Silver Spring is a census-designated place (CDP) in southeastern Montgomery County, Maryland, United States, near Washington, D.C. Although officially unincorporated, it is an edge city with a population of 81,015 at the 2020 census, making it the fifth-most populous place in Maryland after Baltimore, Columbia, Germantown, and Waldorf.

Downtown Silver Spring, located next to the northern tip of Washington, D.C., is the oldest and most urbanized area of Silver Spring, surrounded by several inner suburban residential neighborhoods inside the Capital Beltway. Many mixed-use developments combining retail, residential, and office space have been built since 2004.

Silver Spring takes its name from a mica-flecked spring discovered there in 1840 by Francis Preston Blair, who subsequently bought much of the area's surrounding land. Acorn Park, south of downtown, is believed to be the site of the original spring.

Geography

As an unincorporated census-designated place, Silver Spring's boundaries are not consistently defined. As of the 2010 census, the U.S. Census Bureau gives Silver Spring a total area of , which is all land; however, the CDP contains some creeks and small ponds. This definition is a 15% reduction from the  used in previous years.

Silver Spring contains the following neighborhoods: Downtown Silver Spring, East Silver Spring, Woodside, Woodside Park, Lyttonsville, North Hills Sligo Park, Long Branch, Indian Spring, Goodacre Knolls, Franklin Knolls, Montgomery Knolls, Clifton Park Village, New Hampshire Estates, and Oakview.

The U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Postal Service, Silver Spring Urban Planning District, and Greater Silver Spring Chamber of Commerce, each use their own slightly different definitions. The Postal Service in particular assigns Silver Spring mailing addresses to a large swath of eastern Montgomery County sometimes called "Greater Silver Spring", including Four Corners, Woodmoor, Wheaton, Glenmont, Forest Glen, Forest Glen Park, Aspen Hill, Hillandale, White Oak, Colesville, Colesville Park, Cloverly, Calverton, Briggs Chaney, Greencastle, Northwood Park, Ashton, Sandy Spring, Sunset Terrace, Fairland, Lyttonsville, Kemp Mill, a portion of Langley Park, and a portion of Adelphi. The area that has a Silver Spring mailing address is larger in area than any city in Maryland except Baltimore.

Landmarks in the downtown area include the AFI Silver Theatre, the National Museum of Health and Medicine, a branch of The Fillmore, and the headquarters of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Greater Silver Spring includes the headquarters of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in the U.S.

Parks and recreation

Four major creeks run through Silver Spring: from west to east, they are Rock Creek, Sligo Creek, Long Branch, and Northwest Branch. Each is surrounded by parks offering hiking trails, playgrounds, picnic areas, and tennis courts. On weekends, roads are closed in the parks for bicycling and walking.

Northwest Branch Park also includes the Rachel Carson Greenway Trail, named after Rachel Carson, the author of Silent Spring and a former resident of the area. It continues north to Wheaton Regional Park, in Greater Silver Spring, which is home to the  Brookside Gardens.

The  Jessup Blair Park, south of downtown, has a soccer field, tennis courts, basketball courts, and a picnic area. There are similar local parks throughout the residential parts of the community.

Demographics

2020
As of the 2020 census, an estimated 81,015 people lived in Silver Spring. There were 32,114 households; their average annual income was $83,782.

50.9% of the population was female.

33.3% of the population was White (Non-Hispanic), 28% was Black or African American alone (Non-Hispanic), 19.4% of the population was Other (Hispanic), 7.12% of the population was Asian (Non-Hispanic), 6.68% of the population was White (Hispanic), 3.16% was Multiracial (Non-Hispanic), 1.08% was Multiracial (Hispanic), 0.47% was Black or African American (Hispanic), 0.29% was Asian (Hispanic), and 0.19% was American Indian & Alaska Native (Hispanic).

28% of the population identified as Hispanic.

As of 2019, 36.5% of Silver Spring residents (29,800 people) were born outside of the United States, which is higher than the national average of 13.9%. Of these, the most predominant foreign-born people are from El Salvador, Ethiopia, India, and China.

2010
Note: For the 2010 census, the boundaries of the Silver Spring CDP were changed, reducing the land area by approx. 15%. As a result, the population count for 2010 shows a 6.6% decrease, while the population density increased 11%.

As of the 2010 census, there were 71,452 residents, 28,603 total households, and 15,684 families residing in the Silver Spring CDP. The population density was . There were 30,522 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the community, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, for residents who self-identified as being members of "one race" was 45.7% White (7.8% German, 7.0% Irish, 5.7% English), 27.8% Black or African American (5.2% Ethiopian, 1.1% Haitian), 0.6% American Indian and Alaska Native, 7.9% Asian (2.35% Indian, 1.74% Vietnamese, 1.32% Chinese, 0.63% Korean), 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and 13.2% "Some Other Race" (SOR). 4.8% of the CDP's residents self-identified as being members of two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents "of any race" comprised 26.3% of the population (12.3% Salvadoran, 3.71% Guatemalan, 2.83% Mexican). Like much of the Washington metropolitan area, Silver Spring is home to many people of Ethiopian ancestry.

There were 28,603 households, out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.6% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.2% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals living alone, and 16.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.21.

In the census area, the population was spread out, with 21.4% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 37.1% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.

The median income for a household in the census area was , and the median income for a family was . Males had a median income of  versus  for females. The per capita income for the area was . 15.0% (±4.9%) of the population and 13.3% (±4.3%) of families were below the poverty line. Twenty-one percent (±9.1%) of those under the age of 18 and 23.6% (±10.6%) of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

History
The area that is now Silver Spring has been inhabited by various Indigenous peoples for 10,000 years. Before European colonization, the area was inhabited by the Piscataway, an Algonquian-speaking people. The Piscataway may have established a few small villages along the banks of Sligo Creek and Rock Creek.

19th century
The Blair, Lee, and Jalloh and Barrie families, three politically active families of the time, are tied to Silver Spring's history. In 1840, Francis Preston Blair, who later helped organize the modern American Republican Party, along with his daughter, Elizabeth, discovered a spring flowing with chips of mica believed to be the now-dry spring visible at Acorn Park. Blair was looking for a site for his summer home to escape the summer heat of Washington, D.C. Two years later, Blair completed a 20-room mansion he dubbed "Silver Spring" on a  country homestead. In 1854, Blair moved to the mansion permanently. The house stood until 1954.

By 1854, Blair's son, Montgomery Blair, who became Postmaster General under Abraham Lincoln and represented Dred Scott before the U.S. Supreme Court, built the Falkland house in the area.

By the end of the decade, Elizabeth Blair married Samuel Phillips Lee, third cousin of future Confederate leader Robert E. Lee, and gave birth to a boy, Francis Preston Blair Lee, who went on to become the first popularly elected Senator in U.S. history.

During the American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln visited the Silver Spring mansion several times, where he relaxed by playing town ball with Francis P. Blair's grandchildren.

In 1864, Confederate States Army General Jubal Early occupied Silver Spring before the Battle of Fort Stevens. After the engagement, fleeing Confederate soldiers razed Montgomery Blair's Falkland residence.

At the time, there was a community called Sligo located at the intersection of the Washington-Brookeville Turnpike and the Washington-Colesville-Ashton Turnpike, now named Georgia Avenue and Colesville Road. Sligo included a tollhouse, a store, a post office, and a few homes. The communities of Woodside, Forest Glen, and Linden were founded after the Civil War. These small towns largely lost their separate identities when a post office was established in Silver Spring in 1899.

By the end of the 19th century, the region began to develop into a town of size and importance. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Metropolitan Branch opened on April 30, 1873, and ran through Silver Spring from Washington, D.C., to Point of Rocks, Maryland.

The first suburban development appeared in 1887 when Selina Wilson divided part of her farm on present-day Colesville Road (U.S. Route 29) and Brookeville Road into five- and ten-acre (20,000- and 40,000 m2) plots. In 1892, Francis Preston Blair Lee and his wife, Anne Brooke Lee, gave birth to E. Brooke Lee, who is known as the father of modern Silver Spring for his visionary attitude toward developing the region.

20th century

In the early 20th century, E. Brooke Lee and his brother, Blair Lee I, founded the Lee Development Company, whose Colesville Road office building remains a downtown fixture. Dale Drive, a winding roadway, was built to provide vehicular access to much of the family's substantial real estate holdings. Suburban development continued in 1922 when Woodside Development Corporation created Woodside Park, a neighborhood of  plot home sites built on the former Noyes estate in 1923. In 1924, Washington trolley service on Georgia Avenue (present-day Maryland Route 97) across B&O's Metropolitan Branch was suspended so that an underpass could be built. The underpass was completed two years later, but trolley service never resumed. It would be rebuilt again in 1948 with additional lanes for automobile traffic, opening the areas to the north for readily accessible suburban development.

Takoma-Silver Spring High School, built in 1924, was the first high school for Silver Spring. The community's rapid growth led to the need for a larger school. In 1935, when a new high school building was erected at Wayne Avenue and Sligo Creek Parkway, the school was renamed Montgomery Blair High School. In 1998, the school was moved again, to a new, larger facility at the corner of Colesville Road (U.S. Route 29) and University Boulevard (Maryland Route 193). The former Blair building became a combined middle school and elementary school, housing Silver Spring International Middle School and Sligo Creek Elementary School. The Silver Spring Shopping Center, built by developer Albert Small and Silver Theatre, designed by noted theater architect John Eberson, were completed in 1938 at the request of developer William Alexander Julian. The Silver Spring Shopping Center was one of the nation's first retail spaces with a street-front parking lot, defying conventional wisdom that merchandise should be in windows closest to the street so that people could see it. The shopping center was purchased in 1944 by real estate developer Sam Eig, who helped attract large retailers to the city.

