An arena shooter is a subgenre of shooter games and multiplayer games that cover both the first-person shooter and third-person shooter genres. These games emphasize fast-paced movement in enclosed map designs that foster engagement between players.

Game design
Arena shooters are multiplayer shooter games with several key characteristics. Players will start with a basic load out that is upgradable via weapons and power-ups contained at certain points in a map. Arena shooters may employ movement mechanics that allow for skillful gameplay, such as strafing to avoid gunshots, using rockets explosions from weapons to jump higher, or using items to otherwise move quickly throughout the map. These mechanics are often paired with relatively fast movement speed.  Maps in arena shooters are structured in a way that facilitate interaction and combat among players, often utilizing elements like portals or jump pads to provide additional options for movement.

History
Arena shooters can be traced back to the early days of first person shooters with the first modern shooter, Wolfenstein 3D (1992), establishing the basic groundwork of shooter mechanics which were later replicated in future games. In these early shooters the weapons were held and aimed in the middle of the screen and did not require the player to reload. Doom (1993) featured faster-paced gameplay and more action on screen. This style of gameplay would continue into the 3D era with Quake (1996) following the same formula.

While Wolfenstein 3D had no multiplayer capabilities, Doom introduced the deathmatch game mode which focused on combat between players on the game's maps. Other games that followed it, including Marathon, Duke Nukem 3D and the first two Quake games also allowed for such matches to be played online or on the local network. Nonetheless, these games still featured single player as the principal mode of play. The first real arena shooters were Unreal Tournament (1999),  Turok: Rage Wars (1999) and Quake III Arena (1999). These games, in contrast to previous entries in their respective series, were focused on multiplayer matches, and the single player component focused on playing the same multiplayer maps with computer-controlled bots. More game modes besides the standard deathmatch were also introduced, including the very popular capture the flag mode. Both genres helped popularized the LAN party scene with the popularity of Quake leading to the creation of its own convention, QuakeCon, where numerous people would meet up to compete in professional and amateur tournaments locally. The popularity of the genre was such that certain open-source games in a similar style were also developed in the early 2000s, such as Cube and Warsow.

While the arena shooters were wildly popular in 1999 and the early 2000s, arena shooters have fallen out of popularity compared to other subgenres in the shooter genre. There have been attempts to release new titles in the genre with Quake Champions in 2017. Quake Champions now has a Battle Pass system with several content updates a year. As well as an e-Sports league known as the Quake Pro League. Ran in joint effort by both Bethesda, and Pro Gamer League (PGL). Epic Games also tried to bring back Unreal Tournament with a new entry, but this was put on hold shortly afterward. The majority of arena shooters released today are by independent developers with the likes of Reflex Arena, Diabotical, and Master Arena being popular among a niche group. While there have been some games with "arena" elements in recent times such as Doom (2016) and Doom Eternal (2020), there have been no games in the genre released by major publishers.

See also
 Shoot 'em up

References

Video game genres
Arena shooters
Video game terminology

Arena shooter


Louis Karchin (born September 8, 1951) is an American composer, conductor and educator who has composed over 90 works including unaccompanied and chamber music, symphonic works and opera.

Karchin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is Professor of Music at New York University. He received a B. Mus. degree from the Eastman School of Music, an M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University, and was twice a Leonard Bernstein Fellow at Tanglewood. His principal teachers included Samuel Adler, Joseph Schwantner, Leon Kirchner, Earl Kim and Gunther Schuller.

Composer
Karchin's music has been recognized by awards from the American Academy of Arts and Letters (Andrew Imbrie Award, Goddard Lieberson Fellowship, and Walter N. Hinrichsen Award), the National Endowment for the Arts, and the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. He has received commissions from the Serge Koussevitzky, Fromm, and Barlow Foundations.

His 70-minute chamber opera, Romulus, a setting of the Alexandre Dumas, père play, was premiered at the Peter B. Lewis Theatre of the Guggenheim Museum in May, 2007" and subsequently issued on a Naxos CD.  Other major works include American Visions, a vocal-instrumental song-cycle on poems of Yevgeny Yevtushenko (New World Records), and a masque, Orpheus, based on a poem by Stanley Kunitz (Albany Records). Of the latter, critic Jules Langert wrote of its San Francisco premiere that "[t]he music seemed in constant flux, creating strong, richly textured sonorities… and brilliant splashes of color; this Orpheus floated on an incandescent fabric of sound."

Conductor
Active as a conductor and presenter of new music, Karchin co-founded the Harvard Group for New Music, the Chamber Players of the League-ISCM, and the Orchestra of the League of Composers.  With these groups, he conducted New York or world premieres of works by Elliott Carter, Charles Wuorinen, Joan Tower, Julia Wolfe, Milton Babbitt, Bernard Rands, David Rakowski, Arthur Kreiger, and Jason Treuting, among others.

Selected compositions
 Karchin's music is published by C.F. Peters and the American Composers Alliance

 Two Lyrics for Solo Cello (2012)
 Four Songs on Poems of Seamus Heaney (2012) for soprano and chamber ensemble
 Evocations (2010) clarinet and percussion
 Chamber Symphony (2009)
 Three Epigrams for piano (2008) compilation of Celebration, Expressions, and Upheavals
 The Gods of Winter (2006) Poetry by Dana Gioia for baritone and chamber ensemble
 Chesapeake Festival Overture (2006) for orchestra. Commissioned by the Fromm Foundation at Harvard for the Chesapeake Symphony and the Alba Music Festival (Italy).
 Rhapsody (2005) for violin and piano
 Matrix and Dream (2004) Poetry of Paul Auster, for soprano and piano, commissioned by Works & Process at the Guggenheim
 Orpheus (2003) A masque for baritone, chamber ensemble and dancers. Poetry by Stanley Kunitz
 To the Sun (2003) Orphic Hymn circa 300 A. D., for soprano and piano
 To the Stars (2003) Orphic Hymn circa 300 A. D. for a cappella chorus
 Carmen de Boheme (2002) for soprano and piano
 Ghost Waltz (2002) for piano
 Quartet for Percussion  (2000) Commissioned by the Serge Koussevitzky Music Foundation of the Library of Congress for the Talujon Percussion Quartet
 American Visions: Two Songs on Poems of Yevgeny Yevtushenko (1998) Heckscher Foundation Award, 1999
 String Quartet No. 2 (1995)
 Rustic Dances (1995) violin, clarinet and marimba
 Sonata da Camera (1995) for violin and piano
 Ricercare (1992) violin, unaccompanied
 Galactic Folds (1992) for chamber ensemble
 String Quartet (1991)
 Romulus, an opera in one act, based on a play by Alexander Dumas (1990, rev. 2005) Prizewinner, National Opera Association, 1990 Chamber Opera Competition
 Sonata for Violoncello and Piano (1990)
 Songs of Distance and Light (1988) for soprano and chamber ensemble. Poetry by Elizabeth Bishop and Jennifer Rose
 Five Songs on Poems of Sue Standing (1985)
 Songs of John Keats (1984) for soprano and chamber ensemble
 Viola Variations for viola and piano (1981)
 Capriccio (1977) for violin and seven instruments. First prize winner, New Music Consort Competition, 1981
 Fantasy for violin or viola solo (1972)

Selected recordings
  Five Compositions (2009-2019) (Bridge 9543)
 Jane Eyre Naxos 2019
 Dark Mountains/Distant Lights (New Focus FCR225)
  To the Sun and Stars (Bridge 9437)
  Romulus an opera in one act. (Naxos 8.669030) Katrina Thurman, Steven Ebel, Thomas Meglioranza, Wilbur Pauley, Washington Square Ensemble, Karchin conducting.
 Matrix: Music of Louis Karchin. Albany Records (Troy 895); Roethke Songs, Fanfare/Pavane, Fanfare for Marty, Voyages, Quartet for Percussion, Plaint, Matrix and Dream - poem of Paul Auster
 Orpheus and Other Vocal Works. Albany Records (Troy 770)
 American Visions New World Records (NW-80583) Rustic Dances, American Visions: Two Songs on Poems of Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Cascades, Sonata da camera, A Way Separate…, String Quartet #2
 Music of Louis Karchin New World/CRI (NWCR739) Galactic Folds, Songs of Distance and Light, Ricercare, Sonata for Violoncello and Piano

Footnotes

Sources
Louis Karchin faculty biography at New York University University

External links
Official Louis Karchin website
Louis Karchin at the American Composers Alliance
Louis Karchin at Edition Peters

1951 births
Harvard University alumni
Eastman School of Music alumni
Living people
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Musicians from Philadelphia
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Louis Karchin


Shifra Horn () (born 1951) is an Israeli author.

Biography

Shifra Horn was born in Tel Aviv. She lives in the Old Malcha neighbourhood of Jerusalem and in Auckland, New Zealand. After majoring in Bible Studies and Archeology - BA (Hons)- at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, she earned an MA in Bible Studies. Horn also studied mass communications and completed a teaching degree.

Horn worked as an educational officer for the World Union of Jewish Students, and helped to organize the airlift of Ethiopian Jews to Israel. Horn also participated in the campaign to free Soviet and Syrian Jews, producing films and written material.

In the course of her work with Jewish students from oppressed communities around the world, she visited a village of Jewish Marranos who had kept their Jewish identity secret for over 500 years. Horn's activity in the village of Belmonte in northwest Portugal resulted in the entire population converting fully to Judaism.

Horn was a spokesperson for the Israel Absorption Ministry until her departure for Japan, where she served as Far East correspondent for the Israel Defense Forces Radio station and Ma'ariv daily newspaper for five years. Horn worked as the director of the Tokyo Jewish Community Center and taught Bible Studies and Hebrew at the Bible College in Ginza, Tokyo.

Upon her return to Jerusalem, she opened a public relations firm, and lectured on Japan and literary topics. Her books have been translated from Hebrew into English, French, Dutch, German, Italian, Greek, Mandarin and Turkish.

