A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. They were first described by Paracelsus (~1519),p1 but their full significance was not realised until the last quarter of the 20th century.

Microbial mats grow mostly on submerged or moist surfaces but a few survive in deserts. They colonize environments ranging in temperature from –40 °C to +120 °C. A few are endosymbionts of animals.

Although usually only a few centimetres thick, microbial mats create a wide range of internal chemical environments. They consist of layers of microorganisms that can feed on or tolerate the chemicals at their level. In moist conditions mats are held together by slimy substances (polysaccharides) secreted by the microorganisms.118; 1671-7 Some of the micro-organisms form tangled webs of filaments which make the mat tougher. The best known physical forms are flat mats and stubby pillars called stromatolites, but there are also spherical forms.

Microbial mats are the earliest form of life on Earth for which there is good fossil evidence, from 3500 million years ago, and were for a long period the most important members of the planet's ecosystems.

Originally they may have depended on hydrothermal vents for energy and chemical "food". The development of photosynthesis gradually liberated them from the 'hydrothermal ghetto' by proving a more widely-available energy source, sunlight, although initially the photosynthesizing mats still depended on the diffusion of chemicals emitted by hydrothermal vents. The final and most significant stage of this liberation was the development of oxygen-producing photosynthesis, since the main chemical inputs for this are carbon dioxide and water.

As a result microbial mats began to produce the atmosphere we know today, in which free oxygen is a vital component. At around the same time they may also have been the birthplace of the more complex eukaryote type of cell, of which all multicellular organisms are composed. Microbial mats were abundant on the shallow seabed until the Cambrian substrate revolution, when animals living in shallow seas increased their burrowing capabilities and thus broke up the surfaces of mats and let oxygenated water into the deeper layers, poisoning the oxygen-intolerant micro-organisms that lived there. Although this revolution drove mats off soft floors of shallow seas, they still flourish in many environments where burrowing is limited or impossible, including rocky seabeds and shores, hyper-saline and brackish lagoons, and are found on the floors of the deep oceans.

Because of microbial mats' ability to use almost anything as nutrients, there is considerable interest in industrial uses of mats, especially for water treatment and for cleaning up pollution.

References

Ecosystems
Microbiology

Microbial mat


Maurice Ashley (born 1966) is an American chess player, author, and commentator. In 1999, he earned the FIDE title of Grandmaster (GM), making him the first Black person to do so.

Ashley is well known as a commentator for high-profile chess events. He also spent many years teaching chess. On April 13, 2016, Ashley was inducted into the US Chess Hall of Fame.

Early life
Ashley was born in St. Andrew, Jamaica. He attended Wolmer's Boys School in Jamaica, and then moved to the United States when he was 12.

He went to Brooklyn Technical High School. Ashley graduated from City College of New York (CCNY) with a B.A. in Creative Writing. While at City College, he represented the school in intercollegiate team competition.

Ashley said he discovered chess in Jamaica, where his brother played chess with his friends. He got more serious about chess during high school, where he grew up in Brownsville, Brooklyn, and played in parks and clubs throughout New York City.

Ashley coached the Raging Rooks of Harlem, and the Dark Knights (also from Harlem), both of which won national championships under his guidance.

Career

In 1992, Ashley shared the United States Game/10 chess championship with Maxim Dlugy.

On March 14, 1999, Ashley beat Adrian Negulescu to complete the requirements for the Grandmaster title. This made him the first Black chess Grandmaster.

In September 1999, Ashley founded the Harlem Chess Center, which has attracted such celebrities as Larry Johnson and Wynton Marsalis.

Along with GM Susan Polgar, Ashley was named 2003 Grandmaster of the Year by the U.S. Chess Federation.

In 2003, Ashley wrote an essay The End of the Draw Offer?, which raised discussion about ways to avoid quick agreed draws in chess tournaments.

In 2005, he wrote the book Chess for Success, relating his experiences and the positive aspects of chess. He was the main organizer for the 2005 HB Global Chess Challenge, with the biggest cash prize in history for an open chess tournament.

In 2007, Ashley returned to his birth country of Jamaica and became the first GM to ever participate in a tournament there. The tournament was the Frederick Cameron Open. After sweeping a field consisting of several of Jamaica's top players, Ashley was upset in the final round by Jamaican National Master Jomo Pitterson.

In 2008, Ashley was featured in an interview for the CNN documentary Black in America. He was shown during one scene in the film Brooklyn Castle mentoring a young chess player. He was mentioned in the chess movie Life of a King starring Cuba Gooding, Jr.

Starting in the Fall of 2012, Ashley was a Director's Fellow at the MIT Media Lab and, between 2013 and 2015, Maurice was also a Fellow at Harvard University's Berkman Center for Internet & Society in a joint fellowship at both Harvard's Berkman Center and the Media Lab at MIT. Currently, Maurice is a Research affiliate at the Media Lab at MIT.

In 2013, Ashley announced he was planning the highest-stakes open chess tournament in history, Millionaire Chess Open. Its first edition took place October 9–13, 2014 in Las Vegas.

In 2015, Maurice announced a partnership with the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis and Ascension, Your Move Chess. This program supports after school chess in the Florissant-Ferguson School District alongside other schools in the Saint Louis area. Longer term, the goal is to expand the program on a national level.

In February 2016, a video of Ashley defeating a "trash-talking" amateur chess player in Washington Square Park went viral.

On April 13, 2016, Ashley was inducted into the US Chess Hall of Fame along with Chess Grandmaster Gata Kamsky.

Commentator

Ashley has worked, and currently is working, as a chess commentator covering many events, including those of the Grand Chess Tour. He was one of the commentators of the two matches between world champion Garry Kasparov and IBM's Deep Blue that took place in 1996 and 1997. He provided commentary for the Kasparov vs. Anand World Championship match in 1995. In 2003, Ashley hosted ESPN's broadcast of Kasparov's match against X3D Fritz. He has also served as a commentator for the 2013–19 Sinquefield Cups, several US Chess Championships, and many other chess events.

Personal life
In 1993, Ashley married Michele Ashley-Johnson. Their daughter Nia was born the following year, and their son Jayden in 2002. The couple divorced in 2014.

Maurice's sister is former world boxing champion Alicia Ashley, and his brother is former world kickboxing champion Devon Ashley.
He once stated
"African[-]continent GMs do exist; but, according to the system of racial classification, I am the first Black GM in history... it matters, and doesn't matter, all at the same time."

Works and publications

Monographs
 Ashley, Maurice. "The End of the Draw Offer?" The 65th Square.
 Ashley, Maurice. Chess for Success: Using an Old Game to Build New Strengths in Children and Teens. New York: Broadway Books, 2005.
 Ashley, Maurice, and Graham Burgess. The Most Valuable Skills in Chess. London: Gambit, 2009.
 Ashley, Maurice. "Ferguson and The Chess Game of Life." Jet. October 15, 2015.

Multimedia
 Ashley, Maurice. Maurice Ashley Teaches Chess For Beginning and Intermediate Players. Torrance, CA: Davidson & Associates, 1997. CD-ROM.
 "Maurice Ashley: Chess Grandmaster." Gates, Jr. Henry Louis. America Beyond the Color Line: Ebony Towers. New York, N.Y.: Films Media Group, 2009. Starts at 2:19.
 Ashley, Maurice. Working backward to solve problems. TEDYouth 2012.
 Ashley, Maurice and Mobile MATCH, LLC. Learn Chess! with Maurice Ashley. Mobile phone app. 2012.
 Ashley, Maurice. Demetrious Johnson Charitable Foundation Lecture with GM Maurice Ashley: Chess for Football Players. Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis. August 13, 2014.
 Ashley, Maurice. "Grandmaster Maurice Ashley plays trash talking guy in Washington Square Park." Outtake. The Tim Ferriss Experiment. February 16, 2016. The video went viral and has 1.4 million views on Maurice's YouTube channel.
 Ashley, Maurice. "Maurice Ashley 2016 US Chess Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony."

References

Further reading
 OnePeople: The Celebration. 2012. Documentary.
 The Man vs. The Machine. ESPN Films: 2014. Documentary.
 Living Like Kings: The Unexpected Collision of Chess and Hip Hop Culture. World Chess Hall of Fame: 2014. Exhibition and documentary (trailer).
 Shen, S.M. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Thesis/dissertation. Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Social Learning Network for Chess. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. URI
 Larson, Eric. "Chess' First African American Grandmaster. The World Is A Chessboard: The Infectious Wisdom of Maurice Ashley." Mashable. April 24, 2015.

External links

 From Kings County, First Black Grandmaster
 Maurice Ashley profile, The Chess Drum
 Maurice Ashley at Trevor Noah's The Daily Show

1966 births
Living people
African-American chess players
Chess grandmasters
City College of New York alumni
Jamaican emigrants to the United States
American chess writers
American male non-fiction writers
People from Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica
Writers from Brooklyn
Berkman Fellows
Twitch (service) streamers
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Maurice Ashley


Weir Quay is a place on the banks of the River Tamar in Devon, England.  It lies  south west of the village of Bere Alston.

Weir Quay is where the Tamar estuary narrows into the tidal river.  The Tamar was navigable by seagoing ships of up to 400 register tons as far inland as here.

References

Villages in Devon
River Tamar
Bere Ferrers

Weir Quay


Christopher James Lucketti (born 28 September 1971) is an English football manager and former professional player. He was most recently assistant head coach of Milton Keynes Dons.

He played as a central defender. In a playing career of over 600 games, Lucketti began his career at home town club Rochdale in 1989 before moving to Halifax Town, Bury- for whom he made over 250 appearances - Preston North End, Huddersfield Town and Sheffield United.

After his playing career ended, Lucketti moved into coaching and management with roles including assistant manager at Scunthorpe United and Salford City alongside Graham Alexander, caretaker manager of Fleetwood Town and manager at Bury. He was most recently the assistant manager at Motherwell working alongside Graham Alexander.

Playing career

Halifax Town, Bury and Huddersfield Town
Born in Littleborough, Lancashire, Lucketti started his professional career with Halifax Town where he made 78 appearances between 1991 and 1993. In 1993, he moved to Bury; there he made a total of 235 first-team appearances, winning back-to-back promotions in the 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons.

