Drosophila embryogenesis, the process by which Drosophila (fruit fly) embryos form, is a favorite model system for genetics and developmental biology. The study of its embryogenesis unlocked the century-long puzzle of how development was controlled, creating the field of evolutionary developmental biology. The small size, short generation time, and large brood size make it ideal for genetic studies. Transparent embryos facilitate developmental studies. Drosophila melanogaster was introduced into the field of genetic experiments by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1909.

Life cycle
Drosophila display a holometabolous method of development, meaning that they have three distinct stages of their post-embryonic life cycle, each with a radically different body plan: larva, pupa and finally, adult. The machinery necessary for the function and smooth transition between these three phases develops during embryogenesis. During embryogenesis, the larval stage fly will develop and hatch at a stage of its life known as the first larval instar. Cells that will produce adult structures are put aside in imaginal discs. During the pupal stage, the larval body breaks down as the imaginal disks grow and produce the adult body. This process is called complete metamorphosis. About 24 hours after fertilization, an egg hatches into a larva, which undergoes three molts taking about 5.5 to 6 days, after which it is called a pupa. The pupa metamorphoses into an adult fly, which takes about 3.5 to 4.5 days. The entire growth process from egg to adult fly takes an estimated 10 to 12 days to complete at 25 °C.

The mother fly produces oocytes that already have anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes defined by maternal activities.

Embryogenesis in Drosophila is unique among model organisms in that cleavage occurs in a multinucleate syncytium (strictly a coenocyte). Early on, 256 nuclei migrate to the perimeter of the egg, creating the syncytial blastoderm. The germ line segregates from the somatic cells through the formation of pole cells at the posterior end of the embryo. After thirteen mitotic divisions and about 4 hours after fertilization, an estimated 6,000 nuclei accumulate in the unseparated cytoplasm of the oocyte before they migrate to the surface and are encompassed by plasma membranes to form cells surrounding the yolk sac producing a cellular blastoderm.

Like other triploblastic metazoa, gastrulation leads to the formation of three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The mesoderm invaginates from the ventral furrow (VF), as does the ectoderm that will give rise to the midgut. The pole cells are internalized by a different route.

Germ band elongation involves many rearrangements of cells, and the appearance of distinct differences in the cells of the three germ bands and various regions of the embryo.
The posterior region (including the hindgut) expands and extends towards the anterior pole along the dorsal side of the embryo. At this time, segments of the embryo become visible, creating a striped arrangement along the anterior-posterior axis. The earliest signs of segmentation appear during this phase with the formation of parasegmental furrows. This is also when the tracheal pits form, the first signs of structures for breathing.

Germ band retraction returns the hindgut to the dorsal side of the posterior pole and coincides with overt segmentation. The remaining stages involve the internalization of the nervous system (ectoderm) and the formation of internal organs (mainly mesoderm).

Anterior-posterior axis patterning in Drosophila

One of the best understood examples of pattern formation is the patterning along the future head to tail (antero-posterior) axis of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. There are three fundamental types of genes that give way to the developmental structure of the fly: maternal effect genes, segmentation genes, and homeotic genes. The development of Drosophila is particularly well studied, and it is representative of a major class of animals, the insects or insecta. Other multicellular organisms sometimes use similar mechanisms for axis formation, although the relative importance of signal transfer between the earliest cells of many developing organisms is greater than in the example described here.

Maternal effect genes

The building-blocks of anterior-posterior axis patterning in Drosophila are laid out during egg formation (oogenesis), well before the egg is fertilized and deposited.  The maternal effect genes are responsible for the polarity of the egg and of the embryo. The developing egg (oocyte) is polarized by differentially localized mRNA molecules.

The genes that code for these mRNAs, called maternal effect genes, encode for proteins that get translated upon fertilization to establish concentration gradients that span the egg. Bicoid and Hunchback are the maternal effect genes that are most important for patterning of anterior parts (head and thorax) of the Drosophila embryo. Nanos and Caudal are maternal effect genes that are important in the formation of more posterior abdominal segments of the Drosophila embryo.

In embryos from bicoid mutant mothers, the head and thoracic structures are converted to the abdomen making the embryo with posterior structures on both ends, a lethal phenotype.

Cytoskeletal elements such as microtubules are polarized within the oocyte and can be used to allow the localization of mRNA molecules to specific parts of the cell. Maternally synthesized bicoid mRNAs attach to microtubules and are concentrated at the anterior ends of forming Drosophila eggs. In unfertilized eggs, transcripts are still strictly localized at the tip, but immediately after fertilization, a small mRNA gradient is formed in the anterior 20% of the eggs. Another report documents a mRNA gradient up to 40%.
nanos mRNA also attaches to a Drosophila egg's cytoskeleton but is concentrated at the posterior end of the egg.
hunchback and caudal mRNAs lack special location control systems and are fairly evenly spread throughout the entire interior of the egg cells.

It has been shown that the dsRNA-binding protein STAUFEN (STAU1) is responsible for guiding bicoid, nanos and other proteins, which play a role in forming the anterior-posterior axis, to the correct regions of the embryo to build gradients.
When the mRNAs from the maternal effect genes are translated into proteins, a Bicoid protein gradient forms at the anterior end of the egg. Nanos protein forms a gradient at the posterior end. The Bicoid protein blocks translation of caudal mRNA so Caudal protein is of lower concentration at the anterior part of the embryo and at higher concentration at the posterior part of the embryo. This is of opposite direction of the Bicoid protein. The caudal protein then activates later to turn genes on to form the posterior structures during the segmentation phase. Nanos protein creates a posterior-to-anterior slope and is a morphogen that helps in abdomen formation. Nanos protein, in complex with Pumilio protein, binds to the hunchback mRNA and blocks its translation in the posterior end of Drosophila embryos.

The Bicoid, Hunchback, and Caudal proteins are transcription factors. The Bicoid protein is a morphogen as well. The Nanos protein is a translational repressor protein. Bicoid has a DNA-binding homeodomain that binds both DNA and the nanos mRNA. Bicoid binds a specific RNA sequence in the 3′ untranslated region, called the Bicoid 3′-UTR regulatory element, of caudal  mRNA and blocks translation.

Hunchback protein levels in the early embryo are significantly augmented by new hunchback gene transcription and translation of the resulting zygotically produced mRNA. During early Drosophila embryogenesis, there are nuclear divisions without cell division. The many nuclei that are produced distribute themselves around the periphery of the cell cytoplasm. Gene expression in these nuclei is regulated by the Bicoid, Hunchback, and Caudal proteins. For example, Bicoid acts as a transcriptional activator of hunchback gene transcription. In order for development to continue, Hunchback is needed in an area that is declining in amount from anterior to posterior. This is created by the Nanos protein whose existence is at a declining slope from posterior to anterior ends.

Gap genes

The other important function of the gradients of Bicoid, Hunchback, and Caudal proteins is in the transcriptional regulation of other zygotically expressed proteins. Many of these are the protein products derived from members of the "gap" family of developmental control genes. giant, huckebein, hunchback, knirps, Krüppel and tailless are all gap genes. Their expression patterns in the early embryo are determined by the maternal effect gene products and shown in the diagrams on the right side of this page. The gap genes are part of a larger family called the segmentation genes. These genes establish the segmented body plan of the embryo along the anterior-posterior axis. The segmentation genes specify 14 parasegments that are closely related to the final anatomical segments. The gap genes are the first layer of a hierarchical cascade of the segmentation control genes.

Additional segmentation genes

Two additional classes of segmentation genes are expressed after the gap gene products. The pair-rule genes are expressed in striped patterns of seven bands perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis. These patterns of expression are established within the syncytial blastoderm. After these initial patterning events, cell membranes form around the nuclei of the syncytial blastoderm converting it to a cellular blastoderm.

The expression patterns of the final class of segmentation genes, the segment polarity genes, are then fine-tuned by interactions between the cells of adjacent parasegments with genes such as engrailed. The Engrailed protein is a transcription factor that is expressed in one row of cells at the edge of each parasegment. This expression pattern is initiated by the pair-rule genes (like even-skipped) that code for transcription factors that regulate the engrailed gene's transcription in the syncytial blastoderm.

Cells that make Engrailed can make the cell-to-cell signaling protein Hedgehog. The motion of Hedgehog is limited by its lipid modification, and so Hedgehog activates a thin stripe of cells anterior to the Engrailed-expressing cells.  Only cells to one side of the Engrailed-expressing cells are competent to respond to Hedgehog because they express the receptor protein Patched. Cells with activated Patched receptor make the Wingless protein.  Wingless is a secreted protein that acts on the adjacent rows of cells by activating its cell surface receptor, Frizzled.

Wingless acts on Engrailed-expressing cells to stabilize Engrailed expression after the cellular blastoderm forms.  The Naked cuticle protein is induced by Wingless to limit the number of rows of cells that express Engrailed. The short-range, reciprocal signaling by Hedgehog and Wingless, held in check by the Patched and Naked proteins, stabilizes the boundary between each segment. The Wingless protein is called "wingless" because of the phenotype of some wingless mutants.  Wingless and Hedgehog also function in multiple tissues later in embryogenesis and also during metamorphosis.

The transcription factors that are coded for by segmentation genes regulate yet another family of developmental control genes, the homeotic selector genes. These genes exist in two ordered groups on Drosophila chromosome 3. The order of the genes on the chromosome reflects the order that they are expressed along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing embryo. The Antennapedia group of homeotic selector genes includes labial, antennapedia, sex combs reduced, deformed, and proboscipedia. Labial and Deformed proteins are expressed in head segments where they activate the genes that define head features. Sex-combs-reduced and Antennapedia specify the properties of thoracic segments. The bithorax group of homeotic selector genes control the specializations of the third thoracic segment and the abdominal segments. Mutations in some homeotic genes can often be lethal and the cycle of life will end at embryogenesis.