Published work
  Novels:
  Four Mothers
  The Fairest Among Women
  Tamara Walks On Water
  Ode to Joy
  Promenade A Deux
  Non-fiction:
  Shalom Japan
  Cats
  A Love story
  The New Zealand Experience
  Children's Book:
  The Perfect Pet
  Not by Day and Not by Night

Awards and recognition
Horn won the Israeli WIZO Prize for Literature (1997) and the Israeli Publishers` Association's Gold and Platinum Book Prizes for all five of her novels. She won the Globes Financial Newspaper prize  "Literary Woman of the Year" 2002, and received the Prime Minister's Prize (2005) and the Brenner Prize (2006).
In addition Shifra Horn won the French WIZO Literary Prize and the Italian ADEI WIZO Prize for the novel  " Ode to Joy ".  Her latest novel "Promenade A Deux" won the culture minister award.

References

External links
Shifra Horn website

1951 births
Living people
Israeli women novelists
Israeli novelists
Modern Hebrew writers
Brenner Prize recipients
Israeli Jews
Writers from Tel Aviv
Maariv (newspaper) people
Israeli expatriates in Japan
Israeli journalists
Israeli women journalists
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Recipients of Prime Minister's Prize for Hebrew Literary Works
Jewish women writers

Shifra Horn


A Rube Goldberg machine is a machine that looks complicated but has a very simple function, such as ironing a shirt. It is an expression used to identify something that does very simple tasks in a very complex way. The expression was named after American inventor and cartoonist Rube Goldberg (1883–1970). Rube Goldberg machines are usually a set of simple mechanisms that are indirectly unrelated, which carry out a simple function, these are called chain reactions and initiate a series of events to produce a certain outcome. Although the Rube Goldberg machine creates a simple outcome, it is most likely impossible to replicate in real-life as it is often extremely complex and quirky.

Phrases
Mechanics

Rube Goldberg machine


Hans List (30 April 1896 in Graz, capital of Austria's federal province Styria – 10 September 1996 in Graz) was a technical scientist and inventor and entrepreneur.

After earning a doctorate in engineering at the Technical University in Graz, Hans List was appointed to the Tongji University in China (1926–1932), followed by teaching positions back home in Graz (1932–1941) and Dresden, Germany (until 1945). His research work yielded insights into functionality and improvement of Diesel motors, and of combustion engines in general.

This is also the main field of work for the company he founded in 1948 on the basis of the engineering consultant office he had opened 1946: "Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen (institute for combustion engines) Prof. Dr. Hans List" (Austria is, or at least was, somewhat addicted to titles, due to habits trained during its imperial past), abbreviated to AVL. This firm soon started to operate globally in the area of developing combustion engines, but also measuring techniques and modelling techniques. Roughly one thousand patents prove the company's competence, and numerous subsidiary companies round the globe stand for its economical success.

In 1969, AVL developed a  test bed which allowed for comprehensive data acquisition and analysis. Throughout the 1970s, AVL's diesel engine performance and data acquisition capabilities continued to improve, while its PUMA test bed software began to give the company an international reputation. Since 1979, the founder's son Helmut List (born 20 December 1941) runs it under the current name "AVL List GmbH". After more innovations and more success in the 1980s, AVL opened its AST (Advanced Simulation Technology) division in 1987. Helmut List also is eponym for the Helmut-List-Halle, a large multi-purpose cultural venue, a.o. serving for many events during the annual Styrian Autumn festival. As the hall particularly features ideal acoustic conditions for classic concerts, one of its estimators is a worldwide renowned Mozart expert who grew up in Graz, conductor Nikolaus Harnoncourt.

Among the many fields within the company's original business sector of combustion engines (and related power transmitting techniques), within the last decades AVL especially drew the technically interested public's attention by very special skills. One is developing and improving 4-wheel-drive systems. Another is car sound design, for practically all car producers round the globe – that's why the generally more silently running vehicles can be distinguished by make simply whilst listening, with one restriction: the sounds are sensitively matched to the local aural expectations, therefore they sound differently in Tokyo, Seoul, Detroit, NYC, Berlin and Vienna or Rome. And a sport roadster's sound must be rock opera scores distant from that of a rather quiet versatile city car of the same make or a cross-anywhere riding yet highly comfortable suv, and symphony scores away from a same-company elegantly cruising limo's almost inaudibly canorousness.

Decorations and awards
 Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
 Honorary Ring of Styria
 Wilhelm Exner Medal (1971).
 Honorary Citizen of the City of Graz
 Honorary doctorate from the Technical University of Graz (1963)

See also
 List of Austrian companies

References

External links
 AVL List GmbH (GmbH = Ltd.)
 Helmut-List-Halle
 Steirischer Herbst (Styrian Autumn festival), also in English: please click on the "English" link (right top) yourself, as the subdomain's URL contains the year and thus will change annually

1896 births
1996 deaths
Engineers from Graz
Austrian automotive pioneers
Austrian centenarians
20th-century Austrian inventors
Men centenarians
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art

Hans List


Church of the Sacrifice of the Virgin Mary () is a church located on Piaristic square in České Budějovice, Czech Republic. The church was founded at the same time as the city of České Budějovice in 1265; initial construction was completed around 1300. It is a monumental Gothic building with Baroque and Rococo additions and unique medieval fresco paintings. The church is open for public from May to October (between 10:00 - 17:00).

Exterior
In spite of numerous rebuildings of the church, convent buildings and the cloister, the exterior of the church is preserved in the early Gothic style. Lanced windows have the typical Gothic tracery- circled three-leaves, divided into two parts which are ended by rosettes. Massive supporting columns with no decoration ended in the isosceles triangle protrude to the exterior. The eastern frontage and the lanced niche with smaller window are the part of town fortifications. Seven former decorative niches, typical for the early Gothic churches are maintained on the peak.
There is placed the frog from stone under the roof. According to the legend, when the frog reaches the top of the roof the end of the world comes.

Interior
The interior of the church is preserved in former early Gothic style with small Baroque complements in the eastern part. The three-nave basilica church with the embedded transept and the southern entrance is connected by two portals to the cloister. Low aisles are divided from the nave by six pairs of columns. There is a cross vault with profiled ribs in seven bays. On the side which is opened to the nave the profile of ribs continues to the ground while on other sides ribs are ended by simple supports. On the southern wall former consoles with vegetable motives can be seen. The vault of the nave is also cross, and it is divided into ten bays and there is one with five bays above the chancel. Keystones in naves are decorated. On brackets of ribs different human heads are represented instead of vegetable motives in the nave.

Decoration
There are extremely valuable murals, date back to 14th century, in the church. The unique one is the dual-mural in niche which is opposite to the southern entrance in the direction of transept: older part shows the painting of the holy Virgin, the Christ and knelt donator. On the left from the niche there is situated the biggest mural in the Czech Republic- the mural of the Saint Christopher which has almost 10 metres.

Chapels
The oldest chapel is probably a gothic chapel of Margaret the Virgin. King Ottokar II of Bohemia grounded the chapel in 1267 and in 1633 earl Baltasar Marradas rebuilt the chapel as the Marian chapel. There was placed the picture of Virgin Mary of České Budějovice from the 15th century. The Gothic chorale chapel is also meant in sources. Nowadays chapels are not preserved, they broken down during the rebuilt of the monastery which started in 1885.
The chapel of Saint George together with the monastery's library were the only objects of the whole monastery which were not damaged during the fire in 1381. The Czech chapel was established on the first floor of former belfry which dates back to 15th century. The chapel is preserved but there is not public access.
Nowadays smaller baroque chapel abuts to the southern wall of the church.

Gallery

See also

Dominican Monastery (České Budějovice)

References

BRANIŠ, Josef. Soupis památek historických a uměleckých v Království českém. VIII.Politický okres česko-budějovický. Praha, 1900
HOSPODKOVÁ, Martina. Středověké nástěnné malby v klášterním kostele Obětování Panny Marie v Českých Budějovicích [online]. 2009 [cit. 2014-06-14]. Diplomová práce. Masarykova univerzita, Filozofická fakulta. Vedoucí práce Milena Bartlová. Available :http://is.muni.cz/th/110309/ff_m/.
KUTHAN, Jiří. Gotická architektura v jižních Čechách - Zakladatelské dílo Přemysla Otakara II. Praha : Academia, 1975.
LÍBAL, Dobroslav. Katalog gotické architektury do husitských válek. Praha: Unicornis, 2001.
MIKOVEC, Ferdinand Břetislav. Starožitnosti a Památky země České.. Ilustrace Josef Vojtěch Hellich, Vilém Kandler. Praha : Kober a Markgraf, [1860].
SOUKUPOVÁ, Helena. Rekonstrukce dominikánského kostela Panny Marie v Českých Budějovicích.In: Umění 13. století v českých zemích: příspěvky z vědeckého zasedání (2.-14. prosince 1981, Praha) = Kunst des 13. Jahrhunderts in den böhmischen Ländern: Beiträge der wissenschaftlichen Tagung (2.-4. Dezember 1981, Prag). Praha: Československá akademie věd, Ústav teorie a dějin umění, 1983.

External links

http://www.bcb.cz

14th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the Czech Republic
Churches completed in 1300
Buildings and structures in České Budějovice
Tourist attractions in the South Bohemian Region

Church of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (České Budějovice)


Sir Simon Denis Rattle  (born 19 January 1955) is a British-German conductor. He rose to international prominence during the 1980s and 1990s, while music director of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (1980–1998). Rattle was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic from 2002 to 2018. He has been the music director of the London Symphony Orchestra since September 2017. Among the world's leading conductors, in a 2015 Bachtrack poll, he was ranked by music critics as one of the world's best living conductors.

Rattle is also the patron of Birmingham Schools' Symphony Orchestra, arranged during his tenure with CBSO in mid 1990s. The Youth Orchestra is now under the auspices of charitable business Services for Education. He received the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 2001 at the Classic Brit Awards.

Biography

Early life
Simon Rattle was born in Liverpool, England, the son of Pauline Lila Violet (née Greening) and Denis Guttridge Rattle, a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve during World War II. He was educated at Liverpool College. Although Rattle studied piano and violin, his early work with orchestras was as a percussionist for the Merseyside Youth Orchestra (now the Liverpool Philharmonic Youth Orchestra). He entered the Royal Academy of Music (now part of the University of London) in 1971. There, his teachers included John Carewe. In 1974, his graduation year, Rattle won the John Player International Conducting Competition.

