.

The Commodore VIC-20 was powered by a 6502 CPU, running at 1 MHz.  Though the system had 5KB of RAM, users only had access to about 3.5KB for BASIC programs.  It had no internal data storage, but could store programs on standard audio tapes. Later, it could use 5.25 inch floppy disks as well. In early 1985 this computer was discontinued.

References

Commodore computers

VIC-20


The Seward Community Cafe is a collectively run cooperative restaurant in the Seward neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, notable for being the oldest worker-run restaurant in the United States. Since its founding, the cafe has been owned and managed by a worker-owner collective of about 10-16 people, all of whom start at the same wage and are given the option of becoming a co-owner within six months of starting work. Management is structured in a non-hierarchical manner, and decisions are made by consensus.

The cafe is not currently open for restaurant service, but is host to a variety of community food projects.

History
The Seward Cafe was founded in 1974 as an all-volunteer operation. In order to offset costs, worker-owners were given coupons for free food (known as "Burger Bucks") and some of the original collective members purchased a house to live in cheaply. Eventually, the cafe began to make enough money that workers could be paid minimum wage.

The cafe was embroiled in the "co-op wars" of the 1970s, where warring factions within the Twin Cities cooperative business community clashed, sometimes violently.  A group of radical Marxist–Leninist cooperative member/workers known as the Co-operative Organization, or C.O., accused other cooperatives of adhering to bourgeois hippie ideals and ignoring the working class.  After attempting and failing to take over the People's Warehouse (a distributor serving many of the cooperative businesses in the Twin Cities, run by representatives of various cooperatives) through negotiation at a board meeting, they simply walked into Warehouse offices and grabbed the checkbook and financial records.  The C.O. then confronted their rivals at the Seward Cafe, announcing that "The People's Warehouse now belongs to The People!"  Attempts to retake the warehouse resulted in physical confrontation, and cooperative businesses all around town, including the Seward Cafe, organized an effort to boycott the now-C.O.-controlled warehouse.  Eventually, the warehouse was retaken through legal means, and the C.O. dwindled into apparent nonexistence, though rumors of their presence in the political underground persisted.

The cooperative movement dwindled throughout the '80s, and by 1993 the Seward Cafe was one of only five worker-run cooperative businesses in the Twin Cities.  (The total number of cooperative businesses was larger, around 20 or so, but the majority had more hierarchical management structures and were not worker-run). The cafe remained committed to its business model, however, and in 2004, collective member Tom Pierson helped organize a national conference of worker-run businesses.

Seward Cafe is one of many worker-run cooperatives in the Twin Cities, including the Hub Bicycle Co-op shops, the Hard Times Café, and the Matchbox coffee shop. Seward provided financial assistance to Hard Times in 2007 when circumstances conspired to shut down the Riverside diner.

In 2020, following the closure of restaurants in Minneapolis due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Seward Cafe held a fundraiser through GoFundMe, raising over $36,000.

References

External links

Seward Community Co-op: Finding Aids: MNHS.org: description of materials pertaining to the Seward Cafe and the Seward Community Co-Op held at the Minnesota Historical Society.

Companies based in Minneapolis
Restaurants established in 1974
Restaurants in Minnesota
Worker cooperatives of the United States
1974 establishments in Minnesota

Seward Community Cafe


Meera (or Mirabai) was a Hindu mystic poet and devotee of Krishna.

Meera may also refer to:
 Meera (Malayalam actress), Indian actress
 Meera (Pakistani actress) (born 1977), Pakistani film actress
 Meera (1945 film), a Tamil-language film starring M. S. Subbulakshmi
 Meera (1979 film), a Hindi film by Gulzar
 Meera (1992 film), a Tamil-language film starring Vikram
 Meera (2023 film), a Gujarati film
 Meera (2009 TV series), a 2009–2010 Indian Hindi-language historical drama television series
 Meera (2010 TV series), a 2010 Indian Tamil-language soap opera
 Mother Meera (born 1960), Indian religious leader
Meera, a fictional character in the 2012 Indian film Cocktail, portrayed by Diana Penty

People
 Meera Jasmine (born 1982), south Indian actor
 Meera Krishnan, Tamil actor
 Meera Pakam, a character in the Netflix series  Grand Army
 Meera Syal (born 1961), British-Indian actress
 Meera Reed, character from George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire novels

See also
 Mera (disambiguation)
 Mira (disambiguation)
 Mirra Alfassa (also: The Mother, 1878–1973), spiritual collaborator of Sri Aurobindo

Meera (disambiguation)


Richard Raiswell (born January 1966) is an historian at University of Prince Edward Island, Canada, and Honorary Research Fellow in the School of Graduate Studies, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton. He teaches classes on medieval and Renaissance History, as well as the History of Ideas, specialising, in particular, on premodern geography and exploration, and the antecedents of the Scientific Revolution.