Before the 1950s, Silver Spring was known as a sundown town, in part because of influential land owners. The North Washington Real Estate Company designed 63 acres to be white-only, written in its deeds to prevent the sale of land to anyone else. Legislation finally outlawed this practice in 1967, almost two decades after Shelley v. Kramer made racial covenants unenforceable.

By the 1950s, Silver Spring was the second-busiest retail market between Baltimore and Richmond; major retailers included the Hecht Company, J.C. Penney, and Sears, Roebuck and Company. In 1954, the 1842 Blair mansion "Silver Spring" was razed and replaced with the Blair Station Post office. 1960 saw the opening of Wheaton Plaza, later called Westfield Wheaton, a shopping center several miles north of downtown Silver Spring. It captured much of the town's business, and the downtown area began a long period of decline.

On December 19, 1961, a  segment of the Capital Beltway (I-495) was opened to traffic between Georgia Avenue (MD 97) and University Boulevard East (MD 193). On August 17, 1964, the final segment of the  Beltway was opened to traffic, and a ribbon-cutting ceremony was held near the New Hampshire Avenue interchange, with a speech by Gov. J. Millard Tawes, who called it a "road of opportunity" for Maryland and the nation.

Washington Metro rail service into Washington, D.C., helped breathe life into the region starting with the 1978 opening of the Silver Spring station. The Metro Red Line followed the right-of-way of the B&O Metropolitan Branch, with the Metro tracks centered between the B&O's eastbound and westbound mains. The Red Line heads south to downtown DC from Silver Spring, running at grade before descending into Union Station.  By the mid-1990s, the Red Line continued north from the downtown Silver Spring core, entering a tunnel just past the Silver Spring station and running underground to three more stations: Forest Glen, Wheaton, and Glenmont.

Nevertheless, the downtown decline continued in the 1980s. The Hecht Company closed its downtown location in 1987 and moved to Wheaton Plaza while forbidding another department store from renting its old spot. City Place, a multi-level mall, was established in the old Hecht Company building in 1992, but it had difficulty attracting quality anchor stores and gained a reputation as a budget mall. Shortly thereafter, in the mid-1990s, developers considered building a mega-mall and entertainment complex called the American Dream (similar to the Mall of America) in downtown Silver Spring, but the revitalization plan fell through before any construction began because the developers were unable to secure funding. However, one bright spot for downtown was that the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) consolidated its headquarters in four new high-rise office buildings near the Silver Spring Metro station in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

A 1996 train collision on the Silver Spring section of the Metropolitan line left 11 people dead. On February 16 of that year, during the Friday-evening rush hour, a MARC commuter train bound for Washington Union Station collided with the Amtrak Capitol Limited train and erupted in flames on a snow-swept stretch of track in Silver Spring.

The Maryland State Highway Administration started studies of improvements to the Capital Beltway in 1993, and have continued, off and on, examining a number of alternatives since then, including HOV lanes and high-occupancy toll lanes.

21st century

At the beginning of the 21st century, downtown Silver Spring began to see the results of redevelopment. Several city blocks near City Place Mall were rebuilt to accommodate a new outdoor shopping plaza called "Downtown Silver Spring."  As downtown Silver Spring revived, its 160-year history was celebrated in a PBS documentary entitled Silver Spring: Story of an American Suburb, released in 2002.

In 2003, Discovery Communications completed the construction of its headquarters and moved to downtown Silver Spring from nearby Bethesda. However, Discovery, Inc. CEO David Zaslav announced in 2017 that he would move the company to New York City to operate close to their "ad partners on Madison Avenue," "investors and analysts on Wall Street," and their "creative and production community". 2003 also brought the reopening of the Silver Theatre, as AFI Silver, under the auspices of the American Film Institute.

Development continued with the opening of new office buildings, condos, stores, and restaurants. In 2015–16, the long-struggling City Place Mall was renovated and reopened as Ellsworth Place The old B&O Passenger Station was restored between 2000 and 2002, as recorded in the documentary film Next Stop: Silver Spring.

Beginning in 2004, the downtown redevelopment was marketed locally with the "silver sprung" advertising campaign, which declared on buses and in print ads that Silver Spring had "sprung" and was ready for business. In June 2007, The New York Times noted that downtown was "enjoying a renaissance, a result of public involvement and private investment that is turning it into an arts and entertainment center".

In 2005, downtown Silver Spring was awarded the silver medal of the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence

In 2007, the downtown Silver Spring area gained attention when an amateur photographer was prohibited from taking photographs in what appeared to be a public street. The land, leased to the Peterson Companies, a developer, for $1, was technically private property. The citizens argued that the Downtown Silver Spring development, partially built with public money, was still public property. After a protest on July 4, 2007, Peterson relented and allowed photography on their property under limited conditions. Peterson also claimed that it could revoke these rights at any time. The company further stated that other activities permitted in public spaces, such as organizing protests or distributing campaign literature, were still prohibited. In response, Montgomery County Attorney Leon Rodriguez said that the street in question, Ellsworth Drive, "constitutes a public forum" and that the First Amendment's protection of free speech applies there. In an eight-page letter, Rodriguez wrote, "Although the courts have not definitively resolved the issue of whether the taking, as opposed to the display, of photographs is a protected expressive act, we think it is likely that a court would consider the taking of the photograph to be part of the continuum of action that leads to the display of the photograph and thus also protected by the First Amendment." The incident was part of a trend in the United States regarding the blurring of public and private spaces in developments built with both public and private funds.

In 2008, construction began on the long-planned Intercounty Connector (ICC), which crosses the upper reaches of Silver Spring. The highway's first section opened on February 21, 2011; the entire route was completed by 2012. In July 2010, the Silver Spring Civic Building and Veterans Plaza opened in downtown Silver Spring.

In May 2019, Peterson announced a $10 million renovation of the Downtown Silver Spring development that will include public art and a new outdoor plaza, featuring green space.

Culture

Downtown Silver Spring hosts several entertainment, musical, and ethnic festivals, the most notable of which are the Silverdocs documentary film festival held each June and hosted by Discovery Communications and the American Film Institute, as well as the annual Thanksgiving Day Parade (Saturday before Thanksgiving) for Montgomery County. The Silver Spring Jazz Festival has become the biggest event of the year drawing 20,000 people to the free festival held on the second Saturday in September.  Featuring local jazz artists and a battle of high school bands, the Silver Spring Jazz Festival has featured such jazz greats as Wynton Marsalis, Arturo Sandoval, Sérgio Mendes, Aaron Neville, the Mingus Big Band, and the Fred Wesley Group.

The Fillmore is a live entertainment and music venue with a capacity of 2,000 people. It opened in 2011 in the former JC Penney building on Colesville Road. The venue joins the American Film Institute and Discovery Communications as cornerstones of the downtown Silver Spring's arts and entertainment district. It has featured performances by artists Prince Royce, Minus the Bear, Tyga, Wale (rapper), Schoolboy Q, Migos, and many other hip hop acts. In August 2012 R&B singer Reesa Renee launched her album Reelease at the Fillmore.

Downtown Silver Spring is home to the Cultural Arts Center at Montgomery College. The Cultural Arts Center offers a varied set of cultural performances, lectures, films, and conferences. It is a resource for improving cultural literacy, encouraging cross-cultural understanding, and to build bridges between the arts, cultural studies, and all disciplines concerned with the expression of culture.

Dining in Silver Spring is also varied, including American, African, Burmese, Ethiopian, Guatemalan, Japanese, Moroccan, Italian, Mexican, Salvadoran, Jamaican, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Thai, Persian, Chinese, Indian, Greek, and fusion restaurants, and national and regional chains.

Silver Spring has several churches, synagogues, temples, and other religious institutions, including the World Headquarters of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Silver Spring serves as the primary urban area in Montgomery County and its revitalization has ushered in an eclectic mix of people and ideas, evident in the fact that the flagship high school, Montgomery Blair High School, has no majority group with each major racial and ethnic group claiming a significant percentage.

Silver Spring hosts the American Film Institute Silver Theatre and Culture Center, on Colesville Road. The theatre showcases American and foreign films. Gandhi Brigade, a youth development media project, began in Silver Spring out of the Long Branch neighborhood. Docs in Progress, a non-profit media arts center devoted to the promotion of documentary filmmaking is located at the "Documentary House" in downtown Silver Spring.  Silver Spring Stage, an all-volunteer community theater, performs in Woodmoor, approximately  north up Colesville Road from the downtown area.  Downtown Silver Spring is also home to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency of the United States Department of Commerce that includes the National Weather Service; the American Nurses Association; and numerous real estate development, biotechnology, and media and communications companies.

Stevie Nicks of the band Fleetwood Mac has credited Silver Spring as an inspiration for the title of the band's 1977 song "Silver Springs". In a 1998 interview, Nicks said, "I wrote Silver Springs uh, about Lindsey [Buckingham]. And I ~ we were in Maryland somewhere driving under a freeway sign that said Silver Spring, Maryland. And I loved the name. ...Silver Springs sounded like a pretty fabulous place to me. And uh, 'You could be my silver springs...' that's just a whole symbolic thing of what you could have been to me."

Transportation

The major roads in Silver Spring are mostly three- to five-lane highways. The Capital Beltway can be accessed from Georgia Avenue (MD 97), Colesville Road (US 29), and New Hampshire Avenue (MD 650).