In 1995, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded for studies concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development to Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Edward B. Lewis and Eric Wieschaus.  Their research on genetic screening for embryo patterning mutants revealed the role played in early embryologic development by homeobox genes like bicoid. An example of a homeotic mutation is the so-called Antennapedia mutation. In Drosophila, antennae and legs are created by the same basic "program", they only differ in a single transcription factor. If this transcription factor is damaged, the fly grows legs on its head instead of antennae. See images of this "antennapedia" mutant and others, at FlyBase. Another example is in the bithorax complex. If nonlethal mutations occur in this complex, it can cause the fly to have two sets of wings, instead of one pair of wings and one pair of halteres, which aid in balance in flight.

Dorsal-ventral axis
Formation of the dorsal-ventral axis is dependent on the ventral nuclear concentration of a maternally synthesized transcription factor called Dorsal. The determination of the dorsal side of the embryo occurs during oogenesis when the oocyte nucleus moves along microtubules from the posterior to the anterior-dorsal margin of the oocyte. The nucleus expresses a protein called Gurken which is secreted locally and thus only activates follicle cells in the dorsal region by interacting with the Torpedo receptor. This inhibits the production of Pipe protein and thus follicular cells expressing Pipe are on the ventral side. Pipe activates an extracellular protease cascade in the perivitelline space between the follicle cells and the egg which results in the cleavage of the Toll-ligand Spätzle and activation of the Toll signaling cascade on the ventral side. Dorsal protein is present throughout embryonic cytoplasm but bound to Cactus which prevents it from translocating to the nucleus. Toll signaling results in the degradation of Cactus which allows Dorsal to enter the nuclei on the ventral side of the blastoderm. Overall, a difference in the localization of the oocyte nucleus becomes a difference in the signaling state of the surrounding follicle cells which then signal to the resulting blastoderm nuclei.

Once in the nucleus, Dorsal activates different genes depending upon its nuclear concentration. This process sets up a gradient between the ventral and dorsal side of the blastoderm embryo with the repression or induction of Dorsal target genes being differentially regulated.
At the ventral end of the embryo, blastoderm nuclei exposed to high concentrations of dorsal protein induce the transcription of the transcription factors twist and snail while repressing zerknüllt and decapentaplegic. This results in the formation of the mesoderm.
In the lateral regions of the embryo, low nuclear concentrations of Dorsal lead to the expression of rhomboid which identifies future neuroectoderm. More dorsally, active Dpp signaling represses rhomboid thus confining it to the lateral blastoderm nuclei.
At the dorsal side of the embryo, blastoderm nuclei where this is little or no nuclear dorsal protein express zerknüllt, tolloid, and decapentaplegic (Dpp). This leads to the specification of non-neural ectoderm and later in the blastula stage to anmioserosa.
The ventral activity of the TGF-β family signaling protein Dpp is maintained by the expression of the secreted Dpp-antagonist Sog (short gastrulation) in the neuroectoderm. Sog binds to and prevents Dpp from diffusing to the ventral side of the embryo and through the cleavage of Sog by Tolloid also enables a sharpening of the Dpp gradient on the dorsal side. The DV axis of Drosophila is due to the interaction of two gradients – a ventral concentration of nuclear Dorsal and a dorsal concentration of Dpp activity.

See also
 Border cells
 Morphogenesis
 Pattern formation
 Regional specification

References

Sources
 Russell, P. J. Genetics, a molecular approach. Third. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin-Cummings Pub Co, 2009.

External links
 Fly Move
 The Interactive Fly
 April, 2012 Cell commentary on recent advances that challenge scientific understanding of concentration-dependent morphogenesis

Insect developmental biology
Embryology
Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila embryogenesis


In mathematics, the conformal group of an inner product space is the group of transformations from the space to itself that preserve angles.  More formally, it is the group of transformations that preserve the conformal geometry of the space.

Several specific conformal groups are particularly important:
 The conformal orthogonal group.  If V is a vector space with a quadratic form Q, then the conformal orthogonal group  is the group of linear transformations T of V for which there exists a scalar λ such that for all x in V

For a definite quadratic form, the conformal orthogonal group is equal to the orthogonal group times the group of dilations.
 The conformal group of the sphere is generated by the inversions in circles.  This group is also known as the Möbius group.
 In Euclidean space En, , the conformal group is generated by inversions in hyperspheres.
 In a pseudo-Euclidean space Ep,q, the conformal group is .

All conformal groups are Lie groups.

Angle analysis
In Euclidean geometry one can expect the standard circular angle to be characteristic, but in pseudo-Euclidean space there is also the hyperbolic angle.  In the study of special relativity the various frames of reference, for varying velocity with respect to a rest frame, are related by rapidity, a hyperbolic angle. One way to describe a Lorentz boost is as a hyperbolic rotation which preserves the differential angle between rapidities. Thus, they are conformal transformations with respect to the hyperbolic angle.

A method to generate an appropriate conformal group is to mimic the steps of the Möbius group as the conformal group of the ordinary complex plane. Pseudo-Euclidean geometry is supported by alternative complex planes where points are split-complex numbers or dual numbers. Just as the Möbius group requires the Riemann sphere, a compact space, for a complete description, so the alternative complex planes require compactification for complete description of conformal mapping. Nevertheless, the conformal group in each case is given by linear fractional transformations on the appropriate plane.

Mathematical definition

Given a (Pseudo-)Riemannian manifold  with conformal class , the conformal group  is the group of conformal maps from  to itself.

More concretely, this is the group of angle-preserving smooth maps from  to itself. However, when the signature of  is not definite, the 'angle' is a hyper-angle which is potentially infinite.

For Pseudo-Euclidean space, the definition is slightly different.  is the conformal group of the manifold arising from conformal compactification of the pseudo-Euclidean space  (sometimes identified with  after a choice of orthonormal basis). This conformal compactification can be defined using , considered as a submanifold of null points in  by the inclusion  (where  is considered as a single spacetime vector). The conformal compactification is then  with 'antipodal points' identified. This happens by projectivising the space . If  is the conformal compactification, then . In particular, this group includes inversion of , which is not a map from  to itself as it maps the origin to infinity, and maps infinity to the origin.

Conf(p,q)
For Pseudo-Euclidean space , the Lie algebra of the conformal group is given by the basis  with the following commutation relations:

and with all other brackets vanishing. Here  is the Minkowski metric.

In fact, this Lie algebra is isomorphic to the Lie algebra of the Lorentz group with one more space and one more time dimension, that is, . It can be easily checked that the dimensions agree. To exhibit an explicit isomorphism, define

It can then be shown that the generators  with  obey the Lorentz algebra relations with metric .

Conformal group in two spacetime dimensions
For two-dimensional Euclidean space or one-plus-one dimensional spacetime, the space of conformal symmetries is much larger. In physics it is sometimes said the conformal group is infinite-dimensional, but this is not quite correct as while the Lie algebra of local symmetries is infinite dimensional, these do not necessarily extend to a Lie group of well-defined global symmetries.

For spacetime dimension , the local conformal symmetries all extend to global symmetries. For  Euclidean space, after changing to a complex coordinate  local conformal symmetries are described by the infinite dimensional space of vector fields of the form

Hence the local conformal symmetries of 2d Euclidean space is the infinite-dimensional Witt algebra.

Conformal group of spacetime
In 1908, Harry Bateman and Ebenezer Cunningham, two young researchers at University of Liverpool, broached the idea of a conformal group of spacetime
They argued that the kinematics groups are perforce conformal as they preserve the quadratic form of spacetime and are akin to orthogonal transformations, though with respect to an isotropic quadratic form. The liberties of an electromagnetic field are not confined to kinematic motions, but rather are required only to be locally proportional to a transformation preserving the quadratic form. Harry Bateman's paper in 1910 studied the Jacobian matrix of a transformation that preserves the light cone and showed it had the conformal property (proportional to a form preserver). Bateman and Cunningham showed that this conformal group is "the largest group of transformations leaving Maxwell's equations structurally invariant." The conformal group of spacetime has been denoted

Isaak Yaglom has contributed to the mathematics of spacetime conformal transformations in split-complex and dual numbers. Since split-complex numbers and dual numbers form rings, not fields, the linear fractional transformations require a projective line over a ring to be bijective mappings.

It has been traditional since the work of Ludwik Silberstein in 1914 to use the ring of biquaternions to represent the Lorentz group. For the spacetime conformal group, it is sufficient to consider linear fractional transformations on the projective line over that ring. Elements of the spacetime conformal group were called spherical wave transformations by Bateman. The particulars of the spacetime quadratic form study have been absorbed into Lie sphere geometry.

Commenting on the continued interest shown in physical science, A. O. Barut wrote in 1985, "One of the prime reasons for the interest in the conformal group is that it is perhaps the most important of the larger groups containing the Poincaré group."

See also
 Conformal map
 Conformal symmetry

References

Further reading

 .
 Peter Scherk (1960) "Some Concepts of Conformal Geometry", American Mathematical Monthly 67(1): 1−30
 Martin Schottenloher, The conformal group, chapter 2 of A mathematical introduction to conformal field theory, 2008 (pdf)
 page on conformal groups

Conformal geometry

Conformal group


Jayson Anthony Paul (born December 10, 1984) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to National Wrestling Alliance. He is best known for his time in WWE under the ring name JTG.

Paul began his professional wrestling career in 2006 with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), being assigned to their developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), where he was a two-time OVW Southern Tag Team Champion (with Shad Gaspard, as part of Cryme Tyme). In 2006, Cryme Tyme was promoted to WWE's main roster, before both JTG and Gaspard were released from the company the following year. They both returned to the company in 2008, and later split up and feuded with each other until Gaspard's release in 2010.

Later that year, JTG was assigned to NXT, where he was announced as one of the Pros for NXT Redemption, mentoring Jacob Novak. He eventually turned heel and feuded with Vladimir Kozlov's rookie Conor O'Brian and Kozlov himself. He additionally made appearances on SmackDown and Superstars. From late 2012 to 2013, JTG was relegated to jobber status and continued to compete until his release in 2014.

Early life
Jayson Anthony Paul was born on December 10, 1984, in Brooklyn, New York City, New York. He attended John Dewey High School in Brooklyn, where he participated in acting and drama classes.

Professional wrestling career

World Wrestling Entertainment (2006–2007)

Paul began his career in 2006, working in the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) under the ring name The Neighborhoodie. While there, he was placed into a tag team with Shad Gaspard, calling themselves "The Gang-Stars". They held the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship on two occasions.

