Sir Andrew Motion  (born 26 October 1952) is an English poet, novelist, and biographer, who was Poet Laureate from 1999 to 2009. During the period of his laureateship, Motion founded the Poetry Archive, an online resource of poems and audio recordings of poets reading their own work. In 2012, he became President of the Campaign to Protect Rural England, taking over from Bill Bryson.

Early life

Motion was born on 26 October 1952 in London, to (Andrew) Richard Michael Motion (1921-2006), a brewer at Ind Coope, and (Catherine) Gillian (née Bakewell; 1928–1978). Richard Motion was from a brewing dynasty; his grandfather founded Taylor Walker, but this had been absorbed by Ind Coope by Richard Motion's time. The Motion family were wealthy armigers who lived at Upton House, Banbury, Oxfordshire, and were prominent in the local area; Richard Motion's grandfather Andrew Richard Motion was a Justice of the Peace for Essex, Oxfordshire and Warwickshire, who had worked his way up from being a brewery labourer in the East End of London to ownership of his own successful brewery. When his children had grown up and married, he sold the Upton House estate and went to live at Stisted Hall, in Essex.

When Motion was 12 years old, the family moved to Glebe House at Stisted, near Braintree in Essex, where Richard Motion's grandparents had previously lived at Stisted Hall, by that time converted into a home for the elderly. Motion went to boarding school from the age of seven joined by his younger brother. Most of his friends were from the school and so when Motion was in the village, he spent a lot of time on his own. He began to have an interest and affection for the countryside, and he went for walks with a pet dog. Later he went to Radley College, where, in the sixth form, he encountered Peter Way, an inspiring English teacher who introduced him to poetry – first Hardy, then Philip Larkin, W. H. Auden, Heaney, Hughes, Wordsworth and Keats.

When Motion was 17 years old, his mother had a horse-riding accident and suffered a serious head injury requiring a lifesaving neurosurgery operation. She regained some speech, but she was severely paralysed and remained in and out of coma for nine years. She died in 1978 and her husband died of cancer in 2006. Motion has said that he wrote to keep his memory of his mother alive. When Motion was about 18 years old, he moved away from the village to study English at University College, Oxford; however, since then he has remained in contact with the village to visit the church graveyard, where his parents are buried, and also to see his brother, who lives nearby. At University he studied at weekly sessions with W. H. Auden, whom he greatly admired. Motion won the university's Newdigate Prize and graduated with a first class honours degree. This was followed by an MLitt on the poetry of Edward Thomas.

Career
Between 1976 and 1980, Motion taught English at the University of Hull and while there, at age 24, he had his first volume of poetry published. At Hull he met the university librarian and poet Philip Larkin. Motion was later appointed as one of Larkin's literary executors, which would privilege Motion's role as his biographer following Larkin's death in 1985. In Philip Larkin: A Writer's Life, Motion says that at no time during their nine-year friendship did they discuss writing his biography and it was Larkin's longtime companion Monica Jones who requested it. He reports how, as executor, he rescued many of Larkin's papers from imminent destruction following his friend's death. His 1993 biography of Larkin, which won the Whitbread Prize for Biography, was responsible for bringing about a substantial revision of Larkin's reputation.

Motion was editorial director and poetry editor at Chatto & Windus (1983–89); he edited the Poetry Society's Poetry Review from 1980 to 1982 and succeeded Malcolm Bradbury as professor of creative writing at the University of East Anglia. He is now on the faculty at the Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars.

Laureateship
Motion was appointed Poet Laureate on 1 May 1999, following the death of Ted Hughes, the previous incumbent. The Nobel Prize-winning Northern Irish poet and translator Seamus Heaney had ruled himself out for the post. Breaking with the tradition of the laureate retaining the post for life, Motion stipulated that he would stay for only ten years. The yearly stipend of £200 was increased to £5,000 and he received the customary butt of sack.
He wanted to write "poems about things in the news, and commissions from people or organisations involved with ordinary life," rather than be seen a 'courtier'. So, he wrote "for the TUC about liberty, about homelessness for the Salvation Army, about bullying for ChildLine, about the foot and mouth outbreak for the Today programme, about the Paddington rail disaster, the 11 September attacks and Harry Patch for the BBC, and more recently about shell shock for the charity Combat Stress, and climate change for the song cycle he finished for Cambridge University with Peter Maxwell Davies."

On 14 March 2002, as part of the 'Re-weaving Rainbows' event of National Science Week 2002, Motion unveiled a blue plaque on the front wall of 28 St Thomas Street, Southwark, to commemorate the sharing of lodgings there by John Keats and Henry Stephens while they were medical students at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital in 1815–16.

In 2003, Motion wrote Regime change, a poem in protest at the Invasion of Iraq from the point of view of Death walking the streets during the conflict, and in 2005, Spring Wedding in honour of the wedding of the Prince of Wales to Camilla Parker Bowles. Commissioned to write in the honour of 109-year-old Harry Patch, the last surviving "Tommy" to have fought in World War I, Motion composed a five-part poem, read and received by Patch at the Bishop's Palace in Wells in 2008.

As laureate, he also founded the Poetry Archive, an on-line library of historic and contemporary recordings of poets reciting their own work.

Motion remarked that he found some of the duties attendant to the post of poet laureate difficult and onerous and that the appointment had been "very, very damaging to [his] work". The appointment of Motion met with criticism from some quarters. As he prepared to stand down from the job, Motion published an article in The Guardian that concluded, "To have had 10 years working as laureate has been remarkable. Sometimes it's been remarkably difficult, the laureate has to take a lot of flak, one way or another. More often it has been remarkably fulfilling. I'm glad I did it, and I'm glad I'm giving it up – especially since I mean to continue working for poetry."

Motion spent his last day as Poet Laureate holding a creative writing class at his alma mater, Radley College, before giving a poetry reading and thanking Peter Way, the man who taught him English at Radley, for making him who he was. Carol Ann Duffy succeeded him as Poet Laureate on 1 May 2009.

Post-laureateship
Motion is chairman of the Arts Council of England's literature panel (appointed 1996) and is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. In 2003, he became professor of creative writing at Royal Holloway, University of London. Since July 2009, Motion has been Chairman of the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA) appointed by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. He is also a vice-president of the Friends of the British Library, a charity which provides funding support to the British Library. He was knighted in the 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours list. He has been a member of English Heritage's Blue Plaques Panel since 2008.

Motion was selected as jury chair for the Man Booker Prize 2010 and in March 2010, he announced that he was working with publishers Jonathan Cape on a sequel to Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island. Entitled Silver, the story is set a generation on from the original book and was published in March 2012. In July 2010, Motion returned to Kingston-upon-Hull for the annual Humber Mouth literature festival and taking part in the Larkin 25 festival commemorating the 25th anniversary of Philip Larkin's death. In his capacity as Larkin's biographer and as a former lecturer in English at the University of Hull, Motion named an East Yorkshire Motor Services bus Philip Larkin. Motion's debut play Incoming, about the war in Afghanistan, premièred at the High Tides Festival in Halesworth, Suffolk in May 2011. Motion also featured in Jamie's Dream School in 2011 as the poetry teacher.

In June 2012, he became the President of the Campaign to Protect Rural England. In March 2014 he was elected an Honorary Fellow at Homerton College, Cambridge.

Motion won the 2015 Ted Hughes Award for new work in poetry for the radio programme Coming Home. The production featured poetry by Motion based on recordings he made of British soldiers returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

In 2017 Motion moved to Baltimore, Maryland to take up a post at the Writing Seminars as a Homewood Professor of the Arts at Johns Hopkins University.

Work
Motion has said of himself: "My wish to write a poem is inseparable from my wish to explain something to myself." His work combines lyrical and narrative aspects in a "postmodern-romantic sensibility". Motion says that he aims to write in clear language without tricks.

The Independent describes the stalwart poet as the "charming and tireless defender of the art form". Motion has won the Arvon Prize, the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize, Eric Gregory Award, Whitbread Prize for Biography and the Dylan Thomas Prize.

Motion took part in the Bush Theatre's 2011 project Sixty-Six Books, writing and performing a piece based upon a book of the King James Bible.

Personal life
Motion's marriage to Joanna Powell ended in 1983. He was married to Jan Dalley from 1985 to 2009, divorcing after a seven-year separation. They had one son born in 1986 and twins, a son and a daughter, born in 1988. In 2010 he married Kyeong-Soo Kim. He currently lives part of the year in Baltimore, Maryland, in the United States.

Selected honours and awards
 1975: won the Newdigate prize for Oxford undergraduate poetry
 1976: Eric Gregory Award
 1981: wins Arvon Foundation's International Poetry Competition with The Letter
 1984:  John Llewellyn Rhys Prize for Dangerous Play: Poems 1974–1984
 1987: Somerset Maugham Award for The Lamberts
 1987:  Dylan Thomas Prize for Natural Causes
 1999: appointed Poet Laureate for ten years
 1994: Philip Larkin: A Writer's Life, Whitbread Prize for Biography
 2009:  Knight Bachelor
 2014:  Wilfred Owen Poetry Award

Bibliography

Poetry
Poems
 1972: Goodnestone: A Sequence (in Workshop Poets No. 7). Workshop Press
 1976: Inland. Cygnet Press

Collections
 1978: The Pleasure Steamers. Carcanet
 1981: Independence. Salamander Press
 1983: Secret Narratives. Salamander Press
 1984: Dangerous Play: Poems 1974–1984. Salamander Press / Penguin
 1987: Natural Causes. Chatto & Windus
 1988: Two Poems. Words Ltd
 1991: Love in a Life. Faber and Faber
 1994: The Price of Everything. Faber and Faber
 1997: Salt Water Faber and Faber
 1998: Selected Poems 1976–1997. Faber and Faber
 2001: A Long Story. The Old School Press
 2002: Public Property. Faber and Faber
 2009: The Cinder Path. Faber and Faber
 2012: The Customs House. Faber and Faber
 2015: Peace Talks. Faber and Faber
 2015: Coming Home. Fine Press Poetry
 2017: Coming in to Land: Selected Poems, 1975–2015. Ecco Press
 2018: Essex Clay. Faber and Faber
 2020: Randomly Moving Particles. Faber and Faber

List of poems

Criticism
 1980: The Poetry of Edward Thomas.   Routledge & Kegan Paul
 1982: Philip Larkin. (Contemporary Writers series) Methuen
 1986: Elizabeth Bishop. (Chatterton Lectures on an English Poet)
 1998: Sarah Raphael: Strip!. Marlborough Fine Art (London)
 2008: Ways of Life: On Places, Painters and Poets. Faber and Faber

Biography
 1986: The Lamberts: George, Constant and Kit. Chatto & Windus
 1993: Philip Larkin: A Writer's Life. Faber and Faber
 1997: Keats: A Biography. Faber and Faber

Memoirs
 2006: In the Blood: A Memoir of my Childhood. Faber and Faber

Fiction
 1989: The Pale Companion. Penguin
 1991: Famous for the Creatures. Viking
 2003: The Invention of Dr Cake. Faber and Faber
 2000: Wainewright the Poisoner: The Confessions of Thomas Griffiths Wainewright (biographical novel)
 2012: Silver. Jonathan Cape
 2015: The New World. Crown