Raiswell was born in Middlesbrough, in the UK, immigrating to Canada in 1979. His education includes a B.A. in History from Carleton University (1992), with an M.A. in Medieval Studies (1995), and a Ph.D. in History both from the University of Toronto (2003).

His recent works include peer-reviewed articles on medieval geographical cognition, the sixteenth-century German Hebraist, Joannes Boemus, and several works on aspects of premodern European demon possession. He is the co-editor of two collections of academic essays.  Shell Games: Studies in Frauds, Scams and Deceit in Early Modern Culture, 1300-1650 with Mark Crane and Margaret Reeves (Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2004) and The Devil in Society in Premodern Europe (Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2012) with Peter Dendle (Penn State Mont Alto).

He is one of the founders of the journal Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies of the Preternatural (with Kirsten Uszkalo) and now serves as its book review editor. He has been the editor of the Ficino listserv, dedicated to the discussion of Renaissance European history, literature and culture since 1999, and was an adviser on the Witches in Early Modern England Project (2009–2011).

Raiswell is a frequent contributor to CBC Radio, with a regular column on provincial politics on CBC Prince Edward Island's Mainstreet, and occasional spots on Island Morning where he discusses aspects of premodern magic, demonology and the occult. He has also appeared in the Smithsonian Network's Treasures Decoded, now in production, in which he argued against the authenticity of the Vinland Map.

He is a cricket enthusiast, and has published a popular article on the history of cricket on Prince Edward Island in the nineteenth century.

Selected publications
Richard Raiswell with Peter Dendle
Richard Raiswell with Mark Crane and Margaret Reeves
 Contributor to "The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery", 1997,

References

20th-century Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Living people
1966 births
Academic staff of the University of Prince Edward Island
21st-century Canadian historians

Richard Raiswell


Slo Burn is an American stoner rock band that was primarily active in 1996 and 1997. The band was formed by John Garcia of the influential stoner rock band Kyuss, which had split up some months previously. Garcia was joined by Chris Hale on guitar, Damon Garrison on bass, and Brady Houghton on drums.

History
In 1996, the band distributed a five-song demo, and in April 1997 released an EP entitled Amusing the Amazing through the record label Malicious Vinyl. According to interviews, Garcia claimed that the band also intended to record a full-length album. Slo Burn played Ozzfest in 1997, before splitting in 1998. Garcia subsequently joined the equally short-lived band Unida, before becoming the vocalist with Hermano, which have since recorded three studio albums.

In 2017, Slo Burn reunited and played shows at several European festivals including Desertfest London and Freak Valley. They made a single appearance in the U.S. at Psycho Las Vegas 2017.

Musical style
Slo Burn has a sound very similar to that of latter-day Kyuss, which can be attributed to Garcia's singing style and the production work of Chris Goss. However, the music is more direct and less layered and complex. AllMusic describes their style as "simple structures formed out of monolithic rhythm guitars" with "guitar solos that come and go and vibrate weirdly on the way".

Members
John Garcia – vocals
Chris Hale – guitar
Damon Garrison – bass
Brady Houghton – drums

Discography
Slo Burn Demo (1996)
Amusing the Amazing (1997, Malicious Vinyl)

References

External links

Heavy metal musical groups from California
American stoner rock musical groups
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
1996 establishments in California

Slo Burn


Lou Hickey (born Mhairi-Louise Hickey) is a singer-songwriter from Neilston, Scotland. She has been working as a solo artist since 2006 and in 2008, joined Jon Lawler from the Fratellis in a band called Codeine Velvet Club which disbanded in 2010. Since then, Lou has recorded her debut album.

Musical career

New Shoes and Do It Yourself (2006–08)
Lou began her time as a musician building up her solo career, which involved performing with Club Noir, the world's biggest burlesque club, as a singer. She spent many years in the Glasgow music scene building up her profile and recording two EPs in this time. As a student, Lou learned about engineering and mixing and took this into her "Do It Yourself" ethic when recording her EPs, which were entitled New Shoes and Do It Yourself (released December 2007). New Shoes cannot be found on any digital download or physical form and is hard to obtain, whereas Do It Yourself remains on iTunes but cannot be bought physically.

During this time, Lou was given a grant by the Scottish Arts Council to record her debut album, but this was eventually put on hold so Lou could pursue a new project called Codeine Velvet Club.