The long-planned Intercounty Connector (ICC) (MD-200) toll road opened in three segments between February 2011 and November 2014. ICC interchanges in the Silver Spring area include Georgia Avenue, Layhill Road (MD-182), New Hampshire Avenue, Columbia Pike (US-29) and Briggs Chaney Road.

The multilevel Paul Sarbanes Transit Center in downtown Silver Spring, named in honor of former U.S. Senator Paul Sarbanes from Maryland, is served by the MARC Train on the Brunswick Line, Washington Metro on the Red Line at Silver Spring station, Metrobus, Ride On, the free VanGo, intercity Greyhound bus, and local taxi services. The bus terminal is the busiest in the Washington metropolitan area. This transit facility serves nearly 60,000 passengers daily. The transit center is an expanded version of an older bus, train, and Metro terminal. Begun in October 2008, the expansion, planned to consume $91 million and four years, opened four years late and $50 million over budget on September 20, 2015.

The transit center will also be served by the Purple Line light rail. Under construction by the Maryland Transit Administration (MTA), the line is expected to open in 2026, and will connect Silver Spring with Bethesda to the west, the University of Maryland, College Park to the east, and the Washington Metro's New Carrollton station to the southeast.

The Washington Metro's Forest Glen station is also located in Silver Spring. MARC Train stops at nearby Kensington station.

Education

Montgomery County Public Schools
Silver Spring is served by Montgomery County Public Schools, a county-wide public school district.

High schools
 Albert Einstein High School
 John F. Kennedy High School
 Montgomery Blair High School
 Northwood High School
 Springbrook High School
 Wheaton High School

Middle schools
 Benjamin Banneker Middle School
 Silver Spring International Middle School
 Takoma Park Middle School
 Eastern Middle School
 White Oak Middle School
 Briggs Chaney Middle School
 Argyle Middle School
 Odessa Shannon Middle School (previously Col. E. Brooke Lee Middle School)
 Sligo Middle School
 Francis Scott Key Middle School
 A. Mario Loiderman Middle School
 Thornton Friends Middle School
 Silver Creek Middle School

Prior to 2010, among public high schools in the region, Montgomery Blair High School was the high school located in the census-designated place of Silver Spring. It is nationally recognized for its Communication Arts Program and its Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet Program, the latter of which perennially produces a large number of finalists and semi-finalists in such academic competitions as the Intel Science Talent Search.

Private schools
Notable private schools in Silver Spring include The Siena School, Yeshiva of Greater Washington, the Torah School of Greater Washington, and The Barrie School.

Saint Francis International School St. Camillus Campus, serving kindergarten through 8th grade, is in Silver Spring. It was formerly St. Camillus School, which was operated by sisters of Notre Dame de Namur and opened in 1954. In the middle of the 1960s it had up to 1,200 students. Working-class people were the main clientele. The student population was decreasing by the 1980s as working-class people moved from the area. By the same decade the teachers were mostly lay staff. In the decade of the 2000s the school's financial situation deteriorated. In 2010 the school had 260 students. It merged into Saint Francis International, which opened in 2010; at that time all teachers had to reapply for their jobs. In 2010 Saint Francis International had 435 students at all campuses. In 2014 it had 485 students at all campuses; over 70% the students were of parents born abroad.

Montgomery College
A portion of the Montgomery College, the Takoma Park/Silver Spring campus, is located in the Silver Spring; the rest of the campus located in Takoma Park. The community college is Montgomery County's main institute of higher education; the main campus is in the county seat of Rockville. The campus of the National Labor College is in the White Oak neighborhood in the outer reaches of Silver Spring.

Howard University
Howard University's School of Continuing Education is located in Silver Spring; its main campus in nearby Washington, D.C.

Libraries
Silver Spring is served by many public libraries:

 Brigadier General Charles E. McGee Library located in downtown Silver Spring.
 Connie Morrella (formerly Bethesda)
 Marilyn J. Praisner (formerly Fairland)
 Wheaton
 White Oak and Long Branch.

Silver Spring Library started operation in 1931 and is one of the most heavily used in the Montgomery County System. It was relocated in June 2015 to Wayne Avenue and Fenton Street as part of the Downtown Silver Spring redevelopment plan.

Economy
A number of major companies and organizations are based in Silver Spring, including:

American Nurses Association, a professional organization
CuriosityStream, a streaming media company
Food and Drug Administration, a U.S. federal government agency
Global Communities, an international development and humanitarian aid nonprofit
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a U.S. federal government agency
Urban One, a media company
United Therapeutics, a biotechnology company

Sports
The Silver Spring Saints Youth Football Organization has been a mainstay of youth sports in the town since 1951. Located in Silver Spring, Maryland, the Silver Spring Saints play home games at St. Bernadette's Church near Blair High School. The club was formed when two local Catholic parishes, St. John the Baptist and St. Andrews, merged their football programs to compete in the Capital Beltway League after the CYO (Catholic Youth Organization) for the Archdiocese of Washington D.C. discontinued its youth football program at the end of the 1994 season. The name "Saints" is derived from the merging of the two Catholic parishes. In 2009, the Saints moved from the Capital Beltway League (CBL) to the Mid-Maryland Youth Football & Cheer League (MMYFCL).

Silver Spring is also home to several swim teams, including Parkland, Robin Hood, Calverton, Franklin Knolls, Daleview, Oakview, Forest Knolls, Kemp Mill, Long Branch, Stonegate, Glenwood, Rock Creek, and Northwest Branch, Hillandale, and West Hillandale.

Silver Spring and Takoma Park together host Silver Spring-Takoma Thunderbolts a college wooden-bat baseball team playing in the Cal Ripken, Sr. Collegiate Baseball League. Home games are played at Montgomery Blair Stadium.

The Potomac Athletic Club Rugby team has a youth rugby organization based in Silver Spring. Established in 2005, PAC Youth Rugby has tag rugby for ages 5 to 15, girls and boys and also offer introduction to tackle rugby for U13 and U15 players. In addition to introducing numerous young athletes to the sport of rugby, PAC has also won Maryland state championships across the age groups.

Media
In 1977, Stevie Nicks and Fleetwood Mac released a song with the same name, to be the B-side of Go Your Own Way.

Silver Spring is served by Washington, D.C. outlets such as the Washington Post and the Washington Times. Several online outlets also cover local Silver Spring news, including Source of the Spring, The Voice, and Silver Spring Patch. Eye On Sligo Creek covers nature and news along Sligo Creek. Silver Spring was served by The Gazette until it closed in June 2015 and by the Montgomery County Sentinel until it ceased publication in January 2020.

The Washington Hispanic has its offices in Silver Spring.

Several notable broadcasting companies currently have headquarters in Silver Spring, including Urban One. After relocating to New York City in 2018, Discovery Inc. sold its former Silver Spring headquarters to Foulger-Pratt and Cerberus Capital Management, and leased a smaller space at nearby 8403 Colesville Road.

Notable people
Joe Alexander, (b. 1986), American-Israeli basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League
 Brady Anderson, (b. 1964), baseball player
 Akil Baddoo, (b. 1998), baseball player for the Detroit Tigers
 Jonathan Banks, (b. 1947), actor
 Alex Bazzie, (b. 1990), football player
 Carl Bernstein, (b. 1944), journalist, writer
 Keter Betts, (1928–2005), musician
 Lewis Black, (b. 1948), comedian
 Brandon Broady, (b. 1986), comedian, television host
 Laphonza Butler, U.S. senator
 Bill Callahan, (b. 1966), musician
 Rachel Carson, (1907–1964), author of Silent Spring
 Crystal Chappell, (b. 1965), actress
 Dave Chappelle, (b. 1973), comedian
 Connie Chung, (b. 1946), news presenter
 Gaelan Connel, (b. 1989), actor, musician
 Chuck Davidson, (b. 1961), rabbi
 Tommy Davidson, (b. 1963), comedian, actor
 Marc Davis, (b. 1990), NASCAR driver
 Dominique Dawes, (b. 1976), gymnast, 4-time Olympic medalist
 Cara DeLizia, (b. 1984), actress
 Matt Drudge, (b. 1966), internet news editor
 Michael Ealy, (b. 1973), actor
 Wayne Federman, (b. 1959), comedian, actor, writer
 Charles Fefferman, (b. 1949), mathematician
David Feldberg, (b. 1977), professional disc golfer
 Martin Felsen, (b. 1968), architect
 John Meredith Ford (1923–1995), Guyanese politician, died in Silver Spring
 Steve Francis, former basketball player
 Jason Freeny, (b. 1970), sculptor, toy designer
 Kimmy Gatewood, actress, writer and singer
Emily Gould, (b. 1981), author
Jerian Grant, (b. 1992), basketball player for the Washington Wizards
Josh Hart, (b. 1995) basketball player for the New Orleans pelicans; first-round selection in 2017 NBA draft
Goldie Hawn, (b. 1945), actress, dancer, producer, and singer
 Keith Howland, (b. 1964), musician (Chicago)
 Frank Jackson (b. 1998), NBA player
 Amir Mohamed el Khalifa, better known by his stage name Oddisee, is an American rapper
 Humayun Khan, (1976 – 2004) U.S. Army Officer of Pakistani descent and a Muslim, posthumous recipient of the Purple Heart and the Bronze Star Medal.
 Rick Leventhal, (b. 1960), journalist
 Elliot Levine, (b. 1963), musician (Heatwave)
 Dov Lipman, (b. 1971), member of the Knesset.
 Matt Maloney, (b. 1971), former basketball player
 Michelle M. Marciniak, (b. 1973), former WNBA professional basketball player and collegiate coach
Roger Mason Jr., (b. 1980), former basketball player
 Joey Mbu, (b. 1993), football player
Victor Oladipo, (b. 1992), basketball player for the Houston Rockets
 George Pelecanos, (b. 1957), author
 Al Quie, (b. 1923), former Governor of Minnesota (1979–1983)
 Gretchen Quie, (1927–2015), artist and former First Lady of Minnesota (1979–1983)
 J. Robbins, (b. 1967), musician (Jawbox, Office of Future Plans)
 Nora Roberts, (b. 1950), novelist
 Daniel Snyder, (b. 1964), businessperson and former owner of the Washington Commanders
 Harold Solomon (b. 1952), tennis player ranked No. 5 in the world
 Norman Solomon, (b. 1951), journalist, political candidate
 Ben Stein, (b. 1944), commentator, humorist, actor
 Rebecca Sugar, (b. ca. 1987), artist, composer, and director
 Daryush Valizadeh, (b. 1979), neomasculinity writer
 Thalia Zedek, (b. 1961), musician (Live Skull, Come)

