William H. Yates (died September 18, 1868) was an African-American abolitionist, writer, and the President of the first Convention of Colored Men. He focused his writing in the form of articles and editorials in newspapers; along with responses about books and articles written on slavery or civil rights.

In contrast to common perception, Yates is not the author of Rights of Colored Men to Suffrage, Citizenship and Trial by Jury (1838), which addressed several topics that included the disenfranchisement of African Americans on the East Coast. The William Yates who produced the treatise was a white abolitionist with no known ties to William H. Yates.

Early life and career
William H. Yates was born into slavery in Virginia to a free black man and an enslaved Native American woman, which gave the slave owner a claim on Yates. Yates was able to later purchase his freedom, after which point he moved to Washington D.C., where he worked as a porter in the Supreme Court. In this role he was able to make a living and earn a legal education, along with having practical application in a time period of slavery and turmoil. During his time in Washington D.C., Yates also kept a hackney stable and is thought to have helped fugitive slaves along the Underground Railroad. He then had to flee to New York due to accusations of aiding fugitives, but after his business failed, decided to move his family to San Francisco.

Civil Rights activism
In San Francisco, Yates worked as a columnist to The Elevator and a contributor for The Pacific Appeal. As a contributor for The Pacific Appeal he critiqued William Wells Brown's The Black Man, particularly against Brown's assertion that Black Californians were not invested enough into the cause of African Americans and did not patronize black newspapers. Brown responded to the critique, spurring a debate that lasted over several issues of The Pacific Appeal.

Yates was viewed as a prominent elder in the African-American community with intimate knowledge of how Congress worked, which prompted his appointment as the President of the convention for the first Convention of Colored Men, held in San Francisco in 1855. In the Congressional proceedings he stated:

"I desire that members not enter into lengthy... discussions upon every question regarding which there may be a difference of opinion, but confine themselves strictly to the legitimate business of the meeting, so that the convention maybe enabled to close its proceedings today, and do so in a manner as to reflect credit upon ourselves and the cause we advocate."

In 1862, he was able to finally see success when the State of California repealed the laws preventing black men from having legal, judicial, and economic rights.

William Yates died around September 18, 1868. He was approximately 51–55 years old upon his death.

Further reading

References

External links
 Rights of colored men to suffrage, citizenship and trial by jury at Hathi Trust Digital Library

1868 deaths
Year of birth missing
African-American abolitionists
People from Virginia
People from California

William H. Yates


A treadwheel, or treadmill, is a form of engine typically powered by humans. It may resemble a water wheel in appearance, and can be worked either by a human treading paddles set into its circumference (treadmill), or by a human or animal standing inside it (treadwheel). These devices are no longer used for power or punishment, and the term "treadmill" has come to mean an exercise machine for running, walking or other exercises in place.

History
Uses of treadwheels included raising water, to power cranes, or grind grain. They were used extensively in the Greek and Roman world, such as in the reverse overshot water-wheel used for dewatering purposes. They were widely used in the Middle ages to lift the stones in the construction of Gothic cathedrals. There is a literary reference to one in 1225, and one treadwheel crane survives at Chesterfield, Derbyshire and is housed in the Museum. It has been dated to the early 14th century and was housed in the top of the church tower until its removal in 1947. They were used extensively in the Renaissance famously by Brunelleschi during the construction of Florence cathedral.

Penal treadmills were used in prisons during the early Victorian period in the UK as a form of punishment. According to The Times in 1827, and reprinted in William Hone's Table-Book in 1838, the amount prisoners walked per day on average varied, from the equivalent of 6,600 vertical feet at Lewes to as much as 17,000 vertical feet in ten hours during the summertime at Warwick gaol. In 1902, the British government banned the use of the treadwheel as a form of punishment.

See also
 Chain pump
 The Experiment, a horse-powered boat
 Horse mill
 List of historical harbour cranes
 Treadwheel crane

References

Further reading

 Animal-powered Machines, J. Kenneth Major. Shire Album 128. Shire Publications, 1985.

Animal engines
Grinding mills

Treadwheel


Hubert Donat Alfred Agache (24 February 1875 – 4 May 1959) was a French architect and urbanist known for his work in Brazil.

Agache was born in Tours to Auguste and Catherine Agache. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris under Victor Laloux.

He formally planned the Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro, Recife, Porto Alegre and Curitiba in the 1940s and 1950s, supported by the Estado Novo regime in Brazil. And in Porto Alegre his plans for the Redenção Park were realised to host the Farroupilha Revolution centennial fair.  While his plans were often too expensive to be completed, they formed the basis of more practical plans, and the affordable parts of his plan were followed for several decades, although in Curitiba the so-called Agache Plan was retired and then superseded by later urban planning efforts beginning in the 1960s.

Agache also co-founded the French Society for Urban Studies. He was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1935 and died in 1959.

References

External links

1875 births
1934 deaths
People from Tours, France
French urban planners
Urban designers
20th-century French architects
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
Knights of the Legion of Honour
French expatriates in Brazil

Alfred Agache (architect)


"Another Christmas (Old Borego)" is a Holiday song written and recorded by the alternative rock band Switchfoot. The song was originally featured exclusively as one of the tracks on KROQ-FM's annual Christmas compilation CDs, "Kevin & Bean's Christmastime in the 909," which was released in 2004.

Re-release
In 2008, Switchfoot re-released the song as a Rhapsody-exclusive single, just in time for the Holiday season, under their independent record label, lowercase people records. It was rearranged with slightly more instrumentation and a more tinkly feel with the guitar work, along with an overall updated mix.

References

External links

2008 singles
Switchfoot songs
Songs written by Jon Foreman
2003 songs

Another Christmas (Old Borego)


Kiteto District is one of the six districts of the Manyara Region of Tanzania.  It is bordered to the north by the Simanjiro District, to the east by the Tanga Region and to the south and west by the Dodoma Region. The district headquarters are located in Kibaya.

According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Kiteto District was 152,757. According to the 2012 Tanzania National Census, the population of Kiteto District was 244,669.

The District Commissioner of the Kiteto District is Lt. Lepillal Ole Moloiment.

Administrative subdivisions
As of 2012, Kiteto District was administratively divided into 19 wards. Since then, new wards have been created and by 2015 the number of wards was 23.

Wards 2015
The Kiteto District is administratively divided into 23 wards:

 Bwagamoyo
 Dongo
 Dosidosi
 Engusero
 Kibaya
 Kijungu
 Lengatei
 Makame
 Matui
 Ndedo
 Njoro
 Olboloti
 Partimbo
 Songambele
 Sunya
 Loolera
 Magungu
 Chapakazi
 Namelock
 Ndirigishi
 Kaloleni
 Bwawani
 Laiseri

Sources
Kiteto District Homepage for the 2002 Tanzania National Census
Tanzanian Government Directory Database

References

Districts of Manyara Region

Kiteto District, Manyara


How the War Started on My Island () is a 1996 Croatian black comedy film directed by Vinko Brešan and starring Vlatko Dulić, Ljubomir Kerekeš, Ivan Brkić, Predrag Vušović, Ivica Vidović, Božidar Orešković and Matija Prskalo.

Summary
The film is set in Croatia in mid-1991, after the Croatian Parliament had proclaimed the country's independence, seceding it from Yugoslavia. However, army garrisons around the country are still held by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), which does not acknowledge the parliament's decision. The JNA garrisons are largely manned by conscripts hailing from all over Yugoslavia who are serving their compulsory military service, and headed by senior officers who ignore Croatian demands that the JNA should leave Croatian territory and release Croats under their command. In this backdrop, the film begins with the arrival of art historian Blaž Gajski (played by Vlatko Dulić) to a small unnamed Croatian island with the intention of rescuing his son Zoran (Leon Lučev) who is serving at the local JNA barracks.

Gajski finds the situation on the island tense – the police have surrounded the barracks, locals are picketing the garrison, and the local commanders go in to negotiate a peaceful surrender of the compound with barracks commander major Aleksa Milosavljević (Ljubomir Kerekeš). However, Aleksa brushes them off, has the barracks rigged with explosives and threatens to blow everything up in case of any attempts to take the garrison by force. In response, islanders stage a non-stop festival in front of the compound, with rock bands and marching bands playing music, and with islanders reciting poems and giving speeches (including Aleksa's own wife) in the hope of convincing Aleksa to back down.

Meanwhile, the locals' commander has the garrison's power and phone lines cut. The locals then intercept an army radio transmission and, posing as army command, tell Aleksa not to do anything until a "colonel Kostadinović" arrives to give him detailed instructions, in order to buy more time to wear him down. After failing to get in the garrison or contact the commander, Gajski tries to get help from the locals in getting his son released, but everyone on the island seems completely engrossed by their own role in the events. He borrows a JNA officer uniform and enters the barracks, posing as colonel Kostadinović. There, he manages to retrieve his son and some soldiers, along with the full cache of explosives. As major Aleksa realizes he was deceived, he orders the remaining soldiers to open fire at the people gathered in front of the barracks, mortally wounding a poet reciting a poem.

Background
In 1991, Vinko Brešan witnessed the protests in front of a Yugoslav People's Army garrison in Šibenik, observing some situations that he found very funny. At the time, Brešan had the idea of creating a documentary film about the events, but had no camera to record it. Finding that "experiencing these situations second-hand would deprive them of what made them funny", he came to realize that the only way to preserve the humor was to shoot a feature film instead. He made his impressions into an early version of the script, and presented it to his father Ivo Brešan, with whom he further developed the plot. The screenplay was finished and greenlighted for filming before Operation Storm, while the war was still ongoing.

How the War Started on My Island was shot in the winter of 1995, over 28 days, on locations near St. Anthony Channel and in Primošten. The garrison building featured in the film is the actual location of the 1991 protests.