Codeine Velvet Club (2008–10)
Lou met fellow Glaswegian musician Jon Lawler in 2008 thanks to her friend Heather Donnelly (Lawler's wife). Donnelly told Lawler about Lou and asked if he wanted to write a song with her for her debut album; Lawler agreed and the pair met and wrote the song "Vanity Kills". As Lawler was unable to give the song away, he suggested the pair see how many more songs they could write and form a band.

The duo recorded their debut album in 2009 while Lawler's band, The Fratellis, were taking a break. They recruited various session musicians to help record the album and eventually recruited a live setup in the form of Lewis Gordon, Ross MacFarlane and Will Foster. They toured the UK during the end of 2009 and did a brief tour of the US in early 2010, before Lawler announced he would be giving the project up, leaving Lou to go onto his solo work. Disappointed with the end of the band, Lou went back to her solo work.

True Love Ways (2010–present)
After the demise of Codeine Velvet Club, Lou used her grant from the Scottish Arts Council to record her debut album in May 2010. She had a week-long session to record most of the album, with extra sessions being squeezed in when she could. As with her previous EPs, Lou has produced, engineered and mixed the album.

The album was delayed for various reasons during 2011 and 2012, before it was confirmed that the title of the album is to be True Love Ways, with a digital release date of Monday 13 May, with a CD release to be confirmed. There was an analog release of an edition of 550 records by Vinyl Frontier Records on Record Store Day, 29 November 2013.

Discography

With Codeine Velvet Club
 Codeine Velvet Club (2009)

As a solo artist
EP's
 Does It Get Easier EP (2007)
 Do It Yourself EP (2007)
 Minutes, Hours, Days EP (2011)

Albums
 True Love Ways (2013)

References

Living people
21st-century Scottish women singers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Lou Hickey


The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the two entities composing Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being Republika Srpska. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of ten autonomous cantons with their own governments and legislatures.

The Federation was created by the 1994 Washington Agreement, which ended the Croat–Bosniak War within the Bosnian War, and established a constituent assembly that continued its work until October 1996.

The Federation has a capital, government, president, parliament, customs and police departments and two postal systems. It occupies about half of the land of Bosnia and Herzegovina. From 1996 until 2005 it had its own army, the Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, later merged in the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The capital and largest city is Sarajevo with 275,524 inhabitants.

History

The basis for the creation of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina were laid down by the Washington Agreement of March 1994. Under the agreement, the combined territory held by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Defence Council forces was to be divided into ten autonomous cantons along the lines of the Vance-Owen plan. The cantonal system was selected to prevent dominance of one ethnic group over another. However, much of the territory Croats and Bosniaks claimed for their Federation was at that point still controlled by the Bosnian Serbs.

The Washington Agreement was implemented during the spring of 1994, by convoking a Constitutional Assembly, which on June 24 adopted and proclaimed the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In 1995, Bosniak forces and Bosnian Croat forces of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina defeated forces of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, and this territory was added to the federation (Una-Sana Canton).

Post-war

By the Dayton Agreement of 1995 that ended the four-year war, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was defined as one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, comprising 51% of country's area, alongside Republika Srpska. Cantons and federal structure were built rather slowly after the war. Separatist Croat  Herzeg-Bosnia institutions existed and functioned parallel to Federation ones up until 1996–97, when they were phased out. On 8 March 2000, the Brčko District was formed as an autonomous district within Bosnia and Herzegovina and it was created from part of the territory of both Bosnian entities. Brčko District is now a condominium that belongs to both entities.

In 2001–2002, the Office of the High Representative (OHR) imposed amendments to the Federation's Constitution and its electoral law, in compliance with the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the political equality of the three constituent peoples (U-5/98). This triggered the grievances of Bosnian Croats, who claimed they were deprived of their rights to representation as Bosniaks had come to control the majority in the upper house as well.
Dissatisfied Croat politicians set up a separate Croatian National Assembly, held a referendum parallel to the elections and proclaimed their self-rule in Croat-majority areas in the Federation. Their attempts ended shortly after a crackdown by SFOR and legal proceedings.

Dissatisfied with the representation of Croats in the Federation, Croat political parties insist on creating a Croat-majority federal unit instead of several cantons. SDA and other Bosniak parties strongly oppose this. In September 2010, the International Crisis Group warned that "disputes among and between Bosniak and Croat leaders and a dysfunctional administrative system have paralyzed decision-making, put the entity on the verge of bankruptcy and triggered social unrest". In January 2017, Croatian National Assembly stated that "if Bosnia and Herzegovina wants to become self-sustainable, then it is necessary to have an administrative-territorial reorganization, which would include a federal unit with a Croatian majority. It remains the permanent aspiration of the Croatian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina."

