Oleksandr Ivanovych Udovychenko (; 1887 - 19 April 1975) was a general of the Army of the Ukrainian National Republic and a military administrator. Later, he served as the Vice-President for the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile.

Heritage
Oleksandr was born to a peasant family of Udovidchenko from Cherkassy volost, Liven uyezd of Orel Governorate that moved Kharkiv. His father served in the Russian Imperial Army earning a rank of colonel. His brother, Mykola Udovychenko, was a captain of the Russian Imperial Army and a khorunzhy general of the Ukrainian People's Army.

Russian Army
Udovychenko was raised in the children shelter of Prince Oldenburg. In 1908 he finished the Military-Topographic college (uchilishche) in the rank of starshina, after which he served in the Topographic Corps of the Russian Imperial Army. With the break of the World War I Udovychenko was transferred to the 129th Bessarabia Regiment with which participated in military operations and was eventually wounded. In 1916 he finished the First Accelerated course Nikolai Military Academy in Saint Petersburg, a member of the Leib-Guard Eger Regiment. In November 1917 Udovychenko was commissioned as a senior staff adjutant for the 21st Infantry Division and the 3rd Caucasus Corps at the rank of staff captain. He was awarded with the honorary George's weapon by the order of the 7th Army #1888 of 21 November 1917.

Ukrainian Army
Udovychenko participated in the 1st and the 2nd All-Ukrainian Military Congresses. Since 16 December 1917 Udovychenko was an assistant to the chief of an operation department of the Ukrainian General Staff. In January 1918 he was appointed a chief of staff for the Haidamaka Kosh of Sloboda Ukraine led by Symon Petlyura and participated in extinguishing of the Bolshevik Uprising at the Kiev Arsenal factory before the Ukrainian parliamentary elections. For a brief stint from 12 March 12 to 1 April 1918 Udovychenko headed the 3rd Haidamaka Regiment. During the times of the Ukrainian State he was appointed an assistant to the chief of intelligence of operation department headed by Vasyl Tyutyunyk (no relations to Yurii Tiutiunnyk). On 31 October 1918 Udovychenko was appointed the head of the department in formation of a Special Army of Main Directorate of Ukrainian State General Staff.

With the fall of the Skoropadsky's regime Udovychenko was recruited by the Directorate of Ukrainian People's Republic. Just after the Christmas, 26 December 1918, he was appointed a Quartermaster General of the Kholm-Halych Front and later the Right-bank Front. In March 1919 - a chief of staff of the Hutsul Kosh. On 6 June 1919 Udovychenko was commissioned as the chief of the 16th Infantry Brigade of the Ukrainian Galician Army, formed out of remains of the Ukrainian People's Army. About a week and a half later the unit was reformed into the 3rd Special Riflemen Division (later the 3rd "Iron" Infantry Division). The unit distinguished itself in battles against the Red Army units led by Iona Yakir near Vapniarka in Podolia. In October 1919 Udovychenko became sick with typhus which was part of widespread epidemic disease in the region. He eventually was taken as a prisoner by the Denikin's army and transferred to Odessa.

Udovychenko managed to escape his captivity and in January 1920 with a group of military officers reached Mohyliv-Podilsky where he headed the formation of the 5th Ukrainian Brigade. The unit later was united with the 4th Brigade to form the 2nd Riflemen Division. Udovychenko eventually was appointed the commander of the division which on 29 May 1920 was renamed into the 3rd "Iron" Division. He stayed in the command of the unit until November 1920 when the Ukrainian Army was forced to cross Zbruch. On 5 October 1920 Udovychenko was promoted to the Khorunzhy General. In December 1920 he was appointed the Inspector General of the Army. During the conflict between the Chief Otaman with the members of the Ukrainian General Staff Udovychenko sided with Symon Petlyura. In Spring of 1921 he became a member of the Supreme Military Council.

Emigration
In emigration Udovychenko worked as a miner in France since 1924 and upon the conclusion of his work contract year later continued to live there. Eventually he became a head of the Veterans Association of the Ukrainian People's Republic in emigration and since 1953 - the head of the European Federation of Ukrainian Military Organizations. In emigration Udovychenko was promoted to Colonel General and was appointed the Minister of Defense of the Ukrainian National Rada Executive Committee. From 1954 to 1961 he served as the Vice-President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile.

Publications
 Ukraine in the war for the Statehood (Winnipeg, 1954) Electronic copy
 Third Iron Division Vol.1 (New York, 1971), Vol.2 (New York, 1982)

References

Bibliography
 Tinchenko, Ya. Officer Corps of the Ukrainian People's Army (1917-1921). Vol.1. Kiev, 2007. pages 449-450. (Тинченко Я. Офiцерський корпус Армii Украiньскоi Народноi Республiки (1917—1921). Кн. 1. Киев, 2007. С. 449—450.)
 Malanyuk, Ye. Memoirs. Kiev, 2004. (Евген Маланюк Уривки зi спогадiв. Киiв, 2004)
 Kubiyovych, V. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. "Molode Zhyttya". Paris, New York, 1954-1989.

External links
  At the opposing sides of barricades. Yevgeniy Krivochuprin.
  Brief Biography

1887 births
1975 deaths
Military personnel from Kharkiv
People from Kharkov Governorate
Russian military personnel of World War I
Ukrainian people of World War I
Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire
Defence ministers of Ukraine
Generals of the Ukrainian People's Republic
Ukrainian people of the Ukrainian–Soviet War
Ukrainian emigrants to France
Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery

Oleksandr Udovychenko


North Palm Beach Heights is a residential subdivision in Jupiter, Florida. It is colloquially referred to as The Heights or The Heights of Jupiter due to its location within the town limits of Jupiter and to avoid confusion with the Village of North Palm Beach, Florida. The official subdivision name recorded with Palm Beach County, Florida is North Palm Beach Heights.

Located at latitude 26°53′59.71″N and longitude 80°7′57.57″W, The Heights is north of Donald Ross Road, west of Abacoa, south of Egret Landing and east of Interstate 95 in Palm Beach County, Florida. Ranch-style, single-family houses are the most prevalent homes, but there are some two-story homes, and in the southern end of the neighborhood there are some two-family duplexes. The primary lot size is 60 feet by 100 feet, but the neighborhood includes some odd-shaped parcels and oversized corner lots.

History
Its origins date back 1956 when developer G. Frank Croissant bought the property and hired E. Elliot Gross and Associates of West Palm Beach, Florida to plan the neighborhood. G. Frank Croissant also developed Calumet City, Illinois and Croissant Park in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. Mr. Croissant died in late 1956.

In 1958, the North Palm Beach Heights Water Control District was created by the Florida State Legislature. This 298 district was allowed to float bonds to build infrastructure. The water district filed plans for North Palm Beach Heights Section 1, 2a, and 2b with Palm Beach County and paved the streets in those sections in the late 1950s.

Development was hampered for years due to a lack of city water and sewer system. The first homes were built in the early 1980s. In 1984, the North Palm Beach Heights Water Control District floated new bonds for a city water hookup, a sewer system, re-pavement of the old roads in the southern sections and the paving of the unrecorded sections of North Palm Beach Heights Section 3 and AM-45. The Town of Jupiter Water Department was chosen for the city water supply and the Loxahatchee River District handles the sewer system.

In 1987, Interstate 95 was routed through the western 500 feet or so of the neighborhood. Most of the homes were built after the water and sewer systems were installed in 1987.

North Palm Beach Heights was incorporated into the Town of Jupiter by Ordinance No. 4-98, which was adopted on January 20, 1998. Pursuant to the ordinance, a referendum was to be held on March 10, 1998 when a majority of the electors within the Town of Jupiter and a majority of the voters within the proposed annexation area were to vote for or against annexation. The referendum passed and North Palm Beach Heights officially became part of the Town of Jupiter on December 1, 1998. In 2000, the town, along with neighborhood residents, created a neighborhood group named The Friends of North Palm Beach Heights, later changed to The Friends of the Heights of Jupiter. They obtained grants to beautify the entrance of the development with landscaping and were involved in the design of the neighborhood park in North Palm Beach Heights.

References

External links
 Friends of the Heights of Jupiter website

Geography of Palm Beach County, Florida
Jupiter, Florida

North Palm Beach Heights


Bec Cola is a carbonated soft drink produced by Bec Soda Inc. in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Sweetened primarily with maple syrup, it debuted in 2014; the company was founded by Olivier Dionne and brothers Gwendal and Kevin Creurer. The beverage is distributed by Horizon Nature and sold in Canada, France, Belgium, and Switzerland.

History

In 2012, Olivier Dionne (born ), a travel guide and former soul singer, and brothers Gwendal Creuer (born ) and Kevin Creuer (born ), a motion graphic designer and music teacher, respectively, decided to create a soda without using artificial ingredients, after seeing the amount of chemical additives in other colas. The founders have kept their previous jobs.

It took two years to develop a formula that tasted the same. The trio worked with professional chemists to replace the chemical additives in generic cola with natural ingredients. They also worked with the Federation of Quebec Maple Syrup Producers for a supply of maple syrup, which makes up 88% of the formula's sugar content; the rest is beet sugar, and a bottle contains 30 grams of sugar total.

Production

Bec Soda Inc. entered production in August 2014, with $140,000 of the partners' money invested. Two months after its launch, it began to be bottled in Rougemont, Quebec. In the first year, it sold 50,000 bottles. The company sold 500,000 bottles in the first half of 2016. Lime and cranberry variants were introduced in June 2016, and the 100,000-bottle production run was pre-sold. According to Dionne, the cola has received a generally positive public reaction.

Ingredients

 Filtered carbonated water
 Organic maple syrup
 Organic beet sugar
 Citric acid
 Organic caramel colour
 Organic cola flavour

Geographic spread

, company has 1,200 points of sale in Quebec and 1,000 points of sale combined in France, Belgium, and Switzerland. It is also sold in Ontario. The labeling, originally entirely in French, is also printed in English.

