"Our Last Summer" is a song by ABBA from the group's seventh studio album, Super Trouper. It was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus.

Ulvaeus found lyrical inspiration for this song in a memory of a romance he had when he was a teenager. During a visit to Paris, he met a girl from his home-town who was working as an au pair. "We had not been romantically involved in Sweden," he recalled, "but Paris tends to have that effect on people, and so it was with the two of us. She certainly took me to see the Quartier Latin, the Champs-Élysées and the Eiffel Tower, but to be honest I don't really remember much of Paris. I mostly remember her!"

Recording for this track began on 4 June 1980 in Polar Music Studios.  The song features Anni-Frid Lyngstad on lead vocals and her time in the studio during the recording is captured in a series of photographs taken by Anders Hanser.

In the background of the bridge to this song, during Lasse Wellander's guitar solo, part of the Chess song, "Anthem", can be heard. Andersson and Ulvaeus had been working on the melody for "Anthem" for a number of years but had never found a place for it in any ABBA project.  When they finally came to use it in the musical Chess, they hoped that no one would notice that part of it had already been used in "Our Last Summer".

The song is used in the ABBA songs-based musical Mamma Mia! and the 2008 film of the same name. That version was certified Silver by BPI in 2022.

References

ABBA songs
1980 songs
Rock ballads
Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus
Songs about Paris
1980s ballads
Songs about nostalgia

Our Last Summer


Events
January 9 – Adrian Dedens becomes Pope Adrian VI.
 February 26 – Execution by hanging of Cuauhtémoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador Hernán Cortés.
April 22 – Battle of Bicocca – French and Swiss forces under Odet de Lautrec are defeated by the Spanish in their attempt to retake Milan, and are forced to withdraw into Venetian territory.
July 28 – Beginning of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I's siege of the Knights of St. John in Rhodes.
 September 6 – The Vittoria, one of the surviving ships of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, returns to Sanlcar de Barrameda in Spain, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world.
December 18 – The Turks finally break into Rhodes, but the Knights continue fierce resistance in the streets.
December 20 – Suleiman the Magnificent accepts the surrender of the surviving Knights, who are allowed to evacuate. They eventually re-settle on Malta and become known as the Knights of Malta.
 First Diet of Nuremberg.
 The third edition of the Textus Receptus of the Bible published.

1522


Chester Catholic High School or CHSC but officially called The Catholic High School, Chester is a co-educational Roman Catholic secondary school and sixth form with academy status, located on the outskirts of Handbridge, Chester, England.

The catchment area of the school expands into Lache and Blacon, with some buses transporting pupils from as far afield as Neston and Frodsham. The school has over 1,000 pupils. The general uniform is a white shirt, bottle-green tie, a black blazer and black trousers or skirt. The current head teacher is Mrs C McKeagney; previous head teachers have included John McCann (acting, 2003–04), Victoria Ratchford (1994–2003), Christine McCann (no relation to John) and Michael Balfe.

The school transferred to the present site in September 1972; previously the school site was occupied by the Overleigh Boys School. In 2006 Ofsted called its Sixth Form "Outstanding". Building work was completed in Autumn 2008 and comprised a new building accommodating the Sixth Form and the Performing Arts, along with two new Science laboratories and new office and staffrooms.

The school now has a new Emmaus Building which was built especially for the sixth form is also used for whole school music and drama. It is solar power electricity generated, the water comes from rain water and the drama rooms have underfloor heating. It was officially opened on 12 February 2008 by Russell Cooke, Dean of Chester, standing in for Brian Noble, Roman Catholic Bishop of Shrewsbury.

In 2017, a new all-weather hockey pitch was opened by the Olympian Sam Quek.

The school was awarded specialist Science College status in 2003, in addition to being a classified Beacon school. In March 2013, the school converted to academy status.

Following consultation, the Governing Body of the Catholic High School decided upon a new school uniform in March 2014 coming into effect in September 2014.

History

The Catholic High School, Chester was established in the early 1970s based on its two predecessor schools, The Ursuline Convent, based near the Roman amphitheatre in the middle of the city, and St Bede's Catholic School in Handbridge.

When the school was opened it took over the buildings of the old Overleigh Boys School, while Overleigh St Mary's Church of England Primary School was opened on the old St Bede's site. An external frieze of St Bede can be seen to this day at the front of the primary school. The Catholic High School opened with Michael Balfe as its first headteacher, and he was succeeded by Christine McCann and then Vicky Ratchford followed by John Murray. The current headteacher is Mrs C McKeagney, who was appointed in 2019.

The school was founded by and is part of the Catholic Church, and the relationship with the Diocese of Shrewsbury and our partner parishes is crucial to the school's identity.

Alumni
 Caitlin Flood
 Julian Knight, Conservative MP for Solihull.
 Rebecca Long-Bailey, Labour MP for Salford and Eccles, former Shadow Business Secretary and Shadow Education Secretary.

References

Secondary schools in Cheshire West and Chester
Schools in Chester
Catholic secondary schools in the Diocese of Shrewsbury
Educational institutions established in 1972
1972 establishments in England
Academies in Cheshire West and Chester

Chester Catholic High School


Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (German: Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie) is a book published by Friedrich Engels in 1886.

According to Engels, the seed for this book was planted 40 years before, in The German Ideology written by Marx and Engels, but unpublished in their lifetime. The undertaking is performed to deal critically with German philosophy from a dialectical materialist position. Here Engels emphasized the importance of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Ludwig Feuerbach for their own theories.

Hegel's idealist, conservative system must be distinguished from his materialist, revolutionary method of dialectics. Feuerbach had turned to law against Hegel's idealistic system and "the fundamental question of philosophy": the relation of thinking and being. But Feuerbach rejected Hegel's dialectical method, which is why his view of man and nature remained abstract and unhistorical. Marx only kept the "rational" content from the dialectical method and freed it from their idealistic form.

Publication history
The book was only about 50 pages long, and was written early in 1886, and published that year in "Die Neue Zeit", issues No. 4 and 5. In 1888 a revised print by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Dietz was published in Stuttgart, which contained some additional commentary by Engels. In this edition, Marx' 1845 Theses on Feuerbach  was also reprinted for the first time. The first English translation by Austin Lewis was published in the United States in 1903 by Charles H. Kerr & Company.

External links
 Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, MEW 21, pp. 259–307.
 Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy to marxists.org

1886 non-fiction books
Books by Friedrich Engels
German philosophy
Marxist books
Dialectical materialism


Within the scientific discipline of toxicology, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are generated by immune activation of cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells). They are generally CD8+, which makes them MHC class I restricted. CTLs are able to eliminate most cells in the body since most nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. The CTL-mediated immune system can be divided into two phases. In the first phase, functional effector CTLs are generated from naive Tc cells through activation and differentiation. In the second phase, affector CTLs destroy target cells by recognizing the antigen-MHC class I complex.

Phase 1

In phase one, effector CTLs are generated from CTL precursors. The CTL precursors include naive Tc cells since they are incapable of killing target cells. After a precursor cell has been activated, it can then differentiate into a functional CTL with cytotoxic activity. There are three sequential signals that are required to complete this process.

First, there is TCR recognition of the peptide-MHC class I complex. This step allows the cell to become licensed to an antigen-presenting cell.

Second, a costimulatory signal is transmitted by the interaction between CD28 and B7 of the precursor cell and the licensed antigen-presenting cell.

Last, a signal is induced by the interaction between IL-2 and the high-affinity IL-2 receptor. This results in proliferation and differentiation of the antigen-activated precursor cell into a functional effector CTL.

Phase 2

In phase two, the now functional effector CTLs destroy the target cells. This can be done in two ways. These pathways are the cytotoxic protein pathway and the Fas ligand pathway. Apoptosis is the primary mechanism for both of these pathways.

Cytotoxic protein pathway
One pathway is the cytotoxic protein pathway. In this pathway perforins and granzymes are taken up by the target cell. In this pathway, the perforins facilitate the entry of granule contents into the cell. The granzymes then activate the endogenous apoptosis pathway, which induces cell death without necrosis. This leaves packages of fragmented DNA material from the target cell for the macrophages to dispose of.

Fas ligand pathway
The other pathway is the Fas ligand pathway. In this pathway, a Fas ligand (FasL) on the CTL binds to Fas receptor (FasR) on the target cell. This pathway is independent of granzymes. Instead it involves Interleukin-1β converting enzyme (ICE; also known as Caspase 1) activation, which is similar to granzyme B. This ultimately leads to DNA fragmentation.

References
Kindt, Thomas, Richard Goldsby, Barbara Osborne, and Janis Kuby. Kuby Immunology. W. H. Freeman, 2007. 353–360.

Toxicology

CTL-mediated cytotoxicity


Agrigento (;   or  ; ;  or ; ; , or  Jirjant) is a city on the southern coast of Sicily, Italy and capital of the province of Agrigento. It was one of the leading cities of Magna Graecia during the golden age of Ancient Greece.

History

Akragas was founded on a plateau overlooking the sea, with two nearby rivers, the Hypsas and the Acragas, after which the settlement was originally named. A ridge, which offered a degree of natural fortification, links a hill to the north called Colle di Girgenti with another, called Rupe Atenea, to the east. According to Thucydides, it was founded around 582-580 BC by Greek colonists from Gela in eastern Sicily, with further colonists from Crete and Rhodes. The founders (oikistai) of the new city were Aristonous and Pystilus. It was the last of the major Greek colonies in Sicily to be founded.

Archaic period

The territory under Akragas's control expanded to comprise the whole area between the Platani and the Salso, and reached deep into the Sicilian interior. Greek literary sources connect this expansion with military campaigns, but archaeological evidence indicates that this was a much longer term process which reached its peak only in the early fifth century BC. Most other Greek settlements in Sicily experienced similar territorial expansion in this period. Excavations at a range of sites in this region inhabited by the indigenous Sican people, such as Monte Sabbucina, Gibil-Gabil, Vasallaggi, San Angelo Muxano, and Mussomeli, show signs of the adoption of Greek culture. It is disputed how much of this expansion was carried out by violence and how much by commerce and acculturation. The territorial expansion provided land for the Greek settlers to farm, native slaves to work these farms, and control of the overland route from Acragas to the city of Himera on the northern coast of Sicily. This was the main land route from the Straits of Sicily to the Tyrrhenian Sea and Acragas' control of it was a key factor in its economic prosperity in the sixth and fifth centuries BC, which became proverbial. Famously, Plato, upon seeing the living standard of the inhabitants, was said to have remarked that "they build like they intend to live forever, yet eat like this is their last day." Perhaps as a result of this wealth, Acragas was one of the first communities in Sicily to begin minting its own coinage, around 520 BC.