In 2006, the tag team was promoted from OVW to the Raw brand under the name "Cryme Tyme", with Paul changing his name to JTG. On September 4, 2006, a series of vignettes began airing on Raw, hyping the debut of Cryme Tyme. On the October 16, 2006 episode of Raw, Cryme Tyme debuted and defeated two members of the then named World Tag Team Champions, The Spirit Squad (Mikey and Johnny), in a non-title match. In November 2006, at the Cyber Sunday pay-per-view, Cryme Tyme defeated Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch, Charlie Haas, Viscera, and The Highlanders in a Texas tornado tag team match (as voted by the fans). As part of their gimmick, Cryme Tyme regularly stole items belonging to other wrestlers and on-air personalities, and sold them to fans. They were also selling false entry numbers at the Royal Rumble. A few months later at the New Year's Revolution pay-per-view, Cryme Tyme won a tag team turmoil match against The Highlanders, World's Greatest Tag Team, Cade and Murdoch, and "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan and Super Crazy, earning them a shot at the World Tag Team Championships. They then competed mainly on Heat for the next few months, although they made a backstage appearance at WrestleMania 23. They also took part in the tag team battle royal on April 2.

After Mr. McMahon's "death", Cryme Tyme plugged some merchandise and auctions on WWE's official website in memory of him. On the June 29, 2007 episode of SmackDown, Cryme Tyme was defeated by Deuce 'n Domino (with Cherry) in an inter-brand match tag team match. While Deuce, Domino and Cherry celebrated their victory, Cryme Tyme appeared on the titantron and, in storyline, stole their car, taking it to Brisco Brothers Auto to sell it for parts chanting their signature catchphrase, "Money money, yeah, yeah". On July 21, 2007, Cryme Tyme defeated The James Boys to win the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship for the second time. On August 13, 2007, Cryme Tyme returned to their hometown of New York City on an episode of Raw from Madison Square Garden, losing to then-World Tag Team Champions Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch in a non-title match by disqualification when Shad used a chair on Murdoch. On the August 20, 2007 episode of Raw, Cryme Tyme stole Murdoch's hat and sold it to a fan, and the following week, stole Cade's and gave it away to a fan. In the middle of this feud, on September 2, 2007, both Paul and Gaspard were released from WWE.

Independent circuit (2007–2008)
Paul, along with Gaspard wrestled at the Jersey All Pro Wrestling 10th Anniversary Show on October 27, 2007. Wrestling as Crime Time, they defeated The Dirty Rotten Scoundrelz. Paul appeared in Derby City Wrestling (DCW) at their end of year show. He was then involved in a feud with The Mobile Homers in DCW.

Return to WWE

Cryme Tyme reunion (2008–2010)

Cryme Tyme returned to WWE on the March 31, 2008 episode of Raw, where they defeated Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch in their first televised match in nearly six months. Cryme Tyme began working with John Cena on the June 30 episode of Raw when they helped him interfere during John "Bradshaw" Layfield's match. The following week, they again appeared together in a backstage segment when they vandalised JBL's limo. After a house show match, Cena announced they had created a faction called CTC, "Cryme Tyme Cenation". Separately, Cryme Tyme started a feud with then World Tag Team Champions Ted DiBiase and Cody Rhodes, stealing their championship belts for a time, then losing a title match to them at Unforgiven. JTG entered early into the Royal Rumble match at the 2009 Royal Rumble pay-per-view in January, after cheating to get a spot instead of Shad. JTG lasted nearly 12 minutes before he was eliminated by The Undertaker. On the January 26 episode of Raw, JTG and Shad attempted to win the World Tag Team Championship from John Morrison and the Miz, but were unsuccessful.

On April 15, 2009, Cryme Tyme were drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the 2009 supplemental draft. They earned a Unified WWE Tag Team Championship match against Jeri-Show (Chris Jericho and Big Show) for SummerSlam after defeating The Hart Dynasty on the July 31 episode of SmackDown. On the August 7 episode of SmackDown, JTG pinned Jericho in a major upset, however at SummerSlam they lost the match after Show hit JTG in the face and Jericho pinned him. At the Royal Rumble, JTG entered his second royal rumble match but only lasted 25 seconds getting eliminated by CM Punk. At WrestleMania XXVI, Cryme Tyme competed in the dark match battle royal, but neither won the match.

On the April 2, 2010 episode of SmackDown, Cryme Tyme was quickly defeated by John Morrison and R-Truth. The loss of the match prompted Gaspard to attack JTG, breaking up the team. Their feud culminated with a strap match at Extreme Rules which JTG won. After JTG won against Caylen Croft, Gaspard immediately attacked him unsuccessfully. Shad won a rematch on the May 6 episode of Superstars, but their feud came to an end when Gaspard was sent to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW).

Singles competition (2010–2014)

Also after the split up of Cryme Tyme in 2010 JTG went on to compete in singles and in tag team action strictly on the SmackDown roster wrestling against talent such as Mike Knox, Chavo Guerrero, Jack Swagger, CM Punk, Vance Archer, and even teaming with other talent such as MVP, Chris Masters, and Trent Barreta in tag team action and in six man tag team action since the team split up.

JTG was announced to be one of the Pros for NXT Redemption, mentoring Jacob Novak. On the May 3, 2011 episode of NXT, he started his feud with William Regal when Regal called him a "muppet" while Novak was calling Regal out to a match, turning him heel. Two weeks later, Novak was eliminated, being the first to no longer be part of the show. In the 2011 WWE draft, JTG was drafted to the Raw brand in the supplemental draft via WWE.com on April 26, 2011.

On the May 24 episode of NXT, JTG had a feud with Vladimir Kozlov's rookie Conor O'Brian after he was pinned by O'Brian in a singles match. Afterwards JTG attacked O'Brian until Kozlov made a save and attacked JTG. He wrestled on the May 26 episode of Superstars as a face in a losing effort against Curt Hawkins. He officially cemented his status as a heel on the June 7 episode of NXT Redemption when he attacked Yoshi Tatsu on JTG's in ring segment "Straight Outta Brooklyn". As he was going backstage, Matt Striker came out and announced JTG would face Tatsu in a match, which JTG lost. On the July 19 and August 2 episodes of NXT Redemption, Kozlov started a feud with JTG beating him two times in a row with Kozlov also dressed like JTG in the second match. The feud ended when Kozlov was released by WWE on August 5, 2011. JTG scored his first win in months on the August 5 episode of SmackDown teaming with David Otunga and Michael McGillicutty to defeat The Usos and Trent Barreta. JTG gained a girlfriend and manager in Tamina in November 2011, leading to a feud with The Usos, whom Tamina had formerly managed; JTG continually found himself losing to The Usos.

Alicia Fox then approached JTG in May 2012 and offered to give him a makeover, which JTG accepted. On the May 9 episode of NXT Redemption, JTG debuted a new look and defeated Yoshi Tatsu, which was his first and only win in 2012, as JTG soon reverted to losing matches for the rest of 2012 and 2013, including his final match, which was a loss to Santino Marella on the September 20, 2013 episode of Superstars. After not appearing on WWE television in 2014, JTG was released on June 12.

On April 1, 2022, JTG, in his first WWE appearance in eight years, appeared with Shad Gaspard's wife and son in the 2022 WWE Hall of Fame ceremony, awarding the Warrior award to Gaspard.

Return to the independent circuit (2014–present)

In June 2014, JTG and tag team partner Shad Gaspard began taking bookings as Crime Time, changing the spelling of their name in order to avoid a lawsuit from WWE. On August 23, 2014, for Warriors of Wrestling, Crime Time and The Blue Meanie were defeated by Chachi, Verna and J-George. This was JTG's first match since leaving WWE. He appeared at wrestling events by himself or with Gaspard as part of Crime Time in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. In 2017, he wrestled for Joey Ryan's California Bar Wrestling promotion in matches alone and alongside Gaspard.  In 2019, he wrestled a tag match with Shad at a Game Changer Wrestling/Suburban Fight Pro event, and in a battle royal at Joey Janela's Spring Break 3.

On February 15, 2020, Crime Time appeared at former WWE wrestler Santino Marella's Battle Arts promotion in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, which would be their final match together as following scheduled events were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Gaspard died three months later on May 17, disbanding the tag team.

Three months after Gaspard's death, JTG made his first wrestling appearance at VxS Wrestling on August 16, 2020, losing to Brian Cage. He also appeared at Brii Combination Wrestling on September 5 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. On October 9, JTG defeated Trey Miguel at Game Changer Wrestling's For The Culture event, and also participated in a Battle Royal at the promotion's Spring Break 4 event the following day, which was broadcast on FITE TV. On November 6, JTG won the VIP Wrestling Heavyweight Championship in Haltom City, Texas, becoming his first solo championship after defeating Gino, Shane Taylor, and Will Allday. He reappeared at the wrestling promotion on January 29, 2021, after issuing an open challenge to take his championship title, which Alex Hammerstone accepted but lost. He returned to the promotion again on March 26, defeating Carlito, and has continued to make appearances with the promotion, with his most recent being on March 6, 2022, in a match against Shane Taylor.

In February 2021, he appeared at Florida-based wrestling promotions and returned to VxS Wrestling in New Jersey, defeating Mance Warner. On April 9, he appeared at VxS Wrestling's Lucid Dreams show in Tampa, Florida that was broadcast on FITE TV in a match against Dr. Cube. After being attacked by Dr. Cube and his entourage, he was saved by Big Cass and won the match. On October 22, he made his PCW Ultra debut in Wilmington, California, where he was defeated by Steve Madison. On October 24, he won the Waco Association Wrestling Championship in Waco, Texas after defeating Juventud Guerrera.

On February 3, 2023, JTG appeared at House of Glory's The Beginning show in an attempt to earn the Heavyweight Championship title from Jacob Fatu, though lost the match.

National Wrestling Alliance (2021–present)
On June 6, JTG made his National Wrestling Alliance debut at their When Our Shadows Fall pay-per-view event, defeating Fred Rosser. A month later on July 6, he was defeated by Chris Adonis in an attempt to earn his NWA National Championship title. In December of that year, he formed a tag team with Dirty Dango under the name "Dirty Sexy Boys."