After organising and conducting a performance of Mahler's Second Symphony while he was still at the academy, he was talent-spotted by the music agent Martin Campbell-White, of Harold Holt Ltd (now Askonas Holt Ltd), who has since managed Rattle's career. He spent the academic year 1980–81 at St Anne's College, Oxford studying English Language and Literature. He had been attracted to the college by the reputation of Dorothy Bednarowska, fellow and tutor in English. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of St Anne's in 1991. He was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Music honoris causa of the University of Oxford in 1999.

Early career
In 1974, he was made assistant conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra.

He joined the Glyndebourne music staff at the age of 20 in 1975. He went on to conduct over 200 performances of 13 different operas at Glyndebourne and on tour during the subsequent 28 years.

His first Prom at the Royal Albert Hall, conducting the London Sinfonietta, was, according to the BBC Proms Archive website, on 9 August 1976. The programme included Harrison Birtwistle's Meridian and Arnold Schoenberg's First Chamber Symphony. In 1977, he became assistant conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic.

City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra
His time with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) from 1980 to 1998 drew him to the attention of critics and the public. In 1980, Rattle became the CBSO's principal conductor and artistic adviser, and in 1990, music director. Rattle increased both his profile and that of the orchestra over his tenure. One of his long-term concert projects was the series of concerts of 20th-century music titled "Towards the Millennium". One other major achievement during his time was the move of the CBSO from its former venue, Birmingham Town Hall, to a newly built concert hall, Symphony Hall, in 1991. The BBC commissioned film director Jaine Green to follow him in his final year with the CBSO to make Simon Rattle—Moving On.

Rattle was appointed a  in 1987 and made a Knight Bachelor in 1994. In 1992, Rattle was named a principal guest conductor of the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment (OAE), along with Frans Brüggen. Rattle now has the title of Principal Artist with the OAE. In 2001, he conducted the OAE at Glyndebourne in their first production of Fidelio with a period-instrument orchestra.

Rattle strongly supported youth music. He led two attempts at gaining the record for the World's Largest Orchestra, both designed to raise awareness of youth music in schools. The first, in 1996, was unsuccessful. The second, in 1998, did succeed and the record held at nearly 4,000 musicians until it was broken in 2000 by a group in Vancouver.

In 2000, Rattle was presented with the Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society. From 29 April to 17 May 2002, he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic orchestra, making live recordings of the complete Beethoven symphonies. In May 2006, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Society of Arts. In 2011, the Royal Academy of Music presented him with an honorary doctorate. He was appointed member of the Order of Merit (OM) in the 2014 New Year Honours.

Rattle conducted the London Symphony Orchestra at the Opening of the London Olympics 2012, performing "Chariots of Fire" with guest Rowan Atkinson playing his Mr. Bean character.

Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
Rattle made his conducting debut with the Berlin Philharmonic (BPO) in 1987, in a performance of Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 6. In 1999, Rattle was appointed as successor to Claudio Abbado as the orchestra's principal conductor. The appointment, was decided on in a 23 June vote by the orchestra's members. At the time the vote was considered somewhat controversial, as several members of the orchestra were earlier reported to have preferred Daniel Barenboim for the post. Nevertheless, Rattle won the post and proceeded to win over his detractors by refusing to sign the contract until he had ensured that every member of the orchestra was paid fairly, and also that the orchestra would gain artistic independence from the Berlin Senate.

Before leaving for Germany and on his arrival, Rattle controversially attacked the British attitude to culture in general, and in particular the artists of the Britart movement, together with the state funding of culture in the UK.

Since his appointment, Rattle has reorganised the Berlin Philharmonic into a foundation, meaning its activities are more under the control of the members rather than politicians. He has also ensured that orchestra members' wages have increased quite dramatically, after falling over the previous few years. He gave his first concert as principal conductor of the BPO on 7 September 2002, leading performances of Thomas Adès' Asyla and Mahler's Symphony No. 5, performances which received rave reviews from the press worldwide and were recorded for CD and DVD release by EMI. Early collaborative projects in the Berlin community with Rattle and the BPO involved a choreographed performance of Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring danced by school children, documented in Rhythm Is It!, and a film project with Mark-Anthony Turnage's Blood on the Floor. He has also continued to champion contemporary music in Berlin. The orchestra has established its first education department during Rattle's tenure.

Criticism of Rattle's tenure with the Berlin Philharmonic began to appear after their first season together, and continued in their second season. Rattle himself stated in 2005 that his relationship with the BPO musicians could sometimes be "turbulent", but also "never destructively so".

In 2006, a new controversy began in the German press as to the quality of Rattle's concerts with the Berlin Philharmonic, with criticism from the German critic Manuel Brug in Die Welt. One musician who wrote to the press to defend Rattle was the pianist Alfred Brendel. In 2007, the BPO/Rattle recording of Brahms's Ein deutsches Requiem received the Classic FM Gramophone best choral disc award.

Rattle was originally contracted to lead the BPO through 2012, but in April 2008 the BPO musicians voted to extend his contract as chief conductor for an additional ten years past the next season, to 2018. In January 2013, he announced his scheduled departure from the Berlin Philharmonic at the close of the 2017–2018 season. His final Berlin Philharmonic concert as chief conductor was at the Waldbühne on 24 June 2018.

UNICEF appointed Rattle and the BPO as Goodwill Ambassadors in November 2007. He is a patron of the Elton John AIDS Foundation.

Conducting in North America
Rattle made his North American debut in 1976, conducting the London Schools Symphony Orchestra at the Hollywood Bowl. He first conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1979 during the music directorship of Carlo Maria Giulini, and was their principal guest conductor from 1981 to 1994. He has also guest-conducted the Cleveland Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony, Toronto Symphony Orchestra and Boston Symphony Orchestra. His New York City debut was with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1985. In 2000, Rattle was the music director of the Ojai Music Festival.

In 1993, Rattle made his conducting debut with the Philadelphia Orchestra. He returned for guest conducting engagements in 1999 and 2000. The musical relationship between Rattle and the Philadelphia Orchestra was reported to be such that Philadelphia wanted to hire Rattle as its next music director after Wolfgang Sawallisch, but Rattle declined. Rattle has continued to guest-conduct the Philadelphia Orchestra, including appearances in 2006 and the Philadelphia Orchestra's first performances of Robert Schumann's cantata Das Paradies und die Peri in November 2007.

London Symphony Orchestra
In March 2015, the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) announced the appointment of Rattle as its next music director, effective with the 2017–2018 season, with an initial contract of five seasons. He has recorded commercially for the LSO Live label. In January 2021 the LSO announced an extension of his contract to 2023. Rattle stood down as music director of the LSO at the close of the 2022–2023 season, and now has the title of Conductor Emeritus with the LSO for life. His last LSO performance came on 27 August the BBC Proms, conducting Mahler's Symphony No. 9.

Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra
In 2010, Rattle first guest-conducted the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra (BRSO). In January 2021, the BRSO announced the appointment of Rattle as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2023–2024 season, with an initial contract of five years. On 21 September 2023, Rattle conducted Haydn's The Creation with Bavarian Radio Choir and Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra at Herkulessaal, Munich Residenz.

Awards
 1987 New Year Honours, Commander of the British Empire (CBE)
 1994 Birthday Honours, Knight Bachelor
 2000 Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists
 2009 Gold Gloria Artis Medal for Merit to Culture
 2012 Wolf Prize in Arts Laureate in Music
 2013 Léonie Sonning Music Prize
 2014 New Year Honours, Member of the Order of Merit (OM)
 2016 Helpmann Award, Best Orchestral Concert of the Year
 2022 Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Musical styles and recordings

Rattle has conducted a wide variety of music, including some with period instruments (either actual surviving historical musical instruments or modernly made ones informed by commonly used designs and material of the time), but he is best known for his interpretations of late 19th- and early 20th-century composers such as Gustav Mahler, with a recording of Mahler's Second Symphony winning several awards on its release. He has also championed much contemporary music, an example of this being the 1996 TV series Leaving Home, where he presents a 7-part survey of musical styles and conductors with excerpts recorded by the CBSO.

Other recordings in Berlin have included Dvořák tone poems, Mahler's Symphony No. 9 and Claude Debussy's La Mer. The Gramophone Magazine praised the latter as a "magnificent disc" and drew favourable comparisons with interpretations of the piece by Rattle's immediate predecessors, Claudio Abbado and Herbert von Karajan. He has also worked with the Toronto Children's Chorus. Rattle and the BPO also recorded Gustav Holst's The Planets (EMI), which was the BBC Music Magazine Orchestra Choice. In addition, Rattle's acclaimed complete 1989 recording of George Gershwin's opera Porgy and Bess was used as the soundtrack for the equally acclaimed 1993 television production of the work. It was the first made-for-television production of Porgy and Bess ever presented. Rattle's 2007 recording of Johannes Brahms's Ein deutsches Requiem received praise from BBC Music Magazine, as "Disc of the Month" for April 2007, "as probably the best new version of the Requiem I've heard in quite some years". Rattle and the BPO have also released recordings of Anton Bruckner's Fourth Symphony (Romantic), and Joseph Haydn's Symphonies Nos. 88, 89, 90, 91, 92 and Sinfonia Concertante.

Rattle's recording of Brahms's Ein deutsches Requiem with the BPO received the Choral Performance Grammy Award in 2008. He has won two other Grammy Awards, one Choral Performance Award for a recording of Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms in 2007, and another for Best Orchestral Performance for a recording of Mahler's unfinished Symphony No. 10 in 2000.

The French Government awarded him the honour of Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 2010. Rattle was elected to the inaugural Gramophone Hall of Fame in 2012.

Personal life
Rattle's first marriage was to Elise Ross, an American soprano, with whom he had two sons: Sacha, who is a clarinettist, and Eliot, who is a painter. They were divorced in 1995 after 15 years of marriage. In 1996, he married his second wife, Candace Allen, a Boston-born writer. This second marriage ended in 2004, and in 2008 Rattle married the Czech mezzo-soprano Magdalena Kožená. The couple live in Berlin and have two sons, Jonas (born 2005) and Milos (b. 2008), and a daughter Anežka (b. 2014).