Edited works, introductions, and forewords
 1981: Selected Poems: William Barnes. Penguin Classics
 1982: The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry with Blake Morrison. Penguin
 1994: Thomas Hardy: Selected Poems. Dent
 1993: New Writing 2 (With Malcolm Bradbury). Minerva in association with the British Council
 1994: New Writing 3 (With Candice Rodd). Minerva in association with the British Council
 1997: Penguin Modern Poets: Volume 11 with Michael Donaghy and Hugo Williams. Penguin
 1998: Take 20: New Writing. University of East Anglia
 1999: Verses of the Poets Laureate: From John Dryden to Andrew Motion. With Hilary Laurie. Orion.
 1999: Babel: New Writing by the University of East Anglia's MA Writers. University of East Anglia.
 2001: Firsthand: The New Anthology of Creative Writing from the University of East Anglia. University of East Anglia
 2002: Paper Scissors Stone: New Writing from the MA in Creative Writing at UEA. University of East Anglia.
 2001: The Creative Writing Coursebook: Forty Authors Share Advice and Exercises for Fiction & Poetry. With Julia Bell. Macmillan
 2000: John Keats: Poems Selected by Andrew Motion. Faber and Faber
 2001: Here to Eternity: An Anthology of Poetry. Faber and Faber
 2002: The Mays Literary Anthology; Guest editor. Varsity Publications
 2003: 101 Poems Against War. Faber and Faber (Afterword)
 2003: First World War Poems. Faber and Faber
 2006: Collins Rhyming Dictionary. Collins
 2007: Bedford Square 2: New Writing from the Royal Holloway Creative Writing Programme. John Murray Ltd.

References

External links

 Profile and poems written and audio at the Poetry Archive
 Profile at Poets.org
 National Portrait Gallery portraits

 Guardian profile 13 December 2005 "Andrew Motion: Mr Speaker".  Guardian "Andrew Motion on war poetry". Interview and reading. 27 July 2009 (Video, 8 mins)
 BBC profile. BBC interview "Andrew Motion on being Poet Laureate" (Video, 4 mins). BBC interview "Andrew Motion's Hindu Wood Carving" (Video 4 mins)
 A chapter from Keats, about John Keats, Fanny Brawne, and his poem for her, "Bright Star"
 , Andrew Motion's Romanes Lecture (2011) at Oxford University (video)
Papers of Andrew Motion at the British Library

1952 births
Living people
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English poets
20th-century British biographers
20th-century English male writers
21st-century British novelists
21st-century British poets
21st-century British biographers
21st-century English male writers
Academics of Royal Holloway, University of London
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Academics of the University of Hull
Alumni of University College, Oxford
British Poets Laureate
English biographers
English book editors
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Knights Bachelor
People educated at Radley College
People from Braintree, Essex
The New York Review of Books people

Andrew Motion


Bilk is a quarter (Stadtteil) of  Düsseldorf. Together with Oberbilk, Unterbilk, Hamm, Flehe and Volmerswerth it constitutes Borough 3, which is the most populous borough of Düsseldorf. Bilk has an area of , and 41,150 inhabitants (2020). Heinrich-Heine-University is in Bilk.

History

The first documentary mention of Bilk is in the year 799. The Old Church is older and seems to be from about 700 A.D., given by Saint Suitbert, but was destroyed by fire about 900, and is mentioned in 1019 for the first time. During the following centuries, the church was reconstructed frequently, especially in the 12th century and the 17th century.

Until the year 1206 the fishing settlement dusseldorp, located to the North of Bilk, belonged to the Bilk parish. After August 14 of 1288 (the Battle of Worringen) Düsseldorf got City Rights, the Old Bilk Church became a city church.
In 1380 the County of Berg became the Duchy of Berg, Düsseldorf the capital of a duchy. In 1384 the village of Bilk (south of the Old Bilk Church, which belonged to Düsseldorf from beginning) became part of the city of Düsseldorf.

Starting in 1852 in the South of Düsseldorf there was a growth of factories during the Industrial Revolution. Düsseldorf grew to the south and the traditionally industrial centres of the city are still there today. In 1893 the Hammer Eisenbahnbrücke - a railway bridge across the river Rhine - was finished. Bilk got its own railway station, which today is only a station for regional trains. The Bilk Observatory was founded in 1843 and destroyed by bombing in 1943. In 1852 24 asteroids were found there, called the 24 Düsseldorf planets.
The New Harbour of Düsseldorf was built between 1890 and 1896, but after a steel factory closed its production, the port losts its importance. In 1990 a great part of it was closed and filled in. The media industry settled on this land and a cultural centre grew. In 1999 the Gehry buildings completed the new assemble.

Infrastructure

Düsseldorf-Bilk station is now served only by the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn (slow regional trains) and is connected by the lines S 8, S 11 and S 28 to Neuss, Mönchengladbach, Kaarst, Wuppertal, Hagen, Erkrath, Mettmann, Dormagen, Cologne and other parts of Düsseldorf (Central station, Düsseldorf-Gerresheim,...).

Tram lines connect Bilk with the central district of Düsseldorf and a lot of other districts, especially with the south of the city, Neuss, Ratingen, and the university. Also, bus lines connect Bilk with other parts of the city and the neighboring  towns.

Buildings and attractions

 Alte Bilker Kirche (Old Saint Martin Church), oldest building in Düsseldorf
 Bilker Kirche (Saint Martin Church)
 Polizeipräsidium (1929–1932) and Oberfinanzdirektion (1929–1939)
 Rheinturm (high 240,5 m)
 Düsseldorfer Stadttor (won some architecture awards)
 K21 - Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Botanic Garden Düsseldorf
 Gehry buildings in the Harbour

Famous people who lived in Bilk

 Johann Friedrich Benzenberg (1777–1846), astronomer
 Ferdinand Freiligrath (1810–1876)
 Maria Melos (1820–1888)
 Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864), one of the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
 Heinrich Spoerl (1887–1955), writer and his son Alexander Spoerl (1917–1978), writer
 Jakob Salentin von Zuccalmaglio (1775–1838), jurist
 Heino (1938)

Literature

 Udo Achten (Hrsg.): Düsseldorf zu Fuß, 17 Stadtteilrundgänge durch die Geschichte und Gegenwart. 1. Aufl., VSA-Verlag, Hamburg 1989
 Karl Endmann: Düsseldorf und seine Eisenbahnen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. 2. Aufl., Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1987
 Oswald Gerhard und Wilhelm Kleeblatt (Hrsg.): Düsseldorfer Sagen aus Stadt und Land. Werkgetreue Neuausgabe von 1926, Verlag der Goethe-Buchhandlung, Düsseldorf 1982
 Karl Emerich Krämer: Durchs Düsseltal nach Düsseldorf. 1. Aufl., Mercator-Verlag Gert Wohlfahrt, Duisburg/München 1968
 Sonja Schürmann: Düsseldorf, Eine moderne Landeshauptstadt mit 700jähriger Geschichte und Kultur. 1. Aufl., DuMont Kunst-Reiseführer, Köln 1988
 Hermann Smeets: Villa Bilici. Düsseldorf-Bilk früher und heute. 1. Aufl., herausgegeben von der Stadt-Sparkasse Düsseldorf, Triltsch Druck und Verlag, Düsseldorf 1983
 Hugo Weidenhaupt: Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Düsseldorf. 4. Aufl., Verlag L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1968

References

External links

 Go-Bilk
 Websites from Bilk at Duesselgo.de
 Bilker Heimatfreunde
 Stadtteilinfos
 Katholische Pfarrgemeinde St. Martin Bilk-Friedrichstadt
 Evangelische Friedens-Kirchengemeinde Bilk-Unterbilk-Friedrichstadt
 K21 art collection

Bilk, Düsseldorf
Bilk

Bilk


Martha Gay Masterson (November 8, 1837 – December 12, 1916) was an American settler who kept a diary throughout her life, beginning with her family's journey west on the Oregon Trail when she was just 13. First published three-quarters of a century after her death, it offers a firsthand view of life for girls and women in the Pacific Northwest during the second half of the 19th century.

Biography
Martha Ann "Mattie" Gay was born in 1837, the sixth of 12 children of Johan "Ann" Stewart (Evans) Gay and Martin Baker Gay, a farmer. Her father moved the family around several southern states before, in 1851, deciding to emigrate from Springfield, Missouri, to Oregon along the Oregon Trail. The crossing took five months, and the family eventually settled in Lane County, Oregon. During the trip, Martha kept a diary of the family's trials and adventures, and she continued keeping this diary afterwards, right up until her death.

In 1871, she married widower James Alfred Masterson. They had three children together, two of whom died young. The couple moved around a good deal and separated after twenty years, and Martha spent her later years with her only surviving child, her daughter Frances.

Masterson died in Eugene, Oregon, at the end of 1916.

Publications and legacy
In 1990, historian Lois Barton published Masterson's diary-cum-reminiscences with explanatory notes under the title One Woman's West: Recollections of the Oregon Trail and Settling of the Northwest Country. This passage gives a sense of her style and subject matter:
If there were any graves near camp we would visit them and read the inscriptions. Sometimes we would see where wolves had dug into the graves after the dead bodies, and we saw long braids of golden hair telling of some young girl's burying place.

In 1995, writer Rebecca Stetoff based a nonfiction book for young readers, Children of the Westward Trail, on Masterson's diary. Illustrated with period photographs and drawings, it has been used as reading for Oregon schoolchildren in courses about the settlement of the American West and Oregon history.

In 2014, poet Jana Harris published You Haven't Asked About My Wedding or What I Wore, a book of poems based on writings by American pioneer women. One of her poems, "The Stove", was based on Masterson's diary and includes these lines:
If we found graves, we'd read their inscriptions.
If wolves had broken in
we'd look for the ropey yellow braids
of young girls like ourselves.

References

1837 births
1916 deaths
American pioneers
People of the American Old West
American diarists
American women non-fiction writers
Women diarists

Martha Gay Masterson


The Atlas Slave is a 2.77m high marble statue by Michelangelo, dated to 1525–1530. It is one of the 'Prisoners', the series of unfinished sculptures for the tomb of Pope Julius II. It is now held in the Galleria dell'Accademia in Florence.

History
Before the end of the first project for tomb of Pope Julius II (1505), a series of sculptures was planned for the lower part of the mausoleum. This series, the 'Prisoners', would be a number of larger-than-life statues chained up in various poses representing prisoners leaning on the pillars and herms which flanked the niches. As they were coupled with each niche (featuring images of Winged Victory), there were originally supposed to be sixteen or twenty sculptures. In later plans, this number was reduced to twelve (during the second project in 1513), eight (third project, 1516) and in the end perhaps as low as four (sometime during the fourth or fifth project in 1526 and 1532), before the sculptures were definitively removed from the final project plans in 1542.

The first sculptures in the series, of which there remain traces in Michelangelo's papers, are the two Prisoners of Paris, who (since the 19th Century) have come to be known as the "Slaves": the Dying Slave and the Rebellious Slave, both carved in Rome around the year 1513.