References

External links

Products introduced in 2014
Canadian drinks
Cola brands

Bec Cola


The Greek Volley League MVP is the yearly MVP award for the best player of Greek Volleyleague, the Greek first tier professional championship. It begin with 1998–99 season and first winner was Marios Giourdas. The recordman of this award is Ernardo Gómez who has won the MVP award three times. Marios Giourdas and Andrej Kravárik has won two times.

Winners

References

External links
Greek Volleyleague

Volleyball in Greece
Volleyball awards

Greek Volley League MVP


The End of Eternity is a 1955 science fiction novel by Isaac Asimov with mystery and thriller elements on the subjects of time travel and social engineering. Its ultimate premise is that of a causal loop, a type of temporal paradox in which events and their causes form a loop.

In The End of Eternity, members of the time-changing organization Eternity, known as "Eternals", seek to ensure that the conditions that led to its founding occur as history says that they occurred. At the end of the novel the protagonist, Andrew Harlan, is placed in a situation in which he must decide whether to allow the "circle" to close and Eternity to be founded or to allow the opposite to happen and prevent Eternity from having ever existed.

Many years later, Asimov tied this novel into his broader Foundation Series by hinting in Foundation's Edge that it is set in a universe where Eternity had existed but was destroyed by Eternals, leading to an all-human galaxy later.

The novel was shortlisted to the Hugo Award for Best Novel.

Plot
In the future, humanity uses time travel to construct Eternity, an organization "outside time" that aimed to improve human happiness by observing human history and, after careful analysis, directly making small actions that cause "reality changes" and help to establish trade between the various centuries to help those in most need. Its members, known as "Eternals" and by the roles that they hold, prioritize the reduction of human suffering at the cost of a loss to technology, art, and other endeavors, which are prevented from existing when they are judged to have a detrimental effect. Those enlisted travel "upwhen" and "downwhen" and re-enter time in devices called "kettles". They are unable to travel to times before the 27th century, when the temporal field powering Eternity was established, the limit being known as the "downwhen terminus". Also, the future of humanity's fate is unknown since the earth is empty by the year 15 million (the 150,000th century, or the 15,000th millennia), but that is preceded by a period called the Hidden Centuries, or the Void Millennia, from the years 7 million to 15 million (the 70,000th to the 150,000th centuries or 7,000th to the 15,000th millennia) in which for unknown reasons, they cannot access the world outside Eternity to learn more.

Andrew Harlan is an Eternal and an outstanding Technician, a specialist at implementing reality changes, who is fascinated by the Primitive times. Senior Computer Laban Twissell, the Dean of the Allwhen Council, instructs Harlan to teach a newcomer, Brinsley Sheridan Cooper, about the Primitive. Meanwhile, Harlan is also tasked by Assistant Computer Finge to spend a week in the 482nd century. He stays with Noÿs Lambent, a non-Eternal member of the period's aristocracy and falls in love with her. However, he discovers that a reality change will affect the century, and wishing to preserve Noÿs as she is, he breaks Eternal law, removes her from time, and hides her in the empty sections of Eternity that exist in the Hidden Centuries.

Harlan later finds that the kettles will not travel to the time in which he hid Noÿs because of a mysterious block at the 100,000th century (the year 10 million). He confronts Finge with a weapon and accuses him of sabotaging matters out of jealousy, but Finge states that he reported Harlan's conduct and denies placing the block. Harlan is summoned to the council but is not reprimanded. He deduces that because his transgressions were ignored, he must be there to serve a larger purpose. Harlan confronts Twissell and explains that he has been teaching himself temporal mathematics and believes that its 23rd-century inventor, Vikkor Mallansohn, must have been helped in his discovery by someone from his future. He concludes that his current role is training Cooper to do so. Twissell confirms that and adds that unknown to Cooper, Mallansohn's secret memoirs show that Cooper is the famous inventor Mallansohn. That must be kept from Cooper so that Eternity will be founded as it historically was. Harlan blackmails Twissell by threatening to destroy Cooper's ignorance unless Noÿs is returned, but he is outwitted. Twissell locks him in the control room with all controls deactivated other than the lever to send Cooper back, which matches the memoirs' statement that to have been was his role. Harlan, enraged, breaks open the controls and changes the power output, which causes Cooper to be sent back to an unknown time, which is estimated to be in the early 20th century.

Twissell is aghast, but as Eternity still exists, he theorizes that he can undo Harlan's damage and send Cooper back correctly for his mission. They think that Cooper might try to communicate by using an advertisement in one of Harlan's Primitive magazines, which would stand out only to an Eternal. Harlan finds that a magazine from 1932 has changed and now shows an advertisement in the form of a mushroom cloud, which no human could have known of in 1932. However, Harlan refuses to tell Twissell about the advertisement until they bring Noÿs back from the Hidden Centuries, but Twissell insists that the block that Harlan encountered is theoretically impossible. As the two travel far upwhen to get her, Twissell speculates that the Hidden Centuries are a time in which humans evolved into something greater, do not want to be meddled with, and so blocked off Eternitys access to time from the 70,000th to the 150,000th century. He supposes that when Harlan inhabited an Eternity outpost in the Hidden Centuries with Noÿs, those future humans may have worried that Eternity was beginning an invasion, which led them to retaliate with a kettle block at the 100,000th century to prevent any more encroachments. However, Harlan and Twissell pass the 100,000th century unhindered and find Noÿs. Harlan then agrees to travel downwhen and to bring back Cooper so that he can be sent to the correct time for his mission but only if Noÿs comes with him.

On arrival in 1932, Harlan holds Noÿs at gunpoint and reveals that he suspects her of being from the Hidden Centuries and that he has brought her so that she could not harm Eternity. Noÿs acknowledges that she is from that time and explains that her people have also developed time travel, but their method shows many possible futures, rather than just one future, as is seen by Eternity. They learned that humans would have been the first species to spread into the galaxy, but in each future in which Eternity existed, safety was given a priority, and by the time that humans had reached the stars, other species predominated and prevented them. As a result, humanity would become depressed and gradually die out. Noÿs's mission was to make the minimum change to history to remedy that by preventing Eternity from ever being founded. There were multiple ways of achieving that, and she chose an approach in which she and Harlan were together. Noÿs gives Harlan the choice of killing her and preserving Eternity or letting her live and allowing a different future to arise. Harlan, remembering the unhealthy interpersonal relationships between the Eternals and the sociological damage that he has seen to be done to people whose original "homewhen" had ceased to exist, begins to agree with her. Suddenly, a reality change occurs, and the kettle disappears, which indicates that Eternity now never happened. The book ends by stating that it was "the end of Eternity – and the beginning of Infinity".

ConceptsPhysio-time: Relative time elapsed as perceived by an EternalEternity: An organization outside normal time involved in changing historyEternals: Member of Eternity. They do not live forever and are recruited as young men from regular time.Homewhen: The original time of an EternalUpwhen: Moving forward in time or referring to a relative futureDownwhen: Moving backward in time or referring to a relative pastKettle: Device for moving forward ("upwhen") or backward ("downwhen") in timeMinimum change: The smallest possible change that will restore or create the desired future (see also Butterfly effect)

Major charactersAndrew Harlan: An outstanding Technician, a member of Eternity who is responsible for implementing reality changes. He is appointed as Twissell's personal Technician. The real reason is later revealed to be that the memoirs of the Temporal Field inventor Vikkor Mallansohn that describe him as having that role and being responsible for training the Cub, Brinsley Cooper. Therefore, Harlan is given those tasks so that the "circle is completed," history happens as it has happened, and Eternity is established as it was.Laban Twissell: Senior Computer and dean of the Allwhen Council, which is responsible for ensuring the events of Mallansohn's memoirs occur as described.Hobbe Finge: Assistant Computer, who greatly dislikes and distrusts Harlan.Noÿs Lambent: a human from the Hidden Centuries, who is first introduced as a non-Eternal member of the aristocracy from the 482nd century and is officially Finge's secretary. Her actual mission, unknown to any Eternals, is to destroy Eternity by preventing it from being founded for the eventual benefit of humanity.Vikkor Mallansohn / Brinsley Sheridan Cooper (the Cub):''' Mallansohn develops the Temporal Field in the 24th century to lead to the founding of Eternity in the 27th century. He leaves a time-sealed memoir behind, which reveals that the person universally known as Vikkor Mallansohn of the 24th century was actually a Cub called Brinsley Sheridan Cooper, who was mentored by Harlan and sent back in time to teach Mallansohn the temporal field equations. After Mallansohn dies in an accident prior to the mission's completion, Cooper had taken on Mallansohn's name undetected to complete his life's work and ensure that Eternity would be founded despite the death. Cooper is unaware that will happen when he is found by Twissell living in the 78th century and is trained to be sent back in time.

Origins

In December 1953, Asimov was thumbing through a copy of the 28 March 1932 issue of Time and noticed what looked, at first glance, like a drawing of the mushroom cloud of a nuclear explosion. A closer look showed him that the drawing was actually a geyser, the Old Faithful. However, he began pondering the question of what the implications would be if there had been a drawing of a mushroom cloud in a magazine from 1932, and he eventually came up with the plot of a time travel story. He began the story, The End of Eternity, on 7 December 1953, and he finished it on 6 February 1954, when it was 25,000 words long. Asimov submitted the story to Galaxy Science Fiction, and within days, he received a call from Galaxy editor Horace L. Gold that rejected the story. Asimov decided to turn the story into a novel, and on March 17, he left it with Walter I. Bradbury, the science fiction editor at Doubleday, to get his opinion. Bradbury was receptive, and by April 7, Asimov had been informed that a contract for the novel was in the works. Asimov began expanding the story and eventually delivered the novel version to Bradbury on December 13. Doubleday accepted the novel, which was published in August 1955.

The novel reflects the state of scientific knowledge of its time, some of which has been superseded. For instance, the power source for the time travelers is referred to as "Nova Sol", and a link to the far future taps the energy of the exploding Sun. Scientists now know that the Sun is far too small to explode.

As may be seen below, the novel may also be counted as the prequel to the Empire series of novels, which form part of the Foundation Series. Asimov had already included a kind of time travel in his 1950 novel Pebble in the Sky, but it was a one-way trip.