See also
 Washington metropolitan area
 Montgomery County, Maryland
 Silver Spring Library
 Montgomery County Public Libraries
 Montgomery County Public Schools
 Montgomery College
 Silver Spring Monkeys

References

Further reading
 McCoy, J, et al. (2003). Silver Spring Timeline. Retrieved August 6, 2003 from "Silver Spring history".
 McCoy, Jerry A. and Silver Spring Historical Society. Historic Silver Spring. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2005.

External links

  The Silver Spring Regional Center
 Silver Spring Downtown District

Documentary films
 Silver Spring:  Story of an American Suburb
 Next Stop: Silver Spring
 Silver Spring Stories

1887 establishments in Maryland
Census-designated places in Maryland
Census-designated places in Montgomery County, Maryland
Edge cities in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area
Sundown towns in Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Montgomery County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland

Silver Spring, Maryland


Gavin Mitchell (born 16 December 1964) is a Scottish actor and comedian, best known for playing Robert "Boaby the Barman" Taylor in the sitcom Still Game.

Mitchell had a recurring role as Callum McIntyre in the drama series Monarch of the Glen, played various roles in sketch show Velvet Soup, and has appeared in sitcoms Empty, Happy Hollidays and You Instead. He played a recurring character in crime drama The Field of Blood. He appeared in two episodes of series 7 of the children's adventure series M.I. High, in which he also voiced The Mastermind, taking over from Brian Cox.
He can currently be seen playing Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich in Netflix's The Last Czars.

On stage, Mitchell has played the male lead in Casablanca: The Gin Joint Cut, a spoof of the Humphrey Bogart film Casablanca, which has appeared at the Edinburgh Fringe. He toured Britain, Paris and Barbados.

Mitchell is a fan of David Bowie: in March 2016 he accepted Bowie's posthumous induction into Glasgow's Barrowland Hall of Fame.

In June 2019, Mitchell won 'Best Actor' at They Scottish Comedy Awards' and in July 2019 was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters by Glasgow Caledonian University.

References

External links

Gavin Mitchell on BFI

Living people
Scottish male television actors
1966 births
Scottish male comedians
Male actors from Glasgow
Comedians from Glasgow
Scottish male comedy actors

Gavin Mitchell (actor)


Xató () is a typical Catalan dish. It is a sauce made with almonds, hazelnuts, breadcrumbs, vinegar, garlic, olive oil, salt, and the nyora pepper. The sauce is often served with an endive salad prepared with anchovy, tuna and dried and salted cod (bacallà).

The "Xató Route" is formed by the following Catalan towns: Canyelles, Calafell, Cubelles, Cunit, El Vendrell, Sant Pere de Ribes, Sitges and Vilanova i la Geltrú. There is a recipe for each town on the 'Xató route'.

Catalonia
The origin of xató lies in the world of wine. Once the wine was about to be tasted, a fundamental ceremony took place in the whole process that consisted of placing a small tap (l'aixetó) that allowed the wine to come out of the container. This moment marked the beginning of the new wine festival, a celebration that was accompanied by a meal made up of salty ingredients such as fish, which were found in the houses of local farmers and fishermen, served with leaves of the vegetable corresponding to the winter season and salad with a special sauce. This ritual meal that accompanied the ceremony of shaking the wine boot is the origin of the current xató.

In spite of everything, the paternity of this traditional dish in the Penedès and Garraf regions continues to be disputed. Currently, practically all the towns of Gran Panadés have their own variant of the recipe for this dish and the traditional xatonades have become popular in the region, which are popular gatherings in which the participants taste this dish.

Ambassador of Xató
1998-1999 : Ferran Adrià
1999-2000 : Xavier Mestres
2000-2001 : Carles Gaig
2001-2002 : Jordi LP
2002-2003 : La Cubana
2003-2004 : Toni Albà
2004-2005 : Rosa Andreu
2005-2006 : Pere Tàpies
2006-2007 : Lax'n'busto
2007-2008 : Anna Barrachina
2008-2009 : Montserrat Estruch
2009-2010 : Oriol Llavina

See also
Salsa Romesco, a Catalan nut and red pepper-based sauce
 List of almond dishes

External links

Receta, en español
Recipe, translated from Spanish
 Official 'Xató route' Site

Catalan cuisine
Sauces
Almond dishes
Vilanova i la Geltrú

Xató


Oxymorphol is oxymorphone which has been hydrogenated at the 6-position and consists of a mixture of 4,5α-Epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6β,14-triol and 4,5α-Epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6α,14-triol (hydromorphinol). It is produced by the human body as an active metabolite of oxymorphone and some bacteria as an intermediate in turning morphine into hydromorphone. It can also be manufactured and is the subject of patents by drug companies looking for new semi-synthetic analgesics and cough suppressants.

A derivative of oxymorphol, 8-hydroxy-6-α-oxymorphol, was discovered in the first decade of the 21st century and the subject of a patent application by Endo Pharmaceuticals for an analgesic and antitussive.

References

4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Opioid metabolites
Semisynthetic opioids
Mu-opioid receptor agonists

Oxymorphol


Voltron is the name of two past comic book series and one current series published by different companies. Both previous series are based on the television series Voltron. Voltron is the name of the robot that the main characters pilot to fight evil in space. The series stars five young soldiers who are recruited to find the title character in deep space, and to use Voltron to defend the galaxy.

Modern Comics
In 1985, Modern Comics (an imprint of Charlton Comics) produced a three-issue limited series based on the Lion Voltron television show.

Devils' Due

In 2002, comic book publisher Devil's Due announced it had acquired the rights to publish Voltron comic books. Devil's Due, through Image Comics, published a five issue mini-series (preceded by a #0 issue from Dreamwave) which featured the Lion Voltron incarnation of the character and rebooted the property. This was then followed by an ongoing series self-published by Devil's Due, which was placed on hiatus in 2005 after the eleventh issue, due to poor sales.

Devil's Due announced in January 2008 that the five-issue mini-series, the eleven issues of the ongoing series, and the #0 issue would be collected into a Voltron Omnibus trade paperback that would also include the unpublished twelfth issue of the ongoing series that would wrap up all the storylines.

In July 2008, a new five issue mini-series was released by Devil's Due, which picked up where the ongoing series left off. This series further explored the origins of Lion Voltron's creation, from 12,000 years in the past to the present day. The mini-series showed Voltron existing as a single construct created by sorcerers and scientists, resembling a knight. During its battle with the first Drule Empire, Voltron was tricked by Haggar into landing on a black comet with the gravitational attraction of a singularity. Voltron was then attacked by Haggar, and blown into five pieces. However, the intervention of a sorcerer resulted in the five pieces becoming the five lions as they descended onto Arus.

The original five issue mini-series was adapted as the 2007 motion comic Voltron: Defenders of the Universe - REVELATIONS. Its sequel, Voltron: Defenders of the Universe - PARADISE LOST, adapted the first storyarc of the ongoing series, introducing the V-15 and its pilots.

Dynamite

In 2011, comic book publisher Dynamite Entertainment announced it had acquired the rights to publish Voltron comic books through parent company Dynamic Forces.
Dynamite released the Voltron comic series in December 2011 and it lasted 12 issues until May 2013.  They also released a 6-issue series called Voltron: Year One in 2012 and 6-issue series called Voltron: From the Ashes in 2015-16.

References

1985 comics debuts
1985 comics endings
2002 comics debuts
2005 comics endings
2007 comics debuts
Charlton Comics titles
Comics based on television series
Fantasy comics
Science fiction comics
Voltron
Devil's Due Publishing titles
Dynamite Entertainment titles

Voltron (comics)


The kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), also known as the kokanee trout, little redfish, silver trout, kikanning, Kennerly's salmon, Kennerly's trout, or Walla, is the non-anadromous form of the sockeye salmon (meaning that they do not migrate to the sea, instead living out their entire lives in freshwater). There is some debate as to whether the kokanee and its sea-going relative are separate species; geographic isolation, failure to interbreed, and genetic distinction point toward a recent divergence in the history of the two groups. The divergence most likely occurred around 15,000 years ago when a large ice melt created a series of freshwater lakes and rivers across the northern part of North America. While some members of the salmon and trout family (salmonids) went out to sea (anadromous), others stayed behind in fresh water (non-anadromous). The separation of the sockeye and the kokanee created a unique example of sympatric speciation that is relatively new in evolutionary terms. While they occupy the same areas and habitats during the breeding season, when ocean-going sockeye salmon return to freshwater to spawn, the two populations do not mate with each other in some regions, suggesting speciation.