See also
 List of works by Michelangelo

External links
accademia.org
http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/catalogo/scheda.asp?nctn=00281982&value=1

Tomb of Pope Julius II
Sculptures by Michelangelo
Marble sculptures in Italy
16th-century sculptures
Unfinished sculptures
Sculptures in the Galleria dell'Accademia
Nude sculptures in Italy
Slavery in art

Atlas Slave


Yvon Chouinard (born November 9, 1938) is an American rock climber, environmentalist, philanthropist and outdoor industry businessman. His company, Patagonia, is known for its commitment to protecting the environment. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2023.

Chouinard is also a surfer, kayaker, and falconer and is particularly fond of tenkara fly-fishing. He has written about climbing issues and ethics and on mixing environmentalism and business.

Early life
Chouinard's father was a French-Canadian handyman, mechanic, and plumber. In 1947, Yvon and his family moved from Lewiston, Maine to Southern California. They were Catholic.

His early climbing partners included Royal Robbins and Tom Frost. A Sierra Club member, in his youth he founded the Southern California Falconry Club, and it was his investigations of falcon aeries that led him to rock climbing. To save money, and make adaptations for the way he was climbing, he decided to make his own climbing tools, teaching himself blacksmithing, and eventually started a business.

Yosemite rock climber to leading alpinist
Chouinard was one of the leading climbers of the "Golden Age of Yosemite Climbing." He was one of the protagonists of the film made about this era: Valley Uprising (2014). He participated in the first ascent of the North America Wall in 1964 (with Royal Robbins, Tom Frost and Chuck Pratt), using no fixed ropes. The next year, his and TM Herbert's ascent of the Muir Wall on El Capitan improved the style of previous first ascents. Chouinard became the most articulate advocate of the importance of style, the basis of modern rock climbing.

In 1961, he visited Western Canada with Fred Beckey, and made several important first ascents, including the North Face of Mount Edith Cavell (Rockies), the Beckey-Chouinard Route on South Howser Tower in the Bugaboos (Purcell Mountains), and the North Face of Mount Sir Donald (Selkirk Mountains). These climbs opened his eyes to the idea of applying Yosemite big-wall climbing techniques to mountain climbing, and his advocacy was important to modern, high-grade alpinism. Also in 1961, he visited Shawangunk Ridge for the first time, freeclimbing the first pitch of Matinee (the hardest free climb done at Shawangunk Ridge at the time); and introducing chrome-molybdenum steel pitons to the area, which revolutionized climbing protection. In 1968, he climbed Cerro Fitzroy in Patagonia by a new route (The Californian Route, 3rd overall ascent of the mountain) with Dick Dorworth, Chris Jones, Lito Tejada-Flores and Douglas Tompkins.

Chouinard has also traveled and climbed in the European Alps and in Pakistan.

Chouinard Equipment, Ltd.
In 1957, he bought a second-hand coal-fired forge, and started making hardened steel pitons for use in Yosemite Valley. Between time spent surfing and climbing, he sold pitons out of the back of his car to support himself. The improved pitons were a big factor in the birth of big-wall climbing from 1957 to 1960 in Yosemite. The success of his pitons caused him to found Chouinard Equipment, Ltd.

In the late 1960s, Chouinard and business partner Tom Frost began studying ice climbing equipment, and re-invented the basic tools (crampons and ice axes) to perform on steeper ice. These new tools and his book Climbing Ice (1978) started the modern sport of ice climbing.

Around 1970, he became aware that the use of steel pitons made by his company was causing significant damage to the cracks of Yosemite. These pitons composed 70 percent of his income. In 1971 and 1972, Chouinard and Frost introduced new aluminum chockstones, called Hexentrics and Stoppers, along with the less successful steel Crack-n-Ups, and committed the company to the advocacy of the new tools and a new style of climbing called "clean climbing." This concept revolutionized rock climbing and led to further success of the company, despite cannibalizing the sales of pitons, formerly his most important product.

They applied for a U.S. patent on Hexentrics in 1974, and it was granted on April 6, 1976. These are still manufactured by Black Diamond Equipment.

In the latter 1960s, Chouinard attempted a number of significant technological and technique changes to ice climbing after trips to the Alps in Europe and Sierra Nevada ice gullies in autumn. He removed the flex from crampons, making them more rigid for front-pointing. He drew the taper of a rock hammer into a point for better ice purchase. He increased the cross section of ice screws while also using lighter materials. He experimented with pick and blade issues with ice axes. Prior to this, much of ice climbing was seen as mere step cutting. He attempted to replace hand ice picks (climbing type) with a small ice axe head called a Climaxe.

In 1989, Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. filed for bankruptcy protection in order to protect it from liability lawsuits. The hard assets of Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. were acquired by its employees through the Chapter 11 process, and the company was reestablished as Black Diamond Equipment, Ltd.

Patagonia and environmentalism
Chouinard is most known for founding the clothing and gear company Patagonia. Chouinard started to sell clothes by chance as a way to support his moderately profitable equipment business. In 1970 on a trip to Scotland, he purchased some rugby shirts and sold them with great success. From this small start, the Patagonia company developed a wide selection of rugged technical clothing. According to Chouinard, the intent of Patagonia is to make clothes for people under the rugged, southern Andes/Cape Horn conditions of places like Patagonia.

Recognizing that the financial success of the company provided the opportunity to also achieve personal goals, Chouinard committed the company to being an outstanding place to work, and to be an important resource for environmental activism. In 1984, Patagonia opened an on-site cafeteria offering "healthy, mostly vegetarian food," and started providing on-site child care. In 1986, Chouinard committed the company to "tithing" for environmental activism, committing one percent of sales or ten percent of profits, whichever is the greater. The commitment included paying employees working on local environmental projects so they could commit their efforts full-time.

In the early 1990s, an environmental audit of Patagonia revealed the surprising result (at the time), that corporate cotton, although it was a natural material, had a heavy environmental footprint. In 1996, Chouinard committed the company to using all organic cotton.

In 2002, Yvon Chouinard founded 1% for the Planet and Patagonia became the first business to commit 1% of annual sales to the environment.

In 2014, Patagonia supported the advocacy documentary film DamNation, which is about changing attitudes in America towards its dams. Chouinard was the executive producer of the film, and he was also featured in the film commenting about dams.

In 2018, in acknowledgment that sustainability and responsible practices are core to Patagonia, Yvon Chouinard was recognized with the Sierra Club's top award, the John Muir Award.

In 2022, Chouinard announced that he was donating ownership in Patagonia to a trust to ensure profits are used for addressing climate change. Chouinard's family retains control of the company's voting stock through the Patagonia Purpose Trust.

Personal life
In 1971, Chouinard met and married his wife, Malinda Pennoyer, who was an art and home economics student at California State University, Fresno. They have a son (Fletcher) and a daughter (Claire).

In 2021, Yvon Chouinard received an honorary degree from Bates College.

Publications

Chouinard, Yvon; Mathews, Craig; Mazzo, Mauro (2014) Simple Fly Fishing: Techniques for Tenkara and Rod & Reel. Patagonia Books.

Notable ascents
 1961 North Face, Mount Edith Cavell, Canadian Rockies (First ascent with Fred Beckey and Dan Doody).
 1962 Northeast Face, Disappointment Peak, Teton Range, Wyoming. (IV 5.9 A3) First ascent with Tom Frost.
 1964 North American Wall, El Capitan, Yosemite Valley – (VI 5.8 A5 3000') – First ascent with Royal Robbins, Tom Frost and Chuck Pratt.
 1965 Muir Wall, El Capitan, Yosemite Valley – (VI 5.10 A3) – First ascent with TM Herbert, June 1965.
 1968 Southwest Ridge aka California Route, Cerro Fitzroy, Patagonia First ascent of route with Doug Tompkins, Lito Tejada-Flores, Chris Jones and Dick Dorworth, 3rd ascent of peak.
 1975 Diamond Couloir (direct finish) Mount Kenya, Kenya. First ascent of direct finish with Michael Covington, January 1975.

Related reading

References

Other sources

External links
 Outdoor Business Pioneer Yvon Chouinard (NPR interview with Yvon Chouinard)

Living people
American billionaires
American mountain climbers
American rock climbers
American environmentalists
American people of French-Canadian descent
Stanford University alumni
1938 births
Sportspeople from Lewiston, Maine
American company founders
American Catholics

Yvon Chouinard


The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 3 is a 1977 anthology of fantasy stories, edited by American writer Lin Carter. It was first published in paperback by DAW Books.

Summary
The book collects eleven novelettes and short stories by various fantasy authors, originally published in the years 1976 and 1977 that were deemed by the editor the best from the period represented, together with an introductory survey of the year in fantasy, an essay on the year's best fantasy books, and introductory notes to the individual stories by the editor. The piece includes a "posthumous collaboration" (the story by Smith and Carter).

A 1994 Italian edition also included the novel Legion From the Shadows by Karl Edward Wagner.

Contents
"The Year in Fantasy" (Lin Carter)
"Eudoric's Unicorn" (L. Sprague de Camp)
"Shadow of a Demon" (Gardner F. Fox)
"Ring of Black Stone" (Pat McIntosh)
"The Lonely Songs of Laren Dorr" (George R. R. Martin)
"Two Suns Setting" (Karl Edward Wagner)
"The Stairs in the Crypt" (Clark Ashton Smith and Lin Carter)
"The Goblin Blade" (Raul Garcia Capella)
"The Dark King" (C. J. Cherryh)
"Black Moonlight" (Lin Carter)
"The Snout in the Alcove" (Gary Myers)
"The Pool of the Moon" (Charles R. Saunders)
"The Year's Best Fantasy Books" (Lin Carter)

Notes

1977 anthologies
Fantasy anthologies
Lin Carter anthologies
DAW Books books

The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 3


Tita may refer to:

People

Given name and nickname
 Tita (Lord Byron) (1798-1874), full name Giovanni Battista Falcieri, personal servant of Lord Byron
 Tita Bărbulescu (1936-2021), Romanian folk singer
 Tita Rădulescu (1904-unknown), Romanian bobsledder
 Tita Merello (1904-2002), Argentine actress and dancer
 Tita Muñoz (1926-2009), Filipina actress
 Tita Duran (1929-1991), Filipina actress
 Tita Kovač Artemis (1930-2016), Slovene chemist and writer
 Tita de Villa (1931-2014), Filipina actress
 Tita Mandeleau (born 1937), Senegalese writer
 Tita Valencia (born 1938), Mexican novelist and poet
 Tita Cervera (born 1943), Spanish socialite and former Miss Spain
 Tita Swarding (1952-2013), Filipino radio broadcaster
 Tita (footballer, born 1958), full name Milton Queiroz da Paixão, Brazilian football manager and former forward
 Tita von Hardenberg (born 1968), German noblewoman and television journalist
 Tita (footballer, born 1981), full name Sidney Cristiano dos Santos, Brazilian football forward
 Tita (Portuguese footballer), full name Ana Filipa Capitão Lopes, Portuguese women's football midfielder
 Tita Bell (fl. 1995-2007), American television soap opera writer
 Tita (singer) (born 1999), full name Hristina Milenova Pencheva, Bulgarian singer
 Tita Aida, American social activist
 Tita, fictional protagonist for Mexican novel Like Water for Chocolate

Surname
 Vasile Tiță (1928-2013), Romanian boxer
 Ruggero Tita (born 1992), Italian sailor
 Mohamed Hassan Tita (fl. 1995-2001), Egyptian Islamic Jihad
 Florin Tița (fl. 2019), Romanian Greco-Roman wrestler

Other uses
 Tita language, Benue–Congo language of Nigeria
 Tita Neire, mountain in Valais, Switzerland
 Tita Vendia vase, Roman wine container from 620-600 BC
 Tita in Thibet, English play written in 1879
 Tita Tovenaar, Dutch television series

See also
 Titas (disambiguation)
 List of places named after Josip Broz Tito

Tita


Canaan (son of Ham) was a person in the Book of Genesis who was a grandson of Noah. Canaan and his father Ham (son of Noah) sinned against Noah so Noah cursed Canaan's descendants to be slaves to the descendants of Sem and Japheth. In the Bible, Canaan is the ancestor of the Canaanites.