In 2010–14 the Federation's Government was formed by SDP without the consent of major Croat political parties, leading to a political crisis.

In parallel to EU-facilitated talks on the Sejdic-Finci issue at State level, in February 2013 the US embassy supported an expert working group which presented its 188 recommendations to the FBIH House of Representatives in 2013, aiming to address the costly and complex governance structures with overlapping competences between the Federation, the Cantons and the municipalities as currently entailed in the Federation Constitution. The initiative was finally not adopted by the Parliament.

Following an appeal by HDZ BiH Božo Ljubić, in December 2016 the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina abolished the electoral formula for the indirect election of the Federation House of People, stating that it did not guarantee the legitimate representation of constituent peoples. Notably, the ruling did not concur with an amicus curiae opinion of the Venice Commission on the same matter. Lacking legislative amendments to revise the Election Law, in Summer 2018 the Central Election Commission of Bosnia and Herzegovina provisionally enacted a new formula for the composition of the House of People, based on the minimal representation formula (one deputy per each constituent people per each canton) and on the 2013 census.

In 2022, the High Representative imposed amendments to the federal Constitution and the Election Law, implementing the Ljubic verdict. The changes also reconstructed the original balance of power between Croats and Bosniaks in the Federation, as envisioned in Washington Agreement.

In 2023, the High Representative suspended the federal Constitution for one day in order to impose a new government. This created a huge scandal and political crisis. Some see this as an act of "treason".

Geographic boundary

The Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL) that distinguishes Bosnia and Herzegovina's two entities runs along the frontlines as they existed at the end of the Bosnian War, with adjustments (most importantly in the western part of the country and around Sarajevo), as defined by the Dayton Agreement. The total length of the IEBL is approximately  km. The IEBL is an administrative demarcation and not controlled by the military or police and there is free movement across it.

Five of the cantons (Una-Sana, Tuzla, Zenica-Doboj, Bosnian Podrinje and Sarajevo) are Bosniak-majority cantons, three (Posavina, West Herzegovina and Canton 10) are Croat-majority cantons, and two (Central Bosnia and Herzegovina-Neretva) are 'ethnically mixed', meaning there are special legislative procedures for protection of the constituent peoples.

A significant portion of Brčko District was also part of the Federation; however, when the district was created, it became shared territory of both entities, but it was not placed under control of either of the two, and is hence under direct jurisdiction of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Currently the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has 79 municipalities.

Politics
The government and politics of the Federation are dominated by three large parties, the Bosniak Party of Democratic Action (SDA), the multi-ethnic Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH) and the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ BiH).

Entity-level institutions include:
Federal President with two vice-presidents (list of presidents of FBiH)
Federal Government with guaranteed ethnic representation (list of prime ministers of FBiH)
Bicameral Parliament:
House of Representatives as the lower house and
House of Peoples as the upper house, protecting the interests of the three constituent peoples;
Federal Constitutional Court.

Since Bosniaks compose roughly 70.4% of the Federation's population, Croats 22.4% and Serbs just around 2%, the Parliament's House of Peoples (with equal representation for all three nationalities) is supposed to ensure that the interests of Croats, Serbs and national minorities are fairly represented during government creation and in the legislative process.

The Federation is also divided into ten highly autonomous cantons. They each have their own governments, assemblies and exclusive and shared competencies. In 2010, the Federation's Constitutional Court ruled that two Federation's ministries – the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Culture and Sports – are unconstitutional since education and culture are an exclusive competence of the cantons.

Political divisions

The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina comprises ten cantons (Bosnian: kantoni, Croatian: županije):

Demographics

The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina comprises 51% of the land area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is home to 62.85% of the country's total population.

See also
 Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Proposed Croat federal unit in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Website of the Federation Government
Parliament of the Federation
Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Website for persons unaccounted for in connection with the conflict on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, International Committee of the Red Cross.
BalkanInsight – Future of Bosnia and Hercegovina

Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Administrative divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Countries and territories where Bosnian is an official language
Countries and territories where Croatian is an official language
Countries and territories where Serbian is an official language
1994 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina
States and territories established in 1994
Regions of Europe with multiple official languages

Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina


Project Ara was a modular smartphone project under development by Google. The project was originally headed by the Advanced Technology and Projects team within Motorola Mobility while it was a Google subsidiary. Google retained the ATAP group when selling Motorola to Lenovo, and it was placed under the stewardship of the Android development staff; Ara was later split off as an independent operation. Google stated that Project Ara was being designed to be utilized by "6 billion people": 1 billion current smartphone users, and 5 billion feature phone users.