Etymology
The name kokanee means "red fish" in the Sinixt Interior Salish language, and "silver trout" in the Okanagan language.

Distribution
Kokanee are native to many lakes in the western United States and Canada including Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California and Idaho in the United States and British Columbia and Yukon in Canada. Populations of kokanee are also found in Japan and Russia. Additionally, kokanee have been introduced to many other lakes in the United States including in those states mentioned above as well as in Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico in the west, as well as in New England, New York and North Carolina in the east. Kokanee have also been introduced to lakes in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada.

Genetic and morphological diversity
There is debate as to whether the kokanee has enough genetic distinction to be classified as a subspecies or a separate species from the sockeye salmon. Genetic evidence suggests that the evolution of landlocked sockeye has occurred more than once with different kokanee populations, showing genetic differences between populations. Most evidence points to events that land-locked the lake-type sockeye (which spawns in streams and lakes, rather than tributaries like the sea-type sockeye, but is still anadromous and spends most of its adult life out at sea), which evolved into the non-anadromous form. Genetic evidence from kokanee in the Fraser River drainage and Columbia River drainage shows that ancestors of the kokanee came from the lake-type sockeye. The data also suggests that the kokanee may have evolved back into a lake-type anadromous form at some point in recent history, although there is a lack of interbreeding between it and sockeye in the drainage systems. It is also important to note that genetic distinction between sockeye and kokanee that cohabitate varies from region to region, with some populations showing distinct divergence, but others showing very little divergence. Studies done in Okanagan Lake in British Columbia and Lake Sammamish in Washington State suggested that the genetic diversity between the lake-type sockeye and the kokanee marks the divergence of two species because cohabitating sockeye and kokanee did not interbreed, despite the fact that interbreeding was possible.

There is some morphological divergence between the kokanee and sockeye. The most noticeable difference is size. The kokanee is often smaller than the sockeye due to less nutrient availability in freshwater. Other morphological differences include higher gill raker counts in the kokanee, failure to develop the changes that allow the sockeye to transition between fresh and salt water, and juvenile kokanee's lower mean swim velocity compared to juvenile sockeye. Egg sizes are also a difference. Due to its size, the kokanee should theoretically have smaller eggs in order to increase fecundity. In reality, the kokanee egg size varies, even though the energetic cost of larger eggs can limit the fecundity of kokanee populations. Studies have found that kokanees can extract carotenoids (which provide red pigmentation during breeding) from food better than sockeyes due to sexual selection and mate choice. Again, the degree of morphological variation, such as gill raker count, can vary from population to population.

The Japanese kokanee, also known as the kunimasu salmon or black kokanee, is considered a subspecies of the sockeye salmon by some, or even a separate species Oncorhynchus kawamurae, and occurs naturally in Lakes Akan and Chimikeppu on Hokkaido Island. The creation of a dam caused the extermination of the fish by changing the lake pH. As a result, the kokanee was believed to have gone extinct in the 1940s. In 2011 a few fish were found in an isolated lake on Mount Fuji.

The Japanese kokanee varies from its sea-going sockeye relative in a few ways. The black kokanee breeds in March at a depth of 30–40 feet, while sockeye salmon breed in the fall and have a different number of gill rakers than the kokanee. In addition, the black kokanee is much darker in color than the sockeye or any other kokanee population. The fish has been introduced to different lakes around Japan for commercial fishing practices. It seems that commercial captive breeding programs, the introduction of non-native kokanee populations from Canada, and a population crash have decreased the genetic distinctiveness between the black kokanee and its sockeye relatives. These factors have also caused a decrease in native kokanee populations.

Identification, life cycle, and development
While size range of kokanee is often lake-specific and depends on many factors, in typical populations the kokanee grows to an average size of  with an average weight of . In bodies of water with more favorable conditions it can reach a size of up to  and weigh . The largest documented kokanee, caught by hand in Lower Arrow Lake in British Columbia in 2015, weighed . Adult kokanee can be found in open water where the thermocline is around . They can have anywhere between 29–40 gill rakers. As a fish that inhabits freshwater throughout their lifecycle they are often smaller than their sea-going sockeye relatives, due to less food availability. Size is the most significant morphological distinction between the kokanee and the sockeye, but gill raker count can differ from sockeye salmon as well. The main food source of this fish is plankton. "Kokanee have blue backs and silver sides and unlike other salmon and trout, except chum salmon, sockeye and kokanee lack distinct dark spots on their backs and tail fins.  In addition, when compared to other trout, they have finer scales, larger eyes, and deeply forked tail".

The typical life cycle of the kokanee is similar to that of other salmon. They are born in a stream and migrate down to a lake where they will spend most of their adult lives. Kokanee typically live for four years in a lake before heading back to spawning grounds to spawn and die. However, population longevity can vary between 2–7 years. A kokanee can spawn in a variety of different time periods called runs. Individual populations can have multiple runs associated with the kokanee in a lake and occur from August to February. Some kokanee have been seen spawning in April. The female kokanee creates a nest called a redd. She will lay around 1,000 eggs, depending on food availability. Eggs hatch within 110 days, and the juveniles swim out to the lake.

During spawning, the males turn bright red and develop a humped back and an elongated jaw similar to the male sockeye salmon. Females also don a dark red hue during the breeding season, which also corresponds with the breeding season of sockeye salmon.

Competition with introduced lake trout can lead to a decline in kokanee populations during the summer. Lake trout are predatory and will eat young kokanee. Predation by lake trout accounted for 83 percent of the 88 percent decline in kokanee populations in Lake Chelan, Washington. Other factors such as pollution, habitat loss, and warming global temperatures put the kokanee at risk in some areas.

Conservation
Some kokanee populations have declined in the US and Canada, while others thrive. The kokanee's status is variable among different locations under the Endangered Species Act. They are listed as threatened in Ozette Lake in Washington State. Other kokanee populations in Washington State have shown genetic distinction, but attempts by the Lake Sammamish Kokanee Work Group to get the Lake Sammamish kokanee listed as a separate species and therefore endangered failed the US Fish and Wildlife criteria to be listed as a distinct species. The current IUCN red list standing of sockeye salmon (Oncohynchus nerka), which does not distinguish kokanee, is of least concern.

Even so, King County, Washington, in partnership with US Fish and Wildlife, has issued conservation measures to save the fish that once numbered in the thousands. As few as 150 fish spawned in 2007–2008 marking a critical need for conservation of the state's kokanee population. Currently, restoration of streams, habitats, hatchery breeding, and a ban on fishing for kokanee has caused an increase in native kokanee populations.

Lakes in Canada have also seen a decline in native kokanee, with numbers dropping from 2,800 fish to just 88 fish in 2007 in the Kluane National Park and Reserve. The park has outlawed fishing of kokanee, and it is illegal to possess a kokanee salmon. Conservation efforts have been largely successful with 4,660 kokanee spawning in the park in 2015. It is unclear as to why the kokanee population crashed in the mid and late 2000s.

References

Oncorhynchus
Fish of Canada
Freshwater fish of the United States
Freshwater fish of Japan
Fish of Russia

Kokanee salmon


Regis McKenna (Born 1939?) was an American  marketer in Silicon Valley and introduced some techniques today commonplace among advertisers. He and his firm helped market the first microprocessor (Intel Corporation), Apple's first personal computer (Apple Computer), the first recombinant DNA genetically engineered product (Genentech, Inc.), and the first retail computer store (The Byte Shop).

Among the entrepreneurial start-ups with which he worked during their formative years are America Online, Apple, Compaq, Electronic Arts, Genentech, Intel, Linear Technology, Lotus, Microsoft, National Semiconductor, Silicon Graphics, and 3COM.  He has been described as the man who put Silicon Valley on the map. He has been called "Silicon Valley's preeminent public relations man," a "guru," a "czar," a "philosopher king," a "legendary marketer," Apple's "marketing guru," "the fellow that put Intel and Apple on the map," and " a pioneer in the semiconductor business in terms of the marketing side of things." Newsweek called him "the Silicon Valley Svengali" and Business Week has called him "one of high-tech's ace trendspotters" and a "marketing wizard in Silicon Valley."

A 1985 Los Angeles Times remarked, "McKenna is best known for taking the story of Apple Computer's founding in a Los Altos garage by two young entrepreneurs and weaving it into part of our national folklore."

Education and early career
Born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, McKenna attended Saint Vincent College and was a liberal arts graduate of Duquesne University. He later said that he "had a dispute with the university over credits" and that Duquesne "eventually sent me my degree." However "I went to four different universities to get that degree." He ended up receiving an honorary Ph.D. from Duquesne in 1990.

He first went to Silicon Valley in 1962, where he worked in the marketing department of General Microelectronics, a spinoff of Fairchild that started developing MOS technology. He then worked as marketing services manager for National Semiconductor in 1967, a firm that proliferated. He spent "half of my time on the road... in Europe and other places around the world... helping set up operations in Scotland." He said there that he learned a great deal about marketing simply by doing it.

McKenna wrote a 2001 article entitled "Silicon Valley Isn't a Place as Much as It Is an Attitude." Describing the Valley as "this near-mythical garden became the place where anyone could pursue and achieve his or her heart's delight," he said that its early "inventors and entrepreneurs...didn't set out to achieve wealth or even happiness" but "sought the freedom to exercise their talents free of economic, cultural, or tenure constraints." The result was the unplanned evolution of a "new, egalitarian culture."