Around 570 BC, the city came under the control of Phalaris, a semi-legendary figure, who was remembered as the archetypal tyrant, said to have killed his enemies by burning them alive inside a bronze bull. In the ancient literary sources, he is linked with the military campaigns of territorial expansion, but this is probably anachronistic. He ruled until around 550 BC. The political history of Acragas in the second half of the sixth century is unknown, except for the names of two leaders, Alcamenes and Alcander. Acragas also expanded westwards over the course of the sixth century BC, leading to a rivalry with Selinus, the next Greek city to the west. The Selinuntines founded the city of Heraclea Minoa at the mouth of the Platani river, halfway between the two settlements, in the mid-sixth century BC, but the Acragantines conquered it around 500 BC.

Emmenid period

Theron, a member of the Emmenid family, made himself tyrant of Acragas around 488 BC. He formed an alliance with Gelon, tyrant of Gela and Syracuse. Around 483 BC, Theron invaded and conquered Himera, Acragas' neighbour to the north. The tyrant of Himera, Terillus joined his son-in-law, Anaxilas of Rhegium, and the Selinuntines in calling on the Carthaginians to come and restore Terillus to power. The Carthaginians did invade in 480 BC, the first of the Greco-Punic Wars, but they were defeated by the combined forces of Theron and Gelon at the Battle of Himera. As a result, Acragas was affirmed in its control of the central portion of Sicily, an area of around 3,500 km2. A number of enormous construction projects were carried out in the Valle dei Templi at this time, including the Temple of Olympian Zeus, which was one of the largest Greek temples ever built, and the construction of a massive Kolymbethra reservoir. According to Diodorus Siculus, they were built in commemoration of the Battle of Himera, using the prisoners captured in the war as slave labour. Archaeological evidence indicates that the boom in monumental construction actually began before the battle, but continued in the period after it. A major reconstruction of the city walls on a monumental scale also took place in this period. Theron sent teams to compete in the Olympic games and other Panhellenic competitions in mainland Greece. Several poems by Pindar and Simonides commemorated victories by Theron and other Acragantines, which provide insights into Acragantine identity and ideology at this time. Greek literary sources generally praise Theron as a good tyrant, but accuse his son Thrasydaeus, who succeeded him in 472 BC, of violence and oppression. Shortly after Theron's death, Hiero I of Syracuse (brother and successor of Gelon) invaded Acragas and overthrew Thrasydaeus. The literary sources say that Acragas then became a democracy, but in practice it seems to have been dominated by the civic aristocracy.

Classical and Hellenistic periods

The period after the fall of the Emmenids is not well-known. An oligarchic group called "the thousand" was in power for a few years in the mid-fifth century BC, but was overthrown - the literary tradition gives the philosopher Empedocles a decisive role in this revolution, but some modern scholars have doubted this. In 451 BC, Ducetius, leader of a Sicel state opposed to the expansion of Syracuse and other Greeks into the interior of Sicily, invaded Acragantine territory and conquered an outpost called Motyum. The Syracusans defeated and captured Ducetius in 450, but subsequently allowed him to go into exile. Outraged by this comparatively light punishment, the Acragantines went to war with Syracuse. They were defeated in a battle on the Salso river, which left Syracuse the pre-eminent power in eastern Sicily. The defeat was serious enough that Acragas ceased to mint coinage for a number of years.

Ancient sources considered Acragas to be a very large city at this time. Diodorus Siculus says that the population was 200,000 people, of which 20,000 were citizens. Diogenes Laertius put the population at an incredible 800,000. Some modern scholars have accepted Diodorus' numbers, but they seem to be far too high. Jos de Waele suggests a population of 16,000-18,000 citizens, while Franco de Angelis estimates a total population of around 30,000-40,000.

When Athens undertook the Sicilian Expedition against Syracuse from 415-413 BC, Acragas remained neutral. However, it was sacked by the Carthaginians in 406 BC. Acragas never fully recovered its former status, though it revived following the invasion of Timoleon in the late fourth century onwards and large-scale construction took place in the Hellenistic period. During the early 3rd century BC, a tyrant called Phintias declared himself king in Akragas, also controlling a variety of other cities. His kingdom was however not long-lived.

Roman period
The city was disputed between the Romans and the Carthaginians during the First Punic War. The Romans laid siege to the city in 262 BC and captured it after defeating a Carthaginian relief force in 261 BC and  sold the population into slavery. Although the Carthaginians recaptured the city in 255 BC the final peace settlement gave Punic Sicily and with it Akragas to Rome. It suffered badly during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) when both Rome and Carthage fought to control it. The Romans eventually captured Akragas in 210 BC and renamed it Agrigentum, although it remained a largely Greek-speaking community for centuries thereafter. It became prosperous again under Roman rule and its inhabitants received full Roman citizenship following the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BC.

An inscription shows that the city was promoted to the status of colonia by Septimius Severus and renamed "Colonia Septimia Augusta Agrigentorum."

Middle Ages
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city successively passed into the hands of the Vandalic Kingdom, the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy and then the Byzantine Empire. During this period the inhabitants of Agrigentum largely abandoned the lower parts of the city and moved to the former acropolis, at the top of the hill. The reasons for this move are unclear but were probably related to the destructive coastal raids of the Saracens and other peoples around this time. In 828 AD the Saracens captured the diminished remnant of the city; the Arabic form of its name became  () or  ().

Following the Norman conquest of Sicily, the city changed its name to the Norman version Girgenti. In 1087, Norman Count Roger I established a Latin bishopric in the city. Normans built the Castello di Agrigento to control the area. The population declined during much of the medieval period but revived somewhat after the 18th century.

Modern period

In 1860, as in the rest of Sicily, the inhabitants supported the arrival of Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Expedition of the Thousand (one of the most dramatic events of the Unification of Italy) which marked the end of Bourbon rule. In 1927, Benito Mussolini through the "Decree Law n. 159, 12 July 1927" introduced the current Italianized version of the Latin name. The decision remains controversial as a symbol of Fascism and the eradication of local history. Following the suggestion of Andrea Camilleri, a Sicilian writer of Agrigentine origin, the historic city centre was renamed to the Sicilian name "Girgenti" in 2016. The city suffered a number of destructive bombing raids during World War II.

Government

Economy
Agrigento is a major tourist centre due to its extraordinarily rich archaeological legacy. It also serves as an agricultural centre for the surrounding region. Sulphur and potash were mined locally from Minoan times until the 1970s, and were exported worldwide from the nearby harbour of Porto Empedocle (named after the philosopher Empedocles, who lived in ancient Akragas). In 2010, the unemployment rate in Agrigento was 19.2%, almost twice the national average.

Main sights

Ancient Akragas covers a huge area—much of which is still unexcavated today—but is exemplified by the famous Valle dei Templi ("Valley of the Temples", a misnomer, as it is a ridge, rather than a valley). This comprises a large sacred area on the south side of the ancient city where seven monumental Greek temples in the Doric style were constructed during the 6th and 5th centuries BC. Now excavated and partially restored, they constitute some of the largest and best-preserved ancient Greek buildings outside of Greece itself. They are listed as a World Heritage Site.

The best-preserved of the temples are two very similar buildings traditionally attributed to the goddesses Hera and Concordia (though there is no evidence for this). The latter temple is remarkably intact, due to its having been converted into a Christian church in 597 AD. Both were constructed to a peripteral hexastyle design. The area around the Temple of Concordia was later re-used by early Christians as a catacomb, with tombs hewn out of the rocky cliffs and outcrops.

The other temples are much more fragmentary, having been toppled by earthquakes long ago and quarried for their stones. The largest by far is the Temple of Olympian Zeus, built to commemorate the Battle of Himera in 480 BC: it is believed to have been the largest Doric temple ever built. Although it was apparently used, it appears never to have been completed; construction was abandoned after the Carthaginian invasion of 406 BC.
The remains of the temple were extensively quarried in the 18th century to build the jetties of Porto Empedocle. Temples dedicated to Hephaestus, Heracles and Asclepius were also constructed in the sacred area, which includes a sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone (formerly known as the Temple of Castor and Pollux); the marks of the fires set by the Carthaginians in 406 BC can still be seen on the sanctuary's stones.

Many other Hellenistic and Roman sites can be found in and around the town. These include a pre-Hellenic cave sanctuary near a Temple of Demeter, over which the Church of San Biagio was built. A late Hellenistic funerary monument erroneously labelled the "Tomb of Theron" is situated just outside the sacred area, and a 1st-century AD heroon (heroic shrine) adjoins the 13th century Church of San Nicola a short distance to the north. A sizeable area of the Greco-Roman city has also been excavated, and several classical necropoleis and quarries are still extant.

Much of present-day Agrigento is modern but it still retains a number of medieval and Baroque buildings. These include the 14th century cathedral and the 13th century Church of Santa Maria dei Greci ("St. Mary of the Greeks"), again standing on the site of an ancient Greek temple (hence the name). The town also has a notable archaeological museum displaying finds from the ancient city.

People
 Empedocles (5th Century BC), the Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, was a citizen of ancient Akragas.
 Tellias () of Akragas, described in ancient sources as a hospitable man; when 500 horsemen were billeted with him during the winter, he gave each a tunic and cloak.
 Karkinos () of Akragas, a tragedian
 Tigellinus (born c10 AD), a Prefect of the Praetorian Guard and infamous associate of the Emperor Nero, belonged to a family of Greek descent in Agrigento - although he may have been born in Scyllaceum in Southern Italy, where his father is supposed to have lived in exile.
 Paolo Girgenti (1767–1815), a painter active in Naples who served as president of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli, was born in Agrigento.
 Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936), dramatist and Nobel prize winner for literature, was born at contrada u Càvusu in Agrigento.
 Giovanni Leone (b. 1967), an Italian geophysicist and volcanologist, was born in Agrigento.
 Vinnie Paz (b. 1977), the Italian-American rapper and lyricist behind Philadelphia underground hip-hop group Jedi Mind Tricks.
 Frankie Carbo (b. 1904), the Italian-American New York City Mafia soldier in the Lucchese crime family and promoter in professional boxing.
 Larry Page (b. 1973), co-founder of Google, became an honorary citizen of Agrigento on August 4, 2017.