The original End of Eternity appeared in 1986 in a collection called The Alternate Asimovs.

Reception
The book was highly acclaimed by critics. The New York Times reviewer Villiers Gerson praised the novel by stating it "has suspense on every page" and "exhibits in every chapter the plot twists for which the author is famous." In a 1972 review, Lester del Rey declared that no one "has wrung so much out of... or has developed all the possibilities of paradox."

As noted by the critic Susan Young, John Crowley's award-winning 1989 novella "Great Work of Time" has the same basic outline as The End of Eternity, a secret society of well-meaning time travelers bent on remodeling history and a young man recruited into the society to make a specific change that would bring the society itself into being. The details of what the time travelers do and when in time they operate are very different from those in Asimov's book. However, in both books, the society's operations come to a halt through the influence of people from the future for reasons that have to do with the existence of that future. Young also notes a similarity with Poul Anderson's The Corridors of Time, which also depicts a complex society of time travelers who find sections of the future inaccessible; also in Anderson's book, the intervention of the people of that further future plays a pivotal and cataclysmic role in the plot.

Charles Stross has stated that his 2009 novella Palimpsest is effectively a rewrite of The End of Eternity.

There are also similarities to John Brunner's Times Without Number, which was originally published in 1962 and revised for re-publication in 1969. However, in that story, the time-policing organization struggles in vain to prevent its own annihilation; the conclusion is that timelines in which time travel arises are unstable and cannot sustain their existence.

Role in Foundation series
As written, The End of Eternity suggests that the new reality is the one that leads onto the Galactic Empire and Foundation but does not confirm it. The mechanism of time travel is most likely not the one stumbled across in Pebble in the Sky because of Harlan's words about the energy requirement for the Temporal Field. The "neuronic whip" from The Currents of Space and other stories in the "Empire" future is also found in The End of Eternity, again as something that had to be removed from reality. There are also no aliens to compete with humans: in "Blind Alley", the aliens' predicament is rather like what will overtake humanity if Eternity is not prevented.

The original unpublished End of Eternity is clearly a different future from that of the Foundation, but Asimov says in his story-postscript that he had some idea of a bridge in the published version.

Asimov placed a hint in Foundation's Edge, many years later, that the Eternals might have been responsible for the all-human galaxy and the development of humanity on Earth of the Foundation Series, but that interpretation is disputed. Asimov himself mentions the disparity.<ref>"If you wish an account of the Eternals and the way on which they adjusted human history, you will find it (not entirely consistent with the references in the new book) in The End of Eternity ('Afterword in Foundation's Edge)".</ref> The human-like robots may have been intended to play a part.

According to Alasdair Wilkins, in a discussion posted on Gizmodo, "Asimov absolutely loves weird, elliptical structures. All three of his non-robot/Foundation science fiction novels — The End of Eternity, The Gods Themselves, and Nemesis — leaned heavily on non-chronological narratives, and he does it with gusto in The Gods Themselves."

Translations
The End of Eternity has been translated into over 25 languages. The Russian translation, first edition 1966, was heavily censored because of both sexual references and sociological discussions that were unacceptable to Soviet ideology.

For some time, The End of Eternity was out of print, but that was remedied with Tor Books' 2011 hardcover reissue and a recent move to various e-book formats.

Adaptations

 A halhatatlanság halála (1977), a TV movie directed by András Rajnai
 A television film based on the book, entitled A halhatatlanság halála (literally The Death of Immortality) was made in Hungary in 1976. The screenwriter and director was András Rajnai, and the main character was played by Jácint Juhász.
 The End of Eternity (1987), a film directed by Andrei Yermash
 It mostly follows the novel except for the ending.
 The novel ends with both Noÿs and Harlan deciding that the suppression of spaceflight by Eternity is not in the interest of humankind, and they live "happily ever after."
 In the Soviet film, the ending takes place in the mid-1980s Germany, rather than 1932 Los Angeles. Noÿs never fully describes why she wants Eternity destroyed, but in the middle of the movie, before her true identity is revealed, she gives some idea. Harlan yells at her that he is but a pawn in things and storms off, and there is a strong implication that he and Noÿs have no further contact. Then, a scene shows Harlan observing both Twissell and Finge in 1980s clothing getting out of a Rolls-Royce and walking together. The implication is that Twissel and Finge use Harlan as a pawn to further their own materialistic gains.
 While out of step with the rest of the film as well as the novel, the ending follows the Soviet concept that the "everyman" (Harlan) is frequently manipulated by the bourgeoisie as a pawn to its own ends. The film ends with a long shot of Harlan walking away alone from the camera down a highway.

In 2008, New Regency acquired the rights to the novel for a possible film adaptation.

References

Sources

External links

1955 American novels
1955 science fiction novels
Science fiction novels by Isaac Asimov
Novels about time travel
Doubleday (publisher) books
American novels adapted into films
Nonlinear narrative novels

The End of Eternity


Milton Barnes (16 December 1931 – 27 February 2001) was a Canadian composer, conductor, and jazz drummer. An associate of the Canadian Music Centre, his music is noted for its frequent use of Jewish themes, its rejection of the avant garde in favor of tonality, and its blend of classical, jazz, and pop elements. His music has been labeled by some critics as "eclectic fusion". He was commissioned to write works by Robert Aitken, Liona Boyd, Paul Brodie, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Erica Goodman, Joseph Macerollo, the Harbord Bakery, the New Chamber Orchestra of Canada, the Ontario Federation of Symphony Orchestras, John Perrone, and Trio Lyra among others. He remained active as a composer up until his sudden death of a heart attack in 2001. He is the father of singer/songwriter Micah Barnes, cellist Ariel Barnes, and drummer/producer Daniel Barnes.

Life
Born in Toronto, Barnes entered The Royal Conservatory of Music (RCM) in 1952 where he was a pupil of Samuel Dolin (piano), Victor Feldbrill (conducting), Ernst Krenek (composition), Boyd Neel (conducting), Walter Susskind (conducting), and John Weinzweig (composition). He graduated from the RCM in 1955 after which he entered the Vienna Academy of Music where he earned a master's degree in 1961. He also spent summers during the 1950s studying at the Chigiana School in Siena, Italy and the Tanglewood Music Center in Lenox, Massachusetts.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Barnes was highly active as a conductor in North America, both as a guest conductor and in staff positions. He notably founded the Toronto Repertory Ensemble (TRE) in 1964, a group which commissioned and performed contemporary Canadian music under his leadership through 1973. A number of the TRE's concerts were broadcast on CBC Radio and Television. From 1961-1963 he conducted and composed music for the Crest Theatre in Toronto. In 1964 he was appointed principal conductor of the St Catharines Symphony Orchestra and Chorus (now the Niagara Symphony Orchestra), a post he held until 1972. At the same time he served as conductor of the Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus of Niagara Falls, New York from 1965-1973. He also conducted and composed music for the Toronto Dance Theatre from 1968-1973 and periodically did similar work for the St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts during the 1960s and 1970s.

In 1973 Barnes abandoned his work as a conductor in favor of putting his full concentration towards composition. From here on he only conducted performances of his own works, notably doing so for three broadcasts on the CBC Radio program Morningside and for several film and television scoress for the CBC. His 1975 cantata Shir Hashirim was premiered under his baton in July 1999 in Toronto. His last complete composition, Songs of Arrival, premiered at the Historic Old Toronto Summer Music Festival 2000.

References

1931 births
2001 deaths
20th-century Canadian conductors (music)
20th-century Canadian drummers
20th-century Canadian male musicians
Canadian composers
Canadian male composers
Canadian jazz drummers
Canadian male drummers
Canadian male jazz musicians
Composers for harmonica
Male conductors (music)
Musicians from Toronto
Pupils of Ernst Krenek
The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni

Milton Barnes (composer)


Jeff Silbar is a songwriter. Silbar, a native of Los Angeles, won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1990 for co-writing Bette Midler's "Wind Beneath My Wings" with Larry Henley.

Notable compositions
"All My Life" (Kenny Rogers)
"He's a Heartache (Looking for a Place to Happen)" (Janie Fricke)
"I Know What I've Got" (J.C. Crowley)
"Then Again" (Alabama)
"Tie Our Love (In a Double Knot)" (Dolly Parton)
"Til I Loved You" (Restless Heart)
"Where Were You When I Was Falling in Love" (Lobo)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" (Roger Whittaker, Colleen Hewett, Sheena Easton, Lou Rawls, Gladys Knight & The Pips, Gary Morris, Bette Midler, et al.)
"You've Got a Good Love Comin'" (Lee Greenwood)

References

External links

Grammy Award winners
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Songwriters from California
Musicians from Los Angeles

Jeff Silbar


Forbidden City Cop (; literal translation: "Imperial Secret Agent 008") is a 1996 Hong Kong wuxia comedy film directed by Vincent Kok and Stephen Chow and starring Chow, Carina Lau, and Carman Lee.

Synopsis
Ling Ling-Fat (Stephen Chow) is one of the Chinese Emperor's four elite personal bodyguards, the "Baolong clan" () - whose names form the Cantonese Chinese New Year's greeting: "Kung hei fat choi" (). Ling Ling-Fat's own name also doubles as a Cantonese wordplay on the code number "008", a reference to James Bond, whose number was 007 (see From Beijing with Love). Instead of studying martial arts like his fellow bodyguards, he devotes his time to making practical yet often mundane and/or cumbersome inventions, such as cannons fired from the mouth, helicopter blades, and magnets. He also practices gynaecology, and spends time with his loving wife (Carina Lau).

In the beginning of the film, Ling Ling-Fat fails to apprehend four ugly swordsmen who are trespassing in the Forbidden City. He does, however, manage to acquire a kung fu manual, Flying Fairy (, Tin1 ngoi6 fei1 sin1, lit. 'Outer Heaven Flying Fairy'), from one of them. During an imperial audience, Ling-ling Fat's seemingly useless inventions and lack of any martial arts skills enrage the Emperor, who demotes him to various menial tasks around the palace.