Old Testament people

Canaan (son of Ham)


is a Japanese jidaigeki or period drama that was on prime-time television from 1969 to 2011, making it the longest-running jidaigeki in Japanese television history. The title character is the historic Tokugawa Mitsukuni, former vice-shōgun and retired second daimyō of the Mito Domain. In the guise of Mitsuemon, a retired crepe merchant from Echigo, he roams Japan with two samurai retainers, fun-loving Sasaki Sukesaburō (Suke-san) and studious Atsumi Kakunoshin (Kaku-san). An episode typically starts with some injustice perpetrated by a corrupt official, a wealthy merchant or a gangster. The travelers arrive incognito, discover the injustice and quietly investigate it. The episode concludes with a brawl in which the unarmed, disguised protagonists defeat a crowd of samurai and gangsters, culminating in the presentation of the inrō that reveals the hero's identity. Afterwards, the hero passes judgement on the villains, sets things straight with comments and encouragement, and then continues with his journey.

The drama was adapted into a film in 1978.

History and characters
Five actors have portrayed the lead character in the series. Eijirō Tōno created the part and appeared in 13 seasons. His successor was Kō Nishimura. Asao Sano followed and then Kōji Ishizaka took the role in two seasons, quitting for cancer treatments. Kōtarō Satomi played Mitsuemon from 2002 until the end of the series in 2011.

The character normally sports a pointed white beard. He wears the lavish garb of a wealthy retiree and carries a walking stick (a staff), which also serves as his defensive weapon in combat.

Singer-actor Ryōtarō Sugi was the series' first Suke-san, followed by Kōtarō Satomi, who many years later took over the lead role. Teruhiko Aoi was next, then Yūji Kishimoto, and Ryūji Harada. Opposite them, Tadashi Yokouchi, Shin'ya Ōwada, Goro Ibuki, Jundai Yamada, and Masashi Gōda have played Kaku-san. Ichiro Nakatani played Kazaguruma no Yashichi, a ninja who helped Mitsuemon. Evil characters who tried to kill Mitsuemon  were played by such actors as Shigeru Tsuyuguchi (1st season) and Mikio Narita (3rd season).

In each of the show's 42 seasons, various other regular characters joined the retinue. For many years, they included the food-loving commoner Hachibei, the reformed thieves Kazaguruma no Yashichi (a former ninja whose main weapon is a shuriken with pinwheel, with a dagger as his sidearm) and his wife Kasumi no Oshin, the ninja Tsuge no Tobizaru portrayed by Masaki Nomura, and kunoichi Kagerō Ogin. Portrayed by Kaoru Yumi, Ogin was the lead character in a light-hearted spinoff, Mito Kōmon Gaiden Kagerō Ninpō-chō. The same actress took on a new role, Hayate no Oen.

Many former regular actors appeared in the show's gala 1000th special episode, which aired on December 15, 2003. A 1978 film distributed by Toei Company shared the cast, production crew, and title.

Since its inception, the program has been a mainstay of the Panasonic Drama Theater (formerly known as the National Theater), sponsored by Panasonic. The TBS network aired the show throughout Japan, and showed reruns on both its analogue stations and its CS satellite channel. For nearly three decades, Mito Kōmon shared the time slot with Ōoka Echizen, and various actors and actresses appeared in both series.

An unusual feature of the series is that the credits list the maker of the inrō.

The last episode aired on December 19, 2011.

There was also an animated adaptation called Manga Mito Kōmon (まんが水戸黄門) that aired during 1981-1982, animated by Knack Productions.

In the light novel Death March kara Hajimaru Isekai Kyousoukyoku, the main protagonist quotes Mito Komon frequently. He also made a firm by the name Echigoya.

Cast
Season1
Eijirō Tōno as Mito Kōmon
Ryōtarō Sugi as Sasaki Sukesaburō (Sukesan)
Tadashi Yokouchi as Atsumi Kakunoshin (Kakusan)
Ichirō Nakatani as Kazaguruma no Yahichi
Keiko Yumi as Ochō
Yumi Iwai
Shigeru Tsuyuguchi as Furukawa Hyōgo

Film cast
Eijirō Tōno as Mito Kōmon
Kōtarō Satomi as Sukesaburō (Sukesan)
Shinya Owada as Atsumi Kakunoshin (Kakusan)
Gentaro Takahashi as Hachibei
Ichirō Nakatani as Kazaguruma no Yahichi
Kōji Wada as Genpachiro Tsurugi
Komaki Kurihara as Yumi Okumura
Toshiro Mifune as Sakuzaemon Okumura
Hajime Hana as Rokubei
Hitoshi Ueki as Sukehachi
Yoshio Inaba as Sasaya
Tatsuo Endō as Yadayu Kurobe
Nobuo Kawai as Hankuro Kosaka
Toru Abe as Mondo Murai

References

Bibliography

External links
Mito Kōmon at TBS (in Japanese)
Mito Kōmon at C.A.L (in Japanese)
Mito Kōmon at IMDb

Jidaigeki television series
TBS Television (Japan) dramas
Mainichi Broadcasting System original programming
1969 Japanese television series debuts
2011 Japanese television series endings

Mito Kōmon


William T. Esrey (born 1940 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American businessman best known for his time as Chief Executive of Sprint Corporation. William now spends his time with his 5 grandchildren, William, Meg, Catherine, Madison, and Caroline or riding horses in Colorado.

Biography
Esrey attended Swarthmore College in 1957, Denison University in 1961, and graduated from Harvard Business School in 1964.

Esrey began his career in telecommunications in 1964 with AT&T. After becoming the youngest executive officer in the history of the company, Esrey left in 1970, joining investment banking firm Dillon, Read & Co. in New York City where after one year he became a managing director. It was at this point that Esrey considered turning his back on business and going to medical school, having had an interest during his teenage years when taken under the wing of a Kansas City physician. Esrey was given a close-up look at the day-to-day work of a doctor, but decided to stay in business

Sprint Telecom
In 1980, Esrey joined United Telecommunications as the executive vice president of corporate planning. In 1982, he became president of United Telecom Communications Inc., later named US Telecom. In 1985, Esrey was made president and CEO of United Telecommunications. In 1990, he became chairman of the company, which had now changed its name to Sprint. During his time in charge of Sprint, the company developed from a rural telephone company into a multibillion-dollar international corporation. Esrey served as Chairman of the Board for Sprint and United Telecom from 1990 to May 2003. He received many honors and awards and Business Week named him one of the top 25 business leaders in the world .In 1999, the board agreed to a merger with WorldCom, which failed due to antitrust concerns.

Tax
During his time as CEO and Chairman with Sprint, Esrey was paid an average of $25.5million per annum, including cash, bonuses and stock options. Most of this "income" was in stock options whose value was not realized due to the tech crash in 2000. Esrey earned a seven-figure salary, with annual bonuses ranging from $220,000 to $1.38 million.

It was at this point that the accounting firm Ernst & Young, Sprint's auditors, offered Esrey and Sprint COO Ron LeMay a scheme whereby the income taxes on their stock-option profits disappear for 30 years. Esrey and LeMay handed Ernst & Young $5.8 million to set up a tax shelter for their option income. But the tax shelter was not legal according to the IRS. Esrey and LeMay found they could owe over $100 million in taxes.

Sprint asked Esrey and LeMay to resign, releasing LeMay with just $190,400 in severance each month for the next eighteen months, and consulting fees that brought his total exit package to $5.8 million.  Sprint formally announced Esrey's departure with a package worth at least $10.5 million.

Other positions
Esrey held positions as:
The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States - Director
General Mills - Director, since 1989
Japan Telecom - Chairman
Panhandle Eastern Corp - director
Sprint Corporation - Chairman Emeritus

He served as Chairman of The Business Council from 2001 to 2002.

He was a trustee of the University of Kansas City, a trustee of the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Team Foundation, a director of the Heart of America United Way and the NCAA Foundation.

Personal life
Esrey is married to Julie (née Campbell), and the couple have two children, Bill and John.

References
Chakravarty, Subrata N. "Nimble Upstart" Forbes, Forbes, New York, May 8, 1995.
Silverman, Robin and Christine Riccelli. "William T. Esrey" Ingram's, Ingram Enterprises 1990.

External links
Bio at Forbes.com

1940 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
Swarthmore College alumni
Denison University alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
Sprint Corporation people

William Esrey


St Lawrence Bay is a village in Essex, UK. It is in an area known as the Dengie Hundred, next to the River Blackwater.

The village is now known as St Lawrence, Essex which comprises the two settlements of St Lawrence Bay and Ramsey Island. The population is included in the civil parish of Steeple.

St Lawrence has the local nickname of 'Stone'.

Parish Council
St Lawrence Parish Council meets monthly in St Lawrence Church Hall

History
In the past the village was known as St Lawrence Newland a reference to clearing the forest to make way for farming that created the village.

Church
St Lawrence Parish Church is built on a high spot at the southern edge of the village.
The church has been designated as a rural discovery church and as such displays regular exhibitions.
Three generations of the Wedgewood Benn family including Viscount Stansgate are commemorated in this church

Leisure activities
The village is famous for sailing and watersports, which bring in many tourists during the summer.  However, one of the two caravan parks has been almost completely replaced by housing.

There are two pubs: The St. Lawrence Inn and The Stone. The Inn houses a restaurant and The Stone houses an Indian cuisine restaurant.

St Lawrence Bay is home to Stone Sailing Club and to a watersports club.

External links

History of St Lawrence

Villages in Essex
Maldon District

St Lawrence Bay


Sam Houston Coliseum was an indoor arena located in Houston, Texas.

Early years
Located at 801 Bagby Street in Downtown Houston, the Coliseum and Music Hall complex replaced the Sam Houston Hall, which was a wooden structure that had been erected on the site for the 1928 Democratic National Convention and torn down in 1936. The Public Works Administration contributed $1,329,508 to the project designed by architect Alfred C. Finn. Groundbreaking ceremonies were held on November 4, 1936. The arena opened in November 1937 and had a capacity of 9,200. It was built in conjunction with the Houston Music Hall, which was adjacent to the Coliseum.