Under its original design, Project Ara was intended to consist of hardware modules providing common smartphone parts, such as processors, displays, batteries, and cameras, as well as modules providing more specialized components, and "frames" that these modules were to be attached to. This design would allow a device to be upgraded over time with new capabilities and upgraded without requiring the purchase of an entire new device, providing a longer lifecycle for the device and potentially reducing electronic waste.  However, by 2016, the concept had been revised, resulting in a base phone with non-upgradable core components, and modules providing supplemental features.

Google planned to launch a new developer version of Ara in the fourth quarter of 2016, with a target bill of materials cost of $50 for a basic phone, leading into a planned consumer launch in 2017. However, on September 2, 2016, Reuters reported that two non-disclosed sources leaked that Alphabet's manufacture of frames had been cancelled, with possible future licensing to third parties.  Later that day, Google confirmed that Project Ara had been shelved.

Structure and features
Google intended Project Ara to lower the entry barrier for phone hardware manufacturers so there could be "hundreds of thousands of developers" instead of the existing oligarchy of phone manufacturers.

The Project Ara concept consisted of modules inserted into metal endoskeletal frames known as "endos". The frame would be the only component manufactured by Google. The frame was the switch to the on-device network linking all the modules together. Google planned two sizes of frames on launch; a "mini" frame about the size of a Nokia 3310 and a "medium" frame about the size of a Nexus 5. Google also planned a "large", phablet frame about the size of a Samsung Galaxy Note 3 to be released in the future. Frames have slots on the front for the display and other modules. On the back are additional slots for modules. Each frame was expected to cost around US$15. The data from the modules can be transferred at up to 10 Gbit/s per connection. The 2×2 modules have two connections and would allow up to 20 Gbit/s.

Modules would provide common smartphone features, such as cameras and speakers, but could also provide more specialized features, such as medical devices, receipt printers, laser pointers, pico projectors, night vision sensors, or game controller buttons. Each slot on the frame accepted any module of the correct size. The front slots are of various heights and took up the whole width of the frame. The rear slots had  standard sizes of 1×1, 1×2 and 2×2. Modules were to be hot-swapped without turning the phone off. The frame also included a small backup battery so the main battery can be hot-swapped. Modules were originally to be secured with electropermanent magnets, but this was replaced by a different method. The enclosures of the modules were planned to be 3D-printed, but due to the lack of development in the technology Google opted instead for a customizable molded case.

Google intended to sell a starter kit where the bill of materials is US$50 and includes a frame, display, battery, low-end CPU and WiFi. Google planned to provide an open development process for modules, and would not have required manufacturers to pay a license fee. Modules were to be available both at an official Google store and at third-party retailers. Similarly to Android apps, an Ara device would be configured by default to only accept modules officially certified by Google, but users would have been able to disable this.

Project team
Project Ara was developed and was led by Paul Eremenko, who in 2015 became CEO of the Airbus Group Silicon Valley technology and business innovation center. The project fell under Regina Dugan, who runs Google's Advanced Technology and Projects (ATAP) organization. Both Eremenko and Dugan worked previously at DARPA, where Eremenko originated the fractionated spacecraft concept and ran the Adaptive Vehicle Make program before heading the Tactical Technology office. The core Project Ara team at Google consisted of three people, with most of the work being done by outside contractors, such as NK Labs, a Massachusetts-based engineering firm.  NK Labs then subcontracted the firm Leaflabs to do firmware development, and they later became the primary firmware developers in a direct contract with Google. The concept design of the Frame and Modules was created by NewDealDesign of San Francisco. That concept was selected from 11 different configurations analyzed by the joint team. The company 3D Systems was contracted to experiment with 3D printing of electrical components, which could further the goal of mass customization.

Development
Prior to its acquisition of Motorola Mobility in 2011, Google had previously acquired some patents related to modular mobile phones from Modu. Initial exploration of this concept began in 2012 and work started on April 1, 2013. Dutch designer Dave Hakkens announced the Phonebloks modular phone concept independently in September 2013. Motorola publicly announced Project Ara on October 29, 2013 and said they will be working collaboratively with Phonebloks although the original team, consisting of internal and external resources, continued working together without any change to its original design and technology. Motorola went on a 5-month road trip throughout the United States in 2013 called "MAKEwithMOTO" to gauge consumer interest in customized phones. Interested developers, testers, or users could sign up to be Ara Scouts.

The first version of the developers' kit relied on a prototype implementation of the Ara on-device network using the Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) UniPro protocol implemented on FPGA and running over a Low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) physical layer with modules connecting via retractable pins. Subsequent versions were to be built around a much more efficient and higher performance ASIC implementation of UniPro, running over a capacitive M-PHY physical layer. A near-working prototype of an Ara smartphone was demonstrated at Google I/O 2014, but it froze on the boot screen.