Rattle is a member of the Incorporated Society of Musicians and a fan of Liverpool Football Club.

Rattle announced in January 2021 that he had applied for German citizenship, describing it as "an absolute necessity" for him in order to continue to work freely around the EU after Brexit.

References

Further reading

External links

Simon Rattle interviews with Charlie Rose

"He won't play the game" by Phillipa Ibbotson, The Guardian, 19 June 2006

Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Deutsche Grammophon artists
20th-century British conductors (music)
21st-century British conductors (music)
EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Music
Fellows of St Anne's College, Oxford
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Order of Merit
Conductors (music) awarded knighthoods
People educated at Liverpool College
Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Helpmann Award winners
Musicians from Liverpool
1955 births
Living people
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Berlin
Wolf Prize in Arts laureates
Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize
20th-century English musicians
20th-century male musicians
21st-century British male musicians
Naturalized citizens of Germany

Simon Rattle


Ritari-areena (literally the "Knight Arena"; also known as Patria-areena, Rinkelinmäen jäähalli or Hämeenlinnan jäähalli) is an arena in Rinkelinmäki, Hämeenlinna, Finland. It is primarily used for ice hockey and is the home arena of the Liiga team HPK and the Naisten Liiga team HPK Kiekkonaiset.

History
In 1963, an artificial skating rink was built in Rinkelinmäki. A building was built over the rink after it switched over as city property in 1979. Since then, the building has been called an arena. The arena project started around 1976 because of pressure from HPK. This led to the formation of a committee that was led by HPK chairman, bank manager Seppo Nenonen. The committee made a property plan based on its research, knowing that the project's expenses needed to be in the minimum for it to succeed – and success still wasn't certain. All extra spaces had to be cut out: no break rooms and no concession areas. The most important thing was, that the building would be enclosed. The situation was poor. Today, some say that when people complain publicly about the current arena, the forget about the previous times.

The arena was planned by the city architectural department led by city architect Heikki Aitola. The planners of the subsequent extension phases have been mostly building architect Seppo Ilmarinen from the city architectural department and his son, architect Petri Ilmarinen. Hämeenlinnan Jäähalli Oy, the company managing the arena, was founded on February 3, 1992. In the same year, a practice arena was finished and in 1996, the main arena was expanded based on the new requirements by SM-liiga. These requirements stated, that a league arena must hold at least 5,000 people. At the same time, ownership of the arena was switched to the management company.

In 2002, a two-track ice exercise center was finished. As a tribute to ten years of the arena company, the arena was renamed as Ritarihalli. The arena was renovated again in 2008 to hold 5,360 spectators and also, merchandise and restaurant areas were refurbished. The arena was a venue for the 2009 Women's World Ice Hockey Championships, with matches being held both in the main and practice rinks.

External links
 Pictures and Finnish history about the arenas – Hämeenlinnan Liikuntahallit Oy

Indoor arenas in Finland
Indoor ice hockey venues in Finland
Buildings and structures in Kanta-Häme
Sport in Hämeenlinna

Ritari-areena


Nigel Ernest James Mansell OBE (born 8 August 1953 in Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire) is a British racing driver from England who won both the Formula One World Championship (1992) and CART World Series (1993). He is the only person in history to hold both titles simultaneously, and was the first person to win the CART title in his debut season. During the early nineties, Mansell was commonly known, by the British media especially, as Our Nige.

His career in Formula One spanned 15 seasons, with his final two full seasons of top-level racing being spent in the CART series. Mansell remains the most successful British Formula One driver of all-time in terms of race wins with 31 victories, and is eighth overall on the Formula One race winners list. He was rated in the top 10 Formula One drivers of all time by Murray Walker, who was a Formula One commentator for 50 years. In 2008, American sports television network ESPN ranked him 24th on their top drivers of all-time.

Mansell raced in the GP Masters series and signed a one-off race deal for the Scuderia Ecosse GT race team to drive their number 63 Ferrari430 GT2 car at Silverstone on 6 May 2007.

References

1953 births
Living people
English Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Worcestershire

Nigel Mansell


Jacob (Bob) den Uyl (27 March 1930, Rotterdam – 13/14 February, 1992 Rotterdam) was a Dutch writer of mostly short stories.
His writing style is mostly ironic and observant. The most prominent theme in his work is the purposelessness and absurdity of existence. His earlier work consists mostly of absurd stories. In his later work, the focus of his writing shifted to more autobiographic stories, mostly concerned with travels (by bicycle) in neighbouring countries of The Netherlands.
Recurring elements in his work are:
His experiences as a child during World War II
World War I
His love for bicycle racing
His alcohol use
The city of Rotterdam

During his lifetime Den Uyl won the following prizes in literature:
In 1965, the "Prozaprijs" conferred by the city of Amsterdam for 'Vogels Kijken'
In 1968, the "Anna Blaman Prijs" for 'Een zachte fluittoon'
In 1976, the "Multatuli-prijs" for 'Gods wegen zijn duister en zelden aangenaam'
In 2004, the editorial board of the VPRO-Gids established the Bob den Uyl prize for travel stories. Several collected stories have been posthumously published. In 2008, Nico Keuning published Bob den Uyl's biography.

1930 births
1992 deaths
20th-century Dutch male writers
Writers from Rotterdam

Bob den Uyl


Rolf Majcen (born 1966) is a Lower Austrian economist-lawyer, writer and extreme sports athlete.

Biography
Majcen was born in Johannesburg. He is the grandnephew of Karl Majcen, the former General-Inspector of the Austrian Bundesheer. He earned a doctoral degree in law and served as an officer in the Bundesheer from 1985 to 1998. While serving in the Bundesheer he completed air rescuer and army mountain guide assistant training.

Majcen published several juridical economy and sports contributions in Europe, America and Asia. His first book Sieg in den Bergen (victory in the mountains), published in 2002, was awarded by the Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA). He also took part in several sports competitions. He was the first Austrian, who competed in all the three classical ski mountaineering events, the Patrouille des Glaciers (2000 and 2004), the Pierra Menta (2001) and the Trofeo Mezzalama (2003). In 2004, Majcen and Hermann Kofler were the first Austrian athletes who gained World Cup points in ski mountaineering for their country.

Selected results

Ski mountaineering
 2002:
 7th, International Vlado-Tatarka memory race, Hrebienok (together with Franz Hausmann)
 2004:
 1st, Lower Austrian Championship
 6th, International Turnosmučarski-Rallye, Triglav National Park (together with Franz Hausmann)
 7th and Austrian record, Patrouille des Glaciers "seniors II" class ranking (together with Hermann Kofler and Johann Wieland)
 2005:
 1st, Lower Austrian Championship
 2007:
 1st, Lower Austrian Championship

Stair running
 1st, Judenburg-tower race
 1999:
 1st, Royal Mutual Funds CN Tower Stair Climb, Toronto
 2000:
 8th, Empire State Building Run Up
 2001:
 1st, Magdeburger Uni-Hochhaus race, Magdeburg
 9th, Empire State Building Run Up
 14th, Ostankino Tower race
 2002:
 2nd, Original Schlossberg race
 3rd, Donauturm race
 2007:
 5th, Donauturm race
 2008:
 3rd, Frankfurt Messeturm race
 6th, Donauturm race
 7th, "Go Vertical Chicago", Sears Tower
 7th, "Hustle up the Hankock", John Hancock Center
 12th, Taipei 101 race

References

External links

 Official Website
 Interview mit Rolf Majcen (11/2003), Skibergsteiger , Mountain2b-Redaktion, November 5, 2003

1966 births
Living people
Austrian male ski mountaineers
Austrian jurists
Austrian soldiers
Austrian male writers
Sportspeople from Johannesburg
Austrian male long-distance runners
Tower runners

Rolf Majcen


Chidananda Das Gupta () (20 November 1921 – 22 May 2011)—family name sometimes spelled 'Dashgupta' and 'Dasgupta'—was an Indian filmmaker, film critic, a film historian and one of the founders of Calcutta Film Society with Satyajit Ray in 1947. He lived and worked in Calcutta and Santiniketan.

Early life
Son of Shantilata and Manmathanath Dasgupta, a Brahmo missionary and social worker, he was born at Shillong, India in 1921.  In 1944 he married, Supriya Das, a daughter of Brahmananda Dashgupta, brother of poet Jibanananda Das. His daughter Aparna Sen is a well known actress and filmmaker. Actress Konkona Sen Sharma is his granddaughter.

Das Gupta first entered politics during the anti-British Quit India movement days of the 1940s, then began teaching at St. Columba's College, Hazaribagh, personal assistant to Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis at the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, teaching at City College, Kolkata, journalism, and then a plush job in advertising with Imperial Tobacco.

The film society movement
In 1947, Das Gupta, along with Satyajit Ray, RP Gupta, Bansi Chandragupta, Harisadhan Dasgupta and others, founded the Calcutta Film Society.

In 1959, the Federation of Film Societies of India was set up at the initiative of Das Gupta, Satyajit Ray, Mrs. Vijaya Mulay, Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan, Robert Hawkins, Diptendu Pramanick, Abul Hassan and A. Roychowdhury. The Federation has played a major role in the spread of the film society movement in India.

Writing and translations
Das Gupta is well known for his essays and translations of Rabindranath Tagore, Manik Bandopadhyay and Jibanananda Das. He had a close association with poet Jibanananda Das during the latter's lifetime which gave him unique insights into the poetry of Jibanananda Das that is often alleged to be obscure and unintelligible.

One of the most famous poems of Bengali literature, namely, Banalata Sen by poet Jibanananda Das has been rendered into English by Das Gupta. It reads as follows:

Banalata Sen

For aeons have I roamed the roads of the earth.From the seas of Ceylon to the straits of MalayaI have journeyed, alone, in the enduring night,And down the dark corridor of time I have walkedThrough mist of Bimbisara, Asoka, darker Vidarbha.Round my weary soul the angry waves still roar;My only peace I knew with Banalata Sen of Natore.