Notable performers
On October 14, 1956, Elvis Presley's concert at the Coliseum ended abruptly, as he and his band were taken away by police escort, just before the end of the show as a mob of about 1,000 teenagers rushed the stage, their instruments being destroyed as a result.

On November 21, 1963, United States President John F. Kennedy gave a speech in the Houston Coliseum, on what would be the last night of his life. John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas the following day.

On August 19, 1965, The Beatles performed at the Coliseum.

On August 20, 1967, James Brown performed at the Coliseum.

On July 10, 1968, The Doors performed at the Coliseum with the opening band Moving Sidewalks, featuring Billy Gibbons who would go on to form ZZ Top less than a year later.

Supergroup Cream played there on October 24, 1968.

Jimi Hendrix played at the venue on June 6, 1970, three months before he died.

Ike & Tina Turner performed at the Coliseum on July 31, 1971.

Trapeze (band) performed at the Colisseum on Saturday, October 21, 1972. The show was recorded and released as a double live album in 2021 called "Trapeze Live in Houston 1972."

Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band played here November 9, 1974, and again on September 13 and 14, 1975.

The First National Women's Conference, a milestone for the modern women's movement, was held at the Coliseum in November 1977.

Ozzy Osbourne with Randy Rhoads played at the venue on June 7, 1981, and February 17, 1982.

Stevie Ray Vaughan with Double Trouble (band) performed at the venue on November 24, 1989, on his last tour before Vaughan's tragic death in a helicopter crash nine months later.

Ice Cube and Too Short bought their Straight From The Underground Tour to Sam Houston on December 23, 1990, with Yo-Yo, D-Nice, Kid Rock, Poor Righteous Teachers, and King T.

The Black Crowes played a free concert at the venue on February 6, 1993. The free show was due to security problems that forced the cancellation of a show during a previous Houston visit. The show was broadcast nationally on radio across North America and also was videotaped for the video "Bad Luck Blue Eyes Goodbye". The audio version was released on EPs, dubbed "High in Houston". This would be the last concert performed at the Coliseum before it was demolished.

Sports
In 1946, permanent ice chillers were installed in the floor to accommodate an ice hockey rink for Houston's first pro ice hockey team – the Houston Skippers of the USHL. The Skippers changed their name the following season to the Houston Huskies and called the Coliseum home until their demise in 1949.

Prior to Hofheinz Pavilion being built (on the campus of the University of Houston), the Houston Cougars played home games at the coliseum.

The venue also played host to the Houston Apollos, of the CPHL, from 1965 to 1969; the Houston Aeros, of the WHA, from 1972 to 1975 and the Houston Apollos of the CHL, from 1979 to 1981. The Aeros moved to The Houston Summit, which opened in November 1975 and played their final three seasons there.

The Houston Mavericks, a charter member of the American Basketball Association, played their home games in the Coliseum. However, the Houston franchise was plagued by mismanagement and low attendance. In 1969, the team relocated and became the Carolina Cougars. The Mavericks drew less than 500 fans for most games; their final game in Houston drew just 89 fans.

The Coliseum was also home to Houston Wrestling, run by legendary wrestling promoter Paul Boesch. In an event promoted by Boesch, Jack Brisco defeated Harley Race to win the National Wrestling Alliance World Heavyweight Championship at the Coliseum on July 20, 1973.

Fate
By the 1970s, the arena was starting to show its age. Its fate was effectively sealed in 1971, when the NBA's San Diego Rockets moved to Houston and insisted on building a new arena—what became the Summit—as a replacement. When the Rockets arrived, they would not even consider playing in the Coliseum while the Summit was being built, deeming it inadequate even for temporary use; instead, they played their first few seasons at Hofheinz Pavilion.

Sam Houston Coliseum was demolished in 1998. The former site of the Sam Houston Coliseum was redeveloped into the Hobby Center for the Performing Arts, which opened in 2003.

See also

Sam Houston, general who secured Texas independence and namesake of the coliseum
Sam Houston (wrestler), wrestler who wrestled in the coliseum

References

American Basketball Association venues
Sports venues completed in 1937
1937 establishments in Texas
1998 disestablishments in Texas
Defunct basketball venues in the United States
Defunct indoor arenas in Texas
Demolished music venues in the United States
Demolished sports venues in Texas
Houston Cougars basketball venues
Houston Mavericks
Defunct indoor ice hockey venues in the United States
Sports venues in Houston
World Hockey Association venues
Sam Houston
Sports venues demolished in 1998
Demolished buildings and structures in Houston
Wrestling venues in Houston
Alfred C. Finn buildings

Sam Houston Coliseum


Prof. Champa Sharma is a noted Dogri author and poet known for her contributions to the promotion and preservation of Dogri language in Jammu and Kashmir as well as other Dogri speaking regions of Himachal Pradesh.

Early life and education
Prof. Champa Sharma was born in Daghore, Samba District of Jammu and Kashmir in a Brahmin family. She has graduated in B.Ed. in 1962, M.A (Sanskrit) in 1964 and Ph.D (Sanskrit) in 1975 from University of Jammu. She has also graduated with M.A in Dogri language (Shiromani) in 1977. After teaching at a private college (Republic Academy) and later as an ad-hoc lecturer in Sanskrit at Government Women's College, Gandhi Nagar in 1969 in the initial part of her career, she taught at the Post Graduate Department of Sanskrit at University of Jammu in 1975 for a period of 5 years before joining Dogri Research Centre as a Senior Fellow and Director. While being associated with the Dogri Research Centre, Prof. Champa Sharma worked on securing a full-fledged Post Graduate Department status for Dogri language at University of Jammu and was appointed in 1983 as the first Head of Department of Dogri at University of Jammu.

Literary career
Prof. Champa Sharma has authored 18 original works along with several translation works from languages ranging from Sanskrit to English and Hindi into Dogri. Many of her works  have been translated into other languages namely English, Hindi, Punjabi, Santali, Manipuri, Kashmiri and Thai.

Original works

 Dogri Kavya Charcha (1969)
 Ik Jhaank (1976) - (essays on folk literature)
 Duggar Dharti (1979) - (poetry)
 Duggar Da Lok-Jivan (1985) - (folk-lore)
 Anuvad Vigyan (Co-author) (1985)
 Gurhe Dhundhle Chehare (1988) - (literary sketches in prose)
 Kavya Shastra Te Dogri Kavya Sameeksha (1988) - (literary criticism)
 Raghunath Singh Samyal (Monograph in Hindi)
 Je Jeende Ji Surag Dikhana (1991) - (Dogri songs)
 Jammu Ke Pramukh Parv-Teohar Aur Mele
 Saak Sunna Preet Pittal (1996) - (short stories)
 Shodh Prabandh
 Nihaalap (2002) - (Dogri ghazals)
 Cheten Di Rohl (2004) - (long Dogri poems)
 Gadeerna (2007) - (Dogri poetry)
 Prof. Ved Kumari Ghai (2011) (Monograph in Dogri)
 Saanjh Bhyal - (Dogri poetry)
 Soch Sadhana - (prose - analytical articles on literature)

Translations

 From Sanskrit into Dorgi: "Katha Saritsagar" of Somdatt of Kashmir, Part-3 published by Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages
 From English into Dogri:  "Duaari Kabootaren Di", novel named "The Flight of the Pigeons" written by Ruskin Bond, published by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi.
 From Hindi into Dogri: Ram Krishna Vachnamritsaar (in press)
 From English into Dogri: "Swami Vivekanand Hundi Saral Jeevan Yatra te Unde Updesh", originally titled "Simple life of Swami Vivekananda and his teachings"
 From Sanskrit into Dogri: Commentary of Acharya Mummat's "Kavyaprakash" completed under major research project of University Grants Commission (to be published)
 From English into Dogri:  "The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari" by Robin Sharma, published by Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages with the title in Dogri "Sanyasi Jinn Apni Ferrari Bechi Ditti"

Books compiled and edited

 Ajkani Dogri Kavita Part 2 published by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi
 Life & Works of Krishan Smailpuri published by Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages
 Hirkhi Tandaan published by Dogri Sanstha, Jammu
 Bhasha Vigyan Te Dogri
 Dogri Bal Geet published by Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages in collaboration with CIIL, Mysore
 Dogri Shodh - Vol. I, II, III, IV, V
 Hindi - Dogri and Dogri - Hindi Dictionary of Synonyms (to be published)

Awards and recognitions
She was awarded the Sahitya Akademi award by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi for her original poetry work, "Cheten Di Rhol" in 2008. Other awards and recognitions include:
 Diwanini Vidyawati Dogra Award, 1992
 Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed Memorial Award, 1996
 Dogri Sanstha Golden Jubilee Samman, 1995
 Jammu and Kashmir Accession Golden Jubilee Award, 1997
 NSS Award, 1995
 Dogri Sahitya Rattan Award, 2000
 Rashtriya Hindi Sevi Sahasrabdi Samman (Gold Medal & Certificate), 2000
 Plaque of Honour by Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, 2001
 Sadiq Memorial Award, 2008
 Award of Honour by Post Graduate Department of Punjabi, University of Jammu, 2002
 Kali Veer Memorial Trust Award, 2004
 Jammu and Kashmir State Award, 2006
 Dogra Rattan Award, 2006
 Lifetime Achievement Award, Dogri Sanstha, 2012
 Lifetime Achievement Award, MIER, Jammu
Prof. Champa Sharma has recently translated the best selling English book, The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari written by Robin Sharma in Dogri language. A book review of her Dogri translated work was published in the English daily newspaper published out of Jammu, The Daily Excelsior, authored by Sh. O.P Sharma on 21 August 2016

Prof. Champa Sharma was nominated in August 2017 to be the Dogri representative on the Central Committee of Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Arts, Culture and Languages.

References

Dogri language
Indian women poets
Dogra
Dogra people
Translators from Sanskrit
Living people
Women writers from Jammu and Kashmir
Sahitya Akademi Award-winning works
People from Jammu (city)
Women educators from Jammu and Kashmir
Educators from Jammu and Kashmir
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Jammu alumni
Academic staff of the University of Jammu

Champa Sharma


Lawrence Chatman, better known as DJ Collage or Mista Chatman, is a reggae vocalist and electronic music producer. Raised in Chicago, he moved to the Bay Area in the early 1990s, and now calls Seattle home. His style of music is referred to as reggae fusion.

Biography
Trained in the old school tradition of "ram dance" DJ chatting made popular by artists such as Yellowman, Nicodemus, and Super Cat, Collage began his musical career performing weekly guest spots with live Jamaican reggae bands at the famed Wild Hare nightclub on Chicago's north side. After relocating to California he had the opportunity to perform and tour with established reggae artists such as U-Roy, Ras Michael, Barrington Levy, Messenjah, Raskidus, The Heptones, and Nicodemus. His vocals appeared two top ten hits in the year 1994, one with the reggae soundsystem/band The Positive Sound Massive titled "Unity" and another with local ambient/breakbeat group Dubtribe titled "Mother Earth".

In the year 2000, Collage self-released the CD Uptown/Downtown. This five track EP featured Collage spitting dancehall lyrics over hip-hop and raggamuffin beats. The EP received radio airplay in the US and Europe and the track "New Type Sound" was licensed by BSI Records and appeared on the Docking Sequence compilation.