In 1999, he joined Huddersfield Town and made 76 appearances for the Terriers, scoring twice, against Scunthorpe United in the League Cup and Crystal Palace in the league.

Preston North End
Lucketti moved to Preston North End in a £750,000 deal from Huddersfield at the start of the 2001–02 season. He played over 200 times for the Deepdale club. In the 2004–05 season, he formed formidable partnerships with both Claude Davis and Youl Mawene in the Preston defence, helping his team to the Play-off final at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.

Sheffield United
In March 2006, Lucketti joined Sheffield United for the remainder of the 2005–06 season, making three first-team appearances before signing a one-year deal on 1 June 2006 with the Blades with both clubs agreeing to a fee of £250,000.

Lucketti made his first-team debut for the Blades whilst on loan, appearing in the 1–1 home draw with Leeds United on 18 April 2006.

On 13 January 2007, he made his Premiership debut at the age of 35 against Portsmouth and went on to make a handful of Premiership appearances over the rest of the season. In July 2007, after being linked with a moved to Hull City, he signed a new one-year contract. Despite being re-signed by newly appointed manager Bryan Robson, he featured even less for the Blades under the new boss. He scored what turned out to be his only United goal in the League Cup against MK Dons on 28 August 2007.

On 27 March 2008, he signed on loan until the end of the season for Southampton, making four appearances for the Saints. Under the terms of his loan deal he was eligible to play in the final game of the season between Sheffield United and Southampton, a match which both sides desperately needed to win to try to finish in the play-offs and to avoid relegation respectively, but Lucketti opted to declare himself unavailable for the match to avoid a conflict of interests.

Return to Huddersfield
On 4 July 2008, Lucketti signed a two-year deal at Football League One side Huddersfield Town, seven years after leaving them to join Preston North End. He returned on a free transfer after Sheffield United agreed to cancel the last year of his contract. The following day, he was appointed club captain of the Terriers. He made his second Town debut in the 1–1 draw against Stockport County at the Galpharm Stadium on 9 August 2008. On 25 October, he was sent off in a league match against Peterborough United, where Town lost 4–0. He didn't reappear in the Town first team until 28 February 2009, when he came on as a substitute in the 1–1 draw against Stockport County at Edgeley Park.

After being left out of Lee Clark's squad for the whole of the 2009—10 season, he left the club on 17 May 2010.

Coaching and managerial career

Fleetwood Town
Lucketti moved into coaching and management with youth roles at Preston North End F.C then as Assistant Manager working alongside Graham Alexander at Fleetwood Town. After Alexander's dismissal. Lucketti was asked to stay on as Caretaker Manager, becoming Assistant Manager again on the appointment of Steven Pressley in October 2015.

Scunthorpe United
In June 2016, Lucketti moved to work with Alexander again at Scunthorpe United with the team finishing third in League One in 2016-17.

Bury
On 22 November 2017, Lucketti was approached to become manager at Bury replacing Lee Clark. When Lucketti took over, Bury were in the relegation zone and suffering from a number of injuries  His contract, along with that of assistant Joe Parkinson, was terminated by the club on 15 January 2018

Salford City
After working with Graham Alexander as Assistant Manager at both Fleetwood Town and Scunthorpe United, Lucketti was appointed his Assistant Manager for a third time at Salford City in May 2018  During their time at Salford City, Alexander and Lucketti reached the EFL Trophy Final and achieved back to back promotions before their departure in the early part of the 2020-21 season.

Motherwell
On 8 January 2021, Lucketti was announced as assistant manager of Motherwell alongside Graham Alexander with whom he was worked at a number of clubs.

Milton Keynes Dons
On 27 May 2023, Lucketti once again linked up with Graham Alexander as his new assistant head coach at Milton Keynes Dons.

Managerial statistics

References

External links
Official profile at HTFC
Official profile at SUFC
Official profile at SFC

1971 births
Living people
People from Littleborough, Greater Manchester
Footballers from Greater Manchester
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale
English men's footballers
Men's association football central defenders
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Fleetwood Town F.C. managers
Bury F.C. managers
Premier League players
English Football League players
English Football League managers
Scunthorpe United F.C. non-playing staff
Salford City F.C. non-playing staff
Motherwell F.C. non-playing staff
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. non-playing staff
English football managers
English people of Italian descent

Chris Lucketti


Joanna Domańska (born 20 September 1959) is a Polish classical pianist and music teacher from Gliwice.

Biography
Domańska started her piano studies at the Academy of Music in Kraków with professor Jan Hoffman, and graduated with distinction from the Academy of Music in Katowice in 1982. She continued her piano studies with Livia Rév in Paris 1986–1987 on a grant from the government of France. She is an interpreter of Karol Szymanowski's works, and appreciated for her interpretation of Brahms, Ravel, Mozart and Chopin.

Domańska is a laureate of international piano competitions: M. Long – J. Thibaud in Paris 1981 and A. Casagrande in Terni, Italy 1982, as well as of the Young Stage at the Polish Piano Festival in Slupsk 1982. She has been invited to participate in music festivals including the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto, Festa Musica Pro in Assisi, Maggio Musicale Fiorentino in Florence, Festival de Radio France et de Montpellier, Warsaw Autumn, the Cracow Composer Days, Karol Szymanowski Music Days in Zakopane, the Polish Piano Festival in Slupsk and the Chopin Festival in Duszniki.

Domańska recorded three CDs with Karol Szymanowski works. The first one was recorded in 1995 by British record company Olympia (OCD 344). The album was twice nominated for the "Fryderyk" award given by the phonographic industry in Poland.

In 2007 the Polish record company DUX published Domańska's second album (DUX 0576), recorded with Andrzej Tatarski: the first performance of a piano version of Szymanowski's music to ballet "Harnasie", adapted for two pianos. In the same year she recorded her third CD published at DUX with piano works of Karol Szymanowski (Metophes op. 29, 12 Studies op. 33, IIIrd Sonata op. 36, 4 Polish Dances). This CD was honoured by "Pizzicato" with "Supersonic Award"(DUX 0615).

Domańska has recorded for Polish Radio and Television, Radiotelevisione Italiana and Radio France.

Domańska conducts piano classes at the Academy of Music in Katowice, she was invited several times as a member of jury at Polish and international piano competitions and lectures at master courses.

Since 2011 Domańska has been deputy president of the Karol Szymanowski Music Association.

References
 Stanisław Dybowski, Słownik pianistów polskich, Przedsiębiorstwo Muzyczne "Selene", Warszawa 2003

External links
 Academy of Music Katowice
 DUX Music Producers

1959 births
Living people
Polish classical pianists
Polish women pianists
People from Gliwice
21st-century classical pianists
Women classical pianists
21st-century women pianists

Joanna Domańska


Handalpur is a village of Sambhal in Moradabad district, Uttar Pradesh.This is a small village. Here are two temples in this village. One of them is of shiv and other one is of durga.
Here is a primary school. Here are mostly Jat. here two melas held in a year, on shivratri and krishnjanmastmi.
follow this link to map map of handalpur (hondal land)

Villages in Moradabad district

Handalpur


Avenir Ivanovitch Sumin (aka. A. I. Sumin) was a competitor of the Fabergé's art in St. Petersburg, "Supplier to the Court". His workshop was founded by his father, Ivan Sumin, in 1869 at 46 Nevsky Prospekt, St. Petersburg. In 1882 Avenir Sumin obtained a prize for the carving of semi-precious stones at the Moscow All-Russian Industrial Art Exhibition. Produced clocks, cigarette cases and frames, marked with his initial and full name in Cyrillic characters. Sumin used the same colour-scheme as Britzin, with a predilection for white enamel and the occasional unexpected turquoise. Also specializing in the carving of stones from Siberia and the Caucasus. Sumin's shop offered the objects in birchwood cases inspired by those of Fabergé. Also Sumin resold many objects made by Fabergé or other famous Russian jewellery workmasters. Many objects, including white enamel cigarette cases and miniature Easter eggs in pale pink, yellow, mauve and blue are stamped A.A., standing presumably for A. Astreyden, who seems to have had a working relationship with Sumin.

References

Additional sources
 G.von Habsburg-Lothringen & A.von Solodkoff, Fabergé - Court Jeweler to the Tsars (1979)
 Geoffrey Watts, Russian Silversmiths' Hallmarks (1700 to 1917) (2006)
 М.М. Постникова-Лосева, Н.Г.П. Платонова, Б.Л. Ульяноа, ЗОЛОТОЕ И СЕРЕБРЯНОЕ ДЕЛО XV-XX вв. (2003)

Goldsmiths from the Russian Empire
Silversmiths from the Russian Empire
1858 births
1933 deaths

Avenir Sumin


Mittyack is a locality in Victoria, Australia, located approximately 37 km from Ouyen on the Calder Highway.

Located in a wheat-growing area of the Mallee the locality was settled in the 1910s, the Post Office opening on 5 December 1916 and closing in 1979. The Kulwin railway line reached Mittyack in 1919 and was extended to Kulwin the following year. The line through Mittyack was closed in 2010.

Mittyack West State School (No. 4277) opened on 24 September 1926 and closed on 19 May 1939. The building was removed to Woornack.

On 26 December 2038, the centreline of a total solar eclipse will pass directly over Mittyack.

References

External links
  Google Street View- Railway Crossing and Wheat Silos at Mittyack

Towns in Victoria (state)
Mallee (Victoria)

Mittyack, Victoria


Roston is a hamlet in Derbyshire, England. It is located  north of Rocester. The Roston Inn (known locally as 'The Shant') is at the junction of Mill Lane and Lid Lane in the hamlet. Roston is in the parish of Norbury with Roston.

Roston Common is a short distance east from Roston. George Eliot's father, Robert Evans was born here and sang in the choir at Norbury church.

History
Like many places in Derbyshire, Roston was mentioned in the Domesday Book, in 1086, amongst the many manors given to Henry de Ferrers by William the Conqueror. It is mentioned with Norbury and as a place in its own right.