Reception
In spite of being filmed as a television production (the film was shot on 16 mm film, and later transferred to 35 mm film before being released to theaters), the film's blend of comedy and drama was well received by Croatian audiences. During its cinema run the film was seen by around 346,000 people in the country, which made it the most popular Croatian title of the 1990s, as well as one of the most popular Croatian films of all times. Its popularity has been ascribed to the film's return to "laughter and comedy, which were sorely absent in the cultural landscape of the first half of the 1990s, affected as it was with the high drama of profound changes".

The film won Grand Prize at the 1997 Cottbus Film Festival of Young East European Cinema and three Golden Arena Awards at the 1996 Pula Film Festival (Best Director, Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Costume).

In 1999, a poll of Croatian film fans found it to be one of the best Croatian films ever made.

References

Bibliography

External links

How the War Started on My Island at CroatianFilm.com
How the War Started on My Island at Filmski-Programi.hr
Kako je počeo rat na mom otoku in Zapis (2009)

1996 films
Croatian war comedy films
1990s Croatian-language films
Films shot in Croatia
Works about the Croatian War of Independence
Films set on islands
Films set in 1991
1996 directorial debut films
1990s war comedy films

How the War Started on My Island


Pimelea axiflora, commonly known as bootlace bush, is a small shrub in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to Australia.  It is a small shrub with whitish flowers on mostly smooth stems.

Description
Pimelea axiflora is a small dioecious shrub  high with smooth stems or occasionally hairy.  The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs are mostly linear or narrowly elliptic, upper surface mid-green, underside paler,  long,  wide on a  petiole  long. The leaves are green, smooth and leaf margins mostly recurved. The inflorescence consists of a cluster of 2-10 white flowers in leaf axils with little or no stalk. The male flowers are larger,  long  and female  long. The 2-4 flower bracts are usually oval shaped and  long and  wide. The green fruit are  long.

Taxonomy
Pimelea axiflora was first formally described in 1854 by Carl Meisner and the description was published in Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde.

There are currently three subspecies accepted by the Australian Plant Census:

 P. axiflora subsp. F.Muell. ex Meisn.  axiflora, it has soft leaves  long, flowers thickly covered with hairs on outside near petiole, bracts usually hairy on outside. Flowering occurs from June to December. In Tasmania it is restricted to King Island. In New South Wales it grows on the coast and ranges, south of the Budawang National Park to Braidwood. A single recording north of  Cooma and rare in the Snowy Mountains.  This subspecies grows in wetter locations as an understory shrub in eucalypt scrubland and near streams.

 P. axiflora subsp.  subsp. alpina (Benth.) Threlfall, commonly known as alpine bootlace bush, is a small shrub to  high, sometimes semi-prostrate, smooth stems with leaf scars. The leaves are smooth, straight, leathery,  long,  wide and smooth bracts, 2-5 flowers in each cluster, moderate to infrequently hairy externally in montane locations. Male flowers are   long, female  long and the bracts are brown, smooth and usually  long. This species grows at higher altitudes in the Snowy Mountains in  open heath, rocky sites, woodland and herb and grass fields. Flowering occurs from November to March.

 P. axiflora subsp. pubescens Rye, commonly known as Bungonia rice-flower, is a dioecious shrub to  high, stems either smooth or hairy, new stem growth with hairs  long. The  petiole  long, underside of leaves hairy,  long and  wide, linear to narrowly oval, margins curled under. The  upper leaf surface usually smooth and secondary veins on underside obvious. The  female flowers are  long, male  long, 2-10 white flowers in each cluster in leaf axils, 2-4 bracts  long and stalk more or less absent. Fruit are green and about  long. Flowering occurs in September. It is only found in the Bungonia National Park south east of Goulburn N.S.W where it grows on rocky, limestone outcrops and cliffs.

Distribution
Bootlace bush is found at higher altitudes on the Grampians extending to the east coast in Victoria,  in south-eastern New South Wales and on King Island, Tasmania.

Conservation status
 P. axiflora subsp. axiflora  is listed as "endangered under the Threatened Species Protection Act 1995, Tasmania.

 P. axiflora subsp. alpina is considered rare in Victoria.

 P. axiflora subsp. pubescens'' is listed as "endangered" under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act due to be known from a single population containing a low number of  mature plants.

References

axiflora
Malvales of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Victoria (state)
Flora of Tasmania
Plants described in 1854
Dioecious plants

Pimelea axiflora


Catherine Labouré, DC (May 2, 1806 – December 31, 1876) was a French member of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul and a Marian visionary. She is believed to have relayed the request from the Blessed Virgin Mary to create the famous Miraculous Medal of Our Lady of Graces worn by millions of people around the world. Labouré spent forty years caring for the aged and infirm. For this, she is called the patroness of seniors.

Childhood and youth
Labouré was born on 2 May 1806, in the Burgundy region of France to Madeleine Louise Gontard and Pierre Labouré, a farmer. She was the 9th of 11 living children. Her baptismal name was Zoe, but her family rarely used that name. Labouré's mother died on 9 October 1815, when Labouré was nine years old. It is said that after her mother's funeral, Labouré picked up a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary and kissed it, saying, "Now you will be my mother."

Her father's sister offered to care for her and her sister Marie Antoinette and the sisters moved to their aunt's house at Saint-Rémy, a village  from their home. It is there that Catherine had a dream of a priest, whom she later recognised as Vincent de Paul. The priest said to her: 'My daughter, it is good to care for the sick.  For now, you flee from me, but one day you will be glad to approach me. God has plans for you. Don't forget it!'.

At the age of 12, Catherine returned to her father's farm to help care for her family. Later, her father, wishing to deter her from her religious vocation, sent her to Paris to work in his brothers' eating establishment for poor workers.  There, she observed their suffering and her decision to enter the nursing order of Saint Vincent de Paul, the Daughters of Charity, was reinforced.

Labouré began her novitiate on April 21, 1830 at the convent on the Rue du Bac in Paris and on, January 30, 1831, she took her vows. It is at this Convent that she had the visions of the Virgin Mary that led to the creation of the Miraculous Medal.

Visions

Vincent de Paul
In April 1830, the remains of Vincent de Paul were translated to the Vincentian church in Paris. The solemnities included a novena. On three successive evenings, upon returning from the church to the Rue du Bac, Catherine reportedly experienced, in the convent chapel, a vision of what she took to be the heart of de Paul above a shrine containing a relic of bone from his right arm. Each time the heart appeared a different color: white, red, and black. She interpreted this to mean that the Vincentian communities would prosper, and that there would be a change of government. The convent chaplain advised her to forget the matter.

Blessed Virgin Mary
Labouré stated that on July 19, 1830, the eve of the feast of St. Vincent de Paul, she woke up after hearing the voice of a child calling her to the chapel, where she heard the Virgin Mary say to her, "God wishes to charge you with a mission. You will be contradicted, but do not fear; you will have the grace to do what is necessary. Tell your spiritual director all that passes within you. Times are evil in France and in the world".

On November 27, 1830, Labouré reported that Mary returned to her during evening meditations. She displayed herself inside an oval frame, standing upon a globe; rays of light came out of her hands in the direction of a globe. Around the margin of the frame appeared the words "O Mary, conceived without sin, pray for us who have recourse to thee." As Labouré watched, the frame seemed to rotate, showing a circle of twelve stars, a large letter M surmounted by a cross, and the stylized Sacred Heart of Jesus and Immaculate Heart of Mary underneath. Asked why some of the rays of light did not reach the earth, Mary reportedly replied, "Those are the graces for which people forget to ask." Mary then asked her to take these images to her father confessor, telling him that they should be put on medallions. "All who wear them will receive great graces."

Labouré did so, and after two years of investigation and observation of her normal daily behavior, the priest took the information to his archbishop without revealing her identity. The request was approved and the design of the medallions was commissioned through French goldsmith Adrien Vachette. They proved to be exceedingly popular—the Miraculous Medal was quickly adopted by millions of the Catholic faithful. It also played an important role in the proclamation by Pope Pius IX of the Immaculate Conception on December 8, 1854. The dogma of the Immaculate Conception had not yet been officially promulgated, but the medal, with its "conceived without sin" slogan, was influential in popular approval of the idea.

Later life and service to the poor and elderly

Immediately after taking her vows, Labouré was sent to the Hospice d'Enghien, located in the village of Reuilly, which, at the time, was slightly outside the city limits of Paris. She spent the next forty years there, caring for the elderly and infirm. For this, she is called the patroness of seniors.

During this time, she not only cared for the sick, but also worked on the hospice's farm, looked after the poultry and cleaned the stables. Her life was notable for her devotion to the poor and elderly and for her humility and profound silence.

Death and legacy
Labouré died in the Hospice on December 31, 1876, at the age of 70. Her body was later moved and is now encased in glass beneath the side altar in the Chapel of Our Lady of Graces of the Miraculous Medal in 140 Rue du Bac, Paris.

Her cause for sainthood was declared upon discovery that her body was incorrupt. She was beatified on May 28, 1933, by Pope Pius XI and canonized on July 27, 1947, by Pope Pius XII.

Labouré's feast day is observed on November 28 according to the liturgical calendar of the Congregation of the Mission, the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris. She is listed in the Martyrologium Romanum for December 31.

Gallery

See also
 Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary
 Green Scapular
 Saint Catherine Labouré, Patron Saint Archive

Citations

General bibliography
 Saint Catherine Labouré of the Miraculous Medal, by Joseph I Dirvin, CM, TAN Books and Publishers, Inc, 1958/84.
 Saint Catherine Labouré and the Miraculous Medal, Alma Power-Waters, Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 1962.
 The Life of Catherine Labouré, by René Laurentin, Collins, 1980.

External links

  Full text of official biography.