Her hair was dark as night in Vidisha;Her face the sculpture of Sravasti.I saw her, as a sailor after the stormRudderless in the sea, spies of a suddenThe grass-green heart of the leafy island.'Where were you so long?' she asked, and moreWith her bird's-nest eyes, Banalata Sen of Natore.

As the footfall of dew comes evening;The raven wipes the smell of warm sunFrom its wings; the world's noises die.And in the light of fireflies the manuscriptPrepares to weave the fables of night;Every bird is home, every river reached the ocean.Darkness remains; and time for Banalata Sen.

Writing about cinema
Chidananda Das Gupta is best known as a film historian and film critic. He has written over 2000 articles on cinema in various periodicals. In 1957 he, along with Ray and others, started the Indian Film Quarterly. His contributions to the British film magazine Sight and Sound have permanent archival value. He has studied closely the work of his friend Satyajit Ray, and his 1980 book The Cinema of Satyajit Ray remains one of the definitive works on Ray.

Awards
In 2004 Chidananada Das Gupta was honoured at the Osian Film Festival, 2004, with a Lifetime Achievement Award for writing on cinema.

Filmmaker
Das Gupta directed as many as seven films, namely The Stuff of Steel (1969), The Dance of Shiva (1968), Portrait of a City (1961), Amodini (1994), Zaroorat Ki Purti (1979), Rakhto (1973) and Bilet Pherat (1972) Of these he composed only two. These are Bilet Pherat and Amodini, the latter starring both his daughter Aparna Sen and his granddaughter Konkona Sen Sharma.

Amodini was made in 1996. It was a one-hour forty five minutes family comedy. Casting included Aparna Sen, Rachana Banerjee, Anusree Das and Pijush Ganguly, among others. A satirical Indian fairy tale, it is set in the perspective of 18th century, when traditional social customs were strictly enforced and complied. The storyline is about the exploits of a pretty and spoiled daughter of a rajah (king) who is forced to become the bride of her 15-year-old Brahmin houseboy after the man she was supposed to marry jilts her on her wedding day. If she does not marry before sunset, something horrible will happen to her; therefore she must marry the servant boy. After the ceremony, the boy is exiled and the union remains unconsummated. Years pass and tragedy befalls the rajah who loses all his wealth. Suddenly the servant boy returns, only he is no longer a servant. Now he has become wealthy and powerful enough to take the rajah's position from him. Even though by then he has married another, his former bride begs him to take her in.

Filmography
The Stuff of Steel (1969)
The Dance of Shiva (1968)
Portrait of a City (1961)
Amodini (1994)
Zaroorat Ki Purti (1979)
Rakhto (1973)
Bilet Pherat (1972)

Later life
As an elderly man, Das Gupta was physically impaired from Parkinson's disease. He used wheel chair to move and his voice was barely audible. However he remained active. He always dressed up in trademark cream kurta-pyjama. His white stubble around the cheeks well passed for a French beard. It has been said that Chidananda Das Gupta was a picture of 'restraint' and 'dignity'. He died on 22 May 2011 in Kolkata after catching bronchopneumonia brought on by Parkinson's disease.

Publications
 Seeing is Believing: Selected Writings on Cinema, 2008, Penguin Books, New Delhi.
 Selected Poems – Jibanananda Das, 2006, Penguin Books, New Delhi.
 The Cinema of Satyajit Ray, 2001, National Book Trust.
 The Painted Face: Studies in India's Popular Cinemas, 1991, Roli Books.
 Satyajit Ray: An anthology of statements on Ray and by Ray: edited by Chidananda Das Gupta, 1981, Film India.
 Talking about Films, 1981, Orient Longman.
 Unpopular Cinema, Macmillan India Ltd.

References

External links

1921 births
2011 deaths
Scholars from Kolkata
Brahmos
Indian film critics
University of Calcutta alumni
Bengali–English translators
Bengali poetry in English translation
Indian film historians
Bengali film directors
Neurological disease deaths in India
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
Academic staff of City College, Kolkata
20th-century Indian translators
20th-century Indian historians
People from Shillong
Scholars from Meghalaya
Best Critic National Film Award winners

Chidananda Dasgupta


Chawli is a village in the District Chakwal Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°1'36N 72°34'1E with an altitude of 403 metres (1325 feet). Members of the Kassar tribe make up the bulk of the population. It is one of a cluster of villages such as Balkassar, Dhudial, Mangwal and Balokassar.

References

Populated places in Chakwal District

Chawli


NFL Sunday Ticket is an out-of-market sports package that broadcasts National Football League (NFL) regular season games unavailable on local affiliates.  It carries all the regional Sunday afternoon games produced by Fox and CBS. The ideal customer of this package is presumed (based on advertisements) to be a fan of a team who is unable to see their team on local television because they do not reside in one of that team's markets, or sports bars who want to increase business by attracting fans of out of market teams. From 1994 to 2023, the package was distributed in the United States exclusively by DirecTV (which also offered it on the Internet, on certain tablets and smartphones, and JetBlue flights). The package is also currently offered in Canada on streaming service DAZN, in Mexico and Central America on Sky México, in South America and the Caribbean on Vrio, and several cable providers in The Bahamas and Bermuda.

Beginning with the 2023 NFL season, for residential customers in the United States, NFL Sunday Ticket moved exclusively to YouTube TV, as well as to YouTube's recently-launched Primetime Channels service as a standalone subscription option. The league then formed a new company called EverPass Media to distribute the package to bars, restaurants, and other commercial venues.

United States
Satellite TV provider DirecTV had exclusive rights to the NFL Sunday Ticket package in the United States until the end of the 2022 NFL season. Although other satellite and cable providers supposedly were allowed to bid on the rights to carry NFL Sunday Ticket if they agreed to carry the NFL Network, DirecTV decided to extend their contract beyond 2014 by paying the NFL $1.5 billion per year for the next eight years. Reaching the deal was also a condition of AT&T's 2015 acquisition of DirecTV. As of the 2015 season, the service was available through an online-only subscription exclusively for those who are unable to use DirecTV services.

DirecTV offered a free preview of NFL Sunday Ticket for the first week of the season.

In 2023, the streaming television service YouTube TV will begin offering NFL Sunday Ticket upon the start of the 2023 NFL season.

NFL Sunday Ticket viewers do not count towards local Nielsen ratings. Thus, offering NFL Sunday Ticket on cable cost CBS and Fox affiliates millions of dollars in lost revenue from local commercial breaks (as opposed to national ads sold by the networks). In turn, affiliates help subsidize the networks' programming costs. Therefore, CBS and Fox have rules in their broadcasting contracts that mandate that NFL Sunday Ticket subscribers must be charged at a premium price.

Blackouts

Sunday afternoon games scheduled to air on the local Fox and CBS affiliates (1998-present) within a viewer's designated media market (determined by the ZIP Code of the viewer's address) are blacked out on the NFL Sunday Ticket feed sent to their receiver. Viewers must watch these games on their local broadcast stations instead. (This applies to live streaming of said games as well.)

Until the end of the 2014 season, if a game the viewer wished to watch was blacked out in their home market because it was not sold out, the game remained blacked out on NFL Sunday Ticket. Games joined or switched away from in progress usually had their blackout status altered immediately. The NFL suspended the local blackout policy for the 2015 NFL regular season, and has since done so indefinitely.

Extra features
Until the end of the 2022 season, DirecTV offered the following extra features. From 2005–09 these features were part of an add-on package called Superfan and cost $100 extra. Beginning in 2012, some of them were part of the NFL Sunday Ticket Max package which cost an extra $100.

From 2009 to 2019, all games were in high definition. The HD games were formerly part of the Superfan package.

Game Mix
This channel showed eight games at once, along with the game's score, time left in the game, and the quarter that the game is in under the game's feed. Starting in 2008, it added a high-definition feed, and in 2011, it added larger cells when four or fewer games are being played.

Red Zone Channel
Hosted by Andrew Siciliano and launched in 2005, the Red Zone Channel offered commercial-free "whiparound" coverage of all games in progress on Sunday afternoons, highlighting key plays (scoring plays, key turnovers, etc.). While nearly identical in format, the DirecTV Red Zone Channel was separate from the NFL RedZone service hosted by Scott Hanson that launched four years later in 2009, which is produced by NFL Network and distributed to other television providers and platforms. The two services co-existed until the 2023 season; the YouTube TV version of Sunday Ticket only carries the NFL RedZone channel.

Fantasy Zone Channel
Originally hosted by Kay Adams, and later by Dan Hellie, the Fantasy Zone Channel offered valuable insights, last-minute roster tips, live updates, top-scoring players on the day, and advice to fantasy players before and after kickoff.

Short Cuts
This two-channel duo recapped every NFL game in 30 minutes or less, including games not available on NFL Sunday Ticket because they were televised locally or blacked out. One channel shows AFC games while the other shows NFC games. These highlights are made available on Sunday nights and are shown continuously until Tuesday morning. From 2012 to 2022, it was only available on the NFL Sunday Ticket Max package.

Highlights on Demand
DirecTV subscribers with interactive DVRs received a three- to four-minute recap of every NFL Sunday Ticket game on demand with this feature, via channel 1005.

NFL.com Fantasy Football TV app
Starting in 2011, the NFL.com Fantasy Football TV app allows NFL.com fantasy players with Internet-connected set-top boxes to view their NFL.com Fantasy Football teams and scores directly on their TV screen.

Computers, tablets and smartphones
NFL Sunday Ticket Max subscribers were able to stream games on the Internet and their smartphones and tablets. Starting in 2009, NFL Sunday Ticket To Go became available to non-DirecTV subscribers who were unable to receive satellite television in their homes or apartments due to line of sight issues, costing $50 more than those with DirecTV service. DirecTV offered NFL Sunday Ticket To Go on Motorola Xoom and Samsung Galaxy tablets; Motorola Android phones; the iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch, BlackBerry OS devices with 3G or wifi, Palm Pre/Pixi, and other Droid-branded phones.

Gaming consoles
For those who did have DirecTV, the NFL also offered the Sunday Ticket package for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One video game consoles.

JetBlue
Between September 26, 2010 and December 29, 2019, DirecTV offered the full slate of NFL Sunday Ticket games on JetBlue flights to 50 destinations across the United States.

