Churrigueresque (; Spanish: Churrigueresco), also but less commonly "Ultra Baroque", refers to a Spanish Baroque style of elaborate sculptural architectural ornament which emerged as a manner of stucco decoration in Spain in the late 17th century and was used until about 1750, marked by extreme, expressive and florid decorative detailing, normally found above the entrance on the main facade of a building.

Origins
Named after the architect and sculptor, José Benito de Churriguera (1665–1725), who was born in Madrid and who worked primarily in Madrid and Salamanca, the origins of the style are said to go back to an architect and sculptor named Alonso Cano, who designed the facade of the cathedral at Granada, in 1667.

A distant, early 15th century precursor of the highly elaborate Churrigueresque style can be found in the Lombard Charterhouse of Pavia.

Development
The development of the style passed through three phases. Between 1680 and 1720, the Churriguera popularized Guarino Guarini's blend of Solomonic columns and composite order, known as "supreme order". Between 1720 and 1760, the Churrigueresque column, or estipite, in the shape of an inverted cone or obelisk, was established as a central element of ornamental decoration. The years from 1760 to 1780 saw a gradual shift of interest away from twisted movement and excessive ornamentation towards neoclassical balance and sobriety.

Among the highlights of the style, interiors of the Granada Charterhouse offer some of the most impressive combinations of space and light in 18th-century Europe. Integrating sculpture and architecture even more radically, Narciso Tomé achieved striking chiaroscuro effects in his Transparente for the Toledo Cathedral. Perhaps the most visually intoxicating form of the style was Mexican Churrigueresque, practiced in the mid-18th century by Lorenzo Rodriguez, whose masterpiece is the Sagrario Metropolitano (1749–69) in Mexico City, New Spain.

Spain
The first of the Churriguera was José Benito de Churriguera (1665–1725), who trained as a joiner of altarpieces, drawing some very important for various churches of Salamanca, Madrid, Valladolid and other cities in Spain. Some in Spain have gone and some remain only a sites:
Nuevo Baztán, Community of Madrid
Church of St Francisco Javier and Goyeneche Palace
Salamanca, Castile and León
Altarpiece of Convent of San Esteban
Choir of the New Cathedral.
Plaza Mayor.
Capilla de la Vera Cruz
College of Calatrava
Seville
Palace of San Telmo

Mexico

In Mexico, the Cathedral Basilica of Zacatecas, capital of Zacatecas state, and the Templo de Santa Prisca, located in Taxco, Guerrero state are considered as masterpieces of Churrigueresque style. The building of Parroquia Antigua in Salamanca, Guanajuato, founded on August 24, 1603, was completed in the year 1690, and the Churrigueresque facade in 1740. The altarpiece of the church of San Francisco Javier (National Museum of Viceroyalty) in Tepotzotlán, State of Mexico is also considered, along with its facade, one of the most important baroque churrigueresque works created by the Jesuits in New Spain. The Altar de los Reyes of the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral and the facades of the Sagrario Metropolitano, by the Spanish architect Lorenzo Rodriguez, which is attached to the same Cathedral, are also representatives of the style.

California Churrigueresque

California Churrigueresque is a revival style native to California, developed in the early 20th century by architects Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow Sr. for the 1915 Panama-California Exposition, which helped popularize its use in Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in California, and to a lesser extent the rest of the United States. Goodhue and Winslow developed the style after studying Churrigueresque and Plateresque ornamentation in Spanish Colonial buildings in Mexico.

Many of the best examples of California Churrigeresque are located in Balboa Park in San Diego, the site of the Panama-California Exposition. Other notable buildings in this style include San Francisco's Mission Dolores Basilica, the First Congregational Church of Riverside, Los Angeles's St. Vincent de Paul Church and Beverly Hills City Hall. The Golden Gate Theater in East Los Angeles is another example.

See also
New Spanish Baroque
 Baroque
 Architecture of the Spanish Renaissance
 Spanish Colonial architecture
 Rococo
 Spanish architecture
 Mexican architecture

References

Bibliography
 Pevsner, Fleming and Honour, The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, Penguin Books, Middlesex, England, 1983
 Kelemen, Pal, Baroque and Rococo in Latin America, Dover Publications Inc., New York,  volumes I and II, 1967

External links

 Churrigueresque
Churrigueresque
 Churrigueresque
Architectural history

Churrigueresque


Lea Ráskay, O.P. (; early 16th century, sometimes also spelled Ráskai) was a Hungarian nun and scholar of the 16th century.

Life
Ráskay was likely a descendant of that old Hungarian aristocratic family which would have gotten its name after the village of Ráska, and until the end of the 16th century, held important positions in the courts of the Kings of Hungary.

Ráskay was a member of the Dominican monastery on Rabbit Island (today Margaret Island, Budapest), founded by King Bela IV of Hungary in 1252, to provide a closer home for their daughter, Margaret, later declared a saint, who had become a member of the Dominican Order. Ráskay was highly learned and well read, and is famous for copying and translating several Hungarian codices that without her work would not have survived. Among them the one for which she is best known: the Legend of Saint Margaret, about Saint Margaret of Hungary, who had lived in the same monastery nearly three hundred years before Ráskay.

She was assigned by the prioress of the monastery to copying manuscripts in its scriptorium, and was the librarian for the community, possibly between 1510 and 1527, according to her notes in specific codices. Ráskay also worked as a secretary, as a manuscript written in the name of Ilona Bocskay is known from her. With her collaborators, Ráskay was working on more books simultaneously. In 1529, when the monastery was evacuated because of the danger of the Ottoman forces, she fled, but took the most important codices to a safe place.

The place and date of her death are unknown.

Works
All the below works were written in Hungarian.
Legend of Saint Margaret (1510; copied from a lost codex of the 14th century)
parts of the Codex Cornides (1514–1519
Codex Domokos (1517)
parts of the  (1519)
parts of the Old Testament
The Gospels
Három körösztény leány (c. 1521–1530)
Codex Horvát (1522)

See also
Legend of Saint Margaret
Margaret Island
Hungarian literature

References
 Haader Lea: A Nyulak szigeti scriptórium mint műhely

External links

 All works of Lea Ráskay in their original orthographic form are available and searchable in the Old Hungarian Corpus.

15th-century births
16th-century deaths
Dominican nuns
Dominican scholars
Hungarian translators
16th-century Hungarian women writers
16th-century Christian nuns
16th-century Hungarian writers
16th-century writers
15th-century Hungarian people
16th-century Hungarian people

Lea Ráskay


John M. Allen (? – February 12, 1847) was a soldier and the first mayor of Galveston.

He was born in Kentucky. He fought in support of the Greek independence from Turkey as a volunteer in the United States Navy.  Lord Byron died in Missolonghi in Allen's presence. He volunteered with the Texans, first with the Tampico Expedition in 1835, and with the Texas Army after he returned from Mexico late in the year. He received a commission as captain of an infantry unit and participated in the Battle of San Jacinto. He assumed command of a naval ship after independence and headed a recruiting mission in the United States until his release from service on December 2, 1836.  The Republic of Texas granted to him a league and labor for his military service.

Allen was the first mayor of Galveston, Texas, elected for the post first in 1839. He served consecutive one-year terms through 1846. He became a party to a charter war in 1840 when he transported the Galveston archives to his home. He withstood a challenge by Samuel May Williams and other persons with financial interests in the Galveston City Company. Allen commandeered two cannons to guard his home and the municipal archives, though they were returned to the city and Allen resumed his term as mayor.

Allen served as a United States Marshall from 1846 until his death the next year.

References

Year of birth missing
1847 deaths
People of the Texas Revolution
People from the Republic of Texas
Mayors of Galveston, Texas
Army of the Republic of Texas officers
United States Marshals
Republic of Texas politicians
American people of the Greek War of Independence

John M. Allen (soldier)


Felix Linnemann (20 October 1882 – 21 March 1948) was the fourth president of the German Football Association, the Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB), serving from 1925 to 1945.

Biography
Felix Linnemann was born and grew up at the edge of the Lüneburger Heide and went to the University of Münster, where he was a student of all four faculties. In 1919, Linnemann was appointed vice-president of the DFB.

The upper government and Kriminalrat exerted influence on the DFB, so that Linneman replaced Gottfried Hinze as DFB president in 1925. The move was considered as more penetration, and wanted a more honest, pragmatic, professional soccer in Germany. However, the political reversal made a line for it in 1933 by the calculation. The political sport leaders often wanted to present the football players at the ball in international matches as demonstration of national strength, making sport become an instrument of propaganda. Otto Nerz was discovered and appointed by Linnemann as the national team coach. After his resignation, the DFB president appointed Sepp Herberger, to become the new coach. The systematic training of Egidius Braunhe began to be used to train both players and coaches at this time. Both Linnemann and Herberger carried the idea of a Reichsliga, but the Second World War prevented the implementation of a football league in Germany. Linnemann had proposed the league to the regional football associations in 1932 but it had been vetoed.

Felix Linnemann announced the end of the DFB under the rule of Adolf Hitler. Already on 9 July 1933, he authorized the chairman Linnemann to make all personnel and material measures to the integration of the football haven in the program of the Sports office of the Reich (DRL) and the transformation of the DFB. The DFB was dissolved to be integrated into the recently created federation of the Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen (NSRL).

DFB president Linnemann was active as a curator at the University of Leibesübungen in Berlin and as a member of the amateur commission of FIFA. Throughout 1937, Linnemann was transferred as a commander of the Kriminalpolizei from Berlin to Stettin, and was also attached to Hanover. In January 2020, the German Football Association announced that Linnemann "was directly involved in the registration of Sinti and Roma as the head of the Hannover Criminal Police control center" which led to the deportation of several hundred to Auschwitz concentration camp, where they died. After the end of the war, he spent six months in the internment camp with Englishmen in Lüneburger Heide; the Nazis had transferred the entire police with appropriate service ranks of the officials during the war to the SS. Linnemann died in 1948 in his home village Steinhorst near Hannover, where he is buried.