See also
Listed buildings in Norbury and Roston

References

Hamlets in Derbyshire
Derbyshire Dales

Roston


The Locomobile Company of America was a company founded in 1899 by John B. Walker. He and his partner Amzi L. Barber bought the rights to manufacture the steam car built by the Stanley brothers. They called the car the Locomobile. In 1904 the company began producing gasoline-powered cars and continued in business until 1929.

Early history

Francis E. Stanley and Freelan O. Stanley had invented a steam car. In 1899 they purchased a bicycle factory in Watertown, Massachusetts and began building their cars. John B. Walker, the owner of Cosmopolitan magazine, offered to buy half the company. The Stanley brothers said no. When Walker came back a few weeks later he offered to buy the whole car company. The brothers thought about it and set the price at $250,000 USD. The set the price high enough they thought nobody would pay it. But Walker did and the two Stanley brothers stayed on to run the factory. Walker's partner was Amzi L. Barber. They called the new company Locomobile.

Within a few months Walker and Barber had a disagreement and split the company. Walker took his half and formed a new company in Tarrytown, New York. He called his car 'the Mobile'; a Stanley Steamer with his logo on it. With poor sales Walker closed his company in 1902. Barber kept the  Locomobile name and sold 5,200 cars by 1902. The Locomobile steam cars were a little difficult to operate and sometimes had fires. They could only go about 20 miles before needing water. They needed to be warmed up for about 30 minutes before they could be driven. By 1904 only about 200 cars were sold. Locomobile sold the patents and the design for their steam car back to the Stanley brothers. By 1904 Locomobile had switched to making gasoline cars.

Luxury cars

At about the same time Locomobile switched over to making gasoline powered cars, Barber left the business. His son-in-law, J.J. Albright, took over as company president. Inventor Andrew Riker became the lead designer and was responsible for the new gasoline engines.

The 1904 5-passenger touring car used an Inline-four engine that was water-cooled engine that produced about 16 horsepower. At the time it cost $4,500. In 1905 Locomobile entered cars in Auto racing. It was in 1908 they won the Vanderbilt Cup. A car that won a race gained an excellent reputation. They advertised the Locomobile as "Easily the Best Built Car in America." They continued to improve their car. In 1922 Locomobile was acquired by the Durant Motor Company. But their cars continued to be made under the name Locomobile. They continued to build their reputation for making high performance luxury cars. In 1929 the company fell victim to the Great Depression and closed its doors.

Gallery

Notes

References

1899 establishments in the United States
1929 disestablishments
American automobile companies

Locomobile Company of America


Mexborough engine shed was an engine shed in Swinton, in South Yorkshire, England. It was built by the Great Central Railway and opened in 1875. The shed was built slightly to the west of the current Mexborough station on land between the River Don and the River Don Navigation. It had 15 dead end roads, and could handle about 150 steam locomotives, mainly for use on freight trains. The London and North Eastern Railway operated the shed from 1923.  In 1948, on the formation of British Railways Eastern Region, Mexborough bore the shed code 36B, then 41F from 1958. It closed in February 1964.

Most of the locomotives stabled at Mexborough were used for hauling coal trains.  The coal originated from the many collieries in the South Yorkshire coalfield and wagons of coal were despatched to locations all over the country.  However, the main destinations were the industries and power stations in Lancashire.  With the opening of the Wath marshalling yard in 1907, Mexborough supplied locomotives for collecting wagons from the collieries, for re-marshalling of the wagons at Wath and for hauling coal trains across the steeply-graded "Woodhead" route across the Pennines into Lancashire.  In the 1920s, the depot was the stabling point for what was then the most powerful locomotive in the UK, the London & North Eastern Railway's Class U1 Garratt.  It was used for banking heavy coal trains up the Worsborough incline on the Woodhead route.

In 1942 during the Second World War, three former Great Eastern Railway LNER J15 locomotives were drafted into to assist with coal traffic.

In the 1950s, the route from Wath to Manchester was electrified.  Consequently, the demand for the steam locomotives from the Mexborough depot reduced.  The electric locomotives were stabled at Wath rather than Mexborough.  Even the steam shunting engines for the marshalling work at Wath yard were replaced by diesel shunters in 1957.  The use of steam locomotives for collecting coal from local collieries was also phased out and the depot closed in 1964. The site of Mexborough  depot is now occupied by units in an industrial estate off of Meadow Way in Swinton.
In its heyday, the depot had its own football team, Mexborough Locomotive Works F.C.

Locomotives
On 1 January 1923 the following classes of locomotive were allocated to Mexborough.

In 1950, locomotive classes allocated to Mexborough included:
 LNER Thompson Class B1 4-6-0
 LNER Class O2 2-8-0
 LNER Class J11 0-6-0
 LNER Class J50 0-6-0T
 LNER Class N5 0-6-2T
 WD Austerity 2-8-0

References
Notes

Bibliography

Railway depots in Yorkshire
Mexborough

Mexborough engine shed


Pygmy marmosets are the smallest marmosets and one of the smallest of all primates. They inhabit Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Colombia. Most pygmy marmosets lives in troops of two to nine individuals, with a dominant male, a breeding female, and up to four successive litters of offspring. The modal size of a standard stable  troop would be 6 individuals.

Pygmy marmosets have tawny agouti fur (the tip of the hair is a different color to the base) with an indistinctly dark-ringed tail. They can range in size from 4.6 in to 6 in but could possibly be half that size when they are first born since they are the size of a human thumb.

They are expected to live as long as 15-20 years.

Habitat
They live in flooded forest near rivers, bamboo thickets and the edges of agricultural fields. They're mostly native in South Africa but can also be found around the western part of the amazon rainforest. Can also be found in Bolivia, Peru, Columbia, and Western Brazil.

Diet
Pygmy marmosets mainly feed on gum (tree exudates, sap), but they also eat fruit, nectar and insects. They gouge holes in the bark of trees, and revisit these holes daily to collect the sap. The marmosets hang on with specially adapted claws.

References
2. Tardif , S., Smucny , D., Abbott , D., Mansfield , K., Darkin, N. S., & Yamamoto , M. E. (2003). National Library of Medicine . Reproduction in Captive Common Marmosets (Callithrix Jacchus), 364–368.

3. University of Salford. (2018, February 27). Smallest monkey's evolutionary secret. ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 19, 2021 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180227094726.htm

4. Jean P. Boubli, Maria N.F. da Silva, Anthony B. Rylands, Stephen D. Nash, Fabrício Bertuol, Mário Nunes, Russell A. Mittermeier, Hazel Byrne, Felipe E. Silva, Fabio Röhe, Iracilda Sampaio, Horacio Schneider, Izeni P. Farias, Tomas Hrbek, How many pygmy marmoset (Cebuella Gray, 1870) species are there? A taxonomic re-appraisal based on new molecular evidence, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 120

Marmosets
Mammals of South America

Pygmy marmoset


Mei Xu is a Chinese-American businesswoman who founded Pacific Trade International and its subsidiary, Chesapeake Bay Candle. Xu stepped down in November 2018 as CEO of Chesapeake Bay Candle. She is the CEO of Mei Xu & Co. LLC and its online platform, YesSheMay.com, a community and marketplace for women entrepreneurs.

Early life and education
Xu grew up in Hangzhou, China. At the age of 12, she was among 80 children selected to be trained as a future diplomat and was sent to study at the Hangzhou Foreign Language School. After graduation, she attended Beijing Foreign Studies University. While there, she worked as a part-time project manager for the World Bank. She graduated in 1989 with a BA in American studies.

In response to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the Chinese government assigned menial jobs to many youths. Xu was assigned to track mineral deliveries at a warehouse in Dalian. Frustrated with the work, Xu quit and would eventually move to the United States to study journalism at the University of Maryland. She earned a master's degree in the subject. After graduation, she hoped to return to work for the World Bank, but was thwarted by a hiring freeze.

Career
Xu first found a job at a medical company in New York City. She would then return to Annapolis, Maryland, in 1994, co-founding (with her then husband, David Wang) Pacific Trade International, a candle and home decor company. She was initially inspired to create the company because of her frequent walk-throughs of a local Bloomingdale's in New York. In its first year of operation, Pacific Trade International earned $500,000.

Xu and Wang would experiment with candle-making in their home with wax poured into soup cans, ultimately creating the company's flagship brand, Chesapeake Bay Candle. In 1995, Xu's sister opened a factory in Hangzhou to manufacture the candles.

In 2005, Xu founded an interior lifestyle brand, Blissliving Home. Two years later, the Asian Women in Business organization honored her with their Entrepreneurial Leadership Award. In 2011, Xu opened another production and distribution facility in Glen Burnie, Maryland. In 2014, U.S. Senator Ben Cardin toured that facility.

In September 2017, it was announced that New Jersey company Newell Brands had acquired Chesapeake Bay Candle for $75 million. Pacific Trade International was not included in the deal, and Xu remains CEO of that company.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American people of Chinese descent
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
American businesspeople

Mei Xu


Louise Penny (born July 1, 1958)   is a Canadian author of mystery novels set in the Canadian province of Quebec centred on the work of francophone Chief Inspector Armand Gamache of the Sûreté du Québec. Penny's first career was as a radio broadcaster for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). After she turned to writing, she won numerous awards for her work, including the Agatha Award for best mystery novel of the year five times, including four consecutive years (2007–2010), and the Anthony Award for best novel of the year five times, including four consecutive years (2010–2013). Her novels have been published in 23 languages.

Early life and career with the CBC
Penny was born in Toronto, Canada, on July 1, 1958. Her mother was an avid reader of both fiction and non-fiction, with a particular liking for crime fiction,
and Louise grew up reading mystery writers such as Agatha Christie, Georges Simenon, Dorothy L. Sayers, and Michael Innes.

Penny earned a Bachelor of Applied Arts (Radio and Television) from Ryerson Polytechnical Institute (now Toronto Metropolitan University) in 1979. After graduation, aged 21, she embarked on an 18-year career as a radio host and journalist with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC).

Literary career
Penny left the CBC in 1996 to take up writing. She started a historical novel but had difficulty finishing it, and eventually switched to mystery writing. She entered her first novel, Still Life, in the "Debut Dagger" competition in the United Kingdom, placing second out of 800 entries. The novel won other awards, including the "New Blood" Dagger award in the United Kingdom, the Arthur Ellis Award in Canada for best first crime novel, the Dilys Award, the Anthony Award and the Barry Award for Best First Novel in the United States.