History
The concept of NFL Sunday Ticket was largely invented by Jon Taffer during his three-year term on the board of NFL Enterprises, along with NFL Chief of Marketing Michael Miller. NFL Sunday Ticket was launched in 1994 and was initially available on C band and  satellites, for which the receiving dishes are larger in size. DirecTV would become involved later in the 1994 season, airing the NFL Sunday Ticket package in the last 5 weeks of the regular season, before beginning to air the package in full the following year. In 1998, the service became available to cable systems in Canada, with the first systems to offer the service being Rogers Cable in Ontario. The exclusivity of Sunday Ticket to cable providers resulted in a complaint from ExpressVu (now Bell Satellite TV) to the CRTC, seeking to force the NFL to open the service to Canadian satellite providers; the CRTC dismissed the complaint.

DirecTV was under contract to carry NFL Sunday Ticket until the end of the 2022 season. The service and its majority owner, AT&T, were on the record as questioning the value of the package with less than half of the subscribers DirecTV would need to break even using Sunday Ticket plus the league adding more games outside the traditional Sunday afternoon windows. On opening weekend of the 2021 season, CNBC reported that the league was interested in partnering with a streaming service for future rights, along with a stake in NFL Network. This would end DirecTV's relationship with the NFL after nearly three decades. In July 2022, NFL commissioner Roger Goodell told CNBC that the league would select a streaming service to host Sunday Ticket, with the winning service being announced that fall. Leading streaming providers Amazon, Apple Inc., and ESPN were all candidates to win the contract. That month, the New York Times reported that YouTube had also submitted a bid for Sunday Ticket. In October, CNBC reported that Apple wanted flexible and unrestricted global streaming rights, something that the NFL cannot offer due its existing deals with CBS and Fox that guarantee exclusivity of local games.

On December 22, 2022, the league announced that NFL Sunday Ticket would move exclusively to YouTube TV and YouTube's recently launched Primetime Channels service for residential customers. The league then announced on March 28, 2023, that it had partnered with RedBird Capital to form a new company called EverPass Media to distribute commercial rights to the package, allowing bars, restaurants, casinos, and other commercial venues to continue showing games without reconfiguring their systems to accommodate a streaming-only platform.

International distribution
NFL Sunday Ticket has also been available in Mexico, Latin America, Bermuda, The Bahamas and Canada. In most cases, alternate services like NFL Game Pass International have since replaced NFL Sunday Ticket in international countries and territories, though the service remains available internationally in limited circumstances as discussed below.

Canada
NFL Sunday Ticket was previously available in Canada through most major pay television providers, often in a bundle with other sports packages. In July 2017, it was announced that the streaming service DAZN had acquired the rights to the NFL's out-of-market package beginning in the 2017 NFL season. The games previously available through this service, as well as NFL Game Pass, are bundled with the provider's service in Canada.

However, after DAZN's Canadian launch was met with frequent technical problems and user criticism, DAZN announced that it had begun to offer NFL Sunday Ticket to television providers as an alternative to its over-the-top product.

Mexico and Central America
Sky México

South America and Caribbean
Vrio

Brazil
Vivo TV

Bahamas
Cable Bahamas

See also
 NBA League Pass
 MLS Direct Kick
 MLB Extra Innings
 NHL Center Ice (U.S.)/NHL Centre Ice (Canada)
 NASCAR Hot Pass

References

External links
 NFL Sunday Ticket

Sunday Ticket
Satellite television
Television channels and stations established in 1994
Out-of-market sports packages

NFL Sunday Ticket


Roger Hanif Armour (19 August 1934 – 17 September 2020) was a British vascular surgeon and inventor of the lens-free ophthalmoscope.

Life
Roger Armour was born on 19 August 1934 in Murree in Northern India (subsequently in Pakistan). His father was a veterinary surgeon and his mother taught English.

He graduated MBBS from the King Edward Medical College, Lahore in 1956. He then settled in Britain, qualifying ChM, FRCSEd, FRCSEng, MRCP and DTM&H. After training posts in neurological surgery, cardiac and thoracic surgery, and ophthalmology he specialized in general and vascular surgery. He studied vascular and micro-vascular surgery at Nashville and Zurich respectively as Hamilton Bailey Prize-winner (1973–74). He was consultant surgeon in Birkenhead at St Catherine's Hospital and Birkenhead Children's Hospital, and in Wallasey (1969-1972), and then at the Lister Hospital, Stevenage (1972-1996).

Armour lived in Hitchin, Hertfordshire with his wife Gillian. He has three children:  Jasmin, Sara and Steven. His brother, David S. Ahmed, was consultant surgeon and Vice President of Medical Services, Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region, Canada.

Ophthalmoscope
After retiring Armour made a lens-free direct ophthalmoscope. It is the size of a pen and can be carried in a chest pocket or purse. It is easy to use, functioning with two AAA batteries and a simple on-off switch. It gives a view comparable to a standard ophthalmoscope. Patients with refractive errors of distance vision simply keep their glasses on. It won several awards including two Medical Futures Innovation Awards and the 2005 Edward de Bono medal for application and simplicity, and was placed 2nd in the Saatchi and Saatchi "World Changing Ideas" global competition.. Armour was made FRCP London in 2018.

References

British vascular surgeons
British inventors
2020 deaths
1934 births
Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom
People from Murree

Roger Armour


The Population Registration Act of 1950 required that each inhabitant of South Africa be classified and registered in accordance with their racial characteristics as part of the system of apartheid.

Social rights, political rights, educational opportunities, and economic status were largely determined by the group to which an individual belonged. There were three basic racial classifications under the law: Black, White and Coloured (mixed). Indians (that is, South Asians from the former British India, and their descendants) were later added as a separate classification as they were seen as having "no historical right to the country".

An Office for Race Classification was set up to overview the classification process.  Classification into groups was carried out using criteria such as outer appearance, general acceptance and social standing. For example, it defined a "white person" as one who "in appearance is obviously a white person who is generally not accepted as a coloured person, or is generally accepted as a white person and is not in appearance obviously a white person." Because some aspects of the profile were of a social nature, reclassification was not uncommon, and a board was established to conduct that process. The following criteria were used for separating the coloured people from the white people:

 Characteristics of the person's head hair
 Characteristics of the person's other hair
 Skin colour
 Facial features
 Home language and especially the knowledge of Afrikaans
 Area where the person lives, the person's friends and acquaintances
 Employment
 Socioeconomic status
 Eating and drinking habits

This law worked in tandem with other laws passed as part of the apartheid system. Under the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949, it was illegal for a white person to marry a person of another race. With the enactment of the Immorality Amendment Act of 1950, it also became a crime for a white person and a person of another race to have sexual intercourse.

Under the act, as amended, Coloureds and Indians were formally classified into various subgroups, including Cape Coloured, Malay, Griqua, Chinese, Indian, Other Asian and Other Coloured.

The South African Parliament repealed the act on 17 June 1991. However, the racial categories defined in the act remain ingrained in South African culture and they still form the basis of some official policies and statistics aimed at redressing past economic imbalances (Black Economic Empowerment and Employment Equity).

See also
Demographics of South Africa
Pencil test
Urban apartheid

References

External links

Apartheid laws in South Africa
1950 in South African law

Population Registration Act, 1950


In sport, a goal may refer to either an instance of scoring, or to the physical structure or area where an attacking team must send the ball or puck in order to score points. The structure of a goal varies from sport to sport, and one is placed at or near each end of the playing field for each team to defend. For many sports, each goal structure usually consists of two vertical posts, called goal posts, supporting a horizontal crossbar. A goal line marked on the playing surface between the goal posts demarcates the goal area. Thus, the objective is to send the ball or puck between the goal posts, under or over the crossbar (depending on the sport), and across the goal line. Other sports may have other types of structures or areas where the ball or puck must pass through, such as the basketball hoop. Sports which feature goal scoring are also commonly known as invasion games.

In several sports, sending the ball or puck into the opponent's goal structure or area is the sole method of scoring, and thus the final score is expressed in the total number of goals scored by each team. In other sports, a goal may be one of several scoring methods, and thus may be worth a different set number of points than the others.

Methods of scoring
In some sports, the goal is the sole method of scoring. In these sports, the final score is expressed as the number of goals scored by each team, with the winner being the team that accumulated more over the specified time period.

In other sports, a goal is not the sole method of scoring. In these sports, the goal is worth a set number of points but there are other methods of scoring which may be worth more, the same, or fewer points. In these sports, the score is expressed as the total number of points earned by each team.  In Australian rules football the score is expressed by listing the quantity of each team's "goals" and "behinds" followed by the total number of points.

Structure

The structure of a goal varies from sport to sport. Most often, it is a rectangular structure that is placed at each end of the playing field. Each structure usually consists of two vertical posts, called goal posts (side bar or uprights) supporting a horizontal crossbar. A goal line marked on the playing surface between the goal posts demarcates the goal area.

In some games, such as association football or hockey, the object is to pass the ball between the posts below the crossbar, while in others, such as those based on rugby, the ball must pass over the crossbar instead. In Gaelic football and hurling, in which the goalposts are similar to those used in rugby, the ball can be kicked either under the crossbar for a goal, or over the crossbar between the posts for a point. In Australian rules football, there is no crossbar but four uprights instead. In basketball, netball or korfball, goals are ring-shaped. The structure is often accompanied with an auxiliary net, which stops or slows down the ball when a goal is scored. In netball, a single post at each end of the court supports a horizontal hoop that the ball must fall through. In basketball, the hoop and net used for scoring can be supported on a post or mechanism at each end, or on structures attached directly to the wall.

Goal sports

Goal-only sports
The goal is the only method of scoring in several games. In each of these cases, the winner is the team that scores the most goals within the specified time.

Association football

In association football, the goal is the only method of scoring. It is also used to refer to the scoring structure. An attempt on goal is referred to as a "shot". To score a goal, the ball must pass completely over the goal line between the goal posts and under the crossbar and no rules may be violated on the play (such as touching the ball with the hand or arm). See also offside.