References

Sources
 30 Jahre Bundesliga  30th anniversary special, publisher: kicker Sportmagazin, published: 1993

See also
 Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen
 Football section of the Reich Sports Office (Fachamt Fußball)

1882 births
1948 deaths
German football chairmen and investors
Reich Security Main Office personnel
Romani genocide perpetrators

Felix Linnemann


Colin Pearson (14 September 1923 – 3 December 2007) was an English studio potter and art teacher.

Biography
Pearson was born in Friern Barnet, London in 1923 and studied at Goldsmiths College, University of London. He worked at Winchcombe Pottery under Ray Finch before going to Lambeth in 1954 to work at Royal Doulton.

In 1955 he took over as manager of Aylesford Pottery, Kent which David Leach had set up a year earlier.
In 1961 he set up Quay Pottery making domestic ware in Aylesford.

He taught at Camberwell College of Arts and the Medway School of Art.

See also
Studio pottery

References

External links
Winchcombe Pottery
Obituary

1923 births
2007 deaths
English potters
20th-century ceramists

Colin Pearson (potter)


Maria van Antwerpen (1719–1781) was a Dutch soldier and cross dresser. She is perhaps the most famous and well-documented example of a female cross dresser enlisting in the army as a man. She is considered by the Dutch historians Rudolf Dekker and L.J.M. van de Pol as a transsexual woman. Maria married twice to women. Two biographies were published about Maria in her own lifetime, one by Franciscus Lievens Kersteman in 1751.

Life
Van Antwerpen was born in Breda, the daughter of a brewer. She was orphaned at thirteen and worked as a servant maid until she was fired in the middle of winter in 1745. She enlisted in the military as Jan van Ant in 1746 and married the sergeant daughter Johanna Cramers in 1748. Recognised by a former employer in 1751, she was put on trial for making a mockery of marriage and by entering an illegal marriage, and sentenced to exile from all garrison cities. She worked as a seamstress until 1762, when she married Cornelia Swartsenberg, pregnant after a rape, and enlisted again. A son was baptised with her as a father. In 1769, she was recognised by someone who knew her as a seamstress, and put on trial again. Cornelia fled and Maria was exiled to the area of Holland. She died in Breda at the age of 62.

Context
Other examples of Dutch women posing as men include Adriana la Noy, who served as a sailor in the Dutch fleet during the first English–Dutch war when she was discovered in 1653, Aal de Dragonder (Aal the Dragoon), a woman who fought as a dragoon in the late 17th century, and an unnamed woman, also a soldier, who was discovered after having been killed in a fight with knives in 1710.

See also
 List of Dutch people

Sources
Isa Edholm: Kvinnohistoria, Alfabeta Bokförlag AB, Stockholm, Falun 2001. .
Antwerpen, Maria van, Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis
Rudolf Dekker & Lotte van de Pol. Vrouwen in mannenkleren; De geschiedenis van een tegendraadse traditie; Europa 1500-1800. Amsterdam, Wereldbibliotheek, 1989.

References

1719 births
1781 deaths
18th-century Dutch military personnel
Female wartime cross-dressers
Dutch lesbians
Lesbian military personnel
People from Breda
18th-century Dutch LGBT people
18th-century Dutch women
Women in 18th-century warfare
Women in war in the Netherlands
Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands

Maria van Antwerpen


Kokborok Day (Tripuri language Day) is a festival celebrated in the Indian state of Tripura to celebrate the development of the Kokborok language. It is observed on 19 January every year. The Kokborok language is an official language in Tripura. This day is chosen to commemorate its initial recognition as an official language in 1979. The activities include cultural programmes and literary activities.

Kokborok
Kokborok/Tripuri is the native language of Tripura, spoken for thousands of years among the Tripuri community of Tripura. It is one of the ancient language of North East India. Kok means language and borok means people. Kokborok was formerly known as Tiprakok/Tripurikok. Kokborok (Tripuri) is one of the Tibeto-Burman languages widely spoken in the Northeastern part of India in the state of Tripura and neighbouring CHT hill tracts of Bangladesh. The Kokborok language is one of the fastest growing and developing Tibeto-Burman languages in the region. The language is spoken mainly by the Tripuri clans like Debbarma, Kalai, Reang, Jamatia, Tripura , Noatia, Rupini, Murasing and Uchoi. The community who speak Kokborok is Tripuri community. All the people who speak Kokborok are known as "Tripuris".

It is mentioned in the chronicle of the Tripura Kings who were the   Tripuri rulers (184 kings) of Tripura for more than two thousand years that "Koloma" was the script of Kokborok. The revival of the script is in process. The script of the Kokborok is not yet finalised due to many socio-political debates, but many people prefer writing it in "Latin script"

"Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission", many government and non-government groups are continuously involved in promoting and developing Kokborok language, Art, literature, and films/songs through cultural revolution. It has been a great achievement by the people of Tripura that the Kokborok language is now taught in government schools, colleges, and universities. The effort is still being made to further to improve the language and to bring it into the mainstream.

See also
 Kokborok
 Tripuri

References

Government of Tripura
January observances
Language observances
Languages of Tripura

Kokborok Day


Duncan Graham (October 5, 1845 – February 7, 1934) was a Canadian politician and farmer.

He was born in the  township of Mara, Ontario County, Canada West, the grandson of early settlers from Scotland. A farmer, Graham was involved in local politics serving as a councillor and then deputy reeve and reeve of Mara Township. In 1896 he was Warden of Ontario County.

Graham first ran a seat in the House of Commons of Canada in the 1896 federal election as a candidate for the Patrons of Industry, a left-wing farmers' party, in the riding of Ontario North. He was defeated by a single vote by Conservative John Alexander McGillivray but the election was overturned and Graham won the February 4, 1897 by-election held in the riding and sat in parliament as an Independent Liberal. He was defeated in the 1900 federal election.

Duncan Graham died in 1934. He was buried with his parents.

Electoral history

References

External links

1845 births
Independent MPs in the Canadian House of Commons
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
1934 deaths
People from Brock, Ontario

Duncan Graham (Canadian politician)


The order Notostraca has just two living genera in it. Triops and Lepidura. The two genera are considered 'living fossils', as they have not changed in outward form since the Triassic.

Notostracans, or tadpole shrimps, are omnivores living on the bottom of temporary pools and shallow lakes. They live in pools of water on every continent except Antarctica. They grow very quickly, and can reach adulthood in a week. Triops only live for a short time; a record-breaking female only lived to be 100 days. When their pools dry up,adult tadpole shrimp die. Their eggs, however, stop developing for a time. When they are in water again, they come to life, and new Triops are hatched. This is because of a state known as diapause, where eggs can lie dormant for up to twenty years before hatching again.

Evolution and fossil record
The fossil record of Notostraca is extensive. They occur in a wide range of geological deposits, reaching back to the Carboniferous. The lack of major morphological change since 250 million years ago has led to Notostraca being described as living fossils.

The Notostraca abandoned filter feeding in open water, and took up a benthic lifestyle in muddy waters, taking up food from particles of sediment and preying on small animals.

Notostracans keep the ancient condition of having two separate compound eyes. These touch but do not become united, as does happens in other groups of Branchiopods.

References

Branchiopods
Living fossils

Notostraca


John O. Limb is an Australian engineer, known for fundamental contributions to the development of digital video communications and holder of a series of patents related to computer communications.

Early life and education
Born in Western Australia, he got a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (B.E.E.) (1963) and a Ph.D. on the thesis Vision Oriented Coding of Visual Signal (1967), both from the University of Western Australia.  Limb studied the human vision's role in the encoding of picture, partially under the direction of Dr. Albert Seyler and Professor Zig Budrikis.

Career
He worked as researcher at the Postmaster-General's Department's research laboratory in Melbourne (1966–67) before moving to New Jersey where he joined Bell Labs (1967), being manager of the department for visual communications research (1971–78) leading to patents.   He then led the research department for distributed computer systems (1978–84) before going to Bellcore research where Limb was in charge of developing the new research division for communications sciences (1984–86) where he among other projects, developed medium access control protocols for local area networks.  Later he joined Hewlett Packard as director of laboratories in Bristol, England (1986–89), for the technology analysis group at  Cupertino, California (1989) and for the media technology group (1992–94).   Distributed Computer Systems Research Department where the emphasis was on office information systems and local/metropolitan area networks.  Recently, he has worked on optical communication systems at Broadcom, working at Atlanta, Georgia.

He has held visiting professorships at the Technical University of Hannover (1975), the University of Sydney (1983), and the University of Essex (1985–86).

Limb started at the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1994 as a Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Advanced Telecommunications. He joined the faculty staff of both the Networking & Telecommunications Group in the College of Computing, and the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the College of Engineering. He created the Georgia Tech Broadband Telecommunications Center in 1995.

Publications
Advances in local area networks (IEEE press, 1987)

Awards and honors
1978 IEEE Fellow
1973 IEEE Communications Society "Leonard G. Abraham Prize" for best paper in the field of communications systems
1982 IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award for the best review paper published in the Proceedings of the IEEE in 1980
1991 IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal, along with C. Chapin Cutler and Arun N. Netravali

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian scientists
American people of Australian descent
Australian electrical engineers
Scientists at Bell Labs
University of Western Australia alumni
Georgia Tech faculty
Fellow Members of the IEEE

John O. Limb


Tsega Melaku (; born 1968) is an Israeli author, journalist, community activist and politician currently serving as a member of the Knesset for Likud. She is the former director of Kol Yisrael's Reshet Aleph ("Network A") radio station. Malku was disqualified from running in Israel's 2015 election with the Kulanu party, where it was believed she could become a Member of the Knesset. She then became an MK in 2023 after running with Likud in the previous year's election.