Other activities and media
JTG published his first book Damn! Why Did I Write This Book? in May 2015, followed by its sequel Damn! Why Did I Write This Book Too? How to Play the Game the following year. He published his third book and first fitness e-book, The Newbies Guide To Big Biceps: So Easy To Follow A Child Could Do It! in December 2020.

As an actor, JTG made his film debut in Bad Night and appeared in The Last Sharknado: It's About Time. In 2017, he appeared on the song "Team Asoka" with The Asoka alongside wrestlers John Morrison and Rocky Romero.

In 2018, JTG founded a beard and body care line named Sexy As Hell Beard Care. The following year, he created an app called Earsaye, which creates audio memes.

JTG has appeared in the video games as a playable character in WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, and WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011.

Filmography

Bibliography

Championships and accomplishments
NWA Wildside
NWA Wildside Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Shad Gaspard
Fighting Evolution Wrestling
FEW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Shad Gaspard
Hoodslam
Best Athlete In The East Bay Championship (1 time)
 Ohio Valley Wrestling
 OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Shad Gaspard
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 84 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010
Superstars of Wrestling Federation
 SWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Shad Gaspard
VIP Wrestling
VIP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Shad Gaspard
VIP Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Waco Association of Wrestling
 WAW Lonestar Championship (1 time, current)
World Wrestling Alliance
 WWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Shad Gaspard

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
American male professional wrestlers
African-American male professional wrestlers
People from Flatbush, Brooklyn
Sportspeople from Manhattan
Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
John Dewey High School alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people
21st-century professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from New York City

JTG


USS Corry (DD/DDR-817) was a  of the United States Navy, the third Navy ship named for Lieutenant Commander William M. Corry, Jr. (1889–1920), a naval aviator who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.

Corry was launched on 28 July 1945 by Consolidated Steel Corp. of Texas, Orange, Texas; sponsored by Miss Corry; commissioned on 27 February 1946 and reported to the Atlantic Fleet.

Service history
Corry sailed from Galveston, Texas, on 28 March 1946 for shakedown training in the Caribbean Sea, and arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, on 10 July. Following a tour of duty in European waters and the Mediterranean Sea from 23 July 1946 to 19 March 1947, Corry conducted Reserve training cruises from the Potomac River Naval Command, then reported to Pensacola, Florida, to serve as plane guard for aircraft carriers operating off Florida from 22 September 1947 to 28 April 1950.

Corry joined Destroyer Squadron 8 (DesRon 8) at Norfolk 22 May 1950 for antisubmarine exercises which included a cruise to Quebec in July. From 2 September to 12 November she served with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean, and joined a midshipman cruise to northern Europe, visiting Gotesburg and Cherbourg, France, from 1 June to 27 July 1951. Her next tour of duty with the 6th Fleet was from 22 April to 23 October 1952. Corry sailed out of Norfolk for local operations until 1 April 1953 when she was decommissioned for conversion to a radar picket destroyer. She was reclassified DDR-817, 9 April 1953.

Recommissioned 9 January 1954, Corry carried NROTC midshipmen on a cruise to New Orleans, Louisiana, and through the Panama Canal for operations at Balboa in the summer of 1954. From September 1954 through 1960 Corry alternated four tours of duty with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean with operations out of Norfolk along the east coast, and exercises in the Caribbean.

Corry reverted to DD-817 on 1 January 1964.

1964–1981

Corry performed a Western Pacific cruise from September 1968 to April 1969 in support of US forces in Vietnam. The ship sailed  round trip out of Norfolk, Virginia. While supporting US forces during the Vietnam War, the ship fired 6,607 5"38 cal rounds, destroyed 72 structures and bunkers with 15 known enemy kills.

Corry was decommissioned and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 27 February 1981.

Greek service

The ship was transferred to Greece on 8 July 1981, and served in the Hellenic Navy as Kriezis (D217). She was stricken in 1994. On 8 April 2002 the ship was removed from Souda Bay, Crete to be towed to Turkey for scrapping.

References

External links

 USS Corry Association website

Gearing-class destroyers of the United States Navy
Ships built in Orange, Texas
1945 ships
World War II destroyers of the United States
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Gearing-class destroyers of the Hellenic Navy
Vietnam War destroyers of the United States

USS Corry (DD-817)


Swink is a Statutory Town in Otero County, Colorado, United States.  The population was 604 at the 2020 census.

History
A post office called Swink has been in operation since 1906. The community was named after George W. Swink, a Colorado politician.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 696 people, 278 households, and 199 families residing in the town.  The population density was .  There were 291 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the town was 88.79% White, 0.43% African American, 1.01% Native American, 0.86% Asian, 7.18% from other races, and 1.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.55% of the population.

There were 278 households, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.1% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,094, and the median income for a family was $46,667. Males had a median income of $36,806 versus $25,694 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,353.  About 8.4% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.6% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
Swink has been incorporated in Colorado's Bustang network. It is part of the Lamar-Pueblo-Colorado Springs line.

See also

 List of municipalities in Colorado

References

External links

 CDOT map of the Town of Swink

Towns in Otero County, Colorado
Towns in Colorado

Swink, Colorado


Luciano Anceschi (; February 20, 1911 in Milan – May 2, 1995 in Bologna) was an Italian literary critic and essayist.  A pupil of Antonio Banfi, with whom he graduated in philosophy in 1933, he taught aesthetics at the Faculty of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Bologna from 1952 to 1981. His interest in literature and the arts was always accompanied by that for the modern anti-dogmatic philosophy: after the publication of his graduation thesis "Autonomy and Heteronomy of art" published by Sansoni in 1936, his research on anti-idealistic literary figures and models found voice in comments published in Orpheus from 1932 and in Corrente di vita giovanile in 1938-1939, self promoted magazines.

Sensitive to new cultural trends, he was in favor of Hermeticism and Neo avant garde, working at the same time as theorist and militant reviewer: he published the Saggi di poetica e poesia. Con una scheda sulla Swedenborg (1942) and edited the anthologies of Lirici nuovi (1943) and Lirica del Novecento (Lyrics for the 20th Century) (1953). He was the author of the article "Ermetismo" (Hermeticism) in the Enciclopedia del Novecento (Encyclopedia of the 20th Century) (1977). Focusing on cultural models forgotten by Neo-idealism, he devoted himself to the themes of the Baroque period, publishing in 1953 Del Barocco e altre prove and in 1960 Barocco e Novecento. Con alcune prospettive metodologiche (The Baroque and the 20th Century: With Methodological Perspectives).

He never gave up his study of philosophy: in 1955 he wrote I presupposti storici e teorici dell'estetica kantiana (The Historical and Theoretical Presuppositions of the Kantian Esthetic), from 1965 D. Hume e i presupposti empirici dell'estetica kantiana (D. Hume and the Empirical Presuppositions of the Kantian Esthetic), from 1967 Burke e l'estetica dell'empirismo inglese (Burke and the Esthetics of English Empiricism) and from 1972 Da Bacone a Kant. Saggi di estetica (From Bacon to Kant: Essays in Esthetics). In particular in Progetto di una sistematica dell'arte (Project for a Systematics of Art)(1962) he outlined a theory of aesthetic understanding of art forms such as phenomenology. He based all later research on the principles of critical phenomenology. In 1956 he founded the magazine Il Verri, of which he was the editor, while also directing from 1973 for Paravia the series La tradizione del nuovo; within the university he directed the journal Studi di estetica (Studies in Esthetics), which synthesized the results of philosophical inquiry which he conducted along with his students.

In the publications from the 1960s, the central themes were poetics: Poetiche del Novecento in Italia (Italian Poetics of the 20th Century), 1961, Le poetiche del Barocco, (Poetics of the Baroque), 1963 and of literary institutions: Le istituzioni della poesia (The Institutions of Poetry), 1968, Da Ungaretti a D'Annunzio (From Ungaretti to D'Annunzio), 1976, Che cosa è la poesia? (What Is Poetry?), 1986.

Among the more recent writings are Il Chaos, il metodo. Primi lineamenti di una nuova estetica fenomenologica, (Chaos and Method: The Early Lineaments of a New Phenomenological Esthetic), 1981 and Gli specchi della poesia. Riflessione, poesia, critica (Mirrors of Poetry: Reflections, Poetry, Criticism), 1989.

President of the Bologna Board of artistic manifestations, of the Accademia delle Scienze and of the Accademia Clementina di Bologna, associated and correspondent of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei of Roma, he donated his library (almost 30,000 works) and his personal archive (another 18,000 letters and thousands of autographs) to the Municipality of Bologna; at present they are preserved at the Biblioteca Comunale dell'Archiginnasio.

Bibliography
 Anceschi, Luciano. "T. S. Eliot and Philosophical Poetry" in T. S. Eliot: A Symposium, edited by Richard March and Tambimuttu, 154-166. London: Editions Poetry, 1948.

References

External links
 .

1911 births
1995 deaths
Italian essayists
Italian male non-fiction writers
Italian literary critics
Male essayists
20th-century essayists
Italian magazine editors
Italian magazine founders

Luciano Anceschi


Carleton Ellis (September 20, 1876 – January 13, 1941) was an American inventor and a pioneer in the field of organic chemistry.  He was involved in the development of margarine, polyester, anti-knock gasoline, paint and varnish remover, and holder of 753 patents.  A native of Keene, New Hampshire, he was the valedictorian of his high school class, and later a graduate of MIT.  He then set up the Ellis Laboratories in Montclair, New Jersey.

Contributions
Ellis's contributions were in the improvement of existing technology.  He developed gasoline that reduced engine knock, longer lasting housepaint, more durable polyesters and plastics, improved printing inks, methods for flameless combustion, methods for hydroponics for plant growth without soil, and a healthier and more palatable version of margarine.  Prior to 1913, there were substitutes for butter that had been made from animal fats that had high grease content and was often hard to digest.  Ellis found a way to synthesize margarine from vegetable oils, and it is said that he helped create what is now a multi-billion dollar industry.

Ellis was the author of "The Hydrogenation of Oils" in Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (1912) and a 1920 book of the same name.