In January 2015, Google unveiled the "Spiral 2" prototype, and that it planned to test market a later revision of the system in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico later in the year. Google chose the region due to it having a large mobile phone market, and because it is still subject to U.S. telecommunications laws—allowing for continued correspondence with the FCC. However, in August 2015, Google announced that the Ara pilot in Puerto Rico had been delayed indefinitely, and that the company would instead hold pilots in "a few locations" in the U.S. some time in 2016.

At Google I/O 2016, the company unveiled a new development model, the "Developer Edition". The new iteration featured notable changes to the original concept; the device now consisted of a base phone with core components that cannot be upgraded, including the antenna, battery, display, sensors, and system-on-chip, and extensible with modules for adding features such as a secondary display or replacement cameras and speakers. Google announced that it planned to ship the Developer Edition in late 2016, and perform a consumer launch of Project Ara in 2017.

On September 2, 2016, Google confirmed that Project Ara had been cancelled.

Reception
Initial reception to an earlier but similar modular phone concept—Phonebloks—was mixed, citing possible infeasibility, lack of a working prototype, as well as other production and development concerns. Project Ara's launch followed shortly after the launch of Phonebloks and better addressed some of the production and development issues since it had OEM backing, but other issues were raised about the Project Ara modular concept.

Potential issues with the modular concept include a tradeoff between volumetric efficiency and modularity, as the framework interface holding the device would increase overall size and weight. Eremenko says modularity would create a difference of less than 25% in size, power, and weight to components, and he believes that is an acceptable trade-off for the added flexibility. The current prototype is 9.7mm thick, slightly thicker than conventional smartphones. Additional issues include regulatory approval; the FCC tests single configurations for approval, not modular configurations. In 2014, Google said the FCC "[had] been encouraging so far".

See also
 Fairphone 3

References

External links

 Official website

Google hardware
Motorola products
Modular smartphones
Modular design

Project Ara


Alexandra Mine and Battery is a heritage-listed mine at Palmerville Station, Maytown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from  to 1898. It is also known as Alexandra PC.It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

History
Mining began in the Palmer River area in 1876 and production commenced from the "Alexander PC" (one of the earliest prospecting claims) in 1878. Crushings of selected ore enabled the mine to average a spectacular eight ounces of gold per ton during the 1870s. By 1880, the Alexandra had crushed a mere  of stone for a yield of  of gold, grossing well over . However cartage and crushing costs were high as the ore had to be taken  to the battery. Therefore, a gold yield of two-three ounces per ton was required before a profit could be considered.

Small scale production went on intermittently until 1895 when Edwin Field installed a steam pump and winding gear, taken from the Louisa and Queen mines in 1895 and erected a battery at the Alexandra. He undertook development work, pumping out the mine and retimbering and began crushing in 1897. But, although operations continued on a small scale for nearly two years, the reef yielded just over one ounce to the ton.

At the end of 1898 the mine closed. In twenty years  of ore had been raised for a total of  of gold, an average of  to the ton. The mine was never worked again and the battery frame was removed in 1940.

Description
The place is situated on a ridge at the head of a gully, about  south of the Palmer River, at co-ordinates 16.06.01S - 144.19.00E. The mine workings and battery are closely confined on a terraced bench. The site of the managers house is evident alongside the road on top of the ridge and comprises a broken cement surface. A grinding pan has been removed to the house site.

The mine workings are aligned along the strike of the reef and include, on the terrace level, a caved main shaft and an earlier shaft. An adit has been driven in from the gully to meet the main shaft. A single cylinder portable steam engine is located alongside the main shaft. (Since a survey of the site in 1982 a pump arm has been placed alongside the main shaft). Mullock has been dumped into the gully to form a dam. The watercourse now bypasses the dump. Another group of workings comprising a shaft and mullock dumps is located about  south-east on a spur of the ridge.

The battery plant includes a Cornish boiler in a brick mount with a flue leading to an intact nine metre high metal chimney. Immediately alongside the boiler is the body of a single cylinder horizontal engine. Alongside the engine are two mortar boxes which appear to have remained in situ although the stamper frame has been removed. Seven of the ten stamper rods are still standing in the mortar boxes. The camshaft is nearby.