Penny continues to write, garnering major crime novel award nominations for almost every one of her novels and subsequently winning several of those awards.

Her work features Chief Inspector Armand Gamache, head of the homicide department of the Sûreté du Québec. The novels are set in the province of Quebec but feature many hallmarks of the British whodunit genre, including murders by unconventional means, bucolic villages, large casts of suspects, red herrings, and a dramatic disclosure of the murderer in the last few pages of the book.

In 2009, Penny helped to launch a new award for aspiring Canadian mystery writers, the Unhanged Arthur for Best Unpublished First Novel.

Personal life
At the start of her broadcasting career, Penny took postings at locations far from friends and family, and to help deal with feelings of loneliness and isolation, she increasingly turned to alcohol. At the age of 35, she admitted to an alcohol problem, and has been sober since. Shortly afterwards, she met her future husband, Michael Whitehead, head of hematology at Montreal Children's Hospital, on a blind date. Michael died on September 18, 2016.

Penny currently lives in Knowlton, a small village in Quebec's Eastern Townships about 100 km from Montreal, Quebec.

Honours
In 2013, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada "for her contributions to Canadian culture as an author shining a spotlight on the Eastern Townships of Quebec". In 2017 she was made a Member of the Order of Quebec.

Adaptations
For several years, Penny resisted selling the TV or movie rights to her books, afraid of losing creative control of her characters. However, when approached by PDM Entertainment and Attraction Images and offered a position as executive producer during film production, she changed her mind and agreed to sell them the rights to her first two novels. Still Life went into production in the fall of 2012, with British actor Nathaniel Parker cast as Chief Inspector Gamache. The movie aired on CBC TV in 2013. In September 2021, production of Three Pines began in Montreal and rural Quebec, starring Alfred Molina. After airing only one season, the series was cancelled by Prime Video.

Works

Inspector Gamache series

 Still Life (2005) – Winner of the New Blood Dagger award, the Arthur Ellis Award, the Dilys Award, the 2007 Anthony Award, and the Barry Award
 A Fatal Grace (Alternate title: Dead Cold and White Out as the television episode) (2007) – Winner of the 2007 Agatha Award
 The Cruelest Month (2008) – Winner of the 2008 Agatha Award; nominated for the 2009 Anthony, the 2008 Macavity Award, and the 2008 Barry Award
 The Murder Stone (A Rule Against Murder in U.S.) (2009) – Nominated for an Arthur Ellis Award
 The Brutal Telling (2009) – Winner of the 2009 Agatha Award, and the 2010 Anthony Award
 Bury Your Dead (2010) – Winner of the 2010 Agatha Award, the 2011 Anthony Award, the 2011 Macavity Award, the 2011 Arthur Ellis Award, and the 2011 Nero Award
 A Trick of the Light (2011) – Nominated for a Macavity, an Anthony Award, and an Agatha Award
 The Hangman (2011) – A novella in the Inspector Gamache series, written at a third grade level for emerging adult readers.
 The Beautiful Mystery (2012) – Winner of the 2013 Macavity Award for Best Mystery
 How the Light Gets In (2013) – Nominated for an Edgar Award and an Agatha Award
 The Long Way Home (2014) – Inspector Gamache's friend Clara enlists him to find her missing husband, Peter.
 The Nature of the Beast (2015) – Quebec ballistics scientist and international artillery expert Gerald Bull's assassination and his supergun are central plot elements.
 A Great Reckoning (2016) – A map found in the walls of the local Three Pines bistro leads Gamache to shattering secrets on his new job as the superintendent of the Surete Academy.
 Glass Houses (2017) – A dark figure appears in Three Pines and leads Gamache to an old wives' tale and murder.
 Kingdom of the Blind (2018) – Gamache, Myrna and a young builder are named executors of a will for a woman none of them has ever met.
A Better Man (2019)
 All the Devils Are Here (2020) -- set in Paris.
 The Madness of Crowds (2021)
 A World of Curiosities (2022)

Other works
 State of Terror (2021), co-written with Hillary Clinton

References

Further reading
 Ledford-Miller, Linda. "The Dangers of Village Life: The Novels of Louise Penny". The Nashwaak Review  38–39 (January 2018): 297–313.

External links

 Official Website
 St. Martin's Author Profile
 Feature in SHOTS Crime & Thriller Ezine "Louise Penny Tells All"

1958 births
Agatha Award winners
Living people
Canadian women novelists
Canadian mystery writers
Canadian crime fiction writers
Writers from Toronto
Nero Award winners
Anthony Award winners
Macavity Award winners
Barry Award winners
Toronto Metropolitan University alumni
Dilys Award winners
Women mystery writers
Members of the Order of Canada
Inspector Gamache

Louise Penny


Brega () is a subgenre of Brazilian popular music. However, its musical aesthetic has been somewhat difficult to define because there is no proper "brega" musical rhythm. As a result, the term is widely used to refer to popular romantic music with dramatic exaggeration, usually dealing with topics such as declarations of love, infidelity, and delusions about love. The term is also used in a pejorative way to refer something that is  cheesy, tacky, and unfashionable.

History

Historically, the greatest singers of the genre are from northeastern and northern Brazil; three of its biggest icons historically were Waldick Soriano, Reginaldo Rossi and Falcão, the latter following a part of a tradition of humorous brega. Paulo Sérgio stood out for his dramatic and romantic music.

The origin of the name "brega" is unclear, though it may have come from northeastern Brazilian brothels. The genre's musical origin may partially stem from Vicente Celestino's 1930s operetta songs. Other precursors of brega music include Orlando Dias, Carlos Alberto, Alcides Gerardi and Cauby Peixoto.

During the early 1970s, brega became a more identifiable genre. In the 1980s, there was an increase in country, pop, and bolero influences. By the 1990s, musical acts were self-identifying as brega artists. Reginaldo Rossi, in particular, became known as the "King of Brega."

See also
Tecno brega
Music of Brazil
Kitsch

References

Brazilian styles of music
Concepts in aesthetics

Brega (music)


Zénobe Théophile Gramme (; 4 April 1826 – 20 January 1901) was a Belgian electrical engineer. He was born at Jehay-Bodegnée on 4 April 1826, the sixth child of Mathieu-Joseph Gramme, and died at Bois-Colombes on 20 January 1901. He invented the Gramme machine, a type of direct current dynamo capable of generating smoother (less AC) and much higher voltages than the dynamos known to that point.

Career
Gramme was poorly educated and semi-literate throughout his life. His talent was in handicraft and when he left school he became a joiner. After moving to Paris he took a job as a model maker at a company that manufactured electrical equipment and there became interested in technology.

Having built an improved dynamo, Gramme, in association with Hippolyte Fontaine, opened a factory to develop the device. The business, called Société des Machines Magnéto-Électriques Gramme, manufactured the Gramme dynamo, Gramme ring, Gramme armature and other devices. In 1873 a Gramme dynamo was exhibited at the Vienna exhibition.

He was made an officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour in 1877. In 1888 he was awarded the last of the valuable Volta Prizes by the French government.

Gramme machine as motor
In 1873 he and Hippolyte Fontaine accidentally discovered that the device was reversible and would spin when connected to any DC power supply.  The Gramme machine was the first usefully powerful electrical motor that was successful industrially.  Before Gramme's inventions, electric motors attained only low power and were mainly used as toys or laboratory curiosities.

In 1875, Nikola Tesla observed a Gramme machine at the Graz University of Technology. He conceived the idea of using it for alternating current but was unable to develop the idea at this time.

Family
In 1857 he married Hortense Nysten who was a widow and mother of a daughter, Héloïse. Hortense died in 1890.

On 17 August 1891 he married Antonie Schentur in Bois-Colombes.

Death and tributes
Gramme died at Bois-Colombes, France, on 20 January 1901 and was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery.

In the town where his second wife grew up and that Gramme visited every year for a few months, he donated the construction of an avenue to cool the underground water pipe built in 1898. It was named Gramme-Allee in 1902.

In the city of Liège there is a graduate school of engineering, l'Institut Gramme, named after him.

In 2005 he ended up at the 23rd place in the election of Le plus grand Belge (The Greatest Belgian), the television show broadcast by the French-speaking RTBF and based on the BBC show 100 Greatest Britons.

A958 Zenobe Gramme, (1961–), a sailing ship of the Belgian Navy used for training, is named after him.

Honours
 Commander in the Order of Leopold.
 Officer in the Legion of Honour.

Picture gallery

See also
 Antonio Pacinotti

References

External links

1826 births
1901 deaths
People from Liège Province
19th-century Belgian engineers
19th-century Belgian inventors
Belgian physicists
Belgian electrical engineers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery

Zénobe Gramme


The U.S. Army's M1943 uniform was a combat uniform manufactured in windproof cotton sateen cloth introduced in 1943 to replace a variety of other specialist uniforms and some inadequate garments, like the M1941 Field Jacket. It was used through the remainder of World War II and into the Korean War with modifications before being replaced by the OG-107 uniform beginning in 1952.

Pre-1943
By 1941, soldiers wore an olive drab wool flannel shirt and wool serge trousers in winter and a cotton khaki shirt and trousers in summer, both worn with ankle-high russet brown leather service shoes and light OD canvas leggings. The winter uniform was often worn with the light olive drab shade no. 3 (OD3) cotton M1941 Field Jacket.

A two-piece light sage green herringbone twill (HBT) utility uniform, which replaced a previous blue denim one, also saw use in combat, especially in tropical environments where the wool uniforms were too heavy. Armored units still used wool riding breeches and wore high-lacing boots in some cases, and paratroopers were forced to use a general-issue HBT coverall with no real suitable footwear.

As a result of this lack of proper and suitable clothing, the armored units were issued general infantry uniforms, although by 1942 winter coveralls and winter "tanker" jacket had been produced with them in mind. These articles of clothing were made of OD3 cotton lined with wool kersey.

Paratroopers also received their own unique uniform in 1942, the M-1942 Paratrooper uniform. It was constructed of OD3 cotton twill, with four front pockets and two pant-leg cargo pockets. They also were issued a new boot design of their own, of similar construction to the infantry shoe, only being mid-shin high and laced all the way up, known as jump boots.