Meanwhile, King Faceless of the Kam Tribe plans to assassinate the Emperor and overtake China. The Kam Tribe creates a diversion by inviting all the doctors of China to a medical exposition in which a Grey alien - a 'flying fairy' - is to be dissected. Ling Ling-Fat and the Emperor separately depart for the event. While Ling-ling Fat and his wife feast at a string of restaurants, Kam's men kill the Emperor's three remaining bodyguards. The assassins put the unconscious Emperor in an alien costume to present him as the alien for dissection. Just as Ling Ling-Fat and the other doctors discover the Emperor's identity, Kam's assassins begin to slaughter everyone in attendance. Ling Ling-Fat uses his wits and inventions to defeat the assassins.

The Emperor honors Ling Ling-Fat for his success and gives him an enormous pearl as a reward. For his next assignment, the Emperor charges him with investigating a prospective concubine, the beautiful prostitute Kam Cho (Carman Lee). Ling-ling Fat meets with Kam Cho without his wife's knowledge and has difficulty restraining himself from her seductive advances. He gives her the enormous pearl and lies about it to his wife. Later, Kam Cho surprises Ling Ling-Fat at his home, forcing a violent confrontation between Ling-ling Fat and his wife's family. Ling Ling-Fat forsakes his tearful wife and leaves with Kam Cho.

When Ling Ling-Fat brings Kam Cho to the palace, he and the Emperor throw Kam Cho in chains and reveal that she is actually Faceless in disguise. Ling-ling Fat had deciphered Kam Cho's true identity during their meeting and enlisted his entire family in a ruse to fool Faceless. The Emperor begins handing out acting awards to Ling Ling-Fat's various family members, but Faceless manages to break free. Once again, Ling Ling-Fat uses his inventions and wits to combat Faceless, but Faceless fights back with powerful martial arts techniques. On the verge of defeat, Ling-ling Fat is accidentally struck by a lightning bolt meant for Faceless which awakes his potential and enables him to use the Flying Fairy technique, thus destroying Faceless.

Cast
 Stephen Chow as Ling Ling-fat
 Carina Lau as Ling Ka-ting
 Carman Lee as Kam Cho / Faceless
 Cheung Tat-ming as Emperor
 Law Kar-ying as Fat Yan
 Tats Lau as Forbidden City cop
 Lee Lik-chi as Court official
 Wong Yat-fei as Yip Ku-sing
 Vincent Kok as Doctor
 Manfred Wong as Luk Siu-fung
 Yuen Cheung-yan as Evil mother
 Kingdom Yuen as Brothel procuress
 Mimi Chu as Fat's mother-in-law
 Elvina Kong as Fat's doctor patient
 Stephen Au as Presenter of Flying Fairy
 Wilson Yip as Brothel customer

Box office
The film grossed HK$36,051,899 in Hong Kong.

External links

Forbidden City Cop at Hong Kong Cinemagic

1996 films
1996 action comedy films
1990s police comedy films
1996 martial arts films
Hong Kong action comedy films
Hong Kong martial arts films
Hong Kong martial arts comedy films
Wuxia films
1990s parody films
Hong Kong slapstick comedy films
1990s Cantonese-language films
Films directed by Stephen Chow
Films set in 12th-century Song dynasty
Films directed by Vincent Kok
1990s police films
Chinese New Year films
1990s Hong Kong films

Forbidden City Cop


Greek Rural Postmen and Their Cancellation Numbers is a book edited by Derek Willan and published by the Hellenic Philatelic Society of Great Britain in 1994. The book is a work of postal history that describes the postmarks used by Greek rural postmen in the twentieth century since the rural post service was introduced in 1911.

The book is notable for its title. It won the Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year in 1996, and in 2008 it also won a special "Diagram of Diagrams" prize for having the oddest title of any book over the past 30 years.

Subject matter
Greek Rural Postmen and Their Cancellation Numbers looks at the history of Greek stamps in rural parts of the country and how they came to be cancelled by the Greek Postal Service. It is designed "to encourage the collection of Greek stamps and to promote their study".

Bookseller/Diagram Prize
The most notable achievement of the book is that its title is considered to be one of the oddest of any book ever published. It first won the Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year in 1996, In 2008, a special "Diagram of Diagrams" prize was held in order to mark the 30th anniversary of the creation of the prize. Greek Rural Postmen and Their Cancellation Numbers was one of the candidates, along with all other previous winners. The book managed to win the top prize, earning 13% of the vote from around 1,000 voters. It won the prize despite another book, People Who Don't Know They're Dead, leading the poll for most of the running. It came second with 11% of the vote, with How to Avoid Huge Ships coming third with 10%.

Philip Stone, charts editor at The Bookseller, said that the book won because the subject matter related to current news about post office closures. He said: "The papers are littered with news stories regarding the closure of local, rural post offices across Great Britain, and I sincerely believe that this title provides further proof to the current Government that the British public are passionate about the maintenance and continuation of local mail delivery services. And not just nationally, but internationally".

References

1994 non-fiction books
Philatelic literature
Philately of Greece


Franklin Lubbock "Char" Miller IV (born November 23, 1951) is an American historian and environmental analysis scholar. He is the W.M. Keck Professor of Environmental Analysis and History at Pomona College and the director of the Claremont Colleges' environmental analysis program.

Early life and education
Miller was born on November 23, 1951. He attended the Pomfret School and then Pitzer College, graduating in 1975, and subsequently received his Master's degree and doctorate from Johns Hopkins University.

Career
Miller began his teaching career at the University of Miami in 1980. He moved to Trinity University in 1981, where he ultimately served as chair of the History Department and Director of Urban Studies. After nearly 30 years as a professor at Trinity, Miller began teaching at Pomona College in 2007. He is a Senior Fellow at the Pinchot Institution for Conservation and a Fellow of the Forest History Society.

Works

 Natural Consequences: Intimate Essays for a Planet in Peril (2022)
 West Side Rising: How San Antonio's 1921 Flood Devastated a City and Sparked a Latino Environmental Justice Movement (2021)
 Hetch Hetchy: A History in Documents (2020)
 San Antonio: A Tricentennial History (2018)
 Ogallala: Water for a Dry Land (2018)
 Not So Golden State: Sustainability vs. the California Dream (2016)
 America's Great National Forests, Wildernesses, and Grasslands (2016)
 Seeking the Greatest Good: The Conservation Legacy of Gifford Pinchot (2013)
 Death Valley National Park: A History (2013)
 On the Edge: Water, Immigration, and Politics in the Southwest (2013)
 Public Lands, Public Debates: A Century of Controversy (2012)

References

External links
Pomona College faculty page
Biographical interview on the Pomona College Sagecast

Pitzer College alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Pomona College faculty
Living people
1951 births
American environmentalists
Environmental scientists
Historians from California

Char Miller


Jason Schleifer (born April 3, 1973) is an American animator, character technical director, and entrepreneur. Schleifer started his career at Alias/Wavefront where he was a product specialist during the development of Maya. His technical expertise in character rigging led him to work as a character technical director and eventually animation lead at Weta Digital where he helped create and animate the character, Gollum for the Lord of the Rings trilogy. In 2003 Schleifer moved back to the U.S. to work at PDI/DreamWorks in Redwood City, CA where he became Head of Character Animation and worked on feature films including Madagascar, Over the Hedge, Megamind, and Mr. Peabody & Sherman.

Jason Schleifer has a B.A. in High Honors from the University of California, Santa Barbara. He also received an Honorary Doctorate of Animation from the Digital Media Arts College in Boca Raton, Florida.

In 2014 Schleifer co-founded Nimble Collective with DreamWorks alumni Rex Grignon, Bruce Wilson and Scott LaFleur.

Filmography

References

External links

 Animation World Network profile for Jason Schleifer
 Jason Schleifer interview for the Animation Addicts podcast

Computer animation people
1973 births
Living people
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni

Jason Schleifer


Jean-Baptiste Singelée (25 September 1812 in Brussels – 29 September 1875 in Oostende) was a Belgian classical composer of the romantic period.

Jean-Baptiste Singelée was born in Brussels and studied at the Royal Conservatoire there. He was the violin soloist at the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie and directed orchestras there and in Ghent. Singelée was one of the first composers to treat the saxophone as a serious classical instrument, evidenced by his composing over 30 Solos de Concours for saxophone and his students at the Paris Conservatory.

As a longtime friend of Adolphe Sax, the inventor of the saxophone (they met as students at the Royal School of Music), he encouraged Sax to develop the four principal members of the saxophone family, and composed what is very likely the first work ever written for the saxophone quartet, his Premier Quatuor, Op. 53, completed in 1857. In addition to his saxophone works, Singelée is credited with composing 12 concertos, many solo works for violin and other instruments as well as music for ballet.

Selected works

His compositions include:
Quartet for Saxophones No. 1, Op. 53
Duo concertant for soprano saxophone, alto saxophone and piano, Op. 55
Fantaisie pastorale for soprano saxophone and piano, Op. 56
Concerto for tenor saxophone and piano, Op. 57
Concertino for alto saxophone and piano, Op. 78
Solo de Concert for alto saxophone and piano, Op. 83
Fantaisie brillante for alto saxophone and piano, Op. 87
Septième solo de concert, Op. 93

References

External links

Belgian classical composers
Belgian male classical composers
Romantic composers
1812 births
1875 deaths
Musicians from Brussels
Belgian classical violinists
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical violinists
Male classical violinists
19th-century Belgian male musicians

Jean-Baptiste Singelée


Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins is a 2008 television film created by Discovery Films and Oxford Scientific Films as a prequel to the Animal Planet series Meerkat Manor. A scripted documentary narrated by Whoopi Goldberg, the film details the life of a meerkat named Flower from birth to her becoming the leader of a meerkat group called the Whiskers. The film is based on the research notes of the Kalahari Meerkat Project and primarily uses wild meerkat "actors" to represent those in the story. Shot over two years at the Kuruman River Reserve in Northern Cape, South Africa, the film employed a much larger crew than the series. Some scenes were shot at a wildlife park in the United Kingdom, while others were created using camera tricks and trained film animals.