The goal structure is defined as a frame 24 feet (7.32 m) wide by 8 feet (2.44 m) tall. In most organized levels of play a net is attached behind the goal frame to catch the ball and indicate that a goal has been scored; but the Laws of the Game do not mandate the use of a net and only require that any net used not interfere with the goalkeeper.

Bandy

In bandy, which has much of its structure from association football, the only way of scoring is to make a goal and the goal is also used to refer to the scoring structure. If neither of the teams has scored during a match, or if both teams have made the same number of goals, there is a draw. If not otherwise decided in the Bandy Playing Rules set up by the Federation of International Bandy, an approved goal is made when the ball is played in a regular manner and the whole ball has passed the inner definition of the goal line between the two goal posts and the cross-bar. This is stated in section 9 of the Rules. A goal can be made directly from a stroke-off, penalty-shot, a free-stroke, a face-off or a corner stroke. Centered at each short-line of the bandy field is a  wide and  high goal cage, regulated to size, form, material and other properties in section 1.4 of the Bandy Playing Rules. The cage has a net to stop the ball when it has crossed the goal-line. The cage shall be of an approved model. In front of the goal cage is a half-circular penalty area with a  radius. A penalty spot is located  in front of the goal and there are two free-stroke spots at the penalty area line, each surrounded by a  circle.

Field Hockey
The goal structure in field hockey is  wide by  tall. Like association football, a goal is scored when the ball passes completely over the goal line under the crossbar and between the goal posts. Nets are required to hold the ball in. A goal is only scored if shot from with a semicircle  from the goal.

Handball
A goal in handball is scored when the ball is thrown completely over the goal line, below the crossbar and between the goal posts. The goal structure in team handball is 2 metres high and 3 metres wide. A net is required to catch the ball.

Ice Hockey

In ice hockey, the puck must be put completely over the goal line between the posts and under the bar either off an offensive player's stick or off any part of a defensive player's body. The puck may not be kicked, batted, or thrown into the goal, though a goal may be awarded if the puck is inadvertently deflected off an offensive player's skate or body into the goal. The goal structure is a frame  tall and  wide with a net attached. In most higher levels of play the goal structure is attached to the ice surface by flexible pegs and will break away for safety when hit by a player. The goal is placed within the playing surface, and players may play the puck behind the goal.

Lacrosse
Lacrosse goals are scored when the ball travels completely past the goal line. Goals can be disallowed if there is an infraction by the offensive team. The goal in lacrosse is  tall and  wide and a net is used to prevent the ball from reentering the field of play. Lacrosse goals are not positioned on the end boundary line; play often occurs behind the goal.

Netball
In netball, a goal is scored when the ball is shot through a goal ring on a pole.

Polo
In polo, a goal is scored if the ball passes completely between the goal posts, regardless of how far off the ground the ball is.  The ball must be between the goal posts or the imaginary lines extending above the inside edges of the posts.  A ball passing directly over a goal post does not score a goal.

The goal structure in Polo consists of two poles, at least  high and exactly 8 yards apart.  There is no crossbar and no net is required.  The height at which a goal may be scored is infinite.

Shinty
In shinty, a goal is scored if the ball goes over the goal line and under the crossbar. A goal can only be scored with a stick called a "caman"; no goal is scored if the ball is kicked, carried, or propelled by an attacking player's hand or arm.

Water polo

A goal in water polo is scored when the ball passes completely across the goal line, under the crossbar and between the goal posts.  A goal may be scored through contact with any part of the attacker's body except a clenched fist. The goal structure in water polo is dependent upon the depth of the water.  The goal mouth measures 3 metres across and is either 0.9 metres above the surface of the water or 2.4 metres above the floor of the pool, whichever is higher.  Nets are required.

Games with secondary scoring other than goals
The following games have more than one possible method of scoring where the goal is the primary method, i.e. the method that scores the most points. In most cases the score is shown as the number of goals, plus the number of secondary scores (usually 1 point), plus the total number of points. The side with the higher number of total points is the winner.

Australian rules football

In Australian rules football a goal is scored when the ball is kicked by an attacking player completely between the two tall goal posts. To be awarded a goal, the ball may not contact or pass over the goal post, touch any player on any part of the body other than the foot or lower leg of an attacker. In such cases, the score is a behind (1 point). The ball may be punted, drop kicked, or kicked off the ground (soccered). The ball may cross the goal line at any height from ground level up and may bounce before crossing the line. A goal scores six points. The behind, which scores one point; is awarded if the ball passes between the point posts or is not awarded a goal by the above provisions when passing through the goal posts. The goal structure consists of two posts at least 6 metres in height and spaced 6.4 metres apart. There is no crossbar and no net.

Basketball

The primary object of basketball is to score by shooting (i.e., throwing) the ball into a goal officially called the basket. A basket is scored when the ball passes completely through the basket ring from above; however, the number of points scored with each basket depends on where on the court the ball was shot from, and a team does not necessarily need to score the most baskets to win the game. Basketball scores are expressed in total points.

A basket scored during normal play is called a field goal and is worth two points if shot from within or on the three-point line, and three points if shot from beyond the three-point line. The three-point line's distance from the basket varies by level. Points are also awarded to the shooting team if the defensive team commits goaltending or basket interference while the ball is in flight towards the basket or is directly over it.

A basketball team can also score by free throws, which score one point each. Free throws are awarded to a team after the opponent commits a foul in certain scenarios. The player taking the free throws (usually the player who was fouled) is entitled to take a specified number of shots unopposed with both feet behind the free throw line.

The basket consists of a metal ring  in internal diameter, suspended horizontally  above the floor such that the center of the ring is equidistant from each sideline and  from the end line. The basket ring has a net attached below to briefly check the ball's downward progress and indicate a score. The ring is fastened to a rectangular backboard  wide by  tall, though in lower levels of play or recreational use the backboard may be smaller and/or fan-shaped. The entire structure is supported from behind and anchored to the floor beyond the end line at higher levels of play; the structure may be anchored to a wall or ceiling at lower levels of play. The ring, net, and the front, top, bottom, and sides of the backboard are all considered inbounds, while the back of the backboard and the support structure – even those parts suspended over inbounds areas of the court – are considered out of bounds.

Gaelic football

In Gaelic football a goal is scored when the ball passes completely beyond the goal line, between the goal posts and under the cross bar. The ball can be played with the hands, but a goal cannot be scored by hand. A ball travelling between the goal posts and over the cross bar is awarded one pointed called an "over". Overs are the most common scoring method with goals heavily defended. A goal is worth three points.

Hurling

In hurling the ball must pass completely beyond the goal line.  The ball may be played by any legal method except by the hand of the attacker.  A ball in flight may be deflected into the goal off the hand of an attacker. Hurling and Gaelic football use the same goal structure.  It is a 6.4 meter wide frame with a net attached.  The goal posts are at least 6 meters high, and the crossbar is 2.44 meters above the ground.  A goal is scored when the ball crosses below the crossbar and a point is scored when the ball passes above it.

Sports with goals as secondary scoring
At each end of the field in the following games, there is both a marked scoring area and a separate goal post structure. In these games, the term "goal" is only used for the secondary scoring method of putting the ball through the goal post structure.

Gridiron football

In American and Canadian football, there is a scoring area marked at each end of the field called an end zone, and a separate goal post structure.

The primary method of scoring is a touchdown. Whether running, passing, returning a kickoff or punt, or recovering a turnover, a team scores a touchdown by advancing the ball into the end zone. A touchdown scores 6 points in both versions of the sport. The front line of the end zone is the "goal line", its back line is the "end line", and each corner is marked with a pylon. Each end zone in American football is about  wide, while each end zone in Canadian football is about  wide. Unlike other sports which require the ball/puck to pass completely over the goal line to count as a score, both Canadian and American football merely need any part of the ball to break the vertical plane of the outer edge of the goal line to count as a touchdown.

A field goal is a secondary method of scoring; it is scored when the ball is place kicked or drop kicked completely over the crossbar and between or directly over the goal posts. A field goal scores 3 points in both versions of the sport. In the American game, the now rarely used fair catch kick, if successfully made, also scores 3 points. A goal kicked during a try following a touchdown is worth one point. These are the only methods of putting the ball through the goal posts that award points to the kicking team; no points are scored if the ball is punted or thrown through the goal posts, or if the ball goes through the goal posts on a kickoff (except, in the latter case, in indoor American football, where some leagues award a single point).

In both sports, the goal structure consists of a horizontal crossbar suspended  above the ground and vertical goal posts ("uprights") placed  apart and extending at least  above the crossbar. In lower levels of play the goal posts may be placed further apart and/or not extend as far above the crossbar; for example, in high school football the posts are  apart. NFL and CFL rules mandate that a ribbon be attached to the top of each goal post. Goals are centered on the field, but on different lines: in American football, they lie on the "end line" (far end of the end zone) and in Canadian football, on the "goal line" (beginning of the end zone). A retractable net may be placed behind the goal posts, well beyond the field of play, to prevent the ball from entering spectator areas.

Until the mid-1960s, the goal posts were similar in design to rugby posts, with the crossbar and uprights supported by stanchions installed directly underneath the uprights (in the shape of the letter 'H'). A transitional design from this time retained the twin set of stanchions but placed them behind the crossbar. In this design, the crossbar and uprights were supported by a set of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal stanchions behind each upright. This design was last used professionally in the first Super Bowl in January 1967. The modern goal posts supported by a single "goose-necked" stanchion (in the shape of the letter 'Y') made their debut in the 1966 CFL playoffs and were adopted by all three professional leagues (CFL, NFL, and AFL) the following year, with many (but not all) college teams following suit in the years since. The NFL, which merged with the AFL in , had its crossbar over the goal line until .

In arena football, a field goal also scores three points, unless it is drop kicked, in which case it scores four points. The goal structure in arena football is much smaller than the outdoor game; it consists of a crossbar  above the playing surface and  wide; this size is also used for most other indoor leagues as well.  Uniquely in arena football, the goal posts are attached to nets on either side of the crossbar which are taut to allow the ball to rebound back onto the field of play. The nets are  wide and  high. These nets do not represent a scoring area, but keep the ball in play and prevent it from entering the crowd.