Twin towns – sister cities

Agrigento is twinned with:
 Perm, Russia
 Tampa, United States
 Valenciennes, France

Gallery

Panoramic views

See also
Siege of Akragas (406 BC)
Agrigentum inscription
Battle of Agrigentum (456)
List of mayors of Agrigento
Sulfur mining in Sicily

References

Sources

External links

Yair Karelic's photos of the Valley of the Temples
Agrigento Old Town

Archaeological sites in Sicily
Municipalities of the Province of Agrigento
580s BC
Dorian colonies in Magna Graecia
Colonies of Gela
6th-century BC establishments in Italy
Populated places established in the 6th century BC

Agrigento


The A8 motorway is a motorway in the Netherlands. It starts at the intersection with the Ring Amsterdam (the A10 motorway) at interchange Coenplein, and leads past Oostzaan, interchange Zaandam, and Zaandijk towards its terminus, not even 10 kilometers from its beginning at the Coenplein, near Assendelft.

Overview
In the 1970s, this road was planned to be extended for about 5 extra kilometers towards the A9 motorway, between the interchange Beverwijk and the exit Heemskerk. However, due to the rising oil prices and the congestion which was already a problem at the A10 near the Coenplein, it was decided not to do so after all.

N8

Currently, along parts of the N246 and N203 roads, signs are placed with the number N8, to direct the motorist from the terminus of the A8 motorway towards the exit Uitgeest of the A9 motorway. However, the N8 is not part of the so-called Rijksweg 8, which only consists of the motorway part between the Coenplein and Assendelft.

Exit list

External links

Motorways in the Netherlands
Motorways in North Holland
Transport in Amsterdam
Oostzaan
Zaanstad

A8 motorway (Netherlands)


Stephen Farrelly () (born 28 January 1978) is an Irish professional wrestler and actor, best known by his ring name Sheamus, . He is signed with WWE and competes on the Raw program, currently tag teaming with Cesaro, where they are former 2 time Raw Tag Team Champions.

Prior to joining WWE, Farrelly was also a two-time International Heavyweight Champion during his tenure in Irish Whip Wrestling. He is a three-time World Champion, having held the WWE Championship on two occasions and is the current World Heavyweight Champion in his first reign. He also won the King of the Ring in 2010 and the Royal Rumble in 2012, as well as the WWE United States Championship once.

Early life
Farrelly was born in Cabra, Dublin and was raised within the city. His father, Mark, was an amateur bodybuilder. Farrelly speaks fluent Gaelic, having attended Scoil Caoimhin Primary and Secondary School, a Gaelscoil During his school years he sang in the Palestrina Choir until the age of thirteen, as part of which he appeared on the Late Late Show and Live at Three television programmes. He played Gaelic football for the Erin's Isle team where he was declared sports star of the month. He also played rugby for the National College of Ireland, where he gained a National Diploma.

Farrelly is a former IT technician. He also worked as security for a nightclub which led to him occasionally working personal security for Bono and Larry Mullen Jr. of U2 as well as Denise van Outen.

Professional wrestling career

Training and character development (2002–2004)
Farrelly's inspiration into a professional wrestling career came from watching both British wrestling from ITV's World of Sport and American wrestling from the World Wrestling Federation on Sky One. On the advice of Bret Hart, Farrelly began training in Larry Sharpe's Monster Factory wrestling school in April 2002, alongside Tank Toland, Cliff Compton and Cindy Rogers. Six weeks later he officially debuted as a fan favorite under the name Sheamus O'Shaunessy against Robert Pigeon. It was during this time that he developed the nickname the "Irish Curse" after low-blowing an opponent. He soon suffered a serious neck injury after botching a hip toss which sidetracked his career for two years.

Farrelly soon developed his wrestling character by drawing on Celtic mythology. Wanting to move away from limiting Irish stereotypes of lucky charms, leprechauns and alcoholism, he instead wanted to portray an Irish warrior. Going to a Gaelscoil, Farelly grew up aware of the four cycles of Irish mythology and, inspired by the artwork of Jim Fitzpatrick, incorporated the sword and axe-wielding imagery into his gimmick. This included the design of his own pendant, the crossos, which combines the Celtic cross with a Celtic War sword to illustrate his character's "indigenous origins with a hybrid of warrior strength matched with a strong ethical centre."

Irish Whip Wrestling (2004–2006)

In May 2004, still using the ring name Sheamus O'Shaunessy, Farrelly returned to wrestling at the newly opened Irish Whip Wrestling (IWW) school in Dublin. He then made his debut match for the promotion at their Mount Temple show on 9 July against Mark Burns, who he easily defeated. He went on to win a battle royal the following month.

O'Shaunessy spent the rest of the year engaged in a rivalry with Vid Vain after losing to his tag team partner Joey Cabray the same night as winning the battle royal. On 22 and 23 October they traded wins, leading to O'Shaunessy recruiting help from CJ Summers to help defeat the tag team on 24 October. Still O'Shaunessy failed to defeat Vain in singles action the following day.Despite these losses, his impressive showings earned him a place against Alex Shane in a guest match for the Frontier Wrestling Alliance (FWA) British Heavyweight Championship. Despite putting on a strong showing and being close to winning, his friend Red Vinny interfered in the match and cost him the championship.

In March 2005 he avenged this loss by teaming with Raven to defeat Shane and Vinny. This victory was part of a winning streak over the end of March where O'Shaunessy wrestled twice a day on 24, 25, 26 – including an 11 man Rumble win – and 27 March with a standard tag match and a ten-man tag team match. This series of victories, aside from one loss by disqualification to Vain, put him good stead for the one-day tournament held in County Kildare to crown the inaugural IWW International Heavyweight Champion. On March 28, O'Shaunessy put an end to his main rivalries when he defeated Vinny and then Vain in the quarter and semi finals, respectively. He met Darren Burridge in the final match and won to become IWW's first champion, but had to compete again in an evening show in Dublin, defeating Burridge and Vinny once more in a tag match alongside Vain.

O'Shaunessy's first successful title defence came against Burridge the following month but Burridge would not let his grudge rest, continuing to attack O'Shaunessy and finally costing him the title during a match against D'Lo Brown on 29 May. O'Shaunessy earned revenge in July by defeating Burridge in a grudge match, though lost to him in an arm wrestling contest the following day. Still, he continued on his quest to regain the title by winning a contendership three way match against Vinny and Red Viper in August setting him up to regain the International Heavyweight Championship in October from Brown in Newcastle upon Tyne in England.

After defending his title against Vampiro O'Shaunessy found himself embroiled in a new feud with rising Scottish wrestling star "Thee" Drew Galloway, whom he later admitted was his toughest opponent. On 28 January 2006, he received his first championship match, evolving their rivalry from previous non-title contests. The rivalry quickly took on a patriotic flavour, with Galloway's blue colours of Scotland clashing O'Shaunnesy's green colours of Ireland, mirroring the Old Firm football derby between Glasgow Rangers and Glasgow Celtic, respectively. This football allusion became particularly prominent when the two met again at Verona Football Club once again for the title, though the match changed into a Lumberjack match, the result and champion remained the same.

With Galloway defeated, O'Shaunessy continued to dominate by again defending his title against Vampiro on 17 March. Galloway earned himself a two out of three falls match against the champion the following day, however, which O'Shaunessy won two falls to one; the next day produced the same result in a match O'Shaunessy claimed was his best on the independent circuit. With Galloway briefly answered, O'Shaunessy took on the newcomer Pierre Marcaeu and defeated him in two successive title matches only to find Galloway had earned another shot. With their rivalry intensifying, Galloway's next challenge to O'Shaunnesy was given the stipulation of a Last Man Standing match. O'Shaunessy retained the title, as he also did in June with the same stipulation. Finally, on 28 August, O'Shaunessy lost the IwW International Heavyweight Championship in a singles match to Galloway in what would be his last appearance with the promotion.

British promotions (2005–2007)
As well as wrestling in Ireland, O'Shaunessy occasionally travelled to Great Britain to make appearances on the British independent circuit. In April 2006 he was brought into Wales' Celtic Wrestling promotion as a contender for their top title but was defeated by the champion, Chris Recall. Later that year in November, he was employed by London's LDN Wrestling to appear on their Capital TV show where, after quickly defeating William Hill, he gained an LDN Championship match against Tex Benedict which ended with Benedict winning by disqualification and O'Shaunessy attacking him after the match.

During his time overseas he worked for Brian Dixon's All Star Wrestling, which gave him a taste of large audiences that he had not experienced in Ireland, as well as wrestling English veteran Robbie Brookside and other British wrestling luminaries, including Nigel McGuinness and Doug Williams. He also represented the UK in a Battle of the Nations tag team match between the UK and Austria alongside Drew McDonald and The Celtic Warrior in a losing effort against Chris Raaber, Michael Kovac & Robert Ray Kreuzer at the European Wrestlng Association's Night of Gladiators.

As well as making top contender appearances based on his growing reputation, O'Shaunessy also brought with him to Britain his long-standing rivalry with Galloway. He had already wrestled in Galloway's home promotion, British Championship Wrestling (BCW), twice in 2005 losing to Jay Phoenix on the day before Phoenix would lose to Galloway in March, and returning in September to defeat one of BCW's top stars, Wolfgang, via countout. In the middle of their IWW feud the following year, O'Shaunessy went back to Scotland to take part in BCW's Path To Glory tour, defeating Galloway on the first night but conceding a loss the to him next night in May. Though their feud finished in Ireland in August 2006, it continued on across the Irish Sea when the two wrestled for the umbrella promotion Real Quality Wrestling (RQW) the following year. The two first met during April's Taking On The World show which ended in a double countout. The lack of a decision led to a rematch in June, and one of O'Shaunessy's last on the independent circuit, where Galloway picked up the victory in a No Holds Barred match ahead of an RQW Heavyweight Championship match.

World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE
On 13 November 2006, O'Shaunessy appeared on the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) show Raw at the Manchester Evening News Arena as part of the security team ejecting D-Generation X from ringside only to later receive a Pedigree from Triple H. The following day he and Galloway had a try out match against each other. The following year in April he received another set of try out matches in Milan and London against Galloway as well as Stu Sanders and WWE talent Jimmy Wang Yang and Monster Factory alumnus Domino. This led to an offer for signing a developmental contract for WWE from renowned trainer at which point he relocated to the United States.