The 75-minute film premiered at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival before its television premiere on Animal Planet on 25 May 2008. While it was praised for its cinematography, for maintaining the depth of coverage of the television series, and for its accessibility to newcomers to the series, it was criticized for not offering anything new to fans. The Kalahari Meerkat Project noted that the film was not completely accurate but praised it overall and recommended against analyzing it. Several reviewers praised Goldberg's narration, but the script was criticized as being too simplistic for adult viewers.

Synopsis
The meerkat Flower is born in the Kalahari Desert on 15 March 2000, to Holly, the leader of a meerkat group called the Whiskers. After an attack by a rival group, the Lazuli, the Whiskers are forced to surrender their territory and move to a new home.

A hawk kills Holly when Flower is a year old, and her father abandons the group to find a new mate. Flower's sister Viale becomes the group's matriarch and chooses Youssarian, a roving male from the Lazuli, as her mate. Flower mates with Yossarian's brother, Zaphod, but Viale kills the resulting pups and banishes Flower from the group, allowing her to return later.

During a time of starvation and drought, Viale attempts to lead the group across a road to forage. As she crosses, she is struck and killed by a passing truck. As the Whiskers attempt to adjust to the loss of their leader, a snake approaches the group. Flower steps in to lead an attack to drive it off. In doing so, she becomes the new leader of the group. Zaphod returns to the group to be her mate, while Yossarian steps aside and leaves the group. Flower leads the Whiskers back to their original home, and after a brief battle, the Whiskers reclaim it from the Lazuli. At end of the film, an on-screen note describes Flower's death during the third season of Meerkat Manor and the children she left behind.

Production
Created by Oxford Scientific Films for Discovery Films, Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins is a  prequel biography of Flower, the central meerkat of the highly rated documentary series Meerkat Manor. Caroline Hawkins, creator of the series, wrote the script using notes taken by Kalahari Meerkat Project researchers, including head researcher Tim Clutton-Brock. Hawkins notes that Oxford Scientific Films believes the film is the first natural history prequel to be created. The film was directed by Chris Barker and Mike Slee, while Whoopi Goldberg, a known Meerkat Manor fan, provided the narration.

Meerkat Manor normally films episodes using a crew of only two or three people to avoid disturbing the meerkats; the film was shot over two years at the Kuruman River Reserve, where the Kalahari Meerkat Project that the meerkats are a part of is based, and employed a much larger crew. Breaking from the series' pure documentary format, the film does not include footage of the project meerkats depicted in the story. Instead, wild meerkat "actors" represented Flower and her family; Flower was depicted by approximately eight female meerkats. The camera crew sought out appropriately aged meerkats for each scene, then filmed them until they behaved in ways the script required.

While the majority of the meerkats filmed were partially habituated, the cinematographers had to move carefully to avoid scaring the animals. The crew used radios to keep in contact with one another as they followed the meerkat groups around. Although the park normally prohibits low-flying aircraft, the production crew was given permission to film for three days using a low-flying helicopter. Mounted to its front underside was a new type of camera that was not affected by the shaking of the helicopter. Colour scenes depicting the birth of meerkat pups were obtained by filming captive meerkats at the Cotswold Wildlife Park in the United Kingdom.

Because of the viewer backlash Animal Planet received for allowing meerkats from the Meerkat Manor series to die, the producers of the film debated including the filmed death of a young meerkat who was bitten by a snake. They questioned whether viewers would understand that the meerkats were wild animals and that human interference would disrupt the animals' natural life cycles. In addition, to avoid disrupting the research, crews are only allowed to film within the research area under a strictly enforced agreement not to interfere with the meerkats' lives. The producers ultimately included the scene, but the meerkat's cries for help as it lay dying were edited out. Other meerkat deaths depicted were reenactments. For Viale's death scene, the crew rigged a camera mounted on a platform on the side of a truck. Robin Smith, the film and series main cinematographer, hung partially out of the truck to hold the camera steady, giving the visual impression of a truck bearing down on a meerkat. To provide bird and snake footage, professional handlers were employed, ensuring the meerkats were not deliberately put in danger.

In 2007, the real Flower was killed by a snake bite—before the film and the third series of Meerkat Manor had finished shooting. According to Executive producer Mick Kaczorowski, Flower's death imposed the need for a "bigger" ending to the film than the producers originally planned; Flower's death was addressed and the coda added.

Distribution
The film premiered at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival on 30 April in the Spotlight section, before airing in the United States on Animal Planet on May 25. Its television premiere was followed by the 30-minute Making of Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins special. The film was screened at the 2008 Festival du film britannique de Dinard in France, as The Meerkats, and at the Wildscreen Festival in Bristol on 18 October and 24 October 2008.

It was released to Region 1 DVD in North America on 3 June 2008, with the Making of ...  special included as an extra. The DVD also includes another special, The Science of Meerkat Manor, giving viewers a look at how the Kalahari Meerkat Project researchers work with the meerkats. It is scheduled for Region 2 DVD release in the United Kingdom on 2 November 2009.

Reception
In 2009, the film was nominated by the Cinema Audio Society for an award in the "Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for DVD Original Programming" category, losing out to the music documentary If All Goes Wrong. Varietys Ronnie Scheib did not think that Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins offered anything new for viewers of the television series, feeling that it was a "re-edited, re-scored, re-narrated" version of the existing series. While he found Goldberg's narration to be higher quality than in most documentaries of this type, he also felt that it "pales after a while." Scheib praised the film for its cinematography and the depth and quality of coverage of the meerkats, and said their activities "constantly amaze", while noting that the film was a condensed and embellished version of actual events that did not distort the meerkats' story. The Friends of the Kalahari Meerkat Project, a sponsorship for the research group studying the meerkats, thought the film was a "heart-touching tribute to Flower, with amazing meerkat, landscape and wildlife footage". Though the group noted that the film changes some details from the life history reports it was based on, they felt the film should be enjoyed rather than analyzed. Common Sense Media reviewer Emily Ashby felt the film was accessible to fans and newcomers to the series; she praised the story's scope and emotional impact, calling it a "captivating journey" that did not avoid depicting the "harsh facts of life in the wild".

References

External links
 Official site

Discovery Films films
2008 television films
2008 films
2008 documentary films
Films set in 2000
American documentary television films
Films about meerkats
American films based on actual events
Films based on television series
Meerkat Manor
Television prequel films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s British films
American prequel films
Films set in the Kalahari Desert

Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins


Raymond Thomas Gabelich (3 July 1933 – 18 July 2000) was an Australian rules footballer  who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Family
The son of John (1902–1988) and Elizabeth Nina "Bessie" Gabelich, née Rerecich (1910–2006), Raymond Thomas Gabelich was born in Perth on 3 July 1933.

He married Glenda Beverley Huxtable on 5 September 1960; they had three children: Lisa, Raymond and Matthew.

Amateur football
Prevented by East Perth from playing for West Perth on supposed residential grounds, Gabelich was unable to play first-grade football in Perth.

Mount Hawthorn (MJFA)
Frustrated, he continued to play top-level, under-20s, amateur football for the Mt Hawthorn Amateur Football Club in Perth's Metropolitan Junior Football Association competition. He was the team's captain in 1953, and he was selected in a West Australian representative team to play in Melbourne. He lodged numerous unsuccessful appeals against his prohibition from playing for West Perth.

Parkside (VAFA)
Gabelich, then aged 18, first came to Collingwood's attention when he was one of the best players afield for the Mt. Hawthorn team that beat South Fremantle Ex-Scholars team (each were premiers in their respective amateur competitions that year) on 20 October 1951, in the curtain raiser for the match in which the visiting Collingwood team lost 22.9 (141) to South Fremantle 15.12 (102).

He came to Collingwood from Western Australia as a centre half-forward in 1954 too late to be listed; and, so, he continued to play football with Parkside Amateurs, a team that was coached by ex-Preston (VFA) rover Les Ross, in the Victorian Amateur Football Association, for the remainder of the 1954: a season in which Parkside were C-Grade premiers, unbeaten throughout the entire season. Gabelich played at centre half-back in the Grand Final where Parkside 15.19 (109) defeated Old Xaverians 8.12 (60).

The team also won the VAFA Lightning Premiership conducted on the Queen's Birthday weekend as a prelude to the Interstate match between the Victorian and South Australian Amateur representative teams.

The only loss the team experienced in 1954 — in fact, the team had won 29 matches consecutively over two (1953/1954) seasons — was when it was defeated, 10.6 (66) to 4.11 (35), by the 1954 Canberra Australian National Football League premiers, Queanbeyan-Acton, in a post–Grand Final match in Canberra on 19 September 1954. Gabelich, at centre half-back, was one of Parkside's best players.

He also played for a Collingwood team, against South Fremantle, in July 1954.

Injury
When working as a fitter and turner in Melbourne, he lost the top of his middle finger in an industrial accident in 1955 before he had played his first game for Collingwood.

Debut for Collingwood
Granted a permit to play with Collingwood in March 1955, Gabelich made his debut for Collingwood in the 30 April 1955 (round three) match against St Kilda — one commentator's view of his performance: "Gabelich: Nice mark and kick. Promising, except for ground play" — he replaced an injured Murray Weideman at centre half-forward in the selected team; he scored 1.4 (10) (playing against Neil Roberts). Gabelich also played (in the ruck) for Collingwood in its end-of-season match against Perth Football Club, who had won the 1955 West Australian Football League premiership team on the previous Saturday, in Perth, on 15 October 1955. He was described as "a superb athlete … deceptively quick and athletic for a man of his massive dimensions",

Gabelich only played seven games in 1957. In the third quarter of the (round 6) match against North Melbourne on 25 May 1957, Gabelich was kicked in the lower leg and sustained a broken fibula. Rejecting the offer of a stretcher, Gabelich "walked unaided more than half the length of the ground" to the dressing room, where "[having been] asked in the dressing room how he knew the leg was broken Gabelich shocked the club doctor by inviting him to listen to the bones grate".

Gabelich's first post-injury appearance was for Collingwood's Second XVIII, playing against North Melbourne on 17 August 1957, where "until his condition gave out, [he] did well and was not troubled by his leg". He was selected in the First XVIII for the important (round 18) last match of the season against St Kilda on 24 August 1957, and was one of Collingwood's best players in a losing team.