1806 births
1876 deaths
People from Côte-d'Or
Daughters and Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul
French Roman Catholic saints
Marian visionaries
19th-century Christian saints
Catholic Mariology
Incorrupt saints
Vincentian saints
Christian female saints of the Late Modern era
Canonizations by Pope Pius XII

Catherine Labouré


The Darkest Road is a 1986 novel by Canadian fantasy author Guy Gavriel Kay and the third and final novel in The Fionavar Tapestry trilogy. It follows The Summer Tree and The Wandering Fire.

Plot summary

Kim and Matt, with the help of Tabor and Imraith-Nimphais, rescue the Paraiko. Ruana, their leader, chants kanior—a ritual of forgiveness and lamentation for the dead that is tied to the Paraiko's non-violent nature and the bloodcurse that protects them. So powerful is his performance that it invokes not only all the Paraiko that have died through the centuries but even their enemies; both he and Kim sense a finality in it, as is proven when the Baelrath blazes and summons Kim to change the Paraiko's pacifist natures so they can fight against Maugrim. Due to the loss of their pacifism, however, the magical bloodcurse that had protected the Paraiko for centuries was also lost forever.

Kim returns to Ysanne's cottage where she meets Darien and gives him the Circlet of Lisen. As she puts it on his head, the light of the gem goes out, and Darien interprets this as a sign that he is evil. In despair he takes Lökdal, the dagger that Ysanne used to kill herself, and flees. Kim calls after him to tell him where his mother is, hoping that Jennifer will be able to comfort him.

Jennifer, waiting in Lisen's tower for Prydwen to return, listens to Flidais' tale of the Wild Hunt and how its randomness, being outside the Weaver's control, gifts the Weaver's creatures with freedom of choice. That wildness also made Maugrim possible; and because Maugrim came from outside the Tapestry there is no thread in it with his name on it, Flidais explains, and so he cannot die.

Darien arrives at the tower, looking for love and acceptance. Believing as she does that their only hope lies in leaving Darien completely free, Jennifer tells him simply that he must make his own choice and that she will not influence it, except to say that his father wanted her dead so that he would never be born. Darien believes that his choice was made for him when the light of Lisen's Circlet went out and so departs to seek his father. Prydwen returns in the midst of a terrible storm and Jennifer immediately sends Lancelot away, charging him to follow Darien and protect him. Lancelot battles an ancient stone creature of the wood, a demon named Curdardh, only managing to defeat it with Darien's help. In a moment of clarity Darien realizes that his mother sent him away because she is not afraid of what he will do if he is left free to choose: she trusts him.  Lancelot finally loses sight of Darien as he crosses Daniloth in the form of a white owl.

Meanwhile, the Dalrei, the lios alfar, and the men of Brennin and Cathal are gathering on the plain to face Maugrim's army. Jaelle's view of men as lesser beings has been challenged by Kevin's unflinching sacrifice and she and Paul/Pwyll begin to tentatively shape a friendship. As they talk on the shore below Lisen's Tower, a ghostly ship appears to take all of them to Andarien in time to meet Aileron and the rest of the host of the Light.

Loren, Matt and Kim return to the kingdom of the dwarves where Matt competes against Kaen and Blöd to regain his rightful position as King of the Dwarves. The Crystal Dragon of Calor Diman awakens but despite the blazing summons of the Baelrath, Kim refuses to bind it to help them against Maugrim, realizing that she still has the power to choose and that there is a point where the ends do not justify the means. She uses the ring's power instead to take Loren, Matt and herself to the Plain in time for Matt to reclaim the Dwarves and lead them to join the rest of the forces opposing Maugrim's hordes.

A giant urgach issues a challenge to single combat and Arthur, hearing that the name of the plain was once Camlann, recognizes that his time has come: "I never see the end." But while they debate, Diarmuid seizes the moment and takes the challenge on himself.  He fights brilliantly and kills the urgach but is mortally wounded, and dies in Sharra's arms. The next morning the battle begins. Among Maugrim's army are Avaia and her black brood of swans and, more terribly, a giant black dragon. Kim, realizing that it was for this the Baelrath had demanded the Crystal Dragon, is sick with self-reproach but Imraith-Nimphais and Tabor fight valiantly and kill many of the swans. Finally, realizing there is only one way to defeat the dragon, the unicorn shakes Tabor from her back midair and plunges into the dragon's heart, killing both herself and the dragon. Tabor is saved from his death plunge by magical intervention.

Despite this unexpected victory, the battle is not going well for the Light as Darien arrives in Starkadh. He faces his father in a room at the top of a tower whose windows magically reflect the battle going on miles away. Maugrim tries to batter his way into Darien's mind, and when he fails guesses who Darien is. Realizing that a child of his getting binds him into the Loom and thus makes him mortal, he gloats that now he will kill Darien himself and thus restore his immortality. He takes Lökdal from Darien; Darien, seeing the horror and death on the battlefield, at last makes his choice for the Light. When he does so, Lisen's Circlet blazes up, temporarily blinding Maugrim; in that moment Darien steps forward onto the knife, and so Maugrim kills without love in his heart and the curse of Lökdal destroys him.

The tide of battle turns and Maugrim's army scatters, but Galadan, who since Lisen's death a thousand years ago has wanted nothing more than the annihilation of everything, blows Owein's Horn to summon the Wild Hunt. They arrive, but before they can begin to destroy everything in Fionavar Leila, far away in Paras Derval but still linked to Finn, slams the double-headed axe down on the altar and demands in the name of the Goddess that he come home. When Finn tries to turn his horse, Iselin throws him and he falls to his death. Ruana of the Paraiko arrives and, telling Owien that since they have once again lost the Child who leads them they must be returned to their slumber, binds them once again as Connla did so long ago—though he comforts them by saying that one day they will be free again.

Paul, recognizing that Galadan's ability to hear the Horn means that he is not altogether evil, leaves him free to go, and Cernan takes him away to find healing. Paul then calls the sea in to wash the plain clean; with the sea comes a boat, and Jennifer/Guinevere, Lancelot and Arthur (who has survived to see the end) are also freed from their penance and sail away together at last. Paul decides to stay in Fionavar with Jaelle, who has stepped aside as High Priestess in favor of Leila. Ceinwen, the Goddess of the Hunt, appears one last time to Dave and reminds him that he cannot remain in Fionavar, but as a final gift she asks him what he would name a child of the andain, a son, if he had one. He chooses the name "Kevin" and he and Kim return to our world.

Reception
Dave Langford reviewed The Darkest Road for White Dwarf #94, and stated that "Kay has done well with shopworn materials; I have a sneaking hope that now he's got Tolkien out of his system, he'll write something better."

Reviews
Review by Faren Miller (1986) in Locus, #308 September 1986
Review by Charles de Lint (1986) in Fantasy Review, December 1986
Review by Mary Gentle (1987) in Vector 141
Review by Helen McNabb (1987) in Vector 141
Review by Phyllis McDonald (1987) in Interzone, #22 Winter 1987
Review by David Pringle (1988) in Modern Fantasy: The Hundred Best Novels
Review by Jessica Yates (1989) in Paperback Inferno, #80
Review [German] by Harald Junker and Gerd Rottenecker (1990) in Der Golem: Jahrbuch zur phantastischen Literatur 1989
Review by Roslyn Goss (1992) in SF Commentary, #71/72

References

1986 Canadian novels
Novels by Guy Gavriel Kay

The Darkest Road


Stomias affinis, also known as Gunther's boafish, is a deep-sea mesopelagic fish species in the family Stomiidae. They inhabit the open seas in the equatorial zones of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Description
Stomias affinis is an elongated, slender, barbeled dragonfish and is a sexually dimorphic species. Females are larger, averaging a maximum length of  while males average up to . It has a short  barbel on its chin and a few illuminated photophores between its lateral and ventral rows. The fish's stomach is caramel in color with white spots and constitutes seventy-five percent of the total body length.

Distribution and habitat
Stomias affinis geographic findings include the Arabian Sea, Celebes Sea, the Gulf of Aden, Socotra, the Somali coast and the South China Sea. They are a vertically distributed species that inhabit open ocean between  to over . They share the same habitat area as Stomias nebuloses and are not suited for living in a low-oxygen environment. They inhabit deeper water during the day and are found above 150m during the night.

Diet
Diet consists of mostly myctophid fishes including the Diaphus genus and other small unidentified fish as well as decapods. It is estimated that at least one myctophid is eaten every twelve days.

References

Stomiidae
Fish described in 1887
Taxa named by Albert Günther

Stomias affinis


Logging is the process of cutting, processing, and moving trees to a location for transport.  It may include skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars. In forestry, the term logging is sometimes used narrowly to describe the logistics of moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest, usually a sawmill or a lumber yard. In common usage, however, the term may cover a range of forestry or silviculture activities.

Logging is the beginning of a supply chain that provides raw material for many products societies worldwide use for housing, construction, energy, and consumer paper products. Logging systems are also used to manage forests, reduce the risk of wildfires, and restore ecosystem functions, though their efficiency for these purposes has been challenged.

Logging frequently has negative impacts. The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including the use of corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission or from a protected area; the cutting of protected species; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. It may involve the so-called "timber mafia". Excess logging can lead to irreparable harm to ecosystems, such as deforestation and biodiversity loss. Infrastructure for logging can also lead to other environmental degradation. These negative environmental impacts can lead to environmental conflict. Additionally, there is significant occupational injury risk involved in logging.

Logging can take many formats. Clearcutting (or "block cutting") is not necessarily considered a type of logging but a harvesting or silviculture method. Cutting trees with the highest value and leaving those with lower value, often diseased or malformed trees, is referred to as high grading. It is sometimes called selective logging, and confused with selection cutting, the practice of managing stands by harvesting a proportion of trees. Logging usually refers to above-ground forestry logging. Submerged forests exist on land that has been flooded by damming to create reservoirs. Harvesting trees from forests submerged by flooding or dam creation is called underwater logging, a form of timber recovery.