Highlights
In 1933, he was issued the first American patent (USP 1897977) for an unsaturated polyester, followed by a patent for polyester co-polymers in the year before his death (USP 2195362).  Ellis died of influenza at the age of 64, while vacationing at Miami Beach.  A merchant marine tanker, the Liberty ship S.S. Carleton Ellis, was later named in his honor during World War II.  Time magazine eulogized him by writing, "Chemist Ellis' inventions gave birth to more than 100,000 compounds. He developed Standard Oil's tube-&-tank process of cracking oil, found the formula for cheap acetone to fireproof airplane wings in World War I, and made plastics an exact and lucrative science."

He was awarded the Edward Longstreth Medal in 1916. He was inducted into the Plastics Hall of Fame in 1974.

Publications
The Hydrogenation of Oils, Catalyzers and Catalysis, and the Generation of Hydrogen and Oxygen (Scientific Books, 1915)
Synthetic Resins and Their Plastics (Chemical Catalog Company, 1923)
The Chemical Action of Ultraviolet Rays (Chemical Catalog Company, 1925)
The Hydrogenation of Organic Substances (Van Nostrand, 1930)
The Chemistry of Petroleum Derivatives (Chemical Catalog Company 1934)
The Chemistry of Synthetic Resins (Reinhold, 1935)
Printing Inks: Their Chemistry (Reinhold, 1940)
 (with Joseph V. Meigs) Gasoline and Other Motor Fuels(Van Nostrand, 1921)
 (with Miller W. Swaney) Soilless Growth of Plants (Reinhold, 1939)
 (with Herbert R. Simonds) Handbook of Plastics (Van Nostrand, 1943)

References

20th-century American inventors
Infectious disease deaths in Florida
Deaths from influenza
1876 births
1941 deaths
20th-century American chemists

Carleton Ellis


Avelino Gomez (1928 – June 21, 1980) was a Cuban-born Hall of Fame jockey in American and Canadian thoroughbred horse racing.

Born in Havana, Gomez began a career as a jockey at the urging of a family member. He won his first race in Mexico City and later moved to the United States, where he built a reputation as a very capable rider, gaining considerable attention after winning six races during one racecard at Ascot Park in Akron, Ohio. He eventually began riding at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario, where he made his home and became a dominant force in racing for more than twenty years.

Canada's top jockey on seven occasions, in 1966 Gomez became the first jockey in Canadian racing history to win 300 races in a single season. His 318 wins that year were tops in North America. His win percentage of .32 for the 1966 season  was the highest ever for a North American champion, a record that still stands. He was a four-time winner of Canada's most prestigious race, the Queen's Plate, and the winner of the 1977 Sovereign Award for Outstanding Jockey.

In 1978, Gomez was recognized with the Sovereign Award of Merit for his lifetime contribution to the sport. He was elected to the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in 1977, the U.S. National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1982, the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1990, and the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1997.

Gomez died of complications after a three-horse accident during the running of the Canadian Oaks in 1980. He had won 4,081 races with a 24% winning percentage.

The Avelino Gomez Memorial Award is given annually to the person, Canadian-born, Canadian-raised, or a regular rider in the country for more than five years, who has made significant contributions to the sport. A life-size statue of Gomez can be seen at Woodbine Racetrack.

References

External links
 Avelino Gomez at the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame
 Avelino Gomez at the United States National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame

1928 births
1980 deaths
Accidental deaths in Ontario
Animal sportspeople from Ontario
Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Cuban emigrants to Canada

Cuban jockeys

Jockeys who died while racing
Sportspeople from Havana
Sovereign Award winners
Sport deaths in Canada
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Cuban expatriates in the United States

Avelino Gomez


Anthony Evan Hecht (January 16, 1923 – October 20, 2004) was an American poet. His work combined a deep interest in form with a passionate desire to confront the horrors of 20th century history, with the Second World War, in which he fought, and the Holocaust being recurrent themes in his work.

Biography

Early years
Hecht was born in New York City to German-Jewish parents. He was educated at various schools in the city – he was a classmate of Jack Kerouac at Horace Mann School – but showed no great academic ability, something he would later refer to as "conspicuous". However, as a freshman English student at Bard College in New York he discovered the works of Wallace Stevens, W. H. Auden, T. S. Eliot, and Dylan Thomas. It was at this point that he decided he would become a poet. Hecht's parents were not happy at his plans and tried to discourage them, even getting family friend Ted Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, to attempt to dissuade him.

In 1944, upon completing his final year at Bard, Hecht was drafted into the 97th Infantry Division and was sent to the battlefields in Europe. He saw combat in Germany in the "Ruhr Pocket" and in Cheb in Czechoslovakia. However, his most significant experience occurred on April 23, 1945, when Hecht's division helped liberate Flossenbürg concentration camp. Hecht was ordered to interview French prisoners in the hope of gathering evidence on the camp's commanders. Years later, Hecht said of this experience, "The place, the suffering, the prisoners' accounts were beyond comprehension. For years after I would wake shrieking."

Career
After the war ended, Hecht was sent to occupied Japan, where he became a staff writer with Stars and Stripes. He returned to the US in March 1946 and immediately took advantage of the G.I. Bill to study under the poet–critic John Crowe Ransom at Kenyon College, Ohio.  Here he came into contact with fellow poets such as Randall Jarrell, Elizabeth Bishop, and Allen Tate. He later received his master's degree from Columbia University.  In 1947 Hecht attended the University of Iowa and taught in the Iowa Writers' Workshop, together with writer Robie Macauley, with whom Hecht had served during World War II, but, suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder after his war service, gave it up swiftly to enter psychoanalysis.

In spring, 1947, he taught at Kenyon. His first poems, "Once Removed" and "To a Soldier Killed in Germany", were published in The Kenyon Review. Later that year, he suffered a nervous breakdown and returned to his parents' home in New York City and entered psychoanalysis. In 1948, his poems begin to appear in The Hudson Review, Poetry, and Furioso. He later won the Furioso Poetry Award and enrolled at Columbia University as a candidate for a master's degree in English literature.

Hecht released his first collection, A Summoning of Stones, in 1954. Even at this stage Hecht's poetry was often compared with that of W. H. Auden, with whom Hecht had become friends in 1951 during a holiday on the Italian island of Ischia, where Auden spent each summer. In 1993 Hecht published The Hidden Law, a critical reading of Auden's body of work. In his second book, The Hard Hours, Hecht first addressed his own experiences of World War II – memories that had caused him to have a nervous breakdown in 1959. Hecht spent three months in hospital following his breakdown, although he was spared electric shock therapy, unlike Sylvia Plath, whom he had encountered while teaching at Smith College.

Hecht's main source of income was as a teacher of poetry, most notably at the University of Rochester, where he taught from 1967 to 1985. He also spent varying lengths of time teaching at other notable institutions such as Smith, Bard, Harvard, Georgetown, and Yale. Between 1982 and 1984, he held the esteemed position of Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. Hecht won a number of literary awards including: the 1968 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (for The Hard Hours), the 1983 Bollingen Prize, the 1988 Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize, the 1989 Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry, the 1997 Wallace Stevens Award, the 1999/2000 Frost Medal, and the Tanning Prize.

Hecht died on October 20, 2004, at his home in Washington, D.C.; he is buried at the cemetery at Bard College. One month later, on November 17, Hecht was awarded the National Medal of Arts, accepted on his behalf by his wife, Helen Hecht.

The Anthony Hecht Poetry Prize is awarded annually by the Waywiser Press.

Literary style, inspirations, and themes
Hecht was known for his masterful use of traditional forms and linguistic control. Extraordinarily erudite, his verse often features allusions to French literature, Greek myth, and tragedy, and English poets and poetry stretching from Wallace Stevens to John Donne. He was often described as a "traditionalist". In The Hard Hours (1967), Hecht drew upon his experiences as a soldier in Europe during World War II.

Bibliography
 Poetry
 A Summoning of Stones (1954)
 The Hard Hours (1967)
 Millions of Strange Shadows (1977)
 The Venetian Vespers (1979)
 The Transparent Man (1990)
Collected Earlier Poems (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1990)
 Flight Among the Tombs (1998)
 The Darkness and the Light (2001)
Collected Later Poems (Alfred A. Knopf, 2003)

 Translations
 Aeschylus's Seven Against Thebes (1973) (with Helen H. Bacon)

 Other Works
 Obbligati: Essays in Criticism (1986)
 The Hidden Law: The Poetry of W. H. Auden (1993)
 On the Laws of the Poetic Art (1995)
 Melodies Unheard: Essays on the Mysteries of Poetry (Johns Hopkins University Press) (2003)
 Literary Genius: 25 Classic Writers Who Define English & American Literature (2007) (Illustrated by Barry Moser)

References

External links

 Modern American Poetry Society
 Hecht's page at Academy of American Poets
 Anthony Hecht Poetry Prize
Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Anthony Hecht papers, 1894-2005

1923 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American poets
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American poets
American expatriates in Japan
American people of German-Jewish descent
American male poets
American Poets Laureate
Bard College alumni
Bard College faculty
Bollingen Prize recipients
Columbia University alumni
Formalist poets
Georgetown University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Horace Mann School alumni
Iowa Writers' Workshop faculty
Jewish poets
Kenyon College alumni
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners
Smith College faculty
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
University of Iowa alumni
University of Rochester faculty
World War II poets
Yale University faculty

Anthony Hecht


Amnesty International South Africa (AI SA) is a South African organisation that works to end human rights abuses along with its affiliate organization Amnesty International.

Amnesty International South Africa was founded in 1990 and grew from modest beginnings to become a key player in South Africa's transition to democracy and an important part of Amnesty's international movement, hosting the Amnesty International ICM in 1997.  Today Amnesty International South Africa continues to campaign on multiple fronts including human rights education, women's rights, arms control and Zimbabwe.

History
Amnesty International did not have a group presence in South Africa up to the end of the 1980s because mixed race meeting were not allowed under the apartheid regime.  However, there were individual members linked to London.  It was only in 1990 when the local situation improved with a reduction in repression and the unbanning of the ANC and its allied organisations, that the International Secretariat allowed the formation of groups in the country.