Regis McKenna, Inc.
In late 1969, McKenna left National and began to seek work as a marketing freelancer, helping Silicon Valley startups "with everything from research to training." He put together a "marketing plan," including a list of "the top ten companies" he wanted to work with, and ended up having them all as clients. The list included Intel, Spectra-Physics, Teledyne, Systron, and Donner.

McKenna founded Regis McKenna, Inc. in 1970.  He went on to work for Intel and then Apple. He later recalled that "Apple wasn't happy with the name Apple after they started growing. They looked at IBM and said, 'We don't look like IBM. We're not, you know, dignified.'" McKenna made a two-hour presentation to Apple's employees in which he said: "That's exactly what you do want. You want to be different from IBM. You don't want to be the same. You don't want to emulate them. You want to do all of the things that distinguish you from them."

He began working with Apple in 1976. That year, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak "approached him and asked for help in launching what was to be the world's first personal computer." He agreed because he "liked Apple's vision." A 2012 article explains, "When a young Steve Jobs needed a marketing expert, he called Intel to ask who made their sharp-looking ads and was told 'Regis McKenna.

In addition to marketing consultancy, McKenna also owned an advertising agency and a public relations company. "So not only did we write their first business plan, we also designed the Apple logo and put together their advertising campaigns."

McKenna has said that the biggest mistake of his career was turning down an offer of 20% of Apple stock in lieu of payment for his services. "I was looking at my cash flow. And that's one of the reasons why I turned down Apple's offer." His letter turning down the offer is on display at Apple's headquarters.

McKenna sold his advertising business to Jay Chiat in 1981 and his PR business in 1995.

McKenna came out of retirement to work on the iPhone 4 antenna crisis. "Steve called me from Hawaii and told me he had a big problem," McKenna later explained. "He asked if I would meet him at Apple the next day...I thought it was a media-cycle issue and that they should address it with the data they had and be confident about the outcome rather than be apologetic. That's what Steve did. The issue vanished within probably ten days."

McKenna felt that Walter Isaacson's book about Jobs was "very negative...I never once had any of those confrontations that people talk about, and I knew him since he was 22 years old."

Aside from Intel and Apple, among the startups that the firm assisted in their formative years included America Online, Electronic Arts, Genentech, National Semiconductor, Silicon Graphics, and 3Com Corporation. Over the years, the firm evolved from a high-tech outsourced marketing business focusing on startups to a broad-based marketing strategy firm servicing international clients in many industries. McKenna sold his interest in the firm in 2000.

Andrea Cunningham, the firm's group account manager for Apple, told the Los Angeles Times in 1985, "This agency knows more about Apple Computer than Barbara Krause (Apple's in-house public relations chief)."

McKenna pioneered many of the theories and practices of technology marketing that have become integrated into the marketing mainstream. Some of these include:

The process of diffusing technology across various classes of users ranging from innovators to early adopters to late adopters and laggards and the corresponding evolution of the "whole product."
The development of industry infrastructure modeling whereby a relatively small number of "influencers" establish and sustain standards. The focus is on "intangibles" as the benefits of technology products.
The development of "other" as a major, growing segment of market share with the result of "choice becoming a higher value than brand."
The development of the concept of "Real Time," whereby technology compresses time (from want or need to zero), creating "the never-satisfied consumer".

McKenna wrote in 1990, "Technology is transforming choice, and choice is transforming the marketplace. As a result, we are witnessing the emergence of a new marketing paradigm." In a 2002 article, he declared that "branding (as currently practiced) is dead."

A 2012 article entitled "How Regis McKenna Defined Real-Time Marketing" explained that real-time marketing "is a way of thinking and philosophy that requires businesses to meet the demands of an always-on digital world" and that "includes the convergence of search, social, and real-time content production and distribution, with an expanded definition of publishing that makes social conversation and interaction as important as actual writing and digital media development." McKenna, it was explained, "laid the groundwork for real-time marketing back in 1995" in a paper for the Harvard Business Review, and fleshed out the concept in the 1997 book Real Time. Among his influential observations:

"Companies must keep the dialogue flowing and also maintain conversations with suppliers, distributors, and others in the marketplace."
"[Real-time marketing must replace] the broadcast mentality."
"[Real-time marketing must focus] on real-time customer satisfaction, providing the support, help, guidance, and information necessary to win customers' loyalty."
"Real-time marketing requires...being willing to learn how information technology is changing both customer behavior in marketing and to think in new ways about marketing within the organization."
"The customer still does all the work, hunting and pecking for information. But a real-time marketer would bring the information to the customer."

Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers
In 1986 McKenna became a partner of the venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers.

Memberships
McKenna is an investor and board member of several Silicon Valley firms, including BroadWare Technologies, Golden Gate Software, and Nanosys. He is on the advisory board of Xloom. He is also on the International Advisory Board of Toyota Motor Company, and the Advisory Board of the Economic Strategies Institute. He is a founding member and chairman of the board of Advisors for the Santa Clara University Center for Science, Technology, and Society and a trustee of the University. He and his wife, Dianne, are founders and trustees of the Children's Fund of Silicon Valley. He is also on the advisory boards of the Technology, Innovation & New Economy Project of the Progressive Policy Institute and the Tech Museum.

Retirement
Since his retirement from active consulting in 2000, McKenna has lectured about many topics, such as "the social and market effects of technological change."

Books
Total Access, Giving Customers What They Want in an Anytime, Anywhere World, Harvard Business School Press, 2002. The book "addresses the future of marketing as computers and the network do most of the work, from data gathering to customer care and response."
Real Time, Preparing for the Age of the Never Satisfied Customer, Harvard Business School Press, 1997. This book "analyzes the effects of technology on the marketplace and describes how high-speed electronics enables ready access to information, products, and services and, in the process, generates increased expectations for immediate satisfaction." The New Yorker wrote, "McKenna never ceases to challenge the conventional wisdom. The notion of eliminating hierarchy and long-term planning, and creating realtime management that focuses on delivery, results, and customer needs is a key revelation for companies; large and small." The Wall Street Journal called the book a "magnificent tour through an exciting if uncertain future in which everybody's connected to everybody."
Relationship Marketing, Addison-Wesley, 1991. Publishers Weekly described it as a "spirited recap of the 1980s" that "traces the rise and occasional fall of many start-up companies in the turbulent, proliferating computer and software industry, including the competition between Apple Inc. and IBM."
Who's Afraid of Big Blue, Addison-Wesley, 1989. This book "chronicles the strategies for success against industry giants and offers advice to those who want to challenge IBM, and to those who face similar competition in other industries." Library Journal called it "an interesting three-pronged look at the behemoth of the computer industry."
The Regis Touch, New Marketing Strategies for Uncertain Times, Addison-Wesley, 1985. In this book, McKenna "shares for the first time his proven strategies for creating new markets, positioning products, gaining recognition, serving customers, and keeping pace with fast-changing environments."

Articles
McKenna has written many articles for Forbes, Ink, Fortune, and the Harvard Business Review. He has also written poetry.

Honors and awards
McKenna won the Joseph Wharton Award in 1986. He received honorary Ph.Ds from Duquesne University (1990), Saint Vincent College (1991), Santa Clara University (2002), and Stevens College of Engineering; Honorary Ph.D. (2002).

In 1991, he won the International Computers & Communications World Leaders Award.

The San Jose Mercury News included McKenna on its Millennium 100 list, a roster of the 100 people who made Silicon Valley what it is today.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer businesspeople
Silicon Valley people
Marketing people
American marketing people
Kleiner Perkins people

Regis McKenna


For most of the 20th century, the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) was the primary United States government agency conducting scientific research and disseminating information on the extraction, processing, use, and conservation of mineral resources. The Bureau was abolished in 1996.

History
The U.S. Bureau of Mines was established in the U.S. States Department of the Interior on May 16, 1910, pursuant to the Organic Act (Public Law 179), to deal with a wave of catastrophic mine disasters. The Bureau's mission was gradually expanded to include:
 The conduct of research to enhance the safety, health, and environmental impact of mining and processing of minerals and materials.
 The collection, analysis, and dissemination of information about mining and processing of more than 100 mineral commodities across the Nation and in more than 185 countries around the world.
 Analysis of the impact of proposed mineral-related laws and regulations upon the national interest.
 Production, conservation, sale, and distribution of helium for essential government activities

The first director of the USBM was Joseph Austin Holmes, a pioneer in occupational safety and health. He served from 1910 until his death in 1915.

From its creation, the USBM was viewed, both nationally and internationally, as the focal point for new and emerging science and technology in the minerals field. Since entering competition in 1978, the Bureau of Mines won 35 R&D 100 Awards, given annually by R&D Magazine for the 100 most important research innovations of the year. This achievement is especially impressive considering the small size of the Bureau's research budget, compared to those of competing organizations, such as E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, General Electric Company, Hitachi, the Department of Energy, and NASA.

Evolution of USBM
USBM originally provided safety and health inspection for mines on a nationwide basis, replacing some, but not all state inspection operations. This division comprised the majority of personnel in USBM. In 1973 the Secretary of the Interior created a separate agency within the department, the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA), and the safety and health enforcement responsibilities were transferred to the new agency. In 1977 Congress passed the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act, which expanded the federal authority for health and safety regulation, and created a new agency, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). MSHA is located in the Department of Labor, and replaced MESA.