Clearcutting

Clearcutting, or clearfelling, is a method of harvesting that removes essentially all the standing trees in a selected area. Depending on management objectives, a clearcut may or may not have reserve trees left to attain goals other than regeneration, including wildlife habitat management, mitigation of potential erosion or water quality concerns. Silviculture objectives for clearcutting, (for example, healthy regeneration of new trees on the site) and a focus on forestry distinguish it from deforestation. Other methods include shelterwood cutting, group selective, single selective, seed-tree cutting, patch cut, and retention cutting.

Logging methods

The above operations can be carried out by different methods, of which the following three are considered industrial methods:

/ stem-only harvesting
Trees are felled and then delimbed and topped at the stump. The log is then transported to the landing, where it is bucked and loaded on a truck. This leaves the slash (and the nutrients it contains) in the cut area, where it must be further treated if wild land fires are of concern.

Whole-tree logging

Trees and plants are felled and transported to the roadside with top and limbs intact. There have been advancements to the process which now allows a logger or harvester to cut the tree down, top, and delimb a tree in the same process. This ability is due to the advancement in the style felling head that can be used. The trees are then delimbed, topped, and bucked at the landing. This method requires that slash be treated at the landing. In areas with access to cogeneration facilities, the slash can be chipped and used for the production of electricity or heat. Full-tree harvesting also refers to utilization of the entire tree including branches and tops. This technique removes both nutrients and soil cover from the site and so can be harmful to the long-term health of the area if no further action is taken, however, depending on the species, many of the limbs are often broken off in handling so the end result may not be as different from tree-length logging as it might seem.

Cut-to-length logging

Cut-to-length logging is the process of felling, delimbing, bucking, and sorting (pulpwood, sawlog, etc.) at the stump area, leaving limbs and tops in the forest. Mechanical harvesters fell the tree, delimb, and buck it, and place the resulting logs in bunks to be brought to the landing by a skidder or forwarder. This method is routinely available for trees up to  in diameter.

Transporting logs

Felled logs are then generally transported to a sawmill to be cut into lumber, to a paper mill for paper pulp, or for other uses, for example, as fence posts. Many methods have been used to move logs from where they were cut to a rail line or directly to a sawmill or paper mill. The cheapest and historically most common method is making use of a river's current to float floating tree trunks downstream, by either log driving or timber rafting. (Some logs sink because of high resin content; these are called deadheads.) In the late 1800s and the first half of the 1900s, the most common method was the high-wheel loader, which was a set of wheels over ten feet tall that the log or logs were strapped beneath. Oxen were at first used with the high-wheel loaders,but in the 1930s tractors replaced the oxen. In 1960 the largest high wheel loader was built for service in California. Called the Bunyan Buggie, the unit was self-propelled and had wheels  high and a front dozer blade that was  across and  high. Log transportation can be challenging and costly since trees are often far from roads or watercourses. Road building and maintenance may be restricted in National Forests or other wilderness areas since it can cause erosion in riparian zones. When felled logs sit adjacent to a road, heavy machinery may simply lift logs onto trucks. Most often, special heavy equipment is used to gather the logs from the site and move them close to the road to be lifted on trucks. Many methods exist to transport felled logs lying away from roads. Cable logging involves a yarder, which pulls one or several logs along the ground to a platform where a truck is waiting. When the terrain is too uneven to pull logs on the ground, a skyline can lift logs off the ground vertically, similar to a ski lift. Heli-logging, which uses heavy-lift helicopters to remove cut trees from forests by lifting them on cables attached to a helicopter, may be used when cable logging is not allowed for environmental reasons or when roads are lacking. It reduces the level of infrastructure required to log in a specific location, reducing the environmental impact of logging. Less mainstream or now for the most part superseded forms of log transport include horse logging and the use of oxen, or balloon logging.

Safety considerations
Logging is a dangerous occupation. In the United States, it has consistently been one of the most hazardous industries and was recognized by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.

In 2008, the logging industry employed 86,000 workers and accounted for 93 deaths. This resulted in a fatality rate of 108.1 deaths per 100,000 workers that year. This rate is over 30 times higher than the overall fatality rate. Forestry/logging-related injuries (fatal and non-fatal) are often difficult to track through formal reporting mechanisms. Thus, some programs have begun to monitor injuries through publicly available reports such as news media.  The logging industry experiences the highest fatality rate of 23.2 per 100,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) workers and a non-fatal incident rate of 8.5 per 100 FTE workers. The most common type of injuries or illnesses at work include musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), which include an extensive list of "inflammatory and degenerative conditions affecting the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, peripheral nerves, and supporting blood vessels."  Loggers work with heavy, moving weights, and use tools such as chainsaws and heavy equipment on uneven and sometimes steep or unstable terrain. Loggers also deal with severe environmental conditions, such as inclement weather and severe heat or cold. An injured logger is often far from professional emergency treatment.

Traditionally, the cry of "Timber!" developed as a warning alerting fellow workers in an area that a tree is being felled, so they should be alert to avoid being struck. The term "widowmaker" for timber that is neither standing nor fallen to the ground demonstrates another emphasis on situational awareness as a safety principle.

In British Columbia, Canada, the BC Forest Safety Council was created in September 2004 as a not-for-profit society dedicated to promoting safety in the forest sector. It works with employers, workers, contractors, and government agencies to implement fundamental changes necessary to make it safer to earn a living in forestry.

The risks experienced in logging operations can be somewhat reduced, where conditions permit, by the use of mechanical tree harvesters, skidders, and forwarders.

Environmental impact
The impact of logging cannot be overstated as it adverse effect can be seen in the ecosystem at large. some of these effect includes:

1. Deforestation: Logging often leads to deforestation, the complete removal of trees from a particular area. This loss of forest cover can have dire consequences, including the disruption of the local ecosystem and a reduction in carbon sequestration, which contributes to climate change.

2. Habitat Loss: The felling of trees results in the destruction of habitats for countless plant and animal species. Forests are home to a diverse array of wildlife, and when these habitats are lost, species can be pushed to the brink of extinction.

3. Soil Erosion: Logging can contribute to soil erosion, especially when clear-cutting methods are used. The removal of trees and their root systems disrupts the stability of the soil, making it more susceptible to erosion through wind and water.

4. Water Quality: The run-off from logging operations can negatively impact water quality. Sediment and chemicals used in logging can enter nearby water bodies, causing pollution and harming aquatic ecosystems.

5. Biodiversity Loss: The destruction of forests and their replacement with monoculture plantations can result in a significant loss of biodiversity. Native species are often unable to thrive in such altered environments.

6. Carbon Emissions: The logging process, including the machinery used and the decomposition of felled trees, releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change.

7. Impact on Indigenous Communities: Logging can displace indigenous communities that depend on forests for their livelihoods. This disruption can lead to social and economic challenges for these communities.

8. Spread of Invasive Species : Logging operations can inadvertently facilitate the spread of invasive plant species, further impacting native flora and fauna.

9. Loss of Ecosystem Services: Forests provide a wide range of ecosystem services, including water purification, air quality improvement, and soil fertility maintenance. Logging can disrupt these essential services, affecting not only the local environment but also the broader region.

10. Long-term Effects: The environmental impacts of logging can have long-lasting effects, altering landscapes and ecosystems for generations to come.

Efforts to mitigate these environmental consequences include sustainable forestry practices, reforestation, and the implementation of conservation measures. These measures aim to strike a balance between the economic benefits of logging and the need to protect the environment and biodiversity for current and future generations.

Sustainable logging practices
Sustainable logging practices, also known as sustainable forestry or eco-friendly forestry, are a set of strategies and approaches aimed at minimizing the environmental impact of logging while ensuring the long-term health and viability of forest ecosystems. These practices are crucial for balancing the economic benefits of logging with the need to conserve natural resources. Some key sustainable logging practices include:

1. Reforestation and Afforestation: Reforestation involves replanting trees in areas where they have been harvested, helping to restore forest cover and maintain ecosystem services. Afforestation involves planting trees in areas that were not previously forested. These practices help combat deforestation and promote carbon sequestration.

2. Selective Harvesting: Selective logging, also known as selective harvesting or low-impact logging, involves the careful removal of specific trees while leaving the rest of the forest intact. This method preserves the overall forest structure, minimizes habitat disruption, and reduces the risk of soil erosion.

3. Reducing Waste and Biomass Utilization: Sustainable practices involve making efficient use of the harvested trees. This includes processing and utilizing not only the valuable timber but also byproducts such as branches and sawdust. Biomass utilization for energy production can reduce waste and contribute to sustainable practices.

4. Buffer Zones and Protected Areas: Establishing buffer zones and protected areas around logging sites helps protect critical habitats, water sources, and sensitive ecosystems. These zones act as a barrier between logging activities and pristine natural areas.

5. Certifications and Standards: Organizations like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) have developed certification systems that promote sustainable forestry practices. These certifications ensure that forests are managed in an environmentally responsible, socially beneficial, and economically viable manner. FSC-certified products give consumers the confidence that they are supporting sustainable forestry.

6. Forest Management Plans: Effective forest management plans are essential for guiding sustainable logging operations. These plans take into account ecological factors, species diversity, and regeneration capabilities to minimize negative impacts on the forest.

7. Community Engagement: Sustainable forestry often involves collaboration with local communities, ensuring that their interests and livelihoods are considered in logging operations. This can include providing employment opportunities, supporting local initiatives, and respecting indigenous rights.

8. Certified Logging Companies: Logging companies that adhere to sustainable practices and certification standards play a crucial role in mitigating environmental impact. These companies follow guidelines for responsible logging and regularly undergo audits to maintain certification.

9. Research and Innovation: Ongoing research and innovation in sustainable logging practices contribute to improved methods and technology for minimizing the impact on the environment.

Sustainable logging practices are designed to conserve biodiversity, protect natural resources, and reduce the carbon footprint of the logging industry. By implementing these practices, the logging industry can contribute to the long-term health and sustainability of forest ecosystems while still meeting economic and societal needs.