Canadian football also offers a secondary form of goal, the rouge or single point; it is awarded if a ball enters the end zone by way of any kick (either a missed field goal or a punt) and is not returned by the opposing team; this is not offered in American football (such a play results in a touchback instead).

Rugby football

In both rugby codes, there is a scoring area marked at each end of the field called an in-goal area, and a separate H-shaped goal structure. The primary scoring method is a try, worth 5 points in rugby union and worth 4 points in rugby league. A try is scored by grounding the ball in the in-goal area.

A goal is scored in either rugby code by place kicking or drop kicking a ball over the crossbar and between the uprights of H-shaped goalposts. The goalposts are positioned centrally on the goal line (the front line of the in-goal area). The crossbar is  from the ground; the uprights are  apart in rugby league and  in rugby union.

In the early years of rugby, only goals counted in scoring, and a "try" counted only if "converted" into a goal. The official name "goal from a try" for a converted try persisted until 1979.

Goal celebration

Celebrating the scoring of a goal is common. It is normally performed by the goalscorer, and may involve his or her teammates, the manager or coaching staff and/or the supporters of the team. Whilst referring to the celebration of a goal in general, the term can also be applied to specific actions, such as a player removing his shirt or performing a somersault.

Metaphor
The expression "moving the goalposts", which means to make a set of goals more difficult just as they are being met, is often used in business but is derived from association football. It is commonly used to imply bad faith on the part of those setting goals for others to meet, by arbitrarily making additional demands just as the initial ones are about to be met.

In business, the concept is more abstract, with some performance measure or target being set as a goalpost while achieving the target is often known as achieving a goal.

See also

 Goalkeeper
 Own goal
 Assist (sport)

References

Scoring (sport)
Scoring (association football)
Scoring (basketball)
Scoring (ice hockey)
Terminology used in multiple sports
Association football terminology
Association football equipment
Laws of association football
Bandy equipment
Bandy rules
American football terminology
Australian rules football terminology
Basketball terminology
Field hockey terminology
Gaelic games terminology
Ice hockey terminology
Rugby league terminology
Rugby union terminology
Rules of water polo
Water polo equipment
Water polo terminology
Ball games

Goal (sports)


Linkinhorne is a parish and village in southeast Cornwall, United Kingdom. The village itself is at  and is approximately four miles (6.5 km) northwest of Callington and seven miles (11 km) south of Launceston.

As well as Linkinhorne itself, other settlements in the parish include Bray Shop, Caradon Town, Downgate, Henwood, Ley Mill, Minions, and Upton Cross.

The area is bordered by the River Inny in the north-east and Bodmin Moor to the west. The valley of the River Lynher runs through the parish. The parish is largely rural but west of the B3254 road from Launceston to Liskeard it includes part of Caradon Hill, once an industrialised mining area.

The parish church of St Melor is built of granite and dates from the 15th century.

References

Villages in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall

Linkinhorne


Urban decay is the process in which a city or area goes into conditions of disrepair or becomes decrepit or filled with blight. Urban decay involves white flight, population changes, depopulation, economic troubles, high local unemployment, higher than usual crime and political issues. Blight is associated with condemned properties, empty lots and deserted areas that often attract criminal activity. That includes squattiing in these buildings/homes,

Related pages
 Rust Belt
 Deindustrialization
 Ruins
 Ghost town

Urban and regional sciences
Social issues

Urban decay


The Battle of Glen Affric () took place in 1721 in Glen Affric, in the Scottish Highlands. It was fought between Government backed forces of the Clan Ross against rebel the forces of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan Macrae.

Background
During the Jacobite rising of 1715 the chiefs of the Highland Clan Ross had supported the British-Hanoverian Government. The rising of 1715 was ultimately defeated at the Battle of Sheriffmuir and another rising had been defeated at the Battle of Glenshiel in 1719, where troops from the Clan Ross had fought in support of the Government and defeated the likes of the Jacobite Clan Mackenzie. William Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforth, chief of Clan Mackenzie, had been exiled in France for his part in the Jacobite rising of 1715 and had also returned briefly to Scotland to take part in the Jacobite rising of 1719, before returning to exile in France.

In 1720 two members of the Clan Ross - William Ross, 6th of Easter Fearn (ex-Provost of Tain) and his brother Robert Ross (Baillie of Tain) - had been appointed factors on the estates of Mackenzie of Seaforth, Chisholm and Glenmoriston. The following year, in 1721, they went on an expedition to collect rents on these estates. The Rosses set off from Inverness with thirty armed men, picking up a further fifty armed men from Bernera Barracks. The Murchison family being a sept of the Clan Mackenzie, Colonel Donald Murchison was Mackenzie of Seaforth's factor who had been collecting rents and sending them to his master in France.

The battle
While on their journey to Mackenzie of Seaforth's lands in Kintail, the Rosses who were attended by just a small company of soldiers met three hundred men of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan Macrae in Glen Affric. Historian Alan Mackenzie says that the Rosses were "ambushed" at near Loch Affric. The Mackenzies and Macraes were commanded by Colonel Donald Murchison of Auchtyre and Lochalsh who had been sending the rents to Mackenzie of Seaforth in France.

A skirmish took place between the two sides in which the Rosses were outnumbered. William Ross of Easter Fearn was the first to be wounded by shots fired at him from his right. However, he continued to give orders to his troops to advance and clear the ground of lurking clansmen. They had some success in this respect and were able to proceed to a narrow gorge in Kintail which led into Loch Affric, where they were ambushed by Murchison's men. William Ross's son Walter Ross and also his nephew William Ross (son of his brother Robert Ross) were also wounded. Realizing that further resistance was useless William Ross met Colonel Murchison between the lines and discussion took place. The Rosses agreed to return home, promising never again to officiate as factors and as a token of sincerity handed their commissions to Donald Murchison.

Aftermath
Walter Ross died of his wounds. Colonel Murchison insisted on escorting his foes past a thicket where he alleged a "blood thirsty" party from the Clan Cameron lurked. On reaching Beauly, Walter Ross was buried in Beauly Priory. A second unsuccessful attempt was made by Government troops to seize Mackenzie of Seaforth's lands by force, in which the Battle of Coille Bhan was indecisive.

References

18th-century Scottish clan battles
Jacobite rising of 1719
1721 in Scotland

Battle of Glen Affric


Darwinian Happiness: Evolution As a Guide for Living and Understanding Human Behavior, , is a 2002 book by the Norwegian biologist Bjørn Grinde from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. He argues that human emotions find their cause in evolution, and offers ways by which we can use this to our advantage.

More specifically, mammals are equipped with a nerve system that enables them to distinguish not only between pleasant and unpleasant sensations, but positive and negative experiences in general. While the biological term fitness refers to the capacity to create offspring, happiness (or quality of life) is, at least in a biological perspective, a question of the qualities of the experiences our nervous system offers us.

In order to improve these experiences there are two main principles to consider:

To utilize the rewarding sensations the brain has evolved to offer in a way that gives optimal long-term benefits; and, similarly, to avoid punishing sensations.
To avoid stress and maladaptive ways of living in order to have a healthy mind with optimal potential for positive experiences.

As to the first principle, humans may actually have been equipped with more powerful positive and negative sensations, compared to other mammals, due to our capacity for free will. That is, evolution might tend to add stronger incentives for behavior benefiting the genes in an individual with a powerful free will; as otherwise, the free will could easily result in maladaptive behavior.

As to the second principle, it may be added that, as a rule of thumb, we ought to adapt our way of living to how we are designed by evolution to live. Current ideas in evolutionary medicine and evolutionary psychology suggest that mismatches between the environment of evolutionary adaptation and the present way of living may cause somatic and mental health problems. Such adverse mismatches, referred to as discords, are obviously detrimental to quality of life. For example, unlike Europeans, Indigenous Australians have not had many generations exposed to alcohol, and so are prone to alcohol abuse and the social deprivation it causes.

Grinde argues that "Chemical stimulants do not appear to be a good long-term strategy for contentment."

See also
 Is–ought problem
 Naturalistic fallacy

References

Biology books

Darwinian Happiness


Punta De Vacas, meaning "cows point", is a hamlet in Mendoza Province, Argentina between Mendoza and Puente del Inca, not far from the border with Chile. The city was once served by the now disused Transandine Railway which ran from Mendoza in Argentina to Los Andes in Chile.

From there, the Tupungato mountain can be viewed. This mountain rises at 6800 meters above sea level. It constitutes one of the accesses to the Aconcagua Provincial Park and the ascension routes to the Aconcagua mountain.

According to the INDEC census of 2001, Punta de Vacas has a population of 47 inhabitants. In spite of its small size and reduced population, this location has gained worldwide popularity due to being the site of one of Silo's first public speeches, "The Healing of Suffering" (see Mario Rodríguez Cobos), on May 4, 1969. This site is now a Park where Silo's followers meet from time to time for study and reflection .

Populated places in Mendoza Province
Cities in Argentina

Punta de Vacas


Donald Montague McVeagh Pratt (born 9 July 1935) is an Irish businessman and former first-class cricketer.

Born at Dublin, Pratt was educated in the city at Sandford Park School and St Columba's College. He later studied at Trinity College Dublin, where he played cricket for Dublin University Cricket Club. After completing his studies, Pratt moved into the legal profession as a solicitor. Playing his club cricket in Dublin for Phoenix, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Ireland against Scotland at Derry in 1963. He played five further first-class matches for Ireland, appearing against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1964, the touring New Zealanders, Scotland, and Hampshire in 1965, and the MCC in 1966. He scored 171 run in these six matches, averaging 14.25. He had just two innings of note where he passed fifty, with a highest score of 58 against the New Zealanders at Belfast. Pratt was also a noted squash player, winning the Irish Squash Championship for ten years in a row. He stopped working as a solicitor in 1974, when he and his wife purchased Avoca Handweavers, a County Wicklow business dating back to 1723. By 2006, the company had eight stores in Ireland and one in the United States, and employed 475 people.

References

External links

1935 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Dublin (city)
People educated at Sandford Park School
People educated at St Columba's College, Dublin
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Cricketers from Dublin (city)
Irish male squash players
Irish solicitors
Irish businesspeople
Lawyers from Dublin (city)
Irish cricketers

Donald Pratt