Florida Championship Wrestling (2007–2009)

O'Shaunessy debuted for the WWE developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) on 2 October in a double-debut match with a win over Bryan Kelly. While wrestling regularly, he was not part of any long feuds but did wrestle with a number of short-term tag teams alongside Hade Vansen and Jake Hager before teaming with Kafu (and managed by Dave Taylor) in the tournament to crown the inaugural FCW Florida Tag Team Champions. They advanced past the first round after defeating The British Lions ("Thee Superstar" Christopher Gray and "The Rascal" Tommy Taylor) but lost to Brad Allen and Nick Nemeth in the second round.

By September, O'Shaunessy had focused his attention to singles competition and wrestled his way to the top of the card, successfully defeating former partner Hager for the Florida Heavyweight Championship. He defended the title against Hager on 23 October and took on a number of competitors, with Eric Escobar and Joe Hennig consistently earning themselves into contention. Eventually, on 11 December, O'Shaunessy lost the title to Escobar in a four-way match also involving Hennig and Drew McIntyre (formerly Drew Galloway).

O'Shaunessy spent 2009 continuing to chase gold, earning two shots over January and February at the Florida Tag Team Champions Johnny Curtis and Tyler Reks but he and Ryback were unsuccessful in both attempts. In March he challenged the two for the titles once again, this time with McIntyre as his partner but could not defeat them, nor could he defeat McIntyre for the Florida Heavyweight Championship the following month. He received a series of chances throughout the rest of the year but could not win any more titles before being called up to WWE television, unsuccessfully challenging Justin Angel for the Florida Heavyweight Championship in November.

On 22 July 2008 O'Shaunessy worked a dark match at a SmackDown taping, losing to R-Truth. The following year in May, O'Shaunessy began appearing at the Raw brand's house shows, and on both 8 and 9 May he defeated Jamie Noble along with another dark match victory over Noble before an episode of Raw.

Breakout (2009–2011)

On the 30 June 2009 episode of ECW, Farrelly made his unannounced debut as a villain under the shortened ring name of Sheamus, quickly defeating a local competitor. Sheamus soon entered into a critically well-received rivalry with Goldust after defeating him on 29 July. After exchanging victories in the following weeks the two appeared on the Abraham Washington Show talk segment leading to a No Disqualification match on 1 September which was won by Sheamus. Sheamus then began a feud with Shelton Benjamin which was hot-shot into a deciding match on 27 October which Sheamus won.

His rivalry with Benjamin ended prematurely because Sheamus had already been moved to the Raw brand. He made his Raw debut by defeating Jamie Noble on 26 October. In the following weeks, he continued to attack Noble causing him to retire, and, in lieu of competition, assaulted the timekeeper and commentator Jerry Lawler on November 16 at Madison Square Garden. The following week Sheamus appeared on his first WWE pay-per-view event, Survivor Series. Sheamus appeared as part of The Miz's team in a traditional five-on-five elimination tag team match. He eliminated fellow Irishman Finlay and made the final pinfall to eliminate the opposing captain John Morrison and survive along with Miz and long-time former rival Drew McIntyre.

The following night on Raw, Sheamus won a "break-through" battle royal for wrestlers who had never won a world championship, to become the number one contender to John Cena's WWE Championship. At the contract signing immediately afterwards, Sheamus put Cena through the table as the Raw guest host Jesse Ventura announced it would be a Table match. On 13 December, at the TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs pay-per-view, Sheamus defeated Cena to win the WWE Championship, his first championship in WWE, making him the first Irish-born WWE Champion. The following night on Raw, Sheamus was awarded the 2009 Breakout Superstar of the Year Slammy Award. On 31 January at the Royal Rumble, Sheamus retained the his title against Randy Orton via disqualification after he was attacked by Cody Rhodes. On 21 February, Sheamus lost the WWE Championship at the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view in the Elimination Chamber match after he was eliminated by Triple H. During the match, Sheamus suffered a concussion and as a result did not attend Raw the following night. Upon his return, he took revenge on Triple H with an attack to set up a match at WrestleMania XXVI that Sheamus lost. The following month at Extreme Rules, Sheamus attacked Triple H at the beginning of the show and later defeated him in a Street Fight. After a series of kicks to the head to win, he continued his assault after the match finished resulting in Triple H being written off television for ten months.

On 20 June, at the Fatal 4-Way pay-per-view, Sheamus won a fatal four-way match, following interference from The Nexus that allowed him to pin John Cena, thus winning the WWE Championship, and beginning his second World Championship reign. He went on to defeat Cena a third time in a steel cage match to retain the championship at the WWE Money in the Bank pay-per-view, and against Randy Orton at SummerSlam, which ended in disqualification, meaning that Sheamus retained his title. At Night of Champions, Sheamus was pinned by Randy Orton in a Six-Pack Elimination Challenge for the WWE Championship.

He bounced back on 29 November, with wins over Kofi Kingston and John Morrison to become King of the Ring, after receiving a bye through the second round. As King Sheamus, he faced Morrison again at the TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs PPV for a future WWE Championship match but lost the Ladder match. Going into 2011, he continued to lose to Morrison in a mixture of singles and tag team matches. Triple H returned on 28 February and took revenge for his scripted ten month injury by putting him through the announce table. Right after that, Sheamus was defeated by Evan Bourne who returned to Raw after a four month injury. On 7 March, after losing a match against Daniel Bryan, Sheamus challenged him to a rematch with his WWE career on the line against Bryan's United States Championship. He won his match against Bryan the following week, winning his first United States Title. The rematch between Sheamus and Bryan took place on 3 April, during the preshow of WrestleMania XXVII, and ended in a draw after interference from the lumberjacks.

SmackDown; World Heavyweight Champion (2011–2012)
In the 2011 Supplemental Draft, Sheamus was drafted to the SmackDown brand. Although he took the United States Championship with him, he lost it back to the Raw brand at Extreme Rules when Kofi Kingston defeated him in a Table match. On the 3 June episode of SmackDown, Sheamus lost a World Heavyweight Championship match to Randy Orton due to biased refereeing from Christian, beginning a turn from a villainous character to a fan favorite over the following weeks. Two weeks later, he was put in a match against Christian with a stipulation that if Sheamus won, he would be able to compete in the World Heavyweight Championship match at WWE Capitol Punishment. However he was unsuccessful in the match, and was he was punted by Randy Orton after the match. Sheamus' face turn culminated in him attacking Mark Henry for being a bully, though he lost to him by count-out at Summerslam. After this loss, Sheamus went on a 14 match winning streak that ended after outside interference from Christian, with whom he had been feuding. During this time, Sheamus defeated Christian in three consecutive matches at Hell in a Cell, Vengeance, and on Smackdown. He then went on a 12 match winning streak building towards winning the 2012 Royal Rumble. He entered the match twenty-second and won by last eliminating Chris Jericho to earn a main event championship match at WrestleMania XXVIII.

At Elimination Chamber, Sheamus attacked World Heavyweight Champion Daniel Bryan after the latter retained his title in the Elimination Chamber match; confirming he would face Bryan at WrestleMania. At WrestleMania XXVIII, Sheamus defeated Bryan in eighteen seconds to win his first World Heavyweight Championship. On the 6 April episode of Smackdown, Sheamus was defeated by Alberto Del Rio via disqualification, thus earning Del Rio a future title match. At Extreme Rules, Sheamus successfully defended the World Heavyweight Championship against Bryan in a two out of three falls match. At Over the Limit, Sheamus defeated Randy Orton, Chris Jericho, and Alberto Del Rio in a fatal-four-way match to retain the World Heavyweight Championship. At No Way Out, Sheamus defeated Dolph Ziggler to again retain the World Heavyweight Championship.

Current Championship Pursuits (2016-present)

After losing the WWE World Championship to Roman Reigns, Sheamus would go to tag team with Cesaro and win the Raw Tag Team Championships, before losing them to Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows.

Acting career
Farrelly played the role of Two Ton in the 2008 movie The Escapist, which starred Joseph Fiennes and Brian Cox. He had a small role in the 2006 Irish film, 3 Crosses, and was a Celtic Warrior Zombie in the opening sequence of the 2009 movie Assault of Darkness opposite Vinnie Jones. He appeared on several episodes of the famous Irish sock puppet, Dustin the Turkey's show Dustin's Daily News where he had a rivalry with Dustin. It ended with Dustin and Sheamus having a "fight", which Dustin won. He also appeared on The Podge and Rodge Show as a leprechaun wrestler, along with IWW alumnus George McFly.

In wrestling

 As Sheamus
 Finishing moves
 Brogue Kick  (Bicycle kick) – 2009–present
 Celtic Cross  / High Cross / Pale Justice (Crucifix powerbomb) – 2009–2011
 Irish Curse (Side slam backbreaker) – 2009; used as a signature move thereafter
 White Noise (Over the shoulder back to belly piledriver) – 2012–present
 Signature moves
 Battering Ram (Diving shoulder block, sometimes while slingshotting)
 Double axe handle
 Fallaway slam
 Front powerslam
 Inverted facelock backbreaker
 Knee lift, sometimes to a rope hung opponent
 Repeated forearm clubs to an opponent's chest
 Repeated knee drops to an opponent's head
 Rolling fireman's carry slam
 Short-arm clothesline
 As Sheamus O'Shaunessy
 Finishing moves
 Celtic Slam (Death Valley driver)
 FRH – Fiery Red Hand (Leg trap chokebomb – Independent circuit or a chokelift side slam – FCW)
 Irish Curse (Low blow)
 Signature moves
 Frenzy (Multiple slaps followed by a spinning backfist)
 War Sword (Discus double axe handle)
 Nicknames
 "The Celtic Warrior" (WWE)
 "The Great White" (WWE)
 "The Irish Curse" (Independent circuit / FCW)
 "S.O.S." (Independent circuit)
 Entrance themes
 "The Irish Curse" by Alan Doyle (Independent circuit)
 "Written in My Face" performed by Sean Jenness and composed by Jim Johnston (WWE)
 "Hellfire" by CFO$ (WWE)

Championships and accomplishments

 Florida Championship Wrestling
 FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Irish Whip Wrestling
 IWW International Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 PWI ranked him #10 of the best 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010
 World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE
 World Heavyweight Championship (1 times)
 WWE Championship (3 times)
 WWE Raw Tag Team Championship (2 times) with Cesaro
 WWE United States Championship (2 times)
 King of the Ring (2010)
 Royal Rumble (2012)
 Slammy Award for Breakout Star of the Year (2009)
 Slammy Award for Superstar/Diva Most in Need of Make-up (2010)
 Slammy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Muppet Resemblance (2011)
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Most Improved (2010)

References

Other websites

 Sheamus's profile on WWE.com

1978 births
Actors from Dublin
Irish professional wrestlers
Living people
WWE wrestlers

Sheamus


Dimension Films are a network which represents genre movies. It was originally under ownership of Miramax (which was then owned by Disney), then Weinstein Company, before it was sold to Lantern Entertainment. Dimension is responsible for making movies, such as Scream franchise and Scary Movie.