Logging regulations and legislation
Logging activities are subject to a complex web of national and international regulations and laws designed to address environmental conservation, sustainable forestry, and the protection of indigenous rights. These regulations and legislation help balance the economic interests of the logging industry with the need to safeguard the environment and the rights of local communities and indigenous populations. Key aspects of logging regulations include:

National regulations
1. Forest Management Plans: Many countries require logging operations to develop and adhere to comprehensive forest management plans. These plans set out guidelines for sustainable logging, reforestation, and habitat protection.

2. Permit and Licensing Systems: Logging companies often need permits and licenses to operate legally. These permits come with conditions and regulations that must be followed, such as sustainable harvesting practices and adherence to environmental impact assessments.

3. Protected Areas and Reserves: National governments establish protected areas and reserves to conserve ecologically sensitive regions. Logging is often restricted or prohibited in these areas to preserve their unique ecosystems.

4. Environmental Impact Assessments: Prior to commencing logging, companies may be required to conduct environmental impact assessments to evaluate potential ecological and social consequences. These assessments help inform decision-making and mitigate adverse impacts.

5. Endangered Species Protections: Many countries have laws protecting endangered and threatened species, which may restrict logging in areas inhabited by these species.

International agreements and organizations
1. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora): CITES is an international treaty that regulates the trade of endangered species. Logging activities in areas with endangered species may be restricted or regulated under CITES.

2. UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change): The UNFCCC addresses climate change and the role of forests in carbon sequestration. Logging activities can affect a country's greenhouse gas emissions, making it a key consideration in international climate agreements.

3. REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation): REDD+ is an initiative aimed at reducing deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries. It provides financial incentives for forest conservation and sustainable management.

4. Forest Certification Programs: Organizations like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) provide certification for sustainably managed forests. Products bearing these certifications are recognized as originating from responsibly managed sources.

5. Indigenous Rights: Various international agreements, such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, emphasize the protection of indigenous rights, including their rights to land and resources. These agreements have influenced national and international policies regarding logging in indigenous territories.

National and international logging regulations and legislation reflect the growing awareness of the importance of sustainable forestry, biodiversity conservation, and the rights of indigenous and local communities. These regulations play a vital role in ensuring that logging activities are carried out in an environmentally responsible and socially equitable manner.

Economic and social aspects of the logging industry
The logging industry plays a significant role in the global economy, contributing to various economic and social dimensions, including employment, local economies, and international trade.

Employment
   Local Employment: Logging operations, including felling, processing, and transportation, provide direct employment opportunities for a considerable number of individuals in forested regions. This includes forest workers, machinery operators, and administrative staff.

  Indirect Employment: The logging industry generates indirect employment in related sectors, such as wood processing, transportation, and manufacturing. It supports jobs in sawmills, pulp and paper mills, and the production of wood products.

 Rural Communities: Logging often sustains rural and remote communities, where other employment opportunities may be limited. In some areas, it is a primary source of livelihood.

Local economies
  Economic Activity: Logging contributes to the economic vitality of forested regions, promoting economic activity and fostering a stable income for local residents. It can support infrastructure development and public services.

  Revenue Generation: Local and national governments often derive revenue from logging activities through taxation, permits, and royalties. These funds can be reinvested in community development and conservation efforts.

  Small Businesses: The logging industry can facilitate the growth of small businesses and service providers in areas where large-scale forestry operations are present.

International trade
Wood Products Export: Many countries engage in international trade of wood and wood products. Exporting timber, lumber, and other wood-based products contributes to the balance of trade and foreign exchange earnings.

 Global Markets: The logging industry is interconnected with global markets, with demand for wood products in construction, manufacturing, and paper production sectors worldwide. This has led to international supply chains and the globalization of the industry.

Certifications: Certifications like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) can facilitate international trade by assuring consumers that products originate from responsibly managed sources.

Challenges
   Environmental Concerns: Balancing the economic benefits of logging with environmental conservation remains a challenge. Over-exploitation, habitat destruction, and illegal logging can have severe consequences for ecosystems.

  Social Issues: The logging industry can also lead to social challenges, including displacement of indigenous communities, land rights conflicts, and labor disputes. Ensuring the rights of local communities and indigenous groups is essential for social sustainability.

Sustainable practices
   - Sustainable logging practices aim to mitigate the environmental and social impact of logging while maintaining its economic benefits. These practices promote responsible harvesting, reforestation, and community engagement.

In conclusion, the logging industry plays a crucial role in economic development, particularly in rural areas, and contributes to international trade. However, it must be managed sustainably and responsibly to balance economic gains with social and environmental well-being. Achieving this balance is a global challenge and often requires cooperation between governments, industry stakeholders, and environmental organizations.

Logging industry and corporations

Major logging companies
1. Weyerhaeuser Company: Weyerhaeuser is one of the largest timberland owners and wood product manufacturers in the United States. The company practices sustainable forestry and is involved in the production of lumber, plywood, and other wood products.

2. Rayonier Inc.: Rayonier specializes in timberland management and real estate. They own and manage large timberland holdings, and their operations include logging and the production of specialty cellulose products.

3. West Fraser Timber Co. Ltd: West Fraser is one of the largest lumber producers in North America. They are involved in various wood product segments, including lumber, pulp, and panel products.

4. Resolute Forest Products: Resolute is a leading manufacturer of forest products, including pulp, paper, and lumber. The company emphasizes sustainable forestry practices and forest certification.

5. Stora Enso: Stora Enso is a global company headquartered in Finland, and it's one of the largest wood products and paper manufacturers in the world. They operate in several countries and are committed to sustainability.

6. Interfor Corporation: Interfor is a leading lumber producer with operations in Canada and the United States. They are known for their sustainable forestry practices and investment in modern sawmills.

7. UPM-Kymmene Corporation: UPM is a Finnish company involved in the production of various forest products, including pulp, paper, and plywood. They have a strong focus on sustainable forestry and environmental responsibility.

8. Suzano S.A.: Suzano is a Brazilian company known for its involvement in the pulp and paper industry. They have a significant presence in eucalyptus plantations, which are used for pulp production.

Industry practices
Major logging companies typically implement various practices, which may include:

Sustainable Forestry: Many large companies adhere to sustainable forestry practices, such as selective harvesting and reforestation, to minimize environmental impacts and ensure a long-term timber supply.

Certifications: Some companies seek certifications like FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) and PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) to demonstrate their commitment to responsible forestry.

- Research and Innovation: Logging companies often invest in research and technology to improve logging efficiency, reduce waste, and minimize environmental impact.

- Community Engagement: Engaging with local communities and indigenous groups is crucial to building positive relationships and addressing social aspects of logging.

- Environmental Impact Assessments: Major logging companies may conduct environmental impact assessments to understand and mitigate potential ecological consequences of their operations.

Roles in the industry
Major logging companies play significant roles in the industry by:

- Supplying wood and wood products to various sectors, including construction, manufacturing, and the paper industry.

- Managing extensive timberland holdings, which can involve sustainable forestry practices and conservation efforts.

- Shaping industry standards and best practices, especially regarding sustainability and responsible logging.

- Participating in global discussions and initiatives related to sustainable forestry, biodiversity conservation, and environmental responsibility.

It's important to research the specific practices and roles of these companies at the time of your article update, as the industry is subject to changes and developments. Additionally, there are many other regional and local logging companies that may also have important roles in their respective areas.

Controversies
The logging industry is often mired in controversies that revolve around environmental, social, and ethical concerns. These controversies have prompted scrutiny, regulation, and activism. Here are some of the key logging controversies:

Illegal logging
 Issue: Illegal logging involves the unauthorized harvest and trade of timber, often in violation of national and international laws. It poses a significant threat to forests and the environment.

Impact: Illegal logging results in deforestation, habitat destruction, and loss of biodiversity. It also deprives governments of revenue and undermines legal and sustainable logging practices.

Responses: Various countries have implemented measures to combat illegal logging, including stricter enforcement, monitoring, and international agreements. Consumers can look for certifications like FSC to support legal and sustainable timber products.

Conflict timber
  Issue: Conflict timber, sometimes called "blood timber," is sourced from regions experiencing armed conflicts or human rights abuses. The sale of such timber can finance conflict and perpetuate violence.

 Impact: The sale of conflict timber perpetuates instability in conflict-affected regions, contributes to human rights abuses, and undermines legitimate governments and their institutions.

Responses: International efforts, such as the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme for rough diamonds, aim to prevent the trade in conflict resources, but their effectiveness is debated. Advocacy and consumer awareness play a role in addressing this issue.

Protests and activism
   Issue: Protests and activism often arise in response to specific logging operations deemed harmful to the environment or local communities. Activists may engage in civil disobedience or legal actions to halt or change these operations.

  Impact: Protests can raise awareness about logging-related issues, lead to legal challenges, and sometimes influence corporate and government policies. However, they can also result in conflicts and legal disputes.

 Responses: Many protests have led to changes in logging practices, concessions from logging companies, and increased scrutiny of operations. Some companies have adopted more sustainable practices in response to public pressure.

Clear-cutting controversy
   Issue: Clear-cutting, a method of logging that removes all trees in a designated area, is widely criticized for its environmental impact. It can lead to habitat loss, soil erosion, and deforestation.

  Impact: Clear-cutting can cause significant environmental harm and disrupt ecosystems. It is often met with public resistance and regulatory scrutiny.

 Responses: To address the controversy, some logging companies have adopted more selective and sustainable logging practices, while governments have imposed restrictions and required reforestation efforts.

Indigenous rights and land disputes
   Issue: Logging activities can lead to land rights disputes and conflicts with indigenous communities. Many indigenous groups see logging as a threat to their traditional lands and ways of life.

 Impact: Indigenous land rights are often violated, leading to displacement and cultural loss. Conflicts between logging companies, governments, and indigenous communities can escalate.