In 2002 Collage was a guest vocalist of Vienna's downtempo crew Sofa Surfers. His vocals appear on three tracks on their Encounters CD, and he was invited to go on a month-long European tour with the band to support the release. (It was released in the US in 2004 as See the Light via ESL records.) Collage went on to work with other Viennese groups such as Stereotyp, I-Wolf, Megablast, Kung Fu Divas & Blockwerk. During this time Collage was also a frequent guest of the Viennese ragga/jungle night- "Wicked" run by the Wickedsquad. This led to him being a featured vocalist in their first vinyl release "Domo-Kun-Bogle" which is accompanied by a video which portrays Collage in animated form.

In 2003 Collage relocated to Seattle. But before he left the bay area, he linked up with Meat Beat Manifesto to record vocals for their ...In Dub CD & DVD release.

In Seattle Collage has worked and recorded with locals like IQU & Truckasauras.

Due to confusions with his performance name because of the "DJ" prefix, Collage officially changed his recording artist name to Mista Chatman in May 2010. His guest appearance on Delhi 2 Dublin's third album, Planet Electric, marked the debut of the name change.

Selected discography
As vocalist:
Dubtribe Sound System, Mother Earth (12"), Mother Earth (Sunshine..., Organico, 1993
Archive Volume One 1991-1993 (2xCD), Mother Earth (Ragga Ea..., Imperial Dub Recordings, 1999
Sofa Surfers, Formula (12"), Babylon Thymes, Klein Records, 2002
Encounters (CD), Babylon Tymes, Twisted..., Klein Records, 2002
My Sound (CD), All Di Gal Com, G-Stone Recordings, 2002
Wicked Vinyl 01 (12"), Domo-Kun-Bogle, Not On Label, 2002
Babylon Is Ours - The USA In Dub (12"), Where You Gonna Run, Select Cuts, 2003
Feel Alive (12"), Hard Tobacco, Stereo Deluxe, 2003
Showgirlz (12"), El Ninjo (Luv Lite Mas..., Stereo Deluxe, 2003
Soul Strata (CD), Inna Meditation, Klein Records, 2003
Meat Beat Manifesto, ...In Dub (CD), Echo In Space Dub, Fro..., Run Recordings, 2004
Can I Get A Witness (12"), Babylon Times, Passin'..., Eighteenth Street Lounge Music, 2004
Covert Movements (CD), Once Inna Life, Counte..., Supa Crucial Recordings, 2004
IQU, Dirty Boy (12"), Dirty Boy (DJ Collage'..., Sonic Boom Recordings, 2004
Meat Beat Manifesto, Echo In Space Dub / Retrograde Pt. 2, Dub We R 1 (12"), Tino Corp., 2004
Meet The Babylonians (CD), Inter/Outernational, Klein Records, 2004
I-Wolf, Munchies (12"), Munchies (I-Wolf Remix), Cosmic Sounds, 2004
Phase Three (CD), Nu Styling, Klein Records, 2004
Phase Two (12"), Nu Styling, Born, Klein Records, 2004
See The Light (CD), Babylon Tymes, Twisted..., Eighteenth Street Lounge Music, 2004
Shockout (CD), Rude Boy Talk, Shockout, 2004
Ghislain Porier, Breakupdown (CD), Mic Diplomat, Chocolate Industries, 2005
Chocolate Swim (MP3), Mic Diplomat, [adult swim], Chocolate Industries, 2006
Fiplay ft Dj Collage & Aladin, Wickedsquad Dubplates Cd 1, Basstart Records,

Tracks Appear On:
It's a Berlin Thing Vol. 3 (2xCD), Tyme Bomb, Dangerous Drums, 2004
DJ Collage Presents the Parlor (CD), Masse-One, 2006

References

External links
Official web site
Myspace page
Discography

American reggae musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

DJ Collage


Lothar Osiander (born November 8, 1939) is a German soccer coach who has served as head coach to the U.S. national and Olympic teams as well as the Atlanta Ruckus, Los Angeles Galaxy and San Jose Clash.

Biography
Osiander moved to the United States with his family in 1958, settling in the San Francisco area. He attended Mission High School. After graduating from high school, he first attended the City College of San Francisco, then the University of San Francisco where he played on the men's soccer team under legendary coach Steve Negoesco. In 1966, the Dons won the NCAA Men's Soccer Championship. Osiander graduated with degrees in physical education and Spanish in 1968. By that time he had become a U.S. citizen, gaining his citizenship in 1965.

Osiander was an assistant coach with the California Surf of the North American Soccer League (NASL).

Osiander eventually returned to San Francisco, becoming a waiter at Graziano's, a local restaurant, while playing and coaching in the city's highly competitive soccer leagues. In 1985, he coached a semi-pro club, the San Francisco Greek-Americans, to the National Challenge Cup title.

By that time, Osiander was well known on the national coaching scene. Back in 1974, the United States Soccer Federation (USSF) had hired Osiander as part of its coaching staff. At the time Walter Chyzowych was the U.S. head coach and in that capacity would travel the country putting on coaching clinics. Osiander traveled as part of Chyzowich's team and became known as an excellent teacher and coach. In 1978, the U.S. Olympic committee inaugurated a National Sports Festival, hiring Osiander as the West team soccer coach. He continued in this position for the next ten years.

By 1986, Osiander's success with the Olympic Festivals and the Greek Americans led Chyzowich, now head of USSF, to hire Osiander to replace fired Alkis Panagouliasas as the head coach of the U.S. national team. The team was in the middle of rebuilding following its failure to qualify for the 1986 FIFA World Cup. As the International Olympic Committee (IOC) allowed countries outside of Europe and South America to field their full national teams in the Olympics, Osiander turned his attention to qualification for the 1988 Summer Olympics to be held in Seoul, South Korea. The qualification campaign nearly ended as soon as it began when Canada defeated the U.S. 2–0 in the first leg of their home and away first round series. At the time, series winners were decided on goal differential with away goals counting for two points and home goals only one. In other words, the U.S. needed to win the follow-up game 3–0. If it let Canada gain even one goal in the game in the U.S., then the score would need to be 5–1 for the U.S. to make the next round. On May 30, 1987, Osiander's team rose to the challenge and shutout Canada, while scoring the three needed goals. The U.S. went on a tear in the second round, going undefeated against Trinidad and El Salvador, outscoring its opponents 13 to 4, and winning a spot in Seoul. In those games, the U.S. underachieved, running to a 1–1–1 record and failing to make the second round. On January 16, 1989, USSF released Osiander when it announced the hiring of Bob Gansler as the full-time national team coach. By this time Osiander had set the U.S. national team back on track. In addition to the marvelous Olympic qualification campaign, Osiander led the team through a successful first round of World Cup qualification with a scoreless away tie with Jamaica followed by a 5-1 crushing of the Reggae Boyz. Osiander compiled a 13–7 record with the team in full internationals during his tenure as coach.

While he left the senior national team in 1989, Osiander continued to coach the U.S. B Team and eventually the U.S. U-23 national team. After the 1988 Olympics, USSF began signing U.S. players to national team contracts. These players formed an A team while fringe or up and coming players spent time with the B Team. Additionally, the IOC had decided to make the Olympic soccer tournament an U-23 competition. In 1991, Osiander coached the U.S. U-23 team to a gold medal at that year's Pan American Games, held in Cuba. That year, Osiander also began preparing the team for the 1992 Summer Olympics to be held in Barcelona, Spain. The team easily ran through qualification and had high hopes for success in Spain. In one of the many inexplicable moments in U.S. soccer history, Osiander benched his leading scorer, Steve Snow, for the team's first Olympic match. Snow had led the U.S. team at the Pan American games with four goals, then bagged eleven more in nine games of Olympic qualifying. However, Osiander did not fail to mask his dislike for Snow, calling him a "cocky twerp". But without Snow, the U.S. offense stalled and the team lost 2–1 to Italy. Osiander played Snow in the next two games. While Snow scored in both, a win and a tie, it was not enough and the U.S. failed to make the second round. USSF president Alan Rothenberg fired Osiander after the Olympics, based largely on Osiander's refusal to play Snow in the game with Italy.

When not coaching, Osiander had continued to work at Graziano's, rising from waiter to maître d'. However, in 1992, the restaurant was sold to new management who let Osiander go. Out of work, he turned to coaching the Palo Alto Firebirds of the USISL. While working at Graziano's, he had spent time as an assistant coach with the San Francisco Bay Blackhawks of the American Professional Soccer League (APSL) before it folded in 1992. He also continued coaching the San Francisco Greek-Americans. In 1994, he took the Greek-Americans to its second U.S. Open Cup title. In all likelihood this team will remain the last amateur or semi-pro team to win the National Cup.

As he no longer had a job either with Graziano's or the national team and since semi-pro or assistant coaches rarely earn much, Osiander was forced into full-time professional coaching. In 1995, the expansion Atlanta Ruckus of the A-League hired Osiander as its first coach. Despite finishing the regular season fourth out of six, the Ruckus made it to the A-League championship series, only to fall to the Seattle Sounders. For his efforts Osiander was honored as A-League coach of the year.

Osiander's success with the Greek-Americans and Ruckus brought him to the attention of the newly created Major League Soccer club Los Angeles Galaxy which hired him as its first coach. The Galaxy began the first MLS season with 12 straight victories, finishing with a 19–13 record. The Galaxy went to the championship game only to fall to the Bruce Arena-coached D.C. United, 3–2 in overtime. However, in 1997, the Galaxy began 3-9 and on June 10, 1997, the team fired Osiander.

In January 1998, the Tampa Bay Mutiny hired Osiander as an assistant coach. When John Kowalski, head coach of the Mutiny, was fired in 1999, some observers thought Osiander would serve as interim coach. Instead, he left the Mutiny and was hired as head coach of the MLS Project 40 team. In September 1999, the San Jose Clash hired Osiander to replace Brian Quinn near the end of the 1999 season. At the time, Osiander was leading the Project 40 team into the United Soccer League playoffs where it lost in the semifinals to the Minnesota Thunder. Once the Project 40 team was eliminated from the playoffs, Osiander joined the Clash, taking the team to a 2–1 record in his three games to close out the 1999 season. Despite the good start at the end of the 1999, Osiander could do little better than his predecessors when it came to a full season. In 2000, he took the team to a 7-17-8 record and on January 12, 2001, the Earthquakes fired Osiander.

Since leaving MLS, he returned to his position as coach of the San Francisco Greek-Americans. He also coaches local Bay area youth teams, including the U-17 Ballistic Boys which won the 2003 State Cup as an U-16 team. Finally, he is the head coach of San Ramon United, an U-17 team.

The NSCAA awarded Osiander the Walt Chzyowich Award in 2007. He was selected to be the coach of the U-16 Tri-Valley Boys for the 2009 season. He is currently coaching them. He also temporarily took over for the U-19 Tri-Valley Arsenal, due to the absence of former coach Terry Weekes. This was Osiander's last known coaching position.