In his eleven-season, 160-game career with Collingwood, he played in 17 finals matches, including 5 Grand Finals. In 1958, when Collingwood won the Grand Final, defeating Melbourne 12.10 (82) to 9.10 (64) — and, in the process, preventing Melbourne from matching Collingwood's record of winning four premierships in a row (viz., 1927, 1928, 1920, and 1930) — Gabelich played a strong robust game as a back-pocket ruckman; and, "with his terrific strength [and taking] control of the packs", Gabelich was instrumental in Collingwood turning a 17-point deficit at quarter-time into a two-point lead at half-time, and a 33-point lead at three-quarter time.

He was runner-up in the 1959 Brownlow to St Kilda's Verdun Howell and South Melbourne's Bob Skilton (who had tied for first), and he won the Copeland Trophy as Collingwood's best and fairest in 1960.

Olympic Games
He played as a back-pocket resting ruckman for the combined VFL and VFA team against the VAFA in the demonstration match of Australian rules football, during the Melbourne Olympic Games, on 7 December 1956.

Darwin
At the end of the 1959 season, Gabelich, unemployed, and surviving only on his (at the time meagre) football payments from Collingwood, sought a clearance to West Perth—where, in addition to his football payments, he had been promised "a full directorship of an estate agency which would guarantee him a minimum income of £4,000 a year" (A$124,016 in 2020 terms)—and had been told, by Collingwood, that no decision could be made until a new, 1960, committee had been elected. A frustrated Gabelich flew to Darwin on Friday, 8 January 1960, played with the Waratah Football Club on the Saturday, and on the following Monday commenced work as a storeman in a hardware store to the bewilderment of West Perth officials.

On the following Saturday (16 January) morning, Gabelich contacted the Collingwood secretary (Gordon Carlyon) and, having received an assurance from Carlyon that Collingwood would support his request to the VFL to be allowed to play for the Waratah Football Club in the Victorian off-season, he agreed to not play on that Saturday, in the hope that would not further prejudice his request. After a discussion that concluded that "follower Ray Gabelich has not broken any A.N.F.C.regulation, or incurred automatic disqualification by playing in Darwin", Collingwood decided to refer the matter to the VFL for guidance, before making a final decision.

Despite Collingwood's argument that Gabelich's actions did not warrant automatic disqualification, because (a) "Darwin was not a State", and (b) "Gabelich had played out of [Victorian] season", the VFL — taking the view that Gabelich's decision to play in Darwin was "an embarrassment" — decided to seek advice from the Australian National Football Council before making any decision.

In March 1960, Having played a number of games in Darwin, Gabelich decided to temporarily abandon his plans to play with West Perth, and chose to play another season with Collingwood.

Return to Western Australia
In 1961 he returned to Western Australia where spent the entire season playing with West Perth, during which time he also represented Western Australia at the 1961 Brisbane Australian National Football Council Carnival, playing at centre-half back (and, in the process, he completely nullified South Melbourne's champion centre half-forward Jim Taylor) in the West Australian team that not only (unexpectedly) defeated the Victorian representative team 15.14 (104) to 14.11 (95) in "a fiercely fought match", but also, through that victory, won the ANFC Carnival title.

His outstanding performance for West Australia resulted in his selection, at centre half-back in that year's All-Australian team, but also the award of the Simpson Medal as the best West Australian player at the Brisbane Carnival.

Return to Collingwood
Now aged 28, Gabelich returned to Collingwood in 1962, and he captained the club for the entire 1964 season and part of 1965.

Although injured and unable to play in the first two matches of the season, Gabelich starred in his first return match on 5 May 1962 (round 3) against South Melbourne, which Collingwood won 15.10 (100) to 7.14(56):

In 1965, an overweight Gabelich's pre-season training was greatly affected by (a) his having undergone a major operation on his nose in early February, (b) his having undergone a minor ear operation in early March, and, also, (c) having an emergency admission to hospital on 16 March. In the early hours of 17 March 1965, he was operated on, and his appendix was removed. The medical advice given to Collingwood at the time was that Gabelich would be unable to begin training (let alone playing) until after round 2, on 24 April.

His robust constitution was such that he played in the Collingwood Second XVIII on 24 April 1965. Although there was some doubt earlier in the week, Gabelich played his first senior game for 1965 against Hawthorn in round 3, on 1 May 1965.

1964 Grand Final
Gabelich is perhaps best known to those who never saw him play for the often-shown television footage of the remarkable goal he scored in the dying minutes of the 1964 Grand Final.

With five minutes to go, the ball had been passed to Gabelich by Des Tuddenham.

Gabelich, Collingwood's team captain, then ran awkwardly towards the Collingwood goal, struggling to control the ball, and bouncing the ball four times in a run of, at least fifty yards and, then, kicking a goal that put Collingwood in front — with a close range kick that almost went out of the ground: .

However, Gabelich's goal did not win the match. A minute later, Melbourne defender Neil Crompton kicked a goal, putting Melbourne in front by four points. Collingwood were unable to score again.

1966 Grand Final
Gabelich's last match for Collingwood (aged 33) was in the team that lost the 1966 VFL Grand Final to St Kilda by one point. He kicked two goals, one behind, and was one of Collingwood's best players:
What a useless task it is trying to use brute strength to halt the passage of 17 st. 4 lb. [110kg] Collingwood follower Ray Gabelich. Three St. Kilda players realised this early in the second quarter when they tried to drag "Gabbo" down in the goal square as he moved towards goal. Gabelich shrugged them off and calmly snapped the ball through for full points. It was his second goal.

Tribunal
Gabelich was reported twice in his 160-game, 13-season career with Collingwood.

1960
The first was in a "fiery match" against South Melbourne on 20 August 1960 (round 17), when he was charged with striking South Melbourne's Ken Boyd in the face with a closed fist during a contest for the ball at a ball-up during the third quarter.

Defended by barrister, ex-Collingwood footballer, and Collingwood committeeman Frank Galbally, Gabelich produced five witnesses: (a) Gabelich himself; (b) Collingwood player (Ken Turner), (c) "Mr. L. Smith", a Collingwood supporter, who had served 31 years in the police force, (d) ex-Melbourne footballer and 3AW football commentator Doug Heywood, and (e) Len Herath, "a former football umpire and president of the Umpires Association of Mildura".

The evidence presented to the VFL Tribunal (with Boyd present, displaying a badly injured nose) claimed that (a) despite the muddy condition of the ground surface at Victoria Park, rather than throwing the ball in the air, the umpire had chosen to bounce it, (b) the umpire had not bounced the ball well on what was a very muddy surface at Victoria Park (the ball went low and veered to the side), (c) Gabelich had definitely struck directly at the ball and missed (i.e., rather than intentionally punching Boyd), (d) when rucking, Gabelich consistently punched the ball and never palmed it (thus, his use of a fist did not suggest any intention of punching Boyd).

While the tribunal concluded that "the only thing we can be certain of is that Boyd was struck on the nose", it also declared that "we cannot be satisfied that Gabelich deliberately struck Boyd"; and, as a consequence, the tribunal dismissed the charge against Gabelich.

1962
The second was in the 23 June 1962 (round 9) game against Fitzroy, when Gabelich was charged with striking Fitzroy's Ron Harvey in the second quarter of the match.

Although it seems transparently clear from the evidence given to the tribunal that Gabelich was retaliating to an assault by Harvey, none of the officials in control of the game had seen any such activity from Harvey. Given that fact, and from the evidence presented from the field umpire (Jim Brewer), it was obvious that regardless of whatever it was had preceded the incident, Gabelich had, indeed, struck Harvey. The tribunal took just three minutes to find Gabelich guilty and suspended him for two matches.

Although, with Gabelich missing, and only winning one out of every three ruck contests, Collingwood won its next match without Gabelich: (round 10) (Collingwood 14.16 (100) to Richmond 13.10 (88)).

Collingwood, still without Gabelich, and despite being five points ahead at three-quarter time, faded in the last quarter and lost the strongly contested next match, (round 11) against Essendon, the eventual 1962 premiers (Collingwood 11.11 (77) to Essendon 13.16 (94)). In the view of many, Collingwood may well have won the match had Gabelich been playing in support of his regular Collingwood teammate, ruckman Neville Withers:
[In this afternoon's match] Essendon should initiate more moves from the rucks than Collingwood. [With Gabelich missing from their lineup] the Magpies have no one to clamp down on Geoff Leek, who has the support of Hugh Mitchell, Don McKenzie, and Ken Timms. Their work [in the ruck] should be topped off by [rover] Jack Clarke, one of the most effective players in the game. (Percy Beames, The Age, 7 July 1962).

Death
He died in Melbourne on 18 July 2000.

See also
 Australian football at the 1956 Summer Olympics
 1958 Melbourne Carnival
 1961 Brisbane Carnival

Footnotes

References
 Ross, J. (ed), 100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996.

External links

 Raymond Thomas (Ray) Gabelich, at ''WAFL Footy Facts".
 Ray Gabelich, at Boyles Football Photos''.
 Ray Gabelich during his time playing in Darwin (he played with the Waratah Football Club).
 Collingwood Football Club: Life Members
 Collingwood Football Club: Collingwood Cult Figures: Ray Gabelich

1933 births
2000 deaths
Australian people of Croatian descent
Australian rules footballers from Perth, Western Australia
Collingwood Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club premiership players
Copeland Trophy winners
West Perth Football Club players
All-Australians (1953–1988)
Australian footballers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Waratah Football Club players
VFL/AFL premiership players

Ray Gabelich


The Phoney War was a name for the eight months during World War II from Poland being invaded in September 1939 to France being invaded in May 1940.

During that time, there were no important military operations in Europe. The United Kingdom and French declared war and a blockade against Nazi Germany. Also, Germany did likewise by beginning the Battle of the Atlantic, and German submarines destroyed many Allied ships. The British Royal Air Force dropped propaganda leaflets on Germany, and Canadian troops began to arrive in Britain.

In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway. Both sides began to fight each other strongly again. Britain and France needed many weapons quickly and so they began to buy them from American weapon companies. The Americans remained neutral but helped Britain and France by selling weapons cheaply and then by Lend-Lease of military equipment and supplies.