In 1990–92, four groups started around the country - Port Elizabeth was the first group, followed by Durban, Pietermartizburg and Pretoria.  Members from these groups met in 1993 to form a national coordinating committee (some representatives Piotr Nowosad and Linda Stiebel).  By that time there were additional groups in Cape Town, Johannesburg and Grahamstown.  A national office was opened in Cape Town in 1995 and this moved to Pretoria in 1998.  By that time a Board had taken the place of the NCC. A director was appointed for the first time in 2001.

Amnesty South Africa's achievements in the 1990s included lobbying to abolish the death penalty; developing a national police human rights training programme focusing on children's rights; and lobbying to stop South African arms sales to states such as Turkey, Rwanda and Burundi, whose human rights records were questionable.  In 1995 Pierre Sane, Amnesty International's secretary general, visited South Africa and met the deputy president Thabo Mbeki to discuss human rights abuses in South Africa, Nigeria and the African Great Lakes region. In 1997, Amnesty South Africa hosted the international movement's ICM meeting in Cape Town, also attended by nobel prizewinner Archbishop Desmond Tutu.

In 2006 the membership at the AGM voted for the Programme for Growth which allowed the International Mobilisation Fund, based at the International Secretariat, to take over governance and management of the organisation for a period of 2–3 years.

Campaigns today

Amnesty International South Africa runs a national human rights education programme , campaigns strongly to stop violence against women and against human rights violations in Zimbabwe .

The Darfur conflict in Sudan is one of Amnesty International's top priorities, as a result of the large scale human rights abuses occurring. Amnesty has called for the introduction of a United Nations peacekeeping force to prevent conflict and stop further unnecessary suffering.

See also

Human Rights Watch

External links
Amnesty International South Africa
Amnesty International

Amnesty International
Human rights organisations based in South Africa
1990 establishments in South Africa
Organizations established in 1990

Amnesty International South Africa


The Huff-Daland HD.8A was a small civil transport biplane carrying two passengers built in the U.S. in 1922. The otherwise identical HD-9A offered an alternative engine.

Design and development

The Petrel was a biplane with thick section, fabric covered, rectangular plan wings built around twin ply spars. The lower wing was both shorter and narrower and the upper wing carried overhung ailerons reminiscent of the Fokker D.VII. The struttage was also similar to that of the Fokker, with outward-leaning N-struts outboard and pairs of rearward and outward-leaning short struts from the upper and lower fuselage on each side.

Its water-cooled, upright Curtiss OX-5 V-8 was conventionally mounted in the nose with its radiator ahead of the cylinder block and fuel tanks in the leading edges of the upper wing. The fuselage behind it closely followed that of the earlier HD-4 Bridget, which had been test-flown for a year. It was flat-sided and parallel in plan, with two conventional lower longerons but upper longerons which rose from the extreme rear to join the rear cabane struts on the rear spar. The fuselage sides were fabric-covered only up to horizontal false longerons; the gap between the sloping, true longerons was also fabric-covered. The pilot and two passengers occupied a single, open cockpit in tandem, with the pilot at the back. Access was via rear doors, one on each side. At the rear the fuselage tapered in profile to a horizontal crossmember between the ends of the sloping upper longerons which mounted the elevators and the trailing edge of the tailplane. In plan the horizontal tail was almost trapezoidal. The crossmember also located the rudder post of a generous, rounded balanced rudder mounted on a triangular fin.

The Petrel's landing gear had fixed mainwheels and a tailskid. A pair of wire cross-braced V-struts mounted on the lower longerons were joined transversely by a pair of rods, one attached to the single axle by several shock-absorbing elastic rings.

Variants
Data from L'Aéronautique and Aerofiles. Les Ailes has the HD-8A as Anzani-powered and vice versa.

HD-8A as described. Probably three built, one with a  Wright-Hispano E V-12 engine.
HD-9A unchanged from HD-8A apart from a , 10 cylinder Anzani 10 radial engine. One built.

Specifications (HD-8A Petrel)

References

Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s United States civil aircraft
HD.8A

Huff-Daland HD.8A Petrel


Royce Kevin Willis (born 28 August 1975 in Tokoroa) was an international rugby union player who represented New Zealand in 12 matches between 1998 and 2002.

Rugby career
Willis was educated at Tauranga Boys College where he first began playing rugby, he made the national secondary schools sides for three seasons in the early 1990s. In 1994 while still at school he played one game for the Bay of Plenty representative side. He returned to do 2nd year in 7th form so that he could be a member of the successful rowing eight in the year below him. This crew went on to win the Maadi cup and Springbok shield.

Willis made the New Zealand Colts in 1995-96 and took a major step forward as a member of the Waikato representative side in 1997. Though he received just the one start in the NPC, Willis impressed as a replacement from the bench and shared in the Ranfurly Shield win over Auckland.

In 1998 he entered the Super made the New Zealand A squad for matches against England and Tonga.

With the World Cup looming in 1999 Willis was one of the players coach John Hart and his selectors turned to bolster the squad.

Willis took over from veteran Ian Jones and played the last two tests of the season, against South Africa and Australia.

He missed most of the 1999 Super 12 with the Chiefs, but he recovered in time to play a couple of matches for New Zealand A. He came on as a substitute in the final four domestic matches and was also used as a bench player in the World Cup with Robin Brooke and Norman Maxwell the preferred locks.

Jones was also in the squad and so Willis's chances were limited. At the World Cup he made five appearances, but started only in the pool match against Italy and in the third-fourth playoff against South Africa.

For the 2000 season, with Wayne Smith now the All Black coach, Willis was not a first choice selection as the All Blacks were concerned. He was overlooked in both the 2000 and the 2001 seasons, his only national representation coming with four appearances with New Zealand A on the tour of Europe at the end of the 2000 season.

In 2002 Willis was recalled to the All Black squad under the coaching now of John Mitchell. He made just one appearance, getting the final 10 minutes of the tri-nations test against the Springboks at the Wellington Stadium as a replacement. Willis had an excellent season with Waikato in the 2002 NPC but then departed along with other Waikato stalwarts such as Bruce Reihana and Deon Muir for overseas.

Willis managed 114 first class matches, of which 50 were for Waikato and 36 in the Super 12. Of his dozen tests eight were as a replacement or as a substitute.

Royce is now working as a physiotherapist specialising in balance disorders in Nelson, NZ

Honours
2003-04 Japan Rugby Top League Best15

Notes

External links

1975 births
Living people
New Zealand international rugby union players
New Zealand rugby union players
Kobelco Kobe Steelers players
Rugby union players from Tokoroa
New Zealand expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in Japan
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Blues (Super Rugby) players
Chiefs (rugby union) players
Bay of Plenty rugby union players
Waikato rugby union players
Rugby union locks
1999 Rugby World Cup players

Royce Willis


The Wessex Brigade was an administrative formation of the British Army from 1948 to 1968. The Brigade administered the regular infantry regiments of the Wessex area of south and south west England.

After the Second World War the British Army had fourteen infantry depots, each bearing a letter. The depots were territorially organised, and Infantry Depot H at Bulford Camp in Wiltshire was the headquarters for the six county regiments that recruited in Berkshire, Devon, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight and Wiltshire.

In 1948, the depots adopted names and this depot became the Wessex Brigade, with all regiments being reduced to a single battalion at the same time. The Wessex Brigade was formally formed at Exeter on 28 October 1948 and combined the depots of the following regiments:
 The Devonshire Regiment
 The Gloucestershire Regiment
 The Royal Hampshire Regiment
 The Dorsetshire Regiment renamed as The Dorset Regiment in 1951
 The Royal Berkshire Regiment (Princess Charlotte of Wales's)
 The Wiltshire Regiment (Duke of Edinburgh's)

Under the Defence Review announced in July 1957, the infantry of the line was reorganised, and the number of battalions was reduced to four by amalgamation. Accordingly, on 17 May 1958, the Devonshire Regiment and Dorset Regiment were amalgamated into the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment, while on 9 June 1959 the Royal Berkshire Regiment and the Wiltshire Regiment were merged into the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment (Berkshire and Wiltshire).

Proposals were made over the next decade to amalgamate the Gloucesters and Royal Hampshires, which went as far as the battalions reducing ready for amalgamation, but this was cancelled less than two weeks before formation day.

From 1958 all regiments in the Brigade adopted a common cap badge consisting of the Wessex wyvern on a plinth inscribed Wessex. From 1960 the Wessex Brigade was based at Wyvern Barracks in Exeter.

On 1 July 1968 the Wessex Brigade was united with the Welsh and Mercian Brigades, to form the Prince of Wales's Division.

References

External links
 Wessex Brigade at Regiments.org

Wessex
Infantry administrative brigades of the British Army
1948 establishments in the United Kingdom
1968 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations established in 1948
Military units and formations disestablished in 1968

Wessex Brigade


Aubrey Geoffrey Frederick Rippon, Baron Rippon of Hexham, PC, QC (28 May 1924 – 28 January 1997) was a British Conservative Party politician. He is most known for drafting the European Communities Act 1972 which took the United Kingdom into the European Communities on 1 January 1973. He was Chairman of the European-Atlantic Group.

Early life
Born in Penn, Buckinghamshire, the son of the Somerset cricketer Sydney Rippon, Geoffrey Rippon was educated at King's College, Taunton, and Brasenose College, Oxford, where he was president of the University Conservative Association. He was called to the Bar in 1948 and was Mayor of Surbiton 1951–52 and a member of the London County Council from 1952, representing Chelsea.  From 1958, he was the leader of the Conservative Party group on the council.

Parliamentary career
After unsuccessfully contesting the seat of Shoreditch and Finsbury in both 1950 and 1951, he became MP for Norwich South in 1955.

As Minister for Public Building and Works in 1962, Rippon controversially sought to demolish and redevelop the Italianate Foreign and Commonwealth Office main building designed in the 1860s by Sir George Gilbert Scott. After a campaign led by  The Victorian Society and a public outcry the decision was overturned and the building was subsequently granted Grade I listed building status.

In 1964 Rippon was defeated, but moved to the constituency of Hexham in Northumberland at the 1966 general election and remained MP there until retiring in 1987. Among his posts in the Shadow Cabinet was that of Shadow Defence Secretary from 1969 to 1970.