References

External links
 Short bio
 Chyzowich Award bio

San Francisco Dons men's soccer players
German football managers
American soccer coaches
Emigrants from West Germany to the United States
Footballers from Munich
1939 births
Living people
Restaurant staff
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) coaches
USISL coaches
American Professional Soccer League coaches
Atlanta Silverbacks FC coaches
LA Galaxy coaches
San Jose Earthquakes coaches
Expatriate soccer coaches in the United States
United States men's national soccer team managers
Men's association football midfielders
German men's footballers
German expatriate men's footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
German expatriate football managers
Olympic coaches for the United States

Lothar Osiander


The sack of Rome of May 1084 was a Norman sack, the result of the pope's call for aid from the duke of Apulia, Robert Guiscard.

Pope Gregory VII was besieged in the Castel Sant'Angelo by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV in June 1083. He held out and called for aid from Guiscard, who was then fighting the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos in the Balkans. He returned, however, to the Italian Peninsula and marched north with 36,000 men. He entered Rome and forced Henry to retreat, but a riot of the citizens led to a three days sack, after which Guiscard escorted the pope to the Lateran. The Normans had mainly pillaged the old city, which was then one of the richest cities in Italy. After days of unending violence, the Romans rose up and caused the Normans to set fire to the city. Many of the buildings of Rome were gutted on the Capitoline and Palatine hills along with the area between the Colosseum and the Lateran. In the end the ravaged Roman populace succumbed to the Normans.

See also
 Italo-Normans
 History of Rome

References

1084 in Europe
Conflicts in 1084
1080s in the Holy Roman Empire
11th century in the Papal States
Rome 1084
Rome 1084
Rome 1084
Medieval Rome
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Pope Gregory VII
Colosseum
Sacks of Rome

Sack of Rome (1084)


Liam Tuohy (27 April 1933 – 13 August 2016)  was an Irish footballer and manager. During the 1950s and 1960s, Tuohy played as an outside left for Shamrock Rovers, Newcastle United, and the Republic of Ireland. In 1959, while playing for Ireland, Tuohy scored the first ever goal in the history of the European Championship. After retiring as a player, Tuohy became a coach and managed several clubs in the League of Ireland including Shamrock Rovers, Dundalk, and Shelbourne.

He also managed the Republic of Ireland. In July 1973, he also took charge of the Shamrock Rovers XI that played Brazil in a prestige friendly, and during the 1980s, he successfully coached the Republic of Ireland U-19s. He subsequently served as a director of football at Home Farm, before retiring in 2002. In October 2007, Tuohy, along with other members of the Shamrock Rovers team that won the FAI Cup six times in a row during the 1960s, was honoured by the FAI.

Early years
Tuohy was born in East Wall, a working class area on Northside Dublin. He was the second youngest in a family of six boys. His father, Gerry, died when he was young, leaving him and his five brothers to be raised by his mother, Sadie. Tuohy played in goal at hurling for his school, St. Joseph's, and began playing soccer for St. Mary's, East Wall. After leaving school, Tuohy initially worked as a wheel builder for Royal Enfield, delivered groceries and assembled prams.

Club career

Shamrock Rovers
In August 1951, after impressing the Rovers mentors in a FAI Youth Cup game for St Mary's, Tuohy was signed by Shamrock Rovers. Despite finishing top scorer after a season with the under 21s and another as top scorer with the second team, he didn't make his League of Ireland until 7 March 1954 at Glenmalure Park.

Tuohy had made such an impact that just six months later he was selected on the League of Ireland XI to play The Football League XI. As a 21-year-old, Tuohy attracted the interest of both West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, but he opted to remain with Rovers. Under player-manager Paddy Coad, he subsequently became a prominent member of the successful Rovers team nicknamed Coad's Colts. During this era, Rovers won the League of Ireland title three times and the FAI Cup twice. They also made their debut in European competition, and in 1959 Tuohy scored the first of four goals for Rovers at this level, when he scored their second goal in 3–2 away defeat against Nice in the European Cup.

On 3 May 1960, a testimonial against Newcastle United was held for both Tuohy and Liam Hennessy. Having given a good account of himself, Charlie Mitten signed him.

Newcastle United

By 1960, Tuohy, now aged 27, had met and married his wife Sheila and had fathered three children. He had played part-time for Rovers for nine years and was now working for Guinness at St. James's Gate Brewery. It was at this stage that he accepted an offer from Newcastle United in May 1960, to play full-time in the English League. He made his debut on 8 August 1960, and during three years with the club, he made 42 total appearances and scored 9 goals.

International career
Between 1955 and 1965, Tuohy made 8 appearances and scored 4 goals for the Republic of Ireland. He made his debut on 10 October 1955, while at Shamrock Rovers, in a 4–1 defeat in a friendly against Yugoslavia. The match was controversial because Yugoslavia was a communist state and the Archbishop of Dublin, John Charles McQuaid, boycotted it in protest against the persecution of Catholic officials under Marshal Tito's regime. Tuohy won his next two caps while playing for Newcastle United.

On 5 April 1959, Tuohy scored his first goal for Ireland, the opening goal in a 2–0 win against Czechoslovakia at Dalymount Park. This match was a "preliminary round" qualifier for the inaugural European Nations' Cup, and so was the Republic of Ireland's first ever game in the competition. It has been reported many times since that Tuohy's goal was the first ever to be scored in a European nations' championship; however, a goal by Anatoli Ilyin in a September 1958 first round match for the USSR against Hungary predates Tuohy's strike.

Tuohy's remaining three international goals were all scored in 1962. His second goal for Ireland came in a 3–2 defeat in a friendly against Austria. He then scored in both games against Iceland during the qualifiers for the 1964 European Nations' Cup. Tuohy played his last game for Ireland on 24 March 1965, in a friendly against Belgium.

Coaching career

Shamrock Rovers
In 1963, Tuohy returned to Shamrock Rovers as a player-coach and helped the club win a League of Ireland/FAI Cup double. In 1964, he was appointed Rovers player-manager and he subsequently guided a team that included, among others, Bobby Gilbert, Johnny Fullam, Pat Dunne, Frank O'Neill, Mick Leech and Paddy Mulligan to a consecutive run of FAI Cup wins between 1964 and 1969. Tuohy also added to his tally of goals in European competition. In 1963, during a Fairs Cup game against Valencia, he scored in a 2–2 draw. He scored again in 1965, in another Fairs Cup game against Real Zaragoza, which finished 1–1. However the highlight of his European exploits came in 1966, when Rovers came close to knocking the eventual winners Bayern Munich out of the European Cup Winners Cup. After holding Bayern to a 1–1 draw at Dalymount Park, goals from Bobby Gilbert and Tuohy saw Rovers came back from 2–0 down during the away game. Rovers were winning the tie on away goals when a late goal from Gerd Müller saw Bayern win 3–2 on the night and progress to the next round. In total he made 16 appearances scoring 4 goals for Rovers in European competition.

During the summer of 1967, Tuohy also played for and managed Rovers when they competed as Boston Rovers in the United Soccer Association league. In June 1972, he returned to Rovers for a second spell as manager, but resigned on 20 December 1973.

Dundalk
In 1969, Tuohy was appointed manager of Dundalk, after moving there with his job at HB Ice Cream, and on 16 September they lost 10–0 to Liverpool in the Fairs Cup. During this time at Oriel Park, he was also a club director. Tuohy remained in charge of Dundalk until 1972, guiding them to victory in the Leinster Senior Cup in 1971, and the League of Ireland Shield in 1972.

Republic of Ireland
In 1971, Tuohy was appointed manager of the Republic of Ireland. His first game in charge was on 10 October 1971, a 6–0 defeat away to Austria. The game, a European Championship qualifier, had been arranged for a Sunday, the day after a full league program in England. Forced to field a team of mainly League of Ireland players, Tuohy resolved that this would not happen again. He demanded that all future fixtures be played on a Wednesday and over the following months he travelled to England and began discussions with various team managers to secure the release of his star players for future internationals. On 4 January 1972, in Tuohy's second game in charge Ireland beat the visiting West German Olympic XI 3–0. In June 1972, Tuohy took an Ireland squad to Brazil to compete in the Brazilian Independence Cup.
While there they played four games, earning respectable wins over Iran and Ecuador.

Tuohy was also in charge of Ireland during the qualifiers for the 1974 FIFA World Cup. Denied the services of Johnny Giles and Paddy Mulligan through injury and Don Givens who was not released by Queens Park Rangers, Ireland were beaten 2–1 by the Soviet Union on 18 October 1972. However a month later on 15 November, Giles returned and inspired Ireland to a 2–1 win over France. On 13 May 1973, a 1–0 defeat to the Soviets effectively ended Ireland's chances of qualifying for the World Cup.

On 19 May 1973 in the return game against France, Tuohy took charge of Ireland for the last time. After just eleven games in charge, Tuohy resigned. At the same time as managing Ireland, Tuohy was also managing Shamrock Rovers and was working as an area sales manager for HB Ice Cream. He was now the father of six children and financial pressures forced him to give up the Ireland job which only paid £500 a year.

Republic of Ireland U-19s
In 1981, Tuohy returned to international management after 6 years managing Dublin University and took the unpaid position as manager of the Republic of Ireland U-19 team. He was also managing Shelbourne. He appointed Brian Kerr as one of his assistants.

The Republic of Ireland national under-19 football team qualified for the 1982 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship. They qualified again for the 1983 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship, where despite remaining unbeaten in a group that included eventual winners France, they were eliminated. During the 1984 UEFA European Under-18 Championships, Tuohy guided a team that included Denis Irwin and Brian Mooney to the semi-finals, where they lost to the Soviet Union. They eventually finished fourth, after losing the third place play-off to Poland and this qualified them for the 1985 FIFA World Youth Championship. This was the best showing of any Irish team in an international competition, until Kerr guided the U-19s to victory in same competition in 1998. In February 1986, Tuohy resigned as the U-19 manager after he felt undermined by Jack Charlton, the new manager of the senior team. During a half-time team talk, Charlton had allegedly taken over and sidelined Tuohy.

Statistics

Inter League goals

Honours

Player
Shamrock Rovers:

 League of Ireland: 4

 1953–54, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1963–64

 FAI Cup: 8

 1955, 1956, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969

 League of Ireland Shield: 8

 1954–55, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68
Leinster Senior Cup: 6
 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1969
Dublin City Cup: 1
 1966–67
SWAI Personality of the Year: 1
 1965–66

Manager
Dundalk

 League of Ireland Shield: 1

 1972
Leinster Senior Cup: 1
 1971

References

Sources
The Book of Irish Goalscorers by Seán Ryan & Stephen Burke 1987

1933 births
2016 deaths
Men's association football wingers
Association footballers from Dublin (city)
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Republic of Ireland men's international footballers
Republic of Ireland men's B international footballers
League of Ireland players
Shamrock Rovers F.C. players
Shamrock Rovers F.C. managers
Newcastle United F.C. players
English Football League players
United Soccer Association players
United Soccer Association coaches
Boston Shamrock Rovers players
Republic of Ireland association football managers
Republic of Ireland national football team managers
League of Ireland managers
Dundalk F.C. managers
Shelbourne F.C. managers
Home Farm F.C. managers
League of Ireland XI players
League of Ireland XI managers
Republic of Ireland expatriate men's association footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Stella Maris F.C. players
Dublin University A.F.C. managers
Association football coaches

Liam Tuohy (footballer)


Lag Prau Pulté is a lake at Flims in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland.