Early life and education
Melaku was born in Gondar, Ethiopia, and left her family in her native Ethiopia to emigrate to Israel in 1984 at the age of 16. She recalls that her first defense of her rights in Israel was to insist on keeping her first name, instead of adopting the Hebraicized "Oshra", a name given to her on her arrival. "When we arrived in Jerusalem, we thought that the people would greet us with open arms", she remembers. "But when we got here, everyone looked at us suspiciously and did not believe that we were really Jewish. I was shocked too, because I had never seen white Jews before. It was ironic really because they thought that we were the ones who weren't Jewish."

She attended Bar Ilan University, where she earned a BA in Political Science and Sociology. Then, while studying at Touro College in Jerusalem for her MA in business, she was one of the first Keren Hanan Aynor scholarship recipients.

Career
In 2008, when she was appointed to the position as director of the radio station Reshet Alef in 2008, she became the first woman and the first Ethiopian immigrant to hold that role. She described her goals for the station as breaking down "the elitist approach to culture in this country and make sure that everyone can get his say, not just those who are from Tel Aviv. I want everyone to be able to hold the microphone and speak out about issues." She is the manager and a presenter for an Amharic language radio show on Israel Radio's Reka station. She has had a profound impact on the Ethiopian community, according to Len Lyons: "Under her direction, Amharic radio for the Ethiopian Israeli community has become an essential resource for education and social awareness.

She is a community activist in Israel's Ethiopian community. She was active in protests against Magen David Adom's policy on Ethiopian blood donations. A scandal ensued when it was revealed that blood from Ethiopians was thrown away out of fears it would contain HIV. Israel's Ethiopian community of over 100,000 people is grappling with profound economic challenges. A study completed in 2012 determined that Ethiopian immigrants constitute the worst-paid population in Israel. Ethiopian immigrants earn 30-40 percent less than Arabs in Israel.

Melaku works on behalf of several non-profit organizations that promote higher education for Ethiopian immigrants.

When he announced her candidacy for the Knesset, Moshe Kahlon, the Kulanu party leader, called her a woman of "fortitude and strong will". Melaku articulated her reasons for embracing a political career, which include the corruption and racism she has witnessed: "Until today, everywhere I go, one question follows me: 'Miss, I need my house cleaned twice a week. Are you free for cleaning?'", Melaku said. "Today, I say, 'Yes, I'm free to clean up. Not houses, but corruption. I'm ready to clean up opacity, to clean up seeing others as inferior because of their name, their accent, their skin colour."

After Melaku's candidacy was announced, Judge Salim Joubran, Chairman of the Central Election Committee, ruled that as a former broadcaster for the Reshet Aleph radio, Melaku would be disqualified from candidacy in the upcoming elections because she did not complete the 100-day "cooling-off" period since leaving her broadcasting job. The party disagreed with the decision, noting that her position as a manager was not a senior appointment and that the hiatus regulation should therefore not apply.

In February 2016, the Israeli Justice Ministry announced that the Israeli government had formed a new inter-ministerial task force to examine racism against Ethiopian-Israelis. The purpose is to create effective tools and methods to combat discrimination. There are three sub-teams within the task force, and Melaku will lead the one focused on raising public awareness of racism and enhancing the visibility of Ethiopian-Israeli Jews in the public sphere.

In 2022, ahead of that year's legislative election, Melaku was given the thirty-seventh spot on Likud's electoral list by Benjamin Netanyahu. She was not elected to the Knesset as the party won 32 seats, but subsequently entered the Knesset on 9 February 2023 as a replacement for Ofir Akunis, who resigned under the Norwegian Law.

Publications

Melaku is the author of the book Not in Our School, which documents the racism she faced in her effort to have her children attend a better school.

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
Bar-Ilan University alumni
Beta Israel
Black feminism
Ethiopian emigrants to Israel
Israeli feminists
Israeli people of Ethiopian-Jewish descent
Israeli women journalists
Israeli women writers
Jewish feminists
Jewish Israeli politicians
People from Gondar
Jewish Israeli anti-racism activists
Israeli radio people
Women radio directors
Members of the 25th Knesset (2022–)

Tsega Melaku


The skull roof, or the roofing bones of the skull, are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium.

In comparative anatomy the term is applied to the whole dermatocranium. In general anatomy, the roofing bones may refer specifically to the bones that form above and alongside the brain and neurocranium (i.e., excluding the marginal upper jaw bones such as the maxilla and premaxilla). In human anatomy, the skull roof often refers specifically to the skullcap.

Origin

Early armoured fish (such as jawless ostracoderms and jawed placoderms) did not have a skull in the common understanding of the word, but instead had a cartilaginous endocranium that was partially open from above. The loose cartilage was topped by dermal bones forming armour. The dermal bones gradually evolved into a fixed unit overlaying the endocranium like a heavy "lid", protecting the animal's head and brain from above. A more or less full shield of fused dermal bones was common in early bony fishes of the Devonian, and particularly well developed in shallow water species.

Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, have a skeleton which is entirely formed from cartilage. They lack a continuous dermal armour and thus have no proper skull roof.

Bony fishes

In early sarcopterygians ("lobe-finned fish"), the skull roof was composed of numerous bony plates, particularly around the nostrils and behind each eye. The skull proper was joined by the bones of the operculum. The skull itself was composed rather loosely, with a joint between the bones covering the brain and the snout.

The skull roof in lungfish is composed of a number of bony plates that are not readily compared to those found in early amphibians. In most ray-finned fishes the skull is often reduced to a series of loose elements, and a skull roof as such is not found.

Early tetrapods

As tetrapodomorph fish trended towards greater adaptations for life on land, the skull became more tightly integrated. At the same time, the number of bones were reduced, the skull bones separated from the shoulder girdle, and the operculum disappeared. The earliest limbed tetrapods ("amphibians" in the broad sense) solidified a pattern of plates which formed the basis for that seen in all land-living vertebrates. These early tetrapods (including temnospondyls, embolomeres, and various minor groups) have historically been termed "labyrinthodonts" ("maze teeth") or "stegocephalians" ("roof heads"). Not including marginal or cheek bones (such as the premaxillae, maxillae, jugals, quadratojugals, and squamosals), the skull roof bones established by these early tetrapods include the following:

 Nasals (midline)
 Lacrimals
 Prefrontals
 Frontals (midline)
 Postfrontals
 Postorbitals
 Parietals (midline)
 Intertemporals
 Supratemporals
 Postparietals (midline)
 Tabulars

The skull roof itself formed a continuous cover over the whole of the head, leaving only openings for nostrils (nares), eyes (orbits), and a small parietal eye (also known as a pineal foramen) between the parietal bones. This type of skull was inherited by the first amniotes (fully terrestrial tetrapods), which evolved in the Carboniferous. This type of skull roof without any above openings behind the eyes is called anapsid. Today, the only reptiles with anapsid skulls are turtles, though this is likely a case of secondary loss of the temporal fenestrae.

In modern amphibians such as frogs and salamanders, the skull roof is further reduced and has large openings. Only in caecilians can a full covering skull roof be found, an adaption for burrowing.

The debate over skull roof homology
One of the most persistent debates in 20th-century paleontology was how to homologize the skull roof of fish with that of tetrapods. In practically all tetrapods, the midline of the skull roof comprises at least three pairs of plate-like bones. From front-to-back, these bones are the nasals (top of the snout), frontals (between the eyes), and parietals (behind the frontals). Early tetrapods also possessed postparietals, additional paired or singular bones at the rim of the skull, behind the parietals. Lobe-finned fish and early ray-finned fish usually lack paired bones at the top of the snout, instead presenting a mosaic of smaller plates. Nevertheless, two pairs of bones do consistently occur further back. The front pair are positioned between the eyes and surround a pineal foramen, when it is present. The latter pair are elongated and abut the extrascapular bones, which lie behind the skull. The "traditional" or "orthodox" hypothesis considers these two pairs to be equivalent to the frontal and parietal bones, respectively. This was mainly justified by their position in regards to the eyes and brain, in accordance with mammal anatomy.

An alternative interpretation was proposed by T.S. Westoll (1938, 1943) and A.S. Romer (1941). Their interpretation noted that the tetrapods with a pineal foramen almost always have the hole surrounded by the parietal bones. This would indicate that the "frontal" bones of fish are actually parietal bones. By extension, the "parietals" of fish are actually postparietals, while the tetrapod nasal and frontal bones develop from fused snout ossicles. According to this hypothesis, the eyes shift forwards, the snout expands, and the postorbital region (behind the eyes) contracts at the origin of tetrapods. Newly discovered "transitional" fossils such as Ichthyostega, Elpistostege, and Panderichthys were used as further evidence in support of their interpretation.

The Westoll/Romer hypothesis was initially controversial, with the strongest critiques coming from Scandinavian paleoichthyologists. Proponents of the orthodox hypothesis argued that the "parietals" of fish are too strongly connected to the underlying brain anatomy to justify the W/R scenario, which posits that the "parietals" (= postparietals) diminish into oblivion over the course of evolution. Another concern was that the W/R hypothesis necessitates the complete loss of the extrascapulars in tetrapods. According to the orthodox hypothesis, the tetrapod postparietals develop from extrascapulars which have acquired a stronger connection to the skull. Despite the criticism, the W/R scenario is now accepted by most paleontologists studying the fish-tetrapod transition. Developmental studies show support for the novel evolution of the frontal bones in tetrapods and their lack of homology with the "frontals" of fish. Further tetrapodomorph discoveries, such as Acanthostega and Tiktaalik, provide more concrete evidence for the anatomical shifts hypothesized by Westoll and Romer.

Diapsids and synapsids

In two groups of early amniotes, the skull roof evolved temporal fenestrae to allow for greater movement of the jaw muscles. The two groups evolved the openings independently:
 The synapsids have one opening on each side, fairly low on the side of the skull, between the jugal or zygomatic bone and the elements above. Synapsids include mammals and their reptile-like ancestors (historically described under the misnomer "mammal-like reptiles"). In mammals, the side opening is closed by the sphenoid bone, so that the skull roof appear whole, despite the temporal opening
 The diapsids have two openings on each side, the two openings separated by an arch formed from processes of the postorbital and squamosal bones. All modern reptiles (apart from turtles) are diapsids in an anatomical sense, as are the birds and their dinosaur ancestors.