Responses: Legal frameworks and international agreements, such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, aim to protect indigenous rights. Collaboration and consultation with indigenous communities are increasingly seen as essential to resolving these disputes.

These logging controversies highlight the complex and multifaceted nature of the industry. Balancing economic interests, environmental conservation, and social responsibility remains a global challenge, necessitating ongoing dialogue, cooperation, and ethical practices in the logging sector.

See also

Ark (river boat)
Cable logging, Skyline logging
Deforestation
Deforestation and climate change
Forest railway or logging railroad
Logging road
Heli-logging
Log driving
Log scaler
Lumberjack
Lumberjack World Championship
World Logging Championship
Logging camp
Logging in the Sierra Nevada
Salvage logging
Shovel logging
Silviculture
Timber rafting
Wood industry
Wood economy
World Forestry Congress

References

Further reading

External links

 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Logging safety
 Publications on timber harvesting in Minnesota, US. Many are applicable elsewhere.
 EIA forest reports: Investigations into illegal logging.
 EIA in the USA Reports and info.
 Logging in Reynoldston, NY 1870–1930, northern foothills of the Adirondack Mountains
 Life in Logging Camps in Reynoldston NY 1870–1930
 BC Forest Safety Council
 Pictorial history of logging from 1880–1920
 Naturally:wood Sustainable Forest Management
 Logging in North Vancouver in the 1910s – A visual history from the UBC Library Digital Collections
 Industries and Occupation Photographs in the Pacific Northwest – Logging and Lumber Mining Photographs from the University of Washington Library
 Kinsey Brothers Photography of the Lumber Industry in the Pacific Northwest – University of Washington Library
 Man to Machine: Logging in the Pacific Northwest – University of Washington Library
 North American forest industry  online information portal

Forestry occupations

Logging


A turnshoe is a type of leather shoe that was used during the Middle Ages. It was so named because it was put together inside out, and then was turned right-side-out once finished: this hides the main seam between the sole and vamp—prolonging the life of the shoe and inhibiting moisture leaking in through the seam.

In the beginning, turnshoes consisted of only one piece of leather sewn on only one side (see carbatinae). In the late early and the high medieval ages, turnshoes mostly consisted of one sole (cowhide or bovinae) and one piece of vamp or upper (goat or cowhide or caprinae/bovinae). In the late Middle Ages, additional elements were added, like doubled soles.

Later turnshoes often have more elaborate seams. The cross-section image shows how the seams are on the inside; the turnshoe shown has a topband (dark leather edge strip), a heel stiffener, and a rand (a thin strip sewn into the seam between the sole and the upper). Some turnshoes lack all of these. Turnshoes were eventually made with outsoles sewn onto the rands; then the shoes came to be sewn right-side-out, creating the welted shoe, which displaced turnshoes in the beginning of the 16th century. Since welted shoes did not have to be turned inside-out, they could be made of much thicker leather.

Materials and manufacture
Turnshoes were generally made of cowhide. Sheepskin and goatskin were briefly popular in Scandinavia, and to a lesser extent in England in the 12th and 13th century. Soles were generally about 3-4mm thick, with the uppers made of thinner leather, about 2mm thick. Modern turnshoes are often made with thicker leather, 4-6mm on the soles; this makes them quite difficult to turn, but it is possible with vegetable-tanned leather (which softens when soaked in water). Shoes were sewn using waxed wool (which rots quickly), waxed linen thread (which rots more slowly and soon displaced wool), or a thong of leather or sinew. Modern turnshoes are usually made with waxed nylon, often in the form of synthetic sinew, which is harder-wearing but stronger than the leather, meaning it may tend to pull through during stitching. After turning, the shoe was shaped while still soft (traditionally on a last). The dry leather was stuffed with waterproofing agents (like cooking oil, tallow, lard, or beeswax), which darkened it. The raw materials are fairly cheap; in the early-21st-century United Kingdom, no more than £10-£15 for a pair.

Closings includes various forms of lacing and rolled leather toggles, and vary by time period. Topbands (a method of edging at the ankle opening) are also common. More than half of Northern-European turnshoes were embroidered, with the embroidery recessed into the leather. Silk is the most common material for embroidery; linen was also used.

Turnshoes can be made with basic sewing skills but no shoemaking experience, though practice, and using a broken-in, well-worn turnshoe as a pattern, improves fit. Historically, they were often initially roughly-cut, and fine cutting and fitting were done over wooden lasts; modernly they are usually cut carefully to shape, then sewn without lasts. In the latter case, it is the pattern, instead of the last, which needs to match the shape of the foot. Turnshoes were most often made in the home.

See also
 Shoe
 Pattens, the protective overshoe used with turnshoes outdoors
 Poulaines, the pointed shoes in fashion during the 14th & 15th centuries
 Duckbill shoes, the wide shoes in fashion during the late 15th & early 16th century
 Bast shoe, used from prehistory to the 20th century

References

External links

  (reconstructions)
  (includes pattern-drafting)
  (pre-drawn patterns)
 An example of turnshoe construction

Medieval European costume
Shoes
Articles containing video clips

Turnshoe


William Herbert "Lum" York (November 16, 1918 – August 15, 2004) was a musician best known as the bass player in Hank Williams Drifting Cowboys from 1944–1949. After leaving the Drifting Cowboys, York played bass in Lefty Frizzell's band until 1953. York continued to perform until weeks before his death and was a fan favorite at the Hank Williams festival in Georgiana, Alabama.

In rural Alabama, the depression days of the 1930s and early 1940s were rough. Lum York remembers "I only had two pairs of overalls. My mother washed on Wednesdays so I had to wear them all week long."

Lum was born on November 16, 1918 as William Herbert York in the tiny hamlet of Elmore, just about 15 miles north of Montgomery, Alabama. Farming is a hard life at best. This was one of the worst times. Poverty gripped the rural south with an iron fist. To eke out a meager living, crops demanded grueling service. Lum was a schoolboy before they moved to a house with electricity. But life was more than just the backbreaking work of picking cotton and tilling the vegetable patch. On Saturday nights when the family gathered around the radio the Grand Ole Opry, Lum's lifelong love of music was born. When he was 12, his older brother bought a guitar. Within a year, Lum had taught himself to play by listening to the radio. When his brother joined the army, Lum bought his guitar for fifty cents.

Not far away in Georgiana, Alabama, another child was born in 1923 whose life was destined to link with Lum's in the creation of the most enduring legend country music has ever known. Hank Williams had won a talent contest at the Montgomery Empire Theater singing an original song entitled "WPA Blues" in December 1937. There was no stopping his music career from that moment. He worked local clubs and did a show on WSFA, a Montgomery radio station.

Lum had to drop out of school to help his mother after his father died. He worked with the CCC, Roosevelt's Civilian Conservation Program to help stimulate the economy by allowing boys and young men to work on public buildings and parks for a small salary plus room and board. When Lum returned from the CCC camp, he would hitchhike into town to hear the local bands play. Since he had no money to buy a ticket, he filched eggs from his mother's chicken house and sold them to local groceries for the admission price. He had heard Hank on the radio and began to hang around the station. They first met in 1939. The friendship remained throughout Hank's life. The two men worked together as musicians and at various shipyards when the money from the beloved music wasn't enough to make ends meet.

In 1944 Lum and his big bass fiddle joined Hank's band, The Drifting Cowboys. Lum told of the first time he played music with Hank, "We had got to be friends working together in the shipyard. One night I went where he was playing. I had bought a bass and was learning to play it. I was also friends with the guy who was playing bass that night and he asked me to sit in while he went to the bathroom. Hank and Audrey were dancing while I played the set. When the music ended, Hank asked me 'You want a job playing with the band?' I told him, 'Hank, I don't know how to play too good.' He said, 'You want to learn? I'll pay you $20 a week and room and board.'"

Until 1948, Lum drove around the South with Hank and the band. Sometimes there was only one other member, the trumpet player. Occasionally Hank's family joined them. Lycrecia, Hank's stepdaughter, who was about five or six then, recalled those times in a letter to Lum." You were like a big brother to me. You were the one that played games with me, taught me to tell time when I was traveling from one town to another. You made me laugh; you were my best friend. When I think back about how I used to sit on your lap when we were traveling to the shows because there wasn't anywhere for me to sit with the big bass fiddle running down the middle of the car, I have to laugh. We were so crowded in that car! Then when it would get late and I got sleepy, Mom would put me in your fiddle case backstage."

As Hank's popularity and his income increased, he acquired a tiny trailer to pull around to shows. Audrey sometimes joined them then and they were treated to "home cooked" meals. It also gave them a place to lie down and rest between the shows.

During this time, Lillie, Hank's mother often traveled with them and managed a "junior band" which would play in the same area as Hank's band. One of the members of this band, on hearing Lum's strong southern accent, nicknamed him "Lum". The name was taken from a popular radio show comedy duet called "Lum and Abner." The name stuck.

Since Hank couldn't smoke when he was singing he liked Lum to stand next to him to play. Lum would light up a cigarette, take a draw, and start playing, then Hank would take the cigarette and finish it. Lum commented, "I was lighting a half a pack of cigs a night and hardly getting a smoke. I told Hank to leave my cigs alone, but as usual, he did the same thing and I kicked his hand. He went ahead and smoked it and grinned. However, I don't recall him smoking another one of my cigs."

Being young, attractive and somewhat wild, Hank was a big attraction to the ladies. At one show in a small honky tonk on the edge of Montgomery, Hank and Lum were playing to just two couples. Hank spoke to the woman who worked the bar and she in turn spoke to one of the women at the table. Soon, the two men at the table went to the rest room. Lum recalls Hank telling him "let's go" and they hurried out to the car. The two women were lying down on the car seats. At the first red light, Lum jumped out and told Hank, "You can get shot if you want to but I'm going home." He never heard any more about the incident.