The surviving plant includes:
 Cornish boiler - J.W.Sutton & Co Brisbane
 One-cylinder portable steam engine - no brand (Clayton & Shuttleworth ?)
 One-cylinder horizontal steam engine - no brand.
 Boiler casing (converted to a water tank) - no brand.
 Pump arm (not in situ)
 2 Five-stamp mortar boxes - no brands
 Grinding pan (at manager's house site, not part of battery)
 Langlands Foundry

Heritage listing
Alexandra Mine and Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The Alexandra mine and battery are significant in the evolution and pattern of reef mining in North Queensland from 1876 to 1898. The existence of a tin battery on a gold mining site illustrates the ad hoc and practical development of mining on the Palmer goldfield.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

The survival of the mine and battery site, complete with a Cornish boiler still in its brick bed and with an intact steel chimney, is rare, both in Queensland and in Australia. The single cylinder horizontal steam engine is also very early and rare.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.

The place demonstrates unusual technology in the use of a three outlet mortar box, usually associated with tin mining, and the site has the potential to yield more information about nineteenth century milling techniques.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

The Alexandra battery is situated on a narrow hillside terrace directly adjacent to the mine workings. The tightly grouped plant and machinery and nine metre high chimney form a compact and easily interpreted site. The place is one of the best preserved and most intact mining sites on the Palmer goldfield.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Maytown, Queensland
Gold mines in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Buildings and structures in Far North Queensland
Mining in Queensland

Alexandra Mine and Battery


San Luis is a municipality in the El Petén department of Guatemala.   The municipality is rectangle-shaped and is approximately 2,915 km squared.  It contains 44,903 people. There are about 140 hamlets that inhabit the municipality, with the capital of the pueblo of San Luis, itself.

Overview
Its economy is primarily of agriculture, but also contains minor manufacturing services like personalised furniture and custom building services.  The pueblo itself consists of several neighbourhoods, including El Centro, Tikajal, Bethel, Vista Hermosa, La Florida, El Estadio, La Cruce and El Paraiso.  It contains a public school in every neighbourhood and is home to a few private schools, including Centro Maya Asuncion, a school for Mayan teenaged adolescent females from remote villages.  It is administered by Jesus Claros Aliaraza and the Catholic community is represented by the Comboni Missionaries.  Though it is surrounded by steep, hilly forests, deforestation remains the chief problem of the degradation of the surrounding environment.

Languages spoken in San Luis include Spanish, Q'eqchi', and Mopan Maya.

External links

San Luis municipal website
Coat of arms of San Luis

Municipalities of the Petén Department

San Luis, Petén


Caladenia cleistantha is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to the south-east of Australia. It is a ground orchid which occurs as solitary plants and has a singly hairy leaf and one or two cleistogamous flowers. (Cleistogamous flowers do not open, but instead self pollinate).

Description
Caladenia cleistantha is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single sparsely hairy, leaf. The leaf is linear in shape, semi-erect,  long and  wide. Usually only one flower is borne on a spike  high.

There are one or two flowers on a slender, wiry stalk  high with reddish hairs. The flowers do not open (cleistogamous), are reddish on the outside with brown glands and about  long. The sepals and petals are  long,  wide, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, covered with brown glands on the outside and whitish inside. The dorsal sepal is linear to elliptic in shape and completely surrounds the column. The labellum is broadly egg-shaped,  long,  wide with three lobes and is white with a few narrow, dark red lines and a yellowish tip. The margins of the labellum lobes are slightly wavy but lack the teeth common in many caladenias. The lateral lobes are firmly wrapped around the column. There are two rows of short, yellowish calli in the central part of the labellum. The column is greenish with dark red bands. Flowering occurs in August and September.

Taxonomy and naming
Caladenia cleistantha was first formally described by David L. Jones in 1991 and the description was published in Australian Orchid Research. The type specimen was collected on Gabo Island. The specific epithet (cleistantha) is derived from the Ancient Greek words kleistos meaning "shut" or "closed"  and anthos meaning "flower", referring to the cleistogamous flowers.

Distribution and habitat
This caladenia grows with small shrubs in heath and forest, often in moss over rocks or in soil with laterite nodules. It is found south from Ulladulla in New South Wales and east of Melbourne in Victoria.

References

cleistantha
Plants described in 1991
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of New South Wales
Orchids of Victoria (state)
Taxa named by David L. Jones (botanist)

Caladenia cleistantha


Shashmaqom

is a Central Asian musical genre (typical of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) which may have developed in the city of Bukhara.  Shashmaqam means the six Maqams (modes) in the Persian language, dastgah being the name for Persian modes, and maqams being the name for modes more generally.

It is a refined sort of music, with lyrics derived from Sufi poems about divine love. The instruments of shashmaqоm provide an austere accompaniment to the voices. They consist, at most concerts, of a pair of long-necked lutes, the dayra, or frame drum, which, with its jingles, is very much like a tambourine, and the sato, or bowed tanbour, which vaguely resembles a bass fiddle.