American movie studios

Dimension Films


Whitlow W. L. Au (July 31, 1940 – February 12, 2020) was a leading expert in bioacoustics specializing in biosonar of odontocetes (dolphins, porpoises, and toothed whales). He is author of the widely known book The Sonar of Dolphins (1993) and, with Mardi Hastings, Principles of Marine Bioacoustics (2008). Au was honored as a Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America in 1990 and awarded the ASA's first Silver Medal in Animal Bioacoustics in 1998. He was graduate advisor to MacArthur Fellow Kelly Benoit-Bird, who credits Au for discovering how sophisticated dolphin sonar is, developing dolphin-inspired machine sonars to separate different species of fish with the goal of protecting sensitive species, and for making numerous contributions to the description of Humpback whale song, which helped protect these whales from ship noise and ship traffic.

He acted as the Chief Scientist of the Marine Mammal Research Program of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology at the University of Hawaiʻi until his death in February 2020.

Background
Whitlow Au was born in Honolulu. He received his early education at St. Louis High School from the Catholic Brothers and went on to graduate from the University of Hawaiʻi with his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1962. Following that graduation he left the Islands to study electrical engineering in the doctoral program at Washington State University on the drier side of the state of Washington in Pullman, completing his M.S. in Electrical Engineering in 1964 and his Ph.D. in Electrical Science in 1970. While a student he became a member of both Sigma Tau and Sigma Xi honor societies. Au joined the United States Air Force space program and was the project officer on a research program studying the propagation of radar signals through the plasma sheath of reentry vehicles at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory in New Mexico. He died on February 12, 2020, after two months of heart problems at age 79.

Early Navy Work
Upon completion of his Air Force service, Whit was recruited and hired as a new professional at the Naval Undersea Center in San Diego, California. Part of the new professional program was to expose newly hired professionals to the various types of programs going on at the San Diego Laboratory and also at its "skunk works" facility on the Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay in Hawaiʻi. Being Hawaii-raised, Whit took the opportunity to step down out of the ionosphere and to take a quick look toward the ocean at the biosonar or echolocation performance of the Navy's "secret" dolphins. It can't be said for certain how much Whit's fascination for understanding the dolphin's echolocation, or his love of the Islands, influenced his decision, but he decided to join the biosonar research group at the Hawaii Laboratory of the Naval Undersea Center. He then was quickly advanced to the head of its Biosonar Branch.

Au's first paper on the echolocation of dolphins surprised a few people. He, along with physicist Bob Floyd and biologists Earl Murchison and Ralph Penner ["Measurement of echolocation signals of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus Montague, in open waters," J. Acoust. Soc Am. 56, 1280-1290 (1974)] found that typical dolphin echolocation signals in the open water had average durations near 40 microseconds with peak energies between 120 and 130 kHz, much higher than the previously reported energy peaks centered at 35 to 60 kHz. That report did much to explain why Scott Johnson had earlier found that bottlenosed dolphins heard sounds up to 150 kHz, but only later did Au report that the previously reported lower peak energy clicks were typical of animals in pools while higher peak energy signals were typically found in the open waters when the animals were looking for small targets a good distance away. That paper also began a precise and methodical examination of the echolocation of dolphins and other small whales carried out by Au that has served to establish, describe, and quantify the echolocation performance and signal characteristics of animals that echolocate under water.

Biosonar of Dolphins
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America from 1974 to the present day contains dozens of articles with Au's name in the authorship line, a remarkably productive development of the fundamental knowledge of dolphin and whale biosonar. Based on this work and his service, Au became a Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America in 1990. His 20-plus years of investigation were summarized and expanded in his book The Sonar of Dolphins. An analysis and appreciation of this work might best be described by quoting some of the reviewers that did the initial book reviews. David Pye wrote that "... Whitlow Au has written a splendid book, which is likely to become a classic in its field, and of considerable interest well outside it." (Nature 366, 376 (1993)) while Bertel Møhl wrote that "This book is an authoritative, precise and comprehensive treatise in 277 pages of what is known about sonar (or echolocation) in dolphins, written by the leading scientist in the field" [Aquatic Mammals 19 (3), 125-126 (1993)]. James Fullard (Science 260, 1672 (1993)) noted that "Au's book is an excellent synthesis of the mountain of work on dolphin sonar..."

This book seemed to come at the peak of Au's productivity.  Dolphin and whale echolocation had been systematically studied at the Hawaii Laboratory since 1970 by combining the skills of electrical engineers, psychologists, biologists, physiologists, physicists, mechanical engineers, veterinarians, astute animal trainers, and, to quote the preface to Au's book, "a political scientist." That combination of professional skills allowed the "mountain of work" on dolphin sonar to be completed and very well presented in The Sonar of Dolphins.

University of Hawaii
The name of the Naval Undersea Center's Hawaii Laboratory changed many times and in 1993 the then-named Naval Ocean Systems Center's Hawaii Laboratory was closed by Congress. While the entire group had the opportunity to move to San Diego and join the Space Warfare Systems Center's program, Au had an offer to move over to the University of Hawaii's Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology on Coconut Island in Kaneohe Bay to join the marine mammal research program. Au did not hesitate; he immediately took the opportunity to become a faculty member and continue echolocation and hearing research with dolphins and small whales in Hawaii. His research effort did not decline; in fact, his productivity, as evidenced in the number and breadth of publications, has accelerated. He has taken on several students and expanded work to include the acoustics of wild spotted and bottlenose dolphins echolocating through sediments in the Bahamas, the acoustics of wild spinner dolphins off of the Eastern Coast of Oahu, and singing humpback whales off of Maui. He was invited to review the biological acoustics laboratories for the Danish National Research Foundation and has been collaborating on the echolocation of harbor porpoises in the Netherlands.

Work for the Acoustical Society of America
His work with the Acoustical Society of America has been extensive: In 1993–94, he made Animal Bioacoustics a separate technical committee within the ASA, and in 1994 he and Mardi Hastings were appointed its first co-chair. In 1997 he was elected chair of that committee. Since the late 1990s he has been the associate editor for Animal Bioacoustics for The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. He has been on the Executive Council of the ASA, was vice-president of the ASA in 2006, and President in 2009.

Books

Author
Whitlow W. L. Au (1993). The Sonar of Dolphins. New York: Springer-Verlag. Provides a variety of findings on signal strength, directionality, discrimination, biology and more.
Whitlow W.L. Au and Mardi C. Hastings (2008). Principles of Marine Bioacoustics. New York: Springer-Verlag. Covers measurement and generation of underwater sounds, propagation of acoustic signals, signal processing techniques, and advanced devices used in the field, animal recording methods, animal auditory systems and vocalizations, psychological and physiological testing procedures, and echolocation in marine mammals.

Editor
Whitlow W. L. Au, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay (2000). Hearing by Whales and Dolphins. Covers cetacean ears, impulse sound sources, communication and acoustic behavior, the auditory central nervous system, electrophysiological measures of auditory processing, psychoacoustic studies of dolphin, echolocation in dolphins, and acoustic models of sound production.

Awards
1993: Fellow, Acoustical Society of America
1998: Silver Medal in Animal Bioacoustics (the first ever awarded), Acoustical Society of America, "for contributions to the fundamental knowledge of the acoustics of dolphin sonar."
2016: ASA Gold Medal

See also
Animal Echolocation
Acoustical Society of America
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology

References

External links
Au's home page at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology

1940 births
2020 deaths
American marine biologists
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
Washington State University alumni
Fellows of the Acoustical Society of America
ASA Gold Medal recipients
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa faculty

Whitlow Au


Los Monstruos del Terror (translation: The Monsters of Terror), also known as Dracula vs. Frankenstein and Assignment: Terror, is a 1970 Spanish-German-Italian horror and Sci-Fi film co-directed by Tulio Demicheli and Hugo Fregonese. (Fregonese quit midway through the production so the film was completed by Demicheli). Eberhard Meichsner was also credited as a director only in the British promotional material, but by all accounts he was not actually involved.

It is the third in a series of 12 films that Paul Naschy wrote and starred in featuring the werewolf Waldemar Daninsky, a role that was always played by Naschy. It stars Paul Naschy, Michael Rennie (his last film), Craig Hill and Karin Dor. Maria Perschy was supposed to play Maleva Kerstein, but Karin Dor wound up getting the part.

It was filmed in early Spring, 1969. The film was first released theatrically in Germany (as Dracula vs Frankenstein) on February 24, 1970, and in Spain (as The Monsters of Terror) on August 28, 1971. The film was also shown in France and in the U.K. as Dracula vs Frankenstein. In Belgium, it was shown as Dracula and the Wolf Man vs Frankenstein. In Mexico, it was released as Operation Terror, and in Denmark it was known as Frankenstein Og Blodsugerne/ Frankenstein vs The Bloodsucker. In the 1980s, the film was released on home video in France as Reincarnator. (Most of the film's variant titles did not even mention Naschy's Wolfman character.).

The film sold directly to late-night television in the U.S. in 1973, retitled Assignment Terror (since the title Dracula vs Frankenstein had already been used in the U.S. for the 1971 Al Adamson Hollywood film). In the U.K., the film played on a double bill with Peter Walker's 1970 horror film Die Screaming Marianne.

Los Monstruos del Terror was originally going to be called El Hombre que Vino de Ummo (translation: The Man Who Came from Ummo), referring to Michael Rennie's space-man character, but the title was changed to The Monsters of Terror.

It was followed in the series by the 1970 film The Fury of the Wolfman.