There were many issues with these uniforms. The OD3 shade was found to be too lightly colored to provide adequate concealment in European woodlands. The combat wool, khaki, and paratrooper trousers all did not have adequate locking stitches in the crotch resulting in frequent tears at that stress point. Paratrooper uniforms also often tore at the knees and elbows; they were often reinforced with canvas patches added by soldiers. The infantry uniform was lacking in functionality compared to the paratrooper uniform, and the tanker winter uniforms were sought after by almost every branch in the Army, making supply and production often difficult. Generally, these uniforms were seen as inadequate, and the Army sought to standardize a better uniform.

Initial design
The most recognizable part of the uniform is the standardized field jacket. It was longer than the M-1941 jacket, coming down to the upper thighs, had a detachable hood, drawstring waist, two large breast pockets and two skirt pockets. It was colored olive drab shade no. 7 (OD7), a darker and greener shade than the previous field jacket.

The trousers were made out of the same cotton sateen material. They were made similarly to the khaki trousers, but featured a looser fit for mobility and durability, and included button tabs at the waist in order to cinch the waist in.

The herringbone twill fatigue uniform was also changed to OD7, with the trousers redesigned to have two large cargo pockets on the side. The latter was done as eliminating the previous side and back pockets saved costs and time in manufacture. These items were designed to be layered either under the M1943 winter uniform or alone as a warm-weather garment.

To replace the separate canvas leggings, new M-1943 Combat Service Boots included an integrated leather cuff that was fastened by two buckles.

The uniform was designed to be warm in winter by use of separate liners for the jackets and trousers, both made of faux fur "pile". The trouser pile liners were dropped from the final system in favor of the previous wool trousers. The jacket liner was a separate cotton-shell jacket with two slash pockets and button and loop fasteners, but it was rarely issued in practice during World War II as it was intended to be replaced by the M-1944 Eisenhower jacket, though that was made a garrison-only item before the Korean War.

Wartime use
The uniform was tested in Italy in 1943 by the 45th Infantry Division and the 3rd Infantry Division but some GIs (including Bill Mauldin) claim that non-combatant officers and enlisted personnel would use their position in the rear to get the new uniform, delaying the ultimate field testing in Italy for some time longer. This, along with shipping delays after D-Day kept this uniform from widespread use in Europe until late 1944. After D-Day, Paratroopers were issued complete M1943 uniforms, and infantry units began getting the uniform parts here and there.

Paratroopers were generally the only ones to modify the uniform, as they would sometimes add their own trouser cargo pockets. They kept their older "Corcoran" paratrooper boots instead of the new M43 buckle boots because they were less likely to snag on their parachute when it deployed.

The cotton sateen trousers were modified in 1944 with the addition of trouser cuff tabs and again in a 1945 pattern with minor cut modifications and a move from stud to plastic buttons.

Postwar impact
A new uniform, known as the OG-107 fatigue uniform, was first introduced in 1952. By the beginning of the Vietnam War, it had completely replaced the M-1943 uniform as the standard in the Army.

The 1943 pattern jacket was issued to soldiers all the way through the Korean War but was superseded by the 1950 pattern which changed to a button-in liner, then further modified as the 1951 pattern which added bi-swing shoulder pleats, and the use of zippers and snap fastener. The latest version of the jacket, the M-1965 field jacket, is still in service, though now made of a tougher cotton/nylon blend with polyester fill in the liner, and comes in the modern Army Operational Camouflage Pattern. It is no longer used for combat operations having been superseded by the Gen II and Gen III Gore-Tex parkas.

See also
Uniforms of the United States Army
M-1951 field jacket
M-1965 field jacket
United States Army uniforms in World War II

References

External links
 http://www.olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_gear_m1943_jacket.php

United States Army uniforms
World War II military equipment of the United States
History of fashion
Military equipment introduced from 1940 to 1944

U.S. Army M1943 uniform


WDCW (channel 50), branded on-air as DCW 50, is a television station in Washington, D.C., serving as the local outlet for the CW television network. It is owned and operated by network majority owner Nexstar Media Group alongside Hagerstown, Maryland–licensed independent station WDVM-TV (channel 25); the two stations share studios on Wisconsin Avenue in Washington's Glover Park neighborhood. Through a channel sharing agreement with Univision station WFDC-DT (channel 14), WDCW transmits using WFDC's spectrum from a tower in the Tenleytown area of Washington's Northwest quadrant.

The station began broadcasting in November 1981 as WCQR, culminating a 17-year struggle to get the station on air that included the death of the original permittee, bankruptcy, and years in the FCC's comparative hearing process. The station launched primarily as a vehicle for subscription television (STV) programming from Super TV, which served the Washington and Baltimore areas. After the station was sold in 1985, it became WFTY and dropped the subscription content, operating as the Washington area's third independent station. After a foreclosure sale in 1993, it affiliated with The WB in 1995, improving its programming and market standing, and was sold to Tribune Broadcasting. WDCW was one of the charter affiliates of The CW in 2006. Over the years, the station has had several partial attempts at airing or producing local newscasts; the most recent, DC News Now, debuted in 2022.

History

Pre-broadcasting history
The history of channel 50 in Washington, D.C., began in 1964 when the first application was received for the channel from All American Television Features, owned by record executive and conductor Mitch Miller. That application was joined by three others. Theodore (Ted) Granik had once hosted The American Forum of the Air, a debate program on NBC. O. Roy Chalk, then-owner of DC Transit, applied through his company, Transportation Communications of America. The Greater Washington Educational Television Association, owner of WETA-TV (channel 26), sought to establish channel 50 as a second educational channel. WETA dropped out of the channel 50 race when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) moved channel 32 from Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, to Washington for noncommercial educational use, but a fourth applicant, Washington lawyer Vincent B. Welch, entered the proceeding under the banner of the Colonial Television Corporation.

Comparative hearings were held in January 1966. Though Miller did not exactly impress with his failure to recall the names of important D.C. public officials, he did enough to get the initial nod from examiner Basil P. Cooper, who lauded Miller's proposal to move to Washington, host a Saturday night program, and take an active hand in management. Miller, however, was bumped from the lead when the FCC review board opted to strike a different note. In a July 1967 decision, the board chose the application of Granik, a 29-year Washington resident, over that of Miller, a New York resident who would only have been at the station full-time during its start-up period. Miller and Chalk appealed the decision, but the full commission declined the appeals in March 1968.

Granik moved forward with his plans to house the station in the Sheraton Park Hotel, where WRC-TV had once been based until it built new facilities in 1958. Proposed programs had such titles including Women Want to Know, Report From Congress, and Washington People Speak. The call sign WGSP-TV was selected, for the owner and location—Granik and Sheraton Park.

While a September 1968 launch was announced, WGSP-TV never launched. On September 21, 1970, Granik died in New York; his obituary in The Washington Post stated that the station was to go on the air in late October. It was never to be. A failure to get financial backing led WGSP-TV to declare bankruptcy in May 1971; Theodore's son William declared of the station, "As of now, it's dead." Granik's estate did not include sufficient funding for the television station to start.

A trustee, Lee Cowan, was named in the bankruptcy case, and he found a buyer. Richard S. Leghorn of Sarasota, Florida, initially offered $15,000 for the permit; Leghorn then teamed up with Black telecommunications consultant Theodore S. Ledbetter Jr. to form Trans Community Broadcasting, which paid $45,500 at bankruptcy auction and awaited FCC approval of the transfer of license. Trans Community, which was 58 percent Black-owned, also sought approval from the FCC to broadcast subscription television (STV) programming.

The applications necessary to get WGSP-TV going would take years to materialize. In December 1974, Channel 50 Inc., a group owned by Ledbetter and the Model Cities Economic Development Corporation, filed with the FCC to acquire the construction permit from Cowan for $75,000 (equivalent to $ in ). However, the STV portion of the Ledbetter consortium's plans caused another delay. At the time, the FCC had a policy of one STV service in a market, and WDCA-TV (channel 20) had also filed for authority for subscription broadcasts. In 1976, the two STV proposals and WGSP-TV's assignment of construction permit were consolidated in one hearing, with Channel 50 Inc.'s financial qualifications an issue in the proceeding. Channel 50 argued that Washington had enough broadcast television service and was large enough to provide sufficient free service with two STV stations, but WDCA-TV had established better financial backing.

The cases awaited hearing for more than three years, but the matter became moot when the FCC amended its STV policy in 1979 to permit multiple STV stations if the market had four or more conventionally operating TV stations. In July 1980, the FCC finally greenlit the assignment of the permit to Channel 50 Inc., and it also approved WGSP-TV's STV programming, which was initially to be provided by Teleprompter Inc., a cable television programmer and part-owner of Showtime. However, Teleprompter lost interest in over-the-air STV and helped Ledbetter, a former manager of WBNB-TV in the U.S. Virgin Islands, to find a replacement. A joint venture of Clint Murchison Jr. and Field Enterprises, Subscription Television of Greater Washington (STVGW), was formed to provide the STV service for WGSP-TV as well as $3 million in financing (equivalent to $ in ) to construct channel 50, which would go on the air in 1981.

WCQR

After a call sign change and the construction of facilities, channel 50 debuted on Washington screens on November 1, 1981, as WCQR. During the day, the programming was "freeform" in nature, with variety shows and eclectic fare from independent producers; there was little need to generate advertising revenue because of the STV lease. At night, WCQR offered Super TV, the subscription service from Subscription Television of Greater Washington. Super TV presented first-run movies, college basketball games, and an optional late-night adult service to paying subscribers; the base service cost $19.95 a month and came with a $49.95 installation charge.

Super TV got off to an uneven start; a computer problem caused some 20 percent of its 5,000 customers in the first month to not receive full service, while customer service phone lines were jammed. However, Super TV hit its stride quickly, with 45,000 subscribers in greater Washington by the summer of 1982 plus 10,000 more in Baltimore, where separately owned WNUV-TV signed on simulcasting Super TV's subscription programming. In 1983, Super TV peaked at 85,000 total subscribers, 55,000 in Washington and 30,000 in Baltimore. The freeform programming gave way in late 1983 to the Financial News Network, which signed channel 50 as its 14th affiliate. Prior to that, the station was airing a live camera feed of the skyline as seen from Alexandria, Virginia, largely because Super TV installers needed the station to broadcast a picture to aid in their work.