1939 in Europe
1940 in Europe
1940s in France
World War II

Phoney War


Marschlins Castle is a castle in the village of Igis of the municipality of Landquart of the Canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.  It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Marschlins Castle was the childhood home of feminist Meta von Salis.

History

The castle was built in the 13th century, though there may have been 11th or 12th century castles on the site and local legend claims it dates back to the Carolingian era.  However, the 13th century castle was probably built for the Bishop of Chur.  The castle is built in the Savoyard style, a square castle with corner towers, one of which is enlarged to serve as the donjon.  This style of castle is unique in Graubünden and how the design was imported is unknown.  One theory for a Savoy connection is that between 1233 and 1237 the Bishop of Chur was Ulrich IV of Kyburg whose brother Hartmann IV was married to Margarethe of Savoy.

The castle was first mentioned on 12 May 1324 as the death place of the knight Jacob von Marmels.  In 1336 the Bishop and Count Ulrich von Montfort were quarreling over the castle, which was decided by the courts in the Bishop's favor.  However, in the following year he granted the castle as a fief to Duke Albert II of Austria.  The Austrian duke granted it to several of his knights, until on 3 October 1354 it was granted to the Counts of Toggenburg in exchange for their support against Zürich and the Old Swiss Confederation.  After the death of the last Count of Toggenburg, Frederick VII, in 1436 the fief passed back to the Austrians who granted it to the Brandis family to hold for the Bishop of Chur.  In 1442 they used the castle as collateral for a loan from Heinrich von Sigberg.  In 1460 the castle was partly destroyed in a fire.  Because of the complex ownership (owned by the Bishop of Chur, granted as a fief to the Brandis family, collateral to the Sigberg family), a quarrel broke out between the Brandis and Sigberg families over the cost of repairs.  A mediator from the Three Leagues determined that the Brandis family needed to repay the loan and that the repair costs would be shared equally.

In 1462 the Duke of Austria acquired the castle and estates from the Bishop of Chur and sold it to Ulrich von Brandis, who began rebuilding. In 1467 the duke expanded the estates attached to Marschlins by adding Malans, Untervaz and Valzeina. In 1498 the Brandis family began trying to sell the castle and estates, but the outbreak of the Swabian War in the following year broke the deal.  After the war, in 1509, they pawned the castle to Ulrich Goeldin and in 1518 the Gugelberg family bought it outright. Around 1600 the moat was drained.

In 1633 the rather dilapidated structure was acquired by Ulysses von Salis, a member of the Salis-Soglio family, who adopted the name Salis-Marschlins. He had made his fortune as a French French Maréchal de camp. Two years later he began renovating the castle and turned it from a more military fortification into an elegant house with a french garden.  In 1771 the bell tower on the chapel was added.  From 1771 until 1777 the castle became a philanthropinist school.  Later, it was a tobacco factory and a silk spinning mill.  After the French invasion of Switzerland the castle became an army camp.  A total of about 10,000 soldiers and 3,000 horse passed through the castle between March 1799 and December 1800.

In 1905 the Salis family had the castle rebuilt under the guidance of the architect Eugen Probst.  Probst, the controversial founder of the Schweizerischer Burgenverein, made little effort to preserve the historic structures or preserve the medieval appearance of Marschlins. An additional floor was added to the tower and many new windows were added. After the death of Meta von Salis-Marschlins, the last offspring of her branch, the castle was inherited by the Maienfeld branch of the Salis family who sold it in 1934. Today the castle is still privately owned. Since 2020 it is put up for sale, together with its agricultural estate.

Castle site

The castle is located about  north-east of Igis village, on a flat plain but about  from a steep cliff.  The castle is surrounded by two moats which were filled with water during the Middle Ages.  Originally the moats were spanned with a drawbridge, which was replaced with a stone bridge in the 17th century.  It is rectangular and about  in size.  Each corner has a round tower with the  in diameter south tower being the largest and main tower.  The other three towers are  in diameter.  The oldest residence building in the castle is on the north side.  The current triumphal arch like gate is in the center of the western wall, but was originally further south.  In the courtyard is a cannon from the Salis regiment from 1676.

There are three highly decorated, 17th century furnished rooms in the castle.  The Marschallstübli was built around 1633 and features richly carved paneling with inlaid marquetry and a carved wooden coffered ceiling.  The cocklestove was built in 1638 by the Pfau workshop and the cabinets decorated with the alliance arms of Heinrich Hirzel-Yolanda von Salis are from 1674.  The Offiziersstube was completed in 1638 and is paneled in stone pine.  The coffered ceiling is decorated with a carved Salis coat of arms.  A Steckborn oven from the first half of the 18th century warmed the room.  The third room, the Goldene  Stübli in the north-east tower was completed around 1670.  The carved paneling is painted with hunting scenes.  The coffered roof is decorated with 43 constellations and the four winds.  The room is decorated with a collection of gothic sculptures.  The chapel was built in the main tower in 1771.  The interior is decorated with paintings of the Four Evangelists from the mid-17th century and with stained glass from the same era.

Gallery

See also
 List of castles in Switzerland

References

Cultural property of national significance in Graubünden
Castles in Graubünden

Marschlins Castle


Ivo Heuberger (born 19 February 1976) is a retired tennis player who represented Switzerland at the Davis Cup.

Early life
Ivo Heuberger was born in the small town of Altstätten, Switzerland on 19 February 1976. He began his tennis career after moving to the French part of Switzerland to attend the National Training Center. He showed promise during his junior days and was eager to begin his professional debut.

Tennis career
Ivo turned pro in 1997. He won his first title in India at a small $25,000 Challenger, beating Danai Udomchoke 6–2, 6–3.
Ivo was chosen to represent Switzerland along with the rest of the Swiss Davis Cup team 7 times during his career.

His career was one that had few highlights and perhaps he was best known in the tennis world for his relationship with former world #1 Martina Hingis. His best ranking was 102, and he remained in the 100s for much of his career. He is what most in the tennis world would call a "journeyman"—one who spends much of their career on the Challenger circuit and in ATP qualifying draws.

Perhaps his most notable win was his defeat of Roger Federer in qualifying at the 1999 US Open. Ivo defeated the then 18-year-old Federer in the second round of qualifying in straight sets. Never again, in the ensuing 21 years, would Roger fail to advance to the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament.

Business career
Ivo began putting to use the many contacts he had made over the years while traveling to 60 different countries. He founded a company called Hi-Pro in the summer of 2004. His company specializes in marketing and promotional products and has since grown to be one of the biggest companies in its field in Switzerland. In 2006, Ivo Heuberger and the Swiss Tennis team federation signed a deal that would make Hi-Pro the official clothing provider for the Swiss Davis Cup Team. Hi-Pro now also provides the official staff uniforms for the Basel Swiss Indoor Tennis Tournament.

Personal life
In September 2007, Ivo married Martha Dominguez who is a Miami-based fashion blogger.
He currently splits his time between Zurich and Miami Beach with his wife and two children.
Both of his children are avid golfers and compete in the junior circuit.

References

External links
 Hi-Pro - Homepage

1976 births
Hopman Cup competitors
Living people
Swiss male tennis players
People from Altstätten
Sportspeople from the canton of St. Gallen

Ivo Heuberger


Peter Christian Bønecke (19 April 1841 -– 23 October 1914) was a Danish architect.

Early life and education
Bønecke was born in Copenhagen where he trained as a mason under his father while in the same time training as an architect at N. H. and Niels Sigfred Nebelong studio. He then went abroad where he first spend several years at the building school Holzminden before working for four years as a draughtsman for Theophil Hansen in Vienna.  He then continued his travels for another two years, mainly in Italy.

Career

After his return to Denmark in 1865,  Bønecke settled as a master mason in Copenhagen but soon received a considerable amount of architectural assignments. In 1871, in collaboration with V. Friederichsen, he won third prize in the competition for the new Royal Danish Theatre at Kongens Nytorv.

In 1863, he was appointed to Building Inspector in Copenhagen and from 1888 to 1913 he served as Stadsbygmester ("City Builder"). In 1979 he drafted a proposal for a new building act which later formed the basis for the Copenhagen Building Act of 1889

He continued his private practice besides his public offices. He worked for Carlsberg founder J. C. Jacobsen on several projects. Their first collaboration was on an orangery (known as Pompeii) completed in 1876 for Jacobsen's home, now known as Carlsberg Academy. He also designed Carlsberg Lighthouse and the new main entrance (Stjerneporten, "Star Gate") to Old Carlsberg. It has previously been believed that he also designed the Palm House at Copenhagen Botanical Garden in collaboration with J. C. Jacobsen who sponsored its construction but it has now been established that it was most likely designed by Christian Hansen. In 1885, he designed the small Well House in the Royal Danish Horticultural Society's Garden.

Private life
Bønecke married Augusta Vilhelmine Lorentze née Biørn on 3 June 1866. He held one of the highest offices at the Free Masons' Lodge in Copenhagen. He is buried at Assistens Cemetery.

List of works
 15 Fredericiagade, Copenhagen (1867)
 11 Vodroffsvej, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen (1868)
 49 Nørre søgade, Copenhagen (1876)
 Pompei, Carlsberg Academy, Copenhagen  (1876, with J. C.  Jacobsen)
 94 Gammel kongevej, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen
 Carlsberg Lighthouse, Carlsberg, Copenhagen (1883)
  Well House, Royal Danish Horticultural Society's Garden, Copenhagen (1885)
 villa Dorothea, 4 Brodersens vej, Hellerup (1898)

References

External links

 Image

Architects from Copenhagen
Danish Freemasons
1841 births
1914 deaths
Recipients of the C.F. Hansen Medal

Peter Christian Bønecke


A toilet is a small room used for privately accessing the sanitation fixture (toilet) for urination and defecation. Toilet rooms often include a sink (basin) with soap/handwash for handwashing, as this is important for personal hygiene. These rooms are typically referred to in the USA as "half-bathrooms" (half-baths; half of a whole or full-bathroom) in a private residence.