References

Skull
Vertebrate anatomy
Human head and neck
Flat bones

Skull roof


Walter Brown Gibson (September 12, 1897 – December 6, 1985) was an American writer and professional magician, best known for his work on the pulp fiction character The Shadow. Gibson, under the pen-name Maxwell Grant, wrote "more than 300 novel-length" Shadow stories, writing up to "10,000 words a day" to satisfy public demand during the character's golden age in the 1930s and 1940s. He authored several novels in the Biff Brewster juvenile series of the 1960s. He was married to Litzka R. Gibson, also a writer, and the couple lived in New York state.

Early life
Walter Brown Gibson was born on September 12, 1897, in the Germantown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Alfred Cornelius Gibson (1849–1931) and May Morrell Whidden Gibson (1863–1941).

Gibson graduated from Colgate University in 1920 where he was a brother of Delta Kappa Epsilon, and began working "for newspapers in his native Philadelphia as a reporter and crossword-puzzle writer," specifically for The North American, and later The Evening Ledger. In 1923–1924, he provided illustrated single-page articles for Science and Invention magazine describing various tricks and puzzles. In 1928 Gibson was asked by Macfadden Publications to edit True Strange Stories; he did, for a time, identified as Walter Scofield, commuting back and forth to New York. In 1931, after submitting some crime stories for Detective Story Magazine, he was asked by publishers Street & Smith to produce the first print adventure of The Shadow, who at that stage was merely a voice, the mysterious narrator of the Street & Smith-sponsored Detective Stories radio drama. It was Gibson who created all the mythos and characterization of The Shadow, including his alter ego of wealthy playboy Lamont Cranston.

The Shadow

The popularity of the radio show's narrator inspired the show's sponsors (Street & Smith) to translate the character into print, and Gibson was duly asked to produce 75,000 words for the first quarterly issue of The Shadow pulp magazine. This first Shadow story was published on April 1, 1931, just nine months after the character's appearance on the airwaves. Six months later, The Shadow was headlining a new radio show, and his pulp adventures—written by Gibson under the house pseudonym Maxwell Grant—were going from strength to strength; launched as a quarterly publication, "within months, the magazine was on a twice-monthly schedule," causing Gibson to produce the equivalent of 24 novels per year. Described as a "compulsive writer," Gibson is estimated to have written, at his peak output, 1,680,000 words a year and at least 283 of the 336 Shadow novels. Gibson ultimately contributed more than 15,000,000 words towards Shadow publications.

As the Shadow character spun off into a daily syndicated comic strip, monthly comic books, movies and parlor games, Gibson went with him, scripting many of those comic book stories and the syndicated newspaper daily, as well as serving as consultant on the very popular Sunday night radio show.

Gibson is recognized as the creator of much of The Shadow's mythos, although his tales often conflict with the better-known radio show version. For example, Gibson's Shadow is, in reality, Kent Allard, a former World War I aviator, who sometimes posed as playboy Lamont Cranston. On the radio show, The Shadow was Cranston, a "wealthy young man about town." Similarly, Shadow companion Margo Lane arose not from the pulp novels but from the radio program; she was added to offer a contrasting female voice to the show's audience. In 1941 Gibson grudgingly added Margo Lane to the pulp novel stories and even hinted at her having a power of invisibility.

Magic, non-fiction, and other works

Gibson wrote more than a hundred books on magic, psychic phenomena, true crime, mysteries, rope knots, yoga, hypnotism, and games. He served as a ghost writer for books on magic and spiritualism by Harry Houdini, Howard Thurston, Harry Blackstone, Sr., and Joseph Dunninger. Gibson wrote the comic books and radio drama Blackstone, the Magic Detective. starring a fictionalized version of Harry Blackstone. Gibson introduced the "Chinese linking rings" trick in America, and invented the "Nickels to Dimes" trick that is still sold in magic stores to this day. He "wrote extensively on Houdini and his escape tricks and sleight-of-hand," and became involved after Houdini's death with Houdini seances. Houdini was known as much for his investigations into – and exposure of – false mediums, and after his death, his wife Bess held seances for ten years in an attempt to contact the deceased magician. She then passed this role on to Gibson, who for many years helped preside over the Houdini Seances in the 1970s and 1980s at New York's Magic Towne House with such well-known magicians as Milbourne Christopher, Dorothy Dietrich, Bobby Baxter, and Dick Brooks. Before Gibson died, he passed on the responsibility of doing the Houdini Seances to Dorothy Dietrich of the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

Under the pen name Andy Adams, Gibson is credited with writing at least five of the twelve novels in the Biff Brewster juvenile adventure and mystery series for adolescent boys: Brazilian Gold Mine Mystery, Mystery of the Mexican Treasure, Mystery of the Ambush in India, Egyptian Scarab Mystery, and Mystery of the Alpine Pass.

In the 1920s, Gibson wrote two books on numerology for the publisher George Sully & Co. With his wife Litzka R. Gibson (née Gonser), he co-wrote The Complete Illustrated Book of the Psychic Sciences (Doubleday, 1966), a 404-page book which explains how to practice many popular forms of divination and fortune-telling, including astrology, tasseography, graphology, and numerology. Litzka wrote her own books on topics as diverse as palmistry, dancing, and personal hygiene, sometimes under the pen-name Leona Lehman.

Gibson wrote a Batman prose story which appeared in Detective Comics #500 (March 1981) and was drawn by Thomas Yeates.

Gibson also ghosted the novelization of the Preston Sturges screenplay The Sin of Harold Diddlebock under the by-line of popular humorist Harry Hershfield. Hershfield had been commissioned to write the novel, but stalled out in the first chapter. Gibson was engaged to write it in his stead, and the adaptive prose is actually his, from start to finish.

Appearances and tributes in fiction
He is a featured character in the Paul Malmont novel The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril, which was published by Simon & Schuster in 2006, and in the sequel The Astounding, the Amazing, and the Unknown (Simon & Schuster 2011). In addition, Gibson is the protagonist, along with Orson Welles, in a historical mystery by Max Allan Collins, The War of the Worlds Murder, published by Berkley Books in 2005.

In the Dynamite Entertainment miniseries "The Shadow: Year One" by Matt Wagner, a reporter appears on more than one occasion throughout the story's progress, investigating most of the appearances of The Shadow and its connection with Lamont Cranston (Allard, who had in fact changed his identity with Cranston's). At the end of the story we are shown that the reporter is called Maxwell Grant. Although it is not an appearance of Gibson as such, it is indeed a reference and tribute to his work in the novels when Grant talks of trying to document part of the adventures of The Shadow.

While not appearing directly, in P. N. Elrod's Bloodlist, Jack Fleming mentions that he knows the author of the Shadow Magazine, and when he comes across a mobster guard reading "Terror Island" thinks to himself that he'll "have to write to Walter and tell him about his mobster fan."

References

Further reading

 Murray, Will. Master of Mystery: The Rise of the Shadow. Odyssey Publications, 2021. No ISBN.

External links

1897 births
1985 deaths
American magicians
American male novelists
Burials at Montrepose Cemetery
Chestnut Hill Academy alumni
Colgate University alumni
Crossword creators
Golden Age comics creators
Harry Houdini
Historians of magic
Novelists from Pennsylvania
Pseudonymous writers
Pulp fiction writers
The Shadow
Writers from Philadelphia
Academy of Magical Arts Literature & Media Fellowship winners

Walter B. Gibson


Izz al-Din (, also spelled 'Az ed-Din) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located northeast of Homs. Nearby localities include Ghor al-Assi, Murayj al-Durr and al-Rastan to the west, Deir Ful and al-Zaafaraniyah to the southwest, al-Mishirfeh and Ayn al-Niser to the south, Dunaybah to the southeast, Khunayfis to the east, Salamiyah to the northeast and Taldara to the north.

According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Izz al-Din had a population of 2,620 in the 2004 census, making it the fifth-largest locality in the al-Rastan nahiyah ("subdistrict"). Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims from Bedouin tribes, such as the Nu'aym (Na'im).

In 1838 Izz al-Din was classified as a khirba ("ruined village") by English scholar Eli Smith. However by December of that year Izz al-Din was one of roughly 20 ruined villages to be repopulated during the brief rule of Muhammad Ali's Egypt. The village was founded largely as a result of the Egyptian administration's major initiative to expand agricultural production. Izz al-Din was settled by the Bedouin tribes of the Mawali, Nu'aym and Uqaydat. Although by the 1840s, when the Egyptians withdrew from the Levant, most of the newly founded villages were abandoned, Izz al-Din remained inhabited. Other remaining villages included Salamiyah, Taldara and Taqsis.

References

Bibliography

Populated places established in 1838
Populated places in al-Rastan District
1838 establishments in the Ottoman Empire

Izz al-Din, Syria


Oussama Khatib () is a roboticist and a professor of computer science at Stanford University, and a Fellow of the IEEE. He is credited with seminal work in areas ranging from robot motion planning and control, human-friendly robot design, to haptic interaction and human motion synthesis. His work's emphasis has been to develop theories, algorithms, and technologies, that control robot systems by using models of their physical dynamics. These dynamic models are used to derive optimal controllers for complex robots that interact with the environment in real-time.

Life
Khatib received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Sup'Aero, Toulouse, France, in 1980. He then joined the Computer Science Department at Stanford University, and has been a member of the faculty there ever since. He is presently the director of the Stanford Robotics Laboratory, and a member of the Stanford University Bio-X Initiative.