In late 1984, Independent American Broadcasters (IAB), a group headed by Nolanda Hill, filed to buy WCQR and a 50 percent stake in Super TV for $12 million (equivalent to $ in ) plus the assumption of $3 million in debt. The STV service was showing a profit, but the new ownership began to plan the station's transition to ad-supported commercial broadcasting. Hill noted that Ledbetter had gotten the station going but lacked the capital to move forward.

WFTY
On July 1, 1985, WCQR changed its call sign to WFTY. In late October, the station announced that Super TV would come to an end over channel 50 on January 1, 1986. Former Metromedia executive Allen Ginsberg was hired to supervise the purchasing of new programming and promotion for the new commercial independent station. Super TV continued on channel 54 in Baltimore until March 31, 1986, when it left the air as one of the last over-the-air STV services still in business.

The newly retooled WFTY stepped out into an independent television world in turmoil. Independent stations were becoming squeezed by high programming prices and a softening advertising market. The Post described its first full television season as "grueling". The station signed with Viacom for programs, but the station's plans to air I Love Lucy were dashed by competing independent WTTG, which decided to renew the show. By October, the station was owing $1.14 million on its $12 million, seven-year contract (equivalent to $ in ) with the company; Viacom took shows including Perry Mason, then the highest-rated program on WFTY, off the station's air. Further, two executives were replaced amid mismanagement charges that led to breach of contract lawsuits, and Hill moved her corporate headquarters from Dallas to the station's facilities in Rockville, Maryland, renaming the group from Hill Broadcasting to Corridor Broadcasting.

In 1990, WRC-TV made a proposal to WFTY to spend $1,000 a weeknight to program the 7:30 p.m. half-hour with a newscast, which it would produce and sell advertising for. The program, 7:30 News Headlines, debuted on January 14, 1991, anchored by Wendy Rieger and seeking to cater to an upscale audience. It was the first such news-share program ever announced and the second to air. However, the newscast attracted worse ratings than the show it replaced, The Avengers. It was doomed by low ratings, a poor economy, and the Gulf War, which scrambled news viewing habits right as the program started; as a result, WRC-TV ended the arrangement effective October 25, 1991. The station also tried its hand at producing a local show on issues from a youth perspective, Kids Point of View Television.

Hill's broadcast stations would be mired in a series of financial issues in the early 1990s that ultimately led to a foreclosure on her two television properties. A November 1993 report in the Post revealed that Corridor Broadcasting had contributed thousands of dollars to Democratic political campaigns but owed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) $26 million (equivalent to $ in ). It also detailed ties between Hill and Ron Brown, then the United States Secretary of Commerce (and revealed to be her romantic partner after his death); a company named Harmon International, named after Brown's middle name, owned a small portion of channel 50's equipment and leased it to Hill. An executive with broadcasting industry analyst Paul Kagan Associates labeled WFTY as "in distress", claiming it had "never had a dime of cash flow"; it was attracting too small of an audience to show in ratings books, and it had reportedly lost money for multiple years running. The $26 million loan had belonged to Sunbelt Savings & Loan, a Dallas financial institution that failed; the FDIC refused to foreclose on the loan because it did not want to run a TV station.

The FDIC received a $3.1 million (equivalent to $ in ) offer for the failed loan from John and Barbara Foster of Fort Worth, Texas, through their Jasas Corporation. The Fosters specialized in acquiring businesses at foreclosure. They proceeded to foreclose on the note in August 1993 and have WFTY and WHLL in Worcester, Massachusetts, transferred to them; they paid Hill to continue managing the stations, an arrangement that later led to investigations by the FDIC inspector general and a House committee as to whether she illegally retained a financial interest after foreclosure. John Foster told the Post, "We've found a lot more problems than I ever anticipated and a lot more costs. I'm in the thing for substantially more money than I thought it was going to be." The Massachusetts station was sold in early 1995, but Jasas opted to hold on to WFTY after initially putting it on the market. Hill was later indicted in 1998 for siphoning more than $200,000 from Corridor and additional money from related companies, spending the money on shopping expenses; she received a four-month jail sentence in 1999.

WB and CW affiliations
WFTY joined The WB on February 20, 1995, six weeks after the network started broadcasting. The closest network affiliate to Washington was WJAL (channel 68) in Hagerstown, Maryland, which did not reach the District on cable or over-the-air. Since WB programming consisted of a single block on Wednesdays from 8 to 10 p.m. at the time, WFTY ran WB programs on six consecutive weeknights in order to catch up and begin airing new episodes in line with the network on March 1. The call sign was changed on September 6 to WBDC-TV to reflect the network affiliation; by this time, the station had also added substantial local sports programming with Washington Bullets basketball and Washington Capitals hockey telecasts produced by Home Team Sports.

In December 1995, Jasas contracted with Tribune Broadcasting, which owned a minority stake in The WB, to manage WBDC-TV in a seven-year deal. In 1999, Tribune bought the station outright from Jasas.

On January 24, 2006, the Warner Bros. unit of Time Warner and CBS Corporation announced that the two companies would shut down The WB and UPN and combine the networks' respective programming to create The CW; the day of the announcement, it was revealed that 16 of Tribune's 19 WB stations would be affiliated with the new network, including WBDC-TV. The call sign was changed to the present WDCW in advance of the network's September 2006 launch.

In 2010, WDCW debuted the hip-hop music program Direct Access with Big Tigger. This program was later syndicated to two other Tribune stations and WCIU-TV in Chicago. From 2007 to 2018, WDCW aired NewsPlus with Mark Segraves, a local news and culture magazine.

Tribune launched WDCW's first full-length newscast in 25 years in 2016, when a nightly half-hour 10 p.m. newscast debuted. The program was produced from WTVR-TV in Richmond, Virginia, which Tribune then owned, and featured local reporters and WTVR news presenters. With WTVR bound for purchase by the E. W. Scripps Company to address regulatory issues in the Richmond market from the company's sale to Nexstar, the newscast was canceled effective September 28, 2018.

Aborted sale to Sinclair; sale to Nexstar

Sinclair Broadcast Group, which in the Washington market owns WJLA-TV, entered into an agreement to acquire Tribune Media on May 8, 2017, for $3.9 billion (equivalent to $ in ), plus the assumption of $2.7 billion in Tribune debt. Though it otherwise faced no regulatory issues involving the stations in the Washington television market itself, the deal received significant government scrutiny over Sinclair's forthrightness in its applications to sell certain conflict properties, prompting the FCC to designate it for hearing and leading Tribune to terminate the deal and sue Sinclair for breach of contract.

Following the Sinclair deal's collapse, Nexstar Media Group of Irving, Texas, announced its purchase of Tribune Media on December 3, 2018, for $6.4 billion (equivalent to $ in ) in cash and debt. The sale was completed on September 19, 2019.

In the Washington, D.C., market, the Nexstar purchase united WDCW with WDVM-TV (channel 25) in Hagerstown, Maryland, a former NBC affiliate for Hagerstown which had been converted into an independent station that specialized in hyperlocal news programs for specific areas of the Washington media market. In February 2020, the two stations' staffs were merged under common management by Nexstar.

DC News Now
On May 25, 2022, Nexstar announced that it would combine the operations of WDVM-TV and WDCW at the latter's Washington facility, where it had signed for an additional  of office space the year before, and move the production of WDVM-TV's newscasts there. Under the banner of DC News Now, the stations' combined and expanded news service would retain the existing WDVM-TV regional newscasts, with bureaus in Hagerstown; Frederick, Maryland; and Chantilly, Virginia. As part of the expansion, a 10 p.m. newscast would be started for air on WDCW.

DC News Now launched on July 11, 2022, over both stations with minimal publicity, debuting its first marketing campaign in early October. While an expansion for WDVM's existing news operation (with the bulk of newscasts using said brand on that station), it was treated as a de facto startup, with news director Ben Dobson hiring all of the operation's 80 additional staffers, many of whom were newcomers to the market.

Technical information

Subchannels

The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion and broadcast spectrum repack
WDCW stopped transmitting on its analog signal, over UHF channel 50, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 51 to channel 50.

In April 2017, Tribune sold WDCW's broadcast spectrum to the FCC for $122 million as part of the commission's 2016–17 spectrum reallocation reverse auction. On August 31, 2017, it was announced that WDCW had entered into a channel sharing agreement with Univision affiliate WFDC-DT. WDCW ended broadcasts over its own channel 50 and began sharing WFDC's channel 15 on January 23, 2018.

Notes

References

External links

DCW
The CW affiliates
Antenna TV affiliates
Nexstar Media Group
Television channels and stations established in 1981
1981 establishments in Washington, D.C.

WDCW


"Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy" is a Christmas song co-written and recorded by Buck Owens. After its recording in 1965, the song has been covered by several country music artists, including Garth Brooks, Travis Tritt, and Brad Paisley.

History
The song was released on November 8, 1965, with "All I Want for Christmas, Dear, Is You" on the B-side. It placed at number 2 on the yearly Christmas singles chart issued by Billboard at the time.

The song is about a child who has sneaked downstairs to catch a glimpse of Santa where the child sees his father in a Santa costume.

Cover versions
In 1992, Garth Brooks covered the song on his Christmas album Beyond the Season, produced by Allen Reynolds for Liberty Records. However, it did not chart from Christmas airplay until January 1998, when it reached number 56. The physical single release had "The Old Man's Back in Town", with which Brooks charted at number 48 on the same chart in 1992, on the B-side.

Also in 1992, Travis Tritt covered both the single and its B-side for his Christmas album A Travis Tritt Christmas: Loving Time of the Year.

In 1995, The Tractors included a cover on their album Have Yourself a Tractors Christmas.

In 1998, Paul Brandt included a cover on his album A Paul Brandt Christmas: Shall I Play for You?

Psychobilly trio The Reverend Horton Heat recorded a cover for their 2005 album We Three Kings.