In 1970 he became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster under Edward Heath, and being in favour of the Common Market was given the responsibility of negotiating Britain's entry into it. In 1972 he moved to become Secretary of State for the Environment. During his tenure the Department of the Environment was housed on Marsham Street in unattractive tower blocks nicknamed 'the three ugly sisters'. Rippon is supposed to have commented to his civil servants that the view from the top floor was the best in London, as one could not see the towers themselves.

While Secretary of State for the Environment he introduced the Water Act 1973, which amalgamated over 1500 separate private, and local authority water provision, sewage,  water treatment, and regulatory entities into 10 Regional Water Authorities, organised on a natural Hydrological basis.

He was at one time a prominent member of the Conservative Monday Club, for whom he authored a booklet entitled Right Angle, and was guest-of-honour at their Annual Dinner in 1970. The Club was, however, divided on the EEC (European Community) issue, and at their conference in October 1971 members moved and carried a resolution opposing Britain's entry.

From 1979 to 1982, Rippon was President of the European Documentation and Information Centre (CEDI).

He was created a life peer on 5 October 1987 taking the title Baron Rippon of Hexham, of Hesleyside in the County of Northumberland.

Arms

References
 Copping, Robert, The Story of The Monday Club – The First Decade, (Foreword by George Pole), Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, April 1972, (P/B).

External links

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1924 births
1997 deaths
20th-century English lawyers
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
British Secretaries of State for the Environment
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
Conservative Party (UK) MEPs
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Rippon of Hexham
Councillors in Greater London
English King's Counsel
English barristers
MEPs for the United Kingdom 1973–1979
Mayors of places in Greater London
Members of London County Council
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Ministers in the Macmillan and Douglas-Home governments, 1957–1964
People educated at King's College, Taunton
People from Chiltern District
Presidents of the Oxford University Conservative Association
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Geoffrey Rippon


Ray Bidwell Collins (December 10, 1889 – July 11, 1965) was an American character actor in stock and Broadway theatre, radio, films, and television. With 900 stage roles to his credit, he became one of the most successful actors in the developing field of radio drama. A friend and associate of Orson Welles for many years, Collins went to Hollywood with the Mercury Theatre company and made his feature-film debut in Citizen Kane (1941), as Kane's ruthless political rival. Collins appeared in more than 75 films and had one of his best-remembered roles on television, as Los Angeles homicide detective Lieutenant Arthur Tragg in the CBS-TV series Perry Mason.

Life and career

Ray Bidwell Collins was born December 10, 1889, in Sacramento, California, to Lillie Bidwell and William Calderwood Collins. His father was a newspaper reporter and dramatic editor on The Sacramento Bee. His mother was the niece of John Bidwell, pioneer, statesman, and founder of society in the Sacramento Valley area of California in the 19th century. Collins was inspired as a young boy to become an actor after seeing a stage performance by his uncle, Ulric Collins, who had performed the role of Dave Bartlett in the Broadway production of Way Down East. He began putting on plays with neighborhood children in Sacramento.
Collins made his professional stage debut at age 13, at the Liberty Playhouse in Oakland, California.

In December 1912, Collins and his first wife, Margaret Marriott, were a vaudeville team, who performed at the Alhambra Theatre in Seattle. In July 1914, the couple and their young son, Junius, moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, where Collins worked as an actor. In 1922, he was part of a stock company, Vancouver's Popular Players, which enacted plays at the original Orpheum Theatre. He operated his own stock company for five years at his own theatre, the Empress Theatre, in Vancouver. Collins toured in vaudeville and made his way to New York.

Collins worked prodigiously in his youth. Between the ages of 17 and 30, he was, it is said, out of work as an actor for a total of five weeks. In 1924, he and Marriott were divorced. That same year, he opened in Conscience, and after that, he was almost continually featured in Broadway plays and other theatrical productions until the Great Depression began. In 1926, he married Joan Uron.  At the start of the Great Depression, Collins turned his attention to radio, where he was involved in 18 broadcasts a week, sometimes working as many as 16 hours a day. He also played parts in short films, starting in 1930, including the Vitaphone Varieties series based on Booth Tarkington's Penrod stories.

In 1934, Collins began a long association with Orson Welles, which led to some of his most memorable roles. They met when Welles joined the repertory cast of The American School of the Air, his first job in radio. In 1935, Welles won a place in the prestigious company that presented the news dramatization series The March of Time—an elite corps of actors, including Collins, Agnes Moorehead, Everett Sloane, and Paul Stewart, who would soon form the core of Welles's Mercury Theatre.

On radio, Collins was in the distinguished repertory cast of the weekly historical drama Cavalcade of America for six years. Collins and Welles worked together on that series and others, including Welles's serial adaptation of Les Misérables (1937) and The Shadow (1937–1938).

Collins became a member of the repertory company of Welles's CBS Radio series The Mercury Theatre on the Air (1938) and its sponsored continuation, The Campbell Playhouse (1938–1940). Through the run of the series, Collins played many roles in literary adaptations, including Squire Livesey in "Treasure Island", Dr. Watson in "Sherlock Holmes", and Mr. Pickwick in "The Pickwick Papers". Collins's best-known (albeit uncredited) work on this series, however, was in "The War of the Worlds", the celebrated broadcast in which he played three roles, most notably the rooftop newscaster who describes the destruction of New York.

Along with other Mercury Theatre players, Collins made his feature-film debut in Citizen Kane (1941), in which he portrayed ruthless political boss Jim W. Gettys. He appeared in Welles's original Broadway production of Native Son (1941) and played a principal role in Welles's second film, The Magnificent Ambersons (1942). His ongoing radio work included Welles's wartime series, Ceiling Unlimited and Hello Americans (1942), and the variety show The Orson Welles Almanac (1944).

Having returned to his native California, Collins appeared in more than 75 major motion pictures, including Leave Her to Heaven (1945); The Best Years of Our Lives (1946); Crack-Up (1946); A Double Life (1947); two entries in the Ma and Pa Kettle series; and the 1953 version of The Desert Song, in which he played the nonsinging role of Kathryn Grayson's father. He displayed comic ability in The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947) and The Man from Colorado (1948), and played a supporting role in Welles's Touch of Evil (1958).

On television, Collins was a regular in The Halls of Ivy (1954–1955), starring Ronald Colman. He appeared as Judge Harper in a 1955 TV adaptation of the holiday classic Miracle on 34th Street, starring Thomas Mitchell, Teresa Wright, and MacDonald Carey. In 1957, Collins joined the cast of the CBS-TV series Perry Mason and gained fame as Los Angeles police homicide detective Lieutenant Arthur Tragg.

By 1960, Collins found his physical health declining and his memory waning, problems that in the next few years brought an end to his career. About the difficulty in remembering his lines, he said "Years ago, when I was on the Broadway stage, I could memorize 80 pages in eight hours. I had a photographic memory. When I got out on the stage, I could actually — in my mind — see the lines written on top of the page, the middle, or the bottom. But then radio came along, and we read most of our lines, and I got out of the habit of memorizing. I lost my natural gift. Today it's hard for me. My wife works as hard as I do, cueing me at home."

In October 1963, Collins filmed his last Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Capering Camera", broadcast January 16, 1964. Although clearly Collins would not return to work on the series, his name appeared in the opening title sequence through the eighth season, which ended in May 1965. Executive producer Gail Patrick Jackson was aware that Collins watched the show every week and wished not to discourage him.

On July 11, 1965, Collins died of emphysema at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California, at age 75. Masonic funeral services were held at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills.

Private life

Collins supported Thomas Dewey in the 1944 United States presidential election.

Theatre credits
Ray Collins played 900 roles on the legitimate stage.

Radio credits

Film and television credits

References

External links

1889 births
1965 deaths
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male radio actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Sacramento, California
Deaths from emphysema
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
20th-century American male actors
Federal Theatre Project people

Ray Collins (actor)


Walter Mathias Urbain (1910 – January 15, 2002) was a distinguished American scientist who helped pioneer food science through innovative research during World War II.  His contributions include new patents and methodologies in food engineering, irradiation, and meat science.  Because of his contributions, the US government, especially the US Army and the former US Atomic Energy Commission, developed national programs on food irradiation during the 1950s which led to the development of international standards and the application of his methods on a global basis.

Career
Urbain graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Chicago in 1934, earning his Doctorate (PhD) in Chemistry. After obtaining his degree, he joined Swift & Company where he became head (Director) of Engineering Research. In 1966 he joined Michigan State University where he taught physics and chemistry, and also focused his research on food irradiation.

Urbain's breakthrough findings led him to the forefront of food science, consulting on projects for the US government and acting as lead consultant to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, Austria.  Dr. Urbain also helped kick start the food irradiation program at the United Nations, namely the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO).  Dr Urbain  became Director of the first FAO/IAEA International Training Course on Food Irradiation and Techniques which led to the creation of an International Training Manual on Food Irradiation Technology and Techniques in 1968 as well as an international certification program labelled the "Food Irradiation Process Control School".

The success of food irradiation today is a result of Walter Urbain's dedication and determination on this subject. Urbain's many honors include, the Outstanding Civilian Service Award from the U.S. Army in 1962 as well as the Industrial Achievement Award from The Institute of Food Technologists in 1963 and the "International Food Engineering Award" in 1976.

Outside of his duties, Urbain played a significant role in several scientific organizations including the American Chemical Society, the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (American Society of Agricultural Engineers: 1907-2005), and the Institute of Food Technologists where he was a Chartered Member. Numerous patents are registered in his name; he published 36 scientific papers, wrote hundreds of articles and published two books on food irradiation.

Death
At the age of 91, Urbain died from a brief illness in Dallas, Texas on January 15, 2002.

Professional activities
American Chemical Society: Chair of the Chicago, Illinois section - 1949.
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers: FPSA-FPEI Food Engineering Award - 1976.
Institute of Food Technologists:
Editor-In-Chief of Journal of Food Science and Scientific Editor of Food Technology - May 1966 to June 1970.
Fellow - 1970, among the first class of 27 fellows inducted.