This room is commonly known as a "bathroom" in American English, a lavatory or loo in the United Kingdom, a "washroom" in Canadian English, and by many other names across the English-speaking world.

Names

"Toilet" originally referred to personal grooming and came by metonymy to be used for the personal rooms used for bathing, dressing, and so on. It was then euphemistically used for the similarly private rooms used for urination and defecation. By metonymy, it then came to refer directly to the fixtures in such rooms. At present, the word refers primarily to such fixtures and using "toilet" to refer to the room or activity ("use the toilet") is somewhat blunt and may be considered indiscreet. It is, however, a useful term since it is quickly understood by English-speakers across the world, whereas more polite terms vary by region.

"Lavatory" (from the Latin , "wash basin" or "washroom") was common in the 19th century and is still broadly understood, although it is taken as quite formal in American English, and more often refers to public toilets in Britain. The contraction "lav" is commonly used in British English.

In American English, the most common term for a private toilet is "bathroom", regardless of whether a bathtub or shower is present. In British English, "bathroom" is a common term but is typically reserved for private rooms primarily used for bathing; a room without a bathtub or shower is more often known as a "WC", an abbreviation for water closet, "lavatory", or "loo". Other terms are also used, some as part of a regional dialect.

Some forms of jargon have their own terms for toilets, including "lavatory" on commercial airplanes, "head" on ships, and "latrine" in military contexts. Larger houses often have a secondary room with a toilet and sink for use by guests. These are typically known as "powder rooms" or "half-baths" (half-bathroom) in North America, and "cloakrooms" in Britain.

Other items in the room
The main item in the room is the sanitation fixture itself, the toilet. This may be the flushing sort, which is plumbed into a cistern (tank) operated by a ballcock (float valve). Or it may be a dry model, which does not need water.

The toilet room may also include a plunger, a rubber or plastic tool mounted on a handle, which is used to remove blockages from the toilet drain. Toilets often have a wall mirror above the sink for grooming, checking one's appearance and/or makeup. Some toilets have a cupboard where cleaning supplies and personal hygiene products may be kept. If it is a flush toilet, then the room usually also includes a toilet brush for cleaning the bowl.

Methods of anal cleansing vary between cultures. If the norm is to use paper, then typically the room will have a toilet roll holder, with the toilet paper hanging either next to or away from the wall. If instead, people are used to cleaning themselves with water, then the room may include a bidet shower (health faucet) or a bidet. Toilets such as the Washlet, popular in Japan, provide an automatic washing function.

A sink (hand basin), with soap, is usually present in the room or immediately outside it, to ensure easy handwashing.  Above the sink there may be a mirror, either mounted on the wall, or on a medicine cabinet. This cabinet (which is more typically located in the household's main bathroom) typically contains prescription and over the counter drugs, first aid supplies, and grooming equipment for shaving or makeup.

History

Into the modern era, humans typically practiced open defecation or employed latrines or outhouses over a pit toilet in rural areas and used chamber pots emptied into streets or drains in urban ones. The Indus Valley civilization had particularly advanced sanitation, which included common use of private flush toilets. The ancient Greeks and Romans had public toilets and, in some cases, indoor plumbing connected to rudimentary sewer systems. The latrines of medieval monasteries were known as reredorters; in some cases, these were connected to sophisticated water systems that swept its effluent away without affecting the community's drinking, cooking, or washing water. In the early modern period, "night soil" from municipal outhouses became an important source of nitrates for creating gunpowder. 19th century refinements of the outhouse included the privy midden and the pail closet.

Indoor toilets were at first a luxury of the rich and only gradually spread to the lower classes. As late as the 1890s, building regulations in London did not require working-class housing to have indoor toilets; into the early 20th century, some English homes were built with an upstairs toilet for use by the owners and an outhouse for use by the servants. In some cases, there was a transitional stage where toilets were built into the house but accessible only from the outside. After World War I, all new housing in London and its suburbs had indoor toilets.

Bathrooms became standard later than toilets, but entered working-class houses at around the same time. For plumbing reasons, flush toilets have usually been located in or near residences' bathrooms. (Both were initially located above the kitchen and scullery on the same account.) In upper-class homes, the first modern lavatories were washrooms with sinks located near the bedrooms; in lower-class homes, there was often only a collapsible tub for bathing. In Britain, there was long a prejudice against having the toilet located in the bathroom proper: in 1904, Hermann Muthesius noted that "a lavatory [i.e., toilet] is practically never found in an English bathroom; indeed it is considered downright inadmissible to have one there". When toilets were placed within bathrooms, the original reason was cost savings. In 1876 Edward William Godwin, a progressive architect-designer, drew up affordable housing with the toilet in the bathroom, and faced criticism for it.

America and most European countries now combine their toilets and bathrooms. Separate toilets remain common in British homes and remain a builder's option even in places where the norm is for the toilet to be in the bathroom. In France, Japan, and some other countries, separate toilets remain the norm for reasons of hygiene and privacy. In modern homes outside of France, such separate toilets typically contain a sink. In Japan, the toilet sometimes has a built-in sink (whose waste water is used for the next flush) to allow users to clean themselves immediately. Japanese toilets also often provide special slippers—apart from those worn in the rest of the house—for use within the toilet.

Society and culture
In English, all terms for toilets were originally euphemisms. It is generally considered coarse or even offensive to use such direct terms as "shitter", although they are used in some areas. Formerly, broadcast censorship even banned mentions of the euphemisms: Jack Paar temporarily quit the Tonight Show in February 1960 when NBC broadcast news footage in place of a joke he had taped involving the term "WC".

Gallery

See also
 Bathroom (for personal hygiene, with or without a toilet inside)
 Community toilet scheme
 EToilet
 Passenger train toilet
 Sanisette
 Sanitation
 Unisex public toilet

Notes

References

Toilets
Bathrooms

Toilet (room)


Harry Denman was a noted Methodism lay leader and evangelist within the Methodist Church who emphasized the life taught by Jesus at the Sermon on the Mount. Denman strongly challenged modern materialism and prejudice by exemplifying and teaching a simple life, and by personally relating to all people, regardless of race, gender, or economic means. His personal property was very limited; for example he usually had only one pair of shoes and refused to wear a watch, preferring to ask for the time as a way of starting a conversation. Articles that were given to him were generally given away to the needy. He was a close friend of another well-known evangelist, Billy Graham who called Denman "one of the great mentors for evangelism."

He was born September 26, 1893, in Birmingham, Alabama, of Hattie Leonard and William Harry Denman, who immigrated from Gloucestershire, England. He earned a bachelor's degree from Birmingham-Southern College in 1921, and a master's degree in social work in 1930. In 1936 he received an honorary doctorate from Athens State University in Alabama. In 1915, Denman became secretary of the Birmingham Sunday School Association, a post which he held until 1919, when he became church manager of the First Methodist Church in Birmingham.

In 1938 he was elected secretary for the Department of Evangelism in the Board of Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Then, in 1939, he became the General Secretary of the Commission on Evangelism, later known as the General Board of Evangelism, of the newly formed The Methodist Church. As the general secretary, he also had responsibility for the publication of The Upper Room, a devotional publication. He was also a member of the Jurisdictional Conferences in 1940, 1944, 1948, and 1952.

On January 31, 1949, Denman was among a group of nine dedicated Methodists whose desire to directly support evangelism ministry in the church led them to incorporate The Foundation for Evangelism. Denman was also instrumental in establishing the International Prayer Fellowship.  This organization was headquartered in Lake Junaluska, North Carolina, where a prayer chapel dedicated to Denman still exists in the historic Lambuth Inn.

In 1965, Denman retired from The General Board of Evangelism. He accepted his final salary from the General Board and donated it to The Foundation for Evangelism. He then traveled extensively in the United States and throughout the world to preach and conduct evangelistic meetings. He died November 8, 1976, in Birmingham, Alabama, at the age of 83.

References

 Love Abounds: A Profile of Harry Denman, A Modern Disciple by Asbury Smith and J. Manning Potts ISBN B000H9KB44
 Harry Denman : A Biography by Harold Rogers
 Prophetic Evangelist : The living legacy of Harry Denman, with foreword by Billy Graham writings compiled by Bishop Earl G. Hunt and Dr. Ezra Jones
 The Promise and the Power (Harry Denman lectures) by Alan Walker
 Denman's personal papers are archived at the Pitts Theology Library, Emory University

External links
 The Foundation for Evangelism
Harry Denman papers, 1938-1977 at Pitts Theology Library, Candler School of Theology

1893 births
1976 deaths
American people of English descent
American evangelists
Birmingham–Southern College alumni
Methodist evangelists
Methodist ministers
20th-century Methodist ministers
Methodists from Alabama

Harry Denman


Pedacito de cielo (Little Piece of Heaven) is a Venezuelan telenovela which starred Natalia Streignard and Julio Pereira. It was produced and broadcast on Marte TV in 1993.

Synopsis
A beautiful, innocent angel and a handsome, worldly man fall in love in Pedacito de cielo (Little Piece of Heaven), an enchanting story where fantasy collides with reality. So strong is their passion that it jeopardizes their destinies. Will Sebastian Henriquez avenge his father's death by risking his life to marry the daughter of his enemies? Or will his love for Angelina, an angel, dissuade him from his plan? Sent to earth on a sacred mission, Angelina cannot be destroyed by those plotting her doom, but her love for Sebastian could lead to her ruin. While Angelina searches for two young lovers to ensure the birth of a miraculous child, Sebastian battles the family who seized control of his father's prosperous toy factory. Hopeless love, malevolence and immeasurable ambition weave a dramatic, yet humorous, and always captivating tale as Sebastian and Angelina search for their Little Piece of Heaven.

Cast
 Natalia Streignard
 Julio Pereira
 Julie Restifo
 Beatriz Fuentes
 Raquel Castaño
 Rebeca Aleman as Libia Rossi
 Javier Valcarcel

External links
Pedacito de cielo at the Internet Movie Database

1993 telenovelas
Venezuelan telenovelas
1993 Venezuelan television series debuts
1993 Venezuelan television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Caracas

Pedacito de cielo