Work

Academic work
Khatib's first seminal contribution was the artificial potential field method, which avoids the complex robot motion planning problem by projecting controlling robots with potential fields in task space. First introduced in 1978, the method was motivated by the pressing need to enable reactive robot operation in unstructured environments, and it has since been adopted and extended by a growing number of researchers in a wide range of areas and applications in robotics, graphics, vision, and animation. Khatib, with Sean Quinlan, later proposed the elastic band model, which provided a robot planner with the ability to adjust and modify its planned motions during execution while efficiently detecting potential collisions using a sphere hierarchy.

Khatib's next contribution was the operational space formulation in 1980, which avoids controlling robots joint-by-joint and instead formulates the robot dynamics, performance analysis, and control in the very space where the task is specified. When used with an accurate inertial dynamic model, this method solves the problem of joint motion coordination in a kinetic energy optimal manner.

Since the 1980s, Khatib and his lab have made fundamental advances in macro-mini robots (serial structures), cooperative robots (parallel structures), dexterous dynamic coordination, virtual linkages to model internal forces in cooperative manipulation, posture and whole body control, dynamic task decoupling, optimal control, human-robot compliant interaction, elastic strips for real-time path planning, human motion synthesis, and human-friendly robot design.

Khatib's contributions also span the field of haptic interaction and dynamic simulation. His work with Diego Ruspini in haptic rendering established some of the basic foundations for haptic explorations of virtual environments—the virtual proxy for haptics rendering, haptic shading, texture, and collision detection. This founding work was pursued with Francois Conti to address the display of deformable objects, the expansion of workspace for spanning large volumes with small haptic devices, and the efficient and safe hybrid actuation of haptic devices, with numerous applications including ultrasound examination in pregnancy

The Khatib group's present day interests include modeling human motor control, muscle actuated control, humanoid robotics, haptics in neuroimaging, and multi-contact control.

Memberships
President of the International Foundation for Robotics Research (IFRR)
Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Robots

 Stanford Robotics Platforms (Romeo and Juliet)
In the mid-1990s, Khatib's lab focused their efforts towards developing robot manipulation in a human environment. The Stanford Robotics Platforms, developed in the process, were the first fully integrated holonomic mobile manipulation platforms and were later known as Romeo and Juliet.
This effort gave birth to a commercial holonomic mobile robot, the Nomad XR4000, by Nomadic Technologies. The models and algorithms resulting from this project established the basis for his later exploration of humanoid robotics like the Honda ASIMO.

Haptic fMRI Interface (HFI)
Developed in 2013 by Samir Menon, Gerald Brantner, and Chris Aholt under Khatib's supervision, HFI is a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) compatible haptic interface with three degrees-of-freedom. The interface allows subjects to perform virtual haptic tasks inside the entire bore of an MRI machine, and is lightweight and transparent to enable high fidelity neuroscience experiments. Khatib's group has successfully demonstrated real-time closed-loop haptic control during a high resolution fMRI scan with low enough noise levels to enable single subject analyses without smoothing.

Prizes
IEEE RAS Robotics and Automation Technical Field Award (TFA) 2017
IEEE RAS George Saridis Leadership Award 2014.
IEEE RAS Distinguished Service Award 2013.
IEEE RAS Pioneer Award 2010.
PROSE Award for Excellence in Physical Sciences & Mathematics 2008.
Japan Robot Association (JARA) Award in Research and Development.

In 2018 Khatib was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the understanding, analysis, control, and design of robotic systems operating in complex, unstructured, and dynamic environments.

Selected publications

. Alternative .

References

External links

 Home page
 Oussama Khatib: Uncanny Valley Revisited at IROS in 2013
 Experts Plunge Into the Uncanny Valley, Celebrate Masahiro Mori at IROS in 2013
 Oussama Khatib: Robots and the Human at   Summer School on Impedance in 2012
CS223A Introduction to Robotics offered free by Stanford University
 Pr2 robot manipulates and bags groceries

1950 births
Syrian emigrants to the United States
Syrian engineers
Syrian computer scientists
Syrian roboticists
Artificial intelligence researchers
American roboticists
American computer scientists
Living people
Stanford University faculty
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering

Oussama Khatib


Cyberport is a business park in Southern District, Hong Kong consisting of four office buildings, a hotel, and a retail entertainment complex. It describes itself as a digital technology community with over 1,800 (800 on-site and 1,000 off-site) digital and technology companies,

The Cyberport project has courted controversy since its inception because of the government's bypassing the open-tender process in awarding the project to real estate developer Richard Li Tzar-Kai, and also because of its reliance on "ancillary residential" revenue. In recent years, Cyberport has developed as a digital technology flagship and key incubator for entrepreneurship in Hong Kong.

Digital technology community
Six start-ups from Cyberport, namely GOGOX, KLOOK, WeLab, TNG, Animoca Brands and ZA International, have emerged as "unicorns", spanning categories of fintech, smart living, digital entertainment and esports. Cyberport is managed by Hong Kong Cyberport Management Company Limited, which is wholly owned by the Hong Kong SAR Government.

In operation since 2004, Cyberport focuses on fintech, smart living, digital entertainment and esports, AI and big data, blockchain, and cybersecurity. Cyberport is currently home to the largest Fintech community in Hong Kong with around 400 Fintech companies. Bowtie, a member of the Cyberport community, was authorised by the Hong Kong Insurance Authority to become Hong Kong's first virtual insurer under the Fast Track system in November 2018. Zhong An and WeLab, who are also members of Cyberport, were two of the initial eight financial institutions and firms to be granted a virtual bank license.

To promote the development of esports in Hong Kong, Cyberport launched the opening of Hong Kong's largest professional-grade esports venue on 16 July 2019 located in the Cyberport Arcade. It also launched the Esports Industry Facilitation Scheme and the Esports Internship Scheme. The former offers cash grants to support industry activities, while the latter provides a cash subsidy for internships in the esports industry.

As of February 2022, Cyberport Incubation Programme had incubated and funded over 1,000 technology start-ups companies since its inception in 2005. The Cyberport Macro Fund was announced in 2016 to support local start-ups after seed stage but generally before or around Series A stage of funding. The fund, which received a further injection of HK$200 million by Cyberport and its scope extended to cover Series A and later stage investments, has, as of July 2022, invested in 22 start-ups totalling about HK$168 million, driving a co-investment ratio of 1:8.

On 25 March, the Hong Kong SAR Government announced that Simon Chan Sai-ming would succeed Dr George Lam as chairman of the board of directors of the Hong Kong Cyberport Management Company Limited from April 1, 2022, to March 31, 2024.

Cyberport currently comprises four phases, providing a total of 119,000 square metres of office space. As of May 2021, the occupancy rate of Cyberport's office and co-working space has consistently maintained occupancy rates at 90% and 95% respectively. The number of applications for the "Cyberport Incubation Programme" has substantially increased from less than 100 per year before 2011 to over 600 per year in recent years.

Project background
In March 1999, the Hong Kong government announced its intention to develop a "Cyberport", to help local businesses capitalise on the rapid growth of the Internet. The government called it a development where information technology and multimedia would be nurtured so that future demands of these industries could be met. According to the press release by the Commerce and Economic Development Bureau, only one-third of the site would be residential, the sale of which would help finance the Cyberport development. The Cyberport is billed as home to an incubator for ICT startups, providing office space, financial aid, training, micro fund and network access to the investment community.

The Hong Kong government inked a partnership deal with the Pacific Century Group (PCG) to develop a  site with open sea view at Telegraph Bay in Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Island, at a total cost of HK$13 billion. It was announced as part of the 1999 budget by then-Financial Secretary Donald Tsang. It was also hoped that this development would help the HKSAR's economy rebound after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and bring a "strategic cluster of information technology and services companies situated in a world-class setting". The "strategic telecommunication node" was due to be formed due to its close proximity to the proposed "Teleport" in Chung Hom Kok. Touted benefits include "a range of shared facilities for tenants, including a multimedia-based network, telecommunication links, media laboratory, cyber library and other information technology and services support facilities. There will also be educational, entertainment and recreational facilities related to information technology and services for local visitors and tourists".

As part of the deal, PCG would construct a  office complex with a  shopping mall and a 173-room hotel that would be put out to management. Title to these properties would be transferred to the government at zero cost, while PCG received land for  of residential housing in exchange, and would reap 64.5 percent of the profits from their sale.

The construction of the Cyberport portion consisting of four office buildings, The Arcade and Le Meridien Cyberport Hotel, was completed in phases between 2002 and 2004. The residential developments consist of approximately 2,800 units or houses was completed in phases between 2004 and 2008.

Controversy

Awarding the project without formal open tender
The government's decision in granting the project to Pacific Century Group (PCG) controlled by Richard Li, son of Hong Kong's wealthiest man Li Ka-shing, to develop the site generated much controversy. Awarding the project to PCG without a formal open tender attracted criticism for lack of transparency; other interested developers complained of being sidelined. Three private and wholly owned companies, namely, Hong Kong Cyberport Development Holdings Limited, Hong Kong Cyberport Management Company Limited and Hong Kong Cyberport (Ancillary Development) Limited (collectively referred to as the "Cyberport companies") were set up under the Financial Secretary Incorporated (FSI) to oversee implementation of the project. The project was criticised as unnecessary government intervention in the real estate sector.

Residential project disguised as tech hub
According to critics, Cyberport was a residential project in disguise, as it arguably failed in its mission to become a high-technology hub for the city. Eurasia Review suggested that the government land was injected into the project below value. The overall rationale of the project has been questioned by its critics, as details have emerged about the planning and budgeting for the project that indicate that 75% of the area developed is residential, and that office space for the technology companies was only about 17% of the total. Also the "shared facilities" made up only part of a small  block which includes houses and apartments.