Congress created the Office of Surface Mining with the passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, and this agency inherited USBM's surface mining activities. The Department of Energy (DOE), also established in 1977, took over the USBM Coal Productivity Research division. However, the work was left unfunded by the newly created DOE as other priorities took the budget. These reorganizations led to a reduction in USBM staff, from approximately 6,000 in 1968 to 2,600 in the late 1970s. At its peak, USBM had 14 centers throughout the nation, but that was eventually reduced to four "mining research centers" in Denver, Pittsburgh, Minneapolis, and Spokane.

Closure of USBM

"We leave knowing that the proud accomplishments of this agency did make a difference in the quality of life we now enjoy, and they will continue to do so well into the 21st century." — USBM Director Rhea Graham

In September 1995, Congress voted to close the Bureau of Mines and to transfer certain functions to other federal agencies. With USBM's closure, almost $100 million, or 66%, of its 1995 programs ceased, and approximately 1,000 of its employees were dismissed. Certain specific health, safety, and materials programs were transferred to the Department of Energy, and certain minerals information activities moved to the U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Land Management. The Bureau's archive of mining maps was transferred to the National Mine Map Repository (NMMR), a part of the Office of Surface Mining (OSM). Closure of the Bureau of Mines, and the accompanying transfers of functions and employee layoffs were essentially complete in March 1996.

The Bureau's Minerals Information functions were transferred to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in early 1996. The "Mineral Industry Surveys", "Mineral Commodity Summaries", and the "Minerals Yearbook" continued to be published.  The Bureau's technical reports are archived by the Technical Report Archive & Image Library.

The Health and Safety Research Program at the Pittsburgh and Spokane Research Centers was assigned on an interim basis to DOE (Public Law 104-99). In fiscal year 1997, it was permanently transferred to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (Public Law 104-134). NIOSH is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention within the Department of Health and Human Services. A total of 413 full-time equivalent employees were transferred to NIOSH on October 11, 1996: 336 in Pittsburgh and 77 in Spokane. A position of Associate Director for Mining in the NIOSH headquarters office was created. Under NIOSH, the Pittsburgh and Spokane Research "Centers" were renamed the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory and Spokane Research Laboratory. Both labs currently reside under NIOSH's Office of Mine Safety and Health Research.

Proposed re-establishment
On May 28, 2010, Senator Jay Rockefeller (D-WV) released a list of proposed changes to mine safety laws including re-establishing the Bureau of Mines.

Directors
The Bureau had 19 permanent directors from its inception in 1910 to its abolishment in 1996.

List of accomplishments

Since its founding, the numerous accomplishments of the Bureau of Mines have included the identification and development of many new processes, including:
 Technologies that contributed to reduction of fatalities in mine disasters by 97 percent, from 3,000 in 1907 to 98 in 1993.
 Self-rescue equipment to allow miners to continue to breathe when caught in underground disasters.
 Low-cost methods to extract radium for cancer treatment.
 Production processes for titanium, which is critical for aerospace and automobile manufacturing, and zirconium, which is essential to nuclear naval vessels.
 Techniques to recover strategic and critical minerals, such as cobalt and chromium, to reduce U.S. vulnerability to import blockages in international crises, especially during the Cold War.
 Construction of manmade wetlands to limit pollution of waterways by acid mine drainage from nearby mining and mineral-processing operations.
 Methods to minimize damage from subsidence, the sinking of the surface of the earth above underground mines.
 Improved recycling of metals, plastic and paper from municipal wastes, including a technology, now used around the world, to recycle municipal solid waste.
 Non-intrusive ways to recover minerals without disturbing the surface of the land.
 Use of bacteria to remove arsenic and cyanide from waste waters on public and private lands.
 Uncovering the world's largest deposits of lead and zinc at Alaska's Red Dog Creek, leading to hundreds of millions of dollars in capital investments for mine development.
 Karrick process (See Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program)

See also
 Critical mineral raw materials
 Mining in the United States

References

External links

 NIOSH's Office of Mining and Construction Safety and Health Research
 Minerals Yearbook full text (University of Wisconsin Digital Collections)
 Historic technical reports from the Bureau of Mines at the Technical Report Archive and Image Library (TRAIL)

Mines
Mining law and governance
Government agencies established in 1910
Defunct agencies of the United States government
1995 disestablishments in the United States
Government agencies disestablished in 1995
1910 establishments in the United States

United States Bureau of Mines


Joseph Haydn wrote Symphony No. 24 in D major, Hoboken I/24, in 1764.

The work is scored for flute, two oboes, bassoon, two horns, and strings with continuo.

The work is in four movements:

 Allegro,
 Adagio in G major,
 Menuet — Trio,
 Allegro,

The second movement very likely derives from the Adagio movement of a now lost Flute Concerto in D major, listed in Haydn's Entwurfkatalog. While there is no extant manuscript evidence for this, the movement is consistent with Haydn's lyrical and less formalist approach to slow movement writing in the concerto genre, including, most obviously, the elision of the opening ritornello and the inclusion of an obvious cadential point at the end of the movement. (This is also true of the slow movement of Haydn's Symphony No 13.)

In the final movement, Haydn again incorporates the same figure as seen in his Symphony No. 13 and Mozart's "Jupiter" Symphony No. 41.

References

Symphony 024
1764 compositions
Compositions in D major

Symphony No. 24 (Haydn)


Hélder José Vaz Cabral (born 7 May 1984) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a left back for S.C. Olhanense.

Club career
Born in Peniche, Cabral played youth football for three clubs, spending six years in local Grupo Desportivo de Peniche's system and entering it at the age of ten. He played his last two years as a junior with Vitória SC, going on to start his senior career in the lower leagues on loan.

Returning to Guimarães in the 2005 summer, Cabral played the first part of the 2005–06 season – being subsequently loaned to Moreirense F.C. in the second division – and the entire 2006–07 with the first team, leaving in June 2007 to fellow Primeira Liga club C.F. Estrela da Amadora: he scored his only goal of the campaign on 6 January 2008 in a 4–1 home win against his former employer, helping the Lisbon outskirts side narrowly avoid relegation after finishing 13th.

In January 2009, after an unassuming spell in Denmark with Vejle Boldklub, Cabral returned to his country and joined Académica de Coimbra. He was irregularly played during his spell, but started as the team won the 2012 edition of the Portuguese Cup – the first in 73 years – after defeating Sporting Clube de Portugal 1–0 in the final.

On 7 August 2013, Cabral signed a one-year deal with the option of a further season with APOEL FC from Cyprus. He made his debut for his new team on 19 September, coming on as an 86th-minute substitute in a 0–0 away draw against Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League.

On 29 January 2014, APOEL terminated Cabral's contract by mutual consent.

International career
Despite being born in Portugal, Cabral qualified to play for Cape Verde through his parents. In a January 2011 interview he added he would also like to represent the Portugal national team in the future, but preferred to "concentrate on (his) club duties for now".

Honours
Académica
Taça de Portugal: 2011–12

APOEL
Cypriot First Division: 2013–14
Cypriot Super Cup: 2013

References

External links
APOEL official profile

1984 births
Living people
People from Peniche, Portugal
Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Segunda Divisão players
Vitória S.C. players
G.D.R.C. Os Sandinenses players
Moreirense F.C. players
C.F. Estrela da Amadora players
Académica de Coimbra (football) players
Vitória F.C. players
S.C. Olhanense players
Danish Superliga players
Vejle Boldklub players
Cypriot First Division players
APOEL FC players
AC Omonia players
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Footballers from Leiria District

Hélder Cabral


Peace Burial At Sea are a Newcastle upon Tyne-based four-piece post-rock band which combine elements of post-hardcore with electronic textures, incorporating lyrical themes inspired by Soviet propaganda, horror films, science fiction, and the occult. Their name was inspired by J. M. W. Turner's 1842 painting of a similar name (below right).

The band originated in Hexham, Northumberland and released their debut album This Is Such A Quiet Town in 2003. A self-titled second album was released in 2006. A digital-only EP containing the album track "Czarina Catherine" was also released (date unknown), which included two other songs that do not appear elsewhere: "Easy Meat for Faceless Men" and "This is a Godless Town."

The band's early music was well-received, with reviews that included a rating of 'KKKK' from Kerrang! for their first album. Their second album was described by Drowned in Sound as "one of the undiscovered greats of its kind".

They played across the UK with such bands as 65daysofstatic and Hell is for Heroes, and also played shows in Moscow. Their music received national airplay on BBC Radio from DJs such as John Peel, Zane Lowe, and Steve Lamacq.

The band split up in 2007 and announced their last gig with characteristic self-deprecation: "We're first on, so get there early. We shall only be playing loud and fast songs, none of this prog nonsense."

In 2020, the band released two EPs containing two tracks each, titled A Slow Attack, Parts 1 and 2. It is the first new material in fourteen years with only a limited explanation given. This indicated that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was only right that the band should return.

Both of the new EPs and the rest of the back catalogue are currently available via Bandcamp.

References

Musical groups from Newcastle upon Tyne
Electronicore musical groups
English metalcore musical groups
English post-rock groups
Electronica music groups
British post-hardcore musical groups
Musical groups established in 2003
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
British musical quartets

Peace Burial at Sea


Liu Shiying (; 26 October 1893 – 15 July 1973), also known as Feixiong, was a Chinese architect and educator. Liu Shiying had five major contributions to the history of Chinese architecture:

 He was the founder of modern architectural education in China.
 He founded one of the first design firms run by Chinese architects in China.
 He was in charge of urban planning for Suzhou, laying the foundation for modern city development in Suzhou.
 He founded the Department of Architecture in Hunan University. Liu designed the early modern architectural complex in Hunan University, which became a nationally protected cultural relic.
 He introduced early modern architectural style into China, which was particularly rare in China at that time.