Geography
This lake falls completely dry in autumn and remains empty until being filled by growing underground flows depending on temperatures and snow melt rate in the mountains. During a cold period in spring, water that entered the dell of this lake may disappear again as snow melt decreases and all water remains in the underground flow. As soon as the basin is finally filled, a small river of just about half a mile in length (falling some 100 meters in level) will start flowing around May. Its destination is another lake, Lag Tuleritg, which is fed by this river in spring, disappearing in autumn and staying dry all winter. Due to its origin the water of both lakes remains grey all summer until the level starts to go down in autumn. In Lag Prau Pulté one can see another special effect caused by air being forced out of the underground, causing the lake not only to remain grey but offering frequent bubbles on the surface.

Because its proximity it is very likely that the water from Lag Tuleritg continues underground to Caumasee, although no experiments using colour was ever to prove this.

Literature
 Hermann Anliker: Schweizer Heimatbücher: Flims; Haupt-Verlag, Bern 1961
 Sina Semadeni-Bezzola: Waldhaus Flims, Werner Classen-Verlag, Zürich 1976
 Emil Kirchen: Wenn der Berg stürzt: das Bergsturzgebiet zwischen Chur und Ilanz - Chur [etc.]: Terra Grischuna, cop. 1993. [000943845]

Lakes of Switzerland
Lakes of Graubünden
Flims

Lag Prau Pulté


The Museu Entomológico Fritz Plaumann (English: The Fritz Plaumann Entomological Museum) is an entomological museum located in Seara (formerly Nova Teutônia), Santa Catarina, Brazil. The museum contains the collections of famed entomologist Fritz Plaumann and is kept by an agreement between the municipal government of Seara, where the entomologist lived, and the Santa Catarina State University (UFSC). It is a relatively small collection, with about 80,000 individuals from 17,000 species, most of them collected by Plaumann himself around the Upper Uruguai river region. The biggest entomological collections in Brazil are the ones from Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ, approx. 7,000,000 specimens), Museu de Zoologia de São Paulo (MZSP, approx. 4,700,000 specimens) and Universidade Federal do Paraná (DZUP, approx. 3,000,000 specimens).

External links
 Official website

References

Natural history museums in Brazil
Museums in Santa Catarina (state)
Entomological organizations

Museu Entomológico Fritz Plaumann


The Menapii were a Belgic tribe dwelling near the North Sea, around present-day Cassel, during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

History
The Menapii were persistent opponents of Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul, resisting until 54 BC. They were part of the Belgic confederacy defeated by Caesar in 57 BC, contributing 9,000 men. The following year they sided with the Veneti against Caesar. Caesar was again victorious, but the Menapii and the Morini refused to make peace and continued to fight against him. They withdrew into the forests and swamps and conducted a hit-and-run campaign. Caesar responded by cutting down the forests, seizing their cattle and burning their settlements, but this was interrupted by heavy rain and the onset of winter, and the Menapii and Morini withdrew further into the forests. In 55 BC the Menapii tried to resist a Germanic incursion across the Rhine, but were defeated. Later that year, while Caesar made his first expedition to Britain, he sent two of his legates and the majority of his army to the territories of the Menapii and Morini to keep them under control. Once again, they retired to the woods, and the Romans burned their crops and settlements. The Menapii joined the revolt led by Ambiorix in 54 BC. Caesar says that they, alone of all the tribes of Gaul, had never sent ambassadors to him to discuss terms of peace, and had ties of hospitality with Ambiorix. For that reason he decided to lead five legions against them. A renewed campaign of devastation finally forced them to submit, and Caesar placed his ally Commius of the Atrebates in control of them.

A cohort of Menapian auxiliaries is attested by inscriptions dating to the 2nd century in Britain. Carausius, the 3rd century commander of the Roman fleet who declared himself emperor of Britain and northern Gaul, was a Menapian, born in Batavia. A legion called the Menapii Seniores is mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum, a 5th-century register of Roman government positions and military commands.

Name

Attestations
They are mentioned as Menapii by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Orosius (early 5th c. AD), Menápioi (Μενάπιοι; var. Μονάπιοι, Μενάσπιοι) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD) and Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), as Menapi by Pliny (1st c. AD) and the Notitia Dignitatum (5th c. AD), and under the accusative forms Menapios by Tacitus (early 2nd c. AD) and Menapíous (Μεναπίους) by Cassius Dio (3rd c. AD).

Etymology
The Gaulish ethnonym Menapii has been phonetically compared with Manapii, the name of a tribe from southeastern Ireland mentioned by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD. These tribal names may ultimately derive from a Proto-Celtic form reconstructed as *Menakwī or *Manakwī, whose meaning remains uncertain, perhaps the 'mountain people' or the 'high-living people' (from the root *mon- 'mountain'; cf. MWelsh mynydd, OBret. monid, OCo. menit), or from the root *men- ('think, remember'; cf. OIr. muinithir 'think', Welsh mynnu 'wish').

The city of Cassel, attested on Peutinger's Tabula as Castellum Menapiorum (Cassello in 840–75, Cassel in 1110), is indirectly named after the tribe.

Geography

Territory
According to descriptions in such authors as Strabo, Caesar, Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy their territory had stretched northwards to the mouth of the Rhine in the north, but more lastingly it stretched along the west of the Scheldt river. In later geographical terms this territory corresponds roughly to the modern Belgian coast, the Belgian provinces of East and West Flanders. It also extended into neighbouring France and the river deltas of the Southern Netherlands.

To the north and east of the Menapii lay the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta. In the time of Caesar, the Menapii had settlements throughout this region and as far as the Rhine in present-day Germany, or at least its branch, the Waal. During Roman times these islands were under the frontier province of Germania Inferior, and inhabited partly by various groups of people who had moved there under Roman rule. Pliny the elder lists the people in these "Gallic Islands" as Batavi and Canninefates on the largest island, Frisii and the Chauci whose main lands were to the north of the deltas, and the Frisiavones, Sturii, and Marsacii. Of these last three, the Marsaci appear to be mentioned in another place by Pliny as having a presence on the coast south of the delta, neighbouring the Menapii, within Gaul itself. The Frisiavones are also mentioned within the listing for Belgian Gaul, but probably therefore lived in the part of the delta south of the Batavi, northeast of the Menapii. In one inscription, from Bulla Regia, the Tungri, Batavians and Frisiavones are grouped together, apparently confirming that the Frisiavones lived inland. It is suggested that the Marsaci and the Sturii could be "pagi" belonging to the civitas of either the Frisiavones or the Menapii. South of the delta, east of the river Scheldt from the Menapii, and therefore apparently south of the Frisiavones, Pliny mentions the Toxandri, in a position apparently on the northern edge of Gaul. It is known that the Toxandri were associated with the civitates of both the Nervii and the Tungri, so they presumably had a presence in both.

While in Pliny the Menapii do not stretch beyond the Scheldt, in Strabo's 1st-century Geographica, they are situated further away than the Nervii and on both sides of the Rhine near its outlets to the sea, apparently not far from the Germanic Sigambri. Apparently following Caesar he said that they "dwell amongst marshes and forests, not lofty, but consisting of dense and thorny wood". They are also referred to in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geographia, situated "above" the Nervii, and near the Meuse river.

While these authors make it clear that the Menapii still lay north of the Nervii in Roman times, it is not clear if they still bordered directly upon the former territory of the Eburones, as they had been in Caesar's time, and which in imperial times was within the Civitas Tungrorum, or civitas of the Tungri. In any case as mentioned above they bordered in Roman times upon the Toxandrians, who apparently lived in the north of the lands of the Nervii and Tungri.

South of the Menapii were the Atrebates in Artois, and south-west along the coast were the Morini. The boundary with the Morini in classical times appears to have been the river Aa.

In the later Roman empire, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites reports that "Cassel was superseded as capital of the Menapii by Tournai after Gaul was reorganized under Diocletian and Constantine the Great. The civitas Menapiorum became the civitas Turnencensium." By medieval times, when these Roman districts evolved into medieval Roman Catholic dioceses, Cassel had in fact become part of the diocese of Thérouanne, which had been the civitas of the Morini.

Settlements
Their civitas, or administrative capital, under the Roman empire was Cassel in northern France, and later this was moved nearer to a river in Tournai, in present-day Belgium, on the Scheldt. Both of these are near Thérouanne, which was the civitas of the neighbouring Morini tribe, and indeed in the Middle Ages Cassel became part of the Catholic Diocese of Thérouanne. Cassel was therefore in the southern extreme of the Menapii lands. A pattern of placing Roman tribal capitals in the south is also found in the neighbouring Belgian tribal states, of the Nervii and Tungri. The positions of such Roman tribal capitals frequently didn't correspond to the centre of a tribe's territory in pre-Roman political geography. Similarly, in those neighbouring regions, the centre of Roman civilization was typically moved further south, and on to a major river, in late Roman times, after the area was threatened by Frankish tribes from outside the empire.

Economy
The economic activity of the Menapii was primally extraction of wool from sheeps, and the fabrication of primitive cloths, and these were perfected while the Roman Reign in the Region. These cloths were one of the most rare things in terms of goods, because of the geographical location where they were made. Besides, these cloths were exported to Italy and other regions through the Rhine.

References

Bibliography

Historical Celtic peoples
Belgae
Gauls
Tribes involved in the Gallic Wars
Tribes in pre-Roman Gaul

Menapii


David Heaton (March 10, 1823 – June 25, 1870) was an American attorney and politician, a US Representative from North Carolina. He earlier was elected to the state senates of Ohio and Minnesota.

Early life and education
Heaton was born in Hamilton, Butler County, Ohio, March 10, 1823 to James Heaton (1779–1841) and Mary Morrell (1782–1871), migrants from the East. He completed preparatory studies and studied law as a legal apprentice. He was admitted to the bar.

Political career
After getting active in politics, Heaton was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1855.

Two years later, he moved to St. Anthony Falls, Minnesota, where he entered politics. He was elected as a member of the Minnesota Senate, serving from 1858 to 1863.

During the American Civil War, in 1863 Heaton was appointed as a special agent of the United States Treasury Department and the United States depository in New Bern, North Carolina after Union troops occupied the area. A contraband camp was set up near the city to begin education of former slaves for independence. In 1864, he was offered the appointment as the Third Auditor of the Treasury but declined.

Heaton decided to stay in North Carolina, where he served as a member of its constitutional convention in 1867 under Reconstruction. When the state was readmitted to representation, he was elected as a Republican to the Fortieth Congress and reelected to the Forty-first Congress, serving from July 15, 1868, until his death. He was chairman of the Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures (Forty-first Congress).

After his nomination as a Republican candidate for reelection to the Forty-second Congress, he died in Washington, D.C., on June 25, 1870.  His body was returned to New Bern, where he was interred in the National Cemetery.

See also

 40th United States Congress
 41st United States Congress
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

References

External links

Republican Party Ohio state senators
Minnesota state senators
1823 births
1870 deaths
Politicians from New Bern, North Carolina
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
19th-century American politicians

David Heaton