Low occupancy of rental office towers
The project had the reputation of a "ghost town", as the government-owned portion suffered low occupancy. Fifteen companies signed letters of intent with the developer, including Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Microsoft and Yahoo, but only three moved in at the initial opening, due to a technology slump. The government rejected accusations of favouritism, arguing that PCG's presence as an anchor tenant would be a marketing plus to prestigious international technology companies. In addition, tendering was bypassed ostensibly to shorten the sensitive time frame to bring forward the economic benefits of the project. PCG later hived off the residential property interests into a shell company separate from the telecoms operation so that the shell company would receive the residential housing sales revenues; it was also accorded right of first refusal to redevelop sites of 60 existing telephone exchanges of PCCW, the telecoms operator. In October 2004, David Webb cited lack of transparency in the government's business dealings and demanded audited financial accounts and directors' reports for three companies related to the project to be released under the non-statutory Code on Access to Information.

Data hack
In September 2023, media reported that Cyberport had suffered a hack, where attackers took around 400GB of personal data. Cyberport initially declined to reveal that personal information was exposed, saying it did not want to cause "unnecessary concern." A cybersecurity expert said "This attack could have been avoided because the loopholes and incorrect settings that enabled the attack are from two to three years ago, if not earlier. This should not have happened." A former employee of Cyberport said "There has been no apology from the management, no one has had to step down. They are only issuing statements and holing up."

Cyberport CEO Peter Yan King-shun said that the hack was limited to "some information stored in some parts of some servers" and said there was no evidence of human error; a former employee said "[Yan] didn't acknowledge Cyberport's lack of cybersecurity measures to protect staff and start-ups' information. He didn't apologise. Only the chairman sort of apologised."

SCMP released an editorial, saying "The delay in disclosing last month's incident underlines the lack of urgency and sensitivity on the part of management. This was also reflected in a suggestion that data was stolen from a shared drive with presumably less protection."

Expansion
In 2019, after the government announced the Cyberport Expansion project, Cyberport repeatedly promised to consult with local residents and the Southern District Council regarding the design of its waterfront park. However, in September 2023, local media reported that Cyberport had declined to attend the Meeting of the Economy, Development, and Planning Committee of the Southern District Council both in 2021 and 2023.

In June 2021, District Councilor Paul Zimmerman manually photographed each page of Cyberport's expansion plans, as they had refused to provide a digital copy. Later in 2023, Zimmerman revealed 8 broken promises and lies made by Cyberport, and said "It is regrettable that Cyberport and ITIB have continuously failed to honour their commitments to consult the community on the park's redesign. With a project of HK$5.5 billion impacting such a beloved park, it is disconcerting that Cyberport, with its technological prowess, has been unable to create a dedicated website providing comprehensive information, visuals, timelines, and contacts. The exclusion of the Pokfulam community from the park's design process, along with the restriction of their participation, is simply unjust."

Housing

Bel-Air is a luxury residential development in Cyberport. The development is split into six phases; phase 1 and 2 are referred to as Residence Bel-Air and Phase 3 is referred to as Bel-Air on the Peak. Phase 1 and 2 each have a clubhouse and seven blocks that are about 48 floors tall. Floor 40 and above are flats that have the area of two flats combined into one, creating over . All of which feature sky gardens with ocean views. Enumeration of "Block 4" and all fourth floors of each block has been avoided for superstitious reasons. However, the management company neglected to omit 4 when naming the construction phases.

Each floor of "Bel-Air on the Peak" has two or three apartments, two larger units, 'A' and 'C' and a smaller two-bedroom unit 'B'. The clubhouse of "Bel-Air on the Peak" is significantly newer with more artistic features. They maintain an indoor pool, gym, restaurant, snooker room and children's game room.

Bel-Air has 2 clubhouses: the Bay Wing and Peak Wing. They feature a spa, indoor and outdoor swimming pools, game's room, gym, children's playroom, restaurant and personal cinema. Each floor of the "Residence Bel-Air" has two flats with three bedrooms, a kitchen and a balcony. Additionally, there are single-family homes near "Residence Bel-Air".

Gallery

See also
 Hong Kong Free Press – a digital news outlet operating from Cyberport
 Jolla – R&D centre located in Cyberport
Sailfish Alliance – Cyberport Hong Kong is one of the partners in the Sailfish Alliance.

References

Further reading

External links

 The Arcade official site
 Bel-Air Residence Official website
 HyperAir Official website
 ReUbird Official website
 Residence Bel-Air property
 Void Official website
 Hong Kong Florist

Internet in Hong Kong
Office buildings in Hong Kong
Science and technology in Hong Kong
Business parks
Telegraph Bay
Hongkong Land
Bel-Air
Restricted areas of Hong Kong red public minibus
Intelligent Community Forum
Esports venues in China

Cyberport


Theophylact was an archdeacon of the Roman Church. After the death of Pope Stephen II in 757, a faction wanted to place him on the Holy See, but the majority chose the deceased Pope's brother Paul as successor. Theophylact remained in the papal service, in 794 serving as one of Adrian I's legates to the Synod of Frankfurt.

References

8th-century Italian clergy
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Archdeacon Theophylact


The 25th Hour () is a 1967 anti-war drama film directed by Henri Verneuil, produced by Carlo Ponti and starring Anthony Quinn and Virna Lisi. The film is based on the bestselling novel by C. Virgil Gheorghiu and follows the troubles experienced by a Romanian peasant couple caught up in World War II.

Plot
In a small Transylvanian village, a local police constable frames Johann Moritz on charges of being Jewish because Moritz's wife Suzanna has refused the constable's advances. Moritz is sent to a Romanian concentration camp as a Jew, where he is known as Jacob Moritz. He escapes to Hungary with some Jewish prisoners, but the Hungarians imprison them for being citizens of Romania, an enemy country. The Hungarian authorities eventually send them to Germany to fill German requests for foreign laborers. Moritz is spotted by an SS officer who designates him as an Aryan German-Romanian, freeing him from the labor camp and forcing him to join the Waffen-SS. After the war, Moritz is brutally beaten by the Soviets for having been a member of the Waffen-SS. He is then arrested and prosecuted as a war criminal by the Americans. Eventually he is released and reunited with his wife and sons in occupied Germany.

The film is based on the novel of the same name by Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu. The storyline includes Hungary's alliance with Nazi Germany, the forced cession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union in 1940 and subsequent events in Central Europe during and after World War II.

Cast
Anthony Quinn as Johann Moritz
Virna Lisi as Suzanna Moritz
Serge Reggiani as Traïan Koruga
Grégoire Aslan as Nicolai Dobresco
Michael Redgrave as defence lawyer
Marcel Dalio as Strul (as Dalio)
Jan Werich as Sgt. Constantin
Marius Goring as Oberst Müller
Alexander Knox as Prosecutor
Liam Redmond as Father Koruga
Meier Tzelniker as Abramovici
Kenneth J. Warren as Inspector Varga
John Le Mesurier as Tribunal president
Jacques Marin as the soldier at Debresco
Françoise Rosay as Mrs. Nagy
 as a prisoner in the truck
 as a prisoner in the truck
Jean Desailly as the minister's chief of staff
Albert Rémy as Joseph Grenier
 as the German officer
Robert Beatty as Colonel Greenfield
Harold Goldblatt as Isaac Nagy

Reception
In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Bosley Crowther panned The 25th Hour as "... such a tasteless and pointless hodgepodge of deadly serious and crudely comic elements, of tragic historical allusions grossly garbled in specious movie terms, that it looms large as one of the most disreputable and embarrassing films in recent years ..." Crowther was especially critical of Anthony Quinn's character and performance: "... [T]here is no real continuity or real sincerity in the nature of the man. He ranges from an image of the poignant victim to one of a genial simpleton. And in all his shuddering misadventures, so darkly shadowed by the facts of history, he manifests no awareness of relation to the suffering of others or even a point of view. The only philosophical reaction registered by Mr. Quinn—or provided by his script writers—is one of confusion that this is happening to him. The impression transmitted by all this is one of utter insensitivity."

Los Angeles Times film critic Philip K. Scheuer wrote: "One has to keep telling oneself what a good actor Anthony Quinn is in order to sustain interest ... For this odyssey of a wandering non-Jew takes up to 2 1/4 hours to say what it has to say, and even this doesn't add up to much which is new ..."

References

External links

1967 films
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1960s French films

The 25th Hour (film)


Zoë Porphyrogenita (  "life";  978 – 1050) was a member of the Macedonian dynasty who briefly reigned as Byzantine Empress in 1042, alongside her sister Theodora. Before that she was enthroned as empress consort or empress mother to a series of co-rulers, two of whom were married to her.

Zoë was born when her father Constantine was nominal co-emperor to his brother, Basil II. After a marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Otto III in 996 failed to materialise, Zoë spent subsequent years in the imperial palace. Basil died in 1025 when Zoë was 47, and her father acceded the Byzantine throne as Constantine VIII. As he had no sons, Constantine hoped to continue the dynasty by marrying off one of his daughters. Zoë, aged 50, was married to Romanos Argyros. They took the throne the next day on her father's death.

The marriage of Zoë and Romanos III was troubled, and Romanos was found dead in his bath in 1034. His death has been variously attributed to Zoë, her young lover, or both. They were married on the same day as the supposed murder, and he was crowned Emperor Michael IV on the following day. In 1041, Zoë was persuaded to adopt her dying husband's nephew, Michael Kalaphates. Once Michael V became emperor, he promptly exiled Zoë. This action sparked a popular revolt which dethroned him and installed Zoë and her sister Theodora as joint empresses. After a two-month joint reign, Zoë married a former lover who was installed as Constantine IX, transferring power to him. However, she continued to rule the empire as its heir and as the Byzantine empress. Eight years later, Zoë died aged 72. Her reign saw the decline of the Roman army, and the first incursions by the Turks into eastern Anatolia.