Summary
Aliens, occupying the bodies of deceased Earth scientists, revive a vampire, a werewolf, a female mummy, and Frankenstein's monster with a plan to use them to take over the human race by using their own primitive superstitions against them. (A Golem was supposed to be one of the monsters in this film, but unfortunately the budgetary problems the filmmakers encountered wouldn't permit it.) The aliens want to discover why these monsters are so frightening to Earthlings. For reference, the aliens use a book entitled The Anthology of the Monsters by a Professor Ulrich von Farancksalan, who was also the creator of the Frankenstein monster in this film.

The werewolf Waldemar Daninsky saves the world by destroying the other three monsters in hand-to-hand combat and ultimately blowing up the aliens' underground base; however, he is shot to death in the film's finale by a woman who loves him enough to end his torment.

Cast
 Michael Rennie as Dr. Odo Warnoff, the leader of the aliens
 Karin Dor as Maleva Kerstein
 Craig Hill as Inspector Tobermann
 Patty Shepard as Ilsa  Sternberg (as Patty Sheppard)
 Gela Geisler as Ilona (as Ella Gessler)
 Ángel del Pozo as Dr. Kerian  Werner
 Paul Naschy as Count Waldemar Daninsky (as Paul Naschi)
 Manuel de Blas as Count Janos of Mialhoff
 Ferdinando Murolo as The Monster of Farancksalan (Frankenstein)
 Gene Reyes as Tao-Tet (The Mummy)
 Peter Damon as Judge Sternberg
 Robert Hall as Commissioner Gluck
 Diana Sorel as Librarian
 Luciano Tacconi as the carnival exhibit owner
 Paul Cross as Dr. Don Uno, the morgue attendant

Production
Lead actor Paul Naschy also wrote the screenplay at the request of producer Prades, who was impressed by the box office success of Naschy's La Marca del Hombre Lobo that year and wanted to film a sequel. The original shooting title was The Man Who Came from Ummo, but the producer changed it to The Monsters of Terror. Direction was split between two Argentine-born filmmakers, Hugo Fregonese and Tulio Demicheli. Naschy said Fregonese quit the project two-thirds of the way through, and Demichelli stepped in to finish the film. Only Demichelli was actually credited on the prints. Naschy claimed that Hollywood actor Robert Taylor volunteered to play the lead alien in the film, but the producer hired Michael Rennie instead.

Naschy also said the makeup man on the film, Rafael Ferrer, was the most incompetent man he ever worked with. (The makeup on Frankenstein in this film was so similar to the 1930s Universal make-up that it could easily have caused a lawsuit. Hence Naschy changed the name of the Monster in this film to "Farancksalan", but it fooled very few people.)

Naschy was told the film would have a lavish budget, which inspired him to let his imagination run wild while writing the screenplay. The film was shot in Egypt, Germany, Italy and Spain. Filming was interrupted several times because of Prades' financial difficulties, and thus the script was not filmed as it was written. Whole segments of the script involving flying saucers and the Golem were never carried out as the result of sorely lacking funds.

Release and attempts at restoration
An English language one-sheet poster exists for this film bearing the title Assignment Terror, but it is unknown why they created it because AIP only distributed the film direct to television in the U.S. in 1973. It was later released on VHS as Dracula vs. Frankenstein in a splicy, full screen panned-and-scanned print.

The film is available today on a DVD from Reel Vault under the title Assignment Terror, as well as on a German Blu-Ray under the title Assignment Terror (Dracula Jagt Frankenstein)

Trivia

The film was broadcast on Tele 5 as part of the programme format SchleFaZ in season 2.

References

External links

1970 films
1970 horror films
West German films
German vampire films
Italian vampire films
Spanish vampire films
Spanish werewolf films
Italian science fiction horror films
1970s exploitation films
Mummy films
Frankenstein films
Dracula films
Films directed by Tulio Demicheli
Films about extraterrestrial life
Circus films
Films shot in Egypt
Films shot in Germany
Films shot in Italy
Films shot in Spain
Waldemar Daninsky series
1970s Italian films
1970s German films

Los Monstruos del Terror


Ballyporeen GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in the parish of Ballyporeen in County Tipperary in Ireland. The club plays Gaelic football at Senior level as part of the South division of Tipperary GAA. The handball section of the club has also had considerable success.

The club fields Minor, Under-21 and Senior football teams. At juvenile level the Ballyporeen club also takes in footballers from, and provides hurlers for, the hurling club in the neighbouring townland of Skeheenarinky, part of the same parish.

History
The club was founded in 1887, just three years after the formation of the GAA.

Historically the club has played under various names including Templetenny Rangers, Western Rangers and the Brian Borus, a team made up of members from Ballyporeen and Clogheen. Currently (2016) the team is closely linked with the hurling club in Skeheenarinky. Their common home ground is in Ballyporeen where there is access to modern dressing rooms and floodlighting.

Ballyporeen's most notable victories at county level to date were in 1992 and 2013, when it secured the Intermediate titles. The club advanced to the county's Senior championship, and retained that rank in a relegation play-off in October 2015.

Ballyporeen took part in the fourth series of the reality television show, Celebrity Bainisteoir, which was broadcast in Autumn 2011. Model Gillian Quinn was the club's celebrity mentor. After losing the "swim off" against the Laois club Killeshin, the latter got home advantage and went on to eliminate Ballyporeen in the first round.

Honours
Tipperary Intermediate Football Championship (2)
 1992, 2013
Tipperary Junior 'A' Football Championship (1)
1987
Tipperary U21 'B' Football Championship (2)
 1990, 2011
South Tipperary Intermediate Football Championship (4)
1988, 1992, 2007, 2013
Tipperary U21 'C' Football Championship (1)
 2001
Tipperary Minor 'B' Football Championship (1)
 1986 (as Brian Boru's), 2011
Tipperary Minor 'C' Football Championship (1)
 2006
South Tipperary Junior 'A' Football Championship (5)
 1928, 1969, 1970, 1985, 1987
South Tipperary Junior 'B' Football Championship (4)
 1991, 1994, 2002, 2004
South Tipperary U21 'B' Football Championship (4)
 1990, 1997, 2004, 2011
South Tipperary U21 'C' Football Championship (1)
 2001
South Tipperary Minor 'A' Football Championship (1)
 1966
South Tipperary Minor 'C' Football Championship (2)
 2005, 2006

Notable players

The following Ballyporeen clubmen have played at county Senior level in at least two seasons:

Conor Sweeney  Tipperary Minor footballer 2007, Minor captain 2008, U-21 panel 2009–11, Senior panel 2010–16, Munster SFC winning captain 2020 captained county IFC winning team 2013
John O'Callaghan, Minor All-Ireland winning captain with Tipperary 2011, Senior panel 2011-12
Eoin Kearney, Tipperary Senior panel 2008, 2010
Tom Macken, Tipperary Senior panel 1989, 1991–96
Eamon Maher, Tipperary Senior panel 1989, 1990, 1994
Patsy Condon, Tipperary Senior panel 1969, 1971

Handball
Ballyporeen's first handball court was built in 1908 and the club was formed the following year, in its history producing 21 All-Ireland Champions and numerous County and Provincial Champions. Con "Shine" Moloney (1906-1963) and Paddy Ormonde brought the first Senior All Ireland Hardball Doubles Handball Championship to Ballyporeen in 1929, and again in 1931. In 1930 Tommy Moloney (1908-1943) and Ned O'Gorman won the All Ireland Junior Hardball Doubles Handball Championship for Ballyporeen. Eddie Corbett from Ballyporeen has won the United Sports Panel Award for Handball in 1987, 1993 and 1994 and shared it with John O'Donoghue in 1990 and 1991. Today Ballyporeen Handball & Racquetball Club has one glass backwalled 40 X 20 court and one 60 X 30 court.

Ballyporeen Handball Titles

World Champions

Eddie Corbett - World doubles champion, 40/20 open 1994.
Billy McCarthy - World doubles champion, 40/20 masters 'B' 1994.
Pat Ryan - World  singles champion, 40/20 golden masters 'B' 2012.
Jason English - World doubles champion, 40/20, 15 & Under 2012.

United States Champion

Eddie Corbett- USHA singles champion, 40/20 open 1993.

All Ireland Champions

Paddy Ormonde, Con "Shine" Maloney, Ned O'Gorman, Tommy Maloney, Paddy Hickey, Tom Breedy, Dermot Wall, Paddy Macken, Jimmy Walsh, Billy McCarthy, Michael Kennelly, Eddie Corbett, Joe English, Pat Ryan, Frank O'Brien, Michael Meaney, John Corbett, Aidan Supple, Paddy Supple, Michael John Meaney, Darragh Lyons, Anthony Crotty, Jason Cahill, Jason English, Ceallach Hennessy, Micky Maher, Tiernan O'Brien, Adrian English, John Ryan, Jack Coughlan, Adam English, Darragh Flynn, Riann Hennessy, Aidan O'Donovan and Christy English.

References

External links

GAA Info Site
Tipperary GAA site

Gaelic games clubs in County Tipperary

Ballyporeen GAA


Hemishofen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

History

The Iron Age grave sites at Sankert indicate that this area has been settled since 800-600 BC.  However, Hemishofen is first mentioned after about 1100 as Hammingeshoven.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale Or and Gules overall a branch with five leaves Vert issuant from base.

Geography

Hemishofen has an area, , of .  Of this area, 35.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 54.7% is forested.  Of the rest of the land, 5.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (3.7%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).

The municipality is located in the Stein district.  Hemishofen is located along the Rhine River.  The village sits at the foot of the Wolkensteinerberg, while the municipality stretches north to Herrentisch.  The municipalities of Hemishofen, and Stein am Rhein are considered a merger for some time in the future into a new municipality with an as yet () undetermined name.

Demographics
Hemishofen has a population () of 415, of which 11.8% are foreign nationals.  Of the foreign population, (), 56.3% are from Germany, 8.3% are from Italy, 2.1% are from Croatia, and 33.3% are from another country.  Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 19.6%.  Most of the population () speaks German (97.9%), with French being second most common ( 0.8%) and English being third ( 0.5%).  The age distribution of the population () is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.2%.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 54.8% of the vote.  The next two most popular parties were the SP (26.8%), and the FDP (18.4%) .

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated.  In Hemishofen about 85.9% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).  In Hemishofen, , 2.68% of the population attend kindergarten or another pre-school, 8.76% attend a Primary School, 4.62% attend a lower level Secondary School, and 3.65% attend a higher level Secondary School.