Lum often played peacemaker in the Williams' stormy marriage. After a squabble, Hank would have Lum go talk to Audrey. He had fond memories of visiting Audrey and playing with young Hank Williams, Jr. The two men also collaborated on writing songs. Lum wrote the chorus and title of "Take this Message to My Mother" and Hank wrote the verses.

Lum was also the unwitting inspiration for Hank's "I Saw the Light" Hank, Audrey and the band, six people altogether, were crammed into a 1942 Chevy. As you can imagine, it was hard for any of them to rest comfortably. Lum raised up to change positions. He looked out the window and as he lay back down, he stated "We're getting close to Montgomery. I saw the light." Referring to a beacon light near town that was always a landmark for the band as they returned home from shows.

Hank  mumbled that it was a good title for a song and by the next day when the band gathered for their show on WSFA, he was picking out the tune to "I saw the Light". Many versions about the origin of this song have been advanced over the years but Lum felt that this is the truest.

It was around this time that Hank suggested to Lum he might be good as a comedian. Lum stated, "That's one big difference between country music now and then. Those days, every band carried a comedian. Today they don't do that. But young people still like to hear jokes and stuff."

After the first night, Hank told Lum he didn't think the comedy would work but Lum decided to make it work. He put on an outrageous country bumpkin outfit, wore a wig, painted freckles on his face and used every joke he could beg borrow or steal. It was an unqualified hit, especially with the children in the audience.

I asked him to tell some of his favorite jokes. He said, "One night everyone was going to a party. Said they had a real good time drinking mixed drinks. I went home and mixed one to see how I liked it. I mixed up some Milk of Magnesia with vodka. I call it a Phillips screwdriver."

When Hank went to the Louisiana Hayride in 1948, Lum was the only player from Montgomery to go with him. "One thing about Hank, he never closed any of his shows without singing a hymn. There was always complete reverence with him and the band members at this time. Another thing, he never turned his back on the audience. He always stood facing or to the side."

When Hank went to the Opry in 1949, they required him to use the house band on stage. Lum remained behind and played with the staff band on the Hayride then for Bill Monroe for a while. He began playing with Lefty Frizzell and was on the road when he learned of Hank's death. When asked about that time Lum replied, "I was playing with Lefty (Frizzell) then and we were playing San Antonio, Texas. We were off for a few days and I had gone to Baton Rouge, Louisiana but had to return to San Antonio the next day. Mrs. Williams called my mother trying to find me but they didn't know where I was. She wanted me to be a pall bearer but I had to go back to work, I couldn't let Lefty down and we had to play in Texas."

Regarding the 'New Country,' Lum had this to say. "I think if Hank was still alive today, he would be doing the same thing that he was doing back then. He loved his country music and the country style. I know he would not like this so called modern country music period."

Lum played with George Morgan, Goldie Hill, Marty Robbins and other Nashville greats for several years. He returned to Baton Rouge, Louisiana and married Juanita (Nita) Kelly in 1954. (He was married before, for a brief time in the early 50s, to Aline Coates Gibson, also of Baton Rouge.)  As a married man, he needed a bit more stability than the music world offered so he went to work for the Louisiana School Board. Of course, he always played his music on the weekends.

Over the years, Lum played with Tennessee Ernie Ford, Hank Thompson, Kitty Wells, Johnny and Jack, Webb Pierce, Slim Whitman, Jimmie Davis and countless other country music greats. At heart, he always remained what he was originally, a plain Southern farm boy.

When asked about his biggest regret in life, Lum told me, "on October 2, 1952 Hank Williams made his last appearance in Baton Rouge, Louisiana I played on the show with him and then later that night he asked me to rejoin his band and play comedian. I told him I would call him back. It was a number at a hotel. I called him back and told him I was going to stay with Lefty. I always regretted that." He performed almost until his death. As he could no longer play the fiddle due to a heart condition, he played the spoons.

Before his death, Lum had created two tapes, "My Life and Times with Hank Williams" and "Memories are Forever." He retired from the school board and lived quietly with his wife until his death in 2004. His biggest pleasure in life was playing with their grandbaby, Kirby Camille Lastrapes.

Lum York died in Baton Rouge, Louisiana on 8-15-2004 at age 85. He was buried in the cemetery, Green Oaks Memorial Park.

External links
 Additional images of Lum, Hank Williams and the Drifting Cowboys Band

1918 births
2004 deaths
People from Butler County, Alabama
American double-bassists
Male double-bassists
20th-century American musicians
20th-century double-bassists
20th-century American male musicians
Drifting Cowboys members

William Herbert York


David W. Petegorsky (1915 – July 15, 1956) was author of an acclaimed book on Gerrard Winstanley and the Diggers.

He was born in Ottawa, the only son of Leon and Beckie Petegorsky. He had three sisters and attended Lisgar Collegiate in Ottawa followed by Yeshiva College where he was valedictorian of the 1935 class and received his rabbinical degree in 1936.

As a young Canadian student, Petegorsky studied for a doctoral degree at London School of Economics under Harold Laski. His book Left-Wing Democracy in the English Civil War was published as part of the Left Book Club series by Victor Gollancz, and republished by Sandpiper in 1999. This was his only book.

In 1940 he received his Ph.D. from the London School of Economics. A year later, he was an instructor at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. In 1942, he returned to Ottawa where he held an information post with the Canadian Government, first with the National Film Board, and then with the Wartime Information Board, as director of its industrial section. During this time he wrote extensively for learned quarterlies and political journals. In addition, he published two books on political subjects.

Then in 1945 he returned to New York City and became Executive Director of the American Jewish Congress. He was involved with Robert S Marcus in the World Jewish Affairs Department of the American Jewish Congress. p.251 In 1948, he became a member of the Executive Committee of the World Jewish Congress. He held both positions until his death. His funeral was held at the Kehillath Jeshurun Synagogue in New York.

In 1952, he married Carol Coan. They had twin sons, Stephen and Dan, born in 1954.

At Yeshiva University, New York, there is a David W. Petegorsky chair of Political Science. This is a tribute to his memory by the Yeshiva College Alumni Association In 1957, the Women's Division of the American Jewish Congress initiated the David Petegorsky Scholarship Awards which sent youth between the ages of 17 and 22 to Israel for 6 weeks on workshops

Publications

(1942) Strategy for democracy, by J. Donald Kingsley and David W. Petegorsky, with chapters by Pierre Cot, Max Werner, Albert Gue rard, Oscar I. Janowsky [and] Mordecai Ezekiel ... New York, Toronto, Longmans, Green and co..

Comments on Petegorsky's work
Ariel Hessayon on "Fabricating radical traditions":
Like his contemporary Harold Laski, Tawney taught at the LSE and it was Laski's Canadian-born Jewish doctoral student David Petegorsky who completed a study of Winstanley's social philosophy. Published by the Socialist Victor Gollancz and distributed through the Left Book Club - an anti-fascist organization established in 1936 with a membership at its peak of 57,000, Petegorsky's Left-Wing Democracy in the English Civil War (1940) included chapters on 'The development of radical political thought' and Winstanley as a 'forgotten radical'. Influenced by Tawney and Laski, Petegorsky began by outlining modifications to the 'feudal structure' of English society: emergent capitalism, the rise of the middle classes, and the effects of enclosure on masses of peasants which increased urban migration and vagrancy. According to Petegorsky, Winstanley's first two 'almost unreadable' pamphlets of 1648 were typical products of chiliastic mysticism, his religious doctrines characteristic of the 'environment of the age'. Thereafter Winstanley shed that mysticism, developing 'progressive rationalist' arguments and a concern with 'practical communism' to appear as the 'most advanced radical of the century'. Significantly, Petegorsky also drew parallels between Winstanley's analysis of the 'relationship of economic power to political organization' and social transition in the twentieth century, insisting that Winstanley's challenge had 'lost none of its pertinence for our time'. The organizers of a 'Festival of Music for the People' at the Albert Hall agreed for the Diggers' song was performed on 1 April 1939 - fabled anniversary of the group's foundation.

Christopher Hill begins his foreword to the reprint of the book by saying: "Petegorsky's book was a shining light in the dark days of 1940. It is ... a pioneering study of Gerrard Winstanley, and it still offers the best analysis of his ideas .... Petegorsky's book did not attract the attention it deserved. ... Petegorsky, alas, did not live to publish the major works which would have transformed our understanding of the English Revolution."

References

Sources

External links
Left-Wing Democracy in the English Civil War: A Study of the Social Philosophy of Gerrard Winstanley, Petegorsky's book in PDF format

1915 births
1959 deaths
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Jewish historians
Jews and Judaism in Ottawa
Alumni of the London School of Economics
20th-century Canadian historians
Lisgar Collegiate Institute alumni
English Revolution

David W. Petegorsky


Rayo (P-42) is the second ship of the Meteoro class, a new kind of offshore patrol vessel created for the Spanish Navy and called BAMs.

Operational history
It was laid down on September 3, 2009, at the Puerto Real-San Fernando shipyard.

It was launched on Tuesday, May 18, 2010, sponsored by Defense Minister Carme Chacón, after which, it continued its construction process afloat. Between May 27 and July 1, 2011, it performed its sea trials as far as the platform is concerned.

It was delivered to the Navy on October 26, 2011, at the naval base in Rota, in a ceremony chaired by Constantino Méndez, Secretary of State for Defense, and Manuel Rebollo, Admiral Chief of Staff of the Navy.

After arriving in Cartagena at the end of November, he arrived at his home port in the Arsenal of Las Palmas on December 20, 2011, where he remained until January 16, 2012, when he sailed to perform his resistance cruiser, in which carried out surveillance exercises, transshipment of weights and communications with the Atalaya (P-74) in the Alborán Sea, to go later to Palermo (Italy), where he made a stopover on January 23, 2012, subsequently sailing with destination to Izmir, Turkey.

In December 2013, it participated in the operation that led to the capture in waters near the Canary Islands of the Triton 2000 sailing vessel, carrying 550 kg of cocaine on board.