Early life:  978–1028

Zoë was Porphyrogenita, "born into the purple"; this was the appellation for a child born in the capital to a reigning emperor. She was the second daughter of Constantine VIII and his wife Helena. Her father had become co-emperor, at the age of two, in 962. His brother Basil II, the senior co-ruler, prevented his nieces from marrying any of the Byzantine nobility, as this would have given their husbands a claim on the imperial throne. As women they were unable to exercise any state authority; their only say in this was in choosing, or more likely accepting or not, a husband who would acquire their authority upon marriage. Consequently, Zoë lived a life of virtual obscurity in the imperial gynaeceum (women's quarters) for many years.

As an eligible imperial princess Zoë was considered a possible bride for the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto III, in 996. A second embassy sent in 1001, headed by Arnulf II, Archbishop of Milan, was tasked with selecting Otto's bride from among Constantine's three daughters. The eldest, Eudocia, was disfigured by smallpox, while the youngest, Theodora, was a very plain girl. Arnulf, therefore, selected the attractive 23-year-old Zoë, to which Basil II agreed. In January 1002 she accompanied Arnulf back to Italy, only to discover when the ship reached Bari that Otto had died, forcing her to return home.

When Basil II died, Constantine VIII took the throne. His reign as sole emperor lasted less than three years, from 15 December 1025 to 11 November 1028. Another opportunity for Zoë to marry arose in 1028 when an embassy from the Holy Roman Empire arrived in Constantinople with a proposal for an imperial marriage. Constantine and Zoë rejected the idea out of hand when it was revealed that the intended groom, Henry, the son of Conrad II, was only ten years old. Constantine determined that the ruling house would be continued by one of his daughters being married to an appropriate aristocrat. The first potential match was the distinguished noble Constantine Dalassenos, the former dux of Antioch. The emperor's advisors preferred a weak ruler whom they could control and they persuaded him to reject Dalassenos after he had already been summoned to the capital. Romanos Argyros, the urban prefect of Constantinople, was the next to be considered as a match. Theodora defied her father by refusing to marry Romanos, arguing that he was already marriedhis wife having been forced to become a nun to allow Romanos to marry into the imperial familyand that as third cousins they had too close a blood relationship for marriage to occur. Consequently, Constantine VIII chose Zoë to be Romanos's wife. Zoe and Romanos married on 10 November 1028 in the imperial chapel of the palace. The next day Constantine died and the newlyweds were seated on the imperial throne.

From Romanos III to Michael V: 1028–1042

Spending years in the same restrictive quarters with her sister, Zoë had come to loathe Theodora. Zoë convinced Romanos to appoint one of his own men as the chief of Theodora's household, with orders to spy on her. Shortly afterwards, Theodora was accused of plotting to usurp the throne, first with Presian in 1030, followed by Constantine Diogenes, the governor of Sirmium, in 1031. Zoë accused her of being part of the conspiracy, and Theodora was forcibly confined in the monastery of Petrion. Zoë later visited her sister and forced her to take religious vows.

Zoë was obsessed with continuing the Macedonian dynasty. Almost immediately upon marrying Romanos the fifty-year-old Zoë tried desperately to become pregnant. She used magic charms, amulets, and potions, all without effect. This failure to conceive helped alienate the couple, and soon Romanos refused to share the marriage bed with her. Romanos limited his wife's spending and paid her little attention.

Zoë, furious and frustrated, engaged in a number of affairs. Romanos tolerated these and took a mistress himself. In 1033 Zoë became enamoured of a low-born servant called Michael. She flaunted her lover openly and spoke about making him emperor. Rumours of her conduct led Romanos to confront Michael, who denied aspiring to the throne.

In early 1034 Romanos became ill and it was widely believed that Zoë and Michael were conspiring to have him poisoned. On 11 April Romanos was found dying in his bath. According to court official and later chronicler Michael Psellus some of his retinue had "held his head for a long time beneath the water, attempting at the same time to strangle him". John Scylitzes writes as a simple fact that Romanos was drowned on Michael's orders. Matthew of Edessa's account has Zoë poisoning Romanos.

Zoë and Michael were married on the same day that Romanos III died. The next day they summoned the Patriarch Alexios I to officiate at the coronation of the new emperor. Although he initially refused to co-operate, the payment of 50 pounds of gold helped change his mind. Zoë's new husband took power as Michael IV. His abrupt rise to power had left him unprepared to rule, and he delegated much of the business of governing to his brother, the eunuch John the Orphanotrophos.

Although Zoë believed Michael would prove to be a more devoted husband than Romanos, she was mistaken. Fearing that Zoë would turn on him as she had turned on his predecessor, Michael excluded her from politics and sent her back to the gynaeceum, where she was kept under strict surveillance. The disgruntled empress tried to alter the balance of power by conspiring against John, without success.

Michael's health was bad throughout his reign, and by 1041 it was obvious that he was dying. Eager to ensure that power remained in his hands, John the Eunuch forced Zoë to adopt his nephew Michael Kalaphates. On 10 December 1041, Michael IV died, refusing to the last to see his wife who begged that she be allowed to visit him one more time. Kalaphates was crowned emperor as Michael V.

Although he had pledged to respect Zoë, Michael V promptly banished her to a monastery on Principus, an island in the Sea of Marmara, on charges of attempted regicide. She was forcibly tonsured and sworn into a religious order. This treatment of the legitimate heir to the Macedonian Dynasty caused a popular uprising in Constantinople. Michael V, desperate to keep his throne, brought Zoë back from Principus and displayed her to the people, but his insistence that he continue to rule alongside her was in vain. On 19 April 1042, the mob revolted against Michael V in support of not only Zoë but also Theodora.

A delegation headed by Patrician Constantine Cabasilas went to the monastery at Petrion to convince Theodora to become co-empress alongside her sister. Theodora had become accustomed to a life of religious contemplation and tried to refuse the proposal, but the delegates brought her forcibly back to the capital. At an assembly in Hagia Sophia the people escorted a furious Theodora and proclaimed her empress along with Zoë. They were both crowned on 21 April and Michael V was forced to take refuge in a monastery.

Ruling with Theodora and Constantine IX: 1042–1050
Zoë immediately assumed power and tried to force Theodora back to her monastery, but the Senate and the people demanded that the sisters should jointly reign. As her first act Theodora was called upon to deal with Michael V. Zoë wanted to pardon and free Michael, but Theodora was clear and adamant. She initially guaranteed Michael's safety, but then ordered him to be blinded and to spend the rest of his life as a monk.

Officially Zoë was the senior empress, and her throne was situated slightly in front of Theodora's on all public occasions. In practice Theodora was the driving force behind the joint administration. The sisters proceeded to administer the empire, focusing on curbing the sale of public offices and on the administration of justice. Although contemporary historian Michael Psellus claimed the joint reign was a complete failure, John Scylitzes stated that they were very conscientious in rectifying the abuses of the previous reigns.

Theodora and Zoë appeared together at meetings of the Senate and gave public audiences, but it was soon apparent that their joint reign was under strain. Zoë was still jealous of Theodora and had no desire to administer the empire; but she would not allow Theodora to conduct public business alone. The court began to split, with factions forming behind each empress. After two months of increasing acrimony, Zoë decided to search for a new husbandthereby denying Theodora the opportunity to increase her influence. By the rules of the Orthodox Church her next marriage, her third, was the last she was permitted.

Her preference was for Constantine Dalassenos, who had been her father's first choice as her husband back in 1028. He was brought for an audience before the Empress, but during their conversation his independent and forceful manner displeased Zoë, and he was dismissed from her presence. Her next choice was the married Constantine Atroklines, a court official with whom it was rumoured that she had had an affair during the reign of Romanos III. He died under mysterious circumstances a few days before the wedding was to take place, possibly poisoned by his own soon to be ex-wife.

Zoë then remembered the handsome and urbane Constantine Monomachos, another former lover. The pair were married on 11 June 1042, without the participation of Patriarch Alexios, who refused to officiate over a third marriage (for both spouses). Constantine was crowned by the patriarch the next day.

Zoë got more than she bargained for when Constantine decided to bring with him to his new station his long-standing mistress Maria Skleraina. Not content with bringing her to court, he insisted that he be allowed to publicly share his life with her, and that she obtain some official recognition. The 64-year-old Zoë did not object to sharing her bed and her throne with Skleraina. Skleraina was given the title of sebaste, ranking behind Zoë and Theodora, and was addressed as mistress or empress, like them. At official events Skleraina took position immediately behind the sisters.

In the eyes of the public however, Constantine IX's preferential treatment of Skleraina was a scandal, and eventually rumours began to spread that Skleraina was planning to murder Zoë, and possibly Theodora. This led to a popular uprising by the citizens of Constantinople in 1044, which came dangerously close to actually harming Constantine who was participating in a religious procession along the streets of Constantinople. The mob was only quieted by the appearance on a balcony of Zoë and Theodora, who reassured the people that they were not in any danger of assassination.

It is said that Zoë was stunningly beautiful, and Michael Psellos in his Chronographia commented that "every part of her was firm and in good condition".  Recognising her own beauty and its use as a tool of statecraft, Zoë attempted to maximise and prolong its effect with a variety of treatments. She operated a cosmetics laboratory in the gynaeceum, and was said to have carried out experiments to improve the efficacy of the perfumes and unguents prepared there. Psellus reports that her face looked youthful into her sixties. Zoë died in 1050, aged 72. She was buried in Constantinople.

See also

List of Byzantine emperors

References

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

970s births
1050 deaths
Macedonian dynasty
11th-century Byzantine emperors
10th-century Byzantine women
11th-century Byzantine empresses
Remarried royal consorts
Byzantine empresses regnant
Porphyrogennetoi
Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles
1040s in the Byzantine Empire
11th-century women rulers
Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
Augustae
Daughters of Byzantine emperors

Zoe Porphyrogenita


Salomé is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa in 2001. It is the third remake of La Colorina.

On Monday, October 22, 2001, Canal de las Estrellas started broadcasting Salomé weekdays at 8:00pm, replacing La intrusa. The last episode was broadcast on Friday, May 17, 2002 with La Otra replacing it the following Monday.