, 15.6% of the population belonged to the Roman Catholic Church and 71.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Economy
Hemishofen has an unemployment rate of 1.98%.  , there were 43 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 12 businesses involved in this sector.  11 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 5 businesses in this sector.  8 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 4 businesses in this sector.

 the mid year average unemployment rate was 0.4%.  There were 12 non-agrarian businesses in the municipality and 18.4% of the (non-agrarian) population was involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 81.6% were involved in the third.  At the same time, 60.5% of the working population was employed full-time, and 39.5% was employed part-time.  There were 38 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.5% of the workforce.   there were 63 residents who worked in the municipality, while 122 residents worked outside Hemishofen and 18 people commuted into the municipality for work.

, there is 1 restaurant in Hemishofen and the hospitality industry employs 4 people.

Heritage sites of national significance
The Iron Age grave sites at Sankert are listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

The graves are located in a group of tumuli on the eastern edge of the lower Biber valley at the foot of the Schienerberg.  The first discovery of the graves was in 1836 by Ferdinand Keller.  In 1846 and 1856 there were further excavations by Johann Conrad Fehrlin.  Additional excavations happened in 1874-75 by the preacher Julius Müller, 1894 by Ferdinand Schalch.  In 1912-13 there was an unauthorized dig by Joseph von Sury and Bertram Böschenstein, then in 1943 Walter Ulrich Guyan explored the entire site and further digs occurred in 1967 and 1978.

The group contains at least 35 tumuli.  Some of the graves contain items from the 8th through 6th Centuries BC Hallstatt culture, while others are from the 5th and 4th Century BC La Tène culture.  Each of the bodies was buried with personal items including jewelry, eating utensils and weapons.  Many were also buried with food and drink in ceramic vessels.  Due to the numerous excavations and limited records, many of the items can not linked to a specific grave.  The location of the village that was associated with these graves is unknown.

References

External links

Municipalities of the canton of Schaffhausen
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Schaffhausen

Hemishofen


Manticores (from Greek martikhoras, meaning man-eater) were creatures in Greek mythology. They had the body of a lion, a human head, and three rows of teeth similar to sharks. Although it changes from story to story, they also often had the tail of a dragon or a scorpion. Sometimes they could shoot poisonous spines from their tails. When early Greeks noticed that someone had gone missing, some said this as proof that manticores were real.

Legendary creatures

Manticore


The Sisters Brothers is a 2011 Western novel by Canadian-born author Patrick deWitt. The darkly comic story takes place in Oregon and California in 1851. The narrator, Eli Sisters, and his brother Charlie are assassins tasked with killing Hermann Kermit Warm, an ingenious prospector who has been accused of stealing from the Sisters' fearsome boss, the Commodore. Eli and Charlie experience a series of misadventures while tracking down Warm which resemble the narrative form of a picaresque novel, and the chapters are, according to one review, "slightly sketched-in, dangerously close to a film treatment."

The film rights for the novel were sold to actor John C. Reilly's production company and adapted into a 2018 film of the same name, with Reilly and Joaquin Phoenix playing Eli and Charlie, respectively.

Plot summary

In 1851, Eli and Charlie Sisters, a pair of assassins of minor repute, are hired by a wealthy businessman known only as "the Commodore" to travel from Oregon City to California in order to murder a gold rush prospector named Hermann Kermit Warm, who is described to them as a "thief". Hard-nosed, plainspoken Charlie, more impulsive and aggressive than his younger brother Eli, has a fondness for binge drinking and appears remorseless about the crimes he commits. Eli, contemplative and often sentimental, admires and looks up to Charlie but finds himself at odds with Charlie's apparent nonchalance about the directions their lives are taking. The brothers bicker constantly about money, the job, their horses, and each other's personalities.

As they ride south, Eli and Charlie encounter many strange characters and endure a series of mishaps and adventures. Eli is first bitten by a spider and then must have a tooth removed, for which he is given morphine to numb the pain; his horse is attacked by a grizzly bear but survives despite a serious eye injury. Charlie frequently gets drunk and is too sick to ride the following morning, slowing their progress to California, which frustrates Eli. The pair hears rumors on the trail about a female bear with a uniquely red-colored pelt, for which a hefty reward has been offered by a man named Mayfield.

Entering California, the brothers unexpectedly spot the bear and Charlie kills it, and they decide to bring it to Mayfield, who runs an inn in a town named after him. After being paid, Charlie insists they stay a night in Mayfield's hotel; Eli sleeps with the hotel's bookkeeper. Waking the next morning, they discover the red bear pelt is missing and suspect Mayfield will accuse them of stealing it. The brothers sneak to the stable to retrieve their horses and flee town, but a group of surly fur trappers who work for Mayfield stop them and demand they return the cash they were paid for the pelt. Charlie and Eli simultaneously dispatch these enemies with well-placed gunshots, and Charlie feels compelled to kill an innocent stable boy to eliminate eyewitnesses. Returning to the hotel, they reach a deal with Mayfeild, allowing him to leave in search of an old enemy, a man whom they both know to be dead.As per their end of the deal, the brothers keep the majority of his enormous cache of gold and hiding a large amount of it behind the hotel's stove for safekeeping while they leave to finish their business with Hermann Warm.

Eli and Charlie reach San Francisco and seek out an acquaintance named Morris, whom the Commodore had instructed to keep track of Warm until the Sisters brothers arrived. Morris has disappeared, though, and the brothers must coerce the proprietor of his hotel to hand over Morris' journal. The journal reveals that Morris was approached by Warm, who has concocted an ingenious chemical formula that causes gold to glow brilliantly, making it highly useful for indicating the location of placer deposits in riverbeds. Warm demonstrated his formula to Morris and offered him a partnership in it, and the two have since teamed up to travel to the "River of Light", where they hope to test large quantities of it. Eli and Charlie realize then that the Commodore has duped them: Warm is not a thief but had simply refused to share his formula with the Commodore. Though Charlie wants to see the job done as intended, Eli hesitates to murder an innocent man, but they eventually agree to ride out to Warm's claim and finish the job, which Eli vows will be his last for the Commodore.

When they finally track Morris and Warm to their camp along a remote river, Warm at first catches them off-guard, knowing they were sent to kill him. But the prospectors do not retaliate, and Eli and Charlie likewise earn Warm's trust by defending the camp from a gang of curious bandits. Soon the four men decide to join forces in the prospecting operation. Warm's gold-finding formula, however, proves severely caustic, and both Morris and Warm are already suffering burns to their skin from having exposed their legs to the chemical while wading in the contaminated river. The four partners wait for nightfall to pour the formula into the river and collect as many illuminated gold fragments as possible before the glow fades away. Charlie spills some of the raw formula on his shooting hand and finds it too painful to use, but the men manage to extract a fortune in gold from the riverbed. Morris then falls into the river and Warm dives in to rescue him; both men are severely burned and die from exposure the following day. While the brothers wait for Warm to die so he can be given a proper burial, a party of Indians stumbles upon the camp and robs the men of their money and the gold they had collected. Eli realizes that no one but Warm knew how to make the formula.

The Sisters brothers slowly make their way back to Oregon City, stopping in Mayfield on the way, only to discover the entire town burned down and the gold bullion they had hidden there missing. Mayfield's whores gang up on the brothers and rob them of their little remaining money and pistols. Charlie's burned hand is eventually amputated, and Eli nurses him back to health. Profoundly distressed by the experience, Charlie's former confidence and fearlessness are now gone. Eli, too, is uncertain what to do with himself, but sets out first to break the endless cycle of killers hired by the Commodore by killing him instead. He finds the Commodore soliloquizing in a bathtub in his mansion and drowns him. Now free of their life of crime, the brothers return to their mother's house, who welcomes them to stay.

Conception

The Sisters Brothers was inspired by a Time–Life book on the California Gold Rush, which deWitt found at a yard sale.

Reception

In the year of its release, the book was declared a winner at the 75th Governor General's Literary Awards, held by the Canada Council for the Arts, as well as the winner of the $25,000 Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize awarded by the Writers' Trust of Canada. The book also won the 2012 Stephen Leacock Medal from The Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for humour writing, and was announced as the winner of the award for Best Fiction at the Canadian Booksellers Association Libris Awards. It also won the 2012 Canadian Authors Association Award for Fiction. Additionally, it was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize, the 2011 Scotiabank Giller Prize, and the 2012 Walter Scott Prize. The Sisters Brothers was number one on Amazon.ca's Best Books of 2011: Top 100 Editors' Picks list and, according to Amazon.ca, was the top-selling fiction book in Canada for the week ending December 11, 2011.

References

2011 Canadian novels
Novels by Patrick deWitt
Novels set in Oregon
Novels set in San Francisco
Fiction set in 1851
Novels set in the 1850s
Western (genre) novels
Picaresque novels
Governor General's Award-winning fiction books
House of Anansi Press books
Canadian novels adapted into films

The Sisters Brothers


GAP (Groups, Algorithms and Programming) is a computer algebra system for computational discrete algebra with particular emphasis on computational group theory.

History
GAP was developed at Lehrstuhl D für Mathematik (LDFM), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany from 1986 to 1997. After the retirement of Joachim Neubüser from the chair of LDFM, the development and maintenance of GAP was coordinated by the School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. In the summer of 2005 coordination was transferred to an equal partnership of four 'GAP Centres', located at the University of St Andrews, RWTH Aachen, Technische Universität Braunschweig, and Colorado State University at Fort Collins; in April 2020, a fifth GAP Centre located at the TU Kaiserslautern was added.

Distribution
GAP and its sources, including packages (sets of user contributed programs), data library (including a list of small groups) and the manual, are distributed freely, subject to "copyleft" conditions. GAP runs on any Unix system, under Windows, and on Macintosh systems. The standard distribution requires about 300 MB (about 400 MB if all the packages are loaded).

The user contributed packages are an important feature of the system, adding a great deal of functionality. GAP offers package authors the opportunity to submit these packages for a process of peer review, hopefully improving the quality of the final packages, and providing recognition akin to an academic publication for their authors. , there are 151 packages distributed with GAP, of which approximately 71 have been through this process.

An interface is available for using the SINGULAR computer algebra system from within GAP.  GAP is also included in the mathematical software system SageMath.

Sample session

See also

 Comparison of computer algebra systems

References

External links

Computer algebra system software for Linux
Computer algebra system software for macOS
Computer algebra system software for Windows
Free computer algebra systems

GAP (computer algebra system)


Guy Davidi (; born July 9, 1978) is an  Israeli documentary filmmaker. His movie 5 Broken Cameras was nominated for the 2013 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Davidi also won the Best Directing Award along with Palestinian co-director Emad Burnat in the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and the 2013 international Emmy Award as well as numerous awards worldwide.