Brad Paisley covered it in 2006 for his Christmas album Brad Paisley Christmas on Arista Nashville under the production of Frank Rogers. Paisley's version peaked at number 49 on the country charts in January 2007.

Also in 2006, Billy "Crash" Craddock included a cover on his album Billy "Crash" Craddock's Christmas Favorites.

In 2011, rock band Bowling for Soup included a version of the song on their album Merry Flippin' Christmas Vol. 1.

In 2013, the cast of Duck Dynasty released Duck the Halls: A Robertson Family Christmas.  "Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy" was included as a bonus track on the Walmart exclusive edition.

Chart performance

Buck Owens

Garth Brooks

Brad Paisley

References

1965 songs
1965 singles
1998 singles
2006 singles
American Christmas songs
Garth Brooks songs
Buck Owens songs
Brad Paisley songs
Christmas novelty songs
Songs about Santa Claus
Songs about fathers
Arista Nashville singles
Capitol Records singles
Liberty Records singles
Song recordings produced by Ken Nelson (American record producer)
Song recordings produced by Allen Reynolds
Song recordings produced by Frank Rogers (record producer)
Songs written by Buck Owens
Songs written by Don Rich

Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy


Charlotte Delbo (10 August 1913 – 1 March 1985) was a French writer chiefly known for her haunting memoirs of her time as a prisoner in Auschwitz, where she was sent for her activities as a member of the French Resistance.

Biography

Early life
Charlotte Delbo was born in Vigneux-sur-Seine, Essonne near Paris in 1913, to Charles Delbo from the French department of Sarthe, and Ermini (née Morero) who moved from Italy to France at the age of 18-years.

She gravitated toward theater and politics in her youth, joining the French Young Communist Women's League in 1932. She met and married George Dudach two years later. Later in the decade she went to work for actor and theatrical producer Louis Jouvet and was with his company in Buenos Aires when Wehrmacht forces invaded and occupied France in 1940.

She could have waited to return when Philippe Pétain, leader of the collaborationist Vichy regime, established special courts in 1941 to deal with members of the resistance. One sentenced a friend of hers, a young architect named Andre Woog, to death. "I can't stand being safe while others are guillotined", she told Jouvet. "I won't be able to look anyone in the eye."

Resistance and arrest

Accordingly, she returned to Paris with Dudach, who was already active in the resistance as the assigned courier for the internationally famous poet Louis Aragon. The couple spent much of that winter printing and distributing pamphlets and other anti-Nazi Germany reading material. They became part of the group around communist philosopher Georges Politzer, and took an active role in publishing the underground journal Lettres Françaises.

On 2 March 1942, police followed a careless courier to their apartment, and arrested George and Charlotte. The courier was able to escape from a back window.

Time in camps

Dudach was shot on the morning of 23 May after being allowed to bid his wife farewell. Delbo was held in transit camps near Paris for the rest of the year; then on 23 January 1943 she and 229 other Frenchwomen, imprisoned for their resistance activities, were put on a train for the Auschwitz concentration camp, in what became known as Convoi des 31000. It was one of only a few convoys of non-Jewish prisoners from France to that camp (most were sent to the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp or other camps for political prisoners) and the only convoy of women. Only 49 returned; she wrote about this experience later in Le convoi du 24 janvier (published in English as Convoy to Auschwitz).

Other Frenchwomen of note on that convoy were Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier, daughter of magazine editor Lucien Vogel and Communist Resistance activist, who would later testify at the Nuremberg Trials of war criminals; France Rondeaux, a cousin of André Gide; Vittoria "Viva" Daubeuf, daughter of Italian socialist leader and future deputy prime minister Pietro Nenni; Simone Sampaix, daughter of the editor of L'Humanité; Marie "Mai" Politzer, wife of sociologist Georges Politzer; Adelaide Hautval, a doctor who would save many inmates and testify against Nazi medical atrocities; and Hélène Solomon-Langevin, daughter of physicist Paul Langevin. It was partly thanks to the presence of several scientists among the prisoners (others were Laure Gatet and Madeleine Dechavassine) that a few, Delbo included, were selected to farm kok-saghyz and survived.

Most of the women on the convoy, however, were poor and uneducated and nearly all Communists. One of their number, Danielle Casanova, would be eulogized as a Communist martyr and role model for many years. Delbo later debunked much of the Casanova legend. She paid more tribute to her working-class friends such as Lulu Thevenin, Christiane "Cecile" Charua (later married to historian and Mauthausen survivor Jose Borras), Jeannette "Carmen" Serre, Madeleine Doiret, and Simone "Poupette" Alizon, many of whom figure prominently in her memoirs.

The women were in Auschwitz, first at Birkenau and later the Raisko satellite camp, for about a year before being sent to Ravensbrück and finally released to the custody of the Swedish chapter of the International Red Cross in 1945 as the war drew to a close. After recuperating, Delbo returned to France.

After the war

She wrote her major work, the trilogy published as Auschwitz and After ("None of Us Will Return", "Useless Knowledge" and "The Measure of Our Days,") in the years immediately after the war but held off on publishing the first part until 1965 to give the book the test of time, because of her fear that it would not do justice to the greatest tragedy humanity had known. The final volumes were published in 1970 and 1971.

The play "Qui Rapportera Ces Paroles?" (Who Will Carry the Word?) is about Delbo's experience at Birkenau.

In later years, she abandoned Communism, influenced like other resistor-survivors (David Rousset and Jorge Semprún among them) by the exposure of concentration camps in the Soviet Union.

Her political views remained strongly left: during the Algerian War she published "Les belles lettres", a collection of petitions protesting colonial French policy. She never remarried.

During the 1960s, she worked for the United Nations and philosopher Henri Lefebvre, who had worked with Politzer before the war.

She died of lung cancer in 1985.

Commemoration

A library in Paris is named after her: Bibliotheque Charlotte Delbo.

Work

While little-known by most readers, within the Holocaust-literature community Delbo is widely respected and her work is beginning to be assigned as part of most college-level courses on the subject.

This relative obscurity is partly due to her work only recently having appeared in English translation; also because the Holocaust-literature canon has tended to focus on writers such as Anne Frank, Primo Levi and Elie Wiesel who have been in print for far longer.

But it is her technique that has been the biggest hurdle to overcome. Like Tadeusz Borowski, another non-Jew sent to Auschwitz for resistance activities, she chose a less comfortable way of relating her experience than the more straightforward narratives of Levi and Wiesel.

Her guiding principle was, as she regularly described it, Essayez de regarder. Essayez pour voir, or roughly translated when it occurs as a refrain in her work, "Try to look. Just try and see."

Delbo's  work has been very influential already for a number of other scholars in addition to Haft and Lamot, such as Lawrence L. Langer, Nicole Thatcher, Geoffrey Hartman, Marlene Heinemann, Robert Skloot, Kali Tal, Erin Mae Clark, Joan M. Ringelheim, Debarati Sanyal, and many others. Feminists are showing an increasing interest in her work, though Delbo did not identify herself as a feminist.

English translations
A limited-edition English translation of Aucun de nous ne reviendra (None of Us Will Return), translated by John Githens, was published in 1968 by Grove Press.

A translation of Qui Rapportera Ces Paroles? (Who Will Carry the Word?) was completed by Dr. Cynthia Haft and appears in 'The Theatre of the Holocaust' edited by Robert Skloot and published in 1982 by the University of Wisconsin Press.  A translation of the whole Auschwitz and After trilogy, by Rosette Lamont, was only published in the U.S. in 1995, ten years after the author's death.

Delbo is one of the female French Resistance members in the book A Train in Winter by British biographer Caroline Moorehead, published in 2011.

Bibliography
 Auschwitz and After, Yale University Press,(1997),
 None of Us Will Return
 Useless Knowledge
 The Measure of Our Days
 Le convoi de 24 janvier (Convoy to Auschwitz), Northeastern University Press, (1997),
 Who Will Carry the Word
 Les belles lettres
 Days and Memory

References

1913 births
1985 deaths
French people of Italian descent
People from Essonne
Deaths from lung cancer in France
French Resistance members
Female resistance members of World War II
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
French women memoirists
20th-century French women writers
French women in World War II
20th-century French memoirists

Charlotte Delbo


Warden Selby Prentice (30 July 1886 – 26 February 1969) was an Australian sportsman who captained Australia at rugby union and New South Wales at first-class cricket and also played first-grade rugby league for the Western Suburbs Magpies.

Rugby union career
Ward Prentice and four of his brothers played first grade rugby union in Sydney at various times and two others played in the lower grades. Ward and two of his brothers later played first grade rugby league. Ward's club career started with his local Western Suburbs RUFC and he made his representative debut in 1908 for New South Wales against a touring Anglo-Welsh side.

In 1908 he was selected in the 31-man squad for the 1908–09 Australia rugby union tour of the British Isles and France. Chris McKivat was the standout incumbent five-eighth even though McKivat had greater career success at half-back. The selectors generally opted for Fred Wood, the tour vice-captain at half, with McKivat at fly-half. Prentice made a handful of tour match appearances at centre and at five-eighth and the Howell reference quotes Pollard "he distinguished himself by his unselfish team play and clever-cross-kicking for his loose forwards and wingers.....and was an astute cover-defender who on numerous occasions saved certain tries by launching himself at opposition wingers when they were set to score". In the tour match before the first Test Prentice scored the try of the match stepping through the whole team before touching down in the corner

Prentice made his Test debut against Wales at Cardiff Arms Park on 12 December 1908 at five-eighth and paired with McKivat. He set up the Wallabies' first try scored by Tom Richards though Australia lost the Test 6–9. Prentice had to leave the field twice for treatment after being kicked in the mouth and his injury caused him to miss the next five tour matches. In January he earned his second cap in the Test against England. He played at centre in the 9–3 win. By the end of the tour which also took in Canada and the US, Prentice had played in 13 of the 35 matches.

In 1910 he represented for Australia in three internationals against New Zealand. His representative career highlight came in 1912 when he was selected as touring captain of the Wallabies squad for the 1912 Australia rugby union tour of Canada and the United States. The tour was a disappointment with the squad billeted out in college fraternity houses where the hospitality played havoc with team discipline and as result the team lost against two California University sides and three Canadian provincial sides. They rose to the occasion for the sole Test of the tour against the United States where Prentice earned his final cap and kicked a penalty goal to score his only international career points.