The series stars Edith González, Guy Ecker, Sebastián Ligarde and Mónika Sánchez.

Plot
It is 1980 in Mexico City, where there are millions of people who dream of a better life, while others cry and suffer for their lost well-being.

In the D'Ruby cabaret lives Salomé (Edith González), she is the main dancer of the show; her beauty and sensuality captivate the audience. Salomé and Karicia (Niurka) are two supportive friends through thick and thin. Together with Yolanda (Yolanda Montes "Tongolele"), the owner of the place, who in her time was known as the "Queen of the Night", they are the soul and motor of the cabaret.

The dressing room is Salomé's refuge. Surrounded by lights, feathers and sequins, it would seem that her life is a constant party, but it is not. She found in dance a way to understand life, to challenge the past. She maintains an internal fight that does not end; since she was a child, she got to know pain due to the abandonment of her parents. She was tricked in love and has survived in a hostile world. "El Figurín" (Roberto Palazuelos) is the heartthrob of the neighborhood. He is violent, macho and in love with Salomé, but she breaks up the relationship because she dreams of true love.

Near the cabaret there is a neighborhood where a series of characters live: There we get to know Kikis (Rosita Pelayo), a gossipy but cooperative woman; Hipólito (Jaime Garza), who is a plumber, but laziness and the inability to think about the future have made him mediocre; Marta (Paty Díaz), his wife, wants a better life, has aspirations and feels that her marriage is dying. Piro (Carlos Eduardo Rico), Marta's brother, lives with them. He is very similar to Hipólito, they spend their time joking and playing, as if they didn't take life seriously. Lola (Leticia Perdigón) sells fayuca and, together with "El Figurín", she controls a gang. She falls in love with David (Milton Cortés), who has a secret and will be Lola's downfall.

On the other side of the city, in a mansion, lives the Montesino family: Julio (Guy Ecker) and Ángela (Mónika Sánchez) are married. She is a sick woman and her husband faces the problem and patiently bears the eventful marital life he is forced to live. Lucrecia (María Rubio), Julio's mother, thinks that Ángela, being sterile, represents an obstacle for the family. Accustomed to dominate and to modify wills, she will twist Julio's destiny until she achieves her longed-for grandson.

Arturo (Aarón Hernán), Lucrecia's husband, has assumed his life as a faithful and good husband. He accepts Lucrecia's feminine strength because he loves her and prefers to live in peace. He is an understanding father and wants to keep the family together. Manola (Patricia Reyes Spíndola) is a strong woman, she faces Lucrecia, she does not allow Ángela to be hurt. She is the guardian angel of the Montesino family. She has dedicated her life to the service of the family, she represents balance and good sense.

Diego (Sebastián Ligarde), Ángela's half brother, lives with them. He is a playboy, partygoer and regular client of the D'Ruby cabaret. On a drunken night, Diego arrives at the mansion accompanied by Salomé and Karicia.

It is fate that leads Salomé by the hand to meet Julio. One look, one kiss and they will no longer be able to leave each other. Secretly, far away, they will consummate their deep, but forbidden love... Salomé will have to face adverse and painful situations.

Cast
First part

Edith Gonzalez as Fernanda Quiñones "Salomé"
Guy Ecker as Julio Montesino Limantour
Sebastián Ligarde as Diego Duval
Mónika Sánchez as Ángela Duval de Montesino
María Rubio as Doña Lucrecia Limantour de Montesino
Patricia Reyes Spíndola as Manola
Aarón Hernán as Don Arturo Montesino
Raúl Ramírez as Dr. Íñigo
Niurka as Karicia de Cisneros "Platonia"
Yolanda Montes "Tongolele" as Yolanda
Leticia Perdigón as Lola
Jaime Garza as Hipólito
Paty Díaz as Marta
Julián Bravo as Guillermo
Katie Barberi as Laura de Cansino
Juan Imperio as Animador
Roberto Palazuelos as Humberto "Beto" Treviño "El Figurín"
Rodrigo Vidal as Danny Soraya
Carlos Eduardo Rico as Piro
Rosita Pelayo as Kikis
Andrés García Jr. as Víctor
Fernando Robles as Pancho
Iliana de la Garza as Leonor
Thelma Tixou as Teporocha
José Roberto Cantoral as Lucho
Milton Cortés as David "El Matador"
Raúl Castellanos as Juanito
Romina Dos Pasos as Lupita
Carlos González as Cairo
Luis Romo as Manotas
Damián Sarka as Diente de Oro
Leo Navarro as Caritas
Arturo Guízar as Abel
Julián Pastor as Lic. Arango

Second part

Edith Gonzalez as Fernanda Quiñones de Lavalle "Salomé"
Guy Ecker as Julio Montesino Limantour
Sebastián Ligarde as Diego Duval
Niurka as Karicia de Cisneros "Platonia"
María Rubio as Doña Lucrecia Limantour de Montesino
Aarón Hernán as Don Arturo Montesino
Patricia Reyes Spíndola as Manola
Raúl Ramírez as Dr. Íñigo
Julián Bravo as Guillermo
Roberto Vander as Mauricio Valdivia
Jaime Garza as Hipólito
Ernesto D'Alessio as José Miguel Lavalle Quiñones
José María Torre as José Armando Lavalle Quiñones
Rafael Amaya as José Julián Lavalle Quiñones
Alejandra Procuna as Rebeca Santos
Rosita Pelayo as Kikis
Carlos Eduardo Rico as Piro
Alessandra Rosaldo as Karla Cansino
Zully Keith as Rosario
Arturo Guízar as Abel
Marco Uriel as Roberto
Jacqueline Arroyo as Irma
Antonio Brenan as Chava
Jorge Brenan as Nacho
Pablo Cheng as Willy
Christian Ruiz as Aldo
Yuliana Peniche as Money
Kelchie Arizmendi as Natalia
Thaily Amezcua as Romina
Damián Mendiola as Mauro
Alberto Salaberry as Juan "Juanito" Pérez
Carmen Becerra as Diana
Iliana de la Garza as Leonor
Milton Cortés as David "El Matador"

Awards and nominations

DVD releases

Region 2
Pandastorm Pictures started to release the series in Germany on May 8, 2015. The first volume, a 10 DVD box set, consists of episode 1 – 50 and is CODEFREE, sound: German DD 2.0, Spanish DD 2.0

References

External links

2001 telenovelas
2001 Mexican television series debuts
2002 Mexican television series endings
Television shows set in Mexico City
Televisa telenovelas
Mexican television series based on Chilean television series
Spanish-language telenovelas

Salomé (TV series)


Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.

He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.

References

1950 births
Living people
People from Fredrikstad
Directors of museums in Norway

Olav Aaraas


József Darányi (28 September 1905 in Devecser – 23 December 1990 in Veresegyház) was a Hungarian shot putter who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics, in the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Darányi broke the world record in both-handed shot put (an event in which the shot was thrown with the right hand and separately with the left hand, and the best results for each hand were added together) on three occasions. He first broke Ralph Rose's world record of 28.00 m in June 1931, achieving a total of 28.04 m (14.80 m/13.24 m). Three months later he improved to 28.67 m (15.43 m/13.24 m). Darányi lost the record to Jack Torrance in 1934, but regained it the following year with a total of 29.46 m (15.77 m/13.69 m), his eventual best.

References

1905 births
1990 deaths
Hungarian male shot putters
Olympic athletes for Hungary
Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Veszprém County
People from Veresegyház
Sportspeople from Pest County

József Darányi


A-412,997 is a drug which acts as a dopamine agonist that is used in scientific research. It is the first drug developed that is a highly selective agonist for the D4 subtype, with significantly improved selectivity over older D4-preferring compounds such as PD-168,077 and CP-226,269. In animal tests it improved cognitive performance in rats to a similar extent as methylphenidate, but without producing place preference or other signs of abuse liability. Also unlike other dopamine agonists, selective D4 agonists do not cause side effects such as sedation and nausea, and so might have advantages over older dopamine agonist drugs.

References

Dopamine agonists
Acetanilides
Piperidines
2-Pyridyl compounds

A-412997


Le Ore (meaning The Hours in English) was an Italian weekly news magazine published between 1953 and 1994 in Milan, Italy.

History and profile
The magazine was founded in Milan in April 1953 as a weekly political, cultural and literary magazine and was first directed by Salvato Cappelli. In 1962 the magazine was acquired by Dino De Laurentiis and the editorial staff was moved to Rome; Vittorio Bonicelli was appointed as the new director, the number of pages was increased from 68 to 80, and the magazine started to give more room to cinema reports and photoshoots. In 1966 Le Ore was acquired by Golden Arrow Publishing, with Gérard Méssadie appointed as  editorial director.

After three years of hiatus, in 1970 the magazine was acquired by Saro Balsamo Editore and relaunched as a "political, news, cultural and costume magazine", with Francesco Cardella serving as the editorial director. In March 1971, a spin-off monthly magazine, Le Ore Mese, was launched.

In 1973, the magazine gradually started hosting erotic contents, and in 1977 it eventually became a pornographic magazine. In the early 1980s, Le Ore got a large commercial success, mostly thanks to several celebrities posing in erotic and sometimes explicit situations in photoshoots, as well as thanks to the regular presence of the Italian hardcore cinema major stars Ilona Staller, of whom the magazine also published comic series inspired to her, and Moana Pozzi. During this period, it also regularly presented other erotic comic series, often created by Aldo Rapetti and Otello Perandin.

Because of the increasing competition of pornographic videotapes, in the late 1980s the circulation started to decline, and the magazine eventually closed in 1996.

See also
 List of magazines in Italy

References

1953 establishments in Italy
1996 disestablishments in Italy
Defunct political magazines published in Italy
Italian-language magazines
News magazines published in Italy
Weekly magazines published in Italy
Magazines established in 1953
Magazines disestablished in 1996
Magazines published in Milan
Pornographic magazines

Le Ore