In December 2014 he relieved Navarre in the Atalanta operation to combat piracy in a deployment that has an estimated six months, deployment during which, personnel of the navy of Madagascar,  to return to his base on May 26, 2015.

At the end of October 2015 participated in the tasks of rescue of a Superpuma Helicopter of the Service of Search and Rescue (SAR) of the Air Force that had crashed in the Atlantic while returning to Canarias and was in charge of the transfer of the bodies of the three members of the helicopter crew to Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

References

Ships of the Spanish Navy
Buque de Acción Marítima
Ships built in Spain
2010 ships

Spanish patrol vessel Rayo (P-42)


Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr. (February 28, 1881 – December 25, 1963) was the chairman of the board of Remington Arms Company and a member of the family associated with the Phelps Dodge Corporation. He was the president or director of several companies and the president of YMCA in the United States. He was a well-known philanthropist with significant donations to many institutions and organizations and he was a major contributor to the successful efforts to protect the Great Swamp.

Biography
He was born on February 28, 1881, to Emma Hartley, who died from complication of childbirth on March 3, 1881, and Norman White Dodge.

His paternal grandfather was William E. Dodge Sr., an abolitionist, but also a partner at Phelps, Dodge, a company that exported cotton from the deep south to Liverpool, England. Phelps, Dodge was also in the business of importing copper from England and diversified into mining and smelting. He was a promoter of the rights of Native Americans who served as the president of the National Temperance Society from 1865 to 1883, represented the New York 8th congressional district in the United States Congress for a portion of the 39th United States Congress in 1866-67, and was a founding member of YMCA in the United States. He had married Melissa Phelps (1809-1903), the daughter of Anson Greene Phelps and Olivia Egleston and in 1833, William E. Dodge and his father-in-law founded the mining firm Phelps, Dodge, and Company, one of America's foremost mining companies.

His maternal grandfather was Marcellus Hartley, a merchant and financier of Manhattan. His grandfather had provided a home on Thirty-seventh Street adjoining his on Madison Avenue for his daughter, Emma, as a wedding present when she had married Norman W. Dodge on May 6, 1880. Emma died on March 3, 1881, a few days after the birth of her son.  Several years after the death of his mother, his father remarried on January 5, 1897,   and Marcellus was raised by his maternal grandparents.  Marcellus Hartley died in 1902 and left his grandson as heir to $60 million (approximately $ today) at the age of twenty-one, while he was attending Columbia University and living with his grandmother, Frances Chester Hartley, at 282 Madison Avenue in Manhattan.

Education and early adulthood
In 1903, Dodge was graduated from Columbia University, where he was president of his class, manager of the track team, and coxswain of his class crew (sometimes referred to as college rowing).

Upon his graduation, he and his maternal aunt, Helen Hartley Jenkins (Mrs. George W. Jenkins), presented the Hartley Hall dormitory to Columbia. The building became Columbia's largest dormitory and created more of a college atmosphere for the new campus in Morningside Heights.

Well known in society and an avid yachtsman, on July 11, 1906, Dodge took a party of his friends on the Wakiva I, his large pleasure and cruising yacht, on a month-long tour to the upper waters of the Amazon River, the Orinoco in Venezuela and Colombia, the Guianas: British Guiana, Surinam, and French Guiana. They visited many locations in the Caribbean, including Cuba where they toured the battle fields of recent armed rebellion before returning to Tampa. His guests included Nicholas Crosby, international law authority John Bassett Moore, historian H. A. Cushing, Everitt Dominick, Eugene Delano Jr., cartographer and historian William Robert Shepherd, J. R. Thompson, and Dr. James R. Cannon. Photographs and some remembrances of the trip by Eugene Delano were published in the Yale Courant, Volume 43 May 1907, pages 686–693, under the title, Les Iles du Salut.

Marriage
In 1907, Dodge became engaged and married to (Ethel) Geraldine Rockefeller of 689 Fifth Avenue. She was a child of William and Almira Geraldine Goodsell Rockefeller, and was estimated to have her own fortune of more than 100 million dollars. They were said to be the wealthiest newlyweds in the country when they married. Initially, when they resided in New Jersey, they lived together at Hartley Farms, a country estate in New Vernon purchased by Marcellus and his aunt, Helen Hartley Jenkins, in 1904.

Soon, they bought all of the land between two estates held by his family in Morris County, New Jersey, that lay between Spring Valley Road in the community of New Vernon and Madison Avenue in Madison. Most of the area is part of the Harding Township area that extends from Chatham to Morristown. The last portion purchased, that had belonged to Charles W. Harkness, the third largest stockholder of Standard Oil shares, named Giralda Farms, was purchased by Geraldine in 1923. She maintained it as a grand country estate among the rolling hills.

Eventually, they resided separately on the adjoining estates. He preferred the New Jersey setting and maintained his residence in New Vernon throughout his life, but his wife regularly stayed in her Manhattan residence for two or three days each week.

Dodge expanded the house at "Hartley Farms", which initially had been used as a country retreat associated with his family's charitable organization, "Hartley House" in Manhattan. After it became his residence, he added two wings and some interior enhancements to the house as well as secondary living quarters, barns, stables, and a polo field. The property has been preserved with a conservation easement and his residence has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. At one time Hartley Farms extended for a thousand acres (4 km2).

They had one child, Marcellus Hartley Dodge Jr., who died in an automobile crash in Mogesca, France in 1930. His mother built an extensive memorial to him as a civic center in Madison along with the train station she built opposite the center. They also donated a structure on the campus of Princeton University, from which their son had been graduated shortly before his death.

At the time of his marriage, Dodge was the president and a director of the Union Metallic Cartridge Company, president of the Bridgeport Gun Implement Company, director of the Equitable Trust Company, director of International Banking Company, director of M. Hartley Company, a member of the Lawyers Club of New York City, the Essex County Country Club, and the City of New York Club.

An accomplished equestrian, Dodge also founded the Spring Valley Hounds, a hunt club that not only conducted hunts for their members among the many estates nearby, but also held a major annual horse show in New Jersey. Competitions included those for hunters and open jumpers, as well as for saddle horses of three and five gaits. Many of the competitors followed the international horse show circuit that closed its season with the November exhibition at Madison Square Garden on Fiftieth Street and Eighth Avenue in Manhattan each year. Nearby, the United States Equestrian Team formed for the Olympics from these ranks in 1950, it was founded just off of Spring Valley Road, on van Beuren Road at the Coates estate.

Remington Arms Company
Eventually, Dodge became the chairman of Remington Arms Company, taking the place of his maternal grandfather. The Remington Arms and Union Metallic Cartridge factories at Bridgeport, Connecticut were described as the greatest small arms and ammunition plant in the world by the editor of the New York Times in 1916. Cash control of the company was acquired by E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company of Wilmington, Delaware, in 1933, but Dodge remained at the head of the business.

Following the business tradition established by his grandfather at the time of the American Civil War, his company was the supplier of sixty-nine percent of the arms, ammunition, and munitions being used by the federal government during the Second World War. Secret meetings about this were held on his country estate, Hartley Farms, at his polo fields which, except for the war years, were also used from 1927 as the site of the exhibition of the Morris and Essex Dog Show held by his wife, Geraldine. During these meetings General Dwight D. Eisenhower and he became close friends.

Columbia University board of directors
He was a member of the board of trustees of Columbia University, his alma mater.   As noted repeatedly in this article, he made many donations to the university and he was the founder of the Marcellus Hartley Dodge Cup that is awarded in crew. The Marcellus Hartley Dodge Award is bestowed in his honor. A bronze plaque dedicated to Dodge and bearing his likeness is displayed at the university.

Champion of the Great Swamp
When the remnants of Glacial Lake Passaic, the Great Swamp that abutted Dodge's estate, was targeted for development as an airport by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, nearby citizens formed the Jersey Jetport Site Association in 1959 to protect it by purchasing properties to assemble for donation to the government as a federal park. Dodge, being close to the area and fiscally capable, joined their efforts.

Dodge was one of the first trustees of the North American Wildlife Foundation that completed the acquisition of enough of the Great Swamp to protect the massive natural resource. Legislation was introduced that was championed by Stewart L. Udall while he was a congressman from Arizona. It was passed on November 3, 1960, protecting the important natural resource. In 1964 the park was dedicated by Udall, who had become Secretary of the Interior to president John F. Kennedy and continued in the same role under Lyndon B. Johnson.

The Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge was dedicated in 1968. It was named the M. Hartley Dodge Wildlife Refuge, in honor of his son.

Death
Dodge died on Christmas Day, December 25, 1963, at Giralda Farms in Madison, New Jersey. He is buried at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, at Sleepy Hollow, in
Westchester County, New York, USA  in the Rockefeller Family plot alongside of his son and where, ten years later, his wife also would be buried.

Legacy
In The New York Times, Dodge was described as an outstanding citizen, remembered above all for the warmth and generosity of his personality. He was a well-known philanthropist. Beginning with a donation of fountains on the plaza before Low Memorial Library and a residence building for students in 1903, Hartley Hall, that he and his aunt, Helen Hartley Jenkins, donated, he provided many gifts to Columbia University , and numerous other institutions and organizations. After his death his family and estate underwrote the construction of Dodge Physical Fitness Center at Columbia, and the university renamed another of its buildings Dodge Hall in his honor.

References

External links

20th-century American businesspeople
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Dodge family
Rockefeller family
Businesspeople from the Upper East Side
People from Harding Township, New Jersey
1881 births
1963 deaths
YMCA leaders
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery

Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr.


Jatropha multifida, called coral plant, coralbush, and physic nut (a name it shares with other members of its genus), is a species of Jatropha native to Mexico and the Caribbean. A garden plant, it has been introduced to Florida, and to many places in South America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, China and Southeast Asia. Mildly toxic, consumption causes gastrointestinal distress.

References

multifida
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Jatropha multifida