References

"In Memoriam: Walter Mathias Urbain." Food Technology. March 2002: p. 83.
Mermelstein, N.H. and F.R. Katz. "Advancing Food Science and Technology for Fifty Years." Food Technology. January 1997: pp. 8–11.

External links

List of IFT Fellows
List of ACS Chicago section chairs: 1894-1960
FPSA-FPEI Food Engineering Award winners
Michigan State University death listing - March 28, 2002

1910 births
2002 deaths
American food engineers
American food scientists
Fellows of the Institute of Food Technologists
Michigan State University faculty
Scientists from Chicago
People from Dallas
University of Chicago alumni
International Atomic Energy Agency officials
Engineers from Illinois
20th-century American engineers

Walter M. Urbain


JWH-203 (1-pentyl-3-(2-chlorophenylacetyl)indole) is an analgesic chemical from the phenylacetylindole family that acts as a cannabinoid agonist with approximately equal affinity at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, having a Ki of 8.0 nM at CB1 and 7.0 nM at CB2. It was originally discovered by, and named after, John W. Huffman, but has subsequently been sold without his permission as an ingredient of synthetic cannabis smoking blends. Similar to the related 2'-methoxy compound JWH-250, the 2'-bromo compound JWH-249, and the 2'-methyl compound JWH-251, JWH-203 has a phenylacetyl group in place of the naphthoyl ring used in most aminoalkylindole cannabinoid compounds, and has the strongest in vitro binding affinity for the cannabinoid receptors of any compound in the phenylacetyl group.

Unexpectedly despite its weaker CB1 Ki in vitro, the 2-methylindole derivative JWH-204 is actually more potent than JWH-203 in animal tests for cannabinoid activity, though it is still weaker than JWH-249.

Legal status

In the United States, JWH-203 is a Schedule I Controlled Substance.

As of October 2015, JWH-203 is a controlled substance in China.

See also
 MN-25

References

JWH cannabinoids
Phenylacetylindoles
Chloroarenes
Designer drugs
CB1 receptor agonists
CB2 receptor agonists

JWH-203


A bar in a river is an elevated region of sediment (such as sand or gravel) that has been deposited by the flow. Types of bars include mid-channel bars (also called braid bars and common in braided rivers), point bars (common in meandering rivers), and mouth bars (common in river deltas). The locations of bars are determined by the geometry of the river and the flow through it. Bars reflect sediment supply conditions, and can show where sediment supply rate is greater than the transport capacity.

A mid-channel bar, is also often referred to as a braid bar because they are often found in braided river channels. Braided river channels are broad and shallow and found in areas where sediment is easily eroded like at a glacial outwash, or at a mountain front with high sediment loads. These types of river systems are associated with high slope, sediment supply, stream power, shear stress, and bed load transport rates. Braided rivers have complex and unpredictable channel patterns, and sediment size tends to vary among streams.  It is these features that are responsible for the formations of braid bars. Braided streams are often overfed with massive amounts of sediment which creates multiple stream channels within one dominant pair of flood bank plains. These channels are separated by mid-channel or braid bars. Anastomosing river channels also create mid-channel bars, however they are typically vegetated bars, making them more permanent than the bars found in a braided river channel which have high rates of change because of the large amounts of non-cohesive sediment, lack of vegetation, and high stream powers found in braided river channels.

Bars can also form mid-channel due to snags or logjams. For example, if a stable log is deposited mid-channel in a stream, this obstructs the flow and creates local flow convergence and divergence. This causes erosion on the upstream side of the obstruction and deposition on the downstream side. The deposition that occurs on the downstream side can create a central bar, and an arcuate bar can be formed as flow diverges upstream of the obstruction. Continuous deposition downstream can build up the central bar to form an island. Eventually the logjam can become partially buried, which protects the island from erosion, allowing for vegetation to begin to grow, and stabilize the area even further. Over time, the bar can eventually attach to one side of the channel bank and merge into the flood plain.

A point bar is an area of deposition typically found in meandering rivers. Point bars form on the inside of meander bends in meandering rivers. As the flow moves around the inside of the bend in the river, the water slows down because of the shallow flow and low shear stresses there reduce the amount of material that can be carried there. Point bars are usually crescent shaped and located on the inside curve of the river bend. The excess material falls out of transport and, over time, forms a point bar. Point bars are typically found in the slowest moving, shallowest parts of rivers and streams, and are often parallel to the shore and occupy the area farthest from the thalweg, on the outside curve of the river bend in a meandering river. Here, at the deepest and fastest part of the stream is the cut bank, the area of a meandering river channel that continuously undergoes erosion. The faster the water in a river channel, the better it is able to pick up greater amounts of sediment, and larger pieces of sediment, which increases the river's bed load. Over a long enough period of time, the combination of deposition along point bars, and erosion along cut banks can lead to the formation of an oxbow lake.

A mouth bar is an elevated region of sediment typically found at a river delta which is located at the mouth of a river where the river flows out to the ocean. Sediment is transported by the river and deposited, mid channel, at the mouth of the river. This occurs because, as the river widens at the mouth, the flow slows, and sediment settles out and is deposited. After initial formation of a river mouth bar, they have the tendency to prograde. This is caused by the pressure from the flow on the upstream face of the bar. This pressure creates erosion on that face of the bar, allowing the flow to transport this sediment over or around, and re-deposit it farther downstream, closer to the ocean. River mouth bars stagnate, or cease to prograde when the water depth above the flow is shallow enough to create a pressure on the upstream side of the bar strong enough to force the flow around the deposit rather than over the top of the bar. This divergent channel flow around either side of the sediment deposit continuously transports sediment, which over time is deposited on either side of this original mid channel deposit. As more and more sediment accumulates across the mouth of the river, it builds up to eventually create a sand bar that has the potential to extend the entire length of the river mouth and block the flow.

See also

References

Further reading

Fluvial landforms
Sedimentology
Geomorphology
Hydrology
River islands
Water streams

Bar (river morphology)


Blimea is the most eastern parish of the San Martín del Rey Aurelio council. By Decree LAW December 2007, the town of Blimea joins El Entrego and Sotrondio to form the town of San Martin, being the town of Blimea one of its districts.

Blimea is a place name emerged from many Asturian words with different phonetic variants translated into Castilian word " wicker " such as bima, blima, brima, blimba or bilma . From the etymological point of view, wicker part of Latin " vimen - viminis " and in the Asturian case is influenced belime, " wheat residue " and bilimia, "drill ", " Beria " . It would therefore be an area where blima was abundant .
Nalón river divides into two large halves and forms a broad plain which is where Blimea, capital of the parish rises.

It is  in size, with a population of 3,867 (INE 2005).

Villages and hamlets

Parishes in San Martín del Rey Aurelio

Blimea


The Bikini atoll is a group of islands (an atoll) in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Ralik chain. Today, it is part of the Marshall Islands. It used to be known as Eschscholtz Atoll. The atoll is made of 23 islands, which have a surface area of . The lagoon is about  by , and has a surface area of about . The lagoon has a depth of up to . The two biggest islands are Bikini, at  and Enyu, at .

Majuro, the capital of the Marshall Islands, is about   to the south. New Guinea is about  to the southwest.

Nuclear tests
Today, the atoll is mostly known for many nuclear tests, done by the US government in the 1940s, and 1950s. In 1946, about 200 people were moved from these two islands, all other islands of the atoll were uninhabited.  The people were moved to the smaller Rongerik Atoll, which was uninhabited at the time.

Over 42.000 people were taking part in the nuclear tests. In total, 67 tests were done.

In the 1970s, about 100 people again moved to the islands, but they had to leave again, because high levels of Strontium-90 and Caesium-137 were found. Today, the atoll is largely uninhabited, except for a few caretakers.

Problems with islanders returning
Even though the atoll may be habitable again soon, there's a problem: Many of the Bikini islanders (or their offspring) have never lived on the island, and haven't even visited it. There's a high unemployment rate on the Marshall islands. As the Marshall islands have a special agreement with the United States, unemployed people from the Marshall islands can go look for jobs in the United States. It is therefore unclear how many of the original islanders or their offspring will return to the atoll.

Gallery

Marshall Islands

Bikini Atoll


Dorben Polytechnic,is a private tertiary institution accredited by the Federal Ministry of Education (FME) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) in Nigeria, West Africa.

Dorben Polytechnic (formerly Abuja School of Accountancy and Computer Studies-ASACS) has its main campus located in Garam, Niger State, Nigeria, and another campus just to the north in Suleja, Niger State. It is usually addressed as Dorben Polytechnic (Bwari) Abuja, since it originally had its main campus in Bwari, Abuja (and which is where the process of accreditation started). Privately owned, the polytechnic provides training leading to the award of National Diploma (ND) and Higher National Diploma (HND) programs for students who intend to work as accountants, computer specialists, administrators, and managers.

History
It was incorporated in 1995 and was approved and accredited as a school by the National Board for Technical Education and the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Education in 1999. Starting with just 250 students, as of 2010 Dorben had more than 3500 students and over 45 faculty members. Before being accredited as a polytechnic in 2007, the school had to acquire 50 hectares of land and have a minimum of one hundred million naira bank guarantee and mount core engineering programs.

In September 2008 the National Association of Nigerian Students bestowed an award of Excellence on the chairman of the management board of the Dorben Polytechnic, Dr. A.B. Ekwere.
Speaking in October 2009, Ekwere said that four lecturers who had been sacked for examination malpractices were seeking the help of local chiefs to beg for their reinstatement. He was not sympathetic, and said that the institution made every effort to prevent cheating on exams.

Schools
The institution has the following programmes;

School of Business Studies

 Business Administration and Management
 Accountancy
 Office Technology and Management
 Public Administration
 Mass Communication

School of Natural and Applied Sciences

 Mathematics and Statistics
 Science Laboratory Technology
 Computer Science
 Hospitality Management

School of Engineering and Environmental Studies

 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
 Computer Engineering technology
 Urban and Regional Planning
 Estate Management

See also
 List of polytechnics in Nigeria

References

Universities and colleges in Nigeria
Education in Niger State
1995 establishments in Nigeria
Educational institutions established in 1995

Dorben Polytechnic