All told Ward Prentice played for Australia on thirty-two occasions including six Tests, one as captain.

Cricket career
His first-class cricket debut came in 1913 when he kept wicket for Victor Trumper's New South Wales side, against Queensland at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Although he fell for a duck in his only innings, he took the catches of both Queensland opening batsmen. Prentice had to wait until 1921 for his second and final first-class appearance when he captained New South Wales against the same opponents and on the same ground. Again playing as a wicket-keeper, Prentice made another duck and didn't take a catch.

Rugby league career
In 1920, Prentice joined his brother Clarrie a Western Suburbs rugby league stalwart who played 115 games with the club in a war-interrupted career over nine years. Ward played five first grade games for the Magpies in the New South Wales Rugby League in season 1920. Their older brother Archie had also played for the club (27 games) in 1915–16.

See also
 List of New South Wales representative cricketers
 1912 Australia rugby union tour of Canada and the United States

Footnotes

References
 Howell, Max (2005) Born to Lead - Wallaby Test Captains, Celebrity Books, Auckland NZ

External links
Cricinfo: Warden Prentice

1886 births
1969 deaths
Australian cricketers
New South Wales cricketers
Australian rugby union players
Australian rugby union captains
Australia international rugby union players
Australian rugby league players
Western Suburbs Magpies players
Cricketers from Sydney
Rugby league players from Sydney
Wicket-keepers
Rugby union fly-halves
Rugby union players from Sydney
Eastern Suburbs players

Ward Prentice


Colleen Constance Kollar-Kotelly (born April 17, 1943) is an American lawyer serving as a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia and was previously presiding judge of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.

Education and career
Kollar-Kotelly was born in New York City, the daughter of Irene (née Crowley) and Konstantine Kollar, an environmental engineer. Her paternal grandparents, Paul and Anna Kollár, were emigrants from Hungary.

Konstantine Kollar worked at the U.S. Department of Commerce, where he was responsible for the planning of water resources, and he also served as a consultant to the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization. From 1948 to 1959, he worked in U.S. foreign assistance programs in Mexico, Ecuador and Venezuela, where Kollar-Kotelly attended bilingual schools. She attended Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School in Washington, D.C. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Catholic University of America (Delta Epsilon Honor Society) and her Juris Doctor from Catholic University of America's Columbus School of Law (Moot court Board of Governors) in 1968. From 1968 to 1969, Kollar-Kotelly served as a law clerk to Judge Catherine B. Kelly of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. From 1969 to 1972, Kollar-Kotelly was an attorney for the Department of Justice, Criminal Division, Appellate Section, after which she became chief legal counsel for St. Elizabeths Hospital, Department of Health and Human Services, from 1972 to 1984.

On October 3, 1984, Kollar-Kotelly was nominated as an Associate Judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia by President Ronald Reagan; she took her oath of office on October 21. She served as Deputy Presiding Judge of the Criminal Division from 1997 to 1997.

Federal judicial service

Kollar-Kotelly was nominated by President Bill Clinton on January 7, 1997, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia vacated by Judge Harold H. Greene. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 20, 1997, and received commission on March 26, 1997. She took her oath of office on May 12, 1997. Chief Justice William Rehnquist appointed Judge Kollar-Kotelly to serve on the Financial Disclosure Committee (2000–2002), and later as Presiding Judge of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, where she served from 2002 to 2009. She assumed senior status on February 21, 2023.

Kollar-Kotelly received attention from a 2006 article in The Washington Post describing her administration of the FISC, and in particular, what weight evidence taken from warrantless searches should be given to issuing subsequent search warrants for suspects of terrorism and espionage.

Notable cases
In August 2001, Kollar-Kotelly was assigned the United States v. Microsoft anti-trust case, after Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson was removed from the case.

On July 14, 2004, barely two months after President Bush was forced to end National Security Agency domestic internet metadata collection by Attorney General John Ashcroft, Kollar-Kotelly issued a Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) court order allowing the NSA to resume domestic internet metadata collection.

Kollar-Kotelly denied a last-minute appeal by Saddam Hussein's legal team, stating that the United States has no right to interfere with the judicial processes of another nation's courts. In August 2007, she ordered the administration of George W. Bush to give its views regarding records requests by the American Civil Liberties Union on the National Security Agency's wiretapping program.

On October 1, 2007, Kollar-Kotelly reversed George W. Bush on archive secrecy in a 38-page ruling, which said that the U.S. Archivist's reliance on the executive order to delay release of the papers of former presidents is "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion and not in accordance with law." The National Security Archive at George Washington University alleged that the Bush order severely slowed or prevented the release of historic presidential papers.

On June 16, 2008, Kollar-Kotelly ruled that the Office of Administration was not subject to the Freedom of Information Act, and therefore did not have to release records regarding missing White House e-mails. This was seen as a victory for the Bush Administration in terms of maintaining a tight grip on the flow of information about the executive branch.

On September 20, 2008, Kollar-Kotelly issued a preliminary injunction ordering Vice President of the United States Dick Cheney and the National Archives to preserve all of Cheney's official records.

On March 19, 2009, in response to a joint lawsuit brought by the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, the National Parks Conservation Association and the Coalition of National Park Service Retirees, Kollar-Kotelly issued a preliminary injunction whereby she blocked a rule that would permit visitors to national parks to carry concealed weapons. The change of rule which she blocked had been enacted by the United States Department of the Interior after being supported by 51 members of Congress and passing an extended public comments period. She stated that her decision to block the change of rule was because there was no environmental analysis performed and therefore the Interior Department "ignored (without sufficient explanation) substantial information in the administrative record concerning environmental impacts" of the rule.

Kollar-Kotelly presided over the Espionage Act case against Dr. Stephen Jin-Woo Kim after he told a reporter that North Korea would test its nuclear program. The case was controversial because it was one of a string of unprecedented uses of the Espionage Act against officials for speaking with journalists .

On March 7, 2016, Kollar-Kotelly denied a requested preliminary injunction against Washington, D.C.'s discretionary issue of concealed carry permits, thereby allowing DC police chief Cathy Lanier to continue denying concealed carry permits to law-abiding citizens in most cases.  In 2017, Kollar-Kotelly is presiding over ACLU v. Trump and Pence.

On October 30, 2017, Kollar-Kotelly blocked the enforcement of President Donald Trump's ban on transgender individuals from serving in the military.

References

Sources

1943 births
Living people
20th-century American judges
20th-century American women judges
21st-century American judges
21st-century American women judges
American people of Hungarian descent
Columbus School of Law alumni
Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
Judges presiding over Guantanamo habeas petitions
Judges of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia
Judges of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
Lawyers from New York City
United States Department of Justice lawyers
United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton

Colleen Kollar-Kotelly


If I Ran the Zoo is a children's book published in 1950 and written by Dr. Seuss. It is about a child who goes to the zoo gets bored and starts describing all the fictional animals he would put in the zoo if he ran the Zoo.

This book also had the first case of the world "nerd".
Books by Dr. Seuss

If I Ran the Zoo


Watson F. Hammond (May 24, 1837 – December 9, 1919) was the first Native American to sit in the Great and General Court of Massachusetts.

Early life
Hammond was born in 1837 in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts to John Hammon of Sag Harbor, Long Island and Catherine F. Hammond. a Montauk Indian  He had two siblings, Frances C. Hammond (Mingo) and John Hammond.  John owned over 50 acres of land on Mashpee Neck on Cape Cod.  John died when Watson was seven, and Watson was sent to live with an uncle in Mashpee at the Attaquin Hotel.

Professional career
At the age of 14, Hammond sailed to the north Pacific Ocean on board the Liverpool, a whaling ship out of New Bedford, Massachusetts.  The ship, under the command of Captain Weston Swift, hunted bowhead whales for 20 months.  While in the bay of Port Clarence, the ship struck a reef and began to sink.

They were rescued by the ship Helen Augusta, a ship sailing from Holmes Hole, Martha's Vineyard.   They were towed to a Russian port on St. Lawrence Island, in the Bering Sea, more than 167 miles away.  The ship was not salvageable, so the cargo was loaded onto the Helen Augusta.  The Liverpool was then set on fire and sank, while Watson sailed home on the Helen Augusta.  Following his maiden voyage, he spent the next 15 years working as a seaman.

Watson loved the outdoors and was a successful cranberry farmer on the Mashpee River.  He was also an inventor, and patented a cranberry separator in 1883.

Personal life
In 1869 he married Rebecca C. Amos, the daughter of "Blind Joe" Amos, the famous Baptist preacher.  Together they had seven children: Jeremiah Hammond, Nellie W. Hammond, Chief Lorenzo (Len) Tandy Hammond, Edith L. Hammond, Charles N. Hammond, Elizabeth Hammond, Charles H Hammond, Alice C Hammond, and Caroline (Carrie) F Pells.  The oldest, Charles, became a teacher and Town Clerk in Mashpee.  Watson's son Lorenzo, was known as Chief Little Bear of the Wampanoag nation and took over leadership of the tribe from his cousin Nelson D. Simons, a grand-nephew of Watson Hammond.
Watson Hammond is buried near the Mashpee Old Indian Meeting House.

Elected official
Watson held every office in Mashpee: town clerk, moderator, selectman, surveyor, and treasurer.  He was also the leader of the Mashpee people in addition to being a deacon of his church and a manager of Attaquin Hotel.
In 1885 he was elected to serve in the Great and General Court of Massachusetts, representing both Barnstable and Mashpee.  Like most of the voters of town of Mashpee, Hammond was a Republican, but there were far more voters in Barnstable.    The incumbent, Capt. Zenas E. Crowell of Hyannis was retiring.

Hammond beat "Cranberry King" A. D. Makepeace, the Democratic candidate, by a margin of 77 votes out of 432 cast.    His victory party was hosted by the Republican boss, General John Reed at the Samuel Hooper House in Cotuit .

References

Members of the Massachusetts General Court
Massachusetts Republicans
Native American people from Massachusetts
1837 births
1919 deaths
Indigenous sailors of the Americas

Watson F. Hammond