Early life
Liu Shiying was born in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province on October 26, 1893. He lost his father in his childhood. In 1907 he was admitted to the Jiangnan Army Academy. During the Revolution of 1911, he served as the battalion commander of the Northern Expedition, and led troops in the Battle of Nanjing.

After the failure of the second revolution, he fled to Japan with his brother and changed his name to Feixiong. In 1914 he was admitted to the Department of Architecture of the Tokyo Higher Technical School (now Tokyo Institute of Technology). In 1920 he graduated and returned to Shanghai, China.

Career
In 1923, together with friends Liu Dunzhen, Wang Kesheng and Zhu Shigui, Liu founded Huahai Architectural Practice in Shanghai, one of the first Chinese architectural firms, in an era in which foreigners monopolized the Chinese architectural market.  The first design project was the early modern industry Hangzhou Wulin Paper Mill, followed by design projects in Shanghai, Suzhou, Nanjing, Wuhan and other provinces.

In the meantime, Liu gradually realized that developing modern architecture in China could not only depend on a few Chinese modern architects, but it was more important to establish modern architectural education in China. Subsequently, in 1924 Liu founded Suzhou Higher Technical School, which is considered to be the beginning of modern architectural education in China. He served as the director and professor of the department, and also invited Liu Dunzhen and Zhu Shigui to join. From then on, modern architectural education in China would gradually grow and thrive.

In 1928 Liu was appointed as the director of Suzhou Municipal Engineering. He formulated three horizontal, three vertical, and six main roads, as well as peripheral circulation lines. He had the streets of the old city broadened and had the river systems in the city repaired. All his work laid the foundation for the construction of the modern city of Suzhou. In 1930 Liu was hired by the Civil Engineering Department of Daxia University and Shanghai Zhonghua Vocational Education Association. While he was teaching, he also designed Zhonghua Hall at Shanghai Zhonghua Vocational School, Xincun Village at Daxia University and the Wang Boqun House in Shanghai.

In 1934 Liu joined the faculty of Hunan University and served as the director of the Department of Civil Engineering. In 1952 he was appointed to establish the Central and Southern Civil Engineering College and served as its dean a year later. In 1958 he was appointed as dean of Hunan Institute of Technology and vice president of Hunan University. He wrote several books, such as Western Architectural History, Five-column Specifications, Architectural Construction, and Architectural Drawing Specifications. From the 1920s to 1950s Liu Shiying designed 42 buildings, such as Changsha Light Company, Changsha Hospital, and the Grand Auditorium, Library, and Engineering Hall at Hunan University. Eight of his design works have become nationally protected cultural relics.

Design concept
Liu Shiying advocated that architecture should be viewed as reflecting culture. Even though at the time many Chinese architects who got educated in Western countries had the same opinions, he was the first one to state it. He pointed out the backwardness of the style, layout and function in Chinese traditional architecture, and thus further advocated that civilization must be first improved. Ten years after his talk, a New Life Movement arose in China. His design style was mainly Modernism, which was rare in China at that time. He was against luxuriant decoration and promoted a fresh and concise style. He advocated the combination of artistry and practicality.

List of design works

From the 1920s to 1950s Liu Shiying completed 42 design works:

 Shanghai Tongxi Textile Mill: Shanghai, 1921
 Elementary School: Shanghai, 1921
 Movie Theater: Shanghai, 1921
 Employee Housing: Shanghai, 1921
 Hangzhou Wulin Paper Mill: Hangzhou, 1922
 Nanjing Dagao Club: Nanjing, 1922-1930
 Lecture Hall in Nanjing Advanced Industrial School: Nanjing, 1922-1930
 Lecture Hall in Suzhou Advanced Industrial School: Suzhou, 1922-1930
 Fan Buchen House: Suzhou, 1922-1930
 Bank of China in Wuhu: Wuhu, 1922-1930
 Urban planning of Suzhou: Suzhou, 1926
 Chinese Academy of Arts in Shanghai (now Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing Company): Shanghai, 1930
 Employee Housing in Shanghai Daxia College (now East China Normal University): Shanghai, 1930-1934
 Zhonghua Hall in Shanghai Vocational School: Shanghai, 1932-1934
 Wang Boqun House (now Shanghai Changning Children's Palace): Shanghai, 1932-1934
 Changsha Light Company: Changsha, 1934
 Exhibition Hall of Four Provinces (destroyed): Changsha, 1934
 Changsha Commercial Press: Changsha, 1934-1937
 Bank of Shanghai in Changsha (destroyed): Changsha, 1934-1937
 Li Wenyu Gold Store: Changsha, 1934
 School Buildings in Hunan University for temporary use in the war: Hunan, 1937-1945
 Xiushan Bank of Transportation:  Sichuan, 1938
 Treasury Building in Zhongjiao Bank of Agriculture: Hunan, 1939
 Changsha Hospital (destroyed): Changsha, 1947
 Cai Fusheng House: Changsha, 1947
 Science Hall in Hunan University: Changsha, 1946
 1st Student Housing in Hunan University: Changsha, 1946
 2nd Student Housing in Hunan University: Changsha, 1946
 3rd Student Housing in Hunan University: Changsha, 1946
 4th Student Housing in Hunan University: Changsha, 1947
 7th Student Housing in Hunan University: Changsha, 1947
 Jingyizhai Employee Housing in Hunan University: Changsha, 1947
 Jixianchun Employee Housing in Hunan University: Changsha, 1947
 Shenglizhai Employee Housing in Hunan University: Changsha, 1948
 Zhishancun Employee Housing in Hunan University: Changsha, 1948
 Engineering Hall in Hunan University: Changsha, 1947-1951
 Hunan University Library: Changsha, 1950
 Grand Auditorium in Hunan University: Changsha, 1951
 Rebuilt Autumn-Admiring Pavilion: Changsha, 1951
 Planning of Huazhong University of Science and Technology: Wuhan, 1952
 Grand Auditorium in Wuhan Government: Wuhan, 1953-1954

References

Educators from Suzhou
1893 births
1973 deaths
Tokyo Institute of Technology alumni
20th-century Chinese architects
Academic staff of the East China Normal University
Academic staff of Hunan University
Chinese expatriates in Japan

Liu Shiying (architect)


Milton Metz (c. 1921 – January 12, 2017) was an American radio and television personality in Louisville, Kentucky. He occasionally did commercial work for local radio and television stations until he was unable to due to his health in the last year of his life.

Personal life
Metz was born in Cleveland, Ohio. In the 1930 census he is listed as eight years old, living in Cleveland with his father, Russian-born Solomon Metz, his mother, English-born Sarah (Silverman) Metz, and two older sisters, Florance and Mildred. He attended Ohio State University.

Little is publicized about Metz's personal life, including his age.  In an interview with columnist Tom Dorsey of The Courier-Journal just prior to the end of his radio show in 1993, Metz would only say, "Let's just say I'm older than Diane Sawyer and younger than Mike Wallace." Wallace was 75 at the time.

Broadcast career
"El Metzo", as he was known to fans, was best known for his work at WHAS (AM) radio, which began in 1946. His call-in show, Metz Here, which began its run on July 20, 1959 (with the title Juniper-5-2385), and ended on June 10, 1993. Though records aren't clear on the subject — Larry King began his first local show a year before, but it isn't clear if he took calls on the air — Metz Here is believed to be one of the first call-in shows on radio, pioneering a format that is in widespread use today as talk radio. Metz usually featured guests, and was always kind (almost to a fault) to both guests and callers. Thanks to the station's 50,000-watt clear channel AM signal, Metz Here was heard by listeners in 40 states and much of Canada.

Metz was also widely seen on local television, serving as co-host and co-producer of Omelet, a morning–lunchtime talk and news program on WHAS-TV, and was the station's weatherman for 19 years. He also interviewed countless celebrities on the first Saturday in May during WHAS-TV's traditional marathon pre-race show before the Kentucky Derby, where he was a fixture on "Millionaire's Row", home to well-heeled spectators in the clubhouse of Churchill Downs. Metz later pared down his work to a series of daily 90-second commentaries on WHAS radio. They were discontinued around the turn of the century, and his voice now is heard almost exclusively on local commercials, though he still participated annually in the WHAS Crusade for Children telethon—as he has since the very first Crusade in 1954.

Metz also recorded talking books for the American Printing House for the Blind through 1980.

Metz was inducted into the University of Kentucky Journalism Hall of Fame in 1989. He was also named as a Gold Circle Honoree in 2009 by the Ohio Valley Chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.

Metz died on January 12, 2017, at the age of 95, at a senior-care facility near Louisville where he lived after a rehabilitation stint for injuries suffered in a fall in 2016. His wife Mimi died a few months beforehand.

See also
 List of people from the Louisville metropolitan area

References

External links
 Milton Metz bio in University of Kentucky Journalism Hall of Fame, 1989 (via archive.org)
 Interview with Milton Metz, WFPL Public Radio, Louisville (May 23, 2008)
 History of WHAS Crusade for Children, crusadeforchildren.org

1920s births
2017 deaths
American talk radio hosts
American television news anchors
Radio personalities from Louisville, Kentucky
Television personalities from Louisville, Kentucky
Ohio State University alumni

Milton Metz