History

In the first half of the 20th century in Uzbekistan, Abdul Rauf Fitrad, member of the Jadid, was particularly interested in shashmaqam, the traditional music of the Court. In 1927, he wrote a book called Ozbek klasik Muzikasi va uning Tarikhi (Uzbek classical music and its history), in which he presented shashmaqam as a grand musical tradition of the Uzbek people. In the 1930s, during the Soviet regime of Joseph Stalin, Uzbek shashmaqom was seen as an echo of the feudal ruling class and as a kind of music that impinged cultural progress toward adoption of European-style harmony. Finally, in 1951, a decree from the president of the Uzbekistan Union of Composers, reaffirmed by the committee of Uzbekistan, suppressed the maqom and the development of the musical practice.

During the mid-50s, the maqam began an ideological rehabilitation. In Tajikistan, the local leadership decided that shashmaqom should form a part of the national traditional heritage. Tension between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan led to the differentiation between the Tajik shashmaqom as developed in Dushanbe, and the Uzbek shashmaqam as developed in Tashkent. Tajik books made no mention of Uzbek shashmaqam and vice versa.

During the 1980s, this artificial division began to change. Uzbekistan began to learn about the Tajik shashmaqam, and Tajikistan learnt of the Uzbek shashmaqom. This has survived to the present, but a surge of nationalism in Uzbekistan may change that: singers on the radio in Bukhara, a city perfectly bilingual in Uzbek and Tajik, are using only the Uzbek texts in their shashmaqom music broadcasts.

This style of music was brought to the Western world, particularly to the United States, by the Bukharian Jews of Central Asia. Many of them were successful performers of Shasmaqom and brought it to the West.

See also
Klezmer
Music of Tajikistan
Music of Uzbekistan

References

External links
Shashmaqam - performed by Bukharian Singers

Tajikistani music
Uzbekistani music
Maqam-based music tradition
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

Shashmaqam


Blue Force Gear, Inc. is a United States manufacturer of Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment (MOLLE) gear, firearm slings, and other tactical equipment that was established in Pooler, Georgia during January 2004. They design and manufacture equipment for law enforcement, U.S. Armed Forces (and NATO Forces), and Sport Shooters. Select equipment manufactured contains a National Stock Number (NSN) and a National Item Identification Number (NIIN) for supplying armed forces. Its name, Blue Force Gear, is derived from military symbology dating back to World War I: blue being for Allied forces and red for enemy forces.

They are most known for their firearm sling, the Vickers Sling.

Background

On May 1, 2012 the Vickers Combat Application Sling was assigned NSN: 1005-01-604-0627. Combat trials led by U.S. Marines validated the issue of the NSN in combat trials in Afghanistan (2011) for their new M27 Infantry Rifle. The sling was fully authorized for use on the M4, M4A1 and M16 series of rifles by the United States Marine Corps. The sling then joins over 100,000 other Blue Force Gear slings already issued across the United States Armed Forces.

Vickers Sling name

The Vickers Sling, a firearm sling, is named after Larry Vickers. Larry Vickers, a retired US Army 1st SFOD-Delta (Delta Force) combat veteran, took part in the United States invasion of Panama and participated in Operation Acid Gambit, a mission to extract a CIA operative, Kurt Muse, from Modelo Prison in Panama City, Panama. Blue Force Gear and Larry Vickers both originally designed the Vickers Sling product line, the Vickers Combat Application Sling (VCAS).

References

External links
 Blue Force Gear, Inc official website

Manufacturing in the United States
Military technology

Blue Force Gear


Dr. Zilda Arns (August 25, 1934 - January 12, 2010) was a Brazilian doctor and in 1983 set up the Children's Pastoral. Children's Pastoral is a Catholic church based organization which teaches mother basic health care skills. It has saved the lives of thousands of babies in Brazil.

She was born in the south of Brazil to German parents. She studied medicine at university and then set up clinics in Curitiba. She soon saw that much of the sickness, such as diarrhoea and dehydration could be prevented if parents knew how to care properly for their children. In 1983, her brother, Paulo Evaristo Arns, a bishop in the Catholic Church encouraged her to set up Children's Pastoral. It is now in 42,000 Brazilian communities, and has over 260,000 trained volunteers.

In 2007, Arns was given the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public service.

Arns was killed in the 2010 Haiti earthquake while speaking to a church group. She had gone there on a visit to a missionary organization helping with the care of babies.

References

1934 births
2010 deaths
Brazilian physicians

Zilda Arns