Davidi was born in Jaffa and grew up in Holon and Kfar Saba in Israel.

Early career
On 2005, after several years of working as a camera man, Davidi began directing documentaries that focused on everyday life in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In 2006, Davidi directed the documentary In Working Progress, which dealt with the issue of Palestinian construction workers who worked in Israeli settlements. The film was shown at a number of film festivals including screenings in France, New Zealand, and Italy.

In 2008, Davidi directed the film A Gift from Heaven, which documented the lives of foreign workers in Israeli farms that fell under rocket fire from Gaza. The film was shown at the Curtocircuito International Short Film Festival (Spain) and at the Worker's Film Festival in Haifa, Israel. In 2009, the film Women Defying Barriers was released, which documented the joint meetings of Israeli and Palestinian women in the midst of attacks on Gaza during Operation Defensive Shield. It won the award for Best Documentary at the 2010 61 Montecatini Film festival (Italy). In 2010, Davidi directed "Keywords," a short documentary produced by Israeli Social TV. The film describes the creation of the play Keywords, as based on the articles of Israeli journalist, Gideon Levy. The film was screened at the 2010 International Film Festival in Haifa, as well as the Sole Luna Festival in Italy.

That same year, Davidi also released his first full-length film, Interrupted Streams, which was jointly directed and produced by Davidi and Alexandre Goetschmann. The film deals with access to drinking water in the Palestinian village of Bil'in and shows the influence of the water shortage on the villagers' lives. It won the David Silver Award at the 2011 Jewish Film Festival in Warsaw, and was also nominated for Best Documentary at the Jerusalem Film Festival and at the Cinema South Festival in Israel.

5 Broken Cameras
At the end of 2011, Davidi released his second feature-length film, 5 Broken Cameras, a joint Israeli-Palestinian-French production in cooperation with Israel's Channel 8 as well as TV channels in France and the Netherlands. The film is based on six years of video footage taken by photographer Emad Burnat, a resident of Bil'in. The film chronicles the village's struggle against the construction of the separation barrier as seen through the eyes of Burnat, as well as the effects of the village's struggle on Burnat's family and personal life. The film was met with international acclaim, winning the World Cinema Directing Award at the Sundance Film Festival in 2012, the Special Broadcaster IDFA Audience Award and the Special Jury Award at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam in 2011, the 2012 Audience Award at the Sheffield Doc/Fest, the 2013 international Emmy Award as well as more than ten other awards from around the world. The film was also sold to dozens of TV stations and was released in movie theaters across the world including the United States, Canada, England, France, and Japan. The film was  screened at the 2012 Jerusalem Film Festival and the 2012 Israeli Cinema South Festival, where it won the Juliano Mer Prize. The film was nominated in the category of Best Documentary at the Academy Awards, where it ran against another Israeli production, The Gatekeepers. Davidi sparked controversy when he stated in an interview with Israeli TV that "he does not represent Israel, only himself" at the Oscars.

Current projects
In addition to his work as a filmmaker, Davidi also teaches cinema and video skills for the project, Video Act. The project works with artists to help them independently produce films that promote critical thinking and social change.

External links

The film "A Gift from Heaven" on the MAKO website

Living people
Israeli cinematographers
Israeli documentary filmmakers
1978 births

Guy Davidi


Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt (;  – ) was one of the leaders of the Sevastopol Uprising during the Russian Revolution of 1905.

Early years
Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt was born in 1867 in Odessa, Russian Empire, now Ukraine, to the family of rear admiral and the head of Berdyansk port, Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt (1828-1888). His father Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt Sr, descendant of Anton Schmidt from Frankfurt am Main, officer in the navy of Peter the Great, participated in the defense of Sevastopol during the Siege of Sevastopol (1854). His mother Yekaterina Yakovlevna Schmidt (born von Wagner) was of German descent. Schmidt spent his youth in Berdyansk, where his father was city governor (gradonachalnik) and city port head. In 1883 Schmidt Jr entered the Naval Officers' Corps in Saint Petersburg and after graduation enrolled in the Imperial Russian Navy. He resigned in 1888 and married Dominika Gavrilovna Pavlova. After the birth of his son Yevgeniy in 1889, the family moved to Taganrog, where Alexander Nentzel, manager of the Azov-Don Commercial Bank offered him a bookkeeper position. In 1893, Schmidt left Taganrog and enrolled again in the Imperial Russian Navy.

Uprising in the Black Sea Fleet

The uprising in the Black Sea Fleet was part of the Russian Revolution of 1905. Schmidt was a lieutenant commander of the destroyer Number 253 in the Imperial Russian Navy. On 1 October 1905, he made a speech during a meeting in Sevastopol, urging the citizens to stand up for their rights and demanding the authorities free political prisoners. Participants of the meeting headed towards the city prison, where they were met with machine gun fire. In the following days, Pyotr Schmidt gave a speech at the special session of the Sevastopol City Council and at the cemetery during the funeral ceremony, where he was arrested. He was conveyed to the battleship Tri Sviatitelia, which provoked protests and the authorities were forced to release him. On 7 November 1905, Schmidt was retired with the rank of captain (капитан 2 ранга).

The uprising continued and with the cruiser Ochakov in its center. On November 26, 1905, a mutiny began the cruiser, and its officers were expelled from the ship. Lieutenant Commander Schmidt, though not being a member of RSDRP, was invited to take command of the rebel ships, including the minelayer Griden, gunboat Usuriets, destroyers Zavetniy, Zorkiy, Svirepiy, 265, 268, 270, training ship Dnestr and mine carrier Bug. The same day, the Soviets of Sailors' and Soldiers' Deputies decided to start a Black Sea Fleet-wide mutiny and appoint Schmidt as Commander of the Fleet. On November 28, Pyotr Schmidt arrived on board the cruiser Ochakov, which raised the red flag and the signal Commanding the Fleet. The rebel squadron was also joined by the battleship Panteleimon. The revolutionary forces made up some 8,200 vs. 10,000 government forces. Schmidt sent a telegram to Emperor Nicholas II of Russia:

The glorious Black Sea Fleet, sacredly devoted to the people, demands Your Majesty to immediately call a meeting of the Constituent Assembly (Учредительное собрание), and no longer obeys orders of Your ministers. Commander of the Fleet P. Schmidt.

The commander of the Imperial Russian forces, General Alexander Meller-Zakomelsky, gave an ultimatum demanding immediate capitulation, but there was no reply. Three hours after the ultimatum, the government forces opened fire at rebel ships and barracks. In 90 minutes, the revolutionary squadron was defeated by the government ships led by the battleship Rostislav. Schmidt and his 16-year-old son were captured, and all who remained alive were arrested. The next day, the government forces supported by artillery took the rebellion barracks.

Aftermath
A closed hearing was held in February 1906 in a small fortress in the island of Tendra near Sebastopol. Schmidt and other leaders of the uprising were sentenced to death. He was executed on 19 March 1906 at Berezan Island by the crew of the gunboat Terets.  In 1922, Mikhail Stavraki, commander of the gunboat's firing squad was discovered in Batumi in possession of five fake passports in different names and old bank notes, by Cheka agents. The trial of Stavraki, who was Schmidt's classmate at the Naval Corps in St Petersburg, was held on 1 April 1923 in Sebastopol, while most of the witnesses and participants of the events were still alive. On 3 April 1923 the Military Board of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced Stavraki to death by firing squad.

Places named after Pyotr Schmidt
 Blagoveshchensky Bridge (the Annunciation Bridge), a major bridge across the Neva River in Saint Petersburg, Russia was called "Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge" in memory of Pyotr Schmidt from 1918 to 2007.
 In 1924 a fisherman discovered the spot where Schmidt and other revolutionaries had been shot dead. The remains were buried in Sevastopol, and in the 1960s a 15-metre-high stela was placed on the island of Berezan.
 After the Russian Civil War streets in several Soviet cities were named after Lieutenant Schmidt: in Astrakhan, Bataisk, Vinnytsia, Vologda, Vyazma, Berdiansk, Tver (boulevard), Vladivostok, Yeysk, Gatchina, Dnipro, Donetsk, Yegoryevsk, Kazan, Lysva, Murmansk, Babrujsk, Nizhniy Tagil, Novorossiysk, Odessa, Pervomaisk, Ochakiv, Samara, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Taganrog (unofficially the widest street in the world; its sides are situated on different sides of the bay), Tyumen, Kerch, Kropyvnytsky, Kremenchuk, Kamianets-Podilsky, Khabarovsk, Kharkiv, Liubotyn, Melitopol, Petropavlovsk.
 On 31 December 1922 the old (1899) torpedo boat Svirepy of the Sokol class was renamed Lieutenant Schmidt. It was decommissioned in 1927.

In popular culture

 Boris Pasternak wrote a poem about him entitled "Lieutenant Schmidt".
 There are two operas based on his life: the first was written in 1938 (composer NI Platonov), the second in 1970 (composer BL Yarovinsky, staged in 1970 by VM Sklyarenko at the Kharkov Opera House).
 The 1969 film Postal Novel'' depicts his complex relationship with Zinaida Riesberg, on the basis of their correspondence. He is played by Alexander Parra.
 In the classic film We'll Live Till Monday, there is a long discussion about him in one of the final scenes, where one of the students claims that Schmidt's sacrifice was foolish, only to have the teacher (played by Vyacheslav Tikhonov) counter that it is easy to say things like this with historical hindsight. He then launches into a detailed portrait of Schmidt's accomplishments, and urges the children to read his correspondence with Zinaida Riesberg.

See also
 Children of Lieutenant Schmidt

References

 Encyclopedia of Taganrog, Taganrog, 2003, Second edition
 По старой Греческой  by Oleg Gavryushkin, Taganrog, 2003
 The Black Sea novel (1935) by Konstantin Paustovsky translated in Dutch De Zwarte Zee ''

External links
 memorial stella in Berezan'

1867 births
1906 deaths
Military personnel from Odesa
People from Odessky Uyezd
Imperial Russian Navy personnel
Revolutionaries from the Russian Empire
People of the 1905 Russian Revolution
Executed revolutionaries
People executed by Russia by firing squad
People executed by the Russian Empire
Executed Russian people
People executed for mutiny

Pyotr Schmidt